cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale strain and band structure engineering using epitaxial stressors on ultrathin silicon-on-insulator

Self-assembled, epitaxial nanocrystals can cause strain in the underlying substrate and locally alter its band structure. When the substrate is made very thin, these effects are considerably enhanced. We show that silicon-on-insulator (SOI), a composite of a thin, monocrystalline Si template supported by amorphous SiO 2 , approaches the ultimate limit of local strain accommodation-that of a free-standing, thin membrane-but has the mechanical robustness of a thick substrate. Ge nanocrystals grown coherently on SOI cause a significant local distortion, large band structure changes, and strong carrier confinement in the thin Si template. Nanoscale engineering of the electronic properties of thin Si is thus accomplished through the judicious growth of Ge nanocrystals on SOI.
Fabrication of Large Arrays of Plasmonic Nanostructures via Double Casting.

Large arrays of periodic nanostructures are widely used for plasmonic applications, including ultrasensitive particle sensing, optical nanoantennas, and optical computing; however, current fabrication processes (e.g., e-beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography) remain time consuming and expensive. Previously, researchers have utilized double casting methods to effectively fabricate large-scale arrays of microscale features. Despite significant progress, employing such techniques at the nanoscale has remained a challenge due to cracking and incomplete transfer of the nanofeatures. To overcome these issues, here we present a double casting methodology for fabricating large-scale arrays of nanostructures. We demonstrate this technique by creating large (0.5 cm × 1 cm) arrays of 150 nm nanoholes and 150 nm nanopillars from one silicon master template with nanopillars. To preclude cracking and incomplete transfer problems, a hard-PDMS/soft-PDMS (h-PDMS/s-PDMS) composite stamp was used to replicate the features from: (i) the silicon template, and (ii) the resulting PDMS template. Our double casting technique can be employed repeatedly to create positive and negative copies of the original silicon template as desired. By drastically reducing the cost, time, and labor associated with creating separate silicon templates for large arrays of different nanostructures, this methodology will enable rapid prototyping for diverse applications in nanotechnological fields.
A miniature MOSFET radiation dosimeter probe

Prototype miniature dosimeter probes have been designed, built, and characterized employing a small, radiation sensitive metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor(MOSFET) chip to measure, in vivo, the total accumulated dose and dose rate as a function of time after internal administration of long range beta particle radiolabeled antibodies and in external high energyphoton and electron beams. The MOSFETdetector is mounted on a long narrow alumina substrate to facilitate electrical connection. The MOSFET, alumina substrate, and lead wires are inserted into a 16 gauge flexineedle, which, in turn, may be inserted into tissue. The radiation dosimeter probe has overall dimensions of 1.6 mm diam and 3.5 cm length. The MOSFET probe signals are read, stored, and analyzed using an automated data collection and analysis system. Initially, we have characterized the probe’s response to long range beta particle emission from 90Y sources in solution and to high energyphoton and electron beams from linear accelerators. Since the prototype has a finite substrate thickness, the angular dependence has been studied using beta particle emission from a 90Sr source. Temperature dependence and signal drift have been characterized and may be corrected for. Measurements made in spherical volumes containing 90Y with diameters less than the maximum electron range, to simulate anticipated geometries in animal models, agree well with Berger point kernel and EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations. The results from the prototype probes lead to design requirements for detection of shorter range beta particles used in radioimmunotherapy and lower photonenergies used in brachytherapy.
Ion beam sputtering of ZnS thin films

Abstract Ion beam sputtering was used to deposit adherent high quality ZnS films non-reactively. The optical properties of films thicker than 80.0 nm were found to be equivalent to those of bulk ZnS with a packing density of unity. Unlike that of evaporated films, the refractive index was insensitive to the substrate temperature but for thinner films was dependent on the substrate condition prior to deposition. The deposition of fully dense films is qualitatively explained using Muller's model of ion-assisted deposition. In the case of ion beam sputtering, the high energy species comprise energetic sputtered atoms and/or molecules, reflected beam ions and charge exchange neutrals.
Direct Imaging of the Atomic Configuration of Ultradispersed Catalysts

Direct imaging of individual catalyst metal atoms on the insulating surface of an industrial support is demonstrated. Individual platinum and rhodium atoms ultradispersed on γ-Al2O3 supports were imaged by high-resolution Z-contrast (atomic number Z) microscopy in a 300-kilovolt scanning transmission electron microscope. Within small clusters, the configuration of the metal atoms was seen to be constrained to match the surface structure of the γ-Al2O3, from which likely surface adsorption sites were deduced. A thin, extended raft of rhodium atoms was observed, mostly corresponding to one monolayer. Occasional two-atom features suggested partial dissolution into the top layers of the γ-Al2O3 support.
Performance characteristics of the stable carrier sense multiple access protocols

Known results on stabilization of the infinite population, slotted, nonpersistent CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) and CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) protocols for packet broadcast channels are reviewed and summarized. Using these results, performance characteristics of the stabilized protocols are determined, the focus being on stability tradeoffs, throughput maximization, and delay vs. throughput as a function of channel and retransmission control parameters. It is found that both protocols are robust, i.e., remain stable, in the presence of large variations in these parameters. The effect is particularly dramatic for CSMA/CD.
Targeting inhibition of GluR1 Ser845 phosphorylation with an RNA aptamer that blocks AMPA receptor trafficking.

