cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mobility minima in pulsed-field capillary electrophoresis of large DNA

Pulsed-field capillary electrophoresis represents a new tool for rapid and highly efficient separations of large biopolymers. The method has been utilized here to study dependencies of the electrophoretic mobility upon the frequency and pulse shape of applied voltage for large, double-stranded DNA molecules (5-100 kb) migrating in neutral polymer solutions. Two different shapes of alternating electric field (sine- and square-wave impulses) were examined with the frequency values ranging from 1 to 30 Hz. The linear dependence between duration of the forward pulse (at which the DNA molecule experiences a minimum mobility) and the product N.In(N) (where N is the number of base pairs) was experienced in field-inversion gel electrophoresis, while exponential dependence was found with the sinusoidal electric field. The mobility minima were lower in field-inversion electrophoresis than with the biased sinusoidal-field technique. The DNA (5 kb concatamers) was adequately separated using a ramp of frequency in the square-wave electric field, in approximately 1 h. The migration order of DNA fragments was referenced through adding a monodisperse DNA (48.5 kb) into the sample. The band inversion phenomena were not observed under any experimental conditions used in this work.
Thrombolytic Therapy in Severe Arterial Insufficiency With Absent Distal Pulses

Streptokinase therapy was used in 16 patients with severe ischemia of the limbs with undetectable ankle or wrist pressures. All patients had symptoms at rest with neurological deficits and the thrombolysis was considered an alterna tive to amputation. Limb salvage was achieved in 13 patients with 15 usages. Thrombolytic therapy was useful primarily as an adjunct to surgical therapy and was effective in lysing clots in small arteries not amenable to surgical methods. Thrombolysis was effective in relieving ischemic pain and in restor ing pedal pulses in most instances. Streptokinase was used safely preopera tively, intraoperatively and postoperatively.
Organic Emissions from Combustion of Pine, Plywood, and Particleboard

Furnace out emissions of benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde during the combustion of wood were measured using a well-controlled plug flow research combustor which simulates an updraft fixed grate combustor. The woods examined were southern pine, southern pine plywood, and southern pine particleboard. The range of conditions for combustion were residence times between 0.5 and 3.0 s, exit temperatures between 300 and 950 °C, equivalence ratios ((fuel/air)act/(fuel/air)stoic) between 0.1 and 0.3. For residence time of 1 s, benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde emissions were very low to undetected at exit temperatures above 650 °C, but at temperatures less 650 °C emissions increased to as high as 2 ppmv for benzene, 0.4 ppmv for toluene, and 40 ppmv for formaldehyde. Furnace out emissions and emission factors were correlated to CO concentration. For plywood the CO had to increase to 4000 ppmv (corrected to 7% O2) before emission levels increased rapidly, and for pine the CO had to increase to 2000 ppmv (correct...
Incorporation of D-[6-3H] glucosamine into maturing bone marrow granulocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. The incorporation of D -[6- 3 H]glucosamine into cellular macromolecules was studied in guinea pig bone marrow granulocytes. 2. 2. Autoradiographic studies of labeled cells and studies on the incorporation of tritiated glucosamine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of granulocytes separated from other bone marrow cells by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity showed that mature granulocytes (polymorphonuclears + bands) incorporate glucosamine at a much greater rate than immature cells (myelocytes + promyelocytes + blasts). In contrast to these findings, autoradiographic studies of L -[4,5- 3 H 2 ]leucine uptake by cells, indicated that total protein synthesis was much greater in immature than mature granulocytes. 3. 3. The major labeled compound in the hydrolysate of the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction corresponded to hexosamine standard on paper chromatograms. Labeled UDP- N -acetylglucosamine and N -acetylglucosamine accounted for 31 and 25%, respectively, of the total counts in the acid-soluble pool. The incorporation of labeled glucosamine into the acid-insoluble fraction was inhibited 60% by puromycin (1.0 mM) added simultaneously with the isotope. The inhibition was significantly greater (76%) when the inhibitor was added 2 h before the addition of isotope. 4. 4. The data suggest that glucosamine is incorporated into glycoprotein of bone marrow granulocytes during the later stages of cell maturation.
Pancreatic cancer cells can evade immune surveillance via nonfunctional Fas (APO-1/CD95) receptors and aberrant expression of functional Fas ligand

