cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing behavior in squirrel monkeys as a function of positive vs. negative reinforcement

Four squirrel monkeys were trained for 88 sessions on a multiple schedule that included two DRL 10 sec. components. In one, timing responses were reinforced by the presentation of sucrose pellets; in the other, by the offset of aversive noise for 20 sec. (1) Timing was better under positive reinforcement. (2) Noise was an effective negative reinforcer. (3) Timing under positive reinforcement did not improve markedly from about the 25th to about the 88th session, but timing under negative reinforcement worsened. (4) The noise-offset contingencies may have opposed the development of accurate timing.
Insulin resistance in obesity.

The insulin resistance seen in obesity, which is characterized by elevated basal levels of insulin and an exaggerated insulin response to such stimuli as glucose ingestion, was thought to be related to another common characteristic of obesity—enlargement of the fat cell. Now, recent studies suggest that the enlarged fat cell is not the major source of insulin insensitivity in obesity and may, in fact, be the victim of the insulin-resistant state.
Semiotic Remediation, Conversational Narratives and Aphasia

From published works and formal performances of gifted storytellers to mundane reporting of everyday events, narrative discourse is pervasive across cultural—linguistic groups, and the study of narrative has provided rich ground for exploring human cognitive, sociocultural, and communicative practices. Indeed, the sheer pervasiveness of narrative discourse supports, at least in part, Bruner’s (1986) contention that narrative is one of two fundamental ways that humans are wired to organize, and make sense of, experience. Focusing on marked cultural narratives, anthropologists (for example, Basso, 1996; Bauman, 1986) have typically documented the formal organization of narrative performances and analyzed the critical roles narratives can and do play in displaying and building cultural values, categories, and identities. Skillfully told narratives can break through into performance (Hymes, 1981) and command audience attention by evoking the events and atmospheres of a teller’s narrated world and imaginatively transporting both audiences and tellers to other times and places (Labov, 1997). Skilled storytellers wield narrative tellings as cultural tools that convey and construct social, communicative, and personal histories as well as privileged genres and values (for example, Basso, 1996; Shah, 2008). However, in the flow of everyday interactions, many narratives are brief, routine, and unremarkable in their content and their telling.
Please put on your own oxygen mask before assisting others: a call to arms to battle burnout.

Burnout among healthcare workers has reached epidemic proportions. Obstetrician/Gynecologists are not exceptions. Burnout is a phenomenon that can be difficult to distinguish from other entities, but one that has far-reaching consequences that can be deleterious both to physicians and to their patients. Most worrisome are its insidious nature, its contagiousness, and its relationship to depression. To date there has been a paucity of solutions proven to effectively fight burnout, and the implementation of those that may be helpful has been fragmented. An aggressive and multi-pronged approach is warranted that focus at the individual, departmental, institutional and national levels. Potential solutions should take into account external and internal factors, as well as issues of feasibility, impact and cost. Interventions that may play a role include cognitive-behavioral therapy, enhanced communication, physician wellbeing programs, improving work conditions, and advocacy efforts.
Infrared Absorption By Water Vapor In The Atmospheric Window

The thermal infrared spectrum of water vapor beyond 8 pm consists of a fairly well-understood spectrum of rotational lines and an inadequately described continuum spectrum underlying the observed spectral lines. The contribution of the continuum absorption can be important in the calculations of the atmospheric radiative heating rates and of the net surface flux. This paper presents some new results on the continuum absorption in the thermal infrared between 8 and 18 μm along with a brief review of currently adapted empirical and semi-empirical models explaining its nature.
Ethics in the Late Anthropocene

The satirical force of Brave New World—its cartoonish sci-fi anticipation of a controlled society—is greatly diminished for the twenty-first-century reader, who is surrounded by cruel evidence of its realization: narcotic bioregulation, hedonistic consumption, new apartheids, even the resurgence of eugenic protocols. Given the imminent horizon of these realizations, it becomes increasingly difficult to read the novel as a plea for some recuperation of humanist values or practices, even if that were Huxley’s original intent. Rather, the question becomes how to read the novel against the humanist grain, to read it as an instance of what I call an ‘ethics after people’—the form of relation that prevails under conditions of creaturely abjection, or life reduced to its material, protoplasmic essence. Such an ethics, one that did not particularly privilege certain relations (between humans, say) over others, would, on its face, seem very strange indeed and, in a way, not an ethics at all, at least not in the usual sense of rules or norms of behavior. Rather, it would be ‘anti-normative’ in at least two ways. Firstly, such an ethics would be allergic to the articulation of explicit codes of conduct; instead, it would attempt to describe the experience of confronting an other and the subsequent sense or intuition of implication, obligation, or indebtedness, prior to any question of what one ought.1 Such an ethics would also be closer to the discourses of biology and ecology than law or theology. Anthropocentric ethics, for their part, are only as robust as the humanism that supports them. When that humanism is challenged, ethical standards can all too easily become eroded or perverted, and monstrous actions be justified. Writing in the wake of the First World War and during the rise of fascism across Europe, Huxley would have been only too aware of the fragility of ethical systems grounded in humanism. From our perspective, the challenge that Brave New World (1932) confronts is less how we might redeem the abject or reinstate humanism (for example, by treating all of the inhabitants of the Brave New World as humans, citizens, and stakeholders in a polity), than how we can ethically reconceive of life when it is recognized as a massive and merely biological phenomenon, when it is no longer ‘propped up’ by metaphysical fictions and conceits.
A Rational and Manageable Value-Added Model for Teacher Preparation Programs:

