cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Electrical Conductance of SrFeO2.5+x Thin Films

Thin films of the non-stoichiometric perovskite SrFeO2.5+x have been grown by the pulsed excimer laser deposition technique onto sapphire substrates. The electrical conductance properties of the thin films have been determined in a series of experiments done both isothermally and with programmed temperature changes from ambient to 490°C and under O2/N2 atmospheres with oxygen concentrations in the range from 100 ppm to 100%. Over these ranges of temperature and oxygen partial pressure a wide range of oxygen stoichiometry in SrFeO2.5+x occurs (approximately 0 < x < 0.5), which includes all four known phases in the SrFeO2.5 + x + O2 system. The experimentally measured values for the activation energy of conduction, eA, for SrFeO2.5+x films at temperatures 100 < T < 200°C are in the range 0.30 < eA < 0.47 eV under oxygen at partial pressures 0.001 <P(O 2)< 0.05 atm and 0.18 < eA < 0.28 eV for 0.2 <P(O 2)< 1 atm. These values for eA are typical for compositions of SrFeO2.5+x with stoichiometries in the range 0.25 < x < 0.45. For T < 300°C and for P(O 2) 250°C and P(O 2)> 0.001 atm, the oxygen stoichiometries of the films change during the programmed temperature ramps. For these conditions, the values δeA/δ T exhibit minima/maxima in the temperature range 250 < T < 320°C which are interpreted as being due to the onset of the order-disorder phase transition from the cubic to the tetragonal and orthorhombic ordered phases of SrFeO2.5+x with oxygen stoichiometry in the range 0.08 < x < 0.38. The SrFeO2.5+x thin films have application as oxygen sensing materials, and a relationship between conductance and oxygen sensitivity, S ox , has been derived. The values of S ox for SrFeO2.5+x thin films increases by more than an order of magnitude for compositions close to the lower stoichiometric limit where the principal phase conversion is between the cubic perovskite and the brownmillerite forms.
Gender and Arthroplasty Type Affect Prevalence of Moderate-Severe Pain Post Total Hip Arthroplasty

Objective: To investigate the impact of gender, age and arthroplasty type (primary vs. revision) on prevalence of moderate-severe hip pain.
Topology Optimization of Mechanical Repairs for Aging Aircraft

Issues in mechanical repairs of aging aircraft have gained importance in recent years. As aircraft exceed or near the end of their design life, the occurrence of fatigue cracks on the fuselage or wings is inevitable. The repairs that are carried out on the damaged portion need to be performed in a timely manner to maintain safe and reliable operations and minimize aircraft downtime and resulting loss of revenue. The main objective of such repairs is to restore the structure to its original or better static strength and stiffness. Some other considerations are that the mechanical repair should be designed for adequate fatigue resistance, damage tolerance and inspectability.
Liberals Rethink the Workplace Constitution

“Neither mandated by the Constitution nor by the Act” Handy Andy, Inc., 228 N.L.R.B. 447 (1977) In 1976, only two years after the National Labor Relations Board decided to deny certification to unions with a record of discrimination, it called a hearing to reconsider the case of Bekins Moving & Storage . As the Board’s announcement noted, the Bekins decision had garnered only a bare majority, and two of its supporters, Chairman Edward Miller and fellow Republican Ralph Kennedy, had since left the agency. At first glance, Miller’s replacement appeared likely to support the Bekins majority. Republican Betty Southard Murphy was the first woman on the NLRB and the only female head of a major regulatory agency. A former international journalist and hard-boiled labor lawyer, Murphy had already smashed one glass ceiling at the helm of the Wage and Hour Division in Nixon’s Department of Labor. Murphy was described as a “gingerly feminist”: someone “who can recount years of indignities as a professional woman but who does not make a point of doing so.” That said, she supported the Equal Rights Amendment and “civil rights and equal employment opportunity for workers.” But the possibility that employers might accuse unions of racial discrimination simply to avoid recognizing them worried Murphy. Her upcoming hearing would reconsider Bekins in light of this concern. In the late 1970s, Bekins , and the workplace Constitution on which it rested, scrambled political alliances. Assigning labels like “liberal” and “conservative” was tricky. Those resisting unionization were a much broader, more ideologically diverse group than the anti–New Deal conservatives who gave birth to the right-to-work movement. Similarly, those defending workers’ right to organize stretched beyond New Deal Democrats. Yet one thing was clear: nearly all who supported retaining Bekins made no pretense of seeking to harmonize civil and labor rights. More than ideology or politics, opposition to unions drove their support.
Contact of Elastic Bodies in the Presence of Gas and Incompressible Liquid in Periodic Interface Gaps

