cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of elastic deformation on deposition kinetics at lithium/polymer interfaces

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, USAPast theories of electrode stability assume that the surface tension resists the ampliﬁcation of surface roughness at cathodes andshow that instability at lithium/liquid interfaces cannot be prevented by surface forces alone @Electrochim. Acta, 40, 599 ~1995!#.This work treats interfacial stability in lithium/polymer systems where the electrolyte is solid. Linear elasticity theory is employedto compute the additional effect of bulk mechanical forces on electrode stability. The lithium and polymer are treated as Hookeanelastic materials, characterized by their shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios. Two-dimensional displacement distributions that satisfyforce balances across a periodically deforming interface are derived; these allow computation of the stress and surface-tensionforces. The incorporation of elastic effects into a kinetic model demonstrates regimes of electrolyte mechanical properties whereampliﬁcation of surface roughness can be inhibited. For a polymer material with Poisson’s ratio similar to poly~ethylene oxide!,interfacial roughening is mechanically suppressed when the separator shear modulus is about twice that of lithium.© 2005 The Electrochemical Society. @DOI: 10.1149/1.1850854# All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted January 16, 2004; revised manuscript received July 29, 2004. Available electronically January 11, 2005.
A rapid and sensitive fluorometric method for the quantitative analysis of snake venom metalloproteases and their inhibitors

Metalloproteases are responsible for the hemorrhagic effects of many snake venoms and contribute to other pathways that lead to local tissue damage. Methods that quantify snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP) are therefore valuable tools in research on the clinical, physiological, and biochemical effects of envenomation. Comparative analysis of individual, population, and species differences requires screening of large numbers of samples and treatments, and therefore require a method of quantifying SVMP activity that is simple, rapid, and sensitive. This paper demonstrates the properties of a new fluorometric assay of SVMP activity that can provide a measure of metalloprotease activity in 1 h. The assay is reliable, with variation among replicates sufficiently small to reliably detect differences in between species (F19,60 = 2924, p < 0.001), even for those venoms with low overall activity. It is also sensitive enough to detect differences among venoms using <2 ng of whole venom protein. We provide an example use of this assay to detect the presence of natural SVMP inhibitors in minute samples of blood plasma from rock squirrels (S. variegatus), a natural prey species for North American rattlesnakes. We propose this assay is a useful addition to the set of tools used to characterize venoms, as well as high-throughput screening of natural or synthetic inhibitors, or other novel therapeutic agents against SVMP effects.
Analysis of a Convection Loop for GFR Post-LOCA Decay Heat Removal

A computer code (LOCA-COLA) has been developed at MIT for steady state analysis of convective heat transfer loops. In this work, it is used to investigate an external convection loop for decay heat removal of a post-LOCA GFR. The major finding is that natural circulation cooling of the GFR is feasible under certain circumstances. Both helium and CO2 cooled system components are found to operate in the mixed convection regime, the effects of which are noticeable as heat transfer enhancement or degradation. It is found that CO2 outperforms helium under identical natural circulation conditions. Decay heat removal is found to have a quadratic dependence on pressure in the laminar flow regime and linear dependence in the turbulent flow regime. Other parametric studies have been performed as well. In conclusion, convection cooling loops are a credible means for GFR decay heat removal and LOCA-COLA is an effective tool for steady state analysis of cooling loops.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Is public housing the cause of poor health or a safety net for the unhealthy poor

Research has shown that public housing residents have the worst health of any population in the USA. However, it is unclear what the cause of that poor health is among this population. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the association between public housing and health conditions: specifically, we ask if residents entered public housing already ill or if public housing may cause the poor health of its residents. The data used for this study come from the GSU Urban Health Initiative, which is a prospective, mixed-methods study of seven public housing communities earmarked for demolition and relocation (N = 385). We used the pre-relocation, baseline survey. We found that, while health was not the main reason residents gave for entering public housing, the majority of public housing residents entered public housing already ill. Substandard housing conditions, long tenure in public housing, and having had a worse living situation prior to public housing were not associated with an increased risk of a health condition diagnosed after entry into public housing. Our findings suggest that public housing may have provided a safety net for the very unhealthy poor.
Civil Religion and the Choice for President: Nixon in '72

This study introduces the concept of civil religion to presidential voting research and tests its explanatory power in comparison to traditionally used variables. Civil religion is a view that the nation is subject to a divine will and that its affairs must be evaluated from that perspective. Social scientists and others have described the presidency as a central role in American civil religion. As anticipated from such literature, civil religious persons in political, religious, and community samples were more likely to favor Nixon. Among correlates with favored candidate, civil religion ranked ahead of most other variables and, in certain samples, ahead of party. Civil religion was typically more predictive than church religious factors, social background characteristics, and most political variables.
SU‐E‐J‐118: Impact of Reference CT for Daily Localization of Mobile Lung Tumors

