cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal control of the growth of income of nations

Abstract In this paper, we carefully derive the dynamics of the growth of national income as a functional differential equation. We consider autonomous consumption, export, investment and real money demand as “private control variable” or pursuer strategy. We define as “solidarity function” the quarry strategy or government control instrument, government expenditure, taxation, and nominal value of money supply, and consider our dynamics as a differential game of pursuit. Conditions for oscillation (boom and depression) will be given. Optimal strategy to attain a desired growth of income or employment rate will be deduced from the theory of optimal control of a hereditary system.
Retinoic acid is a negative regulator of AP-1-responsive genes.

Abstract We present evidence that retinoic acid can down-regulate transcriptional activation by the nuclear protooncogene c-jun. All three members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily (RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma) can repress transcriptional induction of the human collagenase gene or a heterologous promoter that contains the collagenase promoter AP-1-binding site. In contrast, the retinoid X receptor fails to repress Jun/AP-1 activity, demonstrating a significant difference between the two regulatory systems through which retinoids exert their transcriptional control. Analysis of RAR alpha mutants in transfection studies reveals that the DNA-binding domain is important for the inhibition of Jun/AP-1 activity, even though the RAR does not bind the collagenase AP-1 site. Rather, gel-retardation assays reveal that bacterially expressed full-length RAR alpha inhibits binding of Jun protein to target DNA. These data suggest that the RAR alpha may form a nonproductive complex with c-Jun and provides a simple mechanisms by which retinoic acid may limit cell growth and possibly malignant progression.
Towards composable prediction of contact groups

Users' contacts often need to be grouped into equivalence classes for various purposes such as easily sending a message to all members of the group. Several approaches have been recently developed to make such predictions (a) for both ephemeral and persistent groups (b) in both email and social networks systems. However, no research has attempted to compare these approaches or compose them by using ideas of one in another. We have taken a step in this direction. We have developed and compared multiple approaches to predicting persistent contact groups in email. These approaches compose an algorithm that generates friend lists in Facebook from a social graph with different techniques for generating the social graph. One of these techniques is based on a scoring algorithm used by Google to predict ephemeral groups incrementally. To compare the approaches we ran a user study involving 19 participants and used two simple metrics that calculated the average percentage difference between a predicted group and the group of addresses in a future message. The evaluation showed that using the Google score was the best approach though it offered very small improvements over all but one of the simpler methods.
Appetite control: why we fail to stop eating even when we are full?

We often eat more than our body needs. We live in an environment where high calorie food is abundant and physical activities are limited. Living in this environment, maintaining healthy bodyweight becomes challenging and obesity becomes a social burden. Why do we continue to eat even after the metabolic needs are satisfied? Feeding is an ancient behavior essential to survive. Thus the mechanisms to regulate appetite, energy expenditure, and energy storage are well conserved throughout animals. Based on this conservation, we study why we fail to control appetite using a simple genetic model system C. elegans. We have discovered certain genetic components that when misregulated have animals eat more and store more fat. In this review we discuss how these genes work in the appetite control circuit to ultimately understand overall appetite control behavior. We will also briefly discuss how social influence affects feeding regardless of the metabolic status of an animal.
Unusual hemiacetal structure derived from Salvinorin A.

The salvinorin A analog dimethyl (2R,3aR,4R,6aR,7R,9S,9aS,9bS)-2-(3-fur­yl)-9,9a-dihydr­oxy-3a,6a-dimethyl­dodeca­hydro­benzo[de]chromene-4,7-dicarboxyl­ate, C22H30O8, has a relatively simple spatial arrangement in which mol­ecules are linked into layers by two pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Each mol­ecule has as the central feature a dodeca­hydro-1H-phenalene ring system. Its three six-membered rings are in the chair conformation, with two axial methyl groups, one axial OH, and one equatorial OH, these OH groups being directly responsible for linking of the mol­ecules in the crystal structure.
Is White Normativity Racist? Michel Foucault and Post-Civil Rights Racism

Even though the American Civil Rights Movement consolidated the norm of racial equality, material inequality between whites and non-whites has persisted. The norm of racial equality, meanwhile, has generated a crisis in locating and combating contemporary racism. Michel Foucault's concept of power and his lesser-known work on racism allow us to think through this crisis. His arguments suggest that racism in the post-Civil Rights era operates largely through the abandonment of non-whites to a state of war, which liberal democratic societies, via the social contract, are organized to prevent. Rather than waging war on non-whites, post-Civil Rights America normalizes whiteness. This normalization exposes non-whites to death or the risk of death by forcing them both to fend for themselves and to battle one another, as well as the elements, in a struggle for survival.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of peroxiredoxin 6 regulates its phospholipase A2 activity