Abstract Background: The Fas (APO-1/CD95) receptor/Fas ligand (FasR/FasL) system plays a key role in immune surveillance. We investigated the possibility of a tumor escape mechanism involving the FasR/FasL system in pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Fourteen pancreatic cancer cell lines and 3 pancreatic cancer surgical specimens were studied for their expression of FasR and FasL by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. FasR function was tested with an anti-FasR antibody. FasL function was assessed by coculture assays using pancreatic cancer cells and FasR-sensitive Jurkat T-cells. Results: FasR was expressed in normal pancreas, in 14 of 14 pancreatic cancer cell lines, and in 3 of 3 surgical specimens. However, only 1 of 14 cancer cell lines expressed functional FasR when grown in monolayer, although 3 additional cell lines displayed functional FasR when cultured in suspension. Normal pancreas did not express FasL, whereas 14 of 14 cancer cell lines and 3 of 3 surgical specimens expressed FasL. FasL expressed by pancreatic cancer cells mediated killing of Jurkat T-cells in coculture assays ( P Conclusions: These data suggest that pancreatic cancer cells have 2 potential mechanisms of evading Fas-mediated immune surveillance. A nonfunctional FasR renders them resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The aberrant expression of functional FasL allows them to “counterattack” activated Fas-sensitive T-cells. Alone or in unison, these tumor escape mechanisms may contribute to the malignant and often rapid course of pancreatic cancer disease. (Surgery 1999;125:73-84.)
Different doses of dopamine have heterogeneous effects on cerebral hemodynamics and dopamine receptors in young rabbits as measured with near infrared spectroscopy

Background: Fluctuations in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation may be important in the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in t
A Preliminary Analysis of the Use of Resources in Intelligent Information Access Research

This paper reports our exploratory analysis of the use of resources in three Intelligent Information Access (IIA) research areas: Automatic Classification, Question Answering, and Cross-Language Information Retrieval. Forty-three recently peer-reviewed papers from three annual conferences (SIGIR, ACL, and HLT) were selected and analyzed. The purpose of this analysis is twofold: 1) to explore methodological issues for large-scale content analysis of resources used in IIA research, and 2) to achieve a basic understanding of various ways that resources can be used in the three IIA subfields. The work reported in this paper is part of an effort to systematically explore the information needs for resources in Intelligent Information Access research.
Developing and Implementing Pediatric Analgesia and Sedation Guidelines at San Francisco General Hospital

A Pediatric Analgesia and Sedation Subcommittee, under the auspices of the San Francisco General Hospital Department of Pediatrics, Quality Assurance Committee, was created and charged with the development of pediatric guidelines. Membership included all health care providers who treated children in all care areas of the hospital: pediatricians, emergency physicians, family practitioners, neurologists, surgeons, intensivists, anesthesiologists, registered nurses, and pharmacists. Guiding principles were that the pediatric pain and sedation guidelines would be effective, easy to employ, based on well-accepted medications, and be child friendly. The focus was to develop analgesia and sedation guidelines for patients undergoing a wide range of medical and surgical procedures. The subcommittee then constructed a series of tables with the appropriate management strategies (including specific medications, doses and delivery routes) for pediatric orthopedic, surgical, and diagnostic procedures, and for sickle ce...
Balanced projectives and Axiom 3

Abstract A global definition of K-nice subgroup is formulated, which generalizes both the notion of a nice subgroup in the context of torsion groups and the notion of a K-nice submodule used in a recent study of p-local balanced projective groups. It is shown, analogous to Hill's treatment of totally projective p-groups, that the (global) balanced projective groups of Warfield are precisely those mixed abelian groups that satisfy the Third Axiom of Countability for K-nice subgroups. A variety of equivalent characterizations of balanced projectives are derived by methods independent of the uniqueness and existence theorems previously established for these groups.
Cranium of plesiadapis.

THE reconstruction by Szalay of the only known skull (CR 125, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) of the Palaeocene primate Plesiadapis was presented1 as differing from previous reconstructions2–4 in the occlusal relationship of the enlarged procumbent incisors and in the relationship of the bones of the snout.
Approach to equilibrium of single mode radiation in a cavity

The master equation formed from the diagonal elements of the density matrix is solved in general for arbitrary initial photon probability distributions. Several examples are studied including the decay of an initial Poisson distribution (coherent state) to the equilibrium Bose-Einstein distribution. The concept of a mixed Poisson process is introduced and its physical implications examined in the context of the present problem. A general expression for the nonstationary correlation function of the photon field is also obtained.
Oil Spill Boom Design for Waves

Abstract The objective of this research was to design and test boom arrangements that will be able to function effectively in the presence of waves and turbulent conditions and be modular and free floating. The designs were based on the principle that fluid particles in waves traverse in a circular pattern, so it was imperative to take advantage of that feature. Three models were built and tested in the open channel apparatus introducing the plausible validity of vertical cascading and sinusoidal tapering of an oil boom system. Given several flow velocities, the first two designs averaged efficiencies of 79.2% and 68.2%, respectively. The final model was tested through a series of three conditions: An ideal straight-on condition, a straight-on condition with the first surface was completely out of the water and one condition where the center line of the boom was at an angle to the water current. These three configurations yielded averaged efficiencies of 87%, 80.1%, and 70.9%, respectively.
Cine CMR diastolic function parameters in acute ST-elevation MI (STEMI) patients are associated with cardiac injury and left ventricular strain

Background Presence of diastolic dysfunction in patients with history of myocardial infarction represents a marker of adverse outcomes. However, its role in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is not fully elucidated. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) allows quantitative measurement of volumetric changes that occur during diastole and form basis for calculation of different parameters of diastolic function. The relationships between these parameters, LV systolic function and strain, and markers of cardiac injury in STEMI are unknown.
Information management system of FRID tag auto-fill and tape performance

FRID system is applied to information management system of tape performance, and then information management system of FRID tag auto-fill and tape performance is developed in this paper. Through the use of a powerful data interface which is provided by PLC control unit, tag fill and detection can be achieved automatically and real-time performance information on the tape management is realized which decreases the human effort and increases the efficiency of tape management at the same time.
Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?

