cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goal-setting and spouse involvement in the treatment of obesity.

Two types of goal-setting (daily vs weekly) and two levels of spouse involvement (couples vs individual treatment) were evaluated in a 19-week behavioral weight-control program. Forty-seven married Ss with spouses willing to participate were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: Couples/Weekly Goals, Couples/Daily Goals, Individual/Weekly Goals, Individual/Daily Goals. At posttreatment, Ss had lost an average of 171b and reduced their percent over ideal weight from 49 to 36%. Losses were maintained at the 6-month clinic follow-up. Weight losses for the two goal-setting conditions and the two spouse treatments did not differ. Improvements were observed in resting pulse, blood pressure and step-test time, and these were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Adherence to caloric self-monitoring, self-reported exercise adherence and marital satisfaction were significantly correlated with weight loss. Decreases in depression and improvements in body-image satisfaction were also observed. Mail and telephone follow-up at 12 and 30 months posttreatment indicated satisfactory maintenance for the majority of Ss. Factors associated with maintenance and relapse during long-term follow up are discussed.
Two accounts of laws and time

Among the most important questions in the metaphysics of science are “What are the natures of fundamental laws and chances?” and “What grounds the direction of time?” My aim in this paper is to examine some connections between these questions, discuss two approaches to answering them and argue in favor of one. Along the way I will raise and comment on a number of issues concerning the relationship between physics and metaphysics and consequences for the subject matter and methodology of metaphysics.
Playing games with databases

Scalability is a fundamental problem in the development of computer games and massively multiplayer online games (MMOs). Players always demand more — more polygons, more physics particles, more interesting AI behavior, more monsters, more simultaneous players and interactions, and larger virtual worlds.
The diagnostic value of the facial features of Marfan syndrome

Purpose We examined the prevalence of known facial features of Marfan syndrome (MFS)—dolicocephaly, malar hypoplasia, enophthalmos, retrognathia, and down-slanting palpebral fissures—and the diagnostic utility (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive values, and likelihood ratios) of using them for screening and diagnosis.
Microfluidic mixing using contactless dielectrophoresis.

The first experimental evidence of mixing enhancement in a microfluidic system using contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP) is presented in this work. Pressure-driven flow of deionized water containing 0.5 μm beads was mixed in various chamber geometries by imposing a dielectrophoresis (DEP) force on the beads. In cDEP the electrodes are not in direct contact with the fluid sample but are instead capacitively coupled to the mixing chamber through thin dielectric barriers, which eliminates many of the problems encountered with standard DEP. Four system designs with rectangular and circular mixing chambers were fabricated in PDMS. Mixing tests were conducted for flow rates from 0.005 to 1 mL/h subject to an alternating current signal range of 0-300 V at 100-600 kHz. When the time scales of the bulk fluid motion and the DEP motion were commensurate, rapid mixing was observed. The rectangular mixing chambers were found to be more efficient than the circular chambers. This approach shows potential for mixing low diffusivity biological samples, which is a very challenging problem in laminar flows at small scales.
Localization of NADPH diaphorase activity in monoaminergic neurons of the rat brain.

Nitric oxide has recently been implicated as a neurotransmitter, and may modulate synaptic transmission, cerebral blood flow, and neurotoxicity. NADPH diaphorase histochemistry has been shown to be a reliable marker for nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that synthesizes nitric oxide, in the nervous system. Because monoaminergic neurons frequently contain co-transmitters, we examined whether these cells also exhibit NADPH diaphorase activity. Frozen sections from postnatal and adult rat brains were stained for NADPH diaphorase activity and either serotonin-like immunoreactivity or tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. Numerous neurons in the mesopontine serotoninergic cell groups (including the caudal linear, dorsal, median, supralemniscal, and pontine raphe nuclei) contained both serotonin-like immunoreactivity and NADPH diaphorase activity. Within the dorsal raphe nucleus, approximately 70% of the serotoninergic neurons in the medial subnuclei displayed NADPH diaphorase activity, while less than 10% of the serotoninergic neurons in the lateral subnuclei were doubly labeled. Retrograde labeling with fluorescent microspheres indicated that many raphe-cortical neurons contained NADPH diaphorase activity. No NADPH diaphorase activity was detected in serotoninergic neurons in the medullary nuclei (including the raphe magnus, raphe pallidum, and raphe obscurus). Only a small proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the periaqueductal gray, rostral linear nucleus, and rostrtrodorsal ventral tegmental area contained NADPH diaphorase activity. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, and dorsal raphe nucleus did not contain detectable NADPH diaphorase activity. The observation that many mesopontine (but not medullary) serotoninergic neurons contain NADPH diaphorase activity suggests that these neurons may release both serotonin and nitric oxide. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A system that uses verb frames for situation awareness of an agent's activities

