cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue-specific thyroid hormone deprivation and excess in monocarboxylate transporter (mct) 8-deficient mice.

Mutations of the X-linked thyroid hormone (TH) transporter (monocarboxylate transporter, MCT8) produce in humans unusualabnormalitiesofthyroidfunctioncharacterizedbyhigh serum T3 and low T4 and rT3. The mechanism of these changes remains obscure and raises questions regarding the regulation of intracellular availability and metabolism of TH. To study the pathophysiology of MCT8 deficiency, we generated Mct8 knockout mice. Male mice deficient in Mct8 (Mct8 /y ) replicate the thyroid abnormalities observed in affected men. TH deprivation and replacement with L-T3 showed that suppression of TSH required higher serum levels T3 in Mct8 /y than wild-type (WT) littermates, indicating hypothalamus and/or thyrotroph resistance to T3. Furthermore, T4 is required to maintain the high serum T3 level because the latter was not different between the two genotypes during administration of T3. Mct8 /y mice have 2.3-fold higher T3 content in liver associated with 6.1- and 3.1-fold increase in deiodinase 1 mRNA and enzymatic activity, respectively. The relative T3 excess in liver of Mct8 /y mice produced a decrease in serum cholesterol (79 18 vs. 137 38 mg/dl in WT) and an increase in alkaline phosphatase (107 23 vs. 58 3 U/liter in WT) levels. In contrast, T3 content in cerebrum was 1.8-fold lower in Mct8 /y mice, associated with a 1.6- and 10.6-fold increase in D2 mRNA and enzymatic activity, respectively, as previously observed in TH-deprived WT mice. We conclude that cell-specificdifferencesinintracellularTHcontentduetodifferences incontributionofthevariousTHtransportersareresponsible for the unusual clinical presentation of this defect, in contrast to TH deficiency. (Endocrinology 147: 4036–4043, 2006)
The Development of Mental Addition as a Function of Schooling and Culture

This study investigated the development of mental addition in schooled and unschooled children and adults from a traditional mercantile culture (Dioula, Ivory Coast) and one which is technologically advanced (American). Subjects at three age levels were given a series of mental addition problems; both the accuracy of response and strategies were analyzed. By adulthood, the unschooled Dioulas were as accurate as both schooled Dioulas and Americans. The strategies employed by unschooled individuals at all ages include the use of common number facts and, from 11 to 12 years onward, invented regrouping strategies. The predominant strategy of school children after the age of I 1 or 12 is the mental deployment of the standard written algorithm. The results are interpreted as showing that schooled and unschooled individuals in these cultures develop different but increasingly effective and adaptive methods for dealing with mental addition problems.
High resolution contact recording and diagnostics with a raster-scanned MR head

We have developed a precision scanning instrument whereby an arbitrary magnetoresistive (MR) head may be used to read or write test bits on standard magnetic media. A high resolution, linearized positioning stage is used to raster-scan recording media (either a hard disk platter or tape coupon) with respect to a commercial MR read/write head. The scanning is performed with the slider in physical contact with the media. As with a spin stand, this instrument can be used to evaluate recording media and MR heads. However, with its superior positioning accuracy and its ability to read and write in contact, this "Magneto-Resistance Microscope" (MRM) has the potential to address fundamental issues associated with recording at densities approaching 10 Gbits/in/sup 2/.
Theophylline in exercise-induced asthma

SummaryExercise is often followed by airway obstruction in asthmatics and, under suitable circumstances, such obstructive changes can be elicited in most asthmatics. The mechanism through which exercise causes bronchospasm is unknown, but it is often associated with release of mediators. There is evidence that inhalation of humid air during exercise can minimize or prevent this abnormal response. Exercise-induced asthma can also be modified or prevented with sympathomimetics, theophylline or sodium cromoglycate. The protective effect of theophylline has usually been related to the serum concentration. When prolonged protection is needed, a sustained-release theophylline preparation may be most useful. Administration of both theophylline and a sympathomimetic may afford greater protection than either alone. Appropriate medication administered before anticipated exercise should enable most asthmatics to participate in strenuous physical activity. When exercise has induced asthma, the child should be permitt...
Probability model for data redundancy detection in sensor networks

Sensor networks are made of autonomous devices that are able to collect, store, process and share data with other devices. Large sensor networks are often redundant in the sense that the measurements of some nodes can be substituted by other nodes with a certain degree of confidence. This spatial correlation results in wastage of link bandwidth and energy. In this paper, a model for two associated Poisson processes, through which sensors are distributed in a plane, is derived. A probability condition is established for data redundancy among closely located sensor nodes. The model generates a spatial bivariate Poisson process whose parameters depend on the parameters of the two individual Poisson processes and on the distance between the associated points. The proposed model helps in building efficient algorithms for data dissemination in the sensor network. A numerical example is provided investigating the advantage of this model.
MAGNETIC FIELD ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL EFFECTS ON THE RETENTION OF PARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES WITH MAGNETITE

