cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HyperArc VMAT SRT for Locally Recurrent Previously-Irradiated Head and Neck Cancers: Plan Quality, Treatment Delivery Accuracy and Efficiency.

Purpose/Objective(s) To demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of HyperArc VMAT treatments for locally recurrent, locally advanced or previously irradiated head and neck cancers treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). Materials/Methods First, an anthropomorphic head phantom from the MD Anderson's IROC credentialing laboratory containing a 1.9 cm diameter spherical target and in vivo-dosimetry system was imaged, planned and irradiated (25 Gy in 1 fraction) using HyperArc VMAT module with 10MV-FFF beam. Second, RANDO head phantom was imaged, planned and irradiated (35 Gy in 5 fractions) by generating eight HyperArc VMAT plans (4 right, 4 left neck tumors) at different anatomical locations (C1-C4). Average tumor volume was 21.7 cc (13.0–32.3 cc). Distance to isocenter from the central marker of the Encompass device down to neck was 25.8 cm (23.8–28.0 cm) and 24.3 cm (22.0–27.1 cm) for the left and right neck tumors and 9 cm (in) from the both lateral markers that defined the patient protection zone. Third, two head and neck cancer patients with recurrent large mass of 56 cc (4.8 cm, diameter) on right maxillary sinus and 159 cc (6.7 cm, diameter) on right ethmoid sinus were imaged, planned and treated (35 Gy in 5 fractions) with HyperArc SRT. Plan quality, treatment delivery accuracy and efficiency were reported. Results Phantom irradiation results met all the compliance criteria set forth by the IROC for HyperArc SRS. For end-to-end tests, the average conformity index, Paddick conformation number, gradient and heterogeneity indices, and dose to 2 cm away from the target were 1.08 ± 0.05 (1.02–1.14), 0.85 ± 0.02 (0.83–0.89), 2.71 ± 0.27 (2.28–2.92), 0.14 ± 0.02 (0.11–0.17) and 23.5 ± 1.5% (21.4–25.0%). Average maximal dose to skin and spinal cord was 12.8 ± 3.5 Gy (9.2–16.7 Gy) and 4.6 ± 0.8 Gy (4.0–5.6 Gy). Mean values of modulation factor, beam on time and treatment time was 2.96 ± 0.5 (2.39–3.78), 3.1 ± 0.2 min (2.67–3.78 min), and 13.96 ± 0.50 min (13.39–14.78 min) with no collision issue. Pretreatment portal dosimetry quality assurance results demonstrated a high pass rate of 99.1 ± 1.6% for clinical gamma passing criteria of 2%/2 mm. Similar results were found on the patient's plans including highly conformal target coverage, sharp dose fall-off (50% dose fall-off within 5 mm from the target) and sparing adjacent critical organs including spinal cord ( Conclusion For recurrent head and neck SRT treatments, HyperArc VMAT provided highly conformal dose distribution, rapid dose fall-off, excellent sparing of adjacent critical organs, highly precise and accurate treatment that could be delivered to as low as C4 level. It could potentially allow HyperArc SRT to glomus tumors to those patients who may not tolerate frame-based SRS. Clinical follow up of these patients is ongoing to confirm the therapeutic benefits of this novel and attractive head and neck SRT. Author Disclosure D. Pokhrel: None. M.E. Bernard: None. D. Lockhart: None. J. Jeremiah: None. D. Fabian: None. M.R. Kudrimoti: None.
All That You Can’t Leave Behind - Essential Post-COVID Technology and Pedagogy

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many institutions to adapt quickly and substitute technology-based online or remote instruction in place of in-person instruction. This adaptation caused many faculty to develop new technology fluencies, which can provide more flexibility and innovation moving forward. However, the technological lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic are somewhat conflicting, as we have also learned that there are places where in-person instruction is extremely valuable. As we move beyond COVID-19 protocols, there are many important implications for universities seeking to effectively instruct an increasingly diverse student body in ways that reflect both their mission and core values and also take into account the changing landscape of higher education. This article considers the lessons that Virginia Wesleyan University (VWU) learned during the pandemic and how these experiences will shape instruction moving forward. Through a series of remote technology workshops, reflective collaboration, and focus groups, many faculty identified new approaches using technology that they will continue to incorporate into instruction post-pandemic while still maintaining the face-to-face instruction that is highly valued at institutions like VWU. We will discuss how to balance and bring together the best aspects of both traditional pedagogies and the new practices learned.
Opisthotonos: a newly recognized side effect of midazolam

