cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fundamental Model for Predicting Fuel Consumption, NOx and HC Emissions of the Conventional Spark-Ignited Engine

Abstract A model of the four-stroke S.I. engine cycle has been developed which predicts fuel consumption, NOx and HC emissions as a function of engine design and operating conditions. The model is primarily thermodynamic in nature containing no formal spatial dependence. The major new features of the model are: first, a treatment of heat transfer which confines heat losses to a boundary layer region surrounding a central adiabatic core; second, an integral boundary-layer analysis of in-cylinder burnup of quenched hydrocarbons; and third, a calculation of exhaust port HC oxidation which considers the temperature history of each element of gas leaving the cylinder. The main adjustable parameters of the model relate to the rate of heat transfer and the ratio of the two-plate quench to the single-wall thickness. An extensive comparison of model predictions with experimental CFR engine data is presented. The results show excellent agreement between predicted and experimental fuel consumption and NOx emissions....
Pressure Dependence of Elastic Constants and Crystal Stability of Alkali Halides: NaI and KI†

The single crystal elastic constants and their first and second pressure derivatives have been measured ultrasonically at 298 °K for NaI and KI. Fair agreement with lattice theoretical data calculated from an interaction potential composed of Coulomb, van der Waals and first and second nearest neighbor repulsive forces is found. On the basis of this model it is possible to explain semi-quantitatively that the first pressure derivatives of the elastic constants of all alkali halides depend almost exclusively on the cation. The convergence of the Taylor expansion of the elastic constants with respect to pressure is investigated theoretically. On the basis of Born's stability criteria the relations between the pressure dependence of the shear moduli c44 and cS to the B1-B2 transition and the melting curve are investigated. Die elastischen Konstanten sowie ihre ersten und zweiten Druckkoeffizienten wurden fur NaI- und KI-Einkristalle mittels Ultraschallverfahren bei 298 °K gemessen. Die Uberein-stimmung mit theoretischen Werten, die unter der Annahme von Coulomb-, van der Waals-und Abstosungskraften zwischen nachsten und ubernachsten Nachbarn berechnet wurden, ist befriedigend. Auf der Grundlage dieses Modells last sich qualitativ gut erklaren, das fur alle Alkalihalogenide die ersten Druckkoeffizienten der elastischen Konstanten praktisch nur vom Kation abhangen. Die Konvergenz der Reihenentwicklung der elastischen Konstanten bezuglich des Drucks wird theoretisch untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der Bornschen Stabilitatskriterien werden die Beziehungen zwischen der Druckabhangigkeit der beiden Schubmoduln c44 und cS und der B1-B2 Phasenumwandlung, sowie der Schmelzpunktkurve untersucht.
Examination of Uranium(VI) Leaching during Ligand Promoted Dissolution of Waste Tank Sludge Surrogates

The dissolution of synthetic boehmite (?-AlOOH) by 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) was examined in a series of batch adsorption/dissolution experiments. Additionally, the leaching behavior of {sup 233}U(VI) from boehmite was examined as a function of pH and HEDPA concentration. The results are discussed in terms of sludge washing procedures that may be utilized during underground tank waste remediation. In the pH range 4 to 10, complexation of Al(III) by HEDPA significantly enhanced dissolution of boehmite. This phenomenon was especially pronounced in the neutral pH region where the solubility of aluminum, in the absence of complexants, is limited by the formation of sparsely soluble aluminum hydroxides. At pH higher than 10, dissolution of synthetic boehmite was inhibited by HEDPA, likely due to sorption of Al(III):HEDPA complexes. Addition of HEDPA to equilibrated U(VI)-synthetic boehmite suspensions yielded an increase in the aqueous phase uranium concentration. Partitioning of uranium between the solid and aqueous phase is described in terms of U(VI):HEDPA speciation and dissolution of the boehmite solid phase.
Reduced cerebral blood flow but intact reactivity to hypercarbia and hypoxia following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was produced in rabbits by four subarachnoid injections of blood (n = 7) or saline (n = 6); a control group (n = 6) had no injections. Basilar artery vasospasm was assessed by serial angiograms. Resting CBF (microspheres) and CBF reactivity to hypercapnia (65 and 85 mm Hg) and hypoxia (fractions of inspired oxygen of 0.15 and 0.10) were determined. Basilar artery vasospasm was seen with SAH. Resting CBF was reduced by 31% (SAH 43 ± 12, saline 65 ± 17, control 60 ± 21 ml 100 g−1 min−1), and resting cerebrovascular resistance was increased (SAH 1.84 ± 0.30, saline 1.31 ± 0.49, control 1.39 ± 0.25 mm Hg ml−1 100 g−1 min−1) after SAH. CBF rose to a similar degree in all three groups in response to hypercarbia and hypoxia. We conclude that resting CBF is reduced in this model of SAH, but vascular reactivity remains intact.
Semiclassical theory of microwave optical activity in asymmetric rotors

