cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 How Endothelial Cells Regulate Transendothelial Migration of Leukocytes: Molecules and Mechanisms

Publisher Summary A great deal of progress has been made recently in understanding the molecules and mechanisms that regulate transendothelial migration (TEM) of leukocytes, or diapedesis, a critical step in the inflammatory response. This chapter focuses on the active role of the endothelial cell in this process as it occurs at endothelial cell borders. It discusses some of the many molecules that have been reported to play a role in transendothelial migration and the reasons for many molecules being involved in the process. Diapedesis itself can be dissected into sequential molecularly dissectible steps controlled by specific molecule(s) at the endothelial cell border. Several mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in transendothelial migration, including signals derived from the clustering of apically disposed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), disruption or loosening of adherens junctions, and targeted recycling of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and other molecules from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC).
Flame and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is one of the most often used techniques for the quantitative determination of elements in environmental materials at trace and ultratrace levels. AAS is an optical atomic spectrometric technique based on the measurement of the specific absorption originating from free nonionized atoms in the gas phase. To transfer the analyte to free atoms, different types of atomizer are in use, the flame and the graphite furnace types being the most often used. Typical detection limits of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) are of the order of 1–100 µg L−1, making it a perfect tool for the determination of minor and trace elements, at least for contaminated samples. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), offering detection limits which are about a factor of 20–200 lower than for FAAS, is the standard method for many trace elements, especially for background values, and for unpolluted samples, such as fresh water and biological materials. AAS in its conventional configuration is a single-element technique, which has to be used in a sequential mode when more than one element has to be determined. However, there are commercial instruments available that can be used for the determination of 6–8 elements simultaneously.
Reforming Mathematics Classroom Pedagogy: Evidence-Based Findings and Recommendations for the Developmental Math Classroom

For developmental education students, rates of developmental math course completion and persistence into required college-level math courses are particularly low. This literature review examines the evidence base on one potential means for improving the course completion and learning outcomes of developmental mathematics students: reforming mathematics classroom pedagogy. Each study examined for this review was classified into one of six sets according to the main instructional approach focused on in the study. The six sets are: student collaboration, metacognition, problem representation, application, understanding student thinking, and computer-based learning. Because most of the studies across the sets did not employ rigorous methods, the evidence regarding the impact of these instructional practices on student outcomes is inconclusive. An analysis of the studies that did employ rigorous designs suggests that structured forms of student collaboration and instructional approaches that focus on problem representation may improve math learning and understanding. This paper concludes by making a number of methodological recommendations, proposing several needed areas of research related to developmental math pedagogy, and suggesting instructional practices that may improve the outcomes of developmental math students.
A DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY FOR CONSUMER AUDIO EQUIPMENT

A pilot study was conducted in order to investigate the application of descriptive analysis techniques to the evaluation of consumer audio equipment. A global seven-step methodology for the descriptive evaluation of the sound characteristics of consumer audio equipment was developed. In contrast to the commonly used forced choice discrimination methods for audio equipment evaluation, the proposed methodology enhances, rather than compromises, a subject's sensory input. A case study employing a minimally trained subject demonstrated the applicability of sensory evaluation techniques to sound. There has been some resistance in the audio community to the adoption of sensory science evaluation methods because such methods are erroneously thought to apply only to products that affect the senses of touch, taste, smell and sight. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a critical need for the application of descriptive evaluation techniques to audio equipment evaluation. Recent results from the sensory science literature demonstrate the effectiveness of descriptive techniques in evaluating sensory stimuli from foods and beverages and in developing descriptive lexicons that accurately describe such stimuli (Murray et al. 2001; Drake 2007; Meilgaard et al. 2007; Leighton et al. 2010;Tesfaye et al. 2010). With regard to audio equipment evaluation and selection, training in descriptive sensory methods is proposed as a method to produce quantifiable and repeatable evaluative results (Murray et al. 2001; Meilgaard et al. 2007). References in the sensory science literature indicate that descriptive tests, rather than discrimination tests, are indicated when differences between the sound of two products is being evaluated (Junker et al. 2001; Siekierski et al. 2001; Evin and Siekierski 2002;Civille and Seltsam 2003; Susini et al. 2001; Susini et al. 2004; Meilgaard et al. 2007). Audio equipment evaluations using the prevailing discrimination methods have been shown to produce conflicting and inaccurate results (Masters 1987; Atkinson and Hammond 1989; Banks and Krajicek 1989; Serinus 2004).
“Sight‐unseen” detection of rare aquatic species using environmental DNA

