cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing online experiments: Citizen science approaches to research

In this workshop we will host presentations from researchers performing online experiments and spend a half day helping attendees create experiments using the Volunteer Science platform. Current approaches to online science use new information technologies to collect and processes data and engage citizen scientists across the globe. Programs like Zooniverse, Fold.It, and SciStarter demonstrate the power of recruiting online volunteers as participants and contributors to research. Platforms like Project Implicit and Volunteer Science confirm that a wide range of social scientific research can be conducted with volunteers in online laboratories. In this workshop, a group of scholars with wide-ranging experience in this area will discuss existing and emerging approaches to online experimentation. Participants will learn about designing and running online studies and will be given access to the Volunteer Science research platform (volunteerscience.com) where they will work with researchers to develop, test, and deploy their own online studies.
Impingement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparing the direct versus indirect femoral tunnel position

During anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, authors have suggested inserting the femoral tunnel at the biomechanically relevant direct fibres, but this higher position can cause more impingement. Therefore, we aimed to assess ACL graft impingement at the femoral notch for ACL reconstruction at both the direct and indirect tunnel positions. A virtual model was created for twelve cadaveric knees with computed tomography scanning in which a virtual graft was placed at direct and indirect tunnel positions of the anteromedial bundle (AM), posterolateral bundle (PL) or centre of the both bundles (C). In these six tunnel positions, the volume (mm3) and mid-point location of impingement (°) were measured at different flexion angles. Generally, more impingement was seen with the indirect position compared with the direct position although this was only significant at 90° of flexion for the AM position (97 ± 28 vs. 76 ± 20 mm3, respectively; p = 0.046). The direct tunnel position impinged higher at the notch, whereas the indirect position impinged more towards the lateral wall, but this was only significant at 90° of flexion for the AM (24 ± 5° vs. 34 ± 4°, respectively; p < 0.001) and C position (34 ± 5° vs. 42 ± 5°, respectively; p = 0.003). In this cadaveric study, the direct tunnel position did not cause more impingement than the indirect tunnel position. Based on these results, graft impingement is not a limitation to reconstruct the femoral tunnel at the insertion of the biomechanically more relevant direct fibres.
Tumor-reactive immune cells protect against metastatic tumor and induce immunoediting of indolent but not quiescent tumor cells

Two major barriers to cancer immunotherapy include tumor-induced immune suppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and poor immunogenicity of the tumor-expressing self-antigens. To overcome these barriers, we reprogrammed tumor-immune cell cross-talk by combined use of decitabine and adoptive immunotherapy, containing tumor-sensitized T cells and CD25(+) NKT cells. Decitabine functioned to induce the expression of highly immunogenic cancer testis antigens in the tumor, while also reducing the frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and the presence of CD25(+) NKT cells rendered T cells, resistant to remaining myeloid-derived suppressor cells. This combinatorial therapy significantly prolonged survival of animals bearing metastatic tumor cells. Adoptive immunotherapy also induced tumor immunoediting, resulting in tumor escape and associated disease-related mortality. To identify a tumor target that is incapable of escape from the immune response, we used dormant tumor cells. We used Adriamycin chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which simultaneously induce tumor cell death and tumor dormancy. Resultant dormant cells became refractory to additional doses of Adriamycin or radiation therapy, but they remained sensitive to tumor-reactive immune cells. Importantly, we discovered that dormant tumor cells contained indolent cells that expressed low levels of Ki67 and quiescent cells that were Ki67 negative. Whereas the former were prone to tumor immunoediting and escape, the latter did not demonstrate immunoediting. Our results suggest that immunotherapy could be highly effective against quiescent dormant tumor cells. The challenge is to develop combinatorial therapies that could establish a quiescent type of tumor dormancy, which would be the best target for immunotherapy.
Further observations on addiction to methadon in the monkey.

SummaryRacemic methadon administered thrice daily in maximal tolerated dose, does not induce a significant degree of physical dependence in the monkey (Macaca mulatta) confirming previous experiments involving single daily administration.
Cecal Mucosal Response to Coccidiosis in Growing Chickens

Abstract The cecal mucosal changes of a subclinical coccidial (E. tenella) in chickens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Oral inoculation was used and the mucosal surface of the ceca was studied. A control group from the same hatch of chickens was sampled simultaneously. The ceca from the infected birds was markedly smaller and contained some hemorrhagic areas. The control birds maintained a relatively smooth continuous epithelium throughout the study. During the infection, early fenestration was seen in the epithelium followed by its disruption. The crypts were easily seen as the disease progressed and in some cases the epithelium became denuded. The infective organism may inhibit replacement of degenerating epithelium.
Recurrent Ideas in Number Theory: The Multiple Birkhoff Recurrence Theorem Used to Prove van der Waerden's Theorem

