cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of particle loading and phase coupling on gas–solid flow dynamics: A case study of a two-phase, gas–solid flow in an annular pipe

The present study is devoted to a two-phase, gas–solid flow in an annular pipe (hollow cylinder) at an elevated pressure of 15 bars and moderate Reynolds number of circa 6000. The influence of the particle loading, the interaction between the phases, and turbulence dispersion on the flow dynamics is systematically studied by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations, employing the Ansys FLUENT commercial package. The cases with a particle volumetric fraction of 1.2% are referred to as “high particle loading,” and those with 0.13% are denoted as “low particle loading.” The following cases are investigated: (1) pure gas flow; (2) low particle loading two-phase flow with one-way coupling and with turbulence dispersion; (3) low particle loading two-phase flow with two-way coupling but without turbulence dispersion; (4) low particle loading two-phase flow with two-way coupling and with turbulence dispersion; (5) high particle loading two-phase flow with one-way coupling and with turbulence dispersion; (6) high particle loading two-phase flow with two-way coupling but without turbulence dispersion; and (7) high particle loading two-phase flow with two-way coupling and with turbulence dispersion. The boundary layer is found to grow without fluctuations of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for cases 1, 2, and 5. For case 4, the TKE fluctuations have been identified, although they appear to be less substantial than those in cases 6 and 7. The authors attribute the semi-chaotic nature of the TKE fluctuations to the particle loading and two-way coupling. In addition, the onset and development of the flow instability have been observed at a random axial distance in cases 4, 6, and 7. Such instability is also attributed to the two-way coupling with turbulence dispersion in the flow. It is concluded that the particle loading, one-way, or two-way coupling between the phases, and the turbulence dispersion models significantly influence the development of the flow dynamics with the same inlet and boundary conditions. Consequently, it is not a trivial question, which result a user should trust. The present computational results inspire to perform verification as well as experimental validation of the simulations, so the simulation results can subsequently be used with confidence for design analysis.
Airs Point Spread Function Reconstruction Using Airs and Modis Data

The purpose of this work is to use data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to refine our knowledge of post-launch AIRS point spread functions (PSFs), including suspected changes over the mission. We develop methodology, by deriving mathematical optimization formulation based on variational principles and Sobolev gradient descent, for reconstruction of AIRS spatial response functions. We use the data over the ocean, collected for the duration of a day, to reconstruct a single PSF. We examine the repeatability of our reconstructions by computing PSFs based on data collected during two consecutive days, and also investigating the change in the reconstructions by comparing the reconstructed PSF based on data collected in the beginning and the middle of the mission. We also quantify uncertainties in our reconstruction results.
Cryogenic Soil Processes

Although soil-forming processes, such as humification, paludification, podzolization, and gleization operate in cryosols, the dominant processes are of cryogenic origin. Cryogenic processes involve inputs, outputs, transfers, and transformations of energy, water, and soil material and, therefore, according to classical definitions of soil-forming processes. Cryogenic processes include frost heaving, cryoturbation, dilatancy, cryodesiccation, and ice segregation. These processes are evidenced at the landscape scale in the form of patterned ground, at a pedon scale in the form of cryoturbation, dilatancy, ped forms, and cryodesiccation features, and at the microscopic scale from compaction, displacement of plasma or skeletal grains, and pore formation. Cryopedologic processes are utilized in the definition of cryosols or gelisols and at the second highest level in distinguishing whether or not cryoturbation is observed in mineral soils. Numerical models of cryopedogenesis have focused on specific processes such as heaving, formation of segregation, and cryoturbation.
The adrenogenital syndrome, salt-losing type; case reports of two males with prolonged observation since birth.

Case reports of two brothers with the adrenogenital syndrome, followed from birth to the ages of 7 and 5 6/12 years, respectively, are presented. Virilism and addisonian crises were prevented with fair success in both by cortisone and DOCA. Along with reduction of urinary output of androgens, growth was moderately retarded, but when cortisone dosage was lowered output of androgens increased and marked acceleration of growth, including skeletal maturation, occurred. An episode of hypertension occurred in each case, but was preceded and followed by periods of normal blood pressure. These episodes may have been due to accelerated release of desoxycorticosterone from implanted DOCA pellets.
Induction Specificity and Catabolite Repression of the Early Enzymes in Camphor Degradation by Pseudomonas putida

