cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Cuts: Rhetoric of Human Dissection, Vivisection, and Surgery in Latin Literature

This chapter analyzes passages in Latin literature that describe the unbinding of the human body through dissection, vivisection, or surgery. Demonstrating how medical prose sources (Scribonius Largus, Pliny the Elder, Celsus) can be read productively alongside Latin poets (Seneca the Younger, Ovid, and Lucan), it reveals how early imperial Latin writers consistently present acts of cutting into the human body as cruel, unnatural, dehumanizing, and medically illegitimate. These sources, it is argued, utilize similar rhetoric of paradox, ambiguity, and disgust to emphasize how such acts can blur the lines between life and death, and therefore problematize ethical considerations and processes of observation. Each text is also shown to conflate cutting into the human body with nefarious activities that reflect Roman anxieties concerning violations of bodily integrity.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hepatology Practice and Provider Burnout.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a wide-ranging impact on the clinical practice of medicine and emotional well-being of providers. Aim To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on practice and burnout among hepatology providers. Methods We conducted an electronic survey of AASLD members from February to March 2021 who were hepatologists, gastroenterologists, and advanced practice providers (APPs). The survey included 26 questions on clinical practice and emotional well-being derived from validated instruments. Results A total of 230 eligible members completed the survey;107 (47%) were adult transplant hepatologists, 43 (19%) were adult general hepatologists, 14 (6%) were adult gastroenterologists, 11 (5%) were pediatric hepatologists, 45 (19%) were APPs, and 9 (4%) other. 69 (30%) experienced a reduction in compensation, 92 (40%) experienced a reduction in staff and 9 (4%) closed their practice. 100 (43%) respondents reported experiencing burnout. In univariate analysis, burnout was more frequently reported in those Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on the clinical practice of hepatology as well as burnout and emotional well-being. Women, APPs and early and mid-career clinicians more frequently reported burnout. Identified strategies to cope with burnout include virtual platforms to facilitate networking and mentoring.
School Health Predictors of the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Substance Use and Developmental Risk and Resilience Factors.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to establish prospective relationships among school mean levels of substance use, developmental risk and resilience factors, and school discipline. Methods We linked 2003–2014 data from the California Healthy Kids Survey and the Civil Rights Data Collection, from more than 4,800 schools and 4,950,000 students. With lagged multilevel linear models, we estimated relationships among standardized school average levels of six substance use measures; eight developmental risk and resilience factors; and the prevalence of total discipline, out-of-school discipline, and police-involved discipline. Results School mean substance use and risk/resilience factors predicted subsequent prevalence of discipline. For example, a one–standard deviation higher school mean level of smoking, binge drinking, and cannabis use was associated, respectively, with 16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14%, 18%), 18% (95% CI: 16%, 20%), and 21% (95% CI: 19%, 23%) higher subsequent prevalence of total discipline. A one–standard deviation higher mean level of community support and feeling safe in school was associated, respectively, with 21% (95% CI: 18%, 23%) and 9% (95% CI: 7%, 11%) lower total discipline. Higher violence/harassment was associated with 5% (95% CI: 4%, 7%) higher total discipline. Peer and home support, student resilience, and neighborhood safety were not associated with total discipline. Nearly all associations remained, attenuated, when we restricted to out-of-school and police-involved discipline. Conclusions Schools with students who, on average, have higher substance use, less school and community support, and feel less safe in schools have a higher prevalence of school discipline and police contact. The public health implications of mass criminalization extend beyond criminal legal system settings and into schools.
Observations of cracking behavior in tension and torsion low cycle fatigue

A series of tension and torsion low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted on several engineering materials. Detailed observations of nucleation and early crack growth were made. Cracking behavior is shown to depend upon loading mode (tension or torsion), strain amplitude, and material type. Multiaxial models developed for shear sensitive materials did not correlate multiaxial test results of a tension sensitive material. Differences in cracking behavior for different materials and loading conditions need to be considered in successful life predictions for components subjected to multiaxial fatigue.
De kosteneffectiviteit van een multidisciplinair integraal zorgmodel voor kwetsbare ouderen in verzorgingshuizen: Een beschrijving van een cluster gerandomiseerd gecontroleerd klinisch onderzoek

Vertaling en bewerking van ‘’The cost-effectiveness of a new disease management model for frail elderly living in homes for the elderly, design of a cluster randomised controlled clinical trial’, BMC Health Services Research 2008, 8: 143 (7 July 2008)
A monolithic multifunction EW broadband receiver converter

A unique multifunction receiver converter chip, consisting of RF amplifiers, switches, a lumped-element filter, and a double-balanced mixer, has been developed. The chip design employs various circuit design refinements, such as amplifier feedback techniques to enhance stability and repeatability, FET switches to reduce power consumption, and a lumped-element filter to reduce size. The double-balanced mixer topology eliminates IF extraction problems and combines the best performance characteristics of active and passive baluns while employing diode mixing elements. >
Purification of Phosphomannanase and Its Action on the Yeast Cell Wall

