cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bimodal Structured Bulk Nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg Alloy

The microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation of bimodal structured nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg alloy were investigated. Grain refinement was achieved by cryomilling of atomized Al-7.5Mg powders, and then cryomilled nanocrystalline powders blended with 15% and 30% unmilled coarse-grained powders were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing followed by extrusion to produce bulk nanocrystalline alloys. Bimodal bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg alloys, which were comprised of nanocrystalline grains separated by coarse-grain regions, show balanced mechanical properties of enhanced yield and ultimate strength and reasonable ductility and toughness compared to comparable conventional alloys and nanocrystalline metals.
The impact of donor race on recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation.

Abstract Background Several studies have demonstrated mixed results regarding the influence of donor race on patient and graft survival in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) after liver transplant. However, few studies have looked at the impact of donor race on recurrent HCV. This study is a retrospective analysis of the influence of patient and donor race on the severity of recurrent HCV at a single center. Methods Of patients transplanted at our center between 2000 and 2006, 222 were infected with HCV. Of these, 165 were eligible to be evaluated for recurrent HCV after transplant. We excluded those with patient and graft loss within 1 year that was not related to recurrent HCV, patients with advanced fibrosis from other causes, those who did not undergo posttransplant liver biopsy, and those lost to follow-up. Patients were given a recurrent HCV score of 1, 2, or 3. A score of 1 was assigned if the patient had no more than mild portal fibrosis at 1 year and no bridging fibrosis at any point. A score of 2 was defined as moderate portal fibrosis or focal bridging fibrosis at 1 year or bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis after 3 years. A score of 3 was defined as bridging fibrosis, cirrhosis, or graft loss from HCV within 3 years. Baseline characteristics including donor and recipient age, race, sex, body mass index, ischemia time, hypertension, and diabetes were recorded. Analysis was performed with ordinal multivariate logistic regression modeling. Results Of the 165 patients with a recurrent HCV score, 105 (64%) had a score of 1, 29 patients (17%) had a score of 2, and 31 patients (19%) had a score of 3. In all, 132 recipients (80%) had white donors, and 26 (16%) had African American donors, 115 patients (70%) were white and 40 (24%) were African American. The mean recurrent HCV scores for the patient donor and recipient race combinations are as follows: white donor and white recipient, 1.54; white donor and African American recipient, 1.89; African American donor and white recipient, 1.18; and African American donor and African American recipient, 1.23. Having a white donor also significantly associated with a higher recurrent HCV score regardless of recipient race (odds ratio 2.93, P = .044) in African American patients, having a white donor had an odds ratio of 4.62 (P = .046). After adjusting for donor age and sex and patient age and sex, having a white donor was still found to be associated with a higher recurrent HCV score (4.48, P = .0275) on multivariate analysis. For all 222 patients, donor race was not associated with overall patient and graft survival. Conclusion Patients receiving white donor grafts had significantly worse recurrent HCV than those receiving grafts from African American donors regardless of recipient race. This difference was especially marked in African American recipients and persisted on multivariate analysis. These data suggest a graft from a white donor is potentially one more important variable in identifying patients at risk for more aggressive recurrent HCV after orthotopic liver transplant.
Modified Likelihood-Based Item Fit Statistics for the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model.

Orlando and Thissen (2000) developed an item fit statistic for binary item response theory (IRT) models known as S - X2. This article generalizes their statistic to polytomous unfolding models. Four alternative formulations of S - X2 are developed for the generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM). The GGUM is a unidimensional IRT model for unfolding polytomous responses. It yields single-peaked, nonmonotonic item characteristic curves that predict a higher item score to the extent that an individual is located close to an item on the underlying latent continuum. A simulation was performed to examine the characteristics of these new item fit indices under the GGUM, as well as a traditional likelihood ratio χ2 test (G2). All variants of S - X2 exhibited reasonable Type I error rates, but that for G2 was more erratic. The new indices exhibited variable power to detect misfit. Two new item fit tests are recommended for use based on simulation results.
A Method for Predicting Oil Recovery by Steamflooding Including the Effects of Distillation and Gravity Override

This paper describes a semianalytical method for calculating oil recovery by steamflooding. It accounts for effects of steam distillation and gravity overlay of steam. First, the equations for the heat balance and the configuration of the steam/liquid interface are solved simultaneously to predict the volume of the overall heated zone and the volume and shape of the steam zone. Second, the approximate enthalpy and material balances are combined with the thermodynamics of differential vaporization to derive a fully compositionaly method for calculating the volume and composition of steam-distilled hydrocarbons. Finally, the results of the foregoing are combined with a fluid flow model, similar to Higgins and Leighton's cell model for waterflood analysis to calculate oil recovery. This semianalytical method can account for almost all the important recovery mechanisms involved in steamflooding with relatively small computation time. Good agreement has been obtained between available experimental data and calculations carried out in accord with this analysis.
Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, and Transplantation

