cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape Optimization of a Blunt Body in Hypersonic Rarefied and Reacting Flow for Reducing Both Drag and Heat Transfer

A large design concern for high-speed vehicles such as next generation launch vehicles or reusable spacecraft is the drag and heat transfer experienced at hypersonic velocities. In this paper, the optimized shapes for both minimum drag and minimum peak heat flux for an axisymmetric blunt body are developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software in conjunction with a genetic algorithm (GA). For continuum flow field calculations, the commercial flow solver ANSYS FLUENT is employed to solve the unsteady compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in conjunction with the Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. Park’s six species finite rate chemistry model is employed to incorporate the effects of air dissociation at high temperatures. The computational results using this model compare favorably with the experimental results for a DLR model validating the computational model used in this study. The axisymmetric hypersonic blunt body shape is optimized using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to minimize both the drag and heat transfer. The MOGA creates a Pareto-optimal front for the optimized shapes obtained by weighting the two objectives of minimizing the drag as well as heat transfer. The computational results for the optimized shapes show a significant decrease in both the drag and heat transfer and exhibit the expected changes in the body profile. For hypersonic rarefied flow field calculations (without reactions), a recently developed ‘Modified Conventional Burnett Equations’ code is employed.
A Primitive Variable Central Flux Scheme for All Mach Number Flows

A new finite volume solver for all Mach number flows suitable for the solution on unstructured meshes with the collocated arrangement of variables is presented. The solver is based on the primitive variable equations. The newly proposed method utilizes the fractional step method that resembles the projection methods used in incompressible flow simulations. The proposed solver is suitable for the computations ranging from incompressible to supersonic flows. A notable characteristic of the newly proposed method is that the new formulation of the compressible pressure equation contains the pressure Laplacian term pre-multiplied by the time step size. Unlike the incompressible projection methods, the new pressure equation is derived from the discrete form of the continuity equation, resulting in the equation that has the potential (elliptic) and the hyperbolic (convective) parts of the pressure field separated. Central flux formulation is used for the approximation of numeric fluxes, resulting in small numerical dissipation thus making it suitable for the high fidelity computations including direct and large eddy simulations. A set of validation problems is presented in this work demonstrating the main characteristics of the newly proposed solver.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Five Factor Form and the Sliderbar Inventory

Existing measures of the five factor model (FFM) of personality are generally, if not exclusively, unipolar in their assessment of maladaptive variants of the FFM domains. However, two recently developed measures, the Five Factor Form (FFF) and the Sliderbar Inventory (SI), include items that assess for maladaptive variants at both poles of each item. This structure is unique among existing measures of personality and personality disorder, although there is a historical, infrequently used Stone Personality Trait Schema (SPTS) that had also included this item structure. To facilitate an exploration of their convergent and discriminant validity, the SI and SPTS items were reorganized into FFM scales. The convergent and discriminant validity of the FFF, SI-FFM, and SPTS-FFM scales was considered in a sample of 450 adults with current or a history of mental health treatment. The FFF, SI-FFM, and SPTS-FFM were also compared with respect to their relationship with FFM domains. Finally, the FFF items and SI-FFM ...
Xanthosia Occidentalis Bishop, 1985, and Xanthosia Spinosa, New Species, Two Late Cretaceous Crabs From the Pierre Shale of the Western Interior

ABSTRACT A finely preserved specimen of Xanthosia elegans occidentalis Bishop, 1985, from the early Campanian Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre Shale collected from the Heart Tail Ranch Association, Butte County, South Dakota, allows elevation of the subspecies to specieslevel rank and allows its comparison with Xanthosia elegans Roberts, 1962. Xanthosia occidentalis, new species, is judged to have been an active swimming crab. Because of the inferred swimming mode of life, relative stratigraphic positions of species of Xanthosia to younger portunid crabs, and the overall remarkable similarity of Xanthosia to portunid crabs, Xanthosia is suggested as a likely ancestor to the Portunidae. A second species, Xanthosia spinosa, new species, is described from the Pierre Shale (upper Campanian) of Grand County, Colorado.
The Black Boys and Blurred Lines: Reshaping Authority on the Pennsylvania Frontier

In 1765, frontiersmen in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania forcibly prohibited British officials and colonists from participating in the Indian trade, intercepting and destroying goods intended for Native Americans in the Ohio Country. Imperial officials and civil leaders in Pennsylvania condemned the actions of the so-called “Black Boys,” suggesting that they represented a form of insurrection. Close analysis of the Black Boys’ stated motivations, however, suggests that they did not seek an overthrow of royal rule. Instead, they sought a renegotiation of political power on the frontier, one in which local concerns and wishes tempered the exercise of imperial authority.
Role of autophagy in the regulation of epithelial cell junctions