In 1977 and 1978, some striking and beautiful connections between the fields of topological dynamics and combinatorial number theory began to emerge. Since then there has been an explosion of sensational results that connect these two fields and provide new and clear insights into some classical number-theoretic theorems and combinatorial questions. This story is about classical number-theoretic results being understood in a new and systematic way using the tools and machinery of dynamical systems. The point of this note is to discuss in some detail one such important number-theoretic result and its new dynamical interpretation, namely van der Waerden's theorem, which provides a particularly clear and simple example. (We focus on the dynamical interpretation of this number-theoretic result. Classical proofs of theorems are not included, but the reader is invited to explore the references [6], [71, [2], [8].) Number theory is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It deals with the natural numbers 1N, which are used for counting and calculations, and it is the solid foundation of modern algebra. Combinatorial number theory, simply speaking, involves questions about sets of natural numbers and classes of sets of natural numbers and the structure of these classes as sets. Questions in combinatorial number theory are quantitative and set-theoretic in nature, as opposed to those concerning algebraic properties of numbers (divisibility, primeness, etc.). In the late 1920's the following problem was posed: If the natural numbers are divided into 2 classes, must there be an arithmetic progression of arbitrary length in one of the classes? Many mathematicians tried to solve this problem-it is appealing due to its (deceptively) simple nature -but the solution by van der Waerden proved to be surprisingly deep. In any event, in 1927 van der Waerden proved the following theorem, answering a slightly more general question.
Is There An Expiration Date For Cord Blood Units In Storage

Little is known about the impact of storage duration of an umbilical cord blood unit (CBU) on its’ long term engraftment potency in a clinical setting. We hypothesized that the longevity of storage would not affect CBU engraftment kinetics, when stored under standard conditions. A total of 86 patients undergoing single CB transplants were identified and impact of CBU age was analyzed on transplant outcomes including engraftment and survival. Based on age of the CBU, 4 quartiles were identified: (Q1: Age Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Visualizing Variable-Length Time Series Motifs.

The problem of time series motif discovery has received a lot of attention from researchers in the past decade. Most existing work on finding time series motifs require that the length of the motifs be known in advance. However, such information is not always available. In addition, motifs of different lengths may co-exist in a time series dataset. In this work, we develop a motif visualization system based on grammar induction. We demonstrate that grammar induction in time series can effectively identify repeated patterns without prior knowledge of their lengths. The motifs discovered by the visualization system are variablelengths in two ways. Not only can the inter-motif subsequences have variable lengths, the intra-motif subsequences also are not restricted to have identical length—a unique property that is desirable, but has not been seen in the literature.
Contributions of growth and deformation to monthly variability in sea ice thickness north of the coasts of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Regional variability in monthly CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness is partitioned into contributions from dynamics and thermodynamics using ice deformation calculated from large-scale ice drift. For five winters (December to April, 2011–2015), over a region of persistent convergence north of the coasts of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, deformation explains ~34% of the overall variance (up to 69% in 2014/2015) in monthly thickness changes. Approximately 42–56% (or ~ 0.6 m) of the seasonal changes in mean regional ice thickness can be attributed to divergence and shear. The estimated area-averaged growth of 0.12 ± 0.03 m/month compares favorably with measurements from ice mass balance buoys. Examination of the time-variable thickness distributions shows areas covered by ice 3 m) increased. Albeit at fairly coarse resolution, this coupled analysis of thickness changes and deformation offered a first look at the character of the regional thickness redistribution process.
Ontology and the Sacred

While on his quest for the Holy Grail, the heroic Parsifal comes to a castle and asks a single question which turns out to be the right question. According to Eliade, this episode is instructive about the human condition because human beings have a choice: either to refuse the right question or to ask it. An overwhelming number of humans refuse to ask the correct question because they are lost in the labyrinth of history wandering without direction and purpose. Eliade explains: This episode from Parsifal illustrates excellently the fact that even before a satisfactory answer is found, the ‘right question’ regenerates and fertilizes — not only man’s being, but also the whole Cosmos. Nothing reflects more precisely the failure of man who refuses to ask about the meaning of his existence than this picture of the whole of nature suffering in anticipation of a question. It seems to us that we are wandering all alone, one by one, because we refuse to ask, ‘Where is the way, the truth, and the life?’ We believe that our salvation or shipwreck is our concern, and ours alone.1 Eliade asserts that the right question is about the nature of being, an ontological question. The question is primary because it is intertwined with the cosmos and meaning. To begin to find one’s way out of the labyrinth of existence involves asking the ontological question.
Anisotropy of B-DNA Groove Bending

