cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The HIV infected individual: Group work as a rite of passage

Abstract The person who learns he or she is HIV positive undergoes a unique suffering because of the uncertainty of the consequences. This paper explores 3 ‐week groups for HIV infected men, and the healing through ritual they provide, as participants integrate their new HIV positive status with their sense of self. This process is compared to the rite of the passage that occurs in developing cultures when boys enter adulthood. The rite of passage as it affects “three dimensions of self"— the physical, interpersonal, and spiritual—is described. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to facilitate 3‐week HIV groups that give their members an opportunity to become initiated into their new identities as HIV positive people.
The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts, edited by Frank Burch Brown, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, xx + 541 pp., ISBN 9780195176674, US$150.00 (cloth)

The Oxford Handbooks intend to ‘offer authoritative and up-to-date surveys of original research … critical examinations of the progress and direction of debates, as well as a foundation for future ...
Thermodynamics of coherent interfaces under mechanical stresses. II. Application to atomistic simulation of grain boundaries

The thermodynamic theory of coherent interfaces developed in Part I of this work is applied to grain boundaries (GBs) subject to nonhydrostatic elastic deformations. We derive expressions for the GB free energy as the reversible work of GB formation under stress. We also present a generalized adsorption equation whose differential coefficients define the GB segregation, GB stress tensor, GB excess volume, and GB excess shear. The generalized adsorption equation generates a set of Maxwell relations describing cross effects between different GB properties. The theory is applied to atomistic simulations of a symmetrical tilt GB in Cu and Cu-Ag alloys. Using a combination of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods, we compute a number of GB excess quantities and their dependencies on the applied stresses, temperature and chemical composition in the grains. We also test several Maxwell relations and obtain excellent agreement between the theory and simulations.
Quadrupole Lines in the K -Series of Ruthenium

The Ru $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}(K\ensuremath{-}{N}_{\mathrm{IV}}{N}_{\mathrm{V}})$ and $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{5}(K\ensuremath{-}{M}_{\mathrm{IV}}{M}_{\mathrm{V}})$ lines have been observed with a double crystal spectrometer. The wave-lengths are 559.74 and 566.68 X.U., respectively. $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{5}$ appears to be a doublet, the weaker component lying at the long wave-length side. The doublet separation of 0.15 X.U. is within the experimental error in accordance with the ${M}_{\mathrm{IV}}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{\mathrm{V}}$ difference. The width of the single components of $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{5}$ is smaller than the width of $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, i.e., 11 volts. $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}$ is considerably broader, 28 volts. The intensity ratios are $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}:K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=1:160$, $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{5}:K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=1:400$. Also a very faint line $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{6}$ has been observed the intensity of which is 1: 2000 of the intensity of $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$. The wave-length of $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{6}$ is 558 X.U. It cannot be explained by single electron transitions between known Ru levels.
Tunable Phase Behavior of Polystyrene−Polypeptoid Block Copolymers

Block copolymers with tunable compositions offer the ability to directly control the interaction strength between the two blocks and therefore polymer properties. The miscibility of an A–B block copolymer can be increased by introducing B or B-like comonomers into the A block, and literature has shown that both the amount and the distribution of these comonomers affect the compatibility of the two blocks. Sequence-defined block copolymers in which one can exactly control the composition and comonomer distribution provide a unique opportunity to control the overall strength of segregation. Here, sequence-defined block copolymers have been synthesized via azide–alkyne coupling using polystyrene and sequence-specific polypeptoids (N-substituted glycines) with 2-methoxyethyl side chains. These polystyrene-polypeptoid block copolymers readily self-assemble into hexagonally packed and lamellar morphologies. N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine residues, which have a styrene-like side chain, were introduced throughout the p...
Competing Institutional Perspectives in the Life of Glass–Steagall

A growing body of scholarship explores processes of gradual but transformative institutional change, classifying patterns of change into several categories. I argue that policymakers themselves actively contest the appropriate institutional frames for understanding changes as they seek to guide institutional change, and show that judicial determinations of statutory meaning are sensitive to judgments about which institutional perspective is most compelling. A process-tracing examination of institutional changes in the Glass–Steagall Act over the law's whole life span, from 1933 to 1999, provides a concrete example of how the dynamics of contestation can play out. Those who conceived of Glass–Steagall as the institutional embodiment of the separation between commercial and investment banking argued that expansion of commercial bank powers represented institutional drift. Alternatively, those who came to see Glass–Steagall as just one set of statutory imperatives to be handled within the larger institutional context of American banking law, including banking regulators, interpreted regulatory changes as constructive acts of conversion adapting to novel economic challenges. I document the slow process through which courts came to accept the second framing while noting how the fixity of statutory text nevertheless continued to limit available adaptations.
From economic integration to socioeconomic inclusion: day labor worker centers as social intermediaries

