cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in Blood Pressure Levels Among Children by Sociodemographic Status.

Introduction The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated its blood pressure (BP) screening guidelines in 2017 to emphasize body weight as a risk factor. We provide contemporary, nationally representative estimates of prevalence of elevated and hypertensive BP among US children and examine sociodemographic prevalence differences, accounting for the influence of weight. Methods We used cross-sectional data from children aged 8 to 17 years (N = 5,971; weighted N = 36,612,323) collected from 2011 through 2018 in 4 biennial cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Children's BP was categorized as normal, elevated, or hypertensive. Sociodemographic characteristics included were sex, age, race/ethnicity, family income, and education. Log binomial regression, with and without adjustment for weight (dichotomized at the 85th body mass index percentile), determined prevalence estimates and differences for elevated and hypertensive BPs with 95% CIs. Results In NHANES data collected from 2011 through 2018, 7.2% (95% CI, 6.3%-8.3%) of US children had elevated BP, and 3.8% (95% CI, 3.3%-4.5%) had hypertensive BP according to 2017 AAP guidelines. Differences in prevalence of weight-adjusted elevated BP indicated higher prevalence among children aged 16 to 17 years compared with children aged 8 to 9 years (prevalence difference, +6.3%; 95% CI, 3.2%-9.4%), among males compared with females (+4.6%; 95% CI, 2.7%-6.4%), and among non-Latino Black children compared with non-Latino White children (+4.0%; 95% CI, 2.2%-5.8%). Crude hypertensive BP prevalence was highest among children aged 8 to 9 years, male children, and Mexican American children. The only difference remaining after weight adjustment was among children aged 8 to 9 years and 13 to 15 years. Conclusion Elevated BP was most prevalent among US children who were older, male, or non-Latino Black. Factors beyond inequalities in body weight may contribute to disparities in elevated BP.
TRPC3 Antagonizes Pruritus in A Mouse Contact Dermatitis Model

Contact dermatitis (CD), including allergic and irritant CD, are common dermatological diseases and are characterized by an erythematous rash and severe itch. In this study, we investigated the function of TRPC3, a canonical transient receptor potential channel highly expressed in type 1 nonpeptidergic (NP1) nociceptive primary afferents and other cell types, in a mouse CD model. Although TrpC3 null mice had little deficits in acute somatosensation, they showed significantly increased scratching with CD. In addition, TrpC3 null mice displayed no differences in mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in an inflammatory pain model, suggesting that this channel preferentially functions to antagonize CD-induced itch. Using dorsal root ganglia and panimmune-specific TrpC3 conditional knockout mice, we determined that TrpC3 in dorsal root ganglia neurons but not in immune cells is required for this phenotype. Furthermore, the number of MRGPRD+ NP1 afferents in CD-affected dorsal root ganglia is significantly reduced in TrpC3-mutant mice. Taken together, our results suggest that TrpC3 plays a critical role in NP1 afferents to cope with CD-induced excitotoxicity and that the degeneration of NP1 fibers may lead to an increased itch of CD. Our study identified a role of TrpC3 and NP1 afferents in CD pathology.
Optimization and assessment of phytoplankton size class algorithms for ocean color data on the Northeast U.S. continental shelf

Abstract The size structure of phytoplankton communities influences important ecological and biogeochemical processes, including the transfer of energy through marine food webs. A variety of algorithms have been developed to estimate phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) from satellite ocean color data. However, many of these algorithms were developed for application to the global ocean, and their performance in more productive, optically complex coastal and continental shelf regions warrants evaluation. In this study, several existing PSC models were applied in the Northeast U.S. continental shelf (NES) region and compared with in situ PSC estimates derived from a local HPLC pigment data set. The effect of regional re-parameterization and incorporation of sea surface temperature (SST) into existing abundance-based model frameworks was investigated and model performance was assessed using an independent data set. Abundance-based model re-parameterization alone did not result in significant improvement in model performance compared with other models. However, the inclusion of SST led to a consistent reduction in model error for all size classes. Of two absorption-based algorithms tested, the best performing approach displayed similar performance metrics to the regional SST-dependent abundance-based model. The SST-dependent model and the absorption-based method were applied to monthly composites of the NES region for April and September 2019 and qualitatively compared. The results highlight the benefit of considering SST in abundance-based models and the applicability of absorption-based PSC methods in optically complex regions.
Uncertainty of leukoencephalopathies: a case report.

