cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigen-antibody complexes bound to B-lymphocyte Fcγ receptors regulate B-lymphocyte differentiation

Abstract We studied the effect of soluble antigen-antibody complexes on the responses of polyclonally activated murine B lymphocytes. For this, normal B lymphocytes were stimulated with rabbit F(ab′) 2 anti-μ and lymphokines. IgG complexes, particularly in antigen excess, inhibited the plaque-forming cell response (55–70%), while proliferation was unaffected. Maximal inhibition was obtained with small amounts (0.2–1.0 μg/ml) of complexes. Neither antigen or antibody alone was inhibitory. Inhibition was mediated via binding of the IgG complexes to Fcγ receptors of B lymphocytes: (1) neither T lymphocytes or adherent accessory cells were required; (2) IgM complexes did not inhibit; and (3) inhibition was not seen when monoclonal anti-Fcγ receptor antibodies prevented binding of the IgG complexes to these receptors. Kinetic experiments showed that B lymphocytes are susceptible to this inhibitory signal for only a short time after stimulation. We conclude that IgG complexes bound to the Fcγ receptors of B lymphocytes regulate B-lymphocyte differentiation.
Modeling appraisal in theory of mind reasoning

Cognitive appraisal theories, which link human emotional experience to their interpretations of events happening in the environment, are leading approaches to model emotions. In this paper, we investigate the computational modeling of appraisal in a multi-agent decision-theoretic framework using POMDP based agents. We illustrate how five key appraisal dimensions (motivational relevance, motivation congruence, accountability, control and novelty) can be derived from the processes and information required for the agent's decision-making and belief maintenance. Through this illustration, we not only provide a solution for computationally modeling emotion in POMDP based agents, but also demonstrate the tight relationship between emotion and cognition. Our model of appraisal is applied to three different scenarios to illustrate its usage. We also discuss how the modeling of theory of mind (recursive beliefs about self and others) is critical for simulating social emotions.
Electron beam induced damage of organic solids: Implications for analytical electron microscopy

A summary of experimental observations of radiation damage of organic materials within the electron microscopy is presented. Consequences of this damage are discussed and the magnitude of the doses which produce such damage are compared to the doses necessary for detection and identification of small quantities of material. In general, it is found that the doses which produce damage are less than the doses necessary for detection of 1000 atoms. Methods which have been proposed to reduce the effects of radiation are thus considered in the context of reducing the detectable quantity of material.
The Martyr Pop Moment: Depoliticizing Martyrdom

ABSTRACTThe military regime that seized power in Egypt in July 2013 has suggested that the security personnel, rather than the unarmed protestors who died in the 25 January 2011 uprising, were the martyrs that the nation should celebrate. This rhetorical claim in support of authoritarian suppression of dissent must be understood in the context of the popular culture of the immediate post-Mubarak period, particularly the ‘martyr pop’ music video clips. This mass-media form disseminated a strategically ambiguous rhetoric that celebrated the martyrs but largely ignored the political cause for which they died. Such depoliticization of martyrdom suited the sensibilities of the intellectual class, whose economic and political investments in the hegemony of the neoliberal state outweighed their stated commitments to political change.
Normalization of Serum Triglycerides and Lipoprotein Electrophoretic Patterns by Exercise

Previous work has indicated that exercise can briefly lower fasting serum triglyceride levels. The present study was performed to document and quantify the fasting serum triglyceride response to successive periods of exercise in hyperlipidemic men. Seven middle-aged men were given a fixed diet. Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were measured each morning after a 12 hour fast. Four days of sedentary living were followed by 4 successive days of exercise and 3 to 7 days of sedentary recovery. Subjects exercised in the late afternoon, covering 3 to 4 miles in approximately 40 minutes. The first exercise session lowered mean fasting serum triglyceride levels from 235 ± 16 to 173 ± 15 mg/100 ml (P < 0.001); the second session resulted in a reduction to 136 ± 12, the third to 119 ± 7, and the fourth to 104 ± 8 mg/100 ml. During the recovery period, fasting serum triglycerides returned to base-line levels gradually, within 3 to 7 days. Serum cholesterol remained unaffected by exercise. Subjects with abnormal lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns had either type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Exercise normalized both types, but the abnormalities reappeared during the recovery period as fasting serum triglycerides returned to base-line levels. Exercise is effective in reducing fasting serum triglycerides acutely and correcting type IV and type V hyperlipoproteinemias.
Dynamics of Contention

In recent decades the study of social movements, revolution, democratization and other non-routine politics has flourished. And yet research on the topic remains highly fragmented, reflecting the influence of at least three traditional divisions. The first of these reflects the view that various forms of contention are distinct and should be studied independent of others. Separate literatures have developed around the study of social movements, revolutions and industrial conflict. A second approach to the study of political contention denies the possibility of general theory in deference to a grounding in the temporal and spatial particulars of any given episode of contention. The study of contentious politics are left to 'area specialists' and/or historians with a thorough knowledge of the time and place in question. Finally, overlaid on these two divisions are stylized theoretical traditions - structuralist, culturalist, and rationalist - that have developed largely in isolation from one another. This book was first published in 2001.
Do we need new rhizosphere models for rock-dominated landscapes?