ABSTRACTDay labor worker centers have emerged as an important mode of regulatory action in the informal economy of major US cities. Research suggests that these organizations are beneficial in improving employment outcomes experienced by migrant workers engaged in this labor market sector. Yet, the extent to which these organizations impact the social integration of this working population remains relatively undeveloped in the literature. Using data from the National Day Labor Survey, we examine the impact of day labor worker centers on the level of social inclusion experienced by migrant day laborers. We find that worker centers have a modest, but statistically significant, impact on the levels of social integration experienced by this working population and that this varies from city to city. Ultimately we argue that the social intermediary role of these organizations may offer a type of counter mobilization necessary to promote the socioeconomic integration of this working population, but that issues o...
Incidents of major food adulteration in Taiwan between 2011 and 2015

Abstract Global availability and accessibility of food ingredients and the desire to produce food products at lower costs by industry have led to an increase in the incidents of fraud around the world, and Taiwan is no exception. This review outlines the major cases of food adulteration that occurred in Taiwan between 2011 and 2015, including the adulteration of food additives with plasticizers, starch products with maleic anhydride, olive oil with copper chlorophyll, lard with recycled cooking oil, and processed soymilk curd with dimethyl/diethyl yellow. Governmental responses and the analytical methods developed by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration to address these incidents are also described. These methods were specifically developed to analyze the adulterated ingredients in finished food products. Other analytical methods to detect various adulterants are summarized and compared in this article. In conclusion collective action by regular monitoring along with improved analytical method and regulations will help to minimize adulteration problems in the future.
Field Verification of Original and Updated National Wetlands Inventory Maps in three Metropolitan Areas in Illinois, USA

National Wetland Inventory (NWI) maps are the most comprehensive wetland maps in the U.S., but NWI maps are now outdated in many regions. A consortium led by Ducks Unlimited is updating the NWI for the Great Lakes/Atlantic Region. Updates are complete for several states but have not been verified extensively with field data. We used wetland maps from 129 on-site wetland delineation projects in three Illinois regions to assess accuracy of original and updated NWI maps. We used ancillary spatial data to characterize areas that were incorrectly classified and identify potential sources of error. Across the three regions, the original NWI omitted 49 % of total wetland area for wetlands greater than 0.2 ha, and 57 % of the area mapped by the NWI was non-wetland. The updated NWI omitted less wetland area (40 % omitted for wetlands larger than 0.2 ha), but only slightly improved errors of commission (55 % of mapped area was non-wetland). Polygons mapped as forested wetlands were less likely to be truly wetlands. Small (<0.06 ha) wetlands were often omitted. Errors reflect ambiguity in the definition of wetlands and technical limitations of the NWI methodology. Due to the high error rates, we recommend further refinement of regional wetland inventories.
Calculated panel-reactive antibody predicts outcomes on the heart transplant waiting list

Background Sensitized heart transplant candidates spend more time and have higher mortality on the waiting list. Although the calculated panel-reactive antibody (CPRA) value is used to assign allocation priority to kidney transplant candidates in the United States, the relationship between CPRA and outcomes on the heart transplant waiting list is unknown. Methods A data set of patients listed for heart transplant with unacceptable human leukocyte antigens (HLA) entered was obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing. The study cohort was composed of 3,855 adult candidates listed for heart transplant between 2006 and 2013 with active waiting time. The cohort was divided into 5 groups by increasing CPRA. Outcomes were assessed using competing risks and sub-hazard regression analyses. Results In each group of successively higher CPRA, the percentage of candidates who received a transplant decreased, whereas the percentage of those who were still waiting for a transplant increased, as did the percentage of those removed from the waiting list or had died. The group of candidates with a CPRA >80% displayed a markedly decreased incidence of transplantation (hazard ratio 0.37) and an increased risk of removal from the waiting list or death (hazard ratio 2.18) as compared to those with CPRA of ≤10%. Conclusions Sensitized heart transplant candidates are at high risk of adverse outcomes on the heart transplant waiting list. Clinicians should strive to minimize the CPRA by maximizing specificity in the selection of HLA antigens to exclude. The optimal clinical approach for candidates with high CPRA requires further study.
Application of OEPA-Produced Biotic Indices and Physical Stream Measurements to Assess Freshwater Mussel (Unionidae) Habitat in the Upper Mahoning River, Ohio

