cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetohydrodynamics of gamma-ray burst outflows

Using relativistic, axisymmetric, ideal MHD, we examine the outflow from a disk around a compact object, taking into account the baryonic matter, the electron-positron/photon fluid, and the large-scale electromagnetic field. Focusing on the parameter regime appropriate to γ-ray burst outflows, we demonstrate, through exact self-similar solutions, that the thermal force (which dominates the initial acceleration) and the Lorentz force (which dominates farther out and contributes most of the acceleration) can convert up to ~50% of the initial total energy into asymptotic baryon kinetic energy. We examine how baryon loading and magnetic collimation affect the structure of the flow, including the regime where emission due to internal shocks could take place.
Relativistic point-coupling models as effective theories of nuclei

Abstract Recent studies have shown that concepts of effective field theory such as naturalness can be profitably applied to relativistic mean-field models of nuclei. Here the analysis by Friar, Madland, and Lynn of naturalness in a relativistic point-coupling model is extended. Fits to experimental nuclear data support naive dimensional analysis as a useful principle and imply a mean-field expansion analogous to that found for mean-field meson models.
FRAMED KNOTS IN 3-MANIFOLDS AND AFFINE SELF-LINKING NUMBERS

The number |K| of non-isotopic framed knots that correspond to a given unframed knot K ⊂ S3 is infinite. This follows from the existence of the self-linking number slk of a zero homologous framed knot. We use the approach of Vassiliev–Goussarov invariants to construct "affine self-linking numbers" that are extensions of slk to the case of nonzero homologous framed knots in 3-manifolds. As a corollary we get that |K| = ∞ for all knots in an oriented (not necessarily compact) 3-manifold M that is not realizable as a connected sum (S1 × S2)# M′. This result for compact manifolds was first stated by Hoste and Przytycki. They referred to the works of McCullough for the idea of the proof, however to the best of our knowledge prior to this work the proof of this fundamental fact was not given in literature or in a preprint form. Our proof is based on different ideas. For M = (S1 × S2)# M′ we construct K in M such that |K| = 2 ≠ ∞.
Moment-Based Estimation of Stochastic Kronecker Graph Parameters

Stochastic Kronecker graphs supply a parsimonious model for large sparse real-world graphs. They can specify the distribution of a large random graph using only three or four parameters. Those parameters have, however, proved difficult to choose in specific applications. This article looks at method-of-moments estimators that are computationally much simpler than maximum likelihood. The estimators are fast, and in our examples, they typically yield Kronecker parameters with expected feature counts closer to a given graph than we get from KronFit. The improvement is especially prominent for the number of triangles in the graph.
Two methods of space-time energy densification

With a view to the goal of net energy production from a DT microexplosion, we study two ideas (methods) through which (separately or in combination) energy may be “concentrated” into a small volume and short period of time--the so-called space-time energy densification or compression. We first discuss the advantages and disadvantages of lasers and relativistic electron-beam (E-beam) machines as the sources of such energy and identify the amplification of laser pulses as a key factor in energy compression. The pulse length of present relativistic E-beam machines is the most serious limitation of this pulsed-power source. The first energy-compression idea we discuss is the. reasonably efficient production of short-duration, high-current relativistic electron pulses by the self interruption and restrike of a current in a plasma pinch due to the rapid onset of strong turbulence. A 1-MJ plasma focus based on this method is nearing completion at this Laboratory. The second energy-compression idea is based on laser-pulse production through the parametric amplification of a self-similar or solitary wave pulse, for which analogs can be found in other wave processes. Specifically, the second energy-compression idea is a proposal for parametric amplification of a solitary, transverse magnetic pulse in a coaxial cavity with a Bennett dielectric rod as an inner coax. Amplifiers of this type can be driven by the pulsed power from a relativistic E-beam machine. If the end of the inner dielectric coax is made of LiDT or another fusionable material, the amplified pulse can directly drive a fusion reaction--there would be no need to switch the pulse out of the system toward a remote target.
Electromagnetic interactions in heavy hadron chiral theory

Abstract Electromagnetic interactions are incorporated into heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory. Short- and long-distance magnetic moment contributions to the chiral lagrangian are identified, and M1 radiative decays of heavy vector mesons and sextet baryons are studied. Using recent CLEO D ∗ branching fraction ratio data, we fit the meson coupling to the axial vector Goldstone current and find g12=0.34±0.48 for mc=1700 MeV. Finally, we obtain model independent predictions for total and partial widths of charm and bottom vector mesons.
Percutaneous Transcatheter Renal Ablation With Absolute Ethanol for Uncontrolled Hypertension or Nephrotic Syndrome: Results in 11 Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