Effective management of rare species, including endangered native species and recently introduced nonindigenous species, requires the detection of populations at low density. For endangered species, detecting the localized distribution makes it possible to identify and protect critical habitat to enhance survival or reproductive success. Similarly, early detection of an incipient invasion by a harmful species increases the feasibility of rapid responses to eradicate the species or contain its spread. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a detection tool in freshwater environments. Specifically, we delimit the invasion fronts of two species of Asian carps in Chicago, Illinois, USA area canals and waterways. Quantitative comparisons with traditional fisheries surveillance tools illustrate the greater sensitivity of eDNA and reveal that the risk of invasion to the Laurentian Great Lakes is imminent.
EQUISTAR: Reliable software for design of nonideal and reactive systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a new tool for robustly and efficiently solving process design and thermodynamics problems. This new tool is called EQUISTAR, which stands for equilibrium solution toolkit for azeotropic and reactive distillation design. EQUISTAR addresses the need for a computational tool that can be reliably applied to highly nonideal and reactive systems and can solve the most commonly occurring thermodynamics problems. It provides a suite of algorithms for the reliable and efficient solution of process design and thermodynamic equilibrium problems. The capabilities and design of EQUISTAR and the global optimization algorithms that EQUISTAR employs are presented. EQUISTAR is a versatile package that incorporates global optimization methods to provide reliable solutions of many thermodynamic equilibrium problems that arise in the design and simulation of chemical processes. The EQUISTAR program primarily consists of optimization problem formulations and high-level optimization algorithms.
Lipid Disorders in Uremia and Dialysis

Treatment of cholesterol in people with advanced stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) clearly reduces cardiovascular risk; however, it does not significantly slow nephropathy progression. Moreover, cholesterol reduction does not reduce mortality in people on dialysis. In general, cholesterol reduction is very important for reducing cardiovascular risk in people with GFR values >15 ml/min who are not on dialysis. There are many reasons for the lack cardiovascular risk reduction with cholesterol lowering in dialysis patients including a defective HDL and higher than usual oxidation rates of LDL. The reviews some of the biochemistry of lipids in uremia and discusses the randomized trial data that support these statements and provides greater detail regarding use of statin in patients with stages 4 and 5 CKD. Caution should be used in dosing statins in stage 3b or higher CKD. Specifically, all statins except for atorvastatin and pravastatin need dose reductions due to safety issues. Given the more 'metabolic syndrome like' profile of lipids in stage 5 CKD adjunctive methods such as fibrates and omega-3 is discussed, however no good data are available in this group on outcomes with these agents.
MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

This chapter discusses the study systems that may involve more than two equations or more than two unknowns. A new concept that has important applications in business, economics, and the behavioral and social sciences is introduced. A linear system that has no solutions is said to be inconsistent and if it has at least one solution, then it is called consistent. Given a system of linear equations, one would want to decide whether or not the system is consistent. If it is consistent one would want to solve the system. The method one would use is based on the idea of replacing the given system by a new system that has the same solutions but is easier to solve. Often, one does not know in advance whether a given matrix A is invertible. If the procedure in is attempted on a matrix that is not invertible, then at some point in the computations a row with all zeros to the left of the dotted line will occur. When this happens, the computations can be stopped and it can be concluded that A is not invertible because it means that one of the systems of equations one is attempting to solve is inconsistent.
An evaluation of the pressure proof test concept for 2024-T3 aluminium alloy sheet

The concept of pressure proof testing of fuselage structures with fatigue cracks to insure structural integrity was evaluated from a fracture mechanics viewpoint. A generic analytical and experimental investigation was conducted on uniaxially loaded flat panels with crack configurations and stress levels typical of longitudinal lap splice joints in commercial transport aircraft fuselages. The results revealed that the remaining fatigue life after a proof cycle was longer than that without the proof cycle because of crack growth retardation due to increased crack closure. However, based on a crack length that is slightly less than the critical value at the maximum proof stress, the minimum assured life or proof test interval must be no more than 550 pressure cycles for a 1.33 proof factor and 1530 pressure cycles for a 1.5 proof factor to prevent in-flight failures.
Regulation of hippocampal memory traces by neurogenesis

The hippocampus has long been known as a brain structure fundamental for memory formation and retrieval. Recent technological advances of cellular tracing techniques and optogenetic manipulation strategies have allowed to unravel important aspects of the cellular origin of memory, and have started to shed new light on the neuronal networks involved in encoding, consolidation and retrieval of memory in the hippocampus. In particular, memory traces, or engrams, that are formed during encoding in the dentate gyrus and CA3 region are crucial for memory retrieval and amenable to modulation by neuroplastic mechanisms, including adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we will discuss how memory traces are being encoded at the cellular level, how they may contribute to pattern separation and pattern completion in the hippocampus, and how they can be associated with different experiences to express memories of opposite valence. We propose a mechanism by which adult hippocampal neurogenesis may contribute to the formation of engrams, which may be relevant not only for the encoding of contextual information, but also for mood abnormalities, such as anxiety and depression.
Curiosity and medical education

