cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-dependent alterations in reward-seeking behavior after brief nicotine exposure

Adolescence is a developmental period that coincides with the onset of tobacco use. Teen smokers are also more likely to abuse other drugs compared to nonsmokers. Previous studies with rats have shown that low-dose nicotine pretreatment enhances initial acquisition of cocaine self-administration when given during early adolescence, but not at later ages. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these nicotine pretreatment effects extend to extinction and reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior. Adolescent [postnatal day (P)28] and adult rats (P86) were pretreated for 4 days with nicotine (60 μg/kg, i.v.) or saline. Following pretreatment, rats were allowed to nose poke for cocaine (500 μg/kg/infusion) or sucrose pellets for at least 12 days or until meeting acquisition criterion. Responding was then extinguished for at least 7 days or until extinction criterion was met. The following day, the rats were reinstated with either a priming injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or sucrose pellets. Nicotine markedly enhanced extinction of cocaine self-administration in adolescent rats, but not adults. Pretreatment also enhanced the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in adolescents, while reducing discrimination for the reinforced hole in adults. There were no pretreatment or age effects on cocaine-induced reinstatement. In contrast, nicotine induced only minor enhancement of sucrose-taking behavior in adolescents, with no significant impact on extinction or reinstatement at either age. Nicotine pretreatment affects reward-related behavior in both an age- and reward-dependent manner. These findings show that brief nicotine exposure during early adolescence enhances drug-related learning.
Job Satisfaction of Hospitality Faculty in the United States: A Current Assessment

This study reports on a survey of faculty at 2-year and 4-year American hospitality programs. The survey was taken in the context of the unfavorable economic conditions that exist today in the United States, which are limiting the budgets of many hospitality programs. Job satisfaction levels of hospitality educators were assessed using a validated survey instrument. Analysis of data received from more than 120 respondents showed 9 job-related factors for hospitality educators, including both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The results suggest that faculty are less satisfied today than indicated in earlier studies for virtually all aspects of their jobs.
Ring Closure Mediated by Intramolecular Hydrogen Transfer in the Decomposition of a Push−Pull Nitroaromatic: TATB

Using gradient-corrected density functional theory, we have investigated various competing mechanisms involved in the early stages of the decomposition of a “push−pull” (containing both electron-donating and -withdrawing groups) aromatic (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobeznene, TATB), and particularly how hydrogen transfer affects the competition between ring closure and single bond scission. On the basis of the obtained energetics, we found several previously suggested mechanisms to be energetically disfavored. These mechanisms include direct N−H, N−O, C−NH2 bond dissociation, carbon ring cleavage, and the production of NO2-1 anion. Our results indicate that the rate-limiting step is ring closure mediated by intramolecular hydrogen transfer. This mechanism is predicted to have a barrier height of 47.5 kcal/mol. The hydrogen motion forms a biradical state which we suggest is the precursor to further decomposition products, such as benzofurazans.
Normalized Interval Vertex Descriptors and Application to the Global Shape Recognition Problem

The general global 2-D shape recognition problem of objects in digital scenes is discussed. A new technique -- Normalized Interval Vertex Descriptors (NI/VD) -- for representing contours is introduced to the field of object recognition. This technique, which is derived from the physical characteristic of the silhouette of the object (corners and sides), is proven to be effective in recognizing objects that can be more or less represented or approximated by polygons. Typical examples of these classes are man-made objects like planes, missiles, mechanical parts, etc. Normalized Interval Vertex Descriptors provide an accurate representation for objects which is robust to three main sources of classification errors, namely: scale change, translation and rotation. Because of this robustness and other advantages of this implementation, its use proves to be very effective for recognizing objects in arbitrary positions within the field of view (FOV) and for objects at varying distances from the sensor or for various sensor zoom factors. Compactness of the representation, on the other hand, allows the implementation of faster object recognition systems.
The pattern of growth in the early lifecycle of individual Sepia pharaonis

The pattern of growth in the early lifecycle of the pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, was investigated by rearing hatchlings at 26°C in two separate trials. In each trial, the mean weight and mantle length (ML) was recorded in 5-day intervals. In addition, in each trial the growth of 20 group-reared cuttlefish was measured as a control to compare against the individual data. After 60 days of growth, the mean size for individuals in trial 1 was 2.75 g (maximum size 3.32 g) and in trial 2 was 12.76 g (maximum size 14.99 g) at 90 days. Each individual went through distinct growth phases during the first 90 days after hatching. The first growth phase matched exponential curves with an R-value of 0.98 or better, and the second growth phase corresponded with linear and power growth curves at an R-value of 0.98 or better. In trial 1, the mean growth rate for individuals during the first phase was 5.91% BW day–1 and the control group growth rate was 6.36% BW day–1. In trial 2, the mean growth rate for individuals during the first phase was 6.06% BW day–1 and the control group growth rate was 6.70% BW day–1.
Remnant-like particle cholesterol levels in patients with dysbetalipoproteinemia or coronary artery disease