ABSTRACTAutophagy is a cell survival mechanism by which bulk cytoplasmic material, including soluble macromolecules and organelles, is targeted for lysosomal degradation. The role of autophagy in diverse cellular processes such as metabolic stress, neurodegeneration, cancer, aging, immunity, and inflammatory diseases is being increasingly recognized. Epithelial cell junctions play an integral role in the cell homeostasis via physical binding, regulating paracellular pathways, integrating extracellular cues into intracellular signaling, and cell-cell communication. Recent data indicates that cell junction composition is very dynamic. The junctional protein complexes are actively regulated in response to various intra- and extra-cellular clues by intracellular trafficking and degradation pathways. This review discusses the recent and emerging information on how autophagy regulates various epithelial cell junctions. The knowledge of autophagy regulation of epithelial junctions will provide further rationale ...
Management of Parkinson's disease: Strategies, pitfalls, and future directions

In coming years Parkinson's disease will become increasingly prevalent as the baby boom generation grows older. Diagnosis often is complicated and requires careful consideration of symptoms and neurologic findings. Optimal symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease involves an individualized approach with each patient and ongoing evaluation of benefits versus side effects. Neurosurgical intervention is an option for some patients who are not adequately helped by medical therapy. New treatments (e.g., stem cell therapy) are currently being studied and may be available in the foreseeable future.
Exploring the effects of seductive details with the 4-phase model of interest

Abstract Although numerous studies have investigated the seductive details effect in multimedia learning and remarked that seductive details can arouse motivation and interest, few studies have examined the seductive details effect using a motivational framework. In order to fill the gap, the present study used a multiple regression model to examine the predictive relationship between four types of interest and post-task performance of participants who received either a passage containing seductive details or a base-only passage. Participants in both groups (N = 258) were asked to learn a passage about geology. An interest questionnaire was validated by using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The results of variance analyses showed that the seductive details group rated the learning material significantly higher in triggered situational interest than did the base passage group. Furthermore, the results showed that triggered situational interest mediated the effects of seductive details on recall while there was no mediation effect via maintained situational interest. In addition, emerging and well-developed individual interest moderated the effects of seductive details. In sum, the results indicated that different types of interest play different roles in learning when seductive details are involved. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed and future directions are suggested.
The Integration of Electronic Medical Student Evaluations Into an Emergency Department Tracking System is Associated With Increased Quality and Quantity of Evaluations.

Abstract Background Medical student evaluations are essential for determining clerkship grades. Electronic evaluations have various advantages compared to paper evaluations, such as increased ease of collection, asynchronous reporting, and decreased likelihood of becoming lost. Objectives To determine whether electronic medical student evaluations (EMSEs) provide more evaluations and content when compared to paper shift card evaluations. Methods This before and after cohort study was conducted over a 2.5-year period at an academic hospital affiliated with a medical school and emergency medicine residency program. EMSEs replaced the paper shift evaluations that had previously been used halfway through the study period. A random sample of the free text comments on both paper and EMSEs were blindly judged by medical student clerkship directors for their helpfulness and usefulness. Logistic regression was used to test for any relationship between quality and quantity of words. Results A total of 135 paper evaluations for 30 students and then 570 EMSEs for 62 students were collected. An average of 4.8 (standard deviation [SD] 3.2) evaluations were completed per student using the paper version compared to 9.0 (SD 3.8) evaluations completed per student electronically ( p p p Conclusions EMSEs that were integrated into the emergency department tracking system significantly increased the number of evaluations completed compared to paper evaluations. In addition, the EMSEs captured more "helpful/useful" information about the individual students as evidenced by the longer free text entries per evaluation.
Writing as Inquiry

Let’s look more closely at that idea, of writing as inquiry. What I mean by that is that the act of writing itself is a way of thinking–and of knowing–about our work. Much of the analysis we perform on our data happens during the act of writing. Brilliant insights hit us midsentence.
Stacked Microsurgical Autologous Flap Breast Reconstruction Is an Ideal Option after Unilateral Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

Background Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) allows for complete preservation of the nipple-areola complex and is increasing in popularity. Autologous options in NSM provide an aesthetic reconstruction in a single stage; however, donor tissue may be scarce in these patients. Stacked microsurgical breast reconstruction, especially in unilateral cases, is an attractive alternative in NSM that is yet to be described. Methods Patients undergoing NSM with stacked autologous flap reconstruction were identified with demographics, intraoperative variables, and outcomes analyzed. Results Six patients who underwent unilateral NSM with stacked autologous free flaps were identified. The average patient age was 50.17 years and body mass index was 21.67. Average follow-up was 28.62 months. Five (83.3%) patients underwent unilateral NSM and reconstruction for a therapeutic indication. The average mastectomy weight was 235.67 grams. All patients were reconstructed with stacked deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps. The average total flap weight was 397.33 grams. Anastomoses in five stacked flaps (83.3%) were performed in an anterograde/retrograde fashion to the internal mammary (IMA) vessels. In one (16.7%) stacked flap, the two flaps were anastomosed in series to the IMA. There were no major complications and three incidences of minor complications. There were no incidences of partial or complete flap loss. The average number of secondary procedures was 0.83 per patient. Conclusion Stacked microsurgical autologous breast flaps provide an optimal reconstruction after NSM and may be considered the reconstruction of choice in patients undergoing unilateral NSM with inadequate donor site tissue for single-flap reconstruction.
On robust truth discovery in sparse social media sensing

