cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of tooth loss with morbidity and mortality by diabetes status in older adults: a systematic review.

Objective This systematic review assesses the association of tooth loss (TL), as the exposure, with morbidity and mortality by diabetes mellitus (DM) status, as the outcome, in older adults.
Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom.

1. How to discourage creative thinking in the classroom Raymond S. Nickerson 2. Teaching for creativity in an era of content standards and accountability John Baer and Tracey Garrett 3. Developing creative productivity in young people through the pursuit of ideal acts of learning Joseph S. Renzulli and Catharina F. de Wet 4. Creativity: a look outside the box in classrooms Alexinia Young Baldwin 5. Using constraints to develop creativity in the classroom Patricia D. Stokes 6. Infusing creative and critical thinking into the curriculum together Elizabeth Fairweather and Bonnie Cramond 7. The five core attitudes, seven I's, and general concepts of the creative process Jane Piirto 8. Learning for creativity R. Keith Sawyer 9. Broadening conceptions of creativity in the classroom Ronald A. Beghetto and James C. Kaufman 10. Everyday creativity in the classroom: a trip through time with seven suggestions Ruth Richards 11. Education based on a parsimonious theory of creativity Mark A. Runco 12. Roads not taken, new roads to take: looking for creativity in the classroom Thomas Skiba, Mei Tan, Robert J. Sternberg and Elena L. Grigorenko 13. Creativity in mathematics teaching: a Chinese perspective Weihua Niu and Zheng Zhou 14. Possibility thinking and wise creativity: educational futures in England Anna Craft 15. When intensity goes to school: overexcitabilities, creativity, and the gifted child Susan Daniels and Michael M. Piechowski 16. Intrinsic motivation and creativity in the classroom: have we come full circle? Beth A. Hennessey 17. Attitude change as the precursor to creativity enhancement Jonathan A. Plucker and Gayle T. Dow 18. Creativity in college classrooms Diane F. Halpern 19. Teaching for creativity Robert J. Sternberg 20. Creativity in the classroom coda: 20 key points and other insights James C. Kaufman and Ronald A. Beghetto.
The Law Gone Awry: Bernstein v. Van Heyghen Freres

THE recurrent judicial aberration against which the legal diagnostician Cardozo thus warned' is graphically exemplified in the farreaching decision of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in the case of Bernstein v. Van Heyghen Frlres.2 The criticism that this case has evoked has been spontaneous, widespread and continuous.3 No disinterested voice has defended it in its essential aspects. For spiritual precedent, it recalls the Dred Scott decision,4 an equally labored attempt to justify the unjustifiable. In its philosophy it upholds at its most nefarious extreme the doctrine of the state versus the individual, in sharp conflict with historic American championship of the individual as against state usurpation, and with present-day American resistance to totalitarianism. It is appropriate, therefore, now that some time has elapsed, to review comprehensively the foundations upon which this decision rests, as well as its full implications. Bernstein v. Van Heyghen involved the right of an American citizen5 to secure redress in an American court for an extortion practiced
Real and Nominal Equilibrium Yield Curves with Endogenous Inflation: A Quantitative Assessment

The links between real and nominal bond risk premia and macroeconomic dynamics are explored analytically and quantitatively in a model with nominal rigidities and monetary policy. The interest-rate policy rule becomes a restriction linking real and nominal risk premia through endogenous inflation. The estimated model captures macroeconomic and yield curve properties of the U.S. economy, implying significantly positive real term and inflation risk bond premia. Both premia are induced by wage rigidities as a compensation for permanent productivity shocks. Stronger policy-rule responses to inflation (output) increase (decrease) both premia. Policy surprises generate significant yield volatility but negligible risk premia.
Serving Genius: Carlo Maria Giulini

This is the first book-length biographical treatment in English of the Italian opera and orchestral conductor Carlo Maria Giulini (1914–2005). Giulini first became known conducting opera in Europe,...
Overview of two‐norm (L2) and one‐norm (L1) Tikhonov regularization variants for full wavelength or sparse spectral multivariate calibration models or maintenance

Building a multivariate calibration model is typically accomplished using partial least squares, principal component regression, or ridge regression, also derived as the standard form of Tikhonov regularization (TR). These approaches can be used in a full variable mode (full wavelengths for spectroscopic data) or with wavelength selection (bands and/or individual for sparse models). Calibration maintenance is an important aspect of multivariate calibration and describes the situation of maintaining acceptable predictions from a model over time. In terms of TR, this amounts to updating an existing model (determined under primary conditions) to handle new secondary conditions such as a new instrument, sample matrix, or environmental conditions. This paper overviews TR in its ability to form a primary calibration model or update a primary model to new secondary conditions while using full wavelengths or simultaneously selecting wavelengths to form respective sparse models. These objectives can be accomplished in two-norm (L2) or one-norm (L1) or combined formats. Also included is a TR design that minimizes the effect of the standardization set composition, i.e., reduces the effect of an outlier. Ongoing work that removes all reference samples from the TR framework is also described. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fire research program at the Silas Little Experimental Forest, New Lisbon, New Jersey

