cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathologic Review of Atypical Hyperplasia Identified by Image-Guided Breast Needle Core Biopsy

Abstract Context.—Management of breast needle core biopsies diagnosed as atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, and lobular carcinoma in situ is controversial. Current recommendations involve excisional biopsy to rule out ductal carcinoma in situ and/or invasive carcinoma, which have been reported in more than 50% of cases in some series. Objective.—To determine how frequently these diagnoses made on needle core biopsy are ultimately found to represent in situ or invasive carcinoma based on excisional biopsy specimens, in order to identify predictive factors. Design.—One thousand eight hundred thirty-six image-guided needle core biopsies were performed between January 1, 1995 and May 1, 2001. Fifty-four (2.9%) patients diagnosed with atypical ductal hyperplasia (n = 36), atypical lobular hyperplasia (n = 12), atypical ductal hyperplasia + atypical lobular hyperplasia (n = 3), or lobular carcinoma in situ (n = 3) subsequently underwent breast excisions. Pathologic features were reviewed...
Performance- and energy-aware optimization of BEOL interconnect stack geometry in advanced technology nodes

In advanced technology nodes, BEOL interconnect stack geometry has become a key lever for design enablement. The rapid increase of interconnect RC leads to not only performance loss from interconnect delay increase, but circuit power and area degradation as well. Thus, optimization of BEOL dimensions (i.e., wire width, spacing and thickness subject to a given layers pitch constraint) is crucial to achieve better product performance, power and area. However, it is not obvious how to optimize BEOL dimensions, especially in sub-10nm nodes. In this work, we study BEOL interconnect stack geometry by exploring wire aspect ratio (AR) and wire line-space duty cycle (DC). We perform SPICE-based analyses of timing path delays to find delay- or power-optimal (AR,DC) combinations, and also perform block-level studies with placed and routed designs. Based on our experimental results, we provide various insights on BEOL stack geometry: (i) optimal (AR,DC) for a given wire pitch with respect to power and delay; (ii) sensitivities of optimal (AR,DC) to circuit parameters (e.g., driver strength, input slew, output load, wirelength); (iii) optimal (AR,DC) when multiple interconnect layers are considered; and (iv) potential impacts of BEOL stack optimizations within future design-aware manufacturing and/or manufacturing-aware design methodologies.
Risk markers for fatal and non-fatal prescription drug overdose: a meta-analysis

Drug overdose is a public health crisis in the United States, due in part to the unintended consequences of increases in prescribing of opioid analgesics. Many clinicians evaluate risk markers for opioid-related harms when prescribing opioids for chronic pain; however, more data on predictive risk markers are needed. Risk markers are attributes (modifiable and non-modifiable) that are associated with increased probability of an outcome. This review aims to identify risk markers associated with fatal and non-fatal prescription drug overdose by synthesizing findings in the existing peer-reviewed and grey literature. Eligible cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and case-cohort studies were reviewed and data were extracted for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Summary odds ratios (SOR) were estimated from 29 studies for six risk markers: sex, age, race, psychiatric disorders, substance use disorder (SUD), and urban/rural residence. Heterogeneity was assessed and effect estimates were stratified by study characteristics. Of the six risk markers identified, SUD had the strongest association with drug overdose death (SOR = 5.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.53 - 7.76), followed by psychiatric disorders (SOR = 3.94, 95% CI = 3.09 - 5.01), white race (SOR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.93 - 2.70), the 35-44 year age group relative to the 25-34 year reference group (SOR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.31 - 1.76), and male sex (SOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.17 - 1.51). This review highlights fatal and non-fatal prescription drug risk markers most frequently assessed in peer-reviewed and grey literature. There is a need to better understand modifiable risk markers and underlying reasons for drug misuse in order to inform interventions that may prevent future drug overdoses.
Henry Ford HEART Score Randomized Trial: Rapid Discharge of Patients Evaluated for Possible Myocardial Infarction.

Background— Hospital evaluation of patients with chest pain is common and costly. The HEART score risk stratification tool that merges troponin testing into a clinical risk model for evaluation emergency department patients with possible acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been shown to effectively identify a substantial low-risk subset of patients possibly safe for early discharge without stress testing, a strategy that could have tremendous healthcare savings implications. Method and Results— A total of 105 patients evaluated for AMI in the emergency departments of 2 teaching hospitals in the Henry Ford Health System (Detroit and West Bloomfield, MI), between February 2014 and May 2015, with a modified HEART score ≤3 (which includes cardiac troponin I P P Conclusions— Among patients evaluated for possible AMI in the emergency department with a modified HEART score ≤3, early discharge without stress testing as compared with transfer to an observation unit for stress testing was associated with significant reductions in length of stay and total charges, a finding that has tremendous potential national healthcare expenditure implications. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03058120
Evaluation of Migration Into Food, Human Health Effects, and Environmental Effects of Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances Used in Food Contact Applications