Abstract Mass movement has influenced in varying degrees the morphology of the United States east coast continental margin seaward of the Baltimore Canyon trough as revealed by detailed geophysical studies using high-resolution 3.5-kHz, and seismic reflection data. Each of three areas studied is along the slope within a distance of 225 km, and is seaward of a nonglaciated shelf but near major land drainage systems. Thick sequences of material believed to be Pleistocene were deposited on the slope in all three areas. Sediment failure in the form of large block movement involving block thicknesses of more than 100 m, however, has taken place in only two of the areas. A factor common to the two areas where failure took place, but absent in the area where no failure took place, is smooth seaward-dipping sub-bottom horizons. Whatever the triggering mechanism, a smooth slip surface that has a seward slope may contribute to mass movement by reducing the internal friction. This may be one of several factors that should be considered in assessing slope stability.
Spectral Sensitivity of Circadian, Neuroendocrine and Neurobehavioral Effects of Light

The mammalian eye detects light for a range of behavioral and physiological responses separate and apart from sight. In humans, ocular light exposure resets the endogenous circadian pacemaker, suppresses synthesis of the pineal hormone melatonin, enhances morning cortisol production, increases heart rate and core body temperature, induces pupillary constriction, and improves subjective and objective measures of alertness. Several lines of evidence suggest that these responses are mediated primarily via a novel photoreception system with short-wavelength sensitivity (λmax 460–480 nm) different from that used for sight. In order to compare the relative contribution of the novel photoreceptor system with the three-cone visual photopic system for multiple non-visual effects of light, we compared the responses following exposure to an equal photon density (2.8×1013 photons/cm2/s) either 460 nm (n=8) or 555 nm (n=8) monochromatic light (10 nm half-peak bandwidth) at night on circadian phase resetting, melatonin suppression and subjective and objective correlates of alertness. As compared to 555 nm exposure, 460 nm light caused twice the phase shift in the circadian melatonin rhythm, double the amount of melatonin suppression, and significantly reduced auditory reaction time and lapses of attention. Exposure to 460 nm light also preferentially suppressed delta-theta (0.5–5.5 Hz) activity and elevated high alpha power (9.5–10.5 Hz) in the waking electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, indicating a more alert state. The short-wavelength sensitivity to the non-visual effects of light indicates that the photopic visual system is not the primary photoreceptor system mediating these responses to light, and is consistent with predominant input from the novel melanopsin-containing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. These data also suggest that short-wavelength light may be an effective therapy for resetting the circadian system in Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders and could be used as a direct fatigue countermeasure in a range of clinical and occupational settings. Translation of these basic findings into real-world applications is beginning to occur but the challenge to architects and lighting designers is to provide lighting that optimizes both the visual and non-visual effects of light simultaneously and safely.
Atom profiles of interfaces with polar-angle-dependent photoemission: Au/GaAs(100)

We present atom distribution profiles, obtained using nondestructive, polar-angle-dependent x-ray photoemission, of Au/GaAs(100)-c(8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) interfaces formed at room temperature. The results confirm substrate disruption, the release of Ga and As atoms into the overlayer, and the presence of significant amounts of Ga and As atoms segregated near the vacuum surface. At high Au coverages, our analysis determines the number of segregated Ga and As atoms, shows that the distribution of these atoms decreases exponentially into the Au film (1/e length of \ensuremath{\sim}3 A\r{}) and diminishes with increasing Au thickness, and finds that the solid solubility in the film is 0.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 at. % for both Ga and As. The heterogeneous profile indicates that the Au/GaAs reaction at the buried interface is very limited and that intermixing in the overlayer is dictated primarily by solubilities.
The Prevalence of Groin Pain After Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty and Total Hip Resurfacing

Background Groin pain after total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total hip resurfacing arthroplasty can be troubling for patients and surgeons. Potential sources of pain include infection, loosening, metal hypersensitivity, or impingement of bony structures or the iliopsoas tendon.
Auroral NO+ 4.3 μm emission observed from the Midcourse Space Experiment: Multiplatform observations of 9 February 1997

