cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversation Analysis: Issues and Problems

Conversational analysis (CA) is a methodology for analyzing a broad range of speech exchange systems, or spoken interaction. This chapter begins by briefly describing what ethnomethodologically oriented conversation analysis is and then considers the intellectual roots of CA. It then describes how CA researchers typically set about developing analyses of interactional behaviors, and shows how such analyses may be used to address questions that are of interest to specialists in applied linguistics (AL) and second language acquisition (SLA) studies. Finally, it outlines some of the major issues and problems that must be addressed if CA is to become widely accepted in AL and SLA studies.
Memorial Tribute to Dr. Christopher Tietze

I am honored to join this distinguished gathering of friends, colleagues, and other participants at the “Christopher Tietze International Symposium on the Prevention and Treatment of Contraceptive Failure.” I myself am a friend and colleague of many years’ standing. I realize that the professional and personal aspects of my memories will inevitably overlap and that neither can stand alone when dealing with a man of Chris’s many qualities and gifts. Still, I will try to impart some historical facts and some probably lesser known components of his personality—his warmth and loyalty, his total readiness to give, be it advice, ideas, slides, rare books, or whatever else was needed, and his delightful sense of humor.
Open Regionalism in the Andean Community: Trade Creation and Social Access

This paper evaluates the open regionalism approach using the case of Ecuador?s trade liberalization and integration to the Andean Community. In the open regionalism view, regional economic agreements are seen as intermediate steps towards integration with the world economy. In a dynamic view of this process it is essential that several social groups, especially micro- and small-size entrepreneurs, have access to the market (social access) based on the increase of their income in order to augment its size. As a result, a regional agreement leads to a situation where there is pure trade creation and social access for low-income groups. The Andean Community shows that integration, by stages, into wider regional agreements seems to be a process that facilitates the promotion of technology-intensive industries and allows for the necessary social and economic transformation to face the world market, especially in the case of Ecuador. At the industry level, the transition of Andean regional exports is from unprotected natural resource and cheap labor-intensive industries to technology-intensive industries, thanks to the diffusion of productivity to the rest of the economy.
Analysis of Burst Header Packets in Optical Burst Switching Networks

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks provide a practical alternative to optical packet switching and optical circuit switching by separating control information from the primary data, sending the former on a separate control channel. However, this separation also renders OBS networks susceptible to a denial- or degradation-of-service attack (intentional or otherwise) when the data provisioned by a header packet on the control channel does not materialize. This paper addresses the problem of detecting and characterizing such problems and describes a method based on monitoring network traffic on the control and data channels. The method is evaluated on a publicly available dataset.
Egg Extraction Methods for Bagrada hilaris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with Notes on Ovipositional Preferences

The ovipositional preference of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) was evaluated, and egg extraction methods from soil were compared. In a choice test between soil, plant material, and exposed plastic surfaces, females laid eggs only in the soil. Significantly more eggs were deposited in dry soil than in most soil. A significant preference for ovipositional depth within the soil was found, with the greatest proportion of eggs laid in the upper one-third (i.e., 0–0.4 cm) of the soil. Two egg extraction methods (i.e., wash and flotation) were compared for effectiveness, sampling time, and cost of setup. The wash method consisted of two types (wash methods 1 and 2, with or without a paint strainer, respectively), whereas the flotation method consisted of several solutions. The wash method (both types combined) was more effective in egg extraction than the flotation method from both small and large volume samples, but the two types differed from each other; method 1 had a higher recovery rate than method 2 for small soil volumes but a lower recovery rate than method 2 for large volumes. Total sampling time was shorter for the wash method than the flotation method and less expensive.
Intraoperative brachytherapy for resected brain metastases

Brain metastases are the most common intracranial malignancies in adults. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment approach when a pathological diagnosis is required, for symptomatic patients who are refractory to steroids, and to decompress lesions causing mass effect. Radiotherapy is administered to improve local control rates after surgical resection. After a brief review of the literature describing the treatment of brain metastases using whole-brain radiotherapy, postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery, preoperative radiosurgery, and brachytherapy, we compare patient-related, technical, practical, and radiobiological considerations of each technique. Finally, we focus our discussion on intraoperative brachytherapy, with an emphasis on the technical aspects, benefits, efficacy, and outcomes of studies utilizing permanent Cs-131 implants.
Targeting CD20 takes the backseat in CLL

In this issue of Blood , Burger and colleagues report results from a randomized phase 2 study combining rituximab and ibrutinib vs ibrutinib alone in high-risk, untreated, and previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. 1 This well-performed study provides clear guidance to the field of CLL that, unlike chemotherapy, rituximab addition to ibrutinib does not improve progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) as compared with ibrutinib alone.
The Interpersonal Challenges of BRI: Developing People-to-People Bonds

