cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A second order scheme for the Navier-Stokes equations: application to the driven-cavity problem

Abstract In Guo, 1999, we investigated the stability and convergence of a second-order numerical scheme for computing two- and three-dimensional, time-dependent incompressible flows governed by the Navier–Stokes equations. In this article, we continue to discuss this scheme and we will focus on the applications. This scheme is based on the full discretization and matrix approximation. No supplementary boundary conditions on the velocity field and the pressure are needed. Numerical solutions for flows inside a driven cavity are presented and compared with other numerical results. We clearly observe the eddy motion for the driven cavity problem for the considered Reynolds numbers.
Chern-simons and {Wess-Zumino} Terms in String Theory

Abstract The recent work of Nepomechie on the coupling of background vector and antisymmetric tensor gauge fields to bosonic strings is interpreted via the geometry of fiber bundles. The role of the Chern-Simons form is clarified. It is part of a Wess-Zumino term in the total space of the bundle.
Induction of triploidy in Xenopus laevis by heat shocking of the egg before and after fertilization

Eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis have been subjected to a temperature shock before or after fertilization. The shock provokes triploidy through suppression of elimination of the second polar body; application of the shock within ten minutes of fertilization was associated with triploid frequencies to 90%. All series in which eggs were shocked after fertilization manifested some abnormal development in the surviving eggs, the greatest abnormality frequency correlated with the period of greatest sensitivity for the induction of triploidy. Up to 50% triploidy was induced in the eggs of certain females when the temperature shock was applied before fertilization. In these series, the capacity for normal development was not appreciably lowered by the treatment. A comparison is made between thermal and pressure techniques for the induction of triploidy.
Mapping Sites of Protein Phosphorylation by Mass Spectrometry Utilizing a Chemical-Enzymatic Approach: Characterization of Products from α-S1Casein Phosphopeptides

A novel chemical-enzymatic approach was developed to facilitate identification of phosphorylation sites in isolated phosphoproteins. ESI–TOF mass spectrometry was used to characterize products from the chemical-enzymatic cleavage of specific phosphorylation sites in bovine α-S1 casein and synthetic phosphopeptides containing substitutions at a single phosphorylation site. Further refinements to this approach for identification of protein phosphorylation sites and its utility for the quantification of phosphopeptides by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry are presented.
Evaluation of adult immunological outcomes from kimironko health center art program, 2007 to 2008

Background ARTservices are expanding in Sub Saharan African countries. In Rwanda the demographic and health survey of 2005(DHS) showed a prevalence rate of 3%at national level and by the end of June 2009, 70234 persons had initiated ARV at 217 sites in Rwanda (TRACnet report June 2009). Kimironko health center has provided care and treatment to patients since 2003, at this point there are 1776 patients followed in the HIV clinic at this health center. It is important to evaluate immunologic responses and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in resource poor settings.
Potassium and potassium oxide monolayers on the platinum (111) and stepped (755) crystal surfaces: A LEED, AES, and TDS study

The adsorption of potassium and the coadsorption of potassium and oxygen on the Pt(111) and stepped Pt(755) crystal surfaces were studied by AES, LEED, and TDS. Pure potassium adlayers were found by LEED to be hexagonally ordered on Pt(111) at coverages of θ = K0.9–;1. The monolayer coverage was 5.4 × 1014K atoms/cm2 (0.36 times the atomic density of the Pt(111) surface). Orientational reordering of the adlayers, similar to the behavior of noble gas phase transitions on metals, was observed. The heat of desorption of K decreased, due to depolarization effects, from 60 kcal/mole at θK <0.1, to 25 kcal/mole at θK = 1 on both Pt(111) and Pt(755). Exposure to oxygen thermally stabilizes a potassium monolayer, increasing the heat of desorption from 25 to 50 kcal/mole. Both potassium and oxygen were found to desorb simultaneously indicating strong interactions in the adsorbed overlayer. LEED results on Pt(111) further indicate that a planar K2O layer may be formed by annealing coadsorbed potassium and oxygen to 750 K.
1,2,4‐Triazoles from formic acid‐Induced rearrangement of 6‐(Phenylhydrazino)uracils

The structure of a rearrangement product of 6-(phenylhydrazino)uracil + formic acid has been proved to be 1-phenyl-3-carboxamidomethyl-1,2,4-triazole: hydrolysis of this compound and thermal decarboxylation of the intermediate acid gave the known 1-phenyl-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole. Yields of triazoles from substituted 6-(phenylhydrazino)uracils follow inversely yields of pyrimidoindoles derived from Fischer-type cyclization [J. Heterocyclic Chem., 13, 539 (1976)]. The lack of formation of a triazole from 3-methyl-6-(phenylhydrazino)uracil suggests that an intermediate in this rearrangement, ie., that resulting from formylation of the anilino nitrogen atom followed by intramolecular cyclization involving the uracil 1-nitrogen atom, must undergo conjugate elimination of water to generate the triazole ring.
ARP-1/COUP-TF II Determines Hepatoma Phenotype by Acting as Both a Transcriptional Repressor of Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein and an Inducer of CYP7A1

