cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Games Children Play III: More Comments on Effective Teaching.

In the years since the authors published two articles with tips for effective teaching, they have acquired and developed more advice and impressions on teaching. This article presents ideas that can help physical educators become increasingly effective in their teaching.
Take the Abundance Road

As the reality of higher energy and raw materials prices settles in, we in R&D are challenged to find solutions. A recent book on the wealth creation driven by innovation and an article in HBS Working Knowledge on abundance and scarcity in economics brought to my attention how important an awareness of this issue is to R&D management (1,2). So often we are directed to do more with less, to squeeze the last half-percent-improvement out of existing processes, and reduce energy usage. All these directives fall under the scarcity mentality. Although important and difficult to disagree with, they are not going to change the fundamental dynamics and vulnerability of the business. They are easy to justify in terms of the resources and offer little downside risk in terms of career or strategy. The abundance mentality takes a completely different perspective and, I would argue, is the source of innovation. You see signs of this thinking in some of the responses to the energy crisis we are facing. The fact that the sun provides more energy every day than our annual needs is one example. The abundance mentality changes our perspective and opens up new approaches. It can easily be argued that it is simplistic and doesn't account for the effort required to achieve the desired result. In this example, solar cells are still expensive to produce, not viable in certain environments, etc., yet technology is making rapid strides in this area and the United States has the greatest solar resource available worldwide. It is abundant. Organization Optimists A simple analogy would compare abundance to optimism and scarcity to pessimism. I believe there is validity in this comparison. As R&D leaders, we are the optimists of our organizations, knowing that we can solve the problems given appropriate time, resources and latitude. You can see the scarcity mentality slipping into the last statement. Maybe it's not about resources and time, but emphasis. The paradigm of scarcity is broken down by innovation. Suddenly people are realizing that intellectual assets create value, unpredictable by the extrapolations of scarcity. We didn't run out of oil in the time frames originally predicted. Novel methods allowed us to find more, extract more and use it more efficiently-none of which was known at the time of the predictions. The abundance mentality does not excuse us from waste and misplaced priorities. In the U. S., we use energy at an unacceptable per-capita rate. A recent trip to Europe reinforced the existence of simple solutions to reducing energy usage that they use but Americans largely ignore. One example is that a room key is required to turn on hotel-room lights, and the lights go off when you leave the room and remove the key. Another is the greater acceptance of public transportation and smaller cars. The good news is that our priorities are changing. …
An integrated hardware and software reuse environment for system development

To reduce the risk of cost and schedule overruns during system development, an integrated hardware and software reuse environment is proposed in which the system development process is integrated with a hardware and software reuse methodology. A reuse technology is proposed that defines system artifacts in terms of domain model artifacts, organizes system artifacts according to their requirements and, the system development life cycle stage in which they were developed, and supports a user role-driven reuse catalog. The corresponding reuse environment requirements are analyzed, and an engineering information system is proposed as the underlying engineering environment to support the tight integration of this reuse methodology and the system development process. >
Hispanic Folk Songs of New Mexico: With Selected Songs Collected, Transcribed, and Arranged for Voice with Piano or Guitar Accompaniment

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: John Donald Robb Year: 2008 Pages: 98 Publisher: University of New Mexico Press ISBN: 978-0-8263-4434-2 (soft cover). Prices: 29.95(soft cover).
Living In Balance: The Universe of the Hopi, Zuni, Navajo and Apache

Living In Balance: The Universe of the Hopi, Zuni, Navajo and Apache University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA (Permanent exhibition opened May 20,1995)
A Cultural Comparison of Trust in eLearning Artifacts

A significant body of literature focuses on learning mediated by technology (eLearning). We conceptually develop and empirically test a model of trust antecedents with online undergraduate students. Contributing to the student eLearning success literature, we posit that eLearning students require the support of technologies and trust in those technologies to feel satisfied with their learning and perceive that they will have a positive learning outcome. This study considers the effect of culture by comparing the trust and satisfaction of American and Latin American students in eLearning technologies. By conducting this study in two countries that differ in terms of national culture power distance and individualism, we learned that culture directly and significantly impacts trust in learning technologies. Culture also significantly changes the strength of the relation between trust and satisfaction. Future research directions and implications for researchers and higher education instructors are discussed.
The Screen is a Mental Space: Cognitive and Semiotic Aspects of Communication

This text explores the idea that signs may have evolved out of elementary architecture, namely from the spatial divide introduced by windows in walls. From windows to screens, it develops a view of equally basic semiotic categories in cognition, and finally, using semiotic blending theory, it applies them to a semantic analysis of meaning construction in the media and computationally given virtual realities.
The individual family support plan: A tool to assist special populations of gifted learners ∗

Eighty‐seven families representing multicultural groups, many of whom were also economically disadvantaged, participated in Project Mandala, a college‐based, federally funded enrichment and family support program for special populations of gifted learners. The children, ages 4–8 and 11–14, were identified by individual psychoeducational assessment. They attended Saturday and summer enrichment programs at the college. Parents participated in the development of an Individual Family Support Plan intended to enhance the identified child's educational progress. Goals of the plan evolved out of a parent interview and results of the child's assessment. At the end of the Project all of the plan goals had been met or addressed. Families reported positive reactions to the planning process.
Multiple paths to loss of anergy and gain of autoimmunity.