Recent studies have shown the spectrum of dyslipidemia in patients who have chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease to be different from that of the general population. This article discusses the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in CKD, dialysis, and renal transplant patients, the therapeutic options, and their association with clinical outcomes. Whenever possible, comparisons are made to outcomes in the general population.
Improving performance via computational replication on a large-scale computational grid

High performance computing on a large-scale computational grid is complicated by the heterogeneous computational capabilities of each node, node unavailability, and unreliable network connectivity. Replicating computation on multiple nodes can significantly improve performance by reducing task completion time on a grid's dynamic environment. We develop an analytical model to determine the number of task replicas to meet the performance goals in different computational grid configurations. Furthermore, taking advantage of the statistical nature of grid-based Monte Carlo applications, we extend the computational replication technique to an N-out-of-M scheduling strategy for grid-based Monte Carlo applications, which can potentially form a large category of grid-computing applications. In addition, we establish a corresponding model for the N-out-of-M scheduling mechanism. Simulations are used to validate the computational replication models. Our preliminary results show that the models we use are effective in predicting the required number of replicas to achieve short task completion time with a given high probability.
Regulation of shrub dynamics by native browsing ungulates on East African rangeland

Herbivores, edaphic features and fire are primary factors regulating the balance between woody and herbaceous vegetation in savannas. Many observational studies have evaluated the potential effects of browsing herbivores on woody plant dynamics in African savannas, but few experimental studies have compared the dynamics of African savannas with and without browsers. 2. A replicated herbivore exclusion experiment was used to assess the role that native ungulates play in regulating woody plant dynamics on commercial rangeland in central Kenya, where the indigenous fauna have been allowed to coexist with cattle. 3. Exclusion of native browsing ungulates for just 3 years showed that they have dramatic effects at every scale from individual twig growth rates to overall rates of woody biomass accumulation in the ecosystem. 4. At the scale of individual Acacia twigs, browsers significantly reduced leaf density, leaf biomass and growth rates of twigs 2·5 m tall, such that Acacias in intermediate height classes (0·5-2·5 m) experienced minimal browser impacts. Elephants influenced shrubland dynamics by altering shrub height-class dis- tributions, shifting species composition from broad-leaved Grewia tenax to fine-leaved Acacia species, and suppressing woody biomass accumulation; but elephants had little influence on changes in shrub density. 7. Synthesis and applications . Our results suggest that a community of native browsers that includes both small, selective species (e.g. dik-diks) and large, bulk-feeding species (elephants) can provide an important ecosystem service by suppressing shrub encroach- ment on commercial rangeland.
The Bitter Qualities of Reduced and Nonreduced Iso-α-acids

The temporal and qualitative bitterness of reduced and nonreduced iso-α-acids were measured in this study. A trained panel using a time-intensity protocol determined the temporal attributes of thes...
Isolated Palsies of Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI

In this article, isolated palsies of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are addressed. After discussion of the pertinent clinical anatomy of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, the isolated involvement of each of these oculomotor nerves is defined. Based on a review of the literature, methods of evaluation and follow-up of patients presenting with diplopia from lesions of these cranial nerves are presented.
Peapod-type nanocomposites through the in situ growth of gold nanoparticles within preformed hexaniobate nanoscrolls.

A facile in situ method to grow Au nanoparticles (NPs) in hexaniobate nanoscrolls is applied to the formation of plasmonic Au@hexaniobate and bifunctional plasmonic-magnetic Au-Fe3O4@hexaniobate nanopeapods (NPPs). Utilizing a solvothermal treatment, rigid multiwalled hexaniobate nanoscrolls and partially filled Fe3O4@hexaniobate NPPs were first fabricated. These nanostructures were then used as templates for the controlled in situ growth of Au NPs. The resulting peapod structures exhibited high filling fractions and long-range uniformity. Optical measurements showed a progressive red shift in plasmonic behavior between Au NPs, Au NPPs, and Au-Fe3O4 NPPs; magnetic studies found that the addition of gold in the Fe3O4@hexaniobate NPPs reduced interparticle coupling effects. The development of this approach allows for the routine bulk preparation of noble-metal-containing bifunctional nanopeapod materials.
Analysis of Fz10 expression in mouse embryos

