cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of functional receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide in freshly isolated and cultured gastric muscle cells

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors were characterized in freshly isolated and cultured smooth muscle cells from guinea pig stomach by radioligand binding and by measurement of relaxation in single isolated and cultured cells. 125I-VIP bound to both freshly isolated and cultured muscle cells: binding was rapid, specific, saturable and temperature-dependent, and was inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by VIP, VIP10–28, PHI and secretin, in this order. Competition curves for VIP could be resolved into high- and low-affinity components, yielding similar binding constants in freshly isolated and cultured cells (high-affinity K d 0.11 and 0.22 nM; low-affinity K d 59 and 37 nM; high-affinity binding sites: 1183 and 1021 per cell, representing about 1% of total binding sites). VIP10–28 inhibited 125I-VIP binding completely and acted as potent competitive antagonist of VIP-induced relaxation ( K i 0.5 nM). PHI and secretin, however, inhibited partly 125I-VIP binding: the pattern of inhibition implied that VIP interacts with VIP-preferring receptors that are recognized by PHI and secretin as well as with VIP-specific receptors. The pattern of binding is consistent with recent evidence indicating that VIP activates two signalling pathways, a VIP-specific, nitric oxide/cGMP-dependent pathway and a common cAMP-dependent pathway shared by all three peptides. PHI and secretin were relatively more potent as relaxant agents than as inhibitors of 125I-VIP binding raising the possibility that PHI and secretin could interact additionally with PHI- and secretin-preferring receptors in mediating relaxation.
Lifelong Lessons: A Conversation With Students of Medicine

From Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY. Founding Chairman Emeritus, Department of Radiology; Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Radiology and Medicine; Founding Editorin-Chief Emeritus, Abdominal Imaging, East Setauket, NY. F ifty-four years after graduating with an MD, I was honored to participate in a “white coat ceremony” at a medical school in which I had served on the faculty for the past 35 years. This ceremony began in 1993 at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons and has since been adopted in virtually all schools of medicine in the United States. It inaugurates entering students into the profession in a ritual that develops a professional identity and encourages humanistic values. For all involved, it was a heartwarming experience. Family and friends were invited, and their pride filled the auditorium. The incoming firstyear students were giddy with joy. After the dean’s warm welcome, an address by a senior medical student reflected on what it means to be a student. A guest keynote speaker emphasized that the care of patients is a noble endeavor and a highly privileged one, one in which compassion and empathy should not be forsaken in the relentless pursuit of scientific proficiency. Then, the central act of the ceremony was performed as the incoming students were called on and the vice dean for undergraduate medical education and myself, representing the faculty, with great dignity and yet an air of jubilation, performed the “robing” or “cloaking” on each with a white coat, traditionally worn by physicians for more than 100 years. Unrestrained bursts of applause and shouts of acclamation from the audience frequently punctuated the event. Reseated, the students, led by the dean, recited the Hippocratic Oath. In the reception room afterward, faculty, students, family, and friends mingled happily. I was suddenly struck with the thought that the hands-on investiture, a personally delivered gift of faith and confidence, bears many similarities to a priest’s ordination to the priesthood. The white coat is personally placed on each student’s shoulders by individuals who believe in the student’s ability to achieve the role and carry on the noble tradition of doctoring. It is
Temporal Oscillations in the Convective Boundary Layer Forced by Mesoscale Surface Heat-Flux Variations

A theoretical approach suggests that the surface heterogeneity on a scale of tens of kilometres can generate mesoscale motions that are not in a quasi-stationary state. The starting point of the theoretical approach is the equations of horizontal velocity and potential temperature that are low-pass filtered with a mesoscale cut-off wavelength. The transition of the generated mesoscale motions from a quasi-stationary state to a non-stationary state occurs when horizontal advection is strong enough to level out the potential temperature gradient on the surface heterogeneity scale. Large-eddy simulations (LES) suggest that the convective boundary layer (CBL) changes to a non-stationary state when forced by a surface heat-flux variation of amplitude of 100W m−2 or higher and a wavelength of the order of 10 km. Spectral analysis of the LES reveals that when the mesoscale motions are in a quasi-stationary state, the energy provided by the surface heat-flux variation remains in organized mesoscale motions on the scale of the surface variation itself. However, in a non-stationary state, the energy cascades to smaller scales, with the cascade extending down into the turbulence scale when the wavelength of the surface heat-flux variation is on a scale smaller than 100 times the CBL height. The energy transfer from the generated mesoscale motions to the CBL turbulence results in the absence of a spectral gap between the two scales. The absence of an obvious spectral gap between the generated mesoscale motions and the turbulence raises questions about the applicability of mesoscale models for studies on the effect of high-amplitude surface heterogeneity on a scale of tens of kilometres.
On the process and product of accountability