BACKGROUND Adult-onset leukoencephalopathies are a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by white matter abnormalities. Leukoencephalopathy is usually encountered in children, but here we report a case with adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. Also, we explore this concept of uncertainty in medicine by discussing the approach to this case that has multiple possible etiologies. CASE PRESENTATION A 70-year-old Caucasian male presented with a subacute onset of cognitive impairment and mood disturbances associated with behavioral changes. Neuroimaging demonstrated high-intensity lesions involving cerebral white matter. Progressive dementia and cognitive decline followed. Multiple possible etiologies are discussed based on the patient presentation and risk factors. CONCLUSION Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy can become a diagnostic challenge. Certain approaches need to be developed to explore the uncertainty of such conditions and to improve diagnostic yield.
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) expression profile in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex and regulation by ethanol

Background Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a multifunctional metamorphic protein with a growing body of evidence supporting a major role in the brain's molecular and behavioral response to ethanol. Although key to understanding the functional biology underlying this role, little is known about the cellular and subcellular expression patterns of CLIC4 in brain and how they are affected by ethanol. Methods qRT-PCR was used to assess Clic4 mRNA expression in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of C57BL/6J mice in the absence and presence of acute ethanol exposure. Two complementary immunohistochemical techniques were employed to assess the subcellular localization of CLIC4 protein, as well as its pattern of expression across brain cell types in mPFC in the absence and presence of acute ethanol. Results Through immunohistochemical and stereological techniques, we show that CLIC4 protein is robustly expressed by oligodendrocytes (most abundant), microglia, and astrocytes, with minimal expression in neurons. Following acute ethanol, we observed a rapid increase in Clic4 mRNA expression in female but not male mice and an overall increase in the number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes expressing CLIC4 protein. Conclusions These findings suggest a function for Clic4 as an early response gene for acute ethanol in brain, which likely underlies its ability to modulate ethanol behavior. Furthermore, our results suggest the role of CLIC4 in the brain's response to ethanol is likely mediated through oligodendrocytes.
Ethical Comportment in Organizations: A Synthesis of The Feminist Ethic of Care and the Buddhist Ethic of Compassion

This article describes a mode of ethical behavior in organizations called ethical comportment that is the enactment of the principles of elements common to the feminist ethic of care and the Buddhist ethic of compassion. The paper outlines the main tenets of care and The Eightfold Path of Buddhism, a mode of practicing compassion, demonstrating the similarities in values and practices that embody what the author considers to be ethical comportment in organizations.
Does College Matter for Emerging Adulthood? Comparing Developmental Trajectories of Educational Groups

Critics of emerging adulthood theory have suggested that it only applies to college students, but this assertion has largely gone untested. The purpose of the present study was to compare developmental trajectories of non-students versus college-educated youth in theoretically relevant domains of work, love, and financial independence. Using data from the Youth Development Study (N = 1139, 49.6 % female, 63.3 % White, 10.9 % Southeast Asian, 1.5 % Other Asian, 8.6 % Black, 5.3 % Mixed Race, 4.0 % Latino, 0.8 % Native American), latent growth curve models were fitted to chart each group’s development, from ages 14 to 30. Different trajectories were revealed for hours worked, children, and financial dependence on parents, spouses, and government aid. No differences were found in employment rates, marriage rates, or financial dependence on own income. These results provide a clearer picture of emerging adulthood for non-students, and highlight problems with generalizing college student research to all emerging adults.
The Internal Construction of Spatial Patterns

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the characteristics of active visual-spatial memory. It is an objective study of constructive imagery. A technique is described, which examines mental imagery at a micro level. All of the experiments utilize a binary matrix technique in which auditory signals are presented to a human subject, and the latter applies spatial rules to the sequence of sounds. Visual–spatial memory has a limited capacity. It can be measured in terms of number of discrete positions that may be held in a spatial framework for immediate report. The limits seem to be of the same order of magnitude as the magic number 7 found with verbal immediate memory. Capacity is greater when spatial positions can be integrated into familiar patterns. Chunking is also a well-known aspect of verbal memory, where the chunks consist of words and phrases. Information can be maintained by rehearsal for an indefinite period in visual–spatial and auditory–verbal memory. Retention beyond maintenance rehearsal occurs following activity in the visual–spatial memory, just as in verbal rehearsal. A primacy effect can be found in visual–spatial memory, which has its counterpart in auditory–verbal memory. Entry of information into either visual–spatial or auditory–verbal memory can be cross-modal, indicating constructive imagery occurs for both. Any information-processing routine practiced to the point of automaticity can serve a short-term storage function.
Estimating uncertainty in daily weather interpolations: a Bayesian framework for developing climate surfaces