An improved assay for phosphomannanase (an enzyme required for the preparation of yeast protoplasts) has been developed based on the release of mannan from yeast cell walls. A procedure for the growth of Bacillus circulans on a large scale for maximal production of the enzyme is described. The culture medium containing the secreted enzyme was concentrated, and the enzyme was purified by protamine sulfate treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on P-100, and isoelectric density gradient electrophoresis. Although the enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity, it still contained laminarinase activity which could not be separated by size or charge. The two enzymatic activities also exhibited two isoelectric points (pH 5.9 and 6.8) on ampholine electrophoresis. The laminarinase was not active on yeast glucan. The enzyme preparation was shown to remove mannan from yeast without removing glucan. Electron microscopic observation supports the idea that this mannan is the outer layer of the yeast wall. Phosphomannanase will produce protoplasts from yeast when supplemented with relatively low amounts of snail enzyme. This activity is present in snail enzyme but appeares to be rate-limiting when snail enzyme alone is used. Phosphomannanase has proven useful for studying the macromolecular organization of polymers in the yeast cell wall.
High speed implementation of 1-D and 2-D morphological operations

The design of a morphological processing system is presented, to be used in medical image enhancement and compression. The system consists of a gray scale dilation/erosion systolic array capable of video data rates. The architecture can be implemented with either one dimensional or two dimensional building blocks that accept raster scanned data and exhibits low latency and an optimal pipeline rate. Two processing element designs are presented, one based on programmable gate arrays and one suitable for standard cell VLSI implementation. >
A Novel Method Using Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Substrates to Determine Trace Element Concentrations in Size-Segregated Atmospheric Particulate Matter on Short Time Scales

A PUF-ICP-MS method has been developed that can quantify a large number of elements in size-resolved ambient aerosol samples collected over short-time intervals (four hours in this study). The pre-cleaning and digestion protocols developed enabled the quantification of 29 elements (including Hg) in ambient PM sampled onto a PUF substrate. The microwave-assisted acid digestion method affects a total dissolution of both aerosol and substrate, producing a colorless solution with no trace of aerosol, PUF, or polypropylene particulates, and is compatible with many analytical techniques (e.g., ICP-MS, CVAF, GFAA). For the large majority of elements the PUF-ICP-MS method provides superior elemental detection capabilities than traditional XRF approaches and importantly, method detection limits (MDLs) for most studied elements are lower than achieved with a 4-hour MOUDI approach using optimized ICP-MS analysis. For example, MDLs for V, Sr, Cd, Sb, and Hg are respectively 0.15, 0.18, 0.034, 0.051, and 0.0055 (solve...
Polarization Anisotropies in Individual Quantum Dots and Correlation with Defocused Emission Patterns

2D and 2D+1D dipole models for predicting the optical properties of CdSe-ZnS quantum dots are considered. Observed defocused interference patterns and linear polarization anisotropies in emission suggest the 2D model may not be sufficient.
A passive readout technique for spark-discharge counters

Abstract A simple, reliable, passive readout technique for spark-discharge counters distinguishes between breakdown (or spark-discharge) events and non-breakdown events on the basis of differences in the time durations of the signals at the high-voltage electrode of the spark-discharge counter.
Results of an initial clinical trial of varenicline for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Abstract Background Cocaine use, abuse and dependence remains a pressing public health problem. Based on its mechanism of action, varenicline, an alpha4beta2 partial agonist seemed to be a likely candidate for treating cocaine dependence. Methods Cocaine dependent participants ( n = 37) were enrolled in a 9-week double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Varenicline was titrated up to a target dose of 1 mg BID during the first week of medication. Results Varenicline was associated with lower odds of cocaine use than placebo (OR = 2.02, p = 0.08), as measured by thrice-weekly urinalysis results. Compared to placebo-treated participants, varenicline treated participants had significantly decreased rates of cocaine reward, as measured by the Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP) ( p = 0.02). Conclusions Varenicline appears to decrease cocaine use and reward, suggesting that further investigation of varenicline may be warranted.
The Prospects for Personalized Medicine

Personalized medicine—the customization of medical treatment to an individual's genetic profile—aims to both improve outcomes and control costs. But recent news, including scandals involving direct-to-consumer genetic tests and questions about targeted cancer therapies, has exposed many ethical hurdles. They are explored here by ethicists, a patient, a medical student, and a consumer advocate.
Urinary hydroxyproline: Creatinine ratio of normal humans at various ages

