cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing contrast-enhanced ultrasound to immunohistochemical markers of angiogenesis in a human melanoma xenograft model: preliminary results

This study compared contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) measures of tumor neovascularity with molecular markers of angiogenesis in a human melanoma xenograft model. A total of 14 mice were implanted with a human melanoma cell line (WM-9) in the thigh. After 2 to 3 weeks, a tumor, approximately 12 mm in diameter, developed. The US contrast agent Optison (Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO) was injected in a tail vein (dose: 0.4 to 0.6 mL/kg). Power Doppler and pulse-inversion harmonic imaging (HI) were performed with an Elegra scanner (Siemens Medical Systems, Issaquah, WA) and a 7.5 MHz linear array. Frame-rates of 30 Hz and 0.5 Hz (intermittent imaging) were used for pulse-inversion HI. After surgical removal, specimens were sectioned in the same planes as the US images. Immunohistochemical stains for endothelial cells (CD31), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were performed. Two observers graded the stains (for intensity and percent area), and two other observers graded the US imaging modes (for fractional tumor neovascularity) on the same scale from 0 to 3. Of the 14 mice, 4 failed for technical reasons (i.e., n = 10). Linear regressions indicated statistically significant correlations between percent area stained with COX-2 and power Doppler (r = -0.789; p < 0.01), as well as intermittent pulse-inversion HI (r = -0.795; p < 0.05). There was a trend toward significance between percent area stained with VEGF and intermittent pulse-inversion HI (r = -0.720; 0.05 < p < 0.10). No other comparisons were significant. In conclusion, contrast-enhanced US measures of tumor neovascularity in a human melanoma xenograft model appear to provide a noninvasive marker of angiogenesis corresponding to expression of COX-2. However, the sample size of this study is small and, until further studies have been conducted, these conclusions are preliminary.
Band Gap Control in an Active Elastic Metamaterial With Negative Capacitance Piezoelectric Shunting

Elastic metamaterials have been extensively investigated due to their significant effects on controlling propagation of elastic waves. One of the most interesting properties is the generation of band gaps, in which subwavelength elastic waves cannot propagate through. In the study, a new class of active elastic metamaterials with negative capacitance piezoelectric shunting is presented. We first investigated dispersion curves and band gap control of an active mass-in-mass lattice system. The unit cell of the mass-in-mass lattice system consists of the inner masses connected by active linear springs to represent negative capacitance piezoelectric shunting. It was demonstrated that the band gaps can be actively controlled and tuned by varying effective stiffness constant of the linear spring through appropriately selecting the value of negative capacitance. The promising application was then demonstrated in the active elastic metamaterial plate integrated with the negative capacitance shunted piezoelectric patches for band gap control of both the longitudinal and bending waves. It can be found that the location and the extent of the induced band gap of the elastic metamaterial can be effectively tuned by using shunted piezoelectric patch with different values of negative capacitance, especially for extremely low-frequency cases.
Calculating the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract Objective was to clarify the etiology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Drug-induced lupus (DIL) and SLE are both found in humans, are exacerbated by the same viruses or drugs, and they are both more common in slow acetylators. Thus, DIL can be used as a model for SLE and the Adhami equation of DIL can be applied to SLE. Polyamines are the only possible link between the viral and amine hypotheses of SLE pathogenesis. Based on the Adhami equation, polyamines can explain the actual annual incidence of SLE in the general population. Putrescine is a very weak SLE-causing agent, while spermine and spermidine contribute equally in triggering SLE. The positively charged polyamines bind to negatively charged internucleosomal DNA and change its conformation from B (non-immunogenic) to Z (immunogenic). This is the major contribution of polyamines in triggering SLE. The other effects of polyamines are only secondary. Apoptosis is a necessary step in SLE pathogenesis, because it causes the internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA and exposes Z-DNA to the immune system (due to cell death). The next step is the production of anti-DNA antibodies, followed by other SLE phenomena. Polyamines not only cause SLE, but they are also important in sustaining the disease. Other endogenous and exogenous amines have additive effects with polyamines and may contribute in exacerbating SLE. When SLE is in the active phase, polyamine levels are higher as compared to remissions. Fluctuations in polyamine levels due to diet, metabolic factors, infections, intestinal flora, etc. or the presence of other amines may explain the course of SLE, characterized by remissions and exacerbations. Acetylcysteine is a drug that can be completely metabolized to acetyl groups. As such, this drug is proposed as the ideal acetyl donor for the acetylation of polyamines and other SLE-triggering compounds. Clinical trials will be necessary to test the role of acetylcysteine in the etiologic treatment of SLE. Conclusions : Changes in DNA conformation by polyamines are the first step in SLE pathogenesis. Many genetic and environmental factors may increase or decrease the effects or levels of polyamines, causing SLE exacerbations or remissions. Viruses and other infectious agents may cause SLE by producing polyamines or by increasing the levels of endogenous polyamines. The major autoimmune diseases are characterized by remissions and exacerbations and not by a continuously progressive course, as commonly believed. Consequently, they are not sustained by internal vicious cycles, but by the initial triggering agent(s). While the conventional treatment of autoimmune disorders is important in minimizing tissue damage, the neutralization of their etiology may be important in curing and preventing autoimmunity.
Silicone intraocular lens power vs temperature.