We discuss cognitive topics related to an Intelligence Analyst's Geospatial and Ontological Assistant (IAGOA) under development that associates an analyst's understanding of an agent's activities with the geospatial features of the area where they take place. IAGOA uses linguistic resources from the lexical database FrameNet, based on Fillmore's frame semantics (not related to Minsky's frames), and it provides clear explications of the central notions of situation awareness that are particularly appropriate when the focus is on the activities of a single agent.
MAGE A3 antigen-specific cancer immunotherapeutic

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma are devastating diseases with high rates of recurrence. Current clinical recommendations include postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in stages II and IIIA NSCLC, while there is a debate regarding its clinical benefit in stage IB. Recent Phase II trials have demonstrated a clinical benefit by postoperative vaccine with melanoma-specific antigen A3 (MAGE A3) in NSCLC and in stage IV melanoma. These trials have led to the current Phase III trials. MAGE A3 is a tumor-specific shared antigen that is frequently expressed in lung cancer and melanoma, as well as in few other tumors. Its level is associated with disease burden and with prognosis, while normal tissues do not express it, except the testis and the placenta. This review will summarize the recent developments and clinical experience with the MAGE A3 vaccine.
Advances and prospects in adoptive cell transfer therapy for ovarian cancer

Despite recent advances in targeted therapies, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal form of gynecologic malignancy. Thus, improving the clinical outcome of patients will require reinvestment in research development and further clinical investigation. T-cell accumulation in EOC is prognostic for survival and recent advances in adoptive T-cell therapy now provide a renewed opportunity to specifically modulate T-cell number and activity in EOC and mediate tumor regression. Here, we discuss the application of adoptive T-cell transfer based immunotherapy and its prospects for the treatment of EOC.
On the maturation of mathematical modeling of endocrine systems

this journal was founded as a separate section of the American Journal of Physiology in the mid-1970s, with an expressed aim of making a congenial home for mathematical modeling of physiological systems. As the founding Editor, I made modest suggestions concerning styles of presentation ([2][1]) and
Hepatitis B: The Pathway to Recovery Through Treatment

Hepatitis B is a major public health problem in the world today. Since 1985, the number of reported cases has declined as a direct result of universal immunization of neonates, vaccination of at-risk populations, lifestyle or behavioral changes in high-risk groups, refinements in the screening of blood donors, and the use of virally inactivated or genetically engineered products in patients with bleeding disorders. New and potent antiviral agents being developed and evaluated provide hope and optimism for those who are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Prevention remains the most effective strategy in the global management of hepatitis B virus. Universal immunization programs prevent hepatitis B virus transmission and circumvent acute and chronic infection.
Geomagnetic effects on time-integrated cosmogenic nuclide production with emphasis on in situ 14C and 10Be

Abstract Production of cosmogenic nuclides (CNs) in geologic material is a function of the cosmic-ray flux at the Earth's surface, which in turn is a function of the intensity and orientation of the Earth's geomagnetic field. Temporal variations in the intensity of the geomagnetic field and the position of the geomagnetic dipole axis (i.e., polar wander) must be considered when calculating production rates that are integrated through time. We have developed a model, based in part on protocols set forth by Desilets and Zreda [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 206 (2003) 21–42], that accounts for these variations in an effort to systematically determine their impact on time-integrated production of short-lived (in situ 14C; t1/2=5.73 ka) and long-lived (in situ 10Be; t1/2=1.5 Ma) CNs. Our modeling results show that for samples exposed for the last 3 ka, integrated in situ 14C and 10Be production rates that account for temporal variations in the intensity of the Earth's geomagnetic field are up to ∼13% lower than modern rates at the same location [modern rates are referenced to the 1945.0 Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF)]. In contrast, intensity-corrected 10Be rates are up to ∼30% higher than modern for samples exposed for >25–30 ka. Intensity variations have little effect ( Our modeling results also show that the impact of polar wander on integrated CN production is secondary compared to intensity variations. Accounting for polar wander is critical, however, when determining modern production rates at midlatitudes (30–40°) because of the current offset between the geomagnetic and geographic poles. At sea level, integrated in situ 14C production rates that account for both intensity variations and polar wander range from 27% higher to 24% lower than modern rates at the same location, and integrated in situ 10Be rates range from 48% higher to 26% lower than modern. Differences between integrated and modern rates increase significantly at higher altitudes. Based on these results, we recommend correcting the modern production rate (referenced to the 1945.0 DGRF or another specific geomagnetic reference field) at site latitudes
Osteoblast adhesion on poly(L-lactic acid)/polystyrene demixed thin film blends: effect of nanotopography, surface chemistry, and wettability.

