cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE "LOST POSTCARD" TECHNIQUE: A NON-REPLICATION OF THE LOST LETTER TECHNIQUE1

Since Milgram's initial use of the "lost letter" technique (Milgrarn, Mann, & Hatter, 1965), a number of researchers have found this to be a useful tool for prediction of social behaviors and attitudes (Milgram, 1977). The rates of return for these "lost" letters. when found by unknowing participants, are differentially affected by the addresses on the outside of the envelopes. Also, a sizable proportion of the letters are opened prior to being returned, presumably to use the contents to provide additional information relevant to the decision to return them. It was, therefore, decided to investigate whether similar effects would obtain when postcards were used, since they provide maximum stimulus information in a more cost-efficient manner. One hundred and rwenty-four stamped cards (595 by 35/2 in.) were addressed by hand to Mr. Walter Carnap at a local post office box. Thirty-one of these cards contained a control message similar to thet previously used with lost letters. The remaining cards carried messages encouraging Walt not to "throw away" his life and indicating his age as either 17, 47, or 77 yr. All cards were randomly distributed throughout the city by attaching them to cars, with the penciled note "found near your car." The rates of return during the first month were not significantly different by type of message or age of addressee (all X2 < 1.00), despite prior studies with letters which have reporred effects in the range of 25% to 90% across cells. Also, the over-all rate of return of 13% for these postcards does not favorably compare with the 70% commonly reported for letters with neutral messages and addresses similar to the ones used in this study. In the absence of a differential effect by message or age, it appears that the "lost postcard" technique is not an acceptable substitute for the "lost letter" technique. Additional research is indicated to identify other possible factors in the observed non-replication.
HEAT STRESS EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THREE ECOTYPES OF VARYING LATITUDE OF ARABIDOPSIS

Global temperatures have increased 0.6 °C over the past century; however regional temperatures have shown greater fluctuations. Since local environmental conditions vary along latitudinal clines, latitude has become an essential component in projecting plant response to warming. Three ecotypes of Arabidopsis were selected from varying latitudes in order to investigate heat stress within an ecotype and project potential effects across a gradient. Control and heat stressed groups received 12 hour photoperiods. Control plants were grown at 2.7/22.7 °C day/night mean temperatures and heat stressed plants were grown at 22.7/29 °C day/night mean temperatures. Plants were quantified and harvested 35 days after sowing. The number of rosette leaves, flower buds, and fruits resulted in significant differences both between control and heat stressed plants of the same ecotype and also across ecotypes. Heat overwhelmingly resulted in a quantitative decrease across all parameters, including overall plant size, with the exception of flowers in ecotype 902. And even though the heat stressed 902 plants flowered while the control group plants did not, neither produced fruit. Thus, heat adversely affects growth and development as well as reproductive success in Arabidopsis.
The Shock Tube Problem from a Combined Experimental and Computational Perspective

This paper discusses a shock tube study that employed both experimental and computational methods. The shock tube used is a low-pressure, 10’ device constructed primarily of PVC tubing. The computational method is a simple and efficient secondorder accurate upwind scheme. The results from both experimental and numerical methods were compared to investigate the discrepancies as well as illustrate the complementary nature of using both methods in a collaborative manner.
Evolution of institutional rules: An immune system perspective: Parallels of lymphocytes and institutional rules: Essays & Commentaries

This article discusses the evolution of institutional rules, the prescriptions that humans use to shape their collective activities. Four aspects of the rules are discussed: coding, creation, selection, and memory. The immune system provides us a useful metaphor to relate these four aspects into a coherent framework. For each aspect, the relevant dynamics in social systems and immune systems are discussed. Finally, a framework for a computational model to study the evolution of rules is sketched. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 16–23, 2005
The promise of alternative literacy assessments in the classroom: A review of empirical studies

Abstract Although alternative literacy assessments have been part of the educational system for many years, it is only recently that these forms of assessment have been associated with an assessment reform movement. Central to this movement is the belief that these assessments will provide better opportunities to measure complex tasks in a contextualized setting, provide teachers with knowledge about students’ literacy strengths and weaknesses that can be used to guide instruction, and encourage greater educational equity for all students. This article reviews classroom‐based studies on alternative literacy assessment with respect to these purported benefits. Findings from the review suggest that alternative assessments in some cases tapped elements of the reading process that are more difficult to assess through traditional testing practices and created an impetus for some teachers to explore certain instructional issues. Although the findings on reading process and instruction are encouraging, there is ...
Interference Reduction Methods for Antennas on Aerospace Vehicles

