cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Solids Loading on Sintering and Properties of Freeze-Cast Kaolinite–Silica Porous Composites

Kaolinite–silica nanocomposites with a green porosity ranging from 75% to 87% were prepared using a freeze-casting technique. The initial solids loading values (kaolinite platelets plus silica nanospheres) greatly influence the sintering behavior as well as the phase and strength of the resulting porous composites. The composites with lower solids loading exhibit faster sintering (e.g., larger shrinkage, more extensive thickening of the pore walls) when sintered at 1250°C, which in turn, results in a rapid increase in flexural strength. All the composites maintain a high porosity (above 50%) after sintering at 1250°C for 72 h, whereas the flexural strength of the composites increases from roughly 0.2 MPa for the green samples to 13.3, 7.5, and 6.5 MPa for 12, 18, and 24 vol% solids samples, respectively, after sintering. It is believed that solids loading affects kaolinite–silica packing during the sol-to-gel transition as a minimum amount of silica nanoparticles is required to build the gel network. This particle packing difference influences the amount of kaolinite–silica interfacial contact, which in turn affects the strength. The strength increase through solids loading change is a combined effect of changes in the porous structure during sintering plus the development of a new phase at the silica–kaolinite interface.
Differential effect of imipenem treatment on injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture in wild-type and NK cell-deficient β2-microgloblin knockout mice

Our previous studies showed that β2-microglobulin knockout mice treated with anti-asialoGM1 (β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice) are resistant to injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). However, CLP-ind...
Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.

article i nfo Mesp encodes a bHLH transcription factor required for specification of the cardiac mesoderm in Ciona embryos. The activities of Macho-1 and β-catenin, two essential maternal determinants, are required for Mesp expression in the B7.5 blastomeres, which constitute the heart field. The T-box transcription factor Tbx6 functions downstream of Macho-1 as a direct activator of Mesp expression. However, Tbx6 cannot account for the restricted expression of Mesp in the B7.5 lineage since it is expressed throughout the presumptive tail muscles. Here we present evidence that the LIM-homeobox gene Lhx3, a direct target of β- catenin, is essential for localized Mesp expression. Lhx3 is expressed throughout the presumptive endoderm and B7.5 blastomeres. Thus, the B7.5 blastomeres are the only cells to express sustained levels of the Tbx6 and Lhx3 activators. Like mammalian Lhx3 genes, Ci-Lhx3 encodes two isoforms with distinct N-terminal peptides. The Lhx3a isoform appears to be expressed both maternally and zygotically, while the Lhx3b isoform is exclusively zygotic. Misexpression of Lhx3b is sufficient to induce ectopic Mesp activation in cells expressing Tbx6b. Injection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides showed that the Lhx3b isoform is required for endogenous Mesp expression. Mutations in the Lhx3 half-site of Tbx6/Lhx3 composite elements strongly reduced the activity of a minimal Mesp enhancer. We discuss the delineation of the heart field by the synergistic action of muscle and gut determinants.
Understanding Unresponsiveness to Tier 2 Reading Intervention Exploring the Classification and Profiles of Adequate and Inadequate Responders in First Grade

The purpose of the current study was to examine academic and cognitive profiles of first graders who responded adequately and inadequately to intensive small-group reading intervention (Tier 2), as...
Atomic Vector Operations on Chip Multiprocessors

The current trend is for processors to deliver dramatic improvements in parallel performance while only modestly improving serial performance. Parallel performance is harvested through vector/SIMD instructions as well as multithreading (through both multithreaded cores and chip multiprocessors). Vector parallelism can be more efficiently supported than multithreading, but is often harder for software to exploit. In particular, code with sparse data access patterns cannot easily utilize the vector/SIMD instructions of mainstream processors. Hardware to scatter and gather sparse data has previously been proposed to enable vector execution for these codes. However, on multithreaded architectures, a number of applications spend significant time on atomic operations (e.g., parallel reductions), which cannot be vectorized using previously proposed schemes. This paper proposes architectural support for atomic vector operations (referred to as GLSC) that addresses this limitation. GLSC extends scatter-gather hardware to support atomic memory operations. Our experiments show that the GLSC provides an average performance improvement on a set of important RMS kernels of 54% for 4-wide SIMD.
Vibration effects of lab equipment on dissolution testing with USP paddle method.

