cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closed-form two-locus sampling distributions: accuracy and universality.

Sampling distributions play an important role in population genetics analyses, but closed-form sampling formulas are generally intractable to obtain. In the presence of recombination, there is no known closed-form sampling formula that holds for an arbitrary recombination rate. However, we recently showed that it is possible to obtain useful closed-form sampling formulas when the population-scaled recombination rate ρ is large. Specifically, in the case of the two-locus infinite-alleles model, we considered an asymptotic expansion of the sampling formula in inverse powers of ρ and obtained closed-form expressions for the first few terms in the expansion. In this article, we generalize this result to an arbitrary finite-alleles mutation model and show that, up to the first few terms in the expansion that we are able to compute analytically, the functional form of the asymptotic sampling formula is common to all mutation models. We carry out an extensive study of the accuracy of the asymptotic formula for the two-locus parent-independent mutation model and discuss in detail a concrete application in the context of the composite-likelihood method. Furthermore, using our asymptotic sampling formula, we establish a simple sufficient condition for a given two-locus sample configuration to have a finite maximum-likelihood estimate (MLE) of ρ. This condition is the first analytic result on the classification of the MLE of ρ and is instantaneous to check in practice, provided that one-locus probabilities are known.
Effects of slowly varying depth and current on the evolution of a Stokes wavepacket

We consider the effects of slowly varying depth and current on the evolution of a packet of Stokes waves. The lengthscale of one-dimensional depth variation is assumed to be much greater than that of the wave envelope, and the direction of the current is perpendicular to the depth contours. By the method of multiple scales, the wave envelope is found to satisfy a cubic Schrodinger equation with slowly varying coefficients The criterion of spatial instability to small sidebands is extended. Numerical integration shows that the nonlinear evolution of a wavepacket is directly related to the instability parameter, which depends strongly on the current and depth variation. The heuristic hypothesis of Djordjevic & Redekopp on the soliton evolution over a slope in the absence of current is assessed.
Metabolic alkalosis in a hemodialysis patient after ingestion of a large amount of an antacid medication.

Abstract: A maintenance hemodialysis patient developed metabolic alkalosis in the absence of vomiting or nasogastric suction. The cause of the metabolic alkalosis was ingestion of an exogenous alkali in the form of Bromoseltzer. The metabolic alkalosis improved with hemodialysis using a low-bicarbonate bath.
Coupled thermomechanical analysis of friction stir welding process using simplified models

AbstractIt is widely recognised that the fundamental mechanisms associated with the weld formation process and their relationships with welding parameters are complex and remain to be fully understood. The present paper reports a series of general findings based on a set of simplified numerical models that were designed to elucidate various aspects of the complex thermomechanical phenomena associated with friction stir welding. The following phenomena were investigated in separate numerical models: (i) coupled friction heat generation; (ii) plastic flow slip zone development; and (iii) three-dimensional heat and material flow. The friction induced heat generation model was used to quantify the contributions of coupled thermomechanical friction heating, including non-linear interfacial phenomena between the tooling (e.g. stir pin) and material being welded. The plastic work induced heating effects were also examined. The plastic slip formation mechanisms were then investigated by considering contributions ...
Modeling the Progression of HIV-Infected Persons to AIDS

Since people who are infected with HIV seem to progress through various stages or phases towards AIDS and death due to AIDS (Redfield et al., 1986; Seligman et al., 1987), a natural model for this progression is through a sequence of five phases (Hethcote, 1987, 1989; Longini et al., 1989, 1990). The first phase is the pre—antibody period, in which a person is infected, but not antibody seropositive. Some people in this first phase have acute illness. The second phase includes persons who are infected and antibody seropositive, but are asymptomatic. The third phase (symptomatic) occurs when the person develops an abnormal hematologic indicator and/or prodromal illnesses such as persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or oral candidiasis. The fourth phase is clinical AIDS, and the fifth phase is death due to AIDS. In Section 2.1 the asymptomatic and symptomatic phases are subdivided into stages in order to provide enough flexibility to match the HIV prevalence and AIDS incidence data in SF. If the number m of infectious stages is even, then the numbers of asymptomatic and symptomatic stages are equal to (m-2)/2; otherwise, they are (m-3)/2 and (m-1)/2, respectively.
Dopamine D2 Receptor Activation Causes Mitogenesis via p44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Opossum Kidney Cells

