cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization and Declining Unionization in the United States

For decades, the private-sector unionization rate in the United States has been falling. At the same time, the integration of the United States into the world economy has been rising. Many anecdotes suggest the latter has played a role in that decline, with unions feeling pressured to reduce employment and/or compensation demands in the face of rising cross-border activity of employers. To investigate this possibility econometrically, in this paper I assembled a panel of U.S. manufacturing industries that matches union-coverage rates with measures of global engagement such as exports, imports, tariffs, transportation costs, and foreign direct investment. The main finding is a statistically and economically significant correlation between falling union coverage and greater numbers of inward FDI transactions. Possible interpretations of this finding are then discussed. Because U.S. affiliates of foreign multinationals have higher unionization rates than U.S.-based firms do, this correlation does not reflect just a compositional shift toward these affiliates. Instead, it may reflect pressure of international capital mobility on U.S.-based companies, consistent with research on how rising capital mobility raises labor-demand elasticities and alters bargaining power.
Imine exchange in O-aryl and O-alkyl oximes as a base reaction for aqueous ‘dynamic’ combinatorial libraries. A kinetic and thermodynamic study

Kinetics and mechanisms of the imine exchange reactions of O-alkyl and O-aryl oximes with O-alkyl- and O-aryloxyamines, respectively, were studied by 1 H NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. The reaction between benzaldehyde O-methyloxime and O-ethylhydroxylamine at 60 °C is first order in both oxime and the alkoxylamine (the second-order rate constant k2 = 0.86 0.08 l mol ˇ1 min ˇ1 at pD 2.9), the reaction being subject to acidic catalysis. A similar imine transfer was studied in the reaction of 1,3-diaminooxypropane with bifunctional oximes. Testing of various additives as potential catalysts for the reaction revealed imidazole as a moderately effective catalyst. The exchange in O-aryl oximes was studied in the interaction between 3-pyridinealdehyde O- phenyloxime and O-(p-nitrophenyl)hydroxylamine. The reaction is first order in the oxime, but its rate is independent on the aryloxyamine concentration and pD. The proposed mechanism involves a rate-limiting hydration of the oxime molecule. Mechanisms of the exchange reactions are discussed in relation to their possible use to generate diverse pools of compounds for the recently proposed 'dynamic' combinatorial chemistry approach. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textual and behavioral views of function changes

In this paper, we describe an approach that automatically computes function change information between consecutive revisions along the revision history of C language projects. Function changes are computed at two abstract levels. First, we compute the textual changes between two function revisions. Computed results include function additions and deletions, and the quantity and the ratio of textual change in changed functions across two revisions. Second, we compute the behavioral changes of functions using program slicing techniques. We use an XML-formatted document to represent computed function change information. The function change information, together with the SCM change log, helps maintainers understand code changes between two revisions. The structured format of the function change information also helps create traceability links between the changes and other artifacts. We describe our prototype implementation for computing function changes, and we evaluate our approach through a case study on the Sed project.
Unimolecular decomposition of chemically activated pentatetraene (H2CCCCCH2) intermediates: A crossed beams study of dicarbon molecule reactions with allene.

The reactions dynamics of the dicarbon molecule C2 in the 1 “g + singlet ground state and 3 ƒu first excited triplet state with allene, H 2CCCH2(X 1 A1), was investigated under single collision conditions using the crossed molecular beam approach at four collision energies between 13.6 and 49.4 kJ mol -1 . The experiments were combined with ab initio electronic structure calculations of the relevant stationary points on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces. Our investigations imply that the reactions are barrier-less and indirect on both the singlet and the triplet surfaces and proceed through bound C5H4 intermediates via addition of the dicarbon molecule to the carbon-carbon double bond (singlet surface) and to the terminal as well as central carbon atoms of the allene molecule (triplet surface). The initial collision complexes isomerize to form triplet and singlet pentatetraene intermediates (H 2CCCCCH2) that decompose via atomic hydrogen loss to yield the 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 radical, HCCCCCH2(X 2 B1). These channels result in symmetric center-of-mass angular distributions. On the triplet surface, a second channel involves the existence of a nonsymmetric reaction intermediate (HCCCH2CCH) that fragments through atomic hydrogen emission to the 1,4-pentadiynyl-3 radical [C5H3(X 2 B1)HCCCHCCH]; this pathway was found to account for the backward scattered center-of-mass angular distributions at higher collision energies. The identification of two resonance-stabilized free C 5H3 radicals (i.e., 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 and 1,4-pentadiynyl-3) suggests that these molecules can be important transient species in combustion flames and in the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium.
Resource allocation for transportation

A linear programming formulation is described that will permit the optimal assignment of transportation resources (vehicles) and movement requirements to a network consisting of a set of designated origins, ports of embarkation, enroute bases, ports of debarkation, and destinations to achieve a prescribed schedule of arrivals.
Growing Two-Sided Networks by Advertising the User Base: A Field Experiment

