cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Reductionism

interpreters were less tolerant of the participant's point of view or simply less interested in it, they were not the least reluctant to understand human beliefs and actions in their own terms rather than his. Indeed, they were not averse to evaluating those beliefs and actions, frequently pronouncing them false or foolish. What contemporary sociologist J. D. Y. Peel says of his nineteenthcentury predecessors holds for other disciplines as well: "Early attempts to understand social phenomena were so tied to the peculiar interests of the social world of the sociologists himself, that he only tried to understand what seemed odd, deluded, perverse or unusual; and his understanding consisted in showing how the odd, deluded, etc., came to be believed, in contrast to the true and usual-what his own society believed" (70). By contrast, contemporary interpreters typically strive to overcome their own professed biases and to "appreciate" the participant's point of view. What Mircea Eliade says of the interpretation of myth in particular applies to the interpretation of human phenomena in general: "For the past fifty years at least, Western scholars have approached the study of myth from a viewpoint markedly different from, let us say, that of the nineteenth century. Unlike their predecessors, who treated myth in the usual meaning of the word, that is, as 'fable,' 'invention,' 'fiction,' they have accepted it as it was understood in the archaic societies, where, on the contrary, 'myth' means a 'true story' and, beyond that, a story that is a most precious posses
Radicals from the Oxidative Pyrolysis of Tobacco

The fractional, oxidative pyrolysis of Bright tobacco was performed in an oxygen/nitrogen atmosphere containing from 0 to 20.4% of O2 over the temperature range of 200–510 °C in a specially constructed, high-temperature flow reactor system. The effect of the temperature and the concentration of oxygen in the reaction atmosphere on the generation of free radicals from Bright tobacco and two major components of Bright tobacco (polyphenols and cell wall biopolymers) were studied. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to analyze for free radicals in the initially produced total particular matter (TPM) and in the gas phase. Two types of radicals were observed in the initially produced TPM: type I radicals characterized by a five-line EPR spectrum with an apparent g-value of ∼2.0064 that was tentatively assigned to a tyrosyl radical formed at lower temperatures from the cell wall biopolymer fraction of tobacco, and type II radicals characterized by a single-line EPR spectrum with g-factor ...
On algorithmic applications of the immersion order

Abstract A snapshot of our current exploration of the algorithmic aspects of the immersion order is presented. Integrated circuit partitioning is used as a prototypical applications domain. Decision and search algorithms, self-reductions, closure-preserving operators and related developments are discussed.
Can politics still be different? The Hungarian Green party’s return to parliament in 2014

The steady erosion of democracy in Hungary has profoundly affected the development of the Green party, Lehet Mas a Politika (LMP), formed in 2009 explicitly to represent environmental values and in...
The extracellular matrix is a soluble and solid-phase agonist and receptor.

• The components of the extracellular space have well-recognized structural functions. The role of the matrix as a conduit and/or repository for signals, however, has received much less attention. Because we know that cells require contact with the extracellular matrix for their normal function, that intact matrix and/or fragments of matrix in either soluble or solid phase can effect significant changes in cellular physiology, and that matrix components can be integral membrane proteins, we conclude that a major function of the matrix is as a soluble and solid-phase agonist and receptor. ( Arch Dermatol 1988;124:706-708)
Reversible Adaptive Plasticity: A Mechanism for Neuroblastoma Cell Heterogeneity and Chemo-Resistance

We describe a novel form of tumor cell plasticity characterized by reversible adaptive plasticity in murine and human neuroblastoma. Two cellular phenotypes were defined by their ability to exhibit adhered, anchorage dependent (AD) or sphere forming, anchorage independent (AI) growth. The tumor cells could transition back and forth between the two phenotypes and the transition was dependent on the culture conditions. Both cell phenotypes exhibited stem-like features such as expression of nestin, self-renewal capacity, and mesenchymal differentiation potential. The AI tumorspheres were found to be more resistant to chemotherapy and proliferated slower in vitro compared to the AD cells. Identification of specific molecular markers like MAP2, β-catenin, and PDGFRβ enabled us to characterize and observe both phenotypes in established mouse tumors. Irrespective of the phenotype originally implanted in mice, tumors grown in vivo show phenotypic heterogeneity in molecular marker signatures and are indistinguishable in growth or histologic appearance. Similar molecular marker heterogeneity was demonstrated in primary human tumor specimens. Chemotherapy or growth factor receptor inhibition slowed tumor growth in mice and promoted initial loss of AD or AI heterogeneity, respectively. Simultaneous targeting of both phenotypes led to further tumor growth delay with emergence of new unique phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that neuroblastoma cells are plastic, dynamic, and may optimize their ability to survive by changing their phenotype. Phenotypic switching appears to be an adaptive mechanism to unfavorable selection pressure and could explain the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of neuroblastoma.
Using standardized patients to teach end-of-life skills to clinical clerks.

