cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric admissions and procedures for lymphatic malformations in the United States: 1997 and 2000.

Objective: To describe the incidence of discharges for lymphatic malformation (LM) and the various treatments rendered for this condition in a nationwide sampling of pediatric discharges from 1997 and 2000. Data Source: The 1997 and 2000 Kid's Inpatient Database (KID), available through the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Data Extraction: The sampling scheme of this database allowed for calculation of national and regional estimates using STATA 8.2. Data Synthesis: There were an estimated 3200 admissions for the treatment of pediatric LM in 1997 and 2000 combined. These admissions were most common in urban teaching institutions (69% in 1997 and 81% in 2000). The mean age at admission was 3.7 years, while the median was 1 year. The most common procedure performed in these children was surgical excision of the malformation. Over half of these were done in children under age 2. Airway endoscopy was the second most common procedure. Sclerotherapy was infrequently performed. The estimated na...
Diffusion-weighted MRI and response to anti-cancer therapies

In oncology practice, longitudinal studies are routinely conducted to monitor the size and enhancement of tumors in cancer patients undergoing therapy. Imaging protocols typically use gadolinium-enhanced T 1 -weighted images or T 2 -weighted images from which tumor size is inferred and tumor response estimated. The past few years have also seen the emergence of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) as a potential alternative to monitor therapeutic response (Kauppinen, R.A., NMR Biomed. 2002, 15, 6). The attractiveness of DWMRI resides in its ability to detect local microstructural changes associated with treatment long before their effects are translated into effective size changes. Damage to cell membrane integrity, changes in viscosity, and/or relative size of intra- vs. extracellular compartments all translate into changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient of tumor water measured by DWMRI. This dependence makes DWMRI a particularly sensitive method to detect response to a wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents. This review will focus on the emerging role of DWMRI to monitor the response of tumors to anti-cancer chemotherapies.
Predicting benthic counts in Lake Huron using spatial statistics and quasi-likelihood

Spatial statistics have been applied to many types of problems in the environmental sciences, mostly dealing with continuously distributed data from Gaussian or near-Gaussian processes. There is a need for methods capable of handling discrete, non-Gaussian data, such as species counts from biological processes. This paper applies the method of quasi-likelihood from general linear models to the problem of spatial prediction of benthic invertebrate counts. Variogram models are fitted to quasi-likelihood residuals with two alternative distance metrics. The models are compared using cross-validation and predictions are made using the classical estimator of the variogram and distance determined from a Geographic Information System (GIS). A brief simulation study is included that verifies the applicability of asymptotic results to the estimation of model parameters. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stemflow influences on the formation of solution pipes in Bermuda eolianite

Abstract Soil-filled pipes consisting of calcite casings were found in all of the eolianite formations of Bermuda except the Rocky Bay Formation. The pipes are cylindrical in shape, taper vertically downwards, and occur in aggregated clusters. They are most commonly exposed in areas of shoreline erosion in the form of soil-filled cylindrical rims of calcite projecting up from the surrounding host eolianite. In the early literature on the geology of Bermuda, it was suggested that these features were fossilized stumps of the Bermuda palmetto tree Sabal bermudiana. In the study presented here, this hypothesis is rejected on the basis of the morphology and stratigraphic position of these geomorphic features and their basal area and areal density compared with existing natural stands of S. bermudiana. The soil-filled pipes of Bermuda, however, cannot be simply explained as random solutional features that correspond to points where percolating soil water happened to converge and cause localized subsurface dissolution. In situ measurements of stemflow from indigenous tree species suggest that the soil-filled solution pipes of Bermuda may be the product of stemflow drainage from particular tree species. Stemflow from S. bermudiana was the most acidic, with pH values as low as 4.29 compared to the gross rainfall in the open, which had a pH of 5.58. The crowns of the Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) and the subtropical tree species Eugenia axillaris had the most significant funnelling effect. Stemflow volumes from individual trees representing these two species were 20 times greater than the volume of water that would have been collected in rain gauges with orifice areas equivalent to the trees' trunk basal areas. Tree species capable of acidifying intercepted rainwater and funnelling large quantities down their trunks as stemflow may be the cause of subsurface dissolution loci extending vertically downward through Bermuda's soluble eolianite formations. Stemflow from long-lived trees representing these species could account for the diameters, the cyclindrical shape, the vertical orientation, and the soil-filled interiors of the pipes. Successive generations of these trees in preferred habitats could explain their clustered distribution and high areal densities (>103 pipes/ha).
Evaluation of resiliency of transportation networks after disasters