Abstract Purpose: Several studies have provided support for a pro-atherogenic role for remnant lipoproteins. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol levels in patients with coronary artery disease who were normolipidemic with those in controls of similar age and gender. We also assessed the usefulness of measuring RLP-cholesterol levels in patients with type III dyslipidemia. Subjects and methods: Remnant-like particle cholesterol levels were measured in 63 normolipidemic men with coronary artery disease and 23 male controls of similar age as well as in 15 patients with type III dyslipidemia and 103 controls, using an immunoaffinity method. Results: Remnant-like particle cholesterol levels were significantly increased in men with coronary artery disease compared with controls (7.6 ± 3.8 mg/dL versus 5.7 ± 1.9 mg/dL, P P Conclusion: Normolipidemic men with coronary artery disease have increased levels of RLP-cholesterol that is not detected with conventional lipid screening. The RLP-cholesterol assay is a simple method for detecting high concentrations of remnant lipoproteins in patients with type III dyslipidemia.
Suicide Ideation and Attempts Among Adolescents Engaged in Risk Behaviors: A Latent Class Analysis

This study addressed gaps in the literature regarding how different profiles of adolescent risk behavior relate to suicide. Data came from the 2010 Minnesota Student Survey of 9th and 12th grade students. Latent class analysis derived a set of four classes reflecting unique patterns of eight behaviors: maladaptive dieting, prescription drug misuse, illegal drug use, marijuana use, problem drinking, risky sexual behavior, perpetration of interpersonal violence, and self-injury. A class demonstrating high engagement in all risk behaviors, and a class highest on self-injury and maladaptive dieting but low on several other risk behaviors, showed high risk for suicide. Practitioners should carefully monitor adolescents engaging in multiple risk behaviors for suicide, especially if self-injury and maladaptive dieting are present.
Multiple stable recurrent outbreaks and predictability in seasonally forced nonlinear epidemic models

A seasonally forced nonlinear SEIR epidemic model is used to simulate small and large amplitude periodic outbreaks. The model is shown to exhibit bistable behavior for a fixed set of parameters. Basins of attraction for each recurrent outbreak are computed, and it is shown that the basins of two coexisting stable outbreaks are intertwined in a complicated manner. The effect of such a basin structure is shown to result in an obstruction in predicting asymptotically the type of outbreak given an uncertainty in the initial population of susceptibles and infectives.
A Preliminary Comparison of Guided Compliance and High-Probability Instructional Sequences as Treatment for Noncompliance in Children with Developmental Disabilities.

The efficacy of guided compliance and high-probability instructional sequences was compared with two children referred to an outpatient clinic for treatment of noncompliance. Parents were taught to implement the procedures in their homes, and parent-training outcomes for the two interventions were compared in terms of treatment effectiveness, procedural integrity, and parent satisfaction. Levels of compliance were higher under guided compliance than under high-probability instructional sequences. Nevertheless, parents rapidly learned to implement both treatments with a high degree of accuracy and reported equal satisfaction with the procedures.
Annual summary of vital statistics--1986.

This is an annual review of trends in vital statistics in the United States based on official data from the NCHS Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Global trends are also reviewed using published U.N. data including the Demographic Yearbook and the Population and Vital Statistics Report. (ANNOTATION)
BUSINESS STRATEGY, MANUFACTURING FLEXIBILITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS: A PATH ANALYSIS APPROACH

It has been argued in the literature that business strategy and manufacturing flexibility independently affect the performance of an organization. However, no empirical examination of the interrelationship among these three constructs has been performed. In this paper, based on a field study of 269 firms in the manufacturing industry, the identified constructs have been used to test a theoretical model using path analysis techniques. Our results indicate that business strategy contributes both directly and indirectly to organizational performance. The findings provide evidence of direct effects of (i) business strategy on manufacturing flexibility and (ii) manufacturing flexibility on organizational performance.
Sports Counseling: A New Counseling Specialty Area

This article provides background information about sports counseling for student-athletes. A proposal for a Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs specialty training area for sports counseling is presented.
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997: its impact on U.S. teaching hospitals.

The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 had a profound impact on the financing and organization of many health care services. The Act disproportionately affected U.S. teaching hospitals, leading to substantial budget reductions in many institutions and the threat of cuts in major programs and services that teaching hospitals provide to communities. This paper examines the overall financial and organizational impact of the Balanced Budget Act on teaching hospitals and considers its effect on residency education. It also discusses to what degree the Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 will mitigate these effects and posits other solutions to the serious financial issues facing teaching hospitals in the United States.
Ellipsis: computation of

A computational account of ellipsis should specify not only how the meaning of an elliptical sentence is computed in context but also a description of what is being computed. Many proposals can be divided into two groups, as per whether they compute the meaning of an elliptical sentence based on the semantic or the syntactic parts of its context. A unifying theme of these proposals is that they are all based on the idea that the meaning of an elliptical sentence is determinable based on a structured representation which is transformationally related to its surface syntactic structure. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:411-418. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1168 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Measuring satisfaction with nursing care among hospitalized patients: refinement of a Spanish version.

