cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Candida-reacting antibody in the serum of patients with lymphomas and related disorders.

1. The quantity and characteristics of antibody reacting with Candida albicans was determined in normal subjects and in patients with lymphomas and leukemias by the immune-adherence technic. 2. Little antibody to Candida albicans is present in infants during the first few months of neonatal life; a progressive increase in antibody occurs during adolescence, and antibody is present in high titer in the serum of normal adults. 3. No significant decrease in antibody titer was found in the sera of patients with advanced leukemia or lymphoma, most of whom had had extensive specific therapy. 4. This antibody was characterized by lack of cross absorption with rice starch polysaccharide, complete absorption with Candida albicans and by increased serum reactivity following active antigenic stimulation in rabbits. 5. It is apparent from this study that production of the "natural antibody" of this type is maintained despite the progression of neoplastic disease and the use of antineoplastic agents. 6. It is probable that alteration of tissue defense mechanisms rather than humoral antibody account for the increased incidence of disseminated monilial infections in patients with lymphomas and leukemias.
Hydrology of Snowcovered Basins

Snowcovered catchments are an integral part of the earth's physical, chemical, and biological regulatory processes. Catchment-based assessments of snow are typically derived from snow surveys and snow courses. Remote sensing is also a valuable tool for use in understanding the nature and distribution of snowcover in a catchment. Snowcovered basin classifications are founded on the source and timing of runoff and the characteristics of the snow. In order to understand the hydrology of snowcovered catchments, it is important to understand the physics of snowmelt and other related phenomena, such as canopy effects that influence the temporal and spatial distribution of snow within a catchment, including both the energy and mass balance components. Operational temperature index models for basin snowmelt and statistical models for horizontal snowcover distribution help approximate some of the physical processes that are not (or cannot be) directly measured. Hydrological models are an attempt to articulate an understanding of the complex and nonlinear interactions within the hydrological cycle using a rational mathematical approach such as an index method or the energy balance approach. A number of projects have been completed or are underway to compare these models. Hydrological applications, avalanche forecasting, weather forecasting, and climate modeling have all driven snow research, with much cross fertilization between these fields. Keywords: snow; snowcover; flooding; snowcover depletion; snowmelt modeling
Thermal gradient experiments on the charge-density-wave conduction noise spectrum

The firmest evidence supporting theories1,2 which ascribe the voltage oscillations (narrow-band noise) to phase-slippage at the ends of the sample come from experiments performed with the sample in a thermal gradient3,4. In this short note we will review three classes of experiments which clarify different aspects of the problem. All experiments are done on high purity (RRR > 100) NbSe3 in two-probe configuration, except otherwise indicated. Where appropriate we will stress experimental details and difficulties. See K. Maki, these proceedings, for theoretical details.
Historical aspects of anxiety.

“Anxiety” is a key term for behavioral, psychoanalytic, neuroendocrine, and psychopharmacological observations and theories. Commenting on its historical aspects is difficult, since history is properly a study of primary data. Unfortunately, much clinical anecdote does not correspond to factual records of a long time ago. Even reports of objective studies may suffer from allegiance effects. This essay therefore primarily reflects the personal impact of others' work against the background of my experiences, clinical and scientific. These lead me to question the assumption that “anxiety”, as it exists in syndromal disturbances, is simply the quantitative extreme of the normal “anxiety” that occurs during the anticipation of danger. An alternative view that emphasizes dysfunctions of distinct evolved adaptive alarm systems is presented.
Natural history of incidental pulmonary nodules in children

SummaryRATIONALE As there are no evidence based guidelines for the diagnosis and/or management of pulmonary nodules in children, there is an over reliance on the adult based algorithms when dealing with pulmonary nodules in children. We present our experience of pediatric patients evaluated for incidentally found pulmonary nodules. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with a pulmonary nodule and evaluated at Goryeb Children's Hospital between January 2000 and December 2012. Primary outcome: change in the size of the pulmonary nodule between the initial and follow-up imaging. RESULTS Thirty six patients with pulmonary nodule (21 male/15 female; Median [range] age 15 [5–20] years.) were included in the study. Chest CT was obtained for respiratory symptoms and/or abnormal chest radiograph in 19 (52%). Nine pulmonary nodules (25%) were identified on abdominal CT obtained for abdominal symptoms. A total of 46 nodules were identified in 36 patients. Nine of the pulmonary nodules (9 patients) were ≤4 mm in size, 37 of the pulmonary nodules (27 patients) were >4 mm in size. Twenty-two of the 27 (81%) patients with nodule size >4 mm had follow-up CT: 14 nodules (54%) remained unchanged in size, 5 nodules (19%) decreased in size, and 7 nodules (27%) were not detected. CONCLUSION Our review of 36 patients with pulmonary nodules shows no obvious growth of the nodules over the study period, suggesting low risk of malignancy. Routine follow-up chest computer tomography using ACCP/Fleischner Society guidelines may not apply in children without known malignancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:456–459. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genome of Schistosoma mansoni: isolation of DNA, its size, bases and repetitive sequences.

