cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A class of inherently fault tolerant distributed programs

Software for industrial process-control systems, such as nuclear power plant safety control systems and robots, can be very complex because of the large number of cases that must be considered. A design approach is proposed that uses decentralized control concepts, and is based on E.W. Dijkstra's concept of self-stabilizing systems (1974). This method greatly simplifies the software, so that its correctness can be verified more easily. A simple control system is described for a simulated robot that is tolerant of partial failure of controllers and mechanisms, and permits online repair and enhancement of the control functions. >
Facilitative effects of group feeding on performance of the saddleback caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

Gregarious feeding by insect herbivores is a widely observed, yet poorly understood, behavioral adaptation. Previous research has tested the importance of group feeding for predator deterrence, noting the ubiquity of aposematism among group-feeding insects, but few studies have examined the role of feeding facilitation for aggregates of insect herbivores. We tested the hypothesis that group feeding has facilitative effects on performance of the saddleback caterpillar, Acharia stimulea Clemens, a generalist herbivore of deciduous trees. In an understory forest setting, we reared caterpillars alone or in groups on two different host plants, white oak (Quercus alba L.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrlich), and recorded multiple measures of insect performance during regular field censuses. As predicted, A. stimulea caterpillars feeding in groups on white oak had increased relative growth rates compared with caterpillars feeding alone, and the magnitude of this facilitative effect varied among censuses, conferring benefits both early and late in development. By contrast, no facilitative effects of group feeding were detected on beech, suggesting that the benefits of facilitative feeding may be host specific. On both hosts, caterpillar development time was slightly faster for group-feeding cohorts compared with their solitary counterparts. Because early instar caterpillars are particularly vulnerable to predation and parasitism, even modest increases in growth rates and reductions in development time may decrease exposure time to enemies during these vulnerable stages. On both hosts, group feeding also reduced the trade-off between individual development time and cocoon mass, suggesting that feeding efficiency is improved in group feeders relative to solitary caterpillars.
Amiodarone versus implantable cardioverter defibrillator for asymptomatic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Clinical scenario In clinic one afternoon, before entering the examination room, you peruse the medical record of your next patient, a man you are seeing at the request of a colleague. The patient is 52 years of age and was diagnosed 18 months earlier with a nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM). His coronary angiogram showed insignificant epicardial coronary artery disease, and a transthoracic echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25% with 4-chamber dilatation. The patient has had asymptomatic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on several electrocardiograms. In addition to his current medical therapy of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, β-blocker, and digoxin, you are specifically asked whether the patient should have an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or amiodarone initiated. You perform a literature search to evaluate the evidence.
Previously Unreported Pectoral Bones in Moray Eels(Anguilliformes: Muraenidae)

Undescribed bones located in pectoral region of Muraenidae are reported. Typically there are either one or two small horn-shaped bones located posterior to intersection of supracleithrum and cleithrum. A deep concavity is present at posterior end of each bone. In species with a single bone, posterior section of bone is attached to a triangular sheet of cartilage. In species with two bones, one is dorsal to the other, and no posterior sheet of cartilage is associated with either. Of the two subfamilies of Muraenidae, the bones are lacking in all but one species of Uropterygiinae and vary in presence and number in Muraeninae. Monopenchelys acuta lacks these bones but has a posterior sheet of cartilage. Gymnothorax melatremus has three bone elements. Comparisons with pectoral bones of other anguilliform taxa suggests that bones in muraenids represent the scapula and coracoid.
High density and strong aggregation do not increase prevalence of the isopod Hemioniscus balani (Buchholz, 1866), a parasite of the acorn barnacle Chthamalus fissus (Darwin, 1854) in California

Parasitism is a common life history strategy among animals and has been the topic of empirical and theoretical study for decades. Many classic mathematical models assume increased spatial aggregation and density increase prevalence in a host population. Parasites can nevertheless take on a diversity of life history strategies that could result in deviations from these assumptions. I investigated the importance of density and aggregation of hosts on the prevalence, or percent of hosts infected by a parasitic castrator with a complex life cycle. An isopod parasite, Hemioniscus balani (Buchholz, 1866), infects an intertidal barnacle, Chthamalus fissus (Darwin, 1854), and renders the barnacle unable to produce eggs. To test the assumptions that density and aggregation increase parasitism, I conducted a survey of density, aggregation, and parasitism in the rocky intertidal zone in Santa Barbara County, CA, USA. I found spatial patterns of host density and aggregation did not lead to increases in parasitism. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a selfish herd effect, whereby the per capita risk of infection decreases with population size. Understanding patterns and drivers of infection is particularly important in marine systems, which are understudied compared to terrestrial diseases, and work done in terrestrial systems could not correspond to patterns and processes in marine systems.
Equality and Domestic Partnership

