cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the value proposition for improving vaccine thermostability to increase vaccine impact in low and middle-income countries

The need to keep vaccines cold in the face of high ambient temperatures and unreliable access to electricity is a challenge that limits vaccine coverage in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Greater vaccine thermostability is generally touted as the obvious solution. Despite conventional wisdom, comprehensive analysis of the value proposition for increasing vaccine thermostability has been lacking. Further, while significant investments have been made in increasing vaccine thermostability in recent years, no vaccine products have been commercialized as a result. We analyzed the value proposition for increasing vaccine thermostability, grounding the analysis in specific vaccine use cases (e.g., use in routine immunization [RI] programs, or in campaigns) and in the broader context of cold chain technology and country level supply chain system design. The results were often surprising. For example, cold chain costs actually represent a relatively small fraction of total vaccine delivery system costs. Further, there are critical, vaccine use case-specific temporal thresholds that need to be overcome for significant benefits to be reaped from increasing vaccine thermostability. We present a number of recommendations deriving from this analysis that suggest a rational path toward unlocking the value (maximizing coverage, minimizing total system costs) of increased vaccine thermostability, including: (1) the full range of thermostability of existing vaccines should be defined and included in their labels; (2) for new vaccines, thermostability goals should be addressed up-front at the level of the target product profile; (3) improving cold chain infrastructure and supply chain system design is likely to have the largest impact on total system costs and coverage in the short term-and will influence the degree of thermostability required in the future; (4) in the long term, there remains value in monitoring the emergence of disruptive technologies that could remove the entire RI portfolio out of the cold chain.
Fault injection experiment results in space borne parallel application programs

Development of the REE Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based space-borne supercomputer requires a detailed knowledge of system behavior in the presence of Single Event Upset (SEU) induced faults. When combined with a hardware radiation fault model and mission environment data in a medium grained system model, experimentally obtained fault behavior data can be used to: predict system reliability, availability and performance; determine optimal fault detection methods and boundaries; and define high ROI fault tolerance strategies. The REE project has developed a fault injection suite of tools and a methodology for experimentally determining system behavior statistics in the presence of application level SEU induced transient faults. Initial characterization of science data application code for an autonomous Mars Rover geology application indicates that this code is relatively insensitive to SEUs and thus can be made highly immune to application level faults with relatively low overhead strategies.
Fundamental Determinants of Output Per Worker Across Countries

Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? Our analysis shows that differences in social infrastructure are important sources of this variation. According to our results, a high-productivity country (i) has institutions that favor production over diversion, (ii) has a low rate of government consumption, (iii) is open to international trade, (iv) has at least some private ownership, (v) speaks an international language, and (vi) is located in a temperate latitude far from the equator. A favorable social infrastructure helps a country both by stimulating the accumulation of human and physical capital and by raising its total factor productivity.
Structure of the 10 Li nucleus investigated via the 9 Li ( d , p ) 10 Li reaction

The structure of the particle unbound nucleus ${}^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ was investigated in a kinematically complete experiment using the ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}{(d,p)}^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ reaction in inverse kinematics at an incident ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ energy of 20 MeV/nucleon. The experiment utilized the S800 Spectrograph at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory to measure the outgoing ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ from the breakup of ${}^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ in coincidence with the recoiling protons from the $(d,p)$ reaction which were measured using an array of silicon detectors. Based on the kinematics of the recoiling protons from the ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}(d,p)$ reaction, we measured a lower limit of $\ensuremath{\Delta}=33.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$ MeV (i.e., $\ensuremath{\Delta}g33.02$ MeV) for the mass excess of ${}^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ which is consistent with previous measurements. Through the complete reconstruction of the breakup kinematics, the structure of ${}^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ associated with a ground state ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ core was distinguishable from structure associated with a ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ core in its first excited state. The observed ratio of ${}^{9}{\mathrm{Li}}^{*}$ core events to the total number of ${}^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ events that were detected in the experiment was $0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ at forward center of mass angles $(2.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to $9.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}),$ and $0.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ at more backward center of mass angles $(11\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to $26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}).$ The resulting Q-value spectra was best fit with either a single resonance located at $Q=\ensuremath{-}2.58(11)$ MeV [corresponding to a neutron separation energy ${S}_{n}=\ensuremath{-}0.35(11)$ MeV] or two resonances located at $Q=\ensuremath{-}3.00(24)$ MeV $[{S}_{n}=\ensuremath{-}0.77(24)$ MeV] and $Qg\ensuremath{-}2.43$ MeV ${(S}_{n}g\ensuremath{-}0.2$ MeV).
Generalized symmetric variables

