cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Term Kinds and the Formality of Aristotelian Modal Logic

Recent formalizations of Aristotle's modal syllogistic have made use of an interpretative assumption with precedent in traditional commentary: That Aristotle implicitly relies on a distinction between two classes of terms. I argue that the way Rini (2011. Aristotle's Modal Proofs: Prior Analytics A8–22 in Predicate Logic, Dordrecht: Springer) employs this distinction undermines her attempt to show that Aristotle gives valid proofs of his modal syllogisms. Rini does not establish that Aristotle gives valid proofs of the arguments which she takes to best represent Aristotle's modal syllogisms, nor that Aristotle's modal syllogisms are instances of any other system of schemata that could be used to define an alternative notion of validity. On the other hand, I argue, Robert Kilwardby's ca. 1240 commentary on the Prior Analytics makes use of a term-kind distinction so as to provide truth conditions for Aristotle's necessity propositions which render Aristotle's conversion rules and first figure modal syllogis...
Breast Arterial Calcification: Expanding the Reach of Cardiovascular Prevention.

A large proportion of cardiovascular events occur among women whose 10-year estimated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk is <7.5%, and thus guidelines would not routinely recommend statins for such patients before their events.1 Additional strategies beyond the measurement of traditional risk factors are therefore needed to identify women who might benefit from medical therapy, based on unexpected higher risk. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) seen on a noncontrast chest computed tomogram is the most potent marker of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), and has been shown to enhance risk prediction in women.1 However, CAC testing is usually not covered by insurance companies, limiting its widespread use as a screening tool for subclinical CVD. Given that millions of women undergo mammograms each year, there has been growing interest in whether the presence of breast arterial calcification (BAC), which is easily detected on a standard mammogram, could help inform cardiovascular risk assessment. Unlike CAC, which represents calcification in the intima, BAC is found along the circumference of the media giving it a tram-track appearance when the burden is severe (Figure). Some studies of BAC described it simply as present versus absent, whereas others attempted to use a semiquantitative assessment based on the density and extent of calcium in each artery, and the number of arteries involved.2 BAC prevalence varies widely depending on the population’s age and comorbidities, ranging from 10% to 12% in healthier population-based cohort studies, to 60% to 70% among women >70 years of age or with chronic kidney disease.2 BAC is thought to develop primarily through pathways related to mineral metabolism and bone formation, but there may be a role for inflammation as well. Although traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are associated with BAC presence, BAC has an inverse association with …
MIMO-less space division multiplexing with elliptical core optical fibers

MIMO-less space division multiplexing with elliptical core optical fibers is reviewed. Real-time, bi-directional, and Tb-scale data rates with direct detection over the spatial modes/cores of km-scale, few mode/multicore elliptical core optical fibers are demonstrated.
Tackling another MGRS-related kidney disease.

In this issue of Blood, Chauvet et al reported the largest study to date of the treatment outcomes in patients with monoclonal gammopathy–associated C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). Renal outcomes were found to be dependent on hematological response for the first time in this disease. The data presented here could be used to help design future studies and trials.1
Relating movement primitive length to accuracy in imitation learning

We present an analysis of the effect of movement primitive length on accuracy using a visual externally observed imitation learning algorithm. Utilizing the noise reduction techniques in the chosen algorithm, we show that, though the largest impact on output path accuracy is the quality of the input data, the inaccuracy of the output increases as the movement primitive length increases as shown by the smoothing spline's sum of squares goodness of fit and the number of data points rejected by the low pass filter.
An Examination of Construal Effects on Price Perceptions in the Advance Selling of Experience Services

Service research in the advance selling of experience services is limited in regard to how individual and situational differences influence price information processing. Applying construal-level th...
Crayons Are the Future

Creativity and technology are increasingly important twenty-first century constructs for education. In this chapter, we identify some myths about how these issues are typically framed in educational contexts. In the case of bringing creativity to education, the problem has been that of framing it too broadly and focusing on generic skills, divorced from the grounding and constraints of learning in the disciplines. In contrast, the problem with technology in education has been an inordinately narrow focus on the latest tools rather than deeper issues of pedagogy and content. To address these concerns we offer a two-part framing—bringing together TPACK and trans-disciplinary creativity—to make the case for learning both within and across disciplines. This (in)disciplined learning, we argue, provides a useful way to think about creativity and technology for teaching and learning.
Sleep problems and suicidal behaviors in college students

