cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The horizontal-vertical illusion: binocular and dichoptic investigations of bisection and verticality components.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the relative contributions of bisection and verticality to the inverted T variant of the horizontal-vertical illusion. The first study which utilized binocular presentation of stimuli supported the hypothesis that the magnitude of the horizontal-vertical illusion could be accounted for by simple additive combination of the magnitude of the vertical and bisection sub-illusions. The second study replicated the findings of the first study using dichoptic presentation (horizontal line to one eye, vertical to the other). The results of both studies taken together indicate that the amount of the horizontal-vertical illusion is due to the separate factors of bisection and verticality and that these processes are central (cortical) rather than peripheral in origin.
Fracture mechanics transfer function for two-dimensional noncircular flaws

A transfer function that converts an irregularly shaped two-dimensional crack into an equivalent circular crack of equal propagation lifetime is proposed. The methodology extends the exact elliptical to circular crack transfer function to other noncircular cracks with geometries that slightly deviate from the elliptical. Results for rectangular, symmetric dumbbell, and asymmetric dumbbell cracks are presented.
Lymphocyte circulation to the middle ear.

The movement of lymphocytes into the tympanic cavity was studied during an immune response in the middle ear. Sensitized lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood, peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of strain-13 inbred quinea pigs were labelled with 51Cr and injected intravenously into strain-13 recipients undergoing a middle ear immune response. The middle ears and immune organs of the recipients were assayed for radioactivity to detect the infiltration of labelled cells. Lymphocytes from all sources entered the middle ear mucosa in response to immune stimulation at equal levels, suggesting that the middle ear is seeded non-specifically by circulating lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation. The infiltration of lymphocytes of mucosal origin into the middle ear cavity is consistent with the participation of the middle ear in a defense system in common with other mucosal organs.
Small sample error rate estimation for k-NN classifiers

Small sample error rate estimators for nearest-neighbor classifiers are examined and contrasted with the same estimators for three-nearest-neighbor classifiers. The performance of the bootstrap estimators, e0 and 0.632B, is considered relative to leaving-one-out and other cross-validation estimators. Monte Carlo simulations are used to measure the performance of the error-rate estimators. The experimental results are compared to previously reported simulations for nearest-neighbor classifiers and alternative classifiers. It is shown that each of the estimators has strengths and weaknesses for varying apparent and true error-rate situations. A combined estimator that corrects the leaving-one-out estimator (by combining bootstrap and cross-validation estimators) gives strong results over a broad range of situations. >
Multiplicity among the young stars in Taurus

Twenty-eight young stars systems in the northern Taurus star-forming region are surveyed for multiplicity. These observations, made by infrared lunar occultation and imaging techniques, can identify binaries in the angular separation range 0.005-10 arcsec. Of the 28 systems, 11 are binaries and two are triples, giving an observed multiplicity of 1.5 stars per system. The binary frequency and distribution of separations are similar to those of the main-sequence F and G spectral-type stars. Stars that have detected companions and those without are indistinguishable in H-alpha equivalent width, indicating that stars with active inner disks are represented in both groups. The multiple systems are in general weaker 1.3 mm continuum emitters than the single stars, indicating that the large-scale disks in these systems are less massive. However, there are important exceptions so the evolution of disks in multiple systems is not clear.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: inception, biophysical experimentations, and prospectus.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy examines the chemical and the photophysical dynamics of dilute molecular solutions by measurement of the dynamic optical fluctuations of the fluorescence of a few molecules, even averaging less than one molecule at a time, in open focal volumes that are usually less than a femtoliter (<10-18 m3). It applies the same principles of statistical thermodynamics as does quasi-elastic light scattering. Molecular interactions, conformational changes, chemical reactions, and photophysical dynamics that are not ordinarily detectable by quasi-elastic light scattering can be analyzed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in cases in which molecular fluorescence changes in the dynamic range 10-7–102 s.
The Plasma Membrane and Peripheral Cytoplasm of the Green Algal Flagellate, Gloeomonas kupfferi

A morphological analysis of the plasma membrane and peripheral endomembrane components of the unicellular chlamydomonad flagellate, Gloeomonas kupfferi, was performed. Conventional fixation, freeze substitution, and rapid freeze-deep etch processing protocols for electron microscopic analyses revealed the following. The plasma membrane is highlighted by distinct infoldings which do not appear to be sensitive to changes in osmotic or cell cycle conditions. These infoldings are irregularly-spaced and roughly 200-225 nm apart. Each elliptical infolding is 400-440 nm long and 90-115 nm wide. The exoplasmic face (EF) of each infolding is highlighted by an aggregation of 130-160 nm intramembranous particles (imps) that are 9.1-10·5 nm in size. These infoldings are associated with the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum network and microtubular network internally and the inner wall layer externally. It is suggested that these infoldings may be associated with cell wall maintenance.
Multiple pregnancy-induced remissions of psoriatic arthritis: Case report

