cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biphasic metabolic rate trajectory of pupal diapause termination and post-diapause development in a tephritid fly

Metabolic depression is a highly conserved feature of insect diapause, and an increase in metabolism is a reliable indicator of diapause termination and the initiation of post-diapause development. The trajectory of metabolic rate following diapause termination can guide the identification of important physiological and developmental landmarks during this developmental transition, yet quantitative descriptions of these trajectories are relatively rare. Here we track changes in metabolic rate from diapause through diapause termination and pharate adult development in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a univoltine tephritid fly that diapauses in the pupal stage. Using respirometric monitoring we show that diapause termination and subsequent pharate adult development is characterized by a biphasic increase in metabolic rate. Respiration rate initially increases logistically, reaching a plateau that is followed by a final, exponential increase terminating in adult eclosion. We develop a non-linear model describing this pattern with easily interpretable landmarks, and we map visible landmarks of morphogenesis onto the trajectory. The bulk of visible morphogenesis in pharate adult development occurs relatively late in the trajectory during the final, exponential phase, that matches the U-shaped trajectory of non-diapause individuals. These results mirror a qualitative description of the same trajectories of diapause and non-diapause flesh flies (Sarcophaga). Overall, our results suggest that (1) the course of diapause breakage and post-diapause development may be evolutionarily conserved in higher flies with pupal diapause, and (2) the biphasic trajectory is distinct from a more continuous trajectory observed during direct development.
Entrepreneurship and Leadership

Adam Sheingate has made an important contribution to the literature on political entrepreneurship. He takes a concept that has been widely but casually employed by political scientists studying institutions and policies and sets out to supply that concept with clarity and content. Appropriating the concept for historical institutionalism, he connects the role of the political entrepreneur to the processes of institutional change, posing a powerful challenge to the familiar view of institutions in equilibrium. Especially important for readers of this journal, he expands upon previous uses of the concept by arguing that it offers a new vantage point on American political development, with political entrepreneurs posited to be critical sources of endogenous change.
A Review of Psychoactive Drug-Involved Deaths in Nine Major United States Cities

Detailed psychosocial and biomedical data were collected on 2,000 psychoactive drug-involved deaths occurring from 1972 through 1974 in nine large cities in the United States. The cases were selected representatively by the medical examiners or coroners in each city. Also, proficiency studies were carried out of the toxicological laboratories associated with these nine cooperating data collection centers. There were striking intercity psychosocial and biomedical differences in these psychoactive drug-involved deaths. These differences were based not simply on demographic regional population differences but also on the kinds of psychoactive drugs used as well as the role of the drug in contributing to death and whether the death was a result of an accident, suicide, homicide, or unknown intent. Also, a lack of uniformity was demonstrated in the quality control of the toxicological laboratories associated with the offices of these nine medical examiners or coroners, which suggests varying degrees of accurac...
US Labour and Management Fight It Out in Post-1954 Guatemala*

The differing perspectives and actions of US government, business and labour towards the Guatemalan government and Guatemalan trade unionists themselves in the half-decade or so following the overthrow of the Arbenz administration in 1954 are the focus of this study. Few areas were more important to the US project for Guatemala following the Castillo Armas invasion than helping the Guatemalans to create a ‘free’ and ‘democratic’ labour movement – and few areas would prove more frustrating. Part of the problem was the intransigent stance of Guatemalan elites. An additional challenge was strong opposition from the major US-based companies operating in Guatemala, most notably the United Fruit Company and its affiliates. This work contests interpretations that regard US policy towards countries like Guatemala at the time as simply beholden to business interests or as seeking domination. Rather, as Washington's interest in the transition diminished, officials in the US embassy and representatives of US labour in Guatemala were left isolated, unable to fulfil their vision for a democratic labour movement in the teeth of such opposition.
Modeling microwave propagation in a grass vegetation layer

A formulation is presented for evaluating the complex propagation constant describing a coherent electromagnetic wave propagating in a grass vegetation layer. This problem differs from that of many other vegetation media, in that the size of the constituent elements are of the same size as the vegetation layer. The key assumption in the formulation is that the diameters of the long, thin grass elements are electrically small, and thus can be considered electromagnetically as line-dipole structures. It is shown then that for a random media, consisting of line-dipole elements, the propagation can accurately be represented through an incremental layer of vegetation. However, the extinction due to scattering is underestimated using this Rayleigh formulation. Therefore, the scattering solution for a general line-dipole element was used to evaluate its extinction due to scattering, and this result was then used to modify the polarizability tensor expression in order to account for losses due to scattering.
Contamination of Aquifers by Overpressuring the Annulus of Oil and Gas Wells

