cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF FALLIBLE ITEM PARAMETER ESTIMATES ON LATENT TRAIT RECOVERY.

In this paper we propose an upward correction to the standard error (SE) estimation of θ(ML), the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of the latent trait in item response theory (IRT). More specifically, the upward correction is provided for the SE of θ(ML) when item parameter estimates obtained from an independent pretest sample are used in IRT scoring. When item parameter estimates are employed, the resulting latent trait estimate is called pseudo maximum likelihood (PML) estimate. Traditionally the SE of θ(ML) is obtained on the basis of test information only, as if the item parameters are known. The upward correction takes into account the error that is carried over from the estimation of item parameters, in addition to the error in latent trait recovery itself. Our simulation study shows that both types of SE estimates are very good when θ is in the middle range of the latent trait distribution, but the upward-corrected SEs are more accurate than the traditional ones when θ takes more extreme values.
Intrinsic Spin Hall Effect in the Two-Dimensional Hole Gas

We show that two types of spin-orbit coupling in the 2 dimensional hole gas, with and without inversion symmetry breaking, contribute to the intrinsic spin-Hall effect. Furthermore, the vertex correction due to impurity scattering vanishes in both cases, in sharp contrast to the case of usual Rashba coupling in the electron band. Recently, the spin-Hall effect in a hole doped GaAs semiconductor has been observed experimentally by Wunderlich et al. [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 047204 (2005).]. From the fact that the lifetime broadening is smaller than the spin splitting, and the fact impurity vertex corrections vanish in this system, we argue that the observed spin-Hall effect should be in the intrinsic regime.
Using an Alternate Reality Game to Increase Physical Activity and Decrease Obesity Risk of College Students

Background:This quasi-experimental study investigated a game intervention—specifically, an alternate reality game (ARG)—as a means to influence college students' physical activity (PA). An ARG is an interactive narrative that takes place in the real world and uses multiple media to reveal a story.Method:Three sections of a college health course (n = 115 freshman students) were assigned either to a game group that played the ARG or to a comparison group that learned how to use exercise equipment in weekly laboratory sessions. Pre- and post-intervention measures included weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (PBF), and self-reported moderate physical activity (MPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA), and PA (steps/week).Results:A significant group x time interaction (p = .001) was detected for PA, with a significant increase in PA for the game (p < .001) versus a significant decrease (p = .001) for the comparison group. Significant within-group increases for weight (p = ....
Genetic Code Ambiguity Confers a Selective Advantage on Acinetobacter baylyi

A primitive genetic code, composed of a smaller set of amino acids, may have expanded via recursive periods of genetic code ambiguity that were followed by specificity. Here we model a step in this process by showing how genetic code ambiguity could result in an enhanced growth rate in Acinetobacter baylyi.
An Empirical Investigation on Consumer Acceptance of Mobile Banking Services

This study explores factors influencing adoption of mobile banking. Based on extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), we identified five factors which influence consumers’ behavioral intention to adopt mobile banking: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived credibility, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived financial cost. Data was collected from 165 respondents through a survey questionnaire, and the regression was used to analyze the relationships. Our results indicate that all factors except for perceived financial cost have a significant impact on behavioral intention towards mobile banking usage. Perceived usefulness is the most influential factor explaining the adoption intention. We also found that consumers’ perceptions are different between mobile banking users and non-users. For users, perceived ease of use is the important factor while perceived self-efficacy significantly influence non-users’ adoption intention. Implications from these findings help banking institutions to strategically frame their service model for broader mobile banking adoption.
Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ8 Transgenic Mice: a Model To Examine the Toxicity of Aerosolized Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) belong to a large group of bacterial exotoxins that cause severe immunopathologies, especially when delivered as an aerosol. SEs elicit the release of lethal amounts of cytokines by binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and cross-linking susceptible T-cell receptors. Efforts to develop effective therapeutic strategies to protect against SEs delivered as an aerosol have been hampered by the lack of small animal models that consistently emulate human responses to these toxins. Here, we report that human leukocyte antigen-DQ8 (HLA-DQ8) transgenic (Tg) mice, but not littermate controls, succumbed to lethal shock induced by SEB aerosols without potentiation. Substantial amounts of perivascular edema and inflammatory infiltrates were noted in the lungs of Tg mice, similar to the pathology observed in nonhuman primates exposed by aerosol to SEB. Furthermore, the observed pathologies and lethal shock correlated with an upsurge in proinflammatory cytokine mRNA gene expression in the lungs and spleens, as well as with marked increases in the levels of proinflammatory circulating cytokines in the Tg mice. Unlike the case for littermate controls, telemetric evaluation showed significant hypothermia in Tg mice exposed to lethal doses of SEB. Taken together, these results show that this murine model will allow for the examination of therapeutics and vaccines developed specifically against SEB aerosol exposure and possibly other bacterial superantigens in the context of human MHC class II receptors.
Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis

Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Decrease Collagen Synthesis and Increase Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Cardiac Fibroblasts In Vitro

Abstract—We tested the hypothesis that the inflammatory cytokines can regulate fibroblast extracellular matrix metabolism. Neonatal and adult rat cardiac fibroblasts cultures in vitro were exposed to interleukin (IL)–1β (4 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 100 ng/mL), IL-6 (10 ng/mL), or interferon-γ (IFN-γ; 500 U/mL) for 24 hours. IL-1β, and to a lesser extent TNF-α, decreased collagen synthesis, which was measured as collagenase-sensitive [3H]proline incorporation, but had no effect on cell number or total protein synthesis. IL-1β decreased the expression of procollagen α1(I), α2(I), and α1(III) mRNA, but increased the expression of procollagen α1(IV), α2(IV), and fibronectin mRNA, indicating a selective transcriptional downregulation of fibrillar collagen synthesis. IL-1β and TNF-α each increased total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity as measured by in-gel zymography, causing specific increases in the bands corresponding to MMP-13, MMP-2, and MMP-9. IL-1β increased the expression of proMMP...
Possible association between dental sealants and urinary bisphenol A levels in children warrants additional biomonitoring and safety research.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Dental sealants and restorations and urinary bisphenol A concentrations in children in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. McKinney C, Rue T, Sathyanarayana S, Martin M, Seminario AL, DeRouen T. J Am Dent Assoc 2014;145(7):745-750. Reviewer Nancy Maserejian, ScD Purpose/Question Is there an association between dental sealants or restorations and urinary bisphenol A levels in school-aged children in the United States? Source of Funding None reported Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
The caddisfly genus Protoptila in Costa Rica (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)

Nineteen species of Protoptila known from Costa Rica are revised to include 11 previously described species (P. bicornuta Flint 1963, P. boruca Flint 1974, P. burica Flint 1974, P. cana Flint 1974, P. ixtala Mosely 1937, P. laterospina Flint 1967, P. orotina orotina Flint 1974, P. spirifera Flint 1974, P. talamanca Flint 1974, P. tica Bueno-Soria 1984, and P. tojana Mosely 1954) and 8 new species (P. altura, P. bribri, P. chitaria, P. cristula, P. kjeri, P. jolandae, P. strepsicera, and P. trichoglossa). Illustrations, diagnoses, descriptions, and distribution records are provided for all species.
Cord blood irisin at the extremes of fetal growth

Abstract Background/aims Irisin, a novel myokine with antiobesity properties, drives brown-fat-like conversion of white adipose tissue, thus increasing energy expenditure and improving glucose tolerance. We aimed to investigate circulating irisin concentrations in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses, both associated with metabolic dysregulation and long-term susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome development. Methods Plasma irisin and insulin concentrations were determined by ELISA and IRMA, respectively, in 80 mixed arteriovenous cord blood samples from LGA (n = 30), IUGR (n = 30) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA, n = 20) singleton full-term pregnancies. Fetuses were classified as LGA, IUGR or AGA, based on customized birth-weight standards adjusted for significant determinants of fetal growth. Results Fetal irisin concentrations were lower in IUGR cases than AGA controls (p = 0.031). Cord blood irisin concentrations were similar in LGA and AGA groups and positively correlated with birth-weight, as well as customized centiles (r = 0.245, p = 0.029 and r = 0.247, p = 0.027, respectively). Insulin concentrations were higher in LGA, compared to AGA fetuses (p = 0.036). In the LGA group, fetal irisin concentrations positively correlated with fetal insulin concentrations (r = 0.374, p = 0.042). Conclusions Impaired skeletal muscle metabolism in IUGR fetuses may account for their irisin deficiency, which may be part of the fetal programming process, leading to increased susceptibility to later metabolic syndrome development. Furthermore, irisin down-regulation may predispose IUGR infants to hypothermia at birth, by inducing less “browning” of their adipose tissue and consequently less non-shivering thermogenesis. Irisin upregulation with increasing birth-weight may contribute to a slower fat gain during early infancy (“catch-down”), by promoting higher total energy expenditure. The positive correlation between irisin and insulin in the LGA group may reflect a counterbalance of the documented hyperinsulinemia, which is partly responsible for the excessive fat deposition in the LGA fetus.
Kar3Vik1, a member of the Kinesin-14 superfamily, shows a novel kinesin microtubule binding pattern

