cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androgen uptake in the female reproductive system of a nonhuman primate

Abstract The nuclear uptake and retention of 3 H-dihydrotestosterone ( 3 H-DHT) were studied in the reproductive organs of the female rhesus monkey by autoradiography. Ovariectomized and adrenalectomized adult female monkeys were injected with 1 μg of 3 H-DHT (107 Ci/mmole) and were exsanguinated 1 hour later. The uterus, cervix, vagina, and fimbriae of the fallopian tubes were removed and processed for autoradiography. Localization of the androgen was observed in the nuclei of fibroblasts, but not in the nuclei of smooth muscle and tissues of the blood vessels, of all four organs. The uptake of androgen by the epithelium varied for each organ. The simple columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube demonstrated nuclear labeling, but the epithelium of the uterus did not. The cells of the germinative layer of the stratified squamous epithelium of both the cervix and vagina exhibited nuclear concentration of label; however, the simple columnar epithelium of the cervix contiguous with the uterus was free of label. The results suggest that androgens may have a physiologic role in the female reproductive organs, and that the therapeutic effect of drugs such as danazol may be mediated via an androgen receptor.
WFPC2 Observations of Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds: I. The LMC Globular Cluster Hodge 11

We present our analysis of Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 observations in F555W (broadband V ) and F450W (broadband B) of the globular cluster Hodge 11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy. The resulting V vs. B − V color-magnitude diagram reaches 2.4 mag below the main-sequence turnoff (which is at VTO = 22.65 ±0.10 mag or M TO V = 4.00 ±0.16 mag). Comparing the fiducial sequence of Hodge 11 with that of the Galactic globular cluster M92, we conclude that, within the accuracy of our photometry, the age of Hodge 11 is identical to that of M92 with a relative age-difference uncertainty ranging from 10% to 21%. Provided that Hodge 11 has always been a part of the Large Magellanic Cloud and was not stripped from the halo of the Milky Way or absorbed from a cannibalized dwarf spheroidal galaxy, then the oldest stars in the Large Magellanic Clouds and the Milky Way appear to have the same age.
Heroic Efforts: The Emotional Culture of Search and Rescue Volunteers

ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1 Studying Peak Search and Rescue 2 Joining Up 3 Socializing Heroes4 Dealing with Crisis: Rescuers' Emotions 5 Dealing with Others in Crisis: Managing Victims' and Families' Emotions 6 Labeling Heroes: Letters from Survivors and Families 7 The Emotional Rewards of Rescue Work 8 Heroic Efforts Notes References Index About the Author
Perceived Barriers to Trying Self‐Management Approaches for Chronic Pain in Older Persons

Objectives: To examine older persons' willingness to participate in exercise and relaxation programs for managing chronic pain, to identify characteristics associated with willingness to participate, and to ascertain their barriers to participation. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: A geriatric ambulatory care practice located in New York, New York, and the General Clinical Research Center of Weill Cornell Medical College. Participants: Sixty-eight English-speaking patients aged 70 and older with chronic pain. Measurements: Participants' level of willingness to participate in the programs was assessed using 5-point Likert scales, and information regarding their demographic, clinical, psychological, and pain status was obtained. Qualitative methods were used to ascertain participants' perceived barriers to participation. Results: Participants had a mean age±standard deviation of 81.9±7.0 and were mostly white (85%) and female (68%). Although only 16% of participants reported current use of exercise as a pain-management strategy, 73% reported a willingness to try the exercise program. Four percent reported current use of relaxation methods; 70% reported an interest in learning these techniques. Moderate correlations were found between increasing days of restricted activity due to pain and greater willingness to participate. Seventeen unique barriers were identified; the mean number of barriers reported per person was 2.9±1.8 for exercise and 2.2±1.4 for relaxation. Commonly reported barriers to participating in either program included time conflicts, transportation, treatment efficacy concerns, and fear of pain or injury. Conclusion: Older primary care patients with chronic pain are willing to try exercise and relaxation therapies to help manage pain but report a substantial number of barriers to participating in these programs. Addressing patient-level barriers could improve engagement in and adherence to exercise and relaxation therapies for managing pain in older persons.
Swing-free transport using variable structure model reference control

A variable structure model following control system design is proposed to reduce the vibrational motion of a suspended object transported by an overhead crane. The plant and the input matrices of the system are uncertain. The only information available about the uncertain parameters is the bounding sets in which they lie. A variable structure control law is developed to force the states of the uncertain system to track the states of a reference model. The control law also forces the system trajectories to hit a switching surface and slide along the surface where the system response is insensitive to parameter variations. The tracking error does not asymptotically decrease to zero; instead the error is bounded. This bound can be made arbitrarily small. The control law is developed for a general case and computer simulation results are provided to illustrate the application of the theory to a simple pendulum system.
Will Kinase Inhibitors Make it as Glioblastoma Drugs