Environmental vibration induced by laboratory equipment, building construction, or even by the analysts themselves is one of the more complicated factors affecting dissolution testing. It is difficult to control and/or calibrate by mechanical means or performance-based methods. In this study, dissolution apparatus vibration levels were measured in the frequency range from 10 to 270 Hz along all three axes using commercially available, single-axis accelerometers. The vibration distribution on the dissolution vessel plate was mapped, and acceleration was subsequently measured during dissolution runs involving NCDA#2 (10 mg prednisone) tablets using the paddle method. Several types of laboratory equipment were used to induce vibration during dissolution testing and vibration levels along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes of the vessel plate were measured in an attempt to establish possible correlation with dissolution results. In the frequency range studied, root mean square (RMS) acceleration values above 0.01 g, in either vertical or horizontal direction, typically affected dissolution results. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:403–412, 2010
Spatial Patterning in Resource Exploitation and Conservation

Marine and terrestrial ecosystems share the feature that resources are often patchily distributed over space or time. Thus, we must develop methods to predict how organisms will respond to pattern. One method is described and illustrated with examples of the harvesting of krill in the southern oceans and predicting the spread and intensity of pest infestations.
Improved generation of C57BL/6J mouse embryonic stem cells in a defined serum‐free media

C57BL/6 is a well-characterized mouse strain that is used extensively for immunological and neurological research. The establishment of C57BL/6 ES cell lines has facilitated the study of gene-altered mice in a pure genetic background-however, relatively few such lines exist. Using a defined media supplement, knockout serum replacement (KSR) with knockout DMEM (KSR-KDMEM), we find that we can readily establish ES cell lines from blastocysts of C57BL/6J mice. Six lines were established, all of which were karyotypically normal and could be maintained in the undifferentiated state on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. One line was further tested and found to be karyotypically stable and germline competent, both prior to manipulation and after gene targeting. For this cell line, efficiencies of cell cloning and chimera generation were greater when maintained in KSR-KDMEM. Our work suggests that the use of defined serum-free media may facilitate the generation of ES cells from inbred mouse strains.
Harborage Preferences of American and Smokybrown Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) for Common Landscape Materials

Harborage preferences of American, Periplaneta americana (L.), and smokybrown, P. fuliginisa (Serville), cockroaches were determined in laboratory experiments. None of the potential harborages [juniper branches, Juniperus horizontalis L.; pine, Pinus taeda L.; straw; soil; rocks; or grass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack, thatch] were toxic in continuous exposure tests. None of the harborages were repellent to American cockroaches, but in Ebeling choice box tests smokybrown cockroaches were significantly and consistently repelled by dry soil (mean ± SEM, 6.17 ± 0.68%). Tested with mixed-stage groups, juniper branches were preferred to all other potential harborages by all American cockroach stages. Smokybrown cockroaches also preferred juniper branches, but significant proportions were also found harboring under pine straw and rocks. Tested with single stages, small and medium American and smokybrown cockroach nymphs preferred pine straw rather than juniper indicating an interaction between cockroach stages and harborage selection by small and medium nymphs. Even though relative humidity was significantly greater (45.4 ± 2.2%) under juniper, light intensity was lower (7.9 ± 3.9 lux) under pine straw. Smaller nymphs selected harborages with smaller interstitial spaces than larger nymphs; pine straw had the smallest interstices of any of the tested harborage materials. Harborage selection by American and smokybrown cockroaches is mediated by the physical characteristics of the harborage and the presence of conspecifics.
Bedside sonography by emergency physicians for the rapid identification of landmarks relevant to cricothyrotomy

Introduction: Cricothyrotomy is a difficult, infrequently performed lifesaving procedure. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to develop a standardized ultrasound technique to sonographically identify the cricothyroid membrane (CM) and to evaluate the ability of emergency physicians (EPs) to apply the technique in a cohort of Emergency Department (ED) patients. Methods: Four cadaveric models were used to develop a technique to accurately identify the CM. Two EPs then sonographically imaged 50 living subjects. Time to visualization of the CM and relevant landmarks, as well as perception of landmark palpation difficulty, were recorded. Results: Fifty subjects were enrolled, and relevant structures were identified in all participants. The mean time to visualization of the CM was 24.32 ± 20.18 seconds (95% confidence interval, 18.5930.05 seconds). Although a significant relationship between palpation difficulty and body mass index was noted, body mass index did not impact physician ability to identify the CM. Conclusions: Emergency physicians were able to develop and implement a reliable sonographic technique for the identification of anatomy relevant to performing an emergent cricothyrotomy.
Whose Streets? Our Streets!: Women's Poetry and the City

In Contemporary Women’s Poetry and Urban Space , Zoe Skoulding traces the history of masculine theoretico-artistic accounts of the city from Baudelaire to the Situationists, and counters this with a century of women’s poetry about urban space. Skoulding attends to the city’s radical effects on language, perception, and embodiment. While Skoulding directs welcome attention to a number of under-studied poets, her failure to account for the racial politics of contemporary cities seriously limits the utility of her study.
The Chomskyan Revolution