DNA bending is critical for DNA packaging, recognition, and repair, and occurs toward either the major or the minor groove. The anisotropy of B-DNA groove bending was quantified for eight DNA sequences by free energy simulations employing a novel reaction coordinate. The simulations show that bending toward the major groove is preferred for non-A-tracts while the A-tract has a high tendency of bending toward the minor groove. Persistence lengths were generally larger for bending toward the minor groove, which is thought to originate from differences in groove hydration. While this difference in stiffness is one of the factors determining the overall preference of bending direction, the dominant contribution is shown to be a free energy offset between major and minor groove bending. The data suggests that, for the A-tract, this offset is largely determined by inherent structural properties, while differences in groove hydration play a large role for non-A-tracts. By quantifying the energetics of DNA groove...
Parallel active dictionary attack on IEEE 802.11 enterprise networks

One of the greatest challenges facing 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) is to provide equivalent security to wired local area network (LAN). Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA-II), also referred to as IEEE 802.11i standard, is the current security mechanism for enterprise wireless networks. IEEE 802.11i standard depends upon IEEE 802.1X standard to authenticate and generate the main cryptographic key used to secure wireless network traffic. In a WPA-II enterprise network, capturing wireless frames during the authentication phase between the Access Point (AP) and an authorized wireless client will not compromise the security of the WLAN. However, an attacker can apply active dictionary attack by guessing the credentials used to access the wireless network. In this case, the attacker communicates directly with the Authentication Server (AS). The main downside of this attack is the low intensity of password guessing trials that the attacker can achieve, thus security community usually does not pay attention to such an attack. In this paper, we present a new attack scheme that can increase the intensity of guessing trials against WPA-II enterprise. The new scheme is based on using one wireless interface card to create multiple virtual wireless clients (VWCs), each VWC communicates with the Authentication Server as a standalone wireless client. We have developed a working prototype and our experiments show that the proposed scheme can improve the active dictionary guessing speed by more than 1700% compared to the traditional single wireless client attack.
Platelets and Inflammatory Disorders of Connective Tissue

The circulating blood platelet as a participant in inflammatory pathways has been the focus of intense investigation and the topic of several reviews and other chapters in this book (Franco et al. Blood. 126:582–588, 2015). Inflammation underlies the pathophysiologic response in many diseases, and therefore defining the role of the platelet in inflammatory responses is paramount to understanding the molecular basis of the disease process (Leslie. Science 328(5978):562–564, 2010). In this chapter, we focus on the historical background describing the role of platelets in connective tissue inflammation, with emphasis on studies linking platelets and rheumatoid arthritis. A link between platelets and the inflammatory response starts with an appreciation for platelets being a specific cellular entity restricted to higher mammals. Lower vertebrates, such as fish and birds, do not have platelets, but instead have a dual-functioning cell, the thrombocyte, that has both immune and hemostatic properties (see Momi and Wiwanitkit 2017). Thus, the divergence of thrombocyte function to multiple cell types, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets, might be expected to result in functional overlap with some similar properties retained by each individual cell type in higher species. The participation of platelets in inflammation needs careful consideration given the widespread use of antithrombotic agents for prevention of cardiovascular events. Understanding the molecular basis of the platelet/inflammatory axis will also ensure the best practice decisions will be made for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and additional inflammatory conditions.
Patient Attitudes and Participation in Hand Co-Washing in an Outpatient Clinic Before and After a Prompt

Despite recent national emphasis, outpatient hand washing can be less than optimal. We tested a new approach involving both patient and physician hand washing. The study consisted of 384 questionnaires, 184 from phase 1 and 200 from phase 2. Patients stated doctors washed their hands 96.6% before examining them pre-intervention and 99.5% of the time post-intervention. Patients endorsed the importance of hand washing 98.7% of the time. "Co-washing" may offer a process to increase the practice of hand washing and decrease infection risk.
Monitoring Radiated Coexistence Testing Using GMM-Based Classifier

