cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical approaches to vision restoration

Photoswitches are traditional pharmacologic agonists, antagonists, or channel blockers that are covalently modified with an azobenzene derivative. Azobenzene undergoes wavelength-dependent isomerization between cis and trans conformation. For some photoswitches, only one of these configurations is biologically active, resulting in light-dependent activation or inhibition of function. Photoswitches that feature a quaternary ammonium coupled to the azobenzene moiety cause light-dependent neuronal depolarization due to blockage of voltage-gated potassium channels. Two photoswitch strategies have been pursued. In the one-component strategy, the photoswitch is applied to native receptors; in the two-component strategy, the photoswitch is combined with virally-mediated expression of a genetically modified receptor, to which the photoswitch may covalently bind. The former approach is simpler but the latter allows precise anatomic targeting of photoswitch activity. Acrylamide-azobenzene-quaternary ammonium (AAQ) is the prototypical first-generation one-component photoswitch. When applied to retinas with outer retinal degeneration, ganglion cell firing occurs in response to blue light, and is abrogated by green light. In vivo, AAQ restored pupillary light responses and behavioral light responses in blind animals. DENAQ is a prototypical second generation one-component photoswitch. It features spontaneous thermal relaxation so cell firing ceases in dark, and features a red-shifted activation spectrum. Interestingly, DENAQ only photoswitches in retinas with outer retinal degeneration. MAG is a photoswitched glutamate analog which covalently binds to a modified ionotropic glutamate receptor, LiGluR. When applied together, MAG and LiGluR also rescue physiologic and behavioral light responses in blind mice. Together, photoswitch compounds offer a potentially useful approach to restoration of vision in outer retinal degeneration.
Do Statins Reduce the Health and Health Care Costs of Obesity

Obesity impacts both individual health and, given its high prevalence, total health care spending. However, as medical technology evolves, health outcomes for a number of obesity-related illnesses improve. This article examines whether medical innovation can mitigate the adverse health and spending associated with obesity, using statins as a case study. Because of the relationship between obesity and hypercholesterolaemia, statins play an important role in the medical management of obese individuals and the prevention of costly obesity-related sequelae. Using well-recognized estimates of the health impact of statins and the Future Elderly Model (FEM)—an established dynamic microsimulation model of the health of Americans aged over 50 years—we estimate the changes in life expectancy, functional status and health care costs of obesity due to the introduction and widespread use of statins. Life expectancy gains of statins are estimated to be 5–6 % greater for obese individuals than for healthy-weight individuals, but most of these additional gains are associated with some level of disability. Considering both medical spending and the value of quality-adjusted life-years, statins do not significantly alter the costs of class 1 and 2 obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 and ≥35 kg/m2, respectively) and they increase the costs of class 3 obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) by 1.2 %. Although statins are very effective medications for lowering the risk of obesity-associated illnesses, they do not significantly reduce the costs of obesity.
High-frequency thermal noise in MOSFETs☆

Abstract Noise measurements on large-channel silicon on saphire (SOS) MOSFETs, at frequencies where transit time effects become important, clearly show that the high frequency noise increases with increasing frequency, as predicted theoretically. Qualitative agreement exists with the theory; quantitative agreement is not achievable, because the low-frequency thermal noise is masked by flicker noise and (or) trapping noise.
Reactions at the interface between multi-component glasses and metallic lithium films

The reactions of vacuum deposited thin films of lithium with various complex glasses have been explored using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In contrast to lithium reactions with simple glasses such as silica or boron oxides, the reactions are predominantly those of the network modifiers such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium. XPS and x-ray induced Auger lineshapes indicate the migration of the network modifier to the near surface region followed by its reduction. In the case of magnesium, there is evidence for stable alloy formation with unreacted lithium following these migration and reduction steps.
Complete Genome Sequence of Clostridium sp. Strain DL-VIII, a Novel Solventogenic Clostridium Species Isolated from Anaerobic Sludge.

ABSTRACT We report the genome sequence of Clostridium sp. strain DL-VIII, a novel Gram-positive, endospore-forming, solventogenic bacterium isolated from activated anaerobic sludge of a wastewater treatment plant. Aside from a complete sol operon, the 6,477,357-bp genome of DL-VIII reveals genes for several unique enzymes with applications in lignocellulose degradation, including two phenolic acid decarboxylases.
Modifying Beliefs in a Plan-Based Dialogue Model

Researchers [1, 3, 5] have noted that discourse understanding can be enhanced by recognizing a user's goals, and that this recognition process requires reasoning about the agent's beliefs [7]. For example, in order to recognize from utterance IS2 in the following dialogue that the speaker has the communicative goal of expressing surprise at the proposition that Dr. Smith is teaching CIS360 and not just asking if Dr. Smith is teaching CIS420, it is necessary for the system to be able to plausibly ascribe to IS the beliefs that 1) Dr. Smith is teaching CIS420; 2) that this somehow implies that Dr. Smith is not teaching CIS360; and 3) that IP believes that Dr. Smith is teaching CIS360.
Pairing, Magnetic Spin Fluctuations, and Superconductivity Near a Quantum Critical Point

