cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nailed wood joints under combined loading

A new testing apparatus was designed and a test method developed to enable the application of axial loads, lateral loads, and controlled ratios of axial to lateral loads to nailed wood joints. The effect of axial load components on ultimate lateral load, joint deformations and several slip moduli were evaluated. These load-slip parameters were determined for three species of wood, three depths of nail penetration, and eight angles of load application. Several basic equations were examined to quantitatively describe the effect of combined axial and lateral loads. These included Hankinson's formula, a modified stress interaction formula, and a semi-log curve fitting process. Hankinson's formula proved to be a poor equation to describe the combined load effect, producing errors in excess of 500 percent in some cases. The stress interaction formula modified with a sine function produced an accurate method for describing ultimate load with errors below 15 percent. This is recommended as a design equation for nailed joints loaded in a combined manner. The use of a semi-log curve fitting process and a simple linear regression made it possible to describe the effect of axial load components on stiffness parameters of nailed joints.
Vascularized reconstruction of endoscopic skull base defects

Vascularized flap reconstruction is an effective reconstructive procedure for the management of complex skull base defects. The workhorse of endonasal reconstruction is the nasoseptal flap, which is a versatile pedicled flap with reliable vascularity that may be harvested using a purely endoscopic technique. Bilateral nasoseptal flaps may also be harvested for the coverage of very large defects. Several technical considerations may improve the ease of harvest and prevent postoperative complications.
Plasma cell dyscrasias: Current status

This is a review of the current status of the monoclonal gammopathies (plasma cell dyscrasias). We begin with the recognition of a monoclonal protein in serum and urine. We briefly discuss the differential diagnosis of the monoclonal gammopathies. Clinical and laboratory findings as well as the management of multiple myeloma are addressed. Future approaches for the treatment of myeloma are provided. The variant forms of multiple myeloma, including smoldering myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, nonsecretory myeloma, IgD myeloma, osteosclerotic myeloma, solitary plasmacytoma of bone, and extramedullary plasmacytoma, are briefly reviewed. Diagnosis and treatment of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia are presented. The recognition and differential diagnosis of the heavy-chain diseases (gamma, alpha, and mu) are included. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance ("benign" monoclonal gammopathy) is presented in detail. Amyloidosis is not included in this review.
At odds with ratios

Quantifying risk is an essential aspect in injury and safety research. Unfortunately, ‘risk,’ like many other words from technical jargon, is also used in common language, giving rise to misinterpr...
Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1 Infection of Swine Kidney Cells In Vitro Is Inhibited at Multiple Levels

Genotype 1 hepatitis E viruses (HEVs) are restricted to primate hosts, whereas genotype 3 HEVs predominantly infect swine, in addition to primates. In order to identify possible determinants of the host range, infectious recombinant viruses and chimeras of a genotype 1 isolate and a genotype 3 isolate were compared for their ability to infect versus transfect cultured human HepG2/C3A cells and swine LLC-PK cells. The patterns of luciferase expression from virus replicons containing the Gaussia luciferase gene in place of the viral ORF2 or ORF3 genes demonstrated that translation of the ORF2 capsid gene of genotype 1 virus is severely inhibited in swine kidney cells compared to its translation in rhesus macaque kidney or human liver cells. Therefore, this virus may produce insufficient capsid protein for optimal assembly in swine cells. Infectivity assays with a virus containing a chimeric capsid protein confirmed that amino acids 456 to 605 of the virus capsid protein comprised the virus receptor-binding region and suggested that genotype 1 viruses may be prevented from infecting swine because genotype 1 viruses are unable to enter swine cells. Rhesus macaque cells appeared to be better than human cells for growing the genotype 1 virus. These cell and virus combinations may serve as a useful in vitro model with which to study determinants of the natural host range of this virus.
Animal models of insulin resistance and heart failure

The incidence of heart failure (HF) and diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing and is associated with poor prognosis. In spite of the advances in therapy, HF remains a major health problem with high morbidity and mortality. When HF and diabetes coexist, clinical outcomes are significantly worse. The relationship between these two conditions has been studied in various experimental models. However, the mechanisms for this interrelationship are complex, incompletely understood, and have become a matter of considerable clinical and research interest. There are only few animal models that manifest both HF and diabetes. However, the translation of results from these models to human disease is limited, and new models are needed to expand our current understanding of this clinical interaction. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of insulin signaling and insulin resistance, the clinical association between insulin resistance and HF, and its proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms. Finally, we discuss available animal models of insulin resistance and HF and propose requirements for future new models.
Examining traffic crash injury severity at unsignalized intersections.

