cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric field dependence of the magnetic anisotropy energy in magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 )

The application of a static magnetic field to a single crystal of synthetic magnetite (${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$) at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is found to induce a static electric polarization which is a nonlinear function of the components of the magnetic field and exists even in the absence of an applied electric field. A newly modified thermodynamic theory shows that these nonlinear magnetoelectric effects arise from the electric field dependence of the macroscopic magnetic anisotropy energy. No such dependence has been observed previously at any temperature in any material. The values of the electric field derivatives of two of the anisotropy constants are determined by means of experiments in saturating magnetic fields. With the use of these two values, and without the use of adjustable parameters, the modified thermodynamic theory successfully predicts the measured curves of (a) the induced electric polarization as a function of the orientation of a nonsaturating magnetic field of constant magnitude and (b) the induced electric polarization as a function of the magnitude of a sufficiently large magnetic field of constant orientation. After a brief discussion of the microscopic origin of the electric field derivatives of the anisotropy constants, appropriate symmetry arguments are used in conjunction with the experimental data to show for the first time that the point group of the crystallographic space group of magnetite at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is the group 1.
Evaluating qualitative forecasts: The FOMC minutes, 2006–2010

We present a methodology for evaluating and interpreting qualitative forecasts. The minutes of the FOMC meetings are used as a case study. This permits us to observe the forecasting process and determine the information that was used in generating the qualitative forecasts. Our results show that the FOMC examined an extensive amount of GDP and sectoral data and the indicators that usually foreshadow economic developments. Nevertheless, the FOMC did not predict the Great Recession in advance or recognize it quickly.
Optimization of 3D-SMODFETs on GaAs and InP substrates with a simple analytical model

Using a simple analytical method followed by a computer program that solves the detailed quantum-mechanics, it is possible to design the optimum material structures for pseudomorphic MODFETs with full channels. Using a MODFET with a pseudomorphic graded channel, and atomic planar doped pseudomorphic barriers on both sides of the channel, it is possible to achieve record-breaking electron sheet densities in the channel without having carriers in the barrier (Double-Doped Double-Strained MODFET, 3D-SMODFET). This theory is used to predicted the optimum material designs (quantum-mechanical solution) for GaAs, InP and GaN based structures.
Antibiotics and other anti-infective agents in pregnancy and lactation

Serum levels of many drugs are lower in pregnancy compared with the nonpregnant state. Their renal clearance is higher and the maternal intravascular volume is expanded. Most antibiotics are safe for use in pregnancy and lactation. Tetracyclines cause fetal tooth discoloration and inhibition of bone growth if used in the second and third trimesters. Aminoglycosides carry a small risk of fetal ototoxicity. Quinolones may cause arthropathies in children, and so are currently not recommended for use in pregnancy. Most drugs are secreted into breast milk in very small amounts, not enough to have any therapeutic effect. The only antibiotics which may be of concern in nursing infants are sulfonamides and quinolones, and possibly metronidazole.
Power, sample size and taxonomic sufficiency for measures of impact in aquatic systems

As part of a larger program to examine the relationships between laboratory and ambient toxicity, data from a series of 28 marine microcosm experiments, which included both laboratory and field studies, were reanalyzed. The statistical methods applied to the data include log-linear regression models (general and robust) for richness and taxa count data (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species) and Gaussian linear models (general and robust) for community metrics diversity and evenness (Shannon-Weiner's, Simpson's, and Brillouin's) and similarity (Bray-Curtis). In addition, taxonomic sufficiency was determined for each of the metrics examined. For each of the analyses performed, both the statistical power of the analysis and the sample sizes required to achieve a desired level of power were determined. New methods are presented to deal with zero count data. Suggestions on how the power of microcosm tests used in toxicity testing can be increased are provided. The statistical programs developed for the analyses applied to the data analyzed were done in S-PLUS. The programs and directions for their application have been placed on an anonymous FTP site at the University of North Texas.
Comfort control for short-term occupancy

Abstract This paper describes the logic of a microprocessor-controlled thermostat termed ‘comfortstat’ to address the needs of temporary room occupants such as hotel guests while reducing energy consumption. The ‘comfortstat’ design grew out of a study of thermal comfort control in a luxury hotel in San Francisco, California, USA. Hotel guests frequently arrive from widely disparate climates and have high expectations of the thermal environment. Their short-term occupancy (for periods ranging from one day to several weeks) provides a unique challenge for thermal comfort control. We examined the hotel complaint log, collected detailed physical measurements of the thermal environment in typical hotel rooms, assessed the HVAC (heating, ventilating and air-conditioning) system capacity and response time, and surveyed 315 hotel guests over a five-month period. The results of this study led to the design of a thermostat control system (the ‘comfortstat’) that would solve the most serious problems. The ‘comfortstat’ integrates an infrared occupancy sensor, door switch, radiant temperature sensor, and control logic to optimize room conditions while ‘learning’ about the occupant's preferred comfort zone. This paper focuses on how the joint requirements of the guests and the hotel management guided the design of the ‘comfortstat’ for increased occupant satisfaction and lower energy use in the hotel. The concepts are completely generic and could be applied to the design of comfort systems for other types of short-term occupancy. We present control logic flowcharts and typical examples of the action of the hotel ‘comfortstat’ in response to data received from the physical environment and/or human input.
An efficient, inexpensive elutriator design for separating benthos from sediment samples