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), carries extensive financial and geopolitical risks, claims to abide by inclusiveness and transparency between participating nations. Linking to BRI partners’ absorptive capacity, national culture, human capital, management approaches, and language differences, we address some of the major challenges that can threaten the success of the BRI. Explaining the need of establishing strong people-to-people bonds so knowledge can be shared among participants, our analysis will lead us to suggest that a shared culture of operations embedding shared knowledge management practices is necessary to ease interpersonal tensions and strengthen people-to-people bonds. We provide four multi-level policy solutions to facilitate fair cooperation for BRI participating nations.
Pseudoprogression after radiation therapies for low grade glioma in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Pseudoprogression (PsP) following radiation therapy (RT) for low grade glioma (LGG, WHO grade I and II), including both photon-based intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), has been described. However, its incidence has yet to be consolidated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to pool the current literature and establish the incidence of PsP in these groups to better inform surveillance protocols in the future. Methods Searches of 4 electronic databases from inception to April 2019 were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened against pre-specified criteria. The incidence of outcomes was then extracted and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis of proportions. Results A total of 5 pediatric and 4 adult cohort studies describing 517 and 424 LGG subjects respectively satisfied all selection criteria. The estimated incidences of PsP in pediatric subjects following IMRT and PBT were 33% (95% CI, 20–47%) and 34% (95% CI, 23–45%) respectively, with no difference between modalities. The estimated incidences of PsP in adult subjects following IMRT and PBT were 18% (95% CI, 12–25%) and 30% (95% CI, 21–39%) respectively, with PsP significantly less common following IMRT than PBT (P-heterogeneity = 0.04). Median time from radiation initiation to first detection of PsP ranged from 6 to 12 months across all modalities and age groups. Conclusions The incidence of PsP following both IMRT and PBT in the management of pediatric and adult LGG is not negligible, and should therefore be recognized as a pertinent sequala within the first year at least following treatment. However, a lack of accountability in the current literature for the differences in PsP interpretation, radiation modality, radiobiology and molecular biology of LGGs precludes any firm surveillance recommendations at this time.
Model-Based Design for Inhibition of Thermal Runaway in Free-Radical Polymerization

This work demonstrates the extension of the runaway criteria originally developed by Van Welsenaere and Froment and the more recent divergence criterion to the “short-stopping” of batchwise free-ra...
Management of rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow with a convertible total elbow arthroplasty

Background Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is commonly performed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes and complications of unlinked and linked TEA using a convertible system in patients with RA. Methods All patients with RA who underwent TEA at a single center with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up were reviewed. Demographic information, patient-reported outcome scores, functional outcome assessments, and radiographic parameters were evaluated at most recent follow-up. Results We evaluated 82 patients (27 with unlinked TEA and 55 with linked TEA) with RA. The mean age at surgery was 61 ± 10 years, with a mean follow-up period of 6 ± 4 years. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups, with the exception of longer follow-up in the unlinked group (8 years vs. 5 years, P = .001). No differences in range of motion were noted. Elbow strength was similar other than pronation strength (74% ± 8% for unlinked vs. 100% ± 8% for linked, P = .03). The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index was 83 ± 16; Patient Rated Elbow Evaluation score, 15 ± 18; and QuickDASH (short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire) score, 34 ± 20. No differences in the rates of reoperation (17% vs. 24%, P = .4), complications (32% vs. 31%, P = .4), or revisions (13% vs. 17%, P = .3) were found between unlinked and linked devices. Four patients with instability, all with unlinked designs, underwent revision to a linked design. Four patients, all with linked designs, underwent revision for aseptic loosening of smooth short-stem ulnar components. Conclusion TEA using a convertible implant design provides good patient-reported outcomes at mid-term follow-up in patients with RA. Our study was unable to detect a difference in the use of either unlinked or linked implant designs; further large comparison trials are needed.
Thirty-day readmissions after transcatheter versus surgical mitral valve repair in high-risk patients with mitral regurgitation: Analysis of the 2014-2015 Nationwide readmissions databases.