Abstract Introduction This study presents multiple approaches to the analysis of crash injury severity at three- and four-legged unsignalized intersections in the state of Florida from 2003 until 2006. An extensive data collection process was conducted for this study. Method The dataset used in the analysis included 2,043 unsignalized intersections in six counties in the state of Florida. For the scope of this study, there were three approaches explored. The first approach dealt with the five injury levels, and an ordered probit model was fitted. The second approach was an aggregated one, and dealt with only the severe versus non-severe crash levels, and a binary probit model was used. The third approach dealt with fitting a nested logit model. Results from the three fitted approaches were shown and discussed, and a comparison between the three approaches was shown. Results Several important factors affecting crash severity at unsignalized intersections were identified. These include the traffic volume on the major approach, and the number of through lanes on the minor approach (surrogate measure for traffic volume), and among the geometric factors, the upstream and downstream distance to the nearest signalized intersection, left and right shoulder width, number of left turn movements on the minor approach, and number of right and left turn lanes on the major approach. As for driver factors, young and very young at-fault drivers were associated with the least fatal probability compared to other age groups. Impact on industry The analysis identified some countermeasures to reduce injury severity at unsignalized intersections. The spatial covariates showed the importance of including safety awareness campaigns for speeding enforcement. Also, having a 90-degree intersection design is the most appropriate safety design for reducing severity. Moreover, the assurance of marking stop lines at unsignalized intersections is very essential.
Adult Learners as Graduate Students: Underlying Motivation in Completing Graduate Programs

Abstract The majority of graduate part-time programs are fueled by adult learners seeking to enhance their human capital and advance professional careers. In contrast, degree-granting programs seek to impart knowledge and advance learning in a particular discipline. At this intersection lies the individual student's motivation to satisfy their personal goals while also satisfying a college's knowledge requirement in a specific area. The primary focus of this article is to highlight the absence of research and measurement of this student population. Student motivation is examined and motivation characteristics are identified that assist the adult learner complete graduate school education. The article also serves as a guide to program developers in understanding this student body.
On positive solutions of one-dimensional semipositone equations with nonlinear boundary conditions

a b s t r a c t In this note we show the existence of positive solutions for a one-dimensional class of semipositone boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions. We study both the sublinear and superlinear situations by means of phase plane analysis.
Point-Defect Clustering in the Presence of Mobile Helium and Immobile Traps

A time-dependent model for vacancy and interstitial clustering during irradiation has been modified to include both mobile helium and immobile (solute) traps. The helium interacts only with the vacancies; the solute atomscan trap either type of point defect. With parameters appropriate for nickel-silicon alloys, concentrations of vacancies, interstitials, divacancies, diinterstitials, interstitial helium, vacancy-helium pairs, vacancy-solute pairs, and interstitial-solute pairs were calculated as a function of time for a damage rate n = 10 - 4 displacements per atom per second: a sink-annihilation probability, p = 10 - 8 , corresponding to a dislocation density of ∼ 10 8 cm/cm 3 ; T = 773 K; solute concentrations from 10 - 7 to 10 - 2 atom fraction; and helium production rates n H = 10 - 1 0 and 10 - 8 atom per atom per second. Various vacancy clustering regimes are identified, and experimental implications of the results are discussed.
Evaluation of the ability of the Shodan search engine to identify Internet-facing industrial control devices

Abstract The Shodan computer search engine has received significant attention due to its ability to identify and index Internet-facing industrial control system components. Industrial control systems are employed in numerous critical infrastructure assets, including oil and gas pipelines, water distribution systems, electrical power grids, nuclear plants and manufacturing facilities. The ability of malicious actors to identify industrial control devices that are accessible over the Internet is cause for alarm. Indeed, Shodan provides attackers with a powerful reconnaissance tool for targeting industrial control systems. This paper investigates the functionality of the Shodan computer search engine. In the experiments, four Allen-Bradley ControlLogix programmable logic controllers were deployed in an Internet-facing configuration to evaluate the indexing and querying capabilities of Shodan: all four programmable logic controllers were indexed and identified by Shodan within 19 days. This paper also describes a potential mitigation strategy that employs service banner manipulation to limit the exposure to Shodan queries.
Chemical Profiling To Differentiate Geographic Growing Origins of Coffee

The objective of this research was to demonstrate the feasibility of this method to differentiate the geographical growing regions of coffee beans. Elemental analysis (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, S, Cd, Pb, and P) of coffee bean samples was performed using ICPAES. There were 160 coffee samples analyzed from the three major coffee-growing regions: Indonesia, East Africa, and Central/South America. A computational evaluation of the data sets was carried out using statistical pattern recognition methods including principal component analysis, discriminant function analysis, and neural network modeling. This paper reports the development of a method combining elemental analysis and classification techniques that may be widely applied to the determination of the geographical origin of foods.
The role of cuticular hydrocarbons as chemical cues for nestmate recognition in the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)

Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in their native South American range, like most other ant species, form spatially restricted colonies that display high levels of aggression toward other such colonies. In their introduced range, Argentine ants are unicolonial and form massive supercolonies composed of numerous nests among which territorial boundaries are absent. Here we examine the role of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in nestmate recognition of this highly damaging invasive ant using three supercolonies from its introduced range. We conducted behavioral assays to test the response of Argentine ants to workers treated with colonymate or non-colonymate CHCs. Additionally, we quantified the amount of hydrocarbons transferred to individual ants and performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to qualitatively characterize our manipulation of CHC profiles. The GC/MS data revealed marked differences in the hydrocarbon profiles across supercolonies and indicated that our treatment effectively masked the original chemical profile of the treated ants with the profile belonging to the foreign individuals. We found that individual workers treated with foreign CHCs were aggressively rejected by their colonymates and this behavior appears to be concentration-dependent: larger quantities of foreign CHCs triggered higher levels of aggression. Moreover, this response was not simply due to an increase in the amount of CHCs applied to the cuticle since treatment with high concentrations of nestmate CHCs did not trigger aggression.The results of this study bolster the findings of previous studies on social insects that have implicated CHCs as nestmate recognition cues and provide insight into the mechanisms of nestmate recognition in the invasive Argentine ant.
Preferences about APA Poster Presentations

Participants (N = 271) attending poster sessions at the 1993 APA convention completed a questionnaire about poster presentations. Respondents evaluated posters on three dimensions: visual display and organization, demeanor of the presenter, and content. Although each of these (dimensions was considered important, visual display seems paramount. Ease of poster review—facilitated by large type, concise presentation of material, and use of supplemental graphs and charts—is preferred. Poster presenters who are appropriately attentive to individuals reviewing their material are also appreciated.
Fourier transform profilometry using a binary area modulation technique

A recent study found that it is very difficult to use the squared binary defocusing technique to eliminate the influence of third-order harmonics without compromising fringe quality, and thus it is challenging to utilize Fourier transform profilometry to achieve high-quality three-dimensional measurement. A novel approach is presented to effectively eliminate the third-order harmonics by modulating the squared binary structured patterns. Both simulation and experiments are presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique.
Super-Resolution Fluorescence of Huntingtin Reveals Growth of Globular Species into Short Fibers and Coexistence of Distinct Aggregates

Polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin, the protein encoded by HTT mutations associated with Huntington’s disease, forms aggregate species in vitro and in vivo. Elucidation of the mechanism of growth of fibrillar aggregates from soluble monomeric protein is critical to understanding the progression of Huntington’s disease and to designing therapeutics for the disease, as well as for aggregates implicated in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. We used the technique of multicolor single-molecule, super-resolution fluorescence imaging to characterize the growth of huntingtin exon 1 aggregates. The huntingtin exon 1 aggregation followed a pathway from exclusively spherical or globular species of ∼80 nm to fibers ∼1 μm in length that increased in width, but not length, over time with the addition of more huntingtin monomers. The fibers further aggregated with one another into aggregate assemblies of increasing size. Seeds created by sonication, which were comparable in shape and size to the globular species in th...
Oxidation of sulphydryl groups in denatured egg albumin.

The oxidation of dry denatured egg albumin and dry myosin by molecular oxygen indicates that the direct oxidation of dry proteins containing free sulphydryl groups is a general reaction. Cupric ion was the most effective catalyst for the oxidation of denatured egg albumin in solution. The rate of the oxidation was measured as a function of cupric ion concentration, pH, and temperature. Since the catalytic oxidations of denatured egg albumin, glutathione, and cysteine have very similar activation energies, the mechanism of copper-catalyzed sulphydryl oxidation may be the same for the three compounds. Under the conditions studied, only sulphydryl groups of denatured egg albumin were oxidized. The oxidation of these groups proceeded beyond the disulphide stage.
A first law thermodynamic analysis of biodiesel production from soybean.

A proper First Law energy balance of the soybean biodiesel cycle shows that the overall efficiency of biodiesel production is 0.18, i.e., only 1 in 5 parts of the solar energy sequestered as soya beans, plus the fossil energy inputs, becomes biodiesel. Soybean meal is produced with an overall energetic efficiency of 0.38, but it is not a fossil fuel. If both biodiesel and soybean meal were treated as finished fossil fuels, the overall energy efficiency of their production would be 0.56, ∼ 40% higher than the average overall efficiency, 0.4, of producing ethanol and DDGS from corn patzek 2006z, patzek 2007a. This difference is caused by the high energy efficiency of producing soybean meal, which is 57% of soya beans by mass. Production of corn ethanol alone, with the average overall efficiency of 0.25, is more energy-efficient than production of biodiesel from soybeans with the overall efficiency of 0.18. The results of the current analysis are compared with those by NREL 1998 and Hill et al. 2006.
Comments on unknown channels