Phosphorylation at glutamate receptor subunit 1(GluR1) Ser845 residue has been widely accepted to involve in GluR1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking, but the in vivo evidence has not yet been established. One of the main obstacles is the lack of effective methodologies to selectively target phosphorylation at single amino acid residue. In this study, the Escherichia coli-expressed glutathione-S-transferase-tagged intracellular carboxyl-terminal domain of GluR1 (cGluR1) was phosphorylated by protein kinase A for in vitro selection. We have successfully selected aptamers which effectively bind to phospho-Ser845 cGluR1 protein, but without binding to phospho-Ser831 cGluR1 protein. Moreover, pre-binding of the unphospho-cGluR1 protein with these aptamers inhibits protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation at Ser845 residue. In contrast, the pre-binding of aptamer A2 has no effect on protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation at Ser831 residue. Importantly, the representative aptamer A2 can effectively bind the mammalian GluR1 that inhibited GluR1/GluR1-containing AMPA receptor trafficking to the cell surface and abrogated forskolin-stimulated phosphorylation at GluR1 Ser845 in both green fluorescent protein–GluR1-transfected human embryonic kidney cells and cultured rat cortical neurons. The strategy to use aptamer to modify single-residue phosphorylation is expected to facilitate evaluation of the potential role of AMPA receptors in various forms of synaptic plasticity including that underlying psychostimulant abuse.
Mechanism of change in permeability in living membranes.

AN important feature of many excitable cells is that their permeability to ions and even to large molecules such as aldolase depends on the potential difference across the cellular membrane1. Thus, in nerve fibres a depolarization leads to a transitory increase in sodium permeability (P Na), often followed by a slower development of an increase in potassium permeability (P K). More recent studies of skeletal2,3 and cardiac (Carmeliet, E., and Weidmann, S., personal communication) muscle have demonstrated an opposite relation between P K and membrane potential that has been designated ‘anomalous rectification’. The purpose of this communication is to point out the possibility that the mechanism of these changes in permeability may be related to that recently proposed on the basis of monomolecular film studies of drugs known to affect the ionic permeability of natural membranes4–6. This mechanism is based on recently demonstrated physico-chemical principles and is susceptible to experimental test.
Electrolyte Movement Across Canine Antral and Fundic Gastric Mucosa

Isosmotic HCl solutions containing a nonabsorbable dilution indicator were instilled into vagally denervated canine antral and fundic pouches to study the comparative rates of electrolyte flux across the gastric surface epithelium from these two areas. Similar changes occurred in both pouches but hydrogen loss, sodium gain, and fluid entry were two to three times greater in the antrum; potassium entry was 10 to 12 times greater. Measurement of surface area of two antral, one "mixed," and one fundic pouch suggest an even greater difference between the relative rates of electrolyte movement across these two types of gastric surface epithelium. Neither a cationic exchange of hydrogen for sodium nor dilution and neutralization by entering bicarbonate can alone account for the hydrogen ion loss. A combination of mechanisms, some as yet unknown, appears more likely. This increased antral permeability may be related to the physiological inhibition of gastrin release and the increased susceptibility of the antral mucosa to acid-peptic ulceration. The present data suggest that a significant portion of potassium appearing in gastric juice collected from the whole stomach enters through some component of the gastric mucosa other than parietal cells.
Use of Methane Monitors for Estimating Face Gas Conditions

Abstract A laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of three monitoring schemes for estimating average face methane concentration in a blowing face ventilation system. The first scheme used the methane readings from an offside monitor located 1.2 m from the cutting head. This is the typical position of a machine-mounted methanometer. The second scheme used the readings taken at the exhaust location for the machine-mounted dust scrubber. The third scheme used the numerical average of the offside and scrubber readings. The effectiveness of each monitoring scheme was gauged by how well the three monitoring schemes estimated the average face concentration. The average face methane concentration was measured by methane monitors placed near the face. Averaging the offside and scrubber readings provided the best estimate of the average face concentration. Factors affecting monitoring errors were also analyzed. The results show that errors in estimating average face gas levels are influenced primarily by m...
Genetics of atopic allergy and reagin production.

