cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type 2 Diabetes Alters Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Rat Aorta

We tested the hypotheses that type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a Western diet, high in fat, sucrose and cholesterol (HFSC), would impair endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function. Eight week old rats were divided into the following groups: T2D (n=10; Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, hyperphagic rodent model of T2D), lean control (LC; n=10; Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka, non-hyperphagic control), T2D+HFSC (n=10) and LC+HFSC (n=10). At thirty-two weeks old, rats were euthanized, their aortas were harvested and aortic function was measured using an isometric wire myograph. Aortic rings were pre-constricted with phenylephrine and dose response curves for ACh and SNP were examined under the following conditions: untreated, NOS inhibition (L-NAME), COX inhibition (indomethacin) and combined NOS+COX inhibition. ACh-induced vasorelaxation was greater in LC+HFSC vs. all other groups (P<0.05). During L-NAME inhibition, ACh-induced vasorelaxation was greater in T2D vs. LC and LC+HFSC (P<0.05). SNP-induced vasore...
Zur Elektrodenkinetik Irreversibler Reaktionen an Festelektroden

Zusammenfassung Fur elektrochemische Durchtrittsreaktionen mit nachgelagerter homogener chemischer Reaktion 1. Ordnung an rotierenden Scheibenelektroden werden die Gleichungen der Strom-Potential-Kurven Fur verschiedene F~ille hinsichtlich der Grosse der homogenen ( k ) und der heterogenen ( k o ) Geschwindigkeitskonstanten abgeleitet. Es wird eine approximative Methode unter Einftihrung der Reaktions- schichtdicke angewendet. Fur homogene Geschwindigkeitskonstanten k > 10 2 S −1 liegt eine Beeinflussung des Verlaufs der Strom-Potential-Kurven vor (Fall 1), im Bereich k −1 wirkt sich dagegen die nachgelagerte homogene Reaktion nicht auf den Charakter der Strom-Potential-Kurven aus (Fall 2). Aus der fiir beide Falle entwickelten allgemeinen Gleichung der Strom Potential-Kurve werden hin- sichtlich der Grosse der heterogenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten ein “irreversibler” und ein “reversibler” Fall abgeleitet und Kriterien fur die Strom-Potential-Kurven angegeben. Es werden Gleichungen fur die Abhangigkeit des Halbstufenpotentials von der Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit der rotierenden Scheibenelektrode, von der Temperatur und von der Geschwindigkeitskonstante der nachgelagerten homogenen Reaktion abgeleitet und auf dieser Grundlage Moglichkeiten zur Bestimmung elektrochemischer Elementarprozess-Parameter angegeben (Aktivierungsenergien und Frequenzfaktoren fur k und k 0 ). Zusammenfassend werden “Reversibilit~itsbereiche” hinsichtlich der Grosse der heterogenen und homogenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten angegeben und der Begriff der “Quasi-Irreversibilitat” diskutiert. Eine analoge Behandlung wird fur den Fall homogener nachgelagerter Reaktionen 2. Ordnung durchgefuhrt. Dabei sind in bezug auf die Grenzbedingungen der heterogenen und der homogenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten Einschrankungen erforderlich. Der Fall einer “Quasi-lrreversibilit/it” tritt bei nachgelagerten homogenen chemischen Reaktionen 2. Ordnung nicht auf.
The volumetric capacity of the human nulliparous uterus

Abstract A method of estimating the potential capacity of the human uterine cavity and Fallopian tubes is described, based on a fluoroscopic study of the quantity of radiopaque oil required to fill these organs in the nulliparous woman. The average capacity of the normal uterus observed by the writer in 739 cases was 1.7 c.c. of oil, while the Fallopian tubes required an additional 1.0 to 1.5 c.c. of oil to outline the uterotubal tract completely. The inadvisability is pointed out of injecting excessive amounts of viscous radiopaque substance ( 8 to 12 c.c.) into the uterus for ordinary hysterosalpingographic procedures. Realization that the uterine cavity of the virgin woman in its nongravid state is actually not a true cavity, but merely a potential slitlike space, should be of practical value in performing uterotubal tests.
Mitigating Consequences of Pathogen Inoculation into Processed Food

There is a very real possibility of a deliberate contamination event with processed foods. Although the results of such an event may conceivably be severe, the processes of identifying and recovering the affected foods, as well as the subsequent disposal of the product, are similar to those that routinely occur with naturally contaminated foods. As with any potential bioterrorism threat, understanding the nature of the affected product and the potential agents that may be involved is essential to either potentially preventing the occurrence or rapidly resolving the consequences of such an event. Developing a planned response in advance of any such potential event will aid in the rapid resolution of a crisis. Keywords: pathogens; processed foods; recalls; HACCP; irradiation
Structure and behavior of organic analytical reagents : Heats and entropies of formation of several divalent metal chelates of 2- and 4-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline1