Abstract Using a large sample of college students, objectives were to examine (1) the overlap between poor sleep and suicide risk status, (2) whether poor sleep was associated with suicide behaviors above and beyond depression, (3) whether sleep problems and depression interacted to predict increased suicidal behaviors or risk, and (4) which specific components of sleep were uniquely associated with suicidal behaviors. Participants were 1700 college students (ages 18-29 years; 65% female) from two universities who completed measures assessing sleep, depressive symptoms, and suicidal behaviors (Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire–Revised [SBQ-R], a composite measure including ideation, past attempt, disclosure to others, and future likelihood of suicide that includes a cutoff for determining participants with suicide risk). Approximately one-quarter (24%) of participants were classified with suicide risk. Four-fifths (82.7%) of participants classified with suicide risk also met cutoff criteria for sleep problems; conversely, almost one-third (31.3%) of the participants classified with sleep problems were also classified with suicide risk. Total sleep problems remained significantly associated with suicidal behaviors above and beyond depressive symptoms, though sleep and depression did not interact to predict suicidal behaviors or risk. When considered together and controlling for sex, the odds of being classified with suicide risk were 6.54 times greater for participants with elevated depressive symptoms and 2.70 times greater for participants with sleep problems. Analyses examining specific sleep domains found shorter sleep duration, having bad dreams, feeling too cold while sleeping, and sleep medication use to each be independently associated with suicidal behaviors. Findings add to a growing body of literature linking sleep and suicide in college students.
Prophylactic Value of Beta Blockers

The roles and safety of beta blockade following cardiac surgery have been controversial for three decades. In the 1960's and early 1970's it was feared that perioperative use of beta blockers would cause significant myocardial depression by either their direct antiadrenergic effects or the potentiation of the myocardial depressant effects of general anesthetics. Many recommended that beta blockers be discontinued from 48 hours [1,2] to as early as 2 weeks before surgery [3]. This practice was challenged after reports of worsening angina, myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death following the abrupt cessation of beta blockers in patients treated chronically with propranolol [4,5] as well as an increased incidence of perioperative complications in patients in whom beta blockers were discontinued preoperatively [6]. By the late 1970's the safety for continued beta blockade before and after cardiac surgery was demonstrated [7,8], and this strategy was tested for the prevention of postoperative complications, most often supraventricular arrhythmias. Herein we review the clinical trials testing various beta-adrenergic antagonists after cardiac surgery for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (Table 1) and offer recommendations for treatment. discontinuation 10 hours before surgery, or continuation of beta blockade until the day of surgery followed by low dose intravenous propranolol for 36 to 48 hours postoperatively. These three groups were compared also to 17 patients who did not receive propranolol either prior to or after surgery. The highest incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias was observed in the groups randomized to discontinuation of propranolol 48 or 10 hours before surgery when compared to the group receiving pre- and postoperative propranolol. The authors also noted a marked increase in the rate-pressure product during intubation and postoperative periods in the patients for whom the beta blocker was discontinued before surgery. The authors speculated that both findings were due to propranolol withdrawal following a hyperadrenergic response to stress.
Research as an Instrument for Professional Change

Our profession is experiencing profound changes—national accreditation of counselor training programs, national certification of helping professionals, and efforts within states for professional li...
Intergenerational Economics: Public and Family Support for Retirees in US History and Looking Forward

This chapter examines public support for the elderly starting with Civil War veterans’ and widows’ pensions, through Social Security and the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, which successfully lowered elderly poverty levels as part of the New Deal and the War on Poverty. It describes the effect of Social Security on intergenerational transfers, detailing how families operating under altruism assumptions versus exchange assumptions might differ. In light of changing demographics and the aging population, it looks at the baby boomers, their changing family structures, mutual support with their adult children, and their readiness for retirement. Then the chapter highlights potential changes in Social Security due to the coming funding crisis, and the need for more informal family caregiving services as the elderly population grows.
Inferior vena cava variation predicts fluid responsiveness during dysrhythmias: a rational rearrangement of chairs on The Titanic.

Fluid responsiveness, or identifying those patients whose position on the Frank-Starling curve will improve with fluid administration, has been a fundamental component of caring for critically ill patients even before critical care medicine became a specialty.
THE MORBIDITY OF GUILLAIN–BARRé SYNDROME IN A PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT WITH 32 CASES

Objective To investigate the spectrum of complications and the factors associated with morbidity in children with Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods Records of children admitted to a PICU between 1998 and 2007 with a diagnosis of GBS were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic characteristics, length of PICU stay, clinical severity of GBS (Hughes score), occurrence and duration of mechanical ventilation were emphasised. Complications were defined on the basis of severity, as major morbidity (respiratory, infectious and miscellaneous morbidity), minor morbidity (hyponatremia Results Thirty-two patients were included (age 5.5 ± 3.4 years, length of stay 18.4 ± 16.3 days). The reason for PICU admission was neuromuscular respiratory failure in all cases. Twenty patients (62.5%) required mechanical ventilation (duration 24.3 ± 14.2 days). Tracheotomy was performed in two patients (6.2%). Intravenous immunoglobulin was given in 56.3% of patients. Major morbidity occurred in 56.2% of patients. Pneumonia was the most common cause of morbidity, occurring in half of patients followed by hyponatremia (28.1% of patients). Factors associated with major morbidity were: clinical severity of GBS (p = 0.000), prolonged mechanical ventilation more than 14 days (p = 0.005) and prolonged duration of stay more than 21 days (p = 0.028). Conclusion The morbidity of GBS admitted to the PICU is dominated by pneumonia. Attention to the management of mechanical ventilation is important to minimise this complication of GBS.
Improving the improvisational pelvic circumferential compression technique for open-book pelvic fractures using a simulation model and a sphygmomanometer

