cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron-binding ligands and humic substances in the San Francisco Bay estuary and estuarine-influenced shelf regions of coastal California

Abstract Dissolved iron (dFe) and organic dFe-binding ligands were determined in San Francisco Bay, California by competitive ligand exchange adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) along a salinity gradient from the freshwater endmember of the Sacramento River (salinity 26). A range of dFe-binding ligand classes was simultaneously determined using multiple analytical window analysis, involving titrations with multiple concentrations of the added ligand, salicylaldoxime. The highest dFe and ligand concentrations were determined in the low salinity end of the estuary, with dFe equal to 131.5 nmol L− 1 and strong ligand (log K F e L , F e ′ cond ≥ 12.0) concentrations equal to 139.5 nmol L− 1. The weakest ligands (log K F e L , F e ′ cond K F e L , F e ′ cond > 11.0) were tightly coupled to dFe throughout the estuary, with average excess ligand concentrations ([L]–[dFe]) equal to 0.5 nmol L− 1. Humic-like substances analyzed via both CLE-ACSV and proton nuclear magnetic resonance in several samples were found to be a significant portion of the dFe-binding ligand pool in San Francisco Bay, with concentrations ranging from 559.5 μg L− 1 to 67.5 μg L− 1 in the lowest and highest salinity samples, respectively. DFe-binding ligands and humic-like substances were also found in benthic boundary layer samples taken from the shelf near the mouths of San Francisco Bay and Eel River, suggesting estuaries are an important source of dFe-binding ligands to California coastal shelf waters.
Thermochemistry of the gas phase equilibria i-C3H7I C3H6 + HI, n-C3H7I i-C3H7I, and C3H6 + 2HI C3H8 + I2 ☆

Abstract Equilibrium constants of the reactions given in the title were measured spectrophotometrically in the gas phase between 241.8 K and 342.5 K. These results and others were used to obtain the entropies and enthalpies of formation of n- and i-propyl iodide, as well as to point out the possibility of a small discrepancy in the values for propane and propylene. The group values [see reference 2] carried over from the thermochemical properties of 1,2-di-iodoethane and 1,2-di-iodopropane would fit the above thermochemical quantities well, indicating the absence of any 1,2-I—I interaction. The best values are: n-C3H7I i-C3H7I C-(C)(H)2(I) C-(C)2(H)(I) ΔH f o (298.15 K)/kcal mol −1 −7.4 −9.4 8.0 10.5 S o (298.15 K)/cal K −1 mol −1 81.0 77.6 43.0 21.3 Measured values of the equilibrium constants for n-PrI and i-PrI formation from HI + C3H6 allow “best” values to be selected for forward and reverse rate constants for these reactions and also for the I-atom catalyzed reactions.
The mediating role of avoidance coping between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, mental health, and substance abuse among women experiencing bidirectional IPV

Avoidance coping is consistently linked with negative mental health outcomes among women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). This study extended the literature examining the potentially mediating role of avoidance coping strategies on both mental health and substance use problems to a highly generalizable, yet previously unexamined population (i.e., women experiencing bidirectional IPV) and examined multiple forms of IPV (i.e., psychological, physical, and sexual) simultaneously. Among a sample of 362 women experiencing bidirectional IPV, four separate path models were examined, one for each outcome variable. Avoidance coping mediated the relationships between psychological and sexual IPV victimization and the outcomes of PTSD symptom severity, depression severity, and drug use problems. Findings indicate nuanced associations among IPV victimization, avoidance coping, and mental health and substance use outcomes.
Making and Keeping Friends: A Thematic Unit to Promote Understanding of Peer Relationships in Young Children

(1996). Making and Keeping Friends: A Thematic Unit to Promote Understanding of Peer Relationships in Young Children. Childhood Education: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 219-224.
A comparison of the effects of antitumor agents upon normal human epidermal keratinocytes and human squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract The pharmacologic responses of normal and malignant epidermal cells to chemotherapeutic agents were examined in a system which consists of a serum-free "defined" medium. The effects of methotrexate (MTX), fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), and hydroxyurea upon cell growth, DNA synthesis, thymidylate synthase activity, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity were compared in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), newborn epidermal cells (NEC), human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-25), and a methotrexate-resistant human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15 R ). Normal keratinocytes were found to be 10 3 to 10 4 times less sensitive to the effects of MTX and FUDR than the malignant cells with respect to growth and DNA synthesis. The differential sensitivity to MTX and FUDR was not due to differences in growth media, increased target enzyme activity, e.g., DHFR and thymidylate synthase, or impaired transport of these drugs. The results indicate that the mechanism for the increased sensitivity of the squamous cell carcinoma to MTX and FUDR must involve a process which is distal to the de novo synthesis of dTMP.
The slow ERG potentials in hereditary retinal dystrophy of albino and pigmented rats.

