cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evil twin of Agenor: tectonic convergence on Europa

The dilemma of the surface-area budget on Europa is resolved by identification of sites of crustal convergence, which have balanced the continual and common creation of new surface along dilational bands and pull-aparts. Convergence bands are characterized by a distinctive, albeit subdued, morphology. The prominent, unusual lineament Agenor is one of several examples. We also find diametrically opposite Agenor a similar bright linear feature surrounded by markings that allow reconstruction, which shows it to be a convergence feature. Until recently, identification of convergence sites was difficult because these features are subtle and do not exhibit structures (like the Himalayas or plate subduction) familiar from convergence of thick solid crusts on terrestrial planets.
Semi-supervised outlier detection

Outlier detection has been extensively researched in the context of unsupervised learning. But the learning results are not always satisfactory, which can be significantly improved using supervision of some labeled points. In this paper, we are concerned with employing supervision of limited amount of label information to detect outliers more accurately. The key of our approach is an objective function that punishes poor clustering results and deviation from known labels as well as restricts the number of outliers. The outliers can be found as a solution to the discrete optimization problem regarding the objective function. By this way, this method can detect meaningful outliers that can not be identified by existing unsupervised methods.
Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid by isolated nuclei.

Abstract 1. 1. The incorporation of thymidine into DNA by various fractions of normal and regenerating liver and of the Novikoff hepatoma was studied with respect to time, tissue concentration, the use of heated DNA as a primer, the effect of freezing and lyophilizing the tissue and intracellular localization. Under appropriate conditions the activity was proportional to time and tissue concentration. 2. 2. The use of heated DNA as a primer yielded variable results ranging from inhibition to stimulation of thymidine incorporation depending upon the tissue fraction tested. 3. 3. Although freezing had little effect on the activity of tissues, lyophilization led to losses in activity in some cases, especially in the Novikoff hepatoma. 4. 4. Although nuclei isolated from tissue homogenates prepared in aqueous sucrose solution did not have appreciable polymerase activity, nuclei isolated from lyophilized tissue using organic solvents were very active in incorporating thymidine into DNA. On the basis of DNA content hepatoma nuclei contained over 50% of the polymerase activity of the hepatoma tissue. Although the recovery of the activity in normal and regenerating liver nuclei was less, the assays were complicated by the absence of deoxynucleoside kinase activity in these nuclei. Consequently the polymerase activity of the liver nuclei may be considerably higher than observed and the formation of DNA may be an integral function of the nucleus in the liver as well as in the hepatoma.
Electronic Structure of Tin Investigated by Ultrasonic Attenuation

The magnetic field dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation has been measured in very pure tin single crystals. Oscillations were found that can be explained as a result of resonant conditions between the electron orbit diameter and the periodic field set up by the sound wave. These oscillations yield information about the Fermi-momentum, and the general features of a possible electron distribution in tin are suggested.
Incidence and Characteristics of Femoral Deformities in the Dysplastic Hip

Reorientation acetabular osteotomies can correct dysplastic deformities and provide marked improvement in hip function. Deformities of the proximal femur can produce suboptimal articulation or secondary impingement after acetabular reorientation, yet the incidence and characteristics of such deformities have not been well described. To describe the proximal femoral anatomy in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia, we retrospectively analyzed the radiographs of 108 hips treated with periacetabular osteotomy. The radiographic findings were compared with those in 22 control hips. In the dysplastic group, 80 hips were in women and 28 in men, and the average age was 24.8 years. Of the 108 abnormal radiographs, 44% had coxa valga and 4% coxa vara. Seventy-two percent had an aspheric or deformed femoral head and the head-neck offset was insufficient in 75% of the hips. When compared with the control hips, dysplastic hips had differences in parameters of proximal femoral anatomy that we measured. These data demonstrate a high incidence of proximal femoral abnormalities associated with acetabular dysplasia. Identifying and treating these abnormalities may optimize joint congruency and minimize secondary impingement after acetabular reorientation.
Inactivation of transforming DNA by ultraviolet light III. Further observations on the effects of 365 nm radiation

Several observations elucidating the mechanisms of inactivation of transforming DNA by 365 nm radiation are presented. ( 1 ) 365 nm inactivation is sensitized by O 2 . ( 2 ) The effects of the uvr − and uvr + genotypes on 254 and 365 nm inactivated DNA are compared. A large repair component is observed after 254 nm damage, and a small one after 365 nm. The two kinetics are different. ( 3 ) 365 nm inactivation at two dose rates is compared. At 15000 erg mm −2 sec −1 there is evidence for possible bleaching of a chromophore not evident at 7500 erg mm −2 sec −1 . ( 4 ) 365 nm damage to regions of DNA not involved in complementary base pairing is likely, since DNA melting and annealing curves superimpose, comparing DNA inactivated to 1.0% of its genetic activity, and unirradiated DNA. This experiment obviates cross-linking as a major inactivating lesion.
The role of tobacco-specific media exposure, knowledge, and smoking status on selected attitudes toward tobacco control