Objective Determine the rates, reasons, predictors, and costs of 30-day readmissions following transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) versus surgical mitral valve repair (SMVR) in the United States. Background Data on 30-day readmissions after TMVR are limited. Methods High-risk patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing TMVR or SMVR were identified from the 2014-2015 Nationwide Readmissions Databases. Multivariable stepwise regression models were used to identify independent predictors of 30-day readmission. Risk of 30-day readmission was compared between the two groups using univariate and propensity score adjusted regression models. Results Among 8,912 patients undergoing mitral valve repair during 2014-2015 (national estimate 17,809), we identified 7,510 (84.7%) that underwent SMVR and 1,402 (15.3%) that underwent TMVR. Thirty-day readmission rates after SMVR and TMVR were 10.7% and 11.7%, respectively (unadjusted OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.89-1.39, p = .35). After propensity score adjustment, TMVR was associated with a lower risk of 30-day readmissions compared with SMVR (adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.95, p = .02). Heart failure and arrhythmias were the leading cardiac reasons for readmission. Anemia and fluid and electrolyte disorder were independent predictors of 30-day readmission after TMVR. Demographics, comorbidities, and length of stay were independent predictors of 30-day readmission after SMVR. Conclusions One in 10 patients are readmitted within 30 days following TMVR or SMVR. Approximately half of the readmissions are for cardiac reasons. The predictors of 30-day readmission are different among patients undergoing TMVR and SMVR, but can be easily screened for to identify patients at highest risk for readmission.
Atomic-structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of glass powder modified metakaolin-based geopolymer

Abstract This objective of this study is to utilize recycled glass powder as a partial replacement precursor of the metakaolin-based geopolymer to develop a sustainable geopolymer material. Four glass powder replacement ratios were selected for the metakaolin-based geopolymer preparation (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by the total precursor weight). The pair distribution function (PDF) analysis indicated that a higher amount of the four-membered ring structures in the formed gel with the added glass powder. Both PDF and EDX analysis showed that the Si/Al ratio of the binder phase increased with glass powder content in the mixtures. The added glass powder can improve the workability of the geopolymer binder and prolong the setting time of the synthesized geopolymer samples. The nanoindentation test results showed that the elastic modulus of the formed gel increased with replaced 10% and 20% glass powder. In addition, the samples with 5% of glass powder achieved the highest compressive strength among tested samples. The test results indicated that the appropriate glass powder replacement can affect the geopolymerization process and modify the formed gels in the metakaolin-based geopolymer to improve the mechanical properties of the mixture. The information obtained in this study can promote the utilization of waste glass powder as a partial replacement of the precursor for the production of sustainable alkali-activated materials.
Short-Term Outcomes following Virtual Surgery-Assisted Immediate Dental Implant Placement in Free Fibula Flaps for Oncologic Mandibular Reconstruction.

Background Despite reports demonstrating feasibility of immediate dental implant placement in mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flaps for benign disease, this practice is not routinely used in the oncologic setting. The authors aim to demonstrate the safety of immediate dental implant placement for oncologic mandible reconstruction. Methods In 2017, the authors' center began immediate dental implant placement in free fibula flaps for oncologic patients undergoing mandibulectomy reconstruction. Immediate dental implant placement patients were compared to a historical cohort also reconstructed with computer-aided design and manufacturing technology beginning in 2011 (n = 34) as a noninferiority study design. Primary outcomes of interest included 90-day complications, time to radiotherapy, and time to and number of patients achieving dental restoration. Results Sixty-one patients underwent free fibula flaps following mandibulectomy using computer-aided design and manufacturing. Seventy-two dental implants were placed in the immediate dental implant placement cohort (n = 27). No differences were noted in major or minor 90-day complications between groups (p > 0.05). Radiotherapy was required in 55 percent in the immediate dental implant placement cohort versus 62 percent in the historical cohort, with no significant difference in time to radiotherapy (67.6 days versus 62.2 days, respectively). One dental implant was removed for nonosseointegration noted during vestibuloplasty. Fourteen (51.8 percent) immediate dental implant patients had complete dental restoration at 90 days compared with none in the historical cohort (p Conclusions Immediate dental implant placement is a safe procedure with an unchanged short-term complication profile and no delay in radiotherapy initiation. Patients undergoing immediate dental implant placement are more likely to complete full dental rehabilitation. Long-term and health-related quality-of-life outcomes remain to be determined. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Calibrated Si Mobility and Incomplete Ionization Models with Field Dependent Ionization Energy for Cryogenic Simulations

Cryogenic silicon CMOS operating between 77K and 4.2K is becoming more popular in high-speed server applications and the periphery of quantum computers. In the cryogenic regime, dopant incomplete ionization and field enhanced ionization become dominating physical phenomena. Therefore, it is important to use accurate and well-calibrated mobility and incomplete ionization models in cryogenic TCAD simulations. In this paper, we present a Philips Unified Mobility Model (PhuMob) and Altermatt’s incomplete ionization model calibrated between 300K and 20K for boron and arsenic dopants in silicon across 5 orders of magnitude in doping concentration. A novel method is proposed to include field-dependent ionization energy in Altermatt’s model, which results in good convergence even in 3D TCAD simulations at 4K.
Correction: Factors Influencing Patients' Initial Decisions Regarding Telepsychiatry Participation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Telephone-Based Survey

