cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of language dominance in pediatric patients with epilepsy for clinical decision-making: Correspondence of intracarotid amobarbitol procedure and fMRI modalities.

Abstract Identification of the language dominant hemisphere is an essential part of the evaluation of potential pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Historically, language dominance has been determined using the intracarotid amobarbitol procedure (IAP), but use of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scanning is becoming more common. Few studies examine the correspondence between fMRI and IAP in pediatric samples. The current study examined the agreement of hemispheric lateralization as determined by fMRI and IAP in a consecutive sample of 10 pediatric patients with epilepsy evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Data showed a strong correlation between IAP and fMRI lateralilty indices (r = .91) and 70% agreement in determination of hemispheric dominance, despite increased demonstration of bilateral or atypical language representation in this pediatric sample. Clinical implications and interpretation challenges are discussed.
Baylor Faith and Character Study: Methods and Preliminary Findings

For Christian colleges and universities, students’ spiritual formation and character development are important outcomes. However, unlike academic outcomes of retention and graduation, systematic ef...
Expanding beyond World War II to encourage peace education and deconstruct militarism

How individuals interpret the justifications for historical war can have a large effect on how they see modern warfare (McCorkle, W. 2017; Harris 2008). In the social studies classroom, particularl...
Syntax of either in either… or… sentences

I propose an analysis of either in either… or … sentences that relates to a broader generalization about the syntax of all focus-sensitive operators. I argue that either originates inside the disjunction phrase, c-commanding the leftmost contrastive focus. Then it is internally merged as the sister of the disjunction phrase. Either copy of either may be pronounced. When either appears higher than the sister of the disjunction phrase, bare argument ellipsis has occurred in the second disjunct. This analysis of either is consonant with the generalization that all focus-sensitive operators occupy two positions in a sentence (e.g. Cable 2007; Hirsch 2017; and Quek and Hirsch 2017). If this analysis of either is correct, then it not only indicates that either is a focus-sensitive operator, but also adds another data point to this universal generalization.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS

Maximum transportation energy conservation potentials and means for avoiding extreme adverse impacts have been identified. Financing, particularly from fuel taxes, is of particular concern as a low-cost means for encouraging maximum fuel conservation with minimum increase in total travel costs. Over half of all petroleum is used for transportation and 40% for highway transportation. A projected 70% improvement in miles per gallon, trip consolidation, shifts to walk and bicycle, and shifts to transit, in that order, could cut highway fuel use in half, absorb more than a doubling of fuel price with no cost increase to the operator, and accommodate forecast increases in travel by 1985. A review of petroleum use, travel forecast, travel characteristics, vehicle miles per gallon, conservation methods, roadway improvements, highway financing, and vehicle operating costs shows how this is possible.
The Walden University Library: Reaching Out and Touching Students

SUMMARY Although it is a unit of the Indiana University-Bloomington Libraries, the Walden University Library serves only Walden students and faculty. It is a true virtual library, one that has no print collection but only online databases. Because it is located far from Walden students, faculty, staff, and administration, library personnel put forth great efforts to overcome the negative effects of distance. This article will describe how the library fits into the IUB and Walden institutional structures, and how its librarians and staff proactively connect with the people they serve as Walden experiences fast-moving growth and change.
Phase I clinical trial of intravenous L-buthionine sulfoximine and melphalan: an attempt at modulation of glutathione.

PURPOSEA phase I dose-escalation trial of intravenous (IV) L-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine (BSO) with melphalan (L-PAM) was performed to determine the toxicity and biologic activity of BSO, administered as a short infusion every 12 hours, and the combination of BSO plus L-PAM.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwenty-eight patients with refractory malignancies received 30-minute infusions of BSO every 12 hours for 6 to 10 doses in week 1 followed in week 2 by either IV L-PAM (15 mg/m2) alone or BSO as in week 1 with L-PAM. Patients received the combination in week 5 (course no. 2) if they received L-PAM alone during week 2 and vice versa. BSO doses ranged from 1.5 g/m2 to 13.104 g/m2.RESULTSThe only toxicity observed with BSO infusions was occasional nausea/vomiting. Evaluation of 23 paired courses (L-PAM plus BSO v L-PAM) showed significantly (P < .001) greater leukopenia and thrombocytopenia with L-PAM plus BSO. No other significant toxicity was noted. Measurement of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in peripheral mo...
Stationary intraoral digital tomosynthesis using a carbon nanotube X-ray source array