Purpose: To systematically evaluate, in phantom and patient, differences obtained between using free‐breathing CT (FBCT) and average CT (AVGCT) as the reference dataset for daily treatment localization with cone‐beam CT(CBCT). Methods: Five displacement curves generated from Varian's RPM patient data were inputted into motion platform varied amplitudes and irregularities. FBCTs and 4DCTs were acquired under programmed motion conditions. CBCTs were acquired for phantom on Trilogy equipped with cone‐beam CT. Beam‐on information from RPM isolated appropriate platform motion for each curve studied. Manual registrations between FBCT/CBCT and AVGCT/CBCT were performed in Eclipse's Registration Workspace. Volumes and registration results were compared. Seven early‐stage lungcancer patients (mean ITV volume = 21.5 +/−22.4 cc) were studied. CBCTs (2–4/patient, n=26) were registered to both AVGCT and FBCT, evaluating 52 registrations overall. Results: In phantom, mean differences between using AVGCT and FBCT for CBCT localization were 0.01 +/− 0.24 mm, 0.24 +/− 0.23 mm, and 1.55 +/− 6.12 mm in lateral (LAT), anterior‐posterior (A‐P), and superior‐inferior (S‐I) directions, respectively. In one case, FBCT registration was 1.2 cm superior to that of the AVG‐CT. Over 52 patient registrations, mean differences between using AVG‐CT and FBCT as reference for CBCT registration were 0.4 +/− 1.3 mm, 0.2 +/− 2.0 mm, and 1.6 +/− 2.0 mm LAT, A‐P, and S‐I directions, respectively. Largest discrepancy between registrations was for small mobile tumor (6.2 mm S‐I) with FBCT at end‐exhale. Another case revealed 6.2 mm anterior shift between AVGCT and FBCT, which corresponded to obvious CT intensity differences. Conclusions: CBCT registration differences between the AVG‐CT and FBCT can be marked. FBCT as the reference image for daily CBCT on‐line image guidance, especially for SBRT, should be exercised with caution, and should be verified to ensure it is not representative of an extreme phase of patient breathing.
Stabilization of Supported Metal Nanoparticles Using an Ultrathin Porous Shell

Supported Pt nanoparticles (<2 nm) were stabilized by a highly porous, alumina nanofilm that was deposited on the Pt and its high surface area silica support. The alumina film with subnanometer thi...
Investigation of a one-parameter family of hardening rules in single slip in f.c.c. crystals

Abstract A one-parameter, strain-measure dependent family of hardening rules is presented and investigated regarding predictions of latent hardening of slip systems in f.c.c. crystals in single slip. The family belongs to the general class of hardening theories given by Hill and Havner and includes as a special case (the logarithmic measure) the “simple theory” of plastic-spin dependent anisotropic hardening introduced in Havner and Shalaby. Both tensile and compressive axial loading are considered (to shears of order one) for a range of initial axis positions that span the standard stereographic triangle of the active system. The hardening of all latent systems and the issue of “overshooting” of the loading axis (beyond a crystallographic symmetry line) are investigated for each of the Green and Almansi strain measures and the simple theory. Assessments with respect to other measures also are made. It is found that among standard measures in the one-parameter family of hardening rules, taking into account both tension and compression, the simple theory gives the best overall predictions as compared with experimental observations and measurements at finite strain.
Photograph of a Close Lightning Flash

A lightning flash has been photographed striking a European ash tree at a distance of 60 meters. The tree sustained no external physical damage. The probability of obtaining this photograph is estimated to be 10-3, or once in 1000 years.
The many faces of celiac disease: Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the adult population

The major modes of presentation of patients with celiac disease are the classic diarrhea-predominant form and silent celiac disease. Those with silent celiac disease lack diarrhea, although they may present with manifestations of celiac disease that include an irritable bowel syndrome, anemia, osteoporosis, neurologic diseases, or malignancy. A significant proportion of patients are diagnosed through screening at-risk groups including relatives of patients and insulin-dependant diabetics. Nondiarrheal presentations now are seen more commonly than those with diarrhea. Patients with celiac disease have a greater burden of disease than the general population because of autoimmune diseases and malignancies. There is a need for screening studies of patients with conditions associated with celiac disease to determine whether the large numbers of people with undiagnosed celiac disease currently are seeking health care.
3-D ultrasound guidance of autonomous robot for location of ferrous shrapnel

Vibrations can be induced in ferromagnetic shrapnel by a variable electromagnet. Real time 3-D color Doppler ultrasound located the induced motion in a needle fragment and determined its 3-D position in the scanner coordinates. This information was used to guide a robot which moved a probe to touch the shrapnel fragment.
Morbid Obesity Adversely Impacts Pelvic Floor Function in Females Seeking Attention for Weight Loss Surgery