Abstract The Calvin-Bjerrum titration technique for the determination of chelate formation constants has been applied to the Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) chelates of 2- and 4-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. Measurements were made at several temperatures in order to evaluate Δ H and Δ S values of chelation. The results obtained were interpreted in terms of steric hindrance of the 2-methyl group. In all cases the heats of formation of the chelates of 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline were remarkably morepositive than those for the corresponding chelates of 4-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. This large difference in the strengths of the metal-chelate bonds is apparently due to the hindrance of the methyl groups which prevent the close grouping of the two reagent molecules around the metal in chelates of 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. The lower bond strength in chelates of 2-methyl-8-hydroxy-quinoline is partially compensated by a relatively larger entropy of formation. This is attributed to decreased solvent chelate interaction caused by the shielding of the polar O, N, and metal atoms by the 2-methyl groups. The determination of chelate fortmation constants of 2-phenyl-8-hydroxyqumoline has been carried out to further extend our study of steric effects in metal chelates.
Abstract 13443: Function Follows Form: Shape and Substrate Stiffness Drive Maturity in Human Cardiomyocytes Differentiated From Pluripotent Stem Cells

Introduction: Heart function relies on the contractility of its muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). However, while their myogenic maturity increases with time, they do not resemble adult cardiomyocytes in their morphology, structural organization, mechanical output and electrophysiology. The low maturity of hPSC-CMs limits their potential to model, study and treat heart diseases. Hypothesis: Since the organization of sarcomeres regulates the mechanical output of cardiomyocytes, we hypothesized that enhanced sarcomere maturity correlates with the mechanical output of these cells and the physiology of matured cardiomyocytes. Methods: We cultured single hPSC-CMs on 2000 μm2 rectangular protein patterns on polyacrylamide substrates with a modulus of 10 kPa to resemble the morphology of ventricular cardiomyocytes and match healthy adult ventricular stiffness. We infected seeded cells with rAV CAG-LifeAct-Tag RFP to label actin and image sarcomeres in contracting live cells. We estimated forces generated during single-cell contractile events with traction force microscopy and calculated power (force x cell shortening velocity). We varied cell elongation by changing the cell aspect ratio (1:1 to 7:1) and maintaining constant area. We used substrates having stiffness of 6 kPa (embryonic myocardium), 10 kPa (adult) and 35 kPa (infarcted myocardium). Results: Optimized power output was observed in cells with a 7:1 aspect ratio. The size, organization and dynamics of sarcomeres in these elongated hPSC-CMs are more mature. Optimized power output was observed in cells with a 7:1 aspect ratio. The power generated by hPSC-CMs on 35 kPa substrates was significantly reduced, while reduced variations in the power output across different aspect ratios was observed in 6 kPa. Forces generated by patterned hPSC-CMs were related to the organization, dynamics and size of sarcomeres. Electrophysiological parameters closer to that of mature cardiomyocytes were also observed with patch-clamp measurements in these hPSC-CMs with mature sarcomere organization. Conclusions: Stiffness and shape contribute to the structural and electrophysiological maturation of hPSC-CMs.
Smoking relapse prevention during pregnancy. A trial of coordinated advice from physicians and individual counseling.

Abstract Introduction: Our objective was to examine the efficacy of physicians’ advice and referral to individual counseling in preventing relapse to smoking among women who were smokers early in pregnancy, but quit prior to their first prenatal visit. Design: A randomized controlled trial of prompted physician’s advice and individual relapse prevention counseling during pregnancy compared to usual physician advice. Smoking status was assessed by self-report, exhaled carbon monoxide, and urinary cotinine during pregnancy and by self-report 1 year postpartum. Results: There were no significant differences in relapse rates between the intervention and usual-care groups during pregnancy, nor at 1 year postpartum. Relapse rates were 23% in both groups at the 36-week visit, and 32% and 22%, respectively, 1 year postpartum. Younger age, higher motivation to resume smoking, and higher levels of exhaled carbon monoxide at the first prenatal visit were predictive of relapse to smoking during pregnancy. With the conservative assumption that all those lost to follow-up relapsed, the combined 1-year postpartum relapse rate, 51%, was 17 percentage points lower than we observed in an earlier relapse prevention trial, and 15 percentage points lower than that observed nationally a decade earlier. Conclusion: Prompting physicians to provide supportive advice combined with referral to individual relapse prevention counseling did not reduce smoking relapse rates during pregnancy, or postpartum. However, the level of attention paid to smoking by physicians in both intervention and usual-care groups during pregnancy may have contributed to the relatively low relapse rates seen 1-year postpartum.
Saliency detection and model-based tracking: a two part vision system for small robot navigation in forested environment

©Copyright 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.919598
Reduction of All-trans Retinal to All-trans Retinol in the Outer Segments of Frog and Mouse Rod Photoreceptors