As patriotism, motherhood, and the family are being dislodged from their lofty perch, educational trend setters have raised a number of new idols as possible replacements. Accountability is one of these. Like motherhood, it is hard to take a stand against accountability; and like patriotism, accountability takes on a multitude of meanings determined by the contextual setting and the role assigned to the actors. As parents, we want the school personnel accountable for delivering an educational program suitable to our child's needs. As taxpayers, we want quality education at minimum cost. As educators, we want financial support, cooperation, and understanding of classroom problems. As learners, we want direction without the usual straitjacket. As policy makers, we want the schools to rein their problems to ensure our continued tenure. For each actor, accountability is saying something important, although often quite different. A review of the literature on accountability presents an array of definitions: many with social and political implications which alter intraand inter-institutional power relationships. Thus accountability, by definitional shifts, is made amenable to the political left, center, and right, to groups espousing community control and participation, as well as to groups demanding cost-effectiveness programs. As we have noted elsewhere:
EFFECT OF STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TESTING ON CHANGES IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK BEHAVIORS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN: A PROSPECTIVE SURVEY STUDY

We evaluated the impact of stress echocardiography (SE) testing results on cardiovascular (CV) risk behaviors in post-menopausal women presenting with chest pain symptoms. From 2004 −2007, 203 post-menopausal women (age 61±5 yrs; Framingham risk 6±4%) referred for SE (81% treadmill, 19%
Depth to pedogenic carbonate horizon as a paleoprecipitation indicator?: Comment and Reply

[Royer (1999)][1] has recently used a large data set from the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to reexamine the relationship between mean annual precipitation and depth to the calcic horizon in soils. The extremely poor correlation between these variables in his NRCS data (r2 = 0.
Genetic Susceptibility as a Possible Risk Factor for Breast Cancer.

Background: Established risk factors for breast cancer (BC) only explain 25% to 47% of BC incidence. The Gail model is commonly used to assess BC risk and determine eligibility for prevention trials. Unfortunately, it has a discriminatory accuracy of 58% at the individual level. A greater understanding of BC risk factors is needed to offer improved risk stratification and prevention. It is plausible that BC risk may be related to deficiencies or abnormalities in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints because of their importance in maintaining genomic integrity. Recent epidemiologic studies support this hypothesis. In this pilot project, the bleomycin mutagen sensitivity assay (MSS), a measure of genetic susceptibility was performed on women of low, intermediate, and high risk based on commonly used risk models to determine if there was any correlation between MSS and established BC risk factors. Methods: Women in the Prevention Clinic at RPCI consented to donate blood for this study as part of the Data Bank and BioRepository (DBBR). Gail and Claus Models were calculated using CancerGene. Women were stratified into three groups low ( 35%) lifetime BC risk. For logistic regression analysis, women were grouped into low risk ( Results: A total of 78 women were enrolled in the study. MSS were performed on 70 blood samples and 67 had evaluable slides. There were 30, 26 and 11 women in the low, intermediate, and high risk groups respectively. The mean age was 49.1 years. There was no statistical difference between the three groups with respect to age, race, menopausal status, proportion of patients with a family history of BC or another cancer, and smoking status (never, former, or current). The mean MSS score was not significantly different among the three risk groups: mean ±SD = 0.86±0.37, 0.84±0.37 (p=0.565), and 0.76+0.44 (0.361) for low, intermediate and high risk groups respectively. Spearman correlation revealed that MSS score did not correlate with Gail lifetime BC risk score (r=-0.054, p=0.668) or Claus model-10 year risk score (r=-0.057, p=0.722). Using the median in low risk women as a cut point, when women who had higher MSS score were compared with women had lower MSS score, the adjusted OR was 1.16 (95% CI, 0.29 to 4.57), adjusted for age, race, smoking status, BMI and menopausal status. When the MSS score were categorized into quartiles, no significant dose-response relationship was observed. Conclusions: In this pilot study, there was no correlation between commonly used breast cancer risk assessment models based on hormonal, family and biopsy history and the MSS in our study population. Previous case-control studies have consistently shown that MSS is significantly associated with BC risk. The lack of correlation between mutagen sensitivity and Gail or Claus risk score suggests that mutagen sensitivity may measure the host susceptibility factors that are not considered by Gail or Claus risk models. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6067.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Local Mitigation Activities in Reducing Flood Losses

AbstractIn an effort to counteract mounting flood losses, FEMA introduced the Community Rating System (CRS) in 1990 as a way to encourage local jurisdictions to exceed the National Flood Insurance Program’s minimum standard for floodplain management. While the program has grown since its inception, there is little understanding of the degree to which mitigation activities have reduced flood-related losses to buildings and their contents over time. The effectiveness gap is addressed through the longitudinal statistical analysis of 450 CRS-participating communities. For each selected community, CRS point totals are tracked on a yearly basis over an 11-year study period from 1999 to 2009 and their impacts on insured loss claim payments based on claim type and floodplain location are tested. Results indicate that three CRS activities, freeboard requirements, open space protection, and flood protection, significantly reduce flood damage.
Transcription Factor ZBP-89 Cooperates with Histone Acetyltransferase p300 during Butyrate Activation of p21 waf1 Transcription in Human Cells

