cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the major sulfated protein of mouse pancreatic acinar cells: a high molecular weight peripheral membrane glycoprotein of zymogen granules.

The major sulfated protein of the mouse pancreatic acinar cell, gp300, hsa been identified and characterized with monoclonal and polyclonal antibidies. gp300 is a glycoprotein of Mr = 300,000 which contains ∼40% of metabolically incroporated [35S] sulfate in the acinar cell. Sulfate on gp300 is resistant to hot 1N HCl, but sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis. demonstrating that the sulfate is carbohydrate-linked rather than tyrosine-linked. gp300 metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine and [35H]sulfate was chemically and enzymaticlly treated followed by Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration. Both labels were resistant to treatments which degrade glycosaminoglycan. Treatment of dual-labeled gp300 with PNGase F to cleave N-linked oligosaccharides released ∼17% of [3S]. Mild alkaline borohydride treatment after removal of N-linked sugar relased the remainder of both labels, indicating the presence of sulfated O-linked oligosaccharides. Biosynthetic studies and PNGase F digestion indicating the presence of sulfated O-linked oligosaccharides. Biosunynthetic studies and PNGase digestion F digestion indicate that the core protein is ∼210 KDa, with apparent contrinution of ∼35 KDa N-linked sugar, and ∼55 KDa O-linked sugar. Lectin blotting and glycosidase digestion demonstrated the presece of Galβ(1–3)GalNAc and sialic acid α(2–3)Gal in O-linked oligosaccharide, and Galβ(1–4)GLcNAc in N-linked oligosaccharide. Immunolocalization and subcellular fractionation showed that gp300 is a peripheral memberane protein localized to the lumenal face of the zymogen granule membrane. gp300 was not secreted in reponse to hormone stimulation ofacini, so it is not a secertroy product. Immunoblot analysis showed that gp300 is present in other gastrointestinal tissues and parotid glands. Localization of this nonsecreted sulfated glycoprotein to exocrine secretory granule membranes suggests that gp300 may have a role in granule bigeneses.
Quantum thermodynamics. A new equation of motion for a general quantum system

A novel nonlinear equation of motion is proposed for a general quantum system consisting of more than one distinguishable elementary constituent of matter. In the domain of idempotent quantummechanical state operators, it is satisfied by all unitary evolutions generated by the Schrodinger equation. But, in the broader domain of nonidempotent state operators not contemplated by conventional quantum mechanics, it generates a generally nonunitary evolution, it keeps the energy invariant and causes the entropy to increase with time until the system reaches a state of equilibrium or a limit cycle.
Government Respect for Gendered Rights: The Effect of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Women's Rights Outcomes, 1981–2004

Cole, Wade M. (2012) Government Respect for Gendered Rights: The Effect of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Women’s Rights Outcomes, 1981–2004. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/isqu.12000 © 2012 International Studies Association Using two-stage least-squares regression models, I analyze the effect of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) on rated levels of respect for women’s rights. The results show that CEDAW has a strong positive effect on women’s political rights, no effect on economic rights, and a partially negative effect on social rights. Detailed analyses of political outcomes reveal that CEDAW membership was associated with an increase in the share of women in national parliaments but had no effect on the likelihood that governments adopted legislative quotas guaranteeing female representation in parliament. CEDAW was also more effective for some kinds of countries than others. Post-ratification improvements were particularly strong in democratic countries and countries with extensive linkages to women-focused international organizations, but CEDAW proved ineffective in Muslim polities and societies. The paper evaluates the implications of these findings and proposes new avenues for research.
Trust and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Adoption within an Alliance

This paper focuses on trust in the adoption of newly emerged interorganizational systems (IOS) -Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems-in contractual alliances. Much of the prior research on IOS adoption has concentrated on relationships where one of firms, such as Wal-Mart, has had considerably more power and influence than others. This paper examines alliances where member firms have balanced power and where full cooperation of all related members is required to achieve the full benefits of technology implementation. We propose that different social categories within an alliance, especially categories formed by the differential use of RFID, play an important role in shaping group members' perceptions and beliefs about RFID systems as well as about each other, and their decisions about adopting the systems. The paper enhances our understanding of IOS adoption by incorporating into the analysis the characteristics of the group of organizations making up the alliance.
Detecting and Evaluating Depression Among Elderly Patients in Home Health

Among home health patients, depression is a debilitating and treatable psychiatric condition that often remains undiagnosed and reduces quality of life, social interactions, daily functioning, and treatment adherence. Untreated major depression increases functional decline; costly medical, emergency, and mental health visits; and reliance on disability or welfare. In the worst case, many patients decide that life is not worth living and attempt suicide. Screening and careful assessment are the keys to the detection and evaluation of depression. Scant literature exists to guide the evaluation and management of depressive disorders in home care. This article illustrates the evaluation and management of depression. The home care provider is in a key position to detect, evaluate, and intervene with depression and monitor its complications such as suicide risk. Evaluating depression is a professional nursing responsibility requiring judgment and the ability to understand subtle dynamics of loss, hopelessness, ...
Preserving the gauge invariance of meson production currents in the presence of explicit final-state interactions