Purpose Retrospective review of authors' experience with percutaneous transcatheter renal ablation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and/or nephrotic syndrome. Materials and Methods Between April 1987 and September 1995, renal ablation was performed on 11 patients aged 10 months to 21 years. All patients had end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with uncontrolled hypertension (10 patients) and/or nephrotic syndrome (four patients). Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg despite multidrug anti-hypertensive therapy. Nephrotic syndrome was defined as protein-uria exceeding 960 mg/m 2 per day, serum albumin level less than 3 g/dL, and generalized edema. Embolization was performed with absolute ethanol from a common femoral artery approach. In most cases, a balloon catheter was used to prevent alcohol reflux into the aorta or nontarget renal artery branches, such as the adrenal arteries. Angiographic stasis of contrast material in the renal arteries was the endpoint. Results All patients experienced a postembolization syndrome of 3–5 days duration, clinically manifested by variable degrees of nausea, vomiting, fever, and pain. Long-term improvement in hypertension was observed in nine patients. Improvement in hypertension was defined as diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg while the patient received the same or fewer antihypertensive medications. The four patients with nephrotic syndrome were cured of their proteinuria and edema. Conclusions Transarterial renal ablation with alcohol is efficacious for treatment of uncontrolled hypertension and nephrotic syndrome in patients with ESRD. The morbidity and mortality in our series were less than those reported for surgical nephrectomy.
Ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization of homoallylic alcohols in water

Abstract Through the catalysis of RuCl2(PPh3)3, the functional groups of homoallylic alcohols are repositioned to give allylic alcohols with controlled regioselectivity. The reaction proceeds most efficiently in an aqueous media. The selectivity in product formation is affected by the reaction temperature and the amount of the catalyst being used. A higher reaction temperature and the use of a smaller amount of the catalyst are preferable for the formation of allylic alcohols. The reaction process was postulated as a tandem olefin migration-allylic rearrangement. Under the same reaction conditions, the functional groups of allylic alcohols undergo allylic rearrangements.
The addition of the highly functionalized zinc-copper reagents RCu(CN)ZnI to nitro olefins

stereochemical control than the more common trimethylsilyl unit. For example, the condensation of allylic zinc reagents with benzoyl triisopropylsilane produced the a-adduct exclusively. The overall applicability of the process is quite broad.1° Similar results were obtained using a$-unsaturated or aliphatic aldehydes, with organozinc, magnesium, lithium,loaJ1 or potassium reagents. Some of our results are shown in Table 11. Noteworthy is the example that condensation of cis-2pentenyl p o t a s s i ~ m ' ~ J ~ prepared from cis-2-pentene, po-
Affiliated firms and financial support: Evidence from indian business groups.

Abstract We investigate the functioning of internal capital markets in Indian Business Groups. We document that intragroup loans are an important means of transferring cash across group firms and are typically used to support financially weaker firms. Evidence suggests that an important reason for providing support may be to avoid default by a group firm and consequent negative spillovers to the rest of the group. Consistent with such spillovers, the first bankruptcy in a group is followed by significant drops in external financing, investments and profits of other firms in the group and an increase in their bankruptcy probability.
Hydrogen corrosion considerations of carbide fuels for nuclear thermal propulsion applications

At reactor operation conditions of interest for nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP), graphiteand carbidebased fuel materials have been known to exhibit a number of life-limiting phenomena. These include the formation of liquid, loss by vaporization, creep and corresponding gas flow restrictions, local corrosion, and structure degradation due to excessive mechanical and/or thermal loading. In addition, the irradiation environment can cause a substantial change in the local physical material properties, which can produce high thermal stresses and corresponding stress fracture (cracking). Time-temperature history and cyclic operation of the nuclear reactor can accelerate some of these processes. Based on results of a review of open literature, available in the U.S., a number of major competing interrelated physical mechanisms were identified that affect hydrogen corrosion of carbide fuel materials. This article identifies and discusses in detail these mechanisms associated with the corrosion of carbide-based materials when exposed to hot hydrogen flow at conditions typical of NTP reactors. From the understanding of this complex phenomena, modeling requirements are then identified and discussed.
Tandem alkylation-cyclization process via an O,C-dianion

Abstract A general protocol for preparing densely functionalized cyclopentenones through a tandem nucleophilic addition–deprotonation–alkylation–cyclization process is described. Addition of lithioallene 2 to enamides 1 generates tetrahedral intermediate 3 . Deprotonation of the γ carbon atom of the allene function in situ, followed by trapping by a suitable electrophile and cyclization during workup leads to C6 substituted cyclopentenones 6 .
Design and development of photoanodes for water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) use low-cost materials, feature tunable molecular sensitizers, and exhibit quantum efficiencies near unity. These advantageous features can be exploited in the context of solar water splitting by functionalizing DSSCs with catalysts for water oxidation and reduction. This article will cover the development of photoanodes for water splitting DSSCs from the perspective of water oxidation catalysts, sensitizers, electron transfer mediators, photoanode materials, and system level design. Within each section we will endeavor to highlight critical design elements and how they can affect the efficiency of the overall system.
Analysis of local optima in predictive control for energy efficient buildings

