cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting anomalous gluon-top-quark effective couplings at the supercolliders

Production of tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} by gluon fusion fullowed by t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{bW}}^{+}$, t\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{bW}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and ${\mathit{W}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{e}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{e}}$(\ensuremath{\nu}${\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}_{\mathit{e}}$) is studied to extract the CP-violating chromoelectric dipole moment form factor of the top quark. The fact that the spin of the top quark, in its rest frame, is in the direction of the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$ momentum facilitates the analysis. Expressions for the differential cross section and decays are given. We find that the Superconducting Super Collider or Large Hadron Collider, it is possible to put a limit of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}20}$${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{s}}$-to ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{s}}$ cm on these effective couplings through the use of ``optimal observables.'' Naive observables such as simple triple product correlations are typically an order of magnitude less effective.
Control-to-output transfer function including feed-forward gains of peak current-mode controlled PWM DC-DC converters in CCM

A unified model including feed-forward gains to derive the control-to-output transfer function of peak current-mode controlled PWM dc-dc converters for CCM is presented. The control-to-output transfer functions for peak current-mode controlled PWM dc-dc buck-boost, boost, and buck converters are derived and illustrated for selected values of perturbation ratio using MATLAB. The proposed model is experimentally verified for peak current-mode controlled buck converter operating in CCM.
Hierarchical optimization of optimal path finding for transportation applications

In this paper, the authors study the problem of efficient path query processing in the context of automobile navigation systems. To guarantee efficient response for path queries, a path view materialization strategy is used for pre-computing the best paths. A hierarchical encoded path view (HEPV) approach, which addresses issues of capacity, efficiency, and cost, is proposed. Experimental results reveal that HEPV is more efficient than previously known path-finding approaches.
Some Effects of Electrical Fields on Red Blood Cells with Remarks on Electronic Red Cell Sizing

Sizing normal RBC by an electronic method showed that with certain aperture currents a skewed bimodal size-distribution curve is obtainable. In these studies some possible causes for such distributions were investigated. The experiments show that an electrical field can cause change in shape, size, and staining properties of RBC as well as lysis. Extrapolation of the results of these experiments to the conditions of the RBC sizing method indicate that these changes are not responsible for the skewed bimodal distribution. We believe, therefore, that normal RBC vary among themselves in some structural or physiologic way, not necessarily size, that was measured by this system. The use of aperture currents within the range that displays the bimodal distribution is helpful in diagnostic practice, because the bimodal size distribution enhances the discrimination of the system for detection of simultaneously existing different red cell populations.
Listening to talking faces: motor cortical activation during speech perception

Neurophysiological research suggests that understanding the actions of others harnesses neural circuits that would be used to produce those actions directly. We used fMRI to examine brain areas active during language comprehension in which the speaker was seen and heard while talking (audiovisual) or heard but not seen (audio-alone) or when the speaker was seen talking with the audio track removed (video-alone). We found that audiovisual speech perception activated a network of brain regions that included cortical motor areas involved in planning and executing speech production and areas subserving proprioception related to speech production. These regions included the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, the pars opercularis, premotor cortex, adjacent primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and the cerebellum. Activity in premotor cortex and posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus was modulated by the amount of visually distinguishable phonemes in the stories. None of these regions was activated to the same extent in the audio- or video-alone conditions. These results suggest that integrating observed facial movements into the speech perception process involves a network of multimodal brain regions associated with speech production and that these areas contribute less to speech perception when only auditory signals are present. This distributed network could participate in recognition processing by interpreting visual information about mouth movements as phonetic information based on motor commands that could have generated those movements.
Fine Structure of Short-Lived States of Hydrogen by a Microwave-Optical Method. I

A radio-frequency determination of the fine structure of excited states of hydrogen atoms is described. In this method the atoms are excited by electron bombardment so that they emit radiation. Transitions among the fine structure levels are induced by a radio-frequency electric field and are detected by the consequent change in intensity of the emitted radiation. A detailed theory of the method is presented and the experimental apparatus is discussed and described. Some preliminary results for the n = 3 level of deuterium are DELTA E-S = 2934.5 plus or minus 10 Mc/sec, S = 316.3 plus or minus 10 Mc/sec, where DELTA E is the separation 3/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ -3/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/, and S the separation 3/ sup2/ S/sub 1/2/ -3/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/. These results are in agreemen t with predictions of quantum electrodynamics. (auth)
Postintercalative Polymerization of Aniline and Its Derivatives in Layered Metal Phosphates