[1] The Spatial Infrared Imaging Telescope III (SPIRIT III) radiometer on the Midcourse Space Experiment satellite (MSX), observed enhanced 4.3 μm emission from a very well characterized aurora over the Barents Sea on 9 February 1997, in conjunction with observations by the POLAR and FAST satellites, the Loparskaya ground site, and ultraviolet and visible spectrometers aboard MSX. Measurements of the auroral location, form, spatial extent and dosing conditions were applied to specify the component of auroral 4.3 μm radiance due to the slowly produced and optically thick CO2ν3 (001-000) transition. An analysis based on the Auroral Atmospheric Radiance Code (AARC) indicates: (1) the emission originates near and beyond the tangent point; (2) the optically thick CO2ν3 radiation is largely self absorbed by the intervening atmosphere; and (3) the auroral enhancement is predominantly due to NO+ Δv = 1 vibrational state transitions. In addition, the analysis indicates that the previously reported laboratory result for the NO+ v ≥ 1 vibrational yield from the reaction, N+ + O2, is insufficient to account for the observed 4.3 μm emission. In order to explain the current results, we propose that there is additional production from the reaction, N2+ + O, forming NO+ in vibrational levels 0, 1, and 2 with relative populations of approximately 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25, respectively. The combined production processes yield an energetic electron induced efficiency of 0.56 ± 0.18 photons per auroral ion pair for NO+ Δv = 1 emission at altitudes equal to or greater than 112 km.
The development of rating of perceived exertion-based tests of physical working capacity

The purpose of the present study was to use ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the Borg (6-20) and OMNI-Leg (0-10) scales to determine the Physical Working Capacity at the Borg and OMNI thresholds (PWC(BORG) and PWC(OMNI)). PWC(BORG) and PWC(OMNI) were compared with other fatigue thresholds determined from the measurement of heart rate (the Physical Working Capacity at the Heart Rate Threshold: PWC(HRT)), and oxygen consumption (the Physical Working Capacity at the Oxygen Consumption Threshold, PWC(VO2)), as well as the ventilatory threshold (VT). Fifteen men and women volunteers (mean age +/- SD = 22 +/- 1 years) performed an incremental test to exhaustion on an electronically braked ergometer for the determination of VO2 peak and VT. The subjects also performed 4 randomly ordered workbouts to exhaustion at different power outputs (ranging from 60 to 206W) for the determination of PWC(BORG), PWC(OMNI), PWC(HRT), and PWC(VO2). The results indicated that there were no significant mean differences among the fatigue thresholds: PWC(BORG) (mean +/- SD = 133 +/- 37W; 67 +/- 8% of VO2 peak), PWC(OMNI) (137 +/- 44W; 68 +/- 9% of VO2 peak), PWC(HRT) (135 +/- 36W; 68 +/- 8% of VO2 peak), PWC(VO2) (145 +/- 41W; 72 +/- 7% of VO2 peak) and VT (131 +/- 45W; 66 +/- 8% of VO2 peak). The results of this study indicated that the mathematical model used to estimate PWC(HRT) and PWC(VO2) can be applied to ratings of perceived exertion to determine PWC(BORG) and PWC(OMNI) during cycle ergometry. Salient features of the PWC(BORG) and PWC(OMNI) tests are that they are simple to administer and require the use of only an RPE scale, a stopwatch, and a cycle ergometer. Furthermore, the power outputs at the PWC(BORG) and PWC(OMNI) may be useful to estimate the VT noninvasively and without the need for expired gas analysis.
On deterministic origins of mitotic variability

Abstract A significant part of the variability of the duration of the mitotic cycle may arise simply from the fact that the cell cycle is the product of the interaction of a large number of regulated subcellular systems which are loosely coupled to one another. It is suggested that mitotic variability would be a feature of the mitotic cycle even if non-deterministic (probabilistic) factors (e.g. critical processes in the cell cycle resulting from the action of a small number of molecules) played no role in the cycle.
Thin Shell, High Velocity Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Experiments have recently been conducted at the National Ignition Facility utilizing inertial confinement fusion capsule ablators that are 175 and 165 μm in thickness, 10% and 15% thinner, respectively, than the nominal thickness capsule used throughout the high foot and most of the National Ignition Campaign. These three-shock, high-adiabat, high-foot implosions have demonstrated good performance, with higher velocity and better symmetry control at lower laser powers and energies than their nominal thickness ablator counterparts. Little to no hydrodynamic mix into the DT hot spot has been observed despite the higher velocities and reduced depth for possible instability feedthrough. Early results have shown good repeatability, with up to 1/2 the neutron yield coming from α-particle self-heating.
Enterococcal virulence determinants may be involved in resistance to clinical therapy

Abstract The ability of enterococci to acquire resistance to antibiotics and form biofilms in vivo makes these infections, endocarditis in particular, especially difficult to treat. A collection of clinical enterococcal isolates was screened for the presence of various virulence determinants and in an in vitro assay for biofilm formation. Isolates were chosen for the presence or absence of the genes for Esp and gelatinase and different in vitro biofilm phenotypes, and were evaluated in a rat model of endocarditis; all colonized vegetations to similar degrees. Treatment with vancomycin resulted in a 2.7-log reduction in colony-forming unit (CFU) in vegetations for an esp + /gel − strain, compared with no reduction in CFU for an esp + /gel + or an esp − /gel − isolate. These results suggest that although there may not be an absolute role for individual virulence determinants in infectivity, combinations of factors may play a role in allowing a biofilm infection to be more resistant to therapy.
Withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure alters dopamine signaling dynamics in the nucleus accumbens.