Abstract Inducible p53-independent regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1transcription is mediated through proximal GC-rich sites. Prior studies have shown that Sp1, Sp3, and the histone acetylase co-activator p300 are components of the complexes binding to these sites. Although Sp1 and Sp3 collaborate with p300, a direct interaction between Sp1 and p300 does not occur. This study sought to determine whether ZBP-89 rather than Sp1 is the direct target of p300 during butyrate induction of p21waf1. ZBP-89 (BFCOL1, BERF-1, ZNF 148) is a Kruppel-type zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich elements and represses or activates known target genes. Adenoviral-mediated expression of ZBP-89 in HT-29 cells revealed that ZBP-89 potentiates butyrate induction of endogenous p21waf1gene expression. Further, cotransfection of a ZBP-89 expression vector with a 2.3-kilobase p21waf1 reporter recapitulated the potentiation by butyrate. DNase I footprinting analysis of the human p21waf1 promoter with recombinant ZBP-89 identified a binding site at −245 to −215. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that both recombinant and endogenous ZBP-89 and Sp1 bind to this element. The potentiation was abolished in the presence of adenoviral protein E1A. Deletion of the N-terminal domain of ZBP-89 abolished the potentiation mediated by butyrate treatment. This same deletion mutant abolished the ZBP-89 interaction with p300. Cotransfection of p300 with ZBP-89 stimulated the p21waf1 promoter in the absence of butyrate. p300 co-precipitated with ZBP-89 but not with Sp1, whereas ZBP-89 co-precipitated with Sp1. Together, these findings demonstrate that ZBP-89 also plays a critical role in butyrate activation of the p21waf1 promoter and reveals preferential cooperation of this four-zinc finger transcription factor with p300.
Dual optical sensor for oxygen and temperature based on the combination of time domain and frequency domain techniques

In measuring specific conditions in the real world, there are many situations where both the oxygen concentration and the temperature have to be determined simultaneously. Here we describe a dual optical sensor for oxygen and temperature that can be adapted for different applications. The measurement principle of this sensor is based on the luminescence decay times of the oxygen-sensitive ruthenium complex tris-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline ruthenium(III) [Rudpp] and the temperature-sensitive europium complex tris(dibenzoylmethane) mono(5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline)europium(III) [Eudatp]. The excitation and emission spectra of the two luminophores overlap significantly and cannot be discriminated in the conventional way using band pass filters or other optical components. However, by applying both the frequency and time domain techniques, we can separate the signals from the individual decay time of the complexes. The europium complex is entrapped in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer and the ruthenium complex is physically adsorbed on silica gel and incorporated in a silicone layer. The two layers are attached to each other by a double sided silicone based tape. The europium sensing film was found to be temperature-sensitive between 10 and 70°C and the ruthenium oxygen-sensitive layer can reliably measure between 0 and 21% oxygen.
Effects of offender gender on prosecutorial decision-making

This article addresses the extent to which an offender’s sex and the type of offense influences decisions made by prosecuting attorneys in criminal cases. Prosecutors in one south-eastern state were asked to decide initial charging, plea negotiations, and sentence recommendations in two hypothetical crime scenarios. The first scenario depicted a gender-neutral crime; the second described a traditionally masculine crime. The sex of the offenders was varied in two different versions of the scenarios. The findings reveal that prosecutors treated the male and female offenders differently. In particular, prosecutors recommended harsher sentences for the female offender, regardless of the type of offense.
Left multiples and right divisors of integral matrices

The invariant factors of the least common left multiple and the greatest common right divisor of integral matrices are explored.
Time for gadgeteer [Resources_Hand On]

WE LIVE IN A HIGH-TECH WORLD, SURROUNDED BY NEW gadgets like smartphones and Internet TVs, along with other consumer products that were unheard of a decade or two ago. It's not surprising that we often overlook more established electronic devices. Take, for example, the humble alarm clock. Despite digital convergence, many of us still like a dedicated device that lets us know what time it is if we wake in the night and summons us to action in the morning. Sadly, alarm clocks appear to have fallen behind our other home electronics in their sophistication. So I decided to build a better one. · For this I used Microsoft .NET Gadgeteer, a platform I helped develop as part of my day job in the Sensors and Devices group at Microsoft Research Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. Our work includes the SenseCam used at the heart of Gordon Bell's MyLifeBits project [see "Total Recall," IEEE Spectrum, November 2005]. As one of the few groups at Microsoft Research that creates new hardware, we designed Gadgeteer as a rapid prototyping system for our own needs. But we saw so much interest from others that we released it to the general public as an open-source platform in 2011. Several manufacturers now supply Gadgeteer hardware that works in conjunction with free-to-download software.
Characterisation of three-dimensional anatomic shapes using principal components: Application to the proximal tibia