Background Open-book pelvic fractures are associated with significant mortality. Emergency management may require a commercial pelvic circumferential compression device to reduce the fracture and compress haemorrhaging pelvic vasculature. Standard, commercial, twin-sized bedsheets are acceptable should commercial devices be unavailable. However, obese victims or personnel with insufficient body strength may impede successful reduction. Objective To demonstrate the value of an improvisational windlass (intravenous pole) in improving the ability to reduce an open-book pelvic fracture. Methods The Institutional Review Board-approved study involved 28 diverse healthcare students and emergency medicine residents. Each participant’s demographic information and physical characteristics were recorded. A METIman was prepared with knee and ankle binding and a sphygmomanometer set at 40 mm Hg placed over the symphysis pubis. Two-person teams were randomly selected to place a bedsheet at greater trochanter level and atop the sphygmomanometer. The bedsheet was secured with maximum effort by the pairs and the pressure recorded. Following this, the pairs inserted an intravenous pole in the knot and torqued the pole to maximum effort and a repeat pressure recorded. Results The mean increase in pressure using only the bedsheet was 106.43 mm Hg per team. With bedsheet and intravenous pole, the mean pressure increase was 351.79 mm Hg per team. The difference was statistically significant (independent samples t-test: t = 17.177, p Conclusions Regardless of personnel’s physical attributes, the addition of an improvisational windlass to a pelvic circumferential compression bedsheet can improve the ability to reduce an open-book fracture, especially in obese victims.
Two quasi-stable lead(ii) hydrides at ambient temperature.

Simple reactions of their terphenyl lead bromide precursors with DIBAL-H in diethyl ether solution at ca. −78 °C leads to the isolation of the hydrides {Pb(μ-H)ArPri4}2 (ArPri4 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2) (1) and {Pb(μ-H)ArMe6}2 (ArMe6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2) (2) in good yield (60–80%). The isolated solids are stable at up to 5 °C for several weeks but are thermally labile in solution. Hydride 1 decomposes to the diplumbyne ArPri4PbPbArPri4, while 2 decomposes to the plumbylene Pb(ArMe6)2. The decomposition of 1 was determined to be zero order with a rate constant of ca. 2.0 × 10−5 M min−1 at 298 K.
Noncuring Graphene Thermal Interface Materials for Advanced Electronics

Author(s): Naghibi, Sahar | Advisor(s): Balandin, Alexander A | Abstract: As transistors continue to decrease in size and packing densities increase, thermal management becomes a critical bottleneck for development of the next generation of compact and flexible electronics. The increase in computer usage and ever-growing dependence on cloud systems require better methods for dissipating heat away from electronic components. The important ingredients of thermal management are the thermal interface materials. The discovery of excellent heat conduction properties of graphene and few-layer graphene stimulated research on practical applications of graphene fillers in thermal interface materials. The initial studies of graphene fillers in thermal interface materials were focused almost exclusively on curing epoxy-based composites. However, many thermal management applications require specifically noncuring thermal paste type materials. This dissertation reports on the synthesis and thermal conductivity measurements of noncuring thermal paste based on mineral oil with the mixture of graphene and few-layer graphene flakes as the fillers. The relatively simple composition has been selected in order to systematically compare the performance and understand the mechanisms governing heat conduction. It was found that graphene thermal paste exhibits a distinctive thermal percolation threshold with the thermal conductivity revealing a sublinear dependence on the filler loading. This behavior contrasts with the thermal conductivity of curing graphene thermal interface materials, based on epoxy, where super-linear dependence on the filler loading is observed. The performance of graphene thermal paste was benchmarked against top-of-the-line commercial thermal pastes. The obtained results show that noncuring graphene thermal interface materials outperforms the best commercial pastes in terms of thermal conductivity, at substantially lower filler concentration. The results of this dissertation research shed light on the thermal percolation mechanism in noncuring polymeric matrices laden with quasi-two-dimensional fillers. Considering recent progress in graphene production via liquid phase exfoliation and oxide reduction, it is possible that the undertaken approach will open a pathway for large-scale industrial application of graphene in thermal management of electronics.
Historical Possibility in 1878: Choosing a Different Story with The Stranger Disease

In The Stranger Disease, Goat in the Road Productions brought their distinctive, researched-based devising style to the “Madame John's Legacy” historic home in New Orleans. Their immersive show exp...
Pembrolizumab induced scleroderma

