cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Energetic Particle Absorption on Fast-Wave Current Drive

Fast-wave current drive presents a promising scheme for steady-state operation of reactor tokamaks. This scheme is being studied for application in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the Joint European Torus (JET), and the Doublet III-D reactor (DIII-D). There are two regimes that appear to be promising, the low-frequency range 0 {lt} {omega} {lt} 2{Omega}{sub D} and the lower hybrid frequency range {Omega}{sub D} {much lt} {omega} {lt} {omega}{sub LH}. In the latter scheme, the wavelength of the fast wave becomes much shorter than the alpha particle gyroradius and alpha-particle absorption can become significant. An analytic formula for alpha-particle absorption of fast waves for the standard slowing down distribution has been derived and compared with electron absorption at ITER parameters. It has been found that at t{sub D} {gt} 30 keV and n{sub e} {approximately} 10{sup 14} cm{sup {minus}3}, the alpha-particle absorption is large and can greatly decrease the current drive efficiency. However, without sacrificing the fusion reactivity rate, by increasing the density and decreasing the temperature 15 keV {lt} T{sub D} {lt} 25 keV, the alpha-particle absorption can become small at a sufficiently high frequency. In this paper is suggested that a simulation of the alpha-particle absorption effect onmore » fast-wave current drive can be made in DIII-D by using a lower frequency source ({approximately}30 MHz) to create a minority tail and a high-frequency source (200 MHz) to drive the current. Results of minority absorption are presented. Effects that can improve current drive efficiency are discussed.« less
Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes and its complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. The prevalence of diabetes has been steadily increasing in the adult population, based on national household surveys that were conducted (see Fig. 8.1) [1, 2]. Undiagnosed diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance are considered to have substantial clinical importance (see Fig. 8.2) [1, 3–6].
Building Hexaflexagons Overseas

SUMMARY Multicultural aspects of management are increasingly integrated into the business curricula as colleges and universities respond to the recognized need for a workforce that has a broad appreciation for the issues faced by managers in a multicultural setting, whether abroad or at home. This exercise is designed to provide students with an interesting and fun way to experience some of the frustrations encountered by managers in overseas assignments while also providing a “safe” environment for their experimentation with coping strategies. Participants are assigned one of three roles. Participants taking the first role serve as “international experts” hired by a foreign government to train its people in the manufacture of a much valued product called a Hexaflexagon (Joint Council on Economic Education, 1992). A second group of participants play the role of the citizens of Copernia, an intensely private and collectivist society with cultural customs and taboos that are unknown to outsiders. The third ...
Parametrized Maximum Principle Preserving Flux Limiters for High Order Schemes Solving Multi-Dimensional Scalar Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

In this paper, we will extend the strict maximum principle preserving flux limiting technique developed for one dimensional scalar hyperbolic conservation laws to the two-dimensional scalar problems. The parametrized flux limiters and their determination from decoupling maximum principle preserving constraint is presented in a compact way for two-dimensional problems. With the compact fashion that the decoupling is carried out, the technique can be easily applied to high order finite difference and finite volume schemes for multi-dimensional scalar hyperbolic problems. For the two-dimensional problem, the successively defined flux limiters are developed for the multi-stage total-variation-diminishing Runge---Kutta time-discretization to improve the efficiency of computation. The high order schemes with successive flux limiters provide high order approximation and maintain strict maximum principle with mild Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy constraint. Two dimensional numerical evidence is given to demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach.
Endodontic significance of the penetration of S35-labeled penicillin in extracted human teeth

Abstract It has been found that the dentine and pulp tissue of all the teeth used in these experiments were permeable to radioactive penicillin. It was further established in one case that the material in the dentine remained in the original form of the penicillin molecule. Further investigation is indicated to prove the latter is true in all cases. The advantage of penicillin therapy in endodontia is experimentally supported by these studies. It must be remembered that these experiments were conducted, on freshly extracted human teeth.
New investigational antifungal agents for treating invasive fungal infections

Systemic fungal infections have been recognised as a major cause of morbidity and mortality during the last two decades. There are only a few therapeutic options for these infections. Severe toxicity, such as impairment of renal function, limits the use of amphotericin B. Flucytosine is associated with side effects and drug resistance. Fluconazole and itraconazole are safer, though emergence of resistance and innate resistance in some fungal pathogens is a concern in their use. Therefore, there is a need for developing novel drugs and/or treatment strategies to combat these infections. In recent years, increased efforts by the pharmaceutical industry and academia have led to the discovery of new re-engineered or reconsidered antifungal agents that are more efficacious, safer and have a broad spectrum of activity. Lipid formulations of polyene antifungal agents, amphotericin B and nystatin, have the advantage of improved therapeutic index. Activity against resistant fungi, high bioavailability, safety and longer half-life are the properties that encourage development of the newer triazoles (e.g., voriconazole, ravuconazole and posaconazole). Echinocandin-like lipopeptide antibiotics are among the antifungal agents with a novel mode of action. In addition to these lead investigational compounds, development of newer antifungal agents is underway.
Plants and the K-T Boundary

