cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processing and Friction Properties of Intermetallic‐Bonded Diamond Ceramtc Composites

The innovative use of intermetallics to bond diamonds and ceramics has led to a potentially new friction material. Intermetallics containing Ni and Al have the potential to make a hard. tough bonding phase for ceramic and diamond particulates that increases in strength with temperature. This is the first reported successful introduction of diamonds within a metallic matrix that has been sintered to temperatures exceeding 1400°C without the deterioration and/or decomposition of the diamonds. Intermetallic-bonded diamond (IBD) composites containing 30-60 vol% intermetallic and 70-30 vol% ceramic and diamond were produced by sintering in Ar, vacuum sintering, and hot pressing. DSC was used to identify critical reaction temperatures. Following densification samples were then subjected to friction testing and the friction surface analyzed. Coefficient of friction values of 0.35 to 0.50 were obtained for selected formulations. SEM results confirmed that the diamonds remained at the wear interface and were not pulled out by testing. The processes employed and the results will be presented and discussed.
Where have the neutrons gone: A history of the Tower Shielding Facility

In 1946, the U.S. Air Force selected the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation as the responsible organization for directing the Nuclear Energy for Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project. At about this time, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was putting into operation a facility that used a beam hole through the graphite reactor shield as a source of neutrons into which shield samples could be inserted. Since the laboratory had this facility, it was asked to cooperate in NEPA's needs. As time passed, more and more NEPA personnel became involved in NEPA work occurring at the laboratory, and in September 1949, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) designated ORNL as the agency for continuing the AEC's share of a joint technical program that was established in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Defense and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The purpose of the program was to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft. The laboratory was asked to study the neutronics aspect of the project, which included the relatively new discipline of reactor shielding. Since the weight and distribution of the shields would substantially affect the shape and size of the plane, it was imperative that the shield design be accurate andmore » timely. It was concluded that the surest, fastest, and most economical way to verify calculations was through the use of full-scale mock-ups. This decision led to the building of what has been known as the Tower Shielding Facility.« less
Climate Change Impacts on Flow, Sediment and Nutrient Export in a Great Lakes Watershed Using SWAT

This study aims at understanding the impacts of projected climate change on the hydrological processes within the Maumee River watershed (16 395 km2) lying in the Lake Erie Basin using soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). The model was calibrated and validated for a baseline time-period of 1995–2005. Downscaled ensemble projected temperature and precipitation data from three general circulation models (GCMs) was then used to assess future flow, sediment, and nutrient loading in the watershed for mid-century (2045–2055) and late-century (2089–2099) time periods. Compared to the baseline, a 2.9°C rise in the annual average temperature along with a 3.2% fall in the annual precipitation in the mid-century time-period is projected to reduce annual flow volumes, and suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3) loads by 8.5, 10.4, 8.5, and 9.9%, respectively. Similarly, for the late-century a 4.3°C rise in the annual average temperature along with a 5.6% rise in the annual precipitation is projected to increase annual flow volumes, and SS, TP, NO3 loads by 9.7, 19.6, 3.5, and 6.8%, respectively. Temporal shifts in climatic conditions were also projected for both the future time-periods with higher temperatures throughout the year along with wetter winters and drier summers. Implications of these changes would include the need for an increased focus on pollutant loadings for total maximum daily load guidelines and possible lengthening of crop growing cycles.
Comparison of Risk Analysis Approaches and a Case Study of the Risk of Incorporating Solar Photovoltaic Systems into a Commercial Electric Power Grid

This paper compares two common risk-modeling approaches and then uses them to analyze the risk of incorporating solar photovoltaic PV systems into a commercial electric power grid. It uses procedures from both approaches such as Hierarchical Holographic Models, frequency and severity normalization, and avoiding numerical skewing by rare but serious events: It describes the benefits and limitations of these approaches. Then, this paper summarizes the main risks associated with incorporating Solar PV panel systems into a commercial electric power grid, presents a what-if analysis for extreme scenarios, and explains mitigation strategies to ameliorate these risks. Finally, the paper points out some possible unintended consequences of incorporating Solar PV systems into a commercial electric power grid.
Genetic variants associated with autoimmunity drive NFκB signaling and responses to inflammatory stimuli