trophic disorder lacking retinal differentiation, with secondary degeneration resulting in accu­ mulation of cellular debris and macrophages in the subretinallayer that causes spots or flecks to develop in the fundus after birth. Although progression of the marbelized appearance has been described in Leber's congenital arnauro­ sis.' our patient showed only minimal progres­ sion between ages 3 and 10 years. This suggests that ongoing ophthalmoscopically evident de­ generation may stabilize in these cases. Sys­ temic and neurologic abnormalities can occur with both juvenile nephronophthisis and Leb­ er's congenital amaurosis, including the dilated brain ventricles of our patient. However, cryp­ torchidism in cases of Leber's congenital amau­ rosis is unknown, as is the appearance of a marbelized fundus in cases of renal-retinal syn­ drome. As this case demonstrates, the appear­ ance of a marbelized fundus with Leber's con­ genital amaurosis may warrant a systemic evaluation for associated abnormalities.
Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Part II: Neuroprotection and Medical Management

Recanalization is the primary focus during the first hours after onset of ischemic stroke. However, preservation or neuroprotection of ischemic brain tissue by other means, prevention of stroke complications such as pneumonia and deep venous thrombosis, maximization of neural function of the surviving brain, and the start of therapies to prevent recurrent stroke are also important treatment goals. Part II of this review of acute stroke therapy focuses on these important elements of stroke care. Neuroprotective agents have been extensively tested in randomized trials of acute ischemic stroke, and no agent has been proven effective, despite promising results in animal models.1–3⇓⇓ The principle of neuroprotection after global brain ischemia, however, was recently demonstrated in 2 published trials of rapidly applied hypothermia in patients who had been resuscitated after cardiac arrest.4,5⇓ In an Australian study,4 77 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with normothermia or hypothermia (core body temperature reduction to 33°C) within 2 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation and maintained at the temperature for 12 hours. Hypothermia was started in the field by the paramedics, and the core temperature was decreased by 1.4° during the first 120 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation. The odds ratio for a good outcome was 5.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47 to 18.76). There were no significant differences in the frequency of adverse events. The second study randomized 275 patients who had been successfully resuscitated from a cardiac arrest to normothermia or hypothermia (32° to 34°C) over 24 hours.5 The median interval between restoration of circulation and initiation of cooling was 105 minutes. The likelihood of a favorable outcome at 6 months in the hypothermia group (55%) was significantly better than that for the normothermia group (39%, risk ratio 1.40; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.81). …
The Persistence, Forecasting Ability, and Valuation Implications of the Tax Change Component of Earnings

I examine whether and under what circumstances changes in net income caused by changes in effective tax rates (ETRs) (the tax change component) persist and whether the tax change component aids in forecasting future earnings incremental to aggregate earnings excluding the tax change. I decompose the tax change component of earnings into an initial and revised portion, which I hypothesize to have differential persistence and forecasting implications. Finally, I utilize the Mishkin (1983) procedure to determine if the market recognizes the forecasting implications of the differential persistence of the initial and revised tax change components. My results indicate that the tax change component is negatively associated with future tax changes. I find that the initial tax change component is more persistent for future tax changes than the revised tax change component. Additionally, I find that the initial tax change component is useful in forecasting future earnings, while the revised tax change component is not. These results are consistent with my hypotheses that the initial and revised tax change components have differential persistence and forecasting implications, and dispute the notion that changes in ETRs are transitory. Mishkin (1983) test results indicate that the market underestimates the persistence of the revised tax change component and the mispricing appears to be driven by firms in industries with above-average intra-year variation in the tax change component of earnings.
Hierarchical Network Models for Education Research: Hierarchical Latent Space Models.

