cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corpus-based Semantic Lexicon Induction with Web-based Corroboration

Various techniques have been developed to automatically induce semantic dictionaries from text corpora and from the Web. Our research combines corpus-based semantic lexicon induction with statistics acquired from the Web to improve the accuracy of automatically acquired domain-specific dictionaries. We use a weakly supervised bootstrapping algorithm to induce a semantic lexicon from a text corpus, and then issue Web queries to generate co-occurrence statistics between each lexicon entry and semantically related terms. The Web statistics provide a source of independent evidence to confirm, or disconfirm, that a word belongs to the intended semantic category. We evaluate this approach on 7 semantic categories representing two domains. Our results show that the Web statistics dramatically improve the ranking of lexicon entries, and can also be used to filter incorrect entries.
Severe pulmonary arterial stenoses in Conradi-Hünermann disease

A 5-month-old male infant with chondrodystrophia punctata type Conradi-Hunermann showed electrocardiographically an enormous enlarged right ventricle with signs of supra-systemic pressure was found. No other intracardiac defects could be seen. Angiography showed severe peripheral pulmonary arterial stenoses of both main arteries. Balloon-dilatation or surgical intervention was supposed to have no beneficial effect. At the age of 6 months the patient died.
The bisection width of cubic graphs

Etablissement des bornes superieure et inferieure de la largeur de bissection des graphes cubiques. Formules asymptotiques
Skill Reconsidered: The Deskilling and Reskilling of Managers.

This article contends that supervisors and managers have been conceptually deskilled, and also extends traditional definitions of skill by adding and developing the concept of social skill. Definit...
Pest control strategies: Concerns, issues, and options

Abstract At the present time, the use of chemicals is by far the most widespread strategy to control populations of agricultural pests as well as vectors of human disease. A close examination of such an approach reveals many problems. Over the long term, the effectiveness of a chemical in controlling pests is severely attenuated. Furthermore, extensive pesticide use results in adverse human health and environmental effects. Integrated pest management (IPM) is discussed as an alternative, ecologically sound strategy for curtailing pest problems. It is also suggested that IPM be strongly promoted at a global level, but especially in third-world countries where pesticide-related problems often take on acute dimensions. The possible roles of international agencies in this context is also addressed briefly.
Properties of a Raman Atom Laser Output Coupler

We have studied the characteristics of an atom laser created by removing atoms from a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) via a two-photon Raman process. In contrast with outcoupling by RF transitions, Raman outcoupling offers spatial selectivity within the condensate and delivers significant momentum transfer to the outcoupled atoms. We develop a version of zero-temperature mean-field theory for BECs which includes the internal state of the atom and the effect of laser fields focused into the cloud. For a model condensate we find that the outcoupled matter wave develops sharp peaks at spatial positions where the two-photon Raman process is resonant with the hyperfine splitting of the atomic ground state. As time proceeds the width of the outcoupled wave expands and a steady stream of matter waves travels outside the condensate volume.
Mycosis fungoides, nitrogen mustard and skin cancer

SUMMARY The prevalence of epithelial cancer was determined in 202 patients with mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome and was found to be 10.5%. In an attempt to establish a possible association with topically applied nitrogen mustard, it was noted that 4.0% of these patients had lesions prior to nitrogen mustard therapy (although over half subsequently developed further lesions) and 6.5% of the patients developed them de novo after therapy. In two patients in this latter group, malignancies developed in areas not usually associated with solar-induced cancer. These findings indicate that epidermal neoplasia is not uncommon in these patients and that nitrogen mustard may function as a carcinogen or a co-carcinogen.
Characterization of preserved primitive fine-grained material from the Jupiter family comet 81P/Wild 2 – A new link between comets and CP-IDPs

Abstract We report the presence of preserved primitive fine-grained material containing an enstatite whisker with the crystallographic characteristics of a primary condensate in a sample of the Jupiter-family comet Wild 2, returned to earth by NASAʼs Stardust mission. The preserved primitive material is composed of silica-rich amorphous material embedded with iron sulfides and silicates. It is in close association with a type II chondrule-like object in the track C2052,2,74 ( Ogliore et al., 2012 ). The close association of a chondrule and a primary condensate shows they must have formed in different environments and probably met in the comet-forming region. The first observation of an enstatite whisker with properties indicating primary condensation in a comet is a new link between comets and Chondritic Porous IDPs (CP-IDPs).
Cognitive behavioral therapy for nocturnal panic

