cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote ice detection equipment — RIDE

Abstract A new instrument for remote ice detection and thickness measurement is described. It incorporates two optically based technologies that give it capability to measure the thickness of clear or foggy layers of solid or liquid on surfaces. The device is capable of measurements on moving surfaces such as wind turbines, and aircraft propellers and rotors. Details of the prototype are presented along with thickness data acquired during two test programs, one study on clear ice layers where measurements were obtained from a distance of ~ 15 m and the other on foggy ice layers at a distance of approximately 13 m.
Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals II. Halogenated saturated hydrocarbons

The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.
Clearing the Air: Steps for Lung Cancer Screening Success

The results from the National Lung Screening Trial and the subsequent United States Preventative Services Task Force grade B recommendation in favor of using a screening low-dose chest computed tomography (S-LDCT) for early detection of lung cancer have generated a lot of excitement in the lung cancer community. Although that excitement has been tempered by the Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee's recent decision not to recommend that Medicare cover S-LDCT, screening computed tomography remains a popular topic in medical imaging literature. As many practices are now considering implementing these S-LDCT programs, we review the challenges for establishing such a screening program and discuss some tips for successfully implementing a lung cancer screening program.
Genetic analysis of the 3' early region transformation and replication functions of bovine papillomavirus type 1.

Abstract Cell transformation by BPV-1 is dependent on sequences confined to a region comprising only 69% of the viral DNA. Analysis of this subgenomic fragment of the viral genome has revealed a composite of functions. To further study this region of the BPV-1 genome, we constructed mutants affecting the 3′ half of the transforming region. These mutations have revealed a plasmid maintenance function for the E2 ORF and a requirement that the 3′ half of E5 be intact for in vitro mouse cell transformation. Cotransfection experiments revealed that phenotypic complementation (wild type transformation efficiency and autonomous replication of viral DNA) resulted in recombination between input plasmids in the majority of cases. However, rare cases were encountered where the wild type phenotype was observed with no evidence of recombination between input plasmids. These data suggest trans-acting functions of the E2 and E5 ORFs in viral DNA replication and the E5 ORF in cell transformation.
Diffusion Sintering: II, Initial Sintering Kinetics of Alumina

The initial sintering kinetics of alumina have been studied by measuring the isothermal shrinkage of compacts of several alumina powders in air. The shrinkage of these compacts can best be described by a grain-boundary vacancy diffusion model for the temperature range 1200° to 1600°C. The behavior of the compacts is consistent with the model after an initial shrinkage has occurred. The magnitude of this initial shrinkage is constant for identical specimens and is independent of the sintering temperature.
ν-invariants on manifolds with cylindrical end☆

Abstract We study the ν -function of an operator A of Dirac type on a non-compact Riemannian manifold X ∞ , which is obtained from a compact manifold X with boundary Y by attaching the infinite cylinder X ∞ = (-∞, 0] x Y ∪ Y X . We assume that the metric structure is a product on the cylinder and that the operator B , the tangential part of the operator A on the cylinder, is non-singular. We show that the ν -function ν A (s) shares all the properties of the ν -function of an operator of Dirac type defined on a closed manifold. In particular, ν A (s) is a holomorphic function for Re(s) > -2.
Improved Thermal Design of a Compression Mold

An analysis of the heat transfer in a tool for producing neat resin disks was conducted to determine how to bring about a better agreement between the tool temperature and the applied temperature profile. Using the commercial code FLUENT to investigate the relative effects of heat conduction into the tool and heat loss from the tool by convection, it was shown that convective heat transfer appears more important than conduction in controlling the tool performance. Decreasing the height of the tool was predicted to decrease the heat losses by convection. Redesign of the tool based on this analysis resulted in the tool experiencing the applied temperature profile.
Molecular modeling of green fluorescent protein: structural effects of chromophore deprotonation.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to study the conformational rearrangement induced by deprotonation of the fluorescent chromophore in GFP, as well as the associated changes in the hydrogen-bonding network. For both the structures with either a neutral or an anionic chromophore, it was found that the β-barrel was stable and rigid, and the conformation of the chromophore was consistent with the available x-ray structure. The conformational change in Thr203 due to deprotonation was also found to be consistent with the three-state isomerization model. Although GFP is highly fluorescent, denatured-GFP is nonfluorescent, indicating that the environment of the protein plays an important role in its fluorescence behavior. Our MD simulations, which explore the effect of the protein shell on the conformation of the chromophore, find the flexibility of the central chromophore to be significantly restricted due to the rigid nature of the protein shell. The hydrogen-bonding between the chromophore and neighboring residues was also shown to contribute to the chromophore rigidity. In addition to the MD studies, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) ONIOM calculations were carried out to investigate the effect of the β-barrel on the internal rotation in the chromophore. Along with providing quantitative values for torsional rotation barriers about the bridging bond in the chromophore, the ONIOM calculations also validate our MD force field parameters. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Scatter correction for positron emission mammography