Abstract Details of the semiclassical theory of optical activity in the microwave region of the spectrum due to rotation of an asymmetric top molecule are presented. Expressions are given for the rotational strength of an arbitrary J→J or J→J +1 transition and for the optical activity parameter, β. Specific formulas are given for rotational strengths and anisotropies for the eighteen allowed transitions between the eight asymmetric top rotational states whose wavefunctions are independent of the moments of inertia. A table of prolate symmetric rotor matrix elements of M X , the laboratory X component of the magnetic moment operator - required for calculation of rotational strengths - is given.
Allergic contact dermatitis to polyvinylpyrrolidone/hexadecene copolymer

Abstract A woman presented with a 3-month history of scattered generalized dermatitis involving the abdomen, leg, and arms. Patch testing showed a strong positive reaction to a bath oil product. Further testing identified the causative agent as polyvinylpyrrolidone/hexadecene copolymer, an additive used in the bath oil.
The nuances of being “non”: Evaluating nonformal education programs and settings

Evaluation in nonformal education programs and settings must be framed within its special context—one that demands elasticity, transformation, and collaboration on the part of evaluators.
The nature of receptors regulating the formation of cyclic AMP in brain tissue

Abstract Extensive studies of the past seven years have provided fundamental information on the pharmacological properties of receptors controlling formation of cyclic AMP in brain slices and homogenates. Receptors for adenosine, α- and β-adrenergic agonists, dopamine, serotonin, H 1 - and H 2 -histaminergic agonists, and prostaglandins of the E series have been defined and evidence for a glutamate receptor has been presented. Extrapolation of such pharmacological data to studies with whole animals should provide important information as to the physiological significance of specific cyclic AMP-generating systems to the function of the intact brain.
The nutritional significance of sterol metabolic constraints in the generalist grasshopper Schistocerca americana.

Sterols are essential nutrients for grasshoppers, as well as all other insects, but metabolic constraints can limit which phytosterols support normal growth and development. In the current study, the generalist grasshopper Schistocerca americana was used to address two questions related to grasshopper sterol nutrition: (1) how does sterol quantity influence growth and survival, and (2) how do mixtures of suitable and unsuitable sterols at different concentrations influence growth and survival? Results from the first experiment indicated that this grasshopper species had a minimum sterol requirement of 0.05% dry weight; as sterol quantity increased above this concentration, however, survival and performance were not enhanced. Results from the second experiment revealed two novel aspects of sterol nutrition in grasshoppers: (1) when suitable sterols were limiting, most individuals could not use unsuitable sterols to meet the minimum sterol requirement (i.e. no sparing occurred), and (2) above a certain threshold, unsuitable sterols were deleterious even when suitable sterols were present at a concentration that alone permits normal growth and development. We discuss these physiological findings in terms of how sterol metabolic constraints in grasshoppers might influence foraging.
Myeloperoxidase-dependent caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in HL-60 cells: protection by the antioxidants ascorbate and (dihydro)lipoic acid

Abstract The heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) has recently been implicated in hydrogen peroxide H2O2-induced apoptosis of HL-60 human leukemia cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of MPO-mediated apoptosis, in particular caspase-3 activation, and to determine the effects of the antioxidants ascorbate and (dihydro)lipoic acid. Incubation of HL-60 cells (1 x 106 cells/ml media) with H2O2 (0-200 μM) resulted in dose-dependent stimulation of caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation, and morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis were maximal at approximately 50 μM H2O2. Pre-incubation of the cells with the MPO-specific inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) and the heme enzyme inhibitor 3-aminotriazole (100 μM each) resulted in complete and partial inhibition, respectively, of intracellular MPO, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis following addition of 50 μM H2O2. Enhancement of cellular antioxidant status ...
Rhetoric of freedom and tyranny