B cells and autoimmunity: cells of the immune system have the capacity to recognize/neutralize a myriad array of disease-causing pathogens, while simultaneously minimizing damage to self tissue. Obvious breakdowns in this ability to distinguish between self and non-self are evident in multiple forms of autoimmune disease, where B and T cells mount damaging attacks on cells and organs. B cells may directly damage tissue by producing pathogenic antibodies that bind self antigen, fix complement or form immune complexes. Recent evidence also suggests B cells indirectly induce autoimmunity by concentrating low avidity self antigen through the B cell receptor and presenting self-peptides to autoreactive T cells. B cells may also initiate autoimmunity when provided sufficient help from autoreactive T cells that have escaped deletion in the thymus. Here, we will review the role of anergy in maintenance of tolerance and how alterations in the normal balance of positive and negative signals may contribute to the de...
Withdrawal from acute morphine dependence is accompanied by increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze

Pretreatment with a single moderate dose of morphine (e.g. 5.6-10 mg/kg) 4-24 hr prior to challenge with an opioid antagonist such as naloxone results in reliable expression of behaviors that resemble aversive or emotional consequences of withdrawal from chronic opioid exposure, including suppression of operant responding, elevations in brain reward thresholds, and conditioned place aversion. Repeated daily or weekly treatment with these same morphine doses results in a progressive increase in naloxone potency to elicit these withdrawal signs. The current study sought to determine whether increased anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal from chronic opioid dependence is also seen after acute morphine exposure, and progresses with repeated intermittent treatment. Male Wistar rats were handled and injected with either vehicle or morphine for 4 consecutive days. Three injection regimens were employed: Morphine Naive (4 vehicle injections), Acute Morphine (3 vehicle injections, 4th injection 5.6 or 10 mg/kg morphine), or Repeat Morphine (all 4 injections with 5.6 or 10 mg/kg morphine). Acute pretreatment with 5.6 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg morphine resulted in time-dependent increases in exploration of the open arms of the plus maze in naloxone-naive rats when tested at 2, 4 or 8 hr after the final pretreatment injection, with the effects at the higher dose appearing later (4 hr) than after the lower dose (2 hr). This pattern of results, in combination with a separate study which confirmed a significant anxiolytic-like effect of a low dose of morphine (0.56 mg/kg) administered 15 min prior to test, suggested that low residual morphine levels remaining in plasma at 2-4 hr after 5.6 and 10 mg/kg morphine may be sufficient to elicit anxiolytic-like effects. Repeat treatment with either dose of morphine resulted in a further increase in the magnitude and duration of this anxiolytic-like effect. These effects had dissipated by 8 hr post-morphine, and therefore precipitation of withdrawal by one of several doses of naloxone (0.10-3.3 mg/kg) was assessed in separate cohorts of rats 8 hr after the final pretreatment under Morphine Naive, Acute Morphine, or Repeat Morphine conditions. Naloxone resulted in a significant dose-dependent expression of anxiety-like behavior with no effects on general activity after Acute Morphine pretreatment at either 5.6 or 10 mg/kg morphine. A further significant shift in naloxone potency was observed after Repeat Morphine pretreatment at the 10 mg/kg but not the 5.6 mg/kg dose. Thus, anxiety-like behavior is a prominent feature of the negative emotional consequences of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute opioid dependence.
Restricted Isometry Property in coded aperture compressive spectral imaging

Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging Systems (CASSI) capture the spectral information of a scene using a set of coded focal plane array measurements. Compressed sensing reconstruction algorithms are used to reconstruct the underlying spectral 3D data cube. The coded measurements in CASSI use structured sensing matrices. This article describes the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) for the projection matrices used in CASSI. In turn, the RIP provides guidelines for the minimum number of FPA measurement shots needed for image reconstruction. It also provides the optimal transmittance parameters for the set of code apertures used in the acquisition process.
Order Degree Evaluation of Large-Scale Coal Enterprise Supply Chain Structure Based on Entropy

