cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indium Antimonide: Superconductivity of the Metallic Form.

The transition of metallic indium antimonide into the superconducting state begins at 2.1°K and is complete at about 1.6°K. These data are close to those for white tin.
Social vision: Sustained perceptual enhancement of affective facial cues in social anxiety.

Heightened perception of facial cues is at the core of many theories of social behavior and its disorders. In the present study, we continuously measured electrocortical dynamics in human visual cortex, as evoked by happy, neutral, fearful, and angry faces. Thirty-seven participants endorsing high versus low generalized social anxiety (upper and lower tertiles of 2104 screened undergraduates) viewed naturalistic faces flickering at 17.5 Hz to evoke steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs), recorded from 129 scalp electrodes. Electrophysiological data were evaluated in the time-frequency domain after linear source space projection using the minimum norm method. Source estimation indicated an early visual cortical origin of the face-evoked ssVEP, which showed sustained amplitude enhancement for emotional expressions specifically in individuals with pervasive social anxiety. Participants in the low symptom group showed no such sensitivity, and a correlational analysis across the entire sample revealed a strong relationship between self-reported interpersonal anxiety/avoidance and enhanced visual cortical response amplitude for emotional, versus neutral expressions. This pattern was maintained across the 3500 ms viewing epoch, suggesting that temporally sustained, heightened perceptual bias towards affective facial cues is associated with generalized social anxiety.
Long-term variability of solar magnetic fields

Studies of the variations of the solar magnetic field are reviewed. Consideration is given to the study of 600 Myr-old Australiain varve data showing the 22-yr magnetic cycle and variations with 300-400 yr periods (Williams, 1981 and Bracewell, 1985). Methods of interpreting the organization of large-scale solar field patterns are discussed. Other studies examined include the interpretation of modal structure in the photospheric field by Stenflo et al. (1988), and the study of Sheeley et al. (1987) showing that much of the large-scale surface pattern can be deduced from the measured emerging flux.
The relationship of source parameters of ridge-crest and transform earthquakes to the thermal structure of oceanic lithosphere

Abstract The source parameters of large earthquakes on ridge crests and transform faults are closely related to the thermal and mechanical properties of oceanic lithosphere. Several characteristics of these earthquakes (including magnitude, seismic moment M0, apparent stress η \ gs and stress drop Δσ) are synthesized according to local plate velocity v and, for transforms, to ridge—ridge offset L and average fault width W estimated by Brune's method. For ridge-crest (normal faulting) events: (1) the maximum M0 decreases with v; (2) this decrease may be attributed to a particular isotherm limiting the depth of seismic failure if the largest crestal earthquakes are located 10–20 km off-axis; a constancy of the product of Δσ and fault length for these events is implied; (3) η \ gs shows no systematic variation with v. For transform events: (1) the maximum M0 decreases with v; (2) the maximum M0 appears to increase with the maximum age contrast across the transform; (3) η \ gs does not clearly depend on either v or L; (4) the maximum estimated W(v) decreases with v; (5) for fixed v, W(L) increases with L; (6) the largest earthquakes on long transforms occur near the transform center; (7) an inversion of slip rate and magnitude data for 60 transforms supports the hypothesis that seismic failure occurs only at temperatures below a fixed value, and gives a nominal value of 100°–150° C to this limiting isotherm. Neither stress drops nor apparent stresses are resolvably different for ridge crest and transform fault earthquakes.
A note on 3-connected cubic planar graphs

The length of a longest cycle in a graph G is called the circumference of G and is denoted by c(G). Let c(n)=min{c(G):G is a 3-connected cubic planar graph of order n}. Tait conjectured in 1884 that c(n)=n, and Tutte disproved this in 1946 by showing that c(n)@?n-1 for n=46. We prove that the inequality c(n)@?n-n+494+52 holds for infinitely many integers n. The exact value of c(n) is unknown.
Simultaneous Acceleration of Multiply Charged Ions through a Superconducting Linac

The possibility of simultaneously accelerating particles with a range of charge-to-mass ratios ( approximately 20%) to the same energy is proposed and demonstrated for a superconducting linac. Uranium ions stripped in a foil with eight charge states have been accelerated through a portion of the ATLAS linac from 286 to 690 MeV, with 94% of the injected uranium in the accelerated beam. Emittance of the resultant beam has been measured and the energy spread was 1.3% compared to 0.4% for a single charge state. This development has immediate application to the high-intensity acceleration of heavy ions that are limited by ion-source intensities, such as the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator Facility.
Optimization of plant regeneration and rooting from leaf explants of five rare Haworthia

