cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Application of Vitamin d to dEntin in Dogs

The investigations upon which this paper is based were prompted by a report by Weinmann (1) that the application of vitamin D to cavities prepared in the teeth of dogs produced secondary dentin. The relation of vitamin D to dental health has been the subject of lively controversy. The literature was recently reviewed by Mellanby and King (2), who believe that the problem of dental caries and peridental disease is fundamentally a problem of nutrition and that the tooth structure, as conditioned by nutrition, is of primary importance in immunity or susceptibility to caries. Fish (3), on the other hand, reported that high supplements of vitamin D and calcium carbonate fed to dogs did not increase the calcium content of the dentin, although there was increased opacity of bones to x-rays, indicating that the treatment did increase the calcium content of those tissues able to receive it. Dentin appears, then, to be devoid of a mechanism by which calcium may be deposited or withdrawn. Fish further called attention to the fact that:
Life cycle cost oriented seismic design optimization of steel moment frame structures with risk-taking preference

Life cycle cost is considered in this paper for multiobjective design optimization of seismic steel moment-resisting frame (SMRF) structures. Initial material/construction cost and lifetime seismic damage cost, which are usually added up in the existing literature to form the total life cycle cost measure, are considered as two separate cost measures. The number of different standard steel section types is used to roughly account for the degree of design complexity related additional construction expenses. These three merit measures are subject to balanced minimization. The maximum interstory drift ratio is selected as the single seismic performance parameter for a code-compliant SMRF design and is evaluated through a static pushover analysis. Effects of randomness and uncertainty in estimating seismic demand and capacity as well as in describing seismic hazards are considered in accordance with SAC/FEMA guidelines. The lifetime seismic damage cost is then computed with designer-specified confidence level dependent percentile exceedance probabilities of prescribed drift ratio limits that demarcate a spectrum of performance levels with varied damage states. Using a multiobjective genetic algorithm, the proposed automated optimization procedure produces a set of alternative designs that exhibits optimized tradeoff among the three conflicting objectives. Therefore, designers have much freedom to choose the final structural solution with a preferred balance of initial cost and lifetime seismic damage cost while taking into due account of the degree of design complexity.
Anisotropic and restricted molecular motion in lecithin bilayers

Abstract A treatment has been developed which accounts for the prominent features of the PMR spectra and proton relaxation data of unsonicated lecithin bilayers. The spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 and the spin-spin relaxation time T 2 of the protons of a methyl top undergoing anisotropic and restricted reorientation have been calculated employing the theory of Woessner, but modified to include the effects of orientational anisotropies on long time scales. Analysis of the nmr data in terms of this theory permitted determination of the mobility of the lecithin hydrocarbon chains in the bilayer phase. These results indicate that the hydrophobic core of an unsonicated bilayer is more appropriately described as a soft solid rather than as a highly mobile fluid, contrary to the suggestions of recent esr spin label studies.
Computational investigation of wave packet barrier scattering in the complex plane : Examination of the complex quantum potential utilizing numerical analytic continuation techniques

In this study, we utilize numerical analytic continuation (NAC) to compute the complex quantum potential from the complex-extension of wave packets computed on the real-axis. The Cauchy method is utilized due to its robustness and flexibility. The Bohm and complex quantum potentials are compared; both potentials display complicated (but dissimilar) structure on the real-axis. We focus on generating numerically accurate maps of the evolving complex quantum potential for the Eckart barrier scattering problem. Although the complex quantum potential is initially constant, it later develops structures for the reflected wave packet that make it just as complicated as Bohm’s quantum potential, at least on the real-axis.
Quantitation of 8-oxoguanine and strand breaks produced by four oxidizing agents.

Reactive oxygen species, produced endogenously or by exposure to environmental chemicals and ionizing radiation, induce a wide range of DNA lesions. The variety of chemistries associated with different oxidants suggests that each will produce a unique spectrum of DNA damage products. To extend our efforts to relate genotoxin chemistry to DNA damage, we measured both strand breaks and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in DNA after exposure to γ-radiation, Fe(II)-EDTA/H2O2, Cu(II)/H2O2, and peroxynitrite at concentrations approaching physiological relevance. We found that the ratio of 8-oxoG to strand breaks varied more than 10-fold depending on the oxidizing agent: ∼0.4 for Cu(II)/H2O2 and peroxynitrite and ∼0.03 for Fe(II)-EDTA/H2O2 and γ-radiation. In the case of Cu(II)/H2O2, the relative proportion of 8-oxoG and strand breaks was found to vary more than 2-fold (0.14−0.37) for different Cu(II) concentrations, consistent with other studies. We were able to detect 8-oxoG formation by peroxynitrite by using low peroxy...
Electromigration mechanism in aluminium conductors

