cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Work Adjustment of Prison Employees

Abstract Fieldwork and some survey questions in studying staff of three California prisons supported literature claiming that male staff are negatively oriented toward female employees, and that both women staff and women's prisons receive low priority from male-dominated state agencies. Yet the study's questionnaire survey of 1300 prison employees revealed that the genders differ very little in their work adjustment. These divergent findings are interpreted as evidence of an organizational culture shaping work adjustment that is shared by prison staff of both genders, but independently of gender subcultures that include shared ideologies on the opposite gender.
Pregnancy and Lactation Alter Biomarkers of Biotin Metabolism in Women Consuming a Controlled Diet

Background: Biotin functions as a cofactor for several carboxylase enzymes with key roles in metabolism. At present, the dietary requirement for biotin is unknown and intake recommendations are provided as Adequate Intakes (AIs). The biotin AI for adults and pregnant women is 30 μg/d, whereas 35 μg/d is recommended for lactating women. However, pregnant and lactating women may require more biotin to meet the demands of these reproductive states. Objective: The current study sought to quantify the impact of reproductive state on biotin status response to a known dietary intake of biotin. Methods: To achieve this aim, we measured a panel of biotin biomarkers among pregnant (gestational week 27 at study entry; n = 26), lactating (postnatal week 5 at study entry; n = 28), and control (n = 21) women who participated in a 10- to 12-wk feeding study providing 57 μg of dietary biotin/d as part of a mixed diet. Results: Over the course of the study, pregnant women excreted 69% more (vs. control; P 0.05) were detected in plasma biotin, urinary biotin, or urinary bisnorbiotin between pregnant and control women. Lactating women excreted 76% more (vs. control; P = 0.001) of the biotin catabolite bisnorbiotin, indicating that lactation accelerates biotin turnover and loss. Notably, with respect to control women, lactating women excreted 23% less (P = 0.04) urinary 3-HIA and 26% less (P = 0.05) urinary 3-HIA-carnitine, suggesting that lactation reduces leucine catabolism and that these metabolites may not be useful indicators of biotin status during lactation. Conclusions: Overall, these data demonstrate significant alterations in markers of biotin metabolism during pregnancy and lactation and suggest that biotin intakes exceeding current recommendations are needed to meet the demands of these reproductive states. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01127022","term_id":"NCT01127022"}}NCT01127022.
Measurement of Z' couplings at future hadron colliders through decays to tau leptons.

The leptonic couplings of a ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ can be determined in a hadron collider by measuring the polarization of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ leptons produced by its decay. This polarization can be measured despite the unobserved neutrinos produced in $\ensuremath{\tau}$ decay. The information obtained is complementary to that given by the forward-backward asymmetry and can be used to determine the character of the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. We discuss the background to this process, the expected uncertainty of the measurement, and the implied detector requirements.
Predictive factors for mortality after open repair of paravisceral abdominal aortic aneurysm

Objective The use of fenestrated and branched stent graft technology for paravisceral abdominal aortic aneurysms (PAAA) is on the rise; however, its application is limited in the United States to only a few selected centers. Most PAAAs are currently repaired using an open approach. The objective of this study was to determine which patients are at highest risk with open PAAA repair and might benefit most from endovascular repair using fenestrated or branched stent grafts. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using data from American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) hospitals. We identified 598 patients (27.5% women) who underwent elective open PAAA repair from the 2007 to 2009 NSQIP, a prospective database maintained at >250 centers. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality. Results The median patient age was 73 years. The 30-day major morbidity rate was 30.1%, and the mortality rate was 4.5%. Major complications included reintubation (10.0%), sepsis (10.7%), return to operating room (9.2%), new dialysis requirement (5.9%), cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction (4.5%), and stroke (1.2%). Multivariate analyses identified four predictors of postoperative mortality after open PAAA repair: peripheral arterial disease (PAD) requiring revascularization or amputation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), anesthesia time, and female sex. PAD and COPD were present in only 5.2% and 20.4% of patients but were associated with a 16.1% and 9.0% mortality rate, respectively. The mortality rate in women was 7.3% vs 3.5% for men ( P = .045). Conclusions PAD, COPD, and female sex are major risk factors for postoperative mortality after open PAAA repair. Fenestrated or branched stent graft repair may be a more valuable alternative to open repair for patients with one or more of these characteristics who have suitable access vessels.
On the number of certain lattice polygons

Abstract Explicit expressions are given for the number of various kinds of paths in a two-dimensional lattice.
Simulation of static and deformation-enhanced grain growth effects on superplastic ductility

The growth of a localized geometric inhomogeneity in a uniaxial test section is simulated through a computer model in which both static(i.e., grain growth in the absence of deformation) and deformation-enhanced grain growth processes are incorporated. The grain growth kinetics are incorporated through a constitutive equation based on the general mechanistic model of superplastic flow, which incorporates a threshold stress as well power-law creep and, therefore, intrinsically results inm varying with strain rate. Results of the simulation indicate a strong effect of the type of test condition, constant strain rate or constant extension rate, on the rate of neck growth ifm varies with strain rate. It is also shown that static grain growth can have a different effect on the neck growth than deformation-enhanced grain growth.
Improved Inosine Production and Derepression of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthetic Enzymes in 8-Azaguanine Resistant Mutants of Bacillus subtilis

