cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bubbles in the Hele-Shaw cell: Pattern selection and tip perturbations.

We consider the motion of a symmetric finite bubble in a two-dimensional Hele-Shaw cell. In the absence of surface tension, the Saffman-Taylor solution contains two free parameters, U and \ensuremath{\lambda}, for a given bubble area J, where U is the dimensionless speed and \ensuremath{\lambda} is the dimensionless width of the bubble. It is shown that, in the presence of surface tension, a solution does not exist for Ug2 for any bubble area. We also derive the following scaling relations: (a) 2-U\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2/3}$ for large J; and (b) 2-U\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}$ for small J, where \ensuremath{\epsilon} is a small parameter which is proportional to the surface tension. We show that by creating a cusp at the tip of the bubble, one can increase the speed of the bubble Ug2. We present predictions for the shape and speed of the symmetric bubble as a function of the external parameters in the presence of a cusp at the tip. This picture may explain the recent experimental results of Maxworthy, where substantially enhanced velocities were measured for the anomalous bubbles with a tiny bubble at the tip.
A study of the relationship of reticuloendotheliosis virus to the avion leukosis-sarcoma complex of viruses

Abstract Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was compared on biological and biochemical grounds with members of the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex of viruses (ALSV). Stocks of REV contained no virus which produced interference with any subgroup of ALSV. REV was unable to complement various strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) as measured by the absence of broadening of host range, “helper” virus activity with the defective Bryan high titer strain of RSV, or the induction of release of RAV-60 from chick embryo cells containing the chick helper factor. Hence, no biological interaction has been detected between REV and the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex of viruses. The RNA structure of the REV was studied using glycerol velocity gradients and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The RNA of REV was distinctly like that of RAV-49, a subgroup C avian leukosis virus. The native RNA of REV recovered after phenol extraction cosedimented with the RNA of RAV-49, and after heat denaturation, both RNAs showed the reduced sedimentation velocity and increased rate of migration in polyacrylamide gel which is characteristic of the tumor virus RNAs. Proteins of REV were examined on SDS discontinuous gel electrophoresis. Five major proteins were detected, two of which were glycoproteins. Coelectrophoresis of REV with avian sarcoma virus B 77 showed no polypeptides that were identical in electrophoretic mobilities. In addition, lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination was employed to selectively label the surface proteins of REV. Two surface proteins were detected; these corresponded to the two viral glycoproteins.
Formation and characterization of inorganic membranes from zeolite-silica microcomposites

Small crystals of zeolites (500-1000 nm) with two- and three-dimensional channel systems (faujasite and ZSM-5 structures) were embedded in amorphous thin films derived from TEOS hydrolyzed in alcoholic solution. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that the zeolites can be quite evenly dispersed in the membrane, resulting in single layers of zeolite crystals protruding out of the amorphous matrix. In situ FT-IR studies with a series of probe molecules revealed that in most membranes the zeolites were 100% accessible from the gas phase. The membranes excluded molecules which are larger than the pore openings of the zeolite embedded in the composite.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Peritonitis Mimicking Tuberculosis

Agrobacterium species have been previously implicated in the development of clinical disease. We report what we believe to be the first case of ascites caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in a cirrhotic patient. Since the correct diagnosis was made only after laparoscopy-guided collection of specimens from two different tissues, we suggest that Agrobacterium may be an underdiagnosed pathogen in clinical situations in which tuberculosis is considered to be the cause of high-protein ascites.
Substance Abuse in Children: Prediction, Protection, and Prevention

Objective To review the latest studies on risk and protective factors for the development of substance abuse and the effectiveness of prevention interventions for the pediatric population. Data Sources Multiple bibliographic databases, including MEDLINE and ERIC, were used to develop a comprehensive review of the literature on substance abuse prevention during the last 10 years. Selected indexing terms includedsubstance abuse prevention,risk factors, andprotective factors. Research monographs from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention were used, along with information from authors of prevention curricula. Study Selection Study populations included children from birth through adolescence who were enrolled in controlled, prospective, and/or longitudinal studies of either protective or risk factors for the development of substance abuse or response to substance abuse prevention programs. Studies of adult patients that investigated predisposing risk factors for substance abuse (eg, genetic implications) were also used. Care was taken to ensure studies included children from diverse racial and social backgrounds. Data Extraction Information was abstracted and summarized from peer-reviewed publications. Controlled random-designed studies were used to determine prevention program efficacy. Data Synthesis Main results of the review are summarized in a qualitative format. Conclusions Factors that contribute to the emergence of substance abuse in the pediatric population are multifactorial. Behavioral, emotional, and environmental factors that place children at risk for the development of substance abuse may be remediated through prevention and intervention programs that use research-based, comprehensive, culturally relevant, social resistance skills training and normative education in an active school-based learning format.
Development of multirate model and multirate interacting multiple model algorithm for multiplatform multisensor tracking

