cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subject Correlation Analysis in the Fundamentals of Engineering Exams

This Research-to-Practice Full Paper presents the correlation analysis of subjects in the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam, which is a nationally standardized test developed by NCEES (National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying). It is generally the first step in the process of becoming a professional licensed engineer (P.E.) and hence serves as a valuable assessment tool for evaluating students’ learning objectives and outcomes. Based on CPP (Cal Poly Pomona) and National FE exam data from 2005-2011, this study intended to explore the relationship between different subjects from morning and afternoon sessions. Additionally, the comparison was also performed between the observations from CPP and National results to highlight the discrepancies which can shed more insight to teachers for their design of curriculum and pedagogy strategies aiming to enhance students’ outcomes. The results illustrated the presence of statistically significant correlation among many subject pairs across morning and afternoon sessions. Moreover, some of the pairs demonstrated comparable relationship between CPP and National exam results, but the correlation analyses successfully highlighted the discrepancies which would allow the faculty to develop focused strategies for improvement of weaker subjects.
Tectonostratigraphic Evolution of the Inner California Borderland: Template for Fill-and-Spill Sedimentation

Abstract The California Borderland is a region of topographic and geologic diversity along the densely populated coast of southern California and offshore > 200 km. The Borderland includes complex basin-and-range topography defined by a regional structural transition from west-east-striking reverse and thrust faults in the north to northwest-southeast-striking, dextral strike-slip faults and transpressional oblique-slip faults in the south. The Miocene-Quaternary strata within the inner (i.e., onshore and nearshore) Borderland basins host important natural resources, including petroleum and drinking water for the coastal population. The present physiography of the California Borderland basins took shape during the Cenozoic evolution of the San Andreas transform continental margin. The transform margin developed after the East Pacific Rise spreading center came into contact with the North American plate
Nondelegation and Criminal Law

Although the Constitution confers the legislative power on Congress, Congress does not make most laws. Instead, Congress delegates the power to make laws to administrative agencies. The Supreme Court has adopted a permissive stance towards these delegations, placing essentially no limits on Congress’s ability to delegate lawmaking power to agencies. This past Term, in Gundy v. United States, the Court relied on this unrestrictive doctrine to uphold a statute delegating the power to write criminal laws. In doing so, the Court did not address whether greater restrictions should apply to delegations involving criminal law. Instead, it applied the same permissive test that it uses to evaluate other types of delegations. This Article argues that criminal delegations should be treated differently. A number of legal doctrines distinguish criminal laws from other laws. Examples include the vagueness doctrine, the rule of lenity, and the prohibition on criminal common law. The principles underlying these exceptional doctrines equally support tighter restrictions on criminal delegations. Moreover, the justifications in favor of permitting delegations apply more weakly to criminal laws. Accordingly, this Article proposes that criminal law delegations be subject to greater restrictions than other delegations.
Helicopter Shipboard Landing Simulation Including Wind, Deck Motion and Dynamic Ground Effect

A first principles physics-based simulation framework that accounts for wind-over-deck (WOD) and ground effects during approach and landing of a helicopter on a ship deck is developed. The WOD velo...
A roadmap for developing team trust metrics for human-autonomy teams

Abstract While trust has a long and rich history, there are multiple principles, theories, models, and study topics that need both refinement and revision to develop appropriate team trust metrics for effective human-autonomy teaming. This chapter builds on current theory and research to develop an effective roadmap forward to developing these metrics. The first part of the chapter builds the roadmap's foundation by understanding the impact of definitions, the trust process, and measurement techniques. The second part of this chapter builds onto the surface of this roadmap by providing new approaches related to teaming by quantifying group clustering and methods for effectively predicting trust-based decision-making in the real world. By understanding the state of the art, the needs related to team trust, and current research directions moving forward, this chapter identifies a conceptual path forward for this research community at large to support the development of team trust metrics specific to human-autonomy teaming.
A Vicious Cycle of Bias: Residents' Perceptions of Leadership in Health Care.