Conservation of biodiversity demands comprehension of evolutionary and ecological patterns and processes that occur over vast spatial and temporal scales. A central goal of ecology is to understand the climatic factors that control ecological processes and this has become even more important in the face of climate change. Especially at global scales, there can be enormous uncertainty in underlying environmental data used to explain ecological processes, but that uncertainty is rarely quantified or incorporated into ecological models. In this study, a climate-aided Bayesian kriging approach is used to interpolate 20 years of daily meteorological observations (maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation) to a 1 arc-min grid for the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Independent validation data revealed overall predictive performance of the interpolation to have R 2 values of 0.90, 0.85, and 0.59 for maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation, respectively. A suite of ecologically relevant climate metrics that include the uncertainty introduced by the interpolation were then generated. By providing the high-resolution climate metric surfaces and uncertainties, this work facilitates richer and more robust predictive modelling in ecology and biogeography. These data can be incorporated into ecological models to propagate the uncertainties through to the final predictions.
Spectrum Allocation Algorithms for Cognitive Radio Mesh Networks

Empowered by the cognitive radio technology, and motivated by the sporadic channel utilization, both spatially and temporally, dynamic spectrum access networks (also referred to as cognitive radio networks and next generation wireless networks) have emerged as a solution to improve spectrum utilization and provide more flexibility to wireless communication. A cognitive radio network is composed of wireless users, referred to as secondary users, which are allowed to use a given licensed spectrum band as long as there are no primary, licensed, users occupying this band in their vicinity. This restricted spectrum access strategy leads to heterogeneity in channel availability among secondary users. Heterogeneity in channel availability forms a significant source of performance degradation for cognitive radio networks, and poses a great challenge on protocol design. In this dissertation, we propose spectrum allocation algorithms that take this heterogeneity property and its effect on the network performance into consideration. The spectrum allocation solutions proposed in this dissertation address three major objectives in cognitive radio mesh networks. The first objective is maximizing the network coverage, in terms of the total number of served clients, and at the same time simplifying the communication coordination function. To address this objective, we proposed a received based channel allocation strategy that alleviates the need for a common control channel, thus simplifying the coordination function, and at the same time maximizes the number of clients served with link reliability guarantees. We show the superiority of the proposed allocation strategy over other existing strategies. The second objective is improving the multicast throughput to compensate for the performance degradation caused by the heterogeneity in channel availability. We proposed a
OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF B2 AND B19' PHASES OF EQUIATOMIC NI-TI ALLOYS

The dielectric functions of equiatomic Ni-Ti alloys were measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the energy range of 1.5{endash}5.4 eV at {approximately}423 and at {approximately}25 K. The peak at {approximately}2.26 eV in the B19{sup {prime}} (monoclinic structure) optical conductivity spectrum has a slightly larger magnitude than in the B2 (cubic CsCl structure) phase, while the shoulder at {approximately}3.5 eV becomes weaker and almost indiscernible upon martensitic transformation. A new structure develops at {approximately}2.85 eV in the B19{sup {prime}} phase; however, it is also very weak. The band structures and the optical conductivity were calculated in both phases using the linearized-augmented-plane-wave method within the local-density approximation. {bold k} points near the {Gamma}-X-M plane in the B2 phase and the corresponding {bold k}-points in B19{sup {prime}} phase contribute significantly to all three structures. The difference between the two spectra is due to the transitions between the folded-back bands from the B2 phase because of the larger unit cell of the B19{sup {prime}} phase and the change in the electronic energy spectrum near the Fermi level. The overall optical properties of Ni-Ti alloys in the measured energy range are rather insensitive to the martensitic transformation because the states far from the Fermi level aremore » mainly involved in the interband transitions. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Epidemiology of trauma: Childhood adversities, neighborhood problems, discrimination, chronic strains, life events, and daily hassles among people with a severe mental illness

Trauma during childhood and adolescence is a common event among people with a serious psychological disorder. Few studies assess a wide range of stressors for this population. This is surprising given that these stressful events are implicated in poorer outcomes related to course and treatment of mental health problems. This study of 214 people with serious mental illness examines the prevalence of childhood traumas, perceived neighborhood problems, discrimination, chronic strains, negative life events, and daily hassles. We use regression analyses to determine if these stressors are associated with quality of life. Results show that 95% of the sample report at least one childhood adversity. Perceived neighborhood problems, experiences of discrimination, chronic strains, life events, and daily hassles were also common. Examining the relationship between demographic factors and stressors suggests that older respondents, Whites, those who have never been married, and people diagnosed with Schizophrenia reported fewer stressors compared to those who are older, non-White, ever married, or suffering from other types of mental health problems. Finally, three of the six types of stressors were related to lower quality of life and depression. We discuss the implications of these findings for the treatment of severe psychological problems.
An Examination into Rationality and Operational Efficiency of Exchange Mergers

Abstract Unlike a merger of for-profit businesses, the intra- and inter-business mergers of exchanges have their uniqueness in that exchanges merge to provide financial stability to the industry in which they belong, to diversify their product lines, to initiate a pre-emptive measure for better trading technologies, and to obey their government's implicit edicts for greater financial and operational efficiency. Because three Asian exchanges were forced to merge under their respective government's edicts, this paper analyzes the presence of an operational efficiency gain after a forced merger. The equality-of-the-means tests on the number of firms listed, trading volume, turnover rate, and market capitalization showed efficiency was gained after the forced merger. This conclusion shows that a forced merger may not be necessarily bad to the merged exchanges and may provide a new motive and rational for a merger of exchanges in the future.
Remembering death: public policy in the USA.

