cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress, social support, and substantiated maltreatment in the second and third years of life

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine whether risk factors for a maltreatment report in the first year of life, especially the interaction of life event stress and social support, persist into the second and third years of life. Method: Predominantly low income mothers who had been interviewed shortly after the birth of infants in a longitudinal cohort were re-interviewed around the infants' first birthdays, and reports to North Carolina's Central Registry of Child Abuse and Neglect were tracked for substantiated maltreatment reports. Results: Variables significantly associated with a substantiated maltreatment report in the second or third year of life (p < .01) were first year maltreatment reports and participation in Medicaid. Three interactions between a stressful life event indicator variable and a social support indicator variable were significant predictors of substantiated second or third year reports (p < .05). Conclusions: Even in the presence of significant risk factors from the first year of life, life event stress can increase the risk of a substantiated maltreatment report in the second or third years of life, but social support may moderate the effect of life events.
The reaction of ethylene oxide with oleic acid

The base-catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with oleic acid can be divided into two stages. The first stage consists of a slow reaction of oleic acid with ethylene oxide to form principally ethylene glycol monooleate; other reactions such as esterification, transesterification and polyglycol formation lag behind. In the second stage, after the addition of approximately one mole of ethylene oxide, the reaction accelerates and transesterification equilibrium is rapidly attained. The composition of products containing several molecules or more of ethylene oxide can be calculated satisfactorily on the assumption of random addition of ethylene oxide and random esterification of the hydroxyl groups. The uncatalyzed reaction is much slower and transesterification equilibrium is attained slowly, if at all. A reaction mechanism based on the difference in basicities of the carboxylate and alkoxide ions (and the relative rates of the competitive ethylene oxide reactions) is presented for the base-cat-alyzed reaction.
Identification of arachidonic acid in gulf of Mexico shrimp and degree of biosynthesis inPenaeus setiferus

An icosatetraenoic fatty acid, though to be allcis-5,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid), was isolated from shrimp total lipid. The acid was subjected to partial reduction with hydrazine hydrate, with subsequent isolation of the monoenoic reaction products which were shown to becis in structure. These were then cleaved by periodate-permanganate oxidation and the resulting mono-and dicarboxylic acid were converted to methyl esters. Identification of the resulting mono- and dicarboxylic acids indicated that the original icosatetraenoic acid had the allcis-5,8,11,14 pattern of double bonds, and it was thus identified as arachidonic acid. Experiments were also performed to study the synthesis of arachidonic acid 20∶4(5,8,11,14) from linoleic acid, 18∶2(9,12) in microsomes prepared from shrimp hepatopancreas and tail muscle tissue. Each step of the pathway 18∶2(9,12)→18∶3(6,9,12)→20∶3(8,11,14)→20∶4(5,8,11, 14) was assayed separately, and the level of activity of each enzyme was expressed as percentage conversion of substrate to product. It was found that, in each step of the sequence, the enzyme activity in the shrimp tissue was very low compared to the activity found in rats. These and previous observations seem to indicate that the arachidonic acid in shrimp tissue originates mostly in the diet.
Language Use in the Informed Consent Discussion for Emergency Procedures

Background: The field of health literacy has closely examined the readability of written health materials to optimize patient comprehension. Few studies have examined spoken communication in a way that is comparable to analyses of written communication. Purpose: The study objective was to characterize the structural elements of residents’ spoken words while obtaining informed consent. Methods: Twenty-six resident physicians participated in a simulated informed consent discussion with a standardized patient. Audio recordings of the discussions were transcribed and analyzed to assess grammar statistics for evaluating language complexity (e.g., reading grade level). Transcripts and time values were used to assess structural characteristics of the dialogue (e.g., interactivity). Results: Discussions were characterized by physician verbal dominance. The discussions were interactive but showed significant differences between the physician and patient speech patterns for all language complexity metrics. Conclusi...
Dual regulatory functions of the thin filament revealed by replacement of the troponin I inhibitory peptide with a linker.

Striated muscles are relaxed under low Ca2+ concentration conditions due to actions of the thin filament protein troponin. To investigate this regulatory mechanism, an 11-residue segment of cardiac troponin I previously termed the inhibitory peptide region was studied by mutagenesis. Several mutant troponin complexes were characterized in which specific effects of the inhibitory peptide region were abrogated by replacements of 4–10 residues with Gly-Ala linkers. The mutations greatly impaired two of troponin's actions under low Ca2+ concentration conditions: inhibition of myosin subfragment 1 (S1)-thin filament MgATPase activity and cooperative suppression of myosin S1-ADP binding to thin filaments with low myosin saturation. Inhibitory peptide replacement diminished but did not abolish the Ca2+ dependence of the ATPase rate; ATPase rates were at least 2-fold greater when Ca2+ rather than EGTA was present. This residual regulation was highly cooperative as a function of Ca2+ concentration, similar to the degree of cooperativity observed with WT troponin present. Other effects of the mutations included 2-fold or less increases in the apparent affinity of the thin filament regulatory Ca2+ sites, similar decreases in the affinity of troponin for actin-tropomyosin regardless of Ca2+, and increases in myosin S1-thin filament ATPase rates in the presence of saturating Ca2+. The overall results indicate that cooperative myosin binding to Ca2+-free thin filaments depends upon the inhibitory peptide region but that a cooperatively activating effect of Ca2+ binding does not. The findings suggest that these two processes are separable and involve different conformational changes in the thin filament.
Adsorption and photodissociation of 4-haloanilines on GaN(0 0 0 1)