Background. This study examines the use of standardized patients to teach end‐of‐life skills to clinical clerks. Methods. Forty‐four third‐year clinical medical students participated in a half‐day ...
Much Ado about Money: Parent–Child Perceptions of Financial Disclosure

As parent–child financial communication influences children's well-being, it is important to learn what financial information children receive. Framed by Communication Privacy Management theory, this study explored 27 parent–child dyads' perceptions of financial disclosure, finding parents and children predominately reported similar financial information and disclosure rules. Dyads generally perceived parents were open about consumer and financial socialization topics and less likely to disclose personal matters. Dyads reported parents disclosed when benefits outweighed risks and concealed when information was costly. This study suggests confidants do not only co-own information, but also have an awareness of privacy rules that shape disclosure, a possible CPM extension.
Confirmation and matching biases in hypothesis testing.

A number of investigators have claimed that subjects show confirmation bias on a variety of reasoning tasks. However, subjects who were classified as “confirming” had often selected evidence that could have falsified their hypothesis. In this study we present a novel task in which each piece of evidence is either falsifying or confirming, but not both. This task is similar in structure to Wason's (1966) 4-card task and its negated variant (Evans & Lynch, 1973); hence subjects were asked to perform these two tasks for comparison purposes. Some subjects also provided thinking-aloud protocols, allowing a test of the Johnson-Laird and Wason (1970) information processing model. Subjects were found who showed severe confirmation bias by selecting only evidence that could corroborate, but not falsify, their hypotheses. Several subjects even retained their hypotheses when presented with clearly falsifying evidence. The tendency to show confirmation bias was significantly greater in first-year undergraduates than ...
Mobility of the piggyBac transposon in embryos of the vectors of Dengue fever (Aedes albopictus) and La Crosse encephalitis (Ae. triseriatus)

The re-emergence of arboviral diseases such as Dengue Fever and La Crosse encephalitis is primarily due to the failure of insect vector control strategies. The development of a procedure capable of producing stable germ-line transformants in the insect vectors of these diseases would bridge the gap between gene expression systems being developed to curb vector transmission and the identification of important genes and regulatory sequences and their reintroduction back into the insect genome in the form of vector control strategies. The transposable element piggyBac is capable of transposition in a variety of insect species, and could serve as a versatile insect transformation vector. Using plasmid-based excision and transposition assays, we report that this short-ITR transposon undergoes precise, transposase-dependent excision and transposition in embryos of Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus, the vectors of Dengue fever and LaCrosse encephalitis, respectively. These assays allow us easily and rapidly to confirm and assess the potential utility of piggyBac as a gene transfer tool in a given species. piggyBac is an exceptionally mobile and versatile genetic transformation vector, comparable to other transposons currently in use for the transformation of insects. The mobility of the piggyBac element seen in both Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus is further evidence that it can be employed as a germ-line vector in important insect disease vectors.
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS' REPORT ON SMOKING AND HEALTH

Abstract The claims in the Royal College of Physicians' report Smoking and Health Now are examined with reference to certain secular changes in mortality for British doctors as compared with those for the general population. The data as presented are found to exhibit geographical and populational restrictions, age restrictions, and unexpected changes in classification of diseases; they also omit a crucial time period and assume certain unverified trends in smoking habits. The statements and claims of the Royal College of Physicians are not supported by the re-examination of certain data included in the report, and by an analysis of pertinent data that were omitted. The appraisal of the full data illustrates the hazards of drawing firm conclusions from secular changes in death-rates, and raises doubts that the Royal College of Physicians' report contains the " strongest evidence there is of the value of giving up cigarettes ".
Retail opinion sharing: conceptualization and measurement

Abstract A review of product focused interpersonal communication research documented the occurrence of numerous instances of opinion sharing. Direct extension of the phenomena into a retailing context resulted in conceptualizing retail opinion sharing—interpersonal communication and influence that are associated with product related and sensate related discussions that have as their collective focus shopping behavior. Relationships involving social comparison and self-esteem measures were hypothesized and results confirmed the research expectations. Conceptual relationships involving hedonic and utilitarian shopping experiences were developed and verified. The findings are discussed in the context of theoretical extensions as well as management practices.
Making Straight Suture Needles a Little Safer: A Technique to Keep Fingers from Harm’s Way

Straight suture needles are commonly employed to secure arterial and venous catheters to the skin. These needles have been demonstrated to be more dangerous than curved or blunt suture needles, with a higher rate of injury for health care workers. This article describes a technique for using the straight needle that may reduce the chances of injury. By utilizing the plastic needle sheath present in most central venous line kits as a "thimble," counter pressure and skin puncture may be achieved without bringing the fingers near the sharp end of the suture.
MENTAL HEALTH CARE FOR OLDER PERSONS: NETWORKING AS A RESPONSE TO ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES1