In 1997, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funded the Last Acts project designed to educate the public, policymakers, and healthcare professionals on issues surrounding end-of-life care. The following precepts of palliative care, developed by the Last Acts Palliative Care Task Force, affirm a vision of better care: Respecting patient goals, preferences and choices Comprehensive caring Utilizing the strengths of interdisciplinary resources Acknowledging and addressing caregiver concerns Building systems and mechanisms of support.
Environmental management of a highly impacted, urbanized tropical estuary: rehabilitation and restoration

The principles of the dynamics and interrelationships within the dominant subtropical and tropical Caribbean seagrass community have been studied previously before, during, and after impact. From these and scores of observations of damage and recovery patterns inThalassia ecosystems, a sense of management recovery strategy has emerged. Artificial restoring ofThalassia testudinum seeds into areas cut off from stock (fruit, seeds) appeared feasible on a large scale after the Turkey Point (Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida) restoration and test sampling throughout North Biscayne Bay. Two large-scale seeding attempts were made; after 11 months they compared favorably with Turkey Point specimens with regard to growth parameters, despite the turbidity and other persistent pollution. Thus, the possible areas in whichThalassia seed restoration can be used has increased to include estuaries of multiple impact still in various stages of recovery after physical and sewage pollution. This technique should be especially useful to “developing” nations where important nearshore fisheries nurseries based onThalassia ecosystems have been heavily damaged and now lie barren. Man's impact on the estuary where seed restoration was attempted includes the following activities: 50% of the bay bottom directly dredged or filled (leaving much unconsolidated sediment); 50 million gallons of domestic waste dumped directly into a low flushing part of the bay for 20 years; seven major causeways transecting the bay, restricting circulation and flushing; two artificial inlets made into navigational channels; freshwater sheet flow drastically changed due to channelization by flood-control canals; urban runoff from a million people entering the bay. Most of the impacts have now abated; however, their long-term effects remain.
The src gene product of transformed and morphologically reverted ASV-infected mammalian cells.

Morphological revertants of avian sarcoma virus transformed vole cells contain the sarcoma gene product (pp60src) in an enzymatically active form, suggesting that the presence of pp60src protein kinase activity is insufficient to induce morphological transformation. Structural analyses of pp60src from infected vole cell clones suggest that in one of the revertant clones an alteration in pp60src may be responsible for morphological reversion while in a second clone, reversion may result from an alteration in a cell gene product with which pp60src must interact. As these morphological revertant cells are tumorigenic, different cell components are required to interact with pp60src to facilitate the two events.
Tectonics of ridge-transform intersections at the Kane fracture zone

The Kane Transform offsets spreading-center segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by about 150 km at 24° N latitude. In terms of its first-order morphological, geological, and geophysical characteristics it appears to be typical of long-offset (>100 km), slow-slipping (2 cm yr-1) ridge-ridge transform faults. High-resolution geological observations were made from deep-towed ANGUS photographs and the manned submersible ALVIN at the ridge-transform intersections and indicate similar relationships in these two regions. These data indicate that over a distance of about 20 km as the spreading axes approach the fracture zone, the two flanks of each ridge axis behave in very different ways. Along the flanks that intersect the active transform zone the rift valley floor deepens and the surface expression of volcanism becomes increasingly narrow and eventually absent at the intersection where only a sediment-covered ‘nodal basin’ exists. The adjacent median valley walls have structural trends that are oblique to both the ridge and the transform and have as much as 4 km of relief. These are tectonically active regions that have only a thin (<200 m), highly fractured, and discontinuous carapace of volcanic rocks overlying a variably deformed and metamorphosed assemblage of gabbroic rocks. Overprinting relationships reveal a complex history of crustal extension and rapid vertical uplift. In contrast, the opposing flanks of the ridge axes, that intersect the non-transform zones appear to be similar in many respects to those examined elsewhere along slow-spreading ridges. In general, a near-axial horst and graben terrain floored by relatively young volcanics passes laterally into median valley walls with a simple block-faulted character where only volcanic rocks have been found. Along strike toward the fracture zone, the youngest volcanics form linear constructional volcanic ridges that transect the entire width of the fracture zone valley. These volcanics are continuous with the older-looking, slightly faulted volcanic terrain that floors the non-transform fracture zone valleys. These observations document the asymmetric nature of seafloor spreading near ridge-transform intersections. An important implication is that the crust and lithosphere across different portions of the fracture zone will have different geological characteristics. Across the active transform zone two lithosphere plate edges formed at ridge-transform corners are faulted against one another. In the non-transform zones a relatively younger section of lithosphere that formed at a ridge-non-transform corner is welded to an older, deformed section that initially formed at a ridge-transform corner.
Rorschach Erlebnistypus and problem-solving styles in children.