The adsorption of 4-chloro- and 4-iodoaniline on the GaN(0 0 0 1)-(1 � 1) surface, and the subsequent effects of exposure to near- or vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, have been studied. Both species adsorb via the molecular NH2 group, with the phenyl ring intact, as does aniline itself. Like aniline, both are very reactive with the clean surface, requiring only a small dose to reach saturation coverage. 4-Iodoaniline is photochemically active as an adsorbate on GaN. Ultraviolet radiation promotes dissociation of the molecular C–I bond, leading to the transfer of I to available Ga sites on the GaN surface. The process then terminates when all such sites are filled. Dissociation of the C–I bond does not appear to involve photoexcited carriers from the substrate and is, instead, suggested to occur through direct excitation of the adsorbate. The photochemical activity of 4-chloroaniline adsorbed on GaN is at present uncertain, but it appears to be relatively inert. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A likelihood framework for estimating phylogeographic history on a continuous landscape.

Due to lack of an adequate statistical framework, biologists studying phylogeography are abandoning traditional methods of estimating phylogeographic history in favor of statistical methods designed to test a priori hypotheses. These new methods may, however, have limited descriptive utility. Here, we develop a new statistical framework that can be used to both test a priori hypotheses and estimate phylogeographic history of a gene (and the statistical confidence in that history) in the absence of such hypotheses. The statistical approach concentrates on estimation of geographic locations of the ancestors of a set of sampled organisms. Assuming a spatially explicit random walk model of migration, we derive an equation describing the likelihood of the geographic coordinates of the individuals represented by internal nodes on a tree (the parameters of interest) and the mean per-generation dispersal distance (which can be estimated as a nuisance parameter), given the geographic coordinates of the individuals represented by tips on the tree (topology and branch lengths are assumed to be known). Using a maximum likelihood approach, which is implemented in the new program PhyloMapper, we apply this statistical framework to a 246-taxon mitochondrial genealogy of North American chorus frogs, focusing in detail on one of these species. We demonstrate three lines of evidence for recent northward expansion of the mitochondrion of the coastal clade of Pseudacris feriarum: higher per-generation dispersal distance in the recently colonized region, a noncentral ancestral location, and directional migration. After illustrating one method of accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty, we conclude by discussing how extensions of this framework could function to incorporate a priori ecological and geological information into phylogeographic analyses. (Maximum likelihood; phylogeography; PhyloMapper; Pseudacris; random walk; statistical phylogeography; landscape.)
History Lessons Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World

The explanations offered for the contrasting records of long-run growth and development among the societies of North and South America most often focus on institutions. The traditional explanations for the sources of these differences in institutions, typically highlight the significance of national heritage or religion. We, in contrast, argue that a hemispheric perspective across the wide range of colonies established in the New World by the Europeans suggests that although there were many influences, factor endowments or initial conditions had profound and enduring effects on the long-run paths of institutional and economic development followed by the respective economies.
Interrelation between Psychiatric Disorders and the Prevention and Treatment of HIV Infection

Psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, have a profound affect on the use of and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Because some of the symptoms of HIV infection are similar to those of major depression, efforts to diagnose and treat major depression are further complicated. Moreover, major depression increases vulnerability to HIV infection by provoking high-risk behaviors, and it interferes with a patient's ability to comply with protocols for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. HIV infection itself can disguise, help initiate, or exacerbate major depression. In this report, the interrelation between major depression and HIV infection is evaluated, the impact of this interrelation on adherence to HAART is described, and methods for effective treatment of psychiatric conditions in HIV-infected persons are discussed.
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Multiple Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Summary Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteins containing a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain (ADAM) are important in neuroinflammation, and recent studies have linked their actions to neurodegenerative disorders. MMPs act as cell-surface sheddases and can affect cell signalling initiated by growth factors or death receptors. Four tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate metalloproteinase activity. These proteases increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, which can cause oedema, haemorrhage, and cell death. MMPs also participate in tissue repair by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In vascular cognitive impairment, MMPs change permeability of the blood–brain barrier and might contribute to white matter damage. MMPs and ADAMs might contribute to the formation and degradation of amyloid proteins in Alzheimer's disease and cause death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. In this Review, by examining the effects of neuroinflammation, we try to understand the role that MMPs might have in neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic strategies that use inhibitors of MMPs could represent potential novel treatments for neurological diseases.
Electrical and Structural Properties of Annealed Epitaxial Ceo2 Films on Si(111) Substrates