Objectives:Intraoral dental tomosynthesis and closely related tuned-aperture CT (TACT) are low-dose three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities that have shown improved detection of multiple dental diseases. Clinical interest in implementing these technologies waned owing to their time-consuming nature. Recently developed carbon nanotube (CNT) X-ray sources allow rapid multi-image acquisition without mechanical motion, making tomosynthesis a clinically viable technique. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of and produce high-quality images from a digital tomosynthesis system employing CNT X-ray technology.Methods:A test-bed stationary intraoral tomosynthesis unit was constructed using a CNT X-ray source array and a digital intraoral sensor. The source-to-image distance was modified to make the system comparable in image resolution to current two-dimensional intraoral radiography imaging systems. Anthropomorphic phantoms containing teeth with simulated and real caries lesions ...
Vesicle deformation and poration under strong dc electric fields

When subject to applied electric pulses, a lipid membrane exhibits complex responses including electrodeformation and electroporation. In this work, the electrodeformation of giant unilamellar vesicles under strong dc electric fields was investigated. Specifically, the degree of deformation was quantified as a function of the applied field strength and the electrical conductivity ratio of the fluids inside and outside of the vesicles. The vesicles were made from L-α-phosphatidylcholine with diameters ranging from 14 to 30 μm. Experiments were performed with field strengths ranging from 0.9 to 2.0 kV/cm, and intra-to-extra-vesicular conductivity ratios varying between 1.92 and 53.0. With these parametric configurations, the vesicles exhibited prolate elongations along the direction of the electric field. The degree of deformation was, in general, significant. In some cases, the aspect ratio of a deformed vesicle exceeded 10, representing a strong-deformation regime previously not explored. The aspect ratio scaled quadratically with the field strength, and increased asymptotically to a maximum value at high conductivity ratios. Appreciable area and volumetric changes were observed both during and after pulsation, indicating the concurrence of electroporation. A theoretical model is developed to predict these large deformations in the strongly permeabilized limit, and the results are compared with the experimental data. Both agreements and discrepancies are found, and the model limitations and possible extensions are discussed.
Anisochemical Homopolymer/Diblock Copolymer Thin Film Blends

We examined the effect of the addition of homopolymers tetramethylbisphenol A polycarbonate, TMPC, and poly(norbornene−methyl-d3-carboxylate), NBMC, on the interlamellar spacing and the phase stability of symmetric poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer thin films on silicon substrates. The films were of thickness h, L 0.2 the morphology of the diblock copolymer changed to accommodate higher volume fractions of TMPC. This behavior is contrasted with earlier observations in the PS-b-PMMA/PS homopolymer system wher...
Provider continuity prior to the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer and end-of-life care.

Background Little is known about the effect of provider continuity prior to the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer and end-of-life care. Methods Retrospective analysis of 69,247 Medicare beneficiaries aged 67 years or older diagnosed with Stage IIIB or IV lung cancer between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2005 who died within two years of diagnosis. We examined visit patterns to a primary care physician (PCP) and/or any provider one year prior to the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer as measures of continuity of care. Outcome measures were hospitalization, ICU use and chemotherapy use during the last month of life, and hospice use during the last week of life. Results Seeing a PCP or any provider in the year prior to the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer increased the likelihood of hospitalization, ICU care, chemotherapy and hospice use during the end of life. Patients with 1–3, 4–7 or >7 visits to their PCP in the year prior to the diagnosis of lung cancer had 1.0 (reference), 1.08 (95% CI; 1.04–1.13), and 1.14 (95% CI; 1.08–1.19) odds of hospitalization during the last month of life, respectively. Odds of hospice use during the last week of life were higher in patients with visits to multiple PCPs (OR 1.10: 95% CI; 1.06–1.15) compared to those whose visits were all to the same PCP. Conclusion Provider continuity in the year prior to the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer was not associated with lower use of aggressive care during end of life. Our study did not have information on patient preferences and result should be interpreted accordingly.
Orthodontic correction of transverse arch asymmetries.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether asymmetries in the transverse dimension are corrected after orthodontic treatment and to determine differences between age-group responses in the correction of transverse asymmetries. Sixty orthodontically treated subjects with transverse asymmetries in arch width were grouped by age, treatment modality, and arch location. Casts were analyzed to assess the correction of arch asymmetry. Lateral cephalometric analysis was performed to assess vertical change differences between age groups, and to detect correlations between vertical and arch-width changes. After orthodontic treatment, it was found that the arch width between the 2 halves of the arch still showed significant differences (P <.05); it was also found that arch-width changes between pretreatment and posttreatment showed significant differences (P <.05) for nonextraction treatment and for the anterior region in extraction treatment. Analysis of lateral cephalograms showed significant differences (P <.05) in vertical-dimension changes between growing and nongrowing subjects. The Pearson product moment correlation test showed no significant correlation at the P <.05 level between vertical and arch-width changes. We concluded that, for this sample, asymmetry in transverse dimension was not corrected, and there was no difference between growing and nongrowing individual responses in transverse asymmetry correction. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121:38-45)
Actions of GABA and baclofen on neurons of the dorsolateral septal nucleus (DLSN) in vitro

Abstract The actions of GABA were examined on neurons of the dorsolateral septal nucleus. Iontophoretically applied GABA resulted in a multiphasic response consisting of a depolarizing and a hyperpolarizing portion. Both phases of this response were associated with an increase in conductance. Bicuculline and picrotoxin depressed both portions of the response although the depolarizing portion was more sensitive in each case. Baclofen superfusion (1–10 μM) led to a prolonged membrane hyperpolarization associated with a conductance increase. Each of these responses persisted in the presence of 0.5μM tetrodotoxin indicating a post-synaptic origin.
Protein secretion in the rat ventral prostate and the relation of golgi vesicles, cisternae and vacuoles, as studied by electron microscope radioautography.