This chapter presents the overview of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures , which introduced the theory of transformational generative grammar. What made Syntactic Structures revolutionary was its conception of a grammar as a theory of a language, subject to the same constraints on construction and evaluation as any theory in the natural sciences. Prior to 1957, it was widely thought, not just in linguistics but throughout the humanities and social sciences, that a formal yet nonempiricist theory of a human attribute was impossible. Chomsky showed that such a theory was possible. Indeed, he devotes the central chapter of Syntactic Structures to demonstrating the parallels between linguistic theory, as he conceived it, and what uncontroversially would be taken to be scientific theories. Still, Syntactic Structures would not have made a revolution simply by presenting a novel theory of the nature of grammar. The book had revolutionary consequences because it was not merely an exercise in speculative philosophy of science. On the contrary, Syntactic Structures demonstrates the practical possibility of a nonempiricist theory of linguistic structure: half of the volume is devoted to the presentation and defense of a formal fragment of English grammar. Chomsky had two major goals in Syntactic Structures . First, he had the general goal of motivating linguistic theory and its formalization by means of generative grammars that were subject to certain conditions of adequacy. Also, he had the more narrow goal of demonstrating that only a specific type of generative grammar had the ability to meet these conditions, namely, a generative grammar embodying transformational and phrase structure rules.
Ants Create Hummocks and Alter Structure and Vegetation of a Montana Fen

Abstract The ants Formica podzolica, Myrmica fracticornis and M. incompleta commonly build nests in a large peatland complex in N-central Montana. Nests of Formica are much larger than those of Myrmica spp. and occur in a microtopographic mosaic of hummocks and hollows. The large mound nests of F. podzolica and the hummocks are similar in size, and both had elevated levels of K, PO4−, Mg and Na compared to the peatland surface, suggesting that the hummocks are abandoned ant mounds. Ant mounds provide an environment for plants that has better aeration and is warmer as well as nutrient-enriched. A few species of strongly rhizomatous graminoids occur on active mounds, but abandoned nests (hummocks) provide habitat for larger shrubs as well as many species of plants that otherwise could not grow in the cold, nearly saturated peat. Formica workers obtain much of their nutrition by tending aphids that feed on the shrubs growing on hummocks. We hypothesize that this is a positive feedback relationship that has p...
Receivers and Leases Subordinate to the Mortgage

QUESTION which must frequently arise in the foreclosure of mortgages (including trust deeds) of real property is the effect of the appointment of a receiver upon leases which are subordinate to the mortgage. This question is important not only to the tenants and the receiver, but also to the mortgagee, the mortgagor, junior lienholders and assignees of the equity of redemption. Though the courts have been flooded with receivership cases, a search of the reports discloses comparatively few cases in which the problem has been considered. The object of this essay is an examination of foreclosure receiverships to determine the effect of a receivership upon leases of the mortgagor which are subordinate to the mortgage which is being foreclosed.
Neurobiological Foundations of Stress

Modern understanding of stress stems from classic work in the 1930s by Hans Selye, who developed the notion of the general adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1936). Selye posited that the body shows a common, integrated set of responses in an attempt to adapt to many different kinds of stress. Until his work, many scientists viewed different kinds of stress as having different effects on the body; for example, the effect of exposure to severe cold was thought to be very different from the effect of blood loss. Indeed, each particular type of stressor does have unique effects. However, Selye showed that different severe stressors also have common features. He identified three stages. First is the shock (or alarm) phase, involving decreased blood pressure, body temperature, and muscle tone (the reader has no doubt experienced at least some degree of shock following a minor or not so minor injury, particularly if blood loss occurred). Selye termed the second phase of the adaptation response the stage of resistance, when the body fights back. If the stress is severe and continues for a long period, the body defenses break down and the third stage, exhaustion, ensues. Among other things, this stage includes a marked impairment of the immune system.
Extremely Non-Degenerate Two-Photon Emission in Direct-Gap Semiconductors

We perform a theoretical and experimental study of extreme nondegenerate two-photon stimulated emission in bulk GaAs. We calculate two-photon gain coefficient for various photon energies. A three beam experiment is conducted to observe two-photon gain.
Role of Flow in Lymphatic Vessel Remodeling and Patterning

Fluid shear forces have established roles in blood vascular development and function, but whether such forces also play important roles in the low flow, low pressure lymphatic system is unknown. Testing the role of fluid forces in vivo has been difficult because mechanical or genetic perturbations that alter flow often have direct effects on endothelial cells and vessel growth. Here, we investigate the functional role of fluid shear force in lymphatic vessel development using mice deficient in the platelet-specific receptor CLEC2, in which blood back-fills the lymphatic network and blocks lymph flow. CLEC2-deficient animals exhibit normal growth of the primary mesenteric lymphatic plexus, but fail to remodel this plexus into a hierarchical structure typical of collecting vessels and fail to form lymphatic valves. In vitro studies in which lymphatic endothelial cells were exposed to a specific lymphatic flow regimen reveal that low, reversing shear stress is sufficient to induce expression of genes require...
High efficiency fourth-harmonic generation from nanosecond fiber master oscillator power amplifier