A 13-month-old boy was admitted to our hospital for investigation of recurrent respiratory symptoms. He had no history of seizure disorder. His laboratory tests were normal. He was taking ampicillin-sulbactam. In order to explain his symptoms, computed tomography (CT) of the chest was planned and midazolam 0.1 mg/kg was administered intranasally to sedate the patient before obtaining CT. However, the patient developed an opisthotonic posture soon after midazolam administration. It lasted 10 minutes and subsided spontaneously. Another boy, 12 months of age with a history of reccurent respiratory symptoms was also hospitalized and CT of the chest was planned. He had neither abnormal laboratory test results nor history of seizure disorder. He was taking ceftriaxone sodium. After intranasal administration of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg to sedate the patient before CT the patient developed opisthotonos, which lasted approximately 15 minutes and subsided spontaneously. Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine with sedative and anesthetic effects (1). Side effects of midazolam are hypotension, hypoxia, apnea, gastrointestinal disturbance, headache, tremor, confusion, ataxia, amnesia, vertigo, muscle flaccidity, blood disorder and jaundice. Respiratory depression and respiratory arrest have also been reported (2-5). However, as far as we know, opisthotonos has never been reported as a side effect of midazolam previously. Watanabe et al. (6) reported a 17-year-old patient developed opisthotonos after flumazenil administration which was given to antagonize midazolam. In that study opisthotonos had occurred soon after flumazenil was given so it was attributed to flumazenil administration. We could not find any reason to explain opisthotonic postures of the patients. We wish to draw attention to opisthotonos as a possible adverse effect of midazolam. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of these adverse effects.
Trafficking of Cholera Toxin and Related Bacterial Enterotoxins: Pathways and Endpoints

This chapter focuses on toxins of the cholera family as a paradigm for the opportunistic invasion of the mammalian intestine by exploitation of eukaryotic mechanisms of membrane trafficking, protein transport, and signal transduction. Cholera toxin (CT) enters epithelial cells of the human intestine after binding specific lipids on the host cell apical membrane. The mechanism of toxin entry is a near mirror image of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. CT represents one of the best-characterized virulence factors produced by pathogenic microorganisms, and its mode of action is discussed in detail. Labile toxins from Escherichia coli that are antigenically similar to CT are classified as type I toxins. Montesano and coauthors first reported the localization of gold-labeled CT in non-clathrin-coated membrane invaginations of cultured liver cells and proposed the existence of at least two distinct pathways for internalization of surface-bound ligands. Human intestinal epithelial cells, however, express low levels of caveolin-1 and -2 and do not exhibit caveolae as assessed morphologically. In eukaryotic cells, translocation of nascent proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs via the protein conducting channel Sec61, termed as the translocon. Recent studies indicate that protein translocation through the translocon and protein folding in the ER are reversible processes.
Are Chinese nurses a viable source to relieve the U.S. nurse shortage

The viability of recruiting Chinese nurses to ease the current U.S. nurse shortage is examined by assessing nursing's socioeconomic status and the educational preparation of nurses in China. Recruiting Chinese nurses is a win-win scenario for individual Chinese nurses, the Chinese nursing profession, and the two countries involved.
Heat assisted magnetic recording media design using impedance modification method

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is a promising approach to increase the magnetic recording areal density beyond 1 Tb/in2. In a HAMR system, an optical near field transducer (NFT) is used to locally increase the temperature of recording media so that the writing head can write information on the recording media. Various types of NFT designs have been investigated to improve the optical efficiency and the shape of the optical beam on the recording media [1]-[2]. However, the effects of the recording media structure on the performance of the NFT are not well understood yet. In this work, we study the effect of modification of the recording media structure using dielectric materials to increase the field enhancement and obtain a desirable beam profile in the recording layer.
â€œMore Than Just Farmersâ€: Rural Agrarian University Studentsâ€™ Sense of Community

This study utilizes narrative inquiry to interrogate the differences between the home and academic literacies of rural agrarian students. In particular, I have investigated how they navigate those differences in order to function successfully in more urbanized university settings. Using purposeful survey and convenience sampling, two rural agrarian students were identified for participation. Data from in-depth interviews and observations were woven into a narrative for each student. The study revealed that both participants formed communities of fellow rural students. These rural agrarian communities served as sources of friendship, support, and familiarity, and thus contributed to their perceived success. Although further research is needed to confirm these findings, educators of all levels are encouraged to promote the formation of rural peer groups and to encourage rural agrarian students to embrace and share their backgrounds, cultures, and unique skills and interests.
Kinetic theory of a carrier gas effect on nucleation in diffusion chambers

Kinetic theory is presented which proposes an explanation of a carrier gas effect on nucleation in DCC. The main idea of this theory is that for DCC transport of condensing molecules to the cluster surface is determined by their diffusion through a carrier gas that results in new kinetic equations or, in other words, in usual kinetic equations where rate constants of the cluster formation depends upon carrier gas pressure. Analytical dependencies of critical supersaturation S* and derivative ∂S*/∂T on a carrier gas pressure P0, temperature T and the nature of the carrier gas are derived that reproduce experimental data of Heist and co-authors.
Characterization of a micro-hydrokinetic turbine in close proximity to the free surface