Abstract Five rare Haworthia species, desirable as attractive ornamentals, were cultured in vitro to define conditions for a reliable cloning system. Adventitious buds were regenerated from leaf explants of Haworthia retusa cultivar ‘Dekenahii’, Haworthia retusa cultivar ‘Giant Form’, Haworthia emelyae cultivar ‘Sandkraal’, Haworthia mirabilis cultivar ‘Mundula’, and Haworthia mutica. Optimum cytokinin type (kinetin or BA) and concentration for shoot regeneration and growth was in the range of 1–2 mg l−1 and differed relative to the genotype tested. Lower levels of cytokinin caused increased shoot length while more numerous, but tiny, shoots were produced at levels higher than optimum. Shoots rooted in vitro in vermiculite plus liquid medium had superior root number and length compared with those rooted in vermiculite moistened with water or in gelled medium. No period of high humidity was needed to acclimatize shoots rooted in vermiculite plus medium ex vitro. No somaclonal variation was observed. This system may be applicable to other Haworthia species for multiplication of rare genotypes.
Isothermal Calorimetry as a Tool to Evaluate Early-Age Performance of Fly Ash Mixtures

This paper documents the use of an isothermal calorimeter as a scanning tool to evaluate early-age behavior of high-volume fly ash mixtures. A series of paste and mortar mixtures containing different fly ashes (one Class C fly ash and two Class F fly ashes) with replacement levels ranging from 20% to 60% and high- and low-alkali cement was evaluated. Materials testing included ASTM C109, compressive strength of mortar cubes at different ages; ASTM C1437, flow; ASTM C403, time of setting; and ASTM C1679, isothermal calorimetry. In most cases, for the same water–binder ratio (0.40) and replacement level, Class C fly ash mixtures exhibited higher strength but delayed setting compared with Class F fly ash mixtures. Isothermal calorimetry proved to be a good scanning tool for predicting setting time and early-age compressive strength and for identifying materials incompatibility.
Strategies for the analysis of chlorinated lipids in biological systems.

Myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl reacts with the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens yielding α-chlorofatty aldehydes. These chlorinated aldehydes can be purified using thin-layer chromatography, which is essential for subsequent analysis of extracts from some tissues such as myocardium. The α-chlorofatty aldehyde 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) is quantified after conversion to its pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivative using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and negative-ion chemical ionization detection. 2-ClHDA accumulates in activated human neutrophils and monocytes, as well as in atherosclerotic lesions and infarcted myocardium. Metabolites of 2-ClHDA have also been identified, including the oxidation product, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA), and the reduction product, 2-chlorohexadecanol. 2-ClHA can be quantified using LC–MS with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) detection. 2-ClHA can be ω-oxidized by hepatocytes and subsequently β-oxidized from the ω-end, leading to the production of the dicarboxylic acid, 2-chloroadipic acid. This dicarboxylic acid is excreted in the urine and can also be quantified using LC–MS methods with SRM detection. Quantitative analyses of these novel chlorinated lipids are essential to identify the role of these lipids in leukocyte-mediated injury and disease.
Guidelines for the management of severe head injury: are emergency physicians following them?

UNLABELLED The Brain Trauma Foundation published "Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury" in 1995. These evidence-based clinical guidelines (CGs) recommended against prophylactic hyperventilation and glucocorticoid use and advocated for aggressive blood pressure (BP) resuscitation, and the careful use of mannitol. OBJECTIVE To survey Michigan emergency physicians (MEPs) to test their adherence to these guidelines. METHODS An anonymous mail survey was sent to all 566 MEPs who are members of the American College of Emergency Physicians. Three clinical scenarios involving severe head injury were presented, all with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 8 or less. The physicians were asked to choose from 15 diagnostic and treatment options, which included: intubation and hyperventilation, BP resuscitation, intravenous (IV) mannitol administration, and IV glucocorticoid administration. RESULTS Three hundred nineteen (56%) surveys were returned. Forty-six percent [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 40% to 51%] of the MEPs elected to use prophylactic hyperventilation; very few administered IV glucocorticoids. Seventy-eight percent (95% CI = 75% to 81%) corrected hypotension with systolic BP < 90 mm Hg; 83% (95% CI = 80% to 86%) also administered mannitol appropriately. CONCLUSIONS A majority of MEPs are managing severe head injury patients in accordance with the "Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury," with the exception of avoiding prophylactic hyperventilation. More education and/or exposure to the evidence regarding prophylactic hyperventilation of severely head injured patients may improve adherence to the guidelines.
Recent advances in cancer research. Highlights of the 92nd annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; held March 24-28, 2001, in New Orleans, LA, U.S.A.