Nocturnal panic (NP), or waking abruptly from sleep in a state of panic, is a common phenomenon among patients with panic disorder. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of an adaptation of cognitive-behavioral treatment for NP. Forty-three participants were randomly assigned to immediate CBT or to a wait-list control condition. The results showed that CBT was more effective than the passage of time alone. The effects of CBT were repeated in the previously wait-listed condition. Treatment-related gains were maintained over a 9-month follow-up period. In addition, symptom improvement was accompanied by lessened subjective and heart rate reactivity to laboratory stressors, as well as lowered arousal and increased cardiac variability during sleep. This is the first controlled treatment outcome trial demonstrating the efficacy of a treatment program for panic disorder patients with NP.
A subgrouping strategy that reduces complexity and speeds up learning in recurrent networks

An algorithm, called RTRL, for training fully recurrent neural networks has recently been studied by Williams and Zipser (1989a, b). Whereas RTRL has been shown to have great power and generality, it has the disadvantage of requiring a great deal of computation time. A technique is described here for reducing the amount of computation required by RTRL without changing the connectivity of the networks. This is accomplished by dividing the original network into subnets for the purpose of error propagation while leaving them undivided for activity propagation. An example is given of a 12-unit network that learns to be the finite-state part of a Turing machine and runs 10 times faster using the subgrouping strategy than the original algorithm.
AMP kinase regulates K-ATP currents evoked by NMDA receptor stimulation in rat subthalamic nucleus neurons

Our lab recently showed that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) evokes ATP-sensitive K(+) (K-ATP) currents in subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons in slices of the rat brain. Both K-ATP channels and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are considered cellular energy sensors because their activities are influenced by the phosphorylation state of adenosine nucleotides. Moreover, AMPK has been shown to regulate K-ATP function in a variety of tissues including pancreas, cardiac myocytes, and hypothalamus. We used whole-cell patch clamp recordings to study the effect of AMPK activation on K-ATP channel function in STN neurons in slices of the rat brain. We found that bath or intracellular application of the AMPK activators A769662 and PT1 augmented tolbutamide-sensitive K-ATP currents evoked by NMDA receptor stimulation. The effect of AMPK activators was blocked by the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (compound C), and by STO609, an inhibitor of the upstream AMPK activator CaMKKβ. AMPK augmentation of NMDA-induced K-ATP current was also blocked by intracellular BAPTA and by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and guanylyl cyclase. However, A769662 did not augment currents evoked by the K-ATP channel opener diazoxide. In the presence of NMDA, A769662 inhibited depolarizing plateau potentials and burst firing, both of which could be antagonized by tolbutamide or dorsomorphin. These studies show that AMPK augments NMDA-induced K-ATP currents by a Ca(2+)-dependent process that involves nitric oxide and cGMP. By augmenting K-ATP currents, AMPK activation would be expected to dampen the excitatory effect of glutamate-mediated transmission in the STN.
A study of the metastable fragmentation of ions produced by 252Cf fission fragment bombardment of bovine insulin

Abstract A time-of-flight mass spectrometric study of the metastable decomposition of ions produced by 252Cf fission fragment bombardment of bovine insulin is presented. The positive secondary ion insulin species investigated include the protonated molecular ion, the doubly charged quasi-molecular ion, the dimer ion, intact A- and B-chain fragment ions, and ions constituting the intense continuum which underlies the discrete peaks. A high proportion of secondary ions which enter the flight tube are observed subsequently to undergo unimolecular fragmentation during flight. Investigation of the temporal distribution of the flight-tube fragmentation indicate that the decays are heavily weighted to favor early times, i.e. high rate constants.
Evolution of an oxidative dearomatization enabled total synthesis of vinigrol

The evolution of the synthetic strategy resulting in a total synthesis of vinigrol is presented. Oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition has served as the successful cornerstone for all of the approaches. Extensive radical cyclization efforts to form the tetracyclic core resulted in interesting and surprising reaction outcomes, none of which could be advanced to vinigrol. These cyclization obstacles were successfully overcome by using Heck instead of radical cyclizations. The total synthesis features a trifluoroethyl ether protecting group being used for the first time in organic synthesis. The logic of its selection and the group's importance beyond protecting the C8a hydroxyl group is presented along with a discussion of strategies for its removal. Because of the compact tetracyclic cage the route is built around many unusual reaction observations and solutions have emerged. For example, a first of its kind Grob fragmentation reaction featuring a trifluoroethyl leaving group has been uncovered, interesting interrupted selenium dioxide allylic oxidations have been observed as well as intriguing catalyst and counterion dependent directed hydrogenations.
How do transurethral needle ablation of the prostate and transurethral microwave thermotherapy compare with transurethral prostatectomy