This study was conducted to determine the expression of dopamine D(2)-like receptors in opossum kidney (OK) cells and to examine the potential role of these receptors in mitogenesis. First, the presence of D(2)-like receptor binding sites in OK cell membranes was demonstrated by radioligand binding, using [(3)H]spiperone. The D(2)-like receptor subtypes expressed in OK cells were subsequently demonstrated, by Western blotting, to be D(2), D(3), and D(4) receptors. OK cells were stimulated with bromocriptine, (+/-)-2-(N-phenylethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride, (R)-(+)-2-dipropylamino-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide, or PD 168,077 maleate (D(2)-like, D(2), D(3), and D(4) receptor agonists, respectively), and mitogenesis was measured as a function of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. It was observed that, whereas bromocriptine and (+/-)-2-(N-phenylethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride produced increases in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, (R)-(+)-2-dipropylamino-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide and PD 168,077 maleate did not produce such an effect, indicating the involvement of D(2) receptors in the mitogenic response. Pertussis toxin and PD 98059 blocked the mitogenesis caused by bromocriptine, suggesting a role for G(i) or G(o) proteins and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that bromocriptine produced a time-dependent increase in the phosphorylation (activation) of p44/42 MAPK, which was blocked by domperidone, pertussis toxin, or PD 98059. Therefore, this study demonstrates that, although OK cells express D(2), D(3), and D(4) receptors, activation of only D(2) receptors causes mitogenesis via phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms contributing to D(2) receptor-mediated phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK seem to involve the tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and protein kinase C pathways. It is likely that bromocriptine and other preferential D(2) receptor agonists might provide protection against ischemic reperfusion injury in renal proximal tubular cells, by increasing the survival rates for ischemic cells.
Quadrupolar Relaxation of Xe 131 in Xenon Gas

A theoretical study is made of the spin-lattice relaxation of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{131}$ ($I=\frac{3}{2}$) nuclei in pure xenon gas due to collision-induced nuclear electric quadrupole interactions. The calculation treats a pair of colliding Xe atoms as a rotating "diatomic molecule," whose nuclear electric quadrupole interaction couples the nuclear spin and rotational angular momenta. This interaction permits the nuclei to relax by exchanging energy with the rotational motion of the colliding atoms. The quadrupole interaction in such a "diatomic molecule" is computed by considering the effects of exchange and Van der Waals interactions in deforming the spherical electronic charge clouds of the free atoms. It is found that the exchange interaction makes the dominant contribution to the quadrupole interaction. Averaging the single-collision transition probabilities over all types of collisions gives the following result for the spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}:\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}=0.046\ensuremath{\rho}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the density in amagats. This is in good agreement with the observed result: $\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}=0.039\ensuremath{\rho}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Evaluation of the 2012 Drought with a Newly Established National Soil Monitoring Network

The NOAA United States Climate Reference Network (USCRN) deployed soil moisture sensors during 2009 to 2011 to monitor the temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture at 114 locations in the contiguous United States. These new soil observations will enhance our understanding of changing soil conditions for better drought monitoring. One year after full deployment of the network, a large drought occurred across most of the United States and provided an opportunity to evaluate the utility of this network for drought monitoring. The soil moisture signal of the 2012 drought in the continental United States was detected nationally at all observational depths (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm), with an overall 11.07% decrease from the average of the 2011 to 2013 summers. The top three depths (5, 10, and 20 cm) experienced the largest decrease in soil moisture. Although 2013 national precipitation totals returned to normal values and national soil moisture levels recovered from the 2012 drought, the national average soil moisture concentrations combined at the 50- and 100-cm depths remained around 18% below pre-drought levels. Regional analysis of the 2012 drought identified that the Upper Midwest, Northeast, Northern Rockies and Plains, and Ohio Valley climate regions were most impacted and demonstrated a temporal pattern similar to the national analysis. These results demonstrate the utility of using USCRN for monitoring national soil moisture conditions, assessing droughts, and tracking climate change with time.
Who is Accountable for the Student-Teacher—The Public Schools or the Universities?

(1980). Who is Accountable for the Student-Teacher—The Public Schools or the Universities? Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 51, Including Leisure Today, pp. 18-18.
Dicarbaporphyrinoid Systems. Synthesis of Oxo-adj-dibenziphlorins

A series of diformylbenzophenones were generated by sequentially reacting protected bromobenzaldehydes with n-butyllithium and ethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamate. The acetal protective groups were cleaved with refluxing formic acid. Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of 2,2′,4,4′-tetramethoxybenzophenone also afforded a related dialdehyde. MacDonald “2 + 2” condensation of three benzophenone dialdehydes with a dipyrrylmethane gave oxophlorin analogues constructed from two benzene and two pyrrole rings. The free base oxodibenziphlorins were rather unstable in solution, and in most cases these porphyrinoids were isolated as the corresponding trifluoroacetate salts. The spectroscopic properties of 6-oxo-adj-dibenziphlorins are consistent with a nonaromatic ring system. DFT calculations indicated that the macrocycles considerably diverge from planarity, particularly when methoxy substituents are present on the arene rings.
Experimental evidence of multistep processes in the Ge 74 ( O 18 , O 16 ) Ge 76 and Ge 76 ( O 16 , O 18 ) Ge 74 reactions

