cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Legacy of Forsey V. Cunningham: Safeguarding the Integrity of the Right to Trial by Jury

This is the story of a simple lawsuit that originated in the colony of New York in 1763. The case arose out of a dispute over the payment of a debt owed by one merchant to another. It was driven by...
Therapeutic relationships with the chronic patient

The authors show how the process of establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with the chronic patient is similar, whether the contract is therapy or case management, and they give case examples of technical aspects of the relationship process that arise in supportive treatment.
Issue Content of Presidential Election News Coverage

Although news coverage of election contests emphasizes horserace elements, these stories often contain information about issues and candidate platforms. A content analysis of newspaper articles with election coverage of the 2008 presidential primary and general elections. The full sample includes 2160 articles in six major newspapers over a twelve month period (2007-2008). News coverage of the 2008 election conforms to expectations of news frames. However, the breadth of issue coverage is higher than expected. Journalists’ references to candidate platforms occurs more frequently than expected. However, the overall depth of discussion regarding political issues remains scant.
Student-crafted experiments “from the ground up”

Abstract If experiential learning activities support engagement and deeper student learning, student-owned experiments constructed “from the ground up” might have benefits that exceed pre-designed classroom experiences. This paper provides a framework for embedding a custom experiment project within an existing course. Students manage every aspect of the process, from experimental design to analysis. Two example implementations are described. Undergraduate behavioral economics students created original experiments, exploring anchoring and adjustment in the context of pyramid scheme pitches (in spring 2013) and reciprocity in attraction (in fall 2014). Perceived benefits and potential pitfalls are explored. While this paper does not represent a controlled study of student learning or engagement, both student reflection and instructor observation support the continued use of this pedagogical approach.
Capsule stiffness regulates the efficiency of pancreatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.

Abstract Encapsulation of donor islets using a hydrogel material is a well-studied strategy for islet transplantation, which protects donor islets from the host immune response. Replacement of donor islets by human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived islets will also require a means of immune-isolating hESCs by encapsulation. However, a critical consideration of hESC differentiation is the effect of surrounding biophysical environment, in this case capsule biophysical properties, on differentiation. The objective of this study, thus, was to evaluate the effect of capsule properties on growth, viability, and differentiation of encapsulated hESCs throughout pancreatic induction. It was observed that even in the presence of soluble chemical cues for pancreatic induction, substrate properties can significantly modulate pancreatic differentiation, hence necessitating careful tuning of capsule properties. Capsules in the range of 4–7 kPa supported cell growth and viability, whereas capsules of higher stiffness suppressed cell growth. While an increase in capsule stiffness enhanced differentiation at the intermediate definitive endoderm (DE) stage, increased stiffness strongly suppressed pancreatic progenitor (PP) induction. Signaling pathway analysis indicated an increase in pSMAD/pAKT levels with substrate stiffness likely the cause of enhancement of DE differentiation. In contrast, sonic hedgehog inhibition was more efficient under softer gel conditions, which is necessary for successful PP differentiation. Statement of Significance Cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D), affecting millions of people worldwide, requires the immunoisolation of insulin-producing islets by encapsulation with a semi-impermeable material. Due to the shortage of donor islets, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived islets are an attractive alternative. However, properties of the encapsulating substrate are known to influence hPSC cell fate. In this work, we determine the effect of substrate stiffness on growth and pancreatic fate of encapsulated hPSCs. We precisely identify the range of substrate properties conducive for pancreatic cell fate, and also the mechanism by which substrate properties modify the cell signaling pathways and hence cell fate. Such information will be critical in driving regenerative cell therapy for long term treatment of T1D.
Considering Viscoelastic Micromechanics for the Reinforcement of Graphene Polymer Nanocomposites

There has been much recent work investigating the reinforcement of glassy polymers with nanoparticles, and much excitement has been generated by some apparent synergies that suggest reinforcements greater than expected from elastic bound models. Here we show that it is necessary to consider the thermoviscoelastic response of the polymer matrix in nanocomposites (PNCs) to fully understand the reinforcement of the filler. This is especially so because polymer nanocomposites are frequently used at high fractions of the glass transition temperature Tg, where the time dependence of the polymer is significant. Therefore it is a conceptual error to examine the modulus behavior of PNCs via only elastic micromechanics. When the glass transition temperature increases due to the interactions between reinforcement and polymer, it is more reasonable to use a viscoelastic micromechanics approach to estimate the bounds on modulus behavior of PNCs. Here we use new results for grapheme oxide reinforced poly(ethyl methacry...
Effects of Subsoiling and Straw-Returning on Yield and Post-Anthesis Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Root Characteristics of Spring Maize