This study was designed to determine whether introversive versus extratensive children differed, on the basis of their Rorschach Erlebnistypus score, with respect to their approaches to three subtests (Block Design, Object Assembly, and Mazes) of the Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. it was thought that the extratensives would manipulate the test materials more and make more mistakes than the introversives, owing to the notion that introversives would internalize more of their manipulations and attempted solutions. Analysis of the data revealed mixed results.
Male and Female Activity Patterns in Microcebus murinus During the Dry Season at Kirindy Forest, Western Madagascar

I investigated sexual differences in activity levels, and their adaptive significance in gray mouse lemurs, Microcebus murinus, during the dry season. I studied them between April and September, 1999, at Kirindy Forest, a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. Six males and 6 females were radiocollared and followed using focal individual sampling. The males remained active throughout the dry season, whereas the females hibernated for up to 3 mo. Males exhibited a gradual decrease in activity from May to June and some of them remained inactive for periods of a few days to 1 wk. Males were more active in July. Though there were changes in the duration of time spent sleeping, there was no significant change in male body mass throughout the period. Males appear to prefer to rest in nests that are close to or coincident with those preferred by females, and multiple males may simultaneously share nests with multiple hibernating females. Males occupying nests that are close to or coincident with nests preferred by females tend to switch nests less frequently than others do. Researchers have suggested that high levels of activity prepare males for the mating season, which occurs at the end of the dry season. Presumably, by maintaining an active lifestyle throughout the dry season, certain males may position themselves to monopolize the best tree holes during the mating season. The reproductive advantages gained by this behavior may overshadow the costs of remaining active during the dry season when resources are scarce, temperatures are low, and predator pressure is high. Measurements on captured males confirm a weak (nonsignificant) positive correlation between body mass and activity levels. There is no indication that the heavier, more active males were better able to monopolize the best tree holes.
Some Properties of Local Pseudopotentials

It is shown that local, spherically symmetric, non-overlapping pseudopotentials with Coulomb tails lead to an effective interionic potential of screened Coulomb form A e−σr/r in the Thomas-Fermi approximation. This property is related to the analytic behavior of the electron—ion form factor in the complex wavenumber plane, and is not present in RPA. The resulting form invariance of the interionic potential is discussed for several pseudopotentials in current use in the literature. Es wird gezeigt, das lokale, kugelsymmetrische, nicht uberlappende Pseudopotentiale mit Coulombschwanzen in der Thomas-Fermi-Naherung zu einem effektiven Ionenpotential der abgeschirmten Coulombform A e−σr/r fuhren. Diese Eigenschaft ist verknupft mit dem analytischen Verhalten des Elektron—Ion-Formfaktors in der komplexen k-Ebene und ist in RPA nicht vorhanden. Die resultierende Forminvarianz des Ionenpotentials wird fur einige in der Literatur gebrauchliche Pseudopotentiale diskutiert.
On the invariance of the Stimulant Craving Questionnaire (STCQ) across cocaine and methamphetamine users.

Background The rapid rise in the number of methamphetamine users, relative to cocaine users, has brought the number of each to nearly equal levels, making research on similarities and differences across these groups a needed area of exploration. Craving is postulated to play a significant role in relapse for both user types, yet group differences on observed scale scores have been reported without first assessing the prerequisite measurement equivalence (invariance) of the items, which is essential for meaningful group comparisons.
Pulmonary Fibrosis in Generalized Scleroderma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

A case of generalized progressive scleroderma, with roentgenologically visualized pulmonary involvement, is reported, and the essential features of such cases that have been reported in the English literature are tabulated and discussed. Scleroderma of the lungs may clinically antedate the development of typical skin changes and present the picture of chronic pulmonary disease. This occurred in approximately one-fourth of the cases reviewed. Roentgenograms present a picture of net-like interstitial fibrosis of the lower two-thirds of the lungs, sometimes associated with multiple varying sized cysts. The fundamental pathological changes consist of diffuse alveolar wall sclerosis and alveolar obliteration, cystic changes, in some cases, and vascular narrowing due to involvement of the supporting connective tissue of the vessel walls. In obscure cases of chronic interstitial fibrosis of the lung, generalized progressive scleroderma should be kept in mind. The para-aminobenzoic acid used in the treatment of our case was furnished by Wyeth, Incorporated, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Propaganda and the subversion of objectivity: media coverage of the war on terrorism in Iraq

