cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perfecting the nation: Enlightenment perspectives on the coincidence of linguistic and ‘national’ refinement

Abstract This article describes the correlation between language and nation in Enlightenment thought and its perceived value as a means to pursue investigations aimed at deciphering the ‘rules of social evolution’. In doing so, it further clarifies the manner in which ‘the nation’ was represented in contemporary texts, lending much-needed empirical support to recent overtures in this direction by scholars who have challenged the validity of temporally and spatially fixed ideal types. Dictionaries and other lexicographical works are used to illuminate the semantic traditions underlying the correlations cited above and the fitness more generally of ‘the nation’ for the anthropological pursuits of the period. The study is then extended to a survey of contemporary works of history, natural philosophy and other episteme, the texts under review supplying further testimony of a theoretical perspective in which nation, ‘manners’ and language were not only connected, but deemed to be in a relationship of cotermino...
Bilinear Models in Ecology

Bilinear models are useful in ecology for two reasons. The trivial reason is that they represent the next step up from linearity, and therefore in the direction of increasing realism. The more substantive reason has to do with the nature of evolution by natural selection. According to the neo-Darwinian theory, reproductive and/or mortality advantages accrue to individuals whose physiology and behavior are better adapted to their environment than their compatriots. By “adapted,” one means simply “beter designed,” in the egineering sense.
Differences among sweet potatoes in response to shading

The effects of mild and heavy shade on leaf colour, foliage length and weight, and storage root weight of 18 sweet potato cultivars (lpomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), in pots, were investigated. The yields of 18 cultivars and 38 seedlings selected for shade tolerance were tested in the field below trees. Strong shade increased the green colour and twining tendency and reduced flowering, foliage growth and storage root weight. Cultivars differed significantly in response to shade. Shade reduced survival of cuttings and number of storage roots of standard cultivars far more than with shade-tolerant selections. Selections for shade resistance outyielded standard cultivars under mild shade, but were equally inhibited from producing in shrong shade.
Physicochemical Basis of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

In hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), which is widely used for protein separation, a mildly hydrophobic stationary phase is employed with an aqueous salt solution as the mobile phase, and the magnitude of retention is modulated by the concentration of the salt. Retention is governed by the hydrophobic effect, which is attributed to the strongly ordered structure and high cohesive energy of water. Various theoretical approaches are used to treat chromatographic retention in HIC. The most comprehensive is the solvophobic theory that was first adapted to provide a theoretical framework for reversed-phase chromatography, a technique fundamentally similar to HIC. According to this approach the role of salt as the primary retention modulator in HIC is primarily due to the increase in the surface tension of the mobile phase with the salt concentration. However, when specific salt binding occurs the appropriate preferential interaction parameters have to be considered. The effect of temperature on the retention in HIC is yet to be elucidated. Recent advances in exploring the temperature dependence of the hydrophobic effect are expected to provide a framework for the interpretation of experimental data in HIC and to facilitate further understanding of the role of temperature in hydrophobic interactions.
Bedrooms and boulevards: the erotics of ambiguous space in Belot’s Mademoiselle Giraud, ma femme

ABSTRACTMademoiselle Giraud, ma femme, Adolphe Belot’s 1870 potboiler of devious Parisian lesbians and their cuckolded husbands, is overwrought with spatialized tropes. Scenes of the bedroom, traditionally intimate domestic space, instead separates the couple, subverted by wife Paule’s sexual resistance and husband Adrien’s frustration outside her locked door. The partitioning of intimacy also occurs at the narrative level through constructed layers of a story within a story; Paule is distanced by the retelling, never to speak for herself. In stark contrast, scenes of exteriors – Second Empire urban space newly shaped for freedom of movement – carry significant erotic charge. From their initial meeting along the Champs-Elysees to Adrien’s pursuit of his unfaithful wife along the boulevards marking the thresholds between Haussmann’s old and new Paris, Belot situates the tension of an untenable marriage in the constantly shifting terms of uncertain and unfamiliar boundaries, reflecting back the sense of lib...
People Versus Place, People and Place, or More? New Directions for Housing Policy

Virtually all aspects of socioeconomic inequality in the United States are organized in space (Sampson, 2012). The spatial organization of inequality is, in part, simply a manifestation of inequali...
Role of Anti-HLA Immune Responses in Organ Transplant Rejection

The immune response to alloantigens can be either cell-mediated or humoral. Both types of immune reactions contribute to organ allograft rejection. T cell responses to alloantigens are vigorous with as many as 2 percent of host’s T cells reacting against a single allogeneic MHC molecule.
An Algorithmic Description

In the previous chapter, the optimal set of classifiers given some data \(\mathcal{D}\) was defined as the one given by the model structure \(\mathcal{M}\) that maximises \(p(\mathcal{M | D})\). In addition, a Bayesian LCS model for both regression and classification was introduced, and it was shown how to apply variational Bayesian inference to compute a lower bound on \(\ln p(\mathcal{M | D})\) for some given \(\mathcal{M}\) and \(\mathcal{D}\).
Tolerance ofPinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, andLarix leptolepis seedlings to SO2

