cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Welfare states, families, job attribute preferences, and work

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the relationship between welfare state configurations, family status, family responsibilities, job attribute preferences, employment, and weekly paid work hours.Design/methodology/approach – International data for women and men were analyzed separately using regressions to determine if different welfare state configurations and individual family status and responsibilities predicted job attribute preferences. Additional regressions examined the effects of welfare state configurations, family status, family responsibilities, and job attribute preferences on women's and men's employment and weekly paid work hours.Findings – In many cases, the variables were significant predictors of women's and men's job attribute preferences, employment and paid work hours.Practical implications – While the attributes that people seek from their employment vary from individual to individual, it is also important to recognize that there are cultural patterns that can inform motivational ...
Radiation sensitivity and study of glutathione and related enzymes in human colorectal cancer cell lines

A panel of 13 human colorectal cell lines was studied, with these lines exhibiting a histological profile similar to that observed in clinical practice. In the five lines tested, variable sensitivity to radiation was observed, from the relatively sensitive NCI-H716 to the highly resistant line NCI-H630, with the latter cell line derived from a patient who had previously received radiation treatment. Glutathione levels and glutathione related enzyme activity varied widely between all 13 cell lines, showing no relationship to radiation sensitivity. The variability observed suggests that some colonic tumours may be responsive to radiation, although their identification remains difficult. However, this may prove possible by incorporation of recently developed cell adhesive matrix assays using survival following a 2 Gy radiation dose as a parameter of radiation sensitivity. This panel of human cancer cell lines offers an ideal model for the study of parameters affecting the radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity pattern of colorectal cancer cells.
One More Hypothesis

Stage A 72-year-old man was sent to the emergency room by a visiting nurse, who had found him at home in respiratory distress. He had a two-week history of malaise, anorexia, dyspnea, and chest pain. Response My primary concern is to determine the cause of the respiratory distress. The illness is subacute with a two-week prodrome. The antecedent malaise and the anorexia are consistent with a viral illness, but the dyspnea and chest pain also make me think about a cardiac process. At this time I don't have enough information. I want to know more about the nature of the . . .
Use of syntactic recognition with sampled boundary distances

An approach of syntactic recognition (SR) using sampled boundary distances (SBD) is studied. The SBD is an ordered collection of samples of distance defined from a major axis to points located on the boundary of the object image. With the SRSBD approach the object undergoes many affine and non-affine transformations can be recognized. The affine transformations include translation rotation scaling and stretching (along and/or perpendicular to the major axis). The non-affine transformations include i) additive transformation applied to the distance of all the boundary points (perpendicularly) from the major axis ii) additive transformation applied to the SBD only and iii) random transformation of all the boundary points except the points used to measure the sampled boundary distances provided that the major axis is unchanged. Therefore the SRSBD can be used to recognize an object at various locations orientations and distances from the camera and various objects of the same family. The conversion of the SBD into an invariant string representation is developed. The use of this Earley''s parsing algorithm for recognition of the string representation of SBD is presented. The use of SRSBD to recognize partially obscured object or object family and to detect circularity of a partially obscured circle is presented. The experimental results are presented. With the SRSBD the following problems can be avoided the primitive selection problem the starting point selection problem and the problem of the noise-sensitive© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Population processes in the ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) in a North Carolina salt marsh tidal gradient: spatial pattern, predation, growth and mortality

Empirical research and field experiments during summer and winter months on ecological processes of a North Carolina population of the rib d mussel, Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn), revealed both similarities and contrasts with previous research on this and related marine bivalves. Growth and mortality patterns along the salt marsh tidal gradient were generally consistent with other studies, although summer epibenthic predation mortality was more intensive and involved animals in larger size classes. Survivorship of all size classes was significantly higher in the low tide zone than the high tide zone, but varying densities had little effect on survivorship. In the summer clump-size experiment, predation mortality in open uncaged plots was extensive. Winter survivorship of small and medium-sized mussels increased with decreasing clump size, especially in the low tide zone, and suggested additional advantages of clumping over that of a refuge from crab predation during summer. Mussel growth was greater, but survivorship lower, in the low marsh zone where predation by crabs during summer months was also greatest. Increased longevity and thus a size structure skewed to larger animals characterized the high marsh zone. During summer, growth rate in the low zone was inversely related to increasing clump size, but the effect disappeared during the winter months. In comparing sizes of mussel vulnerable to crab predation between New England and North Carolina marshes, we suggest that mussels in the low tidal zones of more southerly marshes are less likely to escape predation through the growth process. Even though general patterns of G. demissa intertidal size structures and abundance among east coast marshes are emerging, we suggest that the mechanisms accounting for differential growth and mortality, including possible genotype-dependent processes, are still poorly understood in spite of the rather extensive research on this bivalve group.
50 years ago in CORR: A new method of pelvic fixation. William Johnson MD Clin Orthop. 1958;11:194-201.