The first step in the Visual Cycle, the series of reactions that regenerate the vertebrate visual pigment rhodopsin, is the reduction of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinol, a reaction that requires NADPH. We have used the fluorescence of all-trans retinol to study this reduction in living rod photoreceptors. After the bleaching of rhodopsin, fluorescence (excitation, 360 nm; emission, 457 or 540 nm) appears in frog and wild-type mouse rod outer segments reaching a maximum in 30–60 min at room temperature. With this excitation and emission, the mitochondrial-rich ellipsoid region of the cells shows strong fluorescence as well. Fluorescence measurements at different emission wavelengths establish that the outer segment and ellipsoid signals originate from all-trans retinol and reduced pyridine nucleotides, respectively. Using outer segment fluorescence as a measure of all-trans retinol formation, we find that in frog rod photoreceptors the NADPH necessary for the reduction of all-trans retinal can be supplied by both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial metabolic pathways. Inhibition of the reduction reaction, either by retinoic acid or through suppression of metabolic activity, reduced the formation of retinol. Finally, there are no significant fluorescence changes after bleaching in the rod outer segments of Rpe65−/− mice, which lack 11-cis retinal.
Fast pyrolysis of cellulose in a single pulse shock tube

Abstract A shock tube technique was employed to study the thermal decomposition of cellulose in an inert argon gas under the conditions of high temperature, high heating rate, and short reaction times. The influence of temperature and reaction times on product yields and their distribution were investigated. A clean, tar and char free gas consisting mainly of CO, CO2, C2H2, C2H4 and CH4 were produced throughout the course of this investigation. A mass conversion of cellulose to gas exceeding 90 wt% has been realized between the temperatures 700 and 2200°C for the reaction times examined. Carbon monoxide is the major product and attains a yield in excess of 65 wt% for temperatures above 1300°C. Global kinetic parameters for the decomposition of cellulose and its principal gas products were obtained by fitting the experimental data to a single, first order kinetic model. The energy of activation for the decomposition of cellulose was found to be 130.5 kJ/mol. The material balances made for the total mass, carbon and oxygen are good.
Effect of strain rate on the ductility of a nanostructured aluminum alloy

Abstract Nanostructured materials normally exhibit enhanced ductility at higher strain rate. In this paper we report the observation that a cryomilled nanostructured 5083 Al alloy exhibits the opposite behavior, i.e., higher ductility at lower strain rates. This phenomenon was rationalized by a diffusion-mediated stress relaxation mechanism that effectively delayed crack initiation events.
Sleep arrangements and maternal adaptation in infancy

Parmi les nombreuses decisions que les parents prennent concernant la facon d'elever les enfants, une decision importante implique des arrangements du sommeil. On sait peu de choses sur la relation entre les arrangements du sommeil qui ont ete choisis, l'adaptation des parents a ces choix, la qualite du sommeil parental, le soutien du conjoint et la detresse parentale. Quarante cinq meres et peres avec des bebes de 1 a 24 mois ont rempli des mesures d'attitude parentales et de pratiques concernant les arrangements du sommeil. Le sommeil partage avec un bebe etait lie a une bien plus mauvaise adaptation parentale au derangement du sommeil du bebe, et cela s'est avere vrai meme quand les parents soutenaient la pratique du partage du sommeil avec leurs bebes. Chez les meres, le sommeil partage et la mauvaise adaptation au sommeil du bebe etaient fortement lies a des symptomes depressifs eleves, une qualite du sommeil plus mauvaise, et des critiques du conjoint dirigees vers les meres a propos d'ou le bebe avait dormi durant la nuit. Pour ce qui concerne les meres, les critiques de leur conjoint a propos de l'endroit ou le bebe dormait, la qualite de sommeil des meres et les symptomes depressifs ont servi d'intermediaire au lien entre les arrangements du sommeil et l'adaptation maternelle. Les resultats mettent en evidence l'importance qu'il y a a prendre en consideration les differences individuelles dans la qualite de l'adaptation des parents au comportement du sommeil du bebe, une theorie largement ignoree dans les recherches sur le sommeil des enfants jusqu'a present, dans la comprehension des liens entre la qualite du sommeil du bebe et les resultats bebe-parent.
Twitter as a Communication Tool for Nonprofits A Study of Sport-for-Development Organizations

Previous research suggests sport-for-development organizations strategically aim to engage people through social media in hopes of generating increased offline support (Thorpe & Rinehart, 2013). Using the framework set forth by Lovejoy and Saxton (2012), the purpose of this study was to explore how nonprofit organizations use Twitter to disseminate information, build engagement, and facilitate action. A content analysis of 3,233 tweets revealed a larger proportion of interactive communication, yet one-way communication was the most common function. Overall, the use of social media to facilitate action among stakeholders was scarce, but the way organizations used Twitter to provide information, interact with followers, and create a call for action varied considerably among them. Interestingly, these differences were not associated with annual revenue, organizational age, targeted social issues, or number of countries of operation. This study has important theoretical and practical implications, and provide...
Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture deficit