The objective of the work described in this paper was to investigate techniques for reducing the electromagnetic coupling between antennas on aerospace vehicles. In earlier work a theoretical and experimental study was carried out in order to determine the coupling between two antennas, either similar or dissimilar the early part of this paper some results of this analysis are presented. In the appendix some methods are presented to show simple calculating procedures for the determination of coupling. Experimental studies were also conducted where different techniques of reducing coupling were developed and tested. Particular emphasis was placed upon the possible effect of different coupling reduction methods on the far field radiation pattern and gain of the representative antenna. Another important aspect was the bandwidth over which a particular decoupling method is effective. The analysis and measurements reported here have been made on the basis of continuous wave propagation.
Weak and strong beta normalisations in typed λ-calculi

We present translation techniques to study relations between weak and strong beta-normalisations in various typed lambda-calculi. We first introduce a translation which translates lambda-terms into lambda-I-terms, and show that every lambda-term is strongly beta-normalisable if and only if its translation is weakly beta-normalisable. We then prove that the translation preserves typability of lambda-terms in various typed lambda-calculi. This enables us to establish the equivalence between weak and strong beta-normalisations in these typed lambda-calculi. This translation can handle Curry typing as well as Church typing, strengthening some recent closely related results. This may bring some insights into answering whether weak and strong beta-normalisations in all pure type systems are equivalent.
The family caregiver experience - examining the positive and negative aspects of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue as caregiving outcomes.

Objectives: Caregiving results in both positive and negative outcomes for caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction in family caregivers. M...
Pain Management After Hip Arthroscopy: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Cohort Studies

Background:Hip arthroscopy is often associated with significant postoperative pain and opioid-associated side effects. Effective pain management after hip arthroscopy improves patient recovery and ...
Enhancing Product Innovation with Computational Engineering

Silicon Valley is the home of many of the most innovative high-technology industries that have ever existed. Their level of innovation gives them a competitive economic advantage that sustains a significant portion of the US economy. While there have been dozens of attempts in the US and abroad to replicate this success, few have been very successful. A relatively new approach to product development is emerging, computational engineering. It is based on the use of computing, especially high-performance computing, to design, construct, and analyze virtual prototypes of new products.
Substance use treatment programs in the active duty US military: A narrative review

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a growing problem for the U.S. military. Each branch of the military has its own dedicated substance abuse treatment program. However, there has been limited atte...
The Break-Up of the Middle View Over the Second Antinomy

In this chapter we outline how the middle reworking of the issue of simplicity forced Kant to abandon his middle view and shift to a new basis of legitimacy. We begin by discussing the textual discrepancies in the Antinomies chapter. Then in Section 2 we consider the thesis and antithesis arguments of the Second Antinomy and how Kant is unable to avoid these arguments and so unable to resolve this antinomy. Finally in Section 3 we set out how this failure to resolve the antinomy led to the late basis of legitimacy.
“Mixed-Use” Network

The current network security paradigm coupled with the desire to transport classified traffic securely has caused the US Department of Defense to maintain its own isolated networks, distinct from the public ATM network infrastructure. Internally, the DoD maintains four types of completely separate and isolated networks to carry Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, and unclassified traffic. A public ATM network may be viewed as carrying unclassified or nonsecure, traffic. While the cost of maintaining four separate network types is becoming increasingly prohibitive to the DoD, the inability of the public and DoD to utilize each other’s network resources runs counter to the current atmosphere of dual use and economies of scale. This chapter introduces the concept of a mixed-use network, wherein the four DoD network types and the public ATM network are coalesced into a single unified network that transports all four types of traffic, efficiently and without compromising security. In a mixed-use network the ATM nodes and links that are common to the DoD and public networks are labeled joint-use, and they must necessarily be placed under the jurisdiction of the military for obvious protection of the security assets. This constitutes the first of two key strategies toward the practical acceptance of the notion of mixed-use networks. The control of all other nodes and links remains unchanged. Under the second strategy, although all joint-use links and nodes are subject to military control, the NSI value for a peer node Y recorded at a node X is the result of a new NSI value received from Y through flooding plus other information on the state of Y that X acquires independently through different mechanisms. The concept of mixed-use is the direct result of the user-level security on demand principle that has recently been introduced in the literature and one that is enabled by the fundamental security framework and the basic characteristic of ATM networks .
The Cryogenic Engineering Conference: 1954–1984

The first Cryogenic Engineering Conference was held at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Boulder, Colorado, in 1954. Timmerhaus1 has given the early history of the NBS Cryogenic Laboratory and the Cryogenic Engineering Conference and has acknowledged the many contributions of Russell B. Scott of NBS to the early development of the Conference, The subsequent history of the Conference has been marked by the waxing and waning of several fields of cryogenic activity, for example, the AEC hydrogen program, the NASA space vehicle development program, and the LNG storage, transfer, and metrology work. These peaks and valleys are, however, superposed upon a generally increasing background of activity in refrigeration systems, cryogenic fluid and material properties, heat transfer, and applied superconductivity. At the present time the conference is characterized by many papers on superconducting applications, refrigeration systems for 1.8 – 5 K, and space science and technology.
Effects of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines on cervical cancer screening, incidence, and mortality.