We use case study methodology to examine the degree of cooperation and coordination among organizations providing mental health care to older persons. Mail surveys and in-depth interviews were employed to gather data from human service organizations in one relatively rural county of Upstate New York. We find that organizations that are older and provide larger numbers of services tend to have a higher degree of integration with other organizations. There is little evidence of formal coordination of services. Informal cooperation, at least on an ad hoc basis, is common, though. Older persons with chronic mental health problems are relatively well served by the system. Older persons whose mental health problems are associated with the aging process are not well served by the system. The growth of mental health managed care has increased competition among many organizations, further fragmenting a weakly integrated system.
Cellular Segregation and Heterocytic Dominance in Hydra

Hydra heterocytes—that is, hydra containing cells from both normal and mutant animals, were used for studying some developmental properties of mixed cell populations. Cells which initially had originated from a nonbudding mutant, and which subsequently became part of a heterocyte of normal appearance, were able to proliferate, to segregate, to come off as buds, and to express their phenotype in those buds. Furthermore, the heterocytes underwent a transformation in which the mutant phenotype eventually became dominant in all instances.
Identifying biases in satellite temperature and humidity records

NASA's Aqua satellite has been in orbit for more than a decade, and current projections expect it to hold out until the early 2020s. The satellite's long lifetime of continuous operation has made its observations particularly valuable for testing climate models.
Application of Solar Electric Propulsion to a Comet Surface Sample Return Mission

Current NSTAR (planned for the Discovery Mission: Dawn) and NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster based propulsion systems were compared for a comet surface sample return mission to Tempe1 1. Mission and systems analyses were conducted over a range of array power for each propulsion system with an array of 12 kW EOL at 1 AU chosen for a baseline. Engine configurations investigated for NSTAR included 4 operational engines with 1 spare and 5 operational engines with 1 spare. The NEXT configuration investigated included 2 operational engines plus 1 spare, with performance estimated for high thrust and high Isp throttling modes. Figures of merit for this comparison include Solar Electric Propulsion dry mass, average engine throughput, and net non-propulsion payload returned to Earth flyby.
Probing the limits: ultraslow diffusion and heterogeneous electron transfers in redox polyether hybrid cobalt bipyridine molten salts

This paper describes microelectrode voltammetry measurements of self-diffusion coefficients and of heterogeneous Co(II/III) electron-transfer rate constants (ko) in undiluted molten salts of three cobalt tris(bipyridine) perchlorate complexes in which the bipyridine ligands are “tailed” with poly(propylene oxide) and poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers. The self-diffusion coefficients are measured with potential step chronoamperometry and range from 10-12 to 10-17 cm2/s, while the quasi-reversible reaction rate constants are measured using cyclic voltammetry and small potential steps and range from 10-7 to 10-12 cm/s. The ko measurements are unusual in that when rate constants become smaller, the reaction remains quasi-reversible, because of concurrently decreasing self-diffusion rates. The measurements are, furthermore, accomplished in the face of uncompensated resistances that range from mega- to gigaohms, which is made possible by the combination of microelectrode properties and small diffusivities. The mel...
Chromospheric Activity in G and K Main-Sequence Stars, and What It Tells Us about Stellar Dynamos

For main-sequence G and K stars we study again the empirical relations between the periods of the activity cycles, Pcyc, and the rotational periods, prot. We use the high-quality data selected by Brandenburg, Saar, and Turpin. As found by those authors "the Pcyc increase proportional to the prot, along two distinctly different sequences," the active "A" sequence, and the inactive "'I" sequence with cooler and more slowly rotating stars. It is found here that along each sequence the number of rotation periods per activity cycle is nearly the same, but the numbers are different for the different sequences, indicating that probably different kinds of dynamos are working for the stars on the different sequences. The transition from one sequence to the other occurs at a rotation period of 21 days. The rotation periods then increase abruptly by about a factor of 2 for the cooler stars. We suggest that this indicates abruptly increased deep mixing. Along the I sequence the overall dependence of the Ca II emission line fluxes, F(Ca II), on rotation and Teff is consistent with F(Ca II) ∝ Tp. For the A-sequence stars the dependence of F(Ca II) on rotation seems to be stronger than for the I-sequence stars.
The Use of Questions in the Teaching of High-Risk Beginning Readers: A Profile of a Developing Reading Recovery Teacher.

