cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lexicon creation to promote faculty development in medical communication

Abstract Objective Most medical educators have little or no training in teaching and assessing medical communication, and they are not consistent in what they teach. The authors set out to reach consensus in our educational community on a lexicon of communication terms for use in teaching physician–patient communication skills to second-year medical students. Methods An interdisciplinary medical school physician–patient communication committee assembled 23 important terms and agreed on definitions for each term. Thirty core preclinical faculty representing nine medical specialties reviewed the lexicon. Faculty were surveyed about lexicon definitions, barriers to use, and methods of using during educational encounters. Results All preclinical faculty members agreed on 19 out of 23 definitions and most respondents agreed on the definitions of the remaining four terms. Sixty-nine percent of respondents said they used the terms during their teaching encounters. Conclusion Implementing a process to create a shared language around physician–patient communication may help unify and enhance faculty educational efforts. We were able to establish that medical educators can agree on the content of a medical communication lexicon for use with students. The use of defined and consistently used terms in multiple venues may reduce ambiguity, standardize teaching, enhance recognition of communication skills, and promote effective reinforcement and remediation by faculty. Practice implications Evidence suggests that most medical educators have little or no training in teaching and assessing medical communication and that they are not consistent in what they teach. Asking a community of faculty to share responsibility for creating a communication lexicon may be an efficient and effective way to educate faculty and unify their educational effort.
Transient bifurcations in neural error correction.

Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the responses of neurons to errors in presynaptic spike trains. Errors are viewed, in nonlinear dynamical terms, as brief-duration changes in stationary presynaptic spike trains which induce transient responses in the postsynaptic cell. As these are generally large-magnitude transients, linearized neural models are not helpful. Instead, the responses of a full, nonlinear physiological model of a neuron that includes the recognized living prototype of an inhibitory synapse are analyzed. More specifically, the transients are examined in the context of the stationary behaviors that precede and succeed each error. It is shown that one and two dimensional bifurcation diagrams can be constructed from the transient responses—that there are marked changes in the transient responses at points that correspond to bifurcations in the stationary responses, qualitative changes in transients on either side of bifurcations, and only quantitative changes in transients between bifurcations.
Inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake of the sinus node

The effect of endogenously released and exogenously administered acetylcholine on potassium uptake was studied in the sinus node of the guinea pig under different conditions. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) acetylcholine is released in small amounts in the sinus node perfused in vitro and more so during electrical stimulation; (2) when the muscarinic receptors are blocked, an inhibitory action of endogenously-released acetylcholine on potassium uptake is revealed; (3) the inhibition requires small concentrations of acetylcholine, for 10(-5) mol/i eserine, by preventing acetylcholine hydrolysis, turns the inhibition into a stimulation of potassium uptake; and (4) the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake can be reproduced by administering small amounts of exogenous acetylcholine.
Motivated social categorization: fundamental motives enhance people's sensitivity to basic social categories.

This article presents an evolutionary framework for identifying the characteristics people use to categorize members of their social world. Findings suggest that fundamental social motives lead people to implicitly categorize social targets based on whether those targets display goal-relevant phenotypic traits. A mate-search prime caused participants to categorize opposite-sex targets (but not same-sex targets) based on their level of physical attractiveness (Experiment 1). A mate-guarding prime interacted with relationship investment, causing participants to categorize same-sex targets (but not opposite-sex targets) based on their physical attractiveness (Experiment 2). A self-protection prime interacted with chronic beliefs about danger, increasing participants’ tendency to categorize targets based on their racial group membership (Black or White; Experiment 3). This work demonstrates that people categorize others based on whether they display goalrelevant characteristics reflecting high levels of perceived desirability or threat. Social categorization is guided by fundamental evolved motives designed to enhance adaptive social outcomes.
On Domains of Some Nonlinear Operators

Abstract Let T:E→H be a nonlinear, disjointly additive operator defined on a space of simple functions E , H being an arbitrary F-space. The following problem is considered: to extend the domain of T and find a maximal function F-space E with the Lebesgue property such that T: E → H is continuous. Next, the problem of continuity and equicontinuity of a sequence of such operators is discussed.
Front Propagation in Heterogeneous Media

A review is presented of recent results on front propagation in reaction-diffusion-advection equations in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Formal asymptotic expansions and heuristic ideas are used to motivate the results wherever possible. The fronts include constant-speed monotone traveling fronts in homogeneous media, periodically varying traveling fronts in periodic media, and fluctuating and fractal fronts in random media. These fronts arise in a wide range of applications such as chemical kinetics, combustion, biology, transport in porous media, and industrial deposition processes. Open problems are briefly discussed along the way.
Regionalizing national projections with a multiregional input-output model linked to a demographic model.

