cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of anesthetics and hyperoxia on cortical spreading depression

Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a transient neuronal and glial depolarization that propagates slowly across the cerebral cortex, is the putative electrophysiological event underlying migraine aura. It negatively impacts tissue injury during stroke, cerebral contusion and intracranial hemorrhage. Susceptibility to CSD has been assessed in several experimental animal models in vivo, such as after topical KCl application or cathodal stimulation. Various combinations of anesthetics and ambient conditions have been used by different laboratories making comparisons problematic and differences in data difficult to reconcile. We systematically studied CSD susceptibility comparing commonly used experimental anesthetics (isoflurane, alpha-chloralose, and urethane) with or without N(2)O or normobaric hyperoxia (100% O(2) inhalation). The frequency of evoked CSDs, and their propagation speed, duration, and amplitude were recorded during 2 h topical KCl (1 M) application. We found that N(2)O reduced CSD frequency when combined with isoflurane or urethane, but not alpha-chloralose; N(2)O also decreased CSD propagation speed and duration. Urethane anesthesia was associated with the highest CSD frequency that was comparable to pentobarbital. Inhalation of 100% O(2) did not alter CSD frequency, propagation speed or duration in combination with any of the anesthetics tested. Our data show anesthetic modulation of CSD susceptibility in an experimental model of human disease, underscoring the importance of proper study design for hypothesis testing as well as for comparing results between studies.
Robot arm dynamic model reduction for control

General methods are described by which the mathematical complexities of explicit and exact state equations of robot arms can be reduced to a simplified and compact state equation representation without introducing significant errors into the robot arm dynamic model. The model reduction methods are based on homogeneous coordinates and on the Lagrangian algorithm for robot arm dynamics, and utilize matrix, vector and numeric analysis techniques. The derivation of differential vector representation of centripetal and Coriolis forces which has not yet been established in the literature is presented.
Significance of the S1S2S3 electrocardiographic pattern in children

Abstract The S 1 S 2 S 3 pattern in the electrocardiogram has been variously defined. Some apply this term to all cases with an S wave in each standard lead, regardless of magnitude, while others use it to indicate situations where the prominent QRS deflection is an S wave in these leads. This latter application, which we prefer, is generally associated with marked right ventricular hypertension, although little has been published specifically about this pattern in children. We have reviewed 100 pediatric patients with electrocardiograms showing predominant S waves in each of the three standard leads. Ninety cases had congenital cardiac defects which were generally associated with manifestations of right ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular hypertension. The pattern was most common in children with complete transposition of the great vessels and associated interventricular communications and in children having ventricular septal defects with pulmonary hypertension. In addition, in 10 cases without manifestations of cardiac disease this electrocardiographic pattern was demonstrated, although it was usually of an indeterminate axis type, and was associated with an otherwise normal electrocardiogram.
Acaricidal activity of extracts from the leaves and aerial parts of Neoglaziovia variegata (Bromeliaceae) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

This experiment was carried out to study the bioacaricidal activity of Neoglaziovia variegata against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The mortality and fecundity of groups of engorged adult females exposed to different concentrations of ethanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from the leaves and aerial parts of N. variegata were evaluated, using three treatments with concentrations of 5, 10 e 25 mg/ml; two controls (distilled water and distilled water with drops of cremophor); with three replicates. The hexane extract of the leaves demonstrated significant results, presenting 94.1% inhibition of oviposition; 0.33% the average percentage of eclosion of eggs; and 99.8% of effectiveness. These results indicate N. variegata, particularly the hexane extract of leaves, as potential alternative control agents of R. (B.) microplus. Pharmacological and chemical studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism responsible for this effect.
Considerations in the spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl radical in aqueous systems using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide☆

Abstract The superoxide radical spin adduct of the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide was found to be relatively unstable in aqueous solution. The half-life of the electron spin resonance signal is approximately 80 sec at pH 6 and only about 35 sec at pH 8. These observations as well as the possible reaction products of O 2 • that may develop in the time course of an experiment, must be considered when planning or interpreting data from a spin trapping experiment.
Adaptive algorithms for detecting critical links and nodes in dynamic networks

The assessment of network vulnerability is of great importance in the presence of unexpected disruptive events or adversarial attacks targeting on critical network links and nodes. However, it is extremely challenging to seek and safeguard against most destructive scenarios in dynamic networks where changes to their topologies are frequently introduced. In this paper, we propose CLA and CNA algorithms, to adaptively detect critical links and nodes in a dynamic network whose removals maximally destroy the network's functions, without recomputing from scratch. The effectiveness of our solutions is validated on various types of networks with different topology structures.
BMP-2 tethered hydroxyapatite for bone tissue regeneration: coating chemistry and osteoblast attachment.

