cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Solvent and Doping Acid on the Morphology of Polyaniline Prepared with the Ice-Templating Method

Various morphologies of polyaniline (PANI), such as microflakes stacked by 1D nanofiberes, porous microwebs, hemispheres, and nests piled by nanoparticles, were prepared through an ice-templating method, using different doping acids assisted by secondary solvent. The structure and morphology of these PANI were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, and scanning electron microscope images (SEM). Although the ice-templating method has been used for preparing conducting polymer materials with unique structures in recent years, to the best our knowledge, this is the first report on synthesizing PANI doped with polyoxometalates (POMs) using the ice-templating method assisted by secondary solvent to direct the polymerization of aniline. In this paper, the effects of doping acid and the secondary solvent on the morphology of PANI were investigated in detail. All the results showed that just the doping acids, POMs with unique nucleophilic oxygen-enriched sur...
Indigenous Youth Migration and Language Contact

Few studies ethnographically detail how Indigenous young people's mobility intersects with sociolinguistic transformation in an interconnected world. Drawing on a decade-long study of youth and language contact, I analyze Yup'ik young people's migration in relation to emerging language ideologies and patterns of language use in “Piniq,” (pseudonym), a Yup'ik village in Alaska, as villagers experienced a rapid language shift to English. Spatiotemporally situating young migrants’ experiences joining different peer groups at different times, I highlight how young people's linguistic repertoires and everyday negotiations of peer belonging in Piniq were intimately related to the accumulating (trans)local impacts of migration and schooling in the small but highly complex village context. I also show how taking youth migration and intragenerational, longitudinal timescales into account in rapidly transforming sociolinguistic settings can help bring into focus the layered simultaneity (Blommaert, 2005) of Indigen...
A life cycle assessment of advanced biofuel production from a hectare of corn

Conventional agricultural life cycle assessments (LCAs) measure greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for biofuel pathways as the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted per unit of energy provided by the pathway (i.e. gCO2e/MJ). This measure of GHG emissions, as computed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is then used to determine the extent to which the corresponding biofuel pathway complies with the GHG emission standards set forth by the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. Under current legislation, ethanol produced from corn grain is prohibited from qualifying as an advanced biofuel, even if it were to meet the GHG emission standards. This paper proposes a measure of GHG emissions based on a unit of land rather than the energy provided by a biofuel pathway utilizing only one feedstock. A hectare of corn thus provides two feedstocks for the biofuel pathway considered here; corn grain is used for production of ethanol while corn stover is subjected to fast pyrolysis for production of biochar and bio-oil. The bio-oil is then subsequently upgraded to a fuel suitable for use as a drop in fuel in internal combustion engines. A LCA of this pathway is conducted and it is found that such a pathway generates a 52.1% reduction in GHG emissions. This is a reduction that is sufficient to qualify the combined output of a hectare of corn as an advanced biofuel if the current restriction in EISA were removed.
An Efficient Correction Method to Obtain a Formally Third-Order Accurate Flow Solver for Node-Centered Unstructured Grids

A new method of obtaining third-order accuracy on unstructured grid flow solvers is presented. The method involves a simple correction to a traditional linear Galerkin scheme on tetrahedra and can be conveniently added to existing second-order accurate node-centered flow solvers. The correction involves gradients of the flux computed with a quadratic least squares approximation. However, once the gradients are computed, no second derivative information or high-order quadrature is necessary to achieve third-order accuracy. The scheme is analyzed both analytically using truncation error, and numerically using solution error for an exact solution to the Euler equations. Two demonstration cases for steady, inviscid flow reveal increased accuracy and excellent shock capturing with no loss in steady-state convergence rate. Computational timing results are presented which show the additional expense from the correction is modest compared to the increase in accuracy.
The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of dicyanoacetylene

Abstract The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of dicyanoacetylene, NC-CC-CN, is reported for the first time. It was measured in solution, and in the vapor at both low and high resolution. There are two band systems: Wavelength ϵ max in iso octane ƒ Vibrational structure Postulated transition 1 2800 A 8·4 ~2 × 10 −5 Numerous sharp bands about 20 cm −1 apart 1 Σ g + → 1 Σ − u 2 2680 A 171 ~4 × 10 −3 Four groups of six bands each, plus other weaker bands 1 Σ g + → 1 Δ u A vibrational analysis of the 2680 A system is given which shows quite convincingly that the transition, which is electronically forbidden, is made vibrationally allowed by π g vibrations. This is compatible with either 1 Σ u − or 1 Δ u symmetry for the upper state. The analogy to Beer's work on the polyacetylenes suggests strongly that the transition is 1 Σ g + → 1 Σ u , and that 1 Σ u − is the upper state for the other band system at 2800 A.
Release of leukocyte kallikrein mediated by IgE.

