cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensing the Environmental Neighborhoods

Given the benefits of fine mapping of large urban areas affordably, mobile environmental sensing technologies are becoming increasingly popular to complement the traditional stationary weather and air quality sensing stations. However the reliability and accuracy of low-cost mobile urban technologies is often questioned. This paper presents the design of a fast-response, autonomous and affordable Mobile Urban Sensing Technology (MUST) for the acquisition of high spatial resolution environmental data. Only when accurate neighborhood scale environmental data is affordable and accessible for architects, urban planners and policy makers, can design strategies to enhance urban health be effectively implemented. The results of an experimental air quality sensing campaign developed within Princeton University Campus is presented.
Studying attitudes towards vaccine hesitance and California law SB 277 in online discourse: A dataset and methodology

This article presents data that are further analyzed and interpreted in "Shouting at Each Other into the Void: A Semantic Network Analysis of Vaccine Hesitance and Support in Online Discourse Regarding California Law SB277" [1]. This research modified snowball sampling, a technique usually used to generate chains of informants that illuminate the structure of social networks, to collect digital documents following a chain of web links and recommendations, thus illuminating the underlying social, technical, and linguistic structure of online discourse. The resulting documents were manually coded according to the attitude towards vaccines they represented and/or the position they took with regard to California Senate Bill 277, a vaccine mandate policy that banned all nonmedical exemptions from school immunization requirements. Each attitude category, as well as the dataset as a whole, was subjected to quantitative linguistic analysis to identify key words and phrases in the data according to the frequency with which they appeared. A combination of that technique and semantic network analysis were used to generate clusters of related words that could be used for qualitative and narrative analysis, as detailed in the companion paper. The data collection and analysis processes described here will be of use to researchers conducting mixed-method analysis of online discourse who want their data to reflect the potential information and digital resources available to individuals who attempt to inform themselves about a particular topic using Internet searches. The data presented here could be useful for anyone seeking deeper insight into the linguistic and narrative patterns surrounding online debates about vaccination, controversial government policies, or both.
Review of Antiemetic Therapies

Summary Nausea and vomiting are undesirable consequences of anesthesia and oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, with proper case planning, prudent delivery of care, and swift and appropriate responses to adverse reactions that may arise, the incidence and severity of emesis-related problems can be kept to a minimum. An increasingly broad array of drugs with differing prophylactic and therapeutic uses is available to assist the knowledgeable clinician in achieving this goal.
Vascular flora of J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, Sanibel Island, Florida, U.S.A.

The objective of this study was to collect and document the vascular plant species at the 2104-hectare J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, Sanibel Island, Florida. Vascular plant species were collected at two-month intervals from May 2014 to October 2017 during which we identified 319 species in 251 genera in 93 families. The Poaceae (41 spp.), Fabaceae (30 spp.), and Asteraceae (33 spp.) were the largest families. The most species rich genera were Euphorbia (8 spp.), Cyperus, Tillandsia (7 spp.), and Ipomoea (6 spp.). Eighty species; 25 percent of the flora, were non-native. One rare species occurred at the study site.
Can Pop Culture Allay Resentment? Japan’s Influence in China Today

In China, despite the traumatic collective memory relating to militaristic Japan during World War II, an increasing number of Chinese young adults have developed an obsession with Japanese culture, due to its export of anime, movies, pop music, and other popular culture. Based on interviews with 40 Chinese and Japanese young adults, this work examines how contemporary pop culture and historical war memories related to Japan influenced Chinese young adults, who had to reconcile their contradictory sentiments toward the Japanese government, people, and culture. The success of Japanese pop culture in China also shows how the allegedly apolitical, virtual sphere of entertainment has helped build Japan’s soft power through shaping a cool image of Japan in Asia and worldwide.
Estimating electricity distribution costs using historical data

Abstract Electrification of heating and transportation is poised to disrupt the electric system by increasing distribution system peaks throughout the United States. This paper adds to the literature by describing the main determinants of electric distribution costs using data reported by 101 major U.S. investor-owned utilities and a set of empirical models. These models separately identify the cost of sustaining existing distribution capacity and the cost of expanding capacity to accommodate new load. It is found that growth in system capacity explains less than 10% of capital investments in the distribution system for a typical utility.
Discomfort with uncertainty: Is testing for Brugada syndrome in the neonatal period warranted?