Abstract The urinary hydroxyproline excretion from normal individuals ranging from birth to 70 years of age has been expressed as milligrams hydroxyproline to milligrams creatinine excreted per 24 hours. The ratio of hydroxyproline: creatinine corrects at least partially for differences in body size between individuals, yielding a narrower range of values than the range of the urinary hydroxyproline values alone. A definite relationship of the ratio with age was found: increasing from birth to one month of age, decreasing from six months to about five years of age, remaining constant to puberty, decreasing again to about age twenty, and subsequently remaining constant through age 70 years. At all ages the ratio is essentially equivalent in both sexes and the variability of the ratio between individuals was much less than that of the corresponding 24-h urinary hydroxyproline values. In the same individual, the variation of the ratio determined on multiple samples was also less than the variation observed in the 24-h urinary hydroxyproline from the same specimens. Possible application and advantages of the use of the hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio are discussed. Comprehensive urinary hydroxyproline excretion values are given for normal infants from birth to one month of age.
A strategy for determining the optimal domain for knowledge based decision support systems

Abstract The objective of a knowledge based decision support system (KBDSS)_is to enhance the ability of decision makers to respond to opportunities/problems. The set of tasks for which the KBDSS can provide some assistance is called the domain of the KBDSS. The set of tools and rules which the KBDSS uses to help with those tasks is called the problem processing system (PPS) of the KBDSS. This paper presents a procedure for determining the optimal domain-PPS combination for a KBDSS. A specific application is provided to illustrate why the procedure is needed and how it works.
Improving peer supervisor ratings of therapist performance in dialectical behavior therapy: An Internet-based training system

The present study involved the development of an Internet-based training system (ITS) to help train peer supervisors. The system, which was piloted with Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Linehan, 1993) using mock sessions, demonstrates how Internet-based technology can facilitate training protocols to support the ongoing training and supervision of therapists efficiently. Participant evaluation of the system was very positive, with over 90% of respondents reporting that they believed that the ITS was very useful or extremely useful for therapist training. Possible uses of the system include: (a) helping therapists to learn to discriminate more effective from less effective interventions to provide better feedback to supervisees and peers on their sessions, (b) helping therapists to improve their own ability to monitor and deliver a treatment effectively, and (c) helping to structure therapist training and supervision activities. The system could also be used to help with real-world supervision of therapists, assuming that legal and ethical issues associated with the use of the Internet for clinical supervision are addressed adequately. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
High-speed radiation pyrometer

A high-speed option for a time-tested radiation pyrometer has been made available. The response time for 98% response is less than or equal to 0.5 second. It is compensated for ambient temperature effects, is transient free, and makes use of existing charts and scales when used with null-balance electronic potentiometers.
Prenatal ultrasound evaluation of fetal diastematomyelia: two cases of type I split cord malformation

Isolated diastematomyelia is a rare form of spinal dysraphism characterized by a sagittal cleft in the spinal cord, conus medullaris and/or filum terminale with splaying of the posterior vertebral elements. This condition is the result of the presence of an osseous or fibrocartilaginous septum producing a complete or incomplete sagittal division of the spinal cord into two hemicords. It may be isolated or associated with other segmental anomalies of the vertebral bodies. Prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly is possible in the early midtrimester by sonography, thus allowing for early surgical intervention and a favorable prognosis. Two cases of fetal diastematomyelia diagnosed by prenatal sonography are presented, each demonstrating the typical sonographic features diagnostic of this condition. The first case, detected at 28 weeks' gestation, presented with disorganization of the bony processes of the vertebral column with a midline echogenic focus. The second fetus, diagnosed at 17 weeks' gestation, had a similar appearance with widening of the posterior elements and the presence of a midline echogenic bony spur. Postnatally, both infants underwent magnetic resonance imaging for a definitive diagnosis. Surgical repair of the defect was performed in the neonatal period in both cases.
Separation of glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides by thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract A thin-layer chromatography (tlc) system has been developed for the separation of glycoprotein-derivedoligosaccharides. The method involves chromatography on silica gel using n -propanol/acetic acid/water (3:3:2 v/v) as the solvent. This tlc method was used to separate pathological oligosaccharides isolated from individuals with G M1 gangliosidosis and with neuraminidase deficiency. The results indicate the potential usefulness of the system in the analysis of complex carbohydrates.
Polyelectrolyte Self-Diffusion: Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching of Sodium Poly(styrenesulfonate) in N-Methylformamide

The influence of added salt on the self-diffusion coefficients (Dself) of fluorescein-tagged sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (SPS) chains in a high dielectric constant organic solvent was measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). N-Methylformamide (NMF) was chosen since it has a dielectric constant greater than that of water and it was hoped would better solvate the backbone. A new FRAP apparatus was built for the purpose that allowed for data collection of the entire modulated recovery profile of fluorescence intensity. The decay rates of the SPS were determined for multiple bleached grating periods and found to be diffusive in nature. Dself was measured for a broad range of added salt concentrations (0−0.1 M) for comparison to the diffusive dynamic modes seen by dynamic light scattering. The self-diffusion coefficients were distinct from both the “fast” and the “slow” modes observed in dynamic light scattering and persisted through the ordinary−extraordinary transition. The slight inc...
Automated systems for the fluorometric determination of nucleic acids by the ethidium bromide technique.