Osama bin Laden must be supremely confident about the continuing success of international terrorism, given events of the seven years following the 9/11 attacks. The West's response thus far has weakened the United States and its allies and generally strengthened terrorist organisations across the globe. We argue that the terrorist victory stems in part from media coverage of the George W. Bush administration's march to war. We argue that the media (1) failed to employ time-honoured principles of objectivity in covering the run-up to war, and (2) endorsed the Bush administration's exploitation of propaganda techniques to rally public support for war. We conclude that the media have not accepted that this constitutes a failure in professional ethics – even as journalists and news organisations acknowledge lapses in judgement in their coverage of news about Iraq – and we offer a few suggestions about what journalists could have done to alter the media's stance on terrorism and the war. It is doubtful, howeve...
Calculation of supersonic turbulent reacting coaxial jets

The mixing and subsequent combustion within turbulent reacting shear layers is examined. To conduct this study, a computer program has been written to solve the axisymmetric Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations. Turbulence is modeled using three algebraic turbulence models, and the chemical kinetics is modeled using a seven-species, seven-reaction, finite-rate chemistry model. Three separate flowfields are investigated. The effect of turbulent mixing upon the extent of combustion is demonstrated. No single turbulence model considered accurately predicted the degree of mixing for all three cases.
Predicting major hemorrhage in patients with pelvic fracture.

Background: Pelvic fractures can be an important source of major hemorrhage in victims of blunt trauma. However, no rapid and reliable noninvasive method exists for predicting which subjects will have major hemorrhage. The objective of this study is to use information available upon presentation to the trauma center to develop a clinical prediction rule to identify subjects with pelvic fracture who are at high risk of major hemorrhage. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on all subjects with pelvic fracture from blunt force mechanism at a single level one trauma center during a 4.3 year period. Chart review identified findings from initial pelvic radiographs and from emergency department care including mechanism of injury, and hemodynamic status. Major hemorrhage was defined by angiographic findings, transfusion requirement and pelvic hemorrhage vaolume. Logistic regression was used to formulate a clinical prediction rule to stratify subjects based on probability of major hemorrhage. Results: Complete data were available on 627 of 783 eligible subjects. Predictors of major hemorrhage included emergency department hematocrit 30 or less, pulse rate of 130 or greater, displaced obturator ring fracture and pubic symphyseal wide diastasis. Combinations of predictors defined groups with probability of major hemorrhage from 1.6% to 66%. Conclusions: Probability of major pelvic fracture related hemorrhage can be estimated from initial pelvic radiograph, pulse, and hematocrit.
Architectonics of Proportion: Historical and Mathematical Grounds:

With the intention of reevaluating proportion theory in design, I provide here a grounding for a pictorial approach to the anthyphairetic procedures of Platonic mathematics.
S-RNase expressed in transgenic Nicotiana causes S-allele-specific pollen rejection

Many angiosperms employ self-incompatibility systems to prevent inbreeding. The simple genetics of such systems have made them attractive models of plant cellular communication. Implicit in the single locus genetics is that only one or a few gene products are necessary for recognition and rejection of incompatible pollen. Results in the sporophytic system of the Brassicaceae suggest that different S-locus products are responsible for the pollen and pistil parts of the recognition and rejection response. In solanaeceous plants, which have a gametophytic self-incompatibility system, the S locus product responsible for the pollen portion of the interaction has not been identified, but ribonucleases encoded by the S-locus (S-RNases) are strongly implicated in the style part of the recognition and rejection reaction. In Nicotiana alata, pollen recognition and rejection occur if its S-allele matches either S-allele in the style. The putative stylar S-RNase is abundant in the transmitting tract, and pollen rejection may be related to action of S-RNase on pollen RNAs. Efforts to understand the molecular basis for pollen recognition and rejection have been limited by the lack of a system for manipulating and expressing S-RNases. Here we use the promoter of a style-expressed gene from tomato to obtain high levels of S-RNase expression in transgenic Nicotiana. Recognition and rejection of N. alata pollen S-alleles occur faithfully in the transgenic plants. Our results show that S-RNases alone are sufficient for pollen rejection in this system.
Determination of Charge or Polarization Distribution across Polymer Electrets by the Thermal Pulse Method and Fourier Analysis

Fourier analysis applied to the recently introduced thermal pulse method yields new and unique relations between the time-dependent pyroelectric response of a thin specimen and the Fourier coefficients of the charge or polarization distribution across its thickness. The new analysis is applied illustratively to thermal pulse data for a vinylidene fluoride copolymer electret.
Understanding L.O.V.E. (left out variables error): A method for estimating the effects of omitted variables.