The question I discuss is not the merits of confining the status of marriage to the union of a man and woman, but the basis and validity of the decisions by judges, in the name of enforcing the Constitution, to extend the status to same-sex arrangements. I argue that the clauses in state constitutions that replicate or parallel the Equal Protection Clause of the Federal Constitution cannot properly be understood to require such an extension. The true explanation for these decisions is that we are in a "culture war," a conflict between an educational and social elite, notably including academics and particularly legal academics, and the vast majority of the American people. Judges are typically members of and share the values of the cultural elite. They bear a relationship to legal academia something like that of a playwright to drama critics. Legal academics, overwhelming liberal, are the principal source of the reputation of judges, the source of scorn or acclaim. They strongly support Finstea, take as their primary current cause the homosexual rights movement. The result is that many judges are strongly tempted to use their power of their offices specifically, the power to disallow legislative policy choices to enact the policy preferences of the cultural elite in the guise of merely interpreting and enforcing their state constitutions. It is important that American citizens recognize this for what it is.
Sovereign Bond Yield Spreads: An International Analysis

I propose a methodology for modeling and simulating at different horizons ahead the dynamics of the volatility related to the differential between each country's 10 Years Sovereign Bond Yield and the 10 Years U.S. Sovereign Bond Yield, namely conditional volatility of the spread. The analysis, developed on weekly data and on a sample of 32 economies, considers the exchange rate as an exogenous variable and resorts to the AR(1)-EGARCH(1,1)/DCC(1,1) specification for monitoring the evolution of this indicator. I provide a sensitive procedure based on market available information, where the co-movement between sovereign bond yields is an unstable component during a Sovereign Debt crisis.
Simulation Results for Micro-Bubbles and Turbulent Drag Reduction (Keynote)

A series of numerical simulations of small bubbles seeded in a turbulent channel flow have been made at average void fractions up to 10%. Initial near-wall seeding in general leads to a transient reduction in drag while smaller bubbles are more effective in producing sustained drag reduction.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Impact Of Religiously Affiliated Universities And Courses In Ethics And Religious Studies On Students Attitude Toward Business Ethics

Unfortunate unethical events are continuing in the business arena and now more than ever these business judgmental shortcoming focus attention on the ethics of business executives. Thus, colleges and universities must continue to address business ethics as they prepare and train the next generation of executives. Educational institutions should be concerned with the environmental factors and curricular additions or modifications that may impact their graduating students who will become future business leaders. The purpose of this study is to examine students’ attitude toward business ethics and to determine: (1) if attending a religiously affiliated educational institution impact these ethical attitudes, and (2) if completing ethics courses or religious studies courses effects these ethical attitudes. There is evidence to suggest that students attending religiously affiliated colleges and universities may have attitudes about business that are more ethical. Additionally, the argument that ethics can be taught is supported. Business majors who had completed at least one ethics course were found to have a more strict ethical perspective. No differences were found with non-business majors who had one or more ethics courses compared to those students that did not complete such a course. Results also indicated that business majors with one or more religious studies course were slightly more ethical in their outlooks. The influence of religious studies courses on ethical attitudes was far greater for non-business majors. The implications are that ethical education and institutional climate may play a role in effectively shaping students attitudes about business ethics. This study suggests that completing ethics courses for business majors and religious studies courses for non-business majors may impact undergraduate students’ attitudes towards business ethics. Colleges and universities must continue to focus on the challenges and address opportunities to achieve success in business ethics education.
Concerning the mechanism of action of enterokinase.

Summary1. Using highly purified systems, no evidence was found that enterokinase overcomes the action of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor on trypsin. On the contrary, the inhibitor, after being exposed to the action of enterokinase, was quantitatively recovered, indicating that enterokinase neither formed a strong complex with the inhibitor, nor digested it. 2. It is tentatively suggested that the results which led to the postulation of the new activity of enterokinase could be explained by the assumption that the lipotropic fraction contained trypsinogen in addition to trypsin-trypsin inhibitor complex and free inhibitor.
Electroacoustics modeling of piezoelectric welders for ultrasonic additive manufacturing processes

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a recent 3D metal printing technology which utilizes ultrasonic vibrations from high power piezoelectric transducers to additively weld similar and dissimilar metal foils. CNC machining is used intermittent of welding to create internal channels, embed temperature sensitive components, sensors, and materials, and for net shaping parts. Structural dynamics of the welder and work piece influence the performance of the welder and part quality. To understand the impact of structural dynamics on UAM, a linear time-invariant model is used to relate system shear force and electric current inputs to the system outputs of welder velocity and voltage. Frequency response measurements are combined with in-situ operating measurements of the welder to identify model parameters and to verify model assumptions. The proposed LTI model can enhance process consistency, performance, and guide the development of improved quality monitoring and control strategies.
Socioeconomic Factors and Race in Breast Cancer Recurrence and Survival