Abstract Per/Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contain an extended alkyl chain where some or all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine; the alkyl chain is bonded to another functional group, such as an alcohol or acid moiety. The highly fluorinated alkyl chain gives these compounds hydrophobic and oleophobic properties as well as thermal and chemical stability, which make them highly useful for food packaging applications, such as greaseproof coatings for paper products and non-stick coatings for cookware. This article discusses the current applications of PFAS in food packaging and describes how these substances are evaluated by the US FDA, the regulatory body in the USA responsible for premarket approval of substances used in food packaging.
Primary cervical leiomyoma: A rare cause of a posterior neck mass in a pediatric patient

A 13-year-old male presents for evaluation of a right-sided posterolateral neck mass, first noted four years prior to presentation; incisional biopsy two years ago suggested a benign lymph node. Recent growth and increased pain prompted referral to our tertiary care center. MR imaging revealed a densely calcified mass in the right posterior paraspinous muscles with intense enhancement with gadolinium contrast, approximately 5 cm × 2.8 cm x 4.6 cm. Incisional biopsy showed leiomyoma with extensive dystrophic calcifications. This case describes a rare finding of extraesophageal leiomyoma of the neck; this is only the second such case reported in a pediatric patient.
A mathematical model of the effects of resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy on body composition

Current diet and exercise methods used to maintain or improve body composition often have poor long-term outcomes. We hypothesize that resistance exercise (RE) should aid in the maintenance of a healthy body composition by preserving lean mass (LM) and metabolic rate. We extended a previously developed energy balance model of human metabolism to include muscle hypertrophy in response to RE. We first fit model parameters to a hypothetical individual to simulate an RE program and then compared the effects of a hypocaloric diet only to the diet with either cardiovascular exercise (CE) or RE. We then simulated a cohort of individuals with different responses to RE by varying the parameters controlling it using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). Finally, we fit the model to mean data from an elderly population on an RE program. The model is able to reproduce the time course of change in LM in response to RE and can be used to generate a simulated cohort for in silico clinical studies. Simulations suggest that the additional LM generated by RE may shift the body composition to a healthier state.
Introduction: Making Places, Shaping Cities—Narrating Spatial History in Three American Cities:

Powerful computing technologies and theoretical advances have empowered historians to follow the spatial turn in their work. Yet despite new technological and conceptual innovations, narrating spat...
Separable covariance models for health care quality measures across years and topics

Public quality reports for Medicare Advantage health plans include 11 measures of patient experiences reported in the annual Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys. Computing summaries at the health plan level (of multiple measures in multiple years) yields an array-structured random variable. To summarize associations among measures and years, we model the variance-covariance matrix governing the plan-level vectors of yearly quality measures as a Kronecker product of an across-measure matrix and an across-year matrix, or a sum of such Kronecker products. This approach extends separable covariance structure to Fay-Herriot models. In addition, we develop linear combinations of Kronecker products similar to principal components for array random variables. To each Kronecker-product term, we apply post hoc analyses suited to the corresponding dimension of the cross-classification: 1-way factor analysis for the across-measure factor and time-series analysis to the across-year factor. These methods draw out key patterns of variation in the quality measures over time and suggest new strategies for reporting quality information to consumers.
Mind: A Transition Function

Figure 17.1 shows a drawing in which Leonardo da Vinci indicates, with intersecting lines, the senso comune in the third cerebral ventricle, where he thought there was a confluence of the senses. Figure 17.1 also includes the equally famous drawing of Rene Descartes showing the convergence of sensory inputs in the pineal body. The process of producing and assembling percepts into a perception is clearly not the only higher function of the nervous system, but it is certainly one that is frequently considered. An important goal throughout the rich history of neuroscience has been to identify the one place where receptions are converted into perceptions. It is now apparent that there is not a single locus (a Cartesian theater) where this occurs, but rather it is a distributed function of much of the brain. It is appropriate that we conclude this book on nervous system interactions with a brief consideration of the higher functions that might be called the mind.
Hypercoiling in Hydrophobic Polyacids

A series of alternating copolymers with the formula Open image in new window where R is a normal alkyl group, was synthesized. The properties of these compounds in aqueous solution reflect a balance between cohesive hydrophobic interactions of non-polar side-chains and electrostatic repulsive forces of charged carboxyl groups. A similar accommodation of groups of widely differing hydrophilicity must be a major factor in determining the conformation of biopolymers in solution.
7.4 Biophysics of Cadherin-Mediated Cell–Cell Adhesion

Cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion is a key mechanical integrator of multicellular structure and movement. The cadherin junctions are under constant mechanical load whenever cell-to-cell interactions require remodeling, a common occurrence during embryogenesis, tissue repair and cancer cell invasion. Rapid adaptation of adhesive strength is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton, yet the precise mechanisms remain ambiguous. Diverse experimental approaches including genetic, biochemical and biophysical analyses are being used to decipher the molecular interactions at the cadherin–actin linkage, which are now shaping the modern view of cadherin junctions as mechanosensing complexes.
T Cell Expansion: The SurvivinInterface between CellProliferation and Cell Death

T cell proliferation is tightly controlled by intersecting signaling networks. In this issue of Immunity, Song et al. (2005) uncover Survivin as a new mediator of this process. Abundantly studied as a cancer gene, Survivin now emerges as an essential arbiter of T cell expansion, coupling cell cycle progression to apoptosis resistance.
Hourglass: A Bandwidth-Driven Performance Model for Sorting Algorithms

We develop a bandwidth-driven performance model referred to as Hourglass for sorting algorithms. The model quantifies dominant data movements inherent to sorting algorithms e.g., accesses to/from large buffers and network communication and estimates a lower-bound execution time. We validate the model with parallel radix sort and merge sort as well as multinode sample sort on leadership high-performance IBM architectures. The model helps better understand the inherent bottlenecks in a sorting algorithm --- the users can leverage this model to optimize software, redesign the algorithm, and/or analyze architectural what-if scenarios to explore innovative designs.
Ion transport processes in corn roots: an approach utilizing microelectrode techniques

There have been many studies conducted on ion or salt absorption by plant roots. This research has focused both on the basic mechanisms involved in transporting the ion into the plant and on the mineral nutrient status of the specific ion of interest (see, e.g. 7, 10, 17, 34). It is our intent here to present an outline of the previous work on K+ transport, in order to provide the background from which the present studies arose.
The inferior white: Politics and practices of racialization of people from the Middle East in the US:

In this paper, I argue that racialization, as a process whose initiation and preservation requires collaboration between state institutions, elites, and citizens, can be better understood in relati...
Should Aspirin Be Used for Primary Prevention in the Post-Statin Era?

Between 1853 and 1897, German chemists learned to efficiently combine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid. That compound, trademarked as aspirin, proved to be a r...
Laparoscopic Completion Nephrectomy for Local Surgical Bed Recurrence After Partial Nephrectomy: An Analysis of Procedural Complexity and Feasibility.

Abstract Objectives: To study the feasibility and perioperative outcomes associated with a laparoscopic approach to completion nephrectomy in patients with locoregional disease recurrence after par...
Population structure leads to male-biased population sex ratios under environmental sex determination.

Spatial structure has been shown to favor female-biased sex allocation, but current theory fails to explain male biases seen in many taxa, particularly those with environmental sex determination (ESD). We present a theory and accompanying individual-based simulation model that demonstrates how population structure leads to male-biased population sex ratios under ESD. Our simulations agree with earlier work showing that the high productivity of female-producing habitats creates a net influx of sex-determining alleles into male-producing habitats, causing larger sex ratio biases, and lower productivity in male-producing environments (Harts et al. 2014). In contrast to previous findings, we show that male-biasing habitats disproportionately impact the global sex ratio, resulting in stable male-biased population sex ratios under ESD. The failure to detect a male bias in earlier work can be attributed to small subpopulation sizes leading to local mate competition, a condition unlikely to be met in most ESD systems. Simulations revealed that consistent male biases are expected over a wide range of population structures, environmental conditions, and genetic architectures of sex determination, with male excesses as large as 30 percent under some conditions. Given the ubiquity of genetic structure in natural populations, we predict that modest, enduring male biased allocation should be common in ESD species, a pattern consistent with reviews of ESD sex ratios.
Transmission Constrained Economic Dispatch via Interval Optimization Considering Wind Uncertainty

High penetration renewable energy integration can negatively affect the secure operations of power grids. In this paper, an interval optimization based algorithm is presented to solve the transmission-constrained economic dispatch problem considering wind uncertainty. The aim of introducing interval optimization is to determine the possible generation cost range, which is consist of a lower (optimistic) boundary and an upper (pessimistic) boundary. The optimistic value can be obtained by solving a trivial LP problem. However, the pessimistic model is a combinatorial max-min problem. To solve the pessimistic model, the strong duality theory is applied to transfer the max-min problem into a minimization problem. Then the big-M method is employed to manage the combinatorial equality constraints for efficient calculation. The proposed algorithm is solved by interfacing GAMS with MATLAB. Simulation results on a modified IEEE 30 bus system validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Preparing students to write a Professional Philosophy of Recreation Paper.