Medical Education 2011:45: 663–668 Context For doctors, curiosity is fundamental to understanding each patient’s unique experience of illness, building respectful relationships with patients, deepening self-awareness, supporting clinical reasoning, avoiding premature closure and encouraging lifelong learning. Yet, curiosity has received limited attention in medical education and research, and studies from the fields of cognitive psychology and education suggest that common practices in medical education may inadvertently suppress curiosity. Objectives This study aimed to identify common barriers to and facilitators of curiosity and related habits of mind in the education of doctors. Methods We conducted a theory-driven conceptual exploration and qualitative review of the literature. Results Curiosity is related to inquisitiveness, reflection and mindfulness. Instructional practices can suppress curiosity by confusing haste with efficiency, neglecting negative emotions, promoting overconfidence and using teaching approaches that encourage passive learning. Curiosity tends to flourish in educational environments that promote the student’s responsibility for his or her own learning, multiple perspectives and mindful reflection on both the subject and the learning process. Specific educational strategies that can support curiosity in classroom and clinical settings include the mindful pacing of teaching, modelling effective management of emotions, confronting uncertainty and overconfidence, using inquiry-based learning, helping students see familiar situations as novel, simultaneously considering multiple perspectives, and maximising the value of small-group discussions. Instructor attributes that contribute to the development of student curiosity include patience, a habit of inquiry, emotional candour, intellectual humility, transparency and recognition of the benefits to be gained in learning from peers. Conclusions Curiosity, inquisitiveness and related habits of mind can be supported in medical education through specific, evidence-based instructional approaches. Medical educators should balance the teaching of facts, techniques and protocols with approaches that help students cultivate and sustain curiosity and wonder in the context-rich, often ambiguous world of clinical medicine.
A one slip cycle out-of-step relay equipment

WHEN the out-of-step condition develops on a power system, the resulting disturbance may result in a major loss of load. It is, therefore, desirable to be able to recognize such a condition promptly and to take corrective measures to minimize the disturbance. This article describes a new relay equipment which is capable of recognizing an out-of-step condition before the completion of the first slip cycle, whereas earlier forms of out-of-step relays did not usually give an indication until after the third slip cycle.
Confidence in impression formation as a function of favorableness of information and expertness of source

Sixty undergraduates were led to believe that either a highly competent clinician (high expert communicator) or a clinical psychologist of questionable ability (low expert communicator) had filled out an adjective check list describing a stimulus person in either favorable or unfavorable terms. According to prediction, Ss who had received information from the high expert source described themselves as more confident in the information and felt less desire for additional information to make “an important decision” regarding the stimulus person. Contrary to prediction, however, unfavorable information led to less confidence and greater desire for additional information than did favorable information.
Note on shot effect in semi-conductors and flicker effect in cathodes

Synopsis A seeming discrepancy in the theory of shot effect in semi-conductors is clarified. It is shown that the problems of flicker effect caused by emission centers and of shot noise in semi-conductors can be treated in a similar way.
Multicomponent vs. Classical Geothermometry: An Evaluation using Reactive Transport Modeling

Abstract Reactive transport simulations were used to examine the chemical evolution of deep geothermal fluids as they ascend to the surface, and to assess constraints on the application of solute geothermometers. Al and Mg concentrations of deep fluids are sensitive to precipitation-dissolution processes, affecting reservoir temperatures estimated with multicomponent geothermometry. The concentrations of major elements such as Na, K, and SiO2 are less sensitive to reequilibration, and thus geothermometers based on these elements are often reliable, but fail when dilution or mixing with saline waters occurs. For these cases, multicomponent geothermometry coupled with optimization provides a more reliable approach to reconstruct the fluid composition at depth and estimate reservoir temperatures.
An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits.