Two-sided exchange networks (such as eBay.com) often advertise their number of users, presumably to encourage further participation. However, these networks differ markedly on how they advertise their user base. Some highlight the number of sellers, some emphasize the number of buyers, and others disclose both. We use field experiment data from a business-to-business website to examine the efficacy of these different display formats. Before each potential seller posted a listing, the website randomized whether to display the number of buyers and/or sellers, and if so, how many buyers and/or sellers to claim. We find that when information about both buyers and sellers is displayed, a large number of sellers deters further seller listings. However, this deterrence effect disappears when only the number of sellers is presented. Similarly, a large number of buyers is more likely to attract new listings when it is displayed together with the number of sellers. These results suggest the presence of indirect network externalities, whereby a seller prefers markets with many other sellers because they help attract more buyers.
Here, Now and Always

Here, Now and Always. Museum of Indian Arts and Culture. SantaFe, New Mexico, Permanentlnstallation.
Human Resource Systems and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Competency-Based Perspective

Drawing on the theoretical insights from the resource-based view of strategic management, this article explores the potential of human resource systems to facilitate or inhibit the development and utilization of organizational competencies. These competencies — managerial, input-based, transformational, and output-based—are presumed to yield sustained competitive advantage for a firm. The competency-based perspective, by focusing attention on the HR activities, functions, and processes that enhance or impede competency accumulation and exploitation, complements the behavioral perspective (Schuler & Jackson, 1987) and, thus, potentially enhances the understanding of strategic human resource management.
A Computational Investigation of Cardiac Caveolae as a Source of Persistent Sodium Current

Recent studies of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains, called caveolae, reveal that caveolae are reservoirs of “recruitable” sodium ion channels. Caveolar channels constitute a substantial and previously unrecognized source of sodium current in cardiac cells. In this paper we model for the first time caveolar sodium currents and their contributions to cardiac action potential morphology. We show that the beta-agonist-induced opening of caveolae may have substantial impacts on peak overshoot, maximum upstroke velocity, and ultimately conduction velocity. Additionally, we show that prolonged action potentials and the formation of potentially arrhythmogenic afterdepolarizations, can arise if caveolae open intermittently throughout the action potential. Our simulations suggest that there may exist routes to delayed repolarization, and the arrhythmias associated with such delays, that are independent of channelopathies.
Organic Matter and Nutrient Cycling in a Coastal Plain Estuary: Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Distributions, Budgets, and Fluxes

Abstract Nutrient temporal and spatial distributions were evaluated, in addition to budgets and fluxes derived from the Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) biogeochemical model, to determine dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrient distribution, flux, and fate in the Mullica River–Great Bay Estuary. Seasonal cycles were observed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), and phosphorus (DOP) with increasing concentrations from spring to fall and maximum concentrations in summer/early fall. Annually, the estuarine system was a net source of DOC (+5 mol m−2 y−1), DON (+0.08 mol m−2 y−1), and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, +0.010 mol m−2 y−1), a net sink of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, −0.28 mol m−2 y−1), and in approximate balance of DOP (0.001 mol m−2 y−1). Overall, the upper estuary and mid-estuary served as net sinks for most nutrients, whereas the lower estuary served as a net source. Annual mean nutrient export from the lower estuary to the nearshore coastal r...
The Oxidative Paradox: Another Piece in the Puzzle

Because atherosclerosis is a disease of many risk factors, a complex pathology, and diverse clinical manifestations, the as yet unattained Holy Grail of atherosclerosis research is a unifying pathway to explain its many aspects and provide a single point at which to measure risk or intervene in its clinical course. If vascular biology possesses such a relic, it would have many of the characteristics attributed to oxidative stress. Risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as hypertension1 and hyperlipidemia,2 are potent stimuli for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in experimental systems, and it is likely that cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus share oxidative heritages. At the molecular level, signaling in response to proatherogenic agents, such as α-thrombin,3 platelet-derived growth factor,4 and angiotensin II,5 6 requires the generation of ROS via oxidase systems. In fact, many of the hallmarks of atherosclerosis, including endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and inflammatory recruitment, occur in response to ROS. In this issue of Circulation Research , Schieffer et al7 contribute to our understanding of these events by demonstrating that angiotensin II–induced cytokine activation via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway requires oxidant generation by the NAD(P)H oxidase in SMCs. Their data are consistent with the notion that ROS are central mediators of adverse events in atherosclerosis. The oxidative paradox, then, is the inability of clinical investigators to definitively demonstrate that modulation of ROS by the use of antioxidant therapies has any effect on atherogenesis. Angiotensin II is …
Modified U1 snRNA suppresses expression of a targeted endogenous RNA by inhibiting polyadenylation of the transcript