Proteins, including enzymes such as acid phosphatase, are among a variety of substances secreted into semen by the prostate gland. The formation, intracellular transport, and discharge of protein components of prostatic secretion were studied in the rat ventral prostate following an injection of leucine-3H. Samples were prepared for light and electron microscope radioautography at intervals ranging from four minutes to two hours after the injection. In samples prepared four or ten minutes after administration of the precursor, most of the silver grains overlay the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning 30 minutes after the injection, while label associated with the endoplasmic reticulum was declining, the proportion of grains over the Golgi apparatus began to increase, reaching a maximum in one-hour samples. Secretory vacuoles at the apical ends of the cells became heavily labeled two hours after administration of the leucine-3H. Labeling of secretions in the lumen of the prostatic alveoli was observed in samples taken two hours after the injection. These results indicate that secretory proteins in the prostate are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, transported to the Golgi apparatus, and packaged into secretory vacuoles, which move to the apical ends of the cells and release their contents to the lumen. Additional analysis of the pattern of labeling of different elements of the Golgi apparatus suggests that some protein is transported sequentially from Golgi vesicles to stacks of cisternae and finally into Golgi vacuoles. Radioactive secretory proteins move through prostatic cells more slowly than through the seminal vesicle epithelium of the same animals. The main mode of protein secretion in the prostate appears to be a merocrine type, since apical protrusions such as have been suggested to participate in an apocrine form of secretion were observed infrequently and did not become heavily labeled.
Life after ibrutinib? A new unmet need in CLL.

In this issue of Blood, Jain et al reported on the poor outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) after the discontinuation of ibrutinib.1
Use of event-related potentials in the study of typical and atypical development.

Abstract A variety of neuroimaging tools are now available for use in studying neurodevelopment. In this article, we focus our attention on one such tool—the event-related potential (ERP). We begin by providing an overview of what ERPs are, their physiological basis, how they are recorded, and some constraints on their use. We then provide an abbreviated glossary of ERP components, that is, what processes are reflected in ERPs. We conclude by summarizing two areas of atypical development that have benefited from this method: children experiencing early psychosocial neglect, and children diagnosed with autism. We conclude by offering recommendations for future research.
Upregulated expression of STIM2, TRPC6, and Orai2 contributes to the transition of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from a contractile to proliferative phenotype.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease that, if left untreated, eventually leads to right heart failure and death. Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in patients wit...
The Control of Alcohol-Related Aggression: Redirecting the Inebriate's Attention to Socially Appropriate Conduct

Forty male undergraduates ingested either a high dose of alcohol or a placebo, and were either provided with a nonaggressive norm or not, prior to being provoked by an opponent during a competitive reaction time task. Aggression was assessed by the intensity of shocks administered by the subject to the bogus opponent. Results suggest that the provision of an explicit nonaggressive norm enabled highly intoxicated subjects to moderate their aggressive responding even in a highly competitive situation. These findings are discussed in terms of current cognitive disruption models of alcohol-related aggression which assume intoxicated persons are unable to process information concerning appropriate standards of conduct.
Localized state effects in polymer thin film transistors

Abstract Polymer semiconductors are of increasing interest for thin film transistors (TFT) and active matrix arrays, since their mobility is up to ∼0.1 cm 2 /V s, and they offer simple fabrication by solution-based printing. To understand the role of disorder and localized states in the polymers, we measure p-channel polythiophene and polyfluorene TFTs, using both spin-coated and jet-printed films, and infer localized states properties from the TFT characteristics. Bias stress effects occur in the polymer TFTs, which exhibit a threshold shift without significant change in mobility. Holes are removed from the channel at a rate proportional to the square of their concentration, suggesting the slow formation of hole bipolarons.
Groin Hernia Repair: Open Techniques