The properties of a wide variety of intermetallic compounds exhibiting magnetic localized spin and superconducting fluctuations near a quantum critical point (QCP) are reviewed. They show highly anomalous critical indices (anomalously small). Laws of corresponding are observed in these materials and a theory is presented which gives a fully quantitative explanation of these laws. The theory employs a gauge transformation which rotates the electron spin quantization axis $\hat{z}$ into the direction of the instantaneous staggered localized spin direction $\vec{M}(\skew3\vec{r},t) = \vec{M}_0(\skew3\vec{r},t) \cos\vec{Q}\cdot\skew3\vec{r}$ , where $\vec{Q}$ is the localized spin array wave vector. Many properties of these materials are worked out on the basis of this theory. The technological promise of these substances is truly immense, including energy generation, storage and transmission, MRI magnets, industrial and scientific magnets, maglev, cellular communications, μ-wave electronics, etc.
The Energetic Coupling of Acid Secretion in Gastric Mucosa

The relation between acid secretion and oxidative metabolism has been investigated using nondestructive optical techniques to monitor the redox level of respiratory chain components in the intact, isolated bull-frog gastric mucosa. High rates of acid secretion are found to be associated with cytochrome reduction while inhibition of secretion results in oxidation of the respiratory chain components. Changes in chloride secretion, independent of hydrogen ion secretion, result in opposite cytochrome redox changes indicating that the interaction with oxidative metabolism differs for the two secretory processes. Measurement of intracellular pH changes using indicator dyes shows a correlation between cytochrome reduction and increased pH. The results suggest that there exists a close coupling between the respiratory chain components and hydrogen ion secretion and that this coupling may involve changes in intracellular pH rather than changes in high energy phosphate compounds as previously suggested.
Implications of Ethnic Disproportion in Programs for the Educable Mentally Retarded

The authors review recent findings with respect to minority representation in educable-mentally-retarded programs. Two procedures outlined in federal regulations to ensure nonbiased assessment of such children are reviewed. Multidisciplinary teams, a long-standing resource in some states, do not appear to have been effective in curtailing large representation of minority students. Further, a review of monitoring efforts indicates serious lapses on the part of evaluation team members in collecting and reporting adaptive-behavior data. Implications are discussed and alternatives proposed.
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Despite improved understanding of the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it remains a severe and progressive disease, usually culminating in right heart failure, significant morbidity and early mortality. Over the last decade, some major advances have led to substantial improvements in the management of PAH. Much of this progress was pioneered by work in animal models. Although none of the current animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) completely recapitulate the human disease, they do provide insight into the cellular pathways contributing to its development and progression. There is hope that future work in model organisms will help to define its underlying cause(s), identify risk factors and lead to better treatment of the currently irreversible damage that results in the lungs of afflicted patients. However, the difficulty in defining the etiology of idiopathic PAH (IPAH, previously known as primary pulmonary hypertension) makes this subset of the disease particularly difficult to model. Although there are some valuable existing models that are relevant for IPAH research, the area would value from the development of new models that more closely mimic the clinical pathophysiology of IPAH.
Limited ichnologic fidelity and temporal resolution in pelagic sediments: paleoenvironmental and paleoecologic implications

ABSTRACT The potential of ichnofabrics to yield information on endobenthic communities, organism behaviors, and paleoenvironmental conditions is widely recognized among sedimentary geologists. However, the extreme range in both ichnologic fidelity and temporal resolution of ichnofabrics is commonly not fully appreciated. Ichnofabrics developed in slowly deposited pelagic sediments, such as the Cretaceous Demopolis Chalk (U.S. Gulf coastal plain), represent one extreme. Ichnofabrics in the Demopolis Chalk, preeminently expressed only at transitions between marls and chalks, are time-averaged composites that formed over periods exceeding 8 kyr. Ichnologic fidelity is low; distinct biogenic structures reflect only the work of elite deep-tier tracemakers. Moreover, modeling that employs densities of elite burrows and burrow systems, sedimentation rates, and conservative estimates of trace-maker life spans indicates that preserved ichnofossils likely represent less than 10% of the time recorded in associated h...
Other cardinal functions

There are many other cardinal functions besides the 21 that we have discussed in the preceding chapters. In this chapter we give a list of some natural ones; some of these have been explicitly mentioned earlier. We also mention some facts and problems about them, without trying to be exhaustive. In particular, many of the problems may be easy, so we do not list them among our formal problems.
Modeling conflict and error in the medial frontal cortex.

