cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value of the day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone measurement

Although elevated day 3 FSH is associated with diminished ovarian reserve, the predictive value is low in young women. Its use in this population as an exclusion criterion is unjustified.
Influence of Reactant 4-Aminobenzonitrile Inclusion on the Crystal Structure of (Z)-4-(4-oxopent-2-en-2-ylamino)benzonitrile

The title compound (Z)-4-(4-oxopent-2-en-2-ylamino)benzonitrile, C12H12N2O, was synthesized by the condensation of acetylacetone and 4-aminobenzonitrile in methanol, with a few drops of formic acid as catalyst. Crystallization of the reaction product solution yielded both pure crystals of the title compound, as well as an inclusion product with a strict 1:1 stoichiometry with one of the reactants, 4-aminobenzonitrile. Crystals of the reactant-inclusion compound, C12H12N2O–C7H6N2 (I), and pure C12H12N2O (II) have been determined at 143(2) and 88(2) K, respectively. The mixed-form crystals crystallized in the monoclinic system, whereas pure-form crystals crystallized in the triclinic system. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N–H···O were observed in both the mixed and pure-form crystals. However, in the mixed-form, the two components are connected by a N3–H3···N2 intermolecular hydrogen bond, which gives rise to a planar structure and parallel packing of adjacent molecules. In contrast, the structure of the pure compound without any reactant molecule interactions is not planar and exhibits a more complicated stacking array for adjacent molecules. The title compound (Z)-4-(4-oxopent-2-en-2-ylamino)benzonitrile, C12H12N2O, was synthesized by the condensation of acetylacetone and 4-aminobenzonitrile in methanol. Crystallization of the reaction product solution yielded both pure crystals of the title compound, as well as an inclusion product with a strict 1:1 stoichiometry with one of the reactants, 4-aminobenzonitrile. The mixed-form crystals crystallized in the monoclinic system, whereas pure-form crystals crystallized in the triclinic system. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N–H···O were observed in both the mixed and pure-form crystals. However, in the mixed-form, the two components are connected by a N3–H3···N2 intermolecular hydrogen bond, which gives rise to a planar structure and parallel packing of adjacent molecules. In contrast, the structure of the pure compound without any reactant molecule interactions is not planar and exhibits a more complicated stacking array for adjacent molecules.
A study of correlation functions for the delta-function Bose gas

Abstract The Gel'fand-Levitan equation for the quantum nonlinear Schrodinger field theory is used to investigate the correlation functions of the delta-function Bose gas. Operator expressions are derived for the field and for nonlocal products of fields in terms of the quantized reflection operators which create and annihilate eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. For the two-point function, an explicit series expression is obtained in which the nth term is determined by well-defined n-body combinatorics in an infinite volume. The inductive properties of this series are discussed and used to express the temperature and chemical potential dependence of the correlation functions entirely in terms of previously known thermodynamic functions. The zero separation limit of the series for the two-point function reproduces the thermodynamics derived by Yang and Yang, while the infinite coupling limit gives the Fredholm determinant result of Schultz and Lenard. The latter is related to the Painleve V equation by the monodromy arguments of Jimbo, Miwa, Mori, and Sato. The O (1/c) correction to the large coupling limit is calculated from the Gel'fand-Levitan series and expressed in terms of solutions to Painleve V. The asymptotic behavior of the relevant Painleve function is discussed and related to the long range behavior of the correlation function.
The parent-child dyad and risk perceptions among parents who quit smoking.

Background Most parental smokers are deeply invested in their child's health, but it is unknown what factors influence parent risk perceptions of the effects of smoking on their child's health and benefits to the child of cessation. Purpose To explore differences in former versus current smokers' beliefs about harm of continuing to smoke, benefits of quitting, and how much smoking interferes with their parenting. Methods As part of a cluster RCT to increase tobacco control in the pediatric setting, we analyzed data collected at the ten control arm practices for 24 months starting in May 2010; a cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted in 2013. Parents were asked about smoking status and perceived harm, benefit, and well-being related to smoking behaviors. Results Of the 981 enrolled smoking parents, 710 (72.4%) were contacted at 12 months. The odds of having successfully quit at 12 months was 4.12 times more likely (95% CI=1.57, 10.8) for parents who believed that quitting will benefit their children; 1.68 times more likely (95% CI=1.13, 2.51) for parents with more than a high school education; and 1.74 times greater (95% CI=1.13, 2.68) for parents with children under age 3 years. Another factor associated with having successfully quit was a prior quit attempt. Conclusions Providers' smoking-cessation advice and support should begin early and underscore how cessation will benefit the health and well-being of patients' children. Additionally, parents who have recently attempted to quit may be particularly primed for another attempt.
Effect of Incubation Temperature on Human Red Cell Survival