Improved inosine producers were found with a high frequency among the mutants resistant to a low concentration of 8-azaguanine derived from AMP deaminase negative adenine auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis K strain. The best mutant accumulated 16~18 g/liter of inosine, 60~80% higher than the parent. PRPP amidotransferase and succino-AMP lyase of all of the improved inosine producers tested were not repressed by adenosine but still repressed by guanosine. Adenine permeability was suggested to be also altered in some of the mutants which produced inosine even in the presence of a high concentration of adenine. Adenine prototrophic revertants from all of the mutants tested accumulated a small amount of adenosine but not inosine.
Effect of a sport education program on motivation for physical education and leisure-time physical activity.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a high school sport education curriculum program on students' motivation for physical education and leisure-time physical activity. Method: Participants were 568 high school students enrolled in the required physical education programs at 2 schools, 1 taught using sport education and the 2nd using a multiactivity model of instruction. A motivational profile survey, which included student psychological need satisfaction, autonomous motives, perceived effort and enjoyment in physical education, and physical activity intention and behavior, was completed by all participants prior to and at the end of the 2-year physical education program. Results: Mixed-model analysis of variance tests revealed that the students in the sport education program reported greater increases in perceived effort and enjoyment of the program compared with the students taught within the multiactivity model. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that these posi...
Performance limits of LWIR gaseous plume quantification

The central parameter in the quantification of chemical vapor plumes via remote sensing is the mean concentrationpath length (CL) product, which can lead to estimates of the absolute gas quantity present. The goal of this paper is to derive Cramer-Rao lower bounds on the variance of an unbiased estimator of CL in concert with other parameters of a general non-linear radiance model. These bounds offer a guide to feasibility of CL estimation that is not dependent on any given algorithm. In addition, the derivation of the bounds yields great insight into the physical and phenomenological mechanisms that control plume quantification.
Parallel multiplication and powering of polynomials

This paper examines the most efficient known serial and parallel algorithms for multiplying and powering polynomials. For sparse polynomials the Simp algorithm multiplies using a simple divide and conquer approach, and the NOMC algorithm computes powers using a multinomial expansion. For dense polynomials the FFT multiplies and powers by evaluating polynomials at a set of points, performing pointwise multiplication or powering, and interpolating a polynomial through the results. Practical issues of applying these algorithms in algebraic manipulation systems are discussed.
Highly stable aptamers selected from a 2'-fully modified fGmH RNA library for targeting biomaterials

When developed as targeting ligands for the in vivo delivery of biomaterials to biological systems, RNA aptamers immediately face numerous obstacles, in particular nuclease degradation and post-selection 2' modification. This study aims to develop a novel class of highly stable, 2'-fully modified RNA aptamers that are ideal for the targeted delivery of biomaterials. We demonstrated the facile transcription of a fGmH (2'-F-dG, 2'-OMe-dA/dC/dU) RNA library with unexpected hydrophobicity, the direct selection of aptamers from a fGmH RNA library that bind Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (SpA) as a model target, and the superior nuclease and serum stability of these aptamers compared to 2'-partially modified RNA variants. Characterizations of fGmH RNA aptamers binding to purified SpA and to endogenous SpA present on the surface of S. aureus cells demonstrate fGmH RNA aptamer selectivity and stability. Significantly, fGmH RNA aptamers were able to functionalize, stabilize, and specifically deliver aggregation-prone silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to S. aureus with SpA-dependent antimicrobial effects. This study describes a novel aptamer class with considerable potential to improve the in vivo applicability of nucleic acid-based affinity molecules to biomaterials.
Delay line readout of microchannel plates

A two-dimensional delay line readout to be used with large-diameter (127-mm) microchannel plates (MCPs) has been developed. High spatial resolutions (25 mu m FWHM for an MCP gain of 2*10/sup 7/) and excellent linearity of position readout (less than +or-65- mu m deviation from linearity) have been achieved in a test setup using 30-mm-diameter MCPs coupled to 140-mm*140-mm delay lines. Single-pass delays of only 176 ns allow system deadtimes of less than 1 mu s. This type of readout will be applied to imaging X-ray detectors to be used in protein crystallography. >
Extended solid solution and nonequilibrium phase diagram for Ni-Al alloy formed during laser cladding

Due to rapid solidification in laser cladding, the composition of the solute in the cladding alloy often exceeds the solid solubility limit far beyond that expected from the equilibrium phase diagram. Also, the effects of various process parameters on the composition of the cladding alloy depend on the sign of the slope of the equilibrium phase diagram at the nominal composition of the cladding powder. This paper uses a mathermatical model to determine the composition of metastable alloys and to study the effects of various process parameters on the composition of extended solid solution in the cladding alloys of Ni-Al for which the slope of the equilibrium phase diagram is positive at the nominal composition of the Ni-Al cladding powder. The model considers concentration dependent freezing point and nonequilibrium partitioning of solute at the solid-liquid interface. Because of this, nonequilibrium phase diagram can be obtained by following the methodology of this paper.
Neurogenesis in subnuclei of the rat interpeduncular nucleus and medial habenula.