This interpretive case study was designed to describe the development of a Reading Recovery teacher's understanding and use of effective questioning practices for low‐progress first‐grade readers. Videotapes of the Reading Recovery teacher tutoring a child who was one of the lowest achieving students in a first‐grade urban school district, were collected after 3, 6, and 8 weeks of instruction. Each videotape was analyzed in two ways. First, three experts trained in Reading Recovery analyzed teacher‐student conversations to determine the nature and type of the teacher's comments, prompts, and questions and the relationships between the teacher's talk and the student's behavior. Second, the teacher and researcher discussed each lesson while viewing the videotapes to determine the teacher's reasoning processes for each question or comment. The analyses revealed shifts in the teacher's learning, and relationships between the teacher's and student's learning. The results suggest that teachers’ awareness of the...
An improved, two step synthesis of the chiral templating reagent 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-dihydro-11,12-dicarbomethoxyethenoanthracene

Abstract An improved, two step synthesis, of the importrant chiral templating reagent 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-dihydro-11,12-dicarbomethoxyethenoanthracene 3 has been developed with an overall yield of 82% (not optimized). The reaction features a simple diastereomeric separation to afford the enantiomeric products. The reaction can be scaled up to afford multigram quantities of the ethenoanthracenes.
Hemoconcentration as an early risk factor for necrotizing pancreatitis

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine whether measurement of serum hematocrit during the first 24 h helps in distinguishing necrotizing from mild pancreatitis. Methods: From May 1992 to June 1996, a case-control study was performed with cases of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. We selected as a control the next patient admitted with mild pancreatitis. Results: There were 32 patients in each group. Logistic regression identified an admission hematocrit of ≥ 47% and a failure of admission hematocrit to decrease at 24 h as the best binary risk factors for necrotizing pancreatitis. At admission, more patients with necrotizing pancreatitis than with mild pancreatitis had a hematocrit ≥ 47% (11/32 vs 3/32; p = 0.03). At 24 h, 15 additional patients with necrotizing pancreatitis versus only one with mild pancreatitis showed no decrease in admission hematocrit (p < 0.01). Thus, by 24 h, 26 of 32 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis versus only four of 32 patients with mild pancreatitis met one or the other criterion (p < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity at admission were 34% and 91%; at 24 h, 81% and 88%. Conclusions: Hemoconcentration with an admission hematocrit ≥ 47% or failure of admission hematocrit to decrease at approximately 24 h were strong risk factors for the development of pancreatic necrosis.
A surface layer model for thin film lubrication

A rheological model has been developed which can be applied to thin film lubrication. It is known that great differences are seen between behavior in thin (molecular scale) films and in bulk (macroscopic) rheological measurements. There appear to be layers near the surface in which viscosity is increased by many orders of magnitude. The model contains three material property parameters, i.e., the conventional viscosity, the thickness of the surface layer, and a surface layer viscosity. A modified Reynolds equation is developed. Behavior of correction factors to Reynolds' equation and to the shear stress are shown. Results are computed for a one-dimensional converging wedge contact. The effect of increasing the layer thickness parameter is to increase the load and reduce the friction coefficient. Increasing the surface layer vicosity also tends to increase the load and reduce the friction coefficient. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conferen...
Videofluoroscopic Validation of a Translational Murine Model of Presbyphagia

Presbyphagia affects approximately 40 % of otherwise healthy people over 60 years of age. Hence, it is a condition of primary aging rather than a consequence of primary disease. This distinction warrants systematic investigations to understand the causal mechanisms of aging versus disease specifically on the structure and function of the swallowing mechanism. Toward this goal, we have been studying healthy aging C57BL/6 mice (also called B6), the most popular laboratory rodent for biomedical research. The goal of this study was to validate this strain as a model of presbyphagia for translational research purposes. We tested two age groups of B6 mice: young (4–7 months; n = 16) and old (18–21 months; n = 11). Mice underwent a freely behaving videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) protocol developed in our lab. VFSS videos (recorded at 30 frames per second) were analyzed frame-by-frame to quantify 15 swallow metrics. Six of the 15 swallow metrics were significantly different between young and old mice. Compared to young mice, old mice had significantly longer pharyngeal and esophageal transit times (p = 0.038 and p = 0.022, respectively), swallowed larger boluses (p = 0.032), and had a significantly higher percentage of ineffective primary esophageal swallows (p = 0.0405). In addition, lick rate was significantly slower for old mice, measured using tongue cycle rate (p = 0.0034) and jaw cycle rate (p = 0.0020). This study provides novel evidence that otherwise healthy aging B6 mice indeed develop age-related changes in swallow function resembling presbyphagia in humans. Specifically, aging B6 mice have a generally slow swallow that spans all stages of swallowing: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. The next step is to build upon this foundational work by exploring the responsible mechanisms of presbyphagia in B6 mice.
Effects of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of extended-release oxycodone with sequestered naltrexone (ALO-02).