In this paper we present a scatter correction method for a regularized list mode maximum likelihood reconstruction algorithm for the positron emission mammograph (PEM) that is being developed at our laboratory. The scatter events inside the object are modelled as additive Poisson random variables in the forward model of the reconstruction algorithm. The mean scatter sinogram is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation program. With the assumption that the background activity is nearly uniform, the Monte Carlo scatter simulation only needs to run once for each PEM configuration. This saves computation time. The crystal scatters are modelled as a shift-invariant blurring in image domain because they are more localized. Thus, the useful information in the crystal scatters can be deconvolved in high-resolution reconstructions. The propagation of the noise from the estimated scatter sinogram into the reconstruction is analysed theoretically. The results provide an easy way to calculate the required number of events in the Monte Carlo scatter simulation for a given noise level in the image. The analysis is also applicable to other scatter estimation methods, provided that the covariance of the estimated scatter sinogram is available.
Thermally Induced Fields in Electroelastic Composite Materials: Average Fields and Effective Behavior

The average thermally induced electroelastic fields and the effective thermal expansion and pyroelectric coefficients of two-phase composite materials are obtained by applying the Mori-Tanaka mean-field theory to the coupled response of electroelastic composites through a field superposition scheme. Results are obtained for composites reinforced by ellipsoidal piezoelectric and pyroelectric inhomogeneities and thus are applicable to a wide range of microstructural geometry including lamina, spherical particle, and continuous fiber reinforcement. The results are shown to obey the recently derived Levin-type equations relating the effective thermal expansion and pyroelectric coefficients of a two-phase composite to those of the constitutents and the electroelastic moduli of the constituents and the composite. The analysis is developed in a matrix formulation convenient for numerical computation in which the electroelastic (elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric) moduli are represented by a 9 x 9 matrix and the thermal expansion and pyroelectric coefficients by a 9 x 1 column vector. A limited parametric study is performed to illustrate the interesting behavior exhibited by some typical composite microstructures. Finally, analytical predictions are examined in light of existing experimental observations.
Hölder Continuity for the Inverse of Mañé′s Projection

Abstract In a celebrated work, Mane showed that given a compact set X with fractal dimension d in a Banach space B , there exists a projection P of rank ≤2 d + 1, such that P restricted to X is injective. Here, we prove a stronger result when B is finite dimensional, namely, that there exists an orthogonal projection P 0 such that not only P 0 is injective on X but also its inverse is Holder continuous when restricted to P 0 X .
PEE5: INAPPROPRIATE ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES FOR PEDIATRIC OTITIS MEDIA

OBJECTIVES: To examine physician prescribing pattern of antibiotics for otitis media in children and compare them with therapeutic guidelines issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Family Physicians, and Otolaryngology, for appropriateness. Also, to calculate the cost savings that could be achieved by adhering to the guidelines. METHODS: Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) 1997 was utilized. Patients with principal diagnosis of otitis media with age less than or equal to 12 years were analyzed using multiple linear and binomial logit regression models. Appropriate antibiotics are defined as those that are recommended by the guidelines. The average wholesale price of recommended antibiotics was compared with the inappropriate antibiotics prescribed. The dosage of antibiotics was confirmed by the IMS health and the advice of a practicing Otolaryngologist. Antibiotics cost was calculated by using the Red Book 1997 and 1998. The weighted average method was used to calculate the average wholesale price of the various quantity packages and dosage forms. This study utilized the methodology of relating a secondary database to an outside source (Red Book) to calculate the cost. RESULTS: The average cost of a course of appropriate antibiotic (penicillin and its derivatives) was found to be $8.07, compared to $69.56 for expensive antibiotics (difference = $61.49). Children less than four years of age were prescribed more expensive antibiotics (R2 = 0.287). Pediatricians, and Otolaryngologists prescribed appropriate and less expensive antibiotics than other family physicians (R2 = 0.144). There was no relationship between the physician's specialty and patient's age for inappropriate antibiotics prescribing (R2 = 0.345). CONCLUSIONS: Adhering to the guidelines and prescribing of appropriate antibiotics appears to save cost. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for otitis media should be addressed more explicitly in general practice.
Experimental Genetic Approaches to Addiction

Drugs of abuse are able to elicit compulsive drug-seeking behaviors upon repeated administration, which ultimately leads to the phenomenon of addiction. Evidence indicates that the susceptibility to develop addiction is influenced by sources of reinforcement, variable neuroadaptive mechanisms, and neurochemical changes that together lead to altered homeostasis of the brain reward system. Addiction is hypothesized to be a cycle of progressive dysregulation of the brain reward system that results in the compulsive use and loss of control over drug taking and the initiation of behaviors associated with drug seeking (Koob et al., 1998). The view that addiction represents a pathological state of reward provides an approach to identifying the factors that contribute to vulnerability, addiction, and relapse in genetic animal models.
Photonic Micro-Electromechanical Systems Vibrating at X-band (11-GHz) Rates