A patient experienced remission of the pain and inflammation of psoriatic arthritis during her first and second pregnancies. She achieved full remission during her third pregnancy and remained asymptomatic 15 months post partum. Patients with autoimmune arthritis who become pregnant provide an in vivo model in which the role of sex hormones on immune responses can be studied.
Thrust performance of unsteady propulsors using a novel measurement system, and corresponding wake patterns

An apparatus is described for the measurement of unsteady thrust and propulsive efficiency produced by biologically inspired oscillating hydrodynamic propulsors. Force measurement is achieved using a strain-gauge-based force transducer, augmented with a lever to amplify or attenuate the applied force and control the measurement sensitivity and natural frequency of vibration. The lever can be used to tune the system to a specific application and it is shown that, using the lever, the stiffness can be made to increase more rapidly than the measurement sensitivity decreases. Efficiency is computed from measurements of the time-averaged power imparted to the fluid. The apparatus is applied to two different propulsors, demonstrating the versatility of the system; wake visualizations are examined, which provide insight into the physical mechanisms of efficient propulsion.
Measurement of atmospheric sulfur dioxide by diffusion scrubber coupled ion chromatography

A porous membrane diffusion scrubber designed to collect soluble atmospheric gases without obligatory collection of particulate material has been coupled to an ion chromatograph in a continuous automated manner. With 1 mM H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ used as the scrubber liquid, the collected S(IV) is oxidized to sulfate and determined as such. The instrument operates on a 6-min cycle. During most of this period, the loop of the chromatographic valve is slowly filled with the scrubber effluent. Following a brief stay in the inject position, the valve returns to the load position again. The desired chromatographic separation is accomplished within the cycle time. Thus, a new chromatogram is produced every 6 min. Based on the standard deviation of the blank, the detection limit is better than 20 parts per trillion by volume (pptrv) SO/sub 2/; the lowest standard concentration studied was 77 pptrv. Ambient SO/sub 2/ determination results are presented. The potential of simultaneous determination of several other gases is obvious.
A method for determination of pollutant emissions from naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns.

In mechanically-ventilated freestall dairy barns, pollutant emissions can accurately be determined from the differences in concentrations between the influent and exhaust gases and the measured flow of the ventilating air. In contrast, emissions from naturally ventilated (NV) freestall dairy barns do not have well defined specific air entry or exit points. In addition, pertinent airflow characteristics (velocity and direction) vary continuously, both temporally and spatially. This scenario significantly complicates the determinations of emissions. This paper examines a method being developed and tested for determining emissions from NV livestock barns. The method essentially entails placement of sonic anemometers (to measure air movement in and out of the structure) at salient points all around the barn in order to determine the airflow characteristics. Air samples are simultaneously collected at these selected points to determine the respective representative concentrations of the air entering or leaving the barn over a given sampling cycle or time. The airflow data is subsequently coupled with pollutant concentrations data to determine respective emissions from the barn. Results indicate credibility of sonic anemometers in the determination of ventilation characteristics in naturally ventilated barns, which are critical to accurate determination of pollutant emissions calculations from such barns.
The Effects of Using Different Procedures to Score Maze Measures.

The purpose of this study was to examine how different scoring procedures affect interpretation of maze curriculum-based measurements. Fall and spring data were collected from 199 students receiving supplemental reading instruction. Maze probes were scored first by counting all correct maze choices, followed by four scoring variations designed to reduce the effect of random guessing. Pearson's r correlation coefficients were calculated among scoring procedures and between maze scores and a standardized measure of reading. In addition, t tests were conducted to compare fall to spring growth for each scoring procedure. Results indicated that scores derived from the different procedures are highly correlated, demonstrate criterion-related validity, and show fall-to-spring growth. Educators working with struggling readers may use any of the five scoring procedures to obtain technically sound scores.
Procollagen production in fresh and cryopreserved aortic valve grafts.

Abstract Long-term durability of aortic valve allografts may be enhanced by cellular capacities for regeneration and repair. To evaluate aortic valve graft production of an important structural protein, rat aortic roots were implanted heterotopically into the abdominal aorta of recipient rats. Grafts were either syngeneic or strongly allogeneic, were implanted either fresh or after cryopreservation, and were left in place 2 to 21 days after implantation. A total of 80 aortic valve grafts and the corresponding native aortic valves were examined. The grafts were retrieved and immunocytochemically stained for the presence of procollagen, a precursor to collagen. Regardless of histocompatibility or preservation, grafts exhibited consistent procollagen presence that equaled or exceeded that seen in the corresponding native valves. Positive procollagen staining was predominantly in the aortic wall. The most prominent staining was near the hinge point of the valve leaflets, with no staining in the free portion of the leaflets. Staining with α-actin demonstrated vascular smooth muscle in sites remote from the areas positive for procollagen, which suggests that vascular smooth muscle was not responsible for the procollagen production. These findings indicate that cryopreservation is compatible with persistent fibroblast viability and in vivo protein synthesis by both syngeneic and allogeneic aortic valve grafts. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:102-7)
The Effects of Inbreeding on the Lifetime Performance of Dairy Cattle