The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is a central regulator of inflammation, and genome-wide association studies in subjects with autoimmune disease have identified a number of variants within the NFκB signaling cascade. In addition, causal variant fine-mapping has demonstrated that autoimmune disease susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis (MS) and ulcerative colitis are strongly enriched within binding sites for NFκB. We report that MS-associated variants proximal to NF κ B1 and in an intron of TNFRSF1A ( TNFR1 ) are associated with increased NFκB signaling after tumor necrosis factor–α (TNFα) stimulation. Both variants result in increased degradation of inhibitor of NFκB α (IκBα), a negative regulator of NFκB, and nuclear translocation of p65 NFκB. The variant proximal to NF κ B1 controls signaling responses by altering the expression of NFκB itself, with the GG risk genotype expressing 20-fold more p50 NFκB and diminished expression of the negative regulators of the NFκB pathway: TNFα-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), B cell leukemia 3 (BCL3), and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (CIAP1). Finally, naive CD4 T cells from patients with MS express enhanced activation of p65 NFκB. These results demonstrate that genetic variants associated with risk of developing MS alter NFκB signaling pathways, resulting in enhanced NFκB activation and greater responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. As such, this suggests that rapid genetic screening for variants associated with NFκB signaling may identify individuals amenable to NFκB or cytokine blockade.
The effect of figure on syllogistic reasoning

Several investigators of reasoning with abstract categorical syllogisms have noted that the four figures of the classical syllogism, which vary in the order in which terms occur in the major and minor premises, resemble the four three-stage mediation paradigms in paired associate learning. On the basis of the analogy, figure differences have been predicted and some support has been obtained for these predictions. The present paper proposes an alternative information processing explanation for figure effects based upon contradictions between the correct conclusions that follow from forward and backward processing of the premises. This explanation, in contrast to the associative explanation, successfully predicts which premise combinations will show figure effects as well as the nature of the specific errors which will occur.
Neutron scattering study of the quadrupolar Kondo alloy Y0.8U0.2Pd3

Abstract Inelastic neutron scattering measurements have been performed on a polycrystalline specimen of Y0.8U0.2Pd3 and on the nonmagnetic analog compound Y0.8Th0.2Pd3 using unpolarized neutrons. The magnetic contribution to the inelastic spectrum at T=10 K exhibits two distinct peaks centered at energies E≃5 meV and 16 meV, attributed to broadened crystalline electric field (CEF) levels, with half widths at half maximum of ∼3 meV and ∼8 meV, respectively. The integrated intensities are consistent with Γ5 and Γ4 first and second excited state triplets lying above a Γ3 doublet ground state for tetravalent U ions in a cubic CEF. The absence of a pronounced low-energy (⩽4 meV≃kBTK) quasielastic response provides further evidence that the nonmagnetic γ3 doublet lies lowest in energy. These observations support the interpretation of the thermal, magnetic and transport properties in terms of the two-channel quadrupolar Kondo effect.
Regulation of oxytocin action at the receptor level

Abstract Prior exposure of certain target cells to elevated concentrations of a hormone can cause a reduction in the concentration of receptors for that hormone. Following the initial findings (1–6), many examples of the regulation of receptor concentrations by hormones and drugs have been reported (for a partial list see 7). In most cases a hormone regulates its own receptor concentration. There are examples, however, of hormones that can regulate the concentration of receptors for other hormones. The oxytocin (OT) receptor is a prime example of a system that is regulated by estrogens and progestins. Although changes in receptor concentration can play an important role in modifying the response to a hormone, in most systems studied it has not been possible to relate the changes in receptor concentration to an altered biological response to the hormone. Regulation of the OT receptor system, however, has been shown to have a very important bearing in the initiation of labor and parturition and these aspects of OT action are part of the subject of this review.
Predicting State Police Officer Performance in the Field Training Officer Program: What Can We Learn from the Cadet’s Performance in the Training Academy?

This paper examines the influence of the state police law enforcement academy on the performance of commissioned officers in the field training officer (FTO) program in a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The police training academy is paramount in preparing cadets for the roles, responsibilities, and activities that graduates assume independently in the field. As such, it is important to understand the value added to future performance in the field through adequate preparation in the training academy. This study analyzes a sample of officers in the Southeastern region of the United States and explores the relationship between their performance as cadets in the academy and their performance as commissioned officers in the field training officer program. Through stepwise regression, the researcher concluded that the law enforcement training academy accounts for 10% of the performance variance of newly commissioned officers in the field officer training program. The researcher recommended further analysis of the law enforcement curriculum and of the field training officer program. This research should focus on the specific goals and objectives of the FTO program to ensure that the curriculum taught in the academy is properly aligned with the performance measures of the FTO program.
Some Regularities of the Magnetic Moment Distribution of Odd- A Nuclei

Some systematic features of the magnetic moment distribution of odd-$A$ nuclei are established and theoretical explanation for them is given. The explanation suggested here is based on the idea of quenching of the intrinsic magnetic moments of nucleons in nuclei. This idea was created independently by several investigators many years ago and has been re-examined in detail recently. Essentially all these investigations predict that the magnetic moment of an odd-$A$ nucleus should be somewhere between the so-called Schmidt and Dirac limits. However, if the exclusion principle is the only reason for the quenching, the magnitude of the quenching turns out to be too small to explain the large magnetic moment deviations from the Schmidt limit. Therefore, the question is whether this idea is valid or whether, even if it is valid, other factors such as configuration mixing, core excitation, etc., are more important. In this paper, these questions are attacked empirically. Furthermore, it is shown that the parity rule may also be an important factor in quenching the intrinsic magnetic moments of nucleons in nuclei.
Observation of the v2 band of CO+ 2 by diode laser absorption