Continuing rotary tillage and excessive application of fertilizer made the plough layer shallow,plow pan harden,and soil physicochemical properties deteriorated.To provide a resolution for these problems,a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different tillage managements,and with maize straw-returning on yield,post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and root characteristics of spring maize.The effects of different cultivation methods like normal plowing(P),subsoiling 30cm without mixing the soil in different layer(S),subsoiling 30cm with mixing the soil in different layer(SM),and effects of maize-straw-returning under the above cultivation methods,on maize yield,the amount of post-anthesis dry matter(PDMA) and nitrogen(PNA)accumulation and root characteristics were studied.The results showed that compared with treatment P,the yield,PDMA and PNA accumulation of treatments S and SM increased significantly,and the proportion of PDMA in total dry matter enhanced as well.It promoted the growth of root under the treatments S and SM,especially in 30-60cm soil layer,and root vigor of the two treatments remained higher than that of treatment P.It decreased dry matter translocation efficiency(DMTE) and nitrogen translocation efficiency(NTE) from plant to grain after anthesis under treatments S and SM.Compared with treatment SM,treatment S improved maize yield remarkably,but it didnot show the same regularity between the two treatments for the other effects on maize.With maize straw returning,the yield of different treatments showed decreasing trend in general,whereas PDMA,the maximum root length and root length in deeper soil layer displayed a significant increase.PNA,post-anthesis nitrogen transfer amount(NT) and post-anthesis dry matter transfer amount(DMT) were restrained with maize straw returning.It was harmful to remain root vigor after anthesis.However,it could relieve bad effects on maize yield while conducting the tillage managements of subsoiling when maize straw is returned.
Analysis of drug resistance trend on tuberculosis in Lang fang city

Objective The study was conducted to investigate bacteriological drug-resistance and therapeutic effect of TB in Lang fang city.Methods Seven clusters of Lang fang in Hebei Province were randomly selected with cluster sampling method.All the new smear positive TB cases during the survey period were involved.Proportion method was used for drug sensitivity test to INH,RFP,EMB,SM,OFX,and KM.Results 245 cases were included.234 cases had drug sensitivity tests,among which the results of 225 cases were analyzed.The overall drug resistance rate,the multi-drug resistance rate and the wide range of multi-drug resistance rate were 43.6%,11.6% and 0.4%,respectively.The drug resistance rate and the multi-drug resistance rate among new cases were 43.0% and 7.3%.The drug resistance rate,the multi-drug resistance rate and the wide range of multi-drug resistance rate among retreated smear positive cases were 46.9%,37.5% and 3.1%,respectively.Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis is higher in Lang fang than the national average level,and the quality of TB control performance need to be strengthened.
Phenotypic Analysis and Gene Mapping of the Semi-Dwarf High-Tillering Mutant f2-132 in Rice

The high-tillering dwarf mutant f2-132 was obtained from the Japonica rice variety F2-285A radiated by60Co γ-ray. Genetic analysis indicated that this trait was controlled by one single recessive gene,which was mapped between two InDel markers C4-Z3 and C4-Z4 on the long arm of chromosome 4. The physical distance between the two markers was 46 kb,which contained a reported high-tillering dwarf gene D17 / HTD1. Sequence analysis of the D17 allele in f2-132 showed that the base T at the 395thposition in the coding region was substituted by C,which changed the 132thamino acid from phenylalanine to serine. D17 / HTD1 encoded the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7( CCD7),which was one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of a new plant hormone, strigolactones( SLs). After treatment with GR24,a synthetic analogues of SLs,the tillering phenotype was suppressed.
Consumer Attitudes and Market Resistance to Biotech Products

Society has had about 11,000 years of experience with domestication of plants and crop improvement, and 10,000 years with domestication of animals and livestock improvement. Breeding practices in plants have progressed in stages from weak forms of selection, to strong forms of selection, and then to hybridization, mutagenesis, and biotechnology with selection. Only the use of modern biotechnology has created consumer concerns. Current genetically modified (GM) products have been developed primarily from so-called input traits, and consumers tend to see little direct benefit and some risks. U.S. consumers are, however, more receptive than European consumers to GM products. Consumers have expressed a strong preference for GM-content labeling when it is costless, but their preferences drop off dramatically when it is costly. Mandatory labeling is not required in the United States and voluntary labeling would require that non-GM products be labeled; they are the superior product currently. However, this would not meet EU labeling and traceability requirements. The empirical evidence is that U.S. consumers discount GM products a little and EU consumers by a larger amount. U.S. consumer demand for GM products has been shown to respond to biotech industry, environmental, and third-party information differently, depending on the amount of prior information that they have. Those who are uninformed are most affected by anti-biotech and pro-tech information.
Endothelial glycocalyx, apoptosis and inflammation in an atherosclerotic mouse model