In this chapter, we document the development and current research efforts of the fire research program at the Silas Little Experimental Forest of the Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, in the Pinelands of southern New Jersey. The 450,000-ha (1.1 million-acre) Pinelands National Reserve contains some of the most challenging fuel types for wildland fire managers in the eastern USA. These highly flammable forests occur adjacent to extensive wildland–urban interface and major transportation corridors. We first briefly discuss the ecological setting of upland forests in the Pinelands, highlighting how fire, past industrialization, and other disturbances have shaped the composition and structure of these forests. We then document the establishment of the Experimental Forest and the fire research program. We focus on the career of Dr. Silas Little, a silviculturist with the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA. Beginning in the late 1930s, his research on prescribed burning practices and silviculture in the Pinelands resulted in cost-effective methods to reduce wildfire risk while promoting the regeneration of commercially important timber species. We discuss how many of the prescribed burning practices developed during these research efforts are now used operationally by the New Jersey Forest Fire Service (NJFFS) and federal wildland fire managers in the Pinelands. Finally, we highlight current and future research efforts at the Experimental Forest.
Others in Mind: Social Origins of Self-Consciousness

Foreword Introduction: main ideas 1. Self-conscious species 2. Six propositions 3. Variety of self-reflective mind states 4. Mind states in development 5. Birth of self-consciousness 6. Shame and self-knowledge 7. Roots of guilt 8. Giving and sharing 9. Origins of owning and sharing 10. Social construction of identity Conclusion: moral space and the self Post-script note.
Passive solar research and practice

Abstract Passive solar applications in buildings are described and examples are given to illustrate how research in the field has been approached. The major emphasis of the research has been on devising mathematical models to characterize heat flow within buildings, on the validation of these models by comparison with test results, and on the subsequent use of the models to investigate the influence of both various design parameters and the weather on system performance. Results from both test modules and monitored buildings are given. Simulation analysis, the development of simplified methods, and systems analysis are outlined. Passive solar practice is described and the key elements that have led to successful passive solar applications are discussed.
Diet and obesity in Los Angeles County 2007-2012: Is there a measurable effect of the 2008 "Fast-Food Ban"?

Abstract We evaluate the impact of the “Los Angeles Fast-Food Ban”, a zoning regulation that has restricted opening/remodeling of standalone fast-food restaurants in South Los Angeles since 2008. Food retail permits issued after the ban are more often for small food/convenience stores and less often for larger restaurants not part of a chain in South Los Angeles compared to other areas; there are no significant differences in the share of new fast-food chain outlets, other chain restaurants, or large food markets. About 10% of food outlets are new since the regulation, but there is little evidence that the composition has changed differentially across areas. Data from the California Health Interview Survey show that fast-food consumption and overweight/obesity rates have increased from 2007 to 2011/2012 in all areas. The increase in the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity since the ban has been significantly larger in South Los Angeles than elsewhere. A positive development has been a drop in soft drink consumption since 2007, but that drop is of similar magnitude in all areas.
An experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques

Mandibular bone strain in the region immediately below the temporomandibular ligament was analyzed in adult and sub-adult Macaca fas-cicularis and mulatta. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the monkeys were presented food objects, a wooden rod, or a specially designed bite-force transducer. Bone strain was recorded during incisal biting and mastication of food, and also during isometric biting of the rod and/or the transducer. The bone strain data suggest the following: The macaque TMJ is loaded by a compressive reaction force during the power stroke of mastication and incision of food, and during isometric molar and incisor biting. TMJ reaction forces are larger on the contralateral side during both mastication and isometric molar biting. Patterns of ipsilateral TMJ reaction force in macaques during isometric biting vary markedly in response to the position of the bite point. During biting along the premolars or first two molars a compressive reaction force acts about the ipsilateral TMJ; however, when the bite point is positioned along the M3, the ipsilateral TMJ has either very little compressive stress, no stress, or it is loaded in tension.
Listening in the Pakal controversy: A matter of care in Ancient Maya studies

This article explores the fraught historical politics of a 20th-century controversy over a Classic Maya king. The controversy ostensibly concerned the age at death of a ruler discovered in 1952 in ...
Comments on the departure from the Z 2 dependence in ionization by heavy projectiles

The yields for sulfur, scandium, iron, and copper $K$ x rays produced in collisions with oxygen and fluorine projectiles have been measured over a large range of impact velocities (${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.2\ensuremath{-}0.8$). These yields, when scaled by the corresponding velocity-matched protoninduced yields, $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(Z)}{{Z}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}(1)}$, all cross the unity value at ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ above the values suggested in a previous theoretical paper but do approach increased-binding predictions with decreasing ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$.
Surveys, collaborative art and virtual currencies: Children programming with online data