Preface Part I. Background: 1. Introduction 2. Resolution of the K-T boundary 3. Using fossil plants to study the K-T boundary 4. Brief history of K-T boundary paleobotany and palynology 5. Overview of latest Cretaceous and early Paleocene vegetation Part II. Regional Case Studies: 6. Williston Basin - the most complete K-T sections known 7. Other North American records 8. Eurasia 9. Remnants of Gondwana Part III. Interpretations: 10. Assessment of the K-T boundary event 11. Evaluation of scenarios for the K-T event 12. Floral effects of the K-T boundary event References Index.
Thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol)-methacrylate- based polymers and microgels

Since Lutz's and coworkers 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. paper on thermoresponsive properties of poly-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates (POEGMA), the publications on these polymers have grown rapidly. This highlight will cover some latest progresses in this active field. The selected topics include synthesizing POEGMA with various structures via controlled free radical polymerization techniques, coating flat and particle surfaces with POEGMA to impart thermo-responsive and antifouling properties to the materials, preparing biodegradable nanogels for controlled drug release, and using monodisperse POEGMA microgels as building blocks to form photonic hydrogels. As similarity of thermoresponsive and self-assembling properties between POEGMA and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) has been established, many previous works for PNIPAM could be applied to POEGMA polymers. The studies of POEGMA will open a new avenue for stimuli responsive polymer research because the POEGMA has advantages over the PNIPAM including biocompatibility and resistance to absorption of proteins.
A role for the small GTPase rho in epithelial cell invasion by Shigella

The small GTPase rho has been shown to act as an important switch that links signalling cascades initiated by cellular receptors to the cytoskeleton. While the important role of rho for major functions of probably all eukaryotic cells has long been established, this review looks at this small GTPase as a regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangements during invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella .
Potential Benefits of Investing with Emerging Managers: Can Elephants Dance?

After the grueling market experience of the past five years, institutional investors might do well to ask themselves the question, “Can elephants dance?” Despite less than stellar performance by the asset management industry9s giants, they have continued to grow and gain market share. Consolidation in the industry during the past market cycle has been driven by regulatory changes in the U.S. and the entry of foreign firms via acquisition. Economies of scale in distribution, compliance and technology have given large firms a substantial cost advantage over small ones. But have these changes benefited clients? Or are expanding behemoths likely to find it more difficult to perform and become less motivated to take significant risk? Emerging managers may answer the needs of investors seeking to mitigate risks, minimize costs, and address diversification within their investment portfolios.
Photocontrol of C-glycosylflavones in barley seedlings

Abstract The sole flavonoid of etiolated barley plumules is saponarin, a C-glycosylflavone restricted to the primary leaves. Increased saponarin synthesis is under a typical low-energy phytochrome control in both etiolated plumules and in those grown in white light. Prolonged illumination with white light, or high levels of blue light followed by red light, greatly increases saponarin and initiates the synthesis of lutonarin; this response is characteristic of high-energy photoresponses (HER). Kinetic studies show a typical lag of about 4 hr for phytochrome control of saponarin in etiolated plumules. Surprisingly, during this lag-phase and within 2 min following a red-light (132 Kerg cm−2) treatment, there is a 25 per cent decrease in saponarin recovered from whole plumules. Within 1 hr the light-treated plants yield only about half as much saponarin as do the dark controls. After 1 hr apparent saponarin content increases and by the fourth hour the flavonoid content of the light-treated and dark-control plants is similar. The fate of this “lost” saponarin is not known; it may be in part translocated into other parts of the seedling as the apical 1 cm of the plumule shows a more rapid recovery under these conditions, a part may be complexed into forms not recoverable by our techniques. Mediatory aspects of changes in saponarin localization within the tissues are considered.
Representation of Eye Position in Primate Inferior Colliculus

We studied the representation of eye-position information in the primate inferior colliculus (IC). Monkeys fixated visual stimuli at one of eight or nine locations along the horizontal meridian bet...
Jean L. Cohen. Globalization and Sovereignty. Rethinking Legality, Legitimacy and Constitutionalism