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is rare genetic disorder, which manifests as syncope or sudden death caused by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and characteristic electrocardiography findings. Identification of mutations in SCN5A support the diagnosis, but the yield is low. According to experts, BrS patients with a history of cardiac arrest should have insertion of an automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator and asymptomatic patients can be managed conservatively. Treatment challenges occur in patients with “intermediate” clinical characteristics and in populations where there is paucity of data such as with neonates and children. We discuss the case of a woman with BrS who is faced with decision challenges in the postpartum period. Should her newborn have testing? When? Will deferment of testing impose an unreasonable uncertainty due to delay of diagnosis? Or conversely, will premature workup impose an unnecessary intervention?
Saddam on Trial: Understanding and Debating the Iraqi High Tribunal

Saddam Hussein. Derided as the Butcher of Baghdad, the Iraqi leader was toppled from power by a U.S. military invasion in 2003, charged with the most serious crimes known to mankind, and then brought to justice before a novel war crimes court known as the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT). From October 2005 through July 2006, Saddam and seven of his henchmen engaged in a legal battle of epic proportions, with their lives literally in the balance. The first of several planned trials before the Iraqi High Tribunal, this proceeding focused on the destruction of the town of Dujail and the torture and murder of its inhabitants in retaliation for a 1982 failed assassination attempt. Billed by the international media as the real trial of the century, the televised proceedings were punctuated by gripping testimony of atrocities, controversial judicial rulings, assassination of defense counsel, the resignation of judges, scathing outburst by the defendants, allegations of mistreatment, hunger strikes, and even underwear appearances. Was it a mistake to try Saddam in Baghdad before a panel of Iraqi judges rather than before an international tribunal? Was the Iraqi High Tribunal legitimate judicial institution? Were the proceedings fundamentally fair? Did the judges react properly to the defendants' attempts to derail the proceedings? Did the Prosecution prove its case? Did Saddam have any valid defenses? What precedents did this extraordinary trial set? This book thus reproduces the best of the expert essays, and includes English translations of the most important documents related to the trial. It also includes a psychological profile of Saddam Hussein written by a former CIA profiler, a glossary of key legal terms, a timeline of the trial, a summary of the evidence and testimony, and recommendations for future trials. This book is written in a style intended to appeal to the general reader, as well as to law students, undergraduates, academics and journalists. At the same time, we hope policy makers and jurists will benefit from our critiques and recommendations related to the future of international war crimes trials.
Principles for Passion Killing: An Evolutionary Solution to Manslaughter Mitigation

The law recognizes the frailty of human nature by mitigating murder to manslaughter when committed in the heat of passion or under extreme emotional disturbance. Evolutionary analysis entails the scientific study of the principles of human nature. Yet, the law's understanding of human nature is not congruent with evolutionary analysis. To be legally provoked under common law for manslaughter mitigation, a homicide must be in response to one of four kinds of provocation.' adultery, mutual combat, false arrest, and violent assault. And under adultery, only sexual infidelity counts. Sexual infidelity is not the only type of infidelity that can push a person into a homicidal rage, and while American jurisdictions have started moving away from the rigid categories, sexual infidelity remains a paradigmatic approach for mitigation. The Model Penal Code attempted to make the law more contextual, but it created a new series of adjudications that are expansive and also incongruent with evolutionary analysis. This Comment addresses the incongruence of both the common law and the Model Penal Code - which produce gender disparity in manslaughter doctrine - with evolutionary analysis. By exploring why sexual infidelity would provoke passion sufficient for homicidal rage, the Comment develops a mitigating standard for adultery that is consistent with evolutionary analysis and notions of gender equality. It uses evolutionary analysis to determine which universally recognizable forms of jealousy and related passion-laden mental states should also be sufficient provocation to deserve that same mitigation. The passionate response to sexual infidelity is just one adaptive solution to a threat against a male's reproductive fitness. However, in flagrante delicto does not take the passion-invoking circumstances of the female end of the same evolutionary spectrum into account. Our ancestral mothers faced a different set of evolutionary challenges against their reproductive fitness for which they have evolved different impassioned - and potentially deadly - responses. These passions should be incorporated into manslaughter doctrine. For the law to apply fairly and mitigate for the frailty of human nature, it must take the actual design of the mind seriously. This Comment argues for a better understanding of human nature in manslaughter mitigation that will result in more just adjudications for both men and women.
An obstacle avoidance algorithm for a car pulling trailers with off-axle hitching

A new algorithm is presented for planning motion among obstacles for a mobile robot system configured as a car pulling many trailers with off-axle hitching. In the special case of equal length hitches, upper bounds on the off-tracking of the trailers and hitches are the key component to the new path planning method, which only needs to plan a collision-free path for an "enlarged" lead car.
Superconductors, Type I and II

The sections in this article are 1 Typical Examples 2 Physical Pictures for Type I and Type II Phenomena
Determination of Serum Acid Phosphatase Activity: A Performance Evaluation for Clinical Laboratories of Upstate New York

Determination of acid phosphatase activity in clinical laboratories in New York State was evaluated. After the target values were established by 12 reference laboratories, sets of test samples were mailed over a two-year period on three occasions to, respectively, 264, 242, and 239 laboratories. Their initial (1968) results revealed problems: definition of normal ranges, interchange of specimens, standardization and quality control, and a need for improved techniques. Almost 5% of laboratories interchanged the initial specimens. Unexpectedly, laboratories using the same method reported a two-fold or greater variation in their "normal range." Although there was some improvement after refresher training sessions, performance was more clearly improved a year later for five of the seven major methods used. Use of the Bessey—Lowry—Brock, Babson—Phillips, and Shinowara—Jones—Reinhart methods resulted in the lowest coefficients of variation.
Electrostatic properties of the structure of the docking and dimerization domain of protein kinase A IIα