Kinase inhibitors have emerged as effective cancer therapeutics in a variety of human cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, represents a compelling disease for kinase inhibitor therapy because the majority of these tumors harbor genetic alterations that result in aberrant activation of growth factor signaling pathways. Attempts to target the Ras—Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)—mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) axis in GBM with first generation receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors and rapalogs have been disappointing. However, there is reason for renewed optimism given the now very detailed knowledge of the cancer genome in GBM and a wealth of novel compounds entering the clinic, including next generation RTK inhibitors, class I PI3K inhibitors, mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs), and dual PI3(K)/mTOR inhibitors. This chapter reviews common genetic alterations in growth factor signaling pathways in GBM, their validation as therapeutic targets in this disease, and strategies for future clinical development of kinase inhibitors for high grade glioma.
A Comparison of Stillborn Birth Weights and Postmortem Weights

Birth weights obtained by the nurses in the labor and delivery room were compared with the postmortem weights examination prospectively in 212 stillborns. The effects of gestational age, degree of maceration, birth weight, gender, and time elapsed from delivery to postmortem examinations were also examined. There were 96 female and 116 male stillborns in the study. The gestational ages ranged from 14 to 42 weeks. The degree of maceration ranged from 0 to 5, 0 being no maceration and 5 representing the most extreme condition, which was mummification. There was an average of a 50 g decrease in the weights of all stillborns when their birth weights and postmortem weights were compared. This was equal to an average relative weight loss of 7.1%. When all the variables were examined, only the degree of maceration and gestational age were identified to play significant roles in weight loss (P < 0.0001 for both). A higher degree of maceration meant more weight loss, whereas older gestational age led to less weight loss. There is significant discrepancy between the birth and postmortem examination weights of stillborns. Although gender, birth weight, and time elapsed from delivery to postmortem examination did not have any significant effects, the degree of maceration and gestational age affected the observed weight loss. In stillborns, birth weights are more accurate than weights obtained at postmortem examination.
An agent-based conception of models and scientific representation

I argue for an intentional conception of representation in science that requires bringing scientific agents and their intentions into the picture. So the formula is: Agents (1) intend; (2) to use model, M; (3) to represent a part of the world, W; (4) for some purpose, P. This conception legitimates using similarity as the basic relationship between models and the world. Moreover, since just about anything can be used to represent anything else, there can be no unified ontology of models. This whole approach is further supported by a brief exposition of some recent work in cognitive, or usage-based, linguistics. Finally, with all the above as background, I criticize the recently much discussed idea that claims involving scientific models are really fictions.
Polyaniline coated poly(butyl methacrylate) core–shell particles: roll-to-roll printing of templated electrically conductive structures

Polyaniline coated poly(butyl methacrylate) core–shell particles were synthesized and formulated into electrically conductive colloidal inks appropriate for use in roll-to-roll printing. Since the first demonstration of an organic field-effect transistor, a specific interest in fabricating low-cost, large area organic electronics through the exploitation of conventional ink-jet, screen, or roll-to-roll printing technologies has developed. Using a commercial roll-to-roll printing press, interdigitated test figures were printed with the core–shell colloidal ink down to a line thickness of ca. 40 µm. The printed zones exhibited a conductivity of ca. 0.5 Ω−1 cm−1, though this conductivity could be modified by altering the composition of the ink to include more uncoated poly(butyl methacrylate) particles. Heating the printed zone above 35 °C allowed the core to flow, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties of the printed zone.
Depression of excitatory synaptic input in rat striatal neurons

Abstract Intracellular recording of rat striatal neurons was performed in vitro to investigate posttetanic changes in the excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) elicited by stimulation of the corpus callosum. Tetanic stimulation induced posttetanic potentiation (PTP) in 11 of 12 cells. The PTP decayed in 1–5 min and was followed by either a short or long duration depression of the EPSP in 10 of 12 neurons. The remaining two neurons examined showed a slight enhancement of the EPSP that lasted for 30 min after the tetanus. The group of cells demonstrating short-duration depression (n = 3) were characterized by a decay of the depression to the control level by 15–20 min posttetanus. The EPSP in the remaining cells showing depression (n = 7) showed a maintained depression for the entire recording session. Blockade of GABAA receptors with bicuculline (30 μM) or NMDA receptors with APV (50 μM) did not effect the induction of long-lasting depression of the striatal EPSP. The data indicates that the corticostriatal pathway can undergo enduring forms of use-dependent synaptic plasticity. This type of synaptic modification may participate in the refinement of movement and contribute to striatal related learning and memory.
FLAT PROTON SPECTRUM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.