Predicting hydrokinetic turbine power generation is difficult due to complex geometry, highly turbulent conditions, and difficulty capturing the transient interface existing between air and water. A three-dimensional finite volume solver was used to capture the effects resulting from free surface interaction with the aid of a Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase solver. Depths from free surface level to blade tip with corresponding Froude numbers of 0.71, 0.92, 1.04, and 1.31 were modeled specifically to capture the transition from subcritical to supercritical flow conditions. A sharp decrease in performance was observed at the critical Froude number (Fr=1.0). Results at subcritical conditions showed acceptable agreement with previously published single phase results where the turbine is assumed to be operating in an infinite medium. At subcritical conditions, the propeller-based turbine studied was compared to numerical and experimental results obtained for a traditional marine current turbine (MCT). As the flow became critical, a 32.2% decrease in the power coefficient was predicted and significant wake-free surface interaction was observed.
Anaesthesia of donkeys and mules

Summary Great variabilities in the sizes and types of donkeys and mules affects the choice of drugs and anaesthetic management of these equids. Most of the difference between donkeys, mules and horses is apparent when using injectable anaesthetic regimens, since these drugs are distributed and metabolised at rates different from the horse. With inhalant anaesthesia few differences are seen between equids. However, it is helpful for the clinician to recognise behavioural differences between donkeys, mules and horses which impact on anaesthetic management.
Interconnect design for deep submicron ICs

In this paper, we study the interconnect layout optimization problem under a higher-order RLC model to optimize not just delay, but also waveform for RLC circuits with non-monotone signal response. We propose a unified approach that considers topology optimization, wiresizing optimization, and waveform optimization simultaneously. Our algorithm considers a large class of routing topologies, ranging from shortest-path Steiner trees to bounded-radius Steiner trees and Steiner routings. We construct a set of required-arrival-time Steiner trees or RATS-trees, providing a smooth trade-off among signal delay, waveform, and routing area. Using a new incremental moment computation algorithm, we interleave topology construction with moment computation to facilitate accurate delay calculation and evaluation of waveform quality. Experimental results show that our algorithm is able to construct a set of topologies providing a smooth trade-off among signal delay, signal settling time, voltage overshoot, and routing cost.
Calculation of convective diffusion current at a strip electrode in a rectangular flow channel: inviscid flow

Abstract The determination of analytes in flowing streams has become a major area of research in electroanalytica chemistry, due in large part to the increasing popularity of amperometric and coulometric detection in liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Experimental results from our laboratory suggest that the replacement of the traditional macroelectrode (ca. 2–3 mm in size) by a collection of microelectrodes (each less than ca. 50 μm in size) in the flow channel of an amperometric detector can result in a signal enhancement leading to improved limits of detection. A theoretical analysis of convective diffusion current at a single microelectrode provides insight into the origins of this signal enhancement. In this paper we calculate the convective diffusion current as a function of flow rate and electrode size at a single strip electrode placed on one boundary of a rectangular flow channel, the one assumption in the calculation being that of inviscid flow. The electrode sizes investigated extend into the microelectrode region and the flow rates range from coulometric behavior (slow flows) to amperometric behavior (fast flows). Significantly, these calculations include the contribution of lateral diffusion (the edge effect) to the current, a contribution which becomes more appreciable as electrode size is reduced and which is responsible in part for the signal enhancement obtained with microelectrode ensembles. Further enhancement of current due to depletion layer recharge is explored by a simple analysis of a sequence (array) of strip electrodes.
A dynamic modeling approach to highway sustainability: Strategies to reduce overall impact

The need for sustainable development is increasing as the industrial and service activities keep putting such a strain on the natural functions of the Earth, thus the ability of the planet’s to sustain future generations. Since most of the industrial and service activities are provided via transportation, it is one of the most crucial elements of sustainable development. In this paper, US highway system sustainability problem is studied. System dynamics modeling approach is employed due to the causal relationships and feedback loops that are observed in the problem structure. The reference mode is considered as the increasing CO2 emission trend. The objective is to meet the Liberman and Warner Climate Act’s targets by 2050. Three potential strategies for policy making are tested with the developed dynamic simulation: fuel efficiency, public transportation and electric vehicle usage. The results indicate that hybrid implementation of individual policies has a crucial impact on the success of policy making.
Interferon regulatory factor-1 in flagellin-induced reprogramming: potential protective role of CXCL10 in cornea innate defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Purpose We previously showed that pre-exposure of the cornea to Toll-like receptor (TLR)5 ligand flagellin induces strong protective innate defense against microbial pathogens and hypothesized that flagellin modulates gene expression at the transcriptional levels. Thus, we sought to determine the role of one transcription factor, interferon regulatory factor (IRF1), and its target gene CXCL10 therein. Methods Superarray was used to identify transcription factors differentially expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-challenged human corneal epithelial cells (CECs) with or without flagellin pretreatment. The expression of CXCL10, IRF1, LI-8(CXCL2), and IFNγ was determined by PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western/dot blotting, and/or ELISA. IRF1 knockout mice, CXCL10 and IFNγ neutralization, and NK cell depletion were used to define in vivo regulation and function of CXCL10. The severity of P. aeruginosa was assessed using clinical scoring, slit-lamp microscopy, bacterial counting, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) infiltration, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2/Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (MIP-2/CXCL2) expression. Results Flagellin pretreatment drastically affected P. aeruginosa-induced IRF1 expression in human CECs. However, flagellin pretreatment augmented the P. aeruginosa-induced expression of Irf1 and its target gene Cxcl10 in B6 mouse corneas. Irf1 deficiency reduced infection-triggered CXCL10 expression, increased keratitis severity, and attenuated flagellin-elicited protection compared to values in wild-type (WT) controls. CXCL10 neutralization in the cornea of WT mice displayed pathogenesis similar to that of IRF1⁻/⁻ mice. IFNγ receptor neutralization and NK cell depletion prevented flagellin-augmented IRF1 and CXCL10 expression and increased the susceptibility to P. aeruginosa infection in mouse corneas. Conclusions IRF1 plays a role in the corneal innate immune response by regulating CXCL10 expression. IFNγ-producing NK cells augment the epithelial expression of IRF1 and CXCL10 and thus contribute to the innate defense of the cornea against P. aeruginosa infection.
A New Protocol for Maxillary Protraction in Cleft Patients: Repetitive Weekly Protocol of Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansions and Constrictions