Background Unaided attempts to quit smoking commonly fail during the first 2 weeks of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling correlate with withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure, but those changes have not been well-characterized. Methods Mice were administered nicotine in their drinking water for 4 or 12 weeks. Then nicotine was withheld for 1 to 10 days while DA signaling was characterized with in vivo microdialysis or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Results Upon withdrawal of nicotine, the basal DA concentration in the nucleus accumbens decreased as measured by microdialysis. The length of time that the low basal DA state lasted depended on the length of the chronic nicotine treatment. Microdialysis indicated that acute re-exposure to nicotine during withdrawal temporarily reversed this hypodopaminergic state. Voltammetry measurements supported the microdialysis results by showing that nicotine withdrawal decreased tonic and phasic DA release. The basal DA concentration and tonic DA signals, however, were disproportionately lower than the phasic DA signals. Therefore, the phasic/tonic DA signaling ratio was increased during the withdrawal period. Conclusions The relative increase in the sensitivity of DA release to phasic stimulation suggests an increase in the signal-to-noise relationship of DA signaling during the withdrawal period. Therefore, the DA signal produced by acute nicotine re-exposure produces a DA response that might reinforce relapse to drug use (i.e., smoking). Because the basal DA concentration is low during withdrawal, therapies aimed at elevating the background DA signal represent a reasonable treatment strategy for nicotine-dependent individuals attempting to quit.
A Heteroscedastic Generalized Extreme Value Discrete Choice Model

Of the commonly used discrete choice models, the probit class allows flexible covariance structures for disturbances but is computationally burdensome for problems with more than a few alternatives. The generalized extreme value (GEV) class, including the widely used logit and nested logit models, has the advantage of computational ease but suffers in general from the restriction of homoscedastic disturbances. This article generalizes the GEV class to allow heteroscedastic disturbances across decision makers as well as across choice alternatives. The resulting models include the heteroscedastic extreme value model as a special case, which is a generalized logit model with heteroscedasticity across choice alternatives. Particular attention is paid to the heteroscedastic logit and nested logit models because of their widespread use in practice. An empirical application reanalyzing data from the 1980 presidential election tests the hypothesis of information-induced heteroscedasticity across voters and finds ...
Reproductive rights and reproductive behavior. Clash or convergence of private values and public policies

Using a rational scientific approach upholding public health values, this article notes experience gained from 25 years of cooperative transnational research on reproductive behavior. An overview of world population trends is followed by discussions of reproductive rights as a human right, the utility of acceptability studies of modern methods of fertility regulation, and findings from research on psychological responses to abortion, long-term developmental effects of compulsory pregnancy, and the use of incentives and disincentives to influence family size. There is also consideration of the clash between private values and public policy on reproductive behavior in the United States and the convergence achieved in Denmark and the Netherlands, where rates of unintended pregnancy are among the world's lowest.
A simplified nauta procedure

Abstract An improved and simplified procedure for the selective silver impregnation of degenerating axons is described. The modification consists of soaking the sections in 0.01% potassium permanganate overnight after treatment in a 5% uranyl nitrate solution. This pretreatment apparently requires no modification for different brains, as did the original technique. This standardized method has been used successfully in studies on sharks, teleosts, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Some advantages of the procedure are that the impregnation of degenerating axoplasm is enhanced, the results are easily reproducible, and technician time is substantially reduced.
Criticism of “Flow of metals into the global atmosphere”

JAWOROWSKI et al. (1981) report measurements of lead concentrations in glacial ice that are too high, which lead to erroneous interpretations of comparisons between present and ancient precipitation fluxes of lead from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface.
Effects of prostaglandins on deoxyribonucleic acid and aggrecan synthesis in the RCJ 3.1C5.18 chondrocyte cell line: role of second messengers.