Wnt signaling molecules regulate the development of multiple organs in vertebrate embryos. We have isolated cDNA clones for frizzled10 (Fz10), which encodes a putative Wnt receptor, to further characterize the mechanisms of Wnt signaling in mouse embryos. Interestingly, Fz10 is expressed in the same regions as Wnt7a in the neural tube, limb buds, and Mullerian duct.
Work in progress - women in technology: An initiative to reach females in rural Wisconsin

Women in Technology (WIT), a collaboration program model promotes the relevance of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields for females, provides opportunities to explore and pursue STEM education and careers to increase and sustain the economic vitality of rural Wisconsin. Agricultural, manufacturing, health and service industries in rural Wisconsin are increasingly requiring more technically adept and trained employees. As women are under rep resented in STEM careers it is therefore critical to educate women about careers that create a professional employment base, contribute to a diverse labor force and provide life sustaining wages and personal satisfaction for women. Forming partnerships with industry, educational, youth serving and professional organizations is a key strategy to the program's success and sustainability. Women in Technology works to deliver best practices program models such as mentoring, hands-on programs, scholarships, role-modeling and career exploration for females from middle school through university including technical colleges which often serve non-traditional students.
A multi-decadal history of biomass burning plume heights identified using aerosol index measurements

Abstract. We have quantified the relationship between Aerosol Index (AI) measurements and plume height for young biomass burning plumes using coincident Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements. This linear relationship allows the determination of high-altitude plumes wherever AI data are available, and it provides a data set for validating global fire plume heights in chemistry transport models. We find that all plumes detected from June 2006 to February 2009 with an AI value ≥9 are located at altitudes higher than 5 km. Older high-altitude plumes have lower AI values than young plumes at similar altitudes. We have examined available AI data from the OMI and TOMS instruments (1978–2009) and find that large AI plumes occur more frequently over North America than over Australia or Russia/Northeast Asia. According to the derived relationship, during this time interval, 181 plumes, in various stages of their evolution, reached altitudes above 8 km.
Exploring Prison Adjustment among Female Inmates Issues of Measurement and Prediction

This article explores the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Prison Adjustment Questionnaire with a cohort of 777 maximum-security female inmates. Results suggest a two-factor solution of a Distress factor and a Conflict factor, both of which demonstrate good concurrent validity using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) Global Severity Score, institutional misconduct, security level, and self-report violence. Regression analyses indicate scores on the Distress factor were predicted by the BSI Anxiety Scale, having children, not being of minority status, and prior incarceration. Scores on the Conflict factor were predicted by BSI Hostility, BSI Phobic Anxiety, presence of a personality disorder, being married, being the victim of threats and physical assaults, time served, and being incarcerated for a violent crime.
Ultra precision motion control of a multiple degrees of freedom magnetic suspension stage

A general framework for ultra precision motion control of magnetic suspension actuation systems with large travel ranges in multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) is presented. It encompasses the development of nonlinear electromagnetic force model for 6-DOF actuation, and the design of the necessary control architecture for ultra precision motion control of magnetic suspension actuation systems. A 6-DOF magnetic suspension stage (MSS) was designed and fabricated to illustrate the developed framework. The MSS consists of multiple electromagnets that are located around the flotor and are utilized to suspend and modulate its position and orientation. The control architecture takes the six control parameters provided by a laser measuring system and intends to control the 6-DOF motion by regulating the current in the electromagnets. The developed robust nonlinear control architecture consists of three components: 1) feedback linearization; 2) force distribution; and 3) H/sub /spl infin// robust controllers for each DOF of motion. Several experiments are designed to illustrate the desired characteristics of the developed system.
The propagation of Gaussian modulated pulses in dissipative and/or dispersive media such as tissue