The resiliency of infrastructure, particularly as related to transportation networks, is essential to any society. This resiliency is especially vital in the aftermath of disasters. Recent events around the globe, including Hurricane Katrina and significant seismic events in Haiti, Chile, and Japan, have increased the awareness and the importance of resiliency. Transportation systems are key to response and recovery. These systems must withstand stress, maintain baseline service levels, and be stout enough in physical design and operational concept to provide restoration to the system. Analysis of a transportation network's resiliency before a disruptive event will help decision makers identify specific weaknesses within the network so that investments and improvement projects are prioritized appropriately. Previous research in quantification of network resiliency was expanded into a proposed methodology, through which understanding and applying concepts of network resiliency could preclude many devastati...
Inter‐Test Correlations of CELT Subtests and Total CELT Scores for ESL Students

Only two studies using the CELT have been reported. Moran (1978) found a correlation of .80 between the CELT structure subtest and the Stanford Intermediate Level I Reading Comprehension Test. He provided a table which enables ESL teachers to estimate United States grade equivalent reading scores from CELT structure scores. The second study, by Hosley and Meredith (1979), presented a correlation coefficient of .75 between the CELT listening comprehension subtest scores and TOEFL total scores. Correlation of the total TOEFL and total CELT scores had a moderately high correlation coefficient (r = .64). Carroll (1972), in his review of the CELT, suggested that the inter-test correlations were not so high as to suggest that the subscores were all measuring the same thing, yet they were not so low as to give the impression that they were measuring totally different domains. There are inter-test correlations found in the CELT Technical Manual (Harris and Palmer 1970) for two groups of adult foreign students, one group with 155 students and another group with 60 students. Since no additional inter-test correlations have been reported, the purpose of this study was to study the inter-test correlations in an English for academic purposes program. It is the standard procedure in the University of South Florida ESL program to administer the CELT to all students at the beginning and end of each fourteen-week academic session. These 1504 students' CELT scores were analyzed using Pearsonian correlations. These correlations ranged from a high of .91 (between the total CELT pre-test score and the pre-test structure score) to a low of .27 between the pre-test listening comprehension and the post-test vocabulary scores. All correlations were statistically significant at the .0001 level (see Table 1).
Knockout of SOD1 promotes conversion of selenocysteine to dehydroalanine in murine hepatic GPX1 protein

Abstract Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are two major intracellular antioxidant enzymes. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms for the 40% loss of hepatic GPX1 activity in SOD1 −/− mice. Compared with the wild type (WT), the SOD1 −/− mice showed no change in the total amount of GPX1 protein. However, their total enzyme protein exhibited 31 and 38% decreases ( P k cat for hydrogen peroxide and tert -butylperoxide (at 2 mM GSH), respectively. Most striking, mass spectrometry revealed two chemical forms of the 47th residue of GPX1: the projected native selenocysteine (Sec) and the Se-lacking dehydroalanine (DHA). The hepatic GPX1 protein of the SOD1 −/− mice contained 38% less Sec and 77% more DHA than that of WT and showed aggravated dissociation of the tetramer structure. In conclusion, knockout of SOD1 elevated the conversion of Sec to DHA in the active site of hepatic GPX1, leading to proportional decreases in the apparent k cat and activity of the enzyme protein as a whole. Our data reveal a structural and kinetic mechanism for the in vivo functional dependence of GPX1 on SOD1 in mammals and provide a novel mass spectrometric method for the assay of oxidative modification of the GPX1 protein.
Interpretation of Slug and Packer Tests in Anisotropic Aquifers

Slug and packer tests provide data for determining the local value of hydraulic conductivity in aquifers. However, most techniques commonly used for test interpretation disregard any anisotropy of the tested formation. Using dimensional analysis, an extension of available methods for interpretation of slug and packer tests to anisotropic conditions is developed. The technique is a transformation of the radial dimension via the well radius, and involves dividing the true well radius by the square root of the anisotropy ratio which must be specified a priori. This technique can be applied to formulae, computer programs, graphs, or tabulated data available for confined or unconfined isotropic conditions. It also reduces the number of computer computations. As an example, the technique is used to extend the Bouwer and Rice (1976) method, which was developed for isotropic conditions, to anisotropic conditions. A comparison of the Bouwer and Rice (1976) method corrected for anisotropy, with the Widdowson et al. (1990) method, yields horizontal hydraulic conductivities differing by 8% (in one typical case). Ignoring anisotropy for the same case results in a 44% underestimation of horizontal conductivity.
SUBSTRATE BINDING IS REQUIRED FOR RELEASE OF PRODUCT FROM MAMMALIAN PROTEIN FARNESYLTRANSFERASE

Abstract Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the modification by a farnesyl lipid of Ras and several other key proteins involved in cellular regulation. Previous studies on this important enzyme have indicated that product dissociation is the rate-limiting step in catalysis. A detailed examination of this has now been performed, and the results provide surprising insights into the mechanism of the enzyme. Examination of the binding of a farnesylated peptide product to free enzyme revealed a binding affinity of ∼1 μM. However, analysis of the product release step under single turnover conditions led to the surprising observation that the peptide product did not dissociate from the enzyme unless additional substrate was provided. Once additional substrate was provided, the enzyme released the farnesylated peptide product with rates comparable with that of overall catalysis by FTase. Additionally, stable FTase-farnesylated product complexes were formed using Ras proteins as substrates, and these complexes also require additional substrate for product release. These data have major implications in both our understanding of overall mechanism of this enzyme and in design of inhibitors against this therapeutic target.
Ultrastructure of the glomus cells in the carotid body of chronically hypoxic rats: with special reference to the similarity of amphibian glomus cells.