The ability of bornane and substituted bornanes to induce the early enzymes for d(+)-camphor degradation and control of these enzymes by catabolite repression were studied in a strain of a Pseudomonas putida. Bornane and 20 substituted bornane compounds showed induction. Of these 21 compounds, bornane and 8 of the substituted bornanes provided induction without supporting growth. Oxygen, but not nitrogen, enhanced the inductive potency of the unsubstituted bornane ring. All bornanedione isomers caused induction, and those with substituents on each of the three consecutive carbon atoms, including the methyl group at the bridgehead carbon, showed induction without supporting growth. Although it was not possible to obtain experimental data for a case of absolute gratuitous induction by compounds not supporting growth, indirect evidence in support of gratuitous induction is presented. It is proposed that the ability of P. putida to tolerate the unusually high degree of possible gratuitous induction observed for camphor catabolism may be related to the infrequent occurrence of bicyclic ring structures in nature. Survival of an organism with a broad specificity for gratuitous induction is discussed. Glucose and succinate, but not glutamate, produced catabolite repression of the early camphor-degrading enzymes. Pathway enzymes differ in their degree of sensitivity to succinate-provoked catabolite repression. The ability of a compound to produce catabolite repression is not, however, directly related to the duration of the lag period (diauxic lag) between growth on camphor and growth on the repressing compound.
A Stakeholder Perspective on Relationship Marketing

Abstract This paper proposes a broad framework of relationship marketing using the stakeholder approach. Drawing from Peck et al. (1999) framework and proposing several modifications, the authors identify the following relational groups-supplier markets, customer markets (channels), customer markets (end users), competitor markets, external influence markets, and internal markets. The growing importance of strategic alliances is reflected in all constituent groups as well as in a proposed modification of the Berry and Parasuraman (1991) levels of relationships. This paper also re-examines the strategic role of the traditional marketing mix strategies (namely, product, price, place, and promotion) in the new relationship paradigm. Finally, implementation strategies for the stakeholder markets, in general, and customer markets, in particular, are proposed. Several propositions are derived throughout the paper, many of which can be fertile areas for future research investigations.
Performative Metafiction: Lemony Snicket, Daniel Handler and The End of A Series of Unfortunate Events

In “Performative Metafiction: Lemony Snicket, Daniel Handler, and The End of A Series of Unfortunate Events ,” Sara Austin looks at the metafictional aspect of Lemony Snicket’s A Series of Unfortunate Events, with particular emphasis on the series’ final volume, The End. She explores the occasional uneasy relationship between the series narrator and “author,” Lemony Snicket, and the actual author, Daniel Handler. Handler’s entirely pseudonymous role in the publishing process creates a tension within the series’ narrative authority, raising issues that, often, adults do not trust children to understand. The popularity of the series, particularly in the United States, belies assumptions that children will neither understand nor enjoy books that raise more questions about the plot and characters than they answer, or that utterly fail to offer the “happily-ever-after” convention that so dominates the worlds of children’s publishing.
Revision of production system rule-bases

We describe CLIPS-R, a theory revision system for the revision of CLIPS rule-bases. CLIPS-R differs from previous theory revision systems in that it operates on forward chaining production systems. Revision of production system rule-bases is important because production systems can perform a variety of tasks such as monitoring and design in addition to classification tasks that have been addressed by previous research. We show that CLIPS-R can take advantage of a variety of user specified constraints on the correct processing of instances, such as ordering constraints on the displaying of information, and the contents of the final fact list. In addition, we show that CLIPS-R can operate as well as existing systems when the only constraint on processing an instance is the correct classification of the instance.
Potential links between health literacy and cervical cancer screening behaviors: a systematic review.

Objective The objective of this study is to critically appraise empirical evidence investigating pathways between health literacy (HL) and cervical cancer screening. Methods A comprehensive search was undertaken to identify English-language studies published before May 2014 that measured HL and cervical cancer screening. After screening for eligibility, we identified 12 articles that met inclusion criteria. Results Nine studies yielded a positive association between HL and cervical cancer screening. Five studies investigated the relationships between HL, psychosocial variables, and cervical cancer screening and found that HL was associated with cervical cancer knowledge (n = 4) and cancer worry (n = 2). Separately, cancer knowledge (n = 2) and perceived barriers (n = 1) were correlated with cervical cancer screening. One study investigated an indirect pathway of HL to cervical cancer screening through health knowledge, although the indirect pathway was non-significant. Overall, the investigations tended to focus on print-related HL domain only and included only English-speaking or Spanish-speaking women. In addition, the studies were limited by lack of theoretical basis (n = 10) or temporality (n = 10) and use of self-reported screening status (n = 7). Conclusion Evidence supports a positive link between HL and cervical cancer screening. There is only limited evidence to delineate indirect pathways linking HL and cervical cancer screening. Studies using a multidimensional validated measure of HL are needed in diverse groups of women, particularly those with a heightened burden of cervical cancer. With continuing cervical cancer disparities among culturally and linguistically diverse women, delineating how HL influences cervical cancer screening may help develop effective intervention strategies to reduce the disparities experienced by these women. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodococcus equi pneumonia and sepsis in an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient.