Throughout the past decade, several minimally invasive therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have emerged to challenge transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) in efficacy and safety. This review compares high- and lowenergy transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) and transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) of the prostate with TURP in clinical efficacy and safety. In reducing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms, TUNA and TUMT are, at best, equal to TURP. However, the effects of TUMT and TUNA on objective measures of obstructive uropathy are minimal and less durable compared with TURP. The sole determinant of when and how to treat a patient with BPH is not solely a therapy’s clinical effectiveness. Other multiple factors must be considered, including safety, adverse effects, sexual function, and cost. The role of TUNA and TUMT lies in offering a cost-effective alternative for achieving substantial improvement in quality of life at an acceptable risk level for treatment-associated complications.
The effect of alternative scoring methods on the analysis of rank order categorical data

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of five univariate scoring techniques for rank order categorical data and the results of analyses using each of the techniques for five‐ and ten‐point bi‐polar adjective scales. The effect of scoring method and scale length is assessed for the resultant distance to multivariate normality, inter‐item reliability, discriminant analysis, least squares regression and logistic regression. For these data, the strongest effect of scoring was on distance to multivariate normality and determination of significant variables.
Rapid Acquisition of Persistent Object Textures

Model generation for virtual and augmented reality environments is cumbersome, time consuming, and difficult. We present methods for rapidly texturing registered geometry and for quickly creating environment maps. The video from a tracked camera is projected onto the geometry and cached within the geometry's textures. Object appearance thus becomes persistent beyond its momentary exposure to the video. The algorithms run in real-time and can be applied to arbitrary geometry
Home computer ownership and Internet use in China: Trends, disparities, socioeconomic impacts, and policy implications

This paper reviews the trends of China’s home computer ownership and Internet use, analyzes the disparities in computer ownership, and examines the impacts of increasing computer and Internet use on e–commerce and trade, Internet addiction and public health, family and marriage relationships, and public policy and democracy. Analysis results suggest that average income and urbanization have been the key factors behind both the growth of and the disparities in home computer ownership and Internet use in China. Also, the increasing use of computers and Internet has resulted in both positive and negative impacts in Chinese society and brought about opportunities and challenges for human development.
Preliminary study of the influence of dietary fiber on the properties of oil-in-water emulsions passing through an in vitro human digestion model

Abstract The objective of this preliminary study was to obtain a better understanding of the influence of dietary fiber on the digestibility of emulsified lipids. The influence of fiber type (pectin and chitosan), fiber concentration (0–0.5 wt%), and fiber molecular weight (15 and 2500 kDa chitosan) was examined on the ζ -potential, particle size and creaming stability of 5 wt% corn oil-in-water emulsions (1 wt% Tween 80) subjected to an in vitro digestion model (pH∼7, 1 h; pH∼2, 1 h; pH∼5.3,+bile salts, 2 h; pH∼7.5, 2 h: 37 °C). In the absence of dietary fiber, the emulsion droplets were anionic and remained stable to aggregation throughout the digestion model. Anionic pectin did not adsorb to the anionic droplet surfaces at any pH, but it promoted extensive droplet flocculation through a depletion mechanism. Cationic chitosan adsorbed to the droplet surfaces at some pH values and promoted droplet flocculation through a bridging mechanism. For example, at pH 5.3, the electrical charge for the emulsion containing 0.5 wt% chitosan (MW=2500 kDa) was highly cationic ( ζ ≈+19 mV), whereas it was anionic ( ζ ≈−12 mV) for the emulsion containing no chitosan, which indicated that chitosan bound to the droplet surfaces. On the other hand, low molecular weight chitosan (15 kDa) did not absorb to the droplet surfaces under the same conditions. These results may have important implications for understanding the influence of dietary fibers on lipid digestion, since they show that chitosan is able to bind to the droplet surfaces and pectin is able to promote droplet aggregation, which may decrease the access of digestive enzymes to the lipids, and therefore, decrease lipid digestion. This study could therefore be used to create food emulsions with low caloric level, or to optimize diets for individuals with lipid digestion problems.
Nanocrystalline TiC powder alloying and glazing of H13 steel using a CO2 laser for improved life of die-casting dies

Abstract Premature failures of die-casting dies used in the metal casting industry occur because of the damage caused by thermal fatigue, erosion, stress corrosion, and soldering on the die surfaces. In this work, the effects of two laser surface-treatment methods for the prevention of die failures were investigated. A 1500-W CO 2 laser with round and line beam-shapes was employed to glaze H-13 steel substrate or alloy the substrate with TiC of various particle sizes (30 and 2 μm, and 300 nm). Laser parameters for the glazing and surface alloying processes were optimized, the criteria being a specified surface finish and integrity. The corrosion and erosion properties of laser-treated samples in aggressive casting conditions were evaluated by testing them in molten aluminum alloy A390. Laser-glazed and -alloyed specimens with μm-sized particles exhibited hardness 30–100% higher than that of heat-treated H-13 steel substrates. However, the hardness of specimens that were laser-alloyed with 300-nm particles was lower, approximately 25% of that of the substrate. The anomalous effects of nanocrystalline powder alloying could not be explained satisfactorily by the microstructural evidence obtained by the use of optical and scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. However, it is hypothesized that some titanium dissolves in steel, promoting the formation of ferrite in preference to austenite at high temperatures, thereby decreasing the hardness. Laser glazing and alloying improved the resistance of H-13 steels to both corrosion and erosion, but a marked improvement occurred in the specimens alloyed with nanocrystalline powders. The beneficial effects of nanocrystalline alloying are attributed to smooth, crack-free, and tough surface layers, as well as to uniform and homogeneous microstructures. Laser surface processing of nanocrystalline materials is potentially important in the casting industry for improving die life and reducing downtime.
Mechanically controlled, seeded formation of a nanoscale metastable phase in ionic compounds