The idea of modeling an unknown channel using a broadcast channel was first introduced by Cover1 in 1972. This paper builds on his line of thought to consider priority encoding of communication over unknown channels without feedback, using fixed-length codes and from a single-shot, individual channel perspective. A ratio-regret metric is used to understand how well we can perform with respect to the actual channel realization.
Assay for biologically available phosphorus using proteolytic Aeromonas hydrophila

SUMMARY. 1. A simple and inexpensive assay was developed to determine the amount of biologically available phosphorus (BAP) present in freshwater. 2. BAP was measured by using Aeromonas hydrophila in a proteolytic assay system in which the release of the chromogen from an insoluble azure dye derivative of hide powder (HPA) was determined spectrophotometrically. The time necessary to hydrolyse 50% of the HPA was found to be directly dependent on the amount of BAP present. BAP within the range 2–250 μg 1−1 phosphate-phosphorus was detected. 3. Our data suggest that the application of this assay for the measurement of BAP in freshwater offers the potential of monitoring the biological response of a freshwater ecosystem to phosphorus.
Asymptotic distribution of the weighted least squares estimator

This paper derives the asymptotic distribution of the weighted least squares estimator (WLSE) in a heteroscedastic linear regression model. A consistent estimator of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the WLSE is also obtained. The results are obtained under weak conditions on the design matrix and some moment conditions on the error distributions. It is shown that most of the error distributions encountered in practice satisfy these moment conditions. Some examples of the asymptotic covariance matrices are also given.
Choline-based deep eutectic solvents for enzymatic preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil

Abstract In this study, we introduced choline-based deep eutectic solvents (such as choline chloride/glycerol at 1:2 molar ratio) as inexpensive, non-toxic, biodegradable and lipase-compatible solvents for the enzymatic preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil. Through the evaluation of different eutectic solvents and different lipases, as well as the study of reaction parameters (i.e. methanol concentration, Novozym 435 loading and reaction time), we were able to achieve up to 88% triglyceride conversions in 24 h. The enzyme could be reused for at least four times without losing much activity. Our results indicate that new benign eutectic solvents can be used as substitutes of toxic and volatile organic solvents in the enzymatic production of biodiesel from real triglycerides (such as soybean oil).
Electronic structure of porphyrins. III. All-valence-electron SCF-MO-CI calculations of the excited singlet states of dianion and free base reduced porphins†

All-valence-electron scf-mo-ci calculations were carried out on the singlet π* π transitions of dianion and free-base porphin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin. Comparisons with available experimental data show that the present calculations give reasonable account of the spectral characteristics of these molecules. Details of the mo structure, the singlet π* n transitions, and the relationship of the present calculations to Gouterman's four-orbital model are also discussed.
Dorsal nasal reconstruction using bone harvested from the mandible

Abstract Purpose This article describes a technique for reconstructing nasal deformities resulting from trauma. Bone harvested from the lateral ramus/body of the mandible is used to provide nasal support for major nasal deformities. Patients and Methods Ten patients underwent repair of their nasal deformities with an autogenous bone graft harvested from the mandible. Primary bone grafting was used to repair a nasal deformity associated with a naso-orbito-ethmoidal fracture in 8 patients. Secondarily, 2 patients underwent placement of a graft for correction of a saddle nose deformity. Results All patients achieved aesthetic results. There was maintenance of nasal projection and symmetry without displacement of the graft. None of the patients complained of an unnatural hardness of the nasal tip or dorsum. All grafts healed without evidence of infection, dehiscence, or necrosis. Conclusion The lateral ramus/body of the mandible provide an excellent donor site alternative for nasal reconstruction.
Cognitive patterns resembling premature aging in male social drinkers.

In two samples of employed men (ns of 102 and 496), the amount of alcohol typically consumed per drinking occasion was significantly associated with decreased sober abstraction performance. Age was also significantly related to reduced abstraction scores. An increase of one drink in the quantity of alcohol typically consumed was associated with an average reduction in abstraction performance equivalent to 3.7 more yr of age in one sample and 2.4 more yr of age in the other sample.
Bounds in the sensitivity of BioMEMS devices for cell detection.