We study the problem of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) control in a typical commercial building. We propose a model predictive control (MPC) approach which minimizes energy cost while satisfying occupant comfort and control actuator constraints, using a simplified system model and incorporating predictions of future weather and occupancy inputs. In simplified physics-based models of HVAC systems, the product between air temperatures and flow rates arising from energy balance equations leads to a non-convex MPC problem. Fast computational techniques for solving non-convex optimization can only provide certificates of local optimality. Local optima can potentially cause MPC to have worse performance than existing control implementations, so deserve careful consideration. The objective of this article is to investigate the phenomenon of local optima in the MPC optimization problem for a simple HVAC system model. In the first part of the article, simplified physics-based models and MPC desig...
On the depolarization asymmetry seen in giant radio lobes

The depolarization asymmetry seen in double-lobed radio sources, referred to as the Laing-Garrington (L-G) effect where more rapid depolarization is seen in the lobe with no visible jet as the wavelength increases, can be explained either by internal differences between the two lobes, or by an external Faraday screen that lies in front of only the depolarized lobe. If the jet one-sidedness is due to relativistic beaming the depolarization asymmetry must be due to an intervening Faraday screen. If it is intrinsic the depolarization asymmetry must be related to internal differences in the lobes. For a random viewing angle distribution, which must be the case here where un-beamed lobe radiation dominates, jet one-sidedness is unrelated to viewing angle and therefore cannot be used either to estimate the viewing angle or to imply beaming. The outflow speed in the kpc jet is notoriously difficult to determine. However, although it has not yet been proven conclusively, we assume in this paper that the speed in the outer jet of several Fanaroff-Riley Class 1 (FRI) sources exhibiting the L-G effect is close to the 0.1c reported by several other investigators. For these sources we find that the jet one-sidedness cannot be explained by beaming and therefore must be intrinsic. In these FRI sources the L-G effect must be due to differences that originate inside the lobes themselves, with the outer regions of the relevant lobe acting as a Faraday screen. Although it is not known if the flow in the outer jets of FRII sources also slows to this speed it is suggested that the explanation of the L-G effect is likely to be the same in both types. This argument is strengthened by the recent evidence that FRII galaxies have very large viewing angles, which in turn implies that the L-G model cannot work regardless of the jet velocity. It may therefore be too soon to completely rule out internal depolarization in the lobes as the true explanation for the L-G effect.
State-logic relations in autonomous sequential networks

Synopsis: A sequential network consists of an interconnection of logical elements, such as "and"-gates, "or"-gates, inverters, etc., and storage elements, such as flip-flops and delay lines. These networks process signals, usually binary signals, in the sense that they convert input sequences of 0's and 1's into output sequences functionally related to the input sequences. Typically, these networks occur as parts of digital computers and control systems, and perform operations such as counting, code conversion, program control, addition, comparison, sequence generation, etc. Such networks are presently designed by unsystematic cut-and-try methods. Consequently they are unnecessarily costly, and are often more difficult to test and maintain because of the lack of patterned structure in their realization.
Growth and characterization of indium arsenide thin films

The growth and characterization of indium arsenide films grown on indium phosphide substrates by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process is reported. Either ethyl dimethyl indium or trimethyl indium were found to be suitable in combination with arsine as source compounds. The highest electron mobilities were observed in films nucleated at reduced growth temperature. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that film nucleation at low temperature prevents thermal etch pits from forming on the InP surface before growth proceeds at an elevated temperature. Electron mobilities as high as 21,000 cm2V−1 sec−1 at 300 K were thus obtained for a film only 3.4 μm thick. This mobility is significantly higher than was previously observed in InAs films grown by MOCVD. From the depth dependence of transport properties, we find that in our films electrons are accumulated near the air interface of the film, presumably by positive ions in the native oxide. The mobility is limited by electrons scattering predominantly from ionized impurities at low temperature and from lattice vibrations and dislocations at high temperature. However, scattering from dislocations is greatly reduced in the surface accumulation layer due to screening by a high density of electrons. These dislocations arise from lattice mismatch and interface disorder at the film-substrate interface, preventing these films from obtaining mobility values of bulk indium arsenide.
New Higgs signals from flavor physics in large extra dimensions

Abstract In a realistic theory with large extra dimensions and TeV scale gravity, there are often other particles living in the extra dimensions in addition to gravitons. A well-motivated candidate is the flavon in a flavor theory which explains the smallness of the fermion masses by the large volume of the extra dimensions. The flavon interactions involve the Higgs field and can therefore give rise to new mechanisms of Higgs boson production. We study these new Higgs signals, including both real flavon emission and virtual flavon exchange. They could provide powerful probes of the string scale which are comparable to the extensively studied graviton production, if the flavons and the graviton feel the same number of extra dimensions. If the flavons only live in a subspace of the extra dimensions, they can yield even stronger bounds and may generate spectacular displaced vertex signals. Our study also applies to a four-dimensional flavor theory with light flavons as well as to any theory with bulk scalar fields coupled to the Higgs and fermions.
External Shear in Quadruply Imaged Lens Systems

