cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytokines in liposomes: Preliminary studies with IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, GM-CSF and interferon-γ

A simple, generally applicable method to incorporate cytokine proteins into multilamellar liposomes is presented. A variety of human cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukins 1 alpha, 2 and 6 (IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were incorporated into liposomes containing a single saturated synthetic lipid, dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC). Sterile cytokine liposomes were produced by gamma irradiation of DMPC lipid powder prior to use in cytokine liposome synthesis. A highly sensitive and reliable fluorescamine assay to detect microgram quantities of cytokine protein associated with liposomes is also described. When a high lipid:aqueous ratio [e.g. 300 mg DMPC lipid:1.0 ml aqueous cytokine solution] was utilized, aqueous cytokines (1 mg/ml) could be incorporated with efficiencies ranging from 19% (IL-1) to > 80% (IL-2). Combinations of cytokines (e.g. IL-2 + GM-CSF) were also co-incorporated into liposomes. Experiments with IL-2, IL-6, and GM-CSF demonstrated that these cytokines remain stably associated with the DMPC lipid and do not significantly leak from liposomes when stored at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months. Washing IL-6 liposome or GM-CSF liposome preparations reliably increased the proportion of cytokine protein associated with the liposome pellet compared to free cytokine in the supernatant of centrifuged specimens. For example the proportion of GM-CSF associated with the lipid carrier increased from 34.8% (SD 2.6%) in the original preparation to 98.0% (SD 0.6%) after three washes. Differences in the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous (sc) free GM-CSF and GM-CSF liposomes (14 mcg/mouse) were studied in BALB/c mice. Both free GM-CSF and free GM-CSF mixed with saline loaded liposomes exhibited biphasic pharmacokinetics with very high peak levels 1 and 2 h after sc injection of 14 mcg the rapid decline to very low levels after 24 h. In contrast, sc GM-CSF liposomes provided sustained and stable levels of cytokine in the serum (approximately 100 pg/ml) for 24 h. Intraperitoneal injection of GM-CSF liposomes had > 10-fold more cytokine in the peritoneal wash than free GM-CSF mixed with saline loaded liposomes. In summary, the liposome synthesis procedure described is simple and utilizes a single synthetic lipid to reliably produce sterile cytokine preparations with in vivo depot effects after either sc or ip administration. Furthermore, the method is feasible for quantities of sterile cytokine liposomes sufficient for in vivo experiments.
Radiative heat transfer in a planar medium with anisotropic scattering and directional boundaries

Abstract Radiation heat transfer in an absorbing, emitting and scattering medium has been the subject of many previous investigations. Most solutions are numerically complex and the existing analytical solutions are restricted in application by the simplifying assumptions involved. A plane-parallel medium is considered which scatters anisotropically. The boundaries are considered to be specular reflectors, as predicted by Fresnel's relations, while the diffusely incident radiation is refracted according to Snell's law. The emission is restricted to a medium with a uniform temperature distribution. Approximate closed-form solutions for the radiative heat flux and incident intensity are presented for dielectric layers and linear anisotropic scattering. Numerical results are also presented and show that the effects of directional boundaries, anisotropic scattering, scattering albedo and optical depth are accurately predicted by the approximate solution.
Traditional Decision Analysis and the Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign Policy Decision Making

The poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making posits a two-stage process wherein the decision maker first employs a noncompensatory decision rule to eliminate politically unacceptable alternatives and then employs a (perhaps) traditional decision procedure to select from the remaining set of acceptable alternatives. Ageneral decision analysis is used to provide a structured account of the elimination process of the first stage of the poliheuristic theory by displaying a noncompensatory decision rule for eliminating unacceptable policy alternatives. The results show how general decision analysis can be used to specify when an alternative is unacceptable to a political decision maker who is sensitive to public opinion.
DXMAS: An Expert System Program Providing Management Advice to Dairy Operators

Abstract An expert system, or knowledge-based, microcomputer program, DXMAS, was designed and developed to diagnose dairy management problems of dairy farmers of Tillamook County, Oregon and, as appropriate, to advance potential farm reorganization and expansion options. The program provokes management action by projecting lost income opportunities attributed to major management problems and missed reorganization and expansion opportunities. The DXMAS program analyzes annual economic and production performance data provided by dairy operators and has demonstrated the ability, in field testing of nine different dairy operations, to emulate dairy management experts in the diagnoses of 95 individual dairy management problems. In those field tests, the DXMAS program identified a variety of management problems and estimated annual lost income opportunities ranging from $25 to $450 per milk cow. Field testing suggested that the DXMAS program can provide a wide range of expert management advice to dairy operators.
Electrokinetic fluid control in two-dimensional planar microfluidic devices.