The effect of in vitro response of normal human erythrocytes to temperatures between 41 degrees C and 43 degrees C for two hours was determined. In vivo survival was measured employing 51Cr and 14C-cyanate as red cell tags. No significant difference was observed between cells exposed to these temperatures and erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees C. The results of this study are of value in various types of extracorporeal blood treatment where an elevated temperature is desired.
Nonradiative recombination in strongly interacting silicon nanocrystals embedded in amorphous silicon-oxide films

The optically induced free-carrier absorption coefficient $({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\text{FC}})$ of densely packed $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3})$ Si nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in a glass matrix was accurately measured in the near-infrared using two complementary pump-probe techniques. When compared to established carrier dynamical models, the dependence of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\text{FC}}$ on optical pump intensity reveals enhanced nonradiative recombination at high pump intensity $(g10\text{ }\text{KW}/{\text{cm}}^{2})$, which can be explained by the interaction of excited carriers located in spatially separated NCs. The rate of recombination due to the interaction between a pair of excited NCs is determined to increase inversely with the sixth power of their separation distance $({\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\gamma}{R}^{\ensuremath{-}6};\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\approx}2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}31}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{6}\text{ }{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ and is indicative of near-field dipole-dipole energy transfer. These results explain the source of an apparent inconsistency in power-law behavior found in previous carrier dynamics studies on similar materials which did not account for this interaction.
Comparative effect of metals on antidiuretic hormone induced transport in toad bladder: specificity of mercuric inhibition of water channels.

We previously reported that HgCl2 inhibits water and urea flux in tissues fixed with glutaraldehyde after antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulation and suggested that the ADH-induced water channel may share characteristics of the red blood cell and proximal tubule water transport pathway. To determine the specificity of mercury's action, we examined the effect of numerous other metals. In tissues fixed after ADH stimulation, water flow and urea and sucrose permeabilities are maintained from mucosal bath pH 2.5 through pH 12. Several metals including Ba, Co, Fe, Sr and Zn did not alter flux. Al, Cd, La, Li, Pb and U inhibited urea permeability but not water flow. At pH 2.8, Cu inhibited water flow by 30% and urea permeability by 50%. At pH 4.9–7.4, Cu inhibited urea permeability but not water flow. At pH ≤3.0, Pt inhibited flow in ADH-pretreated tissues. The inhibitory effect was not present at pH>3.0. At pH<3.0, Au inhibited flow by 90% in tissues fixed after pretreatment with ADH but increased the permeability of tissues fixed in the absence of ADH. Ag inhibited flow by 70% but also increased sucrose, urea, and basal permeabilities. This suggests that Ag and Au disrupt epithelial integrity. These results indicate that at physiologic pH, the ADH-induced water channel is specifically blocked by Hg but not by other metals. This specificity may reflect the presence of a large number of sulfhydryl groups in the water channel.
Congenital perilymphatic fistula

The evaluation and management of SNHL in a child, especially sudden or fluctuating hearing loss, remains a challenging and controversial task. The differential diagnosis in these situations must often be exhaustive. Depending on the age of the child, the clinician must consider etiologies such as viral labyrinthitis, autoimmune disease, hereditary hearing loss, Meniere disease, an acoustic neuroma, vascular disease, congenital syphilis, malingering, and a perilymphatic fistula (PLF). Based on the information provided, the primary concern is a PLF, defined as an abnormal connection between the inner ear and the middle ear cleft that allows the escape of perilymphatic fluid. Perilymphatic fistulae have been categorized into acquired and congenital types: acquired PLFs are associated with a traumatic event or previous otologic surgery such as stapedectomy; congenital PLFs arise from a deformity or weakness of the temporal bone with no history of an antecedent event. A combined category is also possible when an underlying anatomical abnormality renders the ear unusually susceptible to developing a PLF with pressure changes. The current case focuses on the possibility of a congenital PLF, which is the most controversial of the 3 types. CongenitalPLFsasthesuspected etiologyof fluctuatinghearing loss in young children were first reported in the 1970s. Twenty years later, controversycontinuestosurroundthisdiagnosis and even the existence of a congenital PLF as a source of SNHL in children. Those who support the theory that PLFs cause SNHL in childrenbasetheirpositiononclinicalexperience, radiographic data, and the potential risk-benefit ratio of the diagnosisandtreatment.Ironically,those who reject the theory use strikingly similar arguments.
Botulinum toxin injection pain relief using a topical anesthetic skin refrigerant