Moisture stress influences both yield and end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Previous studies assessed stability of yield and yield components to moisture stress. This study evaluated the stability of spring wheat quality parameters relative to the stability of grain yield and its components under moisture stress. Sixteen spring wheat cultivars were produced under two moisture-deficit regimes in 1995 and 1996 to determine the effects of moisture-deficit severity on grain yield and its components, test weight, flour protein, flour extraction, dough-mixing characteristics, and alkaline noodle color. Moisture deficit differentially and significantly influenced cultivar test weight and yield. The overall moisture-deficit-induced reduction in yield was due primarily to reduction in kernel weight; effects of moisture deficit on yield of specific cultivars were due largely to effects on kernels per spike. Drought-sensitivity indices (DSIs) for yield were correlated to cultivar yield potential. Yield reduction by moderate moisture deficit was not predictive of yield reduction by severe moisture deficit. Effects of moisture-deficit severity on flour extraction and mixograph peak time varied with cultivar. Moisture deficit reduced initial noodle brightness and enhanced noodle yellowness. However, the color of noodles produced by the cultivars included in this study responded similarly to moisture deficit, suggesting that evaluation of noodle color may not require testing across moisture-deficit environments. Test weight and flour extraction DSIs were correlated with DSIs for grain yield. Therefore, identifying drought-tolerant genotypes based on yield stability under moisture stress also will identify genotypes having stable test weight and flour extraction.
Brain tumor resection guided by fluorescence imaging

We present the methods that are being used in the scope of an on-going clinical trial designed to assess the usefulness of ALA-PpIX fluorescence imaging when used in conjunction with pre-operative MRI. The overall objective is to develop imaging-based neuronavigation approaches to aid in maximizing the completeness of brain tumor resection, thereby improving patient survival rate. In this paper we present the imaging methods that are used, emphasizing technical aspects relating to the fluorescence optical microscope, including initial validation approaches based on phantom and small-animal experiments. The surgical workflow is then described in detail based on a high-grade glioma resection we performed.
Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences

Abstract Identifying effective strategies for increasing access to quality care for children from low-income families has important implications for society. This study examined the effectiveness of expanding child care assistance for low-income families (capping expenses at 10% of income and raising eligibility to 200% of the federal poverty line) to purchase quality care. Mixed methods documented families' experiences (N = 181) and capitalized on a natural experiment when families lost assistance. Results pointed to improved access to quality care for children from low-income families by: 1) helping low-income families continue utilizing quality providers when incomes dropped, and 2) enabling others to begin utilizing quality providers. Perceived impacts were greatest for families with higher incomes (within the eligibility range), and for those with children ages five and younger. Additionally, parents were able to pay providers the full rate that they charge for care, which may help quality providers continue serving low-income families.
Generation of thermoelastic stress waves by impulsive electromagnetic radiation.

The penetration and absorption of electromagnetic radiation through a thin layer adjacent to the surface of an elastic half-space provides a sudden heat source distribution through the layer, and, in consequence, stress waves are generated. A solution for uniaxial motion is given in the limit situation when the pulse duration approaches zero in comparison with the wave travel time over the absorption depth, together with the neglect of thermal diffusion on this time scale. The radiation absorption is assumed to decay exponentially with depth. These simplifying features lead to stress wave profiles which clearly illustrate the effective nature of the wave propagation, so that the present solution provides a useful complement to previously obtained solutions of a more general nature. In the case when the surface is stress-free, following initial build-up (here instantaneous) of compressive stress within the absorption layer, a tensile wave propagates outward from the layer. Numerical data are presented to show that the peak tensile stress can attain significant levels within distances of a few absorption depths.
Rabbit production in Uganda: potential versus opportunity

In only the past ten years, meat rabbit production in Uganda has been actively prometed by enthusiasts, via the "Rabbit Craze", as a get rich quick business opportunity with unlimited potential markets, both domestic and abroad. In Kampala, the capital of Uganda, the infantile rabbit industry can generally be described as a semi­intensive, commercial production system based on high costs of investment (breeding stock, shelter, and wire hutches) and operation (pelleted feed and labor), and non-realized profitability. Further, purebred seedstock producers sell animals at exorbitant prices (25,000-70,000 USH (Uganda shillings) [exchange rate: 1,225 USH = 1 USO]), and feed companies sell pelleted feed at high prices (300-400 USH/kg or 0.24-0.33 USD/kg). This business exploitation invariably forces commercial rabbit producers to sell fryers at light market weights (~2 kg liveweight) and at high market prices in an attempt to recover business costs. In turn, sellers typically double market prices, which further inflate consumer costs at 4,000-5,000 USH/kg. Current market costs for beef and chicken are lower at about 1,700 and 2,200 USH/kg. High consumer costs llmit market demand. Notwithstanding this, rabbit meat is not traditionally consumed by Ugandans. In Kampala, only two meat markets, two restaurants, and one university sell rabbit meat (estimated volume of only 100-200 fryers/month). Customers are mostly expatriates. As expected, many commercial producers have lost money, abandonment rate has been moderate to high, and the present reputation of rabbit production is waning. Paradoxically, real opportunities exist in Uganda to foster development by assisting needy families through a grassroots level, village-based rabbit program. Rabbits can benefrt many families, nutritionally and economically, in less time than many other livestock projects and at lower investment costs, but only if a sound project plan is implemented. A proposed development project consists of a subsistence production system, whereby utilization of renewable farm resources (e.g., 5-doe unit, local feeds and building materials, and family labor) and home consumption of inexpensive rabbit meat are primarily emphasized. Concurrently, an economic incentive must co-exist to encourage rabbit productlon. Appropriate and timely rabbit training, nutrition education, and market development activities will be critical. The initial management of limited pilot projects should foster the gradual development of rabbit meat consumption in villages as a short-term goal and expansion of formal markets for rabbit meat as a long-term goal. An opportunity and a challenge exist to develop a technically sound and sustainable rabblt program in Uganda.
Absolute rate constants for the reactions of phenylhalocarbenes with alkynes