The ultrastructural characteristics of the glomus cells in the rat carotid body exposed to extremely long-term hypoxia (10–12 weeks) were investigated. The glomus cells could be classified into four distinct types according to the shape of dense-cored vesicles in the glomus cell cytoplasm: (1) small vesicle cells (SVCs, 50 nm in mean diameter), (2) large vesicle cells (LVCs, 80 nm in mean diameter), (3) dilated eccentric vesicle cells (EVCs, 400–800 nm in diameter), and (4) mixed vesicle cells (MVCs, large and eccentric vesicles). Many clusters of glomus cells were found to contain all four categories of cell types. The appearance of EVCs was a unique and common characteristic of glomus cells in this long-term hypoxia model. We also noted other ultrastructural features with chronic hypoxia which are characteristic of the amphibian carotid labyrinth glomus cells: (1) incomplete covering of glomus cells with the supporting cell missing over a wide area, (2) long thin cytoplasmic projections in the intervascular stroma, and (3) intimate apposition of the glomus cells and pericytes (g-p connection), endothelial cells (g-e connection), plasma cells, and fibrocytes. Because arterial PO2 is generally low in amphibia, these may be general features of hypoxic adaptation and facilitate both uptake of oxygen from blood and release of catecholamine into the blood. The g-p and g-e connections may take part in the regulation of the microcirculation in the enlarged carotid body. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Invitation to artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is intelligence displayed by non-living objects, that is, machines. The possibility of creating intelligent machines has been a motivating force behind a great deal of computing machine development. The methods of AI are not only of historical interest, but are powerful in themselves. Artificial Intelligence therefore deserves a prominent place in the undergraduate Computer Science curriculum. This paper discusses the pedagogical advantages of emphasizing AI in upper level courses, reasons for its present neglect, and the importance of introducing AI study.
Differential effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogens on mammary blood flow in the ovine.

Abstract Objective: Hormone replacement therapy has been implicated in the increased incidence of breast cancer, although selective estrogen receptor modulators have been shown to be effective in the prevention of breast cancer. Breast cancers are associated with increased mammary blood flow compared to benign breast lesions. However, few studies have examined the hemodynamic effects of hormonal agents on the mammary circulation that promote or reduce the risk of breast cancers. Although estradiol-17β has been shown to increase mammary blood flow, the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators remains undetermined. We therefore compared the vascular effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogens on mammary blood flow. Study Design: Fourteen nonpregnant ovariectomized ewes were instrumented to measure mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and uterine and mammary blood flows. Compounds were administered intravenously on separate days, and responses were monitored up to 4 hours. Compounds that were studied included estradiol-17β (1 μg/kg), conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 and 1.25 mg), tibolone (2.5 and 5 mg), raloxifene (10 μg/kg), and tamoxifen (300 μg/kg). Results: None of these compounds significantly affected mean arterial pressure or heart rate, but all of the compounds significantly increased uterine blood flow. Estradiol-17β increased mammary blood flow by 98% ± 25%; conjugated equine estrogen increased mammary blood flow by 46% ± 6% and 68% ± 13% at the 0.625 and 1.25 mg doses, respectively. Tibolone increased mammary blood flow by 37% ± 13% at the 2.5-mg dose and by only 14% ± 4% at the 5-mg dose. Neither raloxifene nor tamoxifen significantly altered mammary blood flow. Conclusion: Although estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators induced similar increases in uterine blood flow, they had differential effects on mammary blood flow. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1555-60.)
New Drugs for the Treatment of HIV Infection.

Despite the availability of 15 approved drugs for the treatment of HIV infection, issues of convenience, tolerability, and antiretroviral activity make the continued development of newer drugs important. New drugs in clinical development represent both existing classes of antiretroviral agents—reverse transcriptase inhibitors (eg, diaminopurine dioxolane), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (eg, capravirine), and protease inhibitors (eg, tipranavir and BMS-232632)—and newer classes of antiretroviral agents, such as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (eg, tenofovir) and fusion inhibitors (eg, pentafuside). Newer drugs may offer improvements over existing agents by having simpler dosing schedules (once or twice daily), better tolerability, or improved virologic activity against wild-type or resistant virus. Continued advancements in HIV treatment will stem from ongoing development of antiretroviral drugs.
Complete Transient Two-Dimensional Analysis of Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphons Including the Falling Condensate Film