Prdx6 (peroxiredoxin 6), a bifunctional protein with both GSH peroxidase and PLA2 (phospholipase A2) [aiPLA2 (acidic calcium-independent PLA2)] activities, is responsible for the metabolism of lung surfactant phospholipids. We propose that the aiPLA2 activity of the enzyme is regulated through phosphorylation. Incubation of isolated rat alveolar type II cells (AECII) with PMA, a PKC (protein kinase C) agonist, had no effect on Prdx6 expression but led to ∼75% increase in aiPLA2 activity that was abolished by pretreatment of cells with the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitors, SB202190 or PD98059. Prdx6 phosphorylation after incubation of AECII with PMA was demonstrated by autoradiography after immunoprecipitation with either anti-phosphothreonine o-phosphoserine antibodies. in vitro , several active isoforms of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 phosphorylated Prdx6, resulting in an 11-fold increase in aiPLA2 activity. The increased activity was calcium-independent and was abolished by the aiPLA2 inhibitors, surfactant protein A and hexadecyl-3-trifluorethylglycero- sn -2-phospho-methanol (MJ33). The peroxidase activity of Prdx6 was unaffected by phosphorylation. Mass spectroscopic analysis of in vitro phosphorylated Prdx6 showed a unique phosphorylation site at Thr-177 and mutation of this residue abolished protein phosphorylation and the increase in MAPK-mediated activity. These results show that the MAPKs can mediate phosphorylation of Prdx6 at Thr-177 with a consequent marked increase in its aiPLA2 activity. Abbreviations: 2D, two-dimensional; [3H]DPPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-[3H]9,10-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine; AECII, alveolar epithelial type II cells; DEF domain, docking site of ERK FXF domain; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; IEF, isoelectric focusing; IPG, immobilized pH gradient; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PC, phosphatidylcholine; DPPC, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine; mAb, monoclonal antibody; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MS/MS, tandem MS; pAb, polyclonal antibody; PKC, protein kinase C; PLA2, phospholipase A2; aiPLA2, acidic calcium-independent PLA2; PLPCOOH, phospholipid hydroperoxide; Prdx, peroxiredoxin; Sp-A, surfactant protein-A
The Racialization of a Debate: The Charreada as Tradition or Torture

This essay examines the debate concerning the treatment of animals in the charreada, or Mexican rodeo. Focusing on the language used in reporting the event, the author demonstrates how this debate has become racialized in the English-language media because of the tendency to identify the issue of animal abuse in rodeos as an exclusively Mexican practice.
Knowledge of acute human immunodeficiency virus infection among gay and bisexual male college students

Abstract Objective: To examine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in at-risk college men who have sex with men (MSM), focusing on knowledge about acute HIV infection (AHI). Participants and Methods: A one-time anonymous survey was administered to college students attending a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer conference in February 2012. This article reports on a study subsample of MSM. Results: A total of 100 MSM completed the survey. Participants had an average age of 20.4 years. Sixty-six percent reported condom use the last time they had sex. Only 46% had ever heard of symptoms related to AHI. Forty-two percent would likely seek medical care when showing acute symptoms in a setting consistent with AHI. Conclusion: Despite having multiple risk factors for HIV infection, many MSM college students are unaware of AHI. HIV prevention programs should target this population and include information about signs, symptoms, and diagnosis of AHI.
Relative Sensitivity of Colonoscopy and Barium Enema for Detection of Colorectal Cancer in Clinical Practice

Background & Aims: The relative sensitivities of barium To better understand the relative performance of coenema and colonoscopy for colorectal cancer are still lonoscopy and barium enema in clinical practice, we debated. The aim of this study was to determine the identified 2193 consecutive cases of colorectal cancer in relative sensitivity of barium enema and colonoscopy 20 different hospitals in central Indiana and determined in general clinical practice. Methods: Medical records the diagnostic procedures performed in these patients in of 2193 consecutive colorectal cancer cases identified the 3-year period preceding the diagnosis and whether in 20 central Indiana hospitals were reviewed. All pro- colonoscopy or barium enema had detected the cancer. cedures performed within 3 years of the diagnosis were To our knowledge, this is the first large study to deteridentified. Results: The sensitivity of colonoscopy for mine the relative sensitivity of colonoscopy and barium colorectal cancer (95%) was greater than that for barenema for detection of colorectal cancer in a broad range ium enema (82.9%), with an odds ratio of 3.93 for a missed cancer by barium enema compared with colon- of clinical practice environments and a geographic region. oscopy. The sensitivity of double-contrast barium enema (85.2%) was not different from that of single-con
Sialic acid binding lectins in the serum of American spiders of the genus Aphonopelma.