1556Background: To evaluate the consequences of USPSTF recommendation to stop pap testing in well-screened women age ≥65 years on cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Methods: In 2003, the USPS...
Authorship inflation and author gender in pulmonology research

Abstract Introduction Honorary authorship and equal gender representation are two pressing matters in scientific research. Honorary authorship is the inclusion of authors who do not meet the criteria established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship guidelines. The inclusion of honorary authors in the medical literature has led to an increase of the number of authors on studies and a decrease in single author studies in various fields. Methods Our primary objective was to assess authorship trends in two major pulmonology journals (selected on the basis of Google Scholar rankings): Thorax and American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. We reviewed all articles published in both journals in the years 1994, 2004, and 2014 using Web of Science and extracted data such as number of authors and gender of the first and last authors. Results The total number of authors steadily increased from 1994 to 2014. The median number of authors grew from about four in 1994 to nearly seven in 2014, which is approximately a 75% increase. When we compiled all the data, we found the percentage of female authors from both journals had increased from 17% to 29.9% during the study period. Discussion We found an increase in the average number of authors on pulmonology publications between 1994 and 2014 as well as an increase in the number of females with a lead or main author position. This may be due to a variety of factors, such as increased team science. However, our data in conjunction with data from other areas of medicine, indicate that honorary authorship may be contributing to the trends we identified.
Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Gene therapy has the potential to provide therapeutic benefit to millions of people with neurodegenerative diseases through several means, including direct correction of pathogenic mechanisms, neuroprotection, neurorestoration, and symptom control. Therapeutic efficacy is therefore dependent on knowledge of the disease pathogenesis and the required temporal and spatial specificity of gene expression. An additional critical challenge is achieving the most complete transduction of the target structure while avoiding leakage into neighboring regions or perivascular spaces. The gene therapy field has recently entered a new technological era, in which interventional MRI-guided convection-enhanced delivery (iMRI-CED) is the gold standard for verifying accurate vector delivery in real time. The availability of this advanced neurosurgical technique may accelerate the translation of the promising preclinical therapeutics under development for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Extended Analysis of Topological-Pattern-Based Ontology Enrichment

Maintenance of biomedical ontologies is difficult. We have previously developed a topological-pattern-based method to deal with the problem of identifying concepts in a reference ontology that could be of interest for insertion into a target ontology. Assuming that both ontologies are parts of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), the method suggests approximate locations where the target ontology could be extended with new concepts from the reference ontology. However, the final decision about each concept has to be made by a human expert. In this paper, we describe the universe of cross-ontology topological patterns in quantitative terms. We then present a theoretical analysis of the number of potential placements of reference concepts in a path in a target ontology, allowing for new cross-ontology synonyms. This provides a rough estimate of what expert resources need to be allocated for the task. One insight in previous work on this topic was the large percentage of cases where importing concepts was impossible, due to a configuration called “alternative classification In this paper, we confirm this observation. Our target ontology is the National Cancer Institute thesaurus (NCIt). However, the methods can be applied to other pairs of ontologies with hierarchical relationships from the UMLS.
Aggression in Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Care: A Survey of Staff Attitudes

IntroductionInpatient aggression poses consistent complications for psychiatric hospitals. It can affect patient and staff safety, morale, and quality of care. Research on staff attitudes toward pa...
A Transactive Energy Framework For Multi-Energy Management of Smart Communities

The concept of energy hub (EH) was proposed to facilitate the synergies among different forms of energy carriers. The transactive energy (TE) is a promising control solution for the energy systems which facilitates the dynamic balance of supply and demand. In this paper, a TE framework is proposed for the energy management of the EHs for the smart communities. Instead of the direct control, the hub manager handles the energy management of the EH through the transactions with the local components of the EH. A bilevel programming model is developed to manage the day-ahead scheduling of the EH in this paper. For the upper level, the hub manager minimizes the overall operation cost of the EH, and send the clearing prices of electricity and heat to the lower level models. For the lower level models, the local components of the EH determine their scheduling decisions by maximizing their own interest based on the clearing prices sent from the upper level model determined by the hub manager. The Karush– Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions are used to reformulate the proposed bilevel problem into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The results of the case study validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed transactive energy framework for the energy management of EHs.
Implementierung der Relationenalgebra

Wir haben uns eingangs bereits den strukturellen Aufbau eines DB-Systems uberlegt. Fur das folgende ist eine Detaillierung der physischen DB-Organisation notwendig.
Telomeres, p53, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α, and Liver Disease.