ALO-02 capsules, intended to deter abuse, contain pellets of extended-release oxycodone hydrochloride (HCl), an opioid agonist, surrounding sequestered naltrexone HCl, an opioid antagonist. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of administration of ALO-02 with 20 or 40 % ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone. This was an open-label, single-dose, randomized, three-way crossover study in 18 healthy fasting adults administered ALO-02 20/2.4 mg (oxycodone/naltrexone) with water, 20 % ethanol, or 40 % ethanol, each under naltrexone block. Median time to maximum concentration was 12 h postdose when ALO-02 was administered with water or 20 % ethanol and decreased to 8 h postdose with 40 % ethanol. Geometric mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC∞) and maximum concentration (C max) values were similar for ALO-02 administered with water or 20 % ethanol, and increased by about 13 and 37 %, respectively, for ALO-02 administered with 40 % ethanol versus water. The 90 % confidence intervals (CIs) for AUC∞ and C max ratios of ALO-02 with 20 % ethanol versus water were within 80–125 %; upper 90 % CIs were >125 % for ALO-02 with 40 % ethanol versus water. The most common adverse events were mild-to-moderate vomiting, nausea, headache, and somnolence. Incidence of adverse events increased for ALO-02 given with ethanol versus water. Oxycodone exposures (C max) were unaffected when ALO-02 was administered with 20 % ethanol but C max increased by 37 % with 40 % ethanol versus water. ALO-02 administered with ethanol under naltrexone block was generally well tolerated.
Delay Reduction Using Simulated Annealing

The MOST program chooses appropriate sizes for transistors in a VLSI schematic to meet specified delay criteria. A simulated annealing algorithm is used in conjunction with a timing analyzer, both written in Prolog. A screening function takes advantage of the symbolic equations provided by the timing analyzer to reject clearly inappropriate choices, so full timing analysis is performed less frequently. Despite running in an interpreted Prolog, performance gains of over 50% versus an unsized circuit can be attained in less than 10 cpu minutes.
Theoretical study on the thermal decomposition of thiourea

Abstract Thermal stability of thiourea determines its successful application in electronic devices. For this reason, the primitive reactions in thiourea decomposition have been studied using HF, MP2 and DFT methods at various basis sets. Under thermal condition, thiourea isomerizes to carbamimidothioic acid via a hydrogen shift from an amino group to the nearby sulfur atom. This carbamimidothioic acid can then isomerize to its isomers. From carbamimidothioic acid intermediates, a total of four pairs of products can be generated from the studied primitive reactions, including: ammonia and isothiocyanic acid (NH3 + HNCS), hydrogen sulfide and carbodiimide (H2S + HN C NH), hydrogen sulfide and cyanoamine (H2S + NH2CN), and ammonia and thiocyanic acid (NH3 + HSCN). However, computational results show that product pairs of NH3 + HNCS and H2S + HN C NH can be easily formed, whilst the formation of the other two product pairs are much less competitive due to their high activation energies. In addition, the calculated data can explain the reported results from thermal decomposition of thiourea and thiourea complexes.
Multimodal analysis of the hippocampus in schizophrenia using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Background Studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia suffer from memory impairments. In this study, we combined proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to clarify the neurobiology of memory deficits in schizophrenia.
A Probabilist's View of Causality Assessment

This talk reviews the problem of causality assessment of adverse drug reactions from the point of view of probability theory and decision analysis. Causality assessment is a special case of the gen...
Lake-Aggregate Mesoscale Disturbances. Part V: Impacts on Lake-Effect Precipitation

Abstract It is known that lake-effect snowstorms in the Great Lakes region depend on the synoptic-scale flow conditions. These conditions are determined in part by the synoptic-scale features that traverse the area. Forecasting the development of these storms has improved dramatically in the last decade. A remaining complicating aspect, however, is that the heating and moistening from all the Great Lakes (e.g., the aggregate) affects the large-scale winds, temperature, moisture, and stability near the individual lakes, which in turn affect the characteristics of the lake-effect storms that develop. The effects of the Great Lakes aggregate on lake-effect precipitation is examined for a particular case in November 1982 that was characterized by a cold air outbreak followed by the approach of a weak trough into the region. Existing model output from numerical simulations that 1) included all of the lakes and that 2) excluded all of the lakes is used in conjunction with output from two additional numerical si...
Gendered Readings of a Traditional “Feminist” Folktale by Sixth-Grade Boys and Girls

This study investigated the gendered frame of reference of 6th-grade boys and girls by examining the bias in their memories of a “feminist” folktale that included male and female characters with both traditional and nontraditional traits. Written recalls were obtained 15 minutes, 1 week, and 1 month after reading. The final recalls were analyzed on the basis of a template created of sentences in the story that presented characters' traits and actions as traditional male, traditional female, nontraditional male, or nontraditional female. Analysis showed a significant difference between the boys and girls in terms of nontraditional inclusions, with the girls averaging twice as many of these inclusions as the boys. Further analysis indicated the presence of 2 aspects of the discourse of gender relations: physical strength of men and dependence of women on men. Cultural norms for physical appearance were reflected in the transformations of the physical description of the female protagonist. Also, the girls ma...
Migration Patterns of Negroes from a Rural Northeastern Mississippi Community