Effects of exposure to SO2 at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm for 48 hours on sulfur uptake, needle injury, height growth, diameter growth, dry weight increment, and relative growth rate of seedlings of three species of gymnosperms were investigated in a controlled environment. On the basis of such responses as needle injury, dry weight increment, relative growth rate, and diameter growth, tolerance to SO2 60 days after treatment varied in the following order:Pinus thunbergii (most tolerant),Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis (least tolerant). On the basis of height growth response the order of SO2 tolerance was:Pinus densiflora>Pinus thunbergii>Larix leptolepis. The range of response to SO2 of the three species varied with the specific response measured. The usefulness of relative growth rate as a pollution response is emphasized because of differences among species in initial size and growth rate. Limitations of using height growth responses to determine pollution tolerance are discussed. Caution is advised in constructing tables of pollution tolerance of plants by using data of investigators who apply different criteria for assessing plant responses to air pollution.
Codability of industry and occupation information from cancer registry records: Differences by patient demographics, casefinding source, payor, and cancer type.

Author(s): Silver, Sharon R; Tsai, Rebecca J; Morris, Cyllene R; Boiano, James M; Ju, Jun; Scocozza, Marilyn S; Calvert, Geoffrey M | Abstract: IntroductionIndustry and occupation (IaO) information collected by cancer registries is useful for assessing associations among jobs and malignancies. However, systematic differences in IaO availability can bias findings.MethodsCodability by patient demographics, payor, identifying (casefinding) source, and cancer site was assessed using IaO text from first primaries diagnosed 2011-2012 and reported to California Cancer Registry. IaO were coded to a U.S. Census code or classified as blank/inadequate/unknown, retired, or not working for pay.ResultsIndustry was codable for 37% of cases; 50% had "unknown" and 9% "retired" instead of usual industry. Cases initially reported by hospitals, covered by preferred providers, or with known occupational etiology had highest codable industry; cases from private pathology laboratories, with Medicaid, or diagnosed in outpatient settings had least. Occupation results were similar.ConclusionsRecording usual IaO for retirees and improving linkages for reporting entities without patient access would improve IaO codability and research validity.
The NF-κB Signaling Pathway in GBMs: Implications for Apoptotic and Inflammatory Responses and Exploitation for Therapy

Malignant gliomas are diffusively infiltrative and remain among the deadliest of all cancers. The NF-κB transcription factor family is an important mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. Through its ability to induce gene expression, NF-κB can regulate the processes of cell growth, migration and invasion, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis. In gliomas, NF-κB is constitutively activated, the levels of NF-κB- regulated genes are elevated, and these circumstances are inversely correlated with patient prognosis. Herein, we discuss the contributions made by NF-κB and its target genes in mediating facets of glioma behavior, mechanisms that might explain how NF-κB becomes activated in these tumors, and current strategies to antagonize this pathway in gliomas.
LONG-TERM CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF EPOXY COATED REBAR IN FLORIDA BRIDGES

Epoxy-coated rebar (ECR) was used by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) up to the early 1990’s, but severe corrosion was observed after only a few years of service in several major FDOT ECR bridges built with highly permeable concrete. Corrosion projections based on concrete permeability indicated that corrosion damage was likely to be present by now for other FDOT bridges built with highly permeable concrete. Early corrosion initiation was not projected for other ECR bridges built with low permeable concrete, but there was concern that thin structural cracks and associated chloride ingress may have locally promoted deterioration. In an investigation in progress, field observations and laboratory examination of extracted ECR samples did show active corrosion in two Florida ECR bridges built with highly permeable concrete, confirming projections. Little to no corrosion was observed on ECR from another bridge with low permeability concrete, and no correlation between the presence or position of thin cracks and corrosion deterioration was observed. Further tests are in progress.
PCR for Nematode Identification

Accurate identification of plant pathogenic nematode species is a vital component of many areas of nematology, from systematic research to regulatory nematology and management. It is especially important for management that does not rely on chemical nematicides. In many cases it is desirable to identify to species single females or juveniles. In other cases, it is desirable to identify the presence of small numbers of juveniles in a complex mixture. A major constraint to developing identification techniques for single females and juveniles has been the small size of the nematodes. The availability of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique has revolutionized many aspects of biology by allowing amplification of specific sequences from minute quantities of DNA. This procedure opens new tools for nematology. For example it is now possible to differentiate juveniles of the major root-knot nematode species based on differences in their mitochondrial spacer regions (Powers and Harris, 1993).
Development and Validation of Multiwavelength Algorithms for in Vivo Near Infrared Spectroscopy

