cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal influences during fetal lung development

Maturation of the fetal lung is accelerated by in utero treatment with corticosteroids and thyroid hormones. Other agents such as catecholamines, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, oestradiol, heroin and cyclic AMP also influence pulmonary phospholipid metabolism. Glucocorticoids cause precocious development of both lung morphology and the surfactant system in type II cells, resulting in more stable lungs with increased air space. The properties of glucocorticoid action are consistent with enzyme induction mediated by interaction of steroid with cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors. Receptors are present in lung of many species, including the human fetus, and in both pulmonary fibroblasts and type II cells. Corticosteroid therapy of women in premature labour is currently used to reduce the incidence of infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Treatment of the mother with 12 mg betamethasone causes an approximately four-fold maximal increase in unbound glucocorticoid activity in fetal plasma which is calculated to cause 80% nuclear occupancy by receptor-steroid complex. It is likely that endogenous corticoids influence normal lung development; possible sources of cortisol include the fetal adrenal, maternal adrenal, and conversion of cortisone to cortisol by amniotic membranes and lung fibroblasts. Thyroid hormones have effects similar to corticosteroids, but appear to influence different biochemical steps. Synthetic analogues of triiodothyronine (T3) are available which readily cross the placenta, in contrast to T3 and thyroxine, and accelerate surfactant synthesis and release. Thyroid hormones probably act through nuclear receptors which are present in lung of both animals and the human. Thyroid treatment in utero also appears to accelerate lung maturation and prevent RDS in premature infants.
Atomic and Ionic Collisions

Abstract Experimental and theoretical studies of collision processes provide insights into the basic interactions between particles. This review addresses collisions between both ionic and atomic projectiles with selected targets. A brief introduction outlines some of the experimental techniques used in the laboratory and suggests how the results can be presented. A substantial amount of data is being acquired by unmanned space missions but much of the data cannot be interpreted because relevant experimental results are not yet available. Many of the important collision processes involve multi-charged ions in the solar wind as well as the keV energy hydrogen atoms generated by the proton component. In this context, the role of the solar wind in the X-ray emissions found from the “atmospheres” of comets as they approach the sun is briefly discussed. Particular attention is given to the X-ray spectrum of the important O6+ + CO → O5+ collision. Processes involving keV energy H0 collisions with H2, O2, and N2 molecules are important in the aurora and discussed with particular emphasis on how the results can best be presented. Collisions involving H+ with SO2 are important in the atmosphere of the Jovian Moon Io and optical results are presented. The concluding section is on the interactions of highly charged ions with surfaces and collisions of highly-charged S ions with a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface are reviewed.
Highly antiproliferative, low-calcemic, side-chain amide and hydroxamate analogs of the hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Four new side-chain amide (2 and 3) and hydroxamate (4 and 5) analogs of the hormone calcitriol (1) have been prepared. Even though lacking the 25-OH group characteristic of natural calcitriol (1), analogs 2-4 are as antiproliferative in vitro as calcitriol (1) but are 20-40 times less calciuric in vivo than calcitriol (1).
Focal Adhesion Kinase–Mediated Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Regulates IL-33 Receptor Internalization and IL-33 Signaling

IL-33, a relatively new member of the IL-1 cytokine family, plays a crucial role in allergic inflammation and acute lung injury. Long form ST2 (ST2L), the receptor for IL-33, is expressed on immune effector cells and lung epithelia and plays a critical role in triggering inflammation. We have previously shown that ST2L stability is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system; however, its upstream internalization has not been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) regulates ST2L internalization and IL-33 signaling. IL-33 treatment induced ST2L internalization, and an effect was attenuated by inhibition or downregulation of GSK3β. GSK3β was found to interact with ST2L on serine residue 446 in response to IL-33 treatment. GSK3β binding site mutant (ST2L S446A ) and phosphorylation site mutant (ST2L S442A ) are resistant to IL-33–induced ST2L internalization. We also found that IL-33 activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of FAK impaired IL-33–induced GSK3β activation and ST2L internalization. Furthermore, inhibition of ST2L internalization enhanced IL-33–induced cytokine release in lung epithelial cells. These results suggest that modulation of the ST2L internalization by FAK/GSK3β might serve as a unique strategy to lessen pulmonary inflammation.
Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter in surface waters: Application to airborne remote sensing