Medina gas wells and oil wells in northwestern Pennsylvania, northeastern Ohio, and western New York create a potential for contamination of the fresh-water aquifers that overlie the production zones of these wells. Most of these wells are constructed in a manner which results in an open annulus which is a few hundred to a few thousand feet long below the surface casing of the well. This annulus is a potential avenue of migration of contaminants from strata of higher hydrodynamic pressure into formations of lower hydrodynamic pressure. If gas from the strata exposed to the annulus is not permitted to escape to the atmosphere, the annulus may become pressurized, and a hydraulic gradient may be created between the potential contaminants in the annulus (e.g., brine and/or natural gas) and the overlying fresh-water aquifers. If a permeability pathway exists between the pressurized annulus and an overlying fresh-water aquifer, contamination of the aquifer will result. The risk of contaminating fresh ground water with the contents of a gas- or oil-well annulus could be greatly reduced by filling the annulus with cement. An alternative precaution would be to operate the well in a manner that does not allow the annulus pressure to exceed the normal pressure of the formations exposed to the annulus.
The 'like me' framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent

Infant imitation demonstrates that the perception and production of human action are closely linked by a ‘supramodal’ representation of action. This action representation unites observation and execution into a common framework, and it has far-reaching implications for the development of social cognition. It allows infants to see the behaviors of others as commensurate with their own—as ‘like me.’ Based on the ‘like me’ perception of others, social encounters are interpretable and informative. Infants can use themselves as a framework for understanding others and can learn about the possibilities and consequences of their own potential acts by observing the behavior of others. Through social interaction with other intentional agents who are viewed as ‘like me,’ infants develop a richer social cognition. This paper explores the early manifestations and cascading developmental effects of the ‘like me’ conception.
Anomalous transport due to long-lived fluctuations in plasma Part 2. Hydrodynamic contributions to transport in two-dimensional, strongly magnetized systems

The general formalism for treating two-time fluctuations in magnetized plasma, developed in part 1 of this series, is applied to the case of anomalous cross-field transport in 2-D, strongly magnetized, thermal equilibrium systems. For (where e P is the plasma parameter), classical predictions for the ion shear viscosity and test particle diffusion coefficients are dominated by the anomalous contributions of low frequency, long wavelength hydrodynamic fluctuations (convective cells). The anomalous transport is discussed from the points of view of ( a ) kinetic theory; ( b ) the assumption of long-time local thermal equilibrium (Landau-Placzek method); and ( c ) a renormalized mode-coupling version of the generalized Langevin equation. The results of all these approaches are in agreement, and they predict that the transport coefficients scale with magnetic field B as 1/B for , and as independent of B for in good agreement with the computer simulations of Okuda & Dawson. The transport is weakly non-Markovian, the Green-Kubo integrands decay non-classically for long times as [ t ln ( t )] −½ , and the test particle ‘;diffusion’ coefficient does not asymptotically approach a constant for t → ∞.
The role of DNA-stained currency in gang robberies within the United Kingdom.

Cash-and-valuables-in-transit (CViT) robberies have become a substantial problem-especially in the current global economy. Over £19.4 million were stolen in 2008 and £17.1 million in 2009 in the United Kingdom alone. The transportation of cash and valuable items between financial institutions has long been a target of robberies in the U.K. After a robbery has occurred, police collect evidence in the form of ink-stained currency. These stained notes are submitted for analysis. Samples are subjected to polymerase chain reaction in order to amplify any possible botanically derived DNA markers present on the notes. After amplification, capillary electrophoresis allows for the deciphering of the "DNA profile." The DNA profile is then linked to a particular cash box, and this information is compared with records of whether or not that box had been stolen. The cases below are three such instances where botanically marked currency was used to help solve robberies. Language: en
Thomas Reid and the problem of induction: from common experience to common sense

Abstract By the middle of the eighteenth century the new science had challenged the intellectual primacy of common experience in favor of recondite, expert and even counter-intuitive knowledge increasingly mediated by specialized instruments. Meanwhile modern philosophy had also problematized the perceptions of common experience — in the case of David Hume this included our perception of causal relations in nature, a fundamental precondition of scientific endeavor. In this article I argue that, in responding to the ‘problem of induction’ as advanced by Hume, Reid reformulated Aristotelian foundationalism in distinctly modern terms. An educator and mathematician self-consciously working within the framework of the new science, Reid articulated a philosophical foundation for natural knowledge anchored in the human constitution and in processes of adjudication in an emerging modern public sphere of enlightened discourse. Reid thereby transformed one of the bases of Aristotelian science — common experience — into a philosophically and socially justified notion of ‘common sense’. Reid's intellectual concerns had as much to do with the philosophy of science as they did with moral philosophy or epistemology proper, and were bound up with wider social and scientific changes taking place in the early modern period.
Complex single ostium coronary artery from the right coronary sinus with unique course of anomalous left circumflex coronary artery.