Educators struggle with “value-added” teacher evaluation models based on high-stakes student assessments. Despite validity and reliability threats, these models evaluate university-based teacher pr...
Endothelial Cells Get β-ox-ed In to Support Lymphangiogenesis

Acetyl-CoA has diverse fates in metabolism and can be derived from a variety of nutrients. In a recent study published in Nature, Wong et al. (2016) show that endothelial cells oxidize fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA for epigenetic modifications critical to lymphangiogenesis.
THE RECENT HISTORY OF CORPORATE AUDIT COMMITTEES

This article explores factors in the financial, legal and social environments that have significantly influenced the development of corporate audit committees. Particular emphasis is given to the actions of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Ideal Hazard Rate

The first chapter of this book recalled for the reader that Gnedenko, Belyaev and Solovyev [1] approved the bathtub curve after generic considerations. Now we can go back to this endorsement which constitutes a weak point of Gbedenko’s seminal work.
Phase I clinical trials in oncology: A review of the old and a look at the new.

e14030Background: In Phase I oncology trials the primary goal is to assess dose limiting toxicities (DLT) and estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The classical 3+3 design is still used in gr...
Infections of the Lacrimal Drainage System

Infections of the lacrimal system can occur from the punctum through the nasolacrimal duct. Proper diagnosis and management requires knowledge of the underlying anatomy, mechanisms of obstruction, common pathogens, appropriate antibiotic use, and indications for surgical intervention. A detailed description of common surgical techniques, including external and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, is also presented.
Surgical Technique and Difficult Situations from Matthias Anthuber

According to today’s literature, primary rectal cancers that have not yet infiltrated into adjacent organs can successfully be resected laparoscopically. The lead surgeon has to be well trained and experienced in minimally invasive procedures and techniques. Although minimally invasive, the laparoscopic approach has to equally follow all principles of cancer surgery that are well established for the open approach. The surgical steps for every procedure are defined preoperatively and can vary according to the training the lead surgeon went through. However, these variations in surgical steps should neither influence the early postoperative results nor the oncological long-term results.
Intermetallic structures with atomic precision for selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Abstract Bridging the structure-properties relationship of bimetallic catalysts is essential for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts. Different from random alloys, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) present atomically-ordered structures, which is advantageous for catalytic mechanism studies. We used Pt-based intermetallic nanoparticles (iNPs), individually encapsulated in mesoporous silica shells, as catalysts for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes to functionalized anilines. With the capping-free nature and ordered atomic structure, PtSn iNPs show >99% selectivity to hydrogenate the nitro group of 3-nitrostyrene albeit with a lower activity, in contrast to Pt3Sn iNPs and Pt NPs. The geometric structure of PtSn iNPs in eliminating Pt threefold sites hampers the adsorption/dissociation of molecular H2 and leads to a non-Horiuti-Polanyi hydrogenation pathway, while Pt3Sn and Pt surfaces are saturated by atomic H. Calculations using density functional theory (DFT) suggest a preferential adsorption of the nitro group on the intermetallic PtSn surface contributing to its high selectivity.
Low dose CBCT reconstruction via prior contour based total variation (PCTV) regularization: a feasibility study