Biomaterial surface characteristics are critical cues that regulate cell function. We produced a novel series of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and polystyrene demixed nanotopographic films to provide nonbiological cell-stimulating cues. The increase in PLLA weight fraction () in blend solutions resulted in topography changes in spin-cast films from pit-dominant to island-dominant morphologies having nanoscale depth or height (3-29 nm). Lower molecular weight PLLA segregated to the top surface of demixed films, as observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For g 0.5, the topmost film layer was predominantly filled with PLLA (>96% by SIMS at 20-A depth). Nanotextured substrata stimulated osteoblastic cell adhesion to a greater degree than did flat PLLA ( ) 1), and this effect was more pronounced for nanoisland ( ) 0.7 and 0.9) relative to nanopit topographies ( ) 0.5). Demixed films having relatively lower water contact angles generally enhanced cell adhesion and spreading. Our results reveal that cell adhesion is affected by surface chemistry, topography, and wettability simultaneously and that nanotextured surfaces may be utilized in regulating cell adhesion.
C/EBPα and HNF6 protein complex formation stimulates HNF6-dependent transcription by CBP coactivator recruitment in HepG2 cells

We previously demonstrated that formation of complexes between the DNA-binding domains of hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6) and forkhead box a2 (Foxa2) proteins stimulated Foxa2 transcriptional activity. Here, we used HepG2 cell cotransfection assays to demonstrate that HNF6 transcriptional activity was stimulated by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), but not by the related C/EBPbeta or C/EBPdelta proteins. Formation of the C/EBPalpha-HNF6 protein complex required the HNF6 cut domain and the C/EBPalpha activation domain (AD) 1/AD2 sequences. This C/EBPalpha-HNF6 transcriptional synergy required both the N-terminal HNF6 polyhistidine and serine/threonine/proline box sequences, as well as the C/EBPalpha AD1/AD2 sequences, the latter of which are known to recruit the CREB binding protein (CBP) transcriptional coactivator. Consistent with these findings, adenovirus E1A-mediated inhibition of p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity abrogated C/EBPalpha-HNF6 transcriptional synergy in cotransfection assays. Co-immunoprecipitation assays with liver protein extracts demonstrate an association between the HNF6 and C/EBPalpha transcription factors and the CBP coactivator protein in vivo. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays with hepatoma cells demonstrated that increased levels of both C/EBPalpha and HNF6 proteins were required to stimulate association of these transcription factors and the CBP coactivator protein with the endogenous mouse Foxa2 promoter region. In conclusion, formation of the C/EBPalpha-HNF6 protein complex stimulates recruitment of the CBP coactivator protein for expression of Foxa2, a transcription factor critical for regulating expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes during fasting.
Towards a Multidimensional Metaconception of Species

Species concepts aim to define the species category. Many of these rely on defining species in terms of natural lineages and groupings. A dominant gene-centred metaconception has shaped notions of what constitutes both a natural lineage and a natural grouping. I suggest that relying on this metaconception provides an incomplete understanding of what constitute natural lineages and groupings. If we take seriously the role of epigenetic, behavioural, cultural, and ecological inheritance systems, rather than exclusively genetic inheritance, a broader notion of what constitutes a natural grouping or lineage may be required. I conclude by outlining an alternative metaconception that is a de-centred metaschema for species.
Release of dissolved organic matter by coastal diatoms

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) production was examined in axenic batch cultures of five coastal diatom species. For Chaetoceros decipiens, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulated beginning in late exponential growth as a result of increased cell density. For Cylindrotheca closterium, DOC actually decreased in late exponential growth and reached zero by the end of the experiment. This coincided with continued particulate organic carbon (POC) production and a threefold increase in the per-cell concentration of transparent exopolymer particles after nutrients were depleted. DOC release rates varied between species but were significantly higher for all five species in exponential or transition growth than during stationary growth. On average, 5% of the total fixed C was released as DOC for four of the diatoms, whereas C. decipiens released ,21% of its fixed C as DOC. The percentage of fixed C released as DOC varied little with nutrient availability or diatom growth stage. The DOM produced by some diatom species adheres to filters and is measured in the particulate organic matter (POM) fraction when cells are separated from the medium by filtration. This may be an important problem when diatom species with known benthic life histories are prevalent. In contrast, for species like Chaetoceros that have no benthic life history, DOM release rates estimated by bulk measurements or 14C appear to be accurate. Overall, these results indicate that the species composition of phytoplankton blooms has the potential to influence the relative importance of POM and DOM production and can complicate interpretation of those measurements. Diatoms are ubiquitous in surface water of the world’s oceans. They are capable of fast growth relative to other phytoplankton taxa and are well adapted to form large blooms in high-nutrient coastal systems and in oceanic systems that are subjected to pulses of nutrients (Margalef 1978). Indeed, diatoms are the largest contributor to oceanic primary production and new production (e.g., Dugdale and Wilkerson 1992; Sarthou et al. 2005). Given the magnitude of diatom production relative to other phytoplankton taxa in the ocean, their fate has important implications for global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. For instance, diatoms are capable of relatively rapid sinking rates, both as individual cells and in aggregates, and are responsible for a significant portion of the sinking C flux out of the euphotic zone (Smetacek 1985). Diatoms are also an important component of marine food webs, fueling both pelagic (Ryther 1969) and benthic secondary production (Graf 1992). Several recent studies have shown that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool may be an important, but overlooked, fate for fixed C and N. For instance, in highproductivity upwelling systems where diatoms dominate
OSTEOSARCOMA ONCOGENE EXPRESSION DETECTED BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION

Fifteen archival human osteosarcoma specimens were examined by in situ hybridization for the expression of human and mouse transforming growth factor-beta (isoforms 1, 2, and 3), c-fos, and metalloproteinase (stromelysin-3 and matrilysin). Osteosarcoma subtypes were confirmed by review of patients' radiographs, histopathology, and age at diagnosis. The outcome and method of treatment were documented. The subtypes of osteosarcoma consisted of nine conventional osteosarcomas and two each of fibroblastic, telangiectatic, and post-radiation osteosarcomas. Each specimen was histologically examined under light microscopy, and then adjacent paraffin sections were assayed with sense and anti-sense RNA probes by in situ hybridization. The probes localized to the neoplastic cells, confirming the methodology of the technique. Human transforming growth factor-beta 1 had the most uniform binding affinity to the osteosarcomas examined and was more specific in binding than mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1. Specific mRNA encoding for the transforming growth factor-beta s, c-fos, and metalloproteinases are detectable in patterns within osteosarcoma cells, and collectively, their expression parallels the different histopathologic subtypes. The less differentiated subtypes (telangiectatic and post-radiation osteosarcomas) expressed the fewest molecular markers. Osteosarcoma is a heterogeneous tumor. Differential expression of matrilysin in osteosarcoma is the first reported detection of metalloproteinase activity in human skeletal sarcoma.
Optimum Radar Parameters for Mapping Soil Moisture

The radar response to soil moisture content was experimentally determined for each of three bare fields with considerably different surface roughnesses at eight frequencies in the 2-8 GHz band for HH and VV polarizations. Analysis of the data indicates that the effect of roughness on the radar backscattering coefficient can be minimized by proper choice of the radar parameters. If, in addition, sensitivity to soil moisture content and system design constraints are considered, the following radar parameters are recommended for an operational soil moisture mapper: Radar Signal Frequency: 4 GHz Angle of Incidence Range: 7°-15° from nadir Signal Polarization: HH or VV. The corresponding sensitivity is about 0.25 dB/.01 g/cm3.
The Nature and Extent of Programs for the Disadvantaged Gifted in the United States and Territories

This article reports results of a study designed to assess the nature and extent of programs for disadvantaged gifted learners in the 50 states and the United States' territories. The primary purpo...
An optical content-addressable parallel processor for fast searching and retrieving

Associative processing based on content-addressable memories has been argued to be the natural solution for non-numerical information processing applications. Unfortunately, the implementation requirements of these architectures using conventional electronic technology have been very cost prohibitive, and therefore associative processors have not been realized. Instead, software methods that emulate the behavior of associative processing have been promoted and mapped onto conventional location-addressable systems. This however, does not bring about the natural parallelism of associative processing, namely the ability to access many data words simultaneously.
It works both ways: Transfer difficulties between manipulatives and written subtraction solutions

Three experiments compared performance and transfer among children aged 83–94 months after written or manipulatives instruction on two-digit subtraction. In Experiment 1a, children learned with manipulatives or with traditional written numerals. All children then completed a written posttest. Experiment 1b investigated whether salient or perceptually attractive manipulatives affected transfer. Experiment 2 investigated whether instruction with writing would transfer to a manipulatives-based posttest. Children demonstrated performance gains when the posttest format was identical to the instructed format but failed to demonstrate transfer from the instructed format to an incongruent posttest. The results indicate that the problem in transferring from manipulatives instruction to written assessments stems from a general difficulty in using knowledge gained in one format (e.g., manipulatives) in another format (e.g., writing). Taken together, the results have important implications for research and teaching in early mathematics. Teachers should consider making specific links and alignments between written and manipulatives-based representations of the same problems.
Efficient forecast tests for conditional policy forecasts