Despite intensive study, the role of the dorsal medial frontal cortex (dMFC) in error monitoring and conflict processing remains actively debated. The current experiment manipulated conflict type (stimulus conflict only or stimulus and response selection conflict) and utilized a novel modeling approach to isolate error and conflict variance during a multimodal numeric Stroop task. Specifically, hemodynamic response functions resulting from two statistical models that either included or isolated variance arising from relatively few error trials were directly contrasted. Twenty-four participants completed the task while undergoing event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 1.5-Tesla scanner. Response times monotonically increased based on the presence of pure stimulus or stimulus and response selection conflict. Functional results indicated that dMFC activity was present during trials requiring response selection and inhibition of competing motor responses, but absent during trials involving pure stimulus conflict. A comparison of the different statistical models suggested that relatively few error trials contributed to a disproportionate amount of variance (i.e., activity) throughout the dMFC, but particularly within the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (rACC). Finally, functional connectivity analyses indicated that an empirically derived seed in the dorsal ACC/pre-SMA exhibited strong connectivity (i.e., positive correlation) with prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex but was anticorrelated with the default-mode network. An empirically derived seed from the rACC exhibited the opposite pattern, suggesting that sub-regions of the dMFC exhibit different connectivity patterns with other large scale networks implicated in internal mentations such as daydreaming (default-mode) versus the execution of top-down attentional control (fronto-parietal).
Identifying the impact of negative feedback and learners' responses on ESL question development

Swain's (1985, 1995, 2000) output hypothesis states that language production is facilitative of second language (L2) learning. An important component of the output hypothesis involves pushing learners to produce appropriate, accurate, and complex language (Swain, 1993), which may occur when interlocutors provide learners with negative feedback (Gass, 1997, 2003; Long, 1996; Mackey, in press; Pica, 1994; Swain & Lapkin, 1995). When learners modify their previous utterances in response to negative feedback, learning opportunities are created by both the provision of negative feedback and the production of modified output. Consequently, it is difficult to determine how these interactional features—alone or in combination—positively impact L2 development. The current study examines the impact of negative feedback and learners' responses on English as a second language (ESL) question development, which is operationalized as stage advancement in Pienemann and Johnston's developmental sequence for ESL question formation (Pienemann & Johnston, 1987; Pienemann, Johnston, & Brindley, 1988). Thai English as a foreign language (EFL) learners (n = 60) carried out a series of communicative tasks with native English speakers in four conditions that provided different negative feedback and modified output opportunities and also completed four oral production tests over an 8-week period. Analysis of the treatment data identified the amount of modified output involving developmentally advanced question forms produced by the learners, and analysis of the test data revealed whether the learners' stage assignment changed over time. Logistic regression indicated that the only significant predictor of ESL question development was the production of modified output involving developmentally advanced question forms in response to negative feedback.I am grateful to Alison Mackey for her insightful comments on this paper and on the dissertation research on which it is based. I also thank Rhonda Oliver, Jeff Connor-Linton, Jennifer Leeman, Jenefer Philp, Ana-Maria Nuevo, and the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their valuable comments. Any errors, of course, are my own.
The Teaching of History in the Junior High School—Setting the Problem: Lesson Planning and Problem Solving

(1925). The Teaching of History in the Junior High School—Setting the Problem: Lesson Planning and Problem Solving. Historical Outlook: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 114-117.
Additive effects of the dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine transporter genes on the error-related negativity in young children.

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential that occurs approximately 50ms following the commission of an error at fronto-central electrode sites. Previous models suggest dopamine plays a role in the generation of the ERN. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while 279 children aged 5 to 7 years old completed a simple Go/No-Go task; the ERN was examined in relation to the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes. Results suggest an additive effect of the DRD2 and DAT1 genotype on ERN magnitude such that children with at least one DRD2 A1 allele and children with at least one DAT1 9 allele have an increased (i.e., more negative) ERN. These results provide further support for the involvement of dopamine in the generation of the ERN.
Effects of antireflux procedures on respiratory symptoms1