Abstract Objective: It was hypothesized that, through a repetitive weekly protocol of Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansions and Constrictions (Alt-RAMEC), the maxilla in cleft patients could be protracted more effectively than with a single course of rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Methods: Twenty-six consecutive unilateral cleft lip and palate patients at the age of mixed dentition were included in this prospective clinical study. The rapid maxillary expansion group included the first 16 consecutive patients undergoing 1 week of rapid maxillary expansion (1 mm/day) followed by 5 months, 3 weeks of maxillary protraction. The Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansions and Constrictions group included the next 10 consecutive patients undergoing 9 weeks of Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansions and Constrictions followed by 3 months, 3 weeks of maxillary protraction. Daily activation of the weekly expansion or constriction was 1.0 mm. Two-hinged expanders and intraoral maxillary protraction springs were used in both...
Personality and Academic Achievement in Three Educational Levels

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between “personality fitness” and academic achievement. 175 subjects from three educational levels, university, vocational technical institute, and high school, were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, and an Information Questionnaire. The personality dimension of introversion had the highest correlation with academic performance for the university sample, especially for the students in the “hard sciences.” Raven's intelligence score was the best predictor for the? vocational technical institute sample. Personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism, as well as average number of study hours, added differently to the multiple regression equations for the various samples.
Morphogenesis of the placenta and fetal membranes of the tree shrews (family Tupaiidae).

The paucity of information on the early developmental stages and the necessity for re-evaluation of the phylogenetic implications of the tupaiid fetal membranes have stimulated the present study. Neonatal tupaiids possess prominent bilateral endometrial pads that run the length of each uterine horn. These gland-free pads are the sites of implantation and placentation in adults. Implantation is bilateral and superficial. Multinucleated giant cells differentiate from the cytotrophoblast of the attachment sites; they facilitate the marginal expansion of the placental disc by detaching the paraplacental epithelium from its basement membrane. Prominent bilateral chorio-vitelline placentae develop and remain functional through early limb bud stages. Decidual cells fuse to form “decidual knots” during this period. The bilateral chorio-allantoic placentae are labyrinthine endotheliochorial. The trophoblast of the labyrinth is entirely syntrophoblastic, similar to the condition in the armadillo placenta. Epithelioid mesenchymal cells in the labyrinth are strikingly similar to those of the shrew placenta. The large allantoic vesicle and free vascular yolk sac persist. Amniogenesis occurs by folding. Uterine glands remain secretory throughout pregnancy; iron is probably supplied to the fetus in this manner.
Temperature dependence of the molar volumes of liquid and solid 3 He at melting pressure near T N

For temperatures above the solid ordering temperature TN=0.934 mK, the molar volumes v1 and vs of liquid and solid3He at melting pressure, Pm are determined primarily by the melting pressure and the compressibility. However, in the vicinity of TN and below, vs(T) is influenced greatly by the expansion coefficient, which becomes large and negative. Using existing thermodynamic data, we find that vs(T) has a minimum at TN with a negative slope for T < TN. A constant-volume, all-solid sample starting at T=0 with the pressure just above Pm would begin to melt as TN is approached, becoming all-solid again somewhat above TN.
Microfibrils, elastic anchoring components of the extracellular matrix, are associated with fibronectin in the zonule of Zinn and aorta.