This study was designed to determine the impact of excess body mass on the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in morbidly obese females. A total of 358 morbidly obese females (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2) completed two validated, condition-specific, quality of life questionnaires of pelvic floor dysfunction, which assessed stress/impact in three main domains of pelvic floor disorders: pelvic organ prolapse, colorectal-anal, and urogenital incontinence. Prevalence and severity scores in the study population were compared with data from 37 age-matched nonobese controls (BMI ≤ 35 kg/m2). Mean age was 43 ± 11 years vs. 42 ± 12 years, and mean BMI was 50 ± 10 kg/m2 vs. 26 ± 4 kg/m2 (p = 0.02) in the study and control groups, respectively. Parity and past obstetric history were similar between the groups. Pelvic floor disorders were prevalent in 91 percent of the morbidly obese females compared with 22 percent in the control group (p 35 kg/m2 did not show increased adverse impacts on pelvic floor disorders symptoms. More than 90 percent of morbidly obese females experience some degree of pelvic floor disorders, and 50 percent of these females report that symptoms adversely impact quality of life. In morbidly obese females, obesity is as important as obstetric history in predicting pelvic floor dysfunction.
Identification and mutation of phosphorylation sites in a linker histone. Phosphorylation of macronuclear H1 is not essential for viability in tetrahymena.

Abstract Linker histone phosphorylation has been suggested to play roles in both chromosome condensation and transcriptional regulation. In the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena, in contrast to many eukaryotes, histone H1 of macronuclei is highly phosphorylated during interphase. Macronuclei divide amitotically without overt chromosome condensation in this organism, suggesting that requirements for phosphorylation of macronuclear H1 may be limited to transcriptional regulation. Here we report the major sites of phosphorylation of macronuclear H1 in Tetrahymena thermophila. Five phosphorylation sites, present in a single cluster, were identified by sequencing 32P-labeled peptides isolated from tryptic peptide maps. Phosphothreonine was detected within two TPVK motifs and one TPTK motif that resemble established p34cdc2 kinase consensus sequences. Phosphoserine was detected at two non-proline-directed sites that do not resemble known kinase consensus sequences. Phosphorylation at the two noncanonical sites appears to be hierarchical because it was observed only when a nearby p34cdc2 site was also phosphorylated. Cells expressing macronuclear H1 containing alanine substitutions at all five of these phosphorylation sites were viable even though macronuclear H1 phosphorylation was abolished. These data suggest that the five sites identified comprise the entire collection of sites utilized by Tetrahymena and demonstrate that phosphorylation of macronuclear H1, like the protein itself, is not essential for viability in Tetrahymena.
The impact of changing regional emissions on precipitation chemistry in the eastern United States

From 1975 to 1987 a 19% change in SO2 emissions a 16% change in NOx emissions have occurred over the eastern and mid-western U.S. Six continental precipitation chemistry sites from the MAP3S network, plus the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, show a direct relationship between emission levels and precipitation H+ and SO42- concentrations, except for Penn State, PA. MAP3S sites at Illinois and Ohio, located closest to the major SO2 source regions, demonstrates statiscally significant (P <0.05) linear regressions of SO42- concentrations on SO2 emissions. Whiteface Mt., NY, shows a weaker relationship (P <0.01), and Hubbard Brook shows the strongest relationship (P <0.01) between SO2 emissions and SO42- concentration in precipitation. No site shows a significant relationship (P <0.10) for NOx emissions and NO3− concentrations in precipitation. Illinois, Ohio, Ithaca and Hubbard Brook show significant linear regressions of H+ concentrations on emissions of SO2 + NOx (P <0.10, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). Overall, for the entire region examined, decreasing SO2 emissions levels appear to have decreased SO42- concentrations with an efficiency of 74% ± 15% (s.e.). Decreasing SO2 plus NOx emissions (18%) have been accompanied by a decreasing H+ concentrations (18%) suggesting an efficiency of conversion of 100% ± 15% (s.e.) for the study region as a whole. While significant reductions in acid species have occured at Hubbard Brook, further reductions in excess of 50% of present deposition are necessary to protect acid-sensitive ecosystems.
Size and Shape Optimization of a 1.0mm Multifunctional Forceps-Scissors Instrument for Minimally Invasive Surgery

A size and shape optimization routine is developed and implemented on a 1 mm multifunctional instrument for minimally invasive surgery. The instrument is a compliant mechanism, without hinges, capable of both grasping and cutting. Multifunctional instruments have proven to be beneficial in the operating room because of their ability to perform multiple tasks, thereby decreasing the total number of instrument exchanges in a single procedure. In addition, with fewer exchanges the risk of inadvertent tissue trauma as well as overall surgical time and costs are reduced. The focus of the paper is to investigate the performance effects of allowing the cross-sectional area along the length of the device to vary. This is accomplished by defining various cross-sectional segments along the device in terms of parametric variables (Wi) and optimizing the dimensions to provide a sufficient forceps jaw opening while maintaining adequate cutting and grasping forces. Two optimization problems are considered. First, all parametric segments are set equal to one another permitting all cross-sections to vary uniformly and achieving size optimization. Second, each segment is defined as a separate design variable to allow segments to vary independently and thereby achieving shape optimization. Due to the device’s symmetry, one-half of the mechanism is modeled as a cantilever beam undergoing large deformation. ANSYS’ optimization module is employed using the first order method because it is capable of performing optimization considering non-linear deformation and multiple loading conditions. Finally, prototypes are fabricated using wire EDM and prototype evaluations are conducted to compare size versus shape optimization, and to validate ANSYS as the solution method.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Biological variation and reference change values of common clinical chemistry and haematologic laboratory analytes in the elderly population.