Additions of phenylchlorocarbene and phenylfluorocarbene to representative alkynes are rapid (106–107 l mol−1 s−1). The variation of the rate constants with alkyne structure parallels that observed with analogous alkene substrates. The addition of phenylchlorocarbene to 3-hexyne is characterized by a very low activation energy (∼ 2 kcal mol−1) and a large, negative entropy of activation (∼ −20 e.u.).
Lower semicontinuity of surface energies

Using the theory of indicator measures, a lower semicontinuity result for quasiconvex functions in W1,1 and assuming only L1 convergence is obtained.
Chromosomal instability at a mutational hotspot in polyoma middle T-antigen affects its ability to activate the ARF-p53 tumor suppressor pathway

We have isolated spontaneous mutants of polyoma virus middle T-antigen (PyMT) that do not activate the ARF-p53 pathway based on their inability to block REF52 cell division. The REF52 cells containing these mutants have a flat untransformed morphological phenotype and do not express the ARF protein. The PyMT mutations in the different cell isolates so far analysed occur at a mutational hotspot in the PyMT sequence between nucleotides 1241 and 1249, which contains nine consecutive cytosines. In one set of mutants a single cytosine was deleted, while in another mutant set an additional cytosine was inserted. Both these mutations result in frameshifts, generating altered PyMT proteins containing amino-acid sequences derived from each of the two other alternative reading frames of the polyoma virus early region. Both types of mutations result in the loss of the C-terminal PyMT region containing the membrane-binding hydrophobic region and result is mislocalization of the PyMT mutant proteins. Revertant wild-type PyMT (containing nine cytosines) was easily detected in transformants generated after infection of REF52 cells expressing high amounts of dominant negative p53 with retroviruses containing either mutation. We demonstrate that wild-type PyMT revertants are derived from mutations in the hotspot sequence of the integrated mutant PyMT sequences.
Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate densities in Foundry Cove on the Hudson River.

Foundry Cove is located on the Hudson River near e community of Cold Springs, New York. Sediments of the cove are highly contaminated with certain heavy metals, apparently the result of discharges from the process associated with the manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries. Cadmium is of special significance because of its high toxicity not only to aquatic organisms but also man. In addition, cadmium is known to concentrate in both marine and fresh water organisms. Cadmium has been found in elevated concentrations in fish collected from the mouth of Foundry Cove.
Shoplifting: Work, Agency, and Gender:

Often described as “pink collar,” shoplifting is crime thought to be dominated by women. While there is evidence of gender discrimination in the crime’s availability to women and that drug addiction as well as personal resources motivate individuals to choose it, the gendered nature of this work (the “how” of the work) is not further elaborated in the literature. The occupational processes of the crime have also largely been omitted from research. The goal of the article is to describe the “job” of shoplifting and how it may be “gendered” by examining the ways individual women talk about the crime.
Exploring User-Defined Back-Of-Device Gestures for Mobile Devices

Many studies have highlighted the advantages of expanding the input space of mobile devices by utilizing the back of the device. We extend this work by performing an elicitation study to explore users' mapping of gestures to smartphone commands and identify their criteria for using back-of-device gestures. Using the data collected from our study, we present elicited gestures and highlight common user motivations, both of which inform the design of back-of-device gestures for mobile interaction.
Modulation of the Great Plains low-level jet and moisture transports by orography and large-scale circulations