Four vibronic components of the (v 1 v 2 v 3) = (010) ← (000) fundamental of the CO+ 2 molecular ion in its ground 2Π i state have been detected by diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The ions were formed in a large hollow cathode discharge containing a mixture of helium and a few percent CO2 and maintained at a temperature of approximately 200 K. The spectra are analysed and fitted together with a set of combination differences extracted from the electronic emission spectrum of the ion [1979, Can. J. Phys., 57, 1634] in order to determine parameters describing the rotational and electronic fine structure of all of the vibronic levels associated with v 2 = 0 and 1. The vibronic spacings derived from this analysis are then interpreted in terms of a simple harmonic and a more detailed anharmonic vibronic coupling model to derive information on the bending potential function in the molecule.
Collaborative Evaluation Communities in Urban Schools: A Model of Evaluation Capacity Building for STEM Education

This chapter describes a new model of evaluation capacity building designed to build the organizational evaluation capacity of schools while simultaneously developing the evaluation capacity of individual teachers and STEM graduate students.
Nonylphenols in sediments and effluents associated with diverse wastewater outfalls

Nonylphenols (NPs) have been reported to disrupt endocrine function and sexual development in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Environmental NP burdens are predominantly derived from degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants. We detected NPs in discharge-associated riverine sediments adjacent to 11 of 20 active sewage treatment plants (STPs) at concentrations up to 12,400 μg/kg. While most previous studies have focused on STPs, nonylphenols were observed in association with a variety of outfall types. The highest sediment burden, 14,100 μg/kg, was detected near a federal facility's stormwater discharge. Of 75 sediments examined from 67 sites, 45% contained NP concentrations >5 μg/kg; median concentration in these NP-positive sediments was 369 μg/kg. Other surfactant-derived alkylphenolic compounds, specifically 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-cumylphenol, were observed in two sediments at 8,220 and 70,000 μg/kg, respectively. The maximum NP concentration detected in an effluent, 6,300 μg/L, was from a shipyard oil/water separator. Nonylphenols were detected (> 1.0 μg/L) in 20% of the 59 effluents examined; 10% exceeded 10 μg/L. Sediments sampled near a STP that had ceased treatment operations 20 years prior contained 54,000 μg/kg, indicative of long-term NP residence. Results indicate that NPs may be released from diverse sources, concentrate in associated sediments, and persist therein for extended periods.
Pediatric disaster preparedness: the potential role of the trauma registry.

BACKGROUND: Improving trauma care and preparing for a disaster require data collection and analysis. Trauma registries capture data for research, measure trauma system outcomes, and support quality improvement through assessment of the appropriateness and effectiveness of the trauma system. METHODS: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of trauma registries in disaster planning for the pediatric population by: (1) describing the history and current state of pediatric trauma registries; (2) providing examples of functioning trauma registries and their application to assist in disaster planning; and (3) a summary of the applicability to pediatric disaster planning as well as recommendations for future efforts. RESULTS: The National Pediatric Trauma Registry was discontinued in 2002. A detailed plan and design have been developed for the National Trauma Registry for Children; however, the funding has not been available to implement. The National Trauma Data Bank is the largest repository of trauma records in the United States; however, it has not focused specifically on pediatric data collection. The most highly reported use of trauma registry data for studying mass casualties and disaster planning has been conducted outside of the United States and related to terrorist attacks. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregating existing data from state trauma registries or using the National Trauma Data Bank may facilitate development of statistical models to help predict survival, injury patterns, and important physiological thresholds. However, representative pediatric-specific trauma registry data are needed to obtain an adequate sample size in pediatric population to extrapolate data to represent the scale of a disaster. Language: en
Neuroligins and Neurexins Link Synaptic Function to Cognitive Disease

The brain processes information by transmitting signals at synapses, which connect neurons into vast networks of communicating cells. In these networks, synapses not only transmit signals but also transform and refine them. Neurexins and neuroligins are synaptic cell-adhesion molecules that connect presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at synapses, mediate signalling across the synapse, and shape the properties of neural networks by specifying synaptic functions. In humans, alterations in genes encoding neurexins or neuroligins have recently been implicated in autism and other cognitive diseases, linking synaptic cell adhesion to cognition and its disorders.
Detection of essential surfaces in 3-manifolds with SL~2-trees

