cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptors in human mammary carcinoma using antibodies to the receptor protein

Abstract An immunofluorescent method has been developed for localizing estrogen receptors (ER) in frozen sections of human breast cancer biopsies which utilizes the biochemically well-characterized antibodies to the cytoplasmic ER of human breast cancer produced in rabbits. Frozen sections of sixteen breast cancer biopsies, in which the receptor content has been quantified using dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC technique), were used to study the localization of ER. Two aspects of ER detection, namely “estrogen-binding” and ability to react with the homologous antibodies, have been analyzed and the results compared with those of DCC technique. Fluorescent labelled estrogen method (F.E 2 ) of Pertschuk was utilized to detect the distribution of estrogen binding proteins and the indirect immunofluorescent (IM-AR) method using anti-receptor antibodies to assess the antigenic sites of the receptor protein. In addition to the comparison of the results of three techniques, DCC, IM-AR and F.E 2 , for ER detection, a procedure for processing the frozen sections, which enables the study of estrogen binding characteristic as well as the antigenic reactivity of the receptor molecules, is described.
A model for the interaction between stars and gas in the interstellar medium

A model for the ISM is considered in which stars lose mass and heat the gas while the gas can form into stars. Three scale-free models are calculated, and in each case the star formation instability leads to a network of dense filaments that surround hotter, more rarefied gas, all of which are close to pressure equilibrium. Depending upon the star formation and cooling laws adopted, the stars are located either in the middle of a bubble or along the inside edge of a dense filament. When a model for the ISM with a cooling curve appropriate for gas of cosmic abundance and a star formation rate proportional to the local gas density is used, the star formation instability is found to grow at temperatures below about 10,000 K. A network structure develops in which most of the mass is in neutral filaments. Newly formed stars lie adjacent to the filaments and create pressure forces that lead to filament motion.
Doing something about the weather

Abstract Recent developments in weather forecasting have created the potential for the operations research and management science (OR/MS) community to have a tremendous impact in distilling weather information into valuable decision tools. Weather-sensitive applications include transport, electric utilities, agriculture, and public emergency management. This article surveys existing research and practice using OR/MS tools to integrate weather forecasts in decision-making. Because the conditions that created the potential for OR/MS contributions—in particular an explosion in the amount of relevant forecast data—are quite recent, the amount of existing OR/MS work is modest. This article also describes promising but unexplored research opportunities for the OR/MS community.
The role of hydrogen bonding in water–metal interactions

The hydrogen bond interaction between water molecules adsorbed on a Pd surface, a nucleator of two dimensional ordered water arrays at low temperatures, is studied using density functional theory calculations. The role of the exchange and correlation density functional in the characterization of both the hydrogen bond and the water-metal interaction is analyzed in detail. The effect of non local correlations using the van der Waals density functional proposed by Dion et al. [M. Dion, H. Rydberg, E. Schroder, D. C. Langreth and B. I. Lundqvist, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92, 246401] is also studied. We conclude that the choice of this potential is critical in determining the cohesive energy of water-metal complexes. We show that the interaction between water molecules and the metal surface is as sensitive to the density functional choice as hydrogen bonds between water molecules are. The reason for this is that the two interactions are very similar in nature. We make a detailed analogy between the water-water bond in the water dimer and the water-Pd bond at the Pd surface. Our results show a strong similarity between these two interactions and based on this we describe the water-Pd bond as a hydrogen bond type interaction. These results demonstrate the need to obtain an accurate and reliable representation of the hydrogen bond interaction in density functional theory.
A class of perverse sheaves on a partial flag manifold

We introduce a class of perverse sheaves on a partial flag manifold of a connected reductive group G defined over a finite field which are equivariant under the action of the group of rational points of G. The definition of this class is similar to the definition of parabolic character sheaves.
A theory for the reversed flow in a laminar separation bubble

Using a method of successive inertial approximation. analytical expressions for the reversed flow within a 2-D laminar separation bubble are developed in a form suitable for coupling with an interactive viscous flow code that treats the upper non-reversed flow. Good agreement is shown with Briley's exact Navier Stokes solution for separation. Other bubble flow problems which contain more challenging pressure plateau regions are analyzed as well. including the accuracy of the so called FLARE approximation.
A hierarchy of equivalences for asynchronous calculi

Abstract We generate a natural hierarchy of equivalences for asynchronous name-passing process calculi from simple variations on Milner and Sangiorgi's definition of weak barbed bisimulation. The π -calculus, used here, and the join calculus are examples of such calculi. We prove that barbed congruence coincides with Honda and Yoshida's reduction equivalence, and with asynchronous labeled bisimulation when the calculus includes name matching, thus closing those two conjectures. We also show that barbed congruence is coarser when only one barb is tested. For the π -calculus, it becomes a limit bisimulation, whereas for the join calculus, it coincides with both fair testing equivalence and with the weak barbed version of Sjodin and Parrow's coupled simulation.
Vortex strings and four-dimensional gauge dynamics