We have previously demonstrated that a modified U1 snRNA inhibits expression of a number of targeted transgenes. Here we exploit the ability of the modified U1 snRNA to inhibit endogenous gene expression and define the mechanism responsible for this inhibitory action. MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with U1 anti-Cbfa1 show a change of morphology from polygonal to fibroblast-like cells. This visual observation was supported by an 80% reduction of Cbfa1 expression and suppression of downstream genes associated with osteoblast differentiation. In rat ROS 17/2.8 cells, osteocalcin and Col1a1 gene expression was reduced up to 90% by the U1 anti-osteocalcin or U1 anti-Col1a1 construct, respectively. The length of mature osteocalcin mRNA poly(A) tail was significantly shortened in the targeted mRNA by transcript-specific poly(A) test (PAT)–PCR. These data demonstrate that the modified U1 snRNA is able to reduce endogenous gene expression by limiting the polyadenylation of the targeted pre-mRNA transcript.
Family Surrogate Decision Making at the End of Life: Seeing them Through with Care and Respect

Family surrogate decision makers are pivotal in end-of-life decision-making processes. The author investigated decision-making experiences of 20 surrogates who assisted terminally ill family members for this grounded theory study. Findings describe a basic social process of Seeing Them Through With Care and Respect, during which surrogates continuously synthesized the core values of caring for their family member and respecting their family member’s autonomy. Surrogate narratives began with Learning the Diagnosis. The major categories of surrogate decision makers’ activities during the process were Standing With and Acting For the ill family member. Events reported in two gating categories, Brokering Information and Working With Family, facilitated or impeded decision making. A final category, Outcomes, reports consequences for the surrogate of having been a decision maker.
The AQUA approach to querying lists and trees in object-oriented databases

Relational database systems and most object-oriented database systems provide support for queries. Usually these queries represent retrievals over sets or multisets. Many new applications for databases, such as multimedia systems and digital libraries, need support for queries on complex bulk types such as lists and trees. In this paper we describe an object-oriented query algebra called AQUA (= A Query Algebra) for lists and trees. The operators in the algebra preserve the ordering between the elements of a list or tree, even when the result list or tree contains an arbitrary set of nodes from the original tree. We also present predicate languages for lists and trees which allow order-sensitive queries because they use pattern matching to examine groups of list or tree nodes rather than individual nodes. The ability to decompose predicate patterns enables optimizations that make use of indices. >
Resilient upgrade of electrical distribution grids

Modern society is critically dependent on the services provided by engineered infrastructure networks. When natural disasters (e.g. Hurricane Sandy) occur, the ability of these networks to provide service is often degraded because of physical damage to network components. One of the most critical of these networks is the electrical distribution grid, with medium voltage circuits often suffering the most severe damage. However, well-placed upgrades to these distribution grids can greatly improve post-event network performance. We formulate an optimal electrical distribution grid design problem as a two-stage, stochastic mixed-integer program with damage scenarios from natural disasters modeled as a set of stochastic events. We develop and investigate the tractability of an exact and several heuristic algorithms based on decompositions that are hybrids of techniques developed by the AI and operations research communities. We provide computational evidence that these algorithms have significant benefits when compared with commercial, mixed-integer programming software.
Cancer statistics, 2016

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cancer cases and 595,690 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Overall cancer incidence trends (13 oldest SEER registries) are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men (from 2009-2012), much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses. The cancer death rate has dropped by 23% since 1991, translating to more than 1.7 million deaths averted through 2012. Despite this progress, death rates are increasing for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and uterine corpus, and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states, primarily due to exceptionally large reductions in death from heart disease. Among children and adolescents (aged birth-19 years), brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death because of the dramatic therapeutic advances against leukemia. Accelerating progress against cancer requires both increased national investment in cancer research and the application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
Regulation of BolA abundance mediates morphogenesis in Fremyella diplosiphon.

Filamentous cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon is known to alter its pigmentation and morphology during complementary chromatic acclimation (CCA) to efficiently harvest available radiant energy for photosynthesis. F. diplosiphon cells are rectangular and filaments are longer under green light (GL), whereas smaller, spherical cells and short filaments are prevalent under red light (RL). Light regulation of bolA morphogene expression is correlated with photoregulation of cellular morphology in F. diplosiphon. Here, we investigate a role for quantitative regulation of cellular BolA protein levels in morphology determination. Overexpression of bolA in WT was associated with induction of RL-characteristic spherical morphology even when cultures were grown under GL. Overexpression of bolA in a ∆rcaE background, which lacks cyanobacteriochrome photosensor RcaE and accumulates lower levels of BolA than WT, partially reverted the cellular morphology of the strain to a WT-like state. Overexpression of BolA in WT and ∆rcaE backgrounds was associated with decreased cellular ROS levels and an increase in filament length under both GL and RL. Morphological defects and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels commonly observed in ∆rcaE could, thus, be in part due to low accumulation of BolA. Together, these findings support an emerging model for RcaE-dependent photoregulation of BolA in controlling the cellular morphology of F. diplosiphon during CCA.
The Astonishing Year(s) of 1996: A Confusion of Tongues and Alphabetical Camels the First Time as Tragedy