Kinesin-14 motors generate microtubule minus-end–directed force used in mitosis and meiosis. These motors are dimeric and operate with a nonprocessive powerstroke mechanism, but the role of the second head in motility has been unclear. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Kinesin-14 Kar3 forms a heterodimer with either Vik1 or Cik1. Vik1 contains a motor homology domain that retains microtubule binding properties but lacks a nucleotide binding site. In this case, both heads are implicated in motility. Here, we show through structural determination of a C-terminal heterodimeric Kar3Vik1, electron microscopy, equilibrium binding, and motility that at the start of the cycle, Kar3Vik1 binds to or occludes two αβ-tubulin subunits on adjacent protofilaments. The cycle begins as Vik1 collides with the microtubule followed by Kar3 microtubule association and ADP release, thereby destabilizing the Vik1–microtubule interaction and positioning the motor for the start of the powerstroke. The results indicate that head–head communication is mediated through the adjoining coiled coil.
Laboratory experiments simulating a coastal river inflow

The dynamics of buoyant water entering a rotating basin are studied using a series of laboratory experiments designed to elucidate the alongshore transport mechanisms in river plumes. Inflowing water, which is discharged perpendicular to the tank wall, is observed to form a growing anticyclonic bulge and a coastal current downstream of the bulge. Detailed simultaneous measurements of the velocity and buoyancy fields in the plume confirm that the bulge momentum is in a gradient–wind balance and the coastal current is geostrophic. The growth of the bulge and accumulation of fluid within it coincides with a reduction in coastal current transport to approximately 50 % of the inflow discharge. The bulge is characterized by a depth scale, h ,w hich is proportional to the geostrophic depth, hg, and two time-dependent horizontal length scales, yc, the displacement of the bulge centre from the wall, and rb, the effective radius of the bulge. These two length scales are proportional to the inertial radius, � —‐
Behavioral couples therapy for drug-abusing patients: effects on partner violence.

Using data from a previous investigation (Fals-Stewart, Birchler, & O’Farrell, 1996), the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Behavioral Couples Therapy (BCT) on the prevalence of partner violence among married or cohabiting substance-abusing men (N = 80). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either BCT or individual-based treatment (IBT). The proportion of couples who engaged in male-to-female physical aggression was not different during the year before treatment for dyads in BCT (n = 17, 43%) and IBT (n = 19, 48%). However, a smaller proportion of couples in the BCT condition reported male-to-female physical aggression during the year after treatment (n = 7, 18%) than those in the IBT condition (n = 17, 43%). Dyadic adjustment, frequency of heavy drinking, and frequency of drug use during the year after treatment mediated the relationship between type of treatment and the prevalence of male-to-female physical aggression. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Protein formulation and lyophilization cycle design: Prevention of damage due to freeze-concentration induced phase separation

Hemoglobin has been previously shown to unfold during freeze drying when lyophilized from formulations that undergo freeze-concentration induced phase separation (Heller et al. 1997. Biotechnol Prog 13:590-596). In this report, we show that such damage may be avoided using kinetic strategies to arrest the phase separation. By rapidly cooling samples during liquid nitrogen spray-freeze drying, the time that the formulation spends in temperature regimes (ca. -3 to -23 degrees C) in which phase separation is both thermodynamically favorable and kinetically realizable is minimized. Increased protein damage with decreasing cooling rates and/or longer annealing periods at -7 degrees C is observed by FTIR spectroscopy. Phase separation and concomitant protein damage may also be avoided by addition of mannitol at concentrations sufficient to cause crystallization. Mannitol crystals segregate the freeze concentrated solution into microscopic domains that block propagation and nucleation of phase separating events. Addition of noncrystallizing sugars, such as sucrose and trehalose, or nonionic surfactants, such as Tween 80 and Triton X-100, has little protective effect against phase separation induced damage during freezing drying.
Functionalization of micro- and nano-apertures with chromate-selective solvent polymeric membrane.

Abstract A new miniaturization approach to create micro- and nanoscale ion selective electrodes (ISEs) was demonstrated and the concept tested with an environmentally relevant chromate-selective membrane consisting of 7.7:62.2:31.1 wt % Aliquat336:2-NPOE:PVC. Apertures of 100 nM and 30 μM dimensions were made using MEMS fabrication techniques and functionalized through a macroscale application of solvent polymeric membrane. Performance studies for the microscale ISE showed a response slope of −58.6 ± 5.6 mV decade−1 and limit of detection (LOD) of 2.1 × 10−5 ± 1.1 × 10−5 M, versus −65.2 ± 4.2 mV decade−1 and 1.8 × 10−5 ± 6 × 10−6 M for the nanoscale ISE. This was consistent with control studies with carefully conditioned coated wire electrodes, which demonstrated a response slope of −61.7 ± 2.4 mV decade−1 and a LOD of 3.0 × 10−6 ± 1 × 10−6 M. Response times for the best micro- and nanoscale ISEs were in the 10–20 s timeframe. Electrical resistance measurements were in the GΩ range for the microscale ISEs and nanoscale ISEs. Appropriate ISE geometry was confirmed through AFM measurements and calculations based on electrical properties for micro- and nanoscale apertures. These micro- and nanoscale ISEs are expected to have significant impact in the field of microscale analytical processes.
Ethics Rounds Needs to Consider Evidence for Listening and Spoken Language for Deaf Children.