David S. I~ his essay, where the stated intention is provocation, eter Augustine Lawler has met his goal. The sweep of his claims is striking, the challenge direct, the prognosis sharp and devastating--yet something is not quite right. The desire to provoke has obscured the clarity of the argument. The dare generated by Lawler's writing is that he positions anyone who disagrees with him as a proponent of indifferent non-judgmentalism, Viagra, and tyranny. Yet, there are good reasons for critically responding to Lawler's argument--of which I will mention only three. First, and most obviously perhaps, is the characterization of communism in this essay. I take Lawler's discussion of communism to be largely rhetorical, the intention being to "alarm" rather than to illuminate. The effort to make a circle out of the political spectrum by collapsing communism and libertarianism is the political equivalent of saying that really all religions are at bottom the same because they each teach the importance of love. If nothing else, the argument about the basic commonalities of communism and libertarianism runs aground on the fundamental shoal of private property--and this, as I will discuss in a moment, is no idle point. Lawler argues that one thing communism and libertarianism share is a utopian sentimentality. The early Marx did indeed wax rhapsodic about conditions where the state has entirely withered way. However, to reduce Marx and Communism to this sentiment is to ignore the long process of social and historical development in which the citizens and the state evolve towards this utopian dream. Marx did not argue that one could flick a switch and create conditions in which one could fish in the afternoon and philosophize at night. During this process of historical development one thing that would occur is that individuals would be less identified with their work. People would no longer think of themselves as simply being a "coal miner," "teacher," or "engineer"--they would be citizens who performed jobs. "As individuals express their life, so they are" wrote Marx, Gutterman
Accreditation of Graduate Physical Education

Quality control of graduate physical education has been the sole responsibility of educational institutions offering such programs. Regional and national accrediting bodies have also guaranteed some standardization of programs. Now the profession of physical education, through the National Association of Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), has launched a significant undertaking toward establishing its own specialized accreditation. This paper examines the need for such a model in graduate physical education, presents arguments for and against, and delineates directions taken by NASPE toward full implementation of accreditation.
Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high-grade intraepithelial lesion and its clinical significance in postmenopausal, pregnant, postpartum, and contraceptive-use patients.

BACKGROUND. Previous studies have confirmed the low predictive value of a diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) in a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear for subsequent high-grade dysplasia in the postmenopausal age group. It appears plausible that the decrease in estrogen inherent in the postmenopausal state likely produces reactive cytologic atypia, which is misinterpreted as ASC-H. The change in hormone levels observed in pregnant patients, postpartum patients, and contraceptive users, as a corollary, potentially could create a similar diagnostic dilemma. In the current study, the impact of age and altered hormone status on the frequency of ASC-H was assessed to answer the following questions: Is the low predictive value of ASC-H in postmenopausal women an age-related phenomenon, and do other states that result in decreased levels of estrogen relative to progesterone have a similar association? METHODS. Pap smears that were diagnosed as ASC-H were divided into postmenopausal, pregnant, postpartum, and contraceptive-use categories. Each Pap smear slide was reviewed to assess the degree of atrophy and the character of atypical cells. The frequency of high-grade follow-up (histology and/or Digene Hybrid Capture II) in the postmenopausal group was compared with the frequency of high-grade follow-up in the pregnant, postpartum, and contraceptive-use categories using the chi-square test. The pregnant, postpartum, and contraceptive-use categories also were compared statistically among each other with the chi-square test. RESULTS. In total, 195 cases met the criteria for study inclusion. The percentage of patients who had subsequent high-grade follow-up was 22.5% in the postmenopausal group, 79.6% in the pregnant group, 66.7% in the postpartum group, and 60% in the contraceptive-use group. When these data were subjected to the chi-square test, there was a statistically significant difference (P .05) in high-grade follow-up between any of these groups. CONCLUSIONS. The diagnosis of ASC-H in postmenopausal Pap smears has a low predictive value in the subsequent diagnosis of high-grade squamous lesions in stark contrast to the pregnant, postpartum, and contraceptive-use categories. This suggests that age rather than hormone alterations affects the capacity of ASC-H to predict subsequent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. In addition, there are no definite cytomorphologic criteria that can be used to distinguish reliably between benign cellular changes and possible high-grade squamous lesions in these Pap smears. Digene Hybrid Capture II testing, although helpful, does not have 100% correlation with subsequent tissue/Pap smear follow-up and cannot be used alone to triage this group of women for colposcopy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of potential losartan-phenytoin drug interactions in healthy volunteers.

Background Phenytoin, a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 substrate, has a narrow therapeutic index and nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Therefore there is the potential for significant concentration-related adverse effects when phenytoin is coadministered with other CYP2C9 substrates. Losartan, an antihypertensive agent, is also a substrate for CYP2C9. Objective Our objective was to assess the effects of losartan on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and the effects of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics of losartan in a healthy population of volunteers. Methods A prospective, randomized, 3-period crossover study was conducted in 16 healthy volunteers with phenytoin alone, phenytoin in combination with losartan, and losartan alone. Each treatment was given for 10 days with a 3-week washout period between treatments. On day 10, plasma concentrations of phenytoin and plasma and urine concentrations of losartan and its active carboxylic-acid metabolite E3174 were measured to determine steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters. Results Coadministration of losartan had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Coadministration of phenytoin increased the mean area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 hours [AUC(0–24)] of losartan by 17% (355 ± 220 ng · h/mL versus 427 ± 177 ng · h/mL; P = .1), but this difference was not statistically significant. In the 14 CYP2C9*1/*1 subjects, the mean AUC(0–24) of losartan was increased by 29% (284 ± 84 ng · h/mL versus 402 ± 128 ng · h/mL; P = .008). Coadministration of phenytoin significantly reduced the AUC(0–24) of E3174 by 63% (1254 ± 256 ng · h/mL versus 466 ± 174 ng · h/mL; P = .0001) and the formation clearance of losartan to E3174 (1.91 ± 0.8 mL/h per kilogram versus 0.62 ± 0.4 mL/h per kilogram; P = .0001). Conclusions Losartan, a CYP2C9 substrate, had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. However, phenytoin inhibited the CYP2C9-mediated conversion of losartan to E3174. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 238–246; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.127945
Clinical evaluation of the Oculab Tono-Pen.

