cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Integrative Genomic Model for Pathway Analysis of Complex Traits

With new technologies, multiple types of genomic data are commonly collected on a single set of samples. However, standard analysis methods concentrate on a single data type at a time and ignore the relationships between genes, proteins, and biochemical reactions that give rise to complex phenotypes. In this paper, we propose a novel integrative model to incorporate multiple types of genomic data into an association analysis with a complex phenotype. The method combines path analysis and stochastic search variable selection into a Bayesian hierarchical model that simultaneously identifies both direct and indirect genomic effects on the phenotype. Results from a simulation study and application of the Bayesian model to a pharmacogenomic study of the drug gemcitabine demonstrate greater sensitivity to detect genomic effects in some simulation scenarios, when compared to the standard single data type analysis. Further research is required to extend and modify this integrative modeling framework to increase computational efficiency to best capitalize on the wealth of information available across multiple genomic data types.
Aging Successfully: a Research and Public Health Priority for the 21 st Century

Chronologic aging, or the older adult, has two faces. The first and most studied/recognized face of aging is about physiologic alterations that have been considered to contribute to, or underlie, disability and/or incident disease among older adults. Immune alterations with aging were the subject of papers in the previous two special issues on Aging and Immunity. The second and under appreciated face of aging is about the unique biology of older adults who are surviving beyond the median lifespan (∼77 years in the US [1]) and remain functionally independent into their 8th decade of life and beyond. In this third installment of Aging and Immunity, seven articles discuss concepts/research advancements that are shaping the physiologic construct of “successful or exceptional aging”, and also about the continuing challenges into interventions aimed at modifying otherwise predictable adverse outcomes of aging and improve the quality of life of elders.
The Use of Lemmas in the Model Elimination Procedure

When the model elimination (ME) procedure was first proposed, the notion of lemma was put forth as a promising augmentation to the basic complete proof procedure. Here the lemmas that are used are also discovered by the procedure in the same proof run. Several implementations of ME now exist, but only a 1970s implementation explicitly examined this lemma mechanism, with indifferent results. We report on the successful use of lemmas using the METEOR implementation of ME. Not only does the lemma device permit METEOR to obtain proofs not otherwise obtainable by METEOR, or any other ME prover not using lemmas, but some well-known challenge problems are solved. We discuss several of these more difficult problems, including two challenge problems for uniform general-purpose provers, where METEOR was first in obtaining the proof. The problems are not selected simply to show off the lemma device, but rather to understand it better. Thus, we choose problems with widely different characteristics, including one where very few lemmas are created automatically, the opposite of normal behavior. This selection points out the potential of, and the problems with, lemma use. The biggest problem normally is the selection of appropriate lemmas to retain from the large number generated.
Dynamic modeling of open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems: analysis and design for process control

Dynamic models for the OTEC process are developed, in particular, for the seawater systems component of the Net Power Producing Experiment to be located at the National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii. Time-domain analyses of the transient responses of the seawater input and discharge components are performed, and control requirements are identified for these subsystems. The feedback loops designed are flow rate control for the seawater inputs and discharge pool level control for the output. For both the flow rate and the level control, simulations show that control of the pump speed provides good regulation of the output and compensation for modeling errors, system disturbances, etc. >
Separation of simian virus 40 large-T-antigen-transforming and origin-binding functions from the ability to block differentiation.

Abstract Wild-type simian virus 40 large T antigen is very effective at blocking adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-F442A cells as assayed by triglyceride accumulation, induction of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity, and expression of mRNAs for glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, the adipocyte serine protease adipsin, and the putative lipid-binding protein adipocyte P2. Point mutants defective for either origin-specific DNA binding or transformation blocked differentiation as completely as wild type.
Shortness of Breath Five Days After Surgery

Five days after a laparoscopic left colectomy for colon cancer, a 55-year-old female represents to the emergency department with shortness of breath for the past 6 h. She feels that she is breathing more rapidly and does not seem to be able to catch her breath. She denies any chest pain. Per report, the colon cancer was limited to the sigmoid colon, and the surgery was uneventful. She has no prior cardiac or pulmonary history. On physical exam, the patient was found to have a temperature of 100.8 °F, respiratory rate 26, heart rate 110 beats/min, and blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg. Lungs are clear to auscultation without wheezing or rales. The heart examination reveals a regular rate and rhythm without murmurs or rubs. Her abdomen is soft and nontender. The wound appears to be clean without drainage. Her left leg appears to be swollen up to the knee with pitting edema. The left calf is not tender to palpation. The right leg is not swollen. Distal pulses are normal. O2 saturation on room air is 92 %. Arterial blood gas on room air reveals a pO2 of 70 mmHg, a pCO2 of 33 mmHg, a pH of 7.47, and an A-a gradient of 25. Laboratory values reveal a WBC of 9,600/mm3 and Hgb/Hct of 12 g/dL and 36 %. CXR is normal. ECG demonstrates sinus tachycardia but is otherwise unremarkable.
Intracranial hypertension and cerebrospinal fluid production in dogs: effects of furosemide.