The interrogating pulse used in most conventional medical ultrasonic imaging systems can be approximated as a band-limited Gaussian modulated pulse. In this paper we analyze the propagation of such a pulse in an attenuating media such as tissue. We show that an initially Gaussian pulse retains its Gaussian shape during propagation provided that the medium has attenuation with a power-law dependence on frequency of between zero and two. That is, if the attenuation factor is e- alpha x, where alpha is the attenuation coefficient and x is the distance over which the pulse has traveled, then the pulse will remain Gaussian provided alpha = afp, where a is a constant, f is the frequency, and 0 less than p less than or equal to 2. This condition is certainly valid for soft tissue (p approximately 1) as well as for all other attenuating materials with which we are familiar. Although a Gaussian pulse retains its Gaussian shape in an attenuating media, it does suffer a shift in its mean frequency as well as a broadening in its shape. Here we also obtain analytical expressions relating the mean frequency shift and the pulse broadening to the attenuating properties of the medium. In contrast to other studies recently published in the literature, we consider propagation in a medium which has velocity dispersion as well as frequency dependent loss.
Predicting Malawian Women's Intention to Adhere to Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: With the increase in scaling up of antiretroviral therapy (ART), knowledge of the need for adherence to ART is pivotal for successful treatment outcomes. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between October and December 2013. We administered theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and adherence questionnaires to 358 women aged 18-49 years, from a rural and urban ART-clinics in southern Malawi. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to predict intentions to adhere to ART. RESULTS: Regression models show that attitude (β=0.47), subjective norm (β=0.31) and perceived behavioural control (β=0.12) explain 55% of the variance in intentions to adhere to ART. The relationship between both food insecurity and perceived side effects with intentions to adhere to ART is mediated by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. Household (r=0.20) and individual (r=0.21) food insecurity were positively and significantly correlated with perceived behavioural control. Household food insecurity had a negative correlation with perceived side effects (r=-0.11). Perceived side effects were positively correlated with attitude (r=0.25). There was no statistically significant relationship between intentions to adhere to ART in the future and one month self-report of past month adherence. These interactions suggest that attitude predicted adherence only when food insecurity is high or perception of side effects is strong. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that modification might be needed when using TPB constructs in resource constraint environments. Significance for public healthThe knowledge of the rates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) could be used to evaluate planning and project, which could lead to better outcomes predicted by treatment efficacy data. In addition, knowledge of adherence behaviour could help the development of interventions focusing on collaboration between healthcare providers and Malawian government to provide food support for patients on ART. The interventions could also focus on providing better counselling support to improve beliefs regarding control over taking the medication and perceived versus real side effects. It is relevant for public health professors to understand factors influencing women's ART adherence, in order to create interventions that are appropriate for increasing ART adherence, which may lead to improved outcomes among women with HIV living in endemic regions with limited treatment access.
Constrained physical design tuning

Existing solutions to the automated physical design problem in database systems attempt to minimize execution costs of input workloads for a given a storage constraint. In this paper, we argue that this model is not flexible enough to address several real-world situations. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a constraint language that is simple yet powerful enough to express many important scenarios. We build upon an existing transformation-based framework to effectively incorporate constraints in the search space. We then show experimentally that we are able to handle a rich class of constraints and that our proposed technique scales gracefully.
Exchanging Link 16 CoT Messages and U.S. Army ABCS Messages via Pass

The United States Army Aviation community is expanding its battlefield situational awareness. In doing so, they have expressed a need to conduct joint operations by exchanging Army Battle Command Systems (ABCS) information and select messages from the Link 16 network, which will "greatly enhance attack and reconnaissance operations." This expanded representation of the battlefield allows Army Aviation platforms to obtain data on Air Force platforms within their area of operations, as well as provide Air Force platforms the Army's air and ground forces picture. The enabling technology for exchanging Link 16 and ABCS data is a software package that transforms XML messages between Link 16 sources and the ABCS Publish and Subscribe Services (PASS). The software, in conjunction with existing hardware, allows for the exchange of information without adding equipment to Army Aviation platforms.
Anomalous temporoparietal activity in individuals with a family history of alcoholism: Studies from the Oklahoma family health patterns project

Background Individuals with a family history of alcoholism (FH+) are at enhanced risk of developing alcohol or other substance use disorders relative to those with no family history (FH−). Alcoholics and FH+ subjects have greater interference scores on the Stroop color-word task, suggesting these impairments may be a component of the cognitive phenotype of at-risk individuals. Methods In this study, we examined whole-brain activations in 24 FH+ and 28 FH− young adults performing the counting Stroop task, a variant of the Stroop task adapted for neuroimaging studies. Results Across all subjects, incongruent versus congruent comparisons showed activations in regions including parietal lobe areas, frontal eye fields, premotor areas, the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral insula, indicating typical regions of activation involved in conflict resolution tasks. Compared with FH− participants, FH+ participants had greater activations in the left superior parietal lobule and precuneus (BA 7 and 19), inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), and middle temporal gyrus (BA 39 and 19), indicating a predominance of greater left hemisphere activity among FH+ in temporoparietal regions. There were no regions showing greater activations in the FH− group compared with the FH+ group. Conclusions These results are consistent with less efficient cognitive functioning potentially due to poorer communication over long pathways connecting temporoparietal regions to prefrontal brain regions that participate in a distributed network involved in cognitive processing and working memory necessary for conflict resolution.
Oracle Rdb's record caching model