The magnetic force exerted on a paramagnetic nanoparticle by a 3-D array of magnetite particles was investigated to extend previous work that only involved one magnetite particle. The separation between the magnetite particles in the array, the orientation of the magnetic field, and the distance between the nanoparticle and the surface of the magnetite array were studied. At magnetite particle separations of less than two magnetite diameters, a reduction in the net force on the nanoparticle compared to that associated with a single magnetite particle was realized due to the overlapping behavior of the magnetic fields of the magnetite array. The net force was still strong to overcome thermal (Brownian) motion and attract and retain the nanoparticle. The magnetite array also gives rise to retention zones at any orientation of the magnetite field; this was not true of a single magnetite particle, which exhibited repulsive zones depending on the orientation of the field. When the separation between the magnet...
How does search behavior change as search becomes more difficult

Search engines make it easy to check facts online, but finding some specific kinds of information sometimes proves to be difficult. We studied the behavioral signals that suggest that a user is having trouble in a search task. First, we ran a lab study with 23 users to gain a preliminary understanding on how users' behavior changes when they struggle finding the information they're looking for. The observations were then tested with 179 participants who all completed an average of 22.3 tasks from a pool of 100 tasks. The large-scale study provided quantitative support for our qualitative observations from the lab study. When having difficulty in finding information, users start to formulate more diverse queries, they use advanced operators more, and they spend a longer time on the search result page as compared to the successful tasks. The results complement the existing body of research focusing on successful search strategies.
Diverse mutational mechanisms cause pathogenic subtelomeric rearrangements

Chromosome rearrangements are a significant cause of intellectual disability and birth defects. Subtelomeric rearrangements, including deletions, duplications and translocations of chromosome ends, were first discovered over 40 years ago and are now recognized as being responsible for several genetic syndromes. Unlike the deletions and duplications that cause some genomic disorders, subtelomeric rearrangements do not typically have recurrent breakpoints and involve many different chromosome ends. To capture the molecular mechanisms responsible for this heterogeneous class of chromosome abnormality, we coupled high-resolution array CGH with breakpoint junction sequencing of a diverse collection of subtelomeric rearrangements. We analyzed 102 breakpoints corresponding to 78 rearrangements involving 28 chromosome ends. Sequencing 21 breakpoint junctions revealed signatures of non-homologous end-joining, non-allelic homologous recombination between interspersed repeats and DNA replication processes. Thus, subtelomeric rearrangements arise from diverse mutational mechanisms. In addition, we find hotspots of subtelomeric breakage at the end of chromosomes 9q and 22q; these sites may correspond to genomic regions that are particularly susceptible to double-strand breaks. Finally, fine-mapping the smallest subtelomeric rearrangements has narrowed the critical regions for some chromosomal disorders.
Crystals and Snowflakes: Building Computation from Nanowire Crossbars

Suitable architectures and paradigm shifts in assembly and usage models will make it possible to exploit the compactness and energy benefits of single-nanometer dimension devices and allow extending these structures into the third dimension without depending on top-down lithography to define the smallest feature sizes in a system.
Recency Preference in the Human Sentence Processing Mechanism.

Cuetos and Mitchell (1988) observed that in constructions in which a relative clause can attach to one of two possible sites, English speakers prefer the more recent attachment site, but Spanish speakers prefer the least recent attachment site, in violation of the proposed universal principle Late Closure (Recency Preference), which favors attachments to the most recent sites. Based on this evidence, Cuetos and Mitchell concluded that Late Closure is not a universal principle of the human sentence processing mechanism. In this paper, we provide new evidence from Spanish and English self-paced reading experiments on relative clause attachment ambiguities that involve three possible attachment sites. The results of our experiments suggest that a principle like Late Closure is in fact universally operative in the human parser, but that it is modulated by at least one other factor in the processing of relative clause attachment ambiguities. We propose that the second factor involved in the processing of these and related constructions is the principle of Predicate Proximity, according to which attachments are preferred to be as structurally close to the head of a predicate phrase as possible, and we further consider the origins and predictions of the theory combining these two factors.
Results of multimodal therapy for children with neurogenic sarcoma.

