cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure to a 1.5-T static magnetic field does not alter body and skin temperatures in man.

The literature has conflicting reports concerning the effect of static magnetic fields on body and skin temperatures in mammals. Since temperature changes induced by static magnetic fields would have important safety implications for clinical magnetic resonance imaging, body (sublingual pocket) and skin (abdomen, forehead, chest, upper arm, forearm, thigh, and calf) temperatures were determined in six normal subjects using a fluoroptic thermometry system during a 20-min exposure to a 1.5-T static magnetic field. Ambient conditions were controlled and held constant. An analysis of variance for re- peated measures revealed that there were no statistically significant changes in body or any of the skin temperatures recorded. We conclude that exposure for 20 min to a 1.5-T static magnetic field does not alter body and skin temperatures in man.
Leaf litter breakdown in streams receiving treated and untreated metal mine drainage

Abstract Rates of alder leaf decomposition were used as an ecosystem-level measure of effects of untreated and treated acid mine drainage on two Colorado mountain streams. Untreated mine effluents had low pH and high concentrations of metals, particularly iron. Deposition of ferric hydroxide on leaf surfaces inhibited colonization by decomposers, such as fungi and aquatic insects, and thus little leaf breakdown occurred. Treated effluents had improved water quality (basic pH, low metal concentrations), but suspended flocs released by the treatment process buried leaves and reduced consumer activity. The rate of leaf breakdown was not significantly different from the rate with untreated effluents; thus improvement in water quality alone was insufficient to restore this important pathway of energy flow in headwater streams.
QUESTIONING POLANYI'S MEANING: A RESPONSE TO RONALD HALL

. Michael Polanyi's distinction between the indicative meaning of scientific statements and the symbolic and metaphorical meaning of art and religion, presented in Meaning, is based on an abstraction from concrete experience and betrays an inadequate understanding of religious discourse, particularly the discourse of the Judaeo-Christian tradition. In fact, Polanyi's vision in Personal Knowledge, which analyses the priority of personal action to all achievements of explication, seems either to be denied or forgotton by the positions taken in Meaning. Hence, the argument here is that Meaning is a deviation from Personal Knowledge and a step away from the resources necessary to grasp adequately the logic of religious discourse.
Flow balance equations for the steady-state distribution of a flexible manufacturing system

Flow balance equations are formulated for the steady-state distribution of machine state and production surplus when a flexible manufacturing system is operated under a feedback control law. The long-run average cost is equal to the expectation in steady state of the instantaneous expenditure rate if the system is ergodic, and the optimum in a given family of control laws can be obtained by minimizing this cost criterion. Although the equations have a very intuitive interpretation, analytic solutions are known only in the one-dimensional case when a single commodity is produced according to a hedging point strategy. >
Metabolic issues in liver transplantation.

Patients who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), almost by definition, have end-stage liver disease. One cannot examine the metabolic changes observed during OLT without insight into the profound effects of preexisting liver dysfunction. Because the liver plays a central role in regulation of whole-body metabolism, its disease leads to major alterations in glucose metabolism. Most patients presenting for OLT have chronic liver disease which has gradually progressed to the point where replacement surgery is indicated. The endocrine and metabolic changes associated with chronic cirrhosis are well described. A small subset of patients presents for OLT with fulminant liver failure which may or may not have been preceded by chronic liver disease. Evidence describing metabolic alterations of patients with fulminant disease, because of its unstable nature, is much less complete than that for patients with chronic disease. Many of the underlying endocrine and metabolic alterations are exacerbated by the OLT procedure itself. After OLT, full normalization of glucose metabolism is delayed and corrects in stages. Certain primary inherited diseases (‘‘inborn errors’’) of metabolism, which can be corrected by OLT, present unique issues that are beyond the scope of this review. Patients with end-stage liver disease exhibit disturbances in lipid, amino acid, and protein metabolism; and also poor clearance of drugs whose elimination or biotransformation depends on hepatic function. However, these subjects are also outside of the scope of the present review. This review focuses on the intertwined derangements of glucose metabolism, acid-base balance, and serum electrolyte concentrations that appear in patients before OLT, then describes changes which occur intraoperatively and persist in the postoperative setting. The endocrine environment that in part mediates the metabolic response is presented first.
Active query forwarding in sensor networks