The effects of inbreeding on the lifetime performance of dairy cattle were examined using data for production, somatic cell score, and linear type for all Holstein cows that were scored between 1983 and 1993. The results of fixed and mixed animal models differed. Relative net income adjusted for opportunity cost for the 2,610,123 cows with an 84-mo opportunity for herdlife was depressed by $14.79 for fluid market pricing and by $12.40 for manufacturing pricing per 1% increase in inbreeding. Mixed model estimates of depression per 1% of increase in inbreeding were +0.55 d for age at first calving, -6 d for days of productive life, and -4.8 for days in milk. Inbreeding decreased the mature equivalent production of milk, fat, and protein during first lactation by 27, 0.9, and 0.8 kg and the lifetime production of milk, fat, and protein by 177, 6.0, and 5.5 kg, respectively, per 1% increase in inbreeding. Inbreeding had little effect on conformation traits. The effects of inbreeding were cumulative, and effects on lifetime profit functions were relatively larger than the effects on lactation traits. Registered cows had higher levels of inbreeding and larger standard deviations than did grade cows. Inbreeding in registered cows depressed relative net income adjusted for opportunity cost for fluid and manufacturing prices by $24.43 and $21.78, respectively; income was depressed $9.43 and $9.02, respectively, for grade cows. The difference between registered and grade cattle is likely due to the incomplete pedigree information in grade animals. Inbreeding among cows in this study was not high on average, but economic losses represented a significant cost to the producer.
Carrier-envelope phase shift caused by grating-based stretchers and compressors

Simple analysis indicates that when the distance between gratings in optical stretchers and compressors varies by one half of the grating constant due to mechanical vibration or thermal motion, the change of the carrier-envelope phase is of the order of 2π rad. To suppress the phase noise, one feedback loop is needed to stabilize the compressor while two loops are required for the stretcher. When the phase drift is measured with an f-to-2f interferometer, either the stretcher or the compressor can be feedback controlled to stabilize the carrier-envelope phase of the pulses from a chirped pulse amplifier.
Branch migration through DNA sequence heterology

Branch migration of a DNA Holliday junction is a key step in genetic recombination. Previously, it was shown that a single base-pair heterology between two otherwise identical DNA sequences is a substantial barrier to passage of a Holliday junction during spontaneous branch migration. Here, we exploit this inhibitory effect of sequence heterology to estimate the step size of branch migration. We also devise a simulation of branch migration through mismatched base-pairs to arrive at the underlying molecular basis for the block to branch migration imposed by sequence heterology. Based on the observation that two adjacent sequence heterologies exert their effects on branch migration more or less independently, we conclude that the step size of branch migration is quite small, of the order of one or two base-pairs per migratory step. Comparison of branch migration experiments through a single base-pair heterology with simulations of a random walk through sequence heterology suggests that the inhibition of branch migration is largely attributable to a thermodynamic barrier arising from the formation of unpaired or mispaired bases in heteroduplex DNAs.
Alternative plate model for the early Miocene evolution of the southwest Japan margin

The Neogene-Holocene tectonics of southwest Japan have been controlled by the interaction of the Eurasian, Philippine Sea, and Pacific plates, which now meet at the central Japan trench-trench-trench (TTT) triple junction. Previous plate models have depicted the Shikoku back-arc basin as opening at the eastern margin of the Philippine Sea plate, parallel to and against the Japan margin. These models consider the TTT triple junction as predating the Shikoku Basin, but they predict neither the evolution of this junction nor the nature of the southwest Japan plate boundary during basin opening. Our recent work on the Oligocene-Miocene strata at Cape Muroto, Shikoku Island, has allowed us to locate the approximate position of the Shikoku Basin spreading ridge at 15 Ma. Combined with a compilation of the geology of the early Miocene southwest Japan margin, this determination leads us to propose that the Shikoku Basin was separated from the Japanese margin by an extension of the Pacific plate during basin opening. The basin subsequently collided with southwest Japan at ca. 15 Ma; this model implies that the central Japan triple junction was generated during this collision.
Performance prediction of GSM digital cellular speech and image transmission

The Group Special Mobile (GSM) digital cellular system provides the European countries with a standard land mobile radio (LMR) architecture. This paper illustrates how voice coded (vocoded) speech and uncompressed image transmission can be expected to degrade as a function of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and carrier to interference ratio (CIR) for a cochannel GSM interferer. Performance is predicted by Monte Carlo simulation of the system. This simulated GSM system employed (1) a Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modem with convolutional coding and Viterbi decoding, (2) a five-path urban channel impulse response with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), (3) a minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer, and (4) limiter-discriminator detection. These results demonstrate that GSM systems in an urban environment can transport useable speech and images without packet retransmission provided the SNR/spl ges/8 dB and CIR/spl ges/8 dB.
Augmenting Boundary-Scan Tests for Enhanced Defect Coverage