Abstract Background . Antireflux surgery can reduce respiratory symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux. However, there is a paucity of data on the durability of this benefit. To evaluate the long-term effects of antireflux surgery on respiratory complaints associated with gastroesophageal reflux, we reviewed our experience. Methods . Retrospective review of 2,123 antireflux procedures completed between 1986 and 1998 identified 65 patients (3.1%) with associated respiratory symptoms. There were 32 men and 33 women, ranging in age from 20 to 80 years (median 59 years). Respiratory symptoms included wheezing in 43 patients, sputum production in 37, cough in 30, choking episodes in 24, and hoarseness in 17. Preoperative medication use included steroids in 23 patients and bronchodilators in 18. Results . Antireflux operations included the uncut Collis-Nissen fundoplication in 29 patients, Belsy Mark IV repair in 13, open Nissen fundoplication in 13, and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in 10. Perioperative complications occurred in 19 patients who underwent open procedures and in none who had laparoscopic procedures. There was one death in the open-operation group and none in the laparoscopic group. Median follow-up was 65 months (range 1 to 174 months) and was complete in 62 patients (96.9%). Improvement in respiratory symptoms (83%) and reduction in respiratory medication use (78%) were significant as compared to a calculated 33% placebo-effect improvement ( p Conclusions . Antireflux operations significantly reduce respiratory complaints associated with gastroesophageal reflux. This benefit appears to be long term.
Understanding the Mechanism of Superoxide Reductase Promoted Reduction of Superoxide

Superoxide reductases (SORs) are nonheme, iron-containing enzymes which reduce superoxide (O2 ‐ ) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in anaerobic organisms. In contrast to the classical superoxide dismutases (SODs), SORs selectively reduce, rather than disproportionate, superoxide at an unusual [Fe(NHis)4SCys] catalytic site. Studies of the native enzyme and mutants have suggested the formation of a transient ferric-(hydro)peroxide intermediate in SOR’s catalytic cycle, with subsequent protonation to yield hydrogen peroxide and a glutamate-bound ferric resting state. With the synthesis of small molecular model compounds of the enzyme’s active site, analogous intermediates can be more thoroughly investigated in order to understand how the structure at the nonheme iron active site affects its function. Specific goals in
The Morphologic Spectrum of Metastatic Prostatic Adenocarcinoma to the Lung Special Emphasis on Histologic Features Overlapping With Other Pulmonary Neoplasms

We undertook a detailed histologic study to identify specific morphologic features that may aid in distinguishing prostatic adenocarcinoma with lung metastases (PALM) from other pulmonary tumors with similar histologic features. In 16 cases, we found 3 predominant architectural patterns: microacinar (n = 10), tubulopapillary (ductal; n = 4), and carcinoid-like (n = 2). Characteristic features of PALM included small acinar and/or cribriform growth, frequent lymphangitic permeation, lack of stromal response, uniform round nuclei with prominent nucleoli, intraluminal blue mucin, and prominent cell borders. By immunohistochemical staining, prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase were present in 13 of 14 and 13 of 13 cases, respectively. Metastatic prostatic duct adenocarcinoma exhibited morphologic features similar to metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Two cases had a carcinoid-like appearance with nested or solid architecture, parachromatin clearing, and prominent nucleoli, but lacked the finely stippled chromatin pattern of carcinoid tumors. Several features that may result in misinterpretation or lack of association of the neoplasm in the lung with a prostatic primary include lung metastasis preceding the detection of a prostatic primary tumor, solitary pulmonary nodule, tubulopapillary (ductal) or carcinoid-like pattern, scant material in which histologic features of metastatic prostate carcinoma are not fully appreciated, and frequent necrosis. Attention to specific discriminating histologic features, supported by immunohistochemical staining, may be useful in the differential diagnosis, which is therapeutically and prognostically critical.
Melancholia in the Writing of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Nun

Since the time of Hippocratic writers, melancholia has fascinated its observers. From Greek doctors and philosophers through to Robert Burton in the seventeenth century, there has been a remarkably consistent focus on the humoral imbalances thought to underlie these conditions and on the subjective moods of apprehension and generalized dejection, long characterized as “fear and sadness without cause,” through which they are identified. This set of ideas—found in the writings of Galen, the Greco-Arabic doctors such as Avicenna and Rhazes, and Renaissance thinkers such as Ficino, followed by Weyer and Paracelsus in the Early Modern era—is well known. Less well known are the unsystematic discussions of melancholy and melancholia ∗ by the Spanish abbess Teresa de Alhumada (1515‐82), later Saint Teresa of Avila, who noted the apparently widespread melancholia that she encountered in the cloistered world of the nunnery. A mystical writer, poet, and reformer of prodigious energies and effectiveness, Teresa of Avila helped forge the Roman Catholic Church’s own internal reform (the CounterReformation) by founding the Discalced (barefoot) Carmelite order. At a time of religious and political turmoil in Spain, when her efforts placed her at risk from the Inquisition,
Field Evaluation of Marine Structures Containing Calcium Nitrite

A field study of corrosion of reinforcing bars in existing concrete pier structures is presented in this paper. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium nitrite for combating corrosion in marine structures. Five sites were selected for field evaluation of reinforcement corrosion in cooperation with the Harbors Division of the Hawaii Department of Transportation. The concrete for each of these sites included a calcium nitrite-based admixture as a corrosion inhibitor. Each site was tested for permeability, chloride ion concentration, half-cell potential, polarization resistance, and pH. Corrosion activity identified by half-cell potential measurements, polarization resistance measurements, and visual inspection of bars taken from cores indicated that high dosages of calcium nitrite, 19.8 to 22.3 L/m³, provided the steel with significantly greater protection than lower dosages, 12.4 L/m³. This occurred despite the fact that the sites with higher dosages were older and usually more permeable than the structures with lower dosages.
Hypoxia Inhibits Differentiation of Lineage-Specific Rcho-1 Trophoblast Giant Cells