Abstract Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters is investigated as a method of inferring DOM composition. The synchronous fluorescence technique, which has previously been shown to provide structural information for polycyclic hydrocarbons, including crude oils, has been extended to DOM as a method for “fingerprinting” humic substance (HS) types. Fluorescence emission and synchronous fluorescence data were collected for 21 lake water samples. The lake sample synchronous spectra, which are compared with synchronous spectra of lignin and data derived from the literature of other model compounds, provide new insights into the structure of surface water DOM. Further support for this approach is provided by a comparison between the multiple linear regression result found when relating measured pH to fluorescence emission data (R 2 = 0.75) and that found when relating the measured pH to synchronous fluorescence data (R 2 = 0.90). Adapting the synchronous fluorescence spectral technique to a remote sensing context is discussed in terms of using the method for choosing optimal excitation wavelengths for a multiple-wavelength lidar.
In vivo administration of interleukin-1α induces muscle proteolysis in normal and adrenalectomized rats

The effect on muscle protein turnover of recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha), 300 micrograms/kg body weight (BW) administered intraperitoneally (IP) in three divided doses over 18 hours, was studied in rats. Protein synthesis rate was determined by measuring incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into protein, and total and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates were determined by measuring release of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine, respectively, in incubated extensor digitorum longus muscles. To assess the role of glucocorticoids in rIL-1 alpha-related metabolic alterations, plasma levels of corticosterone following rIL-1 alpha injection and the effect of rIL-1 alpha on muscle protein breakdown in adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized rats were determined. Total and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates were increased by 45% and 167%, respectively, following treatment of normal rats with rIL-1 alpha; muscle protein synthesis was not altered by the cytokine. Plasma corticosterone levels were markedly elevated following rIL-1 alpha injection, with a maximal level occurring at 30 minutes. However, administration of rIL-1 alpha resulted in increased total and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates in both adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized rats. The results suggest that increased muscle proteolysis following administration of rIL-1 alpha is independent of glucocorticoids.
Modeling Land Use and Cover as Part of Global Environmental Change

Land use and cover changes are important elements of the larger problem of global environmental change. Landuse patterns result in landcover changes that cumulatively affect the global biosphere and climate. We describe efforts to analyze the driving forces behind land transformations and to create land use models that can be linked to other types of global change models. Two efforts to model land use in the U.S. are reviewed. One projects aggregate agricultural, forest, and range land, and the other attempts to model forest land use change at the parcel scale in two mountain landscapes. We conclude with suggestions for new approaches that could clarify the role of land use/cover change in global change and in natural resources management.
Locating NREM dreaming through instrumental responses.

One difficulty associated with the study of dreams has been the absence of an objective indicator of dreaming in sleep other than REM. This study explores the use of a subjective judgment and instrumental response to mark the occurrence of dreams. Content reports of 8 subjects collected under two conditions were compared. On 2 nights the experimenter determined the time of the awakening and on the other 2 the subject's behavioral response was used as the indicator. The subjects' judgments that they were dreaming proved to be more accurate than was the experimenter's. A single case study of a high NREM responder carried out for 9 nights showed the frequency of NREM dreaming signals to covary with presleep mood.
Measurement of seedling growth rate by machine vision

Seed vigor and germination tests have traditionally been used to determine deterioration of seed samples. Vigor tests describe the seed potential to emerge and produce a mature crop under certain field conditions and one measure is seedling growth rate. A machine vision system was developed to measure root growth rate over the entire germination period. The machine vision measurement technique was compared to the manual growth rate technique. The vision system provided similar growth rate measurements as compared to the manual growth rate technique. The average error between the system and a manual measurement was -0.13 for the lettuce test and -0.07 for the sorghum test. This technique also provided an accurate representation of the growth rate as well as percent germination.
Synthesis of chemically bonded squalene(ane) phases for microcolumn gas chromatographic separation of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in extraterrestrial atmospheres

Chemically bonded squalene(ene) phases have been synthesized via a hydride modified silanization process using dimethylchlorosilane, triethoxysilane and trichlorosilane. The surface structure of the bonded phases were characterized with DRIFT and solid state NMR studies. The results of the latter indicate successful bonding of a non-terminal olefin to the silica surface and that bonding of individual squalene molecules appeared not to occur at the same site(s) presumably due to steric hindrance. Among the phases examined, the trichlorosilane-based material exhibits better chromatographic properties probably due to greater surface coverage and hence effective non-polar interaction between the solutes and the bonded ligands. Under isothermal conditions, the present packings produced fast and efficient separation of C1–C4 saturated hydrocarbons on shorter columns than similar columns containing alkyl- or bidentate alkyl-modified silica packings at low column head pressure and are thermally stable at temperatures up to 250°C or higher.
A Universe of Information, One Citation at a Time: How Students Engage with Scholarly Sources