Development of the rat habenulo-interpeduncular system is of interest because of its highly ordered adult structure, including seven subnuclei within the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), localization of synapses of different types and medial habenular (MH) sites of origin within the subnuclei and differential localization of neurochemicals amongst the subnuclei. In order to further investigate the mechanisms by which these features are produced, the birthdays of neurons within IPN and MH were investigated. All IPN neurons were formed on embryonic days (E) 12 to 16. Birthdays varied for the subnuclei of IPN with the earliest being the serotonin containing apical subnucleus (p < 0.0001) and the latest being the rostral subnucleus (p < 0.0001). Rostral lateral and lateral subnuclei were approximately simultaneous with apical, and the intermediate and central subnuclei, related to each other in a number of other ways, had simultaneous birthdays earlier than the rostral subnucleus (p < 0.0001) and later than the other subnuclei (p < 0.0001). The medial habenula was found to consist of three regions, termed medial, lateral and dorsal, whose neurons undergo their final mitoses on E15–16, 16–17 and 17–18, respectively. These findings provide additional support for the validity of IPN subnuclei as currently delineated. They suggest mechanisms of development which involve early interactions between specific groups of MH neurons and specific groups of IPN neurons. It is proposed that a sequence of several control mechanisms operates during development to produce this complex system.
Increasing fluoroquinolone use for the emergency department treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

Study objectives: Multiple guidelines exist for recommending initial antibiotic choice in the treatment of outpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Broad-spectrum macrolides, as well as doxycycline, are most often cited as appropriate first-line drugs. The guidelines also list fluoroquinolones as a possible initial antibiotic agent, but all discourage their use in otherwise healthy patients because of concerns about fluoroquinolone resistance. We determined the trends in antibiotic choice for treatment of CAP in the emergency department (ED) setting at a large academic medical center. Methods: A retrospective 3-year medical record review of consecutive patients discharged to home from the ED with a diagnosis of CAP was performed. CAP patients were included during the peak pneumonia season for 3 consecutive periods. Period 1 was October 1, 2000, to March 31, 2001; period 2 was October 1, 2001, to March 31, 2002; and period 3 was October 1, 2002, to March 31, 2003. A standardized form was completed by trained medical students and antibiotic choice was documented. Using the mean proportions for the 3 periods, pairwise comparisons between 2 periods for the 2 antibiotics (macrolides and fluoroquinolones) were performed using the Bonferroni adjustment to adjust for multiplicity. An interaction effect, antibiotic versus time, was included in the linear regression model. In addition, data were obtained from the microbiology laboratory concerning percentage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae . The proportions of susceptibility for 4 years (2000 to 2003) were compared. Pairwise comparisons were performed between 2 years for susceptibility using the Bonferroni adjustment to adjust for multiplicity. Results: The proportion of macrolide use significantly decreased (79% to 71% to 59%), and the proportion of fluoroquinolone use significantly increased (7% to 16% to 21%) during the 3 periods. The comparisons reached statistical significance when period 1 was compared with period 3. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones (in percentage use) are negatively correlated with Pearson's correlation coefficient (–.6981; P S pneumonaie. Conclusion: Within a 3-year period, fluoroquinolone use at this academic institution is increasing, whereas macrolide use is decreasing, a trend not in accordance with published guidelines. This trend is concerning considering the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S pneumoniae.
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Sickle Cell Disease: Pathophysiology and Rationale for Treatment

Approximately one third of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have pulmonary hypertension (PH), which increases their risk of death. Endothelin (ET)-1 is elevated in SCD and appears to play a key role in many of the pathologic processes in this disease, including PH, suggesting that endothelin receptor antagonists such as bosentan may be effective in treating patients with SCD, particularly those with PH. Other possible treatments include sildenafil, epoprostenol, and oral arginine. Data from controlled clinical trials are needed to establish the most effective treatment of patients with PH associated with SCD.
Geomorphology: Tectonically twisted rivers

Tracking diffuse, shearing deformation of continents is difficult. Numerical modelling of drainage evolution in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, suggests that rivers can act as dynamic markers of tectonic deformation over geological timescales.
Lessons learned when science meets legislation.