L35 and FAO cells were derived as single cell isolates from H35 cells. Whereas L35 cells do not express microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which regulates lipoprotein secretion, they express CYP7A1, which regulates bile acid synthesis from cholesterol. FAO cells display the opposite phenotype (i.e. expression of MTP but not CYP7A1). We examined the molecular basis of the transcriptional inactivation of the MTP gene in L35 cells. Nested deletion and mutagenesis studies show that a conserved DR1 element within the 135-bp proximal MTP promoter is responsible for differential expression by L35 and FAO cells. Yeast one-hybrid screening identified apolipoprotein A1 regulatory protein-1/chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (ARP-1/COUP-TFII) and retinoid X receptor (RXRα) as the protein factors that can bind to the conserved DR1 element. Nuclear extracts from L35 cells contained 2-fold more ARP-1/COUP-TFII and 50% less RXRα than those from FAO cells. Immunologic studies show that in L35 cells, ARP-1/COUP-TFII is bound to the DR1 element, whereas in FAO cells, a complex containing RXRα is bound to the DR1 element. Co-transfection studies show that ARP-1/COUP-TFII repressed MTP promoter activity by ∼70% in FAO hepatoma cells, whereas RXRα and its ligand 9-cis-retinoic acid increased MTP promoter activity by 6-fold in L35 cells. The combined data suggest that in the context of the MTP promoter, ARP-1/COUP-TFII (repressor) and a complex containing RXRα (inducer) compete for the DR1 element. Analysis of the CYP7A1 promoter revealed that it is ∼5-fold more active in L35 cells than in FAO cells. Co-transfection of an ARP-1/COUP-TFII expression vector showed that it enhances CYP7A1 promoter activity by 6-fold in FAO cells. These combined findings indicate that ARP-1/COUP-TFII acts as both a transcriptional repressor (of MTP) and as a transcription activator (of CYP7A1). This dual function of ARP-1/COUP-TFII may play an important role in determining the metabolic phenotype of individual liver cells.
Compliant composite electrodes and large strain bistable actuation

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) and bistable electroactive polymers (BSEP) both require compliant electrodes with rubbery elasticity and high conductivity at large strains. Stretchable opto-electronic devices additionally require the compliant electrodes to be optically transparent. Many candidate materials have been investigated. We report a new approach to mechanically robust, stretchable compliant electrodes. A facile in-situ composite synthesis and transfer technique is employed, and the resulting composite electrodes retain the high surface conductivity of the original conductive network formed by nanowires or nanotubes, while exhibiting the mechanical flexibility of the matrix polymer. The composite electrodes have high transparency and low surface roughness useful for the fabrication of polymer thinfilm electronic devices. The new electrodes are suitable for high-strain actuation, as a complaint resistive heating element to administer the temperature of shape memory polymers, and as the charge injection electrodes for flexible/stretchable polymer light emitting diodes. Bistable electroactive polymers employing the composite electrodes can be actuated to large strains via heating-actuation-cooling cycles.
On the possibility of orienting rotationally cooled polar molecules in an electric field

It has long been thought that only symmetric top molecules (or equivalent) can be appreciably oriented in an electric field. This assessment is unduly pessimistic. In molecular beams produced by supersonic expansion, the rotational temperature can be made very low (∼ 1 K). For many diatomic, linear, or asymmetric top molecules, quite substantial orientation can thereby be attained for a large fraction of the beam at accessible field strengths (∼ 100 kV/cm or less). We present model calculations and an experimental design to evaluate the method by observing the fluorescence of photofragments from oriented molecules. Nomograms are provided from which the orientation can be estimated for linear molecules from the dipole moment, rotational constant, rotational temperature, and field strength.
Marine diatoms grown in chemostats under silicate or ammonium limitation. IV. Transient response of Chaetoceros debilis, Skeletonema costatum , and Thalassiosira gravida to a single addition of the limiting nutrient