We report on an opto-mechanical resonator with vibration excited by compressive radiation pressure via stimulated Brillouin scattering [SBS]. We experimentally excite a mechanical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) from an optical WGM and detect vibration via the red Doppler shifted (Stokes) light it scatters. We numerically solve the stress-strain equation to calculate the circumferentially circulating mechanical WGM and reveal mechanical WGMs with a variety of transverse shapes. Frequency in our device is limited by the shortest optical wavelength it can transmit, irrespective of device size.
Consumer Reaction to Egg Flavor

Abstract THIS paper reports the results of another in a series of studies on consumer reactions to egg quality. Previous reports have concerned reactions to blood spots and albumen height (Sanborn, Miller and Stewart, 1957; and Sanborn et al., 1959). These studies have demonstrated that there are definite and significant reactions against eggs containing blood spots as well as eggs containing a relatively flat, thick white. In an effort to broaden the base of knowledge concerning consumers’ attitudes, the present study directed attention to egg flavor. Over the years it has become apparent to many people dealing with consumers that egg flavor is probably an important quality factor. At least many consumers of eggs think it is, as may be judged by the common use of such terms as “fresh egg flavor,” “stale egg flavor,” “storage flavor,” “fishy flavor,” “rotten egg odor,” etc. Some of these terms represent such extreme conditions…
Water-soluble and blue luminescent cationic polyelectrolytes based on poly(p-phenylene)

Two new (dialkylamino)ethoxy-substituted poly(p-phenylene)s (PPP) have been prepared, poly[2,5-bis(3-{N,N-diethylamino}-1-oxapropyl)-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] (P−NEt2) and poly[2,5-bis(3-{N,N-dimethylamino}-1-oxapropyl)-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] (P−NMe2). These PPPs were synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Suzuki polymerization and are soluble in organic solvents (THF, chloroform) and dilute aqueous acid. Water-soluble quaternary ammonium functionalized PPPs, poly[2,5-bis(3-{N,N,N-triethylammonium}-1-oxapropyl)-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] dibromide (P−NEt3+) and poly[2,5-bis(3-{N,N,N-trimethylammonium}-1-oxapropyl)-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] dibromide (P−NMe3+), were easily prepared from the neutral polymers. Number-average molecular weights ranging from 5000 to 19 000 g mol-1 were measured by GPC (relative to PS standards), and these values were standardized to PPP's via universal calibration. The neutral polymer is stable to over 300 °C by TGA, while the alkylated polymers begin to dea...
Super-relativistic phase velocities of radio source components

A sudden injection of relativistic electrons at the centre of an extended dipolar magnetic field could lead to an apparent faster-than-light expansion of two synchrotron emitting regions. Subsequent injections of electrons would produce components which move outwards along the same axis.
Splitting of the “white line” 1s absorption edge in crystalline Si, SiGe, and dilute SiGe

We have observed a splitting of the “white line” 1s absorption edge in cyrstalline silicon, SiGe and dilute (<10% silicon) SiGe. The splitting manifests itself as a double peak at the silicon 1s absorption edge. The measured splittings, 1.0ev for Si, 1.5eV for SiGe, and 1.7eV for dilute SiGe, agree with first principle orthogonal plane wave calculations for the density of unoccupied conduction band states for crystalline Si, SiGe and Ge respectively. These results indicate that the density of conduction band states of SiGe behave as the interpolation between the density-of-states of Si and Ge. The absorption edge of amorphous silicon is also presented, and the features of the density-of-states which are due to long range order are extracted.
Childhood Bilingualism: Research on Infancy through School Age

McCardle, Peggy and Hoff, Erika (Eds.). (2006). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. 170 pp. US $49.95, paperback, ISBN 1-853598-69-0. Many children in the United States and around the world grow up...
Harvest Aid Application Timing Affects Wheat and Relay Intercropped Soybean Yield