Multiregional input-output has long been recognized as a tool that provides an appropriate framework for considering regional growth and development questions, but implementation problems have impeded utilization of this methodology. This paper discusses how several of these problems have been partially overcome with a multiregional economic-demographic model of the Southwest. The model is used to regionalize projections from a national dynamic input-output model.
Role of Immunity in Recovery from a Peripheral Nerve Injury

Motoneurons are large multipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the brainstem and spinal cord, and peripheral axons ending in neuromuscular junctions. Peripheral nerve damage, outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB), results in both retrograde changes centrally and anterograde changes along the length of the axon distal to the lesion site. Often, peripheral nerve damage is accompanied by motoneuron cell death, unless axon regrowth and target reconnection occur so that the target muscle can provide essential neurotrophic factors. It is essential that the motoneuron cell body survive during the process of reconnection so that the source for essential axon-rebuilding proteins is assure(of a fact)/ensured (results). A commonly used peripheral injury paradigm is that of facial nerve transection at its exit from the skull through the stylomastoid foramen so that nerve reconnection to the facial muscle tissue is permanently prevented. This model system allows for the study of the mechanisms responsible for maintaining facial motoneuron (FMN) cell body survival, without the complicating factor of axon regrowth. Injury to the nervous system results in an immune response that is either neuroprotective or neurodestructive. Findings suggest that FMN survival after facial nerve axotomy depends on the action of a CD4+ T cell that is initially activated peripherally and subsequently reactivated centrally. This review will summarize what is known about the neural-immune players involved in FMN survival and repair, so that the pharmacological manipulation of this interaction will one day become evident for the clinical management of neurological situations.
The nature of Trojan asteroid 624 Hektor

Near-simultaneous visual and thermal IR (20-micron) photometry of the Trojan asteroid 624 Hektor is reported which was performed when the asteroid was observed nearly along its rotation axis. The results confirm and refine the low albedo and large size of this asteroid and confirm the general rotational-pole position and aspect angle predicted by Dunlap and Gehrels (1969). Hektor is found to be a truly extraordinary object in that it is larger and far more irregular in shape than other measured Trojans and far more irregular than other belt asteroids of comparable size. It is proposed that Hektor could be a partially coalesced pair of Trojan asteroids which collided with energy too low to cause complete fragmentation, thus forming a dumbbell-shaped object. A possible scenario is outlined according to which the two pre-Hektor objects were neighboring relatively large primitive spheroidal planetesimals trapped in Jupiter's Lagrangian cloud. Observational and theoretical tests of this model are suggested.
GEOINT for MDA

Marine geospatial data has been collected over hundreds of years to varying degrees of accuracy, sometimes with errors of several miles in relation to modern satellite navigation and remote sensing accuracies. This paper details research and production activities by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) aimed at improving the worldwide accuracy of coastal data and NGA future directions for better GEOINT support of Maritime Domain Awareness.
Rare earth element mobility in the Roffna Gneiss, Switzerland

The Roffna Gneiss, a deformed Hercynian granite porphyry within the Penninic nappes of eastern Switzerland, underwent extreme cataclasis with the progressive development of phengite towards the margins of the nappe under conditions of the glaucophane schist to greenschist facies. This resulted in the selective mobilization of major and trace elements over distances of 10's to 100's of meters and the resetting of the Rb — Sr whole rock isotopic systems some 100 my ago. The component ratios and compositionvolume relationships of progressively deformed gneiss samples studied here suggest that this process was essentially isovolumetric. The mineralogy of the deformation sequence appears to have been controlled by a reaction involving the breakdown of microcline, albite and biotite and the formation of phengite and quartz. The fluids introduced Mg and H2O, promoting the development of phengite, and removed the Na being released by the breakdown of albite. The fluids were most probably derived from the surrounding Triassic carbonates and quartzites. These relatively high fO2 and carbonate rich fluids also introduced rare earth elements (REE) into the gneiss. The gneiss was progressively enriched in Eu up to 60%, Y up to 40%, and Yb up to 100%. These enrichments are associated with the development of epitaxial xenotime around zircon in the most phengite-rich sample. While the REE were mobile, uranium and thorium were essentially immobile. The formation of xenotime was suggested to explain the observed heavy REE enrichment when large differences in the REE contents were found for replicate analyses using HF and then lithium metaborate for dissolution. These differences arose because xenotime, like monazite, can be difficult (if not impossible) to dissolve in hydrofluoric acid. Due to the possibility of incomplete sample dissolution, we now recommend fusion with lithium metaborate for all REE, Lu — Hf or Sm — Nd studies.
Electrodeposition of pyrrole into a porous film prepared by microemulsion polymerization

