cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A coordinated research agenda for nature-based learning

Evidence is mounting that nature-based learning (NBL) enhances children's educational and developmental outcomes, making this an opportune time to identify promising questions to carry research and practice in this field forward. We present the outcomes of a process to set a research agenda for NBL, undertaken by the Science of Nature-Based Learning Collaborative Research Network, with funding from the National Science Foundation. A literature review and several approaches to gathering input from researchers, practitioners, and funders resulted in recommendations for research questions and methodological improvements to increase the relevance and rigor of research in this field. Some questions seek to understand how learning in nature affects what children learn, how they learn, and how it varies based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnic background, special needs, and individual differences. Outcomes of interest cover academic performance, practical skills, personal development, and environmental stewardship. Other questions seek to find causal explanations for observed outcomes. To create optimal conditions for NBL, the research agenda includes practical questions about how to prepare teachers to work successfully in nature and how to support their adoption of this approach. Not least, the research agenda asks whether learning in nature can address major societal issues by moderating the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on children's academic achievement, personal development and wellbeing, and how these benefits might be attained at reasonable costs. A deeper understanding of how, why and for whom different forms of nature contact enhance learning and development is needed to guide practice and policy decision-making.
Systematic testing of post-quantum cryptographic implementations using metamorphic testing

Cryptographic algorithms are usually complex, and their code is highly compact. Moreover, there is often no test oracle to easily test some of these algorithms. Together these attributes make it extremely challenging to run tests and to discover bugs in them. Structural coverage based approaches such as statement or branch coverage are typically not very effective in discovering bugs in these types of programs. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of a systematic testing approach for discovering bugs in highly complex cryptographic algorithm implementations. In this work, we identify metamorphic relations based on the specifications of the algorithms, and design test cases such that a systematic coverage of the input space is achieved. Our results show that this approach is highly effective in discovering faults in complex cryptographic implementations.
A Frank–Wolfe Progressive Hedging Algorithm for Improved Lower Bounds in Stochastic SCUC

The instantaneous penetration of renewable generation, such as wind and solar generation, reaches over 50% in certain balancing areas in the United States. These generation resources are inherently characterized by uncertainties and variabilities in their output. Stochastic security-constrained unit commitment (S-SCUC) using a progressive hedging algorithm (PHA) has been utilized to schedule the generation resources under uncertainties. However, dual bounds obtained in the PHA are sensitive to the penalty factor chosen, and the convergence of the PHA is problematic due to the existence of integer decisions. In this paper, we apply a novel Frank–Wolfe-based simplicial decomposition method in conjunction with the PHA (FW-PHA) to improve the quality of dual bounds and the convergence characteristics in solving the S-SCUC. The numerical tests are carried out on the IEEE RTS-96 and IEEE 118-bus systems. The numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed FW-PHA-based S-SCUC. In comparison with the traditional PHA, the proposed algorithm converges to a tighter dual bound and is robust to any penalty factor selected.
Analysis and Design of Checkerboard Leaky-Wave Antennas With Low Radar Cross Section

This paper addresses the analysis and design of a new class of metasurface leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) that inherently have low monostatic radar cross section (RCS) for normal incidence parallel polarization. The impedance profile of these antennas is modulated with a square wave to achieve leaky-wave behavior with low RCS. The low RCS performance is justified by the concepts of generalized Snell’s law of reflection and array theory. When the reflection phase difference between consecutive periods is near 180°, the power reflected in the specular direction is minimal. It is also shown that modulating the surface impedance with a square wave still results in a high-gain fan beam similar to that of a sinusoidal modulation; however, the trade-off for obtaining a low RCS is an increase in the sidelobe level due to radiation from higher-order harmonics. A similar trade-off exists between the gain/beamwidth and RCS reduction. A prototype of an LWA with low RCS was fabricated and measured; an excellent agreement was observed between simulations and measurements.
The public loneliness of endurance athletes: Creating ambient affiliation through involvement strategies on Twitter

Abstract The accessibility and interactivity of Twitter both facilitate athlete-fan interaction and contribute to the time/space compression between sporting events and communication about them. While numerous studies investigate real-time participatory engagement of fans on Twitter, athletes’ use of Twitter during competition remains underexplored. Using a case study approach, this study brings together computer-mediated discourse analysis and prior work on involvement in discourse to examine tweets posted during competitive events by two endurance athletes (an experienced amateur marathon runner and an elite rock climber). Specifically, it explores how athletes mobilize various linguistic strategies to create relations of connectedness, or ambient affiliation (Zappavigna, 2011), with their respective audiences who are distanced spatially and often temporally. It also demonstrates how the affordances and limitations of technology, and the constraints of the athletic events themselves, shape ambient involvement. In this way, this work adds to our understanding of how ambient affiliation is constructed in a particular context – a competitive athletic event of an endurance athlete practicing a solitary sport – while also shedding light on how involvement is created and maintained with a largely unknown online audience.
A cell phone data driven time use analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic

Abstract Transmission of the SAR-COV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is largely driven by human behavior and person-to-person contact. By staying home, people reduce the probability of contacting an infectious individual, becoming infected, and passing on the virus. One of the most promising sources of data on time use is smartphone location data. We develop a time use driven proportional mixing SEIR model that naturally incorporates time spent at home measured using smartphone location data and allows people of different health statuses to behave differently. We simulate epidemics in almost every county in the United States. The model suggests that Americans’ behavioral shifts have reduced cases in 55%-86% of counties and for 71%-91% of the population, depending on modeling assumptions. Resuming pre-epidemic behavior would lead to a rapid rise in cases in most counties. Spatial patterns of bending and flattening the curve are robust to modeling assumptions. Depending on epidemic history, county demographics, and behavior within a county, returning those with acquired immunity (assuming it exists) to regular schedules generally helps reduce cumulative COVID-19 cases. The model robustly identifies which counties would experience the greatest share of case reduction relative to continued distancing behavior. The model occasionally mischaracterizes epidemic patterns in counties tightly connected to larger counties that are experiencing large epidemics. Understanding these patterns is critical for prioritizing testing resources and back-to-work planning for the United States.
Symposium: inborn errors of metabolismLysosomal disorders

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of over 50 distinct genetic disorders, each one resulting from a deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme/protein activity, or in some cases, from lysosomal activities that are involved in lysosomal biogenesis or protein maturation. Most LSDs are progressive, the majority have a neurodegenerative component and are mostly life-limiting. The lysosome and its constituent parts are referred to as the greater lysosomal system and form a major metabolic regulatory network in eukaryotic cells. The lysosomes are therefore not “end organelles” but a “central metabolic co-ordinator” with a key role in highly complex regulatory and recycling mechanisms that are essential for normal cell function. New treatment strategies are in preclinical and clinical trial stages. This review briefly discusses the pathophysiology, offers a clinical overview of the categories of LSDs based on the accumulating substrate, and reviews treatment modalities available and those on the near horizon.
Outcomes and periprocedural management of cardiac implantable electronic devices in patients with carcinoid heart disease

Background Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a rare complication of hormonally active neuroendocrine tumors that often requires surgical intervention. Data on cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation in patients with CHD are limited. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the experience of CIED implantation in patients with CHD. Methods Patients with a diagnosis of CHD and a CIED procedure from January 1, 1995, through June 1, 2020, were identified using a Mayo Clinic proprietary data retrieval tool. Retrospective review was performed to extract relevant data, which included indications for implant, procedural details, complications, and mortality. Results A total of 27 patients (55.6% male; mean age at device implant 65.6 ± 8.8 years) with cumulative follow-up of 75 patient-years (median 1.1 years; interquartile range 0.4-4.6 years) were included for analysis. The majority of implanted devices were dual-chamber permanent pacemakers (63%). Among all CHD patients who underwent any cardiac surgery, the incidence of CIED implantation was 12%. The most common indication for implantation was high-grade heart block (66.7%). Device implant complication rates were modest (14.8%). No patient suffered carcinoid crisis during implantation, and there was no periimplant mortality. Median time from implant to death was 2.5 years, with 1-year mortality of 15%. Conclusion CHD is a morbid condition, and surgical valve intervention carries associated risks, particularly a high requirement for postoperative pacing needs. Our data suggest that CIED implantation can be performed relatively safely. Clinicians must be aware of the relevant carcinoid physiology and take appropriate precautions to mitigate risks.
Second opinion in spine surgery: A scoping review.

Background As a growing number of patients seek consultations for increasingly complex and costly spinal surgery, it is of both clinical and economic value to investigate the role for second opinions (SOs). Here, we summarized and focused on the shortcomings of 14 studies regarding the role and value of SOs before proceeding with spine surgery. Methods Utilizing PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, we identified 14 studies that met the inclusion criteria that included: English, primary articles, and studies published in the past 20 years. Results We identified the following findings regarding SO for spine surgery: (1) about 40.6% of spine consultations are SO cases; (2) 61.3% of those received a discordant SO; (3) 75% of discordant SOs recommended conservative management; and (4) SO discordance applied to a variety of procedures. Conclusion The 14 studies reviewed regarding SOs in spine surgery showed that half of the SOs differed from those given in the initial consultation and that SOs in spine surgery can have a substantial impact on patient care. Absent are prospective studies investigating the impact of following a first versus second opinion. These studies are needed to inform the potential benefit of universal implementation of SOs before major spine operations to potentially reduce the frequency and type/extent of surgery.
Similarity and Distances