A design for an elutriator is given. The elutriator has an efficiency of 96.1 ± 3.5% in sorting mixed invertebrates from sandy sediments in five minute trial runs. It is easily constructed from PVC pipe and fittings which are available in most hardware stores at low cost. It can also be adapted for portable use in the field.
Gas mixing in the pulmonary airways.

The traditional Bohr model subdivides the pulmonary airways into two serial gas mixing compartments: a nonmixed conducting airway or dead space compartment and a well-mixed alveolar compartment. Experimental as well as theoretical evidence indicates that some mixing does occur in the dead space compartment by a combination of axial convection and radial diffusion. And although this mixing may only play a minor role during normal respiration in a normal lung, it is an important factor in high frequency (low tidal volume) assisted ventilation and in lung pathologies where the diffusion cross-section of the respiratory zone is reduced.
Cardiac mitochondrial NADH2-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase after cardiopulmonary by-pass in dog.

Nach kurzfristiger extrakorporaler Zirkulation beim Hund wurden Cytochrom-Oxydase-Aktivitat und NADH2-Oxydationsrate in den Mitochondrien des Herzmuskels im Vergleich zu Kontrolltieren vermindert gefunden.
Doxorubicin: a fluorescent neurotoxin retrogradely transported in the central nervous system.

Abstract Doxorubicin, a fluorescent cytotoxic antibiotic, was found to be both a retrograde neuron pathway tracer and neurotoxin to cells retrogradely labeled with it. Doxorubicin was injected into rat caudate-putamen and within 4 h the nuclei in the ipsilateral substantia nigra zona compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were stained with red fluorescent doxorubicin. After 2 weeks, portions, but not all of the ipsilateral SNc and VTA were depleted of neurons. Retrograde neurotoxicity was obvious following injections of 20%, 10%, 6%, 5% or 4% doxorubicin but not after 1% or 2%. Five months following doxorubicin treatment, the ipsilateral SNc and VTA were shrunken, distorted and nearly absent; the injected caudate was shrunken and replaced by ventricle. The ipsilateral thalamic parafasicular center median nucleus, a complex nucleus also known to project to the caudate, was depleted of large neurons 2 weeks following caudate injection. Doxorubicin can be transported over relatively long distances; lumbar spinal cord injections labeled cortical pyramidal neurons3 days later. Doxorubicin's unique pathway-specific neurotoxicity may be useful in future neuroscientific studies.
Two decades after ping-pong diplomacy

Despite ancient roots, worldwide use, and emerging scientific validation, acupuncture remains obscure in American medicine. The reasons for that obscurity are based in cultural biases. The author attempts to highlight the sources of bias against acupuncture and outline the current scientific foundations of acupuncture research that parallel and overlap modern pain science and treatment. The author concludes that acupuncture deserves a role in pain medicine and that it can be subjected to scientific scrutiny provided due appreciation is given to the complexity of testing hypotheses about acupuncture.
Responsible Eigenvalue Approach for Stability Analysis and Control Design of a Single-Delay Large-Scale System With Random Coupling Strengths

A class of linear time-invariant (LTI) consensus system with multiple agents and communication delays among the agents is studied. The delay margin of this MIMO system, that is, the largest amount of the delay that the system can withstand without loosing stability, can be studied by the authors’ Responsible Eigenvalue (RE) concept. RE is able to compress the considered stability problem into the stability problem of a single agent system, from which RE captures the delay margin of the entire MIMO system. RE is used here to design controllers for the MIMO system for the objective of increasing the delay margin. Case studies demonstrate connections between coupling strengths, graph Laplacian, the delay margin of a large-scale consensus system, and control synthesis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse

Rationale: The notion that stress leads to drug abuse in vulnerable individuals and relapse in addicts is not new. Most major theories of addiction postulate that stress plays an important role in increasing drug use and relapse. Several animal studies and some human laboratory studies have shown that stress exposure enhances drug self-administration. Although clinical observations suggest that exposure to stress increases drug use, and are associated with craving and relapse in addicts, human research in this area is largely correlational and at times contradictory. Objective: Given the growing preclinical evidence that supports the key role of stress in substance abuse, careful examination of this research area in humans is warranted. This paper examines empirical evidence on how stress may increase the vulnerability to drug abuse, and explores whether chronic drug abuse alters the stress response and coping in addicts, thereby increasing the likelihood of drug seeking and relapse. Unanswered questions on the association between stress and substance abuse in humans are identified. Conclusion: Preclinical research has shown that stress, in addition to drug itself, plays a key role in perpetuating drug abuse and relapse. However, the mechanisms underlying this association in humans remain unclear. A greater understanding of how stress may perpetuate drug abuse will likely have a significant impact on both prevention and treatment development in the field of addiction.
Tolerancing sub-aperture regions of optical surfaces using circular and elliptical Zernike polynomials