Purpose: compressed sensing reconstruction using total variation (TV) tends to over-smooth the edge information by uniformly penalizing the image gradient. The goal of this study is to develop a novel prior contour based TV (PCTV) method to enhance the edge information in compressed sensing reconstruction for CBCT. Methods: the edge information is extracted from prior planning-CT via edge detection. Prior CT is first registered with on-board CBCT reconstructed with TV method through rigid or deformable registration. The edge contours in prior-CT is then mapped to CBCT and used as the weight map for TV regularization to enhance edge information in CBCT reconstruction. The PCTV method was evaluated using extended-cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom, physical CatPhan phantom and brain patient data. Results were compared with both TV and edge preserving TV (EPTV) methods which are commonly used for limited projection CBCT reconstruction. Relative error was used to calculate pixel value difference and edge cross correlation was defined as the similarity of edge information between reconstructed images and ground truth in the quantitative evaluation. Results: compared to TV and EPTV, PCTV enhanced the edge information of bone, lung vessels and tumor in XCAT reconstruction and complex bony structures in brain patient CBCT. In XCAT study using 45 half-fan CBCT projections, compared with ground truth, relative errors were 1.5%, 0.7% and 0.3% and edge cross correlations were 0.66, 0.72 and 0.78 for TV, EPTV and PCTV, respectively. PCTV is more robust to the projection number reduction. Edge enhancement was reduced slightly with noisy projections but PCTV was still superior to other methods. PCTV can maintain resolution while reducing the noise in the low mAs CatPhan reconstruction. Low contrast edges were preserved better with PCTV compared with TV and EPTV. Conclusion: PCTV preserved edge information as well as reduced streak artifacts and noise in low dose CBCT reconstruction. PCTV is superior to TV and EPTV methods in edge enhancement, which can potentially improve the localization accuracy in radiation therapy.
UTILITY OF PERCUTANEOUS TRANSAXILLARY ACCESS FOR PERIPHERAL VASCULAR PROCEDURES AND INTERVENTIONS

The use of transfemoral (TF) access for endovascular peripheral vascular procedures can be precluded in many occasions; such as hostile aortoiliac segments. The use of transradial access can be limited by the vessel size, distance from lesion and loss of support, and availability of tools with
Statistical approach to neural network imaging of karst systems in 3D seismic reflection data

AbstractThe current lack of a robust standardized technique for geophysical mapping of karst systems can be attributed to the complexity of the environment and prior technological limitations. Abru...
Polychlorinated Biphenyls — Human Health Effects

Commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are formulations prepared by the chlorination of biphenyl.1–4 The chlorine content of the products are directly dependent on the relative amount of Cl2 used in the reaction process and commercial formulations with variable chlorine content have been produced and marketed. Most of the producers market PCB formulations with a variable chlorine content, for example, Aroclor 1221 and 126o, two commercial PCBs produced by the Monsanto Chemical Corporation contain 21 and 6o% chlorine by weight. The degree of biphenyl chlorination significantly alters the properties of these industrial mixtures and this variability accounts for their widespread applications. The highly versatile PCBs have enjoyed a diverse use Pattern which takes advantage of their wide range of physical properties, their chemical stability and miscibility with organic compounds. These characteristics have resulted in the use of PCBs as hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, heat transfer fluids, wax extenders, dedusting agents, organic dilutents/extenders, lubricants, flame retardants, and as dielectric fluids in capacitors and transformers. The detection of PCBs in the environment resulted in a voluntary restriction ban on all “open” uses of these compounds whereas their use as dielectric fluids (“closed”) was permitted until the late 197os. Although total world production figures for PCBs are not readily available, it has been estimated that approximately 1.4 × 1o9 lbs was produced in the U.S. during the period 193o to 1975.
Acupuncture and Alternative Treatments for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies have become more intertwined with Western-based medical institutions over the past few decades. What was once seen as a completely different track from traditional medicine is more often incorporated into the care of patients, largely driven by the patients themselves. As medical providers become more informed, these therapies are sometimes suggested by physicians. More medical schools are incorporating CAM therapies in their curricula fostering a new generation of medical practitioners who are more aware and educated about CAM. Ironically, many of these therapies have been practiced around the world for a thousand years before Western medicine was born.
Impact of chronic right ventricular pressure overload in short-term outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism: A retrospective analysis

Abstract Purpose Evaluate the association between chronic right ventricle (RV) dysfunction by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and outcomes in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of TTE findings in acute PEs. TTEs were used to classify the presence of chronic right ventricular pressure overload (RPVO), defined as RV hypertrophy or RV systolic pressure (RVSP) >50 mmHg, acute RVPO, defined as RV dysfunction not meeting the chronic RVPO definition, or no RV dysfunction. The primary outcome was a composite of death or need for advanced PE therapies at 7 days. Results Of 466 patients, 288 had evidence of RV dysfunction. Thirty percent (140) had evidence of chronic RVPO and 148 patients had evidence of acute RVPO. Chronic RVPO patients were older (P = .004), more likely to have COPD, and had lower heart rates and troponin-t values. The acute RVPO patients included more women and were less likely to have a prior PE. There was no difference in outcomes between the acute and chronic RVPO cohorts. Conclusions Chronic RVPO patients had lower heart rates and troponin-t values. Despite these differences there were no differences in need for advanced therapeutic interventions or 7 day mortality.
Metabolic rewiring of macrophages by CpG potentiates clearance of cancer cells and overcomes tumor-expressed CD47−mediated ‘don’t-eat-me’ signal

