cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safe Use of Radioisotopes

The use of radioisotopes to label specific molecules in a defined way has greatly furthered the discovery and dissection of biochemical pathways. The development of methods to synthesize such tagged biological compounds inexpensively on an industrial scale has enabled them to be used routinely in laboratory protocols, including many detailed in this manual. Although most of these protocols involve the use of only microcurie amounts of radioactivity, some (particularly those describing the metabolic labeling of proteins or nucleic acids within cells) require amounts on the order of millicuries. In all cases where radioisotopes are used, depending on the quantity and nature of the isotope, certain precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of the scientist. It is essential to use good safety practices and proper protection to handle radioactive substances. This unit discusses handling, storage, and disposal of the isotopes most frequently used in biological research.
Halogenated Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene Building Blocks: Elaboration of the Dibromoenone

We have been interested in exploiting the highly functionalized oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadienes that are produced by the cycloaddition of furan and tetrabromocyclopropene as synthetic building blocks. As part of this program, we have prepared non-racemic derivatives of these adducts containing an α,β-dibromoenone moiety embedded in the bicyclic framework. Elaboration of this unit has been realized through substitution and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Formation of bicyclodecenes has also been accomplished by a chromium-nickel-mediated ring closure. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
String Cosmology: A Review

We give an overview of the status of string cosmology. We explain the motivation for the subject, outline the main problems, and assess some of the proposed solutions. Our focus is on those aspects of cosmology that benefit from the structure of an ultraviolet-complete theory.
Microindentation‐Induced Transformation in 3.5‐mol%‐Yttria‐Partially‐Stabilized Zirconia Single Crystals

The temperature dependence of the Vickers microhardness was studied in 3.4-mol%-Y2O3-partially-stabilized ZrO2 (Y-PSZ) single crystals up to 1000°C; the samples had previously been annealed at 1600°C for 150 h to develop “colony” precipitates of tetragonal ZrO2 in the cubic ZrO2 matrix. Indentation caused extensive stress-induced martensitic transformation of the colony precipitates to monoclinic symmetry in zones which extended in extreme cases up to several hundred micrometers from the indent. For indents made at 500°C and above, the Md and Mf temperatures are 450° and 310°C, respectively; As is ∼600°C (Md is the temperature of initial transformation (the “martensite start temperature”) in deformed samples; Mf is the temperature at which the final transformation occurs; As is the temperature at which the reverse (monoclinic → tetragonal) transformation begins). However, extensive transformation zones are also found for indents made at 200°, 300°, and 400°C. The dislocation density introduced during indentation is responsible for nucleating the transformation in a zone adjacent to the indent. However, the transformation zone extends further than the plastic zone around the indent, indicating extensive autocatalytic transformation. Transformation within the zone appeared to occur in individual plates with {110} habit planes. The plate dimensions (∼100 μm ×∼175 μm ×∼10 μm) are large compared to the size of the colony precipitates (∼2 μm in maximum dimension).
A "Self-Pinning" Adhesive Based on Responsive Surface Wrinkles

Surface wrinkles are interesting since they form spontaneously into well-defined patterns. The mechanism of formation is well-studied and is associated with the development of a critical compressive stress that induces the elastic instability. In this work, we demonstrate surface wrinkles that dynamically change in response to a stimulus can improve interfacial adhesion with a hydrogel surface through the dynamic evolution of the wrinkle morphology. We observe that this control is related to the local pinning of the crack separation pathway facilitated by the surface wrinkles during debonding, which is dependent on the contact time with the hydrogel.
Automated carbohydrate synthesis to drive chemical glycomics

This feature article describes the development of the first automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesizer. A series of chemical challenges had to be addressed to accomplish this breakthrough and provide rapid access to oligosaccharides of biological significance. Accelerated synthesis of glycoconjugates promises to greatly impact the emerging field of glycobiology. Chemical glycomics uses synthetic carbohydrates and analogs to study their role in recognition, signal transduction pathways and other events of fundamental biomedical significance and shapes up to become the next major wave in biomedical research. The automated synthesis of a novel malaria vaccine candidate is discussed to illustrate the medical potential of chemical glycomics.
‘Disabling’ the museum: Curator as infrastructural activist

ABSTRACTThis article will explore how I attempt to ‘disable’ the museum through my infrastructural curatorial practice, which is the basis for my scholarly research and writing. By infusing my curatorial projects with critical reflection and theoretical development, I hope to begin this process of building a new vocabulary and methodology around curating disability and access. Specifically, I will focus on the exhibitions and related projects I have initiated and organized in the past three years to demonstrate a number of critical issues surrounding ‘curating disability’. These issues include incorporating discursive programming, establishing access as a creative methodology, taking a sensitive approach towards curating complex attitudes about disability and language, and maintaining sustained engagement with the ethics and practicalities of curating disability-related subject matter. I argue that part of the decolonizing work of disability studies is for curators to start practicing these curatorial str...
Transfer Pricing and Strategic Taxation of Globally Joint Inputs