The intersection of constitutional ideas and international law has been the subject of a significant wave of scholarship in recent years. This monograph, written not by a lawyer but by a political theorist at Columbia University, addresses these themes in an engaging and rigorous way. And although it is a deeply scholarly work, it is also very much a politically engaged book, grappling with many fundamental questions of international law and governance today while trying to argue for "realistic-utopian" reform. While the book is not always an easy read, it is nonetheless a rich and rewarding one which does many things at once. It illuminates and critically analyses several bodies of literature from distinct though related fields - political theory, legal theory, constitutional law, and international law. Unusually in a cross-disciplinary book of this kind, Jean Cohen manages to do justice to each of these bodies of work, presenting the arguments fairly and meticulously before proceeding to critique them in a deft and nuanced way. She highlights points of agreement and disagreement, weaving specific strands of analysis from different bodies of scholarship into her own distinctive and powerful argument as the book proceeds. It is a work that is both descriptive and prescriptive: the author argues for a particular understanding of the system of global governance today (presenting it in terms of what she calls a "dualistic sovereignty" regime), and at the same time sets forth a normative political project of reconceptualization and reform. Cohen argues in particular for an understanding and a reconstruction of the international legal and political system along "constitutional pluralist" lines. The core of the book is an attempt to explain and reconcile the continuing existence and resilience of sovereign states on the one hand with a strong layer of global governance - an international legal �
Temperature and emission measure from goes soft X-ray measurements

GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) X-ray sensors observe the Sun continuously in two broadband soft X-ray channels. These data are collected in real time and are used operationally to detect the onset and the intensity of solar flares. For these purposes it is usually sufficient to monitor only the soft channel (1–8 A). The second, harder channel (0.5–4 A) provides additional information on the state of the coronal plasma. The dual X-ray measurement data are archived and made available to external users for basic research. The GOES X-ray sensors operate on the ion-chamber principle: measured ion-chamber electric current is proportional to the net ionization rate caused by incident X-ray flux on encapsulated noble gases. The ratio of the outputs of the two channels in electric current, therefore, is uniquely a function of the color temperature of the emitting plasma, and the magnitude of each of the currents is proportional to a quantity, known as the emission measure, that convolves the volume and the density of the emitting plasma. This paper provides a detailed description of the procedure used for computing color temperature and emission measure from GOES X-ray data, including a table of constants for SMS and GOES X-ray sensors that are necessary for reducing the archived data from these satellites. Temperature and theoretical current tables were constructed, for individual GOES sensors, from laboratory calibrations of instrument responses and from synthetic solar X-ray spectra generated by two models of solar thermal X-ray emission: Raymond-Smith and Mewe-Alkemade. Example tables are shown and others are available on request. Errors that may be incurred from the use of GOES X-ray data in the computation of flare temperatures and emission measures may be classified under four major groups: instrumentinduced errors, including errors of calibration and random measurement errors; environmentally induced errors, due primarily to the ambient energetic electron background; solar influences, including the consequences of the isothermal assumption and the single-source assumption; and uncertainties in the modelled solar synthetic spectrum. These error sources are discussed separately, and a rough estimation of the collective error is made where this is quantitatively feasible. Finally, temperatures and emission measures are computed from GOES data and are compared with those derived from SMM andHinotori soft X-ray spectrometer data and from broadband photometric data from the PROGNOZ satellite.
Spatial Map of Synthesized Criteria for the Redundancy Resolution of Human Arm Movements

The kinematic redundancy of the human arm enables the elbow position to rotate about the axis going through the shoulder and wrist, which results in infinite possible arm postures when the arm reaches to a target in a 3-D workspace. To infer the control strategy the human motor system uses to resolve redundancy in reaching movements, this paper compares five redundancy resolution criteria and evaluates their arm posture prediction performance using data on healthy human motion. Two synthesized criteria are developed to provide better real-time arm posture prediction than the five individual criteria. Of these two, the criterion synthesized using an exponential method predicts the arm posture more accurately than that using a least squares approach, and therefore is preferable for inferring the contributions of the individual criteria to motor control during reaching movements. As a methodology contribution, this paper proposes a framework to compare and evaluate redundancy resolution criteria for arm motion control. A cluster analysis which associates criterion contributions with regions of the workspace provides a guideline for designing a real-time motion control system applicable to upper-limb exoskeletons for stroke rehabilitation.
The HERstory of breast cancer revealed.

This issue of Clinical Breast Cancer contains several articles devoted to HER2-targeted therapy. Although only 5 years old, what might be called the HER2 era of breast cancer has profoundly affected how we look at breast cancer biology and how we treat the disease. The fruits of this revolution are continuing to reveal themselves, as outlined in the articles collected here. From a biologic standpoint, studies begun in the late 1980s helped answer a question raised by studies of the estrogen receptor (ER). How did ER-negative tumors grow, and why did patients with these tumors seem to fare so poorly? The aggressive nature of HER2-overexpressing breast cancers explained at least one part of this puzzle. More recent studies of HER2 in breast cancer have suggested other important links to breast cancer biology, providing evidence that HER2 is an upstream regulator of ER function and consequently of resistance to hormonal therapy. Therapeutically, HER2 targeting is still in its infancy, or at least its adolescence. Trastuzumab clearly improves survival in metastatic HER2-positive disease when combined with chemotherapy (even though it took us some time to define exactly what we meant by HER2 positivity). The pivotal randomized trial leading to Food and Drug Administration approval inadvertently and unexpectedly taught us something truly novel about the biology of cardiac myocytes, previously unknown to our cardiology colleagues. The way in which this new biology was discovered (a striking incidence of congestive heart failure when anthracyclines are combined with trastuzumab) should eliminate forever the illusions that targeted therapy is inherently safe, tumor-specific, or predictable based on preclinical models. Rational combinations of trastuzumab with other chemotherapeutic agents continue to come forward, some of which have now stood the test of phase III trials (eg, the addition of platinum agents to taxanes and trastuzumab). Truly exciting is the prospect that such regimens will improve the cure rate for breast cancer in the adjuvant setting, the subject of 4 large international randomized trials. The HER2 era also opened up other therapeutic venues: it is difficult to imagine the proliferation of therapeutic antibodies or of other HER family–targeting agents without the success of trastuzumab. In this sense, the HER2 story has become an important basis for the launch of multiple cancer therapies, and not just in breast cancer. Pulling on this particular thread of the breast cancer story may, in the long run, unravel quite a few human tumors. It is a truly superb beginning, and one that should make the investigators involved in the HER2 story quite proud.
Low-temperature behaviour of high-birefringence fibres