Background and aims Previous experiments suggest that both increased endothelial cell apoptosis and endothelial surface glycocalyx shedding could play a role in the endothelial dysfunction and inflammation of athero-prone regions of the vasculature. We sought to elucidate the possibly synergistic mechanisms by which endothelial cell apoptosis and glycocalyx shedding promote atherogenesis.
Specific Applications of Prospect Theory to Behavioral Finance

Prospect theory illuminates multiple problems in behavioral finance. In economics generally and in finance in particular, the real challenge lies in “know[ing] exactly how to apply” prospect theory’s “many remarkable insights.”1 “Whatever its limitations, prospect theory represents a valuable refinement to the maximization assumption” of rational choice and expected utility theory, and accordingly “should inform … policymaking.”2
Weight Stacking Analysis of Delayless Subband Adaptive Algorithms for fMRI Active Noise Cancellation

High level acoustic noise in fMRI scanners is a source of concern to patients and health care providers. Active noise control systems employing delayless subband adaptive filters have been shown effective in fMRI acoustic noise reduction [3] [4]. In this method [5], adaptive filtering is done in subbands and the subband weights are stacked together to construct the fullband filter weights. There are two types of stacking methods called FFT and FFT-2. These stacking methods introduce distortion which limit the noise reduction level. In this paper, we model the distortion and analyze the effect of distortion when different adaptive schemes (nLMS, APA, RLS) are used. This analysis helps in selecting the appropriate adaptive scheme and determining the optimum number of subbands.
Global longitudinal strain from resting echocardiogram is associated with long-term adverse cardiac outcomes in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

Purpose:Measuring myocardial strain using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography has emerged as a new tool to identify subclinical ventricular dysfunction. Abnormal strain has been shown...
Effective empirical corrections for basis set superposition error in the def2-SVPD basis: gCP and DFT-C

With the aim of mitigating the basis set error in density functional theory (DFT) calculations employing local basis sets, we herein develop two empirical corrections for basis set superposition error (BSSE) in the def2-SVPD basis, a basis which-when stripped of BSSE-is capable of providing near-complete-basis DFT results for non-covalent interactions. Specifically, we adapt the existing pairwise geometrical counterpoise (gCP) approach to the def2-SVPD basis, and we develop a beyond-pairwise approach, DFT-C, which we parameterize across a small set of intermolecular interactions. Both gCP and DFT-C are evaluated against the traditional Boys-Bernardi counterpoise correction across a set of 3402 non-covalent binding energies and isomerization energies. We find that the DFT-C method represents a significant improvement over gCP, particularly for non-covalently-interacting molecular clusters. Moreover, DFT-C is transferable among density functionals and can be combined with existing functionals-such as B97M-V-to recover large-basis results at a fraction of the cost.
Statement from Journal’s Editorial Leadership: Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation as an Interdisciplinary Outlet for Transformative Consultation Research From Across the Globe

ABSTRACTTo aid potential authors, this statement is an overview of the core values and editorial goals of the current editorial leadership of Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation. The key pillars are that we value research that (a) supports culturally responsive practice and social justice, (b) reflects varied research methodologies and traditions, (c) originates and investigates consultation topics across multiple professional disciplines, and (d) reflects global practice.
Activating MoS2 for pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis

MoS2 presents a promising catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting, but its worse catalytic performance in neutral and alkaline media than in acidic environment may be problematic for practical application. This is because the other half reaction of water splitting, i.e., oxygen evolution reaction, often needs to be implemented in alkaline environment. Here we demonstrate a universal strategy that may be used to significantly improve the HER catalysis of MoS2 in all kinds of environments from acidic to alkaline, proton intercalation. Protons may be enabled to intercalate between monolayer MoS2 and underlying substrates or in the interlayer space of thicker MoS2 by two processes: electrochemically polarizing MoS2 at negative potentials (vs RHE) in acidic media or immersing MoS2 into certain acid solutions like TFSI. The improvement in catalytic performance is due to the activity enhancement of the active sites in MoS2 by the intercalated protons, which might be related with the...
Students' Personal Connection with Science: Investigating the Multidimensional Phenomenological Structure of Self-Relevance.

ABSTRACTThis paper presents findings from a two-phase mixed methods study investigating the phenomenological structure of self-relevance among ninth-grade junior high school biology students (Phase 1: N = 118; Phase 2: N = 139). We begin with a phenomenological multidimensional definition of self-relevance as comprising three dimensions: the academic content, the student's identity, and the connection between content and identity. We then describe the procedure of coding students’ writing about the relevance of biology concepts to their life, the development of a survey that captures these codes, and the results of exploratory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses that supported the three-component phenomenological structure of students’ relevance constructions across different subgroups while simultaneously highlighting the complex and situated nature of these self-relevance constructions.
Rethinking the evolution of eukaryotic metabolism: novel cellular partitioning of enzymes in stramenopiles links serine biosynthesis to glycolysis in mitochondria