Abstract Multiple lectins were detected in the serum of three American species of the genus Aphonopelma ( A. chalcodes , A. cochise and A. chiricawa ) through tests of agglutination and crossed absorption with a panel of untreated and enzyme treated of vertebrate erythrocytes. Hemagglutination-inhibition experiments showed that a fraction of A. chalcodes serum lectins bind sialic acids and sialoconjugates although other related carbohydrates as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate also are recognized. Results of these studies extend our observations about the presence of sialoconjugate binding lectins in members of the Chelicerata to species from the Order Araneae. At the present time the Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, scorpions, whip scorpions and spiders), would constitute the only group of high taxonomic rank which includes species that exhibit certain common patterns in the specificity of their humoral lectins.
Treatment patterns of isolated benign headache in US emergency departments

Abstract Study Objective: I sought to describe and analyze the treatment of a large representative sample of adult US emergency department patients with isolated primary headache. Methods: Information on adult patients with an isolated diagnosis of migraine headache or unspecified headache was extracted from the 100.4 million ED visits represented by the 1998 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Demographic and clinical information are presented with descriptive statistics. The treatment of migraine headache was assessed in light of Canadian and US practice parameters. Results: The migraine headache and unspecified headache cohorts included 811,419 and 604,977 participants, respectively. The majority of patients were young, white, and female. Patients received a mean of 1.8 medications from a pharmacopoeia of 36 drugs. Most patients (84.8%) given a diagnosis of migraine headache received a parenteral agent. The most commonly used medications were meperidine (30.0%), ketorolac (21.4%), and prochlorperazine (16.7%). Adjunct antiemetics were commonly administered with parenteral opioids (89.8%). Promethazine and hydroxyzine, antiemetics without antiheadache effects, were used 6 times more commonly as adjuncts than the dopamine antagonists that have established antiheadache effects (ie, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, droperidol; 78.0% versus 11.8%). The US and Canadian recommendations for the use of nonopioid abortive medications (dopamine-antagonist antiemetics, dihydroergotamine, and 5-hydroxytrypamine 1 [5-HT 1 ] receptor agonists) are supported by strong evidence. However, parenterally treated patients with migraines received opioids as their only antiheadache medication more commonly than they received any of the aforementioned nonopioids in their regimen (45.7% versus 26.0%). Of all the opioid recipients, most (77%) did not receive any nonopioid abortive headache medication. Meperidine was the most commonly administered opioid (70%). Conclusion: Polypharmacy and a broad pharmacopoeia characterize the US ED treatment of isolated benign headache. Opioid use, particularly meperidine, exceeds that of recommended nonopioid abortive migraine medications. [Vinson DR. Treatment patterns of isolated benign headache in US emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med. March 2002;39:215-222.]
Effects of somatostatin-25 on lipid mobilization from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, liver and adipose tissue incubated in vitro. Comparison with somatostatin-14

The physiological effects of the pancreatic peptides somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 on lipid metabolism in rainbow trout were evaluated by in vitro culture of liver and adipose tissue. The culture medium was subsequently analyzed for glycerol and fatty acid content and triacylglycerol lipase activity was measured within the tissues. Both somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 stimulated hepatic fatty acid and glycerol release within 3 h after treatment. Liver triacylglycerol lipase activity was elevated following treatment with somatostatin-14 (76% above control) or somatostatin-25 (94% above control). Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 also significantly stimulated the release of fatty acid and glycerol from adipose tissue. Triacylglycerol lipase activity in adipose tissue also was enhanced by both somatostatins. These results indicate that somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 directly stimulate the mobilization of triacylglycerol from liver and adipose tissue, suggesting that these peptides are important systemic modulators of lipid metabolism in fish.
Quantitative Amplification of Cleaved Ends (qACE) to assay miRNA-directed target cleavage

microRNA (miRNA) regulation is crucial to achieve precise spatio-temporal expression patterns of their target genes. This makes it crucial to determine the levels of cleavage of a particular target mRNA in different tissues and under different conditions. We developed a quantitative PCR method “quantitative Amplification of Cleaved Ends (qACE)” to assay levels of specific cleavage products in order to determine the extent of miRNA-directed target cleavage of a specific target gene. qACE uses cDNA generated from adapter-ligated RNA molecules and relies on a carefully designed fusion primer that spans the adapter-cleaved RNA junction in qPCR to specifically amplify and quantify cleaved products. The levels of full-length transcripts can also be assayed in the same cDNA preparation using primers that span across the miRNA cleavage site. We used qACE to demonstrate that soybean roots over-expressing miR164 had increased levels of target cleavage and that miRNA deficient Arabidopsis thaliana hen1-1 mutants had reduced levels of target cleavage. We used qACE to discover that differential cleavage by miR164 in nodule vs. adjacent root tissue contributed to nodule-specific expression of NAC1 transcription factors in soybean. These experiments show that qACE can be used to discover and demonstrate tissue-specific cleavage by miRNAs to achieve specific spatio-temporal expression of target genes in plants.
Christian Nationalism, Racial Separatism, and Family Formation: Attitudes Toward Transracial Adoption as a Test Case