The behaviour of three types of high-birefringence fibre subjected to low temperature is investigated. From room temperature to -150°C the birefnngence increases over 20% in a linear fashion and exhibits no thermal hysteresis. After thermal cycling to -196°C no changes in polarisation beat length or attenuation are observed.
Cardiac-specific Overexpression of Calsequestrin Results in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Depressed Force-frequency Relation and Pulsus Alternans In Vivo

Abstract A. G. Schmidt, V. J. Kadambi, N. Ball, Y. Sato, R. A. Walsh, E. G. Kranias and B. D. Hoit. Cardiac-specific Overexpression of Calsequestrin Results in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Depressed Force–frequency Relation and Pulsus Alternans In Vivo. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2000) 32 , 1735–1744. Cardiac-specific overexpression of calsequestrin has been shown to result in significant decreases in contractile parameters and intracellular Ca 2+ transients in vitro . Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of calsequestrin overexpression on basal cardiac function and the force–frequency relation in vivo . Calsequestrin overexpression mice (CSQ-OE, n =20) and their isogenic controls (WT) were studied with an integrative approach using transthoracic echocardiography, stress-shortening relations, and invasive hemodynamics in intact closed-chest mice. M-mode echocardiography indicated that calsequestrin overexpression resulted in concentric hypertrophy (+52 %) and an increase in LV ejection phase indices. However, mean end-systolic stress-shortening coordinates revealed that at matched end-systolic wall-stress, fractional shortening was depressed in CSQ-OE mice. This was confirmed by depressed indices of LV isovolumic contraction and relaxation in CSQ-OE v WT mice. Furthermore, overexpression of calsequestrin resulted in a downward and leftward shift of the biphasic force–frequency relation; thus, the critical heart (HR crit ) was significantly lower in calsequestrin-overexpression mice (264±15 bpm) than in wild-type controls (365±21 bpm). Surprisingly, calsequestrin overexpression was associated with the induction of pulsus alternans in every animal (at an average heart rate of 428±26 bpm), whereas none of the wild-type controls displayed this phenomenon. We conclude that: (i) although increased levels of calsequestrin result in decreased myocardial contractility and a depressed force–frequency relation, LV wall stress is reduced and chamber function is normal, and (ii) an increase in SR Ca 2+ storage capacity induces pulsus alternans in the intact anesthetized mouse.
Implications of a positive crossmatch in liver transplantation: a 20-year review.

Whether a positive crossmatch result has any relevance to liver transplantation (LT) outcomes remains controversial. We assessed the impact of a positive crossmatch result on patient and graft survival and posttransplant complications. During a 20-year period, 2723 LT procedures with crossmatch results were identified: 2479 primary transplants and 244 retransplants. The rates of positive B cell and T cell crossmatches were 10.1% and 7.4%, respectively, for primary transplants and 14.6% and 6.4%, respectively, for retransplants (P = 0.049 for a B cell crossmatch). Across all primary transplants, females (P < 0.001) and patients with autoimmune hepatitis (P < 0.001) had greater frequencies of positive crossmatches. There was no effect from race or age. For both primary transplants and retransplants, patient survival and graft survival were not affected by the presence of a positive crossmatch. With respect to posttransplant complications, there were no differences in rejection episodes (hyperacute, acute, or chronic) or technical complications (biliary and vascular) between negative and positive crossmatch groups. However, there were significant differences in the pathological findings of preservation injury (PI) on liver biopsy samples taken at the time of transplantation and within the first week of transplantation (P = 0.003 for B cells and P = 0.03 for T cells). In summary, a positive crossmatch had no significant impact on patient survival or graft outcomes. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of PI in primary LT recipients with a positive crossmatch. This finding is important for a broader understanding of PI, which may include a significant immunological component. Liver Transpl 18:455–460, 2012. © 2011 AASLD.
Combined Doppler and Collision Broadening

Spectral lines combined Doppler and collision effect studied by statistical correlation function for time varying amplitude of classical oscillators
Achilles tendon repair: Achillon system vs. Krackow suture: an anatomic in vitro biomechanical study.

