cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground

Abstract In the fungal kingdom, the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis has evolved independently in multiple groups that are referred to as lineages. A growing number of molecular studies in the fields of mycology, ecology, soil science, and microbiology generate vast amounts of sequence data from fungi in their natural habitats, particularly from soil and roots. However, as the number and diversity of sequences has increased, it has become increasingly difficult to accurately identify the fungal species in these samples and to determine their trophic modes. In particular, there has been significant controversy regarding which fungal groups form ectomycorrhizas, the morphological “exploration types” that these fungi form on roots, and the ecological strategies that they use to obtain nutrients. To address this problem, we have synthesized the phylogenetic and taxonomic breadth of EcM fungi by using the wealth of accumulated sequence data. We also compile available information about exploration types of 143 genera of EcM fungi (including 67 new reports) that can be tentatively used to help infer the ecological strategies of different fungal groups. Phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal DNA ITS and LSU sequences enabled us to recognize 20 novel lineages of EcM fungi. Most of these are rare and have a limited distribution. Five new lineages occur exclusively in tropical and subtropical habitats. Altogether 46 fungal genera were added to the list of EcM fungal taxa and we anticipate that this number will continue to grow rapidly as taxonomic works segregate species-rich genera into smaller, monophyletic units. Three genera were removed from the list of EcM groups due to refined taxonomic and phylogenetic information. In all, we suggest that EcM symbiosis has arisen independently in 78–82 fungal lineages that comprise 251–256 genera. The EcM fungal diversity of tropical and southern temperate ecosystems remains significantly understudied and we expect that these regions are most likely to reveal additional EcM taxa.
Compositional analyses of small lunar pyroclastic deposits using Clementine multispectral data

Clementine ultraviolet-visible (UVVIS) data are used to examine the compositions of 18 pyroclastic deposits (15 small, three large) at 13 sites on the Moon. Compositional variations among pyroclastic deposits largely result from differing amounts of new basaltic (or juvenile) material and reworked local material entrained in their ejecta upon eruption. Characterization of pyroclastic deposit compositions allows us to understand the mechanisms of lunar explosive volcanism. Evidence for compositional differences between small pyroclastic deposits at a single site is observed at Atlas crater. At all sites, compositional variation among the small pyroclastic deposits is consistent with earlier classification based on Earth-based spectra: three compositional groups can be observed, and the trend of increasing mafic absorption band strength from Group 1 to Group 2 to Group 3 is noted. As redefined here, Group 1 deposits include those of Alphonsus West, Alphonsus Southeast, Alphonsus Northeast 2, Atlas South, Cruger, Franklin, Grimaldi, Lavoisier, Oppenheimer, Orientale, and Riccioli. Group 1 deposits resemble lunar highlands, with weak mafic bands and relatively high UV/VIS ratios. Group 2 deposits include those of Alphonsus Northeast 1, Atlas North, Eastern Frigoris East and West, and Aristarchus Plateau; Group 2 deposits are similar to mature lunar maria, with moderate mafic band depths and intermediate UV/VIS ratios. The single Group 3 deposit, J. Herschel, has a relatively strong mafic band and a low UV/VIS ratio, and olivine is a likely juvenile component. Two of the deposits in these groups, Orientale and Aristarchus, are large pyroclastic deposits. The third large pyroclastic deposit, Apollo 17/Taurus Littrow, has a very weak mafic band and a high UV/VIS ratio and it does not belong to any of the compositional groups for small pyroclastic deposits. The observed compositional variations indicate that highland and mare materials are also present in many large and small pyroclastic deposits, and they suggest that volcanic glasses or spheres may not be dominant juvenile components in all large pyroclastic deposits.
A genetically encoded metabolically stable analogue of phosphotyrosine in Escherichia coli.

p-Carboxymethyl- l-phenylalanine ( pCMF), a phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetic that is resistant to protein tyrosine phosphatase hydrolysis, was cotranslationally incorporated into proteins in Escherichia coli using an orthogonal amber suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) pair. The pCMF-specific aaRS was identified from a large library of Methanococcus jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase active-site mutants by a combination of positive and negative genetic selections. When pCMF was substituted for Tyr701 in human signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), a constitutively active mutant was obtained that dimerizes and binds a DNA oligonucleotide duplex that contains the M67 site recognized by Tyr701-phosphorylated STAT1. Genetic incorporation of pCMF into proteins should provide a new tool for the preparation of stable analogues of a wide array of phosphoproteins involved in signal transduction pathways, as well as the development of peptide-based, cellularly expressed inhibitors of...
Storage and Partial Oxidation of Unburned Hydrocarbons in Spark-Ignited Engines - Effect of Compression Ratio and Spark Timing