The structure of the N-terminal docking and dimerization domain of the type IIα regulatory subunit (RIIα D/D) of protein kinase A (PKA) forms a noncovalent stand-alone X-type four-helix bundle structural motif, consisting of two helix-loop-helix monomers. RIIα D/D possesses a strong hydrophobic core and two distinct, exposed faces. A hydrophobic face with a groove is the site of protein–protein interactions necessary for subcellular localization. A highly charged face, opposite to the former, may be involved in regulation of protein–protein interactions as a result of changes in phosphorylation state of the regulatory subunit. Although recent studies have addressed the hydrophobic character of packing of RIIα D/D and revealed the function of the hydrophobic face as the binding site to A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), little attention has been paid to the charges involved in structure and function. To examine the electrostatic character of the structure of RIIα D/D we have predicted mean apparent pKa values, based on Poisson–Boltzmann electrostatic calculations, using an ensemble of calculated dimer structures. We propose that the helix promoting sequence Glu34-X-X-X-Arg38 stabilizes the second helix of each monomer, through the formation of a (i, i +4) side chain salt bridge. We show that a weak inter-helical hydrogen bond between Tyr35–Glu19 of each monomer contributes to tertiary packing and may be responsible for discriminating from alternative quaternary packing of the two monomers. We also show that an inter-monomer hydrogen bond between Asp30–Arg40 contributes to quaternary packing. We propose that the charged face comprising of Asp27-Asp30-Glu34-Arg38-Arg40-Glu41-Arg43-Arg44 may be necessary to provide flexibility or stability in the region between the C-terminus and the interdomain/autoinhibitory sequence of RIIα, depending on the activation state of PKA. We also discuss the structural requirements necessary for the formation of a stacked (rather than intertwined) dimer, which has consequences for the orientation of the functionally important and distinct faces.
Linking Changes in Couple Functioning and Parenting Among Couple Relationship Education Participants

The current study represents a novel test of parenting outcomes among participants in couple and relationship education (CRE). Utilizing a systems theory framework and empirical linkages between couple functioning and parenting, this study examined the extent to which several parenting dimensions (coparenting conflict, parental involvement, and positive discipline practices) change after CRE participation and, importantly, whether and how these changes are related to changes in dimensions of couple functioning. In a sample of 623 adult parents, diverse in gender, race, and marital status, positive changes were found in the parenting dimensions over time. In addition, levels of change in the couple domain were associated with levels of changes in the parenting domain over the same period of time, with a pattern of stronger links between conceptually similar dimensions of couple functioning and parenting.
Real-time boundary detection for cricket game

Cricket is a unique sport and is played globally across 17 countries including England, Australia, India, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, South-Africa, New-Zealand, Bangladesh, and West Indies. Cricket is the most popular sport in the world after soccer. Boundary situation in a cricket game occurs when a fielder (cricket player) is very close to the boundary line with the cricket ball or he touches the boundary line while chasing the ball. Detection of the boundary situation in a cricket game is highly time-consuming and very difficult. Conventional approaches using the video replays for detecting the boundary whenever the player touches the boundary line with the ball is very difficult, and gives inaccurate results in complex situations. Accuracy is extremely critical for the cricket game since one team may loose if an incorrect decision is made, and this will affect the overall score of the team. Also, this may affect the performance of the team, and the morale of the players. In this research, a computer vision-based system using a robust algorithm is proposed to resolve the boundary situation automatically in near real time.
Intraruminal Infusion of Propionate Alters Feeding Behavior and Decreases Energy Intake of Lactating Dairy Cows

The dose-response effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows were evaluated with eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows past peak lactation. Treatments were mixtures of propionic acid and acetic acid containing propionic acid at eight different concentrations in Experiment 1, and mixtures of sodium propionate and sodium acetate containing sodium propionate at 4 different concentrations in Experiment 2. Experimental designs were an 8 x 8 and duplicated 4 x 4 Latin squares, respectively, for Experiments 1 and 2. Treatment solutions were infused into the rumen continuously for 14 h at a rate of 16.7 and 25 mmol/min, respectively, for Experiments 1 and 2. Infusion started 2 h before feeding and ended 12 h after feeding; feeding behavior was monitored for 12 h after feeding using a computerized data acquisition system. Total metabolizable energy (ME) intake was calculated by adding the energy of infusates to dietary energy intake. In both experiments, as the proportion of propionate of the infusates increased, total ME intake and dry matter intake decreased linearly. As infusion of propionate increased, meal size tended (P < 0.09) to decrease linearly and intermeal interval tended (P < 0.07) to increase linearly in Experiment 1; meal size decreased linearly and number of meal bouts tended (P < 0.08) to decrease linearly in Experiment 2. These observations indicate that the reduction in dietary energy intake from propionate infusion was greater than the energy supplied from infusates, and that propionate plays an important role in feed intake regulation by affecting both satiety and hunger.
Art and moral revolution