We study the low-energy quantum dynamics of vortex strings in the Higgs phase of = 2 supersymmetric QCD. The exact BPS spectrum of the stretched string is shown to coincide with the BPS spectrum of the four-dimensional parent gauge theory. Perturbative string excitations correspond to bound W-bosons and quarks while the monopoles appear as kinks on the vortex string. This provides a physical explanation for an observation by N. Dorey relating the quantum spectra of theories in two and four dimensions.
BQP and the polynomial hierarchy

The relationship between BQP and PH has been an open problem since the earliest days of quantum computing. We present evidence that quantum computers can solve problems outside the entire polynomial hierarchy, by relating this question to topics in circuit complexity, pseudorandomness, and Fourier analysis.First, we show that there exists an oracle relation problem (i.e., a problem with many valid outputs) that is solvable in BQP, but not in PH. This also yields a non-oracle relation problem that is solvable in quantum logarithmic time, but not in AC0.Second, we show that an oracle decision problem separating BQP from PH would follow from the Generalized Linial-Nisan Conjecture, which we formulate here and which is likely of independent interest. The original Linial-Nisan Conjecture (about pseudorandomness against constant-depth circuits) was recently proved by Braverman, after being open for twenty years.
Recent advances in false memory research

In the last few years, substantial gains have been made in our understanding of human memory errors and the phenomenon of false memory, wherein individuals remember entire events that did not happen at all. Research had established that false memories can be consequential and emotional, that they can last for long periods of time, and that they are not merely the product of demand characteristics or the recovery of extant but hidden memories. These recent advances are discussed as extensions of earlier foundational research.
Constraining Orbital Parameters through Planetary Transit Monitoring

The orbital parameters of extrasolar planets have a significant impact on the probability that the planet will transit the host star. This was recently demonstrated by the transit detection of HD 17156b, whose favorable eccentricity and argument of periastron dramatically increased its transit likelihood. We present a study which provides a quantitative analysis of how these two orbital parameters affect the geometric transit probability as a function of period. Furthermore, we apply these results to known radial velocity planets and show that there are unexpectedly high transit probabilities for planets at relatively long periods. For a photometric monitoring campaign which aims to determine whether the planet indeed transits, we calculate the expected transiting planet yield and the significance of a potential null result, as well as the subsequent constraints that may be applied to orbital parameters.
A Double-lined Spectroscopic Orbit for the Young Star HD 34700

We report high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the young star HD 34700, which confirm it to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary. We derive an accurate orbital solution with a period of 23.4877 ± 0.0013 days and an eccentricity of e = 0.2501 ± 0.0068. The stars are found to be of similar mass (M2/M1 = 0.987 ± 0.014) and luminosity. We derive also the effective temperatures (5900 and 5800 K) and projected rotational velocities (28 and 22 km s-1) of the components. These values of v sin i are much higher than expected for main-sequence stars of similar spectral type (G0) and are not due to tidal synchronization. We also discuss the indicators of youth available for the object. Although there is considerable evidence that the system is young—strong infrared excess, X-ray emission, Li I λ6708 absorption (0.17 A equivalent width), Hα emission (~0.6 A), rapid rotation—the precise age cannot yet be established because the distance is unknown.
Development of algorithms for on-focal plane gamma circumvention and time delay integration

Algorithms are described for ordering, averaging, and spike adaptive non-linear gamma circumvention. These algorithms take advantage of the nominally matched-insignal and position-correlated samples from the detectors of the time delay integration (TDI) chain of a scanning sensor. The effects of averaging and median (ordering) filtering on Gaussian noise and Gaussian plus gamma noise are presented along with the requirement for additional post filtering for these algorithms. Monte Carlo techniques are used to predict the performance of the various circumvention algorithms for both endoatmospheric and exoatmospheric applications. Finally, selected gamma circumvention algorithms suitable for on-focal plane mechanization using large scale integration (LSI) technology are presented.
NMR SPIN-SPIN RELAXATION AS KINETICS IN SPIN PHASE SPACE

A new approach is presented that treats NMR spin-spin relaxation as kinetics in spin phase space. The approach is applied to free induction decay (FID) in solids containing equivalent nuclear spins 1/2 . The description obtained does not involve adjustable parameters. As an example, the calculation is performed for {sup 19}F FID in CaF{sub 2} , and the results are in good agreement with experiment. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Deriving public sector preferences

Abstract Many analyses of the public sector use preferences which are defined on public sector allocations. We relate these preferences to the primitive preferences defined on the consumption space. Many properties of consumption preferences are inherited by derived public sector preferences but not all. We also question whether public sector preferences can be independent of prices with a negative conclusion. Also different definitions of derived public sector preferences are related.
PRESSURE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SPHERICAL CELLULAR MODEL AND THE THOMAS-FERMI MODEL