Christian nationalism seeks the preservation or restoration of a supposed religio-national purity. We argue that, within the racialized social system of the United States, this idealized religio-national purity is inextricably linked with notions of ethno-racial purity. Focusing on interracial families as a violation of ethno-racial purity, we theorize that adherents to Christian nationalism will be less supportive of family formations in which ethno-racial purity is formally transgressed. We demonstrate this by examining the impact of Christian nationalism on Americans’ views toward transracial adoption (TRA). Americans’ attitudes toward TRA provide an interesting test case in that, unlike attitudes toward racial exogamy, TRA implies no biological or cultural race-mixing between social peers, but only a socio-legal guardianship across races. Opposition to TRA thus taps Americans’ attitudes about the “ideal” ethno-racial composition of families socially and legally, rather than their beliefs about the biological or cultural incompatibility of ethno-racial groups. Analyzing national survey data, we find that adherence to Christian nationalism is strongly and negatively associated with support for TRA, net of relevant controls. We demonstrate that the influence of Christian nationalism is robust and independent of respondents’ trust of other races and their religious commitment, both that are strongly and positively associated with support for TRA. Findings affirm that Christian nationalism implies ethno-racial separation and purity, and thus, we propose that a resurgence of Christian nationalist ideology in the public sphere may serve to reinforce racial boundaries and exclusion in other realms of American social life.
The acquisition of price-relevant domain knowledge by a market

Through the application of policy capturing techniques in an experimental market, we provide an initial investigation into the process whereby individual domain knowledge is combined into market domain knowledge. We conduct a series of two-phase experiments where subjects are presented with actual financial information based on 20 publicly traded companies. In the first phase, subjects make individual decisions regarding the price of each company's stock. In the second phase, they participate in a computerized double auction asset market trading shares in the same 20 companies. We then model each individual's information usage and identify individual knowledge functions as well as model the market's information usage and identify the market knowledge function. We find that the aggregate market knowledge function is well characterized by a simple averaging of the knowledge functions of the participants.
Low risk of intracranial and systemic hemorrhages in patients on dual antiplatelet treatment beyond 1 month following neuroendovascular angioplasty and/or stent placement.

BACKGROUND Aspirin and clopidogrel treatment beyond 1 month in patients undergoing angioplasty and/or stent placement within the extra- and/or intracranial arteries is not defined. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of intracranial and systemic bleeding events, recurrent ischemic stroke, and death in patients treated with dual antiplatelets for greater than 1 month. METHODS We determined rates of hemorrhage, stroke, or death in consecutive patients with extra- or intracranial lesions, treated with dual antiplatelets after angioplasty and/or stent procedures. RESULTS Dual antiplatelet treatment was initiated in 110 patients following endovascular treatment with a median treatment time period of 3 months (364 person-months of exposure). There were two bleeding events (1 intracranial and 1 gastrointestinal), 1 ischemic stroke, and no deaths. The rate of intracranial and systemic bleeding events, recurrent ischemic stroke, death due to stroke, or premature discontinuation was 8.3 per 1,000 person-months (95%, CI [2.7-25.6]). There were no bleeding events after the first month of treatment. CONCLUSION We did not find an increased risk of adverse events in patients treated with dual antiplatelet treatment beyond 1 month after endovascular procedure, supporting the safety of intermediate-term treatment as adjunct to intra- and extracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement.
Earth Dynamics Study

The 56 investigators in NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project met in September at the Goddard Space Flight Center to review the project, which will study the earth's tectonic plate movements, crustal deformation, and rotational dynamics. European investigators convened October 30. Using precise geodetic data obtained with such space techniques as laser ranging and radio interferometry, investigators will study regional crustal deformation in California, Alaska, and other regions of high earthquake activity; the current-day relative motion between the earth's major tectonic plates; the internal stability of the North American and Pacific plates; and variations in the Earth's rotation rate and position of its polar axis. The project will extend through 1986.
A family history study of binge-eating disorder

Family studies of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have yielded important information about the etiologies of these eating disorders. By contrast, little is known about familial factors of etiologic importance for binge-eating disorder (BED). The purpose of the current family history study was to assess the prevalence of comorbid psychopathology in a non-treatment seeking female sample of 31 probands with BED, 32 control probands without BED, and their 283 first-degree relatives. In-person semistructured clinical interviews were conducted with the probands, who also served as informants for all of their first-degree relatives. Significantly higher lifetime rates of major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and social phobia were found among women with BED compared with control women. Significantly higher lifetime rates of bipolar (I or II) disorder, any depressive disorder, nearly all anxiety disorders, anorexia nervosa, and BED were reported among the first-degree relatives of women with BED compared with the first-degree relatives of control women. Furthermore, female relatives of women with BED were reported to have higher rates of substance use disorders and dysthymic disorder compared with female relatives of control women without BED. Nearly all disorders that were elevated in relatives of women with BED followed a pattern of independent transmission from BED. The primary exception was substance use disorder among female relatives, whose transmission pattern was consistent with that of a shared etiology with BED. Thus, BED and substance use disorder may share a common mechanism of familial transmission among women.
Changes in the relative expression pattern of multiple vitellogenin genes in adult male and larval zebrafish exposed to exogenous estrogens