Traditionally, questions about the role of the arts in moral thought have focused on the arts’ role in the acquisition of new moral knowledge, the refinement of moral concepts, and the capacity to apply our moral view to particular situations. Here I suggest that there is an importantly different and largely overlooked role for the arts in moral thought: an ability to reconfigure the structure of our moral thought and effect what we might call a revolution in that framework. In this article I explain this distinction between two kinds of change in view, suggest the second type has not been addressed by the extant literature, provide examples of this role, and argue for its importance
Hacking in High School: Cybercrime Perpetration by Juveniles

The purpose of the present study is to contribute to the gap in the literature by investigating the hacking behaviors of adolescents under the age of 18 and the predictors of these behaviors. In order to better understand the predictors of hacking behaviors in young people, we will be utilizing two criminological theories: General Theory of Crime and Social Learning Theory. Using data collected from high school students in a rural county in western North Carolina, results indicated that low self-control and deviant peer association were in fact associated with hacking behaviors of juveniles.
A Mössbauer spectrometry study of nanophase CrFe synthesized by mechanical alloying: A measurement of grain boundary width

Abstract By mechanical attrition in a high energy ball mill, we synthesized alloys with crystallite sizes of 3–5 nm and compositions of Cr-22 %Fe and Cr-40 %Fe. From Mossbauer spectra, we found that the 57 Fe hmf distribution is distinctly bimodal. By correlating the two peaks in the hmf distribution to measurements of crystallite size, we attribute them to 57 Fe atoms at grain boundaries and to 57 Fe atoms in regions of good crystal. Since the two peaks in the hmf distribution are well-separated, the grain boundary atomic structure must be distinctly different from that of the crystallites. By obtaining the grain boundary fraction from a Monte Carlo simulation (and from a simple geometrical model) we obtain a grain boundary width slightly greater than 1 nm.
Space-time fluctuations coupled to primary fields

The β-functions and the c-function are calculated in a two-dimensional field theory where the coupling parameters are functions of fields. The action of the theory is given by a combination of the Polyakov action for string theory and the Zamolodchikov action for the deformation of conformal field theory. The c-function is written as the Landau-Ginzburg type action in terms of the coupling parameter functions. The linear β-functions near fixed points are given by the Klein-Gordon equation. The corresponding well-defined masses are calculated.
Frequency domain equalization of optical channel distortion in free-space optical wireless communications

In digital communications, as an alternative to conventional time domain equalization (TEQ), frequency domain equalization (FEQ) has been of interest, in particular for OFDM. In any optical channels, such as in fiber optic transmission or free-space optical communications (FSO), there can be channel dispersion, causing intersymbol interference (ISI). One feasible solution to this is FEQ of the distorted light signal by established theory of equalization. A new idea is presented that examines possibility of adaptive optical frequency-domain pulse shaping and equalization to remedy the optical channel dispersion problem in the light spectral domain.
Whole genome amplification of DNA for genotyping pharmacogenetics candidate genes.

Whole genome amplification (WGA) technologies can be used to amplify genomic DNA when only small amounts of DNA are available. The Multiple Displacement Amplification Phi polymerase based amplification has been shown to accurately amplify DNA for a variety of genotyping assays; however, it has not been tested for genotyping many of the clinically relevant genes important for pharmacogenetic studies, such as the cytochrome P450 genes, that are typically difficult to genotype due to multiple pseudogenes, copy number variations, and high similarity to other related genes. We evaluated whole genome amplified samples for Taqman™ genotyping of SNPs in a variety of pharmacogenetic genes. In 24 DNA samples from the Coriell human diversity panel, the call rates and concordance between amplified (~200-fold amplification) and unamplified samples was 100% for two SNPs in CYP2D6 and one in ESR1. In samples from a breast cancer clinical trial (Trial 1), we compared the genotyping results in samples before and after WGA for four SNPs in CYP2D6, one SNP in CYP2C19, one SNP in CYP19A1, two SNPs in ESR1, and two SNPs in ESR2. The concordance rates were all >97%. Finally, we compared the allele frequencies of 143 SNPs determined in Trial 1 (whole genome amplified DNA) to the allele frequencies determined in unamplified DNA samples from a separate trial (Trial 2) that enrolled a similar population. The call rates and allele frequencies between the two trials were 98% and 99.7%, respectively. We conclude that the whole genome amplified DNA is suitable for Taqman™ genotyping for a wide variety of pharmacogenetically relevant SNPs.
Against the grain? A reasoned argument for not closing a state hospital.