This paper describes a process for guiding students through the writing of a Professional Philosophy of Recreation Paper and a one-page philosophy statement suitable for use in students' profession...
Decentralizing Clemency: Decentralizing the Commutation Power to Invigorate Sentence Reduction

Reforming sentencing and reducing prison overcrowding requires a focus on the future to ensure just punishments and the past to re-evaluate harsh punishments from the ‘tough on crime’ era. This paper focuses on ending those past wrongs. Executive clemency is sometimes discussed as a method for addressing harsh punishments, but there are only so many governors and Presidents. This paper proposes amending the Ohio Constitution to grant the elected county prosecutors a commutation power subject to veto by the governor. This would decentralize clemency and create a new, potentially system-reshaping tool to address harsh sentences and empower reform-minded prosecutors. The paper additionally discusses other methods to expand clemency and favors adopting the novel constitutional amendment in addition to other reforms for maximum impact.
The Ritual of the Table.

The Ritual of the Table Seeing patients in person is the lifeblood that keeps many physicians going. Being forced by the Covid-19 pandemic to overcome her hesitation about virtual care, a PCP disco...
Foulant Adsorption to Heterogeneous Surfaces with Zwitterionic Nanoscale Domains

Heterogeneous materials with alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains have challenged the long-standing paradigm that surfaces with higher hydrophilicity are more effective at resisting foul...
QuRE: The Quantum Resource Estimator toolbox

We describe QuRE, the Quantum Resource Estimator. QuRE is a layout estimation tool that estimates the cost of practical implementations of quantum circuits in a variety of competing physical quantum technologies and with a variety of strategies for fault tolerant encoding. For each specified algorithm, QuRE estimates quantities such as number of physical qubits, execution time, probability of success of the computation, and physical gate counts for elementary quantum gate types of a specified technology. Out of the box, QuRE supports estimation for six physical quantum technologies, seven quantum algorithms, and with error correction using the Steane [1], [2], Bacon-Shor [3], Knill [4] or surface [5], [6] error correction codes. Moreover, QuRE is extendable and can easily accommodate other choices. After describing QuRE, we use it to investigate the tradeoff between concatenated and surface error correction coding techniques, demonstrating the existence of a crossover point for the Ground State Estimation Algorithm [7].
Engineering DUV and NUV Response in 4H-SiC Avalanche Photodiodes

Homojunction device architectures are explored through numerical simulations to extend the response of 4H-SiC APDs broadly throughout the UV spectrum. We report on device designs and experimental validation of approaches to improve both surface and bulk carrier collection, compatible with high gain Geiger mode operation.
Comparative Effectiveness of Surgical Approaches for Lung Cancer.

Abstract Background The magnitude of association and quality of evidence comparing surgical approaches for lung cancer resection has not been analyzed. This has resulted in conflicting information regarding the relative superiority of the different approaches and disparate opinions on the optimal surgical treatment. We reviewed and systematically analyzed all published data comparing near- (30-d) and long-term mortality for minimally invasive to open surgical approaches for lung cancer. Methods Comprehensive search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library, from January 2009 to August 2019, was performed to identify the studies and those that passed bias assessment were included in the analysis utilizing propensity score matching techniques. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects and fixed-effects models. Risk of bias was assessed via the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the ROBINS-I tool. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020150923) prior to analysis. Results Overall, 1382 publications were identified but 19 studies were included encompassing 47,054 patients after matching. Minimally invasive techniques were found to be superior with respect to near-term mortality in early and advanced-stage lung cancer (risk ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.95, I2 = 0%) as well as for elderly patients (odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.31-0.65, I2 = 30%), but did not demonstrate benefit for high-risk patients (odds ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.06-8.73, I2 = 78%). However, no difference was found in long-term survival. Conclusions We performed the first systematic review and meta-analysis to compare surgical approaches for lung cancer which indicated that minimally invasive techniques may be superior to thoracotomy in near-term mortality, but there is no difference in long-term outcomes.
Creating a Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Economy: A Resource Based Theory Perspective

Academic research has identified a broad array of resources that exist in communities that have an established technology-based entrepreneurial venture population. These studies have focused upon well-known areas such as the Silicon Valley, the 128 loop in Boston and Austin, Texas. Yet even in these relatively homogeneous environments the studies have been highly inconsistent in their findings as to what bundle of resources might be critical in attracting new ventures. Many other communities have either been unsuccessful or only marginally successful in their efforts to recreate the magic of Silicon Valley. We utilize a Resource-Based model to suggest that communities develop unique bundles over time and that the development of these bundles in a particular geographic area is neither linear nor easily replicable.
The Role of Implementation Science in Reducing Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health Disparities