Background: In August 2007, the President’s Cancer Panel urged the leadership of the nation to “summon the political will to address the public health crisis caused by tobacco use” (President’s Cancer Panel, N, 2007, Promoting healthy lifestyles: Policy, program, and personal recommendations for reducing cancer risk. http://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/pcp07rpt/pcp07rpt.pdf). While some research has examined predictors of public support for tobacco control measures, little research has examined modifiable factors that may influence public attitudes toward tobacco control.
Studies in astronomical time series analysis. I - Modeling random processes in the time domain

Random process models phased in the time domain are used to analyze astrophysical time series data produced by random processes. A moving average (MA) model represents the data as a sequence of pulses occurring randomly in time, with random amplitudes. An autoregressive (AR) model represents the correlations in the process in terms of a linear function of past values. The best AR model is determined from sampled data and transformed to an MA for interpretation. The randomness of the pulse amplitudes is maximized by a FORTRAN algorithm which is relatively stable numerically. Results of test cases are given to study the effects of adding noise and of different distributions for the pulse amplitudes. A preliminary analysis of the optical light curve of the quasar 3C 273 is given.
Three-dimensionally woven glass fiber composite struts: characterization and mechanical response in tension and compression:

Three-dimensionally woven E- and S2-glass fiber textiles have been used in the past to create delamination-resistant corrugated core sandwich panels. During subsequent out-of-plane loading, the E-glass composite core struts and S2-glass composite faces are subjected to either compressive or tension loads. This study has investigated the relationships between the three-dimensional fiber architecture, fiber properties and the mechanical response of representative samples of the core and faces. Using X-ray computed tomography and optical microscopy to characterize the three-dimensional fiber architectures, it is found that the in-plane warp and weft fibers suffer significant off-axis displacement (waviness) due to their interaction with through thickness z-fiber tows. The consequence of this fiber waviness on the relationships of the in-plane tensile and compressive mechanical properties, along with fiber type, fiber volume fraction, and strut aspect ratio are experimentally investigated. The large initial m...
Time Variation Paths of Factors Affecting Financial Institutions and Stock Returns

This study finds evidence that three risk factors relating to the stock market, bond market, and real estate market are important in explaining the risk premiums included in financial institutions and bank stock returns. Stock returns for insurance companies are not sensitive to changes in the bond market. The Flexible Least Squares (FLS) results indicate that the stock market factor has the most important and stable impact on risk premiums for financial institutions, banks, and insurance companies. The bond market is the primary source of instability in stock returns for these three groups of stocks. This research adds further support for using market discipline, especially as it relates to equity returns to enhance the prudential regulation of the financial sector.
Effects of Time Lag in the Introduction of Characters into the Chinese Language Curriculum

one-year classroom-based study conducted to determine the effects of time lag in introducing Chinese characters into the elementary Chinese language curriculum.' Two groups of students, a "lag" (experimental) group and a "no-lag" (control) group, were the objects of this study. The difference between these groups was the amount of time which elapsed before Chinese characters were introduced into their respective Chinese curricula. In the case of the no-
Niche construction, adaptive preferences, and the differences between fitness and utility

A number of scholars have recently defended the claim that there is a close connection between the evolutionary biological notion of fitness and the economic notion of utility: both are said to refer to an organism’s success in dealing with its environment, and both are said to play the same theoretical roles in their respective sciences. However, an analysis of two seemingly disparate but in fact structurally related phenomena—‘niche construction’ (the case where organisms change their environment to make it fit to their needs) and ‘adaptive preferences’ (the case where agents change their wants to make them fit to what the world has given them)—shows that one needs to be very careful about the postulation of this sort of fitness–utility connection. Specifically, I here use the analysis of these two phenomena to establish when connecting fitness and utility is and is not possible.
Farmers' knowledge of soils and the sustainability of agriculture in a saline water ecosystem in Southwestern Bangladesh

Small holder farmers throughout Bangladesh operate in small but diverse ecosystems and possess a deep intimate knowledge of local soils. They have developed soil management strategies that helped them to attain a high degree of sustainability. In this study, a group of small holder farmers from a village in the saline water ecosystem in southwestern Bangladesh were interviewed to explore the depth of their knowledge of soils. Data collected from a parallel scientific study done in the same village revealed that the village farmers possessed considerable knowledge of local soils, their classification, and management problems. Farmers' typology of soils differed from their scientific classification because of the diversity in objectives and approaches to study the village soils. Despite their lack of knowledge of the soil genesis and morphology and soil chemistry, farmers qualitatively identified major typology, properties, and constraints of topsoil, and have developed strategies through generation-long practical on-farm experiments that helped them to maintain a sustainable agricultural system in the village. Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource that should be tapped and incorporated in the national scientific database and utilized in formulating future agricultural development policies.
Simian sarcoma virus transformation of normal rat kidney fibroblasts is associated with markedly increased basic fibroblast growth factor expression