The 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) was held on March 24-28, 2001, in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., to discuss the latest advances in basic, translational and clinical cancer research. More than 12,000 scientists representing academia, industry and government attended this international meeting. Over 5,300 proffered papers were presented in a variety of formats. This meeting report highlights a lecture on the antileukemia drug STI-571 (imatinib) and minisymposia that covered the topics of tumor immunity, immunotherapy, pharmacogenetics and novel targets for drug discovery. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.
Tracing the origins of polymethylene moieties in coal

Abstract Many coals have been shown to contain long polymethylene segments (up to C 30 and longer) which crack to ethylene, propylene, butadiene and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons when the coals are pyrolyzed. The polymethylene content varies in different coals and can be 10% or more in low rank coals. Cannel coals may contain up to 20% polymethylene. Polymethylene moieties are either very low or absent in low-volatile bituminous coals and anthracite. A method of analysis for polymethylene in coals, based on liquefaction in a donor solvent followed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy has been described. With this analysis, it has been shown that polymethylene moieties are present in higher concentrations in exinite macerals than in vitrinites or inertinites. Analysis of peats also show the presence of polymethylene components at levels similar to that found in coal. Analysis of various parts of present-day plants also shows the presence of polymethylene materials in concentrations varying significantly from one kind of plant to another. Within a given plant type, some parts of the plant appear to be richer in polymethylene than others. Spores and pollen are frequently especially rich in polymethylene, accounting for the corresponding high concentration in exinite macerals in coal. Samples of Texas Eocene lignites representing a depositional time interval of 15–20 million years and three distinctly different climatic and vegetational conditions were analyzed for polymethylene contents. The differences in polymethylene levels are consistent with differences in flora and support the idea that the original plants are the sources of polymethylene components in coal.
PAIRING AND SPONTANEOUS POLARIZATION IN DENSE HYDROGEN

The many-body problem associated with dense hydrogen can represented by the standard interacting electron gas problem (complete with compensating charge continuum) augmented by the proton equivalent and a coupling between the two. This viewpoint is useful as a starting point in the pursuit of ground-state instabilities (particularly the onset of a charge density wave) as a function of the continuum charge density, and even more generally in the identification of forms for the fields required to establish a thermodynamic treatment via coherent state functional integral representations of the partition function for dense hydrogen.
PRIMAL: Fast and Accurate Pedigree-based Imputation from Sequence Data in a Founder Population

Founder populations and large pedigrees offer many well-known advantages for genetic mapping studies, including cost-efficient study designs. Here, we describe PRIMAL (PedigRee IMputation ALgorithm), a fast and accurate pedigree-based phasing and imputation algorithm for founder populations. PRIMAL incorporates both existing and original ideas, such as a novel indexing strategy of Identity-By-Descent (IBD) segments based on clique graphs. We were able to impute the genomes of 1,317 South Dakota Hutterites, who had genome-wide genotypes for ~300,000 common single nucleotide variants (SNVs), from 98 whole genome sequences. Using a combination of pedigree-based and LD-based imputation, we were able to assign 87% of genotypes with >99% accuracy over the full range of allele frequencies. Using the IBD cliques we were also able to infer the parental origin of 83% of alleles, and genotypes of deceased recent ancestors for whom no genotype information was available. This imputed data set will enable us to better study the relative contribution of rare and common variants on human phenotypes, as well as parental origin effect of disease risk alleles in >1,000 individuals at minimal cost.
Measured Variations in the Transfer Function of a Human Pilot

Transfer function of a human pilot operating in a closed loop control situation, using single axis and two axes tests, and comparison of pilot and model pilot performance
A novel secure quantum key distribution algorithm

Key distribution is the function that delivers a key to two parties who wish to communicate with each other in secure manner. Therefore, key distribution must be secure enough to thwart any attempts to compromise the system. In this paper we introduce a secure key distribution system based on quantum theory. The proposed algorithm provides a secure way to distribute, or exchange the key that recognizes any comprise of the quantum communication channel.
Intracellular Flow Cytometric Measurement of Extracellular Matrix Components in Porcine Intervertebral Disc Cells

The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate the utility of a novel method of evaluating intracellular levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in intervertebral disc (IVD) cells using flow cytometry. By using this method, this study discriminated between cell populations in porcine IVD and examined the response of IVD cells to monolayer cultures, a traditional method of cell expansion, by measuring phenotypic attributes of ECM component production. It was found that monolayer cultures affected collagen production of IVD cells while there were differences in collagen type II production between the cells isolated from the annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) regions of IVD. Size distributions of fresh and cultured cells were also presented while the relationships between cell size and intracellular collagen level revealed heterogeneous cell populations in AF and NP regions. Furthermore, this study showed that the intracellular collagen signals of IVD cells were significantly enhanced by the treatments of Brefeldin-A and ascorbic acid. This suggests that Brefeldin-A and ascorbic acid could be used to increase the sensitivity of flow cytometric analysis on intracellular collagen levels by maximizing collagen accumulation inside cells. Since a unique feature of the flow cytometric screening tool is the ability to discriminate between various cell populations in a single sample, the flow cytometric method developed in this study may have the potential to identify specific collagen-producing cell populations from tissues or cell cultures.
Correlation of volcanic ash layers between the Early Pleistocene Acheulean sites of Isinya, Kariandusi, and Olorgesailie, Kenya