Many data mining applications require the determination of similar or dissimilar objects, patterns, attributes, and events in the data. In other words, a methodical way of quantifying similarity between data objects is required. Virtually all data mining problems, such as clustering, outlier detection, and classification, require the computation of similarity.
Tax Professionals' Perception of Small-Business Tax Law Complexity

The author's report in this article on their study in questionnaire format that tested the perception of 89 small-business tax practitioners regarding the complexity of 37 tax provisions. They found overwhelming consistency on the five most complex and five least complex small-business tax provisions with partnerships, estate and gift valuations, tax-deferred exchanges, frequency of law changes, and retirement plans topping the hit parade. Progressive tax rates, estimated taxes, Social Security/self-employment taxes, corporate capital gain provisions, and cash versus accrual method were uniformly and consistently perceived as the least complex. These results have tax policy implications. According to the authors, for example, a House bill to move S corporations to a partnership regime may not be optimal from the simplification perspective. The authors question whether familiarity with an issue results in lower perception of complexity. There is some discussion in the tax policy literature about tiering (different tax rules for small versus large companies). That policy seems to have made certain tax areas (cash versus accrual, depreciation, installment sales, and possibly corporate alternative minimum tax and uniform capitalization (UNICAP) less complex for small-business practitioners.
Lucy in the Sky

In 1974, when the lyrics to “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” still filled our planet’s airwaves, the most complete skeleton of the earliest hominid was exhumed in Ethiopia. With a stroke of irony, the small female skeleton was dubbed “Lucy” (Johanson & Edey, 1981). Her fragmented remains represented only 40 percent of her original person. Yet, Lucy and her cohorts, Australopithecus afarensis, are unquestionably part of the human lineage. Until Lucy’s remains were unearthed, paleontologists had no reliable way of confirming bipedal locomotion among hominids prior to about two million years ago. Lucy’s bones, particularly her pelvis, legs, and feet, demonstrate that she walked and ran the earth with a stride no different from that of our own--more than three million years ago (Eaton et al., 1988).
True composition and structure of hexagonal "YAlO3", actually Y3Al3O8CO3.

The discovery of a brilliant-blue color upon the introduction of Mn3+ to the trigonal-bipyramidal (TBP) sites in YInO3 has led to a search for other hosts for Mn3+ in TBP coordination. An obvious choice would be YAlO3. This compound, which has only been prepared through a citrate precursor route, has long been considered isostructural with YInO3. However, Mn3+ substitutions into YAlO3 have failed to produce a product with the anticipated color. We find that the hexagonal structure for YAlO3 with Al in TBP coordination proposed in 1963 cannot be correct based on its unit cell dimensions and bond-valence sums. Our studies indicate instead that all, or nearly all, of the Al in this compound has a coordination number (CN) of 6. Upon heating in air, this compound transforms to YAlO3, with the perovskite structure liberating CO2. The compound long assumed to be a hexagonal form of YAlO3 is actually an oxycarbonate with the ideal composition Y3Al3O8CO3. The structure of this compound has been characterized by po...
Phylogenetic analysis of nonthermophilic members of the kingdom crenarchaeota and their diversity and abundance in soils

Within the last several years, molecular techniques have uncovered numerous 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences which represent a unique and globally distributed lineage of the kingdom Crenarchaeotathat is phylogenetically distinct from currently characterized crenarchaeotal species. rDNA sequences of members of this novel crenarchaeotal group have been recovered from low- to moderate-temperature environments (−1.5 to 32°C), in contrast to the high-temperature environments (temperature, >80°C) required for growth of the currently recognized crenarchaeotal species. We determined the diversity and abundance of the nonthermophilic members of the Crenarchaeota in soil samples taken from cultivated and uncultivated fields located at the Kellogg Biological Station’s Long-Term Ecological Research site (Hickory Corners, Mich.). Clones were generated from 16S rDNA that was amplified by using broad-specificity archaeal PCR primers. Twelve crenarchaeotal sequences were identified, and the phylogenetic relationships between these sequences and previously described crenarchaeotal 16S rDNA sequences were determined. Phylogenetic analyses included nonthermophilic crenarchaeotal sequences found in public databases and revealed that the nonthermophilic Crenarchaeota group is composed of at least four distinct phylogenetic clusters. A 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe specific for all known nonthermophilic crenarchaeotal sequences was designed and used to determine their abundance in soil samples. The nonthermophilicCrenarchaeota accounted for as much as 1.42% ± 0.42% of the 16S rRNA in the soils analyzed.
Towards Fault-Tolerant Job Assignment in Vehicular Cloud