Symmetric variables have been used extensively to simplify design and synthesis of digital circuits. Methods to detect symmetric variables as well as special methods for synthesis and design of highly symmetric functions have been continuously investigated. In this paper the author identifies and describes new, generalized symmetric relations between variables of Boolean functions. A method to detect and identify these symmetries is presented, and results showing the existence of such symmetries in MCNC benchmark functions are given. Possible applications are discussed.
Incorporating physical-layer effects in modeling of MAC protocols operating in MANETs

We present an analytical framework for the performance evaluation of medium access control (MAC) protocols with and without carrier sensing operating in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The model captures the functionality of MAC protocols together with the characterization of packet reception under a realistic physical layer that impacts the performance of the MAC protocols due to interference caused by concurrent transmissions, channel fading caused by multi-path effect, and node mobility. The model reveals the interplay between the MAC protocol functionality and network parameters, and provides new insight on the performance of MAC protocols operating in multi-hop wireless networks. The analytical results are corroborated with results obtained using discrete-event simulations.
Hysteresivity of the lung and tissue strip in the normal rat: effects of heterogeneities.

We measured lung impedance in rats in closed chest (CC), open chest (OC), and isolated lungs (IL) at four transpulmonary pressures with a optimal ventilator waveform. Data were analyzed with an hom...
Calibration and alignment of metrology system for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array mission

A metrology system to measure the on-orbit movement of a ten meter mast has been built for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) x-ray observatory. In this paper, the metrology system is described, and the performance is measured. The laser beam stability is discussed in detail. Pre-launch alignment and calibration are also described. The invisible infrared laser beams must be aligned to their corresponding detectors without deploying the telescope in Earth’s gravity. Finally, a possible method for in-flight calibration of the metrology system is described.
Do bugs define cancer geography

![Figure][1] Insight from Christian Jobin Although genetic factors are essential to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), the intestinal microbiota were recently recognized as an important environmental contributor. In this issue, Gerold Bongers, Sergio Lira, and colleagues
Enigmas of filterable, invisible entities

An Introduction to the History of Virology. By A. P. Waterson and Lise Wilkinson. Pp. 237. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and London, UK, 1978.) £12.
Municipal Websites: Linking Democratic Theory and Citizen Participation

In this paper the authors draw on Scott's (2006) work on e-government and democratic theories to examine how governments engage their citizens online. The three theories they focus — representative, pluralist, and direct — are the most prominent in the democratic theory literature. Using data from the 200 American local governments, they examine two research questions: What factors drive governments to employ each theory? Which theory predominates in the implementation of e-government? Our assumption is that providing answers to these two questions will help set the stage for future research linking e-government and democratic theory.
Martian channels and valleys: Their characteristics, distribution, and age

The distribution and ages of Martian channels and valleys, which are generally believed to have been cut by running water, are examined with particular emphasis on the small branching networks referred to as runoff channels or valley networks. Valleys at latitudes from 65 deg S to 65 deg N were surveyed on Viking images at resolutions between 125 and 300 m. Almost all of the valleys are found in the old cratered terrain, in areas characterized by high elevations, low albedos and low violet/red ratios. The networks are deduced to have formed early in the history of the planet, with a formation rate declining rapidly shortly after the decline of the cratering rate 3.9 billion years ago. Two types of outflow channels are distinguished: unconfined, in which broad swaths of terrain are scoured, and confined, in which flow is restricted to discrete channels. Both types start at local sources, and have formed episodically throughout Martian history. Fretted channels, found mainly in two latitude belts characterized by relatively rapid erosion along escarpments, are explained by the lateral enlargement of other channels by mass wasting.
Ion pairing in solutions of na[HIr4(CO)11]: evidence for Na+ interaction with one of the bridging carbonyls

The infrared and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Na[HIr4(CO)11] demonstrate that in diethyl ether this salt is largely present as a contact ion pair, the principal site of interaction being one of the bridging carbonyls. In tetrahydrofuran this salt exists as a mixture of free and ion-paired clusters as appears to be the case in diethyl ether when 18-crown-6 ether or kryptofix-222 are added to complex the Na+ in solution.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Eating Behavior - A Study of Twin Pairs Reared Apart or Reared Together