Such irreverence was nothing new to Nimrod. A half-century earlier he had encouraged [Abraham], who'd publicly renounced idolatry even though his father manufactured and sold graven images: how ridiculous, he reasoned, to worship clay figures that had been made the day before! Thus did Nimrod have Abraham thrown into a fiery furnace, from which, according to Midrashic legend, he emerged unscathed. Unlike Nimrod, Abraham eschewed power in favor of teaching ethics and morality to his people.In the intervening years Nimrod concerned himself with the building of great cities as testimony to his own power and invincibility. And in 1996 (B.C.E.) he is said to have commissioned the mother of all monuments -- the Tower of Babel -- from which he could wage war against the Heavens. Yes, echoed the people: "Come, let us build a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves." (Genesis 11: 4) For this deed, the Bible tells us, mankind was scattered over the face of the earth to form no fewer than 70 different nations, each with its own language and self-interest. Strife and discord ensued.
Apolipoprotein E and Amyloid-β-Independent Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a key protein linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) beyond its central roles in lipid metabolism. Among the three human APOE gene alleles, APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, while APOE2 is protective. Although apoE isoforms regulate amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism with apoE4 exacerbating Aβ deposition, emerging evidence indicates that apoE isoforms influence cognition through various pathways in Aβ-independent manners. ApoE isoforms also regulate neuronal cholesterol metabolism, brain glucose metabolism, mitochondrial functions, cerebrovascular system, and immune responses, which substantially contribute to AD pathogenesis. Therefore, apoE isoforms likely regulate critical pathways influencing brain homeostasis and cognition independent of Aβ-related effects. Better understanding of the link between apoE isoforms and Aβ-independent mechanisms in AD pathogenesis should allow us to define novel targets for AD therapy.
The use of angioplasty, bypass surgery, and amputation in the management of peripheral vascular disease.

Abstract Background. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has been adopted widely as a treatment for patients with peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities. However, the effect of this procedure on the overall management of peripheral vascular disease and on the outcomes of patients has not been clearly delineated. In particular, it is not known whether angioplasty has replaced other treatments for peripheral vascular disease. Methods. To assess the extent to which angioplasty is used and the associated changes in the surgical management of peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities, we used data on hospital discharges in Maryland to identify all angioplasty procedures, peripheral bypass operations, and lower-extremity amputations performed for peripheral vascular disease in Maryland hospitals between 1979 and 1989. Results. We estimate that from 1979 to 1989 the annual rate of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities, adjusted f...
Relationship Between Job Stress and Health Among The Coal Mine Well Descends Workers

Objective To investigate the current status of job stress and health of the coal mine well descends workers and the relationship between the job stress and their health status.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 021 randomly sampled the coal mine well descends workers in Dazhou city,Sichuan Province,Make investigate the form each options to get a goal to add mutually,getting job stress condition of total cent.Results 68.11% of the respondents were in a condition of high stress.27.31% in a condition of normal stress,and 4.79% in a condition of low stress.There was no difference in the proportion of stress condition among different ages.The prevalence rates of physicalsymptoms increased along with the increase of age in both age groups40 and≥40.In the age group40 the physicalsymptoms,including insomnia,dizziness and headache,fatigue,and lumbago,gastrointestinal discomfort,except mind unwell,were correlated with the degre of stress(all P0.05).However,in the age group≥40 only gastrointestinal discomfort and fatigue were corelated with the degree of stress(both P0.05).In both age groups thepsychological sym ptoms,such as depression,anxiety,and emotional lability were positively correlated with the degree of stress(all P0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that age,life event,having medical treatment insurance or not,having unemployment insurance or not,having industrial injury insurance or not,and total score of stress were the factors influencing the health of the respondents.The OR value for prevalence of disease Was 1.07 in the respondents with normal stress,and Was 4.23 in those with high stress.Conclusion Job stress is a dangerous factor influencing the health of the personnel engaged in the coal mine well descends.
Relationship among GeneSTAR marbling marker, intramuscular fat deposition, and expected progeny differences in early weaned Simmental steers