Purpose Despite growing interest in shared leadership models, autocratic physician leadership remains the norm in health care. Stereotype and bias limit leadership by members of other professions. Furthermore, traditional views of effective clinical leadership emphasize agentic behaviors associated with male gender. To shift the prototypical concept of a leader from a male physician to a more inclusive prototype, a better understanding of prototype formation is needed. This study examines leader prototypes and their development among resident physicians through the lens of leadership categorization theory. Method One researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with anesthesia and internal medicine residents at a single institution, asking participants to describe their ideal team leader and comment on the video-recorded performance of either a male or female nurse practitioner (NP) leading a simulated resuscitation. Interview questions explored participants' perceptions of NPs as team leaders and how these perceptions developed. The researchers conducted deductive analysis to examine leadership prototypes and prototype formation, and inductive analysis to derive additional themes. Results The majority of residents described a male physician as the ideal resuscitation team leader. Exposure to male physician leaders, and lack of exposure to NP leaders, contributed to this prototype formation. Residents described a vicious cycle in which bias against female and NP leaders diminished acceptance of their leadership by team members, resulting in decreased confidence and performance, further aggravating bias. Conclusions These results provide suggestions for interventions that can help shift the leadership prototype in health care and promote shared leadership models. These include increasing exposure to different professionals of either gender in leadership roles and increased representation in educational materials, education about effective leadership strategies to create awareness of the benefits of shared leadership, and reflection during team training to increase awareness of bias and the backlash effect faced by individuals whose behaviors counter established stereotypes.
How should we ‘Explain in plain English’? Voices from the Community

“Explain in plain English” (EipE) questions are seen as an important developmental activity and assessment tool in the research community studying how people learn to program, but they aren’t widely used in practice because of difficulty of grading and workload issues. In this paper, we interviewed eleven members of the introductory programming education research community about their thoughts on EipE questions as a whole and how individual borderline student answers should be graded. Through inductive coding of the interview transcripts, we identify: (1) themes relating to how EipE questions should be used in class, (2) the importance of training students to complete EipE questions, (3) standards for the selection and presentation of code in EipE questions, (4) the theoretical and practical considerations relating to grading EipE questions, and (5) English as a second language (ESL) concerns. In addition, we attempt to extrapolate from our observations what the underlying grading process is that faculty are using to grade EipE questions.
The Impact of September 11, 2001 on United States Aviation

By August of 2001 U.S. air travel was already in decline as a sluggish economy had dampened passenger demand. Then the events of September 11, 2001, like none before in aviation history, dramatical...
Human leukemic cells: Inhibitory effects of isologous and homologous histones

Summary Histones were extracted from a variety of cells in culture, including human leukemic lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM) and lymphocytes derived from infectious mononucleosis (CCRF-RKB), and their amino acid compositions were compared. Although similar in amino acid composition, histones derived from different cells exhibited differences in the degree of inhibition induced in cultures (WI-38) of normal human fibroblasts. Whole histones from human leukemic cells (CCRF-CEM) and infectious mononucleosis (CCRF-RKB) induced essentially identical degrees of inhibition of WI-38 cells in culture, whereas histones derived from other cells (e.g., other human lymphocytes) exhibit distinctly different degrees of (lesser) inhibitory activity. It appears that in the case of these human lymphocytic cells, histones more effectively inhibit or repress RNA synthesis in isologous recipient cells than in homologous recipient cells—a differential inhibitory activity which may reflect differences in the affinities between histones and the DNA of different recipient cells. The present experiments suggest that histones from human leukemic lymphoblasts and lymphocytes from infectious mononucleosis may be similar if not identical—an observation which may be relevant to the cytochemical and other biological similarities in these lymphoproliferative diseases.
SensorNet operational prototypes: building wide-area interoperable sensor networks – extended abstract

As sensor network deployments continue to expand, government agencies will benefit from the transmission and processing of sensor data aimed at enhancing public safety and utility services. Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s SensorNet project is building a vendor-neutral interoperability framework based on emerging standards for plug-n-play access, control, and integration of online sensors, sensor-derived data repositories, and sensor-related processing capabilities [3]. Focussing on wide-area deployments and on a broad class of sensors and applications, the system prototypes communicate and analyze data from transducers (sensors and actuators) using mechanisms that allow disparate entities to alert each other and share critical information. Deploying operational prototypes allows us to instantiate and field building block components early while collecting a broad range of user feedback in our incremental development.
Allusions to Sports in Literature

(1943). Allusions to Sports in Literature. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 77-112.
Stable and semantic robotic grasping using tactile feedback

This thesis covers two topics of robotic grasping: stable grasping and semantic grasping. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the stable grasping problem, where we focus on a grasping pipeline that robustly executes a planned-to-be stable grasp under uncertainty. To this end, we first present a learning method which estimates the stability of a grasp based on tactile feedback and hand kinematic data. We then show our hand adjustment algorithm which works with the grasp stability estimator and synthesizes hand adjustments to optimize a grasp towards a stable one. With these two methods, we obtain a grasping pipeline with a closed-loop grasp adjustment process which increases the grasping performance under uncertainty. The second part of the thesis considers how robotic grasping should be accomplished to facilitate a manipulation task that follows the grasp. Certain task-related constraints should be satisfied by the grasp in use, which we refer to as semantic constraints. We first develop an example-based method to encode semantic constraints and to plan stable grasps according to the encoded semantic constraints. We then design a task description framework to abstract an object manipulation task. Within this framework, we also present a method which could automatically construct this manipulation task abstraction from a human demonstration.
Complement Receptors 1 and 2 Influence the Immune Environment in a B Cell Receptor-Independent Manner