UTSA-UTHSCSA Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, San Antonio, TexasReceived 4 October 2011; revised 30 March 2012; accepted 19 April 2012Published online 20 July 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34241Abstract: The goal of this study was to determine the effec-tiveness of using polyethyleneimine (PEI) and a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) tether to bind human recombinant bone mor-phogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) to hydroxyapatite (HAp) toenhance rhBMP-2 loading, alter its release properties, andenhance cellular interaction with the material. By using abranched PEI that was derived to express free thiols, rhBMP-2 was coated onto dense HAp surfaces at 243 ng/cm . Usingthis novel attachment methodology, it was observed that thePEI-SH coating did not change the morphology of the HApsurfaces and that the amount of rhBMP-2 loaded was compa-rable to a direct adsorption method. In addition, it was alsoobserved that the PEI and PEG tether signiﬁcantly retainedthe rhBMP-2 to the HAp surface, inhibiting the burst releaseeffect. Using human fetal osteoblast cells, the PEI- and PEG-tethered BMP-2 was also observed to increase cellular attach-ment by 10-fold when compared with uncoated HAp andadsorbed rhBMP-2. It was concluded from this study that PEIand PEG tether signiﬁcantly reduce the initial burst releaseeffect of rhBMP-2. It was also concluded that the rhBMP-2conjugation to PEI and PEG tether promoted an increase incellular attachment to the HAp surface.
Weed Control and Canopy Light Management in Blackberries

Weed control in blackberries (Rubus spp.) is a serious problem for organic producers and those who wish to reduce their reliance on herbicides. At the southern limits of blackberry production, late season yields are reduced because of high daytime temperatures generated by high air temperatures and intense solar radiation. In a field experiment located near Monte Alto, Texas (26° N Lat.), using ‘Kiowa’ root cuttings established in 2008, weeds were controlled mechanically by hand and with an industrial-grade laminated white plastic. In spring 2009, plant volume and leaf area were improved by use of white plastic. Early season flowering on March 30 and the number of red fruits on April 27 were increased by white plastic. After the third harvest on May 19, half of the weed control plots were tented with 40% shade cloth for the remaining seven weekly harvests, resulting in improved cumulative yields from both white plastic application and shading. Shade reduced ripe fruit temperatures by 3.4°C (P = 0.0002) re...
Eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in cardiac care.

Do racial and ethnic disparities persist in contemporary practice? If so, what are their health consequences? And how can these disparities be overcome? Drs. Eric Peterson and Clyde Yancy address these questions.
The computer-aided discovery of a theorem about Young tableaux

Abstract Recently a relationship was discovered between the number of permutations of n letters that have no increasing subsequence of length > k , on the one hand, and the number of Young tableaux of n cells whose first row is of length ≤ k , on the other. The proof seemed quite unmotivated and artificial. Here we describe the sequence of events that led to the discovery, via computer algebra, of this relationship.
Raman spectroscopic study of chain complexes of bis(hydrazine) zine and manganese halides

The Raman spectra of polycrystalline Zn (N2H4)2X2 (X Cl or Br) and Mn(N2H4)2Cl2 were run over the range 90–3590 cm−1. The bands observed in the higher frequency region (400–3590 cm−1) were assigned to perturbed hydrazine vibrations and generally agree well with previously reported infrared studies. A normal coordinate analysis was performed on the core of the complexes, metal · N4X2, and used to assign the observed metalnitrogen and metal–halide bands in the lower frequency range (90–400 cm−1).
SU-GG-J-146: Piecewise Rigid-Body Image Registration for Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To accelerate image deformation and registration for Adaptive Radiation Therapy(ART), we propose a piecewise rigid‐body image registration (PRIR). This algorithm is faster than full deformable registration by up to a factor of ten without sacrificing accuracy. Method and Materials: Deformable Image Registration (DIR) may not reflect the biomechanicalcharacteristics of the anatomy. In short, DIR may try to deform the body in ways that are not physically possible. Fluid dynamic models were adopted to address this problem. However, DIR consumes too much time to be utilized for routine clinical ART. PRIR considers the biomechanicalcharacteristics of the anatomy while retaining the speed of rigid‐body transformations. First, we import contours from a Radiation Therapy Plan (RTP) through DICOM‐RT. We assume that the contour delineates an organ (or tumor), which is modeled as an independent rigid‐body. Two image sets (planning CT and Conebeam CT) were aligned with our rigid‐body registration using Spatial Weighted Mutual Information (SWMI). Then, rigid‐body registration was performed with each organ independently from the rest of image using Mutual Information or SWMI. Users can select a specific type of registration: full translation and rotation, 3‐D scaling, or 2‐D scaling by considering biomechanicalcharacteristics. One prostate case (9 image sets) and one head‐and‐neck case (7 image sets) were tested. Results and Discussion: Our image registration for 6 contoured organs took 95seconds on average. We succeeded in transforming deformable contours from RTPimages to daily cone beam CTimages. Our method can be utilized to re‐optimize plans for Adaptive Radiation Therapy. The speed can be further improved with parallel processing. Accelerating deformable registrations is critical for implementing real‐time ART. (This work is partly supported by Susan G. Komen Breast Foundation Grant: BTCR126506)
Ammonium chloride salting out extraction/cleanup for trace-level quantitative analysis in food and biological matrices by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry.