The ability to measure changes in tissue oxygenation noninvasively is of potential benefit to managing a variety of problems in clinical medicine. One useful way to assess tissue oxygenation in situ. is to measure oxygen-dependent light absorption by hemoglobin and other chromophores present in the tissues. Soft tissues and bone are relatively translucent to near infrared (NIR) photons and three important biological molecules, hemoglobin (Hb+Hb02), myoglobin (Mb+Mb02) and oxidized cytochrome c oxidase (cyt a, a.3) have oxygen-dependent absorption spectra in the 700–900 nm wavelength region. Therefore, NIR spectroscopy offers a potential solution to the problem of noninvasive measurement of changes in tissue oxygenation. These concepts were first reported from Duke University in 1977 when Jobsis1 demonstrated a “window” for transmission of NIR light in biological tissues and the feasibility of in vivo NIR monitoring of changes in the oxygenation state of hemoglobin and the oxidation level of cyt a, a3 in the brain. Continuous, noninvasive NIR monitoring techniques to evaluate tissue oxygenation have evolved gradually over the past 10 years at Duke and other institutions2–4.
Individual Development Accounts and Post-Secondary Education: Evidence From a Randomized Experiment

This paper presents evidence from a randomized field experiment testing the impact of a 3-year matched savings program on educational outcomes 10 years later. We examine the effect of an Individual Development Account (IDA) program on educational enrollment, degree completion, and increased education level. The IDA program, which ran from 1998 to 2003 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, provided low-income households with financial education and matching funds for qualified savings withdrawals, including a 1:1 match for educational uses. We find a significant impact on education enrollment and positive, but non-significant impacts on degree completion and increase in level of education. We also examine the interaction between gender and treatment assignment and find that the IDA had a strong positive effect on increased educational attainment for males, but not for females.
[it] shakes my whole breathing being: Rethinking Gender with Translation in Anne Carson’s “A Fragment of Ibykos Translated Six Ways”

Anne Carson’s “A Fragment of Ibykos Translated Six Ways” expresses new possibilities for the contemporary retranslation of ancient Classical texts. My article argues that Carson’s powerful, ground-shifting retranslation enlists significant procedural constraints to offer a progressive re-reading of the heteronormative, conventionally gendered garden in Ibykos Fragment 286. Carson retranslates Fragment 286 six times using only vocabularies from selected topical and literary source texts with contexts remote from the original. As a result, vocabularies and scenarios shift—from Romantic love to microwave operations—but the structural and rhetorical gestures of the fragment are retained. Conventional gender roles are not merely reversed nor is the garden simply transformed. Carson’s six versions transcend the emphasis on gendered textual signals by leaving gender aside to investigate performative reading and translation practices more closely.
Uncertainty About DACA May Undermine Its Positive Impact On Health For Recipients And Their Children.

Undocumented immigrants and their children have worse self-reported health than documented immigrants and US citizens do. Evidence suggests that the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) pr...
Association of perinatal risk factors with neurological outcome in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Neonates exposed to perinatal insults typically present with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The aim of our study was to analyze the association between known risk factors for HIE and the se...
Apocalypse, Revolution, and Terrorism: From the Sicari to the American Revolt against the Modern World

Despite the pervasiveness of secularisation, religiously driven political violence continues to bedevil the modern world. Since 9/11, jihadist terrorism has become the new normal, not only in the M...
Cross-Cultural Distance in the EU: The Case of Bulgaria

The empirical study of societal culture (GLOBE methodology) of Bulgaria, a country still on periphery of mainstream comparative studies, positioned it in the European Union’s cross-cultural space w...
Naturalistic outcomes for a day-hospital programme in a mixed diagnostic sample of adolescents with eating disorders.

Despite initial data suggesting positive treatment outcomes for adolescent eating disorder day-hospital programmes (DHPs), existing studies have included limited follow-up, small samples, and a focus on restricting-type eating disorders. To address these gaps, we explored naturalistic outcomes for an adolescent eating disorders DHP. Adolescent participants (N = 265) completed measurements at treatment admission, discharge (n = 170), and various lengths of follow-up (n = 126; Mfollow up = 278.87 days). Results from multilevel models indicated significant increases in body weight for the anorexia nervosa group throughout treatment and maintenance of increased body weight from discharge to follow-up. In bulimic spectrum disorders, binge eating and purging significantly decreased from intake to discharge and did not change from discharge to follow-up. Across the entire sample, eating disorder symptoms decreased from intake to discharge and did not change from discharge to follow-up. Further, anxiety and depression decreased over the course of treatment and continued to decrease over the follow-up period. The current investigation represents the first study to explore longitudinal DHP outcomes within adolescent bulimic spectrum eating disorders. Our findings also highlight many challenges inherent in conducting naturalistic research; it is critical that the field continue to develop solutions to the barriers inherent in conducting longitudinal research on eating disorder treatment.
Unimodal daily distribution of activity in antelope ground squirrels under stable environmental conditions

