cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exploratory investigation into strategic resilience in the US wine industry

More frequent and destructive natural disasters have thrust the topic of strategic resilience to the forefront of managerial conversations around the globe. Stakeholders increasingly expect firms to have plans in place to mitigate these disasters and sustain, or quickly resume, their operations. The communities within which firms operate increasingly expect them to responsibly engage to sustain local economic and environmental assets. The climate and geography endemic to many wine grape-growing regions are also often vulnerable to wildfire, flooding and earthquakes. Via grounded field research, involving four case studies of wine businesses, we assessed perceived strategic resilience in the key wine regions of Napa and Sonoma Counties recently impacted natural disaster by applying content analysis to eight qualitative interviews from personnel at four bonded wineries. Our analysis found four conceptual constructs of organizational resilience: realizing a need, building stakeholder support, securing resources and capabilities and exemplifying best practices. These conceptual constructs could provide a roadmap for firms looking to increase their resilience in planning for natural disaster.
Parallel R Computing on the Web

R is the preferred language for Data analytics due to its open source development and high extensibility. Exponential growth in data has caused longer processing times leading to the rise in parallel computing technologies for analysis. Using R together with high performance computing resources is a cumbersome task. This paper proposes a framework that provides users with access to high-performance computing resources and simplifies the configuration, programming, uploading data and job scheduling through a web user interface. In addition to that, it provides two modes of parallelization of data-intensive computing tasks, catering to a wide range of users. The case studies emphasize the utility and efficiency of the framework. The framework provides better performance, ease of use and high scalability.
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) Entangled Trusted Computing Base

The center-piece of this work is a software measurement physical unclonable function (PUF). It measures processor chip ALU silicon biometrics in a manner similar to all PUFs. Additionally, it composes the silicon measurement with the data-dependent delay of a particular program instruction in a way that is difficult to decompose through a mathematical model. This approach ensures that each software instruction is measured if computed. The SW-PUF measurements bind the execution of software to a specific processor with a corresponding certificate. This makes the SW-PUF a promising candidate for applications requiring Trusted Computing. For instance, it could measure the integrity of an execution path by generating a signature that is unique to the specific program execution path and the processor chip. We present an area and energy-efficient scheme based on the SW-PUF to provide a more robust root of trust for measurement than the existing trusted platform module (TPM). To explore the feasibility of the proposed design, the SW-PUF has been implemented in HSPICE using 45 nm technology and evaluated on the FPGA platform.
Adaptive optics line-scan OCT for high-speed imaging of retinal structure and function (Conference Presentation)

We developed a high-speed adaptive optics, line-scan spectral domain OCT and used it to characterize stimulus-induced optical path length changes in cones with high spatiotemporal resolution. We find that individual cone outer segments exhibit a biphasic light-induced response—a rapid axial shrinkage followed by a gradual increase in optical path length, both increasing in magnitude with the stimulus intensity. AO line-scan OCT thus offers high-speed volume acquisitions, high phase stability, sub-ms temporal resolution and cellular-scale spatial resolution, that together enable imaging retinal structure and function in health and disease.
Statistical Modeling of Longitudinal Data with Non-ignorable Non-monotone Missingness with Semiparametric Bayesian and Machine Learning Components.

In longitudinal studies, outcomes are measured repeatedly over time and it is common that not all the patients will be measured throughout the study. For example patients can be lost to follow-up (monotone missingness) or miss one or more visits (non-monotone missingness); hence there are missing outcomes. In the longitudinal setting, we often assume the missingness is related to the unobserved data, which is non-ignorable. Pattern-mixture models (PMM) analyze the joint distribution of outcome and patterns of missingness in longitudinal data with non-ignorable non-monotone missingness. Existing methods employ PMM and impute the unobserved outcomes using the distribution of observed outcomes, conditioned on missing patterns. We extend the existing methods using latent class analysis (LCA) and a shared-parameter PMM. The LCA groups patterns of missingness with similar features and the shared-parameter PMM allows a subset of parameters to be different between latent classes when fitting a model. We also propose a method for imputation using distribution of observed data conditioning on latent class. Our model improves existing methods by accommodating data with small sample size. In a simulation study our estimator had smaller mean squared error than existing methods. Our methodology is applied to data from a phase II clinical trial that studies quality of life of patients with prostate cancer receiving radiation therapy.
Precision and Perceptual Clarity

When we see objects blurrily, in the periphery, or in dim light, we often experience their features unclearly. This paper argues that perceptual clarity is a dimension along which experiences vary,...
Improving snow plowing safety and efficiency using computational and experimental approaches: Rear side of snow plow truck