This study was designed to improve the psychometrics of English and Spanish measures of hospitalized patients' satisfaction with nursing care. One hundred Spanish-speaking participants in the northeastern and southwestern United States completed a new 20-item Spanish version; 64 of the same participants also completed the English version. Correlations between item pairs (p < .001, r = .56–.96) and total scores of both versions (r = .92, p < .01), and similar factor structures support equivalence of the two versions. Evidence for construct validity is also presented. Results surpass standards for new instruments and support the utility of this much needed, bilingual measure of inpatient satisfaction with nursing care. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:31–37, 2009
Dosimetric considerations for catheter-based beta and gamma emitters in the therapy of neointimal hyperplasia in human coronary arteries

Abstract Purpose : Recent data indicate that intraluminal irradiation of coronary arteries following balloon angioplastry reduces proliferation of smooth muscle cells, neointima formation, and restenosis. We present calculations for various isotopes and geometries in an attempt to identify suitable source designs for such treatments. Methods and Materials : Analytical calculations of dose distribution and dose rates are presented for 192Ir, 125I, 103Pd, 32P, and 90Sr for use in intracoronary irradiation. The effects of source geometry and positioning accuracy are studied. Result : Accurate source centering, high dose rate, well-defined treatment volume, and radiation safety are all of concern; 15–20 Gy are required to a length of 2–3 cm of vessel wall (2–4 mm diameter). Dose must be confined to the region of the angioplasty, with reduced doses to normal tissues. Beta emitters have radiation safety advantages, but may not have suitable ranges for treating large diameter vessels. Gamma emitters deliver larger doses to normal tissues and to staff. Low energy x-ray emitters such as 125I and 103Pd reduce these risks but are not available at high enough activities. The feasibility of injecting a radioactive liquid directly into the angioplasty balloon is also explored. Conclusion : Accurate source centering is found to be of great importance. If this can be accomplished, then high energy beta emitters such as 90Sr would be ideal sources. Otherwise, gamma emitters such as 192Ir may be optimal, A liquid beta source would have optimal geometry and dose distribution, but available sources, such as 32P are unsafe for use with available balloon catheters.
Bond-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions: Photoisomerization of Norbornadiene to Quadricyclane

In this paper, we report on the bond coupled electron transfer (BCET) isomerization reaction of norbornadiene (NB) to quadricyclane (Q). We have used several triplet sensitizers to examine electron...
Polymer assisted deposition

Polymer assisted deposition (PAD) is a chemical solution route to high quality thin films of metal oxides. This technique employs metal ions coordinated to polymers as the film precursor. The use of polymer bound metals has several advantages. The polymer controls the viscosity and binds metal ions, resulting in a homogeneous distribution of metal precursors in the solution and the formation of uniform metal oxide films. The nature of the metal oxide deposition is dominated by bottom-up growth, leading to ready formation of crack-free epitaxial metal oxides and the ability to coat nanofeatured substrates in a conformal fashion.
BRIEF AIKIDO TRAINING VERSUS KARATE AND GOLF TRAINING AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' SCORES ON SELF-ESTEEM, ANXIETY, AND EXPRESSION OF ANGER

The purpose of this research was to investigate if aikido training for 10 weeks for 69 beginning students is effective in improving selected aspects of personality. The hypothesis was that subjects' scores would significantly increase on self-esteem but decrease on anxiety and anger expression. Change in means from pre- to posttest did not support the hypothesis.
Growth studies of the dentition: A review

0 cclusion of the teeth (that is, tooth alignment and intercuspation) relates to a diversity of functional activities, the longevity of the dentition, and facial esthetics. Orthodontists have the specific responsibility of safeguarding the occlusion of the teeth early in man’s life cycle; in fact, their therapy is conducted generally before dental maturation has been achieved, and the success of orthodont.ic treatment depends in part on growth changes of the dentition and face. Some phases of treatment and, in exceptional instances, the entire t,rcatment, particularly of tooth alignment, may even be attained solely by guidance of the ontogenetic growth process, For these reasons, orthodontic research has focused to a large extent on dental development and facial growt.h, but t,hc understanding of t,hese processes is still fragmentary. Therefore, principles of guiding dental development (or interceptive orthodontics, as it is called) cannot be fully established until sufficient basic information is available. Yet, ironically, interceptive orthodontics has been included among the passible contributions that general practitioners can make to child ca,rc, while the growth diagnosis required for its rational planning often baffles the experienced specialist. Nonetheless, a voluminous body of favorable clinical accomplishments exists to encourage further exploration of mixed-dentition treatment. To gain a perspective of dental development as a prerequisite for orthodontic diagnosis in the mixed dentition, growth research at. the Forsyth Dental Center has been concerned with topographic aspects, namely, attempts to (lefinc, the
Dual Contouring for domains with topology ambiguity