Strict analyses of boundary-scan test coverage performed on real-world printed circuit board topologies reveal significant holes in test coverage. Rather than abandon boundary-scan, it is preferable to augment boundary-scan test with other technologies that improve the overall ability to detect defects.
A comparison of fuzzy shell-clustering methods for the detection of ellipses

In this paper, we introduce a shell-clustering algorithm for ellipsoidal clusters based on the so-called "radial distance" which can be easily extended to superquadric clusters. We compare our algorithm with other algorithms in the literature that are based on the algebraic distance, the approximate distance, the normalized radial distance, and the exact distance. We evaluate the performance of each algorithm on two-dimensional data sets containing "scattered" ellipses, partial ellipses, outliers, and ellipses of disparate sizes, and summarize the relative strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm.
Effects of trendelenburg and reverse trendelenburg postures on lung and chest wall mechanics

Abstract Study Objective: To test whether the Trendelenburg ("head-down") or reverse Trendelenburg ("head-up") postures change lung and chest wall mechanical properties in a clinical condition. Design: Unblinded study, each patient serving as own control. Setting: University of Maryland at Baltimore Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland. Patients: 15 patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery. Interventions: Patients were anesthetized and paralyzed, tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated at 10 to 30 per minute and at a tidal volume of 250 to 800 ml. Measurements were made before surgery in supine, head-up (10 degrees from horizontal) and head-down (15 degrees from horizontal) postures. Measurements and Main Results: Airway flow and airway and esophageal pressures were measured. From these measurements, discrete Fourier transformation was used to calculate elastances and resistances of the total respiratory system, lungs, and chest wall. Total respiratory elastance and resistance increased in the head-down posture compared with supine due to increases in lung elastance and resistance ( p p > 0.05). Lung elastance also exhibited a negative dependence on tidal volume while head-down that was not observed in the supine posture. The change in lung elastance compared with supine was positively correlated to body mass index (weight/height 2 ) and negatively correlated to tidal volume. Lung and chest wall elastance and resistance were not affected by shifting from supine to head-up ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The Trendelenburg posture increases the mechanical impedance of the lung to inflation, probably due to decreases in lung volume. This effect may become clinically relevant in patients predisposed with lung disease and in obese patients.
Combined pars plana vitrectomy and glaucoma drainage implant placement for refractory glaucoma

Abstract PURPOSE: To report visual acuity and intraocular pressure outcomes among patients who have undergone combined pars plana vitrectomy and placement of a glaucoma drainage implant. METHODS: The medical records of all patients who underwent combined pars plana vitrectomy and placement of a glaucoma drainage implant at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute by one of the authors between January 1, 1990, and February 28, 1998, were reviewed. Forty patients (40 eyes) were identified, including 14 patients with neovascular glaucoma secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central retinal vein occlusion, 15 patients with other posterior segment disease, seven patients with secondary angle-closure glaucoma, and four patients with aphakia with ruptured anterior hyaloid face. Main outcome measures included visual acuity and intraocular pressure at 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: At 1 year postoperatively, 31 (77.5%) of 40 patients had stable or improved visual acuity; three eyes (7.5%) had a final visual acuity of no light perception and three additional eyes (7.5%) were enucleated (because of chronic pain in two eyes and endophthalmitis in one eye). Mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 34 mm Hg and the median number of preoperative antiglaucoma medications was two. At 1 year postoperatively, mean intraocular pressure was 13 mm Hg and the median number of antiglaucoma medications was zero. Twenty-two patients (55.0%) achieved an intraocular pressure greater than 5 mm Hg and less than or equal to 21 mm Hg without antiglaucoma medication, and an additional seven patients (17.5%) achieved this level of intraocular pressure control with medication. Only one patient (2.5%) underwent further glaucoma surgery for uncontrolled intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Although combined pars plana vitrectomy and placement of a glaucoma drainage implant is often a successful management option in selected patients with refractory glaucoma, visual outcome may be poor because of severe underlying ocular disease and postoperative complications.
Long-term survival of influenza virus infected club cells drives immunopathology

Respiratory infection of influenza A virus (IAV) is frequently characterized by extensive immunopathology and proinflammatory signaling that can persist after virus clearance. In this report, we identify cells that become infected, but survive, acute influenza virus infection. We demonstrate that these cells, known as club cells, elicit a robust transcriptional response to virus infection, show increased interferon stimulation, and induce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines after successful viral clearance. Specific depletion of these surviving cells leads to a reduction in lung tissue damage associated with IAV infection. We propose a model in which infected, surviving club cells establish a proinflammatory environment aimed at controlling virus levels, but at the same time contribute to lung pathology.
Infected with mold! Zygomycosis: a case report.