Abstract The concentrations of the individual hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gases from a single-cylinder CFR engine have been measured. The effects of compression ratio and spark timing on these emissions have been observed using propane, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentanerpar; and indolene clear fuels. The results show that total hydrocarbon emissions increase rapidly as the compression ratio increases and decrease sharply as the spark timing is retarded relative to MBT at a constant compression ratio. Changes in the concentration of unburned fuel in the exhaust contribute the most to these variations. These observations are consistent with the predicted increase in crevice and oil film storage of unburned hydrocarbons at higher compression ratio because of the higher peak pressures. They also agree with the predicted increase in post-flame burnup of stored hydrocarbons in the hotter cylinder gases encountered during low compression ratio or retarded spark operation.
Sources of variation in hot water extraction and colorimetric determination of soil boron

Abstract The reliability of the soil test for boron (B) has been questioned in recent years. Two studies were initiated to identify some of the sources of variability in the extraction and analysis phases of the B soil test. The first study evaluated the influence of reflux and cooling times (10,20,30 min.) on B values. The second study investigated the effectiveness of CaCl2 (0,3,6,9 mM) and charcoal (0,0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64 g) as soil extract decolorizing agents. Hot water extraction, in plastic pouches, with azomethine‐H and/or ICP analysis was used to determine soil B. Increasing reflux time resulted in significantly higher B values, while increasing cooling time resulted in significantly lower B values (P = 0.05). Standardized refluxing/cooling conditions contributed to improved reprodudbility of B values obtained by hot water extraction. Increasing reflux CaCl2 concentration and/or charcoal addition significantly lowered B values. The lower B values obtained with the CaCl2 treatments were the direc...
Use of enhanced perinatal human immunodeficiency virus surveillance methods to assess antiretroviral use and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission in the United States, 1999-2001.

Objective Significant reductions in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission have been demonstrated in which the HIV-infected mothers and their HIV-exposed infants receive prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal antiretroviral therapy. Study Design We used data that were collected through the Enhanced Perinatal Surveillance system for HIV-exposed singleton births that occurred 1999-2001 in 24 sites. Results The overall infant infection rate for the 3 years was 4.7%. Compared with zidovudine monotherapy, those patients who received zidovudine with other drugs that included a protease inhibitor and those who received zidovudine and other drugs with no protease inhibitor were less likely to have an infected infant (adjusted odds ratio, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.3-0.07]; adjusted odds ratio, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3-0.8], respectively). Conclusion These data support the current treatment recommendations and show that infants were less likely to be infected when the mothers were given a prenatal antiretroviral therapy regimen that contained zidovudine with additional antiretroviral drugs with or without a protease inhibitor in addition to receiving antiretrovirals during delivery and neonatally.
Creep of a Silicon Nitride Under Various Specimen/Loading Configurations

Extensive creep testing of a hot-pressed silicon nitride (NC132) was performed at 1300 C in air using five different specimen/loading configurations, including pure tension, pure compression, four-point uniaxial flexure, ball-on-ring biaxial flexure, and ring-on-ring biaxial flexure. Nominal creep strain and its rate for a given nominal applied stress were greatest in tension, least in compression, and intermediate in uniaxial and biaxial flexure. Except for the case of compressive loading, nominal creep strain generally decreased with time, resulting in less-defined steady-state condition. Of the four different creep formulations - power-law, hyperbolic sine, step, redistribution models - the conventional power-law model still provides the most convenient and reasonable means to estimate simple, quantitative creep parameters of the material. Predictions of creep deformation for the case of multiaxial stress state (biaxial flexure) were made based on pure tension and compression creep data by using the design code CARES/Creep.
What are Theories of Desire Theories of

The aim of this paper is to clear ground so that I bring a puzzle into view. My topic, at the most general level, is human motivation. To be motivated is not simply to be moved. It is to be self-moved. What is that? My more specific topic is the role of desire in motivation. What is it to have a desire, and how does desire contribute to self-movement? Now I actually believe this question is ill posed, unless we say more about how “desire” is to be understood. But I also believe this question becomes deeply interesting, from a philosophical standpoint, when we take “desire” to refer to the motives Thomas Nagel called “unmotivated desires.” Unmotivated desires are motives that arise in us spontaneously or automatically, without our having arrived at them as conclusions of practical deliberation. They are motives that we might call “passions,” to mark the fact that we are, in this respect, passive in relation to them. The question then becomes: how is the concept of a passion even coherent? The concept of a passion combines two ideas—that of motivation, and that of passivity. But motivation is self-movement. How can we be passive with respect to our own self-movement? If my passion is my motive, then it cannot be like an ocean tide, something that simply carries me along. It must, somehow, be me moving myself. But then it looks as though I must be active in relation to it. So how is passion even possible? Call this “the paradox of passion.” The reason I need to clear ground is that the recent philosophical literature on desire makes it hard to even acknowledge this puzzle, much less solve it. Contemporary philosophers, many of whom otherwise disagree with one another about a broad range of issues, have converged on a common conception of desire that I will call, following Talbot Brewer, “the evaluative outlook conception of desire.” I will argue that the concept of “desire” at the center
A framework for source code search using program patterns

