cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitioning from Practice to Health Care Administration: The Later Years.

Since the late 1800s, the role of the physician has evolved substantially beyond mainstream clinical medicine. As fee for service models expanded in the 1980s, resulting in an unsustainable financial crisis in health care, senior physicians stepped up to provide essential input and expertise to administrators on a national level. This model of physician–administrator has evolved to include dual-degree physicians who are equipped with specialized knowledge even at the outset of their career. As physicians are now vital members of health care administration, many will feel the need to transition from clinical practice to a new position where they can effect change on a larger scale. This article will provide insight into such transitions and dual-career pathways and discuss important considerations when faced with this juncture in one's career.
Blood Donation Rates in the United States 1999–2016: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Background: Although there have been analyses on the qualities associated with individuals who chose to repeatedly donate blood, there is little known about national blood donation rates in the United States. To address this lack of information, this article uses data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to assess changes in the national rates of blood donation among adults aged 20 years and older. Methods: Data was collected from 49,512 US adults aged 20 years and older who were surveyed from 1999 to 2016 through the NHANES. Individuals selected for inclusion in NHANES underwent an in-home interview, where they were asked whether or not they participated in blood donation in the past 12 months. Data were analyzed with SAS and Wald-chi square tests were used to assess trends in recent blood donations. Results: The overall recent blood donation rate has hovered around 6% since 1999, with no significant change during that time period. Over the last 2 decades, the percentage of individuals aged 20 to 29 years with a recent blood donation has increased significantly. During the same time period, the percentage of individuals aged 30 to 39 years and individuals with a 4-year college degree or greater with a recent blood donation decreased significantly. Conclusions: Although the national blood donation rate has not changed significantly, significant changes in donation rates have occurred among a number of US subpopulations.
Treating the body of witness : medical understanding in William Kentridge's History of the Main Complaint

William Kentridge's History of the Main Complaint (1996) renders its main character, the industrialist Soho Eckstein, in a comatose state as doctors labour to diagnose him. This article reads Kentridge's use of CT Scans and X-rays in the film as a metaphor for the diagnosis of apartheid narrated through South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Using Barry Saunder's (2008) reading of the ambiguity in radiological diagnosis, this essay argues that the diagnostic tools in History of the Main Complaint locate a similar state of ambiguity in the TRC. Throughout the film several red X's are marked upon the surface of these diagnostic images, denoting spaces of uncertainty, leading the viewer to flashbacks whose narratives of guilt and complicity are uncertain. To read through these ambiguities undermines what Mark Sanders (2007) termed the 'quasi-legal' domain of the TRC while uncovering narratives of apartheid that fall outside of the TRC's scope. Like the X-ray's stark black and white format, which serves as a legal document of bodily harm, the TRC encodes a juridical and singular narrative of the TRC. Instead these ambiguities narrate spaces outside of the main complaint that in themselves may be more illuminating of the legacies of apartheid in South Africa.
Training and Validation of Deep Neural Networks for the Prediction of 90-Day Post-Liver Transplant Mortality Using UNOS Registry Data.

Abstract Prediction models of post-liver transplant mortality are crucial so that donor organs are not allocated to recipients with unreasonably high probabilities of mortality. Machine learning algorithms, particularly deep neural networks (DNNs), can often achieve higher predictive performance than conventional models. In this study, we trained a DNN to predict 90-day post-transplant mortality using preoperative variables and compared the performance to that of the Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT) and Balance of Risk (BAR) scores, using United Network of Organ Sharing data on adult patients who received a deceased donor liver transplant between 2005 and 2015 (n = 57,544). The DNN was trained using 202 features, and the best DNN’s architecture consisted of 5 hidden layers with 110 neurons each. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of the best DNN model was 0.703 (95% CI: 0.682-0.726) as compared to 0.655 (95% CI: 0.633-0.678) and 0.688 (95% CI: 0.667-0.711) for the BAR score and SOFT score, respectively. In conclusion, despite the complexity of DNN, it did not achieve a significantly higher discriminative performance than the SOFT score. Future risk models will likely benefit from the inclusion of other data sources, including high-resolution clinical features for which DNNs are particularly apt to outperform conventional statistical methods.
Multimaterial bioprinting—minus the printer: Synthetic bacterial patterning with UV-responsive genetic circuits:

In this paper, we argue that synthetic biology can help us employ living systems’ unique capacity for self-construction and biomaterial production toward developing novel architectural fabrication ...
Finite temperature properties of QCD with two flavors and three, four, and five colors

I present a numerical study of the crossover between the low temperature chirally broken phase and the high temperature chirally restored phase in $SU({N}_{c})$ gauge theory with ${N}_{c}=3--5$ colors and ${N}_{f}=2$ degenerate fermion flavors. Fermion masses span a range of intermediate values corresponding to pseudoscalar to vector meson masses $({m}_{PS}/{m}_{V}{)}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}0.25--0.63$. Observables include the temperature-dependent chiral condensate and screening masses. At each fermion mass these quantities show nearly identical temperature dependence across ${N}_{c}$.
Pursuit of loyalty in service recovery: The roles of brand equity and cognitive reappraisal as moderators