Like in epitaxial and hetero-epitaxial growth, the structural order at internal grain boundaries may be used to control the nature of new phases that nucleate at such an interface. We demonstrate this concept via computer simulation. We predict the templated nucleation of a new metastable phase at the (310) symmetric tilt grain boundary in both NaCl and LiCl when subject to an external mechanical constraint. The level of applied stress allows one to control the extent to which this metastable phase grows with nanoscale precision. This interfacial seeding of structural transitions has potential to produce functionally patterned materials for novel logic and sensing devices.
No Easy Choices: Estimating the Effects of United Nations Peacekeeping (Response to King and Zeng)

In a study published in the American Political Science Review , we argued that United Nations peace operations have had a positive effect on peacebuilding processes after civil war and presented empirical evidence in support of our claim. Gary King and Langche Zeng have criticized our conclusions for being dependent on indefensible theoretical assumptions and unsupported by the empirical evidence. We show that their critique is based on a misinterpretation of our arguments, that our results are robust to alternative econometric assumptions, that their diagnostic tools cannot be meaningfully applied to our data and that they cannot be used to establish the validity of counterfactual inference.
Factors Associated with Advance Care Planning Among Older Women in Southwest Florida

As the nation's population continues to age, many older women will face care needs that can be anticipated in advance. However, little is known about the advance care plans of older women and the characteristics of those who plan. This study utilized a stratified random sampling design to survey older women (n = 124) in the state of Florida regarding their attitudes toward future care and planning behavior in social-environmental, health, and financial domains. Regression analyses were conducted to determine factors most predictive of attitudes toward future care and planning behavior by domain. Results suggest that advanced age predicts greater planning behavior, while living alone is associated with less advance care planning behavior. Other factors associated with less planning by domains of care needs include income status, chronic health conditions, educational attainment, and religious status. Nonaccepting attitudes toward planning were associated with a decreased likelihood to have advance care planning documents.
Can multi - TeV (top and other) squarks be natural in gauge mediation?

We investigate whether multi-TeV (1-3 TeV) squarks can be natural in models of gauge-mediated SUSY breaking. The idea is that for some boundary condition of the scalar (Higgs boson and top squark) masses, the Higgs boson (mass){sup 2}, evaluated at the renormalization scale {approx}O(100) GeV, is not very sensitive to (boundary values of) the scalar masses (this has been called ''focusing'' in recent literature). Then, the top squark masses can be multi-TeV without leading to fine-tuning in electroweak symmetry breaking. Minimal gauge mediation does not lead to this focusing (for all values of tan {beta} and the messenger scale): the (boundary value of) the Higgs boson mass is too small compared to the top squark masses. Also, in minimal gauge mediation, the gaugino masses are of the same order as the scalar masses so that multi-TeV scalars implies multi-TeV gauginos (especially the gluino) leading to fine-tuning. We discuss ideas to increase the Higgs boson mass relative to the top squark masses (so that focusing can be achieved) and also to suppress gaugino masses relative to scalar masses (or to modify the gaugino mass relations) in nonminimal models of gauge mediation--then multi-TeV (top and other) squarks can be natural. Specific modelsmore » of gauge mediation which incorporate these ideas and thus have squarks (and, in some cases, the gluino) heavier than 1 TeV without resulting in fine-tuning are also studied and their collider signals are contrasted with those of other models which have multi-TeV squarks. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.« less
An AP-1 Binding Sequence Is Essential for Regulation of the Human α2(I) Collagen (COL1A2) Promoter Activity by Transforming Growth Factor-β