The relation of breast cancer recurrence and overall survival to age, level of estrogen receptors, number of positive lymph nodes, obesity, race, socioeconomic status, and tumor size at the time of diagnosis was considered for 1,392 breast cancer patients (253 black, 1,132 white, and 7 of other races) entered into two multi-institutional prospective clinical trials. Baseline for the first trial was 1974-1979, and that for the second was 1980-1985; follow-up for this report ended in August 1990. Univariately, all factors except age and obesity were significantly related to disease-free survival, and all except age were significantly related to overall survival. A multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model indicated that a greater number of positive lymph nodes, a larger tumor diameter, lower socioeconomic status, and negative estrogen receptors were significantly related to shorter disease-free survival. After adjustment for socioeconomic status, race ceased to be a significant indicator of either disease-free survival or overall survival. Patients of either race who are of a lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have a recurrence and to die of breast cancer.
Acute management of severe soft-tissue damage accompanying open fractures of the lower extremity.

This article presents a reliable, systematic approach to the management of soft-tissue defects accompanying open fractures of the lower extremity. This protocol has evolved in a trauma center setting and is based on intimate orthopedic and plastic surgical collaboration, external fracture stabilization, serial debridement of all devitalized soft tissue and bone, muscle flap coverage, and staged bone reconstruction.
Relationships between opioid disposition and their pharmacological effects--an overview.

The understanding of the metabolic disposition and pharmacokinetics of opioid analgesics and their relationship to therapeutic and adverse effects has been an area of considerable research activity in the past two decades and has provided the beginning of an applied science in this area. Given the experimental nature and complexity of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships and the state of the art in this area, the most meaningful therapeutic conclusions and extrapolations remain those based on the results of the most adequate and well-controlled therapeutic evaluations. In contrast, advances in analytical methodology and an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of opioid analgesics in specific patient populations (e.g. severe hepatic cirrhosis, renal failure) have provided clinically useful guidance towards the appropriate precautions for the use of opioid analgesics.
Usability for IT: manageability of data security technologies for client devices

Even though many products can deliver the security needed if used properly, such products cannot succeed if they drive the IT burden too high. The paper explains manageability and usability issues as well as guidelines for producing security products that are easier for IT to manage. The findings reported in this paper are based on qualitative data from structured interviews with IT professionals in 2006 and 2007. Applying a human centered approach to security technologies will help alleviate problems associated with manageability and usability of the application.
APEH Inhibition Affects Osteosarcoma Cell Viability via Downregulation of the Proteasome

The proteasome is a multienzymatic complex that controls the half-life of the majority of intracellular proteins, including those involved in apoptosis and cell-cycle progression. Recently, proteasome inhibition has been shown to be an effective anticancer strategy, although its downregulation is often accompanied by severe undesired side effects. We previously reported that the inhibition of acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) by the peptide SsCEI 4 can significantly affect the proteasome activity in A375 melanoma or Caco-2 adenocarcinoma cell lines, thus shedding new light on therapeutic strategies based on downstream regulation of proteasome functions. In this work, we investigated the functional correlation between APEH and proteasome in a panel of cancer cell lines, and evaluated the cell proliferation upon SsCEI 4-treatments. Results revealed that SsCEI 4 triggered a proliferative arrest specifically in osteosarcoma U2OS cells via downregulation of the APEH–proteasome system, with the accumulation of the typical hallmarks of proteasome: NF-κB, p21Waf1, and polyubiquitinylated proteins. We found that the SsCEI 4 anti-proliferative effect involved a senescence-like growth arrest without noticeable cytotoxicity. These findings represent an important step toward understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the APEH-mediated downregulation of proteasome in order to design new molecules able to efficiently regulate the proteasome system for alternative therapeutic strategies.
High energy density soft X-ray momentum coupling to comet analogs for NEO mitigation

