cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water and air management systems for a passive direct methanol fuel cell

Abstract In this paper water and air management systems were developed for a miniature, passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The membrane thickness, water management system, air management system and gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) were examined to find their effects on the water balance coefficient, fuel utilization efficiency, energy efficiency and power density. Two membranes were used, Nafion ® 112 and Nafion ® 117. Nafion ® 117 cells had greater water balance coefficients, higher fuel utilization efficiency and greater energy efficiency. A passive water management system which utilizes additional cathode gas diffusion layers (GDL) and a passive air management system which makes use of air filters was developed and tested. Water management was improved with the addition of two additional cathode GDLs. The water balance coefficients were increased from −1.930 to 1.021 for a cell using a 3.0 mol kg −1 solution at a current density of 33 mA cm −2 . The addition of an air filter further increased the water balance coefficient to 1.131. Maximum power density was improved from 20 mW cm −2 to 25 mW cm −2 for 3.0 mol kg −1 solutions by upgrading from second to third generation GDEs, obtained from E-TEK. There was no significant difference in water management found between second and third generation GDEs. A fuel utilization efficiency of 63% and energy efficiency of 16% was achieved for a 3.0 mol kg −1 solution with a current density of 66 mA cm −2 for third generation GDEs.
Ionic activity coefficients in aqueous mixtures of NaCl and MgCl2

Abstract Methods developed earlier, based on hydration numbers for individual ionic species, have been extended to the calculation of ionic activity coefficients in aqueous systems of two electrolytes MX and NX2 with a common unhydrated anion (X−). The data required include the mean activity coefficients of MX and NX2 in the mixtures, together with the osmotic coefficient. The procedure is illustrated by a calculation of γNa, γMg, and γCl in a mixture of NaCl and MgCl2 closely approximating the composition of seawater with salinity of 35‰.
Motion of large gas bubbles through liquids in vertical concentric and eccentric annuli

Taylor bubbles rising through liquids in vertical circular tubes and between parallel planes are axisymmetric and nearly spherical at the top. In a vertical annulus, however, the bubbles are radially asymmetric and never occupy the whole cross-sectional area. Analysis indicates that axisymmetric bubbles rise in an annulus at lower rates than those observed experimentally and hence are never observed in practice. In contrast, the asymmetric bubbles take an elliptic shape which results in higher rise velocities. A theoretical model for the rise velocity of an elliptic bubble has been developed and the comparison with experiment is satisfactory.
Conformation of Telomerase RNP Established through Footprinting and Single-Molecule FRET

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) expressed in all highly proliferating cells, is comprised of telomerase RNA, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and other protein cofactors. The complex compensates for the chromosomal shortening that arises with each round of DNA replication. Since mutations altering telomerase expression, assembly and regulation cause multiple human diseases, it is of utmost importance to understand telomerase at the structural level. However, while the structure of TERT in the absence of RNA has been recently published, the full RNP structure remains unknown.Using a combination of single-molecule FRET and ensemble footprinting, we are probing the functional structure of telomerase RNP. In particular, we have determined the active conformation adopted by two conserved regions of telomerase RNA - the stemloop IV and the pseudoknot - upon assembly with TERT and other protein cofactors.The pseudoknot, unformed in naked telomerase RNA, was folded in active RNPs. Proper pseudoknot folding was required for catalysis, as demonstrated by mutations that abolished telomerase activity when formation of either pseudoknot stem was disallowed. Conversely, compensatory mutations that reinstated basepairing in the pseudoknot region also restored telomerase activity.Binding of TERT, in addition to allowing pseudoknot formation, brought loop IV into the proximity of the pseudoknot without affecting its conformation. Mutations in the loop IV region that abolished TERT binding and telomerase activity resulted in an extended RNA conformation with a substantially larger loop IV-pseudoknot distance, as well as protection of the pseudoknot by RNP proteins. Interestingly, the telomerase holoenzyme protein p65 could compensate for these effects of loop IV mutations, restoring the loop IV-TERT interaction, the folded conformation of stemloop IV and telomerase activity.These results suggest that proper conformations of the pseudoknot and stemloop IV of telomerase RNA are critical for enzyme activity.
A Method for Calculating the Surface Area of the Body of Grasshoppers and Locusts (Orthoptera, Acrididae)

In 1951 the writer reported that paired, segmentally-arranged, sharply-delimited regions with an unusual cuticular and epidermal structure are present on the head, thorax and abdomen of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.). A variety of experiments showed these areas to be much more sensitive to heat than is the body surface in general and the conclusion was reached that they serve as thermoreceptors and aid in the characteristic orientation of the locust to warmth from the sun and other sources.
Soybean Varietal Response to Liquid Swine Manure Application