Abstract Novel conductive composite films have been developed using a two-step process: microemulsion polymerization to form a porous nonconductive coating on an electrode followed by electropolymerization of pyrrole. The porous film was prepared by polymerizing a microemulsion containing two monomers, acrylamide and styrene, and sodium dodecylsulfate as the surfactant. The electropolymerization of pyrrole was performed in an aqueous perchlorate or toluenesulfonate solution. The effects of polymerization potential on the electropolymerization, morphology and electrochemical properties are reported. The minimum potential required for electropolymerization is 0.55 V(SCE). The chronoamperometric response of pyrrole electropolymerization depends on the polymerization potential and not on the bulk electrolyte. Electrochemical behavior of the conductive composites is extremely sensitive to chemical composition. The incorporation of dodecylsulfate ion into polypyrrole is suggested. An empirical correlation is proposed to relate the peak current to the charge passed during electropolymerization. The copolymer matrix improves the mechanical behavior of the polypyrrole composite film.
The wraparound approach for students with emotional and behavioral disorders: Opportunities for school psychologists

Students with significant emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) present school personnel with complex challenges. For those students who present especially pervasive and chronic challenges, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) has recommended comprehensive assessments and interventions that empower families and involve close collaboration with community-based service providers. In recent years, wraparound has emerged as one approach to collaboratively developing interventions that are both family focused and ecologically comprehensive. As such, the approach is consonant with the mental health roles widely advocated for school psychologists in the professional literature. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the need for the wraparound approach and its theoretical foundations. We then detail the principles on which the approach is grounded and the specific procedures through which it comes to fruition. Finally, we discuss implications of the approach for school psychologists. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 101–111, 2007.
Marsh Vegetation Types of the Chenier Plain, Louisiana, USA

The Chenier Plain of Louisiana contains 3.085 km2 of coastal marshes and stretches from the Texas border to Vermilion Bay at approximately 91°30′W. The objective of this study was to describe the vegetation types of the Chenier Plain in 1997, compare the vegetation types of the Chenier Plain with those described previously for the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain, and compare the distribution and composition to previous descriptions of vegetation types in the region. Two-way Indictor Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) revealed seven major vegetation types that occurred in the region in 1997: fresh bulltongue, fresh maidencane, oligohaline bulwlwhip, oligohaline paspalum, oligohaline wiregrass, mesohaline wiregrass, and mesohaline mixture. These vegetation types are a logical expansion of the habitats previously described for the region. Five of the seven vegetation types were also identified by similar analyses and descriptions for the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain. Vegetation in the fresh marsh substantially changed since it was first described by O’Neil in the 1940s. The largest change was the disappearance of the sawgrass habitat, although this change occurred before 1968. We show a continued trend in increase of oligohaline marsh at the expense of mesohaline wiregrass marsh, although it is not clear if this change is genuine or arises from the difference in classification methods among years. The mesohaline mixture, labeled saline marsh in previous studies, has remained relatively stable over time.
You Can't Kill the Boogeyman: Halloween III and the Modern Horror Franchise

The author analyzes the Halloween series, particularly Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982), to assess the prevalence (and endurance) of modern horror film franchises. He argues that economic realities of Hollywood more directly explain the continuation of such series than does postmodern theory.
Analysis of Two-Factor Experiments under an Inverse Gaussian Model

Abstract This article treats the analysis of factorial experiments under an inverse Gaussian distribution for the failure times. A reciprocal-linear model for the factor effects is motivated from the context of the underlying Wiener process. Explicit solutions to the likelihood equations are derived, and important properties such as strong consistency and limiting normality are established. A least squares approach using the reciprocals of the sample cell means is also studied and compared with the maximum likelihood method. Other aspects of the investigation include likelihood ratio tests, an analysis-of-reciprocals analogue of the usual normal theory analysis of variance, and confidence intervals for contrasts. An application of the procedures is illustrated with a data set of strength measurements of an insulating material.
NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF THE SCHWARZ‐CHRISTOFFEL TRANSFORMATION PARAMETERS FOR CONFORMAL MAPPING OF ARBITRARILY SHAPED POLYGONS WITH FINITE VERTICES

An iterative algorithm is described to compute Schwarz‐Christoffel transformations which map the upper half of a complex plane into the interior of a polygon in another complex plane. An efficient method of numerically integrating the S‐C integral over the singularities is presented. The algorithm is easily programmable in FORTRAN. Convergence rate is high and accuracy is excellent. Examples are provided and wherever possible, analytically obtained results are also presented for comparison. The importance of the algorithm is described and a brief comparison with some of the existing algorithms is made. Potential application of the S‐C transformation are in the solution of Laplace's and Poisson's equation in two‐dimensional domains with polygonal boundary.
Christopher j. Salgado, m.d.

