cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ventriloquizing Blackness: Citing Enslaved Africans in the French Caribbean, c.1650–1685

Williard’s essay argues for the importance of texts coming out of the French Caribbean in the seventeenth century in accessing black lives in the early modern era. She points out that the seventeenth-century Caribbean presents a vast yet understudied network of archival and narrative traces of enslaved and free people of African descent. She examines the period c.1650–1685, a crucial time for colonial encounters and the transformation of metropolitan ideas about human difference. In particular, she examines the accounts of missionaries, who often quoted and ventriloquized their encounters with black Africans in the French Caribbean. Through those moments of representation and appropriation, Williard argues, we can glean information about how black Africans negotiated their encounters in the French Caribbean.
Training Community Residents to Address Social Determinants of Health in Underresourced Communities

Disparities in chronic disease and life expectancy remain a significant public health problem and are largely attributable to social determinants of health. Community health workers (CHWs) promote health equity through individual- and community-level activities, and leadership and advocacy skills training make CHWs more likely to catalyze structural change. CHWs are increasingly being integrated into clinical practices to support care management, creating a need for new grassroots community-level advocates. We adapted for community residents an existing CHW training curriculum focused on social determinants of health and effecting community change. We offered 36 hours of training at community-based locations in New Orleans, Louisiana. We assessed baseline civic and community participation and pre- and postknowledge for each lesson. Among 43 enrollees, 42 completed the program. The majority were Black (92.7%), female (92.7%), and retired or unemployed (77.5%), with a median age of 61.5 years. In the past year, 85% of participants had volunteered, 57.1% had been involved with a community organization, and 32.4% had contacted the city council. Participants demonstrated statistically significant increases in knowledge in 5 of 6 lessons. Our success in increasing knowledge of advocacy among a civically engaged group suggests that trainees may become community leaders in addressing social determinants of health.
Discrepancy between heritage speakers' use of suprasegmental cues in the perception and production of Spanish lexical stress

This study investigates Spanish heritage speakers' perception and production of Spanish lexical stress. Stress minimal pairs in various prosodic contexts were used to examine whether heritage speakers successfully identify the stress location despite varying suprasegmental cues (Experiment 1) and whether they use these cues in their production (Experiment 2). Heritage speakers' performance was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals and English L2 learners. In Experiment 1, the heritage speakers showed a clear advantage over the L2 learners and their performance was comparable to that of the monolinguals. In Experiment 2, both the heritage speakers and the L2 learners showed deviating patterns from the monolinguals; they produced a large overlap between paroxytones and oxytones, especially in duration. The discrepancy between heritage speakers' perception and production suggests that, while early exposure to heritage language is beneficial for the perception of heritage language speech sounds, this factor alone does not guarantee target-like production.
Local Regression Learning via Forest Classification for 2D/3D Deformable Registration

Recent 2D/3D deformable registration methods have achieved real-time computation of 3D lung deformations by learning global regressions that map projection intensities to deformation parameters globally in a shape space. If the mapping matrices are specialized to a specific local region of the shape space, the linear mappings will perform better than mappings trained to work on the global shape space. The major contribution of this paper is presenting a novel method that supports shape-space-localized learning for 2D/3D deformable registration and uses regression learning as an example. The method comprises two stages: training and application. In the training stage, it recursively finds normalized graph cuts that best separate the training samples given the number of desired training partitions. Second, in each training partition the projection mapping matrices are learned by linear regressions locally. Third, the method trains a decision forest for deciding into which training partition a target projection image should be classified, on the basis of projection image intensity and gradient values in various image regions. In the application stage, the decision forest classifies a target projection image into a training partition and then the learned linear regressions for that training partition are applied to the target projection image intensities to yield the desired deformation. This local regression learning method is validated on both synthetic and real lung datasets. The results indicate that the forest classification followed by local regressions yields more accurate and yet still real-time 2D/3D deformable registration than global regressions.
Unfit by Accident: Third-Party Perception of Parental Fitness Based on Childbearing Intention:

Prior research has examined the impact of unintended birth on parent and child welfare. The present studies examine another potential consequence: namely, how third-party observers react to informa...
Increase in Muscle Activation during Physiotherapy with Electromyography Biofeedback for Patients with Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries

Surface electromyography (sEMG) can be used as a biofeedback (BFB) parameter to provide information to participants regarding muscle activation in a variety of settings. The objective of our study is to assess whether an sEMG BFB display during physical therapy sessions for acute spinal cord injured inpatients would assist in increasing muscle use and patient engagement during therapy. In addition, we sought to assess whether the therapist and patients would find the sEMG BFB relevant and useful. To achieve this objective, we examined the effect of visual sEMG BFB system in improving muscle activation and therapeutic outcomes during experimental sessions that mimicked conventional slings therapy sessions with a research therapist providing the therapy. We recruited two inpatients with recent spinal cord injuries (SCI) that had been prescribed (clinical) slings therapy as part of their clinical standard of care at our acute rehabilitation hospital. During each experimental session there were two portions. One was the control period which required the participants to repeat elbow flexion 10 times under conventional clinical slings therapy protocols. The other was the BFB period, where the therapist guided the participant in the same movement but both therapist and the participant were provided with visual feedback of real-time sEMG signals recorded from participant’s biceps brachii muscles. Our preliminary results show that both participants demonstrated statistically significant improvement of muscle activation level with the sEMG BFB system compared with conventional clinical slings therapy protocols.
Weakly nonlinear analysis of the Saffman-Taylor problem in a radially spreading fluid annulus

Viscous fingering formation in a three-layer radial Hele-Shaw flow is studied. The inclusion of a third layer of fluid adds a new outer interface that couples with the inner one. It is found that the initial distance between these two interfaces has a great impact on the final morphologies of the patterns.
Synthesis, Redox, and Spectroscopic Properties of Pd(II) 10,10-Dimethylisocorrole Complexes Prepared via Bromination of Dimethylbiladiene Oligotetrapyrroles

Two brominated 10,10-dimethylisocorrole (10-DMIC) derivatives containing Pd(II) centers have been prepared and characterized. These compounds were prepared via bromination of 10,10-dimethylbiladiene-based oligotetrapyrroles. Bromination of free base 10,10-dimethylbiladiene (DMBil1) followed by metalation with Pd(OAc)2, as well as bromination of the corresponding Pd(II) dimethylbiladiene complex (Pd[DMBil1]) provide routes to Pd(II) hexabromo-10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-isocorrole (Pd[10-DMIC-Br6]) and Pd(II) octabromo-10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-isocorrole (Pd[10-DMIC-Br8]). The solid-state structures of the two brominated isocorrole complexes are presented, as is that for a new decabrominated dimethylbiladiene derivative (DMBil-Br10). The electronic and spectroscopic properties of the brominated biladiene and isocorrole derivatives were probed using a combination of voltammetric methods and steady-state UV-vis absorption and emission experiments. Data obtained from these experiments allow the properties of the brominated biladiene and isocorrole derivatives to be compared to previously studied biladiene derivatives (i.e., DMBil1 and Pd[DMBil1]). CV and DPV experiments demonstrate that Pd[10-DMIC-Br6] and Pd[10-DMIC-Br8] support well-behaved multielectron redox chemistry, similar to that which has been observed for other nonaromatic tetrapyrroles containing sp3-hybridized meso-carbons. Spectroscopic experiments reveal that bromination of the dimethylbiladiene core shifts this system's UV-vis absorption profile to lower energy and that the dimethylisocorrole complexes support panchromatic absorption profiles that extend across the UV-vis and into the near-IR region. Photosensitization experiments demonstrate that unlike previously studied Pd(II) biladiene constructs, DMBil-Br10, Pd[10-DMIC-Br6], and Pd[10-DMIC-Br8] support limited triplet excited state chemistry with O2, indicating that the novel nonaromatic tetrapyrrole derivatives described in this work may be best suited for applications other than singlet oxygen sensitization.
Promoting literacy and numeracy among middle school students: Exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy and gender differences

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of self-efficacy to mediate the relations among 6th and 7th grade students’ literacy and numeracy expectations and their Reading and Mathematics performance and determine any differences by gender. Participants were 793 middle school students from 44 classrooms in 26 American schools. Multilevel mediational analysis revealed that self-efficacy partly mediated students’ numeracy expectations and their Mathematics performance; this effect is consistent within but not between classrooms. No mediational effect for literacy expectations and Reading performance was observed. These effects did not differ between males and females. Implications for teacher preparation and development are discussed.
Effect of composite coating on insertion mechanics of needle structure in soft materials.

Abstract This research aims to study the effect of a composite coating comprised of polydopamine (PDA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and activated Carbon on the insertion mechanics of surgical needles in tissues i.e., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tissue phantom and bovine kidney. A needle insertion and extraction test system was designed and constructed to measure the insertion and extraction forces. It was found that the composite coating on the needle surface decreases the maximum average insertion and extraction forces by 62% and 64%, respectively, when tested in PVC tissue phantom and by 49% and 30%, respectively, in bovine kidney tissue. Additionally, an Atomic Force Microscope study was performed to characterize the surface properties of the coated needles. It was found that the composite coating reduced the friction force on the needle surface by 65.7%. The decrease in these forces is critical in minimizing tissue damage and decreasing needle path deviation or deflection during percutaneous procedures.
Coalescent methods reconstruct contributions of natural colonization and stocking to origins of Michigan inland Cisco (Coregonus artedi)

Abstract Fish population structure in previously glaciated regions is often influenced by natural colonization processes and human-mediated dispersal, including fish stocking. Endemic populations are of conservation interest because they may contain rare and unique genetic variation. While coregonines are native to certain Michigan inland lakes, some were stocked with fish from Great Lakes sources, calling into question the origin of extant populations. While most stocking targeted lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), cisco (C. artedi) were also stocked from the Great Lakes to inland waterbodies. We used population genetic data (microsatellite genotypes and mitochondrial (mt)DNA sequences), coalescent modeling, and approximate Bayesian computation to investigate the origins of 12 inland Michigan cisco populations. The spatial distribution of mtDNA haplotypes suggests Michigan is an introgression zone for two ancestral cisco lineages associated with separate glacial refugia. Low levels of genetic diversity and high levels of genetic divergence were observed for populations located well inland of the Great Lakes relative to populations occupying waterbodies near the Great Lakes. Estimates of recent Great Lakes gene flow ranged from 27 to 48% for populations near the Great Lakes shoreline but were substantially lower (under 8%) for populations further inland. Inland lakes with elevated recent gene flow estimates may have been recipients of stocked coregonine fry, including cisco. Low levels of genetic diversity paired with a high likelihood of endemism as indicated by strong genetic divergence and low Great Lakes population inputs suggest the analyzed cisco populations occupying southern Michigan kettle lakes are of elevated conservation interest.
Comparison of SBRT for Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer by Site: Lung vs. Liver.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) We seek to report patient outcomes following Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) to the lung and liver for oligometastatic colorectal cancer (oCRC), and identify differences by tumor site and KRAS status. MATERIALS/METHODS An IRB-approved prospective registry of 2138 lung SBRT patients and 294 liver SBRT patients was surveyed for patients with oCRC (defined as ≤ 5 lesions) involving the lung or liver treated with SBRT from 2005 to 2020. Patient, tumor, and treatment factors were analyzed. Actuarial rates for local control (LC), first local, regional or distant failure (TTFF), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Univariate analysis of outcome by KRAS status was conducted. RESULTS 86 patients met study criteria, with 61 having lung, 24 patients having liver, and 1 patient having lung and liver SBRT. Median follow up was 24.8 months. Median age was 65.9 years (range 36.4 - 89.7), 63.9 for lung and 72.5 for liver (P = 0.022). 56.3% of patients were male, 48.4% for lung and 76% for liver (P = 0.018). Median KPS was 90 (range 70 - 100). 21.0% of lung patients had prior metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) (wedge resection, lobectomy). 60.0% of liver patients had prior MDT (surgery, bland embolization, RFA, Y-90). Mean liver lesion size (2.92 cm) was larger than mean lung lesion size (1.69 cm) (P < 0.0001). SBRT dose was 30 - 60 Gy in 1 - 8 Fx, with median dose of 50 Gy in 5 Fx for both lung and liver. 36% of patients were treated to 2+ synchronous lesions. 14% of patients had further SBRT to metachronous lesions. KRAS status was known for 71.3% of patients, 67.8% for lung, 80% for liver. Of those, KRAS mutation was present in 48.4% of patients, 47.6% for lung and 50% for liver. LC at 1 and 2 years was 87.9% (95% CI: 80.4 - 95.3) and 78.0% (95% CI: 68.1 - 88.0), respectively. OS at 1 and 2 years was 88.3% (95% CI: 81.5 - 95.1) and 74.1% (95% CI: 64.6 - 83.7), respectively. Median OS for all patients was 51.5 months, 59.0 months for lung and 19.5 months for liver (P < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant difference on log rank test between the lung and liver cohorts in both local control (P = 0.008) and overall survival (P < 0.0001), see table. Median TTFF was 12.4 months for all patients, 14.3 months for lung and 5.1 months for liver patients (P = .690). There were no differences in LC or OS by KRAS status across all patients (P = .124 and P = .923 respectively), or for lung SBRT (P = .811 and P = .455 respectively), or liver SBRT (P = .167 and P = .247, respectively). CONCLUSION Local control and overall survival with SBRT for oCRC were inferior in the liver compared to lung, likely due to larger lesion size, more extensive prior therapy, and more advanced age in the liver cohort. There were no differences in outcomes by KRAS status.
Dispute Resolution Theory

Negotiation is a fundamental method of dispute resolution. After all, even most lawsuits are not decided by judges or juries. Instead, they are settled out of court by the parties themselves. Negotiation is also central to other forms of dispute resolution. For example, mediation (a device sometimes used for settling environmental disputes) is basically negotiation that is carried out with the assistance of a third party.
Glacier response to North Atlantic climate variability during the Holocene

Abstract. Small glaciers and ice caps respond rapidly to climate variations, and records of their past extent provide information on the natural envelope of past climate variability. Millennial-scale trends in Holocene glacier size are well documented and correspond with changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. However, there is only sparse and fragmentary evidence for higher-frequency variations in glacier size because in many Northern Hemisphere regions glacier advances of the past few hundred years were the most extensive and destroyed the geomorphic evidence of ice growth and retreat during the past several thousand years. Thus, most glacier records have been of limited use for investigating centennial-scale climate forcing and feedback mechanisms. Here we report a continuous record of glacier activity for the last 9.5 ka from southeast Greenland derived from high-resolution measurements on a proglacial lake sediment sequence. Physical and geochemical parameters show that the glaciers responded to previously documented Northern Hemisphere climatic excursions, including the "8.2 ka" cooling event, the Holocene Thermal Maximum, Neoglacial cooling, and 20th century warming. In addition, the sediments indicate centennial-scale oscillations in glacier size during the late Holocene. Beginning at 4.1 ka, a series of abrupt glacier advances occurred, each lasting ~100 years and followed by a period of retreat, that were superimposed on a gradual trend toward larger glacier size. Thus, while declining summer insolation caused long-term cooling and glacier expansion during the late Holocene, climate system dynamics resulted in repeated episodes of glacier expansion and retreat on multi-decadal to centennial timescales. These episodes coincided with ice rafting events in the North Atlantic Ocean and periods of regional ice cap expansion, which confirms their regional significance and indicates that considerable glacier activity on these timescales is a normal feature of the cryosphere. The data provide a longer-term perspective on the rate of 20th century glacier retreat and indicate that recent anthropogenic-driven warming has already impacted the regional cryosphere in a manner outside the natural range of Holocene variability.
The Paradox of Financial Services Regulation: Preserving Client Expectations of Loyalty in an Industry Rife with Conflicts of Interest

This paper considers the implications of Australian Securities and Investments Commission v. Citigroup [2007] FCA 963, a landmark decision of the Federal Court of Australia. The case highlights an apparent paradox in financial services regulation: at the same time as allowing, or even fostering, the development of financial services conglomerates, regulation in multiple jurisdictions preserves potentially incompatible general law obligations that arise from client expectations of loyalty. The paradox is most evident in the context of the modern investment bank. The paper discusses the dynamic nature of investment banks, their organizational structure, the types of conflicts they typically face and recent trends in the industry. It also considers a number of questions about the regulation of conflicts of interest at these firms. First, when an investment bank performs one of its traditional functions, what fiduciary constraints is it likely to face? Second, to what extent will the classic formulation of fiduciary obligations take account of both the conglomerate structure of the modern investment bank and the co-existence of legislation that regulates conflicts of interest? Finally, quite apart from the fiduciary obligation, what does - and should - a statutory obligation to "manage" conflicts of interest require? These questions are considered against the backdrop of ASIC v. Citigroup.
The Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study

ABSTRACT There is a body of emerging research that investigates whether adopted adolescents are more likely to develop behavior problems than their biological counterparts. However, few investigations have considered whether there are differences among adoption groups as to the development of behavior problems. The purpose of this study was to explore differences in psychosocial adjustment among transracia adoptees, Caucasian adoptees, and their non-adopted siblings during late adolescence/early adulthood, a potentially vulnerable point in their development. Analyses in this paper are based on parental interview data of 240 children in 91 adoptive families. Participants were on average nineteen years of age. Based on the interview data, four composite scales were created to assess school problems, behavior problems, general health, and delinquency. It was found that the majority of children in the transracial adoptive families did not show evidence of poor psychosocial adjustment as portrayed by the perce...
Review of Amit Goswami's Book: God Is Not Dead: What Quantum Physics Tells Us about Our Origins and How We Should Live

Goswami's book provides evidence for the reality of God, and he gives (page 34) an early outline: "In view of quantum physics, the vast data on life after death, and alternative subtle-body medicine, it is considerably more difficult to refute the ideas of downward causation and subtle bodies." Goswami is breaking new ground here. Nevertheless, the book could benefit with additional treatments of some classical philosophical arguments, and I mean to point to arguments that are beyond Thomas Aquinas. Hegel's "ontological proof of God" and Charles S. Peirce's "neglected argument for the reality of God" (as they are known) provide non-dual understandings that are agreeable to Goswami's monistic idealism, in my opinion. You can find this book at Amazon: God Is Not Dead: What Quantum Physics Tells Us about Our Origins and How We Should Live .
SURFACE-ERODIBLE BIOMATERIALS FOR DRUG DELIVERY

Publisher Summary Bioerodible polymers offer a unique combination of properties that can be tailored to suit nearly any controlled drug delivery application. By far, the most common bioerodible polymers employed for biomedical applications are polyesters and polyethers (for example, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactide, polyglycolide, and their copolymers). These polymers are biocompatible, have good mechanical properties, and have been used in many controlled release applications. However, their chemistries are limited, thereby restricting structural modifications resulting in tailored properties. Over the past two decades, researchers have begun investigating alternative biodegradable polymers, resulting in a vast body of literature on both the synthesis of, and mechanisms of drug release from, biodegradable polymers. Drug release may be controlled by several mechanisms including diffusion of the drug through a matrix, dissolution of the polymer matrix, and degradation of the polymer. The chemistry of the polymer matrix may be tailored to facilitate drug stabilization, target delivery to specific tissues, or alter the release kinetics.
Reflection in Second Language Teacher Education

Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language: A Teacher Self-Development and Methodology Guide. Jerry G. Gebhard. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996. The Self-Directed Teacher: Managing the Learning Process. David Nunan and Clarice Lamb. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Jack C. Richards and Charles Lockhart. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
On the Synchronization Mechanisms for Multimedia Integrated Services Networks

With the advance of communication technology, integrated services networks make possible real-time, multimedia applications. Unlike traditional data traffic, real-time multimedia traffic requires synchronization; temporal relationships among media must be maintained. Yet delay jitter and the absence of a global clock may disrupt these temporal relationships. This paper introduces new group synchronization protocols for real-time, multimedia applications, including teleconference, teleorchestration and multimedia on-demand services. The proposed protocols achieve synchronization for all configurations (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many), and it does so without prior knowledge of the end-to-end delay distribution, or the distribution of the clock drift. The only a-priori knowledge the protocols require is an upper bound on the end-to-end delay. The paper concludes with simulation experiments showing that the mechanisms work effectively in both LAN and WAN environments.
Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals DYSF, FKTN, and ISPD Mutations in Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Without Brain or Eye Involvement

Background—Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders. Several genes encoding extracellular matrix, nuclear envelope, sarcolemmal proteins and glycosylation enzymes have been implicated in CMDs. The large overlap of clinical presentations due to mutations in different genes poses a challenge for clinicians in determining disease etiology for each patient. Objective—We investigated the use of whole exome sequencing (WES) in identifying the genetic cause of disease in 5 CMD patients from 3 families who presented with highly similar clinical features, including early-onset rapidly progressive weakness without brain or eye abnormalities. Methods—Whole exome sequencing was performed on DNA from affected individuals. Potential functional impacts of mutations were investigated by immunostaining on available muscle biopsies. Results—Pathogenic mutations in 3 different genes, DYSF, FKTN, and ISPD were identified in each family. Mutation in DYSF led to absence of dysferlin protein in patient muscle. Mutations in ISPD led to impaired ISDP function, as demonstrated by deficiency of α-dystroglycan glycosylation in patient muscle.
Social network analysis realization and exploitation

Intelligence analysts demand rapid information fusion capabilities to develop and maintain accurate situational awareness and understanding of dynamic enemy threats in asymmetric military operations. The ability to extract meaning in relationships between people, objects, and locations from a variety of unstructured text datasets is critical to proactive decision making. Additionally, the ability to automatically cluster text documents about entities and discover connections between those documents allows the analyst to navigate an extremely large collection of documents. Analysts also demand a temporal understanding of the extracted relationships between entities and connections between documents. We describe approaches to automatically realize the social networks via concept extraction, relationship extraction, and document connection algorithms; we also describe approaches to exploit the network by visualizing the results to the analyst such that changes over time are evident.
Subcellular localization of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the rat hypothalamus.

— Homogenates of male rat hypothalami were fractionated by means of differential centrifugation, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the various fractions was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Of the total quantity of α-MSH in the homogenate, 36% was recovered in the 11,500 g pellet and 31% sedimented between 11,500 and 105,000 g. α-MSH was not detected in the 105,000 g supernatant fluid. When the 900 g supernatant fluid was fractionated on continuous sucrose density gradients at non-equilibrium conditions, two populations of particles containing α-MSH were observed. When fractionated at equilibrium conditions, the two populations were recovered in a single band. These sedimentation characteristics indicate that the particles that contain α-MSH differ in size but are similar in density. After hypo-osmotic shock, the large particles containing α-MSH were not demonstrable, whereas the small particles appeared to be resistant to such treatment. In their sedimentation, the particles containing α-MSH were indistinguishable from particles containing thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) but were separable from those that contained luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). It is suggested that the large particles containing α-MSH are synaptosomes.
Cell Surface Antigen Induced by Influenza Virus

By immunofluorescence staining, a specific surface antigen induced by influenza virus was detected on clone 1-5C-4 cells. The antigen was neither related to hemagglutinin nor dependent on the production of infectious virus. Formation of the virus-specific cell surface antigen was dependent on protein synthesis but independent of viral ribonucleic acid replication.
Fluid Structure Interaction of Parachutes in Supersonic Planetary Entry

A research program to provide physical insight into disk-gap-band parachute operation in the supersonic regime on Mars was conducted. The program included supersonic wind tunnel tests, computational fluid dynamics and fluid structure interaction simulations. Specifically, the nature and cause of the "area oscillation" phenomenon were investigated to determine the scale, aerodynamic, and aero-elastic dependence of the supersonic parachute collapse and re-inflation event. A variety of non-intrusive, temporally resolved, and high resolution diagnostic techniques were used to interrogate the flow and generate validation datasets. The results of flow visualization, particle image velocimetry, load measurements, and photogrammetric reconstruction will be presented. Implications to parachute design, use, and verification will also be discussed.
Analogical reasoning in planning and decision making

Analogical reasoning is a significant cognitive process that has heretofore not been modelled by artificial intelligence researchers in a computationally tractable manner. Recently, several new approaches have shown significant promise using analogical processes for problem solving and learning. Among the first and most comprehensive, the ARIES project demonstrated that analogical problem solving is a computationally tractable means of exploiting past experience to solve new problems of increasing complexity. Two methods were developed: transformational analogy, with solutions to related problems are incremently transformed into the solution of a new problem, and derivational analogy with the problem solving strategies, rather than the resultant solutions, are transferred across like problems.However, many interesting questions remain unanswered, including: How closely related should problems be prior to analogical transfer? How does one measure similarity? What is the relation of analogical transfer to human problem solving capabilities? What roles does analogy play in learning? Should analogical reasoning be part of a decision analysis engine to bring past experience to bear in evaluating likely consequences of candidate decisions? Should analogical reasoning be considered an integral aspect of any unified problem solving architecture striving to model human cognition? After a glimpse into the basic ARIES model, partial answers to these questions are discussed based on recent advances. Some of these new directions are rooted in concrete computational and psychological results; others are of a more speculative nature.
Oh, the Places They'll Go! Mobility, Place and Landscape in the Film This is Nowhere

Filmmaker Doug Hawes-Davis presents an ironic and strangely dissonant interpretation of American culture in the documentary This is Nowhere, an expose of RV travelers who circumnavigate the country "camping" in Wal-Mart parking lots. I proffer an interpretation of the film that explodes the fiction of placelessness, as nowhere serves as a poignant foil in evoking the meaning of mobility, place and landscape in America. Through ingenious editing and timely cuts to eclectic film footage, the viewer is taken on a journey of cultural contradictions, driven by the balderdash of Wal-Mart campers who speak their minds on a panoply of issues: mobility, freedom, nature, resources, consumption, government, social class, community, globalization and homogenization, suburban sprawl, urban poverty and blight. The result is a theater of the absurd acted out in surreal Wal-Mart and highway commercial strip scapes, vehicles and people jiggling in fast motion staccato, going nowhere. This is Nowhere takes us on an existen...
Biographical Factors and Teacher Effectiveness

This study attempted to detemine whether biographical factors might be identified which would distinguish between teachers receiving high and low student assessments. More than 3,000 high school seniors named the most and least effective teacher they had experienced. Most and least effective were defined in terms of the three major patterns of classroom teacher behavior identified by Ryans. Teachers named by three or more seniors completed a biographical questionnaire. Effective teachers numbering 125 and ineffective teachers numbering responded. A coefficient of correlation was found for each of the biographical items and the criterion, teacher rating. Significant correlations were found for amount of mother’s formal education, mobility of teacher, number of books read annually, home ownership, and student-teacher relationships.
Teliospore ontogeny in Ypsilospora baphiae and Y. africana sp.nov. (Uredinales)

Teliospore ontogeny of Ypsilospora baphiae is studied by light microscopy using free-hand sections of dried herbarium specimens. Pairs of single-celled teliospores form on common pedicels which develop successively on sporogenous cells. This mode of teliospore ontogeny is new in the Uredinales, and substantiates the validity of Ypsilospora . The perfect state was found for Uraecium africanum Cummins which occurs on the same host plant in the same areas of Africa as does Y. baphiae . The teliospores of this rust fungus are similar to those of Y. baphiae in morphology and development. It is named Ypsilospora africana Ono & Hennen sp.nov.
An unsolved mystery: The target-recognizing RNA species of microRNA genes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous ∼21-nucleotide (nt) RNAs. These small RNAs are produced from long primary miRNA transcripts - pri-miRNAs - through sequential endonucleolytic maturation steps that yield precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) intermediates and then the mature miRNAs. The mature miRNAs are loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC), and guide RISC to target mRNAs for cleavage and/or translational repression. This paradigm, which represents one of major discoveries of modern molecular biology, is built on the assumption that mature miRNAs are the only species produced from miRNA genes that recognize targets. This assumption has guided the miRNA field for more than a decade and has led to our current understanding of the mechanisms of target recognition and repression by miRNAs. Although progress has been made, fundamental questions remain unanswered with regard to the principles of target recognition and mechanisms of repression. Here I raise questions about the assumption that mature miRNAs are the only target-recognizing species produced from miRNA genes and discuss the consequences of working under an incomplete or incorrect assumption. Moreover, I present evolution-based and experimental evidence that support the roles of pri-/pre-miRNAs in target recognition and repression. Finally, I propose a conceptual framework that integrates the functions of pri-/pre-miRNAs and mature miRNAs in target recognition and repression. The integrated framework opens experimental enquiry and permits interpretation of fundamental problems that have so far been precluded.
Excitation of atomic positive ions by electron impact

Abstract The current state of theory and its application to excitation of atomic positive ions by electron impact are reviewed. Results of calculations are compared with existing experimental measurements.
Optimal morphing-wing design using parallel nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II

The focus of this paper is an optimal design ofmorphing aircraft wings employing a wing structure composed of an internal layout of cables and struts. Cables are used to provide actuation and stiffness, and struts provide stiffness without actuation. Topology optimization is used to place cables and struts in a bay or a section of the wing. Nonlinear finite element analysis is used to capture the large deformations of the structure, and the optimization is achieved using the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. The optimization procedure is illustrated using a morphingwing example. The effect of the upper limit on actuation forces is studied, and solutions are found with good agreement between the desired and obtained deflections under actuation and aerodynamic loads. The implemented parallelized optimization algorithm is successful in solving a computationally intense, multi-objective, multiconstraint problem with a large number of discrete and continuous design variables in a reasonable amount of time.
Mechanistic study of the sorption properties of OASIS ® HLB and its use in solid-phase extraction

The solvation parameter model is used to characterize the sorption properties of the porous polymer Oasis® HLB for solid-phase extraction with water and water-methanol mixtures as a sample solvent. Increasing solute size and electron lone pair interactions favor retention from water. Oasis® HLB is not competitive with water for dipole-type and hydrogen-bond interactions, which result in lower analyte retention. The selectivity of Oasis® HLB is different to porous graphic carbon (Hypercarb®), a conventional poly (styrene-divinylbenzene) porous polymer sorbent (PLRP-S 100) and two silica-based, octadecylsiloxane-bonded sorbents with a high and a low carbon loading, respectively. Because of selectivity differences no single sorbent is ideal for the extraction of analytes possessing a wide range of polar interactions. Oasis® HLB is preferred for the extraction of low molecular mass and polar compounds, PLRP-S 100 for the extraction of higher molecular mass compounds of moderate polarity, and the silica-based octadecylsiloxane sorbent with a high carbon loading is the best compromise for the extraction of compounds that cover a wide polarity range. For methanol-water mixtures as a sample solvent PLRP-S 100 is the best general choice with Oasis® HLB preferred for the extraction of strong hydrogen-bond acids. Hypercarb® is shown to have favorable retention properties for solid-phase extraction with the except for its low surface area.
Roles of long-range tertiary interactions in limiting dynamics of the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme.

We determined the effects of mutating the long-range tertiary contacts of the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme on the dynamics of its substrate helix (referred to as P1) and on catalytic activity. Dynamics were assayed by fluorescence anisotropy of the fluorescent base analogue, 6-methyl isoxanthopterin, incorporated into the P1 helix, and fluorescence anisotropy and catalytic activity were measured for wild type and mutant ribozymes over a range of conditions. Remarkably, catalytic activity correlated with P1 anisotropy over 5 orders of magnitude of activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. The functional and dynamic effects from simultaneous mutation of the two long-range contacts that weaken P1 docking are cumulative and, based on this RNA’s topology, suggest distinct underlying origins for the mutant effects. Tests of mechanistic predictions via single molecule FRET measurements of rate constants for P1 docking and undocking suggest that ablation of the P14 tertiary interaction frees P2 and thereb...
Long waves on inclined films at high Reynolds number

At large Reynolds number (Re > 10), waves on inclined films grow rapidly downstream in both amplitude and wavelength to the extent that linear stability theory cannot adequately describe their velocity–wavenumber relationship. The wavelength increases indefinitely until solitary waves are formed very far downstream. In a recent experiment of Brauner & Maron (1982), this evolution to long waves is observed to occur by successive wavelength doubling. In this analysis, we develop a second-order integral boundary-layer approximation for long waves at intermediate Re of O(e−1), where e is the dimensionless wavenumber scaled with respect to the film thickness. (A second-order theory is needed because it introduces important dissipation terms which allow periodic and solitary waveforms to exist when surface tension is negligible.) After showing that this model can adequately describe infinitesimal waves at inception, we verify the existence of solitary waves and long-wavelength periodic waves near the critical Reynolds number with a weakly nonlinear analysis. These finite-amplitude waves are then numerically continued into the more important high-Re and strongly nonlinear regions. It is shown that the solitary wave speed approaches 1.67 times the Nusselt velocity, and the thickness of the substrate film approaches 0.47 times the Nusselt film thickness at large Re. These results are favourably compared to experimental data of Chu & Dukler (1974, 1975). We also confirm the period-doubling scenario of Brauner & Maron by showing that short finite-amplitude monochromatic waves are unstable to subharmonic instability.
RND transporters protect Corynebacterium glutamicum from antibiotics by assembling the outer membrane.

Corynebacterium–Mycobacterium–Nocardia (CMN) group are the causative agents of a broad spectrum of diseases in humans. A distinctive feature of these Gram-positive bacteria is the presence of an outer membrane of unique structure and composition. Recently, resistance–nodulation–division (RND) transporters (nicknamed MmpLs, Mycobacterial membrane protein Large) have emerged as major contributors to the biogenesis of the outer membranes in mycobacteria and as promising drug targets. In this study, we investigated the role of RND transporters in the physiology of Corynebacterium glutamicum and analyzed properties of these proteins. Our results show that in contrast to Gram-negative species, in which RND transporters actively extrude antibiotics from cells, in C. glutamicum and relatives these transporters protect cells from antibiotics by playing essential roles in the biogenesis of the low-permeability barrier of the outer membrane. Conditional C. glutamicum mutants lacking RND proteins and with the controlled expression of either NCgl2769 (CmpL1) or NCgl0228 (CmpL4) are hypersusceptible to multiple antibiotics, have growth deficiencies in minimal medium and accumulate intracellularly trehalose monocorynomycolates, free corynomycolates, and the previously uncharacterized corynomycolate-containing lipid. Our results also suggest that similar to other RND transporters, Corynebacterial membrane proteins Large (CmpLs) functions are dependent on a proton-motive force.
Evidence of function for conserved noncoding sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana

• Whole genome duplication events provide a lineage with a large reservoir of genes that can be molded by evolutionary forces into phenotypes that fit alternative environments. A well-studied whole genome duplication, the α-event, occurred in an ancestor of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Retained segments of the α-event have been defined in recent years in the form of duplicate protein coding sequences (α-pairs) and associated conserved noncoding DNA sequences (CNSs). Our aim was to identify any association between CNSs and α-pair co-functionality at the gene expression level. • Here, we tested for correlation between CNS counts and α-pair co-expression and expression intensity across nine expression datasets: aerial tissue, flowers, leaves, roots, rosettes, seedlings, seeds, shoots and whole plants. • We provide evidence for a putative regulatory role of the CNSs. The association of CNSs with α-pair co-expression and expression intensity varied by gene function, subgene position and the presence of transcription factor binding motifs. A range of possible CNS regulatory mechanisms, including intron-mediated enhancement, messenger RNA fold stability and transcriptional regulation, are discussed. • This study provides a framework to understand how CNS motifs are involved in the maintenance of gene expression after a whole genome duplication event.
The university contribution to resolution of international conflicts.

The university has applied itself to the resolution of international conflict mainly through the path-breaking and dedicated efforts of social scientists doing “peace research.” Mainstreams of this research are examined and found suggestive but are not likely to find application. The gap exists in critical examination of the basis of American decision-making power, which is largely responsible for the perpetuation of a system of international force.
Variable speed multiphase induction machine using pole phase modulation principle

The pole phase modulation (PPM) principle is gaining attention in the squirrel induction machine design to be used for high speed applications in industries and for electric vehicle drives requiring increasing operating speed range. This principle signifies one of the advantages of using multiphase machines in variable speed-torque requirements. In this paper a design and an analysis of a multiphase induction machine for a variable speed drive (PPM) principle is presented. The results obtained from a 3 phase, 12 pole and 9 phase, 4 pole machines are analyzed to demonstrate the performance possible using (PPM) principle for speed control. The 3 phase, 12 pole configuration can be used for low speed and high torque applications. Similarly, the 9 phase, 4 pole configuration is used for high speed and low torque applications. The design of the machine for this operation relies on the concepts of turn and winding functions, and winding layouts. Finite element analysis for both winding configurations validates the winding design. Simulation results show that multiphase squirrel cage induction machines can be operated in both the configurations according to the speed and torque requirements simply by reconfiguring the stator windings.
A Model of Friendship Similarity in Mildly Deviant Behaviors1

Kandel's research on the relationship between friendship similarity and deviant behavior in adolescents is extended by a consideration of more mildly deviant behaviors, controlling for the possible spurious effects of sex, race, and grade. Tversky's theory of elimination by aspect is used to model the individual level decision-making process involved in friendship selection, and a contingency table model is used as an analytic framework. Results indicate that in females, even controlling for obvious friendship selection factors, mildly deviant behaviors like smoking, drinking, and particularly sexual intercourse affect the observed friendship structure. No such relationship is found in males, however. Tentative theories to explain this difference are proposed.