In this issue, Estrada-Medina and coworkers described the diversity of materials in the rhizosphere of the Yucatan karst, Mexico, and quantified the distribution of roots across karst features. This commentary explores the implications of their work for below-ground competition and the dynamics of plant-available water on seasonal to inter-annual timescales. Though details differ, seasonal dynamics of water use were consistent with a two-layer model, characterized by water uptake from shallow soil and rock layers during the wet season and deeper soil pockets and rock layers during the dry season. Soil pockets were more densely rooted than rock and experienced large fluctuations in soil moisture, suggesting intense below-ground competition. Total water storage capacity in the rhizosphere was far greater than actual storage in the year of the study. This raises the question whether some storage components in the karst rhizosphere fluctuate on time scales exceeding 1 year. Despite the significant global extent of karst and their larger than proportional contribution to global biodiversity, vegetation models have ignored their unique rhizosphere structure. Differences in water storage could affect the responses of karst ecosystems and communities to climate change.
An in vitro system for accurate methylation of internal adenosine residues in messenger RNA

Some internal adenosine residues in messenger RNA are methylated posttranscriptionally in the nucleus. Most of the methylated adenosine residues in prolactin mRNA are in the 3' untranslated region. The site of methylation in the 3' end of prolactin mRNA was determined. This methylation reaction is highly specific; of the three adenosine residues in consensus sequences located in the 3' end, only one is methylated. An in vitro methylation system was developed in which bovine prolactin mRNA, synthesized in vitro with T7 RNA polymerase, was accurately methylated in a HeLa cell nuclear extract. The adenosine residue that was methylated in vitro was the same as the one methylated in vivo. This cell-free system, which accurately methylates the N6-position of adenosine residues in mRNA, will allow further study of the mechanism of adenosine methylation.
T2D-nephropathy linkage within 12q24 locus.

The 12q24 locus is linked to microcirculation pathology and type 2 diabetes (T2D) with nephropathy and entails the PSMD9 gene linked to T2D. We tested the PSMD9 T2D risk SNPs IVS3 + nt460A>G, IVS3 + nt437T>C and E197G for linkage to T2D-diabetic nephropathy in 200 Italians T2D families and show linkage to diabetic nephropathy.
Nations and states in Southeast Asia

Preface Part I. Present and Past: 1. Indonesia 2. Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei 3. The Philippines 4. Burma/Myanmar 5. Vietnam 6. Siam/Thailand Part II. Problems and Policies: 7. Colonial and national frontiers 8. Colonial authority 9. The industrial revolution 10. Parliamentary government and Southeast Asia 11. Nationalism 12. The Japanese 13. Gaining independence 14. Democratic institutions 15. International factors in the winning of independence 16. Armies 17. Millenarianism 18. Foreign policy Part III. Period and Perspectives: 19. Time and place 20. Septentrionalism.
Introduction: rethinking the role of the state

“Rethinking the Role of the State: Responses to Recent Challenges” was the theme of the 67th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in August 2011. Highlighting the changing views in our profession on the appropriate role of government, it dealt with a number of lessons learned from the 2009 financial crisis and its aftermath. Moreover, “Rethinking the Role of the State” addressed key challenges in the public sector in light of ongoing long-term trends, such as the ageing of populations, the rising mobility of production factors, technological change, cultural developments, and altering political landscapes and processes. “Rethinking the Role of the State” therefore is a timely, relevant and fascinating theme. Five terrific keynote speeches at the Congress shaped the theme with a broad coverage of issues, ranging from the Eurozone crisis, policy challenges for resource-rich developing countries, and policy reforms to cope with ageing and pensions, the income distribution and factor mobility. This special issue contains a selection of six papers presented at the Congress, including two of the Keynote lectures, which have been developed into written contributions (the ones by Hans-Werner Sinn and Frederick van der Ploeg).
Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: targeting glial cells

The pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) causes neurobehavioral damage, even at doses that do not elicit acute cholinergic toxicity. CPF disrupts the developing brain during glial proliferation and differentiation. Since glial cells play critical roles in brain development and function, we hypothesized that CPF neurotoxicity involves alteration of glial cell development. CPF effects in C6 glioma cells mirrored effects in the intact brain: inhibited DNA synthesis; interfered with adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling; obstructed DNA binding to transcription factors involved in cell differentiation; and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. CPF was administered to prenatal and neonatal rats and examined for markers of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Widespread effects were elicited by exposure during the peak period of gliogenesis. Males were preferentially targeted during postnatal exposures while females experienced delayed effects following gestational exposure, commensurate with behavioral outcomes. Alterations in glial cell development contribute to CPF neurotoxicity, extending vulnerability to myelination, synaptic plasticity, and architectural modeling, which continue into adolescence.
Interpretation of Underpressuring Using Pressure-Depth Profiles, Palo Duro Basin, Texas: ABSTRACT

Investigations of underpressured basins can be improved by identifying factors which impede accurate interpretation of pressure-depth (P-D) plots. The majority of P-D data from drill-stem tests are poor quality and are biased in distribution toward exploration and production; thus, true P-D trends, are obscured. Plotted P-D data may not only reflect flow conditions and underpressuring, but they can also be distorted by the hydrogeologic setting, i.e., surface topography, basin structure, and potentiometric surface. For example, surface topography can cause plotted data to appear more underpressured than it really is. Varying surface topography in conjunction with basin structure can cause P-D gradients to erroneously indicate potential cross-formation flow. If the effects of the hydrogeologic setting are not identified, P-D trends may be misinterpreted. In the Palo Duro basin, the problems of the hydrogeologic setting are reduced by delineating regions with little variation in surface topography and structure. The P-D plots for these different regions vary considerably. To evaluate the effects of the hydrogeologic setting on these P-D plots, theoretical models of hydrostatic conditions were computed for the hydrogeologic setting of each region. Comparison of regression lines through real P-D data to those through modeled data distinguishes true hydrologic conditions from the misleading effects of the hydrogeologic setting. P-D plots indicate regional underpressuring in Palo Duro basin. Variations in potential vertical flow within the underpressured basin are indicated by variations in P-D gradients across the basin. Potential upward flow is indicated along the western flanks of the Amarillo uplift, while potential downward flow is indicated in the southwestern and eastern parts of the basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 514------------
The distribution of labeled norepinephrine within sympathetic nerve terminals studied with electron microscope radioautography.

The distribution of radioactivity in association with sympathetic nerve terminals and intraneuronal organelles 30 min after the administration of tritiated norepinephrine (NE-3H) was studied by electron microscope radioautography with recently developed quantitative methods of analysis reported in the accompanying paper (Salpeter et al., 1969). Nerves from the pineal body and the adrenal capsule were examined. It was found that nerve terminals containing vesicles were heavily labeled. (These terminals were not necessarily in contact with some innervated structure.) There was no selective labeling of either the intraneuronal mitochondria or the relatively small population of large (∼1000 A) dense core granules. Small vesicles (∼500 A), some of which have a dense internal granule, could not be analysed separately because they are closely packed and occupy ∼60% of the volume in terminals. Because of the extensive distribution of these small granular and agranular vesicles in the radioactive terminals, they remain the most likely site for norepinephrine binding. Yet although the vesicles were uniformly distributed within the nerve terminals, it appears that the radioactivity was not. There appeared to be a somewhat higher concentration of radioactivity at the periphery of the nerve terminals than in the center. The usefulness of the method of analysis used in this study for determining the location of bound H3NE pools in the nerve is discussed.
An overlooked path to peace and stability: sport, the state and the case of the Koreas

Traditionally, social scientists have approached the study of international relations by focusing on topics such as power, war, peace, trade and diplomacy. Despite the overwhelming presence of spor...
Does ad blindness on the web vary by age and gender

A previous study had shown that users tend to associate certain elements of a web page with ads, and tend to avoid them. The current study revisited that data to see if this "ad blindness" varies with the age or gender of the users. We found that younger adults (20s and 30s) exhibited significantly more ad blindness than older adults. We also found that men exhibited significantly more ad blindness than women. We believe that both researchers and practitioners need to pay more attention to age and gender in studies of web behavior.
MusicSense: contextual music recommendation using emotional allocation modeling

In this paper, we present a novel contextual music recommendation approach, MusicSense, to automatically suggest music when users read Web documents such as Weblogs. MusicSense matches music to a document's content, in terms of the emotions expressed by both the document and the music songs. To achieve this, we propose a generative model - Emotional Allocation Modeling - in which a collection of word terms is considered as generated with a mixture of emotions. This model also integrates knowledge discovering from a Web-scale corpus and guidance from psychological studies of emotion. Music songs are also described using textual information extracted from their meta-data and relevant Web pages. Thus, both music songs and Web documents can be characterized as distributions over the emotion mixtures through the emotional allocation modeling. For a given document, the songs with the most matched emotion distributions are finally selected as the recommendations. Preliminary experiments on Weblogs show promising results on both emotion allocation and music recommendation.
Prevalence of obstructive lung disease in HIV population: a cross sectional study.