We use publicly available N-body simulations and semianalytic models of galaxy formation to estimate the levels of external shear due to structure near the lens in gravitational lens systems. We also describe two selection effects specific to four-image systems that enhance the probability that observing systems have higher external shear. Ignoring additional contributions from "cosmic shear" and assuming that lens galaxies are not significantly flattened, we find that the mean shear at the position of a quadruple lens galaxy is 0.11, the rms shear is ~0.15, and there is a ~45% likelihood of external shear greater than 0.1. This is much larger than previous estimates and in good agreement with typical measured external shear. The higher shear primarily stems from the tendency of early-type galaxies, which are the majority of lenses, to reside in overdense regions.
Pyrolyse bei sehr kleinem Druck (VLPP); eine vielseitige kinetische Methode

Dieser Fortschrittsbericht gibt eine Zusammenfassung uber Theorie und Anwendungen des Verfahrens der Pyrolyse bei sehr kleinem Druck zum Studium von Geschwindigkeiten und Mechanismen unimolekularer Reaktionen sowie bimolekularer Radikal-Radikal- und Radikal-Molekul-Reaktionen, der Oberflachenrekombination von Atomen, heterogener Reaktionen und der Ubertragung von Schwingungsenergie.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of arylamines from aryl halides. Mechanistic studies lead to coupling in the absence of tin reagents

Abstract The reaction of aryl halides with secondary amines in the presence of silylamide base and tri- o -tolyphopshine palladium complexes gives arylamine products. This process provides a convenient method for performing these hetero-cross coupling reactions without the necessity for forming tin amides and disposing of tin halides. This reaction follows from a mechanistic analysis of the coupling reaction with tin amides and occurs as a result of the cleavage of palladium aryl halide dimers with secondary amines.
Experimental Test of the “Special State” Theory of Quantum Measurement

An experimental test of the “special state” theory of quantum measurement is proposed. It should be feasible with present-day laboratory equipment and involves a slightly elaborated Stern–Gerlach setup. The “special state” theory is conservative with respect to quantum mechanics, but radical with respect to statistical mechanics, in particular regarding the arrow of time. In this article background material is given on both quantum measurement and statistical mechanics aspects. For example, it is shown that future boundary conditions would not contradict experience, indicating that the fundamental equal-a-priori-probability assumption at the foundations of statistical mechanics is far too strong (since future conditioning reduces the class of allowed states). The test is based on a feature of this theory that was found necessary in order to recover standard (Born) probabilities in quantum measurements. Specifically, certain systems should have “noise” whose amplitude follows the long-tailed Cauchy distribution. This distribution is marked by the occasional occurrence of extremely large signals as well as a non-self-averaging property. The proposed test is a variant of the Stern–Gerlach experiment in which protocols are devised, some of which will require the presence of this noise, some of which will not. The likely observational schemes would involve the distinction between detection and non-detection of that “noise”. The signal to be detected (or not) would be either single photons or electric fields (and related excitations) in the neighborhood of the ends of the magnets.
The novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, AR-42, inhibits gp130/Stat3 pathway and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in multiple myeloma cells.

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable with current therapy, indicating the need for continued development of novel therapeutic agents. We evaluated the activity of a novel phenylbutyrate-derived histone deacetylase inhibitor, AR-42, in primary human myeloma cells and cell lines. AR-42 was cytotoxic to MM cells at a mean LC50 of 0.18 ± 0.06 μmol/l at 48 hr and induced apoptosis with cleavage of caspases 8, 9 and 3, with cell death largely prevented by caspase inhibition. AR-42 downregulated the expression of gp130 and inhibited activation of STAT3, with minimal effects on the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, indicating a predominant effect on the gp130/STAT-3 pathway. AR-42 also inhibited interleukin (IL)-6-induced STAT3 activation, which could not be overcome by exogenous IL-6. AR-42 also downregulated the expression of STAT3-regulated targets, including Bcl-xL and cyclin D1. Overexpression of Bcl-xL by a lentivirus construct partly protected against cell death induced by AR-42. The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors, p16 and p21, were also significantly induced by AR-42, which together with a decrease in cyclin D1, resulted in G1 and G2 cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, AR-42 has potent cytotoxicity against MM cells mainly through gp130/STAT-3 pathway. The results provide rationale for clinical investigation of AR-42 in MM.
Ruthenium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation of nonstabilized ketone enolates.

Bipyridyl(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium chloride is an efficient catalyst for the formal [3,3] rearrangement of allyl β-ketoesters. The mechanism of the transformation involves formation of π-allyl ruthenium intermediates, which are selectively attacked at the more substituted allyl terminus by freely diffusing enolates. Decarboxylation of β-ketocarboxylates allows generation of enolates under extremely mild conditions.
Molecular-beam spectrum of the 3.3-μm ν12 band of benzene

The ν12 e1u fundamental band of C6H6 has been recorded under collisionless low-temperature (≈10 K) molecular-beam conditions using bolometric detection of molecules excited by a linearscan-controlled color-center laser referenced to a dual-wavelength polarization-stabilized HeNe laser. The sub-Doppler instrumental linewidth of ≈12 MHz (full width at half-maximum) permits resolution of nearly every transition. Improved spectroscopic constants are obtained in a fit yielding a standard deviation of ≈2 MHz, reflecting the measurement precision. A weak anharmonic or parallel z-Coriolis perturbation is observed in the Kl = −5 and −6 sublevels and is attributed to a closely resonant, lower-lying high-order combination level.
Is the value relevance of earnings conditional on the timing of earnings information