An important feature of eukaryotic evolution is metabolic compartmentalization, in which certain pathways are restricted to the cytosol or specific organelles. Glycolysis in eukaryotes is described as a cytosolic process. The universality of this canon has been challenged by recent genome data that suggest that some glycolytic enzymes made by stramenopiles bear mitochondrial targeting peptides. Mining of oomycete, diatom, and brown algal genomes indicates that stramenopiles encode two forms of enzymes for the second half of glycolysis, one with and the other without mitochondrial targeting peptides. The predicted mitochondrial targeting was confirmed by using fluorescent tags to localize phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, and pyruvate kinase in Phytophthora infestans, the oomycete that causes potato blight. A genome-wide search for other enzymes with atypical mitochondrial locations identified phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine aminotransferase, and phosphoserine phosphatase, which form a pathway for generating serine from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate. Fluorescent tags confirmed the delivery of these serine biosynthetic enzymes to P. infestans mitochondria. A cytosolic form of this serine biosynthetic pathway, which occurs in most eukaryotes, is missing from oomycetes and most other stramenopiles. The glycolysis and serine metabolism pathways of oomycetes appear to be mosaics of enzymes with different ancestries. While some of the noncanonical oomycete mitochondrial enzymes have the closest affinity in phylogenetic analyses with proteins from other stramenopiles, others cluster with bacterial, plant, or animal proteins. The genes encoding the mitochondrial phosphoglycerate kinase and serine-forming enzymes are physically linked on oomycete chromosomes, which suggests a shared origin. Stramenopile metabolism appears to have been shaped through the acquisition of genes by descent and lateral or endosymbiotic gene transfer, along with the targeting of the proteins to locations that are novel compared to other eukaryotes. Colocalization of the glycolytic and serine biosynthesis enzymes in mitochondria is apparently necessary since they share a common intermediate. The results indicate that descriptions of metabolism in textbooks do not cover the full diversity of eukaryotic biology.
Values in the Application of OD to Mergers and Acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are an odd organizational phenomenon. Although they fail to achieve their financial or strategic goals in about 75% of all cases, leaders regularly use them to achieve desired organizational growth and change. The manner in which most M&As are conceived runs counter to rules of effective leadership and change management—they are characterized by inadequate vision, communication, resources, and teamwork. How does one apply organization development (OD) values and practices in a situation like this? This chapter describes the M&A process and discusses incongruences between OD values and common leadership practices in M&A. It concludes with a look ahead to the emerging threats to and opportunities for utilizing OD in M&A.
Staging the Byronic Hero

ABSTRACTLord Byron’s works were the most frequently performed among those of the most famous poets of British Romanticism. Marino Faliero was the only one of his plays to be performed during his own lifetime, but many of his narrative romances were adapted for the stage and were performed with great success: The Corsair, The Bride of Abydos, Mazeppa. After his death, several of his plays made it to the stage and were frequently revived: Manfred, Werner, The Two Foscari, and Sardanapalus. The stage adaptations of Lady Carolyn Lamb’s Glenarvon and John Polidori’s The Vampire made the most of stage impersonations. This essay surveys the theatrical versions of the scandal-ridden “Byronic Hero.”
System Modeling Approach for Solute Transport Through Upper Soils

Solute transport through upper soils has been traditionally simulated by following a physically based modeling approach. Unfortunately, the application of physically based models is often limited by difficulties in solving interrelated problems of parameter identification, system boundary definition, and mathematical solution. These problems can be largely alleviated by an alternative modeling approach based on the system theory. In the system approach, dynamic relations between the input of the chemical at the soil surface and its subsequent downward movement are represented by system response functions that do not require knowledge of the intimate structure of relevant transport mechanisms. System modeling techniques were developed and applied in this study to simulate the transport of the pesticide fenamiphos in Hawaiian soils. A comparison of the calculated concentration distributions with field measurements shows that the system model provides satisfactory transport simulation.
Savings Gluts and Asset Price Booms in Emerging Economies

This paper shows that capital outflows from emerging economies after financial integration can lead to simultaneous increases in the savings rate and in domestic asset prices. Under autarky, firms in emerging economies invest in risky capital while facing a borrowing constraint that creates a need for precautionary savings. Financial integration provides firms with access to foreign risk-free assets and results in two effects: a substitution effect, whereby firms divert some investments to foreign assets and cause capital outflows; and a wealth effect, whereby they grow richer in equilibrium and thus demand more domestic capital. Savings gluts and asset price booms occur when the wealth effect dominates. The increases in savings and asset prices are inefficiently high relative to the socially optimal level and can be amplified by heterogeneity in productivity among domestic firms.
Overlapping Patchworks of Mountain Agriculture in Peru and Bolivia: Toward a Regional-Global Landscape Model