Background Biological variation (BV) and reference change values (RCVs) have been widely described for the general population, but the use of these data derived from adults in the elderly population is a controversial issue. We determined the within- and between-subject BV and RCV in both elderly and young people and compared them with previously published analyses. Methods Samples were collected from 135 volunteers over 80 years of age at weekly intervals over 4 weeks. Eighteen biochemical and eight haematological analytes were measured. The Fraser and Harris methods were used to calculate the components of BV and RCV. To perform a comparative analysis, a reference group of 118 young subjects was studied under the same conditions. Results The obtained coefficients of BV showed statistical differences in many cases, but in general, both the elderly and young patient data fall within the ranges previously described for the general population. The indexes of individuality for the analytes investigated did not exceed 1.4 in any case and were Conclusions The strong individuality observed supports the preferential use of RCVs rather than population-based reference intervals in elderly people. For most of the analytes studied, data from the young population can be applied to elderly people, but the specific elderly coefficients of BV and RCVs are a recommended option.
Edinger-Westphal nucleus: Cells that project to spinal cord contain corticotropin-releasing factor

Combined retrograde transport and immunocytochemical methods were used to determine whether neurons in the Edinger-Westphal complex (EW) that project to the spinal cord also demonstrate corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity (CRF-LI). Large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cervical spinal cord retrogradely labeled cells throughout the extent of the EW complex. Most retrogradely labeled EW neurons also exhibited CRF-LI, evidence that EW is the origin of a direct CRF-containing pathway which links the rostral mesencephalon with spinal cord.
Reinvestigation of eakerite, Ca2SnAl2Si6O18(OH)2·2H2O: H-atom positions by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and correlation with Raman spectroscopic data

The crystal structure of natural eakerite [Kossiakoff & Leavens (1976). Am. Mineral. 61, 956–962] has been reinvestigated, the H-atom positions determined and the hydrogen-bonding scheme elucidated. The O⋯O separations of the O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds correlate well with the frequencies of the three corresponding Raman peaks according to Libowtzky's regression curve. The Sn atom has site symmetry \overline{1}.
Supply and Demand for Doctoral Personnel in Special Education and Communication Doisorders

Recent changes in federal support for leadership training have raised the issue of supply and demand for special education professionals with doctoral degrees. It was the purpose of this study to operationalize supply and demand in this labor market and to obtain measures of each over time. Using data from the Center for Educational Statistics as a measure of supply and counts of the frequency of position announcements in the Chronicle of Higher Education as a measure of demand, it was determined that in special education demand may soon exceed supply. This situation was considered especially serious because the measure of supply is likely to be an overestimate. In communication disorders, demand is growing, but supply has consistently exceeded demand. However, demand may be seriously underestimated because few clinical positions are advertised in the Chronicle and the number of clinical positions that require doctoral degrees in communication disorders is great.
Exploring the conformation space of cycloalkanes by linearized embedding

Linearized embedding is a variant on the usual distance geometry methods for finding atomic Cartesian coordinates given constraints on interatomic distances. Instead of dealing primarily with the matrix of interatomic distances, linearized embedding concentrates on properties of the metric matrix, the matrix of inner products between pairs of vectors defining local coordinate systems within the molecule. Here, the approach is used to explore the full conformation space allowed to small cyclic alkanes, given the constraint of exact bond lenghts and bond angles. Useful general tools developed along the way are expressions for rotation matrices in any number of dimensions and a generalization of spherical coordinates to any number of dimensions. Analytical results give some novel views of the conformation spaces of cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and eyclohexane. A combination of numerical and analytical approaches gives the most comprehensive description to date of the cycloheptane conformation space with fixed bond lengths and angles. In this representation, the pseudorotation paths of cyclohexane and cycloheptane are closed curved lines on the surfaces of spheres.
Valuation in infinite-horizon sequential markets with portfolio constraints

We develop a theory of valuation of assets in sequential markets over an infinite horizon and discuss implications of this theory for equilibrium under various portfolio constraints. We characterize a class of constraints under which sublinear valuation and a modified present value rule hold on the set of non-negative payoff streams in the absence of feasible arbitrage. We provide an example in which valuation is non-linear and the standard present value rule fails in incomplete markets. We show that linearity and countable additivity of valuation hold when markets are complete. We present a transversality constraint under which valuation is linear and countably additive on the set of all payoff streams regardless of whether markets are complete or incomplete.
Education and Income