Summary Certain allergic diseases appear to be associated in certain individuals and families. These are asthma (both allergic and intrinsic), allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema and possibly vasomotor rhinitis, urticaria and bonafide food allergy. Multiple factors, both genetic and environmental are involved in the generation of these diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated two distinct kinds of genetic controls of IgE antibody formation in inbred mice. One of these has also been shown to exist in man, and appears necessary but not sufficient for the generation of ragweed hay fever. This is the Ir-antigen E gene(s) which permits the individual to recognize low concentrations of antigen E as antigens. Atopic diseases are based on many genetic and environmental factors. Some factors are unique for individual diseases, and some (one or a small number) are probably common to all. The latter are not clearly appreciated as yet, although mucosal permeability factors and B-adrenergic blockade factors have been suggested. Understanding of the genetic controls of atopy will require studies on the many individual factors involved in atopy, their function, their genetic transmission and their interplay in the causation of atopic diseases.
On the maximum number of isosceles right triangles in a finite point set

Let Q be a finite set of points in the plane. For any set P of points in the plane, SQ(P) denotes the number of similar copies of Q contained in P. For a fixed n, Erdýos and Purdy asked to determine the maximum possible value of SQ(P), denoted by SQ(n), over all sets P of n points in the plane. We consider this problem when Q = △ is the set of vertices of an isosceles right triangle. We give exact solutions when n ≤ 9, and provide new upper and lower bounds for S△(n).
Genre awareness for the novice academic student: An ongoing quest

Genre, the most social constructivist of literacy concepts, has been theorized and variously applied to pedagogies by three major ‘schools’: the New Rhetoric, English for Specific Purposes, and Systemic Functional Linguistics. In this paper, I will discuss my long, and ongoing, search for a pedagogy drawn from genre theories for novice academic students. With others, I am trying to find or develop an approach that is coherent and accessible to students while still promoting rhetorical flexibility and genre awareness. I will first define and problematize the term genre. Then, I will briefly discuss what each of the three genre ‘schools’ can offer to novice students ‐ as well as their pedagogical shortcomings. Finally, I will suggest two promising approaches to teaching genre awareness: learning communities and ‘macro-genres’.
Enhanced higher order MoM-PO modeling using multiple reflections in the PO region

This paper proposes a higher order MoM-PO technique with enhanced accuracy in the PO region based on a multiple-bounce improvement of the solution for PO currents. According to this new technique, the solution for PO current coefficients is computed as the initial solution obtained from the MoM current coefficients within the MoM-PO interaction process plus the contribution from multiple bounces within the PO region using PO-PO interactions only, in a number of iterative steps. The hybrid solution is further improved by nesting a PO-PO multiple reflection procedure within every iteration in an overall iterative process covering the entire MoM-PO computational domain, with multiple reflections between MoM and PO currents.
Antiangiogenic therapy through copper chelation

As new compounds are being evaluated for use in clinical trials involving antiangiogenic therapies, two important factors must be considered. Independent of clinical efficacy, the potential drug must be cost-effective and have reasonable ease of production. The compound endostatin (Entremed, Inc.) has recently completed two Phase I trials with minimal toxicity to the patients treated [1,2]. However, due to the difficulty and expense of producing large quantities of a recombinant protein, Entremed Inc. has experienced financial difficulties [3]. As this company's fate indicates, a drug must not only be clinically effective, but must also possess reasonable production economics. Another interesting component of compound development is selectivity. Highly selective antiangiogenic compounds such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU-5416 are being replaced by less selective compounds such as SU-6668, which acts on a broader spectrum of tyrosine kinase receptors [4]. This move towards using less selective antiangiogenic compounds is based on preclinical models that demonstrate both better clinical efficacy when using less specific molecules and low response rates from the more selective compounds. With the aim of further examining broadly-acting antiangiogenic agents, the authors are currently evaluating new classes of agents that preferentially bind copper and inhibit angiogenesis. Copper has been known to be a significant target for antiangiogenic therapy for a number of years [5]. Recently, through the use of molecular techniques, the target enzymes that utilise copper as a cofactor are being elucidated. This review will describe the historical use of anticopper therapy for the treatment of Wilson's disease and evaluate some of the new anticopper compounds currently under consideration for use in antiangiogenic therapy.
Perilesional and topical interferon alfa-2b for conjunctival and corneal neoplasia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the role of combined subconjunctival and topical interferon alfa-2b (IFNα2b) in the treatment of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Design Noncomparative case series. Participants Six patients with histologically proven CIN or recurrences of histologically proven CIN were studied prospectively. Intervention Patients were given a single subconjunctival/perilesional injection of recombinant IFNα2b (Schering Plough, Kenilworth, NJ) 3 million international units (IU) in 0.5 ml and then started receiving topical interferon drops (1 million U/ml) four times a day. Patients were followed weekly until complete resolution of the tumor. After 1 week, patients with minimal response while receiving topical therapy were retreated with perilesional injections three times a week until resolution. Patients received topical interferon drops for a month after clinical resolution of the lesion. Main outcome measures Patients were followed clinically and photographically for evidence of tumor resolution. Results The authors present a series of six patients who were treated successfully with a combination of subconjunctival/perilesional and topical IFNα2b. All six patients had complete clinical resolution of the CIN lesion within 6 weeks of initiation of treatment. In the time of follow-up (average, 7.2 months; range, 2–11 months), there have been no treatment failures or recurrences. Conclusion IFNα2b may be a viable medical alternative to surgical excision for primary or recurrent CIN.
Abnormal Processing of Social Information from Faces in Autism

