cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the G0 Backward Angle experiment

We have measured parity-violating asymmetries in elastic electron-proton and quasi-elastic electron-deuteron scattering at Q 2 = 0.22 and 0.63 GeV 2 .T hey are sensitive to strange quark contributions to currents in the nucleon, and to the nucleon axial current. The results indicate strange quark contributions of ≤10% of the charge and magnetic nucleon form factors at these four-momentum transfers. Analysis of the data is summarized.
Calculating the nutrient composition of recipes with computers.

The objective of this research project was to compare the nutrient values computed by four commonly used computerized recipe calculation methods. The four methods compared were the yield factor, retention factor, summing, and simplified retention factor methods. Two versions of the summing method were modeled. Four pork entree recipes were selected for analysis: roast pork, pork and noodle casserole, pan-broiled pork chops, and pork chops with vegetables. Assumptions were made about changes expected to occur in the ingredients during preparation and cooking. Models were designed to simulate the algorithms of the calculation methods using a microcomputer spreadsheet software package. Identical results were generated in the yield factor, retention factor, and summing-cooked models for roast pork. The retention factor and summing-cooked models also produced identical results for the recipe for pan-broiled pork chops. The summing-raw model gave the highest value for water in all four recipes and the lowest values for most of the other nutrients. A superior method or methods was not identified. However, on the basis of the capabilities provided with the yield factor and retention factor methods, more serious consideration of these two methods is recommended.
MR Image Analytics to Characterize the Upper Airway Structure in Obese Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

Purpose Quantitative image analysis in previous research in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has focused on the upper airway or several objects in its immediate vicinity and measures of object size. In this paper, we take a more general approach of considering all major objects in the upper airway region and measures pertaining to their individual morphological properties, their tissue characteristics revealed by image intensities, and the 3D architecture of the object assembly. We propose a novel methodology to select a small set of salient features from this large collection of measures and demonstrate the ability of these features to discriminate with very high prediction accuracy between obese OSAS and obese non-OSAS groups.
Statistics of dark matter substructure – III. Halo-to-halo variance

We present a study of unprecedented statistical power regarding the halo-to-halo variance of dark matter substructure. Using a combination of N-body simulations and a semi-analytical model, we investigate the variance in subhalo mass fractions and subhalo occupation numbers, with an emphasis on how these statistics scale with halo formation time. We demonstrate that the subhalo mass fraction, f_sub, is mainly a function of halo formation time, with earlier forming haloes having less substructure. At fixed formation redshift, the average f_sub is virtually independent of halo mass, and the mass dependence of f_sub is therefore mainly a manifestation of more massive haloes assembling later. We compare observational constraints on f_sub from gravitational lensing to our model predictions and simulation results. Although the inferred f_sub are substantially higher than the median LCDM predictions, they fall within the 95th percentile due to halo-to-halo variance. We show that while the halo occupation distribution of subhaloes, P(N|M), is super-Poissonian for large , a well established result, it becomes sub-Poissonian for < 2. Ignoring the non-Poissonity results in systematic errors of the clustering of galaxies of a few percent, and with a complicated scale- and luminosity-dependence. Earlier-formed haloes have P(N|M) closer to a Poisson distribution, suggesting that the dynamical evolution of subhaloes drives the statistics towards Poissonian. Contrary to a recent claim, the non-Poissonity of subhalo occupation statistics does not vanish by selecting haloes with fixed mass and fixed formation redshift. Finally, we use subhalo occupation statistics to put loose constraints on the mass and formation redshift of the Milky Way halo. Using observational constraints on the V_max of the most massive satellites, we infer that 0.25<M_vir/10^12M_sun/h<1.4 and 0.1<z_f<1.4 at 90% confidence.
A Collaborative Bullying Prevention Project

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of a collaborative project aimed to increase awareness of school bullying for preservice school counseling and teacher education students. The historical impetus for this unique project is discussed. Descriptions of the multimodal activities and participant responses for this collaborative project are included. Professionals from both school mental health and teacher education backgrounds came together to create an event that facilitated an awareness of bullying prevention and intervention in future school counselors and classroom teachers.
PAVES: Partnering with autonomous vehicles, environments, and systems

Despite the growing prominence and capabilities of self-driving cars, little is known about human interaction with such autonomous vehicles. We are studying human interaction with multiple levels of automation and navigation in a simple driving simulator to discover principles for interaction design that encourage effective partnership between people and automated vehicles. We have conducted two experiments so far. In the first, participants completed driving tasks based on two different factors: automated versus manual control and navigation in low-level versus high-level language, which were combined via a factorial design into four conditions for each participant in the form of different driving scenarios. Performance was measured by travel time, frequency of driving and navigational errors, and levels of user satisfaction. The second iteration had all automated driving, with participants merely supervising while we gave varying amounts of verbal input.
PDT-based combinations in overcoming chemoresistance from stromal and heterotypic cellular communication (Conference Presentation)