BACKGROUND: Telepsychiatry enables patients to establish or maintain psychiatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Little is known about the factors influencing patients' initial decisions to participate in telepsychiatry in the midst of a public health crisis. OBJECTIVE: This paper seeks to examine factors influencing patients' initial decisions to accept or decline telepsychiatry immediately after the stay-at-home order in Michigan, their initial choice of virtual care modality (video or telephone), and their anticipated participation in telepsychiatry once clinics reopen for in-person visits. METHODS: Between June and August 2020, we conducted a telephone-based survey using a questionnaire comprising 14 quantitative and two qualitative items as part of a quality improvement initiative. We targeted patients who had an in-person appointment date that fell in the first few weeks following the Michigan governor's stay-at-home order, necessitating conversion to virtual visits or deferment of in-person care. We used descriptive statistics to report individual survey responses and assess the association between chosen visit type and patient characteristics and future participation in telepsychiatry using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 244 patients whose original in-person appointments were scheduled within the first 3 weeks of the stay-at-home order in Michigan completed the telephone survey. The majority of the 244 respondents (n=202, 82.8%) initially chose to receive psychiatric care through video visits, while 13.5% (n=33) chose telephone visits and 1.2% (n=3) decided to postpone care until in-person visit availability. Patient age correlated with chosen visit type (P<.001; 95% CI 0.02-0.06). Patients aged ≥44 years were more likely than patients aged 0-44 years to opt for telephone visits (relative risk reduction [RRR] 1.2; 95% CI 1.06-1.35). Patient sex (P=.99), race (P=.06), type of insurance (P=.08), and number of previous visits to the clinic (P=.63) were not statistically relevant. Approximately half of the respondents (114/244, 46.7%) stated they were likely to continue with telepsychiatry even after in-person visits were made available. Telephone visit users were less likely than video visit users to anticipate future participation in telepsychiatry (RRR 1.08; 95% CI 0.97-1.2). Overall, virtual visits met or exceeded expectations for the majority of users. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, patient age correlates with the choice of virtual visit type, with older adults more likely to choose telephone visits over video visits. Understanding challenges to patient-facing technologies can help advance health equity and guide best practices for engaging patients and families through telehealth.
Malignant Degeneration of Biopsy-Proven Hamartoma to Chondrosarcoma.

Pulmonary hamartomas are benign lesions that are often managed conservatively in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Increasing reports of malignant transformation question if a more aggressive treatment or surveillance practice for these lesions is warranted in adult patients. Herein, we describe a case of a 67-year-old man with a long history of pulmonary hamartoma that demonstrated malignant degeneration into spindle cell malignancy with chondromatous differentiation. This case illustrates the aggressive nature of sarcomatous disease arising from hamartomas and, with a handful of other cases in the literature, points to the question of whether pulmonary hamartomas arising in late adulthood should follow a more intensive treatment or surveillance algorithm given increased concern for malignant potential.
Analysis and Prediction of Pedestrian Crosswalk Behavior during Automated Vehicle Interactions

For safe navigation around pedestrians, automated vehicles (AVs) need to plan their motion by accurately predicting pedestrians’ trajectories over long time horizons. Current approaches to AV motion planning around crosswalks predict only for short time horizons (1-2 s) and are based on data from pedestrian interactions with human-driven vehicles (HDVs). In this paper, we develop a hybrid systems model that uses pedestrians’ gap acceptance behavior and constant velocity dynamics for long-term pedestrian trajectory prediction when interacting with AVs. Results demonstrate the applicability of the model for long-term (> 5 s) pedestrian trajectory prediction at crosswalks. Further, we compared measures of pedestrian crossing behaviors in the immersive virtual environment (when interacting with AVs) to that in the real world (results of published studies of pedestrians interacting with HDVs), and found similarities between the two. These similarities demonstrate the applicability of the hybrid model of AV interactions developed from an immersive virtual environment (IVE) for real-world scenarios for both AVs and HDVs.
Manure-Based Amendments Influence Surface-Associated Bacteria and Markers of Antibiotic Resistance on Radishes Grown in Soils with Different Textures.

ABSTRACT A controlled greenhouse study was performed to determine the effect of manure or compost amendments, derived during or in the absence of antibiotic treatment of beef and dairy cattle, on radish taproot-associated microbiota and indicators of antibiotic resistance when grown in different soil textures. Bacterial beta diversity, determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, bifurcated according to soil texture (P IMPORTANCE In working toward a comprehensive strategy to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance, potential farm-to-fork routes of dissemination are gaining attention. The effects of preharvest factors on the microbiota and corresponding antibiotic resistance indicators on the surfaces of produce commonly eaten raw is of special interest. Here, we conducted a controlled greenhouse study, using radishes as a root vegetable grown in direct contact with soil, and compared the effects of manure-based soil amendments, antibiotic use in the cattle from which the manure was sourced, composting of the manure, and soil texture, with chemical fertilizer only as a control. We noted significant effects of amendment type and soil texture on the composition of the microbiota and genes used as indicators of antibiotic resistance on radish surfaces. The findings take a step toward identifying agricultural practices that aid in reducing carriage of antibiotic resistance and corresponding risks to consumers.
James Baldwin and the American Schoolhouse