Owing to multiple and multilevel ecological factors, sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations exhibit persistent mental health disparities. SGM populations are also at increased risk for never being reached by evidence-based mental health care in real-world settings, which is essential for reducing these disparities. To be maximally effective in reducing these disparities, we must strive to bring our research findings into routine clinical care quickly. Implementation science can help SGM health researchers achieve this goal. This perspective outlines how researchers can use implementation science theories and methods to reduce SGM mental health disparities more efficiently and more durably.
A Model to Evaluate Effect of Patient-Pump Mismatch on Thrombosis in a Pediatric Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose Thromboembolic events remain a common and significant complication of Berlin Heart (BH) EXCOR devices. Retrospective studies have found larger sized pumps in relation to body surface area (BSA) to be a risk factor, but this has not been demonstrated experimentally. We present a model to study the thrombogenic effects of patient-pump mismatch. Methods Two flow loops were constructed consisting of cardiopulmonary bypass tubing connecting graduated reservoirs to 10cc and 50cc BH's respectively, which were in turn connected to an Ikus driver (Figure 1A). Fresh ( Results Goal flow required pressure settings 160/-20 mmHg at 120 bpm for the 10cc BH vs. 120/-20 at 60bpm for the 50cc BH. Incomplete filling and emptying was noted on the 50cc Berlin. Dry thrombus weight was 36mg in the 10cc BH and 156mg in the 50cc BH. Qualitatively, deposits were noted primarily at the polyurethane valves in the 10cc BH. In contrast, the 50cc BH had deposits primarily in the tubing connectors (Figure 1B,C). Conclusion We demonstrate an effective model for detecting thrombogenic effects of patient-pump mismatch. This model paves the way for future studies focused on BSA's that are at the cusp of adjacent BH pump sizes.
Daily bidirectional associations between adolescent negative peer interactions and sleep in rural China: The moderating effect of parental migration

Left-behind adolescents' biobehavioral adjustment, such as sleep, is poorly understood by research. Using daily data over one week from 90 middle school students (Mage = 13.69) in rural China, this study investigated daily bidirectional associations between negative peer interactions and sleep disturbances, and how these associations varied by parental migration. On days when adolescents reported higher levels of negative peer interactions, they also reported greater daytime dysfunction the following day. Conversely, when adolescents had more nighttime disturbances the previous night, they also reported higher levels of negative peer interactions. The effects of other sleep disturbance indicators (poor sleep quality the previous night and daytime dysfunction on the same day) on negative peer interactions were significant for adolescents with at least one parent migrating and for those with both parents migrating. Findings highlight the importance of considering dynamic interrelations between interpersonal and biobehavioral factors for the healthy development of left-behind adolescents.
Simulating shearing behavior of realistic granular soils using physics engine

The discrete element method (DEM) has become a preeminent numerical tool for investigating the mechanical behavior of granular soils. However, traditional DEM uses sphere clusters to approximate soil particles, which is not efficient in simulating realistic particles. This paper demonstrates the potential of using a physics engine technique to address limitations of the DEM method. Physics engines are originally developed for video games for simulating physical and mechanical processes that occur in the real world to create an immersive and realistic gaming experience. Physics engines use triangular face tesselations to represent objectives, which provides higher accuracy for modeling realistic particle geometries. This paper has three objectives. First, this paper introduces the physics engine technique to the geotechnical community. Second, this paper develops a series of pre-processing, servo-controlling, and post-processing functions embedded into physics engine to generate soil specimens with designed packing densities, perform direct shear tests, and output simulation results including stress–strain relations, fabrics, and force chains. Third, this paper develops a miniature direct shear test that can be scanned by X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) for evaluating the simulation accuracy of the physics engine. The numerical results agree well with experimental results. This study provides DEM modelers with physics engine as one more option for simulating realistic particles.
Impact of Little Cigars and Cigarillos Packaging Features on Product Preference.

Background: We conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) among young adult cigarette smokers in the period July–August 2018 to examine their preference for cigarillos in response to various packaging-related attributes, including flavor, flavor description, quality descriptors, pack size, and prices. Methods: A convenience sample of 566 US young adult cigarette smokers aged 18–34, among whom 296 were current little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) smokers, were recruited using Facebook ads and invited to participate in an online (Qualtrics) tobacco survey containing DCE and tobacco use questions. In the experiment, participants chose among two cigarillo products or “neither” (opt-out). Results: We analyzed preferences for LCCs using multinomial, nested, random parameter logit models. Results showed that young adult cigarette smokers preferred grape over menthol, tobacco/regular, and wine flavors; “color only” and “color and text” flavor depictions over text only; “smooth” and “sweet” quality descriptors over “satisfying”; and larger pack sizes and lower prices. Conclusions: Regulating packaging-related features will impact LCC choices among US young adult smokers. FDA regulation over these packaging-related features may impact LCC use among young adult smokers.
An investigation of COVID-19 related worry in a United States population sample.