Epitaxial CeO2 films were grown on Si(111) substrates by laser ablation of CeO2 targets under UHV conditions. The as-grown films were found to have poor electrical properties due to the presence of a large amount of defects near the oxide-silicon interface. Improved MOS electrical characteristics were obtained by annealing in an O2 environment. This however resulted in the growth of a SiO2 layer that can be 10 nm thick at the silicon interface which will thus reduce the capacitance of the grown structure. Annealing in argon and argon followed by oxygen environments were investigated as means to reduce the defects while minimizing the intermediate SiO2 layer thickness. The annealed films were compared based on their RBS yields, breakdown voltages and capacitance-voltage characteristics. Growth and annealing conditions were optimized to achieve device quality MOS structures.
Why are they worried? Concern about AIDS in rural Malawi

There are two main types of models of behavioral change. What are collectively referred to as "individual models" are the predominant frameworks for studying risk behaviors including those related to HIV/AIDS. Individual models focus on risk perceptions, attitudes, outcome expectations, perceived norms, and self-efficacy. Models of risk behavior that focus on social or community factors have more recently been developed in response to criticisms of individual models. I use longitudinal data from the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project to study worry about HIV/AIDS. Specifically, I ask, what factors determine how much a person worries about HIV/AIDS, and are the predominant factors those that individual models would suggest, or are there are other determinants that have a greater impact on worry? I find that levels of network worry and suspected spousal infidelity have the strongest and most robust influence on respondent worry, providing support for the importance of social factors.
Conformal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection

An important feature of our Gauss-Newton iterative scheme for microwave breast image reconstruction is that only the heterogeneous target zone within the antenna array is represented using the finite-element method, while the surrounding homogeneous coupling medium is modeled with the boundary-element (BE) method. The interface between these two zones may be arbitrary in shape and position with the restriction that the BE region contains only the homogeneous coupling liquid. In this paper, we demonstrate through simulation and phantom experiments, as well as in patient examinations, that the detection of tumor inclusions can be enhanced as the target zone approaches the exact breast perimeter. It is also shown that central artifacts that often appear in the reconstructed images that may potentially confound the ability to distinguish benign and malignant conditions have also been reduced.
Pescadillo interacts with the cadmium response element of the human heme oxygenase-1 promoter in renal epithelial cells.

Abstract Renal tubular cells elicit adaptive responses following exposure to nephrotoxins, such as cadmium. One response is the up-regulation of the 32-kDa redox-sensitive protein, heme oxygenase-1. Exposure of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells to 10 μm cadmium demonstrated induction (∼20-fold) of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA and protein. Using a 4.5-kb human heme oxygenase-1 promoter construct, the importance of a previously identified cadmium response element (TGCTAGAT) in HeLa cells was verified in renal epithelial cells. Specific protein-DNA interaction with this sequence was demonstrated using nuclear extracts from cadmium-treated cells. Yeast one-hybrid screen of a human kidney cDNA library resulted in the identification of pescadillo, a unique nucleolar, developmental protein, as an interacting protein with the cadmium response element and was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation in vivo and gel shift assays with purified glutathione S-transferase-pescadillo protein in vitro. The specificity of the DNA-protein interaction was verified by the absence of a binding complex when the core sequence of the cadmium response element was mutated or deleted. In addition, B23/nucleophosmin, another nucleolar protein, did not interact with the cadmium response sequence. Overexpression of pescadillo resulted in increased activity of the 4.5-kb human heme oxygenase-1 promoter construct but failed to activate this construct when the cadmium response sequence was mutated. The findings demonstrate the important and previously unrecognized role of pescadillo as a DNA-binding protein interacting specifically with the cadmium response element of the human heme oxygenase-1 gene.
Nitric oxide promotes endothelial cell survival signaling through S-nitrosylation and activation of dynamin-2

Endothelial cell-based angiogenesis requires activation of survival signals that generate resistance to external apoptotic stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), during pathobiologic settings. Mechanisms by which this is achieved are not fully defined. Here, we use a model in which the multifunctional cytokine nitric oxide counterbalances TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, to define a role for membrane trafficking in the process of endothelial cell survival signaling. By perturbing dynamin GTPase function, we identify a key role of dynamin for ensuing downstream endothelial cell survival signals and vascular tube formation. Furthermore, nitric oxide is directly demonstrated to promote dynamin function through specific cysteine residue nitrosylation, which promotes endocytosis and endothelial cell survival signaling. Thus, these studies identify a novel role for dynamin as a survival factor in endothelial cells, through a mechanism by which dynamin S-nitrosylation regulates the counterbalances of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and nitric oxide-dependent survival signals, with implications highly relevant to angiogenesis.
Analytical and biological variation of F2-isoprostanes during the menstrual cycle.