While sensor networks are going to be deployed in diverse application specific contexts, one unifying view is to treat them essentially as distributed databases. The simplest mechanism to obtain information from this kind of a database is to flood queries for named data within the network and obtain the relevant responses from sources. However, if the queries are (a) complex, (b) one-shot, and (c) for replicated data, this simple approach can be highly inefficient. In the context of energy-starved sensor networks, alternative strategies need to be examined for such queries. We propose a novel and efficient mechanism for obtaining information in sensor networks which we refer to as ACtive QUery forwarding In sensoR nEtworks (ACQUIRE). The basic principle behind ACQUIRE is to consider the query as an active entity that is forwarded through the network (either randomly or in some directed manner) in search of the solution. ACQUIRE also incorporates a look-ahead parameter d in the following manner: intermediate nodes that handle the active query use information from all nodes within d hops in order to partially resolve the query. When the active query is fully resolved, a completed response is sent directly back to the querying node. We take a mathematical modelling approach in this paper to calculate the energy costs associated with ACQUIRE. The models permit us to characterize analytically the impact of critical parameters, and compare the performance of ACQUIRE with respect to other schemes such as flooding-based querying (FBQ) and expanding ring search (ERS), in terms of energy usage, response latency and storage requirements. We show that with optimal parameter settings, depending on the update frequency, ACQUIRE obtains order of magnitude reduction over FBQ and potentially over 60–75% reduction over ERS (in highly dynamic environments and high query rates) in consumed energy. We show that these energy savings are provided in trade for increased response latency. The mathematical analysis is validated through extensive simulations. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adolescent Work and Alcohol Use Revisited: Variations by Family Structure

Previous research finds adolescent work hours to be associated with increased alcohol use. Most studies, however, fail to account for possible selection effects that lead youth to both work and substance use. Using data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 12,620), a fixed effects regression method is employed to control for stable between-person differences neglected by previous studies. Results show little relationship between work hours and alcohol use when controlling for individual heterogeneity. Results reveal variations, however, by family structure, with work hours being negatively associated with alcohol use among those from single-parent households. Although exhibiting significant main effects, family and peer processes fail to account for differences by family structure.
On the mechanism of acid promoted ring opening of a pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-spiroannulated oxetane☆

Specifically deuterated cage-spiroannulated oxetanes 1a and 1b each undergo ring opening with concomitant skeletal rearrangement when heated with glacial HOAc in the presence of a catalytic amount of concentrated H2SO4. The fate of the deuterium atom in each substrate, as determined via analysis of the NMR spectra of the rearrangement products, establishes unequivocally that a key step in this process proceeds via highly stereoselective intramolecular 1,5-hydride transfer.
Inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation by serum from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients depends on the ratio of cells to serum in culture

The effect of serum from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on cultures of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) has been studied. It has been found that AIDS sera are inhibitory when compared with control sera from healthy individuals. The inhibitory activity in the AIDS patients' sera is dilutable with normal serum, is dependent on the number of cells present in culture and the amount of serum added, and cannot be attributed to a deficiency of nutrients in these sera. Inhibition of proliferation occurs even when AIDS serum is added to cultures of normal cells several hours after stimulation with PHA. In one patient who was being treated with plasmapheresis, decreases in serum inhibitory activity were found after pheresis procedures and were coincident with increases in the number of circulating T4-positive lymphocytes.
Social Environmental and Individual Factors Associated with Smoking Among a Panel of Adolescent Girls

This study assessed changes in the influence of social environmental and individual factors—and the interaction of these factors with time—on smoking prevalence for girls. Longitudinal panel surveys of adolescent girls (N = 921 in both 2000 and 2004) from schools in Louisiana were completed in the ninth grade (2000) and then again in the twelfth grade (2004). A fixed effects hierarchical multiple regression model assessed the relation of changes in social environmental and individual factors to smoking prevalence. Increases in smoking prevalence over time among adolescent girls were associated with their perceptions of themselves as overweight and perceiving low risk associated with smoking. Increases in smoking prevalence over time were also associated with having friends who smoked, perceptions of friends' approval of smoking, having family members who smoked, and having monetary discretionary spending. Having friends who smoked was more strongly associated with smoking in the twelfth grade than in the ...
The prehistoric agricultural landscape of the central Maya lowlands: An examination of local variability in a regional context

Abstract Data on land resources and the locations of prehistoric residential sites are integrated to explain differential agricultural development and settlement pattern across the varied landscape of the central Maya lowlands. It is concluded that intensive dryfield cultivation within well‐drained uplands was the basis of food production at the regional scale. The significance of cultivation practices in other land resources varied according to the extent and availability of well‐drained uplands within local areas. Wetland cultivation, utilizing raised and drained fields, was significant in limited areas at the periphery of the region, where perennial swamps of karstic riverine floodplains and associated depressions were present and well‐drained uplands were scarce. Soil distributions provide a valuable instrument for predicting and explaining prehistoric Maya settlement pattern and land use.
Computational engine structural analysis