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disorder. It is a chronic multisystem disease characterized by vascular dysfunction and progressive fibrosis of tissue, with skin hardening and thickening (known as scleroderma) being the hallmark of the disease. It tends to affect females more than males and has a higher prevalence in African American population with earlier onset and more severe disease. While scleroderma can be a manifestation of conditions other than SSC, the presence of skin thickening of the fingers, extending proximally to metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient to classify a patient as having SSc. SSc treatment is challenging given the heterogeneity of the disease, multiple organ involvement, different subtypes and poorly understood etiology and pathogenesis. Yet, systemic immunosuppressive therapy is often the treatment of choice. Here we present a 60-year-old white female who developed skin thickening of her fingers extending to the forearms and of her proximal thighs after being treated with pembrolizumab for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. It was difficult to determine internal organ involvement given her history of metastatic lung cancer, but scleroderma specific autoantibodies were negative. Her symptoms improved after treatment with methotrexate and stopping pembrolizumab. This is one of the first case reports of scleroderma secondary to pembrolizumab.
Estudio numérico del efecto de perfil del primer anillo del pistón de compresión sobre el rendimiento hidrodinámico del lubricante de un motor diésel

For different operating conditions of an internal combustion engine, the piston-ring-liner compartment represents one of the largest sources of friction and power losses. The present paper is a contribution to evaluate the effect of the compression ring profile on the main tribological performance of the lubricant in a four-stroke diesel engine. A one-dimensional analysis was developed using GT-Suite software for the hydrodynamic lubrication between the compression piston ring and the cylinder wall. A numerical method was applied to analyze the influence of different ring geometrical designs during the working cycle on oil film thickness, frictional force, power losses. The Takigushi simulation model was used to validate and verify the developed numerical model. The results obtained showed a relatively good qualitative and quantitative compatibility between the two applied models. The developed numerical model allows the investigation of the influence of ring design parameters to improve the tribological performance of piston engines.
Illustrated pathology of the bone marrow

This book provides a highly illustrated and comprehensive account of the diseases of the human bone marrow. It will help experienced clinicians and those in training to answer the practical diagnostic questions that arise during the routine analysis of bone marrow core biopsy specimens. Throughout the text, histologic interpretation is integrated with clinical and laboratory findings. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation of peripheral blood, aspirate smear, clot section and core biopsy, as well as ancillary techniques including flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of hematologic disorders of the marrow. The text is illustrated with numerous color figures, charts and tables, and descriptions of real case situations using the most up-to-date classification systems. Illustrated Pathology of Bone Marrow should be read by all pathologists, hematologists and laboratory technicians involved in the analysis of bone marrow specimens.
Molecular Investigation of the Bioluminescent Fungus Mycena chlorophos: Comparison between a Vouchered Museum Specimen and Field Samples from Taiwan

There are 71 species of bioluminescent fungi belonging to at least three distinct evolutionary lineages. Mycena chlorophos is a bioluminescent species that is distributed in tropical climates, especially in Southeastern Asia, and the Pacific. This research examined Mycena chlorophos from Taiwan using molecular techniques to compare the identity of a named museum specimens and field samples. For this research, field samples were collected in Taiwan and compared with a specimen provided by the National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan (NMNS). Specific locations for collection were chosen based on previous GIS data provided by NMNS. FTA DNA extraction cards were used to collect fresh DNA from fruiting bodies. The samples were brought back to the lab at SUNY-ESF located in Syracuse, N. Y. where DNA extraction, PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS region) were performed. The ITS region, or fungal barcode was sequenced from these PCR products. The RFLP patterns and ITS sequences showed that the field samples and museum specimen were probably the same species, supported by BLAST search in Genbank. This study has raised questions about the mechanisms of long distance fungal spore dispersal, and suggests possible future research in taxonomic and interdisciplinary study of Mycena chlorophos.
Models of Software Evolution: Life Cycle and Process

This module presents an introduction to models of software system evolution and their role in structuring software development. It includes a review of traditional software life-cycle models as well as software process models that have been recently proposed. It identifies three kinds of alternative models of software evolution that focus attention to either the products, production processes, or production settings as the major source of influence. It examines how different software engineering tools and techniques can support life-cycle or process approaches. It also identifies techniques for evaluating the practical utility of a given model of software evolution for development projects in different kinds of organizational settings.
Toward a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis C in the United States