We study the contact of two elastic semiinfinite bodies in the presence of an incompressible liquid (that does not wet the surfaces of the bodies) and a gas in the interface gaps caused by a periodic array of grooves on the surface of one of the bodies. The drop of pressure in the liquid and in the gas is described by the Laplace equation. The problem is reduced to a singular integral equation with Hilbert kernel. This equation is then transformed into a singular integral equation with Cauchy kernel for the height of interface gaps. A system of transcendental equations for the lengths of the gaps and the regions filled with liquid is obtained from the condition of boundedness of the solution at the ends of the interval of integration and the condition of conservation of the amount of liquid. This system is solved numerically. We also analyze the dependences of the lengths and shapes of the gaps and the contact compliances of the bodies on the applied load, volume, and surface tension of the liquid.
A predictive model for fetal lung maturity employing gestational age and test results

Most laboratory tests for fetal lung maturity (FLM) are optimized to exclude false-negative predictions of absence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), with a reciprocal low predictive value for maturity. The authors employed FLM Surfactant/Albumin Ratio (FLM S/A) test results to construct a predictive model for FLM that included the obstetric estimates of gestational age. The charts of 388 newborns were abstracted and reviewed. The clinical outcome was the gold standard of the multivariate logistic analysis. Both the obstetric estimates of gestational age and the test result were significant predictors of the clinical outcome ( P values of <.0002 and .001, respectively). The prediction rule for RDS as a function of both of these variables allows for adjustment of the test cutoffs, so that there is a consistent probability of RDS at the cutoff FLM S/A result for different gestational ages. Fetal lung maturity probability reporting may facilitate clinical decision-making.
Current Consensus and Controversies in Guidelines for Lipid and Hypertension Management in Diabetes

Despite major advances, many patients with diabetes are currently achieving suboptimal control of lipids and blood pressure. The new cholesterol guidelines by the ACC/AHA have reignited the emphasis on more intensive treatment with statins in the population at high risk of CVD, including those with diabetes. While these guidelines do not include specific lipid goals, several other guidelines have retained previously defined risk-based LDL-C and non-HDL-C goals. More recent data indicate potential benefits in CVD outcomes with non-statin therapy added to statin therapy. On-going long-term trials with PCSK-9 inhibitors may help answer the question of the benefits and safety of very low LDL-C. Regarding the blood pressure guidelines, there remains an inconsistency of evidence for targets to reduce CVD outcomes. The ACCORD trial weighted heavily in the recent meta-analyses, leading to currently recommended goal of <140/90 mmHg. Studies targeting blood pressure goals of <130 mmHg in younger patients with diabetes, including sub-populations of interest, may help solve the controversy. Until we have these data, perhaps it is time to shift our focus from a rigid blood pressure target to risk-based goals.
Membrane potential determines calcium alternans through modulation of SR Ca 2+ load and L-type Ca 2+ current.

Alternans is a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia, including atrial fibrillation. At the cellular level alternans is observed as beat-to-beat alternations in contraction, action potential (AP) morphology and magnitude of the Ca2+ transient (CaT). It is widely accepted that the bi-directional interplay between membrane voltage and Ca2+ is crucial for the development of alternans, however recently the attention has shifted to instabilities in cellular Ca2+ handling, while the role of AP alternation remains poorly understood. This study provides new insights how beat- to-beat alternation in AP morphology affects occurrence of CaT alternans in atrial myocytes. Pacing-induced AP and CaT alternans were studied in rabbit atrial myocytes using combined Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological measurements. To determine the role of AP morphology for the generation of CaT alternans, trains of two voltage commands in form of APs recorded during large and small alternans CaTs were applied to voltage-clamped cells. APs of longer duration (as observed during small amplitude alternans CaT) and especially beat-to-beat alternations in AP morphology (AP alternans) reduced the pacing frequency threshold and increased the degree of CaT alternans. AP morphology contributes to the development of CaT alternans by two mechanisms. First, the AP waveform observed during small alternans CaTs coincided with higher end-diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]SR), and AP alternans resulted in beat-to-beat alternations in end-diastolic [Ca2+]SR. Second, L-type Ca2+ current was significantly affected by AP morphology, where the AP waveform observed during large CaT elicited L-type Ca2+ currents of higher magnitude and faster kinetics, resulting in more efficient triggering of SR Ca2+ release. In conclusion, alternation in AP morphology plays a significant role in the development and stabilization of atrial alternans. The demonstration that CaT alternans can be controlled or even prevented by modulating AP morphology has important ramifications for arrhythmia prevention and therapy strategies.
Resection of Centrally Located Cystadenoma/Cystadenocarcinoma

The objective of this chapter is to present our experience with the surgical management of centrally located cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas. Intrahepatic biliary cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas are rare cystic tumors that are often misdiagnosed preoperatively as simple cysts or hydatid cysts. A central location further increases the likelihood of the diagnosis. Cystadenomas recur after incomplete resection and entail a risk of malignant transformation to cystadenocarcinoma. Because of the high recurrence rate and difficultly obtaining an accurate preoperative diagnosis, formal liver resection is mandatory. Enucleation with free margins is an option and is indicated where resection is impossible. We describe herein two cases of centrally located cystadenomas that turned to be cystadenocarcinomas, and emphasize the technical key points in order to perform safely a liver resection in this setting.
Class Confessions: Restorative Properties in Online Experiences of Socioeconomic Stigma