Like many other animals, white-tailed antelope squirrels exhibit a bimodal daily pattern of activity in the field during the summer. Because seasons in the field involve not only changes in ambient temperature but also changes in photoperiod and food availability, the cause of the bimodal pattern is not known. In this study, behavioral activity of white-tailed antelope squirrels was studied under controlled environmental conditions in the laboratory. Without the rise in ambient temperature around noontime, the activity pattern was unimodal under a summer-like photoperiod, and this was so when activity was monitored either with running wheels or with infrared motion detectors. Some of the animals exhibited several bouts of activity each day, but the bouts were not uniform in timing or duration, so that the activity pattern of the whole group was unmistakably unimodal with a peak or plateau at noontime. Thus, the bimodal pattern observed in the field in this species is not due to an intrinsic property of the circadian system or to the presence of a long photoperiod but likely to the heat of summer noontime.
Space-based extensive air shower optical Cherenkov and fluorescence measurements using SiPM detectors in context of POEMMA

Abstract Developed as NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, the Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to identify the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmic neutrinos. POEMMA consists of two spacecraft flying in a loose formation at 525 km altitude, 28.5°inclination orbits. Each spacecraft hosts a Schmidt telescope with a large collecting area and wide Field-of-View (FoV). A novel focal plane is employed that is optimized to observe both the UV fluorescence signal from extensive air showers (EASs) and the optical Cherenkov signals from EASs. In UHECR stereo fluorescence mode, POEMMA will measure the spectrum, composition, and full-sky distribution of the UHECRs above 20 EeV with high statistics along with remarkable sensitivity to UHE neutrinos. The POEMMA spacecraft are designed to quickly re-orient to a Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) neutrino mode to observe transient astrophysical sources with unique sensitivity. In this mode, POEMMA will be able to detect cosmic tau neutrino events above 20 PeV by measuring the upward-moving EASs for τ -lepton decays induced from tau neutrino interactions in the Earth. In this paper, POEMMA’s science goals and instrument design are summarized with a focus on the SiPM implementation in POEMMA, along with a detailed discussion of the properties of the Cherenkov EAS signal in the context of wide wavelength sensitivity offered by SiPMs. A comparison of the fluorescence response between SiPMs and the MAPMTs currently planned for use in POEMMA will also be discussed, assessing the potential for SiPMs to perform EAS fluorescence measurements.
Abstract 5341: Derangements in HUWE1/c-MYC pathway confer sensitivity to the BET bromodomain inhibitor GS-626510 in uterine cervical carcinoma

Purpose: The prognosis for women with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer (CC) no longer responsive to radiation and/or chemotherapy remains poor. Whole-exome-sequencing (WES) studies have recently reported c-MYC gene amplification and HUWE1 gene mutations in a significant number of CC suggesting the HUWE1/c-MYC pathway as potential therapeutic target. We investigated HUWE1 and c-MYC expression in fresh-frozen CC and the potential activity of the novel BET bromodomain inhibitor GS-626510 (Gilead-Science-Inc.) against primary WES CC-cultures and CC-xenografts. Experimental Design: HUWE1 and c-MYC expression were evaluated by qRT-PCR in a total of 23 CC including 12 fresh frozen tumor tissues and 11 primary cell lines. c-MYC expression was also evaluated by Western-Blot (WB) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments in all 11 fully sequenced primary CC cell lines. Primary tumors were evaluated for sensitivity to GS-626510 in-vitro using proliferation and viability-assays. siRNA experiments were used to evaluate the effect of HUWE1 silencing on primary CC cell line growth and sensitivity to GS-626510. Finally, the in-vivo activity of GS-626510 was studied in CC-CVX8 mouse-xenografts. Results: Fresh-frozen CC and primary CC cell lines overexpressed c-MYC when compared to normal control tissues (mean ± SEM mRNA values = 7.06 ± 1.17 vs a mean ± SEM = 2.96 ± 0.97, p = 0.01). FISH experiments demonstrated amplification of c-MYC in 9 out of 11 (82%) of the primary CC cell lines. Primary CC cell lines with derangements in the HUWE1/c-MYC pathway were highly sensitive to GS-626510, with a dose-response decrease in cell proliferation and IC50 values ranging from 3 to 57 nM. Silencing of HUWE1 by siRNA significantly increased c-MYC expression as well as CC cell proliferation and enhanced the in vitro sensitivity to GS-626510. Twice daily oral doses of GS-626510 (10 mg/kg) were well tolerated in vivo in animals and highly effective in decreasing tumor-growth (p = 0.004) and increasing survival (p value = 0.004) of mice harboring CC-CVX8 xenografts. Conclusions: Downregulation/inactivation of HUWE1 may increase c-MYC expression and proliferation in primary CC cell lines. GS-626510 may represent a novel, potentially highly effective therapeutic agent against CC overexpressing c-MYC and/or harboring HUWE1 mutations. Clinical studies with BET inhibitor in CC-patients harboring radiation/chemotherapy-resistant disease are warranted. Citation Format: Elena Bonazzoli, Stefania Bellone, Luca Zammataro, Barbara Gnutti, Adele Guglielmi, Silvia Pelligra, Paola Manara, Joan Tymon-Rosario, Burak Zeybek, Chanhee Han, Alessandro D. Santin. Derangements in HUWE1/c-MYC pathway confer sensitivity to the BET bromodomain inhibitor GS-626510 in uterine cervical carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5341.
Underwriter Networks, Information Asymmetry, and Seasoned Equity Offerings