Abstract The main objectives of this study were to explore the means of reducing or eliminating snow build-up on rear warning lights and snow cloud in the wake of snowplow trucks during high-speed snowplowing (HSSP). These snow build-up on rear surfaces and snow cloud in the wake zone cause serious safety and efficiency problems due to diminishing visibility for the following motorists and amount of time needed to clear snow off from rear surfaces of snowplows. Furthermore, research and studies were carried out to solve the visibility problems experienced by the State of Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) snowplow trucks. Fluent 6.3.26 and ANSYS Fluent 12.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were utilized, and field tests were conducted with the mechanical design methods which were feasible and compatible with the snowplow trucks. Previously designed and installed rear foil (airfoil) helped reducing snow accumulation on most of the rear surface of truck except the right taillight. However, its effect in reducing snow cloud in the wake of the truck was limited. In this study several new designs were developed computationally including modifications on the current airfoil design. Based on computational (CFD) results, two of these designs were constructed and tested on NDOT trucks during routine HSSP. Preliminary test results showed promising results. Design process and test results are discussed in this paper.
Nurse Educators: Professional Quality of Life Related to Conditions of Work Effectiveness.

Background Professional quality of life (ProQoL) is the balance between compassion satisfaction (CS) and compassion fatigue (CF). The experience of CF results from secondary traumatic stress stemming from compassionate caregiving and burnout. Purpose This study sought to identify the ProQoL of nurse educators and what conditions for work effectiveness affect this ProQoL. Methods An email survey link was sent to nurse educators from the northeastern region of the United States asking for participation. This included demographics, the ProQoL Version 5, and the Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire version II (CWEQ-II). Results The 211 nurse educators reported relatively high CS and relatively low burnout and secondary traumatic stress. When the measures of the CWEQ-II increased, so did their CS. In addition, as the measures of the CWEQ-II increased, their secondary traumatic stress and burnout decreased. Conclusions Findings suggest that conditions for work effectiveness such as access to opportunity, resources, information, support, and formal and informal power have a relationship to the nurse educator's ProQoL.
Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults and Therapeutic Strategies

Cognitive impairment and its severe form dementia are increasingly prevalent in older adults and loom as a public health disaster unless effective interventions are developed. Cognitive impairment is a convergent trait caused by damage from an idiosyncratic mix of four prevalent diseases (Alzheimer disease; vascular brain injury; Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies; and limbic-predominant age-related transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 encephalopathy) that is counterbalanced by individually varying resilience, which is comprised of reserve and compensation. Brain regional damage from each of these four prevalent diseases is generated by the net effect of injury and (mal)adaptive response and is accompanied by characteristic lesions. Existing therapeutics enhance resilience, whereas most agents under development target mechanisms of damage with only suppression of vascular brain injury yet to show therapeutic promise. We hope to anticipate future tailored interventions that target mechanisms of damage and thereby avert the oncoming surge of cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Brain regional damage is generated by the net effect of injury and (mal)adaptive response. The extent to which signs and symptoms of such damage occur is influenced by an underlying resilience comprising reserve and compensation. Finding tailored interventions that target specific mechanisms of damage likely yields the most effective therapies.
Radiofrequency pasteurization against Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in cocoa powder

Abstract In this study, thermal processes were developed for cocoa powder against Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in a pilot Radiofrequency (RF) unit and validated using their respective surrogates Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 and Listeria innocua. For 1.0 kg cocoa powder samples, RF heating to 90 °C provided 1.74–1.84 log reduction of E. faecium. A 48 min holding post-RF heating provided an additional 3.65 and 2.24 log10 CFU/g reduction of E. faecium for insulated and non-insulated samples, respectively. Compared to E. faecium, L. innocua was less resistant to RF heating in aw 0.45 cocoa powder; RF heating to 75 °C coupled with 24 min insulated holding resulted in an additional 5.64 log10 CFU/g reduction. These data suggested that E. faecium was a conservative surrogate strain for controlling Salmonella and L. monocytogenes during RF processing of cocoa powder. To achieve maximal microbial reduction and improve energy efficiency, an insulated holding following RF heating is highly recommended. According to the predictive line obtained from the Bigelow model, a 7.6 min RF heating plus 48 min insulated holding attained a 5-log reduction of E. faecium without a negative impact on the color of cocoa powder.
Original contributionPsychological disorders in patients with evacuation disorders and constipation in a tertiary practice