We spend hours teaching students where to go to find resources, but how do students really use those scholarly resources—and other resources—in their papers? Inspired by the Citation Project, University of Richmond liaison librarians examined First-Year Seminar papers to see what types of sources students used in their writing, how they incorporated those sources, and the various citation conventions they used. By focusing on the degrees to which students integrate source material into their writing, we recommend pedagogical practices that can enhance students’ understanding of source integration and citation standards.
Computer generation of photocomposing control tapes. Part I. Preparation of flexowriter source material

Computer programs have been written that affect several processes of use in mechanized documentation. Encoding programs convert source material punched on a Flexowriter into the code of a Photon photocomposing machine. The encoding programs provide justification, mixed letter size and style, and format control, to meet requirements that are specified by comments which appear ahead of the text, or, identified by special quote marks, within the text. Further programs are being written to produce the Photon code for built up chemical and mathematical formulae from “linearized” input, punched on a Flexowriter, and which contains names of symbols not on the keyboard, and control codes to indicate subscript and superscript positions. Page composing programs are being written to organize one or several texts into a complicated page format whose structure is described to the computer in simple terms. Paginated document programs are being written to organize lengthy texts into codes to print sequentially numbered pages. Editing programs have been written that apply editorial instructions to verbal texts which have been stored in a computer. At present these instructions can set margins, delete, delete and close, insert, replace, exchange and indent portions of the text, run on paragraphs and start new lines, paragraphs and pages, as requested. Programs are being written to organize fragmentary information, submitted in random sequence, into catalogues, directories, dictionaries, bibliographies, listings and indexes. Considerable emphasis is placed in all this work on modern automatic coding techniques, and on the use of “stylized instruction languages,” the development of which is considered to be far more important than the actual coding of the individual programs. The following paper describes the preparation of Flexowriter source material to be converted with Photon code by a digital computer.
Epitaxial reordering of ion-irradiated NiSi2 layers

Abstract Thermally grown (at about 800°C) epitaxial NiSi2 layers on silicon single-crystal substrates were ion irradiated at liquid nitrogen temperature so that the surface region was nearly amorphous but with a crystalline NiSi2 seed near the NiSi2Si interface. The epitaxial reordering of the highly defective region occurs in a layer-by-layer manner and at relatively low temperatures (about 80°C). The activation energy for regrowth was found to be 1.2 ± 0.2 eV. These results indicate that the growth characteristics of NiSi2 without mass transport are drastically different from those where mass transport is required such as in the case of thermally formed NiSi2 from Ni/c-Si couples (where c-Si denotes crystalline silicon).
The epidemiological importance of intraindividual changes in objective pulmonary responses.

Debate continues about what constitutes significant and meaningful change in health status of individuals and populations. More importantly, the basic biological and medical criteria that are used for clinical and environmental judgments require further discussion and clarification. What proportion of loss of cardio-pulmonary function, overt disability, or mortality is sufficient to determine an ≫ adverse health effect ≫? Health-oriented individuals, including researchers and clinicians, may choose to adhere to different criteria than other professional groups (e.g., legal, social). It is proposed in this paper that criteria for defining adverse health effects should represent clinically meaningful, as distinct from only statistically significant, responses. These include pulmonary function test results that indicate obstructive or restrictive diseases, and electrocardiogram results indicating coronary artery disease. Intraindividual changes that predict a meaningful medical change would be included; these changes should meet specific requirements in terms of what constitute normal vs. abnormal ranges of variation. Further, the proportion of the population defined to be impaired should be considered. These issues are the focus of this paper.
Long Telomeres in the Mature Human Placenta

Objective: To investigate whether telomere shortening may play a role in senescence of the placenta. Study design: Villous tissue was collected from single, random sites of full-term placentas (39e41 weeks of gestation; n ¼ 10) as well as multiple, specific sites of the same placenta (39e41 weeks of gestation; n ¼ 5). For the latter group of placentas, samples were taken near the umbilical cord and at the periphery on both the maternal and fetal sides (a total of 4 samples per placenta). Cord blood samples were also obtained from all placental donors. Telomerase activity was assessed by the TRAP assay, and telomere length measured by Southern analysis of mean terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length. Results: We show for the first time that telomeres are longer (w25% longer; P < 0.001) in placenta tissue than in cord blood from the same donor. Conclusion: Telomere shortening is unlikely to have a significant role in senescence or terminal maturation of the placenta.
Oscillations in thermocapillary convection in a square cavity

Abstract The governing equations for momentum and energy transport have been solved for the thermocapillary flow in a differentially heated square cavity. The fluid was assumed to contain a surface active impurity such that the surface tension was a quadratic function of the temperature where the maximum surface tension occurs at the mean cavity temperature. A Prandtl number of 0.1 was used because the primary interest here is for liquid metals. For low Marangoni numbers the flow was steady, stable and symmetric about the center vertical plane and consisted of two opposing vortices. For Marangoni numbers above 1200 the flow, given an initial disturbance, was oscillatory and in a periodic steady state.
Joint mesh-texture optimization for progressive transmission