Dyskeratosis congenita is an inherited disorder characterized by defects in the ability of cells to maintain telomeres. Patients commonly present with pediatric bone marrow failure and liver and/or pulmonary fibrosis in the fourth to fifth decade of life. The prevalence of dyskeratosis congenita is estimated as 1 in 1 million; however, due to the incomplete penetrance of disease, the true prevalence is unknown.[1] Defects in at least 10 distinct telomere-associated genes lead to the development of premature stem cell and tissue failure. Patients with dyskeratosis congenita also have a predisposition to develop cancer; approximately 5% develop hepatocellular carcinoma.[2] Interestingly, in the general population, hepatocellular carcinoma often arises in the setting of cirrhosis and shortened hepatic telomeres and is associated with reactivation of hepatic telomerase in more than 90% of patients.
A Survey on Self-supervised Pre-training for Sequential Transfer Learning in Neural Networks.

Deep neural networks are typically trained under a supervised learning framework where a model learns a single task using labeled data. Instead of relying solely on labeled data, practitioners can harness unlabeled or related data to improve model performance, which is often more accessible and ubiquitous. Self-supervised pre-training for transfer learning is becoming an increasingly popular technique to improve state-of-the-art results using unlabeled data. It involves first pre-training a model on a large amount of unlabeled data, then adapting the model to target tasks of interest. In this review, we survey self-supervised learning methods and their applications within the sequential transfer learning framework. We provide an overview of the taxonomy for self-supervised learning and transfer learning, and highlight some prominent methods for designing pre-training tasks across different domains. Finally, we discuss recent trends and suggest areas for future investigation.
OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND POST-DISASTER DELIVERY LOGISTICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT APPROACHES

Emergency response preparedness increases disaster resilience and mitigates its possible impacts, mostly in public health emergencies. Prompt activation of these response plans and rapid optimization of delivery models and are essential for effective management of emergencies and disaster. In this paper, existing computational models and algorithms for routing deliveries and logistics during public health emergencies are identified. An overview of recent developments of optimization models and contributions, with emphasis on their applications in situations of uncertainties and unreliability, as obtainable in low-resource countries, is presented. Specific recent improvements in biologically-inspired and intelligent algorithms, genetic algorithms, and artificial immune systems techniques are surveyed. The research gaps are identified, and suggestions for potential future research concentrations are proffered.
Differences in the age-varying association of school belonging with socioemotional flourishing among minority and non-minority college and university students.

This study aimed to assess the age-varying prevalence of and association between school belonging and flourishing among sexual or gender minority (SGM) and racial or ethnic minority (REM) students ...
Evaluating Airway Dynamics

Evaluation of airway dynamics is one of the most common indications for flexible bronchoscopy in children and can be critical in the evaluation and management of patients with noisy breathing, obstructive sleep apnea, recurrent croup, chronic cough, and refractory wheezing. The pediatric airway is more compliant than an adult; consequently, dynamic airway pathologies such as laryngomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia are frequently encountered during flexible bronchoscopy in children. Multiple factors such as anesthetic agent, endoscopic technique, presence of an artificial airway, and patient effort can significantly alter airway dynamics and must be carefully considered in children.
Transparency and secrecy in citizen science: Lessons from herping

Abstract In this paper I will outline a worry that citizen science can promote a kind of transparency that is harmful. I argue for the value of secrecy in citizen science. My argument will consist of analysis of a particular community (herpers), a particular citizen science platform (iNaturalist, drawing contrasts with other platforms), and my own travels in citizen science. I aim to avoid a simple distinction between science versus non-science, and instead analyze herping as a rich practice [MacIntyre, 2007]. Herping exemplifies citizen science as functioning simultaneously within and outside the sphere of science. I show that herpers have developed communal systems of transmitting and protecting knowledge. Ethical concerns about secrecy are inherently linked to these systems of knowledge. My over-arching aim is to urge caution in the drive to transparency, as the concepts of transparency and secrecy merit close scrutiny. The concerns I raise are complementary to those suggested by previous philosophical work, and (I argue) resist straightforward solutions.
On Adding Pattern Matching to Haskell-Based Deeply Embedded Domain Specific Languages

Capturing control flow is the Achilles heel of Haskell-based deeply embedded domain specific languages. Rather than use the builtin control flow mechanisms, artificial control flow combinators are used instead. However, capturing traditional control flow in a deeply embedded domain specific language would support the writing of programs in a natural style by allowing the programmer to use the constructs that are already builtin to the base language, such as pattern matching and recursion. In this paper, we expand the capabilities of Haskell-based deep embeddings with a compiler extension for reifying conditionals and pattern matching. With this new support, the subset of Haskell that we use for expressing deeply embedded domain specific languages can be cleaner, Haskell-idiomatic, and more declarative in nature.
Mechanistic basis for chromosomal translocations at the E2A gene and its broader relevance to human B cell malignancies.