PGs play an important role in regulating articular chondrocyte function in both normal and pathological states. However, the mechanisms of the effects of PG on chondrocyte function remain undefined. We, therefore, examined the effects of PGE1, PGE2, and PGE2 alpha on second messenger generation in relation to DNA and aggrecan synthesis in the nontransformed rat RCJ 3.1C5.18 (RCJ) chondrocyte cell line. RCJ cells were grown under minimal attachment conditions on a composite collagen-agarose (0.15%/0.8%) gel to maintain a differentiated phenotype. PGE1 and PGE2 (0.001-100 microM) produced a similar dose-related increase in cAMP accumulation, with a maximal 8-fold increase over basal values, whereas PGF2 alpha produced a minimal 1.3-fold increase in cAMP levels only at 100 microM. On the other hand, both PGE2 and PGE2 alpha raised the intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) concentration, derived primarily from extracellular sources, whereas PGE1 was without effect on [Ca2+]i. These three PGs also had divergent...
Commuting to homosexuality: Laud Humphreys’ unheralded theoretical contribution to the sociology of identity

Adumbrates that Laud Humphrey’s studies have shaped the debate on sociological methods, they have also distracted from emphasizing his potential contributions to sociological theory. Identifies four themes in Humphrey’s work, which are important to the sociological study of identity. Concludes that Humphreys demonstrates that sexual identity may not be as permanent and fixed as may first appear.
Correlation of the internal fields, magnetic moments, and site preferences in Fe 3-x Mn x Si alloys

A detailed study of changes in the internal fields at Mn, Fe, and Si nuclei in the solid solutions of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$, $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1.6$, as a function of composition has been made by spin-echo NMR at 1.28 K and in zero external magnetic field. Resonances due to Mn in three crystallographically different sites are observed. For $xl0.75$, Mn enters predominantly the site with eight Fe first near neighbors and has an internal field of 259 kG shifted about 5.4 kG to lower values for each added Mn third near neighbor. For $xg0.75$, Mn atoms also enter the other transition-metal site which has four Fe and Mn, and four Si first near neighbors and has an internal field of about 28 kG at $x=0.75$. This field shifts to lower values as $x$ increases. Mn enters the Si sites due to a small residual disorder of about 3% between Si and the Fe site with eight Fe first near neighbors. The internal field of Mn in these sites is about 127 kG at $x=0.08$ and shifts slowly to higher values. The Fe and Si fields are compared with those in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Si alloys. The values of the internal fields and their variation with concentration at all sites are consistent with the magnetic moment and magnetization data of Yoon et al. Contributions to the internal fields from various neighbors are analyzed.
Primary intrathoracic low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare neoplasm commonly affecting young adults and typically arising in the somatic soft tissue of the proximal extremities. Its occurrence within the thoracic cavity is exceedingly rare. We report an LGFMS arising from the epicardial surface of the right side of the heart in a 44-year-old woman. Diagnosis was aided by a strikingly characteristic light microscopic appearance of a bland spindle cell sarcoma containing numerous so-called giant collagen rosettes and supported by immunohistology, evidence of FUS translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy demonstrating a fibroblastic phenotype. Aspiration cytology showed a nonspecific bland spindle cell lesion. Review of the literature uncovered 5 previously reported examples of intrathoracic LGFMS. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is probably an underrecognized intrathoracic neoplasm and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms of the mediastinum, pleura, heart, and lungs.
Lack of hydroxylated fullerene toxicity after intravenous administration to female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Hydroxylated fullerenes (C60OHx) or fullerols are water-soluble carbon nanoparticles that have been explored for potential therapeutic applications. This study assesses acute in vivo tolerance in 8-wk-old female Sprague-Dawley rats to intravenous (iv) administration of 10 mg/kg of well-characterized C60(OH)30. Complete histopathology and clinical chemistries are assessed at 8, 24, and 48 h after dosing. Minor histopathology changes are seen, primarily in one animal. No clinically significant chemistry changes were observed after treatment. These experiments suggest that this fullerol was well tolerated after iv administration to rats.
Major gene detection for fusiform rust resistance using Bayesian complex segregation analysis in loblolly pine

The presence of major genes affecting rust resistance of loblolly pine was investigated in a progeny population that was generated with a half-diallel mating of six parents. A Bayesian complex segregation analysis was used to make inference about a mixed inheritance model (MIM) that included polygenic effects and a single major gene effect. Marginalizations were achieved by using Gibbs sampler. A parent block sampling by which genotypes of a parent and its offspring were sampled jointly was implemented to improve mixing. The MIM was compared with a pure polygenic model (PM) using Bayes factor. Results showed that the MIM was a better model to explain the inheritance of rust resistance than the pure PM in the diallel population. A large major gene variance component estimate (> 50% of total variance), indicated the existence of major genes for rust resistance in the studied loblolly pine population. Based on estimations of parental genotypes, it appears that there may be two or more major genes affecting disease phenotypes in this diallel population.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for facial schwannomas.