A distributed multirate interacting multiple model (DMRIMM) tracking algorithm is developed. The algorithm is based on a reformulation of the interacting multiple model (IMM) filter under the assumption that each model operates at an update rate proportional to the model's assumed dynamics. A multirate model is derived based on the geometrical interpretation of a discrete wavelet transform. A wavelet transform is used to generate equivalent multirate measurements, which exhibit the additional property of lower equivalent measurement noise for low-rate data. Using this filtering approach, the MRIMM algorithm significantly outperforms a full-rate IMM filter when no maneuvers occur and moderately outperforms the IMM filter when maneuvers occur. Based on the MRIMM algorithm, a distributed version DMRIMM algorithm for multiplatform multisensor tracking is proposed. The MRIMM algorithm is first employed to perform each local/platform estimation. A global filter is then constructed to perform a fusion of MRIMM estimations. The advantage of performance improvement is demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations.
An intra-week efficiency analysis of bookie-quoted NFL betting lines in NYC ☆

Abstract We analyze the intra-week evolution of bookie-quoted National Football League betting lines in New York City and its implications for market efficiency. Our unique data set includes three sequential lines: (i) an outlaw line set by a single agent at the beginning of the week; (ii) Tuesday's opening line shaped by bets from a group of eight to ten agents; and (iii) a game-time closing line shaped by the wider public. While forecast encompassing tests show that information content increases during the betting week, consistent with a reasonably well-functioning market, we also uncover significant evidence of pricing inefficiencies relating to sentiment measures. In addition, actual bets made by a number of professional gamblers appear profitable, pointing to the existence of superior analysts.
Forced vibration of a class of non-linear two-degree-of-freedom oscillators

Abstract The exact analytical solution for the steady-state motion of a two-degree-of-freedom dissipative nonautonomous system is derived and its asymptotically stable regions are determined. The system consists of a spring-mass-dashpot combination that is coupled to another mass by means of a spring and dashpot that are piecewise linear. Both masses are excited sinusoidally by forces of different amplitudes. Simulated motion on a digital computer and experimental studies with an analog computer corroborate the predictions of the theory.
Direct and indirect effects of two herbivore species on resource allocation in their shared host plant: the rhizome galler Eurosta comma, the folivore Trirhabda canadensis and Solidago missouriensis.

We examined the effects of the rhizome galling fly, Eurosta comma (Wiedemann), on rhizome mass and nitrogen allocation in a clone of its goldenrod host plant, Solidago missouriensis Nutt. In comparison to ungalled ramets, galled ramets initiated significantly fewer new rhizomes, and allocated less mass to leaves and stems and more to roots. Galled ramets had lower concentrations of nitrogen in roots and rhizomes but leaf and stem nitrogen concentrations were not affected. In the second year of our study, outbreaks of the leaf-eating beetle, Trirhabda canadensis (Kirby), occurred in three of our four study clones, removing ∼20%, ∼50%, and 100% of leaf area from clones 2–4, respectively. In the most heavily grazed clones, the influence of rhizome galls on plant resource allocation was least pronounced. Despite the overwhelming immediate impact of grazing, the presence of a gall population may be important because they decrease the ability of S. missouriensis clones to initiate new rhizomes and hence to recover from defoliation.
Expressing program looping in regular dynamic logic

Abstract ‘Looping’ of nondeterministic while-programs is shown to be expressible in Regular First Order Dynamic Logic with or without array assignment instructions in the programs. The expressive power of quantifier-free Dynamic Logic increases when nondeterminism is introduced in the programs that are part of formulae of Dynamic Logic. Allowing assignments of random values to variables also increases expressive power.
What's the buzz?: Rethinking the meanings and uses of alcohol and other drugs among small‐timerock ‘n’ roll musicians

Since Becker's pioneering work on marijuana use among jazz musicians and Bennett's discussion of the role of drugs in rock ‘n’ roll musicians’ lives, social scientists have added little of either a theoretical or substantive nature to what we think we know about the meanings and uses of alcohol and other drugs among contemporary popular musicians. Drawing on participant observation from 7 years’ experience as a professional musician and in‐depth interviews with 35 local‐level performing musicians, the author explores the relationships between the social organization of musicians’ workplaces, the nature of musicians’ work, and the meanings and uses of various mood‐altering substances. The study offers a descriptive analysis that highlights how musicians performing in bands or groups create and sustain norms regarding work and substance use and under what conditions they invoke both formal and informal mechanisms of social control. In addition, the author discusses the importance of building a theory of dev...
Inverse higgs phenomenon in a scalar theory

Abstract A hidden U(1) gauge symmetry is shown to be dynamically generated in an interacting SU(N,1) scalar theory. This mechanism is exactly the inverse process of the ordinary Higgs phenomenon in gauge theory.
FITTING SURGE FUNCTIONS TO DATA