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychological impairment in patients with rectal evacuation disorders and the influence of psychological disorder on the early outcome of behavioral treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with rectal evacuation disorders referred for biofeedback retraining at a tertiary referral center. The psychological disorder was classified using the DSM IV criteria. Outcome of biofeedback treatment of evacuation at 2 wk was based on symptoms or on the ability to spontaneously expel a balloon placed in the rectum. Improvements in the groups without versus with a psychological disorder or an eating disorder were compared by Fisher’s exact test. RESULTS: In the 60 patients (55 women; 5 men; mean age, 38 yr), psychological disorders were identified in 39 (65%); also noted were eating disorder (n = 5), rumination syndrome (n = 3), pain disorder (n = 6), anxiety-depression (n = 10), a combination of depression and pain disorder (n = 3), and a combination of eating disorder with anxiety-depression and pain disorder (n = 12). There was an association between psychological status and outcome at 2 wk of behavioral treatment for evacuation disorder (p = 0.03). The coexistence of eating disorder and psychological disorder resulted in an unfavorable outcome (p = 0.02), compared with those without psychological disorder. CONCLUSION: Psychological impairment was identified in 65% of the patients with evacuation disorder and constipation in a tertiary care practice, and has a significant negative impact on the outcome of behavioral treatment. These data reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of these patients.
Combined Therapy With Avastin, a PAF Receptor Antagonist and a Lipid Mediator Inhibited Glioblastoma Tumor Growth.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive, highly proliferative, invasive brain tumor with a poor prognosis and low survival rate. The current standard of care for GBM is chemotherapy combined with radiation following surgical intervention, altogether with limited efficacy, since survival averages 18 months. Improvement in treatment outcomes for patients with GBM requires a multifaceted approach due to the dysregulation of numerous signaling pathways. Recently emerging therapies to precisely modulate tumor angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress are gaining attention as potential options to combat GBM. Using a mouse model of GBM, this study aims to investigate Avastin (suppressor of vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-angiogenetic treatment), LAU-0901 (a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist that blocks pro-inflammatory signaling), Elovanoid; ELV, a novel pro-homeostatic lipid mediator that protects neural cell integrity and their combination as an alternative treatment for GBM. Female athymic nude mice were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine, and luciferase-modified U87MG tumor cells were stereotactically injected into the right striatum. On post-implantation day 13, mice received one of the following: LAU-0901, ELV, Avastin, and all three compounds in combination. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was performed on days 13, 20, and 30 post-implantation. Mice were perfused for ex vivo MRI on day 30. Bioluminescent intracranial tumor growth percentage was reduced by treatments with LAU-0901 (43%), Avastin (77%), or ELV (86%), individually, by day 30 compared to saline treatment. In combination, LAU-0901/Avastin, ELV/LAU-0901, or ELV/Avastin had a synergistic effect in decreasing tumor growth by 72, 92, and 96%, respectively. Additionally, tumor reduction was confirmed by MRI on day 30, which shows a decrease in tumor volume by treatments with LAU-0901 (37%), Avastin (67%), or ELV (81.5%), individually, by day 30 compared to saline treatment. In combination, LAU-0901/Avastin, ELV/LAU-0901, or ELV/Avastin had a synergistic effect in decreasing tumor growth by 69, 78.7, and 88.6%, respectively. We concluded that LAU-0901 and ELV combined with Avastin exert a better inhibitive effect in GBM progression than monotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the efficacy of these novel therapeutic regimens in a model of GBM and may provide the basis for future therapeutics in GBM patients.
Arbitrary Conjugations of CM Types

This chapter is based on an unpublished article of Tate [Ta], who formulated a conjecture extending the fundamental theorem of complex multiplication to the case when the automorphism σ does not leave the reflex field fixed. Tate obtains a commutative diagram just as before, up to an idele of square 1, thus leaving the conjecture that this idele can in fact be taken to be 1. This conjecture is equivalent to an important special case of a conjecture of Langlands concerning the conjugation of Shimura varieties [Lglds]. Tate reformulates the conjecture in terms of a “type transfer”. The first two sections of the chapter give the general algebraic number theory setting for this type transfer, and the final sections give the application to the abelian varieties with complex multiplication.
A qualitative analysis of institutional drivers and barriers to blended learning adoption in higher education

Abstract The authors previously proposed a framework for institutional BL adoption (Graham, Woodfield, & Harrison, 2012), identifying three stages: (a) awareness/exploration, (b) adoption/early implementation, and (c) mature implementation/growth. The framework also identified key strategy, structure, and support issues universities may address at each stage. In this paper, the authors applied that framework as well as Rogers' (2003) diffusion of innovations theory to determine the degree to which institutional strategy, structure, and support measures facilitate or impede BL adoption among higher education faculty. In addition, the authors explored whether higher education faculty's innovation adoption category affects which measures facilitate or impede BL adoption. To achieve these objectives, the authors surveyed 214 faculty and interviewed 39 faculty at a school in the adoption/early implementation stage of BL adoption. The authors published the survey results in a prior article. The current article explores the results of the interviews.
Supporting Ontology-Based Dynamic Property and Classification in WebSphere Metadata Server