Transformation of normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRK) by the simian sarcoma virus (SSV) occurs as a result of expression of p28v-sis, a homologue of platelet-derived growth factor-B chain. Chromatographic separation revealed that the bulk (85%) of the mitogenic activity in SSV-transformed NRK cells was not due to p28v-sis but rather two distinct endothelial cell growth factors that eluted off heparin-Sepharose between 1 and 2 M NaCl. Protein purification and Northern blot analysis revealed that one of these growth factors was the 18 kd form of bFGF, the expression of which was found to increase 15-fold with SSV-transformation of NRK cells. The pure 18 Kd bFGF had no effect on NRK cell growth but was a potent neurotrophic agent for fetal rat cortical neurones and a potent growth factor for fetal bovine heart endothelial cells, suggesting a paracrine but not autocrine role for this protein. The second endothelial cell growth factor activity in SSV-transformed NRK cells was due to an 18 Kd protein which could be distinguished immunologically, biochemically, and mitogenically from bFGF.
Anomalous baryon number in 1+1 dimensions

A (1+1)-dimensional chiral bag model is developed by analogy with the chiral bag models in 3+1 dimensions. In this context the baryon anomaly is discussed.
Magnetic Structures of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys

In this chapter we review the magnetic structures of the rare earth metals and of certain of their alloys. Much of this information has been obtained in the last ten years from neutron diffraction experiments. Complementary structural data have been provided by the results of classical magnetizaton experiments. A detailed survey of such data is given in Chapter 4. Ideally, both techniques should be, and indeed have been, used to obtain the maximum structural information.
Floral determination in axillary buds of Nicotiana silvestris

Abstract At anthesis of the terminal flower the developmental fates of axillary buds of the long-day plant Nicotiana silvestris were assessed in situ and in isolation. The in situ developmental fate was assessed by decapitating the plant above the bud in question and letting the bud mature. The developmental fate of isolated buds was assessed by removing the bud from the main axis, rooting it, and letting it mature. The number of nodes below the terminal flower of the mature shoot was indicative of the developmental fate of the bud. Terminal meristems of rooted axillary buds exhibited two patterns of development: (1) Their developmental fate was the same as that of in situ buds at the same node or (2) their developmental fate was the same as that of seed-derived plants. For example, terminal meristems of rooted buds from the fourth node below the inflorescence produced either 15 to 19 nodes or 36 to 40 nodes. In situ fourth buds produced 12 to 14 nodes while seed-derived plants produced 33 to 39 nodes. Terminal meristems of rooted axillary buds that exhibited the same developmental fate as that of in situ buds were determined for floral development. Although determined buds produced a terminal flower, all but one had abnormal inflorescences. That is, in the place of floral branches determined buds produced vegetative branches. Four buds that were not determined for floral development had their shoot tips rooted each time the plant bolted. Only when the plants were allowed to grow without being rerooted did they flower. These results indicate that roots may prevent and/or destabilize floral determination in N. silvestris.
Generate Breath Flow Having Fractal Signal Feature Using Weierstrass Function Combination

Fractal signal feature in breath flow is verified by many articles. So the generate fractal feature have two meanings, one to decrease damage to lung in mechanical ventilation because of natural similar, two to increase similarity in breath simulation used in medical patient simulator. The main feature of fractal signal is self-similar. Some algorithms have been proposed using fractional Brownian motion simulation. In this paper we use Weierstrass function combination to generate fractal signal. The method includes all fractal features and easy to realize in algorithm compared with fractional Brownian motion.
Evidence against the alternation of synthesis of identical chromosomes in Escherichia coli growing at low rates

Slowly growing cells in medium containing succinate as carbon source were labeled for about half a generation and about two generations with [ 3 H]thymine, and the survival on storage at liquid-nitrogen temperature was followed. Cells in both samples were inactivated in a first-order way. If, as seems likely, death due to tritium decay is recessive, the possibility that these cells possessed two identical chromosomes that replicate alternately is excluded.
A hierarchical model of the internal relationship marketing approach to nurse satisfaction and loyalty

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to empirically test a hierarchical model of the antecedents of nurse job satisfaction and loyalty based on the internal marketing literature. Specifically, the study aims to investigate the degree to which structural, social, and financial bonding activities influence nurses' job satisfaction and retention.Design/methodology/approach – Following a review of the literature, the model was tested via a survey of 200 nurses from three US health care institutions.Findings – The study resulted in key findings pertaining to the hierarchical nature of structural, social, and financial bonding activities and their impact on job satisfaction and loyalty.Practical implications – Service industries that depend on front‐line employees to deliver high quality services are provided with innovative suggestions to improve job satisfaction and loyalty of their employees by employing an internal marketing approach. The study provides organizations with empirical evidence regarding the ...
Pareto rate setting strategies: an application to medicaid drug reimbursement