Sharing spectrum resources in unlicensed bands grants vehicular applications inexpensive and ubiquitous access to wireless services. However, wireless technology coexistence concerns are gaining increased attention. In response, coexistence test methods are now being reported in the literature, and novel solutions are considered in the American National Standards Institute C63.27 Standard for Evaluation of Wireless Coexistence. Furthermore, the IEEE 802 standards committee formed a new study group, named wireless automotive coexistence, operating under the umbrella of 802.19 working group to highlight the increasing concerns of wireless coexistence in the automotive domain. The radiated open environment coexistence test (ROECT) method offers high flexibility to test wireless devices for coexistence. Radio signal propagation during testing is over the air, reducing access to the signal path. Consequently, monitoring instantaneous device performance is a challenge yet to be addressed. This paper introduces a novel method for estimating the channel utilization of multiple, concurrent wireless transmitters sharing the 2.4-GHz ISM band in the context of ROECT. Passively received power measurements were collected during testing, and then a Gaussian mixture model was used to build a classifier for labeling observed power samples relative to their source. Case studies utilizing IEEE 802.11n as an interfering system with an under test system based on either IEEE 802.11n or ZigBee are detailed. Findings demonstrate the mutual effect of spectrum sharing on both interfering and under test systems in terms of per-second channel utilization and frame collision. Experimental results show an overall accuracy exceeding 98%.
International volunteerism and urethral stricture disease: a review.

Global health is an ever-expanding area of interest for many healthcare workers around the world. In recent years, it has become apparent that much of the global disease burden is surgical. Urologic disease is no exception—many international organizations send volunteers around the world to support Urologic services in countries that lack capacity and resources. Urethral stricture represents a unique opportunity for specialized surgical management that vastly improves long term morbidity. Here we review the prevalence, etiology, and management of urethral stricture from a global perspective while highlighting impact of international urologic volunteer efforts.
An Observational Study of the Association of Video- Versus Text-Based Informed Consent With Multicenter Trial Enrollment: Lessons From the PALM Study (Patient and Provider Assessment of Lipid Management).

Background: Patient participation in clinical research is low, in part because of the length and complexity of the informed consent process. Video informed consent may enhance the appeal of research and help break down barriers to participation. Methods and Results: The PALM study (Patient and Provider Assessment of Lipid Management) enrolled 7904 patients at cardiology, endocrinology, and primary care clinics across the United States to evaluate cholesterol management practices. Of 153 participating clinics, 67 (43.8%) secured institutional review board approval to use a tablet-based video informed consent tool that patients could select to navigate through the informed consent process instead of traditional text-based informed consent. At sites without institutional review board approval of video consent, all patients read a text-based informed consent document. Site activation times and enrollment volumes, as well as characteristics of enrolled patients, were compared between sites with and without video consent capability. Sites with video consent capability more often used a central institutional review board (89.6% versus 73.3%), were more often rural (16.7% versus 3.8%), and tended to have fewer providers. Compared with sites without video consent capability, sites with video consent capability had shorter times from site approach to first patient enrollment (median 178 versus 207 days; P =0.02). Sites with video consent capability enrolled similar numbers of patients as sites without video consent capability ( P =0.48) but enrolled a greater proportion of patients who were ≥75 years old (27.5% versus 23.6%; P P Conclusions: In this observational study of recruitment in a multicenter registry, sites approved for video consent use enrolled the same number of patients as sites with only traditional text-based informed consent but had faster speed to first patient enrolled and more often enrolled older and nonwhite patients. Future randomized trials are needed to assess the impact of video consent on enrollment mechanics and demographics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02341664
Discussion and Future Work

This chapter discusses the implications of the experiments discussed in previous Chaps. 2– 6 and preposes some directions for future research.
Pre-senescence Harvest of Switchgrass Inhibits Xylose Utilization by Engineered Yeast

Proper timing of switchgrass harvest for bioenergy is important to maximize yield and optimize end use conversion. Proposed windows range from peak biomass to the following spring after overwintering in the field. There are various pros and cons associated with harvest timing: earlier harvests maximize yield but can remove nutrients from the field that may require replacement, while later harvests have reduced biomass yields due to weathering but maximize nutrient resorption in belowground tissues. Switchgrass composition changes during the harvest period, with losses of potential fermentation nutrients (amino acids and minerals), and sources of pretreatment-derived inhibitors (soluble sugars), which could affect downstream conversion by microorganisms. For this work we investigated whether switchgrass harvest could be timed to maximize beneficial impacts on fermentation. Switchgrass samples were harvested from five replicate field plots in Wisconsin, roughly every 2-3 weeks from peak biomass (Aug. 20) until after the killing frost (Nov. 7). Cell wall composition showed little consistent variation with harvest date while bulk biomass analysis showed a relative increase in cell wall content (lignin and structural sugars) and loss of extractives (minerals, protein, soluble sugars, and others). Following high or low severity AFEX pretreatment and high solids enzymatic hydrolysis (6% glucan loading), two field replicates were fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A, a strain engineered to utilize xylose in addition to glucose. For both pretreatment severities, S. cerevisiae 424A grown in hydrolysates from the three earlier harvests utilized only a small fraction of available xylose, while almost complete utilization occurred within 96 hr for the last three harvest dates. Detailed analysis of the hydrolysate low molecular weight aromatics did not indicate any compounds potentially responsible for the inhibition, with most of the observed variation in their concentration due to pretreatment severity. Amino acid composition also did not appear to be limiting. Current indications point to a plant-generated compound that degrades during senescence, which future work will attempt to identify. Ultimately this work demonstrates that, although an attractive option to maximize yield, harvesting switchgrass before it begins senescing could have a negative effect on downstream conversion processes.
Nonlinear Discrete Dynamical Systems