Previous studies have shown that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) modulate type I collagen gene expression in fibroblasts. To fine-map the corresponding response elements in the human α2(I) collagen (COL1A2) promoter, we have generated a series of 5′ deletion promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene constructs. Transient cell transfection assays using human dermal fibroblasts and stable transfection experiments using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts identified the region located between residues −265 and −241, as critical for TGF-β response. Specifically, we demonstrate that this 25-base pair region mediates the up-regulatory effect of TGF-β on COL1A2 promoter activity and allows antagonistic activity of TNF-α on the TGF-β effect. Gel mobility shift assays indicate that nuclear factor binding to this 25-base pair region of COL1A2 promoter is competed by AP-1, but not NF-1 or NF-κB, oligonucleotides. Transient cell transfection experiments with plasmid constructs in which the potential AP-1-binding site located within this short region of promoter was modified by sitedirected mutagenesis indicated that this element plays a significant role in the basal activity of the promoter. Furthermore, this sequence is essential for TGF-β response and does not require the presence of the three Sp-1-binding sites located further upstream, between nucleotides −273 and −304. In addition, overexpression of c-jun in co-transfection experiments with COL1A2 promoter/CAT constructs blocks the TGF-β response, further implicating AP-1 in the regulation of COL1A2 gene expression. Our results clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of type I collagen gene expression and further emphasize the importance of AP-1 in mediating some of the TGF-β effects on gene transcription.
Origin of the structure and planform of small impact craters in fractured targets: Endurance Crater at Meridiani Planum, Mars

We present observations and models that together explain many hallmarks of the structure and growth of small impact craters forming in targets with aligned fractures. Endurance Crater at Meridiani Planum on Mars (diameter ≈ 150 m) formed in horizontally-layered aeolian sandstones with a prominent set of wide, orthogonal joints. A structural model of Endurance Crater is assembled and used to estimate the transient crater planform. The model is based on observations from the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity: (a) bedding plane orientations and layer thicknesses measured from stereo image pairs; (b) a digital elevation model of the whole crater at 0.3 m resolution; and (c) color image panoramas of the upper crater walls. This model implies that the crater’s current shape was mostly determined by highly asymmetric excavation rather than long-term wind-mediated erosion. We show that modal azimuths of conjugate fractures in the surrounding rocks are aligned with the square component of the present-day crater planform, suggesting excavation was carried farther in the direction of fracture alignments. This was previously observed at Barringer Crater in Arizona and we show the same relationship also holds for Tswaing Crater in South Africa. We present models of crater growth in which excavation creates a “stellate” transient cavity that is concave–cuspate in planform. These models reproduce the “lenticular-crescentic” layering pattern in the walls of some polygonal impact craters such as Endurance and Barringer Craters, and suggest a common origin for tear faults and some crater rays. We also demonstrate a method for detailed error analysis of stereogrammetric measurements of bedding plane orientations.
W-B-N diffusion barriers for Si/Cu metallizations

Reactively sputtered from a W2B target, amorphous W-B-N thin films are investigated. The physical properties of the films, namely density, resistivity, crystallization behavior and reaction temperature with silicon, are given as functions of composition. Additionally, the films are assessed as diffusion barriers between silicon substrates and copper overlays. By I(V) measurements of shallow-junction diodes, a 100 nm W64B20N16 barrier prevents copper from reaching the silicon during an 800 °C, 30 min heat treatment in vacuum. W79B21 films are able to prevent diffusion into the diodes only up to 500 °C. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that W64B20N16 and W79B21 films are both marginally amorphous with local ordering of less than 1.5 nm.
The Concurrent Validity of a Behavioral Rating Scale for Assessing Attention Deficit Disorder (DSM III) in Learning Disabled Children

For a total sample of 120 elementary school pupils that had been differentiated into three subsamples of 40 so-called normal children, 40 assigned to Resource program classrooms (for relatively less severe learning disabilities), and 40 placed in Special Day program classrooms (for relatively more severe learning disabilities), an attempt was made to demonstrate the concurrent validity of the Ozawa Behavioral Rating Scale that had been devised in terms of the diagnostic criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity in DSM III published in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. Six of the rating scale items were intended to sample characteristics from DSM III related to distractibility, and nine items were designed to portray behaviors attributed in the same volume to impulsivity. Relative to five criterion measures afforded by (a) the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (Arithmetic, Digit Span, Coding, and a Composite score) intended to represent a previously defined fa...
Predicting the Health Care Environment for Hospitals in the '90s

(1993). Predicting the Health Care Environment for Hospitals in the '90s. Journal of Hospital Marketing: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 19-31.
Effect of impurities and stress on the damage distributions of rapidly grown KDP crystals