The formation of polyaniline in the layered metal phosphates, a-Ti(HOP03)2-H20, a-Zr(HOPO&.HzO, and HUO2P04-4H20 is reported. Aniline and N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (PPDA) are intercalated in the layered phosphates to form the precursors for polymerization. X-ray diffraction patterns show interlayer expansions with titanium phosphate and zirconium phosphate, consistent with a bilayer of these molecules in the gallery. In contrast, only a monolayer is intercalated in uranyl phosphate. After thermal treatment at 130 "C in air, the intercalated aniline and PPDA are slowly polymerized by ambient oxygen. The formation of polyaniline was confirmed by FT-IR, W/vis and EPR spectroscopies as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements. Following polymerization, the interlayer spacing slightly increases from 10.46 to 11.8 A for aniliniuduranyl phosphate but drFmatically decreases from 28.3 to 20.5 A for PPDA/Zr(HOPO& and from 18.87 to 13.25 A for anilinium/Ti(HOP03)2, suggesting a monolayer of polyaniline inside the uranyl phosphate and titanium phosphate structures but a bilayer in Zr(HOPO&. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the MW of the intercalated polyaniline. Prolonged heating in air results in cross-linked polymer in the galleries. All compounds are insulators.
Partitioning of Ni between olivine and siliceous eclogite partial melt: experimental constraints on the mantle source of Hawaiian basalts

Olivine is abundant in Earth’s upper mantle and ubiquitous in basaltic lavas, but rarely occurs in eclogite. Partial melts of eclogite are, therefore, not in equilibrium with olivine, and will react with peridotite as they migrate through the upper mantle. If such melts erupt at Earth’s surface, their compositions will be highly modified and they may be olivine-saturated. We investigated experimentally the reaction between olivine and siliceous eclogite partial melt, and determined element partitioning between olivine and the melt produced by this reaction. Our results demonstrate that mixing of reacted eclogite partial melt with primitive basalt is capable of producing the positive correlation between melt SiO2 content and olivine Ni content observed in some Hawaiian lavas. Experiments were carried out by equilibrating eclogite partial melt or basalt with San Carlos olivine at 1 bar and 1,201–1,350°C. Our results show that eclogite partial melts equilibrated with mantle olivine retain their high SiO2, low FeO and MgO characteristics. Further, olivine-melt partition coefficients for Ni measured in these experiments are significantly larger than for basalt. Mixing of these melts with primitive Hawaiian tholeiitic lavas results in crystallization of high-Ni olivines similar to those in Makapuu-stage Koolau lavas, even though the mixed magmas have only moderate Ni contents. This results from a hyperbolic increase of the Ni partition coefficient with increasing polymerization of the mixed melt. Note that while eclogite partial melt in contact with peridotite will equilibrate with pyroxene as well as olivine, this will have the effect of buffering the activity of SiO2 in the reacted melt at a higher level. Therefore, an eclogite partial melt equilibrated with harzburgite will have higher SiO2 than one equilibrated with dunite, enhancing the effects observed in our experiments. Our results demonstrate that an olivine-free “hybrid” pyroxenite source is not required to explain the presence of high-Ni olivines in Hawaiian lavas and, therefore, indicate that the proportion of eclogite in the Hawaiian plume is less than has been estimated in recent studies.
The quantitative determination of FeS 2 phases in coal by means of 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy

A knowledge of the concentration of pyrite and marcasite in coals can provide important insight into the genesis of coal deposits. Determinations of the relative amounts of pyrite and marcasite by traditional methods of coal analysis are, however, beset with many difficulties. Using57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and a mild chemical treatment with hydrofluoric acid, a technique has been devised for the quantitative determination of the relative concentrations of pyrite and marcasite in samples of whole coals or their low-temperature ashes. The sample preparation procedure is comparable to less accurate methods. Good qualitative agreement has been obtained between ore microscopic and Mossbauer spectroscopic techniques for a series of extensively investigated whole coal samples.
CA-125 response in patients with recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or topotecan

Abstract Objective. Recent additions of novel chemotherapeutics, such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and topotecan (TPT), have provided clinicians with multiple options for treating recurrent ovarian cancer. Evaluating treatment response in patients without radiographic or physically measurable disease is problematic, thereby CA-125 values may be the only available objective criteria. It has been advocated that several cycles of novel agents are required prior to an observed CA-125 response. In this study, we sought to gain insight into response patterns regarding CA-125 in responders vs. non-responders and to determine whether specific "cut-off" values could help predict ultimate clinical response. Methods. Patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who received either single agent PLD, TPT, or both were included. CA-125 levels were evaluated prior to initiation of chemotherapy and thereafter for each additional cycle. The Rustin criteria were utilized to evaluate CA-125 response. Results. Fifty-four of 120 patients were judged to be responders. When comparing responders to non-responders, as expected, the majority of responders demonstrated a decrease after each of the first 4 cycles. However, nearly 50% of responders who received PLD demonstrated an increase in CA-125 after cycle 1. There were no responders who demonstrated two successive rises in CA-125. Conclusion. The majority of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who will ultimately manifest a CA-125 response to novel agents, such as TPT or PLD, will demonstrate a decrease following each cycle. An initial increase in CA-125 should not mandate discontinuation of current therapy, but a successive rise over two or more cycles reliably predicts that a treatment response ultimately is unlikely.
JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers

JC virus (JCV) is a polyoma virus that commonly infects humans. We have found T antigen DNA sequences of JCV in the mucosa of normal human colons, colorectal cancers, colorectal cancer xenografts raised in nude mice, and in the human colon cancer cell line SW480. A larger number of viral copies is present in cancer cells than in non-neoplastic colon cells, and sequence microheterogeneity occurs within individual colonic mucosal specimens. The improved yield of detection after treatment with topoisomerase I suggests that the viral DNA is negatively supercoiled in the human tissues. These results indicate that JCV DNA can be found in colonic tissues, which raises the possibility that this virus may play a role in the chromosomal instability observed in colorectal carcinogenesis.
Removal of non-neuronal cells from suspensions of dissociated embryonic dorsal root ganglia.

Abstract Suspensions of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells from chick and mouse embryos can be substantially freed of fibroblasts and glia by incubation for a few hours on beds of glass beads. The remaining neurons can be maintained in dispersed cell cultures for long periods. Because proliferating non-neuronal cells are absent, the neuronal cytons and process networks in these cultures remain fully visible and accessible.
Regressor space outliers in ridge regression

A simple analytical expression is derived for leverage in ridge regression. Leverage is shown to be a monotonically decreasing function of the value of the ridge parameter. This reduction in leverage is greatest for those observations lying substantially in the direction of the minor principal axes. Thus, ridge estimation copes with outliers in regressor space by downweighting their influence. A brief illustration is provided.
Why large earthquakes do not nucleate at shallow depths

Spontaneous rupture models were examined to determine if gradients of average stress-drop and average strength relative to ambient stress account for earthquake nucleation near the base of the seismogenic layer. The frictional strength has been proved to increase with normal stress, which (across a fault) increases with depth in concert with the frictional strength. It is assumed that the large earthquakes occur at a time when the applied stress is equal to the frictional strength. A gradient has been found in frictional strength relative to the ambient stress and the stress-drop with depth. Attention is given to two cases where a circular crack appears, and radiates outward. It is shown that nucleation in the lower part of the seismogenic region will permit growth into a large earthquake, while nucleation in the lower stress-drop regime will encapsulate the crack. It is concluded that only cracks propagating in a high stress-drop regime can move easily into a relatively lower strength region.
Prevalence of ischemic resting and stress electrocardiographic abnormalities and angina among 40- to 59-year-old men in selected U.S. and U.S.S.R. populations.

The prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and angina was investigated in 40- to 59-year-old men from two samples, one from a U.S.S.R. study in two locations and one from a U.S. study in nine locations. ECG abnormalities were defined by the Minnesota code and angina was defined by the Rose questionnaire. No differences were found in the prevalence of major Q waves and major or minor ischemia between the two samples, but differences were found in specific indicators of major ischemia. Major ischemic changes were more prevalent in older subjects in both samples. Estimated prevalence of angina was 50% less in the U.S. sample than in the U.S.S.R. sample, and this was consistent with the proportion of subjects excluded from the exercise test because of angina. In both samples, subjects with ECG abnormalities had higher systolic blood pressures. No difference in exercise test abnormalities was found between samples; however, more subjects with a history compatible with coronary artery disease were excluded from the U.S.S.R. sample.
Importance of risk factors in the angiographic progression of coronary artery disease

Although specific risk factors correlate with the development of clinical coronary events, little is known about their importance in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). A numerical scoring system was used to assess serial coronary angiograms in subjects who had detailed risk factor determinations. Strong linear correlations were demonstrated between the extent of progression of CAD and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (p = 0.002), systolic BP (p = 0.094), the number of cigarette pack-years smoked among current smokers (p = 0.022), fasting blood glucose level (p = 0.017) and low levels of physical activity at leisure (p = 0.097). This analysis of sequential coronary angiograms identifies BP, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and physical activity as important risk factors in the progression of CAD. These variables merit attention in the management of patients with symptomatic CAD and in secondary coronary prevention trials investigating risk factor modification.
Compact, integrated dynamic holographic memory with refreshed holograms

An innovative architecture for compact, integrated volume holographic memories is described. It is based on phase-conjugate readout and on a modulator–detector–memory array implemented in a silicon integrated circuit. The lensless memory module sustains dynamic read–write holograms by periodic refreshing. The integrated circuit is described and experimentally characterized. Holograms were stored in a prototype storage module that uses a 30°-cut BaTiO3 crystal and the 90° recording geometry. As many as three angularly multiplexed holograms were periodically refreshed and subjected to >40% decay from exposure to the reference beam over 50 to 100 cycles. Experimental data are presented.
The growth impact of the metropolitan statistical area designation