In this chapter, the basic concepts of nonlinear discrete systems will be presented. The local and global theory of stability and bifurcation for nonlinear discrete systems will be discussed. The stability switching and bifurcation on specific eigenvectors of the linearized system at fixed points under specific period will be presented. The higher singularity and stability for nonlinear discrete systems on the specific eigenvectors will be developed. A few special cases in the lower dimensional maps will be presented for a better understanding of the generalized theory. The route to chaos will be discussed briefly, and the intermittency phenomena relative to specific bifurcations will be presented. The normalization group theory for 2-D discrete systems will be presented via Duffing discrete systems.
Cure Monitoring of Thermosetting Polymers by an Ultrasonic Technique

In the fabrication of components with thermosetting polymers, an essential step is the proper optimization of the cure cycle. In the early phases of the cure the polymer must have the appropriate flow properties to assure the proper wetting, spreading, and forming. It must then harden without excessive build up of residual stresses and flaws or the loss of adhesion at any interfaces that are present. To complicate the situation further, many applications such as composites, adhesives, paints, and protective coatings involve thin films whose cure behavior is significantly different than that for bulk samples. To help address this problem, an ultrasonic shear wave propagation technique has been developed. It is a laboratory device that measures the dynamic shear properties of a thin film in a way which is both nondestructive and nonperturbing to any chemical reactions that may be occurring. The applicability of this test method was demonstrated with cure studies on two model systems: one based on tung oil the other based on an epoxy resin.
Progress in Large-Scale Ozone Generation Using Microplasmas

Large-scale ozone generation for municipal and industrial purposes has been entirely based on the creation of microplasmas or microdischarges which are a type of non-thermal or cold plasma created using a reactor known as a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Even though microplasma generated ozone has been in continuous use for over a hundred years especially in water treatment, recent shifts in environmental awareness and sustainability have lead to a surge of ozone generating facilities throughout the world. Along with the global expansion of this environmental cleaning application various new discoveries have emerged in the science and technology of ozone generation. This chapter will briefly describe some of the historical and recent developments of this plasma application. A more comprehensive overview of the discharge physics, plasma chemistry, and the biological oxidation capabilities of ozone will be addressed along with a review of some of the most recent breakthrough developments and challenges in large-scale ozone generation technology.
15 Years of Language Resource Creation and Sharing: a Progress Report on LDC Activities

This paper, the fifth in a series of biennial progress reports, reviews the activities of the Linguistic Data Consortium with particular emphasis on general trends in the language resource landscape and on changes that distinguish the two years since LDCs last report at LREC from the preceding 8 years. After providing a perspective on the current landscape of language resources, the paper goes on to describe our vision of the role of LDC within the research communities it serves before sketching briefly specific publications and resources creations projects that have been the focus our attention since the last report.
The Di-π-Methane Photorearrangement

Early examples of the class of reactions now known as di-π-methane photorearrangements were reported by Griffin et al.,(1,2) Zimmerman and co-workers(3,4) Meinwald and Smith,(5) and Srinivasan and Carlough.(6) This rearrangement occurs upon photolysis of molecules having two unsaturated moieties bonded to a single saturated carbon atom. A typical example is as follows(6): This type of reaction has been observed for a large number of acyclic and cyclic molecules.
Probability and the Future of Statistics

One definition holds that statistics is the science of using evidence, including but not limited to statistical data, to assess numerical probabilities meant for prospective assessment of uncertainty. Widespread opportunities exist for developing statistics along these lines, through practical attempts to bridge the gap from evidence to probability representations in appropriately selected domains of science. Illustrations are drawn from policy-related fields of statistics, including analysis of economic time series, small area statistics, and the statistics of employment discrimination.
Nasal plasmacytoma: a rare cause of persistent epistaxis

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EP) is a rare neoplasm characterized by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells without features of multiple myeloma. EP constitutes 3% of all plasma cell tumors. Most...
Impact of clostridium difficile infection on short-term outcomes in hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies: A national sample.

e18711Background: Patients with hematologic malignancies are susceptible to clostridium difficile infection (CDI) given their exposure to chemotherapy and subsequent development of neutropenia. Thi...
Correction to: Iron sulfide formation on root surfaces controlled by the life cycle of wild rice (Zizania palustris)