Development of high damage threshold, 50 cm, rapidly grown KF*P frequency triplers for operation of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the 14 J/cm2, 351 nm, 3 ns regime requires a thorough understanding of how the crystal growth parameters and technologies affect laser induced damage. Of particular importance is determining the effect of ionic impurities (e.g. Cr3+, Fe3+, Al3+) which may be introduced in widely varying concentrations via starting salts. In addition, organic particulates can contaminate the solution as leachants from growth platforms or via mechanical ablation. Mechanical stresses in the crystals may also play a strong role in the laser-induced damage distribution (LIDD), particularly in the cases of large boules where hydrodynamic forces in the growth tank may be quite high. WE have developed a dedicated, automated damage test system with diagnostic capabilities specifically designed for measured time resolved bulk damage onset and evolution. The data obtained make it possible to construct characteristic damage threshold distributions for each sample. Test results obtained for a variety of KDP samples grown from high purity starting salts and individually doped with Lucite and Teflon, iron, chromium, and aluminium show that the LIDD drops with increasing contamination content. The results also show that solution filtration leads to increased damage performance for undoped crystals but is not solely responsibility for producing the high LIDDs required by the NIF. The highest LIDD measured on a rapidly grown sample indicate that it is possible to produce high damage threshold material using ultrahigh purity, recrystallized starting salts, continuous filtration and a platform designed to minimize internal stress during growth.
Current-controlled nanospray ionization mass spectrometry

The hypothesis that direct determination of electrospray current would provide a viable method for maintaining spray stability to enable optimal nanospray analysis was tested by building a feedback apparatus capable of reading the current and readjusting the emitter voltage in real time. The apparatus consists of a current-sensing circuit that reads the voltage drop across a resistor located between the high-voltage power supply and the nanospray emitter. A low voltage proportional to the observed current is generated and sent to a data acquisition card. The information is used by a proportional-derivative-integral (PID) algorithm to calculate the magnitude of a low-voltage signal that is used to control the power supply output. Any variation of current across the sensing resistor is thus counteracted by an opposite-direction variation of the high voltage applied to the nanospray emitter. In this way, the apparatus adjusts the emitter voltage to achieve a preset value of current, which it strives to maintain over time in spite of any possible variation of the parameters influencing the spray regime. Preliminary results have shown that the feedback apparatus is capable of establishing and maintaining stable spray for samples that are usually considered challenging in traditional voltage-controlled analysis, such as those consisting of nucleic acid solutions with high salt loads. For these types of samples, the total ion count recorded in current-controlled mode was significantly more stable than that observed in voltage-controlled mode. At the same time, overall signal intensities and signal-to-noise ratios were also significantly improved. Setting the target nanospray current to a predefined value and letting the apparatus reach the target without operator intervention enabled the acquisition of viable data from solutions containing up to 2.5 M ammonium acetate, which are ordinarily difficult by traditional manual tuning. A deeper understanding of the current-voltage relationships for samples of very different compositions is expected to enable one not only to predict the target current that should be used for a certain analysis, but also to devise algorithms to change such target as a function of predictable variations of sample properties and analytical conditions. This will allow for optimal performance to be maintained during on-line gradient chromatography in which the nature of the sprayed solution may vary very widely during the course of the analysis.
Blue‐green injection laser diodes in (Zn,Cd)Se/ZnSe quantum wells

Laser diode action in the blue‐green has been observed from (Zn,Cd)Se quantum wells within ZnSe/Zn(S,Se) p‐n heterojunctions up to 250 K. Operation is reported for two different configurations for which the GaAs substrate serves either as the n‐ or p‐type injecting contact. In pulsed operation, output powers exceeding 0.6 W have been measured in devices prepared on both n‐type and p‐type GaAs epitaxial buffer layers and substrates.
A correspondence for acceleration waves in elastic non-conductors

Abstract It is shown that Truesdell's theorem on the existence of waves in an inhomogeneous elastic material can be readily carried over to the case of an elastic non-conductor of heat, provided that the isentropic elasticity tensor is strongly elliptic. That is, there is at least one direction in which one longitudinal wave and two transverse waves with orthogonal amplitudes may exist and propagate. Further, if one considers a situation for which the waves are necessarily plane, then one finds that the amplitudes of these waves depend on the mechanical properties of the material alone, independent of its thermal properties. In other words, one would not be able to ascertain the effects of the thermal properties of the material on the behaviour of these waves.
Perception of time: variations in verbal content and delay of estimation.

Summary.-Delay of time estimation results in consistendy longer judgments rhan immediate estimation, yet confirmatory studies have relied primarily on numerical digits for interpolated material as shown, for example, by Vituh and Rowe in 1999. The present study used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presenred for judgment of the passage of time. Among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced signiEicandy longer judgmenrs regardless of the verbal passage, and short-term memory scores varied as a function of content. A series of systematic replications has confirmed that time estimation lengthens as a function of delay between the conclusion of the target interval and the task of estimation (Vitulli & Shepard, 1996; VituUl & Crimmins, 1998, 1999; Vitulh & Rowe, 1999). Yet each of these replicates used numerical digits for the target interval. One objective of the present exploratory study was to assess length of time estimation as a hnction of variations in verbal (rather than digital) content in the target interval. Another objective was to compare short-term memory scores between verbal segments.
Perisaccadic stereo depth with zero retinal disparity.