A sample extraction and purification procedure that uses ammonium-salt-induced acetonitrile/water phase separation was developed and demonstrated to be compatible with the recently reported method for pesticide residue analysis based on fast extraction and dilution flow injection mass spectrometry (FED-FI-MS). The ammonium salts evaluated were chloride, acetate, formate, carbonate, and sulfate. A mixture of NaCl and MgSO4, salts used in the well-known QuEChERS method, was also tested for comparison. With thermal decomposition/evaporation temperature of 80% of cases tested; while limits of detection (LODs) were typically in the range of 0.001-0.01mgkg(-1) (ppm). A comparison to a well-established HPLC/MS/MS method was also conducted, yielding comparable results, thus confirming the suitability of NH4Cl salting out FI/MS/MS for pesticide residue analysis.
Inner reading voices: An overlooked form of inner speech

Inner speech is theorized to be the basis for auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), but few empirical studies have examined the phenomenology of inner speech, particularly while reading. One hundred and sixty posts from a popular question and answer community website were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach, to examine the phenomenology of inner reading voices (IRVs). Results indicated that many individuals report routinely experiencing IRVs, which often have the auditory qualities of overt speech, such as recognizable identity, gender, pitch, loudness and emotional tone. IRVs were sometimes identified as the readers’ own voices, and sometimes as the voices of other people. Some individuals reported that IRVs were continuous with audible thoughts. Both controllable and uncontrollable IRVs were reported. IRVs may provide evidence for individual variation in imagery vividness and support for inner speech accounts of AVHs. IRVs may be a useful model for studying AVHs in the non-clinical p...
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-derived metabolite GLP-1(9-36)amide in male Beagle dogs.

Abstract1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)(7-36)amide is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone that is secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells in response to nutrients. GLP-1(7-36)amide possesses potent insulinotropic actions in the augmentation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. GLP-1(7-36)amide is rapidly metabolized by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV to yield GLP-1(9-36)amide as the principal metabolite. Contrary to the earlier notion that peptide cleavage products of native GLP-1(7-36)amide [including GLP-1(9-36)amide] are pharmacologically inactive, recent studies have demonstrated cardioprotective and insulinomimetic effects with GLP-1(9-36)amide in mice, dogs and humans.2. In the present work, in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of GLP-1(9-36)amide have been characterized in dogs, since this preclinical species has been used as an animal model to demonstrate the in vivo vasodilatory and cardioprotective effects of GLP-1(9-36)amide. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ass...
Genetic Disruption of Calcineurin Improves Skeletal Muscle Pathology and Cardiac Disease in a Mouse Model of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy

Calcineurin (Cn) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates differentiation-specific gene expression in diverse tissues, including the control of fiber-type switching in skeletal muscle. Recent studies have implicated Cn signaling in diminishing skeletal muscle pathogenesis associated with muscle injury or disease-related muscle degeneration. For example, use of the Cn inhibitor cyclosporine A has been shown to delay muscle regeneration following toxin-induced injury and inhibit regeneration in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In contrast, transgenic expression of an activated mutant of Cn in skeletal muscle was shown to increase utrophin expression and reduce overall disease pathology in mdx mice. Here we examine the effect of altered Cn activation in the context of the δ-sarcoglycan-null (scgd-/-) mouse model of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. In contrast to results discussed in mdx mice, genetic deletion of a loxP-targeted calcineurin B1 (CnB1) gene using a skeletal muscle-specific cre allele in the scgd-/- background substantially reduced skeletal muscle degeneration and histopathology compared with the scgd-/- genotype alone. A similar regression in scgd-dependent disease manifestation was also observed in calcineurin Aβ (CnAβ) gene-targeted mice in both skeletal muscle and heart. Conversely, increased Cn expression using a muscle-specific transgene increased cardiac fibrosis, decreased cardiac ventricular shortening, and increased muscle fiber loss in the quadriceps. Our results suggest that inhibition of Cn may benefit select types of muscular dystrophy.
Controlling the Pathway of Photosynthetic Charge Separation in Bacterial Reaction Centers

For at least 2 billion years, the structure of the photosynthetic reaction center has maintained an approximate rotational symmetry, in both plants and bacteria, consisting of a heterodimeric core ...
Bipolar leakage modeling for switch-level simulators

Bipolar leakage is problematic; it can cause noise upset in dynamic circuits and can increase SRAM access time. Accurate (transient) simulation of charge loss due to bipolar leakage requires modeling the SOI-MOSFET as a network of diodes and capacitors, and then solving for the body voltage and bipolar leakage current. Such complexity is incompatible with the operation of approximate simulators (e.g., switch-level), which provide fairly accurate and very fast simulations relative to SPICE. A preliminary model for approximate simulators has been developed; it targeted the case of bipolar leakage triggered by full logic swing signals. In this paper, a more accurate bipolar leakage model which handles arbitrary signals, including noise pulses, is presented.
Incorporation of extruded coils into the third nerve in association with third nerve palsy.