A comprehensive formalism is developed to preserve the gauge invariance of currents describing the photo- or electroproduction of mesons off the nucleon when the final-state interactions of mesons and nucleons is taken into account explicitly. Replacing exchange currents by auxiliary currents, it is found that all contributions due to explicit final-state interactions are purely transverse and do not contain a Kroll-Ruderman-type contact current. The relation of the present formulation to tree-level-type prescriptions is shown. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Consumer Evaluations of Responses to Complaints: What′s Fair and Why

States how marketers have been traditionally advised to allow unhappy customers to voice their opinions freely, offering apologies. Suggests that theories of procedural fairness such as equity theory can provide understanding of the effectiveness of such complaint‐handling strategies. Argues that an apology cannot compensate for lack of a tangible outcome such as a refund. Concludes with a consideration of how marketers may be able to satisfy their complainers more effectively.
A CMOS variable gain amplifier for PHENIX electromagnetic calorimeter and RICH energy measurements

A variable gain amplifier (VGA) has been developed for equalizing the gains of integrating amplifier channels used with multiple photomultiplier tubes operating from common high-voltage supplies. The PHENIX lead-scintillator electromagnetic calorimeter will operate in that manner, and gain equalization is needed to preserve the dynamic range of the analog memory and ADC following the integrating amplifier. The VGA is also needed for matching energy channel gains prior to forming analog sums for trigger purposes. The gain of the VGA is variable over a 3:1 range using a 5-bit digital control, and the risetime is held between 15 and 23 ns using switched compensation in the VGA. An additional feature is gated baseline restoration. Details of the design and results from several prototype devices fabricated in 1.2-/spl mu/m Orbit CMOS are presented.
Direct optimisation-based planar human vertical jumping simulation

Vertical jumping is one of the fundamental motions among other jumping types in sport biomechanics. In literature, two major approaches have been investigated: experiment-based methods and optimisation-based methods. Experiment-based methods are time consuming and tedious. Optimisation-based methods for musculoskeletal models are computationally expensive because their models include all muscles and explicit integration of equation of motion. In this pilot study, a direct optimisation-based method for a skeletal model was proposed in sagittal plane, where this formulation was based on joint space that was only considered the resultant results of muscles (joint torques) instead of individual muscles to reduce computational time. This optimisation problem was solved by a commercial optimisation solver SNOPT which uses sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method with 35 design variables 2,838 non-linear constraints and 99,330 constraint gradients. Preliminary results highly correlated results from the literature. This simple planar simulation is the first step to understand the cause and effect for vertical jumping with or without arm swing.
The effects of aesthetic and efferent teaching approaches on undergraduate students’ responses to literature

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of efferent and aesthetic teaching approaches on undergraduate students’ responses to literature. Two classes received intensive instruction on Rosenblatt's concept of efferent and aesthetic stances throughout one semester and had multiple opportunities both in class and on assignments to respond both efferently and aesthetically to numerous literary works. However, one class was introduced to and responded to four works of Black literature aesthetically and the other class efferently. Subjects were involved in either written or oral activities and then rated the books to indicate their preference. At the end of the study, all subjects read a short story, completed free responses, and rated the story. Qualitative investigations of oral and written responses revealed differences in the nature of responses as well as a preference of treatment approaches. Analysis of the effect of instructional approach on story rating revealed a significant main ...
Weight fluctuation during adulthood and weight gain since breast cancer diagnosis predict multiple dimensions of body image among rural breast cancer survivors

Objective Obesity and weight gain after breast cancer treatment are common among survivors, yet the relationship between weight and body image has received little attention. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between current body mass index, weight gain since diagnosis, and largest weight fluctuation in adulthood with six dimensions of body image among overweight/obese breast cancer survivors. Methods The current study used data obtained from a weight control trial with 210 rural overweight/obese breast cancer survivors. Using data collected at baseline, multiple regression models were constructed to examine the relative association of the three weight variables with breast cancer-specific dimensions of body image while controlling for demographic characteristics and cancer treatment-related variables. Results Largest weight fluctuation in adulthood significantly predicted overall body image (p = 0.01) and was associated with the three socially oriented dimensions of body image: social activity restriction, embarrassment about appearance, and sexuality (all ps = 0.01). Weight gain since diagnosis approached statistical significance in predicting overall body image (p = 0.05) and was associated with embarrassment about appearance (p = 0.03). Current body mass index was not significantly associated with overall body image when controlling for the other weight variables (p = 0.07) and was negatively associated with social activity restriction (p = 0.01) and sexuality (p = 0.01). Conclusions Obese breast cancer survivors with a history of a large weight fluctuation in adulthood may be prone to poorer breast cancer-specific body image several years after treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Productivity increase through sprinkler methods of irrigation