Rhodococcus equi is an aerobic facultative intracellular organism that is known to infect cells of the macrophage–monocyte lineage. It is a common veterinary pathogen; however, the incidence of this infection in humans has risen and it has been recognised as an emerging opportunistic pathogen among the immunocompromised patients. We present the case of a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia who had received allogenic stem cell transplant and presented to the hospital with clinical picture of pneumonia. Her condition worsened on initial broad spectrum antimicrobials and 3 weeks into her hospitalisation, R. equi was isolated from her broncheoalveolar lavage and blood cultures. Based on the susceptibility, therapy was changed to four active antimicrobials; however, the patient failed to improve and eventually died. This case highlights the importance of considering the diagnosis of R. equi among immunosuppressed patients early in the right clinical setting due to the high virulence associated with this organism.
Lipid mediators and allergic diseases

Abstract Objective To review the basic science and translational relevance of lipid mediators in the pathobiology of allergic diseases. Data Sources PubMed was searched for articles using the key terms lipid mediator , prostaglandin , prostanoid , leukotriene , thromboxane , asthma , and allergic inflammation . Study Selections Articles were selected based on their relevance to the goals of this review. Articles with a particular focus on clinical and translational aspects of basic science discoveries were emphasized. Results Lipid mediators are bioactive molecules generated from cell membrane phospholipids. They play important roles in many disease states, particularly in inflammatory and immune responses. Lipid mediators and their receptors are potentially useful as diagnostic markers of disease and therapeutic targets. Conclusions Several useful therapeutic agents have been developed based on a growing understanding of the lipid mediator pathways in allergic disease, notably the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 antagonists and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton. Additional receptor agonists and antagonists relevant to these pathways are in development, and it is likely that future pharmacologic treatments for allergic disease will become available as our understanding of these molecules continues to evolve.
Detection limits in quantitative off-axis electron holography

Abstract The phase of an electron wave is altered by electric and magnetic fields as it passes through a specimen. This phase change can be accurately quantified from off-axis electron holograms acquired using a slow-scan CCD camera, and small changes can be observed over small dimensions. Expressions for the precision of the phase estimate, which is limited by shot noise, have been developed. These include most of the real experimental parameters. It is found that the typical precision of practical phase measurements is better than π/100 for spatial resolutions of 1–3 nm, in good agreement with the theoretical optimal phase precision. In order to attain such small errors the effects of geometric distortion, which can introduce phase differences of up to π, must be carefully corrected.
Conquest of New Spain

Conquest of New Spain. Fray Bernardino de Sahagun 1585 Revision, Reproductions of Boston Public Library Manuscript and Carlos Maria de Bustamante 1840 Edition. Translated and edited by Howard F. Cline, with an introduction and notes by S. L. Cline. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1989. 672 pp. $50.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–87480–311-X.
Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: The importance of history and environment

Throughout the eastern United States, plant species distributions and community patterns have developed in re- sponse to heterogeneous environmental conditions and a wide range of historical factors, including complex histories of natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Despite increased rec- ognition of the importance of disturbance in determining forest composition and structure, few studies have assessed the relative influence of current environment and historical factors on moder vegetation, in part because detailed knowl- edge of prior disturbance is often lacking. In the present study, we investigate moder and historical factors that control veg- etation patterns at Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA. Similar to the forested uplands throughout the north- eastern United States, the site is physiographically heteroge- neous and has a long and complex history of natural and anthropogenic disturbance. However, data on forest composi- tion and disturbance history collected over the past > 90 years allow us to evaluate the importance of historical factors rigor- ously, which is rarely possible on other sites. Soil analyses and historical sources document four catego- ries of historical land use on areas that are all forested today: cultivated fields, improved pastures/mowings, unimproved pastures, and continuously forested woodlots. Ordination and logistic regressions indicate that although species have re- sponded individualistically to a wide range of environmental and disturbance factors, many species are influenced by three factors: soil drainage, land use history, and C:N ratios. Few species vary in accordance with ionic gradients, damage from the 1938 hurricane, or a 1957 fire. Contrary to our expectation that the effects of disturbance will diminish over time, histori- cal land use predicts 1992 vegetation composition better than 1937 composition, perhaps because historical woodlots have become increasingly differentiated from post-agricultural
PROCESS ENGINEERING STUDIES OF THE PERCHLOROETHYLENE COAL CLEANING PROCESS

ABSTRACT The perchloroethylene coal cleaning process has proven to be very effective in removing both organic and pyritic sulfur from high-sulfur coals. The process removes 30%- 70% of the organic sulfur and 90%- 99% of the pyritic sulfur with very little loss (<1.0 wt%) of hydrocarbons and their heating value. The process has been investigated on a bench- scale and a fully continuous, mini-pilot scale (5 kg/hr). This paper discusses scientific and technological issues related to the process engineering and the reaction chemistry of the process. The objective of this paper is to report the status of the process development and to address the important issues of the process commercializability.
EFFECT OF ENDOTOXIN ON THE TRANSFER OF FIBRINOGEN FROM PLASMA TO LYMPH.