BRADYKININ is a vasoactive nonapeptide believed to mediate various acute inflammatory conditions1. Although its production in plasma is well defined1, an understanding of its role in disease is hampered by the lack of information about the mechanism by which it can be generated by an immune process or by any stimulus other than clotting. Immune release of a kinin-generating factor from perfused sensitised guinea pig lung has been reported2,3. The release is not, however, calcium-dependent and the factor may be a product not of the primary allergic reaction, but of a secondary event4. Substantial information is available, however, about the release of other mediators of inflammatory or allergic reactions—histamine, SRS-A, and ECF-A5. These are secreted after antigen challenge of basophils and mast cells sensitised with IgE antibody6–7. The release depends on calcium and temperature, requires energy and is controlled by hormone-receptor interactions which influence the intracellular level of cyclic nucleotides10–13. We have now demonstrated the immune release of an enzyme from human leukocytes that hydrolyses p-toluene sulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) and generates bradykinin from citrated human plasma. The release is initiated by the interaction of antigen or anti-IgE with cell-bound IgE6,14 and seems to be similar in mechanism to the release of histamine and the other mediators of the allergic response.
Mineral chemistry and zoning in eclogite inclusions from Colorado Plateau diatremes

Eclogite inclusions from kimberlitic diatremes on the Colorado Plateau contain intricately zoned garnet and pyroxene and unusual textures. Detailed electron microprobe traverses for a clinopyroxene-garnet-phengite-lawsonite-rutile assemblage show garnet zoning from Alm69Gr21Py10 (core) to Alm61Gr13Py26 (rim) and pyroxene zoning from Jd50 (core) through Jd77 to Jd55 (rim). Pyroxene cores are Cr-rich in another rock. Sharp compositional discontinuities and zoning reversals are preserved in garnet and pyroxene. Oscillatory zoning occurs in both phases on a 10–20 μm scale, with variations of up to 6% Py in garnet and 15% Jd in pyroxene. Phengite is unzoned and contains 74% celadonite endmember. Skeletal, pyroxene-filled garnet crystals are common in some rocks, and garnets in other rocks clearly began growth as shell-like crystals. Some rocks contain domains of coarse, prismatic pyroxene with very fine-grained, interstitial magnesium silicates. The texture appears to have resulted from crystallization in the presence of a fluid phase, and water pressure is inferred to have equalled total pressure during crystallization. Eclogite formation at high water pressure may reflect subcrustal crystallization. An analysis of error propagation shows that ferrous iron calculations from electron probe data are not meaningful for these jadeitic pyroxenes, and temperature differences between core and rim crystallization cannot be documented. The garnet textures and oscillatory zoning are unusual for metamorphic rocks, and they suggest disequilibrium crystallization after overstepping of reaction boundaries. All data fit a model of eclogite formation during cooling and metasomatism of basaltic dikes intruded into a cool upper mantle, but the results here do not preclude other origins, such as subduction zone metamorphism.
Ontogenesis of dopaminergic neurons in the post-natal rabbit retina: pre- and post-synaptic elements.

Abstract The post-natal development of several aspects of the dopaminergic system in the rabbit have been examined. Dopamine (DA) itself was barely detectable from soon after birth up to about 7 days of age. Thereafter, dramatic increases in the retinal content of DA and also of the two major enzymes involved in its biosynthesis were observed, approaching adult values by about 16 days. These changes occur when functional synapses are being formed as judged by electrophysiological and anatomical studies. On the other hand, the post-synaptic target of these neurons, DA-stimulated adenylate cyclase could be easily detected at 3 days of age and did not appear to undergo any dramatic changes in activity during development. The affinity of haloperidol for this receptor did, however, appear to decrease with age suggesting that the receptor is ‘born’ in a supersensitive state but attains ‘normal’ properties after the onset of DA neurotransmission. Depletion of DA stores during these early stages by irreversible inhibition of biosynthesis in vivo did not appear to halt the development of tyrosine hydroxylase or have any irrevocable effects on DA neurons. This suggests that the continued presence of neurotransmitter is not necessary for the developmental process to continue and that the commitment of particular neurons to become dopaminergic may be made earlier than 5–6 days post-natally.
640 Gb/s All-Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing Based on Pump Depletion in a PPLN waveguide

All-optical time-domain add/drop scheme based on pump depletion effect in a PPLN waveguide is demonstrated at 640 Gb/s. Less than 2 dB power penalty is for achieved for dropped, survived and added channels.
Impulsive stimulated scattering study of surface acoustic waves in metal and semiconductor crystals under high pressure

Impulsive stimulated scattering (ISS) has been used to obtain the orientation dependence of the velocity of the surface acoustic waves (SAW) on single crystal metal and semiconductor surfaces. The ISS data is presented for mechanically polished (001) plane of nickel and germanium, and (111) of aluminum at ambient pressure. The orientationally dependent ISS results for Ni (100) are compared with the results of Brillouin scattering measurement as well as calculation results. Finally, the results of high pressure ISS experiments are presented for the SAW on polycrystalline aluminum.
Kinetic parameters for heterogenous boron combustion reactions via the Cluster Beam approach