This study examined the relative influence of genetic versus environmental factors on specific aspects of eating behavior. Adult monozygotic twins (22 pairs and 3 singleton reared apart, 38 pairs and 9 singleton reared together, age 18-76 years, BMI 17-43 kg/m 2 ) completed the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Genetic and environmental variance components were determined for the three eating behavior constructs and their subscales using model-fitting univariate and multivariate analyses. Unique environmental factors had a substantial influence on all eating behavior variables (ex- plaining 45-71% of variance), and most strongly influenced external locus for hunger and strategic dieting behavior of re- straint (explaining 71% and 69% of variance, respectively). Genetic factors had a statistically significant influence on only 4 variables: restraint, emotional susceptibility to disinhibition, situational susceptibility to disinhibition, and internal locus for hunger (heritabilities were 52%, 55%, 38% and 50%, respectively). Common environmental factors did not statisti- cally significantly influence any variable assessed in this study. In addition, multivariate analyses showed that disinhibi- tion and hunger share a common influence, while restraint appears to be a distinct construct. These findings suggest that the majority of variation in eating behavior variables is associated with unique environmental factors, and highlights the importance of the environment in facilitating specific eating behaviors that may promote excess weight gain.
Computer Sequencing and Non-Alphabetic Interference in Language Data Processing.

ether a list of items to be sorted is a general or special-purpose dictionary, a thesaurus, a concordance, an index, a glossary, a telephone directory, or a book list, be it in English or any other language, the rules for correct alphabetization are synonymous with knowledge of the established alphabetic order for a given language. Additional, but not uniformly observed, guideposts include familiarity with specialized conventions concerning elision and hyphenation, abbreviations and numerals, initial articles, certain proper name prefixes, etc., and adherence to word-by-word or letter-by-letter alphabetization (Collison 1959:84-6 and 176-7, Dulka and Nitecki 1970, Fisk 1968, Harris and Hines 1970, Hines 1967, Hines and Harris 1966:23-38, Holmstrom 1959, Johnson 1957, Knight 1969, Metcalfe 1967, Popecki 1965, American Standards Association Z39 Committee 1958). In automated alphabetization, however, additional constraints are introduced and it becomes necessary to make explicit not only what to do but also what not to do, especially as the alphabet becomes a subset of a character set, which in turn is a subset of a collating sequence (e.g., EBCDIC) containing, apart from bit configurations corresponding to the character set, configurations which, although printable in bit form, have not been assigned single-character representation. A collating sequence is an ordered set so that a one-to-one correspondence exists between its members and the members of a subset of the set of integers. This simply means that each member of a character set has been assigned its ordinal value which is precisely what determines sorting order. The problem, unrecognized by many people in computing, arises in that a character set, besides alphabetic characters (e.g., for English, the letters A-Z) and Arabic and Roman numerals,1 may and normally does include a host of special-purpose symbols such as logical, mathematical, commercial, and last but not least, punctuation. As a consequence, an attempt to alphabetize material containing alphabetic and non-alphabetic characters according to a collating sequence yields unpredictable results. It is possible, of course, to design special-purpose collating sequences consisting of alphabetic characters exclusively. Since special characters will not be members of such a sequence, an attempt to sort entries minimally different in terms of special characters, especially in the presence of
X-linked mental retardation, macro-orchidism, and the Xq27 fragile site

Twenty-three families with X-linked mental retardation were examined for the presence of a fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27 fra). Specific culture media were necessary to demonstrate this site. In only seven of the families was the Xq fragile site observed; in these, all of the affected males had both the fragile X and macro-orchidism. Macro-orchidism was not observed in the remaining 16 families. In the families with Xq27 fra segregating, the fragile X could only be demonstrated in a proportion (4/12) of the obligatory heterozygotes. This correlated with the age of the carrier. The 25 affected males with macro-orchidism and Xq27 fra had some minor clinical features in common: there was an increase in birth weight, high forehead, prognathism, pale irides, big ears, and an increased head circumference in infancy and childhood which did not persist into adult life. The majority of the affected individuals were moderately retarded.
ON THE CONFLICT FREQUENCY AT AIR ROUTE INTERSECTIONS

Abstract Past studies have developed models for the expected number of perceived overtake and crossing conflicts between aircraft based on route geometry, separation criteria, aircraft velocities, flow rates and controller perception considerations. The frequency of overtake and crossing conflicts, furthermore were assumed to be approximately Poisson distributed. In this paper previous results have been extended, and the number of crossing conflicts, at route intersections or route transitions, is shown to be expressable as a random sum of correlated random variables. This allows for a detailed derivation of the variance and an approximate probability distribution for the number of crossing conflicts. Results indicate that the variance of the conflict frequency may be considerably larger than that obtained by the Poisson assumption, a fact that could explain some of the appreciable variability in air traffic controller work load. A numerical example is included with results compared to those of a numerical simulation of intersection conflicts.
Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency and Cystic Fibrosis: A Report of Two Cases