Statistics show that most vehicles spend many hours per day in a parking garage, parking lot, or driveway. At the moment, the computing resources of these vehicles are untapped. Inspired by the success of conventional cloud services, a group of researchers have recently introduced the concept of a Vehicular Cloud. The defining difference between vehicular and conventional clouds lie in the distributed ownership and, consequently, the unpredictable availability of computational resources. As cars enter and leave the parking lot, new computational resources become available while others depart creating a dynamic environment where the task of efficiently assigning jobs to cars becomes very challenging. Our main contribution is a fault-tolerant job assignment strategy, based on redundancy, that mitigates the effect of resource volatility of resource availability in vehicular clouds. We offer a theoretical analysis of the expected job completion time in the case where cars do not leave during a checkpoint operation and also in the case where cars may leave while check pointing is in progress, leading to system failure. A comprehensive set of simulations have shown that our theoretical predictions are accurate.
A Disciple Becomes the Guru

Despite its low rates of postgraduate science and engineering graduation, India is rapidly becoming a global hub for R&D, with a momentum and scale similar to those it accomplished in IT services. If engineering education is so critical to global competitiveness, how is India succeeding? To answer this, we met with the CEOs, human-resource directors, R&D leaders, managers, and employees, and visited the R&D and training facilities of 24 leading companies in India. These were in rapidly growing emerging sectors, including IT services, business-process outsourcing, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, financial services, retail, hospitality, and education - all of which have managed to grow and innovate despite skills gaps and talent shortages. We identified seven key areas in which Indian companies have developed innovative practices: employee recruitment, new employee training, continuing employee development, managerial training and development, performance management and appraisal, workforce retention, and education upgrades.
Local one-dimensional ICRF full-wave solutions valid to all orders in k ⊥ ρ

High harmonic ion cyclotron resonances are important for understanding future fast wave heating experiments on NSTX1 as well as recent ICRF flow drive experiments on PBX-M2 and TFTR3. Unfortunately, many of our ICRF wave analysis codes are based on an expansion to second order in k{sub (perpendicular} {sub sign)}{rho} where k{sub (perpendicular} {sub sign)} is the perpendicular wave number, and {rho} is the Larmor radius. Such codes are limited to cyclotron harmonics less than or equal to 2. Integral codes4,5 on the other hand, are valid to all orders is both k{sub (perpendicular} {sub sign)}{rho} and {rho}/L where L is the equilibrium scale length. But velocity space integrals in these codes require long running times. Here we take a simpler approach which assumes a local plasma conductivity ({rho}/L<<1), while still retaining all orders in k{sub (perpendicular} {sub sign)}{rho}. This allows high harmonic fast wave and flow drive applications, while requiring less computing time than conventional integral codes. (c) 1999 American Institute of Physics.
Public Disclosure of Trades by Corporate Insiders in Financial Markets and Tacit Coordination

We consider the consequences of public disclosure of insider trades on trading costs and price discovery in financial markets. Similar to Cournot competition in product markets, corporate insiders with common private information have incentive to trade more aggressively than a monopolist with the same information. Since, given periodic financial corporate reporting, insiders routinely have access to information in advance of the market, it is reasonable to expect them to seek ways to limit trades and, thereby, increase profits. Public reporting of insider trades may have the unintended effect of furthering tacit coordination by allowing insiders to monitor each others’ trades. Moreover, even without such reporting, we show how insiders may be able to sustain coordinated behavior depending on the distribution characterizing liquidity trading. Thus, competition among corporate insiders may be less influential in price discovery than previously thought.
Cultural Citizenship of Diasporic Chinese in Panama

The air was hot and humid when the plane landed in Panama City, Panama. I had just survived twelve hours of traveling on the infamous "el lechero" (the milkman) route from Los Angeles to Panama, with layovers at the capital cities of four Central American countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Run by Central-American-based airlines, this route earned its name as "el lechero" for its numerous stops throughout the region. More like commuter flights than international ones, the "lechero" route connects these countries and maps them as one community. Even the name "el lechero" conjures up images of a close-knit neighborhood.
What Really Happened to the 1960s: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy – By Edward P. Morgan

After the “Summer of Love” in 1967, disgruntled residents of the Haight‐Ashbury district in San Francisco held a mock “Death of Hippie” funeral to register their protest of the destructive impact o...
Seeking the Spirit: Plains Indians in Russia.

Seeking the Spirit: Plains Indians in Russia. 1997. Approximately 40 minutes, color. film by Beatrice Medicine and Liucija Baskauskas. For more information in the U.S.A, contact Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse St., Watertown, MA 02172, or in Canada, V-Tape, 101 Richmond Street, Suite 452, Toronto, Ontario M5V 3A8.
Effect of electrolytes and process parameters on the electropolymerization of pyrrole onto carbon fibers

The effect of electrolytes such as toluene-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt (T 4 SNa), dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid sodium salt (DbSNa), alzarin red S monohydrate, and dilute sulfuric acid and reaction parameters, including the monomer concentration, electrolyte concentration, applied voltage, and the reaction time, on the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole onto carbon fibers was studied. The amount of polypyrrole coatings formed on the carbon fiber surface increased with increased monomer concentration, electrolyte concentration, applied voltage and reaction time, respectively, for each supporting electrolyte. However, the electrolyte concentration and applied voltage were shown to have a greater influence on the amount of polypyrrole coatings formed onto carbon fibers. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs show that the morphology of the coatings were dependent on the nature and concentration of the electrolyte. IR and elemental analysis of the coatings show that the counterion derived from the electrolyte was incorporated into the polypyrrole coatings. The elemental analysis of the coatings show that the ratio of pyrrole units to the counter ion is 2.64/1 for T 4 SNa, 2.79/1 for DbSNa, and 5.32/1 for sulfuric acid.
Maleimide-functionalized lipids that anchor polypeptides to lipid bilayers and membranes.

