cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biotechnological applications of recombinant microbial prolidases.

Abstract Prolidase is a metallopeptidase that is ubiquitous in nature and has been isolated from mammals, bacteria and archaea. Prolidase specifically hydrolyzes dipeptides with a prolyl residue in the carboxy terminus (NH2–X–/–Pro–COOH). Currently, the only solved structure of prolidase is from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. This enzyme is of particular interest because it can be used in many biotechnological applications. Prolidase is able to degrade toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds, namely, by cleaving the P–F and P–O bonds in the nerve agents, sarin and soman. Applications using prolidase to detoxify OP nerve agents include its incorporation into fire‐fighting foams and as biosensors for OP compound detection. Prolidases are also employed in the cheese‐ripening process to improve cheese taste and texture. In humans, prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects the connective tissue. Symptoms of PD include skin lesions, mental retardation and recurrent respiratory infections. Enzyme replacement therapies are currently being studied in an effort to optimize enzyme delivery and stability for this application. Previously, prolidase has been linked to collagen metabolism and more recently is being associated with melanoma. Increased prolidase activity in melanoma cell lines has lead investigators to create cancer prodrugs targeting this enzyme. Thus, there are many biotechnological applications using recombinant and native forms of prolidase and this review will describe the biochemical and structural properties of prolidases as well as discuss their most current applications.
X-Ray Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei

X-ray variability is a distinguishing property of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and the energetics and time scales of the emission dictate that the X-rays must originate very close to the central engine. In this review I discuss two basic topics from AGN variability research. The first is the correlation of the variability time scale with the X-ray luminosity, and the second is the structure of the X-ray light curve. In each case, I first review the old results that have been known for approximately the last 10 years and then I discuss very new results which may force us to modify our ideas about the origin of AGN X-ray variability. Note that I am discussing the variability of non-blazar type AGN.
Cosmic Strings and the Large-Scale Structure

A possible problem for cosmic string models of galaxy formation is presented. If very large voids are common and if loop fragmentation is not much more efficient than presently believed then it may be impossible for string scenarios to produce the observed large-scale structure with ΩO = 1 and without strong environmental biasing.
A novel nuclear export activity in HIV-1 matrix protein required for viral replication

An important aspect of the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is the ability of the virus to replicate in non-dividing cells1,2,3. HIV-1 matrix (MA), the amino-terminal domain of the Pr55 gag polyprotein (Pr55), bears a nuclear localization signal that promotes localization of the viral preintegration complex to the nucleus of non-dividing cells following virus entry3,4,5. However, late during infection, MA, as part of Pr55, directs unspliced viral RNA to the plasma membrane6, the site of virus assembly. How MA can mediate these two opposing targeting functions is not understood. Here we demonstrate that MA has a previously undescribed nuclear export activity. Although MA lacks the canonical leucine-rich nuclear export signal, nuclear export is mediated through the conserved Crmlp pathway and functions in both mammalian cells and yeast. A mutation that disrupts the MA nuclear export signal (MA-M4) mislocalizes Pr55 and genomic viral RNA to the nucleus, thereby severely impairing viral replication. Furthermore, we show that MA-M4 can act in a dominant-negative fashion to mislocalize genomic viral RNA even in the presence of wild-type MA. We conclude that the MA nuclear export signal is required to counteract the MA nuclear localization signal, thus ensuring the cytoplasmic availability of the components required for virion assembly.
Gene expression in the rectus abdominus muscle of patients with and without pelvic organ prolapse.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare gene expression in a group of actin and myosin-related proteins in the rectus muscle of 15 patients with pelvic organ prolapse and 13 controls. Study Design Six genes previously identified by microarray GeneChip analysis were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis, including 2 genes showing differential expression in pubococcygeus muscle. Samples and controls were run in triplicate in multiplexed wells, and levels of gene expression were analyzed using the comparative critical threshold method. Results One gene, MYH3, was 3.2 times overexpressed in patients with prolapse ( P = .032), but no significant differences in expression were seen for the other genes examined. An age-matched subset of 9 patients and controls showed that MYH3 gene expression was no longer significantly different ( P = .058). Conclusion Differential messenger ribonucleic acid levels of actin and myosin-related genes in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and controls may be limited to skeletal muscle from the pelvic floor.
Culture and Diseases of Game Fishes

Abstract H. S. Davis. University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1953, x + 332 pp., illus. $5.
Tail-Specific Linear Approximations for Efficient Bootstrap Simulations

Abstract Two effective variance-reduction techniques for estimating probabilities and quantiles in the tails of bootstrap distributions—importance sampling and concomitants of order statistics—are based on linear approximations. Although these techniques offer potential asymptotic variance reductions by factors of nine to infinity, in practice the reductions may be only by a factor of two or smaller because of inaccurate linear approximations. We develop tail-specific linear approximations that are more accurate where the accuracy is important, in the tails of distributions. Our methods fall into two categories—influence function methods and regression methods. Both can be applied without problem-specific analytical calculations, and both have tail-specific versions. We apply the tail-specific approximations to importance sampling and concomitants and propose another technique that uses linear approximations, post-stratification implemented using the saddlepoint. This technique shares the same O(n -1/2 B ...
Role for p53 in the Recovery of Transcription and Protection Against Apoptosis Induced by Ultraviolet Light