Abstract This research investigates the roles of brand equity and cognitive reappraisal in the association between the perception of justice and loyalty via customer affection in a service failure and recovery context. Survey data were subjected to the conditional process analysis using the regression-based method. Results reveal that customer affection plays a mediating role in the link between the perception of justice and loyalty. In addition, brand equity and cognitive reappraisal contribute as moderators in influencing the behavioral outcomes. Implications for researchers and managers are also provided.
How Much To Ask? Platforms, Parties, and Suggested Amounts in Political Fundraising

How much do political campaigns ask for contributions, and how do they vary by electoral characteristics and fundraising environments? When soliciting donations, campaigns typically present a set of suggested amounts to procure more money from potential donors. However, we know almost nothing about how campaigns make these demand-side choices. This paper builds benchmark observations and analyzes how political parties and fundraising platforms shape these decisions, using data collected from U.S. federal candidates and fundraising platforms in 2020. Candidates' average suggested amounts differ by party, state-level average income, and fundraising platforms. Ideologically extreme candidates did not solicit smaller dollars, and if anything, the opposite was documented. In addition, the representative digital fundraising platforms by party---ActBlue for Democrats, WinRed for Republicans---could influence campaign tactics such as effective, top-down adjustment for increased contribution limits. I conclude that platforms can be important, active players in the campaign finance ecosystem.
Deciphering the mystery of hepatitis B virus receptors: A historical perspective

Hepatitis B virus is one of the major reasons of viral hepatitis with an estimated 350 million infected patients worldwide. Although, the virus was discovered and cloned more than three decades ago, its entry mechanism has still been in investigation. Numerous potential candidates have been proposed and investigated rigorously to reveal HBV entry mechanism and to unveil the first door of viral entry to hepatocytes. This review provides a short account of role of receptors for entry of HBV into hepatocytes. The viral preS1 region of large surface protein is involved in the attachment of HBV to hepatocytes. The putative attachment site of HBV is located at amino acids 21–47 of preS1. So far, several proteins have been proposed to interact with these different regions of the preS1 domain which includes human immunoglobulin A receptor, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, a 31-kDa protein, HBV binding factor, asialoglycoprotein receptor, nascent polypeptide-associated complex α polypeptide, lipoprotein lipase, hepatocyte-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans, glucose-regulated protein 75. However, none of them have appeared to be generally accepted as a true receptor for the virus until recently when sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide identified as HBV entry receptor. Current review provides scientific historical perspective of various candidates known to be interacting with preS1 of HBV for their possible role in viral entry.
Acute Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis

Community-acquired bacterial meningitis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causative organisms. The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes infection increases over age 50 years and in those with compromised cell-mediated immunity. Symptoms and signs are not sensitive or specific enough to diagnose community-acquired bacterial meningitis. A lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid is needed to reach the diagnosis, to identify the organism, and to determine antimicrobial susceptibilities. Computed tomography of the head is not necessary in all patients prior to a lumbar puncture, only in immunocompromised patients and in those who have features suggestive of or who are at risk of increased intracranial pressure. Appropriate empiric antimicrobials should be started as soon as possible.
Learning dynamic Bayesian network discriminatively for human activity recognition

The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to learn dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) discriminatively for human activity recognition. DBN is a generative model widely used for modeling temporal events in human activity recognition. The parameters of the DBN models are usually learned through maximizing likelihood or expected likelihood. However, activity is often recognized through identifying the activity class with the highest posterior probability. Hence, there is discrepancy between the learning and classification criteria. In this paper, we focus on developing a discriminative parameter learning approach for hybrid DBNs that has a consistent criterion during training and testing. Our approach is applicable to parameter learning with both complete data and incomplete data, and empirical studies show the proposed discriminative learning approach outperforms the maximum likelihood or EM algorithm in activity recognition tasks.
Evaluation of Services by Clients

This study reports an attempt to obtain client evaluation of services rendered in face-to-face encounters between service providers and their older clients. Evaluation of the encounter was made by the client, the service provider, and an observer. The findings revealed uniform client satisfaction independent of service provider or observer evaluations. Specific reasons for the lack of variance in client evaluations are provided and policy implications are discussed.
Not Only the Judges' Robes Were Black: African-American Lawyers as Social Engineers