Intervention studies in school systems are sometimes aimed not at changing curriculum or classroom technique, but rather at changing the way that teachers, teaching coaches, and administrators in s...
An Initial, Three-Day-Long Treatment with Alcohol Induces a Long-Lasting Phenomenon of Selective Tolerance in the Activity of the Rat Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis

We determined whether an initial alcohol challenge induced long-lasting changes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adult male rats received intragastric injections of the vehicle or a moderately intoxicating dose of alcohol (3.0 gm/kg) daily for 3 d. When animals were acutely challenged with alcohol 3-12 d later, their ACTH and corticosterone responses were significantly blunted, compared with that of vehicle-pretreated rats. In contrast, exposure to mild electric foot shocks induced a pattern of ACTH secretion that was comparable in animals administered alcohol or the vehicle previously, indicating a lack of cross-tolerance. No significant differences were observed in pituitary responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing factor or vasopressin in rats pretreated with the vehicle or alcohol. The influence of the initial drug treatment was not mimicked by exposure to foot shocks, nor was it prevented by administering a potent corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist to block the elevations in plasma ACTH and corticosterone induced by this initial treatment. Finally, we found that rats injected initially with the vehicle and challenged subsequently with alcohol exhibited the expected increased neuronal activation (measured by the upregulation of steady-state mRNA and protein levels of immediate early genes) in the paraventricular nucleus of their hypothalamus. In contrast, this response was markedly decreased in animals exposed previously to the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first report that exposure to a stress (i.e., alcohol), although not immediately altering the response of the HPA axis to this particular signal, induces a selective tolerance that is both slow to develop and long-lasting. The primary mechanism mediating the ability of an initial drug treatment to decrease subsequent responses of the HPA axis to a second drug challenge seems to be the inability of hypothalamic neurons to respond adequately to this second challenge.
In vitro degradation of a poly(propylene fumarate)-based composite material

We investigated the in vitro degradation of a novel degradable polymeric composite material being developed to function as a temporary replacement for trabecular bone. This material is based on a mixture of poly(propylene fumarate) cross-linked by N -vinyl pyrrolidone and includes sodium chloride and β-tricalcium phosphate. Using an in vitro test in simulated body fluids, the compressive strengths and compressive moduli of two composite materials increased with degradation time and remained above the minimum values acceptable for trabecular bone substitutes. A compressive strength of 21.3 (± 0.4) MPa and a compressive modulus of 696 (± 53) MPa were measured after twelve weeks for a composite material with initial strength of 18.0 (± 4.6) MPa and initial modulus of 113 (± 40) MPa. This unexpected phenomenon may prove to be useful for orthopaedic applications.
A comparison of temporal windowing schemes for single-trial ERP detection

Single trial ERP detection is critical for stimulus-synchronous brain computer interfaces. This paper presents a comparison of three different algorithmic schemes for single-trial ERP detection: SVM (baseline), hierarchical SVM-(naive) Bayes, selected temporal windows-based SVM-(naive) Bayes. An ERP-based image search system, including experimental setup, data collection, pre-processing, and three ERP detection schemes is described and utilized as the framework for comparison. We apply three schemes on EEG data from four subjects acquired on four days (eight sessions) each. Results indicate that a properly trained SVM operating on data from the post-stimulus [0,500]ms interval and SVMs trained on 50ms nonoverlapping windows spanning the poststimulus [200,450]ms interval (where P300 is expected) whose binary decisions are fused via the naive-Bayes approach perform similarly in terms of area under the ROC curve measure, while the latter fusion approach applied to all ten nonoverlapping windows spanning the [0,500]ms poststimulus interval is inferior. The poststimulus time limit of 500ms is imposed on all data that goes into the ERP detector because in our experimental setup the subjects are asked to press a button when they recognize the event of interest, which creates motor responses in the brain typically in the [600,800]ms interval and around.
3H-Thymidine autoradiadiographic analysis of telencephalic histogenesis in the chick embryo: II. Dynamics of neuronal migration, displacement, and aggregation

The movements of cells from their sites of origin in the proliferative neuroepithelium to their final positions in the chick telencephalon were traced by autoradiographic analysis of 3H-thymidine-labeled brains. A series of chick embryos were labeled on successive days of development between days 5 and 9 and fixed for autoradiography between days 6 and 10. Isochrone maps visualizing neuronal positions on each day of development between days 6 and 10 provided direct information concerning cell migrations, displacements, and aggregations leading to compartmentalization of the telencephalic wall and the generation of the "outside-in" pattern of histogenesis characteristic of the avian telencephalon. The topological divisions of the telencephalic wall appear to result from two factors: (1) the specification of neuronal precursors within the neuroepithelium and (2) the intrinsic associative and migratory properties of postmitotic neuronal populations expressed within the mantle layers. There was no evidence that glial cell barriers mediated the initial compartmentalization of neuronal populations.
Measuring Market Inefficiencies in California's Restructured Wholesale Electricity Market

