cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microvascular endothelial cells of the bovine corpus luteum: a comparative examination of the estrous cycle and pregnancy.

Endothelial cells derived from the corpus luteum (CLENDOs) exhibit diverse characteristics presumably serving their wide-ranging roles in luteal function and fate. Here, several attributes of CLENDOs derived from cows at midcycle (days 9-12 of the estrous cycle) were compared with CLENDOs from early pregnancy (day 60 of pregnancy). Flow cytometric analysis of cells fluorescently-tagged with the lectins Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-1) and Concanavalin A (ConA) indicated that CLENDOs of midcycle CL do not differ from those of pregnancy. Mean fluorescence intensity for BS-1 was 15 ± 1 and 23 ± 7 fluorescent units for midcycle CLENDOs and CLENDOs of pregnancy, respectively (P>0.05). For ConA, mean fluorescence was 25 ± 2 and 26 ± 1 fluorescent units, respectively (P>0.05). The CLENDOs were also exposed to cytokines to assess differences in activation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling (NF-κB), induction of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), cytokine production, and cytokine-induced cell death. In response to TNF, for instance, both types of CLENDOs exhibited a rapid, 5-fold decrease in NF-κB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA) protein expression (P 0.05). Similarly, both types of CLENDOs produced tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokine ligand 2 in response to IFNG stimulation (P 0.05). Lastly, extended exposure of CLENDOs of midcycle CL to cytokines induced cell death (~50% cell death vs. control) similar to the incidence of cell death seen previously in CLENDOs of early pregnancy. The results indicate that several physical and functional characteristics of CLENDOs of midcycle CL are retained through early pregnancy, including lectin-binding properties, sensitivity to cytokines, and the activation of cytokine-initiated intracellular signals.
A novel follicle-cell-dependent dominant female sterile allele, StarKojak, alters receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in Drosophila.

Abstract We describe a new dominant allele, Star Kojak , that alters receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the follicle cells and in the eyes in Drosophila. We isolated Star Kojak in a screen for follicle-cell-dependent dominant female sterile mutations. We show that Star Kojak and revertants of Star Kojak do not complement Star loss-of-function mutations. We propose that Star Kojak is a novel type of allele of Star that has both dominant gain-of-function phenotypes early in development and dominant loss-of-function phenotypes later in development. Star encodes a putative transmembrane protein that has previously been shown to be a critical component of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. Early in oogenesis, Star mRNA expression is higher in Star Kojak egg chambers than in wild-type egg chambers, consistent with its gain-of-function phenotype. Later in oogenesis, Star mRNA expression is lower in Star Kojak follicle cells than in wild-type follicle cells, consistent with its loss-of-function phenotype. By genetically analyzing Star Kojak and its revertants, we present evidence that Star is involved in anterior–posterior axis formation both in the female germline cells and in the somatic follicle cells. We also demonstrate that at least part of the dominant female sterile phenotype of Star Kojak is restricted to the posterior-pole follicle cells. We propose that Star functions by processing pro-Gurken to mature Gurken, which is thereby released in the region between the oocyte and the follicle cells and binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor in the follicle cells.
Signaling cascades: Escape from kinetic proofreading

The conversion of an event or signal outside the plasma membrane of the cell to one inside the membrane, called signal transduction, often involves an extended reaction cascade. Usually, the process must be remarkably sensitive and selective; however, the relative inactivity of the cell in the absence of a signal cannot be sacrificed to obtain sensitivity. Many cell responses are mediated by receptor proteins and the extended reaction cascade that follows stimulation of the receptor includes not only many proteins, but often multiple steps for the activation of each protein. It is therefore desirable to find generalized traits of these systems that do not require an understanding of each microscopic parameter associated with each of the components. One general formulation of the reaction cascade has been termed kinetic proofreading. Two papers in this issue of PNAS, Liu et al. (1) and Hlavacek et al. (2), examine the characteristics of a reaction in rat basophilic leukemia cells, which have been shown previously to have behavior consistent with a kinetic proofreading scheme. The experimental study by Lui et al. presents evidence for a response in these cells that does not follow the kinetic proofreading scheme, whereas the second paper explores the theoretical underpinnings that allow a response to escape from kinetic proofreading. The selection and development of T cells seems to be a process whereby either too much or too little signal leads to cell death with only intermediate strength signals causing further differentiation or maturation.
Observations of preferred orientation in high-Tc oxide superconductor tapes

Abstract Thin tapes of YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor have been tape cast by the doctor blade technique. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the (00l) planes of these tapes, to a modest degree, became preferentially aligned parallel to surface of the tape. This modest degree of preferential alignment resulted in a significant increase in measured critical current density.
Abstract B37: Negative affect and fruit/vegetable consumption: The nature of the relation differs by race/ethnicity