For maintainers involved in understanding and reengineering large software, locating source code fragments that match certain patterns is a critical task. Existing solutions to the problem are few, and they either involve manual, painstaking scans of the source code using tools based on regular expressions, or the use of large, integrated software engineering environments that include simple pattern-based query processors in their toolkits. We present a framework in which pattern languages are used to specify interesting code features. The pattern languages are derived by extending the source programming language with pattern-matching symbols. We describe SCRUPLE, a finite state machine-based source code search tool, that efficiently implements this framework. We also present experimental performance results obtained from a SCRUPLE prototype, and the user interface of a source code browser built on top of SCRUPLE. >
Language and Behavior Domains Enhance the Value of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale

Abstract Background The six domain standard Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDRstd) has been successful for staging patients with the clinical syndrome of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). The CDRstd does not specifically address language dysfunction or alteration in personality and social behaviors which are prominent in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Objective To determine the value of adding domains of Language (LANG), and Behavior, Comportment, and Personality (BEHAV) to the CDRstd for the evaluation of patients with bvFTD and PPA. Methods Two new domains, LANG and BEHAV, were constructed to parallel the six domains sampled in the CDRstd. Clinical and neuropsychological test data were obtained from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. The dataset contained information on 2550 probable AD, 88 vascular dementia, 281 dementia with Lewy body, 234 bvFTD, and 137 PPA patients. Results There were 76.5% of bvFTD and 99.3% of PPA patients with abnormal ratings (>0) on the LANG domain; 90.2% of bvFTD and 63.5% of PPA had abnormal ratings on the BEHAV domain. In patients with a CDRstd sum of boxes score of 1. Among probable AD patients, 3.7% had LANG ratings that were ≥1 and 3.8% had BEHAV ratings that were ≥1. Logistic regression analyses showed that adding either the LANG or BEHAV domains to the CDRstd sum of boxes score significantly improved the discrimination between probable AD, bvFTD, and PPA. Conclusions The new LANG and BEHAV domains add value to the CDRstd for the characterization of the nonamnestic symptoms that are prominent in patients with bvFTD and PPA but that also occur in those with probable AD.
Multifunctional carbon nanotubes with nanoparticles embedded in their walls

Controlled amounts of nanoparticles ranging in size and composition were embedded in the walls of carbon nanotubes during a template-assisted chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. The encapsulation of gold nanoparticles enabled surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of glycine inside the cavity of the nanotubes. Iron oxide particles are partially reduced to metallic iron during the CVD process giving the nanotubes ferromagnetic behaviour. At high nanoparticle concentrations, particle agglomerates can form. These agglomerates or larger particles, which are only partially embedded in the walls of the nanotubes, are covered by additional carbon layers inside the hollow cavity of the tube producing hillocks inside the nanotubes, with sizes comparable to the bore of the tube.
Promoting cultural competence in advanced pharmacology for nurse practitioner students.

DISCOVERIES IN THE EXPANDING FIELD OF PHARMACOGENOMICS HAVE RESULTED IN A CLEARER UNDERSTANDING REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF RACE AND ETHNICITY ON DRUG RESPONSIVENESS AND SIDE EFFECT PROFILES. As ethnic variations in the Cytochrome P-450 system continue to be discovered and better understood, it is increasingly important that individual genetic variations be considered when medications are prescribed (Lin, Smith, & Ortiz, 2001; Munoz & Hilgenberg, 2005). Students also need to be aware of methods of procuring medications for the underserved and consider culture when determining therapies, measuring compliance, and determining associated health care outcomes (Campinha-Bacote, 2007). It is necessary for the student nurse practitioner to be aware of the multiple disparities in the design and development of medications, accessibility and delivery of medications, and priorities established for the funding of outcomes research. At most universities, a graduate-level pharmacology course is required for students pursuing a master's degree with specialization as a family nurse practitioner. As curricula evolve, multiple methodologies may be provided to enhance student learning opportunities and provide opportunities to develop skills necessary to provide appropriate pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments based not only on diagnosis, but on consideration of culture and ethnic variation. These methodologies may include the use of lectures incorporating complementary and alternative methodologies, in-class activities highlighting pharmacological management of clients based on culture, weekly case studies, and community activities to enhance the appreciation of diverse populations when treating and preventing illness. As a faculty member teaching Advanced Pharmacology to a class of 25 to 40 students each semester via distance education technologies, incorporating these principles into the curriculum has been a rewarding and ongoing journey. The most effective approaches to incorporating principles of ethnopharmacology and cultural awareness in prescribing have been via the use of case studies in weekly lectures, quizzes, and tests, and in extra credit exercises conducted in person at the distance site with interested students. These are known as "Traveling Case Studies" and provide an opportunity for in-depth discussion about all aspects of culture when making prescribing decisions. In current and previous semesters, lectures have been presented by expert nurse practitioner faculty on pharmacogenomics, alternative therapies, and methods of incorporating client beliefs into prescribing practices. These lectures have provided the opportunity for students to dialog with expert nurse practitioner role models and to pursue ethical issues surrounding the choice of medications. This course has a one-credit laboratory component combined with three hours of didactic content weekly. …
Conditional Random Sampling: A Sketch-based Sampling Technique for Sparse Data