Abstract An automated analysis of DNA and RNA has been developed that is an extremely adaptable system for measurement of a wide range of nucleic acid concentrations. Conditions for the assessment of DNA in the presence of RNA have been achieved by employing an elevated temperature to remove RNA with RNase. A marked effect of temperature on the fluorescence of nucleic acids in the presence of ethidium bromide has been found, therefore necessitating control of temperature for the reproducible assessment of nucleic acids.
Methylation in the initiation region of the first exon suppresses collagen pro-α2(I) gene transcription

Abstract Our previous studies demonstrated that the collagen α2(I) gene is hypermethylated in the promoter/first exon region after chemical transformation and the α2(I) promoter/first exon is sensitive to methylation in transfection studies. In this paper, we demonstrate that a minimum collagen promoter containing the preinitiation region (−41 to +54) driving luciferase reporter gene was inactivated by DNA methylation as judged by transfection assays. All the methylation sites within the preinitiation region were located in the first exon, not in the promoter. Methylation of the promoter construct inhibited transcription as determined by an in vitro assay, only if proteins were extracted from nuclei using 500 mM NaCl. Gel mobility shift analysis suggested that methylation within the first exon decreased the formation of the largest preinitiation complex while increasing the formation of faster migrating protein–DNA complexes. Competition gel mobility shift analysis indicated that the faster migrating protein–DNA complex could be competed by a smaller initiator probe which did not contain TATA binding region. A protein–DNA complex with increased affinity to methylated sequences was detected using the initiator probe, which contained two methylation sites and no TATA sequence (−25 to 30) suggesting that a separate repressor complex binds to the methylated sequences. Mutations at the methylation sites (+7, +23) in the first exon also increased the protein–DNA complex formation in gel shift analysis and inhibited collagen α2(I) transcription as judged by transient transfection and in vitro transcription assays. Therefore, these methylation sites in the preinitiation region are important for transcription of α2(I) gene and the protein responsible for the repression of transcription is extractable using high salt nuclear extracts.
On the mathematical theories of excitation

The question of constancy of the velocity of propagation of excitation is discussed on the basis of the two-factor theory, and differences between this and Blair's theory are examined.
Reverse transcriptase encoded by a retrotransposon from the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.

Abstract The long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-like elements are a distinct family of eukaryotic transposons that contain a long open reading frame with limited sequence homology to retroviral reverse transcriptases. Unlike many retrotransposons, they lack long terminal repeats. The mechanism by which LINE-like elements move within the genomes of their hosts remains speculative. We have used an unusual approach to express and detect enzymatic activities associated with Crithidia retrotransposable element 1 (CRE1), a site-specific LINE-like element found in the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. A chimeric gene fusing the yeast retrotransposon Ty1 and the CRE1 open reading frame is constructed and then overexpressed in yeast. Fusion proteins are packaged into virus-like particles, which can be partially purified and directly analyzed for enzymatic activity. Here we demonstrate that CRE1 encodes an RNA-directed DNA polymerase. These data provide direct biochemical evidence that this widely distributed class of retrotransposons encodes reverse transcriptase and sets the stage for a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in LINE-like element transposition.
Absorption corrections for diamond-anvil pressure cells implemented in the software package Absorb6.0

High-pressure single-crystal structure refinement requires intensity data that have been corrected for the various absorption effects in the pressure cell. In this contribution, the methods for calculating the absorption corrections for a transmission-geometry diamond-anvil pressure cell are reviewed. The ideas presented in this paper have been implemented in a software package for Microsoft Windows, Absorb6.0, available at http://www.crystal.vt.edu/.
Lead acetate as a vital marker for the analysis of bone growth.

The use of lead acetate as a vital stain adds another method for the study of periodic appositional patterns of hard tissues. The distinct advantage of this technique is that these tissues can be decalcified and examined histologically without loss of the marker. The following method was used in preparation of the sections shown in the text. The rats received an intravenous injection of 4 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. After sacrifice, the tissues were decalcified in 1% HCL through which H2S was constantly bubbled. The action of the H2S gas is to convert the lead at sites of calcification to insoluble lead sulfide. Upon completion of decalcification the sections were embedded in 30% gelatin, and frozen sections at 15–20 μ were cut. The sections were then placed in a 0.1% solution of gold chloride for ten minutes. Next, they were placed in a 5% solution of sodium bisulphate for ten minutes. Subsequently they were washed in distilled water for 30 minutes and finally fixed in a 5% solution of sodium thiosulphate. No additional staining was used. The sections were then mounted with glycerine jelly. The resulting lead lines are sharp and therefore conducive to quantitative measurements. Because of the relatively thin sections cut, histologic details can be observed.
Inverse seesaw neutrino signatures at the LHC and ILC