Abstract Background Limited open repairs of acutely ruptured Achilles tendon, using the Achillon device, are becoming a frequently used method of treatment. To date there are no biomechanical studies comparing the strength of the Achillon repair to the Krackow repair. This study provides a direct comparison of the strength of these two repair techniques. Methods Using 10 paired cadaveric Achilles tendon specimens; repairs were performed using a Krackow technique on one specimen and a repair with the Achillon Suture System on the contralateral specimen. All repairs were made with identical suture material. Specimens were tested for ultimate strength using a servo-hydraulic testing device. Findings The mean load to failure of the control group (Krackow suture) was 276 N (standard deviation 87.0), and for the experimental group (Achillon suture) was 342 N (standard deviation 92.8). Using a Wilcoxon test this result was found to be statically significant ( P = 0.03). Interpretation The current study has demonstrated that the Achillon repair is stronger in a cadaveric biomechanical study than the Krackow repair using identical sutures. This provides biomechanical evidence to support the continued use of the limited open repair as opposed to the traditional open repair.
Nix Is Critical to Two Distinct Phases of Mitophagy, Reactive Oxygen Species-mediated Autophagy Induction and Parkin-Ubiquitin-p62-mediated Mitochondrial Priming

Damaged mitochondria can be eliminated by autophagy, i.e. mitophagy, which is important for cellular homeostasis and cell survival. Despite the fact that a number of factors have been found to be important for mitophagy in mammalian cells, their individual roles in the process had not been clearly defined. Parkin is a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase able to translocate to the mitochondria that are to be removed. We showed here in a chemical hypoxia model of mitophagy induced by an uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) that Parkin translocation resulted in mitochondrial ubiquitination and p62 recruitment to the mitochondria. Small inhibitory RNA-mediated knockdown of p62 significantly diminished mitochondrial recognition by the autophagy machinery and the subsequent elimination. Thus Parkin, ubiquitin, and p62 function in preparing mitochondria for mitophagy, here referred to as mitochondrial priming. However, these molecules were not required for the induction of autophagy machinery. Neither Parkin nor p62 seemed to affect autophagy induction by CCCP. Instead, we found that Nix was required for the autophagy induction. Nix promoted CCCP-induced mitochondrial depolarization and reactive oxygen species generation, which inhibited mTOR signaling and activated autophagy. Nix also contributed to mitochondrial priming by controlling the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, although reactive oxygen species generation was not involved in this step. Deletion of the C-terminal membrane targeting sequence but not mutations in the BH3 domain disabled Nix for these functions. Our work thus distinguished the molecular events responsible for the different phases of mitophagy and placed Nix upstream of the events.
Effects of Combined Hands-on Laboratory and Computer Modeling on Student Learning of Gas Laws: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Based on current theories of chemistry learning, this study intends to test a hypothesis that computer modeling enhanced hands-on chemistry laboratories are more effective than hands-on laboratories or computer modeling laboratories alone in facilitating high school students' understanding of chemistry concepts. Thirty-three high school chemistry students from a private all-girl high school in northeastern United States were divided into two groups to participate in a quasi-experimental study. Each group completed a particular sequence of computer modeling and hands-on laboratories plus pre-test and post-tests of conceptual understanding of gas laws. Each group also completed a survey of conceptions of scientific models. Non-parametric tests, i.e. Friedman's one-way analysis of ranks and Wilcoxon's signed ranks test, showed that the combined computer modeling and hands-on laboratories were more effective than either computer simulations or hands-on laboratory alone in promoting students' conceptual understanding of the gas law on the relationship between temperature and pressure. It was also found that student conception of scientific models as replicas is statistically significantly correlated with students' conceptual understanding of the particulate model of gases. The findings mentioned earlier support the recent call for model-based science teaching and learning in chemistry.
Sustainable Agriculture Research and the Land-Grant System: A Replication

ABSTRACT This paper extends and improves upon Thomas A. Lyson's (1998) analysis of the environmental, economic, and social components of sustainable agriculture in American land-grant universities. Lyson failed to consider the relationship between two very important variables–the percentage of total time devoted to basic research and communication frequency with farmers–and the orientations of agricultural scientists toward sustainable agriculture and its underlying dimensions. Through the use of multiple classification analysis, we show that these two variables are more important than the independent variables Lyson examined in predicting scientists' allegiance to agricultural sustainability. In addition, Lyson uncritically accepted the notion that sustainable agriculture is the polar opposite of “conventional” agriculture. Our findings indicate that agricultural sustainability is not the epistemological break with productionist research that Lyson makes it out to be. A larger divide appears to exist bet...
Interpatient microbiological cross-contamination after dental radiographic examination