Angular distributions of the $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$($^{18}\mathrm{O}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$)$^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{18}\mathrm{O}$)$^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$ reactions have been measured at incident energies of 75 and 77.6 MeV, respectively. The time-reversed reaction cross sections leading to the Ge ground states are nearly identical bell shaped curves. Stripping and pickup angular distributions to the Ge ${2}^{+}$ states show a strong shape difference suggesting interference between direct and two-step transfer. Angular distributions for which $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ is in its first ${2}^{+}$ state are similar in shape to those with $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ in its ground state. Data are also presented for elastic and inelastic scattering in both entrance and exit channels as well as for single-neutron transfer.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$($^{18}\mathrm{O}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$), ($^{18}\mathrm{O}$, $^{17}\mathrm{O}$), ($^{18}\mathrm{O}$, $^{18}\mathrm{O}$) $E=75$ MeV; $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{18}\mathrm{O}$), ($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$) $E=77.6$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$.]
Probing Thermal Conductivity of Fullerene C60 Hosting a Single Water Molecule

Encapsulation of a single water molecule inside the fullerene C60 can yield a significant change on its fundamental properties. Through comprehensive reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) simulations, we investigate the thermal conductivity of endohedral C60 fullerene containing a single water molecule. The encapsulated single water molecule enhances the thermal phonon propagation resistance of the fullerene C60 due to its interaction with carbon atoms and brings down the thermal conductivity of the fullerene C60. Further simulations indicate that the thermal conductivity will depend on the external electrical field due to the polarity of the encapsulated water molecule. A larger electrical intensity will lead to a smaller thermal conductivity. A hierarchical model is proposed to quantitatively understand thermal behavior of the single endohedral fullerene and its enabled single-chain structures and shows good agreement with simulations.
Chained Feed Forward Architectures

In this chapter, an alternative to the MFFN is presented which is called a chained network. If all the links are feedforward, this would be a chained feedforward network or CFFN. The computational nodes are the vertices and the links are the edges in a directed graph. Each node has a set of nodes that connect into it the backward set) and a set of nodes that it connects out to (the forward set). The CFFN can be used to map an input set to an output set and the corresponding least squares error function can be minimized using gradient descent. The partial derivatives required are calculated a bit differently from the usual backpropagation algorithm used in the MFFN, but the differences arise mainly from the fact that the CFFN is organized as a graph and the MFFN as a set of matrices. Hence, the mathematical details differ somewhat and the CFFN gradient descent derivation is phrased in terms of direct and total dependence of functions on parameters. A simple set of MatLab codes is developed for the CFFN and used for some examples.
Endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery: pushing the boundaries

The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has significantly evolved since its initial uses in pituitary and sinonasal surgery. The literature is filled with reports and case series demonstrating efficacy and advantages for the entire ventral skull base. With competence in 'minimally invasive' parasellar approaches, larger and more complex approaches were developed to utilize the endonasal corridor to create maximally invasive endoscopic skull base procedures. The challenges of these more complex endoscopic procedures include a long learning curve and navigating in a narrow corridor; reconstruction of defects presented new challenges and early experience revealed a significantly higher risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Despite these challenges, there are many benefits to the EEA including avoidance of brain and neurovascular retraction, improved visualization, a direct corridor onto many tumors and the two-surgeon approach. Most importantly, the EEA provides a midline corridor to directly access tumors, which displace critical neurovascular structures laterally, giving it an inherent advantage of minimizing any manipulation of these structures and thus decreasing their potential injury.
Mitral Regurgitation After Orthotopic Lung Transplantation: Natural History and Impact on Outcomes

