cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development for a supercompact X -band pulse compression system and its application at SLAC

We have successfully designed, fabricated, installed, and tested a super compact $X$-band SLAC Energy Doubler system at SLAC. It is composed of an elegant 3 dB coupler--mode converter--polarizer coupled to a single spherical energy storage cavity with high ${Q}_{0}$ of 94000 and a diameter less than 12 cm. The available rf peak power of 50 MW can be compressed to a peak average power of more than 200 MW in order to double the kick for the electron bunches in a rf transverse deflector system and greatly improve the measurement resolution of both the electron bunches and the x-ray free-electron laser pulses. The design physics and fabrication as well as the measurement results will be presented in detail. High-power operation has demonstrated the excellent performance of this rf compression system without rf breakdown, sign of pulse heating, and rf radiation.
An update on the safety of current therapies for Alzheimer’s disease: focus on rivastigmine:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of major neurocognitive disorders worldwide. Despite all research efforts, therapeutic options for AD are still limited to two drug classes: cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and the NMDA-receptor antagonist memantine. Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are the three ChEIs FDA-approved as first-line treatment for AD. Although they share the same mode of action, they differ in terms of their pharmacologic characteristics and route of administration, which can impact their safety and tolerability profile. Rivastigmine, available in both oral and transdermal patch formulations, is a slowly reversible dual inhibitor of acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase, selective for the G1 isoform of acetylcholinesterase, without hepatic metabolism by the CYP-450 system. Despite its unique features, it has been associated with a higher incidence of adverse events in comparison to other ChEIs. The oral form, approved for the treatment of mild to moderate AD, is associated with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. The transdermal patch formulation approved for use across all stages of AD has been shown to have a better tolerability profile in comparison to both the oral form and even other ChEIs. One important tolerability concern is adverse dermatologic reactions, which are mostly benign, and can be either preventable or manageable. One important safety concern is the risk of treatment overdose by administering multiple patches at the same time, potentially leading to fatal outcomes. This can be prevented by educating patients and caregivers about the proper use of the patch. The goal for the future would be to optimize the patch formulation to increase both efficacy and safety.
The host should get lost: Paradigms in the Tourism Theory

Abstract Among various substantive contributions to the general, theoretical study of tourism, three of them—the host–guest paradigm, tourism as nonordinary behavior, and the theory of the lifecycle of attractions—are commonly seen as the most fertile. This paper reviews the host–guest paradigm. It argues that this framework, initially developed by anthropologists and applied later by Marxian scholars and postmodern critics, does not meet the challenges of explaining mass tourism, nor does it fully address the complex interactions between modern societies and pre-modern communities. The paper contends that this paradigm should be discarded and new conceptual venues explored.
A Step “Beyond”: Relation is Fundamental

The thesis of universal internality, which functions as an axiom of this relational metaphysic, sets the stage for a wholly adequate answer to the question with which this inquiry began, namely: “What is a Thing?” It should be pointed out, however, that none of the monistic idealists was able to frame an adequate answer in terms of that thesis alone. It was as though the thesis, while intrinsically reasonable, resolved the question of reality by elevating one of the options of classical polar thinking, namely, idealism, to the level of a dogma. Even though the thesis of universal internality is a close approximation to a relational view of reality, those who held it most tenaciously assigned fundamentally to the mental, or rational component of experience.
Bank Lending and Interest on Excess Reserves

This paper analyzes the relationship between bank lending and the Federal Reserve's policy of paying interest on excess reserves (IOER). We argue that the Fed's IOER policy deviates from the standard interest-rate floor framework in ways that influence banks' incentives to hold loans and reserves. Using quarterly data from the start of 2000 through the third quarter of 2017, we find that banks' holdings of loans and reserves are related to GDP growth and employment but are not related to measures of loan demand or economic uncertainty. Accounting for these factors, banks' loan holdings are inversely related to both the rate of IOER and to its premium above short-term market interest rates. We estimate that the Fed's IOER policy accounts for more than half of the post-crisis decline in bank loan allocations.
Correction to: The Synergistic Effect of Descriptive and Injunctive Norm Perceptions on Counterproductive Work Behaviors

The name of the third author was incomplete in the initial online publication. The original article has been corrected.
The Keys to Power: The Rhetoric and Politics of Transcendentalism, by Nathan Crick; and Emerson and the History of Rhetoric, by Roger Thompson

In a journal entry of March 1862, Ralph Waldo Emerson lamented, “why has never the poorest country college offered me a professorship of rhetoric? I think I could have taught an orator, though I am...
Breast Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Benign Breast Disease