The July 2015 article, “Ethics Rounds: Should All Deaf Children Learn Sign Language,” questions whether parents of a deaf child should communicate with their child via American Sign Language (ASL) or listening and spoken language (LSL) and seems to suggest that use of ASL outweighs an approach that focuses solely on LSL. The Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell) respectfully disagrees. AG Bell fully supports families being made “aware of all communication options in an unbiased manner,”1 including ASL, LSL, and other methods. However, pediatricians should consider … E-mail: msugar{at}taftlaw.com
Cell Membrane Proteins Modulate the Carbon Nanotube Optical Bandgap via Surface Charge Accumulation

Cell adhesion is a protein-mediated process intrinsic to most living organisms. Dysfunction in cell adhesion processes is implicated in various diseases, including thrombosis and metastatic cancers. Using an approach to resolve spectral features from cell membrane-associated photoluminescent single-walled carbon nanotubes, we found that nanotube optical bandgaps respond to the electrostatic potential of the cell surface, which corresponds to cell adhesion properties. We studied the carbon nanotube emission energy response to solution ionic potentials, which suggests sensitivity to local charge accumulation. We conclude that nanotubes respond to cell surface electrostatic potentials that are mediated by membrane proteins, which vary significantly across cell types. These findings portend the optical measurement of surface electrostatic potentials for biophysical measurements and biomedical applications.
Nanoscale Scratching with Single and Dual Sources Using Atomic Force Microscopes

AFM (atomic force microscope) scratching is a simple yet versatile material removing technique for nanofabrication. It has evolved from a purely mechanical process to one in which the tip can be loaded by additional energy sources, such as thermal, electric, or chemical. In this chapter, scratching techniques using tips with both single and dual sources are reviewed with an emphasis on associated material removing behavior. Recent developments in scratching systems equipped with automated stages or platforms using both single tip and multiple tips are assessed. The characteristics of various approaches for scratching different types of materials, including polymers, metals, and semiconductors, are presented and evaluated. The effects of the major scratching parameters on the final nanostructures are reviewed with the goal of providing quantitative information for guiding the scratching process. Advances in several techniques using dual sources for AFM scratching are then studied with a focus on their versatility and potential for different applications. Finally, following a section on the applications of AFM scratching for fabricating a fairly wide range of nanoscale devices and systems, concluding remarks are presented to recommend subjects for future technological improvement and research emphasis, as well as to provide the author’s perspective on future challenges in the field of AFM scratching.
HENRY CAREY’S RURAL ROOTS, “SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE,” AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANTEBELLUM NORTH

The American political economist Henry Charles Carey is generally thought of as a spokesman for industrialization due to his strident protectionism. In fact, his most original contributions came in his discussions of agriculture, the environment, and their relation to technological progress. Carey developed his ideas by drawing on the contemporary discourse of “scientific agriculture,” which enjoyed great influence, thanks to a widespread agricultural reform movement. This allowed him to argue effectively against Malthusian population doctrine and Ricardian rent theory by stressing the almost limitless potential of technological innovation, not only in manufactures but also in agriculture. Analogous views were also expressed by George Perkins Marsh, known today as the “father of conservationism,” indicating a broader contemporary engagement with questions of economic development and humanity’s relationship to nature, an engagement in some ways strikingly parallel to present-day concerns.
ACC Reading No. 5: The Statement of Cash Flows

This technical note describes cash flow analysis, cash management, and construction of the statement of cash flows.
Single Particle CryoEM of Integral Membrane Proteins

The Keck Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158As a versatile tool in structural biology, single particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has achieved milestones of determining near atomic resolution three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of non-enveloped viruses with icosahedral symmetry. Recent technological breakthroughs in single particle cryo-EM, particularly the development of novel dose-fractionated image acquisition method based on CMOS direct electron detection camera and robust algorithms for correction of motion induced image blurring, are transformative. It has enabled near atomic resolution structure determinations of a broad range of proteins complexes without the need of crystals.One of the major challenges in structural biology is to determine structures of integral membrane proteins at different functional states. The bottleneck for X-ray crystallography is to trap and crystallize the same membrane protein in different conformations. Without constrain of crystallization, it is now possible to determine structures of integral membrane proteins at subnanometer to near atomic resolutions. At this resolution range, it is possible to derive the structural information from docking of known or homology model into subnanometer resolution cryo-EM density maps, or to build de novo atomic structure directly from the 3D density map. We will discuss some of the recent technological advancements specific for structural analysis of integral membrane proteins.
Injection-induced gluteus muscle contractures: diagnosis with the "reverse Ober test" and surgical management.