The problem of fitting a surge function to a set of data such as that for a drug response curve is considered. A variety of different techniques are applied, including using some fundamental ideas ...
A Randomized Study of Tobramycin Plus Ticarcillin, Tobramycin Plus Cephalothin and Ticarcillin, or Tobramycin Plus Mezlocillin in the Treatment of Infection in Neutropenic Patients with Malignancies

Two hundred twenty-five patients with 358 febrile episodes were treated with tobramycin and ticarcillin (TT), tobramycin and mezlocillin (TM), or tobramycin, ticarcillin and cephalothin (TTC). There were no statistically significant differences in the response rates for patients who were proven to have infection (67% with TT, 69% with TTC and 53% with TM). Patients were more often cured of their infection if their neutrophil count rose during therapy. In this study, the addition of cephalothin to TT did not increase the frequency of azotemia (10% and 12%, respectively). Although mezlocillin has a broader spectrum of activity in vitro than ticarcillin, it was not more efficacious when combined with tobramycin than ticarcillin plus tobramycin for the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients.
Evaluation of three metabolic activation systems by a forward mutation assay in Salmonella.

Abstract The strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium was used as the indicator bacterium in the intrasanguineous host-mediated mutagenicity assay. Bacterial distribution and spontaneous mutation frequency were determined after intravenous injection of SV3 into CD1 male mice. Bacteria were cleared at an exponential rate from the blood stream and recovered mainly from the liver and in smaller quantities from the lungs and kidneys. No bactericidal effect was observed during incubation within the animal, and bacterial division occured in the liver and probably in the kidneys. The significance of an increased mutation frequency of bacteria recovered from untreated animals is discussed. Mutation induction was measured in bacteria recovered from liver, lungs and kidney of CD1 mice and CD rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The sensitivity of the intrasanguineous host-mediated technique was compared with the sensitivity of the assay in vitro with microsomal preparations from each tissue and host. Activation by isolated perfused liver and lungs from CD rats was included for comparison with the results from experiments in vivo and in vitro.
Automated epicardial fat volume quantification from non-contrast CT

Epicardial fat volume (EFV) is now regarded as a significant imaging biomarker for cardiovascular risk strat-ification. Manual or semi-automated quantification of EFV includes tedious and careful contour drawing of pericardium on fine image features. We aimed to develop and validate a fully-automated, accurate algorithm for EVF quantification from non-contrast CT using active contours and multiple atlases registration. This is a knowledge-based model that can segment both the heart and pericardium accurately by initializing the location and shape of the heart in large scale from multiple co-registered atlases and locking itself onto the pericardium actively. The deformation process is driven by pericardium detection, extracting only the white contours repre- senting the pericardium in the CT images. Following this step, we can calculate fat volume within this region (epicardial fat) using standard fat attenuation range. We validate our algorithm on CT datasets from 15 patients who underwent routine assessment of coronary calcium. Epicardial fat volume quantified by the algorithm (69.15 ± 8.25 cm3) and the expert (69.46 ± 8.80 cm3) showed excellent correlation (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001) with no significant differences by comparison of individual data points (p = 0.9). The algorithm achieved a Dice overlap of 0.93 (range 0.88 - 0.95). The total time was less than 60 sec on a standard windows computer. Our results show that fast accurate automated knowledge-based quantification of epicardial fat volume from non-contrast CT is feasible. To our knowledge, this is also the first fully automated algorithms reported for this task.
Gaucher's Disease of the Lung Causing Severe Pulmonary Hypertension with Associated Acute Recurrent Pericarditis

The clinical and pathological features of a 30-year-old man with Gaucher's disease are described. He had severe pulmonary hypertension resulting from obstruction of pulmonary capillaries by Gaucher cells. Acute recurrent pericarditis of unknown etiology terminally led to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade.
Constant factor approximation algorithms for coalition structure generation

Coalition structure generation is a central problem in characteristic function games. Most algorithmic work to date can be classified into one of three broad categories: anytime algorithms, design-to-time algorithms and heuristic algorithms [5]. This paper focuses on the former two approaches. Both design-to-time and anytime algorithms have pros and cons. While design-to-time algorithms guarantee finding an optimal solution, they must be run to completion in order to generate any solution. Anytime algorithms; however, permit premature termination while providing solutions of ever increasing quality along with quality guarantees. Design-to-time algorithms have a better worst case runtime (O(3 n ) for n agents) compared to the current anytime algorithms (O(n n ) for n agents), but do not provide the flexibility of anytime algorithms. In this paper we present the first design-to-time constant factor approximation algorithms for coalition structure generation that guarantee high quality solutions quickly. We show how our approach can be used as an anytime algorithm, which combines both the worst case runtime of the design-to-time algorithms and the flexibility of the anytime algorithms. This results in the first anytime algorithm for coalition structure generation which has the same worst case time complexity of the current best design-to-time algorithms.
Peptide mapping of contractile proteins: Two-dimensional analysis of cyanogen bromide fragments on polyacrylamide gels