Interviews in 1956 with families of 386 Negro migrants from western Chickasaw County, Mississippi, show patterns changing from pre-World War I Delta agricultural sectors, to large midwestern cities, and recently toward northern independent and satellite industrial centers. Dominant motive is work opportunities. Established relatives provide communication sources and other aids. T HIS STUDY analyzes the migration patterns of 386 Negroes from the town of Houston and its surrounding open countryside in western Chickasaw County, Mississippi. Materials were gathered during the summer of 1956 by interviewing 114 heads of household concerning the migration patterns of their siblings and children. The locale was selected because it had provided a considerable number of Negro migrants to the industrial city of Beloit, Wisconsin.' It was felt that a study in the home community of the Negro migrants to this small, independent northern city might reveal the extent of migrant dispersion from home base, reasons for migration, and patterns of mobility and stability among Negroes remaining in the southern rural community. All interviews were personally conducted by the author, utilizing a semi-closed interview schedule. Electric meter listings provided an up-to-date roster of residents, arranged by routes within districts. A 50 percent sample of town residents was first randomized and then selected at intervals of two. A 20 percent sample of open country residents was first randomized and then selected at intervals of five. This technique yielded 61 town and 53 open-country interviews. Assuming the head of household would be the name on the electric billing, this was allowed to determine sex of respondent. Thus 60 male and 54 female persons were interviewed. Analysis of localism and related values among the 114 heads of household has been reported previously.2 Suffice it to say, all of Chickasaw County had a decline in Negro population of 28 percent between 1900 and 1950, whereas the white population increased 29 percent during the same period. In 1950 the total population of Chickasaw County was 19,000 persons, of whom 44.5 percent were nonwhite.3 Chickasaw County is hilly, with some prairie in the southeastern section. Its agriculture is mixed, cotton, corn, and cattle. Basic industry is lumbering. Recent developments include modern dairying and cheese processing and the attraction of such light industries as textiles and furniture for the towns. Since marginal agriculture has become unattractive to both whites and Negroes, and work opportunities in new industries are limited to white persons, Negroes must seek further afield for employment in industry other than
Analytic evaluation of shared-memory systems with ILP processors

This paper develops and validates an analytical model for evaluating various types of architectural alternatives for shared-memory systems with processors that aggressively exploit instruction-level parallelism. Compared to simulation, the analytical model is many orders of magnitude faster to solve, yielding highly accurate system performance estimates in seconds.The model input parameters characterize the ability of an application to exploit instruction-level parallelism as well as the interaction between the application and the memory system architecture. A trace-driven simulation methodology is developed that allows these parameters to be generated over 100 times faster than with a detailed execution-driven simulator.Finally, this paper shows that the analytical model can be used to gain insights into application performance and to evaluate architectural design trade-offs.
Functional and biological diversity of foliar spectra in tree canopies throughout the Andes to Amazon region

Spectral properties of foliage express fundamental chemical interactions of canopies with solar radiation. However, the degree to which leaf spectra track chemical traits across environmental gradients in tropical forests is unknown. We analyzed leaf reflectance and transmittance spectra in 2567 tropical canopy trees comprising 1449 species in 17 forests along a 3400-m elevation and soil fertility gradient from the Amazonian lowlands to the Andean treeline. We developed quantitative links between 21 leaf traits and 400-2500-nm spectra, and developed classifications of tree taxa based on spectral traits. Our results reveal enormous inter-specific variation in spectral and chemical traits among canopy trees of the western Amazon. Chemical traits mediating primary production were tightly linked to elevational changes in foliar spectral signatures. By contrast, defense compounds and rock-derived nutrients tracked foliar spectral variation with changing soil fertility in the lowlands. Despite the effects of abiotic filtering on mean foliar spectral properties of tree communities, the spectra were dominated by phylogeny within any given community, and spectroscopy accurately classified 85-93% of Amazonian tree species. Our findings quantify how tropical tree canopies interact with sunlight, and indicate how to measure the functional and biological diversity of forests with spectroscopy.
Ultrasound and CT evaluation of emergent gallbladder pathology.