We demonstrate high power, deep ultraviolet (DUV) conversion to 266 nm through frequency quadrupling of a nanosecond pulse width 1064 nm fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA). The MOPA system uses an Yb-doped double-clad polarization-maintaining large mode area tapered fiber as the final gain stage to generate 0.5-mJ, 10 W, 1.7- ns single mode pulses at a repetition rate of 20 kHz with measured spectral bandwidth of 10.6 GHz (40 pm), and beam qualities of Mx 2=1.07 and My 2=1.03, respectively. Using LBO and BBO crystals for the second-harmonic generation (SHG) and fourth-harmonic generation (FHG), we have achieved 375 μJ (7.5 W) and 92.5 μJ (1.85 W) at wavelengths of 532 nm and 266 nm, respectively. To the best of our knowledge these are the highest narrowband infrared, green and UV pulse energies obtained to date from a fully spliced fiber amplifier. We also demonstrate high efficiency SHG and FHG with walk-off compensated (WOC) crystal pairs and tightly focused pump beam. An SHG efficiency of 75%, FHG efficiency of 47%, and an overall efficiency of 35% from 1064 nm to 266 nm are obtained.
Evaluation of Various Spray Nozzle and Volume Combinations for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with Synthetic and Biological Insecticides

Field experiments were done in potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., to evaluate various spray nozzle and volume combinations for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa Decemlineata (Say), with synthetic insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis . Colorado potato beetles were moderately tolerant to permethrin, and use of hollow-cone nozzles resulted in improved control compared with flat-fan nozzles. When flat-fan nozzles were used with permethrin, increasing spray volume from 103 to 298 Iiter/ha resulted in a reduction in defoliation and an increase in tuber yield. Colorado potato beetles were highly susceptible to esfenvalerate. Nozzle type and spray volume had no significant effect on insect density or defoliation. However, a significant linear relationship existed between Colorado potato beetle counts and esfenvalerate spray volume. On some sample dates, density of Colorado potato beetles was reduced in the high volume (467 liter fha) esfenvalerate treatment compared with the low volume (93 liter fha) treatment. Efficacy of cryolite for control of Colorado potato beetle was not significantly influenced by nozzle type or spray volume treatment. In experiments with B. thuringiensis var. san diego (M-One Insecticide), use of three hollowcone drop nozzles per row resulted in significantly lower Colorado potato beetle density and defoliation, compared with use of hollow-cone nozzles arranged over the tops of the plants. Colorado potato beetle control with B. thuringiensis was enhanced (with both nozzle treatments) by increasing spray volume from 140 to 560 liter fha.
The Traces of a Radical Education: Neoliberal Rationality in Sudbury Student Imaginings of Educational Opportunities

Sudbury education, a progressive school model that originated in the 1970s United States, provides an example of how pedagogy can be reimagined toward radically empowering children. Sudbury schools project an idealistic vision of individual self-actualization, self-directed learning, and egalitarian democratic participation in an unstructured pedagogical environment. This article draws on ethnographic narratives of students who have experienced Sudbury education to trace a more complex and contradictory reality of Sudbury socialization. Focusing on the case study of Natalie, a lifelong Sudbury student who transitioned to public school at the age of 15, what emerges is a narrative of self and society imbued with neoliberal discourses of self-motivation, entrepreneurship, and individualistic notions of success, punctuated by brief structural critiques of public schooling. The overwhelmingly individualistic consequences of Natalie’s socialization, however, showcase the limits of Sudbury education to promote a collective sense of social responsibility.
Public investment and electric vehicle design: a model-based market analysis framework with application to a USA–China comparison study

Governments encourage use of electric vehicles (EV) via regulation and investment to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Manufacturers produce vehicles to maximize profit, given available public infrastructure and government incentives. EV public adoption depends not only on price and vehicle attributes, but also on EV market size and infrastructure available for refueling, such as charging station proximity and recharging length and cost. Earlier studies have shown that government investment can create EV market growth, and that manufacturers and charging station operators must cooperate to achieve overall profitability. This article describes a framework that connects decisions by the three stakeholders (government, EV manufacturer, charging station operator) with preferences of the driving public. The goal is to develop a framework that allows the effect of government investment on the EV market to be quantified. This is illustrated in three scenarios in which we compare optimal public investment for a city in USA (Ann Arbor, Michigan) and one in China (Beijing) to minimize emissions, accounting for customer preferences elicited from surveys conducted in the two countries. Under the modeling assumptions of the framework, we find that high customer sensitivity to prices, combined with manufacturer and charging station operator profit maximization strategies, can render government investment in EV subsidies ineffective, while a collaboration among stakeholders can achieve both emission reduction and profitability. When EV and station designs improve beyond a certain threshold, government investment influence on EV adoption is attenuated apparently due to diminishing customer willingness to buy. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that a diversified government investment portfolio could be especially effective for the Chinese market, with charging costs and price cuts on license plate fees being as important as EV subsidies.
Utilizing the rich resources of a diverse workplace.