Autism has been thought to be characterized, in part, by dysfunction in emotional and social cognition, but the pathology of the underlying processes and their neural substrates remain poorly understood. Several studies have hypothesized that abnormal amygdala function may account for some of the impairments seen in autism, specifically, impaired recognition of socially relevant information from faces. We explored this issue in eight high-functioning subjects with autism in four experiments that assessed recognition of emotional and social information, primarily from faces. All tasks used were identical to those previously used in studies of subjects with bilateral amygdala damage, permitting direct comparisons. All subjects with autism made abnormal social judgments regarding the trustworthiness of faces; however, all were able to make normal social judgments from lexical stimuli, and all had a normal ability to perceptually discriminate the stimuli. Overall, these data from subjects with autism show some parallels to those from neurological subjects with focal amygdala damage. We suggest that amygdala dysfunction in autism might contribute to an impaired ability to link visual perception of socially relevant stimuli with retrieval of social knowledge and with elicitation of social behavior.
Coulomb gap: how a metal film becomes an insulator

Electron tunneling measurements of the density of states (DOS) in ultrathin Be films reveal that a correlation gap mediates their insulating behavior. In films with sheet resistance $Rl5000\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ the correlation singularity appears as the usual perturbative $\mathrm{ln}(V)$ zero bias anomaly (ZBA) in the DOS. As R is increased further, however, the ZBA grows and begins to dominate the DOS spectrum. This evolution continues until a nonperturbative $|V|$ Efros-Shklovskii Coulomb gap spectrum finally emerges in the highest R films. Transport measurements of films which display this gap are well described by a universal variable range hopping law $R(T)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(h/{2e}^{2})\mathrm{exp}({T}_{0}/T{)}^{1/2}$.
Kinetic traps in the folding/unfolding of procaspase-1 CARD Domain

We have examined the folding and unfolding of the caspase recruitment domain of procaspase-1 (CP1-CARD), a member of the α-helical Greek key protein family. The equilibrium folding/unfolding of CP1-CARD is described by a two-state mechanism, and the results show CP1-CARD is marginally stable with a ΔGH2O of 1.1 ± 0.2 kcal/mole and an m-value of 0.65 ± 0.06 kcal/mole/M (10 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, 25°C). Consistent with the equilibrium folding data, CP1-CARD is a monomer in solution when examined by size exclusion chromatography. Single-mixing stopped-flow refolding and unfolding studies show that CP1-CARD folds and unfolds rapidly, with no detectable slow phases, and the reactions appear to reach equilibrium within 10 msec. However, double jump kinetic experiments demonstrate the presence of an unfolded-like intermediate during unfolding. The intermediate converts to the fully unfolded conformation with a half-time of 10 sec. Interrupted refolding studies demonstrate the presence of one or more nativelike intermediates during refolding, which convert to the native conformation with a half-time of about 60 sec. Overall, the data show that both unfolding and refolding processes are slow, and the pathways contain kinetically trapped species.
Squamous odontogenic tumor.

Squamous odontogenic tumor is a rare, benign Radiographically, many of the reported cases have epithelial odontogenic tumor first described by Pullon et al in 1975 [1]. Before this study was published, the tumor was reported under a variety of names, such as ‘‘benign epithelial odontogenic tumor,’’ ‘‘acanthomatous ameloblastoma,’’ ‘‘acanthomatous ameloblastic fibroma,’’ ‘‘hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of residual odontogenic epithelium’’ and ‘‘benign odontogenic tumor, unclassified.’’ Only a few dozen cases have been documented in the literature [2]. This article references only studies in which the supporting photomicrographs demonstrate typical squamous odontogenic tumor. Some case reports seem to represent the desmoplastic variant of conventional ameloblastoma and are not included in the list of references. The histogenesis of squamous odontogenic tumor may be multifactorial. Rests of Malassez is the source of the epithelial proliferation for lesions that are associated with the alveolar process adjacent to the lateral root surface of the teeth [1–3], and dental lamina may be the source for lesions that developed in association with the crowns of unerupted or impacted teeth [2–4]. Surface stratified squamous epithelium and rests of Serres have been cited as the sources of the extraosseous variant [2]. Squamous odontogenic tumor has occurred over a wide age range, and the reported incidence peaks in the third decade of life. There is a slight male preponderance, and the mandible commonly is involved. Several case studies represented multiple lesions in the same individual [5–8], and one report described multicentric disease in three siblings [9].
In vivo confocal microscopy of corneal nerves: analysis and clinical correlation