This paper models strategic taxation policy of home and host governments when a multinational enterprise sets transfer prices on globally joint inputs such as research and development. Tax credit and deduction allowances, as well as no taxation of foreign-earned profits, result in identical optimal transfer-price solutions and national income effects in both countries. An equilibrium home-tax solution is to tax foreign-earned profits at a higher rate than domestically earned profits. The multiantional responds by shifting profits abroad through transfer-pricing mechanisms.
A graph polynomial for independent sets of bipartite graphs

We introduce a new graph polynomial that encodes interesting properties of graphs, for example, the number of matchings, the number of perfect matchings, and, for bipartite graphs, the number of independent sets (#BIS). We analyse the complexity of exact evaluation of the polynomial at rational points and show a dichotomy result: for most points exact evaluation is #P-hard (assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis) and for the rest of the points exact evaluation is trivial.
Performance of ARQ with Sequential Decoding Over One-Hop and Two-Hop Radio Links

The stop-and-wait ARQ protocol with convolutional code and sequential decoding is considered. The channel throughput and optimum time-out before retransmission are obtained and the effects of the link parameters discussed. The results are extended to a twohop radio link, where a repeater receives the source's data and forwards them on the same radio channel to the destination. The ARQ protocols for the source and the repeater are discussed and a method presented for choosing the optimum time-out intervals for both.
A unified view of surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

In the late 1970s, signal intensity in Raman spectroscopy was found to be enormously enhanced, by a factor of 106 and more recently by as much as 1014, when an analyte was placed in the vicinity of a metal nanoparticle (particularly Ag). The underlying source of this huge increase in signal in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has since been characterized by considerable controversy. Three possible contributions to the enhancement factor have been identified: (i) the surface plasmon resonance in the metal nanoparticle, (ii) a charge-transfer resonance involving transfer of electrons between the molecule and the conduction band of the metal, and (iii) resonances within the molecule itself. These three components are often treated as independently contributing to the overall effect, with the implication that by properly choosing the experimental parameters, one or more can be ignored. Although varying experimental conditions can influence the relative degree to which each resonance influ...
Concordance and predictive value of two adverse drug event data sets

Accurate prediction of adverse drug events (ADEs) is an important means of controlling and reducing drug-related morbidity and mortality. Since no single “gold standard” ADE data set exists, a range of different drug safety data sets are currently used for developing ADE prediction models. There is a critical need to assess the degree of concordance between these various ADE data sets and to validate ADE prediction models against multiple reference standards. We systematically evaluated the concordance of two widely used ADE data sets – Lexi-comp from 2010 and SIDER from 2012. The strength of the association between ADE (drug) counts in Lexi-comp and SIDER was assessed using Spearman rank correlation, while the differences between the two data sets were characterized in terms of drug categories, ADE categories and ADE frequencies. We also performed a comparative validation of the Predictive Pharmacosafety Networks (PPN) model using both ADE data sets. The predictive power of PPN using each of the two validation sets was assessed using the area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC). The correlations between the counts of ADEs and drugs in the two data sets were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82-0.86) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.91-0.93), respectively. Relative to an earlier snapshot of Lexi-comp from 2005, Lexi-comp 2010 and SIDER 2012 introduced a mean of 1,973 and 4,810 new drug-ADE associations per year, respectively. The difference between these two data sets was most pronounced for Nervous System and Anti-infective drugs, Gastrointestinal and Nervous System ADEs, and postmarketing ADEs. A minor difference of 1.1% was found in the AUROC of PPN when SIDER 2012 was used for validation instead of Lexi-comp 2010. In conclusion, the ADE and drug counts in Lexi-comp and SIDER data sets were highly correlated and the choice of validation set did not greatly affect the overall prediction performance of PPN. Our results also suggest that it is important to be aware of the differences that exist among ADE data sets, especially in modeling applications focused on specific drug and ADE categories.
Phase separation and crystallisation of polydisperse hard spheres

Hard spheres with a polydispersity above approximately 8% are shown to crystallise into two phase-separated solid phases. A polydispersity above 8% is too large to be tolerated by a single solid phase but phase separation produces two fractions with polydispersities sufficiently narrow to allow them to crystallise. It may not be possible to observe this in experiment due to the intervention of a glass transition.
CONSUMER MISTAKES IN BERTRAND GAMES