Researchers often use very abbreviated (e.g., 1-item, 2-item) measures of personality traits due to their convenience and ease of use as well as the belief that such measures can adequately capture an individual’s personality. Using data from 2 samples (N = 437 employees, N = 355 college students), we show that this practice, particularly the use of single-item measures, can lead researchers to substantially underestimate the role that personality traits play in influencing important behaviors and thereby over estimate the role played by new constructs. That is, the use of very short measures of personality may substantially increase both the Type 1 and Type 2 error rates. We argue that even slightly longer measures can substantially increase the validity of research findings without significant inconvenience to the researcher or research participants.
A historical comparison of parental involvement of three generations of Japanese Americans (Isseis, Niseis, Sanseis) in the education of their children☆

A study was done that compared the parental involvement of three generations of Japanese Americans in their children's education, particularly their involvement in academic work and extracurricular activities and perceived barriers to involvement. First generation Japanese American immigrants are called "Isseis" in Japanese; second generation, first American-born, Japanese Americans are called "Niseis"; and the third generation Japanese Americans are called "Sanseis." The project used a case study oral history approach on 69 Japanese Americans in Hawaii who ranged in age from 29 to 81 years. There were 10 Isseis, 49 Niseis, and 10 Sanseis. Other sources of data included historical documents such as high school yearbooks, school newspapers, and student handbooks. The data were analyzed using a multiple comparative analysis. The results show that ensuing generations of Japanese Americans became more active and directly involved in the education of their children. This evolutional development was highly related to language communication and familiarity with the dominant culture. The Americanization of Japanese immigrants along with succeeding generations who were educated in American schools reflect the role that American parents play in the education of their children. For the immigrant generation, several social, economical, and cultural difficulties acted as barriers to parental participation. with the exception of time and economics, succeeding generations were not hampered by the same barriers as was the immigrant generation. Included are 11 references. (JB) An Historical Comparison of Parental involvement of Three Generations of Japanese Americans (issels, Nisei% and Sense is) In the Education of their Children Alan R. Shoho University of Portland PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THiS MATER I. HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL. RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER fERIC) U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATiON Office ot ECucriSrorve ReSearch anc Improvement E nucATioNAI SOURC ES INF OR MA 1 'ON CENTE R ifRiet Tt,s timetI has been reproth,c a$ 4*.< eevpij from the pe,snrt orpanuaton 0.,grnE0,417 P Molo, crninge5 have boef, rnatie,, ,mv,ove 'ePrOPpollon cluetav 6 PO,"r 5 Pt v,ev,5 cr, IPIOns5Inter!,, menf rni r,eCe5..5.0f revreser.T otf,t,a, F RI posrt,cn or prthcy. RUNNING HEAD: Parental Involvement of Japanese Amelicans Shoho, A.R. (1992, April). An Historical Comparison of Parental Involvement of Three Generatkms of nese Americans (Weis, Msels, Sansels) In the Education of their Children. Paper presented at 1992 annual meeting of the American Educationalli eatvh Association, San Francisco.
Attitudes and practices of colon cancer screening compared to breast cancer screening in women in East Harlem, NY

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify potential barriers to colon and breast cancer screening in minority women and determine how these barriers may affect screening practices.
A Monte Carlo simulation of coarse-grained poly(silylenemethylene) and poly(dimethylsilylenemethylene) melts

Dense melts of coarse-grained representations of poly(silylenemethylene) (PSM) and poly(dimethylsilylenemethylene) (PDMSM) have been simulated at 373 K. The PSM melt has very little structure, and the individual chains have conformations in good agreement with the prediction from the rotational isomeric state (RIS) model for the single chain. For PDMSM, however, the melt is much more strongly structured, and the individual chains have mean square dimensions 40% higher than the ones predicted by the RIS model for the single chain. Intermolecular packing interactions in the structured PDMSM melt are accompanied by expansion of individual chains.
Hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma with trabecular growth pattern: A mimic of hepatocellular carcinoma on fine needle aspiration cytology

Epithelioid angiomyolipomas (AMLs) of the liver are rare tumors with imaging and cytologic features overlapping with those of hepatocellular carcinomas. We report the fine needle aspiration and core biopsy findings of an epithelioid AML in the right hepatic lobe of a 32-year-old female with tuberous sclerosis. She had undergone renal transplantation 8 years previously after bilateral nephrectomy for renal AMLs and a 3-cm chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma was suspected during the initial cytologic and histologic examination based on the presence of numerous large polygonal cells with ample finely vacuolated or granular cytoplasm, low nucleocytoplasmic ratio, and mild nuclear pleomorphism in the smears, as well as a distinctive trabecular histologic pattern in the core biopsies. Immunoperoxidase stains showed that the neoplastic cells were negative for cytokeratins and positive for HMB45, Melan-A, and smooth muscle actin, establishing the diagnosis of epithelioid AML. To determine the distinguishing cytomorphologic features between epithelioid AML and HCC, we have compared the cytologic features of 15 cases of hepatic AML reported in the literature, including the present case, to the FNA cytologic findings of 38 consecutive cases of HCC diagnosed at out institution. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conceptual design, manufacturability evaluation and preliminary process planning using function-form relationships in stamped metal parts