Overlapping patchworks of farm spatial units are characteristic of the mountain landscapes of Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia. Patchiness and overlap (200-600 m) are shaped by the broad tolerances of major crops, high variability/low predictability of habitat factors, multifaceted cropping rationales of cultivators including their linkages to extraregional influences, and, to varying extents, the sociospatial coordination of crop choice among farmers. Indian peasant farmers manage overlapping patchworks using a concept of farm spaces as loosely bounded. They apply a naming system to farm spatial units based primarily on topographic features in order to serve their cultural, social, and political purposes. Key processes suggest a regionalglobal model of overlapping patchworks. The model elucidates the roles of landscape flexibility and uncertainty in conservation-with-development. Implications are shown by farm units of diverse food plants and prospects for in situ conservation. Findings caution against universality of the zone model of mountain agriculture.
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN GERMFREE ANIMALS

This chapter discusses cellular and humoral defense mechanisms in germfree animals. The defense mechanism has several components that react in a sequential fashion: first, is a local inflammatory response at the point of entry of an antigen or foreign material. Such antigen is then transported to the local lymphatic tissue, where it is ingested by macrophages, and then acted upon by macrophage enzyme systems. Then protein-forming cells, the immunologically competent cells or immunocytes, begin to proliferate and produce antibody and other humoral substances that inactivate or help to destroy the antigen. An uncontrollable variable in this scheme is the influence of the microbial flora. The chapter reviews the ways in which use of the germfree animal (GF) has permitted more exact studies of the various components of the immunobiologic defense mechanism and how comparison between germfree and conventional (CVN) animals has delineated the role of the microbial flora in the immune response. It elaborates different non-specific humoral factors that have been assayed in GF animals.
Manipulation of the Postharvest Atmosphere for Preservation of Food Crops

Numerous handling, transportation and storage systems have evolved over the years for postharvest preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables. Depending upon the commodity and the specific preservation objective, there is a wide selection of techniques and systems to choose from (1). Table 1 outlines preservation systems available for fresh perishables. They vary in simplicity from common storage involving little or no control of the postharvest environment to highly sophisticated systems such as hypobaric storage (2, 3) controlling within very narrow limits the temperature and humidity, concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases that may affect product preservation. The choice and successful application of postharvest preservation technology depends largely on understanding certain fundamental aspects of biology, engineering and economics that are important in the maintenance and distribution of perishable commodities. Biological consideration include; the physical attributes of the commodity, the physiological response to the postharvest environment and susceptibility to pathogens. Engineering aspects include heat and mass transfer in maintenance of the ideal environment of temperature and gas atmosphere and product protection.
Positive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Health Promotion Series

Facets of positive psychological well-being, such as optimism, have been identified as positive health assets because they are prospectively associated with the 7 metrics of cardiovascular health (CVH) and improved outcomes related to cardiovascular disease. Connections between psychological well-being and cardiovascular conditions may be mediated through biological, behavioral, and psychosocial pathways. Individual-level interventions, such as mindfulness-based programs and positive psychological interventions, have shown promise for modifying psychological well-being. Further, workplaces are using well-being-focused interventions to promote employee CVH, and these interventions represent a potential model for expanding psychological well-being programs to communities and societies. Given the relevance of psychological well-being to promoting CVH, this review outlines clinical recommendations to assess and promote well-being in encounters with patients. Finally, a research agenda is proposed. Additional prospective observational studies are needed to understand mechanisms underlying the connection between psychological well-being and cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, rigorous intervention trials are needed to assess whether psychological well-being-promoting programs can improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Ethnic, Racial, and Sex Differences in Etiology, Symptoms, Treatment, and Symptom Outcomes of Patients With Gastroparesis.