Zernike polynomials are orthogonal within a normalized circle. However, when optical surfaces are away from the stop, the beam size becomes smaller than the surfaces, and the full-aperture Zernike polynomials are not orthogonal inside the illuminated region. In this paper, we investigate a method of using Zernike polynomials to fit sub-aperture regions illuminated by the optical beam in order to retain orthogonality. The method works for both on-axis and off-axis conditions. In some special cases where the optical beam is not circular, we develop a user defined surface that utilizes elliptical Zernike polynomials for the fitting. Finally, we provide an example and discuss the importance of the sub-aperture fitting to tolerance assignment and analysis of the surface.
Printing 100-nm and sub-100-nm DRAM full-chip patterns with crosspole illumination in 0.63-NA ArF lithography

To achieve 100 nm DRAM full chip with 0.63 NA ArF lithography we used a new type of off-axis illumination, crosspole illumination which has four poles on axis. For lower than 0.33 k1 process double exposure technology has been introduced which is exposing cell and core/periphery region separately with different illumination conditions. But with crosspole 0.33 to 0.31 k1 process could be possible without double exposure. Advantages and disadvantages of crosspole illumination and successful result of printing 100 nm DRAM full chip are shown in this paper. And also ArF lithography issues occurred during processing DRAM full chip are reported such as lens heating, contamination optics and reticles, overlay errors induced by electron beam curing process and so on. To simulate patterning result we used HOST (Hynix OPC simulation tool) based on diffused aerial image model (DAIM). For all kinds of 100 nm DRAM patterns, we could get sufficient process latitude, more than 10% exposure latitude (EL) and 0.4 micrometers depth of focus (DOF). Also 95 nm DRAM cell patterns could be printed successfully with crosspole single exposure and this shows with 0.75 NA and 0.85NA ArF tools we can print 80 nm and 70 nm DRAM patterns, respectively.
Bicyclic imidazolium ionic liquids as potential electrolytes for rechargeable lithium ion batteries

Abstract A bicyclic imidazolium ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-2,3-trimethyleneimidazolium bis(tri fluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([ETMIm][TFSI]), and reference imidazolium compounds, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][TFSI]) and 1, 2-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([DMBIm][TFSI]), were synthesized and investigated as solvents for lithium ion batteries. Although the alkylation at the C-2 position of the imidazolium ring does not affect the thermal stability of the ionic liquids, the stereochemical structure of the molecules has shown profound influences on the electrochemical properties of the corresponding ionic liquids. [ETMIm][TFSI] has better reduction stability than both [EMIm][TFSI] and [DMBIm][TFSI], as confirmed by both linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and theoretical calculation. Also, a relatively stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed in [ETMIm][TFSI], suggested by the time dependence of the impedance spectra of the Li||Li cell. Furthermore, the Li||graphite half-cell based on [BTMIm][TFSI] exhibits reversible capacity of 250 mA h g −1 and 70 mA h g −1 at 25 °C, which increases to 330 mA h g −1 and 250 mA h g −1 at 50 °C, under the current rate of C/20 and C/10, respectively. For comparison, the half-cell based on [DMBIm][TFSI] exhibits poor capacity retention under the same current rates at both temperatures.
The Illusion of UN Security Council Reform

Can changing Security Council membership or procedures improve its credibility? With one exception, similar efforts since the council's inception in 1945 have repeatedly proved implausible; today, the uncontested power of the United States makes them largely irrelevant.
Production of TNF-α by Murine Bone Marrow Derived Mast Cells Activated by the Bacterial Fimbrial Protein, FimH☆

Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by mast cells is an important aspect of host defense against gram negative bacteria. In order to define the intracellular pathways utilized by mast cells in this physiological, protective role, we have studied the production of TNF-alpha in bone marrow derived mast cells from the C3H/HeJ (LPS-insensitive) strain following exposure to bacteria expressing the fimbrial protein, FimH. Mast cells exposed to FimH produce TNF-alpha (300-1200 pg/10(6) cells) over 1-3 h compared with 1800-15,000 pg/10(6) cells produced by cells triggered via IgE/antigen. This low level of TNF-alpha production in vitro is compatible with the protective in vivo role of mast cells to produce modest amounts of TNF-alpha in contrast to the large amounts of mediators released during maximal activation. A second difference between the two signals is sensitivity to cyclosporin A (CsA). The IgE/antigen pathway is inhibited by 90-95% at 0.02 to 0.5 microM cyclosporin A whereas the FimH pathway is inhibited by only 40%. These data demonstrate that the intracellular pathway activated by FimH is different from that activated by IgE/antigen both in terms of amount of TNF-alpha produced and in sensitivity to CsA. This is the first evidence that FimH activates mast cells via a pathway that is distinct from that used by IgE/antigen.
Thermodynamic properties of some concentrated polymer solutions