I want to thank Dr. Salgado for serving as guest editor and the exceptional group of knowledgeable and experienced authors that he and Dr. Colen as consulting editor have brought together to write on osteomyelitis for Seminars in Plastic Surgery. Dr. Salgado is a board-certified plastic surgeon who received his medical degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine in Washington, D.C., in 1995 and stayed on at Georgetown for his general surgery training. Dr. Salgado completed his plastic surgery residency at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, in 2000. While in the military, Dr. Salgado served as chief of plastic surgery at Darnall U.S. Army Medical Center at Ft. Hood, Texas, and assistant chief of plastic surgery at William Beaumont Army Medical Center at Ft. Bliss, Texas. It is in the military where he began his animal studies in osteomyelitis first by creating the first goat model of the disease and later evaluating varied modes of therapy to eradicate it. Subsequently, he went on for additional training in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan, and at E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University as a reconstructive microsurgery scholar. Dr. Salgado is an active researcher who has numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals and many book chapters to his credit. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and is a reviewer for Seminars in Plastic Surgery and for other journals as well. Currently, Dr. Salgado's affiliation is with the Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, where he has established a successful academic practice with residents and rotating fellows. His clinical practice is focused on post-oncologic reconstruction, limb salvage, and complex wounds.
Humoral Inhibition of Egg Development in Mosquitoes

We studied the effect of egg retention on the ability of mosquitoes to develop more eggs after a second blood meal. In Aedes sollicitans, the retention of 65 eggs prevented yolk deposition in the remaining undeveloped ultimate follicles, whereas in Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes aegypti the retention of 120 eggs was required for inhibition. When the latter 2 species retained 50–60 eggs, about 65 more eggs matured after the second meal but at a slower rate than after the first meal. When both ovaries were removed from A. sollicitans and one ovary was reimplanted, eggs matured in that denervated ovary after a blood meal. While these eggs were retained, yolk deposition was inhibited in follicles of an immature ovary transplanted before the second blood meal. Similarly, when either A. taeniorhynchus or A. aegypti retained 120 eggs in 2 denervated ovaries, yolk deposition in a transplanted immature ovary was inhibited after another blood meal. Furthermore, developing follicles in an intact or denervated ovary of A. sollicitans prevented yolk deposition in a third (transplanted) ovary in which the follicles were less developed. However, when the transplanted ovary was in an equal stage of development as the host, all 3 ovaries produced eggs. Apparently, during development the ovaries secrete a humoral factor that directly or indirectly inhibits yolk deposition in less developed follicles. This factor is present as long as eggs are retained, but it disappears soon after oviposition.
Effects of extended-access self-administration and deprivation on breakpoints maintained by cocaine in rats.

Animal models that identify the effects of self-administration histories on subsequent patterns, levels of intake, and other aspects of reinforcement will help clarify the controlling variables of human drug use. Identify the effects of extended-access to cocaine and 1 or 7 days of deprivation on cocaine-maintained breakpoints on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Male, Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (expt 1: 1.5 mg/kg per infusion; expt 2: 0.75 mg/kg per infusion), and then given various histories of self-administration and deprivation. Breakpoints, the number of infusions self-administered on a PR schedule, were assessed following the deprivation period. Rates of cocaine intake increased when access to cocaine was extended to 6 h/day. From day 1 to day 14, daily intake increased from 92 (±2.5) to 101 (±2.8) mg/kg in expt 1, and from 55 (±4) to 78 (±2.2) mg/kg in expt 2. Total intake across this 2-week period was approximately 1260 and 970 mg/kg in expts 1 and 2. Breakpoints were not different following this escalation period. The introduction of a 7-day deprivation period failed to alter breakpoints. There is dissociation between changes in rate of cocaine intake (or consumption) and breakpoints maintained on a PR schedule. Extended-access to cocaine produced increases in rate of intake without altering breakpoints. Depending on the experimental question, extended-access conditions may prove useful for studying changes in certain aspects of reinforcement, such as consumption, but not others, such as the strength of a drug as a reinforcer.
On two-path convexity in multipartite tournaments

In the context of two-path convexity, we study the rank, Helly number, Radon number, Caratheodory number, and hull number for multipartite tournaments. We show the maximum Caratheodory number of a multipartite tournament is 3. We then derive tight upper bounds for rank in both general multipartite tournaments and clone-free multipartite tournaments. We show that these same tight upper bounds hold for the Helly number, Radon number, and hull number. We classify all clone-free multipartite tournaments of maximum Helly number, Radon number, hull number, and rank.
High-throughput Raman and surface-enhanced Raman microscopy

Line-scan Raman microscopy (LSRM) is a versatile technique for high throughput label-free chemical mapping. The LSRM instrument achieves a hundred-fold throughput advantage over conventional point-scan Raman microscopy, by projecting a laser line onto the sample and image the Raman scattered light from the entire line using a grating spectrograph and a CCD camera. Two-dimensional chemical maps can be generated by scanning the projected line in the transverse direction. Areas of 100 x 100 μm 2 can be rapidly mapped with sub-micron spatial resolution and 100% fill factor. The instrument enables rapid classification of microparticles with similar shape, size and refractive index based on their chemical composition. We have achieved an equivalent imaging throughput of 100 microparticles/sec for 1 μm polystyrene beads. We have extended the technology to surface-enhanced Raman imaging, by characterizing the spatial uniformity of the SERS response of several types of nanostructured plasmonic substrates.
Transport properties of Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ meander lines

