cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The implementation of a translational study involving a primary care based behavioral program to improve blood pressure control: The HTN-IMPROVE study protocol (01295).

Background: Despite the impact of hypertension and widely accepted target values for blood pressure (BP), interventions to improve BP control have had limited success. Objectives: We describe the design of a 'translational' study that examines the implementation, impact, sustainability, and cost of an evidence-based nurse-delivered tailored behavioral self-management intervention to improve BP control as it moves from a research context to healthcare delivery. The study addresses four specific aims: assess the implementation of an evidence-based behavioral self-management intervention to improve BP levels; evaluate the clinical impact of the intervention as it is implemented; assess organizational factors associated with the sustainability of the intervention; and assess the cost of implementing and sustaining the intervention. Methods: The project involves three geographically diverse VA intervention facilities and nine control sites. We first conduct an evaluation of barriers and facilitators for implementing the intervention at intervention sites. We examine the impact of the intervention by comparing 12-month pre/post changes in BP control between patients in intervention sites versus patients in the matched control sites. Next, we examine the sustainability of the intervention and organizational factors facilitating or hindering the sustained implementation. Finally, we examine the costs of intervention implementation. Key outcomes are acceptability and costs of the program, as well as changes in BP. Outcomes will be assessed using mixed methods (e.g., qualitative analyses--pattern matching; quantitative methodslinear mixed models). Discussion: The study results will provide information about the challenges and costs to implement and sustain the intervention, and what clinical impact can be expected.
CEO Influence and Executive Compensation

The sales-maximization hypothesis and the shareholder wealth-maximization hypothesis have been suggested in prior finance literature to explain the determinants of CEO pay. This paper proposes that CEO influence over the board is an additional explanation for the size of CEO pay. Evidence from the 1989–1991 period indicates that CEO pay is positively related to measures of CEO influence over the board. Results of this study suggest that CEO salary levels are mostly a function of CEO influence over the board, the growth in sales and the size of the firm.
Asymmetric Gold‐Catalyzed Lactonizations in Water at Room Temperature

Asymmetric gold-catalyzed hydrocarboxylations are reported that show broad substrate scope. The hydrophobic effect associated with in situ-formed aqueous nanomicelles gives good to excellent ee's of product lactones. In-flask product isolation, along with the recycling of the catalyst and the reaction medium, are combined to arrive at an especially environmentally friendly process.
Phase diagram of two-component bosons on an optical lattice

We present a theoretical analysis of the phase diagram of two- component bosons on an optical lattice. An ew formalism is developed which treats the effective spin interactions in th eM ott and superfluid phases on the same footing. Using this new approach we chart the phase boundaries of the broken spin symmetry states up to the Mott to superfluid transition and beyond. Near the transition point, the magnitude of spin exchange can be very large, which facilitates the experimental realization of spin-ordered states. We find that spin and quantum fluctuations have a dramatic effect on the transition, making it first order in extended regions of the phase diagram. When each species is at integer filling, an additional phase transition may occur, from a spin-ordered insulator to aM ott insulator with no broken symmetries. We determine the phase boundaries in this regime and show that this is essentially a Mott transition in the spin sector.
Shape-constrained Estimation of Value Functions

We present a fully nonparametric method to estimate the value function, via simulation, in the context of expected infinite-horizon discounted rewards for Markov chains. Estimating such value functions plays an important role in approximate dynamic programming and applied probability in general. We incorporate "soft information" into the estimation algorithm, such as knowledge of convexity, monotonicity, or Lipchitz constants. In the presence of such information, a nonparametric estimator for the value function can be computed that is provably consistent as the simulated time horizon tends to infinity. As an application, we implement our method on price tolling agreement contracts in energy markets.
Call-Center Labor Cross-Training: It's a Small World After All

It is well known that flexibility can be created in manufacturing and service operations by using multipurpose production sources such as cross-trained labor, flexible machines, or flexible factories. We focus on flexible service centers, such as inbound call centers with cross-trained agents, and model them as parallel queueing systems with flexible servers. We propose a new approach to analyzing flexibility arising from the multifunctionality of sources of production. We create a work sharing (WS) network model for which its average shortest path length (APL) metric can predict the more effective of two alternative cross-training structures in terms of customer waiting times. We show that the APL metric of small world network (SWN) theory is one simple deterministic solution approach to the complex stochastic problem of designing effective workforce cross-training structures in call centers.
Photoresist and Residue Removal Using Gas-Expanded Liquids