The identical agent, identical good Bertrand game is associated with prices at marginal cost — the Bertrand Paradox. If consumers make occasional mistakes I show that the standard Bertrand game gives rise to positive profits and prices above marginal cost. Some firms charge low prices to capture the bulk of the sales while others charge high prices selling to mistaken consumers. Furthermore, with free entry the Diamond Paradox arises; a full measure of the firms choose the monopoly price. As a result, the Diamond Paradox arises in an environment with zero search costs by replacing searching costs with searching errors.
Hierarchical classification: its usefulness for diagnosis and sensor validation

The concept of the generic task, one of a small set of ubiquitous cognitive tasks that together account for some part of human cognition, is examined. In particular, how hierarchical classification is one such generic task and how it is useful for diagnosis is shown. It is also shown that a diagnosis system based on hierarchical classification naturally lends itself to solving a number of issues traditionally associated with sensor validation is examined. >
Tacit Collusion in Capacity Investment: The Role of Capacity Exchanges

In many capacity-intensive industries (e.g. electricity, band- width), exchanges allow firms to buy and sell wholesale capacity before sell- ing on the retail market. This allows firms to smooth demand shocks, but it also raises suspicions that exchanges facilitate tacit collusion to limit capac- ity investment. This paper models investment and exchange in a one-shot game and in a repeated game with tacit collusion. It finds that the presence of the exchange does not reduce total capacity investment, and thus does not raise consumer prices. In fact, the exchange may make it more dicult to sustain tacit collusion.
Cooperation and conflict : Evidence on self- enforcing arrangements and heterogeneous groups

A conventional wisdom in the literature contends that without a system of formal enforcement, heterogeneous groups are unable to peacefully interact for mutual benefit and are prone to erup- tions of violent conflict. This article maintains that the amount of such conflict has been dramatically overstated and the occurrence of peace- ful interaction dramatically understated. The common view reverses the empirical reality of the world. Historical evidence indicates that where formal institutions are absent, heterogeneous individuals signal credibility to one another by engaging in shared customs and prac- tices, enabling peaceful intergroup exchange. This evidence chal- lenges prevailing beliefs and suggests that peaceful cooperation characterizes most heterogeneous group interaction.
A Qualitative Linear Utility Theory for Spohn's Theory of Epistemic Beliefs

In this paper, we formulate a qualitative "linear" utility theory for lotteries in which uncertainty is expressed qualitatively using a Spohnian disbelief function. We argue that a rational decision maker facing an uncertain decision problem in which the uncertainty is expressed qualitatively should behave so as to maximize "qualitative expected utility." Our axiomatization of the qualitative utility is similar to the axiomatization developed by von Neumann and Morgenstern for probabilistic lotteries. We compare our results with other recent results in qualitative decision making.
A wideband monolithic submillimeter-wave quasi-optical power meter

A novel monolithic power meter has been developed for submillimeter-wave applications (100 GHz to 10 THz). The detector is a 4-mm*4-mm bismuth bolometer integrated on a 1.2- mu m-thick dielectric membrane. This approach results in a wideband high-responsivity detector. The power meter is simple to fabricate, inexpensive, and can be easily calibrated using a low-frequency network. Quasi-optical measurements at 185 GHz show that the bolometer is polarization independent, acts as a Lambertian surface, and could be modeled by a simple transmission line model. The measured low-frequency responsivity for a 70- Omega bolometer, at a bias of 1 V and a video modulation of 300 Hz, is around 1 V/W. The NEP of the detector is around 3 nWHz/sup -1/2/. Potential application areas are antenna coupling efficiency measurements and absolute power measurements at submillimeter wavelengths. >
Flavored dark matter and R-parity violation

Minimal Flavor Violation offers an alternative symmetry rationale to R-parity conservation for the suppression of proton decay in supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model. The naturalness of such theories is generically under less tension from LHC searches than R-parity conserving models. The flavor symmetry can also guarantee the stability of dark matter if it carries flavor quantum numbers. We outline general features of supersymmetric flavored dark matter (SFDM) models within the framework of MFV SUSY. A simple model of top flavored dark matter is presented. If the dark matter is a thermal relic, then nearly the entire parameter space of the model is testable by upcoming direct detection and LHC searches.
Invariance in property testing

Property testing considers the task of testing rapidly (in particular, with very few samples into the data), if some massive data satisfies some given property, or is far from satisfying the property. For "global properties", i.e., properties that really depend somewhat on every piece of the data, one could ask how it can be tested by so few samples? We suggest that for "natural" properties, this should happen because the property is invariant under "nice" set of "relabellings" of the data. We refer to this set of relabellings as the "invariance class" of the property and advocate explicit identification of the invariance class of locally testable properties. Our hope is the explicit knowledge of the invariance class may lead to more general, broader, results. After pointing out the invariance classes associated with some the basic classes of testable properties, we focus on "algebraic properties" which seem to be characterized by the fact that the properties are themselves vector spaces, while their domains are also vector spaces and the properties are invariant under affine transformations of the domain. We survey recent results (obtained with Tali Kaufman, Elena Grigorescu and Eli Ben-Sasson) that give broad conditions that are sufficient for local testability among this class of properties, and some structural theorems that attempt to describe which properties exhibit the sufficient conditions.
Universally optimal privacy mechanisms for minimax agents