We have measured the electrical transport properties of 10 cm long Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ thin film meander lines in magnetic fields up to 18 T. The large resistance of the meander line effectively increased the electric field, or equivalently, resistivity sensitivity by two orders of magnitude. In moderate magnetic fields the critical current density is found to depend only on the component of the magnetic field normal to the ab planes owing to the highly anisotropic nature of the system. The resistivity versus temperature was measured as a function of magnetic field up to 18 T. The linear resistivity is found to vanish in a manner consistent with the occurrence of a second order phase transition. The critical exponent v(z-1) is virtually field independent with a value 5.3/spl plusmn/1 consistent with previous measurements of a three dimensional vortex glass transition in YBa/sub 2/CaCu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/. The critical regime is 10-15 K wide in agreement with values for Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ at high magnetic field. >
The Relationship Between Probing Attachment Loss and Computerized Radiographic Analysis in Monitoring Progression of Periodontitis

This study attempted to evaluate quantitative changes in radiographic density as an indicator of progression of periodontitis. Twenty-one subjects with a history of periodontitis were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months using duplicate probing attachment level (PAL) measurements from stents and computer assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA) of standardized radiographs. Results indicate that the majority of sites exhibited no PAL change during the 9-month period; however, the percentage of sites with loss increased with time. A mean of 6.1% of the sites/patient exhibited probing attachment loss during the study, as compared to a mean of 38.3% of the sites/patient that exhibited a loss of radiographic density. Due to the two dimensional nature of radiographs, density analysis was calculated in terms of radiographic "complexes" of multiple probing sites. There was significantly more density loss at complexes with greater than or equal to 2 mm of attachment loss than at sites with no change in PAL at 9 months; there was no such difference noted at 3 and 6 months. Also, density loss tended to increase as more sites within each complex experienced PAL. Although there was a significant correlation between mean density and PAL changes during the same time interval, there were wide variations at individual sites. This study suggests that there is a complex relationship between density change on radiographs and PAL change. The difficulties inherent in comparing highly sensitive new technologies to relatively imprecise clinical measurements of the attachment level are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hybrid Authentication Cybersystem Based on Discrete Logarithm, Factorization and Array Entanglements

A hybrid cryptographic system providing digital authentication is described and analyzed in this paper. The proposed cryptosystem incorporates three features: complexity of the discrete logarithm problem, complexity of integer factorization of a product of two large primes and a combination of symmetric and asymmetric keys. In order to make the cryptosystem less vulnerable to cryptanalytic attacks a concept of digital entanglements is introduced. As a result, the proposed cryptographic system has four layers (entanglement-encryption- decryption-disentanglement). It is shown that in certain instances the proposed communication cryptocol is many times faster than the RSA cryptosystem. Examples provided in the paper illustrate details of the proposed authentication cryptocol.
The Fanconi Family Adds a Fraternal Twin

The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway plays an important role in DNA repair. In a recent issue of Cell , Smogorzewska et al. (2007) now demonstrate that FANCD2 has a paralog, FANCI. FANCI and FANCD2 form the "ID" complex that loads onto chromatin after DNA damage. Like FANCD2, monoubiquitination of FANCI requires the FA core complex. Importantly, FANCI and FANCD2 monoubiquitination is codependent, suggesting a novel mechanism in ubiquitin conjugation.
Saved by Disaster? Abrupt Climate Change, Political Inertia, and the Possibility of an Intergenerational Arms Race

This chapter examines that the possibility of abrupt change undermines the usual economic, psychological, and intergenerational causes of political inertia. It implies that there is some kind of fail-safe system that will limit humanity's ongoing infliction of climate change on itself and other species. In short, the standard economic approach looks extremely problematic for long-term impacts of climate change. But perhaps there is a rejoinder. The chapter argues that the problem of intergenerational buck passing (PIBP) is manifest in the case of climate change. It considers three ways in which the improved motivation for adaptation provided by On the Cards may come into conflict with intergenerational concerns. For Open Window to be effective, there have to be enough effects of present emissions that accrue within the window to justify the current generation's action on a generation-relative basis. But this ignores all the other effects of present emissions-that is, all those that accrue to other generations.
Tip60 and HDAC7 interact with the endothelin receptor a and may be involved in downstream signaling.