In the online and printed version of this article the Acknowledgements section omitted some information. Additionally, Figures 3 and 4 did not contain proper background shading to depict the life stages. The correct Figures and Acknowledgements section are provided.
Comparative analysis of epigenetic aging clocks from CpG characteristics to functional associations

Abstract To date, a number of epigenetic clocks have been developed using DNA methylation data, aimed at approximating biological aging in multiple tissues/cells. However, despite the assumption that these clocks are meant to capture the same phenomenon-aging, their correlations with each other are weak, and there is a lack of consistency in their associations with outcomes of aging. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare and contrast the molecular characteristics and functional associations of 11 existing epigenetic clocks, using data from diverse human tissue and cell types. Results suggest that the CpGs comprised in the various clocks differ in regards to the consistency of their age correlations across tissues/cells. Using microarray expression data from purified CD14+ monocytes, we found that six clocks—Yang, Hannum, Lin, Levine, Horvath1, and Horvath2—has relatively similar transcriptional profiles. Network analysis revealed nine co-expression modules, most of which display robust correlations across various clocks. One significant module—turquoise is involved in mitochondrial translation, gene expression, respiratory chain complex assembly, and oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, using data from 143B cells with chronically depleted mtDNA (rho0) and 143B controls, we found that rho0 cells have more than a three-standard deviation increase in epigenetic age for Levine (p=0.006), Lin (p=0.012), and Yang (p=0.013). In summary, these results demonstrate the shared and contrasting features of existing epigenetic clocks, in regards to the CpG characteristic, tissue specificity, and co-regulatory gene network signatures, and suggesting a link between two hallmarks of aging—epigenetic alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Symbiotic Encounters: HCI and Sustainable Agriculture

Recent sustainable HCI research has advocated "working with nature" as a potentially efficacious alternative to human efforts to control it: yet it is less clear how to do so. We contribute to the theoretical aspect of this research by presenting an ethnographic study on alternative farming practices, in which the farm is not so much a system but an assemblage characterized by multiple systems or rationalities always evolving and changing. In them, relationships among species alternate between mutually beneficial in one moment (or season), and harmful in the next. If HCI is to participate in and to support working with nature, we believe that it will have to situate itself within such assemblages and temporalities. In this work, we look into nontraditional users (e.g., nonhumans) and emerging forms of uses (e.g., interactions between human and other species) to help open a design space for technological interventions. We offer three ethnographic accounts in which farmers-and ourselves as researchers-learn to notice, respond, and engage in symbiotic encounters with companion species and the living soil itself.
Managing Massive Hemoptysis

Massive hemoptysis is a medical emergency with high mortality presenting several difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The origin of bleeding and underlying etiology often is not immediately apparent, and techniques for management of this dangerous condition necessitate an expedient response. Unlike hemorrhage in other circumstances, a small amount of blood can rapidly flood the airways, thereby impairing oxygenation and ventilation, leading to asphyxia and consequent cardiovascular collapse. Of paramount importance is early control of the patient's airway and immediate isolation of hemorrhage in an attempt to localize and control bleeding. A coordinated team response is essential to guarantee the best chances of patient survival. Prompt control of the airway and steps to limit the spread of hemorrhage take precedence. Bronchial artery embolization, rigid and flexible bronchoscopy, and surgery all serve as potential treatment options to provide definitive control of hemorrhage. Several adjunctive therapies described in recent years may also assist in the control of bleeding; however, their role is less defined in life-threatening hemoptysis and warrants additional studies. In this concise review, we emphasize the steps necessary for a systematic approach in the management of life-threatening hemoptysis.
Prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy in young previvors: Examining decision-making, reconstructive outcomes, and patient satisfaction in BRCA+ patients under 30.

Bilateral prophylactic mastectomies (BPM) in young previvors with high-risk mutations are rising; however, little data on management, therapy timing, and outcomes exist. BRCA+ patients under 30 undergoing BPM from 2006 to 2018 were reviewed. Twenty-two patients aged 23-29 underwent mastectomy 4.2 years after genetic diagnosis. Twelve patients completed surveys, most often citing personal decisions (50%) for undergoing mastectomy and plastic surgeons' recommendations (83.3%) for reconstruction. About 73% of patients completely understood risks/benefits of mastectomy and 63.6% of reconstruction. Patients reported high BREAST-Q Satisfaction and Well-Being scores. Continued educational resource development will optimize shared decision-making in the reconstructive process.
Chapter 6 – Field Emission