A transient two-dimensional thermosyphon model is presented that accounts for conjugate heat transfer through the wall and the falling condensate film. The complete transient two-dimensional conservation equations are solved for the vapor flow and pipe wall, and the liquid film is modeled using a quasi-steady Nusselt-type solution. The model is verified by comparison with existing experimental data for a low-temperature thermosyphon with good agreement. A typical high-temperature thermosyphon was then simulated to examine the effects of vapor compressibility and conjugate heat transfer
Photoelectron and electronic absorption spectra of SCl2, S2Cl2, S2Br2 and (CH3)2S2

Abstract Photoelectron and electronic absorption spectra of SCl 2 , S 2 Cl 2 , S 2 Br 2 , and (CH 3 ) 2 S 2 have been measured and analyzed. Quantum chemical calculations (CNDO/ 2 and MWH (Mulliken-Wolfsberg-Helmholtz) have been carried out and the electronic structures have been described in terms of molecular orbital theory. The variation in differential photoionization cross-section as a function of incident photon energy and results of MO computations are used to identify ionization bands and assign ground state MO configurations. Suggested ground state electronic structures coupled with computed virtual MO's are used to interpret the visible and near-ultraviolet electronic absorption spectra. The low energy excited states are described as molecular states followed by the initial members of Rydberg series. Calculated oscillator strengths for molecular transitions are in good agreement with those observed experimentally. Quantum defects, δ, for the Rydberg states have been calculated from the Rydberg equation using the adiabatic first ionization potential.
SU‐GG‐T‐60: Verification of Gated Radiation Therapy: Dosimetric Shift and Target Coverage Due to Residual Motion

In gated radiation therapy, a window of beam delivery is selected, which typically incorporates residual motion. Consequently, beam delivery is to irradiate not only the true extent of disease, but also neighboring normal tissues. It is desired that the delivery cover the true target as a minimum, although inhibiting factors exists, that includes intermittent beam delivery and potential irreproducibility in breathing pattern. The intermittency can cause time delay as well as dose rate variation during delivery. The objectives of our study are therefore to validate if the intended dose is surely delivered to the true target and to understand the trend of dosedelivery on the true target and the normal tissues around it while they move. To meet these objectives, an experimental study has been performed. For experiments, we have executed the entire process of radiation therapy by using a custom‐made phantom with rectangle‐ and pyramid‐shaped targets. On a moving platform, they were scanned for imaging. Various gating windows were selected and image integration was performed to generate targets for planning and delivery. These targets include the true target and the neighboring tissues. The planning was done conventionally for the rectangle target and IMRT optimization was done for the pyramid target. We have then performed evaluation of beam on a diode array after all beams were aligned at 180°. We have evaluated the dose profiles, and observed a systematic shift of them between treatment planning and delivery from gated beams for both targets. We have observed sufficient dose coverage on the true targets. The profile analysis also shows the amount of dose the neighboring normal tissues receive during gated delivery. This study proves that gated beam delivery is secure in spite of discontinous delivery and target motion. Computational modeling is underway, that explains the systematic shift mentioned above.
Attraction Toward the Opposite Sex as a Determinant of Physical Proximity

Studies of physical proximity as an index of attraction frequently report sex differences, and data concerning proximity to the opposite sex are somewhat ambiguous. In the present study it was hypo...
The equivalence problem and correctness formulas for a simple class of programs

This paper is concerned with the semantics (or computational power) of very simple loop programs over different sets of primitive instructions. Recently, a complete and consistent Hoare axiomatics for the class of {x←0, x←y, x←x+1, x←x∸1, do x...end} programs which contain no nested loops, was given, where the allowable assertions were those formulas in the logic of Presburger arithmetic. The class of functions computable by such programs is exactly the class of Presburger functions. Thus, the resulting class of correctness formulas has a decidable validity problem. In this paper, we present simple loop programming languages which are, computationally, strictly more powerful, i.e. which can compute more than the class of Presburger functions. Furthermore, using a logical assertion language that is also more powerful than the logic of Presburger arithmetic, we present a class of correctness formulas over such programs that also has a decidable validity problem. In related work, we examine the expressive power of loop programs over different sets of primitive instructions. In particular, we show that an {x←0, x←y, x←x+1, do x ... end, if x=0 then y←z}-program which contains no nested loops can be transformed into an equivalent {x←0, x←y, x←x+1, do x ... end}-program (also without nested loops) in exponential time and space. This translation was earlier claimed, in the literature, to be doable in polynomial time, but then this was subsequently shown to imply that PSPACE=PTIME. Consequently, the question of translatability was left unanswered. Also, we show that the class of functions computable by {x←0, x←y, x←x+1, x←x∸1, do x ... end, if x=0 then x←c}-programs is exactly the class of Presburger functions. When the conditional instruction is changed to “if x=0 then x←y+1”, then the class of computable functions is significantly enlarged, enough so, in fact, as to render many decision problems (e.g. equivalence) undecidable.
THEORY OF ZEEMAN EFFECT IN THE GROUND MULTIPLETS OF RARE-EARTH ATOMS