A significant research activity at the NASA Lewis Research Center is the computational simulation of complex multidisciplinary engine structural problems. This simulation is performed using computational engine structural analysis (CESA) which consists of integrated multidisciplinary computer codes in conjunction with computer post-processing for problem-specific application. A variety of the computational simulations of specific cases are described in some detail in this paper. These case studies include: (1) aeroelastic behavior of bladed rotors, (2) high velocity impact of fan blades, (3) blade-loss transient response, (4) rotor/stator/squeeze-film/bearing interaction, (5) blade-fragment/rotor-burst containment, and (6) structural behavior of advanced swept turboprops. These representative case studies are selected to demonstrate the breath of the problems analyzed and the role of the computer including post-processing and graphical display of voluminous output data.
Three‐dimensional studies of resorption spaces and developing osteons

Resorption spaces and their continuations as developing osteons were traced in serial cross sections from decalcified long bones of dogs, baboons and a man, and from a human rib. Processes of formation of osteons and transverse (Volkmann's) canals can be inferred from three-dimensional studies. Deposits of new osseous tissue begin to line the walls of the spaces soon after termination of resorption. The first deposits are osteoid, usually stained very darkly by the silver nitrate procedure utilized, but a lighter osteoid zone adjacent to the canals occurs frequently. Osteoid linings continue to be produced as lamellar bone forms around them; the large canals of immature osteons usually narrow very gradually. Frequently they terminate both proximally and distally as resorption spaces, indicating that osteons often advance in opposite directions as they develop. Osteoclasts of resorption spaces tunnel preferentially into highly mineralized bone, and usually do not use previously existing canals as templates for their advance. Osteons evidently originate by localized resorption of one side of the wall of an existing vascular channel in bone, with subsequent orientation of the resorption front along the axis of the shaft. Advancing resorption spaces also apparently stimulate the formation of numerous additional transverse canal connections to neighboring longitudinal canals. Serial tracing and silver nitrate differential staining combine to reveal many of the processes of bone remodeling at work, and facilitate quantitative treatment of the data. Further uses in studies of bone tissue and associated cells are recommended.
Development of a Neural Network Model for Controlling Horizontal Saccadic Eye Movements

We present a neural network that mimics the timing, firing rate and synchrony of the neuronal populations involved in the execution of horizontal saccades. While each involved neuron encompasses dendritic, axonal and synaptic components, the control mechanism of the saccades is also investigated in our study. The proposed saccade generator captures in essence the neural dynamics of the Hodgkin-Huxley model and a time-varying FitzHugh-Nagumo model. It evolves so that a burst discharge (pulse) from the agonist motoneurons and a pause in firing from antagonist motoneurons serve as the neural inputs to the agonist and antagonist muscles. The importance of simulating horizontal saccades is that it provides a framework for early diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained during the mild traumatic brain injury.
Radiative decays of the n = 2 states of He-like ions

The relativistic random-phase approximation (RRPA) is applied to study radiative transitions from $n=2$ states along the He isoelectronic sequence. The strengths of various decay modes and the energy splittings of the $n=2$ multiplets are investigated. At low $Z$ the present results agree with earlier nonrelativistic studies, whereas, at high $Z$ our results provide new information about oscillator strengths, branching ratios, and multiplet structure for the $n=2$ states.
Does Empathy Have Any Place in Aquinas’s Account of Justice?

Recent developments in cognitive science have prompted philosophers to speculate about the importance of empathy, the ability to directly apprehend and take on the mental and emotional states of others, in understanding and being motivated by moral norms—particularly moral norms concerning other humans. In this paper, I investigate whether some kind of empathy is involved in Thomas Aquinas’s account of the virtue of justice, which he describes as essentially other-directed. I claim that a kind of empathy is involved in Aquinas’s notion of friendship and that this notion of friendship is related to justice as a virtue as its goal. Having the virtue of justice is geared towards establishing true friendship, at least in part. In so doing, it is directed towards establishing a sufficient groundwork for genuine empathy. Instances of genuine empathy, then, are approximations of this goal of the work of justice, even if they occur outside the context of a true friendship. Given this, I describe possible roles Aquinas might afford empathy and empathetic emotions in the context of cultivating the virtue of justice, including roles in motivation and knowledge.
Multiply warped products

Abstract In this paper, we first state covariant derivative formulas for multiply warped products and consider the geodesic equations for these spaces. Then we state some basic facts about causality of Lorentzian multiply products and study Cauchy surfaces and global hyperbolicity. Finally, we consider null, time-like and space-like geodesic completeness of Lorentzian multiply products and geodesic completeness of Riemannian multiply warped products.
Topographical distribution of down-regulated muscarinic receptors in rat brains after repeated exposure to diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate.