OBJECTIVE: Patients who have a schwannoma of the facial nerve (facial schwannoma, facial neuroma) can be managed with observation, surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, or fractionated radiotherapy. Attempted complete resection is associated with facial weakness. The role of radiosurgery in these patients remains to be defined. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical and imaging outcomes in patients who underwent gamma knife radiosurgery for a facial schwannoma. RESULTS: Six patients had radiosurgery and were followed for a mean and median of 46.6 and 61.5 months, respectively (21―85 months). Three had a previous resection, and in 3 the diagnosis was made based on clinical and imaging criteria. All patients had facial nerve symptoms (5 had weakness and 1 had muscle twitching). House-Brackmann grades before radiosurgery were as follows: 1 (n = 1), 2 (n = 3), 3 (n = 1), and 6 (n = 1). The radiosurgery margin dose was 12 or 12.5 Gy. On later imaging, 3 tumors had regressed (with the longest follow-up duration) and 3 were unchanged. All patients had preservation of their preradiosurgery facial function. No other adverse effects were noted and all patients maintained their preradiosurgery level of hearing. CONCLUSION: Over a mean of almost 4 years of follow-up, radiosurgery was shown to be a safe and effective management for residual and newly diagnosed facial schwannomas.
Handing Over the Keys: A Perspective on Mortgage Default Research

This paper is the text of the 1992 Presidential Address for the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association. A comparative evaluation of mortgage default research finds that both the residential and commercial markets evolved from informal underwriting rules, to formalized (though unvalidated) ratios and rules of thumb, to early risk ratings based upon empirical evidence, to gener-alizable econometric models of default, to option-based pricing models. The commercial market lagged the residential market by about 10 to 20 years at first but is now only about five years behind. The survey finds that research and progress in understanding mortgage credit risk has been precipitated by a public policy need or mandate, data availability, and adequate technology. The absence of any one of these factors has hindered progress in the past. Finally, six emerging issues in default research are identified and discussed: (1) the degree of “ruth-lessness” with which default is exercised, (2) loan recourse, (3) the magnitude and timing of revenues and losses associated with default, (4) loan modification, (5) default in a portfolio context, and (6) leasehold default. Progress in these areas will enhance the efficiency of both the residential and commercial markets.
Dynamic rate-based borrowing scheme for QoS provisioning in high speed multimedia wireless cellular networks

The provisioning of QoS in wireless networks carrying multimedia traffic imposes a big challenge to network designers and traffic engineers. Guaranteeing QoS in wireless networks is a complicated task due to the unique characteristics of wireless networks such as user mobility, limited link capacity, frequent link failure, scarcity of bandwidth, channel fading, and inability to predict the availability of resources in the network. In this paper, we investigate multiple QoS schemes in multimedia wireless networks. A modification to an existing scheme, rate-based borrowing scheme, where the concept of borrowing bandwidth from existing connections to accept both new and handoffs connections is proposed. Unlike Rate-Based Borrowing Scheme (RBBS) and Statistical Scheme (SBS), Dynamic Rate-Based Borrowing Scheme (DRBBS) exploits the positive feature of fair borrowing bandwidth and avoids pre-allocation of resources. This is based on the concept of borrowing from existing connections. Extensive simulation experiments have been performed using a simulation package designed for the purpose of this research. Using the call dropping/blocking probabilities and bandwidth utilization as a performance metrics, the proposed scheme, DRBBS outperforms the previously known schemes in terms of the aforementioned performance metrics. Fair borrowing from ongoing connections shows a decrease in the rate of calls dropping probabilities and a decrease in the calls blocking probabilities, while avoiding pre-allocation of resources offers a significant improvement in the bandwidth utilization.
A simple knowledge system environment for engineering problem solving

Abstract In this paper, we describe Spartan, a simple environment for developing engineering knowledge systems. The design of Spartan is motivated by the observation that many development environments incur computational overhead that buy us largely unneeded sophistication. Spartan provides only a simple set of building blocks but offers a convenient way to extend its functionalities. We offer both anecdotal and analytical support for some example applications constructed using Spartan. We conclude that Spartan can be used to construct some fairly straightforward knowledge systems. A more surprising result is that even some moderately large knowledge systems can be constructed using Spartan.
Vibrational spectra of 2-cyclohexen-1-one and its 2,6,6-d3 isotopomer

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of 2-cyclohexen-1-one and its 2,6,6- d 3 isotopomer in their liquid and vapor phases have been recorded and a complete vibrational assignment was carried out. DFT theoretical calculations were carried out to predict the vibrational frequencies and the agreement is excellent.
Child–Parent Relationship Therapy for Adoptive Families:

Adopted children may present with a wide range of disruptive behaviors making it difficult to implement holistic therapeutic interventions. The number of primary caregivers, disrupted placements, a...
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) activates Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING)- dependent innate immune pathways and is regulated by mitochondrial membrane potential

The chemotherapeutic agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is a potent inducer of type I IFNs and other cytokines. This ability is essential for its chemotherapeutic benefit in a mouse cancer model and suggests that it might also be useful as an antiviral agent. However, the mechanism underlying DMXAA-induced type I IFNs, including the host proteins involved, remains unclear. Recently, it was reported that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) decreased DMXAA-induced TNF-α and IL-6, suggesting that oxidative stress may play a role. The goal of this study was to identify host proteins involved in DMXAA-dependent signaling and determine how antioxidants modulate this response. We found that expression of IFN-β in response to DMXAA in mouse macrophages requires the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein STING. Addition of the antioxidant diphenylene iodonium (DPI) diminished DMXAA-induced IFN-β, but this decrease was independent of both the NADPH oxidase, Nox2, and de novo generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, IFN-β up-regulation by DMXAA was inhibited by agents that target the mitochondrial electron transport chain and, conversely, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential correlated with diminished innate immune signaling in response to DMXAA. Up-regulation of Ifnb1 gene expression mediated by cyclic dinucleotides was also impaired by DPI, whereas up-regulation of Ifnb1 mRNA due to cytosolic double-stranded DNA was not. Although both stimuli signal through STING, cyclic dinucleotides interact directly with STING, suggesting that recognition of DMXAA by STING may also be mediated by direct interaction.
Making It Happen: Designing Research with Implementation in Mind