In the big data era, it's important to identify trustworthy information from an influx of noisy data contributed by unvetted sources from online social media (e.g., Twitter, Instagram, Flickr). This task is referred to as truth discovery which aims at identifying the reliability of the sources and the truthfulness of claims they make without knowing either of them a priori. There are two important challenges that have not been well addressed in current truth discovery solutions. The first one is “misinformation spread” where a majority of sources are contributing to false claims, making the identification of truthful claims difficult. The second challenge is “data sparsity” where sources contribute a small number of claims, providing insufficient evidence to accomplish the truth discovery task. In this paper, we developed a Robust Truth Discovery (RTD) scheme to address the above two challenges. In particular, the RTD scheme explicitly quantifies different degrees of attitude that a source may express on a claim and incorporates the historical contributions of a source using a principled approach. The evaluation results on two real world datasetsshow that the RTD scheme significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art truth discovery methods.
Indirect Modulation of Majority-Based Decisions

We study a collective decision-making strategy that combines a mechanism for the direct modulation of positive feedback with the majority rule used as individual decision-making mechanism. We consider the binary site-selection scenario described in the previous chapter and focus on the study of the Direct Modulation of Majority-based Decisions.
Educational nutrition messaging at breakfast reduces snack intake and influences snack preferences in adult men and women

Breakfast skipping is associated with increased risk of weight gain and obesity in young adults, possibly due to increased snacking later in the day. Recent research suggests that providing and animal versus a plant source of protein at breakfast can reduce snack intake later in the day. In addition, providing nutrition information via a nutrition label, front-of-pack information, or via text messaging has been shown to help individuals make healthier food choices. The objective of this study was to determine if educational nutrition messaging and protein source influenced snack intake 2 h following the breakfast meal. Participants (n = 33) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: educational nutrition messaging (EM; n = 16) or no messaging (NM; n = 17) group. The study was conducted using a randomized, cross-over design in which each participant received each of two breakfast beverages, whey protein- (WP) and pea protein (PP)- based. Appetite was assessed at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after each test breakfast using visual analog scales. Participants were then provided with a selection of healthy and unhealthy snacks for 60 min. There was no effect of protein source on appetite or snack intake. However, participants presented with EM had reduced snack intake over the snacking period compared to NM (P = 0.058) and, of the snacks consumed, the EM group consumed a higher percentage of healthy versus unhealthy snacks compared to NM (P < 0.0001), resulting in lower calorie intake. Taken together these data suggest that protein source, as part of a higher protein breakfast, does not affect appetite response or snack intake, but EM may help play a role in reducing snack intake between meals.
Predicting the brain activation pattern associated with the propositional content of a sentence: Modeling neural representations of events and states

Even though much has recently been learned about the neural representation of individual concepts and categories, neuroimaging research is only beginning to reveal how more complex thoughts, such as event and state descriptions, are neurally represented. We present a predictive computational theory of the neural representations of individual events and states as they are described in 240 sentences. Regression models were trained to determine the mapping between 42 neurally plausible semantic features (NPSFs) and thematic roles of the concepts of a proposition and the fMRI activation patterns of various cortical regions that process different types of information. Given a semantic characterization of the content of a sentence that is new to the model, the model can reliably predict the resulting neural signature, or, given an observed neural signature of a new sentence, the model can predict its semantic content. The models were also reliably generalizable across participants. This computational model provides an account of the brain representation of a complex yet fundamental unit of thought, namely, the conceptual content of a proposition. In addition to characterizing a sentence representation at the level of the semantic and thematic features of its component concepts, factor analysis was used to develop a higher level characterization of a sentence, specifying the general type of event representation that the sentence evokes (e.g., a social interaction versus a change of physical state) and the voxel locations most strongly associated with each of the factors. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4865-4881, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in the very elderly (≥ 80 years old): Extremely safe and effective