Abstract Single ostium coronary artery is a rare coronary artery anomaly. It is reported to occur in only 0.0448% of cases who underwent invasive coronary angiography. It can be associated with angina, arrhythmias, and possibly sudden death and is a clinically important entity to rule out in patients presenting with chest pain. We report the case of a 68-year old man who presented with worsening resting chest pain and underwent invasive coronary angiography and a single ostium coronary artery was identified. Subsequent coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed it to be a unique variation of class R-III of Lipton classification of single ostium coronary artery. Lipton R-III single ostium coronary artery is rare and its incidence is reported to be 0.004% in patients who had invasive coronary angiography. In our case, anomalous left coronary circumflex artery was retroaortic course combined with intramyocardial course. It also divided into multiple obtuse marginal branches in the myocardium and never coursed along the anterior and lateral aspects of the arterioventricular groove. This variation has not been reported in the literature. Coronary CT angiography played an essential role to delineate this complex coronary anomaly. Learning objective: Single ostium coronary artery is a rare coronary artery anomaly. However, it is a clinically important entity to rule out in the evaluation of patients with chest pain. Invasive coronary angiography can identify this anomaly; however, coronary computed tomography angiography is recommended to fully characterize this condition as demonstrated in our case. Depending on the detailed anatomical information of the anomaly, the clinical management needs to be tailored for these cases.>
The genera Isorineloricaria and Aphanotorulus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with description of a new species.

We review the complex history of those species included in the Hypostomus emarginatus species complex and recognize them in Isorineloricaria and Aphanotorulus . Isorineloricaria consists of four valid species: I. acuarius n. sp., I. spinosissima, I. tenuicauda, and I. villarsi . Aphanotorulus consists of six valid species: A. ammophilus, A, emarginatus, A. gomesi, A. horridus, A. phrixosoma, and A. unicolor. Plecostomus annae and Hypostoma squalinum are placed in the synonymy of A. emarginatus ; Plecostomus biseriatus , P. scopularius , and P. virescens are placed in the synonymy of A. horridus; Plecostomus winzi is placed in the synonymy of I. tenuicauda , and one new species, I. acuarius is described from the Apure River basin of Venezuela. Aphanotoroulus can be distinguished from Isorineloricaria by having caudal peduncles that do not become greatly lengthed with size and that are oval in cross section (vs. caudal peduncle proportions that get proportionately longer with size and that become round in cross-section), and by having small dark spots (less than half plate diameter) on a light tan background (vs. spots almost as large as lateral plates on a nearly white background.
Camels and Fennec Foxes: A Case Study on Biologically Inspired Design of Sand Traction Systems

This paper presents a demonstration of how biological solutions to mobility in the desert can be used to drive new concepts for sand-traction tires. Biological inspiration is used to translate both camel hooves (shape) and Fennec Fox paw texture (material) into design concepts for tire traction that are prototyped and tested. The steps used in this are captured in a case study of bio-inspired design, with the resulting concepts compared in terms of their performance. It was found that the camel hoof inspired “concave” shaped tire improved traction that the Fennec Fox paw textured “miner’s moss” surface on tires improved traction, and that the integrated solution of the two also improved traction. The greatest improvement was seen with the Fennec Fox textured concepts. Recommendations are made for improvements to steps of bio-inspiration for ideation and future traction concepts.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Coaching With Compassion: Inspiring Health, Well-Being, and Development in Organizations

Compassion involves noticing another’s need, empathizing, and acting to enhance their well-being. In response to another’s pain, the motivation is to increase hedonic well-being or the absence of p...
Action of pentolinium on cardiac output and other hemodynamic parameters in the rat.

SummaryA technique was developed by means of which determinations of cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, mean circulation time, total blood volume and central blood volume can be repeated in a given rat. The above hemodynamic parameters were determined before and after ganglionic blockade with pentolinium in both male and female rats. Blood pressure fell approximately 50% after blockade; the responsibility for the reduction being equally divided between fall in cardiac output and reduced total peripheral resistance. Total blood volume was not significantly changed and central blood volume decreased slightly. Mean circulation time was increased after blockade. There was no apparent difference between male and female rats in their response to blockade.
Study on Correlation between Mental Health Level and Physical Exercise of College Student

Through using the method of SCL-90 and ESSV3.0,this paper made analysis on mental health level and physical exercise condition of college students with different majors from Shanxi province.The result showed that the mental health problem of college students from Shanxi was relative higher.There existed significant different on mental health level between exercise group and non-exercise group.The effect of mental health caused by middle intensity exercise was superior to that of low and high intensity exercise.There had no significant difference on mental health effect in different sports group.It concluded that physical exercise was the effective way to improve the mental health level.
MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE PERFORMANCE OF CLEAN OPERATIONAL ROOMS IN HOSPITALS OF ZHENGZHOU CITY