Freshwater mussels continue to experience declines in population numbers in response to changing environments. Identifying aspects of the environment associated with the presence and abundance of mussels in small streams is challenging where past records are minimal. Thus, we sought to produce models of habitat favoring mussel species richness and abundance in the upper Mahoning River using data collected in 2 ways: (1) surveying sites deemed as suitable habitat via observation and (2) surveying existing Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) sites used to evaluate water quality and aquatic life through biotic indices. Detailed physical measurements were added at each survey site. Surveys identified 963 freshwater mussels of 11 species. The more-forested Eagle Creek contained an abundant mussel assemblage compared to the rest of the Upper Mahoning River, yet this stream was still dominated by just 1 common species, Lampsilis siliquoidea (Fatmucket). Drainage area alone correlated with mussel richness and abundance, but a complex model of multiple characteristics provided equivalent predictive power to assess how variation in environmental components may enhance the likelihood of mussel presence. The OEPA composite qualitative habitat evaluation index, which encompasses substrate, instream cover, channel morphology, riparian zone, pool quality, and map gradient, also was indicative of greater mussel diversity.
Possible bicollinear nematic state with monoclinic lattice distortions in iron telluride compounds

Iron telluride (FeTe) is known to display bicollinear magnetic order at low temperatures together with a monoclinic lattice distortion. Because the bicollinear order can involve two different wave vectors $(\ensuremath{\pi}/2,\ensuremath{\pi}/2)$ and $(\ensuremath{\pi}/2,\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}/2)$, symmetry considerations allow for the possible stabilization of a nematic state with short-range bicollinear order coupled to monoclinic lattice distortions at a ${T}_{S}$ higher than the temperature ${T}_{N}$ where long-range bicollinear order fully develops. As a concrete example, the three-orbital spin-fermion model for iron telluride is studied with an additional coupling ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}}_{12}$ between the monoclinic lattice strain and an orbital-nematic order parameter with ${B}_{2g}$ symmetry. Monte Carlo simulations show that with increasing ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}}_{12}$ the first-order transition characteristic of FeTe splits and bicollinear nematicity is stabilized in a (narrow) temperature range. In this new regime, the lattice is monoclinically distorted and short-range spin and orbital order breaks rotational invariance. A discussion of possible realizations of this exotic state is provided.
"Conversational Advice": A mixed-methods analysis of medical residents' experiences co-managing primary care patients with behavioral health providers

Abstract Objective When integrated behavioral health clinicians (IBHCs) and residents co-manage patients, residents may learn new approaches. We aimed to understand the effect of co-management on residents’ behavioral health (BH) management learning. Methods Residents completed a web-based survey enquiring: whether co-management included a shared visit and/or face-to-face meeting with an IBHC, whether residents received feedback from the IBHC, and what they learned. Qualitative responses were coded thematically using a constant comparative method. Results Among 117 respondents (overall response rate 72%, 117/163), from five residencies recruited from 40 residencies with BH integration, residents were significantly more likely to receive feedback if they had a shared visit with the patient and an IBHC (yes 69% vs. no 33%; adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.6). Residents reported three major learning themes: interpersonal communication skills awareness, BH skills awareness, and newly adopted attitudes toward BH. Residents who received feedback were more likely to report themes of interpersonal communication skills awareness (yes 26.6% vs. no 9.4%). Conclusion BH integration promotes increased feedback for residents practicing face-to-face co-management with IBHCs, and a positive influence regarding residents’ attitudes and perceived skills. Practical implications Residency programs can meaningfully improve residents’ learning by promoting face-to-face co-management with IBHCs.
THE OCCURRENCE OF SPIROCHETES IN IXODID TICKS IN NORTH CAROLINA

Ticks were collected at 6 sites in North Carolina identified as the location of tick contact by Lyme disease patients, and at 6 sites located in counties where cases had been diagnosed. Specimens were screened for evidence of spirochete infection; fewer than 1% of the specimens collected harbored spirochetes. Indirect fluorescence antibody testing, with a species-specific monoclonal antibody, confirmed that one Ixodes scapularis Say collected at the residence of a Lyme disease patient was infected with Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Hyde, Schmid, and Brenner. Two specimens (Amblyomma americanum (L.) and I. scapularis) screened by a direct fluorescence antibody test with polyclonal antisera were infected with Borrelia. Spirochetes other than B. burgdorferi were found in A. americanum. No spirochetes were observed in Dermacentor variabilis (Say) or I. brunneus (Koch).
Mother-Poems: Using the Confessional as Critique in Autoethnographic Poetry

The use of the personal in poetry provides an evocative tool for the critique of intimate power structures and dominant discourse by illustrating the false binary between private and public conceptions of relationships. The use of confessional poetry as autoethnography provides a method for researcher poets to critique taken-for-granted social structures that disempower and present fully embodied ways of being. I discuss how writing mother-poems about mothering and motherhood act as a form of critical autoethnography. My mother-poems are critical autoethnography; they focus attention on tensions and binaries rather than resolving them to show how the use of personal family intimacies is a way of constructing empowering family narratives that question taken-for-granted cultural discourse surrounding women’s work, mothering, and relationships.
Generalization of soft phonon modes