Rapid technology development and demands for state-of-the-art generations of integrated circuits bring new challenges to microelectronic device manufacture. Specifically, decreasing dimension sizes may limit the effectiveness of liquid-based removal of photoresist and plasma etch residues. In addition, the hazardous solvents currently in use pose environmental concerns. Gas-expanded liquids (GXLs) and supercritical fluids may offer cleaning or residue removal approaches that overcome some of the drawbacks of current surface preparation methods. Removal of PHOST (polyhydroxystyrene) photoresist films has been demonstrated with CO 2 -expanded ethanol (up to 75 mol % CO 2 ), indicating that the inclusion of CO 2 does not inhibit photoresist removal. In situ interferometry measurements of the PHOST layers allowed insight into the removal mechanism. The GXL mixtures were also invoked to remove post-plasma etch residues using CO 2 -expanded TMAHCO 3 /CH 3 OH. At a temperature of 90°C and pressures above 1000 psig the GXL mixture removed the photoresist and etch residue. Cleaning efficiency depended on CO 2 pressure; at lower pressures the CO 2 reduced the mole fraction of the TMAHCO 3 /CH 3 OH while at higher pressures the CO 2 assisted removal.
Economic Impact of Deer Breeding Operations in Texas

The deer breeding industry is a growing industry in the Texas economy, particularly the rural economy. Industry participants were surveyed to provide estimates of economic activity, which was then input into the IMPLAN model. The industry generates an estimated $652 million in economic activity, while supporting 7,335 jobs.
A Frequency Domain Criterion for Robustly Stabilizing a Family of Interval Plants

Considered in this paper is the problem of robust stabilization of a family of interval plants by a single fixed compensator. A frequency domain sufficient condition determines the closed-loop stability. In particular if a specially constructed frequency function does not, at any frequency ω ∈ [0, ∞], intersect the box [−1,1] × [−1,1] in the complex plane then the entire closed loop family is stable. Also identified is a class of interval plants for which the sufficient condition in fact does become necessary
Fast multi-particle scattering: A hybrid solver for the Maxwell equations in microstructured materials

A variety of problems in device and materials design require the rapid forward modeling of Maxwell's equations in complex micro-structured materials. By combining high-order accurate integral equation methods with classical multiple scattering theory, we have created an effective simulation tool for materials consisting of an isotropic background in which are dispersed a large number of micro- or nano-scale metallic or dielectric substructures.
From hematopoiesis to neuropoiesis: evidence of overlapping genetic programs

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are clonogenic cells that can self-renew and give rise to both lymphoid and hematopoietic systems throughout the life span. Using cDNA subtraction, we have identified a set of genes selectively expressed in mouse adult HSC as opposed to its direct microenvironment, whole bone marrow. Some of these genes were found to be expressed in the subventricular zone of fetal and adult brains, one of the regions of continious neurogenesis. Using cDNA microarray techniques we confirmed gene expression in mouse neurospheres, a population enriched for neural stem cells, and down-regulation in differentiated cells. We propose that transcripts enriched in several types of stem cells define a functionally conserved group of genes likely to include the regulatory genes involved in self-renewal of stem cells. To address the self-renewal potential of stem cell associated genes we have used retroviral transfer into highly purified HSC and primitive neural progenitor cells.
Petrology‐based modeling of mantle melt electrical conductivity and joint interpretation of electromagnetic and seismic results

The presence of melt in the Earth's interior depends on the thermal state, bulk chemistry, and dynamics. Therefore, the investigation of the physical and chemical properties of melt is a probe of the planet's structure, dynamics, and potentially evolution. Here we explore melt properties by interpreting geophysical data sets sensitive to the presence of melt (electromagnetic and seismic) with considerations of petrology and, in particular, peridotite partial melting. We present a petrology-based model of the electrical conductivity of fertile and depleted peridotites during partial melting. Seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) studies do not necessarily agree on melt fraction estimates, a possible explanation being the assumptions made about melt chemistry as part of MT data interpretation. Melt fraction estimates from electrical anomalies usually assume a basaltic melt phase, whereas petrological knowledge suggests that the first liquids produced have a different chemistry, and thus a different conductivity. Our results show that melts produced by low-degree peridotite melting (< 15 vol %) are up to 5 times more conductive than basaltic liquids. Such conductive melts significantly affect bulk rock conductivity. Application of our electrical model to magnetotelluric results suggests melt fractions that are in good agreement with seismic estimates. With the aim of a simultaneous interpretation of electrical and seismic data, we combine our electrical results with seismic velocity considerations in a joint model of partial melting. Field electrical and seismic anomalies can be explained by ~1 vol % melt beneath Hawaii and ~1–8 vol % melt beneath the Afar Ridge.
Fabrication-process-induced variations of Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions in superconductor integrated circuits

Currently, superconductor digital integrated circuits fabricated at HYPRES, Inc. can operate at clock frequencies approaching 40 GHz. The circuits present multilayered structures containing tens of thousands of Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions (JJs) of various sizes interconnected by four Nb wiring layers, resistors, and other circuit elements. In order to be fully operational, the integrated circuits should be fabricated such that the critical currents of the JJs are within the tight design margins and the proper relationships between the critical currents of JJs of different sizes are preserved. We present experimental data and discuss mechanisms of process-induced variations of the critical current and energy gap of Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb JJs in integrated circuits. We demonstrate that the Josephson critical current may depend on the type and area of circuit elements connected to the junction, on the circuit pattern, and on the step in the fabrication process at which the connection is made. In particular, we discuss the influence of (a) the junction base electrode connection to the ground plane, (b) the junction counter electrode connection to the ground plane, and (c) the counter electrode connection to the Ti/Au or Ti/Pd/Au contact pads by Nb wiring. We show that the process-induced changes of the properties of Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions are caused by migration of impurity atoms (hydrogen) between the different layers comprising the integrated circuits.
The Xist lncRNA Exploits Three-Dimensional Genome Architecture to Spread Across the X Chromosome