We have previously suggested that the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription after exposure to UV light promotes the accumulation of p53 and the induction of apoptosis (Oncogene 13, 823-831). However, it was not clear whether p53 induction was contributing to apoptosis. Here we report that apoptosis is triggered at lower UV doses in p53-deficient Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) and human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 expressing fibroblasts than in normal cells, suggesting that p53 can be protective against UV-induced apoptosis. There is no significant difference in the effect of UV-irradiation on the cell cycle distribution of normal and primary LFS fibroblasts. Importantly, the recovery of nascent mRNA synthesis in all p53-deficient fibroblasts is significantly impaired compared with control cells after exposure to relevant doses of UV light. Taken together, our results suggest that wild-type p53 can protect cells against UV-induced apoptosis by facilitating the recovery of transcription. Furthermore, we suggest that the capacity of cells to recover transcription after genotoxic damage is an important determinant of sensitivity to apoptosis.
Genetic Contributions to Clinical Pain and Analgesia: Avoiding Pitfalls in Genetic Research

Abstract Understanding the genetic basis of human variations in pain is critical to elucidating the molecular basis of pain sensitivity, variable responses to analgesic drugs, and, ultimately, to individualized treatment of pain and improved public health. With the help of recently accumulated knowledge and advanced technologies, pain researchers hope to gain insight into genetic mechanisms of pain and eventually apply this knowledge to pain treatment. Perspective We critically reviewed the published literature to examine the strength of evidence supporting genetic influences on clinical and human experimental pain. Based on this evidence and the experience of false associations that have occurred in other related disciplines, we provide recommendations for avoiding pitfalls in pain genetic research.
Humanity, sympathy and the puzzle of hume's second enquiry

Here is a well-known and curious puzzle of Hume's second Enquiry: After going to great lengths to develop his associationist account of sympathy in Book II of the Treatise, and then using this acco...
Improving energy resolution of calorimeters using a covariance matrix approach

Abstract A covariance matric technique is used to improve energy resolution of electromagnetic and hadronic showers produced in a uranium/liquid argon calorimeter. An event of unknown energy is compared with parametrized energy depositions through a χ 2 minimization procedure, thereby providing an estimate of the true energy of the shower. The method is effective for calorimeters that have large amounts of uninstrumented material.
Should We Be Teaching Information Management Instead of Evidence-based Medicine?

Background To encourage high-quality patient care guided by the best evidence, many medical schools and residencies are teaching techniques for critically evaluating the medical literature. While a large step forward in many regards, these skills of evidence-based medicine are necessary but not sufficient for the practice of contemporary medicine and surgery. Incorporating the best evidence into the real world of busy clinical practice requires the applied science of information management. Clinicians must learn the techniques and skills to focus on finding, evaluating, and using information at the point of care. This information must be both relevant to themselves and their patients and be valid.
It is not harmful for patients with epilepsy to view their own seizures.

Summary: Having a seizure in public is a concern to people with epilepsy and can represent a barrier to psychosocial adjustment. Seeing his or her own seizures might help the patient deal with seizures more realistically, but also could be emotionally detrimental. We therefore showed patients videos of their own seizures before their discharge from our inpatient epilepsy monitoring unit. One of the investigators was present to answer questions. The Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Scale (SSTAS) was administered before and after viewing and 1 month later together with a questionnaire related to the patients' feelings and attitudes about viewing their own seizures. Results using one-way repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed no differences for the items in the pre- and posttest questionnaire. For the SSTAS, no significant differences were detected among the pretest and the two posttests by one-way repeated ANOVA (p = 0.10). These results suggest that it is not harmful to view one's own seizures in a controlled setting.
Effects of Stocking Size and Rearing Method on Muskellunge Survival in Chautauqua Lake, New York

Abstract We examined the effects of rearing method and size at stocking on the survival of muskellunge Esox masquinongy in Chautauqua Lake, New York. Since 1961, changes in rearing methods have coincided with declining abundance of adult muskellunge. In particular, a change from pond rearing to trough rearing coincided with declining catches of adult muskellunge in pound nets. The decline was only partly reversed by changes from trough rearing to pond finishing of fingerlings. Changes in survival to age 5 from 1961 to 1996 indicated that both rearing method and stocking length significantly affected survival. Greater length at stocking resulted in higher survival rates. After accounting for length at stocking, survival was highest for pond-reared fingerlings, intermediate for pond-finished fingerlings, and lowest for trough-reared fingerlings. A modified Ricker stock–recruitment model indicated that survival of fingerlings declined over time. Increases in the adult stock of walleye Stizostedion vitrium si...
Gastrin-related compounds and their effect on gastric-acid and gastrin output in the dog.