Objective Progression of mitral regurgitation (MR) after orthotopic lung transplantation (OLT) may be an underrecognized phenomenon due to the overlapping symptomatology of pulmonary and valvular disease. Literature evaluating the progression of MR after OLT currently is limited to case reports. Therefore, the hypothesis that MR progresses after OLT was tested and the association of preprocedure MR with postoperative mortality was assessed. Design A retrospective cohort. Setting A tertiary-care hospital. Participants Patients who underwent OLT between January 1, 2003 and February 4, 2012. Interventions After receiving institutional review board approval, a preprocedure transesophageal echocardiogram was compared with a postoperative transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) to determine the progression of MR. Univariate and multivariate association between preprocedure MR grade and 1- and 5-year mortality was assessed. A p value of<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Measurements and Main Results From 715 patients who underwent OLT, 352 had a postoperative TTE and were included in the evaluation of progression of MR. Five patients had progression of MR postoperatively, and the mean change in MR score of –0.04 was found to be nonsignificant (p = 0.25). Mortality data were available for 634 of the 715 patients. After covariate adjustment, there was no significant association between MR grade and 1-year mortality (p = 0.20) or 5-year mortality (p = 0.46). Conclusions This study rejected the hypothesis that primary and secondary MR progresses after OLT and found that preprocedure MR was not associated with increased postoperative mortality. Despite the findings that MR does not progress in all patients, there is a subset of patients for whom MR progression is clinically significant. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Use of Ketamine for Acute Treatment of Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background Pain is one of the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits in the United States. Ketamine is a sedative with N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism. Recent literature has suggested that the use of subdissociative dose ketamine (SDDK) may be safe and effective for acute pain. Objective The objective of our study was to evaluate ketamine in subdissociative doses as an adjunct for acute pain in the ED. Methods This was a single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated the use of SDDK in adult patients who presented to the ED with acute pain. Patients received ketamine 0.3 mg/kg via intravenous piggyback over 15 min or placebo. Morphine 0.1 mg/kg intravenous push was administered with the study interventions. The primary outcome was the patient's pain score 15 min after initiation of the intervention. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, consumption of rescue analgesia, patient's length of stay, and patient satisfaction with treatment. Results Thirty patients were enrolled in each group. Median pain scores in patients who received ketamine were lower than in controls at 15 min (3.5 [interquartile range {IQR} 1.0–7.3 vs. 6.0 [IQR 4.0–9.0], respectively; p = 0.018). No serious adverse events occurred. No difference was detected in the amount of rescue analgesia used or in length of stay. Patients who received ketamine reported a higher mean satisfaction score with their pain management (8.57 [standard deviation {SD} 2.1]) than patients who received placebo (6.05 [SD 2.6]; p = 0.01). Conclusion When used as an adjunct, SDDK administered at 0.3 mg/kg over 15 min resulted in safe and effective analgesia for ≤30 min in patients who presented with acute pain in the ED.
Adolescents' decisions about verbal and physical aggression an application of the theory of reasoned action

This investigation examines the ability of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to explain and predict adolescents'verbal (i.e., insulting) and physical (i.e., fighting) aggression, as well as behaviors that encourage aggression such as watching a fight or telling others about a fight that is going to happen. Subjects were 488 seventh-grade boys and girls enrolled in 2 public junior high schools in a large Midwestern U.S. city. Subjects completed a survey assessing components of the TRA as they related to the 4 behaviors under investigation. Consistent with the TRA, analysis revealed that attitudes and subjective norms predicted behavioral intent, and intent predicted behavior, for watching a fight, spreading rumors about a fight, and insulting. For fighting, however, attitudes, but not subjective norms, predicted behavioral intent, and intent predicted behavior. Implications for the TRA as well as for the development of youth violence prevention and intervention programs are discussed
Using dynamic population simulations to extend resource selection analyses and prioritize habitats for conservation

Abstract Prioritizing habitats for conservation is a challenging task, particularly for species with fluctuating populations and seasonally dynamic habitat needs. Although the use of resource selection models to identify and prioritize habitat for conservation is increasingly common, their ability to characterize important long-term habitats for dynamic populations are variable. To examine how habitats might be prioritized differently if resource selection was directly and dynamically linked with population fluctuations and movement limitations among seasonal habitats, we constructed a spatially explicit individual-based model for a dramatically fluctuating population requiring temporally varying resources. Using greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Wyoming as a case study, we used resource selection function maps to guide seasonal movement and habitat selection, but emergent population dynamics and simulated movement limitations modified long-term habitat occupancy. We compared priority habitats in RSF maps to long-term simulated habitat use. We examined the circumstances under which the explicit consideration of movement limitations, in combination with population fluctuations and trends, are likely to alter predictions of important habitats. In doing so, we assessed the future occupancy of protected areas under alternative population and habitat conditions. Habitat prioritizations based on resource selection models alone predicted high use in isolated parcels of habitat and in areas with low connectivity among seasonal habitats. In contrast, results based on more biologically-informed simulations emphasized central and connected areas near high-density populations, sometimes predicted to be low selection value. Dynamic models of habitat use can provide additional biological realism that can extend, and in some cases, contradict habitat use predictions generated from short-term or static resource selection analyses. The explicit inclusion of population dynamics and movement propensities via spatial simulation modeling frameworks may provide an informative means of predicting long-term habitat use, particularly for fluctuating populations with complex seasonal habitat needs. Importantly, our results indicate the possible need to consider habitat selection models as a starting point rather than the common end point for refining and prioritizing habitats for protection for cyclic and highly variable populations.
Expression and regulatory effects of Schlafen genes in flavivirus infection