Soft phonon modes describe a collective movement of atoms that transform a higher-symmetry crystal structure into a lower-symmetry crystal structure. Such structural transformations occur at finite temperatures, where the phonons (i.e., the low-temperature vibrational modes) and the static perfect crystal structures provide an incomplete picture of the dynamics. Here, principal vibrational modes (PVMs) are introduced as descriptors of the dynamics of a material system with $N$ atoms. The PVMs represent the independent collective movements of the atoms at a given temperature. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, here in the form of quantum MD using density functional theory calculations, provide both the data describing the atomic motion and the data used to construct the PVMs. The leading mode, ${\mathrm{PVM}}_{0}$, represents the $3N$-dimensional direction in which the system moves with greatest amplitude. For structural phase transitions, ${\mathrm{PVM}}_{0}$ serves as a generalization of soft phonon modes. At low temperatures, ${\mathrm{PVM}}_{0}$ reproduces the soft phonon mode in systems where one phonon dominates the phase transformation. In general, multiple phonon modes combine to describe a transformation, in which case ${\mathrm{PVM}}_{0}$ culls these phonon modes. Moreover, while soft phonon modes arise in the higher-symmetry crystal structure, ${\mathrm{PVM}}_{0}$ can be equally well calculated on either side of the structural phase transition. Two applications demonstrate these properties: first, transitions into and out of bcc titanium, and, second, the two crystal structures proposed for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase of uranium, the higher-symmetry structure of which stabilizes with temperature.
The standard of care in dentistry: Where did it come from? How has it evolved?

Background The author explores the topic of the standard of care. He reviews the initial application of the standard to health care professionals, as well as its evolution from an 1898 legal case in which 10 elements of the standard of care were stated.
Self-Assembled Recombinant Proteins on Metallic Nanoparticles as Bimodal Imaging Probes

Combining multiple modalities is central to developing the new methods for sensing and imaging that are required for comprehensive understanding of events at the molecular level. Various imaging modalities have been developed using metallic nanoparticles owing to their exceptional physical and chemical properties. Due to their localized surface plasmon resonance characteristics, gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit unique optoelectronic properties commonly used in biomedical sciences and engineering. Self-assembled monolayers or physical adsorption have previously been adapted to functionalize the surfaces of nanoparticles with biomolecules for targeted imaging. However, depending on differences among the functional groups used on the nanoparticle surface, wide variation in the displayed biomolecular property to recognize its target may result. In the last decade, the properties of inorganic binding peptides have been proven advantageous for assembling selective functional nano-entities or proteins onto nanoparticle surfaces. Herein we explored the formation of self-assembled hybrid metallic nano-architectures composed of gold and silver nanoparticles with fluorescent proteins for use as bimodal imaging probes. We employed metal-binding peptide-based assembly to self-assemble green fluorescence protein onto metallic substrates of various geometries. Assembly of the green fluorescent proteins, genetically engineered to incorporate gold- or silver-binding peptides onto metallic nanoparticles, resulted in the generation of hybrid-, biomodal-imaging probes in a single step. Green fluorescent activity on gold and silver surfaces can be monitored using both plasmonic and fluorescent signatures. Our results demonstrate a novel bimodal imaging system that can be finely tuned with respect to nanoparticle size and protein concentration. Resulting hybrid probes may mitigate the limitation of depth penetration into biologic tissues and provide a high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity.
Neutron capture cross sections of {sup 112,116,122,124}Sn

The thermal cross sections and resonance integrals have been determined for radiative neutron capture by $^{112,116,122,124}\mathrm{Sn}$ leading to the ground and isomeric states of $^{113,123,125}\mathrm{Sn}$ and the isomeric state of $^{117}\mathrm{Sn}$. Using natural samples of Sn metal foils and high-resolution $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy, it was possible to determine a mutually consistent set of cross sections, particularly the small thermal cross sections leading to $11/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states. A detailed analysis of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emissions from irradiated Sn samples enabled us to make new and more precise determinations of the energies and intensities of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted in the decays of 40-min $^{123m}\mathrm{Sn}$ and 9.5-min $^{125m}\mathrm{Sn}$ and corresponding adjustments to the energy levels of ${}^{123,125}$Sb. The present results support the recently adopted revised value for the branching ratio of the 255.1-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray in the decay of $^{113}\mathrm{Sn}$. The presence of a $^{116m}\mathrm{In}$ impurity in our samples prompted a new determination of the energies and intensities of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted in its decay and of the energy levels in $^{116}\mathrm{Sn}$.
Over-Voltage Suppression Methods for the MMC-VSC-HVDC Wind Farm Integration System

In this brief, we study the cascading failure mitigation methods in the system where the remote large-scale wind farm is integrated to the bulk ac power system through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission based on voltage source converter (VSC) in modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology. We first analyze the over-voltage formation mechanism in the MMC-VSC-HVDC wind farm integration system after the short-circuit fault of an ac feed line, and find that the saturation of the integers in the PI controller are the main causes. Based on the analytical conclusions derived, we propose two improvement control strategies implemented in the MMC controller to suppress the over-voltage. We do simulations on a test case with PSCAD. Simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed methods in the suppression of over-voltage as well as the prevention of cascading failure in power systems.
The productivity and potential future recovery of the Bakken formation of North Dakota