In this review essay, Professor Finkelman praises J. Clay Smith’s Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer for collecting and organizing a vast amount of information on the African-American lawyers in the century following 1844. Smith’s book offers insights on the most famous African-American lawyers of this period and presents new biographical information on many previously unknown lawyers. Professor Finkelman presents additional historical context for Smith’s research and shows how African-American attorneys often had to fight prejudice within the profession even as they represented African-American clients before an often biased and obstinate judiciary. Additionally, Professor Finkelman criticizes the often illogical and confusing organization of the work. Still, he calls Smith’s book an important resource for students of the transformation of civil rights law.
Organic hydrogen getters

A solid unsaturated organic-catalyst combination has been developed which can irreversibly getter hydrogen from closed systems via chemical reaction. The unsaturated organic is 1, 6-diphenoxy-2, 4-hexadiyne or dimerized phenyl propargyl ether (DPPE), and the catalyst is 5% Pd-CaCO3. The structure of DPPE (m.p. 80° C) was verified by infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and by elemental analyses. The compounded getter has been shown to be non-explosive and even when completely hydrogen saturated, nonpyrophoric. Kinetic studies show that the getter reacts with sufficient speed to prevent hydrogen build-up in closed systems containing reactive metals and water. The activation energy for hydrogen uptake was determined to be 9.4 kcal mol−1 over the temperature range 22 to 55° C.
Planning Considerations When Converting a C Corporation to an LLC

The owners of a C corporation might consider a conversion to a passthrough entity as a means to retain the limited liability and transferability of ownership that the corporate entity provides, while avoiding the double taxation of corporate earnings. As a profitable corporation matures, it becomes more difficult to "zero out" corporate taxable income through shifting devices such as salaries, fringe benefits, and interest payments.In the conversion of a C corporation to a limited liability company (LLC), the transaction is treated as a liquidation of the corporation, followed by a liquidating distribution of the net proceeds to the shareholders. The assets are then contributed to the new LLC. After the conversion, the new LLC takes its assets with a fair market value basis. Other corporate tax attributes are eliminated. Operating results going forward, as well as the eventual liquidation of the LLC, are now single-taxation events.
Effect of disturbance on labor. An experiment with 100 mice with dated pregnancies.

Abstract The reaction of the parturient female to environmental alterations is suggested by clinical and statistical observations, but more confirmatory experimental observations are needed. One hundred expectant mice at term, all impregnated the same night, were assigned to one of three experimental groups. One group received continuous disturbance, one received periodic disturbance, and the control group received minimal disturbance. Environmental differences significantly influenced the time of arrival of the first pup, the amount of variability in duration of the later part of labor, and pup mortality. The ability to partially regulate site of delivery was also indicated. Thus, environment stimuli were demonstrated to have a definite influence on mammalian labor and perinatal mortality under some conditions. The effect of internal factors on labor is currently emphasized: this experimental study on laboring mammals suggests that external factors may also be a crucial influence.
Is it possible to nominalize quantum mechanics

Hartry Field [1980] has developed an interesting nominalization strategy for Newtonian gravitation theory -- a strategy that reformulates the theory without quantification over abstract entities. According to David Malament [1982], Field's strategy cannot be extended to quantum mechanics (QM), and so it only has a limited scope. In a recent work, Mark Balaguer has responded to Malament's challenge, by indicating how QM can be nominalized, and by doing much of the work needed to provide the nominalization (Balaguer [1998], 114). In this paper, I critically assess Balaguer's proposal, and argue that it ultimately fails. Balaguer's strategy is incompatible with a number of interpretations of QM, in particular with Bas van Fraassen's version of the modal interpretation. And given that Balaguer's strategy invokes physically real propensities, it is unclear whether it is even compatible with nominalism. I conclude that the nominalization of QM still remains a major problem for the nominalist.
Capacity benefits of STTD in a homogeneous UMTS network

The paper examines the capacity and coverage benefits of space time transmit diversity (STTD) in a homogeneous voice populated UMTS network in a simulation environment. The simulated network consists of 37 3-sector sites in a macro-cellular environment. The main input parameters varied to evaluate the performance include the speed and multipath conditions of users. Performance of various scenarios is analysed by considering the outage statistics and link Eb/N0 requirements. The capacity increase for each scenario is as follows: metropolitan line of sight, 86%; metropolitan suburban, 50%; highway/urban, 46%; overall network, 43%. These results represent the performance statistics under a steady state condition with no explicit modelling of motion.
An electric fence for kernel buffers