Purpose To discuss a case of zygomycosis in a 71-year-old woman with diabetes. An overview of the prevalence and pathogenesis of the disorder, clinical diagnosis, and treatment are presented. Data sources Case report, diagnostic evidence, and scientific literature. Conclusions Zygomycosis is a rare but serious and often fatal fungal infection more common in patients with a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Rapid treatment with amphotericin B and supportive care are essential in the care of individuals with zygomycosis. Implications for practice Practitioners should know about zygomycosis because the diagnosis is frequently missed and early and aggressive treatment is imperative.
COEDS: a CAAD tool for shipboard communication system engineering

The authors describe COEDS (communication engineering design system), a new CAAD (computer-aided analysis and design) tool developed for shipboard communication systems. COEDS aids in EMI (electromagnetic interference) analysis, system degradation prediction, and interference mitigation. COEDS tools are used to build block diagrams of communication systems, calculate power and frequency of cosite interference, predict the degree of performance, and evaluate alternative designs. The application of these tools is shown by an example of an HF system design and interference analysis. The example demonstrates the block diagram interface, automated program operation, generation of graphical output, and ease of use in changing the design to meet performance criteria. >
The calmodulin-binding domain from a plant kinesin functions as a modular domain in conferring Ca2+-calmodulin regulation to animal plus- and minus-end kinesins.

Plant kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) is a novel member of the kinesin superfamily that interacts with calmodulin (CaM) via its CaM-binding domain (CBD). Activated CaM (Ca2+-CaM) has been shown to inhibit KCBP interaction with microtubules (MTs) thereby abolishing its motor- and MT-dependent ATPase activities. To test whether the fusion of CBD to non-CaM-binding kinesins confers Ca2+-CaM regulation, we fused the CBD of KCBP to the N or C terminus of a minus-end (non-claret disjunction) or C terminus of a plus-end (Drosophila kinesin) motor. Purified chimeric kinesins bound CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner whereas non-claret disjunction, Drosophila kinesin, and KCBP that lack a CBD did not. As in the case of KCBP with CBD, the interaction of chimeric motors with MTs, as well as their MT-stimulated ATPase activity, was inhibited by Ca2+-CaM. The presence of a spacer between the motor and CBD did not alter Ca2+-CaM regulation. However, KCBP interaction with MTs and its MT-stimulated ATPase activity were not inhibited when the motor domain and CBD were added separately, suggesting that Ca2+-CaM regulation of CaM-binding motors occurs only when the CBD is attached to the motor domain. These results show that the fusion of the CBD to animal motors confers Ca2+-CaM regulation and suggest that the CBD functions as a modular domain in disrupting motor-MT interaction. Our data also support the hypothesis that CaM-binding kinesins may have evolved by addition of a CBD to a kinesin motor domain.
Executive function in mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia

A thorough description of cognitive functioning in individuals with dementia and those at risk of developing dementia is essential for early and accurate diagnosis. Executive functioning is one cognitive domain in which deficits have been reported in various types of dementia, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI, often a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD). This thesis contains two papers addressing executive functioning in these patient groups, the first comparing MCI patients to normal controls and the second comparing FTD and LBD patients. In each study, we examined executive functioning across multiple domains (working memory, inhibitory control, verbal fluency, and planning), and compared groups in terms of statistical differences, the pattern of the severity of clinical impairment, and the frequency of impairment. Results indicated that MCI patients performed worse than controls on all of the tests administered, were clinically impaired in all 4 domains, and that clinical impairment was frequent in each of the domains. FTD and LBD patients performed remarkably similarly across all domains in group comparisons, pattern of clinical impairment, and frequency of impairment, with only one test producing results that could potentially differentiate the groups. All three patient groups were disproportionately impaired on measures of inhibitory control in comparison to other tests of executive functioning. Implications of these results are discussed.
Emics and Etics of Researching Black Colleges: Applying Facts and Avoiding Fallacies

This chapter delineates the disparate aspects of internal and external assessments and dispels may common fallacies about historically black colleges and universities.
Flow-sensitive K+-coupled ATP Secretion Modulates Activity of the Epithelial Na+ Channel in the Distal Nephron