The slow ERG potentials of different sites of generation—PI, PII-related and Slow PIII—were studied at different ages in normal and mutant rats reared in a dark environment. The manifestations of these potentials in the normal rat were similar to the adult rabbit although their amplitudes in comparison to the b-wave were lower. They were peculiarly dependent on age and were highest during the fifth week of age. In the adult, normal pigmented rats, early PI components slightly exceeded Slow PIII but Slow PIII dominated in the records from adult albinos. In the mutant albino or pigmented rats, all slow ERG components were evident at the age of 21 days except the late positive transient of PI. The negative transient of PI disappeared after 26 days but a slow c-wave survived beyond 5 weeks. The iodate-isolated Slow PIII was better preserved than any PI component but it also was sluggish in response to the cessation of illumination. Responses to azide and thiocyanate were well preserved in 4-month-old mutants. The preservation of PI was generally better at any age for the pigmented than the albino mutants. An interpretation of the findings, based upon previous analyses in the rabbit—Slow PIII originating in the distal Muller cell process, PI generated by the pigment epithelium—leads to the conclusions (a) that the electrical properties of the pigment epithelium are not primarily affected in the dystrophic rat and (b) that the accumulation of debris impedes the chemical communication between still functioning photoreceptors and pigment epithelium as well as distal Muller cell processes.
Cat retinal ganglion cell dendritic fields.

Abstract Retinal ganglion cells of the cat were stained by the techniques of Golgi (silver) and Ehrlich (in vivo methylene blue). These neurohistological techniques presumably stain a few nerve cells completely, and hence allowed the study of the form of the dendritic expansion of the cat ganglion cells. The dendritic expansions of all the cells studied ended in one plane within the inner plexiform layer; no multistratified types of cells were seen. The dendritic fields were more or less circular with the cell bodies placed centrally. The size distribution of the dendritic fields was bimodal. Sizes between 70 and 200 μ and from 400 to 700 μ were found. It is suggested that for the cat retinal ganglion cells the size of the dendritic field is related to the size of the center region of the corresponding (physiologically determined) concentric receptive field.
Influence of various steroids on the oxidative function of rat tissue preparations.

This study was undertaken to ascertain what influence steroid hormones may have on tissue respiration, and secondly, if any effect could be demonstrated, which specific enzymes were involved. Early in the course of our work Gordon and Elliot (1947) reported that testosterone and other steroids depressed the in vitro aerobic respiration of rat brain in the presence of glucose. More recently Eisenberg, Gordon, and Elliot (1949) have reported that testosterone suspensions inhibit the oxygen uptake of rat brain, liver, and striated muscle slices. Our studies confirm and extend these studies. In this communication data on the inhibitory action of various steroids on oxygen uptake of liver, kidney, and brain preparations are presented, while another paper (Hayano and Dorfman, 1950) deals specifically with the inhibition of the D-amino acid oxidase system by desoxycorticosterone. Slices.—Livers, kidneys, and brains of adult male albino rats (100–200 g.) were removed shortly after the animals had been decapitated...
Observational Aspects of the Three-dimensional Coronal Structure Over a Solar Activity Cycle

Solar rotational tomography is applied to almost eleven years of Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph C2/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory data, revealing for the first time the behavior of the large-scale coronal density structures, also known as streamers, over almost a full solar activity cycle. This study gives an overview of the main results of this project. (1) Streamers are most often shaped as extended, narrow plasma sheets. The sheets can be extremely narrow at times (≤0.14 × 106 km at 4 R ☉). This is over twice their heliocentric angular thickness at 1 AU. (2) At most times outside the height of solar maximum, there are two separate stable large helmet streamer belts extending from mid-latitudes (in both north and south). At solar minimum, the streamers converge and join near the equator, giving the impression of a single large helmet streamer. Outside of solar minimum, the two streamers do not join, forming separate high-density sheets in the extended corona (one in the north, another in the south). At solar maximum, streamers rise radially from their source regions, while during the ascending and descending activity phases, streamers are skewed toward the equator. (3) For most of the activity cycle, streamers share the same latitudinal extent as filaments on the disk, showing that large-scale stable streamers are closely linked to the same large-scale photospheric magnetic configuration, which give rise to large filaments. (4) The poleward footpoints of the streamers are often above crown polar filaments and the equatorial footpoints are above filaments or active regions (or above the photospheric neutral lines which underlie these structures). The high-density structures arising from the equatorial active regions either rise and form the equatorial footpoints of mid-latitude quiescent streamers, or form unstable streamers at the equator, not connected to the quiescent streamer structure at higher latitude (so there are often three streamer sheets sharing the same extended longitudinal region). (5) Comparison between the tomography results and a potential field source surface model shows that streamers are not necessarily associated with a magnetic polarity reversal, but rather are regions containing field lines arising from widely separated sources at the Sun. We call these convergence sheets. (6) There is considerable differential rotation of streamers at high latitudes, which makes comparison between disk and coronal structure complicated. The presence of differential rotation has implications for many areas of coronal and heliospheric research.
Experimental investigations of intraocular eicosanoids: cultured human trabecular cells and laser photocoagulation of the rabbit iris