Abstract Central Banks regularly make forecasts, such as the Fed’s Greenbook forecast, that are conditioned on hypothetical paths for the policy interest rate. While there are good public policy reasons to evaluate the quality of such forecasts, up until now, the most common approach has been to ignore their conditional nature and apply standard forecast efficiency tests. In this paper we derive tests for the efficiency of conditional forecasts. Intuitively, these tests involve implicit estimates of the degree to which the conditioning path is counterfactual and the magnitude of the policy feedback over the forecast horizon. We apply the tests to the Greenbook forecast and the Bank of England’s inflation report forecast, finding some evidence of forecast inefficiency. Nonetheless, we argue that the conditional nature of the forecasts made by central banks represents a substantial impediment to the analysis of their quality—stronger assumptions are needed and forecast inefficiency may go undetected for longer than would be the case if central banks were instead to report unconditional forecasts.
Instruction fetch deferral using static slack

In this paper we present an approach to boosting performance and tolerating latency by deferring non-critical instructions into a deferred queue for later processing. As such, instruction deferral allows more critical instructions to be fetched, dispatched, and possibly executed, earlier. We present methods for identifying deferrable instructions using previously investigated notions of instruction slack. In particular we use static slack to determine if an instruction is deferrable. The static slack of an instruction corresponds to the number of cycles an instruction can be delayed without impacting overall execution time when considering all dynamic paths from that instruction. A significant fraction of the dynamic instruction stream has enough static slack to be deferred by 10 or more cycles on an aggressive execution model. Furthermore, the small amount of register-based communication from deferred instructions to non-deferred instructions makes a deferral-based approach to fetch and execution very attractive. We use a trace cache based microarchitecture to overcome some significant implementation challenges associated with instruction deferral. Overall, instruction deferral boosts the performance of a 4-wide processor by approximately 11% and an 8-wide processor by 6% on eight of the SPEC2000 integer benchmarks.
Fermenting Impasse: Women's Critical Communities and Ecclesial Transformation

My reflections are rooted in the spiritual suffering of impasse experienced by women in today's Church. Against the background of Constance Fitzgerald's seminal article, “Impasse and Dark Night,”1 I will engage Edward Schillebeeckx's category of negative contrast experience in conjunction with what Beverly Lanzetta has named the via feminina2 to begin to envision what may be fermenting in this dark night. Then, moving from individual to communal contemplation, I will discuss the role of Critical Christian communities in Schillebeeckx's theology, with attention to his analysis of the cross-grained nature of Church history in which genuine tradition includes “breaks.” Finally, drawing on the experiences of “Circles of Women Seeking Wisdom” with which I am involved, I will examine how critical communities of women in the Church constitute a mysticism of resistance with potential for ecclesial transformation.
Monomial Crystals and Partition Crystals

Recently Fayers introduced a large family of combinatorial realizations of the fundamental crystal B( 0) for b sln, where the vertices are indexed by certain partitions. He showed that special cases of this construction agree with the Misra-Miwa realization and with Berg's ladder crystal. Here we show that another special case is naturally isomorphic to a realization using Nakajima's monomial crystal.
Voltage-Gated Proton Channels: Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the HV Family

Voltage-gated proton channels (HV) are unique, in part because the ion they conduct is unique. HV channels are perfectly selective for protons and have a very small unitary conductance, both arguably manifestations of the extremely low H+ concentration in physiological solutions. They open with membrane depolarization, but their voltage dependence is strongly regulated by the pH gradient across the membrane (ΔpH), with the result that in most species they normally conduct only outward current. The HV channel protein is strikingly similar to the voltage-sensing domain (VSD, the first four membrane-spanning segments) of voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels. In higher species, HV channels exist as dimers in which each protomer has its own conduction pathway, yet gating is cooperative. HV channels are phylogenetically diverse, distributed from humans to unicellular marine life, and perhaps even plants. Correspondingly, HV functions vary widely as well, from promoting calcification in coccolithophores and triggering bioluminescent flashes in dinoflagellates to facilitating killing bacteria, airway pH regulation, basophil histamine release, sperm maturation, and B lymphocyte responses in humans. Recent evidence that hHV1 may exacerbate breast cancer metastasis and cerebral damage from ischemic stroke highlights the rapidly expanding recognition of the clinical importance of hHV1.
The impact of repeat biopsies on infectious complications in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance.