This paper presents an ongoing effort to characterize performance and reliability of micro electromechanical systems used for biomedical diagnostics (BioMEMS). In order to study the interactions of human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells with BioMEMS devices, cultures were performed on silicon (Si) surfaces as well as silicon surfaces coated with 50 nm of titanium (Ti). Cell spreading on the surfaces was observed over time for up to 2 hours. It was seen that titanium coated silicon surfaces have the potential to provide a better interface for BioMEMS devices, due to enhanced adherence and spreading of the cells on these surfaces. Atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers were used as cell detection sensors. These cantilevers were coated with 50 nm of titanium metal to provide a cell friendly surface. Theoretical models were then developed for the prediction of the vibrational responses of the AFM cantilevers before and after cell attachment. The models were used to relate the experimentally observed changes in frequency to the number of cells that are attached on the cantilever. The bounds in the possible frequency changes were determined within a theoretical framework. From experimentally calculated values for the mass of cells, random number simulations were carried out to determine the probability of cell attachment as a function of the change in resonance frequency of the cantilever sensor. The implications of the results are then discussed for the future reliability modeling of the sensor.
Electrical, thermal and catalytic properties of CeO2–Sm0.5Ti0.5O1.75 ceramics

Abstract The electrical conductivity of the ceramic composite, (CeO 2 ) 1− x (Sm 0.5 Ti 0.5 O 1.75 ) x , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 has been investigated in air and in forming gas (8% H 2 + 92% Ar). Complex impedance measurements indicated that the pyrochlore phase affected the grain-boundary conduction in these ceramic composites. The grain-boundary resistance decreased with increasing dopant content. The thermal behavior of these ceramics under reducing conditions was also investigated. Evaluations of catalytic behaviour showed that the addition of 5 mol% of pyrochlore phase to ceria improved the catalytic activity for steam reforming of methane.
ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES : I. APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR PREPARATION OF STABLE EXTRACTS FROM NATURAL SOURCES

The introduction by Allen and Doisy (1) of the vaginal spread method of testing for the ovarian hormone has led to an enormous number of investigations involving the induction of estrus in castrated female animals. The literature on this subject has been assembled and correlated in the valuable monograph of Frank (2), who gives a bibliography of 491 titles covering the literature up to 1929. Since the publication of Frank's monograph, the crystallization of the ovarian hormone has been reported by Doisy, Veler and Thayer (3) and by Butenandt (4). These discoveries, if substantiated, will constitute the second major advance in the study of the chemical mechanism of estrus, and more broadly, of the chemistry of reproduction in the female. Substances capable of inducing estrus in castrated female animals apparently have a very wide distribution in nature. Estrogenic material has been obtained from follicular fluid (5), corpora lutea (6), placenta (7), blood (8), urine (9), amniotic fluid (10), liver (11), bi...
A Survey Regarding the University of North Dakota Institutional Review Board: Data, Attitudes, and Perceptions

Abstract This article is a report of the results of a survey regarding attitudes toward, perceptions of, and experiences with an Institutional Review Board (IRB). Faculty and graduate students in several academic departments at the University of North Dakota were respondents. A summary of recommendations that emerged from this project is presented with the hope that this information will be useful to IRBs and those who deal with them.
Probability-based compatibility curves for calcium and phosphates in parenteral nutrition formulations

Background: The information content of the calcium phosphate compatibility curves for adult parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions may benefit from a more sophisticated statistical treatment. Binary logistic regression analyses were evaluated as part of an alternate method for generating formulation compatibility curves. Materials and Methods: A commercial PN solution was challenged with a systematic array of calcium and phosphate concentrations. These formulations were then characterized for particulates by visual inspection, light obscuration, and filtration followed by optical microscopy. Logistic regression analyses of the data were compared with traditional treatments for generating compatibility curves. Results: Assay-dependent differences were observed in the compatibility curves and associated probability contours; the microscopic method of precipitate detection generated the most robust results. Calcium and phosphate compatibility data generated from small-volume glass containers reasonably predicte...
Comparison of Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Slosson Intelligence Test with Mentally Retarded Children:

This study investigated the relationships among the Columbia, Peabody, and Slosson. The Slosson showed signs of becoming a legitimate substitute for the other intelligence tests, while the Columbia yielded erratic results for the mentally retarded Ss tested in this study.
Short-term, high dose enzyme replacement therapy in sialidosis mice

Given the success of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in treating the systemic manifestations in a number of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), we evaluated the effect of ERT on the mouse model of sialidosis. This glycoproteinosis, which affects primarily the reticuloendothelial (RE) system, is caused by deficiency of lysosomal neuraminidase (NEU1) and consequent accumulation of sialylated glycoconjugates. NEU1 lacks a functional mannose-6-phosphate recognition marker and is not endocytosed by mammalian cells. However, the enzyme produced in insect cells has features that allow its effective uptake by RE cells and macrophages via the mannose receptor, and therefore represent an alternative method of therapy. In this study we tested the therapeutic efficacy of baculovirus (BV) expressed mouse neuraminidase (Neu1) in sialidosis mice. Four-week-old Neu1-/- mice were first injected intravenously with a single dose of the recombinant enzyme for assessment of the half-life of mannosylated Neu1 in vivo. Afterwards, a short-term ERT with a total of five enzyme injections over a 2-week period was performed for evaluation of phenotype correction. Neu1 infused alone or co-administered with its associated protein, protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA) was effectively taken up by resident macrophages in many tissues. Restored Neu1 activity persisted for up to 4 days, depending on the tissue, and resulted in a significant reduction of lysosomal storage. However, beyond 2 weeks of treatment, ERT mice developed a severe immune response towards the exogenous Neu1 enzyme. These results may have important implications for ERT in sialidosis patients.
Some experience with DAVE: a Fortran program analyzer