Abstract The mechanism of electromigration in the aluminium conductors of Integrated Circuits has been studied with radioactive tracers (Al26 and Ni63) employing high resolution autoradiographic techniques. It has been proved that the mass transport from the negative to the positive pole takes place predominantly by migration through the aluminium film grain boundaries. The surface diffusion mechanism was discarded as an important contribution to the process. Measurements of MTF (mean time to failure) in pure aluminium and in nickel-doped aluminium (200–700 ppm of nickel) showed a ten-fold advantage for the doped conductor. The electromigration activation energy of doped specimens was determined from the MTF variation with temperature. This result, 23.9 kcal mol−1, is in agreement with the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion of nickel in aluminium taken from the literature [1].
Adhesive interactions between vesicles in the strong adhesion limit

We consider the adhesive interaction energy between a pair of vesicles in the strong adhesion limit, in which bending forces play a negligible role in determining vesicle shape compared to forces d...
The wired university: In a growing number of institutions, educators are integrating powerful personal computers and networks into a new learning environment

The author describes how educators are integrating powerful personal computers and networks into a new learning environment. He discusses the educational uses of computers, with emphasis on engineering education, computer networks, the impact of computers on the institution, and the progress made by various institutions in implementing a computer-intensive environment.
Gravity–capillary rings generated by water drops

A theory for water waves created by the impact of small objects such as raindrops on an initially quiescent body of water is established. Capillary and dissipative viscous effects are taken into account in addition to gravity. It is shown that the prevailing waves are in a mixed capillary–gravity regime around a wavenumber km which corresponds to the minimum value of the group velocity. The waves are described as function of time and distance by the linear superposition of two transient wave components, a ‘sub-km’ (k km) component. The super-km components prevail at a short distance from the drop, whereas only the sub-km ones remain at a larger distance. The relative time history of the wavetrain is independent of the size of the drop, and its amplitude is proportional to the drop momentum when it hits the free surface. The wave pattern is composed of a multiplicity of rings of amplitude increasing towards the drop location and is terminated by a trailing wave with an exponential decay. The number of rings increases with time and distance.
Activation of CO2 and CS2 by (Me3Si)(i-Pr2P)NH and its zinc complex ☆

Abstract The reaction of (Me3Si)(i-Pr2P)NH with ZnEt2 gives the complex {[(Me3Si)(i-Pr2P)N]ZnEt}2, which was characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. This Zn complex reacts with CO2 to give an adduct with the proposed formula of [(Me3Si)N(i-Pr2PCO2)]ZnEt that undergoes further transformation into the crystallographically characterized di-adduct [(Me3Si)N(i-Pr2PCO2)]2Zn, in addition to a Zn6 cluster containing both P–CO2 adducts and fragments of the isocyanate i-Pr2P–N C O. These reaction pathways have been separately observed in related group 2 and group 14 complexes, but not previously within the same molecule. Reactions with the related heteroallene CS2 were also examined. The free ligand (Me3Si)(i-Pr2P)NH reacts with CS2 to form a bright red, crystalline adduct (Me3Si)[P(i-Pr)2(CS2)]NH. This adduct was treated with ZnEt2 to provide the same product that is obtained from the reaction of {[(Me3Si)(i-Pr2P)N]ZnEt}2 with CS2, proposed to be a dithiocarbamate complex, with the CS2 bound to the N instead of the P atom.
Effect of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) on human platelets

Abstract Intravenous infusion of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vaso-pressin (DDAVP), an analog of arginine vasopressin (AVP), results in a rise in plasma levels of factor VIII coagulant activity and the von Willebrand factor. DDAVP infusion has been shown to shorten the prolonged bleeding time of patients with inherited platelet defects but the mechanism for this has not been fully clarified. There is little information available on the direct effect of DDAVP on platelets. We examined the effect of DDAVP on platelet responses, including Ca2+ mobilization, to understand the mechanisms by which DDAVP shortens the bleeding time in patients with primary platelet defects. In normal human platelets, DDAVP alone upto 100 μM did not induce aggregation, secretion or a rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, monitored using quin2. In contrast AVP induced all three responses in a dose dependent manner. Interestingly, preincubation of platelets with DDAVP at a 100-fold greater concentration inhibited the responses to AVP indicating that DDAVP does interact with the platelets. Moreover, DDAVP did not either potentiate or inhibit the responses to thrombin or ADP. These studies indicate that it is unlikely that the beneficial effect of DDAVP in patients with primary platelet defects is related to a direct stimulatory effect on platelets.
Khat: Is It More Like Coffee or Cocaine? Criminalizing a Commodity, Targeting a Community