Abstract Microfibrils are striated tubules that play a role in the formation of elastin fibers by providing a scaffold upon which newly synthesized elastin is deposited. Ultrastructural and staining studies also demonstrate microfibrils that terminate where elastin is sparse or absent in basal laminae, plasma membranes, and the collagenous matrix. The most striking accumulation of microfibrils is found in the zonule of Zinn, the transparent and elastic suspensory ligament of the lens, which contains no elastin. Application of immunocytochemical staining with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) procedure demonstrates that fibronectin is associated with the microfibrils of the zonule and aorta. Aggregates of microfibrils are identical to oxytalan (‘acid enduring’) fibers that have been described in peridontal membranes and other sites subject to mechanical stress and they can be found in sites as disparate as the rabbit zonule, rat hepatic stroma and human cardiac papillary muscle, indicating that microfibrils are a widely distributed connective tissue element with a function that extends beyond elastogenesis; their association with fibronectin and localization suggests that they serve as an elastic anchoring component of the extracellular matrix.
A factor in milk which influences cholesteremia in rats

Abstract Rats fed cholesterol show an adaptive response over several weeks with lowering of the initial rise of cholesteremia to near normal levels. This reduction of cholesteremia is augmented by including milk powder in the diet. A similar effect is obtained by feeding 0.1% β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid (HMG) in the diet. The evidence suggests that milk powder contains HMG.
Molecular basis of rheumatoid joint destruction: analogies to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity in diabetes.

Abstract The analogies of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which spontaneously develops diabetes, and the spontaneous pro- gressive arthropathy in MRL-lpr/Ipr mice are described and compared to the respective diseases in humans.
A simple Raman technique to measure the degree of cure in UV curable coatings

Abstract The curing behavior of four UV curable clearcoats was examined using spectra from a confocal Raman microscope. The disappearance of the CC line near 1636 cm−1 provides the signature for the curing of the samples, but quantification of the degree of cure by standard peak-fitting and baseline subtraction methods does not work well because of sample fluorescence, baseline shifts and overlapping peaks. A smoothed second-derivative processing approach overcomes all of these difficulties and provides a simple, fast and objective quantification procedure. Steep cure gradients through the thickness of the clearcoat, due to screening of the bottom of the clearcoat by both the UVA and photoinitiator, were observed. Cure gradients at the top of the clearcoat due to oxygen inhibition were also observed. The most complete cure throughout the film thickness was obtained with a mixture of standard and red-shifted photoinitiators.
Genomic Screening of the General Adult Population: Key Concepts for Assessing Net Benefit with Systematic Evidence Reviews

Genomic screening of the general adult population: key concepts for assessing net benefit with systematic evidence reviews
A new method for derivation of continuous Runge-Kutta formulas

Abstract A technique is introduced for the derivation of continuously embedded Runge-Kutta formulas. The method is illustrated in detail for the fourth order case. A sixth order formula is presented which was derived by the technique. It has two fifth order formulas continuously embedded, one of which is C 1 ; the other is for error estimation. An additional fifth order approximation is provided which usually gives error bounds for sufficiently small step-sizes.
Introducing immunophilins. From organ transplantation to plant biology.

The discovery of the family of highly effective and specific fungal metabolites cyclosporin, FK-506, and rapamycin ranks among one of the most important advancements in the field of organ transplantation: these compounds have been shown to act as potent immunosuppressants and their administration to
SMART Syndrome (Stroke-Like Migraine Attacks After Radiation Therapy) in Adult and Pediatric Patients:

SMART syndrome (stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy) is a rare condition that involves complex migraines with focal neurologic findings in patients following cranial irradiation for central nervous system malignancies. Little is known about the mechanisms behind the disorder, making successful treatment challenging. We report 2 new cases of SMART syndrome in pediatric patients as well as review all documented cases of the syndrome. Each of our 2 pediatric patients suffered multiple episodes. Attacks were characterized by severe headache, visual disturbance, aphasia, and weakness. Recovery occurred over several days to weeks. The data from all documented reports of SMART syndrome indicate a greater prevalence for male gender. An age-dependent pattern of onset was also observed, with a greater variability of syndrome onset in patients who received cranial irradiation at a younger age. SMART appears to be a reversible, recurrent long-term complication of radiation therapy with possible age- and gender-related influences.
AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL DISCRIMINATION TOWARD MUSLIM JOB APPLICANTS

Integrating justification-suppression and stereotype content models of prejudice, this research examines religious discrimination in employment settings. In the first study, confederates dressed in either Muslimidentified or nonreligious attire, who either did or did not provide stereotype-inconsistent information, applied for retail jobs. No differences emerged with regard to interview offers between job applicants dressed in traditional Muslim attire and those in the control condition. However, interactions were shorter and rated (by confederates, ∗
Perception of relative throw-ability