We present microfluidic device designs with a two-dimensional planar format and methods to facilitate efficient sample transport along both dimensions. The basic device design consisted of a single channel for the first dimension which orthogonally intersected a high-aspect ratio second-dimension channel. To minimize dispersion of sample moving into and through the sample transfer region, control channels were placed on both sides of the first-dimension channel, and the electrokinetic flow from these control channels was used to confine the sample stream. We used SIMION and COMSOL simulations of the electric fields and fluid flow to guide device design. First, devices with one, two, and four control channels were fabricated and tested, and four control channels provided the most effective sample confinement. The designs were evaluated by measuring the sample stream widths and concentration to width ratios as a function of the electric field strength ratio in the control channels and first-dimension (1D) c...
Belief based data cleaning for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) data is often subjected to corruption and losses due to wireless medium of communication and presence of hardware inaccuracies in the nodes. For a WSN application to deduce an appropriate result it is necessary that the data received is clean, accurate, and lossless. WSN data cleaning systems exploit contextual associations existing in the received data to suppress data inconsistencies and anomalies. In this work we attempt to clean the data gathered from WSN by capturing the influence of changing dynamics of the environment on the contextual associations existing in the sensor nodes. Specifically, our work validates the extent of similarities among the sensed observations from contextually (spatio-temporally) associated nodes and considers the time of arrival of data at the sink to educate the cleaning process about the WSN's behavior. We term the data cleaning technique proposed in this work as time of arrival for data cleaning (TOAD). TOAD establishes belief on spatially related nodes to identify potential nodes that can contribute to data cleaning. By using information theory concepts and experiments on data sets from a real-time scenario we demonstrate and establish that validation of contextual associations among the sensor nodes significantly contributes to data cleaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial competition facility location models: Definition, formulation and solution approach

Models are presented for locating a firm's production facilities and determining production levels at these facilities so as to maximize the firm's profit. These models take into account the changes in price at each of the spatially separated markets that would result from the increase in supply provided by the new facilities and also from the response of competing firms. Two different models of spatial competition are presented to represent the competitive market situation in which the firm's production facilities are being located. These models are formulated as variational inequalities; recent sensitivity analysis results for variational inequalities are used to develop derivatives of the prices at each of the spatially separated markets with respect to the production levels at each of the new facilities. These derivatives are used to develop a linear approximation of the implicit function relating prices to productions. A heuristic solution procedure making use of this approximation is proposed.
Comparison of Fat Metabolism Between Trained Men and Women During Prolonged Aerobic Work

(1980). Comparison of Fat Metabolism Between Trained Men and Women During Prolonged Aerobic Work. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 427-431.
An estimate of carbon emissions from 2004 wildfires across Alaskan Yukon River Basin.

Wildfires are an increasingly important component of the forces that drive the global carbon (C) cycle and climate change as progressive warming is expected in boreal areas. This study estimated C emissions from the wildfires across the Alaskan Yukon River Basin in 2004. We spatially related the firescars to land cover types and defined the C fractions of aboveground biomass and the ground layer (referring to the top 15 cm organic soil layer only in this paper) consumed in association with land cover types, soil drainage classes, and the C stocks in the ground layer. The fires led to a burned area of 26,500 km2 and resulted in the total C emission of 81.1 ± 13.6 Tg (Tg, Teragram; 1 Tg = 1012 g) or 3.1 ± 0.7 kg C m-2 burned. Of the total C emission, about 73% and 27% could be attributed to the consumption of the ground layer and aboveground biomass, respectively. The predominant contribution of the ground layer to the total C emission implies the importance of ground fuel management to the control of wildfires and mitigation of C emissions. The magnitude of the total C emission depends on fire extent, while the C loss in kg C m-2 burned is affected strongly by the ground layer and soil drainage condition. The significant reduction in the ground layer by large fires may result in profound impacts on boreal ecosystem services with an increase in feedbacks between wildfires and climate change.
Mixer nozzle aeroacoustic characteristics for the energy efficient engine

Aeroacoustic tests are conducted on scale model mixer nozzle configurations, a separate flow nozzle, and a baseline conical nozzle in an anechoic chamber free-jet facility to investigate exhaust system designs. Far-field acoustic data and exhaust jet plume aerodynamic data are obtained for various combinations of exhaust jet velocity and simulated flight speed, with corrected microphone data at a constant 12.2 m arc distance, and scaled acoustic data at a sideline distance of 457 m. It is found that jet plume aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of lobed mixer exhaust systems are similar to those of a conical nozzle operating at the same specific thrust, although differences occur at high frequencies, where the sound pressure level of the mixer nozzle is 1-5 dB higher than that of a conical nozzle. In addition, no direct correlation is found between exit plane turbulence levels and plume development or acoustic characteristics for mixer exhaust configurations.
Some Observations on Perchloric Acid Interferences in Furnace Atomic Absorption