The significance of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids in normal ocular physiology and in ocular disease is not well understood. We have utilized cultured human trabecular cells and an in vivo model of laser-induced inflammation in the rabbit eye to gain information concerning eicosanoid biosynthesis and its regulation in the anterior segment. Further investigations using these experimental paradigms should help to elucidate the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of eicosanoids in the eye.
Notes on infant psychotherapy

The idea of „infant psychotherapy” is easily misunderstood, especially by those who associate psychiatry with images of crazy behavior. Nevertheless, there is a type of activity conducted by adults with infants, discussed with increasing frequency in recent literature, which is best understood in an analogy with adult psychotherapy. This activity may be called infant psychotherapy or infant-centered activity. Briefly, it consists of encouraging the infant to take the lead, and asking the adult in charge to follow or „track” the infant's behavior as unobtrusively as possible. This is more easily said than done, and the present work tries to show why this is so. A discussion of the maternal-infant program at the Milwaukee County Mental Health Centre accompanies the observations.
On Modeling and Pulse Phase Estimation of X-Ray Pulsars

Mathematical models are developed to characterize the X-ray pulsar signals, and the pulse phase estimation problem is addressed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound for estimation of the pulse phase is presented. Depending on employing the photon counts or direct use of the measured photon time of arrivals, two different estimation strategies are proposed and analyzed. In the first approach, utilizing the epoch folding procedure, the observed pulsar rate function on the detector is retrieved, and the pulse phase is estimated through a nonlinear least-squares fit of the empirical rate function to the known pulsar rate function. It is shown that this estimator is consistent, but not asymptotically efficient. In the second strategy, a maximum likelihood (ML) estimation problem is formulated using the probability density function of the photon time of arrivals. It is shown that the ML estimator is asymptotically efficient. Computational complexity of the proposed estimators is investigated as well. The analytical results are verified numerically via computer simulations.
Core-polarization effects on the magnetic transitions in the 208Pb region

Abstract We show that there is a reduction of the magnetic transition strength at high momentum transfer due to core polarization. This accounts substantially for the observed reduction of 50% of the Jπ=12− and 14− transitions in 208Pb. The core polarization does not affect the shape of the high J form factors in the vicinity of their main peaks. However, a significant q-dependent effect is predicted for the ground state M1 moment of 207Pb.
Transforming leadership studies: Bernard Bass' leadership and performance beyond expectations

Bernie Bass provided me with an autographed copy of Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations (LPBE) in the fall of 1985. I had just arrived at Binghamton and, as new colleagues, we were discussing common research interests to develop some joint projects. When I first read LPBE, I concluded that it was an interesting and important book. As I have reread LPBE over the years, for my research and now for this review, I have realized that my initial conclusion was a gross understatement. In a recent review of Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership (Bass, 1990), the reviewers (Schriesheim, Scandura, Choto, & Gardiner, 1993) called it “a monumental work” and stated that “words are clearly insufficient to pay our debt to Bernie Bass for his many and continuing contributions to the field and for his continued contribution by way of the Handbook” (p. 108). I cannot help but believe that one of the many contributions Schriesheim et al. (1993) had in mind was LPBE, a monumental work in its own right. LPBE is monumental, not in terms of its size but in terms of its influence on a field of research. LPBE was a catalyst for research on the entire genre of leadership theories that we now call charismatic and transformational. Because LPBE was published eight years ago and is familiar to many of the readers of the Leadership Quarterly, I will keep the traditional chapter-by-chapter review brief. I wish to concentrate in this review more fully on the historical significance of LPBE and what has transpired since this seminal book was published.
Effects of pentobarbital, ethanol and morphine on subcellular localization of calcium and magnesium in brain.

Abstract The effects of acute and chronic administration of pentobarbital and ethanol and of acute administration of moprphine on the subcellular localization of calcium and magnesium were determined in brain. Acute administration of pentobarbital to mice significantly decreased the calcium content of synaptic plasma membranes, (SPM-1), while increasing the calcium content of extrasynaptosomal mitochondria. After chronic administration of pentobarbital, the calcium content of SPM-1 remained depressed but no other alterations were detected. Neither acute nor chronic treatment with pentobarbital altered the subcellular localization of magnesium in brain. Acute injection of morphine decreased the synaptosomal calcium concentration in rat brain. In contrast to these effects of pentobarbital and morphine, acute administration of ethanol to mice or rats failed to alter the calcium content of any subcellular fraction studied. In addition, acute treatment with either ethanol or morphine failed to alter the calcium or magnesium content of tissue samples from rat cortex. Chronic ethanol treatment did not alter the concentration of calcium in any subcellular fraction, but did decrease the concentration of magnesium in both myelin and serum. This finding is discussed in terms of the role of magnesium deficiency in chronic alcoholism. Taken together, these results indicate that pentobarbital, ethanol and morphine each produce distinct alterations in the subcellular localization of calcium and magnesium in brain.
An Update on Contraceptive Therapy Options