This article looks at the expansion of khat chewing from the Horn of Africa to Western countries. It assesses the reaction of various sections of US society toward a practice they perceived as a dangerous new “drug” and a possible source of funding for terrorist groups by documenting the effect on Oromo immigrants of a nationwide crackdown by law enforcement. For the new immigrants, chewing khat provides a setting that connects them to the homeland and eases the vicissitudes of integration into the host culture, but the practice is illegal. It also shows how the media and political interest groups have shaped public perception of chewing khat in a negative light and precipitated the promulgation of hasty policies that have made Oromo immigrants targets of law enforcement. The article urges users to exercise discretion in a political environment that is not ready to restore fairness and rationality to policymaking.
Large sessile colonic adenomas: use of argon plasma coagulator to supplement piecemeal snare polypectomy

Background: Residual adenoma is frequently found at the site of endoscopically resected large sessile adenomas on follow-up examination. We evaluated the efficacy of a thermal energy source, the argon plasma coagulator, to destroy visible residual adenoma after piecemeal resection of sessile polyps. Methods: Seventy-seven piecemeal polypectomies with or without the use of argon plasma coagulator were analyzed retrospectively. All polyps were sessile, 20 mm or greater in size. The results from three groups of patients were compared. The study group was composed of patients who had visible residual adenoma after piecemeal polypectomy and had the base of the polypectomy site treated with the argon plasma coagulator. The first comparison group consisted of patients who underwent standard piecemeal polypectomy in whom the colonoscopist thought that all adenomatous tissue was removed and no further treatment was necessary. The second comparison group included patients in whom visible residual adenoma was left at the base after piecemeal resection of large adenomas. Follow-up colonoscopy was performed approximately 6 months after the initial procedure to check for recurrent/residual adenomatous tissue. Results: The argon plasma coagulator was used after 30 piecemeal polypectomies in an attempt to eradicate visible residual adenomatous tissue; at follow-up, 50% of these cases had complete eradication of adenoma. The group in whom all visible tumor was removed by piecemeal polypectomy alone had an adenoma eradication rate of 54% on follow-up colonoscopy. In the patients in whom visible residual adenoma was left at the site the recurrence rate was 100% on the follow-up examination. Bleeding necessitating endoscopic therapy occurred once (3.3%) in the argon plasma coagulator group; there were four (12.5%) bleeding episodes and one (3.1%) confined retroperitoneal perforation in the complete piecemeal polypectomy group and no complications in the group in which polypectomy was incomplete. Conclusions: Argon plasma coagulator ablation of residual adenomatous tissue at the polypectomy base is safe and useful. It helps to complete the eradication of large sessile polyps when there is visible evidence of residual polyp. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:731-5.)
Ames Test for Mutagenicity on Pacific Whiting Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide

Raw Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) treated with hydrogen peroxide or potassium bromate was tested for mutagenicity by the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA 98 and TA 100 without and with S-9 activation. To examine the effects of long-term exposure, cooked whiting treated with hydrogen peroxide and stored up to 6 months at -26°C was also tested. In contrast to the raw-treated fish, the cooked sample contained 78% catalasereactive peroxide up to 6 months later. For testing, acidic, neutral and basic fractions were obtained by modifying the procedure of Felton et al. (Mutat. Res., 1981) to reduce emulsion formation. No extract from either potassium bromate or hydrogen peroxide treatment produced mutagens.
The courage to sit: one resident's reflections on the psychiatry training process.

With my final year of residency nearly completed, I have been trying to understand how 3 years of psychiatry training has changed the way I treat patients. Although I have benefited from reading other psychiatrists' accounts of their training12 and their learning to do psychotherapy3, I want to figure out what I now do differently when I sit with patients and how these changes have occurred. I am also curious about why I sometimes feel totally exhausted in what is supposedly a “lifestyle” specialty.
The critical stress in frictionally heated non-Newtonian plane Couette flow

Abstract The plane Couette flow of a frictionally heated temperature dependent Ellis fluid is solved. The critical stress, above which steady-state temperature and velocity fields under prescribed boundary conditions cannot be established, is determined as a function of the Ellis number El and the parameter α.
Flat Affect in Schizophrenia: Relation to Emotion Processing and Neurocognitive Measures

Impaired emotional functioning in schizophrenia is a prominent clinical feature that manifests primarily as flat affect. Studies have examined the perception, experience, and expression of emotions in schizophrenia and reported normal ratings of experience but impaired affect identification. However, the relation between flat affect and performance on facial affect identification and cognitive tasks has not been systematically examined in relation to premorbid adjustment and clinical outcome. We report a prospective study of 63 patients with at least moderate severity of flat affect and 99 patients without flat affect, who were compared on functional domains, emotion processing tasks, and neurocognitive measures. Flat affect was more common in men and was associated with poorer premorbid adjustment, worse current quality of life, and worse outcome at 1-year follow-up. Patients overall performed more poorly on emotion processing tasks, one that required identification of happy and sad emotions and one that required differentiating among intensities within these emotions. They responded inaccurately yet faster than controls for the intensity differentiation task, suggesting a decomposition of the normal relation between accuracy and speed. Flat affect ratings, compared with other negative symptoms, uniquely predicted performance on emotion processing tasks. Patients with flat affect showed greater impairment in both emotion processing tasks, with the most pronounced impairment for the intensity differentiation task. However, the 2 patient groups did not differ in the neurocognitive profile except for verbal memory. We conclude that flat affect is an important clinical feature of schizophrenia that exacerbates the course of illness.
Mobilizing Mothers for War: Cross-National Framing Strategies in Nicaragua’s Contra War