The kinetic response of ammonium- or silicate-limited and ammonium- or silicatestarved populations of Chaetoceros debilis, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira gravida was determined by a single addition of the limiting nutrient to a steady-state culture and subsequent monitoring of the nutrient disappearance of the limiting and non-limiting nutrients at frequent time intervals. The kinetic response of nonlimited (nutrient) populations of these three species was also determined. Three distinct modes of the uptake of the limiting nutrient were observed for ammonium-or silicate-limited populations of these three species, surge uptake (Vs), internally (cellular) controlled uptake (Vi), and externally (ambient limiting nutrient concentration) controlled uptake (Ve). Non-limited populations did not exhibit the three distinct segments of uptake, Vs, Vi and Ve. Estimates of the maximal uptake rate (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Ks) were obtained from nutrient-limited populations during the Ve segment of the uptake curve. Pooled values of Ve for the three ammonium-limited populations yielded Vmax and Ks estimates of 0.16 h-1 and 0.5 μg-at NH4−N l-1. Kinetic data derived from the Ve segment of the uptake curve for silicate-limited populations yielded different values of Vmax and Ks for each of the three species. In a number of parameters that were measured, T. gravida was clearly different from C. debilis and S. costatum and its recovery from nutrient starvation was the slowest. Recovery of all species from silicate limitation or starvation was slower than from ammonium limitation or starvation. Ammonium-starved populations maintained a maximal uptake rate at a substrate concentration an order of magnitude lower (≈0.1 μg-at NH4−N l-1) than that observed for NH4-limited populations (≈1.0 μg-at NH4−N l-1). Adaptation to the severity of the nutrient limitation occurred as changes in the magnitude of cellular characteristics, such as short-term uptake potential (Vs) and affinity for the substrate (Ks). The consequence of these results are discussed in terms of another possible mechanism to explain changes in species composition and succession in nutrient-depleted environments.
Tutorial CICA-T Computing with intelligence for identification and control of nonlinear systems

System characterization and identification are fundamental problems in systems theory and play a major role in the design of controllers. System identification and nonlinear control has been proposed and implemented using intelligent systems such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, reinforcement learning, artificial immune system and many others using inverse models, direct/indirect adaptive, or cloning a linear controller. Adaptive Critic Designs (ACDs) are neural networks capable of optimization over time under conditions of noise and uncertainty. The ACD technique develops optimal control laws using two networks - critic and action. There are merits for each approach adopted will be presented. The primary aim of this tutorial is to provide control and system engineers/researchers from industry/academia, new to the field of computational intelligence with the fundamentals required to benefit from and contribute to the rapidly growing field of computational intelligence and its real world applications, including identification and control of power and energy systems, unmanned vehicle navigation, signal and image processing, and evolvable and adaptive hardware systems.
Brownian Motion of a Quantum Oscillator

The theory of Brownian motion of a quantum oscillator is developed. The Brownian motion is described by a model Hamiltonian which is taken to be the one describing the interaction between this oscillator and a reservoir. Use is made of the master equation recently derived by the author, to obtain the equation of motion for the various reduced phase-space distribution functions that are obtained by mapping the density operator onto $c$-number functions. The equations of motion for the reduced phase-space distribution functions are found to be of the Fokker-Planck type. On transforming the Fokker-Planck equation to real variables, it is found to have the same form as the Fokker-Planck equation obtained by Wang and Uhlenbeck to describe the Brownian motion of a classical oscillator. The Fokker-Planck equation is solved for the conditional probability (Green's function) which is found to be in the form of a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution. This solution is then used to obtain various time-dependent quantum statistical properties of the oscillator. Next, the entropy for a quantum oscillator undergoing Brownian motion is calculated and we show that this system approaches equilibrium as $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. Finally we show that in the weak-coupling limit the Fokker-Planck equation reduces to the one obtained by making the usual rotating-wave approximation.
Contact characteristics of the subtalar joint: load distribution between the anterior and posterior facets.

The pressure distribution properties of the normal talocalcaneal joint were studied in 13 fresh cadaver specimens using pressure-sensitive film. The film was inserted into the joint through a posterior approach for the posterior facet and an anteromedial approach for the anterior/middle facet. Specimens, comprising the distal half of the tibia and fibula and the intact ankle and foot, were positioned in neutral in the sagittal plane. In the coronal plane, specimens were positioned in neutral, inversion, or eversion, and the contact characteristics were determined in varying positions, with and without loading the fibula, under axial loads of 350 N, 700 N, 1,050 N, and 1,400 N. The transducers were video imaged for quantitative analysis of area and pressure. The contact/joint area ratio increased significantly with applied load in the posterior facet [e.g., in eversion from 0.336 (SD = 0.195) at 350 N to 0.631 (SD = 0.225) at 700 N], as did the proportion of the contact area >6 MPa, indicating an increase in contact pressure. The contact/joint area ratio was significantly lower in inversion than in any other position of the foot; however, high-pressure zones were similar, indicating that higher pressures occur in inversion. In the anterior/middle facets both contact/joint area ratio and high pressure/contact area ratios increased significantly to 700 N, but not with further load increase. At 350 N the anterior/middle facet contact area was 31% that of the posterior facet, yet it carried 63.3% of the load of the posterior facet, so its mean contact pressure was 1.44 MPa compared with 0.93 MPa for the posterior facet. Increasing the percentage of the total load carried by the fibula from 0 to 10% increased the posterior facet contact/joint area ratio from 0.595 (SD = 0.152) to 0.774 (SD = 0.117).
Comparison of three modeling procedures on the presurgical and postsurgical reactions of children