According to Bass-Serre theory [Se], given a field F with a discrete valuation v : F ∗→Z, there is a canonical way to construct a simplicial tree T = TF,v on which SL2(F ) acts simplicially without inversion. When a group π has a representation into the group SL2(F ), then there is an induced action of π on the tree via the representation. If further π is the fundamental group of a compact 3-manifoldM and the action ofπ on the tree T is nontrivial (meaning that there is no point on T fixed by every element of π ), then the action induces a splitting of M along an essential surface in the following way: let M p −→ M be the universal covering, there is a π1(M)-equivariant map f : M→T which is transverse to the set E of midpoints of edges in T such that p(f −1(E)) is an essential surface in M .We say such an essential surface is associated to (or detected by) an SL2-tree. A natural question is: which essential surfaces in a compact 3-manifold can be associated to SL2-trees and how do they depend on the choice of the field and discrete valuation? This is the main issue we are going to address in this paper. Any 3-manifold mentioned in this paper is automatically assumed orientable and connected. By an essential surface in a compact 3-manifold M we mean an orientable, properly embedded, incompressible surface each component of which is neither boundary parallel in M nor bounds a 3-ball (when it is a 2sphere). Also recall that a discrete valuation on a field F is a homomorphism v from the multiplicative group F ∗ onto the group of integers Z such that v(a + b) ≥ min(v(a), v(b)) for any a, b ∈ F ∗ with a + b = 0. Let v : F ∗→Z be a discrete valuation. The set Ov = {0} ∪ {a ∈ F ∗; v(a) ≥ 0} S. Schanuel · X. Zhang Department of Mathematics, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA (e-mail: schanuel@buffalo.edu / xinzhang@math.buffalo.edu)
Synonomy of the yeast genera Hansenula and Pichia demonstrated through comparisons of deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness

The relationship between the genera Hansenula and Pichia was examined through comparisons of DNA relatedness among phenotypically similar species. Hansenula minuta and Pichia lindneri showed 75% DNA base sequence complementarity. In other comparisons, H. nonfermentans was found to share nearly 50% of its DNA sequences with both H. minuta and P. lindneri. Because of the high degree of relatedness observed, it is proposed that ability to assimilate nitrate, the sole distinction between Hansenula and Pichia, is of insufficient taxonomic value for the reliable separation of either species or genera. Hat-spored species of Hansenula H. et P. Sydow 1919 are being transferred to Pichia Hansen 1904. Species of Hansenula and Pichia with Saturn-shaped ascospores will be transferred to the genus Williopsis.
Power-efficient grating-based scanning optical delay line for Optical Coherence Tomography

We present a grating-based time-domain RSOD that can achieve similar scanning performance as Fourier-domain RSOD, while provides 6dB improved power efficiency. This 6dB is equivalent to about 4.0dB SNR advantage for a typical balanced-detection OCT
AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs thin-film Fabry–Perot modulator on a glass substrate by using alignable epitaxial lift-off

We describe the fabrication and operation of a novel surface-normal AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs p-i-n Fabry–Perot optical modulator on glass. The thin-film devices were separated from the GaAs growth substrate and deposited onto a glass substrate by an alignable epitaxial lift-off technique. Optical transmission measurements on these structures show a 3-dB contrast ratio over a 1.7-nm bandwidth with a maximum modulation of 3.3 dB at 878 nm, the largest contrast ratio reported to date to our knowledge for a surface-normal, double-heterostructure Franz–Keldysh modulator.
Seroepidemiological Studies of Group B Streptococcus Type II

In the course of prospective epidemiological studies of group B streptococcal (GBS) colonization and infection, we surveyed 401 paired maternal and cord sera (obtained at delivery) and 23 sera from patients with systemic type II infection for IgG antibody to GBS type II. Type II carriers were more likely to have antibody (greater than 2 micrograms/ml) than were those carrying other GBS types, whereas noncolonized patients were the least likely to have antibody. The overall prevalence of levels of antibody greater than 2 micrograms/ml was estimated to be approximately 6%, on the basis of assay results of the 401 maternal-cord pairs and adjusted for known-colonization status for the entire population of 8,928 deliveries that occurred during the study period. The majority of patients with infection had antibody levels less than 2 micrograms/ml. Five patients, however, had antibody present at levels ranging from 2.7 to 5.8 micrograms/ml. These findings suggest that "antibody deficiency" was widespread and was not by itself a useful determinant of risk for disease caused by GBS type II.
Study of EM Wave Propagation for Transformer PD Monitoring Using FDTD Method

Ultra high frequency (UHF) partial discharge (PD) detection technique is drawing attention to transformer insulation accident prevention. However, the configuration of a large oil-immersed transformer is very complicated, so the reflection, refraction and absorption phenomena between PD sources and UHF sensors need to be considered. The phenomena make it difficult to calibrate the magnitude and locate the source of a PD activity. Therefore, detailed investigation of EM wave propagation inside the tank is carried out to enhance the performance of UHF method. Numerical simulations are performed on the 3D models using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. From the results, the effects of transformer oil, cores and the tanks are clarified.
Photoluminescence studies of beryllium doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