Understandably, a great deal of research is dedicated to the identification of sonographic manifestations of malignant breast disease. However, recognition of clinical and imaging characteristics that support benign diagnoses is equally integral to accurate, cost-effective management of breast disease. Review of these characteristics is provided to enable more confident diagnosis and focused management. Advances in ultrasound utilization have extended its range to include screening and diagnosis. Coupled with updates to BI-RADS, current practices reflect the indispensable nature of ultrasound to breast disease diagnosis and management. Recognition of unique situations further enhances the value of exacting ultrasound performance and evaluation. Best utilization of rapidly evolving ultrasound technology requires comprehensive knowledge of technique, lexicon, current practice patterns, and mastery of clinical and imaging manifestations of benign and malignant disease.
Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry to predict tumor growth for BPD-mediated vascular photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment modality for cancer and other malignant diseases; however, quantities such as light fluence, and PDT dose do not fully account for all of the dynamic interactions between the key components involved. In particular, fluence rate (ϕ) effects are not accounted for, which has a large effect on the oxygen consumption rate. In this preclinical study, reacted reactive oxygen species ([ROS]rx) was investigated as a dosimetric quantity for PDT outcome. We studied the ability of [ROS]rx to predict the cure index (CI) after PDT of murine tumors; CI = 1 - k/kctr, where k and kctr are the growth rate of PDT-treated and control(untreated) tumor, respectively. Mice bearing radiation induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors were treated with BPD-mediated PDT at different in-air fluences (22.5, 40, 45, 50, 70 and 100 J/cm2) and in-air ϕ (75 and 150 mW/cm2) with a BPD dose of 1 mg/kg and a drug-light interval of 15 mins. Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 690 nm. Explicit dosimetry of initial tissue oxygen concentration, tissue optical properties, and BPD concentration was used to calculate [ 1 O 2 ] rx . ϕ was calculated for the treatment volume based on Monte-Carlo simulations and measured tissue optical properties. CI was used as an endpoint for four dose metrics: light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx. PDT dose was defined as the product of the time-integral of photosensitizer concentration and ϕ at a 3 mm tumor depth. Preliminary studies show that [ROS]rx best correlates with CI and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome. The threshold dose for [ROS]rx is determined to be 0.23 mM and is about 4.3 times smaller than the corresponding value for conventional BPD-mediated PDT using DLI of 3 hrs.
ReForm: Static and Dynamic Resource-Aware DNN Reconfiguration Framework for Mobile Device

Although the Deep Neural Network (DNN) technique has been widely applied in various applications, the DNN-based applications are still too computationally intensive for the resource-constrained mobile devices. Many works have been proposed to optimize the DNN computation performance, but most of them are limited in an algorithmic perspective, ignoring certain computing issues in practical deployment. To achieve the comprehensive DNN performance enhancement in practice, the expected DNN optimization works should closely cooperate with specific hardware and system constraints (i.e. computation capacity, energy cost, memory occupancy, and inference latency). Therefore, in this work, we propose ReForm-a resource-aware DNN optimization framework. Through thorough mobile DNN computing analysis and innovative model reconfiguration schemes (i.e. ADMM based static model fine-tuning, dynamically selective computing), ReForm can efficiently and effectively recon Figure a pre-trained DNN model for practical mobile deployment with regards to various static and dynamic computation resource constraints. Experiments show that ReForm has $\sim 3.5\times$ faster optimization speed than state-of-the-art resource-aware optimization method. Also, ReForm can effective recon Figure a DNN model to different mobile devices with distinct resource constraints. Moreover, ReForm achieves satisfying computation cost reduction with ignorable accuracy drop in both static and dynamic computing scenarios (at most 18% workload, 16.23% latency, 48.63% memory, and 21.5% energy enhancement).
Reprogramming of 24nt siRNAs in rice gametes

ABSTRACT Gametes constitute a critical stage of the plant life cycle, during which the genome undergoes reprogramming in preparation for embryogenesis. Here we characterized the small RNA transcriptomes of egg cells and sperm cells from rice to elucidate genome-wide distributions of 24nt siRNAs, which are a hallmark of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants and are typically concentrated at boundaries of heterochromatin. We found that 24nt siRNAs were depleted from heterochromatin boundaries in both gametes, reminiscent of siRNA patterns in DDM1-type nucleosome remodeler mutants. In sperm, 24nt siRNAs were spread across broad heterochromatic regions, while in eggs, 24nt siRNAs were concentrated at a smaller number of heterochromatic loci throughout the genome, which were shared with vegetative tissues and sperm. In both gametes, patterns of CHH methylation, typically a strong indicator of RdDM, were similar to vegetative tissues, although lower in magnitude. These findings indicate that the small RNA transcriptome undergoes large-scale re-programming in both male and female gametes, which is not correlated with recruitment of DNA methyltransferases in gametes and suggestive of unexplored regulatory activities of gamete small RNAs in seeds after fertilization.
The Retirement Income Security Outlook for Older Workers: Causes for Concern and Reasons for Optimism