The dynamic and ever-increasing diversity of the U.S. workforce challenges those in executive management to utilize human resources in a manner that maximizes those resources and produces optimal results. A diverse organization is itself laden with rich resources of human capital waiting to be tapped in creative ways. In order to be competitive and remain so, physician executives in today's market must engage in the management of diversity on a continuous basis.
Viewpoint: Open is an Opportunity and a Choice

Open access (OA) has fundamentally changed how journal articles are read and distributed. In this article the author describes the spectrum of open access from simply free-to-read to full reuse and derivative rights. As an independent society publisher, JBC has crafted journal policies in a way that reflect our professional values in promoting scholarly research while respecting authors’ rights to choose their level of openness and control their works.
Inhibition of advanced glycation endproducts in cooked beef patties by cereal bran addition

Abstract Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are formed in cooked meat products via Maillard reactions, which are seen as a contributor to chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases. A number of reports have shown that natural antioxidants such as phenolic acids in grains, herbs, and spices can inhibit their formation. The objective of the study was to determine the inhibitory effects of selected wheat (Jagger, JA), triticale (Spring Triticale, ST; Thundercale, TH), and Rye (RY) bran on AGEs levels in cooked beef patties, as measured by Ne-carboxymethyl lysine (CML) contents. The CML was detected in all the cooked samples, whereas the patties to which RY (42.0% inhibition), ST (27.5% inhibition), and TH (21.4% inhibition) brans were added significantly decreased CML formation. RY and ST, were more abundant in total phenolics content (TPC) and exhibit higher properties as free radical scavengers. Using Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analysis, the inhibition of CML in patties was correlated to the water-holding activity (WHC) of the samples, and the radical scavenging activity of the brans as measured by the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. These results suggest that addition of bran may be a potential method of decreasing the formation of AGE in cooked patties.
Desanctification of Law and the Problem of Absolutes

In this paper, I try to connect some vague and inconclusive thoughts about (what a Weberian would call) the desanctification of modern law to our difficulty in deploying certain kinds of moral ideas in our evaluation of law.
Methods for Dynamic Change Hypotheses

In this rcscarch wc describe longitudinal structural equaiion modeis useful for testing dynamic hypothesis. The Statistical modeis described here come from recent research on latent variable siruclural equaiion modeling (SEM) for longiiudinal data. The initial set of analyses arc hased on considerations about measurement modeis with changing scales over timc following modcls used by McArdle & Woodcock (1997). A second set of analyses are based directly on the latent growth curvc model of Meredith & Tisak (1990). A third set of analyses are based on latent difference score modcls of McArdle & Nesselroade (1994) and McArdle (2001). In a fourth and final set of analyses we present some new bivariate dynamic model across different variables at different ages from McArdle & Hamagami (2001). These SEM analyses permit a dynamk Interpretation of the developmental influences of onc variable upon another over timc and can bc used with many form of repeated mcasures longiiudinal data. This rcscarch paper emphasi/cs practica! aspects of testing dynamic hypolheses with SEM, but implications for turther experimcntal and developmental rcscarch arc also discussed.
Comparison of Cooperative Search Algorithms for Mobile RF Targets Using Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In this chapter, we compare two cooperative control algorithms for multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to search, detect, and locate multiple mobile RF (Radio Frequency) emitting ground targets. We assume the UAVs are equipped with low-precision RF direction finding sensors with no ranging capability and the targets may emit signals randomly with variable duration. In the first algorithm the UAVs search a large area cooperatively until a target is detected. Once a target is detected, each UAV uses a cost function to determine whether to continue searching to minimize overall search time or to cooperate in localization of the target, joining in a proper orbit for precise triangulation to increase localization accuracy. In the second algorithm the UAVs fly in formations of three for both search and target localization. The first algorithm minimizes the total search time, while the second algorithm minimizes the time to localize targets after detection. Both algorithms combine a set of intentional cooperative rules with individual UAV behaviors optimizing a performance criterion to search a large area. This chapter will compare the total search time and localization accuracy generated by multiple UAVs using the two algorithms simulations as we vary ratios of the numbers of UAVs to the number of targets.
Fracture Risk After Bariatric Surgery: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Adjustable Gastric Banding.