Many large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate chromatin, but the mechanisms by which they localize to genomic targets remain unexplored. We investigated the localization mechanisms of the Xist lncRNA during X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), a paradigm of lncRNA-mediated chromatin regulation. During the maintenance of XCI, Xist binds broadly across the X chromosome. During initiation of XCI, Xist initially transfers to distal regions across the X chromosome that are not defined by specific sequences. Instead, Xist identifies these regions by exploiting the three-dimensional conformation of the X chromosome. Xist requires its silencing domain to spread across actively transcribed regions and thereby access the entire chromosome. These findings suggest a model in which Xist coats the X chromosome by searching in three dimensions, modifying chromosome structure, and spreading to newly accessible locations.
Boundary treatments for implicit solutions to Euler and Navier-Stokes equations

It seems apparent that for inviscid calculations the differences between the explicit and implicit boundary formulations tested are far smaller than anticipated. New work should focus on understanding of how the convergence rate is limited or affected by boundary formulations. Since the inflow/outflow boundary treatments tested were simple extrapolations, it may be the case that treatments more closely representing the differential equations will prove to have superior convergence properties. However, several such improved boundary treatments were attempted with disappointing results.
Graphene Field-Effect Transistors with Gigahertz-Frequency Power Gain on Flexible Substrates

The development of flexible electronics operating at radio-frequencies (RF) requires materials that combine excellent electronic performance and the ability to withstand high levels of strain. In this work, we fabricate graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) on flexible substrates from graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Our devices demonstrate unity-current-gain frequencies, fT, and unity-power-gain frequencies, fmax, up to 10.7 GHz and 3.7 GHz, respectively, with strain limits of 1.75%. These devices represent the only reported technology to achieve gigahertz-frequency power gain at strain levels above 0.5%. As such, they demonstrate the potential of CVD graphene to enable a broad range of flexible electronic technologies which require both high flexibility and RF operation.
Sex and Science: How Professor Gender Perpetuates the Gender Gap

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIESSEX AND SCIENCE:HOW PROFESSOR GENDER PERPETUATES THE GENDER GAPScott E. CarrellMarianne E. PageJames E. WestWorking Paper 14959http://www.nber.org/papers/w14959NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH1050 Massachusetts AvenueCambridge, MA 02138May 2009Thanks go to USAFA personnel: J. Putnam, D. Stockburger, R. Schreiner, K. Carson and P. Eglestonfor assistance in obtaining the data, and to Deb West for data entry. Thanks also go to Charlie Brown,Charles Clotfelter, Caroline Hoxby, Deborah Niemeier, Kim Shauman, Catherine Weinberger andseminar participants at NBER Higher Education Working Group, PPIC, SDSU, UC Davis, UC Irvine,and UC Santa Cruz for their helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed in this articleare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the USAF, DoD,the U.S. Government, or the National Bureau of Economic Research.© 2009 by Scott E. Carrell, Marianne E. Page, and James E. West. All rights reserved. Short sectionsof text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that fullcredit, including © notice, is given to the source.
Bayesian locality sensitive hashing for fast similarity search

Given a collection of objects and an associated similarity measure, the all-pairs similarity search problem asks us to find all pairs of objects with similarity greater than a certain user-specified threshold. Locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) based methods have become a very popular approach for this problem. However, most such methods only use LSH for the first phase of similarity search - i.e. efficient indexing for candidate generation. In this paper, we present BayesLSH, a principled Bayesian algorithm for the subsequent phase of similarity search - performing candidate pruning and similarity estimation using LSH. A simpler variant, BayesLSH-Lite, which calculates similarities exactly, is also presented. Our algorithms are able to quickly prune away a large majority of the false positive candidate pairs, leading to significant speedups over baseline approaches. For BayesLSH, we also provide probabilistic guarantees on the quality of the output, both in terms of accuracy and recall. Finally, the quality of BayesLSH's output can be easily tuned and does not require any manual setting of the number of hashes to use for similarity estimation, unlike standard approaches. For two state-of-the-art candidate generation algorithms, AllPairs and LSH, BayesLSH enables significant speedups, typically in the range 2x-20x for a wide variety of datasets.
Are Ghettos Good or Bad

Spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups may theoretically have positive or negative effects on the economic performance of those groups. We examine the effects of segregation on outcomes for blacks in schooling, employment, and single parenthood. We find that blacks in more segregated areas have significantly worse outcomes than blacks in less segregated areas. We control for the endogeneity of location choice using instruments based on political factors, topographical features, and residence before adulthood. A one standard deviation decrease in segregation would eliminate one-third of the black-white differences in most of our outcomes.
Palladium-Catalyzed Silane/Siloxane Reductions in the One-Pot Conversion of Nitro Compounds into Their Amines, Hydroxylamines, Amides, Sulfonamides, and Carbamates

A combination of palladium(II) acetate, aqueous potassi- um fluoride, and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) facilitates the room-temperature reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to anilines. These reactions tend to be quick (30 min), high-yielding, and tolerate a range of other functional groups. Replacement of PMHS/KF with triethylsilane allows for the reduction of aliphatic nitro compounds to their corresponding hydroxylamines. Depend- ing on the substrate, both conditions can allow for the in situ con- version of the product amines into amides, sulfonamides, and carbamates.
Electromagnetic computations for fusion devices

The author first discusses magnetostatic effects in fusion devices, particularly those involving magnetic materials or temperature-dependent electrical conductivity. He then examines eddy-current effects resulting from a plasma disruption, and finally eddy-current computations for the vacuum vessel of a reversed-field pinch device, an alternative concept to the tokamak. It is concluded that three recent developments are very encouraging for applying electromagnetic computation to fusion reactors: (1) The work of several groups doing coupled plasma/eddy current computations; (2) the ITER project, which requires European, Japanese, American, and Soviet groups to attack the same eddy-current computation; and (3) the in-house comparison of TRIFOU, CARIDDI, and other codes at Ispra. >
Building and Delivering the Virtual World: Commercializing Services for Internet Access

This study analyzes the service offerings of Internet Service Providers (ISPs), the commercial suppliers of Internet access in the United States. It presents data on the services of 2089 ISPs in the summer of 1998. By this time many ISPs had begun to offer services other than basic access. This paper develops an Internet access industry product code which classifies these services. Significant heterogeneity across ISPs is found in the propensity to offer these services, a pattern with an unconditional urban/rural difference. Most of the explained variance in behavior arises from firm-specific factors, with some evidence of location-specific factors.
gem-Difluorination of 2,2-diaryl-1,3-dithiolanes by Selectfluor® and pyridinium polyhydrogen fluoride

2,2-Diaryl-1,3-dithiolanes, readily obtainable from diaryl ketones, were transformed into the corresponding gem-difluoro compounds using a novel reagent combination involving Selectfluor® and pyridinium polyhydrogen fluoride (PPHF) under mild conditions in moderate to good yields.
A design assembly framework for FPGA back-end acceleration

There are well known cases where FPGAs provide high performance within a modest power budget, yet unlike conventional desktop solutions, they are oftentimes associated with long wait times before a device configuration is generated. Such long wait times constitute a bottleneck limiting the number of compilation runs performed in a day; thus limiting to FPGA adaptation in modern computing platforms. This work presents an FPGA development paradigm that exploits logic variance and hierarchy as a means to increase FPGA productivity. The practical tasks of logic partitioning, placement and routing are examined and a resulting assembly framework, Quick Flow (qFlow), is implemented. Fifteen International Workshop on Logic and Synthesis (IWLS) 2005 benchmark designs and five large designs are used to evaluate qFlow. Experiments show up to 10× speed-ups using the proposed paradigm compared to vendor tool flows.
Broadband impedance of the B Factory

The broadband impedance is described phenomenologically by expansion over /spl radicspl omega/. It is shown that different terms of the expansion correctly describe particular impedance-generating elements. The broadband impedance and the wake function of the B Factory are reconstructed with numeric code TBCI. The losses at the interaction region due to excitation of the higher order modes (HOM) are estimated. >
Processing‐induced anisotropy

Processing of seismic data is often performed under the assumption that the velocity distribution in the subsurface can be approximated by a macromodel composed of isotropic homogeneous layers or blocks. Despite being physically unrealistic, such models are believed to be sufficient for describing the kinematics of reflection arrivals.In this paper, we examine the distortions in normal‐moveout (NMO) velocities caused by the intralayer vertical heterogeneity unaccounted for in velocity analysis. To match P‐wave moveout measurements from a horizontal or a dipping reflector overlaid by a vertically heterogeneous isotropic medium, the effective homogeneous overburden has to be anisotropic. This apparent anisotropy is caused not only by velocity monotonically increasing with depth, but also by random velocity variations similar to those routinely observed in well logs.Assuming that the effective homogeneous medium is transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI), we express the VTI parameters thro...
p-Fractals and power series—II.: Some applications to Hilbert–Kunz theory