Applying manure to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as a routine management practice requires additional information about cultivardependent responses. Our objective was to determine seed yield, dry matter accumulation, N accumulation, and lodging responses for a cross-section of adapted public and private soybean cultivars when liquid swine (Sus scrofa) manure was applied. Field studies were conducted at seven locations in southern Minnesota during 1996 and 1997. Whole-plot treatments included three swine manure rates (zero, low, and high) injected with sweeps to a soil depth of 13 cm before planting. Split-plot treatments consisted of 12 public and private soybean cultivars. Average seed yield for all cultivars at three of seven locations was generally positive, increasing on average 1.4 kg kg -1 of applied available N. A significant manure rate x cultivar interaction was observed for lodging scores, but increased lodging was not related to any change in yield. Seed yield decreased with increasing manure rates at a seventh location, where there was a history of white mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) d. By.] incidence. At this location, seed yield for the control was 0.20 Mg ha -1 greater than seed yield from either manure rate, and response to manure application was not the same for every cultivar. Except for this latter site, seed yield response to increasing manure rate was either favorable or innocuous, despite increased lodging. Manure application to soybean appears to be an acceptable management practice regardless of cultivar, except when the application exacerbated an already present disease pressure.
ATS-6 satellite 20 GHz propagation measurements at low elevation angles

The 20 GHz downlink from the ATS-6 satellite was monitored almost continuously for low elevation angles (below 9°). The authors measured the copolarised and crosspolarised signals received, as well as the local rain rate. Data are presented for clear-weather scintillations, rain attenuation, depolarisation and other effects.
Corporate management of productivity—An empirical study

The results are reported of a questionnaire survey of corporate managerial approaches to productivity. The sample comprised 146 large industrial companies, of which 96 were American, 25 British and 25 Japanese. Responses from the total sample were used to construct a managerial interpretation of productivity. A comparison was then conducted among the three national samples. Although productivity improvement was reported as being a matter of significant corporate concern in all three countries, greater priority was expressed by the British and Japanese than by the American managers. The British and American managerial approaches to productivity appear to be broadly similar, but with the exception that the British focus much more single-mindedly on labour productivity as the central issue. The Japanese responses convey a proactive, long-term approach to the management of productivity, with research and innovation being accorded to pre-eminent role. The implications of the findings are briefly discussed and directions for further research are suggested.
THE TSUNAMI-RESILIENT COASTAL COMMUNITY

The concept of a tsunami-resilient coastal community is a proactive way to change attitudes from "tsunamis will not affect our community" to "preparing for the next tsunami." The three elements of a tsunami-resilient coastal community include: (1) hazard assessment, the evaluation of the written, oral, and geological history of the community to assess the extent of the tsunami hazard for a specific community; (2) community preparedness, the building of a tsunami-resilient community that functions before, during, and after the tsunami; (3) warning guidance, the acceptance of responsibility for receiving the warnings and taking appropriate action. Communities that adopt these measures will not only save lives, but will recover faster from the next tsunami. The tsunami-resilient coastal community will survive the next tsunami.
Stimulation of 18-Hydroxy-ll-Deoxycorticosterone Secretion by Angiotensin II and Potassium

The control of 18-hydroxy-ll-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) secretion is incompletely understood: ACTH seems to be the dominant regulator, the importance of angiotensin II (A-II) is uncertain, and the effect of potassium has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 18-OH-DOC response to these three stimuli in vitro. Suspensions of isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa or fasciculata cells were stimulated with either αl–24 ACTH (0.04 mU/ml), A-II (25 ng/ml), or potassium (5.9 mEq/liter), and 18-OHDOC production was measured. In glomerulosa cells, ACTH produced the greatest 18-OH-DOC response but A-II and potassium also produced significant (P < 0.001) 18-OH-DOC increases (control, 162 ± 14 (SE) ng/106 cells incubated; A-II, 368 ± 39; potassium, 380 ± 37; ACTH, 1544 ± 165). In fasciculata cells, 18-OH-DOC production increased with ACTH but not with A-II or potassium. These results document that A-II and potassium, as well as ACTH, can stimulate 18-OH-DOC production by glomerulosa but...
Extracting indexing keywords from image structures in engineering drawings

A critical operation in the creation of databases of electronic versions of scanned engineering drawings is the automatic extraction of indexing text information from image structures, called title blocks. This paper addresses the problem of locating title block regions and the subsequent extraction of indexing keywords from such regions. A general technique of 2D pattern localization in unsegmented images, called location hashing, is used to locate title blocks. An engineering drawing indexing system then combines title block localization with text recognition to enable indexing text keyword extraction.
Effect of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and cytokines on cultured oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

The pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease is still controversial. Our hypothesis is that primary infection of oligodendrocytes (OLGs) is not a crucial event in the pathogenesis of demyelination in this model. In fact, it has been proposed that myelin may be destroyed, as an innocent bystander, following an antiviral delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. This hypothesis would not need widespread oligodendroglial infection, because virus present in other cells would be sufficient to trigger a DTH response. The present study demonstrates that cultured OLGs and astrocytes from susceptible strains of mice (SJL and DBA) and immortalized OLGs can be infected with TMEV in vitro. Infection of OLGs, however, is at very low levels and does not result in overt cytolytic effect. In contrast, infection of immortalized OLGs is very efficient and results in clear cytolysis. Because an important characteristic of DTH responses is the liberation of potentially injurious cytokines into adjacent tissues, we also examined the effects of mouse recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on cultured OLGs and immortalized OLGs. We found that TNF-alpha caused immortalized OLG cytotoxicity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, no cytotoxicity was observed on primary OLGs with any of the above cytokines. To determine whether functional effects could be demonstrated on primary OLGs by either virus or cytokines, we measured mRNA expression of different myelin proteins in primary and immortalized OLGs exposed to virus or TNF-alpha. Neither the BeAn strain or the GDVII strain of TMEV interfered with myelin protein mRNA expression in primary OLGs, whereas GDVII virus dramatically reduced myelin OLG glycoprotein (MOG) mRNA in immortalized OLGs. Interestingly, although even high concentrations of TNF-alpha (10,000 U/ml) did not produce primary OLG cytotoxicity, they resulted in a significant reduction in mRNA for both myelin basic protein (MBP) and MOG in these cells. TNF-alpha (at 500 U/ml) also specifically reduced MOG mRNA in immortalized OLGs. Because immortalized OLGs are considered to be arrested at an early stage of maturation, our results suggest that immature OLGs are susceptible to both virus- and cytokine-dependent cytotoxicity, whereas mature OLGs are resistant to cytolysis by either TMEV or cytokines. TNF-alpha, however, is capable of reducing mRNA expression of myelin proteins in primary OLGs; therefore, it may participate in the induction of demyelination, as suggested by the DTH-mediated hypothesis.
Remote sensing and mineral exploration in China

Abstract In recent years, considerable efforts have been exerted in China in the application of remote sensing in regional geological survey and geotectonic research with some results. Case histories of some areas with different geologic problems are presented. Remote sensing as a means for mineral reconnaissance is still in tentative stage, as its current applications are largely restricted to the study of geologic conditions relating to metallogeny or mineralization so as to delineate prospective areas. Examples are given to illustrate its actual use or trial in energy or mineral exploration and its great potential.
Doxorubicin-induced Apoptosis Is Associated with Increased Transcription of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase: EFFECT OF ANTIAPOPTOTIC ANTIOXIDANTS AND CALCIUM *

The clinical efficacy of the antitumor antibiotic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is severely limited by its dose-limiting cardiotoxicity in cancer patients. DOX-induced generation of reactive oxygen species was proposed to be a major mechanism of its cardiotoxicity. Previously, we showed that DOX undergoes a reductive activation at the reductase domain of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) forming the semiquinone and superoxide (Vasquez-Vivar, J., Martasek, P., Hogg, N., Masters, B. S. S., Pritchard, K. A., Jr., and Kalyanaraman, B. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 11293-11297). In this report, we provide evidence for DOX-induced increase in eNOS transcription and protein expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). We propose that DOX-induced hydrogen peroxide formation is responsible for the increased transcription of eNOS. BAEC treated with antisense eNOS oligonucleotide inhibits DOX-induced endothelial apoptosis. Treatment with antioxidants restored the levels of antiapoptotic proteins (Hsp70 and Bcl-2) in DOX-treated BAEC. DOX-induced intracellular oxidative stress, as measured by oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate to dichlorofluorescein and hydroethidium to ethidium, was inhibited by antisense eNOS oligonucleotide and antioxidant treatment. Furthermore, antiapoptotic antioxidants (e.g. FeTBAP, ebselen, and alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone) inhibited DOX-induced eNOS transcription. We conclude that DOX-induced apoptosis is linked to the redox activation of DOX by eNOS.
Operation in patients with incurable colon cancer—Is it worthwhile?