Whenever nonexperimental methods are used to test a hypothesis and 1 or more predictor (independent) variables that may affect the criterion (dependent) variable are omitted from the analyses, it is possible that the estimates of the effects of the predictors are biased or that the omitted variable could account entirely for the effects attributed to one or more of the predictors. In this article, a technique is developed for determining when a variable omitted from a linear model can account for the effects attributed to a predictor included in that model. Social scientists are rarely able to obtain information on all of the factors that may affect their criterion (outcome, dependent) variables. Whenever researchers use nonexperimental methods and fail to account for all of the variables that affect a criterion, their inferences about the effects of the predictors (independent variables) on that criterion may be biased. 1 Whenever a relevant variable is neither held constant nor entered into an analysis, that variable could account entirely for the effects attributed to one or more of the predictor variables included in the analysis. In this article, a technique is developed for determining when a variable omitted from a linear model can account for the effects attributed to a predictor included in that model. This technique is designed to provide a general indication of the potential effects of an omitted variable. There is no associated statistical distribution theory. For an omitted variable to account for the effect of a specific predictor, the omitted variable must (a) have a substantial effect on the criterion variable, (b) be substantially correlated with the predictor in question, and (c) not be substantially correlated with the other predictors in the model. For example, a clinical psychologist might theorize that a disorder is the result of a genetic aberration, whereas another researcher theorizes that this disorder is the result of sociocultural factors and a high level of life stress. The first investigator might then conduct a study in which the family histories of patients are examined and conclude that controlling for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, family history (reflecting the genetic component) of the disorder is a significant predictor of the disorder. The second researcher could criticize this research for not including measures of other potentially important variables, such as life stress, and hypothesize that had a measure of
SU‐D‐BRB‐05: Small Animal Lung Compliance Imaging: Assessment System for Tissue Sensitivity to Radiation Induced Lung Injury

Purpose: Recent clinical trials and animal studies have indicated that the tissue sensitivity to radiation induced lung injury (RILI) may be region‐ specific. In this study, we propose a new 4D cone beam CT(CBCT) basedcompliance imaging method to measure regional pulmonary function change in precisely irradiated small animal under CBCT guidance on small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) to facilitate our understanding of region‐specific tissue sensitivity to RILI. Methods: Four Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent prospective pressure gated 4D CBCT on SARRP. Three animals were selected as control group which underwent a second 4D CBCT scan. The fourth animal was irradiated in the central lung (24 Gy) using 3 × 3 mm collimating cone 2 months prior to the scan. The specific compliance (Csp) was calculated via the real time pressure measurement from the ventilator and displacement field from 3D B‐spline image registration between the end of inhale and end of exhale phases from the 4D CBCT scan. The 3D Csp maps from the control animal group were mapped to the irradiated animal as a Csp functional atlas for statistical analysis. We alsoevaluated the repeatability of the Csp measurement on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis. Results: No significant Csp difference is found after two month of radiation between the irradiated rat (0.22±0.05) and the functional atlas (0.21±0.07). The observation is consistent with previous publications. The averaged linear correlation coefficient between the voxel‐by‐voxel Csp measurements from initial and repeat scans in control group is 0.98.Conclusions: We proposed a method that uses 4D CBCT based compliance imaging to measure region‐specific tissue sensitivity of RILI. We compared the irradiated animal two months after radiation with the control group. Our study shows an excellent robustness of the proposed method for regional lungtissue specific compliance measurement. This work was supported in part by UVa George Amorino Pilot Grant
First-Principles Determination of Ultrahigh Thermal Conductivity of Boron Arsenide: A Competitor for Diamond?

We have calculated the thermal conductivities (κ) of cubic III-V boron compounds using a predictive first principles approach. Boron arsenide is found to have a remarkable room temperature κ over 2000 W m(-1) K(-1); this is comparable to those in diamond and graphite, which are the highest bulk values known. We trace this behavior in boron arsenide to an interplay of certain basic vibrational properties that lie outside of the conventional guidelines in searching for high κ materials, and to relatively weak phonon-isotope scattering. We also find that cubic boron nitride and boron antimonide will have high κ with isotopic purification. This work provides new insight into the nature of thermal transport at a quantitative level and predicts a new ultrahigh κ material of potential interest for passive cooling applications.
Changes in overt aggression after traumatic brain injury as reported by brain-injured individuals and their close relatives