Many digestion and dissolution procedures produce a sample solution several tenths molar in perchloric acid. This amount of acid suppresses the furnace atomic absorption signal for many elements. The group 3A elements are particularly severely suppressed. 0.5 M HClO4 causing over 95% reduction in peak absorbance for Al, Ga, and Tl, The effect persists even though the furnace tube is heated far above the HClO4 boiling point during the ashing portion of the furnace cycle. Heating to about 1700°C is required to completely remove the residual effect. The analyte is vaporized at the proper stage in the furnace cycle but escapes in molecular form rather than being atomized. Perchloric acid or one of its decomposition products apparently interacts with the graphite to form a thermally stable product which later decomposes and inhibits atomization. The suppression can be reversed by addition of certain organic compounds such as sucrose or formic acid or by addition of excess ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfate.
Hydrogen and hydration of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides

In this paper, hydrogen bonding interaction and hydration in crystal structures of both DNA and RNA oligonucleotides are discussed. Their roles in the formation and stabilization of oligonucleotides have been covered. Details of the Watson-Crick base pairs G.C and A.U in DNA and RNA are illustrated. The geometry of the wobble (mismatched) G.U base pairs and the cis and almost trans conformations of the mismatched U.U base pairs in RNA is described. The difference in hydration of the Watson-Crick base pairs G.C, A.U and the wobble G.U in different sequences of codon-anticodon interaction in double helical molecules are indicative of the effect of hydration. The hydration patterns of the phosphate, the 2'-hydroxyl groups, the water bridges linking the phosphate group, N7 (purine) and N4 of Cs or O4 of Us in the major groove, the water bridges between the 2'-hydroxyl group and N3 (purine) and O2 (pyrimidine) in the minor groove are discussed.
The nails give it away.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] Aortic Thrombus – Echogenic thrombus seen in aortic arch on color doppler-enhanced transesophageal echocardiogram A 77-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of fatigue and proximal muscle stiffness and aching. He was
Landsat TM and ETM+ derived snowline altitudes in the Cordillera Huayhuash and Cordillera Raura, Peru, 1986–2005

Abstract. The Cordilleras Huayhuash and Raura are remote glacierized ranges in the Andes Mountains of Peru. A robust assessment of modern glacier change is important for understanding how regional change affects Andean communities, and for placing paleo-glaciers in a context relative to modern glaciation and climate. Snowline altitudes (SLAs) derived from satellite imagery are used as a proxy for modern (1986–2005) local climate change in a key transition zone in the Andes. Clear sky, dry season Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) satellite images from 1986–2005 were used to identify snowline positions, and their altitude ranges were extracted from an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation model (DEM). Based on satellite records from 31 glaciers, average snowline altitudes (SLAs), an approximation for the equilibrium line altitude (ELA), for the Cordillera Huayhuash (13 glaciers) and Cordillera Raura (18 glaciers) from 1986–2005 were 5051 m a.s.l. from 1986–2005 and 5006 m a.s.l. from 1986–2002, respectively. During the same time period, the Cordillera Huayhuash SLA experienced no significant change while the Cordillera Raura SLA rose significantly from 4947 m a.s.l. to 5044 m a.s.l.
The Specific Effects of Certain Leaf-Feeding Coccidae and Aphididae upon the Pines

In the great volume of entomological literature, we find but few references dealing with the specific effects of the attacks of sucking insects upon the tissues of their hosts. Statements describing the appearance of the work to the naked eye are, at most, meager in detail; and there are few records of morphological and chemical study of the affected plant tissue and of histological study of the parts of the insects concerned. The present paper summarizes the results of a year’s work in the Entomological and Botanical laboratories of Stanford University on a few species of plant-sap sucking insects living on the needles of the pines and the precise character of the results of their work.
The impact of placebo, psychopathology, and expectations on the response to acupuncture needling in patients with chronic low back pain.

Abstract Comorbid psychopathology is a variable not explored in the acupuncture RCTs that could explain whether subgroups of patients with chronic low back pain have differential responses to acupuncture or placebo treatments. This was a controlled, blinded, crossover trial of verum acupuncture and validated sham acupuncture in 40 CLBP patients, with a Low or High level of psychiatric comorbidity. They completed a 0 to 10 rating scale for pain at the beginning and end of each treatment session, and rated their expectations for change in pain. Verum acupuncture was performed at Large Intestine 4 on the dorsal right hand for 30 minutes by a licensed acupuncturist. Data analysis used percent improvement in pain as the primary outcome for each of the treatment sessions. Both groups (21 Low and 19 High) reported significant analgesia with verum acupuncture needling, mean 33%, P = .9 for difference between groups; and with placebo, 26%, P = .09. In both groups, expectations were only a significant predictor of verum acupuncture response, P = .002, such that those with greater expectations had greater pain relief. Psychiatric comorbidity does not significantly impact acupuncture or placebo acupuncture analgesia in CLBP. It does not affect the positive impact of expectations on reported pain relief from real acupuncture. Perspective Psychiatric comorbidity may predict differences between acupuncture and placebo responses, not otherwise seen in the RCTs for low back pain. Using a blinded, crossover design, we report that it does not predict outcome, nor does it seem to modify the effect of expectancy (a known predictor) on acupuncture response.
Use of the quartz crystal microbalance to monitor ligand-induced conformational rearrangements in HIV-1 envelope protein gp120