Studies document that in wartime, states often employ maternal imagery and mobilize women as mothers.Yet we know relatively little about when and why states and their opposition do so. This study seeks to build theory for this phenomenon through frame analysis of the Nicaraguan Contra War. The author proposes that maternal framing, aimed at mothers as well as a broader national and international audience, benefits militaries in at least three ways: (1) channeling maternal grievances, (2) disseminating propaganda through “apolitical” mothers, and (3) evoking emotions and sympathy nationally and internationally. This study furthermore explores three underexamined features of both gendered studies of war and frame analysis: (1) It applies frame theory to states, (2) it develops our understanding of crossnational gendered framing strategies, and (3) it introduces gender framing to the study of war.
Recognizing and managing the immunologic reactions in leprosy

Immunologic reactions are an important aspect of leprosy that significantly impacts the course of the disease and the associated disability. Reversal reaction (type 1), erythema nodosum leprosum (type 2), and Lucio phenomenon are the 3 leprosy reactions, and they are most commonly seen in patients with the lepromatous and borderline categories of the disease. Because these forms of leprosy are the most common types seen in the United States, it is particularly important for physicians to be able to recognize and treat them. The reactions may occur before, during, or after treatment with multidrug therapy. Reversal reactions are the most common cause of nerve damage in leprosy, and erythema nodosum leprosum may also lead to neuritis. Although there have not been enough studies to confirm the most effective management regimens, treatment of reversal reaction and Lucio phenomenon with prednisone and of erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide and/or prednisone may help improve symptoms and prevent further disability.
‘Quick, who painted fish?’: searching a picture database with the QBIC project at UC Davis

The University of California ar Davis's Department of Art and Art History is using QBIC (Query by Image Content), a visual query software program currently under development by IBM, to determine how effective it may prove in retrieving art images based on what they look like, rather than relying on text indexing. Beginning in January, 1992, in a joint research project with IBM, we began the construction of a pilot database of art images selected from our slide library. This paper will describe the construction of our pilot database, and will present preliminary findings
Molecular evolution of rbcL in the mycoheterotrophic coralroot orchids (Corallorhiza Gagnebin, Orchidaceae)

The RuBisCO large subunit gene (rbcL) has been the focus of numerous plant phylogenetic studies and studies on molecular evolution in parasitic plants. However, there has been a lack of investigation of photosynthesis gene molecular evolution in fully mycoheterotrophic plants. These plants invade pre-existing mutualistic associations between ectomycorrhizal trees and fungi, from which they obtain fixed carbon and nutrients. The mycoheterotrophic orchid Corallorhiza contains both green (photosynthetic) and non-green (putatively nonphotosynthetic) species. We sequenced rbcL from 31 accessions of eight species of Corallorhiza and hypothesized that some lineages would have pseudogenes resulting from relaxation of purifying selection on RuBisCO's carboxylase function. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL+ITS gave high jackknife support for relationships among species. We found evidence of pseudogene formation in all lineages of the Corallorhiza striata complex and in some lineages of the C. maculata complex. Evidence includes: stop codons, frameshifts, decreased d(S)/d(N) ratios, replacements not observed in photosynthetic species, rate heterogeneity, and high likelihood of neutral evolution. The evolution of rbcL in Corallorhiza may serve as an exemplary system in which to study the effects of relaxed evolutionary constraints on photosynthesis genes for >400 documented fully mycoheterotrophic plant species.
A Novel Carrier-Based PWM Scheme for Matrix Converters that is Easy to Implement

Since the inception of matrix converter concept, various modulation schemes have been proposed for its control. But the explanation of matrix converter operation is complex, and so is the control methodology of it. In this paper a 3-phase to 3-phase matrix converter is explained from the point of view of multi-level inverter topology, and a novel modulation scheme is proposed where the need for sector information and corresponding look-up tables is avoided
A Programmable Parallel Timing System

Timers used for the generation of long sequences of pulses have employed serial counting techniques. A system of parallel counting chains, each capable of independent operation in a variety of modes and having programmable clock signals, can be used to generate long sequences of pulses and act as event counters or timedelay devices.
Classification of endometrial carcinoma: more than two types.