Targeting the molecular and cellular cues that influence treatment resistance in tumors is critical to effectively treating unresponsive populations of stubborn disease. The informed design of mechanism-based combinations is emerging as increasingly important to targeting resistance and improving the efficacy of conventional treatments, while minimizing toxicity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to synergize with conventional agents and to overcome the evasion pathways that cause resistance. Increasing evidence shows that PDT-based combinations cooperate mechanistically with, and improve the therapeutic index of, traditional chemotherapies. These and other findings emphasize the importance of including PDT as part of comprehensive treatment plans for cancer, particularly in complex disease sites. Identifying effective combinations requires a multi-faceted approach that includes the development of bioengineered cancer models and corresponding image analysis tools. The molecular and phenotypic basis of verteporfin-mediated PDT-based enhancement of chemotherapeutic efficacy and predictability in complex 3D models for ovarian cancer will be presented.
‘As the Falcon Her Bells’ at Sutton Hoo? Falconry in Early Anglo-Saxon England

As the ox hath his bow, sir, the horse his curb, and the falcon her bells, so man hath his desires.Shakespeare, As You Like It, Act 3, Scene 3This article re-examines the earliest evidence for falconry in England, comprising the faunal remains of raptors and their quarry, Style II animal art which shows a preponderance of predatory birds including hawk-with-prey motifs, and small copper-alloy bells which may have functioned as falconry equipment. I consider these strands of evidence within a broader European context including the contemporary ‘falconry graves’ found in Scandinavia and Central Europe, and legal codes treating crimes against falconry birds and hawking dogs on the Continent. I argue that a persuasive case can be made for falconry in early Anglo-Saxon England, that falconry may have been introduced from Scandinavia to the region of East Anglia around the late sixth to early seventh century, and that falconry and falconry birds may have played an important social role in this emerging kingdom.
The Effect of Thermo-Photo Period for Donor Plant Growth on Anther Culture of Indica Rice

Donor plants of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp.indica. C.V. Si-Xi-Zhan) were grown in 9 phytotrons with a 3 thermoperiods (average temperature 29.7°C, 25.7°C or 23.5°C) ×3 photoperiods (14.75h, 14.00h or 13.25h) design. It was found that the callus initiation rate was higher if plants grew under mid or short photoperiod and mid or low temperature. The highest one was 42.24% under the condition of 25.7°C/14.00 h. The frequency of green plantlet regeneration was more that 20% under the conditions of 23.5°C or 25.7°C/13.25 h. The ratio of green plantlet to albino was also higher under short photoperiod condition. The suitable season for indica anther culture was discussed.
Comparison of the effect of elastic and viscoelastic modeling of PCBs on the assessment of board level reliability

The assessment of board level solder joint reliability during thermal cycling is very important for electronic packages. During thermal cycling, the mismatch in Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) between the materials used in the package induces stress on the solder interconnects and results in deformation and stresses. Finite element tools are widely used for rapid design optimization and also for understanding board level reliability issues. Lumped board modeling approach, explicit geometry approach, and ECAD approach are the three widely used approaches for creating models for Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Mapping the metal fraction in each layer from ECAD data usually results in highly accurate and fast solutions. However, in situations where the ECAD data is not available the lump approach is employed as explicit geometry approach requires very large mesh size and very long solution times. In the lump approach, orthotropic elastic material properties are assigned to PCBs. However, for temperatures near and beyond the glass transition temperature, materials behave in a viscoelastic manner. In which case, considering viscoelastic properties would result in a more accurate representation than the orthotropic elastic lump model. In this paper, we present a comparative study on the orthotropic linear elastic and viscoelastic modeling of PCBs and how it affects the board level reliability of Wafer Chip Scale Package (WCSP) under thermal cycling. The viscoelastic material properties of PCBs are characterized using Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). The frequency and temperature dependent complex moduli are obtained from the DMA. The obtained results are used to model the PCBs as viscoelastic materials on ANSYS 17.2. Thermal cycling is performed in ANSYS and the results obtained are compared to those obtained from the elastic modeling of PCBs.
The Future of Geriatric Urology

What is the future of geriatric urology? As the population continues to grow exponentially, the patient base of older adults with urologic issues will expand in parallel. This will lead to a continued expansion of the need for both clinical services and research. It will also result in increased workforce demands to meet these needs. This chapter reviews historical developments in the field, and projected needs for the future.
A non-myopic dynamic inventory routing and pricing problem