Macrophages enforce antitumor immunity by engulfing and killing tumor cells. Although these functions are determined by a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory signals, the role of macrophage metabolism is unknown. Here, we study the capacity of macrophages to circumvent inhibitory activity mediated by CD47 on cancer cells. We show that stimulation with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, evokes changes in the central carbon metabolism of macrophages that enable antitumor activity, including engulfment of CD47+ cancer cells. CpG activation engenders a metabolic state that requires fatty acid oxidation and shunting of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates for de novo lipid biosynthesis. This integration of metabolic inputs is underpinned by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and adenosine tri-phosphate citrate lyase, which, together, impart macrophages with antitumor potential capable of overcoming inhibitory CD47 on cancer cells. Our findings identify central carbon metabolism to be a novel determinant and potential therapeutic target for stimulating antitumor activity by macrophages. Macrophages have important antitumor functions but can be evaded by tumor-expressed CD47-dependent ‘don’t-eat-me’ signals. Beatty and colleagues demonstrate that the Toll-like receptor 9 ligand CpG metabolically reprograms macrophages to overcome don’t-eat-me signals.
Synthesis and cyclization reactions of 2-amino-3-[(methoxy-carbonyl)methylsulfonyl]pyrroles and thiophene

The title aminopyrroles and thiophene have been prepared by condensation of methyl (cyanomethyl-sulfonyl)acetate with various α-amino ketones or 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde, respectively. Subsequent cyclization of these compounds by reaction between the amine and activated methylene has led to various ester-substituted thiazine- and thiadiazine-based bicyclic derivatives. In addition, cyclization of the title compounds by intramolecular coupling of the amine and ester has led to the analogous bicyclic thiazin-3(2H)-ones. Attempted hydrolysis of the ester-substituted bicyclics to the corresponding carboxylic acids was unsuccessful.
The Use of Dispositions in Preservice art Teacher Evaluation

Art teacher candidates are evaluated on their dispositions for teaching at various programmatic intervals through the use of checklists and rubrics. Current methods do not fully consider the relationship between an art teacher candidate’s inner life (hopes, dreams, beliefs, emotions, feelings, and values) and their practice. Further scrutiny of the criteria and methods used to evaluate art teacher candidates is necessary. Metaphor and a focus on dispositions associated with the heart are proposed strategies for art teacher candidates to connect their inner life with their practice, and to advance the notion of teaching art as complex, transformative, and even artful.
Variation in the life cycle of monogonont rotifers: Commitment to sex and emergence from diapause

A review of research on life‐cycle events in field and laboratory populations of monogonont rotifers shows that there is great variation at multiple levels: (1) degree of sexual dimorphism; (2) occurrence and timing of sex; (3) propensity for sex during sexual periods; (4) factors controlling initiation of sex; and (5) timing and extent of emergence from diapause. There is no regular pattern where: (1) fertilised resting eggs hatch to start the growing season; (2) populations develop via female parthenogenesis during favourable conditions; and then (3) bisexual reproduction with resting‐egg production occurs during later, unfavourable conditions. Sexual reproduction in natural populations can occur throughout much of the growing season, be restricted to some period(s) during the growing season, or be completely absent. During sexual reproduction in both natural and laboratory populations, only some fraction of females produces males or resting eggs. This bet‐hedging strategy can prevent a population crash and permits future population growth via female parthenogenesis. Selection against sexual reproduction, and rapid loss of sex, can occur. Laboratory experiments with pond‐dwelling species have identified specific environmental factors that induce sex in different species: (1) increasing population density; (2) dietary tocopherol (vitamin E) and (3) long photoperiods. These factors generally are associated with favourable conditions for population growth and production of energy‐rich resting eggs: (1) large population size; (2) high probability of contacts between males and fertilisable females; and (3) nutritious diets. Endogenous factors can inhibit responses to these environmental inducers, and thus favour female parthenogenesis. The timing of resting‐egg hatching depends on: (1) occurrence of specific environmental conditions; (2) the minimum duration of obligate diapause; and (3) the genotype and physiology of females producing resting eggs. Hatching may occur shortly after oviposition, after a long diapause before or at the start of a new growing season, or throughout the growing season. Hatching can be massive and contribute substantially to population growth and genetic diversity. Areas for future research include: (1) determining the timing and extent of sex and resting‐egg hatching in more natural populations, especially those that are marine, benthic, sessile, and interstitial; and (2) identifying environmental and physiological factors controlling these events.
ANCA-Associated Vasculitis - Refining Therapy with Plasma Exchange and Glucocorticoids.