We study the collider signature of pseudo-Dirac heavy neutrinos in the inverse seesaw scenario, where the heavy neutrinos with mass at the electroweak scale can have sizable mixings with the Standard Model neutrinos, while providing the tiny light neutrino masses by the inverse seesaw mechanism. Based on a simple, concrete model realizing the inverse seesaw, we fix the model parameters so as to reproduce the neutrino oscillation data and to satisfy other experimental constraints, assuming two typical flavor structures of the model and the different types of hierarchical light neutrino mass spectra. With the fixed parameters in this way, we analyze the heavy neutrino signal at the LHC through tri-lepton final state with large missing energy and at the ILC through a single lepton plus di-jet with large missing energy. We find that in some cases, the heavy neutrino signal can be observed with a large statistical significance via different flavor charged lepton final states. Therefore, we can not only discover the heavy neutrinos in the future but also obtain a clue to reveal the origin of the small neutrino mass and flavor mixing.
Rational solution of a general fifth-order shallow water-wave model

Abstract Simple but novel rational solutions of a fifth-order Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-like equation are presented. Travelling wave solutions, which reduce to these rational solutions in the long-wavelength limit, are also presented. Other aspects of travelling wave solutions are discussed, including the possibility of additional integrations. The truncated Painleve expansion is developed and it is shown how this and related forms lead to a variety of solutions.
Mean density approximation and hard sphere expansion theory: A review

Abstract This review surveys research dealing with the Mean Density Approximation (MDA) and the Hard Sphere Expansion (HSE) theory developed by Leland and coworkers. MDA and its modifications provide a simple way to predict radial distribution functions of mixtures from the pure fluid information. Comparisons with computer simulation data show the MDA to be superior to the van der Waals approximation for mixture radial distribution functions. Derivations of the HSE theory and the HSE Conformal Solution Theory (HSE-CST) are also described. For Lennard-Jones mixtures, the HSE theory is proven to be superior to the van der Waals theory by using a proper method to determine the hard-sphere diameter. The major problem associated with the development of a consistent method to determine the hard-sphere diameter of the HSE-CST and the requirements regarding the extension of the HSE-CST to polar mixtures are discussed. It is concluded that the HSE-CST is capable of predicting, satisfactorily, the vapor-liquid equilibrium properties of mixtures containing hydrocarbons and/or slightly quadrupolar or polar compounds such as CO2 and H2S.
Proton temperature change with heliocentric distance from 0.3 to 1 AU according to relative temperatures

Helios spacecraft data excluding shocks, ejecta, and low-cadence plasma intervals are averaged into hour-long intervals and binned by heliocentric distance. In each distance bin, relative classes of fluctuation-normalized cross helicity and total energy are made with a further refinement of each of these classes according to the relative proton radial component of temperature. The relative classes of temperature itself are also examined. All temperatures in each class are fitted by a power law as a function of heliocentric distance to determine the power law index. The difference between this index and the adiabatic index for isotropic plasma can be the first-order indicator of heat addition to the plasma. Relative total energy has temperature indices and behaviors that can be consistent with heat addition from a turbulent energy cascade. Relative cross helicity also shows indices that can support heat addition, but the results are inconclusive on heat addition, especially at high cross helicity. A detailed knowledge of the thermal anisotropy, at least, is required in the case of high cross helicity.
Schistosoma mansoni: cytochemistry and morphology of the gastrodermal Golgi Apparatus.

Abstract The gastrodermal Golgi apparatus of adult Schistosoma mansoni displays two distinct morphologies. In one type, there is an identifiable cis (forming) face where vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse to form the cisternae. A morphological change occurs in the cisternae as the trans (emitting) face is approached with the cisternae becoming progressively flattened. The cisternae at the emitting face produce a membrane-bound secretory granule with moderately electron-dense contents and a vacuolar structure that may be analogous to a condensing vacuole as reported in several vertebrate secretory cells. In a second type, vesicles possessing a thicker membrane than those of the transfer vesicles are observed at the emitting face. They are not observed when the secretory granules are present. Several cytochemical markers were used to aid in studying the polarity of the Golgi apparatus. Enzymes studied were thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) (EC 3.6.1.1), nucleoside diphosphatase (NDPase) (EC 3.6.1.6) using uridine diphosphate as a substrate, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPase) (EC 3.1.3.2). Reaction products from all enzyme markers were observed in the cisternae and, to some extent, in the transfer vesicles. At times, NADPase and TPPase reaction products were observed in all cisternae and in the transfer vesicles of the Golgi. When this distribution was evident, the latter vesicles were observed in clusters occasionally fusing with lipid-like globules dispersed throughout the gastrodermis. Heterogeneity in cisternae was observed when NDPase, TPPase, and osmium reduction techniques were used. NDPase activity was limited to the middle cisternae while reduced osmium was observed in the outer two cisternae and in some transfer vesicles. TPPase reaction product was also observed in the secretory granules and in the condensing vacuoles. It is hypothesized that a functional bipolarity may be demonstrated by the Golgi. Under certain stress conditions, the forming face of the Golgi may package lysosomal enzymes while the emitting region of the Golgi appears to be responsible for the packaging of the secretory granules. The fusion of transfer vesicles and, at times, secretory granules with lipid-like globules is postulated to represent a mechanism by which enzymes may be transported to the lumen of the cecum.
Hydrocortisone-mediated inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation: Dissociation of inhibitory effect and expression of DR antigens