A method using chronically prepared, anesthetized dogs was devised for studying the effects of treatments of intracranial hypertension induced by applying a reversible extradural mass lesion while simultaneously measuring production of cerebrospinal fluid. This was measured with a ventricular-cisternal perfusion technique in which the rate of cisternal outflow could be controlled by a pump and matched to the inflow, allowing intracranial pressure to fluctuate despite simultaneous measurement of cerebrospinal fluid formation. Elevations of intracranial pressure to the range 20 to 35 Torr were induced and maintained during perfusion, but elevations above 35 Torr would not permit continued perfusion. At normal intracranial pressure, 10 Torr or less, rates of cerebrospinal fluid formation were the same whether the outflow controlling pump or free outflow was used. Formation of cerebrospinal fluid decreased progressively as intracranial pressure increased above 20 Torr. It also decreased with time after the start of perfusion during the course of 5 h, but returned to the initial range during the control phase of subsequent experiments in the same animal. Furosemide, 3 mg kg-1, i.v., had no significant effect on rate of formation but did induce a small decrease in ICP in time-controlled experiments in which i.v. fluid replacement limited net fluid losses to 20 ml kg-1 with no change in mean arterial or central venous pressures.
Metabolic and hormonal effects of caffeine: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial

In short-term studies, caffeine has been shown to increase insulin levels, reduce insulin sensitivity, and increase cortisol levels. However, epidemiological studies have indicated that long-term consumption of beverages containing caffeine such as coffee and green tea is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a paucity of randomized studies addressing the metabolic and hormonal effects of consuming caffeine over periods of more than 1 day. We evaluated the effect of oral intake of 200 mg of caffeine taken twice a day for 7 days on glucose metabolism, as well as on serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione, and on nighttime salivary melatonin. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study with periods of 7 days and washouts of 5 days comparing caffeine with placebo capsules was conducted. Participants were 16 healthy adults aged 18 to 22 years with a history of caffeine consumption. Blood samples from each subject were assayed for glucose, insulin, serum cortisol, DHEA, and androstenedione on the eighth day of each period after an overnight fast. Nighttime salivary melatonin was also measured. Insulin levels were significantly higher (by 1.80 μU/mL; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-3.28) after caffeine intake than after placebo. The homeostasis model assessment index of insulin sensitivity was reduced by 35% (95% confidence interval, 7%-62%) by caffeine. There were no differences in glucose, DHEA, androstenedione, and melatonin between treatment periods. This study provides evidence that daily caffeine intake reduces insulin sensitivity; the effect persists for at least a week and is evident up to 12 hours after administration.
Is DSM-IV needed at all?

To the Editor.— I wrote an article for the December 1988 issue of theArchivesin which I posed the question, "Why Are We Rushing to Publish DSM-IV? " 1 When I wrote that article DSM-IV was scheduled for publication in 1992, 5 years after the DSM-III-R publication date. 2 I delineated a number of problems that might result from the publication of a third DSM edition in 12 years. In brief, these problems are the following: (1) an insufficient amount of time between DSM editions to allow the accumulation of replicated research necessary to justify a change in diagnostic criteria; (2) the expenditure of resources to compare the new diagnostic criteria with the old and thus reduce the effort toward discovering pathophysiologic mechanisms; (3) difficulties in interpreting and resolving discrepant research findings based on different criteria sets; (4) an increased number of diagnostic errors because of the lack of time
Light emitted from Shocked Granular Sodium Chloride in a Vacuum

AN experiment was reported in Nature1 which showed that the light intensity emitted by shocked pressings of granular sodium chloride when the interstitial gas was methane was almost the same as the light intensity emitted when the gas was air. From that experiment it was concluded that most of the light must have been emitted by hot sodium chloride. However, this conclusion has not met with universal acceptance. To be reported here is a vacuum experiment the result of which, we believe, shows definitely that the light is not emitted by the interstitial gas, but instead by hot sodium chloride.
Equation of state calculations of supercritical fluid behavior: Effects of size and interaction energy

The solubility behavior of solid and fluid components with supercritical fluids (SCF) is investigated using a mean field equation of state. When densities, instead of the more commonly used mole fraction and pressure, are used to illustrate solubilities, the effect of the solute's vapor pressure becomes clear. An expression for the relation between the solubility and the second cross virial coefficient is derived. The effects of size and interaction energy are investigated by changing the solute and solvent parameters.
Reducing respiratory motion artifacts in radionuclide imaging through retrospective stacking : A simulation study