The long-term consequences of bariatric surgery on fracture risk are unclear but are likely to vary by procedure type. In physiologic studies, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and adjustable gastric banding (AGB) have differential effects on rates of bone loss. Therefore, our objective was to compare fracture risk in obese adults after RYGB and AGB procedures. Using claims data from a US commercial health plan, we analyzed rates of nonvertebral fractures within a propensity score-matched cohort (n = 15,032) of morbidly obese adults who received either RYGB or AGB surgery between 2005 and 2013. A total of 281 nonvertebral fractures occurred during a mean follow-up time of 2.3 ± 1.9 years. RYGB patients had an increased risk of nonvertebral fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.81) compared with AGB patients. In fracture site-specific analyses, RYGB patients had increased risk of fracture at the hip (HR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.03-2.30) and wrist (HR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.01-2.07). Nonvertebral fracture risk associated with RYGB manifested >2 years after surgery and increased in subsequent years, with the highest risk in the fifth year after surgery (HR = 3.91, 95% CI 1.58-9.64). In summary, RYGB is associated with a 43% increased risk of nonvertebral fracture compared with AGB, with risk increasing >2 years after surgery. Fracture risk should be considered in risk/benefit discussions of bariatric surgery, particularly among patients with high baseline risk of osteoporosis who are deciding between RYGB and AGB procedures. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Thoracoscopic Repair of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

The topic of esophageal atresia (EA), with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), will be covered in several chapters in this book. Therefore, this chapter will not reiterate information about etiology, classification, the open repair via thoracotomy, postoperative management or management of postoperative complications such as recurrent TEF, gastroesophageal reflux, or indications for aortopexy.
External dacryocystorhinostomy 1 (DCR)

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common cause of chronic epiphora and may frequently lead to mucopurulent ocular discharges, chronic dacryocystitis, and acute dacryocystitis. External dacryocystorhinostomy is a standard surgery in which a new passageway is established to bypass the occluded or narrowed nasolacrimal duct for the tear drainage.
Case report of novel CACNA1A gene mutation causing episodic ataxia type 2.

Background:Episodic ataxia type 2 (OMIM 108500) is an autosomal dominant channelopathy characterized by paroxysms of ataxia, vertigo, nausea, and other neurologic symptoms. More than 50 mutations o...
Territorial Scent Marking by Two Sympatric Lemur Species

The sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi, and the ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta, are diurnal, group-living, prosimian primates that inhabit the forests of Madagascar. Both species vary their group home range size with resource density (Budnitz and Dainis, 1974; Jolly et al., 1982), and vary their degree of tolerance of home range overlap between adjacent groups (Sussman and Richard, 1974). Although they demonstrate this flexibility in their ranging behavior, it appears from this study that the placement of their scent marks is territorial.
Das 18. Jahrhundert

Mit dem fortschreitenden 18. Jahrhundert brach sich in der Anatomie eine Periode der darstellerischen Strenge und nahezu uberhohten Exaktheit Bahn. Dies wurde auch in den zu dieser Zeit entstehenden Illustrationen spurbar, die den Urogenitaltrakt darstellen. Die rein kunsthistorisch zu wertenden barocken oder spatbarocken Einflusse auf die anatomische Grafik verlieren sich zunehmend. Haufig wurde alles, was den asthetischen Genuss beim Betrachten der abgezeichneten Praparate fruherer Jahre ausmachte, auf ein Minimum reduziert. Anatom und Zeichner betrachteten die abzubildenden Strukturen jetzt oft mit mathematischer Nuchternheit.
Phoneme production by Hispanic hearing-impaired children

This study examines the speech productions of Hispanic deaf and hearing impaired (DHI) children from 3 to 7 years of age who have had delayed medical intervention. The data presented here is from the initial data collection session and will focus on the segmental phonemic productions of the target group as compared to the productions of the control groups (Hispanic peers with normal hearing and non-Hispanic DHI peers) from the same local community. The goal of the study is to create a speech corpus of Hispanic DHI children that will be used to study various aspects of their language development. Findings will contribute to the currently limited acoustic research on minority DHI children whose home language differs from their specialized language program (in this case, English Listening and Spoken Language Program).
Spaceborne GNSS-R from the SMAP mission: First assessment of polarimetric scatterometry

NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission has been tuned to perform a Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) experiment. The motivation of this study is to assess the capabilities of GNSS-R for soil moisture determination, biomass monitoring and cryosphere studies. The use for first time of the Polarimetric Ratio (PR) from a spaceborne platform shows significant sensitivity to soil moisture. Additionally, the investigation for first time of the leading and trailing edges width sensitivity to Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and rough topography shows promising results. Better understanding of these effects in the reflected waveforms will improve the development of retrieval algorithms.
The Role of PCSK9 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and describe its place in therapy for the treatment of hyperc...
How Interspersion Affects Class Relations.