Research has demonstrated that triiodothyronine and thyroxin are correlated with marbling (MARB) deposition in Wagyu cattle. Polymorphisms in the 5' region of the thyroglobulin gene have been associated with an improvement in overall fattening and could be used as a gene marker for MARB. The commercially available GeneSTAR MARB test measures the specific thyroglobulin gene polymorphism and identifies cattle as having 0, 1, or 2 copies of the allele; these are identified as 0-STAR, 1-STAR, or 2-STAR, respectfully. Early weaned Simmental steers (n = 192) of known genetics were individually fed over a repeated 4-yr trial period to determine the correlations between GeneSTAR MARB test [Genetic Solutions/Bovigen Pty. Ltd. (Australia) in conjunction with Frontier Beef Systems, LLC (Louisville, CO)] results and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition. Yearling weight, MARB, percent retail cuts, and carcass weight EPD were calculated for each steer. Steers were weaned at 88.0 +/- 1.1 d, pen-fed a high-concentrate diet for 84.5 +/- 0.4 d before allotment, and subsequently individually fed a 90% concentrate diet composed primarily of cracked corn and corn silage for 249.7 +/- 0.7 d. Steers were slaughtered at 423.3 +/- 1.4 d. Deoxyribonucleic acid samples were used by Genetic Solutions/Bovigen (Australia) for GeneSTAR MARB analysis. Steers with allele types of 0-STAR (n = 47), 1-STAR (n = 95), and 2-STAR (n = 33) had no effect (P > 0.10) on MARB score, chemically determined IMF percentage, quality grade, or percent low Choice and better. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in performance or other carcass parameters among the allele types. GeneSTAR results were not associated with MARB (P > 0.10). Conversely, MARB EPD was correlated (P < 0.01) with MARB score (r = 0.44) and IMF percentage (r = 0.27). Thus, in this management system, MARB EPD is an accurate predictor of IMF deposition. These data suggest that the GeneSTAR MARB marker was not an efficacious predictor of IMF deposition in early weaned Simmental steers fed a high-energy diet.
Nonrandom involvement of the 12p12 breakpoint in chromosome abnormalities of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We studied the presenting clinical and biologic features of 23 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) whose leukemic marrow karyotypes contained abnormalities involving the short arm of chromosome 12. Nineteen of the abnormalities were assigned to the 12p12 breakpoint. The median age of the children was 5 years (range 2 to 13 years) and their initial leukocyte counts ranged from 1,800 to 424,000/microL (median 30,000/microL). Twenty-one patients (91%) had common phenotype ALL (CALLA+, HLA-DR+), including three cases with a pre-B cell phenotype (CIg+). The remaining two cases were T cell in origin. The French-American-British (FAB) morphologic type of lymphoblastic leukemia was L1 in all cases but one. With a median follow-up of 11 months, four patients have relapsed and another failed induction therapy. The modal chromosome number in all cases was less than 50. Three distinct cytogenetic patterns, with apparently similar clinical manifestations, were noted: terminal deletions of chromosome 12 in 10 cases, apparently balanced reciprocal translocations in 6, and unbalanced translocations in 7. All translocations were between the 12p arm and different donor chromosomes except for chromosomes 7, 9, and 17, which participated twice. Only two patients had identical translocations: t(7;12)(q11;p12). This unusual variation in donor chromosomes and breakpoints suggests that translocations involving the 12p are specific with respect to only one member of the translocation pair, namely chromosome 12. The relatively high frequency of the 12p abnormalities in this study (10% of all completely banded cases seen over a 35-month period) warrants further investigation.
The Rugby World Cup

I was in high school when the first rugby world cup took place and I remember getting up at 5a.m. to turn on the television and watch Wales play. As highlighted in the previous chapter, the sport has a particularly narrow global footprint so the very fact that rugby followers in more than half of the leading nations taking part would have a similar wake-up time to watch the games should be noted. Such a scenario would seem hard to imagine now. If at all possible the kick-off times of matches at major sporting events are scheduled so that viewers in the most important television markets are not inconvenienced and, more importantly, that commercial partners are able to reach their target markets. In the 2008 Olympic Games the times of the gymnastics and swimming events in Beijing were scheduled to satisfy the USA television market. A year before this, two European boxers fought a championship bout in front of 50,000 fans in the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, that did not start until 1a.m. local time.
Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the monomeric GTP-binding proteins, Arl1 and Ypt6

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular degradation process that sequesters organelles or proteins into a double-membrane structure called the phagophore; this transient compartment matures into an autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome or vacuole to allow hydrolysis of the cargo. Factors that control membrane traffic are also essential for each step of autophagy. Here we demonstrate that 2 monomeric GTP-binding proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arl1 and Ypt6, which belong to the Arf/Arl/Sar protein family and the Rab family, respectively, and control endosome-trans-Golgi traffic, are also necessary for starvation-induced autophagy under high temperature stress. Using established autophagy-specific assays we found that cells lacking either ARL1 or YPT6, which exhibit synthetic lethality with one another, were unable to undergo autophagy at an elevated temperature, although autophagy proceeds normally at normal growth temperature; specifically, strains lacking one or the other of these genes are unable to construct the autophagosome because these 2 proteins are required for proper traffic of Atg9 to the phagophore assembly site (PAS) at the restrictive temperature. Using degron technology to construct an inducible arl1Δ ypt6Δ double mutant, we demonstrated that cells lacking both genes show defects in starvation-inducted autophagy at the permissive temperature. We also found Arl1 and Ypt6 participate in autophagy by targeting the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex to the PAS to regulate the anterograde trafficking of Atg9. Our data show that these 2 membrane traffic regulators have novel roles in autophagy.
Monoclonal antibody therapies-a 'constant' threat to cancer.