In this paper we present a more efficient record based caching model than the conventional page (disk block) based scheme. In a record caching model, individual records are stored together in a section of shared memory to form the cache. Traditional relational database systems have individual pages that are stored together in shared memory to form the cache and records are then extracted from these pages on demand. The record cache model has better memory utilization than the page model and also helps reduce overheads like page fetches/writes, page locks and code path.In May 1996, Oracle Rdb announced a record breaking number of 14227 tpmC on a Digital AlphaServer 8400. At the time, this was the best TPC-C performance achieved on a single SMP machine. A total of 15 record caches, caching 19.5 million records, consuming almost 7 GB of memory, formed the bulk of the shared memory.
Experiential Learning and Change: Theory, Design, and Practice

The article reviews the book “Experiential Learning and Change: Theory, Design and Practice,” by Gordon A. Walter and Stephen E. Marks.
Content Validity of the Psychiatric Symptom Index, CES-Depression Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory from the Perspective of DSM-IV:

Szimmary.-We compared the item content of three commonly used scales of psychiatric symptoms [the broad-band Psychiatric Symptom Index (IlEeld) and two narrow-band scales, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (Radloff) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger)], with diagnostic criteria and criterion-based symptoms for Major Depressive Episode and Generahzed Anxiety Disorder as they appeared in DSM-IV. The Psychiatric Symptom Index and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale each measured 7 of 9 criterion-based symptoms of Major Depressive Episode. The Psychiatric Symptom Index and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory each measured 5 of 8 domains for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The Psychiatric Symptom Index had comparable content validity to the narrow-band measures. AU met a nlajority of DSM-IV criteria for depression and anxiety, supponing their applicability for current research.
Multidrug-resistant Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis presenting as multiple muscle abscesses

A 79-year-old Caucasian man presented with multiple leg abscesses due to Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis. He was on chronic steroid therapy for myasthenia gravis. We present the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of this rare organism. N. pseudobrasiliensis is a new emerging species that was previously thought to belong to the N. brasiliensis species. The distinction between the two species is extremely important given the different antibiotic susceptibility pattern and association of N. pseudobrasiliensis with more invasive and disseminated disease.
Avoiding burnout: The personal health habits and wellness practices of US surgeons

Objective:To evaluate the health habits, routine medical care practices, and personal wellness strategies of American surgeons and explore associations with burnout and quality of life (QOL).Background:Burnout and low mental QOL are common among US surgeons and seem to adversely affect quality of ca
Abstract A39: EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, can reverse methylation related silencing of genes in human colon carcinomas

Silencing of regulatory genes through hypermethylation of CpG islands is an important mechanism in tumorigenesis. In colon cancer, RXRα, an important dimerization partner with other nuclear transcription factors, is silenced through this mechanism. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that ApcMin/+ mice treated with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) will develop colonic tumors but when treated with green tea a reduction in tumor numbers was found. We found that colon tumors had lower expression of RXR protein but expression levels were restored by treatment with green tea. We also found that the degree of promoter methylation of the RXR gene was reduced. To translate these findings to human colon cancer we treated CpG Island Methylator Phenotype sensitive and insensitive (CIMP+ & CIMP-) human colon cancer cell lines with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG - major polyphenolic compound in green tea). We hypothesized that CIMP+ cell lines which epigenetically silence key regulatory genes would demonstrate silencing of RXRα and that EGCG would restore its expression. To test this we used the following human colon cancer cell lines: HCT116, SW48, HCT15 - CIMP+; HT29, SW480, SW620 - CIMP- and IEC-6 - normal control. We found EGCG to restore RXR activity levels in the CIMP+ lines, in a dose dependent manner (0, 50, 100 & 150 μM EGCG was tested for 48 and 72 hour durations). EGCG also reduced RXRα promoter methylation in one CpG island from a CIMP+ cell line compared to a CIMP-line. We found that EGCG produced methylation changes in several other colon cancer related genes but did not cause a decrease in global methylation. Numerous epidemiological reports have shown the benefits of green tea consumption in reducing colon cancer risk but to date no studies have shown that some of the risk reduction may be related to the epigenetic regulation of key genes by constituent tea polyphenols. Our results here show that EGCG, a common tea polyphenolic compound, can modulate the reversal of gene-silencing involved colon carcinogenesis and maybe a possible avenue for colon cancer treatment. Supported by USPHS grant CA96694 from the National Cancer Institute. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A39.
Distribution Rule and Combined Forms of Selenium in Selenium-enriched Tea

The combined forms,distribution rule and corresponding content of selenium in selenium-enriched tea were studied by using Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer. The total selenium content was 533. 5 μg / kg,and organic selenium was the main form storing in the tea,which accounted for 83. 66% of total selenium. The selenium in protein was the main organic selenium form,which accounted for 76. 35%,and part of selenium and the nucleic acid and the polysaccharide union were contained.
Burns of the head and neck.