Metadata management is an important aspect of today's enterprise information systems. Metadata management systems are growing from toolspecific repositories to enterprise-wide metadata repositories. In this context, one challenge is the management of the evolving metadata whose schema or meta-model itself may evolve, e.g., dynamically-added properties, which are often hard to predict upfront at the initial meta-model design time; another challenge is to organize the metadata by semantically-rich classification schemes. In this paper, we present a practical system which provides support for users to dynamically manage semantically-rich properties and classifications in the IBM WebSphere Metadata Server (MDS) by integrating an OWL ontology repository. To enable the smooth acceptance of Semantic Web technologies for developers of commercial software which must run 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, the system is designed to consist of integrated modeling paradigms, with an integrated query language and runtime repository. Specifically, we propose the modeling of dynamic properties on structured metadata as OWL properties and the modeling of classification schemes as OWL ontologies for metadata classification. We present a natural extension to OQL (Object Query Language)-like query language to embrace dynamic properties and metadata classification. We also observe that hybrid storage, i.e., horizontal tables for structured metadata and vertical triple tables for dynamic properties and classification, is suitable for the storage and query processing of co-existing structured metadata and semantic metadata. We believe that our study and experience are not specific to MDS, but are valuable for the community trying to apply Semantic Web technologies to the structured data management area.
Nonlinear behavior of gyro backward wave oscillator

Recently, both simulation and experimental results have shown that the time evolution of the output wave power from a gyro backward wave oscillator exhibits modulation. The modulation occurs when the beam current is just above as well as far above the threshold. The latter is the result of electron trapping by the wave while the former (electron transit time is smaller than wave trapping time) can be explained by perturbative theory.
Biological Warfare: Tampering with Implantable Medical Devices

Research indicates that security concerns about implantable medical devices (IMDs) are real, and breaches could potentially be deadly. However, there is little focus on issues surrounding possible cyberattacks that tamper with IMDs. The industry must take a closer look at security issues relating to IMDs in the near future.
Characterization of Morphologic Revertants of Murine and Avian Sarcoma Virus-Transformed Cells

Morphologic revertants which contain avian or murine sarcoma viruses have previously been isolated at low frequency from clonal lines of transformed mammalian cells. In the present study, these lines have been further characterized. They are indistinguishable from nontransformed parent cell lines with respect to parameters such as saturation density and colony formation in depleted medium or on monolayers of contact-inhibited cells. The rate of glucose uptake had also reverted to normal. The malignant potential of one of the revertant lines was examined and found to be markedly reduced compared to that of the corresponding transformed cells. The differences in the susceptibilities of revertant cells to retransformation by the same or other oncogenic viruses suggest that different cellular genes may be involved in expression of transformation by various tumor viruses.
An Introduction to Numerical Methods for ODEs and DAEs

Many standard implicit methods such as multistep and Runge-Kutta can be applied to both Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) and Differential Algebraic Equations (DAEs). This talk first compares and contrasts their ability to handle the two types of problems. Depending on the nature of the problem, methods that are effective for ODEs may break down for DAEs. Not all DAEs are solvable (that is, have a smooth solution). Even those that are solvable may have pathological behavior.
Models for Determining Estimated Start Times and Case Orderings In Hospital Operating Rooms

Abstract In this paper, we address a number of scheduling problems that are often faced in a hospital's operating room (OR). The operating room can be modeled as a one machine job shop where the surgical procedures are thought of as the jobs and the operating room itself is the machine. The procedure (job) times are stochastic and the operating room scheduler exerts control over the schedule of jobs. The situation can also be thought of as a D/GI/1 queueing system, where the arrival times of the customers are a decision variable. Initially we address the problem where the scheduler is given the sequence of jobs and must determine the estimated starting times of the procedures in order that the surgeons may plan their personal schedules with respect to hospital rounds and office visits. The costs that must be balanced are (1) the idle time costs if the estimated starting time is later than the actual available start time, and (2) the surgeon's waiting time if the estimated starting time is before the actua...
Dimensions of the Apparent Pupil when Viewed at Oblique Angles

Correction factors required for estimating influence of pupil area reduction on retinal illumination at oblique angles
Successful Engineers and Indifferent Economists

The relative confidence the public displays in the activities of engineers (“success”), as contrasted with the skepticism (“indifference”) it displays towards economists, is explored in this paper. It uses the descriptions of engineering activities provided by authors such as Petroski and Bucciarelli, and particularly the detailed history of aviation engineering of Vincenti. The “separability” of problems, combined with the ability to get ones hands “dirty” on a given problem, are seen as the critical differences between engineering and economics.
Capturing Light Pulses Completely Using a Few Dynamic Microcavities

We use temporal coupled mode theory to describe a dynamic microcavity system capable of completely capturing light pulses in a pair of cavities with negligible reflection.
STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR THE METAL-INDUCED SI(111)3 X 1 RECONSTRUCTION