This paper describes an automatic and robust approach to generate quality triangular meshes for complicated domains with topology ambiguity. In previous works, we developed an octree-based Dual Contouring (DC) method to construct triangular meshes for complicated domains. However, topology ambiguity exists and causes non-conformal meshes. In this study, we discuss all possible topology configurations and develop an extension of DC which guarantees the correct topology. We first generate one base mesh with the previous DC method. Then we analyze all the octree leaf cells and categorize them into 31 topology groups. In order to discriminate these cells, we compute the values of their face and body saddle points based on a tri-linear representation inside the cells. Knowing the correct categorization, we are able to modify the base mesh and introduce more minimizer points within the same cell. With these minimizer points we update the mesh connectivities to preserve the correct topology. Finally we use a Laplacian smoothing technique to improve the mesh quality. Our main contribution is the topology categorization and mesh modification. We have applied our algorithm to three complicated domains and obtained good results.
The abundance, distribution, and configuration of porewater organic colloids in recent sediments

Abstract The characterization and quantitation of aquatic organic colloids isolated from sedimentary porefluids was performed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with UV detection and ultrafiltration (UF) with total organic carbon analysis and UV detection. Separation of the samples and several well-characterized humic substances by SEC was found to be highly dependent upon the ionic strength of both the mobile phase and sample matrix. The elution of samples containing indifferent electrolyte concentrations by low ionic strength mobile phases yielded multipeak chromatograms and may be subject to misinterpretation as true molecular weight distributions. A dynamic coiling/uncoiling mechanism is offered as an explanation for the observed phenomenon. For well-characterized humic substances eluted with high ionic strength mobile phases, number- and weight-average molecular weights as well as the polydispersivities were calculated and were found to be in good agreement with other recently published values. Molecular weight distributions for Suwanee fulvate determined by both sizing techniques appeared to be in reasonable agreement. Ultrafiltration was used to separate organic colloids from low molecular weight components in sedimentary porewaters. Vertical profiles in the cores showed depletion of colloids near the sediment/water interface and accumulation of macromolecules with depth. Porewater colloids collected using glass fritted samplers appeared to confirm this trend, although lower values were recovered than when extracted by centrifugation methods.
Improving water solubility of poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) copolymers by adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer

Acrylic acid is often used to make water-soluble polymers while styrene is often modified to add special functions to polymers. However, when styrene and acrylic acid are copolymerized, the resulting polymer is much less water soluble. To regain water solubility, the effect of styrene sulfonic acid on solubility of poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) copolymers was investigated. Even though acrylic acid polymers are known for their water solubility, the presence of styrene units within acrylic acid copolymers reduces the solubility of the copolymer substantially at the natural pH of the solutions. By adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer, polymers that are water soluble at the natural pH of the polymerization could be obtained. The solubility of the polymer after removal of the solvent and by redissolving at different concentrations and pH levels is also reported. Solubility increases at higher pH especially with low styrene concentration in the copolymer. It was found that incorporation of as little as 5 mol % of styrene into poly(acrylic acid) reduced the aqueous solubility to less than 0.5 g dL−1 at pH 7. Upon adding 7 mol % styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer, the water solubility increased to 5 g dL−1 at pH 7. At higher levels of styrene, more styrene sulfonic acid was needed, especially at low pH. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The iso-VAPOL ligand: synthesis, solid-state structure and its evaluation as a BOROX catalyst

The new vaulted biaryl ligand iso-VAPOL is an isomer of VAPOL but has the chiral pocket of VANOL. The synthesis of iso-VAPOL involves a cycloaddition/electrocyclization cascade (CAEC) similar to one that is used for VAPOL except that the starting material for iso-VAPOL is less than one-tenth the cost. The solid-state structure of iso-VAPOL was determined as well as that of VANOL since it had not been previously reported. The structures of iso-VAPOL and VANOL are compared to the known solid-state structure of VAPOL and it is found that all three ligands have the cisoid conformations in the solid-state; the dihedral angle between the two aryl groups is less than 90°. In addition, all three ligands pack in the solid-state with no inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. This is the opposite to what has been reported for BINOL where all known structures exist with transoid conformations where the dihedral angle is >90° and where the BINOL units pack with hydrogen bonds between neighboring BINOL units. Spectroscopic evidence including 1H and 11B NMR spectra are presented which indicate that the iso-VAPOL ligand will form BOROX catalysts with B(OPh)3 in much the same way as VAPOL catalysts which have previously reported and characterized both by spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Support for the BOROX catalysts can also be taken from the fact that iso-VAPOL BOROX catalysts give essentially the same asymmetric inductions as the VAPOL BOROX catalyst over a range of substrates.
Instantiation as Partial Identity: Replies to Critics