Plasma exchange has been a mainstay of induction therapy for patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis who have rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or diffus...
An Authentication IC with Visible Light Based Interrogation in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents an authentication IC in 65nm CMOS. The IC is interrogated using optical power transfer via off-chip photodiodes and visible light based data transfer via on-chip CMOS diodes. Authentication is performed with a lightweight encryption engine PRINCE. The IC consumes 2.29μW standby power and achieves 53.8kbps data rate. Side channel analysis is performed with results showing that 820K encryptions are necessary to reveal the secret key of the tag.
Ventricular fibrillation as an initial manifestation of cardiac sarcoidosis

Cardiac sarcoidosis is a rare immunologically driven process seen in 2% to 5% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis. We present a 31-year-old woman who presented after a ventricular fibrillation ca...
School sex education: Teachers' and young adults' perceptions of relevance for LGBT students

LGBT inclusive sex education is one way to address health disparities that exist between students who identify as LGBT and those who identify as heterosexual and cisgender. This study examined the ...
Costing Programs for Exceptional Children: Dimensions and Indices

An intensive analysis was made of a nationwide sample of 24 school districts regarded by experts as providing high quality and reasonably comprehensive educational programs for exceptional children. The study resulted in the establishment of cost indices which related the costs of 10 categories of exceptional programs with regular education program costs. Expenditure categories that contributed the most to cost differentials between exceptional programs and regular programs also were delineated. This article provides data and information which, it is hoped, will be used by national, state, and local educational agencies to plan and provide more adequate programs for exceptional children.
Electronic Metal–Support Interactions in the Activation of CO Oxidation over a Cu/TiO2 Aerogel Catalyst

Carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation is not only an important industrial reaction but also a useful model system for investigations into reaction dynamics involving new catalyst designs. In this work, we...
Rapid telemedicine implementation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in an academic pediatric otolaryngology practice.

Abstract Objective To describe the implementation of telemedicine in a pediatric otolaryngology practice during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Methods A descriptive paper documenting the development and application of telemedicine in a tertiary academic pediatric otolaryngology practice. Results A total of 51 established patients were seen via telemedicine within the first 2 weeks of telemedicine implementation. Seven (7) patients were no shows to the appointment. The median patient age was 5 years old, with 55% male patients. Common diagnoses for the visits included sleep disordered breathing/obstructive sleep apnea (25%) and hearing loss (19.64%). Over half (50.98%) of visits were billed at level 4 visit code. Discussion The majority (88%) of visits during the first 2 weeks of telemedicine implementation in our practice were completed successfully. Reasons that patients did not schedule telemedicine appointments included preference for in person appointments, and lack of adequate device at home to complete telemedicine visit. Limitations to our telemedicine practice included offering telemedicine only to patients who had home internet service, were established patients, and English-speaking. Trainees were not involved in this initial implementation of telemedicine. Conclusions COVID-19 has driven the rapid adoption of telemedicine in outpatient medicine. Our group was able to institute an effective telemedicine practice during this time.
Fast-lived Hosts and Zoonotic Risk.

Because most emerging human pathogens originate in mammals, many studies aim to identify host traits that determine the risk of sourcing zoonotic outbreaks. Studies regularly assert that 'fast-lived' mammal species exhibiting greater fecundity and shorter lifespans tend to host more zoonoses; however, the causes of this association remain poorly understood and they cover a range of immune and nonimmune mechanisms. We discuss these drivers in the context of evolutionary ecology and wildlife–human interactions. Ultimately, differentiating these mechanisms will require linking interspecific variation in life history with immunity, pathogen diversity, transmissibility, and zoonotic risk, and critical data gaps currently limit our ability to do so. We highlight sampling and analytical frameworks to address this gap and to better inform zoonotic reservoir prediction.
Symmetry Breaking for Voting Mechanisms

Recently, Rowe and Aishwaryaprajna [FOGA 2019] introduced a simple majority vote technique that efficiently solves Jump with large gaps, OneMax with large noise, and any monotone function with a polynomial-size image. In this paper, we identify a pathological condition for this algorithm: the presence of spin-flip symmetry. Spin-flip symmetry is the invariance of a pseudo-Boolean function to complementation. Many important combinatorial optimization problems admit objective functions that exhibit this pathology, such as graph problems, Ising models, and variants of propositional satisfiability. We prove that no population size exists that allows the majority vote technique to solve spin-flip symmetric functions with reasonable probability. To remedy this, we introduce a symmetry-breaking technique that allows the majority vote algorithm to overcome this issue for many landscapes. We prove a sufficient condition for a spin-flip symmetric function to possess in order for the symmetry-breaking voting algorithm to succeed, and prove its efficiency on generalized TwoMax and families of constructed 3-NAE-SAT and 2-XOR-SAT formulas. We also prove that it fails on the one-dimensional Ising model, and suggest different techniques for overcoming this. Finally, we present empirical results that explore the tightness of the runtime bounds and the performance of the technique on randomized satisfiability variants.
Magnetic and Langmuir Probe Measurements on the Plasmoid Thruster Experiment (PTX)