Few surgical treatment concepts are truly new. The concept of external fixation by pins and various metal devices dates at least to the late 1800s. Parkhill [3] in 1898 described a set of devices he had used for some years to treat fresh fractures of the long bones, nonunions, and malunions. A few years later, Lambotte independently described a conceptually similar approach [2]. These approaches did not become widespread, perhaps owing to the designs (that of Parkhill, for example, was applied quite close to the fracture with only two pins on either side; perhaps not the most advantageous mechanical design), or metals (stainless steel had not yet been discovered), or because surgeons tended to use those methods with which they were familiar. For whatever reasons, external fixators did not become widely used for long bone fractures in Europe and North America until the 1970s. On the other hand, fixators for pelvic fractures were not widely used until the 1990s, although they, too, had been described earlier. Johnson, in an article published in CORR in 1958 [1], described a sophisticated pelvic fixator. He noted pelvic fractures had not been common until the speed of motor vehicles had increased: “Automobiles today resemble eggs which on impact spew their contents in all directions.” Johnson was dissatisfied with then current approaches for displaced fractures: “Having treated several fractures of this character by conventional methods with unsatisfactory results, I concluded that a method of grasping the bony pelvis in some rigid, positive manner was necessary to relocate these fragments in their anatomic position.” He, therefore, developed a rather complex but flexible system of pins, bars, clamps, and turnbuckles (Figs. 3 and ​and9).9). He describes treating five patients, all of whom had serious injuries, four of whom were in shock on arrival at the hospital, and the fifth semiconscious from a fall from a height. (Johnson did not specifically mention the role of external fixators in mortality, but Riemer et al. [4] reported a reduction in mortality when using an anterior external fixator.) While many technical advances have been made in the hardware itself and the application of the hardware, Johnson understood the value of external fixators and realized such devices needed to be sufficiently flexible to address a variety of situations. Fig. 3 This figure illustrates the complexity of Johnson’s system of fixation devices and its flexibility to be configured to many situations. (Reprinted with permission and © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, from Johnson W. A New Method ... Fig. 9 The photograph illustrates the Johnson’s external fixation system in use; one can rather imagine the difficulty in procuring clothing appropriate for the device. (Reprinted with permission and © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, from ...
Health care for our bones: a practical nutritional approach to preventing osteoporosis.

When patients and doctors think of osteoporosis, calcium immediately comes to mind. bBones contain calcium, and, therefore, take calcium to protect your bones,Q is the battle cry that we hear most often from doctors, government agencies, and media sources. This commentary will provide a story of osteoporosis beyond calcium, which is one that practitioners and researchers need to consider when treating or investigating this pervasive condition. The cost of managing osteoporotic fractures alone exceeds $14 billion per year, 1 or about $38 million per day. The extent of the osteoporotic problem becomes obvious when we consider the results of a recent study on bone mineral density (BMD), which is considered the single best predictor of fracture risk in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Almost half of the 200,160 participants without known osteoporosis had low BMD, including approximately 7% who had osteoporosis. These results are consistent with the 50% to 68% estimated national prevalence of low-hip BMD observed among women aged 50 years or older. 1 Clearly, low BMD, osteoporosis, and related fractures are a national epidemic. Despite the availability of densitometry, osteoporosis often remains undiagnosed until a fracture occurs, which is a great concern because the size of the population aged 50 years or older will increase during the next several decades. Thus, the direct and indirect costs of fractures are expected to increase correspondingly. 1 In this commentary, I consider important nutritional issues that profoundly impact bone health. Although calcium is important, it appears to be no more important than other key nutrients, such as magnesium and omega-3 fatty acids and specific food sources in our diet. It might be that calcium supplementation is overemphasized such that supplementing with calcium creates a false sense of security in women who believe that calcium will protect their bones. Consider that less bone fractures occur in other populations wherein women consume less calcium compared with women in the United States. 2 Clearly, there is more to nutritional modulation of osteoporosis than mere calcium supplementation. Much of this information is not common knowledge among practitioners or the general population, which is most likely caused by the overemphasis on calcium above all other nutritional considerations for osteoporosis. The purpose of this commentary is to provide clinically useful information that is based on basic science, epidemiologic studies, and clinical trials.
Lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of defect evolution in crystals at elevated temperature

A lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (LKMC) model for vacancy diffusion and aggregation in crystalline silicon at elevated temperature is developed and analyzed in detail by comparing predicted cluster aggregation, thermodynamics, structures and diffusivities with properties obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The lattice KMC model is based on a long-range bond-counting scheme in which the bond energies are determined by regression to a single non-equilibrium MD simulation of vacancy aggregation. It is shown that the resulting KMC model is able to capture important high temperature entropic contributions by coarse-graining off-lattice relaxations around defect clusters.
Blade Loading and Rotation Effects on Compressor Rotor Wake Near End Walls