Purpose: Prostate biopsy related infectious complications are associated with significant morbidity. The risk of infectious complications in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance remains under studied.Materials and Methods: A total of 591 consecutive men who underwent prostate biopsy were prospectively enrolled in a study evaluating prostate biopsy related complications between January 2011 and January 2012. Of these men 403 were previously diagnosed with prostate cancer and were included in this study. They underwent a 14-core transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy as part of an active surveillance regimen. A nurse contacted all men within 14 days of biopsy, and information was collected on potential complications, antibiotics received and bacterial culture results.Results: Fourteen patients (3.5%) had infectious complications including 13 requiring hospitalization. Five patients had positive urine cultures, and fluoroquinolone resistant isolates were identified in 4 patients, inclu...
The Potential Role of Oral Fluid in Antidoping Testing

BACKGROUND: Currently, urine and blood are the only matrices authorized for antidoping testing by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Although the usefulness of urine and blood is proven, issues remain for monitoring some drug classes and for drugs prohibited only in competition. The alternative matrix oral fluid (OF) may offer solutions to some of these issues. OF collection is easy, noninvasive, and sex neutral and is directly observed, limiting potential adulteration, a major problem for urine testing. OF is used to monitor drug intake in workplace, clinical toxicology, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs programs and potentially could complement urine and blood for antidoping testing in sports. CONTENT: This review outlines the present state of knowledge and the advantages and limitations of OF testing for each of the WADA drug classes and the research needed to advance OF testing as a viable alternative for antidoping testing. SUMMARY: Doping agents are either prohibited at all times or prohibited in competition only. Few OF data from controlled drug administration studies are available for substances banned at all times, whereas for some agents prohibited only in competition, sufficient data may be available to suggest appropriate analytes and cutoffs (analytical threshold concentrations) to identify recent drug use. Additional research is needed to characterize the disposition of many banned substances into OF; OF collection methods and doping agent stability in OF also require investigation to allow the accurate interpretation of OF tests for antidoping monitoring.
MacDonald, S. O., and J. A. Cook. 2009. Recent Mammals of Alaska. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, Alaska, 387 pp. ISBN 978-1-60223-047-7, price (hardbound: alkaline paper), $55.00.

S. O. MacDonald, J. A. Cook.2009.Recent Mammals of Alaska. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, Alaska, 387 pp. ISBN 978-1-60223-047-7, price (hardbound: alkaline paper), $55.00. Alaska is more than twice the size of Texas and has more than 10,000 km of coastline (the distance from Laramie, Wyoming, to Buenos Aires, Argentina). It is not only a vast land but also a difficult one in which to work during much of the year. Notable mammalogists, from C. Hart Merriam and Joseph Grinnell—the founders of mammalogy—to the authors and their students (many of whom are pictured in this book), have worked diligently to clarify the fauna of this northernmost state, a last redoubt for much of the American megafauna. The book begins with a nice overview of the history of Alaska's mammal collectors and scientific expeditions. These were heroic efforts in the early days of exploration. On an early expedition Major Robert Kennicott died of heart failure while exploring the Yukon in 1866 (the Kennicott Glacier, Kennicott Valley, and Kennicott River are named in his honor). Kennicott was replaced by William Healey Dall (who first observed white sheep on Mt. McKinley, a species that would subsequently be named the Dall Sheep, Ovis dalli , when it was formally described by Nelson in 1884). Dall (who was a student of the Harvard anatomist and mammalogist, Jeffries Wyman, the father of forensic anthropology) had been exploring Siberia when he learned of Kennicott's death, and he left his Siberian expedition and moved to the Yukon River to continue the exploration of that area. The U.S. Biological Survey played a major role in sampling Alaska's mammal fauna, from E. W. Nelson (when he was a private in the Army) to Frederick True, C. Hart Merriam, A. K. Fisher, W. H. Osgood, N. Hollister, and O. Murie (the book is dedicated to Olaus and Margaret Murie). Also making appearances as field collectors are V. H. Cahalane, A. Murie (brother of Olaus and …
The derivation of a parton model sum rule within the framework of Dashen-Gell-Mann’s program

The sum rule $$\int\limits_1^\infty {(vW_2 /\omega ){\mathbf{ }}d\omega {\mathbf{ }} = {\mathbf{ }}\sum\limits_{N = 1}^\infty {P(N){\mathbf{ }}\left\langle {\sum\limits_{\sigma = 1}^N {e_\sigma ^2 } } \right\rangle _N } } $$ is derived within the framework of Dashen-Gell-Mann’s program, under mild technical assumptions concerning the existence of the infinite-momentum limit. The derivation is consistently relativistic and mathematically exact.
Ethosuximide Reduces Mortality and Seizure Severity in Response to Pentylenetetrazole Treatment During Ethanol Withdrawal