Summary Analysis of translocation breakpoints in human B cell malignancies reveals that DNA double-strand breaks at oncogenes most frequently occur at CpG sites located within 20–600 bp fragile zones and depend on activation-induced deaminase (AID). AID requires single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to act, but it has been unclear why or how this region transiently acquires a ssDNA state. Here, we demonstrate the ssDNA state in the 23 bp E2A fragile zone using several methods, including native bisulfite DNA structural analysis in live human pre-B cells. AID deamination within the E2A fragile zone does not require but is increased upon transcription. High C-string density, nascent RNA tails, and direct DNA sequence repeats prolong the ssDNA state of the E2A fragile zone and increase AID deamination at overlapping AID hotspots that contain the CpG sites at which breaks occur in patients. These features provide key insights into lymphoid fragile zones generally.
Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World

Part I. High-Tech: 1. Agent Gorbachev 2. Stealing secrets 3. Hero, traitor, playboy, spy 4. The crown jewels 5. Kid and Paul 6. The computer fiasco Part II. Spy-Tech: 7. James Bond, communist style 8. Communicating secrets 9. Secret writing revealed 10. Eye spy 11. Big ears 12. Smell science 13. Spy dust.
Interpretation of the Genome in Synchronized Chlamydomonas Cells

Chlamydomonas has served for over half a century as a reference organism for fundamental discoveries in photosynthesis. Cultures of Chlamydomonas are readily synchronized by alternating light-dark ...
Chapter 39 – Infections

Publisher Summary Infection, in particular by respiratory viruses, plays an important role in triggering exacerbations and has also been implicated in the etiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This chapter reviews the epidemiological evidence that implicates infectious pathogens as triggers. The chapter also discusses the mechanisms of interaction between the host-pathogen response and preexisting airway pathology resulting in an exacerbation. Much of the treatment of infective exacerbations for both asthma and COPD is symptomatic, consisting of bronchodilators or supportive in the form of oxygen, and in severe cases it includes noninvasive or invasive ventilatory measures. The current therapy for virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD relies on increased treatment of preexisting disease. Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial infections. The effective use of antiviral agents, particularly for influenza viruses, requires viral diagnosis, commencement of treatment early in the course of an exacerbation, or the targeting of high-risk groups for prophylaxis. Alternative strategies for drug development involve the identification of key factors common to exacerbations induced by a range of different viruses. Increased knowledge of the host–virus interaction can help in designing treatments that can increase virus clearance and minimize immunopathology.
Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in dairy products with flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies.

Flow cytometry, combined with fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibodies, offers advantages of speed and sensitivity for the detection of specific pathogenic bacteria in foods. We investigated the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in eggs and milk. Using a sample clearing procedure, we determined that the detection limit was on the order of 10(3) cells per ml after a total analysis time of 40 min. After 6 h of nonselective enrichment, the detection limits were 10 cells per ml for milk and 1 cell per ml for eggs, even in the presence of a 10,000-fold excess of Escherichia coli cells. Images
Abstract PR09: Single cell phosphoproteomics identifies adaptive network dynamics of mTOR inhibitor resistance and defines effective combination therapy in glioblastoma

Resistance to single-agent targeted cancer therapy is almost universal. Resistance can occur when drug-resistant tumor cell subpopulations expand to drive recurrence in a process akin to Darwinian-type evolution under the selection pressure of the drug. An alternative resistance mechanism is the one in which cancer cells targeted by the inhibitor adapt to that drug, so as to maintain the signal flux through those networks that are required for tumor maintenance and growth. The main goal of this study is to identify the mechanisms of resistance in a targeted therapy by analyzing single cells and to provide a strategy to design a more effective therapy that suppresses resistance.
Phase Angle for Prognostication of Survival in Patients with Advanced Cancer: Preliminary Findings

Background Accurate survival prediction is essential for decision-making in cancer therapies and care planning. Objective physiologic measures may improve the accuracy of prognostication. In this prospective study, we determined the association of phase angle, hand grip strength, and maximal inspiratory pressure with overall survival in patients with advanced cancer.
Formalizing Basic First Order Model Theory

We define the syntax of unsorted first order logic as a HOL datatype and define the semantics of terms and formulas, and hence notions such as validity and satisfiability. We prove formally in HOL some elementary metatheorems such as Compactness, Lowenheim-Skolem and Uniformity, via canonical term models. The proofs are based on those in Kreisel and Krivine's book on model theory, but the HOL formalization raises several interesting issues. Because of the limited nature of type quantification in HOL, many of the theorems are awkward to state or prove in their standard form. Moreover, simple and elegant though the proofs seem, there are surprising difficulties formalizing Skolemization, one of the more intuitively obvious parts. On the other hand, we significantly improve on the original textbook versions of the arguments, proving two of the main theorems together rather than by separate arguments.
CLOSURE ON COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF NATURAL ROCK SURFACES