The longitudinal momentum distribution of the final detected proton in $\mathrm{pp}$ inclusive reactions is flat for energies ranging from 20 to 1500 GeV. We show how this can be understood in the diffractive model, and how this information provides a way for calculating the average multiplicity and the pion longitudinal momentum distributions in $\mathrm{pp}$ inclusive reactions. No arbitrary parameter is used. The agreement with experiment is remarkably good.
ANATOMIC AND PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB AND RANIBIZUMAB AFTER VITRECTOMY AND LENSECTOMY

Purpose To determine the anatomic characteristics and pharmacokinetic properties of intravitreally placed bevacizumab and ranibizumab after pars plana lensectomy or pars plana vitrectomy and to compare these with nonoperated control eyes in a rabbit model.
Experimental study of flame stabilization in low Reynolds and Dean number flows in curved mesoscale ducts

Abstract Flame stabilization during non-premixed combustion in curved ducts with a diameter of the order of magnitude of the premixed flame thickness of the reactants was investigated experimentally, since it has been established that this is a configuration with potential advantages in the context of “micro”-combustion. It was shown that, in such “mesoscale” tubes, a stable flame oscillation including extinction/re-ignition phenomena can be established for steady boundary conditions. These oscillations lead, under appropriate conditions, to sound emission in the 50–350 Hz range. This was a mode of stabilization in addition to the “classical” steady flamelet, stabilized through thermal losses to the duct walls at higher values of the Reynolds number. Curvature of the duct was shown to have minimal effect on reactant mixing, which was diffusion-controlled, but significantly affected flame thickness and stabilization. To probe the fuel-oxidizer mixing in the U-shaped, optically accessible tubes, laser induced fluorescence of acetone fuel dopant was used, and the flame structure was studied using OH PLIF. The various stabilization regimes are discussed in terms of the Reynolds and Dean numbers of the tube flow.
Serotonin Stimulates Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Release from Superfused Rat Hypothalami

Spontaneous and induced TRH release from fragments of the male rat mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) superfused in vitro for several h were studied by means of a specific and sensitive RIA. Recovery of exogenous TRH added to superfusion chambers with or without tissues was 98%. The spontaneous release of TRH over the initial 60 min of superfusion was 0.31 pg/MBH · min. The MBH TRH content was 2128 pg/MBH or 238 pg/mg after 4 h of superfusion. Results from serial dilutions of MBH superfusates and MBH extracts showed inhibition curves parallel to that of synthetic TRH. In a chromatographic column system, similar samples eluted undistinguishable from synthetic TRH. A high dose of K+ given as a pulse triggered an immediate TRH release (280% of basal) that peaked during the first 10 min of collection. MBHs stimulated with a 1-h 60-mM K+ infusion sustained a 7-fold increase in TRH release. Pulses of serotonin (initial concentration in chambers, 2 × 10-8 M) stimulated TRH release to 466% of basal control values. Mor...
Cytokines in pancreatic carcinoma: correlation with phenotypic characteristics and prognosis.

BACKGROUND Cytokines have been implicated in diverse processes that are relevant to pancreatic carcinoma, including cachexia, asthenia, and tumor growth. The objective of this study was to examine the association between serum levels of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory or angiogenic cytokines and the outcomes of patients with pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS Serum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 51 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and from 48–62 healthy volunteers. Cytokine levels were compared with disease manifestations and overall survival. RESULTS Circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and IL-1β were not elevated significantly in patients with pancreatic carcinoma, but levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were elevated significantly (P 5.2 pg/mL or IL-10 levels > 9.8 pg/mL had significantly worse survival compared with patients who had lower IL-6 or IL-10 levels (P < 0.05). IL-8 levels were not associated with survival differences. Patients who had IL-1RA levels < 159 pg/mL had significantly worse survival compared with patients who had higher IL-1RA levels (P < 0.05). Higher IL-6, IL-10, and IL-8 levels were associated with poor performance status and/or weight loss. In multivariate analysis, only T4 tumors and high IL-6 levels were selected as independent prognostic factors for poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Circulating levels of several cytokines were high in patients with pancreatic carcinoma, and their association with weight loss and poor performance status suggested that they may be involved in these disease manifestations. Furthermore, serum cytokine levels, in particular IL-6, may be a useful prognostic marker. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Population inversion in the outer layers of a radiating gas

Abstract On the basis of solutions to the coupled radiative transfer equations for multiplet lines, we present simple physical arguments on the expected distribution of population among closely spaced energy levels in the ground, or a low-lying state, of an atom or molecules. It is shown that uncoupling of the multiplet lines will occur in the outer layers of a radiating gas, producing population ‘anomalies’ in the fine structurestates associated with the upper and/or lower levels of the multiplet transitions. Order of magnitude estimates suggest that the mechanism is able to account for some aspects of the 18 cm OH emission, though better solutions of the coupled transfer equations are needed before proper observational comparison is possible. For atomic systems, it is suggested that atoms with p and p 2 configurations may be expected to have inverted populations among the ground state levels. A list is given of infrared and submillimetric lines which may show amplification in astronomical sources. Two lines of CI are accessible to ground based (high altitude) instrumentation, and rough estimates suggest that these may repay a diligent search.
Esophageal Replacement with Colon in Children: Functional Results and Long-term Growth