In the face of the Massachusetts Governor’s attempts to close one of the state’s four remaining state hospitals, Massachusetts legislators overrode the Governor’s veto of funding for the hospital, but required the state’s Mental Health Authority to author a study of the implications of further loss of public sector inpatient beds. The Center for Mental Health Services Research of the University of Massachusetts Medical School conducted its own study concluding that maintaining a longer-term inpatient capacity in the public sector in central Massachusetts was both necessary and accrued a significant number of benefits. This article can serve as a model for the reasoned position that a state hospital in 21st century psychiatry can be looked at as a multiservice center that fulfills a key role in a public sector, integrated system of treatment, care, training and research.
Metabolite profiles of di-n-butyl phthalate in humans and rats.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is widely used in consumer products. In humans and in rats, DBP is metabolized to mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP). MBP may also further oxidize to other metabolites of DBP. We studied the metabolic profiles of DBP in rats and humans to evaluate the similarities between the two species and between different exposure scenarios. In rats administered DBP by oral gavage, we identified MBP and three urinary oxidative metabolites of DBP: mono-3-oxo-n-butyl phthalate, mono-3-hydroxy-n-butyl phthalate (MHBP), and mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP). MBP, MHBP, and MCPP were also present in serum, albeit at lower levels than in urine. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.01) existed between the concentrations of MBP and the concentrations of MHBP (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.82 [urine] and r = 0.96 [serum]) and MCPP (r = 0.77 [urine] and r = 0.97 [serum]). However, the concentrations of these metabolites in urine collected 6 h after dosing and in serum 24 h after dosing...
Cytotoxic effect of 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one on HepG2 cells: Hypothetical role of acetaldehyde‐modified Δ4‐3‐ketosteroid‐5β‐reductase (the 37‐kd‐liver protein) in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury in the rat

We recently identified ▵4-3-ketosteroid-5β-reductase as the 37 kd liver protein which is highly susceptible to acetaldehyde modification in rats continuously fed alcohol. The 5β-reductase is a key enzyme involved in bile acid synthesis. We report here that the ability to degrade 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (HCO) was lower in the liver cytosol of alcohol-fed rats than in control animals, suggesting an inhibition of the 5β-reductase enzyme activity by acetaldehyde modification. We also showed that HCO exhibited a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. HCO cytotoxicity was noticeable at a concentration of 2.5 μg/mL. When 10 μg/mL of HCO was added to confluent cell monolayers, 57% and 37% of cells remained viable after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. The decrease in cell viability was accompanied by an increased lactic dehydrogenase activity in the culture medium. DNA extracted from HCO-treated cells showed no evidence of DNA fragmentation when analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Staining with propidium iodide showed no nuclear condensation in cells. Thus, cell death by HCO treatment was caused by necrosis and not by apoptosis. Various agents, including, serum proteins, hormones, bile acids, antioxidants, Ca++-chelators, Fe++-chelator, CYP450 inhibitor, adenylate cyclase inhibitor, protease inhibitors, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, did not protect against HCO cytotoxicity. We speculate that HCO concentrations may be elevated around the pericentral area in the liver after chronic alcohol ingestion, causing local cell necrosis. The release of cellular contents and protein-acetaldehyde adducts (PAAs) may activate nonparenchymal cells and provoke autoimmune reaction. Thus, the formation of the 37 kd-PAA may play an important role in the initiation of alcoholic liver injury.
Weibull analysis of the biaxial fracture strength of a cast p-type LAST-T thermoelectric material

This is the first study applying Weibull statistics to the strength distribution of a thermoelectric (TE) material and to determine the fracture strength of a member of the LAST-T (lead–antimony–silver–tellurium–tin) family of high-temperature TE compounds. The p-type TE material Ag0.9Pb9Sn9Sb0.6Te20 was cast from the melt and specimens cut from the resulting ingot were fractured in a ball-on-ring biaxial fracture test. The Weibull parameters (characteristic strength and Weibull modulus) were obtained from the fracture data. Implications of the Weibull analysis on the fabrication of TE devices are discussed.
Structural and Biochemical Basis for Development of Influenza Virus Inhibitors Targeting the PA Endonuclease.

Emerging influenza viruses are a serious threat to human health because of their pandemic potential. A promising target for the development of novel anti-influenza therapeutics is the PA protein, whose endonuclease activity is essential for viral replication. Translation of viral mRNAs by the host ribosome requires mRNA capping for recognition and binding, and the necessary mRNA caps are cleaved or “snatched” from host pre-mRNAs by the PA endonuclease. The structure-based development of inhibitors that target PA endonuclease is now possible with the recent crystal structure of the PA catalytic domain. In this study, we sought to understand the molecular mechanism of inhibition by several compounds that are known or predicted to block endonuclease-dependent polymerase activity. Using an in vitro endonuclease activity assay, we show that these compounds block the enzymatic activity of the isolated PA endonuclease domain. Using X-ray crystallography, we show how these inhibitors coordinate the two-metal endonuclease active site and engage the active site residues. Two structures also reveal an induced-fit mode of inhibitor binding. The structures allow a molecular understanding of the structure-activity relationship of several known influenza inhibitors and the mechanism of drug resistance by a PA mutation. Taken together, our data reveal new strategies for structure-based design and optimization of PA endonuclease inhibitors.
Chemical disequilibrium during garnet growth: Monte Carlo simulations of natural crystal morphologies

We thank Rice (2007) for insightful comments on our work ([Wilbur and Ague, 2006][1]) and for highlighting important issues in metamorphic crystallization. However, Rice's comments do not affect our conclusions regarding disequilibrium during garnet growth. The first issue Rice raises concerns
The mechanism of inactivation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase by 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate.