Progressive coding of 3D textured graphic models using a joint mesh-texture optimization technique is investigated in this work. The mesh and texture data of a model are first fed into their respective compression modules to result in a series of levels of details. Then, for a given viewpoint, a rate-distortion surface is generated using these mesh and texture data. Afterwards, an optimal path over the rate-distortion surface is determined by the steepest descent algorithm. To achieve progressive transmission, the mesh and texture are transmitted in a certain ratio along the optimal path to provide the best visual quality for the given viewpoint. For further generalization, a layered sampling algorithm is proposed to deal with an arbitrary viewing angle. The performance of the proposed joint mesh-texture progressive coding algorithm is demonstrated by experimental results.
Nonlinear excitation and attractor mapping for detecting bolt preload loss in an aluminum frame

Structural health monitoring is an important field concerned with assessing the current state (or "health") of a structural system or component with regard to its ability to perform its intended function appropriately. One approach to this problem is identifying appropriate features obtained from time series vibration responses of the structure that change as structural degradation occurs. In this work, we present a novel technique adapted from the nonlinear time series prediction community whereby the structure is excited by an applied chaotic waveform, and predictive maps built between structural response attractors are used as the feature space. The structural response is measured at several points on the structure, and pairs of attractors are used to predict each other. This approach is applied to detecting the preload loss in a bolted joint in an aluminum frame structure.
Cicero and the Rhetoric of Imperialism: Putting the Politics Back into Political Rhetoric

Abstract: This paper examines Cicero9s relation to Roman imperialism by focusing primarily upon his speech in behalf of Pompey9s special command against Mithradates (Pro lege Manilia, 66 BC) and his speech in favor of extending Caesar9s command in Gaul (De provinciis consularibus, 56 BC). These two moments in which Cicero contributed substantially to the empowerment of the two great imperialist generais who destroyed the Republic suggest the need to reassess versions of Cicero9s career which see film primarily in terms of domestic Roman politics and cast him as the heroic, would-be savior of the Republic. Applying a Marxist reading particularly indebted to Pierre Macherey, I try to explore the internal contradictions of the texts as pointers to the contradictions of late Republican society, contradictions which constitute the very conditions of possibility for Cicero9s political participation.
THE VALUATION OF COMPOUND OPTIONS

This paper presents a theory for pricing options on options, or compound options. The method can be generalized to value many corporate liabilities. The compound call option formula derived herein considers a call option on stock which is itself an option on the assets of the firm. This perspective incorporates leverage effects into option pricing and consequently the variance of the rate of return on the stock is not constant as Black-Scholes assumed, but is instead a function of the level of the stock price. The Black-Scholes formula is shown to be a special case of the compound option formula. This new model for puts and calls corrects some important biases of the Black-Scholes model.
Patient Profile of an Otolaryngologic Emergency Department

An epidemiologic analysis is presented of the utilization patterns of an emergency department (ED) that treats otolaryngologic diseases. Descriptive data are collated and cross-tabulated from 2,504 patient contacts occurring during an eight-month period. Most patients use the facility as their primary physician contact during usual business hours. Most patients complain of an ear problem, and two thirds of the patients have one of 12 common disorders. The cost-effectiveness of an independent specialty ED is evaluated. (JAMA1983;250:933-935)
Structural Transitions Accompanying the Activation of Peptide Binding to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Hsp90 Chaperone GRP94

GRP94, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 paralog, binds a diverse array of peptides, a subset of which are suitable for assembly onto nascent MHC class I molecules. At present, the mechanism, site, and regulation of peptide binding to GRP94 are unknown. Using VSV8, the immunodominant peptide epitope of the vesicular stomatitis virus, and native, purified GRP94, we have investigated GRP94- peptide complex formation. The formation of stable GRP94-VSV8 complexes was slow; competition studies demonstrated that peptide binding to GRP94 was specific. VSV8 binding to GRP94 was stimulated 2-fold or 4-fold, respectively, following chemical denaturation/renaturation or transient heat shock. The activation of GRP94-peptide binding occurred coincident with a stable, tertiary conformational change, as identified by tryptophan fluorescence and proteolysis studies. Analysis of GRP94 secondary structure by circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated an identical R-helical content for the native, chemically denatured/renatured, and heat-shocked forms of GRP94. Through use of the environment-sensitive fluorophores acrylodan and Nile Red, it was observed that the activation of peptide binding was accompanied by enhanced peptide and solvent accessibility to a hydrophobic binding site(s). Peptide binding to native or activated GRP94 was identical in the presence or absence of ATP or ADP. These results are discussed with respect to a model in which peptide binding to GRP94 occurs within a hydrophobic binding pocket whose accessibility is conformationally regulated in an adenine nucleotide- independent manner.
Application of Chemical Graph Theory for Automated Mechanism Generation