Many mechanisms have been proposed for the positive effects of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. New data indicate that both the variable, antigen-binding region of an antibody and the Fc region are capable of influencing anti-cancer immunity (pages 443–446 ).
Not for the timid: on the impact of aggressive over-booking in the cloud

To lower hosting costs and service prices, database-as-a-service (DBaaS) providers strive to maximize cluster utilization without negatively affecting their users' service experience. Some of the most effective approaches for increasing service efficiency result in the over-booking of the cluster with user databases. For instance, one approach is to reclaim cluster capacity from a database when it is idle, temporarily re-using the capacity for some other purpose, and over-booking the cluster's resources. Such approaches are largely driven by policies that determine when it is prudent to temporarily reclaim capacity from an idle database. In this paper, we examine policies that inherently tune the system's idle sensitivity. Increased sensitivity to idleness leads to aggressive over-booking while the converse leads to conservative reclamation and lower utilization levels. Aggressive over-booking also incurs a "reserve" capacity cost (for when we suddenly "owe" capacity to previously idle databases.) We answer these key questions in this paper: (1) how to find a "good" resource reclamation policy for a given DBaaS cluster of users; and (2) how to forecast the needed near-term reserve capacity. To help us answer these questions, we used production user activity traces from Azure SQL DB and built models of an over-booking mechanism. We show that choosing the right policy can substantially boost the efficiency of the service, facilitating lower service prices via lower amortized infrastructure costs.
Utilization of external reviews by colleges of pharmacy during the promotion and tenure process for pharmacy practice faculty

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of external reviews by colleges of pharmacy (COP) during the promotion and tenure process for pharmacy practice faculty. Methods A 25-item web-based survey was sent to 112 Pharmacy Practice Department Chairs. Results were analyzed via descriptive statistics. Results Fifty-four of 112 colleges (48%) responded to the survey, although respondents had the option to skip questions. Of those who responded, 82% utilize external review in their Promotion and Tenure evaluation. At the majority of colleges that responded, reviewers are selected from a combination of sources including the candidates’ personal list and in most circumstances someone other than the candidate contacts the reviewer to determine interest and availability. At almost all responding colleges, the reviewer receives the candidate’s curriculum vitae and specific guidelines for completing the review. Based upon 40 respondents, colleges request the reviewer(s) to evaluate the candidate’s research (100%), teaching (80%), clinical practice (73%) and external service (73%). Conclusion The goal of this project was to examine the current use of external review during the Promotion and Tenure process for pharmacy practice faculty. This data is a sample of what is being done at the schools that responded. The majority of responding COP utilize external reviews, however methods and requirements vary considerably.
Clinical Correlates of Carbon Dioxide Hypersensitivity in Children.

Abstract Objective Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-enriched air may be a promising risk marker for anxiety disorders. Among adult and adolescent samples, heterogeneity in distress response to the CO 2 challenge task indexes three underlying classes of individuals, which distinguish between sustained and acute threat response as markers for internalizing disorders, broadly, and anxiety disorders, specifically. The present study examines latent classes in children's response to the CO 2 challenge task to clarify the association of CO 2 hypersensitivity with anxiety and internalizing symptomatology in childhood. Method Healthy children from a community twin sample (N = 538; 9-13 years) rated anxious distress every 2 minutes while breathing air enriched to 7.5% CO 2 for 8 minutes. Latent growth mixture modeling evaluated potential classes of individuals with characteristic trajectories of distress during the task to clarify the association with internalizing disorder symptoms and related traits (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, irritability). Results While all participants reported increased distress during the task, inter-individual heterogeneity in distress indexed three underlying classes: a consistently low class ("low"), a consistently high class ("high"), and participants who demonstrated markedly increased acute distress ("acute"). Compared to the low class, the high class reported greater internalizing psychopathology, whereas membership in the acute class was associated with experiencing a panic-like event during the task. Conclusion As in older individuals, three distinct trajectories emerged to capture inter-individual heterogeneity in children's distress during the CO 2 challenge task. These classes were distinguished by clinical validators that reinforce the association of CO 2 hypersensitivity and internalizing disorder phenotypes in children.
Industrial Housing and Sanitation Policies, 1896–1940