DNA has been prepared from adults and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni utilizing a technique that involves centrifugation through cesium chloride. The DNA isolated from S. mansoni adults and that isolated from cercariae were found to be indistinguishable in all analyses. No modified bases were detected by chromatography or comparative endonuclease restriction. Cot analysis demonstrated that the haploid genome of S. mansoni is 0.26 pg (2.7 × 108 base pairs) and that the genome contains both moderately and highly repeated components. Some of the repetitive fraction of DNA consists of tandemly repeated ribosomal genes of which there are 500–1000 copies per genome (1.8–3.6% of the total DNA). Four other non-ribosomal repetitive sequences (comprising at least a further 2.0% of the total DNA) have been isolated from a DNA clone bank and their arrangement within the S. mansoni genome investigated by restriction and Southern blot analysis. These cloned segments of DNA appear in many different locations within the genome and thus are reminiscent of the interspersed DNA sequences described in higher eukaryotic organisms.
Locating community in women's experiences of trauma, recovery, and empowerment

Feminist interpretive methods informed our understanding of the role of the community and family-based services in women's trauma and recovery. Amy's story illustrates how trustworthy community relationships have a role in healing past experiences of isolation and points to the need for community supports to understand their power and responsibility to facilitate women's individual and family empowerment.
The Zn Finger protein Iguana impacts Hedgehog signaling by promoting ciliogenesis

Hedgehog signaling is critical for metazoan development and requires cilia for pathway activity. The gene iguana was discovered in zebrafish as required for Hedgehog signaling, and encodes a novel Zn finger protein. Planarians are flatworms with robust regenerative capacities and utilize epidermal cilia for locomotion. RNA interference of Smed-iguana in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea caused cilia loss and failure to regenerate new cilia, but did not cause defects similar to those observed in hedgehog(RNAi) animals. Smed-iguana gene expression was also similar in pattern to the expression of multiple other ciliogenesis genes, but was not required for expression of these ciliogenesis genes. iguana-defective zebrafish had too few motile cilia in pronephric ducts and in Kupffer's vesicle. Kupffer's vesicle promotes left-right asymmetry and iguana mutant embryos had left-right asymmetry defects. Finally, human Iguana proteins (dZIP1 and dZIP1L) localize to the basal bodies of primary cilia and, together, are required for primary cilia formation. Our results indicate that a critical and broadly conserved function for Iguana is in ciliogenesis and that this function has come to be required for Hedgehog signaling in vertebrates.
EFFECTS OF SEX, GENDER SCHEMA, AND GENDER-RELATED ACTIVITIES ON MENTAL ROTATION

The purpose of this study was to examine how sex, gender schema, and gender-related spatial activities affect performance on a mental rotation task. Undergraduate students (53 men and 122 women) completed the Mental Rotations Test, the Bern Sex Role Inventory, and a demographics survey. Some students (17 men and 25 women) also completed the short version of the Spacial Activity Questionnaire. The hypothesis that men would perform significantly better on the Mental Rotations Test than women was supported. Men, classified both as Aschematic and Schematic, performed significantly better on the Mental Rotations Test than women classified as Schematic and Aschematic. Gender schema, however, did not have a significant effect on performance on the mental rotation task within each sex. The hypothesis that persons participating in Masculine space-related activities would perform better in the Mental Rotations Test than persons participating in Feminine or Neutral space-related activities was not supported primaril...
Community Organizations and Networking Strategies for Influencing Public Policy

Organizations with common goals "network," exchange aid and resources, to gain effectiveness.
The association of alcohol consumption with mammographic density in a multiethnic urban population

Alcohol consumption is associated with higher breast cancer risk. While studies suggest a modest association between alcohol intake and mammographic density, few studies have examined the association in racial/ethnic minority populations. We assessed dense breast area and total breast area from digitized film mammograms in an urban cohort of African American (42%), African Caribbean (22%), white (22%), and Hispanic Caribbean (9%) women (n = 189, ages 40-61). We examined the association between alcohol intake and mammographic density (percent density and dense area). We used linear regression to examine mean differences in mammographic density across alcohol intake categories. We considered confounding by age, body mass index (BMI), hormone contraceptive use, family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, smoking status, nativity, race/ethnicity, age at first birth, and parity. Fifty percent currently consumed alcohol. Women who consumed >7 servings/week of alcohol, but not those consuming ≤7 servings/week, had higher percent density compared to nondrinkers after full adjustments (servings/week >7 β = 8.2, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.8, 14.6; ≤7 β = -0.5, 95% CI -3.7, 2.8). There was a positive association between high alcohol intake and dense area after full adjustments (servings/week >7 β = 5.8, 95% CI -2.7, 14.2; ≤7 β = -0.1, 95% CI -4.4, 4.2). We did not observe race/ethnicity modification of the association between alcohol intake and percent density. In women with a BMI of 7 servings/week of alcohol had a 17% increase in percent density compared to nondrinkers (95% CI 5.4, 29.0) and there was no association in women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (BMI ≥ 25-30 kg/m2 > 7 β = 5.1, 95% CI -8.5, 18.7 and BMI > 30 kg/m2 > 7 β = 0.5, 95% CI -6.5, 7.5) after adjusting for age and BMI (continuous). In a racially/ethnically diverse cohort, women who consumed >7 servings/week of alcohol, especially those with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, had higher percent density.
Test of Relativistic Gravitation with a Space-Borne Hydrogen Maser