Abstract We examine the association between quarterly stock returns and total earnings news conditional on the timing in which earnings information is revealed to the market. Evidence in prior research suggests that managers try to avoid reporting a negative earnings surprise and that market participants place greater weight on the information contained in earnings announcements than on earnings forecast revisions during a quarter (Soffer, L., Thiagarajan, R., Walther, B., 2000. Earnings preannouncement strategies. Review of Accounting Studies 5 (1), 5–26; Bartov, E., Givoly, D., Hayn, C., 2002. The rewards to meeting or beating earnings expectations. Journal of Accounting and Economics 33 (2), 173–204). This notion is consistent with recency theory in the context of individual judgment and decision-making behavior (Hogarth, R., Einhorn, H. 1992. Order effects in belief updating: The belief-adjustment model. Cognitive Psychology 24 (1), 1–55). We extend prior research by investigating the descriptive validity of recency theory to a comprehensive set of potential earnings paths. Our evidence suggests, contrary to conclusions in the prior literature, that investors do not always assign more weight to earnings surprises than to analyst forecast revisions. Rather, our results suggest that the market response to earnings news is more consistent with prospect theory, an alternative cognitive psychology theory developed by Kahneman and Tversky (1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica 47 (2), 263–292).
On C-small conjugacy classes in a reductive group

Let G be an almost simple reductive group with Weyl group W. Let B be a Borel subgroup of G. Let w be an elliptic element of W which has minimal length in its conjugacy class. We show that in almost all cases there exists a semisimple class in G whose intersection with BwB has dimension dim(B).
NOVEL AG(I)-CATALYSIS OF AN INTRAMOLECULAR 1,3-DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION

Abstract Acetylenic α-diazoketones, bearing gem-dimethyl substituents in the α′ position, were found to undergo an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in the presence of silver(I) as catalyst. In that instance, bicyclic pyrazole derivatives were isolated in 47 to 55% yield, even in the conditions of the Arndt-Eistert reaction. The requirement for gem-dimethyl substitution in acyclic substrates is rationalized in terms of steric effects on conformational energies in the transition state.
Racialized perceptions and child neglect

Abstract This paper models racialized perceptions of child welfare workers and tests the hypothesis that these perceptions contribute to the racial disproportionality in reported and/or substantiated child maltreatment. A method is adopted which captures the salient features of racial stereotypes deriving from visual representations of neglectful situations that meet state definitions of child maltreatment and reportable offenses. Caseworkers are shown pictures of a neglectful situation that randomly varies with respect to whether a child in the picture is black or white or whether there is no child at all pictured. If things that “look black” are more likely to be perceived of by caseworkers as reportable offenses or to meet state definitions of child maltreatment than things that “look white,” then this indicates racialized perceptions. Data are collected from a sample of all caseworkers from every county in Minnesota for 2005. Linear and logistic fixed effects models are estimated for the responses as to whether the situation in the picture meets the state definition and whether the offense is reportable. Independent variables include: the respondent's age, gender, and race; whether the respondent was born in the Twin Cities, majored in social work, was an intake worker, or worked in Hennepin County. The results show statistically significant impacts of the black baby vignette (compared to no baby or white baby) on the likelihood that respondents agree that the situation depicted in the picture meets the state definition of neglect and is reportable. Also estimated are the impacts of these racialized beliefs on racial disproportionalities in reported and substantiated child maltreatment rates across counties. There are strong and statistically significant impacts of indices of caseworker racialized beliefs on racial disproporationalities in reported and substantiated maltreatment rates.
Evaluating a Safe Space Training for School Counselors and Trainees Using a Randomized Control Group Design.

School counselors need to advocate and act as an ally for all students. Safe Space, a training designed to facilitate competency for working with and serving LGBTQ youth (i.e., LGBTQ competency), h...
Manned spacecraft simulation

Computer simulation of electro/mechanical systems has become so important in our world of technical complexity that to many of us the very word "Simulation" has come to suggest first---if not exclusively---just that; the computer simulation of complex physical systems.
Functional group scope in the methylene-free, tandem enyne metathesis.