(^)abs This study was carried out to understand the effects of blade loading and rotation on the rotor end wall flow structure, including the wake. The measurements were taken with a stationary three sensor hot wire located at the exit of a compressor rotor. The signal was ensemble averaged to derive all the three components of velocity and six components of stresses at the exit. Measurements were made at two different rotational speeds (1753 and 1010 rpm) but the same loading, and at two differing blade loadings (1753 and 1499 rpm) at several radii near the hub and the annulus wall. The wake decay in the annulus wall region is found to be much more rapid than the midspan regions. Furthermore, both the loading and rotation of the blade have appreciable influence on the end wall flow and wake structure. Interaction of the annulus and hub wall boundary layers (and secondary flow resulting from these) have appreciable influence on the wake structure in the end wall regions.
Efficient kinetic Monte Carlo simulation

This paper concerns kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithms that have a single-event execution time independent of the system size. Two methods are presented-one that combines the use of inverted-list data structures with rejection Monte Carlo and a second that combines inverted lists with the Marsaglia-Norman-Cannon algorithm. The resulting algorithms apply to models with rates that are determined by the local environment but are otherwise arbitrary, time-dependent and spatially heterogeneous. While especially useful for crystal growth simulation, the algorithms are presented from the point of view that KMC is the numerical task of simulating a single realization of a Markov process, allowing application to a broad range of areas where heterogeneous random walks are the dominate simulation cost.
Structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of fluorinated mesoporous silica films: Effect of functional moiety and surfactant template concentrations

Abstract Thin organo-functional coatings are inherently weak and can be easily damaged and their functional properties degraded by wear. Encapsulating organo-functional moieties into surfactant-templated ceramic coatings has the possibility of extending the functional lifetime of such materials. This study examines the effects of functional silane and surfactant template concentrations on the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of hydrophobic silica films. Fluorinated silica films were synthesized via sol–gel co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane and a perfluoropolyether silane, templated with PEO106PPO70PEO106 surfactant (Pluronic F127), and coated on glass substrates. The results show that the increasing concentrations of fluorinated silane and surfactant template generally improve hydrophobicity of films worn by abrasion. However, surfactant templating creates void spaces which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of the material, as was determined by nitrogen adsorption porosimetry and nanoindentation. Tribological results from atomic force microscopy suggest that the low-friction surface generated by encapsulation of fluorosilane moieties grafted to internal surfaces mitigates to some extent the detrimental effect of film porosity on hardness and wear resistance.
From Lab-on-a-Chip to Lab-in-the Body: Miniaturization of Diagnostic Tools

Optical molecular diagnostic tools are rapidly shrinking, enabling miniature systems that can be used to continuously monitor health in the body. We describe our work on integrated photonic systems for this purpose. Article not available.
Cryptanalysis and Improvement of Secure Key Distribution for the Smart Grid

The smart grid is a network of computers and power infrastructures that monitor and manage energy usage and uses intelligent transmission and distribution networks to deliver electricity for improving the electric system's reliability and efficiency. With grid controls, energy transmission management could be enhanced and resilience to control-system failures would be increased. Although deploying the smart grid has numerous social and technical benefits, several security concerns arise. In 2012, Xia and Wang proposed a secure key distribution for the smart grid. They claimed their protocol is strong enough to defend against security attacks. In this paper, we investigate the security of Xia and Wang's protocol. More precisely, we show that once the smart meter generates a session key with the service provider, the smart meter could easily forge the new legitimate session key without the service provider's participation. In order to remedy the security flaw, we propose a simple and secure improvement of Xia and Wang's protocol. Our protocol is secure and fair to generate the session key between the smart meter and the service provider.
Elevated expression temperature in a mesophilic host results in increased secretion of a hyperthermophilic enzyme and decreased cell stress.

Abstract Efficient protein folding and trafficking are essential for high-level production of secretory proteins. Slow folding or misfolding of proteins can lead to secretory bottlenecks that reduce productivity. We previously examined the expression of a hyperthermophilic tetramer Pyrococcus furiosus β-glucosidase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . A secretory bottleneck was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, presumably due to β-glucosidase misfolding. By increasing expression temperature from 30 °C up to 40 °C, secretion yields increased by as much as 440% per cell to greater than 100 mg/L at 37 °C. We examined the effect of temperature on β-glucosidase folding and secretion and determined that increased expression temperature decreased intracellularly retained, insoluble β-glucosidase. Likewise, stress on the cell caused by β-glucosidase expression was found to be greatly reduced at 37 °C compared to 30 °C. Levels of the abundant endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, BiP, were relatively unchanged at these temperatures during heterologous expression. Using cycloheximide to inhibit new protein synthesis, we determined that the increase in secretion is likely due to the effect of temperature on the β-glucosidase itself rather than the cell's response to elevated temperatures. We believe that this is the first evidence of in vivo effects of temperature on the secretion of hyperthermophilic proteins.
Natural convective oscillatory flow in cylindrical annuli