The introduction of new contraception formulations and different routes of administration offers women more options when choosing birth control methods. Despite new options, there are still risks to consider when prescribing contraception to women on an individual basis. In the past 5 years alone, there has been the introduction of extended and continuous cycle oral contraceptives, a new subdermal implant, and shorter hormone-free intervals in 28-day cycles. Cardiovascular risks including stroke, myocardial infarction, and venous thromboembolism are risks that must still be considered in certain populations. In 2005, the Food Drug and Administration issued a press release concerning the higher exposure to estrogen in the transdermal patch compared with 35-μg oral contraceptives. This statement led to concerns of serious adverse events. Women who have no contraindications for contraception continue to struggle with adherence to daily, weekly, and even monthly regimens. Patients must take responsibility for taking their contraception as scheduled or risk becoming pregnant. The relationship of weight and efficacy of combined hormonal contraception is a concern that many health care practitioners have, and unfortunately, the data available do not answer the question at this time. The most important aspect of prescribing contraception is communication with the patient. Taking complete histories and prescribing contraceptive methods on an individualized basis will offer the patient the optimal method available to the patient.
Inhibition of Glucocorticoid-induced Apoptosis in 697 Pre-B Lymphocytes by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor N-terminal Domain

The glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) share considerable structural and functional homology and bind as homodimers to hormone-response elements. We have shown previously that MR and GR can form heterodimers that inhibit transcription from a glucocorticoid (GC)-responsive gene and that this inhibition was mediated by the N-terminal domain (NTD) of MR. In this report, we examined the effect of NTD-MR on GC-induced apoptosis in the GC-sensitive pre-B lymphoma cell line, 697. In GC-treated 697 cells, we demonstrated that stable expression of NTD-MR blocks apoptosis and inhibits proteolytic processing of pro-caspases-3, -8, and -9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Importantly, gel shift and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed a direct association between the GR and amino acids 203–603 of NTD-MR. We observed down-regulation of c-Myc and of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bfl-1 as well as high levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bid. Conversely, cells stably expressing NTD-MR exhibited increased expression of Bcl-2 and Bfl-1 and diminished levels of Bid and Bax. These data provide a potential mechanism for the observed inhibition of cytochromec and Smac release from the mitochondria of NTD-MR cells and resultant resistance to GC-induced apoptosis. Thus, NTD-MR may mediate GC effects through heterodimerization with GR and ensuing inhibition of GC-regulated gene transcription.
Investigation of Failed Pin Carrier Plate for the Anti-Rotation Device in a Motor

Parts of the anti-rotation device expelled from a power plant motor were analyzed. The “anti-rotation” device prevents the pump from rotating backwards when there is pressure in the discharge line and the motor is off. Parts that were recovered include about 2/3 of the spring compression ring and an “ear” that apparently came from the missing segment of the spring compression ring. Results of this investigation revealed that a nearly simultaneous overloading occurred on both sides of the pin carrier plate as indicated by almost equal size fracture. At least two crack initiation sites were identified on both sides of the pin carrier plate. Under tensile loads, surface irregularities can lead to surface cracks resulting in the fracture of the plate. Areas rich in aluminum were identified (using energy dispersive spectroscopy) in the vicinity of surface irregularities. A number of suggestions on avoiding such failure are proposed.
Career Commitment: A Reexamination and an Extension.

Abstract Compared to the other forms of work commitment, there is a paucity of research on career commitment. In this article, the authors seek to address this relative gap in the literature by building on previous research on the correlates and antecedents of career commitment and adding “new” variables to the framework. More specifically, they investigate the effects of a few previously studied factors such as job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, and they add two more individual factors (need for achievement and work ethic) as well as some situational variables (organizational uncertainty/fear of job loss and job fit) that, to the best of their knowledge, have not been investigated in previous research. Furthermore, they examine the effects of extra-work variables (family involvement and number of dependents) on career commitment. Finally, they control for a number of key demographic variables. The authors find considerable support for the hypotheses that job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction are positively related to career commitment and find some support for a similar effect for need for achievement and work ethic. Furthermore, as predicted, fear of losing one's job was negatively related to career commitment, whereas “job fit” was positively related. The extra-work variables did not have any significant effects on career commitment. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
A transfer RNA-dependent protein synthesizing system from ehrlich ascites extracts

An homologous cell-free system from Ehrlich ascites cells was made tRNA dependent by passing both the ribosomes and the ammonium sulfate fraction through DEAE-cellulose columns in 0.30 M KCl. Protein synthesis was routinely stimulated 20-50 fold by the addition of 100 mug/ml of ascites cell tRNA in the presence of oviduct mRNA, ascites mRNA, or encephalomyocarditis RNA.
Ultrastructure and synaptic targets of tectothalamic terminals in the cat lateral posterior nucleus