Abstract Objective Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the standard of care in medically inoperable patients. In very elderly patients, previous studies have shown SBRT to offer excellent local control, though with higher toxicities than in younger populations. We report our institutional experience using SBRT in the definitive management of NSCLC in patients ≥ 80 years old. Materials and Methods Using an IRB-approved registry of 158 patients treated with definitive-intent lung SBRT for early-stage NSCLC at our institution between 2010 and 2016, 31 consecutively treated patients ≥ 80 years of age were identified. CTCAEv4 scales were prospectively recorded during follow-ups and utilized for toxicity assessments. Kaplan–Meier estimates were utilized for survival analyses. Results For the 31 patients (with 34 lesions) included, median age was 83 (R: 80–93), median ECOG performance status was 2 (R: 0–3), and median follow-up was 15.8 months (R: 3.1–48.3). Median PTV size was 24.0 cm3 (R: 5.83–62.1 cm3). Median prescription dose was 54Gy in 3 fractions (R: 50-60Gy in 3–8 fractions). Local control was 100% at 1 year and 92.3% at 2 years. Median survival was 29.1 months. There were no grade 2–5 toxicities. Grade 1 toxicities included: fatigue in 5 patients (16.1%), asymptomatic (radiographic) pneumonitis in 12 (38.7%), and dyspnea in 2 (6.5%). Conclusions Lung SBRT with a BED of ≥ 100Gy10 for very elderly patients with NSCLC is extremely safe and effective, with inordinately low toxicity rates (zero grade 2–5 toxicities). With stringent dosimetric parameters and planning guidelines, patients ≥ 80 years remain excellent candidates for full-dose SBRT. Summary SBRT for early-stage NSCLC is the accepted standard of care in medically inoperable patients, though in many very elderly patients, dose is either de-intensified or withheld for concern of toxicity in the setting of advanced age and competing risks. In this study of our very elderly (≥ 80 years old) early-stage NSCLC patients, we highlight both the extremely high efficacy and tolerability (zero grade 2 or above toxicities) associated with definitive intent SBRT.
The use of microfine cement to enhance the efficacy of carbon nanofibers with respect to drying shrinkage crack resistance of portland cement mortars

Abstract Significant research has recently been aimed at quantifying the effects of carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in portland cement pastes and mortars. Such efforts have shown that mechanical properties can increase with low concentrations of carbon nanofibers but have marginal improvement or are negatively affected with high concentrations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the use of a microfine cement to enhance the efficacy of carbon nanofibers in portland cement mortar with respect to cracking resistance via enabling higher nanofiber concentrations. Experiments are performed with concentrations of carbon nanofibers up to 3% by weight of cement using either Type I/II or microfine cement. The primary test implemented was a restrained ring drying shrinkage test; unrestrained drying shrinkage tests, elastic modulus tests, and scanning electron microscopy imaging were performed to provide supplemental data to explain the observations from the restrained ring drying shrinkage tests. It was found that Type I/II cement mortars either lost performance or had insignificant gains with respect to cracking resistance, and all Type I/II mortar mixtures had losses in stiffness with the addition of high concentrations of carbon nanofibers. In contrast, microfine cement mortars had increased shrinkage cracking resistance and no loss in stiffness with increasing amounts of carbon nanofibers (up to the 3% by weight of cement tested in this research). The microfine cement mortar with 3% carbon nanofibers by weight of cement delayed the experimentally measured time of cracking in the ring test by a factor of up to 3.89. The delay in visible cracking time was attributed to microcrack bridging by the carbon nanofibers as imaged by scanning electron microscopy.
Correlations in Heterogeneous Catalysis

This chapter discusses correlations in heterogeneous catalysis. Catalysis at solid surfaces lies in the fact that although much is known about surface chemistry, little is known at present about the active centers at the surface of solids. While considerable knowledge has been gained about the structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics of many free radicals, not even the chemical identity of adsorption complexes, that is, the active centers at solid surfaces, is known with certainty in any particular instance. The obstacles in the way of detailed understanding are further aggravated by the difficulty of reproducing identical batches of solid catalysts, even under very strict rules of preparation in a given laboratory. The rate functions obtained from kinetic data are difficult to interpret, as the rate and equilibrium constants of the elementary steps in the catalytic sequence are unknown and the elementary steps themselves have to be assumed without proof.
A simple planar focusing collector for concentrated solar power applications

We present a simple planar focusing collector, based on binary optics, for concentrated solar power. Fabrication is achieved using 3D two-photon lithography, and subsequent UV nanoimprinting tests for scalability. Optical characterization results are also reported.
Where to turn? The influence of information source on belief and behavior

AbstractWhen individuals face risks, they seek information to reduce uncertainty. This study examines where people turn for information and the effects this information seeking has on belief and be...
Chronic Toxicity of Ferric Iron for North American Aquatic Organisms: Derivation of a Chronic Water Quality Criterion Using Single Species and Mesocosm Data.