The courses of 18 children with neurogenic sarcoma (NS) treated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1958 and 1979 were reviewed. Their median age was 11 years (range, 0.3–16 years); 12 were female and six male. Eleven children had stigmata of neurofibromatosis (NF). One patient had two separate tumors simultaneously. Nine of the tumors were primary in an extremity; six were intraabdominal, two craniofacial, and two truncal. Eleven of the 18 children had grossly complete surgical removal of the primary tumor, whereas seven had gross residual disease after surgery; none had distant metastases detected at diagnosis. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether treatment was primarily surgical (group A) or multimodal (group B). Treatment for group B patients included surgery, local radiotherapy, and multiple-agent chemotherapy. Two of 12 patients (17%) treated primarily with surgery are surviving four and 14 years later with no evidence of recurrent disease (NED); both had complete removal of the primary NS. Two additional group A patients relapsed but were retrieved with radiotherapy and multiple-agent chemotherapy. The other eight patients in group A died of tumor at a median of 14 months from diagnosis. In contrast, five of the six group B patients (83%) treated with adequate multimodal therapy (at least 4,000 rads local radiation plus vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide ± Adriamycin) are relapse-free and surviving at a median of 27+ months from diagnosis. Nine of the 18 patients are free of disease, four with and five without NF. The results suggest that multimodal therapy similar to that for rhabdomyosarcoma should be used for children with neurogenic sarcoma.
Design of Highly Efficient Light-Trapping Structures for Thin-Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

We present a design optimization of a highly efficient light-trapping structure to significantly increase the efficiency of thin-film crystalline silicon solar cells. The structure consists of an antireflection (AR) coating, a silicon active layer, and a back reflector that combines a diffractive reflection grating with a distributed Bragg reflector. We have demonstrated that with careful design optimization, the presented light-trapping structure can lead to a remarkable cell-efficiency enhancement for the cells with very thin silicon active layers (typically 2.0-10.0 mum) due to the significantly enhanced absorption in the wavelength range of 800-1100 nm. On the other hand, less enhancement has been predicted for much thicker cells (i.e.,>100 mum) due to the limited absorption increase in this wavelength range. According to our simulation, the overall cell efficiency can be doubled for a 2.0-mum-thick cell with light-trapping structure. It is found that the improvement is mainly contributed by the optimized AR coating and diffraction grating with the corresponding relative improvements of 36% and 54%, respectively. The simulation results show that the absolute cell efficiency of a 2.0-mum-thick cell with the optimal light-trapping structure can be as large as 12%.
Factors affecting ostrich egg hatchability.

Ostrich eggs often have low hatchability (HATCH) rates because they do not lose sufficient weight during incubation. Because egg size, eggshell porosity and thickness (THICK), and length of preincubation egg storage are known to affect egg weight loss during incubation (EWL) and HATCH of chicken eggs, these factors were examined using ostrich eggs. The effects of eggshell porosity (number of large pores per cm2 of shell; LP); and THICK on EWL and HATCH were assessed by categorizing the eggs as having either low, intermediate, or high LP or low, intermediate, or high THICK. Mean EWL was higher (P eggs of intermediate THICK, intermediate mean EWL and HATCH > eggs of highest THICK, lowest mean EWL and HATCH. Shell thickness was not correlated to either EWL or HATCH. The influence of egg size on mean LP, THICK, EWL, HATCH, and chick weight (CWT) was assessed. Although THICK was unaffected by egg size, higher LP (P medium eggs, intermediate CWT > small eggs, lowest CWT. Neither EWL nor HATCH was affected by length of preincubation egg storage. Collectively, our findings suggest that 1) ostrich eggs that possess low LP and increased THICK hatched poorly, 2) intermediate-sized eggs hatch best, 3) large eggs produced large chicks, and 4) ostrich eggs can be stored under conditions typically used in the poultry industry for a minimum of 10 d without negatively impacting HATCH.
Comparing the SPLA’s Role in Sudan’s 1997 and 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreements: To Spoil or Not to Spoil

In 2012, of the ten ongoing intrastate conflicts in Africa, half had seen at least one relapse into violence after an agreement had been signed between warring parties. This statistic tells the story of stalled and failed peace processes on the continent, but it does not point to potential causes for these failures. By comparing the Sudan People's Liberation Army's divergent decisions during different peace processes in 1997 and 2005, this article finds that changes in the group's grievances and cost-benefit analysis influenced its leaders' decision to participate in or spoil a peace process. Resume: En 2012, sur les dix conflits civils en cours en Afrique, la moitie au moins avait vu au moins une instance de recrudescence de violence apres un accord qui avait ete signe entre des factions opposees. Cette statistique raconte l'histoire des processus de paix bloques et echoues sur le continent, mais elle n'explique pas les causes possibles de ces echecs. En comparant des decisions divergentes de l'Armee populaire de liberation au Soudan au cours des processus de paix tentes en 1997 et 2005, cet article conclut que l'evolution des reclamations des groupes de rebelles, ainsi qu'une analyse couts-benefices faite par les dirigeants en place, ont eu une influence sur leur decision de participer d'une maniere productive ou destructive aux processus de paix en cours.
A method of using thermal test chips with diodes for thermal characterization of electronic packages without calibration