Improper access of data buffers is one of the most common errors in programs written in assembler, C, C++, and several other languages. Existing programs and OSs frequently access the data beyond the allocated buffers or access buffers that were already freed. Such programs and OSs may run for years before their problems can be detected because improper memory accesses frequently result in a silent data corruption. Not surprisingly, most computer worms exploit buffer overflow errors to gain complete control over computer systems. Only after recent worm epidemics, did code developers begin to realize the scale of the problem and the number of potential memory-access violations in existing code.Due to the syntax and flexibility of many programming languages, memory access violation problems cannot be detected at compile time. Tools that verify correctness before every memory access impose unacceptably high overheads. As a result, most of the developed techniques focus on preventing the hijacking of control by hackers and worms due to stack overflows. Consequently, hidden data corruption is given less attention.Memory access violations can be efficiently detected using the hardware support of the paging and virtual memory.Kefence is the general run-time solution we developed that allows to detect and avoid in-kernel overflow, underflow, and stale access problems for internal kernel buffers. Kefence is especially applicable to file system code because file systems operate at a high level of abstraction and require no direct access to the physical memory. At the same time, file systems use a large number of kernel buffers and file system errors are most harmful for users because users' persistent data can be corrupted.
Animal Models of Francisella tularensis Infection

The increased incidence of emerging infections has caused a resurgence in the development of animal models in order to study their pathophysiology and develop therapeutics against them. Optimizing these models and improving our ability to extrapolate information from animals to humans is critical because in many cases the animal model will represent the only modality for efficacy testing. Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) is an emerging pathogen that fits this category. While there is a significant body of literature that has examined infections with F. tularensis in a variety of species, the optimal small animal model has yet to be defined. A vast majority of studies have used two strains of F. tularensis, the more virulent type A strain commonly found in North America and the less virulent type B strain common to Europe. None of the small animal models described in the literature thus far behave in a fashion identical to humans with respect to their sensitivity to SCHU S4 (type A) or live vaccine strains (LVS) (attenuated type B) and an ability of LVS vaccination to consistently protect against a SCHU S4 aerosol challenge, suggesting that significant work on animal model development still remains. This report briefly describes the parameters important for animal model development and reviews the literature related to animal models of F. tularensis, including the human model, and the characterization performed for those models.
Programmable hardware systems using model-based design

Embedded systems are becoming ever more complex, and the costs of errors incurred during traditional development lifecycles are increasingly unacceptable. This lecture introduces model based design as a method for reducing the likelihood of such errors, and explains how products from The MathWorks such as Simulink and the Simulink HDL Coder can be used to achieve this in the context of programmable hardware. The lecture will be illustrated with a simple example from image processing, illustrating the use of reference models, model elaboration, conversion for fixed-point implementation, HDL generation and verification through co-simulation. (13 pages)
Soft drugs--10. Blanching activity and receptor binding affinity of a new type of glucocorticoid: loteprednol etabonate.

Abstract An improved synthesis of loteprednol etabonate (chloromethyl 17α-ethoxycarbonyloxy-11β-hydroxy-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene 17β-carboxylate) was achieved. The design of the new type of glucocorticoid was based on the soft drug concept. The relative binding affinities of loteprednol and its putative metabolites (PJ90 and PJ91) to rat lung type II glucocorticoid receptor were determined in a competitive binding experiment with [ 3 H]triamicinolone acetonide. The medium contained cortienic acid (10 −5 M) in order to block transcortin binding sites. Loteprednol etabonate exhibited a binding affinity which was 4.3 times that of dexamethasone, both compounds having a Hill factor close to 1 whereas PJ90 and PJ91 did not show any affinity to the receptor. Loteprednol etabonate was compared to betamethasone 17α-valerate in a vasoconstriction test which was performed on the forearm skin of human volunteers. The results showed that loteprednol etabonate has good skin-permeation properties and strong glucocorticoid activity.
Properties of strains of Escherichia coli K12 carrying mutant lex-1 and uvrA6 alleles.

Strains of Escherichia coli K12 have been constructed which carry the lex-3 mutation in combination with recA56, recB21, or recC22. The lex − recA −strain is equally as sensitive to ultraviolet light (UV) and ionizing radiation and as recombination-deficient as the corresponding lex + recA −strain, whereas the lex − recB −and lex − recC −strains are somewhat more sensitive to UV and ionizing radiation than the corresponding lex − rec +strain and have approximately the same recombination deficiencies as the respective lex + recB −and Lex + recC −strains. When cultures of the lex − recB −and lex −recC−strains are UV-irradiated, they degrade their DNA at the low rate characteristic of lex + recB −and lex + recC −single mutants, in contrast to the high rate of degradation seen with lex − rec +single mutants. These results imply that the lex +and recA +products act in the same pathway of DNA repair and that both are needed to limit the DNA breakdown due to the recB +/C+nuclease.
Application of direct method for a nonlinear-kinematic-hardening material under rolling/sliding line contact: Constant ratchetting rate

The direct method, which has been proved to be very effective in obtaining the steady-state solution in the cyclic rolling contact problems of elastic-linear-kinematic-hardening materials by Yu et al. (1993) is extended to investigate the ratchetting behavior by adopting the Armstrong and Frederick (1966) type of nonlinear-kinematic-hardening rule. The present method can effectively describe the ratchetting behavior under rolling/sliding line contact in the case of a constant ratchetting rate. Not only residual properties such as surface displacements, residual strains and residual stresses but also cyclic equivalent plastic strain increments are presented.
The largest protein observed to fold by two-state kinetic mechanism does not obey contact-order correlation