We performed a clinical evaluation on a prototype version of the Tono-Pen hand-held tonometer. A masked, randomized design was used to compare the instrument with the Goldmann tonometer. We tested 270 eyes. For pressures of 6 to 24 mm Hg, the Tono-Pen tonometer measured, on average, 1.7 mm Hg higher than the Goldmann tonometer. This difference was statistically significant (P
Cortical glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 deficiency results in lower cannabinoid 1 receptor messenger RNA expression: implications for schizophrenia.

Levels of cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein, which are expressed most heavily in the cholecystokinin class of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, are lower in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, and the magnitude of these differences is strongly correlated with that for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67) mRNA, a synthesizing enzyme for GABA. However, whether this correlation reflects a cause-effect relationship is unknown. Using quantitative in situ hybridization, we measured CB1R, GAD 67, and diacylglycerol lipase alpha (the synthesizing enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol) mRNA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex of genetically engineered GAD 67 heterozygous (GAD 67 +/-), CB1R heterozygous (CB1R +/-), CB1R knockout (CB1R -/-), and matched wild-type mice. In GAD 67 +/- mice, GAD 67 and CB1R mRNA levels were significantly reduced by 37% and 16%, respectively, relative to wild-type mice and were significantly correlated across animals (r =.61; p =.01). In contrast, GAD 67 mRNA levels were unaltered in CB1R +/- andCB1R -/- mice. Expression of diacylglycerol lipase alpha mRNA, which is not altered in schizophrenia, was also not altered in any of the genetically engineered mice. The findings that reduced GAD 67 mRNA expression can induce lower CB1R mRNA expression support the hypothesis that lower cortical levels of CB1Rs in schizophrenia may partially compensate for deficient GAD 67-mediated GABA synthesis by reducing endogenous cannabinoid suppression of GABA release. © 2012 Society of Biological Psychiatry.
Role of cytopathology in cancer control in low-resource settings: sub-Saharan Africa's perspective.

Summary Cancer is an emerging public health problem in Africa especially with increasing exposure to risky life styles, environmental carcinogens and emergence of AIDS-associated cancers. Of the WHO estimated 7.9 million cancer-related deaths in 2007 more than 72% occurred in the low- and middle-income countries and 80% presented in the late stages. To implement the WHO resolution on cancer control programs in these settings, feasible evidence-based interventions for prevention, early diagnosis and detection need to be widely introduced. Fundamental to appropriate cancer treatment and statistics is accurate diagnosis. In low-resource settings, the diagnostic techniques and procedures should be reliable, cost-effective, simple and acceptable to patients. In addition, the required equipment should be affordable, requiring minimal maintenance and with readily available consumables. Cytology, as a simple standardized low-technology procedure, fulfills these criteria and is most effective in addressing the major components of cancer control programs in these areas. The major obstacles to its widespread establishment are lack of awareness and inadequate numbers of trained personnel compounded by sociopolitical factors, poor national planning and implementation. Rather than investing in new technology or alternative screening methods, efforts should focus on the education and training of local personnel, as feasible options, to improve the chances of implementing meaningful cancer control programs.
Twins in trouble: The need for system-wide reform of both healthcare and education

In the United States, both the healthcare (HC) and the educational (ED) systems are in crisis. The problems appear to be analogous, even identical, seeming to be twins in their troubles. We describe many of these problems-in-common such as: timeline and casuality; substrate and compliance; measurement of outcomes; micro- economic disconnection ; learning; contradictory incentive systems; corporate culture and organizational structure; change management. Possible solutions derive directly from the analysis, viz., measure what we really want rather than what we have measured in the past; develop incentives that encourage desired behaviors. We warn that there is no quick and easy fix. Effective sustainable solutions will be costly, painful and require decades.
Imaging informatics for personalised medicine: applications and challenges