Background Adoption rates are increasing in the United States and other developed countries. A large proportion of adopted children have been found to have unsuspected medical diagnoses, including orthopedic problems. One condition, termed injection-induced gluteus maximus contracture, has been previously described in several case series and can be difficult to diagnose if unfamiliar with this condition. By reviewing the etiology and pathoanatomy of this problem, as well as the typical examination findings, including the near-pathognomonic-positive "reverse Ober test," treating providers will be better prepared to recognize and properly treat this condition. Methods This is a retrospective review of 4 patients treated at our institution for injection-induced gluteus maximus contracture. Patient history, physical examination findings, and treatment outcomes were recorded. All had undergone surgical treatment through a longitudinal incision along the posterior margin of the iliotibial band, with division of thickened, contracted gluteus tissue down to the ischial tuberosity. Results All 4 of the patients were adopted from orphanages in developing countries. Chief complaints of the patients varied, but physical examination findings were very consistent. Three of the 4 patients had undergone rotational osteotomies for presumed femoral retroversion before their diagnosis and treatment for injection-induced gluteus maximus contracture. All patients had concave, atrophic buttock contours and numerous punctate buttock scars. All walked with an out-toed gait and had marked apparent femoral retroversion. Each patient was found to have full hip adduction when the hip was extended but a hip abduction contracture when the hip was flexed. This finding of increasing abduction as an extended/adducted hip is flexed to 90 degrees is described as a positive "reverse Ober test." After surgical treatment, all hips could adduct to neutral from full extension to full flexion. Conclusions Although common in some countries, such as Russia and China, injection-induced gluteus muscle contractures are seldom seen in the United States and other developed countries. Diagnosis of this condition can be difficult leading to inappropriate treatment. Knowledge of the clinical presentation typical of a gluteus contracture and of the pathognomonic finding of a "reverse Ober test" can facilitate an effective surgical procedure to correct the associated functional impairment. Level of evidence Level IV: retrospective case series.
Carbonyl Bond Cleavage by Complementary Active Sites

We have studied the size-selective reactivity of Aln– clusters with formaldehyde to determine if carbonyl bonds may be broken by complementary active sites. Gas phase experiments reveal that Aln–, where n = 8–12, react with formaldehyde to form Aln–2CH2–, which demonstrates that the carbonyl bond is broken in the reaction with the cluster, while Al13– is found to be resistant to reaction. The most likely leaving group is determined to be Al2O. We also found n = 15–19 to be reactive with the products being a mix of Aln–2CH2– and Aln(OCH2)m–. Theoretical investigations find that the adjacent Lewis acid and Lewis base sites stabilize the resonance structure in which the carbonyl is reduced to a single bond which encourages carbonyl cleavage. A transition state analysis of the cleavage of the carbonyl bond confirms the size selective cleavage of the carbonyl bond and supports the importance of complementary Lewis acid–Lewis base active sites in governing the reactivity.
A Multimethod Examination of the Dynamics of Recidivism During Reentry

ABSTRACTResearch on prisoner reentry has indicated that the transition to the community can be a tumultuous process. Despite this growing understanding, research has continued to operationalize recidivism as a terminal event in the reentry experience, categorizing returning prisoners as recidivists and nonrecidivists. Using detailed mixed methods with a small cohort of parolees, this inquiry documents the dynamic nature, timing, and context of recidivism as it occurs during reentry. The analyses suggest that treating initial recidivism events as if they were terminal to reentry has the potential to miss information about subsequent reentry processes and outcomes. Comparing multiple recidivism measures with supervision outcomes suggests that simple categories of recidivists and nonrecidivists may not be informative for the purposes of reentry research.
Analysis on HBsAb Results of 3398 Cases of Train Conductors in Lanzhou Railway

Objective:To explore HBsAb level of train conductors in Lanzhou railway.Method:HBsAb of 3 398 cases were detected with ELISA and the results were statistically analyzed.Result:Positive rate of HBsAb was 38.11%,the comparisons in gender,age and educational background showed significant difference.Conclusion:The levels of HBsAb in train conductors are lower,we should enhance health education for them,spread the knowledge of hepatitis B prevention and treatment swell as raise hepatitis B vaccination rate.
PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL SHOCK : III. A LETHAL FACTOR IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS FOLLOWING OCCLUSION OF THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY

Donor rabbits were subjected to shock by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMAO shock). Portal blood was collected from these animals at certain intervals after release of the arterial ligature. Infusion of this blood into sub-lethally hemorrhaged rabbits caused the death of half of the tested animals; a mortality incidence which closely matched the per cent mortality in rabbits shocked by SMA occlusion alone. Blood from sham-operated donor animals did not prove lethal when infused into hemorrhage-prepared rabbits. Infusion of SMAO shock plasma did not result in the death of recipient animals, even though the whole blood source of the plasma had proven to be lethal upon infusion into hemorrhage-prepared rabbits. Moreover, following pretreatment of donor animals with a non-absorbable antibiotic per os, the number of actively reproducing bacteria in the intestinal fluids was reduced to less than 0.1 per cent of normal; nevertheless, the incidence of passive transfer of lethality from shocked donors receiving this pretreatment was not consistently reduced. Furthermore, when SMAO shock portal blood was tested for the presence of bacterial endotoxin by the sensitive dermal epinephrine reaction, although some blood samples demonstrated lesion-provoking activity, there was no correlation between this activity and the lethal properties of the blood samples. In seeking an explanation for the production of dermal epinephrine lesions by non-lethal shock blood, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the lesion-provoking activity of portal blood and the serotonin content of intestinal tissues of rabbits shocked by SMA ligation. In addition, small amounts of serotonin were shown to be capable of provoking dermal epinephrine reactions in rabbits, under the same conditions used to test the lesion-provoking activity of portal blood. It was therefore concluded that: (a) a toxic factor(s) is present in the portal blood of SMAO-shocked rabbits; (b) that this factor(s) is not likely to be a bacterial endotoxin; and (c) that the occasional provocation of a dermal epinephrine reaction by portal blood from SMAO-shocked rabbits, a property heretofore exclusively attributed to the presence of endotoxin in shock blood, can be entirely explained on the basis of elevated levels of serotonin in this blood.
What Can Studies of Visual Development Tell Us

Within my clinical lifetime, an infant science (no pun intended), that of visual development, was conceived, has been born, and is now toddling merrily along. Though its roots go back no longer than my life span in medicine, it has moved out of the descriptive era and begun to develop as a science of measurement and quantification. It incubated as a laboratory science for most of this interval and seemed somewhat remote, addressing questions not terribly important to me, such as binocular acuity development (when I was interested in each eye’s vision), thresholds for contrast and color discrimination, and retinal adaptation. If that period was, in retrospect, essential in building an infrastructure of knowledge and training a cadre of investigators who would explore the world outside the laboratory and have the analytical rigor necessary to make quantitative judgments in that world, it was by all means worth it. And as I reflect on this fact, I am aware that I was using the fixation behavior of each eye, granted pitting one against the other was the most crucial part of this experiment, as my sole measure of the acuity performance of the infant and preverbal child. In this I was in the company of most of my clinical colleagues. But the world has changed; visual development is now a robust young science, both laboratory and applied. It is no longer tucked away in departments of psychology but is firmly established in the clinic. And quantitative questions such as “Is there one half an octave (20/40 versus 20/60) difference between the acuity of the two eyes with and without this pair of glasses?” are now appropriate.
Abstract 4244: Optical imaging of ovarian cancer metastasis in mouse models of obesity

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a deadly gynecologic malignancy, owing to its propensity for intraperitoneal (IP) metastasis. Indeed, almost 75% of women with EOC are diagnosed during the later stages of the disease in which metastasis is already underway. Pathogenesis of EOC is marked by diffuse and widely disseminated metastatic sites within the IP compartment, often with peritoneal ascites. Mouse models of EOC have been developed to facilitate the pre-clinical research of this deadly disease, however the quantification of metastatic tumor burden in these animals has remained challenging due to the broad distribution of lesions in the IP space. Here we describe a combined In Vivo/Post-Mortem method to monitor and measure EOC metastasis in mouse models of obesity. RFP-labeled ovarian cancer cells were injected IP in obese and control cohorts of mice, followed by weekly in vivo imaging until time of sacrifice. Subsequent post-mortem imaging was conducted after surgical exposure of the peritoneal cavity to reveal organs that were then imaged in situ. Ex vivo imaging was performed last on dissected organs from each animal. Imaging signal was enhanced via multispectral imaging methods to remove tissue auto-fluorescence. Semi-quantitative methods to measure tumor burden are demonstrated in their application to the study of metastasis in both obese and control animals. Ultimately these results demonstrated that obesity dramatically increased ovarian cancer metastatic success, and likely contributes to the reduced EOC survival rates noted in clinical reports of obese patients. Citation Format: W. Matthew Leevy, Yueying Liu, Matthew Metzinger, Kyle Lewellen, M. Sharon Stack. Optical imaging of ovarian cancer metastasis in mouse models of obesity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4244.
COLLIB-L: Listservs in library communications