A preliminary study was done to determine whether there is microbiological cross-contamination of patients after routine intraoral radiography and to determine the viability of selected oral microorganisms on radiographic equipment.
Receptivity of a Supersonic Boundary Layer to Acoustic Disturbances

The boundary layer receptivity process generated by the interaction of 3-D slow and fast acoustic disturbances with a blunted flat plate, is numerically investigated at a freestream Mach number of 3.5, and at a high Reynolds number of 39 * 10 6 /m. The computations are performed with and without a 2-D isolated roughness element located near the leading edge. Both the steady and unsteady solutions are obtained by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations using the fifth-order accurate weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme for space discretization and using the third-order total-variation-diminishing Runge-Kutta scheme for time integration. The simulations showed that the linear instability waves are generated very close to the leading edge. The wavelength of the disturbances inside the boundary layer first increases gradually and becomes longer than the wavelength for the instability waves within a short distance from the leading edge. The wavelength then decreases gradually and merges with the wavelength for the Tollmien-Schlichting wave. The initial amplitudes of the instability waves near the neutral points, the receptivity coefficients, are about 1.20 and 0.07 times the amplitude of the freestream disturbances for the slow and fast waves, respectively. It was also revealed that a small isolated roughness element does not enhance the receptivity process for the given nose bluntness.
Chronic escalating cocaine exposure, abstinence/withdrawal, and chronic re-exposure: Effects on striatal dopamine and opioid systems in C57BL/6J mice

Abstract Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disease with periods of chronic escalating self-exposure, separated by periods of abstinence/withdrawal of varying duration. Few studies compare such cycles in preclinical models. This study models an “addiction-like cycle” in mice to determine neurochemical/molecular alterations that underlie the chronic, relapsing nature of this disease. Groups of male C57BL/6J mice received acute cocaine exposure (14-day saline/14-day withdrawal/13-day saline + 1-day cocaine), chronic cocaine exposure (14 day cocaine) or chronic re-exposure (14-day cocaine/14-day withdrawal/14-day cocaine). Escalating-dose binge cocaine (15–30 mg/kg/injection × 3/day, i.p. at hourly intervals) or saline (14-day saline) was administered, modeling initial exposure. In “re-exposure” groups, after a 14-day injection-free period (modeling abstinence/withdrawal), mice that had received cocaine were re-injected with 14-day escalating-dose binge cocaine, whereas controls received saline. Microdialysis was conducted on the 14th day of exposure or re-exposure to determine striatal dopamine content. Messenger RNA levels of preprodynorphin ( Pdyn ), dopamine D1 ( Drd1 ) and D2 ( Drd2 ) in the caudate putamen were determined by real-time PCR. Basal striatal dopamine levels were lower in mice after 14-day escalating exposure or re-exposure than in those in the acute cocaine group and controls. Pdyn mRNA levels were higher in the cocaine groups than in controls. Long-term adaptation was observed across the stages of this addiction-like cycle, in that the effects of cocaine on dopamine levels were increased after re-exposure compared to exposure. Changes in striatal dopaminergic responses across chronic escalating cocaine exposure and re-exposure are a central feature of the neurobiology of relapsing addictive states.
The functions of behavioral synchrony and speech rhythm in conversation

(1987). The functions of behavioral synchrony and speech rhythm in conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 20, Multichannel Communication Codes: Part I, pp. 171-220.
Increasing Cervical Cancer Screening Among US Hispanics/Latinas: A Qualitative Systematic Review

Hispanic/Latina women experience the highest cervical cancer incidence rates of any racial/ethnic group in the USA and tend to present with more severe cases and experience higher mortality compared to most other populations. The goals of this qualitative systematic review were to explore existing interventions to increase cervical cancer screening among US Hispanics/Latinas and to identify characteristics of effective interventions and research gaps. Six online databases were searched from their inception through June 30, 2013, using designated search terms and keywords. Peer-reviewed articles that documented an intervention designed to improve screening for cervical cancer among Hispanics/Latinas ages 18 years and older living in the USA were reviewed. Data were abstracted using a standardized form to document intervention characteristics and results. Forty-five articles, describing 32 unique interventions, met inclusion criteria. Identified interventions consisted primarily of educational programs and/or provision of screening. Interventions used lay health advisors (LHAs), clinic-based outreach/delivery strategies, partnerships with churches, and mass media campaigns. Twelve interventions resulted in significant increases in cervical cancer screening rates. Interventions developed utilizing theory, applying community-based participatory research approaches, and using LHAs were identified as having the greatest potential for improving cervical cancer screening among Hispanics/Latinas. There continues to be a need for the development of interventions in geographic areas with new and emerging Hispanic/Latino populations and that are comprehensive, follow participants for longer periods of time, and broaden the roles and build the capacities of LHAs.
Cytokine-activated endothelial cells express an isotype of nitric oxide synthase which is tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent, calmodulin-independent and inhibited by arginine analogs with a rank-order of potency characteristic of activated macrophages.