Solubilities of several solvents were measured in four molten polymers by using an isobaric vapor-pressure apparatus. Solvent concentration ranged from 0.5 to 15 wt-%. The systems polyisoprene–benzene and polyisobutylene–benzene were studied at 80.0°C; polyisobutylene–cyclohexane was studied at 100.0°C; ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)–cyclohexane, EVA–isooctane, and poly(vinyl acetate)–isooctane were studied at 110.0°C. Of six polymer–solvent systems studied, all except poly(vinyl acetate)–isooctane appear to exhibit hysteresis in a single sorption–desorption cycle starting with dry polymer. The desorption curves of solvent activity plotted versus solvent weight fraction show an inflection point, suggesting localized adsorption of solvent molecules. Experimental data were analyzed with a theory which takes into account adsorption of solvent by polymer in addition to differences in free volumes and intermolecular forces. The theory gives a semiquantitative representation of the experimental data.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy into the 21st century

At the time of the menopause, a review of the major health issues can be especially rewarding. Besides the general issues of good health, particular attention is now being focused on prevention of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis because of the potentially beneficial effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Hormone therapy should be offered to most women as they consider their paths for successful aging. However, as for any pharmacological intervention, the benefits of treatment must outweigh the risk. The available data would appear to indicate that, for most women, this is in fact the case with current research into future hormonal therapies aimed at further improving the benefit:risk ratio.
Modified nucleosides in human serum

Abstract Methylated purines and pyrimidines derived from the degradation of transfer ribonucleic acid have been shown to be excreted in abnormal amounts in the urine of patients witch cancer. Recent technology developed by Gehrke and Kuo has allowed the separation and quantification of modified nucleosides in serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array measurement. Serum levels of ten modified nucleosides were measured in 37 normal healthy adults to establish normal values and to correlate activity with age and sex. In addition, serum levels of patients with several malignancies were measured to determine activity in these diseases. Levels of modified nucleosides in normal individuals were consistently reproducible and showed no significant variation among males versus females or with age. Patients with malignant diseases showed consistent elevations and these were highest in patients with more advanced disease. The evidence of no significant differences in the mean levels of modified nucleosides in serum with age or sex in normal adults and elevations in patients with malignancies demonstrate the potential value of modified nucleosides as cancer biomarkers.
Regular solution theory for gas‐liquid solutions

Regular-solution equations developed by Hildebrand and others are useful for obtaining semiquantitative estimates of phase equilibria in nonpolar systems. These equations, however, do not take into account the volume change on mixing and therefore require modification for solutions of gases in liquids. The required modifications are presented in this paper, and the resulting equations give reasonable estimates of the solubilities of gases and of the temperature coefficient of solubility. In the modified form the regularsolution theory may be used to estimate gas-liquid phase equilibria at high pressures.
Humanitarian Assistance and Propaganda War: Repatriation and Relief of the Nationalist Refugees in Hong Kong’s Rennie’s Mill Camp, 1950-1955 人道救援與宣傳戰爭: 香港調景嶺國民黨難民之 接運與救濟, 1950-1955 年

In 1949, the world witnessed a tidal wave of involuntary migration out of China when the Chinese Communists came to power. Among this vast sea of human misery were tens of thousands of exiled Nationalist supporters in Hong Kong — common soldiers, low-ranking civil servants, and their families. In June 1950, a minor clash occurred between the Nationalist refugees and the pro-ccp elements in the colony. To prevent further political upheaval, the British authorities transported the former to a remote location called “Rennie’s Mill” or Tiu Keng Leng and built a temporary internment camp to house them. The initial plan was to gather the Nationalist supporters in the colony and shipped them to Taiwan as soon as possible. Yet Chiang Kai-shek’s government was reluctant to receive these people for both economic and security reasons. As the repatriation process dragged on, the Nationalists used the refugee camp as an international showcase in their propaganda war against the People’s Republic of China (prc) much to the chagrin of the British. Consequently, a considerable number of the Nationalist refugees were stranded in Hong Kong. They became victims of their own government under the pretense of humanitarian assistance. This paper examines the early history of Rennie’s Mill community with an emphasis on the interplay between humanitarian relief, propaganda war, and international politics. It sheds light on the actual lived experiences of Rennie’s Mill refugees against the conflicting ideological constructions and humanitarian discourse surrounding them.
Dynamic Trip Assignment-Simulation Model for Intermodal Transportation Networks:

A dynamic trip assignment-simulation model for urban intermodal transportation networks is presented. The model considers different travel modes, such as private cars, buses, metro-subway, and high-occupancy vehicles. The model captures the interaction between mode choice and traffic assignment under different information provision strategies. It implements a multiobjective assignment procedure in which travelers choose their modes and routes based on a range of evaluation criteria. The model assumes a stochastically diverse set of travelers in terms of their relevant choice criteria and access and response to the supplied information. The model overcomes many of the known limitations of static tools used in current practice. These limitations relate to the types of alternative measures that may be presented and evaluated and to the policy questions that planning agencies are increasingly asked to address.
Bone anchored hearing aids in children.

Purpose of review Bone anchored hearing aids are an acceptable and now widely available form of aural rehabilitation for both adults and children. Their benefit from both audiological and quality of life perspectives has been very successful to date. The paediatric population presents a variety of challenges to those clinicians who undertake bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA) surgery: medical conditions, anatomical considerations and higher risk of trauma to both abutment and sound processor are just a few common problems. This review aims to highlight the important issues that surround the provision of a BAHA service for children. Recent findings Over the past 18 months there has been an increase in the number of centres worldwide providing a BAHA service for children. The indications for BAHA in children have evolved. The outcomes and quality of life have proved to be very successful. The surgical techniques are now quite varied and the timing of surgery varies between surgeons. Serious complications are fortunately very rare. Summary The bone anchored hearing aid in children is an effective means of aural rehabilitation that has been shown to improve the overall quality of life of the child. Although, it is a ‘well tolerated’ and relatively ‘simple’ procedure it is not without risk. A multidisciplinary team approach combined with careful patient selection and an understanding of the problems that present in children should result in a successful outcome for the child.
Beryllium-10 in continental sediments

Abstract The concentration of 10 Be has been measured in 10 samples taken from a transect of surface sediments beginning in the Atchafalaya River and extending across the Bay 136 km into the Gulf of Mexico. If corrected for a lower retentivity of sand for Be, they have a concentration that is constant within 13%. This concentration is about an order of magnitude smaller than that of deep ocean sediments. For comparison, measurements of 10 Be in rainwater, in a sample of soil and in a deep ocean core were made.
Abstract 3569: Transcriptional signatures in human melanoma epitope MART-127-35 specific TCR-engineered T cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Adoptive Cell Therapies (ACT) with T cell receptor-engineered (TCReng) T cells have shown promising results. Unfortunately, for a fuller understanding of their biology, currently available immunological assays have proven inadequate. Given that RNA-Seq using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) offers substantial opportunities, we carried out NGS of the MART-127-35 specific TCReng human primary CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells following cognate stimulation, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional signatures underlying their biology. Data analyses revealed approximately 30,000 transcripts, a sizeable number of which showing up- or down-regulation covering virtually all relevant aspects of T cell biology (i.e., effector function, differentiation, proliferative activities, apoptosis, etc.) when stimulated by the cognate epitope. The transcriptional profiles of the TCReng CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were found to be remarkably similar. Additionally, 72,000 known isoforms and about 20,000 previously undescribed isoforms were detected. Interestingly, a number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) - some with known functions (e.g., NEAT1 and MALAT1, both implicated in RNA editing, were up-regulated in the two cell types), and others with unknown function (e.g., GAS5, MIAT, and FTX showing modulations in expression), were also detected in both cell types. Although a comprehensive knowledge of the transcriptional signatures and a clear understanding of the spliced variants, the novel isoforms, and the lncRNAs in T cell biology will require further work, our study shows that NGS of specific epitope reactive T cells will be a very useful tool in deciphering the transcriptional controls underlying the function and the fate of epitope specific anti-tumor T cells. Citation Format: Prashant Singh, Nitya G. Chakraborty, Umar Farooq, Upendra P. Hegde, Richard Everson, David I. Dorsky, Bijay Mukherji. Transcriptional signatures in human melanoma epitope MART-127-35 specific TCR-engineered T cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3569. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3569
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head : potential treatment with growth and differentiation factors