Older Americans on the cusp of retirement today face a very different retirement income landscape than prior generations faced, with a higher degree of exposure to market forces and a higher risk of financial insecurity later in life. This exposure and risk are due to a variety of interactions among demographic changes, the evolution of the traditional three pillars of retirement income (Social Security, private pensions, and savings), and market volatility. While these changes present some real causes for concern, the implications of societal aging depend in large part on how we respond to these challenges. The way older Americans have responded thus far is encouraging. Older Americans are remaining in the workforce later in life and have shown remarkable flexibility with respect to how they retire, often transitioning into bridge jobs and sometimes into entirely new lines of work. This chapter describes the challenges that societal aging presents and the ways in which older Americans have responded to these challenges. We end with some important outstanding questions.
Comparison of Open and Robot Assisted Radical Nephrectomy With Level I and II Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus: The Mayo Clinic Experience.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the perioperative and oncologic outcomes associated with open radical nephrectomy with tumor thrombus (O-RNTT) vs robot assisted radical nephrectomy with tumor thrombus (RA-RNTT). Renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus has traditionally been managed through an open surgical approach. The robot assisted approach may offers improved perioperative outcomes compared to open, but there are few studies comparing these 2. Methods We analyzed patients with renal cell carcinoma and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus between 1998 and 2018, comparing perioperative and oncologic outcomes of these patients with Level I and Level II thrombus. Cohorts were stratified by surgical approach: O-RNTT vs RA-RNTT. Univariate analysis was conducted using chi-squared test and t tests when appropriate. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to evaluate survival. Results and Limitation Twenty-seven patients were in the O-RNTT group, and 24 in the RA-RNTT group. Patients in the RA-RNTT group, compared to the O-RNTT group, demonstrated shorter length of stay (3 vs 7 nights, P = .03), lower estimate blood loss (450 vs 1800 mL, P Conclusion RA-RNTT produced a shorter length of stay, less transfusions, and a lower rate of complications with no significant difference in overall survival.
Accumulation of Contaminants by Wild Turkeys and Potential for Consumer Exposure

Despite their popularity as a game species across North America, little is known about contaminant burdens in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) inhabiting areas of environmental contamination, and their potential to expose human and wildlife consumers. We compared trace element concentrations and radionuclide activity in muscle and liver tissues of turkeys inhabiting the Savannah River Site (USA), an area with known anthropogenic contaminant inputs, with turkeys from uncontaminated areas offsite. In addition, we tested breast feathers from a subset of individuals for mercury (Hg) to assess the viability of nonlethal sampling for quantifying Hg concentrations. Finally, we quantified arsenic, Hg, and selenium (Se) in blood of live-captured turkeys inhabiting a coal ash basin on the Savannah River Site. Compared with reference samples, we found that turkeys inhabiting the Savannah River Site contained elevated Hg levels in both muscle and liver tissues, and lower concentrations of chromium. Turkeys from the ash basin also had elevated levels of Se. We found a positive correlation between breast muscle and feather Hg concentrations (F1,59 = 267.5, R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001), suggesting that feathers can potentially be used as a nonlethal sampling technique. All elements analyzed were below reference limits set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for safe consumption. Thus, our data suggest that turkeys likely are not an important pathway of contaminant exposure on the Savannah River Site or other areas with similar contaminant distributions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1222-1231. © 2020 SETAC.
VB Strong: how local news stations created a platform for a community to mourn victims of a mass shooting

Mass shootings have become increasingly prevalent in the United States. News coverage of the shootings often catalyzes an emotional environment of fear, uncertainty, and, ultimately, grief. However...
Hardware/Software Interface Assurance with Conformance Checking

Hardware/Software (HW/SW) interfaces are pervasive in modern computer systems. Most of HW/SW interfaces are implemented by devices and their device drivers. Unfortunately, HW/SW interfaces are unreliable and insecure due to their intrinsic complexity and error-prone nature. Moreover, assuring HW/SW interface reliability and security is challenging. First, at the post-silicon validation stage, HW/SW integration validation is largely an ad-hoc and time-consuming process. Second, at the system deployment stage, transient hardware failures and malicious attacks make HW/SW interfaces vulnerable even after intensive testing and validation. In this dissertation, we present a comprehensive solution for HW/SW interface assurance over the system life cycle. This solution is composited of two major parts. First, our solution provides a systematic HW/SW co-validation framework which validates hardware and software together; Second, based on the co-validation framework, we design two schemes for assuring HW/SW interfaces over the system life cycle: (1) post-silicon HW/SW co-validation at the post-silicon validation stage; (2) HW/SW co-monitoring at the system deployment stage. Our HW/SW co-validation framework employs a key technique, conformance checking which checks the interface conformance between the device and its reference model. Furthermore, property checking is carried out to verify system properties over the interactions between the reference model and the driver. Based on
Molecular Imaging of Oxidation-Specific Epitopes to Detect High-Risk Atherosclerotic Plaques