PURPOSE: This study was designed to identify objective criteria that might help surgeons decide which patients with incurable colon cancer will benefit from palliative surgery and which will not. METHODS: Charts of 68 patients with incurable colon cancer were reviewed. Fifty-seven patients underwent resection, six had a bypass of a nonresectable cancer, and five had no surgery at all. Time to death was the major end point of the study. Minor end points were postoperative morbidity and mortality. Independent variables analyzed were comorbidity, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen, liver function tests, extent of liver metastases, stage and site of tumor, and tumor cell differentiation. RESULTS: There were six postoperative deaths, and six patients had complications. Mean survival after palliative resection was 10.6 months, after bypass was 3.4 months, and after diagnosis in patients not operated on was 2 months. Patients with >50 percent of their liver replaced by cancer had significantly worse survival than those with <50 percent involvement (mean, 4.2 ± 4 standard deviation (SD)vs.14.4 ± 10.6 SD;P< 0.003, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). Tumor differentiation also influenced survival (poor, mean 8.4 ± 8.2 SD; well/moderate, 12.5 ±9.2 SD;P< 0.02). No other variable had a significant effect on survival. CONCLUSION: Resection of primary colon cancer in patients with incurable disease has a relatively high postoperative mortality but is worthwhile as long as hepatic metastases occupy less than 50 percent of liver volume.
Soft elastic bending response of a nematic elastomer described by a microstructurally relaxed free energy

We consider the bending of a nematic elastomer slab using the material model of DeSimone and Dolzmann. This model supplies a coarse description for the mechanical response associated with three distinct microstructural phases: a solid phase, a smectic phase and a liquid phase. The liquid and smectic phases permit soft modes, in which a variety of deformations are consistent with the same external tractions. Multiple-phase solutions are constructed making use of a standard analytical procedure associated with the fact that the deformation is universal in isotropic, incompressible, hyperelasticity. This requires an exhaustive accounting of the possible phase combinations consistent with the bending deformation. It is shown how an original soft mode response at low flexure angle, wherein the slab is completely in the smectic phase, can give way to conventional (non-soft) response at a threshold flexure angle associated with the nucleation of solid phase at the external boundary. Two separate phase interface fronts then travel through the slab as the flexure angle increases further, quasi-statically transforming smectic phase to solid phase.
Cell and receptor type-specific alterations in markers of GABA neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia

Impairments in cognitive control, such as those involved in working memory, are associated with dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in individuals with schizophrenia. This dysfunction appears to result, at least in part, from abnormalities in GABA-mediated neurotransmission. In this paper, we review recent findings indicating that the altered DLPFC circuitry in subjects with schizophrenia reflects changes in the expression of genes that encode selective presynaptic and postsynaptic components of GABA neurotransmission. Specifically, using a combination of methods, we found that subjects with schizophrenia exhibited expression deficits in GABA-related transcripts encoding presynaptic regulators of GABA neurotransmission, neuropeptide markers of specific subpopulations of GAB A neurons, and certain subunits of the GABAA receptor. In particular, alterations in the expression of the neuropeptide somatostatin suggested that GABA neurotransmission is impaired in the Martinotti subset of GABA neurons that target the dendrites of pyramidal cells. In contrast, none of the GABA-related transcripts assessed to date were altered in the DLPFC of monkeys chronically exposed to antipsychotic medications, suggesting that the effects observed in the human studies reflect the disease process and not its treatment. In concert with previous findings, these data suggest that working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia may be attributable to altered GABA neurotransmission in specific DLPFC microcircuits.
Degradation of insulin-like growth factors in small intestine of suckling rats

Insulin-like growth factors (IFGs), IGF-I and IGF-II, present in mammalian milk, play an important role during gastrointestinal tract development. In this study we identified and localized the activities of the common intestinal proteolytic enzymes and investigated their degradation effect on IGFs. Results indicated that the enzymatic activities of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase progressed from the lowest in the duodenum, to the highest in the midjejunum, and declined in the ileum. Chymotrypsin exhibited the greatest IGFs degradation activities in neonatal intestinal lumen followed by elastase. These data furnish a potential strategic design to supplement IGFs into milk formulas.
Taking stock after the first 3 years

When the Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice first articles are far fewer and average approximately 1% to began in July of 2001, the editors charged Dr. Edmond Truelove and I with providing interesting and informative clinical cases that could be better interpreted using evidence-based methods. Since this time, much has happened, and it seems appropriate to take stock in what has transpired in medicine and dentistry in response to evidence-based initiatives like this Journal, and to briefly review the cases that have been presented on these pages. The major aim of evidencebased medicine and dentistry has been to provide the most optimal care to patients by combining the best research evidence with clinical expertise and the patient’s values. By combining evidence-based methods and actual clinical cases, we hoped to bring this process to life through clinical histories; examinations; diagnostic tests combined with answerable clinical questions; literature searches; evidence appraised, graded, and then summarized to yield a bottom-line answer to the posed clinical question.
Gout and Hyperuricemia: an Historical Perspective