Two maleimide-containing diacylglycerol derivatives were synthesized to permit the anchoring of short peptides and longer polypeptides to phospholipid bilayers and membranes. The maleimide was introduced at the site normally occupied by a phospholipid headgroup. The first lipid, the dipalmitoyl ester of 1-maleimido-2,3-propanediol, was developed as a membrane anchor for extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins. The second anchoring lipid, in which the 3-position contained a 6-aminohexanoate, was designed for convenient modification with amine-reactive reporter groups. Specifically, the NBD fluorophore, 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-aminohexanoic-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, was attached to give an fluorescent anchoring reagent. Next, these reagents were applied to the anchoring of a C-terminally cysteamine-modified 8 kDa polypeptide that comprises the extracellular N-terminal domain of the human thrombin receptor, a transmembrane protease-activated receptor (PAR-1). Gel filtration and fluorescence ...
A compiler framework for restructuring data declarations to enhance cache and TLB effectiveness

It has been observed that memory access performance can be improved by restructuring data declarations, using simple transformations such as array dimension padding and inter-array padding (array alignment) to reduce the number of misses in the cache and TLB (translation lookaside buffer). These transformations can be applied to both static and dynamic array variables. In this paper, we provide a padding algorithm for selecting appropriate padding amounts, which takes into account various cache and TLB effects collectively within a single framework. In addition to reducing the number of misses, we identify the importance of reducing the impact of cache miss jamming by spreading cache misses more uniformly across loop iterations. We translate undesirable cache and TLB behaviors into a set of constraints on padding amounts and propose a heuristic algorithm of polynomial time complexity to find the padding amounts to satisfy these constraints. The goal of the padding algorithm is to select padding amounts so that there are no set conflicts and no offset conflicts in the cache and TLB, for a given loop. In practice, this algorithm can efficiently find small padding amounts to satisfy these constraints.
Audible rendering of text documents controlled by multi-touch interaction

In this paper, we introduce a novel interaction model for reading text documents depending on situated touch. This interaction modality targets Individuals with Blindness or Severe Visual Impairment (IBSVI). We aim to provide IBSVI with an effective reading tool that enables them to use their spatial abilities while reading. We used an iPad device and augmented it with a static tactile overlay to display the text to serve as a kind of spatial landmark space for the IBSVI. The text is rendered audibly in response to user's touch. Two user studies, with IBSVI participants, were conducted to test the system. The first study was a laboratory-controlled study, and the second one was a longitudinal study. These studies showed that while the approach is new to the users' experience, it is a promising direction to enable self-paced spatial reading for IBSVI.
Frontal theta is a signature of successful working memory manipulation

It has been proposed that working memory (WM) is updated/manipulated via a fronto-basal-ganglia circuit. One way that this could happen is via the synchronization of neural oscillations. A first step toward testing this hypothesis is to clearly establish a frontal scalp EEG signature of WM manipulation. Although many EEG studies have indeed revealed frontal EEG signatures for WM, especially in the theta frequency band (3–8 Hz), few of them required subjects to manipulate WM, and of those that did, none specifically tied the EEG signature to the manipulation process per se. Here we employed a WM manipulation task that has been shown with imaging to engage the prefrontal cortex and the striatum. We adapted this task to titrate the success of WM manipulation to approximately 50 %. Using time–frequency analysis of EEG, we showed that theta power increased over frontal cortex for successful versus failed WM manipulation, specifically at the time of the manipulation event. This establishes a clear-cut EEG signature of WM manipulation. Future studies could employ this to test the fronto-basal-ganglia hypothesis of WM updating/manipulation.
SAGE III alternative detector design and characterization