Abstract Quantitative receptor autoradiography demonstrated that muscarinic receptors were downregulated in Wistar rats after repeated exposure to diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. The density of receptors was decreased to 60–85% of the controls. Reductions in muscarinic receptor binding were observed in cortex, caudate-putamen, lateral septum, hippocampal formation, superior colliculus, and pons. The density of muscarinic receptors was unchanged in thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, periaqueductal grey, cerebellum, inferior colliculus and reticular formation of the brain stem. The down-regulation of muscarinic receptors in forebrain structures, such as cortex, caudate-putamen and hippocampus, may be important in the adaptation to the behavioral effects of organophosphate poisons.
Raman study of CeO2: Second-order scattering, lattice dynamics, and particle-size effects.

Polarized Raman-scattering spectra are obtained from oriented single crystals of ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}$. Second-order features are assigned to phonon overtones from the X and L points on the Brillouin-zone boundary on the basis of selection rules and by analogy to another fluorite structure compound, ${\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}$, in which the phonon dispersion curves are known. Complete selection rules for second-order scattering from these high-symmetry points are determined. A rigid-ion model is constructed for the phonon dispersion curves by fitting several of these features and the known zone-center optical modes. The ${\mathit{F}}_{2\mathit{g}}$ Raman-active mode at 465 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}$ shifts and broadens with decreased particle size [G. W. Graham, W. H. Weber, C. R. Peters, and R. Usmen, J. Catalysis 130, 310 (1991)]. It is shown using the calculated dispersion curves that this particle-size effect cannot be explained with the spatial-correlation model.
Weight-Related Perceptions Among Patients and Physicians: How Well do Physicians Judge Patients' Motivation to Lose Weight?

BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest that patients and physicians have different perceptions and expectations surrounding weight; however, few studies have directly compared patients’ and physicians’ perspectives.
Allocation between commercial and recreational sectors in stressed marine fisheries.

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the economic approach to open access, optimum fishery allocation between commercial and recreational users. The goal is to familiarize noneconomists with efficiency concepts, such as net benefit, that pertain to optimum allocation. A theoretical model of the policy trade‐off between economic efficiency and social equity is also developed. Net benefit is distinguished from economic impact, which cannot guarantee optimum allocation. Finally, empirical methods are applied to the red drum fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Results support policies that reallocate wild red drum from the commercial to the recreational fishery.
A Sensitive Radioimmunoassay for Plasma ACTH Levels

We have developed a sensitive and accurate plasma ACTH radioimmunoassay based on that of Yalow and Berson. To increase the sensitivity of the method 5 ml volumes of plasma were extracted with acid acetone and the extracts were purified on a Sephadex column. The mean plasma ACTH concentration in 10 normal subjects at 8 AM was 0.5 mU/100 ml (range 0.3–0.7 mU/100 ml). A diurnal variation in plasma ACTH levels with maxima at 4 and 6 AM was observed in 2 normal subjects. Plasma corticosteroid levels paralleled the plasma ACTH concentrations. Dexamethasone administration suppressed the diurnal variation in both ACTH and corticosteroid levels in one other normal subject. Patients with panhypopituitarism and normal subjects given dexamethasone had 8 AM plasma ACTH concentrations of less than 0.15 mU/100 ml. Untreated patients with adrenal insufficiency or congenital adrenal hyperplasia and patients with Cushing's syndrome usually had increased plasma ACTH concentrations.
Information extraction from diffraction limited imagery

Abstract Diffraction limits the information contained in an image. We discuss this limitation and present examples illustrating why under some conditions digital processing of the image may increase the extraction of information.
The Physiocratic Theory of Property and State

Economists have long interpreted the Physiocratic concept of the relation of the state to property as essentially the protection of private property. The thesis of this article is that the Physiocratic theory of property de facto valid, however doctrinal its advocacy of private property, is a theory of malleable property rights premised upon an utilitarian understanding of the social function of private property and necessarily involving the state in the continuing reconstitution of property rights.
Collaborative airspace congestion resolution (CACR) benefits analysis