Abstract Detailed quantitative information is presented concerning the characteristics of a natural convective oscillatory flow in horizontal, cylindrical annuli. This unusual, three-dimensional oscillatory flow is described by giving amplitude, period, and wave length data as well as data showing when this type of flow has its inception from a previously stable flow at lower Grashof numbers. Visualization of the air flow was achieved by the use of tobacco smoke. Annulus pressure was varied from 13.8 to 275.8 kN/m 2 while the temperature difference between the cylinders was varied from 2.8 to 55.5 deg C yielding a Grashof number (based on inner-cylinder diameter) range from 290 to 2.7 × 10 6 . Correlation equations are given to facilitate data presentation and to allow estimation of the inception of this oscillatory flow and its subsequent amplitude, period, and wave length.
The Elusive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cell: Does It Matter and How Do We Eliminate It?

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal multistep myeloproliferative disease originating from and ultimately sustained by a rare population of BCR-ABL + cells with multilineage stem cell properties. Imatinib, the most successful of molecular targeted therapies, has revolutionized treatment of patients with CML. Despite this achievement, CML is often not curable, largely due to the innate insensitivity of CML stem cells, particularly when in a quiescent state. This failure of not only imatinib but also the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) frequently leads to relapse upon drug discontinuation. Thus, any curative therapy must eliminate CML stem cells. A comprehensive understanding of the biological properties of CML stem cells and an elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways enabling these CML stem cells to self-renew, combined with insight into the regulation of apoptosis signaling and the mechanisms governing the interaction of CML stem cells with their bone marrow microenvironment, will facilitate the development of therapies for targeting these cells. Here, we discuss the biological properties of CML stem cells and potential strategies to eliminate them.
Direct Mass Spectrometric Determination of the Stoichiometry and Binding Affinity of the Complexes between Nucleocapsid Protein and RNA Stem−Loop Hairpins of the HIV-1 Ψ-Recognition Element†

The formation of noncovalent complexes between the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 (NC) and RNA hairpins SL2−SL4 of the Ψ-recognition element was investigated by direct infusion electrospray ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI-FTMS). The high resolution afforded by this method provided the unambiguous characterization of the stoichiometry and composition of complexes formed by multiple equilibria in solution. For each hairpin, the formation of a 1:1 complex was found to be the primary binding mode in solutions of intermediate salt content (150 mM ammonium acetate). Binding of multiple units of NC was observed with lower affinity and a maximum stoichiometry matching the limit calculated from the number of nucleotides in the construct and the size of the footprint of NC onto single-stranded nucleic acids, thus implying the defolding of the hairpin three-dimensional (3D) structure. Dissociation constants of 62 ± 22 nM, 178 ± 64 nM, and 1.3 ± 0.5 μM were determined for SL2, SL3-2, and SL4, respe...
Transport of amino acids in intact 3T3 and SV3T3 cells. Binding activity for leucine in membrane preparations of ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Transport of amino acids into 3T3 and SV3T3 (SV40 virus-transformed 3T3) cells was measured on glass cover slips. The 3T3 and SV3T3 cells contain both A (alanine preferring) and L (leucine preferring) systems for neutral amino acid transport. Initial rates of uptake of amino acids are about twofold higher in SV3T3 than in 3T3 cells. Other parameters measured, however, do not indicate marked differences in the transport of amino acids by the two cell types. L-system amino acids, such as leucine, are subject to trans-stimulation in both cell lines, whereas A-system amino acids, such as alanine and glycine, are not. Leucine was transported to higher levels in confluent cells than in nonconfluent cells. Glycine, however, shows distinctly less transport activity as the cells become confluent. Ehrlich ascites cell plasma membranes were prepared and assayed for amino acid-binding activity. Leucine-binding activity was detected by equilibrium dialysis in Triton X-100-treated membrane preparations.
Data grid for large-scale medical image archive and analysis