Abstract Gastrin, CCK, and octapeptide all share the same C-terminal tetrapeptide amide. A Heidenhain pouch and gastric fistula were constructed in four mongrel dogs to ascertain the effect of CCK (16 Crick units/ kg/hr) and octapeptide (0.6 ug/kg/hr) on the HP acid output and serum gastrin response to a meal and calcium infusion (20 mg/kg). Basal acid output was stimulated by octapeptide alone, but not CCK. Resting gastrin was elevated by CCK (three of four dogs) and octapeptide (two of four dogs). Acid response to calcium infusion and a meal was stimulated by octapeptide, but again not significantly by CCK. CCK inhibited the acid response to a meal in one dog. Integrated gastrin output was potentiated by CCK significantly in three of four dogs to calcium and a meal, and by octapeptide in three out of four in response to a meal. CCK and octapeptide do not act as competitive inhibitors of acid output in this animal model at the doses utilized. Octapeptide was a more potent stimulant of acid suggesting contamination of CCK preparations with other inhibitors. CCK caused more significant potentiation of gastrin release in most cases without significant acid elevations. Acid elevation did not routinely correspond to elevated gastrin levels. Both octapeptide and CCK tended to cause elevated serum gastrin levels.
Temperature and host availability affect the distribution of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Asia and North America.

The pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) native to Japan, attacks seven related Pinus species (all members of the subsection Sylvestres) in Asia and North America. In Japan the scale occurs on two native pines which extend from the northern edge of Honshu (41°30′N) to Yaku Shima (30°15′N). In the United States, the exotic scale M. resinosae Bean and Godwin (= M. matsumurae?) is a destructive pest of P. resinosa, the only native member of the Sylvestres group. High overwintering mortality north of 41°15′N latitude and the absence of suitable hosts south of 40°N latitude have inhibited the northern and southern spread, respectively, of this scale in North America. In China, M. matsumurae is a serious introduced pest of two native pines, P. tabulaeformis and P. massoniana, whose latitudinal ranges extend well beyond the current northern (41°15′N) and southern (30°15′N) limits of scale distribution. The scale is held within these latitudinal limits by high winter (>96%) and summer (70–90%) mortality to the north and south, respectively. M. matsumurae is adapted to the specific climatic regimes of its natural range in southern Japan, the latitudinal limits of which match perfectly its exotic ranges in China and the United States. With only a brief evolutionary history (40 years) in these two countries, the scale is still very much on an island, confined by its inability to exploit available hosts in areas with more extreme winter and summer temperatures than its native island habitat.
A Value-Added Study of Teacher Spillover Effects Across Four Core Subjects in Middle Schools

This study examined the existence, magnitude, and impact of teacher spillover effects (TSEs) across teachers of four subject areas (i.e., mathematics, English language arts [ELA], science, and social studies) on student achievement in each of the four subjects at the middle school level. The author conducted a series of value-added (VA) analyses, using multiple years of state achievement test scores in the four tested subjects for students at grades 7 and 8 from an urban school district in the Southern US. Results showed evidence that mathematics and ELA teachers jointly contributed to student achievement in mathematics and ELA. ELA teachers also showed TSEs on student achievement in science (at grade 8 only) and social studies (at both grade levels), with ELA teachers’ effect sizes close to or even greater than those of the own-subject teachers at grade 8. Results also showed that controlling for TSEs slightly decreased the variation and precision of teachers’ VA scores and changed the quartile rankings of individual teachers’ VA scores for a non-negligible group of teachers (11%–25%). On average, the percentage of teachers whose VA rankings were affected due to controlling for TSEs was greater for test subjects with TSEs than subjects without TSEs. Results challenge the current practice of ignoring teachers’ TSEs when estimating teachers’ VA scores. Results also support the use of group-based incentive plan when rewarding secondary mathematics and ELA teachers based on student achievement growth in these two subjects.
ESTIMATION OF SERUM 25-OHD IN FULL-TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS

Serum 25-OHD, serum calcium (Ca)and serum phosphorus (P) were measured in 40 full-term infants, 25 prematures and 39 mothers during 2 periods of the year. Mean values of serum 25-OHD in full-term and premature infants as well as in the mothers were found significantly higher during "summer" period (13.4 ng/ml in full-term, 14.5 ng/ml in prematures and 17.2 ng/ml in mothers) in comparison with the mean values during the "winter" period (full-term 7.6 ng/ml, prematures 5.7 ng/ml, and mothers 6.6 ng/ml). A weak linear correlation (p= 0.05) was found between serum levels of 25-OHD in newborns and their mothers. In 10% of the newborns the serum values of 25-OHD were 2 to 4 times higher than the respective values of their mothers Serum Ca in full-term and premature infants was independent of the values of serum 25-OHD and was related only to the duration of gestation. Serum P in full-term infants was significantly higher (6.7 mg/dl) during the "winter" period in comparison with the mean values (5.6 mg/dl) during "summer/ period. Normal levels of serum 25-OHD in full-term babies could prevent neonatal tetany by decreasing serum P which maintains the Ca/P ratio close to normal limits (Ca/P=1.6). Further studies are needed to confirm if the addition of 1a-25 (OH)2D3 to the milk could prevent neonatal hypocalcaemia in premature babies.
On zeros of cubic L-functions