Imaging informatics has emerged as a major research theme in biomedicine in the last few decades. Currently, personalised, predictive and preventive patient care is believed to be one of the top priorities in biomedical research and practice. Imaging informatics plays a major role in biomedicine studies. This paper reviews main applications and challenges of imaging informatics in biomedicine.
Relative value of thallium-201 and iodine-131 scans in the detection of recurrence or distant metastasis of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Radioactive iodine (131I) has been found to be more sensitive and more specific than thallium-201 for the detection of distant metastases and thyroid remnants in the neck in cases of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 201Tl has been deemed particularly useful in localizing metastases or recurrence in patients with a negative 131I scan and abnormal levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg). This study aimed to: (1) determine the value of 201Tl imaging in localizing metastases or recurrence in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and (2) evaluate the false-positive and false-negative results of 131I and 201Tl scintigraphy. Sixty-two thyroid remnant ablated patients who underwent simultaneous postoperative 201Tl and 131I scans and and serum Tg determinations were evaluated. Fifty patients had papillary thyroid carcinomas and 12 had follicular thyroid carcinomas. 201Tl imaging was performed before the 131I studies. Of the 62 patients who underwent 201Tl imaging studies, 24 were found to have positive results, with local recurrence or distant metastases. Patients with positive results in the 201Tl imaging studies tended to be older, were mor often male, had higher Tg levels and had a higher recurrence rate. Of these 24 patients, ten had negative diagnostic or therapeutic 131I scans. Concurrently, serum Tg levels were less than 5 ng/ml in five of these ten patients. Three patients were deemed false positive by 201Tl scans; one had a parotid tumour, one a periodontal abscess and one lung metastasis. Among the 38 patients with negative 201Tl scans, 11 had positive findings on 131I scans. Three had distant metastases: two with lung metastases and one with bone metastases. Patients with false-positive results on 131I scans included those with biliary tract stones, ovarian cysts, and breast secretion. Of the 27 patients with negative 201Tl and 131I scans, 15 had elevated serum Tg levels. Among these, local recurrence followed by lung metastases was manifested in a 49-year-old male with papillary thyroid carcinoma. In conclusion, both 131I and 201Tl scans are useful in the detection of recurrence or distant metastasis of well differentiated thyroid cancers. 201Tl scan could in particular be used in patients with a negative 131I scan in conjunction with an elevated Tg level.
Algorithms for the q-model clustering problem with application in switching cabinet manufacturing

The model configuration problem (MCP) is a combinatorial optimization problem with application in the telecommunications manufacturing industry. The product is a switching cabinet, defined by a number of positions (slots) in which specific circuit packs are installed according to the customer requirements (configurations). Variety of customer requirements leads to a relatively large number of distinct configurations. In order to streamline the manufacturing process, a large number of switching cabinets with identical configurations (model cabinets) are produced in advance. A customer order is then filled by selecting a model cabinet whose configuration is relatively close to the customer configuration and performing any necessary circuit pack exchanges to make its configuration identical to the customer requirement. The manufacturing costs are proportional to the number of these circuit pack exchanges, and the q-model configuration problem is to design q different model configurations so as to minimize the total number of exchanges for a given collection of customer orders. We propose three heuristic algorithms for solving the q-model configuration problem and carry out a computational experiment to evaluate their effectiveness.
Solubility of Anthracene in Binary Alcohol + 3-Methoxy-1-butanol Solvent Mixtures

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in ten binary mixtures containing 3-methoxy-1-butanol with 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 1-octanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol at 25 °C. Results of these measurements are used to test two mathematical representations based upon the combined nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS)/Redlich−Kister equation and modified Wilson model. For the ten systems studied, both equations were found to provide an accurate mathematical representation of the experimental data, with an overall average absolute deviation between measured and calculated values being 0.4% and 0.5% for the combined NIBS/Redlich−Kister and modified Wilson equations, respectively.
Effect of nonlinear gain on intensity noise in single-mode semiconductor lasers

The effect of nonlinear gain on the intensity noise of semiconductor lasers is studied by solving the single-mode rate equation with the Langevin noise term. The analytic expressions for the relative intensity noise and the intensity autocorrelation function are obtained by using a form of the nonlinear gain that is valid even at high operating power levels. These are used to obtain a simple expression for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the laser output. The SNR is found to saturate to a limiting value of about 30dB at high powers because of the nonlinear-gain effects related to intraband gain saturation.
Winter discharge of coalbed methane water in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

ABSTRACTThe heat transported with coalbed methane (CBM) water is shown to influence the thermal, flow, and ice characteristics of the Powder River, the principal river draining the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, during winter. The writers suggest how management of CBM water discharge from numerous tributary streams will minimize potential adverse influences on river channel stability and ecology. Their study, conducted over two winters (2009–2010 and 2010–2011), indicates that besides augmenting the river's natural flow, a substantial winter influence of CBM water discharge was the formation of open-water leads typically extending up to several kilometres along the river. The leads result from warm coherent plumes of CBM water discharge that gradually cool and dissipate when exposed to frigid air. Lead formation alters flow thalweg alignment, concentrating flow along the lead, and plays a potentially significant role for biota along the river. The leads were observed to attract fish, birds, and other wildli...
Analysis of an innovative water desalination system using low-grade solar heat☆