Abstract The suppressive effects of hydrocortisone (HC) on the human immune system are well known. The mediation of the immunosuppressive effects of HC on lymphocyte responses via inhibition of monocyte function has been examined by monocyte-dependent, antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Monocytes that were first treated with HC and then washed were unaffected in their subsequent ability to present antigen. However, there was a dramatic inhibition of lymphocyte proliferative responses if HC was present while monocytes were pulsed with antigen. This was directly related to the dose of HC present. HC-mediated inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation could not be overcome by the addition of interleukin-1 (IL-1) to the cultures, and thus inhibition of monocyte IL-1 secretion cannot totally account for the inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation. Although HC inhibits monocyte antigen presentation, HC increases the expression of HLA-DR antigens on monocytes. Other monocyte stimulants, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lymphokine, and gamma interferon, were examined for their effect on monocyte DR expression and their effect on monocyte antigen presentation. No correlation was found between the ability to increase monocyte DR antigen expression and the effect on antigen presentation. While HC, lymphokine, and gamma interferon all increased the expression of DR antigens on monocytes, HC, LPS, and lymphokine, but not gamma interferon, inhibited monocyte antigen presentation. Although HC can exert profound immunosuppressive effects via monocytes, it is not the only mechanism of inhibition. HC added to cultures after monocytes had been pulsed with antigen was also inhibitory.
Generalized gain margin for nonlinear systems

In this paper, we propose a Generalized Gain Margin (GGM) as a gain margin like stability metric for Nonlinear (NL) systems under regular perturbation. Four timedomain GGM assessment methods for Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems are provided, and the GGM equivalence between linear and NL systems, for both time-invariant and time-varying cases, at the equilibrium point is established, which makes it possible to develop GGM assessment methods for NL systems in the subsequent investigation using the corresponding GGM estimating methods for linear systems. However, unlike the linear systems, the GGM of the NL system may be reduced when the size of Domain of Attraction (DOA) is imposed, which is shown by examples. The main results in this paper facilitate generalization to Linear Time-Varying (LTV) systems and Nonlinear Time-Varying (NLTV) systems in future work.
Potts lattice-gas model for the solid-liquid interfacial tensions of simple fluids

The q-state Potts lattice-gas model is used to model the solid-liquid interfaces of simple materials. The interfacial tension ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{sl}}$ is calculated using a mean-field approximation with a different value of the solid order parameter in each layer. An attempt to model the surfaces of Ar, Na, and Al leads to surface tensions (1/3) to (1/2) of the values inferred from nucleation data. Surface widths are of the order of three layers. The orientation dependence of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{sl}}$ is found to be about 1%. Uniform liquids are found to exhibit considerable supercooling, but the solid phase can be superheated by at most 4%.
Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by 2-tetradecylglycidic acid

2-Tetradecylglycidic acid (TDGA), a hypoglycemic agent, has been found to be a very effective inhibitor of de novo fatty acid synthesis by isolated hepatocytes. A comparison was made between the effectiveness of TDGA and 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA), a hypolipidemic agent, on the metabolic processes of isolated hepatocytes. These compounds are structurally related and both inhibit fatty acid synthesis; however, they have opposite effects from each other on the oxidation and esterification of fatty acids. TDGA inhibits whereas TOFA stimulates fatty acid oxidation. TDGA stimulates whereas TOFA inhibits fatty acid esterification.
Elementary School Counselors in California

The number, school location, academic preparation and experience, and functions and duties of “elementary school counselors” in California were studied. Questionnaires were answered by 175 counselors, 118 elementary school principals, and 312 teachers in schools employing counselors. The number of children in the participating schools was 133,125, or five per cent of all pupils in grades K-8 in the State. Counselors reported that they spent 50 per cent of their time working with pupils, 17 per cent with teachers, 10 per cent with administrators, 12 per cent with parents, and 11 per cent with probation, welfare, and other officials. The counselors and the principals generally agreed on the rank order of importance of the functions of elementary school counselors and on the most important skills and personality characteristics counselors should have. The teachers reported that counselors gave them most help by testing individual pupils, counseling with pupils, helping them with classroom problems, and participating in parent conferences. Elements of an ideal counseling program at the district and school level as well as deficiencies in present programs were described by the respondents.
Molecular Interactions on Polystyrene Stationary Phases