The oxidation of lipoproteins is a critical factor in the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atherosclerotic lesions. Reactive oxygen species and enzymes in the vessel wall modify lipoproteins to generate a variety of oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE). OSE are pro-inflammatory, immunogenic, and pro-atherogenic by activating macrophages leading to foam cell formation, apoptosis, and necrotic cores. OSE activate the innate and adaptive immune systems that lead to pro-inflammatory responses. The immunological properties of OSE have facilitated the generation and characterization and modification of murine and human monoclonal antibodies as imaging agents. Nuclear and magnetic resonance techniques have been used to visualize OSE in preclinical models. OSE-targeted antibodies have been derivatized with radioisotopes or complexed with gadolinium, manganese, and iron oxide nanoparticles to facilitate in vivo imaging of atherosclerotic lesions. OSE-targeted antibody uptake in the vessel wall is proportional to plaque burden in early and intermediate lesions allowing quantitation of the extent of atherosclerosis. In intervention studies, imaging of OSE allows the detection of atherosclerosis regression and features of plaque stabilization. Translation of these approaches to humans may provide sensitive techniques to image, diagnose, and monitor high-risk atherosclerotic lesions, guide optimal therapeutic interventions, and evaluate efficacy of novel therapeutic agents.
Cerium oxide based bipolar resistive switching memory with low operation voltage and high resistance ratio

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is attractive as a promising candidate for next generation nonvolatile memory due to its potential scalability beyond 10 nm feature size using a crossbar structure, fast switching speed, low operating power, and good reliability. Cerium oxide has high dielectric constant and various valance states, making cerium oxide a potential material for RRAM application. Nevertheless, fundamental characterization of CeOx based RRAMs i.e., the scalability, reliability and mechanism, has been only partially reported. In this paper the fundamental characteristics of cerium oxide RRAMs are studied. In this paper metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure is studied for memory device characterization.
Getting Into Neutral: Climate Policy and the University

On March 11, 2008 the University of Virginia Faculty Senate voted in favor of having the university take steps to make it climate neutral. This paper examines whether such a policy is feasible, and further whether pursuing a policy of climate neutrality is likely the best way to spend university resources, if the goal is to reduce the universityâ€™s carbon footprint. A revised version of this paper was published as Going Green: The inconvenient truth about U.Va.\'s carbon neutrality initiative; Virginia Policy Review (Vol. 2, No. 1) September-October 2008.
Formation and Regeneration of Methanococcus voltae Protoplasts

Methanococcus voltae cells were converted into protoplasts by suspension in anaerobic 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.4 M sucrose and 0.05 M NaCl as osmoprotectants. Protoplast formation was monitored microscopically by observing the conversion of the typical irregularly shaped (uneven peripheries) coccoid whole cells to rounded forms with smooth peripheries. Although the procedure resulted in about 50% lysis of the initial number of cells, the remainder were converted to the rounded form. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy of negatively stained cell preparations indicated that the treatment removed the wall layer from whole cells to yield protoplasts. Protoplast regeneration was evaluated by using optimized plating conditions and an anaerobic microplating technique. Between 50 and 63% of the initial number of protoplasts regenerated as colonies on agar medium (35 degrees C, 7 days). The colony and cell morphologies of the regenerated protoplasts were indistinguishable from those of whole cells plated under identical conditions.
Physician-nutrition-specialist track: if we build it, will they come?

The Intersociety Professional Nutrition Education Consortium (IPNEC) has made substantial progress in its first 2 y. With support from 9 participating nutrition societies and certification organizations and with funding from the National Institutes of Health and several nutrition industry partners, a sustained, functioning consortium has been established. The consortium's 2 principal aims are to establish educational standards for fellowship training of physician nutrition specialists (PNSs) and to create a unified mechanism for certifying physicians who are so trained. Its long-term goals are to increase the pool of PNSs to enable every US medical school to have at least one PNS on its faculty and to surmount obstacles that currently impede the incorporation of nutrition education into the curricula of medical schools and residency programs. The consortium formulated and refined a paradigm for PNSs, conducted a national role delineation survey to define the scope of the discipline of clinical nutrition, and developed a preliminary curriculum template for training PNSs that can be completed in a minimum of 6 mo. IPNEC and its sponsoring societies are strategically positioned to play an important long-term role in nutrition education for physicians. We intend to continue soliciting broad input, especially from directors of fellowship training programs in nutrition and closely related subspecialties; to develop the core content for fellowships in nutrition and related subspecialties; and to initiate a unified PNS certification examination.
Limitations of Nielsen's and related noise equations applied to microwave bipolar transistors, and a new expression for the frequency and current dependent noise figure