This article proposes a four-part approach to addressing the problems creating by drunk driving. The four principles incorporate increased surveillance in the form of increased checkpoints and facilitation of efficient processing of offenders; incapacitating vehicle sanctions (e.g., vehicle impound) to highlight the significance of the offense and serve as a stimulus to change; brief interventions (motivational interviewing) directed at capitalizing on their vulnerability and, therefore, potential receptivity to change; and a saturation media campaign to increase public awareness of the changes of community response to the issue of drunk driving. The author describes his efforts to support a study that would result in this type of program. The article also follows these efforts through the passing of legislation in California that supported some components of this program.
Tetrathia[22]annulene[2,1,2,1]. A new thiophene-derived aromatic macrocycle

Abstract Tetrathia[22]annulene[2,1,2,1] (4) has been synthesized in four steps from 2-bromothiophene. Compound 4 represents the first porphyrinoid containing only sulfur bridges which is a neutral aromatic annulene.
Improved safety with intravenous insulin therapy for critically ill patients with renal failure.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new intravenous (IV) regular human insulin infusion (RHI) algorithm for glycemic control in critically ill patients with renal failure. Methods Adult trauma patients with renal failure who received a new RHI algorithm were compared with those who received the discontinued RHI algorithm (historical control). Target blood glucose (BG) concentration was 70 to 149 mg/dL (3.9–8.3 mmol/L). Patients were evaluated for 7 d while receiving the RHI infusion and continuous enteral or parenteral nutrition. Results Mean BG was higher for the new RHI algorithm group (n = 25) compared with control (n = 21): 145 ± 10 mg/dL or 8.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L versus 133 ± 14 mg/dL or 7.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L ( P = 0.001). The new RHI algorithm resulted in less time within the target BG range (11.9 ± 2.5 h/d versus 16.1 ± 3.3 h/d; P = 0.001); however, BGs were within 70 to 179 mg/dL (or 3.9–10 mmol/L) for 16.3 ± 2.6 h/d. The proportion of patients who experienced an episode of moderate hypoglycemia (BG 40–60 mg/dL or 2.2–3.3 mmol/L) or severe hypoglycemia (BG P = 0.001) and eliminated (0% versus 29%, P = 0.006), respectively. Conclusions The new RHI algorithm improved patient safety by decreasing the prevalence of moderate hypoglycemia and eliminating severe hypoglycemia. The duration of glycemic control within the target BG range was decreased, but acceptable within a higher target BG ceiling.
Critical densities for the Skyrme type effective interactions

We use the stability conditions of the Landau parameters for the symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter to calculate the critical densities for the Skyrme type effective nucleon-nucleon interactions. We find that the critical density can be maximized by appropriately adjusting the values of the enhancement factor {kappa} associated with isovector giant dipole resonance, the quantity L, which is directly related to the slope of the symmetry energy, and the Landau parameter G{sub 0}{sup '}. However, restricting {kappa}, L, and G{sub 0}{sup '} to vary within acceptable limits reduces the maximum value for the critical density {rho}-tilde{sub cr} by {approx}25%. We also show that among the various quantities characterizing the symmetric nuclear matter, {rho}-tilde{sub cr} depends strongly on the isoscalar effective mass m*/m and surface energy coefficient E{sub s}. For realistic values of m*/m and E{sub s}, we get {rho}-tilde{sub cr}=2{rho}{sub 0} to 3{rho}{sub 0} ({rho}{sub 0}=0.16 fm{sup -3})
Leading Change During an Inpatient Critical Care Unit Expansion

Acute care hospitals are changing rapidly to address economic and technologic advancements and meet community needs. The authors describe 1 medical center's use of Kotter's work on leading change to expand the neuroscience intensive care unit from 10 to 30 beds to meet community needs, improve hospital efficiencies, and increase bed capacity. Nurse satisfaction, retention, and other human resource quality data that showed positive results are compared before and after the change.
t/s scaling in exclusive and inclusive proton reactions

Abstract A model is developed in order to account for the previously observed large-angle behaviour in elastic scattering, and to predict the analogous inclusive effects. Data of (pp, p) distributions and pp → pN * reactions are examined in regions of high transverse momenta and fitted by the functional forms of the model. The fits show the expected features of this new type of high-energy scaling.
Promoting Musical Health, Enhancing Musical Performance: Wellness for Music Students

rehearsal, a young viola player puts down her instrument, grabs her shoulder, and begins to cry because it hurts. A high school band director, able to hear only some of the ensemble instruments without pitch distortion, fears he might have to make a career change-at the age of thirtyeight. A high school freshman participating in a junior community music theatre group is told that if she wants to get on Broadway, she needs to forget about head voice and learn to belt out a song. Her regular voice teacher and her school choir director are alarmed, and her parents are confused. A college music major stops playing her cello when it becomes too painful. She continues with her major instrument, piano, until she is diagnosed with fibromyalgia-a syndrome associated with musculoskeletal tenderness and fatigue. She drops out of school but returns a year later, happy and healthy, and finishes her degree. She reveals that, when finally diagnosed with and treated for depression, her other symptoms disappeared. As music educators, we are well aware of the many benefits music involvement brings to children's lives. Though these far outweigh the cost, the above scenarios-all true, and all having taken place within the last five years-demonstrate that there are risks associated wi h music making that have yet to be fully addressed by our profession. Studies reveal that musicians may suffer physical difficulties nearly as often as football players,' though they seldom have to be carried off the stage! Between oneand two-thirds of secondary school students suffer performance aches, pains, and woes, whether or not they study privately.2 Certainly music educators, much like health professionals, need to commit themselves to "do no harm." The good news is that risk-reducing, health-inducing strategies are relatively simple, are not time-consuming, and tend to enhance performance. Articles in this special issue will not only identify these risks, but also provide prevention strategies that can be easily implemented by music teachers in the classroom and rehearsal hall.
Synthesis and properties of near infrared-absorbing magnetic-optical nanopins.