The CD21/35 proteins are complement receptors implicated in controlling and interpreting activation states of the innate and acquired immune responses. One defect of CD21/35−/− animals is depressed production of Ag-specific IgG3 which we show is evident in vivo but not in vitro. Gene expression profiles obtained from naive wild-type and CD21/35−/− splenocytes demonstrated enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators from CD11b+ splenocytes in the CD21/35−/− animals. Splenocyte populations between wild-type and CD21/35−/− mice were similar except for a moderate increase in GR1lowCD31+ immature myeloid cells. Furthermore, depletion of neutrophils and other GR1-expressing cells alleviates elevated inflammatory gene expression in the CD21/35−/− spleen. Complement activation also plays a key role in the differential gene expression observed in the CD21/35-deficient mouse as depletion of C3 or inhibition of C3a receptor signaling within the animal returned inflammatory gene expression within the spleen to wild-type levels. Finally, C3 depletion before immunization allowed for the enhanced production of Ag-specific IgG3 production in the CD21/35−/− mouse compared with mock-depleted animals. These data suggest that the overall environment of the CD21/35−/− spleen is quite different from that of the wild-type animal perhaps due to altered complement convertase activity. This difference may be responsible for a number of the phenotypes ascribed to the deficiency of CD21/35 proteins on B cells and follicular dendritic cells.
Light VN: A Light-Weight Testbed for Network and Security Experiments

Test beds are essential in teaching and research on computer networks and security. However, designing and deploying a test bed is an expensive task. Various virtualization technologies make this task easier by enabling the creation and deletion of virtual machines (VMs) and their networks in less time on a single physical infrastructure. However, these VM based test beds are heavy-weight. In this paper, we propose a light-weight test bed architecture for performing network and security experiments. The test bed, termed as Light VN, supports multiple virtual networks set-up on a single physical network infrastructure, while maintaining the isolation between them. Based on network and OS-level virtualization and using open source tools, the test bed is cost-effective, scalable, and manageable. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our test bed set-up in the low-cost commodity server. We observe that it can simultaneously support a large number of virtual networks for different user groups.
Milk aversion can be reversed in both lactose digesters and maldigesters (631.2)

It is difficult for adults to achieve the DRI for calcium without consuming dairy products; therefore, aversion to and avoidance of milk and dairy products puts US adults in danger of calcium defic...
HIV testing perceptions of AIDS risk and condom use motivation among US women.

As STD infections including HIV increase in the United States, it has become increasingly important to policy makers to ascertain the extent to which knowledge and perceptions of AIDS risk affect an individual's probability of altering their sexual or contraceptive behavior to avoid infection. This paper examines the extent to which women's perceptions of their own and their partners' risk of HIV infection affects the probability of using a condom for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. This paper also examines the extent to which HIV testing may affect motivation for condom use. Crosstabulations reveal that prophylactic condom use is more prevalent among women who have been tested for HIV and increase as perceptions of their chance (and their partner's chance) of being positive increases. The multivariate results from this study indicate that having an HIV test significantly predicts the likelihood of using a condom for STD prevention for US women. Furthermore, women who perceive themselves to be at least somewhat likely to be HIV positive have a higher probability of using a condom to prevent sexually transmitted disease, and women who perceive their partners to be HIV positive are twice as likely as other women to use a condom for STD prevention. However, women who consider themselves likely to be HIV positive are no more likely to use a condom than those who consider themselves not at risk.
Amphiglena terebro sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Sabellinae) from eastern Australia; including a description of larval development and sperm ultrastructure

Abstract Amphiglenaterebro sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) is described from eastern Australia. This species can be distinguished from the other three species of Amphiglena Claparede on the basis of the shape of thoracic uncini and notochaetae, the number of thoracic and abdominal chaetigers and overall size. Amphiglena terebro is a simultaneous hermaphrodite with oocytes in the anterior abdominal chaeugers and sperm and spermatids in the following abdominal chaetigers, Sperm have an elongate nucleus and long midpiece, The acrosome and nucleus spiral around each other at the tip of the sperm. Spermiogenesis occurs in large, synchronously developing masses connected to a cytophore, Throughout the year direct-developing larvae are brooded in the tube with the adult. Severallarvae at different stages of development could be found in a tube at anyone time. Early larvae are elongate ellipses (500 p.m long) with a prominent prototroch and neurotroch. Larvae develop all 8 thoracic chaetigers with notochaetae a...
COMPARISON OF 600MG VERSUS 300MG LOADING DOSE OF CLOPIDOGREL FOR PATIENTS WITH STEMI: A META-ANALYSIS