We evaluated the potential of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to provide a sensitive, label-free method for detecting the conformational rearrangement of glycoprotein gp120 upon binding to different ligands. This glycoprotein is normally found on the envelope of the HIV-1 virus and is involved in viral entry into host cells. It was immobilized on the surface of the sensing element of the QCM-D and was exposed to individual solutions of several different small-molecule inhibitors as well as to a solution of a soluble form of the host cell receptor to which gp120 binds. Instrument responses to ligand-triggered changes were in qualitative agreement with conformational changes as suggested by other biophysical methods.
Ensemble data assimilation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

We present results pertaining to the assimilation of real lower, middle, and upper atmosphere observations in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The ability to assimilate lower atmosphere observations of aircraft and radiosonde temperature and winds, satellite drift winds, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate refractivity along with middle/upper atmosphere temperature observations from SABER and Aura MLS is demonstrated. The WACCM+DART data assimilation system is shown to be able to reproduce the salient features, and variability, of the troposphere present in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Re-Analysis. In the mesosphere, the fit of WACCM+DART to observations is found to be slightly worse when only lower atmosphere observations are assimilated compared to a control experiment that is reflective of the model climatological variability. This differs from previous results which found that assimilation of lower atmosphere observations improves the fit to mesospheric observations. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that due to the gravity wave drag parameterizations, the model climatology differs significantly from the observations in the mesosphere, and this is not corrected by the assimilation of lower atmosphere observations. The fit of WACCM+DART to mesospheric observations is, however, significantly improved compared to the control experiment when middle/upper atmosphere observations are assimilated. We find that assimilating SABER observations reduces the root-mean-square error and bias of WACCM+DART relative to the independent Aura MLS observations by ∼50%, demonstrating that assimilation of middle/upper atmosphere observations is essential for accurate specification of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region in WACCM+DART. Last, we demonstrate that WACCM+DART is able to follow the dynamical and chemical variability during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming, illustrating the capability of WACCM+DART to generate high-quality atmospheric reanalysis from the surface to the lower thermosphere.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHLOROGENIC ACID BINDING FRACTION IN LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATION

Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) haa been shown to have the phenolic acid, chlorogenic acid, bound to its protein molecules. Bound chlorogenie acid creates off color problems in foods containing LPC as an ingredient and also possibly lowers the digestibility of LPC by inhibiting the rate of trypsin attack on the protein. A buffer, containing 2.5% NaCl-1 mM mercaptoethanol-40 mM phosphate, effectively removed 69% of the chiorogenic acid from LPC. LPC, with the majority of its chlorogenic acid removed, had an enhanced in vitro protein digestibility and an amino acid pattern very similar to that of the original LPC. A series of small molecular weight proteins were found to be the chlorogenie acid binding fraction in LPC.
Comparison of the dopaminergic effects of apomorphine and (-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine.

Abstract (−)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) was found to be 2.3 times more active than apomorphine in producing stereotypy in novice mice. This potency ratio was not changed by reserpine pretreatment (4 h prior). However, when mice pretreated with reserpine 24 h earlier were used, NPA was found to be 6.5 time more active in producing locomotor stimulation and 8.7 times more active in producing stereotypy than apomorphine. In these mice, a second dose of reserpine or α-methyl-p-tyrosine (αMT) given 4 h prior to NPA administration considerably reduced the locomotor effects of NPA. Such treatments did not modify the effects of apomorphine. Phenoxybenzamine failed to alter the responses of both these drugs. It was concluded that, while apomorphine possesses direct dopamine (DA) receptor stimulant effect, that of NPA is partly direct and partly indirect in nature. In novice mice, NPA was 91 times more active than apomorphine in inhibiting the αMT-induced depletion of brain DA. The question is raised why the powerful DA receptor agonistic effect of NPA did not produce equivalent behavioral responses in mice. The likely explanation would be that, in addition to its effect on the striatonigral DA system from which the stereotypic response originates, NPA also exerts a predominant effect on the mesolimbic areas. The combined effect of NPA on these two components of the DA system is reflected in the biochemical results. The overall dopaminergic effect of NPA is several times greater than that of apomorphine.
Brain connectivity in West syndrome