Dietary practices, including low fruit and vegetable consumption, are associated with risk for multiple cancers. Some work has shown that negative affectivity is associated with lower fruit and vegetable consumption. Previous work from our lab has shown that smoking behavior is differently associated with negative affectivity as a function of race/ethnicity. Given this evidence, it is plausible that the relationship between negative affectivity and fruit/vegetable consumption might also differ by race. To examine this question, data from the National Cancer Institute9s Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were used. Respondents reported current negative affect, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and race. Linear regression analyses examined race, negative affect, and their interaction as predictors of fruit/vegetable consumption. Race analyses compared White (n=5445) to Black (n=687) respondents. Analyses controlled for demographics and were run in STATA10 using complex survey design techniques to account for the HINTS sampling design. For the overall sample, there was a significant relation between negative affect and fruit/vegetable consumption; r=-.15, p Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B37.
Estimating the common parameter of normal models with known coefficients of variation: a sensitivity study of asymptotically efficient estimators

In this article, estimation of the common parameter θ, when data X 1, …, X n are independent observations where each X i is normally distributed N (d i θ, θ2) and coefficients of variation 1/d 1, …...
Historicizing Mathematics and Mathematizing Social Studies for Social Justice: A Call for Integration.

Researchers and theorists in education have offered persuasive arguments and evidence documenting the need for, and benefits of, education for social justice. Despite these efforts the intersection of social justice with interdisciplinary curricular designs remains underexplored. This article argues that social justice education is enriched through interdisciplinary curricula, in that it holds the potential for students to develop deeper conceptions of social justice and experience deeper learning outcomes related to content knowledge across subject matter areas. Central to this argument is the notion that situating disciplinary relationships explicitly within social justice perspectives encourages an emphasis on broader and richer sociopolitical consciousness among learners. We draw on historical and contemporary narratives to position social justice in mathematics and social studies education. As researchers in these two fields, we envision greater possibilities for the advancement of knowledge, and we ...
Glutamate receptors in the kidney

l-Glutamate (l-Glu) plays an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS) as an excitatory neurotransmitter, and exerts its effects by acting on a large number of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. These receptors are also expressed in several peripheral tissues, including the kidney. This review summarizes the general properties of ionotropic and metabotropic l-Glu receptors, focusing on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). NMDA receptors are expressed in the renal cortex and medulla, and appear to play a role in the regulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, proximal tubule reabsorption and urine concentration within medullary collecting ducts. Sustained activation of NMDA receptors induces Ca(2+) influx and oxidative stress, which can lead to glomerulosclerosis, for example in hyperhomocysteinemia. Group 1 mGluRs are expressed in podocytes and probably in other cell types. Mice in which these receptors are knocked out gradually develop albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. Several endogenous agonists of l-Glu receptors, which include sulfur-containing amino acids derived from l-homocysteine, and quinolinic acid (QA), as well as the co-agonists glycine and d-serine, are present in the circulation at concentrations capable of robustly activating ionotropic and metabotropic l-Glu receptors. These endogenous agonists may also be secreted from renal parenchymal cells, or from cells that have migrated into the kidney, by exocytosis or by transporters such as system x(-)(c), or by transporters involved in ammonia secretion. l-Glu receptors may be useful targets for drug therapy, and many selective orally-active compounds exist for investigation of these receptors as potential drug targets for various kidney diseases.
Security in a networked environment

Networking allows multiple users to share data, information, software, and hardware. In addition, a network can centralize the management of a large base of connected processing units often configured to provide one location for coordinating security, backup and control. Security is the means to limit damage to data and to prevent user access to unauthorized information. The question of maintaining adequate security provisions across heterogenous platforms presents new security challenges for the network administrator. Computer crimes are on the rise. These crimes range from eavesdropping confidential information to physicial damage of equipments that information is stored. Some reasons of the increase in computer crimes include that there are more computers in use, there are more networks, and PCs can now access larger mainframe databases.
Electronic Phase Shifter for Millimeter-Wave Semiconductor Dielectric Integrated Circuits

A new system is proposed for millimeter-wave integrated circuits. It is suggested that high-resistivity silicon be used as a medium for a dielectric waveguide. With the advent of high-resistivity silicon, propagation can occur with relatively low Ioss. Furthermore, since the medium is a semiconductor compatible with active devices, it is proposed that active devices can be constructed directly in the semiconductor dielectric guide or appendaged directly on the surface. The basic approach is similar to that used in integrated optics, except that the medium for millimeter-wave guidance is a semiconductor and the control devices rely on conductivity modulation rather than on electrooptical effects. Some particular devices suggested are oscillator, mechanical and electronic phase shifters, amplitude modulators (switches), and detectors. The first of such devices investigated has been the electronic phase shtiter. Related theory and experiments are reported here. In addition, preliminary results on oscillators imbedded in a dielectric resonator are presented.
Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles

Abstract Tailpipe emissions from sixty-four unique light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) spanning model years 1987–2012, two medium-duty diesel vehicles and three heavy-duty diesel vehicles with varying levels of aftertreatment were characterized at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit and Heavy-Duty Engine Testing Laboratories. Each vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer using a constant volume sampler, commercial fuels and standard duty cycles. Measurements included regulated pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and particulate matter (PM). Off-line analyses were performed to speciate gas- and particle-phase emissions. The data were used to investigate trends in emissions with vehicle age and to quantify the effects of different aftertreatment technologies on diesel vehicle emissions (e.g., with and without a diesel particulate filter). On average, newer LDGVs that met the most recent emissions standards had substantially lower emissions of regulated gaseous pollutants (CO, THC and NO x ) than older vehicles. For example, THC emissions from the median LDGV that met the LEV2 standard was roughly a factor of 10 lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle; there were also substantial reductions in NO x (factor of ∼100) and CO (factor of ∼10) emissions from pre-LEV to LEV2 vehicles. However, reductions in LDGV PM mass emissions were much more modest. For example, PM emission from the median LEV2 vehicle was only a factor of three lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle, mainly due to the reductions in organic carbon emissions. In addition, LEV1 and LEV2 LDGVs had similar PM emissions. Catalyzed diesel particulate filters reduced CO, THC and PM emissions from HDDVs by one to two orders of magnitude. Comprehensive organic speciation was performed to quantify priority air toxic emissions and to estimate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. The data suggest that the SOA production from cold-start LDGVs exhaust will likely exceed primary PM emissions from LDGVs and could potentially exceed SOA formation from on-road diesel vehicles.
Digital field scholarship and the liberal arts: results from a 2012---13 sandbox

We summarize a recent multi-institutional collaboration in digital field scholarship involving four liberal arts colleges: Davidson College, Lewis & Clark College, Muhlenberg College, and Reed College. Digital field scholarship (DFS) can be defined as scholarship in the arts and sciences for which field-based research and concepts are significant, and digital tools support data collection, analysis, and communication; DFS thus gathers together and extends a wide range of existing scholarship, offering new possibilities for appreciating the connections that define liberal education. Our collaboration occurred as a sandbox, a collective online experiment using a modified WordPress platform (including mapping and other advanced capabilities) built and supported by Lewis & Clark College, with sponsorship provided by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education. Institutions selected course-based DFS projects for fall 2012 and/or spring 2013. Projects ranged from documentary photojournalism to home energy efficiency assessment. One key feature was the use of readily available mobile devices and apps for field-based reconnaissance and data collection; another was our public digital scholarship approach, in which student participants shared the process and products of their work via public posts on the DFS website. Descriptive and factor analysis results from anonymous assessment data suggest strong participant response and likely future potential of digital field scholarship across class level and gender. When set into the context of the four institutions that supported the 2012---2013 sandbox, we see further opportunities for digital field scholarship on our and other campuses, provided that an optimal balance is struck between challenges and rewards along technical, pedagogical, and practical axes. Ultimately, digital field scholarship will be judged for its scholarship and for extending the experimental, open-ended inquiry that characterizes liberal education.
Lava Bubble-wall Fragments Formed by Submarine Hydrovolcanic Explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano

Glassy bubble-wall fragments, morphologically similar to littoral limu o Pele, have been found in volcanic sands erupted on Lō'ihi Seamount and along the submarine east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano. The limu o Pele fragments are undegassed with respect to H2O and S and formed by mild steam explosions. Angular glass sand fragments apparently form at similar, and greater, depths by cooling-contraction granulation. The limu o Pele fragments from Lō'ihi Seamount are dominantly tholeiitic basalt containing 6.25–7.25% MgO. None of the limu o Pele samples from Lō'ihi Seamount contains less than 5.57% MgO, suggesting that higher viscosity magmas do not form lava bubbles. The dissolved CO2 and H2O contents of 7 of the limu o Pele fragments indicate eruption at 1200±300 m depth (120±30 bar). These pressures exceed that generally thought to limit steam explosions. We conclude that hydrovolcanic eruptions are possible, with appropriate pre-mixing conditions, at pressures as great as 120 bar.
The ultrastructure of the salt gland of Spartina foliosa.