A scheme that publishes aggregate information about sensitive data must resolve the trade-off between utility to information consumers and privacy of the database participants. Differential privacy [5] is a well-established definition of privacy--this is a universal guarantee against all attackers, whatever their side-information or intent. Can we have a similar universal guarantee for utility?There are two standard models of utility considered in decision theory: Bayesian and minimax [13]. Ghosh et. al. [8] show that a certain "geometric mechanism" gives optimal utility to all Bayesian information consumers. In this paper, we prove a similar result for minimax information consumers. Our result also works for a wider class of information consumers which includes Bayesian information consumers and subsumes the result from [8].We model information consumers as minimax (risk-averse) agents, each endowed with a loss-function which models their tolerance to inaccuracies and each possessing some side-information about the query. Further, information consumers are rational in the sense that they actively combine information from the mechanism with their side-information in a way that minimizes their loss. Under this assumption of rational behavior, we show that for every fixed count query, the geometric mechanism is universally optimal for all minimax information consumers.Additionally, our solution makes it possible to release query results, when information consumers are at different levels of privacy, in a collusion-resistant manner.
Control of a Quadrotor Vehicle Using Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer

This paper uses the recently developed sliding mode control driven by sliding mode disturbance observer approach to design a robust flight controller for a small quadrotor vehicle. This technique allows for continuous control robust to external disturbance and model uncertainties to be computed without the use of high control gain or extensive computational power. The multiple-loop, multiple time-scale flight controller is designed to provide robust position and attitude control of the vehicle while relying only on knowledge of the limits of the disturbances. Extensive simulations of a 6 DOF computer model demonstrate the robustness of the control when faced with external disturbances (including wind, collision and actuator failure) as well as model uncertainties.
Parameter-Free Structure−Property Correlation via Progressive Reaction Posets for Substituted Benzenes

Progressive reaction networks as frequently arise in chemistry are naturally identifiable as "partially ordered sets" (or posets). Here the direction of the reaction identifies the partial ordering of the set of molecular species. The possibility that different properties are similarly ordered is a further natural consideration and is here investigated for a suite of over 30 properties for (methyl and chloro) substituted benzenes. Such a posetic correlation is favorably demonstrated for these substituted benzenes, and it is illustrated how suitable properties may be simply predicted in an interpolative parameter-free (albeit not model-free) fashion through the use of the reaction poset. Some numerical model-quality indicators are identified, and the simple approach is deemed quite reasonable.
Building Molecules with Carbon Monoxide Reductive Coupling

A new reaction can generate complex organic molecules from carbon monoxide. This method for creating organic materials could provide fuel and chemicals that do not depend on our dwindling petroleum supply.
Oblivious signature-based envelope

We propose a new cryptographic primitive called oblivious signature-based envelope (OSBE). Informally, an OSBE scheme enables a sender to send an envelope (encrypted message) to a receiver, and has the following two properties: (1) The receiver can open the envelope if and only if it has a third party's (e.g., a certification authority's) signature on an agreed-upon message. (2) The sender does not learn whether the receiver has the signature or not. We show that OSBE can be used to break policy cycles in automated trust negotiation (ATN) and to achieve oblivious access control.We develop a provably secure and efficient OSBE protocol for certificates signed using RSA signatures, as well as provably secure and efficient one-round OSBE protocols for Rabin and BLS signatures from recent constructions for identity-based encryption. We also present constructions for Generalized OSBE, where signatures on multiple messages (and possibly by different authorities) are required to open the enve ope.
Reuse and protection of intellectual property in the SpecC system

In system-level design, the key to cope with the complexities involved with System-on-Chip (SOC) designs, is the reuse of Intellectual Property (IF). With the increasing demand for IF, the mechanism to protect an IP component from being copied, modified, or reverse-engineered, becomes very important. This paper describes how reuse and protection of IP is supported by the SpecC language and the SpecC design environment.
Least-squares migration in the presence of velocity errors

ABSTRACTSeismic migration requires an accurate background velocity model that correctly predicts the kinematics of wave propagation in the true subsurface. Least-squares migration, which seeks the inverse rather than the adjoint of a forward modeling operator, is especially sensitive to errors in this background model. This can result in traveltime differences between predicted and observed data that lead to incoherent and defocused migration images. We have developed an alternative misfit function for use in least-squares migration that measures amplitude differences between predicted and observed data, i.e., differences after correcting for nonzero traveltime shifts between predicted and observed data. We demonstrated on synthetic and field data that, when the background velocity model is incorrect, the use of this misfit function results in better focused migration images. Results suggest that our method best enhances image focusing when differences between predicted and observed data can be explained ...
The encoding complexity of network coding

