cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective [4+2] Cycloadditions of Vinylcarbenes with Dienes

The reaction of 2-siloxycyclo-1,3-dienes with E-vinyldiazoacetates in the presence of the bulky chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalyst, Rh2 (R-p-PhTPCP)4 results in an enantioselective [4+2] cycloaddition, in which three new stereogenic centers are formed. The [4+2] cycloadducts are generated as single diastereomers with high enantiocontrol (95-98 % ee). When the diene contains an additional stereogenic center, effective kinetic resolution can be achieved.
Concerning the queer refugee: Staceyann Chin’s transient performance:

Poet, performance artist, and activist, Staceyann Chin has created with her daughter Zuri an on-line “Living Room Protest” series. This work provides a focus to discuss the queer refugee and facili...
Airline Deregulation in the Fourth Circuit

The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals has decided a wide range of cases that pertain to aviation law, including accident litigation, airspace, airmen, airports, aircraft, antitrust, and criminal law. This Article focuses on decisions by the court relating to a particular aviation law, the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, and situates the court’s approach to the law among other jurisdictions.
Telehealth and dental specialties during COVID-19 pandemic

Dentistry involves very close contact with the patients while providing oral health care. During pandemics like COVID-19, teledentistry has enabled the oral health-care providers to incorporate telecommunication in dentistry to exchange clinical information and allow remote distance virtual consultations. The COVID-19 like pandemics is one of the reasons for inequities in oral health care. The use of technology and telecommunication can be used to bridge these inequities. This article reviews the challenges faced by oral health-care providers and patients, especially with intellectual and developmental disabilities during COVID-19 like pandemic. This article also reviews the utilization of teledentistry by different dental specialties, along with the current evidence that exists in the literature. In response to this crisis, we believe that teledentistry offers a promising uninterrupted oral health care and enhances the quality of care by improving the access, profession education, and patient satisfaction.
A rare 300 kilometer dispersal by an adult male white-tailed deer

Despite the key roles that dispersal plays in individual animal fitness and meta-population gene flow, it remains one of the least understood behaviors in many species. In large mammalian herbivores, dispersals might span long distances and thereby influence landscape-level ecological processes, such as infectious disease spread. Here, we describe and analyze an exceptional long-distance dispersal by an adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the central United States. We also conducted a literature survey to compare the dispersal to previous studies. This dispersal was remarkable for its length, duration, and the life history stage of the dispersing individual. Dispersal is typical of juvenile deer seeking to establish postnatal home ranges, but this dispersal was undertaken by an adult male (age = 3.5). This individual dispersed ~300 km over a 22-day period by moving, on average, 13.6 km/day and achieving a straight-line distance of ~215 km, which was ~174 km longer than any other distance recorded for an adult male deer in our literature survey. During the dispersal, which occurred during the hunting season, the individual crossed a major river seven times, an interstate highway, a railroad, and eight state highways. Movements during the dispersal were faster (mean = 568.1 m/h) and more directional than those during stationary home range periods before and after the dispersal (mean = 56.9 m/h). Likewise, movements during the dispersal were faster (mean = 847.8 m/h) and more directional at night than during the day (mean = 166.4 m/h), when the individual frequently sheltered in forest cover. This natural history event highlights the unpredictable nature of dispersal and has important implications for landscape-level processes such as chronic wasting disease transmission in cervids. More broadly, our study underscores how integrating natural history observations with modern technology holds promise for understanding potentially high impact but rarely recorded ecological events.
Enucleation of Recurrent Central Odontogenic Fibroma and Bone Regeneration of the Osseous Defect with Enamel Matrix Derivative and Bone Allograft: Case Report with 5-year Follow-up

INTRODUCTION Odontogenic fibroma is a rare benign neoplasm of mature fibrous connective tissue with variable amounts of inactive-looking odontogenic epithelium. Few recurrences of central odontogenic fibroma (COF) have been reported in the literature. This manuscript reports the enucleation of a recurrent COF and bone regeneration of the osseous defect with enamel matrix derivative and bone allograft. CASE PRESENTATION A 28-year-old Asian female presented in 2015 with a palatal depression between #10 and 11. The patient previously had an odontogenic fibroma between #10 and 11 removed in 2008. Cone beam computed tomographic evaluation revealed a well-defined, multiloculated radiolucency centered between #10 and 11 that extended from #9-12, and from the alveolar crest to the anterior border and floor of the maxillary sinus. The lesion resulted in splaying of the roots of #10 and 11, external root resorption on #10, loss of crestal and palatal bone cortices, and thinning of labial cortex between #10 and 11. The patient was referred to an oral surgeon for biopsy, and the lesion was diagnosed as odontogenic fibroma. The lesion was enucleated. Enamel matrix derivative was applied to the affected teeth and defect, which was subsequently grafted with bone allograft. At the 5-year follow-up, bone was regenerated to the midroot of #10 and coronal third of #11, with reestablishment of crestal and palatal bone cortices. CONCLUSION(S) Enucleation of COF and regeneration of the osseous defect with enamel matrix derivative and bone allograft appear to be a viable treatment approach that allows for preservation of contiguous teeth.
Chemoselective bioconjugation based on modular click chemistry with 4-halocoumarins and aryl sulfonates