Endothelins exert their biological effects through G protein-coupled receptors. However, the precise mechanism of downstream signaling and trafficking of the receptors is largely unknown. Here we report that the histone acetyltransferase Tip60 and the histone deacetylase HDAC7 interact with one of the ET receptors, ETA, as determined by yeast two-hybrid analysis, glutathioneS-transferase pull-down assays, and co-immunoprecipitation from transfected COS-7 cells. In the absence of ET-1, Tip60 and HDAC7 were localized mainly in the cell nucleus while ETA was predominantly confined to the plasma membrane. Stimulation with ET-1 resulted in the internalization of ETA to the perinuclear compartment and simultaneously in the efflux of Tip60 and HDAC7 from the nucleus to the same perinuclear compartment where each protein co-localized with the receptor. Upon co-transfection with ETA into COS-7 cells, Tip60 strongly increased ET-1-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas HDAC7 had no significant effect. We thus suggest that protein acetylase and deacetylase interact with ETA in a ligand-dependent fashion and may participate in ET signal transduction.
Scanning electron microscopy of schizogony in Eimeria tenella.

SYNOPSIS. Developing 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts of Eimeria tenella were found in the ceca of chicks infected orally with sporulated oocysts. Several free 2nd-generation schizonts, which varied in diameter from 11 to 21.6 μm, were found on the epithelial surface of the cecum. Some schizonts appeared to have lost merozoites. Other schizonts were intact, one of which was surrounded by an unbroken membrane that followed the contours of the merozoites. Third-generation schizonts, much smaller than 2nd-generation schizonts and with fewer merozoites, were found only on cut or fractured surfaces of the cecal tissue. Third-generation merozoites appeared shorter and thicker than those of the 2nd-generation and were attached to the schizont residuum. A form with conical protuberances and another with 4 triangular segments were found; they were believed to be developing stages 3rd-generation schizonts.
Optimal Shrub Density for Bird Habitat in the Midwestern United States

Shrubs play a key role as bird habitat in eastern North America and are associated with a group of songbirds that are in sharp decline in the Midwest region, U.S.A. Savanna restoration throughout the region is a key priority for vegetation managers, and a priority goal is often to clear the understory of woody species encroachment, including shrubs. However, while the benefit of maintaining a shrub layer in restored savanna has been noted by wildlife managers, the degree to which native shrubs should be retained has not yet been quantified. In this study, I measured songbird occurrence in sites that met the criteria of savanna physiognomy and that have shrub cover ranging from 10 to ≥75%. The results indicated that the highest overall species richness and richness of species conservation concern occurred when shrub cover was =35%. This observation suggests that shrub cover in the range of 10-35% may be adequate to conserve declining shrub dependent bird species, while also meeting the objective of opening the understory desired by savanna restoration practitioners.
Frames of Reference in Quantity Estimations by Groups and Individuals.

The superiority of group performance over performance of the average individual is relatively greater on world knowledge tasks than on quantity estimation tasks. Previous research on quantity estimations has involved judgments without an explicit frame of reference. We propose that a frame of reference converts a quantity estimation into a world knowledge inference by embedding the estimation in a larger cognitive structure. Individuals first estimated 30 pairs of quantities, such as the length of the Ohio River and the length of the Arkansas River, given either 2 statements as a frame of reference (the Mississippi River is 2340 miles long; the Colorado River is 1450 miles long), 1 of these statements as a frame of reference, or no frame of reference. Then they made the same 30 pairs of estimations again as 3-person groups or as individuals under the same frame-of-reference conditions. As predicted, group estimations were more accurate than individual estimations, both group and individual estimations were more accurate with either a 2-statement or a 1-statement frame of reference than without a frame of reference, and the frame of reference improved group estimations relatively more than individual estimations.
Overcoming Consumption Constraints through Social Entrepreneurship

Abstract This essay examines the potential of social entrepreneurship efforts to contribute to poverty alleviation. In analyzing this potential, the author pays particular attention to the roles of marketing thinking and academic research in supporting social entrepreneurial initiatives to combat poverty.
Multi-Objective, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Methodology for Distributed Satellite Systems

A multi-objective, multidisciplinary design optimization methodology for mathematically modeling the distributed satellite system conceptual design problem as an optimization problem has been developed. The tradespace for distributed satellite systems can be enormous, too large to enumerate, analyze, and compare all possible architectures. The seven-step methodology enables an efficient search of the tradespace for the best families of architectures during the conceptual design phase. Four classes of optimization techniques are investigated, Taguchi, heuristic, gradient, and univariate methods. The heuristic simulated annealing algorithm found the best distributed satellite system architectures with the greatest consistency due to its ability to escape local optima within a nonconvex tradespace. The conceptual design problem scope is then broadened by expanding from single-objective to multiobjective optimization problems, and two variant multi-objective simulated annealing algorithms are developed. Finally, several methods are explored for approximating the true global Pareto boundary with only a limited knowledge of the full design tradespace. In this manner, the methodology serves as a powerful, versatile systems engineering and architecting tool for the conceptual design of distributed satellite systems. Nomenclature Av = system availability C = capability E = system energy L = mission duration N = number of dimensions in the objective function P = candidate Pareto optimal set P ∗ = true Pareto optimal set p = state probability T = system temperature ˜ T = arithmetic mean t = time U = utility y = mission year Γ = design vector Γb = current baseline design vector Γi = initial design vector γ = design vector variable � = objective function value difference θr = angular resolution, marcsec � = life-cycle cost, $ χ = random number between 0 and 1 � = system performance � = null depth
Effect of cell surface antigen density on immunological enhancement.