Basic and clinical research have shown the efficacy of various cellular mediators (bone morphogenetic proteins, interleukins, angiogenic growth factors) in healing bone defects. The potential application of these growth and differentiation factors to other musculoskeletal conditions, including osteonecrosis of the femoral head, only recently has been explored. Osteonecrosis is a disease of unknown pathogenesis that usually progresses to hip joint destruction necessitating total hip arthroplasty. The pathology involves ischemic events followed by death of bone and marrow elements. A process of repair then is initiated, but unless the lesion is small (less than 15% of the femoral head involved), this repair process is usually ineffective. The net result is weakening of subchondral bone with subsequent collapse of the articular surface. Because the results of hip arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis are relatively poor, much focus has been on modalities aimed at femoral head preservation. The surgical alternatives may include core decompression, osteotomy, nonvascularized, and vascularized bone grafting, which might be enhanced with the use of growth and differentiation factors. At least three of these factors are potential candidates as therapeutic modalities: cytokines (such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and signaling molecules such as fibroblast growth factors, platelet derived growth factors, insulinlike growth factors, and transforming growth factor betas), bone morphogenetic proteins, and angiogenic factors. Despite considerable effort, evaluation of these growth and differentiation factors has been hampered by the lack of an animal model that adequately simulates the pathology of osteonecrosis in humans. Therefore, investigators have attempted to model certain aspects of the disease process. Recently, several investigators have attempted to mimic osteonecrosis in the femoral head of large mammals by combinations of devascularization, freezing, osteotomy of the femoral neck, or creation of a head defect. Results from some of these studies have confirmed the potential for growth and differentiation factors to effect more rapid healing and filling of defects with biomechanically competent and viable bone. The application of this therapy shows promise, and clinical studies on efficacy and safety are ongoing.
Structure-activity relationships of the vasopressor activity of canine peptide-A from fibrinogen.

Abstract Canine peptide-A was demonstrated to be an active vasopressor substance. The effect of intravenous injection of canine peptide-A was a prolonged rhythmic vasoconstriction and is unlike any previously described vasopressor peptides. The intravenous administration of canine peptide-A resulted in a maximum increase in mean blood pressure of 19.0 mm of mercury at a dose level of 2.5 · 10−2 μmol. This pressor effect exhibited a log proportionality to the injected dose of peptide. The duration of the vasopressor effect was 30 min or greater. A rhythmic variation in pressor response was also observed in all experiments. The canine AP and B peptides were inactive when tested under the same conditions. The relationship between structure and biological activity was investigated. Structural degradation of half of the peptide molecule was performed without loss of vasopressor activity. The canine peptide-A is postulated as assisting in local hemostasis by vasoconstriction.
Synthesis and properties of 3,4,5-trinitropyrazole-1-ol and its energetic salts

3,4,5-Trinitropyrazole-1-ol and its nitrogen-rich salts were synthesized and well characterized by 1H, 13C NMR (some with 15N NMR), and IR spectroscopy, and by elemental analysis. Additionally, the structures of the ammonium and triazolium 3,4,5-trinitropyrazole-olates were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. With respect to measured or calculated properties, such as thermal stability (Td, 118–186 °C), density (1.72–1.90 g cm−3), detonation performance (P, 28.77–36.40 GPa; vD, 8175–8676 m s−1), and impact sensitivity (1–40 J), 3,4,5-trinitropyrazole-1-ol and its salts have the potential to be useful energetic materials.
Neutron polarizability and the two-neutron scattering length

Abstract It is shown that the neutron electric polarizability contribution to the two-neutron scattering length is not negligible if the polarizability is as large as available measurements indicate.
Simulation of applications in quantum computing

This paper discusses simulation of quantum computing applications solving important physics and engineering problems. Methodologies are developed for quantum computing solutions of the Navier Stokes Equation, Dirac's Equation, and Schrodinger's Equation in complex domains. Turbulent Navier Stokes solutions were generated in complex geometries including urban domains. A quantum computing algorithm is also developed for the processing of sound which has a greater than classical efficiency in compression when run on a quantum computer. The algorithm also has interesting and useful properties on a classical computer, but without the superior speed and storage properties realized on a quantum computer.
Protection against influenza B virus infection by immunization with DNA vaccines

Protection against a lethal influenza B virus infection was examined in BALB/c mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA and NB) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the B/Ibaraki/2/85 virus. Each DNA vaccine was administered twice, 3 weeks apart, at a dose of 1 μg per mouse by particle-mediated DNA transfer to the epidermis (gene gun) or at a dose of 30 μg per mouse by electroporation into the muscle. Three weeks after the second vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of homologous virus. HA and NA DNAs conferred complete protection against the lethal viral challenge, whereas NB and NP DNAs failed to provide protection against infection. Furthermore, protection in different strains of mice, BALB/c, B10 and C3H, immunized with HA and NA DNAs was compared. Both HA and NA DNAs conferred complete protection against the lethal challenge in all the tested mouse strains. These results suggest that both the HA and NA molecules can be used as vaccine components to provide effective protection against influenza B virus infection.
The role of cephalosporins in surgical prophylaxis