Abstract The extrusion of the coil complex outside of the aneurysmal dome is thought to be an important mechanism by which the aneurysm neck and fundus recanalize, but the migration of the coil loops and their incorporation inside vital nervous structures has not been clearly described. We reviewed the medical literature on coil extrusion and migration and report a rare case of third nerve palsy due to direct damage caused by coil loop migration that resolved after surgery. A 25-year-old woman presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and painful left third nerve palsy. The angiogram revealed a supraclinoid internal carotid aneurysm incorporating the origin of the left posterior communicating artery. Her aneurysm was coiled. The 8 month follow-up angiogram revealed a major recurrence of her aneurysm. It was decided to surgically clip the aneurysm. At surgery, coil loops were found in the subarachnoid space and embedded into the third nerve. At 1 month follow-up she had recovered well, and only had very subtle diplopia upon fatigue. Coil extrusion is a fairly common phenomenon that should be suspected in instances of major aneurysmal recurrence. Surgical treatment is recommended, and special care should be taken when mobilizing the extruded coil mass.
Neural network model of prepulse inhibition

The authors introduce a real-time model of acoustic prepulse inhibition (PPI) and facilitation (PPF) in animals and humans. The model incorporates excitatory and facilitatory pathways activated by the positive value of changes in noise level in the environment and an inhibitory pathway activated by the absolute value of changes in noise level. Whereas excitation and facilitation are exponential functions, inhibition is a linear function of the input noise expressed in decibels. The model describes many properties of PPI and PPF that include, among others, their dependency on prepulse intensity and duration, duration of the lead interval, and changes in background noise. The model also describes how specific brain lesions enhance the strength of the startle response and impair PPI. Finally, the model correctly predicts how PPI depends on pulse intensity.
Hypoxia and the neonatal response to trauma.

Abstract Thirty-one newborn piglets were studied. Four hours of breathing a mixture of 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen resulted in a profound drop in arterial blood pO 2 , but base excess decreased only slightly and pH, cardiac index, pulse rate, and blood pressure were unchanged. A hemorrhage of 25% of the total blood volume was well tolerated by piglets breathing room air but produced a 56% mortality in the hypoxic animals. The results suggest that the hypoxic, immature organism responds ineffectually to a normally nonlethal physiologic insult.
Theory of Homologous Sublattices and Intracrystalline Equilibria

A method is presented by which the isothermal-isobaric distribution of certain atomic or ionic species among two sublattices of a crystal may be calculated from the heterogeneous exchange equilibria of the species between two coexisting crystalline phases, one of which is the crystal under investigation. The method depends on structural homologies between the crystals. Quantitative data on the distribution of Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ in the mineral cummingtonite are found to agree with the theory.
A planetary perspective on the deep Earth

Earth's composition, evolution and structure are in part a legacy of provenance (where it happened to form) and chance (the stochastics of that formation).
Expression of bone‐specific genes by hypertrophic chondrocytes: Implications of the complex functions of the hypertrophic chondrocyte during endochondral bone development

Endochondral bone formation is one of the most extensively examined developmental sequences within vertebrates. This process involves the coordinated temporal/spatial differentiation of three separate tissues (cartilage, bone, and the vasculature) into a variety of complex structures. The differentiation of chondrocytes during this process is characterized by a progressive morphological change associated with the eventual hypertrophy of these cells. These cellular morphological changes are coordinated with proliferation, a columnar orientation of the cells, and the expression of unique phenotypic properties including type X collagen, high levels of bone, liver, and kidney alkaline phosphatase, and mineralization of the cartilage matrix. Several studies indicate that hypertrophic chondrocytes also express osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, three proteins which until very recently were widely believed to be restricted in their expression to osteoblasts. Recent studies suggest that the hypertrophic chondrocytes are regulated by the calcitropic hormones, morphogenic steroids, and local tissue factors. These considerations are based on the regulation by 1,25 (OH)2D3 and retinoids of the cartilage specific genes as well as osteopontin and osteocalcin expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes. They are also based on the effects on growth plate development caused by 1) transgenic ablation of autocrine/paracrine regulators such as PTHrP and of the transcriptional regulator c-fos and 2) naturally occurring genetic mutations of the FGF receptor. These studies further suggest that specific transcriptional factors mediate exogenous regulatory signals in a coordinated manner with the development of bone. While it has been widely demonstrated that the majority of hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis during terminal stages of the developmental sequence, their response to specific exogenous regulatory signals and their expression of bone-specific proteins give rise to questions about whether all growth chondrocytes have the same developmental fates and have identical functions. Furthermore, specific questions arise as to whether there are similar mechanisms of regulation for commonly expressed genes found in both cartilage and bone or whether these genes have unique regulatory mechanisms in these different tissues. These recent findings suggest that hypertrophic chondrocytes are functionally coupled during endochondral bone formation to the recruitment of osteoblasts, vascular cells, and osteoclasts.
Impact of Community Engagement on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Work Values