The density of antigens on the surface of allograft target cells seems to determine whether IgG antibody manifests predominantly its cytotoxic action or whether immunologicol enhancement can operate.
Nonlinear stability conditions and a priori estimates for barotropic hydrodynamics

A method developed by Arnold to prove nonlinear stability of certain steady states for ideal incompressible flow in two dimensions is extended to the barotropic compressible case. The results are applied to plane shear flow.
Patterns of care and referral in children with atopic dermatitis and concern for food allergy

Although many providers believe that up to 30% of atopic dermatitis (AD) is food induced, food challenge studies show that food-induced eczematous reactions are rare. When food allergy is suggested to cause AD, it often leads to allergy testing with a high false-positivity rate, in turn further focusing parents on food allergy. Study subjects were children less than 11 years old with AD and food allergy suspicion. Prior diagnoses, provider, and testing patterns were assessed by questionnaire given to the parents. Thirty-eight patients with AD were enrolled. Most subject's parents suspected food allergy induced AD. Initial skin diagnoses were made by pediatricians (79%) and family practitioners (18%) as eczema. Allergy was suggested by providers as cause for AD in 63% of the present study's patients. Seventy-nine percent had allergy testing. Greater than 90% of parents claimed their children had food allergy and food-induced AD. Sixty-six percent had positive food allergy tests and 37% had definite history of immediate IgE reactions to food. The majority of this population had allergy suggested as causative for eczema by their primary care provider and were subsequently evaluated by allergist and allergy testing. Consensus about the role of food allergy between the different providers of AD in children would result in more effective, efficient, and less costly health care.
Use of a Pulsed-Flow Lavage Unit for Bronchial Washing

A pulsating lavage irrigation system was employed during diagnostic bronchoscopy in patients with suspected bronchogenic carcinoma to facilitate collection of specimens for cytologic examination. No untoward effects were observed, and good quality samples of exfoliated cells were recovered. This method also might have application in the management of patients with suppurative lung disease or retained secretions and in situations in which a large volume of lavage solution is desired.
Effect of coagulase-globulin on residual prothrombin activity (prothrombin consumption) of hemophilic blood.

Summary1. The coagulase-globulin fraction of normal human plasma not only reduces the coagulation time of hemophilic blood but also alters the pattern of residual serum prothrombin activity in the direction of normal. 2. An equivalent amount of normal blood produces the same effect. 3. Simple dilution of hemophilic blood with saline by itself produces significant alterations in coagulation time and residual prothrombin.
Translational control of hepatic α2u globulin synthesis by growth hormone

Abstract α 2u Globulin is a male rat liver protein under complex hormonal control which represents approximately 1% of hepatic protein synthesis in an adult male rat. Hypophysectomy completely abolishes the hepatic synthesis of this protein, and the reinduction of its synthesis can be effected by the simultaneous administration of glucocorticoid, androgen, thyroid hormone and pituitary growth hormone. Growth hormone is absolutely required for the synthesis of a normal level of α 2u globulin. It was found, however, that hepatic α 2u globulin mRNA can be raised to a normal level in hypophysectomized animals by administration of steroids and thyroid hormone alone; nevertheless, no detectable synthesis of the protein occurs in these animals. Administration of growth hormone to the hypophysectomized animals that had been pretreated with steroids and thyroid hormone results in the immediate synthesis of α 2u globulin protein with very little change in the level of α 2u globulin mRNA. In an intact male animal, α 2u globulin mRNA sequences are found to be preferentially associated with bound polysomes. By contrast, the untranslated α 2u globulin mRNA sequences that accumulate in the livers of hypophysectomized rats treated with steroids and thyroid hormone are found on free polysomes and in the supernatant (nonpolysomal) fractions. Administration of growth hormone to these animals effects a shift of α 2u globulin mRNA sequences to bound polysomes, concurrent with the induction of detectable synthesis of the protein. This effect of growth hormone in vivo can be mimicked by administration of high doses of insulin, indicating that this effect may be somatomedin-mediated. It thus appears that growth hormone induces hepatic α 2u globulin synthesis by way of a translational control mechanism.
An Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Arabidopsis Is Mediated by Proteolytic Processing and Nuclear Relocation of a Membrane-Associated Transcription Factor, bZIP28