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results for an innovative water desalination system using low-grade solar heat. The system utilizes natural means (gravity and atmospheric pressure) to create a vacuum under which water can be rapidly evaporated at much lower temperatures and with less energy than conventional techniques. The system consists of an evaporator connected to a condenser. The vapor produced in the evaporator is driven to the condenser where it condenses and is collected as a product. The effect of various operating conditions, namely, withdrawal rate, depth of water body in the evaporator, temperature of the heat source, and condenser temperature, on the system performance were studied. Numerical simulations and preliminary experimental results show that the performance of this system is superior to a flat basin solar still, and the output may be twice that of a flat-basin solar still for the same input. Vacuum equivalent to 4 kPa (abs) or less can be created depending on the ambient temperature at which condensation takes place.
Simplex search in optimization of capsule formulation

The simplex method of optimization was applied to a capsule formulation using the dissolution rate and compaction rate as the desired responses to be optimized. The formulation parameters investigated included the levels of drug, disintegrant, lubricant, and fill weight Following the successful optimization of the capsule formulation, the accumulated data were fitted to a polynomial regression model to plot response surface maps around the optimum.
Proton NMR Analysis of Heat Exchange Fluids Containing Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol, and Water: A Real-World Experiment for the Analytical Laboratory

An experiment was developed using proton NMR to quantify the components of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and water mixtures from waste heat exchange fluids used in the University Northern Colorado HVAC systems. Results from the analysis of synthetic standards show that the absolute error of the method was on the order of 1% (v/v) with a standard deviation of ±0.1% (v/v). The experimental method provides an excellent introduction to the use of NMR as a quantitative tool and, serendipitously, to the proton NMR spectrum of a compound containing a chiral center. Peaks in the NMR spectra corresponding to propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and water protons were integrated and corrected for overlapping signals to provide quantitative estimates for each component in the mixture.
Vervet monkey alarm calls: Semantic communication in a free-ranging primate

Abstract Vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops ) at Amboseli, Kenya, give acoustically different alarm calls to different predators. Each alarm evokes contrasting, seemingly adaptive, responses. Animals on the ground respond to leopard alarms by running into trees, to eagle alarms by looking up, and to snake alarms by looking down. In a 14-month field study examining the semantic properties of alarm calls, we played tape-recorded alarms to vervets in the absence of actual predators and filmed the monkeys' responses. Playbacks confirmed observations and showed that (1) alarm length, amplitude and alarmist's age/sex class had little effect on response quality, and (2) context was not a systematic determinant of response. We conclude that vervet alarm calls function to designate different classes of external danger.
Regional identity and the sovereignty principle: Explaining Israeli‐Palestinian peacemaking

(1998). Regional identity and the sovereignty principle: Explaining Israeli‐Palestinian peacemaking. Geopolitics: Vol. 3, Boundaries Territory and Postmodernity, pp. 177-196.
The Majesty of the People: Popular Sovereignty and the Role of the Writer in the 1790s; Five Long Winters: The Trials of British Romanticism

Georgina Green's The Majesty of the People and John Bugg's Five Long Winters both cover now broadly familiar terrain – the writings of William Godwin, John Thelwall, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Wi...
Social Science Sinners.

D espite unethical stories to the contrary, I am not a Jesuit. Nonetheless, I was trained by them for seven years and much of my formal ethical perspective would necessarily be called Jesuitical. Therefore, I propose in this article to use the case method of moral theology developed by the Jesuits which is not only Jesuitical but, heaven help us, casuistic. For some reason that is not altogether clear to me, when the Harvard Business School uses the case approach, it is thought to be engaging in educational innovation. But Jesuitical casuistry from all others is reprehensible and offensive. But let that pass. I present for your consideration ten casus which I propose to discuss. I am sure that everybody realizes that casus' is a fourth declension noun and that, therefore, the plural spelling is the same as the singular. Properly said, it is ten casus, instead of ten casi or casuses. Moreover, I will use the terminology of casuistry in evaluating these casus. Actions will be divided into grave sins, slight sins, and not sinful at all (alternative words would be mortal sin, venial sin, and without sin). Occasionally I will even use that supreme compliment of Jesuit moral theology, laudably, which is a poor translation for the Latin ludabiliter. Alter presenting the casus and discussing them, I will try to pull together empirically the principle which might be appropriate by way of summary.
Self‐Assembling Supramolecular Nanostructures from a C60 Derivative: Nanorods and Vesicles