Abstract We applied MBBAY high fluence pulsed radiation intensity driven momentum transfer analysis to calculate X-ray momentum coupling coefficients CM=(Pa s)/(J/m2) for two simplified comet analog materials: i) water ice, and ii) 70% water ice and 30% distributed olivine grains. The momentum coupling coefficients (CM) max of 50×10−5 s/m, are about an order of magnitude greater than experimentally determined and computed MBBAY values for meteoritic materials that are analogs for asteroids. From the values for comet analog materials we infer applied energies (via momentum transfer) required to deflect an Earth crossing comet from impacting Earth by a sufficient amount (~1 cm/s) to avert collision ~a year in advance. Comet model calculations indicate for CM=5×10−4 s/m the deflection of a 2 km comet with a density 600 kg/m3 by 1 cm/s requires an applied energy on the target surface of 5×1013 J, the equivalent of 12 kT of TNT. Depending on the geometrical configuration of the interaction the explosive yield required could be an order of magnitude higher.
Homocysteine Inhibits Cyclin A Promoter Methylation Via DNMT3 Inactivation in Human Endothelial Cells.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a significant and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We reported previously that homocysteine (Hcy) inhibits endothelial cell (EC) growth by transcriptional inhibition of the cyclin A gene. This is associated with an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, a potent inhibitor of methyltransferase. We hypothesized that Hcy inhibits EC growth and cyclin A transcription via hypomethylation and studied the effect of Hcy on epigenetic regulation of the cyclin A gene in EC. We found that the levels of cyclin A mRNA were significantly suppressed by azacytidne (AZC), a potent DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibitor, in human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). The cyclin A promoter (−518/256) is rich in GC content (59.1%), and has a CpG island spanning a 477 bp region (−277/200). Bisulphite sequencing followed by PCR amplification of the cyclin A core (−267/37) promoter, which contains 23 CpG sites serving as potential methylation sites, showed that Hcy (50 mM) eliminated methylation at two CpG sites, position 1 and 35, in the cyclin A promoter. Hcy selectively inhibited the activity of DNA methyl transferase 1 (DNMT1) by 40%, and had no effect on DNA methyl transferase 3 (DNMT3) activity in HUVEC. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated that Hcy reduced the binding of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and increased the binding of acetylated histone H3 and H4 in the cyclin A promoter in HUVEC but not in human aortic smooth muscle cells. The binding of MeCP2 to the cyclin A promoter was completely suppressed by AZC and trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, indicating that HDAC and DNA methylation mediate MeCP2 binding to cyclin A promoter. Finally, adenovirus tranduced DNMT1 overexpression, but not DNMT3, reversed Hcy-induced growth inhibition. In conclusion, we found that Hcy inhibits EC growth by suppressing cyclin A transcription, and that Hcy exerts this action by inhibiting DNA methylation through the suppression of DNMT1 and HDAC activity.
Dr Google: The readability and accuracy of patient education websites for Graves' disease treatment.

Background National guidelines emphasize the importance of incorporating patient preferences into the recommendations for the treatment of Graves' disease. Many patients use the Internet to obtain health information, and search results can affect their treatment decisions. This study compares the readability and accuracy of patient-oriented online resources for the treatment of Graves' disease by website affiliation and treatment modality. Methods A systematic Internet search was used to identify the top websites discussing the treatment of Graves' disease. Readability was measured using 5 standardized tests. Accuracy was assessed by a blinded, expert panel, which scored the accuracy of sites on a scale of 1 to 5. Mean readability and accuracy scores were compared among website affiliations and treatment modalities. Results We identified 13 unique websites, including 2 academic, 2 government, 5 nonprofit, and 4 private sites. There was a difference in both readability (mean 13.2, range 9.1–15.7, P = .003) and accuracy (mean 4.04, range 2.75–4.50, P = .019) based on website affiliation. Government sites (mean readability 11.1) were easier to read than academic (14.3, P Conclusion Online patient resources for the treatment of Graves' disease are written at an inappropriately high reading level. Academic sites contain both the most accurate and the most difficult to read information. Private sites represented the majority of our top results but contained the least accurate information.
Impact of a Multicenter, Mentored Quality Collaborative on Hospital-Associated Venous Thromboembolism.

Background Reliable prophylaxis of hospitalassociated venous thromboembolism (HA-VTE) is not achieved in many hospitals. Efforts to improve prophylaxis have had uneven results. Objective To reduce HA-VTE with a scalable quality improvement collaborative. Design A prospective, unblinded, open-intervention study with historical controls. Participants and setting All adult inpatients at 35 community hospitals in California, Arizona, and Nevada. Interventions A centrally supported collaborative implementing standardized VTE risk assessment and prophylaxis. Protocols were developed with 9 "pilot" sites, which received individualized mentoring. Finished protocols were disseminated to 26 "spread" sites, which received improvement webinars without mentoring. Active surveillance for real-time correction of suboptimal prophylaxis was funded in pilot sites and encouraged in spread sites. Planning and minimal improvement work began in 2011; most implementation occurred in 2012 and 2013. Measurements Rates of per-protocol prophylaxis (at pilot sites), and compliance with The Joint Commission VTE measures (all sites), were monitored starting in January 2012. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition-Clinical Modification codes were used to determine the rates of HA-VTE within 30 days of discharge, heparininduced thrombocytopenia, and anticoagulation adverse events; preimplementation (2011) rates were compared with postimplementation (2014) rates. Results Protocol-appropriate prophylaxis rates and The Joint Commission measure compliance both reached 97% in 2014, up from 70% to 89% in 2012 and 2013. Five thousand three hundred and seventy HA-VTEs occurred during 1.16 million admissions. Four hundred twenty-eight fewer HA-VTEs occurred in 2014 than in 2011 (relative risk 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-0.85). HA-VTEs fell more in pilot sites than spread sites (26% vs 20%). The rates of adverse events were reduced or unchanged. Conclusions Collaborative efforts were associated with improved prophylaxis rates and fewer HA-VTEs.
Abstract CS1-2: Searching for the optimal duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer

Endocrine therapy is an integral part of the adjuvant systemic management of women with early stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Adjuvant endocrine therpay is associated with significant improvements in disease-free and overall survival. Several adjuvant endocrine therapy approaches are available to women based on their menopausal status, disease stage, tumor characteristics, co-morbidities, and individual preferences. The optimal duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy established to date is 5 to 10 years. Extended adjuvant endocrine therpay provides only a modest additional benefit compared to a 5-year treatment duration. Studies reported in recent years offer some guidance to help clinicians provide recommendations regarding the type and duration of adjuvant endocrine therpay. Clinicians must weigh treatment benefits and potential adverse events for individual patients. Models to help individualize treatment recommendations are needed. Several opportunities are available to predict personalized risk of recurrence and likelihood of developing bothersome symptoms or serious adverse events. Women should have a close follow up with their physicians during the first year or therapy to identify emerging symptoms and to provide early interventions to optimize adherence to adjuvant endocrine therpay. Clinicians should engage in continuous discussion with each woman regarding the duration of treatment most appropriate for her and revisit recommendations based on evolving clinical trial results or events in the patient9s life. In this presentation I will discuss the available data regarding optimal length of adjuvant endocrine therapy. I will review expected benefits and toxicities. I will also discuss emerging biomarkers and approaches that may help individualize treatment duration for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Citation Format: Stearns V. Searching for the optimal duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr CS1-2.
MicroRNA-1291 effects on pancreatic cancer (PC) cells sensitivity to arginine deprivation and chemotherapy through modulation of ASS1 and GLUT1.

334Background: Cancer cells are reprogrammed to become addicted to a continuous supply of nutritional glucose and semi-essential amino acids like arginine, to drive synthesis of critical macromolec...
Antenatal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of neonatal hypertension

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used as tocolytics, which are medications that suppress uterine contractions for preterm birth prevention. Their effect on cerebral/systemic vascular beds poses the question of whether antenatal NSAID exposure is associated with neonatal hypertension. We performed a retrospective case-control study in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, including 40 hypertension cases (hospitalized neonates ≥ 35 weeks with systolic BP > 100 mm Hg on three consecutive days) compared to 134 controls matched by gestational age at delivery, plurality, and delivery date. Cases and controls were compared by antenatal NSAID exposure, other common tocolytics, and maternal/neonatal characteristics and complications. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of hypertension among those with prenatal exposure to NSAIDs versus those without exposure. Newborns with hypertension had a lower gestational age at delivery and increased incidence of neonatal complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, surfactant administration, longer duration of ventilation, and history of umbilical artery catheterization. Days of indomethacin exposure were positively associated with greater odds of neonatal hypertension (OR 1.17 [1.00 to 1.38], P = 0.055), even after adjustment for other factors associated with neonatal hypertension. Newborns with hypertension were less likely to have been exposed to calcium channel blockers as a tocolytic. The results of our study suggest an association between prenatal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and neonatal hypertension. Furthermore, our data suggest that prenatal calcium channel blocker exposure may protect against the development of neonatal hypertension. Future multicenter studies are needed to understand the risks of tocolytics and subsequent consequences in preterm infants.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid production by Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Bio-transformation study in media with oil hydrolysates