Abstract In this paper we obtain a zero density theroem for Hecke L -functions associated to cubic characters by Heath-Brown's large sieve type inequality. Using Patterson's result on cubic Gauss sums we also have the moments estimate for corresponding L -functions. Distribution of class numbers of a family of degree 6 fields over Q is obtained as an application of the main results.
Novel HIV01 protease inhibitors containing A β-hydroxy sulfide isostere.

Abstract A serie sof analogues of LY289612 were prepared as HIV-1 protease inhibitors and evaluated in vitro for their enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activities. Compound 1, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, and its analogues were synthesized from key intermediate 9 , which was prepared by alkylation of mercaptan 4 with α-bromo ketone 7 followed by stereroselective reduction of the ketone intermediate 8 .
Serial echocardiography in very preterm infants: a pilot randomized trial.

Aim To determine whether routine echocardiography increases diagnosis and treatment for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and whether randomized nondisclosure is a feasible strategy for studying PDA management. Methods Two–centre, pilot randomized, controlled trial. 88 infants with birth weights ≤1250 grams and gestational ages ≤30 weeks were randomized to disclosure or nondisclosure of serial echocardiogram findings. Echocardiograms were performed at 3–5 and 7–10 days of life. The primary outcome was time to regain birth weight. Results 100% of echocardiograms in the disclosure group were disclosed; 16% (echocardiogram #1) and 29% (echocardiogram #2) were disclosed in the nondisclosure group. There was a statistically nonsignificant decrease in drug therapy for PDA in the nondisclosure group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24–1.34). There was no difference in time to regain birth weight or in other important neonatal outcomes. However, infants in the nondisclosure group were more likely to demonstrate appropriate weight loss and then regain birth weight within 7–14 days (AOR 2.64, 95% CI 1.08–6.44). Conclusion Randomized nondisclosure of echocardiograms is a feasible strategy for evaluation of approaches to PDA management in very preterm infants. Avoidance of routine echocardiography may reduce drug therapy for PDA without adverse clinical effects.
Aging effect of lime and phosphate addition on phosphorus availability in an acid soil

Abstract The efficiency of applied P fertilizer is usually low and declines with time after P addition. It also may be affected by soil pH. We investigated effects of aging and soil pH on P uptake with a mechanistic nutrient uptake model. The uptake model uses both solution P (Pli) and resin‐exchange P (Psi) in determining soil P supply to the root. Effect of aging of lime and P addition may have separate effects on Pli, Psi and predicted P uptake. A 5x2x4x4 factorial experiment with five levels of soil pH (4.6, 5.8, 6.9, 7.6, and 8.2) with two incubation times of pH adjustment (10 and 40 days before P application) and four different reaction times after P addition (4, 25, 72, and 140 days) of four rates of P (0, 175, 350, and 525 mg P/kg) was conducted with a sample of Rarden (clayed, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludults) soil to evaluate the aging effect of pH adjustment, soil pH, and P addition on Pu, Psi, and predicted P uptake using the Barber‐Cushman nutrient uptake model. The incubation time of 40 days be...
IS THE INCIDENCE OF CHILDHOOD THYROID CARCINOMA DECLINING

In the last 15 years 32 children aged 6 to 19 have been referred to Massachusetts Gen. Hosp. with solitary thyroid nodules. Excisional biopsy revealed carcinoma in 5 (15%), adenoma in 18 (56%), and miscellaneous diagnoses in 9 (28%). Patients with carcinoma, ages 7-15, gave no history of x-ray exposure in infancy, and all were euthyroid. Lymph node metastases were present in all at the time of diagnosis. Treatment included thyroidectomy, modified radical node dissection, and mediastinal explorations, and postoperative full replacement thyroid therapy. Two patients were treated with I131 additionally. One of these died of lung metastases; the other was lost to follow-up. The remainder, followed for 4-8 years, were disease free when last seen. Benign thyroid tumors were present in 4 boys and 14 girls, ages 6 to 19, with a mean age of 14. All were euthyroid; 8/18 had technetium scans showing 6 “warm” and 2 “cold” nodules. At surgery there were 15 follicular adenomas, 2 fetal adenomas, and a Hurthle cell adenoma. Miscellaneous conditions seen in the remaining patients included ectopic normal thyroid tissue and agenesis of the left thyroid lobe. In the past, 50% of nodules in childhood were malignant (1). Our series, born since knowledge of the danger of irradiation induced malignancies became widespread, suggests the incidence of childhood thyroid carcinoma may be declining. (1) Hayles, A. B., et al., Amer. J. Surg. 106: 735, 1963.
Numerical results for laminar mixed region collapse in density stratified fluid