3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase (HAD) is a non-heme FeII dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative ring-opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde. The enzymatic product subsequently cyclizes to quinolinate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Quinolinate has also been implicated in important neurological disorders. Here, we describe the mechanism by which 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate inhibits the HAD catalyzed reaction. Using overexpressed and purified bacterial HAD, we demonstrate that 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate functions as a mechanism-based inactivating agent. The inactivation results in the consumption of 2 ± 0.8 equiv of oxygen and the production of superoxide. EPR analysis of the inactivation reaction demonstrated that the inhibitor stimulated the oxidation of the active site FeII to the catalytically inactive FeIII oxidation state. The inactivated enzyme can be reactivated by treatment with DTT and FeII. High reso...
Effects of UV-B radiation on near-surface zooplankton of puget sound.

An increase in incident solar ultraviolet irradiation, resulting from possible deterioration of the stratospheric ozone layer, would have important biological effects. Though the oceans are relatively opaque to UV radiation, compared to visible light, increases in incident UV may affect organisms living within the first few meters of the sea surface. Shrimp larvae, crab larvae, and euphausids were exposed to various low levels of simulated solar UV radiation (UV-B, 290–315 nm) under laboratory conditions. Comparisons between solar and artificial spectra were based on spectroradiometric measurements converted to erythemally effective irradiance. These zooplankton tolerated UV-B irradiance levels up to threshold levels with no significant reduction in survival or developmental rates compared to control organisms. Beyond the threshold levels, activity, development, and survival rapidly declined. The apparent UV thresholds are near present incident UV levels. Observed survival threshold levels for each experimental group were superimposed on seasonal solar incident UV levels at the experimental site. These threshold levels appeared to be exceeded by median ambient UV levels late in the season of surface occurrence of each species. UV increases resulting from ozone depletion may significantly shorten this season. Although the apparent impact would be lessened by the decrease in UV with depth, irreversible detrimental effects would probably occur before reported survival thresholds were exceeded.
Brief Report: Reliability and Validity of the Shared Activities Questionnaire as a Measure of Middle School Students’ Attitudes toward Autism

The Shared Activities Questionnaire (SAQ) is a self-report measure of children's behavioral intentions towards peers with disabilities. The SAQ has been validated as a measure of elementary school students' attitudes towards peers with disabilities. In the present study, psychometric properties of the SAQ as a measure of middle school students' attitudes toward autism were examined in a sample of 1,007 students (M age = 12.95 years). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure found for elementary school students. Internal consistency reliability was excellent. Criterion-related validity was established by demonstrating strong and positive relationships with a measure of cognitive attitudes. The SAQ is a reliable and valid measure of middle school students' behavioral intentions towards autism.
On work and constraints in mixtures

We argue that working terms in a mixture theory should include all possible Langrangian time rates of all volume fractions, and illustrate a novel method of accounting for the corresponding constraints.
[3H]-(+)-pentazocine binding to sigma recognition sites in human cerebellum

The binding characteristics of the sigma-1 selective benzomorphan [3H]-(+)-pentazocine were determined in human cerebellar membranes. Saturation binding analysis revealed two affinity sites with a KDH of 1.4 +/- 0.7 nM and a KDL of 33.6 +/- 11.9 nM. Kinetic studies performed at 25 degrees C demonstrated reversible binding with association and dissociation rate constants determined for two classes of sites. In saturation binding studies, the addition of (+)-SKF 10,047 occluded binding of [3H]-(+)-pentazocine to high affinity sigma binding sites. The affinity profile of ligands displacing [3H]-(+)-pentazocine was consistent with the labeling of sigma-1 recognition sites with haloperidol > (+)-pentazocine > (+)-SKF 10,047 > (+)-3-PPP > DTG > (-)-pentazocine > (-)-SKF 10,047. The potency of the putative D3 receptor-selective ligand (+)-7-OH-DPAT was close to that measured for (+)-pentazocine in displacement experiments. These data suggest that [3H]-(+)-pentazocine labels sigma-1 sites in human cerebellum under appropriate assay conditions.
Self-trimerization of ExsD limits inhibition of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptional activator ExsA in vitro.