The major problem in reimbursement rate setting has been to develop approaches capable of identifying the inefficient deliverers of service, while recognizing legitimate differences in environmental factors and service orientation. This article suggests several new analytical approaches, based on various types of Pareto comparisons. Pareto efficiency is a relative approach which as a by-product constructs a peer group of other operating units which are matched on environmental factors, level of outputs provided, and level of resources consumed. The analysis utilizes straightforward linear programming formulations or mixed integer LP's. The various approaches are demonstrated using actual data from 68 pharmacies. Medicaid prescription drug dispensing fees are used to illustrate a scheme for encouraging increased efficiency on the part of the pharmacies.
Detection of Carbohydrate Binding Proteins Using Magnetic Relaxation Switches

We have developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive carbohydrate-based magnetic relaxation switch assay for the detection of carbohydrate binding proteins. This technique was used to detect lectins and toxins that are known to bind to specific carbohydrates. Lectins that bind to the same carbohydrate displayed differential aggregation profiles because of differences in the structure and number of binding sites of the lectins. We demonstrated that selectivity and sensitivity can be enhanced using two different recognition elements. We have also demonstrated that magnetic relaxation switch assays can be used to detect toxins in a complex medium such as stool and environmental samples.
A “Pracademic’s” Perspective of Ethics and Honor: Imperatives for Public Service in the 21st Century!

This essay addresses ethics and honor, and the role they play in the actions of the public servant for the 21st century. Today’s public servant operates in an age of globalization and a political atmosphere of “market-driven” and “liberation” management. In such arenas, public officials are now encouraged to take the same type of risks as private entrepreneurs do. However, in the wake of financial scandals among leaders and entrepreneurs of some of the largest private corporations in the United States such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom, Inc., should such practices be wise for the public administrator? Does the use of the words virtue, ethics, and honor imply that they should serve only as tools depending upon the circumstances allowing the ends to justify the means, or are they indeed imperatives? Just what is ethics in public administration? How do we rationalize or reconcile the use of individual ruggedness associated with privatization in public administration? Juxtaposing my personal experiences, as a “pracademic” and a former city manager, with classical theorists and contemporary authors, I propose to answer these questions, produce a greater depth and clarity of vision on ethics and honor, and prescribe a new course of action and education.
Direct observation of the ultrafast intersystem crossing in tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy

Time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is used to explore the ultrafast intersystem crossing between the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ( ). Excitation at 480 nm by a ∼35 fs actinic pump pulse initiates electron transfer from the metal to the bipyridine ligands and the subsequent changes in the vibrational structure of the ligands are probed by FSRS with high spectral (10 cm−1) and temporal (70 fs) resolution. The unique Raman spectral features of the 3MLCT state of appear with rise times from 100 to 130 fs. An upper limit for the initial 1MLCT state lifetime of <30 fs is determined by analysis of the spontaneous emission spectra and quantum yield. The ultrashort lifetime of the 1MLCT state is attributed to fast Franck–Condon vibrational and solvent relaxation of the excited singlet state into near degeneracy with the triplet state, leading to fast and efficient intersystem crossing.
Insulin inhibits the estrogen-dependent expression of the chicken very low density apolipoprotein II gene in Leghorn male hepatoma cells.

Expression of the very low density apolipoprotein II (apoVLDLII) gene in the chicken is absolutely dependent on estrogen. ApoVLDLII mRNA is expressed in the Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cell line in response to estrogen in completely defined medium. Addition of serum to these cultures results in a decrease in apoVLDLII mRNA. Data in this report demonstrate that 1 nM insulin has the same inhibitory effect as 10% serum. Insulin inhibits apoVLDLII mRNA in a dose-dependent manner; 100 fM insulin inhibits the estrogen-dependent response by 76%. After transfection of LMH cells with apoVLDLII sequences from an 8.9-kilobase (kb) genomic clone (pApo107) that contains the entire 2.9-kb coding sequence along with approximately 3 kb each of 5'- and 3'-flanking DNA, the estrogen-dependent expression of apoVLDLII mRNA from both the endogenous gene and transfected DNA is reduced by insulin. Furthermore, insulin reduces by more than 90% the estrogen-dependent expression from a chimeric construct, pApoCAT, which contains a...
DENYING THE GUILTY MIND: ACCOUNTING FOR INVOLVEMENT IN A WHITE‐COLLAR CRIME*