Since the introduction of the Bassini method in 1887, more than 70 types of pure tissue repair have been reported in the surgical literature. An unacceptable recurrence rate and prolonged postoperative pain and recovery time after tissue repair along with our understanding of the metabolic origin of inguinal hernias led to the concept of tension-free hernioplasty with mesh. Currently, the main categories of inguinal hernia repair are the open repairs and the laparoscopic repairs. In the open category, repair of the hernia is achieved by pure tissue approximation or by tension-free mesh repair. The most commonly performed tissue repairs are those of Bassini, Shouldice, and to a lesser extent McVay. In the tension-free mesh repair category, the mesh is placed in front of the transversalis fascia, such as with the Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty, or behind the transversalis fascia in the preperitoneal space, such as during the Nyhus, Rives, Read, Stoppa, Wantz, and Kugel procedures. Numerous comparative randomized trials have clearly demonstrated the superiority of the tension-free mesh repair over the traditional tissue approximation method. Placing mesh behind the transversalis fascia, although a sound concept, requires extensive dissection in the highly complex preperitoneal space and can lead to injury of the pelvic structures, major hematoma formation, or both. In addition, according to the prospective randomized comparative study of mesh placement in front of versus behind the transversalis fascia, the latter offers no advantage over the former, and it is more difficult to perform, learn, and teach. More importantly, preperitoneal mesh implantation (via open and laparoscopic procedure) leads to obliteration of the spaces of Retzius and Bogros, making certain vascular and urologic procedures, in particular radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection, extremely difficult if not impossible. In conclusion, according to level A evidence from randomized comparative studies, (1) mesh repair is superior to pure tissue approximation repairs, and (2) mesh implantation in front of the transversalis fascia is superior, safer, and easier than open or laparoscopic mesh implantation behind the transversalis fascia.
Brief survey of EPA standard-setting and health assessment.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgates standards for air pollutants and drinking water contaminants, as part of its mandate to protect public health and welfare. The Agency also assesses the health risks associated with hundreds of chemical substances, often developing quantitative toxicity and cancer potency benchmarks. This article compares EPA standards and benchmark values to those of other countries and other agencies. This includes the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), the national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWR), and benchmark values from the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Results show that the NAAQS are generally comparable to or less strict than the air quality standards of other countries and international organizations. The NPDWR tend to be less strict than the water quality standards of other countries for inorganic chemicals, and they are more strict about as often as they are less strict for organic chemicals. Reference values for toxicity ...
Reinforcement of osteogenesis with nanofabricated hydroxyapatite and GelMA nanocomposite

Every year in the United States approximately 1.5 million people are suffering from bone fractures. Current treatment solutions include surgeries and grafting process; however, it does not show any osteoconductive action, which is an essential character for biomaterials. The main objective of the reported studies is to develop a novel nanocomposite comprising of hydroxyapatite nanospheres (~40nm) and gelatin methacrylate to promote bone regeneration without any osteoinductive factors. To validate our hypothesis that chemical and mechanical properties of nanocomposite get enhanced, we employed various characterization techniques including Brillouin and Raman spectroscopies. The results imply that hydroxyaoatite nanoparticles are capable of enhancing the macroscopic stiffness at the structural level. To the contrary, Brillouin spectroscopy suggests that the microscopic elasticity of the nanocomposite was weakened.
Multiple determinants and effect size: A more general method of discourse.

Ahadi and Diener (1989) argued that the prevalent concern about low trait-behavior correlations may reflect the faulty assumption of a one-to-one relation between traits and behaviors. Using a simulation methodology, they demonstrated that low to moderate trait-behavior and behavior-behavior correlations are to be expected even when 2 behaviors are each completely determined by 3 traits with 1 trait in common. It is demonstrated that the results estimated be Ahadi and Diener can be derived exactly by using the mathematics of linear combinations.
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE CROW AND VILLAGE INDIANS

N the course of several summers' work among the Crow and the Village Indians of the upper Missouri, under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History, a number of interesting problems have developed, some of which may prove of general interest. The first point to which I should like to call attention is the possible influence of the Caddoan tribes in the development of Northwestern Plains culture. Students of the Omaha have recently informed us that the earth-lodges, and probably also the Medicine Pipe ceremony, of that tribe owe their origin to the Arikara.1 It does not seem unreasonable to suppose that the earth-lodge of the Mandan and Hidatsa may have resulted from contact with the same member of the Caddoan family. As for the Medicine Pipe ceremony, the Crows, who share this performance with their kinsmen to the east, trace its introduction to the Hidatsa, while the latter positively assert that they themselves obtained it from the Arikara. In addition we have Maximilian's statement that the Hot dance of the Ruhptare Mandan and of the Hidatsa had been purchased of the Arikara.2 Here, to be sure, we must exercise some caution. The Hot dance described by the Prince comprised two spectacular features-a sort of fire-walk, and the plunging of the performers' arms into hot water. The latter has been described in connection with the Dakota heyoka organization;3 while the fire-dance was
G197(P) Neuroimaging in neurofibromatosis type 1: outcomes from a targeted approach- experience of a single tertiary centre