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranks among the leading causes of nosocomial infection. The type III secretion system (T3SS) aids acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by injecting potent cytotoxins into host cells to suppress the host's innate immune response. Expression of all T3SS-related genes is strictly dependent on the transcription factor ExsA. Consequently, ExsA and the biological processes that regulate ExsA function are of great biomedical interest. The present study focused on the ExsA–ExsC–ExsD–ExsE signaling cascade, which ties host cell contact to the upregulation of T3SS gene expression. Prior to T3SS induction, the antiactivator protein ExsD binds to ExsA and blocks ExsA-dependent transcription by interfering with ExsA dimerization and promoter interactions. Upon host cell contact, ExsD is sequestered by the T3SS chaperone ExsC, resulting in the release of ExsA and upregulation of the T3SS. Previous studies have shown that the ExsD–ExsA interactions are not freely reversible. Because independently folded ExsD and ExsA were not found to interact, it has been hypothesized that folding intermediates of the two proteins form the complex. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that ExsD alone is sufficient to inhibit ExsA-dependent transcription in vitro and that no other cellular factors are required. More significantly, we show that independently folded ExsD and ExsA are capable of interacting, but only at 37 °C and not at 30 °C. Guided by the crystal structure of ExsD, we designed a monomeric variant of the protein, and demonstrated that ExsD trimerization prevents ExsD from inhibiting ExsA-dependent transcription at 30 °C. We propose that this unique mechanism plays an important role in T3SS regulation. Structured digital abstract ExsD and ExsD bind by molecular sieving (View interaction). ExsA physically interacts with ExsA by protein complementation assay (View interaction).
Some relationships between intelligence and auditory discrimination

Some of the earliest scientific attempts to understand the nature of intelligence investigated differences in sensory discrimination and reaction time. There is once again interest in the relations...
Molecular Localization of Gm(a) and Gm(b) Factors in Negroes

Summary 1 Twenty We (γ2b) myeloma proteins from Negroes were examined to determine their Gm types; none of these proteins was Gm(a + b +); all were Gm(a+). Two Vi (γ2c) myeloma proteins were Gm(b+). 2 This finding, taken in conjunction with the molecular localization of the Gm(a) and Gm(b) factors, suggests that these factors are determined by two closely linked loci, as appears to be the case in Caucasians. Further, the peptide maps of Gra(a+) Negro myeloma proteins were similar to those of Gm(a+) myeloma proteins of Caucasians, both containing a distinctive “Gm(a)” peptide and lacking the “Gm(b, f)” peptide; the peptide maps of Negro and Caucasian Gm(b+) myeloma proteins were also similar. 3 It appears unnecessary to postulate the existence of a Gmab allele in the Negro to account for the fact that 100% of African Negroes are Gm(a + b +). Resume 1 20 proteines de myelome We (gamma 2 b) provenant de personnes de race noire ont ete examinees de facon a determiner leur type Gm; aucune de ces proteines n'etait Gm(a+b+); toutes etaient Gm(a +). Deux proteines de myelome Vi (gamma 2 c) etaient Gm(b +). 2 Cette decouverte, compte tenu de la localisation moleculaire des facteurs Gm(a) et Gm(b), suggere que ces facteurs sont determines par deux locus couples intimement, comme cela semble etre le cas chez les Caucasiens. Ensuite, la constitution peptidique des proteines de myelome des personnes de race noire Gm(a +) semble etre identique aux proteines de myelome de Caucasiens Gm(a +); en effet, les deux contiennent une peptide «Gm(a)» distincte et il manque les peptides « Gm(b, f)». La constitution peptidique des proteines de myelome des Caucasiens et des personnes de race noire Gm(b +) sont aussi semblables. 3 Il ne semble pas necessaire de postuler l'existence d'un allele Gmab chez les personnes de race noire pour expliquer le fait que 100% des Noirs africains sont Gm(a + b +). Zusammenfassung 1 Bei zwanzig We (γ2b)-Myelomproteinen von Negern wurden die Gm-Typen bestimmt. Keines erwies sich als Gm(a + b +); alle waren Gm(a+)). Zwei Vi (γ2c) Myelomproteine erwiesen sich als Gm(b+). 2 Dieser Befund deutet zusammen mit der molekularen Lokalisation der Gm(a)-und Gm(b)-Faktoren darauf hin, das diese Faktoren wie bei den Kaukasiern auf zwei eng gekoppelten Genloci beruhen. Im weiteren zeigten die Gm(a +)-Neger-myelome praktisch dasselbe Peptidmuster wie Gm(a +)-Myelome von Kaukasiern. Beide enthalten ein typisches « Gm(a)»-Peptid; beiden fehlt das « Gm-(b, f)»-Peptid. Die Peptidmuster der Neger- und Kaukasiermyelome vom Gm(b +)-Typ waren ebenfalls sehr ahnlich. 3 Es erscheint deshalb als unnotig, bei Negern die Existenz eines speziellen Gmab-Allels zu postulieren, um zu erklaren, das 100% der afrikanischen Neger dem Gm-Typ Gm(a + b +) angehoren.
Stress analyses of a smart composite pipe joint integrated with piezoelectric composite layers under torsion loading