Employees in America and across the world are struggling with the dilemma of managing work and nonwork obligations in a quest for achieving the elusive work-life balance. While much of the literatu...
Scheduling independent tasks to reduce mean finishing-time (extended abstract)

In this paper we study the problem of scheduling a set of independent tasks on m ≥ 1 processors to minimize the mean finishing-time (mean time in system). The importance of the mean finishing-time criterion is that its minimization tends to reduce the mean number of unfinished tasks in the system. In the paper we give a reduction of our scheduling problem to a transportation problem and thereby extend the class of known non enumerative scheduling algorithms [1]. Next we show that the inclusion of weights (weighted mean finishing-time) complicates the problem and speculate that there may be no non enumerative algorithm for this case. For the special case of identical processors we study the maximum finishing-time properties of schedules which are optimal with respect to mean finishing-time. Finally we give a scheduling algorithm having desirable properties with respect to both maximum finishing-time and mean finishing-time.
Nanoscale pressure sensors realized from suspended graphene membrane devices

We study the transport properties of graphene layers placed over ∼200 nm triangular holes via attached electrodes under applied pressure. We find that the injected current division between counter electrodes depends on pressure and can be used to realize a nanoscale pressure sensor. Estimating various potential contributions to the resistivity change of the deflected graphene membrane including piezoresistivity, changing gate capacitance, and the valley Hall effect due to the pressure-induced synthetic magnetic field, we find that the valley Hall effect yields the largest expected contribution to the longitudinal resistivity modulation for accessible device parameters. Such devices in the ballistic transport regime may enable the realization of tunable valley polarized electron sources.
Predictors of atrial fibrillation progression in a pacemaker population: Role of atrial fibrillation suppression algorithms

Purpose: external direct current cardioversion is effective in treating atrial arrhythmias. We report on the safety and efficacy of a nurse-led cardioversion service conducted in a dedicated hospital day unit within a district general hospital setting. Methods: all cardioversions were performed by a trained specialist nurse, under general anaesthesia given by an anaesthetist. Patients attended a pre-assessment clinic. Energy requirements for initial and subsequent defibrillations were in accordance with AHA/ACC/ESC guidelines. Rectilinear biphasic cardioversion was introduced in January 2004. Results: 573 cardioversions (470 monophasic; 103 biphasic) were performed on 464 patients (72.1% male, mean (4- SD) age 67.8 4- 9.4 years) with AF (89.7%) and atrial flutter (10.3%), between December 2000 and October 2004. SR was restored in 84.0% and 100% of patients with AF and atrial flutter respectively, which increased to 90.2% and 100% following the introduction of biphasic defibrillation. Biphasic shocks cardioverted AF with less energy (163 4- 22 vs. 289 4- 81 Joules), and less cumulative energy (230 4- 139 vs. 455 4- 255 Joules) than monophasic (p<0.001 for both). Two patients required hospital admission due to transient bradycardia; both discharged within 72 hours. 99.6% of patients were discharged home the same day. There were no deaths. Conclusion: the provision of a nurse-led elective cardioversion service is feasible, effective and safe.
Social Behavior and Aggressive Problems of Cats

Cats form social groups in which individuals recognize each other, and the cohesiveness of the group is maintained by a variety of amicable behaviors. Agonistic behavior may occur between group members and between group members and nongroup members. Within the domestic environment, agonistic behavior may become a problem when it is directed at housemates or humans. Differential diagnosis and treatment of various problems of aggressive behavior are discussed.
An Outcome-Based Learning Model to Identify Emerging Threats: Experimental and Simulation Results

The authors present experimental and simulation results of an outcome-based learning model as it applies to the identification of emerging threats. This model integrates judgment, decision making, and learning theories to provide an integrated framework for the behavioral study of emerging threats
Enjoying C++: user allocation structures

We are concerned here with what, to us, is the single most exciting feature of C++, and we wish to promulgate it to as many students as possible. This is the possibility of constructing user allocation structures through overloaded new and delete. We first take up the general allocation problem and show how Lisp, Pascal, Snobol 4, Ada, and C attempted to solve this problem. We then show how C++, alone among major languages, provides a straightforward way of setting up an allocation structure for each data structure, with a consequent improvement in allocation and deallocation efficiency. We provide a complete worked example involving linked lists, and then extend this to string classes, linked lists of strings, stacks, queues, trees, doubly linked lists, sparse matrices, polymorphic structures, and resizable structures. We also show how free storage can be expandable, starting with none; how a list of available space can be buffered, thus saving space; and how templates interact with all of the above techniques.
Predator generalization decreases the effect of introduced predators in the San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana.