Abstract In the Cluster Beam method, singly ionized clusters of controlled size and composition are used as experimental “models” of macroscopic surfaces. Within this framework, it is possible to predict product distributions and kinetic parameters for elementary surface reactions over a wide range of temperatures and surface compositions. In some cases we can also derive thermodynamic information relevant to elementary reaction products and reaction intermediates. The fundamental assumptions, experimental methods, and data analysis techniques are described, and estimates are given for the reliability of Cluster Beam predictions. Our predictions are compared with the single case where good surface reactivity data are available from more conventional experiments. The technique is illustrated with detailed results for boron oxide cluster ion reactions with HF, which are used to predict kinetics related to boron oxide layer removal in fluorine-containing propellants, fuels, and explosives. Kinetic parameters and product distributions are then presented for elementary reactions of pure boron with a number of species including oxidizers, hydrocarbons, CS 2 , D 2 , BF 3 , and HF. While there are clearly varying degrees of uncertainty associated with our predictions, we believe that in the continued absence of surface chemistry data, our results provide a valuable tool for refining our picture of the elementary chemistry important in boron volatilization and combustion.
The effect of calcium and vitamin supplements on the incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps

BACKGROUND Recent attention has focused on calcium and certain vitamins as potential protective agents against colorectal neoplasia. METHODS Two case-control studies were conducted on patients who underwent colonoscopy between 1986 and 1988, comparing 297 patients with newly diagnosed adenomas with 505 controls (without current or prior history of neoplasia), and 198 patients with recurrent adenomas with 347 recurrent controls (with no current neoplasia, but with a history of polypectomy). Subjects were interviewed regarding their regular usage of supplementation with vitamins A, C, D, and E, or with calcium, multivitamins, or any vitamin supplements. RESULTS No consistent associations were observed with the use of any of these supplements. CONCLUSIONS More studies are necessary to confirm these findings. It may be necessary to develop other chemopreventive agents, such as aspirin, for colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 1996;78:723-8.
Improving the Uncertainty Analysis of NIST's Pulse Parameter Measurement Service

A new uncertainty analysis is being performed for NIST?s pulse parameter measurement service that represents the new pulse parameter measurement and extraction process. This new analysis is expected to have lower uncertainties compared to those presently reported.
Homogeneous enzyme-linked competitive binding assay for riboflavin

A rapid and precise homogeneous enzyme-linked competitive binding assay for riboflavin (vitamin B2) is described. The method utilizes a malate dehydrogenase/3-carboxymethylriboflavin conjugate in conjunction with soluble riboflavin binding protein. In the absence of the vitamin, the catalytic activity of the enzyme/riboflavin conjugate is inhibited up to 71% by the binding protein. In the presence of riboflavin, activity is regained in an amount dependent on the riboflavin concentration. The detection limits of the dose/response curves are dependent on both the degree of conjugation (average number of 3-carboxymethylriboflavins per enzyme molecule) and the reagent ratio (conjugate/binder) used in the assay tube. Under optimized conditions, a detection limit of 3 ng ml−1 of riboflavin can be achieved with high selectivity over other vitamins and biomolecules. While malate dehedrogenase activity is inhibited to some degree by components of human urine, use of riboflavin standards prepared in a diluted urine matrix enables the method to be utilized for direct determination of urinary riboflavin.
Relationship between social support and body mass index among overweight and obese African American women in the rural deep South, 2011-2013.

Introduction African American women in the Deep South of the United States are disproportionately obese, a condition strongly influenced by their social environment. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of social support from family and friends for healthy eating and exercise in rural communities. Methods This study is an analysis of a subgroup (N = 195) of overweight and obese African American women from a larger ongoing weight loss trial (N = 409) in rural communities of the Alabama Black Belt and Mississippi Delta. The Social Support and Eating Habits Survey and Social Support and Exercise Survey were used to measure support from family and friends for healthy eating and exercise, respectively. Linear regression was conducted to determine the association between social support factors and body mass index (BMI). Results Concurrently prevalent in our sample were encouraging support for healthy eating (family, median,14.0; range, 5.0-25.0; friends, median, 13.0; range 5.0-25.0) and discouraging support for healthy eating (family, median, 12.0; range, 5.0-25.0; friends, median, 11.0; range, 5.0-25.0). Median scores for support for exercise received in the form of participation from family and friends were 24.0 (range 10.0-48.0) and 24.0 (range 10.0-50.0), respectively. The median score for support for exercise in the form of rewards and punishment from family was 3.0 (range, 3.0-11.0). Social support factors were not associated with BMI. Conclusion Overweight and obese African American women in the rural Deep South experience minimal social support from family and friends for healthy eating and exercise. Given the evidence that social support promotes healthy behaviors, additional research on ways to increase support from family and friends is warranted.
Changes in straight-ahead eye position during adaptation to wedge prisms