The outbreak of a virulent bubonic plague in Bombay in 1896 and the resulting enormous loss of life triggered frenetic responses from the provincial and municipal governments. Officials confirmed plague in Bombay City on 23 September 1896. Three months later, the plague was reportedly causing 1500 deaths there per week. By early 1897, weekly epidemic mortality rates had reached an alarming figure of around 2000 deaths per week.
Collaborative and competitive strategies in the variability and resiliency of large‐scale societies in Mesoamerica

Examinations of the variation and duration of past largeâ€ scale societies have long involved a conceptual struggle between efforts at generalization and the unraveling of specific trajectories. Although historical particulars are critical to understanding individual cases, there exist both scientific and policy rationales for drawing broader implications regarding the growing corpus of crossâ€ cultural data germane to understanding variability in the constitution of human societies, past and present. Archaeologists have recently paid increased attention to successes and failures in communalâ€ resource management over the long term, as articulated by the transdisciplinary theory on cooperation and collective action. In this article, we consider frameworks that have been traditionally employed in studies of the rise, diversity, and fall of largeâ€ scale preindustrial aggregations. We suggest that a comparative theoretical perspective that foregrounds collectiveâ€ action problems, unaligned individual and group interests, and the social mechanisms that promote or hamper cooperation advances our understanding of variability in these early cooperative arrangements. We apply such a perspective to an examination of cities from preâ€ Columbian Mesoamerica to demonstrate tendencies for more collective systems to be larger and longer lasting than less collective ones, likely reflecting greater resiliency in the face of the ecological and cultural perturbations specific to the region and era.
Brooding, Inattention, and Impulsivity as Predictors of Adolescent Suicidal Ideation.

Although suicide remains a leading cause of death for adolescents, risk factors beyond diagnoses and suicide attempt history remain unclear. We examined whether cognitive style and temperament impact risk for an early, yet still clinically relevant and distressing, form of suicidality: active suicidal ideation. We used binary logistic regression to test whether brooding, inattention, and impulsivity predicted significantly increased risk for suicidal ideation in a sample of 134 twins, 46 of whom endorsed active suicidal ideation (i.e., probands), as well as probands’ cotwins and matched controls. When comparing probands with controls and controlling for depression diagnoses, brooding (B = 0.73, Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.07, p = 0.021), inattention (B = 1.09, OR = 2.98, p < 0.001), and impulsivity (B = 0.91, OR = 2.47, p = 0.001) differentiated probands from controls, individually. We compared probands with their cotwins using the same approach, which allowed us to account for variance in suicidal ideation risk related to twins’ shared, familial characteristics (e.g., prenatal environment, neighborhood); inattention was the only significant predictor of suicidal ideation risk (B = 0.66, OR = 1.93, p = 0.020). We then fit a logistic regression model that included all three predictors. Only inattention predicted significantly increased likelihood of suicidal ideation in proband versus controls and proband versus cotwin comparisons (B = 0.88, OR = 2.40, p = 0.024 and B = 0.67, OR = 1.96, p = 0.045, respectively). These results highlight the potential utility of examining novel, more proximal risk factors for suicidal ideation in addition to more established distal factors, like suicide attempt history and psychiatric diagnoses.
Migration of Blacks and Whites: An Overview

Theoretical work then, whatever the degree of its abstraction, is always work bearing on real processes. Yet since this work produces knowledge, it is wholly situated in the process of thought: no concepts are more real than others. Theoretical work proceeds from a raw material, which consists not of the “real – concrete,” but of information, notions, etc. about this reality, and deals with it by means of certain conceptual tools: the result of this work is the knowledge of an object.
ABAQUS-Based, Coupled Porohyperelastic Transport Finite Element Models for Soft Hydrated Biological Structures

General theoretical, experimental, and finite element models (FEMs) based on porous media formulations were developed to study complex normal and pathological mechanical-transport phenomena in biological structures and soft tissues. These continuum models view soft tissues as a solid (fibrous matrix) in which mobile fluid (water) and mobile species (ions, molecules, drugs) are transported during finite deformation. Two specific models were considered, i.e. the mixed porohyperelastic transport swelling (MPHETS) or equivalent porohyperelastic transport swelling (PHETS) [1] and the “porohypereleastic mass transport (PHEXPT)” ABAQUS models [2]. The theoretical formulations are the basis for FEMs and identify necessary material property functions. A suite of experiments is described that allows measurement of material parameters (elasticity, permeability, diffusivity, etc). If the PHETS “osmotic coefficient” is relatively small, then a novel partially coupled PHEXPT model can be implemented using an extended version of ABAQUS CAE [3]. Mathematical relations were identified that relate PHETS and ABAQUS constitutive equations. A specialized FORTRAN program transfers PHE FEM (hyperelastic and pore fluid element) material parameters and transient response (deformation, pore fluid pressure, water flux, etc.) to the mass transport XPT FEM. This second XPT FEM then provides the transient diffusion-convection mass transport solution (concentration, relative species flux, etc.). The extensive capabilities of ABAQUS CAE (finite element library, anisotropic nonlinear materials, automated model generation, inputoutput display, etc.) can be used in PHEXPT simulations of complex soft tissue mechanics where finite deformations are coupled to fluid and species transport. Example applications of this new PHEXPT FEM procedure will include coupled structural-transport in large arteries, (drug eluting) stented arteries, tissue engineered vascular grafts, and the eyeball.
Some multiplets in the Ag III spectrum