SummaryThe fibrinogen concentration ratio between the thoracic duct lymph and the arterial plasma averages 0,41 in 10 dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia. Intravenous injection of endotoxin caused an increase of this L/P ratio to 0.7-0.8 which was sustained for at least 3 hours after endotoxin. The increase in the LP ratio for fibrinogen is associated with a rise in lymph flow, indicating a marked increase in capillary permeability to this protein. The increase in L/P ratio after endotoxin is due primarily to an increase in. lymph concentration, although there is a later decrease in plasma concentration. The decrease in plasma fibrinogen concentration is only partially due to fluid shifts and there is indication that specific decrease of fibrinogen concentration commences 30 minutes after endotoxin.
Will claims workers dislike a computerized fraud detector

The computerized fraud detector (CFRD) assigns suspicion scores to questionable automobile insurance claims. Evaluators pilot tested this algorithm in three offices, comparing its effects with three matched offices. Observers uncovered that in two target offices and one comparison office, Millennium 2000 (M2K) also was being installed. The study design thus became as follows: Two offices had two interventions, one office had CFRD but not M2K, another office had M2K but not CFRD, and two offices had neither. Hierarchical linear models document that offices with both new computer systems will have the most unfavorable employee attitudes toward computerized fraud detection, followed by offices with only one new system. Employees with jobs of higher rank and employees not receptive to innovation will dislike computerized fraud detection. Implementation of one computer system, CFRD or M2K, may have minor negative fixed effects on employee attitudes, but their effects on the between-office variance are inconseq...
Deep pelagic biology

The deep pelagic habitat is a vast volume of cold, dark water where food is scarce and bioluminescence is the principal source of light and communication. Understanding the adaptations that allow animals to successfully inhabit this daunting realm has been a difficult challenge because investigators have had to conduct their work remotely. Research in the deep water column is going through an essential transformation from indirect to direct methods as undersea vehicles provide unprecedented access, new capabilities, and new perspectives. Traditional methods have accurately documented the meso- and macro-scale zoogeographic patterns of micronekton and zooplankton, as well as their distribution and migration patterns in the vertical plane. The new in situ technologies have enabled advances in studies of behavior, physiology, and in particular, the role of gelatinous animals in deep pelagic ecology. These discoveries reveal a deep-water fauna that is complex and diverse and still very poorly known.
Implementation of the Sentry System

The sentry of a concurrent program P is a program that observes the execution of P, and issues a warning if P does not behave correctly with respect to a given set of logical properties (due to a programming error or a failure). The synchronization between the program and sentry is such that the program never waits for the sentry, the shared storage between them is very small (in fact linear in the number of program variables being observed), and the snapshots read by the sentry are consistent. To satisfy these three requirements, some snapshots may be overwritten by the program before being read by the sentry. We develop a family of algorithms that preserve these requirements for properties involving scalar variables, then extend the algorithms to permit the observation of large data structures without additional overhead. We describe in detail the annotation language with which the properties can be expressed, and a prototype system that we have implemented to generate the sentry automatically for any given concurrent C program. Finally, we present experimental results that show that the overhead incurred by the sentry is on average no worse than 10% for snapshots of up to 6 variables, and that the loss of snapshots prevents the sentry''s detection of an single violation in less than 4% of the cases. Recurring errors are detected at a rate of 100%.
Combinatorial search of substituted β-cyclodextrins for phosphatase-like activity

Abstract Thirteen per-6-alkylamino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin libraries (β-CD libraries) were generated by a solution-phase combinatorial synthesis starting from per-6-iodo-6-deoxy-β-CD and different combinations of eleven individual amine nucleophiles. Certain libraries showed the ability to hydrolyze p -nitrophenyl phosphate in the presence of Zn 2+ .
Reasons for living and coping abilities among older adults.

Older adults have successfully resisted inclinations to commit suicide; however, little research has focused on their ability to cope or their reasons for living. In the present study, seventy-nine (fifty-five women, twenty-two men, two unknown) older adults (M = 60.6 years) recruited from churches, retirement groups (n = 22), and relatives of college psychology students (n = 57), completed the Reasons for Living and the Cope inventories. Overall coping was significantly positively correlated with total reasons for living, r(78) = .19, p < .05, although the low correlation suggests that the constructs are moderately unique. Further, coping was positively correlated with two RFL subscales, Survival and Coping Beliefs, r(78) = .27, p < .01, and Child-Related Concerns, r(78) = .28, p < .01. Women were higher than men in total reasons for living, t(75) = 2.16, p < .05, but not significantly different in coping abilities. Older women may underrate their ability to cope. An implication is that suicide prevention strategies should target men and bolster their cognitive deterrents to suicide.
REALIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS AMONG BLACKS AND WHITES IN TWO‐AND FOUR‐YEAR COLLEGES