To probe the folding-energy landscape for a very large protein, we used Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE as a model. VlsE is a single-domain, predominantly alpha-helical protein with 341 residues. Remarkably, time-resolved folding and unfolding processes for VlsE follow two-state behavior. VlsE is by far the largest protein characterized that folds by a two-state kinetic mechanism. Thus, the common rule of thumb, that proteins larger than 110 residues fold by complex, multistate kinetic mechanisms, must be used with caution. In contrast with smaller helical proteins, the folding speed in water for VlsE is slow (5 +/- 2 s-1, pH 7, 20 degrees C) and does not agree (by 4 orders of magnitude in different directions) with the speeds predicted on the basis of native-state contact order and the topomer-search model. It is therefore questionable if the barrier height for folding is defined by gross topology for large two-state folders.
Frog lysozyme. II. Isozymes of lysozyme during the larval development of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens.

Abstract Eight isozymes of lysozyme were found differentially distributed among six developmental stages of Rana pipiens . Qualitative changes during early development involved a progressive loss of the more basic isozymes which then reappeared between metamorphosis and maturity. Though the egg contained five isozymes, only two were present by early metamorphosis including one not found in the egg. By metamorphic climax, the four isozymes in the egg were regained and one additional form appeared. By maturity, two less basic forms appeared giving a total of eight isozymes. From hatching to early metamorphosis, lysozyme units per animal increased, but lysozyme units/mg dry weight remained unchanged. Both lysozyme units per animal and units/mg dry weight increased sharply towards the end of metamorphosis.
Segmentation-Based Boundary Modeling For Natural Terrain Scenes

This paper describes a segmentation-based boundary-modeling processor for natural terrain scenes. Techniques of this type can achieve high-precision trajectory updating with image-based guidance systems.1 The boundary-modeling processor is based on region extraction and was developed as an alternative to edge-based boundary-modeling techniques. Region boundaries provide a high degree of boundary connectivity and eliminate competing edge and line structure resulting from texture gray-level gradients. Segmentation thresholds are derived with an adaptive-averaging preprocessor, which enhances the modal structure of the image gray-level histogram by replacing local-region gray-level distributions (texture) with their mean values. A contrast-edge map can be used to validate the selection of gray-level thresholds for region segmentation by locally correlating the region boundary points with the contrast-edge map of the scene. With this refinement, the segmentation-based boundary-model processor can combine the best characteristics of region segmentation and contrast-edge extraction: a high degree of region-boundary connectivity and high spatial fidelity of the extracted edge points. The derived boundaries form models of curvilinear scene-boundary features that may be accessed at several levels of approximation for fix-area acquisition and precision fix-point identification. Scene-boundary models and hierarchical line representations of the curvilinear features were generated using this segmentation-based boundary-modeling processor for a variety of natural terrain scenes. The resultant models demonstrate the effectiveness of this processor and its utility in scene pattern matching.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The significance of tissue cell changes preceding uterine cervix carcinoma.

Cervical smears were taken from 5000 women state hospital inmates from 1950-1961. 4-quadrant biopsies taken from those with atypical cells showed 55 women with cervical lesions. The lesions were classified on the basis of cytological and morphological studies as benign dysplasia atypical dysplasia and incipient carcinoma. Of 12 women with benign dysplasia none developed invasive carcinoma (average observation time 8 years 3 months). 4 of 12 women with atypical dysplasia developed incipient carcinoma after an average of 4 years 3 months and 4 others developed invasive carcinoma after an average of 4 years 9 months. 8 of 9 women with incipient carcinoma developed invasive carcinoma after an average of 3 years 6 months. Benign dysplasia is characterized by delay in cell maturation hyperplasia squamous metaplasia basal cell proliferation and partial lack of stratification but with benign nuclear morphology of epithelial and subepithelial connective tissue cells. Atypical dysplasia is characterized by delayed cell maturation with mitotic changes resembling early prophase and by atypical nuclear changes in the basal cells and the subepithelial connective tissue cells. Incipient carcinoma is characterized by cell changes characteristic of carcinoma but with an intact basement membrane with complete arrest of cell maturation with a marked increased in nuclear material. No distinction between incipient carcinoma and early invasive carcinoma can be made without inspecting the entire uterus.
The role of causal attributions in competitive situations