Iron is a common pollutant in waters near coal and hard rock mine disturbances. The current 1000 µg/L total recoverable chronic criterion for iron (Fe) for protection of aquatic life in the United States was developed using very limited data in 1976 and has not been revised since. To develop a more scientifically based criterion, several chronic laboratory toxicity experiments (> 30 days) were conducted with ferric Fe at circumneutral pH on a taxonomically diverse group of organisms including brown trout (Salmo trutta), mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), boreal toad tadpoles (Bufo boreas), the oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus, the mayfly Hexagenia limbata, and the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. Results of these tests and those of previously published toxicity data were used to derive a Final Chronic Value (FCV) of 499 µg/L by using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended methods based on single species toxicity tests. In addition to single species toxicity tests, ferric Fe toxicity experiments (10 days) were performed on mesocosms containing naturally colonized communities of benthic macroinvertebrates. Fourteen genera in the mesocosms occurred at sufficient densities to estimate an iron concentration resulting in 20% reduction in abundance (EC20). Three of these taxa had EC20s less than the FCV of 499 µg/L derived from single species tests: the mayfly Epeorus sp. (335 µg/L), the caddisfly Micrasema sp. (356 µg/L), and midge Tanytarsini (234 µg/L). When mesocosm results were included, the FCV was lowered to 251 µg/L. These findings support the suggestion that modernization of water quality criteria should include data generated from mesocosm experiments and other lines of evidence.
Commentary: Who Are Your Friends? The Influence of Identification and Family In-Group and Out-Group Friendships on Nonfamily Employee OCB and Deviance:

We refine the findings of Vardaman, Allen, and Rogers that indicate the structural position of nonfamily employees in friendship networks can enhance organizational identification and reduce turnov...
Private healthcare provider experiences with social health insurance schemes: Findings from a qualitative study in Ghana and Kenya.

Background Incorporating private healthcare providers into social health insurance schemes is an important means towards achieving universal health coverage in low and middle income countries. However, little research has been conducted about why private providers choose to participate in social health insurance systems in such contexts, or their experiences with these systems. We explored private providers’ perceptions of and experiences with participation in two different social health insurance schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa—the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Ghana and the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) in Kenya. Methods In-depth interviews were held with providers working at 79 facilities of varying sizes in three regions of Kenya (N = 52) and three regions of Ghana (N = 27). Most providers were members of a social franchise network. Interviews covered providers’ reasons for (non) enrollment in the health insurance system, their experiences with the accreditation process, and benefits and challenges with the system. Interviews were coded in Atlas.ti using an open coding approach and analyzed thematically. Results Most providers in Ghana were NHIS-accredited and perceived accreditation to be essential to their businesses, despite challenges they encountered due to long delays in claims reimbursement. In Kenya, fewer than half of providers were NHIF-accredited and several said that their clientele were not NHIF enrolled. Understanding of how the NHIF functioned was generally low. The lengthy and cumbersome accreditation process also emerged as a major barrier to providers’ participation in the NHIF in Kenya, but the NHIS accreditation process was not a major concern for providers in Ghana. Conclusions In expanding social health insurance, coordinated efforts are needed to increase coverage rates among underserved populations while also accrediting the private providers who serve those populations. Market pressure was a key force driving providers to gain and maintain accreditation in both countries. Developing mechanisms to engage private providers as stakeholders in social health insurance schemes is important to incentivizing their participation and addressing their concerns.
OP XII – 5 Short-term effects of daily weather characteristics on violent crimes in the boston area

Background/aim Recently, attention has been given to the impact of climate change on crimes through weather variations. Associations between weather variables and crimes have been reported but causality still needs to be addressed. Our goal is to investigate whether there exists a causal relationship between temperature and violent crimes as well as between precipitations and violent crime. Methods Since our study is based on data that were not collected in a randomised experiment, it is necessary to incorporate a design stage before any causal analysis stage. Our approach is to design observational data in a way that approximates a randomised experiment, using matched-sampling strategies. The framework considered in this paper is often denoted as the ‘Rubin Causal Model’ and sees causal inference as a missing data problem. Propensity score matching enables us to reconstruct four hypothetical randomised experiments before estimating the average causal effect (ACE). The ACE can be interpreted as the average number of daily violent crimes that are assumed to be caused by a high exposure level as compared to a lower exposure level. Results In this manuscript, we observe that changes in heat index (apparent temperature) or the occurrence of rainfalls were followed by changes in daily violent crimes in Boston between July 2012 and February 2017. For instance, while we found increased daily crimes on temperate days compared to cold days (2.33, 95% CI=[1.56; 3.09]), it was not the case when comparing extremely hot days to hot days (0.59, 95% CI=[−1.36; 2.68]), suggesting a ‘plateau’ in the dose-response of heat index and violent crimes. As expected, the occurrence of rainfalls tended to decrease crimes (−1.45, 95% CI: −2 to −0.91). Conclusion These results suggest that: meteorology should be used to prevent future crimes in Boston, and the weather–crime relationship should be taken into account when quantifying the impact of climate change. We want to encourage researchers to use matching strategies when only observational data is available and no randomised experiment can be conducted but causal estimates need to be quantified.
Bladder dysfunction and neurosyphilis