[1] This paper describes orographic processes that modulate the Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) and related hydrology of the Mississippi River basin. Mechanical flow deflection by the Rocky Mountains is diagnosed in 50 years of monthly averaged National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) Reanalysis fields and in a series of integrations using a primitive equation version of the Utah Global Model (UGM). Although the mountain profiles are fixed over periods of short-to medium-range climate changes, their influence on the LLJ is not stationary because evolving ambient flows produce changing LLJ responses. Ensembles of medium-range forecasts are made for the 1993 U.S. floods and for the 1988 U.S. drought. The forecasts distinguish some of the observed precipitation differences between these years, but the magnitude of the differences is underestimated. Seasonal and longer-term changes of the ambient flow occur on large scales, while the response of the LLJ occurs on smaller scales that may promote cloud generation and precipitation. Month-long simulations with monthly averaged conditions suggest that the Great Plains LLJ is a component of the large-scale circulation associated with the topography of the western United States. Orography thus provides a scale transfer mechanism that focuses global-scale features into the regional-scale responses. These are relevant to precipitation distribution and to moisture budgets of the larger individual river basins comprising the GCIP domain. A theoretical interpretation of the large-scale, mechanical influence of orography on surrounding low-level circulations is proposed.
Quantized vortex pair production in 4He films as a boundary-layer problem

Abstract We show that the idea of a boundary layer for discrete vortices arises naturally from the equation of motion for the probability distribution of an interacting vortex pair. In contrast with classical hydrodynamics, this boundary layer is of statistical origin, and the method leads to a scaling law for the exact dissociation rate of a bound vortex pair.
Infrared band strengths for methyl chloride in the regions of atmospheric interest

Abstract The infrared band strengths of seven vibrational band systems of methyl chloride between 3 and 17 μm were measured at 296 ± 1 K using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. These results were obtained at maximum instrumental resolution of 0.06 cm −1 . The results should be of interest to atmospheric scientists, since methyl chloride may contribute measurably to the global greenhouse effect of the atmosphere.
ANALYSIS OF PLASMA-TAIL MOTIONS FOR COMETS C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) AND C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) USING OBSERVATIONS FROM SMEI

Comets C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) and C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) passed within � 0.3 AU of Earth in April and May of 2004. Their tails were observed by the Earth-orbiting Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) during this period. A time series of photometric SMEI sky maps displays the motions and frequent disruptions of the comet plasma tails. Ephemerides are used to unfold the observing geometry; the tails are often seen to extend � 0.5 AU from the comet nuclei. Having selected 12 of the more prominent motions as ‘‘events’’ for further study, we introduce a new method for determining solar wind radial velocities from these SMEI observations. We find little correlation between these and the changing solar wind parameters as measured close to Earth, or with coarse three-dimensional reconstructions using interplanetary scintillation data. A likely explanation is that the transverse sizes of the solar wind perturbations responsible for these disruptions are small, P0.05 AU. We determine the radial velocities of these events during the disruptions,usingatechniqueonlypossiblewhentheobservedcomettailsextendoverasignificantfractionof anAU. We find typical radial velocities during these events of 50Y100 km s � 1 lower than before or afterward. Time durations of such events vary, typically from 3 to 8 hr, and correspond to comet traversal distances � 10 6 km (0.007 AU). We conclude that these large disturbances are primarily due to ubiquitous solar wind flow variations, of which these measured events are a subset. Subject headingg comets: individual (C/2001 Q4 (NEAT), C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)) — solar wind — Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs)
Adolescent family predictors of substance use during early adulthood: A theoretical model

Abstract One hundred and three subjects and their mothers were assessed at three points during adolescence and young adulthood in a longitudinal examination of the predictive and mediational relationships between family variables and substance abuse. Latent variable path analysis with partial least-squares estimation procedures (LVPLS) was utilized to test a theoretical model including constructs of family structure, family environment (maternal depressive mood and interparental conflict), mother/adolescent dynamics (mother/adolescent supportive relationship and maternal control), and substance abuse (problematic alcohol use and marijunana/hard drug use). Higher levels of interparental conflict were consistently related to poorer quality of the mother/adolescent relationship and stricter maternal control. As hypothesized, family environment variables mediated the impact of family structure, and mother/adolescent dynamics variables mediated the impact of the family environment. Results revealed notable differences between the trajectories for males and females, as well as between different types of substance abuse. Implications for substance abuse prevention efforts are discussed.
Poly(aryl ether amide)s

A general method for the preparation of poly(aryl ether amide)s has been developed where the generation of an aryl ether linkage is the polymer-forming reaction. The amide linkage was found to be sufficiently electron-withdrawing to activate halo-substituents towards nucleophilic aromatic substitution analogous to conventional activating groups (i.e., sulfone, ketone, etc.). Model reactions demonstrated that the amide-activated displacement occurred with high selectivity in near quantitative yield and was judged suitable as a polymer-forming reaction. Appropriately fluoro-substituted amides were prepared and subjected to displacement polymerization with bisphenoxides in a N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP) solvent mixture. High molecular weight polymers with glass transition temperatures in the 200–225°C range were obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Closed chest catheter ablation of an accessory pathway in a patient with permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia

This report describes a 23 year old woman with a lifelong history of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic medications who was successfully treated with closed chest, transvenous selective ablation of a posteroseptal bypass tract. Two 100 J (stored) direct-current shocks were delivered to the region of the os of the coronary sinus using a quadripolar catheter positioned in the coronary sinus. At a 2 month follow-up interval, the patient is asymptomatic without recurrence of the tachycardia. It is concluded that in patients with permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, selective catheter ablation of a posteroseptal accessory pathway is a feasible alternative to a difficult pharmacologic regimen or to ablative surgery.
Olfactory perceptual stability and discrimination

No two roses smell exactly alike, but our brain accurately bundles these variations into a single percept 'rose'. We found that ensembles of rat olfactory bulb neurons decorrelate complex mixtures that vary by as little as a single missing component, whereas olfactory (piriform) cortical neural ensembles perform pattern completion in response to an absent component, essentially filling in the missing information and allowing perceptual stability. This piriform cortical ensemble activity predicts olfactory perception.
Photoacoustic detection of circular dichroism

Abstract An analysis is presented for an experimental technique involving the measurement of circular dichroism using polarization-modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy. The technique is referred to as photoacoustic circular dichroism (PACD). In the PACD experiment, a photoacoustic signal is induced by using polarization-modulated excitation light which is alternately left-and right-circularly polarized. Expression appropriate for analyzing the PACD experimental observables (signal strength and phase) in terms of sample circular dichroism are developed within the general framework of the Rosencwaig and Gersho model for the photoacoustic effect in solids and liquids. Calculations based on these expressions are reported and the applicability of PACD for measuring the circular dichronic properties of optically opaque samples is discussed.
Effect of dose on phenytoin absorption

To determine the effect of dose on phenytoin bioavailability, a single intravenous 15-mg/kg dose, single oral doses of 400, 800, and 1,600 mg, and 1,600 mg in divided doses (400 mg every 3 hr) were given to six healthy male subjects. Values of Vmax (maximum elimination rate) and Km (serum concentration at which rate of elimination is one half the maximum rate) from the intravenous dose were used to determine the extent of absorption. Although no statistically significant difference in extent of phenytoin absorption was detected, the time to reach maximum phenytoin serum concentrations increased from 8.4 hr for the 400-mg dose and 13.2 hr for the 800-mg dose to 31.5 hr for the 1,600-mg dose. After the 400, 800, and 1,600-mg doses and 1,600-mg divided doses, the serum concentration peaks were 3,9, 5.7, 10.7, and 15.3 mg/l. It is suggested that the prolonged, but complete, absorption of large phenytoin doses is due to slow dissolution and continued absorption from the colon. Due to prolonged absorption of phenytoin, it may be necessary to use larger oral than intravenous loading doses to achieve the same maximum phenytoin serum concentrations.
Automating parallel simulation using parallel time streams

This paper describes a package for parallel steady-state stochastic simulation that was designed to overcome problems caused by long simulation times experienced in our ongoing research in performance evaluation of high-speed and integrated-services communication networks, while maintaining basic statistical rigors of proper analysis of simulation output data. The package, named AKAROA, accepts ordinary (nonparallel) simulation programs, and alll further stages of stochastic simulation should be transparent for users. The package employs a new method of sequential estimation for the Multiple-Replications-in-Parallel scenario. All basic functions, including the transformation of originally nonparallel simulators into ones suitable for parallel execution, control of the precision of estimates, and stopping of parallel simulation processes when the required precision of the overall steady-state estimates is achieved, are automated. The package can be used on multiprocessor systems and/or heterogeneous computer networks, involving an arbitrary number of processors. The design issues, architecture, and implementation of AKAROA, as well as the results of its preliminary performance studies are presented
The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives

This book uses the formerly secret Soviet state and Communist Party archives to describe the creation and operations of the Soviet administrative command system. It concludes that the system failed not because of the 'jockey'(i.e. Stalin and later leaders) but because of the 'horse' (the economic system). Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship. The core values of the Bolshevik Party dictated the choice of the administrative command system, and the system dictated the political victory of a Stalin-like figure. This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system - poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. - but also focuses on the basic principal-agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.
Isolation and characterization of the estrogen receptor in hen oviduct: evidence for two molecular species.

Isolation of the estrogen receptor was undertaken for comparison with the progesterone receptor with respect to seasonal variations in receptor level and function and the specificity of nuclear binding sites in the hen oviduct. The estrogen receptor in the chick and hen oviduct has been only partially characterized, with conflicting or incomplete information on its properties. We have isolated a binding protein and have partially purified it by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The binding protein displays a single, high affinity class of sites (Kd ∼ 10-10 M) with a low capacity (35 fmol/mg protein) for 17β-estradiol, shows a marked specificity for estrogenic compounds, and is tissue specific. The protein sediments at approximately 8S in low salt and at approximately 4S in high salt conditions. The protein elutes from molecular sieve chromatography (agarose- 0.5 m) in high salt conditions (0.3 M KC1) in a molecular weight range of approximately 60,000. DEAE chromatography and isoelectric focusing suggest th...
Distributed Feedback Acoustic Surface Wave Oscillator (Letters)