Corneal confocal microscopy is a growing technique for the study of the cornea at the cellular level, providing images comparable to ex vivo histochemical methods. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) has an enormous potential, being a noninvasive procedure that images the living cornea, to study both its physiological and pathological states. Corneal nerves are of great interest to clinicians and scientists due to their important roles in regulating corneal sensation, epithelial integrity, proliferation, wound healing, and for their protective functions. IVCM enables the noninvasive examination of corneal nerves, allowing the study of nerve alterations in different ocular diseases, after corneal surgery, and in systemic diseases. To date, the correlation of sub-basal corneal nerves and their function has been studied in normal eyes, keratoconus, dry eye, contact lens wearers, and in neurotrophic keratopathy, among others. Further, the effect of corneal surgery on nerves has been studied, demonstrating the regenerative capacity of corneal nerves and the recovery of sensation. Moreover, IVCM has been applied in the diagnosis of peripheral diabetic neuropathy and the assessment of progression in this systemic disease. The purpose of this review is to describe the principles, applications, and clinical correlation of IVCM in the study of corneal nerves in different ocular and systemic diseases.
Ephraim McDowell. Father of abdominal surgery.

Humility and educated manners abounded in the character and personality of Ephraim McDowell (1771–1830). Of Virginian stock and Scottish/Irish ancestry, he spent the majority of his professional li...
Doppler ultrasound in vascular surgery.

Doppler ultrasound was first introduced into the study of arterial and venous disorders in 1966. The devices currently used in clinical practice are continuous wave systems which, in their simplest form, are pocket-sized units. Instruments with the capability of distinguishing the direction of flow are also available. The signal may be processed for audio use, or an analogue recording can be made of the Doppler frequency shift. The described clinical information will, in large part, dictate the type of equipment used.
On monomial graphs of girth eight

Let e be a positive integer, p be an odd prime, q=p^e, and F"q be the finite field of q elements. Let f"2,f"3@?F"q[x,y]. The graph G=G"q(f"2,f"3) is a bipartite graph with vertex partitions P=F"q^3 and L=F"q^3, and edges defined as follows: a vertex (p)=(p"1,p"2,p"3)@?P is adjacent to a vertex [l]=[l"1,l"2,l"3] if and only ifp"2+l"2=f"2(p"1,l"1)andp"3+l"3=f"3(p"1,l"1). Motivated by some questions in finite geometry and extremal graph theory, we ask when G has no cycle of length less than eight, i.e., has girth at least eight. When f"2 and f"3 are monomials, we call G a monomial graph. We show that for p>=5, and e=2^a3^b, a monomial graph of girth at least eight has to be isomorphic to the graph G"q(xy,xy^2), which is an induced subgraph of the classical generalized quadrangle W(q). For all other e, we show that a monomial graph is isomorphic to a graph G"q(xy,x^ky^2^k), with 1=
Exposure of Intensive Care Unit Nurses to Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide During Therapeutic Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Adults With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• BACKGROUND Although low concentrations of inhaled nitric oxide may by therapeutic, both nitric oxide and its oxidation product nitrogen dioxide are potentially toxic. The threshold limits for timeweighted average concentrations of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide issued by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists are 25 and 3 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of these gases in the breathing space of hospital personnel during administration of nitric oxide to adult patients have not been reported. • METHODS Air was sampled from the breathing zone of intensive care unit nurses via collar-mounted tubes during the nurses’ routine duties attending patients who were receiving inhaled nitric oxide at 5 or 20 ppm. The exhaust ports of the mechanical ventilators were left open to the room. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide were chemically assayed as nitrite from sorbent tubes by using spectrophotometry. Ambient nitric oxide levels were measured at sequential distances from the ventilator by using chemiluminescence. • RESULTS The time-weighted average concentrations of inspired gas for nurses during inhaled nitric oxide treatment were 0.45 ppm or less for nitric oxide and less than 0.29 ppm for nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide levels at the ventilator during delivery at 20 ppm were 9.2 ppm, but dropped off markedly beyond 0.6 m (2 ft), to a mean of about 30 ppb. • CONCLUSION Inhaled nitric oxide therapy at doses up to 20 ppm does not appear to pose a risk of excessive occupational exposure to nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide to nurses during routine delivery of critical care. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11:147-153)
Mineralocorticoid treatment attenuates activation of oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons by icv ANG II.