Objective To understand the sanitary conditions of clean operating rooms of some hospitals in zhengzhou for strengthening the management.Methods On the spot examination method was used to examine the comprehensive properties of 22 clean operating rooms in 4 hospitals.Results There were 6 grade –I and 6 grade –Ⅱclean operating rooms in 22 clean operating room and the eligible rate was 66.66%.The eligible rate of 6 grade –Ⅲ clean operational rooms was 75% and that of 4 grade –Ⅳ clean operational rooms was 50%.Among various monitoring items,the excessive rate of settling bacteria was 31.82%,the excessive rate of dust particle construction was 18.19%.The eligible rates of pressure difference and relative humidity were all 77.27%.Conclusion The eligible rate of comprehensive performance of clean operational rooms in hospitals in zhengzhou are comparatively low.The settling bacteria and dust particle construction are far excessive.So it is necessary to strengthen the management of grade –I and grade –Ⅱ clean operating rooms.
SMI 2012: Full Consensus meshing

Consider an algorithm for generating a triangle mesh interpolating a fixed set of 3D point samples, where the generated triangle set varies depending on some underlying parameters. In this paper we treat such an algorithm as a means of sampling the space of possible interpolant meshes, and then define a more robust algorithm based on drawing multiple such samples from this process and averaging them. As mesh connectivity graphs cannot be trivially averaged, we compute triangle statistics and then attempt to find a set of compatible triangles which maximize agreement between the sample meshes while also forming a manifold mesh. Essentially, each sample mesh ''votes'' for triangles, and hence we call our result a consensus mesh. Finding the optimal consensus mesh is combinatorially intractable, so we present an efficient greedy algorithm. We apply this strategy to two mesh generation processes-ball pivoting and localized tangent-space Delaunay triangulations. We then demonstrate that consensus meshing enables a generic decomposition of the meshing problem which supports trivial parallelization.
Cocaine and HIV Infection

Cocaine use and HIV infection in the United States are inextricably intertwined. Cocaine is a drug commonly injected by people who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States, and PWID are incontrovertibly at risk for HIV acquisition (Friedman et al. 1989). In addition, there are many other complex direct and indirect associations in different populations between cocaine use and HIV infection. Cocaine use is associated in various contexts with a greater number of recent and lifetime sexual partners, transactional sex (trading sex for drugs or money), poor adherence to protective measures and treatment programs, and concurrent use of other drugs. In addition, there is a neurobiological rationale for the connection between cocaine’s effects and sexual behavior that increases the risk of HIV acquisition, but sociological factors strongly shape drug use and health factors in humans (Friedman et al. 2009), highlighting the extreme complexity of the overlapping epidemiologic landscape of cocaine use and HIV infection in the United States. The recent availability of the first prototypes of HIV and cocaine vaccines raises the question of the impact of these biological/medicinal interventions on this complex landscape. Theoretically, a combination HIV and cocaine vaccine could profoundly synergize to reduce HIV spread in affected populations, but the reality of HIV and cocaine networks in these populations may predict a very different outcome. In this chapter, we review the status and potential of these medicinal interventions, discuss the concept of their use as a combination vaccine or immunotherapy, and engage the question of how they might impact specific US populations of cocaine users at various levels of risk for HIV infection.
New Clinical and Experimental Ultrasonic Investigations in the Light of Electret Concepts of Tissue

Breast cancer discovered by manual palpation exhibits the same sort of rigidity that is typical of rigor mortis. Unfortunately, this rubber-like change in consistency1,2 (visco-elastic parameter) which accounts for the detection of 95 % of all breastcancer cases is not investigated or scanned with any degree of precision. The slight density changes assessed by mammography in the later stage of the disease3 have no direct bearing upon the hard or rigid appearance of the lump. For this reason mammographic and palpatory findings frequently do not coincide. There are, at present, no instruments available ( such as tonometers or indentometers ) to surpass the reliability of the palpating finger in relation to cancer detection. Obviously the prognosis of breastcancer would improve almost exponentially if, as in glaucoma detection, the indentation hardness were scanned with Instruments that refine the mechanical lever-action of the palpating finger. This void in instrumentation is basically caused by the liberal use of the term “solid mass” in place of malignant tumor, A thousand years ago when coining the term solid tumor, physicians were unawbare that processes such as polymerization may increase the hardness or rigidity of matter without a concomitant increase in weight, to use a term related to density.
Outbreaks and Case Studies: Community and Food Handlers