We report chemoselective and modular peptide bioconjugation using stoichiometric amounts of 4-halocoumarin and arylsulfonate agents that undergo metal-free C(sp2)-heteroatom bond formation at micromolar concentrations. The underlying ipso-substitution click chemistry is irreversible and generates stable and inherently fluorescent bioconjugates, and the broad selection of coumarin tags offers high labeling flexibility and versatility. Different coumarins and arylsulfonates can be selectively attached to amino and thiol groups in the small peptides glutathione and ornipressin, and both free as well as latent thiols captured in disulfide bridges can be targeted if desired. The broad utility, ease of use, storage, and preparation of 4-halocoumarins and arylsulfonates are very attractive features that extend currently available dual bioconjugation capabilities.
Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior: Development of Reliable and Valid Self-report Measures.

OBJECTIVE This study sought to provide essential tobacco control tools by testing the reliability and validity of new self-report scales developed to assess thirdhand smoke (i.e., toxic tobacco residue) related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KABs). METHOD Items for the KAB scales were adapted from established secondhand smoke measures, reviewed to support face validity, and tested in a longitudinal online survey evaluating thirdhand smoke health messages. Participants were California adults at risk of thirdhand smoke exposure. For seven months, the three KAB scales were completed monthly, and data from the first (n=1086), third (n=315), and seventh (n=301) month surveys were used in these analyses. RESULTS All three scales demonstrated consistent reliability and single-factor loading at all three timepoints for knowledge (αrange: .87-.90), attitude (αrange: .84-.87), and behavior (αrange: .80-.86). Similarly, analyses supported scale convergent validity (scale correlations rrange: .45-.85; all p-values <.001), discriminant validity between smokers and nonsmokers (knowledge Cohen's drange: .57-.61, all p-values <.001; attitude Cohen's drange: .78-.82, all p-values <.001; behavior Cohen's drange: .90-.99, all p-values <.001), and predictive validity (Range R 2K.AB: .41-.48; all p-values <.001). CONCLUSION KAB scales about thirdhand smoke provide new opportunities for tobacco control advocates and scholars to identify gaps in knowledge, misperceptions, and obstacles to behavior change in order to guide the design of novel tobacco control policies and interventions. IMPLICATIONS Numerous scales have been vetted as reliable and valid measures for assessing secondhand smoke-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Currently, standard measures of thirdhand smoke knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors are not available. This study tested three thirdhand smoke scales to fill this gap. The present findings provide tobacco control advocates, scholars, and practitioners tools for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to thirdhand smoke. This information is critical to development, implementation, and evaluation of novel tobacco control strategies.
Games, motives, and virtue

In his groundbreaking and fantastic new book, Games: Agency as Art, C. Thi Nguyen asks us to see gameplay, and hence the ‘humorous, the playful, and the ridiculous’ (2020, 42), as an important sphe...
Effects of early life adversity on meningeal mast cells and proinflammatory gene expression in male and female Mus musculus

Exposure to early life adversity (ELA) in the form of physical and/or psychological abuse or neglect increases the risk of developing psychiatric and inflammatory disorders later in life. It has been hypothesized that exposure to ELA results in persistent, low grade inflammation that leads to increased disease susceptibility by amplifying the crosstalk between stress processing brain networks and the immune system, but the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The meninges, a layer of three overlapping membranes that surround the central nervous system (CNS) (duramater, arachnoid, and piamater), possess unique features that allow them to play a key role in coordinating immune trafficking between the brain and the peripheral immune system. These include a network of lymphatic vessels that carry cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the deep cervical lymph nodes, fenestrated blood vessels that allow the passage of molecules from blood to the CNS, and a rich population of resident mast cells, master regulators of the immune system. Using a mouse model of ELA consisting of neonatal maternal separation plus early weaning (NMSEW), we sought to explore the effects of ELA on duramater mast cell histology and expression of inflammatory markers in male and female C57Bl/6 mice. We found that mast cell number, activation level, and relative expression of pseudopodia differ across duramater regions, and that NMSEW exerts region-specific effects on mast cells in males and females. Using gene expression analyses, we next found that NMSEW increases the expression of inflammatory markers in the duramater of females but not males, and that this is prevented by pharmacological inhibition of mast cells with ketotifen. Together, our results show that ELA drives sex specific, long lasting effects on the duramater mast cell population and immune related gene expression, suggesting that the long-lasting effects of ELA on disease susceptibility could be partly mediated by meningeal function.
Prerupture diagnosis of a pregnant rudimentary uterine horn.