We present a method for decomposing wholesale electricity payments into production costs, inframarginal competitive rents, and payments resulting from the exercise of market power. The method also parses actual variable costs into the minimum variable costs necessary to meet demand and increased production costs caused by market power and other market inefficiencies. Using data from June 1998 to October 2000 in California, we find significant departures from competitive pricing, particularly during the high-demand summer months. Electricity expenditures in the state's restructured wholesale market rose from $2.04 billion in summer 1999 to $8.98 billion in summer 2000. We find that 21% of this increase was due to increased production costs, 20% was due to increased competitive rents, and the remaining 59% was attributable to increased market power.
Female zebra finches require early song exposure to prefer high-quality song as adults

Song learning in songbirds has been studied extensively in males but not in females. Females prefer songs previously heard, but it is not known whether opportunity for learning during the juvenile period affects the ability of females to judge song quality. We show that early exposure to adult song is required in the development of normal adult female zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, song preferences. Females were reared in conditions that varied in the exposure to song. As young adults, these females were tested for song preference using a two-choice speaker protocol with unfamiliar song stimuli. Females reared with adult males preferred tutored (normal-quality) song, whereas females reared without adult males were as likely to prefer untutored (abnormal-quality) song as tutored song. All three groups of females preferred conspecific to canary song but showed no preference for songs that were temporally reversed or played forward. Our results suggest that a normally reared female's preference for songs with more notes and spectral complexity is learned during early exposure to adult males that produce such songs.
Mapping Petri nets to parallel programs in CC

Petri nets have been widely used as a tool for modeling and analyzing concurrent and distributed system for many years but their applications have been limited to the earlier activities of software system development. To make Petri nets a full fledged software development methodology, systematic (eventually automatic) code generation techniques are needed. We present an approach to derive parallel program skeletons from Petri nets which establishes a link between Petri nets and OO parallel programming and forms a foundation for a Petri net based transformational software development methodology.
IL-12 and type I interferon prolong the division of activated CD8 T cells by maintaining high-affinity IL-2 signaling in vivo

TCR ligation and co-stimulation induce cellular division; however, optimal accumulation of effector CD8 T cells requires direct inflammatory signaling by signal 3 cytokines, such as IL-12 or type I IFNs. Although in vitro studies suggest that IL-12/type I IFN may enhance T cell survival or early proliferation, the mechanisms underlying optimal accumulation of CD8 T cells in vivo are unknown. In particular, it is unclear if disparate signal 3 cytokines optimize effector CD8 T cell accumulation by the same mechanism and how these inflammatory cytokines, which are transiently produced early after infection, affect T cell accumulation many days later at the peak of the immune response. Here, we show that transient exposure of CD8 T cells to IL-12 or type I IFN does not promote survival or confer an early proliferative advantage in vivo, but rather sustains surface expression of CD25, the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. This prolongs division of CD8 T cells in response to basal IL-2, through activation of the PI3K pathway and expression of FoxM1, a positive regulator of cell cycle progression genes. Thus, signal 3 cytokines use a common pathway to optimize effector CD8 T cell accumulation through a temporally orchestrated sequence of cytokine signals that sustain division rather than survival.
Using computers in an engineering curriculum. Where are we? Where are we going?

Last year we initiated a computer technology access fee. Next semester there will be a new "optional" fee in order that students can have easier access to the information superhighway. In addition, a significant tuition increase has been proposed, and high level administrators have discussed increasing the technology access fee. From the perspective of our high-level academic strategic planners, we have made great progress, and our pathway into the future is well defined. There is even much enthusiasm among many of our faculty members. By using software packages such as Matlab, DADisp, Orcad, and Pspice, students can perform meaningful tasks early in their engineering studies. But the situation encountered by students may nor be so rosy. The day-to-day support given to student computing facilities is not particularly good. Students may be required to hop from one software package to another without becoming competent in the use of any package, and may have little appreciation of the tasks they are performing. As engineering educators, we are faced with two major constraints. First, most of us agree that we are here to EDUCATE students rather than to train them. Secondly, we have recently experienced challenging job market opportunities. We would like our students to be able to successfully compete for technical jobs even when job opportunities are scarce. We are also aware that a significant number of employers, particularly small employers, would like entry level engineers to be prepared for productive work on the first day of a new job. Yet, different types of jobs require different skills, and we really do not know what technical skills will be required for engineers working in the 21st century.
Triangular backgrounds shift line bisection performance in hemispatial neglect: The critical point