Introduction, 423. — The problem of method, 424. — Proposed procedures, 425. — Statistical method and source of data, 426. Explanatory factors in addition to education, 427. — Search for interaction effects, and more detail on education, 430. — Estimated lifetime earnings, 432. — Qualifications, 435. — Summary, 436.
A Conjunction for Private Stream Searching

Our contribution defines a conjunction operator for private stream searching. Private stream searching is a system of cryptographic methods that preserves the confidentiality of the search criteria and the result. The system uses an encrypted filter to conceal the search terms, processes a search without decrypting these terms, and saves the result to an encrypted buffer. Fundamentally, the system provides a private search capability based on a logical disjunction of search terms. Our conjunction operator broadens the search capability, and achieves this without significantly increasing the complexity of the private search system. The conjunction is processed as a bit wise summation of hashed keyword values to reference an encrypted entry in the filter. The method is best suited for a conjunction of fields from a record, does not impute a calculation of bilinear map, as required in prior research, and offers a practical utility that integrates into private stream searching. We demonstrate the practicality by including the conjunction operator into our domain specific language for private packet filtering.
Peptic ulcer following loss of pancreatic secretion through a fistula: An experimental study

Specimens of the content of the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract of dogs were collected during fasting and after the administration of various diets. Following the production of a pancreatic fistula in these animals, no change in the pH of the gastric content was detected, but the duodenal pH during fasting was more variable and after ingestion of protein and carbohydrate meals a lower value was reached and was maintained for longer periods than normally. The latter observation was sometimes noted in the jejunum after a protein diet. Peptic ulcer occurred in 42 per cent of the animals in which a pancreatic fistula was made. There appeared to be an increase in the amount of material obtained from the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum during fasting and after different test meals, as well as an increased in the acidity of the material, in the animals in which ulcer was found at necropsy.
First- and second-harmonic radiations from a near-millimeter-wave gyromonotron

First- and second-harmonic radiations in frequency regions centered around 120 and 240 GHz, respectively, have been observed from a gyromonotron employing magnetic fields between 34 and 54 kG and a magnetron injection gun preducing a 30-kV, 1- to 2-A electron beam. Extensive redesign of the cavity, electron beam tunnel holders, and vacuum envelope resulted in greatly improved tube performance over that obtained previously. Nine first-harmonic modes and three second-harmonic modes were identified with specific TE cavity modes. These identifications were based on agreement between the measured frequency of a radiation and the calculated resonant frequency of a TE mode, and one or both of the following: (a) the agreement between the magnetic field at which the radiation occurred and that predicted by linear theory calculations of threshold current versus magnetic field for that mode; and (b) the similarity between the far-field antenna pattern measured with calibrated, waveguide-mounted detectors and that predicted for that mode. Output power was measured with a Scientech 362 Calorimeter and also estimated by integrating the far-field antenna patterns measured with the calibrated detectors. The power ranged from a fraction of a watt to 200 W for second-harmonic modes, and from tens of watts to 2 kW for first-harmonic modes.
On performance analysis of challenge/response based authentication in wireless networks

The emergence of public access wireless networks enables ubiquitous Internet services, whereas inducing more challenges of security due to open mediums. As one of the most widely used security mechanisms, authentication is to provide secure communications by preventing unauthorized usage and negotiating credentials for verification. Meanwhile, it generates heavy overhead and delay to communications, further deteriorating overall system performance. Therefore, it is very important to have an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the security and quality of service (QoS) through the authentication in wireless networks. In this paper, we analyze the impact of authentication on the security and QoS quantitatively. First, a system model based on challenge/response authentication mechanism is introduced, which is wide applied in various mobile environments. Then, the concept of security levels is proposed to describe the protection of communications with regard to the nature of security, i.e., information secrecy, data integrity, and resource availability. Third, traffic and mobility patterns are taken into account for quantitative analysis of QoS. Finally, we provide numerical results to demonstrate the impact of security levels, mobility and traffic patterns on over-all system performance in terms of authentication cost, delay, and call dropping probability.
Mapping of a restriction fragment length polymorphism associated with defective DR β chain expression to the HLA-DRB1 gene

Abstract The HLA-DR β4 chaine, encoded by the DRB4 gene, carries two DRw53 determinants normally expressed by DR4, DR7, and DR9 individuals. However, some DR7 individuals (DR7,Dw11) fail to express the DR β4 chain. At the genomic level, a HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism can be detected in these individuals with a DRβ cDNA probe. The association of this altered HindIII fragment with defective β4 chain expression suggested the possibility that the polymorphic fragment was derived from the DRB4 gene and might, therefore, be related to the defect in expression. However, detailed Southern blot analysis has now mapped the polymorpbic fragment to the 3′ end of the DRB1 gene, approximately 100 kb away from the defective DRB4 gene. Although the alteration in the DRB1 gene might involve sequences important in regulating the expression of the DRB4 gene, it is more likely that the association results from strong positive linkage disequilibrium between these DR β chain genes.
Spectroscopy of CF3COZ compounds—IV: Vibrational spectrum of trifluoroacetyl fluoride