Background & Aims Gastroparesis is a chronic disorder of the stomach characterized by nausea, vomiting, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and abdominal pain. There is limited information on gastroparesis in minority populations. We assessed ethnic, racial, and sex variations in the etiology, symptoms, quality of life, gastric emptying, treatments, and symptom outcomes of patients with gastroparesis. Methods We collected information from the National Institutes of Health Gastroparesis Consortium on 718 adult patients, from September 2007 through December 2017. Patients were followed every 4 or 6 months, when data were collected on medical histories, symptoms (based on answers to the PAGI-SYM questionnaires), and quality of life (based on SF-36). Follow-up information collected at 1 year (48 week) was used in this analysis. Comparisons were made between patients of self-reported non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic ethnicities, as well as and between male and female patients. Results Our final analysis included 552 non-Hispanic whites (77%), 83 persons of Hispanic ethnicity (12%), 62 non-Hispanic blacks (9%), 603 women (84%), and 115 men (16%). A significantly higher proportion of non-Hispanic blacks (60%) had gastroparesis of diabetic etiology than of non-Hispanic whites (28%); non-Hispanic blacks also had more severe retching (2.5 vs 1.7 score) and vomiting (2.9 vs 1.8 score) and a higher percentage were hospitalized in the past year (66% vs 38%). A significantly higher proportion of Hispanics had gastroparesis of diabetic etiology (59%) than non-Hispanic whites (28%), but Hispanics had less-severe nausea (2.7 vs 3.3 score), less early satiety (3.0 vs 3.5 score), and a lower proportion used domperidone (8% vs 21%) or had a peripherally inserted central catheter (1% vs 7%). A higher proportion of women had gastroparesis of idiopathic etiology (69%) than men (46%); women had more severe symptoms of stomach fullness (3.6 vs 3.1 score), early satiety (3.5 vs 2.9 score), postprandial fullness (3.7 vs 3.1 score), bloating (3.3 vs 2.6 score), stomach visibly larger (3.0 vs 2.1 score), and upper abdominal pain (2.9 vs 2.4 score). A lower proportion of women were hospitalized in past year (39% vs 53% of men). Conclusions In patients with gastroparesis, etiologies, symptom severity, and treatments vary among races and ethnicities and between sexes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01696747.
Naive Bidding

This paper presents an equilibrium explanation for the persistence of naive bidding. Specifically, we consider a common value auction in which a "naive" bidder (who ignores the winner's curse) competes against a fully rational bidder. We show that the naive bidder earns higher equilibrium profits than the rational bidder when the signal distribution is symmetric and unimodal. We then consider a sequence of such auctions with randomly selected participants from a population of naive and rational bidders, with the proportion of bidder types in the population evolving in response to their relative payoffs in the auctions. We show that the evolutionary equilibrium contains a strictly positive proportion of naive bidders. Finally, we consider more general examples in which a naive bidder matched against a rational bidder does (i) worse than his rational opponent, but (ii) better than a rational bidder matched against another rational bidder. Again, the evolutionary equilibrium contains a strictly positive proportion of naive bidders. The results suggest that overconfident recent entrants in Internet and other low transaction-cost auctions of items that appeal to a mass audience may earn higher payoffs than their experienced competitors and, thus, will not eventually be driven from the market.
Dual approach for effective potentials that accurately model structure and energetics

Because they eliminate unnecessary degrees of freedom, coarse-grained (CG) models enable studies of phenomena that are intractable with more detailed models. For the same reason, the effective potentials that govern CG degrees of freedom incorporate entropic contributions from the eliminated degrees of freedom. Consequently, these effective potentials demonstrate limited transferability and provide a poor estimate of atomic energetics. Here, we propose a simple dual-potential approach that combines "structure-based" and "energy-based" variational principles to determine effective potentials that model free energies and potential energies, respectively, as a function of the CG configuration. We demonstrate this approach for 1-site CG models of water and methanol. We accurately sample configuration space by performing simulations with the structure-based potential. We accurately estimate average atomic energies by postprocessing the sampled configurations with the energy-based potential. Finally, the difference between the two potentials predicts a qualitatively accurate estimate for the temperature dependence of the structure-based potential.
Psychosociocultural Contributors to Maladaptive Eating Behaviors in African American Youth: Recommendations and Future Directions:

Childhood overweight and obesity disproportionately affects African Americans, and these children benefit less from standard pediatric weight management treatment programs compared to other racial/...
Testing of flag-based fault-tolerance on IBM quantum devices

It is hard to achieve a theoretical quantum advantage on NISQ devices. Besides the attempts to reduce error using error mitigation and dynamical decoupling, small quantum error correction and fault-tolerant schemes that reduce the high overhead of traditional schemes have also been proposed. According to the recent advancements in fault tolerance, it is possible to minimize the number of ancillary qubits using flags. While implementing those schemes is still impossible, it is worthwhile to bridge the gap between the NISQ era and the FTQC era. Here, we introduce a benchmarking method to test fault-tolerant quantum error correction with flags for the [[5,1,3]] code on NISQ devices. Based on results obtained using IBM's qasm simulator and its 15-qubit Melbourne processor, we show that this flagged scheme is testable on NISQ devices by checking how much the subspace of intermediate state overlaps with the expected state in the presence of noise.
Made in Europe: Breaking Nations, Secession Movements and OAU Responses