The objective of the research is to determine if principal component analysis (PCA) provides an efficient method to characterise the normative shape of the proximal tibia. Bone surface data, converted to analytical surface descriptions, are aligned, and an auto-associative memory matrix is generated. A limited subset of the matrix principal components is used to reconstruct the bone surfaces, and the reconstruction error is assessed. Surface reconstructions based on just six (of 1452) principal components have a mean root-mean-square (RMS) reconstruction error of 1.05% of the mean maximum radial distance at the tibial plateau. Surface reconstruction of bones not included in the auto-associative memory matrix have a mean RMS error of 2.90%. The first principal component represents the average shape of the sample population. Addition of subsequent principal components represents the shape variations most prevalent in the sample and can be visualised in a geometrically meaningful manner. PCA offers an efficient method to characterise the normative shape of the proximal tibia with a high degree of dimensionality reduction.
The kinetics of reversible and irreversible attachment of bacteriophage T-1.

Abstract Solutions are presented for differential equations representing the kinetics of reversible and irreversible attachment of bacteriophage to bacteria according to two different hypotheses: reversible attachment is an intermediate state in the infectious process (sequential theory); reversible attachment is noninfectious and competes with irreversible, infectious attachment (competitive theory). Curves computed from the respective solutions are compared. Experimentally, total attachment and irreversible attachment kinetics were followed during the attachment of phage T1 to Escherichia coli B(P1), to which T1 attaches normally, but in which T1 fails to produce progeny because of prophage interference. Consistent with the sequential theory, a shoulder was found under suitable conditions in the irreversible attachment curve. Consistent with the competitive theory, all attachment curves followed long enough showed a marked decrease in attachment rates after most of the phage had attached. The results on this point were not explainable on the basis of heterogeneity in the phage population. The curves for reversible attachment were more complex than could be explained by either theory. Differential equations are presented corresponding to the hypothesis (modified sequential theory) that attachment is a sequential process, but that a certain proportion of reversible attachment sites do not allow any subsequent irreversible step. Analytical solutions for these equations were not obtained, but curves were computed from them by numerical methods. By a trial and error process, it was possible to obtain curves that agreed quite well with experimental results. In some cases, the best fit could be obtained only by making the additional assumption that the phage population contained a small proportion of slowly attaching phages. The transition from reversibly bound to irreversibly bound state was directly observed by attaching briefly, at high bacterial densities, at 0°C, followed by dilution into attachment medium at 37°C. A large majority of the phage rapidly became irreversibly attached under these conditions. Stirring did not affect the result. From these results, it was concluded that reversible attachment is an intermediate state in the infectious process.
Controlled functionalization of cyclohepta-1,3-diene: Conformational analysis of cycloheptenones and derived cycloheptadienolate anions

Abstract Analysis of the conformations of some cycloheptenones and cycloheptadienolates, and the relationship between conformation and stereochemistry during certain reactions, is discussed.
Cellular dynamics of the hormonal and developmental induction of hepatic alpha 2u globulin as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and specific mRNA monitoring.

This immunoperoxidase study identifies the hepatocytes that synthesize alpha 2u globulin during male ontogeny and other endocrine states wherein its synthesis is modulated. To correlate biochemical parameters with the immunocytochemistry, alpha 2u globulin mRNA (alpha 2u mRNA) sequences were evaluated by Northern blot hybridization and Rot analysis to a cloned alpha 2u globulin cDNA probe and the functional level of this mRNA measured by cell-free translation. Alpha 2u globulin and its mRNA were detectable in the liver only after male rats reached puberty. During its developmental and hormonal induction, marked heterogeneity was observed; centrolobular hepatocytes showed the strongest staining, whereas periportal hepatocytes were devoid of, or weakly stained for, this protein. This difference between centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes was enhanced during development. Mature male rats exhibited the strongest staining reaction and the highest levels of hepatic alpha 2u globulin mRNA. Almost all hepatocytes in the adult male were stained; however, centrolobular ones were remarkably more stained than periportal ones. Female rat liver was devoid of this protein and of its mRNA. Following androgen administration to castrated female rats, or hydrocortisone administration to adrenalectomized male rats, the alpha 2u globulin mRNA level as well as the number and intensity of centrolobular alpha-2u-globulin-staining hepatocytes were increased in parallel. Following hypophysectomy, almost no alpha 2u globulin could be localized; likewise its mRNA was undetectable. However, when hypophysectomized adult male rats were treated with growth hormone, testosterone, thyroid hormone, and hydrocortisone, the hepatic immunocytochemical staining as well as the level of alpha 2u globulin mRNA sequences and of functional alpha 2u globulin mRNA, and the in vivo biosynthetic rate of alpha 2u globulin, became comparable to that of intact mature male rats. These studies indicate functional heterogeneity among hepatocytes which seems to be determined by their anatomical location within the hepatic lobule. Furthermore, hormonal and developmental induction of alpha 2u globulin involves both an increase in the number of hepatocytes committed to its synthesis and an increase in the rate of its synthesis in already committed cells. These events are accompanied by a concurrent increase in the hepatic alpha 2u globulin mRNA level.
High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice: implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms

Abstract Exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms play important roles in various aquatic, porous, and extreme environments. Only recently has their occurrence in sea ice been considered. We used macroscopic and microscopic approaches to study the content and possible ecological role of EPS in wintertime fast ice near Barrow, Alaska (71°20′ N, 156°40′ W). Using Alcian blue staining of melted ice samples, we observed high concentrations of EPS in all samples examined, ranging from 0.79 to 7.71 mg xanthan gum equivalents (XGEQV) l −1 . Areal conversions to carbon equivalents yielded 1.5−1.9 g C m −2 ice in March and 3.3−4.0 g C m −2 in May (when the ice was thicker). Although EPS did not correlate with macronutrient or pigment data, the latter analyses indicated ongoing or recent biological activity in the ice within temperature horizons of −11°C to −9°C and warmer. EPS correlated positively with bacterial abundance (although no functional relationship could be deduced) and with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Ratios of EPS/DOC decreased at colder temperatures within the core, arguing against physical conversion of DOC to EPS during freezing. When sea-ice segments were maintained at representative winter temperatures (−5°C,−15°C and −25°C) for 3−14 months, the total EPS content increased significantly at rates of 5−47 μg XGEQV l −1 d −1 , similar to published rates of EPS production by diatoms. Microscopic images of ice-core sections at these very cold temperatures, using a recently developed non-invasive method, revealed diatoms sequestered in spacious brine pockets, intact autofluorescent chloroplasts in 47% of the (pennate) diatoms observed, and indications of mucus in diatom-containing pores. The high concentrations of EPS detected in these winter ice cores represent a previously unrecognized form of organic matter that may contribute significantly to polar ocean carbon cycles, not only within the ice but after springtime release into the water column. The EPS present in very high concentrations in the brine of these microhabitats appear to play important buffering and cryoprotectant roles for microorganisms, especially diatoms, against harsh winter conditions of high salinity and potential ice-crystal damage.
High Rate of Unemployment After Kidney Transplantation: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database

Introduction. Despite an increased quality of life after transplant, in the United States, recipients participate less in employment compared to the general population. Employment after kidney transplantation is an important marker of clinically significant individual health recovery. Furthermore, it has been shown that employment status in the posttransplant period has a strong and independent association with patient and graft survival. Materials and Methods. Using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database, we identified all adults (between 18 and 64 years of age) who underwent kidney transplantation between 2004 and 2011. Patients with a stable renal allograft function and with full 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up were included. For recipients of multiple transplants, the most recent transplant was considered the target transplant. The data collected included employment rate after kidney transplantation in recipients employed and unemployed before transplant. The employment data were stratified for insurance payer (private, Medicaid, and Medicare). The results of categorical variables are reported as percentages. Comparisons between groups for categorical data were performed using the c 2 test with Yates continuity correction or Fisher test when appropriate.
A behavioral analysis of the effects of amphetamine on play and locomotor activity in the post-weaning rat

Abstract Amphetamine has been shown to canalize or direct the activity of a young rat towards ethologically relevant stimuli. In the five-day-old, amphetamine increases the speed of approach to the nipple of an anesthetized dam; in the 15-day-old, amphetamine increases motor activity and directs it toward an anesthetized adult, however, in the juvenile rat amphetamine reportedly disrupts species-specific behaviors such as huddling and play. The present experiments further assessed the effects of amphetamine in the post-weaning rat by measuring drug-induced behaviors in the presence of an alert and anesthetized companion. In Experiment 1, subjects were videotaped in the presence of an alert non-treated, same-age rat and components of play, a predominant behavior of the post-weaning rat, were recorded. Results confirmed previous reports that low doses of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) disrupt play behavior, however, in the present experiment higher doses of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) did not disrupt the percentage of time spent in play. Further analysis of drug-induced behavior revealed that the 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine-injected rat engaged in play with the companion, although the drug-treated animal did exhibit marked alterations in the flexibility of its motor patterns. The second experiment confirmed that amphetamine did not disrupt the amount of time a juvenile rat spent with an anesthetized age-mate. In fact, amphetamine-induced activity was directed towards the anesthesized same-age rat. Following amphetamine treatment, all subjects were active nearly 100% of the observation period whether they were tested alone or in the presence of an anesthetized same-age rat. However, subjects that were tested with the anesthetized same-age rat exhibited their activity exclusively around the stimulus. The present experiments suggest that although the flexible motor patterns required for play were disrupted following amphetamine treatment, amphetamine did not disrupt contact between two awake juvenile rats. In the presence of an anesthetized same-age conspecific, amphetamine also potentiated locomotor activity exhibited in the vicinity of that conspecific.
Application and accuracy of molecular phylogenies