Gout is a common disorder of uric acid metabolism. A disease of antiquity its’ often dramatic presentation and unique manifestations have been familiar for eons to clinicians and to its sufferers. Effective modern therapies may have downgraded its status, yet it’s long, rich history remains a source of fascination, indeed entertainment to those with an interest in the pathophysiology of disease, therapeutic discovery, indeed with the annals of medicine. This paper reviews the history of one of the oldest afflictions of mankind. ᅟ
Comparison of the reinforcing efficacy of two dopamine D2-like receptor agonists in rhesus monkeys using a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Abstract High-efficacy D2-like dopamine (DA) receptor agonists can function as positive reinforcers when made available to animals for intravenous self-administration under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement. In a previous study, however, low-efficacy D2-like agonists failed to maintain self-administration under an FR schedule, suggesting that agonist efficacy is directly related to efficacy as a positive reinforcer. To examine this hypothesis further, the present study compared two D2-like DA receptor agonists that maintained FR responding, but differ in their D2-like receptor efficacy and selectivity, using a procedure designed to rank-order drugs according to their efficacy as reinforcers. Rhesus monkeys (n=5) were prepared with chronic, indwelling intravenous catheters and allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.1 mg/kg/injection) or saline on different days under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule. When responding was stable, doses of the full D2-like agonist R(−)-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) or the partial D2-like agonist R(−)-apomorphine (APO) were made available for self-administration in the test sessions. Both compounds maintained self-administration with sigmoidal or biphasic dose–response functions. Surprisingly, the lower efficacy agonist APO was the more efficacious positive reinforcer. This result fails to support the hypothesis that D2-like receptor efficacy is directly related to efficacy as a reinforcer. It is possible that other pharmacological effects, e.g., D1 receptor activity, influenced self-administration.
Weakly Closed Functions and Hausdorff Spaces

For weakly closed surjections between arbitrary topological spaces conditions are sought which assure a HAUSDORFF range. Some results of T. NOIRI are corrected and/or improved, and some results of J. K. KOHLI are slightly strengthened.
Rapid clearance of surfactant-associated palmitic acid from the lungs of developing and adult animals.

ABSTRACT: Palmitic acid is a minor component of natural surfactant and has been used to modify lipid extracts of natural surfactants to optimize their in vitro surface properties. The metabolic fate of palmitic acid in surfactant is unknown. The clearance of surfactant-associated radiolabeled palmitic acid after intratracheal administration was investigated with trace doses of surfactant in the adult rabbit and with trace and treatment doses in the 28-d fetal rabbit and the 132-d fetal sheep. Palmitic acid was cleared rapidly from the airways, with less than 2% of the radiolabel recovered as free palmitic acid in the alveolar wash by l h in all models. Recovery as free palmitic acid in the total lung at 2 h was 2% in the adult rabbit and 3% both doses in the preterm rabbit. In the preterm sheep, the recovery as free palmitic acid in the total lung was approximately 2% of the trace dose and 1 % of the treatment dose by 5 h. Between 5 and 15% of the instilled palmitic acid was used as substrate for phospholipid synthesis by the lung in the different models. About 30% of the palmitate derived label was recovered in lipid extracts of liver 30 min after tracheal instillation of labeled surfactant in adult rabbits, whereas only 5—10% of the palmitate derived label was found in liver lipids in the preterm animals. In contrast to palmitic acid, radiolabeled triglyceride was cleared much more slowly from the airspaces and lungs of preterm sheep. Inasmuch as large amounts of palmitic acid are cleared rapidly from airspaces and lung tissue, it will not have a prolonged effect on the surface properties of surfactant but it may serve as a precursor for lung lipid metabolism.
Random-matrix method for the simulation of large atomic E1 transition arrays.

A computationally fast approximate method for the calculation of large atomic-dipole transition arrays is proposed using an adaptation of Wigner's random-matrix theory. Unlike the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble, off-diagonal matrix elements are populated statistically according to a bi-Gaussian distribution function where elements are correlated according to the term value of the parent shell.
Weld solidification and HAZ liquation in a metastable-beta titanium alloy—Beta-21S

Beta-21S is a new, metastable-beta titanium alloy which exhibits excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. From a weld solidification standpoint, this alloy chemistry is of particular interest because its major beta-stabilizing elements (Mo and Nb) both exhibit equilibrium partitioning ratios (k[sub o]) greater than unity, indicating their simultaneous partitioning during weld solidification to the initial solid to form (i.e., dendrite cores), and correspondingly their depletion in the final regions of solidification (i.e., dendrite interstices). Such elemental partitioning, if retained down to room temperature, may be expected to promote local variations in the postweld aging response. The objectives of the present investigation were to characterize Gas Tungsten-Arc weld solidification and HAZ liquation phenomena in Beta-21S and to examine the influence of residual microsegregation in the weld zone on alpha precipitation during postweld heat treatment.
The archaeology of cinema architecture: The origins of the movie theater