Abstract A new framework for the design of a dynamic non-myopic inventory and delivery network between suppliers and retailers under the assumption of elastic demand—one that simultaneously incorporates inventory, routing, and pricing—is proposed. The developed queuing approximation method is based on optimal tolling of queues. We propose a dynamic approach for a supplier who has to deliver products to a number of retailers while maximizing social welfare through dynamic pricing that accounts for customer waiting times, inventory holding, lost-sales costs, and delivery costs. The proposed non-myopic model increases the social welfare by up to 17% compared to the marginal pricing case.
Covering their bases: The phosphobase methylation pathway in plants

Phosphoethanolamine methyltransferases add three methyl groups successively to their substrate to produce phosphocholine, an important precursor for phospholipid biosynthesis in diverse organisms. New work from Lee and Jez reveals critical domain movements that explain how multiple methylation reactions are uniquely coordinated by plant methyltransferases and provides insights into the evolution of this class of enzymes. As opposed to closely related family members, the intermediates in this pathway are likely shuttled between two tethered domains to ensure complete methylation.
Neurotensin and Bombesin

Several years ago our group reviewed the literature on neuropeptides in the Handbook of Psychopharmacology (Prange et al., 1978). We bring this to the reader’s attention for two reasons. First, although the task was complex, it was accomplished with reasonable comprehensibility in a single article. At present, however, after an exponential growth, the number of reports concerned with neuropeptides has increased to the point where even a cursory consideration would far exceed the constraints of a single review. In fact, this entire volume is dedicated to that purpose. Second, when we wrote our earlier review, little was known about either NT* or BOM. † We consigned half a page to the former; we did not mention the latter.
Process optimization for scalable E. coli extract preparation for cell-free protein synthesis

Abstract Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a versatile tool for protein research and biomanufacturing. In this work, large volume cell extract preparation methods from Escherichia coli were optimized with a unit operations approach. Using face centered cubic designed experiments, optimized time points for IPTG induction (to produce T7 polymerase) and cell harvest were determined. These were at times corresponding to 28 and 58.5% the overall growth extent as measured by absorption; for 1 L cultures in 2.5 L shake flasks in our incubator, this amounted to 201 min and 255 min respectively. The cell pellet was washed in S30 buffer once for 10 min and stored at −80°C without flash freezing in nitrogen. Cell lysis was simplified by diluting the cells to one part S30 buffer, one part DI water, and one part cells by mass and then passing through a continuous French press for one cycle at 25,000 psi. The resulting suspension is clarified with one low speed centrifugation step at 12,000×g for 10 min (4°C). All extract is then immediately frozen in a pilot-scale lyophilizer (−70°C) and dried under optimal conditions determined as 4 h under vacuum (200 mTorr) while holding a shelf temperature of 15°C. The lyophilized extract showed no statistically significant difference in sfGFP expression levels when compared to an optimized, lower-volume sonication protocol and improved performance over extract from commercial kits. As an increasing number of efforts in CFPS expand beyond the bench top, scalability and reliability become increasingly important if it is to become a viable tool for biomanufacturing.
The Most Fascinating Kind of Art: Fashion Design Protection as a Moral Right

In recent years, politicians, academics, and industry professionals have argued vehemently that copyright protection should extend to cover fashion designs, which are currently excluded under the “useful articles” doctrine. These arguments have proved somewhat successful, as a number of bills have been drafted to expand copyright laws to include fashion, most recently the Innovative Design Protection Act of 2012, and two congressional hearings have been held on the subject. None of bills, however, have managed to gain much traction in Congress, and progress appears to be stalled. My objective in this Note is not to examine the legislation that has been proposed, but to uncover why the supporters of fashion copyright have been so steadfast in their promotion of it. Copyright in the United States is built on economic principles and aims to incentivize innovation. It seems clear that from an economic perspective, copyright is unneeded to incentivize creativity in the fashion industry. After reviewing the legislative history and other arguments made by proponents of fashion copyright, a different picture emerges: supporters of fashion copyright view fashion as “art” and feel a sense of harm when it is cheaply or slavishly copied. Even if designers feel no economic harm from the copying of their creations, they are morally harmed by it. Perhaps then moral rights law, not copyright, provides the appropriate theoretical framework in which to analyze the extension of further protections to fashion design. The stalled debate over fashion copyright might be revitalized by discussing design protection in the more theoretically relevant framework of moral rights laws, which are concerned with reputational — as opposed to economic — harms.
Multi-Layered Nanomicelles as Self-Assembled Nanocarrier Systems for Ocular Peptide Delivery