In this paper, we examine stigma related to class identity online through an empirical examination of Elite University Class Confessions (EUCC). EUCC is an online space that includes a Facebook page and a surrounding sociotechnical ecosystem. It is a community of, for, and about low-income and first generation students at an elite university. By bringing in a community that learns and engages with users' socioeconomic struggles, EUCC engenders unique restorative properties for students experiencing class stigma. EUCC's restorative properties foster new ways of understanding one's stigmatized identity through meaning- making interactions in a networked sociotechnical system. We discuss how EUCC's design shapes the nature of user interactions around class stigma, and explore in depth how people experience stigma differently through the restorative properties of EUCC.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Delayed-Onset Brachial Plexopathy Due to Hypertrophic Clavicular Callus: A Case Report.

Abstract Clavicular fractures are common injuries that traditionally are managed nonsurgically without clinically significant sequelae. However, they may develop hypertrophic callus formation that compresses the brachial plexus. These cases may present months to years after initial injury with varying degrees of pain, paresthesia, and weakness on the affected side and usually are treated by surgical resection of the hypertrophic callus. We present a case of brachial plexopathy due to hypertrophic clavicular callus causing weakness and paresthesia. The plexopathy was confirmed with imaging and electrodiagnostic studies. This case was unusual in that resolution of symptoms was achieved nonsurgically. Level of Evidence V
Effect of promoters on supported Pt catalysts for CO2 reforming of CH4

The addition of promoters to Pt/ZrO 2 catalysts for the dry reforming of CH 4 at 800°C has been investigated. It has been previously proposed that the ZrO 2 aids in the dissociation of CO 2 , which helps to remove carbon that is deposited on the metal during the decomposition of CH 4 . The results of this study support this idea and show that the addition of promoters such as cerium and lanthanum improves catalyst stability. It is believed that the promoters have multiple effects. They stabilize the surface area for high temperature operation, increase the density of CO 2 adsorption sites near the metal particle, and reduce particle growth under reaction conditions.
Scheduling Public Requests for Proposals: Models and Insights

We show that the schedule for contracting public procurements can impact the number of proposals and thereby the cost of procured services or products. This holds when the market for procurement contracts is not perfectly competitive, which is typically the case for large and costly public procurements. We formalize this previously unexplored operational level problem of scheduling procurement contracting and develop an optimization framework to solve it. For large problems we propose a hierarchical optimization heuristic. Furthermore, we develop heuristics that do not require solving optimization problems, such as (i) equal number with mixed cost scheduling heuristic and (ii) equal cost scheduling heuristic. We show that depending on the characteristics of the procurement contract scheduling problem either of these approaches provides nearly the same expected total procurement cost as the optimal schedule. We apply our optimization framework to the Florida Department of Transportation's procurement contracts scheduling problems. We show that the optimized schedules are expected to yield significant cost savings over the actual schedules employed in practice. Our results have implications for public policy suggesting that the fiscal stimulus funds are cost‐effective to allocate for many small projects instead of few large projects.
A length-dependent evolutionarily conserved pathway controls nuclear export of circular RNAs

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are generated from many protein-coding genes. Most accumulate in the cytoplasm, but how circRNA localization or nuclear export is controlled remains unclear. Using RNAi screening, we found that depletion of the Drosophila DExH/D-box helicase Hel25E results in nuclear accumulation of long (>800-nucleotide), but not short, circRNAs. The human homologs of Hel25E similarly regulate circRNA localization, as depletion of UAP56 (DDX39B) or URH49 (DDX39A) causes long and short circRNAs, respectively, to become enriched in the nucleus. These data suggest that the lengths of mature circRNAs are measured to dictate the mode of nuclear export.
International Development NGOs and Bureaucratic Capacity: Facilitator or Destroyer?:

Do development international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) facilitate or destroy the bureaucratic capacity of the states in which they operate? The literature is split on this question. Som...
On the Methodological Boundaries of Economic Analysis: A Review and Partial Synthesis

Jacob Viner once defined economics as what economists do. With this rather imprecise definition of the discipline, the most casual reader of journals may conclude that economists “do” a lot more than they once did, that the permissible boundaries of economic investigation are conceived by a sizable segment of the profession as being much broader than they once were. Although we may rightly differ over the worthiness of the topics that have been investigated, it is difficult to deny the growth in the diversity of studies undertaken in the past two decades.
World Water Supply and Use: Challenges for the Future