We present a structural model for the metal-induced Si(111)3[times]1 reconstruction. Fivefold Si rings form one-dimensional [pi]-bonded chains along [l angle]1[bar 1]0[r angle]. These chains are separated by empty channels that can accommodate 1/3 monolayer of metal atoms. We propose that the [pi]-bonded chains undergo a strong disturbance resulting in the formation of alternating dimers consistent with published scanning tunneling microscope images [K. J. Wan [ital et] [ital al]., Phys. Rev. B 46, 13 635 (1992)]. Unlike previous models, this model accounts for most experimental observations, including a large band gap and chemical passivation.
Monitoring and Preemptive Rituximab Therapy for Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation after Antithymocyte Globulin Containing Nonmyeloablative Conditioning for Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Epstein Barr viremia (EBV) and posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) are complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The use of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in recipients of umbilical cord HSCT is a known risk factor for the development of PTLD. In this high-risk population, we implemented an EBV monitoring program with preemptive therapy with rituximab (375mg/m2 intravenously [i.v.]) for EBV viremia (>1000 copies/mL). Eight of 35 patients treated with a UCB HSCT between 2007 and 2009, developed EBV viremia. Two of 7 developed PTLD (with 1 of the 2 dying of PTLD), despite prophylactic rituximab use. When compared with our previously described cohort where 6 of 30 developed EBV viremia and 5 of 6 patients developed PTLD (with 2 of 5 dying of PTLD), the incidence of PTLD appears to be less when prophylactic rituximab is administered. Despite small numbers, our observations suggest that in this high-risk population, EBV monitoring accompanied by preemptive therapy may reduce the risk of progression to life-threatening PTLD; further follow-up of this cohort and a larger multi-institutional prospective study of this preemptive strategy is warranted.
Elasticity-aware virtual machine placement for cloud datacenters

With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, the cloud datacenter suffers from both limited resources and the variation of users' requests. One important feature of cloud computing is on-demand scaling, enabling the fluctuation of one user's resource demand. However, amongst previous work concerning the virtual machine (VM) placement in datacenters, satisfying the VMs' requested resources of users is the primary objective, neglecting future demand variation. In this paper, we propose the concept of elasticity, referring to how well the datacenter can satisfy the growth of the input VMs resource demands under both the limitations of physical machines (PMs) capacities and links capacities. To consider both dimensions of the machine and bandwidth resources simultaneously, we propose our hierarchical VM placement algorithm. We also prove the optimality of our algorithm in a frequently used semi-homogeneous datacenter configuration. Furthermore, we study the heterogeneous datacenter configuration, favoring the characteristics of multi-tenant datacenters. Evaluation results validate the efficiency of our algorithm.
In situ weathering rind erosion

Abstract The use of cosmogenic nuclide dating methods place in doubt the long-term future of weathering rinds (WRs) as a chronometric tool. Why estimate ages when radiometric control is possible? This paper presents evidence that WRs can provide invaluable clues about what particular sample would provide the most accurate cosmogenic age by avoiding “inheritance” of cosmogenic nuclides and by avoiding boulders undergoing spalling. The key to this new use requires testing the occurrence and nature of WR erosion. Back-scattered electron microscopy reveals that ignimbrite, andesite, basalt, and granitic clasts experience WR erosion in all subsurface and surface contexts thus far studied in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. To understand the magnitude of WR erosion, we measured WR thicknesses, all while controlling the cosmogenic and surface stability ages of clasts by chlorine-36 and rock varnish microlamination dating methods. Our data reveal that traditional methodologies of sampling cobbles remove two-thirds of the true thickness of weathering rinds, calling into question many beliefs including the notion that clay minerals are not produced during weathering-rind formation. Comparisons of optical and electron microscope measurements support concerns that measurement of WRs by color changes, while useful as a pedagogical tool, creates serious biases in underestimating the true dynamics of WRs. In the end, we found that concordance of WR and rock coating “age trends” indicates the ideal boulder for cosmogenic nuclide dating. Offsets reveal either ongoing boulder erosion, invalidating “zero erosion” model ages, or a potential problem with “inheritance” of cosmogenic nuclides.
On a New Strategy for Phase Diagram Calculation. 1. Basic Principles.