Aims We recently demonstrated that T-type calcium channels are affected by alcohol abuse and withdrawal. Treatment with ethosuximide, an antiepileptic drug that blocks T-type calcium channels, reduces seizure activity induced by intermittent ethanol exposures and withdrawals. Here, we expand on these findings to test whether ethosuximide can reduce the sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures during ethanol withdrawal. Methods We used an intermittent ethanol exposure model to produce withdrawal-induced hyperexcitability in DBA/2J mice. Results Ethosuximide (250 mg/kg) reduced seizure severity in mice undergoing ethanol withdrawal with concurrent PTZ treatment (20 mg/kg). Importantly, ethosuximide did not produce rebound excitability and protected against ethanol withdrawal-induced mortality produced by concurrent PTZ treatment (40 mg/kg). Conclusion These results, in addition to previous preclinical findings, suggest that ethosuximide should be further evaluated as a safe, effective alternative to benzodiazepines for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
Symmetric tilt boundaries in body-centered cubic tantalum

Abstract Grain boundaries can play a significant role in the mechanical response of materials. Atomistic simulations are used to investigate 79 coincidence site lattice grain boundary structures and energies in tantalum, a model body-centered cubic transition metal. Quasi-symmetric Σ3, Σ5, Σ7, Σ13, and Σ27 boundaries are observed, of which Σ3 and Σ7 also exist as traditional mirror-symmetry conserving boundary structures. These results are supported by previous observations of similar phenomena in other bcc transition metal Σ5 boundaries. Metastable low energy Σ3 boundary structures in tantalum could influence the formation and stability of deformation twins and abnormal growth grain favoring Σ3 boundaries.
In Vitro Inhibition of Cell Growth, Collagen Synthesis, and Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity by Triamcinolone Acetonide

SummaryThe effects of triamcinolone acetonide on fibroblasts isolated from normal dermis and keloids were tested by measuring cell division, DNA content, collagen synthesis, and prolyl hydroxylase activity following steroid treatment. In the present study, the DNA content and cell division of normal fibroblasts were inhibited by 50 μg/ml steroid to a greater extent than keloid fibroblasts. Collagen synthesis was inhibited by triamcinolone acetonide in a similar, dose-dependent manner in both keloid-derived and normal skin fibroblasts. Although triamcinolone acetonide decreased prolyl hydroxylase in all cultures, this inhibition did not correlate with the steroid-induced inhibition of collagen synthesis. In addition, triamcinolone acetonide increased the specific activity of radioactive proline in the amino acid cell pool 37–38% in all cultures. Triamcinolone acetonide enhanced TCA-soluble, [14C]hydroxyproline production in both cell types, suggesting that collagen degradation was increased by this cortico...
Liberation of hydrofluoric acid by enzymatic hydrolysis of dialkyl fluorophosphates.

SummaryEvidence has been presented to show that hog kidney dialkyl-fluorophosphatase (DFPase) liberates 1 mole of hydrofluoric acid and 1 mole of dialkyl phosphoric acid in the enzymatic hydrolysis of a mole of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, diethyl fluoro-phosphate or dibutyl fluorophosphate.
MORTENSENENUS MINUS, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF CORONIDID STOMATOPOD FROM MAURITIUS

Mortensenenus minus, new genus, new species, is described from a specimen collected by Th. Mortensen at Mauritius. This distinctive new genus, the fifth to be recognized in the Coronididae, resembles Coronida Brooks, 1886, and Neocoronida Manning, 1976, in having 4 teeth on the dactylus of the claw, but differs from these genera in lacking dorsal spines or stellate tubercles on the sixth abdominal somite and telson. It differs from Parvisquilla Manning, 1973, in being much larger and in having a mandibular palp, 5 epipods, and a rostral plate that extends beyond the antennular somite, and from Acoridon Adkison, Heard, and Hopkins, 1983, in lacking a subapical ventral projection on the rostral plate and in having 4 rather than 5 teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw. Among the extensive collections of stomatopods made by Th. Mortensen and housed in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, is an undescribed species that represents a new genus ofcoronidid. It is named here for Mortensen. The type has been deposited in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Mortensenenus, new genus
34 WITNESSING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV) AS A CHILD DOES NOT INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF BECOMING AN ADULT AN ADULT VICTIM OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE.