In order to improve the joint failure strength, an adhesively bonded smart composite pipe joint system has been developed by integrating electromechanical coupling piezoelectric layers with the connection coupler. It has been validated that the integrated piezoelectric ceramic layers can smartly reduce stress concentration in the adhesive layer bond-line under bending or axial tension loads. In this study, piezoelectric particle/fiber reinforced polymer composite was utilized to construct adhesively bonded smart composite pipe joint systems, in order to overcome the brittle characteristic of the piezoelectric ceramic layers and to facilitate joint construction. Since torsion is one of the dominating loading conditions in practice, the behavior of the newly developed smart pipe joint system subjected to torsion loading was investigated in-detail to evaluate the effect of the integrated piezoelectric reinforced polymer composite layer on the joint performance. Firstly, based on the first-order shear deformation theory, the fundamental equations with relevant boundary and continuity conditions were developed to theoretically model the smart pipe joint system subjected to torsion loading. Further, the analytical solutions for the mid-plane displacements and the shear and peel stresses in the adhesive layer were obtained by using the Levy solution and the state-space method. Finally, some numerical examples were presented to evaluate the detailed effect of the stacking sequence and thickness of the integrated composite piezoelectric layers in the connection coupler on reducing the stress concentration in the adhesive layer; the effect of the applied electric fields on shear and peel stresses in the adhesive layer was also illustrated.
Clarifying the Language of Chance Using Basic Conditional Probability Reasoning: The Monty Hall Problem

Clarity and preciseness in the use of language is crucial when communicating mathematical and probabilistic ideas. Lack of these can make even the simplest problem difficult to understand and solve. One such problem is the Monty Hall problem. In the past, a controversy was stirred among professional mathematicians when trying to reach a consensus on a solution to the problem. The problem still creates confusion among some of those who are asked to solve it for the first time. We purport to demonstrate the use of more precise language of basic conditional probability could have prevented the controversy.
Effect of Ozone Treatment on Cultures of Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana, and Chaetoceros gracilis

This research evaluated ozone treatment of three unicellular algal species commonly used in the culture of marine larvae. Isochrvsis galbana and Nannochloropsis oculata were found to be resistant to total residual oxidants (TRO); whereas, Chaetoceros gracilis was relatively sensitive to TRO. Isochrvsis galbana remained in log-phase growth after treatment with 0.05 mg/L to 0.50 mg/L TRO, and N. oculata exhibited strong growth after being exposed to TRO levels up to 0.67 mg/L. Only TRO levels of 0.92 mg/L and 0.90 tng/L reduced cell counts of N. oculata and I. galbana, respectively. Furthermore, algal cultures having higher concentrations at the time of ozone treatment may respond more favorably to the treatment. Initially, C. gracilis was reduced in cell count at TRO levels above 0.06 mg/L, but log-phase growth was resumed 2 d after exposure to TRO levels as high as 0.31 mg/L. It is concluded that I. galbana and N. oculata can be successfully treated with ozone in the mass production stages without hampering the timely production of concentrated cultures. Although C. gracilis was found to be relatively sensitive, ozone treatment of starter cultures can be performed routinely with this species. We have demonstrated that ozone treatment of algal cultures is a feasible technique, but studies need to be conducted on ozone treatment of other species of unicellular algae and on ozone treatment of varying concentrations of algae in order to enhance the applications of this technique. Also, in order to determine the extent of disinfection of algal cultures, bacterial and viral composition of the cultures should be evaluated in future studies.
Absolute amount of ribonucleic acid in viruses.

ON the basis of work with plant virus strains, Knight1 expressed the view that all strains of virus contain the same quantity of nucleic acid. Recent experiments have shown that there exist a number of animal viruses which contain only ribonucleic acid. If one plots the percentage of ribonucleic acid against the particle weight of viruses containing ribonucleic acid, a hyperbola results. Thus in animal viruses also the absolute amount of ribonucleic acid seems to be the same, and coincides with the quantity found in most plant viruses. As the actual equation of the hyperbola is percentage ribonucleic acid × molecular weight of the virus = 2 × 108, the average weight of the ribonucleic acid in a single virus particle amounts roughly to two million times that of a hydrogen atom.
High Latitude Coastal Settlement Patterns: Cape Krusenstern, Alaska

ABSTRACTWhy, when, and how people developed highly specialized marine economies remains the focus of considerable anthropological research. Study of maritime adaptations at high latitudes has potential to contribute to this debate because low biodiversity and increased resource seasonality at high latitudes made reliance on marine resources particularly risky. New research at the Cape Krusenstern site complex, located in northwest Alaska, offers a rare opportunity to study the evolution of maritime adaptations across the environmentally dynamic mid-to-late Holocene Arctic. Large-scale and systematic survey of this important site complex was undertaken to address questions about the timing and character of early Arctic coastal lifeways. Our research yielded direct dates of 4,200 years ago for the oldest occupation of the site complex and identified several new sites dating to between 4,200 and 2,000 years ago. Results support the existing settlement model, pointing to increased sedentism and local populati...
Spirit and Nature in Everyday Life: Reflections of a Mestiza in Higher Education

Incorporating core principles of spirituality into the practice of being an administrator and faculty member is critical to new ways of thinking and being.