Twenty-three children consecutively undergoing colon interposition for esophageal replacement were evaluated with barium swallows, clinical interviews, and questionnaires. Fourteen patients underwent colon interposition because of caustic burns of the esophagus only or of the hypopharynx and esophagus. Nine children had long-segment esophageal atresia or esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula and are included in our operative group. The mean follow-up was 12.8 years for all patients. Strictures, leaks, and colon ischemia at the proximal anastomosis represent the major morbidity for the operative procedure. Analysis of growth charts reveals that patients who ingest lye tend to remain in the 50th percentile after colon transplant, while patients with esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula who had been in the 12th percentile preoperatively improved to the 33rd percentile after successful transplantation. Radiographic examinations, functional results, and growth curves demonstrated excellent results in 20 patients. Although the choice of a conduit for esophageal replacement is controversial, the surgeon can expect good long-term function and growth with the use of colon in children.
Low-temperature method of de-ashing petroleum coke

1. A method of low-temperature de-ashing of petroleum cokes with nitric acid has been studied. 2. Upon prolonged treatment of petroleum cokes with nitric acid it is possible to attain practically complete removal of ash impurities from them. 3. A scheme in principle has been suggested for a process of de-ashing petroleum coke.
Religion, personality, and aging : A life span perspective

A life span model of development provides the framework for examining the relation between religion and personality in aging persons. This article emphasizes the interplay of constancy and change in adult religious life. Important contextual factors that influence religion and personality are noted. A discussion of generativity and ego integrity shows how the maturing personality can embrace religiously motivated acts of justice and mercy as well as a deepening of spiritual life. Also discussed are the ways religion encourages generativity and ego integrative processes. The article concludes with suggestions for future studies of religion, personality, and aging utilizing a life span model of development.
A Bayesian Perspective on the Analysis of Unreplicated Factorial Experiments Using Potential Outcomes

Unreplicated factorial designs have been widely used in scientific and industrial settings, when it is important to distinguish “active” or real factorial effects from “inactive” or noise factorial effects used to estimate residual or “error” terms. We propose a new approach to screen for active factorial effects from such experiments that uses the potential outcomes framework and is based on sequential posterior predictive model checks. One advantage of the proposed method is its ability to broaden the standard definition of active effects and to link their definition to the population of interest. Another important aspect of this approach is its conceptual connection to Fisherian randomization tests. Extensive simulation studies are conducted, which demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach over existing ones in the situations considered.
First Demonstration of Polarization-Multiplexing Combined with On-Chip Mode-Division-Multiplexing

Polarization-multiplexed data is transmitted jointly with on-chip 2-mode mode-division-multiplexed data. Error-free operation and 5 dB of power penalty at an aggregate 40-Gb/s data rate are demonstrated, showing potential for pol-mux and mode-division-multiplexing networks on chip.
Bone Morphogenic Proteins: Applications in Spinal Surgery

The prospect of predictable and reliable oseteogenesis without the need for secondary bone grafting to treat a wide spectrum of spinal disorders is tremendously appealing. Recombinant human bone morphogenic proteins (rhBMP) have been the subject of extensive basic science, animal, and clinical research as a potential therapeutic modality to promote bony fusion. Animal studies and prospective, randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of rhBMPs as an adjunct or substitute to autogenous bone graft in the specific treatment of certain spinal conditions. The future role of rhBMPs in spinal surgery applications remains to be determined and will be dependent upon future investigations evaluating 1) the efficacy in a variety of spinal conditions and environments, 2) the optimal dose and delivery system, 3) the long-term safety profile (immunogenicity, antibody formation), and 4) the cost effectiveness of these therapeutic growth factors.
DNA synthesis by antibody-forming cells during the primary immune response.