Aims Routine imaging is not recommended for patients with neurofibromatosis 1(NF1) and a clinical approach is used to guide need for investigations. We aimed to determine clinical characteristics and symptoms which were most commonly associated with abnormalities on neuroimaging in children with NF1. Methods We analysed 100 consecutive patients with an established diagnosis of NF1 seen in a tertiary NF1 clinic. Records of patients who had undergone imaging studies were reviewed to determine clinical presentation and associated comorbidities, along with neuroimaging results. Results 59/100 children with NF1, (M:F =55:45; median age 11.6 years (range 9 months–21 years) underwent cranial MRI scanning. The most common indications for MRI request being visual disturbance or abnormal fundoscopy (37%), concerns regarding growth or puberty (13.5%) and headaches (10%). 91% had an abnormality on MRI, 66% of which were UBOs (unidentified bright objects). 13(22%) optic pathway gliomas, 7(11.8%) non-glioma CNS tumours, 8(13.5%) had other CNS abnormalities. 10/59 (17%) required surgical intervention. In 5/59 (8%) children the scan was normal. Patients with learning difficulties and neuro-developmental disorders (such as ASD/ADD) had a significantly higher incidence of UBO (90% vs. 40%; p 32/100 children had MRI spine, common indications being scoliosis (40%) and back/neck pain (28%). 34% of these scans were abnormal. Chiari malformation, cervical syrinx and dural ectasia were the most common abnormalities. 5/27 (18%) needed scoliosis surgery. Conclusion Targeted imaging in our cohort identified a significant proportion of abnormalities. Children with NF1 and associated neurodevelopmental conditions (learning difficulties, ASD, ADHD) were more likely to have an abnormality on the scans, thus warranting a lower threshold for neuroimaging. For the efficient use of resources, a high index of clinical suspicion is essential for early identification of NF1 related complications.
The New German Foreign Policy Consensus

For the first time in almost 60 years, Germany is an active and independent global player again, this time with a distinct vision of international order and an increasingly global outlook that makes Berlin a more capable and assertive ally, though not a naturally more comfortable one.
Heavy chain dominance in the binding of DNA by a lupus mouse monoclonal autoantibody.

Antibodies H241 and 2C10 are lupus mouse IgG autoantibodies that bind native DNA. In previous experiments, oligonucleotide antigens affinity-labeled both H and L chains of H241 but only the H chain of antibody 2C10. Primary structures of the V regions of the 2C10 H and L chains and the H241 L chain, determined from cDNA, help to explain the previous affinity-labeling experiments. The 2C10 L chain CDRs had several Asp residues and a net negative charge of five, whereas the 2C10 H chain CDRs had four Arg residues and a net positive charge of five. The L chain CDRs of H241 had a net positive charge of one. [The H241 H chain cDNA sequence was published previously by Gangemi et al. (1993) J. Immun. 151, 4660–4671]. Plasmid vectors were used for bacterial expression of H and L chains of 2C10 alone and in combinations in single chain Fv (scFv) molecules. The H chain alone bound native DNA as well as or better than the H-plus-L chain scFv. The H chain alone also bound Z-DNA. Combination of the 2C10 H chain with the L chain of an anti-Z-DNA antibody maintained the selectivity for Z-DNA, whereas its combination with the 2C10 L chain (in the 2C10 Fab) yielded selective B-DNA binding. The results with 2C10 match other examples in which the H chain is sufficient for DNA binding but selectivity is modulated by the L chain. The H chain binding to autoantigen may reflect selective events in early stages of B cell development.
Nothing, Nobody: The Voices of the Mexico City Earthquake

Introduction to the Series, Voices of Latin American Life -- Arthur Schmidt Foreword: The Shaking of a Nation -- Aurora Camacho de Schmidt and Arthur Schmidt Nothing, Nobody: The Voices of the Mexico City Earthquake Glossary Index
Trabecular Microarchitecture of Hominoid Thoracic Vertebrae

Spontaneous vertebral fractures are a common occurrence in modern humans, yet these fractures are not documented in other hominoids. Differences in vertebral bone strength between humans and apes associated with trabecular bone microarchitecture may contribute to differences in fracture incidence. We used microcomputed tomography to examine trabecular bone microarchitecture in the T8 vertebra of extant young adult hominoids. Scaled volumes of interest from the anterior vertebral body were analyzed at a resolution of 46 microm, and bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, trabecular separation, structure model index, and degree of anisotropy were compared among species. As body mass increased, so did trabecular thickness, but bone volume fraction, structure model index, and degree of anisotropy were independent of body mass. Bone volume fraction was not significantly different between the species. Degree of anisotropy was not significantly different among the species, suggesting similarity of loading patterns in the T8 vertebra due to similar anatomical and postural relationships within each species' spine. Degree of anisotropy was negatively correlated with bone volume fraction (r(2) = 0.85, P < 0.05) in humans, whereas the apes demonstrated no such relationship. This suggested that less dense human trabecular bone was more preferentially aligned to habitual loading. Furthermore, we theorize that trabeculae in ape thoracic vertebrae would not be expected to become preferentially aligned if bone volume fraction was decreased. The differing relationship between bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy in humans and apes may cause less dense human bone to be more fragile than less dense ape bone.
Extension of the Hottel-Whillier model to the analysis of combined photovoltaic/thermal flat plate collectors