Summary Background Observational studies have suggested an association between HIV infection and emphysema. Aims The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of obstructive lung disease in HIV-infected patients seen in an outpatient infectious disease clinic. The secondary aim was to estimate the prevalence of Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD) in smokers and non smokers in this population. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients who were seen for routine HIV care underwent spirometry and answered the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Further, we collected information from the charts on demographics, co-morbidities, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load (current, baseline, etc). Results This study included 98 HIV-infected patients with mean age of 45 years, (SD: 11) and 84% male. They were seen from November 2008 to May 2009 at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. According to established criteria, spirometry results were classified as normal in 69% and obstructive in 16.3%. Among those who never smoked, the prevalence of obstructive lung disease on spirometry was 13.6%. The prevalence of obstruction in HIV patients with a history of smoking was 18.5%. Current and ever smokers comprised 21.4% and 55% of the patients respectively. The mean SGRQ total score was 7. The mean SGRQ score in active smokers was 17 and 15 in those subjects with a prior history of smoking. The mean SGRQ score among patients with obstruction in spiromerty was 27.7 in patients with obstruction on spirometry. Conclusion This urban population of HIV-infected persons has a relatively high prevalence of obstructive lung disease as assessed by spirometry. Furthermore, the high prevalence of obstructive lung disease in never smokers may suggest a possible association between HIV infection and emphysema. In addition the SGRQ total score was comparatively higher in patients with obstruction on spirometry. Our data suggests that potentially all patients with HIV should be screened a for OLD.
Conservation of a Stepwise, Energy-Sensitive Pathway Involving HP68 for Assembly of Primate Lentivirus Capsids in Cells

Previously we have described a stepwise, energy-dependent pathway for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid assembly in a cell-free system. In this pathway, Gag polypeptides utilize the cellular factor HP68 and assemble into immature capsids by way of assembly intermediates that have defined biochemical characteristics. Here we address whether this pathway is universally conserved among primate lentiviruses and can be observed in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that HIV-2 Gag associates with human HP68 in a cell-free system and that Gag proteins of HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239, and SIVagm associate with endogenous HP68 in primate cells, as is seen for HIV-1. Analysis of primate cells expressing lentivirus Gag proteins revealed Gag-containing complexes with the same sedimentation values as seen for previously described HIV-1 assembly intermediates in the cell-free system (10S, 80-150S, and 500S). These complexes fit criteria for assembly intermediates as judged by energy sensitivity, pattern of HP68 association, and the failure of specific complexes to be formed by assembly-incompetent Gag mutants. We also demonstrate that virus-like particles released from cells do not appear to contain HP68, suggesting that HP68 is released from Gag upon completion of capsid assembly in cells, as was observed previously in the cell-free system. Together these findings support a model in which all primate lentivirus capsids assemble by a conserved pathway of HP68-containing, energy-dependent assembly intermediates that have specific biochemical features.
Exactly solvable disordered sphere-packing model in arbitrary-dimensional Euclidean spaces.

We introduce a generalization of the well-known random sequential addition (RSA) process for hard spheres in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$. We show that all of the $n$-particle correlation functions of this nonequilibrium model, in a certain limit called the ``ghost'' RSA packing, can be obtained analytically for all allowable densities and in any dimension. This represents the first exactly solvable disordered sphere-packing model in an arbitrary dimension. The fact that the maximal density $\ensuremath{\phi}(\ensuremath{\infty})=1∕{2}^{d}$ of the ghost RSA packing implies that there may be disordered sphere packings in sufficiently high $d$ whose density exceeds Minkowski's lower bound for Bravais lattices, the dominant asymptotic term of which is $1∕{2}^{d}$. Indeed, we report on a conjectural lower bound on the density whose asymptotic behavior is controlled by ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}(0.778 65\dots{})d}$, thus providing the putative exponential improvement on Minkowski's 100-year-old bound. Our results suggest that the densest packings in sufficiently high dimensions may be disordered rather than periodic, implying the existence of disordered classical ground states for some continuous potentials.
Land Policy and Its Relation to Agricultural Production and Distribution, 1862 to 1933