Abstract Olorgesailie, Kariandusi, and Isinya are archeological sites with Acheulean artifacts in or on the flanks of the southern Rift Valley of Kenya. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages on feldspar from tuffs in the Olorgesailie Formation of 992 ± 39 ka (Member 1), 974 ± 7 ka (Member 5), and 747 ± 6 ka (Member 9), 662 ± 4 ka (Member 10), and 601 ± 3 ka (Member 11) bracket most of the Acheulean sites there. A 40 Ar/ 39 age on a tuff in the Kariandusi sequence is 977 ± 10 ka, and both sites are associated with thick diatomite deposits. No age control has been available for the site of Isinya. Electron microprobe analyses of glass from volcanic ash layers from these sites allow tephrostratigraphic correlations between them. Here we report that samples from Kariandusi below the archeological levels correlate with samples in Member 4 and Member 2 at Olorgesailie (992 ka–974 ka). Samples from a volcanic ash at Isinya above the archeological site correlate with an ash layer in Olorgesailie Member 4, showing that these artifacts are >974 ka, providing the first age control for the artifacts at Isinya. The correlation from Olorgesailie to Kariandusi shows that the diatomites at those sites were deposited at the same time ∼120 km apart but now differ in elevation by ∼700 m. Chemical similarity with obsidians from localities in the Naivasha region suggest that some of the ash layers may originate from that area.
How to Read the American West: A Field Guide

How to read the american west: A Field Guide. By William Wyckoff. xvi and 422; maps, diagrs., ills., index. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014. $44.95 (paper), isbn 9780295993515. Each o...
Biological filters in aquaculture: Trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications

Abstract Factors such as limitations in water quality and quantity, cost of land, limitations on water discharges, environmental impacts and diseases, are driving the aquaculture industry toward more intensive practices. This will force producers to adopt environmentally friendlier technologies. Recirculating systems, with a biofilter as the most prominent characteristic, treat internally the water contaminated with dissolved organics and ammonia and reduce the amount of water use and discharge from aquaculture operations. This paper reviews the implications of the changing use of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) on biofiltration research for freshwater and marine operations. Demand for cost effective biofilters will increase with the expansion of recirculating systems, both as a complement and replacement of traditional ponds. For freshwater aquaculture, emphasis should be placed in cost competitiveness, low head operations, intensification of ponds with RAS biofiltration and the evaluation of suspended growth systems. In the marine systems, an increase in demand of oligotrophic and ultraoligotrophic systems is expected, particularly in the nursery systems. Sizing and cost efficiency of biofilters for nursery operations should be addressed. Problems in marine biofilter acclimation appear to justify the development of new acclimation procedures. Biosecurity concerns, land cost and storm threats will drive nursery systems inland, where saltwater supply and disposal will force an increased water reuse. Denitrification strategies will need to be redefined and optimized for the marine nursery environment.
Tafazzin senses curvature

The phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase tafazzin is responsible for enrichment of the cardiolipin fraction of mitochondria with tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin. The specificity for linoleoyl hydrocarbon chains is now explained by the specific action of tafazzin on negatively curved lipid monolayers.
Hexamita nelsoni sp. n. (Polymastigina: Hexamitidae) parasitic in oysters.

Abstract Hexamita nelsoni sp. n., a parasite of oysters, is described. Host species include Crassostrea virginica, Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea commercialis, Ostrea lurida , and Ostrea edulis .
RESEARCH AND CONFIDENTIALITY: LEGAL ISSUES AND RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Maintaining the confidentiality of research subjects and research data is essential to the research process. However, the legal landscape surrounding the concept of confidentiality is a dynamic one. This article discusses why confidentiality in research is important, various threats to it, efforts to protect it through a "researcher privilege," as well as other statutory and regulatory provisions relevant to research confidentiality. The article concludes with a discussion of risk management tools that researchers concerned with maintaining confidentiality can use in the design and implementation of research. Ogden has continued his research on assisted suicide and is now studying the consensual "deathing" industry. Part of this research involves scrutiny of social reactions to those involved in consensual death, as occurs when persons are charged with crimes such as "counselling suicide" or "aiding and abetting a suicide," a violation of section 241(b) of the Criminal Code of Canada. When such charges were laid against a Vancouver Island woman, Ogden attended the preliminary hearing early in 2003 to observe and take notes. Outside the courtroom the Crown prosecutor informed Ogden that he was a "person of interest" in the case because of his presumed research-related knowledge, and subsequently subpoenaed him, apparently in the vague hope that he might have information that could aid the prosecution. 1 Russel Ogden is a Canadian researcher whose work has been subpoenaed several times by prosecutors. He has resisted the subpoenas, which have eventu- ally been withdrawn, and the matter has caused considerable commentary in Canada about whether researchers should have a privilege against being forced to disclose their notes and related materials in legal proceedings. 2 Ogden's case, and others like it 3 raise important issues regarding the confi- dentiality of research data. Researchers have long assumed that maintaining
Charring pyrolysis of wood in fires by laser simulation