We develop Conditional Random Sampling (CRS), a technique particularly suitable for sparse data. In large-scale applications, the data are often highly sparse. CRS combines sketching and sampling in that it converts sketches of the data into conditional random samples online in the estimation stage, with the sample size determined retrospectively. This paper focuses on approximating pairwise l2 and l1 distances and comparing CRS with random projections. For boolean (0/1) data, CRS is provably better than random projections. We show using real-world data that CRS often outperforms random projections. This technique can be applied in learning, data mining, information retrieval, and database query optimizations.
Analysis of aminoglycoside residues in bovine milk by liquid chromatography electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry after derivatization with phenyl isocyanate

A derivatization procedure using phenyl isocyanate was adapted to liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) for confirmation and quantification of aminoglycoside residues in milk. Aminoglycoside residues were extracted from milk with acid and isolated from the matrix with a weak cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridge. After isolating the compounds from the milk, derivatives of gentamicin, neomycin, and tobramycin were formed by reacting the drugs with phenyl isocyanate in the presence of triethylamine. The analytes were separated using a dilute formic acid/acetonitrile gradient on a reversed-phase LC column. The derivatized compounds were analyzed using positive ion electrospray LC-MS(n) with ion trap detection. Product ion spectra were generated from the derivatized protonated molecules. Specific ion transitions were evaluated for quantitative determination and qualitative confirmation of residues in milk. Using this procedure, residues were qualitatively confirmed in milk samples fortified with gentamicin and neomycin at levels ranging from 15 to 300 ng mL(-1). Gentamicin has four major components that were successfully separated and confirmed independently; for quantitative determination the peak areas from the four analogs were summed. Tobramycin was added as an internal standard for quantitation to mitigate the effects of matrix ion suppression and variable recoveries. Overall recoveries for this method ranged from 80% to 120% with relative standard deviations of less than 25%. The method detection limits are 9.8 ng mL(-1) for NEO and 12.8 ng mL(-1) for total GEN residues.
More on jitter effects on sinewave measurements

The measurement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on uniform sampling is investigated and compared with the results of Y. Jenq (see ibid., vol.37, p.245-251, June 1988) based on non-uniform sampling. Simulation results are provided to confirm the theoretical work. The authors then investigate amplitude and phase measurements and present new formulae for its statistics, which are more accurate than in their previous work (see ibid., vol.39, p.86-89, Feb. 1990). The approach followed in this study is also suitable for investigating signal measurements in the presence of other noise forms, e.g. quantization. >
MiAlbum - a system for home photo managemet using the semi-automatic image annotation approach

MiAlbum© (v1.0) is a system developed at Microsoft Research China for managing family photos with the help of a semi-automatic image annotation approach. It provides functionalities to import (from scanner, digital camera, disks, PC, CD, web, etc), label (keyword, name, place, etc.), categorize (by automatic classification into some predefined classes), manipulate (in some ways), and export (send or print) family photo images. In this demo, we show the efficiency of the semi-automatic image annotation method and its help in improving the image retrieval accuracy.
Assessment of ESL Learners' Syntactic Competence Based on Similarity Measures

This study presents a novel method that measures English language learners' syntactic competence towards improving automated speech scoring systems. In contrast to most previous studies which focus on the length of production units such as the mean length of clauses, we focused on capturing the differences in the distribution of morpho-syntactic features or grammatical expressions across proficiency. We estimated the syntactic competence through the use of corpus-based NLP techniques. Assuming that the range and sophistication of grammatical expressions can be captured by the distribution of Part-of-Speech (POS) tags, vector space models of POS tags were constructed. We use a large corpus of English learners' responses that are classified into four proficiency levels by human raters. Our proposed feature measures the similarity of a given response with the most proficient group and is then estimates the learner's syntactic competence level. Widely outperforming the state-of-the-art measures of syntactic complexity, our method attained a significant correlation with human-rated scores. The correlation between human-rated scores and features based on manual transcription was 0.43 and the same based on ASR-hypothesis was slightly lower, 0.42. An important advantage of our method is its robustness against speech recognition errors not to mention the simplicity of feature generation that captures a reasonable set of learner-specific syntactic errors.
Long-term results of eyes with penetrating keratoplasty and glaucoma drainage tube implant.