Abstract A large number of design decisions are made during the conceptual design of a part. However, there are few representation and reasoning tools for decision support during conceptual design. The conceptual design stage is characterized by a lack of complete geometric information. Existing geometric modelers require complete geometric information, while a functional reasoning methodology using a verb, noun > representation is typically too terse. In this paper, we present a new representation called sketching abstraction for conceptual design, using the function-form relations in a design. The functionally critical part of the geometry is presented using a set of functional features, while the rest of the geometry is abstracted as a set of linkages. Part functionality is correlated with the sketching abstraction using data structures called function-form matrices. The sketching abstraction is annotated using a set of primitives, and a set of grammar rules are used to extract canonical relationships between the functional features. The sketching abstraction can be used for extracting designs that are geometrically dissimilar but functionally similar, thus providing the designer with ideas for design alternatives. The sketching abstraction can also be used to carry out domain-dependent manufacturability evaluation checks. A further use of sketching abstractions is to initiate the development of a process plan for manufacturing. Sketching abstractions are related to the solid model of a part. Thus, this representation provides a link between pure functional and pure geometric representations. The domain of application is stamped metal parts. We present the part functionality and the features used in this domain. We also illustrate the use of sketching abstractions for conceptual design, manufacturability evaluation and preliminary process planning.
Brillouin Zone Investigation of Mg Alloys. I. Hall Effect and Conductivity

The Brillouin zone structure of hexagonal metal, in particular magnesium as calculated by Jones, has been examined by Hall measurements. The theory predicts a strong dependence on alloying, and the Hall data obtained on alloys of magnesium with aluminum or silver seem to corroborate Jones' theory. In the case of the silver alloys, the absolute value of the Hall constant decreases linearly as a function of alloying addition (0.1 at percent silver decreases the Hall constant by 5 percent). In the aluminum alloys the effect is not so great (0.1 at percent aluminum decreases the Hall constant by \ensuremath{\sim}2 percent) and a break in the Hall constant versus composition curve is detected. This break can be interpreted as being due to Brillouin zone overlap in the $c$ direction.Familiar conductivity rules for alloys are examined in the light of Jones' theory and it is shown that deviations from these rules are to be expected for the alloys of divalent hexagonal metals. A broad experimental program is outlined.
The Fritzsch mass matrix and geometrical scaling of quark masses

Abstract It is shown by numerical calculation that the best fit of the Fritzsch matrix to present data is found for values of the top-quark mass between 30 and 60 GeV, depending on the value adopted for the strange-quark mass. The value of m t that produces the best fit is very close to the geometrical scaling prediction of m t = m b ( m c / m s ) for current-quark masses. The residuals of the fit obey a surprising scaling rule, being functions of m s m t rather than of m s and m t separately.
No independent, but an interactive, role of calcium-activated potassium channels in human cutaneous active vasodilation.

In human cutaneous microvasculature, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) account for a large portion of vasodilation associated with local stimuli. Thus we sought to determine the r...
Sensitivity analysis of systems of differential and algebraic equations

Abstract Formulae are derived for parametric sensitivity analysis of mathematical mo dels consisting of sets of differential and algebraic equations. Such equations often arise in dynamic modeling of equilibrium stage processes, and in solution of partial differential equations via the numerical method of lines. These formulae can be used to efficiently produce the model sensitivity coefficients, simultaneously with the solution of the model.
Age-correlated changes in dopaminergic nigrostriatal perikarya of the C57BL/6NNia mouse

Alterations in neurotransmitter systems of the basal ganglia have been postulated to contribute to the disruption of motor function and balance associated with aging. This study examined nigrostriatal (A9) and mesolimbic (A10) dopamine neurons for qualitative age-correlated changes using fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines and immunocytochemical techniques for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. Results from this study suggest that age-correlated morphological changes in A9 but not all A10 neurons in the midbrain are present in mature adult (10-month) C57BL/6NNia mice and show a progressive increase in severity until at least 30 months of age. These changes are characterized by a progressive accumulation of lipofuscin in dopamine-containing perikarya, a markedly reduced dopamine content per cell as determined visually by histofluorescence, and an increase in the number of large, fluorescent axonal dilations in dopamine-containing fibers of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems. These data suggest that heterogeneous morphological aging patterns exist within dopamine-containing neurons of the midbrain and that based upon their terminal projection sites, various regions of the striatum and cortex may be differentially affected in the aged brain. In addition, these findings support the belief that age-related changes in neural structure are not generalized to an entire brain nucleus or cell type but are selective for individual cells within an affected area.
Psammomatoid and trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma of the craniofacial skeleton: Two distinct clinicopathologic entities