Abstract We have previously reported that cultured murine brain endothelial cells (MBE) produce large quantities of nitric oxide (NO•) after activation with interferon-gamma in combination with any of several immunoactivators including: bacterial endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Since endothelial cells are the first example of a cell-type which may possess both a constitutive and an inducible type of NO• synthase, it was of interest to compare the requirements of these two enzyme activities. Induction of NO• synthesis in MBE by cytokines was abolished by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyridine (DAHP), a selective inhibitor of GTP cyclohydrolase I, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (THB). In the presence of DAHP, NO• synthesis was restored by sepiapterin (SEP), a substrate for the alternative pathway of THB synthesis occuring via pterin salvage. Moreover, SEP increased NO• synthesis to >150% of control values, suggesting that THB availability is rate-limiting for NO• synthesis by cytokine-induced MBE. Methotrexate, an inhibitor of the pterin salvage pathway of THB synthesis, completely reversed the stimulation of NO• synthesis by sepiapterin. Thus, cytokine-induced MBE NO• synthase appears to have an absolute requirement for THB as cofactor. In additional studies we found that NO• synthesis by cytokine-activated MBE was inhibited by NG-monosubstituted arginine analogs with a rank-order of potency NH2 > CH3 > NO2, in contrast with the rank-order of NO2 > NH2 > CH3 previously described for inhibition of the constitutive endothelial cell enzyme. Using a kinetic assay for NO• synthase activity, based on oxidation of myoglobin heme-iron, we have found that these rank orders of potency also apply to cytosol preparations of cytokine-induced and untreated endothelial cells, respectively. Further differences between constitutive and cytokine-induced NO• synthase were observed with regard to calmodulin requirements. Whereas constitutive NO• synthase was potently inhibited by the calmodulin antagonists mellitin and trifluoperazine, cytokine-induced NO• synthase was unaffected. In summary, NO• synthesis by cytokine-activated MBE is THB-dependent, calmodulin-independent and inhibited by NG-substituted arginine analogs with a rank-order profile distinct from that for untreated endothelial cells but identical to that for cytokine-activated macrophages.
Fluorocarbon aerosol propellants VIII: solubility of trichloromonofluoromethane in dog blood and tissue homogenates.

Abstract The solubility of trichloromonofluoromethane in dog blood and tissue homogenates was measured indirectly using the head‐space method at 37°. These values, except that in dog blood, were used to estimate the solubility in the whole tissues or organs. In most cases, the solubility so obtained was independent of equilibrium concentration. However, a considerable concentration dependence for the solubility was observed in dog heart and kidney. The highest solubility found was in dog fat versus air, i.e. , 45.6, which is almost 220 times higher than the solubility in water or normal saline. Fat solubilization and specific binding interactions appeared to be the two major factors in determining the solubility. The pharmacokinetic implications of such findings are discussed.
Area-Level Socioeconomic Status, Adiposity, Physical Activity, and Inflammation in Young Adults, 2013

INTRODUCTION We assessed the independent effects of socioeconomic status, sex, adiposity, and physical activity on C-reactive protein in young adults. METHODS During the fall semester of their first year, college students (n = 177; mean age, 18.1 y; 66.7% female; 65.5% white) were assessed for adiposity via dual x-ray absorptiometry, physical activity via accelerometer, and serum C-reactive protein. Area-level socioeconomic status was based on self-reported home zip code. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to assess the relationship of sex, adiposity, and physical activity on the dependent variable of C-reactive protein, with participants nested within geographic regions of similar socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS C-reactive protein was positively associated with adiposity and inversely associated with socioeconomic status (both P < .05). Area-level socioeconomic status explained 28.2% of the variance in C-reactive protein. Adiposity was significantly associated with C-reactive protein in the full model (P = .006); physical activity was not associated with C-reactive protein (P = .48), and area-level socioeconomic status approached significance (P = .05) within the age range of our analysis after accounting for the variance explained by adiposity. CONCLUSION The significant positive association between adiposity and C-reactive protein suggests that young adults with higher adiposity have higher C-reactive protein levels after accounting for area-level socioeconomic status, sex, and physical activity.
Application of 3D aerodynamic/combustion model to combustor primary zone study

A description is provided of the three-dimensional elliptic code for reacting flows used in the combustor design process during the program 'Small Gas Turbine Combustor Primary Zone Study' carried out by a U.S. company. The code, designated MARC-I (multidimensional aerodynamic recirculating combustion-Version I) is an adaptation of the model described by Mongia et al. (1979). The program has the objective to advance the technology of the small reverse-flow annular combustor design through an understanding of primary zone performance factors. The MARC-I code was used for performance predictions of both original designs and later modifications. A test program consisting of both primary zone sampling and overall combustor performance measurements was carried out. It was, therefore, possible to compare the analytical predictions with actual test measurements.
Predicting children's savings: The role of parents' savings for transferring financial advantage and opportunities for financial inclusion