This article provides a review of ultrasound and CT findings in acute conditions of the gallbladder. Although ultrasound or hepatobiliary scintigraphy are usually the initial imaging examinations of choice to evaluate most suspected cases of acute gallbladder pathology, the role of CT in the evaluation of abdominal pain continues to expand. The cause of patient symptoms is often initially unclear because clinical findings may be nonspecific. In this setting, CT allows for more comprehensive evaluation of the abdomen and pelvis and can identify other inflammatory processes that clinically may simulate gallbladder pathology. In many instances, CT may be the initial diagnostic procedure performed; it is important to become familiar with the spectrum of CT findings in emergent gallbladder disorders. Furthermore, CT plays an important role in the evaluation of associated complications of these disorders, facilitating prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
Sinusoidal estimation methods using fourth order cumulants

Several approaches for the estimation of the parameters of complex sinusoids corrupted with colored noise using second, or slices of fourth order cumulants are presented. Based on Toeplitz, and augmented matrix of Toeplitz matrices formed from sample cumulants, the sinusoidal frequencies are estimated using generalized MUSIC, and ESPRIT type methods.
Induction of mfo enzymes and production of bile metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to waste crankcase oil

It is difficult to assess the toxicological significance of complex mixtures of contaminants in the environment because of paucity of dose-response studies. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed per os to waste crankcase oil and analyzed for hydrocarbon classes, 26 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and 66 elements. MFO enzyme activity, measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) was induced in liver, kidney, and heart. The threshold level for induction in liver was approximately 3 mg of PACs (sum of 26 PACs) per kilogram fish. A dose-response relationship was obtained for liver and kidney but not for the heart. In a time-response study, liver, kidney, and heart MFO activity increased (14-, 5-, and 3-fold, respectively), reaching a maximum between days 1 and 4, then decreased to basal levels by day 12. Analysis of bile metabolites, as gluc-uronide and sulfate conjugates, showed a pattern similar to that displayed by MFO induction, possibly with a slight delay. This study establishes time- and dose-response relationships for MFO enzyme induction and appearance of bile metabolites in fish exposed to an environmentally important source of PACs.
The role of surface charge and binding properties in silicon-based field effect nanowire biosensors

This modeling work examines the critical role of nanowire surface properties in its DNA sensing performance in terms of both signal levels and input dynamic ranges. Such properties include surface charge group density, oxide thickness and oligomer surface density, charges and energetic heterogeneity. The presence of surface charge groups are shown to contribute to additional charge screening. The use of neutral receptors (PNAs) instead of ssDNAs improves the signals significantly due to nonlinear charge screening. Based on correlations with experimental data, it is indicated that the heterogeneity of DNA binding energetics is crucial in determining the input dynamic ranges.
Finite element analysis of elastic beams subjected to moving dynamic loads

Abstract A method for the dynamic analysis of elastic beams subjected to dynamic loads induced by the arbitrary movement of a spring-mass-damper system is presented. The governing equations for the interaction between the beam and the moving dynamic system are derived, based on a finite element formulation. This set of equations is a system of second order differential equations with time dependent coefficients. The governing equations are solved with a Runge-Kutta integration scheme to obtain the dynamic response for both the support beam and the moving system. The method is capable of handling any time dependent dynamic system motion profile with complex boundary conditions in a computationally efficient fashion. Comparison of results with several simplified test conditions previously reported shows excellent agreement. The analysis is applied to a high-speed machining operation to demonstrate the unique capabilities and characteristics of the method.
The Maintenance of Weight Loss After Behavioral Treatment A Review

This article reviews the recent empirical literature on the behavioral treatment of obesity in an attempt to delineate those variables that are most closely related to the posttreatment maintenance of weight loss. Such variables were found to fall into three general categories: adherence to treatment and use of behavioral skills, posttreatment vigilance regarding both weight fluctuation and the skills learned in therapy, and intraindividual physical and emotional factors. An attempt is made to develop a rational understanding of these findings, which appear to be consistent with Kanfer's self-regulation model of self-control. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Untreated Stage IV Melanoma Patients Exhibit Abnormal Monocyte Phenotypes and Decreased Functional Capacity

Monocytes may contribute to tumor progression in part by mediating tumor-induced immunosuppression. Alterations to the monocyte populations and functions in untreated patients with late-stage melanoma are not fully understood. To characterize these alterations, we compared the frequency, phenotype, and functional capacity of peripheral blood monocytes and other myeloid cells in untreated, newly diagnosed stage IV melanoma patients (n = 18) with those in healthy volunteers. Stage IV untreated melanoma patients exhibited a sizeable decrease in the percentage of monocytes (P < 0.0001) that included a drop in the percentage of the CD14(+)CD16(-) classical monocyte pool (P = 0.006). Although there was not a significant difference in the CD14(+)HLA-DR(low/-) monocyte population between the patients with melanoma and the healthy volunteers, the HLA-DR levels were considerably lower in the patients' CD14(+)CD16(+) intermediate (P < 0.0001) and CD14(low)CD16(+) nonclassical monocyte populations (P = 0.001). Decreased surface expression of CD86 (P = 0.0006) and TNFRII (P = 0.0001) and increased expression of tissue factor and PD-L1 (P = 0.003) were identified on monocytes from patients with melanoma. Furthermore, these monocytes had decreased ability to upregulate CD80 expression and cytokine production following stimulation with agonist of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets were decreased in untreated stage IV melanoma patients. Our study demonstrates that untreated late-stage melanoma patients exhibit monocytopenia in addition to phenotypic and functional deficiencies that may negatively affect their immune function. These findings open new avenues into examining the role of monocyte populations in melanoma development.
Adapting programming languages technologies for finite-state verification