Based on the theory of structure entropy, an analysis model was put forward from two aspects of time-effect and quality of information flow to evaluate the order degree of the supply chain structure. In the comparative research, this paper took a large-scale coal enterprise for example, and applied the model to evaluate the order degree of the supply chain structure between the single central coal preparation plant and the multiple coal preparation plants. The results illustrates that the time-effect and quality entropy of the supply chain structure in the single central coal preparation plant is lower than that in the multiple coal preparation plants. From the view of information, the supply chain structure of the single central coal preparation plant is better than that of the multiple coal preparation plants. This study offers qualitative and analytical methods of supply chain structure optimization for large-scale coal enterprise.
Whole Brain Fractal Analysis of the Cerebral Cortex across the Adult Lifespan (P03.104)

Objective: The purpose of this project is to evaluate fractal dimension (a measure of complexity) as an objective biomarker for changes in the shape of the cerebral cortex. The resulting complexity value would replace the current subjective evaluation of cortical shape with a quantitative statistical measure. Background Neuroimaging studies in recent years have highlighted the numerous important properties of the human cerebral cortex. One of the more interesting characteristics of the cortex is that it displays fractal properties (i.e. statistical similarity in shape) over a range of spatial scales. Previous work has demonstrated that subjects with Alzheimer9s disease have a significantly lower cortical fractal dimension than age-matched controls. The effects of age itself on fractal dimension have not yet been determined. Design/Methods: Data Sources: Magnetic resonance images (MP-RAGE sequence) came from an existing, de-identified image database of cognitively normal subjects in the Dallas Lifespan Brain study (DLBS); N=322; Ages =20-90. Image Processing: 3D surfaces were generated from the MR images through a semi-automated segmentation software suite called FreeSurfer (Martinos Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA). The surface models were analyzed to compute the cerebral cortical fractal dimension (FD) using a custom software program, Cortical Complexity Calculator, C3 (Alzheimer9s Image Analysis Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT). To independently quantify the shape differences between images of varying age and fractal dimension, we used Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDMM) to compute the amount of energy required to warp one image into another. Results: There is a significant negative correlation between aging and cortical fractal dimension (R² = 0.636, p Conclusions: Cortical fractal dimension is a better predictor of cerebral shape than age. Supported by: The Center for Alzheimer9s Care, Imaging and Research (CACIR) and grants from the National Institute of Aging (5R37AG006265-27), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Alzheimer9s Association. Disclosure: Dr. Kole has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singh has nothing to disclose. Dr. King has received research support from Alzheimer9s Association and the National Institute on Aging.
Personality correlates of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale for adults.

Relationships with personality dimensions previously obtained with the Rotter I-E scale were compared with those gathered with a new scale, the adult form of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control...
Synthesis of (Dicarbonyl)(η5-cyclopentadieny1)iron -Derived Nucleoside Phosphonate Esters

Abstract New methods for generating phosphonate linkages in oligonucleotides are under investigation. Among reagents that react selectively with phosphite triesters and H-phosphonates are (dicarbonyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η2-olefin)iron complexes. We have found that (dicarbonyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η2-ethylene)iron reacts with 5′-O-dimethoxytritylnucleoside 3′-phosphite esters to yield (dicarbonyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)iron(ethyl)phosphonates. The (dicarbonyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)iron-derived nucleoside phosphonates are stable to the conditions commonly used to construct oligonucleotides by phosphoramidite methodology.
Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains, USA

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is generally recognized as a good indicator of terrestrial vegetation productivity. Understanding climatic influences, in particular precipitation and temperature, on NDVI enables prediction of productivity changes under different climatic scenarios. We examined temporal responses of remotely sensed NDVI to precipitation and temperature during a nine-year period (1989-97) in Kansas. Biweekly (every two weeks) and monthly precipitation data were derived from 410 weather stations and biweekly temperature data were derived from 17 weather stations inside and around the borders of Kansas. Biweekly and monthly climate maps were derived by interpolation. Biweekly growing season (March-October) NDVI values for Kansas were calculated using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) NDVI images. Average growing season NDVI values were highly correlated with precipitation received during the current growing se...
THE COMPLEMENTARITY OF TEEN SMOKING AND DRINKING

Abstract Teen drinkers are over twice as likely as abstainers to smoke cigarettes. This empirical study provides evidence of a robust complementarity between these health behaviors by exploiting the “cross-price” effects. The results indicate that the movement away from minimum legal drinking ages of 18 reduced teen smoking participation by 3 to 5%. The corresponding instrumental variable estimates suggest that teen drinking roughly doubles the mean probability of smoking participation. Similarly, higher cigarette taxes and reductions in teen smoking are associated with a lower prevalence of teen drinking. However, the results which rely on cigarette taxes for identification are estimated imprecisely.
Optimizing theory of constraints when multiple constrained resources exist

Abstract R.E. Fox offered a procedure for the Theory of Constraints calculation. This article demonstrates that this procedure is inefficient when multiple constrained resources exist. The Fox model is based on a point in time evaluation. Linear-integer programming is a much better planning tool and comes closder to achieving the TOC goal of maximizing throughput.
Second-class currents in weak pion production