THE mechanism of the rapid increase in specific antibody-producing cells during the primary immune response may involve cell division, cell “recruitment”, or a combination of both. The use of mitotic blocking agents has indicated that very rapid cell division, stimulated by antigen, alone accounts for the rapid increase in haemolytic plaque-forming cells during the primary response by the mouse to sheep erythrocytes1. Several autoradiographic studies were also interpreted to indicate an antigen-stimulated increase in the rate of division by plaque-forming cells during the primary response2,3. One group has, however, interpreted its own and other autoradiographic data to indicate that antigen does not stimulate more rapid division by plaque-forming cells4,5. Two of these studies2,5 involved examination of plaque-forming cells only, sampled on one day. The other two studies3,4 were severely limited in sensitivity by the technique for examining DNA synthesis—continuous exposure to 3H-thymidine from the time of antigen administration to the time of death.
Naloxone rapidly evokes endogenous kappa opioid receptor-mediated hyperalgesia in naïve mice pretreated briefly with GM1 ganglioside or in chronic morphine-dependent mice

Low-dose naloxone-precipitated withdrawal hyperalgesia is a reliable indicator of physical dependence after chronic morphine treatment. A remarkably similar long-lasting (>3-4 h) hyperalgesia is evoked by injection of a low dose of naloxone (10 microg/kg, s.c.) in naive mice after acute pretreatment with the glycolipid, GM1 ganglioside (1 mg/kg) (measured by warm-water-immersion tail-flick assays). GM1 treatment markedly increases the efficacy of excitatory Gs-coupled opioid receptor signaling in nociceptive neurons. Co-treatment with an ultra-low-dose (0.1 ng/kg, s.c.) of the broad-spectrum opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone or the selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine, blocks naloxone-evoked hyperalgesia in GM1-pretreated naive mice and unmasks prominent, long-lasting (>4 h) inhibitory opioid receptor-mediated analgesia. This unmasked analgesia can be rapidly blocked by injection after 1-2 h of a high dose of naltrexone (10 mg/kg) or nor-binaltorphimine (0.1 mg/kg). Because no exogenous opioid is administered to GM1-treated mice, we suggest that naloxone may evoke hyperalgesia by inducing release of endogenous bimodally acting opioid agonists from neurons in nociceptive networks by antagonizing putative presynaptic inhibitory opioid autoreceptors that "gate" the release of endogenous opioids. In the absence of exogenous opioids, the specific pharmacological manipulations utilized in our tail-flick assays on GM1-treated mice provide a novel bioassay to detect the release of endogenous bimodally acting (excitatory/inhibitory) opioid agonists. Because mu excitatory opioid receptor signaling is blocked by ultra-low doses of naloxone, the higher doses of naloxone that evoke hyperalgesia in GM1-treated mice cannot be mediated by activation of mu opioid receptors. Co-treatment with ultra-low-dose naltrexone or nor-binaltorphimine may selectively block signaling by endogenous GM1-sensitized excitatory kappa opioid receptors, unmasking inhibitory kappa opioid receptor signaling, and converting endogenous opioid receptor-mediated hyperalgesia to analgesia. Co-treatment with kelatorphan stabilizes putative endogenous opioid peptide agonists released by naloxone in GM1-treated mice, so that analgesia is evoked rather than hyperalgesia. Acute treatment of chronic morphine-dependent mice with ultra-low-dose naltrexone (0.1 ng/kg) results in remarkably similar rapid blocking of naloxone (10 microg/kg)-precipitated withdrawal hyperalgesia and unmasking of prominent opioid analgesia. These studies may clarify complex mechanisms underlying opioid physical dependence and opioid addiction.
Symmetry-Dependent Strong Reduction of the Spin Exchange Interactions in Cs2CuCl4 by the 6p Orbitals of Cs+ Ions

Despite a three-dimensional arrangement of its CuCl(4)(2-) ions, the magnetic properties of Cs(2)CuCl(4) are explained by a two-dimensional frustrated triangular antiferromagnetic spin-lattice. The origin of this low-dimensional magnetism was explored by evaluating the spin exchange interactions of A(2)CuCl(4) (A = Cs, Rb, K, Na) on the basis of first principles density functional calculations. The calculated spin exchange parameters agree with experiment only when the Cs(+) ions located between the CuCl(4)(2-) ions are not neglected. The antiferromagnetic spin exchange interaction between adjacent CuCl(4)(2-) ions is strongly reduced by the 6p orbitals of the intervening Cs(+) ions when the arrangement of the CuCl(4)(2-) and Cs(+) ions has either mirror-plane or inversion symmetry. The observed magnetism of Cs(2)CuCl(4) arises from this symmetry-dependent participation of the 6p orbitals of the Cs(+) ions in the spin exchange interactions between CuCl(4)(2-) ions.
Transneuronal labeling in hamster brainstem following lingual injections with Herpes simplex virus-1