Program verification and program transformation are two research areas that have different goals. Program verification aims to increase confidence in software through the use of formal methods and systematic testing. Program transformation rearranges the structure of programs to increase their efficiency or to make them more amenable to some other form of processing. Despite being funded under different NSF awards from the Software Engineering and Languages program on the two different areas above the authors are collaborating to apply results from both awards to develop a set of tools, called Bandera, for transforming Java programs into a form that is amenable to verification using existing model checking tools.
IL-1β mediates leptin induction during inflammation

Interleukins (IL) are key mediators of the host response to infection and inflammation. Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and plays an important role in the control of food intake. Administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or IL-1 acutely increases leptin mRNA and protein levels. To investigate the role of IL-1β and IL-6 in leptin expression during inflammation, we used IL-1β-deficient (−/−) and IL-6 −/− mice. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS or subcutaneously with turpentine, as models of systemic or local inflammation, respectively. In IL-1β +/+ mice, both LPS and turpentine increased leptin mRNA and circulating leptin. In contrast, neither LPS nor turpentine increased leptin levels in IL-1β −/− mice. In IL-6 +/+ or IL-6 −/− mice, turpentine increased leptin protein to comparable levels. We conclude that IL-1β is essential for leptin induction by both LPS and turpentine in mice, but IL-6 is not.
Molecular Biophysics of Orai Store-Operated Ca2+ Channels

Upon endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store depletion, Orai channels in the plasma membrane are activated directly by endoplasmic reticulum-resident STIM proteins to generate the Ca2+-selective, Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) current. After the molecular identification of Orai, a plethora of functional and biochemical studies sought to compare Orai homologs, determine their stoichiometry, identify structural domains responsible for the biophysical fingerprint of the CRAC current, identify the physiological functions, and investigate Orai homologs as potential therapeutic targets. Subsequently, the solved crystal structure of Drosophila Orai (dOrai) substantiated many findings from structure-function studies, but also revealed an unexpected hexameric structure. In this review, we explore Orai channels as elucidated by functional and biochemical studies, analyze the dOrai crystal structure and its implications for Orai channel function, and present newly available information from molecular dynamics simulations that shed light on Orai channel gating and permeation.
Estimation of temperature-dependent pore size in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel beads.

The pore sizes of various temperature-sensitive hydrogel beads have been estimated at different temperatures by a gel filtration method using several probe molecules of known molecular weight. The hydrogel beads were prepared by inverse suspension copoly-merizations of a series of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and acrylamide (AAm) monomers with a small amount of cross-linker. These hydrogel beads exhibit LCST (lower critical solution temperature) behavior in aqueous solution, that is, expanding and swelling when cooled below the LCST and shrinking and collapsing when heated above the LCST. The pore sizes of these temperature-sensitive hydrogel beads are affected significantly by both the temperature and the gel composition, but not much by cross-linker concentration.
The role of attention in one-handed catching

The present study investigated the contribution of attention to one-handed catching success. A group of skilled (n = 8) and less skilled (n = 9) male subjects were compared in their ability to process secondary task information while executing a primary one-handed catching task. On 40% of the trials, a secondary visual stimulus (SVS) was presented in the peripheral visual field at predetermined times during the flight of the ball. On these trials, the subject was required to complete the one-handed catch and immediately throw the ball at a stationary target. Less skilled subjects made significantly more catching errors under both normal viewing and dual-task processing conditions. The differences were due to errors of positioning rather than grasping. Positioning of the hand appears to require visual attention regardless of skill level, as both skill groups experienced increased difficulty processing secondary task information as the ball approached the catching hand.
Historical Research as Critical Practice and Relationship: The "Carnegie Libraries in Iowa Project

The Carnegie Libraries in Iowa Project (CLIP) is an interdisciplinary project that seeks to chart the history of Iowa's Carnegie libraries by creating a digital library of images and other documentary and statistical information to be made publicly available over the World Wide Web. Using CLIP as a starting point, and by using critical methods to analyze the records from sociological, historical, architectural, aesthetic, and technical perspectives, library users ranging from humanities scholars to school children are encouraged to study the history of Iowa's Carnegie libraries in the context of their changing communities. CLIP represents a partnership among faculty, students, and staff at the University of Iowa's School of Library and Information Science (SLIS), Iowa's library practitioners, and members of Iowa communities, including high school and college students as well as members of the general public.