Utilizing a 250 watt CO2-laser radiation source, wood pyrolysis at fire-level surface heat flux was investigated through the measurement of decomposition rates, solid temperatures and thermal properties, pyrolysis gas compositions and pressures, and crack formation. Heats of reaction calculated from these measurements show that at an incident heat flux of 0.76 cal/cm2-sec applied parallel to the wood grain direction, the pyrolysis layer (≈1cm thick) can be divided into three zones: (i) an endothermic primary decomposition zone at temperatures T
Perceived Change in Life Satisfaction and Daily Negative Affect: The Moderating Role of Purpose in Life

Perceiving changes in life satisfaction has been linked to diminished health and well-being. Purpose in life is theorized to promote well-being by providing a sense of personal consistency, which may buffer the negative consequences of perceived change. Using data from the Midlife in the United States study, a cluster analysis was performed to explore profiles of adults’ (N = 1,746) ratings of life satisfaction for their past, present, and future. The analysis yielded three distinct profiles: continuous high, incremental, and decremental. Relative to the other profiles, decremental adults reported greater levels and variability of negative affect in everyday life. However, purpose moderated these effects such that no between-profile differences in negative affect level or variability were detected for adults reporting greater levels of purpose. Purpose is discussed as an asset for promoting positive adjustment in adulthood.
Reaction-diffusion equations for interacting particle systems

We study interacting spin (particle) systems on a lattice under the combined influence of spin flip (Glauber) and simple exchange (Kawasaki) dynamics. We prove that when the particle-conserving exchanges (stirrings) occur on a fast time scale of order ɛ−2 the macroscopic density, defined on spatial scale ɛ−1, evolves according to an autonomous nonlinear diffusion-reaction equation. Microscopic fluctuations about the deterministic macroscopic evolution are found explicitly. They grow, with time, to become infinite when the deterministic solution is unstable.
Developmentally Regulated Alternative Splicing of the α1(XI) Collagen Chain: Spatial and Temporal Segregation of Isoforms in the Cartilage of Fetal Rat Long Bones:

Type XI collagen is a component of the heterotypic collagen fibrils of fetal cartilage and is required to maintain the unusually thin diameter of these fibrils. The mature matrix form of the molecule retains an N-terminal variable region whose structure is modulated by alternative exon splicing that is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. In the α1(XI) chain, antibodies to two of the peptides, p6b and p8, encoded by the alternatively spliced exons localized these epitopes to the surface of the collagen fibrils and were used to determine the pattern of isoform expression during the development of rat long bones (humerus). Expression of the p6b isoform was restricted to the periphery of the cartilage underlying the perichondrium of the diaphysis, a pattern that appears de novo at embryonic Day (E) 14. P8 isoforms appeared to be associated with early stages of chondrocyte differentiation and were detected throughout prechondrogenic mesenchyme and immature cartilage. After E16, p8 isoforms gradually...
Performance of a feedback-controlled, deterministic source of single chromium atoms

A magneto-optical trap with feedback-controlled loading and loss rates is used to realize a deterministic source of single chromium atoms with single-atom occupation probability as high as 0.987±0.001. We present a series of measurements of the performance of this source and discuss the dependence of the probability of not having a single atom in the trap (error rate) on experimental parameters. We describe a simple analytical model that considers mean load rate, trap lifetime, stray load rate, and feedback response time, and we also present results of Monte Carlo calculations that take into account all experimental conditions. We find that the analytical model describes the behavior well for error rates as small as about 0.03, but the Monte Carlo simulations must be used to model behavior at error rates lower than this, as the occupation probability approaches unity.
Feedback control of unknown chaotic dynamical systems based on time-series data

A feedback control method is developed for controlling an unknown chaotic system, where the design is accomplished using only a finite set of one-dimensional (1-D) time-series data generated by the unknown system. The approach consists of three steps: (1) using the available time-series data to estimate a delayed time constant and an embedding dimension that both can be used to reconstruct a state space model preserving the chaotic attractor of the unknown system; (2) based on the reconstructed model, a lower order polynomial system of the same dimension is identified as a platform for controller design; and (3) a design method using the lower order approximate model is devised for determining a simple nonlinear feedback controller that works for the originally unknown underlying chaotic system. Computer simulation results on the Duffing oscillator are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new feedback-control methodology.
Family Psychopathology and Perceived Stress of Both Domestic Violence and Negative Life Events as Predictors of Women’s Mental Health Symptoms