The results of a test of general relativity with use of a hydrogen-maser frequency standard in a spacecraft launched nearly vertically upward to 10,000 km are reported. The agreement of the observed relativistic frequency shift with prediction is at the 70 x 10 to the -6th level.
Lipid and salt effects on carbocyanine dye-induced photo-voltages in bilayer membranes.

Abstract Voltage transients induced by flash illumination of bilayer membranes with sorbed dye, 3,3′-dimethyl-2,2′-oxacarbocyanine chloride (diO-C 1 -3-Cl), vary with membrane lipid composition and aqueous solution salt concentration. The voltage transients are probably induced by physical movements of sorbed dye molecules following photo-isomerization. Increased salt (NaCl and NaBr) concentrations in the aqueous solutions reduced the photo-voltage amplitudes by reducing the amount of dye sorbed to the membranes, and by decreasing the effective membrane thickness. The photo-voltage risetimes and falltimes varied systematically with salt concentration and membrane lipid composition, reflecting structural changes in the membrane's surface layer.
Inductive energy extraction from a plasma

Efficient operation of a moving-ring reactor requires inductive energy extraction from the plasma after the thermonuclear burn is complete. The process of inductive energy extraction from a plasma is studied in this paper. An energy conservation theorem is proven, whose content is that the amount of energy which may be extracted inductively from a plasma is the sum of three terms: the self-inductance energy of the plasma, the energy associated with the mutual inductance between the plasma and the external field coils, and the plasma thermal energy. These terms are evaluated for a spherical Hill's vortex equilibrium. For this equilibrium, the sum of the first two terms is negative, i.e. for fixed external field the magnetic energy is lower when the plasma is present than when it is absent. This surprising fact is discussed and shown not to lead to any unphysical consequences. A careful analysis of a conceptual energy extraction device is given, with emphasis on the role of inductive interactions between the plasma and the external coils.
Ultrastructure of Tapetal Cell Ontogeny in Beta

Tapetal cell development and degeneration in anthers ofBeta vulgaris L. were studied with the electron microscope. Tapetal cells become differentiated from sporogenous cells early in anther ontogeny. The tapetal nuclei divide mitotically; binucleate tapetal cells contain relatively little endoplasmic reticulum and otherwise resemble meristematic cells of higher plants. There follows an increase in endoplasmic reticulum and by the time the sporogenous tissue has entered meiotic prophase, the tapetal cells have differentiated the usual characteristics of secretory cells. Degenerative changes begin to appear in tapetal cells after meiosis of the sporogenous tissue. Such changes include loss of inner tangential and anticlinal walls, degeneration of tapetal nuclear envelopes, disruption of the plasmalemma, and changes in the cytoplasmic organelles. Coated tubules are associated with tapetal nucleoli during degenerative stages and the tubules persist after tapetal nuclei have degenerated. Tapetal cell cytoplasm disappears completely by the stage of microspore mitosis.
ISIS 2302, an antisense inhibitor of intercellular adhesion molecule 1.

ISIS 2302 is a 20 base phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) that inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression through an antisense mechanism. Murine and rat analogues have been effective at doses of 0.06 - 10 mg/kg in a spectrum of models of human inflammatory diseases and allograft transplantation, and ISIS 2302 inhibits the upregulation of ICAM-1 expression in a variety of human cells in vitro. In animals, including primates, plasma distribution half-life ranges from 30 - 60 min, but tissue elimination half-lives range from 1 - 5 days, and the compound is metabolised as other nucleic acids. In a Phase I iv. study, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ISIS 2302 was similar to that in other primates, and single and multiple every other day doses from 0.06 - 2 mg/kg infused over 2 h were well-tolerated. Phase IIa studies have been completed in Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis, and a combined Phase I/II renal allograft acute rejection prophylaxis study has just compl...
Investigating discharged ED patients' pain management experience