Abstract Being able to store and access data online enables a wide range of creative possibilities, starting from surveys to collaborative art, from global high-score-lists for games to real-time chat-rooms, from multiplayer games to virtual economies with real participants. While end-user tools in these categories are readily available to children, what is still missing is the opportunity for children to create such systems. Causes behind this lack of opportunity include, among other things, high barriers to entry due to complex and often inaccessible client–server technologies, as well as hard to understand topics such as access control, etc. This paper presents Cloud data-structures —a feature in the online visual language Scratch 2.0 that enables children to programmatically store and retrieve data online. While standard data-structures are stored in memory, for Cloud variants, all operations (and data) are additionally sent to remote servers over the Internet. This has two consequences for a Scratch 2.0 project: (1) Cloud data-structures are persistent across multiple execution instances, and (2) they are shared between simultaneous instances. This paper describes the motivations behind, and the design of the Cloud data-structure system, along with a study of how children are using it in diverse and creative ways.
Emergency Department Visits by Nursing Home Residents in the United States

Objectives: To characterize emergency department (ED) use by nursing home residents in the United States. Design: Analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Setting: U.S. EDs from 2005 to 2008. Participants: Individuals visiting U.S. EDs stratified according to nursing home residency. Measurements: All ED visits by nursing home residents were identified. The demographic and clinical characteristics and ED resource utilization, length of stay, and outcomes of nursing home residents and nonresidents were compared. Results: During 2005 to 2008, nursing home residents accounted for 9,104,735 of 475,077,828 U.S. ED visits (1.9%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8�2.1%). The annualized number of ED visits by nursing home residents was 2,276,184. Most nursing home residents were older (mean age 76.7, 95% CI = 75.8�77.5), female (63.3%), and non-Hispanic white (74.8%). Nursing home residents were more likely to have been discharged from the hospital in the prior 7 days (adjusted odds ratio (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1�1.9), to present with fever (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5�2.4) or hypotension (systolic blood pressure ?90 mmHg, aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5�2.2), and to receive diagnostic tests (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.6�2.2), imaging (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3�1.7), or procedures (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4�1.7) in the ED. Almost half of nursing home residents visiting the ED were admitted to the hospital. Nursing home residents were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.6�2.0) and to die (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.6�3.3). Conclusion: Nursing home residents account for more than 2.2 million ED visits annually in the United States. Nursing home residents have greater medical acuity and complexity. These observations highlight the national challenges of organizing and delivering ED care to nursing home residents in the United States.
FRACTAL GROWTH OF BACTERIAL COLONIES

The dynamics of the growth of three different strains of bacteria, ATCC 25589, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, was studied under different conditions of low as well as rich nutrient concentrations. We find that within the statistical fluctuations in the experimental data, the mean radius of the bacterial colonies grow with a power of time and the exponent characterizing this power law growth has an anomalous value. We present and discuss a simple phenomenological approach for explaining the existence of anomalous power-law exponents in bacterial growth. This approach may be useful in determining the key mechanisms which control the growth and morphology of bacterial colonies.
Observing differences between healthy and unhealthy adolescent romantic relationships: Substance abuse and interpersonal process

Previous research on adolescent romantic relationships has been largely based on self-reports and interview data; as a result, relatively little is known about the interpersonal-behavioral dynamics of adolescent couples. In an attempt to address this gap in the previous literature on young couples, the present study used observational methods to differentiate between healthy and dysfunctional adolescent romantic relationships. Two groups of adolescent couples were recruited to participate in this study: (1) a high-risk group (n=18 couples) in which one or both partners had a substance use disorder (SUD) and (2) a low-risk group (n=12 couples) in which neither partner had a history of psychopathology. Self-report and observational data on couples' relationships were collected from both groups. Couples' observed conflict interactions were coded using the structural analysis of social behavior [Florsheim, P., & Benjamin, L. S. (2001). The structural analysis of social behavior observational coding scheme. In P. K. Kerig, & M. Lindahl (Eds.), Family observational coding schemes: Resources for systemic research (pp. 127-150). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]. Findings indicated that, compared to couples with no psychopathology, couples in the SUD group engaged in significantly more hostile and less warm behavior, as well as more complex communication involving a mix of hostility and warmth. Self-reported relational quality did not differentiate the two groups, highlighting the unique contributions of observational data for understanding the clinically relevant dynamics of adolescent romantic relationships.
Preadmission Beta-blockers Are Associated with Decreased Incidence of Neurogenic Stunned Myocardium in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) is a frequent complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), with a significant impact on disease course. The presumed cause is catecholamine surge at the time of aneurysm rupture. Beta-blockers, which reduce the impact of the catecholamine surge, may decrease the risk of developing NSM. Methods A chart review of 234 consecutive patients admitted to the Oregon Health and Science University Neurosurgery service between March 6, 2008 and June 23, 2010 with a diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH was performed. This group was further subdivided by patients who received echocardiograms on admission, by gender, and by the prehospital administration of β-blockers. Results One hundred thirty of 234 patients had echocardiograms on or shortly after admission, and 18 of these developed NSM (13.8%). None of the 22 patients taking prehospital β-blockers developed NSM. Using the Fisher exact test to compare the 2 groups, patients who were administered prehospital β-blockers were significantly less likely to develop stunning compared to those who were not ( P = .04). After correcting for other variables using multiple logistic regression analysis, the previous use of β-blockers was still found to be significantly associated with a decreased incidence of NSM after SAH ( P = .049). There was no significant difference in hospital length of stay, peribleed stroke, vasospasm, or death. Of the 18 patients with stunning, 15 were women, 5 of whom were on estrogen supplementation. The mean peak troponin elevation of women who developed NSM on estrogen supplementation was significantly higher than for those who were not (mean peak troponin 9.97 ± 2.01 mg/dL; P Conclusion Prehospital β-blockers are associated with decreased risk of developing NSM in patients with aSAH. Estrogen may play an additional role in shaping the degree of NSM in women.
Excitons in ternary mixed molecular crystals: A prototype for the primary step of photosynthesis?