Listservs favor two groups: those with excellent verbal and rhetorical skills and those with network savvy
Physical activity maintenance among Spanish-speaking Latinas in a randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based intervention

Spanish-speaking Latinas have some of the lowest rates of meeting physical activity guidelines in the U.S. and are at high risk for many related chronic diseases. The purpose of the current study was to examine the maintenance of a culturally and individually-tailored Internet-based physical activity intervention for Spanish-speaking Latinas. Inactive Latinas (N = 205) were randomly assigned to a 6-month Tailored Physical Activity Internet Intervention or a Wellness Contact Control Internet Group, with a 6-month follow-up. Maintenance was measured by assessing group differences in minutes per week of self-reported and accelerometer measured moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at 12 months after baseline and changes in MVPA between the end of the active intervention (month 6) and the end of the study (month 12). Potential moderators of the intervention were also examined. Data were collected between 2011 and 2014, and were analyzed in 2015 at the University of California, San Diego. The Intervention Group engaged in significantly more minutes of MVPA per week than the Control Group at the end of the maintenance period for both self-reported (mean diff. = 30.68, SE = 11.27, p = .007) and accelerometer measured (mean diff. = 11.47, SE = 3.19, p = .01) MVPA. There were no significant between- or within-group changes in MVPA from month 6 to 12. Greater intervention effects were seen for those with lower BMI (BMI × intervention = -6.67, SE = 2.88, p = .02) and lower perceived places to walk to in their neighborhood (access × intervention = -43.25, SE = 19.07, p = .02), with a trend for less family support (social support × intervention = -3.49, SE = 2.05, p = .08). Acculturation, health literacy, and physical activity related psychosocial variables were not significant moderators of the intervention effect during the maintenance period. Findings from the current study support the efficacy of an Internet-delivered individually tailored intervention for maintenance of MVPA gains over time.
Cerebral Complications of Hypertension

Acute and chronic neurological complications of hypertension in patients younger than 21 years were reviewed in the literature, 1980-2010, by researchers at Maimonides Childrens’ Hospital, State University and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
Topological Bloch oscillations

The traditional view of Bloch oscillations is that they rely on the translational symmetry of crystals. These oscillations occur with a fundamental period ${T}_{B}$, the time it takes a semiclassical wave packet to travel across the Brillouin zone. We introduce a new type of Bloch oscillation whose period equals an integer multiple of ${T}_{B}$. The period multiplication relies on crystalline point-group symmetries, as exemplified by rotations and reflections. The integer-valued multiplier is robust against symmetric deformations of the crystal. It is the first example of a crystalline-symmetry-protected topological invariant in electric transport.
Excited-State Dynamics of 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole: Ultrafast Proton Transfer and Internal Conversion.

One of the most widely studied model systems for excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) is the 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) molecule. This compound undergoes ultrafast ESPT followed by internal conversion to return to the ground state. In the present work, we simulate the nonadiabatic photochemistry of HBT using ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) nuclear dynamics and a complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) method in conjunction with wave function-in-DFT embedding to obtain ground- and excited-state potential surfaces on-the-fly. Our simulation predicts ultrafast ESPT with a time constant of 48–54 fs and an excited-state lifetime of 1.7–1.8 ps. Following proton transfer, HBT becomes trapped in a metastable keto structure on the S1 state. Eventually, the molecule begins to twist and proceeds toward a seam of intersection with the ground state where internal conversion is highly efficient.
Incompetents, criminals, or spies: Macroeconomic analysis of routing anomalies

Abstract Routing anomalies, beyond simple leaks, are occurring on the order of tens of thousands a year. These may be accidents, but there is anecdotal evidence that indicates criminal intent. There are case studies that illustrate the use of these for national intelligence. Any given anomaly could be an accident, a crime, or an attack. Although it is impossible to directly observe the motivation of those who generate these anomalies, aggregate data about the sources of these anomalies is available. Here we leverage tools of macroeconomics to provide insights into the possible nature of these anomalies. We offer an empirical investigation using multiple linear regression and unsupervised learning to analyze data over a four-year period in order to better understand the nature of routing anomalies. If routing anomalies are a result of limited technical competence, then countries with low levels of education, few technology exports, and less expertise should be over-represented. If routing anomalies are leveraged by criminals for profit, then economic theories and analytical approaches from criminology should show statistical significance. Or, if routing anomalies are primarily used by national intelligence agencies to attack either internal dissidents or those outside their borders, then the presence of conflict and measures of quality of governance are possible indicators. We examine anomalies as likely due to incompetence, potential ecrime, or intelligence operations using macroeconomics by leveraging three theories from criminology and global measures of technology adoption. We found that exports of technology were not statistically significant, undermining the argument for incompetence. We also found support for the possibility that anomalies are driven by crime, specifically for the guardianship and relative deprivation theories of crime. In addition to these findings from regression analysis, clustering indicates that civil conflict and surveillance are associated with the disproportionate origination of routing anomalies. This supports the possibility of use of routing anomalies for national intelligence.
The Effect of Measures Taken by Craigslist to Screen Online Ads for Commercial Sex: Evidence From North Carolina