Abstract Purpose To present long-term results of eyes with penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and glaucoma tube implant. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Participants We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients who underwent both PK and glaucoma tube implant (Baerveldt or Ahmed) at the University of Iowa between July of 1988 and December of 1997 (55 eyes). Methods Success of the tube implant or PK was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Association of relevant clinical factors with glaucoma or corneal graft outcome was evaluated using log-rank test or Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The factors evaluated were glaucoma and cornea diagnoses; prior, simultaneous, and subsequent surgeries; type of tube implant; relative timing of surgeries; and postsurgical complications. Main outcome measures Glaucoma outcome was assessed by postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), number of medications, and need for further glaucoma surgery. Corneal outcome was assessed by graft rejection, failure, and Snellen visual acuity. Surgical procedures before and during the study period, and their complications were evaluated. Results The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 29.8 mmHg with an average of 2.9 medications. At last postoperative follow-up, the mean IOP decreased to 14.3 mmHg with 0.7 medication. The tube implant successfully controlled glaucoma in 45 eyes (82%) at 3 years. More severe postsurgical complications were associated with greater glaucoma failure. Graft rejection occurred in 17 eyes, and 7 of these progressed to failure. Nonimmunologic graft failure occurred in an additional 17 eyes (31%). The remaining 31 eyes (56%) had a clear graft. The corneal grafts remained clear in 70% and 55% of eyes at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Corneal graft failure was associated with glaucoma and cornea diagnoses groups, type of tube implant, and relative timing of the two surgeries. Complications occurred in 23 eyes (42%), and 10 of these were serious. Conclusions A drainage tube implant can successfully control glaucoma in a majority (82%) of keratoplasty eyes at 3 years. However, the success of corneal grafts is low (55%) at 3 years. Postsurgical complications are not uncommon and are associated with poor glaucoma outcome. Other clinical factors are associated with poor graft outcome.
Effects of a Large Supper on Glucose Levels the Following Morning in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Seventeen patients were studied to test the hypothesis that a large evening meal influences the fasting glucose level and glucose tolerance the following morning in patients with type 2 diabetes. Oral hypoglycemic agents were discontinued for 2 weeks. The baseline fasting plasma glucose levels were 12.3 +/- 0.9 mmol/L. Fasting and postprandial (post-Sustacal) glucose, insulin, and C-peptide measurements were performed the morning after the patients received three separate meal protocols spaced 1 week apart. The caloric distribution of the meal protocols was (1) 7 kcal/kg of ideal body weight breakfast and lunch and 14 kcal/kg supper (small supper); (2) 7 kcal/kg breakfast and lunch and 28 kcal/kg for supper (large supper); and (3) 14 kcal/kg breakfast and lunch (no supper). Fasting glucose level were higher the morning after the large supper compared to no supper (13.6 +/- 0.7 versus 12.3 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, p 0.2). The fasting insulin and C-peptide levels, and the post-Sustacal areas under the curve of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide did not differ among the meals. In patients with type 2 diabetes, a large evening meal is associated with a modest elevation in fasting glucose the following morning.
Virtual prototyping as a mechanism for simulation-based design

The concepts of simulation based design and simulation as specification require support from appropriate computing tools. The Virtual Test Bed software continues to evolve to provide this support. Features of the software that support early-stage top-down collaborative design, in-situ and ex-situ execution of subsystem models at independent time steps, and variable levels of resolution are described here.
Food-Allergic Reactions in Schools and Preschools