The recent appreciation of the fact that the pulvinar and lateral posterior (LP) nuclei receive two distinct types of cortical input has sparked renewed interest in this region of the thalamus. A key question is whether the primary or "driving" inputs to the pulvinar/LP complex originate in cortical or subcortical areas. To begin to address this issue, we examined the synaptic targets of tectothalamic terminals within the LP nucleus. Tectothalamic terminals were labeled using the anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaselous leucoagglutinin placed in the superior colliculus or using immunocytochemical staining for substance P, a neurotransmitter found to be used by the tectothalamic pathway (Hutsler and Chalupa [ 1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 312:379-390). Our results suggest that most tectothalamic terminals are large and occupy a proximal position on the dendritic arbor of LP relay cells. In the medial LP, tectothalamic terminals labeled by the transport of neuronal tracers or substance P immunocytochemistry can form tubular clusters that surround the proximal dendrites of relay cells. In a rostral and lateral subdivision of the lateral LP nucleus (LPl-2), tectothalamic terminals form more typical glomerular arrangements. When compared with existing physiological data, these results suggest that a unique integration of tectal and cortical inputs may contribute to the response properties of LP neurons.
Researching organizational systems using social network analysis

A key impact of organizational systems and new information technologies is that they enable new organizational form-the structural features or patterns of relationships and information flows of an organization. Consequently, research on organization systems can benefit from methods that are explicitly directed toward describing and measuring organizational forms and structures. This article proposes social network analysis as a highly appropriate and useful method for framing and describing the effects of organizational systems on organizational forms and structures. It discusses the concept of representing organizations as social structures and how network analysis is an appropriate method given that representation. The article draws several implications of examining the impact of organizational systems from a network view, and reviews three examples of using network analysis to examine the impact of information technology.
Federalism as a Public Good

This paper suggests that stabilizing federalism is like solving a public good provision problem. It reviews results in the public good provision literature that are relevant for federalism, and discusses the implications of these results for the institutional design of federalism. JEL classification: H110, H770, P160
Analysis of an even-skipped rescue transgene reveals both composite and discrete neuronal and early blastoderm enhancers, and multi-stripe positioning by gap gene repressor gradients

The entire functional even-skipped locus of Drosophila melanogaster is contained within a 16 kilobase region. As a transgene, this region is capable of rescuing even-skipped mutant flies to fertile adulthood. Detailed analysis of the 7.7 kb of regulatory DNA 3′ of the transcription unit revealed ten novel, independently regulated patterns. Most of these patterns are driven by non-overlapping regulatory elements, including ones for syncytial blastoderm stage stripes 1 and 5, while a single element specifies both stripes 4 and 6. Expression analysis in gap gene mutants showed that stripe 5 is restricted anteriorly by Kruppel and posteriorly by giant, the same repressors that regulate stripe 2. Consistent with the coregulation of stripes 4 and 6 by a single cis-element, both the anterior border of stripe 4 and the posterior border of stripe 6 are set by zygotic hunchback, and the region between the two stripes is ‘carved out’ by knirps. Thus the boundaries of stripes 4 and 6 are set through negative regulation by the same gap gene domains that regulate stripes 3 and 7 (Small, S., Blair, A. and Levine, M. (1996) Dev. Biol. 175, 314–24), but at different concentrations. The 3′ region also contains a single element for neurogenic expression in ganglion mother cells 4–2a and 1–1a, and neurons derived from them (RP2, a/pCC), suggesting common regulators in these lineages. In contrast, separable elements were found for expression in EL neurons, U/CQ neurons and the mesoderm. The even-skipped 3′ untranslated region is required to maintain late stage protein expression in RP2 and a/pCC neurons, and appears to affect protein levels rather than mRNA levels. Additionally, a strong pairing-sensitive repression element was localized to the 3′ end of the locus, but was not found to contribute to efficient functional rescue.
Light and temperature entrainment of a locomotor rhythm in honeybees

. The circadian locomotor (walking) rhythms of forager honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica L.) were entrained to eight different 24 h light-dark cycles. The phases of activity onset, peak activity, and offset were correlated with the lights-off transition, suggesting lights-off as the primary zeitgeber for the rhythm. Further support for this hypothesis was provided by LD 1:23 experiments, in which entrainment occurred when the light pulse was situated at the end, but not at the beginning, of the subjective photophase. Steady-state entrainment of the locomotor rhythm was achieved with square-wave temperature cycles of 10oC amplitude under constant dark: most of the activity occurred within the early thermophase. Smaller amplitude temperature cycles yielded relative coordination of the rhythm. Interactions of temperature and light-dark cycles resulted in entrainment patterns different from those elicited in response to either cycle alone or those formed by a simple combination of the two separate responses. Furthermore, temperature cycles having amplitudes insufficient for entrainment of the rhythm nevertheless modified the pattern of entrainment to light - dark cycles, suggesting a synergism of light and temperature effects on the underlying circadian clock system.
SUPPORTing Premature Infants