This book – written for teacher educators, teachers and admirers of James Baldwin –employs his essays and speeches to discuss how the effects of race and racism enter the souls of African American students and become attached and difficult to dislodge. Yet, his essays also provide educators and students with purpose, meaning and suggestions for how to stand up against racism, develop an authentic self and fight oppression. Whereas this book takes advantage of the full body of Baldwin’s work – fiction, nonfiction, interviews, lectures, speeches and letters – its foundation is three speeches James Baldwin gave in the 1960s on the education of African American children and African American and European American race relations in the United States. The purpose of education, defying myths, freedom, willful ignorance and developing identity are discussed through a Baldwinian lens. African American and European American teachers are encouraged to "Go for Broke" as this book explores the important role Baldwin’s work can play in schools and universities.
Powassan Meningoencephalitis: A Case Report Highlighting Diagnosis and Management.

Powassan virus (POWV), a rare flavivirus that may be transmitted by a tick bite, causes rare but severe cases of encephalitis, meningitis, and meningoencephalitis in humans. We present the case of a 62-year-old man with prior Lyme disease and reactive arthritis who presented to the hospital with symptoms of fever, headache, and fatigue. The patient developed rapid deterioration of mental status including profound expressive aphasia and required intubation and high-dose steroids. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serologies were found to be positive for the POWV.
Target, Negligence, Chips, and Chickens

Point-of-sale credit card fraud is rising at an alarming rate in the United States but has been declining in Europe for more than a decade. The reason is quite simple, technology has been deployed in Europe that all but eliminates the ability of criminals to skim credit card information. However, the technology is expensive and U.S. banks and credit card issuers have no incentive to make the investment. This online Article looks at various legal theories that could be used as the proper incentives.
Interpretation of informational questions modulated by joint knowledge and intonational contours

Abstract We examine processes by which dialogue partners form and use representations of joint knowledge, or common ground, during on-line language processing. Eye-tracked participants interpreted wh-questions that inquired about task-relevant objects during interactive conversation. Some objects were known to both speaker and listener, and thus in common ground, whereas others were only known to the listener, and thus in privileged ground. Questions were produced with a typical, falling intonation (Experiment 1) or with either falling or rising intonation (Experiments 2–3). Unlike the falling contour, the rising contour can indicate a request for clarification about previously mentioned information. Participants interpreted falling-contour questions as asking about privileged-ground objects. By contrast, rising questions elicited more consideration of common-ground objects. Directly comparing questions that were produced during live conversation vs. questions that were pre-recorded revealed that this sensitivity to common vs. privileged ground emerged only during live conversation. Finally, individual difference analyses in all three experiments did not support the claim that individuals fail to take perspective when executive function is limited. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for the on-line integration of perspective and intonation during conversational language processing. The lack of perspective effects in non-interactive settings speaks to the inherently interactive nature of conversational processes.
Slumlordism as a Tort--A Brief Response

ROFESSORS Blum and Dunham begin their comment by accusing us of having a new idea. We plead guilty.' Our purpose was to demonstrate that accepted principles in analogous areas of law would support a slumlordism action, not to argue that tort law as presently applied would do so. Indeed, our basic intent was to underscore the myopia of existing tort law perspectives. They also charge us with creating a theory which might be used by Mississippi Delta sharecroppers or braceros to attack the "appalling" (their word) situation in which they live; or by those who have been cheated by unscrupulous merchants. We plead guilty again, this time with enthusiasm.2
Introduction to Probability with Texas Hold 'em Examples

Probability Basics Meaning of Probability Basic Terminology Axioms of Probability Venn Diagrams General Addition Rule Counting Problems Sample Spaces with Equally Probable Events Multiplicative Counting Rule Permutations Combinations Conditional Probability and Independence Conditional Probability Independence Multiplication Rules Bayes' Rule and Structured Hand Analysis Expected Value and Variance Cumulative Distribution Function and Probability Mass Function Expected Value Pot Odds Luck and Skill in Texas Hold'em Variance and Standard Deviation Markov and Chebyshev Inequalities Moment Generating Functions Discrete Random Variables Bernoulli Random Variables Binomial Random Variables Geometric Random Variables Negative Binomial Random Variables Poisson Random Variables Continuous Random Variables Probability Density Functions Expected Value, Variance, and Standard Deviation Uniform Random Variables Exponential Random Variables Normal Random Variables Pareto Random Variables Continuous Prior and Posterior Distributions Collections of Random Variables Expected Value and Variance of Sums of Random Variables Conditional Expectation Laws of Large Numbers and the Fundamental Theorem of Poker Central Limit Theorem Confidence Intervals for the Sample Mean Random Walks Simulation and Approximation Using Computers Appendix A: Abbreviated Rules of Texas Hold'em Appendix B: Glossary of Poker Terms Appendix C: Solutions to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises References and Suggested Reading Index Exercises appear at the end of each chapter.
Computer-Assisted Staging of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Correlates with Symptoms