Publisher Summary The theory of field emission was originally developed by Fowler and Nordheim, and has since been refined to include effects such as details of the tunneling potential and material-specific density of states. However, the basic aspects of the field emission can be captured from a simple theory of tunneling across a triangular potential barrier using the Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin approximation. The unique band structure with van hove singularities in the density of states and localized/quasi-localized states at the tip may necessitate the need for a new model to describe field emission from nanotubes. While both the experiments and the theories have explored this topic, there is no clear conclusion. However, most experiments show that the total field emission current as a function of bias is quite consistent with the Fowler–Nordheim model in single wall nanotubes. The current–voltage characteristics are reasonably consistent with the Fowler–Nordheim model over a current window spanning more than two orders of magnitude. Deviations from the Fowler–Nordheim model for total current have been observed in specific samples because of adsorbates and possibly quantized energy levels in the tip.
Prevention of Health Care–Associated Infections in the NICU

Health care–associated infections in the NICU have serious consequences, including increased mortality, morbidity, hospital length of stay, and cost of care. Prevention of health care–associated infections is crucial for the survival and neurodevelopment of vulnerable infants and is an indication of quality of care. Although trials have been conducted with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, immunoglobulins, and lactoferrin to boost immunity in preterm infants with immature immune systems, the most efficacious measures are hand hygiene and the use of maternal breast milk. Prevention of health care–associated infections is not simple. It requires constant vigilance, attention to detail, and meticulous aseptic technique, all the time, every time. The decline in certain health care–associated infections such as central line–associated bloodstream infections shows that this can be accomplished, and what was once considered inevitable can be prevented.
The Legacy of the Mountain Witch: Yasuko Yokoshi's shuffleyamamba

The contemporary dance production shuffleyamamba by Japan-based dancer, choreographer, and filmmaker Yasuko Yokoshi takes inspiration from the medieval noh play Yamamba (Mountain Crone). Drawing fr...
Fedratinib hydrochloride to treat intermediate-2 or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis.

Fedratinib hydrochloride is a selective Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2019 for intermediate- 2 or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis. The approval of this novel oral agent was based on the phase II and III JAKARTA-2 and JAKARTA trials, which both showed significant reduction in splenomegaly and myelofibrosis symptom burden. The most common adverse effects associated with fedratinib include anemia, gastrointestinal symptoms and elevation in liver transaminases. Early clinical trial data was concerning for an increased incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), which led the FDA to place a clinical hold on further drug development. However, upon further investigation it was determined that there was no clear evidence that fedratinib causes WE, and the clinical hold was lifted in 2017. This inclusive review provides insight into the pharmacology, safety and efficacy, and future direction of fedratinib use in myeloproliferative neoplasms.
F20 Is burnout an early sign of huntington’s disease and more prevalent than in the general population?

Background Nowadays, chronic work-related stress, also known as burnout, seems to be an ever growing epidemic. Burnout is defined in terms of depersonalization, feelings of incompetence and occupational exhaustion. This syndrome is often reported by Huntington’s Disease (HD) patients, and although we know that 65% of HD patients report work-related changes as one of the first alterations in functional capacity, the prevalence of burnout in HD and its relation to HD has not yet been determined. Aim This study evaluates if burnout symptoms are more prevalent in HD than in the general Dutch population. Furthermore, we evaluate if more burnout-related symptoms can confirm the burnout reported in HD. Finally, we determine which disease-specific characteristics are associated with burnout. Methods We conducted HD-Work (n = 117), a cross-sectional study assessing burnout, as measured by the Utrecht’ Burnout Scale (UBOS) and HD-specific characteristics; i.e., MMSE, SDMT, SWRT, apathy, depression, anxiety, and UHDRS-TMS. We compared the burnout outcomes to the Dutch National Working Conditions Enquiry (n = 62.602) and correlated burnout to the disease-specific measures. Results HD patients who completed all questionNaires (n = 85) did not score differently on burnout symptoms (M = 2.02, SD = 1.57) compared to the general Dutch population t(84) = -1.07, p = 0.29. Only 5 participants reported burnout, 1 scored above average on every burnout domain. Of the 80 participants not reporting burnout, 4 scored above average on every burnout domain. Therefore, there was no association between reported burnout and burn-out related symptoms χ2 (1, N = 85) = 0.16 p = .68. Exhaustion in HD was moderately correlated with depression (r = .61, p Conclusions Burnout is not more prevalent in HD than it is in the Dutch general population. Burnout is not related to early cognitive or motor changes but is related to depressive and anxiety symptoms.
The cellular composition of the marsupial neocortex