Neurosyphilis today is a rare problem. We describe a man who presented with organic brain syndrome, psychosis and incontinence, and diagnosis was neurosyphilis with resultant bladder dysfunction. Urodynamic studies defined the voiding dysfunction as detrusor areflexia with a positive bethanechol test. This case reminds us of the necessity of obtaining a test for venereal disease to rule out neurosyphilis in patients with idiopathic voiding dysfunction.
Gabapentin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.

Gabapentin does not decrease the frequency of migraine headaches and is not recommended for prophylactic therapy.
Introduction: Objects, Scale, and Identity Entangled

Three elements – objects, scale, and identity – are entangled in the chapters in this collection. The authors have been tasked to center both material culture and the scale of the individual in their interpretations of the archaeological record. Archaeologists have always prioritized material things in the study of the past; the artifact is central to the archaeological endeavor. Nonetheless, as a number of scholars have recently pointed out (Meskell, 2005; Cochran and Beaudry, 2006; Loren and Beaudry, 2006), interpretive approaches to materiality – those that take an interdisciplinary perspective on material culture and also employ an approach developed in anthropological material studies – have been slow to percolate into the collective archaeological perspective. There are now a number of encouraging developments in this regard that indicate a new intensity of interest in material culture studies with a distinctly archaeological approach (Beaudry, 2006; White, 2005; Meskell, 2005), including a new series of guides published by Left Coast Press (White and Scarlett, 2009). One of the major aims of this volume is to demonstrate the potential of an approach to the archaeological record that takes materiality as its focus and uses substantive case studies to explore a common theme: individuality.
A Team-Taught Course in Business Ethics & its Synthesizing Capstone Assignment

This article describes a course in Business Ethics, team-taught by a professor of philosophy and a professor of business administration. Written by the philosopher, it focuses on the philosophical materials of the course. It details the use of primary sources, but with a very practical aim: the extraction of a “Moral Decision-Procedure,” a step-by-step way of applying abstract philosophy to ethical issues in business. Three philosophical assignments are described, leading to the “capstone assignment,” which is designed to integrate the philosophical material of the course with the practice of business. The capstone assignment has the format of business problem analysis. Ethical issues are raised, and addressed, in language appropriate to business. However, in a series of footnotes keyed to those discussions, the ethical issues are examined more fully, with heavy reliance upon primary sources in philosophy.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis Evaluation: Strategies for the Preschooler

The environment for the developing children is complex as they are exposed to a variety of activities and settings where potential environmental allergens may be encountered. Recent evidence supports the clinical benefit of patch testing young children suffering from recalcitrant dermatitis. While patch testing has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration in children ages 6–18 years old, patch testing strategies for young children of preschool age (between 2 and 6 years old) have yet to be defined. Allergic contact dermatitis is underdiagnosed among pediatric patients, particularly those suffering from concomitant atopic dermatitis as the interplay between the two diseases is complex. Recent reports in literature supported the clinical value, safety, and efficacy of patch testing pediatric patients. This review provides an overview of specific pediatric allergens, special considerations, practical modifications, and systematic exposure-driven guidance approaches toward patch testing preschoolers.
Photoperiod regulates hypothalamic miR-155 gene expression in female, but not male, Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)

In many species, seasonal changes in photoperiod regulate several behaviors and physiological systems, including reproduction, energy balance, and immune function. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate numerous physiological processes and developmental transitions through translational repression and mRNA degradation. Their role in seasonal transitions has been vastly understudied, with only a few reports in animals. Furthermore, no study has assessed whether there are sex differences in seasonal regulation of miRs. miR-155 is a primary candidate for seasonal regulation because it influences immune responses, energetics, and reproductive function. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that photoperiod regulates miR-155 gene expression in Siberian hamsters and whether there were sex differences in this photoperiod regulation. miR-155 gene expression levels were measured in hypothalamus, hippocampus, and spleen of male and female Siberian hamsters reared in short days (SDs) or long days (LDs). As expected, SD-reared hamsters had significantly reduced body mass, lightened pelage color, and lower reproductive organ size than LD-reared hamsters. Notably, SDs increased hypothalamic miR-155 gene expression in females but not in males. No differences were observed in hippocampus and spleen of either sex. These findings demonstrate sex-specific photoperiod regulation of miR-155 gene expression. Future studies should consider possible sex differences in miR contributions to seasonal changes in physiology and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Outcomes and cost-minimization analysis of cement spacers versus expandable cages for posterior-only reconstruction of metastatic spine corpectomies