Using a diathesis–stress model, this study examined the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms in women who experience stressors of domestic violence (DV) and/or negative life events (NLEs) over the course of three years. Family history of affective mental health problems represented the diathesis. Using a person-oriented approach, 182 women were grouped into 6 risk profiles based on varying levels of DV and NLEs. Results showed that family history of psychopathology increased vulnerability to mental health disorders; however, the best predictor of symptoms was the presence of either stressor at any time. A quadratic relationship between the risk pattern and mental health symptoms indicated that fluctuations in depression were related to the pattern of stress experienced. Results support the diathesis–stress model for occurrence of depressive but not anxiety symptoms in women with DV and/or NLEs.
An Alternative Approach to the Identification of Gifted Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners The Contribution of Dynamic Assessment

This study explores the utility of an alternative approach that incorporates dynamic assessment in the identification of gifted culturally and linguistically diverse learners in first to fifth grad...
On the Prevalence of Sensor Faults in Real-World Deployments

Various sensor network measurement studies have reported instances of transient faults in sensor readings. In this work, we seek to answer a simple question: How often are such faults observed in real deployments? To do this, we first explore and characterize three qualitatively different classes of fault detection methods. Rule-based methods leverage domain knowledge to develop heuristic rules for detecting and identifying faults. Estimation methods predict "normal" sensor behavior by leveraging sensor correlations, flagging anomalous sensor readings as faults. Finally, learning-based methods are trained to statistically identify classes of faults. We find that these three classes of methods sit at different points on the accuracy/robustness spectrum. Rule-based methods can be highly accurate, but their accuracy depends critically on the choice of parameters. Learning methods can be cumbersome, but can accurately detect and classify faults. Estimation methods are accurate, but cannot classify faults. We apply these techniques to four real-world sensor data sets and find that the prevalence of faults as well as their type varies with data sets. All three methods are qualitatively consistent in identifying sensor faults in real world data sets, lending credence to our observations. Our work is a first-step towards automated on-line fault detection and classification.
Estimation of electrical bandgap narrowing in heavily doped p-gallium arsenide

For device modeling, the effect of heavy doping can be described by relating the effective intrinsic carrier concentration n/sub ie/ to the intrinsic carrier concentration in lightly doped material n/sub io/ with a nonphysical apparent bandgap shrinkage. The electrical measurements on bipolar devices provide the value of the equilibrium minority-carrier concentration and cannot directly give the amount of bandgap narrowing. The aim of this work is to extract this nonphysical, apparent bandgap shrinkage from the measurement of the minority-carrier transport parameters in p/sup +/-n GaAs diodes with the p/sup +/-layer hole density in the range from 6.3*10/sup 17/ to 1.3*10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/. The recombination velocity at the surface of the p/sup +/ layer is calculated and compared with the available experimental data. >
Vibrational excitation of H2 in intense ultraviolet fluxes

The vibrational excitation of H2 in intense ultraviolet radiation fields is studied. The radiative cascade through bound levels of the ground electronic state, following absorption of Lyman- and Werner-band photons, is modified to include effects of 'multiple pumping' and direct photodissociation from the high vibrational levels. Although the column densities in the excited vibrational levels produced by UV pumping appear too low to explain the recently observed Orion quadrupole emission lines, it is suggested that the far-red lines in the (3-0) and (4-0) bands, produced by UV pumping from O stars near dense molecular clouds, may be detectable.
On the myopic policy for a class of restless bandit problems with applications in dynamic multichannel access

We consider a class of restless multi-armed bandit problems that arises in multi-channel opportunistic communications, where channels are modeled as independent and stochastically identical Gilbert-Elliot channels and channel state observations are subject to errors. We show that the myopic channel selection policy has a semi-universal structure that obviates the need to know the Markovian transition probabilities of the channel states. Based on this structure, we establish closed-form lower and upper bounds on the steady-state throughput achieved by the myopic policy. Furthermore, we characterize the approximation factor of the myopic policy to bound its worst-case performance loss with respect to the optimal performance.
Identification of Novel Candidate Genes for Type 2 Diabetes From a Genome-Wide Association Scan in the Old Order Amish: Evidence for Replication From Diabetes-Related Quantitative Traits and From Independent Populations

OBJECTIVE— We sought to identify type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes through a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) in the Amish. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— DNA from 124 type 2 diabetic case subjects and 295 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance were genotyped on the Affymetrix 100K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A total of 82,485 SNPs were tested for association with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes–associated SNPs were further prioritized by the following: 1 ) associations with 5 oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) traits in 427 nondiabetic Amish subjects, and 2 ) in silico replication from three independent 100L SNP GWASs (Framingham Heart Study Caucasians, Pima Indians, and Mexican Americans) and a 500K GWAS in Scandinavians. RESULTS— The strongest association ( P = 1.07 × 10 −5 ) was for rs2237457, which is located in growth factor receptor–bound protein 10 ( Grb10 ), an adaptor protein that regulate insulin receptor signaling. rs2237457 was also strongly associated with OGTT glucose area under the curve in nondiabetic subjects ( P = 0.001). Of the 1,093 SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes at P MFSD9 , rs10515353 on chromosome 5, and rs2242400 in BCAT1 were associated with type 2 diabetes in more than one population), and 11 SNPs were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes in Scandinavians. One type 2 diabetes–associated SNP (rs3845971, located in FHIT ) showed replication with OGTT traits and also in another population. CONCLUSIONS— Our GWAS of type 2 diabetes identified several gene variants associated with type 2 diabetes, some of which are worthy of further study.
Mechanism of Cadmium-Metallothionein-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Relationship to Altered Renal Calcium Metabolism