Three different modeling programs were compared with a minimal preparation technique to assess their differential effectiveness in reducing children's adverse reactions to elective oral surgery. Forty-four children received informal preparation from the hospital staff and an opportunity to ask questions of the experimenter. In addition, the experimental groups viewed (a) a puppet model who presented information accurate to setting and order of medical procedures, (b) a local videotape with a live child actor who presented information accurate to setting and order of procedures, or (c) a commercial film with a live child patient which presented information concerning setting and order of procedures which was often inaccurate. Results demonstrated that all experimental modeling conditions were more effective in reducing anxiety and distress than the informal preparation received by the control group. There were no consistent differences among the three modeling programs in spite of differences in type of model (taped child vs. in vivo puppet), manner of presentation, setting, and order of procedures. The findings are discussed in terms of optimal implementation of hospital preparation programs.
Application of autotracking to combat-vehicle technology

This paper deals with the analytical work performed by the Ballistic Research Laboratory in evaluating the feasibility and performance enhancements of incorporating Forward-Looking- Infrared (FLIR) autotrack technology into armored combat tanks. Both current and next generation armored vehicle technologies were considered in the evaluation. In addition to autotrack, higher order target state estimation and prediction algorithms were also evaluated as part of the study. Both stationary firer/maneuvering target and fire-on-the-move/stationary target analyses were performed and will be presented in this paper.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finding re-entrant knight's tours on n-by-m boards

In this paper we discuss how we developed a highly efficient backtracking algorithm based on proofs we devised concerning Hamiltonian circuits. The algorithm concentrates on a Knight's Tour in which the knight starts and ends on the same square--a Hamiltonian circuit.One version of the program we developed is designed to find all Hamiltonian circuits for any given board. The largest board we exhausted is a six-by-seven. We found 1,067,638 circuits in 43 minutes 2 seconds (actual cpu time), or 413 circuits per second using a Solbourne 4/602.The final version of the program concentrates on finding one Hamiltonian circuit in very large boards. Our software and hardware limit us to a maximum board size of 520x520 in which we found a Hamiltonian circuit in 3 minutes 19 seconds. All of our data from using various sized boards indicate that the program has a time complexity close to O(m.n) on an n-by-m board.
Health care costs associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in women.

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent disorder that has been associated with elevated rates of medically unexplained physical symptoms, significant functional impairment, and high health care use. However, little is known about actual health care costs associated with PTSD. Methods We administered the PTSD Checklist (PCL) to 1225 female members of a metropolitan health maintenance organization and validated the instrument using a structured PTSD interview in a subset of 268 women. Participants were classified into 3 groups by PCL score: low ( Results The total unadjusted mean ± SD annual health care costs were$3060 ± $6381 (median, $1283) for the high PCL score group, $1779 ±$3008 (median, $829) for the moderate PCL score group, and $1646 ±$5156 (median, $609) for the low PCL score group. After adjusting for depression, chronic medical disease, and demographic factors, women with high PCL scores had a significantly greater odds of having nonzero health care costs compared with women with low PCL scores (odds ratio, 13.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.70-101.19). Compared with women in the low PCL score group, those in the moderate PCL score group had, on average, a 38% increase in adjusted total annual median costs, and those in the high PCL score group had a 104% increase. Conclusions Women with PTSD symptoms in this study had significantly higher total and component health care costs, even after controlling for depression, chronic medical illness, and demographic differences. These findings are similar to those found in studies of costs related to major depression and suggest that instituting health services interventions to improve recognition and treatment of PTSD in primary and specialty care clinics may be a cost-effective approach for lowering the prevalence of this disorder.
Cost optimization of composite floors using neural dynamics model

The design of composite beams is complicated and highly iterative. Depending on the design parameters a beam can be fully composite or partially composite. In the case of design on the basis of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) one has to consider the plastic deformations. As pointed out by Lorenz, the real advantage of the LRFD code can be realized in the minimum cost design. In this article, we present a general formulation for the cost optimization of composite beams based on the AISC LRFD specifications by including the costs of (a) concrete, (b) steel beam, and (c) shear studs. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer-discrete non-linear programming problem and solved by the recently patented neural dynamics model of Adeli and Park (U.S. patent 5,815,394 issued on September 29, 1998). It is shown that use of the cost optimization algorithm presented in this article results in substantial cost savings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodology for designing large private line transmission networks with multiple facilities

Deregulation and the recent advances in telecommunications technologies have significantly reduced the cost of transmission facilities. This reduction has made it attractive for corporation and government agencies to develop their own private line transmission networks. Previously, they would lease the particular transmission facility they required. If voice service were required, they would lease voice grade lines in the required quantities. If a 56 kbps line were needed, they would lease a 56 kbps line. With the emergence of low-cost transmission facilities and smart multiplexers, companies have found it economical to develop their transmission networks, manage the bandwidth and consolidate all their telecommunication requirements onto a single network which they manage and control. In this paper, we present a methodology we have used in designing these private line transmission networks.
Validation of an IR seeker/sensor performance model