Respiratory motion artifacts in radionuclide imaging can substantially increase the apparent volume of malignant lesions, and result in reduced activity and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) within the tumor region. We present a corrective algorithm, coined retrospective stacking (RS), that combines retrospective amplitude-based binning of data acquired in small time intervals, with rigid or deformable image registration methods. Retrospective stacking is first applied to numerically simulated radionuclide images of a lesion moving with regular and irregular linear motion, as well as hysteresis characteristic of tumors near the lung. The dependence of RS on spatial and temporal resolution is explored, by comparing cross-section visualizations, activity profiles, and SNRs of retrospectively stacked images with those from a simulated motionless lesion. The simulation results are subsequently validated with a phantom positron emission tomography experiment representing a hot lesion oscillating within a warm background. It is seen that by sufficiently reducing the data acquisition timestep, RS can restore the lesion image to nearly its original shape, intensity and SNR, even under noisy conditions.
Molecular dynamics simulation of point defect accumulation in 3C-SiC

Defect accumulation in silicon carbide has been simulated by molecular dynamics using a Brenner-type potential connected smoothly to the Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark potential. Displacement damage in 3C-SiC, which is known to consist of point defects, vacancy and interstitial clusters and anti-site defects, was modelled by introducing random displacements on the Si or C sublattice. SiC was amorphized by Si displacements at a damage level corresponding to 0.15 displacements per atom (dpa) and by C displacements at 0.25 dpa. In both cases, the damage consists of Si and C Frenkel pairs as well as anti-site defects. The results provide evidence that SiC can be amorphized by displacing C atoms exclusively and suggest that short-range disorder provides the driving force for amorphization of SiC.
Comments on "A Note on Synchronizer or Interlock Maloperation"

E. G. Wormald's note1proposes a way to prevent metastable action in synchronizers. Experimental results from testing his suggested circuits show that his solution does not work. A reference to a general proof that synchronizers must have a region of metastable action is given.
Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research.

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dangerous drug, and the federal government has placed it on Schedule II of the Controlled Substance Act (see http:// www .mninter.net/-publish/csa2.htm#Schedule%20III). Typically, users smoke PCP, and it is often mixed with parsley, marijuana, or cocaine. Most researchers have conducted experiments on animals rather than on people, and a few have been done on persons diagnosed with schizophrenia, so answers to questions about its addictive potential or development of tolerance are not clear. In healthy volunteers, PCP can induce symptoms that mimic those of schizophrenia, lasting from a few days to more than a week. The neurotransmitter glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) appear to play a role in the mechanism by which PCP induces positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and cognitive defects (D. C. Javitt & S. R. Zukin, 1991; A. Lahti, B. Koffel, D. LaPorte, & C. A. Tamminga, 1995; T. W. Robbins, 1990). Because PCP can induce symptoms that are almost indistinguishable from those associated with schizophrenia, further research may lead to new medications that could be helpful to people who do not respond to neuroleptics that are currently available.
The low-temperature heat capacity and the Raman and Brillouin spectra of vitreous silica

Abstract The heat capacity of vitreous silica has been measured between 2.3 and 19°K with an estimated accuracy of ±2 per cent at the lowest temperatures and ±0.5 per cent for 10°K T 0 is determined in the usual manner by a smooth extrapolation to T 2 = 0 of a graph of C/T 3 against T 2 , it appears to be less than Θ (elastic) by about 20 per cent. In order to interpret this unusual behavior, some spectroscopie studies of vitreous silica have been made. Velocities of transverse and longitudinal waves of frequencies of 3.3 and 5.0 × 10 10 sec −1 respectively have been determined from measured Brillouin spectra; these agree excellently with velocities determined by acoustic methods at a frequency of 10 7 sec −1 . The Raman spectrum has been photographed; its outstanding feature is an intense continuum which extends from 560 cm −1 down to 8 cm −1 . These spectroscopic results suggest that the excess heat capacity of vitreous silica is contributed by optical modes of very low frequency. The observed heat capacity can be accounted for quantitatively on this basis.
Lifetime and effective surface recombination velocity measurements in high-efficiency Si solar cells

A conventional analysis method, based on minority carrier diffusion in a solar cell base, is used to obtain bulk lifetime (τ) and effective back-surface recombination velocity (S) from measurements of asymptotic decay times of short-circuit current and open circuit voltage. Since the decay times depend individually on both S and τ, it is necessary to use both current and voltage data for unique results. Experimental measurements of current and voltage transients are presented from variable base resistivity cells, γ-irradiated cells and cells with intentionally damaged back surface field regions. These cells exhibit lifetimes from one to several hundred µsec and recombination velocities from 100 to 5000 cm/sec. All features of the data are accounted for by the analysis.
Reflections on Errors in Neonatology: I. The “Hands-Off” Years, 1920 to 1950