Abstract The well known Hottel-Whillier model for thermal analysis of flat plate collectors is extended to the analysis of combined photovoltaic/thermal collectors in a manner, such that, with simple modification of the conventional parameters of the original model, all of the existing relations and supporting information available in the literature still apply. Beyond the basic assumptions of the original model, it is only necessary to assume that the local electrical conversion efficiency of the solar cell array (absorber) is a linear decreasing function of the local absorber temperature over its operating temperature range. Based on the extended model, examples of both thermal and electrical performance of a combined collector as a function of collector design parameters are presented and discussed.
Direct Observation of the Forbidden Hydrogen Atom Adduct to Acetonitrile: A Neutralization−Reionization Mass Spectrometric and CCSD(T) ab Initio/RRKM Study

Collisional neutralization of protonated acetonitrile (6+) generates (E)- and (Z)-1-azapropen-2-yl radicals, CH3C•N−H, (3 and 4, respectively) that represent the kinetically and thermodynamically forbidden adducts of hydrogen atoms to acetonitrile. Radicals 3 and 4 are formed with an excess of internal energy due to Franck−Condon effects and rapidly dissociate by loss of the imine hydrogen atom, a methyl hydrogen, and by CH3---CN−H bond cleavage. The branching ratios for the loss of the imine hydrogen (H or D) and methyl group (CH3 or CD3) were determined for CH3C•N−H, CD3C•N−H, CH3C•N−D, and CD3C•ND as 70/30, 66/34, 43/57, and 61/39, respectively. Ab initio calculations with coupled clusters with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations/aug-cc-pVTZ predict the loss of the imine hydrogen from 4 to have the lowest transition-state energy. The calculated branching ratios that were based on Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus (RRKM) unimolecular rate constants agreed with the mass spectrometric data wit...
FEDERATIVE GLOBAL DEMOCRACY

: In this essay a set of principles is defended that yields a determinate allocation of sovereign competences across a global system of territorially nested jurisdictions. All local sovereign competences are constrained by a universal, justiciable human rights regime that also incorporates a conception of cross-border distributive justice and regulates the competence to control immigration for a given territory. Subject to human rights constraints, sovereign competences are allocated according to a conception of global democracy. The proposed allocation scheme can accommodate substantial local autonomy while at the same time ensuring that everyone has a voice in the political decisions that affect his or her interests. The relevant class of affected interests is fully specified. Relevant affects are of two kinds: those that impose norms of governance on individuals, and those that impose external costs on them. The favored sense of “an external cost” is developed and defended.
Erbkrankheiten _ Ursachen, Behandlung und Probleme

Die Natur der biochemischen Anomalien bei uber hundert menschlichen Erbkrankheiten ist uberzeugend nachgewiesen worden. Diese beeindruckende Leistung hat viele segensreiche Auswirkungen gehabt; dazu gehoren: 1. genaue Methoden fur die Diagnose solcher Krankheiten; 2. Identifizierung von symptomfreien heterozygoten Tragern defekter Gene; 3. Verfahren zur pranatalen Ermittlung zahlreicher solcher Storungen an Feten. Fur die Zukunft sind ahnliche eindrucksvolle Fortschritte bei der Therapie von Patienten zu erwarten, bei denen derartige Krankheiten pranatal nicht festgestellt wurden, oder fur den Fall, das ein affizierter Fetus zwar ermittelt, aber nach dem Willen der Eltern ausgetragen wurde. Im vorliegenden Fortschrittsbericht werden die gegenwartigen Auffassungen vor allem am Beispiel der Therapie erblicher Lipid-Speicherkrankheiten umrissen, und es wird auf mogliche Ansatze fur zukunftige therapeutische Verfahrensweisen hingewiesen.
Metabolic alterations of PCB residues in aquatic fauna: distributions of cytochrome P4501A- and P4502B-like activities

Abstract Over 400 capillary gas chromatograms of the PCB residues in 54 species of aquatic fauna from various collections were reviewed for evidences of metabolic alteration. Two readily distinguished alteration patterns were observed; these resembled those effected by mammalian cytochrome P4501 A and P4502B isozymes. P4501 A-like alterations were seen in about half the species of teleost fish examined, but in none of the invertebrates. P4502B-like changes were seen in four of the 32 teleost species, and also in the larger crustaceans.
Family Forest Owners and Climate Change: Understanding, Attitudes, and Educational Needs