This paper describes the validation of an end-to-end IR seeker/sensor dynamic performance model. The model was developed to perform system level trades and design analyses for IR missile seeker/sensor design, and its structural framework was patterned after the physical flow of information through a user specified electro-optical system and missile engagement scenario. The validation methodology was based upon comparisons of performance model predictions of signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) relative to the performance measurements of a baseline algorithm stream, which processed actual dual-band IR imagery, emulating an actual seeker and processor. This metric was chosen for the validation study, since this is the critical parameter determining missile seeker acquisition range and tracking fidelity. In the validation study, over 15,000 SIR comparisons were made, as a function of various critical system parameters, including registration accuracy and fixed pattern noise level. On average the performance model predictions of SIR matched those of the baseline algorithm stream within 3 decibels (dB).
Nitrogen metabolism in the american cockroach—I. An examination of positive nitrogen balance with respect to uric acid stores

Abstract 1. 1. Newly molted adult American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana L.) were maintained on diets containing various concentrations of protein. Dietary nitrogen intake, body nitrogen, nitrogen uptake, uric acid storage and nitrogen elimination were monitored to examine nitrogen balance in response to maintenance on these diets. 2. 2. Adults on dog food (24% crude protein) and 24% casein protein diets increased in body nitrogen, but showed an initial decrease in uric acid nitrogen. This is suggestive of uric acid nitrogen utilization during the early post-molt period. Insects on a 5% protein diet decreased in total body and urate nitrogen. 3. 3. Cockroaches on diets containing 50, 79 and 91% casein protein showed large increases in body nitrogen which could be correlated with increased uric acid nitrogen storage. Evidence is presented that uric acid may be stored preferentially in situations where all excess dietary nitrogen is not excreted. The general metabolism of non-nitrogenous metabolic reserves may be utilized to store excess nitrogen as uric acid. 4. 4. Storage of nitrogen may involve the formation of a urate complex with protein, peptides and/or salts of urate.
Adaptive Spectral Selection For Performance Enhancement Using A Spectrally Agile Staring Sensor (SASS)

We have developed a technique, using sensor feedback measurements, to adaptively control a tunable optical filter to reject laser energy being transmitted to a focal plane array (FPA). Laser energy at the focal plane can mask a target or spoof a track processor. The technique is based on processing pixel counts (densities of detectors exceeding detection threshold) generated by laser energy at the focal plane. An algorithm, using the pixel count, controls the spectral wavelength and bandwidth of a dual tunable Fabry-Perot (DTFP) optical filter to reduce this undesired energy. This paper describes the algorithm used to control the DTFP and the model and methodology used to verify the DTFP control algorithm performance. Results show the feasibility of using an adaptive spectral selection technique for laser rejection. The importance of control loop sensitivity and out-of-band leakage to achieve the best sensor performance was clearly demonstrated.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theoretical consideration of linear condensation polymerization in a dispersed medium

The combinatorial approach to the problem of linear polymers, developed earlier, is applied in the present paper in order to study the statistical nature of condensation polymers obtained from a large number of very small systems. The results of the customary theory become inapplicable in such cases for sufficiently high degrees of polymerization which should be attainable experimentally. The possibility of realizing homogeneous samples by direct polymerization is discussed from a theoretical standpoint.
Induction of ion-permeable channels by the venom of the fanged bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata

Venom from the poison glands of the polychaete annelid Glycera convoluta has been reported to dramatically increase the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials at the frog and crayfish neuromuscular junctions, without causing detectable ultrastructural changes. We report here that addition of venom from the related annelid Glycera dibranchiata to one side of a lipid bilayer results in the formation of ion-permeable channels in the membrane. The channel forming activity was found in the void volume of a Sephadex G-25 column (mol. wt. greater than 5000). The conductance of a single channel is about 350 pmho in 0.1 M NaCl and is ohmic. The channels exhibit moderate (but not ideal) cation selectivity in NaCl or KCl gradients. Other selectivity measurements suggest that Ca2+ and Mg2+ are also permeable. The channels show a slight voltage sensitivity. The steady state conductance at--70 mV (side opposite venom) is about 5 times the conductance at + 70 mV. We suggest that these channels in the venom may evoke transmitter release at neuromuscular junctions either by (1) depolarizing the pre-synaptic terminal and thus opening voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, or (2) directly allowing Ca2+ to enter the terminal. Black widow spider venom is known to produce similar effects on neuromuscular junctions and lipid bilayers. The single channel conductances and ionic selectivities of the channels found in the venoms of Glycera and Latrodectus are strikingly similar. Taken together, these results suggest that channel formation can explain the electrophysiologic effects of these two different venoms.
Calcium compartmentation and exchange rates in primary hepatocyte culture.