This series discusses errors in neonatology since the 1920s. Three historical periods are defined: the "Hands-Off" years, 1920 to 1950; the "Heroic" years, 1950 to 1970; and the "Experienced" years, 1970 to 2000. In this article, the "Hands-Off" years, we discuss lowered thermal environment, supplemental oxygen, initial thirsting and starving, synthetic vitamin K, SMA formula, and diaper markings.
Efficient soft error protection for commodity embedded microprocessors using profile information

Successive generations of processors use smaller transistors in the quest to make more powerful computing systems. It has been previously studied that smaller transistors make processors more susceptible to soft errors (transient faults caused by high energy particle strikes). Such errors can result in unexpected behavior and incorrect results. With smaller and cheaper transistors becoming pervasive in mainstream computing, it is necessary to protect these devices against soft errors; an increasing rate of faults necessitates the protection of applications running on commodity processors against soft errors. The existing methods of protecting against such faults generally have high area or performance overheads and thus are not directly applicable in the embedded design space. In order to protect against soft errors, the detection of these errors is a necessary first step so that a recovery can be triggered.To solve the problem of detecting soft errors cheaply, we propose a profiling-based software-only application analysis and transformation solution. The goal is to develop a low cost solution which can be deployed for off-the-shelf embedded processors. The solution works by intelligently duplicating instructions that are likely to affect the program output, and comparing results between original and duplicated instructions. The intelligence of our solution is garnered through the use of control flow, memory dependence, and value profiling to understand and exploit the common-case behavior of applications. Our solution is able to achieve 92% fault coverage with a 20% instruction overhead. This represents a 41% lower performance overhead than the best prior approaches with approximately the same fault coverage.
Tumor markers--prognostic and therapeutic implications for colorectal carcinoma.

Molecular prognostic markers are molecules produced by either the tumor or the host (patient) whose expression is associated with the clinical outcome. Three types of molecular markers exist that characterize different aspects of the tumor : host relationship: (1) tumor biology, (2) tumor burden and (3) host response. The first type of marker is measured within the primary or metastatic tumor mass and defines the aggressiveness of the cancer and its ability to respond to therapy. The other two types of markers are usually measured in the blood and assess concentrations of circulating tumor products or cytokines that may be involved in host resistance to the cancer. In this brief review we will define each type of marker, provide examples of their current utility and then describe how these markers may be useful.
Scarcity and Appropriative Competition

Abstract This paper formalizes the commonsensical hypothesis that resource scarcity causes a large allocation of time and effort to appropriative competition. Our main innovation is to model explicitly the positive intertemporal effect of consumption on the probability of survival. The critical assumption is that this effect becomes stronger as resources become scarcer. We also show that anticipated future resource abundance increases the incremental value of survival and, consequently, amplifies the current allocation of time and effort to appropriative competition. Interestingly, if resources are currently scarce, then larger anticipated future abundance can cause a big enough increase in the time and effort allocated to appropriative competition to result in a decrease in the sum of current and expected future utility, a “paradox of anticipated abundance”.
Dispersion fitted finite difference method with applications to molecular quantum mechanics

An approach to finite difference approximation is presented based on the idea of fitting the dispersion relation up to a limiting accuracy. The resulting approximations to the second derivative can be more accurate than the standard, Lagrangian finite difference approximations by an order of magnitude or more. The locality of the methods makes them well suited to parallel computation, in contrast with pseudospectral methods. The approach is illustrated with application to a simple bound state problem and to a more challenging three dimensional reactive scattering problem.
Expression of heme oxygenase-1 can determine cardiac xenograft survival

The rejection of concordant xenografts, such as mouse-to-rat cardiac xenografts, is very similar to the delayed rejection of porcine-to-primate discordant xenografts1,2,3,4,5,6. In concordant models, this type of rejection is prevented by brief complement inhibition by cobra venom factor (CVF) and sustained T-cell immunosuppression by cyclosporin A (CyA) (refs. 7,8,9,10 ). Mouse hearts that survive indefinitely in rats treated with CVF plus CyA express the anti-inflammatory gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in their endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells9,11,12,13,14. The anti-inflammatory properties of HO-1 are thought to rely on the ability of this enzyme to degrade heme and generate bilirubin, free iron and carbon monoxide15. Bilirubin is a potent anti-oxidant13, free iron upregulates the transcription of the cytoprotective gene, ferritin16, and carbon monoxide is thought to be essential in regulating vascular relaxation in a manner similar to nitric oxide15. We show here that the expression of the HO-1 gene is functionally associated with xenograft survival, and that rapid expression of HO-1 in cardiac xenografts can be essential to ensure long-term xenograft survival.
Face recognition as a function of social attention in non-human primates: an ERP study