One of the advantages of my account in the essay “Instantiation as Partial Identity” was capturing the contingency of instantiation—something David Armstrong gave up in his experiment with a similar view. What made the contingency possible for me was my own non-standard account of identity, complete with the apparatus of counts and aspects. The need remains to lift some obscurity from the account in order to display its virtues to greater advantage. To that end, I propose to respond to those who have grappled with it in print. There are various criticisms by commentators: that it is rendered absurd by the transitivity of identity, that it makes instantiation necessary instead of contingent, that it is unclear what counts are, that aspects are simply tropes, that my view does not capture multiple location, that I make an unclear reference to a theory of composition as identity, that the account suffers from problems with polyadicity, and that it is not a realist account of universals after all. I give responses to these objections.
Steady potential of cerebellar cortex. Results of direct, olivo- and ponto-cerebellar activation

Abstract Evoked responses were recorded from cerebellar cortex in 68 cats. Surface records were compared with those from graded depths of penetration. Potentials were either evoked directly by surface stimulation or by stimuli applied to the inferior olive or pericruciate cortex for activation of the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar path. Single stimuli and 1 sec trains at 6/sec and 20/sec were used. As evoked by a single shock, the early component of each record shows a somewhat different configuration but is usually diphasic in character. With vertical penetration of cortex this early diphasic potential inverts at 0.3–0.4 mm, corresponding to the position of Purkinje cell somata. All such records also show a slow negativity which follows upon the early diphasic complex. Upon repetitive stimulation the slow components summate to produce a prolonged negative shift which significantly outlasts the stimulus period. Such shifts also reverse to positive upon penetration of the electrode below the level of the Purkinje somata. The evidence suggests that the shift is principally a summation of the slow negativities which are attributed to EPSPs arising along the Purkinje dendritic arborization. Differences were noted between the olivocerebellar responses of vermis and paramedian lobule, the latter being closely akin in form and dispersion to that which is seen in the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar activation. Convulsive activity was elicited from stimulation of the two afferent sources, but not from stimulation at the cerebellar surface. These discharges were relatively prolonged (about 10 min), showed a significant post-ictal depression, and were notable for the magnitude of the negative SP shift which accompanies the train of convulsive discharge.
Route Development and Bulk Synthesis of CP-865,569

The synthesis of zwitterionic CP-865,569 by three different synthetic routes is described. The first two routes differ in the method of introducing the sulfonic acid at the penultimate step: by sulfite displacement of a benzylic chloride and by oxidation of a benzylic thioacetate. The third route is a convergent route to the drug candidate. The synthesis strategy was primarily driven by the need to introduce the sulfonic acid functionality at the final stage of the synthesis due to the high water solubility and low organic solubility of the desired product.
Tissue Engineering of a Bioartificial Pancreas: Modeling the Cell Environment and Device Function

Cell-based implantable artificial tissues are most promising for the long-term treatment of endocrine diseases, such as diabetes. One type of a bioartificial pancreas device consists of calcium alginate microbeads containing insulin-secreting cells and is surrounded by a poly(L-lysine) (PLL) membrane. The membrane is semipermeable, allowing cellular nutrients and metabolites to diffuse through but excluding the antibodies and cytotoxic cells of the host, thus immunoprotecting the cells. The device can be modeled by writing the equations for diffusion of nutrients and metabolites through the polymer and for consumption of the former and production of the latter by the cells. In this paper, we describe the construction and analysis of such a model for alginate/PLL microbeads with insulin-secreting recombinant mouse pituitary AtT-20 and mouse insulinoma beta TC3 cells. Entrapped AtT-20 cells are a simplified model system, whereas microbeads with beta TC3 cells constitute a realistic artificial pancreatic device. Effective diffusivities of key compounds through the polymer with entrapped, inactivated AtT-20 spheroids were measured first. The kinetics of glucose and oxygen consumption and insulin secretion were modeled next, and the equations for diffusion and reaction were then combined to describe the entire system. The model was used to compute nutrient and metabolite concentration profiles in beads and the bead secretory response for different bead sizes and cell loadings. The size and loading necessary for the cells to be well nourished and for the beads to be rapidly responsive to step-ups and step-downs of secretion stimuli were evaluated. It was shown that if the cells are hypersensitive to glucose, i.e., they do not shut off secretion at the physiological glucose threshold but at a lower one, so are the microbeads. This work demonstrates the usefulness of mechanistic models with representative parameter values in optimizing the design of artificial tissues and in characterizing aspects of their behavior that are of importance for restoring in vivo function.
Engine with noise reducing exhaust valve arrangement