* Abbreviations: OHRP — : Office for Human Research Protections SUPPORT — : Surfactant Positive Pressure, and Oxygenation Randomized Trial The Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Oxygenation Randomized Trial (SUPPORT) tried to determine the safest dose of oxygen for premature infants. The federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) determined that the consent process for the study violated federal regulations by failing to inform parents of “reasonably foreseeable risks” of death or blindness.1 The New York Times agreed, calling these failures “startling and deplorable.2 The New England Journal disagreed. They found the consent forms adequate and the accused the OHRP of “casting a pall over the conduct of clinical research.”3 Leaders of the NIH agreed.4 The difference of opinion turns, in part, on the ways that we define the relative risks of research, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the risks of widely used but inadequately studied conventional therapies. Ten years ago, Cole et al5 summarized the state of knowledge about oxygen therapy for premature infants: “We do not understand optimal oxygenation management in extremely low gestational age neonates (<28 weeks’ gestation). No randomized controlled trial has clarified the relation between retinopathy of prematurity and blood oxygen, transcutaneous oxygen, or oxygen saturation levels.” As a result, they noted, “neonatal care providers differ widely, with no consensus in their policies, practices, and strong beliefs regarding oxygen management in both the early and later neonatal courses of premature infants.” They called for prospective randomized trials to address this crucial gap in knowledge because “continued treatment of millions of premature infants in ignorance of what is safe and effective oxygenation is not an option.” Today, the situation is different because such studies were designed and conducted in the United States,6 Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.7 In the United States, SUPPORT was a National Institutes of Health–sponsored, multicenter, prospective randomized trial of … Address correspondence to John D. Lantos, MD, Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108. E-mail: jlantos{at}cmh.edu
Comparison of various density functional methods for distinguishing stereoisomers based on computed 1H or 13C NMR chemical shifts using diastereomeric penam β-lactams as a test set

Full 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments were made for two sets of penam β-lactams: namely, the diastereomeric (2S, 5S, 6S)-, (2S, 5R, 6R)-, (2S, 5S, 6R)-, and (2S, 5R, 6S)-methyl 6-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylates (1–4) and (2S, 5R, 6R)-, (2S, 5S, 6R)-, and (2S, 5R, 6S)-6-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acids (6–8). Each penam was then modeled as a family of conformers obtained from Monte Carlo searches using the AMBER* force field followed by IEFPCM/B3LYP/6-31G(d) geometry optimization of each conformer using chloroform solvation. 1H and 13C chemical shifts for each conformer were computed at the WP04, WC04, B3LYP, and PBE1 density functional levels as Boltzmann averages of IEFPCM/B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p) energies over each family. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical chemical shift data were made using the total absolute error (|Δδ | T) criterion. For the 1H shift data, all methods were sufficiently accurate to identify the proper stereoisomers. Computed 13C shifts were not always successful in identifying the correct stereoisomer, regardless of which DFT method was used. The relative ability of each theoretical approach to discriminate among stereoisomers on the basis of proton shifts was also evaluated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotation Sensitivity of Gyroscopes Based on Distributed-Coupling Loop Resonators

This paper reports a theoretical study of a recently proposed coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) gyroscope consisting of a Sagnac interferometer in which light is coupled between adjacent loops in the coil. Simulations show that after optimization, this gyroscope is less sensitive to rotation than a conventional resonant fiber-optic gyroscope (RFOG) made of a single loop. Instead, the sensitivity decreases as the number of loops is increased. The fundamental reason is that in both types of sensors, the sensitivity is proportional to the group delay, and the maximum achievable group delay is limited in the same manner by loss. In addition, this CROW gyroscope utilizes multiple resonators instead of one, so it is much harder to stabilize against external perturbations. The RFOG still stands as the ideal candidate for a compact resonant gyroscope.
Programmable DSP platform for digital still cameras