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III requires a detector that provides spectral coverage from 280 - 1050 nm. In order to achieve higher responsivity at the ultra-violet wavelengths a backside-thinned silicon CCD technology was chosen. For strength, the backside-thinned detector was bonded to a soda glass substrate. The device thinness allowed the long near infrared wavelengths to pass through the silicon, scatter off the soda glass, and cause cross talk into nearby pixels. Reflections from the soda glass caused etalon-like effects and gave the thinned CCD a highly temperature dependent response. These difficulties led the project manager to examine different options for a replacement detector. Photodiode/CCD technology based on the Moderate- Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Tilt (MODIS-T) and Gas and Aerosol Monitoring Sensorcraft (GAMS) detectors systems was combined and used to design and fabricate a backup detector for the SAGE III program. The device design and characterization are presented. The design focused on elimination of the scattering due to the soda glass and the temperature dependent etalon effect, increasing charge storage capacity. The detector was designed to allow a retrofit with the existing SAGE III spectrometer. The primary disadvantage of the new detector is its loss of responsivity at the shorter wavelengths.
The role of epinephrine in CPR: A reappraisal

Epinephrine is the recommended drug for use in resuscitation from all types of cardiac arrest. Experimental evidence has shown that the actions of epinephrine important for the restoration of spontaneous circulation are mediated by the alpha-adrenergic properties. The beta-adrenergic effects do not aid restoration of spontaneous circulation, nor do they aid defibrillation; however, beta-adrenergic stimulation does increase the oxygen consumption of the fibrillating myocardium, a potentially deleterious effect. The important factor in restoring spontaneous circulation appears to be development of adequate coronary blood flow by increasing coronary perfusion pressure (aortic diastolic minus right atrial pressure). Aortic diastolic pressure can be increased by any potent alpha-adrenergic agonist. Because phenylephrine and methoxamine do not have significant beta-adrenergic actions, they should be considered as alternatives to epinephrine for aid in restoring spontaneous circulation. Once spontaneous circulation is restored, alpha- and/or beta-adrenergic agonists may be needed for circulatory support. Which drugs will provide the best long-term survival has not been established.
The Programmer's Apprentice: a research overview

The long-term goal of the Programmer's Apprentice project is to develop a theory of how expert programmers analyze, synthesize, modify, explain, specify, verify, and document programs. The authors present their vision of the Programmer's Apprentice, the principles and techniques underlying it, and their progress toward it. The primary vehicle for this exposition is three scenarios illustrating the use of the Apprentice in three phases of the programming task: implementation, design, and requirements. The first scenario is taken from a completed working prototype. The second and third scenarios are the targets for prototype systems currently under construction. >
Empirical Bayes estimation for Borel–Tanner distributions

Abstract This work deals with empirical Bayes estimation for the reproduction parameter of Borel–Tanner distributions. Losses of two types are considered: squared and linex error losses. For each type of error loss, a nonparametric empirical Bayes estimator is proposed and its associated asymptotic optimality is investigated. It is shown that under a certain condition, the regrets of the proposed empirical Bayes estimators converge to zero at a rate O ( n − λ / 2 ) for some number λ , 0 λ 2 . An example fulfilling the required condition for convergence is also provided.
Time evolution of composition profiles in alloys

Abstract Considering the characteristics of atom-probe field-ion microscopic (APFIM) data, the Fokker-Planck equation is applied to the study of the time evolution of the frequency distribution of concentration fluctuations. Because of the difficulties in obtaining the exact solution of the Fokker-Planck equation, approximate solutions proposed by Suzuki are used for three separated time domains depending on the amplitude of the concentration fluctuations. In the initial time region, the solution is given by the Gaussian distribution with a time dependent variance. In the scaling time region, the solution shows a double-peak distribution. In the final time region, the solution shows the Gaussian distribution with a time dependent maximum peak position. By applying these results, time dependence of the concentration fluctuations in FeCr alloys at an early stage of phase separation is theoretically evaluated.
Some tests of whether several samples are from identical populations

We observe s Independent samples, from unknown continuous distributions. The problem is to test the hypothesis that all the distributions are identical. The distribution of the numbers of observations from s-1 of the samples which fall in cells whose Boundaries are selected order statistics of the remaining sample, the number of cells increasing gradually with the sample sizes, is investigated. It is shown that under the null hypothesis and nearDy alternatives, as the sample sizes Increase these numbers of observations can be considered to be slightly rounded off normal random variables, the amount rounded off decreasing as sample sizes increase. Using these results, various tests of the hypothesis can be constructed and analyzed.
Products from solvolysis reactions that form (2‐phenylcyclopropyl)carbinyl cations

Products from solvolytic reactions that form the (2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbinyl cation were determined. The majority of products (> 98%) derived from the 1-phenyl-3-butenyl cation, consistent with reports by Wiberg and co-workers. Small amounts of products derived from the 1-phenyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl cation also were found; these products were previously predicted to be formed from reactions of the title cation. Although the 1-phenyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl cation is considerably more stable than the 1-phenyl-3-butenyl cation, it is not kinetically accessible under a variety of solvolytic conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The historical development of Korean siph- “to think” into markers of desire, inference, and similarity