The unique ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to convert unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids via the production of unsaturated intermediates is known as bio-hydrogenation, which is responsible for the conversion or the bio-transformation of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid to saturated fatty acids like stearic acid via the intermediate compounds such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Realizing the health benefits of CLA, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from curd in order to study their ability of CLA production. Initially, four bacterial strains isolated from curd and designated as 1s, 13s, 15s, and 17s were screened and found to be gram-positive, catalase negative and acid producers. Out of these four strains, 1s and 13s showed rapid adaptation to the change in the substrate from glucose to linseed oil hydrolysate. The fermentation study conducted in shake flask mode revealed that the maximum concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA produced in medium enriched with 0.4% (w/v) castor oil hydrolysate (mCOH) by isolate 1s was 620 mg·L-1 at 4h while that produced by isolate 13s in mCOH was 430mg·L-1 at 8h as assessed by gas chromatography (GC) performed using a flame ionization detector (FID). Thus, the study proved the ability of LAB to synthesize CLA. Furthermore, in order to test the feasibility of CLA production on a large scale, an additional study was conducted using Lactobacillus delbreukii NCIM 2025 in a continuously stirred tank reactor in both batch and continuous modes using linseed oil hydrolysate as the fatty acid substrate. The maximum concentration of CLA produced by Lactobacillus delbreukii NCIM 2025 in medium enriched with 0.4% linseed oil hydrolysate (mLOH) was 380µg·L-1 at 6 h in batch mode and 590 µg·L-1 at 1h in continuous mode as analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) performed using an ultraviolet (UV) detector at 233nm. Thus, the study also reveals that there is a vast scope for improvement in the scale-up of CLA production from the laboratory scale to a commercial scale.
Prevalence of anaemia in children newly registered at UNRWA schools: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Children entering first grade at United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) schools across the five fields of its operations (West Bank, Gaza, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria) complete a comprehensive medical examination at UNRWA health centres as a requirement for their acceptance. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia and undernutrition indicators in these children. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at 59 UNRWA health centres, targeting all children entering grade one at UNRWA schools in Gaza, West Bank, Syria, and Lebanon in 2017. The children included boys and girls living inside and outside Palestine refugee camps. Using Epi-Info V2000, a weighted sample of 2399 was calculated (Gaza, 961; West Bank, 982; Syria, 334; Lebanon, 622) based on the prevalence of anaemia in a previous study (2005) and the total number of first grade students at UNRWA schools during the school year 2016–2017, with a confidence level of 95% and precision of 3%. Descriptive statistics were obtained and chi squared tests were carried out using SPSS v22. Child growth z-scores were calculated using WHO Anthroplus software. Informed verbal consent was obtained from parents. Findings 2419 students (1278 females and 1141 males) aged 6·1 (SD 0·4) years were examined. The prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin level of Interpretation The overall prevalence of anaemia in surveyed children (25·0%) was higher than in the 2005 study (19·5%). However, the prevalence in children in Gaza (29·3%) was lower than in 2005 (36·4%). Haemoglobin testing should be included as part of the medical examination for new school children. In addition, malnutrition among these children should be investigated further. Funding Health Programme at UNRWA Headquarters, Amman, Jordan.
Are you going to get a ticket or a warning for speeding? An autologistic regression analysis in Burlington, VT

Abstract Law enforcement is critical for improving traffic safety. However, disputes on the equity in law enforcement have continuously exacerbated the distrust between the public and the law enforcement agencies in the United States in the past decades. This study explores this issue by identifying factors influencing outcomes of traffic stops - the most common scenarios where people need to deal with law enforcement agencies. To exclude possible confounding factors, this study specifically focuses on speeding traffic stops leading to tickets or warnings in Burlington, Vermont from 2012 to 2017. The Euclidean distance-based autologistic regression model is adopted due to the presence of spatial correlations of traffic stops. It is found that with the increasing speeding severity, a speeding traffic stop is more likely to lead to a ticket. Speeding of 20 mph over the speed limit significantly influences the penalty type. Young drivers, male drivers and minority drivers are found to be more likely to be issued tickets, which suggests the possible presence of some inherent biases against these groups. In addition, time of day and month are also found to influence the likelihood of receiving speeding tickets. These findings are expected to help both the public and law enforcement agencies to better understand the characteristics of law enforcement and take appropriate measures to eliminate possible biases.
Breast cancer surveillance following ovarian cancer in BRCA mutation carriers.

Abstract Objectives BRCA 1 or 2 mutation carriers have increased risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and serous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The incidence of BC over time after EOC is unknown. Optimal BC surveillance for BRCA mutation carriers following EOC has not been defined. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective chart review was performed. Patients with BRCA -associated EOC diagnosed between 1996 and 2016 were followed for an average of 80 months. Women with previous bilateral mastectomy were excluded; women with prior BC and an intact breast were included. Descriptive statistics, Chi Square, and univariate survival analysis were performed. Results 184 patients with BRCA -associated EOC were identified. Eighteen (10%) were diagnosed with BC a median of 48 months following EOC. Two (1%) with prior BC developed contralateral BC and 16 (9%) developed primary BC. The majority of BC (55%) was diagnosed 3 years following EOC. The 3-, 5- and 10-year incidence of BC was 5.6%, 9.5% and 33.3%. Annual mammography was performed in 43% and MRI in 34%. Twenty-eight (15%) women underwent risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM). There was no statistically significant difference in BC screening between women with, and without, a prior BC. BC was most commonly detected on mammogram. Three (17%) women had occult BC at the time of RRM. Nine (50%) had DCIS, and 8 (44%) had stage I/II BC. Median 5- and 10-year survival was 68% and 43% and was comparable between groups. Conclusions Ten percent of women developed BC after EOC. The incidence of BC following EOC in BRCA carriers increases over time, and surveillance is recommended given their enhanced survival of EOC. Timely genetic testing for women with EOC is imperative to better triage BC screening resources and treatment.
Influence of weaning date and late gestation supplementation on beef system productivity I: animal performance.