Using various “centrality” measures from Social Network Analysis (SNA), we analyze, for the first time in the literature, how the location of a lead underwriter in its network of investment banks affects various aspects of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). We hypothesize that investment banking networks perform an important economic role in the underwriting process for SEOs, namely, that of information dissemination, where the lead underwriter uses its investment banking network to disseminate information about the SEO firm to institutional investors. Consistent with the above information dissemination role, we show that SEOs with more central lead SEO underwriters are associated with a smaller extent of information asymmetry in the equity market. We then develop testable hypotheses based on the information dissemination role of underwriter networks for the relationship between SEO underwriter centrality and various SEO characteristics, which we test in our empirical analysis. Consistent with the above hypotheses, we find that SEOs with more central lead underwriters are associated with less negative announcement effects; smaller offer price revisions; smaller SEO discounts and underpricing; higher immediate post-SEO equity valuations; and greater post-SEO long-run stock returns. We also find that SEOs with more central lead underwriters are associated with greater institutional investor participation. Our instrumental variable (IV) analysis using the industry-average bargaining power of underwriters relative to issuers as the instrument show that the above results are causal. Consistent with greater value creation by more central lead underwriters, we find that more central lead underwriters receive greater compensation as a fraction of total SEO proceeds.
Pandemic and protest: young people at the forefront of US Pandemonium

The USA continues with the largest number of Covid-19 confirmed cases and associated deaths worldwide It is clear that health, recreation, political and education systems will not be the same in a post-Covid context It is also clear that there are ongoing devastating effects on the rights and well-being of children and young people Systemic racial, economic and political inequalities that existed before the pandemic are highlighted in stark relief and widened as a result of its differential impact on lower income young people and their families The protracted US protests over racial inequities and police violence against young African Americans is perhaps the most virulent example of youth push back The essay looks at the crisis at three different scales: national, state, and local It suggests a way forward for young people in local places [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Children's Geographies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Is Capital Market Integration Among the Saarc Countries Feasible? An Empirical Study

This paper aims to verify the feasibility of capital market integration among the SAARC member countries by analyzing the reaction of volatility towards the changes in economic, political, and financial factors by taking five particular SAARC countries as a sample. In order to achieve this objective, Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, Political Stability Index, Stock Market Value, Corporate Information Disclosure Index, and DGEN of Bangladesh, Sensex of India, NEPSE of Nepal, KSE100 of Pakistan, and CSE All Shares of Sri Lanka from 2003 to 2018 have been considered. All the data have been found stationary at the first difference. Pedroni, Kao, and Johansen's tests indicate the existence of cointegration among the factors. Panel Vector Error Correction Model observes both long-run and short-run impacts of selected factors on the volatility, thus confirms the possibility of capital market integration among the sample countries. The study strongly recommends market integration as it will increase market competition, reduce financial services costs, small companies can enjoy equity financing, and large companies can enjoy economies of scale. The outcome of this study enriches the international finance literature with a special focus on the regional economic bloc.
Resilient Distributed Vector Consensus Using Centerpoints

In this paper, we study the resilient vector consensus problem in networks with adversarial agents and improve resilience guarantees of existing algorithms. A common approach to achieving resilient vector consensus is that every non-adversarial (or normal) agent in the network updates its state by moving towards a point in the convex hull of its \emph{normal} neighbors' states. Since an agent cannot distinguish between its normal and adversarial neighbors, computing such a point, often called as \emph{safe point}, is a challenging task. To compute a safe point, we propose to use the notion of \emph{centerpoint}, which is an extension of the median in higher dimensions, instead of Tverberg partition of points, which is often used for this purpose. We discuss that the notion of centerpoint provides a complete characterization of safe points in $\mathbb{R}^d$. In particular, we show that a safe point is essentially an interior centerpoint if the number of adversaries in the neighborhood of a normal agent $i$ is less than $\frac{N_i}{d+1} $, where $d$ is the dimension of the state vector and $N_i$ is the total number of agents in the neighborhood of $i$. Consequently, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the number of adversarial agents to guarantee resilient vector consensus. Further, by considering the complexity of computing centerpoints, we discuss improvements in the resilience guarantees of vector consensus algorithms and compare with the other existing approaches. Finally, we numerically evaluate the performance of our approach through experiments.
High-Pressure Studies of Biomembranes by Vibrational Spectroscopy