Abstract We utilized a technique, previously used to study myocardial cells ( G. A. Langer, J. S. Frank, and L. M. Nudd, 1979 , Amer. J. Physiol. 237, H239–H246), to study 45Ca2+ isotope exchange kinetics in hepatocyte monolayers, cultured on scintillation disks, and perfused in a flow-through chamber. Isolated rat hepatocytes were plated directly on Primaria-coated disks impregnated with seintillation fluors which made up the walls of the perfusion chamber. Following the labeling of the cells with radioactive calcium (45Ca2+), to apparent asymptote, the washout of 45Ca2+ from the cells was measured. A large very fast turnover compartment, as well as small fast and slow turnover compartments, were identified in each experiment. Surface calcium (Ca2+) was determined by its displacement with 1 m m La3+ after asymptote had been reached during 45Ca2+ labeling (1.59 mmol Ca2+/kg dry wt). The rate constant for this compartment was faster than the washout of the chamber (>3.4 min−1 with a t 1 2 s ). The rate constants for the fast and slow exchangeable compartments were 0.11 min−1 ( t 1 2 = 6.5 min ) and 0.013 min−1 ( t 1 2 = 56 min ), respectively. The fast compartment contained 0.40 mmol Ca2+/kg dry wt and the slow compartment contained 0.27 mmol Ca2+/kg dry wt. Neither the fast nor the slow compartment was lanthanum displaceable. Release of 45Ca2+ in response to 100 μ m phenylephrine, 10 n m angiotensin II, and 100-μ m 2,5-ditert-butyl hydroquinone was measured during the washout phase. Ca2+ released by these compounds was determined to be 0.50 mmol 0.44, and 0.43 mmol Ca2+/kg dry cell wt, respectively. These agents had an effect only during the washout of the fast compartment. In conclusion, this novel technique of on-line measurement of 45Ca2+ exchange in hepatocyte monolayers identified three exchangeable compartments: (1) a very rapidly exchangeable surface compartment, (2) a fast “microsomal” hormone-releasable compartment, and (3) a slow, non-hormone-releasable compartment.
FLIN : Fuzzy Linear Interpolating Network

Abstract A fuzzy linear interpolating network (FLIN) has been developed that is a local processing neural network. Local processing advantageously furnishes a traceable mechanism of inference and a bounty of diagonistic information in the variable scores and observation loadings of the processing units. FLIN is a two layer network for which the first layer accomplishes data driven model selection and the second layer provides linear predictive models. A new method of training is presented that enhances the relations between unsupervised and supervised layers of this network. The advantages of FLIN are demonstrated with a spectrophotometic titration of litmus.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Diabetes and Hypertension

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the primary etiologic event in the development of hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus. Modulation of the RAAS has been shown to slow the progression and even cause regression of the microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Early pharmacotherapy with agents that decrease RAAS activation in the adipose tissue have had a dramatic impact on the prevalence of diabetes related complications. Recent data show that preventing the development of "angry fat" can prevent not just hypertension but also type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. This review updates what is known about angry fat and the role of RAAS inhibition in preventing the metabolic sequelae of local RAAS activation.
Development of Psychosocial Maturity: A Review of Selected Effects of Schooling.

Many factors contribute to personality development; many factors remain essentially unexplored.
Use of organic buffers in plant tissue-culture systems

Abstract Two organic-compound-based buffers, Tris and MES, were tested with tobacco, carrot and tomato callus, as well as peach and carnation shoot tip cultures, as alternatives to conventional procedures for pH control in in vitro systems. The Tris buffer was toxic at all concentrations. 0.05 M MES buffer was toxic to tobacco, peach and carnation cultures. However, 0.01 M MES buffer was non-toxic and an effective buffer in all of the tissue-culture systems tested. Significant improvements in culture performance were not observed.
A proposed mechanism for the anticonvulsant action of Valproate

Valproate (n-dipropylacetate), the most recent major anticonvulsant drug, is unique in that it is a short-chained branched fatty acid with no cyclic components. It is proposed that its anticonvulsant action may be due to its stimulation of the beta-oxidation pathway, with a concomitant whole-body system shift toward metabolic acidosis. The circulating ketone bodies may then be utilized by brain, allowing an increased brain energy reserve and a greater tolerance to a transient stimulation which would have, without Valproate, triggered an epileptic seizure.
An improved method for the purification of human fibrinogen

Abstract 1. 1. The isolation of human fibrinogen by differential polyethylene glycol precipitations of the fibrinogen contained in the cryoprecipitate of plasma is described. 2. 2. Purification was performed in the presence of 1 mM diisopropyl fluorophosphate and trasylol. 3. 3. The protein obtained is > 95% clottable. 4. 4. It contains no detectable prothrombim, thrombin, plasminogen or plasmin. 5. 5. It is highly soluble and apparently undegraded.
Small-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Environmental Remote Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities

Although potential applications abound, small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles have not yet been widely used for environmental remote sensing. Several challenges remain to be overcome until widesprea...
What does user-friendly mean anyway?