Abstract Peptide mapping of contractile proteins is necessary for correlation of the structual properties of these molecules with their distinct roles in various cell types. The large size of several of these polypeptides requires their cleavage by cyanogen bromide and the separation of the resulting products on a two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel system to ensure reasonably complete peptide maps. Such a peptide map of rabbit skeletal muscle actin is in agreement with predictions from the amino acid sequence. The peptide map of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin can be resolved into maps of heavy and light meromyosins resulting from limited tryptic digestion of the myosin. Unique regions of the myosin map are occupied by one or the other of these segments. Analysis of native 105,000 Mr elam adductor paramyosin and its 94,000 Mr proteolytic products indicates that specific changes in peptide composition have occurred.
Redox properties of rubredoxin variants as a function of solvent composition and temperature: investigation of monopolar and dipolar interactions.

The role of solvent composition and temperature on equilibrium electron transfer in seven rubredoxin variants [Clostridiumpasteurianum (Cp), V8D, V8R, V8A, V44A Cp, Pyrococcusfuriosus (Pf), and A44V Pf] were investigated to examine the role of both monopolar and dipolar interactions. The reduction potentials of all variants decreased as the polarity of the solvent decreased. The enthalpy and entropy associated with electron transfer were determined from temperature-controlled voltammetric studies. The entropic contribution [Δ(TΔS°)] to the change in the reduction potential was larger for charged variants (V8D and V8R), while the enthalpic contribution [Δ(–ΔH°)] was larger for the other mutants. The large entropy change observed for monopolar variants is likely due to solvent reorganization that occurs between oxidation states. Entropic-enthalpic compensation phenomena, an observation that most proteins have an entropic term [Δ(TΔS°)] and enthalpic term [Δ(–ΔH°)] with opposite signs, was observed. A correlation of the size of the amino acid side chain with ΔE°′, Δ(–ΔH°), and Δ(TΔS°) is also discussed.
From Ford to Faà

1. D. Callan, Pair them up!: A visual approach to the Chung-Feller Theorem, College Math. J. 26 (1995) 196-198. 2. D. Callan, Two uniformly distributed parameters defining Catalan numbers, Amer Math. Monthly 106 (1999) 948-949. 3. W. Feller, An introduction to probability theory and its applications, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, 1950. 4. J. G. Wendel, Left-continuous random walk and the Lagrange expansion, Amer. Math. Monthly 82 (1975) 494-499.
The ultrastructure of venom-producing cells in Paranemertes peregrina (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea).

The nemertean Paranemertes peregrina uses its long, eversible proboscis to capture nereid polychaetes. During prey capture, the glandular epithelium of the everted proboscis secretes a sticky venom that contains a potent neurotoxin. In this study, the ultrastructure of the venom-producing epithelium is examined before and after capture of nereid prey. Four types of cells can be distinguished in the glandular epithelium, based on the shape and staining properties of their secretory products. The cells contain fusiform or coalescent types of rhabdoids, acidophilic granules, or flocculent material. All four cell types occur in the anterior part of the proboscis, but only cells with acidophilic granules have been observed in the posterior chamber. The glandular epithelium of the anterior chamber secretes sheets of venomous mucus that are composed of the four types of secretory products fused together, while the epithelial cells of the posterior chamber produce a granulated discharge. Cells that contain flocculent material also occur in the epidermis of P. peregrina. The flocculent material is believed to contain the toxic component of the venom, as its distribution in the anterior proboscis chamber and body wall correlates with previous reports of toxin concentrations that were derived from assays of tissue extracts.
The Time-Varying Calibration of an Airborne Lyman-α Hygrometer

Abstract Calibration of an airborne Lyman-α hygrometer against simultaneous measurements of humidity from a dewpoint hygrometer shows that Lyman-α biases drift with time. Analyses of low-level flight data from four days during the 1986 Frontal Air–Sea Interaction Experiment indicate that Lyman-α gains are constant for each Right (∼ 3 h duration) but different on each day. If not explicitly accounted for, the time-varying bias can introduce a significant error in calculated humidities from the Lyman-α hygrometer.
Computation of Foulkes and Davis' nonparametric tracking index using GAUSS

Foulkes and Davis (1981) define tracking as the maintenance of relative rank over a given time span. This paper outlines the development of their statistic, based on a set of individual growth profiles, which estimates the degree of tracking observed in a one-sample longitudinal data set and shows how confidence intervals for the corresponding population parameter may be constructed. An example using a measure of skeletal growth is given and a GAUSS program to do the computations is provided. (Information on obtaining the GAUSS program is provided in the Appendix.) Properties of this statistical approach to tracking are contrasted with another non-parametric method based on Cohen's kappa statistic. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An implantable Teflon chip holding lithium naphthalocyanine microcrystals for secure, safe, and repeated measurements of pO2 in tissues