This paper presents a programmable DSP platform for digital still cameras based on the Texas Instruments TMS320C54x family. One major advantage of this platform is that, after capturing an image from a CCD sensor, processing the raw image, and compressing the image for storage is performed on the digital signal processor (DSP). This provides a short shot-to-shot delay and a high degree of flexibility. The system realized also allows instant viewing and selective storing of captured images. This paper outlines the various processing stages necessary to take the raw CCD data and produce a JPEG compressed bit stream and highlighting the advantages of DSPs for this application. The programmable nature of this platform allows for the exploration of different image processing and compression techniques. The low power nature of the digital signal processor provides long battery life.
Characterization of the Structure and Biological Functions of a Capsular Polysaccharide Produced by Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. S. saprophyticus strain ATCC 15305 carries two staphylococcal cassette chromosome genetic elements, SCC(15305RM) and SCC(15305cap). The SCC(15305cap) element carries 13 open reading frames (ORFs) involved in capsular polysaccharide (CP) biosynthesis, and its G+C content (26.7%) is lower than the average G+C content (33.2%) for the whole genome. S. saprophyticus strain ATCC 15305 capD, capL, and capK (capD(Ssp), capL(Ssp), and capK(Ssp)) are homologous to genes encoding UDP-FucNAc biosynthesis, and gtaB and capI(Ssp) show homology to genes involved in UDP-glucuronic acid synthesis. S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 CP, visualized by immunoelectron microscopy, was extracted and purified using anionic-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Analysis of the purified CP by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography revealed two types of branched tetrasaccharide repeating units composed of the following: -4)-beta-Glc-(1-3)-Sug-(1-4)-beta-GlcA-(1- | beta-GlcNAc-(1-2) Sug represents two stereoisomers of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-hexos-4-ulose residues, one of which has an arabino configuration. The encapsulated ATCC 15305 strain was resistant to complement-mediated opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils, whereas the acapsular mutant C1 was susceptible. None of 14 clinical isolates reacted with antibodies to the ATCC 15305 CP. However, 11 of the 14 S. saprophyticus isolates were phenotypically encapsulated based on their resistance to complement-mediated opsonophagocytic killing and their failure to hemagglutinate when cultivated aerobically. Ten of the 14 clinical strains carried homologues of the conserved staphylococcal capD gene or the S. saprophyticus gtaB gene, or both. Our results suggest that some strains of S. saprophyticus are encapsulated and that more than one capsular serotype exists.
Dextran sulfate-mediated enhancement of mitogen-induced B-cell proliferation

Abstract We have studied lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proliferation of rat lymphocytes and have found that a serum-free tissue culture medium supports significant cell division. When the compound dextran sulfate (DxS), which itself is not mitogenic, is added to LPS-stimulated cultures, significant augmentation of proliferation results. DxS will significantly enhance anti-immunoglobulin-induced proliferation as well. An intact T-cell compartment is not required for DxS-mediated enhancement of LPS-induced cell division, in that lymphocytes derived from athymic rats proliferate and respond to the influence of DxS to the same degree as euthymic derived lymphocytes. A “DxS-free” supernatant from DxS-stimulated spleen cell cultures is able to substitute for DxS in all stimulatory activity. This supernatant possesses interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity. However, purified recombinant IL-1 does not cause enhanced proliferation when added to LPS-stimulated cultures as is seen with DxS or the “DxS-free” supernatant.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Diaphragmatic Motion

Objective. To evaluate the technical feasibility and utility of ultrasonography in the study of diaphragmatic motion at our institution. Methods. The study consisted of 2 parts. For part I, in 23 volunteers we performed 23 studies on 46 hemidiaphragms with excursions documented on M-mode ultrasonography. For part II, in 22 patients we performed 52 studies in 102 hemidiaphragms. In 50 studies both hemidiaphragms were studied, and in another 2 studies only 1 hemidiaphragm was studied Patients' ages ranged from birth to 66 years (mean, 23 years) There were 16 male and 6 female patients. Indications for the study were (1) suggestion of paralysis of the diaphragm (n = 22); (2) if the diaphragm was already known to be paralyzed, for evaluation of response to phrenic nerve or pacer stimulation (n = 9); and (3) follow-up of previous findings (n = 21). Patients were examined in the supine position in the longitudinal semicoronal plane from a subcostal or low intercostal approach Motion was documented with real-time ultrasonography and measured with M-mode ultrasonography. Results. Of the 102 clinical hemidiaphragms studied, findings included normal motion (n = 42), decreased motion (n = 22), no motion (n = 6), paradoxical motion (n = 10), positive pacer response (n = 13), negative pacer response (n = 2), positive phrenic stimulation (n = 6), and negative phrenic stimulation (n = 1). There were no failures of visualization. Conclusions. Ultrasonography proved feasible and useful in evaluating diaphragmatic motion. In our practice it has replaced fluoroscopy Ultrasonography has advantages over traditional fluoroscopy, including portability, lack of ionizing radiation, visualization of structures of the thoracic bases and upper abdomen, and the ability to quantify diaphragmatic motion.
Phonetic Stress in Indian English vs. American English.