Storage and retrieval technology for large-scale medical image systems has matured significantly during the past ten years but many implementations still lack cost-effective backup and recovery solutions. As an example, a PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication system) in a general medical center requires about 40 Terabytes of storage capacity for seven years. Despite many healthcare centers are relying on PACS for 24/7 clinical operation, current PACS lacks affordable fault-tolerance storage strategies for archive, backup, and disaster recovery. Existing solutions are difficult to administer, and often time consuming for effective recovery after a disaster. For this reason, PACS still encounters unexpected downtime for hours or days, which could cripple daily clinical service and research operations. Grid Computing represents the latest and most exciting technology to evolve from the familiar realm of parallel, peer-to-peer, and client-server models that can address the problem of fault-tolerant storage for backup and recovery of medical images. We have researched and developed a novel Data Grid testbed involving several federated PAC systems based on grid computing architecture. By integrating grid architecture to the PACS DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) environment, in addition to use its own storage device, a PACS also uses a federated Data Grid composing of several PAC systems for off-site backup archive. In case its own storage fails, the PACS can retrieve its image data from the Data Grid timely and seamlessly. The design reflects the Globus Toolkit 3.0 five-layer architecture of the grid computing: Fabric, Resource, Connectivity, Collective, and Application Layers. The testbed consists of three federated PAC systems, the Fault-Tolerant PACS archive server at the Image Processing and Informatics Laboratory, the clinical PACS at Saint John's Health Center, and the clinical PACS at the Healthcare Consultation Center II, USC Health Science Campus.In the testbed, we also implement computational services in the Data Grid for image analysis and data mining. The federated PAC systems can use this resource by sharing image data and computational services available in the Data Grid for image analysis and data mining application.In the paper, we first review PACS and its clinical operation, followed by the description of the Data Grid architecture in the testbed. Different scenarios of using the DICOM store and query/retrieve functions of the laboratory model to demonstrate the fault-tolerance features of the Data Grid are illustrated. The status of current clinical implementation of the Data Grid is reported. An example of using the digital hand atlas for bone age assessment of children is presented to describe the concept of computational services in the Data Grid.
Size and density distribution of very small dust grains in the Barnard 5 cloud

The effects of the temperature fluctuations in small graphite grains on the energy spectrum and the IR surface brightness of an isolated dust cloud heated externally by the interstellar radiation field were investigated using a series of models based on a radiation transport computer code. This code treats self-consistently the thermal coupling between the transient heating of very small dust grains and the equilibrium heating of conventional large grains. The model results were compared with the IRAS observations of the Barnard 5 (B5) cloud, showing that the 25-micron emission of the cloud must be produced by small grains with a 6-10 A radius, which also contribute about 50 percent to the observed 12-micron emission. The remaining 12 micron flux may be produced by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The 60-and 100-micron radiation is dominated by emission from large grains heated under equilibrium conditions.
The hymen and tanner staging of the breast

Abstract The hymen, vestibule, and labia minora should exhibit predictable changes during puberty. Study Objective: To determine if progressive changes of the genital tissues can be related to Tanner staging of the breast. Design Setting and Participants: As part of the medical evaluation of alleged sexual abuse, a series of 168 girls (ages 7–17 years) had colposcopic photography of the hymen, vestibule, and labia minora. The physical appearance of the photographed structures was individually compared to the breast development of each patient. Main Outcome Measures: Genital tissue growth and development may be associated with Tanner staging of the breast. Results: In patients whose breast displayed no or minimal estrogen effect (Tanner I, II) we noted small, pale, thin labia minora; thin, smooth hymenal and vestibular epithelium; abundant fine vasculature; and absent vaginal secretions. In patients with moderate estrogen effect on the breast (Tanner III) we noted hymenal thickening, much less obvious fine vasculature, and slight vaginal secretions. Patients with extensive to full estrogen effect on the breast (Tanner IV, V) had prominently textured vestibular epithelium; abundant vaginal secretions; enlarged, pigmented labia minora; and a thickened hymen with redundant folds. Conclusions: These observations suggest that the degree of female pubertal development can be assessed and classified by careful inspection of the hymen and surrounding tissue. It is also possible to anticipate the characteristics of these genital tissues following Tanner staging of the breast.
Rapid Expression of Functional Genomic Libraries

Genomic-scale analysis of protein function is currently limited by the ability to rapidly express the enormous diversity of protein targets in their active form. We describe a method to construct transcriptionally active expression templates (ETs) in parallel using a single PCR step wherein the overlap-extension reaction for addition of transcription regulatory elements is separated from the amplification of the full-length product by using a GC-rich single primer. Over 90% of 55 diverse genomic targets were extended with T7 regulatory elements to form ETs in high yield and purity. The unpurified ETs directed protein expression using a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system supplemented with cofactors and metal ions to activate a variety of enzymes. Higher activities were obtained in the modified CFPS reactions compared to standard reaction conditions. Protein purification was avoided because the expressed enzyme activity was significantly greater than the background activity associated with the cell extract. These improvements in the parallel synthesis of linear ETs combined with enhanced in vitro enzyme activation help to make CFPS systems more attractive platforms for high-throughput evaluation of protein function.
Cyclical Variations of Advertising and Personal Selling