The study revealed that the average productivity of the selected crops was significantly higher on sprinkler farms than on non-sprinkler farms. The overall increase in average productivity on sprinkler farms over non-farms was 22.24 per cent in groundnut 25.37 per cent in wheat, 22.34 per cent in barley and 13.79 per cent in pea.
The Price-Quality Relationship: An Extension

In this laboratory experiment, the influence of two kinds of market information—price and store image—on consumers’ judgments of product quality was measured. Although price was the dominant indivi...
A Modern Compressible Flow Laboratory Experience for Undergraduates

Two experiments involving compressible flow, namely, unsteady flow in a shock tube and expansion in a freejet, are described. The latter includes experience in numerical simulations. These laboratory experiences reinforce classroom instruction and serve a number of learning goals. By including simulations and a simple inviscid model, the data from the freejet experiments can be validated and verified. Such a process is increasingly important for engineers.
An unsteady strained flame model for turbulent combustion simulations

Modeling and simulation of turbulent combustion in premixed gases, for relatively large turbulence scales and low intensity, have traditionally been based on the assumption that the flame response to strain is instantaneous. In this paper, we question this assumption on the basis of results obtained for the time-dependent response of a premixed laminar flame subjected to a sudden change and a period strain. We find that a aep-wise change in strain, at unity Lewis number, the settling time of the flame varies between the chemical time, the flame time and the flow time as the Karlovitz number changes from low to intermediate to high values, respectively, over the entire range of flame temperatures. At nonunity Lewis numbers. the settling time changes from the flame time to the flow time as the strain increases form intermediate to high Karlovitz numbers and over the entire range of flame temperatures. For a given Lewis and Karlovitz number, the settling time decreases as the flame temperature increases. Thus, in a flamelet or thin flame modeling, the response of flame can be considered instantaneous, over the entire range of Lewis number, only for high flame temperatures. The same is found to be true for intermediate flame temperatures when the i/ Lewis number is unity. Otherwise, for low and intermediate flame temperatures, and non-unity Lewis numbers, corrections reflecting the lag between the flow and the flame should be incorporated i n the models. The response of the flame to osrillrrring strains whose maximum value is below unity Kiirlovitz number is also investigated for two values of the flame temperatures. It is found that the average burning velocity is close to the burning velocity at the average strain. For low frequency oscillations, the phase shift between the striiin and the burning velocity is close to 0 for Le < I and to n for Le 2 I . For high frequency oscillating strains, and over the entire range of Lewis number and flame temperature, the phase shift is nf order of I..( II.
Behavior and biology: the prevention of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by insulin resistance and a beta-cell secretory defect, appears to result from a number of gene and environmental interactions. There are marked differences in the phenotypic expression of type 2 DM with individuals exhibiting varying levels of insulin resistance and impairments in insulin secretion. Study results indicate that a number of healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as increased physical activity and reduced intake of dietary fat, are associated with decreased development of type 2 DM. This article explores the genetic and environmental factors associated with the development of type 2 DM along with the role of lifestyle modifications in the prevention of this disease.
Electrodynamic and Excitonic Intertube Interactions in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Aggregates

The optical properties of selectively aggregated, nearly single chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes were investigated by both continuous-wave and time-resolved spectroscopies. With reduced sample heterogeneities, we have resolved aggregation-dependent reductions of the excitation energy of the S1 exciton and enhanced electron−hole pair absorption. Photoluminescence spectra revealed a spectral splitting of S1 and simultaneous reductions of the emission efficiencies and nonradiative decay rates. The observed strong deviations from isolated tube behavior are accounted for by enhanced screening of the intratube Coulomb interactions, intertube exciton tunneling, and diffusion-driven exciton quenching. We also provide evidence that density gradient ultracentrifugation can be used to structurally sort single-wall carbon nanotubes by aggregate size as evident by a monotonic dependence of the aforementioned optical properties on buoyant density.
Numerical simulations of intrusive gravity currents interacting with a bottom-mounted obstacle in a continuously stratified ambient