Water is the most precious natural resource on the earth. The amount of water available on the earth is limited and some regions are already heading toward water bankruptcy. Rising population, climate change, conversion of agricultural land for biofuel production, etc. further complicate the problem of adequate water allocation. The problem can be even more complex in transboundary river basins. This article presents the current state of water around the world and explores impending water challenges.
Golytely lavage versus a standard colonoscopy preparation. Effect on normal colonic mucosal histology

We prospectively studied the changes of colonic mucosa in patients receiving two different preparations for colonoscopic examination. Eighteen consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy for polyps or mass lesions, properly age- and sex-matched, were randomized to receive Golytely lavage (3-4 L) or a standard preparation (48-h clear liquid diet, 240 ml of magnesium citrate and "X-Prep" senna derivative). Patients with diarrhea or inflammatory bowel disease, or both, were excluded. Biopsy specimens were obtained from normal-appearing mucosa of the right and left side of the colon (none in the distal 10 cm of rectum). Blind review of coded slides was performed with 0-3 scoring for artifact, edema and hemorrhage of the lamina propria, surface epithelial and goblet cells, crypts, and cells in the lamina propria including eosinophils and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Statistically significant differences were found for preservation of surface epithelial and goblet cells and less edema in favor of patients receiving Golytely. We conclude that the standard form of colon preparation flattens the surface epithelial cells and depletes the goblet cells as well as causes an increase in lamina propria edema, whereas colon lavage preserves normal mucosal histology.
Environmentally Sustainable Projects

One of the challenges in the twenty-first century is to provide affordable environmentally sustainable products and services through engaging in sustainable projects. The cases in this chapter illustrate how that can be done in a variety of ways while at the same time providing needed jobs to local communities. Two companies, Husk Power and Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF), work in very poor communities without power to provide electricity at low rates through low-polluting methods. BHP Billiton works to create environmentally sustainable mining in Mozambique, and Ecover produces biodegradable soap and other products in a self-recycled factory environment.
Graded modulation of frog microvessel permeability to albumin using ionophore A23187.

We investigated the exchange of water and macromolecules across venular microvessels after permeability was increased. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy was used to measure albumin permeability coefficients in individually perfused microvessels of decerebrate frogs. Control permeability coefficient was 2.3 +/- 0.25 X 10(-7) cm/s. Solvent drag increased the apparent solute permeability coefficient (Ps) by 0.57 +/- 0.05 X 10(-7) cm/s for each cmH2O increase in microvessel pressure. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 (0.1–5 microM) produced a transient increase in Ps to a peak value (within 1–3 min), followed (after 4–8 min) by a sustained increase in permeability (16–34% of peak values). Peak values of Ps were 13 and 80 times control for 0.1 and 5 microM A23187, respectively. Both diffusion and solvent drag contributed to the sustained increase in Ps. The equivalent pore radius of the structures determining diffusion and solvent drag was less than or equal to 25 nm during the sustained increase in permeability, smaller than observed gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. The basement membrane and a fibrous matrix secreted by endothelial cells into the gaps may offer resistance to exchange in the high permeability state.
Computer-extracted stromal features of African-Americans versus Caucasians from H&E slides and impact on prognosis of biochemical recurrence.

12075Background: There has been recent interest in investigating differences in the prostate cancer (PCa) phenotype between African-Americans (AA) and Caucasian-Americans (CA). Separately, there is...
Induction of angiogenic and inflammation-associated dermal biomarkers following acute UVB exposure on bio-engineered pigmented dermo-epidermal skin substitutes in vivo

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation adversely affects skin health at cellular and molecular levels. Hence, UV radiation can directly induce inflammatory responses in the dermis by inducing erythema, edema, inflammation, dermal fibroblasts alterations, and extracellular matrix modifications. Human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts were isolated from skin biopsies, cultured, and expanded in vitro. Fibroblasts were seeded into collagen type I hydrogels that were subsequently covered by keratinocytes and melanocytes. These pigmented dermo-epidermal skin substitutes (pigmDESS) were transplanted for 5 weeks onto full-thickness skin wounds on the back of immuno-incompetent rats, exposed to a single UVB dose of 250 mJ/cm2 or unexposed and excised after 1 week. The effects onto the dermis were assessed regarding cell number, cell phenotype, and cell proliferation. Local inflammation by granulocytes (HIS48) or macrophages (CD11b, iNOS) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining. We observed a significantly enhanced ingrowth rate of blood capillaries, but not of lymphatic capillaries at 1 week post-irradiation. Moreover, the enhanced vascularization of pigmDESS after UVB exposure was concomitant with a high infiltration of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages to the dermal part of grafts. In addition, a heterogeneous expression of HIF-1α and TNFα was detected at this early phase after UVB exposure. In local cellular response examination, results only show a moderate cell proliferation in the dermis. We were able to define early markers of UVB-induced effects in the dermis of pigmDESS. Overall, a single UVB dose induces temporary acute angiogenic and immune responses during the early post-irradiation phase in vivo.
Chronic Medical Illness as a Risk Factor for Poor Mammography Screening Adherence.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the presence of chronic medical disease and mammography screening adherence. Materials and Methods: We performed a...
Cognitive Rehabilitation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)