Abstract In many low power microwave bipolar transistors the high frequency performance is largely controlled by the current-dependent time constant of the emitter base junction. This invalidates the use of Nielsen's expression which was derived for the noise figure of transistors controlled by the base transit time, which is substantially independent of emitter current. Values of noise figure obtained from this equation by substituting a current dependent cut-off frequency ƒα, derived from the transition frequency ƒT, are considerably higher than the measured values. The more recent approximation due to Malaviya and van der Ziel gives better agreement, but is still not entirely consistent with the measurements. A new expression is developed to take into account the emitter time constant, and this gives good agreement with measurements of minimum noise figure up to 3 GHz, and over a wide range of emitter current.
Scientific representation and nominalism: an empiricist view

Can a constructive empiricist make sense of scientific representation? Usually, a scientific model is an abstract entity (e.g., formulated in set theory), and scientific representation is conceptualized as an intentional relation between scientific models and certain aspects of the world. On this conception, since both the models and the representation relation are abstract, a constructive empiricist, who is not committed to the existence of abstract entities, would be unable to invoke these notions to make sense of scientific representation. In this paper, instead of understanding representation as a relation between abstract entities, I focus on the activity of representing, and argue that it provides a way of making sense of representation within the boundaries of empiricism. The activity of representing doesn’t deal with abstract entities, but with concrete ones, such as inscriptions, templates, and blueprints. In the end, by examining the practice of representing, rather than an artificially reified product—the representation—the constructive empiricist has the resources to make sense of scientific representation in empiricist terms.
Specifications for small group activities in instructional designs

A format is proposed for use in systematic instructional designs where small group activities are planned. Derived from a review of small group instructional research and practice, the format includes the following descriptive categories: (1) identification of activities within the larger design, (2) instructional objectives, (3) role structure, (4) task structure, (5) reward structure, (6) evaluation procedures, and (7) support system. Categories and sub-categories are defined and applied to appropriate examples.
On-resin peptide macrocyclization using thiol-ene click chemistry.

A versatile and rapid synthetic strategy has been developed for the on-resin cyclization of peptides using thiol–ene photochemistry. This unique method exploits the thiol group of natural cysteine amino acids and allows for various alkenes to be incorporated orthogonal to the peptide backbone.
Thermal performance modelling of complex fenestration systems

Complex fenestration systems (CFS) have become standard elements in facade design of high performance buildings. They include, for example, shading devices to control illumination, solar heat gains, glare and view-out, and photovoltaic elements imbedded in glazing layers to produce electrical energy on site. However, current methodologies to evaluate the thermal performance of CFS are limited to few products and types. This article develops a general methodology to compute the thermal performance of CFS. The methodology assumes each system layer as porous with calculated effective radiation and thermal properties. A new thermal penetration length model was developed to account for the effects of porous layers on the convective film coefficients of adjacent gas spaces, and applied to various types of shading devices. This methodology is validated using the available measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results for the U-factor of double-glazed windows with between-pane and internal...
A mathematical description of metabolizing systems.

Some of the laboratory procedures available for determining the functions in the integral equation established in part I are discussed. The tracer or tagged molecule technique is shown to be especially promising including the use of “double tracer” molecules. Conversely, the integral equation may be a convenient device for correlating and integrating some of the work now being done with tracer molecules in biological systems.
Metformin regulates hyperglycemia-induced vascular senescence through SIRT1

Background and Objective: Vascular aging is associated with changes in the structure and function of the vascular system and such changes contribute to the risk for the development of diabetes and associated cardiovascular diseases. Vascular senescence reflects the limited ability of vascular cells to divide and proliferate and is accompanied by specific phenotypic changes in morphology, gene expression and function. In endothelial cells, these changes result in a phenotype that is pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic. The early onset of vascular senescence is also an indicator of premature aging. Recent studies have shown that hyperglycemia-induced vascular senescence is an important contributing factor to promote the development of aging-associated cardiovascular events. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is highly expressed in the vasculature and has recently been identified as an important regulator of endothelial cell senescence-like growth arrest. Metformin is the most frequently prescribed first-line oral hypog...
Reflective and coreflective hulls in the category of locally convex spaces

Abstract A new method of characterizing epi-reflective and mono-coreflective hulls in certain subcategories of the category HAUS of Hausdorff spaces and continuous maps is investigated. For comparison, the basic results are first presented briefly for HAUS. The remainder of the paper is concerned with the category LCS of Hausdorff locally convex topological vector spaces and continuous linear transformations. In LCS, reflective means closed under the taking of products and closed subspaces, and coreflective has a similar interpretation involving direct sums and quotients. Theorems analogous to those for HAUS are proved and then applied to study the distribution of reflective and coreflective subcategories in LCS and the hulls of certain classes of spaces. Subcategories of LCS that are both reflective and coreflective are also investigated, and some consequences of results are the representation theorems that every space is a quotient of a complete space, a closed subspace of a barrelled space, and, assuming the nonexistence of a strongly inaccessible cardinal, a closed subspace of a bornological space.
Overconsolidated section on the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean: Ice sheet grounding prior to ca. 660 ka?