Lithium naphthalocyanine (LiNc) is a crystalline material that has significant potential as a probe for EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance)-based biological oximetry (Pandian et al. J. Mater. Chem. 19:4138–4147, 2009a). However, implantation of LiNc crystals in tissues in raw or neat form is undesirable since dispersion of crystals in tissue may lead to loss of EPR signal, while also exacerbating biocompatibility concerns due to tissue exposure. To overcome these concerns, we have encapsulated LiNc crystals in an oxygen-permeable polymer, Teflon AF 2400 (TAF). Fabrication of TAF films incorporating LiNc particles (denoted as LiNc:TAF chip) was carried out using solvent-evaporation techniques. The EPR linewidth of LiNc:TAF chip was linearly dependent on oxygen-partial pressure (pO2) and did not change significantly relative to neat LiNc crystals. LiNc:TAF chip responded to changes in pO2 reproducibly, enabling dynamic measurements of oxygenation in real time. The LiNc:TAF chips were stable in tissues for more than 2 months and were capable of providing repeated measurements of tissue oxygenation for extended periods of time. The results demonstrated that the newly fabricated, highly oxygen-sensitive LiNc:TAF chip will enhance the applicability of EPR oximetry for long-term and clinical applications.
How to Live with a Golden Helix

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the discovery of the structure of DNA. RNA can form a double helix similar in its base-pairing rules to DNA. Both nucleic acids can form triple helices and some DNA molecules, having the purines and pyrimidines segregated on different chains, may even be able to form a four-stranded structure. Poly I also appears to be four stranded. Double helices with parallel chains—rather than anti-parallel—can be formed by special molecules such as poly A; however, whether such a structure has any biological significance remains to be seen. In transfer RNA unusual base-pairs and base-triples abound. DNA molecules—both single- and double-stranded—can be circular. Intact circular double-stranded DNA is often found supercoiled. There appear to be many mechanisms for DNA addition, translocation, and multiplication. If these processes are at least partly random, then in an organism where most DNA is not exon DNA, the commonest sequences to be moved around are likely to be those of introns and intergenic spacers. Thus, intron size in evolution may be a dynamic balance between additions and deletions.
Micromechanics of stress and strain-controlled, high cycle fatigue crack initiation of intermetallic compounds

Abstract Tests have shown that ordered intermetallic compounds favor planar slip and tend to have no cross-slip or multislip. The yield stress of ordered compounds is less than that of disordered compounds. However, the stress-controlled, high cycle fatigue life of ordered compounds is appreciably more than that of disordered compounds. This is considered to be caused by a low rate of crack initiation. In contrast, strain-controlled tests show that ordering shortens life by crack initiation. In this paper, we attempt to explain these observed behaviors by the micromechanic theory of high cycle fatigue crack initiation developed by Lin and coworkers. The effect of ordering on crack initiation under cyclic combined axial and torsional loadings is also shown.
Phase-Contrast and Electron Microscope Studies on the Golgi Bodies and Mitochondria of the Germ Cells of Helix aspersa

1. The Golgi bodies of the male germ cells of Helix aspersa have been observed in the living cells by aid of the phase-contrast microscope. Their form and distribution are exactly like those seen in fixed material. Accordingly, they cannot be artifacts induced by the methods used to demonstrate them.2. In electron micrographs the Golgi bodies have the same form and distribution as those seen in the living cell under the phase-contrast microscope. In addition, they (osmiophilic portion of fixed and impregnated material) are relatively opaque to the electrons, yet display a fine fibrous internal structure. On the inner side, i.e., that of the lesser curvature of the crescent and ring-like Golgi bodies, is seen a highly vacuolated region which probably corresponds to the osmiophobic region of the classical description. However, here this vacuolated region does not seem to be a morphological part of the Golgi bodies, but appears more like a region of active synthesis probably associated with the function of the Golgi material.3. In ultracentrifuged cells the mitochondria are displaced to the centrifugal end and the Golgi bodies to the centripetal end of the cell. This demonstrates that the Golgi bodies differ sharply in relative specific gravity from the mitochondria.4. Mitochondria in electron micrographs were observed composed of longitudinal striations which may in reality, be lamellae. Mitochondria are distinct from the Golgi bodies.
Practice-based comparison of direct and indirect bonding

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare bond-failure prevalences, numbers of appointments, and treatment times between direct and indirect bracket bonding for patients treated in private orthodontic practices. Methods: A convenience sample was collected from 11 orthodontic offices; 5 orthodontists (772 patients) used a direct bonding technique, and 6 (596 patients) used an indirect technique. Altogether, they examined 29,963 brackets in 1,368 patients. Bond failures were recorded by tooth number and by patient during 10 consecutive practice days. In addition, the orthodontists reported the treatment time and number of visits for each of their 10 most recently completed comprehensive patients. Results: The per-patient debond prevalences were 1.17% ± 3.62% for direct bonding and 1.21% ± 3.81% for indirect bonding ( P = .225). Direct-bonded patients required a mean (± SD) treatment time of 750 ± 220 days and 22.0 ± 7.3 visits; indirect bonding required a mean treatment time of 745 ± 256 days and 22.2 ± 7.3 visits ( P = .691 and P = .653, respectively). Conclusions: This practice-based study showed no difference in the failure rates between direct and indirect bonding. Furthermore, total treatment times and numbers of appointments did not differ between the 2 techniques.
Particle acceleration in axisymmetric pulsar current sheets