Abstract Using diachronic corpus data, I investigate the historical development of the Korean psychological predicate siph- ‘to think to oneself,’ which engendered the desiderative -ko siph- ‘want to’ and -myen siphi- ‘would be great if…’; the inferential -ka siph-, -tus siph-, and -seng siph-, which all mean ‘probably’; and the connective siphi ‘similar to’ or ‘as’. Before the 15th C, the desiderative -ko siph- and the inferential -ka siph- were first grammaticalized within their usual contexts of use; additional desiderative and inferential constructions with siph- were subsequently created through replacement of one morpheme of these original constructions, modeled after existing constructions with similar functions. Cross-linguistically, markers of similarity often develop into markers of probability. However, the Korean connective siphi ‘similar to’ developed from the ‘probability’ meaning of siph-. Although it seems to defy the unidirectionality hypothesis that grammaticalization moves “from more concrete to more abstract meaning” ( Traugott, 2002 ), I demonstrate that the development of siphi was influenced by analogy to the existing constructions kathi and tusi ‘similar to’. Based on Kiparsky (forthcoming) and Lehmann (2004) , I propose that some cases of degrammaticalization that were influenced by analogy specific to given languages may not be legitimate counterexamples to the unidirectionality hypothesis.
Evaluation of clinical methods in gastro-intestinal disease.

A study to determine the possible relationship of cholesterol to peptic ulcer was made comparing the findings in 35 proven cases of peptic ulcer with 35 functional gastric cases. No relationship between cholesterol levels and gastric acidity or blood glucose was found either in the ulcer or the functional cases. This lack of correlation, as well as the growing evidence for the causal relationship of cholesterol to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis speak against the use of high cholesterol diets in the treatment of peptic ulcer. There appears to be no valid reason at present to routinely determine the cholesterol level in the study of a patient with peptic ulcer. Its usefulness is largely limited to gall bladder investigations.
It's a Small RNA World, After All

Small RNAs (sRNAs) can regulate transcript and protein abundance. Previously, they have been identified using traditional cloning approaches, which has limited how many could be characterized. Now, the Meyers and Green laboratories have used massively parallel signature sequencing technology to find over 1.5 million sRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. These new sRNAs reveal a greater-than-expected potential role for sRNAs in gene regulation, preferential expression or usage of sRNAs in flowers, and the prospect of targeted sRNA-mediated regulation of pseudogenes. In addition, new plant microRNAs have been identified, some of which may be unique to Arabidopsis.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for congenital long QT syndrome: A single-center experience

Background Long QT syndrome's (LQTS) marked heterogeneity necessitates both evidence-based and individualized therapeutic approaches. Objective This study sought to analyze a single LQTS specialty center's experience regarding the relationship between risk factors and appropriate ventricular fibrillation (VF)–terminating therapies among LQTS patients treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Methods An internal review board–approved, retrospective analysis of the electronic medical records of 459 patients with genetically confirmed LQTS including the 51 patients (14 LQT1, 22 LQT2, and 15 LQT3) who received an ICD from 2000 to 2010 was performed. Results Twelve patients (24%, 4 LQT1, 8 LQT2) experienced an appropriate, VF-terminating therapy with an average follow-up of 7.3 years, including 7 of 17 LQT2 female patients but none of the 15 LQT3 patients. Conversely, 15 (29%) patients (8 LQT3) have experienced an inappropriate shock. Secondary prevention indications (P = .008), non-LQT3 genotype (P = .02), QTc ≥ 500 ms (P = .0008), documented syncope (P = .05), documented torsades de pointes (P = .003), and a negative family history (P = .0001) were most predictive of an appropriate therapy. Importantly, no LQT-related deaths have occurred among the 408 non-ICD–treated patients. Conclusion The vast majority of LQTS patients can be treated effectively without an ICD. Potentially life-saving therapies were rendered at a 5% to 6% per year rate among those selected for ICD therapy; similar inappropriate shock frequencies were also noted. Secondary prevention, genotype, and QTc predicted those most likely to receive appropriate therapy. Although the ICD implant frequency is greatest among LQT3 patients, the greatest "save" rate has occurred among LQT2 women, who were assessed to be at high risk.
The crystal structure of the liver fatty acid-binding protein. A complex with two bound oleates.

The crystal structure of the recombinant form of rat liver fatty acid-binding protein was completed to 2.3 A and refined to an R factor of 19.0%. The structural solution was obtained by molecular replacement using superimposed polyalanine coordinates of six intracellular lipid-binding proteins as a search probe. The entire amino acid sequence of rat liver fatty acid-binding protein along with an amino-terminal formyl-methionine was modeled in the crystal structure. In addition, the crystal was obtained in the presence of oleic acid, and the initial electron density clearly showed two fatty acid molecules bound within a central cavity. The carboxylate of one fatty acid molecule interacts with arginine 122 and is shielded from free solvent. It has an overall bent conformation. The more solvent-exposed carboxylate of the other oleate is located near the helix-turn-helix that caps one end of the β-barrel, while the acyl chain lies in the interior. The cavity contains both polar and nonpolar residues but also shows extensive hydrophobic character around the nonpolar atoms of the ligands. The primary and secondary oleate binding sites appear to be totally interdependent, mainly because favorable hydrophobic interactions form between both aliphatic chains.
Heidegger and the Communicative World