Summary Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in Europe and North America. Traditional classification of endometrial carcinoma is based either on clinical and endocrine features (eg, types I and II) or on histopathological characteristics (eg, endometrioid, serous, or clear-cell adenocarcinoma). Subtypes defined by the different classification systems correlate to some extent, but there is substantial heterogeneity in biological, pathological, and molecular features within tumour types from both classification systems. In this Review we provide an overview of traditional and newer genomic classifications of endometrial cancer. We discuss how a classification system that incorporates genomic and histopathological features to define biologically and clinically relevant subsets of the disease would be useful. Such integrated classification might facilitate development of treatments tailored to specific disease subgroups and could potentially enable delivery of precision medicine to patients with endometrial cancer.
Commentary: Response to Karen Ho on cultures of capitalism, contexts of capitalism

The anthropology of capitalism requires ethnographic attention to capitalism at key sites of its production, as well as analytic recognition of the compulsive force of capitalism as it is produced and reproduced through a multitude of connected practices. This reply to Karen Ho's commentary on my AE article “Managing the Margins” addresses the tensions between approaching capitalism as context and as an emergent cultural production, and the challenges of engaging with “native categories”—such as “risk”—that blur with terms of critical analysis.
Cobweb: a Java applet for network exploration and visualisation

Summary: Cobweb is a Java applet for real-time network visualisation; its strength lies in enabling the interactive exploration of networks. Therefore, it allows new nodes to be interactively added to a network by querying a database on a server. The network constantly rearranges to provide the most meaningful topological view. Availability: Cobweb is available under the GPLv3 and may be freely downloaded at http://bioinformatics.charite.de/cobweb.
Predicting gene function in a hierarchical context with an ensemble of classifiers.

Background: The wide availability of genome-scale data for several organisms has stimulated interest in computational approaches to gene function prediction. Diverse machine learning methods have been applied to unicellular organisms with some success, but few have been extensively tested on higher level, multicellular organisms. A recent mouse function prediction project (MouseFunc) brought together nine bioinformatics teams applying a diverse array of methodologies to mount the first large-scale effort to predict gene function in the laboratory mouse.
A principal component network analysis of prefrontal-limbic functional magnetic resonance imaging time series in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls

We investigated neural regulation of emotional arousal. We hypothesized that the interactions between the components of the prefrontal-limbic system determine the global trajectories of the individual's brain activation, with the strengths and modulations of these interactions being potentially key components underlying the differences between healthy individuals and those with schizophrenia. Using affect-valent facial stimuli presented to 11 medicated schizophrenia patients and 65 healthy controls, we activated neural regions associated with the emotional arousal response during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Performing first a random effects analysis of the fMRI data to identify activated regions, we obtained 352 data-point time series for six brain regions: bilateral amygdala, hippocampus and two prefrontal regions (Brodmann Areas 9 and 45). Since standard statistical methods are not designed to capture system features and evolution, we used principal component analyses on two types of pre-processed data: contrasts and group averages. We captured an important characteristic of the evolution of our six-dimensional brain network: all subject trajectories are almost embedded in a two-dimensional plane. Moreover, the direction of the largest principal component was a significant differentiator between the control and patient populations: the left and right amygdala coefficients were substantially higher in the case of patients, and the coefficients of Brodmann Area 9 were, to a lesser extent, higher in controls. These results are evidence that modulations between the regions of interest are the important determinant factors for the system's dynamical behavior. We place our results within the context of other principal component analyses used in neuroimaging, as well as of our existing theoretical model of prefrontal-limbic dysregulation.
Livelihoods as Intimate Government: Reframing the logic of livelihoods for development

Abstract Livelihoods approaches emerged from a broad range of efforts to understand how people live in particular places. They have since cohered into often instrumentally applied frameworks that rest on the broadly held assumption that livelihoods are principally about the management of one’s material circumstances. This assumption limits the explanatory power of livelihoods approaches by shifting a range of motivations for livelihoods decisions outside the analytic frame. This article extends efforts to recover a broader lens on livelihoods decisions and outcomes by conceptualising livelihoods as forms of intimate government, local efforts to shape conduct to definite, shifting, and sometimes contradictory material and social ends. By employing a Foucault-inspired analytics of government to the study of livelihoods in Ghana’s Central Region, the paper presents a systematic, implementable approach to the examination of livelihoods and their outcomes in light of this reframing, one where material outcomes...
Inverter Action on Reversing of Thyratron Motor Control

Thyratron control of d-c motors offers a fast and smooth braking or reversal which is finding wider application in industry as the characteristics become better known. With proper control the rectifier circuit, which normally supplies power to the armature of the motor, can be operated as an inverter to decelerate the motor by regenerating the rotational energy of the motor and its load into the a-c system. The circuit then shifts to rectifier operation to accelerate the motor and load to the preset speed in the reverse direction. The motor-armature current can be held very nearly constant over the full reversal operation of deceleration and acceleration at a value which can be made less than the rated motor current. Test results and theory show that the motor's inherent reactance is sufficient for inverter operation, and, that during normal inversion, commutation of the tubes is not difficult. In addition, inversion can be utilized to bring the motor to a stop more efficiently than by plugging and more rapidly and efficiently than by dynamic braking.
Asymptotic baseline of the hazard rate function of mixtures