Despite the great potential of peptides as therapeutics, there is an unmet challenge in sustaining delivery of sufficient amounts in their native forms. This manuscript describes a novel nanocarrier capable of delivering functional small peptides in its native form. Self-assembling multi-layered nanomicelles composed of two polymers, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 40 (HCO-40) and octoxynol 40 (OC-40), were designed to combine hydrophilic interaction and solvent-induced encapsulation of peptides and proteins. The polymers are employed to encapsulate peptide or protein in the core of the organo-nanomicelles which are further encapsulated with another layer of the same polymers to form an aqueous stable nanomicellar solution. The size of the multi-layered nanomicelles ranges from ~ 16 to 20 nm with zeta potential close to neutral (~ − 2.44 to 0.39 mV). In vitro release studies revealed that octreotide-loaded multi-layered nanomicelles released octreotide at much slower rate in simulated tear fluid (STF) (~ 27 days) compared to PBST (~ 11 days) in its native form. MTT assay demonstrated negligible toxicity of the multi-layered nanomicelles at lower concentrations in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE, D407), human conjunctival epithelial (CCL 20.2), and rhesus choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cells. This work demonstrates an efficient small peptide delivery platform with significant advantages over existing approaches, as it does not require modification of the peptide, is biodegradable, and has a small size and high loading capacity.
Cellular HIV Reservoirs and Viral Rebound from the Lymphoid Compartments of 4′-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2′-Deoxyadenosine (EFdA)-Suppressed Humanized Mice

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly suppresses HIV replication, lymphoid tissues remain a sanctuary site where the virus may replicate. Tracking the earliest steps of HIV spread from these cellular reservoirs after drug cessation is pivotal for elucidating how infection can be prevented. In this study, we developed an in vivo model of HIV persistence in which viral replication in the lymphoid compartments of humanized mice was inhibited by the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) to very low levels, which recapitulated ART-suppression in HIV-infected individuals. Using a combination of RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we quantitatively investigated the distribution of HIV in the lymphoid tissues of humanized mice during active infection, EFdA suppression, and after drug cessation. The lymphoid compartments of EFdA-suppressed humanized mice harbored very rare transcription/translation-competent HIV reservoirs that enable viral rebound. Our data provided the visualization and direct measurement of the early steps of HIV reservoir expansion within anatomically intact lymphoid tissues soon after EFdA cessation and suggest a strategy to enhance therapeutic approaches aimed at eliminating the HIV reservoir.
Functions and Integrals

In this chapter we introduce some important mathematical functions and we learn more about Integration. The new functions allow us to find many indefinite integrals. We statt with a fairly general concept, inverse function, illustrated first with two examples.
Kuru, AIDS and unfamiliar social behaviour--biocultural considerations in the current epidemic: discussion paper.

This paper focuses on biocultural considerations regarding kuru and AIDS epidemic. The report explores cultural relativism in the study of the disease legal remedies and medical misdirections and learnings from the experience of the Fore community who was greatly devastated by kuru. Analyzing the social antecedents of a disease such as kuru and AIDS requires both perversion and observation of the longstanding practices of the community. To reduce the transmission of infectious diseases such as AIDS and kuru both the biomedical and cultural aspects as well as an anthropological perspective regarding infection control should be considered. It was argued that efforts to terminate kuru epidemic did not involve rigorous state control of deviant behavior in a particular Melanian society. The experience of the Fore community and the medical misdirections regarding kuru reflects the need for a more anthropologically sound approach to disease prevention and control. Many people are dying from preventable tragedies including AIDS and aberrant social behaviors towards AIDS patients are common. The ultimate virological nightmare has clearly been paralleled by a sociological nightmare which can only be curtailed through a commitment to an interdisciplinary approach and recognition by medical scientists of anthropological imperatives. A clinician or epidemiologist should adopt the example of a medical anthropologist and retain a sense of cultural relativism whenever possible.
Myths and Misconceptions: Varicella-Zoster Virus Exposure, Infection Risks, Complications, and Treatments

Varicella zoster and herpes zoster are infections caused by the highly contagious varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Despite widespread availability of vaccines against VZV, as well as varicella vaccination rates >95%, VZV remains a public health concern because of several common myths and misconceptions. Because of the success of routine varicella vaccination programs, some people mistakenly believe that varicella and herpes zoster are now no longer a threat to public health. Another common misconception is that shingles is less infectious than varicella; however, clinical evidence indicates otherwise. Several knowledge gaps exist around VZV transmission and the availability and use of varicella zoster immune globulin (human) for postexposure prophylaxis against VZV. To help reduce the incidence of severe disease in high-risk individuals (eg, elderly people, pregnant women, unvaccinated persons, infants, and immunocompromised children and adults), this article addresses misbeliefs and broadens awareness of VZV exposure, infection risks, complications, and treatments.
Polysomnography and Treatment-Related Outcomes of Childhood Sleep Apnea.