Abstract Introduction 79% of ED patients present with pain, yet little is known regarding how unresolved pain affects patients' functional status. Methods This prospective, descriptive, 7-day pilot-study investigated how unrelieved pain affects functional status. Participants self-entered demographic data at ED discharge while research-team members collected triage scores, pain intensity scores, pain treatments, pain reassessments, discharge pain intensities, and prescriptions. Seven-day pain diaries were completed. At follow-up participants completed four PROMIS questionnaires. Results We approached 96 patients at ED discharge enrolling 25 (26%); 12 (48%) completed the entire study; 64% were female, 19–66 years (38.12 ± 14.23). Pain intensity at discharge was 7.25 ± 1.3 (4–10). Pain intensity 24 hours after discharge was 5.71 ± 3.12 and 7 days later was 2.50 ± 1.35. Participants rated their health (1 = poor, 5 = excellent) as good (3.33 ± 0.99), and reported moderate fatigue (2.83 ± 0.58) (1 = none, 5 = very severe). T-Scores for Pain Behavior (60.5 ± 2.8), Pain Interference (66.6 ± 6.0), and Sleep Disturbance (56.5 ± 10.0) were worse than the general public. Discussion Patients are discharged with unrelieved pain affecting their lives. Research investigating pain assessment and treatment along with detailing patients' daily pain intensity and satisfaction, self-management of pain, and functional status is warranted. Demonstrating these relationships may lead to interventions designed to quickly alleviate decreased functional status so patients may return to their previous health status.
Four environment model of mixing and chemical reaction. Part II. Comparison with experiments

The four environment model, which was developed in Part I, has been compared with three extensive sets of experimental data from plug-flow and stirred-tank reactors with unmixed feedstreams and a single chemical reaction. The data sets have been accurately reproduced with a single value of the micromixing parameter (RS), and the “best fit” value of RS for each data set was close to the value estimated from the Corrsin-Rosensweig turbulent mixing theory. This lends support to the turbulence analogy suggested in Part I. Simulations of competing reactions of the parallel-consecutive type are used to discriminate between the four and three environment models with the four environment model providing much more realistic predictions.
Cell surface molecules in basal cell carcinomas

BACKGROUND. The factors determining a basal cell carcinoma's (BCC's) growth pattern and invasive potential are not known. In other tumors it has been shown recently that the expression of cellular adhesion molecules may determine a tumor's invasive and metastatic potential. Integrins, cell surface molecules important in cell stroma interactions, are present on BCCs and may help regulate the tumor's growth pattern. OBJECTIVE. We compared the expression of cellular adhesion molecules α2 integrin, β1 integrin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), leukocyte function antigen 1a (LFA-1a), and E-selectin in different histological subtypes of basal cell carcinomas. METHODS. BCCs were obtained from patients undergoing Mohs surgery. The BCCs were classified as nodular, micronodular, mixed, infiltrative, and basosquamous types and stained using an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase technique with antibodies against α2 integrin, β1 integrin, ICAM, LFA-1a, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. RESULTS. BCCs expressed α2 and β1 integrin, but no significant differences in the amount or pattern of expression was seen in the different histologic subtypes. CONCLUSION. The expression of integrins by BCCs by binding to the surrounding stroma may limit BCC's growth ; however, their expression does not appear to correlate with their histological pattern.
A case study of programming with abstract data types in a data structures course

We describe a programming problem (and its solution) successfully used several times in a data structures course to teach an approach to the use of abstraction and abstract data types in programming by stepwise refinement.
Use of resistive ladder sensors for crack monitoring during Full Scale Fatigue Test

The paper presents an application of resistive ladder sensors (or resistive crack gages) for health monitoring of an aircraft structure. An experiment was conducted during a Full Scale Fatigue Test (FSFT) of PZL 130 ORLIK TC II turbo-prop military trainer. The sensor can be successively used to detect and quantify fatigue cracks. It is a parametric transducer, similar to foil strain gages. Differences in shape of the measuring grid can be noticed. Principle of operation, sensor's characteristics as well as block diagram of measurement system is presented in the article. Also examples, both laboratory and FSFT data are delivered to prove surface crack detection capabilities. Simultaneously with new data collection, some investigation is carried out, connected with customize hardware elaboration, signal processing and structure-sensor integration method, what is briefly described.
Replication, Variation and Normalisation in Microarray Experiments

Introduction: Microarray experiments often have complex designs that include sample pooling, biological and technical replication, sample pairing and dye-swapping. This article demonstrates how statistical modelling can illuminate issues in the design and analysis of microarray experiments, and this information can then be used to plan effective studies. Methods: A very detailed statistical model for microarray data is introduced, to show the possible sources of variation that are present in even the simplest microarray experiments. Based on this model, the efficacy of common experimental designs, normalisation methodologies and analyses is determined. Results: When the cost of the arrays is high compared with the cost of samples, sample pooling and spot replication are shown to be efficient variance reduction methods, whereas technical replication of whole arrays is demonstrated to be very inefficient. Dye-swap designs can use biological replicates rather than technical replicates to improve efficiency and simplify analysis. When the cost of samples is high and technical variation is a major portion of the error, technical replication can be cost effective. Normalisation by centreing on a small number of spots may reduce array effects, but can introduce considerable variation in the results. Centreing using the bulk of spots on the array is less variable. Similarly, normalisation methods based on regression methods can introduce variability. Except for normalisation methods based on spiking controls, all normalisation requires that most genes do not differentially express. Methods based on spatial location and/or intensity also require that the nondifferentially expressing genes are at random with respect to location and intensity. Spotting designs should be carefully done so that spot replicates are widely spaced on the array, and genes with similar expression patterns are not clustered. Discussion: The tools for statistical design of experiments can be applied to microarray experiments to improve both efficiency and validity of the studies. Given the high cost of microarray experiments, the benefits of statistical input prior to running the experiment cannot be over-emphasised.
Socioeconomic Status and Preschoolers' Mathematical Knowledge: The Contribution of Home Activities and Parent Beliefs