The widely used Thomas Fermi model always produces pressure which is less than or equal to that of the ideal Fermi gas. On the other hand the spherical cellular model, in certain regions of the temperature-density plane, can produce pressures which are greater than that of the ideal gas. This phenomenon is investigated.
LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF CENTRALLY LOCATED LOW-GRADE GLIOMA IN CHILDREN

BACKGROUND: Optimal management of children with centrally located low-grade glioma (LGG) is unclear. A better understanding of the inherent risk factors along with the effects of interventions on long-term outcome can lead to reassessment of the current approaches to minimize long-term morbidity. Our goal was to reassess the current treatment strategies to gain a better understanding of the benefits and risks of different treatment approaches. A secondary goal was to determine whether BRAF-KIAA1549 (B-K) fusion is associated with a better PFS. METHODS: To reassess the current treatment strategies of centrally located LGG, we compared the long-term survival and morbidity of different treatment regimens. Medical records of patients primarily treated at Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine between 1987 and 2008 were reviewed. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for B-Kfusion/duplication was performed. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients with a median follow-up of 79 months were included in the analysis. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for all patients were 96% and 53%, respectively. The 5 year PFS for those treated initially with RT (12 patients, median age 11 years, range 3-15) and with chemotherapy (28 patients, median age 2 years, range 0-8) were 76% and 37%, respectively (log-rank test p = 0.02). Among children who progressed after chemotherapy, the 5-year PFS after salvage RT was 55%. Patients diagnosed at a younger age (<5yrs) were more likely to experience endocrine abnormalities (Fisher's Exact test, p < 0.00001). In 27 patients with qualified tissue sample, risk of progression is nearly 3 times higher with presence of B-K fusion/duplication compared to the absence of B-K fusion/duplication (HR 2.95, 95% CI: 0.83-10.51). CONCLUSIONS: Effective and durable tumor control was obtained with RT as initial treatment. In younger patients, chemotherapy can delay the use of RT; however, frequent progression and long-term morbidity are common. More effective and less toxic therapies are required in these patients, the majority of whom are long-term survivors. Our cohort confirmed the previous report of frequent B-K fusion in pilocytic astrocytoma, but did not find any significant association between this fusion and clinical outcomes. Molecular-targeting therapeutics for B-K fusion specifically or MAPK pathway are promising future treatment with potentially less toxic effect. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Clinical Neuro-Oncology.
Preliminary Investigation of Flight Loads of Single-Engine Air Tankers

Operational data recorded from five agricultural aircraft are used to compare their flight loads. Four of the airframes were used as single-engine air tankers, whereas the fifth was flown exclusively for agricultural applications. The data collectively consisted of 454 h of flight time from firefighting and 100 h from the agricultural operation. Gust and maneuver vertical load factors are separated using the two-second rule, and their cumulative occurrences are presented per 1000 h. The flight load spectra are presented for the overall flight and for individual phases. Gust loads are shown to behave similarly for all missions. Air tankers are shown to be subject to a large load factor during the drop phase, which occurs once or twice per flight. In the case of agricultural missions, the positive load factors do not reach very high values but occur at much larger frequencies. It is also shown that the load factor alone is not a sufficient indicator of the stresses exerted on the structure due to the large ...
Multiplicativity of Completely Bounded p-Norms Implies a New Additivity Result

We prove additivity of the minimal conditional entropy associated with a quantum channel Φ, represented by a completely positive (CP), trace-preserving map, when the infimum of S(γ12) − S(γ1) is restricted to states of the form \((\mathcal{I} \otimes \Phi)\left( | \psi \rangle \langle \psi | \right)\). We show that this follows from multiplicativity of the completely bounded norm of Φ considered as a map from L1 → Lp for Lp spaces defined by the Schatten p-norm on matrices, and give another proof based on entropy inequalities. Several related multiplicativity results are discussed and proved. In particular, we show that both the usual L1 → Lp norm of a CP map and the corresponding completely bounded norm are achieved for positive semi-definite matrices. Physical interpretations are considered, and a new proof of strong subadditivity is presented.
A High Angular Resolution Search for the Progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2004gt