Abstract The laminar collapse under gravity of a mixed region in a density stratified fluid is simulated by a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in the primitive variables. The mixed region is assumed to have various types of density structure derived from both uniform and nonuniform amounts of mixing. The time history of the width of the mixed region agrees with available models and experiments. Energetics calculations show that the mixed region gives up its energy to the exterior fluid within one Brunt-Vaisala period.
Boiling of Water at Sub-Atmospheric Conditions With Enhanced Structures

Liquid cooling with phase change is a very attractive option for thermal management of electronics because of the very high heat transfer coefficients achievable. Two-phase liquid cooling can be implemented in a thermosyphon loop, which has an evaporator, where heat is absorbed from the source during boiling of the working fluid, and a condenser, where the absorbed heat is rejected. Water is a preferred working fluid for boiling heat transfer due to its excellent thermal properties. Using water at sub-atmospheric conditions helps in initiation of boiling at low temperatures, which is necessary for electronics cooling applications, often limiting the maximum temperature to 85°C for silicon devices. Past studies have also shown that using boiling enhancement structures improve heat transfer by lowering the incipience overshoot, increasing heat flux and reducing evaporator volume. However, detailed study on the effects of enhancement structures and sub-atmospheric saturation conditions on the boiling of water in a compact thermosyphon loop is lacking in the literature. The objective of this study is to understand the boiling phenomena under the above-mentioned conditions and to investigate their effectiveness in electronics cooling applications. Experiments were carried out in a thermosyphon setup at 9.7, 15 and 21 kPa saturation pressures for two different enhancement structure geometries at varying heat loads (1–170 W). The experimental investigation showed that very high heat fluxes (≥ 80 W/cm2 ) can be achieved by boiling at sub-atmospheric pressures with enhancement structures. It is observed that with decreasing system pressure, the surface temperature also decreased for all the heat loads. The surface temperatures attained were well below the acceptable value of 85° C for all the cases.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Orbit Maneuvers Through Inter-Satellite Forcing

We examine the utility of applying a force between a pair of non-contacting spacecraft for orbit change and maintenance maneuvers. These types of forces are internal to the overall system, allowing them to modify the angular momentum of the individual spacecraft while conserving the angular momentum of the system as a whole. By combining this type of forcing model with equations for the time derivatives of the orbital elements, we identify the relative congurations of the two spacecraft that modify the orbits in a desirable fashion. This type of inter-body interaction is applied to an example case of orbit maintenance in the presence of atmospheric drag.
Polychlorinated biphenyls in stormwater runoff entering the tidal Anacostia River, Washington, DC, through small urban catchments and combined sewer outfalls

To investigate the loadings, solid-water partitioning, transport dynamics, and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban stormwater runoff entering into the lower tidal Anacostia River, which flows south of Washington, DC, USA, storm and base flow samples were collected in six branches. Stormwater runoff contained elevated levels of PCBs (9.82 to 211 ng/L) higher than base flow by up to 80-fold. The present study suggests that input of PCBs from Lower Beaverdam Creek is likely to be greater than those from the two major branches (Northeast and Northwest Branches) that were believed as primary source areas. PCBs in storm flow were significantly enriched in the particle phase, which accounted for more than 90% of the total PCBs. Particles were the primary vector transporting PCBs into the Anacostia River, suggesting that removal of particles in stormwater runoff using best management practices (BMPs) such as post treatment system likely decrease PCBs significantly. PCB congener patterns found in stormwater samples clearly explain stormwater runoff is a major transport pathway adding substantial amount of PCBs to the tidal Anacostia River.
Metabolism and incorporation into glycerolipids of exogenous 18:3(n-3) and 18:3(n-6) by MDCK cells.

The extent to which exogenous 18∶3(n−3) and 18∶3(n−6) were desaturated and elongated and the degree to which they and their derivatives altered the unsaturation index of cell glycerolipids were compared using clone 4 MDCK cells grown in lipid- and serum-free medium. Despite differences in the degree of unsaturation of the individual polyunsaturated fatty acids produced from 18∶3(n−3) or 18∶3(n−6), the unsaturation index of phospholipids increased similarly from 0.7 in control cells grown in serum- and lipid-free medium to ca. 1.6 in those supplemented with fatty acid. The added fatty acids had little effect on cell growth. The conversion of 18∶3(n−6) to 20∶3(n−6) and 20∶4(n−6) was more rapid than that of 18∶3(n−3) to 20∶4(n−3) and 20∶5(n−3). No significant quantities of 20∶3(n−3) or 18∶4(n−3) were noted. When both 18∶3 isomers were supplied simultaneously, marked differences in the amounts of some species of n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed. The presence of 18∶3(n−6) and/or its derivatives suppressed levels of 20∶4(n−3) and 20∶5(n−3), perhaps through inhibition of the Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases responsible for their synthesis from 18∶3(n−3). Similarly 18∶3(n−3), and/or its longer more unsaturated derivatives, diminished the formation of 20∶4(n−6) from 18∶3(n−6). No marked effect on the products derived from elongation alone were observed.
Stimulus control in multiple variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement

One component of a multiple variable-ratio 150 variable-ratio 150 schedule remained unchanged while the reinforcement schedule of the other component was periodically changed to extinction and then returned to variable ratio 150. When the reinforcement schedule of the changed component was an unmodified variable ratio 150 schedule, the magnitude of negative contrast during baseline recovery was equal to the magnitude of positive contrast observed during the previous change from multiple variable-ratio 150 variable-ratio 150 to multiple variable-ratio 150 extinction. When the schedule of the changed component was modified during baseline recovery so that responses terminating interresponse times greater than the average baseline interresponse time in the unchanged component were not reinforced, the magnitude of the unchanged-component response rate decrease was reduced. The magnitude of negative contrast was attenuated even though response and reinforcement rates in the variable component increased to levels at or above their prior multiple variable-ratio 150 variable-ratio 150 baseline levels. The results support a general theory that negative contrast results from both (1) the removal of certain positive-contrast-producing operations and (2) changes in the interresponse time-reinforcer relations that occur as a byproduct of schedule manipulations.
OS069. Light, a TNF superfamily member, contributes to pathophysiology in a mouse model of preeclampsia.

Introduction Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with alterations in the renin-angiotensin system due to the presence of autoantibodies that activate the major angiotensin receptor, AT1R. The resulting chronic activation of the AT1 receptor is believed to contribute to a pro-inflammatory state that is also characteristic of PE. Microarray analysis revealed a pronounced increase in the abundance of LIGHT, a potent member of the TNF superfamily that has emerged as a key factor mediating strong T-cell inflammatory responses and a contributor to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Objectives The goal of research described here is to determine the contribution of LIGHT to the pathophysiology of PE. Methods An ELISA, specific for LIGHT was used to validate the results of the initial microarray analysis. Infusion experiments were used to determine the effects of elevated LIGHT in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. An adoptive transfer model of PE in pregnant mice was used to determine if AT1R agonistic autoantibodies (AT1AA) stimulate LIGHT production. The potential contribution of increased LIGHT to clinical features of PE in pregnant mice was evaluated by the use of neutralizing antibodies directed to the LIGHT receptors, HVEM and LTβR. Results The use of a LIGHT-specific ELISA showed that the cytokine was significantly increased in the circulation and placentas of women with PE. The infusion of recombinant LIGHT into pregnant mice induced major clinical features of PE, including hypertension and proteinuria. Such changes were not observed when LIGHT was infused into not non-pregnant mice. LIGHT was significantly elevated in a pregnant mouse model of PE based on the introduction of IgG from women with PE. In this autoantibody-injection model of PE, the use of neutralizing antibodies to the LIGHT receptors, HVEM and LTβR, blocked autoantibody-induced hypertension, proteinuria, elevated sFlt-1 production, impaired placental angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. Conclusion Overall, our studies show that LIGHT is significantly elevated in women with PE and that elevated LIGHT contributes to pathophysiology of PE in an antibody-injection model of PE in pregnant mice. LIGHT-induced pathophysiology can be abrogated by the use of neutralizing antibodies directed at its receptors, HVEM and LTβR. These results indicate that LIGHT may have a previously unrecognized role in the pathophysiology of PE and that its detrimental effects are pregnancy-dependent. These findings immediately suggest novel therapeutic possibilities.
Phyllo-poly[[silver(I)-di-μ2-4-amino­methyl­pyridine-κ2N:N′] hexa­fluoro­phosphate]: a two-dimensional coordination polymer formed by the reaction of silver(I) hexa­fluoro­phosphate with 4-amino­methyl­pyridine

The title two-dimensional coordination polymer, {[Ag(C6H8N2)2]PF6}n, has been formed by the self-assembly of 4-amino­methyl­pyridine (amp) ligands with silver(I) hexa­fluoro­phosphate in a 2:1 ratio. The polymer consists of dimeric silver–amp rectangles that are linked together to make a larger hexa­metallic recta­ngle.
Cardiovascular Drift During Prolonged Exercise and the Effects of Dehydration

Reductions in SV are the most striking component of "classic" CV drift as well as "dehydration induced" CV drift. Direct data for the widespread notion that increased skin blood flow causes SV to be reduced during "classic" CV drift is rather scarce. Reductions in SV due to dehydration and concomitant hyperthermia are clearly not due to increases in skin blood flow. Instead, skin blood flow declines as skin and systemic vascular resistance increase as the CV system attempts to cope with the severe challenge of large reductions in cardiac output. Approximately one-half of the reduction in SV is due to reduced blood volume from dehydration during exercise which produces hyperthermia. The remaining reduction in SV with dehydration and hyperthermia appears to be related to additional factors such as hyperthermia and their interaction with factors that further reduce ventricular filling, such as heart rate acceleration.
Discipline and Morality: Beyond Rules and Consequences