Production of the lipoprotein vitellogenin (Vg) is induced in fish upon exposure to estrogens and is a biomarker of endocrine disruption in fish. In some fish, three types of Vg (VgA, VgB, and VgC) are recognized and transcribed from at least three distinct Vg genes (vtg). We investigated expression of vtg coding for Vg1A/B, Vg2A/B, and VgC in adult male and larval zebrafish exposed to various estrogenic substances. Quantitative PCR was conducted for transcripts of each vtg and a control gene (beta-actin). Male fish were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, total RNA was extracted from excised liver, and histopathology of liver, trunk kidney, and gonads was conducted. Larval fish were exposed to 10 different estrogenic substances and total RNA was extracted from groups of whole larvae. In adult male fish, the relative fold change varied, but pattern of expression change (i.e., Vg1A/B > Vg2A/B > VgC) was consistent. Larger males exposed to E2 had significantly higher induction of each vtg. In larval zebrafish, the relative fold change in vtg expression varied according to specific estrogenic substance tested, but the pattern of change (i.e., Vg2A/B > Vg1A/B > VgC) was consistent for each substance that induced vtg.
Dependence of the direct dislocation image on sample-to-film distance in X-ray topography

The geometrical diffraction model is used to simulate superscrew dislocation images on both characteristic radiation and synchrotron radiation topographs. It is revealed that due to the finite spectrum width, characteristic radiation diffraction occurring in the deformed lattice of a dislocation also belongs to polychromatic diffraction. The contrast formation mechanisms of characteristic radiation topography are thus almost identical to that of synchrotron white–beam topography. As a general rule, the dimensions of dislocation images increase drastically with increasing sample–to–film distances, making the characteristic radiation images recorded at short sample–to–film distances much smaller than the synchrotron radiation images recorded at large distances.
Palliative embolization of fibrosarcoma for control of tumor-induced hypoglycemia.

A 77-year-old woman with prior long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes presented with malignant hypoglycemia secondary to insulin-like substances excreted from a large unresectable fibrosarcoma of the left thigh. Partial embolization of the tumor supply from the deep femoral artery was performed using 150–250 μm polyvinyl alcohol foam particles. After embolization, the patient's serum glucose levels reverted to normal and she could be discharged from the hospital.
The Utility of Sounding and Mesonet Data to Nowcast Thunderstorm Initiation

Abstract Previous studies have shown that thunderstorms often form along boundary-layer convergence lines (boundaries) detected by sensitive Doppler radars similar to the WSR-88D. In this paper, high-resolution mesonet observations (10–15-km spacing and 1-min averages) and sounding data (eight stations within 25 000 km2 and 1–6-h frequency) collected in northeast Colorado are examined to determine their utility for forecasting precisely when and where storms initiate along boundaries. Stability indices derived from mesonet and sounding data were useful in identifying stable regions where storm initiation was unlikely. However, in regions where indices indicated a degree of latent instability, storms often did not form and if they did their intensities were not correlated to the magnitude of the instability. Two-dimensional numerical model studies show that in a near-neutral environment (as typical during a Denver, Colorado summer afternoon), surface temperature and/or dewpoint fluctuations of 2–4°C can be...
Variation in the deoxynucleotide composition between organic and nonorganic strawberries.

The differences in xenobiotic chemical content between organic and nonorganic products can be chemically measured. In this study, the deoxynucleotide composition of strawberry samples is used to demonstrate chromatographic methods of quantifying the differences between pesticide- and toxic-exposed strawberries. The samples were analyzed by (32)P labeling and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. This technique is sensitive for detecting rare (1/10(10)) deoxynucleotide adducts and analogues (minor bases) in DNA. The results indicate differences in the amount and type of adduct formation between organic and nonorganic strawberry samples and within different parts of the same type of sample. The elucidation of the content and effects of pesticides and toxics in foods is critical in differentiating organic from common produce. It can also aid the agricultural industry in improving the application of chemicals in pest management. Furthermore, it helps to enhance the understanding of long-term epidemiology in nutrition research, especially in susceptible populations. These findings are of particular application in the pediatric population, where dietary habits are restricted to specific food groups.
THE FLUCTUATION CURVE OF SEX REVERSAL IN STAMINATE HEMP PLANTS INDUCED BY PHOTOPERIODICITY