For characterizing the thermal performance of electronic packages, specially designed thermal test chips are used. These test chips have heaters for powering and diodes for sensing the chip temperature during the test. Prior to tests, the diodes are calibrated and the calibration data consisting of voltage output (at a fixed constant current) versus temperature is usually fitted to a straight line. During the tests, the voltage output of the diode is measured (at the same fixed constant current) and the chip temperature is determined using the calibration curve. This paper reviews another method of using the diode for measuring the chip temperature without calibrating the diode first. In this method, the diode is operated at two different known current levels, I/sub 1/, and I/sub 2/, and the corresponding forward voltage drops, V/sub 1/, and V/sub 2/, are measured at a known temperature. At the unknown temperature the forward voltages are again measured at the same two current levels. Using a simplified form of Shockley's ideal diode equation, the difference in the forward voltages is used to determine the unknown temperature. Compared to the constant-current method, the current-switching method is more susceptible to measurement errors. However, it is relatively simple to use since it does not require calibration of the diode over the temperature range prior to use.
Thrombosis during off pump LVAD placement in a patient with heparin induced thrombocytopenia using bivalirudin

Here we present our attempt at off pump HeartMate II left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation using the anticoagulant bivalirudin in a patient with heparin induced thrombocytopenia, which resulted in thrombosis within the LVAD device. This required that our procedure be converted to on pump, and a new HeartMate II LVAD device to be implanted. In our view, this thrombotic event may have been caused by a number of factors that include bivalirudin’s (1) short half-life of about 20 minutes, (2) decreased activity with blood stasis, (3) inability to prevent clot propagation, and (4) uncertainty with real-time monitoring of therapeutic levels. To prevent future thrombotic events, it may be beneficial to immediately deair the LVAD device prior to the coring of the left ventricle during off pump LVAD placement. In addition, a solution other than blood may be used for priming. If blood is used for priming of the LVAD device, the duration of blood stasis should not exceed 20 minutes when bivalirudin is being used for anticoagulation. Furthermore, this case emphasizes the importance of having a backup LVAD device available and ready to use during surgical procedures.
The effect of multiple stressors on the Florida Keys coral reef ecosystem: A landscape hypothesis and a physiological test

Changes in land use and water management practices in south Florida have altered the quality and quantity of freshwater flowing into Florida Bay. By the 1980s, reduced inflow and drought led to an extensive hypersaline phase in the bay. This phase had a drastic effect on benthic communities within the bay and possibly also on coral communities within the bay and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Physical oceanographic measurements demonstrate the presence of warm, hypersaline, and turbid water on coral reefs offshore from the Florida Keys, especially near passes which conduct water from Florida Bay to the Atlantic Ocean. To examine the effect of Florida Bay water intrusions on coral reefs, we tested for significant effects of two stressors, elevated temperature and salinity, on coral production, respiration, and survival. Elevated temperatures produce significant reductions in photosynthesis, respiration, and net P:R ratios afte r6ho fexposure, and elevated salinities produce similar results after 30 h. Exposure to both elevated temperature and salinity produces a highly significant (P . 0.01), but short-term, mitigative interactive effect. The combination of the two stressors was less stressful (for the response variables measured) than the sum of the stressors acting independently. After 36 h of exposure, however, the mitigating effect disappeared and corals exposed to the combined stresses did not survive. A three-dimensional response surface, which predicts P:R ratios as a function of varying salinity and temperature, is used to construct a testable hypothesis to explain recent declines in coral cover on some reefs within Florida Bay and the Florida Keys. We chose salinity and temperature to test a multiple stressor model because they are relatively easy to manipulate. However, any enviromentally realistic model must include other potential stressors, such as turbidity, elevated nutrients, and environmental contaminants.
Pixel-based ultrasound image reconstruction: Impact of grid size on signal frequency content

The effect of grid size on the frequency content of the pixel-based image reconstruction algorithms is discussed. It is shown that coarse grid sizes result in simultaneous decimation and down conversion of the axial data. Results of simulations and phantom studies are presented which show the amount of decimation and predicted frequency shifts. The effect of this frequency shift and down-sampling is then studied in terms of a bias in the displacement when narrow-band algorithms are used for speckle tracking.
New Developments In Commercial Freedom Of Speech

The last few years have seen several U. S. Supreme Court cases redefining the scope of freespeech rights, particularly those of businesses. These cases have widespread ramifications for a multitude of areas of business law, such as political speech, government regulation of media, and corporate liability for defamation.
The effect of saline lavage prior to suctioning