The continuing spread of flaviviruses, combined with the lack of specific therapeutics and vaccines, imparts a pressing need to identify the viral and host factors that control replication and outcome of infection. The Schlafen (SLFN) family includes several mouse and human genes that have been investigated for their role in cell proliferation, regulation of immune response, and control of virus replication. Role of SLFN family genes in flavivirus infections is yet to be determined. Herein, we demonstrate that infection with lethal West Nile virus (WNV) NY99 strain induces the expression of SLFN family genes; SLFN2, SLFN3, SLFN4, SLFN5, SLFN8, and SLFN9, in mice brain, and mouse primary cells including mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), macrophages, astrocytes, neurons and microglia. Among SLFN family genes, highest induction was observed in the expression of SLFN4. Interestingly, infection with non-lethal WNV Eg101 strain does not induce the expression of SLFN family genes in mice brain. Moreover, WNV NY99 infection of primary human cells including neurons, astrocytes, brain endothelial cells induced dramatic up regulation of SLFN12, SLFN12L (human orthologs of SLFN4), and SLFN14. Similarly, infection with dengue virus-1 (DENV-1), DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 induced the expression of SLFN12, SLFN12L and SLFN14 in Vero cells and human monocytes. Furthermore, using siRNA, we demonstrate that knockdown of SLFN4 results in significant decrease of WNV NY99 titers in MEFs. Additionally, mRNA and protein expression of WNV-induced interferons, chemokines, and cytokines were significantly decreased in SLFN4-knockdown MEFs. Collectively our data for the first time indicate the novel role of SLFN genes in flavivirus pathogenesis.
Does l-citrulline supplementation improve exercise blood flow in older adults?

What is the central question of this study? Does short-term supplementation with l-citrulline in order to increase l-arginine improve exercise blood flow and peripheral dilatation responses to exercise in older adults? What is the main finding and its importance? l-Citrulline increased femoral blood flow by 11% and vascular conductance by 14% during lower-limb exercise in older men, whereas no changes were observed in older women. This modest improvement in bulk muscle blood flow in older men has implications for altering muscle metabolism that may result in enhanced exercise tolerance in older adults. l-Citrulline (Cit) increases l-arginine (Arg), the primary substrate for nitric oxide biosynthesis. We tested the hypothesis that muscle blood flow during exercise would be enhanced by Cit supplementation in older adults. Femoral artery blood flow was measured during calf exercise using Doppler ultrasound, and vascular conductance (FVC) was calculated in 25 older adults (13 women and 12 men) before and after 14 days of Cit (6 g day-1 ) and placebo (maltodextrin) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Plasma [Arg] and resting blood pressure were also measured before and after each condition. Women and men were analysed separately because of significant sex-by-condition interactions for the change in exercise blood flow and FVC. Plasma [Arg] was increased by 30 and 35% after Cit (P < 0.01) in women and men, respectively, with no change after placebo. Citrulline lowered diastolic blood pressure in men (75 ± 9 versus 71 ± 6 mmHg, P = 0.02), but this variable remained unchanged in women. Blood flow and FVC during exercise at higher workloads were increased after Cit in men (flow, 521 ± 134 versus 584 ± 166 ml min-1 , P = 0.04; FVC, 5.0 ± 1.5 versus 5.8 ± 1.7 m, min mmHg-1 , P = 0.01) but were not different after placebo. These variables were not altered by Cit in women. Adjusting for baseline diastolic blood pressure removed (P = 0.10) the difference in FBF and FVC following Cit in men. These results indicate that l-citrulline has a modest effect of improving muscle blood flow during submaximal exercise in older men.
Potential Energy Surfaces for Ion-Molecule Reactions: Summary of the Panel Discussion

An introductory background lecture on symmetry and spin restrictions and quantum chemical computational techniques for potential energy surfaces of ion-molecule reactions was presented by Joyce J. Kaufman. Symmetry restrictions for both. L-S and j-j coupling were outlined and the concept she had previously introduced of carrying extra “ghost” pseudosymmetry information for lower symmetry intermediates(1–3)was described and examples of its usefulness in interpreting and predicting ion-neutral and neutral- neutral reactions were given. The various ab-initio and other computational procedures for potential energy surfaces were described and their relative merits evaluated. This was followed by a presentation by D.M. Hirst on ab-initio configuration interaction calculations of potential energy surfaces for triplet states of NH 2 + (4). J.J. Leventhal discussed some of his recent results on spin-conservation or apparent non-conservation in ion-neutral reactions observed by collision produced luminescence in a crossed beam apparatus(5).
Systemic sclerosis complicated by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

A 38-year-old woman with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and pulmonary fibrosis developed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage during the course of her disease that responded well to steroids. We present the clinical history of the patient and discuss the different theories behind the association. The importance of steroid therapy for treatment of alveolar hemorrhage in this particular condition is emphasized.
Market Selection and Asset Pricing

Publisher Summary The hypothesis that traders are rational in the sense of Savage has few implications for asset prices. The power of rationality lies in the framework that makes analyzing beliefs possible. One approach is to assume that all traders have rational, that is, correct, expectations. This assumption imposes structure on asset prices, but it is surely too strong an assumption. Instead, assuming that some traders may have more accurate beliefs than others is more plausible than the rational expectations assumption. In the short run, traders with incorrect expectations can influence asset prices. But in the long run, they may lose out to those with more accurate expectations who choose better portfolio rules. The assumptions that markets are complete, that the economy is bounded, and that traders have a common discount factor are important for this selection result. If markets are incomplete, the selection hypothesis can fail and asset prices need not converge to their correct values. Traders with high discount factors and incorrect beliefs can drive out those with correct beliefs and lower discount factors, and this will cause even long-run asset prices to be incorrect. If there is heterogeneity in discount factors and beliefs so that multiple traders have maximal survival index, multiple traders can survive.
Black Panthers in Peyton Place: Integrating the prime-time serial