Defects in placental development lead to pregnancies at risk for miscarriage and intrauterine growth retardation and are associated with preeclampsia, a leading cause of maternal death and premature birth. In preeclampsia, impaired placental formation has been associated with alterations in a specific trophoblast lineage, the invasive trophoblast cells. In this study, an RT-PCR Trophoblast Gene Expression Profile previously developed by our laboratory was utilized to examine the lineage-specific gene expression of the rat Rcho-1 trophoblast cell line. Our results demonstrated that Rcho-1 cells represent an isolated, trophoblast population committed to the giant cell lineage. RT-PCR analysis revealed that undifferentiated Rcho-1 cells expressed trophoblast stem cell marker, Id2, and trophoblast giant cell markers. On differentiation, Rcho-1 cells downregulated Id2 and upregulated Csh1, a marker of the trophoblast giant cell lineage. Neither undifferentiated nor differentiated Rcho-1 cells expressed spongiotrophoblast marker Tpbpa or labyrinthine markers Esx1 and Tec. Differentiating Rcho-1 cells in hypoxia did not alter the expression of lineage-specific markers; however, hypoxia did inhibit the downregulation of the trophoblast stem cell marker Id2. Differentiation in hypoxia also blocked the induction of CSH1 protein. In addition, hypoxia inhibited stress fiber formation and abolished the induction of palladin, a protein associated with stress fiber formation and focal adhesions. Thus, Rcho-1 cells can be maintained as a proliferative, lineage-specific cell line that is committed to the trophoblast giant cell lineage on differentiation in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions; however, hypoxia does inhibit aspects of trophoblast giant cell differentiation at the molecular, morphological, and functional levels.
The Measurement of Gains and Losses

Consumer's surplus and public policy, 287. — Defining the concepts, 288. — Measures, 290. — Choice of concept depends on purpose for which it is desired, 295. — Graphic comparison, 295. — Application to a seller, 300. — Implications for compensation payments, 303. — Application to public policy, 307.
15. Robert Axelrod. 1986. “An Evolutionary Approach to Norms.” American Political Science Review 80 (December): 1095–1111. Cited 317 times

I have long been interested in the question of how cooperation can emerge in a world of egoists without central authority. Over a period of five years, culminating in my book on the Evolution of Cooperation (1984), I published a series of studies that explored the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in the context of the two-person iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD). I was well aware that two-person interactions can tell only part of the story of cooperation in societies, so I thought about various ways of building and sustaining cooperation when one person's actions can affect many others. Unfortunately, the most straightforward way to extend the two-person PD game would not sustain cooperation unless something else was added to solve the collective action problem by preventing free riders.
Spatial Mapping of Transient Atomic Concentrations Using Acousto-Optic Deflection

We report a new imaging system for obtaining spatially and temporally resolved atomic absorption profiles for transient events. This is based on an acousto-optic beam deflector that scans the probe laser beam in one dimension repeatedly across the spatial region of interest. Scan rates of 10 μs durations essentially freeze the absorbing species in time to allow a spatial resolution of 0.06 cm over a 1.2 cm length. With the use of 2K of buffer memory and a digitization interval of 200 ns (12 bits), the time evolution can be followed up to a total of 400 μs. The capabilities are demonstrated in the study of atom formation in a laser-generated plume from a sodium tungstate surface.
Bacterial Peritonitis Caused by Kingella kingae

Kingella kingae is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract that occasionally causes skeletal infections in children and endocarditis in children and adults. We report a case of a 55-year-old man with liver disease and tense ascites who performed a paracentesis on himself and developed K. kingae peritonitis and bacteremia.
Factors Influencing the General Well-Being of Low-Income Korean Immigrant Elders

This study explores factors that influence the general well-being (anxiety, depression, positive well-being, self-control, vitality, and general health) of low-income Korean immigrant elders by interviewing 206 older adults living in Los Angeles County and Orange County, California. Ordinary least squares regression results reveal that lack of English proficiency and longer residence in the United States were significant predictors of higher anxiety, higher depression,lower self-control,lower vitality, and lower general health among Korean immigrant elders. Losing a spouse was a significantly negative factor in vitality. Financial problems were significantly associated with lower positive well-being. Social support was a significant factor in lower anxiety, lower depression, higher positive well-being, higher self-control, and higher vitality. Spiritual coping was significantly associated with lower anxiety,lower depression, higher positive well-being, and higher vitality. The findings of this study show that low-income Korean immigrant elders are at high risk for psychological and physical health problems influenced by difficulties with the acculturation or adjustment and socioeconomic stress of living in a new society. The study discusses essential implications for culturally competent social work practice among low-income Korean immigrant elders.
Longitudinal patterns of urine biomarkers in infants across gestational ages.