Effects arising from a possible second-class axial-vector current are considered for the reactions ..nu..p ..-->.. ..mu../sup -/p..pi../sup +/ and nu-barn ..-->.. /sup mu+/n..pi../sup -/ in the (3,3) -resonance region. In the absence of second-class contributions, certain characteristic terms in the differential cross section must be identical in magnitude for the two mirror reactions. The experimental observation of differences would signal, in a model-independent way, the existence of second-class contributions. To assess how large the effects might be, the resonance-enhances, generalized Born approximation is adopted, and it is found that the signal could be quite substantial if the second-class coupling is as large as indicated by recent nuclear ..beta..-decay experiments. Second-class contributions also alter the expectations for other correlation terms and for the total cross section. All of these effects are analyzed for a range of values of the second-class coupling parameter.
Spectroscopic Detection of Medium Range Order in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon, a-Si(H): Applications in Photovolatics, Thin Film Transistors and Si-based Microelectronics☆

Abstract Hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si1-xHx, with ~ at.10% or x ~0.1±0.02, is used in photovoltaics (PV), and thin film transistors (TFT's). Amorphous Si (a-Si) thin films, thought to be free of H, are used as precursors for polycrystalline gate electrodes in microelectronics. PV and TFT alloys has been deposited by the glow discharge method (GD), remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD, and reactive magnetron sputtering (RMS) with bonded-H determined by deposition precursors and substrate temperatures. Two conditions are required for low Si dangling bond densities ~0.5 to 1x1016 cm−3: (i) a bonded monohydride, Si-H, concentration of ~10 at. % H, and (ii) a deposition, and/or a post-deposition anneal at ~240 °C to 300 °C. These reduce strain by introducing medium range order (MRO) as nano-meter scale aperiodically-assembled clusters. Si L2,3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to confirm MRO extending beyond short-range order (SRO) of continuous random networks (CRN) through observation of ligand-field split d-state features. These are associated with symmetry-adapted linear combinations (SALCs) of atomic states forming molecular orbital valence bands. XAS and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) studies have confirmed that a-Si used for microelectronic applications also has MRO as well. This is associated with a H-transfer reaction from an Si-H bond of the cluster into a Si-H-Si bonding arrangement on near-neighbor sites. MRO has also identified by other spectroscopic techniques: spectroscopic ellipsomentry (SE), and ultra-violet or X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS or XPS). The same H-atom motion induced by absorption of sun-light is responsible for the Staebler-Wronski Effect (SWE); the generation of Si-atom dangling bonds that degrade PV performance.
Double Lambda hypernuclei

Abstract I will discuss the study of strangeness -2 hypernuclei and the ΛΛ interaction. Since the existing experimental data are rather sparse, it is appropriate to first review the severe constraints facing experimentalists in this field. I will also discuss existing data and the program which is being initiated at the AGS.
Cu2+ induces Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release from brain catecholaminergic nerve terminals.

Abstract CuCl2, ZnCl2 and NiCl2, but not CdCl2 or CoCl2, induced transmitter release from superfused rat hippocampal and striatal synaptosomes preloaded with, respectively, [ 3 H ]noradrenaline and [ 3 H ]dopamine. Cu2+ was the most potent and effective, acting in a concentration- (0.1–300 μM) and time-dependent (peak effect occurring at 2–3 min) manner. The amount of Cu2+-induced release over a 5 min period is similar to that induced by depolarization with high KCl or the K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine. However, the time course of the Cu2+-induced release is slower and the effect of Cu2+ is not reversed by washout. Cu2+-induced catecholamine release requires extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and is inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker Cd2+, and in the case of noradrenaline, by the voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin. The ability of Cu2+ to induce massive Ca2+-dependent transmitter release from brain catecholaminergic nerve terminals may contribute to the neuropathological processes associated with Cu2+ toxicity in Wilson's disease.
Aerosol OT solution--an effective softener of herbarium specimens for anatomical study.