Abstract: Scholars have identified a new configuration of spatial inequality in several of the largest cities in the developing world. This configuration, which I label interspersion, is characterized by the general proximity of classed spaces, particularly ‘slums’ and ‘enclaves’. There is disagreement about how interspersion affects class relations. One side argues that it worsens class relations by foreclosing substantive class interaction; the other side maintains that it improves class relations by enabling greater class interaction. I argue that it is not the extent but the form of class interaction that matters. Interspersion worsens class relations by promoting categorically unequal interaction. It provides regular opportunities for the imposition of spatial boundaries on slum residents. Regular experiences of boundary imposition deepen their sense of discrimination. This argument is based on an ethnographic study of the relations between slum and enclave residents in Metro Manila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Effect of Ammonia-Excreting Cyanobacteria on the Growth of Rice

Most crops require nitrogen fertilizer for peak productivity. However, the increasing production costs for nitrogen fertilizer mandates the exploitation of biological nitrogen fixation. Cyanobacteria make a valuable contribution to the nitrogen content of many soils and nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria may be responsible for continued rice production in areas of the Orient where little or no fertilizer has ever been added to the soil.
Mathematical Simulation of Gas Transport and Acid/Base Regulation by Blood Flowing in Microvessels -- the Cl-/HCO3- Exchange Across the Red Cell Membrane

Prior workers have often treated the exchange of HCO3 − and C1− by use of phenomenological permeability coefficients(1–4).However, discrepancies of several orders of magnitude between the Cl−permeability as measured by isotope exchange and by net (or conductive) flow with direct electrical measurements practically ruled out the possibility that anions as such diffuse across the membrane (5). Those data and other experimental evidence suggest that the exchange mechanism is carrier-mediated; the carrier is capable of one-for one exchange of anions, but does not permit the net flow of anions across the membrane. As a result, the permeability values are only “effective” and must be interpreted accordingly. Therefore, in this work, we studied a mediated-transport system. Most of the experimental evidence on the exchange kinetics point toward the single-site “ping-pong” mechanism with obligatory exchange(5–11) The general features of the ping-pong mechanism are illustrated in Figure 1. In the ping-pong mechanism, the anions take turns crossing the membrane rather than switching place simultaneously; and the protein has two structurally distinct states, an inward-facing state and an outward-facing state. Thus, it is an alternating site transporter possessing a single transport site which is alternatively exposed to the opposite sides of the membrane. This site can only cross the membrane when it is occupied by a substrate anion; it then undergoes a conformational change to face the opposite side of the membrane and releases the transported ion. The transported site can now bind another (or the same) anion and return to the original membrane face, release the anion to complete a cycle of anion exchange.
Propagating strain anomalies during mini-surges of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A

Wire strain meters and seismometers spaced longitudinally along the upper part of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, showed quasi-periodic episodes of increased velocity (mini-surges), which lasted about 1 day and recurred at intervals of a few days to 2 weeks during the early part of the melt seasons of 1979, 1980, and 1981. The zone affected by these mini-surges corresponds to the zone of highest velocity and basal stress increase over the previous decade, and the initiation of the most recent surge in 1982. Mini-surges initiate locally; as a single melt season progresses, the later mini-surges start at higher locations and show a distinct down-glacier propagation of a characteristic strain pattern and associated zone of acoustic emissions at speeds of 0.1–0.6 km h−1. During mini-surges, extensile and compressive strain-rates exceed 10 × 10−4 d−1 and 40 × 10−4 d−1, respectively; typical strain-rates between mini-surges were less than 2 × 10−4d−1 in magnitude. Seismic activity jumped by two orders of magnitude and was distinctly audible during a mini-surge. Maximum strain-rate during mini-surges decreased from year to year. The high time resolution of the strain allows short time-scale structure of velocity variations to be deduced. As a propagating mini-surge passes, the velocity anomaly at a fixed location is characterized by a rapid initial rise over a few hours to two distinct peaks separated by a few hours, followed by a slower return to normal velocity taking up to a day. The double peak in velocity may arise from a single, very sharp, transient peak in the basal slip velocity associated with the initial opening of cavities at the base in response to a sudden rise in basal water pressure (observed by Kamb and Engelhardt). This supports an important role for basal cavitation in the mini-surge mechanism.
The Truth Be Damned: The First Amendment, Attorney Speech, and Judicial Reputation