HAMEL SUGGESTED THAT MANY OF THE INTERMEDIATE TAN PHI VALUES WOULD HAVE FALLEN IN THE RANGE OF THE PEAK VALUES IF WATER PRESSURE EFFECTS HAD BEEN CONSIDERED. IT IS TRUE THAT WATER PRESSURE, IF PRESENT AND NOT CONSIDERED, WILL LEAD TO VALUES LESS THAN ACTUAL WHEN CALCULATED BY THE PROCEDURE OUTLINED IN THE PAPER. FURTHERMORE, THE EFFECT OF WATER PRESSURE IS INDETERMINANT UNLESS ONE KNOWS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE WATER PRESSURE AND THE GEOMETRY OF THE SLIDING MASS. TO AVOID THESE COMPLICATIONS, DRY SLOPES SHOULD BE CHOSEN IN APPLYING THE TECHNIQUE. IN ADDITION TO EXCESS WATER PRESSURE, THERE ARE SEVERAL OTHER FACTORS THAT CAN BE EXPECTED TO INFLUENCE THE MAGNITUDE OF TAN PHI, VIZ., LITHOLOGY, SURFACE IRREGULARITIES, AMOUNT OF SLIDING, MOISTURE, ORIENTATION OF FRACTURE SURFACES, AND NATURAL VERSUS EXCAVATED SLOPES. THUS, IN RESPONSE TO HAMEL'S SUGGESTION, THE INTERMEDIATE TAN PHI VALUES MIGHT FALL IN THE RANGE OF THE PEAK TAN PHI VALUES IF: (1) EXCESS WATER PRESSURE WERE ACTUALLY PRESENT AND NOT CONSIDERED; AND (2) ALL OF THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED FACTORS WERE THE SAME FOR EACH SLOPE. /AUTHOR/
Code of silence.

Using genetic approaches and a filamentous fungus, molecular biologists have found further evidence of an intimate relationship between genomes and the histone proteins that evolved to package them.
The building society industry

List of Tables Preface to The First Edition Preface to The Second Edition Part 1: Description and Analysis 1. An Introduction to Building Societies 2. Building Societies and the Saving Market 3. Building societies and the Housing Market 4. The Financial Management of Building Societies 5. Rates of Interest and Levels of Activity Part 2: Policy 6. Building Societies and Housing Policy 7. The Determination and Control of House Prices 8. Building Societies and Housing Initiatives 9. Sources of Funds 10. Competition in the Retail Savings Market 11. Building Societies and Monetary Policy 12. Prudential Supervision 13. Building Societies and Taxation 14. Collective Arrangements and Interest Rates 15. The European Community and Housing Finance 16. New Legislation 17. Building Societies: The Future. Bibliography. Index.
Non-pharmacological dimensions of end of life care

Palliative care is a major focus in global health. There is a commitment to improve the quality of care at the end of life. The phrase ‘end of life’ can imply the terminal stages of any life-limiting illness; the last month, weeks or days. Generally it is used for the last days. The complexity of care at that time is well recognized.
Validation of New Mix Design Procedure for Cold In-Place Recycling with Foamed Asphalt

The main objective of this study is to validate a new mix design procedure for cold in-place recycling using foamed asphalt (CIR-foam) developed for the Iowa Department of Transportation. First, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials were collected from seven different CIR construction sites located across the state of Iowa. To determine the consistency of a new CIR-foam mix design procedure, the mix design was performed seven times using these RAP materials. The test specimens were prepared using gyratory compactor rather than Marshall hammer because it produced more consistent mixtures for various foamed asphalt contents and curing conditions. The indirect tensile strength test was performed on the vacuum-saturated specimens prepared using each of seven RAP material sources for five different foamed asphalt contents (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%), given a fixed moisture content of 4.0%. As the foamed asphalt content increased from 1.0 to 3.0% at 0.5% increments, air voids in the CIR-foam mixtures de...
Accelerated Maturation of Primate Testis by Xenografting into Mice