Bingham et al. (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 15(3):507–528, 1989) showed that skilled throwers can perceive optimal objects for throwing to a maximum distance. Zhu and Bingham (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 34(4):929, 2008, 36(4):862–875, 2010) replicated this finding and then showed that felt heaviness is used to perceive this affordance (see also Zhu and Bingham in Evol Hum Behav 32(4):288–293, 2011; Zhu et al. in Exp Brain Res 224(2):221–231, 2013). Throwers pick the best weight for spherical projectiles in each graspable size. Bingham et al. (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 15(3):507–528, 1989) speculated that relative throw-ability might be perceptible. This would mean that the ordering of distances achieved by maximum effort throws of different objects could be judged. This affordance property is not the same as optimal throw-ability, because it requires all projectiles to be evaluated relative to one another with respect to ordinally scaled distances, not just a discrete optimum. We now used a magnitude estimation task to test this hypothesis, comparing the resultant ordering with that exhibited by distances of throws in previous studies. The findings show that participants were able to perform the perceptual task. However, discrimination among objects of different weight within a size was better than between sizes. The implications of these results for understanding of the information used to perform this task are discussed.
A Liquid Hydrogen Target for Slac's 30 mA Electron Beam

A unique liquid hydrogen target capable of handling SLAC's high current (30 mA), high energy (20 GeV) electron beam is described. A small axial fan submerged in the liquid hydrogen circulates the liquid through the target cell and heat exchanger. Density variations as high as 10% due to beam heating were experienced in similar targets which did not employ this circulating technique. Experimental results show that in the circulating target these density variations were reduced to less than ±1% with heat fluxes as high as 5 kW/cm2 per cm of target length.
Cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of hypertension.

Abstract Hypertension is now seen as a broader condition than high blood pressure alone. Large-scale epidemiologic studies have established that high blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, but clinical trials of antihypertensive therapy have shown an inconsistent reduction in major cardiovascular endpoints. Importantly, the incidence of coronary disease has been reduced to only a small extent, suggesting that factors beyond high blood pressure are important in the genesis of atherosclerotic disease in hypertensive patients. It is evident, for example, that patients with hypertension have an exaggerated vulnerability to the consequences of lipid abnormalities. Moreover, it has recently been established that hypertension is characterized by insulin resistance and altered glucose tolerance. As a result, high plasma concentrations of insulin produce proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle and connective tissue, and they may adversely affect the lipid profile. The left ventricle is also involved in hypertension—independent of blood pressure. There is growing evidence that there are increases in the muscle mass of the left ventricle and changes in its diastolic filling characteristics at the very early stages of hypertension. The arterial circulation is similarly involved, for alterations in structure or function, reflected by diminished arterial compliance, can be demonstrated prior to the appearance of clinical hypertension. Treatment designed to protect hypertensive patients from cardiovascular events must not only be based on blood pressure, but must take into account all the components of the hypertension syndrome.
A Practical Solid-Propellant Micro-Thruster

Miniaturization of solid-propellant thrusters is an area of active research that has been motivated by the reduction in size of aerospace systems and the advancement of micromachining techniques. Though this micro-propulsion problem seems simplistic compared to the macro-scale counterpart, an efficient and reliable device has yet to be produced. A millimeter-scale novel composite solid-propellant thruster design that builds on pervious work [1] and increases efficiency is here presented. Current designs made primarily out of silicon suffer from high thermal losses and, in extreme cases, flame quenching due to the augmented surface area to volume ratio associated with miniaturization. Moreover, the reduced device dimensions drive the combustion reaction to complete outside of the thruster, misemploying the majority of the chemical energy. This occurs because the propellant mixing and chemical time do not scale with size, while the residence time does decrease as the size of the thruster decreases [2]. A novel thruster design that increases the propellant residence time is being characterized using ammonium perchlorate/binder composite propellant. The thruster geometry recycles thermal energy to the unburned propellant grain increasing its temperature and, therefore, burning rate and combustion efficiency. In addition, propellant formulation has been optimized for the thruster minimization.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Increased prevalence of constipation and fecal soiling in a population of obese children

To determine the prevalence of constipation and fecal soiling in obese children, we asked standardized questions during the initial visit to the obesity clinic. In 80 obese children, 23% met the criteria for constipation, and 15% reported fecal soiling. Constipation and soiling are more prevalent in obese children.
Localization of bound water in the solution structure of a complex of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 with DNA

Abstract Background The erythroid specific transcription factor GATA-1 is responsible for the regulation of transcription of erythroid- expressed genes and is an essential component required for the generation of the erythroid lineage. GATA-1 binds specifically as a monomer to the asymmetric consensus target sequence (T/A)GATA-(A/G) found in the cis -regulatory elements of all globin genes and most other erythroid specific genes that have been examined. We have previously determined the solution structure of the complex of the zinc-containing DNA-binding domain of chicken GATA-1 with its cognate DNA target site by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. From previous studies of complexes between proteins and DNA, water appears to play an important role in DNA–protein recognition by mediating bridging hydrogen bonds between functional groups on the protein and DNA bases. Solvation free energy calculations, however, suggest that hydrophobic interactions should exclude water from parts of the GATA-1:DNA interface. Results Using water-selective two-dimensional hetero- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have identified the location of bound water molecules in the specific complex of chicken GATA-1 with DNA. A number of water molecules could be detected between the protein and the phosphate backbone, as well as at the solvent exposed surface of the protein. However, no water molecules could be observed at the interface of the protein with the bases of the DNA. With only one exception, the bound water molecules have a residency time > 200–300 ps. Conclusions Unlike other protein–DNA complexes, the majority of specific interactions between GATA-1 and the DNA bases in the major groove are hydrophobic in nature. The exclusion of water from the protein–DNA base interface in the major groove supports the view that the specific binding energy is indeed dominated by hydrophobic effects.
Studies of an activity from endothelial cells that inhibits platelet aggregation, serotonin release, and clot retraction.