Simple modification of solution conditions provides facile access to supramolecular fullerene nanostructures. The fullerene derivative shown self-assembles to give nanorods or vesicles. The nanorods have diameters of 10-250 nm, depending on the counterion, and lengths greater than 70 µm. If ultrasonication is used, no nanorods form, but vesicles result having diameters of 10-70 nm and wall thicknesses of 3-6 nm.
Limit laws for Random matrices and free products

In earlier articles we studied a kind of probability theory in the framework of operator algebras, with the tensor product replaced by the free product. We prove here that free random variables naturally arise as limits of random matrices and that Wigner's semicircle law is a consequence of the central limit theorem for free random variables. In this way we obtain a non-commutative limit distribution of a general gaussian random matrix as an operator in a certain operator algebra, Wigner's law being given by the trace of the spectral measure of the selfadjoint component of this operator
Mental health needs and treatment of foster youth: Barriers and opportunities.

This article reviews current research on emotional and behavioral disorders among children in foster care and summarizes findings regarding utilization of mental health services in this population. Barriers to needed care are explored, practice and policy implications of lack of care are discussed, and alternative, evidence-based treatment options for foster youth are examined and proposed.
Proteomic identification of immunodominant membrane-related antigens in Campylobacter jejuni associated with sheep abortion.

Abstract Campylobacter jejuni clone SA is the predominant agent inducing sheep abortion and a zoonotic agent causing gastroenteritis in humans in the United States. In an attempt to identify antigens of clone SA that may be useful for vaccine development, immunoproteomic analyses were conducted to characterize the membrane proteome of C. jejuni clone SA. 2-DE of C. jejuni membrane-related proteins was followed by immunoblotting analyses using convalescent sera that were derived from ewes naturally infected by C. jejuni clone SA. Totally 140 immunoreactive spots were identified, 50 of which were shared by all tested convalescent sheep sera. Conserved and immunodominant spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Among the 26 identified immunogenic proteins, there were 8 cytoplasmic proteins, 2 cytoplasmic membrane proteins, 11 periplasmic proteins, 3 outer membrane proteins, and 2 extracellular proteins. Notably, many of the immunodominant antigens were periplasmic proteins including HtrA, ZnuA, CjaA, LivK, CgpA, and others, some of which were previously shown to induce protective immunity. Interestingly, 11 immunoreactive proteins including 9 periplasmic proteins are known N-linked glycosylated proteins. These findings reveal immunogens that may potentially elicit protective immune responses and provide a foundation for developing vaccines against C. jejuni induced sheep abortion. Biological significance Campylobacter jejuni clone SA is the predominant agent inducing sheep abortion and incurs a significant economic loss to sheep producers. This emergent strain is also a zoonotic agent, causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, the immunogens of C. jejuni induced abortion are largely unknown. Considering the significance of C. jejuni clone SA in causing sheep abortion and foodborne illnesses, protective vaccines are needed to control its transmission and spread. Additionally, immunological markers are required for detection and identification of this highly pathogenic clone. To address these needs, we applied an immunoproteomic approach to identify the membrane-associated antigens of this highly virulent C. jejuni clone associated with sheep abortions in the U.S. The findings reveal immunogens that may potentially elicit protective immune responses and provide a foundation for developing vaccines against C. jejuni induced sheep abortion.
Monazite Coatings on Fibers: I, Effect of Temperature and Alumina Doping on Coated‐Fiber Tensile Strength

Monazite was continuously coated onto Nextel 720 fibers, using an aqueous precursor and in-line heat treatment at 900°–1300°C. Some experiments were repeated with alumina-doped precursors. Coated fibers were heat-treated for 100 h at 1200°C. Coatings were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical transmission electron microscopy. Coated-fiber tensile strengths were measured by single-filament tensile tests. The precursors were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis, and mass spectrometry. Coated-fiber tensile strength was lower for fibers coated at higher deposition temperatures. Heat treatment for 100 h at 1200°C decreased tensile strength further. The coatings were slightly phosphate-rich and enhanced alumina grain growth at the fiber surface, but phosphorus was not detected along the alumina grain boundaries. Fibers with alumina-doped coatings had higher tensile strengths than those with undoped coatings after heat treatment for 100 h at 1200°C. Alumina added as α-alumina particles gave higher strengths than alumina added as colloidal boehmite. Alumina doping slowed monazite grain growth and formed rough fiber–coating interfaces after 100 h of heat treatment at 1200°C. Possible relationships among precursor characteristics, coating and fiber microstructure development, and strength-degradation mechanisms are discussed in this paper.
A unified framework for modeling hysteresis in ferroic materials