Summary When an object is viewed binocularly, unequal perspective projections of the two eyes' half images (binocular disparity) provide a cue for the sensation of stereo depth. For almost 200 years, binocular disparity has remained synonymous with retinal disparity [1], which is computed by subtracting the distance of each half image from its respective fovea [2]. However, binocular disparity could also be coded in headcentric instead of retinal coordinates, by combining eye position and retinal image position in each eye and representing disparity as differences between visual directions of half images relative to the head [3]. Although these two disparity-coding schemes suggest very different neural mechanisms, both offer identical predictions for stereopsis in almost every viewing condition, making it difficult to empirically distinguish between them. We designed a novel stimulus that uses perisaccadic spatial distortion [4] to generate inconsistency between headcentric and retinal disparity. Foveal half images flashed asynchronously just before a horizontal saccade have zero retinal disparity, yet they produce a sensation of depth consistent with a nonzero headcentric disparity. Furthermore, this headcentric disparity can cancel and reverse the perceived depth stimulated with nonzero retinal disparity. This is the first demonstration that a coding scheme other than retinal disparity has a role in human stereopsis.
Technology, data bases and system analysis for space-to-ground optical communications

Optical communications is becoming an ever increasingly important option for designers of space-to-ground communications links, whether it be for government or commercial applications. The technology being developed by NASA for use in space-to-ground optical communications is presented. Next, a program which is collecting a long term data base of atmospheric visibility statistics for optical propagation through the atmosphere is described. Finally, a methodology for utilizing the statistics of the atmospheric data base in the analysis of space-to-ground links is presented. This methodology takes into account the effects of station availability, is useful when comparing optical communications with microwave systems, and provides a rationale for the establishing the recommended link margin.
Episodic Conjunctival Inflammation after Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

The authors studied the histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunopathologic characteristics of conjunctiva from patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). A small subset of SJS patients with recurrent conjunctival inflammation unassociated with external factors such as lid margin keratinization, sicca syndrome, trichiasis, or entropion was identified. The ultrastructural and immunopathologic characteristics of the conjunctiva from these patients were distinctly different from those of the conjunctiva from SJS patients without recurrent conjunctivitis, and suggested an active, immunologically mediated inflammation. Vasculitis or perivasculitis, immunoreactant deposition in vessel walls, vascular basement membrane disruption, thickening, and reduplication, and a preponderance of helper T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and Langerhans' cells were the notable distinguishing features in those patients with recurrent conjunctival inflammation. This rare clinical syndrome may represent the ocular counterpart to recurrent dermal or oral mucosal erythema multiforme.
Efficient Performance Optimization for Ultrafast All-Optical Switching in SOA-MZI Devices

We present a simple method for optimization of ultrafast switching performance in semiconductor optical amplifier Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) devices. By simultaneously measuring switching dynamics over all possible interferometer bias points, we acquire an extinction map which accurately identifies operating conditions for high extinction and optimal switching.
Impact of a limited trial of walking training using body weight support and a treadmill on the gait characteristics of an individual with chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury

Studies showing improvement in locomotor ability for individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) use training times that may be prohibitive for clinics. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a limited period of training on the gait characteristics of a man with chronic, incomplete SCI. The participant was a minimally ambulatory 59-year-old man almost 3 years post C(3) central cord injury with an ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) classification of C. The participant received 11 training sessions using body weight support and a treadmill (BWST) over a 6-week period. The Six Minute Walk Test (6 MWT), and gait characteristics measured with motion analysis were obtained pretraining and posttraining. The participant made improvements on all measured gait characteristics. The participant's walking speed and comfort level on the treadmill improved enough for him to use community resources. This participant was able to make improvements in his gait with a much shorter training time period than those reported in previous locomotor training studies. Although this man did not obtain community ambulation status, his decreased dependence on his power chair at home and his new ability to use an available treadmill allow for continued walking practice outside the clinic.
The Mentoring Relationship as a Context for Psychological Contract Development

This study examined the mentoring relationship as a context for the development of psychological contracts and investigated the obligations that mentors and proteges feel that they owe and are owed in the mentoring relationship. By using psychological contract theory, we develop new insights into the dynamics of the mentoring relationship and extend psychological contract research by applying the theory to a relation outside the employer–employee context. Results indicate that both parties perceive that they owe and are owed obligations, and these perceptions are influenced by the formality of the relationship and the supervisory status of the mentor. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. jasp_924 1904..1931
Drag on a sphere moving horizontally through a stratified liquid