This paper looks at an aspect of the two‐year college: that it is the logical system for achieving educational equality in higher education. The authors find that low aptitude blacks are overrepresented at four‐year colleges, that blacks are less likely than whites to meet aspirations of attending four‐year colleges, and that attending a two‐year college is related to reduced probability that four‐year education will be realized.
Reversed-phase partition chromatography of the rare earths using methylenebis[di(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphine oxide] as the stationary phase

RF values are given for the rare-earth nitrates, chlorides, and perchlorates on paper impregnated with methylenebis[di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphine oxide] (MEHDPO). The much lower 1/RF — 1 values for the rare-earth perchlorates on MEHDPO-treated paper than on paper treated with the analogous extractant without the ethyl groups in the 2-position (MHDPO) are rationalized on the basis of steric factors. The greater separation factors for the rate earths observed in the nitric acid system with MEHDPO are explained on the same basis.
Major aspects of the epidemiology of breast cancer

Current understanding of the major aspects of breast cancer epidemiology is reviewed. These include exogenous factors such as viruses, and the use of oral contraceptives and of estrogens. Endogenous factors are also described, especially those relating to reproductive experience. Current endocrine hypotheses relating to breast cancer etiology are described, and the estrogen balance hypothesis is presented in detail. A new area of epidemiologic research is now developing rapidly. This relates to the value of the parenchymal pattern as a marker of risk in young women. The role of this factor per se and in relation to other risk factors is described. Current approaches to breast cancer control are inadequate but will be discussed.
An analytical derivation of source term dependent, 2-D `generalized Poisson conduction shape factors'

Abstract This paper presents derivations for new “generalized Poisson conduction shape factors” (GPCSFs), that are more general than the commonly used conduction shape factors since they include the effects of both source terms and arbitrary, spatially variable boundary temperatures. The GPCSFs are derived for a single, circular vessel eccentrically imbedded in a uniformly heated, homogeneous, circular tissue matrix. Two GPCSF formulations are presented, as based on the difference between the average vessel wall temperature and; (1) the average tissue boundary temperature (Stb), or (2) the average tissue matrix temperature (Stm). The results show first, that the presence of a source term significantly affects the GPCSFs for all vessel radii and eccentricities. Second, unlike standard shape factors with uniform boundary temperatures, the GPCSFs are a function of both the magnitude and distribution of the boundary temperatures; however, these effects are significant only for large vessel radii and eccentricities. Finally, when the vessel cools the tissue, the average tissue matrix temperature GPCSFs are much less sensitive to the source term than are the tissue boundary temperature GPCSFs.
Race, gender and the econophysics of income distribution in the USA

Abstract The econophysics “two-class” theory of Yakovenko and his co-authors shows that the distribution of labor incomes is roughly exponential. This paper extends this result to US subgroups categorized by gender and race. It is well known that Males have higher average incomes than Females, and Whites have higher average incomes than African-Americans. It is also evident that social policies can affect these income gaps. Our surprising finding is that nonetheless intra-group distributions of pre-tax labor incomes are remarkably similar and remain close to exponential. This suggests that income inequality can be usefully addressed by taxation policies, and overall income inequality can be modified by also shifting the balance between labor and property incomes.
Soil transformation of acetochlor via glutathione conjugation

Abstract Acetochlor and acetochlor S -glutathione conjugate were degraded in soil with respective half-lives of 7 days and 30 min to a similar distribution of identical metabolites. Degradation of acetochlor-glutathione conjugate appears to be initiated by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and the addition of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitors effectively retarded the soil degradation of both acetochlor and its glutathione conjugate. The addition of a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor to the soil caused the accumulation of acetochlor-glutathione conjugate as a transient metabolite of acetochlor and thereby facilitated its detection. These results suggested that conjugation of acetochlor with glutathione is an initial pathway of metabolism in soil. Acetochlor-glutathione conjugate was further degraded in soil to acetochlor S -cysteine conjugate, which was shown to be a key intermediate in the formation of the major acidic metabolites of acetochlor in soil.
Marketing accountability: Linking marketing actions to financial results☆

Abstract This plenary address to the Society for Marketing Advances calls on the marketing discipline to be accountable, link its contributions to financial performance, and assert the value it contributes to the firm. The paper suggests a process for developing causal links among marketing activities, intermediate marketing outcomes, and financial performance metrics.
Imperial Discourse, Regional Elite, and Local Landscape on the South China Frontier, 1577-1722

This article describes the consolidation of imperial control and the increase of regional migration on China's southern frontier from 1577 to 1722. After a large-scale military campaign, the Ming state created two neighboring counties in a mountainous area of Guangdong province that had previously been dominated by an unregistered, unsettled, and unruly segment of the population. The Chinese literati elite residing in the more settled and commercially prosperous delta downstream from the two new counties wrote numerous essays celebrating the spread of imperial rule across this landscape. These essays also reveal some ways in which the socioeconomic interests of the delta elite were served by the state's consolidation of the frontier. The two new counties offered opportunities for various kinds of delta residents: merchants organizing the extraction of natural resources, settlers claiming newly emptied lands, and aspiring literati taking advantage of new quotas and less competition in the civil service examinations.
Skeletal X-ray findings and bone histology in patients on hemodialysis