Urinary biomarkers may be indicators of acute kidney injury (AKI), although little is known of their developmental characteristics in healthy neonates across a full range of gestational age (GA). The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of urinary biomarkers across GA groups from birth to 3 months of age. Fifty-two infants ranging from 24 to 41 weeks’ GA had urine assayed from birth through 3 months of age for 7 biomarkers including albumin (ALB), beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), cystatin-C (CysC), epidermal growth factor (EGF), neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), osteopontin (OPN), and uromodulin (UMOD). Of the seven urinary biomarkers, EGF and UMOD increased while others decreased with advancing GA. By 3 months of age, EGF and UMOD had increased in preterm infants to levels similar to those of term infants. UMOD/ml and EGF/ml appeared to be predominantly developmental biomarkers distinguishing estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 with receiver operator characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.82; p = 0.002. When factored by urine creatinine CysC/cr + ALB/cr were the most significant functional markers with AUC = 0.79; p = 0.004; sensitivity 96 %; specificity 58 %. Among healthy neonates, urinary biomarkers vary with GA. These data support the use of urinary biomarkers in the assessment of normal kidney development in the absence of injury.
Notes on Israelian Hebrew (II)

This article presents four separate notes on lexical items characteristic of Israelian Hebrew. The items studied are 1) the phrase שגר אלפיך ועשתרות צאנך "the offspring of your cattle and the fertility of your flock"; 2) the noun עיר "donkey"; 3) the unique form עיריס "villages" appearing in Judg 10:4; and the noun טנא "basket".
In-situ studies of nanocatalysis.

A heterogeneous catalyst in industry consists of nanoparticles with variable crystallite sizes, shapes, and compositions. Its catalytic performance (activity, selectivity, and durability) derives from surface chemistry of catalyst nanoparticles during catalysis. However, the surface chemistry of the catalyst particles during catalysis, termed in-situ information, is a “black box” because of the challenges in characterizing the catalysts during catalysis. The lack of such in-situ information about catalysts has limited the understanding of catalytic mechanisms and the development of catalysts with high selectivity and activity.The challenges in understanding heterogeneous catalysis include measurement of reaction kinetics, identification of reaction intermediates, bridging pressure gap and materials gap. The pressure gap is the difference in surface structure and chemistry between a catalyst during catalysis and under an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) condition. The materials gap represents the difference between ...
Assessing ELLs’ Reading Comprehension and Science Understandings Using Retellings

This article explores the use of alternative assessments as a way to determine the impact of science instruction on English Language Learners’ (ELLs) abilities to comprehend an informational trade book text, both at the level of reading comprehension and at the level of science understanding. This multi-cohort comparison study of 47 fifth grade ELLs in a large urban district in the southwest compared students’ retellings of an informational text on the science topics of wind energy and wind turbines. All students received 14 days of intensive, hands-on instruction on science concepts with the experimental group studying wind energy and wind turbines and the control group studying genetics and DNA. Findings from data analysis reveal that students who received instruction on the science concept of wind energy and wind turbines (experimental group) had more accurate retellings of the related text at the reading comprehension level. Students in the experimental group also demonstrated stronger conceptual understanding of the science concept of energy transfer. This study has implication for science teachers as it provides evidence to support retelling as an assessment method in the science classroom.
Educational language policy engagement and action research (ELPEAR)

While Chapter 5 reviewed language policy research methods, this chapter goes into more detail about one in particular - action research - and also proposes strategies for engagement and advocacy. This is an attempt to address the epistemological tension and positionality dilemmas engendered when working with marginalized groups (a characterization that includes all teachers, since teaching is a marginalized profession). I propose an approach that promotes epistemic solidarity between researchers and educators and critical interrogation of power imbalances in policy processes. Educational language policy engagement and action research (ELPEAR) requires collaboration in policy engagement and research, the goal of which is to challenge deficit discourses and promote social justice in education.
[Cross-section survey on smoking behavior and cognition in Chongqing, 2014].