Previous data have shown that successful women are judged to have masculine characteristics [J. A. Doyle (1989), The Male Experience(2nd ed.), Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown; D. L. Gill (1986), Psychological Dynamics of Sport,Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; D. J. Murphy (1988), “Sport and Gender,” in W. M. Leonard II (Ed.), A Sociological Perspective of Sport(3rd ed.), New York: Macmillan; P. Willis (1994), “Women in Sport in Ideology,” in S. Birrell and C. L. Cole (Eds.), Women, Sport, and Culture,Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics]. Two experiments were conducted to test two different explanations for this effect, the appraisal and attribution hypotheses. In Experiment 1, male participants who lost to a female confederate on a masculine-relevant task rated her as having more masculine and fewer feminine characteristics than when the task was described as feminine-relevant. However, heart rate and blood pressure data failed to support the appraisal hypothesis that these reactions were due to the stress of losing to the female, or defensiveness. The alternative hypothesis that these ratings were due to standard attributional processes was more consistent with the data. Consequently, this hypothesis was tested in Experiment 2 using an attributional paradigm. Consistent with Experiment 1, the attribution hypothesis fared better than did the appraisal hypothesis.
Manipulation and characterization of molecular scale components

The last decade has witnessed several remarkable advances in the field of molecular electronics. Custom synthesized molecules have been shown to exhibit useful electronic functions such as switching and memory. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with a diameter as small as 1 nm, have shown transistor-like properties. Meanwhile, the molecular recognition properties of DNA have been exploited to facilitate the self-assembly of nanoscale structures. Not surprisingly, molecular electronics was named "the breakthrough of the year" by Science Magazine in 2001. The unique potential of molecular electronics is the "bottom-up" self-assembly of inherently small objects such as molecules into devices and circuits. This represents a paradigm shift compared to the semiconductor "top-down" approach. Furthermore, the simplicity of this approach in which the escalating costs of wafer processing facilities are approaching tens of billions of dollars. This paper present some of the techniques that we have developed to manipulate and characterize custom synthesized electronics molecules and carbon nanotubes.
Viviparity and the maternal-embryonic relationship in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae

Embryos of Latimeria chalumnae develop in well-vascularized compartments in the uterine region of the right oviduct. Compartments conform to the shape of their embryos and yolksacs; they represent a stable, gestation-induced oviductal modification. Late-term pups possess large, flaccid, vascular yolksacs almost devoid of yolk. The sac is in close contact with, but does not adhere to, the lumenal uterine surface. A massive vascular plexus occurs in the wall of the compartment at the site of contact with the yolksac ; together they constitute a non-adherent, transposable placenta. The exterior surface of the yolksac is bounded by an attenuated, single-layered, squamous epithelium that surrounds an intercommunicating bed of cortical sinuses. The cortex of the sac is composed mostly of connective tissue stroma. The inner surface is bounded by a layer of yolk-digesting merocytes. Residual yolk occurs as yolk platelets that include yolk crystals. The interior surface of the sac is invested by an uniquely specialized vitelline circulation; no connection seems to exist between the interior of the yolksac and gut. The uterine wall consists of : (1) a lumenal surface composed of an anastomosing network of capillaries with a layer of attenuated, very thin, squamous epithelium, (2) a well-vascularized connective tissue stroma, (3) alternating transverse and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, also well-vascularized, and (4) an external epithelial layer. Comparison of egg dry weight (184 g) with the estimated dry weights of a late-term pup (171 to 239 g) and a neonate (200 to 280 g) reveals a weight change of − 7 to + 30% and + 9 to + 52%, respectively. This is indicative of matrotrophy. In one female specimen, 19 remarkably large ovulated eggs were found and in another about 30 somewhat smaller ovarian ones. These are many more than ever could be accommodated in the uterine space. During the early and middle phases of development, embryos must be lecithotrophic, using their yolk reserves, with oophagy of fragmented supernumerary eggs as the most probable source of additional nutrients. The well-developed embryonic gut contains brown, amorphous yolk-like material. The limited amount of metachromatic secretory product of the uterine glands can play little or no role in embryonic nutrition.
Preliminary Studies of the Effect of Acido-Proteolytic Organisms and Temperatures of Curing on the Ripening of Cheddar Cheese Made from Pasteurized Milk

Summary The use of S. liquefaciens was unsatisfactory as a means of increasing the rate of flavor development in cheddar cheese made from pasteurized milk. The addition of S. liquefaciens did increase the amount of water-soluble nitrogen and volatile acids. However, the cheese made with as little as 0.10 per cent of this culture developed a flavor so bitter that it became unpalatable. Two acido-proteolytic micrococci, when added to the cheese milk in amounts of 0.50 per cent, did not significantly increase the rate of production of water-soluble nitrogen or volatile fatty acids during the 24-wk. curing period. These cultures were less proteolytic in milk than S. liquefaciens and the cheese did not develop the bitter flavor that was produced with the latter organism. Curing cheddar cheese at 65° F. increased the rate of flavor development as well as the total and water-soluble nitrogen and volatile fatty acids as compared with 50° F. Cheese held at 65° F. for 24 wk. had a definite-to-pronounced flavor development with no off-flavor attributed to this higher temperature. Cheese ripened at 50° F. for the same period had a slight to moderate flavor development.
Antagonism between MyD88‐ and TRIF‐dependent signals in B7RP‐1 up‐regulation