The optimal loading dose (LD) of clopidogrel in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not well established. The current AHA/ACC STEMI guidelines recommend 300–600mg as LD. We undertook a meta-analysis of controlled
TOWARD CONGRUENCE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE IN SMALL AREA ANALYSIS AND LOCAL PUBLIC HEALTH DATA

Advances in computer hardware, software and database interfaces have provided opportunities for collation, manipulation, analysis and display of spatial data on an unprecedented scale. Demands for small area data in public health, fuelled in part by an increasing emphasis on benchmarking in relation to Year 2000 objectives but also in response to state and federal programmes to involve local communities in the assessment and planning process have simultaneously generated an unprecedented demand for these analyses and data presentations. This paper discusses four areas where geographic, cartographic and statistical theory and methodology need to be brought to bear on the development of applications involving small area health data. These areas are: (i) the theoretical conceptions of space; (ii) managing the inherent variability of rates and frequencies; (iii) attribution of events or cases to areas or to points; and (iv) the application of sound principles of cartographic design to the presentation of results.
Multiday Circulation and Precipitation Climatology during Winter Rain Events of Differing Intensities in Central Chile

AbstractThe majority of precipitation in central Chile falls during austral winter with the passage of surface and upper-level low pressure systems and their associated surface fronts. Earlier studies have found the presence of a terrain-parallel, low-level barrier jet during cold front passage and low-level wind convergence in the region of heaviest precipitation. This study advances these findings by developing multiyear climatologies for a rainfall event in central Chile using a broad cross section of observational datasets: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD), the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA), the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. For this study, a precipitation event was defined as daily rainfall exceeding a certain threshold at a Santiago observing station (Pudahuel). Climatologies were developed for a five-day period surrou...
Alteration of DNA metabolism in fowlpox-infected chick embryo monolayers

Abstract Secondary chick embryo monolayers infected with fowlpox virus incorporate more thymidine into acid-insoluble material than do control cells for the first 48–72 hr after infection. After this time incorporation in the infected cells falls below control levels. Separation of infected cells into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions reveals that the major portion of the incorporation occurs in the nuclear fraction. Hybridization of DNA from infected cultures shows that little viral DNA is made before 12 hr post infection, while cellular DNA synthesis proceeds at an essentially normal rate during this time. Viral DNA is synthesized at a rapid rate from 12 to 48 hr while cellular DNA synthesis declines. Although little cellular DNA synthesis can be detected after 60 hr, fowlpox infection does not cause a rapid cessation of cellular DNA synthesis as has been shown for other poxviruses.
Solutions to the transformation equation for volumetric grade distribution from linear and/or areal grade distributions

Abstract Liberation measurements on polished sections of composite particles using image analysis techniques yield linear grade and areal grade distribution information for the particle assembly. It is desirable to extract from this information estimates of the volumetric grade of each phase in the particles. A transformation equation can be used to describe the relationship between the one-, two- and three-dimensional information concerning the composition of mineral particles of specified size. A least-squares minimization with fitted functions technique and constrained linear (Phillips—Twomey) inversion have been applied to determine the volumetric grade distribution by inverting the transformation equation using one- and two-dimensional data. Three examples — one, a computer-simulated volumetric grade distribution and the other two experimental depth profile measurements on iron and copper ore samples — have been used to test the two methods. It is found that the Phillips—Twomey inversion technique gives the best estimates of volumetric grade distributions.
A rapid bioassay for bactericides against the catfish pathogens Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare

The most common bacterial diseases in pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) are enteric septicemia of catfish and columnaris, caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare respectively. Medicated feed containing antibiotics is one management approach that catfish producers use in the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, the future use of all types of medicated feed in catfish aquaculture is uncertain. To discover effective alternatives to antibiotics, a rapid 96-well microplate bioassay utilizing E. ictaluri and F. columnare to evaluate natural compounds and extracts was developed. In this bioassay, bacterial growth is determined by absorbance measurements of microplate wells after 24 h incubation and then confirmed by detecting cell viability after the addition of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide with additional incubation for 24 h. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) are determined by graphing the absorbance data. The 24 h IC50 results of test compounds are compared with the 24 h IC50 results of the drug controls oxytetracycline and florfenicol. Among the antibiotics evaluated, doxycycline and tetracycline appear more effective against E. ictaluri and F. columnare than either drug control. This bioassay is rapid, reproducible and economical for evaluating a large number of compounds and extracts.
The Effect of Ethnic Differences on Travel Characteristics : An Exploration of Marginality and Ethnicity in Urban Tourism