We present an application of the chemical graph theory approach for generating elementary reactions of complex systems. Molecular species are naturally represented by graphs, which are identified by their vertices and edges where vertices are atom types and edges are bonds. The mechanism is generated using a set of reaction patterns (sub-graphs). These subgraphs are the internal representations for a given class of reaction thus allowing for the possibility of eliminating unimportant product species a priori. Furthermore, each molecule is canonically represented by a set of topological indices (Connectivity Index, Balaban Index, Schulz TI Index, WID Index, etc.) and thus eliminates the probability for regenerating the same species twice. Theoretical background and test cases on combustion of hydrocarbons are presented.
Strength and durability properties of polyester concrete using pet and fly ash wastes

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, mainly recovered from plastic beverage bottles, can be used to produce unsaturated polyester resins. In turn, these resins can be mixed with inorganic aggregates (sand and gravel and fly ash waste), to produce polyester concrete (PC). The strength and durability properties of plain and steel-reinforced polyester concrete (PC) using unsaturated polyester resins based on recycled PET and fly ash fillers are discussed in this paper. The recycling of PET and fly ash in PC helps in reducing the cost of the material and alleviating an environmental problem posed by waste materials. The material may effectively be used in many construction applications such as utility, transportation and building components, and the repair and overlay of pavements, bridges and dams.
High-order finite-volume methods for hyperbolic conservation laws on mapped multiblock grids

We present an approach to solving hyperbolic conservation laws by finite-volume methods on mapped multiblock grids, extending the approach of Colella, Dorr, Hittinger, and Martin (2011) 10 for grids with a single mapping. We consider mapped multiblock domains for mappings that are conforming at inter-block boundaries. By using a smooth continuation of the mapping into ghost cells surrounding a block, we reduce the inter-block communication problem to finding an accurate, robust interpolation into these ghost cells from neighboring blocks. We demonstrate fourth-order accuracy for the advection equation for multiblock coordinate systems in two and three dimensions.
Hematologic studies in atrophic gastritis.

Study of the peripheral blood and of smears of the sternal bone marrow of 15 patients with atrophic gastritis without pernicious anemia revealed no consistent abnormalities which might aid in identifying the cause of the gastric disease. A mild anemia, predominantly microcytic or macrocytic, was observed in seven patients.
Tumors of the Nasal Columella Treated by Mohs Micrographic Surgery

Primary nasal columellar tumors are rare but can exhibit aggressive clinical behavior, often leading to devastating outcomes if these tumors are not completely removed. Eleven patients with nonmelanoma nasal columellar lesions were evaluated. All lesions were excised by obtaining tumor-free margins with Mohs micrographic surgery. Seven of eight cases with basal cell carcinoma have been tumor free for more than 5 years, the eighth case remains tumor free at 4 years. The primary squamous cell carcinoma lesions treated in this study have fared well; one patient has been tumor free for the past 4.3 years. No local recurrence or distant metastasis has occurred to date for all cases. We conclude that intervention with Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of early nasal columellar tumors may lead to improved outcomes.
The cost of overfishing and management strategies for new fisheries on slow-growing fish: orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in New Zealand

The history of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) stocks, primarily in New Zealand and Australia, is commonly used as an example of the inability to manage fisheries resources. We review the h...
Temporal coordination through communication: using genres in a virtual start‐up organization

Purpose – To explain how genres structure temporal coordination in virtual teams over time.Design/methodology/approach – The first year e‐mail archive of a small distributed software development start‐up was coded and analyzed and these primary data were complemented with interviews of the key participants and examination of notes from the weekly phone meetings.Findings – In this paper, it is found that members of a small start‐up organization temporally coordinated their dispersed activities through everyday communicative practices, thus accomplishing both the distributed development of a software system and the creation of a robust virtual team. In particular, the LC members used three specific genres – status reports, bug/error notifications, and update notifications – and one genre system – phone meeting management – to coordinate their distributed software development over time.Research limitations/implications – The study confirms the various suggestions from prior virtual team research that structu...
The onset of turbulence in physiological pulsatile flow in a straight tube