BACKGROUND: Polysomnography is central to the diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, it is not known whether the treatment-related outcomes of OSA are causally associated with its resolution or changes in severity as determined by polysomnography. METHODS: Polysomnographic, cognitive, behavioral, quality-of life, and health outcomes at baseline and at 7 months were obtained from the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial, a randomized trial comparing the outcomes of early adenotonsillectomy to watchful waiting in children with OSA. We used causal mediation analysis to measure the changes in 18 outcomes independently attributable to polysomnographic resolution or changes in severity after adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: A total of 398 children aged 5 to 9 years were included. A total of 244 (61%) experienced resolution of OSA at follow-up. Polysomnographic resolution of the condition accounted for small but significant proportions of changes in symptoms (proportion mediated [95% confidence interval] 0.13 [0.07 to 0.21]; P CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the treatment-related changes in outcomes of OSA in school-aged children are not causally attributable to polysomnographic resolution or changes in its severity. These results underscore the limited utility of polysomnographic thresholds in the management of childhood OSA.
Fast color quantization using MacQueen’s k-means algorithm

Color quantization (CQ) is an important operation with many applications in computer graphics and image processing and analysis. Clustering algorithms have been extensively applied to this problem. However, despite its popularity as a general purpose clustering algorithm, k-means has not received much attention in the CQ literature because of its high computational requirements and sensitivity to initialization. In this paper, we propose a novel CQ method based on an online k-means formulation due to MacQueen. The proposed method utilizes adaptive and efficient cluster center initialization and quasirandom sampling to attain deterministic, high speed, and high-quality quantization. Experiments on a diverse set of publicly available images demonstrate that the proposed method is significantly faster than the more common batch k-means formulation due to Lloyd while delivering nearly identical results.
MQCT: User-ready program for calculations of inelastic scattering of two molecules

Abstract A program named MQCT is developed for calculations of rotationally and vibrationally inelastic scattering of molecules using the mixed quantum/classical theory approach. Calculations of collisions between two general asymmetric top rotors are now possible, which is a feature unavailable in other existing codes. Vibrational states of diatomic molecules can also be included in the basis set expansion, to carry out calculations of ro-vibrational excitation and quenching. Minimal input for the code assumes several defaults and is very simple, easy to set-up and run by non-experts. Multiple options, available for expert calculations, are listed in the Supplemental Information. The code is parallel and takes advantage of intrinsic massive parallelism of the mixed quantum/classical approach. A Monte-Carlo sampling procedure, implemented as option in the code, enables calculations for complicated systems with many internal states and large number of partial scattering waves. The coupled-states approximation is also implemented as an option. Integral and differential cross sections can be computed for the elastic channel. Rotational symmetry of each molecule, as well as permutation symmetry of two collision partners, are implemented. Potential energy surfaces for H 2 O + He, H 2 O + H 2 , and H 2 O + H 2 O are included in the code. Example input files are also provided for these systems. Program summary Program title: MQCT Program files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/sg36r35njz.1 Licensing provisions: GNU GPL v3.0 Programming language: FORTRAN Supplementary material: MQCT user guide Nature of problem: Calculations of rotationally and vibrationally inelastic scattering of two molecules, with possible applications in astrophysics and atmospheric chemistry. Solution method: Mixed quantum/classical theory (MQCT) approach Additional comments: This code can be used to simulate a collision of two asymmetric top rotors, such as H 2 O + H 2 O.
Cooperative Model Predictive Control Scheme for Dispersed Smart Inverters at the Grid Edge

Growing number of distributed energy resources (DERs) requires cutting-edge control schemes to ensure uniform but not identical involvement of DERs to address fluctuations on voltage of the grid cluster. Designing such control schemes for grid clusters with high penetration of DERs is complex and depends on physical configuration of the clusters themselves. This paper proposes a two-layered cooperative model predictive control framework for fleet of dispersed smart inverters connected to a three-phase cluster located at the edge of the grid. The upper layer of the control framework ensures cooperative operation of fleet of smart inverters to perform voltage regulation and address voltage fluctuations across the grid cluster; while the lower level controller guarantees each individual inverter obeys the dictated references for active/reactive powers by the upper layer controller. In addition, the proposed two-layered controller has low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability to support the grid cluster during voltage sags. By employing the proposed control framework, the smart inverters will inject desired active/reactive powers based on the actual condition of the entire cluster. The control scheme is verified by simulation.
Unique personality profiles predict when and why sad music is enjoyed

The experience of sadness is largely unpleasant, but when expressed through music, it can be pleasurable. Previous research has shown that an attraction to sad music is correlated with personality ...
Does Supine Lying Center of Pressure Movement Predict Normal Developmental Stages in Early Infancy

Background: Qualitative evaluation of spontaneous movements is often utilized to predict neurodevelopmental impairments in young infants. One such tool is Prechtl's General Movement Assessment (GMA), which has been established as a predictor of cerebral palsy (CP) diagnoses. The GMA is a qualitative clinical tool to visually identify infants with absent or abnormal fidgety movements associated with developmental stage, yet no quantitative measures exist to detect fidgety activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between quantitative Center of Pressure (CoP) measurements during supine lying and age. …
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on symptom control in preschool children with recurrent wheezing.