Abstract Exciton percolation, which has been demonstrated in synthetic ternary molecular alloys, is applied to photosynthetic light harvesting complexes. The resulting model (“substitutionally random”) results in a predicted pigment A/B ratio larger than one , where A represents the lowest energy pigment species and B the higher substitutional ones (i.e. chl a/chl b in plants). An additional criterion is given for the nature of the reaction center (i.e. P700), based on phonon amalgamation with species A (i.e. structural similarity).
Global Asymptotic Solutions for Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Jets and Winds

We consider relativistic, stationary, axisymmetric, polytropic, unconfined, perfect MHD winds, assuming their five Lagrangian first integrals to be known. The asymptotic structure consists of field regions bordered by boundary layers along the polar axis and at null surfaces, such as the equatorial plane, which have the structure of charged column or sheet pinches supported by plasma or magnetic poloidal pressure. In each field-region cell, the proper current (defined here as the ratio of the asymptotic poloidal current to the asymptotic Lorentz factor) remains constant. Our solution is given in the form of matched asymptotic solutions separately valid outside and inside the boundary layers. A Hamilton-Jacobi equation, or equivalently a Grad-Shafranov equation, gives the asymptotic structure in the field regions of winds that carry Poynting flux to infinity. An important consistency relation is found to exist between axial pressure, axial current, and asymptotic Lorentz factor. We similarly derive WKB-type analytic solutions for winds that are kinetic energy-dominated at infinity and whose magnetic surfaces focus to paraboloids. The density on the axis in the polar boundary column is shown to slowly fall off as a negative power of the logarithm of the distance to the wind source. The geometry of magnetic surfaces in all parts of the asymptotic domain, including boundary layers, is explicitly deduced in terms of the first integrals.
A suction-electrode study of the house fly heart.

The electrical potentials obtained from Musca domestica L. heart by means of suction electrodes have been examined. Under the experimental conditions these potentials are variable and frequently show spikelike components associated with a slow wave. The variability is not limited to a single heart segment or dependent upon the applied techniques of heart exposure or to the presence of the thorax, viscera, or alary muscle. Variability can exist in 1 segment independent of the frequency, amplitude, and contour of the potential in the adjacent segment.
Copulatory behaviour of white-throated wood rats (Neotoma albigula) and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli)

Abstract Seven pairs of white-throated wood rats and nine pairs of golden mice received forty-two and fifty-six satiety tests of copulatory behaviour respectively. Both species have a copulatory pattern with a lock, no intra-vaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. In both species copulation is initiated rapidly. Wood rats displayed a mean of 6·2 locks with a mean duration of 30·1 s and separated by 313·6 s. Golden mice displayed a mean of 3·2 locks with a mean duration of 72·2 s and separated by 473·4 s. These data were compared with those of other species. Among simple-baculum muroid rodents, species that lock appear to have glands that are relatively thicker than those of species that do not lock. The locking species also appear to show a reduction in the complement of certain accessory reproductive glands compared with non-locking species.
EPR investigation and spectral simulations of iron-catecholate complexes and iron-peptide models of marine adhesive cross-links.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are presented for iron complexes of catecholate, tironate, and a 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-containing peptide of sequence Ac-Ala-DOPA-Thr-Pro-CONH2 (“AdopaTP”). This peptide was prepared to model potential metal−protein cross-links in the adhesive used by marine mussels, Mytilus edulis, for affixing themselves to surfaces. Spectra are shown for iron bound to each ligand in mono, bis, and tris coordination environments. For example, the catecholate complexes {Fe(cat)}, {Fe(cat)2}, and [Fe(cat)3]3- are provided. Detailed simulations are presented to describe the origin of spectra for the iron−catecholate and iron−peptide species, which show that the spectral features can be accounted for only with the inclusion of D- and E-strain. The spectroscopy of each compound is shown under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. When exposed to air, the high-spin Fe3+ signal of [Fe(AdopaTP)3]3- decreases and an organic radical is formed. No other sample exhibited an...
EPIDEMIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THE EVALUATION OF SUSPECTED NEUROTOXIC DISORDERS