This study of convicted white-collar offenders treats their explanations for involvement in criminal activities. It focuses specifically on the techniques that are used to deny criminality. The strategies used to accomplish this end are detailed. It is suggested that the accounts developed by white-collar offenders to explain involvement in criminal activities are structured by the mechanics, histories, and organizational formats of offenses and by the requirement that they defeat the conditions of successful degradation ceremonies. In conclusion, some preliminary observations concerning the causes of white-collar crime are made.
Flexible algorithm for real-time convolution supporting dynamic event-related fMRI

An efficient algorithm for generation of the task reference function has been developed that allows real-time statistical analysis of fMRI data, within the framework of the general linear model, for experiments with event-related stimulus designs. By leveraging time-stamped data collection in the Input/Output time-aWare Architecture (I/OWA), we detect the onset time of a stimulus as it is delivered to a subject. A dynamically updated list of detected stimulus event times is maintained in shared memory as a data stream and delivered as input to a real-time convolution algorithm. As each image is acquired from the MR scanner, the time-stamp of its acquisition is delivered via a second dynamically updated stream to the convolution algorithm, where a running convolution of the events with an estimated hemodynamic response function is computed at the image acquisition time and written to a third stream in memory. Output is interpreted as the activation reference function and treated as the covariate of interest in the I/OWA implementation of the general linear model. Statistical parametric maps are computed and displayed to the I/OWA user interface in less than the time between successive image acquisitions.
Diagnostic tests in the skin and serum of workers sensitized to Bacillus subtilis enzymes

Two allergen pools of commercial detergent enzymes were prepared as skin test reagents: (1) Carlsberg type, composed of three products containing subtilopeptidase A, and (2) BPN type, composed of two products containing subtilopeptidase B and alpha-amylase. In 100 non-exposed controls a reaction suggesting primary irritancy was found at protein concentrations greater than 1 microng/ml intradermally or 1 mg/ml by prick test. Intradermally at 10 microng/ml weals were accompained by less pronounced flare reactions than observed in specifically sensitized enzyme workers. At 100 micronh/ml the reactions were like strong specific reactions. Galse positive prick test reactions occurred irregularly at 10 mg/ml. In 100 sensitized enzyme workers, reactions were elicited at concentrations from 1-0 to 10(-5) microng/ml intradermally and from 1000 to 1 micron by prick test. Intradermal and prick tests correlated well (r=0-84, P less than 0-001). Ratings of symptom severity upon exposure obtained from questionnaires were significantly correlated with skin test reactivity (P less than 0-01). RAST performed on sera collected simultaneously also correlated significantly with symptom scores. PCA tests in monkeys were less sensitive. Standardized test reagents allow diagnostic skin testing by either intradermal or prick test in B. subtilis enzyme sensitive patients. A clear distinction between primary irritant reactions and true sensitization was made on the basis of the concentration required to elicit a reaction.
Chronology of glaciations in the Sierra Nevada, California, from 10Be surface exposure dating

Abstract We use 10Be surface exposure dating to construct a high-resolution chronology of glacial fluctuations in the Sierra Nevada, California. Most previous studies focused on individual glaciated valleys, whereas our study compares chronologies developed throughout the range to identify regional patterns in the timing of glacier response to major climate changes. Sites throughout the range indicate Last Glacial Maximum retreat at 18.8 ± 1.9 ka (2σ) that suggests rather consistent changes in atmospheric variables, e.g., temperature and precipitation, throughout the range. The penultimate glacial retreat occurred at ca 145 ka. Our data suggest that the Sierra Nevada landscape is dominated by glacial features deposited during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 6. Deposits of previously recognized glaciations between circa 25 and 140 ka, e.g., MIS 4, Tenaya, early Tahoe, cannot be unequivocally identified. The timing of Sierra Nevada glacial retreat correlates well with other regional paleoclimate proxies in the Sierra Nevada, but differs significantly from paleoclimate proxies in other regions. Our dating results indicate that the onset of LGM retreat occurred several thousand years earlier in the Sierra Nevada than some glacial records in the western US.
Prediction of the effective conductivity of Nafion in the catalyst layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Abstract In a previous study, a simple acid catalyzed reaction (esterification) was found to predict excellently conductivity of a membrane contaminated with NH 4 + or Na + . Since measurement of the conductivity of Nafion in a catalyst layer is problematic, being able to predict this conductivity for various formulations and fuel cell conditions would be advantageous. In this study, the same methodology as before was used to examine the proton availabilities of supported Nafion (Nafion on carbon and on Pt/C), as exists in the catalyst layer used in a PEMFC, during impurity exposure (e.g., NH 3 ) as a means for prediction of its conductivity. It was found that the effect of NH 3 exposure on the proton composition ( y H + ) of supported Nafion was similar to that of N-211 under the same conditions. Determined values of y H + were then used to estimate the effective conductivity of an ammonium-poisoned cathode layer using the correlation developed and the agglomerate model. The predicted conductivities were matched with the results available in the literature. This technique would be useful for the optimization of catalyst design and for fuel cell simulation, since it provides many benefits over conventional performance test procedures.
Compression, information theory, and grammars: a unified approach