A recent article in World Englishes (Pickering and Wiltshire, 2000) suggests that one difference between Indian English (IE) and American English (AE) varieties is the phonetic realization of prominence. In IE, the syllable considered prominent by Pickering and Wiltshire falls in pitch, while the amplitude changes little. In this study, we show that the results of Pickering and Wiltshire (2000) may be due to a misinterpretation of the positioning of stress in IE. We show that by considering the louder syllable to be the stressed one, IE stress correlates differ in magnitude but not in direction from AE. However, our results confirm Pickering and Wiltshire's in that the phonetic correlates of AE and IE stressed syllables do differ; furthermore, the position of stress may differ, and hence the potential for communication problems between speakers of different varieties remains.
Social Climate for Sexual Minorities Predicts Well-Being Among Heterosexual Offspring of Lesbian and Gay Parents

Social climate—specifically, the level of support for sexual minorities in a given locale—helps to explain well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. No published reports have examined whether well-being also varies as a function of social climate for family members of LGB individuals. We present results from two studies (Study 1, n = 69; Study 2, n = 70) demonstrating that social climate predicts well-being among adults reared by LGB parents, regardless of their own sexual orientation. Across both studies, population characteristics (e.g., density of same-sex couples in an area) emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictors of well-being. Some variables assessing local politics (e.g., LGB hate crime policy) also predicted well-being, though these associations were less robust. Overall, findings suggest that the social environment for sexual minorities is an important correlate of psychological adjustment for many Americans, regardless of their sexual orientation.
Control Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions and robust stabilization of time delay systems

Motivated by control Lyapunov functions and Razumikhin theorems on stability of time delay systems, we introduce the concept of control Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions (CLRF). The main reason for considering CLRFs is construction of robust stabilizing control laws for time delay systems. Most existing universal formulas that apply to CLFs, are not applicable to CLRFs. It turns out that the domination redesign control law applies, achieving global practical stability and, under an additional assumption, global asymptotic stability. This additional assumption is satisfied in the practically important case when the quadratic part of a CLRF is itself a CLRF for the Jacobian linearization of the system. The CLRF based domination redesign possesses robustness to input unmodeled dynamics including an infinite gain margin. While, in general, construction of CLRFs is an open problem, we show that for several classes of time delay systems a CLRF can be constructed in a systematic way.
Monodisperse nanocarriers: novel fabrication of polymeric nanoparticles for bio-nanotechnology

The delivery of therapeutic, detection and imaging agents for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients has improved dramatically over the years with the development of nano-carriers such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, biomolecules, polymer particles, and colloidal precipitates. While many of these carriers have been used with great success in vitro and in vivo , each suffers from serious drawbacks with regard to stability, flexibility, or functionality. To date, there has been no general particle fabrication method available that afforded rigorous control over particle size, shape, composition, cargo and chemical structure. By utilizing the method we has designed referred to as P article R eplication I n N on-wetting T emplates, or PRINT , we can fabricate monodisperse particles with simultaneous control over structure ( i.e. shape, size, composition) and function ( i.e. cargo, surface structure). Unlike other particle fabrication techniques, PRINT is delicate and general enough to be compatible with a variety of important next-generation cancer therapeutic, detection and imaging agents, including various cargos (e.g. DNA, proteins, chemotherapy drugs, biosensor dyes, radio-markers, contrast agents), targeting ligands (e.g. antibodies, cell targeting peptides) and functional matrix materials (e.g. bioabsorbable polymers or stimuli responsive matrices). PRINT makes this possible by utilizing low-surface energy, chemically resistant fluoropolymers as molding materials and patterned substrates to produce functional, harvestable, monodisperse polymeric particles.
SNAGS, CAVITY‐NESTING BIRDS, AND SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS IN WESTERN OREGON

We examined cavity-nesting bird use of natural snags (n = 221) and 10- to 12-year-old snags (n = 836) created by topping mature conifers in 3 silvicultural treatments (group-selection cuts, 2-story regeneration harvests, clearcuts with retained trees) and 2 snag arrangements (clustered, scattered) in 30 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in the Oregon Coast Range. Eight bird species nested in created snags. Open-canopy stands (2-story and clearcut treatments) had higher levels of avian nesting, species richness, and species diversity compared to closed-canopy, group-selection stands. We did not find a difference in nesting levels between clustered and scattered snags. In created snags, most active nests were in the top 25% of the bole, cavity entrances typically faced northeast, and the presence of dead branches did not alter use of snags for nesting. Topped conifers that remained alive (n = 102) were rarely used for nesting or foraging. Since the last survey 6 years prior to our survey, the number of cavities per created snag per silvicultural treatment increased 3.3- to 6-fold, and we observed 4 additional avian species nesting; 3 were secondary cavity nesters. Total cavities per snag averaged 5.1, 4.3, and 2.5 for created snags, natural snags >12 years old, and natural snags <12 years old, respectively. Only 1 created snag fell in the decade since topping. Natural new snag recruitment resulting from residual green tree mortality was highest in 2-story stands (0.76 snag/ha) and lowest in clearcuts (0.20 snag/ha). Snags created by topping large conifers provided nesting and foraging structures for cavity-nesting birds under a range of silvicultural conditions, and use was influenced more by residual green tree density than snag arrangement. In addition, created snags increased in value for birds through their first decade (88% had cavities). Because snags created by topping last long and are readily used by birds, they should be considered a management option to improve avian habitat in managed forests.