Background Although general anxiety has increased markedly since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, little has been reported about the demographic distribution of COVID-19 related worry, its relationship with psychological features, and its association with depression symptoms in the United States (US). Methods 2117 participants, selected to represent the age, gender, and race/ethnic distributions of the US population, completed an online survey. Analysis of variance and correlation analyses were used to assess relationships between the COVID-19 related worry score and demographic characteristics, past psychiatric diagnoses, personality dimensions, and current psychological symptoms. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the COVID-19 worry score and depression symptoms. Results The COVID-19 worry score was markedly higher in younger (18-49 year-olds) than older participants, and moderately higher in men, those who were married or cohabiting, with post-college education, and/or living in large urban areas. The COVID-19 worry score also was markedly higher in those who reported having been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. The COVID-19 worry score correlated with neuroticism, current psychological symptoms, and COVID-19 risk and COVID-19 behavior scores. The COVID-19 worry score was associated with current depression symptoms (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.09–1.11; p Conclusions In this US sample, the COVID-19 worry score was inversely related to age, strongly related to psychological symptoms, and independently associated with depression symptoms. These findings have implications for the community mental health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.
Language and Identity: A Critique

Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party

Introduction: a democratic paradox? 1. The puzzle of CDU policy making on women's issues 2. The corporatist catch-all party model 3. The postwar CDU: origins of a corporatist catch-all party 4. The emergence of the Women's Union, 1969-1982 5. The Women's Union in the dominant coalition, 1982-1989 6. Looking eastward: the Women's Union and cobbled coalitions, 1989-1998 7. The rise of Angela Merkel: policy and personnel decisions of the CDU in unified Germany 8. Christian democracy with and without corporatism: policy making on women's issues in Austria, Italy and the Netherlands Conclusion Appendix A: list of cited interviews.
Functional characterization of recombinant human red cell alpha-spectrin polypeptides containing the tetramer binding site

Spectrin, a heterodimer composed of alpha and beta subunits, interacts with itself head-to-head to form tetramers in the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton. The NH2-terminal region of alpha-spectrin, encompassing the alpha I 80-kDa domain, was expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition to the correctly initiated polypeptide, four smaller polypeptides were produced by initiation at internal codons. Only the full-length polypeptide was able to bind to spectrin dimers, beta monomers, and to a recombinant polypeptide containing the COOH terminus of beta-spectrin. The head-to-head interaction with beta-spectrin was also retained by a recombinant polypeptide containing the NH2-terminal 158 amino acids of the alpha subunit. Deletion of the first 27 or 49 NH2-terminal amino acids abolished binding of this polypeptide to the beta monomer. The phasing used to design these recombinant polypeptides was based on a conformational model recently refined by Speicher et al. (Speicher, D. W., DeSilva, T. M., Speicher, K. D., Ursitti, J. A., Hembach, P., and Weglarz, L. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 4227-4235), where the structural unit begins and terminates around residue 30 of the repeat unit. The binding properties, mobility on gel filtration, and circular dichroism data of the recombinant polypeptides indicated that most polypeptides were able to assume their native conformation.
Characteristics of CMEs observed in the heliosphere using Helios photometer data

The zodiacal light photometers on the two Helios spacecraft have been used to detect and study mass ejections and other phenomena emanating from the sun and traversing the heliosphere within 1 AU. We have recently compiled a complete list of all of the significant white light transient events detected from the 90-deg photometers on both Helios spacecraft. This is a preliminary report on the long-term frequency of occurrence of these events; it emphasizes newly processed data from Helios-l from 1975 through 1982 and viewed south of the ecliptic. With the large Helios photometer data base, we will be able to identify the fraction of the 90 deg events which are heliospheric CMEs and determine their characteristics.
Using CisGenome to Analyze ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq Data

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with genome tiling array hybridization (ChIP-chip) and ChIP followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) are high throughput approaches to profile genome-wide protein-DNA interactions. Both technologies are increasingly used to study transcription factor binding sites and chromatin modifications. CisGenome is an integrated software system for analyzing ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq data. This unit describes basic functions of CisGenome and how to use them to find genomic regions with protein-DNA interactions, visualize binding signals, associate binding regions with nearby genes, search for novel transcription factor binding motifs, and map existing DNA sequence motifs to user-supplied genomic regions to define their exact locations.
Disciplining Service Learning: Institutionalization and the Case for Community Studies