Early-seeded soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] relay intercropped into standing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using soybean seed-coat technology may allow profitable wheat production in the Midwest on highly erodible soils. Dry conditions in mid- to late June have reduced relay intercropped soybean stands and yield in some years. We hypothesized that using glyphosate as a wheat harvest aid would reduce the impact of wheat interference on relay intercropped soybean grain yield and increase gross margins. Field research conducted over four site-years in upstate Missouri evaluated timings for application of glyphosate as a harvest aid on wheat and relay intercropped soybean. The cost effectiveness of these cropping systems was compared to full-season soybean, double-cropped wheat-soybean, and wheat-only production systems. Glyphosate applied to wheat 1 wk before harvest, after late dough, in a relay intercrop production system with coated-soybean maintained wheat grain yields similar to nontreated wheat, and increased soybean grain yields 290 to 770 kg ha -1 compared to nontreated wheat relay intercropped or double-cropped with soybean. Earlier glyphosate application timings (2-3 wk before wheat harvest) reduced wheat grain yields 10 to 25% and grain density 3 to 13%, but soybean yield increased 430 to 520 kg ha -1 compared to nontreated wheat in a relay intercrop system. A relay intercrop system with seed coat technology and glyphosate as a harvest aid may allow farmers to maintain wheat in their crop rotation while minimizing risk associated with early fall frost or dry conditions at seeding that may otherwise decrease double-crop soybean yields.
Anaerobic degradation of halogenated benzoic acids coupled to denitrification observed in a variety of sediment and soil samples

Denitrifying enrichment cultures utilizing monochlorinated benzoic acids as a carbon source were established using sediments and soils from a variety of sources as inocula. Enrichment cultures from most of the sites readily degraded 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate within 2-4 weeks. Upon refeeding, 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate were rapidly depleted, and stable denitrifying cultures were obtained by repeated dilution and refeeding of the substrates. 2-Chlorobenzoate, however, was only slowly metabolized and this activity was only observed in a few sites. Denitrifying consortia were maintained on either 3- or 4-chlorobenzoate as the sole source of carbon and energy and chlorobenzoate utilization was dependent on denitrification. These cultures were also capable of utilizing the corresponding brominated and iodinated benzoic acids, but the activity was specific to the position of the halogen substituent. Removal of halogen was stoichiometric, indicating that dehalogenation occurred at some step in metabolism.
Modelling sources of informant variance in parent and teacher ratings of child psychopathology

Factors influencing agreement between parent and teacher ratings of child psychopathology were studied in a population-based survey of 1458 children aged six to 11. Child psychopathology was assessed with the Child Behaviour Checklist. Agreement on the internalizing scale, the externalizing scale, and the total score was assessed using log-linear models. Characteristics of the children and the informants, as well as variables pertaining to the testing conditions, were examined as possible predictors of informant agreement. In general, parent–teacher agreement was low on all three scales, especially on the internalizing scale, although it was significantly better than chance. Most of the beyond-chance agreement was due to the tendency for parents to give higher ratings when teachers did (correlation of ratings). Measures representing the teacher's familiarity and contact with the child were significant predictors of agreement for both the internalizing and externalizing scales. Agreement on the externalizing ratings was also influenced by several other factors, including the child's age and religion, the parent informant's gender and education, as well as school grade. Predictors of agreement on the total score included the child's age and gender, factors related to the child's academic functioning and need for treatment as perceived by the parent, and the parent's and teacher's preference for different mental health treatment providers. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Aleut Reference Group Alienation, Mobility, and Acculturation

AN IMPORTANT phase in the process of acculturation reported among many indigenous groups in North America and elsewhere has been rejection of the traditional culture and adoption of alien cultural models derived from the dominant group (cf. Elkin 1937). This has occurred most conspicuously where contacts have been extensive and intensive; especially where, as has usually been the case, culture change has been "directed" (Linton 1940: 501-502)-where the alien people have been dominant as administrators, school teachers, and other agents of authority-and where the traditional economy has been undermined or replaced. Such acculturation has taken place as a result of the interaction, in particular social situations, of individuals who carry the two cultures (Bruner 1956), with consequent alterations in their definitions of the situations in which they live and especially in their self-definitions. These alterations have lead to changes in attitudes, ideals, values, and behavior. To look at these alterations is a fruitful way to look at acculturation. The residents of Nikolski, an Aleutian village of about 60 people whom I studied in 1952 and again in 1962, want desperately to be respected by the "White men" with whom they are in continuous contact.' They want to be acceptable to the occupants of the nearby DEWline radar station, to the local sheep rancher and his family, to the school teacher, to itinerant government agents, to anthropologists and others who frequent their village. When they go outside they want to be acceptable to employers, fellow employees, and others. As the Aleuts see it, this requires that they talk, dress, eat, drink and, in fact, live as much like White men as possible and that they avoid doing things which White men identify as "native," particularly before White men. They have had ample time to become acquainted with White men in the 200 years since intensive contact began, first with the Russians and later with the Americans, and they have become quite adept in White men's ways. They have not only become adept in his ways and possessors of his artifacts; they have begun to reject their own Aleutness and to think of themselves as part of the larger American society. They do not think of themselves as different from other Americans in most respects, and they resent being treated as different by others. This definition of themselves has evidently made its appearance among Nikolski villagers only within the past 40 years. In this time contacts have become more intensive than previously. A government school in the village has educated two generations of children in an alien way of life. A succession of ranchers resident near the village have been conspicuous and demanding mod
Electronic Response of Long Cylindrical Structures and Large Loops in an Inhomogeneous Medium with Time-Varying Conductivity