Text compression is of considerable theoretical and practical interest. It is, for example, becoming increasingly important for satisfying the requirements of fitting a large database onto a single CD-ROM. Many of the compression techniques discussed in the literature are model based. We here propose the notion of a formal grammar as a flexible model of text generation that encompasses most of the models offered before as well as, in principle, extending the possibility of compression to a much more general class of languages. Assuming a general model of text generation, a derivation is given of the well known Shannon entropy formula, making possible a theory of information based upon text representation rather than on communication. The ideas are shown to apply to a number of commonly used text models. Finally, we focus on a Markov model of text generation, suggest an information theoretic measure of similarity between two probability distributions, and develop a clustering algorithm based on this measure. This algorithm allows us to cluster Markov states, and thereby base our compression algorithm on a smaller number of probability distributions than would otherwise have been required. A number of theoretical consequences of this approach to compression are explored, and a detailed example is given.
Structure, Thermodynamics, and Energy Content of Aluminum --Cyclopentadienyl Clusters

We present quantum chemistry simulations of aluminum clusters surrounded by a surface layer of cyclopentadiene-type ligands to evaluate the potential of such complexes as novel fuels or energetic materials. Density functional theory simulations are used to examine the aluminum-ligand bonding and its variation as the size of the aluminum cluster increases. The organometallic bond at the surface layer arises mainly from ligand charge donation into the Al p orbitals balanced with repulsive polarization effects. Functionalization of the ligand and changes in Al cluster size are found to alter the relative balance of these effects, but the surface organometallic bond generally remains stronger than Al–Al bonds elsewhere in the cluster. In large clusters, such as the experimentally observed Al50Cp12*, this suggests that unimolecular thermal decomposition likely proceeds through loss of surface AlCp* units, exposing the strained interior aluminum core. The calculated heats of combustion per unit volume for these...
PCR Typing of Genetic Determinants for Metallo-β-Lactamases and Integrases Carried by Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated in Japan, with Focus on the Class 3 Integron

From January 2001 to December 2002, 587 strains of gram-negative bacterial isolates demonstrating resistance to ceftazidime and a combination of sulbactam and cefoperazone were subjected to a disk diffusion screening test using sodium mercaptoacetic acid; 431 strains (73.4%) appeared to produce metallo-β-lactamase (MBL). Of these 431 strains, 357 were found by PCR to carry genes for IMP-1 type MBL (blaIMP-1), while only 7 and 67 strains carried the IMP-2 gene (blaIMP-2) and the VIM-2 gene (blaVIM-2), respectively. Neither VIM-1 nor SPM-1 type MBL genes were found among the strains tested. Of 431 strains, 427 carried the intI1 gene, and 4 strains carrying both the intI1 and intI3 genes were reidentified as Pseudomonas putida harboring blaIMP-1. Of these four P. putida strains, three strains and one strain, respectively, were separately isolated from two hospitals located in the same prefecture, and the three strains showed very similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Of 357 blaIMP-1 carriers, 116, 53, 51, 47, and 30 strains were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, P. putida/fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter baumannii, respectively. Four strains carrying blaIMP-2 were reidentified as P. putida. Sixty-three P. aeruginosa strains and four P. putida strains carried blaVIM-2. Of 427 intI1-positive strains, 180, 53, 51, 47, and 35 were identified as P. aeruginosa, A. xylosoxidans, P. putida/fluorescens, S. marcescens, and A. baumannii, respectively. In the present study, it was confirmed that strains carrying blaIMP-1 with a class 1 integron are the most prevalent type in Japan, although several intI3 carriers have also been identified sporadically in this country.
Price Endings, Left‐Digit Effects, and Choice

Past research has found that changes in price endings can result in “left‐digit effects” whereby the magnitude of an item’s price relative to the price of a reference product is influenced by the leftmost digits of both prices. We extend this work by investigating the impact of changes in price endings and associated leftmost price digits on choice. Findings indicate that assigning different combinations of price endings to two products (e.g., $2.00 and $2.99 vs. $1.99 and $3.00 vs. $2.00 and $3.00) can shift choice share toward the lower‐ or higher‐priced alternative. We also find that changes between just‐below (e.g., $29.99 and $39.99) and round (e.g., $30.00 and $40.00) pricing affect choice, with just‐below pricing shifting share toward lower‐priced alternatives. The latter effects are found to be moderated by price level and shopping goals. A three‐path mediation model reveals the processes underlying the influence of price endings on choice.
JNCI and Cancer Prevention

The Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI), with its broad coverage of bench research, epidemiologic studies, and clinical trials, has a long history of publishing practice-changing studies in cancer prevention and public health. These include studies of tobacco cessation, chemoprevention, and nutrition. The landmark Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT)-the first large trial to prove efficacy of a preventive medication for a major malignancy-was published in the Journal, as were key ancillary papers to the BCPT. Even when JNCI was not the publication venue for the main trial outcomes, conceptual and design discussions leading to the trial as well as critical follow-up analyses based on trial data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and the Selenium and Vitamin E Chemoprevention Trial (SELECT) were published in the Journal. The Journal has also published important evidence on very charged topics, such as the purported link between abortion and breast cancer risk. In summary, JNCI has been at the forefront of numerous major publications related to cancer prevention.
β-blockers reduce the incidence of clinical restenosis: prospective study of 4840 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization

Abstract Background Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention (PCI) remains a serious complication in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Although β-adrenergic receptor blockers (BBs) effectively reduce many cardiac events, no large prospective studies have examined the association of BBs with restenosis. Methods We prospectively evaluated the association of BBs (prescribed at hospital discharge) with clinical restenosis in 4840 patients who underwent stent placement (60%), balloon angioplasty (32%), or rotational atherectomy (8%). Clinical restenosis was defined as repeat target lesion revascularization or coronary artery bypass grafting within 6 months of PCI. Other end points included 9-month clinical restenosis, repeat target lesion PCI (only), long-term (5-year) target lesion repeat-PCI, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Multivariable regression adjusted the effect of BBs on clinical restenosis for 15 covariables. Results The average patient age was 63 years, 75% were men, and 37% received a BB prescription. The incidence of clinical restenosis was 12% overall and was lower among those prescribed a BB (10.0% for BB, 13.5% for none, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.76, P = .004). Other predictors of decreased restenosis included stent use, age, and smoking; predictors of increased restenosis included diabetes, atherectomy, and number of treated vessels. BBs also reduced 9-month clinical restenosis (10.3% vs 13.5%, OR 0.75, P = .004), MACE (16.5% vs 20.9%, OR 0.75, P P = .006), and 5-year target lesion restenosis (12.0% vs 14.0%, OR 0.83, P = .046). Conclusions β-Adrenergic receptor blockers prescribed after PCI reduced the risk of clinical restenosis, target lesion restenosis, and MACE in this cohort of 4840 patients. The mechanism by which β-blockers conferred a protective effect against restenosis remains to be determined.
Stability of Second Generation Grubbs' Alkylidenes to Primary Amines: Formation of Novel Ruthenium-Amine Complexes

The stability of second generation Grubbs� alkylidenes to primary amines relative to the first generation derivatives is investigated. For both Grubbsalkylidene derivatives, the tricyclohexyl- phosphine (PCy3) ligand is displaced by n-butyl- A and diethylenetriamine. However, while dis- placement of PCy3 in first generation Grubbsalkyli- dene derivatives results in decomposition of the cata- lyst, the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand in second generation derivatives is not displaced by pri- mary amines present in up to 100 equivalents. The result is the formation of new stable ruthenium- amine complexes. These complexes are characterized and their catalytic activity is evaluated in ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and ring-opening metathesis (ROMP) reactions. While the amine complexes eval- uated were minimally active in RCM reactions, the ruthenium-butylamine complex was significantly active in ROMP and exhibited an initiation rate con- stant that was at least an order of magnitude greater than that of the second generation Grubbsalkyli- dene from which it was synthesized.
Old truths and new politics: Does truth commission 'publicness' impact democratization?

This article analyzes the relationship between truth and politics by asking whether the ‘publicness’ of a truth commission – defined by whether it has public hearings, releases a public report, and names perpetrators – contributes to democratization. The article reviews scholarship relevant to the potential democratizing effects of truth commissions and derives mechanisms that help explain this relationship. Work from the transitional justice field as well as democratization and political transition more generally is considered. Using a newly-constructed Truth Commission Publicness Dataset (TCPD), the analysis finds that even after statistically controlling for initial levels of democracy, democratic trends in the years prior to a commission, level of wealth, amnesties and/or trials, the influence of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and different cutoff points for measuring democratization across a number of models, more publicness predicts higher levels of democracy years after the ...
A comparison of suboptimal detection algorithms applied to the additive mix of orthogonal sinusoidal signals

A comparison is made of the performance of three algorithms for suboptimal signal detection applied to an additive mix of orthogonal sinusoidal signals. The study considers zero-mean Gaussian noise and a number of different impairments found in related data communications media, including quantization effects, frequency-selective fading, and frequency shifts. It is shown that different procedures ran differently in the presence of different impairments, so that the final selection of the procedure to be implemented will depend on the characteristics of the communications environment. >
How often do condoms fail? A cross-sectional study exploring incomplete use of condoms, condom failures and other condom problems among black and white MSM in southern USA