Objective To determine the effect on oxygen saturation of instilling a saline bolus into artificial airways prior to suctioning, as measured by pulse oximeter. Design Quasi-experimental, single-case, counterbalanced design. Setting The surgical, medical and coronary intensive care units of a federal, teaching medical center. Subjects Subjects were 40 men, more than 40 years old, in need of intensive care nursing and mechanical ventilation. Interventions Subjects were suctioned as needed for 24 hours. A 5-mL saline bolus was instilled every other time the subject was suctioned. Outcome measurements were done immediately before and after suctioning and at 1-minute intervals for 5 minutes after suctioning. Main outcome measures Noninvasive oxygen saturation values. Results The instillation of a saline bolus was found to have an adverse effect on oxygen saturation that worsened over time. Significant changes in oxygen saturation as a result of saline bolus instillation were found at 2,3,4 and 5 minutes after instillation. Conclusions These results indicate that instilling saline prior to suctioning has an adverse effect on oxygen saturation. These results support the recommendation that the practice of instilling saline prior to suctioning should be abandoned as a routine procedure. More study is needed to investigate whether a specific group of patients may actually benefit from this procedure.
NONCONTRACEPTIVE ESTROGEN USE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

To summarize, estrogens have powerful effects on certain biologic parameters, the alteration of which could influence cardiovascular disease risk. Estrogens have long been known to influence lipid and lipoprotein levels by decreasing LDL (the atherogenic lipoprotein) and by increasing HDL (the protective lipoprotein). THese lipid alterations could favorably influence the risk of cardiovascular disease. Estrogens also temporarily increase glucose intolerance and lower fasting glucose levels; although the former event could adversely affect cardiovascular disease risk, the clinical significance of increased glucose intolerance with low fasting levels has not been determined. There is no consistent evidence that menopausal estrogens adversely affect coagulation or blood pressure levels, although both of these parameters could be affected in selected individuals. Overall, the estrogenic effects on lipid/lipoprotein levels appear to be the most consistent and the most powerful; given this assumption, estrogens should protect against cardiovascular disease. There is another interpretation of the biologic effect of estrogens on cardiovascular risk. It is possible that estrogens may increase the risk of a thromboembolic event due to an adverse influence on coagulation parameters and, at the same time, decrease the risk of an atherogenic event (via favorably altered lipid/lipoprotein levels). This proposed dual action of estrogens may explain the apparently conflicting results of increased risks of thromboembolism and decreased risks of atherosclerosis or myocardial infarction in men treated with high doses of estrogen (36, 196, 197). In women, there is some suggestion that (low-dose) postmenopausal estrogens may increase the risk of thromboembolism (79, 204), although the majority of studies report no such increase. The difference in risk of thromboembolism between men and women using estrogens may be due to several factors. First, the dose (potency) of the estrogen used by men is usually higher than that used by postmenopausal women, and the risk of estrogen-induced thrombus formation may be dose-dependent. Second, men tend to have more atherosclerotic lesions than women and thus would have more substrate available for thrombus formation. (This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the increased risk of thromboembolism was evident in men using estrogens for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.) Indirect evidence supporting the hypothesis that endogenous estrogen levels are protective against cardiovascular disease is most consistent for women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Layered reduced graphene oxide with nanoscale interlayer gaps as a stable host for lithium metal anodes.

Metallic lithium is a promising anode candidate for future high-energy-density lithium batteries. It is a light-weight material, and has the highest theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh g–1) and the lowest electrochemical potential of all candidates. There are, however, at least three major hurdles before lithium metal anodes can become a viable technology: uneven and dendritic lithium deposition, unstable solid electrolyte interphase and almost infinite relative dimension change during cycling. Previous research has tackled the first two issues, but the last is still mostly unsolved. Here we report a composite lithium metal anode that exhibits low dimension variation (∼20%) during cycling and good mechanical flexibility. The anode is composed of 7 wt% ‘lithiophilic’ layered reduced graphene oxide with nanoscale gaps that can host metallic lithium. The anode retains up to ∼3,390 mAh g–1 of capacity, exhibits low overpotential (∼80 mV at 3 mA cm–2) and a flat voltage profile in a carbonate electrolyte. A full-cell battery with a LiCoO2 cathode shows good rate capability and flat voltage profiles. Volumetric changes during cycling in lithium metal anodes can be largely suppressed by using a lithophilic carbonaceous host.
Behavior of Columbian Black-Tailed Deer with Reference to Population Ecology

An understanding of animal behavior is essential to any study of population ecology. The dynamics of a population, including changes in natality, mortality, density and structure are strongly influenced by behavioral elements such as mobility, territoriality and social organization. These elements of behavior have been investigated for the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in Lake County, California. The findings for this area, with comparative data from the literature on Odocoileus and, where appropriate, other Cervidae, form the body of this report. The present study was made in the north coast ranges of California, about five miles southwest of Lakeport in the Scott Creek drainage. Work in this area was begun in 1948. Detailed studies of behavior were carried out in the period 1951 to 1953, with further checks being made in the summers of 1954 and 1955. In the study region the principal plant complex is chaparral. This is an assemblage of fire-adapted shrubs, which respond to burning either by sprouting from the root crown, or by having seeds that are stimulated to germinate by fire. In this area the chaparral is broken into distinct north and south exposure aspects, the former dominated by interior live oak ( Quercus wislizenii ) and the latter by chamise ( Adenostema fasciculatum ). Many other species of the same general growth form also occur in smaller numbers. Large fires have frequently swept the region since white settlement about a century ago. The south-facing slopes, being more warm and dry, burn more often and more completely than the north exposures, where a residue of fire-killed limbs and new growth forms an almost impenetrable tangle. Where the topography has protected north slopes from fire a broad sclerophyll forest develops (Cooper, 1922). During the summer the deer bed and feed on the cooler north slopes, venturing into …
Dynamic Resource Management in DiffServ Network