Isosceles triangular backgrounds influence line bisection performance in normal control participants and patients with hemispatial neglect. When the triangles are oriented asymmetrically with the vertex in I visual field, and the base in the other, the perceived midpoint of horizontal lines within the triangle is shifted towards the base, and away from the vertex. The current study examines this illusion further by systematically varying the extent of the triangle presented. With only fragments of the triangle in the background of the line, the vertex is the critical component driving the illusory shift in perceived midpoint. Patients with neglect and controls are equally sensitive to the illusion. Similar geometric illusions that are also intact in neglect, along with these results, suggest that preattentive, implicit visual processing is preserved in neglect and drives these illusions.
Speech target modulates speaking induced suppression in auditory cortex

Background Previous magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies have demonstrated speaking-induced suppression (SIS) in the auditory cortex during vocalization tasks wherein the M100 response to a subject's own speaking is reduced compared to the response when they hear playback of their speech.
Characterization of Die Attach Failure Modes in Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC) Packages by Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Failure to attach an IC die to its side-braze or leadless chip carrier (LCC) package can represent a serious problem in integrated circuit assembly. Consequently, the need to understand the mechanisms involved in furnace eutectic die attach failure is very critical. The purpose of this experimental investigation was to characterize the various die attach failure modes occurring in the furnace eutectic die attach process of LCC packages utilizing Pb/In/Ag preform material. Results from analytical investigations utilizing surface analysis techniques on a large number of sample die attach failures in LCC's are presented. An explanation of the causes and mechanisms involved in furnace die attach failure are proposed from both the experimental analytical results obtained and from theoretical investigations.
Depersonalization as a defense mechanism in survivors of trauma

The study examines the relationship between experiencing depresonalization during traumatic events and subsequent psychiatric symptomatology. Participants were 75 Boston University undergraduate students who reported 186 traumatic events. Information about their experiences of depersonalization during these events was obtained by the Depersonalization Questionnaire (DQ) a scale based primarily on the Dissociation Experience Scale (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986). Symptomatology was measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (Derogatis, 1977). As predicted the participants who experienced depersonalization during traumatic events were found to be significantly lower than those who did not on 7 out of the 9 SCL-90-R subscales and the General Severity Index (GSI) scale. When the severity of trauma was statistically controlled for, the significant differences between the two groups held up on five of the nine subscales and the GSI scale. These differences remained as significant when statistically controlling for the time that passed since the traumatic events. These findings suggest that, for this sample, depersonalization during traumatic events played a significant role in defending them from the full impact of these events.
Molecular genetic approaches to defining lipid function

Lipids fulfill multiple and diverse functions in cells. Establishing the molecular basis for these functions has been challenging due to the lack of catalytic activity of lipids and the pleiotropic effects of mutations that affect lipid composition. By combining molecular genetic manipulation of membrane lipid composition with biochemical characterization of the resulting phenotypes, the molecular details of novel lipid functions have been established. This review summarizes the results of such a combined approach to defining lipid function in bacteria.
Effects of upland disturbance and instream restoration on hydrodynamics and ammonium uptake in headwater streams

Delivery of water, sediments, nutrients, and organic matter to stream ecosystems is strongly influenced by the catchment of the stream and can be altered greatly by upland soil and vegetation disturbance. At the Fort Benning Military Installation (near Columbus, Georgia), spatial variability in intensity of military training results in a wide range of intensities of upland disturbance in stream catchments. A set of 8 streams in catchments spanning this upland disturbance gradient was selected for investigation of the impact of disturbance intensity on hydrodynamics and nutrient uptake. The size of transient storage zones and rates of NH4 þ uptake in all study streams were among the lowest reported in the literature. Upland disturbance did not appear to influence stream hydrodynamics strongly, but it caused significant decreases in instream nutrient uptake. In October 2003, coarse woody debris (CWD) was added to ½ of the study streams (spanning the disturbance gradient) in an attempt to increase hydrodynamic and structural complexity, with the goals of enhancing biotic habitat and increasing nutrient uptake rates. CWD additions had positive short-term (within 1 mo) effects on hydrodynamic complexity (water velocity decreased and transient storage zone cross-sectional area, relative size of the transient storage zone, fraction of the median travel time attributable to transient storage over a standardized length of 200 m, and the hydraulic retention factor increased) and nutrient uptake (NH4 þ uptake rates increased). Our results suggest that water quality in streams with intense upland disturbances can be improved by enhancing instream biotic nutrient uptake capacity through measures such as restoring stream CWD.
Man within machines: Snowpiercer from bande dessinée to film

As a bande dessinee (BD; 1984) and a film adaptation (2013), Le Trainsperceneige/Snowpiercer complicates the phenomenological definition of Being by blurring the lines between man and machine – man is mechanised and the machine is humanised – to such an extent that they essentially coalesce. This essay explores the complicated relationship between the two, supposedly independent, entities at three levels of machinery: man within the philosophical machine of Being, man within the machine of capitalism, and, finally, man within the apparatus machine of the BD and of the film.
Two Models of Tort (and Takings)