Pressure-induced modifications of structural and dynamic properties in a series of lamellar, micellar and reversed micellar model biomembranes in water have been investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Examples of pressure-induced inter- and intrachain ordering processes, configuration distortion and changes in interchain packing in these systems are presented. Results are also given to demonstrate that high-pressure infrared spectroscopy is an efficient method to detect the presence of chain interdigitation in the bilayers and the presence of hydrogen bonds in the interfacial zone of biomembrane lipids.
Toll-Like Receptors–Structureand Signaling

Publisher Summary The innate immune system provides a rapid first line of defense against pathogen attack. One of its principal components is the array of pathogen-associated molecular pattern detectors known as the Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)—germline-encoded type one transmembrane receptors of ancient lineage that are expressed on numerous cell types, and are the focus of this chapter. This chapter begins by describing the structure and function of TLRs. TLR ectodomains contain about 18–25 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and recognize molecules that are as diverse as double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and unmethylated CpG DNA. TLRs rapidly trigger the production of a variety of cytokines, producing inflammation, and also activate the adaptive immune response by up-regulating co-stimulatory molecules and antigen-presenting cells. Under the structure, this chapter discusses mutational analysis to identify the dsRNA, and TLR4. It also deals with the structure of human MD-2 (hMD-2) and its complex with antiendotoxic lipid IVa. Furthermore, it considers the phenomenon of TLR1–TLR2 dimerization by atri-acylated lipopeptide. Finally, it explains the concept of signaling, stating that ample evidence in the literature points to an accepted universal mechanism in which, similar to most other type 1 transmembrane receptors, ligand-induced dimerization or crosslinking initiates signal transduction through the membrane. Dimerization of the TLR cytoplasmic TIR domains is a prerequisite for the binding of other TIR-domain containing adaptor molecules.
Effect of sound frequency and initial concentration on the sonochemical degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)

Perfluoooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a perfluorinated compound (PFC) highly resistant to conventional advance oxidation processes, which was widely used in industrial activities due to its surfactant nature, olephobic-hydrophobic properties, and chemical inertness. Sonochemical treatment has been suggested as an effective approach to treat aqueous solutions containing minimal levels of PFCs. This study investigates PFOS sonochemical degradation and its dependency on the initial concentration (10-460 μM), and the applied sound frequency (25 and 500 kHz, and 1 MHz). PFOS was degraded by sonochemical treatment at concentrations as high as 460 μM, as demonstrated by fluoride release and total organic content data. PFOS degradation rate was higher at megasonic frequencies (1MHz) compared to ultrasonic frequencies (25-500 kHz). PFOS degradation was controlled by saturation kinetics as indicated by an increase in PFOS degradation rate with increasing PFOS concentration until a maximum, after which the degradation rate was independent of the concentration. The saturation conditions were dependent on the sound frequency, and they were reached at a lower concentration under 1 MHz (100 μM) compared to the 500 kHz frequency (>460 μM). Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that high PFOS concentration can be effectively sonochemically treated using megasonic frequencies.
A redirected proton pathway in the bacteriorhodopsin mutant Tyr-57-->Asp. Evidence for proton translocation without Schiff base deprotonation.

Light-driven proton pumping in bacteriorhodopsin involves deprotonation of the retinylidene Schiff base during M formation and reprotonation during N formation as key steps. This study reports on the spectroscopic characterization of the bacteriorhodopsin mutant Tyr-57-->Asp (Y57D). The results reveal that although formation of the M intermediate and Schiff base deprotonation is blocked, the mutant still exhibits a significant level of light-driven proton translocation. The photocycle of Y57D involves formation of K and L intermediates accompanied by the normal chromophore isomerization and changes in the hydrogen bonding of Asp-96 and Asp-115. However, an additional Asp residue deprotonates during formation of the L intermediate along with a transmembrane alpha-helical structural change that normally occurs upon N formation. We postulate that proton transport in Y57D occurs through a redirected pathway that does not involve the deprotonation of the Schiff base. Chromophore isomerization, which normally results in the transfer of a proton from the Schiff base to Asp-85, instead causes the deprotonation of Asp-57 in Y57D, most likely through an interaction involving Asp-212. This deprotonation of Asp-57 causes the release of a proton into the extracellular medium. Reprotonation of Asp-57 occurs through the Schiff base reprotonation pathway, which consists of a hydrogen-bonded network of residues spanning from Asp-96 to Asp-212. The results also indicate that the transmembrane alpha-helical structural changes observed during N formation (Rothschild, K.J., Marti, T., Sonar, S., He, Y.W., Rath, P., Fischer, W., Bousche, O., and Khorana, H. G. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 27046-27052) do not require deprotonation of Asp-96 or of the Schiff base.
Serum immunoglobulins. I. Levels in normal children and in uncomplicated childhood allergy.