The salt gland in Spartina foliosa is composed of two cells, a large basal cell and a smaller, dome-shaped cap cell which is located on a neck-like protrusion of the basal cell. There is no cuticular layer separating the salt gland from the mesophyll tissue. The basal cell has dense cytoplasm which contains numerous mitochondria, rod-like wall protuberances, and infoldings of the plasmalemma which extend into the basal cell and partition the basal cell cytoplasm. The protuberances originate on the wall between the basal and the cap cells and are isolated from the basal-cell cytoplasm by the infoldings of the plasmalemma. While the cap cell has no partitioning membrane system or wall protuberances, it resembles the basal cell by having dense cytoplasm and numerous mitochondria.The basal cell seems to be designed for efficient movement of ions toward the cap cell. The long, dead-end extracellular channels in the basal cell of Spartina appear comparable to surface specializations seen in the secreting epithelium of animal cells which carry out solute-linked water transport. The number of mitochondria and their close association with the plasmalemma extensions suggest that they have an important role in the transfer of ions through the basal cell.The accumulated ions would move into the extracellular spaces along an osomotic gradient where the accompanying passive flow of water would move the ions into the cap-cell wall and from there the solution would pass out through the pores in the cuticle.
Functional expression of olfactory-adrenergic receptor chimeras and intracellular retention of heterologously expressed olfactory receptors

Replacing the G-protein-coupling domains of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor with homologous domains of putative olfactory receptors produced chimeric receptors which were able to stimulate pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores, a G-protein-mediated pathway. A multiple replacement chimera containing the second, third and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of receptor OR5 elevated cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and suppressed production of inositol phosphates. Co-expression of G alpha olf did not alter the strength of response of this chimera. A novel rat olfactory receptor cDNA (U131) was isolated and sequenced. Expression of U131 and OR5 constructs containing an N-terminal epitope-tag or C-terminal fusion to green fluorescent protein occurred in an intracellular network but not in the plasma membrane of heterologous cells. Similarly treated beta 2-adrenergic receptors were functional and were observed in the plasma membrane and the intracellular network. These results demonstrate that the putative cytoplasmic domains of olfactory receptors are capable of functional interaction with heterologous G-proteins of the G alpha s subtype. Instead, the absence of these receptors from the plasma membrane of heterologous cells appears to explain our inability to determine if odorants can activate the olfactory receptor clones. We hypothesize that the olfactory receptors have requirements for maturation and targeting to the plasma membrane that are different from most other G-protein-coupled receptors.
Direct Comparisons of Illumina vs. Roche 454 Sequencing Technologies on the Same Microbial Community DNA Sample

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is commonly used in metagenomic studies of complex microbial communities but whether or not different NGS platforms recover the same diversity from a sample and their assembled sequences are of comparable quality remain unclear. We compared the two most frequently used platforms, the Roche 454 FLX Titanium and the Illumina Genome Analyzer (GA) II, on the same DNA sample obtained from a complex freshwater planktonic community. Despite the substantial differences in read length and sequencing protocols, the platforms provided a comparable view of the community sampled. For instance, derived assemblies overlapped in ∼90% of their total sequences and in situ abundances of genes and genotypes (estimated based on sequence coverage) correlated highly between the two platforms (R2>0.9). Evaluation of base-call error, frameshift frequency, and contig length suggested that Illumina offered equivalent, if not better, assemblies than Roche 454. The results from metagenomic samples were further validated against DNA samples of eighteen isolate genomes, which showed a range of genome sizes and G+C% content. We also provide quantitative estimates of the errors in gene and contig sequences assembled from datasets characterized by different levels of complexity and G+C% content. For instance, we noted that homopolymer-associated, single-base errors affected ∼1% of the protein sequences recovered in Illumina contigs of 10× coverage and 50% G+C; this frequency increased to ∼3% when non-homopolymer errors were also considered. Collectively, our results should serve as a useful practical guide for choosing proper sampling strategies and data possessing protocols for future metagenomic studies.
Measuring Media Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship theory complements established approaches to media management research with an alternative frame for viewing media ownership and the media's capacity for content diversity. Established entrepreneurship metrics were applied to media industries in the United States. All media sectors experienced varying rates in the second half of the last century; by the turn of the new century, nearly all were more entrepreneurial than any other U.S. service or manufacturing industry. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Postearthquake relaxation evidence for laterally variable viscoelastic structure and water content in the Southern California mantle