Abstract The infrared spectra of CF3CFO in the gas phase and as a solute in an air matrix have been investigated in the region 2000–200 cm−1, and the Raman spectra of the liquid and solid have been obtained. A vibrational assignment is proposed which differs in some respects from that of LOOS and LORD [Spectrochim. Acta 21, 119 (1965)]. The similarity of band contours and depolarization ratios of two bands which are of different symmetry under the (rigid) point group C3, is attributed to molecular nonrigidity, suggesting a possible reinterpretation of a portion of the spectrum of CF3CHO [Spectrochim. Acta 25A, 793 (1969)].
Archives, Memory, and Interfaces with the Past

Archival interfaces are critical nodes in archival systems where archivists negotiate and exercise power over the constitution and representation of archives. Drawing on notions of interfaces from physical, technological, and computer systems, archival interfaces are both a metaphor for archivists' roles as intermediaries between documentary evidence and its readers and a tangible set of structures and tools that place archival documents in a context and provide an interpretative framework. Interfaces in modern institutions and technological systems are neither natural nor neutral. In probing archival interfaces, what may appear as neutral and objective processes are revealed as places where archivists determine what constitutes legit- imate evidence of the past and shape social memories. The emergence of computer interfaces as an increasingly common mode of user interaction with archives demands that archivists confront the interpretative nature of their work and exploit opportunities to place themselves visibly in the interfaces they construct.
Was Russian Peasant Agriculture Really That Impoverished? New Evidence from a Case Study from the “Impoverished Center” at the End of the Nineteenth Century

The mainstream of Russian historiographical studies holds that at the turn of the century peasant economic conditions were in a state of near collapse. In one of the poorest parts of the empire three measures of that economic impoverishment were seriously in error: draft animals were incompletely inventoried, and the meanings of both land leasing and fallow reductions were misinterpreted. These methodological errors have systematically distorted prevailing discussions about the wealth and poverty of peasant farms in Voronezh. Accumulating evidence is beginning to suggest reopening the question of the severity of the Russian “agrarian crisis” on the eve of the Revolution of 1917.
SECONDARY TRAUMA OR SECONDARY DISASTER? INSIGHTS FROM HURRICANE KATRINA

Hurricane Katrina is destined to become one of the most studied disasters in U.S. history. This manuscript offers a sociology of disaster framework in which to situate past, on-going, and future research on this event. By examining Katrina on a continuum of natural and technological disasters, we are able to gain insights into the different paths of impact and recovery taken by New Orleans and the rest of the disaster-stricken region. Specifically, this disaster has produced a series of secondary traumas that continue to thwart recovery efforts. Understanding these secondary traumas can lead to amelioration of their effects and development of responses to diminish their occurrence in future disasters.
Distributed inference networks with costly wires

Distributed control systems are physical constructs, incurring deployment and maintenance costs for their communication infrastructure. Inference is a central function of many distributed control systems. This paper formulates and studies the tradeoff between algebraic notions of inference functionality and algebraic notions of wiring costs. It is shown that separated topology design and node placement yields optimal network design. This design problem is shown to be NP-complete, but is carried out for small network size. A natural relaxation is shown to be a reverse convex minimization problem.
Relationship between the Bohr-Mottelson model and the interacting boson model

The interacting boson model was invented in two independent modes: The Schwinger mode using six bosons ($s$ and five $d$ bosons) and the Holstein-Primakoff mode using five quadrupole quasibosons. We show that the mathematical equivalence of the two modes can be used to define a number conserving quadrupole boson (the $b$ boson). Two equivalent bases, the usual $s\ensuremath{-}d$ basis and a new $s\ensuremath{-}b$ basis, are exhibited. By an exercise of (possibly objectionable) physical license, the result can be interpreted as a proof of equivalence of interacting boson model I with the Bohr-Mottelson model. In the $s\ensuremath{-}b$ basis, the Hamiltonian and other operators depend only on the $b$ boson. In this form, all the topics usually associated with the Bohr-Mottleson model can be discussed: potential energy surface, shape parameters, vibrations vs rotations, etc. The precise relationship of our method to that employed in previous work is exposed. The latter is shown to correspond to the use of the Dyson generators of SU(6).
Psychometric properties of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale in youth with autism spectrum disorders and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