This paper describes DAVE, an automatic program testing aid which performs a static analysis of Fortran programs. DAVE analyzes the data flows both within and across subprogram boundaries of Fortran programs, and is able to detect occurrences of uninitialized and dead variables in such programs. The paper shows how this capability facilitates the detection of a wide variety of errors, many of which are often quite subtle. The central analytic mechanism in DAVE is a depth-first search procedure which enables DAVE to execute efficiently. Some experiences with DAVE are described and evaluated and some future work is projected.
Effective stabilization of ethanol levels in multiple-well tissue culture plates

Underestimation of ethanol (EtOH) volatility in vitro is a potential source of experimental error. EtOH (0-5% in culture medium) was added to 24- or 96-well tissue culture plates with standard low evaporation lids and incubated at 37 degrees C in humidified 7.5% CO2 and 92.5% air. After 72 hours, approximately 70% of the initial EtOH had disappeared from the aqueous phase of the plate (EtOH volatilization). EtOH concentrations gradually decreased in high-concentration wells (1-5%) and increased in low-concentration wells (0-0.1%) over time. This temporal redistribution of EtOH (EtOH diffusion) was detected after only 1 hour of incubation. Parafilm, Blenderm surgical tape, and ELISA plate-sealing tape barriers inconsistently or inadequately prevented EtOH volatilization and diffusion, but a newly designed plate-sealing clamp (PSC) apparatus inhibited this phenomenon. Rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells cultured with the PSC apparatus maintained intact cell membranes for 72 hours and stable levels of monolayer permeability for at least 48 hours. By stabilizing in vitro EtOH concentrations, the PSC apparatus eliminates a potential source of major experimental error.
Performance of an expanding telescope used to obtain a low divergence H - beam

Abstract An expanding telescope constructed by Los Alamos National Laboratory was installed at Argonne National Laboratory to produce a low divergence, 50 MeV H − beam. The telescope with a twenty times magnification consisted of a singlet eyepiece and triplet objective lens constructed from permanent quadrupole magnets. The output beam divergence was measured with a rms resolution near 1 μ rad using a pinhole membrane and an optical imaging system. This system also provided a measure of the third order geometric aberrations of the telescope by the displacement of the centroids in the projected image of a rectilinear array of pinholes placed across the beam diameter. The geometric aberrations were found to be in agreement with computer calculations, having magnitudes on the order of a few μ rad/cm 3 . Chromatic aberrations in the telescope were also found to be in agreement with theory. These measurements showed that the telescope achieved a nearly parallel beam with a divergence of less than 25 μ rad.
Streaming and Shielding Analysis for the NBI System of TDF

Three-dimensional neutronics and photonics analysis has been performed for the neutral beam injection system of TDF. Using tungsten shield in the 0.35 m space available between the corner of the central cell solenoid and the duct wall provides adequate protection for the magnet. The peak radiation damage and nuclear heating in the magnet are well below the specified design limits. Acceptable heat loads were obtained in the cryopanels and superconductive shield. The radiation dose absorbed in the MACOR insulator of the ion source implies that it will last approximately 2.8 full power years.
Synthesis and thermal stability of amorphous Be–B–X alloy coatings

Amorphous Be-B-X alloys are vapor deposited as coatings. The microstructure and hardness of the Be-B-X coatings are examined using transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation, respectively. Whereas a Be-B-2.5 at.% Cu amorphous coating is found to crystallize to a cubic Be-33 at.% B phase at 673 K, a coating of Be-B-1.8 at.% Fe-0.4 at.% Cr-0.3 at.% Co does not crystallize until at a higher temperature of 748 K. The hardness of the amorphous Be-B-X coating increases with B content but is less than its crystalline counterparts.
Paleomagnetic and structural evidence for localized tectonic rotation associated with fault drag in the northeastern Mojave Desert: Implications for the late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Eastern California shear zone