I reexamine the lower crust and mantle relaxation following two large events in the Mojave Desert: the 1992 M7.3 Landers and 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes. Time series from continuous GPS sites out to 300 km from the ruptures are used to constrain models of postseismic relaxation. Crustal motions in the Mojave Desert region are elevated above background for several years following each event. To account for broadscale relaxation of the lower crust and mantle, the Burgers body model is employed, involving transient and steady state viscosities. Joint afterslip/postseismic relaxation modeling of the GPS time series up to one decade following the Hector Mine earthquake reveals a significant rheological contrast between a northwest trending “southwest domain” (that envelopes the San Andreas fault system and western Mojave Desert) and an adjacent “northeast domain” (that envelopes the Landers and Hector Mine rupture areas in the central Mojave Desert). The steady state viscosity of the northeast domain mantle asthenosphere is inferred to be ∼4 times greater than that of the southwest domain. This pattern is counter to that expected for regional heat flow, which is higher in the northeast domain, but it is explicable by means of a nonlinear rheology that includes dependence on both strain rate and water concentration. I infer that the southwest domain mantle has a relatively low steady state viscosity because of its high strain rate and water content. The relatively low mantle water content of the northeast domain is interpreted to result from the continual extraction of water through igneous and volcanic activity over the past ∼20 Myr.
The effect of hydrocortisone on the immune response of mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection of Balb/c mice with Corynebacterium parvum 3 days prior to injection of sheep red blood cells produced a stimulation of direct (19S) and indirect (7S) plaque-forming cell response. Simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of C. parvum and hydrocortisone depressed the stimulatory effect of C. parvum on direct plaque cell formation in the spleen. Conversely, injection of C. parvum and hydrocortisone did not significantly affect the indirect plaque cell response. The spleen weight was increased when C. parvum was injected alone or in combination with hydrocortisone. Administration of C. parvum alone decreased the weight of the thymus. This effect was blocked when the vaccine was combined with hydrocortisone.
Process Evaluation in Corrections-Based Substance Abuse Treatment.

Abstract Prison overcrowding has fostered an interest in providing substance abuse treatment to inmates. Outcome evaluations to determine program effectiveness are viewed as essential. This paper argues that in order for a prison based substance abuse treatment outcome evaluation to achieve reliability and validity, a process evaluation is central. As part of the process evaluation, five groups within the correctional setting need to be considered: inmates, treatment staff, prison staff, prison administration, and the parole board. These five groups are discussed relative to three stages of development of substance abuse treatment in prison: program policy making, evolution, and viability.
The effects of system and geometric parameters on abrasive water jet nozzle wear

Nozzle wear dependence on abrasive water jet system parameters and nozzle geometry is experimentally investigated. Experimental procedures for evaluating long term and accelerated nozzle wear are discussed. Accelerated wear tests are conducted to study the effects of nozzle length, inlet angle, diameter, orifice diameter, abrasive flow rate, and water pressure on wear. An empirical model for nozzle weight loss rate is developed and is shown to correlate well with experimental measurements.
Localized Lattice Vibration Modes Due to Substitutional Mass Defects in Sodium Iodide

Frequencies for local modes due to mass defects in NaI are computed on the deformation-dipole model for the perfect lattice. In this crystal local modes occur within the gap between the optical and acoustic branches of the frequency spectrum, as well as above the optical branches. Frequencies are computed for impurity ions of both signs, and of masses both greater and less than that of the host ions.
Streamlining Flight Test with the Design and Analysis of Experiments

Traditionale ight-testmethodologytypicallyresultsinlargetestmatricesusingtheapproachofchangingsettings of one input variable at a time, keeping all others at some nominal level. Although this method is functional, another method exists that can dramatically reducetheamount of testing required, increasethe quality of the data analysis, and provide additional insight into system performance. We propose using the principles of statistically designed experiments; and we provide a process for planning e ight test using these principles. The proposed process complements traditional testing methods and places a greater emphasis on structuring test design to increase the precision and interpretability of the data using statistical analysis. Another enhancement to the test processis recommendingsmalland sequentialtesting sothatinformation learned from earliertestsisincorporated in subsequent phases and unnecessary tests can be avoided. The proposed methodology has three phases: building the strategic e ight-test plan, developing detailed test objectives, and planning e ight testing and analysis. This paper discusses the activities conducted in each phase and illustrates the main points with an example from a recent experience with the CV-22 operational test and evaluation. Although our proposal is directed to e ight test, it can be easily implemented in most test environments.
When Jack and Jill Make a Deal

In ordinary circumstances, human actions have a myriad of unintended and often unforeseen consequences for the lives of other people. Problems of pollution are serious examples, but spillovers and side effects are the rule, not the exception. Who knows what consequences this essay may have?This essay is concerned with the problems of justice created by spillovers. After characterizing such spillovers more precisely and relating the concept to the economist's notion of an externality, I shall then consider the moral conclusions concerning spillovers that issue from a natural rights perspective and from the perspective of welfare economics supplemented with theories of distributive justice. I shall argue that these perspectives go badly awry in taking spillovers to be the exception rather than the rule in human interactions.I. ExternalitiesEconomists have discussed spillovers under the heading of “externalities.” To say this is not very helpful, since there is so much disagreement concerning both the definition and significance of externalities.
Kim Ki-duk