Epidemiology is the study of the patterns of disease and patterns of exposures in human populations. The main goals of epidemiology are to determine whether specific population groups have an increased risk of developing particular diseases and to determine what factors may be associated with increased risks of disease. In this article, the author focuses on epidemiologic studies of potential neurotoxic exposures, reviewing the basic principles involved and the special challenges associated with providing evidence of causal relationships between exposure and adverse health conditions.
Strong Fairness and Full Abstraction for Communicating Processes

We construct several denotational semantics for communicating processes that incorporate assumptions of strong (process) fairness. Strong fairness is the guarantee that every process enabled infinitely often will make progress infinitely often. Modeling fairness compositionally requires care: generally speaking, the fair computations of a command cannot be defined only in terms of the fair computations of its component commands. For this reason, we introduce the notion of parameterized fairness, which generalizes fairness sufficiently to admit a compositional characterization. In each of these semantics, a command's meaning is simply the set of fair traces representing its fair computations; each fair trace records the steps made along a computation as well as additional information made explicit by the definition of parameterized fairness. Each semantics obtains full abstraction with respect to a natural notion of strongly fair program behavior: two terms are given identical meanings precisely when they exhibit the same behaviors in all program contexts.
Restoration of lung pressure-volume characteristics with surfactant: comparison of nebulization versus instillation and natural versus synthetic surfactant.

Summary: The pressure-volume (PV) characteristics of 21 adult rat lungs were examined before and after lung washing after which natural or synthetic (dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL)) surfactant was administered by either an ultrasonic nebulizer or instilled directly into the trachea. Lungs receiving surfactant by nebulization were ventilated at a rate of 40/min at 20 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure and with 7 cm H2O positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 2 hr. Lungs receiving surfactant by instillation were ventilated for 5 min in a fashion similar to the nebulization study; then a final PV curve was obtained. Results from the deflation limb of the PV curves at 5 and 10 cm H2O were analyzed and expressed as a percentage of the original total lung capacity obtained at 30 cm H2O (percentage of TLC). The control values of percentage of TLC were 52.8 ± 6.4 at 5 cm H2O and 73.9 ± 3.9 at 10 cm H2O. Neither nebulization nor instillation of DPL produced a significant increase in percentage of TLC. Nebulization of natural surfactant produced only a slight increase in percentage of TLC from 4.8 ± 2.4 to 6.7 ± 2.1 (not significant) at 5 cm H2O and from 21.1 ± 6.1 to 27.8 ± 5.4 (P < 0.05) at 10 cm H2O. Instillation of natural surfactant produced a very striking increase of percentage of TLC from 13.2 ± 8.0 to 55.6 ± 4.3 (P < 0.01) at 5 cm H2O and from 47.9 ± 6.1 to 78.6 ± 4.2 (P < 0.01) at 10 cm H2O. Speculation: From these studies, it appears that nebulization is not an effective method for depositing surfactant into the alveoli. On the other hand, direct instillation of the material into the tracheal bronchial tree seems to be a promising method worthy of further study as a method for treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome.
Optical characterization of Lake Champlain: Spatial heterogeneity and closure

Abstract A robust optical characterization of the underwater and emergent light fields of Lake Champlain was conducted for sites (n = 11) throughout the lake in August 2011, based on in situ measurements with modern instrumentation and laboratory measurements of optically active constituents (OACs) and components ( a x ) of the absorption coefficient ( a ). Inherent optical property (IOP) measurements included a , a x , and the particulate scattering and backscattering coefficients. Metrics of apparent optical properties (AOPs) included Secchi depth, the diffuse attenuation coefficients for downwelling [K d (λ)] and scalar (K 0 ) irradiance and remote sensing reflectance [R rs (λ)]. The credibility of the measurements is demonstrated through: (1) consistency of relationships between OACs and IOPs and AOPs, (2) the approach toward equivalence of laboratory and field measurements, and (3) the extent of closure of predictions of K d (λ) and R rs (λ), based on IOP measurements and radiative transfer expressions, with paired observations of these AOPs (average differences of 9.4 and 19.3%). Wide spatial differences in OACs, and the resulting IOPs and AOPs, are documented throughout the bounds of the lake and are the result of its morphologic complexity and differing external loading. The lake is a complex case 2 system, with uncoupled variations in OACs and a x over the bounds of the lake. Both empirical and radiative transfer expressions are used to predict changes in AOPs in response to hypothetical changes in OACs.
Burnishing and adhesive wear of an electrically conductive polyester-carbon film