Abstract The rehabilitative management of the cognitive sequelae associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a quickly evolving field. In a subset of patients, the persistent cognitive symptoms that may occur after sustaining a mTBI can be very disabling. Attention to this group of patients has resulted in the development of a wide range of intervention approaches and an increase of evidence-based literature related to cognitive rehabilitation. A comprehensive understanding of this type of rehabilitation may be cultivated by examining the core components; including the fundamentals of rehabilitative science, evolution of practices, and current methodologies of evaluation and treatment. Optimizing effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for mTBI depends on a multidisciplinary team working together to implement systematic learning, functional practice, compensatory strategies and metacognitive training targeting the cognitive domains (or goals) of attention, memory, executive function, and social communication.
On domains with properties weaker than atomicity

In general, ring theory is focused on atomic rings, i.e., rings in which every non-zero non-unit element has a factorization into irreducible elements. In a recent article of Boynton and Coykendall...
333) Screening for Current Opioid Misuse and Associated Risk Factors among Patients with Chronic Pain Prescribed Opioids

Million patients with chronic pain are treated with opioids and chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the top chronic non-cancer condition for which opioids are prescribed. There are very limited data on the psychosocial factors that can lead to opioid misuse. A multiple linear regression model was used to assess the association of opioid misuse (COMM) with pain severity (BPI), pain catastrophizing (PCS), mindfulness (MAAS) and disability (ODI) at baseline among subjects with low back pain (N = 191) prescribed opioids. Controlling for opioid dose, the overall model was significant for perceived disability (F[4, 187] = 25.33; p .05). These results highlight the need to create a clinical profile assessing psychosocial factors (e.g mindfulness, catastrophizing, disability) among chronic pain patients receiving prescribed opioids.
Effects of aging on voice emotion recognition in cochlear implant users and normally hearing adults listening to spectrally degraded speech

Voice emotion recognition declines with age in normally hearing (NH) adults. However, the effects of aging on voice emotion recognition in NH listeners with spectrally degraded stimuli are neither known nor the effects of aging on adult cochlear implant (CI) users. This study explored age-related effects on voice emotion recognition in NH adults listening to spectrally degraded speech and aimed to compare these changes to age-related changes in adult CI users’ voice emotion recognition with unprocessed speech. Participants listened to 12 emotion-neutral sentences, each spoken with 5 emotions (happy, sad, scared, angry, and neutral) by a male and female talker. Participants identified which emotion they heard while listening to sentences that were either unprocessed or CI-simulated. Preliminary results indicate declines in overall percent correct scores and increased reaction time with both age and increasing spectral degradation in NH adults. Results also suggest age-related effects on percent correct scores and reaction times within the CI group alone. These results have important implications in the aging population of adults with NH and with CIs because limitations in the quality peer to peer interactions have been associated with a decrease in perceived quality of life. [Work supported by R01 DC014233 and P20 GM109023.]Voice emotion recognition declines with age in normally hearing (NH) adults. However, the effects of aging on voice emotion recognition in NH listeners with spectrally degraded stimuli are neither known nor the effects of aging on adult cochlear implant (CI) users. This study explored age-related effects on voice emotion recognition in NH adults listening to spectrally degraded speech and aimed to compare these changes to age-related changes in adult CI users’ voice emotion recognition with unprocessed speech. Participants listened to 12 emotion-neutral sentences, each spoken with 5 emotions (happy, sad, scared, angry, and neutral) by a male and female talker. Participants identified which emotion they heard while listening to sentences that were either unprocessed or CI-simulated. Preliminary results indicate declines in overall percent correct scores and increased reaction time with both age and increasing spectral degradation in NH adults. Results also suggest age-related effects on percent correct sco...
Shared genetic influences on adolescent body mass index and brain structure: A voxel-based morphometry study in twins.

Abstract Background Previous research has demonstrated significant relationships between obesity and brain structure. Both phenotypes are heritable, but it is not known whether they are influenced by common genetic factors. We investigated the genetic etiology of the relationship between individual variability in brain morphology and BMIz using structural MRI in adolescent twins. Method The sample (n = 258) consisted of 54 monozygotic and 75 dizygotic twin pairs (mean(SD) age = 13.61(0.505), BMIz = 0.608(1.013). Brain structure (volume and density of gray and white matter) was assessed using VBM. Significant voxelwise heritability of brain structure was established using the Accelerated Permutation inference for ACE models (APACE) program, with structural heritability varying from 15 to 97%, depending on region. Bivariate heritability analyses were carried out comparing additive genetic and unique environment models with and without shared genetics on BMIz and the voxels showing significant heritability in the APACE analyses. Results BMIz was positively related to gray matter volume in the brainstem and thalamus and negatively related to gray matter volume in the bilateral uncus and medial orbitofrontal cortex, gray matter density in the cerebellum, prefrontal lobe, temporal lobe, and limbic system, and white matter density in the brainstem. Bivariate heritability analyses showed that BMIz and brain structure share ∼1/3 of their genes and that ∼95% of the phenotypic correlation between BMIz and brain structure is due to shared additive genetic influences. These regions included areas related to decision-making, motivation, liking vs. wanting, taste, interoception, reward processing/learning, caloric evaluation, and inhibition. Conclusion These results suggested genetic factors are responsible for the relationship between BMIz and heritable BMIz related brain structure in areas related to eating behavior.
Soil Microbial Assemblages Are Linked to Plant Community Composition and Contribute to Ecosystem Services on Urban Green Roofs