Throughout the United States, courts discipline and sanction attorneys who make disparaging remarks about the judiciary. Yet, in that context, state and federal courts have almost universally rejected the constitutional standard established by the Supreme Court in New York Times v. Sullivan for punishing speech regarding government officials. Indeed, some courts even deny attorneys the defense of truth. Attorneys have been punished even when they were not engaged in a representative capacity and regardless of the forum in which they made their statements (including to the press, in pamphlets, or even in personal letters). The punishment imposed for impugning judicial reputation is often severe, with suspension from the practice of law being typical and, in at least one state, mandatory. Notably, in the context of attorney discipline, courts act as judge and jury, and, where the speech regards the judiciary, the courts are also the victim. Yet the problem has not previously received the academic attention that it certainly needs.In The Truth Be Damned, Professor Tarkington argues that Sullivan sets the constitutional standard that must be employed to punish attorneys for speech impugning judicial integrity. Such speech is core political speech entitled to the fullest constitutional protection. In addition to First Amendment doctrine, there are several reasons, vital to democracy itself, why the interests proffered by state and federal courts cannot justify the suppression of attorney speech. Attorneys are the very class of persons with the knowledge and exposure to have informed opinions about the judiciary. By denying their right to speak and the public's corresponding right to receive such speech, the central purposes of the Speech Clause are defeated, including self-governance, robust debate on public issues, the unique sovereignty of the American people over government, and the ability of the public to employ democratic correctives to check and define the abuse of judicial power. This in turn clogs the wheels of political change, allowing for judicial self-entrenchment.
Development of rice straw activated carbon and its utilizations.

Abstract Unrecycled wastes such as rice straw must be responsibly disposed to prevent environmental issues and it would be even better if it makes a profit. Pyrolysis as a thermal conversion process is one option to convert wastes into biochar, which can be used as a catalyst support for bio-oil catalytic upgrading, electrochemical material, and pollutant adsorbent after biochar activation. In the study, KOH chemical activation was applied to have high surface areas (1330 m2/g). For the first application, the nickel impregnated on the activated carbon was used to upgrade the microalgae distilled bio-oil fraction. The upgraded bio-oil was deoxygenated by 42% and desulfurized by 86%. The H/C and O/C ratios of upgraded bio-oil showed close ratios of the petro-based fuels and HHV was obtained as about 42 MJ/kg. Most olefin and nitrile groups were cracked or converted into smaller carbon chains whereas the amount of paraffin and aromatic groups increased. Also, the activated carbon was evaluated as an electrochemical material, a supercapacitor, which showed both the properties of EDLC (electrical double layer capacitor) and pseudocapacitance. The highest specific capacitance was obtained at 93 F/g, which showed a modest specific capacitance. Last, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent material to remove pharmaceutical pollutions and almost 95% of them were removed in a 24 h contact time.
Pluralism and Music Education Research: An Introduction to the Text

A prominent academic journal in American music education research, the Journal of Research in Music Education (JRME), was first published in 1953, and the Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education began 10 years later. The field of music education research is robust enough to support these two academic journals plus important yet smaller or newer journals such the Journal of Music Teacher Education. This list does not even account for a significant number of academic journals in music education from European countries, nor does it include periodicals aimed at music practitioners.
Partisan Redistricting and the 1992 Congressional Elections

Research on congressional districting after the 1970 and 1980 censuses found a short-term partisan advantage when a party controlled all three branches of state government. Results from the 1992 election indicate that, on average, partisan control of state government did little or nothing to enhance partisan gains from redistricting. The requirement that some states clear their districting changes with the Justice Department did not account for this absence of effect.
The neighborhood story project: Co-creating learning, caring, and empowering environments.

Aims The study examines the Neighborhood Story Project, a facilitated three-month action research project that engages residents in community change. In particular, this paper identifies design and facilitation elements that facilitated participant growth within the project. Methods This constructivist multi-case study examines three Neighborhood Story Projects, all located in Nashville, TN. The analysis draws on observational, focus group and interview data. Results Findings suggest that the intentional cocreation of a learning, caring, and empowering environment propelled member gains. The paper identifies specific design elements that fostered these conditions, suggesting a group-work practice model for intervening in gentrifying neighborhoods. Conclusion This study contributes to theory and practice related to group-level interventions in neighborhoods undergoing rapid demographic changes. Findings can be leveraged to better understand processes and strategies for fostering place attachments, social ties, and civic action.
Should Pre-operative Embolization Be Utilized Routinely for Carotid Body Tumors Prior to Surgical Excision?

Carotid body tumors (CBT) are a type of paraganglioma that arise from extra-adrenal chromaffin cells at the carotid bifurcation usually deriving their blood supply from the external carotid artery. Surgery is the gold standard and is curative for resectable CBTs; however, these tumors can be large and surgical excision can lead to significant blood loss and morbidity. This chapter explores the efficacy of preoperative embolization prior to surgical resection of carotid body tumors. Five hundred and two studies were identified published between February 1998 and February 2018 including patients undergoing surgical intervention for cervical paragangliomas comparing the effects of preoperative versus no preoperative vascular embolization. There were 21 studies that met our criteria and addressed the utility of CBT resection with and without pre-operative embolization: two meta-analyses, two claims-based data multi-institutional studies, and 17 retrospective analyses. While Shamblin classification, tumor size, surgeon preference, operative time, blood loss, or tumor location are all cited as possible reasons for embolization there is no clear consensus in the literature on when to perform pre-operative embolization of carotid body tumors. Therefore, no recommendation can be made for the use of pre-operative embolization for surgical excision of carotid body tumors.