Abstract We use the results of our paper p-Fractals and power series—I [P. Monsky, P. Teixeira, p-Fractals and power series—I. Some 2 variable results, J. Algebra 280 (2004) 505–536] to prove the rationality of the Hilbert–Kunz series of a large family of power series, including those of the form ∑ i f i ( x i , y i ) , where the f i ( x i , y i ) are power series with coefficients in a finite field. The methods are effective, as we illustrate with examples. In the final section, which can be read independently of the others, we obtain more precise results for the Hilbert–Kunz function of the 3 variable power series z D − h ( x , y ) .
Generic Misalignment Aberration Patterns and the Subspace of Benign Misalignment

Q1: Why deploy N wavefront sensors on a three mirror anastigmat (TMA) and not N + 1? Q2: Why measure M Zernike coefficients and not M + 1? Q3: Why control L rigid body degrees of freedom (total) on the secondary and tertiary and not L + 1? The usual answer: “We did a lot of ray tracing and N , M , and L seemed OK.” We show how straightforward results from aberration theory may be used to address these questions. We consider, in particular, the case of a three mirror anastigmat.
Stable base loci, movable curves, and small modifications, for toric varieties

We show that the dual of the cone of divisors on a complete Open image in new window-factorial toric variety X whose stable base loci have dimension less than k is generated by curves on small modifications of X that move in families sweeping out the birational transforms of k-dimensional subvarieties of X. We give an example showing that it does not suffice to consider curves on X itself.
Dose-Dependent Misrejoining of Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Human Fibroblasts: Experimental and Theoretical Study for High- and Low-LET Radiation

Abstract Rydberg, B., Cooper, B., Cooper, P. K., Holley, W. R. and Chatterjee, A. Dose-Dependent Misrejoining of Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Human Fibroblasts: Experimental and Theoretical Study for High- and Low-LET Radiation. Radiat. Res. 163, 526–534 (2005). Misrejoining of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was measured in human primary fibroblasts after exposure to X rays and high-LET particles (helium, nitrogen and iron) in the dose range 10–80 Gy. To measure joining of wrong DNA ends, the integrity of a 3.2-Mbp restriction fragment was analyzed directly after exposure and after 16 h of repair incubation. It was found that the misrejoining frequency for X rays was nonlinearly related to dose, with less probability of misrejoining at low doses than at high doses. The dose dependence for the high-LET particles, on the other hand, was closer to being linear, with misrejoining frequencies higher than for X rays, particularly at the lower doses. These experimental results were simulated wi...
Osmium-Catalyzed Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Acidic Media: Old Process, New Tricks

A screen of over 500 diversely functionalized additives in osmium-catalyzed dihydroxylation has uncovered that electron-deficient olefins are converted into the corresponding diols much more efficiently when the pH of the reaction medium is maintained on the acidic side. Further studies have identified citric acid as the additive of choice, for it allows preparation of very pure diols in yields generally exceeding 90%. As described here, a much wider range of olefin classes can now be successfully dihydroxylated. The process is experimentally simple, in most cases involving little more than dissolving the reactants in water or a water/tert-butyl alcohol mixture, stirring them, and filtering off the pure diol product.
Effect of Precursor Pyrolysis on the Dielectric Properties of Hydrothermally Derived Barium Titanate Thin Films

BaTiO 3 thin films were processed hydrothermally on Ag-coated quartz substrates at 90°C by reacting films of titanium dimethoxy dineodecanoate (TDD) in aqueous solutions of Ba(OH) 2 . Two reaction sequences were used: either the TDD was reacted directly in aqueous Ba(OH) 2 , or the TDD was first pyrolyzed in air at temperatures ranging from 200° to 500°C before hydrothermal reaction. Depending on the processing conditions, the dielectric constant of the thin films ranged from 5 to 170, the dielectric constant increasing with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Thin film porosimetry data suggest that the improvement in film dielectric performance is related to decreases in thin film residual porosity after hydrothermal reaction.
Dynamic Meteorology at the Photosphere of HD 209458b

We calculate the meteorology of the close-in transiting extrasolar planet HD 209458b using a global, three-dimensional atmospheric circulation model. Dynamics are driven by perpetual irradiation of one hemisphere of this tidally locked planet. The simulation predicts global temperature contrasts of ~500 K at the photosphere and the development of a steady superrotating jet. The jet extends from the equator to midlatitudes and from the top model layer at 1 mbar down to 10 bar at the base of the heated region. Wind velocities near the equator exceed 4 km s-1 at 300 mbar. The hottest regions of the atmosphere are blown downstream from the substellar point by ~60° of longitude. We predict from these results a factor of ~2 ratio between the maximum and minimum observed radiation from the planet over a full orbital period, with peak infrared emission preceding the time of the secondary eclipse by ~14 hr.
Effect of Purity of Raw Materials and Processing on the Microstructure and Properties of High‐Tc Ba2YCu3O7‐x