Data from the 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that about 3.6 million people in the United States have antibodies to the hepatitis C virus, of whom 2.7 million are currently infected. NHANES, however, excludes several high-risk populations from its sampling frame, including people who are incarcerated, homeless, or hospitalized; nursing home residents; active-duty military personnel; and people living on Indian reservations. We undertook a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature and sought out unpublished presentations and data to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C in these excluded populations and in turn improve the estimate of the number of people with hepatitis C in the United States. The available data do not support a precise result, but we estimated that 1.0 million (range 0.4 million-1.8 million) persons excluded from the NHANES sampling frame have hepatitis C virus antibody, including 500,000 incarcerated people, 220,000 homeless people, 120,000 people living on Indian reservations, and 75,000 people in hospitals. Most are men. An estimated 0.8 million (range 0.3 million-1.5 million) are currently infected. Several additional sources of underestimation, including nonresponse bias and the underrepresentation of other groups at increased risk of hepatitis C that are not excluded from the NHANES sampling frame, were not addressed in this study. Conclusion: The number of US residents who have been infected with hepatitis C is unknown but is probably at least 4.6 million (range 3.4 million-6.0 million), and of these, at least 3.5 million (range 2.5 million-4.7 million) are currently infected; additional sources of potential underestimation suggest that the true prevalence could well be higher. (Hepatology 2015;62:1353–1363)
FUSION OF HAMILTONIAN LOOP GROUP MANIFOLDS AND COBORDISM

We construct an oriented cobordism between moduli spaces of flat connec- tions on the three holed sphere and disjoint unions of toric varieties, together with a closed two-form which restricts to the symplectic forms on the ends. As applications, we obtain formulas for mixed Pontrjagin numbers and Witten's formulas for symplectic volumes. Let G be a compact, connected, simply connected, simple Lie group anda com- pact oriented 2-manifold, possibly with boundary. A standard approach to computing invariants of the moduli spaces of flat G-connections overis to study the behavior of these invariants when two boundary circles are glued together. Since anyof genus at least two admits a pants decomposition, this approach reduces the computation of these invariants to that of the moduli spaces associated to pairs of pants (three-holed spheres). In this paper, we develop a cobordism approach to computing invariants of these moduli spaces. We apply our technique to compute mixed Pontrjagin numbers and symplectic volumes. In a sequel (15) to this paper, we apply our method to compute the coefficients of the fusion ring (Verlinde algebra).
Physiological characterization of adaptive clones in evolving populations of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Populations of a diploid strain of S. cerevisiae were grown in glucose-limited continuous culture for more than 260 generations. A series of seven sequential adaptive changes were identified by monitoring the frequency of cycloheximide resistance in these populations. Samples were taken from the continuous cultures following each adaptive shift and characterized physiologically to determine (1) the range of phenotypes that can be selected in a precisely defined constant environment and (2) the order and predictability of the occurrence of the adaptive mutations in evolving populations. The clones were characterized with respect to the growth parameters, maximum growth rate, saturation coefficient and yield, as well as for changes in cell size and geometry and rate of glucose uptake. The maximum growth rates of the seven adaptive clones were very similar, but in contrast the saturation coefficients differed substantially. Surprisingly, not all clones showed reductions in the saturation coefficients, in comparison to the immediately preceding clones, as would be predicted from classical continuous culture kinetics. In addition, yield estimates first increased and then decreased for later isolated adaptive clones. In general, the results suggest epistatic interactions between the adaptive clones, consistent with earlier published results. The rate of glucose uptake, as measured by 14Cxylose uptake, increased dramatically after the selection and fixation of seven adaptive clones. Progressive decreases in cell volume and changes in cell geometry, resulting in increased surface area to volume ratios, were also observed in the adaptive clones, but these changes were not always seen in other haploid and diploid yeast populations evolving under the same conditions. Such changes may be easily explainable in terms of the characteristics of the glucose-limited environment. The significance of the results to the evolution of microorganisms under nutrient-limiting conditions is discussed.
Ambassador Award Nominations Sought: Celebrate Work in Outreach and Societal Impact

A seismologist who starts giving talks at her local library and city's chamber of commerce about her work gradually becomes a go-to resource for her entire community on natural hazards preparation and safety. A professor at a community college creates an ambitious teaching initiative that supports hands-on research experiences for students who have never before been given the chance to conduct experiments. An Arctic ecologist assembles and leads a state-wide group of colleagues whose regular communication with legislators helps inform policy decisions and long-term regional planning. A heliophysicist steps up and coordinates new space weather research collaborations whose participants cross continents and disciplines.
Two-subband screening and transport in (001)silicon inversion layers

Abstract The effects of occupation of a second subband on screening and on scattering by fixed charges and by interface roughness are estimated for (001)Si inversion layers at low temperatures and at 77 K.
An integrated indenter-ARFI imaging system for tissue stiffness quantification.