An empirical correlation for the onset of turbulence in physiological pulsatile flow is presented. We pumped three different test fluids of kinematic viscosity 0.008–0.035 cm2/s through four straight tubes 0.4–3.0 cm in diameter. A Scotch yoke mechanism provided an oscillatory sine wave flow component of known stroke volume and frequency. We adjusted the mean flow independently until we detected signal instabilities from hot film wall shear stress probes. The critical peak Reynolds number was found to correlate with the Womersley parameter and the Strouhal number as a power law function with a root-mean-square (rms) error of 15.2%. Experimental measurements of the laminar velocity profile are compared to theoretical predictions from Poiseuille’s law and Womersley’s solution.
Liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone provides prolonged relief of post-surgical visceral pain in rats

A delayed-release formulation of liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone was produced using a novel dehydration–rehydration technique. The purpose of this study was to (i) compare the analgesic properties of this preparation with those of repeated injections of standard oxymorphone in rats with post-operative visceral pain and (ii) determine whether liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone differed from standard oxymorphone in duration of the effect. Visceral pain was elicited in approximately 300 g Sprague–Dawley rats by intestinal resection performed under isoflurane anesthesia. Rats were monitored with pulse oximetry; mean anesthesia time (35 ± 10 minutes) did not differ between the groups. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 received 1.2 mg kg−1 liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone SC once at skin closure and 0.2 mL of saline SC every 4 hours; Group 2 received 0.2 mL liposome-encapsulated sucrose SC once at skin closure and 0.3 mg kg−1 standard oxymorphone SC every 4 hours. In both groups, a behavioral ethogram for pain score (grooming, porphyrin staining, body position) was recorded every 4 hours for 48 hours after surgery. Observers were blinded to the treatment. Body weight, food consumption, and urine output were recorded daily for 7 days after anesthetic recovery. Data were analyzed using anova, with significance at p < 0.05. Based on the behavioral pain score, a single injection of liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone was as effective for relief of post-surgical visceral pain in rats as multiple (every 4 hours) injections of standard oxymorphone administered over a 48 hour period (p = 0.18). In rats, given one dose of liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone, the mean body weight change from day 0 to day 7 was +9.4 g, whereas rats given multiple injections of standard oxymorphone had a mean body weight change of −3.6 g over this time (p < 0.01). Mean daily food consumption was significantly less in rats given multiple injections of standard oxymorphone (p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in urine production. In conclusion, a single dose of liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone was effective in treating visceral pain in rats. Rats treated with liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone had improved recovery, based on body weight changes and food consumption, compared with rats treated with multiple doses of standard oxymorphone. Liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone offered advantages including provision of effective analgesia, prolonged dosing intervals, and minimal handling stress.
Screen to Screen Versus Face to Face: Experiencing the Differences in Management Education

Access to the Internet has become a powerful tool for linking classrooms, business, and the larger learning community. Management educators have explored the techniques of the paperless class, online international case discussions, and ethnographic studies of user-group messages in response to particular issues. This article proposes to discuss and demonstrate the use of connective technology in the classroom to prepare students for computer-mediated interaction in the workplace. Use of a modified, classic management experiential exercise as a network event is combined with suggestions for debriefing. In addition, some considerations will be advanced as to the role that the field of organizational behavior can play in making sense of the technology-mediated impact on human interaction.
Convergence analysis of SART: optimization and statistics

Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique SART [A. Andersen, Algebraic reconstruction in CT from limited views , IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 8 1989, pp. 50–55; A. Andersen and A. Kak, Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique SART: A superior implementation of the ART algorithm , Ultrason. Imaging 6 1984, pp. 81–94] is an iterative method for solving inverse problems of form Ax + n = b . These kinds of problems arise, for example, in computed tomography CT reconstruction, in which case A is obtained from the discrete Radon transform. In this paper, we provide several methods for derivation of SART and connections between SART and other methods. Using these connections, we also prove the convergence of SART in different ways. These approaches are from optimization and statistical points of view and can be applied to other Landweber-like schemes such as Cimmino's algorithm and component averaging. Furthermore, the noisy case is considered and the error estimation is given. Several numerical experiments for CT reconstruction are provided to demonstrate the convergence results in practice.
Young Latinas recall contraceptive use before and after pregnancy: a focus group study.