In 201 normal individuals from infancy to adulthood, serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A, and M are presented as geometric mean values (mg/l00 ml) and as percents of adult mean values for each of these proteins. A statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between age and both IgG and IgA concentrations up to ages 6 and 7 years. No correlation was present between age and immunoglobulin concentrations beyond that time, suggesting that the adult concentrations of IgG and IgA are normally reached and maintained after ages 6 and 7 years. In contrast, analysis of the IgM data suggested that the adult value is reached by age 1 year. No truly significant differences were found in immunoglobulin concentrations which could be attributed to sex. Significantly higher concentrations of IgG were found in normal Negro than in normal Caucasian subjects after age 6 years, but no significant differences were found below this age for IgG or at any age for IgA and IgM. Similarly determined serum immunoglobulins in 85 allergic children, selected because they had no complicating illnesses, were compared with the normal group according to the age of the child. No significant differences were found in concentrations of either IgG or IgA. Some differences were found in IgM, but these were small and were primarily associated with the relationship of IgM to age in the allergic group.
The Non-Euclidean Revolution

Preface.-Introduction.-First Things.-Euclidean Geometry.-Geometry and the Diamond Theory of Truth.-The Problem of Postulate Truth.-The Possibility of Non-Euclidean Geometry.-Hyperbolic Geometry.-Consistency.-Geometry and the Story Theory of Truth.-Bibliography.-Index.
An Analysis of the Factors that Influence Preservice Elementary Teachers' Developing Dispositions about Teaching All Children.

In preparing teacher candidates to meet the challenges of teaching in the 21st century, it is not sufficient to focus on knowledge and skills. Teacher preparation programs also must focus on the moral and ethical responsibilities of preservice teachers (Wise, 2006). At a time in which national populations and school districts are becoming increasingly diverse, this focus becomes even more critical (Allard & Santoro, 2006). These moral and ethical dispositions, coupled with knowledge and skills, are critical to good teaching, especially for at-risk students, who include English language learners, students with learning difficulties or disabilities, and those from low-socioeconomic backgrounds (Mills, 2008). Over the past decade, the field of teacher preparation has conducted research on and has debated the role of dispositions in preservice teachers. Even when ideal dispositions have been identified, they have no agreed-upon definitions as a foundation, which makes these dispositions difficult to measure. In developing our conceptual framework, we based our notion of quality teacher dispositions on Goodlad’s (1991) concept of “practicing good stewardship” and use the term “social consciousness” to
Radiotherapy: Intermediate-risk endometrial cancer - Adjuvant treatment

Adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy was compared with adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy in patients with high-intermediate-risk uterine cancers in the PORTEC-2 trial. The results suggest that vaginal brachytherapy is the treatment of choice; however, the inclusion of very few patients with grade 2 or 3 disease limits generalizability of the results to these subgroups.
Anxiety, Immigration, and the Search for Information

In this article, we use the issue of immigration to explore the role of anxiety in responses to political appeals. According to previous literature, anxiety motivates citizens to learn and pay more attention to news coverage. Literature in psychology demonstrates that anxiety is associated with a tendency to pay closer attention to threatening information. We predict that anxious citizens will seek more information but that they will seek out and be attracted to threatening information. In an experiment, we induce anxiety about immigration and then subjects have the opportunity to search for additional information in a website designed to mimic online news sources. The website has both immigration and nonimmigration stories, and the immigration stories are split between threatening coverage and nonthreatening coverage. We find that anxious subjects exhibit biased information processing; they read, remember, and agree with threatening information.
Apolipoprotein E genotypes in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia.

The apolipoprotein E gene (Apo E) type 4 allele is a genetic risk factor influencing the development and age of onset of Alzheimer's disease. Because Parkinson's disease shares many characteristics of Alzheimer's disease, we studied the frequencies of Apo E genotypes in a cohort of 52 Parkinson's disease patients with dementia and 61 patients without dementia. Dementia was determined per National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke criteria and Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) 132. Apo E genotype and allele frequencies did not differ between demented and nondemented parkinsonian patients. Neither group's genotype and allele frequencies differed from that of a nondemented population of 78 controls. We conclude that the Apo E epsilon 4 allele influences neither the development of Parkinson's disease nor the dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.
Progress in the melt texturing of RE-123 superconductors

Steady progress continues in improving the critical current density and flux trapping capability of bulk RE-Ba2Cu3Ox (RE = rare earth) superconductors. In this article, advances in processing, the understanding of the role defects play in flux pinning, and promising new developments are discussed. In particular, reviewed are advances in melt-textured rare earth superconductors (particularly YBa2Cu3Ox) and avenues for property enhancement.
Cotranslational cleavage and glycosylation of the mineral oil-induced plasmacytoma-46B κ chain precursor by plasmacytoma microsomes