The term juvenile ossifying fibroma is used in the literature in naming 2 microscopically distinct fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial skeleton. One is characterized by small uniform spherical ossicles resembling psammoma bodies (psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma). The other is distinguished by trabeculae of fibrillary osteoid and woven bone (trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma). Three new cases of each type are reported, and the literature is extensively reviewed for published cases of these 2 entities.Psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma is reported more commonly than trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma. It affects patients from a wider age range (3 months to 72 years) and an older mean age range (16-33 years) as compared with 2 to 12 years and 8(1/2) to 12 years, respectively, for trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma. In both types there is a slight male predominance and the lesions are unencapsulated and tend to infiltrate adjacent bone. A significant difference between the 2 tumors is their site of occurrence. Although psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma occurs predominantly in the sinonasal and orbital bones, trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma predominantly affects the jaws. Aggressive growth occurs in some-but not all-cases of both types. Such behavior may be related to younger patient age and the concurrent development of aneurysmal bone cysts, which is seen more frequently in psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma. This study demonstrates that not only histologic but also demographic and clinical differences between psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma and trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma warrant their classification as 2 distinct clinicopathologic entities.
NOx formation in two-stage methane–air flames

To help understand how staged combustion aids in reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen from gas turbines, measurements and computations are made of structures of two-stage counterflow methane–air flames at normal atmospheric pressure and a feed-stream temperature of about 300 K. The fuel stream is partially premixed, with equivalence ratios from 1.5 to 3.0. To the air stream is added up to 10% by mass of water spray, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen. Flame structures, including formation of species containing two carbon atoms, are measured by gas chromatography of samples withdrawn by fine quartz probes and are calculated by numerical integrations of the conservation equations employing an updated elementary chemical-kinetic data base. The same sampling system is employed with a low-flow-rate NOx analyzer to obtain profiles of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are also calculated in the numerical integrations. The two-stage flame exhibits a green fuel-rich premixed flame and a blue diffusion flame with the maximum NOx concentrations found near the blue flame. At an air-side strain rate of 50 s−1, for fuel-side equivalence ratios of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0, respectively, measured peak NOx concentrations were about 70, 90, 100, and 90 ppm, reduced to 60, 70, 50, and 40 ppm, respectively, when 5% water by mass was added to the air stream. Results of the numerical integrations were in improved agreement with these experimental results when suitable selections were made of certain critical elementary reaction-rate constants. These new NOx measurements and computations help to increase understanding of influences of staging and diluent addition, identify important reactions for pollutant formation and suggest means to reduce emissions.
Teaching Awareness of Problem-Solving Skills to Engineering Freshmen

Carnegie Mellon recently introduced a new curriculum that requires each engineering freshmen to elect two introductory engineering courses in the first year. The goal is to expose students to engineering disciplines as well as to engineering methods early. As part of this curriculum, we developed an introductory chemical engineering course to teach problem-solving skills explicitly within the context of material balances. By surveying students who had as well as students who had not taken the course, we found evidence that the new course was effective in increasing students' awareness of their problem-solving strategies.
STEREO Space Weather and the Space Weather Beacon

The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) is primarily a solar and interplanetary research mission, with one of the natural applications being in the area of space weather. The obvious potential for space weather applications is so great that NOAA has worked to incorporate the real-time data into their forecast center as much as possible. A subset of the STEREO data will be continuously downlinked in a real-time broadcast mode, called the Space Weather Beacon. Within the research community there has been considerable interest in conducting space weather related research with STEREO. Some of this research is geared towards making an immediate impact while other work is still very much in the research domain. There are many areas where STEREO might contribute and we cannot predict where all the successes will come. Here we discuss how STEREO will contribute to space weather and many of the specific research projects proposed to address STEREO space weather issues. The data which will be telemetered down in the Space Weather Beacon is also summarized here. Some of the lessons learned from integrating other NASA missions into the forecast center are presented. We also discuss some specific uses of the STEREO data in the NOAA Space Environment Center.
Microscopic Origin of Cholesteric Pitch

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104(February 1, 2008)We present a microscopic analysis of the instability of the nematic phase to chirality when molecularchirality is introduced perturbatively. We show that for central force interactions the previouslyneglected short–range biaxial correlations play a crucial role in determining the cholesteric pitch.We propose a pseudoscalar strength which quantiﬁes the chirality of a molecule.PACS numbers: 61.30.Cz, 33.15.Bh, 05.20.-y
Synthesis of Helical Conjugated Ladder Polymers