The federal Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) periodic releases of updated metropolitan statistical area (MSA) definitions garner significant attention from local economic development professionals and policymakers. This paper tests the hypothesis that the MSA designation influences local growth, using OMB designations released since 1980 and data on per capita personal income, population, and employment. We find little evidence that the MSA designation influences long-term employment or per capita income growth. However, we do find evidence suggestive of a short-run impact on employment growth and more significant impacts on population growth.
Stationary Gaussian processes on the vertices of the k-cube

Our interest is in stationary processes on the k-cube T. We explore the connection between stationarity and the group structure of T and derive the relationship between the parameters of a stationary process on T and the process restricted to a subgroup. In addition, we study special families of stationary processes. In particular, we prove closure properties for these families.
Medical pluralism in Arab and Egyptian history: an overview of class structures and philosophies of the main phases.

Abstract Medical pluralism has been little developed for the study of Arabic medical history because of the scholarly preoccupation with Yūnāni medicine which lasted for a few centuries in the court of medieval Baghdad. Therefore this paper outlines what would be the main trends which competed in the social formations of Arab and Egyptian history during the Islamic era. It has been found best to begin by approaching the trends as ideological expressions of social groups in conflict and not to isolate medical thought from the rest of culture, since most writers would reject a too artificial separation of medicine from other areas of knowledge. Following this procedure. most attention is focused on the social context which produced Avicennianism and on the gradual and ambivalent victory of positivism over Avicenna among ruling classes during the past few centuries. Stress is placed on those who, like the Marabouts, addressed the problem of psychological disruption caused by the adjustment of the masses to a market economy in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Marabouts performed a critical function in the development of the overall modern world economy through their skills, since the whole build up to an through the Industrial Revolution of England was predicated on a steady supply of cheap unfinished products many of which came from the periphery. from regions like the Arab world. In all. five characteristic social formations which spanned Arabo-Egyptian history from the pre-Islamic era to the present are discussed with their different trends in medical thought. The broader methodological argument of the paper is that social history will serve to integrate medical history where political and dynastic history cannot do so, and that a view of history which does not implicitly rest everything on the coming of the West obliges us to take the modern indigenous trends more seriously.
Factor analysis of WISC‐R scores for children identified as learning disabled, educable mentally impaired, and emotionally impaired

The WISC-R scores for groups of children identified by school personnel as needing special education services were factor analyzed according to type of classification. WISC-R factor loadings were obtained for the scores of children labeled Learning Disabled, Educable Mentally Impaired, and Emotionally Impaired, as well as groups labeled Other and None. Overall, results show the WISC-R to be factorially similar for all groups, with two principal factors emerging which correspond to the Verbal-Performance structure of the test. Significance tests among mean scale scores and IQ scores yielded few meaningful differences across groups.
Mechanism of Allosteric Modulation of Rod Cyclic Nucleotide–gated Channels

The cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel of retinal rod photoreceptor cells is an allosteric protein whose activation is coupled to a conformational change in the ligand-binding site. The bovine rod CNG channel can be activated by a number of different agonists, including cGMP, cIMP, and cAMP. These agonists span three orders of magnitude in their equilibrium constants for the allosteric transition. We recorded single-channel currents at saturating cyclic nucleotide concentrations from the bovine rod CNG channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes as homomultimers of alpha subunits. The median open probability was 0.93 for cGMP, 0.47 for cIMP, and 0.01 for cAMP. The channels opened to a single conductance level of 26-30 pS at +80 mV. Using signal processing methods based on hidden Markov models, we determined that two closed and one open states are required to explain the gating at saturating ligand concentrations. We determined the maximum likelihood rate constants for two gating schemes containing two closed (denoted C) and one open (denoted O) states. For the C left and right arrow C left and right arrow O scheme, all rate constants were dependent on cyclic nucleotide. For the C left and right arrow O left and right arrow C scheme, the rate constants for only one of the transitions were cyclic nucleotide dependent. The opening rate constant was fastest for cGMP, intermediate for cIMP, and slowest for cAMP, while the closing rate constant was fastest for cAMP, intermediate for cIMP, and slowest for cGMP. We propose that interactions between the purine ring of the cyclic nucleotide and the binding domain are partially formed at the time of the transition state for the allosteric transition and serve to reduce the transition state energy and stabilize the activated conformation of the channel. When 1 microM Ni2+ was applied in addition to cyclic nucleotide, the open time increased markedly, and the closed time decreased slightly. The interactions between H420 and Ni2+ occur primarily after the transition state for the allosteric transition.
Depolarization, backscatter, and attenuation of CO 2 lidar by cirrus clouds