Abstract The mineral oil-induced plasmacytoma-46B light chain precursor, pLM46B, is a cotranslational acceptor for the transfer of the endogenous lipid-linked core oligosaccharides present in microsomal membrane preparations from plasmacytoma tissue as well as those from canine pancreas and Krebs II ascites tumor cells. The membranes tested appear to first cleave then glycosylate pLM46B. All the membrane preparations tested were capable of cleaving and glycosylating only a fraction of the pLM46B synthesized. The predominant new form observed in the presence of ascites membranes was the cleaved, glycosylated species, LGlyM46B, while the plasmacytoma and pancreas membranes produced both LGlyM46B and the cleaved species LM46B. These studies describe a system suitable for the study of the core glycosylation activity of lymphoid cell membranes.
An examination of sexual dimorphism in Atlantic and Pacific blue marlin using body weight, sagittae weight, and age estimates

Abstract Length, weight and otoliths of Atlantic and Pacific blue marlin ( n = 436) were sampled between 1979 and 1983 in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans from recreational landings. Otolith weight was highly variable within size classes, but the range of otolith weights was the same for males and females from both oceans. Although age estimates for Atlantic and Pacific blue marlin were not validated, males and females were estimated to be equally long-lived, reaching estimated ages of >20 yr, yet females achieve much larger somatic sizes than males. Length was not useful in predicting estimated age. The sex-related size differences in Atlantic and Pacific blue marlin can be attributed to differential growth between sexes. Although males can grow to a maximum size of ∼ 160 kg and females grow to at least 540 kg, longevity was similar for both sexes. The sex-related size differences in blue marlin are related to differential growth between sexes and are not due to differential mortality. Otolith weight was linearly related to estimated age and r 2 ranged from 0.70 to 0.91 for Atlantic and Pacific blue marlin. This relationship demonstrates potential for estimating the age structure of the landings, if validation of the aging method can be achieved.
Open towns and manipulated indebtedness among agricultural workers in the New South

Reselling consumable commodities like food, alcohol, and cigarettes to agricultural workers has long been a strategy of control and indebtedness used by North American labor bosses to manage workers in situations of demanding and risky work. Recent inclusion of crack cocaine among advanced commodities has brought new risks for workers, as it has permitted them a precarious means to enter a once-restricted resale domain, and it has altered strategies of control and profit by labor contractors by conferring a veneer of independence on workers. Discussion emphasizes an inside view of crack distribution amidst the shifting agencies and counteragencies between labor and management.
The fate of hydroxyatrazine in a soil and a lake sediment

Abstract Ring 14 C labelled hydroxyatrazine was incubated at room temperature with electron beam irradiated soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and in the presence or absence of a non-irradiated soil inoculum. Similar incubation experiments were conducted on a nonirradiated suspension of a lake sediment. A soil incubation at 99°C was also included. Evolution of 14 CO 2 indicated that ring cleavage occurred at room temperature for all treatments except that of the uninoculated soil under anaerobic conditions. After 8–12 weeks, the residual hydroxyatrazine and degradation products were extracted with a series of solvents. The extracts were shown chromatographically to contain 14 C labelled components other than hydroxyatrazine. No basic compounds were found and it is believed that a portion of the derivatives were compounds which had undergone modification of the ring substituents. Both aerobic and anaerobic species of microorganisms appear to be capable of metabolizing the hydroxyatrazine ring and non-biological chemical processes play no part in these transformations. Circumstantial evidence indicated that little or no chemical incorporation occurred between hydroxyatrazine or its derivatives and indigenous soil organic components.
Aptness in metaphor

Abstract We propose that in understanding a metaphor, an individual sees a concept from one class or domain in terms of its similarity in two different respects to a concept from another class or domain. The two kinds of similarity are within-domain similarity, or the degree to which two concepts occupy similar positions with respect to their own class or domain; and between-domain similarity, or the degree to which the classes or domains occupied by the concepts are themselves similar. To test this dual notion of similarity, we obtained ratings of the aptness of 64 metaphors from one group of subjects and ratings of their comprehensibility from another group of subjects. The terms of the metaphors had been scaled (based on the ratings of pretest subjects) to give measures of distance both within and between domains. Aptness of metaphors related positively to betweendomain distance, negatively to within-domain distance, and not at all to overall distance. Metaphors are thus perceived as more apt to the extent that their terms occupy similar positions within domains that are not very similar to each other. Comprehensibility also related to aptness. In a second experiment, subjects ranked a set of terms as possible completions for metaphors. For both groups of subjects in this experiment, the rank of an alternative's within-domain distance correlated with its relative popularity. Quantitative models, patterned after a model proposed by D. Rumelhart and A. A. Abrahamson (Cognitive Psychology, 1973, 5, 1–28) for analogical reasoning, afforded significant prediction of the choices of the group of subjects in which all the possible completions of a metaphor were from a single domain. The same models did not predict the choices of a group of subjects in which the possible completions of the metaphors were from different domains.