This paper reports on microstructure and properties of high-T{sub c} Ba{sub 2}YCu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} ceramics that were studied as a function of purity of raw materials and processing conditions. Technical-grade (TG) and reagent-grade (RG) raw materials were used to prepare the precursor superconducting powders, the characteristics of which were monitored by XRD, chemical analysis, and SEM. Bulk specimens were then prepared with the two master batches. XRD microphase analysis and SEM-EDS investigation did not show phase differences. J{sub c} and normal-state resistivity measurements indicated that the TG specimens had more resistive grain boundaries than did RG specimens.
Urbanization and property rights

Since the industrial revolution, the economic development of Western Europe and North America was characterized by continuous urbanization accompanied by a gradual phasing-in of urban land property rights over time. Today, however, the evidence in many fast urbanizing low-income countries points towards a different trend of “urbanization without formalization”, with potentially adverse effects on long-term economic growth. This paper aims to understand the causes and the consequences of this phenomenon, and whether informal city growth could be a transitory or a persistent feature of developing economies. A dynamic stochastic equilibrium model of a representative city is developed, which explicitly accounts for the joint dynamics of land property rights and urbanization. The calibrated baseline model describes a city that first grows informally, with the growth of individual incomes leading to a phased-in purchase of property rights in subsequent periods. The model demonstrates that land tenure informality does not necessarily vanish in the long term, and the social optimum does not necessarily imply a fully formal city, neither in the transition, nor in the long run. The welfare effects of policies, such as reducing the cost of land tenure formalization, or protecting informal dwellers against evictions are subsequently investigated, throughout the short-term transition and in the long-term stationary state.
Constraints on galaxy halo profiles from galaxy–galaxy lensing and Tully–Fisher/Fundamental Plane relations

Observations of galaxy-galaxy lensing from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) are combined with the Tully-Fisher and Fundamental Plane relations to derive constraints on galactic halo profiles. We show that for both early- and late-type galaxies around L* the rotation velocity decreases significantly from its peak value at the optical radius to the virial radius r 2 0 0 , v o p t /v 2 0 0 ∼ 1.8 with about 20 per cent uncertainty. Such a decrease is expected in models in which the halo profile is very concentrated, so that it declines at steeper than the isothermal rate at large radii. This large decrease can be explained as a result of both a concentrated dark matter profile and a significant stellar contribution to the rotation velocity at the optical radii. We model the stellar component with a thin rotationally supported disc or a Hernquist profile and use an adiabatic dark matter response model to place limits on the halo concentration as a function of the stellar mass-to-light ratio. For reasonable values of the latter we find concentrations c 2 0 0 consistent with cold dark matter (CDM) predictions, suggesting there is no evidence for low concentrations for the majority of haloes in the Universe. We also discuss the origin of the Faber-Jackson relation L σ 4 in light of the L v 5 / 2 2 0 0 relation found for early-type galaxies above L* from galaxy-galaxy lensing. This leads to a decrease in v o p t /v 2 0 0 with luminosity above L*, so that at 7L* the ratio is 1.4. This is expected from the Fundamental Plane relation as a result of a reduction in the baryonic contribution to the total mass at the optical radius and a decrease in the optical to virial rotation velocity in the dark matter profile. These results imply that relations such as the Tully-Fisher and the Faber-Jackson relation are not simply those between the mass of the dark matter halo and the galaxy luminosity, but are also significantly influenced by the baryonic effects on the rotation velocity at optical radii.
The SN 393-SNR RX J1713.7-3946 (G347.3-0.5) Connection

Although the connection of the Chinese 'guest' star of 393 AD with the Galactic supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946 (G347.3-0.5) made by Wang et al. in 1997 is consistent with the remnant's relatively young properties and the guest star's projected position within the 'tail' of the constellation Scorpius, there are difficulties with such an association. The brief Chinese texts concerning the 393 AD guest star make no comment about its apparent brightness, stating only that it disappeared after eight months. However, at the remnant's current estimated 1-1.3 kpc distance and A{sub V} {approx_equal} 3, its supernova (SN) should have been a visually bright object at maximum light (-3.5 to -5.0 mag) if M{sub V} = - 17 to -18 and would have remained visible for over a year. The peak brightness {approx_equal}0 mag adopted by Wang et al. and others would require the RX J1713.7-3946 supernova to have been a very subluminous event similar to or fainter than SN 2005cs in M51. We also note problems connecting SN 393 with a European record in which the Roman poet Claudian describes a visually brilliant star in the heavens around 393 AD that could be readily seen even in midday. Although several authorsmore » have suggested this account may be a reference to the Chinese supernova of 393, Scorpius would not be visible near midday in March when the Chinese first reported the 393 guest star. We review both the Chinese and Roman accounts and calculate probable visual brightnesses for a range of SN subtypes and conclude that neither the Chinese nor the Roman descriptions are easily reconciled with an expected RX J1713.7-3946 supernova brightness and duration.« less
Negative Values in Vickrey Auctions