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) is under tonic inhibition by a local purinergic signaling system responding to changes in dietary sodium intake. Normal BKCa channel function is required for flow-sensitive ATP secretion in the ASDN. We tested here whether ATP secreted through connexin channels in a coupled manner with K+ efflux through BKCa channels is required for inhibitory purinergic regulation of ENaC in response to increases in sodium intake. Inhibition of connexin channels relieves purinergic inhibition of ENaC. Deletion of the BK-β4 regulatory subunit, which is required for normal BKCa channel function and flow-sensitive ATP secretion in the ASDN, suppresses increases in urinary ATP in response to increases in sodium intake. As a consequence, ENaC activity, particularly in the presence of high sodium intake, is inappropriately elevated in BK-β4 null mice. ENaC in BK-β4 null mice, however, responds normally to exogenous ATP, indicating that increases in activity do not result from end-organ resistance but rather from lowered urinary ATP. Consistent with this, disruption of purinergic regulation increases ENaC activity in wild type but not BK-β4 null mice. Consequently, sodium excretion is impaired in BK-β4 null mice. These results demonstrate that the ATP secreted in the ASDN in a BKCa channel-dependent manner is physiologically available for purinergic inhibition of ENaC in response to changes in sodium homeostasis. Impaired sodium excretion resulting form loss of normal purinergic regulation of ENaC in BK-β4 null mice likely contributes to their elevated blood pressure.
Encysted Spermatic Cord Hydroceles: A Report of Three Cases in Adults and a Review of the Literature

A hydrocele of the spermatic cord, which results from aberrant closure of the processus vaginalis, is an asymptomatic entity detected incidentally on computed tomography (CT) scans performed for other clinical indications. There are two variations of a spermatic cord hydrocele: the “encysted” variety that does not communicate with the peritoneal cavity, and the “funicular” variety that does communicate with the peritoneal cavity. The encysted type can be confused with an inguinal mass (lymphadenopathy, hernias), and also primary tumors of the cord. We reviewed CT scans for all three adults and ultrasound images for one patient. Confirmation of spermatic cord hydrocele was made by surgery in one case, and CT and follow-up CT in two cases. Our findings indicate that a mass of the spermatic cord, showing fluid attenuation by CT and an avascular, anechoic appearance with sound transmission by ultrasound in an otherwise asymptomatic patient or even in those with an underlying malignancy, should prompt the radi...
Effect of variable‐density groundwater flow on nitrate flux to coastal waters

A two-dimensional variable-density groundwater flow and transport model was developed to provide a conceptual understanding of past and future conditions of nitrate (NO3) transport and estimate groundwater nitrate flux to the Gulf of Mexico. Simulation results show that contaminant discharge to the coast decreases as the extent of saltwater intrusion increases. Other natural and/or artificial surface waters such as navigation channels may serve as major sinks for contaminant loading and act to alter expected transport pathways discharging contaminants to other areas. Concentrations of NO3 in the saturated zone were estimated to range between 30 and 160 mg∙L−1 as NO3. Relatively high hydraulic vertical gradients and mixing likely play a significant role in the transport processes, enhancing dilution and contaminant migration to depth. Residence times of NO3 in the deeper aquifers vary from 100 (locally) to about 300 years through the investigated aquifer system. NO3 mass fluxes from the shallow aquifers (0 to 5.7 × 104 mg∙m−2∙day−1) were primarily directed towards the navigation channel, which intersects and captures a portion of the shallow groundwater flow/discharge. Direct NO3 discharge to the sea (i.e. Gulf of Mexico) from the shallow aquifer was very low (0 to 9.0 × 101 mg · m−2∙day−1) compared with discharge from the deeper aquifer system (0 to 8.2 × 103 mg∙m−2∙day−1). Both model-calibrated and radiocarbon tracer-determined contaminant flux estimates reveal similar discharge trends, validating the use of the model for density-dependent flow conditions. The modelling approach shows promise to evaluate contaminant and nutrient loading for similar coastal regions worldwide. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOBACCO AS A POTENTIAL FOOD SOURCE AND SMOKE MATERIAL: SOLUBLE PROTEIN CONTENT, EXTRACTION, AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION

Fraction 1 and unfractionated leaf proteins have been prepared from tobacco. Their amino acid compositions are very similar and have a high nutritional value. Removal of proteins from tobacco leaves before the curing process would result in a safer smoking product. Therefore, tobacco plants could be used for a rich food source and safer smoke material.
GPGPU Computing for Cloud Auditing

With the increasing computational complexity of cloud auditing and other data-intensive analysis applications, there is a growing need for computing platforms that can handle massive data sets and perform rapid analysis. These needs are met by systems with accelerators, such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), that can perform data analysis with a high level of parallelism employing tools like Hadoop MapReduce to handle massively parallel computing jobs. Applying GPUs to general purpose processing is known as GPGPU. This chapter uses an introductory approach to cover the basics of GPUs and GPGPU computing and their application to cloud computing and handling of large data sets. The main aim is to give the reader a broad background on how GPGPUs are used and their contribution to advances in cloud auditing.
Mouse SLLP1, a sperm lysozyme-like protein involved in sperm-egg binding and fertilization