The drag on a sphere moving horizontally through stably stratified salt water is measured in laboratory experiments. The increment ΔCD in drag coefficient due to the stratification is obtained as a function of a stratification parameter κ and, in principle, the usual Reynolds number R. In these experiments, where R ranges from 150 to 5000, ΔCD is insensitive to R. But, as a function of κ, ΔCD has both positive and negative values attributable respectively to lee-wave drag and to suppression of turbulence in the wake. An observed delay in flow separation also apparently results from the lee-wave drag.
A learning rule with generalized Hebbian synapses

Abstract We study the convergence behavior of a learning model with generalized Hebbian synapses.
HTLV-1 and Adult T-Cell Leukemia: Insights into Viral Transformation of Cells 30 Years After Virus Discovery

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, was the first human retrovirus to be isolated. It is now the 30 th anniversary of the initial discovery of HTLV-1. This review discusses recent insights into the role of the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein in cellular proliferation and the abrogation of cellular checkpoints that lead to disease progression.
Facebook: A Case Study of Strategic Leadership

This paper is a case study validating that strategic leadership which results in a value proposition implemented on behalf of the customer has a tremendous effect on the success of business operations, perhaps even more so for online services. By managing the value propositions of its users and customers to ensure they had positive online experiences, Facebook was able to begin from humble origins and run competitor MySpace into the ground, replacing it as today’s most relevant social networking alternative. This paper also contrasts Facebook’s current position against Google as the later tries to enter the social networking market place and take market share away from Facebook. From 2005 until early 2008, MySpace was the most visited social networking site in the world, and in June 2006 surpassed Google as the most visited website in the U.S. But MySpace failed to manage the quality of user experiences on their network, and began losing customers to Facebook. Facebook founder and CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, had a vision and offered a social network with a clean design and a better user experience. Facebook’s unique focus on relationship management also enticed users to visit more often, and stay longer when they did visit, which drew advertisers willing to invest aggressively. Facebook quickly caught MySpace and dominated it by providing quality online services that resulted in positive user experiences. Despite all the focus today’s business world puts on information, and how to search for, use, and manage it, Facebook became a $100 billion enterprise in just 8 years because its leader defined a strategy that leveraged our desire to connect with people and maintain relationships. Facebook validates that people have a keen interest in a developing and maintaining human relationships and, when given the choice, would rather spend their time building networks of relationships, rather than networks of information. As a result, Facebook fundamentally changed how people use the web and find and access information.
Partition Studies on the Clot-Aiding and Related Blood Phospholipids

SummaryThe phospholipid partition (lecithin, cephalin and sphingomyelin) of hemophilic plasma revealed no lack of the clot-aiding phospholipid cephalin.A tested technic showed only minute traces of “free” phospholipid in normal and hemophilic plasma. Measurable amounts of uncombined cephalin and other phospholipids were found, however, in lipemic plasmas. Attempts to liberate cephalin by tryptic digestion of plasma were unsuccessful. Added cephalin combined with the plasma proteins to a large extent, except in lipemias.The lysis of platelets in the presence of calcium (yielding an active thromboplastic solution) gave lysates containing little or no phospholipid, free or combined.
Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart

More than a century after the introduction of incandescent lighting and half a century after the introduction of fluorescent lighting, solid-state light sources are revolutionizing an increasing number of applications. Whereas the efficiency of conventional incandescent and fluorescent lights is limited by fundamental factors that cannot be overcome, the efficiency of solid-state sources is limited only by human creativity and imagination. The high efficiency of solid-state sources already provides energy savings and environmental benefits in a number of applications. However, solid-state sources also offer controllability of their spectral power distribution, spatial distribution, color temperature, temporal modulation, and polarization properties. Such ‘‘smart’’ light sources can adjust to specific environments and requirements, a property that could result in tremendous benefits in lighting, automobiles, transportation, communication, imaging, agriculture, and medicine.
Fate of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Carrots and Radishes Grown in Fields Treated with Contaminated Manure Composts or Irrigation Water

Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy cattle manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-pH-stabilized dairy cattle manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at 107 CFU g−1 and 105 CFU ml−1, respectively, to determine the persistence of salmonellae in soils containing these composts, in irrigation water, and also on carrots and radishes grown in these contaminated soils. A split-plot block design plan was used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but with contaminated water applied) and five replicates for a total of 25 plots for each crop, with each plot measuring 1.8 × 4.6 m. Salmonellae persisted for an extended period of time, with the bacteria surviving in soil samples for 203 to 231 days, and were detected after seeds were sown for 84 and 203 days on radishes and carrots, respectively. Salmonella survival was greatest in soil amended with poultry compost and least in soil containing alkaline-pH-stabilized dairy cattle manure compost. Survival profiles of Salmonella on vegetables and soil samples contaminated by irrigation water were similar to those observed when contamination occurred through compost. Hence, both contaminated manure compost and irrigation water can play an important role in contaminating soil and root vegetables with salmonellae for several months.