Cystic fibrosis (CF), an inherited, chronic progressive disease, is considered a cause of failure to thrive and retarded growth. In fact, special growth curves have been constructed for patients with CF. 1,2 However, most patients with CF who survive to adulthood achieve stature in the normal range. 3 Thus, when severe growth retardation is observed in a patient with CF, it should not be attributed to CF alone and other etiologies should be sought. We have described two patients with CF who have isolated human growth hormone (HGH) deficiency. Report of Cases .—Case1.—A 14-year, 8-month-old boy was found to have elevated sweat sodium and chloride concentrations at age 2 years, 9 months during an evaluation for short stature. However, at that time, he had no demonstrable respiratory or gastrointestinal disease, and other than his size and a submucosal cleft palate, physical examination showed no abnormalities. By age 5
Interphase transfer with non-equilibrium chemical reaction

Abstract Steady, multicomponent diffusion through two phases, accompanied by an arbitrary number of reversible reactions between the diffusing species, is formulated as a boundary value problem. The results, achieved after linearization, indicate that non-equilibrium reaction in the neighborhood of the interface is possible even though equilibrium may exist in the bulk phases. The effect of the reaction(s) is to augment the transfer as in the case of single films. The extent of this augmentation effect for a pair of simultaneous, coupled reactions of the form A ⇌ 2BB ⇌ C + D is shown. A reaction coupling effect increases the transfer above that due to each reaction occurring alone.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the ciliary body with silicon naphthalocyanine (SINc) in rabbits

Background and Objective To investigate silicone naphthalocyanine (SINc; 0.5 mg/kg) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the ciliary body in pigmented rabbits. Study Design/Materials and Methods SINc was dissolved in canola oil by heating, emulsified with Tween-80, and given by ear vein. Pharmacokinetics were studied in frozen sections by fluorescence microscopy using a CCD camera-based, low light detection system with digital image processing at 1 hr and 24 hr (12 rabbits, 24 eyes total). A Ti:Sapphire laser delivered light at 770 nm by contact fiberoptic (1,000 μm; 80 mW/cm2;20,40 and 80 J/cm2). Controls (5 rabbits), received laser light at 770 nm without SINc. For comparison, eyes received continuous wave Nd:YAG laser by fiberoptic contact (0.8–1.2 J). Results Localization studies showed intravascular distribution shifting to a ciliary body distribution at 24 hr. PDT at 1 hr and 24 hr postinjection showed a more selective destruction of the ciliary body at 24 hr. Ciliary processes treated at 24 hr showed infarction and marked edema with sparing of iris. Tissue thermal damage was minimal in PDT controls. Eyes treated with the Nd:YAG laser exhibited full-thickness thermal necrosis of iris, ciliary processes, and a fibrinous iridocyclitis. In contrast, eyes treated by PDT were quiet with thrombosis of superficial blood vessels. Conclusion Tissue photon penetration is good at 770 nm and thermal effects from the exciting laser alone were minimal. The ciliary processes of pigmented rabbits exhibit a selective retention of SINc and on that basis can be selectively destroyed with a minimum on thermal damage to nontarget tissues. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Statistical treatment of VAM infection data

The amount of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection, when expressed as length of infected roots, is commonly quite variable among replicate pots within an experimental treatment. In this paper we show that frequency distributions of VAM infection parameters are often non-normal in form and may follow the negative binomial, a distribution commonly associated with aggregated organisms in nature. The lack of normality means that statistical procedures should either be non-parametric or should include data transformations.
Companion to empire: a genealogy of the written word in Spain and New Spain, c.550–1550

Companion to empire: a genealogy of the written word in Spain and New Spain, c.550–1550, by David Rojinsky, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2010, 300 pp., $81 (Paperback) ISBN 978-90-420-2866-1 In this wide-ran...
The fabrication and characterization of linearly oriented nerve guidance scaffolds for spinal cord injury

Strategies to promote axonal extension through a site of injury, including the provision of nervous system growth factors and supportive substrates, produce growth of axons, that is highly random and does not extend past the lesion site and into the host tissue (Brain Res. Bull 57(6) (2002) 833). Physically guiding the linear growth of axons across a site of injury, in addition to providing neurotrophic and/or cellular support, would help to retain the native organization of regenerating axons across the lesion site and into distal host tissue, and would potentially increase the probability of achieving functional recovery. In the present study, a novel procedure was developed for using freeze-dry processing to create nerve guidance scaffolds made from agarose, with uniaxial linear pores. The hydrated scaffolds were soft and flexible, contained linear guidance pores extending through their full length, were stable under physiological conditions without chemical crosslinking, and could be readily loaded with diffusible growth stimulating proteins.
Health-related quality of life following coronary artery bypass graft surgery in post-menopausal women.