Epidural event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during the presentation of pictoral stimuli that comprised real human and monkey faces. Subjects viewed tachistoscopically presented stimuli belonging to four different categories: familiar and unfamiliar human faces, and familiar and unfamiliar monkey faces. Familiar faces were subcategorized into top, middle and bottom according to the perceived individual's dominance ranking in a social hierarchy, as rated by human judges observing the group's social behavior. Waveform peak components to monkey and human faces showed similarities in their spatial distribution. However, larger amplitude N1 and N2 components were elicited in response to monkey compared to human faces, particularly over lateral temporo-parietal sites. A similar trend was observed for the P3 component, with maximal differences along midline electrode sites. Responses to familiar and unfamiliar monkey faces showed larger N1s to familiar monkey faces and larger P3s to unfamiliar monkey faces. N1 and P3 components elicited by human faces showed no significant differences between conditions. N2 amplitudes were larger over posterior sites for top-ranked monkeys and larger over frontal sites for middle-and bottom-ranked monkeys. Top-ranked human faces elicited the largest N2 components, middle-ranked faces the next largest, and bottom-ranked faces the smallest. N1, N2, and P3 latencies were similarly sensitive to the ranking of human but not monkey faces. These data suggest that non-human primates exhibit evoked potentials to conspecific and non-conspecific faces that are similar in morphology but different in function. Larger amplitude responses to monkey faces suggests increased processing for that category of stimuli. Additionally, monkey ERPs reflect familiarity with conspecifics but not with human faces. Finally, the social status of the perceived individual, or at least the perceived threat posed by an individual, affects the latencies and magnitudes of ERP components produced by the viewer. These data are consistent with social attention hypotheses which propose that higher status (i.e. more dominant or socially meaningful) members of a group receive more attention than lower status individuals.
Effects of the Final-State Electron-ion Interactions on the Fully Differential Cross Sections for Heavy-Particle-Impact Ionization of Helium

Three-dimensional fully differential cross sections for heavy-particle-impact ionization of helium are examined. Previously, the three-body distorted-wave (3DW) model has achieved good agreement with experiment in the scattering plane for small momentum transfers, but poor agreement for large momentum transfers. Poor agreement was also observed outside the scattering plane for all momentum transfers. In particular, the 3DW calculations predicted cross sections that were too small both perpendicular to the scattering plane and for large momentum transfers. The important unanswered question concerns the physical effects that cause the significant disagreement between experiment and theory. In previous works, the role of the projectile-ion interaction has been examined. Although the importance of exchange between the ejected electron and the residual bound electrons has been well established, and frequently studied, for electron-impact ionization, the importance of this effect has not been examined for heavy-particle scattering. In this paper we examine the role of this effect for heavy-particle scattering.
EFFECTS OF ATOMIC SHORT-RANGE ORDER ON THE ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GAASN, GAINN, AND GAINAS ALLOYS

Using large ({approx}500{endash}1000atoms) pseudopotential supercell calculations, we have investigated the effects of atomic short-range order (SRO) on the electronic and optical properties of dilute and concentrated GaAsN, GaInN, and GaInAs alloys. We find that in concentrated alloys the clustering of like atoms in the first neighbor fcc shell (e.g., N-N in GaAsN alloys) leads to a large decrease of both the band-gap and the valence-to-conduction dipole transition-matrix element in GaAsN and in GaInN. On the other hand, the optical properties of GaInAs depend only weakly on the atomic SRO. The reason that the nitride alloys are affected strongly by SRO while GaInAs is affected to a much lesser extent is that in the former case there are band-edge wave-function localizations around specific atoms in the concentrated random alloys. The property for such localization is already evident at the (dilute) isolated impurity and impurity-pair limits. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Analysis of heterologous taxadiene production in K- and B-derived Escherichia coli

Taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene is the first dedicated intermediate in the metabolic pathway responsible for synthesizing the anticancer compound Taxol. In this study, the heterologous production of taxadiene was established in and analyzed between K- and B-derived Escherichia coli strains. First, recombinant parameters associated with precursor metabolism (the upstream methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway) and taxadiene biosynthesis (the downstream pathway) were varied to probe the effect different promoters and cellular backgrounds have on taxadiene production. Specifically, upstream MEP pathway genes responsible for the taxadiene precursors, dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, were tested with an inducible T7 promoter system within K and B E. coli strains. Whereas, inducible T7, Trc, and T5 promoters were tested with the plasmid-borne geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and taxadiene synthase genes responsible for the downstream pathway. The K-derivative produced taxadiene roughly 2.5-fold higher than the B-derivative. A transcriptomics study revealed significant differences in pyruvate metabolism between the K and B strains, providing insight into the differences observed in taxadiene biosynthesis and targets for future metabolic engineering efforts. Next, the effect of temperature on cell growth and taxadiene production was analyzed in these two strains, revealing similar phenotypes between the two with 22°C as the optimal production temperature. Lastly, the effect of indole on cell growth was investigated between the two strains, showing that the K-derivative demonstrated greater growth inhibition compared to the B-derivative.
Religious fictionalism defended: Reply to Cordry