A 4-yr experiment examined how weaning date and prepartum nutrition affected productivity in a spring (March and April) calving system. Crossbred beef cows (479 ± 59 kg, n = 144) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial treatment arrangement: 1) cows were weaned in early October or early December; and 2) during late gestation cows were fed on a dry matter basis a 32% crude protein supplement at 0, 0.41, or 0.82 kg/cow/d on dormant upland range or grazed corn residue without supplement. Cow body condition score (BCS) was affected (P ≤ 0.01) by treatment prior to parturition and breeding but was similar (P > 0.27) among all treatments in October. Dams on a higher nutritional plane during winter treatment had greater (P 0.76) by weaning date, but tended (P = 0.10) to be lower for cows grazing winter range without supplement. Calves born to dams grazing winter range without supplement had lower (P 0.12). Within weaning date, steers born to cows grazing winter range without supplement had lower (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight (HCW) than contemporaries born to cows grazing corn residue. Cows weaned in December had decreased BW and BCS but similar pregnancy rates as cows weaned in October. Weaning date and dam maternal nutrition had minimal impact on heifer progeny pregnancy rate. Steer progeny born to dams on a higher nutritional plane had similar HCW at slaughter when adjusted to equal fat thickness.
Community Intervention for Syrian Refugees in Baltimore City: The Lay Health Educator Program at a Local Mosque.

This study focused on a partnership with a mosque in Baltimore, MD, and its impact on the local Syrian refugee population through a peer-to-peer healthcare training program. We implemented the Lay Health Educator Program over a 6-week period in an effort to teach members of the mosque about healthcare-related topics that they could then disseminate to the Syrian refugee population that attends the mosque. Physicians and nurses instructed community members on health, healthcare resources, and healthcare information during 2-h long sessions once a week. A total of 18 community members took part in the program, and their participation highlighted that the most significant health issues for the Syrian refugees are “access to healthcare,” “mental health,” and insight into certain noncommunicable disease. Finally, the community program graduates implemented several health-related campaigns over 2 years in an effort to disseminate information taught to them. In doing so, they significantly impacted the ability of the refugees to assimilate to the US healthcare system.
Pay Inequality, Job Satisfaction, and Firm Performance

We find that within-firm base pay inequality is negatively associated with employee morale. Increases in hourly wages improve morale even among high-salaried employees. In contrast, total pay inequality is positively associated with morale. Low base pay (high total pay) inequality corresponds with employer reviews that emphasize fairness and commitment (talent and reward). Base pay inequality is negatively related to firm performance with no significant relation for total pay inequality. The evidence is consistent with employees viewing base pay as compensation for unobservable effort, with disparity harming morale and productivity. Incentive-based pay disparity may positively signal the value of promotions, yet it is not associated with greater overall productivity.
DESIGN OF DETECTOR OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE’S CRANKSHAFT TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS BASED ON ACCELEROMETER METHOD

Detector of internal combustion engine’s crankshaft torsional vibrations based on accelerometer method is designed. It consists of a measuring and transmitting part, which is mounted on the crankshaft of a diesel engine or the propeller shaft of a vessel and a receiving and recording part placed remotely. The measuring and transmitting parts of detector is easily mounted on area of the shaft of the vessel important for the measurement, which are difficult to access for other methods of vibration measuring. It allows directly in real time to measure the tangential accelerations of the shaft without interfering in the propulsion unit work. Carrying out such measurements allows to control the arising torsional stresses and signalling the excess of their safety limit. The measurement results of engine's pulsations of rotation of the crankshaft, arising during operation, allow to watchkeeping engineer to analyze the quality of the working process of each engine’s cylinder in real time and at different operating modes of the vessel. This analysis makes it possible to assess the technical condition of the engine’s parts and assemblies (cylinder liner, piston, o-rings), the quality of the fuel equipment of the diesel engine and, in general, allows to control the technical condition of the entire engine.
A lifelong preoccupation with the sociality of moral obligation