This chapter addresses secession and Africa’s responses to the breaking of European-constructed nations, challenging the OAU’s 1964 Cairo Declaration that retained colonial borders and reaffirmed the principle of uti possidetis—retaining pre-independence borders. Africa experienced some interstate conflict, but internal conflict was far more insidious and as Rwanda’s 1994 genocide showed. However, secessionist wars have caused copious numbers of deaths, challenged territorial integrity and the OAU’s ability to broker peace, and the splitting of African nations. The chapter further examines Kenya’s Northern Frontier District (NFD), the Greater Somalia project, former Coastal Sultanates, Nigeria’s Biafra War and Sudan’s conflicts. The First and the Second Sudanese Civil Wars are addressed as are the circumstances leading to South Sudan’s secession in 2011, after the series of Comprehensive Peace Agreements and a referendum, capping 40+ years of conflict and close to 3 million deaths. It examines OAU responses to secession attempts, showing the organization itself to be beholden to Uti possidetis, challenging the OAU’s ability to be a neutral arbiter, but also exposing divisions among African countries—for example, in the Biafra War, 6 countries abstained or voted against reaffirming Nigeria’s territorial integrity. Biafra also mirrored other secession attempts such as Katanga and the Ogaden regions. OAU’s stance appeared to give carte blanche to countries unwilling to deal with internal conflicts even with legitimate causes, sustaining the internal conflicts.
Availability of Outpatient Telemental Health Services in the United States at the Outset of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused dramatic changes in everyday life, a major concern is whether patients have adequate access to mental health care despite shelter-in-place ordinances, school closures, and social distancing practices. Objectives The aim was to examine the availability of telehealth services at outpatient mental health treatment facilities in the United States at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify facility-level characteristics and state-level policies associated with the availability. Research design Observational cross-sectional study. Subjects All outpatient mental health treatment facilities (N=8860) listed in the Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration on April 16, 2020. Measures Primary outcome is whether an outpatient mental health treatment facility reported offering telehealth services. Results Approximately 43% of outpatient mental health facilities in the United States reported telehealth availability at the outset of the pandemic. Facilities located in the United States South and nonmetropolitan counties were more likely to offer services, as were facilities with public sector ownership, those providing care for both children and adults, and those accepting Medicaid as a form of payment. Outpatient mental health treatment facilities located in states with state-wide shelter-in-place laws were less likely to offer telehealth, as well as facilities in counties with more COVID-19 cases per 10,000 population. Conclusions At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer than half of outpatient mental health treatment facilities were providing telehealth services. Our results suggest that additional policies to promote telehealth may be warranted to increase availability over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Dialect Diversity in Text Summarization on Twitter

Discussions on Twitter involve participation from different communities with different dialects and it is often necessary to summarize a large number of posts into a representative sample to provide a synopsis. Yet, any such representative sample should sufficiently portray the underlying dialect diversity to present the voices of different participating communities representing the dialects. Extractive summarization algorithms perform the task of constructing subsets that succinctly capture the topic of any given set of posts. However, we observe that there is dialect bias in the summaries generated by common summarization approaches, i.e., they often return summaries that under-represent certain dialects. The vast majority of existing “fair” summarization approaches require socially salient attribute labels (in this case, dialect) to ensure that the generated summary is fair with respect to the socially salient attribute. Nevertheless, in many applications, these labels do not exist. Furthermore, due to the ever-evolving nature of dialects in social media, it is unreasonable to label or accurately infer the dialect of every social media post. To correct for the dialect bias, we employ a framework that takes an existing text summarization algorithm as a blackbox and, using a small set of dialect-diverse sentences, returns a summary that is relatively more dialect-diverse. Crucially, this approach does not need the posts being summarized to have dialect labels, ensuring that the diversification process is independent of dialect classification/identification models. We show the efficacy of our approach on Twitter datasets containing posts written in dialects used by different social groups defined by race or gender; in all cases, our approach leads to improved dialect diversity compared to standard text summarization approaches.
COVID-19 and ‘crisis as ordinary’: pathological whiteness, popular pessimism, and pre-apocalyptic cultural studies

In this essay I elaborate the concept of ‘pathological whiteness’ as a way to articulate and understand the ways in which openness to infection, transmission and death by COVID-19 has become a cent...
Trust-Region Interior-Point Algorithms for Minimization Problems with Simple Bounds

Two trust-region interior-point algorithms for the solution of minimization problems with simple bounds are analyzed and tested. The algorithms scale the local model in a way similar to Coleman and Li [1]. The first algorithm is more usual in that the trust region and the local quadratic model are consistently scaled. The second algorithm proposed here uses an unscaled trust region. A global convergence result for these algorithms is given and dogleg and conjugate-gradient algorithms to compute trial steps are introduced. Some numerical examples that show the advantages of the second algorithm are presented.
The Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

We are finally in a position to prove our first major local-global theorem in Riemannian geometry: the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. This is a local-global theorem par excellence, because it asserts the equality of two very differently defined quantities on a compact, orientable Riemannian 2-manifold M: the integral of the Gaussian curvature, which is determined by the local geometry of M; and 2π times the Euler characteristic of M, which is a global topological invariant. Although it applies only in two dimensions, it has provided a model and an inspiration for innumerable local-global results in higher-dimensional geometry, some of which we will prove in Chapter 11.
THYROXINE-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS. 3. EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS, 2,4-DINITROPHENOL AND OTHER ANIONIC COMPOUNDS ON THE BINDING OF THYROXINE BY HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN.