Objectives To describe the impact of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on health related quality of life (HRQOL) in post-menopausal women.
Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro and in vivo by the herbal constituents apigenin (chamomile), ginsenoside Rb1 (ginseng) and parthenolide (feverfew)

Dietary supplements are not subject to the same pre-market approval as conventional drugs, thus the true efficacy and, in cases, safety of these products is not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory properties of three herbal constituents, apigenin (chamomile), ginsenoside Rb(1) (ginseng) and parthenolide (feverfew) on lipopolysaccaharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production, and to determine if effects in cell culture could predict results in an intact animal model. Murine macrophage cells and mice were treated with the stimulant LPS and herbal constituents, and resultant culture supernatant and serum, respectively, were evaluated for interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by ELISA. All three constituents inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 and/or TNF-alpha production in culture. Inhibition of these two cytokines was observed in mice, but did not display the same patterns of inhibition as cell culture data. The results suggest that all three constituents possessed anti-inflammatory properties, but that cell culture data can only be used to approximate potential effects in animals, and must be confirmed using appropriate animal models.
An atom probe tomography study of grain boundary segregation in nanocrystalline Ni-W

Atom probe tomography is used to observe the solute distribution in electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys with three different grain sizes (3, 10, and 20 nm) and the results are compared with atomistic computer simulations. The presence of grain boundary segregation is confirmed by detailed analysis of composition fluctuations in both experimental and simulated structures, and its extent quantified by a frequency distribution analysis. In contrast to other nanocrystalline alloys, the present Ni-W alloys exhibit only a subtle amount of solute segregation to the intergranular regions. This finding is consistent with quantitative predictions for these alloys based upon a thermodynamic model of grain boundary segregation.
X‐ray K emission spectra of vanadium in various oxidation states

The Kα1,2, Kβ1,3, Kβ5, and Kβ″ emission spectra of vanadium in the element and several V (III), V(IV), and V(V) compounds have been measured with a two-crystal X-ray spectrometer. The Kα1 and Kβ1,3 peaks shift slightly to lower energies with increasing lthe oxidation state of vanadium atom and the Kβ5 peak shifts to higher with it. An approximately linear relationship between Kα1 width and Kα1/Kα2 intensity ratio can be used for lindentification of vanadium oxidation state.
Neuropeptide Y-related compounds and feeding.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and related compounds increase short-term feeding. Previous studies have used different animal models, feeding schedules, sources of the compounds, and time and routes of administration. These differences in methodology are important in the variability reported on the potency of NPY-related compounds. To obtain reliable data on the relative efficacy, we tested NPY, NPY 3–36, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) using an identical protocol and the same commercial source. These three NPY-related compounds were tested using the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v., into the third ventricle) administration, and the profile of the feeding enhancement including the dose response and potency was determined. Compounds were tested in parallel on at least 2 successive days. NPY, NPY 3–36, and PP exhibited different potencies in enhancing 2-h food intake. Comparison of their dose responses (using 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/rat) demonstrated an overall potency of NPY 3–36 > NPY > PP for the high doses. To study ligand interactions, we examined the effects of various combinations of NPY-related compounds administered concomitantly. These combinations were justified based on the data obtained from the individual dose responses. The data show that the effects of NPY plus NPY 3–36 or NPY 3–36 plus PP were less than additive. When compared to the individual responses, the effects of NPY 3–36 were almost identical to those induced by the combinations using low doses of NPY plus NPY 3–36, or low and high doses of PP plus NPY 3–36. The results support the notion that NPY and its analogues induce a short-term feeding response by activating multiple receptor subtypes.
Privatizing public enterprises in Bangladesh: a simulation analysis of macroeconomic impacts

(1989). Privatizing public enterprises in Bangladesh: a simulation analysis of macroeconomic impacts. Applied Economics: Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 1159-1176.
Arbitrary side observations in bandit problems

A bandit problem with side observations is an extension of the traditional two-armed bandit problem, in which the decision maker has access to side information before deciding which arm to pull. In this paper, essential properties of the side observations that allow achievability results with respect to optimal regret are extracted and formalized. The sufficient conditions for good side information obtained here admit various types of random processes as special cases, including i.i.d. sequences, Markov chains, deterministic periodic sequences, etc. A simple necessary condition for optimal regret is given, providing further insight into the nature of bandit problems with side observations. A game-theoretic approach simplifies the analysis and justifies the viewpoint that the side observation serves as an index specifying different sub-bandit machines.
Enteric Adenovirus Infection in Pediatric Small Bowel Transplant Recipients