The goal of this work is to develop and characterize an integrated indenter-ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) imaging system. This system is capable of acquiring matched datasets of ARFI images and stiffness profiles from ex vivo tissue samples, which will facilitate correlation of ARFI images of tissue samples with independently-characterized material properties. For large and homogeneous samples, the indenter can be used to measure the Young's moduli by using Boussinesq's solution for a load on the surface of a semi-infinite isotropic elastic medium. Experiments and finite element method (FEM) models were designed to determine the maximum indentation depth and minimum sample size for accurate modulus reconstruction using this solution. Applying these findings, indentation measurements were performed on three calibrated commercial tissue-mimicking phantoms and the results were in good agreement with the calibrated stiffness. For heterogeneous tissue samples, indentation can be used independently to characterize relative stiffness variation across the sample surface, which can then be used to validate the stiffness variation in registered ARFI images. Tests were performed on heterogeneous phantoms and freshly-excised colon cancer specimens to detect the relative stiffness and lesion sizes using the combined system. Normalized displacement curves across the lesion surface were calculated and compared. Good agreement of the lesion profiles was observed between indentation and ARFI imaging.
Oligomerization of Ethylene Using New Iron Catalysts Bearing Pendant Donor Modified α-Diimine Ligands

Stoichiometric Schiff base condensations of sterically bulky primary amines with acenaphthenequinone yield isolable monoimines. In the presence of Fe or other transition metals, the remaining ketone reacts with a second primary amine bearing a pendent donor atom to give asymmetric, tridentate, α-diimine complexes. Upon activation with alumoxanes, these complexes are highly active for the oligomerization of ethylene to linear α-olefins, with turnover numbers (TONs) exceeding 2.5 × 106 mol ethylene/mol Fe. Product purities are high, with 1-hexene and 1-octene exceeding 99% purity in most examples.
High throughput nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry screening of microbial growth conditions for maximal β-glucosidase production

Production of biofuels via enzymatic hydrolysis of complex plant polysaccharides is a subject of intense global interest. Microbial communities are known to express a wide range of enzymes necessary for the saccharification of lignocellulosic feedstocks and serve as a powerful reservoir for enzyme discovery. However, the growth temperature and conditions that yield high cellulase activity vary widely, and the throughput to identify optimal conditions has been limited by the slow handling and conventional analysis. A rapid method that uses small volumes of isolate culture to resolve specific enzyme activity is needed. In this work, a high throughput nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS)-based approach was developed for screening a thermophilic cellulolytic actinomycete, Thermobispora bispora, for β-glucosidase production under various growth conditions. Media that produced high β-glucosidase activity were found to be I/S + glucose or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), Medium 84 + rolled oats, and M9TE + MCC at 45°C. Supernatants of cell cultures grown in M9TE + 1% MCC cleaved 2.5 times more substrate at 45°C than at all other temperatures. While T. bispora is reported to grow optimally at 60°C in Medium 84 + rolled oats and M9TE + 1% MCC, approximately 40% more conversion was observed at 45°C. This high throughput NIMS approach may provide an important tool in discovery and characterization of enzymes from environmental microbes for industrial and biofuel applications.
Adiabatic fountain resonance

We have detected a new type of resonance in superfluid4He. This involves the adiabatic motion of the superfluid in and out of a superleak sealed at one end. We detect the resonance by measuring the temperature oscillations of the superleak. These measurements yield the superfluid fraction of confined helium. We compare data for a 2113A planar superleak with earlier results obtained using a torsional oscillator technique, and a similar confinement geometry.
Immunocytochemical localization of chondroitin and chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates in developing rat cerebellum.

: Monoclonal antibodies specific for unsulfated, 4-sulfated, and 6-sulfated disaccharide “stubs’ that remain attached to the core protein after chondroitinase ABC digestion of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans have been used to study the localization of Chondroitin and the two isomeric Chondroitin sulfates in developing rat cerebellum. At 1–2 weeks postnatal, unsulfated Chondroitin is present in the granule cell layer, molecular layer, and prospective white matter, but there was no staining of the external granule cell layer other than light staining of Bergmann glia fibers. By 3 weeks postnatal, staining of the molecular layer has disappeared and has diminished in the white matter, whereas in adult cerebellum only the granule cell layer remains stained. The staining pattern of Chondroitin 4-sulfate is similar to that for Chondroitin at 1–2 weeks postnatal, but in contrast to Chondroitin, Chondroitin 4-sulfate increases in the molecular layer at 3 weeks, and this becomes the most densely stained region of adult cerebellum. Chondroitin 6-sulfate is present predominantly in the prospective white matter of 1–2 week postnatal cerebellum, although significant staining of the granule cell layer is also seen. By 3 weeks postnatal the granule cell staining of chondroitin 6-sulfate has decreased, and in adult cerebellum staining is seen only in the white matter and to a lesser extent in the granule cell layer. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of chondroitin sulfate in the cytoplasm of neurons and glia of adult brain. HPLC of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan disaccharides demonstrated that the significant amounts of chondroitin (29%) and chondroitin 6-sulfate (19%) present at 7 days are replaced almost entirely by chondroitin 4-sulfate in adult brain, and immu-noblots of chondroitinase-treated proteoglycans from 7-day and adult brain revealed a distinctive pattern of major core proteins that stained with each of the three antibodies. The different localizations and developmental changes of chondroitin, chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin 6-sulfate suggest that sulfation may be an important factor in specifying the biological functions of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in nervous tissue.
Response to Comment on "Pairing and Phase Separation in a Polarized Fermi Gas"