A series of long metal pipes, both shorted and open-circuited, were irradiated in the AURORA Flash X-ray Facility where they were subject to conductivity and electromagnetic fields resulting from the radiation pulse. Both experimental data and theoretical response predictions (made both with finite-difference calculations and equivalent-circuit models) are presented here. It is felt that, through this work, a greater understanding of SREMP coupling to long antennas and cables has been achieved.
High energy induced fission of bismuth and lead

A study has been made of the characteristics of the fission induced in bismuth and lead by irradiation with the high energy deuterons using radiochemical methods for the determination of yields of the fission products. The fission yield curve resulting from 190-Mev deuteron fission of bismuth was found to be a single symmetrical peak with a maximum fission yield of 5.0 percent at a mass number of approximately 100. The ratio of neutrons to protons was observed to be nearly constant for all nuclides formed in relatively good yield. The excitation function of the ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{99}$ yield in two lead samples enriched, respectively, in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{204}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ showed that the fission cross section is larger and decreases less rapidly as the deuteron energy decreases in the lead sample which has a higher proportion of the light isotopes. A mechanism has been postulated for the nuclear reaction which involves prior neutron evaporation from the initial highly excited nucleus followed by fission with unchanged charge distribution.
The composition and organization of axonally transported proteins in the retinal ganglion cells of the guinea pig

Abstract We labeled the proteins of guinea pig retinal ganglion cells with [ 35 S]methionine and analyzed the axonally transported polypeptides by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Five groups of transported polypeptides could be distinguished by their characteristic times of initial appearance in segments of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells. The times of initial appearance of the groups corresponded to maximum transport velocities ranging from greater than 200 mm/day to 0.5 mm/day. We directly compared these transported polypeptides to polypeptides undergoing axonal transport in the retinal ganglion cells of the rabbit. Electrophoretically similar polypeptides were transported at the same relative velocities in the two animals. Our results lead to the following conclusions. (1) The basic composition and organization of axonally transported proteins is probably a general constant feature of mammalian retinal ganglion cells, implying that the correct organization is important for the proper functioning of these neurons. Therefore, the results obtained by the analysis of individual model systems should have general significance. (2) Four discontinuities in the transport process (in addition to the 5 discontinuities represented by the major transport groups) were revealed by a consideration of subtle differences between the rabbut and guinea pig, as well as differences in the rate of disappearance of label from individual polypeptides within each transport group. (3) The guinea pig should provide a useful model system for studying axonal transport, especially for immunological studies, since antibodies against axonally transported proteins of the guinea pig can be conveniently prepared in the rabbit. (4) While the structure (as reflected by electrophoretic mobility) of most major axonally transported polypeptides appears to be conserved over the evolutionary period (about 30 million years) separating two orders of mammals, the electrophoretic mobility of one neurofilament-associated polypeptide, H, was abnormally variant between the two species.
Variation in sebum fatty acid composition among adult humans.

Quartz capillary gas chromatography was used to analyze the wax ester fatty acids of 4 sebum samples collected at 2-week intervals from each of 10 adult human subjects. Marked differences in wax ester fatty acid composition between subjects were apparent. The greatest variation was present in the even-carbon-numbered iso-branched acids, which ranged from 1–22% of the monounsaturated acids and from 1–13% of the saturated acids. The anteiso chain structures formed 3–7.5% of the unsaturated acids and 3–13.5% of the saturated acids. Fatty acids bearing one or more methyl branches at other positions in the chain made up 12–22% of the saturated acids, but were not present in the unsaturated fatty acid fraction. This and other features of the composition of the unsaturated fatty acids indicate that the Δ6-desaturase that produces the monounsaturated fatty acids of human sebum requires a substrate having a straight chain of at least 12 carbon atoms extending from the carboxyl group. The differences in fatty acid composition between subjects and the constancy of composition for each of the subjects over the 2-month period indicate that the synthesis of each of the types of chain structure is under genetic control.
Carnallite Mineralization in the Nonmarine, Qaidam Basin, China: Evidence for the Early Diagenetic Origin of Potash Evaporites

Modern potash evaporites (carnallite-MgKCl 3 . 6H 2 O) occur at the Qarhan salt plain, Qaidam Basin, China. Field and petrographic evidence shows that carnallite formed at the surface on the margins of Dabusun Lake is an extensively modified ephemeral deposit. Carnallite preserved at depth (0-13 m) consists of coarse crystals formed as cement in primary halite layers and as displacive crystals in muds. Carnallite from the subsurface of Qarhan salt plain displays textures identical to ancient potash evaporites from the Permian Salado Formation, New Mexico and the Devonian Prairie Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada. The early diagenetic formation of carnallite on the northern shoreline of Dabusun Lake is probably a modern phenomenon, because 1) groundwater brines at or above carnallite saturation occur to depths of up to 17 m; and 2) brines trapped in fluid inclusions in primary halites (from 0 to 45 m depth) are well below carnallite saturation but become progressively more concentrated toward the modern surface. Fluid inclusion brines in the youngest halites (less than 1 m depth), reflecting modern surface brines, are the most concentrated lake waters observed. Sinking and cooling of these surface brines to temperatures consistent with measured temperature profiles produces carnallite supersaturated conditions because of the strong temperature control on carnallite solubility.
A trace-based simulation of pointer swizzling techniques