Central oxytocin (OT) neurons limit intracerebroventricular (icv) ANG II-induced NaCl intake. Because mineralocorticoids synergistically increase ANG II-induced NaCl intake, we hypothesized that mi...
A New Species of Pteropsaron (Teleostei: Trichonotidae: Hemerocoetinae) from the Western Pacific, with Notes on Related Species

Abstract Pteropsaron springeri, new species, is described from 18 specimens collected from the Philippines and Indonesia. It differs from all other species of the Pteropsaron/Osopsaron complex in that the first dorsal fin has only three spines and is displaced anteriorly to lie over the posterior end of the occiput. The proximal ends of the pterygiophores lie against the second and third neural arches, which are bent forward to form horizontal processes that accommodate the pterygiophores. Based on a synapomorphy in the suspensorium, we suggest that the relationships of Pteropsaron and related genera (subfamily Hemerocoetinae) lie with the Creediidae and Trichonotidae, and not with the Percophidae, where they have traditionally been placed. An abbreviated key is provided to the family Trichonotidae as we construe it, which contains three subfamilies: the Creediinae, Hemerocoetinae, and Trichonotinae. We tentatively recognize eight genera in the Hemerocoetinae: Hemerocoetes, and the “Pteropsaron-like” gene...
The now and future therapy of the non-Sjögren's dry eye.

The National Eye Institute/Industry Workshop Classification for Dry Eye was developed to coordinate clinical research in dry eye, but also provides a framework to consider the various therapeutic options for managing dry eye disease.1 This classification differentiates between evaporative and tear-deficient dry eye, although it is important to recognize that both mechanisms for development of dry eye may occur in any given patient. Traditional therapy for the dry eye has concentrated on tear replacement with a variety of topical solutions. As our understanding of the structure and function of the tearfilm has improved, so has our knowledge of the important interactions this tearfilm has with the eyelid and the ocular surface.2 We are able to appreciate the variety of ocular conditions that can produce or aggravate dry eye, and with this appreciation we can develop a practical strategy for its management.3 This discussion proposes some therapeutic principles for the treatment of dry eye, and summarizes the things we presently do to treat dry eye, and then identifies new strategies that should soon be available for dry eye therapy. An important caveat before any treatment is employed, however, is that the patient must be fully educated as to the nature and characteristics of his/her dry eye disorder in order to assure understanding of the goals of therapy and to stimulate compliance with the recommended treatment.
The primacy of size-age dimension over familial relationships in shock-elicited aggression in rats

In a shock-elicited fighting situation, young rats tested between 34 and 47 days of age exhibited significantly more attacks when paired with a littermate as compared with a natural or a surrogate mother. Attack suppression occurred during the initial test sessions only for the natural mother paired with her young when contrasted with the number of encounters between the young and the surrogate mother.
2013 ACC/AHA GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATION ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL REVISITED: PERCENT LDL-C REDUCTION OR ATTAINED LDL-C LEVEL OR BOTH FOR PROGNOSIS?

The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol recommends moderate to high intensity statins for patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease but departs from the traditional treat to target approach. Whether percentage LDL-C reduction or attained LDL-C levels add incremental
Odor-based discrimination between noncontiguous demes of wild mus

House mice ( Mus musculus ) avoid odors of members of neighboring social groups, or demes, with which they share common territorial boundaries. I investigated reactions of mice to air-transported odors of whole-body, urine, and feces. Mice were given a choice between fresh air and either air-transported odors of members of their own deme or those of another deme with which they had not had prior contact. Mice spent more time near odors of members of their own deme and avoided odors of members of the unfamiliar deme. In addition, mice spent more time in contact with urine and feces originating from members of their own group than those of unfamiliar-deme members. Generally, mice avoid odors of members of other social groups. Prior contact between groups or their physical proximity is not required for avoidance to occur. Recognition of group-odor complexes may be a factor in population dynamics of rodents.
Control of Certain Cotton Pests with Union Carbide UC-21149

In-furrow treatments with Union Carbide UC-21149 (2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime, applied as Temik®, a 10% granular formulation, at 1 lb/acre at planting effectively controlled the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, until the plants began to square; as a sidedressing, it was as effective against the boll weevil as sprays of carbaryl and azinphosmethyl. Also, sidedressing with UC-21149 controlled light infestations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. It was ineffective against the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). The toxicant did not adversely affect fruiting, germination, percentage of lint, seed index, or fiber quality.
Egg Distribution as a Factor in Suppressing the Green Peach Aphid by Pruning

Studies through 3 winter seasons indicated that when the density of the over wintering population of eggs of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on peach trees was low, pruning removed a higher percentage of the eggs than when population density was high, because more eggs were laid close to the tip of the twigs. When the density was high, more eggs were laid on the multiple buds which are situated farther back from tips. Hand pruning could remove about 66–84% of the eggs, but unless the prunings on the ground were disposed of before hatch, nymphs could rein-fest the trees.
A reasoning broker framework for OWL