Zwierlein and Ketterle rely on subjective arguments and fail to recognize important differences in physical parameters between our experiment and theirs. We stand by the conclusions of our original report.
Reliability-aware Checkpoint/Restart Scheme: A Performability Trade-off

In previous years, large scale clusters have been commonly deployed to solve important grand-challenge scientific problems. In order to reduce computational time, the system size has been increasingly expanded. Unfortunately, the reliability of such cluster systems goes in the opposite direction, as the extension of a system scale. Since failures of a single node could result in a system outage, it is essential to effectively deal with faulty situations in the grand challenge problem-solving environment. Checkpointing is one of common fault tolerance techniques. However, there are many challenges in checkpointing such as overhead, latency and consistency, as well as recovery. In this paper, a reliability-aware checkpoint/restart method was introduced. It is a novel technique to consider checkpointing placement based on system reliability. We constructed a cost model and derived an optimal checkpoint placement function based on failure rates: A trade-off between performance and reliability (i.e. performability) was a key consideration. We also implemented a proof-of-concept and demonstrated improvements resulting from our techniques for fault-tolerant MPI applications on an HA-OSCAR cluster
Further Comparisons of Alfalfa Hay and Alfalfa Silage for Growing Dairy Heifers

Summary Three different types of trials were performed in which body weight gain, dry matter (D. M.) intake, and their ratio were compared when growing dairy heifers were fed hay or silage. Alfalfa hay and wilted silage simultaneously harvested from the same fields were fed in a continuous (14 mo.) and a reversal trial (7 mo. each) to dairy heifers from 5 to 19 mo. of age. Growth rates, D.M. intake, and efficiency of gain were lower for the heifers fed silage. After 19 mo. of age, all heifers were fed a normal ration of hay, corn silage, and grain, and the growth rate was increased for most heifers. Body weight at 2 yr. of age for heifers that had been fed hay during the 14-mo. experimental period was much greater than that of heifers that had been fed silage during this period. Body weight at 2 yr. for heifers fed silage for either of the 7-mo. periods was somewhat less than that of hay-fed heifers. These data indicate that silage may provide the major source of feed for dairy heifers for as long as 7 mo., either before or after a year of age, provided more adequate rations are supplied following these intervals without seriously reducing their size at calving time. Alfalfa harvested simultaneously from the same field as hay, wilted silage (43–46% dry matter), or as direct-cut silage during two different crop years was fed for 2 to 3 mo. to growing dairy heifers when 7 to 19 mo. of age. For each crop year there was little difference in rates of gain or dry matter intake or in efficiency of gain for heifers fed hay or wilted silage (43–46% dry matter). Heifers fed direct-cut silage had lower rates of gain, intake, and efficiency. However, in one crop year the difference between hay and direct-cut silage was small and not significant. It is suggested that the dry matter content of the forage when ensiled, and differences in the resulting fermentation, are major factors in determining the acceptability of silages by heifers and their resulting performance. Dry matter from hay produced larger gains than an equal amount of dry matter from wilted or D.C. silage when heifers were pair-fed the two forages. This suggests that there may be a difference in the nutritive value of hay and silage dry matter, as well as differences in their acceptability by dairy heifers.
Influence of dwell time on fatigue crack growth in nickel-base superalloys

Abstract Engineered systems for high temperature service are often subjected to cyclic loads with dwell times at maximum load that can exacerbate fatigue damage evolution through creep and environment enhanced crack growth. Experiments are carried out to examine the influence of dwell time on fatigue crack growth in powder metallurgy (P/M) nickel-base superalloys in highpurity argon and oxygen at 873–973 K. This study complements a previous study on an ingot metallurgy (I/M) alloy. The data are analyzed using a general superposition model to capture the microstructural response to the conjoint actions of stress and environment. The model is validated through backward comparisons of the estimated time-dependent contributions with crack growth rate data from sustained-load tests. The mechanical and mechanistic implications of dwell time, the feasibility for inferring sustained-load crack growth rates from the dwell time tests, and the usefulness of the superposition model for life-cycle design and management of engineered structures are discussed.
Reactivity of a New Zirconium Phosphonate Phase, Zr2(O3P-CH2CH2-bipyridinium-CH2CH2-PO3)X6·2H2O, Toward Organic and Inorganic Monophosphonates