Some people assign negative values for new products sold on laboratory auction blocks (i.e., irradiated meat). We explore bidding behavior in two Vickrey auctions when people have positive and negative induced values for the good. Aggregate bidding in the second-price auction is precise but biased—highest-value positive bidders tend to overstate benefits, whereas lowest-negative bidders understate losses. In contrast, bidding behavior in the random nth-price auction is demand revealing irrespective of induced value, but it is imprecise. Examining on- and off-margin bidding behavior, we cannot conclude that any segments of demand are significantly different than the demand revealing regression line.
Faster query answering in probabilistic databases using read-once functions

A boolean expression is in read-once form if each of its variables appears exactly once. When the variables denote independent events in a probability space, the probability of the event denoted by the whole expression in read-once form can be computed in polynomial time (whereas the general problem for arbitrary expressions is #P-complete). Known approaches to checking read-once property seem to require putting these expressions in disjunctive normal form. In this paper, we tell a better story for a large subclass of boolean event expressions: those that are generated by conjunctive queries without self-joins and on tuple-independent probabilistic databases.We first show that given a tuple-independent representation and the provenance graph of an SPJ query plan without self-joins, we can, without using the DNF of a result event expression, efficiently compute its co-occurrence graph. From this, the read-once form can already, if it exists, be computed efficiently using existing techniques. Our second and key contribution is a complete, efficient, and simple to implement algorithm for computing the read-once forms (whenever they exist) directly, using a new concept, that of co-table graph, which can be significantly smaller than the cooccurrence graph.
Embedded minimal disks: Proper versus nonproper—global versus local

We construct a sequence of (compact) embedded minimal disks in a ball in R 3 with boundaries in the boundary of the ball and where the curvatures blow up only at the center. The sequence converges to a limit which is not smooth and not proper. If instead the sequence of embedded disks had boundaries in a sequence of balls with radii tending to infinity, then we have shown previously that any limit must be smooth and proper.
European Indexes and the Four-Factor Model

Using a four-factor model and newly available European risk factors, we generate alphas and factor loadings for a set of European stock market indexes. Indexes are essentially unmanaged portfolios, therefore their alphas should be insignificant. Since unmanaged indexes do not follow any particular momentum strategy, factor loadings for the momentum factor should also be insignificant. Earlier academic research shows that many U.S. indexes have significant alphas and factor loadings. In this study we report significant alphas and many significant factor loadings on the momentum factor for European indexes. We also find that the four-factor model with European data has lower explanatory power, and the factor loadings for European indexes differ dramatically from the factor loadings for U.S. indexes. Our findings indicate that a European fund’s alpha and risk factor loadings must be systematically adjusted relative to its benchmark index.
Estimating trees from filtered data: Identifiability of models for morphological phylogenetics

As an alternative to parsimony analyses, stochastic models have been proposed (Lewis, 2001; Nylander et al., 2004) for morphological characters, so that maximum likelihood or Bayesian analyses may be used for phylogenetic inference. A key feature of these models is that they account for ascertainment bias, in that only varying, or parsimony-informative characters are observed. However, statistical consistency of such model-based inference requires that the model parameters be identifiable from the joint distribution they entail, and this issue has not been addressed. Here we prove that parameters for several such models, with finite state spaces of arbitrary size, are identifiable, provided the tree has at least eight leaves. If the tree topology is already known, then seven leaves suffice for identifiability of the numerical parameters. The method of proof involves first inferring a full distribution of both parsimony-informative and non-informative pattern joint probabilities from the parsimony-informative ones, using phylogenetic invariants. The failure of identifiability of the tree parameter for four-taxon trees is also investigated.
VOYAGER 1 OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE TRANSITION FROM THE HELIOSHEATH

Voyager 1 (V1) has been observing interstellar magnetic fields for more than one year beginning ≈2012/209, when V1 crossed a current sheet, a "CS0" having the structure of a tangential discontinuity. The inclination of this current sheet is consistent with an interstellar magnetic field B draped on a blunt heliopause. Two other current sheets (sector boundaries) were observed at ≈2012/167 and ≈2011/276 with high inclinations (99° ± 10° and 89° ± 10°, respectively). From 2013.0 to ≈2013.6, the difference between the azimuthal angle λ of B from the Parker spiral angle at the latitude 346 of V1 was λ – λP = 22° ± 3° and the corresponding difference of the elevation angle δ was δ – δP = 23° ± 8°. During 2012, the deviation from the Parker spiral angle was somewhat smaller. The interstellar magnetic field has a "west to east polarity," opposite to the direction of planetary motions. The magnitude of B varied smoothly in the range 0.38-0.59 nT with an average B = 0.486 ± 0.045 after 2012/237.7. The transition from heliosheath to interstellar magnetic fields is related to a "two-step" increase in the cosmic ray intensity observed by V1 from ≈2012.30 to ≈2012.65. The first step increase began near the end of an unusual "away-polarity" sector, and it reached a plateau when V1 moved into a "toward-polarity" sector that ended at CS0. The second step increase began slowly after V1 crossed CS0, and it ended abruptly at 2012/237.728.
Self-regulation of the reconnecting current layer in relativistic pair plasma reconnection