The synthesis is described of the first helical ladder polymers with unbroken pathways of conjugation that extend not only through each monomeric unit, but between them as well. The key step is the condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamine and a transition metal salt with a helicene having salicylaldehyde's functionality at both ends. This gives rise to “metal salophen” units that bind adjacent helicenes, provide conjugated links from one ring system to the next, and constrain the p-orbitals of the rings they unite to be nearly parallel. Because the helicene monomers are enantiopure, so too are the polymeric structures to which they give rise. One of the polymers (6) winds continuously in only one direction. Another (4a) winds in one direction through the helicene moieties and in the other direction through the metal−salophens. The circular dichroisms of the former at wavelengths near 600 nm are notably large. The corresponding circular dichroisms of the latter are much smaller. MALDI-TOF mass spectra provide ...
The Appreciative System of Urban ICT Policies: An Analysis of Perceptions of Urban Policy Makers

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an important tool to promote a variety of public goals and policies. In the past years much attention has been given to the expected social benefits from deploying ICTs in different urban fields (transportation, education, public participation in planning, etc.) and to its potential to mitigate various current or emerging urban problems. The growing importance of ICTs in daily life, business activities, and governance prompts the need to consider ICTs more explicitly in urban policies. Alongside the expectation that the private sector will play a major role in the ICT field, the expected benefits from ICTs also encourage urban authorities to formulate proper public ICT policies. Against this background, various intriguing research questions arise. What are the urban policy-makers' expectations about ICTs? And how do they assess the future implications of ICTs for their city? A thorough analysis of these questions will provide a better understanding of the extent to which urban authorities are willing to invest in and to adopt a dedicated ICT policy. This study is focusing on the way urban decision-makers perceive the opportunities of ICT policy. After a sketch of recent development and policy issues, a conceptual model is developed to map out the driving forces of urban ICT policies in cities in Europe. Next, by highlighting the importance of understanding the decision-maker's "black box," three crucial variables are identified within this box. In the remaining part of the paper these three variables will be operationalized by using a large survey comprising more than 200 European cities. By means of statistical multivariate methods (i.e., factor and cluster analysis), the decision-makers were able to be characterized according to the way they perceive their city (the concept of "imaginable city"), their opinion about ICT, and the way they assess the relevance of ICT policies to their city. Next, a solid explanatory framework will be offered by using a log-linear logit analysis to test the relationships between these three aspects. © 2004 Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky.
Intramedullary spinal tuberculomas during treatment of tuberculous meningitis

A case of multiple intramedullary spinal tuberculomas developing paradoxically during effective treatment of tuberculous meningitis is described. Serial MR imagings with Gd-DTPA enhancement studies showed initial homogeneous enhanced lesion representing myelitis or the early tuberculoma stage, which evolved to show ring enhancement with hypointense center later. Their appearance was similar to those described in brain tuberculoma. Gd-DTPA enhancement MR imaging is more sensitive than MR imaging without enhancement in demonstrating the lesions of tuberculoma and arachnoiditis. Antituberculous medication was effective with marked clinical improvement.
Statistical network theory of three-phase relative permeabilities

The statistical network model and percolation theory of capillary pressure and relative permeabilities in low capillary number displacements account for much of the behavior of two fluid phases under the gamut of wetting conditions encountered in reservoir rocks (SPE 11015, SPE 12172). The model and theory are here extended to three fluid phases, viz. gas, oil, and water. For convenience in illustrating the theory the gas is taken as everywhere nonwetting against the oil and water, and the oil as everywhere nonwetting against the water. The starting point is the representation of the chaotic connectivity of porespace by a bond-disordered Bethe tree; also as before, the bonds are characterized by a single statistically distributed parameter, porethroat radius, with which other pore dimensions are regarded as completely correlated.
A methodology for quantifying variability of renewable energy sources by reserve requirement calculation

Most of the major renewable power sources, such as solar, wind, and ocean wave, are variable in time. Variability arises from local turbulence, weather patterns, clouds, diurnal variations, and seasonal variations. The variable, non-dispatchable nature of renewable power sources requires an increase in the utility reserve requirement to maintain reliability. Power sources with greater minute-to-minute and hourly variation require greater reserves. This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the variability of renewable power sources based on calculating the utility reserve requirement over short and medium time scales.
Relationship between spiritual well-being and binge eating in college females