If S is instructed to look straight ahead before adapting to laterally displaced vision, he does so without noticeable error. After adapting, however, in response to the same instruction, he may rotate his eyes as much as 8° toward the the displaced visual target. This is the change in judgment of the direction of gaze which Helmholtz identified in 1867 as an important physiological mechanism in adaptation to prisms. It leads to more accurate reaching behavior by causing S to make a visual judgment that the target is closer to straight ahead than it was when he first looked through the prisms. This type of adaptive change (change in judgment of the direction of gaze, oculomotor change) can be measured either by manual judgments (difference between successive “straight ahead” and “visual target” judgments) or by changes in straight-ahead eye position. It may be described as a parametric adjustment in the oculomotor control system, and is closely analogous to the eye movement which subserves the recovery of binocular fusion in prism vergence.
Contraceptive need, counseling, and provision at the time of human papillomavirus vaccination on a catch-up schedule.

Abstract Study Objective Human papillomavirus vaccination may be given on a catch-up schedule to individuals between 13-26 years of age. Young women receiving human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination during this time of adolescence and young adulthood may be at risk for pregnancy. We aimed to describe contraceptive need and contraceptive care for females at the time of HPV vaccination on a catch-up schedule. Design We performed a cross-sectional study of adolescents and young women who received HPV vaccination between June 2006 and May 2010. Setting University of Illinois Health Sciences Center. Participants Females aged 13-26 years. Main Outcome Measures Proportion of females receiving contraception counseling and provision at time of catch-up HPV vaccination. We used descriptive and chi-square statistics for analysis. Results 507 females, mean age 22 years, received HPV vaccination in the study period. Initiation of heterosexual activity was documented for 472 (94%). Of those who were currently sexually active, 316 (80%) were using contraception. The majority of all subjects (76%) were counseled on contraception at vaccination. Sexually active females were more likely to be counseled than those who had not initiated sexual activity (77% vs 54%, P = .002). Those vaccinated in primary care clinics were more likely to be counseled than in colposcopy clinics (87% vs 36%, P Conclusion Young women presenting for HPV vaccination are often at risk of pregnancy. Onset of sexual activity and clinical site were associated with contraceptive care. HPV vaccination represents an opportunity to improve access to contraceptive care.
Submaximal angioplasty and staged stenting for severe posterior circulation intracranial stenosis: a technique in evolution.

Introduction: Severe medically refractory intracranial stenosis portends a grave prognosis. Recent advances in stent technology have enabled clinicians to treat these lesions. Evidence in the coronary literature suggests that stenting without predilation angioplasty is as safe and effective as stenting immediately preceded by predilation angioplasty for the treatment of severely stenotic lesions. Because of marked differences in vessel histology and differences in the sensitivity of the cerebral and coronary vascular beds to embolic insult, direct stenting of severe intracranial stenoses may be more prone to neurological complications than a conventional or staged stenting procedure. Methods: We reviewed our clinical experience with conventional, direct, and staged stenting for high-grade stenoses involving the posterior intracranial circulation. We also reviewed the literature and experimental data supporting the rationale for staged stenting. Results: In our experience, no permanent neurological morbidity was identified in four patients treated with a staged approach. In contrast, one of three patients with conventional stenting of the basilar artery and two of four patients treated with direct basilar stenting had permanent neurological sequelae. Conclusion: For patients with high-grade posterior circulation intracranial stenoses involving the perforator-rich zones of the basilar artery, staged stenting may reduce procedure-related morbidity. A staged approach allows for plaque stabilization resulting from postangioplasty fibrosis, which may protect patients from “snowplowing,” embolic shower of debris, or dissection. Further clinical, in vivo, and histological investigation is warranted.
Sexual behavior: its genetic control during development and adulthood in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Courtship behavior in Drosophila melanogaster males is an innate behavior pattern. Whether or not a fly will display male courtship behavior is governed by the action of a set of regulatory genes that control all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation. The wild-type function of one of these regulatory genes, transformer-2 (tra-2), is necessary for female sexual differentiation; in the absence of tra-2+ function XX individuals differentiate as males. A temperature-sensitive tra-2 allele has been used to investigate, by means of temperature shifts, when and how male courtship behavior is specified during development. The removal of tra-2ts function in the adult (by a shift of the tra-2ts mutant flies to the restrictive temperature) can lead to the appearance of male courtship behavior in flies that otherwise would not display these behaviors. These experiments suggest that the regulatory hierarchy controlling sexual differentiation is functioning in the adult central nervous system. More importantly, these results suggest that the adult central nervous system has some functional plasticity with respect to the innate behavioral pattern of male courtship and is maintained in a particular state of differentiation by the active control of gene expression in the adult.
Configurational Entropy and Solute Correlation in Disordered Alloys