A number of corrections are made to the simple Land\'e formula for the $g$ values of levels deriving from the ground term of configurations of the type $4{f}^{n}$. These include (a) the Schwinger correction, to give an accurate value of the gyromagnetic ratio for the electron spin; (b) a correction to allow for the deviations from perfect $\mathrm{RS}$ coupling; (c) a relativistic correction, which is directly related to the kinetic energy of the electrons; (d) a diamagnetic correction, depending on the electron density of the core. In order to calculate (b), the spin-orbit coupling constants and the Coulomb integrals ${F}_{k}$ are estimated either from existing spectroscopic data or from a process of interpolation or extrapolation. An argument is presented for taking ratios of the integrals ${F}_{k}$ corresponding to a hydrogenic eigenfunction. The various radial integrals required in the calculation of (c) and (d) are derived from a modified hydrogenic eigenfunction of the form ${r}^{n}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}ar}cosh[\ensuremath{\kappa}(ar\ensuremath{-}n)]$. The parameter $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ in this expression is estimated to be approximately 0.42 over the rare-earth series by comparison with available Hartree self-consistent field eigenfunctions. The second parameter $a$ is chosen to give a fit with the spin-orbit coupling constants. The result of calculating (a), (b), (c), and (d) is to give atomic $g$ values which agree remarkably well with the experimental data. This confirms that the ground configurations of Pri, Ndi, Pmi, Smi, Eui, Dyi, Hoi, Eri, and Tmi are of the type $4{f}^{n}$, and that such a configuration is very low-lying in Tbi. Tables of spin-orbit coupling constants and $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ for both neutral and triply ionized rare earth atoms are given as well as of other radial integrals.
An ontological knowledge framework for adaptive medical workflow

As emerging technologies, semantic Web and SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) allow BPMS (Business Process Management System) to automate business processes that can be described as services, which in turn can be used to wrap existing enterprise applications. BPMS provides tools and methodologies to compose Web services that can be executed as business processes and monitored by BPM (Business Process Management) consoles. Ontologies are a formal declarative knowledge representation model. It provides a foundation upon which machine understandable knowledge can be obtained, and as a result, it makes machine intelligence possible. Healthcare systems can adopt these technologies to make them ubiquitous, adaptive, and intelligent, and then serve patients better. This paper presents an ontological knowledge framework that covers healthcare domains that a hospital encompasses-from the medical or administrative tasks, to hospital assets, medical insurances, patient records, drugs, and regulations. Therefore, our ontology makes our vision of personalized healthcare possible by capturing all necessary knowledge for a complex personalized healthcare scenario involving patient care, insurance policies, and drug prescriptions, and compliances. For example, our ontology facilitates a workflow management system to allow users, from physicians to administrative assistants, to manage, even create context-aware new medical workflows and execute them on-the-fly.
On the invariance of wave operators

Abstract Let H , K be self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. Kato's Invariance Principle ( T. Kato, “Perturbation Theory for Linear Operators,” Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1966) states that under certain conditions W ( φ ( H ), φ ( K )) = s-lim t → + ∞ e it ( φ ) k e − it ( φ ) H exists and is independent of the monotone function φ whenever W ( H , K ) exists. The purpose of this paper is to present a new proof of Kato's result based upon a study of the variation of W ( φ ( H ), φ ( K )) with respect to φ. It is shown (Theorem 1) that this variation vanishes, and (Theorem 2) that the invariance principle holds provided that K - H belongs to a large subset of the Hilbert-Schmidt class of compact operators.
Health behaviors and conditions of persons with epilepsy: A bivariate analysis of 2006 BRFSS data

Using amalgamated Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from nine states in 2006, this study examined the differences in demographics, health conditions, health behaviors, and quality of life among persons with active epilepsy (PWAE) and persons with a lifetime prevalence of epilepsy (PWLE), compared with persons without epilepsy (PWOE). Frequencies for PWAE, PWLE, and PWOE by selected health behaviors, health conditions, quality of life, and demographic variables were produced. Differences between persons with and without epilepsy were analyzed. Results indicated smoking and unemployment rates were significantly higher among PWLE/PWAE than among PWOE. PWLE/PWAE were also less likely than PWOE to report advanced educational attainment, and more likely to report suffering physical, mental, or emotional limitations that affected their activities in some way. Hispanics were less likely to report a lifetime or active prevalence of epilepsy than people without epilepsy. PWLE/PWAE report several differences in demographics, health conditions, health behaviors, and quality of life compared to people without epilepsy.
Process Model for e-Business Standards Development: A Case of ebXML Standards