The equatorial current sheet in pulsar magnetospheres is often regarded as an ideal site for particle acceleration via relativistic reconnection. Using 2D spherical particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate particle acceleration in the axisymmetric pulsar magnetosphere as a function of the injected plasma multiplicity and magnetization. We observe a clear transition from a highly charge-separated magnetosphere for low plasma injection with little current and spin-down power, to a nearly force-free solution for high plasma multiplicity characterized by a prominent equatorial current sheet and high spin-down power. We find significant magnetic dissipation in the current sheet, up to 30% within 5 light-cylinder radii in the high-multiplicity regime. The simulations unambiguously demonstrate that the dissipated Poynting flux is efficiently channeled to the particles in the sheet, close to the Y-point within about 1-2 light cylinder radii from the star. The mean particle energy in the sheet is given by the upstream plasma magnetization at the light cylinder. The study of particle orbits shows that all energetic particles originate from the boundary layer between the open and the closed field lines. Energetic positrons always stream outward, while high-energy electrons precipitate back towards the star through the sheet and along the separatrices, which may result in auroral-like emission. Our results suggest that the current sheet and the separatrices may be the main source of high-energy radiation in young pulsars.
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Pancreatic Carcinoma: A Reappraisal

AbstractPancreatic carcinoma is clearly a disease that “gives cancer a bad name.” In general, it is refractory to single modality therapy using surgery radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. While only 10-15% of patients present with resectable disease, approximately 50% of patients with pancreatic carcinoma have only locoregional disease (non-resectable) at diagnosis. For these patients without distant metastases, some recent studies employing combined modality therapy show some promise for improving local control and possibly survival in this devastating disease.
Is there a preferred coordinate system for perception of hand orientation in three-dimensional space?

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the preferred coordinate system for representation of hand orientation in 3-dimensional space. The ability of human subjects to perceive angles of the hand in 3-dimensional space (elevation, yaw, roll angles extrinsic coordinate system) was compared to their ability to perceive hand angles relative to the proximal upper limb segments (wrist joint angles, forearm pronation intrinsic coordinate system). With eyes closed, subjects performed a matching task in which the experimenter positioned the left arm, forearm and hand and the right arm and forearm. Subjects were then told to match an angle in one of the two coordinate systems by moving only the right hand at the wrist or the forearm as in pronation or roll matching. Absolute constant error (ACE), variable error (VE) and normalized variable error (NVE-normalized to tested range of motion) of matching were quantified for each subject for each of the six angles matched. It was hypothesized that matching angles in a preferred coordinate system would be associated with lower ACE, VE and NVE. Overall, ACE and VE were lower for matching hand angles in the intrinsic coordinate system. This suggests that the preferred coordinate system involved specification of hand angles relative to forearm and arm angles (joint angles) rather than the hand angles relative to axes external to the upper limb. However, matching of pronation angles was associated with larger VE and NVE than roll angle matching. There were no significant differences in ACE between pronation and roll matching. In a second experiment subjects with their forearms constrained at different elevations matched hand elevation and wrist flexion angles. Thus, errors in matching the angles in the non preferred coordinate system were predictable if the subjects were biased toward matching angles in the preferred coordinate system. Trends in the data suggested that subjects preferred matching hand elevation angles but these trends were not consistent within or between subjects. Thus a preferred intrinsic coordinate system for wrist flexion matching was not observed in this experiment. We suggest that matching angles when proximal limb segments are constrained is a simpler task for the subjects (VE lower than in the first experiment) and may bias the matching toward the extrinsic coordinate system. Thus, hand orientation in 3-dimensional space may be perceived as follows: wrist flexion and abduction angles together with forearm elevation and yaw are used to specify hand elevation and yaw; these together with hand roll angle, completely specify the hand angle in 3-dimensional space.
What do scientists do

How should enquiry be conducted? This basic question is faced at some time or other by every scientist—be he natural or social. Here is a formulation of principles of enquiry common to scientists—notions which initiate and guide the course of a line of research—and a grand strategy of enquiry is proposed. It is suggested that this theoretical framework can be used to investigate why scientists have these patterns of enquiry.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion during cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum therapy in a patient with an ovarian carcinoma

Case report of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. (SIADH) developing in a patient treated with cis-dichlorodiamine platinum for an endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary. This syndrome has not been reported with this tumor type and no other drugs known to cause SIADH were administered.
Effect of stress on newborn hypothalamic phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.