In this study, the flow dynamics of intrusive gravity currents past a bottom-mounted obstacle were investigated using highly resolved numerical simulations. The propagation dynamics of a classic intrusive gravity current was first simulated in order to validate the numerical model with previous laboratory experiments. A bottom-mounted obstacle with a varying non-dimensional height of $$\tilde{D}=D/H$$ , where D is the obstacle height and H is the total flow depth, was then added to the problem in order to study the downstream flow pattern of the intrusive gravity current. For short obstacles, the intrusion re-established itself downstream without much distortion. However, for tall obstacles, the downstream flow was found to be a joint effect of horizontal advection, overshoot-springback phenomenon, and associated Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. Analysis of the numerical results show that the relationship between the downstream propagation speed and the obstacle height can be subdivided into three regimes: (1) a retarding regime ( $$\tilde{D}$$ $$\approx $$ 0–0.3) where a 30 % increase in obstacle height leads to a 20 % reduction in propagation speed, simply due to the obstacle’s retarding effect; (2) an impounding regime ( $$\tilde{D}$$ $$\approx $$ 0.3–0.6) where the additional 30 % increase in obstacle height only leads to a further (negligible) 5 % reduction in propagation speed, due to the accelerating effect of upstream impoundment and downstream enhanced mixing; and (3) a choking regime ( $$\tilde{D}$$ $$\approx $$ 0.6–1.0) where the propagation speed is dramatically reduced due to the dominance of the obstacle’s blocking effect. The obstacle thickness was found to be irrelevant in determining the downstream propagation speed at least for the parameter range explored in this study. The present work highlights the significance of topographic effects in stratified flows with horizontal pressure forcing.
Chambers of wiring diagrams

Given a wiring diagram (pseudo-line arrangement) of a permutation w ź S n , the chambers can be labeled with subsets of n and they are called chamber sets. In this short note, we show that two wiring diagrams (of same w ), can be mutated from one to another via the usual moves (coming from nil and braid relations), while freezing the chamber sets they have in common.
Nitric oxide is an important determinant of coronary flow at rest and during hypoxemic stress in fetal lambs.

Fourteen fetal lambs were instrumented with atrial, coronary sinus, and arterial catheters and a proximal left circumflex coronary artery Doppler probe and were studied at a mean gestational age of 130 +/- 3 (SD) days, 7 +/- 2 days after surgery. Myocardial blood flow was assessed using 15-microns microspheres and Doppler flow velocities. In 11 fetuses, the maximal myocardial flow response to left atrial adenosine infusion was 802 +/- 215 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1, 3.5-fold greater than baseline flow. Acute fetal hypoxemia in six fetuses to an arterial PO2 of 8.8 +/- 0.8 mmHg and an arterial O2 content (CaO2) of 1.7 +/- 0.2 ml/dl was not associated with significant change in coronary perfusion pressure; yet left ventricular myocardial flow increased to 1,020 +/- 198 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1, a value significantly greater than that seen with adenosine (P < 0.05). Left atrial N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was infused at a dosage of approximately 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 for 60 min in 10 fetuses. Although L-NNA was associated with a significant increase in arterial pressure, left ventricular myocardial flow decreased (162 +/- 79 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) as did myocardial O2 consumption (P < 0.05). Acute hypoxemia in five fetuses that received L-NNA was associated with significant further increases in systemic arterial pressure; however, left ventricular myocardial flow was only 771 +/- 237 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1, a value similar to that seen with adenosine and approximately 75% of that seen with acute hypoxemia alone. We conclude that nitric oxide plays an important role in the regulation of fetal myocardial flow during basal conditions as well as in the exuberant vasodilatory response associated with acute hypoxemic stress.
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the abdominal wall: a case report

Background Primary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the abdominal wall is exceptionally rare and most likely arises within scar endometriosis. Case A 37-year-old woman with 3 prior cesarean sections developed an abdominal wall mass that was confirmed as clear cell adenocarcinoma. Conclusion Clear cell adenocarcinoma is in the differential diagnosis of abdominal wall masses, particularly in cases of prior surgery. Fine needle aspiration may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis.
Liquid chromatographic analysis of vitamin K1 in milk-based infant formula with matrix solid-phase dispersion

A liquid chromatographic method for vitamin K 1 in milk-based infant formula is described. The vitamins are extracted from infant formula by matrix solid-phase dispersion and quantitated by reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence detection. Vitamin K 1 is converted to the fluorescent hydroquinone with a postcolumn zinc reductive reactor. The limit of detection is 12 pg, and the limit of quantitation is 38 pg on-column. Linear responses were obtained in the range 0.55-22.1 ng/mL (r 2 = 0.9998). Recoveries of vitamin K 1 from an analyte-fortified blank material for milk-based infant formula averaged 91.7% (n = 25). The method provides a rapid, specific, and easily controlled assay for vitamin K 1 in fortified infant formula.
Effect of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues on pregnancy outcome in the baboon