The scope of e-business standards today goes beyond the level of infrastructure and incorporates broader issues concerning business processes. e-Business standards are increasingly developed via open initiatives, in order to counter lethargic, formal standardization efforts. While previous research has identified factors that motivate industry standards, little is known about the processes by which a standard emerges. Using an inductive, process-centric research approach we examine the process of standards development for the ebXML standard. Results indicate that standards development involves requirements analysis, design, internal validation, and external validation; however, the sequence of activities differs between business-process-focused standards and technology-focused standards. For business-process-focused standards the inherent uncertainty causes the process to iterate and focus on requirements refinement; technology focused standards exhibit a higher level of structure and tend to have lower levels of iteration that are design focused. These findings allow us to align standards development and strategic decision making, a departure from the typical "development" orientation used in the standards literature. The finding especially holds out for business-process- centric standards. Finally, this study reveals the importance of "openness" as a contributor to iterations evidenced in the process patterns related to standards development.
Effects of Electrical Stunning and Hot Deboning on Broiler Breast Meat Quality

Abstract The effects were determined of electrical stunning prior to death and hot deboning on pH, percent weight loss due to cooking, and objective tenderness of broiler breast meat. Forty-eight live broilers were obtained from a processing plant and transported to the pilot plant facility of the research center. Half the birds were electrically stunned prior to death, and half were not. Birds were processed in the following manner: bled by outside neck cut for 2 min, scalded for 2 min at 53 C, feathers removed, and left pectorialis major immediately removed. The remainder of carcass was eviscerated, head, neck, and feet removed, prechilled, stored for 24 hr at 2 C, and right p. major removed. The pH was taken at the time of muscle removal, the skinless p. major weighed, cooked in water at 88 C to 82 C, cooled, and weighed. A 2.5-cm wide strip was removed to measure objectively tenderness as force to shear. The entire procedure was replicated twice. There was a significant stun by age interaction for pH and percent weight loss due to cooking. Breast meat from birds stunned prior to death exhibited higher pH 20 min postmortem than meat from nonstunned birds. Stunning had no effect on ultimate postmortem pH. Breast meat cooked 20 min postmortem exhibited lower percentage weight loss than meat cooked 24 hr postmortem. The meat cooked 20 min postmortem exhibited significantly higher shear values–it was less tender–than meat cooked 24 hr postmortem. Postmortem aging had a more pronounced effect on objective texture than electrical stunning.
Does Fall History Influence Residential Adjustments

Purpose of the study: To determine whether reported falls at baseline are associated with an older adult’s decision to make a residential adjustment (RA) and the type of adjustment made in the subsequent 2 years. Design and Methods: Observations (n = 25,036) were from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of community-living older adults, 65 years of age and older. At baseline, fall history (no fall, 1 fall no injury, 2 or more falls no injury, or 1 or more falls with an injury) and factors potentially associated with RA were used to predict the initiation of an RA (i.e., moving, home modifications, increased use of adaptive equipment, family support, or personal care assistance) during the subsequent 2 years. Results: Compared with those with no history of falls, individuals with a history of falls had higher odds of making any RA. Among those making an RA, individuals with an injurious fall were more likely than those with no history of a fall to start using adaptive equipment or increase their use of personal care assistance. Implications: The higher initiation of RAs among fallers may indicate proactive steps to prevent future falls and may be influenced by interactions with the health care system. To optimize fall prevention efforts, older adults would benefit from education and interventions addressing optimal use of RAs before falls occur.
George Washington Corner

George W. Corner (1889-1981) was a pioneer investigator of the menstrual cycle who played a key role in the discovery of progesterone. Regarded as the greatest living anatomist of his day in America and an international leader in reproductive endocrinology for decades, he achieved even more over a long career. Besides being a beloved teacher, popular author, biographer, administrator, and scientific statesman, he was a distinguished scholar of medical history, notably studying medieval medicine in Salerno and synthesizing science and philosophy about the origins of life from the time of Aristotle until von Baer’s discovery of the mammalian ovum.
Use of the CALIOP vertical feature mask for evaluating global aerosol models

Abstract. We use observations from the space-based Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) to evaluate global aerosol distributions simulated in the NASA Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications aerosol reanalysis (MERRAero). We focus particularly on an evaluation of aerosol types, using the CALIOP vertical feature mask (VFM) algorithm, and look especially at Saharan dust distributions during July 2009. MERRAero consists of an aerosol simulation produced in the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) Earth system model and incorporates assimilation of MODIS-derived aerosol optical thickness (AOT) to constrain column aerosol loadings. For comparison to the CALIOP VFM we construct two synthetic VFMs using the MERRAero aerosol distributions: a CALIOP-like VFM in which we simulate the total attenuated backscatter and particle depolarization ratio from the MERRAero output and pass those into the CALIOP VFM typing algorithm (MERRAero-CALIOP), and an extinction-based VFM in which we use the MERRAero-simulated species-resolved extinction to map the MERRAero species to the CALIOP VFM types (MERRAero-Extinction). By comparing the MERRAero-CALIOP VFM to CALIOP VFM, we can diagnose the aerosol transport and speciation in MERRAero. By comparing the MERRAero-CALIOP and MERRAero-Extinction-simulated VFM, we perform a simple observing system experiment (OSE), which is useful for identifying limitations of the CALIOP VFM algorithm itself. We find that, despite having our column AOT constrained by MODIS, comparison to the CALIOP VFM reveals a greater occurrence of dusty aerosol layers in our MERRAero-CALIOP VFM due to errors in MERRAero aerosol speciation. Additionally, we find that the CALIOP VFM algorithm is challenged when classifying aerosol features when multiple aerosol types are present, as our application of the CALIOP VFM algorithm to MERRAero aerosol distributions classified marine-dominated aerosol layers with low aerosol loadings as polluted dust when the contribution of dust to the total extinction was low.
Latino and White High School Students' Perceptions of Caring Behaviors Are We Culturally Responsive to our Students?