We report that zirconium viologen diphosphonate, (Zr2(O3P-CH2CH2-bipyridinium-CH2CH2-PO3)X6·2H2O), where X=halide ion, ZrVP, will react with a variety of phosphonates (H2O3P-R, where R=OH, H, CH3, C6H5) under mild conditions, producing a disordered porous phase. This is in sharp contrast to the observed reactivity of the more common zirconium phosphonate phases: the α-phase group (IVB) layered phosphonates Zr(O3PR)2 (whose structures are based upon α-(Zr(O3POH)2·H2O), α-ZrP) are resistant to reaction with monophosphonates while γ-Zr(O4P)(O2P(OH)2)·2H2O, γ-ZrP, undergoes topotactic ligand exchange with mono- and di-phosphonates to form ordered porous materials. We follow the reaction by X-ray powder diffraction and IR and UV spectroscopies and investigate the porous nature of the resulting solids through ion-exchange and N2 adsorption experiments.
Axonal endings in the cat medial superior olive: coated vesicles and intercellular substance.

Abstract The ultrastructural features of the majority of endings in the cat medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) are found to be similar to those of the calyciferous endings in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and the cochlear nucleus34. An intercellular substance (ICS) between the terminals and the perikaya is found in all 3 nuclei. A population of coated vesicles (CVs) averaging 850a in diameter is present in the MSO terminals in significant numbers. They are preferentially distributed in the terminals adjacent to or in contact with surface membrane which abutts the ICS. The presence of ICS seems related to the large size of both pre- and postsynaptic elements, the extensive area of apposition, the axo-somatic nature of the apposition and the isolation of the synaptic elements from other synaptic contacts. Because of their preferential distribution next to or in contact with membrane which abutts ICS, CVs are implicated in the production or recycling of some substance associated with ICS.
Mutants of T2gf with altered DNA methylase activity: Relation to restriction by prophage P1

Abstract Glucosyl transferase ( gt ) mutants of T-even phages of a class called rp 1 are restricted by prophage P1. Unrestricted mutants up 1, derived from T2 gt rp 1, have hypermethylated DNA. From up 1 one obtains in turn u R p 1 mutants, which lack methyl groups on their DNA. Phage up 1 is dominant to either rp 1 or u R p 1 phage in mixed infections. The u R p 1 mutations map close to and on either side of the up 1 mutation, suggesting that both classes of mutation affect a single gene. Analysis of DNA methylase activity in crude extracts of Sh infected with T2 or its various gt derivatives reveals that the phage methylase induced by up 1 phage differs in specificity from the methylase of wild-type phage. The u R p 1 phage fail to induce any methylase activity.
Geologic controls on gas hydrate occurrence in the Mount Elbert prospect, Alaska North Slope

Abstract Data acquired at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, drilled in the Milne Point area of the Alaska North Slope in February, 2007, indicates two zones of high gas hydrate saturation within the Eocene Sagavanirktok Formation. Gas hydrate is observed in two separate sand reservoirs (the D and C units), in the stratigraphically highest portions of those sands, and is not detected in non-sand lithologies. In the younger D unit, gas hydrate appears to fill much of the available reservoir space at the top of the unit. The degree of vertical fill with the D unit is closely related to the unit reservoir quality. A thick, low-permeability clay-dominated unit serves as an upper seal, whereas a subtle transition to more clay-rich, and interbedded sand, silt, and clay units is associated with the base of gas hydrate occurrence. In the underlying C unit, the reservoir is similarly capped by a clay-dominated section, with gas hydrate filling the relatively lower-quality sands at the top of the unit leaving an underlying thick section of high-reservoir quality sands devoid of gas hydrate. Evaluation of well log, core, and seismic data indicate that the gas hydrate occurs within complex combination stratigraphic/structural traps. Structural trapping is provided by a four-way fold closure augmented by a large western bounding fault. Lithologic variation is also a likely strong control on lateral extent of the reservoirs, particularly in the D unit accumulation, where gas hydrate appears to extend beyond the limits of the structural closure. Porous and permeable zones within the C unit sand are only partially charged due most likely to limited structural trapping in the reservoir lithofacies during the period of primary charging. The occurrence of the gas hydrate within the sands in the upper portions of both the C and D units and along the crest of the fold is consistent with an interpretation that these deposits are converted free gas accumulations formed prior to the imposition of gas hydrate stability conditions.
Asymptotic log-linear analysis: Some cautions concerning sparse frequency tables

Traditional asymptotic probability values resulting from log-linear analyses of sparse frequency tables are often much too large. Asymptotic probability values for chi-squared and likelihood-ratio statistics are compared to nonasymptotic and exact probability values for selected log-linear models. The asymptotic probability values are all too often substantially larger than the exact probability values for the analysis of sparse frequency tables. An exact nondirectional permutation method is presented to analyze combined independent multinomial distributions. Exact nondirectional permutation methods to analyze hypergeometric distributions associated with r-way frequency tables are confined to r = 2.