Abstract Study objective To understand factors influencing use and nonuse of contraception in young, low-income Latina adolescents through focus group conversations. Design We conducted seven focus group discussions with Latino females in an outpatient clinic and community setting. Qualitative data analyses techniques were used. Setting Participants were recruited from the outpatient gynecology clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and from the Easter Seals Day Care Center. Participants Women were recruited if they were Latina and between the ages of 18–26 (n = 40). Results Due to lack of information and family beliefs prohibiting birth control use and sexual activity, sexually active teenagers had high rates of contraceptive non-use and relied on irregular use of condoms and withdrawal for pregnancy prevention. Following pregnancy, participants had greater access to contraception and more determination to use it. Yet, persistent use of withdrawal and irregular use of hormonal contraception may place Latina mothers at risk for repeat pregnancy. Conclusions Different approaches are needed for prevention of the first pregnancy compared to subsequent ones among Latino adolescents and young adults.
Sequential Processes for Controlling Distance in Multijoint Movements

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms underlying control of distance during multijoint movements in different directions. The findings revealed 2 sequential muscle torque impulses, which correlated with 2 events in the hand acceleration profile. These 2 events occurred prior to peak velocity, characterizing control in the initial acceleration phase of motion. The contribution of shoulder and elbow joint torque to each event varied with movement direction. However, regardless of direction, these 2 torque events appeared to be functionally distinguishable: a preplanned initiation event was responsible for the initial hand acceleration, whereas a 2nd modulation event adjusted acceleration in compensation for variations in acceleration. Thus, the findings support the idea that control of distance during multijoint movement occurs through sequential control mechanisms.
Afferent projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in a lizard, Gekko gecko.

Afferent projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) of a lizard, Gekko gecko, were studied with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Results indicated that the s
The role of the emergency physician in providing pediatric emergency care — A membership survey

A survey of the membership of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) was undertaken to identify members with special interest or expertise in pediatric emergency medicine. A questionnaire was published in the August 1988 issue of ACEP News, which was distributed to 12,079 members. One hundred seventy-one responses were returned, revealing a subset of the membership (1.42%) with a special interest or expertise in pediatric emergency care. This group was characterized as to type of residency training, board certification (completed or planned), practice location, and percentage of practice composed of children. Opinions were sought regarding subspeciality certification, continuing medical education needs, and quality and quantity of pediatric emergency medical training in pediatric and emergency medicine residency programs. More than 200 physicians were identified as resources in pediatric emergency medicine for ACEP. The majority of the respondents favored subspecialty board certification. Continuing education needs are generally being met, but there is a need for better geographical distribution of courses. Minifellowships and more pediatric rotations for emergency medicine residents were suggested.
Study of Airborne Dust Emission and Process Performance During Dry Machining of Aluminum-Silicon Alloy with PCD and CVD Diamond-Coated Tools☆

The generation of a fine mist of cutting fluid during conventional wet machining and the associated environmental and operator health concerns make environmentally benign machining and manufacturing a major research thrust both in the scientific and manufacturing communities. In this context, high-speed machining in combination with environmentally benign methods makes diamond-coated tooling a unique candidate for dry machining. Diamond coating research in the past few decades has resulted in new products, one of them being diamond-coated carbide tooling. Diamond in polycrystalline diamond (PCD), chemical vapor deposited (CVD) thin-film (polished and unpolished) and thick-film forms offers unique advantages for dry machining. This paper presents the correlation between diamond tool morphology, machining parameters, nonferrous workpiece properties, and particulate emission in dry machining. These findings provide an important benchmark to gauge the true benefit of diamond tools for dry machining.
Relative stabilities of DNA three-way, four-way and five-way junctions (multi-helix junction loops): unpaired nucleotides can be stabilizing or destabilizing

Competition binding and UV melting studies of a DNA model system consisting of three, four or five mutually complementary oligonucleotides demonstrate that unpaired bases at the branch point stabilize three- and five-way junction loops but destabilize four-way junctions. The inclusion of unpaired nucleotides permits the assembly of five-way DNA junction complexes (5WJ) having as few as seven basepairs per arm from five mutually complementary oligonucleotides. Previous work showed that 5WJ, having eight basepairs per arm but lacking unpaired bases, could not be assembled [Wang, Y.L., Mueller, J.E., Kemper, B. and Seeman, N.C. (1991) Biochemistry, 30, 5667-5674]. Competition binding experiments demonstrate that four-way junctions (4WJ) are more stable than three-way junctions (3WJ), when no unpaired bases are included at the branch point, but less stable when unpaired bases are present at the junction. 5WJ complexes are in all cases less stable than 4WJ or 3WJ complexes. UV melting curves confirm the relative stabilities of these junctions. These results provide qualitative guidelines for improving the way in which multi-helix junction loops are handled in secondary structure prediction programs, especially for single-stranded nucleic acids having primary sequences that can form alternative structures comprising different types of junctions.
Population inversion between I(2P1/2) and I(2P3/2) of atomic iodine generated by excitation transfer from NCl(a1 delta) to I(2P3/2)

Excited iodine atoms I( 2 P 1/2 ) are created when ICl is injected into a stream of NCl(a 1 (Delta) ). A population inversion between the I( 2 P 1/2 ) and I( 2 P 3/2 ) states of atomic iodine was observed using an optical double-resonance technique.
Polarization sensing with visual detection.