Three of 70 small bowel transplant recipients were diagnosed with adenovirus enteritis. The biopsies were performed for surveillance in one patient at 2.7 years after transplantation and in two symptomatic children 1.5 years and 4.5 months after transplantation. In all three patients the characteristic epithelial changes were not noted by the primary observers. Two biopsies had been called “suggestive of acute rejection” and both patients had been so treated. One biopsy had been diagnosed as “regenerative”. Once the epithelial changes were recognized as being viral, confirmation was possible by stool culture in one patient, immunohistochemistry in two patients, or by lift technique of the H&E sections for electron microscopy. The immune suppression was reduced and none of the patients developed disseminated infection. As in other transplanted organs, such as lung and liver, adenovirus infection may be limited largely to the allograft but can be destructive. Early recognition of the characteristic changes that are illustrated can lead to confirmation of the virus and appropriate reduction of immune suppression. A mistaken diagnosis of rejection and augmentation of immune suppression can lead to viral dissemination and potential fatality.
Atlas of the Flora of New England: Caryophyllidae

Abstract Dot maps are provided to depict the distribution at the county level of the taxa of Caryophyllidae growing outside of cultivation in the six New England states of the northeastern United States. Of the 263 taxa treated (species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids, but not forms), 261 are mapped based primarily on specimens in major herbaria of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, with most data derived from the holdings of the New England Botanical Club Herbarium (nebc). Brief synonymy to account for names used in standard manuals and floras for the area, habitat, chromosome information, and common names are also provided.
Effects of high rates of loading on the deformation behavior and failure mechanisms of hexagonal close-packed metals and alloys

A substantial amount of work has been performed on the effect of high rates of loading on the deformation and failure of fcc and bcc metals. In contrast, the influence of high strain rates and temperature on the flow stress of hcp metals has received relatively little attention, and the modes of dynamic failure of these materials are poorly characterized. The low symmetry of these materials and the development of twinning lead to a particularly rich set of potential mechanisms for deformation and failure at high rates. This article reviews results of high-strain-rate deformation and dynamic failure studies on hcp metals, with a focus on titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and hafnium. Strain rates as high as 105s−1 are considered, and observations of adiabatic shear localization and subsequent failure are discussed.
Development of an UWB Indoor 3D Positioning Radar with Millimeter Accuracy

A high resolution ultra wideband (UWB) positioning radar system based on time difference of arrival (TDOA) has been developed. The UWB radar system provides millimeter accuracy in dense multipath indoor environments for 1D, 2D, and 3D localization. The system is fully compliant with the FCC UWB regulations and utilizes time domain measurements to suppress both multipath signals and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) errors and has a potential for even sub-mm accuracy.
The role of cryogenics in the production of high and ultra-high vacuum

H l G H pumping speeds and the potential of providing extremely low system pressures makes cryopumping a desirable, if not a unique, method of producing high and ultra-high vacua required in numerous applicat ions ranging from vacuum deposition to space simulation. The purpose of this paper is to review factors which indicate the r61e appropriate for cryogenics in these low pressure regions, stressing application to unbaked elastomer-flanged systems. The types of gas loads encountered in typical systems, some of the recognized limitations of conventional diffusion pumps, and advantages and limitations of cryogenic methods of pumping are discussed. It is shown that, in the present state of the art, pumping a large portion of the gas load by condensation on cryogenically cooled surfaces, supplemented by a means of removing the remaining non-
A study of static friction between silicon and silicon compounds

Presents results from measurements of static coefficient of friction between materials of interest to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The materials studied include silicon, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride. Two measurement techniques have been used to this study. In the first technique, static friction between two millimeter-sized flat components was measured in a 10-6 Torr vacuum chamber. In the second technique, static friction between a three-millimeter radius aluminum bullet coated with a material of interest and a flat substrate was measured in a approximately 5*10-10 Torr ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber. The results show that the coefficient of friction, mu , between silicon and silicon compound contacts in vacuum is in the range 0.2 to 0.7. The coefficients of friction between silicon dioxide/silicon dioxide and silicon dioxide/silicon contacts increase by 55% to 157% with increased exposure to humidity. Additionally, friction between similar materials behaves differently than that between dissimilar materials.
Usefulness of experiments for the study of the family.