This article uses the prime-time drama Peyton Place (ABC, 1964–67) to examine the challenges of racial integration in the serial narrative. Peyton Place broke ground as a prime-time serial, but dec...
Deaf band based engineered Dirac cone in a periodic acoustic metamaterial: A numerical and experimental study

A Dirac-cone-like dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone where the wave number $\stackrel{P\vec}{k}=0$ [L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures (Dover, New York, 1953)], is rare and only happens due to accidental degeneracy. At certain frequencies, the Dirac cone breaks the time-reversal symmetry of acoustic waves, which has not yet been fully explored. In this paper, even the simplest geometric microarchitecture of phononic crystals (PnCs) in a periodic structure can be modulated to obtain the accidental triple degeneracies that make a Dirac-like cone at the \ensuremath{\Gamma} point ($\stackrel{P\vec}{k}=0$). While doing so, it was observed that the frequency of a nondispersive "deaf" band obtained from any arbitrary periodic structure made of similar PnCs remains unaltered. Then, a deaf band based predictive modulation of the PnCs is realized, and multiple occurrences of the Dirac-like points are demonstrated. The claims are validated using a numerical and experimental study of a baseline periodic structure having a square array of cylindrical polyvinylchloride inclusions in an air matrix. Phenomena such as orthogonal wave transport, negative refraction, and wave vortex are verified to exist at the deaf band based engineered Dirac cone.
Comparison of inpatient versus outpatient management of pediatric peritonsillar abscess outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Peritonsillar abscess (PTA) in pediatric patients is a challenging condition to diagnose and treat, and recurrence can occur in up to 15% of patients. This condition can be managed in various settings and there may be outcome differences depending on the choice of inpatient/outpatient management. The objective of this study was to evaluate immediate and long-term outcomes, specifically recurrence, after PTA management in the inpatient versus outpatient setting as well as specific patient characteristics leading to hospital management decisions. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all suspected cases of PTA seen at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2008 to 2017, and 566 confirmed cases of PTA were included in this study. Demographics, PTA management, recurrence, and subsequent tonsillectomy (immediate or within 1 year of diagnosis) were ascertained from patient medical records. We compared characteristics of patients seen in the inpatient and outpatient setting using Chi-squared and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests. Results Patients treated in the outpatient setting were more likely to be older and have a lower rate of recurrent ear infections (p Conclusions Patients seen in the outpatient setting are more likely to receive antibiotics alone as their initial treatment, likely a result of certain clinical characteristics and presenting features as well as uncertain diagnosis. Inpatient status was associated with a younger age and a history of ear infections while recurrence was associated with a history of recurrent tonsillitis and older age. The recurrence rates for outpatient management were not statistically different than inpatient, suggesting that triaging and treatment of patients was occurring appropriately. The association of tonsillectomies in the inpatient group within 12 months is likely due to the higher rate of preexisting tonsil issues considering that recurrent tonsillitis, ear infections and a higher rate of PTA recurrence were all statistically correlated.
Compass of Compassion: Reflections on a Choctaw Vision of Alliances and Unrecognized Peoples Following Katrina

The word tragedy can hardly signify the extent of the pain being suffered by many in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. While America comes to grips with the enormity of the despair, people, many of them Black, in the previously unheard of Ninth Ward of New Orleans (one of the country’s most impoverished ghettos) already understand the touch, taste, and sound of generations of poverty. A poverty created by a very real caste system, which exists here in the United States of America. And Indians are no exception. Indian country has its own Ninth Ward of . . . individuals and families who have been some of the hardest hit over the course of the past week. . . . As communities of primarily impoverished and identifiable Indian people, we have never had the best of what America has to offer. The prosperity parade doesn’t march down the roads of our communities. And neither will assistance. Our lack of federal recognition has placed us at the mercy of federal bureaucrats and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. We are the neglected of the neglected. You see, it is easy to forget about people, when you marginalize them and pretend they no longer exist. Just ask the people in New Orleans Ninth Ward.1
Little Fish, Big Questions: A Collection of Modern Techniques for Mexican Tetra Research.