Abstract This clinical case reports prerupture diagnosis of a rudimentary horn pregnancy in a 27-year-old formerly healthy woman presented with moderate to severe suprapubic abdominal pain at the gestational age of 12 + 0 weeks. The suspected diagnosis of this pregnant rudimentary horn via transvaginal ultrasound was acknowledged during an emergency exploratory laparotomy. The simple transvaginal ultrasound criteria suggested by the present study would help clinicians avoid time-consuming inefficient investigative procedure and rule out this rare life-threatening condition by taking into account the rudimentary horn pregnancy as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with abdominal pain.
Adjuvant treatment and outcomes for patients with stage IIIA grade 1 endometrioid endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE The role and type of adjuvant therapy for patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIA grade 1 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma are controversial. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine associations between adjuvant therapy use and survival among patients with stage IIIA grade 1 endometrial cancer. METHODS Patients who underwent primary surgery for stage IIIA (FIGO 2009 staging) grade 1 endometrial cancer between January 2004 and December 2016 were identified in the National Cancer Database. Demographics and receipt of adjuvant therapy were compared. Overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test, and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Of 1120 patients, 248 (22.1%) received no adjuvant treatment, 286 (25.5%) received chemotherapy alone, 201 (18.0%) radiation alone, and 385 (34.4%) chemotherapy and radiation. Five-year overall survival rate was 83.0% (95% CI 80.1% to 85.6%). Older age, increasing comorbidity count, and lymphovascular space invasion status were significant negative predictors of survival. Over time, there was an increasing rate of chemotherapy (45.4% in 2004-2009 vs 69.2% in 2010-2016; p<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, chemotherapy was associated with significantly improved overall survival compared with no adjuvant therapy (HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.79); p=0.003). There was no survival association when comparing radiation alone with no treatment, and none when adding radiation to chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone. Those with lymphovascular space invasion (n=124/507) had improved overall survival with chemotherapy and radiation (5-year overall survival 91.2% vs 76.7% for chemotherapy alone and 27.3% for radiation alone, log-rank p<0.001), but there was no survival difference after adjusting for age and comorbidity (HR 0.25 (95% CI 0.05 to 1.41); p=0.12). CONCLUSIONS The use of adjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of stage IIIA grade 1 endometrial cancer increased over time and was associated with improved overall survival compared with radiation alone or chemoradiation. Patients with lymphovascular space invasion may benefit from combination therapy.
Clinical and Preclinical Studies with Huperzine

One of the pharmacological approaches currently employed in the treatment of symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the administration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. This strategy is used with the goal of inhibiting acetylcholine degradation in vivo, and hence alleviating the cholinergic deficiency which has been shown to occur in patients with AD.
Managerial Accounting in the Hospitality Industry

Abstract In this chapter we review the scholarly literature on managerial accounting that is set in the hospitality industry. Despite the fact that the hospitality industry is one of the world's largest, there is very little research on its management accounting issues and practices. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of research opportunities focused on the hospitality industry.
Specification-based program repair using SAT

Removing bugs in programs - even when location of faulty statements is known - is tedious and error-prone, particularly because of the increased likelihood of introducing new bugs as a result of fixing known bugs. We present an automated approach for generating likely bug fixes using behavioral specifications. Our key insight is to replace a faulty statement that has deterministic behavior with one that has nondeterministic behavior, and to use the specification constraints to prune the ensuing nondeterminism and repair the faulty statement. As an enabling technology, we use the SAT-based Alloy tool-set to describe specification constraints as well as for solving them. Initial experiments show the effectiveness of our approach in repairing programs that manipulate structurally complex data. We believe specification-based automated debugging using SAT holds much promise.
A study of hierarchical correlation clustering for scientific volume data

Correlation study is at the heart of time-varying multivariate volume data analysis and visualization. In this paper, we study hierarchical clustering of volumetric samples based on the similarity of their correlation relation. Samples are selected from a time-varying multivariate climate data set according to knowledge provided by the domain experts. We present three different hierarchical clustering methods based on quality threshold, k-means, and random walks, to investigate the correlation relation with varying levels of detail. In conjunction with qualitative clustering results integrated with volume rendering, we leverage parallel coordinates to show quantitative correlation information for a complete visualization. We also evaluate the three hierarchical clustering methods in terms of quality and performance.
Automatic Generation of OpenMP Directives and Its Application to Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes

The shared-memory programming model is a very effective way to achieve parallelism on shared memory parallel computers. As great progress was made in hardware and software technologies, performance of parallel programs with compiler directives has demonstrated large improvement. The introduction of OpenMP directives, the industrial standard for shared-memory programming, has minimized the issue of portability. In this study, we have extended CAPTools, a computer-aided parallelization toolkit, to automatically generate OpenMPbased parallel programs with nominal user assistance. We outline techniques used in the implementation of the tool and discuss the application of this tool on the NAS Parallel Benchmarks and several computational fluid dynamics codes. This work demonstrates the great potential of using the tool to quickly port parallel programs and also achieve good performance that exceeds some of the commercial tools.
Robot weightlifting by direct policy search

This paper describes a method for structuring a robot motor learning task. By designing a suitably parameterized policy, we show that a simple search algorithm, along with biologically motivated constraints, offers an effective means for motor skill acquisition. The framework makes use of the robot counterparts to several elements found in human motor learning: imitation, equilibrium-point control, motor programs, and synergies. We demonstrate that through learning, coordinated behavior emerges from initial, crude knowledge about a difficult robot weightlifting task.
Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue by insulin. Evidence for an effect of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase.

1. The mechanism by which insulin activates pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue was further investigated. 2. When crude extracts, prepared from tissue segments previously exposed to insulin (2m-i.u/ml) for 2min, were supplemented with Mg-2+, Ca-2+, glucose and hexokinase and incubated at 30 degrees C, they displayed an enhanced rate of increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity compared with control extracts. 3. When similar extracts were instead supplemented with fluoride, ADP, creatine phosphate and creatine kinase, the rate of decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity observed during incubation at 30 degrees C was unaffected by insulin treatment. 4. It is suggested that insulin increases the fraction of pyruvate dehydrogenase present in the tissue in the active dephospho form by increasing the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase.
Temperature Measurement—Gold Standard

In Reply.— We thank Dr Weiss for his insightful comments regarding the controversial issue of a "gold standard" in temperature assessment. However, the purpose of our paper was not to define a gold standard, nor to judge the acceptability of conventional methods of temperature assessment. Rather, we attempted to place a new technology in perspective with currently accepted methods. While Dr Weiss raises some important points about the adequacy of rectal, oral, or axillary temperatures, we feel our work provides useful "clinical" information for practitioners who struggle to decide between methods of temperature assessment.
Implementation of a parallel direct SCF algorithm on distributed memory computers

A parallel direct self-consistent field (SCF) algorithm for distributed memory computers is described. Key features of the algorithm are its ability to achieve a load balance dynamically, its modest memory requirements per processor, and its ability to utilize the full eightfold index permutation symmetry of the two-electron integrals despite the fact that entire copies of the Fock and density matrices are not present in each processor's local memory. The algorithm is scalable and, accordingly, has the potential to function efficiently on hundreds of processors. With the algorithm described here, a calculation employing several thousand basis functions can be carried out on a distributed memory machine with 100 or more processors each with just 4 MBytes of RAM and no disk. The Fock matrix build portion of the algorithm has been implemented on a 16-node Intel iPSC/2. Results from benchmark calculations are encouraging. The algorithm shows excellent load balance when run on 4, 8, or 16 processors and displays almost ideal speed-up in going from 4 to 16 processors. Preliminary benchmark calculations have also been carried out on an Intel Paragon. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Study of the Prey, Enemies, and Habits of the Great-Golden Digger Wasp Chlorion ichneumoneum (L.)

It is a paradox that a common wasp such as Chlorion ichneumoneum (L.) should be so unknown. Fernald (1907) states that the great-golden digger is found from South America to New England, and some parts of Canada, but until Frisch (1937) published his excellent paper only piecemeal accounts were written about its bionomics, prey, and parasites. On the campus of Cornell University, two large colonies (about 50 wasps) have thrived for years. These conveniently located colonies offered a rich opportunity for a long range study.
Effect of speaking rate on the perceptual structure of a phonetic category

When listeners process temporal properties of speech that convey information about the phonetic segments of the language, they do so in a rate-dependent manner. This is seen as a shift in the location of the phonetic category boundary along a temporal continuum toward longer values of the acoustic property in question, as speech is slowed. In a series of experiments, we found that the adjustment for rate is not confined to the region of the category boundary, but extends throughout the phonetic category. Specifically, a change in rate modified the range of stimuli identified as members of a phonetic category, as well as which stimuli were overtly judged to be good exemplars of the category. These findings suggest that the listener’s adjustment for speaking rate entails a comprehensive perceptual remapping between acoustic signal and phonetic structure.
Chronic lithium chloride administration to rats elevates glucose metabolism in wide areas of brain, while potentiating negative effects on metabolism of dopamine D2-like receptor stimulation.

The regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc) can be imaged in vivo as a marker of brain functional activity. The effects of chronic lithium administration on baseline values of rCMRglc and values in response to administration of dopamine D2-like receptor agonists have not been examined in humans or rats. Knowing these effects may elucidate and localize the therapeutic action of lithium in bipolar disorder. In unanesthetized rats, we used the 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) technique to image the effects of a 6-week control diet or LiCl diet sufficient to produce a plasma lithium concentration therapeutically relevant to bipolar disorder, on rCMRglc at baseline and in response to the dopaminergic D2-like receptor agonist, quinpirole (1 mg/kg i.v.), or to i.v. saline. Baseline rCMRglc was significantly elevated in 30 of 81 brain regions examined, in LiCl diet compared with control diet rats. Affected were visual and auditory structures, frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, caudate–putamen, interpeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra. Acute quinpirole significantly decreased rCMRglc in four areas of the caudate–putamen in control diet rats, and in these and 19 additional brain areas in LiCl-fed rats. In unanesthetized rats, chronic lithium administration widely upregulates baseline rCMRglc and potentiates the negative effects on rCMRglc of D2-like receptor stimulation. The baseline elevation may relate to lithium’s reported ability to increase auditory and visual evoked responses in humans, whereas lithium’s potentiation of quinpirole’s negative effects on rCMRglc may be related to its therapeutic efficacy in bipolar disorder.
Labor conflict and racial violence: The black worker in Chicago, 1894–1919

(1969). Labor conflict and racial violence: The black worker in Chicago, 1894–1919. Labor History: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 408-432.
Molecular defect in processing α-fucosidase in fucosidosis

Abstract In normal human skin fibroblasts, an enzymatically active 53,000-dalton form of α-fucosidase is processed to a 50,000-dalton mature form. Endoglycosidase-H treatment of [ 35 S]methionine pulse-chase labelled material immunoprecipated with a polyclonal antibody to α-L-fucosidase (Andrews-Smith & Alhadeff, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 715 : 90–96 (1982)) indicated the removal of a single N -linked oligosaccharide unit from both precursor and nature form of α-L-fucosidase. Tunicamycin pretreatment of normal fibroblasts indicated that no other N -linked oligosaccharide units were present. Studies on fibroblasts from patients with less than 5% of normal α-L-fucosidase activity (fucosidosis) showed 8 of 11 patients synthesized no detectable α-fucosidase protein whereas 2 synthesized normal amounts of 53,000 dalton precursor, none of the mature 50,000 dalton form was detectable and one contained small amounts of cross-reacting material. This is the first evidence for processing of α-L-fucosidase in cells and the first precise evidence of a molecular defect in fucosidosis.
Lines of Force of a Point Charge near a Schwarzschild Black Hole

The electric field generaled by a charged particle at rest near a Schwaruchild black hole is analyzed using Maxwell's equations for curved space. After generalizing the definition of the lines of force to our curved background, we compute them numerically and graph them with the charge at r = 4M, 3M, and 2.2M. Particular attention is paid to the behavior of the lines of force near the event horizon and the smooth transition of the electric field to that of a Reissner-Nordstroms black hole. (auth)
The warp of evidence-based medicine: lessons from Dutch maternity care.

Most critiques of evidence-based medicine (EBM) focus on the scientific shortcomings of the technique. Social scientists are more likely to criticize EBM for its ideological biases, a criticism that makes sociological sense but is difficult to substantiate. Using evidence from the scientific debate over maternity care in the Netherlands—where nearly one-third of births take place at home—the author shows that research evidence is the product of a researcher's assumptions about the practice in question. In the case of maternity care in the Netherlands, ideological differences about the most appropriate way to give birth—based in the researcher's clinical experience— give rise to irresolvable disagreements about what constitutes evidence and how that evidence is to be interpreted. “Evidence” cannot settle scientific disputes in any simple way. Rather, it becomes a rhetorical justification for whatever particular groups were going to do anyway. Scientific evidence rests on clinical practice, which in turn is...
Identification of a transcription factor that binds to the promoter region of the human parathyroid hormone gene.

Abstract A putative transcription factor binds a site adjacent to the negative vitamin D responsive element (VDRE) in the promoter region of the human parathyroid hormone gene. Deletion and mutation analysis reveal the binding site for this factor overlaps with the proximal repeat element of the VDRE. It includes additional nucleotides at the 3′ end of the VDRE. This site has the sequence TTTGAACCTATAGTTGAGAT and a core sequence TGAACCTAT needed for binding of the factor. Experiments with specific anti-vitamin D receptor (VDR) antibodies demonstrate that VDR is not found in the factor/DNA complex. However, removing the VDR from the nuclear extract by immunoprecipitation eliminated the binding complex, and the addition of recombinant VDR to the depleted extract did not restore the factor's ability to bind to the DNA, suggesting that the factor and VDR are closely associated. Transfection experiments with various reporter constructs indicate that the factor is required for the high transcriptional activity of the human PTH gene. This high activity is significantly suppressed by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. This factor seems to be expressed in several cell types including rat osteoblasts and pituitary. Additionally, some human cancer cell lines express a high level of this factor.
The Influence of Catholic Schools on the Desegregation of Public School Systems: A Case Study of White Flight in Boston