In past experiments on sex reversal in the hemp, Cannabis sativa L., the writer did not succeed in producing ioo percent reversal of the individuals of any given population grown in the greenhouse during the short day period of winter (Schaffner 9, io). The highest percentage of reversal obtained was 88+ percent for carpellate plants and 93+ percent for staminate plants. When these results were interpreted by some as indicating a multiple factor constitution of sex determination, with females, female intersexes, male intersexes, males, and supermales as the possible Mendelian combinations, further experiments became necessary to obtain definite information on the subject (see Hirata 3, 4). An experiment was devised through which "pure females" were rejuvenated after the usual blooming period and then changed to male expression in the second or rejuvenated ontogenetic cycle (Schaffner iI). It is evidently desirable to learn how to set the ecological stage so that IOO percent of sex reversal would appear in the staminate plants in the first or usual ontogenetic cycle. A record of sex reversal in relation to photoperiodicity throughout the changing daily light period of the different seasons also seemed desirable. The aim, then, in the present experiments was to obtain, if possible, IOO percent of sex reversal of the staminate plants, including the "supermales," of a given plot; to find out how perfect the curve of reversal might be, and also to discover how definitely the percentage of reversal for any seasonal planting might be predicted. The staminate plants only were studied because of a lack of proper greenhouse space and because the carpellate plants take a much longer period to reach maturity. The carpellate plants were mostly removed as soon as their sex reaction was definitely developed. The plants were grown on greenhouse benches with about 8 in. (20 cm.) of good, rich soil and were well watered. The temperature was kept at about 55-65 degrees Fahrenheit (I3-I8o C.) but the fluctuation was often considerably beyond these points. The plants were not disturbed in any way by removing flowers, branches, or leaves so whatever unusual effects were obtained were due entirely to difference of daily illumination. Yampolsky (I3) was able to cause sex reversal in staminate plants of Mercurialis annua by subjecting them to severe pruning, thus disturbing
A vector autoregressive model of the Saudi Arabian economy

Abstract This paper examines the institutions and then estimates a VAR model of the Saudi economy. The results indicate that the Saudi economy was influenced by world inflation and by Saudi oil policy. These results suggest that a small open economy with fixed exchange rates dependent on a single export commodity will have difficulty conducting independent monetary policy. Monetary policy may be endogenous to export-generated revenues. These results need not generalize to other small open economics. However, they suggest that small economies likely have different causal flows than large economies, and analysis of their institutional details is a preprequisite for understanding internal economic relationships.
Patient-oriented investigation in pharmacogenomics

The big four areas for drug development include cancer, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and metabolic diseases. We hope that genomics will increase the relatively limited pipeline of new compounds. The expectation is that understanding the genomic underpinnings of the big four groups of common and complex diseases will lead to better therapeutics. However, are current approaches misdirected?
Pitch accent timing and scaling in Chickasaw

Abstract Questions in Chickasaw, an endangered Muskogean language of Oklahoma, display a transition from a high pitch accent (H*) to a low boundary tone (L%) within a three-syllable window at their right edge. The location of H* has been reported to be sensitive to the weight of the final three syllables. It falls on the final syllable if it contains a long vowel. If the final syllable has a short vowel, the pitch accent falls on a heavy penultimate syllable (CVV or CVC), and otherwise on the antepenultimate syllable. Phonetic investigation of the timing and scaling of the pitch accent in the production of Chickasaw questions by three speakers confirms these phonological patterns, but also reveals considerable variability across speakers and accent locations in phonetic aspects of pitch accent realization. H* occurs progressively earlier in accented syllables the closer the syllable is to the end of the question. This leftward shifting of the pitch accent may be viewed as an instance of tonal repulsion attributed to crowding of H* and L%. Final vowels, which support both H* and L%, are not lengthened and scaling effects on H* and L% are less consistent across speakers, suggesting that the primary means for minimizing tonal crowding in Chickasaw is through timing changes in the location of the pitch accent rather than other means such as tonal undershoot or segmental lengthening.
False heavy fermions

Abstract False indications of heavy fermion behavior can arise from non-magnetic atom disorder (NMAD) in a compound in which the Ce(U) atom occupies a periodic lattice. The NMAD introduces a varying electronic environment around the CE(U) ions which causes a spin glass behavior and leads to a large C/T peak near 1 K. The existence of low lying crystal field levels in Ce and U compounds can also lead to large heat capacities which can be interpreted, incorrectly, as heavy fermion behavior. Several examples of each kind of false heavy fermions are described.
Studies of the electron transport chain of extremely halophilic bacteria. VIII - Respiration-dependent detergent dissolution of cell envelopes.