Background Food allergies may affect up to 6% of school-aged children. Objectives To conduct a telephone survey to characterize food-allergic reactions in children (defined as those aged 3-19 years in this study) with known food allergies in schools and preschools and to determine mechanisms that are in place to prevent and treat those reactions. Design The parents of food-allergic children were contacted by telephone and asked about their child's history of food-allergic reactions in school. The schools the children attended were contacted, and the person responsible for the treatment of allergic reactions completed a telephone survey. Results Of 132 children in the study, 58% reported food-allergic reactions in the past 2 years. Eighteen percent experienced 1 or more reactions in school. The offending food was identified in 34 of 41 reactions, milk being the causative food in 11 (32%); peanut in 10 (29%); egg in 6 (18%); tree nuts in 2 (6%); and soy, wheat, celery, mango, or garlic in 1 (3%) each. In 24 reactions (59%), symptoms were limited to the skin; wheezing occurred in 13 (32%), vomiting and/or diarrhea in 4 (10%), and hypotension in 1 (2%). Also, 15 (36%) of the 41 reactions involved 2 or more organ systems, and 6 (15%) were treated with epinephrine. Fourteen percent of the children did not have a physician's orders for treatment, and 16% did not have any medications available. Of the 80 participating schools, 31 (39%) reported at least 1 food-allergic reaction within the past 2 years and 54 (67%) made at least 1 accommodation for children with a food allergy, such as peanut-free tables, a peanut ban from the classroom, or alternative meals. Conclusions It is common for food-allergic children to experience allergic reactions in schools and preschools, with 18% of children having had at least 1 school reaction within the past 2 years. Thirty-six percent of the reactions involved 2 or more organ systems, and 32% involved wheezing. Every effort should be made to prevent, recognize, and appropriately treat food-allergic reactions in schools.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL, HIGH-ORDER ACCURATE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR TIME-DEPENDENT ACOUSTIC SCATTERING

A sequence of high-order accurate radiation boundary conditions involving local differential operators of auxiliary functions on a circular boundary are implemented in a spectral finite element method with mixed time integration. The semi-discrete finite element equations are integrated explicitly in time while the auxiliary functions on the circular boundary are integrated using a semi-implicit time-integration method. An efficient algorithm results which avoids the need to update either the solutions for the field variable or the boundary functions at intermediate time steps. Using this mixed time integration approach, a very natural and efficient implementation of the high-order accurate, local boundary conditions is obtained without altering the local/sparse character of the finite element equations. Numerical studies of time-dependent scattering from an elliptic object demonstrate the rapid convergence and accuracy of the implementation.
Quantitation of Hepatitis B Viral Markers in a Dental School Population

Dentists have a high incidence of hepatitis B infections. Because a hepatitis B vaccine will soon be available, the authors have studied the levels of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in a dental school population.
"The Walls Were Closing in, and We Were Trapped": A Qualitative Analysis of Street Youth Suicide

Semistructured interviews focusing on suicide were conducted with 80 street youth in agencies and on the streets of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Participants described their understandings of the phenomenon of suicide among street youth and the meanings suicide held for them. Qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed themes of worthlessness, loneliness, hopelessness, and most centrally the feeling of being "trapped" as forming the construct of suicide held by the participants. These idioms of distress were situated within the context of a street life that included social stigma and drug abuse.
Long-term partial cutting impacts on Desmognathus salamander abundance in West Virginia headwater streams

To understand long-term impacts of partial cutting practices on stream-dwelling salamanders in the central Appalachians, we examined pooled abundance of Desmognathus fuscus and D. monticola salamanders (hereafter Desmognathus) in headwater streams located within long-term silvicultural research compartments on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, West Virginia. We sampled Desmognathus salamanders in 12 headwater streams within silvicultural research compartments that have been subjected to partial cutting for approximately 50 years. We used an information-theoretic approach to test five a priori models explaining partial cutting effects at the compartment-level on Desmognathus abundance and eight a priori models explaining stream reach-scale habitat effects on Desmognathus abundance. Our modeling efforts resulted in the selection of two competing models explaining partial cutting effects on Desmognathus abundance at the compartment-level. The VOLUME model, which incorporated cumulative timber volume harvested within compartments, received the greatest support and indicated that Desmognathus abundance was impacted negatively by increased timber volume removal. The second model, LASTDISTURB, incorporating the single variable of time since last harvest activity, indicated that Desmognathus abundance increased with time since last harvest at the compartment-level. For stream reach-scale habitat variables, the EMBEDDED model incorporating the percent of embedded substrate within streams, received the strongest support for explaining Desmognathus abundance. Our results suggest that long-term partial cutting suppresses Desmognathus abundance, possibly by increasing stream sedimentation and thereby reducing available cover for juvenile and adult salamanders. However, these practices do not appear to have threatened long-term persistence of Desmognathus in central Appalachian headwater streams.
Black Reactions to Chinese Immigration and the Anti-Chinese Movement: 1850-1910

(1979). Black Reactions to Chinese Immigration and the Anti-Chinese Movement: 1850–1910. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 25-44.
Stratified multivariate analysis of prognostic markers in breast cancer: A preliminary report