Background The Lund-Mackay (LM) staging system for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) does not correlate with clinical parameters, likely due to its coarse scale. We developed a “Modified Lund Mackay” (MLM) system, which uses a three-dimensional (3D), computerized method to quantify the volume of mucosal inflammation in the sinuses, and sought to determine whether the MLM would correlate with symptoms and disease-specific quality of life. Methods We obtained Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) data from 55 adult subjects immediately prior to sinus imaging. The volume of each sinus occupied by mucosal inflammation was measured using MATLAB algorithms created using customized, image analysis software after manual outlining of each sinus. Linear regression was used to model the relationship between the MLM and the SNOT-22 and TNSS. Correlation between the LM and MLM was tested using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results Adjusting for age, gender, and smoking, a higher symptom burden was associated with increased sinonasal inflammation as captured by the MLM (β = 0.453, p < 0.013). As expected due to the differences in scales, the LM and MLM scores were significantly different (p < 0.011). No association between MLM and SNOT-22 scores was found. Conclusion The MLM is one of the first imaging-based scoring systems that correlates with sinonasal symptoms. Further development of this custom software, including full automation and validation in larger samples, may yield a biomarker with great utility for both treatment of patients and outcomes assessment in clinical trials.
Using branch-and-bound with constraint satisfaction in optimization problems

This work integrates three related AI search techniques - constraint satisfaction, branch-and-bound and solution synthesis - and apphes the result to constraint satisfaction problems for which optimal answers are required. This method has already been shown to work well in natural language semantic analysis (Beale, et al, 1996); here we extend the domain to optimizing graph coloring problems, which are abstractions of many common scheduling problems of interest. We demonstrate that the methods used here allow us to determine optimal answers to many types of problems without resorting to heuristic search, and, furthermore can be combined with heuristic search methods for problems with excessive complexity.
Production of Human Immunoglobulin E Antibody In Vitro

The discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (1) has contributed significantly to the understanding of hypersensitivity reactions mediated by reaginic antibody (2) and has led to the development of new diagnostic procedures in the field of allergology (3, 4). Recent studies have demonstrated the production of IgE protein by peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro and have examined the kinetics and pharmacologic control of IgE biosynthesis (5, 6). The purpose of this communication is to describe our observation of in vitro production of IgE protein and antigen-specific IgE antibodies by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from atopic and nonatopic individuals. A modification of the lymphocyte culture method of Waldmann et al. (7) was used in our studies. Blood, 60 ml, was obtained from 11 patients, eight of whom are atopic (geometric mean serum IgE, 247 ng/ml; range 61 to 1079) and three of whom are nonatopic (geometric mean serum IgE, 96 ng/ml; range 73 to 143).
Cross transport of energy in fluid streams

Fluids flowing over an unheated cylinder with its axis normal to the flow separate in their wake into a central stream with a total enthalpy lower than the one in the upstream and two outer streams with higher total enthalpies provided the Reynolds number is such that alternate separation of vortices and the formation of a Karman vortex street occur. Evidence of this was observed in 1940 by low values of the recovery temperature on the downstream side of a cylinder normal to a high velocity air stream. A number of experimental studies by various investigators confirmed the energy separation, established that it was connected with the unsteady character of the vortex formation, and that it was enhanced by the presence of sound waves. Various explanations have been proposed for the mechanisms which lead to this energy separation. The present paper surveys the significant experimental findings and attempts to describe the energy separation effect in physical terms starting with the unsteady energy equation and drawing on recent computer solutions.
Expression of mouse proopiomelanocortin in an insulinoma cell line. Requirements for beta-endorphin processing.

Abstract Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a neuroendocrine precursor protein which is processed at paired basic amino acids in a tissue-specific manner. To study this phenomenon, a vaccinia virus recombinant, which directs the synthesis of mouse POMC (VV:mPOMC) was constructed and used to infect epithelial (BSC-40) and endocrine (Rin m5F) cell lines. Bona fide mPOMC was produced in both cell types and beta-endorphin immunoreactivity was secreted in a nonregulated manner from BSC-40 cells and in a regulated manner from Rin m5F cells. Although the precursor was not cleaved to smaller beta-MSH or beta-endorphin immunoreactive peptides in BSC-40 cell extracts, Rin m5F cells produced primarily authentic gamma-lipotropin and des-acetyl beta-endorphin. Furthermore, production of these peptides was restricted to the regulated secretory pathway in Rin m5F cells. Site-directed mutagenesis was then used to change the inefficiently recognized Lys-Lys potential cleavage site near the carboxyl terminus of beta-endorphin to Lys-Arg. Expression of the mutant precursor in Rin m5F cells resulted in the synthesis of both des-acetyl beta-endorphin and beta-endorphin.
New Banana Phases