In this article, we consider the limit behavior of the hazard rate function of mixture distributions, assuming knowledge of the behavior of each individual distribution. We show that the asymptotic baseline function of the hazard rate function is preserved under mixture.
Design and error analysis of a digital line impedance meter

The impedance preceding a motor driver circuit has always been a concern to those who manufacture the motor drives. A method is presented which will allow for accurate measurement of the source and line impedance of an AC power line. This has been made possible primarily due to the increasing speed of analog to digital converters. The design and error analysis of measuring the source and line impedance is presented.
Cytoplasmic membrane elaborations in oligodendrocytes during myelination of spinal motoneuron axons.

The ultrastructure of paranodal oligodendroglial cytoplasm, which is located in proximity to the forming myelin sheath, was studied during maturation of spinal motoneuron axons in rat. At 8 days postnatal, the paranodal oligodendroglial loops contain a network of membrane-bound tubulovesicular elements. These membrane elaborations are most common in oligodendroglial loops attached to the outermost layers of the myelin sheath, i.e., paranodal loops closest to the nodal gap. The number of oligodendroglial cytoplasmic profiles per paranodal loop falls over the course of five to ten sequential paranodal loops, and these profiles are nearly absent in paranodal oligodendroglial cytoplasm located distant from the nodal gap. Oligodendrocytes in spinal cords of 14- and 20-day-old rats and of adult rats did not exhibit networks of tubulovesicular profiles. The appearance of these membrane organelles within oligodendroglial cytoplasm during myelin maturation suggests increased membrane turnover within paranodal cytoplasm located adjacent to the axon that is being myelinated. Membrane turnover within oligodendrocytes may reflect axonal modulation of glial function during myelination.
I remember , I thought , I know I didn't say : Silence and memory in trauma narratives

Society's interest in sexual abuse waxes and wanes in ways that mirror the fluidity of memory narrated by trauma survivors. Although a great deal of research explores memory processes, including the neurophysiology of trauma, little considers the ways in which disclosure delays and socio-cultural pressures for silence appear in narratives of childhood sexual abuse survivors. This qualitative study examines the narratives of four female survivors and illustrates the importance of listening with an ear towards the various layers of silence held within them. The analysis draws attention to the potential limitations of memory research, including the importance of considering relational aspects when examining trauma narratives.
Analysis of Link Lifetimes and Neighbor Selection in Switching DHTs

Several models of user churn, resilience, and link lifetime have recently appeared in the literature; however, these results do not directly apply to classical Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) in which neighbor replacement occurs not only when current users die, but also when new users arrive into the system, and where replacement choices are often restricted to the successor of the failed zone in the DHT space. To understand neighbor churn in such networks, which we call switching DHTs, this paper proposes a simple, yet accurate, model for capturing link dynamics in structured P2P systems and obtains the distribution of link lifetimes for fairly generic DHTs. Similar to, our results show that deterministic networks (e.g., Chord, CAN) unfortunately do not extract much benefit from heavy-tailed user lifetimes since link durations are dominated by small remaining lifetimes of newly arriving users that replace the more reliable existing neighbors. We also examine link lifetimes in randomized DHTs equipped with multiple choices for each link and show that selecting the best neighbor in these scenarios is rather complicated as it depends on the desired load balancing, link resilience, and overhead. We offer insight into the various selection algorithms, their performance, and possibilities for improvement.
Design criteria for electrochemical shock resistant battery electrodes

Mechanical degradation of electrode active materials (“electrochemical shock”) contributes to impedance growth of battery electrodes, but relatively few design criteria have been developed to mitigate fracture. Using micromechanical models and in situ acoustic emission experiments, we demonstrate and explain C-rate independent electrochemical shock in polycrystalline electrode materials with anisotropic Vegard coefficients. We conclude that minimizing the principal shear strain, rather than minimizing net volume change as previously suggested, is an important new design criterion for crystal chemical engineering of electrode materials for mechanical reliability. Polycrystalline particles of anisotropic Li-storage materials should be synthesized with primary crystallite sizes smaller than a material-specific critical size to avoid fracture along grain boundaries. Finally, we revise the electrochemical shock map construction to incorporate the material-specific critical microstructure feature sizes for C-rate independent electrochemical shock mechanisms, providing a simple tool for designing long-lived battery electrodes.
TaG-Games: Tangible geometric games for assessing cognitive problem-solving skills and fine motor proficiency