Tomasello provides compelling evidence that children understand that people are morally obligated toward members of their social group. We call for expanding the scope of inquiry to encompass the full developmental trajectory of humans' understanding of the relation between moral obligation, sociality, and stancetaking in interaction. We suggest that humans display a lifelong preoccupation with the sociality of moral obligation.
Cancer of the Lymphoid, Hematopoietic, and Related Tissue

Cancers of the lymphoid, hematopoietic, and related tissues are also known as blood cancers. Blood cancers are often characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal blood cells, which reduces the production of normal blood cells and impairs blood function. Lymphomas are lymphoproliferative disorders derived from the lymphoid stem cell. Also identified by their cell lineage, mature B-Cell, T-cell, and Natural Killer-cell neoplasms can be of several types. Myeloma is a proliferative disorder of plasma cells. Although more research is needed to determine the intensity and type of exercise recommended in patients with hematopoietic-cancer-related fatigue, exercise is believed to improve fatigue, mood, sleep, and functional capacity.
Core Elements of Work Ethic

Employers described the need for young workers with a good work ethic made up of several characteristics. Personal responsibility was the bare minimum employers expected from their workers. Workers demonstrated their work ethic by first showing up on time and fulfilling the “normal” and “basic” expectations for any job. From there, employers expected workers to show a engineering mindset or inclination for the work and a willingness to learn and a desire to grow on the job. Employers profiled in each section describe how they address the issues of work ethic and how workers with the right work ethic apply their skills. Profiles include a director of a local manufacturing organization, owner of a small foundry, and two founders of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms.
Psoriasis drugs in the medicare population: dermatologists' spending and prescription patterns.

PURPOSE Over the past decade, many new biologic and small-molecule drugs have been approved for psoriasis. These specialty drugs tend to be expensive and place financial burden on the healthcare system as well as patients. This study aims to explore trends in Medicare Part D spending and prescription patterns for psoriasis drugs by dermatologists. METHODS The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' (CMS) Medicare Part D Public Use Files from 2013 to 2017 were utilized to examine prescription rates and pricing FDA-approved psoriasis drugs. RESULTS From 2013 to 2017, psoriasis drugs accounted for 41% of total Medicare Part D spending by dermatologists in the database, of which biologics accounted for 86.5%. The proportion of psoriasis-related spending increased from 36% of total spending in 2013 to 53% in 2017. Prescriptions of etanercept decreased while prescribers of newly approved drugs increased significantly. The cost per day of biologics were significantly variable in 2013 but converged toward similar costs in 2017. CONCLUSION Psoriasis prescriptions comprise a large, increasing proportion of Medicare Part D spending related to dermatology. These increasing costs have significant implications for the healthcare system and affect out-of-pocket costs for patients who rely on such medications.
Job Growth and Finance: Are Some Financial Institutions Better Suited to Early Stages of Development than Others?

This paper combines firm-level data from 89 countries with updated country-level data on financial structure, and uses two estimation approaches. It finds that in low-income countries, labor growth is swifter incountries with a higher level of private credit/gross domestic product; the positive effect of bank credit is especially pronounced in industries that depend heavily on external finance; and banking development is positively associated with more physical and human capital investment. These findings are consistent with predictions from new structural economics. In high-income countries, labor growth rates are increasing in the level of stock market capitalization, which is also consistent with predictions from new structural economics, although the analysis is unable to provide evidence that the association is causal. It finds no evidence that small-scale firms in low-income countries benefit most from private credit market development. Rather, the labor growth rates of larger, capital-intensive firms increase more with the level of private credit market development, a finding consistent with the history-based political economy view that banking systems in low-income countries serve the interests of the elite, rather than providing broad-based access to financial services.
Structural Morphology of Rabbit Patella and Suprapatella Cartilage by Microscopic MRI and Polarized Light Microscopy.

ObjectiveIn order to appreciate the roles articular cartilage of sesamoid bones and sesamoid fibrocartilage play in anatomy and pathology, the articular cartilage of the patella (n = 4) and suprapa...
The unpacking effect in allocations of responsibility for group tasks

Abstract Individuals tend to overestimate their relative contributions to collaborative endeavors. Thus, the sum of group members’ estimates of the percentage they each contributed to a joint task typically exceeds the logically allowable 100%. We suggest that this tendency stems partly from individuals’ inclination to regard their fellow group members as a collective rather than as individuals, and that leading people to think about their collaborators as individuals should therefore reduce the perceived relative magnitude of their own contributions. Consistent with this thesis, four experiments demonstrate that people’s tendency to claim more than their fair share of the credit for a group task is attenuated when they “unpack” their collaborators, conceptualizing them as separate individuals, rather than as “the rest of the group.”