In order to promote the management efficiency of DiffServ network resource, a Dynamic Resource Management Algorithm(DRMA) is proposed.By measuring the practical network flow, the resource reserved requirements are judged whether are accepted.The bandwidth broker is used to implement the admission control of network data.The network model is simulated by using NS2 tool, and the results show this algorithm can improve the data processing capacity of DiffServ network effectively.
The Study of Basic Material of Inert Anode Used in Aluminum Electrolysis

The basic material of inert anode used in aluminum electrolysis was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction sintering method with various materials of ZnO and Fe_2O_3 、Ni_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3 、NiO and Fe_2O_3. The sintering properties, electric conductivities and thermo-corrosion resistant properties were studied in laboratory. The results of this study could be generalized as the synthesis performance of NiFe_2O_4 spinel compounded with NiO and Fe_2O_3, and the thermo-corrosion rate was the smallest when the content of spinel in theory was about 85%.
Donor lymphocyte infusions to treat hematologic malignancies in relapse after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation.

Background: Patients with hematologic malignancies in relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can be treated by infusing leukocytes from the original stem cell donor. Methods: The published literature on donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) was reviewed. Results: DLI induces complete remissions in the majority of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in early-stage relapse and in less than 30% of patients with relapsed acute leukemia, myelodysplasia, and multiple myeloma. DLI-induced remissions of chronic phase CML are durable, but as many as half of patients with other diseases ultimately relapse. Complications of DLI include acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and aplasia, which induce profound immunosuppression and susceptibility to opportunistic infections. There is a strong correlation of GVHD and disease response. Conclusions: Novel methods of augmenting the antitumor efficacy of DLI and of dissociating the graft-vsleukemia effect from GVHD are needed. These studies will require an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of alloreactivity and the development of novel agents to control the nature and intensity of the alloimmune response.
Maintenance Of Bone Marrow Residency and Self-Renewal Of Leukemic Stem Cells By Cdc42 Gtpase

Abstract The leukemic stem cell (LSC) depends on specific interactions with extracellular matrix, soluble factors, and cellular components of the microenvironment, or niche. These interactions promote LSC self-renewal and survival, thus contributing to chemoresistance and treatment failure. Understanding the signaling pathways that promote LSC maintenance in response to niche interactions may reveal novel targets for therapy. Recent studies indicate a critical role for the small Rho GTPase, Cdc42, in the maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Cdc42 coordinates actin cytoskeleton organization, adhesion, migration, self-renewal, cell polarity, proliferation, and survival of normal HSPCs in response to niche signaling through multiple cell surface receptors, including CXCL12/CXCR4, SCF/KIT, and fibronectin/integrin. Cdc42 activity is increased in both murine and human models of MLL-AF9 (MA9) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cdc42 expression is also increased in human patient AML samples across cytogenetic subtypes, compared to normal hematopoietic cell subsets, in analysis of curated datasets in the HemaExplorer database. In earlier work, we have shown that Cdc42 inhibition leads to peripheral mobilization of leukemia cells out of the marrow niche (Blood 114, 13). In the present study, we investigate whether Cdc42 inhibition also disrupts intrinsic LSC self-renewal. To interrogate Cdc42 in LSC self-renewal, MA9 cell lines were established following transduction of bone marrow HSPCs harvested from tamoxifen-inducible Cdc42 knockout mice, with Cre null donors as controls. Upon tamoxifen (TAM) treatment, Cdc42KO-MA9 cells had decreased CFU and small, diffuse colony morphology. Mice transplanted with untreated MA9 cells were divided to receive injections of TAM vs control. The Cdc42KO-MA9 cohort remains alive at over 180 days post-transplant, whereas vehicle control mice died of AML with latency similar to Cre null MA9 cell recipients (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Comparison of Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma Using Three Different Conditioning Regimens.