F2-isoprostanes have been advocated as a specific and reliable marker of oxidative damage (1) despite a lack of data on their biological and analytical variation. Concurrent with a longitudinal study of oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle [the BioCycle Study(2)], we have characterized the components of biological and analytical variation of free plasma F2-isoprostanes in the context of the menstrual cycle. We describe several of the key characteristics of F2-isoprostanes as a biomarker. Samples were collected from 9 healthy volunteers who met the major inclusion criteria of being a premenopausal woman 18–44 years of age and having regular menstrual cycles. Major exclusion criteria included use of hormonal preparations or contraceptive devices, pregnancy, a history of gynecologic abnormalities, recent infectious disease, routine intake of prescription and over-the-counter medications (including vitamin and mineral supplements), and a history of certain chronic diseases or conditions. Fasting blood samples were collected between 0700 and 0830 on days 2, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18, 22, and 27 of a single menstrual cycle. Collection and handling protocols were designed to minimize preanalytical variation. Samples were frozen at −80 °C and then analyzed, in duplicate, as a single set of consecutive samples by GC-MS (1) at the Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarker Research Laboratory at …
Raman Spectrum of 1,3-Butadiene in the Gaseous and Liquid States*

The Raman spectrum of gaseous 1,3-butadiene has been photographed with a three-prism glass spectrograph of linear dispersion 15 A/mm near 4358A. Polarization data have been obtained for the liquid. The observed Raman spectrum has been interpreted in some detail in terms of a planar trans-configuration of the molecule. Two fundamentals have been added to previous assignments, and several assignments have been made more specific. It is concluded that at room temperature a small fraction of the molecules have a cis-configuration.
Acute Stroke: Shifting From Informed Consent to Informed Refusal of Intravenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator.

In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , Decker et al1 have described a qualitative study to better define the type of information and the best methods of display to enable patients to express their preferences toward emergency treatment of stroke with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Ten focus group interviews were conducted among stroke survivors, caregivers, emergency physicians, and nurses, and then based on their findings, the Rapid Evaluation for Stroke Outcomes using Lytics in a Vascular Event (RESOLVE) decision aid tool was developed. This work is an extension of the previous work by the authors in developing a similar tool for shared decision making in nonurgent percutaneous cardiac interventions. They found that patients and caregivers want simple graphs that show the increased chance of recovering to independence, not to perfection, in general and for their individual circumstances, while understanding the risks involved. Providers had concerns about the process itself and voiced skepticism about the underlying efficacy and safety data of tPA, particularly the risk of hemorrhage and the ability to have meaningful discussions of risk and benefit in such an emergent setting. This skepticism is echoed in the recent modification of the American College of Emergency Physicians statement downgrading the level of evidence supporting the use intravenous tPA in stroke and calling for shared decision making, when feasible, between the patient (and his or her surrogate) and a member of the healthcare team that includes a discussion of potential benefits and harms before the decision whether to administer intravenous tPA for acute ischemic stroke.2 In the next phase of work, the RESOLVE tool will be pilot tested in real-patient encounters. Article see p S109 However, decision making in acute stroke occurs in the context of a time-critical condition not an elective procedure or treatment, …
A dose-response study on opening of imidazole ring of adenine in DNA by ionizing radiation.

SummaryA dose–response relationship between γ-irradiation and the cleavage of the imidazole ring of adenine in DNA to form formamidopyrimidine has been demonstrated. When the DNA aqueous solution was irradiated with 0·1 Gy under N2O, there is little evidence of imidazole ring cleavage. A significant increase in cleavage begins to be noticed above 1 Gy reaching a plateau at 1000 Gy. No formamidopyrimidine was formed when 2′-deoxyadenosine was irradiated with up to 1000 Gy. A dose of 100 Gy converts 18 per cent of adenine in DNA to formamidopyrimidine. In irradiated DNA aqueous solution 1000 Gy convert 25 per cent of adenine to formamidopyrimidine under N2O. Some of the adenine was converted to 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine but in amount that is 20 per cent of that converted to formamidopyrimidine under N2O. There was more adenine in DNA converted to formamidopyrimidine under N2O than under N2.
A Cenotaph for Singapore: Contestation and Community at the Straits Settlements War Memorial