Abstract The kinetics of the dissolution of the cell envelope of Halobacterium cutirubrum, in the presence of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or Triton X-100 as perturbing agents, indicate that respiring cells are more resistant to disruption than those inhibited with cyanide, azide, 2- heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline -N- oxide , and phenylmercuric acetate or uncoupled with carbonylcyanide m- chlorophenylhydrazone . The difference in the rate of dissolution between respiring and inhibited cells was 2.5-fold for CTAB and 30–40-fold for Triton X-100. Although the effectiveness of CTAB in dissolving the cell envelope is increased in the presence of KCN, such inhibition does not change the uptake of the detergent by the cells.
Extraction and Stabilization of Mammalian CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthase Activity

CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, also known as CTP: phosphatidic acid cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.41), is thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the inositol phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. Its role in inositol phospholipid synthesis suggests its potential as a regulator of signal transduction as well. Although the mammalian cDNA for the synthase has recently been cloned, attempts to purify this enzyme from a mammalian source have been unsuccessful due to its lability in detergents. We report here the extraction and stabilization of CDP-diacylglycerol synthase from rat liver. Using a buffer containing 2M KCL, we were able to extract virtually all of the activity from microsomal membranes. This extract was stable indefinitely at -72 degrees C and for at least 24 hrs at 4 degrees C. Incubation at room temperature for 24 hours resulted in the loss of mor than half the activity. All detergents tested destroyed the activity. The activity was dependent on both substrates (phosphatidic acid and CTP) as well as on MgCl2, and inhibited by the product, CDP-diacylglycerol. Addition of GTP enhanced the activity approximately 2 fold, and bovine serum albumin increased activity by 6 fold.
Sp1 is required for transcriptional activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene in neonatal cardiomyocytes.

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is the predominant FGFR in cardiac tissue and regulates proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of normal myocardium. During development of cardiac tissue, FGFR1 gene expression regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation. The focus of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation of the FGFR1 gene in proliferating neonatal cardiomyocytes. Analysis of DNA sequence of the FGFR1 gene identified three potential Sp factor binding sites located at 49 bp, 68 bp, and 100 bp upstream from the 3′ end of the promoter segment. Mutation of each of these sites resulted in a significant decline in FGFR1 promoter activity compared to wild type promoter activity, and combinatorial mutation of all three sites completely abrogated promoter activity to background levels. In addition, overexpression of Sp1 in neonatal cardiomyocytes resulted in a dose-dependent increase in wild type FGFR1 promoter activity. However, Sp1-mediated up-regulation of promoter activity was abrogated when all three Sp interacting sites were mutated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to demonstrate direct interactions of Sp1 with the proximal promoter region of the FGFR1 gene in neonatal cardiomyocytes. ChIP assays using Drosophila Schneider Line 2 (SL2) cells transiently transfected with wild type or mutant FGFR1 promoter constructs verified the direct interaction between Sp1 and the three Sp1 interacting sites of the promoter. Western blot analyses indicated that Sp1 was present in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts of neonatal myocardium. These results indicate that Sp1 is a necessary positive regulator of FGFR1 gene transcription in neonatal cardiomyocytes.
Dietary ferulic acid, biochanin A, and the inhibition of reproductive behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix)

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of two dietary compounds, biochanin A and ferulic acid, on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix . These compounds may be present in the diet of wild birds during dry years or at the end of the growing season during normal years. Four treatment groups, each fed a diet supplemented with biochanin A or ferulic acid, and a control group were tested for morphological and behavioral effects before, during and after treatment. Fertility and hatchability data were collected during treatment only. Ferulic acid was shown to inhibit male copulatory behavior during treatment. Biochanin A inhibited male copulatory behavior during and after treatment. Neither drug affected female copulatory behavior though egg-laying was inhibited by the low dose of biochanin A. Ferulic acid significantly reduced the hatchability of eggs. Biochanin A increased the fertility of males and the hatchability of eggs fertilized by them. A correlation between results of this study and natural conditions of reproduction is discussed. It is concluded that both biochanin A and ferulic acid exert inhibiting influences on the reproductive behavior of Coturnix .
On the price of equivocation in byzantine agreement

In the Byzantine agreement problem, a set of n processors, any f of whom may be arbitrarily faulty, must reach agreement on a value proposed by one of the correct processors. It is a celebrated result that unless n > 3f, Byzantine agreement is impossible in a variety of computation and communication models. This is due to the fact that faulty processors can equivocate, that is, say different things to different processors. If this ability is mitigated, for example by assuming a global broadcast channel, then n > 2f is sufficient. With very few exceptions, the literature on Byzantine agreement has been confined to the n > 2f and n > 3f paradigms. We bridge the gap between these two paradigms by assuming partial broadcast channels among sets of three processors, observing that equivocation is fundamentally an act involving three parties: a faulty processor that lies (inconsistently) to two correct processors. We characterize the conditions under which Byzantine agreement is possible for all n = 2f + h, h an integer in [1..f], by giving asymptotically tight bounds on the number of necessary and sufficient partial broadcast channels. We prove these bounds by a reduction to a problem in extremal combinatorics, which itself is a natural generalization of a well-studied hypergraph coloring problem. Algorithmically, we show that deciding whether a given set of broadcast channels enables Byzantine agreement is co-NP-complete. Although partial broadcast channels have been studied in prior work, the bounds obtained on the number of required channels were sub-optimal by up to a factor of Θ(n2). Moreover, this work has been confined to the synchronous model. In contrast, we apply our results to several distinct models and provide stronger motivation for using partial broadcast channels in practice, drawing from recent work in the systems community.
National Standards for United States History: The Storm of Controversy Continues.