Hye Seung Chung Urbana/Chicago/Springfield, University of Illinois Press, 2012 176 pp., illus., bibliography and index, $22.00 (paper) In 2012, Korean film director Kim Ki-duk drew international at...
Defining Higher Levels in the Multilevel Societies of Geladas (Theropithecus gelada)

Multilevel societies, identified by two or more nested levels (or modules) of organization, have been touted as some of the most complex social systems. However, few empirical studies have effectively quantified the association patterns that delineate the various levels in such societies. In particular, the multiple levels of gelada society were first described >3 decades ago, yet no operational definitions exist for the higher levels, i.e., levels above the one-male unit. In geladas, multiple units form aggregations that fission and fuse throughout the day, and throughout the year, blurring the distinctions between previously described higher social levels: teams, bands, and communities. Here we use 5 yr of data on the daily composition of a population of geladas living in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia to test the hypothesis that higher levels of gelada organization are discrete entities. If gelada aggregations are nothing more than a group of units that share a home range, then we expect a continuous distribution of unit association. If, however, gelada aggregations are indeed discrete organizational levels, then we expect discontinuity in the patterns of association. We found significant discontinuity at the 50% association level, indicating a sharp distinction between members of the same band (>50% association) and members of the same community (<50% association). We also found evidence that recently fissioned units form teams that associate significantly more than other band members. Thus, despite their extremely fluid social organization, gelada social levels are nevertheless clearly identifiable and quantifiable. Based on these results, we suggest that gelada society is an extremely flexible, multilevel society with fission–fusion dynamics, and as such gelada society presents an unusual example for understanding the evolution of modular societies.
The Heitler-London description of the covalent bond in H2

We show that there is a natural correspondence between the Heitler London energy expressions for H2 and an energy expression based on localized wave functions. We use this correspondence and rather accurate localized wave functions to verify the Heitler-London explanation of covalent bonding in H2.
Effect of column efficiency on the internal concentration profiles and the performance of a simulated moving-bed unit in the case of a linear isotherm

Abstract Simulated moving-bed (SMB) separators have been used successfully to separate or purify continuously two components with different adsorption selectivities. A detailed understanding of their behavior is still lacking, however. A numerical solution of the equilibrium—dispersive model allows the calculation of the concentration profiles along the columns, of their progressive shifts during a cycle, of the progressive build-up of these concentration profiles in each column during the start-up period, of the concentration profiles under steady-state and of the concentration histories at the extract and raffinate ports. These profiles are illustrated and discussed. The results obtained are compared to those of the exact analytical solution of the linear, ideal model previously developed. This comparison illustrates the influence of column efficiency on the time needed to reach steady-state operation.
Urban human ecology

Cities are human ecosystems. Eight primary concepts assist us in understanding human ecosystems in terms of variability, time, and complexity. These concepts include: systems thinking; language, culture, and technology; structure, function, and change; edges, boundaries, and ecotones; interaction, integration, and institution; diversity; adaptation; and holism. Hierarchy theory presents a framework for organizing these concepts. Human settlements can be viewed hierarchically, that is, from a more immediate scale to the global. In this paper, the eight concepts will be explored and applied to the urban context. The exploration of human ecology is useful to design and plan the built environment. The ability to respond to change and to adjust actions positively helps to determine the resilience of cities
Ant Nests for Observation and Study

Many laboratory nests have been designed for ants. Those containing soil have the disadvantage of limiting the observation of many of the activities of the ants. Those made of plaster of paris and glass require frequent attention to assure adequate water, and some ants will chew plaster of paris.
Investigating the Influence of Interfacial Contact Properties on Open Circuit Voltages in Organic Photovoltaic Performance: Work Function Versus Selectivity

The role of work function and thermodynamic selectivity of hole collecting contacts on the origin of open circuit voltage (VOC) in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics is examined for poly(N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) solar cells. In the absence of a charge selective, electron blocking contact, systematic variation of the work function of the contact directly dictates the VOC, as defined by the energetic separation between the relative Fermi levels for holes and electrons, with little change in the observed dark saturation current, J0. Improving the charge selectivity of the contact through an increased barrier to electron injection from the fullerene in the blend into the hole contact results in a decreased reverse saturation current (decreased J0 and increased shunt resistance, RSH) and improved VOC. Based on these observations, we provide a set of contact design criteria for tuning the VOC in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics.
Extrusion of Carbon Accompanying Uptake of Amino Acids by Marine PHYTOPLANKTERS1