The application of the distributed feedback concept to generate acoustic surface waves is discussed. It is shown that surface corrugation of the piezoelectric boundary in a semiconductor-piezoelectric surface acoustic wave amplifier could lead to self-sustained oscillation.
Taking Type‐B Materialism Seriously

: Type-B materialism is the thesis that though phenomenal states are necessarily identical with physical states, phenomenal concepts have no a priori connections to physical or functional concepts. Though type-B materialists have invoked this conceptual independence to counter a number of well-known arguments against physicalism (e.g. the conceivability of zombies, the ignorance of Mary, the existence of an ‘explanatory gap’), anti-physicalists have raised objections to this strategy. My aim here is to defend type-B materialism against these objections, by arguing that they share the common problem of not taking the central features of the view sufficiently seriously. However, I will end by noting that type-B materialism raises other questions, and suggesting that what stands in the way of an adequate naturalistic account of phenomenal states may be the propensity to take type-B materialism more seriously than it deserves.
Evaluation of a remote training approach for teaching seniors to use a telehealth system.

Abstract Objective There has been a growth of home healthcare technology in rural areas. However, a significant limitation has been the need for costly and repetitive training in order for patients to efficiently use their home telemedicine unit (HTU). This research describes the evaluation of an architecture for remote training of patients in a telemedicine environment. This work examines the viability of a remote training architecture called REmote Patient Education in a Telemedicine Environment (REPETE). REPETE was implemented and evaluated in the context of the IDEATel project, a large-scale telemedicine project, focusing on Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes in New York State. Methods A number of qualitative and quantitative evaluation tools were developed and used to study the effectiveness of the remote training sessions evaluating: (a) task complexity, (b) changes in patient performance and (c) the communication between trainer and patient. Specifically, the effectiveness of the training was evaluated using a measure of web skills competency, a user satisfaction survey, a cognitive task analysis and an interaction analysis. Results Patients not only reported that the training was beneficial, but also showed significant improvements in their ability to effectively perform tasks. Our qualitative evaluations scrutinizing the interaction between the trainer and patient showed that while there was a learning curve for both the patient and trainer when negotiating the shared workspace, the mutually visible pointer used in REPETE enhanced the computer-mediated instruction. Conclusions REPETE is an effective remote training tool for older adults in the telemedicine environment. Patients demonstrated significant improvements in their ability to perform tasks on their home telemedicine unit.
Dynamic Emission of Dislocations From a Moving Crack

Etude, par simulation sur ordinateur, de l'emission de dislocations a partir d'une fissure se propageant dans les modes II ou III
Alkaline phosphatase from Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase was partly purified from Phycomyces blakesleeanus . The enzyme has a K m of 0.27 m M with p -nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate at 30°C and at its pH optimum of 8.0–8.5. It requires Mg 2+ and another divalent metal ion such as zinc for activity since EDTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline nearly abolished activity. Inorganic phosphate and tetramisole inhibited phosphatase activity. Tetramisole also greatly increased the total protein content and the level of β-carotene in the sporangiophore. A molecular mass of 63, 000 Da was determined for alkaline phosphatase on Sephacryl S-200. No indications of a second phosphatase activity appeared on a pH profile, on an Eadie-Hofstee plot, on an Arrhenius plot, or in the kinetics of temperature inactivation. Sporangiophores had high specific activity of the enzyme, while mycelia had less than 2% of that specific activity. However, most of the difference is due to lower total protein concentration in the sporangiophore. Alkaline phosphatase was not secreted into the medium.
Lisuride hydrogen maleate: An ergoline with β-adrenergic antagonist activity

Lisuride hydrogen maleate is identified as a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist using a hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system and [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding in cell free homogenates of rabbit cerebellum. Lisuride and two other ergolines, lergotrile and bromocriptine, and the phenothiazine, fluphenazine, all interact with spiroperidol binding sites (dopamine receptors) in the anterior pituitary; however, among these compounds lisuride is unique in its ability to antagonize the beta-adrenoceptor.
Rarefaction and nonrandom spatial dispersion patterns

Rarefaction estimates how many species are expected in a random sample of individuals from a larger collection and allows meaningful comparisons among collections of different sizes. It assumes random spatial dispersion. However, two common dispersion patterns, within-species clumping and segregation among species, can cause rarefaction to overestimate the species richness of a smaller continuous area. We use field studies and computer simulations to determine (1) how robust rarefaction is to nonrandom spatial dispersion and (2) whether simple measures of spatial autocorrelation can predict the bias in rarefaction estimates. Rarefaction does not estimate species richness accurately for many communities, especially at small sample sizes. Measures of spatial autocorrelation of the more abundant species do not reliably predict amount of bias. Survey sites should be standardized to equal-sized areas before sampling. When sites are of equal area but differ in number of individuals sampled, rarefaction can standardize collections. When communities are sampled from different-sized areas, the mean and confidence intervals of species accumulation curves allow more meaningful comparisons among sites.