Severe en route weather is one of the major challenges for both Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airspace managers and for airline and other airspace users. Uncertainty associated with changing weather patterns and severity, coupled with uncertainty in how airlines and other aircraft operators will react to the changing weather creates a significant challenge for traffic managers (TMs). TMs must decide, with limited information, how best to handle likely imbalances between available airspace capacity that will change over time due to dynamic weather conditions and air traffic demand for that airspace which also is changing over time as different aircraft operators seek to best meet their respective business needs. A planned enhancement to the traffic management automation system, the Collaborative Airspace Congestion Resolution (CACR) capability allows TMs to effectively and efficiently manage airspace congestion in a tactical time frame (0–2 hours). CACR has four key components: it predicts sector demand and its associated uncertainty; it predicts sector capacity including the impact of weather; it identifies the problem; and, it generates congestion resolution plans. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the benefits of using the CACR capability. The benefits analysis was performed by assessing the reduced flight and ground delays achieved by using the capability in a severe weather situation which also occurred in the tactical timeframe. The approach for estimating the benefits of CACR was to rerun two historical bad-weather days in the NAS, and to create a situation in which the analysts played the role of TM to solve the problem of excess air traffic demand in light of weather-impacted sector capacities. Two simulated runs were performed for each day, with one simulating today's operations using playbooks for rerouting and the other one simulating the future by utilizing the CACR capability. The benefits were determined by calculating the difference of the ground delay and flight time for each simulated run.
Scientific Investments Continue to Fuel Improvements in Oral Health (May 2000–Present)

The release of Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General in May 2000 raised national, state, and local awareness, for the first time ever, of the impact of oral disease in America. The report emphasized oral health's link to general health and well-being, and called for a national effort among individuals, communities, and health care providers to improve oral health among all Americans. One of the objectives from the Surgeon General's Report On Oral Health was to "advance the science base and translate into practice." Our objective here is to address how the science base has progressed in 3 main areas that have significant potential to impact oral health: sequencing of the human genome, tissue engineering, and saliva diagnostics. A secondary objective is to comment on progress in our understanding of dental caries and its impact on young children.
The Generative Properties Of Richness

The article discusses the definition of richness and what it meant to zoologist and Harvard professor Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. Agassiz taught his students to see the richness in objects or activities. The author uses a forest fire disaster that occurred in 1949 at the Mann Gulch to illustrate the importance of richness. There were so many factors and complex interactions that contributed to the fire that an analysis of the situation results in some lessons that can apply to other observable important moments.
THE CONVERSION OF FAT TO CARBOHYDRATE IN THE GERMINATING CASTOR BEAN : II. THE COMBUSTION RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT AS DETERMINED BY A MODIFIED OXYCALORIMETER.

The combustion respiratory quotients of castor beans germinated to various stages, depending upon the length of the hypocotyl, were determined by means of a modified oxycalorimeter. After germination was well started, the respiratory quotient of the combusted germinated seed increased as the stage of germination increased, indicating a change from an oxygen-poor to an oxygen-rich substance, probably fat to sugar. The accuracy of the method was checked by organic combustions. The seat of formation of the oxygen-rich substance is in the endosperm.
Design and analysis of E 2 RC codes

We consider the design and analysis of the efficiently-encodable rate-compatible (E2RC) irregular LDPC codes proposed in previous work. In this work we introduce semi-structured E2RC-like codes and protograph E2RC codes. EXIT chart based methods are developed for the design of semi-structured E2RC-like codes that allow us to determine near-optimal degree distributions for the systematic part of the code while taking into account the structure of the deterministic parity part, thus resolving one of the open issues in the original construction. We develop a fast EXIT function computation method that does not rely on Monte-Carlo simulations and can be used in other scenarios as well. Our approach allows us to jointly optimize code performance across the range of rates under puncturing. We then consider protograph E2RC codes (that have a protograph representation) and propose rules for designing a family of rate-compatible punctured protographs with low thresholds. For both the semi-structured and protograph E2RC families we obtain codes whose gap to capacity is at most 0.3 dB across the range of rates when the maximum variable node degree is twenty.
Gubernatorial campaign in Georgia in 1880

This campaign was a rare departure from the solid Democratic South which evolved in Georgia after 1865. Although the Republicans decided not to run a candidate in 1880, incumbent Alfred H. Colquitt, unable to get the necessary two‐thirds majority at the nominating convention in his bid for a second term, confronted Thomas M. Norwood, the minority Democratic candidate, in a state‐wide battle involving blacks, whites, Democrats, Republicans, and independents.
Rooted Trees and Symmetric Functions: Zhao's Homomorphism and the Commutative Hexagon

Recent work in perturbative quantum field theory has led to much study of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra. Its (graded) dual, the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra of rooted trees, had already been studied by algebraists. L. Foissy introduced a noncommutative version of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra, which turns out to be self-dual. Using some homomorphisms defined by the author and W. Zhao, we describe a commutative diagram that relates the aforementioned Hopf algebras to each other and to the Hopf algebras of symmetric functions, noncommutative symmetric functions, and quasi-symmetric functions.
From extant to extinct: locomotor ontogeny and the evolution of avian flight

Evolutionary transformations are recorded by fossils with transitional morphologies, and are key to understanding the history of life. Reconstructing these transformations requires interpreting functional attributes of extinct forms by exploring how similar features function in extant organisms. However, extinct–extant comparisons are often difficult, because extant adult forms frequently differ substantially from fossil material. Here, we illustrate how postnatal developmental transitions in extant birds can provide rich and novel insights into evolutionary transformations in theropod dinosaurs. Although juveniles have not been a focus of extinct–extant comparisons, developing juveniles in many groups transition through intermediate morphological, functional and behavioral stages that anatomically and conceptually parallel evolutionary transformations. Exploring developmental transitions may thus disclose observable, ecologically relevant answers to long puzzling evolutionary questions.
Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders.