Brainstem projections to hypoglossal motoneurons innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue were determined using the transneuronal transfer of Herpes simplex virus-1. Injections of Herpes simplex virus-1 into the intrinsic muscles of the anterior tongue, the geniohyoid and styloglossus muscles each produced specific patterns of label within the hypoglossal nucleus that corresponded closely to the distributions of retrogradely labeled neurons produced by similar injections of horseradish peroxidase. With relatively short survival times, Herpes simplex virus-1 injections further labeled neurons in both the brainstem reticular formation lateral to the hypoglossal nucleus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Intrinsic lingual muscles injections of Herpes simplex virus-1 labeled reticular formation neurons distributed laterally along the entire anterior-posterior length of hypoglossal nucleus. In contrast, labeled reticular formation neurons in the immediate vicinity of the hypoglossal nucleus following extrinsic muscle injections, were located lateral to intermediate and anterior levels of hypoglossal nucleus. Thus, despite extensive areas of overlap, there was evidence for a differential distribution of pre-hypoglossal reticular formation neurons along the anterior-posterior axis associated with different lingual injections. Most of the overlap occurred anteriorly, at a level where the nucleus of the solitary tract abuts the fourth ventricle. The potential importance of this area in lingual integrative function was further suggested by camera lucida reconstructions that showed overlapping dendritic fields of labeled neurons in the reticular formation and nucleus of the solitary tract. The dendritic fields of other labeled neurons located more rostral and lateral in the reticular formation sometimes extended into the rostral (gustatory) nucleus of the solitary tract and spinal trigeminal nuclei, suggesting possible multisynaptic pathways through which tactile and gustatory information might influence hypoglossal nucleus. Not all injections of Herpes simplex virus-1 produced label in the hypoglossal nucleus. Some injections into the anterior tongue labeled neurons in the reticular formation near the exiting facial nerve, a region containing populations of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Other injections, particularly into the extrinsic lingual muscles, labeled brainstem neurons associated with the sympathetic nervous system, e.g. nuclei raphe magnus and pallidus, the rostral ventrolateral reticular formation, and neurons in the A5 region. These patterns of labeled neurons within the brainstem are suggestive of a differential autonomic innervation of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Branching restrictions and banking costs

Abstract Previous research of banking costs has been limited by the choice of the functional form, irregularities in the estimated cost functions, and a failure to rigorously examine the difference between banks in branching states and banks in unit-banking states. This paper addresses these shortcomings. Banks are modelled as three-input-three-output cost minimizing firms. A three equation system is estimated using 1985 Functional Cost Analysis data. The findings indicate that banks in unit-banking states experience diseconomies of scale Banks in branching states experience diseconomies of scale at the bank level but economies of scale at the branch level. We also find evidence of economies of scope for branch-state banks but not for unit-state banks.
Biomimetic total synthesis of tricycloillicinone and mechanistic studies toward the rearrangement of prenyl phenyl ethers

The paper describes a short and biomimetic synthesis of tricycloillicinone, which was found to enhance the action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The synthetic route has two critical reactions: bulky, oxygenophilic methylaluminum bis(4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) (MABR) promoted rearrangement of prenyl phenyl ether and photochemical cyclization. Furthermore, experiments were designed to explore the process of MABR promoted rearrangement. It was found that stereochemistry of deuterium labeled prenyl group was only partially scrambled, which suggests that there may be two possible reaction pathways involved in this process. It also suggests that the direct migration of prenyl group to para-position under these conditions is slightly favored over the Claisen-Cope process. The highly efficient synthetic route also provides important new opportunities to explore the biological behavior of tricycloillicinone.
Throughput performance of an adaptive ARQ scheme in Rayleigh fading channels

Using a simulation study we analyze the throughput performance of Yao's adaptive ARQ scheme in time-varying channels. The simulation takes into account the Rayleigh amplitude and the fast or the slow fading characteristics of a wireless channel, under a representative M-FSK modulation and Reed-Solomon coding scheme. We show that, for a specific set of design parameters, Yao's adaptive procedure works well for all channel fading rates, except for moderately slow rates. By observing variations of packet error rates at a specified SNR we provide an explanation for these varied behaviors under different channel fading rates.
Abstract A05: Phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway promotes colon cancer stem cell proliferation

Introduction. The cancer stem cell (CSC) model posits that a select cell-subpopulation exists in solid tumors that sustain tumorigenesis. Previously, we have shown that aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) enriches colon CSCs (CCSC) from sporadic colon cancer. In this study, Affymetrix microarray was used to screen for differences between ALDH hi and ALDH lo cells isolated from sporadic human colon adenocarcinoma. As a result, the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was identified as a potential regulator of CCSC growth and differentiation. Functional assays demonstrate that inhibition of PI3K results in significant reduction in proliferation and colony formation of by CCSCs. Experimental Procedures. Unbiased Expression-Profile Analysis: We implanted human CCSCs into flanks of NOD-SCID mice. Flow assisted cell sorting discriminated resulting tumor epithelia into ALDH hi and ALDH lo groups from 6 individual sporadic human adenocarcinomas, which were analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Proliferation Assay: Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation measured the effect of LY294002 (Calbiochem) (1-100 μM) on proliferation. Colony Assay: Methylcellulose colony assays were used to assess the effect of LY294002 on colony formation. Summary of Data. Expression Profile Analysis revealed 136 genes that were significantly up or down-regulated in the ALDH hi cell groups (>3-fold; p hi vs. ALDH lo CCSCs. Cell Proliferation Assay: LY294002 significantly inhibits CCSC proliferation with IC 50 ~ 50 μM and near complete inhibition at the dose of 100 μM (p Conclusions. We have previously shown that ALDH enriches colon cancer epithelia. Here we show that the PI3K signaling pathway is differentially expressed between ALDH hi and ALDH lo CCSCs derived from primary tumor xenografts. We demonstrate in vitro functional differences in CCSCs with drug-inhibition assays. Citation Format: Sugong Chen, Robert C. Fisher, Anitha K. Shenoy, Maria Cecilia Lopez, Lyle L. Moldawer, Henry V. Baker, Emina H. Huang. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway promotes colon cancer stem cell proliferation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A05.
Shear-wave anisotropy of active tectonic regions via automated S-wave polarization analysis