(1995). National Standards for United States History: The Storm of Controversy Continues. The Social Studies: Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 270-274.
Age-related differences in renal function at onset of renal replacement therapy in chronic kidney disease stage 5 patients

Background: Guidelines for initiating renal replacement therapy (RRT) are based on renal function and not age, so renal function at onset of RRT is expected to be similar across age groups. Aim: To evaluate renal function at initiation of RRT across age groups. Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Methods: We extracted data for all incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 patients ( n = 322 064) commenced on chronic dialysis (haemodialysis and peritoneal) and renal transplant in the US from 1995 to 1999 from the US Renal Data Systems (USRDS). Subjects ( n = 662) with incomplete data were excluded. The reminder ( n = 321 402) were classified into five age groups: 0–19 years; 20–44 years; 45–64 years; 65–74 years; ⩾75 years. Mean values of serum creatinine (Cr, mg/dl), creatinine clearance (CrCl, ml/min), body weight (kg) and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) at onset of RRT were computed. Mean daily urinary creatinine excretion per kg body weight (CrCl × Cr/0.07/weight) was also calculated. Results: Progressively lower serum creatinine levels were found in adult patients with increasing age (10.70, 8.56, 7.38 and 6.88 mg/dl in those aged 20–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–74 years, ⩾75 years, respectively). CrCl was also lower in the same groups (14.76, 13.38, 11.63 and 11.60 ml/min, respectively). Discussion: Older patients have a greater reduction in renal function than younger patients at onset of RRT, suggesting a delay in initiation of therapy.
Is depressed mood in childhood associated with an increased risk for initiation of alcohol use during early adolescence

Objective Using prospective data, we tested the hypothesis that early depressed mood was associated with an increased risk for initiation of alcohol use. In addition, we examined whether these associations varied according to the youths' report that alcohol consumption occurred with or without parental permission.
Paleogeographic evolution of a rifted cratonic margin: S.W. Australia

Abstract Early rifting in Gondwanaland created the Westralian Aulacogen during the Ordovician and this complex rift valley has accumulated up to 10.5 km of sediment, much of it during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The western borders ruptured in the late Jurassic and sea-floor spreading began forming the eastern Indian Ocean. The southern borders suffered, in contrast, downwarping and crustal rupture in Eocene time. Geomorphic, stratigraphic, and paleopedologic studies disclose marginal upward following rupture, leading to deep gorge incision. Crustal relaxations and eustatic sea-level rises led to repeated infillings followed by re-excavations of these gorges. On the plateau the most significant event appears to have been the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation and subsequent to that time there was a complex history of fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation. The mean denudation rate of the West Australian craton has been about 10–20 cm per million years. Four distinctive paleodrainage systems have been mapped in a small sector of the shield: (a) the “Kirup system” is Permian, proglacial, with braided streams, flowing to the northwest as did the continental ice; (b) the “Westralian system” involved deep Jurassic dissection (by 300 m) of the craton's western margin (Darling Range), was westerly trending, mainly following structural control; (c) the “Darling system” of Late Cretaceous to Eocene age was related to high eustatic sea levels and moist and warm climates, the drainage pattern being dendritic within the deep-weathering mantle, the former Eocene shoreline (at about 280 m) of the ria-indented coast being marked by prominent knickpoints and dry valleys; and (d) the “Ravensthorpe system”, also of Eocene age, was directed southwards as a result of the crustal thinning, downwarping and eventual rupture with Antarctica creating the Southern Ocean. Subsequent history has been marked by general desiccation and indurations beginning in the Oligocene and continuing on and off into the Quaternary. At the same time there was progressive cratonic emergence, accompanied by exposure of marine coastal plains and exhumation of the marginal gorges.
Effect of Near-Fault Vertical Ground Motions on Seismic Response of Highway Overcrossings

Results of comprehensive nonlinear response history analyses on a range of configurations representing typical highway overcrossings subjected to combined effects of vertical and horizontal components of near-fault ground motions are reported. Current seismic design guidelines in California neglect the vertical components of ground motions for peak ground accelerations less than 0.6 g and provide rather simplistic measures to account for vertical effects when they need to be incorporated in the design. Results from the numerical simulations show that the vertical components of ground motions cause significant amplification in the axial force demand in the columns and moment demands in the girder at both the midspan and at the face of the bent cap. Axial capacity of the columns and moment capacity of the girder at the face of the bent cap were generally found to be sufficient to resist the amplification in the respective demands due to vertical effects. However, midspan moments in negative bending due to vertical motions are found to exceed the capacity of the girder. The amplified midspan moments lead to yielding of the top reinforcement resulting in average peak strains on the order of 1%. It is concluded that seismic demand analysis of ordinary highway bridges in general and overcrossings in particular should incorporate provisions for considering the adverse vertical effects of near-fault ground motions.