Published results using prognostic markers in breast cancer have been very confusing to oncologists, surgeons, and pathologists alike. As a result, there is a wide variation in opinion among oncologists about the utility of these markers in clinical practice. This study was undertaken to determine the utility of stratified multivariate survival analysis in integrating the commonly used prognostic factors into a user-friendly prognostic scheme, and its implication for treatment decision making. 300 women with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast who were followed-up for 28-112 months (median 72 months) were entered in the study. Patients with distant metastases, those with bilateral or multifocal tumors, and special types of carcinoma were excluded. Variables included in the stratified multivariate survival analysis were estrogen receptor (ER) status, tumor size, nodal status, histological grade, number of mitotic figures per ten high power fields (MF/10HPF), and type of initial therapy. Data was subjected to Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log rank test for statistical significance at different steps of the analysis. Cut-off values for ER that produced a significant difference in survival varied from 9 fmol/mg protein to as high as 76 fmol/mg protein in different patient groups, and MF/10HPF varied from 6 to 21. Patients were stratified into different groups that enabled better evaluation of treatment outcome. Patients could also be combined into three groups with significantly different survival rates (p < 0.0001). Stratified multivariate survival analysis show that prognostic markers a) are interdependent, and their cut-off values vary depending on other tumor characteristics, and b) if used in a systematic way, they can be used to guide treatment decisions.
Immune Control Despite Protracted Lymphopenia After Chemoradiation in an Elite Controller.

Elite controllers are human immunodeficiency virus-1–positive individuals capable of sustaining undetectable viral loads without treatment. We present the case of an elite controller diagnosed with extensive stage small cell lung cancer who maintained a viral load of <20 copies/mL despite the development of severe treatment-related lymphopenia.
Composting of Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Substances

Composting has typically been used to treat agricultural wastes, yard wastes and sewage sludges which most often contain negligible concentrations of hazardous organic substances. Other wastes including household refuse, industrial wastes and hazardous wastes often contain greater concentrations of hazardous organic substances which could pose a threat to human health or the environment during treatment or after disposal. Some of the organic hazardous substances found in the waste may be amenable to treatment by composting. A series of research projects have been conducted on the fate of volatile organic chemicals found in municipal and hazardous wastes, and the fate of polynuclear aromatics and explosives during composting.
How Closed Captioning in the U.S. Today can Become the Advanced Television Captioning System of Tomorrow

The North American closed-captioning system has opened the world of television to millions of deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers. Soon, with the implementation of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, closed captions will become commonplace in U.S. homes. The current system for delivering NTSC closed captions is economical and reliable, but many improvements are needed. The next standard for program-related data should be an open, flexible, and international architecture for the enrichment of video programming through captioning, subtitling, and other services, with character sets to accommodate as many alphabets and languages as possible and enough bandwidth to serve multiple needs simultaneously.
Study on the reform of higher mathematics textbook in applied undergraduate colleges

Teaching plays a decisive role in personnel training mode and level,but textbook is the prerequisite and guarantee for teaching.Proposed the reform measures of higher mathematics textbook in applied undergraduate colleges,through studying of higher mathematics textbook and referring to the requirements of applied university personnel training mode.
Specific Interaction of a Naturally Occurring Amyloidogenic Fragment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesin P1 with Intact P1 on the Cell Surface Measured by Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The P1 adhesin of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans is a cell surface-localized protein involved in sucrose-independent adhesion and colonization of the tooth surface. The immunoreactive and adhesive properties of S. mutans suggest an unusual functional quaternary ultrastructure comprised of intact P1 that is covalently attached to the cell wall interacting with non-covalently associated proteolytic fragments thereof, particularly the ∼50-kDa C-terminal fragment C123 previously identified as Antigen II. S. mutans is capable of amyloid formation when grown in a biofilm and P1 is among its amyloidogenic proteins. The C123 fragment of P1 readily forms amyloid fibers in vitro suggesting it may play a role in the formation of functional amyloid during biofilm development. Using wild-type and P1-deficient strains of S. mutans, we have demonstrated that solid state NMR spectroscopy can be used to 1) globally characterize cell walls isolated from a Gram-positive bacterium; 2) quantify P1 localized on the cell surface; and 3) characterize the specific binding of heterologously expressed, isotopically-enriched C123 to cell wall-anchored P1. Our results lay the groundwork for future high-resolution characterization of the C123/P1 ultrastructure and subsequent adhesion and biofilm formation via NMR spectroscopy, and they support an emerging model of S. mutans colonization whereby quaternary P1-C123 interactions confer adhesive properties important to binding to immobilized human salivary agglutinin.
Burnout in the Plastic Surgeon: Implications and Interventions