Abstract A general strategy was presented for the calculation of phase diagrams of binary, ternary and higher order systems. This strategy differs from those reported in the literature. Moreover, the strategy was formulated to solve two of the major problems in phase diagram calculation. They are 1. (i) the assurance that all of the calculated phase equilibria correspond to stable equilibria and 2. (ii) the difficulty in estimating initial values for the composition and/or temperature of co-existing phases for phase equilibrium calculation. In this first of a series of papers, the basic principles of the general strategy were given. In subsequent papers, the strategy is used to computer-calculate phase diagrams with practical examples given.
High-quality III–V semiconductor MBE growth on Ge/Si virtual substrates for metal-oxide-semiconductor device fabrication

Abstract We describe the molecular-beam epitaxial (MBE) growth and fabrication of III–V metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices on Ge/Si virtual substrates. We show that high-temperature in-situ H2 annealing in the chemical-vapor deposition system changes the Ge surface configuration and produces a surface with predominantly double-step-layer conditions, which is crucial for the growth of single-domain GaAs. In addition, the surface morphology of III–V on Ge/Si improved significantly with an annealing treatment of the Ge surface carried out under high arsenic background pressure in the MBE chamber. This facilitates uniform As-monolayer formation on the entire Ge surface. Low-temperature migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) and low-temperature conventional GaAs growth not only enhance the growth of single-domain GaAs without Ge outdiffusion but also produce a sufficiently smooth surface for high-k dielectric deposition, achieving low leakage current. A 300-nm-thick GaAs buffer layer was grown, followed by a 10 nm growth of In0.2Ga0.8As high-mobility channel layer. A 7–8-nm-thick Al2O3 layer was deposited ex-situ by atomic-layer deposition (ALD). We verify the quality of III–V growth using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and photoluminescence (PL) measurement. The C–V characteristics show unpinning of the Fermi level, which is a necessary condition for gate voltage control of the drain current. This work suggests this materials combination is a promising candidate for the realization of advanced, nonclassical complementary-MOS and optoelectronic devices on Si substrates.
Analysis of the symmetry of a stressed medium using nonlinear elasticity

Velocity variations caused by subsurface stress changes play an important role in monitoring compacting reservoirs andinseveralotherapplicationsofseismicmethods.Ageneral way to describe stress- or strain-induced velocity fields is by employing the theory of nonlinear elasticity, which operates with third-order elastic TOE tensors. These sixth-rank strain-sensitivity tensors, however, are difficult to manipulate because of the large number of terms involved in the algebraic operations. Thus, even evaluation of the anisotropic symmetry of a medium under stress/strain proves to be a challenging task.We employ a matrix representation ofTOE tensors that allows computation of strain-related stiffness perturbations from a linear combination of 66 matrices scaled by the components of the strain tensor. In addition to streamlining the numerical algorithm, this approach helps to predict strain-induced symmetry using relatively straightforward algebraic considerations. For example, our analysis shows that a transversely isotropic TI medium acquires orthorhombic symmetry if one of the principal directions of the strain tensor is aligned with the symmetry axis. Otherwise,thestrainedTImediumcanbecomemonoclinicoreven triclinic.
Reactions of halodiazirines with potassium ethyl xanthate

Abstract Aryl halodiazarines are reduced by potassium ethyl xanthate to give benzonitrile as the major product along with significant amounts of a novel heterocyclic product, 3-phenyl-5-ethoxy-1,2,4-thiadiazole. A mechanism involving fragmentation of an N-substituted diazirine is considered.
Human cytomegalovirus. Assay by counting infected cells.

Abstract An assay method for human cytomegalovirus is described that is based on counts of infected embryonic human skin and muscle fibroblastic cells on coverslips inoculated with 0.1 ml of diluted virus suspension. Counts made 48 hours after inoculation, when the preparations are fixed and stained, include all initially infected cells. Counts of infected cells are linearly proportional to the inoculum dilution. There is no significant loss of infected cells from the coverslips during preparation, and infected cells are randomly distributed on the coverslips.
Integrating computational synthesis and decision-based conceptual design

Generation and test are fundamental components of the design process. Understanding the design process requires understanding the interplay between these components. Computational synthesis focuses primarily on the generate side of the equation, suggesting design candidates under the assumption of a fixed evaluation model. Decision-based design focuses on the test/select side, focusing on understanding the design evaluation model assuming a fixed set of design options. Conceptual design requires coupling synthesis under an incomplete, uncertain evaluation model with selection not only of design candidates but also of paths toward refining the evaluation model.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Differential effect of baroreceptor reflexes and clonidine on frequency components of sympathetic discharge.

Abstract The effects of the baroreceptor reflexes and clonidine on the 3 and 10 Hz components of spontaneously occurring renal sympathetic nervous discharge (SND) were studied in the cat. The proportion of 3 : 10 Hz SND was assessed by selective filtering and integration of activity in the 2–4 Hz and 9–11 Hz frequency bands. Baroreceptor denervation increased activity in both frequency bands while significantly lowering the 3 : 10 Hz ratio. Baroreceptor reflex activation (i.v. phenylephrine) decreased activity in both frequency bands while significantly increasing the 3 : 10 Hz ratio. Clonidine (4–20 μg/kg, i.v.) affected the 3 : 10 Hz ratio of SND in a manner similar to baroreceptor reflex activation. These results indicate that the 3 and 10 Hz components of SND, both of which have been previously shown to be inherent to the central vasomotor system, are differentially affected by the baroreceptor reflexes and clonidine. It is concluded that it is possible to characterize certain cardiovascular states with respect to the 3 : 10 Hz ratio of SND.
Correlation between fill factors of amorphous silicon solar cells, and their i layer densities of states as determined by DLTS