Prolonged cadmium exposure has been associated with proteinuria, calcuria and loss of calcium from bones in humans. Previous studies have shown that kidney uptake of cadmium in vivo results from proximal tubule absorption of the circulating cadmium metallothionein complex (CdMT), and intracellular release of the Cd2+ ion prior to induction of renal metallothionein. Parenteral administration of CdMT has been found to selectively damage the proximal tubule cell lysosome system with development of a tubular proteinuria pattern similar to that observed under chronic exposure conditions. The present studies also demonstrate a concomitant calcuria but no changes in the excretion of other electrolytes or glucose using this model. These marked changes in renal calcium metabolism occurred in the absence of mitochondrial damage, changes in total, Na/K or Mg-stimulated ATPase activities, renal ATP levels, membrane 45Ca2+ transport or overt tubule cell necrosis during an 8 hour period following CdMT injection. Proteinuria and calcuria were prevented by prior zinc induction of the renal MT pool. Data from these studies indicate that renal proximal tubule cell uptake and degradation of the circulating CdMT complex produces both a marked proteinuria and calcuria. The calcuria does not appear to stem from changes in renal energy metabolism or membrane transport of this element but is probably a secondary result of calcium binding to excreted proteins which are increased in urine to a similar extent. The studies also suggest that zinc status and maintenance of the renal ZnMT pool may play an important role in regulating cadmium-induced renal proteinuria and calcuria by preventing Cd2+ perturbation of the proximal tubule cell lysosome system.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Software to Estimate Circulation Time Distributions in Bioreactors

Nonideal mixing in many fermentation processes can lead to concentration gradients in nutrients, oxygen, and pH, among others. These gradients are likely to influence cellular behavior, growth, or yield of the fermentation process. Frequency of exposure to these gradients can be defined by the circulation time distribution (CTD). There are few examples of CTDs in the literature, and experimental determination of CTD is at best a challenging task. The goal in this study was to determine whether computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software (FLUENT 4 and MixSim) could be used to characterize the CTD in a single-impeller mixing tank. To accomplish this, CFD software was used to simulate flow fields in three different mixing tanks by meshing the tanks with a grid of elements and solving the Navier-Stokes equations using the kappa-epsilon turbulence model. Tracer particles were released from a reference zone within the simulated flow fields, particle trajectories were simulated for 30 s, and the time taken for these tracer particles to return to the reference zone was calculated. CTDs determined by experimental measurement, which showed distinct features (log-normal, bimodal, and unimodal), were compared with CTDs determined using CFD simulation. Reproducing the signal processing procedures used in each of the experiments, CFD simulations captured the characteristic features of the experimentally measured CTDs. The CFD data suggests new signal processing procedures that predict unimodal CTDs for all three tanks.
The Politices of Production: Technology, Markets, and the Two Cultures of American Industry

As the American economy became more complex and differentiated in the post-1850 decades, so too did the demand for manufactured products, creating wide markets for both mass-produced standard goods and batch-produced specialties among consumers and producers alike. These developments conditioned the emergence of distinctive work cultures within the two broad spheres of manufacturing, as well as distinct approaches to technological selection and use, labor, marketing, and management. As the mass production dynamic has been well documented, this essay focuses principally on elaborating the practices of industrial specialists for comparison with those of “managerial capitalism.” Conditions and controversies in the textile, woodworking, and metalworking trades provide an in-depth example of larger patterns among batch-oriented sectors in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including issues of the politics (i.e., power relations) in production and the recording of masculine identity and values. The role of public policies in facilitating the universalization of mass production rhetorics and practices is considered at the close.
Teaching Styles of Community College Instructors

This study examined the teaching styles of online instructors at Florida's 28 community colleges in an effort to determine if the instructors had adopted the learner–centered model touted in the literature. The Principles of Adult Learning Scale was the primary instrument used to collect data from 292 online instructors. The study revealed that nearly half of the participants (n = 135) scored in the middle range, with 84% (n = 244) of the participants’ scores falling into the teacher-centered range. Although online distance education does have the potential to transition education from a teacher-centered orientation to a more student-centered orientation, continued efforts are needed to accomplish this shift.
IKKα and alternative NF-κB regulate PGC-1β to promote oxidative muscle metabolism.