A coherent CO2 lidar system has been modified to record various states of polarization of the backscattered radiation. Methods for measuring the degree of polarization in the backscattered radiation as well as the optical thickness of clouds are described and demonstrated successfully.
A review of organic emissions from selected combustion processes

The 309 organic compounds reported in the literature as emissions from selected combustion processes are tabulated, with 109 originating from coal combustion, 213 from waste incineration and 69 from coal/refuse combustion. The largest percentage of components have been reported to be present in the grate ash from coal combustion, in the stack emissions from waste incineration and in the fly ash from coal/refuse combustion. Quantitative data for specific compounds are very incomplete, even for the more common components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls.
Potential Vorticity Budgets in the North Atlantic Ocean

AbstractThis paper focuses on potential vorticity (PV) budgets in the North Atlantic with an emphasis on the wind-driven subtropical gyre. Since PV is the key dynamical variable of the wind-driven circulation, these budgets are important to understand. PV is a conservative quantity on isopycnals and can only enter or exit through the boundaries, like the lateral topography or the surface. The latter fluxes are diagnosed and tested against the evolution of the PV content in an isopycnal layer. The former are computed using the Bernoulli function. The essential result is found for all the tested isopycnals, and the dominant feature of PV is recirculation, with very little added at the surface or the boundaries. Density coordinates are well suited to understanding PV circulation. A novel technique for computing the Bernoulli function is proposed. The Bernoulli function is governed by a simple elliptic equation and the solutions demonstrate the dominant contribution of PV advection.
Obscuration in the Host Galaxies of Soft X-Ray-selected Seyfert Nuclei

We define a new sample of 96 low-redshift (z < 0.1), soft X-ray-selected Seyfert galaxies from the catalog of the Einstein Slew Survey. We probe the geometry and column depth of obscuring material in the host-galaxy disks using galactic axial ratios determined mainly from the Digitized Sky Survey. The distribution of host-galaxy axial ratios clearly shows a bias against edge-on spirals, which confirms the existence of a geometrically thick layer of obscuring material in the host-galaxy planes. Soft X-ray selection recovers some of the edge-on objects missed in UV and visible surveys but still results in 30% incompleteness for type 1 nuclei. We speculate that thick rings of obscuring material such as the ones we infer for these Seyfert galaxies might be commonly present in early-type spirals, sitting at the inner Lindblad resonances of the nonaxisymmetric potentials of the host galaxies.
MCP-1, MIP-1, IL-8 and Ischemic Cerebral Tissue Enhance Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Migration in Interface Culture

AbstractBone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) administered intravenously are effective in reducing neurological deficits after stroke in the rodent. These cells appear to selectively migrate and express neural phenotypes in ischemic brain. To elucidate the mechanisms targeting MSC migration into the ischemic brain, we measured, using a microchemotaxis chamber, the effect of select chemotactic factors and cytokines expressed in injured brain, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), on migration of human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). In addition, we investigated whether tissue extracts prepared from rat ischemic brain at various times after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) induce migration of hMSCs. Our data indicate that MCP-1, MIP-1α and IL-8 enhance the migration of hMSCs. Ischemic brain tissue extracts at 24, 48 h and 1 week after ischemia significantly increase hMSC migration across the membrane compared to non-ischemic ti...
Investigating Dynamic Environments Using the Game of Diplomacy

Cognitive engineers are constantly exploring human performance in naturalistic environments. Recently, cognitive engineering techniques have been utilized by the intelligence community as potential tools to improve human performance. In this study, the game of Diplomacy was used as a testbed for applying Brunswik's Lens Model to dynamic environments containing multiple agents. The game of Diplomacy is based on the diplomatic relationships between the seven Great Powers of Europe just prior to the start of World War I. In contrast to many two-player strategic games, the game of Diplomacy includes seven independent players moving simultaneously, players creating and breaking alliances, and an historically-based playing board; yet one game can be completed in a few hours. This study, which was based on archival data, compares the judgmental policies of seven decision makers from two completed games. Limitations of this study and possibilities for using Diplomacy variants for future research are discussed.
Optimal security hardening on attack tree models of networks: a cost-benefit analysis

Researchers have previously looked into the problem of determining whether a given set of security hardening measures can effectively make a networked system secure. However, system administrators are often faced with a more challenging problem since they have to work within a fixed budget which may be less than the minimum cost of system hardening. An attacker, on the other hand, explores alternative attack scenarios to inflict the maximum damage possible when the security controls are in place, very often rendering the optimality of the controls invalid. In this work, we develop a systematic approach to perform a cost-benefit analysis on the problem of optimal security hardening under such conditions. Using evolutionary paradigms such as multi-objective optimization and competitive co-evolution, we model the attacker-defender interaction as an “arms race”, and explore how security controls can be placed in a network to induce a maximum return on investment.
In situ measurement of the metalorganic and hydride partial pressures in a MOCVD reactor using ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy

Ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy has been used as an in-situ diagnostic on a MOCVD reactor to measure absolute equilibrium metalorganic and hydride partial pressures and the transient reactant switching response. Several reactor and optical geometries were used to characterize the effects of flow velocity, pressure, reactant gas, system geometry and susceptor temperature. Absorption spectra for trimethylantimony (TMSb), trimethylindium (TMIn), trimethylaluminum (TMAl), trimethylgallium (TMGa), diethylzinc (DEZn), and arsine (AsH3) are presented. The use of UV absorption spectroscopy as a method of continuously monitoring the reactant partial pressures during MOCVD of III-V materials is discussed.
The Travel Guide as Avant-Garde Soapbox: Ernesto Giménez Caballero's Trabalenguas sobre España

Ernesto Gimenez Caballero's Trabalenguas sobre Espana (1931) has been relatively neglected by criticism, yet it is a fascinating text. It stands at the very end of his avant-garde production, and is also transitional to the sequence of more openly political and tendentious works that began with Genio de Espana (1932). Trabalenguas sobre Espana sports no fewer than three subtitles: 'Itinerario de Touring-Car. Guia de Touring-Club. Baedeker espiritual de Espana', and contains texts written in Castilian, English, French, Italian, and German. While it might appear to belong to the tour- or travel-book genre, it rapidly becomes clear that Gimenez Caballero is simply using this framework to enable him to talk about a number of things besides geography, such as history, literature, and culture. The avant-garde is represented in a number of ways, from a parodic guide to San Sebastian, to a strange, prose poem-like 'Malagan Song', to a well-documented essay on '1918 Spanish Literature 1930'. At the same time, distinctive political views can be discerned in the meditations on Castile, the chapter on Catalonia, and the surveys of recent intellectual history, where the advent of the Second Republic is hailed as the first step towards superseding the legacy of nineteenth-century bourgeois liberalism. Trabalenguas sobre Espana (1931), de Ernesto Gimenez Caballero, ha recibido poca atencion de la critica, pero es un libro fascinante. Pone fin a su produccion vanguardista, y al mismo tiempo constituye una transicion a la serie de obras mas explicitamente politicas y tendenciosas que empieza con Genio de Espana (1932). Trabalenguas sobre Espana ostenta tres subtitulos: 'Itinerario de Touring-Car. Guia de Touring-Club. Baedeker espiritual de Espana', y contiene textos escritos en castellano, ingles, frances, italiano, y aleman. Mientras parece pertenecer al genero de la guia turistica o libro de viajes, nos damos cuenta rapidamente de que Gimenez Caballero esta sencillamente utilizando esta armazon para posibilitar el acercamiento a varios temas ademas de la geografia, como la historia, la literatura, y la cultura. La vanguardia se representa de distintas maneras, en una guia parodica de San Sebastian, en un curioso texto parecido a un poema en prosa titulado (en ingles) 'Malagan Song', y en un ensayo muy documentado sobre la literatura espanola 1918�1930. Al mismo tiempo, sus opiniones politicas distintivas aparecen en las meditaciones sobre Castilla, en el capitulo sobre Cataluna, y en los panoramas de la historia intelectual reciente, donde la declaracion de la Segunda Republica es acogida como el primer paso hacia la superacion del legado del liberalismo burgues decimononico
Liver Regeneration is Associated with Increased Expression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor

The process of liver regeneration involves the concerted action of certain growth factors, which stimulate hepatocyte proliferation, and other antiproliferative factors, which prevent uncontrolled growth of this organ. Some of the biological actions of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), a mitogenic polypeptide closely related to insulin, may be mediated by the IGF-II receptor. This receptor consists of a single chain extracellular domain and a very small cytoplasmic domain, and can bind lysosomal enzymes that contain mannose-6-phosphate (M-6-P) residues. Since these enzymes may be involved in remodelling processes in certain tisues, we measured the expression of the IGF-II/M-6-P receptor in the liver after subtotal hepatectomy. Binding of [125I]IGF-II to crude plasma membranes from regenerating liver was maximal 2 days after hepatectomy (4.9% specific binding/60 μg protein) and subsequently decreased. Both control livers (livers removed at the time of operation) and shamoperated control livers demons...
Theory of nonuniform electronic systems. I. Analysis of the gradient approximation and a generalization that works

A complete wave-vector analysis has been made of the gradient coefficient for the exchange-correlation energy of a nonuniform electronic system. It is shown that the majority of the contribution comes from a very small but universal region of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ space near the origin. From this it can be concluded that random-phase-approximation-like calculations, like the present one or that of Rasolt and Geldart, which treat this region correctly, are likely to provide accurate results for the gradient coefficient and hence for the energy and structure of a system whose density is truly slowly varying. However, it also shows that the criterion for the validity of the gradient approximation itself is much more severe than previously supposed, so that the usual type of application, to say a surface or bulk material, is incorrect. For the surface case this is verified in unequivocal detail. On the other hand, a generalization of the gradient scheme based on an average slope instead of a local slope is proposed. This gives good agreement with limiting cases where they exist, and rough agreement with the interpolation scheme proposed previously by the authors.
Optimum Uniform Piecewise Linear Approximation of Planar Curves