The effect of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, Zoladex (Imperial Chemical Industries, PLC, London, England), and an antagonist, Organon 30276 (Organon, Oss, Holland), on the outcome of pregnancies when administered just after implantation was examined. The antagonist, Organon 30276, was administered continuously from days 14 through 21, and the agonist, Zoladex, was injected as long-acting pellets on day 14 after conception to pregnant baboons. Maternal baboon chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone levels and sonographic measurement were made before, during, and after treatment and throughout pregnancy of control and treated animals. Two pregnant animals were treated with 3.6 mg of Zoladex; one aborted and one had a stillbirth. Another four pregnant baboons were treated with 7.2 mg of Zoladex; two aborted, one had a premature with a low-birthweight infant, and one had a normal liveborn. Organon 30276, at 50 mg, was administered to three pregnant baboons and resulted in one stillbirth, one neonatal death, and one normal liveborn. The two pregnant baboons treated with 100 mg Organon 30276 both aborted. Therefore, treatment with these GnRH analogues in very early baboon pregnancy could adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy. Thus attention should be paid to the possible presence of early pregnancy at the time of GnRH analogue therapy, which might adversely affect the outcome of the pregnancy.
System Identification Of The Luminance Vep With Long Pseudorandom Binary M-sequences

Long pseudorandom binary m-sequences an orthogonal basis set for nonlinear system identi icauon Volterra kernel slices (minor diagonals) appear in isolated segments of the complete first order cross-correlation function. Using this approach it was possible to identify the nonlinearity of the VEP to simple luminance modulation. In the context of a cascade block model the nonlinearity is an asymmetric rectification preceded by a linear low-pass filter and followed by a linear band-pass filter. FVd9
Physical and Geological Processes Controlling Nutrient Levels in Estuaries

As described in detail in other papers given in this symposium, sources of nutrients include the surface fresh water drainage from land, ground water inflow, direct waste discharges, rainfall, and fallout of particulates from the atmosphere. In some cases nutrients are supplied to the estuary from adjacent coastal waters, though more often nutrients are exported from the estuary to these coastal waters. Fixation of gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere also contributes an input of nitrogen-based nutrients to some parts (generally lower salinity regions) of some estuaries. Within the estuary there are proximate sources of nutrients, such as regeneration from bottom sediments and oxidation of organic material within the water column.
Phase II study of monthly pasireotide LAR (SOM230C) for recurrent or progressive meningioma: Final results.

2027 Background: No medical therapy for recurrent meningioma has proven effective, yet a subset of these tumors recur after surgery and radiation. A pilot study of sustained-release somatostatin yi...
Trustable UAV for higher level control architectures

Abstract Future unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are expected to operate under the supervision of higher level control architectures that give instructions to engage and direct the UAV to perform a certain task. These instructions allow the UAV to make decisions along any point of its trajectory and then modify its flight path by using a sequence of reconfigurable controllers at the decision points. Assume that the UAV is flying with a transient and with a steady state contributing to a flight control mode (FCM) such as an altitude hold, an ascent and a descent mode when only longitudinal aircraft dynamics is considered. At the time of a decision, if the UAV bifurcates from its original (or parent) FCM in an effort to acquire a new (or a child) FCM and comply with a higher level instruction, then the UAV is said to be trustable. Mathematically, at the time of bifurcation where controller reconfiguration takes place, trustable UAV with the child trajectory must originate from a region where the stability regions of the parent and child trajectories intersect. In this paper, a procedure to reconfigure such FCMs and their controllers that develop the trustable UAV are presented. A three degree of freedom UAV is considered to illustrate the trustable UAV.
Yang–Mills–Higgs Fields

Yang–Mills equations, originally derived for the isospin gauge group SU(2), provide the first example of gauge field equations for a non-Abelian gauge group. This gauge group appears as an internal or local symmetry group of the theory. In fact, the theory can be extended easily to include the other classical Lie groups as gauge groups. Historically, the classical Lie groups appeared in physical theories, mainly in the form of global symmetry groups of dynamical systems. Noether’s theorem established an important relation between symmetry and conservation laws of classical dynamical systems. It turns out that this relationship also extends to quantum mechanical systems. Weyl made fundamental contributions to the theory of representations of the classical groups [401] and to their application to quantum mechanics. The Lorentz group also appears first as the global symmetry group of the Minkowski space in the special theory of relativity. It then reappears as the structure group of the principal bundle of orthonormal frames (or the inertial frames) on a space-time manifold M in Einstein’s general theory of relativity. In general relativity a gravitational field is defined in terms of the Lorentz metric of M and the corresponding Levi-Civita connection on M. Thus, a gravitational field is essentially determined by geometrical quantities intrinsically associated with the space-time manifold subject to the gravitational field equations. This geometrization of gravity must be considered one of the greatest events in the history of mathematical physics.
Leaders’ Exchange Relationships and Member Creativity: Both Motivation and Information Matter

We developed a multilevel moderated mediation model to examine how team leaders’ exchange relationships with their subordinates (leader-member exchange, LMX), supervisors (leader-leader exchange, L...
A population-based assessment of chronic unexplained vulvar pain: have we underestimated the prevalence of vulvodynia?