A 2017 U.S. Senate subcommittee report charging employees at backpage.com with editing the website’s online ads for prostitution has revived debate over the willingness and ability of such websites...
Characterizing and eliminating errors in enhancement and subtraction artifacts in dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI: Chemical shift artifact of the third kind

Purpose To characterize errors in enhancement in breast dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI studies as a function of echo time and determine the source of dark band artifacts in clinical subtraction images. Methods Computer simulations, oil and water substitute (methylene chloride), as well as an American College of Radiology quality control phantom were tested. Routine clinical DCE breast MRI study was bracketed with (accelerated) in-phase DCE acquisitions in five patients. Results Simulation results demonstrated up to -160% suppression of the expected enhancement caused by differential enhancement of fat and water. Two-dimensional gradient-recalled echo and fat-suppressed 3D GRE phantom imaging confirmed the simulation results and showed that fat suppression does not eliminate the artifact. In vivo in-phase DCE images showed increased enhancement consistent with predictions and also confirmed increased spatial blurring on in-phase 3D gradient-recalled echo images. Combined multi-dimensional partial Fourier and parallel imaging provided a time-equivalent in-phase DCE MRI acquisition. Conclusion Errors in expected enhancement occur in DCE breast MRI subtraction images because of differential enhancement of fat and water and incomplete fat signal suppression. These errors can lead to artificial suppression of enhancement as well as dark band artifacts on subtraction images. These artifacts can be eliminated with a time-equivalent in-phase fat-suppressed 3D gradient-recalled echo sequence. Understanding chemical shift artifact of the third kind, a unique artifact of artificial enhancement suppression in the presence of intravoxel fat and water signal, will aid DCE breast MRI image interpretation. In-phase acquisitions (combined with simultaneous minimum echo time or opposed-phase echoes) may facilitate qualitative, quantitative and longitudinal analysis of contrast enhancement. Magn Reson Med 79:2277-2289, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Social capital, neighborhood disorder, and disaster recovery

Objective: This study examined social institutions as a contextual factor that may influence perceptions of neighborhood physical and social disorder during disaster recovery. Design: The study used descriptive statistics and fit logistic regression models. Setting and Participants: Participants in this study (n = 772) were recruited from temporary housing in Louisiana and Mississippi as part of the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study, a longitudinal study of households heavily impacted by Hurricane Katrina. Community data were obtained from the Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar Database and the American Community Survey. Outcome measure(s): Social disorder was assessed by asking respondents how concerned they are about issues such as being robbed or walking alone at night. Physical disorder was assessed by asking about problems experienced in the last month such as broken or missing windows and presence of mice or rats. Results: Greater income ( β = −0.17, SE = 0.07), housing stability ( β = −0.16, SE = 0.07), social support ( β = −0.09, SE = 0.04), and home ownership ( β = −0.10, SE = 0.05) were associated with lower social disorder and a larger male population at the community level was associated with greater social disorder ( β = 0.00, SE = 0.00). Greater social support ( β = −0.11, SE = 0.04), housing stability ( β = −0.15, SE = 0.06), and higher income ( β = −0.10, SE = 0.07) were associated with lower physical disorder. Conclusions: Longitudinal research is needed to understand the direction of influence between neighborhood factors and to household ability to provide for basic needs postdisaster. The findings also highlight the need for further research on postdisaster male behavior.
Depression in childhood. A survey of some pertinent contributions.

It is my intention in this paper to examine some of the literature which bears upon the nature of depression in childhood, in that period of life between infancy and adolescence which includes neither. No new facts are presented, for this manuscript is based neither on empirical research nor clinical study. The essential lack of definition of "childhood depression" is the focus of attention, if indeed such a disorder exists. In the interest of clarity, the term "depression," when used in unqualified form, refers to those behavioral manifestations, inferred or reported affects, and inferred dynamics to which the term is typically applied in adult psychopathology.' Hence, "childhood depression," as the term is used below, differs from "depression" only with respect to the age of occurrence. This convention is one of convenience and does not imply that such a childhood disorder has in fact been observed. A survey of the literature yields two indisputable facts. First, childhood depression and disorders which represent it or emulate it are rarely discussed. In a recent series of articles on depression in the In-