This study explored the differences between African American and White traveler behaviors to an urban tourism destination to assess whether the differences could be attributed to factors related to a history of socioeconomic discrimination (marginality) or related to differences in culture (ethnicity). Results showed that there were some differences in income levels between African American and White travelers; however, after controlling for income, differences were still found in certain factors considered important when planning trips and also in the satisfaction ratings with specific city attributes. Results support the premise that at least in the urban tourism context, the differences between African American and White travelers are more related to ethnicity than to marginality.
ENZYME ACTIVITY AND QUALITY OF FROZEN GREEN BEANS AS AFFECTED BY BLANCHING AND STORAGE

Effects of different blanching conditions on residual enzyme activities and quality changes in green beans during frozen storage were studied. Green beans were blanched at various temperature and time combinations at both pilot plant and commercial scales. After storage at —23°C for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months they were analyzed for residual activities of catalase, lipoxygenase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase; changes in sensory quality as evaluated by a taste panel; and color and firmness as measured with instruments. Most of enzymes were inactivated during normal blanching but the residual activities varied among enzymes. Beans blanched above 82°C for 3.5 min yielded higher sensory scores for the quality attributes tested than those blanched at the lower temperatures. However, there appears to be no direct relationship between the quality attributes measured and the residual enzyme activities during 12 months storage.
Permeation of Mouse Skin and Silicone Rubber Membranes by Phenols: Relationship to In Vitro Partitioning

A discrepancy has been noted in the relationship between the relative skin permeabilities of phenols and their lipophilicities as expressed in commonly used octanol:water partition coefficients (PCoctanol:water). The lack of correlation between partitioning and permeability is seen with the nitrophenols, particularly 4-nitrophenol. In the present study, the permeability coefficients of 4-nitrophenol and several other phenols through skin and a model lipophilic membrane made of silicone rubber were found to be independent of concentration, ruling out concentration-dependent molecular aggregation as the cause of the partitioning-permeability incongruity. An unexpectedly low permeation rate was observed for the diffusion of 4-nitrophenol through the synthetic, silicone rubber membrane, confirming the anomalous position of this phenol in permeability relative to the octanol:water partitioning scale. However, when oil:water (o/w) partition coefficients for the phenolic compounds based on either n-hexane, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, or silicone rubber as the water immiscible phase are used, permeability coefficients for the skin and the synthetic membrane followed expected permeation-partitioning dependencies. On this basis, it appears that PCoctanol:water does not properly reflect the lipophilicity of the phenols with respect to partitioning into skin and silicone rubber during mass transfer.
Developmental changes in nicotinic receptor mRNAs and responses to nicotine in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other brain regions

Our previous studies demonstrated that nicotine induces c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat during a narrow developmental window occurring in the perinatal period. We have extended these observations by showing that c-fos cannot be induced in the adult SCN by nicotine even during the subjective night, when phase shifts do occur. In contrast to the SCN, significant induction of c-fos and NGFI-A was observed in the medial habenula and paraventricular nucleus at all circadian times. In the fetal rat SCN we show that NGFI-A and junB are also induced by nicotine, but not c-jun. To investigate whether changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression in the SCN may underlie this change in sensitivity during the perinatal period, we examined nAChR mRNAs across this developmental period. By Northern analyses, α2, α3 and α4 subunit mRNAs are relatively abundant in the fetal SCN but decline substantially in the adult. α7 mRNA increases substantially while β2 mRNA is relatively abundant throughout development. We also examine expression in the whole mouse brain beginning at embryonic day 11. Many mRNA sizes for nAChR subunits in both the rat and mouse are characterized here for the first time by Northern analyses and some show very large changes in expression across development. In particular, a small 1.4 kb α2-related mRNA is highly expressed during early development, perhaps indicating an important novel function for this subunit.
Laser pointers and a touch screen: intuitive interfaces for autonomous mobile manipulation for the motor impaired

El-E ("Ellie") is a prototype assistive robot designed to help people with severe motor impairments manipulate everyday objects. When given a 3D location, El-E can autonomously approach the location and pick up a nearby object. Based on interviews of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we have developed and tested three distinct interfaces that enable a user to provide a 3D location to El-E and thereby select an object to be manipulated: an ear-mounted laser pointer, a hand-held laser pointer, and a touch screen interface. Within this paper, we present the results from a user study comparing these three user interfaces with a total of 134 trials involving eight patients with varying levels of impairment recruited from the Emory ALS Clinic. During this study, participants used the three interfaces to select everyday objects to be approached, grasped, and lifted off of the ground.The three interfaces enabled motor impaired users to command a robot to pick up an object with a 94.8% success rate overall after less than 10 minutes of learning to use each interface. On average, users selected objects 69% more quickly with the laser pointer interfaces than with the touch screen interface. We also found substantial variation in user preference. With respect to the Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R), users with greater upper-limb mobility tended to prefer the hand-held laser pointer, while those with less upper-limb mobility tended to prefer the ear-mounted laser pointer. Despite the extra efficiency of the laser pointer interfaces, three patients preferred the touch screen interface, which has unique potential for manipulating remote objects out of the user's line of sight. In summary, these results indicate that robots can enhance accessibility by supporting multiple interfaces. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the communication of 3D locations during human-robot interaction can serve as a powerful abstraction barrier that supports distinct interfaces to assistive robots while using identical, underlying robotic functionality.
The term soil.