Abstract The effect of various anionic compounds on the binding of thyroxine by human serum albumin has been studied. The results show that anions such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, salicylate, and fatty acids are capable of displacing thyroxine from binding sites on albumin. The compounds investigated exhibit the following order of effectiveness in reducing thyroxine binding by albumin: oleate > linoleate > dodecyl sulfate > palmitate > 2,4-dinitrophenol > laurate > octanoate > salicylate.
Plasma Observations in the Distant Heliosphere: A View from Voyager

Abstract We present measurements of the solar wind taken near the heliographic equatorial plane by the Voyager 2 spacecraft launched in 1977. We summarize solar wind proton observations from 1 AU to the current position of Voyager 2 near 30 AU. 200-day averages of the radial component of the velocities, number densities, flux densities, and dynamic pressures show the solar cycle variation of these parameters. The dynamic pressure maximizes in the declining phase of the solar cycle, and the pressure varies by approximately a factor of two over the solar cycle. This variation implies a 40% change in average position of the termination shock. Although the details of how rapidly these changes in pressure would be communicated from the termination shock to the heliopause are not clear, the interaction of the wind with the interstellar medium must be dynamic. The heliopause's radial motion appears to be rapid enough to change its interaction with the interstellar medium from subsonic to supersonic during the solar cycle. Averages over shorter time intervals show even more variation in dynamic pressure. Large changes of number density and temperature are clearly seen in the detailed data. The variations in the meridional component of flow velocity are also discussed; they maximize near solar minimum when the tilt of the dipolar solar magnetic field is small. All the observations were made near the heliographic equatorial plane, and a true global picture of heliospheric conditions remains to be derived.
Cytogenetics and crop improvement.

Most consideration was given to the question of the potential usefulness in plant breeding of the new technologies, such as tissue culture, microspore culture, and protoplast culture. Are improvements in crop plants more likely to come from these techniques than from conventional breeding procedures? Particular attention was paid to the transfer of desirable characters to crop plants from related species.
Neuromedical considerations affecting return to work in the brain injured adult

Improvements in the medical and surgical management of individuals following trauma have resulted in an increased number of long-term survivors, especially among the most severely injured. Additionally, refinements in inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation programs have allowed these survivors to return to the community more often, at higher functional levels, and in some cases, with a greater likelihood of getting back to work. Unfortunately, owing to the increased severity of injury, many of these individuals have multiple medical conditions even in the post-acute phase of recovery. An even greater number of survivors have numerous motoric, cognitive, and behavioral deficits, long after their initial injury. In order to meet the increasing demands of more severely impaired clients, health care professionals assisting brain injured individuals return to employment need to become more familiar with the specific medical issues commonly seen. This review provides a framework and practical guide to the neuromedical considerations affecting return to work in the brain injured adult.
CRF type 2 receptors mediate the metabolic effects of ghrelin in C2C12 cells

Objective Ghrelin is known to regulate appetite control and cellular metabolism. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family is also known to regulate energy balance. In this study, the links between ghrelin and the CRF family in C2C12 cells, a mouse myoblast cell line was investigated. Design and Methods C2C12 cells were treated with ghrelin in the presence or absence of CRF receptor antagonists and then subjected to different metabolic analyses. Results Ghrelin enhanced glucose uptake by C2C12 cells, induced GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface and decreased RBP4 expression. A CRF-R2 selective antagonist, anti-sauvagine-30, blocked ghrelin-induced glucose uptake, Ghrelin upregulated CRF-R2 but not CRF-R1 levels. Moreover, ghrelin-treated C2C12 cells displayed a cAMP and pERK activation in response to Ucn3, a CRF-R2 specific ligand, but not in response to CRF or stressin, CRF-R1 specific ligands. Ghrelin also induced UCP2 and UCP3 expression, which were blocked by anti- sauvagine-30. Ghrelin did not induce fatty acids uptake by C2C12 cells or ACC expression. Even though C2C12 cells clearly exhibited responses to ghrelin, the known ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a, was not detectable in C2C12 cells. Conclusion The results suggest that, ghrelin plays a role in regulating muscle glucose and, raise the possibility that suppression of the CRF-R2 pathway might provide benefits in high ghrelin states.
A Toolkit for Performing FEMA P-695 Evaluations

The FEMA P-695 Methodology offers a procedure for evaluating the collapse performance of seismic force resisting systems. The Methodology is necessarily complex and analysis-intensive. To manage co...