The introduction of novel predators into an environment can have detri- mental consequences on prey species, especially if these species lack the ability to recognize these predators. One such species that may be nega- tively affected by introduced predators is the federally threatened San Mar- cos salamander (Eurycea nana). Previous research found that predator-naive (captive-hatched) salamanders showed decreased activity in response to the chemical cues of both a native fish predator (Micropterus salmoides )a nd an introduced fish predator (Lepomis auritus), but not to a non-predatory fish (Gambusia geiseri). We tested the hypothesis that E. nana recognized the introduced Lepomis (and other non-native Lepomis) because they share chemical cues with other native congeneric Lepomis predators in the San Marcos River. We examined the antipredator response of predator-naive E. nana to chemical cues from (1) a sympatric native sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus; Perciformes: Centrarchidae); (2) a sympatric introduced sunfish (L. auritus); (3) an allopatric sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus); (4) a sympatric non-native, non-centrarchid cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatum; Perciformes: Cichlidae); and (5) a blank water control to determine whether individuals make generalizations about novel predators within a genus and across a family. Exposure to chemical cues from all fish predator treatments caused a reduction in salamander activity (antipredator response). Additionally, there were no differences in the antipredator responses to each predatory fish treatment. The similar responses to all sunfish treatments indicate that E. nana shows predator generalization in response to novel predators that are similar to recognized predators. Additionally, the antipredator response to H. cyanoguttatum indicates that predator generalization can occur among perciform families.
A Unified Perspective on the Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Terms of Topographic Features of the Ground and Excited Potential Energy Surfaces As Exemplified by the Reaction between Phenol and Radicals

The relation between the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanisms is discussed and is illustrated by multiconfigurational electronic structure calculations on the ArOH + R• → ArO• + RH reactions. The key topographic features of the Born–Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces that determine the predominant reaction mechanism are the conical intersection seam of the two lowest states and reaction saddle points located on the shoulders of this seam. The saddle point corresponds to a crossing of two interacting valence bond states corresponding to the reactant and product bonding patterns, and the conical intersection corresponds to the noninteracting intersection of the same two diabatic states. The locations of mechanistically relevant conical intersection structures and relevant saddle point structures are presented for the reactions between phenol and the N- and O-centered radicals, •NH2 and •OOCH3. Points on the conical intersection of the ground doublet D0 and f...
Association of an A-kinase-anchoring protein signaling scaffold with cadherin adhesion molecules in neurons and epithelial cells.

A-kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP) 79/150 organizes a scaffold of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein phosphatase 2B/calcineurin that regulates phosphorylation pathways underlying neuronal long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD) synaptic plasticity. AKAP79/150 postsynaptic targeting requires three N-terminal basic domains that bind F-actin and acidic phospholipids. Here, we report a novel interaction of these domains with cadherin adhesion molecules that are linked to actin through β-catenin (β-cat) at neuronal synapses and epithelial adherens junctions. Mapping the AKAP binding site in cadherins identified overlap with β-cat binding; however, no competition between AKAP and β-cat binding to cadherins was detected in vitro. Accordingly, AKAP79/150 exhibited polarized localization with β-cat and cadherins in epithelial cell lateral membranes, and β-cat was present in AKAP–cadherin complexes isolated from epithelial cells, cultured neurons, and rat brain synaptic membranes. Inhibition of epithelial cell cadherin adhesion and actin polymerization redistributed intact AKAP–cadherin complexes from lateral membranes to intracellular compartments. In contrast, stimulation of neuronal pathways implicated in LTD that depolymerize postsynaptic F-actin disrupted AKAP–cadherin interactions and resulted in loss of the AKAP, but not cadherins, from synapses. This neuronal regulation of AKAP79/150 targeting to cadherins may be important in functional and structural synaptic modifications underlying plasticity.
Cation Interdiffusion in Squid Giant Axons

Radiotracer techniques were used to study the influxes and effluxes of various univalent cations in internally perfused squid giant axons. Membrane currents and conductances were determined by the voltage-clamp technique under analogous internal and external conditions. Both sodium-containing and sodium-free internal and external media were studied. Membrane impedance was measured with an ac impedance bridge to determine the general magnitude and time course of the impedance loss which accompanied the excitation process in both varieties of external media. Maximum transmembrane currents were found to be of comparable magnitude to the charge transfer associated with the peak interdiffusion flux measured under the same conditions. The product of the membrane resistance and the interdiffusion flux remained constant over a wide range of resistance and flux values, both at rest and during activity, both in sodium-containing and sodium-free media. The implications of these findings for excitation theory are discussed.
Initial Measurements of Beam Breakup Instability in the Advanced Test Accelerator

This paper reports the measurements of beam breakup (BBU) instability performed on the Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) up to the end of February, 1984. The main objective was to produce a high current usable electron beam at the ATA output. A well-known instability is BBU which arises from the accelerator cavity modes interacting with the electron beam. The dominant mode is TM/sub 130/ at a frequency of approximately 785 MHz. It couples most strongly to the beam motion and has been observed to grow in the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) which has only eight accelerator cavities. ATA has one hundred and seventy cavities and, therefore, the growth of BBU is expected to be more severe. In this paper, BBU measurements are reported for ATA with beam currents of 4 to 7 kA. Analysis showed that the growth of the instability with propagation distance was as expected for the lower currents. However, the high-current data showed an apparent higher growth rate than expected. An explanation for this anomaly is given in terms of a ''corkscrew'' excitation. The injector BBU noise level for a field emission brush cathode was found to be an order of magnitude lower than for a cold plasma more » discharge cathode. These injector rf amplitudes agree very well with values obtained using the method of differenced B sub solar loops. « less
Roman Law and Legislation in the Middle Ages

THE source of political authority has long been a focus of scholars in mediaeval political theory.' The approach to the problem has generally followed the interpretation that until about 1260 mediaeval political thought consisted of a combination of ideas derived from Christianity, Stoicism, and Augustinianism, all of which ideologies held that the state was a necessary evil brought about by man's depravity, that the higher law was a gift of God, and that human law was "found" by the sovereign of the community. According to this interpretation, the customary practices of a people embodied the law of God, so that the ruler had only to consult the oldest or greatest men of the community, discover what ancient practices were followed in a variety of situations, and apply them to the case at hand. There is in this interpretation no significant development of the idea that the sovereign gave the law; his function was to discover specific rules of law that had always been contained in the general natural law that had come from God and was embodied in the customs of diverse peoples. The law-giver, therefore, was an especially strong and astute revealer of Truth rather than an effective law-maker. Although Roman law was considered an important factor in the Middle Ages in this interpretation, it was only as a specific type of customary law that had been superimposed upon an older set of customs. The Burgundians and Visigoths, for example, adopted the Roman law as a type of custom that embodied criminal and procedural law. In addition, the Roman law signified the transition from the primitive to the modern, for it gave an impetus to the development of written law in the early Germanic kingdoms. Although the king was to find the pre-existent law, he was not to apply it without the consent of the community. This again was supposedly a Germanic concept that originated in primitive societies and provided the basis for the mediaeval idea of consent. True, when representative estates developed in the later Middle Ages, the practice of consent became more regularized and efficient, but such technical innovations as were reflected therein took place within the framework of the old idea of law as something to be found rather than to be made. In short, mediaeval law was not the result of a positive action on the part of the organs of the state but existed prior to those organs. This interpretation holds that only in the modern state does positive law reign supreme, and this is a situation neces-
Cellular oxygen sensing by mitochondria: old questions, new insight

Hypoxia elicits a variety of adaptive responses at the tissue level, at the cellular level, and at the molecular level. A physiological response to hypoxia requires the existence of an O2 sensor co...
Nanodielectric system for cryogenic applications: Barium titanate filled polyvinyl alcohol

In the current study we focus on dielectric properties (as a function of frequency and temperature) of a polymeric composite system composed of polyvinyl alcohol and barium titanate nano powder. In the investigations, the temperature range is between 50-295 K, and the frequency range is between 20 Hz-1 MHz. Polarization and conduction processes are investigated in the linear regime. Dielectric breakdown strengths of samples are also reported. The materials presented have potential to be implemented in cryogenic capacitor or field grading applications.
Machines and Human Beings in the Movies

Over the years, many movies have presented on-screen a struggle between machines and human beings. Typically, the machines have come to rule and threaten the existence of humanity. They must be conquered to ensure the survival of and to secure the freedom of the human race. Although these movies appear to expose the dangers of an autonomous and hegemonic technology and to champion the human being, they do not. Humans do not in the end triumph over technology but merge with the machine. Instead of liberation from technological domination, the movies in question depict as inevitable the total surrender and absorption of humanity to and into technology. These movies lead to a denial of the true conditions of our existence in technology. Many films could serve to illustrate the problem, but this study focuses on two representative film trilogies: The Terminator and The Matrix.
Short-term associations between disease and milk yield of dairy cows

Short-term associations between disease and milk yield were studied in 1594 lactations occurring between 1977 and 1982 in 732 Friesian, Ayrshire and Holstein crossbred cows. Statistically significant differences in milk yield between one week before and one week after clinical diagnosis were observed for ketosis (5.1 kg/d), hypomagnesaemia (4.1 kg/d), mastitis occurring after peak yield (2.1 kg/d) and lameness (1.1 kg/d). Milk yield declined for as much as 2-4 weeks before diagnosis of disease, and total losses in milk yield associated with ketosis or hypomagnesaemia were estimated to be 60-70 kg. No significant differences were found for endometritis or for mastitis when it occurred before peak yield. Milk yield was suppressed for about 4 weeks after calvings with retained placenta, but there were no corresponding effects of dystocia or hypocalcaemia on milk yield. It is suggested that if automatic daily milk recording is available it may be possible to detect deviations from normal, and hence detect subclinical disease 2 or more weeks before its clinical appearance.
Model for airblast atomization

The objective of fuel injection modeling activities is generally to give support to the atomizer design effort to achieve improved spray quality. In gas turbine combustors, enhanced atomization is essential for satisfactory performance because droplet sizes can have direct impact on almost all key aspects of combustion. A model that includes the integration of the submodels of airflow, fuel injection and atomization, and droplets turbulent dispersion has been formulated. The model was applied to an airblast atomizer that incorporated a short prefilming device. The predictions were validated against two-component phase Doppler interferometry data of that atomizer. The results of the present investigation demonstrate the capability of the developed model to predict satisfactorily the airflow field and spray characteristics. The results also indicate the need for detailed measurements in the near field of the atomizer in order to quantitatively verify the modeling of the initial atomization processes in this region. CD d FN g P t U u V P a Nomenclature = drag coefficient = droplet diameter, m = atomizer flow number, m2 = gravitational acceleration, m/s2 = kinetic energy of turbulence, m2/s2 = static pressure, Pa = film thickness, m = velocity of carrier phase, m/s = fluctuation velocity of carrier phase, m/s = velocity of droplets, m/s = axial distance, m = dynamic viscosity, kg/ms = density, kg/m3 = surface tension, N/m I. Introduction T HE development of gas turbine combustors depends largely upon understanding the flow and combustion processes within the combustor. In order to accurately simulate the combustor flowfield, analytical approaches are required to account for various flow processes in addition to the details of the combustor configuration. It is equally important to establish a wide base of benchmark quality data needed for model validation. Most of the combustor performance parameters are directly related to the quality of the spray produced by the fuel injector.l The initial drop sizes formed at the injector exit and their trajectories coupled with the combustor primary zone aerodynamics significantly influence the evaporation and combustion characteristics of the spray. Fuel injection calculation concepts currently in use include empirical methods that readily provide a global picture of the whole spray as well as more complex models that account for the detailed spray dynamics.2'3 Spray correlations provide a convenient means of calculating such parameters as mean drop size and spray angle. However, it is difficult to develop a design method based only on empirical data because each correlation was derived for a certain application and may not
QUANTITATIVE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY—ACHIEVING FINER RESOLUTION IN GLOBAL CORRELATION

▪ Abstract The fossil record preserves a wide range of events that might be used to build timescales and correlate strata from place to place. The events include the originations and extinctions of species, the occurrence of distinctive faunal assemblages, magnetic field reversals, changes in ocean chemistry, and volcanic ash falls. The fundamental task is to determine the global sequence of all these events. Modern computer algorithms can build high-resolution timescales by sequencing and calibrating thousands of such events from hundreds of localities. Each successful sequencing algorithm can be understood in terms of a simple two-dimensional visual device. Graphic correlation, permutable sequences, permutable matrices, and slotting devices are each suited to a different data problem, such as contradictory evidence of sequence, a lack of information about sequence, or uncertain correspondence of events. Algorithms based upon permutable sequences and evolutionary programming heuristics have the flexibili...
Marco: a middleware architecture for distributed multimedia collaboration

A distributed, real time, collaborative visualization (DRCV) system for four dimensional datasets like fMRI images, can be a valuable tool to support scientific and medical research. Software applications supporting DRCV are lagging due to complex challenges, such as real time rendering, coordinated, real time navigation, dataset management, data location transparency, heterogeneous node management, data replication policies, and so on. In addition, people using DRCV tools are tightened to computing devices with specific configuration, which lower opportunities for remote visualization collaborations. We present a novel middleware to facilitate development of DRCV applications which guarantee high data availability and scalability in terns of collaborative groups and members, and are adaptable to computing devices with varying display capabilities. We also show our prototype implementation of this middleware with performance measurements.