Abstract 1. 1. Assays of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity of rat hypothalami revealed that PNMT was present at birth, even though only in traces, and gradually increased during the first two postnatal months. 2. 2. Exposure to recurrent stressful situations increased PNMT activity in a statistically significant manner. 3. 3. Persistence of stressful situations resulted in a higher PNMT of adult rats as compared to adult controls. 4. 4. Assays of hypothalamic tissue cultures led to the conclusion that part of the increase of PNMT activity resulted from temporary potentiation of PNMT by local factors, and part from induction of protein synthesis. 5. 5. One of the submolecular chain reactions generated by stress and able to induce protein synthesis was identified as: release of ACTH during stress, activation of local adenylate cyclase by ACTH to synthesize cyclic AMP. When released, this cyclic AMP increased the local ratio of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP, a process known to induce protein synthesis.
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Dalpha7 is required for an escape behavior in Drosophila.

Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of insects. Mutant analysis of the Dα7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ofDrosophila shows that it is required for the giant fiber-mediated escape behavior. The Dα7 protein is enriched in the dendrites of the giant fiber, and electrophysiological analysis of the giant fiber circuit showed that sensory input to the giant fiber is disrupted, as is transmission at an identified cholinergic synapse between the peripherally synapsing interneuron and the dorsal lateral muscle motor neuron. Moreover, we found thatgfA1, a mutation identified in a screen for giant fiber defects more than twenty years ago, is an allele ofDα7. Therefore, a combination of behavioral, electrophysiological, anatomical, and genetic data indicate an essential role for the Dα7 nAChR in giant fiber-mediated escape inDrosophila.
Phytoplankton population dynamics and productivity in a sewage-enriched tidal Creek in North Carolina

Calico Creek differs from neighboring estuaries in that it receives sewage effluent, and its waters therefore contain ample nutrients. High nutrient levels enable the phytoplankton population, which is probably light-limited, to reach densities of 109 cells·1−1 during the summer, 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the surrounding, nutrient-limited populations. At cell densities greater than 108 cells·1−1 the number of dominant species is greatly reduced, and the level of diversity drops sharply. Calico Creek also differs by being very shallow; the population can be drastically affected by high runoff. The productivity of both the phytoplankton and the surroundingSpartina marsh is much higher than the neighboring unpolluted estuaries. Unlike the larger and more stable estuaries nearby, the dependence of the population on the effluent for nutrients, the possibility of toxic materials entering the creek with the effluent, and its small size make Calico Creek subject to sudden change.
Ferritin Stimulation of Lipid Peroxidation by Microsomes after Chronic Ethanol Treatment: Role of Cytochrome P4502E1

Ferritin is the major storage form of iron within cells, and iron released from ferritin has been shown to stimulate lipid peroxidation. Microsomes from rats chronically fed ethanol are more active in generating reactive oxygen intermediates than control microsomes. Since superoxide is one of the reductants capable of releasing iron from ferritin, and superoxide generation by microsomes is increased after chronic ethanol treatment, the ability of ferritin to stimulate lipid peroxidation of microsomes isolated from control rats and rats treated chronically with ethanol was evaluated. Ferritin was much more effective in stimulating lipid peroxidation of microsomes after ethanol treatment; net increases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive components by ferritin were 4-fold greater in the presence of NADPH with microsomes from the ethanol-treated rats compared to pair-fed controls and 10-fold greater with NADH as the microsomal reductant. Net increases in chemiluminescence by ferritin were about 10-fold greater with microsomes from the ethanol-treated rats. The NADPH- and NADH-dependent increases in lipid peroxidation produced by ferritin were prevented by superoxide dismutase, which lowered the rates found in the presence of ferritin to values found in the absence of ferritin. Catalase and hydroxyl radical scavengers had no effect on the stimulation by ferritin. Nonheme iron chelators prevented the ferritin stimulation as did glutathione, propylgallate, and trolox. Basal rates of lipid peroxidation were inhibited by anti-CYP2E1 IgG; the stimulation by ferritin was decreased by anti-CYP2E1 IgG. These results show that microsomes from ethanol-fed rats are more reactive than control microsomes in interacting with ferritin to produce oxidants capable of catalyzing lipid peroxidation. The inhibition of the ferritin-catalyzed lipid peroxidation by superoxide dismutase and anti-CYP2E1 IgG is consistent with a role for CYP2E1-generated superoxide radical in mobilizing iron from ferritin and in the subsequent catalysis of lipid peroxidation. Since ferritin is the major cellular storage form of iron, increased mobilization of iron from ferritin by CYP2E1-derived superoxide radical may play a role in the development of oxidative stress after ethanol treatment.
In utero cocaine, discriminative avoidance learning with low-salient stimuli and learning-related neuronal activity in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Daily injections of cocaine administered to pregnant rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) throughout gestation were associated with neural and behavioral changes during development and in adulthood, including altered neuron structure and function in areas receiving dopaminergic projections and retarded Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning with low-salient conditional stimuli. Studies of discriminative avoidance learning have shown changes in learning-related cingulothalamic neuronal activity, but no behavioral learning impairment in cocaine-exposed offspring. Here, low-salient stimuli were used during discriminative avoidance conditioning. Impairments early in behavioral acquisition were found, as well as alterations of anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortical, medial dorsal thalamic, and amygdalar neuronal response profiles and learning-related neuronal activity. These results elucidate the neural processes, impaired by prenatal cocaine, that support conditioning with low-salient stimuli.
Grip Force Control during Virtual Object Interaction: Effect of Force Feedback, Accuracy Demands, and Training