We investigate properties of the reconnecting current layer in relativistic pair plasma reconnection. We found that the current layer self-regulates its thickness when the current layer runs out current carriers, and so relativistic reconnection retains a fast reconnection rate. Constructing a steady state Sweet-Parker model, we discuss conditions for the current sheet expansion. Based on the energy argument, we conclude that the incompressible assumption is invalid in relativistic Sweet-Parker reconnection. The guide field cases are more incompressible than the antiparallel cases, and we find a more significant current sheet expansion.
Organomagnesium‐Group 15‐ and Organomagnesium‐Group 16‐Bonded Complexes

1 Introduction 2 Organomagnesium-Group 15-Bonded Complexes 3 Organomagnesium-Group 16-Bonded Complexes Keywords: organomagnesium-group 15-bonded complexes; organomagnesium-group 15- and group 16-bonded complex chemistry; Cambridge structural database; cyclopentadienyl-containing compounds; organomagnesium amides and metalation reaction use; organomagnesium amides; organomagnesium heavy pnictogenides; organomagnesium-group 16-bonded complexes
LEARNING ABOUT THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE MACROECONOMY AND THE STOCK MARKET

Abstract How strong is the interdependence between the macroeconomy and the stock market? This paper estimates a New Keynesian general equilibrium model, which is extended to include a wealth effect from asset price fluctuations to consumption, to assess the quantitative importance of interactions among the stock market, macroeconomic variables, and monetary policy. The paper relaxes the assumption of rational expectations and assumes that economic agents learn over time and form near-rational expectations from their perceived model of the economy. The stock market, therefore, affects the economy through two channels: through a traditional “wealth effect” and through its impact on agents' expectations. Monetary policy decisions also affect and are potentially affected by the stock market. The empirical results show that the direct wealth effect is modest, but asset price fluctuations have important effects on future output expectations. Through this expectational channel, shocks in the stock market can account for a large, but varying, portion of output fluctuations.
Augmented Burnett and Bhatnagar -Gross-Krook-Burnett Equations for Hypersonic Flow

Two different forms of Burnett equations are studied that have been designated as augmented Burnett equations and Bhatnagar ‐Gross‐Krook‐Burnett (BGK‐Burnett) equations. The augmented Burnett equations were developed to stabilize the solution of the conventional Burnett equations that were derived from the Boltzmann equation using the second-order Chapman ‐Enskog expansion. In this formulation, the conventional Burnett equations are augmented by adding ad hoc third-order derivatives to stress and heat transfer terms so that the augmented equations are stable to small wavelength disturbances. The BGK‐Burnett equations have been recently derived from the Boltzmann equation using the BGK approximation for the collision integral. These equations have been shown to be entropy consistent and satisfy the Boltzmann H-theorem in contrast to the conventional Burnett equations that violate the second law of thermodynamics. Both sets of Burnett equations are applied to compute a two-dimensional hypersonic e ow over a circular cylinder at Knudsen numbers 0.001 ‐0.1. Comparison is made between the augmented and BGK ‐Burnett equations solutions and with the Navier ‐Stokes calculations. Comparison of the solutions of the augmented Burnett equations with the Navier ‐Stokes solutions shows that the difference is signie cant at high Knudsen number (Kn = 0.1). The solutions from the BGK ‐Burnett equations compare reasonably well with those from the Navier ‐Stokes equations and the augmented Burnett equations.
Synthesis of zero-impedance converter

A method for synthesizing a system that converts a finite value of an impedance to zero, with an associated finite current and zero voltage, is presented. The synthesis method comprises positive current feedback of an exactly specified nature and value of its transfer function. The stability and dynamics of the system are controlled by an additional voltage loop. The zero-impedance converter is used to synthesize load-independent systems including (switch-mode) power converters and electric motor drive systems incorporating any kind of motor. >
Using lessons from health care to protect the privacy of library users: Guidelines for the de-identification of library data based on HIPAA

Although libraries have employed policies to protect the data about use of their services, these policies are rarely specific or standardized. Since 1996, the U.S. health care system has been grappling with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996), which is designed to provide those handling personal health information with standardized, definitive instructions as to the protection of data. In this work, the authors briefly discuss the present situation of privacy policies about library use data, outline the HIPAA guidelines to understand parallels between the two, and finally propose methods to create a de-identified library data warehouse based on HIPAA for the protection of user privacy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
WOUND CARE PAIN MANAGEMENT

Undertreatment of all types of acute and chronic pain is common, both in the United States and around the world. Moreover, a literature review of pressure ulcer pain and its management suggests that this area of pain medicine is truly in its infancy. This article includes a discussion of current literature, anatomy and physiology of pain related to pressure and ischemic ulcers, and assessment methods. It also describes treatment modalities, including conservative measures, medication management, and invasive procedures. Special emphasis is placed on the use of opioid analgesics in the management of severe acute and chronic wound pain.