Simultaneous measurements of cell nitrogen, dissolved 14C, and dissolved amino nitrogen indicate that ambient amino acids enter phytoplankton cells, the amino nitrogen is retained, an d some carbon is returned to the medium. This implies that radiochemical measurements of uptake rates using ‘“C-labeled amino acids may produce serious underestimates of actual uptake rates, particularly with long incubation times. Also, it is consistent with the hypothesis that amino acids may be a significant nitrogen source for phytoplankters in the ocean.
C-Terminal Di-leucine Motif of Dopamine D1 Receptor Plays an Important Role in Its Plasma Membrane Trafficking

The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R), a G protein-coupled receptor, plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure through its actions on renal hemodynamics and epithelial ion transport, which are highly linked to its intracellular trafficking. In this study, we generated a series of C-terminal mutants of D1R that were tagged with or without enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, and analyzed the consequences of these mutants on the plasma membrane trafficking of D1R and cyclic AMP response to D1R stimulation. D1R with mutations within the endocytic recycling signal (amino acid residues 360–382) continued to be functional, albeit decreased relative to wild-type D1R. Mutation of the palmitoylation site (347C>S) of D1R did not impair its trafficking to the plasma membrane, but abolished its ability to increase cyclic AMP accumulation. In contrast, replacement of di-leucines (344–345L>A) by alanines resulted in the retention of D1R in the early endosome, decreased its glycosylation, and prevented its targeting to the plasma membrane. Our studies suggest that di-L motif at the C-terminus of D1R is critical for the glycosylation and cell surface targeting of D1R.
Quantitative Multiphoton Spectral Imaging and Its Use for Measuring Resonance Energy Transfer

Protein labeling with green fluorescent protein derivatives has become an invaluable tool in cell biology. Protein quantification, however, is difficult when cells express constructs with overlapping fluorescent emissions. Under these conditions, signal separation using emission filters is inherently inefficient. Spectral imaging solves this problem by recording emission spectra directly. Unfortunately, linear unmixing, the algorithm used for quantifying individual fluorophores from emission spectra, fails when resonance energy transfer (RET) is present. We therefore sought to develop an unmixing algorithm that incorporates RET. An equation for spectral emission incorporating RET was derived and an assay based on this formalism, spectral RET (sRET), was developed. Standards with defined RET efficiencies and with known Cerulean/Venus ratios were constructed and used to test sRET. We demonstrate that sRET analysis is a comprehensive, photon-efficient method for imaging RET efficiencies and accurately determines donor and acceptor concentrations in living cells.
THE SPECIES CONCEPT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A PLANT PATHOLOGIST

To the plant pathologist the problem of the species concept is not only of academic interest but also of intense practical importance. While pathologists as well as other botanists love to seek truth for truth's sake, most of them are under obligation to seek the truth for the good it may do in the complex process of preventing the world from starving. The delimitation of species is prerequisite to the experimentation and research of the pathologist. It is essential that the specific purity both of the host plant and of the pathogene be known. If these fundamental facts are not assured, the pathologist is likely to find not truth but error; or, at best, the truth is in danger of being badly garbled. The accurate description of species, then, is of primary importance, but it is not an end in itself, but only the means toan end. However, being the means to an end,the accurate description of pathogenic fungi is of greater practical importance to pathologists than to any other class of botanists. It is to be hoped that there will be no unduly severe criticism on account of what may seem to some an ultra-utilitarian viewpoint. The fact is that the pathologist must learn the effect of pathogenes on the host plant. In order to do this, he first must know thoroughly both the pathogene and the host plant. He must depend, therefore, on systematic mycology and other systematic botany for the tools of his trade. If the tools be unsuitable for his work, either he must improve them or he must make his own. Therefore it is pertinent to inquire what quality of tools have been furnished him in the past. To the taxonomist of higher plants, and particularly to the geneticist, the pathologist is indebted for the proper attitude toward the host plants which he uses. The geneticists have given us the pure-line conception for higher plants. Pathologists now are avoiding many serious mistakes by taking the simple but fundamental precaution of using pure-line host material. For example, wheat generally has been considered to be closepollinated. But Hayes has shown that natural crossing may occur in the field. Supposing, then, experiments are made on the biologic specialization of pathogenic fungi attacking varieties of wheat; what reliance can be placed upon the results when bulk material of wheat seed is used? Some of the plants very likely will be heterozygous for resistance. This may 1 Read in the symposium on " The Utility of the Species Concept, " at the joint meeting of Section G of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Phytopathological Society, and the Botanical Society of America, at Toronto, December 28, 192 I.
Moving off the Page: Tapping into Young Children's Imagination.