In the multicast network coding problem, a source s needs to deliver h packets to a set of k terminals over an underlying communication network G. The nodes of the multicast network can be broadly categorized into two groups. The first group includes encoding nodes, i.e., nodes that generate new packets by combining data received from two or more incoming links. The second group includes forwarding nodes that can only duplicate and forward the incoming packets. Encoding nodes are, in general, more expensive due to the need to equip them with encoding capabilities. In addition, encoding nodes incur delay and increase the overall complexity of the network. Accordingly, in this paper, we study the design of multicast coding networks with a limited number of encoding nodes. We prove that in a directed acyclic coding network, the number of encoding nodes required to achieve the capacity of the network is bounded by h/sup 3/k/sup 2/. Namely, we present (efficiently constructible) network codes that achieve capacity in which the total number of encoding nodes is independent of the size of the network and is bounded by h/sup 3/k/sup 2/. We show that the number of encoding nodes may depend both on h and k by presenting acyclic coding networks that require /spl Omega/(h/sup 2/k) encoding nodes. In the general case of coding networks with cycles, we show that the number of encoding nodes is limited by the size of the minimum feedback link set, i.e., the minimum number of links that must be removed from the network in order to eliminate cycles. We prove that the number of encoding nodes is bounded by (2B+1)h/sup 3/k/sup 2/, where B is the minimum size of a feedback link set. Finally, we observe that determining or even crudely approximating the minimum number of required encoding nodes is an /spl Nscr/P-hard problem.
Everybody Out of the Pool: Products Liability, Punitive Damages, and Competition

We examine how punitive damages and competitive forces generate equilibria which reveal the safety of a product. We model the monopoly (duopoly) provision of a product whose safety is unobservable to consumers prior to purchase, but its known by the firm(s) and can be signaled via the product's price and safety claims. Consumers' likelihood of purchase is based on the price and claim combination(s) they observe, thereby reducing the incentive for mimicry of the safer product by the less safe one. Nevertheless, absent punitive damages, there is a broad portion of the parameter space wherein no revealing equilibria exist. We characterize the minimal punitive damages necessary to ensure revelation; moreover, we find that competition reduces the minimal level of punitive damages. Competition and punitive damages are complementary in that they jointly make consumer choice more effective by creating conditions under which revealing equilibria can exist. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
A trimodal system for the acquisition of synchronous echocardiography, electrocardiography, and seismocardiography data

A novel system was developed to acquire synchronous echocardiography, electrocardiography (EKG), and seismocardiography (SCG) data. The system was developed to facilitate the study of the relationship between the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the heart. The system has both a hardware and software component. The hardware component consists of an application-specific device designed and built to acquire both SCG and EKG signals simultaneously. The software component consists of a package developed to record and synchronize data from both the device and a clinical ultrasound machine. A feasibility test was performed by simultaneous acquisition of a synchronous dataset from a human subject.
Theories and Research That Support Art Instruction for Instrumental Outcomes

(1993). Theories and research that support art instruction for instrumental outcomes. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 32, Using the Arts to Inform Teaching, pp. 191-198.
The doubly excited autoionizing states of H2

Neutral doubly excited states of H2 lie in the Franck-Condon region at energies beyound 23 eV above the ground state of H2. These repulsive resonance states may autoionize yielding H2(+) + e(-), H + H(+) + e(-) or dissociate to neutral ground and excited H atoms or H(+) + H(-). These processes are important in determining the thermal balance of interstellar clouds and the chemistry of the Jovian atmosphere. The present investigation is concerned with ab initio calculations of 24 autoionizing states of H2 which have mostly the 2 Sigma u + and first excited 2 Pi u states of H2(+) as the core orbital near R = 1. 4a(0). Of the 24 states reported, 14 have not appeared previously in the literature. For four of the remaining ten states an energy at only a single internuclear distance has been previously reported.
Race and Sex Differences in Response to Endothelin Receptor Antagonists for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background Recently studied therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have improved outcomes among populations of patients, but little is known about which patients are most likely to respond to specific treatments. Differences in endothelin-1 biology between sexes and between whites and blacks may lead to differences in patients' responses to treatment with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). Methods We conducted pooled analyses of deidentified, patient-level data from six randomized placebo-controlled trials of ERAs submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration to elucidate heterogeneity in treatment response. We estimated the interaction between treatment assignment (ERA vs placebo) and sex and between treatment and white or black race in terms of the change in 6-min walk distance from baseline to 12 weeks. Results Trials included 1,130 participants with a mean age of 49 years; 21% were men, 74% were white, and 6% were black. The placebo-adjusted response to ERAs was 29.7 m (95% CI, 3.7-55.7 m) greater in women than in men ( P = .03). The placebo-adjusted response was 42.2 m for whites and −1.4 m for blacks, a difference of 43.6 m (95% CI, −3.5-90.7 m) ( P = .07). Similar results were found in sensitivity analyses and in secondary analyses using the outcome of absolute distance walked. Conclusions Women with PAH obtain greater responses to ERAs than do men, and whites may experience a greater treatment benefit than do blacks. This heterogeneity in treatment-response may reflect pathophysiologic differences between sexes and races or distinct disease phenotypes.
Sticky-price models of the business cycle: Specification and stability