When grasping and manipulating objects, people are able to efficiently modulate their grip force according to the experienced load force. Effective grip force control involves providing enough grip force to prevent the object from slipping, while avoiding excessive force to avoid damage and fatigue. During indirect object manipulation via teleoperation systems or in virtual environments, users often receive limited somatosensory feedback about objects with which they interact. This study examines the effects of force feedback, accuracy demands, and training on grip force control during object interaction in a virtual environment. The task required subjects to grasp and move a virtual object while tracking a target. When force feedback was not provided, subjects failed to couple grip and load force, a capability fundamental to direct object interaction. Subjects also exerted larger grip force without force feedback and when accuracy demands of the tracking task were high. In addition, the presence or absence of force feedback during training affected subsequent performance, even when the feedback condition was switched. Subjects' grip force control remained reminiscent of their employed grip during the initial training. These results motivate the use of force feedback during telemanipulation and highlight the effect of force feedback during training.
On-machine interlocking of 3D laminate structures for composites

Abstract By using an adjacent-layer interlocking method on a weaving machine, multi-layer preform structures are developed. The on-loom interlocking method eliminates the yarn breakage resulting from needle penetration which is the case for off-loom interlocking of fabric layers. The concept of this three-dimensional (3D) fabric design is to bind each pair of adjacent layers at one connecting point in every other plain-weave repeat within each layer. The mechanical properties of the resulting composites are investigated by means of impact, short-beam shear and the long-beam flexural testing. The failure mechanisms found in 3D on-loom interlocked composites include fiber breakage, fiber debonding and fiber pull-out.
The Effect of Male and Female Age on Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Fecundity

ABSTRACT Insects that reproduce sexually must locate a suitable mate, and many species have evolved efficient communication mechanisms to find each other. The number of reproductively viable individuals in a population can be an important constraint in the growth of populations. One factor that can affect insect fecundity is the age of mating adults, as fecundity tends to decline with age. Field observations collected annually on Lymantria dispar (L.) from 2001 to 2007 and 2009 consistently revealed a small proportion of egg masses (generally 0 but <5% of eggs were fertilized in an egg mass consisting of ≈200–500 eggs. In these studies, male age was unknown but female age was fixed at <24 h, which, according to previous studies on the effect of female L. dispar age on reproductive success, should have been optimal for fertilization. In this article, we analyzed field data (2001–2007 and 2009) to explore patterns in the occurrence of low-fertilized egg masses.We supplemented th...
Conversational scorekeeping and conditionals

David Lewis has recently developed the notion of conversational score-keeping as a way of explaining the acceptability of utterances in various contexts and the manner in which this acceptability changes in a rule-governed manner. I will expand Lewis's discussion by showing how the acceptibility of conditionals is linked to conversational score. In particular, I will argue that at least one controversial issue concerning the logic of conditionals, the interpretation and use of conditionals with disjunctive antecedents, may be resolved by applying Lewis's notion of an accommodation rule for conversational scorekeeping.
Efficiently querying spatial histograms

In this paper, we examine the problem of efficiently computing a class of aggregate functions on regions of space. We first formalize region-based aggregations for a large class of efficient geometric aggregations. The idea is to represent the query object with pre-defined objects with set operations, and compute the aggregation using the pre-computed aggregation values. We first show that it applies to existing results about points and rectangular objects. Since it is defined using set theory instead of object shapes, it can be applied to polygons. Given a database D of polygonal regions, a tessellation T of the plane, and a query polygon q constructed from T, we prove that the aggregation of q can be calculated by the aggregation over triangles and lines constructed from segments and vertices in q, which can be pre-computed. The query time complexity is O(klogn), where k is the size of query polygon and n is the size of T.
Multi-scale modeling in damage mechanics of composite materials

This paper addresses the multi-scale modeling aspects of damage in composite materials. The multiplicity of the scales of the operating mechanisms is discussed and clarified by taking examples of damage in a unidirectional ceramic matrix composite and in a cross ply polymer matrix composite laminate. Two multi-scale modeling strategies––the hierarchical and the synergistic––are reviewed in the context of deformational response. Finally, the “big picture” as it relates to the cost-effective manufacturing of composite structures intended for long-term performance is outlined and desired future direction in multi-scale modeling is discussed.