IF BY land policy we mean a comprehensive, well-thought-out plan that made for an efficient long-range use of our agricultural resources, we are reasonably safe in saying we had none.' If we had anything that came close to resembling a policy, it was that of throwing open vast quantities of public and private lands to cultivation which resulted in maladjustments that made it difficult, if not impossible, for many farmers to adjust themselves to capitalistic methods of production and distribution. The extent of these maladjustments may be gauged in part by observing the status of agriculture on the eve of the New Deal. Shrinking foreign markets, world-wide competition, rising tariff walls, poor farm management practices, and excessive production and distribution costs were accompanied by sharp increases in indebtedness, farm foreclosures, and tenancy. Agriculture was receiving a dwindling share of the national income, capital formation was being discouraged, and farming had been relegated to a subordinate position within the economy. From the outset it should be made plain that our land laws were hardly as liberal to the farmers as once had been imagined. And even if these laws had been more liberally administered to satisfy their immediate and long-range needs, it is doubtful whether they would have been spared from many of the vicissitudes of commercial farming. More than cheap land was needed to acquire full ownership and to retain it. A far-sighted policy that would have made for a seasoned settlement of the areas thrown open to cultivation and taken legitimate credit needs into account conceivably might have mitigated, but not necessarily eliminated, the difficulties of the settlers. Too many other elements were involved. As suggested, the phrase land policy suggests something definite, well planned, unified, and long-range in character. But the most cursory investigation bears out that insofar as the Federal Government was concerned this hardly was the case. Policies were, and still are,
Boosting automatic lexical acquisition with morphological information

In this paper we investigate the impact of morphological features on the task of automatically extending a dictionary. We approach the problem as a pattern classification task and compare the performance of several models in classifying nouns that are unknown to a broad coverage dictionary. We used a boosting classifier to compare the performance of models that use different sets of features. We show how adding simple morphological features to a model greatly improves the classification performance.
Children's dental health, school performance, and psychosocial well-being.

Objective To assess the effects of dental health on school performance and psychosocial well-being in a nationally representative sample of children in the US. Study design We analyzed data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health for 40 752-41 988 children. The effects of dental problems and maternal-rated dental health on school performance and psychosocial well-being outcomes were evaluated using regression models adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics. Results Dental problems were significantly associated with reductions in school performance and psychosocial well-being. Children with dental problems were more likely to have problems at school (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.37-1.72) and to miss school (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.23-1.64) and were less likely to do all required homework (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.68-0.85). Dental problems were associated with shyness, unhappiness, feeling of worthlessness, and reduced friendliness. The effects of dental problems on unhappiness and feeling of worthlessness were largest for adolescents between 15 and 17 years. Conclusion Preventing and treating dental problems and improving dental health may benefit child academic achievement and cognitive and psychosocial development.
Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is involved in sustaining the survival of primary rat hepatic stellate cells

Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is a matricellular protein that plays a role in hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-mediated fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation by CCN2 of cell survival pathways in primary HSC. Primary HSC were obtained by in situ enzymatic perfusion of rat liver. NF-κB activation was assessed by immunoblotting for IκBα phosphorylation and degradation and by NF-κB p50 or p65 nuclear accumulation. NF-κB DNA-binding activity was determined by gel mobility shift assay while NF-κB response gene expression was evaluated using a luciferase reporter. Cell viability was assessed by Trypan blue staining or ATP luminescent assay while apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3 activity. CCN2 induced IκBα phosphorylation and degradation as well as nuclear accumulation of NF-κB. Activated NF-κB comprised three dimers, p65/p65, p65/p50 and p50/p50, that individually bound to DNA-binding sites and subsequently triggered transcriptional activity. This was confirmed by showing that CCN2 promoted activity of a NF-κB luciferase reporter. CCN2 promoted survival of serum-starved HSC and protected the cells from death induced by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway using Bay-11-7082, a specific inhibitor of IκBα phosphorylation. CCN2 contributes to the survival of primary HSC through the NF-κB pathway.
The Automatic Calibration of Conceptual Catchment Models Using Derivative‐Based Optimization Algorithms

This paper examines the possibility of using derivative-based optimization algorithms for automatic calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models with threshold structures. A method is discussed for explicit computation of the derivatives based on an analysis of the modality of behavior present in such models. In the method the threshold structures are not replaced by smoothing functions, thereby preserving the conceptual integrity of these models. The discussion includes a theoretical analysis of a single linear reservoir (with threshold) model which provides some insights into the issue of threshold parameter identifiability. Simulation study comparisons of the Newton (derivative based) and the Simplex (direct search) optimization algorithms indicate that the former is more efficient, especially when the number of parameters to be optimized is large. However, the results indicate that careful study of the issues related to model identifiability is required if any significant progress is to be achieved in the area of automatic calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models.
US3 of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Encodes a Promiscuous Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates and Alters Localization of Lamin A/C in Infected Cells