The sediment sequence at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 910 (556 m water depth) on the Yermak Plateau in the Arctic Ocean features a remarkable “overconsolidated section” from ∼ 19 to 70-95 m below sea floor (m bsf), marked by large increases in bulk density and sediment strength. The ODP Leg 151 Shipboard Scientific Party interpreted the overconsolidated section to be caused by (1) grounding of a marine-based ice sheet, derived from Svalbard and perhaps the Barents Sea ice sheet, and/or (2) coarser-grained glacial sedimentation, which allowed increased compaction. Here I present planktonic foraminiferal δ 18 O data based on Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistrally coiling) that date the termination of overconsolidation near the boundary between isotope stages 16 and 17 (ca. 660 ka). No evidence is found for coarser grained sedimentation, because lithic fragments >150 µm exhibit similar mean concentrations throughout the upper 24.5 m bsf. The overconsolidated section may reflect more extensive ice-sheet grounding prior to ca. 660 ka, suggesting a major change in state of the Svalbard ice sheets during the mid-Quaternary. Furthermore, continuous sedimentation since that time argues against a pervasive Arctic ice shelf impinged on the Yermak Plateau during the past 660 k.y. These findings suggest that Svalbard ice-sheet history was largely independent of circum-Arctic ice-sheet history during the middle to late Quaternary.
Resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita Race 3 in the Major Cotton Cultivars Planted Since 1950

The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 3 (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, are the most widespread and economically important nematode pests of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Pima cotton (G. barbadense L.) in the USA. Progress in the development of nematode-resistant cotton cultivars is unclear. Plant breeders often have selected for nematode tolerance by measuring cotton yield in nematode-infested fields but seldom have selected for resistance by measuring nematode reproduction. The objective of this research was to measure nematode reproduction to assess progress in the development of nematode resistance in cotton. Fifty-five Upland and four Pima cotton cultivars, comprising the most widely planted cultivars in the USA each decade since 1950, were evaluated in growth chambers for resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis. The cultivar Deltapine 16 served as the susceptible and the germplasm line Auburn 623 RNR as the resistant control. Reproduction by M. incognita on the cultivars ranged from 4 to 294% of that on Deltapine 16. All cultivars were highly susceptible to R. reniformis. A small increase was detected in the general level of resistance to M. incognita between 1950 and 1996, but only the recently released cultivars, Stoneville 'LA887', Paymaster '1560', and CPCSD 'Acala Nem-X', showed consistently high resistance. These cultivars were developed by measuring nematode reproduction in pots or root galling in field plantings, as well as yield and related agronomic traits.
Use of transcranial Doppler in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Secondary ischemic insult after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is correlated with poor outcome. Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) permits a non-invasive measurement of cerebral blood flow. The purpose of this study is to determine the usefulness of TCD in patients with severe TBI.
Appropriate use of nonculture tests for the detection of sexually transmitted diseases in children and adolescents.

Abstract The introduction of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) has been the most important advance in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) since tissue culture replaced inoculation of eggs for culture and isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens. Because nucleic acid amplification is exquisitely sensitive, theoretically capable of detecting as little as a single gene copy, and highly specific, it offers the opportunity to use noninvasive sampling (ie, urine). This ability in turn means that these tests might be used in nontraditional settings, such as schools and in the field, which may be very helpful in providing services to homeless adolescents. However, none of these tests is approved or recommended by the manufacturers for rectal specimens from adults, and they are not approved for rectogenital specimens from children. In addition to medical implications, the identification of a sexually transmitted disease (STD), especially in a young child, also has legal implications. Because of the legal implications, the highest specificity is needed and is more important than is sensitivity in this situation. Data on the use of these tests in prepubertal children are insufficient to permit their use at this time. What may be appropriate for screening a sexually active adult in an STD clinic may not be appropriate for evaluating a child victim of suspected sexual abuse. Although missing possible sexual abuse is a major concern, the ramifications of a false-positive test for an STD, which can lead to erroneous reports of sexual abuse and possibly unjustified prosecution and incarceration, also must be considered. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A meta-allocation mechanism in cooperative bargaining

Abstract We analyze an iterative meta-allocation mechanism, the Minimal Agreement Procedure, which can be used to resolve bargaining conflicts generated by players' proposal of differing solution concepts in two-person cooperative bargaining. At each stage of the iteration, our procedure improves the disagreement point so that its limit is on the Pareto frontier.
Mesoscopic Spin Hall Effect in Multiprobe Ballistic Spin-Orbit Coupled Semiconductor Bridges