We report the results of a high spatial resolution search for the progenitor of Type Ic supernova SN 2004gt, using the newly commissioned Keck laser guide star adaptive optics (LGSAO) system along with archival Hubble Space Telescope data. This is the deepest search yet performed for the progenitor of any Type Ib/c event in a wide wavelength range stretching from the far-UV to the near-IR. We determine that the progenitor of SN 2004gt was most likely less luminous than MV = -5.5 mag and MB = -6.5 mag. The massive stars exploding as hydrogen-deficient core-collapse supernovae should have lost their outer hydrogen envelopes prior to their explosion, either through winds—such stars are identified within our Galaxy as Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars—or to a binary companion. The luminosity limits we set rule out more than half of the known Galactic W-R stars as possible progenitors of this event. In particular, they imply that a W-R progenitor should have been among the more evolved (highly stripped, less luminous) of these stars, a concrete constraint on its evolutionary state just prior to core collapse. The possibility of a less luminous, lower mass binary progenitor cannot be constrained. This study demonstrates the power of LGS observations in furthering our understanding of core collapse and the physics powering supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and X-ray flashes.
Methanol and C2 oxygenate synthesis over cesium doped Cu/ZnO and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts: a study of selectivity and 13C incorporation patterns

Cesium formate significantly promotes methanol and C2 oxygenate (methyl formate MF and ethanol EtOH) synthesis over the CuZnO catalyst. 13C NMR analysis of the product obtained from 13CH3OH and 12COH2 shows that MF is formed by direct carbonylation of methanol and EtOH is formed by coupling of oxygenated C1 intermediates originating from methanol. The C1 coupling mechanism overrides various CO insertion paths to ethanol over the present Cs/Cu/ZnO catalyst. The kinetic significance of C1 aldehydic species such as adsorbed formyl and formaldehyde is supported by experimental evidence and theoretical calculations.
Unravelling Temporal Variability in Saturn's Spiral Density Waves: Results and Predictions

We describe a model that accounts for the complex morphology of spiral density waves raised in Saturn's rings by the co-orbital satellites, Janus and Epimetheus. Our model may be corroborated by future Cassini observations of these time-variable wave patterns.
Increasing the efficiency of precise genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 by inhibition of nonhomologous end joining

Methods to introduce targeted double-strand breaks (DSBs) into DNA enable precise genome editing by increasing the rate at which externally supplied DNA fragments are incorporated into the genome through homologous recombination. The efficiency of these methods is limited by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), an alternative DNA repair pathway that competes with homology-directed repair (HDR). To promote HDR at the expense of NHEJ, we targeted DNA ligase IV, a key enzyme in the NHEJ pathway, using the inhibitor Scr7. Scr7 treatment increased the efficiency of HDR-mediated genome editing, using Cas9 in mammalian cell lines and in mice for all four genes examined, up to 19-fold. This approach should be applicable to other customizable endonucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and to nonmammalian cells with sufficiently conserved mechanisms of NHEJ and HDR.
Open aspherical manifolds not covered by the Euclidean space

We show that any open aspherical manifold of dimension n>3 is tangentially homotopy equivalent to an n-manifold whose universal cover is not homeomorphic to the Euclidean space.
Determination of average ground reflectivity for solar collectors

An analytical method has been developed for the determination of average ground reflectivites for solar collectors and has been successfully applied to 12 representative winter landscapes. This method allows consideration of a wide variety of landscapes, independent of season, and rests on an analytical basis not existing in previous methods. An average ground reflectivity of 0.6 to 0.7 is accurate for most rural landscapes in winter where snow cover is predominant. (WDM)
Magnetic Fields in Population III Star Formation

We study the buildup of magnetic fields during the formation of Population III star-forming regions by conducting cosmological simulations from realistic initial conditions and varying the Jeans resolution. To investigate this in detail, we start simulations from identical initial conditions, mandating 16, 32, and 64?zones per Jeans length, and study the variation in their magnetic field amplification. We find that, while compression results in some amplification, turbulent velocity fluctuations driven by the collapse can further amplify an initially weak seed field via dynamo action, provided there is sufficient numerical resolution to capture vortical motions (we find this requirement to be 64 zones per Jeans length, slightly larger than but consistent with previous work run with more idealized collapse scenarios). We explore saturation of amplification of the magnetic field, which could potentially become dynamically important in subsequent, fully resolved calculations. We have also identified a relatively surprising phenomenon that is purely hydrodynamic: the higher-resolved simulations possess substantially different characteristics, including higher infall velocity, increased temperatures inside 1000?AU, and decreased molecular hydrogen content in the innermost region. Furthermore, we find that disk formation is suppressed in higher-resolution calculations, at least at the times that we can follow the calculation. We discuss the effect this may have on the buildup of disks over the accretion history of the first clump to form as well as the potential for gravitational instabilities to develop and induce fragmentation.
The Isotopic Abundances of Magnesium in Stars