Demonstrating that family variables are interrelated is reaching a point of diminishing returns. The experimental method can make significant contributions toward explaining the bases for associations between variables, the direction of effects, and the causal relations, but may be underutilized in family research. Concerns about the practicality and ethics of experiments in family research, and guidelines for the appropriate use of the experiment, are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the experiment in relation to other methods for the study of causality are examined. Examples are described of the appropriate use of experiments for the investigation of issues of causality, the process relations between family variables, and the exploration of new questions.
NEUTRON STRENGTH FUNCTIONS IN A SURFACE ABSORPTION OPTICAL MODEL

One of the accomplishments of the nuclear optical model at low energies has been the prediction of the average ratio of neutron width to level spacing as a function of the mass number. By using a tapered well and a volume absorption term, a theoretical curve for the S-wave strength function can be produced which fits the observed values fairly well for most A. The effect of using a surface- peaked imaginary potential on the behavior of the neutron S-wave strength function is investigated. (W.D.M.)
Lithium-carbamazepine versus lithium-neuroleptic prophylaxis in bipolar illness

Fourteen DSM-III diagnosed patients with lithium-resistant bipolar affective disorder treated with a combination of lithium and carbamazepine were followed in a lithium clinic for one year to study the prophylactic benefit and side effects of this drug regimen. Comparison data for the previous year on lithium and neuroleptics showed that for the 9 patients who completed the study, the lithium-carbamazepine regimen was superior to lithium-neuroleptics in decreasing the number of affective episodes and side effects. Carbamazepine blood levels appeared to be a possible contributing factor in the development of side effects.
Survey 14: The Locally Spoken Word and Local Struggles:

Local language usage is embedded in situated practices and power relations. Despite arguments to the contrary, the distinctive locally spoken word is not on the way out. The locally spoken word may serve as a weapon of the weak or as a site of ideological contestation and struggles over meaning. Seen in this light, a recent spate of literature on geographical variations in language usage is quite disappointing. A vast terrain of inquiry lies open.
Automatic signature verification based on accelerometry

The fine structure of the muscle forces that are exerted during the writing of a signature is constant and well defined for most people. In general, the fine structure is not subject to conscious control. Based on these observations, an experimental system has been designed that utilizes a person's signature dynamics to verify identities. The design and operational features of this system are described. Experiments on 70 subjects during a four-week period show a 2.9 percent rejection of valid signatures and a 2.1 percent acceptance of forgeries. An average of 1.2 trials was necessary for verification. The forgers were knowledgeable about the verification technique and did their best to deceive the system. The acceptance rate of random forgeries, i.e., accidental matching of two separate signatures, was 0.16 percent.
Application of location-based sentiment analysis using Twitter for identifying trends towards Indian general elections 2014

Location based sentiment analysis is the use of natural language processing or machine learning algorithms to extract, identify, or characterize the sentiment content of a 'text unit', according to the location of origin of the text unit. In this paper, we study the application of location based sentiment analysis using Twitter for identifying trends and patterns towards the Indian general elections 2014. We perform data (text) mining on 650,000 tweets collected over a period of 5 days pertaining to two political parties in India, during the campaigning period. We make use of Naive Bayes algorithm to build our classifier and classify the test data (as positive or negative) according to it. We identify the sentiment of Twitter users towards each of the two Indian political parties, by location and plot our findings on an Indian map. In the end, we present our observations and conclusions and how certain "social events" influence the sentiments of Twitter users on the social network. We also discuss the issues related to geo-location using the data obtained from the Twitter API.
The effect of epididymal and testicular fluids on the fertilising capacity of testicular and epididymal spermatozoa.

The effects of epididymal and testicular fluids on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa were observed in New Zealand white rabbits before they entered the epidiymis and after passage through it. Techniques employed are described. Spermatozoa were collected from the rete testis and from the cauda epididymis and mixed with fluids from these 2 sites. In all cases spermatozoa in .15 ml of Hanks balanced salt solution were instilled into each uterine horn of rabbits concurrently given 50 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). 26-28 hours later recovered eggs were checked with phase contrast microscopy for evidence of fertilization. Spermatozoa taken from the distal cauda epididymis were fertile immediately after collection. After moderate centrifugation and resuspension of these spermatozoa in epididymal or testicular fluid fertility was retained. Testicular spermatozoa were infertile in all experiments. In in vitro tests using fluid from the rete testis the fertility of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis was retained. Fluid from the cauda epididymis failed to induce fertility in testicular spermatozoa. Results suggest that there may be a time-dependent process involved in the capacitation of spermatozoa rather than a fluid contact effect. However it is also possible that spermatozoa may need to come in contact with secretions of the corpus epididymis to become fertile.
Satellite stratospheric aerosol measurement validation