We predict that unpolarized charge current driven through the longitudinal leads attached to ballistic quantum-coherent two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in semiconductor heterostructure will induce a pure spin current, which is not accompanied by any net charge flow, in the transverse voltage probes. Its magnitude can be tuned by the Rashba spin-orbit (SO) coupling and, moreover, it is resilient to weak spin-independent scattering off impurities within the metallic diffusive regime. While the polarization vector of the spin transported through the transverse leads is not orthogonal to the plane of 2DEG, we demonstrate that only two components (out-of-plane and longitudinal) of the transverse spin current are signatures of the spin Hall effect in four-probe Rashba spin-split semiconductor nanostructures. The linear response spin Hall current, obtained from the multiprobe Landauer-B\"uttiker scattering formalism generalized for quantum transport of spin, is the Fermi-surface determined nonequilibrium quantity whose scaling with the 2DEG size $L$ reveals the importance of processes occurring on the spin precession mesoscale ${L}_{\mathrm{SO}}$ (on which spin precesses by an angle $\ensuremath{\pi}$)---the out-of-plane component of the transverse spin current exhibits quasioscillatory behavior for $L\ensuremath{\lesssim}{L}_{\mathrm{SO}}$ (attaining the maximum value in 2DEGs of the size ${L}_{\mathrm{SO}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{L}_{\mathrm{SO}}$), while it reaches the asymptotic value in the macroscopic regime $L⪢{L}_{\mathrm{SO}}$. Furthermore, these values of the spin Hall current can be manipulated by the measuring geometry defined by the attached leads.
Duplex Ultrasonography Following Carotid Artery Stent Placement

Carotid artery disease remains a major etiology of ischemic stroke. As data emerges demonstrating the safety and efficacy of carotid artery stenting, the importance of determining patency of carotid stents over time increases. Given alterations in the architecture and compliance of the carotid artery after a stent is deployed, subtleties in the performance and interpretation of carotid duplex ultrasonography must be appreciated. This section describes these factors in detail, and provides optimal methods to interpret these examinations.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY VII. THE EFFECT OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC BLOCKADE ON THE TOXIC ACTION OF HETEROPHILE (FORSSMAN) SERA IN GUINEA PIGS

1. Guinea pigs blocked by intravenous injection of either India ink or trypan blue succumbed with fatal shock after the intravenous injection of heterophile immune serum, although the time of death was somewhat delayed as compared with normal controls. 2. Local blockade of the skin of guinea pigs with trypan blue inhibited completely the development of the characteristic skin reaction following intracutaneous injection of Forssman serum within the blocked area. 3. Infiltration of the skin of guinea pigs with India ink afforded no protection against the full development of the toxic skin reaction.
Neuronal factors influencing the decision to swim in the medicinal leech.

Abstract The initiation of leech ( Hirudo medicinalis ) swimming in isolated segmental nerve cord preparations requires only excitation of segmental swim gating and swim oscillatory interneurons. However, several observations indicate that when the entire isolated central nervous system (head ganglion through tail ganglion) is used, neuronal inputs from the head ganglion other than excitatory inputs to the segmental swim-generating network influence whether swimming results in response to a given stimulus. In this study, experiments were performed to demonstrate that the initiation of swimming is controlled by two parallel pathways emanating from the head ganglion that have opposite effects on the segmental swim-generating network. One pathway, the swim-activating system, excites the segmental swim-generating network, while the other pathway, the swim-inactivating system, suppresses it. The balance between the effects that the swim-activating and inactivating systems have on the segmental swim-generating network determines whether swimming occurs. Moreover, we identified a pair of interneurons, cells SIN1, in the leech head ganglion whose spiking activity must be suppressed in order for swimming to be initiated since their activity is incompatible with swimming. Depolarization of cell SIN1 during swimming indirectly inhibits segmental swim-gating interneurons and terminates ongoing swimming activity. Thus, cells SIN1 are most likely part of the swim-gating system in the leech head ganglion.
Experimental Investigation of Spray Dynamics Under Jet Engine Augmentor-Like Conditions

This paper describes an experimental investigation of fuel spray jet breakup mechanisms when it is injected across the high temperature air flow in low and high pressure jet engine augmentor-like conditions. Phase Doppler particle analyzer data and short exposure pulsed shadow graph images were taken of fuel jet injected into an air cross flow with liquid to air momentum ratios ranging from 5 to 180. Measured droplet diameters taken at atmospheric pressure and a flow Mach number of ∼0.15 show a progressive breakup of the droplets, gradually decreasing in size from 250μm to 150μm and finally to 25 μm as the spray moves downstream. The progressive breakup of droplets follows the classical Rayleigh-Helmholtz breakup mechanism. At higher pressure and Mach number tests, the fuel jet undergoes a different breakup process; i.e., the fuel jet breaks up instantaneously into a monodispurse spray of smaller droplets near the injector. High speed images of this process suggest that an aerodynamic breakup mechanism dominates this atomization process near the injector. In summary, the results of this study show the fuel jet breakup mechanism in augmentors varies significantly over the flight envelope.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Pancreatic cancer : A continuum of care