Abstract This paper focuses on the specification and stability of a dynamic, stochastic, general equilibrium model of the American business cycle with sticky prices. Maximum likelihood estimates reveal that the data prefer a version of the model in which adjustment costs apply to the price level but not to the inflation rate. Formal hypothesis tests detect instability in the estimated parameters, particularly in estimates of the representative household's discount factor. Evidently, more detailed descriptions of the economy are needed to explain movements in interest rates before and after 1979.
Bipartite Networks Show the Genotype-to-Phenotype Relationship in Biological Systems Models: A Study of the Robustness, Evolvability, and Accessibility in Linear Cellular Automata

In biological organisms, a single genotype may map to several phenotypes and vice-versa. This many-to-many relationship is believed to be a major drive of the phenotypic robustness and genotypic evolvability found in all life forms. Given the inherent complexity of the genotype-to-phenotype (G2P) mappings, we use cellular automata (CAs) as rudimentary proxies for biological organisms. CA models have the same many-to-many G2P mappings, and their sensitivity to initial conditions allows the same genotype to differentiate into different phenotypes. We use a bipartite network to study the G2P landscape, and its projections in either space. The degree distributions of the network and its projections are all heavy-tailed, denoting the presence of highly connected hubs, implying that increased robustness is supported by the network structure. We also show a strong correlation between the phenotype’s complexity and its robustness. We analyze the relationships between the robustness and the evolvability both at the genotypic and phenotypic level. Although we use different computational models, our results agree with those of previous similar studies, and with observations in biological organisms.
Understanding the self-interaction of charged particles

Nonlinear integro-differential equations are developed in a straightforward manner which include the self-interaction of charged particles in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The nonlinear terms which are due to the self-interactions can be arbitrarily small for some solutions and it is argued that these are the only solutions encountered in Nature. These nonlinear terms, although arbitrarily small, make the system of equations unstable and correctly account for the spontaneous emission of radiation.
The Impact of International Labor Standards: A Survey of Economic Theory

The main question guiding this study is whether international labor standards will benefit the poor, in particular, developing countries and the poor in those countries. We survey the theoretical literature on international labor standards, and give an overview of the analytical framework and main arguments provided in this literature. Among the situations in which a case for labor standards may arise are imperfections in labor markets, market power effects in international trade, and concerns that consumers, or individuals in general, may have about the working conditions or rights that other individuals enjoy. We emphasize the importance of making clear the value judgments being used, and discuss the different institutional issues that may arise in considering the implementation of labor standards. In general, while there are contexts in which promoting labor standards through some form of collective action is beneficial, we argue that such policies ought to be incorporated into a broader perspective on well-being, and a package of policies that can promote the well-being of the poor.
Weak Lensing: Prospects for Measuring Cosmological Parameters

Weak lensing of galaxies by large-scale structure can potentially measure cosmological quantities as accurately as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). However, the relation between observables and fundamental parameters is more complex and degenerate, especially in the full space of adiabatic cold dark matter models considered here. We introduce a Fisher matrix analysis of the information contained in weak-lensing surveys to address these issues and provide a simple means of estimating how survey properties and source redshift uncertainties affect parameter measurement. We find that surveys on degree scales and above can improve the accuracy on parameters that affect the growth rate of structure by up to an order of magnitude compared to using the CMB alone, even if the characteristic redshift of the sources must be determined from the data itself. Surprisingly, both sparse sampling and increasing the source redshift can weaken the cosmological constraints.
Farmer Behavior under Risk of Failure

CUDARi c DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMI~ .----- DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES L UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA; ~Ut;) , WORKINGPAPERNO.488 j Re.v. FARMER BEHAVIOR UNDER RISK OF FAILURE by William E. Foster and Gordon C. Hausser GIANNINI FOUNDATION OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ueRARY ··cr..:, California Agricultural Experiment Station Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics October 1990
Manipulating nonlinear optical response from electron spins in a 2D electron gas via exciton injection