This paper presents Tangible Geometric Games (TaG-Games) as a novel play-based assessment tool for measuring cognitive problem-solving skills and fine motor proficiency. TaG-Games are based on sensor-integrated geometric blocks (SIG-Blocks) and an interactive graphical user interface providing a means for real-time and remote monitoring of a player through wireless communication between the blocks and a host computer. The data made available by employing TaG-Games includes: 1) accelerations, 2) time at each stage of assembly completion, 3) total completion time for each quiz, and 4) correctness of each assembly step. In addition, the user interface displays the real-time assembly configuration of the blocks. As a computational method for analyzing complexity associated with geometric play, a quantitative measure of play complexity is defined based on an information-theoretic approach. The validity of the sensors integrated in each SIG-Block (an accelerometer and optical sensors) is evaluated for measuring tilt angles and detecting assemblies between the blocks.
On self-consistent waves and their stability in warm plasma. Part 1.Construction of the self-consistent waves

Clemmow's (1974) work is extended to include the case of large-amplitude self-consistent waves in warm plasmas both with and without a constant embedded magnetic field. Attention is given to determining the structure and basic properties of large-amplitude self-consistent waves in a warm plasma in the presence of a constant embedded magnetic field. It is shown that the class of large-amplitude self-consistent waves found by Clemmow for a cold plasma can be extended to allow for a thermal spread in the particles' motions. Some of the interesting variations and dependences of such waves with a constant embedded magnetic field are emphasized.
Applying risk and resilience models to predicting the effects of media violence on development.

Although the effects of media violence on children and adolescents have been studied for over 50 years, they remain controversial. Much of this controversy is driven by a misunderstanding of causality that seeks the cause of atrocities such as school shootings. Luckily, several recent developments in risk and resilience theories offer a way out of this controversy. Four risk and resilience models are described, including the cascade model, dose-response gradients, pathway models, and turning-point models. Each is described and applied to the existing media effects literature. Recommendations for future research are discussed with regard to each model. In addition, we examine current developments in theorizing that stressors have sensitizing versus steeling effects and recent interest in biological and gene by environment interactions. We also discuss several of the cultural aspects that have supported the polarization and misunderstanding of the literature, and argue that applying risk and resilience models to the theories and data offers a more balanced way to understand the subtle effects of media violence on aggression within a multicausal perspective. Language: en
The Impact of HIPPY on Maternal Self-Efficacy

Parenting self-efficacy refers to the ability of parents to have confidence in their abilities to effectively parent their children. Parenting self-efficacy can be divided into two types: (a) general parenting self-efficacy, which is defined as a parent’s overall sense of ability to effectively parent; and (b) task-specific parenting self-efficacy, which is defined as a parent’s confidence level to perform specific parenting tasks, such as teaching and nurturing (tested in this study). The study applied Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory to an analysis of (a) the effect of the HIPPY program in interaction with family and neighborhood variables on parenting self-efficacy and (b) the effect of the interaction of family and neighborhood variables on parenting self-efficacy. A group of 138 HIPPY mothers and a group of 76 comparison mothers who did not receive HIPPY services were surveyed. The sample was largely Hispanic. Results indicated HIPPY predicts task-specific parenting self-efficacy for teaching tasks, but not general parenting self-efficacy or task-specific efficacy for nurturance. Many family variables that reflected Hispanic family values were unique predictors of all three types of parenting self-efficacy, both in analyses involving interactions with HIPPY and with neighborhood variables. Neighborhood variables solely predicted general parenting self-efficacy. Moderation effects were found for the interaction between family conflict and neighborhoods in predicting general parenting self-efficacy, and the interactions between family control and all three types of parenting self-efficacy. Overall, the bioecological model was inapplicable to urban, Hispanic mothers in the surveyed population because of the lack of interaction effects found in the study.
The Intellectual Development of Human-Computer Interaction Research: A Critical Assessment of the MIS Literature (1990-2002)

As one of the five research streams of the Management Information Systems (MIS) discipline, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) was predicted to resurge in the postmillennium era. To date, however, few studies have either synthesized existing studies or drawn an overarching picture of this sub-discipline. This study delineates the intellectual development of HCI research in MIS by a multifaceted assessment of the published HCI articles over a period of 13 years (1990-2002) in seven prime MIS journals: MISQ, ISR, JMIS, Decision Sciences, Management Science, DATA BASE, and JAIS. Twenty-two specific questions are addressed to answer the following five general research questions about the HCI sub-discipline: (1) What constitutes its intellectual substance? (2) What relationships does it have with other disciplines? (3) What are its recent evolutions? (4) What are the patterns of publishing HCI studies in the primary MIS journals? And, (5) Who are its contributing members? We use classification approach to address these questions. Descriptive analyses, including co-occurrence and cross-facet analyses, depict the key relationships. Trend analyses demonstrate recent evolutions. We present a number of areas for future research, along with a discussion of potential future directions for the sub-discipline. This study should be of interest to researchers in this sub-discipline, in the MIS discipline, and in other related disciplines for future research, collaboration, publication, and education. It should also be of interest to doctoral students to identify potential research topics for dissertation research and to 1 Detmar Straub was the accepting senior editor. Dave Kroger and Geoffrey Hubona were the reviewers for this paper. Zhang and Li/Intellectual Development of HCI Research Journal of the Association for Information Systems Vol. 6 No. 11, pp.227-292/November 2005 228 identify academic institutions for future employment where such research is understood, appreciated, and encouraged.
Nursing Perspectives: Building an Interprofessional Perinatal Palliative Care Team