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with multiple myeloma, as it provides a graft-versus-myeloma effect alongside a myeloma-free graft. Although reduced-intensity conditioning regimens decrease nonrelapse mortality (NRM), there is a paucity of data with regard to the ideal conditioning regimen in myeloma. We conducted a retrospective comparison of 3 different preparative regimens used for allo-HCT for multiple myeloma at our institution in recent clinical trials: busulfan/fludarabine (BuFlu), fludarabine/melphalan 100 mg/m2 (FM100), and fludarabine/melphalan 140 mg/m2 (FM140). NRM, progression-free survival (PFS) at 3 years, and overall survival (OS) at 3 years were the primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints included time to engraftment, and the incidence of grades II through IV acute graft-versus-host disease and chronic graft-versus-host disease. A total of 73 patients received allo-HCT with these regimens. NRM at 3 years was seen in 3 (21%), 5 (28%), and 6 (24%) patients in the BuFlu, FM100, and FM140 groups, respectively. Three-year PFS in the BuFlu, FM100, and FM140 groups was 16% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 2.1), 26% (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.2), and 11% (reference), respectively. Three-year OS in the BuFlu, FM100, and FM140 groups was 39% (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.5 to 2.2), 43% (HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.4), and 32% (reference), respectively. High-risk cytogenetics and relapsed disease prior to allo-HCT were found to be independent predictors of inferior OS on multivariate analysis, with a HR of 2.1 (P = .02) and 2.6 (P = .004), respectively. In contrast, the preparative regimen did not emerge as a predictor of PFS or OS. Durable clinical remission can be achieved in 11% to 25% of patients with multiple myeloma with the use of allo-HCT without any significant difference in the safety or efficacy of the conditioning regimen. High-risk cytogenetics and relapsed disease prior to transplant were associated with inferior PFS and OS.
What Else Did Euler Do

On Sundays after church residents of the city of Konigsberg in Prussia (Kaliningrad, Russia) in the 18th-century promenade around the city and greet friends as they cross paths. At that time, the city was set on both sides of the Pregel River (Pregolya River) and included two large islands which were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges.
The Central Symbiosis of Molecular Biology: Molecules in Mutualism

As illustrated by the mitochondrion and the eukaryotic cell, little in biology makes sense except in light of mutualism. Mutualisms are persistent, intimate, and reciprocal exchanges; an organism proficient in obtaining certain benefits confers those on a partner, which reciprocates by conferring different benefits. Mutualisms (i) increase fitness, (ii) inspire robustness, (iii) are resilient and resistant to change, (iv) sponsor co-evolution, (v) foster innovation, and (vi) involve partners that are distantly related with contrasting yet complementary proficiencies. Previous to this work, mutualisms were understood to operate on levels of cells, organisms, ecosystems, and even societies and economies. Here, the concepts of mutualism are extended to molecules and are seen to apply to the relationship between RNA and protein. Polynucleotide and polypeptide are Molecules in Mutualism. RNA synthesizes protein in the ribosome and protein synthesizes RNA in polymerases. RNA and protein are codependent, and trade proficiencies. Protein has proficiency in folding into complex three-dimensional states, contributing enzymes, fibers, adhesives, pumps, pores, switches, and receptors. RNA has proficiency in direct molecular recognition, achieved by complementary base pairing interactions, which allow it to maintain, record, and transduce information. The large phylogenetic distance that characterizes partnerships in organismal mutualism has close analogy with large distance in chemical space between RNA and protein. The RNA backbone is anionic and self-repulsive and cannot form hydrophobic structural cores. The protein backbone is neutral and cohesive and commonly forms hydrophobic cores. Molecules in Mutualism extends beyond RNA and protein. A cell is a consortium of molecules in which nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and other molecules form a mutualism consortium that drives metabolism and replication. Analogies are found in systems such as stromatolites, which are large consortia of symbiotic organisms. It seems reasonable to suggest that ‘polymers in mutualism relationships’ is a useful and predictive definition of life.
A Lagrangian discontinuous Galerkin hydrodynamic method

Abstract We present a new Lagrangian discontinuous Galerkin (DG) hydrodynamic method for solving the two-dimensional gas dynamic equations on unstructured hybrid meshes. The physical conservation laws for the momentum and total energy are discretized using a DG method based on linear Taylor expansions. Three different approaches are investigated for calculating the density variation over the element. The first approach evolves a Taylor expansion of the specific volume field. The second approach follows certain finite element methods and uses the strong mass conservation to calculate the density field at a location inside the element or on the element surface. The third approach evolves a Taylor expansion of the density field. The nodal velocity, and the corresponding forces, are explicitly calculated by solving a multidirectional approximate Riemann problem. An effective limiting strategy is presented that ensures monotonicity of the primitive variables. This new Lagrangian DG hydrodynamic method conserves mass, momentum, and total energy. Results from a suite of test problems are presented to demonstrate the robustness and expected second-order accuracy of this new method.
Characterizing Blunt Smokers by Their Acquisition of Cannabis.