Objective To investigate the prevalence of smoking, smoking cessation, passive smoking and awareness of the dangers of tobacco in population in Chongqing and provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures. Methods A total of 5 400 residents aged ≥18 years were selected from 9 districts/counties in Chongqing through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling and face-to-face interviews were conducted among them. Indicators as current smoking rates, smoking cessation rates and passive smoking rates were calculated by the weight of age proportions from 2010 population census. The analytical method was based on complex sampling design. Results The current smoking rate of the residents aged ≥18 years was 27.4% (male: 53.5% and female: 1.1%), which was highest in age group 40-50 years (58.4%) for males. The current smoking rate among rural residents was higher than that in urban residents. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was 27.5%, which was significantly higher in southeastern Chongqing. The rate of passive smoking was 52.4%. Among daily smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked was 17.5 per day (men: 17.6 per day; women: 13.5 per day). The daily smoked cigarette number in males was higher in age group 40-50 years (20.1 per day) and those with junior middle school education level (18.9 per day). The proportion of the current smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day (the rate of heavy smoker) was higher in males than in females and in rural residents than in urban residents. The proportion of heavy smokers was 59.3%, which was highest in age group 40-50 years (66.8%), followed by those with junior middle school educational level (65.2%). The average age of smokers when they stared to smoke was 20.8 years old, which was low in males and rural residents. About 80.2% of the smokers stared to smoke under 25 years old, and 70.3% of the smokers stared to smoke between 15 and 25 years old. The overall rate of smoking cessation was 20.1% and the successful smoking cessation rate was 13.7%. The two rates increased with age, the successful smoking cessation rate was lowest in age group 18-40 years (4.8%). The awareness of the tobacco risk related knowledge seemed poor among the residents, only 19.6% of the residents were aware that smoking could cause serious diseases (stoke, heart disease and lung cancer). 21.9% of the residents were aware that passive smoking could cause serious diseases (heart disease, lung disease and lung cancer). Conclusion Current prevalence of smoking in males in Chongqing remains at a high level, indicating that the publicity programs on the tobacco risk related knowledge needs to be strengthened and the tobacco control needs more efforts. The tobacco control in Chongqing is still facing serious challenge. Key words: Smoking; Passive smoking; Tobacco control; Smoking cessation
Bio-Identical Hormones Utilized for Treating Menopausal Symptoms: Are The y Safe?

The use of compounded bioidentical hormones in the various forms of gels, creams, and troches has increased in popularity. The population of menopausal women is at a crossroads with the cascade of symptoms and determining what are their options. The Endocrine Society, the Food and Drug Administration, and the National Menopause Society do not support the use of bioidentical hormones, despite the support for bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) by the American Academy for Anti-Aging Medicine and other proponents for BHRT. The literature review reveals the need for studies documenting the safety of BHRT. The objective for this study was to conduct a retrospective chart review for the incidence of adverse outcomes specific to osteoporosis, breast cancer incidence, and cardiovascular disease in menopausal women utilizing BHRT.
Understanding and Profiting from Intellectual Property across Borders: A Beginning

This book investigates intellectual property (IP) within the context of international business (IB), and presents IP fundamentals, IP environments, IP management and IP strategies in a way which is relevant to both business practice and research. It aims to provide practitioners and analysts with guidelines and an action framework on how to profit from IP across borders. The author has consulted the widest possible range of resources, including primary and secondary data and grey literature, to serve these research aims and objectives, and has structured the book thematically to guide readers towards a comprehensive understanding of IP in the IB world.
Treatment for Pathogen Reduction

Pathogen reduction is often a top priority requirement for a decentralized wastewater treatment system, particularly if water reuse is planned. Pathogen destruction can be achieved using disinfection technologies that are designed to destroy pathogenic microorganisms in highly treated wastewaters and reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission that could result from exposure during discharge and reuse applications. This section describes disinfection units for decentralized applications.
Residual Stress Analysis in Rolling Contact

Based on a stress invariant hypothesis and a stress/strain relaxation procedure, an analytical approach is developed for approximate determination of residual stresses and strains in elastic-plastic rolling contact. It is shown that for the line contact problems, the proposed method provides residual stress results comparable to published results predicted by the finite element method (FEM). As compared with the residual stress results obtained by the Merwin and Johnson method and the McDowell and Moyar method, the current approach yields closer results to the finite element predictions. The developed analytical approach, utilizing a two surface plasticity model with Mroz type hardening rule, is applied to the calculation of combined rolling and sliding cases using 1070 steel properties typical of railroad wheels. It is shown that the component experiencing Q/P 0) component, which implies, for example, that the driven wheel is inferior to the driving wheel in fatigue life. This prediction agrees with the experimental observations. Moreover, residual stresses obtained by the proposed method are compared with the experimental results from the literature, and very close agreements are demonstrated.
Robust Multiview Data Analysis Through Collective Low-Rank Subspace