Abstract A photoluminescence (PL) investigation of beryllium doped GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells is reported. MBE grown samples with well widths 30–75 A and barrier thicknesses 100–500 A are included. The effect of beryllium doping in the well region of sheet carrier density 3×10 11 to 4×10 12 cm −2 on the position of the first conduction band-to-first heavy hole band (C1–HH1) free exciton line is investigated. The position of PL peak energies as a function of well width and doping is calculated using single particle energies from an envelope function approximation calculation and an estimate of many body effects, including a two-dimensional, screened exchange interaction. A very good agreement is found between the calculated and measured PL peak energies.
Enhanced Differentiation of Stem Cell Derived Cardiac Myocytes by Electronic Expression of IK1 Reveals an Atrial-Specific Kv1.5-Like Current

Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac myocytes (h-iPSC-CMs) are a major advance in drug safety testing and research into human cardiac electrophysiology. However, these cells have potential limitations when used for quantitative action potential (AP) analysis. These cells are a mixture of atrial and ventricular cell types, which can be distinguished, to some extent, by action potential (AP) morphology. However, the spontaneous activity of h-iPSC-CMs results in parameter variability and anomalous pharmacological responses, leading to cell misidentification. The spontaneous behavior is largely due to the absence of an IK1 inwardly rectifying potassium channel (IK1).We examined the effect of using an in silico interface to electronically express this missing IK1. An in silico interface was developed to express synthetic IK1 in cells under whole cell voltage clamp using a variant of the dynamic clamp approach. Electronic IK1 expression resulted in a stable physiological resting potential, eliminated spontaneous activity, reduced spontaneous early and delayed after depolarizations, and decreased AP variability. Stimulated APs had a rapid upstroke and spike and dome morphology, and the readily recognizable repolarization attributes of ventricular and atrial cells. When examining the late components of outward current, we found that APs classified on the basis of AP morphology as “atrial-like” had a significantly larger sustained outward Kv1.5-like component at +50 mV than “ventricular-like” APs (in pA/pF: 1.76 ± 0.47 (n=6) vs. 0.74 ± 0.07 (n=7), p 0.4). These data indicate that h-IPSC-CM myocytes with synthetic expression of IK1 can easily be differentiated into ventricular-like and atrial-like myocytes by AP morphology, and that atrial-like cells exhibit an atrial-specific current.
Covalent palladium–zinc bonds and their reactivity

Photolysis of (FPNP)Pd–Et in the presence of Et2Zn leads to the formation of (FPNP)Pd–Zn–Pd(PNPF), the first example of a compound with a covalent Pd–Zn bond.
Stability and Structure of Nanometer-Thin Perfluoropolyether Films Using Molecular Simulations

Methods to determine the stability of thin films are needed to ensure that lubricating layers maintain their integrity and so can reliably protect and lubricate moving interfaces. Here, we compare two models of perfluoropolyether and various methods of calculating disjoining pressure as a means of characterizing stability using molecular dynamics simulation. As has been shown previously, we find that energy methods, based on the variation of film--substrate interaction energy with film thickness, provide a good estimate of disjoining pressure. Further, we find that more rapid computational methods based on the density in the film, though they may yield a poorer estimate of the magnitude of the disjoining pressure, yield correct predictions for thin film stability.
Pregnancy rates in sequential in vitro fertilization cycles by oocyte donors

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycles from individual oocyte donors who underwent multiple sequential donations. Methods: We reviewed clinical outcome data from sequential anonymous oocyte donation cycles using donors who underwent multiple IVF stimulations. Donors were grouped by the interval between cycles and the cycle number (rank). The primary outcome measure was delivery rate by individual donor per retrieval from the combined derivative fresh and frozen embryo transfers. Results: Duration and amount of gonadotropin therapy and the fertilization rates did not correlate significantly with the interval between cycles or cycle rank. Cumulative delivered pregnancy rates for cycles 1–6 were 51.5%, 54.6%, 50.5%, 51.5%, 51.1%, and 57.6%, respectively. Delivered pregnancy rates did not vary by interval between cycles. Conclusion: Young healthy presumed or proven fertile women can reliably donate oocytes for at least six cycles with the expectation of consistently high pregnancy rates.
A semantic knowledge management system for laminated composites