The Plasmoid Thruster Experiment (PTX) operates by inductively producing plasmoids in a conical theta-pinch coil and subsequently ejecting them at high velocity. An overview of PTX is described in a companion paper. The shape and magnetic field structure of the translating plasmoids will be measured with of an array of inductive magnetic field probes. Six sets of two B-dot probes (for a total of twelve probes) have been constructed for measuring B(sub z) and B(sub theta), the axial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field. The probes were calibrated with a Helmholtz coil, driven alternately by a high-voltage pulser or a signal generator. The probes are wound on a G-10 form, and have an average (calibrated) NA of 9.37 x 10(exp -5) square meters, where N is the number of turns and A is cross-sectional area. The frequency response of the probes was measured over the range from 1 kHz to 10 MHZ. The electron number density n(sub e), electron temperature T(sub e) and velocity v will be determined from measurements taken with a quadruple Langmuir probe, situated in the exhaust chamber. Three of the four probes on the quadruple probe sample the current-voltage characteristic, and from this yield measurements of T(sub e) and n(sub e). The fourth probe provides a measurement of plasma flow velocity. A 6-inch long alumina rod, hollowed with four holes to house the probe wires, is being used to construct the quadruple probe. A variety of propellants will be used, including hydrogen, nitrogen and argon. From the measurements of the plasmoid mass, density, temperature, and velocity, the basic propulsion characteristics of PTX will be evaluated.
Biomass Burning Over the United States East Coast and Western North Atlantic Ocean: Implications for Clouds and Air Quality

Biomass burning (BB) aerosol events were characterized over the U.S. East Coast and Bermuda over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) between 2005 and 2018 using a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and model outputs. Days with BB influence in an atmospheric column (BB days) were identified using criteria biased toward larger fire events based on anomalously high AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) and MERRA-2 black carbon (BC) column density. BB days are present year-round with more in June-August (JJA) over the northern part of the East Coast, in contrast to more frequent events in March-May (MAM) over the southeast U.S. and Bermuda. BB source regions in MAM are southern Mexico and by the Yucatan, Central America, and the southeast U.S. JJA source regions are western parts of North America. Less than half of the BB days coincide with anomalously high PM2.5 levels in the surface layer, according to data from 14 IMPROVE sites over the East Coast. Profiles of aerosol extinction suggest that BB particles can be found in the boundary layer and into the upper troposphere with the potential to interact with clouds. Higher cloud drop number concentration and lower drop effective radius are observed during BB days. In addition, lower liquid water path is found during these days, especially when BB particles are present in the boundary layer. While patterns are suggestive of cloud-BB aerosol interactions over the East Coast and the WNAO, additional studies are needed for confirmation.
Quantifying Factors that Affected Governors’ Issuance of Stay-at-Home Orders in Response to COVID-19

Governors’ responses to the severe threats to public health posed by COVID-19 have not been uniform. We are among the first to provide empirical analyses to document to what extent stay at home orders or shelter in place orders were issued differently based on political, business and individual-level factors. Using a proportional hazards model and accounting for a variety of differences between states including health risks, our research examines three categories of factors that may bias crisis response decisions. Our results inform our understanding of the underlying factors that influence how crisis policy is determined and acted upon, which could be critical for guiding strategies to address ongoing societal grand challenges faced by US executive leaders, such as when and how to “reopen for business.”
Exchange Rate Policy for a Small Developing Country, and the Selection of an Appropriate Standard

This paper is about 'Exchange Rate Policy for a Small Developing Country, and the Selection of an Appropriate Standard'.
Forty-four-month evaluation of a patient treated by surgical orthodontics: Report of a case

Abstract This article reports a 44-month follow-up of a patient treated by surgical orthodontics. A multidisciplinary approach with emphasis on occlusion is employed in the postoperative evaluation. Indications and complications are reviewed. A relapse tendency was found, and probable causes are discussed.
The Problem of Research-Development (RD Case Study of Turkey

Most Research and Development (R&D) have groups of people from different dissiliences. For most R&D members are mainly from Science, Engineer, and Economist. Success does not only demand work, but also required patience, people skills, and communication. R&D have a team of individuals. Team works with groups and individuals. Several people who work together for a chosen unit of specific goal called a team. Team mainly works on a program such as recycling program, food program, so on. Several people who have common goals but work independently without depending on each other for their success called group. Group usually is a department members and works. Several people who work independently to accomplish their individual goals without depending on each other for their success called individuals.
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Breakeven Analysis (CW)

Marketing managers are often called upon to make recommendations for or against programs that cost money to implement. Before expenditures are made, managers want to be sure that they will be getting a return on their investment. One way of assessing this is by calculating the breakeven point. In this note, we introduce the concept of breakeven analysis and show how it is used to guide marketing decision making. This analysis helps students assess the feasibility of proposed fixed and variable marketing expenditures, the feasibility of permanent pricing changes, and the feasibility of a new product introduction. The note gives students a foundation for analyzing marketing cases, as well as providing an analytical structure and process for completing a marketing plan. The note is accompanied by a free Excel worksheet which contains sample problems, pre-built Excel models to calculate breakeven, and charts and graphs which help visualize the results.
Elite Power: Social Networks Within American Evangelicalism (Winner of the Robert J. McNamara Student Paper Award 2005)