This paper examines the cyclical behavior of advertising and personal selling, the two major promotional tools, during the period 1958–1976. The study concludes that while advertising expenditures have fluctuated with business cycles (up following increases in corporate income, sometimes up and sometimes down following decreases in corporate income), personal selling effort has shown a steady increase over time, regardless of cyclical moves. The paper also examines economic theory and managerial concerns in order to explain the behavior observed.
SIMILARITY OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF SPINAL C-FOS AND PLASMA EXTRAVASATION AFTER ACUTE CHEMICAL IRRITATION OF THE BLADDER AND THE PROSTATE

Purpose: Persistent pain in referred areas and voiding dysfunction are characteristic symptoms of chronic abacterial prostatitis. Since referred pain from visceral organs is considered a neurological event, it appeared reasonable to hypothesize that the persistent pain associated with prostatitis might also be explained by neural mechanisms. Neurogenic plasma extravasation and c-fos expression in the spinal cord, after chemical irritation of the rat prostate, was identified as a method to investigate the neurogenic aspect of prostatic inflammation.Materials and Methods: The distribution of plasma extravasation using Evans blue dye was determined after chemical irritation of the prostate and bladder of the rat, and the distribution of dye extravasation was analyzed. c-fos expression within the spinal cord was determined immunocytochemically after chemical irritation of the prostate, bladder and superficial somatic region determined by the dye extravasation as a referred pain area (tail root).Results: Chemi...
Beyond quarantine: a history of leprosy in Puerto Rico, 1898-1930s.

From biblical times to the modern period, leprosy has been a disease associated with stigma. This mark of disgrace, physically present in the sufferers' sores and disfigured limbs, and embodied in the identity of a 'leper', has cast leprosy into the shadows of society. This paper draws on primary sources, written in Spanish, to reconstruct the social history of leprosy in Puerto Rico when the United States annexed this island in 1898. The public health policies that developed over the period of 1898 to the 1930s were unique to Puerto Rico because of the interplay between political events, scientific developments and popular concerns. Puerto Rico was influenced by the United States' priorities for public health, and the leprosy control policies that developed were superimposed on vestiges of the colonial Spanish public health system. During the United States' initial occupation, extreme segregation sacrificed the individual rights and liberties of these patients for the benefit of society. The lives of these leprosy sufferers were irrevocably changed as a result.
Chemistry of singlet oxygen. XXIII. New products from sensitized photooxygenation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-methoxy-ethylene

Abstract Further investigation into the photooxygenation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-methoxyethylene (1) has yielded several products not previously reported and requires reassignment of the structure of one previously reported compound. All products derive from the decomposition of the initial endoperoxide 2.
Detailed spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and kinetic characterization of nickel(II) complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline attained via equilibrium-restricted factor analysis.

The molar absorptivity curves of the mono and bis nickel(II) complexes of 2,2‘-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline have been deduced from the composite absorbance data of a series of equilibrium solutions in methanol using equilibrium-restricted factor analysis, a technique for extracting spectral and thermodynamic information for component species involved in solution equilibria. The solutions achieve equilibrium slowly (t1/2 ≈ 100 min) as the amounts of the tris and methanolato complexes are initially in excess. The relative formation constants at 293 K have been determined with a high degree of accuracy, especially for the bipyridine complexes: log(K1/K2) = 0.340(4) and log(K2/K3) = 1.091(6). Solubility limitations compromised the accuracy of the thermodynamic results for the phenanthroline complexes.
Use of Contiguous Optical Fibers as a Means of Carrying Thermal Information from Welds

A technique has been evolved for using optical fibers and near ir detectors for conveying temperature information from a surface to be welded. The application is unique, in that the optical fiber is permitted to contact the hot elements of the weld. The ensuing degradation is tolerated, since for the welding context, it appears to be considerably more stable than variations of emissivity found with conventional radiometric devices. Plots of experimental data using the device described indicate close correlation between temperature during weld formation and weld quality.
Reversible low-temperature direct bonds for fabrication of three-dimensional microelectronic structures

This paper describes the formation and application of reversible low temperature bonds for fabrication of 3D microelectronic structures. The basis of this reversible bond is a three-step low temperature bonding process. This tree-step process consists of 1) pressure, 2) pressure and temperature and 3) temperature. The first and second steps of this process create a uniform, void free, weak bond that can be easily severed. The third step consists of a long anneal at 200 degrees C that creates a bond of strength greater than 1000 ergs/cm2. The reversibility and reusability of a bond processed through the first and second step of the three-step process is investigated in this paper.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Action of ascorbic acid on the response of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the guinea pig.