An arrangement for reduction of exhaust noise in an internal combustion engine comprising in a preferred embodiment a two-cycle diesel engine having two or more exhaust valves per cylinder and separate cam lobes for actuating two groups of one or more valves. The lobes are arranged to stagger the openings of the two valves or groups of valves and to close all valves in a cylinder at the same time. The gas flow area past the earliest opening valve during the period before the second valve opens is controlled to restrict exhaust gas flow, thus limiting the exhaust blowdown pulse and exhaust noise from that source. Preferably, the initial flow restriction is provided by seating the early opening valve heads in countersunk seats with a predetermined radial clearance around the head which acts to restrict the flow in the initial opening period.
Unique satisfiability of Horn sets can be solved in nearly linear time

Abstract If a Horn set I has a single satisfying truth assignment or model then that model is said to be unique for I . The question of determining whether a unique model exists for a given Horn set I is shown to be solved in O (α(L)∗L) time, where L is the sum of the lengths of the clauses in I and α is the inverse Ackermann function. It is also shown that if L⩾A∗ log (A) where A is the number of distinct proposition letters then unique satisfiability can be determined in O( L ) time.
Learning of inverted and normally oriented faces in children and adults

In a series of experiments, adult Ss learned paired associates composed of normally oriented faces and common proper names significantly faster than inverted faces and the same names. It was hypothesized that this difficulty with inverted faces was a function of the large number of exposures to normally oriented faces. To test this hypothesis young children (who, it was assumed, would have had far less experience with faces) and adults were asked to learn face-letter associations. Approximately half of each age group were shown upright face-letter associates; the remaining Ss were shown inverted face-letter associates. It was predicted that the difference in learning between the upright and inverted children’s groups would be significantly smaller than the difference between the upright and inverted adult groups. This prediction was confirmed.
Epitaxial growth behavior of Ge on Si {111} surfaces

The morphology of Ge films evaporated on Si {111} surfaces has been investigated by electron diffraction and scanning microscopy. Depending on the cleanness of the substrates, bulk epitaxial Ge or reconstructed Ge growth pyramids with {111} tops and {113} facets were observed respectively. For clean conditions bulk Ge growth occurs at an epitaxial temperature of 590 °C. Formation of reconstructed crystals and an increase of the epitaxial temperature to 870 °C is observed under identical experimental conditions during the presence of contaminations. Carbon impurities on the Si substrate resulting evidently from the evaporation source, are believed to be the cause for this latter growth behavior. Die Morphologie von auf Si {111}-Oberflachen aufgedampften Ge-Filmen wurde mit Elektronenbeugung und Scanning-Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. In Abhangigkeit von der Sauberkeit der Substratoberflache wurden Ge-Filme mit normalem Ge-Gitter oder rekonstruierte Ge-Pyramiden mit {111}-Oberflachen und {113}-Seiten beobachtet. Unter sauberen Bedingungen konnten einkristalline Ge-Schichten mit ublichem Ge-Gitter bei Unterlagentemperaturen bis herab zu 590 °C hergestellt werden. Bildung von rekonstruierten Ge-Kristallen und gleichzeitiger Anstieg der Epitaxietemperatur auf 870 °C unter identischen Aufdampfbedingungen wurde in Gegenwart von Oberflachenverunreinigungen beobachtet. C-Ansammlung auf den Si-Oberflachen, hervorgerufen durch die Verdampfungsquelle, kann fur diese Anderungen des Wachstumsverhaltens verantwortlich gemacht werden.
A semantic interpreter for a transportable command language interface

Three theories of representation for semantic knowledge have influenced the design of the semantic interpreter. They are semantic nets, conceptual dependency, and conceptual graphs. A brief overview of each formalism and a discussion of their combined influence on the semantic interpreter are presented. The implementation of a semantic interpreter for a transportable command language interface that accepts natural language input is described. The interpreter is based on the theory that sentences expressing the same concept should have the same representation, that is, conceptual dependency. >
The Role of Hyperthermia in Regional Alkylating Agent Chemotherapy