Objectives To provide information about the etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and symptom management of pancreatic cancer. Data Sources Textbook chapters, research studies, and review articles. Conclusions Cancer of the pancreas is a devastating disease. A diagnosis of pancreatic cancer causes a person to consider both quantity as well as quality of life. Hope for improved quality of life and survival relies on the efforts of a cooperative multidisciplinary team approach. Implications for Nursing Practice Numerous nursing challenges exist in providing care for the patient with pancreatic cancer. Treatment, symptom management, and psychological, social, and spiritual support are essential in meeting the needs of the patient and family through the eventuality of the disease.
Low-power InP∕GaAsSb∕InP DHBT cascode transimpedance amplifier with GBP∕Pdc of 7.2 GHz∕mW

A low-power high gain-bandwidth monolithic cascode transimpedance amplifier using novel InP/GaAsSb/InP DHBT technology was investigated. The amplifier exhibited state-of-the-art performance of 17.3 dB gain, 12 GHz bandwidth, 55 dB/spl Omega/ transimpedance, and a corresponding gain-bandwidth of 6.7 THz/spl Omega/ while consuming only 12.2 mW DC power. It also achieved good gain-bandwidth-product per DC power figure-of-merit (GBP/P/sub dc/) of 7.2 GHz/mW
Interpretation and judgment: A reading of Lonesome Dove

Defending the importance for media study of a descriptive and evaluative scholarship grounded in old‐humanist perspectives, this essay argues for distinguishing between “cultural” and “aesthetic” interpretation. In the latter, the text is valued not as a mere carrier of cultural meanings but intrinsically, as an intellectually coherent exploration of its subject matter. The current widespread suspicion of evaluation as a form of ideological mystification impoverishes scholarship, especially that devoted to non‐canonical materials, by refusing to recognize and to value excellence. Using the TV miniseries Lonesome Dove as a case study, the essay argues that media texts, like literary works, can and should be evaluated according to the criteria of “formal mastery” and “intellectual coherence.”
Building very high reliability into the design and manufacture of relays

Protection relays are essential devices in detecting power system faults, instructing circuit breakers when to trip. It is thus essential that the relays offer the level of dependability (assured trip operation for an in-zone fault) and security (stability when no trip operation is required) demanded in power system applications. The lecture investigates typical processes within the design cycle, and manufacturing operations, which seek to ensure compliance. The lecture recaps the evolution of protection relay technologies, from electromechanical to numerical, highlighting possible failure modes and setting/commissioning errors. Special focus is given on modern numerical (digital) relays, presenting the typical hardware and software build which together create the functional device. A case study design cycle is outlined, showing how the process can be controlled. Verification and validation testing, certification/approval testing, and regression test concepts are introduced, especially focusing on real-time digital simulator testing. Manufacturing issues assuring reliability are introduced, right from component sourcing strategies through the serial production stages. The pros and cons of other test/inspection philosophies are presented, such as accelerated testing (eg. heatsoaking).
Absorption of mercury from ligated segments of the rat gastrointestinal tract.

SummaryThe ligated segment technique was used to compare the gastrointestinal absorption of methylmercury and mercury chloride in the rat. Methylmercury was more readily absorbed (15-35 times greater, depending on the absorption site) than inorganic mercury from all ligated segments. The relative order of methylmercury absorption from ligated segments was as follows: duodenum > stomach = ileum > jejunum. Differences in absorption of inorganic mercury between gastrointestinal segments were not observed. Endogenous excretion of both forms of mercury into intestinal tissue were equal. Our data indicate that the absorption of methylmercury from the stomach is significant relative to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract and that the stomach must be considered a major site of absorption.
Evolutionary history of rat-borne Bartonella: the importance of commensal rats in the dissemination of bacterial infections globally

Emerging pathogens that originate from invasive species have caused numerous significant epidemics. Some bacteria of genus Bartonella are rodent-borne pathogens that can cause disease in humans and animals alike. We analyzed gltA sequences of 191 strains of rat-associated bartonellae from 29 rodent species from 17 countries to test the hypotheses that this bacterial complex evolved and diversified in Southeast Asia before being disseminated by commensal rats Rattus rattus (black rat) and Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) to other parts of the globe. The analysis suggests that there have been numerous dispersal events within Asia and introductions from Asia to other regions, with six major clades containing Southeast Asian isolates that appear to have been dispersed globally. Phylogeographic analyses support the hypotheses that these bacteria originated in Southeast Asia and commensal rodents (R. rattus and R. norvegicus) play key roles in the evolution and dissemination of this Bartonella complex throughout the world.