In his paper, ‘A critique of religious fictionalism’, Benjamin Cordry raises a series of objections to a fictionalist form of religious non-realism that I proposed in my earlier paper, ‘Can an atheist believe in God?’. They fall into two main categories: those alleging that an atheist would be unjustified in adopting fictionalism, and those alleging that fictionalism could not be successfully implemented, or practised communally. I argue that these objections can be met.
Design Analysis of Ship Steering Gear Control Systems

The paper presents design analyses of ship steering gear control systems. Emphasis is placed on compressibility, leakage, friction, hydrodynamic damping, limiter and relay aspects of systems design. Computer simulation results are presented to assess the effect of design parameters on system performance for two different steering system/ship configurations. A design example is presented to show the main steps for designing a steering gear control system using single-loop bang-bang control with a variable capacity pump. The performance of the system is shown to be good.
MARKETING TO OUR AGING POPULATION: RESPONDING TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES

Marketers, public policy makers, and society in general have tended to use chronological age as a means of defining the maturing consumer market. Yet people age physiologically—and chronological age is not always a reasonable correlate to this process. This article discusses some natural physiological processes and presents some implications for marketing.
Frequency dependence of fatigue crack growth in a TiB2-SiC composite at elevated temperature

Abstract The subcritical crack growth behavior under tension-tension cyclic loading was investigated in a 30 vol.% TiB2 particulate-reinforced β-Sic matrix composite at 800°C. The results clearly show that β-SiC ceramic is susceptible to cyclic fatigue at this moderate temperature, with the crack growth rate following a power-law dependence on the applied stress intensity range. An important characteristic of the cyclic crack growth at the elevated temperature is that the growth rate depends strongly on the cyclic frequency. At a given stress intensity range, a significantly higher crack growth velocity was measured at lower frequencies. Examination of the fracture surface indicates that cyclic crack growth occurs intergranularly. Based on a strain-controlled damage accumulation criterion, a fatigue crack growth theory is developed to explain the frequency dependence of cyclic crack growth, incorporating the viscoelastic response of the grain boundary phase. It is shown that analysis of the frequency response of the material using this theory permits the extrapolation of the constitutive properties of the grain boundary phase from cyclic crack growth experiments.
The “suffocation alarm” theory of panic attacks: A critical commentary

In 1993 Klein proposed a "false suffocation alarm" theory of panic attacks, claiming that many spontaneous panic attacks are due to a "suffocation monitor" in the brain erroneously signaling a lack of useful air, and triggering an evolved "suffocation alarm system". He proposed that carbon dioxide acts as a panic stimulus because rising arterial CO2 suggests suffocation may be imminent." The present paper provides a critical analysis of Klein's theory and concludes that there is neither empirical evidence nor compelling argument to support the assumptions or the proposed neurological mechanism of a "suffocation alarm", true or false, or a CO2 "suffocation monitor." Data relevant to the role of breathing in the phenomenon of panic can be parsimoniously subsumed within the domain of dyspnea.
Energy scaling of phase-conjugate solid state lasers (Invited Paper)

Phase conjugation offers a practical, realistic approach for scaling solid-state lasers to high energies and high peak powers with a minimum increase in complexity. The present approach involves coherently combining the outputs of multiple parallel amplifiers in a single phase-conjugate oscillator-amplifier configuration. The use of phase conjugation can eliminate phase distortions that would otherwise result from individual amplifiers having optical lengths that differ from one another by many optical wavelengths. The laser output energy can be scaled well beyond the limits imposed by traditional volume constraints of crystalline media. Hence, instead of selecting a laser medium based solely on the available sizes, a laser system designer can base the medium selection on tradeoffs among many other important material parameters. Since an increase in output energy also requires an increase in the energy incident on the PCM, the energy scalability of PCMs based on SBS has been actively investigated over the past decade. These investigations have shown that, while practical single-cell PCMs offer somewhat limited energy scaling potential, a series combination of two Brillouin cells can accommodate energies of several tens of joules. We summarize our effort in developing such a dual-cell PCM that has achieved excellent performance at energies approaching 5 J and is scalable to even higher energies.
Spatial justice and criminal victimization