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of unexplained chronic vulvar pain (burning or sharp knife like pain or pain on contact) in an ethnically diverse population-based sample of women. METHODS: We used town census directories to identify 4915 women age 18 to 64 from 5 ethnically diverse Boston communities and asked them to complete a self-administered questionnaire pertaining to current and past chronic lower genital tract discomfort (response rate 68%). We calculated the cumulative incidence and 95% confidence intervals by demographic and reproductive characteristics. Approximately 16% of respondents reported histories of chronic burning, knife like pain, or pain on contact that lasted for at least 3 months or longer, and nearly 7% were experiencing the problem at the time of the survey. Chronic vulvar pain on contact decreased with increasing age, but the cumulative incidence of chronic burning and knife like pain was similar across all ages. Contrary to earlier clinical assessments, white and African American women reported similar lifetime prevalences. However, Hispanic women were 80% more likely to experience chronic vulvar pain than were white and African American women. Women with histories of chronic vulvar pain were 7 to 8 times more likely to report difficulty and great pain with their first tampon use than were women without such histories. Nearly 40% of women chose not to seek treatment, and of those who did, 60% saw 3 or more doctors, many of whom could not provide a diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Chronic unexplained vulvar pain is a highly prevalent disorder that is often misdiagnosed.
Some Novel Aspects of Spectral Methods

The papers presented in this section of the book show how extensively spectral methods have changed since the development over twenty years ago of transform methods enabled their efficient computational implementation. Both Fourier and polynomial spectral methods are used routinely today in a wide range of applications including weather simulation, wave dynamics, electromagnetics, and turbulence simulation. In particular, spectral methods have been used almost exclusively over the last decade in simulating turbulent incompressible flows [6]. There are other areas however where the potential of spectral methods has not been yet been fully explored, primarily due to concerns that their performance, both in computational efficiency and convergence rate, may be degraded. This lowering of convergence rate may come from irregularities in the computational domain, presence of discontinuities, inappropriate boundary conditions, etc. We now believe that the integration of good ideas from a variety of numerically-base disciplines may enable the application of spectral techniques to problem classes thought previously to be inappropriate for them. While standard global spectral methods may indeed be inefficient in applications such as compressible turbulence, plasma dynamics, nonlinear optics etc., simple established ideas from other discretization techniques can be employed to make spectral methods also a useful simulation tool in these applications.
A Demonstration of Sya: A Spatial Probabilistic Knowledge Base Construction System

This demo presents Sya; the first full-fledged spatial probabilistic knowledge base construction system. Sya is a comprehensive extension to the DeepDive system that enables exploiting the spatial relationships between extracted relations during the knowledge base construction process, and hence results in a better knowledge base output. Sya runs existing DeepDive programs as is, yet, it extracts more accurate relations than DeepDive when dealing with input data that have spatial attributes. Sya employs a simple spatial high-level language, a rule-based spatial SQL query engine, a spatially-indexed probabilistic graphical model, and an adapted spatial statistical inference technique to infer the factual scores of relations. We demonstrate a real system prototype of Sya, showing a case study of constructing a crime knowledge base. The demonstration shows to the audience the internal steps of building the knowledge base, as well as a comparison with the output of DeepDive.
Learning, Psycho-Cognition, and Flow

Many great scholars in education, cognition, and psychology have worked tirelessly on educational games over the years. Others have looked at the implications of commercial games on learning, attitudes, and efficacy, three area most reported. Others have created games and studied the impact of those games on learning, attitudes, and efficacy. This chapter will delve into learning theory, assess how cognitive psychology impacts learning in virtual environments, and discuss the implications of Flow theory on learning indicators such as engagement and interactivity.
Swimming Capabilities of Arctic Grayling

A native population of arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) exists in the upper Missouri River drainage of Montana. While formerly abundant, agricultural practices, predation, angling pressure, barriers to mobility, and competition from other species appear to be the causes of decreased presence of artic grayling in the Northwest (Skaar 1989). The purpose of this study was to augment the information base of the swimming ability of arctic grayling and to examine the effect of repeated trials using the same fish. Forty hatchery-raised grayling were separated into two cohorts and reared in an artificial stream. The mean fork length of all fish was 290 mm (SD ± 16). Cohort 1 was tested in a swim chamber experiment once per week for three consecutive weeks. Cohort 2 was tested only once in the swim chamber sixteen weeks later. Each fish was tested by placing it in the chamber initially operating at a low water velocity (30.5 cm s-1) and then regularly increasing the velocity until the fish rested on the screen at the downstream end of the chamber. The maximum water velocity against which each fish held its position was observed, and is reported as the sprint speed (Usprint). Overall the mean Usprint observed was 5.64 BL (body length) s-1 (SD ± 0.78) equal to an absolute velocity of 1.66 m s-1 (SD ± 0.19). Cohort 1 had a mean Usprint of 5.40 BL s-1 (1.62 m s-1) and Cohort 2 had a mean Usprint of 6.33 BL s-1 (1.77 m s-1). There were significant differences, and a generally increasing trend, in Usprint between the successive trials using Cohort 1.
More of a Right to Education for German Citizens (1976–1985)