Isotopic abundance ratios 24Mg : 25Mg : 26Mg are derived for 20 stars from high-resolution spectra of the MgH A-X 0-0 band at 5140 A. With the exception of the weak G-band giant HR 1299, the stars are dwarfs that sample the metallicity range -1.8 < [Fe/H] < 0.0. The abundance of 25Mg and 26Mg relative to the dominant isotope 24Mg decreases with decreasing [Fe/H] in fair accord with predictions from a recent model of Galactic chemical evolution in which the Mg isotopes are synthesized by massive stars. Several stars appear especially enriched in the heavier Mg isotopes, suggesting contamination by material from the envelopes of intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch stars.
Sparsifying the Fisher linear discriminant by rotation

Many high dimensional classification techniques have been proposed in the literature based on sparse linear discriminant analysis (LDA). To efficiently use them, sparsity of linear classifiers is a prerequisite. However, this might not be readily available in many applications, and rotations of data are required to create the needed sparsity. In this paper, we propose a family of rotations to create the required sparsity. The basic idea is to use the principal components of the sample covariance matrix of the pooled samples and its variants to rotate the data first and to then apply an existing high dimensional classifier. This rotate-and-solve procedure can be combined with any existing classifiers, and is robust against the sparsity level of the true model. We show that these rotations do create the sparsity needed for high dimensional classifications and provide theoretical understanding why such a rotation works empirically. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a number of simulated and real data examples, and the improvements of our method over some popular high dimensional classification rules are clearly shown.
Integrating Public Health–Oriented e-Learning Into Graduate Medical Education

Objectives. In fall 2008, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene collaborated with Albert Einstein College of Medicine residency program directors to assess the effectiveness of an e-learning course on accurate death certificate completion among resident physicians.Methods. We invited postgraduate year 1 and 2 (PGY1 and PGY2) residents (n = 227) to participate and administered a pretest, e-learning module, posttest, and course evaluation to PGY1 residents; PGY2 residents completed a pretest and survey only.Results. In all, 142 residents (63%) participated. The average pretest scores for PGY2 residents (61%) and PGY1 residents (59%) were not significantly different. The PGY1 residents’ average test score increased significantly after taking the e-learning module (59% vs 72%; P < .01). The participants rated course length, delivery method, and utility highly.Conclusions. Results suggest that e-learning can effectively integrate public health–oriented training into clinical residency programs.
The Primacy of Premodern History

The study of premodern history would greatly improve our understanding of current and future strategic challenges. Premodern international relations, in fact, have certain characteristics that are reappearing in our times. I underline three such features: the presence of non-state actors, the pursuit of nonmaterial objectives, and the difficulty of diplomacy and deterrence. As a result, international relations were often characterized by conflicts “below the military horizon,” timeless violent confrontations rather than wars. The paper concludes with an analysis of current trends that are bringing back some of these premodern traits and suggests several hypotheses for further research.
Central Proper-Motion Kinematics of NGC 6752*

We present proper motions derived from Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) imaging for stars in the core of the peculiar globular cluster NGC 6752. The central velocity dispersion in both components of the proper motion is 12 km s-1. We discuss the implications of this result, as well as the intrinsic difficulties in making such measurements. We also give an alternative correction for the 34-row problem in the WFPC2 CCDs.
Response of Two Nuclear Power Plant Valves to Dynamic Excitation

To formulate more suitable testing criteria for safety-related equipment in nuclear power plants, new investigations of equipment behavior under dynamic loading are required. Currently used guidelines and their applicability are summarized and several major problems to be solved by new investigations are described. Experimental and analytical studies conducted on two typical valves exemplify the type of investigation required. Finite element models of the valves were used to determine the dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The experimental measurements were analyzed by the introduction of suitable dimensionless response parameters and appropriate excitation intensity measures that clearly indicate the presence of nonlinear response phenomena. Some guidelines are given for the qualifications testing of similar equipment and some areas of concern are pointed out. 5 refs.
Synthesis and stabilization-advances in organoalkaline earth metal chemistry.

The last decade has seen an impressive growth in alkaline earth metal chemistry, with applications ranging from synthetic organic and polymer chemistry to materials science. As a consequence, alkaline earth metal chemistry has made a leap from obscurity into the spotlight of modern organometallic chemistry. Much of this rapid development was made possible by the establishment of novel synthetic procedures that allowed facile access to the target compounds, as many conventional synthetic routes posed and continue to pose significant limitations. Novel approaches have allowed the preparation of a multitude of compounds, initiating progress not thought possible just five years ago. Examination of the new compounds delineates several factors responsible for their structure and function. Key elements in the coordination, aggregation behavior, and reactivity of these systems have been linked to secondary interactions, including M–Cπ, M–Nπ, M–F, and M–H(agostic) interactions. This feature article will provide a very brief overview of established synthetic procedures, including a brief discussion on specific shortcomings. This will be followed by a detailed presentation of novel methodologies that are the core of the rapid development of alkaline earth metal chemistry. The second part of the article will be concerned with the analysis of various secondary interactions and their role in the further development of this rapidly emerging field of chemistry.
Slice knots which bound punctured Klein bottles