Green roofs are a way for cities to mitigate environmental stressors, such as heatwaves and droughts. However, these environmental stressors can adversely affect green roof vegetation, causing challenges for plant growth and survival and subsequently reducing the ability of green roof systems to deliver critical ecosystem services such as heat mitigation and nutrient cycling. Plant-associated microbes may facilitate the resilience and tolerance of green roof vegetation to climate-associated stress. However, despite their crucial role in plant growth and survival in natural ecosystems, there has been little research on plant-associated microbes in green roof systems. Plant choice on green roofs may also determine which microbes established in green roof growing media, and particular plant-microbial combinations may be more resilient to environmental stress. This project sought to characterize soil microbial community composition on green roofs across New York City with different plant palettes and assess how different combinations of green roof plant species and root-associated microbial assemblages responded to isolated and simultaneous heat and drought treatments. We surveyed green roofs planted with either Sedum species or with a mixed-vegetation palette (i.e. wildflowers, grasses, and succulents). We found that mixed-vegetation and Sedum green roofs had distinct soil bacterial and fungal communities (p<0.0001) with a higher relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi on mixed-vegetation roofs, and higher pathogen loads on Sedum roofs. Concurrently, we conducted a greenhouse experiment in which plants were grown from seed with live inocula collected from the two different types of vegetation on the green roofs we surveyed. We observed that plant species, soil inoculum, and abiotic stress treatment was correlated with shifts in soil fungal communities. This study demonstrated that soil microbial assemblages on green roofs are linked to the roof vegetation, and that they may facilitate green roof plants’ tolerance and resilience to environmental stressors.
Disentangling effects of forest harvest on long-term hydrologic and sediment dynamics, western Cascades, Oregon

Abstract The magnitude of sediment yield following forest timber harvest is controlled by increases in both sediment supply and streamflow. Since the relation between sediment transport and streamflow typically follows a power law, small increases in streamflow may translate into large increases in sediment transport. Interpreting the geomorphic effects of streamflow increases is confounded by the fact that timber harvest influences both the hydrologic regime and sediment supply of a watershed simultaneously, making it difficult to isolate the streamflow effect alone. Here we report on a novel approach to this problem using long-term data from two paired catchments located in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, USA. We use observed streamflow from the treated (clearcut) and control watersheds to reconstruct a natural streamflow time series for the treated watershed, one that represents streamflow response in conditions prior to harvest. We combine this reconstructed natural streamflow time series with observed relations between streamflow and sediment transport to quantify the background sediment yield and disentangle the relative effects of changes in hydrology and sediment supply. Results indicate that while increases in streamflow can account for modest increases in sediment transport, this is dwarfed by the increased supply of sediment that accompanies most timber harvest. These results have broad relevance to forest timber harvest and fuel management practices worldwide and can be used to constrain or set bounds on likely effects of more modest (i.e., thinning) techniques.
Improving Estimates of the Quantity and Quality of Persons Involved in the Opioid Crisis

This chapter provides a multifaceted framework of data and research methodologies for the purposes of improving prevalence estimates of all opioid users. Improvements in the calculation of the size and nature of opioid users in a given community is vital for the development of programs, policies, and formal evaluations of these efforts. Four broad areas of data and methodological approaches are vital to make these improvements: (A) OD death data; (B) community data; (C) prescription data; and (D) predictive/modelling techniques. These data streams are presented in order of urgency with OD data and other emergency data highlighting imminent health concerns. Conversely, other non-emergency data and predictive modelling represent more “upstream” data sources which in theory, exist prior to an emergency.
Temporal and spatial evolution of soil surface roughness on stony plots