Abstract Purpose Hypsarrhythmia, the pathognomonic EEG pattern of West syndrome, is typically characterized by a high amplitude, arrhythmic, and asynchronous pattern. While this severely aberrant pattern would suggest severe abnormalities in connectivity, coherence has not yet been systematically assessed in hypsarrhythmia. Methods We evaluated the EEGs of 28 infants, 12 with infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia and 16 similarly age control infants for coherence and spectral power. Results Children with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia EEGs had marked abnormalities in coherence and spectral power compared to normal children of similar ages. During sleep increases in delta, theta, alpha and beta coherences were seen, particularly at long inter-electrode distances while at short inter-electrode distances coherences were decreased in the theta and beta range, particularly in the frontal region. The enhanced coherences at long inter-electrode distances suggest that during sleep in children with infantile spasms widely spread cortical region do not have functional differentiation whereas in the frontal lobe there is reduced functional connectivity and integration of local cortical regions. Children with continued seizures and developmental delay showed persistent abnormalities in coherence. Conclusion This study demonstrates that hypsarrhythmic EEGs have marked abnormalities in coherence spectral power and such abnormalities may be related to cognitive impairment.
Research Funding and Performance

How has public and private sector participation in agricultural R&D in the United States changed over the decades, and how has research spending on agriculture fared relative to research spending in all areas of science? Given the international interdependencies in agricultural R&D, how has research spending in the United States evolved relative to spending elsewhere in the world? This chapter describes public and private investments in R&D directed to agriculture in the United States, placing them in the context of both the overall spending on all sciences, and global spending on agricultural R&D. Then, we explore patterns of public spending on agricultural R&D within the United States, both in aggregate and among the states, with attention to the separate and joint roles of the federal government through its USDA intramural labs and the State Agricultural Experiment Stations. We consider the evolving sources of funding as well as the evolving patterns of spending. In Chapter 7, these trends in the funding and performance of agricultural R&D are linked to legislative and other policy changes.
Fairness Schemes in 802.16j Mobile Multihop Relay Networks

Multihop relaying in WiMAX networks is considered a cost effective way to extend the coverage of the base stations, increase cell capacity, or both. In this paper, we consider deploying non-transparent relay stations for coverage extension and study the issue of fairness schemes in such networks. Since there are access and relay zones in both downlink and uplink frames and simultaneous transmissions are possible in the access zone, it is challenging to schedule resources optimally for serving subscriber stations in a fair manner. We evaluate the performance of well known fairness schemes such as max-min and proportional fairness in such networks. We also propose a new scheduling scheme, named subsection fairness that can achieve better throughput than traditional fairness schemes by maximizing bandwidth utilization. Our numerical results evaluate the performance of each scheduling scheme in terms of cell throughput and fairness.
Global Topology Analysis of Pancreatic Zymogen Granule Membrane Proteins

The zymogen granule is the specialized organelle in pancreatic acinar cells for digestive enzyme storage and regulated secretion and is a classic model for studying secretory granule function. Our long term goal is to develop a comprehensive architectural model for zymogen granule membrane (ZGM) proteins that would direct new hypotheses for subsequent functional studies. Our initial proteomics analysis focused on identification of proteins from purified ZGM (Chen, X., Walker, A. K., Strahler, J. R., Simon, E. S., Tomanicek-Volk, S. L., Nelson, B. B., Hurley, M. C., Ernst, S. A., Williams, J. A., and Andrews, P. C. (2006) Organellar proteomics: analysis of pancreatic zymogen granule membranes. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 5, 306–312). In the current study, a new global topology analysis of ZGM proteins is described that applies isotope enrichment methods to a protease protection protocol. Our results showed that tryptic peptides of ZGM proteins were separated into two distinct clusters according to their isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) ratios for proteinase K-treated versus control zymogen granules. The low iTRAQ ratio cluster included cytoplasm-orientated membrane and membrane-associated proteins including myosin V, vesicle-associated membrane proteins, syntaxins, and all the Rab proteins. The second cluster having unchanged ratios included predominantly luminal proteins. Because quantification is at the peptide level, this technique is also capable of mapping both cytoplasm- and lumen-orientated domains from the same transmembrane protein. To more accurately assign the topology, we developed a statistical mixture model to provide probabilities for identified peptides to be cytoplasmic or luminal based on their iTRAQ ratios. By implementing this approach to global topology analysis of ZGM proteins, we report here an experimentally constrained, comprehensive topology model of identified zymogen granule membrane proteins. This model contributes to a firm foundation for developing a higher order architecture model of the ZGM and for future functional studies of individual ZGM proteins.
Concurrently testable FPGA design for molecular QCA using conservative reversible logic gate

Reversible logic is attracting the researchers attention for fault susceptible nanotechnologies including molecular QCA. In this paper, we propose concurrently testable FPGA design for molecular QCA using conservative reversible Fredkin gate. Fredkin gate is conservative reversible in nature, in which there would be an equal number of 1s in the outputs as there would be on the inputs, in addition to one-to-one mapping. Fault patterns in Fredkin gate are analyzed using HDLQ tool due to a single missing/additional cell defect in molecular QCA. Exhaustive simulation shows that if there is a fault in molecular QCA implementation of Fredkin gate, there is a parity mismatch between the inputs and the outputs; otherwise the inputs parity is same as outputs parity. Thus, any permanent and transient fault in molecular QCA that results in parity mismatch can be concurrently detected. The logic block and the routing fabric (both are programmable) are the two key components of an FPGA. Thus, we have shown the Fredkin gate based concurrently testable designs of the configurable logic block (CLB) and the routing switch of a molecular QCA-based FPGA. Analysis of power dissipation in the proposed FPGA is also shown.
Carotid Stenting Done Exclusively by Vascular Surgeons