Paleomagnetic data, coupled with detailed geological analysis of the southeastern Goldstone Lake region, indicate that lower Miocene volcanic and epiclastic rocks of the Pink Canyon area have been folded, faulted and tectonically rotated approximately 28.4 + or - 9.0 deg clockwise about a vertical axis. The Coyote Canyon Fault is locally folded about a vertical axis approximately 25 deg in a clockwise sense in the Pink Canyon area. Timing relationships indicate that rotation is post-early Miocene; regional relationships imply that deformation is late Miocene to Holocene in age. These relationships imply that tectonic rotation is local rather than regional in extent as proposed by some tectonic models. The results of this study are generally consistent with the Dokka and Travis model and the subsequently revised Dokka model of strain partitioning in the northeastern Mojave Desert block.
Effect of Enzyme Concentration and Storage Temperature on the Formation of Slowly Digestible Starch from Cooked Debranched Rice Starch

Non-waxy and waxy starch suspensions were debranched with pullulanase followed by heating and cooling to form products with a mixture of rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS) and resistant starches (RS). Products with a range of digestibility were formed by controlling the enzyme concentration (2 and 10 g of pullulanase per 100 g of starch), time of hydrolysis (2 to 24 h) and cooling temperature (1, 15, and 30 °C). Higher enzyme concentration and less time for debranching resulted in maximum formation of SDS while longer times increased RS. RDS decreased with increasing SDS and RS. Holding at 1 °C produced a product with highest proportion of SDS. Holding at 15 °C produced a starch that is relatively more resistant to digestion. Holding at 30 °C produced the smallest amount of SDS but the same amount of RS as with samples cooled at 1 °C. The most SDS was produced by debranching waxy starch with 10 g of pullulanase per 100 g of starch for 4 h and subsequent storage at 1 °C.Therefore, waxy starches would be more suitable to make SDS.
Mask-Based Vision Systems by Use of the Wigner Distribution Function and Ambiguity Function

We analyze complex pupils in mask-based vision systems using the Wigner Distribution Function and Ambiguity Function. The amplitude and phase variations behave differently; this formulation provides a novel approach to the design of imaging systems.
Effect of some surface-active agents on cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract 1. 1. Aliquots of a particulate heart muscle preparation containing cytochrome oxidase were treated with various concentrations (up to 150 mg./ml.) of a number of surface-active agents. 2. 2. Sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, digitonin, Tween 60, alkylphenol ethylene oxide, polyethoxylated alkylphenol, and polyoxyethylene stearate−20, −30, and −40 activated cytochrome oxidase most at a concentration yielding about the greatest clarification of the suspension. 3. 3. Samples treated with saponin exhibited high cytochrome oxidase activity at concentrations which produced no change in the transparency. 4. 4. Sodium glycocholate, sodium lithocholate, Santomerse #1, and Duponol C successively inactivated cytochrome oxidase and increased the transparency. The last two agents completely inactivated cytochrome oxidase at the highest concentrations employed. 5. 5. Sodium dehydrocholate affected neither the activity of cytochrome oxidase nor the transparency of the suspension. 6. 6. Sodium deoxycholate and digitonin were the only agents which appreciably solubilized cytochrome oxidase without inactivating it, as determined by spectral analyses and activity determinations on the supernatants following centrifugation. 7. 7. Digitonin was less effective than was sodium deoxycholate in facilitating the separation of cytochrome oxidase from the cytochromes b and c.
Bias Mechanisms in Intention-to-Treat Analysis With Data Subject to Treatment Noncompliance and Missing Outcomes.

An analytical approach was employed to compare sensitivity of causal effect estimates with different assumptions on treatment noncompliance and non-response behaviors. The core of this approach is to fully clarify bias mechanisms of considered models and to connect these models based on common parameters. Focusing on intention-to-treat analysis, systematic model comparisons are performed on the basis of explicit bias mechanisms and connectivity between models. The method is applied to the Johns Hopkins school intervention trial, where assessment of the intention-to-treat effect on school children’s mental health is likely to be affected by assumptions about intervention noncompliance and nonresponse at follow-up assessments. The example calls attention to the importance of focusing on each case in investigating relative sensitivity of causal effect estimates with different identifying assumptions, instead of pursuing a general conclusion that applies to every occasion.
John von Neumann, scientific method and empirical economics

The evolution of John von Neumann's scientific interests and a study of his writings show that von Neumann increasingly supported an empirical, computational method. This is in stark contrast with the extant view of von Neumann as a pure theorist.
The Impact of Area Contact Between Sensor Bulb and Evaporator Return Line in a Modular Refrigeration Unit: Part I — Computational Study