Dried plant parts are cut into convenient sizes and soaked in a solution containing 2.5–3.3% Aerosol OT in distilled water for 5 or more hours until well penetrated by the Aerosol. After brief washing in distilled water the material can be embedded, can be sectioned freehand or, if the nature of the material permits, with a sliding microtome, without embedding. Although it is a good wetting agent, Aerosol is chemically neutral; therefore, microchemical tests can be performed successfully on material treated with it. Refractory plant tissues embedded in paraffin can be successfully softened if one face of the block is trimmed to expose the tissue, then soaked in an Aerosol solution before sectioning.
The clinical implications of antitumor immunity in head and neck cancer

Recent developments have renewed interest in understanding the interaction between transformed cells and the immune system in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review addressing the basics of tumor immunology in relation to head and neck cancer and the cellular components potentially involved in antitumor immune responses. In addition, we describe the mechanisms by which head and neck cancer cells escape immune-mediated killing and progress to form clinically significant disease. Further, we detail what effects standard anticancer therapies may have on antitumor immune responses and how these responses may be altered by current and investigational immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss future directions that need to be considered in the development of new immunotherapeutics designed to durably alter the immune response in favor of the host.
Oxidation pathways in the reaction of diacetylene with OH radicals

Abstract We present a portion of the potential energy surface of the reaction of diacetylene with OH radicals, calculated using RQCISD(T) and two basis set extrapolation schemes. Based on this surface, we performed calculations of the rate coefficients using an RRKM/master-equation formalism. After a small (1 kcal/mol) adjustment to the energy barrier of the association reaction, our calculated rate coefficients of the high-pressure limit agree very well with previous direct measurements. However, our calculations at high temperatures are considerably smaller than the values inferred in previous studies. The non-Arrhenius behavior and significant pressure dependence of the rate coefficients above 800 K is due to the competition between stabilization, abstraction and addition–elimination channels. At low temperatures, the reaction proceeds mostly to the addition products, as well as to CO and propargyl. Above 1200 K, direct hydrogen abstraction and production of H atoms become important.
Peer Review Negotiations: Revision Activities in ESL Writing Instruction

The purpose of this study is to describe the negotiations that occur during ESL students' peer reviews and the ways these negotiations shape students' revision activities. Twelve advanced ESL learners enrolled in a writing course participated in peer reviews. Audiotaped transcripts of the peer reviews and the students' first and revised drafts were analyzed, and postinterviews were conducted. During these peer reviews, students asked questions, offered explanations, gave suggestions, restated what their peers had written or said, and corrected grammar mistakes. Reviewers generated most types of negotiations. Moreover, certain patterns of negotiations occurred more frequently in peer dyads from different fields of study than in dyads from the same field. Although students used their peers' comments to revise their essays, they incorporated those comments in their revisions selectively, deciding for themselves what to revise in their own texts. Finally, the postinterviews supported students' rationale for their revision activities and revealed that overall they found peer reviews useful. The findings of this study support the need to include peer reviews in L2 writing instruction and underscore their value in providing feedback on students' essays.
Changing outcomes and treatment strategies for wire induced coronary perforations in the era of bivalirudin use.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the clinical outcomes and treatment strategies of coronary wire perforations (WPs) in the era of heparin use compared to the era of bivalirudin use. Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) advances have led to progressive decrease in complications. Therefore, complex coronary lesions such as chronic total occlusions and calcified lesions are being attempted with stiff/hydrophilic wires with resultant higher incidence of coronary WP. Methods: A single-center retrospective data analysis of coronary perforation (CP) for the last 4 years with review of coronary angiograms was done and WPs were identified. A simple classification scheme based on angiographic appearance of CP was made: Type I (“myocardial stain,” with no frank dye extravasation) and type II (“myocardial fan,” with dye extravasation to pericardial cavity or cardiac chambers). Results: Overall incidence of CP was 0.49% (82/16,859). Of these 50 (61%) were caused by WP; 30 occurred with heparin use (Group A) and 20 with bivalirudin use (Group B). WPs always occurred in type B2/C lesions (100%) and commonly with use of hydrophilic guidewires (70%). Major adverse cardiac events and cardiac tamponade were frequent in group A (50%) and none in group B (0%); P < 0.01. All WP in group B responded to stopping anticoagulation and prolonged balloon inflation, while group A type II perforations frequently required additional interventions (pericardiocentesis, coil embolization). Conclusions: Cardiac tamponade and major adverse cardiac events from WPs were less frequent with bivalirudin use compared to heparin use. This beneficial effect of bivalirudin may be explained on the basis of its short half-life and reversible thrombin inhibition property. Therefore, bivalirudin may offer a safer alternative for anticoagulation in complex PCI. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biology and Philosophy in Yellowstone

Yellowstone National Park poses critical issues in biology and philosophy. Among these are (1) how to value nature, especially at the ecosystem level, and whether to let nature take its course or employ hands-on scientific management; (2) the meaning of “natural” as this operates in park policy; (3) establishing biological claims on th scale of regional systems; (4) the interplay of natural and cultural history, involving both native and European Americans; (5) and sociopolitical forces as determinants in biological discovery. Alston Chase's strident Playing God in Yellowstone is critized and used as a test of David Hull's naturalistic philosophy of biology. Biology and philosophy in Yellowstone ought to combine for an appropriate environmental ethic.
Rights And Justice in Edith Wharton's The Reef