Abstract Background: Insomnia is frequent in the general population and is often related to a psychiatric illness. However, little is known about how the chronicity of insomnia affects this relation and how often subjects with chronic insomnia have antecedents of psychiatric disorders. Methods: A total of 14,915 subjects aged from 15 to 100 years representative of the general population of the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Portugal were interviewed by telephone using the Sleep-EVAL system. The questionnaire assessed current psychiatric disorders according to the DSM-IV classification and a series of questions assessed the psychiatric history. Insomnia was considered as chronic when it lasted for 6 months or more. Results: The prevalence for insomnia accompanied with impaired daytime functioning was 19.1% and significantly increased with age. More than 90% of these subjects had a chronic insomnia. About 28% of subjects with insomnia had a current diagnosis of mental disorders and 25.6% had a psychiatric history. A DSM-IV insomnia disorder was found in 6.6% of the sample. Presence of severe insomnia, diagnosis of primary insomnia or insomnia related to a medical condition, and insomnia that lasted more than one year were predictors of a psychiatric history. In most cases of mood disorders, insomnia appeared before (> 40%) or in the same time (> 22%) than mood disorder symptoms. When anxiety disorders were involved, insomnia appeared mostly in the same time (>38%) or after (> 34%) the anxiety disorder. Conclusions: The study shows that psychiatric history is closely related to the severity and chronicity of current insomnia. Moreover, chronic insomnia can be a residual symptom of a previous mental disorder and put these subjects to a higher risk of relapse.
Simple alternation of components in a multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement in the rat

Three rats pressed a lever on a multiple fixed-interval 60-sec (FI) fixed-ratio 30-response (FR) schedule of food reinforcement. After 1 year of training in which the FI and FR components were programmed to occur with a probability of 0.5 (random alternation), stimulus control was weak: the response rates early in the FI were high and variable. When FI and FR components were programmed to occur one after the other (simple alternation), stimulus control was strong: the response rates early in the FI were low while the rates late in the FI remained high. Results indicate that simple alternation might facilitate the acquisition of a stable baseline for drug testing.
The Plant Secretory Pathway: An Essential Factory for Building the Plant Cell Wall

For building and maintaining the complex structure of the surrounding wall throughout their life, plant cells rely on the endomembrane system, which functions as the main provider and transporter of cell wall constituents. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of synthesis and transport of cell wall materials have been generating valuable information for diverse practical applications. Nonetheless, the identity of the endomembrane components necessary for the transport of cell wall enzymes and polysaccharides is not well known. Evidence indicates that plant cells can accomplish secretion of cell wall constituents through multiple pathways during development or under stress conditions and, that compared with other eukaryotes, they rely on a highly diversified toolkit of proteins for membrane traffic. This suggests that production of the cell wall in plants consists of intricate and highly regulated pathways. In this review, we summarize important discoveries that have allowed the activities of the plant secretory pathway to be linked to the production and deposition of cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and polysaccharides.
Laboratory demonstrations of interferometric and spotlight synthetic aperture ladar techniques

A variety of synthetic-aperture ladar (SAL) imaging techniques are investigated on a table-top laboratory setup using an ultra-broad bandwidth (>3 THz) actively linearized chirp laser centered at 1.55 microns. Stripmap and spotlight mode demonstrations of SAL in monstatic and bistatic geometries are presented. Interferometric SAL for 3D topographical relief imaging is demonstrated highlighting the coherent properties of the SAL imaging technique.
Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health Conditions Among US Children, 2001-2011

We examined mental health-related visits to emergency departments (EDs) among children from 2001 to 2011. We used the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey-Emergency Department, 2001-2011 to identify visits of children 6 to 20 years old with a reason-for-visit code or ICD-9-CM diagnosis code reflecting mental health issues. National percentages of total visits, visit counts, and population rates were calculated, overall and by race, age, and sex. Emergency department visits for mental health issues increased from 4.4% of all visits in 2001 to 7.2% in 2011. Counts increased 55,000 visits per year and rates increased from 13.6 visits/1000 population in 2001 to 25.3 visits/1000 in 2011 (P < .01 for all trends). Black children (all ages) had higher visit rates than white children and 13- to 20-year-olds had higher visit rates than children 6 to 12 years old (P < .01 for all comparisons). Differences between groups did not decline over time.
Rocky Mountain National Park: History and Culture as Factors in African-American Park Visitation