Abstract The Bakken shale and similar formations in North Dakota are a new, poorly characterized resource and the oil production potential of North Dakota is highly uncertain. To better understand this resource, we employ a least squares curve fitting method on 5773 wells in the Bakken, drilled from 2005 to mid-2013, fitting each well with hyperbolic decline (HD) and stretched exponential (SE) decline models. We characterize well productivity by vintage and location. Additionally, we construct scenarios to simulate future production by varying individual well productivity, well spacing, and drilling rate. Using the HD model, a typical Bakken well drilled to date is expected to produce 270 mbbl (mean) or 221 mbbl (median) over a 15-year life. Using the SE model these figures are slightly lower: 231 mbbl (mean), 181 mbbl (median). Over our study period, the cumulative production in the first six months of a well’s life (IP180) increased and then remained steady. EURs increased until 2010 and have decreased since 2010. It appears that wells are becoming less productive over time, with the reasons not yet fully accounted for. Our base forecast has North Dakota producing at least 1 mmbbl/day for over 20 years, peaking at approximately 1.7 mmbbl/day in the mid-2020s. This period of high production can be shortened by faster-than-expected decline or extended by advances in technology.
Patterns of cancer family history and genetic counseling eligibility among African Americans with breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers: A Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors cohort study

BACKGROUND Family history (FH) remains one of the strongest risk factors for many common cancers and is used to determine cancer genetic counseling (CGC) eligibility, but the understanding of familial cancer patterns in African Americans is limited. METHODS This study evaluated cancer FH among African Americans with invasive breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, or colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) cohort. Associations between participant cancer type, site-specific FH, and meeting national guidelines for CGC were evaluated via logistic regression. Cancer FH patterns were evaluating via hierarchical clustering. RESULTS Among 1500 ROCS participants, 71% reported at least 1 first-degree relative or grandparent with cancer. FHs of breast cancer, CRC, lung cancer, and prostate cancer were most common among participants with the same diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] for breast cancer, 1.14; P < .001; OR for CRC, 1.08; P = .003; OR for lung cancer, 1.09; P = .008; OR for prostate cancer, 1.14; P < .001). Nearly half of the participants (47%) met national CGC guidelines, and 24.4% of these participants met CGC criteria on the basis of their cancer FH alone. FH was particularly important in determining CGC eligibility for participants with prostate cancer versus breast cancer (OR for FH vs personal history alone, 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-4.35; P < .001). In clustering analyses, breast and prostate cancer FH-defined clusters were common across all participants. Clustering of CRC and breast cancer FHs was also observed. CONCLUSIONS ROCS participants reported high rates of cancer FH. The high rate of eligibility for CGC among ROCS participants supports the need for interventions to increase referrals and uptake of CGC among African Americans.
Associations between neighborhood greenspace and brain imaging measures in non-demented older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Greater neighborhood greenspace has been associated with brain health, including better cognition and lower odds of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. We investigated associations between neighborhood greenspace and brain-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures and potential effect modification by sex or apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE), a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. We obtained a sample of non-demented participants 65 years or older (n = 1125) from the longitudinal, population-based Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Greenspace data were derived from the National Land Cover Dataset. Adjusted multivariable linear regression estimated associations between neighborhood greenspace five years prior to the MRI and left and right hippocampal volume and 10-point grades of ventricular size and burden of white matter hyperintensity. Interaction terms tested effect modification by APOE genotype and sex. CHS data (1989–1999) were obtained/analyzed in 2020. Participants were on average 79 years old [standard deviation (SD) = 4], 58% were female, and 11% were non-white race. Mean neighborhood greenspace was 38% (SD = 28%). Greater proportion of greenspace in the neighborhood five years before MRI was borderline associated with lower ventricle grade (estimate: − 0.30; 95% confidence interval: − 0.61, 0.00). We observed no associations between greenspace and the other MRI outcome measures and no evidence of effect modification by APOE genotype and sex. This study suggests a possible association between greater greenspace and less ventricular enlargement, a measure reflecting global brain atrophy. If confirmed in other longitudinal cohort studies, interventions and policies to improve community greenspaces may help to maintain brain health in older age.
Empires of Comparison

Comparison has long been central to imperial projects. This volume highlights not only the many ways these imperial comparisons took place, but also, crucially, the signal role that the United States played as a comparative case for German imperialist thinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As the authors of the Federalist Papers employed the Holy Roman Empire as one model for their emerging polity, German imperial intellectuals drew on the United States for their own later discussions of empire, both on the European continent and overseas.
Proliferating trichilemmal tumour of the eyelid in a 7-year-old girl