which sets the excess entropy proportional to the mean value of the logarithm of the intensity. As an example of application, a concise analysis for pair correlations and thermodynamic properties at equilibrium is carried out. The result coincides with the spherical model for alloys, a variant of the Ising model resembling the Gaussian model of Clapp and Moss but far exceeding it in accuracy. In this manner the merit of the proposed entropy formulation is established, THE concern of the present investigation is with the thermodynamics of disordered binary alloy crystals as affected by deviations of the solute distribution from randomness. The Warren-Cowley short-range order coefficients 1 provide a way of characterizing the statistical arrangement of solute in such a material. A principle attribute of the short-range order coefficients is the direct relation between their Fourier transform and the diffuse intensity of X-rays or thermal neutrons scattered by an alloy crystal. With the short-range order coefficients one can also formulate the dependence of alloy properties such as the energy of mixing 2'3 upon the state of aggregation of the solute. Likewise Cowley has used the shortrange order coefficients to formulate the configurational entropy of mixing. 1'2 By suitable manipulation the expression for the energy of mixing can be converted to an equivalent form employing the diffuse intensity in place of the short-range order coefficients. Certain practical and conceptual advantages accrue by this procedure, including the fact that the elastic free energy, arising when the component atoms differ in size, is readily expressed in terms of the same intensity function. 4 The aim of the present investigation is to show that advantage is also gained by utilizing the intensity to formulate the configurational entropy of mixing. Using Cowley's result as a guide, we propose a more compact function in terms of the diffuse intensity. The merit of the proposed entropy function is tested by combining it with the parallel expression for the energy of mixing to form the free energy of mixing. Minimizing the result yields formulas for the thermodynamic functions and pair correlations at equilibrium, which are then evaluated by comparison with known formulas obtained by other means. While the emphasis here is on the entropy, auxiliary findings are noted having to do with an improved for
Variability in Pediatric Splenic Injury Care: Results of a National Survey of General Surgeons

Background Although nonoperative management is the standard of care for hemodynamically stable children with blunt splenic trauma, significant variation in practice exists. Little attention has been given to physician factors associated with management differences. Design Nationally representative mail survey conducted in June 2008. Setting United States. Participants Ten percent random sample of active, dues-paying fellows in the American College of Surgeons. Main Outcome Measures Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward pediatric splenic injury management, including the role of clinical practice guidelines. Results Almost all of the 375 responding surgeons (97.4%) agreed that surgical intervention is not immediately necessary for hemodynamically stable children. However, surgeons reported significant disagreement regarding whether blood should be administered before operative intervention for hemodynamically unstable children and whether explorative surgery is needed for stable patients with evidence of contrast extravasation on computed tomography. Only 18.7% of surgeons reported being very familiar with the clinical practice guidelines for the management of pediatric blunt splenic trauma from either the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma or the American Pediatric Surgical Association. Surgeons who were very familiar with either guideline were significantly more likely to rate the guidelines as beneficial (90.0% vs 72.8%,P = .002). Conclusions General surgeons reported varying degrees of familiarity with and use of clinical practice guidelines for pediatric splenic injury management. Limited pediatric experience and lack of pediatric hospital resources may limit more widespread adoption of nonoperative management. Targeted educational interventions may help increase surgeon knowledge of guidelines and best practices.
The Impact of Student Self-efficacy on Scientific Inquiry Skills: An Exploratory Investigation in River City, a Multi-user Virtual Environment

This exploratory study investigated data-gathering behaviors exhibited by 100 seventh-grade students as they participated in a scientific inquiry-based curriculum project delivered by a multi-user virtual environment (MUVE). This research examined the relationship between students’ self-efficacy on entry into the authentic scientific activity and the longitudinal data-gathering behaviors they employed while engaged in that process. Three waves of student behavior data were gathered from a server-side database that recorded all student activity in the MUVE; these data were analyzed using individual growth modeling. The study found that self-efficacy correlated with the number of data-gathering behaviors in which students initially engaged, with high self-efficacy students engaging in more data gathering than students with low self-efficacy. Also, the impact of student self-efficacy on rate of change in data gathering behavior differed by gender. However, by the end of their time in the MUVE, initial student self-efficacy no longer correlated with data gathering behaviors. In addition, students’ level of self-efficacy did not affect how many different sources from which they chose to gather data. These results suggest that embedding science inquiry curricula in novel platforms like a MUVE might act as a catalyst for change in students’ self-efficacy and learning processes.
On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language