Liquid crystals-materials that flow like a fluid but are optically anisotropic like a crystal-exhibit large responses to modest external disturbances. In his Perspective, [Lubensky][1] discusses the advances reported in two papers in this issue, both of which involve liquid crystals made from V-shaped or bent-core molecules. [ Walba et al .][2] report a synthetic strategy for producing a ferroelectric phase from achiral bent-core molecules. [ Pratibha et al .][3] show that new liquid crystalline phases form when bent-core molecules are mixed with a particular class of rodlike molecules. These papers introduce new molecular designs that yield new liquid crystalline phases with controlled structure and properties. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5474/2146 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/288/5474/2181 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/288/5474/2184
An Evaluation of Different Methods for Tritium Labelling

Tritium incorporation by synthetic and non-synthetic methods shares the common mechanism of labeling, requiring the activation of tritium gas. Activation can be by catalysts, hot tungsten wire, mic...
Use of Barley in High-Efficiency Broiler Rations 4. Influence of Amylolytic Enzymes on Efficiency of Utilization, Water Consumption and Litter Condition

Abstract JENSEN et al. (1957) have reported on improvement in nutritional value of Western barley for chicks by enzyme supplementation. Similar results have previously been reported by Fry et al. (1957a) involving water treatment as a means for improving barley utilization. In both experiments marked improvements in growth and feed efficiency to four weeks of age were obtained from either method of treatment. Fry et al. (1957b) also noted that water intake was reduced and the consistency of droppings altered in the presence of the enzyme supplement. In studies previously reported from this station (Arscott et al., 1958) evidence was presented indicating that the addition of animal fat to pelleted feeds containing Hannchen barley as the sole grain resulted in a marked improvement in growth and feed efficiency but did not correct the adverse litter condition observed with these diets. It therefore became of interest to determine if the enzyme treatment…
Identification of cDNA clones for the human microtubule-associated protein tau and chromosomal localization of the genes for tau and microtubule-associated protein 2

Abstract We have previously identified a partial human cDNA for MAP2, and we now report the isolation of human cDNA clones for tau. The RNA species recognized by the tau clones is a 6 kilobase (kb) message that is expressed in the human brain but not in other human tissues, and exhibits a developmental shift in size. We also report the human chromosomal localization of the MAP2 and tau genes. The MAP2 cDNA pKN7 was used to localize the MAP2 gene to chromosome 2q34–35. The tau cDNAs were used to confirm the presence of a tau gene on chromosome 17q21 and an additional region of homology on chromosome 6p21.
Androgen-induced NH2- and COOH-terminal Interaction Inhibits p160 Coactivator Recruitment by Activation Function 2

The androgen receptor undergoes an androgen-specific NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction between NH2-terminal motif F XXLF and activation function 2 in the ligand binding domain. We demonstrated previously that activation function 2 forms overlapping binding sites for the androgen receptor F XXLF motif and the L XXLL motifs of p160 coactivators. Here we investigate the influence of the NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction on androgen receptor function. Specificity and relative potency of the motif interactions were evaluated by ligand dissociation rate and the stability of chimeras of transcriptional intermediary factor 2 with full-length and truncated androgen or glucocorticoid receptor. The results indicate that the androgen receptor activation function 2 interacts specifically and with greater avidity with the single F XXLF motif than with the L XXLL motif region of p160 coactivators, whereas this region of the glucocorticoid receptor interacts preferentially with the L XXLL motifs. Expression of the L XXLL motifs as a fusion protein with the glucocorticoid receptor resulted in loss of agonist-induced receptor destabilization and increased half-time of ligand dissociation. The NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction inhibited binding and activation by transcriptional intermediary factor 2. We conclude that the androgen receptor NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction reduces the dissociation rate of bound androgen, stabilizes the receptor, and inhibits p160 coactivator recruitment by activation function 2.
Optimal design of frames with substructuring

Abstract This paper presents a formulation for optimal design of large scale, two and three dimensional framed structures. Von Mises equivalent stress constraints and displacement constraints are imposed at all points in the structure. Member size constraints and constraints based on Schilling's approach for member buckling are also imposed. Three example problems of varying degrees of difficulty are solved, using a gradient projection algorithm with state space design sensitivity analysis and substructuring. Results of these examples are analyzed and conclusions are presented.
Ultrasound findings are not useful for defining stage Tic prostate cancer

The management of stage T1c prostate cancer is identical to that of stage T2 prostate cancer. The treatment of a cancer detected by an elevated PSA level depends primarily on the age and health of the patient, on his preferences for treatment, and on the manner in which the physician presents the options. The distinction between PSA-detected tumors that are visible on ultra sound and PSA-detected tumors that are invisible on ultrasound is not clinically useful.
Phagosome-lysosome interactions related to erythrophagocytosis in Kupffer cells of fetal rat liver.