Abstract Using an automated “aspect ratio method” to evaluate shear-wave anisotropy from earthquakes recorded on arrays of three-component digital seismographs over the Bucaramanga nest of Colombia, the East Rift Zone of Hawaii, and the Phlegraean Fields uplift area of Italy, a shear-wave velocity anisotropy of 4–7% is observed. The anisotropy is attributed to tectonic processes acting either to align anisotropic minerals or to align stress-related cracks. At most fixed seismographs, the polarization of the leading S-phase is consistent from event to event, independent of earthquake location. On a regional basis, the polarization may vary from station to station, but a regional trend is apparent. For events from the Bucaramanga nest, Colombia, a small seismogenic volume at 160 km depth in a subducted plate, shear-wave splitting averages 0.5 ±0.1 s for more than 100 events. The polarization direction of the fast shear wave is 355°N± 15°, parallel to the strike of the Benioff zone. At the Phlegraean Fields, in Italy, which represent an active Quaternary caldera, the average shear-wave splitting observed from 51 events is 0.2 s, corresponding to a minimum velocity anisotropy of 7%. The strike of the inferred maximum compressive stress is consistent with values obtained from fault-plane solutions. In Hawaii, the polarization of the leading shear wave tends to parallel the strike of the East Rift Zone. Average velocity anisotropy is about 5% if one assumes that the entire travel path contributes to the observed splitting. However, station variations in fast shear-wave polarization direction imply that some of the splitting is due to near-station effects.
A Talent for Life: Reflections on Human Vulnerability and Resilience

Abstract This article explores the limitations of the dominant psychological trauma model. Drawing on the experiences and the aftermaths of chronic ‘states of emergency ‘ among shantytown families in rural Northeast Brazil, among hunted street kids in urban Brazil, and among revolutionaries and warriors of different political stripes following the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, I identify several features of human resilience, the sources of strength, toughness, hardiness, and relative immunity from personal and psychological collapse that we have come to associate with exposure to a variety of human calamities. We need to rethink our notions of trauma, violence and its sequalae. It wasn't ruthlessness that enabled an individual to survive – it was an intangible quality, not particular to educated or sophisticated individuals. Anyone might have it. It is perhaps best described as an overriding thirst – perhaps, too, a talent for life. terrencedes pres 1976
Autism in Fragile X Syndrome: A Category Mistake?

Objective Many investigators now routinely classify children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) according to whether or not they also meet diagnostic criteria for autism. To determine whether this classification is appropriate, we examined the profiles of autistic behaviors shown by boys and girls with FXS. Method Individuals with FXS, aged 5 to 25 years, were assessed on two established measures of autism, the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Results We found that 35.1% of boys and 4.3% of girls with FXS scored in the "autism" category on both instruments. Analysis of the symptom profile indicated that both boys and girls with FXS showed lower rates of impairment on communication and reciprocal social interaction items than the reference autism samples on the measures. Furthermore, a regression model showed that IQ was significantly negatively associated with the SCQ total score in both boys and girls with FXS, when controlling for age, medication use, and FMRP levels. Conclusions These data suggest that there are significant differences in the profile of social and communicative symptomatology in FXS compared with individuals diagnosed with idiopathic autism. Given these differences, the implementation of standard autism interventions for individuals with FXS may not be optimal. Maintaining the conceptual distinction between FXS (an established biological disease) and idiopathic autism (a phenomenologically defined behavioral disorder) may also facilitate the development of more targeted and thus effective interventions for individuals with FXS in the future.
Overview of emerging arboviruses