Since the publication of The Cost of Accidents, the model of costs has been the dominant approach to tort theory. On the model of costs, tort law promotes efficiency by requiring agents to internalize the costs they impose on others when it is efficient to do so. Despite its success, the model of costs is deeply puzzling. Positive externalities are as inefficient as negative externalities. Therefore, if the model of costs provides a good explanation of tort law, one would expect that we would also have a legal regime oriented towards the recapture of the benefits we confer on others. In some instances, restitution allows the recapture of positive externalities, but compared to tort it is a trifling part of the law. Part One of this Essay explores attempts to explain law's harm-benefit asymmetry from the perspective of the model of costs. I argue that the economic explanations offered to date are, in a variety of respects, unsatisfying. In Part Two, I explain an alternative model of torts, the model of harms. On this model, tort responds to the harms that we inflict on one another, rather than the costs that we impose on one another. I show how harms are different from costs, and I explain how conceiving of tort law as an institution concerned with harms rather than costs makes better sense of both tort doctrine and law's harm-benefit asymmetry. Part Three explores takings jurisprudence, which exhibits its own harm-benefit asymmetry. The Constitution requires the government to pay just compensation when it takes property. Abraham Bell and Gideon Parchomovsky have argued that we ought to have a givings jurisprudence, which would require the government to impose a fair charge when it gives away property. I argue that Bell and Parchomovsky's suggestion makes sense only from the perspective of the model of costs, and that the model of harms better explains the takings jurisprudence we actually have. I show that, like tort law, constitutional takings jurisprudence responds to the harm that government inflicts when it takes property, rather than the costs it imposes.
Abstract 649: PARP14 and PARP9 Are Novel Regulators of Macrophage Activation

Purpose: A microenvironment dominant in pro-inflammatory macrophages (“M1”) and lacking anti-inflammatory macrophages (“M2”) may promote vascular diseases. We explored and validated key regulators of such macrophage polarization. Methods and Results: Using global proteomic analysis and bioinformatics, we examined the changes in the proteomes of mouse and human macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7; THP-1) in response to interferon gamma (IFNγ) or interleukin 4 (IL-4) for M1 or M2 polarization, respectively. Among 5816 proteins in RAW264.7 and 4723 in THP-1, data filtering and clustering identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 14 (PARP14) and 9 (PARP9) as candidates for key regulators of macrophage polarization, which increase in M1 and decrease in M2 condition. siRNA silencing of PARP14 in macrophages induced M1 genes TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS, while decreased M2 markers Arg1 and MRC1, indicating that PARP14 suppresses pro-inflammatory macrophage activation and promotes anti-inflammatory polarization. PARP14 silencing induced STAT1 phosphorylation and reduced STAT6 phosphorylation, suggesting their roles in the underlying signaling mechanisms. In contrast, PARP9 silencing decreased M1 markers, as well as phosphorylation of STAT1. Of interest, a direct physical interaction between PARP14 and PARP9 was also demonstrated. In vivo evidence supported these in vitro findings. Macrophages of PARP14-deficient mice expressed markedly higher levels of M1 genes and lower levels M2 markers. PARP14 deficiency accelerated lesion development after mechanical injury in femoral arteries. Conclusions: PARP14 and PARP9 regulate macrophage activation, offering novel therapeutic targets for vascular diseases.
Need for a Specialized Metamodel for Biomedical and Health Informatics Domain

The history of computing has taught the software community significant lessons and few of them in a hard way. After spending numerous resources, the community has realized the need for establishing standards or specification for efficiently handling interoperability issues across diverse applications and tools. For example, UML for model driven development, and XML for information exchange. The domain of biomedical informatics is traversing through a similar path where numerous resources are employed for achieving interoperability among heterogeneous biomedical applications. To mitigate this issue and learning from previous experiences, the biomedical domain has to establish a modeling standard for design and development of its software applications and tools. Towards this goal, this research article proposes a minimal metamodel for the domain of biomedical and health informatics based on MOF and UMLS Semantic Network.
Characterization of Fluorinated Polyimide Films

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to characterize the polyimide film based on 4,4′ hexafluoro-isopropylidene -bis pthalic anhydride (HFDA) and 4,4′ -bis (4-aminophenoxy) biphenyl (APBP). Films of varying thicknesses made from diluted precursors were studied by IR and XPS. An elemental analysis and a tentative peak assignment for C 1s in XPS is presented. The HFDA-APBP thick films are stoichiometric in composition and binding energies are in good agreement with data on hexafluorodianhydride-oxydianiline (HFDA-ODA). For thinner films, certain chemical modifications were observed at high cure temperatures.
Cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors.