Skeletal X-ray findings and bone histology in patients on hemodialysis. X-ray films of the hand skeleton (mammography technique), serum chemistry, and quantitative bone histology (micro-morphometry of undecalcified sections, iliac crest spongiosa) were compared in 25 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The X-ray findings correlated better with serum PTH levels than with bone histology. Of all radiological signs of renal osteodystrophy, pronounced subperiosteal resorption (radial aspect, second finger, middle phalanx) and periosteal new bone formation (middle phalanx) correlated best with histological indicators of osteitis fibrosa. These signs were never seen in control patients. Acroosteolysis (endphalanx) and intracortical or endosteal resorption (middle phalanx) were less specific (i.e., seen even in the absence of metabolic bone disease) and correlated less with bone histology. Osteosclerosis in iliac cancellous bone was paralleled by abnormal texture of spongy bone in the proximal metaphysis of the middle phalanx (second finger). Aspect radiologique du squelette et histologie de l'os chez les malades en hemodialyse. Les radiographies du squelette des mains (technique de la mammographie), la biochimie serique et l'histologie quantitative de l'os (micromorphometrie de coupes non decalcifiees du tissu spongieux de la crete iliaque), ont ete comparees chez 25 malades en hemodialyse iterative. Les constatations radiographiques sont mieux correlees avec les concentrations seriques de PTH qu'avec l'histologie osseuse. Parmi tous les signes radiologiques d'osteodystrophie renale, une resorption sous-periostee importante (aspect radial, deuxieme doigt, deuxieme phalange) est le signe le mieux correle avec les indicateurs histologiques de l'osteite fibreuse. Ces signes n'ont jamais ete observes chez les malades temoins. L'acro-osteolyse (3eme phalange) et la resorption corticale ou endo-osseuse (2eme phalange) sont moins specifiques (c'est-a-dire observes meme en l'absence de maladie metabolique de l'os) et sont moins bien correles avec l'histologie de l'os. L'osteosclerose dans l'os reticule iliaque est constatee parallelement a une texture anormale de l'os spongieux dans la metaphyse proximale de la 2eme phalange du 2eme doigt.
MANGROVE LEAF TISSUE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION CONCENTRATIONS AS SUBLETHAL INDICATORS OF OIL STRESS IN MANGROVE TREES

ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing study of the long-term effects of the Zoe Colocotroni oil spill of March 17, 1973, in Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico, the effects of the remaining oil on the red mangrove trees in the impact area were investigated. This study involved four sampling trips to the spill site and a reference area outside the spill zone between April 1979 and April 1981. The present study was based on the observation that stressed mangrove trees in the heavily oil-affected areas had a similar appearance to trees exhibiting stress due to hypersalinity in unoiled areas. The working hypothesis was that petroleum hydrocarbons induce stress in salt-excluding plants such as red mangroves by disrupting the ability of the roots to exclude ions from seawater. Measurements of sodium (the principal seawater cation) and potassium (a major physiological ion) were made on leaf samples taken from trees from oil-affected areas and reference areas. Sediment core samples were taken from the root zone of the trees sample...
Development of vision impaired task and assignment lexicon via an ergonomics and expert system approach

Visually impaired people can be placed in appropriate types of jobs compatible with their abilities through rehabilitation and training. However, since their performance may be constrained by their physical limitations they cannot function efficiently and effectively without a fair work measurement system and the proper workplace design. The objective of this study was to develop an integrated computerized system, entitled VITAL (Vision Impaired Task and Assignment Lexicon), to perform work measurement and workplace design tasks for the visually impaired workers. VITAL consists of three modules: Ergonomics Consultation, Disability Index, and Work Measurement. The system, implemented on a microcomputer, was developed using three software packages, namely, EXSYS, FoxBASE+, and QuickBASIC. The ergonomicc consultation module gives recommendations regarding workplace design by analyzing an individual's vocational evaluation test record with ergonomics considerations via an interactive question and answer session. The disability index module evaluates the individual's residual capacities in performing industrial assembly tasks. The work measurement module simulates and evaluates the proposed workplace designs and assesses the amount of time required for tasks performed. The system performance evaluation indicated that VITAL could be used as a tool to help nonprofessional vocation rehabilitators perform work measurement and workplace design tasks.
Improving Systems by Combining Axiomatic Design, Quality Control Tools and Designed Experiments