The psychometric properties of the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) were investigated in 46 treatment-seeking youth, 7–15 years of age, who were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and exhibited obsessive–compulsive symptoms. The CY-BOCS Total score exhibited good internal consistency, with differing internal consistencies observed on the Obsession Severity scale (α = 0.86) and Compulsion Severity scale (α = 0.59). Good to excellent inter-rater reliability was observed for the CY-BOCS Total score and both Severity scales. Convergent and divergent validity of the CY-BOCS Total score and both Severity scales were satisfactory. Insight into obsessive–compulsive symptoms was moderately associated with the CY-BOCS Total score. The CY-BOCS demonstrated treatment sensitivity, demonstrating significant changes in obsessive–compulsive symptoms within a subsample of youth receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment. Overall, the CY-BOCS demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and utility in assessing obsessive–compulsive symptoms in youth with ASD and clinically significant obsessive–compulsive symptoms.
Hiding the invisible axion

Abstract We show how to construct grand unified models that solve the strong CP puzzle with an invisible axion, but do not have a cosmological domain wall problem.
A re-evaluation of the molecular weight of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

In contrast with previous results that indicate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is a dimer of 56,000 molecular weight subunits, we find that the subunit Mr of the enzyme purified from baker's yeast is 40,000. The same subunit Mr was observed in immunoprecipitates of crude supernatants of baker's yeast and S. cerevisiae cultures, as well as in acid-extracts of cells detected by immunoblotting, suggesting that the native subunit indeed has a Mr of 40,000 and it has not been produced from a larger polypeptide. Complete immunoprecipitation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity with saturating concentrations of specific antibody suggests that there is only one fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme in S. cerevisiae. The Mr of the purified enzyme determined by size exclusion HPLC suggests that it has a tetrameric structure characteristic of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases from a broad phylogenetic spectrum.
Whole Food versus Supplement: Comparing the Clinical Evidence of Tomato Intake and Lycopene Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. A link between diet and CVD is well established, with dietary modification a foundational component of CVD prevention and management. With the discovery of bioactive components beyond the essential nutrients of foods, a new era of nutritional, medical, botanical, physiologic, and analytical sciences has unfolded. The ability to identify, isolate, purify, and deliver single components has expanded the dietary supplement business and health opportunity for consumers. Lycopene is an example of a food component that has attracted attention from scientists as well as food, agriculture, and dietary supplement industries. A major question, however, is whether delivering lycopene through a supplement source is as effective as or more effective than consuming lycopene through whole food sources, specifically the tomato, which is the richest source of lycopene in the Western diet. In this review, we examined clinical trials comparing the efficacy of lycopene supplements with tomato products on intermediate CVD risk factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism. Overall, the present review highlights the need for more targeted research; however, at present, the available clinical research supports consuming tomato-based foods as a first-line approach to cardiovascular health. With the exception of blood pressure management where lycopene supplementation was favored, tomato intake provided more favorable results on cardiovascular risk endpoints than did lycopene supplementation. Indeed, future research that is well designed, clinically focused, mechanistically revealing, and relevant to human intake will undoubtedly add to the growing body of knowledge unveiling the promise of tomatoes and/or lycopene supplementation as an integral component of a heart-healthy diet.
Patterns of convulsive susceptibility in the long-sleep and short-sleep selected mouse lines

It has been hypothesized that the Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep mouse lines were bidirectionally selected for high and low brain excitability, and further, that these differences are mediated by the benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride channel complex. Hence, mice from both lines were administered seven convulsants (bicuculline, pentylenetetrazol, 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline, picrotoxin, caffeine, flurothyl and strychnine) and myoclonic and clonic seizure latencies recorded. Supporting the original hypothesis, the results show that the two lines were differentiated by all of the convulsants and that in response to the drugs, three distinct convulsive patterns were found. Nevertheless, a simple genetic model accounting for these results was not evident. To further clarify these susceptibility patterns, a convulsant representing each of these patterns (bicuculline, pentylenetetrazol or caffeine) was administered in conjunction with the anticonvulsant-barbiturate phenobarbital or the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. Irrespective of the convulsant given, phenobarbital attenuated both myoclonus and clonus subsequent to all convulsants, while Ro 15-1788 had a more discrete anticonvulsant profile.
Synthesis and characterization of L-tyrosine based novel polyphosphates for potential biomaterial applications

Abstract Starting from the natural amino-acid l -tyrosine, a diphenolic monomeric molecule was developed using carbodiimide mediated solid-phase synthesis techniques. This monomeric molecule was polymerized by reacting it in equimolar proportions with suitable dihalophosphates to yield novel biodegradable polyphosphates containing peptide linkages and phosphoester linkages alternating in the polymer backbone. The biodegradability of such a polymer is expected to arise from the hydrolytic degradability of the phosphoester linkages and the enzymatic degradability of the peptide linkages in the polymer backbone. Design of such a polymer is expected to make a significant contribution to biomaterials research, regarding drug delivery device and tissue engineering scaffold applications. The monomer was obtained by a novel solid phase carbodiimide-mediated amide coupling process. The subsequent polymers were obtained by solution-phase dehydrochlorination polycondensation reactions in the presence of a suitable acid acceptor. The synthesized polymers were characterized by 13 C NMR, 31 P NMR and FTIR for their chemical structure, by GPC for their molecular weight distribution, and by DSC and TGA for their thermal transition characteristics.
Impact of a plant extract on the viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in nonfat yogurt