Perinatal palliative care as an area of interest in maternal child health began in the 1990s and continues to grow throughout the United States and the world. With this concept of care, families are supported through the pregnancy, birth, and death of an infant who has a life-limiting condition. A perinatal palliative care team also assists families whose infants are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with a life-threatening condition. The focus is placed on holistic care that identifies family wishes, coordination of care, support, bonding, pain control, and memory making. Staff are also supported. This article focuses on the steps needed to build an effective perinatal palliative care team.
Lack of Correlation Between Indices of Nutritional Status and Immunologic Function in Elderly Humans

We studied 230 independently living healthy elderly men and women to examine the hypothesis that subclinical nutritional deficiencies contributed to depressed immune function seen in the elderly. Immunologic function was assessed with delayed type hypersensitivity skin testing to four antigens, in vitro lymphocyte culture with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocyte count, and presence of serum autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes. Nutritional status was assessed by 3-day diet records and also biochemical analyses of blood for vitamins A, B12, C, D, E, riboflavin, folic acid, and the minerals iron, copper, and zinc. Using a variety of analyses we found no association between malnutrition and depressed immunologic function in this population. We conclude that subtle nutritional deficiency is not a noticeable contributor to the immunodeficiency of aging, and that previously reported beneficial effects of "megadose" nutritional supplements on the immune response of elderly individuals probably represent a pharmacologic effect rather than the correction of nutritional deficiencies.
FLIGHT CONTROL, THIS IS THE ANTENNAE

![][1] Most of us think of insect antennae as super-sensitive olfactory organs, or twitchy tactile projections. Recent findings, however, suggest a new role for insect antennae: providing feedback on the insect's orientation during flight. The visual system and optic flow are often
Marketing Courses in a Graduate School of Business

SINCE I have been assigned the section of this round table relating to marketing courses in a graduate school of business, it might be well in the very beginning to clarify the term "graduate." As I understand it, a graduate school of business simply designates a professional school offering its training after the four-year college course. Whereas in a graduate school of arts and sciences, one may assume a preliminary undergradate training in a particular field of interest, in a graduate school of business one does not presuppose anything more than that its entering students have a maturity of mind. The only technical requirement for entrance to a graduate school of business is attainment of the bachelor's degree, and that degree may have been in economics, biology, engineering, or any other field. In discussing the teaching of advanced courses in marketing in such a school, one may assume either that the term "advanced" applies to those courses offered subsequent to a basic course in marketing, such as those in retailing, sales management or advertising, or that all marketing courses offered in a graduate school of business are "advanced" by virtue of their being offered to graduate students. Merely that I may have a basis of discussion, I am choosing to handle the problem from the second point of view. The courses in marketing at Stanford are currently offered in the last four quarters of a six-quarter or two-year graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Business Administration. They consist of two quarters of Marketing required of all students, and one quarter devoted to each of the following electives: Retail Store Management, Sales Management, and Advertisi . These courses are preceded in the first year's work by directly related material in courses in Business Organization, Sources of Business Information, Geographical Asp cts of Business, Psychological Aspects of Bu iness, Accounting, and Statistics. They are supplemented in the second year by courses in Industry Study and Research Methods, Executive Control, Business Pol cy, International Trade, and Individual Research.
Capital Assets: A Guide for the Novice, with Tips for the Experienced

This article discusses what is usually thought of as a routine issue, but which many people, including at least some tax professionals, get wrong: What is a capital asset for federal income tax purposes? For one thing, the term covers lots of property that almost no one thinks of as a capital asset, like your underwear. On the other hand, despite what many think, the machinery you use in your business and the land on which your factory sits aren’t capital assets. The article considers these characterization issues, and, most important, discusses what difference it can make whether an item is a capital asset or not.
Clebsch, Mayer, and Others

Much work went on in the calculus of variations without reference to that of Weierstrass’s for quite a while. One reason for this was that Weierstrass’s great accomplishments were generally made known to the mathematical community through the dissertations of his students. The other reason was the development of a school interested in generalizing the scope of the calculus of variations to more general problems than Weierstrass was considering.