Molecular investigations of evolutionary history are being used to study subjects as diverse as the epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the origin of life. These studies depend on accurate estimates of phylogeny. The performance of methods of phylogenetic analysis can be assessed by numerical simulation studies and by the experimental evolution of organisms in controlled laboratory situations. Both kinds of assessment indicate that existing methods are effective at estimating phylogenies over a wide range of evolutionary conditions, especially if information about substitution bias is used to provide differential weightings for character transformations.
DISPERSED FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM OF ACETYLENE FROM THE A 1AU ORIGIN : RECOGNITION OF POLYADS AND TEST OF MULTIRESONANT EFFECTIVE HAMILTONIAN MODEL FOR THE X STATE

We have recorded a high-resolution dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectrum of the A 1Au → X transition of acetylene-h2, utilizing the zero-point level of the A 1Au state. Here we present only the analysis of the vibrational levels of the X-state with Evib < 10 000 cm-1. By comparing the observed and calculated spectral intensity patterns, we have estimated the previously undetermined pure bend vibrational constant, to be −11(2) cm-1. Unlike previously recorded DF spectra, this DF spectrum is uniquely suited for comparison with an effective Hamiltonian since (1) the Franck−Condon envelope facilitates observation of levels at lower Evib in the X-state, (2) the improved resolution is sufficient to observe intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) at lower Evib, and (3) spectral features are no longer absent because of nodal patterns in the Franck−Condon envelope. Our comparison shows that our current effective Hamiltonian model, can qualitatively describe the IVR pathways on the X-state for chromostat...
How Do Migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean Fare in the US Labour Market

This paper discusses the causes of mass migration from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to the United States in recent decades and how these migrants have fared in US labour markets. The evidence shows that LAC migrants have higher unemployment rates and substantially lower wages than other immigrants and natives. Furthermore, the relative wages of LAC migrants have been declining sharply over the last 25 years. The most significant factor explaining the latter is the lower (and declining) educational attainment of LAC migrants relative to other immigrants and natives, compounded by the rising rates of return to education in the US.
Crystal structure of a CRISPR RNA–guided surveillance complex bound to a ssDNA target

In prokaryotes, RNA derived from type I and type III CRISPR loci direct large ribonucleoprotein complexes to destroy invading bacteriophage and plasmids. In Escherichia coli, this 405-kilodalton complex is called Cascade. We report the crystal structure of Cascade bound to a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) target at a resolution of 3.03 angstroms. The structure reveals that the CRISPR RNA and target strands do not form a double helix but instead adopt an underwound ribbon-like structure. This noncanonical structure is facilitated by rotation of every sixth nucleotide out of the RNA-DNA hybrid and is stabilized by the highly interlocked organization of protein subunits. These studies provide insight into both the assembly and the activity of this complex and suggest a mechanism to enforce fidelity of target binding.
Advanced simulation tool for FeRAM design

Abstract A ferroelectric capacitor model was derived, and a ferroelectric device library was implemented into SPICE (both PSPICE and HSPICE) simulation tool. With this SPICE model, 1T-1C/2T-2C, or any other ferroelectric circuit, such as FeFET, chain cell, link cell can be simulated accurately and in real-time. Simulations of hysteresis loops, TVS, switching characteristics are shown in this paper.
Determination of ATP release from erythrocytes using microbore tubing as a model of resistance vessels in vivo.

A biomimetic model is described for the detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from red blood cells (RBCs) as they traverse fused-silica tubing ranging in i.d. from 25 to 75 μm. A continuous flow system is employed to create stress on the RBCs once they have entered the microbore tubing. This stress induces release of RBC-derived ATP, which is known to stimulate nitric oxide production in endothelial cells, resulting in eventual dilation of arterial smooth muscle. In this study, the RBCs were subjected to variations in tubing length and inside diameter. In a 25-μm-i.d. tube, the amount of ATP released from the RBCs increased from 3.74 ± 0.56 to 9.55 ± 0.73 μM as the tubing length was increased from 35 to 100 cm. In addition, for a 100-cm-length tube, the amount of ATP released from the RBCs increased from 3.03 ± 0.49 to 9.55 ± 0.73 μM as the inside diameter of the tubing decreased from 75 to 25 μm. To demonstrate that the erythrocytes were not being lysed inside the fused-silica tubing, dog RBC...
Learning psychology by doing psychology: guidance through the curriculum