This article explores the interplay between young children’s spontaneous engagement in learning through their imagination, and the mind-set of the teacher when approaching planning for instruction. Perhaps by connecting with our own imaginative thinking, we can gain insights about our young learners, and find additional strategies to promote “creative imagining” in early childhood music experiences.
Use of an opacity constraint in three-dimensional imaging

Three-dimensional imaging provides profile information not available with conventional 2D imaging. Many 3D objects of interest are opaque to the illuminating radiation, meaning that the object exhibits surface, as opposed to volume, scattering. We investigate the use of an opacity constraint to perform 3D phase retrieval. The use of an opacity constraint in conjunction with frequency-diverse pupil-plane speckle measurements to reconstruct a 3D object constitutes a novel unconventional-imaging concept. This imaging modality avoids the difficulties associated with making phase measurements at a cost of increased computations.
A Simplified Technique of Hickman Catheter Insertion at Bedside in Gynecologic Oncology Patients

In 23 patients with gynecologic malignancies, 24 Hickman catheters were placed for long-term venous access. Using the described percutaneous supraclavicular approach, the right brachiocephalic vein was successfully cannulated in 23 patients. One patient required removal of her catheter because of fungal sepsis and another catheter was later placed from the left supraclavicular approach. In two patients, catheter placement was unsuccessful, resulting in a success rate of 24:26 (92%). Twenty-one catheters were placed at the bedside and three others using the same technique were placed in the operating room concomitant with a major operative procedure. Infectious complications occurred in 3 patients (12%) and complications associated with catheter maintenance occurred in 4 (16%) patients. Total procedure time was 15-30 min. Based on our findings, we believe that the right supraclavicular placement of the Hickman catheter is an easily taught procedure which can be performed safely at the patient’s bedside, resulting in significant cost containment. Many “simplified” techniques of semipermanent silicone central venous or right atria1 catheter placement have been described since Heimbach and Ivey [I] outlined their standard method of insertion in 1976. An important contribution was the introduction of the percutaneous approach to catheter placement described by Stellato [2] and Linos [3]. Both authors, utilizing the Seldinger technique, describe the use of a vein dilator and peel-away Teflon sheath in their method. Recently, Rettenmaier [4,5] described the safe percutaneous placement of the right atrial catheter at the bedside without the need for fluoroscopy. With increasing stress placed on cost containment, a simple, safe and effective method of catheter placement is important. The generally accepted method of percutaneous catheter placement is by the
The Priority Principle

Some philosophers say that you do not think in the primary or nonderivative sense. Rather, they say some item distinct from you (perhaps one of your parts or something of which you are a part) does your thinking for you; you inherit your mental life from that item. In this paper, I argue that this is a mistake. We do not inherit our thoughts in this way.
Roth's theorems and decomposition of modules

It is shown that there is a connection between Roth's theorems on similarity and equivalence of block-triangular matrices and decomposition of modules. The module property is that if M≅N⊕MN, then N is a summand of M. This holds for any commutative ring if M is finitely presented. New proofs of Roth's theorems are given for commutative rings. Some results are established in the noncommutative case.
Perceptions of personal agency and infant attachment: Toward a life-span perspective on competence development.

Because perceptions of personal agency are important contributors to behavioral regulation, they play a significant role in promoting and maintaining competent functioning. Yet, thus far, these pro...
Interprocedural def-use associations for C systems with single level pointers

Def-use analysis links possible value-setting statements for a variable (i.e. definitions) to potential value-fetches (i.e. uses) of that value. This paper describes the first algorithm that calculates accurate interprocedural def-use associations in C software systems. Our algorithm accounts for program-point-specific pointer-induced aliases, though it is currently limited to programs using a single level of indirection. We prove the NP-hardness of the interprocedural reaching definitions problem and describe the approximations made by our polynomial-time algorithm. Initial empirical results are also presented. >
Meltwater routing and the Younger Dryas

The Younger Dryas—the last major cold episode on Earth—is generally considered to have been triggered by a meltwater flood into the North Atlantic. The prevailing hypothesis, proposed by Broecker et al. [1989 Nature 341:318–321] more than two decades ago, suggests that an abrupt rerouting of Lake Agassiz overflow through the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley inhibited deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic and weakened the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). More recently, Tarasov and Peltier [2005 Nature 435:662–665] showed that meltwater could have discharged into the Arctic Ocean via the Mackenzie Valley ∼4,000 km northwest of the St. Lawrence outlet. Here we use a sophisticated, high-resolution, ocean sea-ice model to study the delivery of meltwater from the two drainage outlets to the deep water formation regions in the North Atlantic. Unlike the hypothesis of Broecker et al., freshwater from the St. Lawrence Valley advects into the subtropical gyre ∼3,000 km south of the North Atlantic deep water formation regions and weakens the AMOC by 30%. We conclude that meltwater discharge from the Arctic, rather than the St. Lawrence Valley, was more likely to have triggered the Younger Dryas cooling.