White flight from public school desegregation can result in educational and residential resegregation which defeat the purpose of desegregation programs. One form of white flight is pupil transfer to private schools, which in major metropolitan areas are predominantly Catholic schools. Unlike residential relocation, transfers to Catholic schools do not effect an increase in residential segregation and they constitute a potentially less permanent loss to the public system than that caused by relocation. Nevertheless, empty seats in area Catholic schools pose a threat to the success of any desegregation program. For the Catholic diocese, the white flight issue creates a complex conflict of interests, involving institutional self-interest and competing claims to moral principles and Church teachings. A case study of Boston indicates that approximately 2,000 students transferred to Catholic schools from the public system, accounting for over 20 percent of white pupil loss to the public system. This occurred despite diocesan policies designed to prevent white flight to Catholic schools. An analysis of political and institutional constraints on policy development and implementation provides a basis for predicting Church response to future desegregation programs in other locations. Suggestions for diocesan programs designed to address desegregation issues are included.
Meaningful labeling of integrated query interfaces

The contents of Web databases are accessed through queries formulated on complex user interfaces. In many domains of interest (e.g. Auto) users are interested in obtaining information from alternative sources. Thus, they have to access many individual Web databases via query interfaces. We aim to construct automatically a well-designed query interface that integrates a set of interfaces in the same domain. This will permit users to access information uniformly from multiple sources. Earlier research in this area includes matching attributes across multiple query interfaces in the same domain and grouping related attributes. In this paper, we investigate the naming of the attributes in the integrated query interface. We provide a set of properties which are required in order to have consistent labels for the attributes within an integrated interface so that users have no difficulty in understanding it. Based on these properties, we design algorithms to systematically label the attributes. Experimental results on seven domains validate our theoretical study. In the process of naming attributes, a set of logical inference rules among the textual labels is discovered. These inferences are also likely to be applicable to other integration problems sensitive to naming: e.g., HTML forms, HTML tables or concept hierarchies in the semantic Web.
Measurement of renal blood flow with radioactive microspheres

Various methods have been used to measure total renal blood flow. Of these the most commonly employed are the clearance of paraamino-hippurate (PAH) and techniques that make use of the electromagnetic flowmeter. PAH clearance (corrected for extraction ratio) is a cumbersome method requiring catheterization of the renal vein. It would be desirable to have a method which is simple and less traumatic but equally reliable. Neutze et al. (1) have shown that total renal blood flow can be determined using a radioactive microsphere (MS) technique, and that values so obtained correlate well with renal blood flow as determined by using the electromagnetic flowmeter. Neutze and co-workers measured renal blood flow by multiplying cardiac output by the ratio of counts in the kidney to total body counts. Thus, their technique involved determination of cardiac output and total body counting and is obviously no less cumbersome than any of the other commonly used techniques.Using the Fick principle we reasoned that total ...
SU‐FF‐I‐135: Breast Density Measurement with Cone‐Beam CT and MRI: A Post Mortem Study

Purpose: To compare breast density measurements from cone‐beam CT and breast MRI.Methods and Materials: Three pairs of postmortem breasts were scanned with MRI and cone‐beam CT. The cone‐beam CTsystem was built in our lab using a standard x‐ray tube, a rotation stage, and a flat panel detector. The imaging technique was 80 kVp, 0.16 mAs and 921 frames spanning 360 degrees. Each scan used a total of 147 mAs. MR images were acquired with an Aurora 1.5T dedicated Breast MRIsystem. A T1‐weighted gradient echo technique was used to maximize the contrast between the adipose and glandular tissues. Image processing procedures were implemented to segment the glandular tissue from adipose tissue. Specifically, median filters and isodata thresholding were used to identify tissue types. Percentage glandular tissue was compared between the two imaging modalities. Results: Breast densities computed from CT (DCT ) were related to densities computed from MRI (DMRI ) as DCT = 0.851 DMRI + 0.012 (r2 = 0.973, SE = 0.012). The average error between DCT and DMRI was 9.75%. Conclusion: The breast density measurements using Cone‐beam CT and breast MRI were highly correlated. However, it is anticipated that more sophisticated segmentation techniques can further improve the results.
Pharmacotherapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis: A delphi consensus study