Impairments in cognitive functioning as well as ability to control emotion are common consequences of traumatic brain injury. The purpose of the present study was to determine if TBI results in changes in the level of reported overt aggression among injured individuals. Additionally, we compared the self-reports of injured individuals to those of close family members who acted as informants. The final goal was to discern whether injured individuals and/or their family members are more likely to report changes in aggression that occur at home or in social situations. Close relatives reported increases in the injured individuals' aggression from pre- to postinjury; the injured persons themselves did not report such increases. These reported increases were largely verbal in nature. We found no effect of context (home vs. social situations). We discuss implications of these findings for TBI individuals and their families.
Measurement and modeling of background aerosols in remote marine atmospheres: Implications for sea salt flux

[1] Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measurements at two remote Pacific Ocean locations in the northern hemisphere reveal an absolute minimum in the solar spectrum of magnitude ∼0.02 at 550 nm and an Angstrom exponent of about 1. Along with similar results from measurements at continental sites reported previously, this minimum indicates the presence of background aerosol at both continental and marine sites. A measure of marine boundary layer AOT is obtained by taking the difference between values measured at sea-level and at altitude on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. This then is compared with AOT calculated by a Lagrangian boundary-layer microphysical aerosol model using sea-salt and sulfate aerosols and with meteorology input from a mesoscale model to provide estimates of the sea salt flux that are within a factor of 7 of a hybrid Monahan-Smith formulation.
The effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumors and DNA adducts in AJ mouse lung

The effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced DNA adducts and pulmonary adenomas in AJ mice were investigated. Groups of 24 male and 24 female AJ mice were administered PEITC by gavage at doses of 0.075, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mmol/kg (12, 41, 82, 122 mg/kg) for 6 consecutive days. A single dose of 0.40 mmol/kg (100 mg/kg) B[a]P was given by i.p. injection after the fourth dose of PEITC. A positive control received only a single i.p. injection of B[a]P, 100 mg/kg body weight. The vehicle control group was administered corn oil by gavage for 6 consecutive days and a single i.p. injection of tricaprylin following 4 doses of corn oil. In addition, 2 groups of 24 male and 24 female mice each were administered PEITC at dose levels of 12 and 122 mg/kg body weight to evaluate the effects of this compound alone. Body weight loss occurred in both males and females in the 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mmol/kg PEITC groups relative to B[a]P controls and to untreated controls during the first week of the study. Tumor incidence and multiplicity in the PEITC-treated groups, evaluated 7 months after B[a]P administration, were not significantly different when compared with the B[a]P group. The results of a subsequent DNA adduct bioassay, using similar dose levels of PEITC and B[a]P, correlated with the results of the tumorigenesis study, indicating that pretreatment with PEITC did not inhibit the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts in the lungs of AJ mice.
Hydrogen adsorption on Al(100).

Adsorption studies of hydrogen and deuterium on the clean (100) surface of aluminum are reported. The probability for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$) dissociation and subsequent metal-hydrogen bond formation is less than 1:${10}^{4}$. This prompted the use of a beam of atomic hydrogen (deuterium). We have adsorbed between 0.01 and 1.0 monolayer and studied annealing sequences between 80 and 750 K with electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and thermal-desorption spectroscopy (TDS). At l90 K we observe surface hydrogen coordinated in bridge positions, characterized by an Al-H (-D) vibrational band at 1125 (800) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Annealing to 150 K causes dominant features to appear at 1750 (1250) and 750 (550) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. These losses are interpreted as the stretching and bending and/or scissoring modes of a terminally coordinated species. Further annealing to 280 K sees the growth of an intense band at 1825 (1325) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, with no correlated low-frequency band. This last annealing signals the formation of another terminally coordinated species, tentatively assigned as ``p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) islands.'' Hydrogen recombination and molecular desorption is observed between 340 and 360 K. We have no indication of any scattering resonance in the elastic energy range 1--9 eV, nor do the angular profiles of the above losses deviate from the profile of the elastic peak. All vibrational modes are thus concluded to be dominated by dipole excitations.
First-principles calculations of equilibrium ground-state properties of Au and Ag

The equilibrium ground-state properties of the noble metals Ag and Au are calculated from first principles, using norm-conserving pseudopotentials. We have obtained the cohesive energies, bulk moduli, and lattice constants of Ag and Au, which are in very good agreement with experiments. We have also examined the importance of the relativistic effects in governing the structural properties of Au.
EVALUATION OF A QUICK TEST METHOD FOR TOBACCO PETIOLE NITRATE ANALYSES

Abstract Fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations are seldom reduced for burley tobacco when cover crops and/or animal manures that supply significant amounts of available N are part of the cropping...
Corneal Dendritic Ulcer from Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

A 24-year-old man presented with a 2-day history of redness, photophobia, and blurry vision in the right eye. His vision in that eye was 20/50, and corneal sensation was decreased.