The engineering of laminated composite structures is a complex task for design engineers and manufacturers, requiring significant management of manufacturing process and materials information. Ontologies are becoming increasingly commonplace for semantically representing knowledge in a formal manner that facilitates sharing of rich information between people and applications. Moreover, ontologies can support first-order logic and reasoning by rule engines that enhance automation. To support the engineering of laminated composite structures, this work developed a novel Semantic LAminated Composites Knowledge management System (SLACKS) that is based on a suite of ontologies for laminated composites materials and design for manufacturing (DFM) and their integration into a previously developed engineering design framework. By leveraging information from CAD/FEA tools and materials data from online public databases, SLACKS uniquely enables software tools and people to interoperate, to improve communication and automate reasoning during the design process. With SLACKS, this paper shows the power of integrating relevant domains of the product life cycle, such as design, analysis, manufacturing and materials selection through the engineering case study of a wind turbine blade. The integration reveals a usable product-life-cycle knowledge tool that can facilitate efficient knowledge creation, retrieval and reuse from design inception to manufacturing of the product.
Low Use of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hyperllpedemic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To quantify the low use of medical nutrition therapy in hyperlipidemic patients with coronary artery disease in a mangaed care setting. The primary aim of this study was to assess the hypothesis that medical nutrition therapy (MNT) by registered dietitians is underutilized in hyperlipidemic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A secondary aim was to identify the characteristics of MNT referral. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1,934 male veterans (62.1±8.8 years, mean ±SD) with CAD screened between 1991-93 using patient's medical, laboratory and pharmacy records. Hypercholesterolemia was initially present in 77% (n=1482) per National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP I) criteria and 84% (n=1672) per NCEP II. At 22.2±10.5 months follow-up, 80% (n=1186) had received no dietitian visits (individual or class), 8% received one visit, 9% received 2 to 4 visits, 2% received 5-8 visits and 1% received ≥9 visits. Overall, only 12% received 2 or more dietitian visits (MNT group) with a mean of 3.8±2.4 visits and 88% did not receive MNT defined as 0 or one visit (non MNT group). The MNT group had a higher initial prevalence of: diabetes (55% vs 29%, p
Thermal and mass spectrometric fragmentation of esters of deuterated long chain carboxylic acids

A method combining thermal fragmentation and mass spectrometry for the determination of the position of double bonds in an unsaturated ester is presented. The thermal fragmentation of methyl esters of deuterated long chain carboxylic acids yields a homologous series of olefins plus a homologous series of unsaturated esters. The positions of the deuterium atoms in the original ester are revealed by the deuterium content of its fragments as determined by mass spectrometry. Therefore, the positions of double bonds of a polyunsaturated acid can be determined by pyrolysis after saturation by deuterium. The structures of the unsaturated fragments are ascertained by mass spectrometric method, and the formation of the ion [M – 32] in the mass spectrometric fragmentation of unsaturated methyl esters is studied by means of deuterium labeling.
Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA to rat cyclophilin-like protein mRNA

Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA to rat cyclophilin-like protein mRNA. Using the technique of differential plaque filter hybridization, a rat cDNA was isolated whose corresponding gene expression in the kidney was positively modulated up to threefold by sodium depletion. This mRNA was more abundantly expressed in the kidneys of 17-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats than those of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats. The putative protein encoded by this cDNA is a homologue of cyclophilin, a cytosolic binding protein for cyclosporin A. This cyclophilin-like protein mRNA was expressed in all the tissues examined, including the adrenal, atrium, brain, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and ventricle. Sodium depletion in rats increased the expression level of this mRNA not only in the kidney but also in the liver. The administration of cyclosporin A in rats increased the expression level of this mRNA in the kidneys and livers. By virtue of its possible involvement in sodium homeostosis and its homology to cyclophilin, this molecule might have significant implications in the mechanism of cyclosporine-induced renal insufficiency and hypertension.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Down Syndrome

OSA is associated with significant adverse outcomes with far-reaching health-care implications. OSA is much more common and severe in patients with Down syndrome (DS) than in the general population, yet there is a striking lack of literature in this area. In this review article, we have summarized the current state of knowledge and presented the available data on OSA in DS. The higher prevalence and severity of OSA in patients with DS may be related to unique upper airway anatomic features as well as increased risk for obesity, hypothyroidism, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and generalized hypotonia. Although many of the manifestations of OSA in patients with DS are similar to those seen in the general population, the relative morbidity is significantly higher. For individuals with DS who already face cognitive challenges, the added impact of OSA on cognitive function may hinder their ability to function independently and reach their full potential. Screening and evaluation for OSA should be done in children and adults with DS. Treatment of OSA in DS involves the use of CPAP, upper airway surgery, and dental appliances, along with weight-reduction strategies, nasal steroids, and oral leukotriene modifiers as adjunctive treatments. The treatment plan should be individualized for each patient with DS, taking into account age, comorbid conditions, and barriers to treatment adherence. Future research should aim to better characterize OSA, further evaluate neurocognitive outcomes, and evaluate the efficacy of treatments in patients with DS.
SU-EE-A1-02: Reduced Order Constrained Optimization (ROCO): Clinical Application to Lung IMRT