Abstract Parents transfer many forms of advantage to children based on their financial resources. Of interest is whether parents transfer educational and financial advantages and whether this occurs early in life. This paper examines financial advantage by asking whether children's own savings—apart from that of their parents—can be predicted by a separate measure of parents' savings for their child. This study predicts children's basic and college savings at ages 12 to 15 with separate samples from low-to-moderate- (LMI; N = 333) and high-income (HI; N = 411) households using Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Child Development Supplement data. Propensity score weighting and logistic regression results find that parents' savings for their child is significant in both household types. Given this, policies that aim to include children in savings may help reduce transfers of financial advantage and, ultimately, educational advantage.
Interfacial properties of Fe/Cr multilayers in the current-perpendicular-to-plane geometry

Abstract Recent arguments that the Current-Perpendicular-to-Plane (CPP) Magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr multilayers is sensitive to interfacial roughness stimulated us to try to repeat the experiments on which the claims were made. While our CPP specific-resistances are comparable to those previously reported, their detailed behaviors are different. Our data are consistent with a simple two-current series-resistor model with a single enhanced interface resistance 2ARFe/Cr*=1.6±0.15 fΩ m2, in reasonable agreement with recent calculations. However, our best estimate of the interfacial scattering anisotropy parameter, γFe/Cr=−(0.7±0.15), is larger in magnitude than predicted by the same calculations. We discuss possible reasons for the differences between our results and previous data.
Yield and phytosterol composition of oil extracted from grain sorghum and its wet-milled fractions

ABSTRACT Corn fiber contains an oil with high levels of three potential cholesterol-lowering phytosterol compounds. Little information is available about the levels and types of phytosterols in sorghum. In this study, phytosterols were evaluated in grain sorhgum and its wet-milled fractions and were compared with the phytosterols in corn. The study showed that sorghum kernels can provide a significant source of two phytosterol classes, free phytosterols (St) and fatty acyl phytosterol esters (St:E). Most of these phytosterols are concentrated in the wet-milled fiber fraction followed by the germ fraction. In addition to phytosterols, other lipid classes such as wax esters and an aldehyde (50% C28 and 50% C30) are also present in the sorghum oil. Comparison of sorghum and corn kernels show that corn has 72–93% more phytosterols than sorghum.
Review of truck powering techniques—old and new

Abstract Power determination is the most critical analysis performed in the evaluation or selection of an off-highway truck. Proper power selection is necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation and to minimize overall materials handling cost. In the present paper, basic principles of truck powering are briefly reviewed and a new power component of “reserve power” is introduced. Treatment of changeable operating conditions in determining power is emphasized. Traditional truck-powering techniques are reviewed and their limitations noted. Improved techniques resulting from recent studies are offered and innovations in providing suitable power to enhance qualities of ruggedness and agility are treated.
A practical introduction to multiple scattering theory

Abstract In recent years, the ability to interpret and analyze X-ray absorption spectroscopy data has progressed dramatically due, in large part, to the rapid development of ab initio theories of the absorption spectrum. One such theory, the feff program, has proven especially successful and is in wide use throughout the world. This paper presents an outline of the real-space, multiple-scattering theory used by feff and explains how feff is applied to both the near-edge and extended portions of the absorption spectrum. This paper is intended to be both practical and accessible. It is by a synchrotron experimentalist and intended for synchrotron experimentalists.
SIMS molecular cluster intensities of inorganic salts containing sulfur and nitrogen oxyanions

Abstract Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to examine alkali sulfur oxyanion and nitrogen oxyanion salts. The secondary ion spectra, filtered about a nominal 1-eV kinetic energy, are measured in the dynamic SIMS mode using a 1—5 μA/cm 2 beam intensity of 1-keV Ar + primary ions. Charge build-up on the sample surface is neutralized by thermal electrons. The positive (+) secondary ion spectra are dominated by cation species (M + , MO + , M 2 + , M 2 O + ). The negative (−) secondary ion spectra include the anion central atom (A)—oxygen series (O − , A − , AO − , AO 2 − , AO 3 − , AO 4 − ). The relative ion intensity pattern of the (−) series shows a clear dependence on anion stoichiometry. For sulfur oxyanions and a 1-keV Ar + ion beam, the pattern can be represented by a modified Poisson distribution if dissociation of AO 4 t- and AO 3 − is assumed for sulfate and sulfite, respectively. The Poisson distribution mean values for oxygen loss are found to be 4.5 for sulfate and sulfite and 3 for thiosulfate. The mean value for loss increases with increasing Ar + ion energy in the range 0.5–2.0 keV. The nitrogen oxyanion intensifies are complicated by ion beam damage and by neutralization effects. Primary ion beam damage of the substrate is monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).