Proliferating trichilemmal tumours (PTTs) are rare cutaneous adnexal tumours derived from the hair shaft outer root sheath. We are reporting the first case of PTT in a young child. In this case, a 7-year-old girl presented with trichilemmal keratinisation consistent with PTT. The patient was monitored with no signs of recurrence. PTT is a rare tumour occurring primarily in adults and we present this case so that young patients with PTT can be diagnosed and treated appropriately with a painless, mobile, rapidly growing mass on the right upper eyelid. CT imaging showed well-circumscribed, heterogenous mass measuring 1.6 cm with fluid-filled appearance and no tissue invasion. Surgical excision was performed and pathology revealed an unencapsulated, well-demarcated tumour.
Estudo morfológico e eletroquímico do efeito de corrosão de eletrólito baseado em fertilizantes do tipo cloreto de potássio e ureia sobre substratos de aço estruturais SAE 1020 recobertos com filmes de dióxido de titânio crescidos via sputtering em gaiola catódica dupla

Filmes de titânio dopados e nao dopados com carbono foram depositados sobre substratos de aco SAE 1020 e substrato de vidro, utilizando a tecnica de sputtering em gaiola catodica dupla a fim de verificar a sua influencia sobre as propriedades fisicas estruturais, dureza, e de taxas de corrosao em meio saturado de fertilizantes do tipo cloreto de potassio e ureia obtidos na VALE S.A. Foi utilizado como atmosfera interna do reator apenas o hidrogenio, em um fluxo de 200 sccm, a uma temperatura 260 °C, com pressao de 0,7 Torr, por um tempo de 06 horas. Com uso de microscopia confocal foi possivel medir as espessuras dos filmes depositados sobre as superficies dos substratos. Ensaios eletroquimicos foram utilizados para polarizacao e identificacao das taxas de corrosao das amostras. A Microscopia Eletronica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva forneceu dados sobre a homogeneidade do filme e caracteristicas estruturais e sua morfologia. As medidas de dureza foram obtidas com a nanoindentacao instrumentada. De maneira geral, os filmes obtidos tiveram ganhos de resistencia a corrosao devido ao filme crescido de ate 597,71 ± 151 nm, resultando em reducao na taxa de corrosao em potenciais positivos. As amostras obtiveram ganhos de dureza acima de 17% no filme de titânio identificado no MEV, apresentando-se como alternativa vantajosa para aplicacao em ambientes de trabalho com fertilizantes. Palavras-chave: Titânio, Fertilizantes, Polarizacao, Nanodureza, Microscopia Confocal.
RF Canceller Tuning Acceleration Using Neural Network Machine Learning for In-Band Full-Duplex Systems

The fifth-generation wireless system framework provides the option to evaluate the performance of in-band full-duplex (IBFD) operation through flexible duplexing. The resulting self-interference, however, must be mitigated within a fraction of a symbol duration for successful communication. This paper introduces the use of neural network machine learning to accelerate the tuning of multi-tap adaptive RF cancellers. Additionally, the optimal network configurations, input data structures and training dataset densities that optimize the performance of this technique are presented. The tuning results of a prototype system using a two-tap canceller were measured over 20 and 100 MHz bandwidths centered at 2.5 GHz, and demonstrated averages of 40 dB cancellation and 6 tuning iterations. These results are compared to a survey of previously-reported adaptive cancellers, and illustrate that this novel application of machine learning to RF canceller tuning provides the fastest convergence speed to date, which can enable IBFD operation in dynamic interference environments.
Systematic reconstruction of an effector-gene network reveals determinants of Salmonella cellular and tissue tropism

Summary The minimal genetic requirements for microbes to survive within multiorganism communities, including host-pathogen interactions, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined targeted gene mutagenesis with phenotype-guided genetic reassembly to identify a cooperative network of SPI-2 T3SS effector genes that are sufficient for Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) to cause disease in a natural host organism. Five SPI-2 effector genes support pathogen survival within the host cell cytoplasm by coordinating bacterial replication with Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) division. Unexpectedly, this minimal genetic repertoire does not support STm systemic infection of mice. In vivo screening revealed a second effector-gene network, encoded by the spv operon, that expands the life cycle of STm from growth in cells to deep-tissue colonization in a murine model of typhoid fever. Comparison between Salmonella infection models suggests how cooperation between effector genes drives tissue tropism in a pathogen group.
A System for the Determination of Oxidation—Reduction Kinetics in Nonstoichiometric Metal Oxides