Abstract Soil surface roughness (SSR) is widely recognized as an important factor influencing water erosion processes. On semiarid hillslopes with stony soils, rock fragments accumulate as the result of preferential erosion of fine materials, often creating a rough, rocky surface. A series of rainfall events were simulated on a stony plot (2 × 6.1 m) at three slope gradients (5 %, 12 %, and 20 %) and rock cover was measured. Surface elevations were sampled by terrestrial LiDAR at high resolutions. Roughness indices, including random roughness (RR), fractal dimension, crossover length, and generalized fractal dimension, were calculated from LiDAR points directly. Results showed: 1) SSR displayed an increasing trend as the rainfall simulation proceeded for all three slope treatments; 2) the steeper slope developed greater surface roughness; and 3) both the increase of surficial exposed rocks and the formation of erosional features, e.g., rills and depressions, contributed to the spatiotemporal variations of SSR. Results also showed that the fractal dimension was not a good indicator of soil surface roughness, but rather was an index of the form of the surface. Crossover length was a measure of roughness at a scale of a few millimeters, while random roughness was a measure of elevation variations on the scale of the length of the transect measured, and thus encompassed larger morphological features including rills. We also established a new method for multifractal analysis that characterized the heterogeneity of soil surface roughness. These results improve our understanding of the evolution of semiarid stony hillslopes and the dynamic feedback mechanism between erosion, surface morphology and hydraulics.
Differential frequency of breast cancer molecular profiling by socioeconomic status in San Diego, California.

e21061 Background: Previous reports demonstrate inferior outcomes for cancer patients of low socioeconomic status (SES). The development of breast tumor molecular profiling has optimized anticancer...
Collecting First-Generation Voices in Academic Libraries and Archives

First-generation college students have a profound impact both inside and outside the classroom on the strategic goals of universities, yet in-depth, firsthand information about their experiences are difficult for researchers and university administrators to find. Oral histories are a data-rich method of collecting narratives that legitimize the perspectives of underrepresented communities whose stories are often absent from the written record. This article provides a brief overview of first-generation populations, a review of literature relating to the increasing involvement of libraries and archives in capturing and preserving the stories of underdocumented communities in the twenty-first century, and shares three case studies of first-generation initiatives at public universities in California, Colorado, and Nebraska.
Securing Photovoltaic System Deployments with Data Diodes

A survey of a typical photovoltaic (PV) system with and without the cybersecurity protections of a data diode is explored. This survey includes a brief overview of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and their relationship to the Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and Industry 4.0 terminology. The cybersecurity features of eight data diodes are compared, and the cyber attack surface, attack scenarios, and mitigations of a typical PV system are discussed. After assessing cybersecurity, the economic considerations to purchase a data diode are considered. At 13.19 cents/kWh, the sale of 227,445 kWh is needed to fund one $30,000 data diode. On average, a military installation, similar to a small city, requires approximately 48,516 kWh every hour and could fund a $30,000 data diode in 4.7 hours. Comparatively, a 25 kW community-scale PV system costing $75,000 and generating an excess of 20 kW annually (approx. 36,000 kWh), requires 6.3 years to fund a $30,000 data diode. Weighing the economic considerations, the employment of data diodes for cybersecurity protection is not economically feasible for residential or community-scale PV system deployment, but might be for large-scale utility providers. Finally, a discussion on the different communities involved in the design, cybersecurity, and operations of an ICS show that further work is needed to bridge the communities of systems engineers, cybersecurity specialists, and industrial operators if the US is to build secure and resilient ICS and PV systems.
On the geometric mean of character degrees of a finite group

Over the past decade, several interesting results on the so-called average character degree of a finite group and its connections with the group structure have been found. In this paper we introduce the geometric mean of character degrees and prove that the alternating group $\mathsf{A}_5$, which is the smallest non-solvable group, has minimal geometric mean of irreducible character degrees among all non-solvable groups.
Correlation of early-stage growth process conditions with dislocation evolution in MOCVD-based GaP/Si heteroepitaxy

Abstract To identify the complex relationships between early-stage growth processes and the resultant defect microstructure in GaP/Si heteroepitaxy, a holistic study of several key metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) parameters was conducted, focusing on Si surface preparation and GaP atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) based nucleation processes. Crystalline defects related to the lattice mismatch and/or interfacial heterovalency, namely misfit dislocations (MD), threading dislocations (TD), and stacking fault pyramids (SFP), were quantitatively characterized via electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and correlated against the different process variations. Choice of Si surface preparation method between the two examined (dilute SiH4 annealing versus Si2H6 based homoepitaxy) had little impact on resultant GaP film morphology and defect content, whereas differing GaP ALE nucleation conditions produced much more substantial changes. In particular, the initial precursor species (tert-butylphosphine versus triethygallium) and ALE cycle purge times both yielded significant influence over threading dislocation densities (TDD) in thin (100 nm), post-critical thickness GaP/Si films, with TDD spanning two orders of magnitude, from 6.7 × 107 cm−2 to 7.1 × 105 cm−2, depending on the specific process conditions employed. SFP densities were also found to follow a similar trend, ranging from 2.0 × 107 cm−2 to 1.8 × 105 cm−2, but with no apparent causal relationship between SFP density and TDD. To help explain the dramatic differences observed, detailed, large-area MD network characterization was used to provide statistically-relevant quantitative analyses of the critical dislocation dynamics (introduction rates and glide velocities) associated with the different process variants. These extracted values are then correlated against the ALE process variants to provide insight into the potential mechanistic roles of the different growth processes.
Basic Limits in Real-Time Industrial Radiographic Systems