Stresses leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) elicit a highly conserved ER stress response in plants called the unfolded protein response (UPR). While the response itself is well documented in plants, the components of the signaling pathway are less well known. We have identified three membrane-associated basic domain/leucine zipper (bZIP) factors in Arabidopsis thaliana that are candidates for ER stress sensors/transducers. One of these factors, bZIP28, an ER-resident transcription factor, is activated in response to treatment by tunicamycin (TM), an agent that blocks N-linked protein glycosylation. Following TM treatment, bZIP28 is processed, releasing its N-terminal, cytoplasm-facing domain, which is translocated to the nucleus. Expression of a truncated form of bZIP28, containing only the cytoplasmic domain of the protein, upregulated the expression of ER stress response genes in the absence of stress conditions. Thus, bZIP28 serves as a sensor/transducer in Arabidopsis to mediate ER stress responses related to UPR.
Arrow and Mirror: Interactive Consciousness, Ethnography, and the Tibetan State Oracle's Trance

Oracles and shamans are ambivalent figures, for both members of their own societies and outside observers confronted with their extraordinary status and behavior. Ethnographic narratives dating from the earliest periods of European contact onward suggest that interaction with Tibetan oracles has often evoked departures from "ordinary" consciousness which are no less remarkable in foreign observers than in the oracle himself and his Tibetan assistants and audience. Thus, processes of interaction, ethnographic observation, and professional communication require consideration in this study. Trance induction in the Tibetan State Oracle is a complex, multimedia process that resists unitary explanation by widely-used anthropological theories of trance, or even within the Oracle's own tradition, where the existence of multiple interpretations is considered normal. Moreover, with the Oracle's experiences traditionally conceived as being inaccessible at one level to observers, and at another level even to the Oracle himself, the results of any given induction remain problematic for cultural insiders as well as foreign ethnographers. For Tibetan participants, the "consciousness" of the Oracle's trance is constructed as an interactive process rather than an individual state; and ethnographers, too, become involved in this interactive process of constructing shifts of consciousness, in both their participant-observation in the field and their participation in processes of communication to professional audiences. The range and effects of these interactions are explored through a theoretical stance that treats culture as configurations of flowing and changing energies, and juxtaposes metaphors of the Oracle's mirror and a video recording, which latter was made at the Oracle's request and is used here to provide images for visualizing the interactions discussed in the text.
Non-ideal ballooning modes in a tokamak

Hybrid two-fluid and kinetic equations have been used to study ballooning modes in a tokamak. These modes separate into two branches: a modified ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ballooning mode and a toroidally induced ion temperature gradient (ηi) mode. Using both model and actual high beta equilibria we find that the ηi mode (ηi = ∂ln Ti/∂ln Ni) may dominate the ideal MHD mode for moderate ηi (ηi1), leading to substantially lower beta thresholds.
Control reconfiguration of discrete event systems controllers with partial observation

In this paper, we develop a framework for reconfiguration of a discrete event system (DES) controller, which has a dynamic event observation set. We will show the designed reconfiguration yields a more tolerable controller than the one designed in . Starting with a maximally permissive controller that has a full observation of its DES, we design a mega-controller that monitors the observation set of the DES controller and its state continuously. Upon a change in the observation set, the mega-controller reconfigures the controller by a aggregation or disaggregation of the controller states. The mega-controller is also responsible for feedback function adjustments if the available observation set causes a conflict in control. We illustrate the reconfiguration procedures by an example.
Short polarity intervals within the Matuyama: transitional field records from hydraulic piston cored sediments from the North Atlantic

Abstract Detailed sampling of two short magnetozones within the Matuyama Chronozone recorded at DSDP Site 609 (49.86°N, 335.77°E) confirms that one, the Cobb Mountain Subchronozone (1.12 Ma), is a very short, full normal polarity interval and that the other, the older interval, is a record of a geomagnetic excursion which occurred at approximately 1.55 Ma. The Cobb Mountain Subchron lasted approximately 25,000 years, one third the duration of the Jaramillo Subchron. The normal polarity interval is bounded by two transition zones which document an antisymmetry in the sequence of directions in the reverse to normal and normal to reverse polarity transitions. We interpret the antisymmetry as reflecting a dependence upon the sense of the reversal, without significant changes in the relative contributions of non-dipole terms. The polarity interval recorded at 1.55 Ma lasted only 8,800 years with what may be regarded as full polarity directions observed across only 3 cm of stratigraphic section. This feature is interpreted as an excursion of the geomagnetic field and appears to be correlative with the Gilsa Subchron. Similarities between the transition bounding these two magnetozones suggest that these features occur as the result of the same process or triggering mechanisms in the earth's outer core.