This study examines Latino and White high school students' perceptions of teacher behaviors that convey caring. Major findings of students' perceptions generated five dominant themes: (a) provide scaffolding during a teaching episode, (b) reflect a kind disposition through actions, (c) are always available to the student, (d) show a personal interest in the student's well-being inside and outside the classroom, (e) and provide affective academic support in the classroom setting. I highlight similarities and uniqueness between the two ethnic groups, generating new information that teachers can use to examine their own practice to determine the extent of culturally responsive caring.
Observations on the Development of Subaortic Stenosis Following Pulmonary Artery Banding

The development of hemodynamically significant muscular subaortic stenosis in association with pulmonary artery banding is described in one patient with D-transposition of the great arteries, and another with interrupted aortic arch. It is postulated from these and previously reported cases that hypertrophy of the conal septum (crista supraventricularis), whether subpulmonary or subaortic, congenitally displaced or grossly normal, may follow pulmonary artery banding and result in progressive subaortic outflow obstruction. Surgical repair may require resection of conal musculature.
Operational experience with the CDF Run II Silicon Detector

Abstract The CDF Run II Silicon Detector is the largest operating silicon detector in High Energy Physics. Its 722,000 channels spread over 7 m 2 of silicon micro-strip sensors allow precision tracking and vertexing. The CDF silicon detector played a critical role in the discovery of B s mixing and is used extensively for the current Higgs Boson searches. Over the last 7 years, the detector efficiency has remained stable at 95% after the Run II commissioning period. The infrastructure (cooling, power supplies) problems dealt with are discussed.
The kinematics of hyper-redundant robot locomotion

This paper considers the kinematics of hyper-redundant (or "serpentine") robot locomotion over uneven solid terrain, and presents algorithms to implement a variety of "gaits". The analysis and algorithms are based on a continuous backbone curve model which captures the robot's macroscopic geometry. Two classes of gaits, based on stationary waves and traveling waves of mechanism deformation, are introduced for hyper-redundant robots of both constant and variable length. We also illustrate how the locomotion algorithms can be used to plan the manipulation of objects which are grasped in a tentacle-like manner. Several of these gaits and the manipulation algorithm have been implemented on a 30 degree-of-freedom hyper-redundant robot. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate and validate these concepts and our modeling assumptions.
The effects of fat-free vs. fat-containing chocolate milk ingestion on muscular strength in female collegiate softball players

Ingesting a post-workout beverage containing carbohydrate and high quality protein has been shown to favorably improve body composition and exercise performance. Chocolate milk supplies both carbohydrate and high quality proteins (casein and whey). For this reason, chocolate milk has become an increasingly popular sports nutrition beverage. To date, no one has investigated the differences between fat-free and fat-containing chocolate milk on strength performance in collegiate athletes. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the effects of ingesting two forms of chocolate milk (fat free vs. fat containing) immediately after resistance exercise over an 8-week period to determine its effects on muscular strength.
Strontium‐substitution for Calcium and Algal Cell Size

Mature cells of several algal species (Protosiphon bo-tryoides, Chlorococcum echinozygotum, Asterococcus superbus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella pyrenoidota) that will grow in a strontium-substitution for calcium are larger and more highly vacuolated than control cells in calcium. In logarithmic phase cultures average cell size of cells in strontium-replacement medium is greater than for control cells in calcium. The water content of strontium-replacement cells is indicated to be greater than of control cells. Mechanisms whereby water content and cell size differences may become established are discussed.
Treatment of SRS Tank 48H Simulants Using Fenton's Reagent