Twenty-four focus groups were held throughout the Pacific Northwest to assess family forest owners’ perceptions, understanding, and educational needs related to climate change and its potential impacts on family-owned forests. Participants cited many information sources and often referenced personal observations and connections. Perceptions of climate science were mixed, but skepticism was common, particularly regarding the extent to which research is driven by politics, money, or ideology. Participants were uncertain about possible climate change impacts but expressed concern about both biophysical and sociopolitical dimensions. Most participants did not expect to make significant changes to their management in anticipation of climate change. However, many participants wanted to learn more about climate change and how it might affect their forests. Results of these focus groups should provide insights for integrating climate science into extension programming in a variety of contexts, and suggestions for future extension programming are presented.
SU‐FF‐T‐362: Proton Dose Calculation Incorporating Respiratory Motion

Purpose:Protons are sensitive to the tissue density variations in the beam path. The dose actually delivered could be incorrectly predicted by the static patient model in the presence of significant organ motion. The purpose of this work was to investigate methods to predict dose delivered to the patients by incorporating respiratory motion effects into proton dose calculation. Method: The convolution method and direct simulation method were implemented. For convolution method, the dose distribution calculated for the exhale phase was convolved with a one‐dimensional asymmetric probability distribution function (PDF) along superior‐inferior (SI) direction. For direct simulation method, the organ position change was simulated by moving the co‐planar beams in the direction opposite to the organ motion. The dose distribution was recalculated for each simulated position, and combined with the weights determined by the same PDF used by the convolution method. The methods were evaluated on a 2‐beam and a 3‐beam esophagus proton treatment plan in which the ITV method was used to compensate for the respiratory motion. Result: There were significant dose deviations due to respiratory motion at the air‐tissue junction perpendicular to the organ motion direction, and at the superior and inferior edges of the static dose distribution. Differences up to 15% were observed in the target region and 30% in the air‐tissue region between the motion‐encoded dose distribution and the static dose distribution. Examination of the dose volume histogram indicated that two methods yielded very close estimation of respiratory motion effect on dose distribution. Conclusion: The convolution method is nearly equivalent to the direct simulation for proton for the studied esophagus case. Incorporation of the organ motion could lead to a more realistic estimation of dose distribution for proton treatment plans.
Computational simulation of renal biopsy accuracy in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

The goal of this study was to estimate the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of renal biopsies in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), accounting for the focal nature of affected glomeruli. Computational simulations were performed on a total of 138,600 virtual kidneys, across a range of FSGS involvement. Simulations were designed to address the diagnostic accuracy of renal biopsies, and the biopsy characteristics required to reflect accurately the true degree of involvement of FSGS in the entire kidney or just the juxtamedullary (JM) region. The diagnostic accuracy of renal biopsies for the detection of at least one FSGS glomerulus exceeded 80% when 10–20% of the kidney was affected by FSGS. Hundreds to thousands of biopsy glomeruli were required to characterize reliably the true extent of FSGS when fewer than 75% of the kidney’s glomeruli were affected. Renal biopsies with an average of 20 glomeruli did not accurately reflect the extent of FSGS in kidneys until at least 80% of all glomeruli in the kidney were affected. Targeting JM glomeruli did not result in significant improvements in the prognostic performance characteristics of renal biopsies. These findings suggest that conventional renal biopsies might be inadequate for characterizing the extent of FSGS.
The Conductive Hearing Loss Due to an Experimentally Induced Middle Ear Effusion Alters the Interaural Level and Time Difference Cues to Sound Location

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a pathologic condition of the middle ear that leads to a mild to moderate conductive hearing loss as a result of fluid in the middle ear. Recurring OME in children during the first few years of life has been shown to be associated with poor detection and recognition of sounds in noisy environments, hypothesized to result due to altered sound localization cues. To explore this hypothesis, we simulated a middle ear effusion by filling the middle ear space of chinchillas with different viscosities and volumes of silicone oil to simulate varying degrees of OME. While the effects of middle ear effusions on the interaural level difference (ILD) cue to location are known, little is known about whether and how middle ear effusions affect interaural time differences (ITDs). Cochlear microphonic amplitudes and phases were measured in response to sounds delivered from several locations in azimuth before and after filling the middle ear with fluid. Significant attenuations (20–40 dB) of sound were observed when the middle ear was filled with at least 1.0 ml of fluid with a viscosity of 3.5 Poise (P) or greater. As expected, ILDs were altered by ~30 dB. Additionally, ITDs were shifted by ~600 μs for low frequency stimuli (<4 kHz) due to a delay in the transmission of sound to the inner ear. The data show that in an experimental model of OME, ILDs and ITDs are shifted in the spatial direction of the ear without the experimental effusion.
Mass Transfer and Particle Separation by Swirl-Chamber and Swirl-Tube Devices