This investigation examined experiences of the African-American population living in the Denver area about their visitation to Rocky Mountain National Park. Using qualitative semi-structured interv...
The Unity of Aristotle’s Metaphysics

We have discussed the study of per se being and the study of potential/actual being. In this concluding chapter, we will show how these two studies stand within Aristotle’s metaphysics in general, thus connecting my main thesis in this book with the traditional dispute regarding the unity of Aristotle’s metaphysics.
Modeling, Symbolizing, and Tool Use in Statistical Data Analysis

This chapter looks at symbolizing and mathematical learning from a social constructivist perspective that is motivated by an interest in instructional design. The central theme is that of a concem for the way students actually use tools and symbols. Point of departure are analyses treat people’s activity with symbols as an integral aspect of their mathematical reasoning rather than as external aids to it. As a consequence, the process of learning to use symbols in general, and conventional mathematical symbols in particular, is cast in terms of participation. Symbol use is then seen not so much as something to be mastered, but as a constituent part of the mathematical practices in which students come to participate. This view corresponds with the author’s instructional design perspective, according to which it is essential to account for the mathematical learning not merely of individual students but of the classroom community taken as a unit of analysis in its own right. To account for this collective learning, the theoretical construct of a classroom mathematical practice is introduced, which involves taken-as-shared ways of symbolizing negotiated by the teacher and students.
Fundamentals of Genetics and Genomics

When we think about genetics, we typically think of patterns of inheritance that affect us and our environment. Will our kids have blue eyes or brown? Is there a risk of a particular disease in our family? Can I eat a gluten-dense pizza with impunity? Rarely do most of us give much thought to the biological processes that control the variables that impact phenotypes. But as more and more has been learned about biology, and especially human molecular biology, it has become clear that almost every physiologic function and risk of pathology, whether organic or behavioral is, at least in part, genetically controlled. Genetics studies the individual genes, while genomics is more dynamic in that it looks at the interaction between genes and genes and the environment.
Recent advances in molecular recognition based on nanoengineered platforms.

Nanoparticles and nanoengineered platforms have great potential for technologies involving biomoleuclar detection or cell-related biosensing, and have provided effective chemical interfaces for molecular recognition. Typically, chemists work on the modification of synthetic polymers or macromolecules, which they link to the nanoparticles by covalent or noncovalent approaches. The motivation for chemical modification is to enhance the selectivity and sensitivity, and to improve the biocompatibility for the in vivo applications.In this Account, we present recent advances in the development and application of chemical interfaces for molecular recognition for nanoparticles and nanoengineered platforms, in particular single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We discuss emerging approaches for recognizing small molecules, glycosylated proteins, and serum biomarkers. For example, we compare and discuss detection methods for ATP, NO, H2O2, and monosaccharides for recent nanomaterials. Fluorometric detection appears...
Rehabilitating Retail Electricity Markets: Pitfalls and Opportunities

Some contend that technological advances are changing the needs and behaviors of many energy consumers, altering their relationship to grids and utilities fundamentally. Given the changing landscape, some suggest expanding retail choice, arguing that the utility monopoly model is stifling progress and innovation, and slowing the transition to a cleaner energy future. This chapter considers the extent to which retail competition can obstruct or unleash clean technologies, based on more than two decades of experience with retail competition. From this, the authors reflect on whether retail competition is a desired utility business model, and conclude that plausible alternatives hold far more promise.
Ethical Hacking and Network Defense: Choose Your Best Network Vulnerability Scanning Tool

Hands-on ethical hacking and network defense has become an essential component in teaching cybersecurity. However, without understanding vulnerabilities in a computer system, it would be difficult to conduct successful network defense in order to prevent intruders in the real world. Therefore, teaching ethical hacking and vulnerability scanning is a key element to the success of cybersecurity curriculum. In this paper, we review the state of the art of current open source vulnerability scanning tools. A virtual lab environment is introduced as part of our lab design. We present our designed hands-on labs in detail using vulnerability scanning tool OpenVAS. We review outcomes after conducting the hands-on labs in our cybersecurity courses and identify future work for open research areas.
From History to Prehistory in The Northern Great Plains

(1972). From History to Prehistory in The Northern Great Plains. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 17, No. 57, pp. 353-400.
Conservatism and Shareholder Protection: One Effect or Two in the Explanation of the Differential Value Relevance of Earnings Across Countries*