“We are all bound together in this coil … .” —Anna Leath, Edith Wharton's The Reef In this comment to her fiance, George Darrow, Anna Leath succinctly summarizes the tangled connections that bind t...
Not the same everywhere: Patient-centered learning environments at nine medical schools

BACKGROUND: Learning environments overtly or implicitly address patient-centered values and have been the focus of research for more than 40 years, often in studies about the “hidden curriculum.” However, many of these studies occurred at single medical schools and used time-intensive ethnographic methods. This field of inquiry lacks survey methods and information about how learning environments differ across medical schools.
A primer on relational data base concepts

Basic concepts of relational data base management systems are described. Characteristics of the relational approach are identified and compared with present implementations of hierarchical and network data base systems. Depending on the application, a user may experience one or more of the following benefits of relational systems described in this paper: ease of understanding, increased data independence, ease of use, sound theoretical basis, and generalized data definition. Types of applications most suited to hierarchical and network data base systems are also compared and contrasted.
Strategy, Complexity, and Economic Rent

This paper discusses important friction forces that future theories of strategy must incorporate. Some of these are technological and environmental; but the most important ones-it is argued-are psychological. The view is developed that strategy, at its core, concerns the development and testing of heuristics for high stake decisions in environments too unstable and complex to be optimized. The paper especially highlights the behavioral dimension, in the belief that strategies should incorporate both the rational and suboptimal aspects of human behavior. The rational approach is in many ways the easier, as there may be only one way to be right. Yet, the great variety in which people and companies can err gives strategy its creative and real-world challenge. The tension between the rational and behavioral components is what the field of strategy should seek to exploit.
Sign of Leser-Trélat Associated with Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer

The sign of Leser-Trelat is a rare paraneoplastic phenomenon marked by accelerated onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses. The occurrence of the sign often points towards underlying visceral malignancies which in a majority are adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. We report this case of a 65-year-old man who presented with sign of Leser-Trelat and was diagnosed with poorly differentiated squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. To our knowledge this is only the second such reported association of Leser-Trelat sign with squamous cell cancer of esophagus.
Characterization of intermediates in plant cell wall biosynthesis.

Abstract Results are presented of a partial chemical characterization of membrane bound intermediates in the biosynthesis, from GDPM-14C, of P. aureus cell wall polysaccharide. Two types of intermediates appear to participate: (1) a lipid derivative of a monosaccharide, similar to that which mediates M. lysodeiticus mannan biosynthesis; and (2) a low molecular weight protein derivative of an oligosaccharide.
An evaluation of incremental testing to large strain in OFE copper

Abstract OFE copper was deformed monotonically to strains in excess of 2.0 by torsion and incrementally in wiredrawing. The monotonic ‘tensile’ curve was established by testing the wiredrawn material, after different increments of strain, in uniaxial tension. We estimate that the strain rate of the wiredrawing process was ∈ = 1.0 sec−1. Stress reversal experiments, in torsion/reverse torsion and wiredrawing/compression were performed on material which had been stressed monotonically to a von Mises equivalent strain of 1.0. The strain rates in torsion of both the forward and reverse stressing were ∈ = 10 −3 sec−1. Compression, after wiredrawing to ∈ = 1.0 , was done at two rates: ∈ = 1.0 sec −1 , and ∈ = 10 −3 sec−1. There was only a very slight Bauschinger effect observed when the reverse stressing was at the same strain rate as that in the forward direction. When the wiredrawing was followed with a low strain rate compressive stress reversal, a large Bauschinger effect occurred. We believe this is a manifestation of the strain rate change from that at which the wiredrawing was done. These results indicate that much of the large strain data in the literature, obtained by an incremental technique, could be in error because of different strain rates occurring in the incremental testing process.
Sublimation of Mars's southern seasonal CO2 ice cap and the formation of spiders

[1] In this paper we define and describe morphological features that have colloquially been termed “spiders” and map their distribution in the south polar region of Mars. We show that these features go through a distinct seasonal evolution, exhibiting dark plumes and associated fan-shaped deposits during the local defrosting of the seasonal cap. We have documented the seasonal evolution of the cryptic region and have found that spiders only occur within this terrain. These observations are consistent with a geyser-like model for spider formation. Association with the transparent (cryptic) portion of the seasonal cap is consistent with basal sublimation and the resulting venting of CO2 gas. Also consistent with such venting is the observation of dark fan-shaped deposits apparently emanating from spider centers. Spiders are additionally confined to the polar layered deposits presumably due to the poorly consolidated and easily eroded nature of their upper surface.
Sustainability and forest transitions in the southern Yucatán: The land architecture approach