Morbidity associated with burns about the face and neck relates to the important organs and structures of the area, the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and the specialized skin of the face and neck. The effect of a thermal injury on each of these structures is considered. The problem of the frequently associated pulmonary thermal injury is also discussed.
Radiographic Evaluation of Adult Patients with Blunt Renal Trauma

AbstractRecent reports in the literature suggest that radiographic evaluation of the normotensive blunt trauma patient with microscopic hematuria is no longer necessary. Several facilities, however, including ours, continue to perform excretory urography (IVP) routinely in this setting. To evaluate further whether this practice is indicated, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 317 adults who presented to our facility between May 1986 and December 1989 after blunt trauma with resultant microscopic hematuria but no shock. All patients were radiographically assessed with an IVP. Of the 317 studies 29 (9%) had an abnormal result, including 28 with renal contusion and 1 with a nonfunctioning kidney (in which case further evaluation revealed a congenitally absent kidney). No significant urological injury was identified. Thus, no injury would have been missed if a policy of observation had been followed in these patients. Our data support other reports in the literature that radiographic staging is not ne...
The survival advantage: Underlying mechanisms and extant limitations.

Recently, researchers have begun to investigate the function of memory in our evolutionary history. According to Nairne and colleagues (e.g., Nairne, Pandeirada, and Thompson, 2008; Nairne, Thompso...
Usability Issues and Limitations of Mobile Devices

Due to the fast development of mobile technologies and wireless communications, more people are using mobile devices. Mobile devices like cellular phones are initially used for data communications, as in speech. Now, mobile devices are not only portable but also can be used to communicate and exchange information as well as gain access to remote services anywhere, anytime. But while mobile devices offer many opportunities for e-commerce applications, conducting e-commerce transactions over mobile devices has its limitations. Limitations include limited memory, limited processing power, different technologies and standards, small keyboards, and small screens. A usability study was carried out to determine the extent to which mobile devices can be used This chapter appears in the book, Wireless Communications and Mobile Commerce, edited by Nansi Shi. Copyright © 2004, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING
Implementation of 2011 Duty Hours Regulations through a Workload Reduction Strategy and Impact on Residency Training.

BACKGROUND Training programs have implemented the 2011 ACGME duty hour regulations (DHR) using “workload compression” (WLC) strategies, attempting to fit similar clinical responsibilities into fewer working hours, or workload reduction (WLR) approaches, reducing the number of patient encounters per trainee. Many have expressed concern that these strategies could negatively impact patient care and learner outcomes.
An unusual presentation of Stewart-Treves syndrome on the lower extremity.

Cutaneous angiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor derived from endothelial cells, which can develop de novo, in irradiated skin, or in areas of chronic lymphedema. Stewart-Treves syndrome describes the association of cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in the setting of lymphedema. This syndrome was first reported in 1948 by Drs Fred Stewart and Norman Treves, who noted 6 cases of lymphangiosarcoma that developed several years after a Halstead radical mastectomy.1 Currently there are few reports in the literature of Stewart-Treves syndrome occurring after primary or secondary causes of chronic lymphedema not attributable to malignancy.2 Our case is an extremely rare subtype of angiosarcoma arising in a lymphedematous lower limb with no prior malignancy or radiation history.
From Self-Prediction to Self-Defeat: The Effect of Expecting a Competitive Opponent on Negotiator Predictions, Behaviors, and Outcomes

This paper examines the effect of negotiators' expectations of their opponents' competitiveness on negotiators' predictions of their own behavior, their actual behaviors, and their negotiated outcomes. Study 1 examined negotiators' predictions of how they would react when faced with a very competitive versus a not competitive opponent and found that negotiators believed they would become more competitive, less cooperative, and less likely to make concessions when negotiating with a very competitive opponent. Studies 2 and 3 examined actual behaviors during a negotiation and found that negotiators who expected very competitive opponents actually became less competitive, as evidenced by setting lower, less aggressive reservation prices and agreeing to lower negotiated outcomes. Study 3 further revealed that own reservation price mediated the relationship between competitive expectations and negotiated outcomes. Finally, Study 4 examined more naturally occurring expectations in a negotiation and found that expectations of greater competitiveness were associated with lower negotiated outcomes.
Concerns of the Novice Physical Education Teacher.