Two-dimensional digital curves are often uniformly approximated by polygons or piecewise linear curves. Several algorithms have been proposed in the literature to find such curves. We present an algorithm that finds a piecewise linear curve with the minimal number of segments required to approximate a curve within a uniform error with fixed initial and final points. We compare our optimal algorithm to several suboptimal algorithms with respect to the number of linear segments required in the approximation and the execution time of the algorithm.
Compactness of bounded trajectories of dynamical systems in infinite dimensional spaces

The following theorem is proved: Let S ( t ), t ≧0 be a dynamical system in an infinite dimensional Banach space X such that S ( t ) = S 1 ( t )+ S 2 ( t ) for t ≧0, where (1) uniformly in bounded sets of x in X , and (2) S 2 ( t ) is compact for t sufficiently large. Then, if the orbit { S ( t ) x : t ≧0} of x ∈ X is bounded in X , it is precompact in X . Applications are made to an age dependent population model, a non-linear functional differential equation on an infinite interval, and a non-linear Volterra integrodifferential equation.
LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS OF ROTARY LIMEKILN REFRACTORIES

A modification of the Hugill, Ainsworth, and Green laboratory method for determining the corrosive action of lime on refractories was used to indicate the best refractory for rotary limekilns. An intermediate handmade refractory, two high alumina, two superduty, and two first-quality, stiff-mud refractories were tested. It was found that the depth of penetration of the lime attack decreases with an increase in alumina content of the refractory. Better resistance of the 70% aluminous refractories to slagging was indicated by the small-scale tests which were substantiated by plant-scale operation.
COLONY‐FORMING UNITS IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS (CFU‐d) AND COLONY‐FORMING UNITS IN AGAR CULTURE (CFU‐c) OBTAINED FROM NORMAL HUMAN BONE MARROW: A POSSIBLE PARENT–PROGENY RELATIONSHIP

A series of experiments was performed to elucidate the relationship between cells that form granulocytic colonies in fibrin clot diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneum (i.p.) of irradiated mice (CFU-d) and day 7 and day 14 CFU-c which give rise to colonies after 7 and 14 days in agar cultures in vitro, respectively. Normal human bone marrow cells were cultured in suspension in vitro or in diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated or non-irradiated mice. During these culture conditions there was an initial decrease in the number of CFU-c per culture. This was followed by an increase between day 2 and day 7 of culture. No similar increase of neutrophilic CFU-d was observed. When CFU-d, day 14 and day 7 CFU-c in normal marrow were separated by velocity sedimentation and cultured in suspension culture or in diffusion chambers for 7 days, the maximum increase of day 7 and day 14 CFU-c was observed in slowly sedimenting cell fractions which contained the majority of CFU-d. After 3 days in suspension culture, the maximum increase of day 14 CFU-c was found in fractions which also gave rise to maximum numbers of CFU-c after 7 days. However, day 7 CFU-c were found in fractions which initially contained the majority of day 14 CFU-c. No increase in CFU-d was found in fractions initially containing peak numbers of CFU-c. Between 53 and 71% of CFU-c harvested from diffusion chambers in irradiated mice or from suspension cultures were sensitive to pulse incubation with tritiated thymidine, suggesting that the cells were proliferating during these culture conditions. In diffusion chambers implanted into non-irradiated mice, however, CFU-c were found to be relatively resistant to this treatment (3–11% sensitive to tritiated thymidine). Thus marked increases in CFU-c were also observed during experimental conditions, where no significant DNA synthesis was detected. A reproducible time sequence of increase in CFU-c populations in culture was observed. Day 14 CFU-c and cells that gave rise to clusters on day 7 in agar increased between day 2 and day 4, whereas day 7 CFU-c increased between day 4 and day 7. The results suggested that CFU-d gave rise to CFU-c in culture and that day 14 CFU-c were precursors of day 7 CFU-c.
Epidoxoform: a hydrolytically more stable anthracycline-formaldehyde conjugate toxic to resistant tumor cells