Numerous arboviral outbreaks during the past decade have demonstrated that arthropod-borne pathogens continue to be significant public and animal health threats. These outbreaks have occurred globally and have not been limited to tropical or developing countries, as people and goods can be moved anywhere in the world within days. Several examples of recent outbreaks have been described, including how they were identified, tracked and the resulting outcomes from these events. Fortunately, scientific research, including advances in rapid detection of this diverse group of pathogens, has also been progressing. While arboviruses are likely to continually emerge and re-emerge, improved scientific technologies and approaches will hopefully make each future epidemic less likely to occur.
WILL CULTURE SHOCK RESCUE THE HUMANITIES

(1977). WILL CULTURE SHOCK RESCUE THE HUMANITIES? The Review of Education: Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 389-396.
Sticky Substance on Eggs Improves Predation Success and Substrate Adhesion in Newly Hatched Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Instars

Oviparous species have evolved eggs with traits that provide protection, nutrients, or symbionts for the offspring. In the assassin bug genus Zelus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), newly hatched first instars have been observed to collect a sticky substance from their eggs and coat it on their legs. Here, we tested the hypotheses that the sticky substance improves predation success and substrate adhesion ability of the Zelus renardii Kolenati first instar, Z. renaidii instars that had access to the sticky substance imposed higher mortality on adult flies and became dislodged at higher wind speeds than instars without access to sticky substance.
Radiation-Induced Interface-State Generation in MOS Devices

The time dependence of interface-state generation in metal and polysilicon gate MOS devices has been investigated. In contrast to results obtained by previous workers, we find that for metal gate devices there can be a significant "prompt" component of interface-state buildup. This prompt component is accompanied by a slow buildup of interface-states, which is still increasing at 500 sec., and is similar to what has been observed previously. For polysilicon gate capacitors there is a time dependent component of interface-state generation that is considerably more rapid than for metal gate devices. The time dependent component of interface-state generation for polysilicon gate capacitors begins within 10 msec after a pulse of radiation and is more than 50 percent complete by 1 sec. The rapid buildup of interface-states for polysilicon gate devices, and the prompt component for metal gate devices, will affect the electrical response of MOS devices in a weapon environment. The existence of more than one component of interface-state buildup indicates that more than one mechanism may be responsible for interface-state generation.
Verbal elaboration and the promotion of transfer of training in educable mentally retarded children.

Abstract The ability of 23 educable retarded children to transfer verbal elaboration techniques to a standard paired-associate task was tested following one, two, or no elaboration experiences. An additional 18 retardates were tested in two outside control conditions, which were used to identify the effects of reversal experience (R-S recall) on acquisition and transfer. Since analyses revealed no differences in performance attributable to reversal experience, the two outside control conditions were combined with the appropriate experimental conditions for further statistical analyses. Relative to the performance of subjects not receiving elaboration experience, those receiving one elaboration experience showed little evidence of transfer while those receiving two elaboration experiences revealed quite clear transfer performance. The relevance of these findings to previous failures to find transfer and their implications for educational practice are discussed.
The ability of current micro-velocity models to represent center-limb line profiles

We present results on the ability of microturbulence, LTE line formation, and a homogeneous thermal model to realistically represent the center-limb variation of temporally and spacially averaged solar line profiles. We have used three somewhat similar semi-empirical thermal models in combination with five current microturbulence models which cover the gamut of homogeneous-isotropic to nonhomogeneous-anisotropic. From high resolution photoelectric data for λ λ5000–6000 at five μ-values (1, 0.63, 0.4, 0.25, 0.16) obtained at KPNO, we selected 17 Fe i and 5 Fe ii line profiles to unblend and symmetrize for study. An iterative scheme has been developed to calculate theoretical profiles for the various combination of models and compare them to the observed profile using the abundance at each limb position and the magnitude of the pressure broadening at the center of the disc as parameters. We find that a microturbulence model, for which the radial and tangential components increase into deeper layers with ξtan>ξrad, produces a reasonable good center-limb fit for lines less than 100 mA. However, for lines stronger than 140 mA, microturbulence models with no depth dependence produce the best match between theory and observation. Thus, there is reason to question the uniqueness of the microturbulence concept.
Posttraumatic stress disorder׳s dysphoria dimension and relations with generalized anxiety disorder symptoms

The present study investigated symptom relations between two highly comorbid disorders – posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) – by exploring their underlying dimensions. Based on theory and prior empirical research it was expected that the dysphoria factor of PTSD would be more highly related to GAD. As part of a longitudinal project of mental health among Ohio National Guard Soldiers, 1266 subjects were administered the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to examine two models of PTSD and to determine which PTSD factors were more related to the GAD factor. The results indicate that the GAD factor was significantly more highly correlated with PTSD's dysphoria factor than with all other PTSD factors, including PTSD's reexperiencing factor, avoidance factor, and hyperarousal factor. Results indicate GAD was not significantly more highly correlated with numbing than most other factors of PTSD. The results are consistent with prior research. Implications of the results are discussed in regards to PTSD in DSM-5, comorbidity and diagnostic specificity.