This paper addresses the development of a unified framework for quantifying hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities inherent to ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and ferroelastic materials. Because the mechanisms which produce hysteresis vary substantially at the microscopic level, it is more natural to initiate model development at the mesoscopic, or lattice, level where the materials share common energy properties along with analogous domain structures. In the first step of the model development, Helmholtz and Gibbs energy relations are combined with Boltzmann theory to construct mesoscopic models which quantify the local average polarization, magnetization and strains in ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and ferroelastic materials. In the second step of the development, stochastic homogenization techniques are invoked to construct unified macroscopic models for nonhomogeneous, polycrystalline compounds exhibiting nonuniform effective fields. The combination of energy analysis and homogenization techniques produces low-order models in which a number of parameters can be correlated with physical attributes of measured data. Furthermore, the development of a unified modeling framework applicable to a broad range of ferroic compounds facilitates material characterization, transducer development, and model-based control design. Attributes of the models are illustrated through comparison with piezoceramic, magnetostrictive and shape memory alloy data and prediction of material behavior.
Participation in biomedical research: The consent process as viewed by children, adolescents, young adults, and physicians

We examined the capacity of children, adolescents, and young adults to assent and consent to participation in biomedical research, and what physician-investigators believe is important for patients in these age groups to know about such participation. The sample included 44 male and female subjects, ranging in age from 7 to 20 years, who were hospitalized to treat elther pediatric cancer or obesity. The participants completed a structured interview that assessed knowledge of research participation using the elements outlined in the federal guidelines for informed consent. The study subjects were most knowledgeable about those elements of consent that assessed concrete information (e.g., freedom to ask questions, time elements involved, and the benefits of participation). They were less knowledgeable about those elements of informed consent that assessed abstract information (e.g., scientific vs therapeutic purpose of the study, and alternative treatments). Chronologic age was not related to knowledge of the elements of informed consent. The strategies that the study subjects used to reason about participation in research appeared to parallel their reasoning about other physical phenomena.
A multilevel wavelet collocation method for solving partial differential equations in a finite domain

Abstract A multilevel wavelet collection method for the solution of partial differential equations is developed. Two different approaches of treating general boundary conditions are suggested. Both are based on the wavelet interpolation technique developed in the present research. The first approach uses wavelets as a basis and results in a differential-algebraic system of equations, where the algebraic part arises from boundary conditions. The second approach utilizes extended wavelets, which satisfy boundary conditions exactly. This approach results in a system of coupled ordinary differential equations. The method is tested on the one-dimensional Burgers equation with small viscosity. The solutions are compared with those resulting from the use of other numerical algorithms. The present results indicate that the method is competitive with well-established numerical algorithms.
Inflammatory, immune, and viral aspects of inclusion-body myositis

Muscle biopsies from patients with sporadic inclusion-body myositis (sIBM) consistently demonstrate that the inflammatory T cells almost invariably invade intact (not vacuolated) fibers, whereas the vacuolated fibers are rarely invaded by T cells. This indicates two concurrently ongoing processes, an autoimmune mediated by cytotoxic T cells and a degenerative manifested by the vacuolated muscle fibers and deposits of amyloid-related proteins. The autoimmune features of IBM are highlighted by the strong association of the disease with: a) HLA I, II antigens, in frequency identical to classic autoimmune diseases; b) other autoimmune disorders in up to 32% of the patients, autoantibodies, paraproteinemias, or immunodeficiency; c) HIV and HTLV-I infection with increasingly recognized frequency (up to 13 known cases); and d) antigen-specific, cytotoxic, and clonally expanded CD8+ autoinvasive T cells with rearranged T-cell receptor genes that persist over time, even in different muscles, and invade muscle fibers expressing MHC-I antigen and costimulatory molecules. In contrast to IBM, in various dystrophies the inflammatory cells are clonally diverse and the muscle fibers do not express MHC-I or costimulatory molecules in the pattern seen in IBM. Like other chronic autoimmune conditions with coexisting inflammatory and degenerative features (i.e., primary progressive MS), IBM is resistant to conventional immunotherapies. Recent data suggest that strong anti-T cell therapies can be promising and they are the focus of ongoing research.
Teaching to learn and learning to teach: notes toward building a university in a management consulting firm

The shape and makeup of a corporate university in a management consulting firm remains a vexed question: what should it look like, and what should it do, to develop its professionals most effectively? There is not a great deal of literature on this topic ‐ or on management, human resources, and professional development in professional services firms in general ‐ as these firms tend to hold their cards close to the vest. This article offers some initial thinking about education and development in a management consulting firm, with the aim of laying out a framework for understanding what a university in such a context might be. The hope is that this consideration of the particular dynamics of management consulting firms and the challenges for education and development therein, coupled with a case study of the curriculum at the management and strategy consulting firm of Booz·Allen & Hamilton, will open up a discussion of the most important factors for success in this arena.