This article argues that the service-learning field has been pursuing the wrong revolution. Namely, service learning has been envisioned as a transformative pedagogical practice and philosophical orientation that would change the fundamental policies and practices of the academy. However, its attempted institutionalization faces substantial barriers and positions service learning in an uncomfortable double-bind that ultimately co-opts and neutralizes its agenda. This article argues that a truly transformative agenda may be to create a parallel movement to develop an “academic home” for service learning within academic “community studies” programs. This “disciplining” of service learning is the truly revolutionary potential of institutionalizing service learning. The service-learning field has been pursuing the wrong revolution. Namely, service learning has been envisioned as a transformative pedagogical practice and philosophical orientation that would change the fundamental policies and practices of the academy. However, its attempted institutionalization of a political and pedagogical revolution not only faces substantial barriers, but also positions service learning in an uncomfortable double-bind. This double-bind co-opts service learning’s agenda such that, rather than service learning changing higher education, higher education will change service learning. I thus argue that a truly transformative agenda may
T cell intrinsic SerpinB1 and a cathepsin protease serve as yin and yang to control Th17 differentiation (LYM3P.732)

SerpinB1, an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases, was recognized to restrict infection-associated inflammation. Recently, we found that loss of SerpinB1 leads to expansion of IL-17A+ γδ and Th17 cells even at steady-state. To date, little is known about how proteases and their inhibitors influence the differentiation of T cell subsets. Here, using differentiation of sorted naive CD4+ T cells, we show that, under Th17 conditions (IL-6 and TGF-β), deficiency of SerpinB1 significantly increased the IL-17+ population (~ 50% increase over WT) and reciprocally diminished the FoxP3+ population. In contrast, there were no genotype-differences in Th1 differentiation. Although neutrophil elastase is considered the primary target of SerpinB1, elastase-/- mice have IL-17+ γδ and Th17 cell numbers comparable to WT mice. Systematic screening of pure proteases using peptidase assays revealed that SerpinB1 also inhibits a subset of cysteine cathepsin proteases. Treating naive CD4 cells with the broad cysteine protease inhibitors E64d and FA-fmk decreased differentiation to IL17+ cells and reciprocally increased FoxP3+ cells. Use of specific cathepsin inhibitors including CLIK195 and LHVS further suggests a role for cathepsin-L or a cathepsin-L like protease. Thus, these findings show that, in addition to the known transcriptional regulation paradigm, the balance between Th17 cells and Tregs is tightly regulated by SerpinB1 acting through a cysteine cathepsin.
Origin of the structural phase transition in Li7La3Zr2O12.

Garnet-type ${\mathrm{Li}}_{7}{\mathrm{La}}_{3}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ is a solid electrolyte material for Li-ion battery applications with a low-conductivity tetragonal and a high-conductivity cubic phase. Using density-functional theory and variable cell shape molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the tetragonal phase stability is dependent on a simultaneous ordering of the Li ions on the Li sublattice and a volume-preserving tetragonal distortion that relieves internal structural strain. Supervalent doping introduces vacancies into the Li sublattice, increasing the overall entropy and reducing the free energy gain from ordering, eventually stabilizing the cubic phase. We show that the critical temperature for cubic phase stability is lowered as Li vacancy concentration (dopant level) is raised and that an activated hop of Li ions from one crystallographic site to another always accompanies the transition. By identifying the relevant mechanism and critical concentrations for achieving the high conductivity phase, this work shows how targeted synthesis could be used to improve electrolytic performance.
Optical multichannel analyzer as a scanner for the ultracentrifuge: I. Single beam operation

Abstract The use of a commercial optical multichannel analyzer as a scanner for the ultracentrifuge is described. A uv-sensitive silicon vidicon tube serves as the light detector. The 5 by 12.5 mm surface of the vidicon is divided into 500 channels, scanned about 30 times/sec. An optical system was constructed which provided a reduced image of cell and counter-balance with the radius in the direction of channel number. The video signal from the vidicon is converted into digital data for each channel, the number of counts being proportional to the light intensity for that radial position. Storage registers are used to accumulate the counts for each channel, for any desired number of scans up to 9,999. For these studies, blue light from an H85C3 ac mercury lamp was used to illuminate the cell. Rotor and lamp pulses, visible on the real-time cathode-ray-tube monitor, were examined theoretically, and shown to have a negligible effect on the accumulated image. Only single-beam operation of the optical multichannel analyzer is described. The conversion of intensity data to absorbance as a function of radial position is described. The accuracy of the optical multichannel analyzer was verified by comparison of absorbances with values determined with a spectrophotometer. As a final test of the optical multichannel analyzer, the molecular weight of myoglobin was studied by sedimentation equilibrium. The reduced scatter in the experimental points permitted a more detailed analysis than usually performed. The final conclusion is that, even with single-beam operation at this early stage of development, the optical multichannel analyzer performs better than the double-beam, commercial scanner. Features already built into the optical multichannel analyzer lend themselves to automatic operation, either with a minicomputer or a specially constructed unit. Possible means of accomplishing double-beam and multiple cell operation are discussed.
Optimization of the peak-load condenser operation for a fossil-fired generation unit with ACC