Type I interferons (IFN) play a critical role in the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated expression of B7 costimulatory family members. For example, LPS-induced up-regulation of CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) is abrogated in antigen-presenting cells (APC) deficient in TRIF or TRAM, two adaptors that are responsible for TLR4-mediated production of Type I IFN. In this report, we demonstrate that LPS-induced up-regulation of B7-related protein 1 (B7RP-1), a ligand for ICOS, is dependent primarily upon the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Signaling via the TRIF pathway sharply limits MyD88-dependent B7RP-1 up-regulation. Hence, LPS induces significantly higher B7RP-1 expression on TRIF- or TRAM-deficient mouse peritoneal macrophages and on TRIF-deficient mouse splenic B cells as compared to wild-type cells. Further studies reveal that Type I IFN are general suppressors of TLR-mediated up-regulation of B7RP-1. These data indicate that Type I IFN play a dual role in the TLR-mediated expression of B7 costimulatory family members and suggest that they may act to limit B7RP-1 expression and thus limit signals derived from B7RP-1-ICOS interaction.
R.E.S.T. — A flexible, semi-passive platform for developing RFID technologies

The Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)-Enabled Sensing Testbed (R.E.S.T.) is a flexible platform for developing RFID technologies (sensors, RF front ends, coding, etc.) across frequency bands from low-frequency through microwave and millimeter. Paired with a USRP N-200 software defined radio, the R.E.S.T. allows researchers to streamline RFID product development or experiment with new sensing techniques/RF architectures without the need for rebuilding an entire RFID tag. Instead, interchangeable daughterboards can be swapped with minimal code modification. This paper will present an overview of the R.E.S.T. platform; its usefulness as a research, teaching, and development tool; and some sample applications which have used the R.E.S.T. platform to date, including the development of a 5.8 GHz RFID backscatter radio system.
2‐Amino‐ and 2‐guanidino‐4‐thiazolylpyrimidines

The synthesis of the four possible 2-amino- and 2-guanidino- 4-(2-amino- and 2-guanidinothiazolyl)pyrimi-dines is described and pKa. values are calculated. Guanidinopyrimidines are more basic than guanidinothiazoles. However, the reverse is true of the corresponding amino heterocycles; the amino thiazole is more basic than the amino pyrimidine.
Multiple mainbeam sidelobe cancellation architectures for constrained and/or excess degrees of freedom processing

An efficient and flexible multiple mainbeam architecture for performing adaptive sidelobe cancellation using a single set of n auxiliary antennas is described. The design can easily incorporate constrained and/or excess degrees-of-freedom processing if this proves necessary in a given application. The approach is to compute the QR decomposition of the auxiliary data matrix and then send this information to mainbeam processors, where the residual for each mainbeam is computed without explicitly calculating and applying auxiliary weights. A new fast algorithm and architecture for implementing constraints are presented. The proposed approach reduces the number of operations in the constrained mainbeam processor from order n/sup 3/ to order n/sup 2/. >
Big data, big questions

One significant concern I have for the future of technical communication, a concern I often share with my students, involves the impact of "big data." Though the term is frequently used with a sneer, or at least a slightly unsettled laugh, the methods for retrieving information from large data sets are improving as I write this. One significant question the field faces is: "what new relationships will develop and what new work will technical communicators be responsible for in emergent big data projects, in coming years?"
Nuclear data sheets for A = 249 265(odd)

Abstract Experimental data pertaining to the nuclear structure of nuclei with all odd mass numbers A=249 through A=265 have been compiled and evaluated (the even mass chains, A=246 through A=266 were published in Nuclear Data Sheets 57, 4 (1989)). In many cases where data were lacking, systematics developed by 81Sc22 were used to obtain the needed values. Jθ for levels from radiactive decays are taken from “adopted levels” unless stated otherwise. Uncertainties in HF are given for the strongest α transition (they are usually due mainly to the uncertainty in the radius parameter, r 0 , which is interpolated from the adjacent even-even nuclides). For weaker α's the uncertainties are determined primarily by Δ1α. The isotopic assignment of many new α activities is based on the powerful α-α correlation technique. For a detailed description, see 84Mu07.
Dynamics of transverse mode in self-Q-switched solid-state lasers

Abstract In a “gain-guided” self- Q -switched laser with a large cross section, the time required for the development of a steady-state modal profile is longer than the pulse duration, resulting in transient profiles that considerably deviate from the steady-state profile prescribed by the eigen modes of the waveguide.
A Dual Simplex Algorithm for Piecewise-Linear Programming