A career as a plastic surgeon is both rewarding and challenging. The road to becoming a surgeon is a long arduous endeavor and can bring significant challenges not only to the surgeon but their family. A study by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) suggested that over 40% of surgeons experience burnout and a recent survey of American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) showed that more than one-fourth of plastic surgeons have signs of professional burnout. Burnout is a state of physical and mental exhaustion. The three main components of burnout are emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Exhaustion occurs as a result of emotional demands. Depersonalization refers to a cynical, negative or a detached response to patient care. The reduced accomplishment refers to a belief that one can no longer work effectively. There has been a recent explosion in the literature characterizing burnout within the surgical profession. Reports of burnout, burnout victims, and burnout syndrome are filling the medical literature, books, blogs, and social media across all different specialties. Burnout in a plastic surgeon has negative and potentially fatal repercussions to the surgeon, their family, their patients, their staff, colleagues, coworkers, and their organization. To date, there are a limited number of publications addressing burnout in the plastic surgery community. The goals of this paper are to review the symptoms of burnout, its effect on plastic surgeons, and discuss potential solutions for burnout prevention and physician wellness.
Validation of NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement mission with a high-resolution ground radar network

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite was launched on February 27, 2014. As an indispensable part of any satellite mission, ground validation has been conducted from the pre-launch era to post-launch era of GPM. This paper presents a GPM validation methodology using the high-resolution radar network over Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW), Texas, which is the first urban remote sensing testbed deployed by the National Science Foundation (NSF) center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA). The cross-comparison between GPM satellite measurements and ground radar observations will be presented in details. The space rainfall rate product is also evaluated based on the high-performance rainfall products derived from the ground radar network. The quantitative evaluation results show good agreement between space borne and ground radars.
Analysis and Implementation of Sensorless Position Detection in a Permanent Magnet Generator

Driven by the requirement of knowing the rotor position in a permanent magnet generator (PMG), this work evaluates the performance of different position detection algorithms in a new domain of application were their use has not been reported before. Computer simulations and experimental tests are used to evaluate the characteristics and robustness of algorithms originally proposed for permanent magnet motors (PMM). Based on that evaluation, one algorithm is selected for implementation in a DSP, which requires some enhancements and additional features. The overall results obtained in this work show the appropriateness of the approach for the application under study.
Modeling and simulation of surfactantpolymer flooding using a new hybrid method

Chemical enhanced oil recovery by surfactantpolymer (SP) flooding has been studied in two space dimensions. A new global pressure for incompressible, immiscible, multicomponent two-phase porous media flow has been derived in the context of SP flooding. This has been used to formulate a system of flow equations that incorporates the effect of capillary pressure and also the effect of polymer and surfactant on viscosity, interfacial tension and relative permeabilities of the two phases. The coupled system of equations for pressure, water saturation, polymer concentration and surfactant concentration has been solved using a new hybrid method in which the elliptic global pressure equation is solved using a discontinuous finite element method and the transport equations for water saturation and concentrations of the components are solved by a Modified Method Of Characteristics (MMOC) in the multicomponent setting. Numerical simulations have been performed to validate the method, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and to evaluate the relative performance of the various flooding schemes for several different heterogeneous reservoirs.
Anutans in Honiara: A Polynesian People's Struggle to Maintain Community in the Solomon Islands

As formerly isolated peoples are brought under the umbrella of a new international political system and the world market economy, the moral order that underpins their old communities is inevitably challenged. In an attempt to meet this challenge, they may look to common origin, distinctive genealogical characteristics, shared connections to a special place, or their unique beliefs and customs. This essay examines people of Anuta, a remote Polynesian outpost in the Solomon Islands"the pressures and enticements encouraging Anutans to emigrate to Honiara, the national capital, and the way in which resettlement has created opportunities and problems for both the home community and the resettled enclave. It considers the Anutans' perceived need to balance a commitment to old symbols, values, and worldview against the changes wrought by new ideas, experiences, and economic forces. Lastly, it explores the complex relationship between the urban and home communities, with a special focus on the development of political factions in both Honiara and Anuta.
Combination treatment with ipilimumab and immunoembolization in metastatic uveal melanoma: A feasibility study.

e20015 Background: Despite promising results in metastatic cutaneous melanoma, ipilimumab has shown a rather disappointing response rate (5%) in metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM). To improve its effi...
A rational co-design approach to the creation of new dielectric polymers with high energy density

In order to interface power sources with any electrical load, energy storage and conversion are important components. The ability to store electrical energy is essential in many applications. Dielectric materials with high electric energy density are essential components in modern power electronics such as pulsed power systems and switched mode power supplies. The current state-of-the-art film capacitor is biaxially oriented polypropylene that has a breakdown strength of >730 MV/m and low dielectric loss of <0.0002 at 1 kHz, but suffers a low dielectric constant of 2.2. Novel dielectric materials for film capacitors were synthesized with guidance from a high throughput hierarchal modeling scheme, which involved combinatorial exploration based on density functional theory computations followed by successive screening. As a result, several organic polymers consisting of polythioureas and polyimides have been identified, synthesized, and characterized along with a new class of organometallic polymers. A fundamental understanding of the correlation between materials' molecular and micro structures and their electrical characteristics in the presence of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors is essential to the basic research for the design of new dielectric materials.