Research Findings: Children from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES) enter kindergarten with less developed mathematical knowledge compared to children from middle SES families. This discrepancy is present at age 3 years and likely stems from differences in the home learning environment. This study reports SES-related differences both in the quantity and quality of mathematical support children receive in the home and in parent beliefs about early mathematical development and then compares both with children's performance on a comprehensive mathematics assessment. Participants included 90 children in their 1st year of preschool (2 years before kindergarten entry) and 88 children in their prekindergarten year (the year just prior to kindergarten entry). Both cohorts were balanced for SES and gender. The results suggested minimal SES-related variation in mathematical support received in either cohort but clear SES differences in parents’ beliefs about early mathematical development. Middle SES pare...
A cohort study of insulin glargine in diabetic pregnancies

KAREN FEISULLIN, AMEN NESS, JASON BAXTER, Thomas Jefferson University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in diabetic pregnancies managed with insulin glargine versus other insulins. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cohort study of pregnancies with insulinrequiring diabetes managed with glargine versus other insulins, with or without oral hypoglycemic medications. Type I, Type II and gestational diabetics were included. Maternal characteristics, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, hemoglobin A1C levels, nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes and neonatal outcomes were compared using Fishers exact and Student t-tests. RESULTS: We identified 31 insulin-requiring diabetic women who delivered from 3/04 to 3/06. Fifteen women used glargine at some time during their pregnancy and 16 women used only other insulins. There were no significant differences between groups in baseline characteristics, type or duration of diabetes, or number of years on insulin. Glargine was initiated after the first trimester in 93% of patients. Fifty-three percent started glargine because of noncompliance with their insulin regimen and 47% because of poor control. Hemoglobin A1C values trended downward in both groups. No differences were found in incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia between groups, but after glargine initiation, only 6.7% reported hypoglycemia compared with 21.4% in the same group prior to glargine initiation. There were no significant differences in the incidence of pre-eclampsia, preterm labor, intrapartum or postpartum infection, or abnormal fetal echocardiograms found. There were no significant differences between groups in neonatal outcomes of gestational age at delivery, birthweight, neonatal hypoglycemia, admission to the intensive care nursery or congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION: We found no adverse outcomes associated with glargine use during pregnancy. Glucose control is at least as good as that given by traditional insulin regimens. Glargine was easier to administer, caused fewer episodes of hypoglycemia, and improved hemoglobin A1C and blood glucose control for patients who have difficulty adhering to a traditional regimen.
Theoretical study of the structure of tetraborane(10)

Fully optimized geometries are reported for two possible isomers of B4H10. At the restricted Hartree-Fock level, the unobserved bisdiborane isomer is lower in energy than the observed isomer. Generalized-molecular-orbital, configuration-interaction calculations show that electron correlation is responsible for this reversal. Electron correlation may be important in stabilizing other cluster molecules.
Diagnosis of High-Temperature Implosions Using Low- and High-Opacity Krypton Lines

High-temperature laser target implosions can be achieved by using relatively thin-shell targets, and they can be. diagnosed by doping the fuel with krypton and measuring K-shell and L-shell lines. Electron temperatures of up to 5 keV at modest compressed densities ({approximately}1-5g/cm{sup 3}) are predicted for such experiments, with ion temperatures peaking above 10 keV at the center. It is found that the profiles of low-opacity (optically thin) lines in the expected density range are dominated by the Doppler broadening and can provide a measurement of the ion temperature if spectrometers of spectral resolution {Delta}{lambda}/{lambda} {ge} 1000 are used. For high-opacity lines, obtained with a higher krypton fill pressure, the measurement of the escape factor can yield the {rho}R of the compressed fuel. At higher densities, Stark broadening of low-opacity lines becomes important and can provide a density measurement, whereas lines of higher opacity can be used to estimate the extent of mixing.
1H NMR Investigation of the Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of Cholesterol−Stilbene Tethered Dyad Organogels