INTRODUCTION: Preschool wheezers are at high risk of recurrent attacks triggered by respiratory viruses, sometimes exacerbated by exposure to allergens and pollution. Because of the COVID-19 infection, the lockdown was introduced, but the effects on preschool wheezers are unknown. We hypothesized that there would be an improvement in outcomes during the lockdown, and these would be lost when the lockdown was eased. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients underwent medical visits before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. We recorded the childhood Asthma Control Test (cACT) and a clinical questionnaire. Data on symptoms, the need for medications and the use of healthcare resources were recorded. We compared these data with retrospective reports from the preceding year and prospectively acquired questionnaires after lockdown. RESULTS: We studied 85 preschool wheezers, mean age 4.9 years. During the lockdown, cACT score was significantly higher (median 25 vs. 23); families reported a dramatic drop in wheezing episodes (51 vs. none), significant reductions in the day and nighttime symptoms, including episodes of shortness of breath (p < .0001); the use of salbutamol and oral corticosteroids (OCS) dropped significantly (p < .0001) and 79 (95%) patients needed no OCS bursts during the lockdown. Finally, patients had significantly fewer extra medical examinations, as well as fewer Emergency Room visits (p < .0001). All were improved compared with the same time period from the previous year, but outcomes worsened significantly again after lockdown (cACT median: 22). CONCLUSIONS: During the national lockdown, children with persistent preschool wheeze showed a significant clinical improvement with reduction of respiratory symptoms, medication use for exacerbations, and use of healthcare resources. This trend reversed when lockdown restrictions were eased.
Obtaining the Best Possible Medication History at Hospital Admission: Description of a Pharmacy Technician-Driven Program to Identify Medication Discrepancies:

Purpose:Describe the process of obtaining the best possible medication history (BPMH) by Certified Pharmacy Technicians (CPhTs) on hospital admission to identify medication discrepancies.Methods:Cr...
Wildfire Emergency Response Hazard Extraction and Analysis of Trends (HEAT) through Natural Language Processing and Time Series

A methodology for Hazard Extraction and Analysis of Trends (HEAT) is proposed and conducted on a data set of wildfire incident response forms, known as ICS-209-PLUS. The HEAT processes: (1) extract a set of hazards from a data set, (2) calculate hazard-relevant metrics in a primary analysis, (3) analyze trends over time in metrics using time series, and (4) examine potential explanations for metric trends using a secondary analysis. Hazards are extracted from narrative data in the ICS-209-PLUS based on a framework previously developed by the authors, using natural language processing. Metrics examined for each hazard include operational time to occurrence, rate of occurrence, frequency, and severity. Primary results include a taxonomy of hazards present in the data set with relevant quantitative metrics. The most frequent hazards identified are environmental and include hazardous terrain. Most hazards occur on average between 35-55% containment. Incidents with hazards tend to have a higher average severity score when compared to the average score for all incidents. Time series of the metrics and relevant predictors, including fire characteristics, fire intensity, and operations, are created to facilitate further analysis. Secondary results used to determine which factors best predict hazard frequency include a correlation matrix and regression analysis. These findings are relevant to safety for current, as well as emerging wildfire operations, and are an exploratory first step in developing historical data-driven risk assessment models.
String Abstractions for Qubit Mapping.

One of the key compilation steps in Quantum Computing (QC) is to determine an initial logical to physical mapping of the qubits used in a quantum circuit. The impact of the starting qubit layout can vastly affect later scheduling and placement decisions of QASM operations, yielding higher values on critical performance metrics (gate count and circuit depth) as a result of quantum compilers introducing SWAP operations to meet the underlying physical neighboring and connectivity constraints of the quantum device. In this paper we introduce a novel qubit mapping approach, string-based qubit mapping. The key insight is to prioritize the mapping of logical qubits that appear in longest repeating non-overlapping substrings of qubit pairs accessed. This mapping method is complemented by allocating qubits according to their global frequency usage. We evaluate and compare our new mapping scheme against two quantum compilers (QISKIT and TKET) and two device topologies, the IBM Manhattan (65 qubits) and the IBM Kolkata (27 qubits). Our results demonstrate that combining both mapping mechanisms often achieve better results than either one individually, allowing us to best QISKIT and TKET baselines, yielding between 13% and 17% average improvement in several group sizes, up to 32% circuit depth reduction and 63% gate volume improvement.
The State Of The Art For The Detection Of Concealed Handguns And Explosives

To begin I must draw your attention to the change of title of this presentation. The new title is "The State of the Art for the Detection of Concealed Handguns and Explosives". You will realize that this is substantially less ambitious than the original. The influence of time has brought about this curtailment -- time available to prepare and time allowed to speak. With such constraints it did not seem possible to do justice to the subject. Fortunately, I need not do more than mention a number of topics for they will be covered by distinguished speakers to follow. Some such topics are microwave holography, photography, television, infrared and low light level image intensifiers. I will only mention these topics and give more emphasis on other techniques.
Introduction to Metabolic Pathways