Summary Background This study was performed to determine if pretreatment application of a topical anesthetic skin refrigerant reduced discomfort during botulinum toxin injection. Methods Twenty patients were assigned to four groups determined by side of the face pretreated with skin refrigerant and side receiving the first injection. On a Visual Analog Scale of 0–10 patients rated discomfort levels after injections in the glabellar complex with and without pretreatment. Results Mean discomfort rating for the pretreated side was 3.1, while the mean discomfort rating for the non-pretreated side was 4.5. Discomfort was not affected by the side sprayed ( p =0.33) nor by administering the injection to the sprayed side first ( p =0.37). The paired t-test revealed a significant difference between discomfort levels on the pretreated and non-pretreated sides ( p =0.038) yielding a 95% confidence interval of (−2.71, −0.09). Conclusions Topical anesthetic skin refrigerant significantly reduces discomfort in a cost-effective manner for reported by patients undergoing botulinum injections.
Ultrahigh-speed rotating nanoelectromechanical system devices assembled from nanoscale building blocks

The development of rotary nanomotors is crucial for advancing nanoelectromechanical system technology. In this work, we report design, assembly and rotation of ordered arrays of nanomotors. The nanomotors are bottom-up assembled from nanoscale building blocks with nanowires as rotors, patterned nanomagnets as bearings and quadrupole microelectrodes as stators. Arrays of nanomotors rotate with controlled angle, speed (over 18,000 r.p.m.), and chirality by electric fields. Using analytical modelling, we reveal the fundamental nanoscale electrical, mechanical and magnetic interactions in the nanomotor system, which excellently agrees with experimental results and provides critical understanding for designing metallic nanoelectromechanical systems. The nanomotors can be continuously rotated for 15 h over 240,000 cycles. They are applied for controlled biochemical release and demonstrate releasing rate of biochemicals on nanoparticles that can be precisely tuned by mechanical rotations. The innovations reported in this research, from concept, design and actuation to application, are relevant to nanoelectromechanical system, nanomedicine, microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip architectures.
Respiratory pathogen colonization of the dental plaque of institutionalized elders

Although it has been established that aspiration of pharyngeal bacteria is the major route of infection in the development of nosocomial pneumonia, colonization of the pharyngeal mucosa by respiratory pathogens has been shown to be a transient phenomenon. It has been suggested that the dental plaque may constitute an additional, possibly more stable, reservoir of respiratory pathogens. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral colonization by potential respiratory pathogens in a group of elderly (mean age = 75.9 yrs) chronic-care-facility residents (n = 28) and a group of age-, gender-, and race-matched outpatient control subjects (n = 30), with specific attention to plaque present on tooth, denture, and oral mucosal surfaces. Plaque scores on teeth and dentures were significantly higher in the chronic-care-facility (CCF) subjects than in the dental outpatient control (DOC) subjects (PII 2.3 vs. 1.2 and denture plaque 1.4 vs. 0.3). While no subjects in the DOC group were found to be colonized with respiratory pathogens (> 1.0% of the cultivable aerobic flora), 14.3% (4/28) of the CCF subjects were found to be colonized. Oral colonization with respiratory pathogens in CCF subjects was associated with the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and higher plaque scores. These results suggest that deficient dental plaque control and the presence of COPD may be related to respiratory pathogen colonization of dental plaque in chronic-care-facility residents.
A theory for the low-temperature plastic deformation of glassy polymers

Abstract A theory of yielding of glassy polymers by thermally-activated production of local molecular kinks is described. It is possible to obtain the activation free enthalpy of this process by modeling the intermolecular energy barrier as resulting from the stress fields of two equal and opposite closely spaced wedge disclination loops extending over the molecular cross section at the points of rotation of the molecular kinks. The theory predicts the yield stress at absolute zero to be dependent only on the shear modulus and the Poisson's ratio, and is capable of describing the temperature, pressure, and strain rate dependences of the flow stress from absolute zero to near the glass transition temperature. Comparison of the theory with the available experimental, results on polystyrene, polyethylene-terephthalate, polycarbonate of bisphenol A, and poly-methyl-methacrylate shows excellent agreement in nearly all respects.
Reactive, Mechanically Alloyed Al·Mg Powders with Customized Particle Sizes and Compositions

Previous work showed that particles of mechanically alloyed Al·Mg powders burn faster than aluminum. However, such powders were coarser than fine aluminum commonly used in energetic formulations. This work addresses preparation of mechanically alloyed Al·Mg powders in which both internal structures and particle size distributions are adjusted. Powders with 50–90 at.% Al were prepared and characterized. Milling protocol was optimized to prepare equiaxial, micron-scale particles. Ignition temperatures measured using an electrically heated filament were much lower than those of pure Al powders and are close to those of Mg. Powders were aerosolized and ignited in air; the maximum pressure was higher, rates of pressure rise were greater, and ignition delays were shorter for the mechanically alloyed powders than for pure Al with directly comparable particle size distributions. Individual particle combustion experiments used laser ignition and showed that the alloyed particles burn in two stages, with the first ...
Transition to self-management after pediatric heart transplant.