Persistent object-oriented applications that traverse large object graphs can improve their performance by caching objects in main memory while they are being used. While caching offers large performance benefits, the techniques used to locate these cached objects in memory can still impede the application's performance. We present the results of a trace-based simulation study of pointer swizzling techniques (techniques for reducing the cost of access to cached objects). We used traces derived from actual persistent programs to find a class of swizzling techniques that performs well, yet permits changes to the contents of in-memory object caches over the lifetime of an application. Our study demonstrates the superiority of a class of techniques known as "indirect swizzling" for a variety of workloads and system configurations. >
Telomeric fusion as a mechanism for the loss of 1p in meningioma

Characteristic cytogenetic aberrations are found in the various histopathological designations of meningioma. These aberrations range from the loss of 22q in histologically benign tumors to complex hypodiploid karyotypes in atypical and malignant tumors. This progression is characterized by increasing chromosome loss and instability, with a critical step being the loss of 1p. We report a detailed cytogenetic investigation of chromosome aberrations in a series of 88 meningiomas using Giemsa banding and multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY). Clonal chromosome aberrations were identified in 46 (52%) tumors by G banding. Thirty-five tumors showing complex chromosome aberrations not fully characterized by G banding were subsequently reanalyzed by SKY. The SKY technique refined the G-band findings in 18 (51%) of the tumors on which it was applied. The most common features of cytogenetic progression in the complex karyotypes were chromosome arm-specific losses relating to the formation of deletions and dicentric chromosomes involving 1p. Part or all of 1p was lost in 19 tumors. Five tumors showed evidence for the loss of 1p in a progressive step-wise series of telomeric fusions involving the formation of unstable intermediates. Five recurring dicentric chromosomes were identified, including dic (1;11)(p11;p11), dic(1;12)(p12 approximately p13;p11), dic(1;22)(p11;q12 approximately q13), dic(7;19)(p11;p11), and dic(19;22)(p11 approximately p13;q11 approximately q13). These findings provide evidence that telomeric fusions play a role in the formation of clonal deletions, dicentrics, and unbalanced translocations of 1p. The loss of 1p has possible diagnostic and prognostic implications in the management of meningioma.
Design and synthesis of highly constrained factor Xa inhibitors: amidine-Substituted bis(benzoyl)-[1,3]-diazepan-2-ones and bis(benzylidene)-bis(gem-dimethyl)cycloketones

Abstract Two conformationally constrained templates have been designed to provide selective inhibitors of the coagulation cascade serine protease, Factor Xa (FXa). The most active inhibitor, 2,7-bis[( Z )- p -amidinobenzylidene)]-3,3,6,6-tetramethylcycloheptanone, exhibits a K i of 42 nM against FXa, with strong selectivity against thrombin (1000-fold), trypsin (300-fold) and plasmin (900-fold). With only two freely rotatable bonds, molecular modeling suggests that one amidine group is positioned into the S1 pocket, forming hydrogen bonds with the side chain of Asp189, similar to other amidine-based inhibitors, with the second benzamidine positioned into the S4 pocket in a position to form strong cation–pi bonding with the S4 aryl cage. We suggest that this interaction plays an important role in the specificity of these inhibitors against other serine proteases.
Strategic planning: One workable approach

Abstract This article outlines one method or model that over 130 companies around the world are using successfully. Not all planning efforts are successful, and obviously there is more than one successful technique or system of corporate planning in use. It has been adopted by national and international corporations, and by at least one religious order.
Perspectives on quality mental health care from Brazilian and Cape Verdean outpatients: Implications for effective patient-centered policies and models of care