The Singapore Cenotaph is a First World War memorial built when the island-city was a British colony. The design of the monument and its use in Remembrance Day celebrations by the British colonial administration departed from the less overtly patriotic commemorative practices common in Europe in the 1920s. Regardless of the social significance the British administration hoped to vest in the monument when it was commissioned, contemporary English- and Chinese-language sources indicate that British authorities had little control over this ‘sacred’ space at the heart of their administrative capital, and the Asian populations of Singapore freely interpreted it as they wished, sometimes reworking the official meaning to suit their own ends.
Two Types of Korean Light Verb Constructions in a Typed Feature Structure Grammar

In this paper, I present a lexical representation of the light verb ha 'do' used in two types of Korean light verb constructions (LVCs). These two types of the constructions have the typical theoretical and implementation problems as multiword expressions (MWEs): lexical proliferation of the possible light verb senses in the lexicon, potential overgeneration of ill-formed LVCs, and the semantic compositionality issue. Adopting and adapting the idea of qualia structure (Pustejovsky, 1991) into a typed-feature structure grammar (Copestake, 1993; Copestake, 2002; Sag et al., 2003), I suggest that some Korean common nouns have their associated predicate information in their lexical entries (e.g., the predicate meaning cook is included in the lexical entry of the common noun pap 'rice'). Thus such common nouns provide an appropriate predicate meaning to the light verb. The lexical constraints on the light verb and common nouns, and relevant phrase structure rules allow me to capture the generalizations and idiosyncrasies regarding LVCs in a systematic way.
Bank Funding and Credit Risk of Hungarian Firms: A Study of a Developing Market in a Transition Economy

This paper examines the relationships between various owner, firm, and industry characteristics of private-sector Hungarian firms and their difficulty in obtaining bank loans in 1991. We identify several factors that are related to the difficulty firms face in obtaining bank loans including the personal history of the owner of the firm, and characteristics of the firm and its industry. Firms whose owners had business experience or who were past members of the nomenklatura had less difficulty obtaining bank loans than other firms. It was more difficult to obtain loans for firms that leased their plant than firms that did not. Further, the greater the competition faced by a firm the more difficult it was for the firm to get a loan. Finally, there is evidence that the difficulty of obtaining a loan varies by industry.
Bewegungstherapie bei Krebspatienten in palliativer Erkrankungssituation – ein Überblick

Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankungen leiden haufig an schwerwiegenden krankheits- und therapiebedingten Symptomen wie Schmerzen, Fatigue, allgemeine Schwache, Angste und Depressionen. Bei diesen Patienten in palliativer Erkrankungssituation ist es aber von besonderer Bedeutung, die Lebensqualitat in der noch verbleibenden Zeit zu verbessern. Mehrere Einzelfallberichte und Pilotstudien zeigten, dass Bewegungstherapie bei diesen unheilbar kranken Krebspatienten moglich ist, dadurch positive Effekte auf das subjektive Befinden, die korperliche Leistungsfahigkeit und krankheits- bzw. therapiebedingte Symptome bewirkt und somit die Lebensqualitat verbessert werden kann. Zukunftige prospektive und randomisierte Studien mussen diese Ergebnisse aber noch bestatigen. Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche mittels elektronischer Datenbanken (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE) durchgefuhrt. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Uberblick uber die derzeitige Studienlage.
A Note on Liouville's Theorem

(1986). A Note on Liouville's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 200-201.
Tourmaline: The Kaleidoscopic Gemstone

With their multitude of colors, gem tourmalines are among the most popular colored gemstones. Spectacular color-zoned tourmalines are valued as gems and crystal specimens, and some complexly zoned crystals contain nearly the entire spectrum of color variation found in the mineral world. The top-quality “neon” blue-to-green, copper-bearing tourmaline, the Paraiba-type , is one of the highest-priced colored gemstones, with values comparable to those of some diamonds. The wide variety and intensity of colors are related primarily to color-producing ions in the structure and to exposure to natural radiation. Gem tourmalines that form in magmatic, pegmatitic environments are most commonly elbaite and fluor-liddicoatite species, and the rarer gem tourmalines that develop in metamorphic rocks are generally dravite–uvite species.
Breast Carcinoma with Osseous Metaplasia: An Electron Microscopic Study

A breast carcinoma containing osseous metaplasia was examined with electron microscopy. The heterologous components were intermingled closely with the usual infiltrating ductal type of a breast carcinoma. Ultrastructurally, carcinoma cells were distinguished clearly from the various mesenchymal cells composed of active fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. No intermediate cells were present between the two distinct cell populations. Our findings are consistent with the stromal cell origin of the heterologous components and are discussed with relation to their histogenesis in breast carcinoma.
An architectural approach to safety of component-based robotic systems