The role of hyperthermia during regional alkylating agent chemotherapy is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the exact contribution of hyperthermia to tumor response during isolated limb infusion with l-phenylalanine mustard. Rats bearing rodent fibrosarcoma on the hindlimb underwent isolated limb infusion with saline, saline plus heat, l-phenylalanine mustard, l-phenylalanine mustard under conditions of normothermia, or l-phenylalanine mustard plus hyperthermia. Heat was administered locally using an in-line hot water circulation loop. Treatment with l-phenylalanine mustard at a concentration of 15 or 50 micrograms/mL was ineffective at producing tumor growth delay (P = 0.24 and 0.41, respectively). Furthermore, thermal enhancement of l-phenylalanine mustard activity was not seen at 15 micrograms/mL. However, administration of high-dose l-phenylalanine mustard, 50 micrograms/mL, with increasing amounts of heat yielded increasing tumor growth delay, increased regressions, and decreased proliferative index. Although l-phenylalanine mustard infusion under normothermia yielded a tumor growth delay of 7.1 days, combination l-phenylalanine mustard + hyperthermia treatment produced tumor growth delay of 27.0 days (P < 0.01; with two of five animals showing a complete response). Four hours after isolated limb infusion, 50.9% of cells in tumor treated with l-phenylalanine mustard + hyperthermia experienced apoptosis, whereas only 18.1, 16, and 4.4% of cells underwent apoptosis after treatment with l-phenylalanine mustard, saline + hyperthermia, or saline. The mean concentration of l-phenylalanine mustard within tumor relative to perfusate following isolated limb infusion was found to be similar among all groups at 0.023, 0.025, and 0.032 in animals undergoing isolated limb infusion with l-phenylalanine mustard, l-phenylalanine mustard + normothermia, and l-phenylalanine mustard + hyperthermia, respectively. These data indicate a synergistic cytotoxic effect of l-phenylalanine mustard + hyperthermia in isolated limb infusion, which is not attributable to enhanced tumor drug uptake.
Multiple assessments of introduced seaweeds in the Northwest Atlantic

Mathieson, A. C., Pederson, J. R., Neefus, C. D., Dawes, C. J., and Bray, T. L. 2008. Multiple assessments of introduced seaweeds in the Northwest Atlantic. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 730-741.Historical and recent floristic studies, rapid assessment surveys, and molecular investigations were used to evaluate the occurrence of 20 seaweeds introduced to the Northwest Atlantic, including 2 green, 4 brown, and 14 red algae. Based on floristic comparisons of Mount Desert Island and Casco Bay, ME, from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, some initial records of seaweed introductions were documented, as well as increased numbers of non-indigenous taxa. Detailed floristic studies in southern ME and NH from the mid-1960s to 2007 have revealed expansive patterns for two Asiatic taxa (Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides and Neosiphonia harveyi). Rapid assessment surveys conducted between the Bay of Fundy and Long Island, NY, during four summers (2002, 2004, 2005, and 2007) revealed seven introduced species and a recent expansion of the Asiatic red alga Grateloupia turuturu into the Gulf of Maine. Molecular evaluations confirmed the presence of several cryptic introduced species of Porphyra from Asia. A synopsis of the dates of introduction, probable vectors, and sources of these 20 introduced taxa in the Northwest Atlantic is given, as well as comparisons of numbers of non-indigenous taxa from other geographies.
The Mother Too Hath Her Title' - John Locke on Motherhood and Equality

John Locke's argument about the rights of mothers in the First Treatise (1689) is a powerful piece of political argument, prefiguring a comprehensive egalitarianism in his social thought, both between men and women and among humans generally. In the first of his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argues that the rights of mothers should be taken as seriously as the rights of fathers. He does this partly as an argument against patriarchal monarchy. But it is like a Trojan Horse in his social theory, because it establishes the basis of a more comprehensive egalitarianism. The lecture will explore various aspects of Locke's argument about motherhood: his views on gestation, the ensoulment of the fetus, the punishment of Eve, the nature of queenship, the importance of the Fifth Commandment, the possibility of divorce, the nurture of children, and the ownership of property. It will argue that there is little basis in Locke's writings for the interpretation put forward by Carol Pateman in her book, The Sexual Contract. Though there are residues of sexism in Locke, his contemporaries would have been much more struck by his vigorous assertion of the equal rights of women (and men) and mothers (and fathers).
Lung CT: Part 2, The Interstitial Pneumonias???Clinical, Histologic, and CT Manifestations

OBJECTIVE. The interstitial pneumonias are a group of heterogeneous nonneoplastic lung diseases that may be idiopathic or associated with an underlying abnormality. Although they share some features in common, they also exhibit diverse pulmonary manifestations. Imaging plays an essential role in characterizing this group of disorders and can often suggest the diagnosis, though the final interpretation requires a coordinated effort involving the radiologist, pathologist, and clinician. The purpose of this article is to review the imaging features of the interstitial pneumonias according to their histologic patterns and to provide a brief overview of their clinical presentations. CONCLUSION. This article reviews the interstitial pneumonias according to their histologic subtypes, including both idiopathic and secondary forms. On completion, the reader should have an improved understanding of the classification of the interstitial pneumonias, associated causes, characteristic imaging features, histologic desc...
Schizophrenia and HIV

There is very little published information regarding the co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-spectrum illness and psychotic illnesses, including schizophrenia, even though their coexistence in the same patient may severely affect the course of both illnesses. Estimates of the frequency of HIV infection in patients with preexisting mental illness range between 5 and 7 percent. Estimates of new-onset psychosis in patients with HIV-spectrum illness range between 0.2 and 15 percent and may increase as the stage of HIV illness progresses. Regardless of which illness came first, their occurrence together appears to be associated with more morbidity and mortality than would be expected with either illness alone. Patients with new-onset psychosis respond to and tolerate relatively low doses of antipsychotic medication. Whether the presence of HIV decreases the effective daily dose of neuroleptic medication in patients with preexisting psychosis is not yet known. A clearly superior neuroleptic medication for patients with both psychosis and HIV infection has not yet been identified. Further systematic exploration is needed.
Model for flux trapping and shielding by tubular superconducting samples in transverse fields