For improving the economic benefit of the generation unit with ACC (air-cooled condenser) in summer season, a peak-load condenser system was updated for the ACC system. Optimization of the peak-load condenser operation was studied using the site test and system simulation methods. Based on the site test data, certain characteristic performance parameter was calculated such as cleaniness factor and etc. Final optimized operation scheme was studied using the simulation software for various ambient conditions. It is shown that, based on the current equipment conditions, for most of the weather conditions except for winter, the peak-load condenser with one cooling pump in operation can improve the unit performance.
Gates accept concurrent behavior

We represent concurrent processes as Boolean propositions or gates, cast in the role of accepters of concurrent behavior. This properly extends other mainstream representations of concurrent behavior such as event structures, yet is defined more simply. It admits an intrinsic notion of duality that permits processes to be viewed as either schedules or automata. Its algebraic structure is essentially that of linear logic, with its morphisms being consequence-preserving renamings of propositions, and with its operations forming the core of a natural concurrent programming language. >
Pentablock Copolymer nano formulation for controlled Ocular Delivery of Protein Therapeutics

Purpose: Recurrent intravitreal injections are obligatory to maintain therapeutic levels at choroid and retina for wet-MAD treatment. Several drug administrations to retina may result in possible impediments such as retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, and patient nonconformity. The objective of this research is to synthesize and assess pentablock (PB) copolymers for the precise and non-aggressive delivery of macromolecules in the treatment of posterior segment diseases of the eye.
Short communication: A software tool for translating deterministic model results into probabilistic assessments of water quality standard compliance

Most assessments of whether a water body will comply with pollutant standards after modification of land use, loading, or climate change are based on the results of deterministic simulation models. These models, including those used to support the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) total maximum daily load (TMDL) program, typically do not account for common sources of assessment uncertainty. Instead, model results are typically represented by a time series of predicted pollutant concentration values or the parameters of a frequency-based distribution of these values over a specified time period. The rate of exceedance of relevant pollutant limits is then assessed directly from this time series or distribution to determine standard compliance. In this way, sampling and analysis-based variability and model uncertainty are typically ignored, although they may substantially influence the probability of non-compliance. To help address this problem, we introduce ProVAsT (Probabilistic Water Quality Standard Violation Assessment Tool), a software tool encoded in the graphical model-based package Analytica^(R). Here, we present a version of ProVAsT which translates model-predicted in situ fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) pollutant concentrations into the expected frequency of water quality standard violations and provides a Bayesian measure of the degree of confidence in this assessment. We call this version ProVAsT-FIB. Along with inputting their own simulation model results, users can specify the particular water quality analysis methods employed (e.g. the analytic procedure used and the number and volume of sample aliquots) as well as the numeric limits pertaining to local water quality standards. It is our hope that ProVAsT will encourage the rational consideration of uncertainty and variability in water quality assessments by reducing the burden of complex statistical calculations.
Quantification of penicillin-G and procaine in equine urine and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography

A rapid and sensitive method for the extraction and quantification of penicillin-G and procaine in horse urine and plasma samples has been successfully developed. The method involves the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for penicillin-G, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for procaine, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantification of penicillin-G and procaine. The new method described here has been successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic studies of procaine, penicillin-G and procaine-penicillin-G administrations in the horse.
Adolescent Chest Pain—Is It the Heart?

Adolescents frequently present to the emergency department with chest pain. Unlike adult patients with chest pain, most studies have shown that adolescents with this complaint rarely have serious organic pathology. For many adolescents, the symptom of chest pain is not acute in nature, and it is uncommon for an adolescent with this complaint to present with significant distress or require immediate resuscitation. However, an adolescent with chest pain should still be approached carefully and promptly because serious medical conditions can be present. The emergency physician should consider important cardiac causes of chest pain in adolescents, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, drug abuse (cocaine and others), myocarditis, and pericarditis.