The self-assembly of stilbene−cholesterol tethered dyads into fibrous networked structures induces the thermoreversible gelation of several classes of organic solvents. Herein, the gel and solution phases of the gelator, p-α-cholesteryl-p‘-octoxystilbenoate (1), are investigated in 1-butanol-d10 (gel forming) and cyclohexane-d12 (nongel forming) by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra, T1, and T2 relaxation measurements. All of the NMR data are consistent with detection of 1 in the gel phase by a fast exchange on the NMR time scale between residual 1 dissolved in the gel liquid and 1 in a “mobile” (NMR detectable) gel solid. This conclusion is significant since in previous NMR studies on other gel systems detection of gelator in the gel phase was considered only within “mobile” regions of the gel solid. The decrease in peak integrals of 1 in the gel phase by declining temperatures reflects a convolution of (1) a decrease in concentration of 1 dissolved within the gel liquid as it condenses onto the gel sol...
The Effects of Instruction on Linguistic Development in Spanish Heritage Language Speakers

The current study compared the effects of two second language (L2) instruction types― processing instruction (VanPatten, 2004) and traditional output-based instruction-on the development of the Spanish past subjunctive among U.S. Spanish heritage language speakers and traditional L2 learners. After exposure to instruction, both the heritage learners and the L2 learners showed significant improvement on interpretation and production tasks. Only the L2 learners showed significant improvement for grammaticality judgments. Overall, the L2 learners outperformed the heritage learners. The results suggest that heritage speakers' language development may differ from that of L2 learners, although they also suggest that heritage speakers can benefit from focused grammar instruction.
Determining Developers' Expertise and Role: A Graph Hierarchy-Based Approach

Determining contributors' expertise, role, and individual importance are fundamental for assessing their impact on a software project. Currently-used expertise metrics are agnostic to contributor roles and can lead to incorrect characterizations. To address these issues, we operationalize contributor expertise and role. First, we revisit current expertise metrics and show that their use bundles many different aspects, creating ambiguity. Second, we introduce clearly-defined contributor roles, which capture multiple project facets. Third, we propose a graph model, based on contributor collaborations, that captures the hierarchical structure of the contributor community in a concise yet informative way. We demonstrate the model's usefulness in two ways: (a) for identifying the structure and evolution of contributor interactions, (b) for predicting contributor roles. We substantiate our study using two large open-source projects, Fire fox and Eclipse. Our systematic approach clarifies and isolates contributor role and expertise, and sheds light onto the dynamics of contributors within software projects.
Retaining the Nano in Nanocrystalline Alloys

When nanocrystalline metals first became available, their remarkably high strength seemed to open up many interesting design applications, but several adverse properties were soon noted. A particularly vexing problem was a microstructural instability that decreases strength over time. The small crystal grain size creates a large grain boundary area; the associated high interfacial energy drives coarsening (increase in grain size) that leads to softening. For many advanced alloys, the coarsening problem is accelerated by the prolonged high temperatures associated with processing. Attempts to prevent grain growth in a nanocrystalline metal by alloying have been hit and miss, and in general they have only retarded coarsening. On page [951][1] of this issue, Chookajorn et al. ( 1 ) present a solution to this microstructural instability problem. They performed thermodynamic calculations on a series of candidate binary alloys to determine which are stabilized by grain boundary segregation, not only against coarsening but also against phase separation. A rational method is made available to design nanocrystalline alloys that meet operational requirements, even at elevated temperatures. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1224737
Congenital hyperinsulinism and the surgeon: lessons learned over 35 years.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Congenital hyperinsulinism induces severe and unremitting hypoglycemia in newborns and infants. If poorly controlled, seizures and irreversible brain damage may result. Subtotal ( Methods: The records of children treated between 1963 and 1998 for congenital hyperinsulinism, and who required pancreatectomy, were reviewed. Outcome parameters included glycemic response to surgery, need for reresection, surgical morbidity, surgical and long-term mortality, and development of diabetes mellitus (DM). A complete response was defined as discharge to home on no glycemic medications, no continuous feedings, and without DM. Histological reports were reviewed and categorized as either diffuse or focal disease. Results: Of 101 children treated for congenital hyperinsulinism during this period, 53 (50%) required pancreatectomy for glucose control. Mean follow-up for the study population was 9.8 ± 1.1 years. Overall, 23 children (43%) showed a complete response, occurring in 50% of patients having ≥95% pancreatectomy (n = 34), but in only 19% having less than 95% resection (n = 16). The remaining three babies had local excision of a solitary focal lesion, and each showed a complete response. Histopathology showed diffuse islet abnormalities in 42 specimens (79%) and solitary focal lesions in 11 (21%). A complete response was observed for 82% of focal but only 33% of diffuse lesions. Eight patients (15%) required reresection for persistent hypoglycemia, seven having diffuse lesions and one focal. Surgical morbidity occurred in 13 cases (26%), and the 30-day surgical mortality rate was 6%, each death (n = 3) occurring before 1975. DM developed in seven children (14%), each having diffuse lesions, and was independent of resection type. Conclusion: Because euglycemia is more readily restored, and because the risks for surgical complications and DM do not appear increased, the authors recommend 95% pancreatectomy as the initial procedure of choice for new borns and infants with congenital hyperinsulinism.
Effects of β-funaltrexamine on ingestive behaviors in the rat