Recently we have heard the call for counselors, to be involved in classroom activities. Consultation has been one mode for doing that; classroom teaching has been another. Sprinthall and Erickson present the experimental results of a program that has the dual goals of teaching psychological content and promoting psychological growth in individuals. Their article presents the rationale for deliberate psychological education as a mode for individual, direct and developmental intervention in schools. Following the rationale, a detailed description is given of classroom learning experiences actually employed to achieve the overall objectives of psychological maturation of pupils. Descriptions and data are drawn from the current program under development in a public secondary school. The authors also discuss the implications for a new guidance delivery system through the curriculum.
Harmonic generation with fiber MOPAs and solid state lasers: technical challenges, state-of-the-art comparison and future developments

Fiber MOPAs in the infrared wavelength region offer the advantage of high single mode output powers, independent selection of pulse repetition rates and pulse durations, and access to high repetition rates. Despite these performance advantages, most industrial and scientific applications in the visible and the ultraviolet spectral range are still dominated by solid state lasers. We will give an overview of the technical challenges of harmonic generation in fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers and discuss the state-of-the-art and future of Fiber MOPAs and bulk solid state lasers with harmonic generation.
I have nothing to hide: The language of Ilongot oratory

The Ilongots of the northern Philippines traditionally value a speech style, ‘crooked language,’ rich in art, wit, and indirection, in certain situations. Purun ‘oratory’, both as event and speech style, is one of these. A brideprice meeting is recounted and examined in detail. Unique features of oratory, in contrast to everyday verbal interaction, depend on its public character, as a scheduled event with large audience (rather than special setting, personnel or ritual), and as having the purpose of achieving explicit, formal understanding and agreement. The special features of oratory include body-motion; category labels for self-reference; degree of use of deferential, self-deprecating, and qualifying phrases and terms; degree of use of metalinguistic terms generally; and rhythms. Degree of use of these features may vary in the course of the event. Acculturation has brought about conflict with the preference of newly educated and missionized Ilongots for ‘straight speech’. In effect, the indirect ‘crooked’ speech style is linked with indigenous egalitarian norms, while the public use of ‘straight speech’ is linked with externally imposed authoritarian relationships. (Speech styles and social structure; public performance everyday interaction; discourse devices; metalinguistic concepts and devices; conflict of speech norms; social change; Northern Luzon, Philippines: Malayo-Polynesian.)
Calcium and magnesium ATPASES of the spectrin fraction of human erythrocytes

Using a rapid method of preparation, spectrin has been isolated from human erythrocytes and its ATPase activity investigated. The ATPase activity with calcium has two distinct components, one with optimal activity when calcium and ATP are of equal concentration (low-Ca-ATPase) and another which is activated above 1 mM CaCl2 and is maximal at 100 mM CaCl2. There is also a Mg-ATPase with maximal activity at 10 mM MgCl2. The high-Ca-ATPase of spectrin, but not the low-Ca-ATPase, is inhibited by magnesium, while the Mg-ATPase is inhibited by Ca in excess of ATP. None of these activities exhibits the calcium-stimulated magnesium-dependent activity characteristic of the red cell calcium pump.
The Job of Judaism and the Job of Kant

The presents its chief protagonist in two discrepant ways: Job the patient and Job the rebel. Ancient Jewish interpretations of Job praise Job the patient and condemn, or at least do not praise, Job the rebel. Modern Jewish interpretations, by contrast, praise Job the rebel and scant the patient, pious Job of the frame story. Job the rebel becomes a model of sincerity or authenticity, a chief value of modernity. Job the patient and pious sufferer so celebrated by antiquity is at best an ambivalent figure.
Remodeling of the pioneer translation initiation complex involves translation and the karyopherin importin β

Mammalian mRNAs lose and acquire proteins throughout their life span while undergoing processing, transport, translation, and decay. How translation affects messenger RNA (mRNA)-protein interactions is largely unknown. The pioneer round of translation uses newly synthesized mRNA that is bound by cap-binding protein 80 (CBP80)-CBP20 (also known as the cap-binding complex [CBC]) at the cap, poly(A)-binding protein N1 (PABPN1) and PABPC1 at the poly(A) tail, and, provided biogenesis involves pre-mRNA splicing, exon junction complexes (EJCs) at exon-exon junctions. Subsequent rounds of translation engage mRNA that is bound by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) at the cap and PABPC1 at the poly(A) tail, but that lacks detectable EJCs and PABPN1. Using the level of intracellular iron to regulate the translation of specific mRNAs, we show that translation promotes not only removal of EJC constituents, including the eIF4AIII anchor, but also replacement of PABPN1 by PABPC1. Remarkably, translation does not affect replacement of CBC by eIF4E. Instead, replacement of CBC by eIF4E is promoted by importin beta (IMPbeta): Inhibiting the binding of IMPbeta to the complex of CBC-IMPalpha at an mRNA cap using the IMPalpha IBB (IMPbeta-binding) domain or a RAN variant increases the amount of CBC-bound mRNA and decreases the amount of eIF4E-bound mRNA. Our studies uncover a previously unappreciated role for IMPbeta and a novel paradigm for how newly synthesized messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) are matured.
Hypothyroidism and Deficiency of the Nocturnal Thyrotropin Surge in Children with Hypothalamic Pituitary Disorders