(1984). The archaeology of cinema architecture: The origins of the movie theater. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 9, Archaeology of Cinema, pp. 11-32.
A Condition for Transitivity in Probabilistic Support

It is well known that probabilistic support is not transitive. But it can be shown that probabilistic support is transitive provided the intermediary proposition screens off the original evidence with respect to the hypothesis in question. This has the consequence that probabilistic support is transitive when the original evidence is testimonial, memorial or perceptual (i.e., to the effect that such and such was testified to, remembered, or perceived), and the intermediary proposition is its representational content (i.e., to the effect that the such and such occurred).
Styles of Scholarship: “Tonight Let’s Do Thompson”

The way an innovator perceives his role is discussed, along with the concept of the scholar as curator and futurist as well as opportunistic observer and tight thinker.
Amplitude equations for wave packets in slightly inhomogeneous unstable flows

We derive several versions of the (complex) amplitude equation of an inviscid wave packet travelling on a slightly inhomogeneous (and possibly unsteady and viscous) unstable base flow. This is done with complete generality, without any reference to the dimensions of physical and propagation spaces, by using the usual high-frequency ansatz. The final results are extremely simple: volume integrals of a complex wave action density are conserved subject to an appropriate flux and a source term. The latter is expressible in a remarkably concise way in terms of the gradient of the base flow acceleration and vanishes when the base flow is inviscid. The simplicity of our results hinges on a transformation of the dependent variables and on a suitable decomposition of these in cross- and propagation spaces. Our results are also discussed with the help of three different Lagrangian densities and their associated kinematic wave theories which are based on a basic identity due to Hayes.
Listening to Juvenile Offenders: Can Residential Treatment Prevent Recidivism?

This paper explores clients’ perspectives on their treatment in two different residential correctional facilities for juvenile male offenders. Although a wealth of literature has investigated risk factors for recidivism, little is known about how youth offenders experience the treatment or deterrence aspects of institutional confinement. Through an ethnographic study of two correctional facilities and in-depth interviews with 19 young men, the author provides a rich description of how youth offenders understand their time in residential care and examines how these programs influence offenders’ motivations to desist from crime. The principles derived from this study will provide critical information for social workers and researchers seeking to enhance the effectiveness and quality of institutional care for male juvenile offenders.
Use of the gamma method for self-contained gene-set analysis of SNP data

Gene-set analysis (GSA) evaluates the overall evidence of association between a phenotype and all genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a set of genes, as opposed to testing for association between a phenotype and each SNP individually. We propose using the Gamma Method (GM) to combine gene-level P-values for assessing the significance of GS association. We performed simulations to compare the GM with several other self-contained GSA strategies, including both one-step and two-step GSA approaches, in a variety of scenarios. We denote a ‘one-step' GSA approach to be one in which all SNPs in a GS are used to derive a test of GS association without consideration of gene-level effects, and a ‘two-step' approach to be one in which all genotyped SNPs in a gene are first used to evaluate association of the phenotype with all measured variation in the gene and then the gene-level tests of association are aggregated to assess the GS association with the phenotype. The simulations suggest that, overall, two-step methods provide higher power than one-step approaches and that combining gene-level P-values using the GM with a soft truncation threshold between 0.05 and 0.20 is a powerful approach for conducting GSA, relative to the competing approaches assessed. We also applied all of the considered GSA methods to data from a pharmacogenomic study of cisplatin, and obtained evidence suggesting that the glutathione metabolism GS is associated with cisplatin drug response.
Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing.

Purpose of reviewFlexible endoscopic examination of swallowing with and without sensory testing is rapidly becoming a significant tool in the otolaryngologist's armamentarium for diagnosing dysphagia. Patients with swallowing disorders often present to the otolaryngologist, and an understanding of t
Prophylactic lidocaine for post resuscitation care of patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest.

Abstract Background Antiarrhythmic drugs like lidocaine are usually given to promote return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during ongoing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) from ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (VF/VT). Whether administering such drugs prophylactically for post-resuscitation care after ROSC prevents re-arrest and improves outcome is unstudied. Methods We evaluated a cohort of 1721 patients with witnessed VF/VT OHCA who did (1296) or did not receive prophylactic lidocaine (425) at first ROSC. Study endpoints included re-arrest, hospital admission and survival. Results Prophylacic lidocaine recipients and non-recipients were comparable, except for shorter time to first ROSC and higher systolic blood pressure at ROSC in those receiving lidocaine. After initial ROSC, arrest from VF/VT recurred in 16.7% and from non-shockable arrhythmias in 3.2% of prophylactic lidocaine recipients, 93.5% of whom were admitted to hospital and 62.4% discharged alive, as compared with 37.4%, 7.8%, 84.9% and 44.5%, of corresponding non-recipients (all p Conclusions Administration of prophylactic lidocaine upon ROSC after OHCA was consistently associated with less recurrent VF/VT arrest, and therapeutic equipoise for other measures. The prospect of a promising association between lidocaine prophylaxis and outcome, without evidence of harm, warrants further investigation.
The Value of Neonatal MRI and Encephalopathy Scores in Predicting One-year Neurological Outcome after Term Asphyxia † 1294