(1992). Discipline and Morality: Beyond Rules and Consequences. The Educational Forum: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 173-183.
Jovian longitudinal control of Io-related radio emissions

A theoretical model is proposed to explain the control of Io-related radio emissions by Jupiter's rotational phase. The model is based on the hypothesis that the radio emissions are generated by Birkeland currents flowing between Io and the Jovian ionosphere. Specifically, it is suggested that the precipitation of radiation-belt electrons within a certain range of Jovian longitudes produces a restricted region of enhanced ionization and correspondingly enhanced conductivity in Jupiter's ionosphere and that the Io-Jupiter Birkeland current and the associated radio emissions are dramatically increased when Io's flux tube encounters this sector of enhanced ionization in Jupiter's ionosphere. The magnitude of the current is found to be about 100,000 A at most Jovian longitudes because of ionospheric resistance. It is estimated that within the favored longitudinal sector electron precipitation produces an enhancement of this current by one to three orders of magnitude. The model predictions are compared with observations made during the Pioneer 10 and 11 flybys, and satisfactory agreement is obtained.
“I Did Not Have Time to Play Growing Up… So This is My Play Time. It's the Best Thing I Have Ever Done for Myself”: What is Play to Older Women?

Little is known about play in older women's leisure lives. An examination of The Red Hat Society®, a leisure-based social group, expanded an understanding of play by including older women's viewpoints. Because of the absence of literature about emotion and friendship in both play theory and evolutionary theory, our research questions included: how do older women define play, and what are the outcomes of older women's play? Three themes about women's play emerged from data analysis (a) a context for fun, laughter, and feeling good, (b) the chance to be silly and goofy, and (c) positive public reaction to play. Results are discussed by extending current conceptualizations of play theory and evolutionary theory and the roles of play in older women's leisure lives and their health and well-being.
The brittle-plastic transition and the depth of seismic faulting

A simple rheological model of shearing of the lithosphere that has gained wide acceptance is a two layer model with an upper brittle zone in which deformation takes place by frictional sliding on discrete fault surfaces and a lower plastic zone in which deformation takes place by bulk plastic flow. The two are separated by an abrupt brittle-plastic transition, which is assumed to be indicated by the lower limit of seismicity. Experimental studies, however, as well as the deformation structures of mylonites, indicate that a broad transitional field of semi-brittle behavior lies between these extremes. This is a field of mixed mode deformation with a strength that can be expected to be considerably higher than that predicted from the extrapolation of high temperature flow laws. For quartzofeldspathic rocks the semi-brittle field lies between T1, the onset of quartz plasticity at about 300 °C and T2, feldspar plasticity at about 450 °C. A model is presented in which the transition T1 does not correspond to a transition to bulk flow but to a change from unstable, velocity-weakening friction to stable, velocity-strengthening friction. T1 thus marks the depth limit of earthquake nucleation, but large earthquakes can propagate to a greater depth, T3, (T3<T2) which corresponds to the lower limit of dynamic frictional behavior in the semi-brittle field and approximately to the peak in strength. The zone between T1 and T3 is one of alternating behavior, with flow occurring m the interseismic period and with co-seismic dynamic slip occurring during large earthquakes. This zone is characterized by mylonites interlaced by pseudotachylytes and other signs of dynamic faulting. The transition T1 is also marked by a change in the generation mechanism of fault rocks, from abrasive wear above which produces cataclastites, to adhesive wear below, which is proposed as an important generation mechanism of mylonites in the upper part of the semi-brittle field.
Upper Cretaceous Volcanic Glass from Western Montana

Rhyodacite perlite welded tuff exposed near Three Forks, Montana, is one of the oldest glassy volcanic rocks in North America. Its Late Cretaceous age, previously based on inconclusive geologic evidence, has now been confirmed by K-Ar methods: biotite and labradorite phenocrysts are both 74 ± 4 m.y. Glass groundmass is anomalously “young”—three determinations range from 19 ± 2 to 23 ± 7 m.y.—probably owing to simple argon loss. At least two other comparably old glassy welded tuffs (K-Ar ages on mineral separates range from 71 to 83 m.y.) crop out in western Montana: near Wolf Creek, 80 miles north of Three Forks, and near Maudlow, 27 miles northeast of Three Forks. Although far apart and differing somewhat chemically and petrographically, the three ancient glasses have much in common. They were erupted as thin sheets within thick sequences of now-devitrified welded tuff during the same regional volcanic episode and are still glassy despite intense deformation and high water content.
Numerical evaluation of the zero-order Hankel transform using Filon quadrature philosophy