Abstract Consistent with the challenges of sustainability science, land architecture offers a comprehensive approach to land system dynamics useful for numerous types of assessments, ranging from the vulnerability of coupled human–environment systems to forest transitions. With antecedents in several research communities, land architecture addresses the tradeoffs within and between the human and environmental subsystems of land systems in terms of the kind, magnitude, and pattern of land uses and covers. This approach is especially cogent for changes in tropical forests, given the broad-ranging forces acting on them and the equally broad-ranging consequences of their loss. The rudiments of the land architecture approach are illustrated for changes in seasonal tropical forests in the southern Yucatan of Mexico, the pivot of which is the Calakmul biosphere reserve. Simplifying the dynamics involved, the region-wide land architecture is the collective design of stakeholders with different land-use goals that favor tradeoffs in subsystem outcomes serving better either the reserve and related programs or the smallholder farmers that populate the region. A major tradeoff involves forest cover per se, which holds implications for forest transition theory. Evidence for an incipient transition involves the scale of analysis taken. The dynamics involved hold too much uncertainty to forecast a permanent transition to more forest cover and imply that more complex but robust versions of the theory are required.
Clear Cell Mesothelioma

A clear cell form of epithelial mesothelioma is described. This variant does not appear to have been previously described, and it merits recognition since it is readily confused by routine light microscopy with other tumors that involve the pleura, including metastatic carcinomas composed predominantly of cells with optically clear cytoplasm. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies were helpful in reaching the diagnosis in this case, and electron microscopy is particularly recommended to investigate the differential diagnosis of unusual pleural tumors.
Letter to the Editor-On the Generality of the Equation L = λW

This note shows the general utility of this fundamental queuing relation by exploiting the basic premise used in its proof. Weighted time in system averages are related to similarly weighted system-count averages. The implications of the result for simulation use are explained.
Semiconductor solar cells: Recent progress in terrestrial applications

Abstract In the last decade, the photovoltaic industry grew at a rate exceeding 30% per year. Currently, solar-cell modules based on single-crystal and large-grain polycrystalline silicon wafers comprise more than 80% of the market. Bulk Si photovoltaics, which benefit from the highly advanced growth and fabrication processes developed for microelectronics industry, is a mature technology. The light-to-electric power conversion efficiency of the best modules offered on the market is over 20%. While there is still room for improvement, the device performance is approaching the thermodynamic limit of ∼28% for single-junction Si solar cells. The major challenge that the bulk Si solar cells face is, however, the cost reduction. The potential for price reduction of electrical power generated by wafer-based Si modules is limited by the cost of bulk Si wafers, making the electrical power cost substantially higher than that generated by combustion of fossil fuels. One major strategy to bring down the cost of electricity generated by photovoltaic modules is thin-film solar cells, whose production does not require expensive semiconductor substrates and very high temperatures and thus allows decreasing the cost per unit area while retaining a reasonable efficiency. Thin-film solar cells based on amorphous, microcrystalline, and polycrystalline Si as well as cadmium telluride and copper indium diselenide compound semiconductors have already proved their commercial viability and their market share is increasing rapidly. Another avenue to reduce the cost of photovoltaic electricity is to increase the cell efficiency beyond the Shockley–Queisser limit. A variety of concepts proposed along this avenue forms the basis of the so-called third generation photovoltaics technologies. Among these approaches, high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells based on III–V compound semiconductors, which initially found uses in space applications, are now being developed for terrestrial applications. In this article, we discuss the progress, outstanding problems, and environmental issues associated with bulk Si, thin-film, and high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells.
Evaluation of bedside blood glucose monitoring by the phlebotomy team in an acute general care hospital

A feasibility study was undertaken to evaluate laboratory phlebotomists performing bedside glucose monitoring (BGM) over a 3-month period on a medical and surgical floor. Specific questions included: feasibility of providing testing on a 24-h basis, accuracy, appropriate utilization, effect on patient care, and an analysis of cost. In all, 1975 tests were performed on 114 patients. BGM results were within 15% of the laboratory's result 97% of the time. Patient and physician satisfaction was high. Although the cost of BGM is slightly higher than a laboratory glucose test, its use appeared to reduce the length of hospital stay by 0.47 days. Practical information on initiating a highly successful BGM program is provided.
Designing a cooperative education program to support an IT strategic plan

This paper is a qualitative field report describing how undergraduate computing majors in a cooperative education (co-op) program are supporting a large company's efforts to acquire Java application development expertise and experience. The program has been in place for two years. The major finding to date is that talented undergraduate computing majors can make significant contributions to a corporate IT division undergoing a transition from legacy to contemporary software development platforms. A second finding is that common information systems problems present good intellectual challenges to students majoring in computer science, in information technology, and in software engineering. Finally, student teams that include representation from two or more computing disciplines can effectively combine their differing skill sets to solve software problems. More generally, these and related findings suggest that undergraduate computing majors represent an underutilized technical and economic asset.
A novel programed frameshift expresses the POL3 gene of retrotransposon Ty3 of yeast: Frameshifting without tRNA slippage