Articles Discussed: Stahl, B. A. et al. Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (146) (2019). Peus, R. et al. Gamete Collection and In Vitro Fertilization of Astyanax mexicanus. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (147) (2019). Worsham, M. et al. Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish.Journal of Visualized Experiments. (147) (2019). Jaggard, J.B., Lloyd, E., Lopatto, A., Duboue, E.R., Keene, A.C. Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (145) (2019). Luc, H., Sears, C., Raczka, A., Gross, J.B. Wholemount In Situ Hybridization for Astyanax Embryos. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (145) (2019). Riddle, M., Martineau, B., Peavey, M., Tabin, C. Raising the Mexican Tetra Astyanax mexicanus for Analysis of Post-larval Phenotypes and Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (142) (2018).
Measuring Alphavirus Fidelity Using Non-Infectious Virus Particles

Mutations are incorporated into the genomes of RNA viruses at an optimal frequency and altering this precise frequency has been proposed as a strategy to create live-attenuated vaccines. However, determining the effect of specific mutations that alter fidelity has been difficult because of the rapid selection of the virus population during replication. By deleting residues of the structural polyprotein PE2 cleavage site, E3D56-59, in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) TC-83 vaccine strain, non-infectious virus particles were used to assess the effect of single mutations on mutation frequency without the interference of selection that results from multiple replication cycles. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed a significantly lower frequency of transversion mutations and overall mutation frequency for the fidelity mutants compared to VEEV TC-83 E3D56-59. We demonstrate that deletion of the PE2 cleavage site halts virus infection while making the virus particles available for downstream sequencing. The conservation of the site will allow the evaluation of suspected fidelity mutants across alphaviruses of medical importance.
The influence of oblique inguinal hernia on testicle volume and serum inhibin B in children under 2 years old

Objective To explore the influence of oblique inguinal hernia on testicle volume and serum inhibin B (Inh B) in children under 2 years old. Methods 127 patients with left oblique inguinal hernia were set as hernia group, 132 patients with cryptorchidism was set to cryptorchidism group, and 185 normal children with similar age with children in above groups were control group. The children in each group were divided into two subgroups (6-12 months subgroup and 13-24 months subgroup) according to differential age. The testicle volume and Inh B level were tested in various subgroups. Results ①Comparison of serum Inh B level:in 6-12 months subgroup InhB level in control group, hernia group and cryptorchidism group was respectively 196.90 ± 22.78 pg/ml, 114.69 ±102.87 pg/ml and 70.50 ± 54.09 pg/ml. Compared with control, both hernia and cryptorchidism group had lower level (P＜0.01). The level in cryptorchidism group were much lower than hernia group; in 13-24 months subgroup Inh B level of control, hernia group and cryptorchidism group was respectively 175.99 ± 22.83 pg/ml, 72.00 ± 48.02 pg/ml and 66.01 ± 38.92 pg/ml. Compared with control, both hernia and cryptorchidism group had lower level (P＜0.01 ). No difference between hernia and cryptorchidism group was seen (P =0.37). ② The course of disease in 13-24 months subgroup in hernia group was 9.2 ± 5.2months, which longer than that in 6-12 months subgroup 5.1 ± 2.6months(P＜0.01 ). ③6-12 month subgroup:The correlation between Inh B level and course of disease in hernia group was not significant, but in 13-24 months subgroup(r =-0.272, P =0.019). It showed longer course of disease and lower Inh B level. ④6-12 months subgroup:The left testicular volume in hernia group(0.48 ± 0.18 cm3 ) was larger than the right side (0.38 ± 0.17 cm3 ) (P =0.019) and control group(0.39 ± 0.16 cm3 ) (P =0.038), but the right testicular volume in hernia group was smaller than the right side in control group (. 45 ± 0.20 cm3 ) (P =0.105). In 13-24months subgroup:no difference could be noted among left and right as well as normal testicular volume. Conclusions Oblique inguinal hernia can contribute to testicular enlarge in earlier stage and reduce the serum Inh B level, furthermore, present negative correlation with course of disease. There fore, the patients with oblique inguinal hernia should undergo surgery in relatively earlier time. Key words: Hernia, inguinal; Inhibin B; Testis
Limiting the number of open charts does not impact wrong patient order entry in the emergency department

Objective We sought to examine the impact of limiting the number of open active charts on wrong patient order entry events among 13 emergency departments (EDs) in a large integrated health system. Methods A retrospective chart review of all orders placed between September 2017 and September 2019 was conducted. The rate of retract and reorder events was analyzed with no overlap in both the period pre- and post-intervention period. Secondary analysis of error rate by clinician type, clinician patient load, and time of day was performed. Results The order retraction rate was not improved pre- and post-intervention. Retraction rates varied by clinician type with residents retracting more often than physicians (odds ratio [OR] = 1.443 [1.349, 1.545]). Advanced practice providers also showed a slightly higher rate than physicians (OR = 1.114 [1.071, 1.160]). Pharmacists showed very low rates compared to physicians (OR = 0.191 [0.048, 0.764]). Time of day and staffing ratios appear to be a factor with wrong patient order entry rates slightly lower during the night (1900-0700) than the day (OR 0.958 [0.923, 0.995]), and increasing slightly with every additional patient per provider (OR 1.019 [1.005, 1.032]). The Academic Medical Center had more retractions that the other EDs. OR for the various ED types compared to the Academic Medical Center included Community (OR 0.908 [0.859, 0.959]), Teaching Hospitals (OR 0.850 [0.802, 0.900]), and Freestanding (OR 0.932 [0.864, 1.006]). Conclusions Limiting the number of open active charts from 4 to 2 did not significantly reduce the incidence of wrong patient order entry. Further investigation into other factors contributing to order entry errors is warranted.
Potency assignment of biotherapeutic reference standards