Novel near infrared-absorbing iron oxide–gold core–shell nanoparticles in pin shapes were synthesized. The nanopins are superparamagnetic, with 35-fold better surface enhanced Raman scattering activities than the conventional core–shell nanospheres and 50-fold greater photothermal properties than solid gold nanorods. The nanoparticles will have important impact on medical imaging, molecular diagnostics and disease treatment.
Laparoscopic marsupialization before inguinal repair of large abdominoscrotal hydroceles in infants: observation of natural history and description of technique.

Objectives To develop a surgical procedure that would minimize the difficult proximal spermatic cord dissection during excision of the abdominal component of abdominoscrotal hydroceles (ASHs). Because the abdominal component is derived from the peritoneum, we postulated that complete removal of all tissue is unnecessary and laparoscopic creation of a wide peritoneal window is sufficient for treatment before inguinal repair of the scrotal component. Methods We describe a series of 4 patients who underwent laparoscopic marsupialization of the abdominal component of an ASH before inguinal repair. In addition, we describe the natural history of a patient who had had initial normal evaluation of bilateral scrotal hydroceles on ultrasonography and subsequently developed the abdominal portion during the first year after birth. Results Four patients underwent successful laparoscopic marsupialization of the abdominal component before inguinal repair of the ASH. No postoperative complications occurred, and no patient required repeat operation. Conclusions Laparoscopic marsupialization of the abdominal portion of an ASH is a practical surgical alternative that may reduce the morbidity of extensive dissection.
Anisotropic distribution functions for relativistic galactic nuclei.

An integral transform is derived which, for a system of stars characterized as a spherical equilibrium solution to the collisionless Boltzmann equation of general relativity, allows the reconstruction of a two-integral distribution function from moments of that distribution. Specifically, given a knowledge of the energy density \ensuremath{\rho}(r) and some constraint on the radial and tangential pressures ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{R}}$(r) and ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{T}}$(r), a two-integral distribution ${\mathit{f}}_{0}$(E,${\mathit{J}}^{2}$) consistent with these moments can be computed as a contour integral in the complex plane. This prescription constitutes a straightforward generalization of a transform for the corresponding Newtonian systems developed recently by Qian and Hunter. It also generalizes earlier work by Fackerell for relativistic systems characterized by a one-integral distribution function, ${\mathit{f}}_{0}$(E). This transform has potential applications for the modeling of dense galaxy cusps surrounding supermassive black holes, an enterprise that has recently assumed increased importance in view of high resolution photometry facilitated by the Hubble Space Telescope. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Experiment and theory for the thermal force in the transition region

Abstract The transition region theory of the thermal force on an aerosol particle in a monatomic gas is reviewed. The extension of this theory to polyatomic gases is presented together with a discussion of the momentum accommodation coefficient appearing in the theory. A comparison is given of experimental data with the transition region theory for aerosol particles both in monatomic and polyatomic gases.
Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of mesh size selectivity

Abstract A nonparametric model for estimating mesh size selectivity is presented based on a multinomial likelihood for sampling from a mixture of discrete size classes. No functional form for the selectivity curve is assumed when comparing the relative selectivity of standard and experimental mesh codends. Auxiliary information from the size distribution of fish gilled in the experimental mesh codend is used to identify when the selectivity approaches 1. Analysis is illustrated for Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) caught in an alternate haul study. Parametric methods of estimating selective curves based on logistic functions showed tendencies for systematic bias in the tail regions as well as possible errors in the mid-range (approximately 50%) of selectivity.
Strategies of subversion: the power of live performance within the walls of a Renaissance city

According to Argan, during the early modern period, 'a theory, or science, of the city was created', a science founded on the principle that 'the perfect architectural and urban form of the city corresponded to the perfection of its political and social arrangements, conceived and carried out by the wisdom of the prince'. This process was supported by spectacular and festive events which were regulated by a common vision of reality informed by the overarching Renaissance perspective. This perspective eventually created a form of representation that, as Lefebvre states, 'became enshrined in architectural and urbanistic practice as the code of linear perspective'. What I hope to investigate with this paper, however, is not so much the emergence of this code and the hegemonic set of discourses and practices controlling vision, but rather the oppositional moments – within theatrical representations – by means which dominant practices and techniques were resisted.
A simple additive color mixer for exploration of the color solid