The onset of symptoms due to foodborne viral illness may occur within hours or even days after consumption of virus-contaminated foods, making it difficult to determine the source of contamination. The difficulties associated with virus detection in contaminated foods are amplified by the fact that most common foodborne viruses cannot be easily propagated in vitro. Hence, we seek information on the prevalence and spread of foodborne viruses through epidemiological investigations that offer more specifics regarding virus dose and transmission. Testing of clinical samples obtained through these investigations offer additional information, which may aid in the determination of what foods might have been contaminated.
Infusing Paralympic Sport and Concepts into the Physical Education Curriculum

In light of the recent 2016 Paralympics in Brazil, this article offers ideas for adding Paralympic content to the physical education curriculum to increase students' awareness of geography, sociology of cultures related to disability, history of sports participation in the Paralympics, and the triumph of the human spirit.
Using User-Generated Content to Understand Cities

Understanding urban dynamics is crucial for a number of domains, but it can be expensive and time consuming to gather necessary data. The rapid rise of social media has given us a new and massive source of geotagged data that can be transformative in terms of how we understand our cities. In this position paper, we describe three opportunities in using geotagged social media data: to help city planners, to help small businesses, and to help individuals adapt to their city better. We also sketch some possible research projects to help map out the design space, as well as discuss some limitations and challenges in using this kind of data.
Continuity and change in American urban freeway networks

Abstract The American Interstate Highway System was created in 1944, though construction did not commence until 1956. During the planning process for this network the blueprint for American urban freeway systems was set in 1955 by a federal document called the Yellow Book. This provided about 100 maps of cities with planned urban freeway locations for the Interstate Highway System. A set of three basic network patterns were applied to these cities based on their size and location. In the half century since 1955 urban freeways in the Interstate System have expanded from a planned 2000 miles to over 16,600 miles, along with another 11,500 miles of non-Interstate freeways. The number of large metropolitan areas has increased tremendously while the monocentric commuting patterns of have been transformed. This paper explores how these urban freeway systems were applied to the country's urban geography of the 1950s and how they have adapted to changing populations and other transformations in American metropolitan areas in the last half century.
A life cycle database for parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes.

Parasitologists have worked out many complex life cycles over the last ~150 yr, yet there have been few efforts to synthesize this information to facilitate comparisons among taxa. Most existing host-parasite databases focus on particular host taxa, do not distinguish final from intermediate hosts, and lack parasite life-history information. We summarized the known life cycles of trophically transmitted parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. For 973 parasite species, we gathered information from the literature on the hosts infected at each stage of the parasite life cycle (8,510 host-parasite species associations), what parasite stage is in each host, and whether parasites need to infect certain hosts to complete the life cycle. We also collected life-history data for these parasites at each life cycle stage, including 2,313 development time measurements and 7,660 body size measurements. The result is the most comprehensive data summary available for these parasite taxa. In addition to identifying gaps in our knowledge of parasite life cycles, these data can be used to test hypotheses about life cycle evolution, host specificity, parasite life-history strategies, and the roles of parasites in food webs.
Deep dreaming, aberrant salience and psychosis: Connecting the dots by artificial neural networks

Why some individuals, when presented with unstructured sensory inputs, develop altered perceptions not based in reality, is not well understood. Machine learning approaches can potentially help us understand how the brain normally interprets sensory inputs. Artificial neural networks (ANN) progressively extract higher and higher-level features of sensory input and identify the nature of an object based on a priori information. However, some ANNs which use algorithms such as the "deep-dreaming" developed by Google, allow the network to over-emphasize some objects it "thinks" it recognizes in those areas, and iteratively enhance such outputs leading to representations that appear farther and farther from "reality". We suggest that such "deep dreaming" ANNs may model aberrant salience, a mechanism suggested for pathogenesis of psychosis. Such models can generate testable predictions for psychosis.
Impact of Seedling Age and Nitrogen Application on Submergence Tolerance of Sub1 and Non-Sub1 Cultivars of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Flooding is an environmental stress that can affect crops at any stage, seriously affecting crop establishment leading to severe yield losses. The study was undertaken to understand the response of age of seedlings and nitrogen application on submergence tolerance of rice with Sub1 and non-Sub1 cultivars. This study assesses growth after recovery and several physiological mechanisms associated with submergence tolerance in rice. Survival, growth after recovery, allometric parameters, carbohydrate content, and photosynthesis decreased due to submergence with greater extent in younger seedlings. After desubmergence, all the cultivars experienced oxidative damage at all seedling ages and antioxidant activity was higher in tolerant cultivars. Forty-day-old seedlings had significantly higher submergence tolerance and recovery scores, assessed based on survival, re-generation ability, and growth, leading to higher yields. Higher maintenance of sugar and starch (60.9% higher) in forty-day-old seedlings was another reason for higher plant survival and lower mortality. The crop fertilized with post-flood nitrogen resulted in substantially better survival, leaf and root growth, photosynthesis, and yield, and the effect was more positive in older seedlings of Sub1 cultivars. These low-input cost-effective approaches have been a good option for enhancing submergence tolerance and yield in stress-prone areas of South-East Asia.
Protest Cultures: a companion