The Value of Neonatal MRI and Encephalopathy Scores in Predicting One-year Neurological Outcome after Term Asphyxia † 1294
Study of a LH2-fueled topping cycle engine for aircraft propulsion

An analytical investigation was made of a topping cycle aircraft engine system which uses a cryogenic fuel. This system consists of a main turboshaft engine which is mechanically coupled (by cross-shafting) to a topping loop which augments the shaft power output of the system. The thermodynamic performance of the topping cycle engine was analyzed and compared with that of a reference (conventional-type) turboshaft engine. For the cycle operating conditions selected, the performance of the topping cycle engine in terms of brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was determined to be about 12 percent better than that of the reference turboshaft engine. Engine weights were estimated for both the topping cycle engine and the reference turboshaft engine. These estimates were based on a common shaft power output for each engine. Results indicate that the weight of the topping cycle engine is comparable to that of the reference turboshaft engine.
Time varying image analysis

We describe two recent projects carried out at the University of Illinois. The first is a computer lip reader, which is used to increase the recognition accuracy of an acoustic word recognizer. The second is a high-level system for representing and identifying time-varying characteristics of a large class of physical events.
Pericellular Hydrogel/Nanonets Inhibit Cancer Cells†

Fibrils formed by proteins are vital components for cells. However, selective formation of xenogenous nanofibrils of small molecules on mammalian cells has yet to be observed. Here we report an unexpected observation of hydrogel/nanonets of a small D-peptide derivative in pericellular space. Surface and secretory phosphatases dephosphorylate a precursor of a hydrogelator to trigger the self-assembly of the hydrogelator and to result in pericellular hydrogel/nanonets selectively around the cancer cells that overexpress phosphatases. Cell-based assays confirm that the pericellular hydrogel/nanonets block cellular mass exchange to induce apoptosis of cancer cells, including multidrug-resistance (MDR) cancer cells, MES-SA/Dx5. Pericellular hydrogel/nanonets of small molecules to exhibit distinct functions illustrates a fundamentally new way to engineer molecular assemblies spatiotemporally in cellular microenvironment for inhibiting cancer cell growth and even metastasis.
Effects of growth hormone on antipyrine kinetics in children

The kinetics of antipyrine, a drug used as a clinical indicator of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity, were examined in children after short- (5 days to 1 wk) or long-term (6 wk to 1 yr) treatment with human growth hormone (hGH). After short-term treatment the mean volume of distribution of antipyrine (aVd) (also a measure of total body water) increased from 0.49 to 0.58 l/kg (p less than 0.005). The mean aVd after long-term treatment did not differ from the mean pretreatment value, but it rose in three of the eight subjects examined. Neither the mean serum half-life (t 1/2) nor the metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine for the group as a whole was altered after short- or long-term treatment with hGH. However, t 1/2 rose to 135% to 151% of control value in three of nine children and decreased to 63% of control value in one after short-term treatment, while after long-term treatment it rose to 128% to 176% of control value in four of eight children. The results indicate that hGH can increase total body water and should be used cautiously in children with impaired cardiac, renal, or hepatic function. The data further suggest that hGH may alter antipyrine t 1/2 in some children. The variable nature of the changes precludes any uniform prediction about growth hormone effects on drug metabolism, but it may be necessary in some children to modify the dosage of other drugs administered with hGH.
A Symposium on the New Fight for Fluorides: Part II: Priorities to Preserve Fluoride Uses: Rationales and Strategies

Well-planned, new initiatives are required to preserve fluoride uses, especially water fluoridation. Discussed are barriers to fluoride promotion, evidence about public and health-care providers' knowledge and opinions about fluoride use and decision making, implications of sources of public information on fluorides, consequences to professionals and the public of being misinformed about fluorides, and four general strategies for promoting fluorides under varying conditions. Educational and political initiatives must be appropriate to state needs and conditions. Four broad categories of actions include: 1) diagnosis and planning for education/promotion; 2) public and professional education under both noncontroversial and controversial conditions, 3) political persuasion where required, and 4) changing the context of fluoridation decision making to prevent public referenda on public health measures.
The diffusion of computer‐assisted legal research systems