Abstract The effects of β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA), an irreversible μ-opioid receptor antagonist, were determined on water and food intake of non-deprived rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of 1.25 or 2.5 μg of β-FNA did not affect drinking or eating. However, 5.0 μg first transiently increased food intake and then reduced both water and food intake for at least 72 h. Locomotor activity was unaffected by 5.0 μg of β-FNA; thus, changes in ingestive behavior were not a secondary consequence of drug-induced behavioral stimulation or depression. The early increase in food intake may be due to the short lived and reversible κ-agonist activity of β-FNA. On the other hand, selective blockade of μ-opioid receptors appears sufficient to reduce the intake of water and food.
Accuracy of digital subtraction angiography, computed tomography angiography, and magnetic resonance angiography in grading of carotid artery stenosis in comparison with actual measurement in an in vitro model.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in grading of carotid stenosis compared with actual measurement in an in vitro model. Methods Various grades of stenosis were created by adhering different amounts of silicone rubber sealant onto the inner wall of clear, radiolucent tubes. After DSA, CTA, and MRA, the tubes were transected with 1-mm interval through the plaques. The cross-sectional areas were digitally photographed, and the percentage of area reduction of every single slide was measured with ImageJ planimetric software. The maximum actual area reduction (AAR) stenosis of each tube was recorded. The differences among DSA, CTA, MRA, and AAR were compared statistically using paired Student t test. Results Overall, CTA and MRA significantly underestimated the degrees of stenosis compared with AAR ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.0009, respectively), and no significant difference was found between DSA and AAR ( P = 0.40). In the subgroup with stenosis of P = 0.18, P = 0.16, and P = 0.08, respectively). In the subgroup with severe stenosis of >70%, CTA and MRA significantly underestimated the stenosis versus AAR ( P = 0.004, and P = 0.007 respectively), and DSA significantly overestimated the stenosis ( P = 0.0007). Conclusions This in vitro model study demonstrated that CTA and MRA underestimate the lesions in severe stenosis of >70%. DSA tends to overestimate the disease. The accuracy of DSA is affected by plaque morphology, such as mountain-shaped lesions.
Neuroelectromagnetic Forward Head Modeling Toolbox

This paper introduces a Neuroelectromagnetic Forward Head Modeling Toolbox (NFT) running under MATLAB (The Mathworks, Inc.) for generating realistic head models from available data (MRI and/or electrode locations) and for computing numerical solutions for the forward problem of electromagnetic source imaging. The NFT includes tools for segmenting scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissues from T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is used for the numerical solution of the forward problem. After extracting segmented tissue volumes, surface BEM meshes can be generated. When a subject MR image is not available, a template head model can be warped to measured electrode locations to obtain an individualized head model. Toolbox functions may be called either from a graphic user interface compatible with EEGLAB (http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab), or from the MATLAB command line. Function help messages and a user tutorial are included. The toolbox is freely available under the GNU Public License for noncommercial use and open source development.
Striatal tyrosine hydroxylases with high and low affinity for tyrosine: implications for the multiple-pool concept of catecholamines.

Abstract Synaptic membrane-bound tyrosine hydroxylase from rat striatum exhibits a decreased Km for cofactor and a decreased Km for substrate over values obtained for the soluble enzyme. The proximity of this fraction of the catecholamine biosynthetic apparatus to the probable site of neurotransmitter release and its higher affinity for substrate provide for a mechanism by which newly synthesized transmitter may be preferentially released.
Consecutive cervical pregnancies.

Abstract Objective Report of a rare case of consecutive spontaneous cervical pregnancies. Design Case study. Setting Teaching hospital. Patient(s) One healthy nulliparous woman in the early years of her fourth decade. Intervention(s) The first of two cervical pregnancies was treated with two doses of methotrexate and subsequent uterine artery embolization. The second was treated with methotrexate, intracervical Foley catheter placement, hysteroscopic ablation of the bleeding cervical bed, and replacement of the Foley catheter with gradual deflation of balloon. Main outcome measure(s) Recognition and successful treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy. Result(s) Each of the two cervical pregnancies was successfully treated. The patient subsequently carried a spontaneous intrauterine pregnancy to term. Conclusion(s) A comprehensive MEDLINE search revealed that this appears to be the first reported case of recurrent spontaneous cervical pregnancies, and only the second known case of recurrent cervical pregnancy. Cervical pregnancies have generally been treated with hysterectomy because of the potential for massive hemorrhage. However, current treatment options permit effective conservative management in women who desire continued fertility. This case illustrates various treatment options, under different circumstances, in the same individual.
Make New Friends but Keep the Old: The Sisterhood Bonds that Have Shaped Me

The relationships in an Asian American psychologist's life have helped to shape her as a person as well as a professional. Specifically, a review of significant female relationships indicates that they have contributed to the author's therapeutic style. In this article, the author explores some of the relationships with other women in her life and illustrates how they have informed her role as a therapist. She concludes with a case vignette illustrating how some of these concepts were applied to a long-term therapy client.
Electromagnetic effects on transmission lines