Abstract Experiments were carried out to examine the friction and wear behavior of an electrically conductive polyester-carbon film during small amplitude reciprocating sliding against some typical noble metal alloys. The effects of normal load and environmental humidity on friction and wear were examined. A method was devised to monitor continuously the wear of the film based on the increase in its bulk electrical resistance. The frictional force was also monitored during sliding, providing a simultaneous record of both friction and wear. A linear regression analysis of the test results yielded a fourth power relation between wear and friction, indicating the probable occurrence of an adhesive wear mechanism. During sliding at low humidity, the sliding surfaces acquired a relatively smooth, polished appearance and the wear coefficient of the film was of the order of 10 −8 . These observations suggest that burnishing, resulting from the loss of material on a molecular scale, was the wear mechanism at low humidity. At relative humidities above about 40%, the wear mechanism shifted towards moderate adhesive wear; friction was higher, the wear surfaces were noticeably rougher and the wear coefficient of the film was in the range 10 −7 /210 −6 . Implications of these findings for the use of the unlubricated or poorly lubricated polyester-carbon film in demanding position control applications are discussed.
An Experiment On Computed Detection Of Lung Tumors

An experiment that tested our computer sys-tem for tumor detection in chest radiographs is described. The dat for this experiment consisted of forty-three chest films, twenty-four of which are normal and nineteen are abnormal. The abnormal films contain images of twenty-two verified lung tumors, We describe the performance of this system on receiver operating character-istics obtained by varying a set of design para-meters, and compare this performance to the individual and average performances of a group of eight radiologists examining the same set of films. On one of our choices of design parameters, our computer system missed 14% of the lung tumors, and produced an average of three false positives per film. The average performance among the radiologists was a miss rate of 30% with an average of 0.2 false positives per film.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Children with disabilities

Children With Disabilities. Edited by M.L. Batshaw. Paul Brooks Publishing Co., Baltimore, 1997, 960 p.
The reproductive morphology of Dumontia incrassata (O. F. Müller) Lamouroux

The reproductive morphology of Dumontia incrassata (O. F. Muller) Lamouroux is described from New Hampshire, U.S.A. populations. Mature carpogonial and auxiliary branches are usually 5 and 6 celled, respectively, but both may range from 4 to 9 cells. Auxiliary branches are more numerous than carpogonial branches; however, the ratio of carpogonial to auxiliary branches increases towards the apex of the frond. A linear relationship exists between the position of the generative auxiliary cell and the number of cells in the auxiliary branches. In most cases the third cell from the top of the auxiliary branch becomes the generative auxiliary cell. The probabilities for different positions of the generative auxiliary cells are summarized. During spermatangial development, four mother cells are initially produced per cortical cell initial; subsequently, successive spermatangia are cut off obliquely and on opposite sides of each mother cell. Monoecious asexual plants of D. incrassata are described, as well as an irregular tetraspore development.
Educational program on evaluation of alleged sexual abuse victims.

Abstract Increased awareness of the problem of child sexual abuse has resulted in increasing numbers of children presenting to professionals for the evaluation of possible sexual victimization. A multidisciplinary project to develop professionals' knowledge and skills in the identification and evaluation of possible victims is described. The program focused on the child as a victim and emphasized developmental perspectives with regard to identification, interviewing children, the medical examination, and children in the legal system. Fiftyone medical and social work professionals from ten Indiana counties attended the program and responded to questionnaires about their experience and knowledge. Of 40 (78%) respondents, 63% had had no previous training in the medical evaluation for child sexual abuse. Child protective workers referred alleged victims primarily to the child's regular physician (37%) or emergency room (31%) for medical examination. Knowledge about child sexual abuse improved significantly at two weeks postsymposium ( p = .001) and remained improved at six months postsymposium ( p
Phase equilibria in water, pentanol, tetradecyltrialkylammonium bromide systems

Abstract Three tetradecyltrialkylammonium bromides (trimethyl, triethyl and tripropyl) were combined with water and pentanol and the phase regions determined. Increasing the chain-length of the trialkyl part gave a pronounced reduction of the regions for liquid-crystalline phases, especially the lamellar variety, but gave only insignificant distinction of the geometric characteristics once the liquid-crystalline phase was formed.
The major-ion composition of silurian seawater