Rachel Giora, On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. ix, 259. Hb $55.The goal of this book is to explore the extent to which salient meanings – meanings that are decoded in our mental lexicon and foremost on our mind – affect our speech production and comprehension. “It aims to shed light, primarily empirically, on how, in addition to contextual information, salient meanings and senses of words and fixed expressions shape our linguistic behavior” (p. 9). According to Rachel Giora's graded salience hypothesis, salient meanings are more accessible than less salient ones. Of the multiple meanings of a given word or expression, the most salient one, which can be either literal or figurative, is always activated first regardless of context.
Figured worlds: Environmental complexity and affective ecologies in Fanjingshan, China

Abstract This paper takes environmental complexity to task by offering a way to understand the heterogeneity of an ecosystem in terms of its components’ relations rather than in terms of individuals (disaggregate) or wholes (aggregate). To do so, we use Escobar's notion of redes (networks) and Deleuze and Guattari's ideas about human/environment relations as they relate to understanding the practical, political and emotional complexities of change in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve (FNNR), Guizhou Province, China. A critical issue in the reserve relates to the resource-use relations between local farmers and an endangered snub-nosed monkey species, Rhinopithecus brelichi . Deleuze and Guattari point to understanding complexity through affective ecologies, while Escobar's work is particularly useful in connecting local activism, eco-tourism, and community networks in an attempt to contest globalized hegemonic discourses that do not necessarily support sustainability at the local level. The 21,000 farmers within FNNR have an intimate knowledge of their local environment that derives from day-to-day living and, for some farmers, from generations living in a particular area. The paper discusses some of the actions of local farmers that are variously connected to, and emotionally charged around, sustainability and the preservation of the snub-nosed monkey.
Support for Harsh Criminal Sanctions and Criminal Justice Beliefs: A Social Dominance Perspective

Much of the criminal justice literature indicates that people’s support for harsh criminal sanctions such as the death penalty is strongly related to their beliefs about deterrence and their beliefs about retribution. In this paper, using social dominance theory as our organizing framework, we expand upon this literature by showing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is also related to support for harsh criminal sanctions, as well as to deterrence and retribution beliefs. In addition, we show that the relationships between SDO, on the one hand, and support for various forms of severe criminal sanctions, on the other, are mediated by deterrence and retribution beliefs.
Magma mixing: petrological process and volcanological tool

Abstract Magma mixing is a widespread, if not universal igneous phenomenon of variable importance. The evidence for magma mixing is found primarily in glassy tephra; the consolidation of lava obscures the evidence. Inclusions of glass in big crystals in tephra, because of their greater range in composition compared to the whole rock and the residual glass, indicate that the big crystals were derived from separate systems which mixed together prior to and during eruption. The observed or reconstructed concentration of K2O in inclusions of glass in large crystals represent the composition of the contaminant and host systems. Selective enrichment in K2O during entrapment of melt by growing crystals is shown to be negligible. The weight percents of K2O in host, contaminant and residual glass and bulk rock determine the proportions of contaminant and host required to yield either the residual glass or bulk rock. In several cases the proportion of contaminant required is substantially larger than the proportion of crystals in the hybrid magma; therefore, by heat budget argument, the contaminant was partly liquid when contamination began. In some tephra individual phenocrysts contain glasses which are more silicic toward the center of the crystal indicating that the crystal grew from a melt whose composition changed in the opposite sense to that expected for progressive solidification of a closed system. Space time associations of compositionally distinct glassy tephra with contaminated magmas suggest coexistence of basaltic and silicic melts within magma systems. Evidence of contamination is present in most tephra studied so far. Magma mixing appears to be the prevalent process whereby contamination occurs. Magma mixing seems to be particularly evident in systems where there is independent evidence for a vapor-saturated magma reservoir. Probably vapor saturation promotes mixing in magma systems. Magma mixing probably is an important mechanism of compositional diversification (differentiation) of volcanic rocks from continental margin and possibly other environments. Textural evidence of the onset of magma mixing can be related to disturbance of a complex reservoir immediately before ascent and eruption. Thus, conditions before mixing can be ascribed to the reservoir. In this way it is possible to learn about the reservoir: its composition, its diversity, its depth, its walls. It is also possible to learn about the causes of eruption: whether by increase in gas pressure due to either progressive consolidation, or heating from below by an injection of hot magma, or by encounter with ground water; whether by buoyant rise. Evaluation of these problems requires also a thorough knowledge of the chronology of particular eruptions. Thus, magma mixing is a useful volcanological tool.
Ewing's sarcoma: surgical resection as a prognostic factor☆