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) US3 gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase that, when inactivated, causes capsids to aggregate aberrantly between the inner and outer nuclear membranes (INM and ONM, respectively) within evaginations/extensions of the perinuclear space. In both Hep2 cells and an engineered cell line derived from Hep2 cells expressing lamin A/C fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP-lamin A/C), lamin A/C localized mostly in a reticular pattern with small regions of the INM devoid of eGFP-lamin A/C when they were either mock infected or infected with wild-type HSV-1(F). Cells infected with HSV-1(F) also contained some larger diffuse regions lacking lamin A/C. Proteins UL31 and UL34, markers of potential envelopment sites at the INM and perinuclear virions, localized within the regions devoid of lamin A/C and also in regions containing lamin A/C. Similar to previous observations with Vero cells (S. L. Bjerke and R. J. Roller, Virology 347:261-276, 2006), the proteins UL34 and UL31 localized exclusively in very discrete regions of the nuclear lamina lacking lamin A/C in the absence of US3 kinase activity. To determine how US3 alters lamin A/C distribution, US3 was purified and shown to phosphorylate lamin A/C at multiple sites in vitro, despite the presence of only one putative US3 kinase consensus site in the lamin A/C sequence. US3 kinase activity was also sufficient to invoke partial solubilization of lamin A/C from permeabilized Hep2 cell nuclei in an ATP-dependent manner. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses of lamin A/C revealed that lamin A/C is phosphorylated in HSV-infected cells, and the full spectrum of phosphorylation requires US3 kinase activity. These data suggest that US3 kinase activity regulates HSV-1 capsid nuclear egress at least in part by phosphorylation of lamin A/C.
The impact of the Fogarty International Clinical Scholars and Fellows program extends beyond borders.

The initial Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars (FICRS) program, established in 2004, was focused on training in tropical medicine and was very successful in establishing researchers with expertise in communicable and noncommunicable disease worldwide. This was a one-of-a-kind program: it allowed medical, veterinary, dental, and pre-doctoral epidemiology students from the United States to train in clinical research at sites in developing countries. The program later expanded, adding training of post-doctoral fellows (FICRS&F). It was originally administered by Vanderbilt University under a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), but 2 years ago it was restructured to be administered by five University centers. As illustrated by its title, Global Health Training for Fellows and Scholars (GHTFS), the new program shifted emphasis from student to post-doctoral trainees. The article by Heimburger and others, 1 in this issue of the AJTMH, describes the earlier FICRS program but focuses only on a subset of the overall program: the fellows, who were either post-doctoral or post-residency. However, we believe
Reaching beyond the Family: New Nongovernmental Organization Alliances for Global Poverty Alleviation and Emergency Response:

In the past two decades, failed states, the end of the cold war, and the rise of ethnic identity movements have spawned civil wars and humanitarian disasters. Global economic changes have generated new economic disparities and spawned additional forms of poverty in both the developing and the developed worlds. These profound changes raise new issues about the role of the not-for-profit sector in a world where state resources for human services have eroded. The purpose of this article is to identify several new patterns of engagement by international relief and development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): experimental partnerships with the private sector and new multidirectional, global NGO alliances and networks for both operational response and advocacy.
Bronchial Tree Penetration of Antibiotics

acterial pneumonia is often associated with production of purulent sputum that may occlude alveoli or bronchi. The same can be said of relatively pure cases of tracheobronchitis as seen in patients with chronic bronchitis and in hospitalized, intubated, or tracheostomized patients. This purulent sputum may act as an inaccessible reservoir for growth of the bacterial pathogen. Antimicrobial penetration into the sputum becomes important if these pathogens are to be eradicated. Studies have shown that satisfactory clinical response correlates with antimicrobial sputum levels in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolated sputum pathogen,’� while poor response correlated with levels lower than the bacterial MIC.�
Sequence of the murine factor VIII cDNA.

Abstract DNA clones corresponding tn the mouse homolog of the human factor VIII gene have been isolated and sequenced. The murine gene is expressed in most tissues examined and the mRNA is approximately l.8 kb smaller than the human transcript, primarily due to a shorter 3′ untranslated region. The mouse cDNA encodes a protein of 2319 amino acids, 32 amino acids shorter than human factor VIII, with 74% identity to the human sequence. Further comparison shows that amino acid sequences in the functionally important A and C domains are highly conserved (84-93% identity), whereas the B domains and the two acidic domains are more divergent (42-70% identity). All thrombin/factor Xa cleavage sites and all but one activated protein C cleavage site are conserved in mouse factor VIII, as well as a tyrosine residue needed for von Willebrand factor binding. These findings suggest that mouse factor VIII operates in the clotting cascade much like the human protein, but reveal some differences that may have functional significance.
Expanding Middle School Horizons: Integrating Language, Culture, and Social Studies