User-friendly seems an easy enough concept to comprehend, but like so many lively notions, it slithers out of the field of vision when we turn the research microscope on it. Increasingly, the confusion causedby this term has created difficulties for those of us involved in teaching about and doing research on computer software, interactive video, and other educational technologies to which it has been applied. The difficulty of defining user-friendly results from the fact that software, like all messages, has two components--the content itself and the format in which the content is presented.l So far, the concept of user friendliness has been applied both to format and to content rather indiscriminately. We call a software application user-friendly if its format can be used easily by a computer novice. But we also call it user friendly if the persona used as part of the software's content talks nicely to us once we get the program up and running. Content and format
Memory for frequency as a function of environmental context

Comparative or absolute judgments of word-presentation frequency were studied in two experiments involving proactive-interference (PI) and retroactive-interference (RI) designs, manipulation of same and different environmental contexts for list presentation, and manipulation of same and different environmental contexts (relative to the critical list) for the frequency-judgment task. Comparative judgments yielded both PI and RI. Absolute judgments produced not only PI and RI, but also an interaction with the two context factors. PI and RI groups judged most accurately when the two lists had been presented in different contexts and judgment took place in the critical list context, and when the two lists had been presented in the same context and judgment was in a neutral context. Poorest performance occurred when presentation context was the same and judgment occurred in the same context, and when presentation contexts were different but judgment was in the nontarget list context.
Nonlocal reduction of the wave function by quantum phase measurements.

A beam splitter is assumed to separate an incident beam of light with indeterminate phase into a reflected and a transmitted beam. In analogy with classical physics, a homodyne approach similar to that suggested by Noh, Fougeres, and Mandel [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1426 (1991)] is used to measure the phase of each beam at two distant locations. The nonlocal collapse of the wave function due to such a phase measurement made on one of the two beams is shown to reduce the state of the remaining beam to a coherent state (to a good approximation) with the corresponding phase. However, these homodyne phase measurements also exhibit several nonclassical features, including an oscillatory fine structure, which complicate their interpretation as the phase of the field.
Reengineering of aged Bruch's membrane to enhance retinal pigment epithelium repopulation.

PURPOSE. An earlier study showed that age-related changes in the inner collagen layer (ICL) inhibit RPE cell repopulation of human Bruch’s membrane. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of cleaning and/or an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein coating on the reattachment, apoptosis, proliferation, and final surface coverage of the transplanted RPE cells. METHODS. Explants of aged Bruch’s membrane with ICL exposed were prepared from five human cadaveric eyes (donor ages, 69 – 84 years) and treated with Triton X-100 and/or coated with a mixture of laminin (330 g/mL), fibronectin (250 g/mL), and vitronectin (33 g/mL). Viable human fetal and ARPE-19 cells (n 15,000) were plated onto the surface and the RPE reattachment, apoptosis, and proliferation ratios were determined on the modified surfaces. Cells were cultured up to 17 days to determine the surface coverage. Ultrastructure of the modified Bruch’s membrane and RPE morphology were studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS. Reattachment ratios of fetal human RPE and ARPE-19 cells were similar on aged ICL (41.5% 1.7% and 42.9% 2.7%, P 0.05). The reattachment ratio increased with ECM protein coating and decreased with detergent treatment. Combined cleaning and coating restored the reattachment ratio of the fetal RPE cells, but failed to increase the reattachment ratio of ARPE-19 cells. The highest apoptosis was observed on untreated ICL. Cleaning and the combined procedure of cleaning and ECM protein coating decreased fetal RPE cell apoptosis. Only RPE cells plated on cleaned or cleaned and ECM-coated ICL demonstrated proliferation that led to substantial surface coverage at day 17. CONCLUSIONS. Age-related changes that impair RPE repopulation of Bruch’s membrane can be significantly reversed by combined cleaning and ECM protein coating of the ICL. Development of biologically tolerant techniques for modifying the ICL in vivo may enhance reattachment of the RPE and its repopulation of aged ICL. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45: 3337–3348) DOI:10.1167/iovs.04-0193
Can Feeling Too Good Be Bad? Positive Emotion Persistence (PEP) in Bipolar Disorder

Positive emotions are vital to attaining important goals, nurturing social bonds, and promoting cognitive flexibility. However, one question remains relatively unaddressed: Can positive emotions also be a source of dysfunction and negative outcomes? An ideal point of entry to understand how positive emotion can go awry is bipolar disorder, a psychiatric disorder marked by abnormally elevated positive emotion. In this review I provide an overview of recent experimental evidence from individuals at risk for, and diagnosed with, bipolar disorder. I present a novel account of positive-emotion disturbance, referred to as positive emotion persistence (PEP), and consider potential mechanisms. The central thesis guiding PEP is that persistent activation of positive emotion across contexts and not solely in response to positive or rewarding stimuli is a marker of emotion dysfunction in bipolar disorder. I discuss implications for the study of bipolar disorder and positive emotion generally.
Minority Interest in the Consolidated Retained Earnings Statement