The chemical diffusion coefficient can be determined from measurements of the kinetics of oxidation or reduction of a nonstoichiometric metal oxide. To accomplish this thermogravimetrically when the homogeneity range of the oxide is small, all disturbing influences and sources of noise, such as gas-flow irregularities and temperature gradient variations, must be minimized. A system is described which delivers high gas flows at constant pressure and flow rate to the furnace and switches rapidly from one oxygen partial pressure to another with minimum disturbance to the Cahn RG Electrobalance® used. The importance of linear gas velocity and furnace geometry when using CO — CO2 mixtures is discussed and a satisfactory gas preheater is described. An example of the application of the apparatus to the reduction of MnO1+X in steps of Δx ≈ 0.2% is presented.
Investigation of the nonlinear behavior of a weakly-ionized plasma

Recent progress on the application of chaos theory to a steady-state magnetized plasma is reported. The research was conducted on a classical Penning discharge, which is inherently turbulent. However, by choosing appropriate boundary conditions, it was possible to produce relatively coherent modes. This was achieved by using a long cylindrical anode and a coaxial cathode. This arrangement creates a constant radial electric field along the axis, which in turn causes an E*B instability to develop in the edge region of the plasma. These modes can be damped or enhanced by varying the plasma parameters. Turbulence data were obtained by using a capacitive probe to measure the potential fluctuations. The study was conducted for the three different plasma cases. In each case a different parameter was varied. The parameters varied included that anode voltage, background pressure, and magnetic field strength. >
The magnetic mirror force in plasma fluid Models

In the past decade, there have been several attempts to include the magnetic mirror force in the equation of motion for a plasma in a fluid formalism. In the process, some confusion has been evident regarding when and how this should be done. This problem has been addressed in the literature, but these treatments appear to have been forgotten or misunderstood. The mathematical arguments are summarized so that the physical consequences are readily perceived. It is shown that for an isotropic plasma fluid, in the direction parallel or anti-parallel to a magnetic field, the forces associated with a diverging magnetic field cancel out. Only for anisotropies in the fluid properties does the diverging field influence the plasma dynamics.
Tests to Distinguish between “True” and “Faked” Maximum Muscle Strength Exertions*

A problem within the industrial setting for many years, has been that of determining whether certain injured workers were truly incapable of performing physically exertive tasks or whether they were exhibiting less than genuine exertions. Experiments were performed to provide testing criteria for this distinction. Six subjects were assigned to a “Maximal” group, and were asked to exert 50%, 75%, and 100% of their true maximum strength. Six different subjects were assigned to the “Submaximal” group and were asked to subjectively set a submaximal level of exertion and exhibit 50%, 75%, and 100% of this level. The experimenters were “blind”, in that they did not know to which group each subject was assigned. The data was analyzed to test two hypotheses. First, it was suspected that the variability of the Submaximal group would be greater, in relation to the percentage level of strength, as compared with the Maximal group. Second, the slope of the strength formation curve was believed to correlate with the pe...
Adding lighting and viewing effects to digital images

Real paintings are not truly flat but change subtly with variations in viewing direction. The pigments and painting layers also interact with the lighting environment, producing changes that range from subtle to quite dramatic. These effects are lacking in digital images. This paper describes a system that allows an artist to introduce, and control, a variety of lighting and viewing effects, such as specular reflection and refraction, through the use of additional images.
Use of sonication for in-well softening of semivolatile organic compounds

This project investigates the in-situ degradation of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using in-well sonication, in-well vapor stripping, and bioremediation. Pretreating groundwaters with sonication techniques in-situ would form VOCs that can be effectively removed by in-well vapor stripping and bioremediation. The mechanistic studies focus on the coupling of megasonics and ultrasonics to ''soften'' (i.e., partially degrade) the SVOCs; oxidative reaction mechanism studies; surface corrosion studies (on the reactor walls/well); enhancement due to addition of oxidants, quantification of the hydroxyl radical formation; identification/quantification of degradation products; volatility/degradability of the treated waters; development of a computer simulation model to describe combined in-well sonication/in-well vapor stripping/bioremediation; systems analysis/economic analysis; large laboratory-scale experiment verification; and field demonstration of the integrated technology. Benefits of this approach include: (1) Remediation is performed in-situ; (2) The treatment systems complement each other; their combination can drastically reduce or remove SVOCs and VOCs; (3) Ability to convert hard-to-degrade organics into more volatile organic compounds; (4) Ability to remove residual VOCs and ''softened'' SVOCs through the combined action of in-well vapor stripping and biodegradation; (5) Does not require handling or disposing of water at the ground surface; and (6) Cost-effective and improved efficiency, resulting in shortenedmore » clean-up times to remediate a site.« less
Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation

After summarizing Maxwell’s equations in Chapter 11, we are now ready to discuss their implications. In particular, we will deal directly or indirectly with the displacement current term in Maxwell’s equations.
Discovery of epigenetic biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of fetal disease.