Worldwide, cephalosporins are the most widely used antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis. These drugs are recommended for prophylaxis because of their good safety profile, excellent antimicrobial activity against most of the bacteria causing postoperative wound infection, satisfactory penetration into critical tissues and, most importantly, a strong track record of efficacy in clinical trials. There are still unresolved questions about the choice of cephalosporin and the timing and duration of administration. In vaginal hysterectomy, Caesarian section, and biliary tract surgery a single preoperative dose of any one of several cephalosporins has been used effectively. There are no apparent benefits in using a longer course for prophylaxis, nor for choosing a third-generation cephalosporin rather than a first- or second-generation cephalosporin. Several cephalosporins have been employed successfully in cardiac surgery, mostly in trials using a 24-48 h regimen. A recent study with a single preoperative dose of ceftriaxone has produced favourable results. In elective colorectal surgery definitive conclusions are difficult because of limited controlled studies. The best results have been achieved with an oral bowel preparation such as neomycin-erythromycin. Metronidazole, combined with another agent to suppress facultative bacteria, has also produced excellent reduction in wound infections. While it is not firmly established that a systemic cephalosporin contributes to the proven good effects of an oral bowel preparation, there is evidence that the choice of the cephalosporin should be based, in part, on its activity against anaerobic bacteria.
Identification and treatment of sleep problems in the elderly

For many adults, changes in sleep occur with aging. An estimated 15 million elderly, or 50% of older Americans, experience some sleep problem. The elderly complain that their sleep is more fragmented and that as they have gotten older, they experience more daytime sleepiness. Laboratory studies have confirmed these complaints. Research has shown that it is not the need for sleep that decreases with age, but rather the ability to sleep. Circadian rhythm disturbances, sleep disorders such as sleep disordered breathing and periodic movements in sleep, medical illness, medication use, and impaired cognitive functioning all contribute to poor sleep and decreased daytime alertness. In institutionalized elderly, sleep is even more disturbed and disrupted. With careful assessment, many of these problems can be addressed and treated, and sometimes cured.
History and use of heat in pest control: a review

This review describes the history and use of heat in the management of a wide range of agricultural and structural pests. Definitions and concepts used in heat treatments are discussed as well as possible mechanisms of thermal lethality. Factors used in determining treatments are availability, costs, complexity, and other constraints. Heat can be used separately in multiple forms or in combination: fire, water-based and atmospheric, steam, vapor heat, dry heat, forced hot air, high temperature controlled atmospheres, electric fields, and electromagnetic energies. The early research into each of these strategies is presented, including design, temperature ranges, and target pests. An understanding of the development of thermal treatments will increase efficacy of pest control and adaptability, and will reduce duplication.
Meta-analysis of relations of stress propensity with subjective stress and strain.

Szrmmary.-Meta-analyses were used to examine relations of three factors of stress propensity, i.e., cognitive-affective connectivity, psychological magnification, and anger-irritability, with three stress criteria, i.e., subjective stress, psychological strain, and physiological strain. Each of the stress propensity factors was significantly related to each criterion. Sex was a signc Wofford, Daly, & Juban, 1999; Wofford, Goodwin, & Daly, 1999; Wofford, 2001; Wofford & Goodwin, in press) identified a trait construct of stress propensity. The present purpose was to examine the relations among three scales developed to assess this construct using meta-analysis. Two scales, Cognitive-Affective Connectivity and Psychological Magnification, were developed by Wofford, Daly, and associates. The third scale, the Anger-[rritabhty scale, was one developed by Robbins, Spence, and Clark (1991) from the Jenkins Activity Survey measure of Type A/B Person&ty. The dependent variables for the meta-analyses were subjective stress, psychological strain, and physiological strain. Subjective stress is the conscious experience of stressors. Physiological strain refers to the longterm, negative consequences of the stress response, i.e., the maladaptive physiological and health responses resulting from prolonged and intense physiological arousal. Psychological strain is manifest by such anxiety, depression, &ssatisfaction, sleep disorders, and irritation. METHOD
A Case Study of Physician Interaction in the Medical Device Development Process

A multiphase empirical field study is being conducted at Stanford University to examine the process of physician interaction during medical device development. The initial component of this study involved creating an analytic framework for case-based research that provided a conceptual guide for the pilot case study documented in this paper. The pilot case study examined the process of engaging physicians in medical device development within the context of an entrepreneurial device company. The methods used in this study included a combination of interviews with cross-functional team members, a quantitative survey, and the collection of archival data. Data analysis first involved documenting physician-developer interaction practices that had been used within the company, from needs finding to post-market surveillance, across multiple product generations. Leading development factors involving physicians that had influenced the company’s clinical and financial outcomes were next identified. The case study illustrated the importance of working with and understanding the user experiences of a wide range of physicians when developing new products. The case also captured how physician interaction influences risk perceptions toward medical device performance for both surgeons and developers. The case likewise highlighted the benefits of a systems-based design approach, as opposed to designing products for a single technical end point. From a methodological perspective, the case study revealed the importance of examining user interaction within a contextual framework, as opposed to an isolated examination of input and output variables. The study presented in this paper has provided a foundation for future case-based analyses regarding the process of physician interaction in medical device development.
Too Many References, Just Cut a Few and It Will Be Perfect: APA vs. Chicago