This study demonstrates the retention of mouse sperm lysozyme-like protein (mSLLP1) in the equatorial segment of spermatozoa following the acrosome reaction and a role for mSLLP1 in sperm-egg binding and fertilization. Treatment of cumulus intact oocytes with either recmSLLP1 or its antiserum resulted in a significant (P < or = 0.05) inhibition of fertilization. Co-incubation of zona-free mouse oocytes with capacitated mouse spermatozoa in the presence of varying concentrations of anti-recmSLLP1 serum or recmSLLP1 also inhibited sperm-oolemma binding. A complete inhibition of binding and fusion of spermatozoa to the oocyte occurred at 12.5 muM concentration of recmSLLP1, while conventional chicken and human lysozymes did not block sperm-egg binding. mSLLP1 showed receptor sites in the perivitelline space as well as on the microvillar region of the egg plasma membrane. The retention of mSLLP1 in the equatorial segment of acrosome-reacted sperm, the inhibitory effects of both recmSLLP1 and antibodies to SLLP1 on in vitro fertilization with both cumulus intact and zona-free eggs, and the definition of complementary SLLP1-binding sites on the egg plasma membrane together support the hypothesis that a c lysozyme-like protein is involved in the binding of spermatozoa to the egg plasma membrane during fertilization.
Securitizing Canadian Federalism: The Supreme Court of Canada and the Proposed Canadian Securities Reform Act

The pending Canadian Supreme Court decision on the constitutionality of the Canadian Securities Reform Act (CSRA) promises to greatly clarify or maddeningly muddle the division of powers between Canada’s provinces and federal government. Yet, two characteristics of the Court should be emphasized. The Court has avoided drawing bright lines regarding the federal government’s commerce power and weighs political factors in defining provincial and federal authorities. Furthermore, this analysis highlights the benefits of not subjecting the CRSA to a full commerce analysis. If the Court faithfully applies the General Motors test it will either (1) lay down a firm rule permitting a mandatory federal securities regulator that may be politically impossible to implement or (2) murky the rules regarding the federal government’s commerce powers. But a third option exists: the Court can justify the CSRA without forcing a definitive answer on whether a federal securities regulation would trump provincial law through the Peace, Order and Good Governance clause. While this may not satisfy supporters of bright-line rules when it comes to Canadian federalism, such an approach seems to follow proclivities of the Court and reflect Canada’s historical approach to federalism.
The novel tumour suppressor Madm regulates stem cell competition in the Drosophila testis

Stem cell competition has emerged as a mechanism for selecting fit stem cells/progenitors and controlling tumourigenesis. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Here we identify Mlf1-adaptor molecule (Madm), a novel tumour suppressor that regulates the competition between germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs) for niche occupancy. Madm knockdown results in overexpression of the EGF receptor ligand vein (vn), which further activates EGF receptor signalling and integrin expression non-cell autonomously in CySCs to promote their overproliferation and ability to outcompete GSCs for niche occupancy. Conversely, expressing a constitutively activated form of the Drosophila JAK kinase (hop(Tum-l)) promotes Madm nuclear translocation, and suppresses vn and integrin expression in CySCs that allows GSCs to outcompete CySCs for niche occupancy and promotes GSC tumour formation. Tumour suppressor-mediated stem cell competition presented here could be a mechanism of tumour initiation in mammals.
Case 2: A Midline Lumbosacral Mass

A 39-week-male infant is born to a 35-year-old, gravida 4 now para 4 mother whose pregnancy is uncomplicated. He is born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at an outside hospital, and no resuscitation is required. Apgar scores are 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Birth weight, occipital circumference, and length are all in the 90th percentile. On initial examination, there is a 4 × 5-cm midline mass at the level of the lumbosacral spine (Figure 1). The mass is well circumscribed, has a smooth surface except for the protruding ‘tail,” is covered by normal skin, is not pulsatile, and slips under the palpating finger. Protruding from the mass is a 1-cm-long skin tag. He moves all 4 extremities spontaneously. Tone in the legs is normal, and deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities are 2+. He withdraws all extremities to pain. The findings of the rest of the neurologic examination, including cranial nerves and motor examination, are normal. His anus is patent with normal sphincter tone and a normal anal reflex (anal wink is present). He has a sexual maturity rating of 1 for male genitalia, and both testes are palpable. The remainder of the examination findings are unremarkable. He is transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit for further evaluation and management. He has voided and stooled before transport. An additional bedside test gives a clue to the diagnosis. Figure 1. Lumbosacral mass with appendage. ### Diagnosis The differential diagnosis of a midline lumbosacral mass includes sacrococcygeal teratoma with or without the Currarino triad, hemangioma, spinal hamartoma, congenital ependymoma, caudal regression syndrome, and occult spinal dysraphism (OSD). Our patient lacks obvious anorectal …
Effect of Corn Grits on Nicotinic Acid Requirements of the Dog.