ContextLittle is known about adolescent transition to self-management after heart transplant. This gap in knowledge is critically important because the consequences of poor self-management are costly and life-threatening, often resulting in nonadherence, rejection, repeated hospitalizations, and poor quality of life.ObjectiveTo explore how adolescents and parents perceive their roles in self-management, and how adolescents integrate self-management into their daily lives and navigate the transition from parent-dominated to self-management.DesignQualitative descriptive design, using online focus groups.SettingOnline focus groups using itracks, an online qualitative software program.ParticipantsA purposive sample of 4 adolescents, 13 to 21 years old, who were at least 6 months posttransplant, and of 6 parents of adolescent heart transplant recipients.ResultsSeveral parallel themes emerged from the parent and adolescent online focus groups. Managing medications was the predominant theme for both parents and ...
The condensation and sublimation of CO2 with H2O: Carbonic acid on Mars?

Abstract : The condensation and sublimation of mixtures of CO2 with H2O have been studied at temperatures between 80 and 230 K. Evidence is presented for the existence of metastable, solid-phase H2O.CO2. With near-equilibrium condensation the measured heats of sublimation of CO2 and H2O are independent of the mixing ratio; it is therefore unlikely that CO2 and H2O will co-precipitate on Mars at temperatures appreciably higher than required for CO2 to condense alone. (Author)
Secondary ion formation from Langmuir-Blodgett films: studies of positive molecular ions

Abstract Langmuir-Blodgett mono- and multi-layer (1–15 layers) systems consisting of stearic acid (SA) or barium stearate (BS) deposited on RF plasma glow discharge prepared Ag, Au, or Ge were studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). For the monolayer samples, substrate signals were not completely obscured (e.g. Ag + , AgCl − 2 ) even though sample related molecular ions persisted for extended periods. Ion beam induced damage and channeling of the primary and secondary ions may be responsible for these observations. ( M + H ) + and ( M + H − H 2 O ) + were observed for SA on Au and Ge but not Ag. An explanation involves the deprotonation of the SA by Ag oxide as opposed to the less active Au and oxidic Ge surfaces. For the analogous BS monolayers, no ( M + H ) + or ( M + H − H 2 O ) + were observed. Barium cationization (( M −- H + Ba 2+ ) + ) was observed for all BS layers on any of the substrates. The only substrate cationization observed, ( M + Ag ) + was for BS samples prepared on Ag. For SA and BS multilayers, attenuation of substrate signals increased with the number of layers; the attenuation is greater for equivalent numbers of BS layers than SA. In addition, the substrate has an effect, the attenuation being greatest for Ag, then Ge, then Au. Examination of molecular ion yields versus time under static sputtering conditions shows that initial ion beam damage-extends to approximately 250 A. Studies of molecular ion yields versus time (while under ion beam irradiation) indicate that the substrate, packing density, and added cations can have an effect on the ion yield.
Initiation of cyclic vinylmethylsiloxane polymerization in a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition process

The role of an initiator (perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride, PFOSF) in the polymerization of 1,3,5-trivinyl-1,3,5-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane (V3D3) by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition has been...
Collective Rabi oscillations and solitons in a time-dependent BCS pairing problem.

Motivated by recent efforts to achieve cold fermions pairing, we study the nonadiabatic regime of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer state formation. After the interaction is turned on, at times shorter than the quasiparticle energy relaxation time, the system oscillates between the superfluid and normal state. The collective nonlinear evolution of the BCS-Bogoliubov amplitudes ${u}_{p}$, ${v}_{p}$, along with the pairing function $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, is shown to be an integrable dynamical problem which admits single soliton and soliton train solitons. We interpret the collective oscillations as Bloch precession of Anderson pseudospins, where each soliton causes a pseudospin $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ Rabi rotation.
The use of Integra in hand and upper extremity surgery.

a a w t u w l i a In B ri ef WOUND COVERAGE FOR damaged or incompetent dermis remains a frequent and often challenging problem in hand surgery. Integra (Integra Life Sciences, Plainsboro, NJ) is an acellular bilaminate membrane that has been used to re-establish a neo-dermis in full-thickness wounds. It consists of a porous surface of cross-linked bovine tendon collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate and has been shown to facilitate migration of fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, and capillary ingrowth onto the surface and effectively regenerate the dermis. Histologic and clinical examination of skin greater than 2 years after application of Integra has demonstrated excellent patient satisfaction with respect to softness, mobility, and appearance. Histologically, the authors found that, whereas there was an absence of adnexal structures, collagen and elastin fibers were present in all specimens and nerve regeneration in the lower and reticular dermis was present. Integra is easy to use and apply, readily available, and does not cause donor site morbidity, and it has been extensively used in burn patients in whom significant wound coverage is routinely necessary.
The temporal decline of idealism in two cohorts of medical students at one institution