The end of the economic miracle as well as changes to the geopolitical climate contributed to an explosion of xenophobia across West Germany in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Painting all foreign citizens as newly arrived migrants, some Germans citizens claimed that foreign residents—particularly Turkish citizens—could never be German and therefore should leave. Continuing to tie citizenship to ethnonationality, the state killed attempts to open up citizenship. That legal exclusion and assumption of ethnic incompatibility directly influenced education for non-Germans as the Lander privileged their citizens, explicitly arguing that Germans had more of right to education and access to resources. Attempts to push foreigners out, however, became convoluted as the relevant foreign states involved also had their own goals for multiculturalism and integration.
Obstetric management, tests, and technologies that impact childhood development

Childhood brain development begins before birth, and obstetric management, tests, and technologies designed to diagnose and treat fetal conditions can have an impact on development. Preconception counseling for maternal diabetes and hypertension affect the risk of fetal congenital anomalies and growth restriction. Patients with risk factors for pre-existing maternal diabetes are offered early diabetic screening because earlier diagnosis and treatment can decrease the risk of fetal and neonatal complications. Screening for chromosomal abnormalities in the first or second trimester is offered to all females regardless of age. Cell-free fetal DNA screening can be used to test for fetal genetic abnormalities as early as 9 weeks of gestation with results available in 10 days. Ultrasound performed around 20 weeks' gestation can identify the 3% of fetuses that have a major congenital malformation. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can be used to better assess fetal central nervous system abnormalities when neurosonography is inconclusive. Doppler ultrasound can be used to assess blood flow in the umbilical artery and fetal middle cerebral artery to aid in the management of the growth-restricted fetus. In summary, diagnosis and treatment of maternal and fetal conditions from the preconception period throughout pregnancy are important for optimizing fetal health and provide the best opportunity for optimal child development. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Cell-free fetal DNA screening can identify fetal genetic abnormalities as early as 9 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound performed around 20 weeks' gestation can detect major fetal congenital malformations. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can aid neurosonography in the assessment of fetal central nervous system abnormalities. Doppler ultrasound to assess fetal blood flow is used to successfully manage the growth-restricted fetus.
R-Z Geometry Discrete Ordinates Radiation Transport Using Higher-Order Finite Element Spatial Discretizations on Meshes with Curved Surfaces

We spatially discretize the discrete ordinates radiation transport equation using high-order discontinuous Galerkin finite elements in R-Z geometry. Previous research has demonstrated first-order m...
Multiple Depot Ring Star Problem: A polyhedral study and exact algorithm

The Multiple Depot Ring-Star Problem (MDRSP) is an important combinatorial optimization problem that arises in the context of optical fiber network design, and in applications pertaining to collecting data using stationary sensing devices and autonomous vehicles. Given the locations of a set of customers and a set of depots, the goal is to (i) find a set of simple cycles such that each cycle (ring) passes through a subset of customers and exactly one depot, (ii) assign each non-visited customer to a visited customer or a depot, and (iii) minimize the sum of the routing costs, i.e., the cost of the cycles and the assignment costs. We present a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the MDRSP and propose valid inequalities to strengthen the linear programming relaxation. Furthermore, we present a polyhedral analysis and derive facet-inducing results for the MDRSP. All these results are then used to develop a branch-and-cut algorithm to obtain optimal solutions to the MDRSP. The performance of the branch-and-cut algorithm is evaluated through extensive computational experiments on several classes of test instances.
Drivers of liking for Cheddar cheese shreds.