Medical and surgical robot systems are examples of safety-critical systems due to the potential hazards that can lead to severe injury or the loss of human life. Furthermore, robot safety is becoming increasingly important in other domains as robots begin to share their workspace with humans. At the same time, the complexity of robot hardware and software has been increasing to endow them with capabilities for safe human-robot collaboration and other demanding tasks. While component-based frameworks have been widely adopted in robotics to manage the increasing scale and complexity of these systems, it is still challenging for both academic researchers and industrial developers to develop robot systems with safety in a reusable and structured manner. To address these issues, we reformulate safety as a visible, reusable, and verifiable property, rather than an embedded, hard-to-reuse, and hard-to-test property that is tightly coupled with the system. Specifically, we present a state-based model and a safety-oriented software architecture that allow us to reuse the design of safety features across different systems and different applications without relying on a particular component model. To demonstrate and evaluate the proposed methods, we built SAFECASS, an open source software framework that enables reuse of experience and knowledge on safety, and applied it to two medical robot systems, one of which is presented in this paper.
Manifestations of aids in the oromaxillofacial region: the role of imaging

The primary role of sectional imaging of the oromaxillofacial region in patients who have AIDS is to assess the extent of disease already identified by the clinician. In patients in whom the clinical presentation is complex or confusing, radiographic detection of otherwise occult manifestations of HIV infection plays a key role in the management of the patient with AIDS. The varied manifestations of HIV infection in the oromaxillofacial region and the indications for imaging have been reviewed.
Treatment of routine adolescent inguinal hernia vastly differs between pediatric surgeons and general surgeons