Industrial applications of radiography presently demand improvements in resolution when radiographic images are viewed on a real-time basis. Unlike medical applications (radiology), the dosage of incoming X-rays or gamma-rays does not impose serious restrictions in industrial applications. In addition, many advances in the area of computer-assisted intensification of image signals allow us to reexamine the present techniques of radiography from a fresh viewpoint. As a consequence, we may be able to make a major advance in the improvement of resolution in real-time radiography. In this paper, we discuss (1) collimation of primary radiation, including apparent size of sources, (2) monochromatic radiography to obtain true signals, (3) resolution improvement by a magnification of X-ray images before the radiation reaches the detecting (or viewing) system and, briefly, (4) intensification of signals when crystal collimation is used.
Authorization or Appropriateness or the Lady or the Tiger Redux

At the time of this writing and probably, too, at the time of your listening, health care reform will remain a hot political issue. President Obama, having placed it at the top of his domestic agenda, will still have to contend with strident criticisms about it throughout his second term. The problem is both chronic and acute. Although health care costs are not rising as steeply today as they were several years ago they are still going up. The organizational problem inherent in the way we allocate payment for the ill and injured and how we seek to prevent disease in the United States will most likely not be ameliorated by any legislation because the philosophical polarities are too great and political infighting too intense to achieve anything more than piecemeal changes. Obamamania notwithstanding. But one of those bigger pieces could involve radiology.
The Function of Perception

What is the biological function of perception? I believe perception has representing reliably as a biological function, for reliably accuracy enters into the functional analysis of our ability to survive and reproduce. Tyler Burge argues from principles and by example that this cannot be so. I show why Burge’s considerations fall short. At best Burge shows that representational content does not reduce to biological function. He does not show that reliable representation cannot be a biological function.
A 130-nm 6-GHz 256 /spl times/ 32 bit leakage-tolerant register file

Describes a 256-word /spl times/ 32-bit 4-read, 4-write ported register file for 6-GHz operation in 1.2-V 130-nm technology. The local bitline uses a pseudostatic technique for aggressive bitline active leakage reduction/tolerance to enable 16 bitcells/bitline, low-V/sub t/ usage, and 50% keeper downsizing. Gate-source underdrive of -V/sub cc/ on read-select transistors is established without additional supply/bias voltages or gate-oxide overstress. 8% faster read performance and 36% higher dc noise robustness is achieved compared to dual-V/sub t/ bitline scheme optimized for high performance. Device-level measurements in the 130-nm technology show 703/spl times/ bitline active leakage reduction, enabling continued V/sub t/ scaling and robust bitline scalability beyond 130-nm generation. Sustained performance and robustness benefit of the pseudostatic technique against conventional dynamic bitline with keeper-upsizing is also presented.
The physics of heat transport in semiconductor lasers

A first study of thermoelectric and convective effects in lasers is given in addition to Joule and recombination heating. Optimized devices and thermal measurements verifying the theory are presented.
Claudia Hillebrand. Counter-Terrorism Networks in the European Union: Maintaining Democratic Legitimacy After 9/11

Claudia Hillebrand examines the European Union's emerging networks that focus on counter-terrorism policing. In particular, she is concerned with international networking and whether counter-terror...
Rule 15(c) Mistake: The Supreme Court in Krupski Seeks to Resolve a Judicial Thicket

While recognizing the importance of a statute of limitations, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 acts as a counterbalance to such statutes by allowing a plaintiff to freely amend a complaint to assert additional claims, or to name new or additional parties, and have those amendments relate back to a complaint filed within the statute of limitations even though that statute has run. There have been interpretive problems, particularly with the language of Rule 15 (c)(1)(C)(ii). These problems arise when the "amendment changes the party or the naming of the party" after the statutory period and the conditions of Rule 15(c)(1)(C) are applied. Courts have often been very cautious in interpreting the rule because of a reluctance to see a person drawn into litigation after the statute of limitations has run out. The text of the rule addresses this problem by allowing such relation back only when the claim is sufficiently related to the original pleading and the defendant "received such notice of the action so that it [would] not be prejudiced in defending on the merits and knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party's identity." This Article focuses on the phrase "knew or should have known ... but for a mistake concerning the proper party's identity," as set out in Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii). It examines how differing interpretations of that phrase by courts of appeals have affected the application of the rule in four related but somewhat different situations, which has led to the Supreme Court taking up the issue. This Article begins by examining the text and purpose of the rule. It then analyzes the cases that show the competing views as to the meaning of Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii) and evaluates these views in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Krupski v. Costa Crociere S.p.A., in which the Court sought "to resolve tension among the Circuits over the breadth of Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii)."