Background: Ethnographers have reported that young, urban males embraced blunt smoking in response to the crack cocaine epidemic that ravaged their neighborhoods in the 1980s. But, recent survey da...
Chemometric analyses of XANES data collected on 99 Tc bearing silicate glasses

A challenge to the incorporation of 99Tc into a glass matrix is that 99Tc is volatile at vitrification temperatures. Understanding how this volatilization occurs requires knowledge of the multiple chemistries which Tc may take during vitrification. This paper presents an overview of how the localized chemistry of 99Tc has been determined in a series of 99Tc-bearing glasses by chemometric analyses of X-ray absorption near edge spectra (XANES). Linear combination fitting and principal component analysis of the glasses’ XANES spectra suggested that the glasses contained 3–4 chemically distinct Tc environments. The identity of the detected chemistries were pertechnetates, (Tc(VII) as isolated oxyanions, or locally coordinated by Na or K), or isolated Tc(IV) species. The linear combination fitting distribution of local Tc sites agrees with reanalyzed Raman spectra, suggesting that as targeted KTcO4 incorporation increases, a significant ion exchange takes place, and speciation in the glass changes to favor Tc(VII) formation, specifically NaTcO4. Based on the statistical suggestion that not all Tc environments are accounted by the available standards, a new mechanism for the behavior of Tc during vitrification is proposed.
Bilateral Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens After Warfarin Reversal for Acute Rectal Bleeding: A Case Report.

Abstract Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common disease that is diagnosed in approximately 1 in 1000 adults annually. Extensive DVT can lead to life- or limb-threatening diagnoses such as phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD), phlegmasia alba dolens, and venous gangrene. PCD, also known as massive iliofemoral venous thrombosis, is rare, and a severe complication of DVT. Case Report We report a case of a 94-year-old bedridden woman with past medical history of dementia, hypertension, pulmonary embolism, DVT, and atrial fibrillation. The patient was admitted to the hospital for bright red blood per rectum and an elevated international normalized ratio (INR) of 5.7. On admission, her dose of warfarin was suspended and she was given 4 units of fresh frozen plasma as well as 10 mg of i.v. vitamin K. She was discharged home with an INR normalized to 1.3 and cessation of her rectal bleeding. At discharge, she was not restarted on warfarin, nor was any bridging therapy used. The patient returned to the Emergency Department a week later for worsening pain and bluish discoloration of her bilateral lower extremities. An ultrasound (US) examination showed that she had developed bilateral PCD, after INR reversal. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Emergency physicians commonly care for patients who present with acute DVT or treat patients on anticoagulant therapy who require cessation of medications or administration of prothrombotic agents to reverse bleeding. Cases of extensive clot burden leading to PCD have been reported in the literature, however, reports of bilateral PCD secondary to cessation of warfarin have been scarce. PCD should be considered carefully as one of the complications in warfarin reversal, as it requires immediate attention and surgical intervention to prevent limb loss.
Origins and spread of fluted-point technology in the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor and eastern Beringia

Fluted projectile points have long been recognized as the archaeological signature of early humans dispersing throughout the Western Hemisphere; however, we still lack a clear understanding of their appearance in the interior “Ice-Free Corridor” of western Canada and eastern Beringia. To solve this problem, we conducted a geometric morphometric shape analysis and a phylogenetic analysis of technological traits on fluted points from the archaeological records of northern Alaska and Yukon, in combination with artifacts from further south in Canada, the Great Plains, and eastern United States to investigate the plausibility of historical relatedness and evolutionary patterns in the spread of fluted-point technology in the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene. Results link morphologies and technologies of Clovis, certain western Canadian, and northern fluted points, suggesting that fluting technology arrived in the Arctic from a proximate source in the interior Ice-Free Corridor and ultimately from the earliest populations in temperate North America, complementing new genomic models explaining the peopling of the Americas.
High-Order Uncertainty Propagation Enabled by Computational Differentiation

Modeling and simulation for complex applications in science and engineering develop behavior predictions based on mechanical loads. Imprecise knowledge of the model parameters or external force laws alters the system response from the assumed nominal model data. As a result, one seeks algorithms for generating insights into the range of variability that can be the expected due to model uncertainty. Two issues complicate approaches for handling model uncertainty. First, most systems are fundamentally nonlinear, which means that closed-form solutions are not available for predicting the response or designing control and/or estimation strategies. Second, series approximations are usually required, which demands that partial derivative models are available. Both of these issues have been significant barriers to previous researchers, who have been forced to invoke computationally intensive Monte-Carlo methods to gain insight into a system’s nonlinear behavior through a massive sampling process. These barriers are overcome by introducing three strategies: (1) Computational differentiation that automatically builds exact partial derivative models; (2) Map initial uncertainty models into instantaneous uncertainty models by building a series-based state transition tensor model; and (3) Compute an approximate probability distribution function by solving the Liouville equation using the state transition tensor model. The resulting nonlinear probability distribution function (PDF) represents a Liouville approximation for the stochastic Fokker-Planck equation. Several applications are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical developments. The general modeling methodology is expected to be broadly useful for science and engineering applications in general, as well as grand challenge problems that exist at the frontiers of computational science and mathematics.