A retrospective review of 46 cases of Ewing's (43) and extraosseous Ewing's (3) sarcoma was performed to examine for prognostic factors. Follow-up ranged from 27 to 135 months with a mean of 77.6 months, 86% greater than 36 months. Nine (20%) patients presented with distant metastases, 98% received multiagent chemotherapy, and 98% received radiation therapy. Overall actuarial survival and local control at 5 years were .52 +/- .08 and .78 +/- .07, respectively. The freedom from relapse or treatment related mortality at 5 years was .46 +/- .08. In 12 (26%) patients, surgical resection of the involved bone or soft tissue was part of the initial treatment plan. Ninety-two percent (11/12) of these patients also received radiation therapy. In addition to surgical resection, tumor size (less than 500 cc vs. greater than or equal to 500 cc), primary site (central vs. other), and stage were also analyzed for prognostic significance, and where appropriate, were included in Cox multivariate analyses. Considering all patients, the 5-year actuarial survival was .92 +/- .08 vs. .37 +/- .09 for patients receiving and not receiving surgical resection, respectively (p = .001 by logrank, p = .02 by Cox). To make the groups more comparable, 8 patients with local failure and 5 patients with non-evaluable primary sites were excluded. After these exclusions, the presence or absence of surgical resection had decreased significance: .92 +/- .08 vs. .59 +/- .11, respectively; p = .01 by logrank, p = .07 by Cox. Only primary site remained statistically significant: .86 +/- .08 for noncentral sites vs. .38 +/- .16 for central sites, p less than .0002 by logrank, p = .0004 by Cox. Surgical resection when added to local irradiation has prognostic significance in this retrospective review. The reason for this is not clear, but may be related to a decrease in local failure after resection.
Effects of changes in intraoperative management on recovery from anesthesia: a review of practice improvement initiative

Our anesthetic practice was hindered by inadequate postanesthesia care unit space resulting in operating room inefficiencies. In response, an anesthetic protocol designed to reduce the duration of postanesthesia stay by decreasing residual anesthetic sedation and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was introduced. Here the impact of this practice change is analyzed.
Lipoprotein lipase activity of milk from cows with prolonged subclinical mastitis.

Abstract The influence of prolonged subclinical mastitis on bovine milk lipoprotein lipase activity was investigated. Nine cows with at least one quarter with prolonged subclinical mastitis and at least one nonmastitic quarter were selected in various stages of lactation. Milk from subclinical quarters had a mean somatic cell count of 5.7×10 6 cells/ml while milk from nonmastitic quarters had an average somatic cell count of 9.4×10 4 cells/ml. Quarters with a subclinical infection contained the same pathogenic organisms for a minimum of 6 wk. The average milk lipoprotein lipase activity of 108.7 units/ml milk from subclinical quarters was 27.1% higher than the average enzyme activity of 79.2 units/ml milk from nonmastitic quarters. Conditions present in the mammary gland during prolonged subclinical mastitis could lead to increased milk lipoprotein lipase activity in raw milk.
A Phenomenological Case Study of Communication Between Clinicians About Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment

Introduction. Communication between clinicians related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessment is challenging because it involves a number of individuals. While the communication process might be more efficient if these individuals worked together, research on ADHD-specific collaborative care models is scarce. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the parties with whom prescribers communicate and how they collaborate. Methods. Providers were interviewed, and the data were analyzed using a phenomenological case study approach. Results. The results suggested that there were communication breakdowns between providers and teachers that hindered the assessment process. Discussion. Communication related to ADHD assessment may be more complex than theoretical models may conceptualize.
Criteria for Electric, Magnetic or Electromagnetic Field Bioeffects Investigations

Most of the research on biological effects of electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields has been done with small rodents that have many physical and physiological attributes significantly different from those of man. Even closely related species can differ widely in their responses. The literature is replete with “anomalous” reactions. Thus, results of exposure of common laboratory animals cannot be readily extrapolated to man unless a comparative biology approach and some form of “scaling” among different animal species, and from animal to man, is used in an appropriate manner to obtain quantitatively valid extrapolation relationships from the observed data.
Hole mobility and remote scattering in strained InGaSb quantum well MOSFET channels with Al2O3 oxide

Group III–V compound semiconduc-tors due to their better transport properties (mobility, effec-tive mass, injection velocity) have significant advantages over Si-based metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for high-speed and low-power digital applications. Substantial progress has been made in n-type InGaAs MOSFETs over the last 5–7 years [1–3] which also requires parallel development of p-type MOS-FETs for future high performance CMOS applications. The group III–Sb semiconductors have the highest bulk hole mobility among compound semiconductors, and in a strained two-dimensional channel a lower “in-plane” effec-tive mass corresponding to the heavy hole subband, as compared to their major p-type competing material, Ge [4]. The potential superior transport in inversion layers of 2% strained InGaSb semiconductors was projected by Monte-Carlo simulations [5] and more recently demonstrated in long-channel p-MOSFETs by a few groups [6, 7]. Superior transport properties are a major reason why III–V’s are considered for advanced CMOS circuits. How-ever, placing the semiconductor channel in close proximity to the high-k gate oxide reduces mobility significantly in a way similar to the Si or n-type InGaAs channels due to in-terface roughness, soft phonon, and remote Coulomb scat-tering (RCS) [8–11]. Understanding of the transport degra-dation mechanisms due to interface and oxide scattering is an important issue, and the corresponding baseline data will constitute a basis for comparison of prospective p-type materials for novel CMOS circuits.
Effect of Ambient Temperature and Fuel on Particle Number Emissions on Light- Duty Spark-Ignition Vehicles