Purpose: Traditional IMRT optimization, which minimizes a score function expressing dosimetric objectives for the target and normal tissues, often requires many time‐consuming adjustment‐reoptimization cycles. ROCO allows planners to produce clinically acceptable plans in a shorter time by directly specifying hard constraints on the treatment plan, rather than score function terms. We show that ROCO plan quality can equal or surpass clinical plans from experienced planners in complex cases with patient‐specific beam and anatomical geometries. Method and Materials: We used the images and beam directions from the clinical plans of 11 locally‐advanced lungcancer patients. ROCO starts by choosing random sets of score function parameters via latin hypercube sampling, and optimizing these plans. PCA subsequently isolates the important modes of variation in the intensity matrices, which shifts the independent variables of the problem to 25 PCA modes. Sampling and PCA modes are generated for each patient individually, not as class solutions. The final step is hard constraint solution. Dimensional reduction by PCA makes it feasible to rapidly locate clinically acceptable PTV coverage and normal tissue protection in the space spanned by the sampled plans. Results: The ROCO plans were evaluated by an experienced treatment planner to confirm clinical acceptability. When normalized to the clinical plan's PTV D95, they achieved similar normal tissue sparing with deliverable leaf motions; median doses to organs were within 1% of clinical plans. In total, a ROCO plan was produced in approximately 30 minutes (unsupervised), whereas the average time required for a clinical plan is 45–75 minutes with continual supervision. Conclusion: Dimensionality reduction via PCA allows direct and efficient hard constraint solution of the IMRT problem for complex lungcancer cases. Preliminary results show that ROCO can achieve an acceptable, and sometimes superior, plan in reduced time. Conflict of Interest: Research partially supported by Varian Corporation.
1.2.2 Using an Enterprise Architecture to Assess the Societal Benefits of Earth Science Research

An enterprise architecture for the Earth Science activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was developed to assist in assessing the capacity of scientific instruments in meeting the needs of society. It can also help them develop the right investment strategies and help scientists and engineers in their planning for system development, especially for complex space-based environmental sensors. The architecture contains about 3000 elements that are involved in earth science research: observation sources, sensors, environmental parameters, data products, mission products, observations, science models, predictions, and decision-support tools. The science models use observations from the space-based instruments to generate predictions about various aspects of the environment. These predictions are used by decision-makers around the world to help minimize property damage and loss of human life due to adverse conditions such as severe weather storms. The architecture is developed using both traditional and non-traditional SE tools and techniques. This paper will describe additional methods needed for the SE toolbox.
Moderate Exercise Increases Expression for Sensory, Adrenergic, and Immune Genes in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients But Not in Normal Subjects

Abstract Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by debilitating fatigue, often accompanied by widespread muscle pain that meets criteria for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Symptoms become markedly worse after exercise. Previous studies implicated dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and immune system (IS) in CFS and FMS. We recently demonstrated that acid sensing ion channel (probably ASIC3), purinergic type 2X receptors (probably P2X4 and P2X5) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) are molecular receptors in mouse sensory neurons detecting metabolites that cause acute muscle pain and possibly muscle fatigue. These molecular receptors are found on human leukocytes along with SNS and IS genes. Real-time, quantitative PCR showed that 19 CFS patients had lower expression of β-2 adrenergic receptors but otherwise did not differ from 16 control subjects before exercise. After a sustained moderate exercise test, CFS patients showed greater increases than control subjects in gene expression for metabolite detecting receptors ASIC3, P2X4, and P2X5, for SNS receptors α-2A, β-1, β-2, and COMT and IS genes for IL10 and TLR4 lasting from 0.5 to 48 hours (P Perspective Muscle fatigue and pain are major symptoms of CFS. After moderate exercise, CFS and CFS-FMS patients show enhanced gene expression for receptors detecting muscle metabolites and for SNS and IS, which correlate with these symptoms. These findings suggest possible new causes, points for intervention, and objective biomarkers for these disorders.
Degradation and local distortions in electroluminescent ZnS:Cu,Cl phosphors

We present time-lapsed microscopy and EXAFS/XANES data on size selected ground ZnS:Cu,Cl and ZnS:Cu,Mn,Cl phosphors to probe long standing problems in using these phosphors in high brightness applications. The time-lapsed study shows that many of the individual emission centers on each particle degrade via large step decreases while < 50% have a monotonic decrease. These large steps suggest a break-up of Cu aggregate centers and this degradation mechanism is likely irreversible. The Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) and X-ray Absorption near Edge Structure (XANES) studies show that during grinding, the CuS precipitates within the ZnS host become highly disordered yet the host material shows no disorder, suggesting that the ZnS:Cu,Cl materials cleave through the CuS precipitates during grinding.
Naturalizing the Future in Factual Discourse: A Critical Linguistic Analysis of a Projected Event

This article examines the linguistic processes through which a projected event (that is, an event that a group of spokespersons alleges will occur in the future) is constructed within factual discourse. Critical linguistic analysis is used to examine the New York Times and Washington Post coverage of the 1990 Persian Gulf conflict. This study makes two contributions. First, it expands on work in critical linguistics by explicating how a projected event is constructed as a discrete and autonomous event unfolding in the social world. Second, this study demonstrates how the political interests underlying the newspaper accounts were “naturalized” through linguistic transformations that constructed politically situated assertions as unmediated and presupposed information. This study is important for understanding the constructive nature of language practices because it demonstrates how seemingly arhetorical linguistic constructions can be examined for their rhetorical features, features that play an important ...
Endogenous insulin and growth hormone response in children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.