A simple additive color mixer, requiring only three degrees of mechanical translation and permitting manipulation of hue, saturation, and intensity of three primary light sources, is described.
The Natural Modulation of the Amplification Phase of Complement Activation

As C3 cleavage represents the most critical step in the elaboration of the biologic effects of the complement system, the modulation of this reaction by formation and function of the C3b-dependent C3 convertase may well determine whether the initial activation of the complement sequence eventuates in beneficial or detrimental effects to the host. Stabilization of the amplification C3b-dependent convertase, C3bBb, is achieved with P and C3NeF, respectively, after their binding which exhibits different molecular and temperature requirements. Control of this amplifying step occurs at three levels: intrinsic decay of the inherently labile C3bBb convertase; extrinsic decay by displacement of Bb from the convertase with beta1H; and inactivation by C3bINA of C3b after its generation from native C3 or removal of protective Bb by intrinsic or extrinsic decay. In the presence of the stabilizing factors the control proteins must function in sequence with beta1H-mediated decay preceding C3b inactivation.
A Comparison of Wind Speed and Forest Damage Associated with Tornadoes in Northern Arizona

AbstractDamage surveys in the aftermath of tornadoes occurring in the forested regions of the Mogollon Rim in northern Arizona have been assessed using the enhanced Fujita scale (EF scale) damage indicator (DI) and degree of damage (DOD) tables. These surveys often revealed different DODs within close proximity as well as different spatial patterns and areal extent of tree damage exhibiting the same DOD, making the determination of wind speed and EF-scale ratings challenging. A localized tornado outbreak occurred across northern Arizona on 6 October 2010, producing at least 11 tornadoes and substantial areas of forest damage. Remarkably, one of these tornadoes passed over a three-dimensional sonic anemometer. Wind data from this sensor are compared with tree damage in the adjacent forest to assess the performance of the EF-scale metrics for damage to trees.
An Analysis of Crack Trapping by Residual Stresses in Brittle Solids

The residual stress distribution in a brittle polycrystalline solid may have a significant influence on its toughness. Grains in a state of residual compression are less likely to be fractured by a growing crack and may trap the crack front or be left behind as bridging particles (Evans et al., 1977). This paper estimates the toughness enhancement due to intergranular residual stresses, using a three-dimensional model. The residual stress is approximated as a doubly sinusoidal distribution acting perpendicular to the plane of an initially straight semi-infinite crack. An incremental perturbation method developed by Bower and Ortiz (1990) for solving three-dimensional crack problems is extended here to cracks loaded by nonuniform remote stresses. It is used to calculate the shape of the semi-infinite crack as it propagates through the doubly sinusoidal residual stress. It is shown that the local regions of compression may trap the crack front and give rise to some transient toughening. In addition, if the residual stress exceeds a critical magnitude, pinning particles may be left in the crack wake. However, for practical values of residual stress and grain size, the predicted toughness enhancement is insignificant. Furthermore, the analysis cannot account for the large bridging zones observed in experiments. It is concluded that the R-curve behavior and bridging particles observed in monolithic ceramics are caused by mechanisms other than residual stresses acting perpendicular to the crack plane.
Correlation of photoluminescence linewidths with carrier concentration in p-Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P

We find a statistically significant correlation between carrier concentration and the Lorentzian linewidth factor determined from a Voigt lineshape fit to roomtemperature photoluminscence (PL) measurements for partially ordered p-Ga0.52In0.48P epitaxially deposited by organometallic vapor-phase deposition on GaAs. The correlation is independent of the amount of ordering present in the material. For carrier concentrations over the range of ~1016 to 1019 cm−3, PL provides rapid and nondestructive evaluation, with increasing accuracy above carrier concentration levels of 5 × 1017 cm3.
On concentrated loads at the boundary of a piezoelectric half-plane

Abstract T wo f undamental problems of the linear theory of piezoelectricity are studied from a theoretical point of view, namely, the cases of a point force and a point charge acting on a piezoelectric half-plane. Exact expressions for all relevant electroelastic variables are obtained through a state space methodology in conjunction with the Fourier transform. Numerical results are also provided to illustrate both qualitative and quantitative behavior of the induced electromechanical fields.
Wnt5a as an Effector of TGFβ in Mammary Development and Cancer

Wnt5a is a member of the Wingless-related/MMTV-integration family of secreted growth factors, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes. Wnt signaling can be broadly divided into two categories the canonical, s-catenin-dependent pathway and the non-canonical s-catenin-independent pathway. Wnt5a is a non-canonical signaling member of the Wnt family. Loss of Wnt5a is associated with early relapse of invasive breast cancer, increased metastasis, and poor survival in humans. It has been shown that TGF-s directly regulates expression of Wnt5a in mammary gland and that Wnt5a mediates the effects of TGF-s on branching during mammary gland development. Here we review the evidence suggesting Wnt5a acts as an effector of TGF-s actions in breast cancer. It is suggested that the tumor suppressive functions of TGF-s involve Wnt5a-mediated antagonism of Wnt/s-catenin signaling and limiting the stem cell population. Interactions between TGF-s and Wnt5a in metastasis appear to be more complex, and may depend on specific cues from the microenvironment as well as activation of specific intracellular signaling pathways.
High cell density production of Deinococcus radiodurans under optimized conditions

Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium being investigated for mechanisms of extreme radiation resistance and for bioremediation of environmental radioactive waste sites. In both fundamental and applied research settings, methods for large-scale production of D. radiodurans are needed. In this study, a systematic investigation was carried out to optimize D. radiodurans production at the 20-L fermentor scale. In defined medium, the phosphate buffer typically used was found to be inhibitory to D. radiodurans growth, and caused cell aggregation. Substitution of HEPES and MOPS buffers for phosphate buffer improved D. radiodurans growth characteristics. Several antifoaming agents were investigated to support large-scale production with submerged aeration, and the defoamer KFO 673 was chosen based on its ability to prevent foaming without affecting D. radiodurans growth. The conventional undefined rich medium tryptone/glucose/yeast extract (TGY) maximally supported D. radiodurans growth to an OD(600) of 10. Using a 'design of experiments' approach, we found glucose, Mg and Mn to be critical in supporting high-density growth of D. radiodurans. The optimal pH and temperature for D. radiodurans growth in large-scale preparations were 7.0 and 37 degrees C, respectively. Growth was carried out in a 20-L fermentor using the newly developed media under the optimal conditions. With addition of 10 g/L glucose, 0.5 g/L MgSO(4) . 7H(2)O, 5 microM MnCl(2) into TGY media, an OD(600) of 40 was achieved.
Structure and Morphology of Inclusions in 4° Offcut 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layers

The structure of inclusions and their influence on surface morphology, local strain, and basal plane dislocations were investigated in silicon carbide (SiC) epitaxial layers grown on 4° offcut substrates. On high-resolution x-ray topography images, strain fields were observed surrounding the inclusions. Ultraviolet photoluminescence images revealed the presence of strain-induced dislocations around the inclusions. Micro-Raman and microphotoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the inclusions exhibited a complex structure that consisted of 3C polytype regions and misoriented 4H polytype regions. The resulting lattice deformation typically propagates in the step-flow growth direction and causes distorted surface morphology.
EFFECT OF ISCHEMIA ON THE FRACTION OF RYANODINE-SENSITIVE CARDIAC SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Abstract The effect of 15 min of global, normothermic ischemia on cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was investigated using the Ca 2+ uptake rate and 3 H-ryanodine binding of ventricular homogenates and isolated SR vesicles. Ischemia did not affect ryanodine binding in the homogenate, while it increased it in the isolated SR vesicles. Although ischemia decreased the homogenate oxalate-supported Ca 2+ uptake rate, measured in the presence of high ryanodine to close the ryanodine-sensitive efflux pathway (+RY), its decrease of the Ca 2+ uptake rate, measured in the absence of ryanodine (−RY), was more marked. This finding was also observed in the isolated SR. Although inhibition of the Ca-ATPase and its coupled Ca 2+ uptake by thapsigargin proportionately decreased SR Ca 2+ uptake −RY and +RY, ischemia decreased the Ca 2+ uptake −RY proportionately more. This result suggested that there was a greater fraction of Ca 2+ uptake activity in ryanodine-sensitive vesicles after ischemia. However, ischemia also reduced the yield of SR activity in the isolated SR fraction and the results could potentially be due to differential selection of ryanodine-sensitive and ryanodine-insensitive SR in the isolation procedure. We directly tested the hypothesis that ischemia changes the fraction of Ca 2+ uptake activity in the ryanodine-sensitive vesicles by estimating the Ca-oxalate capacity measured +RY and −RY. Ischemia decreased the capacity −RY much more than +RY in the homogenate, indicating that more of the SR volume and Ca 2+ uptake activity was in the ryanodine-sensitive vesicles after ischemia.
A system for response measurement and reinforcement delivery for infant sucking-behavior research.

Abstract An apparatus is described which provides means of recording sucking pressure and of delivering up to three test solutions under controlled conditions.
Molecular-dynamics simulation of phenylalanine transfer RNA. I. Methods and general results.