PREVIOUS work indicated that ascorbic acid pretreatment to rats (Bacchus et al., 1951; Bacchus, 1951), and to mice (Bacchus and Altszuler, 1951) prevented the eosinopenia characteristic of the alarm reaction. Moreover, it was. demonstrated that the eosinophil response of the ascorbic acid-pretreated rat to epinephrin was similar to the response of the adrenalectomized rat to the same stressor. It was shown that the vitamin pretreatment did not block the eosinophil response to adrenocorticotrophin (Bacchus and Altszuler, 1951). Those data were interpreted as indicating that the vitamin acted by blocking the pituitary-adrenal axis at a pituitary or a pre-pituitary level, hence preventing the release of adrenocorticotrophin by epinephrin, and thereby blocking the increased release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. It was recognized, however, that the blockage of response to epinephrin could be due to a specific ascorbic acid-epinephrin antagonism. This paper reports data on experiments which were p...
Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Titanium Carbide

AbstractThe chemical vapor deposition of titanium carbide using a 1.4 KW CO2 laser as the heatsource is examined. The relationship between the laser power density and traverse speedon deposit thickness and properties is described. The laser chemical vapor depositedcarbide coating is characterized by SEM, EDAX, optical microscopy and microhardness tests.Hardness up to 2800 Knoop is observed leading to the possibility of extremely wear resis-tant surface coatings. Advantages such as controllability of input energy and small heataffected zone resulting in little or minimum distortion open the door to a wide variety ofselected area chemical vapor deposition processes.IntroductionLaser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) requires reactants which are nonabsorbing and asubstrate which is absorbing at the laser wavelength. The research reported here is con-fined to chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) of TiC using the 1.4 KW CO2 laser as the heatsource and the following reactionTiC14 + CH4 = TiC + 4HC1
5-Methoxymethyldeoxyuridine-resistant mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1.

Abstract 5-Methoxymethyldeoxyuridine (MMdU)-resistant (MMdU r ) mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were isolated by a single passage of the virus in MMdU at 100 μg/ml (3.7 × 10 −4 M ). The isolates were cloned and passed in the presence of MMdU at 5 μg/ml (0.18 × 10 −4 M ). All MMdU r mutants showed considerable cross-resistance to the nucleoside analogs acycloguanosine (ACG), (E)-5-bromovinyldeoxyuridine (BVdU), and arabinosylthymine (araT), but were as sensitive as the parental strain to phosphonoacetate (PAA). One mutant, MMdU r -20, induced significant deoxythymidine kinase (dTK) activity. Because it was only 30 times more resistant to BVdU than the parental wild-type virus, while mutants MMdU r -2 and -12-3 were about 10,000 times more resistant, it was suspected that the mutation was in the dTK locus. All three mutants, however, showed a similar pattern of resistance to the other nucleoside analogs ACG, MMdU, and araT. These results suggest differences in the active sites for PAA and nucleoside analogs (with respect to the viral DNA polymerase), and also among the nucleoside analogs (with respect to the viral dTK).
Automated Bathymetry Using an Autonomous Surface Craft

A prototype autonomous surface craft (ASC) has been developed at the MIT Sea Grant College Program's Autonomous Vehicles Laboratory to collect bathymetric data in littoral regions economically. Potential uses of this data include coastal surveys and monitoring, mine countermeasure operations, and physical and biological oceanography. This paper describes the ASC and presents field experiment results. For bathymetric data to be of value, the precise location of each data point must be known. To accomplish this, the ASC uses a differentially corrected GPS-based fuzzy guidance controller to track to and cross a series of transect-defining way-points. The fuzzy controller is programmed in C and downloaded to a small on-board computer for execution. The fuzzy controller was found to be relatively easy to develop (not requiring a complex mathematical model of the vehicle's dynamics), simple to tune, and robust to external disturbances. Field test results are presented and show that the guidance controller performed well on complex paths.
“On Location” Filming in San Diego County from 1985–2005: How a Cinematic Landscape Is Formed Through Incorporative Tasks and Represented Through Mapped Inscriptions

The form of San Diego County's cinematic landscape is shaped by processes of inscription, whereby particular representational techniques are brought to bear, but also by processes of incorporation, which can be understood as the off-camera decisions, tasks, and events that allow for filming to take place. One of the primary tasks involves selecting sites with a high level of production value while minimizing costs and fulfilling the needs of the script. The San Diego Film Commission (SDFC), which aids filmmakers in the tasks required to produce films, is a key entity in shaping this region's cinematic landscape. Where geography often focuses on how a film inscribes meaning and identity into its form, I show how the form of a region's cinematic landscape extends beyond a single filmic event to engage a multiplicity of representations, tasks, and practices. I use a mixed method approach, including spatial analysis to examine and map the inscripted form of San Diego's cinematic landscape. In-depth interviews...
Upper limb mechanical changes following short duration repetitive eccentric exertions