Surgical treatment of inguinal hernias in adolescents is controversial as these patients do not fit into the traditional pediatric and adult populations. We aimed to compare the preferences of adult general surgeons and pediatric surgeons in managing adolescents by conducting a survey through social media. A poll was posted on the International Hernia Collaboration Group Facebook page as well as the Facebook page for the authoring pediatric surgeon. The poll gave scenarios of a 16-year-old male with an inguinal hernia and asked surgeons to select one of five listed procedures to repair the hernia: high ligation (open or laparoscopic), mesh repair (open or laparoscopic) or open muscle repair. The four scenarios differed in the diameter of the internal ring (1 vs. 4 cm) and the BMI of the patient (20 vs. 35). Fisher’s exact test was implemented for statistical analysis. In total, 43 (67 %) adult surgeons and 21 (33 %) pediatric surgeons responded. In the routine adolescent (normal BMI, small defect), 65 % of adult surgeons chose adult-type repairs (mesh or muscle repairs) whereas 86 % of pediatric surgeons chose pediatric-type repairs (high ligation). When the size of the defect increased, 100 % of adult surgeons and 81 % of pediatric surgeons selected an adult-type repair, suggesting agreement. When the patient was obese, there was a tendency to prefer laparoscopy. In all patient scenarios, the answers were significantly different between pediatric and adult surgeons (p < 0.05). For the same routine adolescent inguinal hernia, pediatric surgeons and adult general surgeons choose a different procedure. This finding suggests that further study is needed to determine the optimal treatment for inguinal hernias in adolescents, as the type of practitioner to whom the patient is referred, rather than the disease process itself, currently dictates treatment.
Pilot research as advocacy: the case of Sayana Press in Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the Ministry of Health authorizes only physicians and nurses to give injections, with one exception-medical and nursing students may also give injections if supervised by a clinical instructor. The emergence of the injectable contraceptive Sayana Press in some African countries prompted the DRC to test the acceptability and feasibility of distributing Sayana Press and other contraceptive methods at the community level through medical and nursing students. Sayana Press is similar in formulation to the injectable contraceptive Depo-Provera but contains a lower dose and is administered subcutaneously using a single-use syringe with a short needle called the Uniject system. The Uniject system allows Sayana Press to be administered by community health workers without clinical training or by self-injection. In this pilot, the advocacy objective was to obtain approval from the Ministry of Health to allow medical and nursing students to inject Sayana Press, as a first step toward authorization for community health workers to provide the method. The pilot described in this article documents a process whereby an innovative approach moved from concept to implementation to replication in less than 2 years. It also paved the way for testing additional progressive strategies to increase access to contraception at the community level. Because the pilot project included a research component designed to assess benefits and challenges, it provided the means to introduce the new task-shifting approach, which might not have been approved otherwise. Key pilot activities included: (1) increasing awareness of Sayana Press among family planning stakeholders at a national conference on family planning, (2) enlisting the support of key decision makers in designing the pilot, (3) obtaining marketing authorization to distribute Sayana Press in the DRC, (4) implementing the pilot from July to December 2015, (5) conducting quantitative and qualitative studies to assess acceptability and feasibility, and (6) disseminating the findings to family planning stakeholders. Before the pilot, Sayana Press was relatively unknown in the DRC, and there was no precedent for medical and nursing students providing family planning methods or giving injections at the community level. In less than 12 months, the approach gained legitimacy and acceptance. The key Ministry of Health decision maker orchestrated the closing session of the dissemination meeting on next steps, paving the way for pilot tests of 3 new task-shifting approaches: insertion of Implanon NXT by medical and nursing students, self-injection for Sayana Press with supervision by students, and injection of Sayana Press by community health workers with no formal clinical training.
Effect of Pioglitazone on Cardiometabolic Risk in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Prevalence of insulin resistance is increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Because insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), this study was initiated to see if pioglitazone administration would improve insulin sensitivity and thereby decrease risk of CVD in overweight/obese, nondiabetic, insulin-resistant patients with untreated OSA. Patients (n = 30) were administered pioglitazone (45 mg/day) for 8 weeks, and measurements were made before and after intervention of insulin action (insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the insulin suppression test), C-reactive protein, lipid/lipoprotein profile, and gene expression profile of periumbilical subcutaneous fat tissue. Insulin sensitivity increased 31% (p
Rurality and determinants of hearing healthcare in adult hearing aid recipients.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the timing of hearing aid (HA) acquisition between adults in rural and urban communities. We hypothesized that time of acquisition of HA after onset of hearing loss is greater in rural adults compared with urban adults. Secondary objectives included assessment of socioeconomic/educational status and impact of hearing loss and hearing rehabilitation of urban and rural HA recipients. Study Design Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Methods We assessed demographics, timing of HA fitting from onset of hearing loss, and impact of hearing impairment in 336 adult HA recipients (273 urban, 63 rural) from a tertiary referral center. Amplification benefit was assessed using the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI). Results The time to HA acquisition was greater for rural participants compared to urban participants (19.1 vs. 25.7 years, P = 0.024) for those with untreated hearing loss for at least 8 years. Age at hearing loss onset was correlated with time to HA acquisition (P = −0.54, P < 0.001). Rural HA participants experienced longer commutes to hearing specialists (68 vs. 32 minutes, P < 0.001), were less likely to achieve a degree beyond high school (P < 0.001), and were more likely to possess Medicaid coverage (P = 0.012) compared to urban participants. Hearing impairment caused job performance difficulty in 60% of all participants. Conclusion Rural adults are at risk for delayed HA acquisition, which may be related to distance to hearing specialists. Further research is indicated to investigate barriers to care and expand access for vulnerable populations. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:2362–2367, 2017
Pharmacological Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation as a Novel Therapeutic Concept for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Abstract 3779 Poster Board III-715 Otto Warburg proposed that the origin of cancer cells was closely linked to a permanent respiratory defect that bypassed the Pasteur effect, i.e. the inhibition of anaerobic fermentation by oxygen. We have recently demonstrated in leukemia cells that mitochondrial uncoupling, i.e. the abrogation of ATP synthesis in response to mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), promotes the Warburg effect, contributes to chemo-resistance and represents a metabolic shift to fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Exposure of leukemic cells to marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) promotes accumulation of lactate and reduces MMP. Stroma/leukemia co-cultures protect leukemia cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. We found that he decrease in MMP was mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling accompanied by increased expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP2) (Cancer Res. 68:5198,2008). We therefore proposed that the Warburg effect may be the result of preferential oxidation of fatty acids in cancer cell mitochondria (Cancer Res.69:2163,2009). Here we demonstrate that leukemia cells uncouple FAO from ATP synthesis, and that pharmacological inhibition of FAO with etomoxir or ranolazine inhibits proliferation and sensitizes leukemia cells – cultured alone or on bone marrow stromal cells – to apoptosis induction by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737 and the MDM-2 antagonist Nutlin 3a. Results suggest that leukemia cells rely, at least in part, on de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAS) to support FAO. Furthermore, treatment with the FAS inhibitor orlistat sensitized leukemia cells to apoptosis induction by ABT-737. Mechanistically, mitochondria derived from etomoxir treated leukemia cells were sensitized to release of cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing-factor (AIF) upon treatment with ABT-737. Etomoxir (EX) facilitated the formation of Bak oligomers after treatment with ABT-737 suggesting that FAO regulates the activity of Bak-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition. Lastly, we present evidence that EX, in combination with liposomal ABT-737 or cytosine arabinoside (AraC), provides significant therapeutic benefit in a murine model of human leukemia (luciferase/GFP marked MOLT13 cells) as evidenced by reduced in vivo growth kinetics (BLI) and prolonged median survival (ABT-737 vs. EX+ABT-737, p= Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sometimes You Do Get a Second Chance: Emergency Contraception for Adolescents

Unplanned or unintended pregnancy remains a significant challenge for adolescents; many teens who plan ahead but opt not to choose long-acting reversible contraceptive methods have high failure rates with condom usage, oral contraceptives, and other less long-acting methods. Emergency contraception (EC) remains a necessity for those adolescents seeking a second chance to prevent the unintended consequences of unplanned sexual activity. At present, 5 postcoital methods remain available as EC globally: intrauterine devices, ulipristal acetate, a selective progesterone modulator, mifepristone; levonorgestrel, and ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel or norgestrel (rarely used now that progestin only methods are more readily available).
Despegue frustrado: costo de vida y estándares de vida en el Perú durante el siglo XIX