Mental health providers are increasingly coming into contact with large and growing multi-racial/ethnic and immigrant patient populations in the United States. Knowledge of patient perspectives on what constitutes quality mental health care is necessary for these providers. The aim of this study was to identify indicators of quality of mental health care that matter most to two underrepresented immigrant patient groups of Portuguese background: Brazilians and Cape Verdeans. A qualitative design was adopted using focus group discussions. Six focus groups of patients (n = 24 Brazilians; n = 24 Cape Verdeans) who received outpatient mental health treatment through public safety net clinics in the northeast region of the United States were conducted. The Consensual Qualitative Research analytic method allowed us to identify three quality of care domains: provider performance, aspects of mental health care environment, and effectiveness of mental health care treatment. Provider performance was associated with five categories: relational, communication, linguistic, cultural, and technical competencies. Aspects of mental health care environment were linked to two categories: psychosocial and physical environment. Effectiveness of mental health care treatment was related to two categories: therapeutic relationship and treatment outcomes. Study findings provide useful data for the development of more culturally appropriate and effective patient-centered models and policies in mental health care. Key words: Patient perspectives, quality of care, mental health, Brazilian, Cape Verdean, patient-centered care (Published: 21 January 2014) Citation: Int J Qualitative Stud Health Well-being 2014, 9 : 22839 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.22839
“YOU'RE NOT A RETARD, YOU'RE JUST WISE”: Disability, Social Identity, and Family Networks

This study examines the social meaning of disability and the construction of social identity in a family whose members, as well as numerous kin and friends, have been officially defined as handicapped, disabled, or mentally retarded. As a point of departure for examining family members' perspectives, this article briefly reviews the literature on disability and stigma. In contrast to current theories, the family in this study has constructed a life world in which disability is not stigmatizing or problematic for their identities. This article examines, in depth, how family members and their broader social network construct the meaning of disability labels in nonstigmatizing ways and define themselves and each other in terms of their personal characteristics and family relationships. The conclusion of this article considers some factors that seem to account for the family's ability to avoid the stigma and stained identities associated with mental retardation and other disabilities.
Engineering BioBrick vectors from BioBrick parts

The underlying goal of synthetic biology is to make the process of engineering biological systems easier. Recent work has focused on defining and developing standard biological parts. The technical standard that has gained the most traction in the synthetic biology community is the BioBrick standard for physical composition of genetic parts. Parts that conform to the BioBrick assembly standard are BioBrick standard biological parts. To date, over 2,000 BioBrick parts have been contributed to, and are available from, the Registry of Standard Biological Parts. Here we extended the same advantages of BioBrick standard biological parts to the plasmid-based vectors that are used to provide and propagate BioBrick parts. We developed a process for engineering BioBrick vectors from BioBrick parts. We designed a new set of BioBrick parts that encode many useful vector functions. We combined the new parts to make a BioBrick base vector that facilitates BioBrick vector construction. We demonstrated the utility of the process by constructing seven new BioBrick vectors. We also successfully used the resulting vectors to assemble and propagate other BioBrick standard biological parts. We extended the principles of part reuse and standardization to BioBrick vectors. As a result, myriad new BioBrick vectors can be readily produced from all existing and newly designed BioBrick parts. We invite the synthetic biology community to (1) use the process to make and share new BioBrick vectors; (2) expand the current collection of BioBrick vector parts; and (3) characterize and improve the available collection of BioBrick vector parts.
Detectability gradients as a function of target location

We examined the ability to detect a specified visual pattern (a target) in a randomly selected location when it was briefly presented with 11 other spatially distributed nontarget patterns and also when it was presented by itself for the same duration (50 msec) on a background of visual noise. Two experiments were designed to measure target detectability as a function of its location in the visual field where all possible target locations were equidistant from the fovea. A right visual field detection superiority was obtained in both experiments. In addition, highly significant detectability differences were observed within the right and left visual fields in both experiments. The origin of these detectability differences are interpreted in terms of parallel and serial processing mechanisms.
Toward a systematic-variation aware timing methodology

Variability of circuit performance is becoming a very important issue for ultra-deep sub-micron technology. Gate length variation has the most direct impact on circuit performance. Since many factors contribute to the variability of gate length, recent studies have modeled the variability using Gaussian distributions. In reality, the through-pitch and through-focus variations of gate length are systematic. In this paper, we propose a timing methodology which takes these systematic variations into account and we show that it can reduce the timing uncertainty by up to 40%.
On the Asymptotic Size Distortion of Tests When Instruments Locally Violate the Exogeneity Assumption

In the linear instrumental variables model with possibly weak instruments we derive the asymptotic size of testing procedures when instruments locally violate the exogeneity assumption. We study the tests by Anderson and Rubin (1949, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 20, 46–63), Moreira (2003, Econometrica 71, 1027–1048), and Kleibergen (2005, Econometrica 73, 1103–1123) and their generalized empirical likelihood versions. These tests have asymptotic size equal to nominal size when the instruments are exogenous but are size distorted otherwise. While in just-identified models all the tests that we consider are equally size-distorted asymptotically, the Anderson-Rubin type tests are less size-distorted than the tests of Moreira (2003) and Kleibergen in over-identified situations. On the other hand, we also show that there are parameter sequences under which the former test asymptotically overrejects more frequently. Given that strict exogeneity of instruments is often a questionable assumption, our findings should be important to applied researchers who are concerned about the degree of size distortion of their inference procedure. We suggest robustness of asymptotic size under local model violations as a new alternative measure to choose among competing testing procedures. We also investigate the subsampling and hybrid tests introduced in Andrews and Guggenberger (2010a, Journal of Econometrics 158, 285–305) and show that they do not offer any improvement in terms of size-distortion reduction over the Anderson-Rubin type tests.
Components of a Ubiquitin Ligase Complex Specify Polyubiquitination and Intracellular Trafficking of the General Amino Acid Permease