Abstract An activity present in endothelial cells of human umbilical vein origin has been found to inhibit aggregation, serotonin release, and clot retraction. This activity appears to reside in molecules of small size that can be released from in situ or isolated endothelial cells by freeze-thaw treatment or by exposure of cells to ADP, collagen, epinephrine, or thrombin. Relative amounts of inhibitory activity released from endothelial cells vary with the specific platelet aggregating agent used as release inducer and are influenced by use of in situ or isolated cells. Varying the concentration of aggregating agent varied proportionally the amount of inhibitory activity released from in situ but not from isolated endothelial cells.
SPECTROCSOPIC STUDIES OF PURINES—III. PROPERTIES OF PURINES SUBSTITUTED AT THE SIXTH AND NINTH POSITIONS*

— We have investigated the effects of solvent and pH on the absorption and emission propertied of various 6- and 9-substituted purines as a means of examining the nature of the directed not only at deteriming the relative energies of (π,π*) and (π,π*) states, but in particular, at examining the nature and energies of the two lowest-lying (π,π*) states. For examplem, the attachment of a methyl or ribosyl group to the N9 of purine does not change the relative energies of the lowest-lying (π,π*) and (π,π*) states; thus, the latter is the singlet of lowest energy. However, the lowest singles in derivatives formed by substitution at C6 are(π,π*) states—i.e. there is no long-wavelength tail in the absorption spectra and florescence is comparable in intensity to phosphorescence. Further the absence of emission from neutaral adenine at room temperature is due to temperature quenching. Both lowest (π–π*) transtions. are contained under a common envelope and cannot be resolved in the absorption spectra. The shoulder observed in some of these compounds on the long-wavelength slope of absorption envelope is vibrational in nature. Consideration of the effects of solvents on absorption and the analysis of luminescence spectra make it possible to locate the relative position of these (π–π*) transitions within the common envelope. In compounds with an -H on N9 and a free (aza) N1 (e.g. adenine, anionic hupoxanthine) the weaker, solvent-sensitive (W) band has a higher energy then the more intense, solvent-insensitive (S) band. When N1 is protonated, (e.g., in hypoxanthine or cationic adenine) and/or when methyl or ribosyl is substituted at N9, the order of these bands is inverted due ot a red shift of the W band. This shift is most apparent in the 9-substituted hypoxanthines, where in non-polar solvents the W band can be readily resolved in the absoption spectra. This inversion results in a red shift of both fluorescence and phophorescence and an increase of the P/F ratio. When chlorine or iodine is attached at C6 only phosphorescence having a very short lifetime appears due to heavy atom enhancement of single—triplet transitions.
MULTIFACTORIAL REGULATION OF PROLACTIN SECRETION

Abstract The hypothalamus exerts an inhibitory influence on prolactin release from the anterior pituitary. Whether or not peptide hypothalamic prolactin-regulating factors, analogous to those for other pituitary hormones, exist, remains to be confirmed. There is evidence that catecholamines and indolamines directly or indirectly affect prolactin release, This concept may explain the pathogenesis of galactorrhœa-amenorrhœa and other endocrine diseases produced by hypothalamic-pituitary disorders.
Implications of Transaction Costs for the Post–Earnings Announcement Drift

This paper examines the effect of transaction costs on the post–earnings announcement drift (PEAD). Using standard market microstructure features we show that transaction costs constrain the informed trades that are necessary to incorporate earnings information into price. This implies weaker return responses at the time of the earnings announcement and higher subsequent returns drift for firms with higher transaction costs. Consistent with this prediction, we find that earnings response coefficients are lower for firms with higher transaction costs. Using portfolio analyses, we find that the profits of implementing the PEAD trading strategy are significantly reduced by transaction costs. In addition, we show, using a combination of portfolio and regression analyses, that firms with higher transaction costs are the ones that provide the higher abnormal returns for the PEAD strategy. Our results indicate that transaction costs can provide an explanation not only for the persistence but also for the existence of PEAD.
On connected sums and Legendrian knots

Abstract We study the behavior of Legendrian and transverse knots under the operation of connected sums. As a consequence we show that there exist Legendrian knots that are not distinguished by any known invariant. Moreover, we classify Legendrian knots in some non-Legendrian-simple knot types.
Extending the sample size in cross-country demand analysis☆