A 24-ps molecular-dynamics simulation of motions in yeast tRNAPhe has been completed. The overall structure of the molecule is well preserved, for the motions represent fluctuations about an average structure that is very much like the crystallographic structure. The four helical stems remain intact, the structures of the loop regions do not deteriorate, and even the base stacking in the single-stranded amino acid acceptor terminus is maintained. With two exceptions, none of the sugar puckers is significantly changed. The unconstrained floppy motions of base A76 are responsible for the repuckering of ribose 76. The other sugar that repuckers is ribose, 46, and this is the result of a very small structural change in the center of the molecule that is also responsible for the breakage of one tertiary hydrogen bond. This change in local structure does not seriously distort the base-stacking and intercalation patterns where the variable loop and the D-stem interact.
An ultrastructural study on spicule formation in the pennatulid colony Renilla reniformis

Abstract Examination of the coenenchyme tissues of Renilla reniformis revealed two regions of crystal formation: the endoderm containing small oval deposits of unknown composition and the mesoglea containing larger elongated spicules composed of calcite. Spicule formation takes place intracellularly in scleroblasts and may be explained by the following sequential processes: an organic matrix consisting of a homogeneous ground substance and fibers is formed in a large vacuole. Calcite needles 0.4 μ in diameter develop in close association with matrix fibers and vesicles, and grow to form the central core of the spicule. Large electron dense bodies dominate the scleroblast cytoplasm during these early stages of growth. In a later stage, smaller needles 0.2 μ in diameter develop surrounding the core to form the distal lobes of the spicule. ‘Lollipop’-shaped vesicles containing fibers appear in the scleroblast cytoplasm at the onset of this stage. This material is released at the calcification front and presumably is incorporated into the spicule as an organic matrix of crystals in the distal lobes.
Engine selection for the Space Exploration Initiative

The process used by NASA in the selection of the engine for the Space Exploration Initiative mission is described. The major propulsion requirements of the engine are addressed along with the engine options and key drivers and trades. Special attention is given to the requirements of the propellant feed system and the reaction control system. As a result of the 90-study, four moderate chamber pressure expander-cycle oxygen/hydrogen engines with a thrust level of 20,000 lbf each were selected for the lunar transfer vehicle. The paper also presents results of architecture studies and of advanced engine test bed studies.
Phosphofructokinase: studies on the subunit structure.

Abstract The molecular weight of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase in 6 m -guanidinium chloride has been determined to be approximately 23,000. In 5.5 m -guanidinium chloride, oligomers twice this size were observed. From the amino acid analyses and previous molecular weight studies, the protomer of phosphofructokinase has been found to have a molecular weight of 93,200. These results indicate that the protomer consists of four peptides of roughly equal molecular weight. No aminoor carboxyl-terminal amino acids could be detected by any of several techniques. The results of two-dimensional separation of the tryptic peptides of phosphofructokinase suggest that it contains 40 to 50 unique tryptic fragments. The protomer contains 102 lysine plus arginine residues. Tryptophan-containing tryptic peptides have been studied by disc gel electrophoresis after specifically alkylating all the tryptophan residues in the protein with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (Koshland's reagent). The molecular weights, amino acid composition and tryptic peptide maps, when taken together with previous work, indicate that there is more than one kind of subunit within the protomer, and that there is more than one copy of a large portion of the protomer. There are probably three subunits that recognize the allosteric inhibitor ATP, and one subunit that carries the catalytic site, specific for MgATP.
Lipids: more than just membrane fabric.

Tremendous recent progress in lipid cell-biology research has come from the development of sensitive techniques for lipid quantitation, the continued use of credible lipid analogues, the isolation of lipid trafficking mutants and the growing interface with studies of protein traffic. A number of fundamental problems, including the dynamic lateral and transverse organization of membranes, still need to be worked on and much remains to be learned. These are exciting directions in biomembrane research that should be discussed at the next EMBO workshop.
Longitudinal analysis of one million vital signs in patients in an academic medical center

Abstract Background Recognition of critically abnormal vital signs has been used to identify critically ill patients for activation of rapid response teams. Most studies have only analyzed vital signs obtained at the time of admission. The intent of this study was to examine the association of critical vital signs occurring at any time during the hospitalization with mortality. Methods All vital sign measurements were obtained for hospitalizations from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 at a large academic medical center. Results There were 1.15 million individual vital sign determinations obtained in 42,430 admissions on 27,722 patients. Critical vital signs were defined as a systolic blood pressure 120bpm, temperature 38.9°C, oxygen saturation Conclusions The simultaneous presence of three critically abnormal vital signs can occur at any time during the hospital admission and is associated with very high mortality. Early recognition of these events presents an opportunity for decreasing mortality.
Patterning on nonplanar substrates: flexible honeycomb films from a range of self-assembling star copolymers.

The effect of glass transition temperature, Tg, on the self-assembly of “honeycomb” microstructures on nonplanar substrates was probed by the synthesis of a library of core cross-linked star polymers with different arm compositions. Star polymers based on poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(tert-butyl acrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate) were synthesized by the “arm first” strategy using atom-transfer radical polymerization. Reaction conditions were optimized, and a series of high molecular weight star polymers were prepared in high yield. The glass transition temperature of the star polymers ranged from −123 to 100 °C which allowed the suitability for the formation of porous honeycomb-like films via the “breath figure” technique on nonplanar surfaces to be investigated. All star compositions successfully formed ordered films on flat surfaces. However, only star polymer compositions with a Tg below 48 °C could form homogeneous honeycomb coatings on the surface of...