By a consideration of the isoelectronic sequence Rh I, Pd II and Ag III, the terms 4d8(3F)5s4F &2F and 4d8(3F)5p4F′ &2F′ of Ag III have been identified. The Moseley diagram for the corresponding terms of the members of the sequence is also given in the paper. The absolute value of the term 4d8(3F)5s4F9/2 comes out as equal to 237000·0 cm−1 corresponding to an ionisation potential of about 29·25 volts.
Bank of America: Mobile Banking

In January 2010, Jen McDonald, head of Bank of America Corporation's (BAC) Digital Marketing group, was discussing the bank's mobile strategy with Douglas Brown, senior vice president, Mobile Product Development. BAC launched mobile banking in 2007 and within three years it had 4 million active customers. This success prompted line-of-business managers to request Jen and Doug to include more functionality in the bank's mobile app that were specific to their businesses such as credit cards and mortgages. Jen and Doug had to decide how to leverage the mobile platform for various businesses of the bank without creating confusion or increasing complexity for the consumers. Recognizing the potential impact mobile technology could have on the entire banking industry, they also had to decide on how to position BAC's mobile banking in the long run.
Transport Policy in the Era of Ridehailing and Other Disruptive Transportation Technologies

Abstract Transportation is changing at an unprecedented pace. New transportation options provided by shared mobility providers are expanding the set of travel alternatives and they account for an increasing percentage of total trips. In particular, ridehailing services, such as those provided by Uber and Lyft, have become a popular option for trips in cities and metropolitan areas of North America. Understanding the impacts of these mobility services on the use of other travel modes and other components of travel behavior is not easy. In this chapter, we analyze the use of ridehailing using data from the California Millennials Dataset, a rich dataset that contains information on individual attitudes, residential location, vehicle ownership, travel behavior and the adoption of emerging transportation services from approximately 2000 millennials and members of the preceding Generation X in California. We find that users of ridehailing are predominantly well-educated independent millennials or young Gen Xers, who do not have children and live in urban neighborhoods. These travelers also tend to use ridehailing more frequently. Suburban residents who live with their families are less likely to use Uber/Lyft frequently, though their likelihood of using ridehailing increases if they make long-distance trips by plane. We find that single-user ridehailing replaces the use of public transit, walking and bicycling, and, to some extent, the use of a private vehicle. Only a minority of travelers increases public transportation use, e.g., through using ridehailing for first-/last-mile access to public transportation terminals. Based on the results from this research, we urge planners and policy makers to regulate these services to maximize societal benefits through a combination of pricing and other policies that lead to the integration of ridehailing with other transportation options, expand travel options for those that do not own a car, increase the shared used of vehicles, and support the use of public transportation and active travel modes.
Localized Lp-estimates of eigenfunctions: A note on an article of Hezari and Rivière

Abstract We use a straightforward variation on a recent argument of Hezari and Riviere [8] to obtain localized L p -estimates for all exponents larger than or equal to the critical exponent p c = 2 ( n + 1 ) n − 1 . We are able to do this directly by just using the L p -bounds for spectral projection operators from our much earlier work [12] . The localized bounds we obtain here imply, for instance, that, for a density one sequence of eigenvalues on a manifold whose geodesic flow is ergodic, all of the L p , 2 p ≤ ∞ , bounds of the corresponding eigenfunctions are relatively small compared to the general ones in [12] , which are saturated on round spheres. The connection with quantum ergodicity was established for exponents 2 p p c in the recent results of the author [13] and Blair and the author [3] ; however, the article of Hezari and Riviere [8] was the first one to make this connection (in the case of negatively curved manifolds) for the critical exponent, p c . As is well known, and we indicate here, bounds for the critical exponent, p c , imply ones for all the other exponents 2 p ≤ ∞ . The localized estimates involve L 2 -norms over small geodesic balls B r of radius r , and we shall go over what happens for these in certain model cases on the sphere and on manifolds of nonpositive curvature. We shall also state a problem of determining when one can improve on the trivial O ( r 1 2 ) estimates for these L 2 ( B r ) bounds. If r = λ − 1 , one can improve on the trivial estimates if one has improved L p c ( M ) bounds just by using Holder's inequality; however, obtaining improved bounds for r ≫ λ − 1 seems to be subtle.