Objectives To compare the occurrence of risk-inducing condom events (condom failures and incomplete use) and the frequency of their antecedents (condom errors, fit/feel problems and erection problems) between black and white men who have sex with men (MSM), and determine the associations between risk-inducing condom events and their antecedents. Methods We studied cross-sectional data of 475 MSM who indicated using a condom as an insertive partner in the previous 6 months enrolled in a cohort study in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Results Nearly 40% of black MSM reported breakage or incomplete use, and they were more likely to report breakage, early removal and delayed application of a condom than white MSM. Only 31% and 54% of MSM reported correct condom use and suboptimal fit/feel of a condom, respectively. The use of oil-based lubricants and suboptimal fit/feel were associated with higher odds of reporting breakage (p=0.009). Suboptimal fit/feel was also associated with higher odds of incomplete use of condoms (p Conclusions Incomplete use of condoms and condom failures were especially common among black MSM. Our findings indicate that condoms likely offered them less protection against HIV/sexually transmitted infection when compared with white MSM. More interventions are needed, particularly addressing the use of oil-based lubricants and suboptimal fit/feel of condoms.
Mapping the Folding Free Energy Surface for Metal-free Human Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase

Abstract Mutations at many different sites in the gene encoding human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) are known to be causative agents in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). One explanation for the molecular basis of this pathology is the aggregation of marginally soluble, partially structured states whose populations are enhanced in the protein variants. As a benchmark for testing this hypothesis, the equilibrium and kinetic properties of the reversible folding reaction of a metal-free variant of SOD were investigated. Reversibility was achieved by replacing the two non-essential cysteine residues with non-oxidizable analogs, C6A/C111S, to produce apo-AS-SOD. The metal-free pseudo-wild-type protein is folded and dimeric in the absence of chemical denaturants, and its equilibrium folding behavior is well described by an apparent two-state mechanism involving the unfolded monomer and the native dimer. The apparent free energy of folding in the absence of denaturant and at standard state is − 20.37( ± 1.04) kcal (mol dimer) − 1 . A global analysis of circular dichroism kinetic traces for both unfolding and refolding reactions, combined with results from small angle X-ray scattering and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements, supports a sequential mechanism involving the unfolded monomer, a folded monomeric intermediate, and the native dimer. The rate-limiting monomer folding reaction is followed by a near diffusion-limited self-association reaction to form the native dimer. The relative population of the folded monomeric intermediate is predicted not to exceed 0.5% at micromolar concentrations of protein under equilibrium and both strongly unfolding and refolding conditions for metal-free pseudo-wild-type SOD.
Extensional deformation and paleomagnetism at the western margin of the Gulf extensional province, Puertecitos Volcanic Province, northeastern Baja California, Mexico

During the late Miocene east-northeast–directed extension in the Gulf of California extensional province, the western rift margin in northeastern Baja California, Mexico, was segmented at the northwest-striking Matomi accommodation zone. The accommodation zone passed through the northern Puertecitos Volcanic Province and separated pre–6 Ma extension to the north from the unextended region to the south. Pre–6 Ma northeast-side-down displacement is documented across the accommodation zone, which may have undergone dextral oblique-slip motion. The rift margin migrated westward during the latest Miocene or Pliocene, bypassing accommodation-zone structures and incorporating the Puertecitos Volcanic Province into the region of Gulf extensional province deformation. East-northeast– to east-directed extensional deformation is at least post–6 Ma in the northern Puertecitos Volcanic Province and deformation currently continues. Pliocene changes in the Gulf of California spreading center system may have triggered incorporation of the Puertecitos Volcanic Province into the Gulf extensional province as recently as 2–3 Ma. Paleomagnetic analyses of 6.3–6.6 Ma pyroclastic flow deposits show no consistent evidence for rotational deformation, although minor (∼10°–15°) clockwise rotation is possible given anomalous declination directions recorded at some sites. Comparisons with paleosecular variation models and the late Miocene paleopole for stable North America imply no statistically significant rotation relative to geomagnetic north, although minor (∼10°) clockwise rotation is permissible given uncertainties. Geologic relationships show that pre–6 Ma accommodation-zone structures identified in this study did not mark the southern boundary of later rotational deformation documented to the north. The boundary of Pliocene to Holocene rotations may be a broad, diffuse zone of extensional shear encompassing the northeastern Puertecitos Volcanic Province, which accommodated small rotations.
An investigation of the 9Be(3He, p)11B reaction at low energies

Abstract Angular distributions and excitation functions have been measured for proton groups leading to the 4.46, 5.03, 7.30, 7.99, 8.57 and 8.92 MeV excited states of 11B using 3He particles in the energy range 1–3 MeV. The experimental measurements are analysed in terms of a two-particle plane wave stripping formalism and a distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). Results of both approaches are consistent with investigations which have been made on this reaction at higher energies. Parities assigned are as follows: 4.46 (−), 5.03 (−), 7.30 (+), 7.99 (+), 8.57 (−), 8.92 (−). Ranges of angular momenta include previous assignments.