Summary Background Most issues concerning pharmacotherapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis have not been resolved in clinical trials. The objective was to survey sarcoidosis experts concerning the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis and attempt to reach a consensus by these experts using a Delphi method. Methods A 6-item questionnaire was developed. Experts were identified at the Diffuse Lung Disease Network at the annual CHEST meeting in October 2008. Three rounds of questionnaires were presented to the experts. Respondent feedback and supporting literature was incorporated into the questionnaires of subsequent rounds. Results Experts reached a consensus concerning the following issues: (a) corticosteroids are the initial therapy of choice; (b) initial use of inhaled corticosteroids are not recommended; (c) methotrexate was the preferred second-line drug; (d) 40 mg of daily prednisone equivalent was the maximum dose recommended for the treatment of acute pulmonary sarcoidosis; (e) tapering to 10 mg of daily prednisone equivalent for chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis was considered a successful taper. The experts could not resolve the following issues: (a) the initial corticosteroid dose for the treatment of acute pulmonary sarcoidosis; (b) the decision and timing of corticosteroid therapy in a patient with mild, Stage 2 pulmonary sarcoidosis. Conclusions This Delphi study revealed that sarcoidosis experts reached a consensus concerning several aspects of the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis; these could be considered as appropriate approaches to therapy. Other issues concerning the therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis remain unresolved by experts, and are areas where further clinical research could be directed.
The measurement of the duration of the QRS interval.

Abstract 1. 1. The difficulties of an exact and objective determination of the QRS duration are discussed in detail. 2. 2. The QRS complex usually has an isoelectric initial or terminal portion in some leads; the leads where QRS begins earliest are often not the same leads where it ends latest. The longest QRS duration, as measured in any single lead, may therefore be up to 0.02 second shorter than the duration from the first to the last point of QRS in synchronous leads. The differences are especially great if the precordial leads are used in addition to the limb leads for the measurement of QRS. In our own normal cases, the QRS duration, measured in synchronized limb and chest leads, usually exceeded the accepted normal upper limits. 3. 3. There is at present no exact objective definition of the point where the QRS complex ends and the RS-T segment begins. The discrepancies in the definition of this point are especially great in the presence of a gradual transition between QRS and RS-T (wide RS-T junction); in this case they may reach 0.04 second. Several definitions and objective methods for the determination of the end of QRS are proposed and developed. 4. 4. Definite criteria for the measurement of the QRS duration should be agreed upon as soon as possible. The chief purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the necessity and to indicate the general direction of such an agreement.
Aromatase and COX in breast cancer: Enzyme inhibitors and beyond ☆

Aromatase expression and enzyme activity in breast cancer patients is greater in or near the tumor tissue compared with the normal breast tissue. Complex regulation of aromatase expression in human tissues involves alternative promoter sites that provide tissue-specific control. Previous studies in our laboratories suggested a strong association between aromatase (CYP19) gene expression and the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) genes. Additionally, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX selective inhibitors can suppress CYP19 gene expression and decrease aromatase activity. Our current hypothesis is that pharmacological regulation of aromatase and/or cyclooxygenases can act locally to decrease the biosynthesis of estrogen and may provide additional therapy options for patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer. Two pharmacological approaches are being developed, one involving mRNA silencing by selective short interfering RNAs (siRNA) molecules and the second utilizing small molecule drug design. In the first approach, short interfering RNAs were designed against either human aromatase mRNA or human COX-2 mRNA. Treatment of breast cancer cells with siAROMs completely masked the aromatase enzyme activity. Treatment with COX-2 siRNAs decreased the expression of COX-2 mRNA; furthermore, the siCOX-2-mediated decrease also resulted in suppression of CYP19 mRNA. The small molecule drug design approach focuses on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of sulfonanilide analogs derived from the COX-2 selective inhibitors. The compounds suppress aromatase enzyme activity in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner, and structure activity analysis does not find a correlation between aromatase suppression and COX inhibition. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrates that the sulfonanilide analogs decrease aromatase gene transcription in breast cells. Thus, these results suggest that the siRNAs and novel sulfonanilides targeting aromatase expression may be valuable tools for selective regulation of aromatase in breast cancer.
Biliary lithiasis and helminthiasis

The syndrome of Oriental cholangiohepatitis is characterized by helminthiasis, choledocholithiasis often without cholecystolithiasis, biliary duct stricture and hepatic abscess. The common duct stones are usually multiple, black and friable. Fourteen cases have been seen in recent immigrants to the United States. Thirteen patients had choledocholithiasis, and 1 had viable flukes in the ducts. Choledochoenterostomy is usually required because of multiple stones, including intrahepatic stones, or proven or presumed infestation with Clonorchis sinensis. The latter, the Chinese liver fluke, is an infestation for which medical therapy does not exist. Resection, particularly of the lateral segment of the left hepatic lobe, may be required in cases of abscess and stones associated with stricture of the left hepatic duct.
Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors (Gangliogliomas) in Children