A number of studies have indicated that students lose idealistic motivations over the course of medical education, with some identifying the initiation of this decline as occurring as early as the second year of the traditional US curricula. This study builds on prior work testing the hypothesis that a decline in medical student idealism is detectable in the first two years of medical school. The original study sought to identify differences in survey responses between first-year (MS1) and second-year (MS2) medical students at the beginning and end of academic year 2010, on three proxies for idealism. The current study extends that work by administering the same survey items to the same student cohorts at the end of their third and fourth years (MS3 and MS4), respectively. Survey topics included questions on: (a) motivations for pursuing a medical career; (b) specialty choice; and (c) attitudes toward primary care. Principle component analysis was used to extract linear composite variables (LCVs) from responses to each group of questions. Linear regression was then used to test the effect of the six cohort/time-points on each composite variable, controlling for demographic characteristics. Idealism in medicine decreased (β = -.113, p < .001) while emphasis on employment and job security increased (β = .146, p < .001) as motivators of pursuing a career in medicine at each medical school stage and time period. Students were more likely to be motivated by student debt over interest in content in specialty choice (β = .077, p = .004) across medical school stages. Negative attitudes towards primary care were most sensitive to MS group and time effects. Both negative/antagonistic views (β = .142, p < .001) and negative/sympathetic views (β = .091, p < .001) of primary care increased over each stage. Our results provide further evidence that declines in medical student idealism may occur as early as the second year of medical education. Additionally, as students make choices in their medical careers, such as specialty choice or consideration of primary care, the influences of job security, student debt and social status increasingly outweigh idealistic motivations.
Toll-like receptor—mediated cytokine production is differentially regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3

The cellular mechanisms that directly regulate the inflammatory response after Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation are unresolved at present. Here we report that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) differentially regulates TLR-mediated production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Stimulation of monocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells with TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 or TLR9 agonists induced substantial increases in interleukin 10 production while suppressing the release of proinflammatory cytokines after GSK3 inhibition. GSK3 regulated the inflammatory response by differentially affecting the nuclear amounts of transcription factors NF-κB subunit p65 and CREB interacting with the coactivator CBP. Administration of a GSK3 inhibitor potently suppressed the proinflammatory response in mice receiving lipopolysaccharide and mediated protection from endotoxin shock. These findings demonstrate a regulatory function for GSK3 in modulating the inflammatory response.
Correlation between radiation dose and tumor recurrence and complications in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Stages I and IIA

Abstract A retrospective analysis is reported on 330 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 23 with Stage IA, 233 with Stage IB and 74 with Stage IIA disease treated with irradiation alone. The dose of irradiation delivered to the cervix, paracervical tissues or the pelvic lymph nodes was correlated with tumor control. There were no central or parametrial failures in patients with Stage IA disease. There were 4 local or marginal (central) recurrences (1.6%) and 15 (6.5%) parametrial failures in the patients with Stage IB disease. Of 74 patients with Stage IIA disease, 3 developed cervical failures (3.9%) and 4 had both central and parametrial recurrences (5.2%). A definite correlation was found between the dose of irradiation delivered to the pelvic lymph nodes and the incidence of recurrences in the patients with Stage IB disease, (about 20%) parametrial failures with doses below 4000 rad in contrast to about 5% with 4000–5000 rad and 2% with doses over 6000 rad). Among patients with Stages IB and IIA disease, the survival of those who were treated with radiation alone and who received doses less than 4000 rad was about 10% less than patients who were treated with higher doses. This difference is not statistically significant; however, it suggests strongly that higher doses of irradiation to the parametria correlate with better tumor control in the pelvis and survival. Complications were slightly higher with doses to the bladder or rectum over 8000 rad. Although it was not statistically significant, patients who had non-standard intracavitary insertions had approximately 18% complications in contrast to only 6.6% in 135 patients with adequate insertions. Factors other than total dose of irradiation, such as geometry of the pelvis, characteristics of the tumor, position of the applicator, type of applicators used, loading and dose rate are important in evaluating the effects of irradiation in tumor control and complications of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Analysis of water and proton fluxes in ion-exchange polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuators subjected to large external potentials

Abstract An analysis is conducted of a novel ion-exchange polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuator under large external voltage. The model is simplified to a three-component system comprised of a fixed negatively charged polymeric matrix, protons, and free water molecules within the polymer matrix. The proposed coupled model includes mass transport in the membrane, chemical reactions at boundaries, and deformation as a function of a concentration of water molecules. The electrochemical process occurring at both electrodes are the boundary conditions analyzed during the deformation of the actuator in a regime of large voltage (over 1.2 V). This coupled model successfully captures the stress relaxation phenomenon due to water redistribution governed by diffusion. The fabrication process and testing apparatus are also described. Comparison of simulations and experimental data showed good agreement.
Nonsingular smale flows on S3