This article reports on findings from the first phase of an ongoing research project that is investigating English language learners in middle school social studies classrooms. This phase examined the academic language of American history classes and implemented a series of lessons designed to integrate language and content objectives with the development of critical-thinking skills and information about the cultural diversity of colonial America. The article analyzes features of social studies academic language from text and classroom discourse and reviews cultural diversity as it is represented in popular textbooks. Also highlighted are successful strategies teachers used to facilitate students' comprehension of the subject matter and improve their academic language skills. Many of these strategies are adaptations of ESL techniques that have been applied to content-area lessons. The conclusion is that an integrated language and social studies course may be an appropriate placement for English language learners who are preparing to enter mainstream classes.
The development of the Missouri documents depository system: 1971–1977☆

Abstract This article presents a historical account of the various steps taken by Missouri librarians to achieve a distribution system for Missouri state documents. Planning, development, passage, and implementation of Missouri documents depository legislation are addressed. This article will serve as a useful framework for state documents librarians wishing to implement or upgrade their state documents depository programs.
The Farnesoid X Receptor Modulates Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism during the Fasting-Refeeding Transition

The liver plays a central role in the control of blood glucose homeostasis by maintaining a balance between glucose production and utilization. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor. Hepatic FXR expression is regulated by glucose and insulin. Here we identify a role for FXR in the control of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. When submitted to a controlled fasting-refeeding schedule, FXR-/- mice displayed an accelerated response to high carbohydrate refeeding with an accelerated induction of glycolytic and lipogenic genes and a more pronounced repression of gluconeogenic genes. Plasma insulin and glucose levels were lower in FXR-/- mice upon refeeding the high-carbohydrate diet. These alterations were paralleled by decreased hepatic glycogen content. Hepatic insulin sensitivity was unchanged in FXR-/- mice. Treatment of isolated primary hepatocytes with a synthetic FXR agonist attenuated glucose-induced mRNA expression as well as promoter activity of L-type pyruvate kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and Spot14. Moreover, activated FXR interfered negatively with the carbohydrate response elements regions. These results identify a novel role for FXR as a modulator of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
Archaeological skeletal part profiles and differential transport : An ethnoarchaeological example from Hadza bone assemblages

Skeletal profiles of medium-sized prey (>40 kg) are often used by archaeologists as one line of evidence to infer prehistoric body-part transport patterns. However, recent theoretical and ethnoarchaeological research is divided over the types of bone assemblages that have the best potential for accurately reflecting transport and discard patterns. This paper quantitatively evaluates the usefulness of skeletal part profiles as evidence of differential transport from ethnoarchaeological Hadza bone assemblages. Skeletal part abundances from different types of Hadza sites (butchering sites, a hunting blind, and a residential base) are compared to previously reported observations of body part transport/discard decisions (O'Connell et al. 1988, 1990). Analysis of these assemblages suggests that observed Hadza transport/discard decisions are more accurately reflected by small-scale, single-event butchering stands. Larger-sized bone assemblages representing amalgamations of many butchering events poorly reflect observed transport and discard patterns. The results of this analysis show that under circumstances where prey are singly acquired, small sites may reveal a far more accurate picture of prehistoric body-part transport patterns than large and highly visible archaeological sites.
Perinatal Violence Assessment: Teenagers' Rationale for Denying Violence When Asked

Objective: To describe teenagers' experiences with perinatal violence assessment. Design: A descriptive design utilizing qualitative content analysis. Setting: Participants were recruited from gynecologic clinics of two level III maternity units and interviewed offsite. Participants: Twenty nonpregnant teenagers between the ages of 18 and 20 years who had experienced physical or sexual abuse in the year before or during (or both) a pregnancy occurring within the last 3 years were recruited for this study, regardless of past pregnancy outcome. Methods: Data were analyzed using categorical content analysis. Results: Participants reported a range of violence experiences from their parents, current and past intimate partners, and gangs (groups). Four categories emerged that addressed their reasons for not disclosing violence to their health care providers: Power/Powerlessness, Fear/Hope, Trust/Mistrust, and Action/Inertia. Conclusions: Abused teenagers have unique needs and concerns that should be addressed when providing pregnancy care.
Cultural group selection, coevolutionary processes and large-scale cooperation