This paper presents a dual piecewise-linear simplex algorithm for minimizing convex separable piecewise-linear functions subject to linear constraints. It is an extension of Fourier's work on piecewise-linear programming to the dual piecewise-linear simplex algorithm. This algorithm has advantages over indirect methods which solve equivalent linear programs augmented by additional variables and/or constraints. Computational experience is presented which demonstrates the efficiency these advantages contribute.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome and Clonal Eosinophilia: Point-of-Care Diagnostic Algorithm and Treatment Update

Acquired eosinophilia is operationally categorized into secondary, clonal, and idiopathic types. Causes of secondary eosinophilia include parasite infections, allergic or vasculitis conditions, drugs, and lymphoma. Clonal eosinophilia is distinguished from idiopathic eosinophilia by the presence of histologic, cytogenetic, or molecular evidence of an underlying myeloid malignancy. The World Health Organization classification system for hematologic malignancies recognizes 2 distinct subcategories of clonal eosinophilia: chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified and myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and mutations involving platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/β or fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. Clonal eosinophilia might also accompany other World Health Organization—defined myeloid malignancies, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis. Hypereosinophilic syndrome, a subcategory of idiopathic eosinophilia, is defined by the presence of a peripheral blood eosinophil count of 1.5 × 109/L or greater for at least 6 months (a shorter duration is acceptable in the presence of symptoms that require eosinophil-lowering therapy), exclusion of both secondary and clonal eosinophilia, evidence of organ involvement, and absence of phenotypically abnormal and/or clonal T lymphocytes. The presence of the latter defines lymphocytic variant hyper eosinophilia, which is best classified under secondary eosinophilia. In the current review, we provide a simplified algorithm for distinguishing the various causes of clonal and idiopathic eosinophilia and discuss current therapy, including new drugs (imatinib mesylate, alemtuzumab, and mepolizumab).
Positive almost periodic solutions of a nonlinear integral equation from the theory of epidemics

Abstract A generalization of a nonlinear integral equation governing the spread of certain infectious diseases with almost periodic contact rate is shown to have almost periodic positive solutions.
Pediatric acute kidney injury: it’s time for real progress

Mortality and morbidity from acute renal failure has not improved in pediatric or adult patients over the past 40 years. This lack of improvement stems from varied definitions for acute renal failure (ARF), changes in ARF epidemiology, and the reliance on changes in serum creatinine for ARF diagnosis. Significant research has occurred in the past 5 years to standardize ARF definitions, recognize ARF earlier, discover urinary biomarkers of early renal insult, and more optimally manage patients with ARF. As a result, changes in nomenclature from ARF to acute kidney injury and earlier institution of renal replacement therapy may lead to improvements in patient outcome. The aim of this editorial is to provide a description of the state of the art in pediatric ARF diagnosis and management by highlighting recent significant clinical and research progress.
SU-E-T-739: Dosimetric Consequences of Heterogeneity Correction Based on Maximum vs. Average Intensity Projection CT Densities

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric consequences of Hounsfield unit(HU)‐corrected dose calculations between Average Intensity Projection(AveIP) and Maximum Intensity Projections(MIP) 4D reconstructed CT studysets with respect to target coverage and dose to critical structures. Methods: Treatment plans for 10 inoperable non‐small cell lungcancer patients originally calculated on AveIP studysets were recalculated on MIP studysets with matching monitor units. Cases were selected to represent various treatment techniques: SBRT,IMRT and complex 3D. CMS XIO V4.51 was used with superposition convolution dose algorithm and set to pixel by pixel density correction. Lung volumes were redrawn manually with auto‐thresholding on nine of the ten cases to assess changes in lung volumes between studysets. DVHs were reviewed. Additionally, a sampling of HU at 9 systematic points was acquired for both the MIP/AveIP studysets. Results: Despite visible differences in isodose displays, recalculation using MIP did not significantly affect mean PTV‐V100(87.5 v. 88.8%, p=0.250) but decreased mean cordD1%(2172 v. 2217 cGy, p=0.006), mean lungV20(19.8 v. 20.1%, p=0.032), mean lungV5(49.4 v. 50.1%, p=0.009) and mean lung dose(1219.8 v. 1240.8 cGy, p=0.001). Recontouring lung volumes on MIP studysets decreased the total lung volume in all cases(mean 2786 v. 3188 cc, p<0.001) and increased mean lungV20(19.54 v. 18.80%, p=0.031), mean lungV5(47.91 v. 46.79%, p=0.154), and mean lung dose(1 184.8 v. 1148.0 cGy, p=0.014). PTVs were excluded from lung volumes in this study. Both studysets' HU sample values fall on the non‐variable portion of the CT to ED conversion file. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that there is no relevant dosimetric difference for utilizing AveIP or MIP studysets for density corrected dose calculations. Implications are that calculations could be performed on MIP or AveIP reconstructed scans, permitting physician discretion/preference. Further research is necessary to investigate if these results are uniformly applicable to all tumor locations and planning techniques.