Testicular maturation and sperm production throughout the life of the male form the basis of male fertility. It is difficult to elucidate the intricate processes controlling testicular maturation and spermatogenesis in primates in vivo due to the long time span required for sexual maturation and also to the lack of accessible in vitro or in vivo models of primate spermatogenesis. Ectopic xenografting of neonatal testis tissue into mice provides an accessible model to study and manipulate the propagation and differentiation of male germ cells from immature donor animals. However, it was not clear whether this approach would be applicable to slowly maturing primates. Here we report that grafting of testis tissue from immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) into host mice resulted in the acceleration of testicular maturation and production of fertilization-competent sperm in testis xenografts. The system reported here provides a powerful, practical approach to study timing and control of testicular maturation and regulation of primate spermatogenesis without the necessity for experimentation in primates. This approach could potentially be applied to produce fertile sperm from sexually immature individuals of rare or valuable primate species or from prepubertal boys undergoing sterilizing therapy for cancer.
Abnormal movements are associated with poor psychosocial functioning in adolescents at high risk for psychosis

The period immediately preceding the onset of overt psychosis is characterized by a range of symptoms and behaviors including emerging attenuated psychosis, spontaneous movement abnormalities, and a broad decline in role and social functioning. Recent evidence suggests that basal ganglia dysfunction, which is implicated in the development of psychotic symptomatology, may manifest in the form of both movement abnormalities and deficits in processes integral to psychosocial functioning. However, little is known about the relationship between abnormal movement function and the observed psychosocial deficits. In the present study, 40 clinical high-risk participants meeting criteria for a prodromal syndrome were assessed for movement abnormalities and global role and social functioning at baseline. Role and social functioning were then followed up after a one-year period. At baseline, the severity of spontaneous movement abnormalities was associated with poor role functioning. Further, when controlling for baseline functioning, movement abnormalities predicted changes in social functioning one-year later, with a trend in the same direction for role functioning. Exploratory analyses also indicated that elevated baseline movement abnormalities distinguished those at-risk participants who eventually converted to psychosis and that this was also the case for poorer baseline global role functioning (at the trend level). Taken together, the results suggest that movement abnormalities are closely associated with deficits in psychosocial functioning. Elucidating the link between these phenomena may serve to refine etiological models of frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction and inform understanding of functioning and outcome of these affected youth.
On a trie partitioning algorithm for power-efficient TCAMs

Internet routers conduct routing table (RT) lookup based on the destination IP address of the incoming packet to decide which output port to forward the packet. Ternary content-addressible memories (TCAM) uses parallelism to achieve lookup in a single cycle. One of the major drawbacks of TCAM is its high-power consumption. Trie-based architecture has been proposed to reduce TCAM power consumption. The idea is to use an index TCAM to select one of many data TCAM blocks for lookup. However, power reduction is limited by the size of the index TCAM, which is always enabled for search. In this paper we develop a simple but effective trie-partitioning algorithm to reduce the index TCAM size, which achieves better reduction in power consumption, and at the same time guarantees full TCAM space utilization. We compared our algorithm (LogSplit) with PostOrderSplit (IEEE INFOCOM, 2003). For two real-world RTs (AADS and PAIX), the size of the index TCAM generated by LogSplit is 55-70% of that generated by PostOrderSplit; the largest power reduction factor of LogSplit is 41 for AADS and 68 for PAIX, while the largest power reduction factor of PostOrderSplit is 33 for AADS and 52 for PAIX. The improvement is even more significant in the worst case: the size of the index TCAM generated by LogSplit is 18-30% of that generated by PostOrderSplit for IPv4, and less than 1% of that generated by PostOrderSplit for IPv6; the largest power reduction factor of LogSplit is 173 for both IPv4 and IPv6, while the largest power reduction factor of PostOrderSplit is only 82 for IPv4 and 41 for IPv6. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameters potentially affecting interpretation of immunogenicity and efficacy data in vaccine trials: are they adequately reported?

Abstract Objective: To describe and analyze the reporting of major factors impacting interpretation of vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity trials in recently published studies. Data sources: Selected studies ( n =83) published during a two year period in five journals most likely to contain vaccine trials. Study selection: Studies designed as prospective efficacy or immunogenicity clinical trials in human subjects, examining an experimental or existing vaccine. Data extraction: Primary factors (vaccine dose, number of doses, dosing interval, site of injection, vaccine route), as well as secondary factors (age, race, medical status, handling and manufacturing of the vaccines and concomitant drug use during vaccination). Results: Only 24% of those studies utilizing intramuscularly administered vaccines reported needle length, 59% described the anatomic injection site, and 10% described the injection technique used. Eighty percent reported the actual vaccine dose used and the number of doses administered. Seventy percent reported the interval between doses. Conclusion: A high proportion of recently published vaccine trials fail to report potentially important methodological details, which may hamper the interpretation of vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity trial results.
New trends in optimization-based approaches to process synthesis