This article presents a review of the book “Making It Happen--Designing Research with Implementation in Mind,” by Milton D. Hakel, Melvin Sorcher, Michael Beer, and Joseph L. Moses.
Formic Acid Tolerant Ir-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In this paper, carbon-supported Ir-Co, Ir-Ni, and Ir-Cr catalysts (Ir-Co/C, Ir-Ni/C, and Ir-Cr/C) were synthesized and characterized for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Compared to both Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts, these Ir alloy catalysts demonstrated much higher formic acid tolerance capabilities during the ORR process in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution containing both oxygen and formic acid. Rotating disk electrode measurements confirmed that if formic acid was present, these Ir alloy catalysts could still catalyze a complete 4-electron transfer ORR from O2 to H2O, while the Pt/C catalyst could only catalyze a reaction contributed by both 2- and 4-electron transfer processes, producing both H2O2 and H2O. These results strongly suggest that Ir alloy catalysts should be promising candidates for direct formic acid fuel cell applications.
F2: Medical image sensors

Although image sensors in medical and biotech applications are ubiquitous, new technologies and applications are being developed every year. CCD, CMOS and TFT image-sensor technologies are fueling these applications, and enabling lower-cost and higher-performance systems. These sensors are challenging to design because they have widely varying requirements, including tolerance to X-rays, ultra-small pixels, low read noise, and bio-compatibility. This Forum is focused on presenting the newest image-sensor technologies and applications for the medical and biotech markets. The goal of this Forum is to give engineers and their management an in-depth view of these technologies and their future directions.
β-Blockers in Heart Failure: Clinical Applications

β-Blockers reduce morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and stable fluid status. The successful adoption of β-blocker guidelines for these patients requires an understanding of the value of this therapy and effective systems to maintain safety and ensure high quality of care. This article distills scientific evidence and consensus guidelines into a series of cases and practical answers about patient selection, discussions with patients, management and monitoring, and systems improvements to optimize quality of care, safety, and benefit for all patients with heart failure.
Teaching Self-Management: The Design and Implementation of Self-Management Tutorials

Learning the skills of self-management is an essential task for students in the 21st century. A total of 223 undergraduate students participated in 4 self-management tutorials that presented the co...
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Communities That Care Outcomes at Eighth Grade

This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, a public health approach to reducing risk, enhancing protection, and reducing the prevalence of adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. The analysis is based on outcomes from a panel of students followed from Grade 5 through Grade 8 in a randomized controlled trial involving 24 communities in 7 states. Previous analyses have shown that CTC prevented the initiation of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and delinquency by the end of 8th grade in CTC communities compared to controls. This paper estimates long-term monetary benefits associated with significant intervention effects on cigarette smoking and delinquency as compared to the cost of conducting the intervention. Under conservative cost assumptions, the net present benefit is $5,250 per youth, including $812 from the prevention of cigarette smoking and $4,438 from the prevention of delinquency. The benefit-cost ratio indicates a return of $5.30 per $1.00 invested. Under less conservative but still viable cost assumptions, the benefit-cost ratio due to prevention of cigarette smoking and delinquency increases to $10.23 per $1.00 invested. Benefits from CTC’s reduction in alcohol initiation as well as broader inclusion of quality-of-life gains would further increase CTC’s benefit-cost ratio. Results provide evidence that CTC is a cost-beneficial preventive intervention and a good investment of public dollars, even under very conservative cost and benefit assumptions.
Nanoscale mechanical switching of ferroelectric polarization via flexoelectricity

Flexoelectric coefficient is a fourth-rank tensor arising from the coupling between strain gradient and electric polarization and thus exists in all crystals. It is generally ignored for macroscopic crystals due to its small magnitude. However, at the nanoscale, flexoelectric contributions may become significant and can potentially be utilized for device applications. Using the phase-field method, we study the mechanical switching of electric polarization in ferroelectric thin films by a strain gradient created via an atomic force microscope tip. Our simulation results show good agreement with existing experimental observations. We examine the competition between the piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects and provide an understanding of the role of flexoelectricity in the polarization switching. Also, by changing the pressure and film thickness, we reveal that the flexoelectric field at the film bottom can be used as a criterion to determine whether domain switching may happen under a mechanical force.