Abstract One-hundred fluid inclusions in Silurian marine halite were analyzed in order to determine the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater. The samples analyzed were from three formations in the Late Silurian Michigan Basin, the A-1, A-2, and B Evaporites of the Salina Group, and one formation in the Early Silurian Canning Basin (Australia), the Mallowa Salt of the Carribuddy Group. The results indicate that the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater was not the same as present-day seawater. The Silurian ocean had lower concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, and SO42−, and much higher concentrations of Ca2+ relative to the ocean’s present-day composition. Furthermore, Silurian seawater had Ca2+ in excess of SO42−. Evaporation of Silurian seawater of the composition determined in this study produces KCl-type potash minerals that lack the MgSO4-type late stage salts formed during the evaporation of present-day seawater. The relatively low Na+ concentrations in Silurian seawater support the hypothesis that oscillations in the major-ion composition of the oceans are primarily controlled by changes in the flux of mid-ocean ridge brine and riverine inputs and not global or basin-scale, seawater-driven dolomitization. The Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of Silurian seawater was ∼1.4, and the K+/Ca2+ ratio was ∼0.3, both of which differ from the present-day counterparts of 5 and 1, respectively. Seawaters with Mg2+/Ca2+ 2 (e.g., modern seawater) facilitate the precipitation of aragonite and high-magnesian calcite. Therefore, the early Paleozoic calcite seas were likely due to the low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of seawater, not the pCO2 of the Silurian atmosphere.
Toward Reproducible Computational Research: An Empirical Analysis of Data and Code Policy Adoption by Journals

Journal policy on research data and code availability is an important part of the ongoing shift toward publishing reproducible computational science. This article extends the literature by studying journal data sharing policies by year (for both 2011 and 2012) for a referent set of 170 journals. We make a further contribution by evaluating code sharing policies, supplemental materials policies, and open access status for these 170 journals for each of 2011 and 2012. We build a predictive model of open data and code policy adoption as a function of impact factor and publisher and find higher impact journals more likely to have open data and code policies and scientific societies more likely to have open data and code policies than commercial publishers. We also find open data policies tend to lead open code policies, and we find no relationship between open data and code policies and either supplemental material policies or open access journal status. Of the journals in this study, 38% had a data policy, 22% had a code policy, and 66% had a supplemental materials policy as of June 2012. This reflects a striking one year increase of 16% in the number of data policies, a 30% increase in code policies, and a 7% increase in the number of supplemental materials policies. We introduce a new dataset to the community that categorizes data and code sharing, supplemental materials, and open access policies in 2011 and 2012 for these 170 journals.
Use of Social Words in Autobiographies and Longevity

Objective:To analyze the relationship between social word use in autobiographies and longevity. Although there is substantial evidence that our social relationships are associated with mortality, interpretation of this work is weakened by the limitations of assessing the social environment with stru
Hydrodynamics of nuclear matter in the chiral limit

Using the Poisson bracket method, we construct the hydrodynamics of nuclear matter in the chiral limit, which describes the dynamics of all low-energy degrees of freedom, including the fluid-dynamical and pionic ones. The hydrodynamic equations contain, beside five Euler equations of relativistic fluid dynamics, N{sup 2}{sub f}-1 second order equations describing propagating pions and N{sup 2}{sub f}-1 first order equations describing the advection of the vector isospin charges. We present hydrodynamic arguments showing that the pion velocity vanishes at the second order phase transition at N{sub f}=2 . (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Vasopressin treatment for cyclic antidepressant overdose

Due to neurotransmitter reuptake inhibition, peripheral alpha receptor blocking effects, and sodium channel blockade, severe cyclic antidepressant poisoning may lead to intractable hypotension. We report a case of severe amitriptyline toxicity, with hypotension unresponsive to direct alpha receptor agonists after pH manipulation, but improved with intravenous vasopressin. Vasopressin use in the setting of cyclic antidepressant toxicity has not been previously reported. Vasopressin may be a beneficial agent in the treatment of recalcitrant hypotension associated with poisoning or overdose. The anecdotal nature of this report must be emphasized and the use of vasopressin requires further research to define efficacy, dose, and potential side effects.
Atomic structure of a glycerol channel and implications for substrate permeation in aqua(glycero)porins

The structure of a glycerol channel from Escherichia coli at 2.2 A resolution serves as a basis for the understanding of selective transmembrane substrate permeation. In the course of permeation, glycerol molecules diffuse through a tripathic channel with their alkyl backbone wedged against a hydrophobic corner, such that OH groups become acceptors and donors of hydrogen bonds at the same time. The structure of the channel explains the preferential permeability for linear carbohydrates and absolute exclusion of ions and charged solutes. Its gene-duplicated sequence has a structural counterpart in a pseudo two-fold symmetry within the monomeric channel protein.
Reply to O'Grady et al.

to the editor: In our recent review of interstitial cells in smooth muscle function ([10][1]), we questioned the value of extracellular recording from visceral smooth muscles without controls for movement, a well known contaminant of extracellular recordings of biopotentials. In GI muscles,
High Resolution Fossil Fuel Combustion CO2 Emission Fluxes for the United States