Abstract The strength of the interactions between individual molecules and solvent-swollen polystyrene gels can be correlated using Lewis acid-Lewis base arguments. Polystyrene may be viewed as a Lewis base because it may serve as an electron-pair donor to a suitable electron-pair acceptor. Mobile phases such as toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are also Lewis bases. The stationary phase gel and mobile phases such as toluene and THF will compete for a Lewis acid solute, with the stronger base always interacting preferentially. For a THF mobile phase, acidic solute-mobile phase interactions predominate and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) will be the only separation mechanism occurring. Polystyrene appears to be a stronger base than toluene, and acidic solutes always interact with the gel. Retention in this system includes contributions from both SEC and gel-solute interactions. Chloroform is a Lewis acid and will interact strongly with polystyrene. Acidic solute-gel interaction must then be stronger th...
Water absorption and its effect on polyarylate

Water absorption and its effect on the tensile and impact properties of polyarylate was studied by immersing polyarylate specimens in water baths, between 23 and 98°C. The diffusivity was calculated to be 11 × 10−9 cm2/s at 23°C with an activation energy of 9.8 kcal/mole. The aromatic ester in polyarylate is hydrolyzed by water, which was found to cause a decrease in molecular weight and in mechanical properties. In the early stage, the reaction is zero-order and the activation energy of the hydrolytic embrittlement is 22 kcal/mole.
The mission of soil science in a changing world

The soil is a vital, complex, and labile medium. To manage it effectively and sustainably, we must strive to understand its attributes, functions, and environmental interactions. Toward this holistic end, we need to overcome traditional disciplinary and institutional barriers so as to promote interdisciplinary cooperation among teams of scientists with different but mutually complementary specialties. Herein, we provide an historical and cultural review of the evolving relationship between humanity and the soil.
Toward Antiviral Strategies That Resist Viral Escape

We studied the effect on viral growth of drugs targeting different virus functions using a computer simulation for the intracellular growth of bacteriophage T7. We found that drugs targeting components of negative-feedback loops gain effectiveness against mutant viruses that attenuate the drug-target interaction. The greater inhibition of such mutants than of the wild type suggests a drug design strategy that would hinder the development of drug resistance.
A Novel Approach to Extract Power From Free-Flowing Water and High Altitude Jet Streams

It is well known to aeronautical engineers that oscillating wings may extract power from an air stream. The bending and torsion flexure of airplane wings exposed to an air flow may extract sufficient energy to result in structural damage or even catastrophic failure. Fortunately, this phenomenon can also be used to extract energy from a wind or water stream and convert it into electric power.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Renal cortical basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransporter. II: Detection of conformational changes with fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescently labels amino groups and has been useful in detecting conformational changes in transport proteins through quenching or enhancement of the fluorescence signal upon exposure of protein to substrates. Solubilized renal basolateral membrane proteins, enriched in Na+/HCO 3 − cotransporter activity, were reconstituted into liposomes and treated with FITC or its nonfluorescent analogue PITC (phenyl isothiocyanate). In the absence of Na+ and HCO 3 − , incubation of proteoliposomes with PITC or FITC significantly inhibited cotransporter activity. However, in the presence of Na+ and HCO 3 − during labeling both agents failed to inhibit cotransporter activity, indicating that these probes interact specifically with the cotransporter. In the presence of the substrates Na+ and HCO 3 − , PITC binds covalently to amino groups unprotected by substrates leaving the Na+/HCO 3 − cotransporter available for specific labeling with FITC. Addition of NaHCO3 to FITC-labeled proteoliposomes resulted in a concentration-dependent enhancement of the fluorescence signal which was inhibited by pretreatment with 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene 2′,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS) prior to FITC labeling. SDS PAGE analysis of FITC-treated proteoliposomes showed the presence of two distinct fluorescent bands (approximate MW of 90 and 56 kD). In the presence of substrates, the fluorescence intensity of these bands was enhanced as confirmed by direct measurement of gel slice fluorescence. Thus, FITC detects conformational changes of the Na+/HCO 3 − cotransporter and labels proteins which may represent the cotransporter or components of this cotransporter. This work was supported by the Merit Review Program from the Veterans Administration Central Office (J.A.L.A.), and the National Kidney Foundation of Illinois (A.A.B.).
Proteomic Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Effect of Acute Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles in Rats

BackgroundInhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) is characterized by lung injury and inflammation, with significant increases in the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macr...
Attributional style as a vulnerability factor for depression: Validation by past history of mood disorders

We tested the attributional vulnerability hypothesis of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) with a retrospective behavioral high-risk paradigm. Currently nondepressed individuals who possessed either a depressogenic or a nondepressogenic attributional style were compared on their probability of exhibiting major depressive disorder and the hypothesized subtype of “hopelessness depression,” as well as on the number, duration, and severity of episodes of major depression in the past 2 years. Consistent with the predictions of the hopelessness theory of depression, attributionally vulnerable subjects were more likely to exhibit past major depressive disorder and hopelessness depression and experienced more episodes of these disorders than attributionally invulnerable subjects. In addition, high-risk subjects had more severe episodes of past major depression than did low-risk subjects. The two groups did not differ on duration of past major depressive episodes, although there was a trend for high-risk subjects' episodes to be of longer duration.
Internal anatomy of the fourth instar larva of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta buren (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)