The purpose of this case study was to examine novice physical education teachers in the first and second year of teaching. Participants included two novice physical education teachers, John in Year 1 and Mark in Year 2. Methodology included observations, semistructured interviews, and documents. Data were analyzed using open coding and constant comparison methods. The two themes that emerged from the analysis included teacher development and concerns with classroom management, procedures, and safety. Using Fuller’s (1969) classification of new teacher concerns, the participants exhibited “self-concerns” and “student concerns.” Although both the participants in the study displayed similar concerns as other classroom teachers (e.g., classroom management, procedures, and safety), there were differences in how these concerns were implemented.
Cell formation effects on the burning speeds and flame front area of synthetic gas at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract Cellular burning speeds and mass burning rates of premixed syngas/oxidizer/diluent (H2/CO/O2/He) have been determined at high pressures and temperatures over a wide range of equivalence ratios which are at engine-relevant conditions. Working on high pressure combustion helps to reduce the pollution and increase the energy efficiency in combustion devices. The experimental facilities consisted of two spherical and cylindrical chambers. The spherical chamber, which can withstand high pressures up to 400 atm, was used to collect pressure rise data due to combustion, to calculate cellular burning speed and mass burning rate. For flame structure and instability analysis the cylindrical chamber was used to take pictures of propagating flame using a high speed CMOS camera and a schlieren photography system. A new differential based multi-shell model based on pressure rise data was used to determine the cellular burning speed and mass burning rate. In this paper, cellular burning speed and mass burning rate of H2/CO/O2/He mixture have been measured for a wide range of equivalence ratios from 0.6 to 2, temperatures from 400 to 750 K and pressures from 2 to 50 atm for three hydrogen concentrations of 5, 10 and 25% in the syngas. The power law correlations for cellular burning speed and mass burning rate were developed as a function of equivalence ratio, temperature and pressure. In this study a new developed parameter, called cellularity factor, which indicates the cell formation effect on flame surface area and burning speed has been introduced. The total flame surface area and cellularity factor for syngas at high pressures and temperatures have been calculated by combining the multi-shell model via the experimental pressure data with free flat flame simulation using detailed chemical mechanism. The results show that the cellularity factor has a positive relation to pressure, equivalence ratio and hydrogen concentration while it has a negative dependency to temperature.
The Economy of Ethnic Cleansing: The Transformation of the German-Czech Borderlands after World War II

In the wake of World War II the Sudetenland became the scene of ethnic cleansing, witnessing not only the expulsion of nearly three million German speakers, but also the influx of nearly two million resettlers. Yet mob violence and nationalist hatred were not the driving forces of ethnic cleansing; instead, greed, the search for power and property, and the general dislocation of post-war Central and Eastern Europe facilitated these expulsions and the transformation of the German-Czech borderlands. These overlapping migrations produced conflict among Czechs, hardship for Germans, and facilitated the Communist Party's rise to power. Drawing on a wide range of materials from local and central archives, as well as expellee accounts, David Gerlach demonstrates how the lure of property and social mobility, as well as economic necessities, shaped the course and consequences of ethnic cleansing.
Confronting the Stigma of Leisure

The purpose of this paper is to explore the work/leisure binary as it relates to labeling, stereotyping and ultimately stigmatizing persons with disabilities. Although less deliberated in the literature, stigma depends on social context, a class or category of undesirable behaviors practiced by the actor, in the present case—leisure. The evolution of leisure as a stigmatized class of human activity is addressed, with special attention to the intersection of work and disability and how inability to work has come to stigmatize the leisure of persons with disabilities. Usual and customary stigma management strategies employed by abled citizens are reviewed. For the child, the currently employed and even the retired, seriousness or employment, or both justify and legitimize their use of leisure. No such alternatives are available to the unemployed majority of persons with disabilities. Finally, the implications of inclusive leisure are explored, how it confronts stigma and may be used as a basis for changing the general perception of leisure by a lay audience. Inclusive leisure is an expression of equal rights; it confronts the stigma of leisure in two ways. First, by comingling with the abled, the demarcation between normal and abnormal dissolves into diversity and appreciation of differences. Second, inclusive leisure challenges the validity of a work/leisure binary. Because it contains the cosmetic appearances of work-- earnestness, a career-like calling, and utility-- serious leisure is suggested as a method of transition from inclusion to the recognition that leisure is a valuable activity.
Backward-Mode Photoacoustic Imaging Using Illumination Through a CMUT With Improved Transparency