The identification of two cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes has been a tremendous advance in understanding the role of prostaglandins in inflammation and the actions of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). COX-1 activity appears to be related to "constitutive" or "housekeeping" functions in the gastric mucosa, kidney and platelets. COX-2 activity is "inducible" and generally occurs in response to a specific stimulus to enhance inflammatory actions. Current NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, although the clinical benefit of NSAIDs appears to be associated with inhibition of COX-2 activity. The inhibition of COX-1 activity by NSAIDs is related to adverse side effects in general, particularly gastrointestinal toxicity. Recently, COX-2 selective inhibitors have been developed. Current data would suggest that by inhibiting COX-2 action, these agents may have efficacy similar to that of standard NSAIDs and that by not inhibiting COX-1 activity, they may have less toxicity than standard NSAIDs. Thus, these actions indicate that COX-2 selective inhibitors will have similar clinical efficacy to the traditional NSAIDs with fewer adverse side effects.
Physiology of the thyroid gland.

(1958). Physiology of the Thyroid Gland. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 170-178.
Coordinating Green Clouds as Data-Intensive Computing

Cloud providers seek to maximize their market share, so they deploy datacenters to (1)Build a capacity that will accommodate the entire compute demand. (2)Maintain geographical affinity to its customers which is vital for low-latency applications e.g. live streaming services. Achieving these goals by a single provider is unrealistic from the cost of ownership perspectives. Moreover, with the carbon emissions levels data centers place an increasing demand on grid electricity and emit carbon. We suggest a solution that will allow cloud providers to operate near their customers and reduce its operational costs by lowering the data-centers deployments per provider ratio. We leverage previous studies as a starting point that focused on the data-center levels within a cloud provider. Our solution zooms out and optimizes cross-data-centers deployment and beyond, by suggesting a cross-cloud providers collaboration. Also, we suggest operating datacenters using both green as well as brown energy sources as a fast-data system. Finally, we show how cross-cloud coordinator service can reduce the projected data-centers carbon emissions growth by 22% from the current expected trajectory.
Research on Reservoir Sedimentary Characteristics in Es3 to the Er Jie Gou Depression in Liaohe Basin

Er JieGou is located in the South of the East Depression of Liaohe Basin,with very bright exploration prospect.During the period of Es3 of the Palaeogene,the main sedimenary condition is half-deep lacustrine.It has better oil and gas conditions.The fractures of this area are very complicated,which supplied major migration pathway for the hydrocarbon.Volcanic rock is distributed abundantly.The sedimentary conditions are also complicated.Depositional system of alluvial fan,braided channel delta and fan-deltaic have been recognized in this area.The direction of sources are mainly from north-east.Reservior of river distributed widely.Due to the change of river course,made the sand and mud be reduplicated and formed sand lens,which are better locations of lithologic reserviors.This article combined large well logging data and logging data and studied the laws of the deposition system charicteristics of oil-bearing formation to the Es3.
The Changes and Effects of Serum IL-17 and IL-23 in Children With Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia

Objective To explore the mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children with serum IL- 17 and IL- 23 expression changes and function. Methods 40 cases of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae in December 2013 to December 2014 in our hospital were chosen, as observation group, 40 cases of healthy children were chosen, as control group, the detection of serum IL- 17, the two groups IL- 23 and c-reactive protein levels.Results Observation group before treatment the serum level of IL- 17, IL- 23 is significantly higher than the control group, difference has statistical significance(P0.05), and the observation group after treatment serum IL- 17, IL- 23 were significantly lower than before the treatment, statistically significant differences(△P0.05). Treatment group before c-reactive protein abnormal rate is significantly higher than the control group, difference has statistical significance(P0.05). Conclusion Detection of serum IL- children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, IL-17, IL- 23 level to understand the progress of the disease and curative effect has a certain clinical significance, can be used as mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children with the disease development and outcome of the evaluation index.
Oxidative Stability and Shelf Life of Vegetable Oils

Abstract Oils and fats play a major functional role in foods, both that are cooked at home and that are produced industrially. It is important to understand the comparative shelf stability of oils to be used in producing foods, as the quality of oil greatly impacts the quality and shelf life of the food. The data set produced by the 24-month ambient shelf stability study of multiple oils suggested that fatty acid profile of an oil is an extremely useful tool in predicting the comparative oxidative stability, and that oxidative stability index, as well as primary and secondary oxidation compounds, as expressed by peroxide value and para-anisidine value, are very useful measures of the oxidative state of an oil when stored at room temperature. Oils containing higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids resisted oxidative breakdown much longer than the ones containing higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The slopes of the rate of change in oxidative stability index of oils stored at ambient versus that at elevated temperature were different for different oils. There was no direct correlation between the oxidative breakdown of oils and changes in their sensory attributes, as determined by the trained sensory panel. Oils from a crop species behaved differently from other crop species, in terms of oxidation and sensory characteristics.
Prenatal Heavy Metal Exposure and Cognition