Abstract We describe the internal anatomy of fourth instar larvae of the economically important and much studied imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren to form the basis for studies on their physiology and role in the social organization in the colony. The muscular foregut opens into a blind midgut which fills much of the body cavity. Four malpighian tubules enter the small intestine which opens to a thin-walled rectum bearing 3 rectal pads. The well-developed labial gland system includes a pair of thin-walled reservoirs. The corpora allata are posteroventral to the brain and lateral to the esophagus with anatomical differences between reproductive and worker larvae. The fat body is well developed and contains numerous urocytes. Oenocytes are arranged laterally in dorsoventral rows. The pericardial cells are arranged in parallel rows lateral to the heart. Lateral tracheal trunks connect the 10 pairs of spiracles and 4 anterior tracheal commissures. The body musculature is arranged in groups, including dorsal and ventral longitudinals, dorsoventrals, and lateral and ventral obliques. The antennal, leg, wing (in reproductives) and gonopodal imaginal discs are present. The gonopodal discs are distinctly different in male and female reproductive larvae. The anatomy of reproductive and early instar larvae are compared with the anatomy of fourth instar larvae. The anatomy of larvae of the imported fire ant is compared to that of larvae of other ants and the honey bee. These data reveal the simplification of some organ systems prevalent in larvae of the more sedentary Hymenoptera.
Estimation of Genetic Trends in Dairy Cattle Populations

Abstract Usefulness of full sisters and paternal half-sisters to estimate genetic trends was investigated, with 34,380 first lactation Holstein Herd Improvement Registry (HHIR) records reported in 335 herds from 1953 to 1961. Paternal half-sister families comprised one-third and full-sister families one-seventh of the data. All records were analyzed to obtain least-squares constants for year of calving. A weighted regression of these constants on years provided an estimate of the annual trend, genetic plus environmental, (63 ± 11 kg for milk and 0.007 ± 0.001 for per cent fat). Full sisters were analyzed to obtain least-squares year constants adjusted for sire and dam effects and corrected for selection. Weighted regression of these constants on years indicated the environmental trend in the population, and comparison with the genetic plus the environmental trend provided an estimate of annual genetic trend (45 ± 16 kg for milk and 0.018 ± 0.003 for per cent fat). A second estimate of the annual genetic trend (55 ± 26 kg for milk and 0.016 ± 0.005 for per cent fat) was obtained by comparing the over-all trend with one-half the genetic, plus the environmental trend estimated from records of paternal half-sisters adjusted for sire effects.
Foraging Behavior of Short-eared Owls and Northern Harriers on a Reclaimed Surface Mine in Kentucky

Abstract Current procedures for reclaiming surface mines have produced many hectares of open grasslands. Asio flammeus (Short-eared Owl) and Circus cyaneus (Northern Harrier) are regularly found in such grasslands, but little is known about the suitability of these areas as raptor habitat. Our objective was to quantify the hunting behavior of Short-eared Owls and Northern Harriers, and characterize the vegetation in areas used by foraging Short-eared Owls during the non-breeding season on a reclaimed surface mine in Muhlenberg and Ohio counties, KY, from 1 January–1 May 2002. Northern Harriers and Short-eared Owls foraged in flight during our study, with no instances of perch-hunting observed, and initiated attacks primarily in areas dominated by either Lespedeza sp. (sericea) or Festuca sp. (fescue). Attack success rates were 7% and 10.9% for Harriers and Short-eared Owls, respectively, both within the range of success rates previously reported. Analysis revealed that areas used by foraging Short-eared O...
Singer invariants and various types of curvature homogeneity

We study the concept of curvature homogeneity of type (1,3) introduced by Kowalski and Vanžurova in the context of the standard curvature homogeneity introduced by Singer and studied by many authors. We study a specialization of this property known as homothety \(r\)-curvature homogeneity. We characterize these concepts in terms of model spaces. As the main result, we present two families of three-dimensional Lorentzian metrics on Euclidean space to exhibit various relationships between all introduced concepts of curvature homogeneity and local homogeneity.
Marital adjustment and depressive symptoms in Korean Americans.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the quality of marital adjustment and depressive symptoms in Korean American couples. Fifty-three wives and 19 husbands reported on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression Scale. Results from linear regression indicated a negative relationship between marital adjustment and depressive symptoms at a significant level for wives and near significant for husbands. The model explained 15% of the variance in wives’ depressive symptoms. The negative impact of marital adjustment on depressive symptoms indicates that Korean American couples’ marital adjustments need to be addressed.