This paper presents first a brief overview of the considerable work that has been performed for the systematic synthesis of process flowsheets and corresponding subsystems. Next, it is argued that a number of important research challenges remain to be solved with major themes being fundamental integration of different synthesis methodologies, improved robustness of optimization-based methods for predicting solutions of good quality, and improved capabilities for handling larger problems. In order to illustrate how some of these challenges are being addressed with the use of optimization-based techniques, we describe work in the areas of integration of logic in mixed-integer optimization, global optimization of nonlinear programming models, and rigorous preliminary screening for MINLP models. Numerical results will be presented to illustrate the usefulness and potential of these methods.
Epinephrine effects on gastrin and gastric secretions in normal and stress-susceptible pigs and in dogs

1. Epinephrine induced plasma gastrin concentration increased linearly in dogs, and significantly in pigs. 2. Epinephrine induced gastric secretion rate increased in dogs and decreased in pigs, and yet significantly reduced gastric pH only in dogs. 3. Statistical differences in heart and respiratory rate with epinephrine versus saline infusion were detected only in pigs. 4. Stress-susceptible pigs had a significant decrease in gastric secretion pH, heart rate and increased respiration compared to normal pigs, during saline infusion.
Teaching a Course in Environments for Special Needs

The purpose of this article is to share teaching methodology and course content for a course entitled Environments for Special Needs. This course is designed to help students develop knowledge of barrier-free specifications and space requirements, skill in designing for persons with varying abilities, and an awareness of human needs throughout the life cycle. Experiential learning through field trips, computer software, guest speakers, and simulation techniques add relevance to the subject matter.
Comparison of Genotype and Cultural Practices to Control Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in Soybean

Abstract Iron deficiency chlorosis is a common problem for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown on calcareous soils. Iron is essential for chlorophyll biosynthesis and any deficiencies may hinder photosynthetic capabilities of the plant that may result in yield loss. Proper management and/or cultivar selection may reduce this problem. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective treatment efficacy of several common fertilizer treatments and several different cultivars for controlling iron deficiency chlorosis in soybean in Kansas. Field evaluations at three locations were conducted for two seasons. In the first season, treatments consisted of: four rates (11.2, 22.4, 44.8, and 89.6 kg ha−1) of 28% granular iron sulfate fertilizer placed with the seed, or 5 cm away from the seed, at planting; two applications of an iron foliar spray; an iron chelate seed treatment; and an untreated control. The following season, the 44.8 kg ha−1 rate was placed with the seed, the iron chelate seed trea...
Comparison of a fractal smoke optics model with light extinction measurements

Abstract Optical cross-sections of carbonaceous aggregates (smoke) formed by combustion sources have been computed based on fractal concepts. Specific extinction depends upon the primary particle size, the structure of the aggregate as represented by the fractal dimension, the fractal prefactor, and the real and imaginary components of the refractive index of the particle material. While the fractal dimension and primary particle diameter are narrowly defined, the refractive index, to which the results are highly sensitive, are disputed. Specific extinction was measured at λ = 450, 630 and 1000 nm in a smoke-filled chamber with an optical path length of 1.0 m that was equipped to continuously monitor both particle mass and number concentration as the smoke aged during a 90–120 min interval. The smoke was generated by the burning of crude oil in a pool fire. Specific extinction at all three values of λ was found to be constant even though the aggregate number concentration decreases by a factor of 24 owing to cluster-cluster aggregation. The refractive indices at several wavelengths that are Cequired to give agreement with the measured specific extinction are compared with literature values. The inadequacy of Mie theory for spheres in predicting the optical properties of soot aggregates is reiterated.
Absorption cross-section measurements of water vapor in the wavelength region 181 199 nm

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the relative absorption cross-sections of H 2 O at the temperature 295 K have been made throughout the wavelength region 181–199 nm. Laboratory measurements of the absolute absorption cross-sections of H 2 O at 295 K have been made at 15 different wavelengths, and these absolute values have been used to put the relative cross-section measurements of H 2 O at 295 K on an absolute basis, In combination with our previous measurements [Chem. Phys. 211 (1996) 387; 215 (1997) 429], the absorption cross-section of H 2 O are available in the wavelength region 118–199 nm at 295 K.
Intuitive interactionism in person perception: effects of situation--behavior relations on dispositional judgments.

To examine the effects of the relationships between behavior and the situation in which it occurs, we manipulated such relations and exposed subjects to them. Impressions were similar when based on the behaviors presented with situations unspecified (e.g., child hits) or when the situations in which they naturally occurred were specified (e.g., child hits when provoked). However, when situations were specified, subjects' impressions more accurately predicted individual differences in the children's actual levels of overall aggressive behavior. When the veridical situation-behavior relations were increasingly altered, the targets were perceived as being less plausible and increasingly maladjusted and odd, and correlations decreased between the perceived level of the children's aggressiveness and their actual aggressive behavior. Thus, both personality impressions and predictive accuracy were influenced by the relations between the target's behaviors and their situational contexts. Language: en