In the current investigation we examined the number and proportion of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the primary sensory areas of the neocortex of a South American marsupial, the short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). The primary somatosensory (S1), auditory (A1), and visual (V1) areas were dissected from the cortical sheet and compared with each other and the remaining neocortex using the isotropic fractionator technique. We found that although the overall sizes of V1, S1, A1, and the remaining cortical regions differed from each other, these divisions of the neocortex contained the same number of neurons, but the remaining cortex contained significantly more nonneurons than the primary sensory regions. In addition, the percent of neurons was higher in A1 than in the remaining cortex and the cortex as a whole. These results are similar to those seen in non-human primates. Furthermore, these results indicate that in some respects, such as number of neurons, the neocortex is homogenous across its extent, whereas in other aspects of organization, such as non-neuronal number and percentage of neurons, there is non-uniformity. Whereas the overall pattern of neuronal distribution is similar between short-tailed opossums and eutherian mammals, short-tailed opossum have a much lower cellular and neuronal density than other eutherian mammals. This suggests that the high neuronal density cortices of mammals such as rodents and primates may be a more recently evolved characteristic that is restricted to eutherians, and likely contributes to the complex behaviors we see in modern mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2286–2298, 2014.
Studies on the Biosynthesis in Vitro of Parathyroid Hormone II. THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ON SYNTHESIS OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ISOLATED FROM BOVINE PARATHYROID TISSUE AND INCUBATION MEDIUM

Abstract Bovine parathyroid gland slices were incubated in vitro in buffers containing concentrations of calcium in the range of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm and magnesium in the range of 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm and either a 3H- or a 14C-amino acid. After incubation, radioactive parathyroid hormone was isolated from both the tissue and the incubation medium by a combination of methods including gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The isolation, localization, and quantification of parathyroid hormone present at various stages of purification was assisted by adding to the samples, prior to processing, small amounts of biologically synthesized, highly purified radioactive parathyroid hormone as an internal standard. The use of the internal standard to correct for losses of parathyroid hormone during processing was particularly necessary due to the finding that a large fraction of radioactive parathyroid hormone in the experimental samples could be adsorbed to the chromatographic columns employed to isolate the hormone. When the concentration of calcium was lowered, there was an increase in radioactive parathyroid hormone isolated from both the tissue and the medium. In contrast, changes in magnesium concentration had no effect on the biosynthesis of parathyroid hormone. The hormonal species obtained from tissue and the one isolated from incubation medium migrated in an identical fashion during chromatography on gels and upon electrophoresis, indicating that this species was similar to that extracted from the tissue.
Estuarine distributions of Zr, Hf, and Ag in the Hudson River and the implications for their continental and anthropogenic sources to seawater

[1] Zirconium and Hf in seawater are derived from continental weathering and are transported to the oceans by rivers, but the modification of this flux with estuaries is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is no information as to whether there is a pollutant source of these metals that might affect their budget calculations in the modern ocean. To address the riverine flux and potential anthropogenic sources, the distributions of dissolved Zr and Hf have been measured in surface and bottom water through the Hudson River Estuary. The distribution of Ag is included because it is sensitive to urban sources and has partial similarities in its distribution to those of Zr and Hf. There is about 50% removal of Zr and Hf in surface water relative to their freshwater end-member concentrations of 243 and 3.1 pmol/kg as salinity starts to increase, but an urban source of these metals midestuary may obscure greater removal. Silver concentrations in surface water are below the detection limit until salinity of 3.5 is reached. The concentrations of Zr and Hf 0.5 m above the bottom are 1.5 to 3 times higher than their surface water concentrations throughout the estuary and may result from input of groundwater, diffusion from pore fluids, or inclusion of colloidal phases in our analyses. Downstream of the turbidity maximum, bottom water Ag concentrations are high due to release from particles that originally formed within the estuary and were moved inland following the spring freshet; this process may also affect Zr and Hf. The increase in the freshwater atomic Zr/Hf ratio from 70 to 80, characteristic of terrestrial rocks, to the elevated Zr/Hf (>110) ratio of seawater takes place at middle to high salinity due to enhanced release of Zr from resuspended particles and slower removal rates compared to Hf. A main implication of this study is that estuaries are a sink for Zr and Hf. The reduction of the predicted export of continental Zr and Hf to the oceans increases their previously calculated seawater residence by as much as 2 to 4 times, assuming rivers dominate the supply of Zr and Hf to seawater.
Liver Mass Evaluation in Patients Without Cirrhosis: A Technique-Based Method

Liver MR imaging is the test of choice for lesion characterization in patients without a history of chronic liver disease. Multiple pulse sequences are used in combination to reach a diagnosis. The individual/incremental value of sequences encountered in modern clinical MR imaging with respect to several commonly encountered lesions in the noncirrhotic liver is reviewed.