Although several studies have examined American evangelicalism as a social movement at the grassroots level, none have attended to the role of public leaders in legitimating the movement to a wider audience. Data gathered from 65 elite informants who self-identify as evangelical suggest that the movement's leaders are employing new modes of organization to achieve collective goals. While these goals remain largely unchanged from those reviewed in earlier research, the means to achieve them are indeed novel within the evangelical movement. These findings have implications for studies of other groups that originate in the social periphery but move to more mainstream positions within a given social field. Results suggest that three key elements accompany the development of new modes of organization: institutional arrangements, legitimation strategies, and confirmatory narratives.
Multirate interacting multiple model particle filter for terrain-based ground target tracking

Ground target tracking is a nonlinear filtering problem when it incorporates terrain and road constraints into system modelling and uses polar coordinate sensing. Furthermore, when tracking ground manoeuvring targets with an interacting multiple model approach, a non-Gaussian problem exists because of an inherent mixing operation. A multirate interacting multiple model particle filter (MRIMM-PF) is presented to effectively solve the problem of nonlinear and non-Gaussian tracking, with an emphasis on computational savings. The sample subset of each mode is updated at a different rate and mode switches are performed according to a Markov chain at a low rate. For a fixed number of samples, simulation results show that the MRIMM-PF significantly reduces computational costs, with comparable tracking performance to multiple model particle filter.
Maternal Lifestyles Study (MLS): Combined Effects of Exposure to Cocaine/Opiates (C/O) and Alcohol (A) or Tobacco (T) on Intrauterine Growth(IG) † 1204

Maternal Lifestyles Study (MLS): Combined Effects of Exposure to Cocaine/Opiates (C/O) and Alcohol (A) or Tobacco (T) on Intrauterine Growth(IG) † 1204
Synthesis, characterization, and structural study of Re(2,4-C7H11)(H)2(P(C6H5)3)2

Abstract Re(2,4-C 7 H 11 )(H) 2 (P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ) 2 has been prepared from the reaction of ReH 7 (P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ) 2 with 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study has revealed a structure with nonequivalent phosphines but equivalent hydride ligands, just the opposite situation as observed for a cyclohexadienyl analog.
Lower central series of free algebras in symmetric tensor categories

Abstract We continue the study of the lower central series of a free associative algebra, initiated by Feigin and Shoikhet (2007) [FS] . We generalize via Schur functors the constructions of the lower central series to any symmetric tensor category; specifically we compute the modified first quotient B ¯ 1 , and second and third quotients B 2 , and B 3 of the series for a free algebra T ( V ) in any symmetric tensor category, generalizing the main results of Feigin and Shoikhet (2007) [FS] and Arbesfeld and Jordan (2010) [AJ] . In the case A m | n : = T ( C m | n ) , we use these results to compute the explicit Hilbert series. Finally, we prove a result relating the lower central series to the corresponding filtration by two-sided associative ideals, confirming a conjecture from Etingof et al. (2009) [EKM] , and another one from Arbesfeld and Jordan (2010) [AJ] , as corollaries.
X-ray Investigation of Some Plastic Crystals II. Density of Vacancies in Cyclohexane, Cyclohexanol and dl-Camphene

Abstract X-ray powder photographs are used to calculate cell parameters for cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, and dl-camphene for a wide range of temperature. Comparison with the ordianary bulk density of cyclohexane and cyclohexanol leads to upper limits for the vacancy concentrations in these substances of 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. Above about 10 °C the bulk density of camphene falls off markedly form what would be expected on the basis of the cell parameters. Comparison of the densities at higher temperatures with those to be expected either on the basis of the X-ray data or on the basis of linear extrapolation of the densities at lower temperatures leads to ΔH ϵ = 12.5 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and ΔS ϵ = 35 ± 2 e.u./mol for the process of vacancy formation. This value for the entropy implies that about 15 molecules gain additional freedom of motion every time one vacancy is formed. These results lead to predictions for the temperature variation in the ratio of molecular scattering factors for the 110 and 200 lines ...
Formation, Turnover, and Sensitivity to Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C of Thy-1 of a Rat Neuronal Tumor Cell Line

Abstract We have investigated the formation, turnover, and sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) of Thy-1 in the rat neuronal tumor cell line BN-1010-1. It was initially established that a relatively short labeling time (1.5 h) using [ 3 H]mannose yielded much more highly labeled P1-PLC-releasable glycoproteins than a longer labeling time (18 h). Labeled Thy-1 was released from the cell surface as early as 30 min postlabeling, increased to a maximum at 2.0 h, and then decreased to 50% of maximum by 5.5 h. The decrease may be due to degradation or spontaneous release into the medium, since total cellular Thy-i remained constant during the decline. The decrease may be a result of a partial conversion of Thy-1 from a P1-PLC-sensitive to a P1-PLC-insensitive state. This resistance of the plasma membrane-associated Thy-1 was not due to a chemical modification of the glycoprotein, since detergent-extracted Thy-1 was completely sensitive to P1-PLC.
In-flight test of a continuous laser remote sensing system