Multiview data are of great abundance in real-world applications, since various viewpoints and multiple sensors desire to represent the data in a better way. Conventional multiview learning methods aimed to learn multiple view-specific transformations meanwhile assumed the view knowledge of training, and test data were available in advance. However, they would fail when we do not have any prior knowledge for the probe data’s view information, since the correct view-specific projections cannot be utilized to extract effective feature representations. In this paper, we develop a collective low-rank subspace (CLRS) algorithm to deal with this problem in multiview data analysis. CLRS attempts to reduce the semantic gap across multiple views through seeking a view-free low-rank projection shared by multiple view-specific transformations. Moreover, we exploit low-rank reconstruction to build a bridge between the view-specific features and those view-free ones transformed with the CLRS. Furthermore, a supervised cross-view regularizer is developed to couple the within-class data across different views to make the learned collective subspace more discriminative. Our CLRS makes our algorithm more flexible when addressing the challenging issue without any prior knowledge of the probe data’s view information. To that end, two different settings of experiments on several multiview benchmarks are designed to evaluate the proposed approach. Experimental results have verified the effective performance of our proposed method by comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Feeling and Deceiving: A Review and Theoretical Model of Emotions and Deception in Negotiation

Deception is pervasive in negotiation, and emotions are integral to the deception process. In this article, we review the theoretical and empirical research on emotions and deception in negotiation and introduce a theoretical model. In our review of the research, we find that emotions profoundly influence the decision to use deception. We also find that although negotiation is inherently interpersonal, theoretical and empirical research on deception has focused on the intrapersonal effects of emotion. For this reason, we integrate theory and research on the interpersonal effects of emotions into research on deception and propose a model—the Interpersonal Emotion Deception Model—that relates the emotions of a counterpart to the deception decisions of a negotiator. Our review and model expands our understanding of the important role of emotions in the deception decision process and provides a theoretical foundation for future research in the intrapersonal and interpersonal perspectives.
Death consumes us – dispatches from the “death professors”

ABSTRACTThis special issue on consumption and death marks another point on an upward trajectory of the mainstreaming of death and death-related consumption and marketing research. Death, like sex, ...
Tools and Techniques

Chapter 1 showed many of the nanoscale phenomena that have allowed great progress to be made in nanotechnology in recent years. The sophistication of these nanostructures makes high-precision analysis at the nanoscale an absolute must, and scientists have risen to the occasion for such analyses from both theoretical and experimental vantages. This chapter will delve into the methods used in this dissertation, provide the fundamental basics, and go into more detail about the important aspects of both the theoretical and experimental tools for nanoscale analysis and beyond.
Contagion via Magical Thinking and via Mere Proximity

Abstract. People show an irrational dislike for objects that were once contaminated or had come into contact with an undesirable person, even if they are currently indistinguishable from other similar objects. To date, such negative contagion within the magical thinking literature has been shown only with inanimate objects. We addressed a boundary condition to see if it also extended to animate targets (dogs and children) while teasing out mere-proximity effects that would predict a similar contagion in the case of children. We used two different types of contagion, one based on proximity and one based on self-information. We found that magical thinking did extend to dogs but not to children when not confounded by mere-proximity effects. Also, contagion was less strong in the case of animate targets, but pity was not related to either this reduction or to the disappearance of the effect with children.
Educator Perspectives on the Instructional Effects of One-to-one Computing Implementation

The purpose of this study was to examine educator’s perceptions regarding the quality of student learning during the implementation of a one-to-one computing program in a private secondary school in central Illinois. The sample of the study consisted of 26 teachers, administrators, and counselors who worked with 320 students during one-to-one technology implementation program . First a Likert type scale was administered and then interviews were conducted with the participants to find out their observations, perceptions, and opinions with regard to student learning. The results show that most educators believe that student learning has slightly improved with the implementation of one-to-one technology program
An Efficient Procedure for Traversing Large Pieces in Fixed Point Algorithms

In this note we give an efficient procedure for traversing larger pieces of linearity that result when the underlying functions have special structures including separability, handedness, linearity and piecewise linearity. It is shown here that the work involved is a little more than that required to move through a simplex. In particular, one may require 0(n log2n) instead of 0(n) comparisons. The additions and multiplications are of the same order. Since several simplexes lie in these larger pieces, substantial savings result.
Opiate receptor mechanisms.

Research directed at identifying mechanisms whereby drugs exert their therapeutic actions is inherently difficult. It is easy for pharmacologists to describe many “effects” of drugs on physiological and biochemical processes. Uncertainties crop up when one endeavors to conclude that a particular effect represents the mechanism of action of the drug. Opiates, like most other drugs, produce myriad effects on biological organisms, on energy metabolism, protein synthesis, nucleic acid disposition, neuronal firing patterns, and neurotransmitter disposition. Some of these effects are clearly irrelevant pharmacologically, because they are elicited by drugs that have no opiate-like pharmacological actions. However, even for effects which correlate with the relative pharmacological potency of various opiates, one cannot readily ascertain whether the effects are primary or are simply secondary consequences of some other, more fundamental drug action.