In this collected volume, the editors develop a cultural approach to examine dimensions of protest beyond the political and sociological aspects. According to the editors, protest culture is define...
Prediction of Thrombus Growth: Effect of Stenosis and Reynolds Number

Shear stresses play a major role in platelet-substrate interactions and thrombus formation and growth in blood flow, where under both pathological and physiological conditions platelet adhesion and accumulation occur. In this study, a shear-dependent continuum model for platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation is presented. The model was first verified under three different shear conditions and at two heparin levels. Three-dimensional simulations were then carried out to evaluate the performance of the model for severely damaged (stripped) aortas with mild and severe stenosis degrees in laminar flow regime. For these cases, linear shear-dependent functions were developed for platelet-surface and platelet-platelet adhesion rates. It was confirmed that the platelet adhesion rate is not only a function of Reynolds number (or wall shear rate) but also the stenosis severity of the vessel. General correlations for adhesion rates of platelets as functions of stenosis and Reynolds number were obtained based on these cases. Finally using the new platelet adhesion rates, the model was applied to different experimental systems and shown to agree well with measured platelet deposition.
PET-CT in AML-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an aggressive immune activation syndrome characterized by widespread cytokine-mediated tissue destruction [1]. The rarity of this syndrome and variabilit...
When Prison Is the Classroom: Collaborative Learning about Urban Inequality:

This article analyzes the pedagogy of an urban sociology course taught in prison, with both outside and imprisoned students. The course examined the production of knowledge used in the field of pla...
Rat models of 17β-estradiol-induced mammary cancer reveal novel insights into breast cancer etiology and prevention

Numerous laboratory and epidemiologic studies strongly implicate endogenous and exogenous estrogens in the etiology of breast cancer. Data summarized herein suggest that the ACI rat model of 17β-es...
Circulating BRAFV600E Levels Correlate with Treatment in Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma.

Background: BRAFV600E is the most common mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and can be associated with aggressive disease. Previously, a highly sensitive blood RNA-based BRAFV600E assay ...
Enhancing predicted fluoride varnish efficacy and post-treatment compliance by means of calcium-containing gummy bears.

Abstract Objectives This study determined whether consumption of calcium-containing gummies prior to fluoride varnish application enhances plaque fluoride retention and compliance with post-varnish application instructions. Methods The present study followed a multi-center, parallel, randomized, and laboratory analyst-blind design. Following IRB approval, parent consent and child assent, 44 subjects (7–12 years), were randomized to either gummy or no-gummy study groups. A baseline plaque sample was obtained after a wash-out period. Fluoride varnish (5% NaF) was applied; subjects in the gummy group received two calcium-containing gummies prior to varnish application. Subjects were given two questionnaires to complete (subject and parent) to investigate adherence to post-treatment instructions. Three days later, a second plaque sample was obtained. Plaque was analyzed for plaque fluid and solid fluoride concentrations. Fluoride data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests, questionnaire data using Pearson chi-square tests. Results Plaque fluid fluoride did not change pre- to post-treatment in the gummy group (mean ± sd: 8.8 ± 5.7 μmol/l vs. 10.0 ± 6.3 μmol/l; p = 0.265) or in the no-gummy group (8.1 ± 4.4 μmol/l vs. 16.1 ± 20.0 μmol/l; p = 0.058). Groups were not different for plaque fluid fluoride pre-treatment (p = 1.000), post-treatment (p = 0.904), or change (p = 0.904). Plaque solid fluoride did not change pre- to post-treatment in the gummy group (0.89 ± 1.10 μmol/g vs. 1.37 ± 1.77 μmol/g; p = 0.073) or in the no-gummy group (0.68 ± 0.77 μmol/g vs. 2.01 ± 5.00 μmol/g; p = 0.190). Groups were not different for plaque solid fluoride pre-treatment (p = 1.000), post-treatment (p = 0.466), or change (p = 0.874). No significant differences were found between groups for questionnaire responses. Conclusion This study failed to demonstrate an effect of calcium-containing gummies in enhancing plaque fluoride retention. Clinical significance The consumption of calcium-containing gummies prior to fluoride varnish application does not promote greater intra-oral fluoride retention or better adherence to post-treatment instructions.
Bifurcation from Symmetry

In this report, we announce several new results concerning the existence of non-symmetric solutions of symmetric equations (complete details of the proofs can be found in [7]). Our approach to this question is through bifurcation theory whereby we shall obtain the asymmetric solutions from symmetric ones via a bifurcation procedure.
Corpus analysis for revision-based generation of complex sentences