WHEN a term of wide use is shared between different scientific disciplines, some confusion may result from its use in publications of common interest unless there is complete agreement regarding its meaning. Such a term is the word ‘soil’, the rapid development of the scientific study of unconsolidated mineral aggregates by engineers having given rise to much pointed criticism of their use of this very common word.
Representations for category disambiguation

As it serves as a basis for POS tagging, category induction, and human category acquisition, we investigate the information needed to disambiguate a word in a local context, when using corpus categories. Specifically, we increase the recall of an error detection method by abstracting the word to be disambiguated to a representation containing information about some of its inherent properties, namely the set of categories it can potentially have. This work thus provides insights into the relation of corpus categories to categories derived from local contexts.
RECOVERY OF IN VIVO CELLULAR IMMUNITY AFTER HUMAN MARROW GRAFTING: Influence of Time Postgrafting and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Three hundred thirty-two marrow graft recipients and 241 healthy marrow donors were studied by skin testing with recall and neoantigens. Two hundred thirty patients with leukemia and seventy-eight patients with aplastic anemia received allogeneic HLA-identical sibling marrow. Twenty-four patients wi
Blood pressure determination in children

Summary When one plots the readings for systolic pressure obtained with cuffs of different widths by the usual auscultatory methods against the cuff width, a curve is obtained which is characteristic for each individual. in most cases, it rises sharply as one passes to successively narrower cuffs, and flattens out in the region of wide cuffs. This fact is the basis for the custom of using a wide cuff (13 cm. wide) for adults, regardless of the size of the arm. In the present report based on 41 individuals, the tendency for thin arms to cause a small increase in the reading with a narrow cuff (5 cm.), and large arms to cause a large increase was sufficiently slight so that it might have been caused by chance alone. It is therefore not wise to assume, as pediatricians have done, that the small arm of the child minimizes or eliminates the elevation in systolic reading caused by the narrow cuff which the shortness of the arm requires. Accordingly, if a single observation is to be made, a cuff as wide as will conveniently fit the arm should be used. To facilitate the use of a wide cuff, a variable width cuff was used, which is described. Certain subjects do not show a flattening out of the curve in the region of wide cuffs. For such subjects, in the absence of information obtained from direct arterial cannulation, there are at present no criteria by which the width of cuff appropriate to the individual can be selected. Such subjects can be detected by the use of cuffs of several widths. This is facilitated by the variable width cuff. Determinations in small infants are at best unreliable.
But I do academic anthropology! : Advocacy, ethics, and the politics of research

Conducting research among immigrants in the United States can pose ethical problems not encountered by anthropologists working abroad. Research occurs, of course, in the context of a political milieu. When anthropologists are working outside of their own societies, it is easier to dissociate themselves from the political sphere. This is because foreign anthropologists are not expected to embrace the political rhetoric of societies of which they are only observers. Ethnographers inside the U.S., on the other hand, often become politicized, regardless of their academic intentions.
Ontogeny of the male urethra: theory of endodermal differentiation.

The most widely accepted mechanism of male urethral development proposes that the urethral plate is elevated by urethral folds which fuse ventrally in a proximal-to-distal sequence. Unlike its proximal counterpart, the urethra which forms within the glans is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium and has a more controversial development. One theory supports the idea that fusion of the urethral folds extends all the way to the tip of the glans. Another theory suggests that a solid ectodermal ingrowth of epidermis canalizes the glandar urethra. We hypothesized that the use of immunohistochemical staining and tissue recombinant grafting would delineate the epithelia involved and lend clues to their origin. Thirty-six human fetal phallic specimens of gestational ages 5–22 weeks were sectioned and stained immunohistochemically with antibodies raised against different cytokeratins. Evaluation of the sections showed that the urethral plate, an extension of the urogenital sinus, extended to the tip of the phallus and maintained patency and continuity throughout the process of urethral development. The entire urethra, including the glans portion, was formed by dorsal extension and disintegration of the urethal plate combined with ventral growth and fusion of the urethral folds. Sections of the distal glandar urethra showed no evidence of a solid ectodermal ingrowth. Rather, immunostaining results at different ages suggested differentiation of the endodermal urethral plate into a stratified squamous epithelium. To determine whether urothelium could be induced to express a stratified squamous phenotype, mouse fetal bladder epithelium was combined with rat fetal genital tubercle mesenchyme and grown under the renal capsule of athymic mice. The bladder epithelium differentiated into a stratified squamous epithelium. Thus, proper mesenchymal signaling may induce differentiation of urothelium into a stratified squamous phenotype, such as during development of the urethra of the glans penis.
Categories of Implicit Interpersonal Communication: A Replication