Spatial variation in crime rates generally has been attributed to differences in culture, economic status, and the social organization of communities. Rarely have policies and practices of criminal justice professionals been examined as causes of this variation. If these policies and practices do place citizens at a higher risk of victimization, a sense of fairness requires that all communities in a region share equally in this increase. This article examines the spatial justice resulting from sentencing practices in Pennsylvania. It demonstrates that certain locations in Philadelphia bear an unequal burden because of these practices. The relatively high crime rates of these areas are due partly to decisions made by criminal justice professionals.
Surgical treatment of renal neoplasia: Evolving toward a laparoscopic standard of care

Abstract Objectives To determine the extent to which laparoscopy has replaced open surgery for renal malignancy. Methods The records of all 537 patients at Washington University who underwent surgery for localized renal malignancies from January 1997 to December 2001 were examined for clinical and pathologic information. Results The total procedures per year increased from 1997 to 2001, but the distribution of pathologic stages throughout the 5 years was similar. In 1997, laparoscopic approaches were used in 15% of cases; this increased to 65% by 2001. Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) was used in 31% to 42% of patients yearly, but laparoscopic NSS increased in frequency. By 2001, only 3.3% of T1 tumors were removed by open radical nephrectomy compared with 55% treated by laparoscopic nephrectomy. The rest of the T1 tumors in 2001 were treated by open partial nephrectomy (20.2%) or laparoscopic NSS (21.3%). In 2001, 61% of T2 lesions were treated laparoscopically, an increase from 37% in 1997. Most open radical nephrectomies in 2001 were performed for T3 disease. The number of surgeons performing laparoscopic renal surgery has increased at our institution, from two in 1997, both endourologists, to eight in 2001, representing the entire urology faculty that treats renal cancer. Conclusions Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has replaced open radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal neoplasia. Although laparoscopic NSS is increasing in frequency, it has not yet replaced open partial nephrectomy. At our institution, the laparoscopic approach has become the standard of care when radical nephrectomy is needed for T1 or T2 renal cancer.
Thermal Spectrum of Uranus: Implications for Large Helium Abundance

An analysis of the infrared spectrum of Uranus' disk between 7 micrometers and 3 millimeters suggests a volume mixing ratio for helium in the atmosphere of 40 + or - 20 percent, more than for the sun, Jupiter, or Saturn. Alternative explanations require even more extreme assumptions regarding gas abundances or aerosol vertical distribution and spectral properties. The most serious difficulty with a model containing large amounts of helium is devising a credible evolutionary or chemical model explaining the absence or segregation of so much hydrogen.
Probability bounds for M-Skorohod oscillations

Abstract Billingsley developed a widely used method for proving weak convergence with respect to the sup-norm and J 1 -Skorohod topologies, once convergence of the finite-dimensional distributions has been established. Here we show that Billingsley's method works not only for J oscillations, but also for M oscillations. This is done by identifying a common property of the J and M functions, called sub-triadditivity, and then showing that Billingsley's approach in the case of the J function can be adequately modified to apply to any sub-triadditive function.
Persistence of tolerance in the P line of alcohol-preferring rats does not require performance while intoxicated.

Abstract Persistence of tolerance was measured seven days after a single ethanol injection (2.5 g/kg b.wt.) in the alcohol-preferring P line of rats with and without testing in a shock-motivated jump task during the initial ethanol exposure. P rats were trained to jump 50 cm to avoid shock and were assigned to one of three groups. On day 0, group E/J (n = 8) was injected with ethanol and tested on the jump task until recovery to criterion (37.5 cm), while group S/J (n = 21) was injected with saline and was tested yoked to an E/J rat. Rats in the E/NJ group (n = 19) received ethanol but were not tested on day 0. Seven days later, all rats received 2.5 g ethanol/kg and were tested to criterion. Recovery times on day 7 were significantly longer ( p p
Proximal jet size by Doppler color flow mapping predicts severity of mitral regurgitation. Clinical studies.

Background Recent studies have shown that many instrument and physiological factors limit the ability of color Doppler total jet area within the receiving chamber to predict the severity of valvular regurgitation. In contrast, the proximal or initial dimensions of the jet as it emerges from the orifice have been shown to increase directly with orifice size and to correlate well with the severity of aortic insufficiency. Only limited data, however, are available regarding the value of proximal jet size in mitral regurgitation, and it has not been examined in short-axis or transthoracic views. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the relation between proximal jet size and other measures of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Methods and Results In 49 patients, the anteroposterior height of the proximal jet as it emerges from the mitral valve was measured in the parasternal long-axis view; proximal jet width and area were measured in the short-axis view at the same level. Results we...
In-silico fragment-based identification of novel angiogenesis inhibitors

Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) kinase blocks angiogenesis, the process of generating new capillary blood vessels that are important in tumor growth. To identify small molecule inhibitors of the VEGFR2 kinase, we undertook a computer assisted fragment-based screening that used 3-D structural models of the VEGFR2 kinase, and hinge region as a fragment anchor point. Seven novel non-cytotoxic compounds were identified which limited the induction of capillary networks by human umbilical vein endothelial cells in the low micromolar range.
Significance of a solitary perivascular mononuclear infiltrate in lung allograft recipients with mild acute cellular rejection

Abstract Background Although a solitary prominent perivascular mononuclear infiltrate is diagnostic of mild acute rejection (A2) in lung allograft recipients, its significance is still poorly defined. We evaluated the significance of a solitary perivascular mononuclear infiltrate and its correlation with clinical outcome in lung allograft recipients. Methods Thirteen patients had mild acute rejection as diagnosed by the presence of a solitary perivascular mononuclear infiltrate. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on subsequent treatment: treated (Group 1) and non-treated (Group 2) patients. We analyzed the difference between the 2 groups according to clinical presentation, histologic parameters and outcome. Results Nine patients were women (69%), 4 were men (31%); 12 were white and 1 was African American. Ages at the time of biopsy ranged from 20 to 68 years, with a mean of 47.2 years and a median of 52 years. Eight had a history of single-lung transplant and 5 had a history of double-lung transplant. The most common reasons for transplantation were emphysema ( n = 6) and cystic fibrosis ( n = 3). Nine patients (65.4%) showed decreased rejection grade or no evidence of acute rejection (Group 1) after treatment. Four patients who were untreated had persistent multifocal mild or worsening moderate rejection on subsequent biopsy (Group 2). Conclusions Treated and untreated patients with mild rejection based on a solitary perivascular infiltrate have similar clinical presentations and histologic characteristics. Solitary mononuclear infiltrates showed persistence or progression without therapy and therefore need to be treated as, not segregated from, the "usual" forms of mild acute allograft rejection.
A historical review of Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator technology development

Viking-era deployable decelerator technology has been employed for several planetary probe missions at Earth and within other planetary atmospheres.1 2 Numerous system studies in the past fifty years demonstrate the benefit of developing a new decelerator technology capable of operating at higher Mach numbers and higher dynamic pressures than existing decelerators allow. The deployable Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (IAD) is one such technology. This survey paper describes the development history of the IAD from its conception in the 1960's to the present day. Major findings in primary IAD sub-disciplines for the foremost configurations are discussed. Quantitative engineering data from prior testing is reproduced directly, while qualitative conclusions are referenced in the literature. This work provides a summary of past and present IAD technology development efforts and shows data in a manner useful for today's mission designers.
Lorentz Invariant Localized States

Newton and Wigner have previously discussed the definition of "localized states" in terms of invariance conditions. However, their localization conditions are not Lorentz covariant. The present work presents a modified set of invariance postulates which includes a Lorentz invariance condition. It is shown that for spinless systems there do exist states satisfying the modified set of postulates; these states are calculated explicitly. The procedure appears to preclude the existence of Lorentz covariant "position operators."
Clickity-click: highly functionalized peptoid oligomers generated by sequential conjugation reactions on solid-phase support

N-Substituted glycine peptoid oligomers were used as substrates for azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition conjugation reactions and then elaborated through additional rounds of oligomerization and cycloaddition. This novel sequential conjugation technique allowed for the generation of complex peptidomimetic products in which multiple heterogeneous pendant groups were site-specifically positioned along the oligomer scaffold. Studies of a water-soluble estradiol–ferrocene peptoid conjugate demonstrated a potential application for the modular synthesis of biosensors.
New 18S·26S ribosomal RNA gene loci: chromosomal landmarks for the evolution of polyploid wheats

Three new 18S·26S rRNA gene loci were identified in common wheat by sequential N-banding and in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis. Locus Nor-A7 is located at the terminal area of the long arm of 5A in both diploid and polyploid wheats. Locus Nor-B6 is located in N-band 1BL2.5 of the long arm of chromosome 1B in Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum. ISH sites, similar to Nor-B6, were also detected on the long arms of chromosomes 1G in Triticum timopheevii and 1S in Aegilops speltoides, but their locations on the chromosomes were different from that of Nor-B6, indicating possible chromosome rearrangements in 1GL and 1BL during evolution. The third new locus, Nor-D8, was only found on the short arm of chromosome 3D in the common wheat Wichita. The loss of rRNA gene locus Nor-A3 and gain of repetitive DNA sequence pSc119 on the terminal part of 5AS suggest a structural modification of 5AS. Comparative studies of the location of the 18S·26S rRNA gene loci in polyploid wheats and putative A and B (G) genome progenitor species support the idea that: (1) Triticum monococcum subsp. urartu is the donor of both the A and At genome of polyploid wheats. (2) Ae. speltoides is closer to the B and G genome of polyploid wheats than Aegilops longissima and is the most probable progenitor of these two genomes.