THE QUALITATIVE description of the dynamical behavior of a smooth flow is often divided into two parts: the “gradient-like” behavior reflected in the existence of a Lyapunov function, and the “chain recurrent” behavior (see $1 for definition). In studying a class of dynamical systems it is important to understand two things. First, for each of these two parts what kinds of behavior are possible, and second how do these two aspects of dynamical behavior interact? In this spirit we will associate to a flow 4,: M + M, with a Lyapunov functionf: M + R, a rather natural object called the Lyapunov graph. The idea is to form a topological space by identifying to a point each component off -l(c) for each c E R. This often forms a finite graph oriented by the flow. A vertex on this graph will correspond to a component of a critical level off which always contains an indecomposable piece of the chain recurrent set: so we label each vertex with this chain recurrent flow on a compact set. Each edge of the graph corresponds to a component of the space obtained by removing from M any component of a level set off if that component contains a critical point of I: This component is diffeomorphic to N x (0, 1) where N is some codimension 1 submanifold of M, transverse to the flow. To further enhance the picture of the flow one might label the edges of the graph with topological properties of the embeddings N + M; e.g. the diffeomorphism type of N. However, we will not make this part of our definition. We also restrict our attention to the case where M is compact and the graph is finite.
Sleep Convention Logic using partially slept function blocks

Sleep Convention Logic (SCL) is a self-timed pipeline style that offers inherent power-gating, resulting in ultra-low static power consumption. After each pipeline stage has processed new data, control logic asserts a sleep signal causing the entire pipeline stage to be power-gated until the next data arrives. Due to the aggregate sleep capacitance for each pipeline stage, there is an energy overhead for waking and sleeping the pipeline stages. In this paper, an alternative is presented in which only a portion of each pipeline stage is put to sleep. This reduces the aggregate sleep capacitance for each pipeline stage, resulting in reduced dynamic energy consumption.
PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 Are Both Required for Peptidoglycan-Induced Arthritis and Local Inflammation

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are structurally conserved from insects to mammals. Insect PGRPs have diverse host-defense functions. Mammalian PGRPs PGLYRP-1, PGLYRP-3, and PGLYRP-4 have bactericidal activity, while PGLYRP-2 has amidase activity. To extend the known functions of mammalian PGRPs, we examined whether they have immunomodulating activities in peptidoglycan-induced arthritis in mice. We demonstrate that PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 are both required for arthritis in this model. The sequence of events in peptidoglycan-induced arthritis is activation of Nod2, local expression of PGLYRP-2, chemokine production, and recruitment of neutrophils into the limbs, which induces acute arthritis. Only PGLYRP-2 among the four mammalian PGRPs displays this proinflammatory function, and PGLYRP-1 is anti-inflammatory. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MyD88 are required for maturation of neutrophils before peptidoglycan challenge. Our results demonstrate that PGRPs, Nod2, and TLR4, representing three different types of pattern-recognition molecules, play interdependent in vivo roles in local inflammation.
Effect of Ions on the Organization of Phosphatidylcholine/Phosphatidic Acid Bilayers

Lipid bilayers are two-dimensional fluids. Here, the effect of monovalent ion concentration on the mixing, and consequently the organization, of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (DOPA) bilayers has been examined. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the organization. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to assess the fluidity of the lipids. At high ionic strength the DOPC and DOPA lipids appear uniformly mixed. Upon lowering the ionic strength, rapid separation is observed. The DOPA-rich regions appear fractal-like and exhibit hysteresis in their properties. The lipids freely exchange between the two regions. These experiments clearly demonstrate the significant effect that electrostatics can have on membrane organization.
Normative Values for Grip and Pinch Strength for 6- to 19-Year-Olds

Abstract Objectives To provide current normative data for grip and pinch strength in children and young adults aged 6 to 19 years as well as to examine the effect of age, sex, and hand dominance on grip and pinch strength. Design Descriptive cross-sectional. Setting Two grade schools, 2 high schools, and 1 university. Participants Participants (N=1508; 741 male students and 767 female students) aged 6 to 19 years. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Means and SDs were calculated for each strength measurement (grip, tip pinch, lateral pinch, palmar pinch) and stratified by age and sex. Analysis of covariance and 2-sample t tests were used to analyze the data. Results The analyses demonstrated that age and sex had a significant effect on hand strength values, as evidenced by increasing hand strength with age as well as greater hand strength in males than in females. Hand dominance was not shown to have a significant effect on hand strength. The results of this study were statistically significantly different from previously published normative values, with most hand strength values being lower than those published 28 years ago. Conclusions Having updated normative data are paramount for rehabilitation practitioners to compare the grip and pinch strength of their clients with the average values to objectively assess impairment and tracking progress. The statistical significance observed for most data collected in this study as compared with those previously published supports the need for continually updating normative data.
Infrared Spectroscopy of IRC +10420