We investigate the properties of knots in S 3 which bound punctured Klein bottles, such that a pushoff of the knot has zero linking number with the knot, ie has zero framing. This is motivated by the many results in the literature regarding slice knots of genus one, for example, the existence of homologically essential zero self-linking simple closed curves on genus one Seifert surfaces for algebraically slice knots. Given a knot K bounding a punctured Klein bottle F with zero framing, we show that J , the core of the orientation preserving band in any disk‐band form of F , has zero self-linking. We prove that such a K is slice in a Z 1 ‐homology B 4 if and only if J is as well, a stronger result than what is currently known for genus one slice knots. As an application, we prove that given knots K and J and any odd integer p , the .2;p/‐cables of K and J are Z 1 ‐concordant if and only if K and J are Z 1 ‐concordant. In particular, if the .2;1/‐cable of a knot K is slice, K is slice in a Z 1 ‐homology ball.
A Numerical Modeling Study of the Upwelling Source Waters along the Oregon Coast during 2005

Abstract Regional ocean circulation along the Oregon coast is studied numerically for forcing fields derived from year 2005 and climatological-mean conditions. The primary object is to study directly the Lagrangian pathways by which fluid arrives in the Oregon upwelling zone. Roughly half of the upwelling fluid is found to arrive in the regional domain from alongshelf source points, primarily north but also south of the Oregon upwelling zone, while the other half ultimately arrives from points offshore and west of the zone. For both the year 2005 and the climatological simulations, different regimes of dominant alongshelf source waters are found, with Cape Blanco being a dividing point for northern versus southern sources, and with the water parcels coming primarily from depths below 100 m. For the offshore sources, most upwelling fluid originates from depths between 150 and 250 m during 2005, but from within the upper 150 m for the climatological simulations. In both cases there are specific regions alon...
On Opportunity Inequality Measurement

Abstract I study the problem of ranking distributions of opportunity sets on the basis of equality. The analysis begins by developing alternative ways of formulating the notion of equalizing transfers in the context of opportunity distributions. It is readily observed that any such formulation must rely on agents' preferences over individual opportunity sets, and therefore, a theory of opportunity inequality measurement must be conditional upon the “social” opportunity set ranking one postulates. Unfortunately, the results make it clear that such a theory can be constructed only when one uses the cardinality ordering of Pattanaik and Xu (1990). More precisely put, I show that it is essentially impossible to extend Dalton's transfer principle to the context of opportunity distributions unless one is content with ranking the opportunity sets only on the basis of their cardinalities. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D31, D63, D71.
On Weak Chromatic Polynomials of Mixed Graphs

A mixed graph is a graph with directed edges, called arcs, and undirected edges. A k-coloring of the vertices is proper if colors from {1, 2, . . . , k} are assigned to each vertex such that u and v have different colors if uv is an edge, and the color of u is less than or equal to (resp. strictly less than) the color of v if uv is an arc. The weak (resp. strong) chromatic polynomial of a mixed graph counts the number of proper k-colorings. Using order polynomials of partially ordered sets, we establish a reciprocity theorem for weak chromatic polynomials giving interpretations of evaluations at negative integers.
The China-Taiwan ECFA, geopolitical dimensions and WTO law

This article examines legal and geopolitical aspects of the China-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA). It begins by analyzing areas in which the two governments’ measures contravene rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In particular, it provides the first detailed examination of the significant implications emerging from the ECFA for cross-straits trade relations and East Asian regionalism. The article also explains how the ECFA was modeled on free trade agreements (FTAs) of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and assesses the impact of the ECFA’s early harvest program. Finally, the article discusses the ECFA’s consistency with WTO requirements for an interim FTA agreement and potential legal issues arising from the dispute settlement mechanism. In this respect, the article presents a valuable case study of an FTA.
Fiscal dimensions of EMU

The issue of fiscal policy in a monetary union has once again become very topical, as the EU deadline for EMU approaches and as countries take seriously the need to meet the Maastricht fiscal criteria but are by no means certain to succeed in attaining them by the time a first decision on participation is made. Moreover, Germany has thrown open the issue of whether the fiscal criteria are adequate to ensure the needed discipline, and has proposed more ambitious targets and monetary sanctions for non-compliance with the 3 % deficit ceiling. In this paper, I shall discuss what I consider to be the three essential issues with respect to fiscal policy and EMU: (i) the debt and deficit criteria as conditions for qualifying for EMU membership; (2) the need for fiscal discipline and policy coordination in EMU, and the role of the criteria in achieving them; and (3) the desirability of, and prospects for, creating a supranational fiscal authority in the EU to accompany monetary union. Naturally, these three issues have already achieved considerable attention in the literature, and I will not be able to do justice to that literature by providing a proper survey. Instead, I will provide my own views and be selective in my discussion of those of others.
Landscape planning: A brief history of influential ideas