The methylene-free ring synthesis of 1,3-cyclohexadienes has been expanded to include a diverse set of functional group-rich terminal and internal alkynes.
Theory of high-Tc superconducting cuprates based on experimental evidence

A model of superconductivity in layered high-temperature superconducting cuprates is proposed, based on the extended saddle point singularities in the electron spectrum, weak screening of the Coulomb interaction and phonon-mediated interaction between electrons plus a small short-range repulsion of Hund's, or spin-fluctuation, origin. This permits to explain the large values of {Tc}, features of the isotope effect on oxygen and copper, the existence of two types of the order parameter, the peak in the inelastic neutron scattering, the positive curvature of the upper critical field, as function of temperature etc.
An Industrial Engineering Approach to Laboratory Automation for High Throughput Screening

Across the pharmaceutical industry, there are a variety of approaches to laboratory automation for high throughput screening. At Sphinx Pharmaceuticals, the principles of industrial engineering have been applied to systematically identify and develop those automated solutions that provide the greatest value to the scientists engaged in lead generation.
B Physics and CP Violation

In these three lectures the basic ideas and of the subject and some current issues are presented, but no attempt is made to teach calculational techniques and methods. (There is a significant overlap in the material here with my earlier lectures presented at the 2002 European Summer School.)
Resonant laser excitation of molecular wires

We investigate the influence of external laser excitations on the average current through bridged molecules. For the computation of the current, we use a numerically very efficient formalism that is based on the Floquet solutions of the time-dependent molecule Hamiltonian. It is found that the current as a function of the laser frequency exhibits characteristic peaks originating from resonant excitations of electrons to bridge levels that are unoccupied in the absence of radiation. The electric current through the molecule can exhibit a drastic enhancement by several orders of magnitude.
Parameter estimation in diagonalizable bilinear stochastic parabolic equations

A parameter estimation problem is considered for a stochastic parabolic equation with multiplicative noise under the assumption that the equation can be reduced to an infinite system of uncoupled diffusion processes. From the point of view of classical statistics, this problem turns out to be singular not only for the original infinite-dimensional system but also for most finite-dimensional projections. This singularity can be exploited to improve the rate of convergence of traditional estimators as well as to construct completely new closed-form exact estimator.
Aluminosilicate mesostructures with improved acidity and hydrothermal stability

Significant improvements in both the hydrothermal stability and the acidity of mesostructured aluminosilcates have been reported recently. New assembly pathways, along with post-synthesis treatment methods, have made it possible to form structures with thick and more highly crosslinked framework walls. The resulting structures are slow to degrade under hydrothermal conditions in comparison to conventional analogs. Also, improved methodologies for grafting Al centers into the walls of pre-assembled frameworks have afforded aluminosilicate mesostructures with enhanced acidity. The most promising strategy for improving the hydrothermal stability and acidity of aluminosilicate mesostructures, however, is based on the use of protozeolitic nanoclusters. These so-called “zeolite seeds” can be directly assembled into hexagonal, cubic, wormhole, and foamlike framework structures under a variety of assembly conditions. They also can be grafted into the walls of pre-assembled frameworks to form more stable acidic derivatives.
Constant-temperature molecular dynamics with momentum conservation.

The Nose theorem of the extended-system method of the constant-temperature molecular dynamics is generalized by including the conservation of the total virtual momentum. It is proved that a canonical ensemble of an (N-1)-particle system is generated from an extended system of an N-particle system only if the total virtual momentum is zero. It is also shown that the resulting (N-1)-particle system has a slightly different mass spectrum than that of the original N-particle system. The consequences of this new mass spectrum are relevant in the calculation of dynamical properties and the relaxation times of the system, but irrelevant to thermodynamic averages. For practical considerations, numerical simulations are performed and tested against this theorem
Comparison of kinetic and equilibrium reaction models in simulating gas hydrate behavior in porous media

In this study we compare the use of kinetic and equilibrium reaction models in the simulation of gas (methane) hydrate behavior in porous media. Our objective is to evaluate through numerical simulation the importance of employing kinetic versus equilibrium reaction models for predicting the response of hydrate-bearing systems to external stimuli, such as changes in pressure and temperature. Specifically, we (1) analyze and compare the responses simulated using both reaction models for natural gas production from hydrates in various settings and for the case of depressurization in a hydrate-bearing core during extraction; and (2) examine the sensitivity to factors such as initial hydrate saturation, hydrate reaction surface area, and numerical discretization. We find that for large-scale systems undergoing thermal stimulation and depressurization, the calculated responses for both reaction models are remarkably similar, though some differences are observed at early times. However, for modeling short-term processes, such as the rapid recovery of a hydrate-bearing core, kinetic limitations can be important, and neglecting them may lead to significant under-prediction of recoverable hydrate. Assuming validity of the most accurate kinetic reaction model that is currently available, the use of the equilibrium reaction model often appears to be justified and preferred for simulating the behavior of gas hydrates, given that the computational demands for the kinetic reaction model far exceed those for the equilibrium reaction model.
Regional distribution and regulation of preprosomatostatin messenger RNA in the striatum, as revealed by in situ hybridization histochemistry.