Abstract Background . Power hand tool use is considered a risk factor for upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. It is unclear if submaximal eccentric activity inherent to power tool use adversely affects the mechanical properties of muscle. Methods . This study investigated in vivo changes in human upper limb dynamic mechanical properties following exposure to short-term repetitive submaximal eccentric exertions that are similar to operating an industrial power hand tool. Eighteen subjects (12 males and 6 females) were assigned to one of three exercise groups (isometric, eccentric or control) and exercised 10 min for 60 repetitions at 50% of isometric forearm supination maximum voluntary contraction. Supination strength and dynamic mechanical properties (stiffness, effective mass, and damping) of forearm rotation, modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system during maximal exertion, were ascertained prior to exercise, immediately following exercise and 24 h later. Findings . Strength decreased for the isometric (17%) ( P P P P Interpretation . The change in mechanical properties following repetitive submaximal eccentric activity could negatively impact the ability of the arm to react to rapid forceful loading during repetitive industrial work activities and may indicate mechanical strain on the upper limb.
The Bacteriology of Bull Semen. II. The Effect of Bacteria upon Rapid Tests for Semen Quality

Summary 1.When sanitary precautions are observed, the number of bacteria found in freshly drawn semen or freshly prepared yolk-citrate diluent is not sufficient to interfere with the methylene blue reduction test for semen quality. 2.The short-time-high-temperature incubation test for semen quality may kill up to 50 per cent of the bacteria present when the test is run at 45° C. or above in the presence of methylene blue. A temperature of 46.5° C is recommended. 3.The methylene blue reduction test is not recommended as a criterion of the quality of semen stored more than 2 days. 4.The short-time-high-temperature incubation test is recommended as a criterion of continued livability of the spermatozoa in stored semen samples. 5.Though the bacterial population of stored samples can be controlled by proper precautions, factors other than the number of bacteria, and the activity and concentration of the spermatozoa are involved in the methylene blue reduction rate of stored samples.
Noisy function evaluation and the delta-coding algorithm

Genetic algorithms are becoming increasingly popular as a tool for optimization in signal processing environments due to their tolerance for noise. Several types of genetic algorithms are compared against a mutation driven stochastic hill-climbing algorithm on a standard set of benchmark functions which have had Gaussian noise added to them. The genetic algorithms used in these comparisons include an elitist simple genetic algorithm, the CHC adaptive search algorithm, and delta coding. Finally several hybrid genetic algorithms are described and compared on a very large and noisy seismic data imaging problem.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Social processes and proofs of theorems and programs, revisited

Language-based security is a protection mechanism that allows software components to interact in a shared address space, such that each component is guaranteed to respect its interfaces and not steal or corrupt internal data of other components. This protection mechanism is complicated to implement correctly, so we might want a formal verification of it.But we know by a famous result of DeMillo, Lipton, and Perlis (POPL 1978) that formal verification (1) is not what mathematicians do, (2) can never be practical, and (3) cannot tell us anything truly useful. Is this still true 25 years later?The question is, then, how can we carefully skirt the legitimate objections of DeMillo et al. and successfully use formal verification in a context where it can do some good. I'll talk about Foundational Proof-Carrying Code, a machine-checked soundness proof for a protection mechanism usable in Java-like virtual machines.
Aluminum effects on blood chemistry and long bone development in the chick embryo

Body growth, blood chemistry, and long bone development of 10- to 16-day chick embryos (Gallus gallus) treated with aluminum (Al) citrate, sodium (Na) citrate, or sodium chloride (NaCl) were investigated. Two administration protocols were used. Acutely-treated embryos received 6.0 μmol Al citrate or Na citrate on day 8 of incubation. Chronically-treated embryos received a daily dose of 1.5 μmol Al citrate or Na citrate beginning on day 8 of incubation. For both protocols, Al citrate and Na citrate had no significant influence on viability or body weight. Al citrate-treated embryos had: (a) significantly shorter mean tibia lengths by day 16 of incubation, (b) a consistently lower ratio of tibia length: body weight on all days investigated, and (c) a persistent mid-diaphyseal malformation (angulation) of the femur and tibia. Spatially correlated with the malformation was a calcification defect detected by alizarin red S staining of intact tibias and the accumulation of aluminum as demonstrated by acid solochrome azurine staining of histological sections. Aluminum was localized at the mineralization front of the osteogenic collar surrounding the cartilage core of the tibia. Aluminum citrate or Na citrate had no significant effect on serum total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total alkaline phosphatase activity, or creatinine, except for a transitory hypercalcemia (day 10) and phosphatemia (days 10 and 12) in Al citrate-treated embryos. The concomitant localization of Al and the early calcification defect in the region of tibial malformation implicate aluminum in the pathogenesis of the skeletal abnormality.