This paper investigates the incremental effects of conservatism and shareholder protection on the value relevance of earnings across countries. Hung (2001) finds that the presence of shareholder protection mitigates the negative effect of accruals on the value relevance or earnings. We propose that shareholder protection is a proxy for the more general construct of conservatism and that conservatism subsumes the effect of shareholder protections on the value relevance of earnings. Our findings support our proposition. This paper contributesto both the conservatism and value relevance literature. It is the first paper to investigate the impact of conservatism on the value relevance of earnings across countries.
Did Ibn Saud’s militants cause 400,000 casualties? Myths and evidence about the Wahhabi conquests, 1902–1925

ABSTRACTNo fewer than 15 recent books repeat the claim that Ibn Saud’s militants killed or wounded 400,000–800,000 people during the Wahhabi conquest of the Arabian Peninsula between 1902 and 1925....
Reading Machine-Written News: Effect of Machine Heuristic and Novelty on Hostile Media Perception

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in news production has been increasing these days. Its inanimate nature might bring opportunities to suppress hostile media effect by reducing readers’ emotional involvement. This study conducted an online experiment (N = 175) to examine how the identity of news writers, human vs. robot, might impact readers’ perceptions of news and source credibility. Findings suggest that readers holding machine heuristic, i.e., those who saw machine as free of intention, experienced less emotional involvement when the news was purported to be written by a news writing algorithm, as compared with when reading human-written news. Lower level of emotional involvement further led to less perception of bias in the news and the extremity of news slant. However, perceived novelty associated with robot news writer, although enhanced positive perceptions of the news, intensified readers’ emotional involvement, which further heightened hostile media perceptions. Findings in this study identified the mechanisms underlying effects of AI writer in the context of controversial news topics. Implications are discussed under theoretical frameworks of general information processing, hostile media effect and MAIN model.
Clinical Outcome of Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Critical Importance of Echocardiographic Quantitative Assessment in Routine Practice.

Background: Echocardiographic quantitation of degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) is recommended whenever possible in clinical guidelines but is criticized and its scalability to routine clinic...
Brief Family Therapy

Brief family therapy may include weekend marathon “growth” groups, two to six session crisis-intervention approaches, or sector treatment of a particular aspect of family interactions for up to several months. The emphasis in these formats is different, and the format chosen depends to a large extent on the nature of the problem as well as the therapist’s stylistic preferences and flexibility.
Compartmental control model of the immune process

A nonlinear model of the humoral immune process is derived with critical organs, such as spleen and lymph represented by compartments. B cells, T cells, macrophages and their progeny represent the mechanism for generating antibodies which in turn control antigen (alien material). The model is synthesized as a combination of bilinear subsystems. Simulation of the model is compared with experimental results.
The Neuroimmune System in Psychiatric Disorders

The term “neuroimmune system” emphasizes the fact that nervous and lymphoid tissues constitute a unified system that functions in the maintenance of homeostasis. The conventional division between the two systems has blurred, as well as the distinction between neuropeptides on the one hand, and immune cytokines on the other. Two lines of research have altered our perspective on neuroimmune interactions: (a) the identification of conventional neuropeptides and their receptors, especially those related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, in most lymphoid tissues, and (b) the large body of evidence that cytokines, historically associated with immune system communication, play vital roles in nervous function. The role of the HPA axis in coordinating responses to stressors, and the role of the immune system in mediating the “sickness” response, underscores this reciprocal relationship between the CNS and the immune system. In spite of this nascent state of knowledge, the evidence for hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis and the alterations in cytokine levels observed in both major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia serve as a foundation for further research establishing a causative relationship between alterations in immune system function and these debilitating psychiatric disorders.
Effects of Sn Addition on NiTi Shape Memory Alloys

NiTiSn shape memory alloys provide a cost-effective alternative to many NiTi-based low-temperature shape memory alloy systems such as NiTi: Cr, Co, and Nb. To demonstrate the viability of NiTiSn shape memory alloys for low-temperature actuator applications, the NiTiSn alloy system was investigated over the course of four alloy heats (Heats I–IV). The site preference of Sn in near-equiatomic NiTi was examined by substituting Sn for Ni in Heat I and Sn for Ti in Heat II up to 10 at.% Sn. The effects of solution annealing (Heat III) and Ni:Ti ratio adjustments (Heat IV) on the phase transformation behavior and microstructural morphology of NiTiSn shape memory alloys were also assessed.
Individual Differences and Stability of Dynamics among Self-Concept Clarity, Impatience, and Negative Affect

Self-concept clarity (SCC) is associated with behavioral and emotion regulation, although the nature of this link is unclear. SCC may serve as a self-regulatory resource or it may be a product of w...