The combination of increased power dissipation and increased packaging density has led to substantial increase in junction temperature, at both the chip and module level in computers and especially at the high-end. In the past, virtually all-commercial computers were designed to operate at temperatures above the ambient and were primarily air-cooled. However, researchers have always known the advantages of operating electronics at low temperatures. This facilitates faster switching time of semiconductor devices, increased circuit speeds due to lower electrical resistance of interconnecting materials and reduction in thermally induced failures of devices and components. Depending on the doping characteristics of the chip, performance improvement ranges from 1 to 3% for every 10°C lower transistor temperature can be realized. The paper addresses improving the cooling of IBM’s high-end server unit, which uses a conventional refrigeration system to maintain the chip temperatures below that of comparable air-cooled systems, but well above cryogenic temperature. The IBM S/390 high-end server system is the first IBM design that employed refrigeration cooling. Advantage of using refrigeration unit is improvement in reliability, and performance improvements related to the lower operating temperature. In previous work, the focus was to study the effect of variation of evaporator outlet superheat on the flow through the thermostatic expansion valve at varying evaporator temperature. Also the effect of change in bulb location and effect of bulb time constant on the hunting at the evaporator has been reported. Currently, the evaporator return line and the sensor bulb are simply attached with a clip, with no thermal consideration. In the present study, the performance that results from varying the area of contact between the evaporator return line and sensor bulb is discussed. Subsequently, the effect of various interface materials on the performance is examined.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
In vivo and in vitro effects of bile salt compounds on gastric secretory activity

Gastric secretion studied in vivo in the rat and dog, and in vitro by the frog membrane method, was found to be inhibited by the administration of bile salt compounds. Of those agents studied, sodium desoxycholate appeared to have the strongest inhibitory effect.
The crystal packing of thyroglobulin

Abstract The molecular packing in 19 s thyroglobulin crystals has been examined using shadowed, positively stained and negatively stained preparations. Crystallizing thyroglobulin molecules first form polymers which are right-handed helices with an average pitch of 228 A having four molecules per turn. The molecular shape appears to be approximately a sphere of 114 A diameter or a prolate ellipsoid of comparable volume. The three-dimensional packing of the helices can be described by an octamolecular orthorhombic unit cell having sides of 395, 228 and 197 A.
The Impact of Staffing Policies on Retail Buyer Job Attitudes and Behaviors

Abstract This research focuses on the impact of four staffing policies (promotion from within, promotion through seniority, well-defined career paths, and opportunities for intraorganizational mobility) on the job attitudes and behaviors of retail employees. A test of the conceptual framework using survey data collected from 207 retail buyers and divisional merchandise managers indicates that staffing policies significantly affect the buyers ' intrinsic motivation and commitment to their firms. Commitment and intrinsic motivation, in turn, have a strong effect on a buyer's creativity, risk-taking behavior and intention to leave the organization. The results suggest that staffing policies are an important mechanism for controlling buyer attitudes and behaviors.
Battle for the Bulge: Directing Small Molecules to DNA and RNA Defects

Small molecules were tailored to specifically bind bulged DNA by complementing the geometry and nucleotide size of the bulge site. The prospect of generating small molecules that influence the secondary structure of DNA and RNA holds great promise for clinical applications.
Plate Tectonics, Paleomagnetism, and the Opening of the Atlantic

Finite rotations of the African, European, and North and South American plates about the poles of Bullard and others (1965) have been employed to reconstruct the ancient configuration of the Atlantic Ocean. The rates and duration-times for the motions have been estimated from sea-floor spreading interpretations of marine magnetic profiles and deep-sea drilling results across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The central Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico began to form in Triassic time about 200 m.y. ago, with the drift of Africa and South America away from North America. The South Atlantic first opened about 150 m.y. ago as South America separated from Africa. The formation of the North Atlantic was somewhat more complex. Initial opening began in the Rockall Trough between 200 and 150 m.y. ago. The Bay of Biscay formed during the period 150 to 80 m.y. ago. The Labrador Sea opened between 80 and 45 m.y. ago. The present spreading regime along the Reykjanes Ridge and Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Azores began about 65 m.y. ago. Paleomagnetic poles for the respective continental plates for various geologic time intervals have also been subjected to the same finite rotations as the continents. A world mean polar wander path reconstructed from the rotated paleomagnetic poles reveals that the entire Atlantic plate system has gradually shifted northward toward the present spin axis as opening progressed.
Women Entrepreneurs Preparing for Growth: The Influence of Social Capital and Training on Resource Acquisition

Abstract This study examines the influence of formal and informal social capital and training needs of 421 women entrepreneurs that the acquisition of financial resources needed for growth. Results revealed that women entrepreneurs with high growth resources tended to use more formal social networks and needed training in strategic planning and production/operations. Our study offers support for the process by which formal and informal capital resources within women-owned firms can serve as critical antecedents of potential market growth and expansion. This research takes an important initial step in understanding the process of how women entrepreneurs leverage and build internal and external resources.