Using a two-color, three-pulse differential transmission technique, we manipulate nonlinear optical processes of electron spins in a modulation-doped CdTe quantum well through exciton injection. The spin manipulation takes place without optical spin rotation.
Micro-fluidic photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser

The first monolithic micro-fluidic photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), wherein the horizontal and vertical micro-fluidic channels lie within the VCSEL, is reported. The micro-fluidic photonic crystal VCSEL is created with two principal steps after fabrication of the VCSEL. The first step is integrating the two-dimensional photonic crystal with the VCSEL structure. The photonic crystal creates singlemode operation, and acts as the vertical micro-channels. After creating the photonic crystal pattern in the VCSEL, the oxide layer is selectively wet etched to form the horizontal channel. Preliminary results obtained from the introduction of fluid into the micro-channels are presented.
Review: Modified Atmosphere Packaging and its effects on the microbiological quality and safety of produce

Modified Atmosphere Packaging and related technologies are increasingly used to extend shelf-life of fresh produce. This paper reviews the effect of such technology on the spoilage microbiological flora and food-borne pathogens which may be present in produce and also on the organoleptic properties of the product.
Symmetry versus Minimal Pentagonal Adjacencies in Uranium‐Based Polyoxometalate Fullerene Topologies

C U soon: Clusters containing 60, 44, and 36 uranyl peroxide hydroxide polyhedra (see picture) adopt fullerene topologies of maximum symmetry. The largest of these, denoted U60, is topologically identical to C(60) with no pentagonal adjacencies and the highest possible symmetry. U44 adopts the topology with maximum symmetry rather than that with the lowest number of pentagonal adjacencies.
An Accurate Distance to High-Velocity Cloud Complex C

We report an accurate distance of -->d = 10 ? 2.5 kpc to the high-velocity cloud Complex C. Using high signal-to-noise ratio Keck HIRES spectra of two horizontal-branch stars, we have detected Ca II K absorption lines from the cloud. Significant nondetections toward a further three stars yield robust lower distance limits. The resulting H I mass of Complex C is -->MH I = 4.9+2.9?2.2 ? 106 M?; a total mass of -->Mtot = 8.2+ 4.6?2.6 ? 106 M? is implied, after corrections for helium and ionization. At 10 kpc, Complex C has physical dimensions -->3 ? 15 kpc, and if it is as thick as it is wide, then the average density is -->log n ?2.5. We estimate the contribution of Complex C to the mass influx may be as high as ~0.14 M? yr?1.
Hangman salen platforms containing two xanthene scaffolds.

A synthetic strategy for the construction of chiral salen ligands bearing two rigid xanthene spacers functionalized with carboxylic acid and ester groups is presented. Suzuki cross-coupling methodology is used to furnish the appropriately functionalized xanthene spacers to a salicyladehyde, which is subsequently condensed with (1R,2R)-(−)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane to produce salen ligands featuring an expandable molecular cleft capable of multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions in addition to metallosalen oxidation chemistry. The ability of these “Hangman” platforms to support multielectron chemistry mediated by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is established by their proclivity to promote the catalytic disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water via a high-valent metal oxo. Within this functionalized Hangman framework, the stereochemistry of the cyclohexyl backbone of the salen platform is revealed in the epoxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene by the metal oxo.
The principle of mediocrity

According to the multiverse worldview, the constants of nature vary from one part of the universe to another. In some regions the constants allow for the existence of life, and that is where observers will evolve and those constants will be measured.
Technique for Measuring Stresses Which Occur During Sintering of a Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Composite

A new technique for monitoring stresses during sintering of a ceramic composite has been developed. The stress is measured by means of the heterogeneity stresses that build up in a sandwich compact, which consists of a layer, or plane, ofSiC fibers between two layers of ceramic powder of different thicknesses. Upon sintering, this configuration produces an asymmetric stress field across the thickness of the specimen, which results in the bending of the compact, as characterized by the curvature of the fibers. In situ observations of ihe process provide information about the temperature dependence of stress initiation.
A trace-driven simulation study of dynamic load balancing

A trace-driven simulation study of dynamic load balancing in homogeneous distributed systems supporting broadcasting is presented. Information about job CPU and input/output (I/O) demands collected from production systems is used as input to a simulation model that includes a representative CPU scheduling policy and considers the message exchange and job transfer cost explicitly. Seven load-balancing algorithms are simulated and their performances compared. Load balancing is capable of significantly reducing the mean and standard deviation of job response times, especially under heavy load, and for jobs with high resource demands. Algorithms based on periodic or nonperiodic load information exchange provide similar performance, and, among the periodic policies, the algorithms that use a distinguished agent to collect and distribute load information cut down the overhead and scale better. With initial job placements only, source initiative algorithms were found to perform better than server initiative algorithms. The performances of all hosts, even those originally with light loads, are generally improved by load balancing. >
The intramolecular cycloaddition of azides with ω-chloroalkenes. A facile route to (-)-swainsonine and other indolizidine alkaloids