Extract: Forty-five children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus were evaluated in terms of endogenous release of insulin and growth hormone using glucose, tolbutamide, arginine and glucagon as stimuli. The mean concentration of insulin in the plasma obtained from fasting diabetic children was found to be 10.0 μU/ml, a value significantly below the mean level of 15.3 μU/ml in the control group. Essentially no increase in the concentration of insulin in plasma resulted from stimulation with the above agents. The mean concentration of growth hormone in the plasma of fasting diabetics was found to be 3.8 mμg/ml, a value higher than but not significantly different from the value of 2.5 mμg/ml in the contrast patients. Following the intravenous infusion of arginine, however, the mean concentration of growth hormone in the plasma of diabetic children rose to 20.8 mμg/ml, a level significantly higher than the mean peak value of 7.4 mμg/ml in the nondiabetics. Although no change in the concentration of growth hormone followed glucagon injection in the nondiabetic children, a prompt, significant elevation to 9.4 mμg/ml occurred in the diabetics. Glucagon administration has not previously been reported to stimulate the release of growth hormone. Speculation: Insulin deficiency alone will not adequately explain the variability in clinical symptomatology and metabolic derangement seen in children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. These data suggest that growth hormone may play an important role. The finding that glucagon administration stimulates release of growth hormone in the juvenile diabetic may indicate the presence of a previously unrecognized interrelation between glucagon-growth hormone and insulin.
On the interpolation of eigenvalues and a resultant integration scheme

Abstract The interpolation of one-electron energy band eigenvalues by way of an interpolating function expanded as a linear sum of star functions with expansion coefficients determined via a spline-like variational scheme is described. We discuss the practical aspects of such a scheme (first, set up by Shankland) and establish that it is a viable one; we then observe that it can serve as the basis of a very useful integration scheme. The viability is established through a discussion of the choice of the interpolating function and the associated problems of point set selection and truncation of the expansion. The proposed integration scheme arises from the crucial observations that the interpolation formalism can be described in terms of a transfer matrix which operates on the data to yield the expansion coefficients; this matrix depends on the choice of the variational, the point set, and the truncation but not on the data. This allows one to produce a very powerful integration scheme which is applicable to a wide class of problems.
What It Is, What It Does and What It Might Do: A Review of Michael Moore's Sicko, 113 Minutes, Dog Eat Dog Films, USA, 2007

Within two weeks of its American screening, Michael Moore's Sicko had already divided the American public into zealous supporters and agitated detractors. Amidst extraordinary media attention, it c...
Deflection-Voltage Model and Experimental Results for Polymeric Piezoelectric C-Block Actuators

This note presented a simple steady state theoretical deflection voltage model for a generic individual C-block. This model was derived by solveing the equations of equilibrium and boundary conditions obtained from Hamilton's principle
Genetics: Polymorphisms, Epigenetics, and Something In Between

At its broadest sense, to say that a phenotype is epigenetic suggests that it occurs without changes in DNA sequence, yet is heritable through cell division and occasionally from one organismal generation to the next. Since gene regulatory changes are oftentimes in response to environmental stimuli and may be retained in descendent cells, there is a growing expectation that one's experiences may have consequence for subsequent generations and thus impact evolution by decoupling a selectable phenotype from its underlying heritable genotype. But the risk of this overbroad use of “epigenetic” is a conflation of genuine cases of heritable non-sequence genetic information with trivial modes of gene regulation. A look at the term “epigenetic” and some problems with its increasing prevalence argues for a more reserved and precise set of defining characteristics. Additionally, questions arising about how we define the “sequence independence” aspect of epigenetic inheritance suggest a form of genome evolution resulting from induced polymorphisms at repeated loci (e.g., the rDNA or heterochromatin).
ELEMENTS OF RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS FOR FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS

In the baryon resonance region the likelihood that electroproduction reactions will lead to multiple hadron production either in the final-state or in intermediate states requires a framework capable of describing the non-perturbative, coupled-channels nature of hadron scattering. For applications in the energy region accessible to the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, such a framework must be Poincare covariant, electromagnetic gauge invariant and unitary. These aspects of final-state interactions and how they have been implemented into frameworks based on the instant-form of relativistic quantum mechanics are briefly outlined.