Summary.-Responses of 10 men and 10 women viewing eight videotaped segments of nonverbal behavior on Leary's scale and a semantic differential confirmed no sex differences, perception of the behavior as predicted from Leary's theory. Agreement between response measures was .86. Dara replicate the earlier study. York, Bedard, and Colindres (1984) found that eight nonverbal displays intended to represent nonverbally the eight interpersonal roles described by Leary (1957) could be accurately judged using the Leary 10 Interpersonal Check List. In addition a simplified bipolar adjective check iist representing Osgood's (1966) evaluative and potency dimensions (SD) was used to determine whether there might be an empirical fit between the affective and dominance dimensions of Leary's Check List and the evaluative and potency dimensions of Osgood. The results of this study showed convincingly that (1) naive judges perceived the eight interpersonal roles as theory dictated, and (2) the semantic differential dimension, evaluation, corresponded to the Leary's affective dimension, and (3) the semantic differential dimension, potency, corresponded to Leary's dimension of domimce. However, the order of presentation of the eight nonverbal displays was not random; the eight nonverbal displays were presented sequentially (York, et al., 1984, Fig. 1, p. 857). It was thought that such a presentation might allow naive judges to guess what the experimenter wanted which would lead to a spuriously high number of hits or correct judgements as defined in the original study (York, et al., 1984). The purpose of the present study was to replicate the York, et al. (1984) study but to use a random presentation of the eight nonverbal segments. In addition the present study would serve to allow results of the York, et a1. study (1984) either to be replicated or fail to be replicated, giving additional force to the theoretical arguments raised in the earlier study or raising doubt about the significance of those arguments. As in the original study (York, et al., 1984), eight videotaped segments of nonverbal behavior were presented to 20 undergraduate students, 10 men and 10 women. The same segments were used as io the original study but the order of presentation was randomized. These eight segments had been constructed to portray the eight interpersonal roles described by Leary (1957) and Cooper, er al. (1975). The eight segments of nonverbal behavior served 3s the independent variable and the subjects' responses to the two scales were the dependent variables. Statistical analysis followcd exactly the procedure used by York, et al. (1984). Sixteen binomal expansions (eight for Leary's scale and eight for the S-D) were computed to determine the probability of the naive subjects' responses. Table 1 summarizes the probabilities that each display could occur by chance. As can be seen, the number of hits for all measures for all displays were statistically different from chance as in the original study. Further, responses to Leary's list and to Osgood's
PARAFFIN WAX - TOPO, AN EXTRACT ANT FOR ACTINIDES AND LANTHANIDES

ABSTRACT Paraffin wax - TOPO has been used for the extraction of Eu3+, Pu4+, and U02 2+ from HN03 solutions at 65° C. The extraction of Eu3+ increased with increasing TOPO percent in the wax phase but it decreased with increasing HNO3 or Eu3+ carrier concentrations. The extraction of Pu4+ at tracer and U022+ between 2 to 10 mg (U)/ml from 0.5 to 1.0 M HN03 was almost quantitative while using 10 or 15% TOPO/wax at an aqueous to wax phase ratio of 1:1. In presence of uranyl ion, the extraction of Eu3+ decreased under all conditions. The best possible condition has been established and a scheme has been proposed for the separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides, Pu4+ and U02 2+ from their mixtures in laboratory wastes by using non-preequilibrated 15% TOPO/wax. The metal ions were individually stripped using various reagents. The easy phase separation from use of paraffin wax as the diluent makes the separation technique very simple.
Dissectors for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

Abstract Even with circulatory arrest during pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, continued back-bleeding obscures the operative field. This necessitates frequent interruptions of dissection to allow aspiration with a second instrument. Therefore, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy dissectors are described that allow simultaneous suction of blood from the operative field. Before the use of these dissectors, circulatory arrest time was 59 ± 23 minutes in 124 consecutive patients. In the last 10 consecutive patients using these dissectors, the mean circulatory arrest time has been 52 ± 22 minutes ( p = not significant). It is anticipated that with a larger database, the ability to aspirate blood simultaneously during the dissecting process will result in a significant shortening of circulatory arrest time.
Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry.