In this paper, we describe a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) with improved transparency for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) with backside illumination. The CMUT was fabricated on a glass substrate with indium–tin oxide bottom electrodes. The plate was a 1.5- $\mu \text{m}$ silicon layer formed over the glass cavities by anodic bonding, with a 1- $\mu \text{m}$ silicon nitride passivation layer on top. The fabricated device shows approximately 30%–40% transmission in the wavelength range from 700 to 800 nm and approximately 40%–60% transmission in the wavelength range from 800 to 900 nm, which correspond to the wavelength range commonly used for in vivo PAI. The center frequency of the CMUT was 3.62 MHz in air and 1.4 MHz in immersion. Two preliminary PAI experiments were performed to demonstrate the imaging capability of the fabricated device. The first imaging target was a 0.7-mm diameter pencil lead in vegetable oil as a line target with a subwavelength cross section. A 2-mm-diameter single CMUT element with an optical fiber bundle attached to its backside was linearly scanned to reconstruct a 2-D cross-sectional PA image of the pencil lead. We investigated the spurious signals caused by the light absorption in the 1.5- $\mu \text{m}$ silicon plate. For pencil lead as a strong absorber and also a strong reflector, the received echo signal due to the acoustic excitation generated by the absorption in silicon is approximately 30 dB lower than the received PA signal generated by the absorption in pencil lead at the wavelength of 830 nm. The second imaging target was a “loop-shape” polyethylene tube filled with indocyanine green solution ( $50~\mu \text{M}$ ) suspended using fishing lines in a tissue-mimicking material. We formed a 3-D volumetric image of the phantom by scanning the transducer in the $x$ - and $y$ -directions. The two experimental imaging results demonstrated that CMUTs with the proposed structure are promising for PAI with backside illumination.
Barriers to prosperity: the harmful impact of entry regulations on income inequality

Entry regulations, including fees, permits and licenses, can make it prohibitively difficult for low-income individuals to establish footholds in many industries, even at the entry-level. As such, these regulations increase income inequality by either preventing access to higher paying professions or imposing costs on individuals choosing to enter illegally and provide unlicensed services. To estimate this relationship empirically, we combine entry regulations data from the World Bank’s Doing Business Index with various measures of income inequality, including Gini coefficients and income shares to form a panel of 115 countries. We find that countries with more stringent entry regulations tend to experience more income inequality. In countries with average inequality, increasing the number of procedures required to start a new business by one standard deviation is associated with a 7.2% increase in the share of income accruing to the top decile of earners, and a 12.9% increase in the overall Gini coefficient. This result is robust to the measure of inequality, startup regulations, and potential endogeneity. We conclude by offering several policy recommendations designed to minimize the adverse effects of entry regulations.
Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting for Atherosclerotic Plaque with Mobile Intimal Flap

Atherosclerotic carotid stenosis associated with a mobile carotid plaque (MCP) is a relatively rare entity, observed in less than 1 in 2,000 carotid ultrasound examinations. As such, the natural history of this lesion and risk for neurological thromboembolic complications are not well defined. Small case reports have described treatment varying from medical management with anticoagulation, to carotid endarterectomy, and more recently, carotid stenting. We present two patients with carotid stenosis associated with a MCP. A distinct MCP component that varied with the cardiac cycle was clearly delineated on ultrasound in both patients. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at the time of carotid stenting confirmed the MCP. Successful carotid angioplasty and stenting was performed in both patients with resolution of the MCP documented on IVUS and follow-up duplex ultrasound. Although the definitive treatment method remains uncertain, carotid stenting is a viable option for treatment in patients with MCPs.
Characteristic-Based Covariances and Cross-Sectional Expected Returns

I suggest a characteristic-based covariance model that directly links the predetermined fi rm characteristics to time-varying covariance risk. Using a large cross section of individual stock-level data, I parsimoniously estimate both conditional expected returns and conditional covariances as functions of fi rm characteristics. I fi nd a strong and positive intertemporal risk-return relation on individual stocks. In comparison to the Fama-French three-factor model, the characteristic-based covariance model substantially reduces the pricing errors of characteristic-sorted portfolios on size, book-to-market, accruals, asset growth, investment-to-assets, return-on-assets, net stock issues, financial distress, and momentum. Portfolio tests similar to Daniel and Titman (1997) suggest that firm characteristics, mainly through the characteristic-based covariance structure of returns, appear to explain the cross section of average stock returns.
Surgical treatment of dysthyroid eyelid retraction and orbital fat hernia.

Upper eyelid retraction secondary to thyroid disease can be relieved in a controlled manner by a graded detachment and excision of Muller's muscle and stripping and recession of the levator aponeurosis. This improves cosmesis, lessens the exophthalmic appearance, and relieves ocular irritation secondary to exposure keratopathy and conjunctivopathy. Recessing the lower eyelid retractors and placing a scleral graft between them and the tarsus can relieve lower eyelid retraction. Edema and inflammation of orbital fat secondary to thyroid disease cause separation of the orbital septum from the capsulopalpebral fascia, allowing fat to prolapse into the orbit as in a true hernia. To prevent full fledged lower eyelid retraction and to relieve slight amounts that already exist, the lower eyelid retractors are recessed when orbital fat is excised.