The authors report 30-day and mid-term outcomes of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS) performed by vascular surgeons in 175 cervical carotid stenoses. Procedures were performed with local anesthesia by percutaneous femoral access. Intraoperative complications included 2 seizures and 4 asystolic arrests, which were managed medically without sequelae. During the 30-day follow-up, there were no deaths or myocardial infarctions. A major or minor stroke occurred in 2 patients each; 3 patients had transient ischemic attacks, and 1 patient had a major access-site complication. At late follow-up, 3 patients had restenosis, all of which were treated with repeat angioplasty. At the 6-month follow-up, one asymptomatic occlusion was detected. There were no late carotid-related deaths or complications. The authors concluded that vascular surgeons who possess advanced catheter-based skills can safely perform CAS with results comparable to carotid endarterectomy.
Chameleonicity and folding of the C-fragment of TOP7

Using a specifically designed Go-model we have performed all-atom simulations of the C-fragment of TOP7. Our results support previous results (see Mohanty S. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105 (2008) 8004; Mohanty S. and Hansmann U. H. E., J. Phys. Chem. B, 112 (2008) 15134) that indicate folding of this protein through configurations with non-native secondary structure. The N-terminal residues form first an extension of a subsequent ?-helix, before finally refolding into a ?-strand that completes a three-stranded ?-sheet in the final structure. We show that mutations which reduce the chameleonicity of N-terminal residues (by increasing the propensity for strandness and reducing that for helicity) lead to folding into the same structure but with reduced folding rates and larger free-energy barriers.
Conductivity and water uptake in block copolymers containing protonated polystyrene sulfonate and their imidazolium salts

There is considerable interest in the properties of polymer electrolyte membranes due to their presence in fuel cells. In this paper, we report on the ionic conductivity and degree of hydration, λ, of model membranes composed of polystyrene sulfonate-b-polymethylbutylene (PSS–PMB) copolymers and their imidazolium salts (PSI–PMB). The membranes were in intimate contact with humid air, and their properties were studied as a function of temperature and relative humidity of the air (RH = 50 and 98%). All of the samples have a lamellar structure in the dry state, and λ = 14 ± 2 for PSS–PMB and PSI–PMB at RH = 98%. However, the conductivity behaviors of PSS–PMB and PSI–PMB are very different. The normalized conductivity, σn (the normalization accounts for small differences in the ion concentrations in the different samples), of PSS–PMB is highly history-dependent and equilibrated behavior is only seen when the samples are annealed at high temperature (80 °C) for long times (about 24 h). In contrast, the equilibrated behavior is obtained rapidly in PSI–PMB samples over the entire temperature window (25–90 °C). At RH = 98%, the equilibrated conductivities of the PSI–PMB samples at RH = 98% were independent of sample molecular weight and within the experimental error of that obtained from the high molecular weight PSS–PMB sample. The low molecular weight PSS–PMB sample exhibited higher conductivity than the three samples described above. At RH = 50% both PSS–PMB and PSI–PMB samples were relatively dry with λ < 5 over the accessible temperature window. In the dry state (1) PSS–PMB samples exhibited slow kinetics while PSI–PMB samples equilibrated rapidly, (2) molecular weight had no effect on conductivity in both PSS–PMB and PSI–PMB samples, and (3) the conductivities of PSI–PMB were significantly lower than those of PSS–PMB.
Diffractometric biochemical sensing with smart hydrogels

We report reflective diffraction gratings made from smart hydrogels for ultrasensitive biochemical detection. As an example for a biochemically responsive hydrogel, we chose a pH-sensitive hydrogel to construct diffraction gratings that swell or shrink due to changes in pH. Interferometric analysis of the grating enabled detection of the hydrogel's swelling/shrinking with nanoscale precision with a resolution of 6×10−4 pH units. The developed system is remarkably simple both to fabricate and operate. Moreover, the concept of the hydrogel grating is generic and can be widely applied to hydrogels responsive to other stimuli.
Morphogenesis of Fusarium sp-induced tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens.