The circadian pattern of serum TSH in normal children, aged 5-18 yr, is characterized by a nocturnal surge and is presumably related in some way to a biological clock within the central nervous system. To look for patients deficient in the nocturnal TSH surge, we studied 52 children with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. Thirteen of the children were hypothyroid, as judged by subnormal serum free T4 (FT4). The hypothyroid patients had a mean nocturnal TSH surge of 22% (range, -30% to +114%), significantly less than that of normal controls (mean, 124%; 95% confidence limits, 47-300%; n = 96; P less than 0.01). Only 1 of the hypothyroid children had a value for the nocturnal TSH surge (114%) that was within the normal range. Nineteen of the 52 patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders had subnormal nocturnal TSH surges; their mean iodothyronine values were significantly less than those of the 33 patients with normal surges [total T4, 73 +/- 4 (mean +/- SE) vs. 109 +/- 3 nmol/L (P less than 0.01); FT4, 13 +/- 1.0 vs. 19 +/- 0.5 pmol/L (P less than 0.01)]. These data demonstrate a clear association of a deficient nocturnal TSH surge and low iodothyronine concentration in children with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. We performed both TRH tests and nocturnal TSH surge tests in 11 of the children with central hypothyroidism; TRH was abnormal in only 2, while the nocturnal surge test was abnormal in 10 of the 11. We suggest that the nocturnal surge of TSH is important for maintenance of thyroid function and conclude that the nocturnal TSH surge is a much more sensitive test than the TSH response to TRH for the diagnosis of central hypothyroidism.
Failure Risk of 230 kV Electricity Transmission Lines in South Carolina under Hurricane Wind Hazards

High wind events such as hurricanes are one of the leading causes of electricity transmission line failures. There are two main failure mechanisms associated with de-energized transmission systems during hurricanes: 1) failure of the super-structures or the support towers; and 2) breakage of the transmission lines due to extreme wind loads. This paper presents a methodology for analyzing the reliability of spatially distributed transmission lines under hurricane wind hazard. As a case study, the vulnerability of the spatially distributed 230kv transmission lines in south Carolina was analyzed using 40,000 years of simulated hurricane events. Since the response of transmission lines under wind loads is highly nonlinear, a simplified nonlinear analytical model, verified by a 3-dimentional finite element model, was developed to simulate the tension forces considering the geometric nonlinearity induced by the sagging of the transmission lines. The reliability analysis results are presented in a GIS map, which can be easily used in pre-hurricane planning by power
Emotional Episodes at Work: An Experiential Exercise in Feeling and Expressing Emotions

This exercise explores how organizations affect individuals’ feelings and expressions of emotion. Although recent attention by management theorists suggests that emotions are an important aspect of organizational life, people’s actual experience of emotions at work often do not reflect this emphasis: Work-place emotions remain, in large part, undiscussable. The purpose of this experiential exercise is to emphasize emotions as a central, rather than hidden, part of work life. In the exercise, students explore and discuss emotional “episodes” from their work lives to learn about how organizations generate display rules for emotional expression and what this means for individual and organizational effectiveness.
Vertical Relationships and Competition in Retail Gasoline Markets: Comment

In a paper in the March 2004 AER, Justine Hastings concludes that the acquisition of an independent gasoline retailer, Thrifty, by a vertically integrated firm, ARCO, is associated with sizable price increases at competing stations. To better understand the novel mechanism to which she attributes this effect - which combines vertical integration and rebranding - we attempted but ultimately failed to reproduce the results using alternative data. In addition, we show that the welfare effects of the transaction are ambiguous in the theoretical model which she posits as underlying the empirical results.
Kinetics of Reactive Ion Etching of Polymers in an Oxygen Plasma: The Importance of Direct Reactive Ion Etching

The etching of polymer films in oxygen-based plasmas has been studied between 5 and 100 mTorr in a reactive ion etch reactor using Langmuir probe and optical actinometry measurements. Results for the etch yield (the number of carbon atoms removed per incident ion) are analyzed in terms of a surface-chemical model for ion-enhanced etching proposed by Joubert et al. (J. Appl. Phys. 65, 5096 (1989)). A proper description of the results requires that this model be modified by including a term due to direct reactive ion etching and physical sputtering. The contribution by direct reactive ion etching to the overall etching turns out to be significant under all conditions and even dominant at the lowest pressures. The modified model should be applicable to the etching of polymers in other types of reactors, especially highplasma- density reactors. The relationship between these results and the anisotropic patterning of polymer films is also discussed.