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of spiritual well-being in college female non-binge, objective binge and binge-trait eaters. Therefore, this study aimed to measure spiritual well-being in non-binge, objective binge and partial/full-syndrome binge eating disorder college females. Survey research was conducted using a randomized sample of 809 female students. The sample was categorized into three binge eating categories: nonbinge, objective binge, and binge eating trait. Chi-Squares and Analysis of Variance determined binge eating group differences on demographics, global spiritual well-being, religious well-being, and existential well-being. Significant differences were found among groups for global spiritual well-being (p< or = 0.000), religious well-being (p< or = 0.000), and existential well-being (p< or = 0.000). Higher levels of binge eating severity were associated with lower global spiritual and existential well-being scores. On measures of religious well-being, significant differences existed between the non-binge and the binge eating trait groups. The results suggest that spiritual well-being and especially existential well-being may be indirectly associated with the severity of binge eating.
Case study: lessons learned during a nationwide computer system upgrade

This paper is a case study that presents the results of a lessons-learned questionnaire gathered during the final six months of a nationwide computer system upgrade. The method used to capture the lessons learned feedback is presented. Common complaints and obstacles encountered during the system upgrade are summarized and possible improvements are suggested. The case study indicated that, although the project was completed on time, a more rigorous solicitation of feedback on management direction from the end users could reduce the amount of rework and difficulty on the implementers of the management direction. The paper suggests that management could be more effective in setting and clearly describing project goals, both interim and longer term, and soliciting approaches for achieving the means to the goals by using a bottoms up approach.
Lessons Learned From AAC Camp

Children who benefit from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) need not only the support of individuals knowledgeable in the technologies themselves, but ones who understand the translation of language intervention principles to AAC. It is vital that school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) possess the knowledge and skills necessary for working with children who use AAC. The purpose of this article is to discuss what we have learned as we teach the new millennium of clinicians and how we can apply these lessons to the work we do with children with the most complex communication needs.
Semiconductor devices fabricated from actinide oxides

Abstract Recent investigations of the semiconductive properties of urania indicate that the oxides of uranium may be useful in the fabrication of certain active electronic devices. UO 2 and U 3 O 8 have been characterized as to their photo-optical properties and active devices have been fabricated from urania.
Distance and Intrastate College Student Migration.

Abstract Most studies of student migration focus on interstate migration of college students, largely because the aggregate data typically used are limited in geographic specificity to states. However, interstate migration is only a small part of the total student migration. Public institutions generally get most of their students from within their state; for example, 88 percent of first-time freshmen who enrolled in University System of Georgia institutions in 2002 graduated from Georgia schools. Such intrastate migration is seldom considered. This paper examines intrastate college student migration, using data for Georgia. Aside from such traditional measures of benefits and costs like tuition, financial aid, and school quality, a crucial explanatory variable in our analysis is the distance from a student's home to the different Georgia state institutions. Our empirical results indicate that student intrastate migration is strongly discouraged by greater distance, but with effects that differ across types of higher education institutions.
Observation and correction of non-resonant error fields in NSTX

Experiments studying non-resonant error fields have been conducted in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) using a set of six midplane error field correction (EFC) coils. When scanning the amplitude and phase of an applied n = 3 field, an asymmetric response in the pulse length and plasma rotation has been observed; this indicates that there is an intrinsic n = 3 error field. By studying this asymmetry in plasmas with varying levels of plasma current, toroidal field and elongation, it has been concluded that the main vertical field coil is the source of the error field. Measurements of the coil shape indicate that the coil has a significant n = 3 distortion. The amplitude and phase of the applied n = 3 field, which is calculated to cancel this intrinsic error field in vacuum, are close to the experimentally derived optimal correction. Modeling of the neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV) also shows that the total NTV torque is minimized for the EFC coils' current and phase determined to be optimal in the experiment. Experiments have also determined that n = 2 error fields are small, consistent with the calculated error field from the distorted vertical field coils.
Galactosyltransferase activity in Erwinia stewartii and its rôle in biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharide

Abstract Erwinia stewartii produced an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in a culture medium consisting of dialyzed yeast extract, glucose, and calcium carbonate. The EPS was precipitated from the concentrated culture supernatant by addition of five volumes of ethanol and was purified by passing through QAE- and CM-Sephadex ion-exchange columns. The acid hydrolysate of the EPS consisted of glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid at a ratio of 10 : 5 : 1 (by weight) as determined by paper and gas chromatography. Galactosyl-transferase activity was detected in a soluble fraction of sonicated bacterial cells. This enzyme was capable of transferring galactose from UDP-galactose to N -acetylglucose, N -acetyl-galactose, glucose, galactose and the EPS from E. stewartii. These results suggest that the galactosyltransferase may play a role in the EPS biosynthesis by E. stewartii.