Mixed tumors account for about 10% of the childhood central nervous system tumors. Studies of the most common tumor, the ganglioglioma, in patients of all ages suggest that optimal therapy is total gross resection. There are few studies on these tumors in children. In our institution between 1984 and 1993, 28 children with gangliogliomas (4 of which were anaplastic) and 4 children with dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors were treated and followed. Fourteen had local subarachnoid involvement. Total gross resection was usually curative, regardless of histology. Subarachnoid involvement was not indicative of a poorer prognosis.
Direct integral-equation method for three-point bounds on diffusion-limited reactions

Bounds on diffusion-limited processes, including chemical reactions in two-phase media and permeation of fluid through porous media, depend in general upon the entire set of correlation functions of the material. We show that the three-point bounds of this kind are expressed economically by writing them in terms of a set of material correlation functions defined previously [J. Given and G. Stell, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3060 (1991)]. We develop a linear, three-point hypernetted-chain integral equation satisfied by the material correlation functions; this is an extension of an equation applied by Pinski and Campbell [Phys. Rev. A 33, 4232 (1986); J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. 39, C6-233(1979)] to problems in atomic physics. This equation applies to a random material with quite general correlations; it is also easy to solve. We obtain the three-point bounds on the diffusion-limited trapping rate for two commonly studied models of random aggregates; these give a substantial improvement over the corresponding two-point bounds. For the diffusion-limited-reaction rate, we find that the three-point extension of a bounding process first used by Doi [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 40, 507 (1976)] gives the tightest lower bound yet attained on the trapping rate.
Achievement Motivation among Urban Adolescents: Work Hope, Autonomy Support, and Achievement-Related Beliefs.

Abstract Drawing upon expectancy value, hope, and self-determination theories, this study explores the contributions of work-based beliefs and autonomy support as predictors of adaptive achievement-related beliefs. Two hundred and one urban high school students who were enrolled in a work-based learning program completed measures of work hope, autonomy support, and achievement beliefs. Results from the full canonical correlation model revealed that work hope, career planning, and autonomy support shared 37.5% of the variance with achievement-related beliefs. Moreover, work hope and teacher autonomy support further contributed unique variance in explaining these beliefs. The findings contribute to the theoretical knowledge base concerning the value of work-based learning in fostering academic motivation among adolescents.
Hippocampal cell genesis does not correlate with spatial learning ability in aged rats.

Aging in rodents is known to lead to deficits in spatial learning and memory, including decreased performance on the Morris water maze. Recent attention has focused on the possible role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating spatial learning and memory. Therefore, in this study, we have examined levels of hippocampal cell proliferation in relation to water maze performance in aged and young male Fischer 344 rats. Aged rats (24 months old) were divided into aged-unimpaired and aged-impaired groups based on comparison with performance of young animals. Animals received five daily injections of the thymidine-analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were killed 1 week later. Total numbers of BrdU-labeled cells were quantified in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and hilus and were related to behavioral performance. Whereas aging was associated with a significant reduction in the number of BrdU-labeled cells, behavioral impairment with aging was not associated with a further reduction in BrdU labeling. In the context of aging, these finding do not support a direct relationship of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with learning and memory capability.
Angiotensin II induces protein overexpression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in primary cultured nodose neurons

Abstract Modulating ion channel function includes acutely affecting the kinetics of the ion channels and chronically changing the expression of ion channels. Our previous study showed that angiotensin II (Ang II) acutely increased hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) currents in nodose ganglion (NG) neurons via NADPH oxidase-superoxide signaling. Therefore, the present study was to measure chronic treatment with Ang II on protein expression of the HCN channels in the primary cultured rat NG neurons. Immunofluorescent staining data showed that HCN1 was expressed in the A-type NG neurons, and HCN2 was expressed in the C-type NG neurons. Chronic treatment of Ang II (100 nM, 12 h) induced the protein expression of HCN2 besides the overexpression of HCN1 in the A-type NG neurons; and the overexpression of HCN2 in the C-type NG neurons. An Ang II type I receptor antagonist (1 μM losartan), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor (100 μM apocynin), or a superoxide dismutase mimetic (1 mM tempol) attenuated the effect of Ang II to increase the protein expression of the HCN channels in rat nodose neurons. Whole cell patch-clamp data further confirmed that chronic treatment of Ang II (100 nM, 12 h) significantly enhanced the density of HCN currents in A- and C-type NG neurons. Above three inhibitors significantly inhibited the Ang II-induced increase of the HCN channel density in rat NG neurons. These findings suggest that Ang II-NADPH oxidase-superoxide signaling chronically regulates the protein expression of the HCN channels in rat nodose neurons.