Semantic applications that utilise OWL ontologies can benefit from a broad range of OWL reasoning systems, which allow for the inference of implicit knowledge from explicitly given facts and axioms. Different OWL reasoners, however, specialise in different reasoning problems or kinds of ontologies, and hence perform differently in certain reasoning scenarios. This paper presents a reasoning broker framework, which connects to different existing reasoning systems and intelligently delegates reasoning requests. The behaviour of the broker is controlled by exchangeable and configurable broker strategies featuring selection and parallelisation of reasoners, centralised caching, simulated anytime reasoning, and various other potential features. A first experiment shows performance improvement for a sequence of queries compared to the use of different single reasoners.
Neonatal Herpes: Incidence, Prevention, and Consequences

The incidence, prevention (by cesarean section), and severe consequences (particularly mortality) of neonatal herpes were appraised. The incidence rate of neonatal herpes should be around one in every 15,000 deliveries with a range of one in 7,500 to 30,000 deliveries. Cesarean section for pregnancies exposed to herpes simplex virus fails to prevent newborns from acquiring neonatal herpes. The mortality rate of herpes patients could be around 25% if a better reporting and diagnostic system were available.
Influence of health resort treatment on insulin and C-peptide concentration in girls with insulin-dependent diabetes

The influence of treatment in health resorts on the behaviour of C-peptide and insulin concentrations was evaluated in serum and urine of diabetics. The group examined comprised 68 girls with insulin-dependent diabetes estimated by radioimmunological methods. The study was carried out during and after health resort treatment. C-peptide initial concentrations constituted the basis for the examined and comparative group division into the following sub-groups: A--C-peptide secretion within standard limits, B--C-peptide trace secretion, and C--patients whose C-peptide concentrations were not determined. After health resort treatment a statistically significant difference of C-peptide secretion was found in serum in the groups with the well preserved secretion and that with only traces of C-peptides. A statistically significant difference in insulin concentrations was also found. Summing up, after health resort treatment of insulin-dependent diabetics with preserved only insignificant secretion of endogenous C-peptide, the secretion of this hormone increased.
THE BENEFITS OF LAPAROSCOPIC ANTIREFLUX SURGERY FOR THE TREATMENT OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

In the U.S., more then 10% of adults have symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is caused by the combination of incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and sliding hiatal hernia. Most symptoms of this disease are mild and they do not require treatment. However, severe conditions such as esophageal erosion, ulceration, stricture, asthma due to aspiration and chronic respiratory infections require medical or surgical managements. Most patients can be effectively treated with traditional medical management utilizing dietary modification, weight loss, raising the head of the bed, antacids, H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. Recently, though, it has been proven that long-term relief may be achieved more efficiently with antireflux surgery or Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Since 1993, a total of 80 patients with advanced GERD have undergone laparoscopic nissen fundoplication at the United Hospital Center in Clarksburg, W.Va., and the results have been excellent. In addition, the hospital charges for patients having laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are much less than for those who undergo open procedure and the recuperation time is much shorter.
Improving Metabolic Pathway Efficiency by Statistical Model-Based Multivariate Regulatory Metabolic Engineering

Metabolic engineering entails target modification of cell metabolism to maximize the production of a specific compound. For empowering combinatorial optimization in strain engineering, tools and algorithms are needed to efficiently sample the multidimensional gene expression space and locate the desirable overproduction phenotype. We addressed this challenge by employing design of experiment (DoE) models to quantitatively correlate gene expression with strain performance. By fractionally sampling the gene expression landscape, we statistically screened the dominant enzyme targets that determine metabolic pathway efficiency. An empirical quadratic regression model was subsequently used to identify the optimal gene expression patterns of the investigated pathway. As a proof of concept, our approach yielded the natural product violacein at 525.4 mg/L in shake flasks, a 3.2-fold increase from the baseline strain. Violacein production was further increased to 1.31 g/L in a controlled benchtop bioreactor. We found that formulating discretized gene expression levels into logarithmic variables (Linlog transformation) was essential for implementing this DoE-based optimization procedure. The reported methodology can aid multivariate combinatorial pathway engineering and may be generalized as a standard procedure for accelerating strain engineering and improving metabolic pathway efficiency.
Exploratory Study of Health Information Seeking

As a class project, 30 individuals were interviewed on health information seeking. The majority turned to Google; half of all participants reported their first source answered their question adequa...
Advances in the Neuropsychological Bases of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

The past several decades have witnessed significant advances in the area of child neuropsychology. These advances have increased our knowledge base in developmental neuropsychology (e.g., Halperin, McKay, Matier, & Sharma, 1994; Molfese, 1995); pediatric neuropathology such as lead poisoning (Bellinger, 1995), cancers (Stehbens & Cool, 1994), childhood dementias (Shapiro & Klein, 1994), meningitis (Taylor, Schatschneider, & Rich, 1992), and traumatic brain injuries (Snow & Hooper, 1994); neuro-developmental disorders such as learning disabilities (Feagans, Short, & Meltzer, 1991; Hooper and Willis, 1989; Rourke, 1985), mental retardation, and autism (Hooper, Boyd, Hynd, & Rubin, 1993); neuropsychological assessment strategies across the age range from infancy through adolescence (Aylward, 1993; Forster & Leckliter, 1995; Hooper, 1991; Korkman, 1995); and most important, treatment (Bakker, Licht, & Kappers, 1995; Korkman & Peltomaa, 1993; Newby, Recht, & Caldwell, 1993; Ylvisaker, Szekeres, & Hartwick, 1992).
Erratum to: Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of qHD5, a novel major QTL with pleiotropism for yield-related traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