Kupffer cells of fetal rat liver were examined by ultrastructural cytochemical methods to reveal acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity in lysosomes. Elongated cisternae, 940–1150 A in width containing AcPase reaction product, were identified in these cells. These cisternae were sometimes in continuity with phagosomes containing engulfed erythrocytes. Observations suggest that such cisternae may partly encircle these phagosomes. The relationships of these cisternae to GERL (Golgi Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes) is discussed.
Effect of timing of introduction of complementary foods on iron and zinc status of formula fed infants at 12, 24, and 36 months of age.

Abstract Objective The timing of introduction of complementary food to an infant's diet is variable throughout the world. Our objective was to determine whether early introduction of complementary foods affects iron and zinc status of formula-fed infants at 12, 24, and 36 months of age. Design A randomized, prospective trial was conducted. Infants were randomly assigned to receive either a) early introduction (at 3 to 4 months of age) of commercially prepared or parent's choice of complementary foods; or b) late introduction (at 6 months of age) of commercially prepared complementary foods or parent's choice of complementary foods. In addition to complementary foods, infants were fed commercial infant formula as recommended by their pediatrician. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin and zinc concentrations were determined at 12, 24, and 36 months of age. Three-day diet diaries were completed at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age. Subjects/setting One hundred seventy-five infants younger than 3 months were recruited by mailings to parents in the Cincinnati area. Of these, 172 were enrolled, 90 in the early introduction group and 82 in the late-introduction group. One hundred thirty-three infants (n=67 in the early, n=66 in the late group) completed the study. Statistical analyses performed Student t test and regression analyses were used to determine whether there were group differences and whether there was a relationship between serum parameters and dietary intake. Results Infants fed complementary foods early had significantly greater iron intakes until 6 months of age; however, there were no differences in the iron status parameters (ferritin, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume) at 12, 24, or 36 months of age. The early introduction group consumed slightly less zinc than the late introduction group at 5 months (4.4 vs 4.8mg/day, P P Applications/conclusions The iron and zinc status of infants in this study was not influenced by the timing or type of complementary foods introduced. However, the infants were formula fed and the mean iron and zinc intakes that were equal or greater than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the first 6 months of age. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:443–447.
Environmental coverage in the mass media: a longitudinal study

The purpose of this study is to trace the evolution of environmental coverage during the 1960s and 1970s, a period that witnessed the passing of the age of abundance and the coming of the age of scarcity. This is done by analyzing the contents of an important and massive segment of the communications system in American society: mass circulation magazines. Each type of magazine and form of reported environmental degradation is discussed and compared to one another. The focal point of discussion is the extent to which mass circulation magazines integrate natural resource issues into their respective areas of specialization.
Structural Insights into the Mechanism of the Allosteric Transitions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cAMP Receptor Protein

The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a cAMP-responsive global transcriptional regulator, responsible for the regulation of a multitude of diverse proteins. We have determined the crystal structures of the CRP·cAMP and CRP·N6-cAMP derivative-bound forms of the enzyme to 2.2- and 2.3 A-resolution, respectively, to investigate cAMP-mediated conformational and structural changes. The allosteric switch from the open, inactive conformation to the closed, active conformation begins with a number of changes in the ligand-binding cavity upon cAMP binding. These subtle structural changes and numerous non-bonding interactions between cAMP, the N-domain residues, and the C-domain helices demonstrate that the N-domain hairpin loop acts as a structural mediator of the allosteric switch. Based on the CRP·N6-cAMP crystal structure, binding of N6-cAMP with a bulkier methylphenylethyl extension from the N6 atom stabilizes the cAMP-binding domain, N-domain hairpin, and C-terminal domain in a similar manner as that of the CRP·cAMP structure, maintaining structural integrity within the subunits. However, the bulkier N6 extension of N6-cAMP (in R conformation) is accommodated only in subunit A with minor changes, whereas in subunit B, the N6 extension is in the S conformation hindering the hinge region of the central helix. As a result, the entire N-domain and the C-domain of subunit B integrated by the cAMP portion of this ligand, together tilt away (∼7° tilt) from central helix C, positioning the helix-turn-helix motif in an unfavorable position for the DNA substrate, asymmetrically. Together, these crystal structures demonstrate the mechanism of action of the cAMP molecule and its role in integrating the active CRP structure.