BACKGROUNDThis study describes the impact of clinical, angiographic, and demographic characteristics on the long-term survival of Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) patients while they were under medical treatment. Revascularization rates for the population are also provided.METHODS AND RESULTSAll CASS patients who had not received heart surgery before enrollment (23,467 patients) were included in this survival analysis while they were under medical treatment or surveillance. Follow-up time ranged from 0 to 17 years (median, 12 years). Long-term vital status is known for 95.8% of these patients. Log-rank tests, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and Cox proportional-hazards regression are used to describe and assess the impact of patient characteristics on survival. Characteristics that had a significant impact on survival, in order of observed explanatory power, are age, number of diseased vessels, congestive heart failure score, smoking history, ejection fraction, sex, presence of left main coronary artery...
Applications of vibrational microspectroscopy to chemistry

Abstract Infrared and Raman microspectroscopic techniques have become widely utilized in the last ten years by a variety of scientists. These techniques have proven very powerful for identification and characterization of small amounts of molecular species. The material of interest may be either free standing or imbedded in a matrix. The widespread chemical applications of these two molecular microscopies are reviewed. The applications are broken down into: general chemistry, polymer chemistry, applied chemistry, biochemistry, geochemistry and art and archaeometry.
Beam analysis of angle-ply laminate mixed-mode bending specimens

Abstract An analysis of angle-ply laminated beam fracture specimens loaded in a mixed-mode bending (MMB) apparatus is presented. The analysis is based on superposition of compliance and strain-energy release rate expressions previously derived from laminated beam theory for DCB and ENF angle-ply laminate specimens. Elastic interactions between the two arms of the specimen, asymmetry in lay-up, and interlaminar shear deformation are incorporated in the analysis. It was found that the ratio between G I and G II is only slightly sensitive to ply angle in the angle-ply laminates, where G I and G II denote the mode I and mode II components of the strain energy release rate, G . The ratio G I / G II , likewise, is only weakly dependent on crack length. An experimental study on glass/polyester quasi-unidirectional and angle-ply laminates was conducted. Specifically, [0] 6 , [±30] 5 and [±45] 5 laminates with mid-plane delaminations were tested at various mode ratios ( G I / G II ). Predicted compliance values were in good agreement with experimental data. The fracture toughness, G c , increased with decreased ratio G I / G II . G c increased with increased ply angle θ in the angle-ply laminates except for pure mode I conditions. Nonuniform and skewed crack fronts were observed for the angle-ply laminates as a result of elastic coupling in the laminate beams of the cracked region.
Synthesis of dihydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids and studies on their transformation to 4-hydroperoxynonenal

The cytotoxic aldehydes 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroperoxynonenal (4-HPNE), and 4-oxononenal are formed during lipid peroxidation via oxidative transformation of the hydroxy or hydroperoxy precursor fatty acids, respectively. The mechanism of the carbon chain cleavage reaction leading to the aldehyde fragments is not known, but Hock-cleavage of a suitable dihydroperoxide derivative was implicated to account for the fragmentation [Schneider, C., Tallman, K.A., Porter, N.A., and Brash, A.R. (2001) Two Distinct Pathways of Formation of 4-Hydroxynonenal. Mechanisms of Nonenzymatic Transformation of the 9- and 13-Hydroperoxides of Linoleic Acid to 4-Hydroxyalkenals, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 20831–20838]. Both 8,13- and 10,13-dihydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acids (diHPODE) could serve as precursors in a Hock-cleavage leading to 4-HPNE via two different pathways. Here, we synthesized diastereomeric 9,12-, 10,12-, and 10,13-diHPODE using singlet oxidation of linoleic acid. 8,13-Dihydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid was synthesized by vitamin E-controlled autoxidation of γ-linolenic acid followed by reaction with soybean lipoxygenase. The transformation of these potential precursors to 4-HPNE was studied under conditions of autoxidation, hematin-, and acid-catalysis. In contrast to 9- or 13-HPODE, neither of the dihydroperoxides formed 4-HPNE on autoxidation (lipid film, 37°C), regardless of whether the free acid or the methyl ester derivative was used. Acid treatment of 10,13-diHPODE led to the expected formation of 4-HPNE as a significant product, in accord with a Hock-type cleavage reaction. We conclude that, although the suppression of 4-H(P)NE formation from monohydroperoxides by α-tocopherol indicates peroxyl radical reactions in the major route of carbon chain cleavage, the dihydroperoxides previously implicated are not intermediates in the autoxidative transformation of monohydroperoxy fatty acids to 4-HPNE and related aldehydes.