To better understand the impact of ambient temperature and fuel on the emissions of ultrafine particles from spark ignition light-duty vehicles, experiments were conducted to examine the impact of ethanol-gasoline mixtures, compressed natural gas (CNG), and ambient temperature, on the size distribution and number emissions of particles. Vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer under controlled conditions of ambient temperature spanning from 60 to 85°F. A dual fuel vehicle operating with CNG and 6% ethanol-gasoline blends (E6); and a flex fuel vehicle operating with four different ethanol-gasoline blends E6, 35% ethanol (E35), 65% ethanol (E65) and 85% ethanol (E85) was evaluated to understand fuel effects. Changes in vehicle operating temperature, which included the combustion air temperature, over the ranges of 60 to 85°F showed no clear impact on fine particle emissions. Likewise, no significant changes in particle number or particle size distributions were observed between CNG and E6 fuels. However, tests with the flex fuel vehicle, which were able to examine higher ethanol concentrations in the fuel showed large decreases in particle number emissions as ethanol levels increased to E65 and E85.
Suicide warning signs in clinical practice

This review discusses suicide warning signs in clinical practice and has three simple goals: 1) to help practitioners differentiate in a clinically meaningful fashion between warning signs and risk factors for suicide; 2) to articulate the link among warning signs for suicide, hopelessness, and intent to die; and 3) to assist practitioners in applying warning signs in day-to-day clinical practice, doing so in a concrete and effective manner.
Violating expectations of color order

An exploration of emotion in color communication is presented in this paper. It begins with an outline of a proposed theory of emotion and a hypothesis of how color may induce emotion. A discussion follows that details what is essential in a color message to predict emotional responses. Experiments are described that might assist in validating the theory put forth in this paper.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Sunscreens on UV Radiation-Induced Enhancement of Melanoma Growth in Mice

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to UV radiation plays a significant role in the development of melanoma skin cancers. As early surgical removal of the melanoma is the only effective therapy, current strategies for reducing mortality from melanoma focus on prevention of the disease. Chemical sunscreens protect mice from development of skin cancers that resemble sunlight-induced human squamous cell cancers, but there appears to be a complex relationship between UV radiation exposure and development of melanoma. PURPOSE We asked whether common sunscreens would protect mice against UV radiation-induced enhancement of melanoma incidence. METHODS C3H mice were exposed to 4.8 kJ/m2 UVB from FS40 sunlamps twice a week for 3 weeks. Sunscreens containing 7.5% 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate, 8% octyl-N-dimethyl-p-aminobenzoate, 6% benzophenone-3, or the oil-in-water vehicle alone were applied to the ears and tails of the mice 20 minutes before irradiation. At various times during and after exposure, we determined UV radiation-induced inflammation by measuring ear swelling. We also examined the ears histologically for UV radiation-induced alterations. One day after the final irradiation, 2.5 x 10(4) syngeneic K1735 melanoma cells were injected into the external ears. Mice were examined weekly for tumor growth for 5-8 weeks after tumor cell injection. Control mice were treated in the identical way except for exposure to UV radiation. RESULTS The incidence of melanomas was significantly higher in the UV-irradiated mice. All three sunscreens protected against UV radiation-induced ear swelling and clearly diminished histopathologic alterations, including sunburn cell formation, epidermal hyperplasia, and mononuclear cell infiltrate in the dermis. However, the sunscreens failed to protect against UV radiation-induced increase in melanoma incidence. The sunscreens or vehicle alone did not significantly alter tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Protection against sunburn does not necessarily imply protection against other possible UV radiation effects, such as enhanced melanoma growth. IMPLICATIONS Sunscreen protection against UV radiation-induced inflammation may encourage prolonged exposure to UV radiation and thus may actually increase the risk of melanoma development. These findings suggest that further research on the ability of sunscreens to prevent melanoma is urgently needed.
Lithium (1‐Hexynyl)(2‐tri‐n‐butylstannylvinyl)cuprate

[91158-78-0] C20H38CuLiSn (MW 467.78) InChI = 1S/C6H9.3C4H9.C2H2.Cu.Li.Sn/c1-3-5-6-4-2;3*1-3-4-2;1-2;;;/h3,5-6H2,1H3;3*1,3-4H2,2H3;1-2H;;; InChIKey = DQCSKAFKKDCLFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mixed organocuprate; introduces vinylstannane group) Preparative Method: prepared in situ from 1-Hexynylcopper(I) and (E)-1-Lithio-2-tributylstannylethylene.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive; use in a fume hood.