This paper presents an approach for solving design problems in existing designs. A design analysis with Axiomatic Design, called Design Object Analysis, describes a product or a system in terms of Customer Needs (CNs), Functional Requirements (FRs), Design Parameters (DPs) and Process Variables (PVs), as well as their associated Design Matrices (DMs). In this paper, the design analysis is combined with a thorough investigation of possible problems within the design, utilizing the seven quality tools, noise factor analysis, and designed experiments to form an approach for quality improvements and problem solving. The Design Object Analysis helps secure valid input-factors to the designed experiments, and the designed experiments correct or improve the assumptions made in the Design Object Analysis. Thus, a combination of product modeling by Axiomatic Design and designed experiments overcomes shortcomings of the two methods. The benefits of performing a Design Object Analysis, as compared to other methods, become clear when it comes to evaluating the results from the designed experiment, and preventing the problem. Once the critical parameters are confirmed, and the design matrices are updated, suggested design improvements can then be checked against the design matrices, and the system effect of a design-change-order can be estimated. The approach described in this paper was successfully applied and verified in a case study at a large automotive company.
Paradigm of Monoterpene (β-phellandrene) Hydrocarbons Production via Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria

A direct “photosynthesis-to-fuels” approach envisions application of a single organism, absorbing sunlight, photosynthesizing, and converting the primary products of photosynthesis into ready-made fuel. The work reported here applied this concept for the photosynthetic generation of monoterpene (β-phellandrene) hydrocarbons in the unicellular cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Heterologous expression of a codon-optimized Lavandula angustifolia β-phellandrene synthase (β-PHLS) gene in Synechocystis enabled photosynthetic generation of β-phellandrene in these microorganisms. β-phellandrene accumulation occurred constitutively and in tandem with biomass accumulation, generated from sunlight, CO2, and H2O. Results showed that β-phellandrene diffused through the plasma membrane and cell wall of the cyanobacteria and accumulated on the surface of the liquid culture. Spontaneous β-phellandrene separation from the biomass and its removal from the liquid phase alleviated product inhibition of cellular metabolism and enabled a continuous production process. The work showed that oxygenic photosynthesis can be directed to generate monoterpene hydrocarbons, while consuming CO2, without a prior requirement for the harvesting, dewatering, and processing of the respective biomass.
Interaction of a biased cylinder with a flowing dusty plasma

Experimental observations of supersonically flowing dusty plasmas and their interaction with an electrically biased circular cylinder are presented. Two methods for producing flowing dusty plasmas are described. The dusty plasma is produced in a DC anode glow discharge plasma. In Configuration I, a secondary dust cloud, initially formed near a biased grid, flowed away from the grid at supersonic speeds when the grid voltage was suddenly changed. In Configuration II, a pencil-like dust beam was produced using a nozzle-like (converging-diverging) electrostatic potential structure. Using Configuration I, the streaming dust encountered a biased cylinder (wire) whose axis was oriented transverse to the dust flow. The flowing dust particles were repelled by the electrostatic field of the negatively charged cylinder, and a dust void was formed around the cylinder. A detached electrohydrodynamic bow shock, akin to the Earth's magnetohydrodynamic bow shock, was formed on the upstream side of the cylinder, while an extended teardrop-shaped wake region was formed on the downstream side. Video imaging of the dust stream allowed for observations of the structure and evolution of the bow shock. Configuration II was used to produce a narrow beam of dust particles and observe how the beam was deflected around the biased cylinder. Three multimedia files (movies) of the observed phenomena are provided in the online Supplementary material.
Functional Eustachian Tube Obstruction and Otitis Media in a Primate Model: A Review

In most infants and children with chronic otitis media with effusion, an inability to dilate the Eustachian tube actively has been documented. This functional tubal obstruction has been suggested to underlie the development of the disease. To test this possibility a variety of models using the Rhesus monkey were developed. The normal tubal dilatory system was impaired, resulting in sterile otitis media with effusion. The duration and nature of the disease was shown to be dependent on the severity and duration of the impairment in tubal function. These studies support the causative role of functional Eustachian tube obstruction in the development of otitis media with effusion and provide a series of models in which to study the etiology, pathogenesis, sequelae and complications as well as the treatment and preventions of the pathology in an animal species physiologically and anatomically similar to man.
The Selective Hydrogenation of Propyne over a Copper/Silica Catalyst Prepared from a Monolayer Film of Copper 2,2′-Bipyridine Dimer on Cab–O–Sil

The hydrogenation of propyne to propene is a reaction of commercial interest to the polyolefins industry. A copper catalyst for this reaction is desirable as the diolefins and alkynes will be saturated to monoolefins only. However, one serious side reaction is the oligomerization of C{sub 3} adsorbed species to nonvolatiles called {open_quotes}green oil{close_quotes} by the industry. Zippert and White showed that Cu/silica catalysts which were prepared from Cu(acac){sub 2}/Cab-O-Sil catalyze the desired reaction with high selectivities to propene (60-90%); however, these catalysts were much less active than the low-dispersion Cu/silica catalysts made by aqueous impregnation. These low-dispersion catalysts (ca., 10-20%) suffered from low selectivities to propene (20%) with the oligomer as the major product. These data suggested that the yield of propene was influenced by the type of Cu precursor. Here, the authors report studies on the activity of Cu/SiO{sub 2} catalysts obtained from monolayer film dispersion of copper-2,2{prime}-bipyridine complexes over the silica surface. 25 refs., 5 figs.
Short communication: Interactive Ground Water (IGW)