The major pathway for assimilation of nitrogen is through glutamine. The step that links metabolism of carbon and nitrogen is conversion of 2-ketoglutarate to glutamate and glutamine. It is not surprising that in gram-negative bacteria the ultimate determinant of expression of nitrogen metabolism genes is the ratio of the intracellular concentrations of 2-ketoglutarate and glutamine. Some biosynthetic pathways in gram-positive bacteria have received so little attention that they could not be the subject of separate chapters. These include those for synthesis of L- and D-alanine and histidine and the intersecting pathways for glycine, serine, and cysteine. The his genes of Streptomyces coelicolor are organized in three unlinked clusters, one of which has been sequenced nearly in its entirety. The major route of serine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus is the 3-phosphoglycerate pathway characteristic of most bacteria. The first enzyme of this pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, is feedback inhibited by serine. In Clostridium acidi-urici, however, a different pathway for interconversion seems to function. In this case, glycine and formaldehyde condense to form serine. Mutations at two B. subtilis loci cause serine auxotrophy. SerA- mutants require either serine or glycine for growth. Growth is improved if threonine and serine are both provided. The first two enzymes of sulfate utilization, ATP sulfurylase and adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate kinase, and enzyme activities that convert activated sulfate to sulfite and sulfide and catalyze incorporation into cysteine are present in both B. subtilis and Escherichia coli. The only pathway to D-alanine is by racemization of L-alanine.
Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase-1B acts as a negative regulator of insulin signal transduction

Insulin signaling involves a dynamic cascade of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Most of our understanding of this process comes from studies focusing on tyrosine kinases, which are signal activators. Our knowledge of the role of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), signal attenuators, in regulating insulin signal transduction remains rather limited. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), the prototypical PTPase, is ubiquitously and abundantly expressed. Work from several laboratories, including our own, has implicated PTP-1B as a negative regulator of insulin action and as a potentially important mediator in the pathogenesis of insulin-resistance and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
Engaging Middle-Grade Students to Learn in a Caring Community

Abstract Middle-level students have unique emotional and academic needs. As a result, it is important for middle-level educators to realize these needs when creating a caring and engaging classroom climate that results in successful student achievement. This article describes the Caring Community Teaching Model (CCTM), which is a synthesis of affective teaching as well as learning practices tailored to meet the unique needs of middle-grade students. The CCTM is designed as a program with a two-function approach to enhance student engagement: (1) caring relationships and (2) instructional strategies. The authors describe the theoretical framework that underpins the CCTM as well as the emerging literature that creates its needs. Additionally, the CCTM is highlighted through the lens of a case example in which the authors provide concrete examples of CCTM being used in a middle-level classroom.
Real-time current density imaging of electromigration processes using scanning magnetoresistive microscopy

Recently, we have successfully demonstrated the use of scanning magnetoresistance microscopy (SMRM) to directly image electrical current densities at sub-micron length scales. One promising application of this technique is the imaging of electro migration (EM) failure modes in current-carrying interconnects at elevated temperatures. We have designed and demonstrated a technique capable of real-time observation of current flow in passivated conductors undergoing EM processes at length scales <100 nm. In this presentation, we will explain the details of the technique and present results from relevant physical systems.
Mechanosensitivity of Nav1.5, a voltage-sensitive sodium channel

The voltage-sensitive sodium channel Nav1.5 (encoded by SCN5A) is expressed in electromechanical organs and is mechanosensitive. This study aimed to determine the mechanosensitive transitions of Nav1.5 at the molecular level. Nav1.5 was expressed in HEK 293 cells and mechanosensitivity was studied in cell-attached patches. Patch pressure up to −50 mmHg produced increases in current and large hyperpolarizing shifts of voltage dependence with graded shifts of half-activation and half-inactivation voltages (ΔV1/2) by ∼0.7 mV mmHg−1. Voltage dependence shifts affected channel kinetics by a single constant. This suggested that stretch accelerated only one of the activation transitions. Stretch accelerated voltage sensor movement, but not rate constants for gate opening and fast inactivation. Stretch also appeared to stabilize the inactivated states, since recovery from inactivation was slowed with stretch. Unitary conductance and maximum open probability were unaffected by stretch, but peak current was increased due to an increased number of active channels. Stretch effects were partially reversible, but recovery following a single stretch cycle required minutes. These data suggest that mechanical activation of Nav1.5 results in dose-dependent voltage dependence shifts of activation and inactivation due to mechanical modulation of the voltage sensors.
Using risk assessment principles in an emerging paradigm for controlling the microbial safety of foods.