Experiments have been carried out on the flux trapping and shielding capabilities of tubular superconductors in transverse dipole and quadrupole fields. Field profile measurements are reported for tubes of vapor-deposited Nb 3 Sn and samples assembled from spirally wound strips of Nb-Ti/Cu sheet composite. The flux trapping and shielding process is modeled by assuming that critical state currents flow in saddle-shaped paths in the sample walls. Good correspondence between the experimental and model-generated field profiles is achieved. The model can be used in the design or analysis of flux trapping and shielding devices, or to obtain estimates of the average critical current density from measurements of the trapping or shielding ability of tubular samples.
Joule-Thomson coefficients of argon-carbon dioxide mixtures

Adiabatic Joule-Thomson coefficients are presented for argon and two argon-carbon dioxide mixtures (46.4% CO2 and 75.4% CO2) in the single-phase part of the range: −120 < T <110°C, P < 190 atm. Results are analyzed in terms of the virial equation (including terms to account for the quadrupole moment of CO2), several forms of the Redlich-Kwong equation, and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation. In general, the best results were obtained by the Redlich-Kwong equation as modified by Barner et al. (1966).
Intrapulmonary small-sized bubble formation is governed by solute-liquid density and airspace geometry

Small bubbles are formed normally at birth from secreted surfactants and from surfactants within fetal pulmonary liquid. Theoretically, the process can be effectuated both during inspiration and expiration, but the mechanism should predictably vary with respiratory phase: during inspiration the bubbles may form by gas dispersion in liquid where the terminal bronchioles serve as regulators or 'spargers'; during expiration the formation may proceed by film scission as length:diameter ratio increases. Direct stereomicroscopic observation and high-speed cinemicrography provide direct supporting evidence. Because immature lungs cannot form small-sized bubbles and because bubble formation persists in normal lungs in direct relation to the density of surfactants and liquid, the question is of fundamental importance to normal pulmonary function, alveolar stability, and therapeutic measures in which exogenous surfactants are administered intratracheally to the infant. >
Active structures of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and their relationships to earthquake distribution, contemporary strain field, and Cenozoic volcanism

We have compiled the distribution of active faults and folds in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and its immediate surrounding regions into a web-based digital map. The main product of this study is a compilation of active structures that came from those documented in the literature and from our own interpretations based on satellite images and digital topographic data. Our digital tectonic map allows a comparison between the distribution and kinematics of active faults with the distribution and focal mechanisms of earthquakes. The active tectonic map is also compared with the contemporary velocity field, obtained by global positioning system studies, that allows a better assessment of partitioning of decadal strain-rate fields across individual active structures that may have taken tens of thousands of years to a million years to develop. The active tectonic map provides a basis to evaluate whether the syncollisional late Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet was spatially related to the distribution and development of the active faults in the same area. These comparisons lead to the following findings: (1) Tibetan earthquakes >M5 correlate well with mappable surface faults; (2) the short-term strain-rate field correlates well with the known kinematics of the active faults and their geologic slip rates; and (3) Tibetan Neogene–Quaternary volcanism is controlled by major strike-slip faults along the plateau margins but has no clear relationship with active faults in the plateau interior. Although not explored in this study, our digital tectonic map and the distribution of Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet can also be used to correlate surface geology with geophysical properties such as seismic velocity variations and shear wave-splitting data across the Himalaya and Tibet.
Directional Differences in the Biaxial Material Properties of Fascia Lata and the Implications for Fascia Function

Fascia is a highly organized collagenous tissue that is ubiquitous in the body, but whose function is not well understood. Because fascia has a sheet-like structure attaching to muscles and bones at multiple sites, it is exposed to different states of multi- or biaxial strain. In order to measure how biaxial strain affects fascia material behavior, planar biaxial tests with strain control were performed on longitudinal and transversely oriented samples of goat fascia lata (FL). Cruciform samples were cycled to multiple strain levels while the perpendicular direction was held at a constant strain. Structural differences among FL layers were examined using histology and SEM. Results show that FL stiffness, hysteresis, and strain energy density are greater in the longitudinal vs. transverse direction. Increased stiffness in the longitudinal layer is likely due to its greater thickness and greater average fibril diameter compared to the transverse layer(s). Perpendicular strain did not affect FL material behavior. Differential loading in the longitudinal vs. transverse directions may lead to structural changes, enhancing the ability of the longitudinal FL to transmit force, store energy, or stabilize the limb during locomotion. The relative compliance of the transverse fibers may allow expansion of underlying muscles when they contract.