The effects of prenatal exposure to heavy metals on childhood cognitive skills and health status are reported from the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
A Secure and Distributed Framework to Identify and Share Needed Information

Information analysis and communication play significant roles in decision making, especially in battle grounds and situations where national security is under threat. In many situations when information in consideration is sensitive/confidential, it is in our best interests to analyze and share only needed information to minimize the potential of security breach regarding other irrelevant but sensitive information. Thus, the goal of this paper is to investigate the required methodologies and propose an advanced communication framework that enables different entities in distributed environments to identify, share and analyze only needed information, without disclosing other unwanted but sensitive information. Such a framework will enable the sharing of crucial protected information, which would not have been possible before. For example, to access protected or confidential intelligence information, a person needs to have sufficient clearance level and to justify the need-to-know basis. If the person cannot disclose what he or she knows and without him or her knowing the protected information in the first place, objectively justifying the need-to-know is very difficult. The proposed framework will provide an objective and secure way to justify the need-to-know basis and to identify and share the needed intelligence without disclosing any irrelevant but protected information. In addition, it can also minimize information disclosure in coordinated and collaborative intelligence gathering involving multiple entities.
Strategic management and Balanced Scorecard method

The article deals with review of situation of the stategic leading in the small and middle enterprises in the South region and the knowledge of the method Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The target is to clear up the importace of strategic leading and strategy, because the modern company in a market world in the present needs unique and understandable preferences, rules, demands and criteria for evaluation. Results of our analysis are: the most firms try to use their written strategy into the leading of a company, further almost the all these firms do a target analysis. A lower knowledge of the method BSC can be considered to be expected with regard to recent introduction of this method. We can use the method BSC like basic pillar of modern strategic leading system, which helps company to fulfil the defined targets.
SPECTRUM OF BRAIN ABNORMALITIES DETECTED ON WHOLE BODY F-18 FDG PET/CT SCAN

Positron emission tomography (PET) with integrated computed tomography (CT) is a unique modality to noninvasively scan the whole body for diagnosing, staging and assessing response to therapy in various benign and malignant diseases. 18 F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most commonly used radiotracer for PET/CT imaging in cancer patients. FDG is a glucose analogue which is the predominant substrate for brain metabolism. As the brain cells are obligate glucose consumers, the knowledge of physiologic radiotracer uptake within the brain is imperative for correct interpretation of abnormal sites of metabolism. Over 10,000 PET/CT scans have been performed at our centre in a 5 years’ period. A spectrum of brain abnormalities, both benign and malignant, detected in cancer patients undergoing whole body 18 F FDG PET/CT imaging has been compiled. Keywords: Fluorodeoxyglucose; Positron Emission Tomography; Computed Tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Tumours, Brain Metastasis; Benign Cerebral Lesions
Follow-Up and Surveillance

Although laparoscopic Heller myotomy has been considered the gold standard, per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an emerging and promising treatment for achalasia. It has been shown to be safe and effective in the relief of dysphagia symptoms; however, postoperative reflux remains a concern given the lack of a concurrent anti-reflux procedure. This chapter aims to discuss the long-term symptomatic and physiologic outcomes as well as the role of surveillance following POEM.
The expansion and contraction of the journalistic field and American online citizen journalism, 2000–2012

Abstract While previous research has considered patterns of homogeneity and heterogeneity in the journalistic field, existing literature has largely ignored the factors that contribute to the growth and contraction of the field. Using citizen journalism (CJ) as a case study, we examine how four forces – organizational population dynamics, technological innovations, exogenous political events, and endogenous disruptions elsewhere in the field – shaped the growth of CJ over time and, consequently, the journalistic field. Using a snowball sampling method, we collected a “near-population” of U.S.-based, English-language CJ sites (n = 1829) to measure yearly density and rates of foundings and mortalities. The population of CJ sites increased through most of the period, foundings declined after a spike in 2005, and mortalities rose dramatically after 2010. The results provide evidence that organizational population and technological change affected the size of the population of CJ sites, while political upheaval and disruptions within professional journalism held less sway.
Longitudinal outcomes associated with significant other responses to chronic fatigue and pain.

This study investigated significant others’ behavior associated with fatigue, pain, and mental health outcomes among 68 individuals with chronic fatigue (43% also had fibromyalgia) over 18 months. ...