Gap1p, the general amino acid permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is regulated by intracellular sorting decisions that occur in either Golgi or endosomal compartments. Depending on nitrogen source, Gap1p is transported to the plasma membrane, where it functions for amino acid uptake, or to the vacuole, where it is degraded. We found that overexpression of Bul1p or Bul2p, two nonessential components of the Rsp5p E3–ubiquitin ligase complex, causes Gap1p to be sorted to the vacuole regardless of nitrogen source. The double mutant bul1Δ bul2Δ has the inverse phenotype, causing Gap1p to be delivered to the plasma membrane more efficiently than in wild-type cells. In addition, bul1Δ bul2Δ can reverse the effect of lst4Δ, a mutation that normally prevents Gap1p from reaching the plasma membrane. Evaluation of Gap1p ubiquitination revealed a prominent polyubiquitinated species that was greatly diminished in a bul1Δ bul2Δ mutant. Both a rsp5-1 mutant and a COOH-terminal truncation of Gap1p behave as bul1Δ bul2Δ, causing constitutive delivery of Gap1p to the plasma membrane and decreasing Gap1p polyubiquitination. These results indicate that Bul1p and Bul2p, together with Rsp5p, generate a polyubiquitin signal on Gap1p that specifies its intracellular targeting to the vacuole.
A cycle-accurate compilation algorithm for custom pipelined datapaths

Traditional high level synthesis (HLS) techniques generate a datapath and controller for a given behavioral description. The growing wiring cost and delay of today technologies require aggressive optimizations, such as interconnect pipelining, that cannot be done after generating the datapath and without invalidating the schedule. On the other hand, the increasing manufacturing complexities demand approaches that favor design for manufacturability (DFM).To address these problems we propose an approach in which the datapath of the architecture is fully allocated before scheduling and binding. We compile a C program directly to the datapath and generate the controller. We can support the entire ANSI C syntax because the datapath can be as complex as the datapath of a processor. Since there is no instruction abstraction in this architecture we call it No-Instruction-Set-Computer (NISC). As the first step towards realization of a NISC-based design flow, we present an algorithm that maps an application on a given datapath by performing scheduling and binding simultaneously. With this algorithm, we achieved up to 70% speedup on a NISC with a datapath similar to that of MIPS, compared to a MIPS gcc compiler. It also efficiently handles different datapath features such as pipelining, forwarding and multi-cycle units.
Permeability of the primary decidual zone in the rat uterus: studies using fluorescein-labeled proteins and dextrans.

The primary decidual zone (PDZ) is a transitory avascular region of transformed fibro blasts surrounding the luminal epithelium at the implantation site. Since this zone may restrict the passage of immunoglobulins, cells, nutrients, and other substances from maternal blood to the epitbelium and embryo from Days 6 to 8 of pregnancy, it was of interest to study its permeability to blood-borne tracers. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)labeled macromolecules were administered i.v. on Days 6 to 9 of pregnancy. The tracers included dextran (1 7 kDa), horseradish peroxidase (40 kDa), ovalbumin (45 kDa), dextran (66 kDa), bovine serum albumin (BSA: 66 kDa), dextran (156 kDa), bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG; 160 kDa), and apoferritin (450 kDa). Ten minutes after administration on Days 6 or 7, FITC-labeled tracers of molecular masses of 45 kDa or less were localized in the intercellular spaces of the PDZ and in the blastocyst in small amounts. Tracers with molecular masses of 66 kDa were not detected in these regions up to 1 h after administration but were present in small amounts at 5 h. The 156 kDa and 160 kDa tracers were absent or present only in very small amounts in the PDZ and blastocyst up to 7 b after injection and apoferritin was completely absent at this time. By Day 9 the PDZ had regressed and maternal blood spaces were present adjacent to Reichert ‘s membrane. One hour after administration on Day 9, large quantities of labeled BSA, IgG, and apoferritin appeared in the yolk sac endoderm but not in the underlying embryonic cells. These observations indicate that the PDZ is selectively permeable to blood-borne tracers on Days 6 and 7 of pregnancy, with permeability decreasing with increasing molecular mass. By restricting the passage of high molecular weight substances such as immunoglobulins, microorganisms, and immunocompetent cells, the PDZ may serve a protective function for the embryo, which is no longer protected by the uterine epithelium and has not yet fully developed its own protective layers, especially the yolk sac and Reichert ‘s membrane.