High-level-waste Tank 48H at the Savannah River Site (SRS) contains about 50,000 lb of tetraphenylborate (TPB), which must be destroyed to return the tank to active service. Laboratory-scale tests were conducted to evaluate the use of Fenton's Reagent (hydrogen peroxide and a metal catalyst) to treat simulants of the Tank 48H waste. Samples of the treated slurry and the off-gas were analyzed to determine the reaction products. Process parameters developed earlier by AEA Technology were used for these tests; namely (for 500 mL of waste simulant), reduce pH to 7.5 with nitric acid, heat to boiling, add hydrogen peroxide at 1 mL/min for 1 h, reduce pH to 3.5, and add the remaining peroxide at 2 mL/min. These parameters were developed to minimize the formation of tarry materials during the early part of the reaction and to minimize the concentration of total organic carbon in the final treated slurry. The treated samples contained low concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and no detectable TPB. Tests using a mixture of iron and copper salts as the Fenton's catalyst had a lower TOC concentration in the final treated slurry than did tests that used a copper-only catalyst. TPB is known to hydrolyze to benzene, particularly at high temperature and low pH, and copper is known to increase the rate of hydrolysis. Significant amounts of benzene were present in the off-gas from the tests, especially during the early portion of the treatment, indicating that the hydrolysis reaction was occurring in parallel with the oxidation of the TPB by Fenton's reagent. For the reaction conditions used in these tests, approximately equal fractions of the TPB were converted to benzene and carbon dioxide. Minimizing the formation of benzene is important to SRS personnel; however, this consideration was not addressed in the AEA-recommended parameters, since they did not analyze for benzene in the off-gas. Smaller amounts of carbon monoxide and other organics were also produced. One test used a simulant with much lower concentrations of salts, representing washed sludge, and this test produced much smaller amounts of benzene. The nitrite ions in the simulant were oxidized to nitrate, which would increase the amount of peroxide required to oxidize all of the organic carbon. Oxygen is the primary constituent of the off-gas produced from treatment of the samples.
Association between smaller left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume on magnetic resonance imaging and smaller left temporal P300 amplitude in first-episode schizophrenia.

Background In chronic schizophrenia, the P300 is broadly reduced and shows a localized left temporal deficit specifically associated with reduced gray matter volume of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG). In first-episode patients, a similar left temporal P300 deficit is present in schizophrenia, but not in affective psychosis. The present study investigated whether the left temporal P300–left posterior STG volume association is selectively present in first-episode schizophrenia. Method P300 was recorded as first-episode subjects with schizophrenia (n =15) or affective psychosis (n = 18) or control subjects (n = 18) silently counted infrequent target tones amid standard tones. High-resolution spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition magnetic resonance images provided quantitative measures of temporal lobe gray matter regions of interest. Results Patients with first-episode schizophrenia displayed a reversed P300 temporal area asymmetry (smaller on the left), while magnetic resonance imaging showed smaller gray matter volumes of left posterior STG relative to control subjects and patients with affective psychosis (15.4% and 11.0%, respectively), smaller gray matter volumes of left planum temporale (21.0% relative to both), and a smaller total Heschl's gyrus volume (14.6% and 21.1%, respectively). Left posterior STG and the left planum temporale, but not other regions of interest, were specifically and positively correlated ( r >0.5) with left temporal P300 voltage in patients with schizophrenia but not in patients with affective psychosis or in control subjects. Conclusion These results suggest that the left temporal P300 abnormality specifically associated with left posterior STG gray matter volume reduction is present at the first hospitalization for schizophrenia but is not present at the first hospitalization for affective psychosis.
Molluscum Contagiosum Eyelid Lesions as the Initial Manifestation of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Purpose To report molluscum contagiosum as the initial manifestation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Method Case report. A 34-year-old man was examined with atypical, extensive molluscum contagiosum of the eyelids. Results Biopsy of the lesions confirmed molluscum contagiosum, and a previously normal fundus now disclosed bilateral cotton wool spots and classic signs of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the left eye. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing was positive. Conclusions Manifestation of atypical and extensive eyelid molluscum contagiosum may warrant additional history taking, comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including dilated ophthalmoscopic examination, and HIV testing.
Position in the Sequence of Laying, Embryonic Metabolic Rate, and Consequences for Hatching Synchrony and Offspring Survival in Canada Geese

Abstract. Waterfowl lay large clutches of eggs over many days, yet the offspring hatch synchronously, indicating regulatory mechanisms must aid in minimizing developmental differences among offspring. Understanding how embryos' metabolic rates vary with the sequence in which the egg is laid can provide insight into intrinsic mechanisms regulating the synchrony of hatching. Furthermore, developmental rates differing among offspring within a clutch likely have post-hatching consequences for offspring performance. We characterized variation in developmental rates within a clutch and the consequences for offspring performance in the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis maxima). We measured embryonic metabolic rates every 2 to 3 days, examined goslings' yolk reserves immediately after hatching, and conducted a cross-fostering experiment to assess plasticity in hatching synchrony and gosling survival in the 2 weeks after hatching. We found that embryonic O2 consumption rates increased with age in an S-shaped pattern...
Battery power comparison to charge medical devices in developing countries

Many people in developing countries cannot afford or rely on certain modes of electricity. We establish the reasonability of relying on lead-acid batteries, 9 V alkaline batteries, and lithium-ion batteries for charging low-voltage medical equipment. Based on the research and tests we conducted, we determined that using these battery types to charge medical devices truly is a reasonable solution.