The goal of this investigation is to formulate, implement, and definitively validate a numerical simulation model to predict particle separation and concomitant mass transfer by means of a swirl chamber or swirl tube. The separation model encompassed three-dimensional turbulent fluid flow abetted with a particle transport model. All components of the model were used in their native form, without tuning or adaptation to accommodate the problem in question. Experiments were performed which were a precise replica of the numerical simulations in order to provide an unequivocal basis for evaluating the efficacy and validity of the simulation model. The experiments involved air flow as the carrier fluid. The particle-laden flow was ducted through a straight pipe to a three-bladed swirl generator from which the emergent swirling flow entered a settling chamber where the centrifugal forces propelled the particles toward the chamber walls. At the downstream end of the chamber, provision was made for the wall-adjac...
Proteins Associated with the Myxococcus xanthus Extracellular Matrix

Fruiting body formation of Myxococcus xanthus, like biofilm formation of many other organisms, involves the production of an extracellular matrix (ECM). While the polysaccharide component has been studied, the protein component has been largely unexplored. Proteins associated with the ECM were solubilized from purified ECM by boiling with sodium dodecyl sulfate and were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic fragments. The ECM is enriched in proteins of novel function; putative functions were assigned for only 5 of the 21 proteins. Thirteen putative ECM proteins had lipoprotein secretion signals. The genes for many ECM proteins were disrupted in the wild-type (WT), fibA, and pilA backgrounds. Disruption of the MXAN4860 gene had no effect in the WT or fibA background but in the pilA background resulted in a 24-h delay in aggregation and sporulation compared to its parent. The results of this study show that the M. xanthus ECM proteome is diverse and novel.
Determination of Mercury Using a Copper Wire Atomizer for Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract A copper wire atomizer was used to determine mercury by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Sampling was accomplished by either pipetting a few microliters on to the wire or by submerging the wire in the sample solution. In both cases, the mercury is reduced at the copper surface and forms an amalgam. If the sample was made acidic most interferences were avoided.
Off-Time Labor in Resorts: The Social Construction of Commercial Time

This article examines off-time labor in a resort hotel, drawing on 6 years of participant observation and in-depth interviews. Operating around the clock, this resort, like others, offers the temporal freedom of continuous openness, flexibility, and convenience to guests by tethering employees to an incessant time clock, forcing a good proportion to work extended hours of the day, days of the week, and seasons of the year. The resort's managers' conquest of the traditional agrarian-based temporal rhythm alters the pace of life for workers as they strive to augment commercially profitable hours of operation. The article tracks the ebb and flow of rhythm and pace within a resort organization, the adaptations required and made by its employees, and the consequences for their lives, their community, and the broader society. In so doing, the article shows people's resistance to the rhythm of incessance and the limitations on technological control over nature.
Immediate reinforcement in delayed reward learning in pigeons.

Pigeons were trained on simultaneous red-green discrimination procedures with delayed reward and sequences of stimuli during the delay. In Experiment 1, three stimuli appeared during the 60-second intervals between the correct responses and reward, and the incorrect responses and nonreward. The stimulus that immediately followed a correct response also preceded nonreward, and the stimulus that followed an incorrect response preceded reward. These stimuli were 10 or .33 second in duration for different groups. Stimuli during the remainder of the delay interval differed following correct and incorrect responses. Group 10 initially persisted in the nonrewarded choice, but shifted to a preponderance of rewarded responses after further training. Group .33 rapidly acquired the correct response. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2 where delay intervals consisted of opposite sequences of two stimuli of equal duration and total delays were 6, 20, or 60 seconds. Early in training, generalization of differential conditioned-reinforcing properties from the conditions preceding reward and nonreward to postchoice conditions had a greater effect relative to backchaining than it did later. It was concluded that delayed-reward learning is best analyzed in terms of the conditioned-reinforcing value of the patterns of cues that follow immediately after rewarded and nonrewarded responses.
Calculated properties of solid O 2 under pressure at low temperature

The zero-temperature properties of solid ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are calculated at pressures 0\ensuremath{\le}P\ensuremath{\le}70 kbar by minimizing the Gibbs free energy at each pressure and then using the equilibrium lattice parameters in a harmonic-lattice-dynamics calculation of the dynamical properties. The minimization is based upon a continuously deformable monoclinic unit cell where the internal energy is composed of the static lattice energy and the properly weighted Einstein zero-point energies of the phonon, libron, and vibron modes. The lattice parameters, binding energy, compressibility, pressure-volume relation, libron, phonon, and vibron frequencies, phonon velocities, and dispersion curves are determined at each pressure. The lattice parameters and the phonon, libron, and vibron frequencies show clear evidence of a monoclinic to orthorhombic Fmmm structural phase transition at 24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 kbar. A change in slope of these quantities is also observed at P\ensuremath{\simeq}7 kbar. A detailed comparison of these results with recent Raman scattering measurements is given.
A simple high-gain CMOS voltage comparator circuit†

Abstract A new high-gain CMOS voltage comparator circuit is presented and its simulated performance described. This simple source-coupled pair comparator circuit requires only eight MOS transistors