The role of biotherapeutic proteins in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as cancers, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders continues to grow. The biological activity or "potency" of a biotherapeutic reflects its mechanism of action and thus its efficacy. The potency of these complex biomolecules cannot be quantitatively correlated to chemical and physical properties and thus must be determined by comparison to a reference standard, typically using a cell-based bioassay. This lack of an absolute method for determining potency, along with test method variability and potential for bias make assignment and monitoring of reference standard potency a major challenge during pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. The reference standard links the potency of dosages administered to the patient with those of original clinical studies. Therefore, the assignment of potency to biotherapeutic reference standards is vital for assuring the quality of medicines for patients. In this work, we propose a comprehensive roadmap for assigning potency to reference standards that is compliant with the two-tier system of standards as recommended in regulatory guidance. The roadmap includes statistical approaches for study design and acceptance criteria that are risk-based and phase-appropriate. It also provides mitigation approaches for potential assay bias.
Caregiver Prediction of Driving Fitness in Older Adults with Dementia.

Objectives: To determine whether caregiver opinion of fitness to drive and the level of assistance needed for functional activities are useful in determining the need for a Comprehensive Driving Ev...
Secondary denervation is a chronic pathophysiologic sequela of volumetric muscle loss.

This work advances our understanding of the pathophysiologic complexity of volumetric muscle loss injury. Specifically, we identified secondary denervation in the muscle remaining after volumetric ...
Origins of Life’s Ingredients

The origins of life—being inextricably entwined with the origins of man—hold a fascination without equal in the legends and philosophies of humankind, and while the problem of life’s beginnings has been the focus of attention for at least several millennia, only in the very recent past has enough precise information become available so as to permit discussion at the level of scientific investigation. The nature of the problem, however, places it beyond quick and immediate solution. Consequently, while much has already been written on the subject since the early 1950s, the coming years undoubtedly will witness the appearance in print of a still greater body of literature. This probability arises first through the realization that until reasonable solutions are found to those problems which its origins raise, life’s own basic properties must in large measure remain incomprehensible (Keosian, 1968; Oparin, 1971). Among the facets which have been greatly illuminated by researches of the past three decades are those concerned with the nature of the biochemical substances of which living things are constructed. The results of these investigations into the origins of life’s basic ingredients, first the molecules and later the polymers, provide the subject matter for the present chapter.
Decision-support tool for designing small package delivery aerial vehicles (DST-SPDAV)

A growing market is the application of multirotor vehicles to niche delivery services such as just-intime spare parts delivery, real-time asset repositioning, rapid food delivery, and remote medical supply delivery. These services are unique in their requirements, meaning there is no single aerial vehicle configuration that is optimal for every scenario. More importantly, these service providers do not have the expertise to design and operate small multi-rotor vehicles that are now feasible due to advances in technology. This is a complex design decision with non-linearities in the design-state-space. This paper presents a decisionsupport tool to assist small package delivery service providers in configuring the best multi-rotor vehicle for their payload application. The decision-support tool for the design of multirotor small package delivery aerial vehicles (SPDAV) takes inputs such as payload, wind, maximum dimension data, price range, and flight profile, and recommends suitable configurations. The algorithm used to generate the design-state-space consists of two separate models of multi-rotor aircraft: (1) a power consumption model and (2) a full dynamic flight model. The power consumption model evaluates the steady-state performance of the battery, motor, and propeller combinations at hover, 80%, and full throttle to determine systems that satisfy the users’ requirements. A dynamic flight model is then applied to these configurations to further account for airframe aerodynamics. A detailed example of the tool for a college campus fast food restaurant is provided.
Jaundice in the Pediatric Patient

Clinically apparent jaundice in a neonate generally occurs when the serum bilirubin exceeds 5 ml/dl. This level may be somewhat lower for an older child. The bilirubin can be either unconjugated (indirect) or conjugated (direct), with the differential diagnosis for each varying significantly. The causes of direct hyperbilirubinemia vary by age. Therefore, different diagnoses should be considered when looking at the neonate as compared to the older child. Surgical conditions in older children include cholelithiasis/cholecystitis and choledochal cyst. However, many medical conditions may progress to jaundice and end-stage liver disease requiring transplantation, and these should be considered.