We describe a new approach to fluorescence sensing which relies on visual determination the polarization. The sensing device consists of a fluorescent probe, which changes intensity in responses to the analyte, and an oriented fluorescent film, which is not affected by the analyte. An emission filter is selected to observe the emission from both the film and the sensing fluorophore. Changes in the probe intensity result in changes in the polarization of the combined emission from the sensor and reference. The degree of polarization can be detected visually using a dual polarizer with adjacent sections oriented orthogonally to each other. The emission passing through the dual polarizer is viewed with a second analyzing polarizer. This analyzer is rotated manually to yield equal intensities from both sides of the dual polarizer. This approach was used to measure the concentration of RhB in intralipid and to measure pH using 6-carboxyfluorescein. The analyzer angle is typically accurate to 1°, providing pH values accurate to (0.1 pH unit at the midpoint of the titration curve. We also describe a method of visual polarization sensing that does not require an oriented film and that can use the same fluorophore for the sample and reference. These approaches to visual sensing are generic and can be applied to a wide variety of analytes for which fluorescent probes are available. Importantly, the devices are simple, with the only electronic component being the light source.
Dangerous Privilege: Trans Men, Masculinities, and Changing Perceptions of Safety

This article examines the construction of masculinities in social interaction through in-depth interviews with trans men living in the San Francisco Bay Area. Interviewees’ concerns for safety, particularly the threat of violence from other men, shaped their masculine practices, which led some men to practice defensive masculinities and, for others, constrained their ability to practice transformative masculinities. Respondents’ concerns for safety, and their masculine practices, changed according to variation in transition, physical location, audience, and their physical stature. These findings have implications for the relationship between men's fear of violent victimization and accountability to situated gender expectations in interaction and the persistence of gender inequality. Theoretically, this article engages a complex understanding of accountability and multiple masculinities to argue that the perceived threat of violence shapes men's practices in interaction. The fear of violence encourages conformity and inhibits men's transformative practices.
Updates from the Health System Reconstruction in Iraq Conference, May 2008

An assessment of the progress on the recommendations from the “Health System Reconstruction in Iraq” conference held in May 2008 (Tarantino et al. 2008) is presented. The overall conclusion is that the healthcare system in Iraq has shown little progress amidst serious challenges and a lack of comprehensive and strategic vision.
What has fMRI told us about the development of cognitive control through adolescence

Cognitive control, the ability to voluntarily guide our behavior, continues to improve throughout adolescence. Below we review the literature on age-related changes in brain function related to response inhibition and working memory, which support cognitive control. Findings from studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicate that processing errors, sustaining a cognitive control state, and reaching adult levels of precision, persist through adolescence. Developmental changes in patterns of brain function suggest that core regions of the circuitry underlying cognitive control are on-line early in development. However, age-related changes in localized processes across the brain, and in establishing long range connections that support top-down modulation of behavior, more effective neural processing for optimal mature executive function. While great progress has been made in understanding the age-related changes in brain processes underlying cognitive development, there are still important challenges in developmental neuroimaging methods and the interpretation of data that need to be addressed.
Polyelectrolyte electrophoresis in a dilute solution of neutral polymers: Model studies

Dilute neutral polymer solutions provide an effective environment for the electrophoretic separation of polyelectrolytes by molecular weight. To better understand the mechanisms responsible, this study examines how the molecular weight dependent mobility μ of poly(styrenesulfonate), termed the probe chain, depends on the molecular weight and concentration of various dilute pullulans, termed the host chains. Available for this system are nearly monodisperse probes and hosts. Carefully performed capillary electrophoresis experiments measure absolute values of μ and its distribution. Below the overlap concentration, hosts reduce μ from its free solution value in proportion to concentration. The strongest dependence of μ on probe molecular weight occurs at nearly equal probe and host chain lengths. The influence of host and probe chain lengths on μ can be understood in terms of pairwise probe−host configurational interactions. Three parametersentanglement probability, average entanglement duration, and averag...
Regulation of human fetal hemoglobin: new players, new complexities.

The human globin genes are among the most extensively characterized in the human genome, yet the details of the molecular events regulating normal human hemoglobin switching and the potential reactivation of fetal hemoglobin in adult hematopoietic cells remain elusive. Recent discoveries demonstrate physical interactions between the β locus control region and the downstream structural γ- and β-globin genes, and with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. These interactions all play roles in globin gene expression and globin switching at the human β-globin locus. If the molecular events in hemoglobin switching were better understood and fetal hemoglobin could be more fully reactivated in adult cells, the insights obtained might lead to new approaches to the therapy of sickle cell disease and β thalassemia by identifying specific new targets for molecular therapies.