SummaryWhen unenriched corn grits are incorporated in a synthetic ration to the extent of 60% of the sucrose, the nicotinic acid requirement of the dog is markedly increased and good growth does not result until the nicotinic acid content of the corn grits is increased to about 5.0 mg % (more than 5 times the unenriched level) which furnishes the dog with about 3 times as much nicotinic acid as is required for comparable or better growth on a synthetic or whole milk ration.
Capitalizing on Compensation: Hydropower Resettlement and the Commodification and Decommodification of Nature–Society Relations in Southern Laos

Compensation programs for hydropower dam resettlement have far-reaching effects, including restructuring nature–society relations in support of capital accumulation. Although critical scholarship has shown the structural limitations of compensation programs for reducing poverty after resettlement, here we draw on the specific case of the Xepian-Xenamnoy hydroelectric dam project in the Xekong River Basin in southern Laos to explore the transformation of nature–society relations among the Heuny people. We argue that the compensation processes of valuation, abstraction, and privatization of property relations have contributed to the variegated commodification of land and other natural resources used by the Heuny. In contrast to arguments that capitalist expansion leads to ever increasing commodification, however, we demonstrate that compensation variously decommodifies other natural resources, such as certain nontimber forest products and wild fisheries, keeping other things, such as swidden fields and fore...
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Gene Therapy Ameliorates Bone Loss in Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis Mouse Model.

Osteoporosis is a major healthcare burden affecting mostly postmenopausal women characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fragility fracture. Although pathogenesis of this disease is complex, elevated proinflammatory cytokine production is clearly involved in bone loss at menopause. Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies hold a great potential for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of gene therapy of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)–mediated human alpha-1 antitrypsin (hAAT), a multifunctional protein that has anti-inflammatory property, on bone loss in an ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis mouse model. Adult ovariectomized (OVX) mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with hAAT (protein therapy), rAAV8-CB-hAAT (gene therapy), or phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Age-matched and sham-operated animals were used as controls. Eight weeks after the treatment, animals were sacrificed and bone-related biomarkers and vertebral b...
Novel signature verification process

Cloud computing is a model to access computing resources from anywhere. Cloud provides companies the opportunity to store their large amount of sensitive and confidential data on three different platforms-SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. Among these three models of Cloud, SaaS has more security threats. So how is SaaS architecture improved to withstand security threats? In this paper, we present the vulnerabilities of SaaS architecture for security attacks and address the authentication attack among them. In our study, we analyze that every attack is possible only when the attacker overcomes the obligations of authentication and once he gains the access then everything is in his hands. So, in this paper we discuss about authentication attack with detailed information. Also, we find weakness of SaaS architecture. To overcome this weakness, we proposed novel process for signature verification architecture to improve the SaaS signature verification process by closing the vulnerability for authentication attacks. We design a new algorithm to prove our proposed plan and implemented using C language. With this, we are overcoming the authentication attack by closing the wrapping attack, which improves the efficiency of the SaaS model.
Tinea cruris in children

Tinea cruris is an intensely pruritic fungal infection of the groin and adjacent skin. Also known as crotch rot and jock itch, it can be a troubling important entity that at times is a clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenge. Predisposing factors include heat, humidity, and hyperhidrosis, common accompaniments of high school-aged athletes. Furthermore, obesity and diabetes mellitus, additional risk factors for tinea cruris, are reaching unprecedented levels in adolescents. Treatment options range from improving hygiene to topical antifungal agents and systemic antifungal agents, the latter with potentially dangerous side effects.
A modified droop control for reactive power sharing in large microgrids with meshed topology

The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into smart grids has triggered a move towards microgrids with complicated topologies. Droop control approaches have proven to be the most practical approach to realize plug and play capability in microgrids. While droop control methods have been a focal point of research interest in the power systems control community, most of the previous works have been devoted to improve the efficiency of droop controllers in microgrids with simple architectures and distributed generators (DGs) operating in parallel. This paper presents a new approach to design DG's output virtual inductance control loop to improve the reactive power sharing among DGs in microgrids with meshed topologies. The proposed approach in this paper utilizes the Kron reduction method and nonlinear optimization tools to find the optimal values of the DGs' output virtual inductances to enhance the reactive power sharing between DGs' power electronic inverters.
Callose in Cell Division

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the callose in cell division. In the cell plate, callose is thought to mechanically stabilize the delicate membrane networks and “create a spreading force” that widens the tubules of the TVN to produce the fenestrated plate. Callose may serve as a scaffold or matrix onto or into which the more permanent polysaccharides and proteins of the mature wall may be deposited. The formation of hydrogels by callose would allow insertion or co-gelation with other polymers in the cell plate. The subsequent removal of callose is presumably mediated by (1,3)-β-glucan endohydrolases, such as those expressed in oat endosperm, without affecting the other polymers. Callose is also involved in the junction of the cell plate with the parental wall, where its role may be related to the general role of callose as part of the wound response cascade. We speculate that the cell may anticipate rupture of the parental membrane/wall that will be necessary for the new cell plate to complete cytokinesis and is able to mobilize the cellular machinery that produces callose for a rapid and pliable repair until the strut and matrix wall can be reconstructed.