The complex sentences of news wire reports contain floating content units that appear to be opportunistically placed where the form of the surrounding text allows. We present a corpus analysis that identified precise semantic and syntactic constraints on where and how such information is realized. The result is a set of revision tools that form the rule base for a report generation system, allowing incremental generation of complex sentences.
Distributive Justice in a Real World

Most of moral theory has traditionally been about individuals and addressed to individuals (Hardin, 1989a). But most of what matters in life seems to depend on institutions, including the institutions of the modern economy that makes the average person in advanced industrial states splendidly wealthy, institutions that are dearly sought in much of the rest of the world. Much of the most interesting moral theory in recent decades has been focused on institutions, at least in principle—there is often no serious account of any institution, there is merely recognition that institutions must be in place if moral outcomes are to be achieved. A serious institutional morality must take institutions into account at the outset, in the very foundations of the theory.
A novel device for real-time measurement and manipulation of licking behavior in head-fixed mice.

Mice readily learn tasks in which they respond to sensory cues by licking for liquid rewards; tasks that involve multiple licking responses allow study of neural circuits underlying decision making...
Whole-Genome Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis Applied Directly to Stool for Genotyping Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli: an Advanced Molecular Detection Method for Foodborne Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Tracking

ABSTRACT Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of pathogens from pure culture provides unparalleled accuracy and comprehensive results at a cost that is advantageous compared with traditional diagnostic methods. Sequencing pathogens directly from a primary clinical specimen would help circumvent the need for culture and, in the process, substantially shorten the time to diagnosis and public health reporting. Unfortunately, this approach poses significant challenges because of the mixture of multiple sequences from a complex fecal biomass. The aim of this project was to develop a proof of concept protocol for the sequencing and genotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) directly from stool specimens. We have developed an enrichment protocol that reliably achieves a substantially higher DNA yield belonging to E. coli, which provides adequate next-generation sequencing (NGS) data for downstream bioinformatics analysis. A custom bioinformatics pipeline was created to optimize and remove non-E. coli reads, assess the STEC versus commensal E. coli population in the samples, and build consensus sequences based on population allele frequency distributions. Side-by-side analysis of WGS from paired STEC isolates and matched primary stool specimens reveal that this method can reliably be implemented for many clinical specimens to directly genotype STEC and accurately identify clusters of disease outbreak when no STEC isolate is available for testing.
Squamous Carcinoma of the Lung from Cigarette Smoke Condensate in Implanted Beeswax Pellets

A simple method of inducing carcinomas of the lung in rats has been employed to examine the mechanism of pulmonary carcinogenesis by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). The method consists of injecting directly into the surgically exposed lung a heated mixture of beeswax and tricaprylin to which CSC or its components has been added. During the subsequent 2 years, a progressive series of metaplastic and neoplastic epithelial changes occur at the surface of the solidified pellet which, because of their focal nature, can be examined in detail and compared quantitatively. Final crude incidence rates for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung ranged from 14% to 34% when doses of a refined heptane soluble fraction were employed at levels of 12 mg to 72 mg. Preliminary response to the neutral fraction of CSC and a primary subfraction indicate that the highest carcinogenic potential resides with the neutral polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Both the highly polar subfraction of the neutrals and the weak acid fraction are also active at proportions compatible with response on mouse skin painting experiments.
Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on castrate-resistant prostate cancer and tumor-associated macrophages.

M2-like macrophages are associated with the pathogenesis of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We sought to determine if dietary omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) delay the development and progression of CRPC and inhibit tumor-associated M2-like macrophages. MycCap cells were grown subcutaneously in immunocompetent FVB mice. Mice were castrated when tumors reached 300 mm2. To study effects of dietary ω-3 FAs on development of CRPC, ω-3 or ω-6 diets were started 2 days after castration and mice sacrificed after early regrowth of tumors. To study ω-3 FA effects on progression of CRPC, tumors were allowed to regrow after castration before starting the diets. M2 (CD206+) macrophages were isolated from allografts to examine ω-3 FA effects on macrophage function. Omega-3 fatty acid effects on androgen-deprived RAW264.7 M2 macrophages were studied by RT-qPCR and a migration/ invasion assay. The ω-3 diet combined with castration lead to greater MycCap tumor regression (tumor volume reduction: 182.2 ± 33.6 mm3) than the ω-6 diet (tumor volume reduction: 148.3 ± 35.2; p = 0.003) and significantly delayed the time to CRPC (p = 0.006). Likewise, the ω-3 diet significantly delayed progression of established castrate-resistant MycCaP tumors (p = 0.003). The ω-3 diet (as compared to the ω-6 diet) significantly reduced tumor-associated M2-like macrophage expression of CSF-1R in the CRPC development model, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the CRPC progression model. Migration of androgen-depleted RAW264.7 M2 macrophages towards MycCaP cells was reversed by addition of docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3). Dietary omega-3 FAs (as compared to omega-6 FAs) decreased the development and progression of CRPC in an immunocompetent mouse model, and had inhibitory effects on M2-like macrophage function. Clinical trials are warranted evaluating if a fish oil-based diet can delay the time to castration resistance in men on androgen deprivation therapy, whereas further preclinical studies are warranted evaluating fish oil for more advanced CRPC.
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Bacterial skin infections are commonly encountered in primary care. The skin is our largest organ and is an important barrier to infection. When this barrier is compromised, normal skin flora can lead to infections. These are often gram-positive infections but, in some settings, can be caused by other infectious agents. These types of infections include both suppurative and non-suppurative infections. These conditions can range from impetigo to abscesses to cellulitis. Being able to identify these infections accurately can help to plan the proper treatment course that can vary from incision and drainage to intravenous antibiotics.
Factor structure of the CES-D in an impoverished African American sample

The Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) has been used for decades to identify symptomatology of depression in individuals. Overtime, the factor structure of the scale has been both confirmed and challenged when applied to different population samples. The present study explores the factor structure in population sample consisting of impoverished African American parents ( N =1,020), and the data were collected from the Mobile Youth Study (MYS). Two-, four-, and higher-order models were used to identify the best fitting model. The results indicate that the most parsimonious model is a two-factor structure.
Interactions between Moisture and Tropical Convection. Part I: The Coevolution of Moisture and Convection

AbstractRealistically representing the multiscale interactions between moisture and tropical convection remains an ongoing challenge for weather prediction and climate models. In this study, we rev...
Abstract CT085: Safety of pemetrexed (Pem) plus platinum (Plat) in combination with pembrolizumab (Pembro) for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC: A post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE-189

Background: Pem + Pembro and Plat prolonged overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC. In order to assess the safety of the combination, we evaluated time to onset and resolution of Grade 3-5 adverse events (AEs) and subsequent treatment discontinuation in patients receiving Pem+Plat+Pembro or Placebo. Methods: The all-subjects-as-treated (ASaT) population in KEYNOTE-189 was analyzed. The data cut-off date was Nov 8, 2017. AEs of any cause were identified by system organ class and preferred term (MedDRA 20.1). Median and interquartile ranges for time to onset, resolution, and discontinuation due to AE were described. Results: A total of 607 pts (405 vs. 202; Pembro arm vs. Placebo arm) were included. Median age was 64 years, 72% received carboplatin, and 18% had a history of brain metastases at baseline. Median treatment duration was 7.4 and 5.4 months in the Pembro and Placebo arms, respectively. Grade 3-5 AEs occurred in 272 (67.2%) and 133 (65.8%) patients in each arm, respectively. Onset and resolution times for AEs with ≥2% incidence are summarized (table). Among these, the median time to first occurrence was shortest (6 days) for nausea and longest (125 days) for pneumonitis. Median time from onset to resolution for resolved AEs ranged from 4 days (vomiting) to 25 days (pneumonitis and anemia). A total of 112 (27.7%) pts and 30 (14.8%) pts, respectively, discontinued any study drug due to AEs in each arm. 33% and 40% of the discontinuations for pemetrexed or pembrolizumab due to AEs occurred during cycles 1-4. Pem was discontinued due to AEs at a comparable rate when combined with Pembro vs Plac (2.0% vs 1.4% on average per cycle, respectively). Conclusions: Most AEs first occurred within 3 months from the first study treatment administered and resolved within 2 weeks from the onset. Pembro+Pem+Plat is safe with manageable toxicity in long term use. Citation Format: Edward B. Garon, Fangfang Sun, Catherine E. Muehlenbein, Jong S. Kim, Shirish M. Gadgeel. Safety of pemetrexed (Pem) plus platinum (Plat) in combination with pembrolizumab (Pembro) for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC: A post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE-189 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT085.
OpenCL Performance on the Intel Heterogeneous Architecture Research Platform

The fundamental operation of matrix multiplication is ubiquitous across a myriad of disciplines. Yet, the identification of new optimizations for matrix multiplication remains relevant for emerging hardware architectures and heterogeneous systems. Frameworks such as OpenCL enable computation orchestration on existing systems, and its availability using the Intel High Level Synthesis compiler allows users to architect new designs for reconfigurable hardware using C/C++. Using the HARPv2 as a vehicle for exploration, we investigate the utility of several traditional matrix multiplication optimizations to better understand the performance portability of OpenCL and the implications for such optimizations on cache coherent heterogeneous architectures. Our results give targeted insights into the applicability of best practices that were designed for existing architectures when used on emerging heterogeneous systems.