ABSTRACT The prepackaged cheese shred category has steadily increased over the past few years, and Cheddar shreds represent the highest volume in this category. Recent studies have established extrinsic attributes that drive purchase in this category, but no published studies have addressed the intrinsic flavor and texture properties that drive consumer liking. The objective of this study was to determine the desirable flavor and functional attributes for Cheddar cheese shreds. We conducted a category survey of commercial Cheddar cheese shreds (n = 25, collected in duplicate). We documented sensory properties (shred appearance, flavor, texture, and hot texture) using a trained sensory panel. Analytical instrumental tests performed included shred-size distribution, proximate analysis, sugars (lactose, glucose, galactose), lactic acid, Cheddar meltability, pH, and color. Then, representative shreds (n = 10) were evaluated by cheese shred consumers (n = 151) for overall, appearance, flavor, and texture liking. Analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and external preference mapping were used to interpret results. Shreds were differentiated by color, whey, diacetyl, sulfur, nutty, and brothy flavors, as well as by hot and cold texture attributes and instrumental tests. Mild or medium shreds exhibited greater firmness, stretchability, and elasticity when hot than did sharp shreds. We identified 3 consumer clusters, defined by high acceptance for all Cheddar shreds or preferences for sharp or mild shreds. Bitterness was an overall driver of dislike. Visible powder negatively affected appearance and overall liking for some consumers. Sensory properties strongly affected consumer acceptance and purchase intent for Cheddar cheese shreds. Results from this study can be used to optimize the intrinsic sensory properties of Cheddar cheese shreds.
The ICT convergence and impact on women-owned micro and small business enterprises: an analysis based on information poverty

Studies in the last two decades have helped to establish widespread mobile phone adoption in many populations including the region of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Nigeria, the largest country in SSA by population (200 million, 2019) has had extensive growth in mobile telephone subscription. The literature, however, has limited coverage for smart technologies and internet adoption for business operations, specifically for women owned micro and small business enterprises. In addition, there are limited resources in the literature on convergence of the internet and smartphones for business operations. This study fills the void and reports a study on women entrepreneurs in the region of South Eastern Nigeria and their adoption/convergence of internet and mobile phones for business operations. Elfreda Chatman's information poverty theory was used as the theoretical framework to argue that the women entrepreneurs were challenged with information poverty; thereby addressing the question: Are they information poor?
Broadband non-reciprocity with robust signal integrity in a triangle-shaped nonlinear 1D metamaterial

In this paper, we propose and numerically study a nonlinear, asymmetric, passive metamaterial that achieves giant non-reciprocity with (i) broadband frequency operation and (ii) robust signal integrity. Previous studies have shown that nonlinearity and geometric asymmetry are necessary to break reciprocity passively. Herein, we employ strongly nonlinear coupling, triangle-shaped asymmetric cell topology, and spatial periodicity to break reciprocity with minimal frequency distortion. To investigate the nonlinear band structure of this system, we propose a new representation, namely a wavenumber–frequency–amplitude band structure, where amplitude-dependent dispersion is quantitatively computed and analyzed. Additionally, we observe and document the new nonlinear phenomenon of time-delayed wave transmission, whereby wave propagation in one direction is initially impeded and resumes only after a duration delay. Based on numerical evidence, we construct a nonlinear reduced-order model (ROM) to further study this phenomenon and show that it is caused by energy accumulation, instability, and a transition between distinct branches of certain nonlinear normal modes of the ROM. The implications and possible practical applications of our findings are discussed.
Mastering Toxoplasma sex and sleep.

Two studies now identify bradyzoite-formation deficient 1 and microrchidia as ‘master regulators’ of the transcriptional events that control developmental life cycle transitions in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
AN OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL FOR CONCEPTUAL SHIP DESIGN SUPPORTING CASE- BASED DESIGN.

Design of ships, including warships such as submarines, is normally begun with a feasibility study. The feasibility study provides initial proof of concept and becomes a basis for further efforts. Because time and information for analysis is usually limited, historical design data is typically used to help with the generation of conceptual designs. To support automation of design efforts under these circumstances, adaptation and reuse of earlier designs represents a very useful paradigm. This paper presents a data storage system to store historical design data for subsequent reuse in conceptual design. The database is designed to support case-based reasoning and other similar processes in which recall of past solutions becomes a basis for adaptation to form a new solution. The stored data support conceptual design for a submarine or ship using previous design information. The data involve complex geometric information, and an object-oriented database system is presented. The object-oriented database stores complex information in a useful format for recall on a similar to basis. This architecture allows case-based reasoning and other recall-based systems to utilize feature-based design information based on similarity to new requirements. To avoid using information that is sensitive and/or classified, this system is demonstrated using unclassified commercial submarine and Maritime Administration ship data. Experiences with two generations of prototype software are discussed, and conclusions about system utility are reached.
Advances in research of mucosal immunity and mucosal vaccines

Mucosal immunity covers a variety of mucosal surfaces susceptible to different pathogens.This review explores the basic principles of mucosal immunity in light of the diversity of mucosal surfaces and their unique tissue environments,and offers some thoughts on approaches for developing vaccines to induce mucosal immunity,predominantly based on experiments studying immune responses to infection and vaccination in large animals. Key words: Mucous membrane; Immunity,mucosal; Vaccines
Detecting the influence of item chaining on student responses to the Force Concept Inventory and the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation

The assumption of local item independence is not valid for many items on the Force Concept Inventory and the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation.