cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addendum to ``A Review on Mathematical Models of the Human Thermal System''

This short communication is intended to supplement the list of references included in a previous review on the subject.
Constructing motherhood on the night shift: “Working mothers” as “stay-at-home moms”

Based on in-depth interviews with hospital nurses, this article examines the way in which employed women with children use the night shift to support a construction of motherhood which closely resembles that of mothers who are not in the labor force. Interview data reveal that a salient function of night shift work is the reconciliation of some of the structural and conceptual incompatibilities of being “working mothers.” Night-shift nurses construct themselves as “stay-at-home moms” by limiting the public visibility of their labor force participation, by involving their children and themselves in symbolically-invested activities, and by positioning themselves in the culturally-appropriate place and time: at home, during the day. All of these strategies work to highlight their visibility as mothers.
Pollution of the upper atmosphere by rockets

This report estimates the amounts of various constituents that would have to be continually injected by rockets into the upper atmosphere in order to double the worldwide natural concentrations there. Involved in the calculations are: (a) the natural atmospheric abundances of constituents such as H2O, CO2, NO, Na, K, Li, H, etc.; (b) the residence times in various regions of the atmosphere, since these determine how rapidly a constituent will be removed; and (c) the chemical or photochemical stability of a substance exposed to the upper atmosphere environment. It is concluded that a doubling of the CO2, H2O, or NO content would require per year on the order of 103 to 105 Saturn-type rockets, each injecting 100 tons of exhaust above 100 km. On the other hand, a few hundred small rockets per year, each containing 10 kg of the chemical, would probably double the Na content; similarly, less than two such rockets per year would be expected to double the Li content. These last conclusions have implications for future tracer experiments using these substances.
Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizer Effects on Cotton Yield and Quality in the Coastal Plains

Interest in the use of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer (EENFs) sources has increased in recent years due to the potential of these new EENF sources to increase crop yield, while at the same time decreasing N loss from agricultural fields. The effi cacy of these fertilizer sources on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in southeastern U.S. upland soils has not been well documented. Thus, a field study was conducted on a Coastal Plain soil (Marvyn loamy sand; fine-loamy, kaolinitic, ther mic Typic Kanhapludult) in Central Alabama from 2009 to 2011 to compare EENFs to traditional N sources in a high-residue conservation cotton production system. Nitrogen fertilizer sources evaluated included urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS), ureaammonium sulfate (UAS), Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN) (Agrium Advanced Technologies, Loveland, CO), stabilized urea (SuperU [SU] [Agrotain International, St. Louis, MO]), poultry litter (PL), poultry litter + AgrotainPlus (PLA) (KOCH Agronomic Services LLC, Wichita, KS), and an unfertilized control (C). Generally, no significant differences in cotton lint yield were observed between the traditional sources and EENFs. Nitrogen source affected fiber quality; however, effects varied among years and generally would not have impacted discount/premium values. In the present study, EENFs produced cotton lint yields similar to conventional fertilizers, suggesting their higher cost may render them uncompetitive at present. However, if EENFs reduce N loss through leaching, runoff and N 2 O flux from agricultural fields they could become viable alternative fertilizer sources. More research is needed on the benefits of enhanced-efficiency fertilizer use as a tool in agricultural production systems.
Electronic states and barriers to internal rotation in silaallenes

The electronic states and barriers to internal rotation in allene (1a), 1-silaallene (2a), and 2-silaallene (3a) are investigated computationally using ab-initio molecular orbital methods. Planar geometries with two-, three-, and four-π-electron configurations have been considered as possible transition states (1b–3d). Structures have been optimized at the Hartree–Fock level with a small split valence basis set (3-21G) and higher level calculations with basis sets of split valence (6-31G) and split valence plus polarization function (6-31G*) quality include correlation energy estimates from Moller–Plesset second-and third-order perturbation theory. The electronic barrier to internal rotation in allene is estimated near 53 kcal/mol whereas the corresponding barriers in 1-silaallene and 2-silaallene are considerably smaller, ca. 35 and 20 kcal/mol, respectively. The transition states are predicted to possess bent geometries in all three molecules with open-shell singlet, three-π-electron configurations in 1 and 2 (1c, 2c) but a closed-shell singlet, two-π-electron configuration in 3 (3d).
Formation of nucleotides of (6-14C)allopurinol and (6-14C)oxipurinol in rat tissues and effects on uridine nucleotide pools.

Abstract Allopurinol-1-ribonucleotide, oxipurinol-1-ribonucleotide and oxipurinol-7 ribonucleotide have been found in concentrations ranging from less than 10−9-10−6M in rat liver and kidney after administration of [6-14C]allopurinol. The amounts and relative proportions of each nucleotide were dependent upon the dose, route of administration and time. Red cells contained about one-tenth the amount of allopurinol-1-ribonucleotide present in liver and no oxipurinol ribonucleotides were detectable. Brain contained no analog nucleotides. Both of the oxipurinol ribonucleotides were recovered after administration of [6-14Cloxipurinol. In general, the biological half-lives of the nucleotides were related to the amount of the free bases present in the tissues. There was no evidence for the presence of ribonucleoside di- or triphosphates of allopurinol or oxipurinol. Allopurinol and oxipurinol ribonucleotides have been reported to be inhibitors of orotidylate decarboxylase in vitro. High doses of allopurinol and oxipurinol caused a transient decrease of UMP and UDP pools in rat liver, which returned to control levels after 3 hr, whereas UTP levels were actually elevated. In kidney, allopurinol caused no changes in UMP, UDP or UTP levels at any of the times examined, even after a 100 mg/kg, i.p., dose. These findings suggest that control mechanisms can maintain uridine nucleotide levels in a normal range, even in the presence of strong inhibitors of de novo UMP biosynthesis.
Does the Use of Video Laryngoscopy Improve Intubation Outcomes

TUDY SELECTION he authors selected randomized rials comparing at least 1 video aryngoscope with direct aryngoscopy in the clinical setting. hey excluded mannequin studies nd observational studies. Studies ere included if any of the 3 elected outcomes were reported: verall intubation success, time to ntubation, and quality of the glottic iew. Study authors were ontacted individually to obtain nformation not reported in the riginal articles.
A new concept of primeness in graphs

A graph is quasiprime with respect to a boolean product of graphs if whenever it is a subgraph of the product of two graphs, it must necessarily be isomorphic to a subgraph of one of its factors. This paper provides a characterization of graphs quasi-prime with respect to cartesian product, as well as graphs quasiprime with respect to other products.
Successful treatment with antivenin of marked thrombocytopenia without significant coagulopathy following rattlesnake bite

We cared for two rattlesnake bite victims who developed platelet counts of 21,000/mm3 and 22,000/mm3. Both had only mild defibrination without evidence of intravascular clotting. In both cases, the administration of antivenin was followed promptly by a sustained rise in platelet counts.
Ease of grading and enrollment in secondary school science. II. A test of the model

A proposed model of the effects of ease of grading in science on enrollments is tested with data gathered in 27 high schools. Grades were transcribed for students in the 1968 graduating class; they were coded A = 7, B+ = 6, B = 5, …, F = 0. East of grading was calculated for each science teacher and course in each school. In addition the proportion of non-senior students who moved from one science to the next in the typical sequence was determined. Analyses of variance indicated that teachers were the major distinguishable source of variance in ease of grading. Analysis of teachers' ease of grading indicated that female students were graded more severely than male students, and grading in the physical sciences was more severe than grading in biology. Analyses of the effects of ease of grading on students' transitions from course to course indicated that experienced ease or severity of grading was more important for female students than for male students, while anticipated ease or severity of grading was important for all transitions, except that of male students into physics. These results are taken as evidence supporting the first three propositions of the model, though it appears that some modification to account for sex differences will be appropriate. Estimates from the data suggest that an increase in science enrollments of practical significance would follow an effort to bring science grades to “par” with other academic grades. Finally it is noted that efforts to achieve effective general education in the sciences through attention to grading practices alone will probably be inadequate.
Modeling and Analysis of Forces in Laser Assisted Micro Milling

Laser assisted micro milling (LAMM) is capable of generating three dimensional microscale features in hard metals with lower cutting forces than conventional micro milling. To maximize the reduction in cutting forces, a mathematical model is required to understand the influence of different laser and machining parameters on the forces. Consequently, a physics-based force model is developed in this paper to predict the cutting forces when micro milling a hard metal using laser assist. LAMM experiments are carried out on 52,100 bearing steel (62 HRc) over a range of feed rates and laser powers to calibrate the force model. The results indicate that the model predicts the cutting force profile with good accuracy. This model is then used to study the influence of laser assist on cutting forces, which yields a better physical understanding of the LAMM process.
Hydroxycarbonyl Products of the Reactions of Selected Diols with the OH Radical

The hydroxycarbonyl products formed from the gas-phase reactions of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 2,3-butanediol and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol have been investigated using solid-phase micro extraction fibers coated with the derivatizing reagent O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Following on-fiber derivatization of carbonyl-containing products, they were analyzed by subsequent thermal desorption and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and combined gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. In addition to the hydroxyketone products previously observed by gas chromatography without prior derivatization, the hydroxyaldehyde products observed as their oximes were CH3CH2CH(OH)CHO and HOCH2CHO from 1,2-butanediol; CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO, HOCH2CHO, and CH3CH(OH)CHO from 1,3-butanediol; CH3CH(OH)CHO from 2,3-butanediol; and CH3CH(OH)CHO from 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. These hydroxyaldehydes were quantified using estimated GC-FID response factors developed for on-fiber derivatization sampling,...
A Latent Growth-Curve Approach to Difficult Temperament.

A purported hallmark of temperament characteristics is that they appear very early in the course of development and are persistent across time and situation. There is, however, a small, but growing cadre of research findings that question this traditional view. It may be that temperament characteristics are not necessarily established during the first few months of development or are not stable over time. A secondary analysis of the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) temperament data was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that temperament has a complex developmental course over the first five years of development. A latent growth curve analysis of difficult temperament suggests that temperament development follows a non-linear trajectory. This finding, in concert with related findings, suggests the need for a broader discussion of the possible developmental processes that underlie these patterns. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upstream gyrophase bunched ions: A mechanism for creation at the bow shook and the growth of velocity space structure through gyrophase mixing

The conditions necessary for the production of gyrophase bunched ions at the bow shock are developed. The conditions are applied to the reflection mechanism presented by Paschmann et al. (1980), showing that when in their model a portion of the incident parallel velocity is converted into reflected perpendicular velocity, the reflected particles are gyrophase bunched. The growth of velocity space structure in the gyrophase bunched distribution through gyrophase mixing is also explored. The structure is found to be similar to that reported in diffuse and dispersed ion events. This together with the close correlation of the observation of gyrophase bunched ions with diffuse and dispersed ions has led us to speculate that these two populations may be closely related.
Carbonized Hemoglobin Nanofibers for Enhanced H2O2 Detection

Electrospun hemoglobin (Hb) microbelts were used as a novel precursor to produce a new class of carbon nanofibers (Hb-CNFs) containing Fe species (Fe2O3 and/or Fe-N4 moiety). The Hb-CNFs modified glassy carbon electrode (Hb-CNFs/GCE) exhibits significant oxidation/reduction towards H2O2. The observed H2O2 oxidation/reduction starting at ca. +0.26 V and +0.15 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) are significantly lower than the values observed at other CNFs modified GCE. The Hb-CNFs/GCE was also applied to the amperometric detection of H2O2 and the results showed fast response, high sensitivity, excellent reproducibility, good selectivity, and wide dynamic range with good limit of detection.
Elastic constants and thermal expansion averages of a nontextured polycrystal

This paper gives expressions for the overall average elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients of a polycrystal in terms of its single crystal components. The polycrystal is assumed to be statistically homogeneous, isotropic, and perfectly disordered. Upper and lower bounds for the averages are easily found by assuming a uniform strain or stress. The upper bound follows from Voigt’s assumption that the total strain is uniform within the polycrystal while the lower bound follows from Reuss’ original assumption that the stress is uniform. A self-consistent estimate for the averages can be found if it is assumed that the overall response of the polycrystal is the same as the average response of each crystallite. The derivation method is based on Eshelby’s theory of inclusions and inhomogeneities. We define an equivalent inclusion, which gives an expression for the strain disturbance of the inhomogeneity when external fields are applied. The equivalent inclusion is then used to represent the crystallites. For the self-consistent model the average response of the grains has to be the same as the overall response of the material, or the average strain disturbance must vanish. The result is an implicit equation for the average polycrystal elastic constants and an explicit equation for the average thermal expansion coefficients. For the particular case of cubic symmetry the results can be reduced to a cubic equation for the selfconsistent shear modulus. For lower symmetry crystals it is best to calculate the self-consistent bulk and shear modulus numerically.
Planning the Next Decade of Coordinated U.S. Research on Minutes-to-Seasonal Prediction of High-Impact Weather

AFFILIATIONS: MaJuMdar—Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Chang— School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; PEna—IMSG at NOAA/NWS/ NCEP/EMC, College Park, Maryland; TaTuSKo—NOAA/NWS International Activities Office, Silver Spring, Maryland; ToTh— Global Systems Division, NOAA/OAR/ESRL, Boulder, Colorado CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Prof. Sharanya J. Majumdar, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 E-mail: smajumdar@rsmas.miami.edu
Isolated mesopic rod and cone electroretinograms realized with a four-primary method.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring rod and cone electroretinograms (ERGs) at a single mesopic adaptation level. To accomplish this, a four-primary photostimulator was implemented using a commercially available ERG system (Diagnosys ColorDome) to generate three types of stimuli that temporally modulated rods alone, cones alone, and rods and cones simultaneously. For each stimulus type, ERGs were recorded as a function of temporal frequency (2, 4, 8, or 16 Hz) and mesopic light levels (0.02, 0.16, or 1.26 cd/m2) in normal observers and patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or cone–rod degeneration. The normal observers ERG waveforms showed a clear periodic pattern, mirroring the sinusoidal stimuli. At all light levels, rod responses were always higher than cone responses for temporal frequencies between 2 and 8 Hz, suggesting that rods dominated the responses. Cone responses were minimal at the lowest light level and increased with increases in light level. The amplitude of the response to the combined stimuli was intermediate between that of the isolated cone and the isolated rod stimuli for all light levels. Good receptoral isolation was confirmed by the results showing (1) minimal or no rod ERGs but recordable cone ERGs in the patients and (2) high correlation between the ERG amplitudes obtained from the four-primary method and those from the ISCEV standard clinical protocol in normal observers.
Control strategies for a multi-legged hopping robot

This paper presents locomotion control strategies for a novel, multi-legged hopping robot named ldquorobotic all-terrain surveyorrdquo (RATS). This conceptual robot has a spherical body roughly the size of a soccer ball, with 12 legs equally distributed over its surface. The legs are linear pneumatic actuators (1-DOF), oriented such that their axes of motion are normal to the surface of the body. While the 12-legged robot is still in design, we have experimented with a planar 5-legged prototype to study the control problem in a simpler form. Our control solutions overcame the constraint that the legs are at a fixed orientation with respect to the body by inducing the body to roll. This approach allows the legs to be positioned sequentially at a desired angle with respect to the ground surface, exploiting the symmetric configuration of the system. Successful gaits for running and jumping over obstacles based on the rolling concept are presented in this work. Physical experiments with the 5-legged device validate the control approaches and demonstrate the performance of the system and its potential for the future.
Packing of Br(CH2)10COOH and Br(CH2)11COOH on Graphite: An Odd-Even Length Effect Observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to study 11-bromoundecanoic acid, Br(CH2)10COOH, and 12-bromododecanoic acid, Br(CH2)11COOH, adsorbed on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) from phenyloctane solution. The STM tip is immersed in a drop of solution and images molecules at the liquid−solid interface. Atomically resolved images provide a clear picture of the conformation of these two molecules on the graphite surface. Although differing in structure by only a single methylene group, the 11-bromo and 12-bromo species exhibit very different packing structures at the liquid (phenyloctane solution)−solid (graphite) interface. A simple geometric effect is believed to be responsible for the observed packing differences.
Cholangioscopy-assisted photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma

identified. A 19-G needle was used to puncture the balloon. Contrast medium was injected through the needle under fluoroscopy to confirm the needle position within the small bowel. A second 0.035-inch hydrophilic wire was advanced through the needle and coiled within the lumen of the bowel. A needle-knife was used to dissect the fistulous tract. A 4 mm 4 cm balloon was used to dilate the fistulous tract. A 15 mm 10 mm lumen-apposing metal stent was then deployed under a combination of fluoroscopic, endoscopic, and echosonographic guidance (Fig. 1) (Video 1, available online at www.giejournal.org). The stent position was confirmed by direct endoscopic visualization and on fluoroscopy. A controlled radial expansion balloon was used to dilate the lumen of the stent to 13.5 mm. The patient’s obstructive symptoms improved immediately after the procedure. She was given a liquid diet on postoperative day 1.
Targeting children through school-based education and policy strategies: Comprehensive cancer control activities in melanoma prevention

Background Primary school-based educational strategies are proven interventions to raise children's awareness and knowledge about sun safety. Objective We highlight barriers and facilitators to implementing interventions across multiple populations in 3 state comprehensive cancer control programs/partnerships that implemented primary school-based sun-safety educational programs. Methods Using a case study approach, we collected semistructured program information and evaluation results from New Mexico's Raising Awareness in Youth about Sun Safety Project, the Sun Protection in Florida Project, and the Arizona SunWise Program. Results Each program used different strategies for implementing school-based educational programs in their respective state based on local needs, funding constraints, and unique characteristics of their populations. Barriers to implementation included difficulties reaching schools and school administrators and changes in staff workload. Facilitators to implementation included using innovative recruitment approaches (mini grants, school assemblies), having community partners, reaching out to educators in various settings, and having program advocates within schools. Each program placed emphasis on supplementing educational programs with sun-safety policies. Limitations We only present a case study from 3 comprehensive cancer control programs/partnerships. Rigorous evaluation methods are needed to test the effectiveness of the various strategies that were used to implement these programs on a population-based level. Conclusion Partnerships and program advocates are important for successfully implementing and sustaining sun-safety programs. Innovative strategies for reaching school administrators are likely needed to effectively implement sun-safety programs and policies. School policy and environmental change are important and valued components of sun-safety programs.
BigWig and BigBed

Summary: BigWig and BigBed files are compressed binary indexed files containing data at several resolutions that allow the high-performance display of next-generation sequencing experiment results in the UCSC Genome Browser. The visualization is implemented using a multi-layered software approach that takes advantage of specific capabilities of web-based protocols and Linux and UNIX operating systems files, R trees and various indexing and compression tricks. As a result, only the data needed to support the current browser view is transmitted rather than the entire file, enabling fast remote access to large distributed data sets. Availability and implementation: Binaries for the BigWig and BigBed creation and parsing utilities may be downloaded at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/linux.x86_64/. Source code for the creation and visualization software is freely available for non-commercial use at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/admin/jksrc.zip, implemented in C and supported on Linux. The UCSC Genome Browser is available at http://genome.ucsc.edu Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary byte-level details of the BigWig and BigBed file formats are available at Bioinformatics online. For an in-depth description of UCSC data file formats and custom tracks, see http://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQformat.html and http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/hgTracksHelp.html
Satisfaction with the Standard of Living in Reform-Era China*

Popular satisfaction with current standards of living in reform-era China is explored in this article, using survey data from the 2004 China Inequality and Distributive Justice Project. Three major patterns are found: first, people of rural origin, with low levels of education and living in the west region, who are disadvantaged in the inequality hierarchy, report greater satisfaction with current standards of living than do privileged urbanites, the highly educated and residents in the coastal east. Second, inequality-related negative life experiences and social cognitive processes including temporal and social comparisons, material aspirations, and life goal orientations mediate the effects of socioeconomic characteristics. Third, the social sources of satisfaction with current standards of living vary across urban, rural and migrant residents. It is suggested that these patterns have largely stemmed from the unique political economic institutional arrangement and stratification system in China.
Smokers are at markedly increased risk of appropriate defibrillator shocks in a primary prevention population

Background Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for sudden cardiac death (SCD). It is unknown whether smoking status affects implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. Objective The primary end point was appropriate ICD therapy according to smoking status. Methods A total of 105 consecutive patients who underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention of SCD were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had an abnormal response to programmed ventricular stimulation performed for nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in the setting of ischemic cardiomyopathy between January 1999 and December 2003. Results Among the 105 patients, 6 (37.5%) of 16 current smokers, 14 (25.9%) of 54 former smokers, and 2 (5.7%) of 35 of never smokers received an appropriate ICD therapy ( P = .02). Kaplan-Meier analysis for survival free of appropriate ICD therapy comparing never smokers with both current smokers ( P = .002) and former smokers ( P = .01) demonstrated statistically significant differences by log rank over a mean follow-up of 21.8 ± 13.7 months. Cox regression analysis found that current smoking was associated with an increased risk of appropriate therapy (hazard ratio 7.36; 95% confidence interval 1.42–38.10; P = .02) as was former smoking (hazard ratio 5.42; 95% confidence interval 1.20–24.47; P = .03). There was no difference in inappropriate therapy between groups ( P = .12). Conclusions Cigarette smoking is an independent predictor of appropriate ICD therapy in a primary prevention population. While outcomes differences among current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers are demonstrable, the effect of smoking cessation on ICD therapy requires further study.
Kohn-Luttinger effect in gauge theories

Kohn and Luttinger showed that a many body system of fermions interacting via short range forces becomes superfluid even if the interaction is repulsive in all partial waves. In gauge theories such as QCD the interaction between fermions is long range and the assumptions of Kohn and Luttinger are not satisfied. We show that in a U(1) gauge theory the Kohn-Luttinger phenomenon does not take place. In QCD attractive channels always exist, but there are cases in which the primary pairing channel leaves some fermions ungapped. As an example we consider the unpaired fermion in the 2SC phase of QCD with two flavors. We show that it acquires a very small gap via a mechanism analogous to the Kohn-Luttinger effect. The gap is too small to be phenomenologically relevant.
On-chip rise time measurement

The on-chip rise-time measurement method for an exponentially decaying signal is proposed. By employing a differentiator, the method circumvents the challenges associated with directly measuring a signal's rise time. The method can be used as the on-chip test instrument as part of a built-in self-testing (BIST) framework, or independently. CMOS circuits and layouts for implementation of the proposed method on a 0.25-/spl mu/m technology have been developed.
Transcription of MyoD and myogenin in the non-contractile electrogenic cells of the weakly electric fish, Sternopygus macrurus

The MyoD family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are tran- scriptional activators of skeletal muscle gene expression and are pivotal in inducing the full myogenic program. The expression of these factors after muscle differentiation is complete and the mechanism by which they modulate (or maintain) the muscle phenotype is less well under- stood. The myogenically derived electric organ (EO) of the electric fish Sternopygus macrurus is an excellent model to address this question. The electrocytes, i.e., the electrogenic cells of the EO, are not contractile but they do retain some muscle proteins. In order to examine the molecular regulatory pathways that control the muscle-to- electrocyte cell conversion, we have cloned the MyoD and myogenin cDNAs from S. macrurus. Clustal-based alignments showed that the functional domains observed in mammalian MyoD and myogenin are highly conserved in these MRF homologs. Expression analyses revealed that mature electrocytes, which retain the muscle proteins dystrophin, desmin, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), α- actin, and α-actinin, also transcribe the MyoD and myogenin genes. RT-PCR studies confirmed that expres- sion of these MRFs is confined to the myogenic lineage. Surprisingly, the levels of MyoD and myogenin transcripts in skeletal muscle and EO could not be used to predict the level to which a cell manifests the muscle program. We conclude that expression of multiple MRFs is not sufficient to induce non-contractile cells to fully express the skeletal muscle program. These data also suggest that the MRF transcriptional program in S. macrurus may be distinct from MRF-dependent myogenesis in other verte- brate systems.
Robustness of predictive sensor network routing in fading channels

Sensors have varied constraints, which make the network challenging for communicating with peers. In this paper, an extension, to the physical layer of the previous predictive sensor network model using the ant system is proposed. The tiny and low-cost sensor nodes are made of RF wireless links, where the states of the nodes vary with respect to time and environment. The ant system is a learning algorithm, that can be used to solve any NP hard communication problem and possesses characteristics such as robustness and versatility. The ant system possesses unique features that keep the network functional by detecting weak links and re-routing the agents. The swarm agents are distributed along the network, where the agent communicates with its neighbors (agents) by means of pheromone deposition and tabu list. The transition probability in the ant system includes an objective function, which is influenced by the poset weights. The poset weights on each of the orthogonal communication parameters greatly affects the decisions made by ant system. The agents carry updated information of its previous nodes, which helps in monitoring the strength of the communication links. Through simulation, comparison between DSSS-BPSK and Bluetooth-GFSK signals are shown. This paper demonstrates the robustness of the model under slow/fast fading, and energy loss at node during transmission. Implementation of this algorithm should be able to handle hostile environmental conditions and human tampering of data. The performance of the network is evaluated based on accuracy and response time of the agents within the network.
The response of natural displacement ventilation to time-varying heat sources

We examine transients caused by sudden changes in heat load in a naturally ventilated chamber. The space we consider has an isolated heat source, modeled as an ideal plume, and is connected to the exterior via openings at the top and bottom. Pressure differences between the exterior and interior that arise due to the buoyancy in the space drive a natural ventilation flow through the space that generates a two-layer system with buoyant (warm) fluid in the upper layer and ambient fluid in the lower layer. We develop two mathematical models, one assuming perfect mixing of each layer, the other accounting for stratification. We compare both models to small scale laboratory experiments. Neither model is significantly better than the other, and both give good agreement with the experiments. Using these models we identify many appealing features of the type of natural ventilation studied here. These include the fact that a well designed system is self-controlling. The manner in which it controls itself is very robust, because the larger the change in heat load the faster the system will readjust. Also there is a resistance against the interface penetrating deeply into the occupied zone, even for very large changes in heat load.
Speeding up tandem mass spectral identification using indexes

Motivation: Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been routinely used in proteomics studies. Post-translational modification (PTM) identification is a challenging problem in tandem mass spectral analysis. Results: In this article, we define two scoring functions for identifying peptides/proteins with PTMs from MS/MS spectra: match scores and diagonal scores, as well as two spectral identification problems based on the two scores. We propose several index-based algorithms for the two problems. Both theoretical and experimental analyses show that the index-based algorithms significantly improve on speed when compared with existing algorithms. Contact: xil018@cs.ucsd.edu
Reaction Kinetics at a Fluctuating Surface: Proton Exchange in Proteins

Experimental data for the exchange of protons between proteins and the aqueous solvent is re-examined using a fractal model. The fraction of protons unexchanged from the protein, f is seen to follow a stretched exponential, f ∼ exp {−(t/τ)α} at long times. For the protein, lysozyme, data over a range of temperatures were considered and accurate fits were obtained with a single, unadjusted scaling exponent, α. The time constant, τ, followed an Arrhenius law and gave an activation energy comparable to that obtained for free peptide exchange. A model is proposed where proton exchange occurs as a result of solvent reacting at the fractal surface of the protein. The protein itself is not treated as static but has units that diffuse to the surface. The diffusion of these units in the long time domain is assumed to be classical. In this model the scaling exponent, α, is related to the spectral dimension of the system. Treating the problem as a reaction of the type A+B→C in a confined region, the exponent is given by: α = (3 − ds)/4 where dS/4 is the fractal surface dimension of the protein. Using the value of 2.17 previously established for the surface dimension of lysozyme, data at 6 different temperatures could be fit with the corresponding α of 0.21. These results show that the fractal structure of a protein can influence difflusional processes of small molecules associating with the protein.
Ethnic differences in aortic valve thickness and related clinical factors

Background Prior studies suggest that the causes of calcific aortic valve (AV) disease involve chronic inflammation, lipoprotein levels, and calcium metabolism, all of which may differ among race-ethnic groups. We sought to determine whether AV thickness differs by race-ethnicity in a large multiethnic population-based cohort. Methods The Northern Manhattan Study includes stroke-free community-based Hispanic (57%), non-Hispanic black (22%), and non-Hispanic white (21%) participants. The relation between AV thickness on transthoracic echocardiography and clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis was evaluated among 2,085 participants using polytomous logistic regression models. Aortic valve thickness was graded in 3 categories (normal, mild, and moderate/severe) based on leaflet thickening and calcification. Results Mild AV thickness was present in 44.4% and moderate/severe thickness in 5.7% of the cohort, with the lowest frequency of moderate/severe thickness seen particularly among Hispanic women. In multivariate models adjusting for age, sex, race-ethnicity, body mass index, hypertension, coronary artery disease, blood glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Hispanics had significantly less moderate/severe AV thickness (odds ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.73) than non-Hispanic whites. Men were almost 2-fold as likely to have moderate/severe AV thickness compared with women (odds ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.24-3.10). Conclusions In this large multiethnic population-based cohort, there were ethnic differences in the degree of AV thickness. Hispanic ethnicity was strongly protective against AV thickness. This effect was not related to traditional risk factors, suggesting that unmeasured factors related to Hispanic ethnicity and AV thickness may be responsible.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN WATER QUALITY, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA, AND AVIAN CHOLERA AT SACRAMENTO NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

We studied patterns in avian cholera mortality, the presence of Pasteurella multocida in the water or sediment, and water chemistry characteristics in 10 wetlands at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex (California, USA), an area of recurrent avian cholera epizootics, during the winters of 1997 and 1998. Avian cholera outbreaks (≥50 dead birds) occurred on two wetlands during the winter of 1997, but no P. multocida were recovered from 390 water and 390 sediment samples from any of the 10 wetlands. No mortality events were observed on study wetlands during the winter of 1998; however, P. multocida was recovered from water and sediment samples in six of the 10 study wetlands. The pH levels were higher for wetlands experiencing outbreaks during the winter of 1997 than for nonoutbreak wetlands, and aluminum concentrations were higher in wetlands from which P. multocida were recovered during the winter of 1998. Water chemistry parameters (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and dissolved protein) previously...
Body size and form of children of predominantly black ancestry living in West and Central Africa, North and South America, and the West Indies

Stature, sitting height, hip width, arm and calf circumferences and body weight have been measured in black children of Richland County, South Carolina. Lower limb height and three indices of body shape were obtained from the measurements. Sample size exceeded 200 for each of five age-sex groups representing girls and boys aged 6 years, girls and boys aged 9 years, and boys aged 11 years. Comparisons are made with findings from previous research on children of predominantly black ancestry living in west and central Africa, the West Indies, and North, Central and South America. Black children of Richland County measured during 1974--77 are taller than black children studied since 1960 in Angola, Chad, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, Anguilla, Barbados, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, and Surinam. Children of well-to-do black families in Accra and Ibadan are no taller or heavier than black children of Richland County taken without regard to socio-economic status. In hip width, averages for Richland County black children are larger than those for children of the Hutu and Yoruba tribes; in arm girth they are larger than children of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes. Age changes and group differences are reported for hip width relative to lower limb height, and lower limb height relative to sitting height. During childhood, the hip/lower limb index decreases, and the lower limb/sitting height index increases. Almost identical hip/lower limb indices characterize black populations in Africa, Cuba, and the United States.
Comparison of statistical reconstructions with isotropic and anisotropic resolution in PET

Statistical reconstruction methods based on the penalized maximum likelihood (or maximum a posteriori) principle have gained increasing attention in emission tomography. Fessler and Rogers have shown in 1996 that penalized maximum likelihood reconstruction with a conventional quadratic penalty results in anisotropic point spread functions (PSFs). Since then several approaches have been developed to design modified penalty functions to achieve isotropic PSFs. While an image with an isotropic PSF may be useful in some situations, its performance on clinical detection and quantitation tasks is unknown. In this paper we compare the task performances between reconstructions with isotropic and anisotropic PSFs using computer simulations. The performance on lesion detection is measured by a channelized Hotelling observer, and the performance on region of interest quantitation is evaluated by the bias and variance tradeoff. The results show that reconstructions with a conventional quadratic penalty function (anisotropic resolution) outperform post-smoothed maximum likelihood reconstructions (isotropic resolution) for both tasks, which indicates that isotropic resolution may not be suitable for lesion detection and quantitation.
Book Review: Neil Roberts, Freedom as Marronage (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015)

A book review of Neil Roberts, Freedom as Marronage (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015).
Returns Post Catastrophe Induced Seasoned Equity Offerings of Property and Casualty Insurance Companies

This paper examines returns post seasoned equity offerings (SEO) of property and casualty (PC) insurance companies traded in U.S. between 1981 and 2006. In addition to the return analysis post regular SEO, the unique feature of catastrophe-induced SEO are studied in detail. Modified event study approach is applied to examine the short term return performance, while matching-firm (or industry index) methodology is used to study the long term performance. We do not observe significant long term underperformance compared to the matching firms benchmarks, as is recorded in the finance literature studying SEO across industries. Probit analysis reveals that PC insurers who choose to conduct SEO post major catastrophes display different characteristics than the firms who choose not to. Insurers with CAT induced SEO tend to display either higher leverage level or higher profitability, as the capital raised through SEO is used either to restore capital to survive the financial distress, or on the other end of the spectrum, to expand market share in the profitable hard market following catastrophes. Investors are found to be capable of distinguishing the motivations behind the decision of catastrophe induced SEO, by analyzing firm characteristics as well as stock return performances between the hit of catastrophe events and the SEO date, and use it to assess the value of stocks post SEO accordingly.
Is a Science of Language Possible? The Derrida-Searle Debate

L'A. essaie d'aller au-dela du debat personnel entre Derrida et Searle et de faire avancer la theorie du langage. En effet, le debat entre les deux philosophes du langage n'est pas seulement personnel. Il fait partie de l'histoire intellectuelle de l'Occident
Le traitement du cancer œsophago-gastrique par la sonde tumeur BICAP: Expérience nord-américaine

La sonde BICAP mise au point par le Docteur James Johnston en collaboration avec la firme ACMI (Circon-ACMI, Standford, CT) est l’exemple meme d’un nouvel instrument, interessant et plein de promesses. Apres les etudes initiales de Johnston, d’autres investigateurs et de moi-mme, la firme a ete confrontee avec le probleme de la mise en circulation de l’instrument. Guidee par les informations preliminaires, elle a decide une diffusion de l’appareil selon l’approche suivante. Les medecins desireux d’utiliser la sonde sont encourages a suivre un cours et un entrainement dans les institutions ou les collegues ont fait l’experience de l’instrument. Ce cours comporte a la fois des exposes didactiques et des demonstrations pratiques. Lors du cours, le responsable de l’enseignement souligne l’importance des donnees prospectives collectees a propos de cet outil. Les donnees standard ont ete reunies, et le medecin desireux d’acquerir l’instrument a la fin du cours s’engage a soumettre ses observations a l’etude prospective multicentrique afin qu’elles puissent etre integrees et analysees.
The Indignados and Occupy Wall Street Social Movements: Global Opposition to the Neoliberalization of Society as Enabled by Digital Technology

Narrative vs. Storytelling The paper explores two recent social movements that show signs of global resistance to the ideology of neoliberal polices and values; the Indignados uprisings that took place in Spain, Greece and Mexico, and the Occupy Wall Street protests that broke out across many parts of the United States. It argues that to understand contemporary social movement activity and protest politics, it is crucial to update social movment theories to include analyses of how the digital revolution has categorically changed the way that activists express grievances and share information, strategize and for on-the-street forms of contentious politics, and challenge the narratives put forth by authorities and the mainstream media when there are confrontations between peaceful protesters and the police force.
Creating the Culture of Reform in Antebellum America by T. Gregory Garvey Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006. 263 pp

(2006). Creating the Culture of Reform in Antebellum America by T. Gregory Garvey Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006. 263 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 171-172.
A personal perspective on the use of computing technology: an interview with Thomas Ernest Allen, Principal Software Engineer, Sterling Software Incorporated

Thomas Ernest Allen was born in Chateauroux, France. He graduated from Wagner High School, Clark Air Base, Philippines. He attended Howard University, Washington D.C. majoring in mathematics. He earned a masterâ€™s degree in Safety and Systems Management with a Computer Information Systems Certificate from the University of Southern California. Tom is a highly decorated military veteran. His entire career in the military has been in Command, Control, Communications, and Computer (LAN/WAN) systems with extensive International exposure. He has served in virtually every type of conflict from humanitarian peacetime operations to war. His last assignment was with the Joint Chiefs of Staff with exposure at Capitol Hill. He has taught mathematics and computer science for over four years.
Application of virtual experiments in dynamic frame experiments

The computer assistant teaching (CAT) is the developing direction for teaching reform. The aim of fully making use of the advantages of CAT is to promote the teaching reform and enhance the teaching quality. Th requirement of the structure design in modern engineering structure field is higher and higher. The structure design standard is also changed from static to dynamic. The so- called dynamic design standard needs to think over the dynamic load stress produced by the load being changed. The dynamic stress may make the inherent frequency of the structure be changed far from the working frequency. .