Tibial dyschondroplasia was induced in female broiler chicks by the incorporation of 2% Fusarium roseum "Alaska" culture into their starter ration. Chicks were placed on this diet at one day of age and maintained until they were killed at four days or one week. Proximal tibial physes were grossly thickened into cone-shaped masses of cartilage by one week of age. Microscopically, lesions were in both ages of treated chickens and were characterized by thickening of the transitional zone which was especially prominent in the center of the growth plate. This zone was unmineralized, avascular, and contained chondrocytes which were crenated and densely eosinophilic. The cartilage matrix was pale and contained some patchy eosinophilic foci. Four growth plates with tibial dyschondroplasia and four normal growth plates from each of the four-day and one-week- old age groups were evaluated based on the following parameters: number of metaphyseal vascular sprouts, distance between the proliferative/transitional junction and the tip of the metaphyseal vascular sprouts, width of the tips of the metaphyseal sprouts, distance between tips of adjacent metaphyseal vascular sprouts, and number of perforating vessels in the proliferative zone. The distance between the proliferative/transitional junction and the metaphyseal sprout tips was greatly increased (p < 0.0 1) in the affected four-day and one-week-old chickens compared to age-matched controls. Fusarium sp-induced tibial dyschondroplasia morphologically resembles spontaneous and chloride-induced tibial dyschondroplasia and tibial dyschon- droplasia may, therefore, represent a common end-point lesion derived by several pathogenetic mechanisms. Tibial dyschondroplasia is a defect in endochondral ossification, which is morphologically characterized by a widened proximal tibial physis that is not penetrated by metaphyseal vascular sprouts. Tibial dyschondropla- sia (osteochondrosis) is a common spontaneous abnor- mality in growing broiler chickens and turkeyss-'', Is. l9 and has been induced by a variety of experimental manipulation^.^.^. I I. l2 The youngest reported age for chicks with spontaneous or chloride-induced tibial dys- chondroplasia was two week^.^,^." In 1980, Fusarium sp-induced tibial dyschondroplasia was first described. l6 All chicks that were fed 5 or 10% Fusarium roseum culture died within one to three weeks. A wide cartilag- inous band was observed in the proximal tibiotarsal physes of some chicks which died at eight to eleven days of age. A similar lesion was present in chicks that died from twelve to seventeen days of age and in these chicks a definitive diagnosis of tibial dyschondroplasia was made. Chicks fed 2% Fusarium roseum culture had a 90% incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia which was well-advanced by four to six weeks of age.I7 The pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia is com- plex and may involve a variety of mechanisms. One
Unusual Presentation of Multiple Myeloma with “Jumping Translocation” Involving 1q21: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We describe a case of multiple myeloma with unusual manifestations consisting of cutaneous xanthomatosis, temporal arteritis, retinal vasculitis with a complex karyotype, and a "jumping translocation" involving 1q21. The literature of cytogenetic studies of multiple myeloma and of jumping translocation is reviewed.
Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia

Abstract Context.—The histologic patterns of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), and eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) are well-recognized histologic patterns of lung injury associated with an acute or subacute clinical presentation. We have recognized acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) as a histologic pattern, which also occurs in this clinical setting but does not meet the classic histologic criteria for DAD, BOOP, or EP and may represent an underreported variant. Objectives.—To investigate the clinical significance of the AFOP histologic pattern and to explore its possible relationship to other disorders, including DAD and BOOP. Design.—Open lung biopsy specimens and autopsy specimens were selected from the consultation files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, which showed a dominant histologic pattern of intra-alveolar fibrin and organizing pneumonia. Varying amounts of organizing pneumonia, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, edema, acu...
Comparison of ejection fraction and Goldman risk factor analysis to dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery

Abstract Associated coronary artery disease is the critical factor that influences early and late mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy, left ventricular ejection fraction, and Goldman risk factor analysis have been suggested as preoperative noninvasive screening methods to detect significant coronary artery disease. In this series of 95 elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy was highly predictive of the absence of perioperative cardiac morbidity (96% specificity, 44/46 normal scans, no cardiac morbidity), whereas ejection fraction (73% specificity, 31/42 normal ejection fraction, no cardiac morbidity) and Goldman risk factor analysis (84% specificity, 44/51 class I, no cardiac morbidity) were less. Furthermore, thallium redistribution on dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy leading to coronary angiography identified a significant number of patients with occult coronary artery disease who required preoperative coronary revascularization (8%, 8/95) and might have remained undetected on the basis of left ventricular ejection fraction or Goldman risk factor analysis. Finally, fixed thallium deficit, which some investigators have interpreted as a low probability finding for cardiac morbidity, was associated with a higher than expected incidence of cardiac complications. Forty-six percent (7/15) of all postoperative cardiac complications (three myocardial infarctions, three ischemic events, one death) occurred in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms with fixed deficits. This suggests that patients with fixed deficits on dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy should be considered for later "delayed" (4 hours) thallium images or coronary angiography or both. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:497-504.)
FAK association with multiple signal proteins mediates pressure-induced colon cancer cell adhesion via a Src-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway

Cancer cell adhesion is traditionally viewed as random, occurring if the cell's receptors match the substrate. Cancer cells are subjected to pressure and shear during growth against a constraining stroma, surgical manipulation, and passage through the venous and lymphatic system. Cells shed into a cavity such as the abdomen postoperatively also experience increased pressure from postoperative edema. Increased extracellular pressure stimulates integrin-mediated cancer cell adhesion via FAK and Src. PI 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (LY294002 or wortmannin), Akt inhibitors, or Akt1 siRNA blocked adhesion stimulated by 15 mmHg pressure in SW620 or primary human malignant colonocytes. Pressure activated PI3K, tyrosine-phosphorylated and membrane-translocated the p85 subunit, and phosphorylated Akt. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) prevented pressure-stimulated Akt Ser473 and FAK Tyr397, but not FAK576 or Src416 phosphorylation. PP2 inhibited PI3K activity and Akt phosphorylation. FAK siRNA did not affect pressure-induced PI3K activation but blocked Akt phosphorylation. Pressure also stimulated FAK or FAKY397F mutant translocation to the membrane. Akt inhibitor IV blocked pressure-induced Akt and FAK translocation. Pressure activated Src- and PI3K-dependently induced p85 interaction with FAK, and FAK with beta1 integrin. These results delineate a novel force-activated inside-out Src/PI3K/FAK/Akt pathway by which cancer cells regulate their own adhesion. These signals may be potential targets for inhibition of metastatic adhesion.
Developmental regulation of NMDA receptor 2B subunit mRNA and ifenprodil binding in the zebra finch anterior forebrain.

In passerine songbirds, song learning often is restricted to an early sensitive period and re- quires the participation of several discrete regions within the anterior forebrain. Activation of N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA) receptors is implicated in song learn- ing and in one forebrain song region, the lateral mag- nocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN), NMDA receptors decrease in density, their affinity for the antagonist MK-801 increases, and their currents decay more quickly as young male zebra finches lose the ability to imitate new song elements. These developmen- tal changes in NMDA receptor pharmacology and phys- iology suggest that the subunit composition of NMDA receptors changes developmentally. Here, we have used in situ hybridization and ( 3 H)ifenprodil receptor auto-
Optically induced spin rotations in quantum dots

The spin of an electron trapped in a quantum dot is currently of interest both because it constitutes a prototype quantum mechanical system in a controllable solid state environment and due to its relevance in quantum information processing. For such applications, a high level control of the spin is necessary, and various techniques from time dependent magnetic and electric fields to lasers are used. Here we develop the basic ideas involving the quantum dot electron spin for quantum information applications and review optical methods of its control. Particular emphasis is given on the use of hyperbolic secant optical pulses. Relevant experimental results are also briefly discussed.
Facing a breakup: Electromyographic responses moderate self‐concept recovery following a romantic separation

Romantic breakups arouse fundamental questions about the self: Who am I without my partner? This study examined self-concept reorganization and psychological well-being over an 8-week period in the months following a breakup. Multilevel analyses revealed that poorer self-concept recovery preceded poorer well-being and was associated with love for an ex-partner, suggesting that failure to redefine the self contributes to post-breakup distress. Psychophysiological data revealed that greater activity in the corrugator supercilia facial muscle while thinking about an ex-partner predicted poorer self-concept recovery and strengthened the negative association between love for an ex-partner and self-concept recovery. Thus, the interaction between self-report and psychophysiological data provided information about the importance of self-concept recovery to post-breakup adjustment not tapped by either method alone.
Finite-Amplitude Waves in Inviscid Shear Flows

This paper examines the existence and properties of steady finite-amplitude waves of cats-eye form superposed on a unidirectional inviscid, incompressible shear flow. The problem is formulated as the solution of nonlinear Poisson equations for the stream function with boundary conditions on the unknown edges of the cats-eyes. The dependence of vorticity on stream function is assumed outside the cats-eyes to be as in the undisturbed flow, and uniform unknown vorticity is assumed inside. It is argued on the basis of a finite difference discretization that the problem is determinate, and numerical solutions are obtained for Couette-Poiseuille channel flow. These are compared with the predictions of a weakly nonlinear theory based on the approach of Benney & Bergeron (1969) and Davis (1969). The phase speed of the waves is found to be linear in the wave amplitude.
Hyperglycemia compensates for diet-induced insulin resistance in liver and skeletal muscle of rats

High-fat and high-sucrose diets increase the contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose appearance (glc Ra) under basal conditions. They also reduce insulin suppression of glc Ra and insulin-stimul...
The robustness of an advanced adaptive controller against system noise

This paper examines the robustness of an advanced adaptive controller against system noise and abrupt parameter changes. Recursive extended least squares (RELS) is incorporated in a self-tuning adaptive controller which uses an enhanced linear-quadratic control algorithm. Simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller in a noisy environment. The system that is being controlled is a piecewise linear system with an independent noise input and with time-scheduled parameter changes unknown by the controller. Effects of noise level are examined along with trade-offs that must be considered regarding probing-signal strength and noise level. The robustness of this self-tuning control is shown to benefit from the use of RELS in place of RLS. >