Abstract Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), based on short-circuit current transients after repetitive excitation by light, was performed on a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells over the temperature range 90–350 K. The fill factors of these same cells were measured at room temperature (at a light intensity of 0.01 sun to minimize series resistance effects) to obtain a measure of i layer quality. Dangling bond concentrations, N s , deduced from the DLTS spectra, and changes in N s caused by light soaking, agree with values commonly reported in the literature. The collection length/i layer thickness ratios deduced from the measured fill factors are found to be inversely related to N s . However, fill factor is not uniquely determined by N s - field distortion in the i layer must be taken into account.
Combination of light and melatonin time cues for phase advancing the human circadian clock.

Study objectives Photic and non-photic stimuli have been shown to shift the phase of the human circadian clock. We examined how photic and non-photic time cues may be combined by the human circadian system by assessing the phase advancing effects of one evening dose of exogenous melatonin, alone and in combination with one session of morning bright light exposure. Design Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind circadian protocol. The effects of four conditions, dim light (∼1.9 lux, ∼0.6 Watts/m(2))-placebo, dim light-melatonin (5 mg), bright light (∼3000 lux, ∼7 Watts/m(2))-placebo, and bright light-melatonin on circadian phase was assessed by the change in the salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) prior to and following treatment under constant routine conditions. Melatonin or placebo was administered 5.75 h prior to habitual bedtime and 3 h of bright light exposure started 1 h prior to habitual wake time. Setting Sleep and chronobiology laboratory environment free of time cues. Participants Thirty-six healthy participants (18 females) aged 22 ± 4 y (mean ± SD). Results Morning bright light combined with early evening exogenous melatonin induced a greater phase advance of the DLMO than either treatment alone. Bright light alone and melatonin alone induced similar phase advances. Conclusion Information from light and melatonin appear to be combined by the human circadian clock. The ability to combine circadian time cues has important implications for understanding fundamental physiological principles of the human circadian timing system. Knowledge of such principles is important for designing effective countermeasures for phase-shifting the human circadian clock to adapt to jet lag, shift work, and for designing effective treatments for circadian sleep-wakefulness disorders.
New Technology, Old Habits: The Decline of the Internet as a Democratic Tool in South Korea

This paper investigates how the Internet has lost its power as a tool for political participation in South Korea, one of the world's most wired countries. Its 2002 presidential election was praised as one of the most spectacular examples of social change caused by the Internet. The following election in 2007, however, marked the total inability of the Internet to mobilize voters. How did the Internet, which is often claimed to have a democratizing potential, lose its power so quickly? By comparing the two elections, this paper shows why the effects of the Internet cannot be generalized. Although many scholars believe that cyberspace is anonymous and difficult to regulate, the Korean Internet is drastically different. This paper explores how the Internet evolves into many â€œinternetsâ€ under the influence of a country's unique sociocultural factors.
The Politics of Entrepreneurship: Mexican American Leadership in a Border Setting

Although Mexican Americans continue to expand their entrepreneurial activities, we know little about their ambitions and dreams, their struggle to become part of the business world, their political idealogy and involvement, their role as political leaders, and their relationship with Anglos. Many Mexican American leaders, once active in the public affairs of the community, are turning their efforts and attention to the business world. Any future plans for the economic development of the Mexico-United States border need to involve the Mexican American entrepreneur. The purpose of this study is to conduct an exploratory analysis of Mexican American business leaders in El Paso. Specifically, the study focuses on the leadership of the recently created Minority Business Council (MBC). Three major propositions underly this study: (1) the creation of the MBC has initiated a new phase in the politics of Mexican American entrepreneurship; (2) the creation of the MBC demonstrates a move toward integration between Mexican American and Anglo organizations in a border setting; and (3) because of contemporary political and idealogical trends, Mexican American entrepreneurs will serve as an important resource for future leadership throughout the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. The article explains the background and formation of the MBC, its structural and attitudinal relations with the El Paso Chamber of Commerce (hereafter referred to as the Chamber), and the politics of the minority leadership. Ultimately, the article will also address the significance of this organizational activity in terms of political empowerment. A brief comparative analysis is presented of the background and political attitudes between this leadership group and Mexican American comerciantes .
Developments in gene therapy for muscular dystrophy.

Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy (MD) presents significant challenges, including the large amount of muscle tissue in the body, the large size of many genes defective in different muscular dystrophies, and the possibility of a host immune response against the therapeutic gene. Overcoming these challenges requires the development and delivery of suitable gene transfer vectors. Encouraging progress has been made in modifying adenovirus (Ad) vectors to reduce immune response and increase capacity. Recently developed gutted Ad vectors can deliver full-length dystrophin cDNA expression vectors to muscle tissue. Using muscle-specific promoters to drive dystrophin expression, a strong immune response has not been observed in mdx mice. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can deliver small genes to muscle without provocation of a significant immune response, which should allow long-term expression of several MD genes. AAV vectors have also been used to deliver sarcoglycan genes to entire muscle groups. These advances and others reviewed here suggest that barriers to gene therapy for MD are surmountable.
Polarized-x-ray-absorption studies of graphite intercalated-bromine compounds.

Details of both results and data analysis are given in the case of our polarized-x-ray-absorption experiments, using synchrotron radiation, on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)\char21{}based and graphite-fiber-based residual-bromine intercalation compounds. The effective angle which nearest-neighbor Br pairs make with crystallite graphite planes in some of these compounds, which was stated to be \ensuremath{\sim}20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in an earlier article, is shown to be 16?(de\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4?(de\char22{}both Br-Br extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and white-line features of the data are the basis of this result. We have also found that, whereas spherical averages of the areas under white-line spectra are independent of the choice of the material among all samples studied (including ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ vapor), differences in similarly spherically averaged Br-Br EXAFS amplitudes are evident, especially between ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ vapor and Br-graphite samples. We show that the latter differences which correspond to a coordination number less than one in Br-graphite are not due to either Gaussian or non-Gaussian (up to ${k}^{4}$ terms) Debye-Waller effects. In addition, we discuss the extraction of Br-C EXAFS and present results of model calculations of Br-C EXAFS, where several different structural models for the Br sites are considered. We also discuss thermal effects and their relation to known Br sublattice phase-transition behavior, based on our measurements at room temperature, 360 K, and 400 K.
How can we reach reluctant parents in childcare programmes

Young children benefit most from their experiences in childcare centres when their parents are actively involved in centre activities. However, childcare professionals sometimes face obstacles in engaging and maintaining cooperative working relationships with families. This is especially true for families that are hard to reach or families that are reluctant to develop or maintain such a relationship. This article provides childcare professionals with a framework for understanding various factors – both external and internal to families – which might impede the development of such a relationship. Further, the article describes techniques for working with different types of family patterns in ways that increase the likelihood of centres and families providing a nurturing environment for their children.
Mechanisms and development of parent-young vocal recognition in the piñon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus)

Abstract Mutual, vocal parent-young recognition is achieved by pinon jays ( Gynnorhinus cyanocephalus ) by the time the young leave the nest at 21 days to form stable creches of dependent young. Both parents and young beging producing individualistic calls, upon which recognition is based, when the young are 14 days old. Playbacks of nestlings' begging calls to adults and parents' approach calls to nestlings showed that mutaul recognition of each other's calls is learned between nestling age of 14 and 20 days. Sonographic and statistical analyses of the begging calls of nestling and fledgling jays showed the calls to be highly individualistic. Both univariate and multivariate (PCA) statistical methods were used to determined amounts of significant variation within and among the calls of different individuals and to isolate parameters which might be used by parents in offspring recognition. The analyses support two major conclusions. First, 20.4% of all variance measured in the calls is due to variation among individuals' calls. The data imply that adults may recognize their offspring's calls based on gestalt perception of simultaneous variation in a number of parameters. Second, each young bird's calls vary gradually with time, requiring parents to ‘track’ the calls of their offspring over time. These conclusions are only tentative until a correlation between statistically significant variation and biologically significant variation is demonstrated.
CWT-PLSR for quantitative analysis of Raman spectrum

Quantitative analysis of Raman spectra using Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles has shown the potential and promising trend of development in vivo molecular imaging. Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) methods are the state-of-the-art methods. But they rely on the whole intensities of Raman spectra and can not avoid the instable background. In this paper we design a new CWT-PLSR algorithm that uses mixing concentrations and the average continuous wavelet transform (CWT) coefficients of Raman spectra to do PLSR. The average CWT coefficients with a Mexican hat mother wavelet are robust representations of the Raman peaks, and the method can reduce the influences of the instable baseline and random noises during the prediction process. In the end, the algorithm is tested on three Raman spectrum data sets with three cross-validation methods, and the results show its robustness and effectiveness.
Radiation from the Negative Lithium Ion

It is confirmed that the 3489-\AA{} transition observed in beam-foil excited lithium spectra originates from the negative lithium ion. It is most probably the transition $1s2s2{p}^{2}^{5}P\ensuremath{-}1s2{p}^{3}^{5}S^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, as suggested by Bunge. A new electric field acceleration technique provides identification of the charge state of the emitting ion. The decay curve is a cascade-free single exponential. The polarization and beam energy dependence of the light yield have also been measured. The transition has been identified in heavier isoelectronic ions.