Based on a variety of archival sources, this paper presents estimations for cost of living and living standards for Lima, Peru during the 19th century. During this century Peru experienced deep swings in economic activity marked by the independence wars, the War of the Pacific, and a commodity boom. These new series show that a sizable inflationary period during the guano age had dampeningeffects on the living standards of the popular class. While living standards peaked by mid 1850s, GDP per capita did not do so until two decades later. These results suggest that the guano bonanza failed to lift working-class living standards above subsistence levels. Even though living standards climbed steadily, almost reaching those of England, all these gains were lost by the end of the century.
A Comparative Study of Gaming Interfaces and Impact on Players

The main objective of this study was to investigate how different gaming interfaces compare and impact the players' general experience with games. Forty-seven (n=47) students were selected randomly to participate in the preliminary study. A brief questionnaire was administered after participants experienced three different game interfaces. The preliminary results showed that there were statically significant differences between the players' experience with the different game interfaces. Based on initial observation, the calculated means, and statistical analysis, we can postulate that when designing a game interface, it is not always best to utilize a simplistic interface design and that a complex interface may be more desirable in creating a positive impact for players. This is a work in progress, and with extended experimentation with a larger number of participants and a larger variety of games could potentially provide more accurate details in responding to our research questions.
The Growing Gap in Hypertension Control Between Insured and Uninsured Adults National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2010

Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control are lower among uninsured than insured adults. Time trends in differences and underlying modifiable factors are important for informing strategies to improve health equity. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1988 to 1994, 1999 to 2004, and 2005 to 2010 data in adults aged 18 to 64 years were analyzed to explore this opportunity. The proportion of adults with hypertension who were uninsured increased from 12.3% in 1988 to 1994 to 17.4% in 2005 to 2010. In 1988 to 1994, hypertension awareness, treatment, and control to <140/<90 mm Hg (30.1% versus 26.5%; P=0.27) were similar in insured and uninsured adults. By 2005 to 2010, the absolute gap in hypertension control between uninsured and insured adults of 21.9% (52.5% versus 30.6%; P<0.001) was explained approximately equally by lower awareness (65.2% versus 80.7%), fewer aware adults treated (75.2% versus 88.5%), and fewer treated adults controlled (63.1% versus 73.5%; all P<0.001). Publicly insured and uninsured adults had similar income. Yet, hypertension control was similar across time periods in publicly and privately insured adults, despite lower income and education in the former. In multivariable analysis, hypertension control in 2005 to 2010 was associated with visit frequency (odds ratio, 3.4 [95% confidence interval, 2.4-4.8]), statin therapy (1.8 [1.4-2.3]), and healthcare insurance (1.6 [1.2-2.2]) but not poverty index (1.04 [0.96-1.12]). Public or private insurance linked to more frequent healthcare, greater awareness and effective treatment of hypertension, and appropriate statin use could reverse a long-term trend of growing inequity in hypertension control between insured and uninsured adults.
Concurrent use of capecitabine with radiation therapy and survival in breast cancer (BC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Capecitabine has been studied as a radiosensitizer, and our study seeks to examine the association of concurrent capecitabine/radiation therapy (RT) on event-free- (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in women with breast cancer (BC) with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). In a retrospective study of women with BC who received adriamycin/taxane-based NAC from 2004–2016, we identified 21 women administered concurrent capecitabine/RT. To assess differences in survival, we selected a clinical control cohort (n = 57) based on criteria used to select patients for capecitabine/RT. We also created a matched cohort (2:1), matching on tumor subtype, pathological stage and age (< 50 or 50+ years). Differences in EFS, using STEEP criteria, and OS, using all-cause mortality, between those who received capecitabine/RT and controls were assessed. Of the 21 women who received capecitabine/RT, median age was 52 years. The majority were pathologic stage III (n = 15) and hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative BC (n = 20). In those receiving capecitabine/RT, there were 9 events, compared with 14 events in clinical and 10 events in matched controls. Capecitabine/RT was associated with worse OS in clinical (HR 3.83 95% CI 1.12–13.11, p = 0.03) and matched controls (HR 3.71 95% CI 1.04–13.18, p = 0.04), after adjusting for clinical size, pathological stage and lymphovascular invasion. Capecitabine/RT was also associated with a trend towards worse EFS in clinical (HR 2.41 95% CI 0.86–6.74, p = 0.09) and matched controls (HR 2.68 95% CI 0.91–7.90, p = 0.07) after adjustment. Concurrent capecitabine/RT after NAC is associated with worse survival and should be carefully considered in BC.