Abstract The purpose of this communication is to present an algorithm for evaluating zero-order Hankel tranforms using ideas first put foward by Filon in the context of finite range Fourier integrals. In Filon quadrature philosophy, the integrand is separated into the product of an (assumed) slowly varying component and a rapidly oscillating one (in our problem, the former is h ( p ) and the latter is J 0 ( rp ) p ; see equation (1.2). Here only h ( p ) is approximated by a quadratic over the basic subinterval instead of the entire integrand h ( p ) J 0 ( rp ) p being approximated. Since only h ( p ) has to be approximated, only a relatively small number of subintervals is required. In addition, the error incurred is relatively independent of the magnitude of r . There is a profound difference between the finite range Fourier integral and the zero-order Hankel transform in that exp( irp ) is periodic and translationally invariant, whereas J 0 ( rp ) is an almost periodic decaying function.
Formulating the mess: The role of decision aids in problem formulation

Abstract Analytic decision aids have been criticized by some practitioners for their inability to address questions of problem formulation. These aids typically begin with the assumption that a problem has been recognized and stated, and that the task of the sequential step-wise analysis process is to indicate the optimal strategy in terms of a specified choice criterion. Writers such as Ackoff, Mason & Mitroff and Raiffa have argued that this approach may lead to solving the wrong problem, particularly when applied to ill-structured, complex organizational decision problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more thorough understanding of the nature of problem formulation and the use of techniques for assisting decision-makers in this process. The paper attempts first to develop an understanding of the process of organizational problem formulation through the examination of current literature and research. This is seen to be a necessary prerequisite for discussing the value of decision aids for problem formulation. Second, attention is focused on aids to problem formulation. Included is discussion about the matching of problem to problem type, creativity stimulants, dialectical inquiry and devil's advocate approaches, as well as the role of formal analysis as a stimulant for a policy dialogue process. Finally, the relationships between the various approaches are examined and a synthetic model for their use in problem formulation is suggested.
Optimization of Reactor Geometry and Growth Conditions for GaN Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy

A numerical model of an experimental gallium nitride horizontal vapor phase epitaxy reactor is presented. The model predicts the flow, concentration profiles, and growth rates. The effects of flowrate variation and geometry on the growth rate, growth uniformity and crystal quality were investigated. Numerical model predictions are compared to experimentally observed values. Parasitic gas phase reactions between group III and group V sources and deposition of material on the wall are shown to lead to reduced overall growth rates and inferior crystal quality. A low ammonia concentration is correlated to deposition of polycrystalline films. An optimum HVPE growth process requires selection of reactor geometry and operating conditions to minimize parasitic reactions and wall deposition while providing a uniform reactant distribution across the substrate.
Evaluation of severity of HSV-1 corneal infection by statistical pattern classification technique.

Purpose: Slit lamp photography is a daily practice in ophthalmic examinations in clinic settings. Images of the ocular integrity enable the clinicians to evaluate the progress of disease. However, the lack of a consistent objective measuring scheme to evaluate the corneal epithelial defects is a concern. Methods: Rabbits were ocularly infected with HSV-1. Fluorescein solution was applied to the rabbit eyes to reveal lesions. Images were taken via a Nikon digital camera equipped with cobalt blue excitation filter. A modified Bayes classifier (MBC) based on two carefully chosen features was applied to analyze images of infected rabbit corneas. Results: MBC utilizing a feature set comprising green-to-red ratio and green-to-blue ratio could differentiate infected from normal pixels with an error rate as low as 2.2%. Conclusion: The ability of MBC to measure the percentage of corneal surface suffering from infection makes this approach a valuable tool for investigating the dynamics of corneal-related diseases.
An Investigation of Three Dimensional Elastic-Plastic Hemispherical Sliding Contact, Part I: Modeling and Validation

This work presents a three dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) of an elastic-plastic hemispherical contact model for two hemispherical bodies sliding across each other with various preset vertical interferences. The boundary conditions, model simplifications, and the normalization scheme are presented. Sample results from this FEA investigation are compared to a semi-analytical solution to validate the methodology.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Analysis of N-glycoproteins using genomic N-glycosite prediction.

Protein glycosylation has long been recognized as one of the most common post-translational modifications. Most membrane proteins and extracellular proteins are N-linked glycosylated, and they account for the majority of current clinical diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. Quantitative proteomic analysis of detectable N-linked glycoproteins from cells or tissues using mass spectrometry has the potential to provide biological basis for disease development and identify disease associated glycoproteins. However, the information of low abundance but important peptides is lost due to the lack of MS/MS fragmentation or low quality of MS/MS spectra for low abundance peptides. Here, we show the feasibility of formerly N-glycopeptide identification and quantification at MS1 level using genomic N-glycosite prediction (GenoGlyco) coupled with stable isotopic labeling and accurate mass matching. The GenoGlyco Analyzer software uses accurate precursor masses of detected N-deglycopeptide peaks to match them to N...