High resolution 1.6, 3.3 and 4.6 micron spectra were obtained on the F8 supergiant star IRC + 10420 on June 9-11, 1984, using the 4 m Mayall telescope and Fourier Transform Spectrometer at Kitt Peak. IRC + 10420 is distinguished by its hydrogen maser, unusual for stars of this type. The measured column densities of CO led to an estimated isotopic carbon ratio of 7-11, supporting a model of the object as a highly evolved star. The redshift is interpreted as due to scattering by outward-moving circumstellar dust grains. The IR spectrum of IRC + 10420 suggests that the object is a post-asymptotic branch star still surrounded by the thick dust shell it produced while it was much cooler.
Superhelical Escherichia coli DNA: relaxation by coumermycin.

Abstract Folded chromosomes isolated from Escherichia coli strains after treatment with coumermycin A 1 in vivo , an inhibitor of DNA gyrase (Gellert et al. , 1976 a,b ), were found to have reduced DNA superhelical densities. This loss of DNA supercoiling paralleled inhibition of DNA synthesis. Coumermycin also produced a loss of supercoiling in non-replicating chromosomes that had been synchronized by amino acid starvation. The drug had no effect on supercoiling in chromosomes isolated from a mutant bacterial strain from which Gellert et al. found coumermycin-resistant gyrase activity. Thus, the correlation between coumermycin inhibition of cell growth, DNA synthesis, and in vitro gyrase activity now extends to the loss of chromosomal DNA supercoiling. It appears that DNA gyrase may be responsible for the maintenance of negative supercoiling in the E. coli chromosome. Moreover, the chromosomal DNA remained intact after drug treatments, indicating that loss of supercoiling arises from the action of a DNA-relaxing activity.
Evaluation of GFDL and Simple Statistical Model Rainfall Forecasts for U.S. Landfalling Tropical Storms

Abstract To date, little objective verification has been performed for rainfall predictions from numerical forecasts of landfalling tropical cyclones. Until 2001, digital output from the operational version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane forecast model was available only on a 1° grid. The GFDL model was rerun or reanalyzed for 25 U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones from 1995 to 2002 to obtain higher resolution (1/3°) output. Several measures of forecast quality were used to evaluate the predicted rainfall from these runs, using daily rain gauge data as ground truth. The overall quality was measured by the mean error and bias averaged over all the gauge sites. An estimate of the quality of the forecasted pattern was obtained through the correlation coefficient of the model versus gauge values. In addition, more traditional precipitation verification scores were calculated including equitable threat and bias scores. To evaluate the skill of the rainfall forecasts, a simple rain...
Anthropology from the Bones: A Memoir of Fieldwork, Survival, and Commitment

SUMMARY In this deeply personal account, I describe for the first time how I was assaulted, beaten, and raped by a gang of hired thugs or rogue police in a north central Indian state during fieldwork in 1992. A graphic narrative of this event leads into a brief meditation on the sorts of things readers would typically prefer not to know, and on our compulsion as engaged anthropologists to bring them into the conversation anyway. I conclude with the persisting hope of survivors of violence—like many of our ethnographic interlocutors in arenas of conflict—that healing is possible and that change toward justice can occur. Finally, I write of an anthropology that speaks from a spiritual, political, and intellectual paradigm which recognizes that, unspoken or not, values of the heart are as central to our field as those of the mind.
Graphical and tabular aids for determining sample size when planning experiments which involve comparisons of percentages.

When one knows in advance the minimum percentage difference which will be of practical interest in an investigation, principles of economy suggest the desirability of an accurate estimate of the size of the sample to be used. Charts are presented which eliminate any computation where the two groups involved are to be equal. A table is included for the case where one group will be from one to three times the size of the other. The charts are also useful for determining whether or not obtained differences are statistically significant at the 5 per cent or the 1 per cent level.
The steric trigger in rhodopsin activation

Rhodopsin is the seven transmembrane helix receptor responsible for dim light vision in vertebrate rod cells. The protein has structural homology with the other G protein-coupled receptors, which suggests that the tertiary structures and activation mechanisms are likely to be similar. However, rhodopsin is unique in several respects. The most striking is the fact that the receptor "ligand", 11-cis retinal, is covalently bound to the protein and is converted from an "antagonist" to an "agonist" upon absorption of light. NMR studies of rhodopsin and its primary photoproduct, bathorhodopsin, have generated structural constraints that enabled docking of the 11-cis and all-trans retinal chromophores into a low-resolution model of the protein proposed by Baldwin. These studies also suggest a mechanism for how retinal isomerization leads to rhodopsin activation. More recently, mutagenesis studies have extended these results by showing how the selectivity of the retinal-binding site can be modified to favor the all-trans over the 11-cis isomer. The structural constraints produced from these studies, when placed in the context of a high-resolution model of the protein, provide a coherent picture of the activation mechanism, which we show involves a direct steric interaction between the retinal chromophore and transmembrane helix 3 in the region of Gly121.
Modeling the Viscoelastic Response of Suspension of Particles in Polymer Solution: The Effect of Polymer‐Particle Interactions