(2008). Landscape planning: A brief history of influential ideas. Journal of Landscape Architecture: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 68-74.
The Impact of Malaria Eradication on Fertility

AbstractThe malaria eradication campaign that started in Sri Lanka in the late 1940s virtually eliminated malaria transmission on the island. I use the preeradication differences in malaria endemicity within Sri Lanka to identify the effect of malaria eradication on fertility and child survival. Malaria eradication increased the number of live births through increasing age-specific fertility and causing an earlier first birth. The effect of malaria on the transition time to higher-order births is inconclusive. Malaria could directly or indirectly affect survival probabilities of live births. I exploit the particular epidemiology of malaria that causes more severe sequelae during an initial pregnancy. I find differential changes in survival probabilities by birth order that are most likely due to the direct in utero effects of malaria. The increase in population growth after malaria eradication reconciles the contradictory findings in the macroeconomic and microeconomic literatures: the increased productiv...
Robust mechanisms for risk-averse sellers

Abstract Most literature on optimal auctions focuses on optimizing for a risk-neutral seller. We consider risk-averse sellers in a setting of multi-unit auctions with unit-demand bidders. We seek utility-oblivious mechanisms that do not know about the seller's utility function, while still achieving constant factor approximations to the expected utility of the optimal mechanism tailored to the utility function. Our main results are natural hedging-based mechanisms that give such utility-oblivious approximations. Along the way we show that the optimal auction theory of Myerson (1981) extends to risk-averse sellers in the single-unit case, but not in the multi-unit case.
The recent excitement in high-density QCD*

Over the past few months, the theory of QCD at high density has been advanced considerably. It provides new perspectives on, and controlled realizations of, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking. Here I survey the recent developments, and suggest a few directions for future work.
Is There a Connection between Broad Absorption Line Quasars and Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies?

We consider whether broad absorption line quasars (BAL QSOs) and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are similar, as suggested by Brandt & Gallagher and Boroson. For this purpose, we constructed a sample of 11 BAL QSOs from existing Chandra and Swift observations. We found that BAL QSOs and NLS1s both operate at high Eddington ratios , although BAL QSOs have slightly lower . BAL QSOs and NLS1s in general have high Fe ii/Hβ and low [O iii]/Hβ ratios following the classic “Boroson & Green” eigenvector 1 relation. We also found that the mass accretion rates of BAL QSOs and NLS1s are more similar than previously thought, although some BAL QSOs exhibit extreme mass accretion rates of more than 10 yr−1. These extreme mass accretion rates may suggest that the black holes in BAL QSOs are relativistically spinning. Black hole masses in BAL QSOs are a factor of 100 larger than NLS1s. From their location on a plot, we find that BAL QSOs contain fully developed black holes. Applying a principal component analysis to our sample, we find eigenvector 1 to correspond to the Eddington ratio , and eigenvector 2 to black hole mass.
Oral contraceptives: an update.

Oral contraceptives are used by large numbers of reproductive-aged women across the world. Recent data examining cardiovascular risk indicates a persistent risk for venous thromboembolism among all oral contraceptive users. This risk is enhanced by the presence of hemostatic disorders such as factor V Leiden. Whether the progestins gestodene and desogestrel also affect the risk of venous thromboembolism is controversial. Ischemic stroke is rare among users unless they smoke or have hypertension. Similarly, there appears to be no increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke among oral contraceptive users who do not have these risk factors present. Myocardial infarction is rare among oral contraceptive users. However, cigarette smoking coupled with age acts synergistically to substantially increase the risk of this disorder among oral contraceptive users. There is a small increase in risk of breast cancer among oral contraceptive users, although the risk disappears about 10 years after the last use of these preparations. Successful use of oral contraceptives appears to be significantly affected by side effects, understanding of the package insert and time of pill taking. Since serious sequelae are uncommon, improved compliance may be the most important challenge towards improving the use of oral contraceptives for the future.
A pinching estimate for solutions of the linearized Ricci flow system on 3-manifolds