Abstract Most retroviruses and retrotransposons express their pol gene as a translational fusion to the upstream gag gene, often involving translational frameshifting. We describe here an unusual translational frameshift event occurring between the GAG3 and POL3 genes of the retrotransposon Ty3 of yeast. A +1 frameshift occurs within the sequence GCG AGU U (shown as codons of GAG3 ), encoding alanine-valine (GCG A GUU). Unlike other programed translational frameshifts described, this event does not require tRNA slippage between cognate or near-cognate codons in the mRNA. Two features distal to the GCG codon stimulate frameshifting. The low availability of the tRNA specific for the "hungry" serine codon, AGU, induces a translational pause required for frameshifting. A sequence of 12 nt distal to the AGU codon (termed the Ty3. "context") also stimulates the event.
Physicochemical properties of calcific deposits isolated from porcine bioprosthetic heart valves removed from patients following 2-13 years function

The purpose of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of calcific deposits that cause the failure of tissue-derived heart valve bioprostheses. This was done in an effort to understand the mechanism of pathologic biomineralization in the cardiovascular system and potentially prevent deterioration of bioprostheses. Calcific deposits taken from 10 failed bioprosthetic valves that had been implanted in patients for 2-13 years were characterized by chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and solubility measurements. The combined results identified the biomineral as an apatitic calcium phosphate salt with substantial incorporation of sodium, magnesium and carbonate. The average Ca/PO4 ratio for this "young" pathologic biomineral was approximately 1.3, considerably lower than approximately 1.7 found in mature atherosclerotic plaque biomineral and mature skeletal biomineral, both of which approximate hydroxyapatite in composition. Deproteinated calcific deposits from bioprostheses had thermodynamic solubilities comparable to those of both atherosclerotic plaque, typical pathologic biomineral and hydrolyzed octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca4H(PO4)3 x 2.5 H2O), a proposed precursor phase to biomineral apatite. This later finding, together with chemical composition and structural details of the bioprosthetic deposits themselves, supports a mechanism of cardiovascular calcification in which OCP plays a crucial role in the formation of the final apatitic phase. This suggests an approach toward prevention of bioprosthetic tissue calcification through control of the formation of the kinetically favored OCP precursor and/or its transformation into bioapatite.
Egocentric distance estimation on a discontinuous ground surface in the virtual environment

The results of multiple studies conducted in the real world have demonstrated that human observers are usually very accurate in judging egocentric distance (the distance from the observer to a target) up to about 25 meters if the target is located on a continuous ground surface. Sinai et al. [1998] found that the presence of a texture discontinuity on the ground surface leads to distance underestimation. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of a discontinuous ground surface on distance perception in virtual environments (VEs). The first experiment was the replication of Experiment 1 from Wu et al. [2007]. The second experiment involved the manipulation of the position of the texture boundary.
Microscopic derivation of the low-T myoglobin-CO recombination rate law by estimating statistical parameters of folding relaxation

The low-T recombination of carbon monoxide (CO) to myoglobin (Mb) obeys a rate law interpreted as a superposition of appropriately-weighted Arrhenius-type relaxations. We derive this rate law from microscopic principles by determining the random activation energy landscape for short timescale interconversion of myoglobin conformational substates that preserve CO-storage capacity. Thus, the random energy model (REM) first introduced in the context of protein folding by Bryngelson and Wolynes is applied here to derive the nonexponential rate law of a reaction - Mb-CO recombination — built upon an REM-type distribution of substate reactants.
Resonance Raman studies of the purple membrane

The individual resonance Raman spectra of the PM568 and M412 forms of light-adapted purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium have been measured using the newly developed flow technique. For comparison purposes, the Raman spectra of the model chromophores, all-trans- and 13-cis retinal n-butylamine, both as protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases, have also been obtained. In agreement with previous work, the Raman data indicate that the retinal chromophore is linked to the purple membrane protein via a protonated. Schiff base in the case of the PM568 and an unprotonated Schiff base for the M412 form. The basic mechanism for color regulation in both forms appears to be electron delocalization. The spectral features of the two forms are different from each other and different from the model compound spectra.
Co-Generation: Grid Independent Power and Cooling for a Data Center

This paper presents an overview of the application of co-generation technology to data centers. Data center powers are increasing at an ever increasing rate and the power and cooling supply to these data centers are putting pressure on businesses to evaluate the issues related to the delivery of power and cooling. These evaluations stem from three key concerns in providing power to IT equipment in data centers — total cost of power delivery, reliability of power delivery, and finally the availability of power. This paper will present the key features of the cogeneration technology and where it might make business sense to consider its application.Copyright © 2009 by ASME