The recent discovery that the formaldehyde conjugates of doxorubicin and daunorubicin, Doxoform and Daunoform, are cytotoxic to resistant human breast cancer cells prompted the search for hydrolytically more stable anthracycline−formaldehyde conjugates. Doxoform and Daunoform consist of two molecules of the parent drug bound together with three methylene groups, two forming oxazolidine rings and one binding the oxazolidines together at their 3‘-amino nitrogens. The 4‘-epimer of doxorubicin, epidoxorubicin, reacts with formaldehyde at its amino alcohol functionality to produce a conjugate, Epidoxoform, in 59% yield whose structure consists of two molecules of epidoxorubicin bound together with three methylene groups in a 1,6-diaza-4,9-dioxabicyclo[4.4.1]undecane ring system. The structure was established from spectroscopic data and is consistent with products from reaction of simpler vicinal trans-amino alcohols with formaldehyde. Epidoxoform hydrolyzes at pH 7.3 to an equilibrium mixture with dimeric and ...
Methane oxidation in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes of the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

Methane oxidation rates were measured in samples from a deep-sea lateral hydrothermal plume generated from a vent field on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Specific CH4 oxidation rates of up to 0.15 day−1, corresponding to turnover times on the order of 1 week, are the highest such rates so far reported for the water column of any marine environment. Specific methane oxidation rates within the plume were found to be highest at distances of 2–5 k downplume from the vent field of origin. Ambient CH4 oxidation rates were highest in the lateral plume immediately above the vent field where CH4 concentrations were maximal. Methane oxidation rates appeared to be sufficient to account for the majority of CH4 loss in the plume which could not be attributed to dilution. Oxidation of vent-derived CH4 within the lateral plume can contribute an amount of organic carbon equivalent to up to 150% of that reaching the depth of the plume from surface primary production, suggesting that microbial CH4 oxidation can have a significant impact on local deep-sea productivity in the immediate vicinity of oceanic spreading centers.
Intraoperative assessment of carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract The use of operative arteriography during carotid endarterectomy facilitates identification and correction of technical errors. Although arteriography is the standard for assessing surgical results, it prolongs the operation and may increase the overall risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pulsed Doppler spectral analysis and arteriography as methods of intraoperative assessment. Operative arteriography was performed in 150 consecutive carotid endarterectomies. In 50 of these cases a sterile 20 MHz pulsed Doppler probe and real-time spectrum analyzer were used to evaluate internal carotid velocity patterns before and after endarterectomy. Operative arteriograms were normal in 127 cases, whereas abnormalities were noted in 16 internal and seven external carotid arteries. Thirteen of the arteriographic defects were considered minor and accepted. Major defects requiring immediate repair occurred in eight (5%) internal and two external carotid arteries. In the 50 cases assessed by both techniques, seven internal carotid arteries had mild flow disturbances both before and after endarterectomy, whereas 38 of the remaining 43 arteries showed improvement in spectral characteristics after endarterectomy. In two patients who failed to show improvement on the initial postendarterectomy evaluation, operative arteriography demonstrated residual defects that required immediate repair. No other technical errors were encountered, and there were no perioperative deaths or neurologic complications in the 150 operations. Intraoperative assessment by pulsed Doppler spectral analysis is a safe, rapid, and accurate method for detecting technical errors during carotid endarterectomy. The high sensitivity of this method (no false negative assessments) makes it an ideal screening test to be used for selection of patients for operative arteriography. By indicating when a technical error is most likely, this approach precludes the need for routine operative arteriography. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:73-83.)
A new aid to aging immature skeletons: development of the occipital bone.

A total of 150 immature and young adult skeletons from the medieval necropolis at Mistihalj, in southern Yugoslavia, were aged by the standard methods: dentition, osseous development, and extent of vertebral union. The development of the occipital bone was examined in 117 cases to determine if it could be used in aging the skeletons. The stages of development were found to be regular enough to permit reasonable prediction of age for other Yugoslavian specimens. Comparisons with a series of 20 German fetuses suggest measurements of the parts of the occipital bone can be used to help determine the approximate age of skeletons in the fetal to few-months post-natal range. Comparisons with the ten Egyptian skulls and data on 19 unpublished Eskimo skeletons suggest that the stages of development can be used with other populations.
Nonlethal Sex Determination of the Greater Amberjack, with Direct Application to Sex Ratio Analysis of the Gulf of Mexico Stock

AbstractStock assessments for the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) Greater Amberjack Seriola dumerili continue to designate the stock as overfished and undergoing overfishing, despite increasing regulatory measures. Knowledge of sex-specific spatial distribution and fishing mortality may contribute to our understanding of the stock's overexploitation, especially since Greater Amberjacks may be subject to sex-specific mortality resulting from minimum size regulations. Currently, the sex ratio of the stock is assumed to be 1:1. An average and range of sex ratios were estimated for the Gulf stock based on sampling of fish landed in the recreational and commercial fisheries and based on released fish that were nonlethally sexed during a tagging study of sex-specific movement patterns and release mortality. The nonlethal method of sex determination was developed based on external features of the urogenital region; urogenital catheterization was used to validate the external sexing and to collect oocyte samples for determ...