IGW is a software environment for real-time 2D and 3D groundwater modeling. The software functions as a ''numerical laboratory'' in which the modeler can freely explore: visually creating an aquifer of desired configurations and then immediately investigating and visualizing the groundwater system. IGW allows the modeler's thought processes to progress naturally and intuitively with the information visualized, overlaid, and compared at the instant it is required for analysis, providing a real sense of continuous active exploration and engaged problem solving.
Grain boundary nucleation kinetics

Abstract Incubation times and frequency factors are derived for some cases of heterogeneous nucleation on grain boundaries. The incubation time in all cases is found to be proportional to the critical nucleus volume squared divided by the frequency factor and free energy of critical nucleus formation. It is shown that an energetically favorable reaction possibly may not occur if another reaction with a smaller incubation time is possible. General methods for calculation of frequency factors and incubation times are also given.
Soil Microbial Fingerprints, Carbon, and Nitrogen in a Mojave Desert Creosote-Bush Ecosystem

Creosote-bush [Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Coville] shrubs in California's Mojave Desert support well-developed soil resource islands, where individual shrubs define areas of elevated soil nutrients, water-holding capacity, and microbial activity. To better understand the spatial variability of microbial communities and potential impacts on nutrient cycling in shrub ecosystems, we examined microbial communities using polar lipid fatty acids (PLFA) and several soil properties including δ 15 N, DNA, C and N contents under mature shrubs and as a function of horizontal distance (0-3 m) away from the base of the shrubs. Shrub-base soils (0 m) contained more C and N, were slightly more acidic, and supported significantly larger microbial populations than soils between shrubs. The PLFA fingerprints also suggested that microbial communities, particularly at the shrub base, had a different composition than soils between shrubs, including a higher proportion of actinomycetes containing the biomarker 10me17:0. Soil respiration was generally highest at 0 m, corresponding with larger microbial biomass and larger C and N pools, but was highly variable, probably due to contributions from grasses and forbs. Average δ 15 N values resembled plant material at the shrub base (4%o) and were significantly isotopically enriched away from the shrubs (7%o), suggesting that fractionating losses of soil N occurred between shrubs. The elevated nutrient status of resource islands supported soil microbial communities that were larger, were different in character, respired more actively, and cycled N more tightly than those found in open spaces between shrubs. These open spaces "leak" isotopically light N from the soil.
Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry from Then until Now: A Chronology of Innovation.

As part of the Microbeam Analysis Society (MAS) symposium marking 30 years of energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), this article reviews many innovations in the field over those years. Innovations that added a capability previously not available to the microanalyst are chosen for further description. Included are innovations in both X-ray microanalysis and digital imaging using the EDS analyzer.
Biological response modifier-mediated resistance to herpesvirus infections requires induction of α/β interferon

The role of interferon alpha/beta (IFN) induction by the immunomodulators pICLC and CL246,738 was investigated in CD-1 mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Mice were treated with either normal sheep serum or anti-alpha/beta IFN antiserum, inoculated with the immunomodulators, and infected with virus. Because anti-IFN treatment also decreased natural resistance to HSV-2 and MCMV, two viral challenge doses were used to ensure that the mice with control serum or anti-IFN antiserum received biologically equivalent infections. Antiviral protection of pICLC and CL246,738 against HSV-2 infection was completely abrogated by treatment with anti-alpha/beta interferon antiserum. Mice treated with pICLC also lost antiviral protection against MCMV when interferon alpha/beta was depleted. These results indicate that induction of interferon alpha/beta appears to be a major mechanism for both natural resistance and pICLC-induced antiviral protection against MCMV and HSV-2 herpesvirus infections.
Designed arginine-rich RNA-binding peptides with picomolar affinity.

Arginine-rich peptide motifs (ARMs) capable of binding unique RNA structures play critical roles in transcription, translation, RNA trafficking, and RNA packaging. Bacteriophage ARMs necessary for transcription antitermination bind to distinct boxB RNA hairpin sequences with a characteristic induced α-helical structure. Characterization of ARMs from lambdoid phages reveals that the dissociation constant of the P22 bacteriophage model−antitermination complex (P22_(N21)−P22boxB) is 200 ± 56 pM in free solution at physiologic concentrations of monovalent cation, significantly stronger than previously determined by gel mobility shift and polyacrylamide gel coelectophoresis, and 2 orders of magnitude stronger than the tightest known native ARM−RNA interaction at physiological salt. Here, we use a reciprocal design approach to enhance the binding affinity of two separate α-helical ARM−RNA interactions; one derived from the native λ phage antitermination complex and a second isolated using mRNA display selection experiments targeting boxB RNA.