A major QTL for heading date, qHD5, was fine-mapped to a 52.59-kb region on the short arm of rice chromosome 5. Heading date (HD) is one of the most important traits that enables rice to adapt to seasonal differences and specific growth conditions in diverse growing regions. In this study, a major-effect quantitative trait locus (QTL), qHD5, was resolved as a single Medelian factor that causes NIL(BG1) and NIL(XLJ) (two near-isogenic lines (NILs) used in our study) to have at a minimum of 10-day difference in HD under both long-day and short-day conditions in rice. qHD5 was initially mapped to a 309.52-kb genomic region in our previous study. Here, using an advanced BC4F3 population and map-based cloning, we further narrowed the location of qHD5 to a 52.59-kb region between the H71 and RD502 markers. Sequence analysis revealed that Os05g03040, which putatively encodes an AP2 (APETALA2) transcription factor, has six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between NIL(BG1) and NIL(XLJ). On this basis, this gene was concluded to be the most probable candidate gene for qHD5. Our results also showed that Hd3a, RFT1, Hd1, Ehd1, and Ghd7 were differentially expressed in the two NILs. Moreover, qHD5 was found to affect yield-related traits such as flag leaf width, flag leaf length, branch number, and 1000-grain weight.
Sensory-Motor Manifold Structure Induced by Task Outcome: Experiments with Robonaut

Experiments were performed with Robonaut to determine if repeated teleoperation through a task could delineate a manifold in the robot's sensory-motor state-space (SMSS) that was separable by the outcome of the task. A teleoperator guided the robot through 13 trials of a pick and place task. By design, in 5 of the trials were successful and 8 were not. A time series of instantaneous sensory-motor state vectors was recorded at 8Hz from the robot throughout the trials. Support vector machine (SVM) analysis suggested that the individual vectors were separable with a 70% probability if both sensory and motor information were used. The analysis revealed, however, little structural information beyond the promise of reasonable separability. Therefore, dimensionality reduction techniques were applied. These embed high-dimensional vectors into a lower dimensional space where patterns may be discernible. Singular value decomposition, multidimensional scaling, and spatio-temporal isomap (STI) analysis of the time series revealed a 3D structure within the SMSS that was dependent on, and separable by task outcome. An STI embedding generated by 2 successful and 4 unsuccessful trials was seen to be sufficient for the projection and classification of the remaining trials. A comparison of that result with the SVM classification demonstrated that STI outperformed SVM. It is conjectured that STI's reliance on the temporal evolution of the time-series gave it the advantage over the SVM analysis which was time independent. It was also found that Robonaut's haptic sensory data degraded the outcome separability if used without processing. However, lateral inhibition of the haptic signals significantly enhanced separability in both the SVM and STI analyses
Report of the ALCTS Metadata Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Annual Conference. Orlando, June 2016

The ALCTS Metadata Interest Group (MIG) held its second biannual meeting of the year at the 2016 ALA Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida. The session began with two presentations and was followed...
Pharmacogenomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Roles in Personalized Medicines

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of genetic variations in drug response. In the study of pharmacogenomics, one can relate variations in drug exposure and/or drug response (pharmacology) to the variations in genes (genomics). An administered drug may fail to work for one patient, but show the expected result for another. In some cases a drug may work well for a larger group of patients, while causing a subset of patients to experience unexpected or severe side effects. These adverse drug reactions can be harmful and sometimes deadly. Factors such as the environment, diet, age, lifestyle and co-morbid conditions all may influence the individual’s response to drugs. Each is covered in this chapter with an eye towards how best to administer drug to individual patients.
Financial and Regulatory Drivers in Health Care

The landscape of medicine in the United States is changing. The traditional concept of volume has shifted to one of improving quality of care with care being provided at the right time in the most cost-effective setting. A hospital stay is no longer an episode of care; rather it is part of the continuum of care for every patient. To help drive this change, many financial and regulatory incentives and penalty programs or “Pay for Performance programs” are being developed and implemented nationally. This chapter will review these changes and highlight how hospitalists are well positioned to help lead the change.
Recovering Selenium From Sandstone Ores of New Mexico

Investigation has shown that the selenium-bearing sandstone ores from the Morrison and Galisteo formations of New Mexico are amenable to simple froth-flotation procedures. This article discusses the technical and economic aspects of the process.