Background: Reconstruction of the thoracolumbar spine after tumor corpectomy can be accomplished using either an expandable metallic cage (EC) or a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement spacer. Few studies have compared the relative successes between these two forms of reconstructions in the management of metastatic spine disease (MSD). The purpose of this study was to compare both the outcomes and costs of EC and PMMA spacers in the treatment of MSD. We hypothesized that the rate of complications and revision surgery when using PMMA spacers to reconstruct the spine after corpectomy for MSD would be equivalent to use of an EC, with lower implant and operating room (OR) costs. Methods: A single surgeon performed 65 vertebral corpectomies for MSD requiring anterior column reconstruction from 2007–2014. Charts were retrospectively reviewed and no patients were excluded. All resections were single-stage resections/reconstructions of the vertebral body through a posterior-only approach. Outcomes evaluated included perioperative complications, intraoperative time, postoperative survival, subsequent reoperations, and changes in radiographic spinal alignment. Results: Thirty-six patients were treated with PMMA spacers; 29 were treated with EC. Baseline age, BMI, comorbidities, and disease severity as measured by Tokuhashi scores were equivalent between treatment groups. The cohorts had no significant differences in operative complications, blood loss, postoperative survival, number of subsequent reoperations, or changes in radiographic alignment. PMMA patients had a significantly shorter mean operative duration (328.6 vs . 241.1 min, P vs . $5,000 for cage). Mean OR time savings were calculated to be $2,001 less for the PMMA cohort. Total cost minimization per PMMA case was thus $6,356, which was robust in 2-way sensitivity analyses varying both implant costs and time costs by 30%. Conclusions: In the largest series of posterior-only corpectomies for MSD reconstructed with PMMA, PMMA intervertebral spacers provided equivalent stability and longevity to EC, at a fraction of the cost. PMMA showed excellent durability while minimizing costs by $6,356 per case, an important consideration as reimbursement pressures increasingly influence surgical decision making.
Remote asymmetric induction in an intramolecular ionic Diels-Alder reaction: application to the total synthesis of (+)-dihydrocompactin.

The total synthesis of (+)-dihydrocompactin via an intramolecular ionic Diels−Alder reaction that proceeds with remote stereocontrol is described. This reaction proceeds by an intermediate vinyl-oxocarbenium ion (6), the conformational constraints of which lead to the observed asymmetric induction. The sense of asymmetric induction appears contrasteric and is explained by the proposed reactive conformation shown in Figure 1.
Emotional adjustment among parents of adolescents and young adults with cancer: the influence of social constraints on cognitive processing and fear of recurrence.

Parents of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer experience distress comparable to other caregiver populations, but remain understudied. This study tested the social cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer. We hypothesized that social constraints on emotional disclosure would inhibit cognitive processing and be related to greater fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), potentially negatively influencing psychological adjustment. Data were collected through an online cross-sectional survey study of 66 parents of AYAs with cancer (aged 15–39) and analyzed using bootstrapping techniques for ordinary least squares regression. One-third of the parents reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Serial mediation analyses indicated that greater social constraints were related to poorer cognitive processing and higher FCR, and, ultimately, greater depressive symptoms. Alternative models were tested and were not significant. Future psychosocial interventions for parents of AYAs with cancer should include improving cancer-related communication between parents and their social network.
Employer Penalties for Failure to Provide Individual Employee Notification Under the Family and Medical Leave Act: “Clarifications” Following Ragsdale v. Wolverine Worldwide, Inc.

This article examines the Supreme Court's ruling in Ragsdale v. Wolverine Worldwide, Inc. (2002) and considers its implications for employer and employee rights and responsibilities relative to implementing the FMLA policies. We provide an overview of the pre-decision regulatory environment including the general leave provisions of the FMLA and DOL's regulations requiring employer notification of leave designated as FMLA leave. We also identify those provisions that the decision did not alter and provide a broader consideration of the issues and implication of this decision for employers and employees.
Neuregulin and ErbB expression is regulated by development and sensory experience in mouse visual cortex