An important component of Hamilton’s program for the Ricci flow on compact 3-manifolds is the classification of singularities which form under the flow for certain initial metrics. In particular, Type I singularities, where the evolving metrics have curvatures whose maximums are inversely proportional to the time to blow-up, are modelled on the 3-sphere and the cylinder S × R and their quotients. On the other hand, Type II singularities (the complementary case) are much more difficult to understand. Despite this, it is known from the work of Hamilton that their singularity models are stationary solutions to the Ricci flow. This uses several techniques, including Harnack inequalities of Li-Yau-Hamilton type, the strong maximum principle for systems, dimension reduction, and the study of the geometry at infinity of noncompact stationary solutions (see§§1426 of [ H2].) In terms of Hamilton’s program, at least two obstacles remain: obtaining an injectivity radius estimate for Type II solutions and ruling out the so-called cigar soliton (the unique complete stationary solution on a surface with positive curvature) as the dimension reduction of a Type II singularity model. ∗Research partially supported by NSF grant DMS-9971891. 1In fact, Hamilton and Yau have announced informally that these are the only two obstacles and that they both would follow from obtaining a suitable differential matrix Harnack inequality of Li-Yau-Hamilton type for arbitrary solutions of the Ricci flow on compact 3manifolds. 2Added in proof: Very recently, Perelman [P1] has given a proof of the Little Loop Conjecture in all dimensions without curvature restriction. See also [P2] for some further developments.
Multi-lepton signals of the Higgs boson

The possibility of searching for the Higgs boson in channels with multiple non- resonant leptons is evaluated in light of recent advances in multi-lepton search techniques at the LHC. The total multi-lepton Higgs signal exceeds the four lepton gold-plated resonant mode, but is spread over many channels with same-sign di-lepton, tri-lepton, and four lepton nal states. While any individual channel alone is not signicant, the exclusive combination across multiple channels is shown to provide a sensitivity nearly comparable to other discovery level searches for the Higgs boson. We estimate that with 5 fb 1 of data, existing non-optimized multi-lepton searches at the LHC could exclude the Higgs boson to 95% CL at a few times the predicted Standard Model cross section in the mass range 120 150 GeV. Renements focused specically on the Higgs boson signal are suggested that would further increase sensitivity. We illustrate the possibility of discerning patterns in production and decay modes using correlations across multiple channels by comparing sensitivities to Standard Model, Fermi-phobic, and b-phobic Higgs bosons.
Publicity and the optimal punitive damage multiplier

When punitive damage awards create publicity, this could affect the behavior of uncompensated victims, which has implications for the optimal punitive damage multiplier. A new adjusted multiplier is derived that incorporates publicity into the analytical framework. Assuming that all victims receive uniform punitive awards, the result is a lower punitive multiplier relative to the standard result. The extent of the adjustment will depend on the likelihood of publicity, the strength of the publicity, and the number of victims. Plus, under certain litigation cost conditions, if courts allow heterogeneous punitive awards, then efficiency is improved relative to uniform awards.
The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of malignant skull base tumors.

, *. Purpose: To determine the efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of malignant skull base tumors. Methods and Materials: Thirty-two patients with 35 newly diagnosed or recurrent malignant skull base tumors 133.5 cm= were treated using the Leksell Gamma unit. Tumor histologies included: adenoid cystic carcinoma [12], basal cell carcinoma [l], chondrosarcoma [I], chordoma [8], nasopharyngeal carcinoma [3], osteogenic sarcoma [2], and squamous cell carcinoma [S]. Results: After a median follow-up of 2.3 years, 83% f 15 % (295 % confidence interval) of patients experienced a symptomatic response to treatment. Local control at the skull base was 95 f 9% at 2 years and 78 + 23% at 3 years. Local-regional control above the clavicles was 75 f 15% at 1 year and 51 + 20% at 2 years. Overall and cause specific survival were identical, 82 + 13% at 1 year, 76 + 14% at 2 years, and 72 f 16% at 3 years. One patient developed a radiation-induced optic neuropathy 12 months after radiosurgery. Conclusion: Stereotactic radiosurgery using the Leksell Gamma Unit can provide durable tumor control and symptomatic relief with acceptable toxicity in the majority of patients with malignant tumors 4 cm or less in size involving the skull base. Further evaluation of more patients with longer follow-up is warranted. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
An equitable, efficient and implementable scheme to control global carbon dioxide emissions

We design an international scheme to control global externalities in which autonomous regions choose their own emissions levels in anticipation of interregional resource transfers implemented by an international agency. This agency follows a proportional equity principle, which preserves the status-quo ratio of regional welfare levels. We show that it is individually rational for each region to participate in the proposed international scheme and that regional environmental authorities choose policies that fully internalize the global externality. Although based on an admittedly ideal scheme, these results are especially noteworthy in light of the call for various forms of transfers in international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol.
Measurement of Loop Gain with the Digital Modulator

A loop gain measurement technique for switching regulators using a digital modulator is introduced. While the conventional technique injects and measures the analog signals, the proposed digital modulator injects a digital perturbation and measures the resultant duty cycle modulation. Since the duty cycle signal, derived from all feedback loops, provides the ultimate control of a switching regulator, the loop gain defined at the duty cycle modulator is unique. Employing the digital modulator, this loop gain can be measured even with a switching regulator employing the current injected control. Furthermore, this new technique overcomes false measurement problems found in the conventional technique when the feedback signal at the point where the loop gain is measured contains a pulsating nature.