Electromagnetic fields can generate interference on intersystem wiring and cabling. Often this interconnection is in the form of cables and other forms of transmission lines. The simplest model for the system interconnections is a two wire transmission line. Even such a simple case is complex when the wavelength approaches the spacing between the conductors. In such a case one needs to use the full set of Maxwell's equations. Such calculations are computationally expensive. The general solution to this problem provides more information than is needed. A simpler approach is to compute the resonant frequency amplitudes using a modified transmission line model which includes a radiation resistance term. We have obtained a closed form solution of the modified transmission line model with radiation resistance. We compare the results of this solution with computational solutions obtained from a Maxwell equation solver. We conclude that under some conditions, the model is sufficiently accurate at wavelengths larger than 5 times the separation of the wires on the transmission line.
A novel approach for life-support-system design for manned space missions

Abstract In this paper, a simulation-based optimization approach is proposed to study design of life-support systems, i.e., systems that provide basic life-support elements such as potable water and oxygen, for manned space missions. The method integrates deterministic mathematical programming models, which set tactical control parameters, stochastic discrete-event simulation, which accounts for the uncertainty, and a time-series data-mining approach, which calculates strategic set points for tactical control. Total cost distributions of the system, probabilistic capacities of the technologies in the system and the basic life-support element amounts that are needed to support crew life and activities for the duration of a given mission are determined using the proposed framework. The methodology is demonstrated using four different technology levels for a mission scenario at which a crew of six spends 600 days on the Martian surface.
Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester (n-propylgallate) to 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) and propan-1-ol in aqueous media and in toluene

Abstract Equilibrium measurements at several temperatures between 293 K and 308 K have been performed on the tannase catalyzed reaction: 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester(sln) +H 2 O(sln) = 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid(sln) +propan-1-ol(sln), where sln = aqueous phosphate buffer, aqueous acetate buffer, and toluene. The change in binding of the hydrogen ion Δ r N (H + ) for this biochemical reaction in aqueous solution was calculated both from an equilibrium model for the biochemical reaction and from the dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant on pH. Calorimetric measurements were also performed for this biochemical reaction in aqueous phosphate and 2-( N -morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffers. Standard transformed thermodynamic quantities of the overall biochemical reactions that involve specific chemical species have been calculated from the experimental results. It was found that the equilibrium yield of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester is significantly enhanced by carrying out the reaction in toluene rather than in the aqueous buffered solutions. The standard molar enthalpy change Δ r H m ° for the dissociation reaction MES ± (aq) = MES − (aq) + H + (aq) has been measured calorimetrically and is −(15.0 ± 0.1)kJ ·mol −1 at the temperature T = 298.15 K and ionic strength I = 0.
Mathematical biophysics of cell division

The new fundamental equation, based on the principle of maximum energy exchange, is applied to the case of elongation and constriction of a cell. A simple case is treated as an illustration, and it is shown that the elongation curves thus obtained are of the same character as in the old theory.
Relation of the ballistocardiogram to left ventricular pressure measurements in man.

Abstract 1. 1. An air-supported ballistocardiograph was used to obtain simultaneous recordings of body acceleration and left ventricular pressure in 7 patients. 2. 2. An average correlation of 0.810 was found for the IJ amplitude of the ballistocardiogram and the maximal derivative of the left ventricular pressure. 3. 3. The ballistocardiographic wave measurements displayed a high sensitivity to alterations in the left ventricular maximal pressure derivative of successive heartbeats. 4. 4. These observations suggest the potential application of the ballistocardiogram as a noninvasive method for quantitatively monitoring the mechanical activity of the heart.
Central catecholaminergic responses in hypoxic moderation of spontaneous hypertension

Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (H; simulated altitude = 3658 m) was initiated in 5-week-old, male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKy) normotensive rats while normoxic controls (N) for both groups were maintained under laboratory conditions. Significant attenuation of systolic arterial blood pressure was evident in SHR-H relative to SHR-N (125 +/- 6 vs. 145 +/- 5, mmHg; p less than 0.05) while blood pressure in the normotensive, Wistar-Kyoto rat was not affected by 20 days of exposure to hypoxia (WKy-H, 116 +/- 2 vs. WKy-N, 117 +/- 5, mmHg). Increased contents of norepinephrine and dopamine in brain stem, striatum, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex in SHR versus WKy indicated a possible involvement of central catecholaminergic mechanisms with spontaneous hypertension. Hypoxia significantly decreased neuronal contents of both neurotransmitters, typically on both days studied (days 4 and 21 of altitude treatment). In striatum and hypothalamus, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid to dopamine ratios indicated that dopamine turnover was decreased with hypoxia. Hypoxia elicits catecholaminergic responses consistent with profiles found following ICV administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a sympatholytic agent that also prevents the development of spontaneous hypertension. Hypoxic mitigation of spontaneous hypertension may occur via mechanisms initiated at the level of the CNS.