Neuregulins (NRGs) are protein ligands that impact neural development and circuit function. NRGs signal through the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family. NRG1/ErbB4 signaling in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory interneurons is critical for visual cortical plasticity. There are multiple types of NRGs and ErbBs that can potentially contribute to visual cortical plasticity at different developmental stages. Thus, it is important to understand the normal developmental expression profiles of NRGs and ErbBs in specific neuron types in the visual cortex, and to study whether and how their expression changes in PV inhibitory neurons and excitatory neurons track with sensory perturbation. Cell type-specific translating ribosome affinity purification and qPCR was used to compare mRNA expression of nrg1,2,3,4 and erbB1,2,3,4 in PV and excitatory neurons in mouse visual cortex. We show that the expression of nrg1 and nrg3 decreases in PV neurons at the critical period peak, postnatal day 28 (P28) after monocular deprivation and dark rearing, and in the adult cortex (at P104) after 2-week long dark exposure. In contrast, nrg1 expression by excitatory neurons is unchanged at P28 and P104 following sensory deprivation, whereas nrg3 expression by excitatory neurons shows changes depending on the age and the mode of sensory deprivation. ErbB4 expression in PV neurons remains consistently high and does not appear to change in response to sensory deprivation. These data provide new important details of cell type-specific NRG/ErbB expression in the visual cortex and support that NRG1/ErbB4 signaling is implicated in both critical period and adult visual cortical plasticity.
Avances y Desafíos: Informe Sobre los Primeros Dos Años de la Misión de Apoyo Contra la Corrupción y la Impunidad en Honduras (MACCIH) [From Steady Progress to Severely Wounded: A Two-Year Report on the Performance of the OAS Mission in Support of the Fight Against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH)]

Spanish Abstract: Este informe analiza la experiencia de MACCIH en la reduccion de la impunidad en casos de corrupcion en sus primeros dos anos. Basandose en docenas de entrevistas con funcionarios de la OEA y MACCIH, funcionarios hondurenos, representantes de organizaciones hondurenas e internacionales de la sociedad civil, y diplomaticos de los EE. UU., la ONU y otros actores internacionales interesados, el informe considera la medida en que la MACCIH ha apoyado la lucha contra la corrupcion. Aunque examinamos hasta que grado MACCIH ha cumplido razonablemente su mandato durante sus dos anos iniciales, el informe evalua la contribucion del experimento MACCIH mas alla de su estricto mandato, examinando como su creacion y evolucion han contribuido a lucha contra la impunidad y la corrupcion en Honduras. Analizamos a MACCIH como un ejemplo de una herramienta particular de tomadores de decisiones a nivel nacional e internacional – un organismo internacional creado con la aprobacion del gobierno nacional para trabajar en estrecha colaboracion con las autoridades y la sociedad civil en el ambito del estado de derecho y contra la impunidad. English Abstract: This report analyzes the experience of MACCIH in reducing corruption and impunity in its first two years. Based on dozens of interviews with OAS and MACCIH officials; Honduran officials; representatives of Honduran and international civil society organizations; and diplomats of the United States, United Nations and other international stakeholders, the report considers the extent to which MACCIH has contributed to the fight against corruption. Although we examine degrees to which MACCIH has reasonably fulfilled its mandate during its initial two years, the report assesses the contribution of the MACCIH experiment beyond its strict mandate, examining how its creation and evolution have contributed to combating impunity and corruption in Honduras. We analyze MACCIH as an example of a particular type of tool of national and international decisionmakers – an international body created with national government consent to work in close collaboration with authorities and civil society in the realm of rule of law and anti-impunity.
Environmental tracer evidence for connection between shallow and bedrock aquifers and high intrinsic susceptibility to contamination of the conterminous U.S. glacial aquifer

Abstract Covering a large portion of the northern conterminous United States (1.87 × 106 km2), the glacial aquifer serves as the primary water supply for 30 million public and domestic water users. Mean groundwater age, groundwater age distribution, and susceptibility to land surface contamination, using a new metric (Susceptibility Index; SI) based on the full age distribution and less prone to bias than estimated mean age, is reported for 168 public and domestic wells across the aquifer. Comparison of groundwater age metrics between well networks of varying spatial scale suggest an extensive sample network of equally spaced, long screened interval wells can be used to characterize aquifer wide groundwater age. Estimated mean age ranges from 1 to 50,000 years and, according to the composite age distribution, approximately 63 percent of all sampled water recharged after 1950 (i.e., modern) and 18 percent of the sampled water was recharged greater than 10,000 years ago. The later finding strongly suggests a connection between the glacial aquifer and underlying bedrock aquifers. Statistical analysis of glacial aquifer hydrogeology and age metrics show groundwater ages are young (less than few 100 years) and more susceptible to land surface contamination (larger SI) in unconfined and shallow portions of the aquifer. Old groundwater (greater than 1,000 years) is more often associated with thicker sequences of fine grain sediments and/or shallow bedrock. Calculated SI is shown to be more strongly related to the number of land surface contaminants detected than mean age or fraction modern. Statistical analysis of SI and hydrogeology indicates SI is largely dictated by well depth and confinement. This study demonstrates how sample network design can be used to characterize groundwater age of large aquifers with a limited number of samples and how interpretation of environmental tracers can be used to improve conceptual models of groundwater aquifers and identify groundwater susceptible to contamination.