Abstract Results from different phases of the International Comparison Project and from different sets of countries are compared and combined.
Tracking fat-free mass changes in elderly men and women using single-frequency bioimpedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: a four-compartment model comparison

To compare single estimations of fat-free mass (FFM) and to track FFM using single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) compared with a four-compartment (4C) model in healthy elderly Americans. Thirty-four men and thirty-eight women (Caucasian, ⩾65 years) were included in the study. Subjects participated in either the control group or the exercise group. All testing and training took place during the 21-week investigation. Body composition assessments using nine BIA equations, DXA and a 4C model were performed during weeks 1, 12 and 24 of the study. Single estimations for DXA and BIA produced high r values (0.79–0.95) and low standard error of estimate values (1.62–3.3 kg), producing subjective ratings of ‘ideal’ for men and ‘excellent’ for women. Both DXA and two BIA equations revealed the same significance when comparing groups and times with the 4C model. Individual accuracy for tracking changes was similar among BIA equations and DXA compared with the 4C model, with a total agreement of 25% for BIA and 27% for DXA compared with the 4C model. The current data in combination with the reliability errors for both BIA and DXA FFM estimations suggest that individual results should be interpreted with caution if FFM changes are <5 kg. However, DXA and BIA are both valid methods that can be used interchangeably to estimate FFM at a single time point or for tracking changes in FFM in small groups (15–22) of healthy American older adults.
Can Local Voluntary Environmental Programs “Work”? An Examination of Fort Collins’ (Colorado) Climate Wise Program

Previous research on voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) frequently assesses the effectiveness of federal, state, and third party programs and why organizations seek to join such programs. Yet, research has yet to evaluate the effectiveness or firm motivation relative to local VEPs. Recognizing this gap, our paper examines the structure and organization of Fort Collins’ Climate Wise program, a local VEP. Using a variety of sources, we find that the program has successfully met both short- and long-term goals by persistently self-evaluating and seeking outside financial support. Findings from this analysis can aid in understanding and developing local VEPs elsewhere. Specifically, this initial research suggests that local VEPs need to consider local context and available resources when implementing such programs. Furthermore, it is possible for local VEPs to attract a diverse variety of participating firms by avoiding one-size-fits-all participation levels and by establishing a sense of ownership among partners.
Topical butylated hydroxytoluene treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infections of guinea pigs.

The effect of topical treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was evaluated in primary and recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection of guinea pigs. In the first experiment, treatment with placebo, 5%, 10%, or 15% BHT was initiated 48 h after viral inoculation and continued 4 times daily for 15 days. During primary infection no differences in maximum lesion severity or titers of virus in lesions were observed, however, lesion duration was reduced in BHT-treated animals resulting in a significantly smaller lesion score-day area under the curve. In a second experiment using U.S.P. mineral oil as an additional placebo, BHT placebo and 15% BHT in a double blind trial, similar results were obtained. Treatment of the recurrent infection in either experiment failed to alter the number of recurrent episodes or days with lesions.
Laser-Based Detection Of Highly Vibrationally Excited H2 For Plasma Diagnostics

It has been suggested that the main source of IV in hydrogen plasmas is dissociative attachment to H2(v≥4). In order to test models that include this process, it is necessary to measure the populations of the relevant vibrational levels inside the plasma. We have constructed a source of vibrationally excited H2 using a recently discovered hot-wire effect. Using 2+1 resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) through the EF state, we have detected H2 in 27 bands from X(v"=4-11) to EF(v'=0-14). Rotational temperatures appear to be 300-800 K, well below that required for thermal excitation of the observed vibrational levels. The population of vibrational levels appears to fall off dramatically between v"=9 and 10.
3-D MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Channel Simulation

Mobile-to-mobile (M-to-M) radio propagation channels arise in inter-vehicular communications, mobile ad-hoc wireless networks, and relay-based cellular radio networks. The statistical properties of M-to-M channels are quite different from conventional flxed-to-mobile (F-to-M) cellular land mobile radio channels. This article presents a 3D mathematical reference model for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) M-to-M channels. Based on this model, a sum-of-sinusoids based simulation model is proposed for 3D MIMO M-to-M multipath-fading channels, along with simplified deterministic and statistical models for 2D non-isotropic scattering. The statistics of the simulation models are verified by simulation.
On the use of the software package SPRINT in the study of atmospheric turbulence in a convective boundary layer

Abstract The use of a general purpose software package, SPRINT (Software for PRoblems IN Time) is examined for the numerical solution of a second-order closure turbulence model that involves a system of coupled partial differential equations. The calculated mean profiles of wind and temperature are found to be in good agreement with Day 33 Wangara data. The calculated vertical profiles of turbulence variables including kinetic energy and heat fluxes compare favorably with those estimated from other numerical models and laboratory experiments. This study shows that SPRINT is an easy-to-use package and substantially reduces the manpower effort required to determine an approximate solution of the complicated mathematical model. It also demonstrates that Donaldson's model satisfies the realizability conditions.