Quantification of fossil fuel CO2 emissions at fine space and time resolution is emerging as a critical need in carbon cycle and climate change research. As atmospheric CO2 measurements expand with the advent of a dedicated remote sensing platform and denser in situ measurements, the ability to close the carbon budget at spatial scales of ∼100 km2 and daily time scales requires fossil fuel CO2 inventories at commensurate resolution. Additionally, the growing interest in U.S. climate change policy measures are best served by emissions that are tied to the driving processes in space and time. Here we introduce a high resolution data product (the “Vulcan” inventory: www.purdue.edu/eas/carbon/vulcan/) that has quantified fossil fuel CO2 emissions for the contiguous U.S. at spatial scales less than 100 km2 and temporal scales as small as hours. This data product, completed for the year 2002, includes detail on combustion technology and 48 fuel types through all sectors of the U.S. economy. The Vulcan inventory...
A simple model of the Lagrangian-mean flow produced by dissipating planetary waves

A simple equation for the Lagrangian-mean flow induced by damped planetary waves is derived. The flow computed for stationary planetary waves of a beta-plane is found to be generally poleward and downward during winter and appears to be about twice as strong as the diabatic circulation in the lower stratosphere. An important factor in determining the high-latitude Lagrangian-mean flow field is the subtropical jet stream which blocks planetary wave propagation toward the equatorial regions. Computations using two types of Lagrangian-mean boundary conditions at the surface show that incorrect orographic forcing distorts the Lagrangian-mean flow up to three scale heights or more above ground.
The 24,000 dalton subunit and the activity of yeast RNA polymerases

Abstract The subunits of RNA polymerase I are partially resolved during density gradient centrifugation. An analysis of the relative subunit composition with respect to specific catalytic activity shows that the molar ratio of the 24,000 dalton subunit directly correlates with polymerase activity. Since this polypeptide is found also in polymerases II and III, it may be required for activity of all yeast nuclear RNA polymerases.
The use of weighted fuzzy expected value (WFEV) in fuzzy expert systems

Abstract The use of the fuzzy expected value (FEV) as a ‘typical’ grade of membership within a fuzzy set, may occasionally generate improper results. In these cases we replace it by a new quantity — the weighted fuzzy expected value (WFEV) and demonstrate its improved performance. The applicability of this concept to decision-making in fuzzy intelligent systems is discussed and illustrated.
An inexpensive mouse urine collection system.

Abstract Research often necessitates the collection of urine samples. An inexpensive apparatus has been devised for the collection of urine from individual or small groups of mice, and is recommended for general use when other more expensive metabolism cages are not budgeted.
Dosimetry of solid tumors

Dosimetry data arising from a decade of radioimmunotherapy are summarized along with techniques utilized to arrive at the reported dose estimates. Generality of the MIRD methodology allows it to serve as a vehicle for the calculation of solid tumor dosimetry although several limitations exist. Nonstandard geometries of solid tumors will ultimately necessitate determination of absorbed fractions for the individual tumors. Several approaches currently under investigation are described. For reasons of practicality, solid tumor dosimetry estimates continue to use the assumption of homogeneous activity distribution in a source organ, accounting for either all radiation or only nonpenetrating radiation. As computation tools become available for incorporating inhomogeneous cellular level data, the currently used "average dose" as an index of tumor sterilization will likely be replaced with a statistical distribution based on the number of viable cells in the tumor volume. Estimates of a tumor control dose would be based upon a linear extension of dose coupled with a threshold dose for cell sterilization.
Is It a Statistically Significant Anomaly

Remote sensing, medical imaging, and time-lapse seismic monitoring have common challenges in change detection. In this paper we introduce a statistical procedure developed in medical imaging to determine if anomalies in time-lapse seismic data are statistically significant. Using seismic data redundancy, we construct maps of statistical variation and apply an adaptive thresholding to them. The result is a set of maps of statistical significance of subsurface change. Simulation results show higher sensitivity of the procedure to subtle changes at the level of background fluctuations as compared to conventional data thresholding (based on standard deviations). High noise level and strong data correlation reduce the reliability of the procedure. The procedure applied to real data provides maps that allow quantitative evaluation of interpreted anomalies.
Effects of pre-feeding on food-approach latency and food consumption speed in food deprived rats

Deprived rats were trained to receive a major portion of their daily food ration in meal segments of five 45 mg food pellets, presented for 36 sec each at 72 sec intervals. Latency to make oral contact with first pellets did not change over 18 meal segments, while the time to complete the eating of meal segments increased progressively. Pre-feeding with 45 or 90 pellets had little effect on latencies except in the last few trials in the 90-pellet condition. Pre-feeding had a marked effect on time to complete segments, increasing it in proportion to the number of pellets consumed. Thus satiation caused a progressive change in speed of eating, while it caused an all-or-none change in initiation of eating. That is, animals responded to new food pellets with normal latency up to the point when they stopped responding completely. With repeated testing the effects of prefeeding on both speed and latency measures was reduced; the animals ate more steadily, and came to eat every pellet, as familiarity with the situation increased.
10 Gb/s error-free operation of an all-silicon C-band waveguide photodiode

We experimentally demonstrate error-free operation of an all Si ion implanted CMOS compatible PIN photodiode at 1.55 μm with 2.5-Gb/s and 10-Gb/s data rates. Detector sensitivity as a function of bias voltage is measured.