Abstract The effect of a plant extract (prepared from olive, garlic, onion and citrus with sodium acetate as a carrier) on the viability of yogurt starter cultures was studied. Nonfat yogurt was prepared with various levels of supplements: plant extract (0, 0.5 or 1.0%, w/v) or l -cysteine HCl (0.014 or 0.028%, w/w). Microbial and physicochemical analyses were conducted weekly for 50 days. Fermentation time increased for supplemented yogurts compared with the non-supplemented yogurt. Lactobacillus bulgaricus counts in supplemented yogurts were >6 log cfu mL −1 for a longer time (7–21 days) compared with the non-supplemented yogurt. Streptococcus thermophilus counts in all yogurts were > 6 log cfu mL −1 throughout the storage. Overall, redox potential and titratable acidity of yogurts on day 50 were greater compared with day 1, but pH and syneresis were less. Plant extract at 0.5% enhanced L. bulgaricus viability in nonfat yogurt while least affecting the physicochemical characteristics.
Metal silicide-mediated microcrystalline silicon thin-film growth for photovoltaics

Abstract Microcrystalline thin Si films were grown by the metal-induced growth method. The metal catalyst (Co, Ni, or Co-coated Ni) first reacted to sputtered Si forming a silicide layer. Then a Si film was epitaxially grown above the silicide seed template. The crystallinity of Si films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirming Si film growth with CoSi 2 or NiSi 2 as an intermediate step. The grown Si films were fabricated into Schottky photodiodes. The Co-coated Ni modulated the silicide formation and gave a short-circuit current density ( J sc ) of 10.6 mA/cm 2 , which is one order higher than that for the single Co catalyst case.
Toxicity, Accumulation, and Release of Three Polychlorinated Napthalenes (Halowax 1000, 1013, and 1099) in Postlarval and Adult Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have become ubiquitous in the marine, environment, and some of these compounds are readily accumulated to high levels in the tissues of marine organisms (BIDLEMAN and OLNEY, 1974; BAIRD et al., 1975; PEAKALL, 1975). While investigators ~-ave--directed most attention toward the occurrence and effects of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have recently been detected in the water and sediments of a South Florida drainage ditch (CRUMP-WEISNER et al., 1974).
MARS: Missouri Automated Radiology System

The primary role of the radiologist is to examine patients, usually with the help of ionizing radiation, in order to provide information of use in patient care. The radiologist functions as a consultant that is, patients are referred to him by many other physicians, and he delivers information obtained from his special methods of examination back to each patient's referring physician. As a result the radiologist deals with greater numbers of patients than most physicians. Also, he needs to move a great deal of data quickly and accurately.
Calcium Inhibits the Cardiac Stimulating Properties of Dobutamine but Not of Amrinone

To contrast the effect of increasing blood calcium concentrations on the cardiovascular actions of intravenous s-adrenergic agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 46 patients recovering from aortocoronary bypass surgery received either dobutamine or amrinone both in the presence and absence of a calcium infusion. Cardiac output, systemic arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, heart rate, and blood ionized calcium concentration were measured before and during infusions of dobutamine (2.5 and 5.0 µg/kg/min) and amrinone (0.75 mg/kg bolus +10 µg/kg/min or 2.25 mg/kg bolus+ 20 µg/kg/min). After the initial dobutamine infusion period, patients were randomly and blindly assigned to receive either a calcium or placebo infusion, and the dobutamine infusions were repeated. Because of the long duration of amrinone's actions, the amrinone maintenance infusion was continued while randomized, blinded infusion of either calcium or placebo was added. Dobutamine (5 µg/kg/min) increased cardiac output from 7.1 ±0.3 L/min to 9.1 ±0.4 L/min, and increased heart rate from 93 ±4 beats/min to 107 ±4 beats/min. Systemic vascular resistance decreased and stroke volume increased. Dobutamine had no significant effects on other hemodynamic values. Amrinone (2.25 mg/kg bolus + 20 µg/ kg/min) increased cardiac output from 5.6 ±0.4 L/min to 6.9 ± 0.5 L/min, and increased heart rate from 87 ± 3 beats/ min to 98 ± 3 beats/min. Amrinone decreased mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Calcium infusion increased arterial pressure (8 to 13 percent) but had no significant effects on any other hemodynamic parameters. Calcium reduced the increase in cardiac output produced by dobutamine by 30 percent, but it did not alter the cardiotonic actions of amrinone. Thus, calcium inhibits the cardiotonic actions of certain s-adrenergic agonists, most likely by interfering with signal transduction through the s-adrenergic receptor complex.