Consolidated financial statements purport to report income, financial position, and cash flows of a parent company and its subsidiaries as if the group were a single company with one or more branches or divisions. Under the parent company theory, the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated income statement, the consolidated balance sheet, and the consolidated retained earnings statement differs from the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated cash flow statement. Even under extant expositions of the entity theory, the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated income statement, the consolidated balance sheet, and the consolidated cash flow statement differs from the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated retained earnings statement. This paper develops a consistent consolidated entity perspective for all four consolidated financial statements. It demonstrates that under the entity theory, consolidated retained earnings includes ...
Dynamic whole-arm dexterous manipulation in the plane

A dynamic model of a dexterous manipulation system can be used for predicting the feasibility of a manipulation plan generated under the quasistatic assumption but executed under dynamic conditions. Contact forces between the object and manipulator are calculated to determine whether contacts can be maintained for the planned motion. Compressive contact forces indicate that contacts can be maintained for the specified manipulation plan and this implies that actual dynamic manipulation succeeds. Results of the solution of dynamic equations are given for selected objects and video images of successful plans are shown.
NASA Trapezoidal Wing Computations Including Transition and Advanced Turbulence Modeling

Flow about the NASA Trapezoidal Wing is computed with several turbulence models by using grids from the first High Lift Prediction Workshop in an effort to advance understanding of computational fluid dynamics modeling for this type of flowfield. Transition is accounted for in many of the computations. In particular, a recently-developed 4-equation transition model is utilized and works well overall. Accounting for transition tends to increase lift and decrease moment, which improves the agreement with experiment. Upper surface flap separation is reduced, and agreement with experimental surface pressures and velocity profiles is improved. The predicted shape of wakes from upstream elements is strongly influenced by grid resolution in regions above the main and flap elements. Turbulence model enhancements to account for rotation and curvature have the general effect of increasing lift and improving the resolution of the wing tip vortex as it convects downstream. However, none of the models improve the prediction of surface pressures near the wing tip, where more grid resolution is needed.
Effects of Parturition and Feeding on Thermal Preference of Atlantic Stingray, Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur)

Temperature is the most important and least well documented environmental entity affecting reproduction and feeding of elasmobranch fishes, but it is unclear to what extent these fish may exploit behavioral thermoregulation to optimize physiological processes. Laboratory thermal preference determinations are important to understanding behavioral processes because they provide the vital quantitative link between environment, physiology, and adaptive behavior. Temperature preference data were collected on Atlantic stingrays, Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur) to assess the fishs’ ability to behaviorally optimize feeding and reproduction. Groups of male and pregnant female Atlantic stingrays exhibited statistically higher preferred median temperatures (26.2 and 26.1°C, respectively) than non-pregnant females (25.3°C; One-Way ANOVA on ranked data, F [2,26] = 3.72, p=0.038). Median preferred temperatures in unfed stingrays of both genders ranged from 24.5 to 31.0°C, whereas, fed fish preferred temperatures between 23.5 and 27.5°C. Unfed stingrays preferred a median temperature of 24.5°C; however, after feeding fish preferred significantly warmer water temperatures of 25.7°C (Wilcoxon one-tail, matched-pairs, signed rank analysis; p<0.088). While overall differences were subtle, small preference adjustments can have important physiological consequences. For example, the 1°C increase seen in pregnant females over non-pregnant fish would reduce gestation time by as much as two weeks. Likewise, by moving to cooler water after feeding, stingrays may increase nutrient uptake efficiency by reducing evacuation rates. Our data indicate that movement and distribution of Atlantic stingrays are dictated, in part, by temperature effects on physiology.
Experimental study on convection heat transfer of a single fin duct with pulsated airflow

With the recent advancements in the electronics industry, thinner systems with greater functionality are on demand. Natural convection air-cooling is the method of choice for many low power electronics applications due to cost, availability, and reliability. However, its performance is very limited due to buoyancy dependent weak flow. Therefore, there is a need for further enhancement of natural convection. An experimental study is performed to understand the synthetic jet heat transfer over a single fin surface. The primary focus is for the understanding of the local temperatures and heat transfer coefficients on the fin surface. We used microscopic infrared temperature measurement technique to understand local temperatures leading to local convective cooling. Heat transfer is correlated to pulsation frequency, air velocity, duct width, flow angle, fin spacing, and jet orifice size. The results show that heat transfer can be improved by increasing air velocity and pulse rate. Smaller fin spacing can cause increase of heat transfer coefficient. Airflow impinging on one fin with angle can enhance heat transfer in the local area, but not for the fin duct as a whole. Strong heat transfer is observed close to the inlet and exit of the duct.