In constructing improved models of human behavior, both experimental and behavioral economists have increasingly turned to evolutionary theory for insights into human psychology and preferences. Unfortunately, the existing genetic evolutionary approaches can explain neither the degree of prosociality (altruism and altruistic punishment) observed in humans, nor the patterns of variation in these behaviors across different behavioral domains and social groups. Ongoing misunderstandings about why certain models work, what they predict, and what the place is of “group selection” in evolutionary theory have hampered the use of insights from biology and anthropology. This paper clarifies some of these issues and proposes an approach to the evolution of prosociality rooted in the interaction between cultural and genetic transmission. I explain how, in contrast to non-cultural species, the details of our evolved cultural learning capacities (e.g., imitative abilities) create the conditions for the cultural evolution of prosociality. By producing multiple behavioral equilibria, including group-beneficial equilibria, cultural evolution endogenously generates a mechanism of equilibrium selection that can favor prosociality. Finally, in the novel social environments left in the wake of these cultural evolutionary processes, natural selection is likely to favor prosocial genes that would not be expected in a purely genetic approach. © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
In a conjecture relating X 2 and F quantiles

Dion and Fridshal (1982) published a conjecture which relates the quantiles of independent X 2 random variables with the quantiles of the “appropriate” F distribution.For the case of equal degrees of freedom we prove the conjecture (even more generally).For the case of unequal degrees of freedom the problem is more complicated and we present some analytical and numerical results.
Cross-validation and cross-study validation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with exome sequences and machine learning

The era of genomics brings the potential of better DNA based risk prediction and treatment. While genome-wide association studies are extensively studied for risk prediction, the potential of using whole exome data for this purpose is unclear. We explore this problem for chronic lymphocytic leukemia that is one of the largest whole exome dataset of 186 case and 169 controls available from the NIH dbGaP database. We perform a standard next generation sequence procedure to obtain SNP variants on 153 cases and 144 controls after exclusion of samples with missing data. To evaluate their predictive power we first conduct a 50% training and 50% test cross-validation study on the full dataset with the support vector machine as the classifier. There we obtain a mean accuracy of 82% with top 20 ranked SNPs obtained by the Pearson correlation coefficient. We then perform a cross-study validation on case and controls from a lymphoma external study and just controls from head and neck cancer and breast cancer studies (all obtained from NIH dbGaP). On the external dataset we obtain an accuracy of 70% with top ranked SNPs obtained from the original dataset. We also find our top Pearson ranked SNPs to lie on previously implicated genes for this disease. Our study shows that even with a small sample size we can obtain moderate to high accuracy with exome sequences and is thus encouraging for future work.
Microbial Oxidation of Organic Matter of Histosols

Although deposits of organic soils (Histosols) are found more extensively in the cold, moist portions of the northern hemisphere, especially in regions of past glaciation, this type of soil occurs throughout the world. About 60% of the deposits are located in the USSR (Farnham and Finney, 1965). Of the approximately 55-77 million hectares located within the U.S., nearly 41 million hectares are located in Alaska (Davis and Lucas, 1959). The largest known tract of Histosols in the world is located in the Florida Everglades. This region consists of approximately 8 X 10s ha of peat and muck soils. Prior to drainage for agricultural development, the Everglades was approximately 65 km X 60km in area and extended from the base of Lake Okeechobee south through the center of the Florida peninsula and intersected with the ocean at the tip of Florida (Stephens, 1969).
An ophthalmologist's approach to visual processing/learning differences.

In the past, most ophthalmologists read or were told that treatment of the disorders affecting children with dyslexia and other learning disabilities fell outside the field of ophthalmology because the brain, and not the eyes, is the main organ active in the process of thinking and learning (Hartstein, 1971; Hartstein & Gable, 1984; Miller, 1988). Because dyslexia, for example, implied an inability to understand the written word, the definitive diagnosis and therapy was in the hands of the educators and clinical psychologists, not the ophthalmologist. The role of an ophthalmologist, thus, was to rule out disease as the first step in determining the reason for a learning difference before referring the child back to the pediatrician or family doctor for further evaluation and referral. This limited role for ophthalmologists in treating children with learning disorders is now being displaced by a move toward an interdisciplinary approach. The ophthalmologist is often the first expert to whom the pediatrician refers a child suspected of having a learning disorder. Educating ophthalmologists in the medical and nonmedical conditions and situations that could affect learning in a child or older individual will help ensure that a patient receives appropriate, effective, and timely remedial treatment. The first step in educating ophthalmologists is to introduce psychiatry, educational and neuropsychology, physical and occupational therapy, and educational science in all its forms relating to learning differences in children and adults to the ophthalmology community (Koller & Goldberg, 1999). (An appendix to this chapter outlines briefly what an ophthalmologist in general practice should know about learning disorders.) The second is to make the diagnosis and treatment of children more efficient by developing a system for classifying disorders that is oriented toward ophthalmologists. This chapter describes such a classification system for learning disorders. It then goes on to describe causes and treatment of medically based ophthalmic problems affecting learning, as well as other conditions affecting learning that are not purely ophthalmic but which ophthalmologists can help diagnose (Koller, 1999a).