Abstract Quantitative in situ hybridization was used to examine the regional distribution of preprosomatostatin messenger RNA (PPSOM mRNA) in the dorsal striatum (caudo-putamen) of the mouse. In addition, because mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum where they play a role in the regulation of peptide-containing neurons, the effect of dopamine receptor blockade on the levels of striatal PPSOM mRNA was determined. Sagittal brain sections from male Swiss Webster mice were processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry using an 35 S-radiolabelled RNA probe in order to quantify levels of PPSOM mRNA in individual neurons of the dorsal caudo-putamen using light microscopy and computer-assisted grain analysis. In control animals, individual neurons of the dorsolateral caudo-putamen had higher levels of PPSOM mRNA than did those of the medial part of the structure. Treated mice were injected with fluphenazine- N -mustard (FNM), an antagonist which, at the dose used (4 μmol/kg), irreversibly blocks dopamine D 2 but not D 1 receptors in the mouse striatum. FNM treatment (for 2 days, twice a day) produced an increase in striatal dopamine turnover and a decrease in PPSOM mRNA levels in the lateral, but not the medial striatum. The results indicate that there is a lateral to medial gradient in the levels of PPSOM mRNA per individual neuron in the dorsal caudo-putamen of control animals, which is abolished by FNM treatment. This suggests that intrinsic striatal somatostatinergic neurons are differentially regulated by dopamine, depending on their lateromedial location within the striatum.
The indium-mediated Reformatsky reactions of 2,2-difluoro-2-halo-1-furan-2-yl ethanones in aqueous media

Abstract New 2,2-difluoro 2-halo-1-furan-2-yl ethanones (1a–c) were synthesized by two different methods. The Reformatsky reactions of 2,2-difluoro-2-halo-1-furan-2-yl ethanones with various aldehydes using indium metal in aqueous media gave α,α-difluoro-β-hydroxy ketones (4a–j).
Interpreting comovements in the trade balance and the terms of trade

Abstract I examine the relation between the trade balance and the terms of trade in a two-country dynamic stochastic exchange economy with complete markets. Along an equilibrium path for this economy, the relation is governed by the substitutability between foreign and domestic goods. I find, in contrast to non-stochastic analyses of the Harberger-Laursen-Metzler effect, that a positive association does not require persistent shocks or non-constant rates of time preference. This contrast highlights the role played by the structure of asset markets, complete and otherwise, in generating equilibrium comovements.
Ramanujan Graphs with Small Girth

We construct an inﬁnite family of (q + 1)-regular Ramanujan graphs X n of girth 1. We also give covering maps X n+1 → X n such that the minimal common covering of all the X n ’s is the universal covering tree.
Studies on the enantiospecific synthesis of oxindole alkaloids

The optically active Na-methyl, Nb-benzyltetracyclic ketone 1 was converted into either diastereomeric spirocyclic oxindole 2a (91:9) or 2b (97:3) with high diastereoselectivity on prudent choice of osmium reagents. Oxindole 2a is now available in enantiospecific form for the synthesis of Alstonia alkaloids while diastereomer 2b can be employed for the preparation of Gardneria and Voacanga bases.
Designing Expert Systems for Effective Delivery of Extension Programming

Expert systems offer potential as important additions to the current methods used to deliver extension programming to clients. This paper discusses the design of such systems from the viewpoint of learning theory and assesses the cost effectiveness, relative to standard extension programming approaches, of a sample system developed for use with/by cattle ranchers. Results indicate that hybrid expert systems have greater educational impact than traditional programming methods and are more cost effective.
On the efficiency of ‘single window’

In many countries, the process of obtaining government approval for different projects involves interaction with multiple government agencies at various levels. This often makes the approval process inefficient by unnecessary lengthening it. In this paper we study the effect of a re-organization of the approval process towards making it a single window clearance system, on the efficiency of the entire process. We have used the expected queue length and the expected waiting time in the system at the stochastic steady state as measures of inefficiency of an approval system.
Total synthesis of antitumor depsipeptide (-)-doliculide.

(−)-Doliculide, a potent antitumor agent, is synthesized stereoselectively in a convergent manner. The key strategy involves a stereoselective synthesis of the polyketide unit and synthesis of the d-tyrosine derivative, followed by assembly of the fragments by an esterification and cycloamidation reaction sequence. The synthesis of the polyketide fragment was achieved by an iterative asymmetric synthesis to install stereoselectively both 1,3-dimethyl groups and the 1,3-diol unit by utilizing asymmetric cyclopropanations and Sharpless asymmetric epoxidations as the key steps.
The air-breathing launch vehicle for earth- orbit shuttle - New technology and development approach

Low-cost transportation to and from Earth orbit with systems characterized by reusability, flexibility, and "airline-type" operations is a prime goal of the space program. The airbreathing HTOL launch vehicle has inherent features which make it a candidate for such a system but, unfortunately, the lack of a developed powerplant implies a procurement cycle length on the order of a decade. The purpose of this paper is to assess the status of the airbreathing launch vehicle in the light of recent achievements in propulsion and configuration development. It is concluded that all maj or questions of feasibility, particularly in the area of hypersonic propulsion, have been answered favorably by the investigations of several small research engines recently completed. The remaining key problems are discussed together with some promising approaches toward their solution. Finally, important steps required to develop an operational air-breathing system by the early eighties are discussed.
Position-velocity diagrams of ionized gas in the inner regions of disk galaxies ?