An airborne laser system for remote sensing has been developed and tested at flight altitudes from 500 to 1200 m. The system is based on two continuous-wave CO2 lasers (output 3 W), tunable to different wavelengths, and detects the laser radiation scattered back from earth by heterodyne reception. The feasibility of the heterodyne reception technique under aircraft environment conditions was demonstrated, and man-made SF6 clouds and different types of uncovered minerals were traced. The data obtained indicate that the measuring range of the system can be increased to satellite distance by using a larger telescope and a more powerful laser and by reducing the electrical bandwidth.
Passage of Gizzard Shad and Threadfin Shad Larvae through a Larval Fish Net with 500‐μm Openings

Abstract Accuracy of larval fish entrainment estimates at power plants depends on the effectiveness of sampling gear. Simulated tows in a laboratory flume were made to evaluate retention of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) larvae in a larval fish net with 500-μm square mesh openings that is regularly used by the Tennessee Valley Authority and other investigators. Retention of 1-d-old gizzard and threadfin shad larvae (3.0-5.0 mm total length) averaged less than 15%. Average retention was 32% over all tests with tow velocity, tow duration, species, and age as variables. Retention was significantly greater at a tow speed of 1.0 m/s than at a speed of 0.5 m/s. No effect of tow duration on retention was observed. Tests conducted in static water revealed about 40% of 1- and 3-d-old threadfin shad swam through the 500-μm openings during a 5-min period and about 10% were extruded through the net when it was washed down. These results suggested that (1) the use of larval ...
Numb-mediated neurite outgrowth is isoform-dependent, and requires activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels.

Abstract Numb is an evolutionarily conserved protein that controls the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells by unknown mechanisms. Here we report that the neural cells expressing Numb isoforms with short phosphotyrosine-binding (SPTB) domain undergo extensive neurite outgrowth, an effect that can be blocked by voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC) inhibitor or by Ca 2+ chelator. In contrast, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, and selective receptor tyrosine kinase (TrkA) inhibitor, K252α did not affect SPTB Numb-mediated neurite outgrowth. MAP kinase inhibitor, PD98059 partially reduced SPTB Numb-mediated neurite outgrowth. Cells expressing SPTB Numbs exhibit increased whole-cell Ca 2+ current densities (ICa) which can be prevented by preincubation of either nifedipine or PD98095. Cells expressing LPTB Numbs expressed little ICa (density) and were not able to grow neurites. Our results indicate that Ca 2+ influx through VGCC may be required for SPTB Numb-mediated neurite outgrowth, suggesting that Numb promotes neuronal differentiation by a mechanism involving PTB domain-specific regulation of Ca 2+ influx and MAP kinase activation.
One-dimensional acoustic wave propogation in a particulate suspension

Abstract Both Laplace and Fourier transforms are applied to the problem of one-dimensional acoustic wave propogation in a semi-infinite duct containing a particulate suspension. Both methods lead to closed-form solutions in terms of integrals which must be determined numerically. This is done, the methods are evaluated, and representative numerical results are presented and discussed.
Solomon’s Table Talk: Martin Luther on the Authorship of Ecclesiastes

ABSTRACTMartin Luther’s comments in a section of Table Talk continue to be used as evidence that he denied the Solomonic authorship of Ecclesiastes. A comparison of the passage with Luther’s “Preface” to Jesus Sirach demonstrates that the majority of Luther’s comments in that section of Table Talk pertain to Sirach. However, the passage also has clear parallels in Luther’s “Preface to Solomon’s ‘The Preacher,’” suggesting that it is a mixture of Luther’s comments on Ecclesiastes and Sirach. The portions of Table Talk which do pertain to Ecclesiastes have commonly been misinterpreted. Luther does not deny that Solomon was the author of Ecclesiastes; he denies that Solomon was the scribe. He thought that Ecclesiastes was written down by students on the basis of the oral teachings of their master, much like his own Table Talk.
A pulsed level difference technique for ground characterization

Abstract The acoustic level difference between two vertically separated microphones can be used to deduce the reflection properties of the ground surface from the shape and frequency of the first interference minimum. This technique has been applied to non-invasive characterization of agricultural soils and is of continuing interest in this regard. A pulsed version which may be used in an indoor laboratory has been developed. A bed of spherical glass beads of known size distribution, porosity, flow resistivity and depth is used as a simple soil analogue to demonstrate the technique.