Objectives The primary goal of this study was to identify CpG sites in the human genome that are differentially methylated in DNA obtained from chorionic villus samples (CVS) and gestational age-matched maternal blood cell (MBC) samples.
High-throughput engineering of infrared plasmonic nanoantenna arrays with nanostencil lithography

We demonstrate a novel fabrication approach for high-throughput fabrication of engineered infrared plasmonic nanorod antenna arrays with nanostencil lithography (NSL). NSL technique, relying on deposition of materials through a shadow mask, offers the flexibility and the resolution to radiatively engineer nanoantenna arrays for excitation of collective plasmonic resonances. As stencil, we use suspended silicon nitride membrane patterned with nanoapertures and fabricate nanorod antenna arrays. Our spectral measurements and electron microscopy images faithfully confirm the feasibility of NSL technique for large area patterning of nanorod antenna arrays with optical qualities achievable by electron-beam lithography. Furthermore, we show nanostencils can be reused multiple times to fabricate same structures repeatedly and reliably with identical optical responses. This capability is particularly useful when high-throughput replication of the optimized nanoparticle arrays is desired. In addition to its high-throughput capability, NSL permits fabrication of plasmonic devices on surfaces that are difficult to work with electron/ion beam techniques. Nanostencil lithography is a resist free process thus allows the transfer of the nanopatterns to any planar substrate whether it is conductive, insulating or magnetic. As proof of the versatility of the NSL technique, by simply changing the aperture pattern on the silicon nitride membrane, we show fabrication of plasmonic structures in variety of geometries and on different substrates. Nanostencil Lithography enables fabrication of plasmonic substrates supporting spectrally narrow far-field resonances with enhanced near-field intensities. Overlapping these collective plasmonic resonances with molecular specific absorption bands can enable ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy.
An Evaluation of Three Different Theories of Metaphor Production Through the Use of an Intentional Category Mistake Procedure

Three current theories of metaphor production, those of atribute matching, analogical reasoning, and Gestalt perceptual processing, were tested by asking subjects to compare famous people with various categories. Three sets of instructions were devised, each reflecting one of the major theories. Results showed that while subjects could make comparisons under all conditions, they found it significantly easier to work with Gestalt instructions than with either of the other two. Gestalt instructions also produced more novel metaphoric comparisons, with such responses judged to be no less apt than statistically more conventional comparisons. Similar results did not apply to metaphoric comparisons produced under the remaining two instructional conditions where statistically novel comparisons were judged to be less apt than their more conventional counterparts. A second study was run to control for possible demand property differences among the various instructional conditions. Even with these additional controls, results of the second study replicated all major findings reported in Experiment I. Implications of these findings for the production of metaphors in more natural contexts were discussed, as were implications for creative problem-solving. In both cases it was suggested that a direct, nonananalytic approach might be more useful in revealing unexpected and important relationships between concepts than would be the case for more analytic approaches usually stressed as optimum for either metaphor production or problem solving.
Modeling the interplay of single-stranded binding proteins and nucleic acid secondary structure

Motivation: There are many important proteins which bind single-stranded nucleic acids, such as the nucleocapsid protein in HIV and the RecA DNA repair protein in bacteria. The presence of such proteins can strongly alter the secondary structure of the nucleic acid molecules. Therefore, accurate modeling of the interaction between single-stranded nucleic acids and such proteins is essential to fully understand many biological processes. Results: We develop a model for predicting nucleic acid secondary structure in the presence of single-stranded binding proteins, and implement it as an extension of the Vienna RNA Package. All parameters needed to model nucleic acid secondary structures in the absence of proteins have been previously determined. This leaves the footprint and sequence-dependent binding affinity of the protein as adjustable parameters of our model. Using this model we are able to predict the probability of the protein binding at any position in the nucleic acid sequence, the impact of the protein on nucleic acid base pairing, the end-to-end distance distribution for the nucleic acid and FRET distributions for fluorophores attached to the nucleic acid. Availability: Source code for our modified version of the Vienna RNA package is freely available at http://bioserv.mps.ohio-state.edu/Vienna+P, implemented in C and running on Linux. Contact: bundschuh@mps.ohio-state.edu
VITAMIN K 1 AND VITAMIN K 2 STATUS OF FULL TEEM AND PRETERM INFANTS

There is little definitive information about vitamin (vit) k1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone) in newborns. We measured serum concentrations of K1 and fecal K1 and K2 in 25 full term (FT) infant/maternal pairs and 11 preterm (PT) infants (29-36 wks gestation) during the first week of life. In FT infants, mean maternal K1 (1.69±1.04 ng/ml) was higher (p 200 pg/g dry wt) were detected in 8/9 formula fed infants and 2/9 breast fed infants (p<0.025, Chi square). In NPO PT infants, fecal K1 and K2 were undetectable. We conclude : 1) Maternal K1 is higher but does not correlate with FT infant K1 at birth 2) There is a significant difference in cord blood vit K1 levels between FT and PT infants. 3) There is a marked difference in K1 and K2 in the stools of breast fed, formula fed, and NPO infants during the first week of life.