We use long-slit spectroscopy along the major axis of a sample of 23 nearby disk galaxies to study the kinematic properties of the ionized-gas component in their inner regions. For each galaxy, we derive the position-velocity diagram of the ionized gas from its emission lines. We discuss the variety of shapes observed in such position-velocity diagrams by comparing the gas velocity gradient, velocity dispersion and integrated flux measured in the inner (r '1 00 ) and outer regions (r '4 00 ). This kind of analysis allows the identication of galaxies which are good candidates to host a circumnuclear Keplerian gaseous disk rotating around a central mass concentration, and to follow up with Hubble Space Telescope observations.
Ibotenic Acid Decarboxylation to Muscimol: Dramatic Solvent and Radiolytic Rate Acceleration

Abstract The decarboxylation of ibotenic acid to muscimol in DMSO with 3H2O or D2O is discussed.
The renormalized B-meson light-cone distribution amplitude

I discuss the renormalization-group equation governing the leading order light-cone distribution amplitude of the B-meson φ B +(ω,μ) and its exact analytic solution. The solution displays two features concerning the asymptotic behaviour of φ B +(ω,μ) for small and large values of ω. I comment on further applications and argue that the loss of normalizability is not a problem in practice. PACS: 12.38.Cy – 12.39.Hg – 12.39.St – 13.25.Hw
Non-Fermi liquid due to orbital fluctuations in iron pnictide superconductors

We study the influence of quantum fluctuations on the electron self-energy in the normal state of iron pnictide superconductors using a five-orbital tight-binding model with generalized Hubbard on-site interactions. Within a one-loop treatment, we find that an overdamped collective mode develops at low frequency in channels associated with quasi-one-dimensional ${d}_{xz}$ and ${d}_{yz}$ bands. When the critical point for the ${C}_{4}$-symmetry-broken phase (structural phase transition) is approached, the overdamped collective modes soften, and acquire increased spectral weight, resulting in non-Fermi-liquid behavior at the Fermi surface characterized by a frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the electron self-energy of the form ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, $0l\ensuremath{\lambda}l1$. We argue that this non-Fermi-liquid behavior is responsible for the recently observed zero-bias enhancement in the tunneling signal in point-contact spectroscopy. A key experimental test of this proposal is the absence of non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the hole-doped materials. Our result suggests that quantum criticality plays an important role in understanding the normal-state properties of iron pnictide superconductors.
CONSTRAINING PERTURBATIVE EARLY DARK ENERGY WITH CURRENT OBSERVATIONS

In this work, we study a class of early dark energy (EDE) models, in which, unlike in standard dark energy models, a substantial amount of dark energy exists in the matter-dominated era. We self-consistently include dark energy perturbations, and constrain these models using current observations. We consider EDE models in which the dark energy equation of state is at least wm –0.1 at early times, which could lead to an EDE density of up to . Our analysis shows that marginalizing over the non-DE parameters such as Ωm, H 0, andns , current CMB observations alone can constrain the scale factor of transition from EDE to late-time dark energy to at 0.44 and width of transition to Δ t 0.37. The equation of state at present is somewhat weakly constrained to w 0 –0.6, if we allow H 0 < 60 km s–1 Mpc–1. Taken together with other observations, such as SNe, Hubble Space Telescope, and Sloan Digital Sky Survey luminous red galaxies, w 0 is constrained much more tightly to w 0 –0.9, while redshift of transition and width of transition are also tightly constrained to at 0.19 andΔ t 0.21. The evolution of the equation of state for EDE models is thus tightly constrained to ΛCDM-like behavior at low redshifts. Incorrectly assuming dark energy perturbations to be negligible leads to different constraints on the equation of state parameters—w 0 –0.8, at 0.33, andΔ t 0.31, thus highlighting the necessity of self-consistently including dark energy perturbations in the analysis. If we allow the spatial curvature to be a free parameter, then the constraints are relaxed to w 0 –0.77, at 0.35, andΔ t 0.35 with –0.014 < Ωκ < 0.031 for CMB + other observations. For perturbed EDE models, the 2σ lower limit on σ8 (σ8 ≥ 0.59) is much lower than that in ΛCDM (σ8 ≥ 0.72), thus raising the interesting possibility of discriminating EDE from ΛCDM using future observations such as halo mass functions or the Sunyaev-Zeldovich power spectrum.
Analogies between group actions on 3-manifolds and number fields

Let a cyclic group $G$ act either on a number field $\mathbb L$ or on a $3$-manifold $M$. Let $s_{\mathbb L}$ be the number of ramified primes in the extension $\mathbb L^G\subset \mathbb L$ and $s_M$ be the number of components of the branching set of the branched covering $M\to M/G$. In this paper, we prove several formulas relating $s_{\mathbb L}$ and $s_M$ to the induced $G$-action on $Cl(\mathbb L)$ and $H_1(M),$ respectively. We observe that the formulas for $3$-manifolds and number fields are almost identical, and therefore, they provide new evidence for the correspondence between $3$-manifolds and number fields postulated in arithmetic topology.