Emperor Joseph II: An excellent effort. You have shown us something … quite new tonight. It's just that, occasionally it seems to have … How would you say, director? Court music director: Too many ...
Kinetic modeling of slurry propylene polymerization using rac-ET(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO

The slurry homopolymerization of propylene catalyzed by the isospecific metallocene rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO was investigated using a semi-batch reactor. A full factorial design with three temperatures (50, 65 and 75°C) and four monomer partial pressures (1.5, 2.5, 3.2, and 3.8 atm) was performed. Analysis by 1H NMR revealed the formation of vinylidene, cis-2-butenyl and 4-butenyl end-groups. A kinetic model based on a coordination-insertion mechanism was developed to predict instantaneous reaction rate, molecular weights and polymer chain ends. The kinetic rate constants were estimated using a systematic optimization strategy. The model predicts that the insertion of the first propylene molecule is rate limiting with respect to propagation. Molecular weight decreases with temperature due to the high activation energy of the main chain transfer reaction (101 kJ/mol) relative to propagation (52 kJ/mol). The percentage of butenyl end-groups with respect to vinylidene decreases with temperature, thus predicting a lower activation energy for the β-hydride elimination after secondary insertion (27 kJ/mol). © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Forward and backward tests for an abrupt change in the intensity of a poisson process

We show that the Z test for a Poisson process defined in the papers of Bain et al. (1985), and Engelhardt et al. (1990) has an asymmetric performance in detecting an alternative which is a step-function intensity. The Z test has much less power in differentiating between a constant intensity and increasing step- function intensities than between the constant and the decreasing step-function intensities for failure- truncated data. However, it has more power in differentiating between a constant intensity and increasing step-intensities, than between the constant and the decreasing step-intensities for the time-truncated data. Consequently, the results of both studies (Bain et al., 1985, and Engelhardt et al., 1990) which are based on non-decreasing trend alternatives for the time-truncated sampling should not be extended symmetrically to tests with non-increasing trend alternatives for either time-truncated data or failure- truncated data. (In fairness to Bain et al. and Engelhardt et al., they ever recom...
Temperature and magnetic field dependence of microwave absorption in Rb3C60 superconductor

Abstract The temperature dependence of the surface resistance of Rb 3 C 60 at 9.2 GHz has been measured from 370 to 5 K. As well as the expected drop at the superconducting transition temperature, anomalous changes are observed at 370 and 190 K and attributed to phase transitions in the material. The dc and ac magnetic field dependence of the surface resistance in the superconducting state is measured. Both low dc and ac magnetic field weak link induced absorption are observed as well as high dc magnetic field vortex induced dissipation.
HOXB13 homeodomain protein is cytoplasmic throughout fetal skin development.

Substantial evidence suggests that HOX homeobox genes regulate aspects of body development, including hair formation. We initially isolated the HOXB13 gene from human fetal skin in experiments designed to identify candidate genes that regulate scarless fetal wound healing. Although the HOX homeodomain proteins have been proposed to function as transcription factors, we have demonstrated previously that substantial fractions of the HOXB6 and HOXB4 proteins are localized to the cytoplasm throughout epidermal development. The purpose of the current study was to identify HOXB13 protein expression patterns in developing skin to elucidate potential mechanisms by which this protein might regulate aspects of tissue development and healing. HOXB13 protein expression was detected throughout the developing epidermis, with weaker signal observed in the early developing dermis. Epidermal HOXB13 signal was detected over the entire body surface, but surprisingly, essentially all of the signal was cytoplasmic in developing skin. Low-level HOXB13 protein expression was detected in adult skin and within the telogen hair follicle, and a portion of the residual signal in adult epidermis was nuclear. Expression in hyperproliferative skin conditions remained cytoplasmic with the exception of epidermis associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, which showed strong HOXB13 expression that was partially localized to the nucleus.
The pseudo-atom approach to phase determination in protein electron crystallography – noncentrosymmetric projections. Erratum

From an idea proposed by David Harker [Acta Cryst. (1953), 6, 731–736], the assembly of globular subunits in a protein can be treated as pseudo-atoms for normalization of observed electron diffraction intensities. As demonstrated with published data from native or deoxycholate-treated bacteriorhodopsin, a multisolution approach via the Sayre–Hughes equation can then generate phase solutions to 6 A resolution that compare quite favorably with those determined earlier by phase extension. The major problem in such determinations is identification of the best phase set, especially if no lower-resolution images of the protein are available. (However, 15 to 10 A resolution image-derived phases could be used as a reference set to identify the correct solution.) A viable option may be to compare Patterson maps, calculated from trial map peak positions, to the experimental autocorrelation function. Trial phase determinations for the Omp F porin from E. coli outer membrane, on the other hand, are somewhat less successful because the β-sheet secondary structure is less well modeled by an array of `globs'.