Objective Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration has been associated with alcohol, drug use, and witnessing IPV as a child. Associations between being a child witness and being an IPV victim are not well established. The hypothesis of the present study was that child witnesses were different from non-child witnesses in race, education, gender, insurance, children in the home, marital status, income, age, and IPV positivity. Methods A confidential touch screen data entry program was used to collect demographic data. The Ongoing Violence Assessment Tool (OVAT), a validated screen of ongoing IPV, was used during a prospective study that used randomized 4-hour shifts in an academic ED. Randomized 4-hour shifts were determined via a random numbers table. Subjects were given an informational consent form before participation, following IRB procedure. Trained research associates approached potential subjects during shifts to enter the study. The power of the study was 80% to show a difference of 20% between groups, with a total of 260 patients entered and 20% positive for IPV. Results 280 subjects were entered in the study. Subjects were 50% male; 46% were Hispanic and 36% were Caucasian. Seventy-two (26%) subjects were child witnesses and 208 (74%) were non-child witnesses. Overall, 63 (23.5%) were positive for ongoing IPV. By univariate analysis there was no significant correlation of child witnessing of IPV with race, education, gender, insurance, children in the home, or marital status. Child witnesses were also not more likely to drink, use drugs, or have spouses who drink or use drugs. Correlation of child witnessing with IPV positivity (p = .07) was borderline in that 23 of 74 (32%) of the child witnesses and 39 of 184 (21%) of the non-child witnesses were positive for IPV. Significant correlations with child witnessing included age less than 40 (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.7-8.9), income less than $20,000/year (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.8-14.7), and abuse as a child (OR 9.8; 95% CI 4.6-20.7). Conclusions Child witnesses were more likely to have lower income, be younger, and have been abused as a child. They were not more likely to be positive for ongoing IPV, although there was a trend in that direction.
Analysis on HIV/AIDS Sentinel Surveillance in Wuxi City in 2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemical characteristics,tendency and risk factors of AIDS in Wuxi,provide the information for HIV control strategies and intervention measures.[Methods]According to the requirements of National Implementation Scheme for HIV Sentinel Surveillance,the questionnaire survey and serological detection were conducted in drug users,men who have sex with men(MSM),unlicensed prostitutes,whoremaster,male STD outpatients,pregnant women and floating population.[Results]A total of 2 964 people were surveyed in 2010,and the positive rate of HIV,syphilis and HCV was 1.6%,5.8% and 7.1%,respectively.The positive rate of HIV and syphilis in MSM was 13.9% and 25.5% respectively,and that in male STD outpatients was 2.5% and 9.3% respectively.The positive rate of syphilis in unlicensed prostitutes was 4.6%,and positive rate of HCV in drug users was 55.0%.The total awareness rate of AIDS knowledge reached 84.7%,but most of them had unsafe sex behaviors.[Conclusion]HIV epidemic was found in high-risk populations which include MSM and male STD outpatients,and there existed various risk factors associated with HIV and STDs transmission.It is urgent to improve the education and interventions of HIV and STDs prevention,so as to reduce the transmission speed of HIV and STDs in Wuxi.
Experimental Investigation on Spray Characteristics from Superheated Liquid Jets under Low Pressure

Experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of superheat degree,aviation kerosene injection pressure and spray nozzle geometry on spray form and Sauter Mean diameter(SMD) by the ejection of aviation kerosene into a vacuum chamber through long nozzles using a high-speed camera and laser particle size analyzer.Kerosene bubble point temperature under different ambient pressure was measured and the empirical correlation between kerosene bubble point temperature and ambient pressure was developed by fitting data.And then,a series of SMD and spraying pictures were obtained by spray experiments under different conditions.The results show that atomization could be improved by increasing superheat degree and injection pressure or decreasing the ratio between nozzle length and diameter remarkably.
A review of the application of contingent valuation method in public health research

The contingent valuation method(CVM) is a cut-edge methodology in the economic evaluation.This article reviews its application and perspective in the public health science.From the fundamental theory of the economic evaluation,this article reviews the contemporary literatures,application feasibility in the public health field,validity and reliability restricting factors in our country,and perspective in the public health science and further research focus of the method application of CVM in terms of advantage and shortcoming.CVM is few used in public health science in China at present.We should further expand its application in public health in suitable range,solve its measurement difficulties,define clearly its evaluation product or service for public health,which aims to provide policymakers with the necessary reference information.
Performance Over Promises

Globally, stories of environmental health efforts are filled with good intentions and broken promises. Linking payments directly to long term social and environmental change can in some cases provide a solution. Pay for performance is now being used in a wide range of interventions and programs, but the potential of this approach is only beginning to be understood in the social sector. We explore theories that underlie pay for performance and lay the groundwork for understanding why and how this approach works. We then describe our Intent-to-Impact cycle—a four-stage model of Intent, Interventions, Evidence, and Pay for Performance that closes the loop between good intentions and impacts delivered. The challenge now is to use knowledge from this cycle to identify, explore, and learn from funding approaches that have and have not worked in important fields within the sector.
Verrucous Carcinoma of the Penis

We reviewed 13 cases of verrucous carcinoma, accounting for 5 per cent of the penile cancers seen during a 25-year interval. Although the typical verrucous pattern predominated minute foci of invasive squamous carcinoma were identified in 3 patients. All patients were followed for at least 6 years and none has died of the malignancy. Wide surgical excision, usually requiring partial or total penectomy, is the treatment of choice.