A conceptual model is proposed for the viscoelastic response of dilute polymer solutions containing well-dispersed low volume fraction spherical particles. The equilibrium structure of the reversibly adsorbed polymer layer on the particle surface was characterized by a scaling theory. The dynamics of the polymer chains were studied by a Maxwell type kinetic model. At the limit of small particle size, our results show that the monomer-filler energetic affinity, particle volume fraction and surface friction strongly affect the overall viscoelastic response of the filled solutions and lead to unusual viscoelastic properties that have been observed experimentally. These properties include a dramatic increase in shear viscosity, intense shear thinning, and solid-like behavior at low frequency domains.
Kinematic Analysis of Epicyclic Bevel Gear Trains With Matroid Method

The paper presents a novel technique for the kinematic analysis of bevel gear trains using the incidence matrices of an edge-oriented graph of the mechanism. The kinematic equations are then obtained in matrix form using a cycle basis from a cycle matroid. These equations can be systematically generated, and allow for an efficient computation of the angular velocities of the gears and planet carriers of the mechanism without employing time derivative operations. As illustrated in the paper, the method is applicable to bevel gear trains of any number of gears or degrees of freedom.
Automation of a Hydrodynamic Model of the Delaware Estuary for Rapid Water Quality Simulations of Pollutant Releases

To facilitate the rapid simulation of accidental pollution releases, the Delaware River Basin Commission has developed applications which completely automate data retrieval and processing for the development of a hydrodynamic model input file, as well as running the model. Overnight, every night, the applications retrieve from the internet multiple datasets for constructing freshwater inflow and tidal boundary time series. The hydrodynamic model is run automatically, using the recently written model input file. When no release has occurred, the hydrodynamic output file is not used and is simply overwritten on the following evening, from the updated hydrodynamic model run. Automating the hydrodynamic model portion of the simulation dramatically reduces the time required to simulate the transport of an accidental release to the Delaware Estuary.
Low-latitude ionospheric scintillations and total electron content obtained with the CITRIS instrument on STPSat1 using radio transmissions from DORIS ground beacons

The primary objective of the Scintillation and Tomography Receiver in Space (CITRIS) is to detect ionospheric irregularities from space at low latitude. For this purpose, the satellite receiver uses the UHF and S-Band transmissions of the ground network of Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) beacons. CITRIS, developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, differs from the normal DORIS receiver by being able to capture and store the complex amplitude of the 401.25 and 2036.25 MHz transmissions at 200 Hz sample rate. Ground processing of the CITRIS data yields total electron content (TEC) and both phase and amplitude scintillations. With CITRIS flying on the US Space Test Program (STP) satellite STPSat1, 2 years of data were collected and processed to determine the fluctuations in ionospheric TEC and radio scintillations associated with equatorial irregularities. CITRIS flights over DORIS transmitters yield direct measurements of the horizontal plasma density fluctuations associated with equatorial plasma bubbles. Future flights of CITRIS can provide valuable complements to other satellite instruments such as GPS occultation receivers used to estimate vertical electron density profiles in the ionosphere.
Epigenetic reprogramming reverses the relapse-specific gene expression signature and restores chemosensitivity in childhood B-lymphoblastic leukemia.

Whereas the improvement in outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been gratifying, the poor outcome of patients who relapse warrants novel treatment approaches. Previously, we identified a characteristic relapse-specific gene expression and methylation signature associated with chemoresistance using a large cohort of matched-diagnosis relapse samples. We hypothesized that “reversing” such a signature might restore chemosensitivity. In the present study, we demonstrate that the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat not only reprograms the aberrant gene expression profile of relapsed blasts by epigenetic mechanisms, but is also synergistic when applied before chemotherapy in primary patient samples and leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, incorporation of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine led to reexpression of genes shown to be preferentially methylated and silenced at relapse. Combination pretreatment with vorinostat and decitabine resulted in even greater cytotoxicity compared with each agent individually with chemotherapy. Our results indicate that acquisition of chemo-resistance at relapse may be driven in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Incorporation of these targeted epigenetic agents to the standard chemotherapy backbone is a promising approach to the treatment of relapsed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
A comparison of human and porcine platelet fatty acid composition

Abstract 1. 1. Human and pig platelets were analyzed for lipid composition by gas chromatography. 2. 2. In comparing the two species' platelets, we noted significant differences in several lipid concentrations, some of which involved major lipid constituents. 3. 3. The lipids for which there are significant differences in composition may contribute to those variations in platelet responses to stimulation demonstrated to exist between species.