The treatment of communication ( Mitteilung ) in Heidegger has often been relegated to a secondary status. In this essay, I attempt to remedy this tendency. In my attempt, I first focus on the role of language in Being and Time through focusing on Heidegger’s treatment of λόγος in the introduction, followed by the role of language in the constitution of the being of the da . The latter takes into account the special status of language in relation to the other two constituent moments of the being of the da , i.e., understanding and attunement or moodedness. In Being and Time , understanding and attunement become factically disclosed as projection and thrownness. However, this disclosure occurs through language as communication. The nature of this disclosure as communication is the holding open of the da , a holding open of the da for the other, the keeping open of world through communication for community. Finally, consistent with Aristotle, community is thought as the basis of the political.
Effects of Sesquiterpene Lactones on the Growth of Bacillus Thuringiensis

Two sesquiterpene lactones, hymenovin and tenulin, were tested for their effect on growth of two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Growth of both strains was 98% inhibited by 0.6 mg of tenulin per ml, but only 15 to 20% was inhibited by the same level of hymenovin. Hymenovin appeared to have a mutagenic effect on B. thuringiensis cultures resulting in production of several variant strains. Some of the variant strains had lost their ability to form spores and crystals. Hymenovin also induced B. thuringiensis to produce significant levels of bacteriophage. All variant strains were as susceptible to phage as the parent strain. Although the bactericidal activity of tenulin was two times as great as of hymenovin, tenulin did not appear to have a mutagenic effect on the bacteria.
Crosslinking of polyaromatic ether‐ketones with biphenylene derivatives

Polyaromatic ether-ketones prepared from isophthaloyl dichloride, diphenyl ether, and various amounts of biphenylene and its derivative, were compressed to films under various conditions, and their crosslinking behaviors were studied. Although strong and flexible films could be obtained from low melting crosslinkable polymers, the low molecular weight polymers, which melt below 300°C, decompose at the biphenylene ring opening temperature of over 290°C, giving films full of gas bubbles. The addition of metal complexes to decrease the biphenylene ring opening temperature did not improve the film quality, although gas bubbles could be avoided. The strong and flexible films were amorphous, and the brittle films were mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymers.
Saccade latency and warning signals: stimulus onset, offset, and change as warning events.

Two experiments investigated saccade latency to a peripheral target under various warning signal conditions. In Experiment I, the effects of warning stimulus onset, change, and two offset conditions were compared at warning intervals of 0, 100, 300, and 600 msec. Warning stimulus onset, change, and offset were all effective in reducing saccade latency as compared to a no-warning control condition, but warning stimulus offset resulted in shorter saccade latency than onset or change at all warning intervals. Experiment 2 compared onset and offset warning conditions at −300-, −250-, −200-, −150-, −100-, −50-, 0-, and 50-msec intervals. Responses following onset were slower than those following offset at the latter five intervals, while warning onset resulted in slower saccades than no-warning control conditions at −150-, −100-, and −50-msec intervals. These results indicate that the onset of a visual warning signal can have an interfering effect on the programming or execution of a saccade.
Evaluation of Analytical and Numerical Techniques for Defining the Radius of Influence for an Open-Loop Ground Source Heat Pump System

AbstractIn an open-loop groundwater heat pump (GHP) system, groundwater is extracted, run through a heat exchanger, and injected back into the ground, resulting in no mass balance changes to the flow system. Although the groundwater use is nonconsumptive, the withdrawal and injection of groundwater may cause negative hydraulic and thermal impacts to the flow system. Because GHPs are a relatively new technology and regulatory guidelines for determining environmental impacts for GHPs may not exist, consumptive-use metrics may need to be used for permit applications. For consumptive-use permits, a radius of influence is often used, which is defined as the radius beyond which hydraulic impacts to the system are considered negligible. In this paper, the hydraulic radius of influence concept was examined using analytical and numerical methods for a nonconsumptive GHP system in southeastern Washington State. At this location, the primary hydraulic concerns were impacts to nearby contaminant plumes and a water su...
Preliminary observations on the venom of Wagler's pit viper (Trimeresurus wagleri)

Abstract The venom of Trimeresurus wagleri differs markedly from most snake venoms in that it is stable to heating at 125° for 15 min and its major toxic fraction can be removed by dialysis within 24 hr. Its toxicity is fairly high, but there is no hemorrhage or necrosis at the site of injection or elsewhere. Toxicity was not neutralized by any of seven crotalid, three viperid and two elapid antivenins. Immunological and chemical evidence indicates the major toxic component of the venom is not a protein.