Abstract A potentially general route to the 1-azabicyclo[n.m.O]alkane skeleton of various alkaloids is embodied in the intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of aliphatic azides with ω-chloroalkenes. Cycloaddition is followed by rearrangement and intramolecular N-alkylation, affording bicyclic iminium ions 1 in one operation. The application of this method to the synthesis of (±)-δ-coniceine 6 , (1S,2R,8aR)-indolizidine-1,2-diol 13 and (−)-swainsonine 15 is described.
Full Polar Cap Cascade Scenario: Gamma-Ray and X-Ray Luminosities from Spin-powered Pulsars

Canonical polar cap cascade models involve curvature radiation (CR) or inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of the primary particles and synchrotron radiation (SR) of the higher generation pairs. Here we modify such a cascade picture to include the ICS of the higher generation pairs. In such a ii full-cascade ˇˇ scenario, not only the perpendicular portion of the energy of the pairs goes to high-energy radiation via SR, but the parallel portion of the energy of the pairs can also contribute to high-energy emission via ICS with the soft thermal photons from either the full neutron star surface or the hot polar cap. The efficiency of converting particleskinetic energy to radiation by ICS is very high if the scatterings occur in the ii resonant ˇˇ regime. As a result, almost 100% of the energy input from the pulsar inner acceler- ators could be converted to high-energy emission. An important output of such a scenario is that the soft tail of the ICS spectrum can naturally result in a nonthermal X-ray component that can contribute to the luminosities observed by ROSAT and ASCA. Here we present an analytic description of such a full polar cap cascade scenario using the recursion relationships between adjacent generations following the approach —rst proposed by Lu et al., but we develop it to be able to delineate the complex full- cascade process. The acceleration model we adopted is the space-chargelimited —ow model proposed by Harding & Muslimov. We present the theoretical predictions of the c-ray luminosities, the thermal and nonthermal X-ray luminosities for the known spin-powered X-ray pulsars (eight of them are also c-ray pulsars) and compare them with the observations from CGRO, ROSAT , and ASCA. We estimate the nonthermal X-ray luminosity by including all the possible ICS branches contributing to a certain energy band and estimate both the full surface and hot polar cap thermal X-ray luminosities by adopting a standard neutron star cooling scenario, and by treating self-consistent polar cap heating in the Harding & Muslimov model, respectively. Our results show that the observed diUerent dependences of the high- energy luminosities on the pulsar spin-down luminosities, i.e., and are well L c P (L sd )1@2 L X D 10~3L sd , reproduced. We found that, for normal pulsars, both the hard (ASCA band) and the soft (ROSAT band) X-ray luminosities are dominated by the nonthermal X-rays of ICS origin, although for some pulsars, thermal components due to either neutron star cooling or polar cap heating can have comparable lumi- nosities so that they are detectable. For the millisecond pulsars, our predicted upper limits of the thermal luminosities due to polar cap heating are usually higher than the ICS-origin nonthermal components if there are no strong multipolar magnetic —eld components near the neutron star surface; thus, the pulsed soft X-rays in the ROSAT band from most of the millisecond pulsars might be of thermal origin. Subject headings: gamma rays: theorypulsars: generalradiation mechanisms: nonthermal ¨ X-rays: stars
Synthesis and Characterization of the Mixed-Valence Diamagnetic Two-Electron-Reduced Isopolytungstate [W10O32]6-. Evidence for an Asymmetric d-Electron Distribution over the Tungsten Sites

The synthesis of the unprotonated two-electron-reduced isopolytungstate [W10O32]6- (2) is reported here. Additionally, full experimental details are given for the acquisition of both high signal-to-noise and integrable natural-abundance 17O NMR spectra of polyoxometalates. Titration of an acetonitrile solution containing 2 with 0.13 M triflic acid is followed by UV−visible/near-IR spectroscopy. The spectra reveal isosbestic points which are consistent with five distinct protonation states, Hx2, where x = 0−4. Similar to a reported mixture of Hx2 species (x = 1−2), 2 is EPR silent over the temperature range 4−300 K and is effectively diamagnetic. The 17O and 183W NMR spectra of 2 both indicate retention of the overall structure and symmetry (D4h) of the oxidized d0 precursor complex [W10O32]4- (1), and both spectra are consistent with delocalization of the two d electrons on the NMR time scale. The relative 17O electric field gradients (efg) between 1 and 2 for the same oxygen site (e.g. Oa(2)/Oa(1) for si...