Instituting controls over pathogenic microorganisms in foods reaches back to the beginnings of civilization with the development of salting, fermenting, drying, and cooking processes. The conceptual ‘’food safety objective’’ equation was proposed to overcome some of the limitations of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) plan. A bright line focuses on the risk per serving and means that the high doses are always unacceptable, even though they may be very rare. There are several approaches to setting a quantitative appropriate level of protection (ALOP); one begins with the risk manager’s determination that the rate of illness is unacceptably high for a food or class of foods and can be reduced. The decision about an ALOP, of necessity, often focuses on the susceptible human populations. Consumption of foods cannot be easily restricted from certain groups, and the ALOP will need to reflect the more susceptible populations. Traditional assessments of the microbial hazards in foods were based on data for the characteristics of the pathogen, contamination levels, effects of process steps, ability of the pathogen to grow in the food, and the epidemiological record. A dose-response model then relates consumption to the probability of illness or other measure of public health. Thus, the risk assessment links the process parameter values (product pH, storage temperature) to public health (illnesses per serving).
LPS and HIV-1 induce a mature phenotype in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhance their programmed death ligand-1 expression (VIR1P.970)

Aberrant immune activation and immune exhaustion are features characteristic of chronic HIV infection. Elevated plasma LPS levels resulting from disruption of gut mucosal integrity during HIV infection have been implicated as a major factor contributing to immune activation. In chronic HIV-1 infection immune exhaustion molecules PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 negatively regulate the function of exhausted CD8 T cells. The pDC constitute only a minor portion of the PBMC population, but are crucial contributors to the innate as well as adaptive immune response. We have confirmed our previous results that pDC express low levels of TLR4 and respond to LPS. We undertook this study to examine the influence of LPS on virally stimulated pDC maturation and PD-L1 expression and mechanisms thereof. In order to do so we primed pDC with LPS prior to stimulation with HIV. We observed that LPS enhanced HIV-1-induced pDC maturation (CD83 and CD40 expression) and PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 was up-regulated on mature pDC specifically by LPS and HIV combination treatment versus individual treatment with LPS or HIV. The combination treatment specifically induced co-expression of PD-L1 with positive co-stimulatory molecule CD86 but not CD80. Additionally, LPS enhanced CD4 expression on pDC but depressed HIV-1 induced CXCR4 and CCR5 expression. Together, these results indicate that in response to HIV stimulation, pDC adopt a tolerogenic phenotype (i.e. PD-L1-positive) and LPS helps drive this.
Quests for Primeval Galaxies: A Review of Optical Surveys

Optical surveys explicitly designed to detect continuum or line emission from individual primeval galaxies are reviewed. In addition to such searches, a variety of recent redshift surveys of very faint quasars, radio sources, and galaxies are also useful in constraining the epoch, number, and brightness of galaxies during their birth. The serendipity discoveries of a few high-redshift objects with narrow emission lines are tantalizing. Presently the strongest constraints come from long-slit spectroscopy of blank sky to search for Lyman a emission. The lack of positive detections suggests that galaxy formation occurred at redshifts z > 5, a result consistent with the lack of primeval galaxies among samples of quasars fainter than B = 20 and with the mild evolution predicted by models that fit faint galaxy counts and colors.
Glaucoma and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome

Glaucoma is increasingly recognized as a manifestation of both ocular and systemic risk factors. A number of disorders associated with reduced blood flow and ischaemia, collectively termed vascular risk factors, such as migraine, Raynaud's phenomenon, atrial fibrillation and reduced nocturnal blood pressure, lead to decreased ocular perfusion pressure. During sleep, alterations occur in cardiovascular physiology that are balanced by autoregulation to maintain homeostasis. However, in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the normal physiological balance is upset. A potentially modifiable risk factor, OSA has been increasingly associated with glaucoma independent of intraocular pressure. OSA may alter blood flow to the optic nerve head and, in combination with other predisposing factors, lead to decreased ocular perfusion pressure. This in turn may directly affect the optic nerve or it may indirectly increase its susceptibility to other insults. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the association between OSA and glaucoma.
Blood lipids and human atherosclerosis. II. The influence of heparin upon lipoprotein metabolism.

Author(s): Graham, Dean M.; Lyon, T.P.; Gofman, J.W.; Jones, H.B.; Yankley, A.; Simonton, J.
Point deletions of outerplanar blocks

Abstract Let G be a graph. If v is a vertex of G then the (− 1, v )-subgraphs of G are defined to be the point deletions of G , except for G ∼ { v }, with v labeled on each. This paper first classifies all outerplanar blocks which have a pair of v -isomorphic (− 1, v )-subgraphs and next classifies all outerplanar blocks which have a pair of isomorphic point deletions. Finally, this classification is used to prove the Harary conjecture for outerplanar blocks, namely that an outerplanar block can be reconstructed from the isomorphism classes of its point deletions.