The validity of the stratospheric aerosol measurements made by the satellite sensors SAM II and SAGE was tested by comparing their results with each other and with results obtained by other techniques (lider, dustsonde, filter, and impactor). The latter type of comparison required the development of special techniques that convert the quantity measured by the correlative sensor (e.g. particle backscatter, number, or mass) to that measured by the satellite sensor (extinction) and quantitatively estimate the uncertainty in the conversion process. The results of both types of comparisons show agreement within the measurement and conversion uncertainties. Moreover, the satellite uncertainty is small compared to aerosol natural variability (caused by seasonal changes, volcanoes, sudden warmings, and vortex structure). It was concluded that the satellite measurements are valid.
Ethnicity and unprovoked hypokalemia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Abstract Background Hypertension is more prevalent in the African American population when compared with the European American population in the United States. Unprovoked hypokalemia may lead to hypertension and is associated with several forms of recognized secondary hypertension. Methods We investigated the association of ethnicity with unprovoked hypokalemia in the second Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study examination. Hypokalemia was defined as serum potassium Results A statistically significant association was detected between ethnicity and unprovoked hypokalemia (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval = 3.6, 7.7) with unprovoked hypokalemia more prevalent in African Americans both before and after adjustment for important covariates. The unadjusted prevalence for unprovoked hypokalemia was 2.6% for African Americans and 0.5% for European Americans. Conclusions We found that the prevalence of unprovoked hypokalemia for African Americans in the ARIC cohort was more than five times that for European Americans. These data suggest that an increased awareness of hypokalemia and its etiology may be indicated for African Americans.
Signal detection in a paired-associate learning task

A paired-associate learning task was modified to produce a yes-no signal detection task. The correct response syllable was presented with the stimulus syllable for 10, 25, 50, or 75% of trials with an incorrect, or “noise,” member on remaining trials. This produced differences in rate of identification of correct signals as well as differences in signal sensitivity, d’, and decision criteria.
“Student” and small-sample theory

The paper discusses the contributions Student (W. S. Gosset) made to the three stages in which small-sample methodology was established in the period 1908-1933: (i) the distributions of the test- statistics under the assumption of normality, (ii) the robustness of these distributions against nonnormality, (iii) the optimal choice of test statistics. The conclusions are based on a careful reading of the correspondence of Gosset with Fisher and E. S. Pearson.
The Smalltalk simulation environment, part II

This paper discusses the use of Smalltalk as a discrete event simulation environment. SimTalk, which is an extension of Smalltalk, is also discussed. Smalltalk is an object oriented language with interactive programming support, multiple process support, and interactive graphics. SimTalk adds queueing support, statistics gathering, simulation oriented graphics, and an interactive user interface which greatly simplifies modification of running simulation experiments.
Correlation of emergency health care use, 911 volume, and jail activity with welfare check distribution

Study objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among emergency health care use, 911 call volume, and jail admissions with the timing of the distribution of General Assistance, Aid to Families With Dependent Children, and Minnesota Supplemental Aid welfare checks. Design: This was a retrospective study analyzing previously collected census and welfare check distribution data. Setting: The data used in this study were obtained from the Hennepin County Medical Center, the Hennepin County jail and alcoholic receiving center, and Department of Economic Assistance. Interventions: The daily census for the years 1986 through 1988 in the Hennepin County Medical Center emergency department, ED resuscitation room, pediatric ED, crisis intervention center, urgent care center, and alcoholic receiving center was obtained. The numbers of daily ambulance runs, nonelective hospital admissions, Hennepin County 911 calls, and Hennepin County jail admissions for the same years also were obtained. Means for each day of the month were computed across the 36 months of observation. These data were correlated with the number of days elapsed since the monthly issuance of the General Assistance, Aid to Families With Dependent Children, and Minnesota Supplemental Aid welfare checks. Measurements and main results: There were significant correlations between the number of days after distribution of the checks and the average values of the census of the alcoholic receiving center ( r = −.96, P r = −.80, P r = − .68, P r = − .45, P = .01), jail admissions ( r = −.45, P = .01), nonelective hospital admissions ( r = −.44, P = .01), and the crisis intervention center visits ( r = − .39, P = .03). Conclusions: The findings suggest that scheduling and staffing practices of various emergency service areas in Hennepin County reflect patient load variation associated with time of welfare check distribution. Systematic variation of time or amount of welfare could lead to improved distribution and reduction of emergency services demand.
Romanian Children’s Representations of Negative and Self-Conscious Emotions in a Narrative Story Stem Technique

This research uses children’s story-stem play narratives to investigate dimensions of negative emotional expression. Fifty-one Romanian children between 6 and 11-years old participated in the study. Children’s narratives were coded for three basic negative emotions and five self-conscious emotions. Parents completed a general questionnaire for demographic data and the amount of time they spent with their children. Differences were found for frequencies of negative emotional representations in relation to the specific story-stems in which they occurred. Girls were more likely than boys to enact in their narratives guilt feelings coupled with apology following some wrongdoing. Children who spent more time with parents enacted significantly less anger and fear. Simultaneous expressions of multiple negative emotions were observed in the narrative responses of these middle childhood-aged Romanian children. While findings should be viewed with caution, owing to the small and homogeneous sample, new directions for future research with this assessment method are indicated.