This article examines how individuals at different stages in the innovation-decision process perceive computer-assisted legal research systems (CALR). Following Barnett's (“An associational model for the diffusion of complex innovations.” Presented at the International Communication Association, Chicago, IL; 1978 [1]) associational model for the diffusion of complex innovations, a survey is described which applied metric multidimensional scaling to measure the cognitive structure of potential adopters toward a domain of concepts related to CALR. The study demonstrates the utility of this approach for examining the diffusion process. The results suggest that there are clear distinctions in the structures of individuals' associations at different stages in the diffusion process. First, people at later stages in the process identify more closely with the various online systems. Second, adopters more closely associate the attributes which describe the advantages of computer-based systems with the systems. Third, the variance in the population's perceptions of the relationship among the concepts decreases. Implications of the results are discussed. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Restricted job completion time variance minimisation on identical parallel machines

This paper is concerned with scheduling a number of jobs on multiple identical parallel machines to minimise job Completion Time Variance (CTV), which is a performance measure that emphasises providing uniform service to jobs. CTV minimisation is closely related to common due date problems, service stability and the Just-in-Time (JIT) philosophy. This paper focuses on the restricted aspect of the problem, i.e., no idle times are allowed to insert before machines start to process jobs. By exploring the properties of optimal schedules, we develop a computationally efficient heuristic algorithm named Balanced Assignment, Verified Schedule (BAVS) to reduce job CTV. This paper takes into account the deterministic case in which the processing times of jobs are known in advance. Numerical results show that the BAVS algorithm is near-optimal for small-sized problem instances and outperforms some existing algorithms for large-sized problem instances. [Submitted 01 February 2008; Revised 02 July 2008; Accepted 21 October 2008]
Multiple label prediction for image annotation with multiple Kernel correlation models

Image annotation is a challenging task that allows to correlate text keywords with an image. In this paper we address the problem of image annotation using Kernel Multiple Linear Regression model. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model reconstructs image caption from an image by performing a linear transformation of an image into some semantic space, and then recovers the caption by performing another linear transformation from the semantic space into the label space. The model is trained so that model parameters minimize the error of reconstruction directly. This model is related to Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) which maps both images and caption into the semantic space to minimize the distance of mapping in the semantic space. Kernel trick is then used for the MLR resulting in Kernel Multiple Linear Regression model. The solution to KMLR is a solution to the generalized eigen-value problem, related to KCCA (Kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis). We then extend Kernel Multiple Linear Regression and Kernel Canonical Correlation analysis models to multiple kernel setting, to allow various representations of images and captions. We present results for image annotation using Multiple Kernel Learning CCA and MLR on Oliva and Torralba (2001) scene recognition that show kernel selection behaviour.
Fast‐atom bombardment and thermospray mass spectrometry for the characterization of two glucuronide metabolites of methapyrilene

Two conjugated metabolites of methapyrilene hydrochloride isolated from mouse-hepatocytes were examined by mass spectrometry using fast-atom bombardment (FAB) and thermospray ionization. The major metabolite, methapyrilene glucuronide, was identified based on a prominent peak due to the protonated molecule as well as the loss of the dimethylamine and sugar moieties. Identification of the second metabolite was complicated by large signals associated with the biological sample matrix. The complementary nature of the fragmentation observed in the mass spectra using FAB and thermospray ionization allowed this metabolite to be identified as the desmethylmethapyrilene glucuronide. The fragmentation observed using FAB ionization was not greatly affected by the presence of the glucuronide moiety. While loss of the sugar moiety indicated a glucuronide, additional fragmentation confirmed the presence of the underlying ethylenediamine substructure which is characteristic of this class of antihistamines.
New genera and species of pheretimoid earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from southern Luzon, Philippines

Abstract Collections made in montane forests of the Bicol region of the Philippine island Luzon contained earthworm species new to science. The new genus Dendropheretima has intestinal caeca paired in xxv, lamellar oesophageal pouches in xi‐xiii, testes free of sacs, and last hearts in xii. The two species, D. banahawensis and D. bicolensis, are both arboreal. A second new genus Isarogoscolex contains two species, Isarogoscolex abiadai and I. albayensis which are also arboreal but have more posteriorly located caeca and more pairs of caeca, have only meganephridia in the intestinal segments, and the lamellar oesophageal pouches are arranged differently from Dendropheretima. Among the other genera of the Pheretima complex, these new taxa may be closest to the Australo‐Papuan Begemius.
A multimethod generative CAI system for remedial mathematics

A computer-assisted instruction system for remedial mathematics has been written to yield four teaching methods based on two orthogonal variables: (1) With ad hoc frame orientation (AFO), training modules have a fixed order for all students, strict performance criteria must be met before moving to new modules, and students can ask only for problem solutions. With information structure orientation (ISO), the first two AFO conditions are dropped and students can also request partial answers and hints. (2) A confluent (affective) mode contrasts with didactic instruction by adding use of given names, self-report of moods, relaxation procedures, some communication with another student, and so on.