Although the physiological basis of canonical or classical IκB kinase β (IKKβ)–nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is well established, how alternative NF-κB signaling functions beyond its role in lymphoid development remains unclear. In particular, alternative NF-κB signaling has been linked with cellular metabolism, but this relationship is poorly understood. In this study, we show that mice deleted for the alternative NF-κB components IKKα or RelB have reduced mitochondrial content and function. Conversely, expressing alternative, but not classical, NF-κB pathway components in skeletal muscle stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and specifies slow twitch fibers, suggesting that oxidative metabolism in muscle is selectively controlled by the alternative pathway. The alternative NF-κB pathway mediates this specificity by direct transcriptional activation of the mitochondrial regulator PPAR-γ coactivator 1β (PGC-1β) but not PGC-1α. Regulation of PGC-1β by IKKα/RelB also is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dependent, highlighting a cross talk between mTOR and NF-κB in muscle metabolism. Together, these data provide insight on PGC-1β regulation during skeletal myogenesis and reveal a unique function of alternative NF-κB signaling in promoting an oxidative metabolic phenotype.
Detecting alterations in cell ultrastructure with optical imaging

Understanding cell functioning at the nanoscale has been hampered in part by the diffraction limited resolution of optical microscopy. We developed partial wave spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy that is capable of quantifying statistical properties of cell structure at the nanoscale. Our animal and human studies demonstrated that alterations in the nanoscale cell architecture is one of the earliest events in carcinogenesis and precedes any other known morphological changes at larger length scales (i.e. microarchitecture).
Introductory Essay: Transportation and the Evolution of the American Economic Republic

Transportation, especially inland transportation, has played a more important role in the economic development of the United States than that of any other nation. After a long, slow start in which it faced the necessity of dealing across 3,000 miles of open ocean, the young nation found itself expanding westward across an equally vast land mass, without much idea of how its people might conveniently get to the Promised Land or how they would send its fruits back to market. Until the problem of inland transportation began to be solved following the War of 1812, America remained just another of the important maritime nations of the world, tied to a coastline and the few miles of coastal plain that bordered it. Such areas of the world had been virtually synonymous with “civilization” for many centuries; but in a generation or two after about 1815, the ancient domination of the sea was emphatically erased.
Green Chemistry as Social Movement

Is it useful to think of green chemists and engineers in terms of social movement theory? The authors provide an overview of the field of green chemistry and draw on concepts from social movement theory to analyze the developments in green chemistry. They then probe some of the problems that political progressives would face in trying to cooperate with green chemists. They close by linking their analysis to questions concerning gover- nance of technological innovation. They find that green chemistry may be closer to business-as-usual than to a radical departure. Environmentalists might investigate the prospects for cooperation with green chemists in pushing toward a benign chemical regime. Whether green chemistry constitutes the elite movement that the authors have been investigating in this article is less important than whether those with expertise in benign chemical synthesis have insights that the rest of the environmental movement ought to be pursuing more diligently. Might environmentally responsible technological innovation ever be led by technoscientists working within mainstream corporate, governmental, and university institutions? Could it be that the sociotechnical value shifts and reforms called for by many progressive scholars and activists—peace, sustainability, genuine democracy, and social justice—will remain oppositional and marginal unless such innovations take root and blossom in established institutions? If so, if building an environmentally commend- able civilization requires a larger and more influential coalition than well- meaning outsiders to the technosphere usually can muster, there may be no substitute for enrolling insiders as enthusiastic actors and even leaders in the endeavor rather than as resentful and legally mandated participants. This arti- cle offers a preliminary examination of one small but potentially very important group of such insiders, those pursuing "green chemistry."
A Quick & Automated Method for Measuring Cell Area using ImageJ

Modern microscopy techniques generate an enormous amount of data in the form of images. Manual analysis of these images produces biased results that are often not reproducible. To extract the numerical data from the images, a free and user-friendly software called ImageJ is available at the NIH website. In this interactive tutorial, students will get acquainted with the applications of ImageJ and learn to measure cell area from the images.
A Qualitative Study of Smoker Identity Among College Student Smokers.

Background: This research was motivated by findings that college students who smoke cigarettes often self-categorize as nonsmokers, that is, they reject the social identity of “smoker.” Objectives: The goal of the present study was to shed light on college students’ smoker identities beyond the smoker/nonsmoker dichotomy. Methods: Focus groups were conducted to investigate how college students categorize their own smoking patterns and to identify what behaviors and attitudes are associated with these different categories of smoker identities. Forty-one students from a western university participated in this study in November 2011. Results: The focus group results indicated that there were five distinct smoker identities on campus. Light and regular smokers were the daily smoker identities present, while stress, social, and drunk smokers were the occasional smoker identities. Moreover, each of these smoker identities was defined by a unique pattern of smoking behavior, attitudes, and motives. Conclusions/I...