cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Governance and Universities: The Power of Ideas and Knowledge

AbstractSo as to advance understanding of global governance, one can pick up on Robert Cox's critical formulations. Best known for his insights on the interplay of material conditions, institutions, and ideas, he later developed his framework by giving greater weight to the ideational dimensions of intersubjectivity. Yet it is usually deployed with regard to the former phase of his work while the latter phase goes unnoticed or is neglected. Cox's more recent conceptualization may serve as a springboard for thinking afresh about global knowledge production and dissemination. His approach can be stretched by exploring specific spheres of authority at particular sites. Focusing on universities as one of them, this article suggests a research itinerary that maps clusters of agents and guides empirical digging into how these structures operate. A complex of actors and processes, detailed in the findings, is redesigning global knowledge governance. The connective tissue in a cross-continental web of educational...
Development and characterisation of diagnostic AFLP markers in Prunus persica for its response to peach tree short life syndrome

SummaryPeach tree short life (PTSL) is a complex disease syndrome caused by multiple factors, the genetics of which is unknown. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technology and bulked segregant analysis (BSA) were used to identify diagnostic markers for PTSL syndrome in peach rootstocks. Forty-four AFLPs were identified as potential PTSL-response associated markers based on the combined results of BSA and screening 11 PTSL tolerant, two intermediately-susceptible and two highly-susceptible genotypes with 60 polymorphic EcoRI/MseI primer combinations. The use of primer combination EcoRI+AC/MseI+CCC in conjunction with BSA, resulted in the identification of a single amplification product in the bulk DNA from ten susceptible trees that died from PTSL. This AFLP fragment was also detected in the intermediately-susceptible rootstock ‘Lovell’, the highly-susceptible rootstock ‘Nemared’, and in the highly-susceptible rootstock ‘Nemaguard’. This 96 bp AFLP fragment was absent in the DNA bulked from te...
Gold–Thiolate Ring as a Protecting Motif in the Au20(SR)16 Nanocluster and Implications

Understanding how gold nanoclusters nucleate from AuISR complexes necessitates the structural elucidation of nanoclusters with decreasing size. Toward this effort, we herein report the crystal structure of an ultrasmall nanocluster formulated as Au20(TBBT)16 (TBBT = SPh-t-Bu). The structure features a vertex-sharing bitetrahedral Au7 kernel and an unprecedented “ring” motif—Au8(SR)8. This large ring protects the Au7 kernel through strong Auring–Aukernel bonding but does not involve S–Aukernel bonding, in contrast to the common “staple” motifs in which the S–Aukernel bonding is dominant but the Austaple–Aukernel interaction is weak (i.e., aurophilic). As the smallest member in the TBBT “magic series”, Au20(TBBT)16, together with Au28(TBBT)20, Au36(TBBT)24, and Au44(TBBT)28, reveals remarkable size-growth patterns in both geometric structure and electronic nature. Moreover, Au20(TBBT)16, together with the Au24(SR)20 and Au18(SR)14 nanoclusters, forms a “4e” nanocluster family, which illustrates a trend of s...
Too young to date! The origins of zaolian (early love) as a social problem in 20th-century China

Zaolian (literally means “early love,” “zao” for “early”, “lian” for “love”) refers to courtship or dating among young people in elementary and secondary school systems. In today’s China, it is regarded as a serious social problem related to minors/adolescents. To safeguard their moral, hygiene and promising future, it is believed that zaolian should be prevented and controlled by school regulations, family pressures, and even state laws. This paper attempts to provide a historical explanation to origins of this specific juvenile delinquency in China’s long twentieth century. Firstly, it offers a critical discussion on current scholarships, which dismiss zaolian either as a Freudian sexual repression by the Chinese Communist regime since 1949 or as a product of this regime’s social control efforts in the early 1980s. Unconvinced by these explanations, it then presents a new approach to examine “moral, ideological and structural” origins of zaolian. The moral and ideological origins include traditional Con...
Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Methods of Assessing the Effectiveness of Sterile Insect Releases

The sterile-insect release method was used to suppress a wild Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), population in a nonisolated area (13 km2) of Kula, Maui, Hawaii. From December 1981 to June 1982, an average of 4 million irradiated flies was released by air and ground each week. Three sets of data assessed the sterile-fly release program: adult trap catches, adult yield from collected fruit, and percent egg hatch. By each of these three criteria, a significant reduction of C. capitata occurred in the treated area compared with the control area. Average number of adults caught per trap per day was reduced from 1.4 to 0.5; average number of C. capitata adults per fruit collected declined from 3.0 to 0.6, and average percent egg hatch dropped from 85.5 (control) to 13.5% (treated). Results showed that the laboratory strain of C. capitata is highly competitive in the field.
Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Background and Methods. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of tuberculosis and may interfere with the effectiveness of antituberculosis chemotherapy. To examine the outcomes in patients with both diagnoses, we conducted a retrospective study of all 132 patients listed in both the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis case registries in San Francisco from 1981 through 1988. Results. At the time of the diagnosis of tuberculosis, 78 patients (59 percent) did not yet have a diagnosis of AIDS, 18 patients (14 percent) were given a concomitant diagnosis of AIDS (as determined by the presence of an AIDS-defining disease other than tuberculosis), and the remaining 36 patients (27 percent) already had AIDS. The manifestations of tuberculosis were entirely pulmonary in 50 patients (38 percent), entirely extrapulmonary in 40 patients (30 percent), and both pulmonary and extrapulmonary in 42 patients (32 percent). The treatment regimens were as follo...
El Paso’s Muckraker: The Life of Owen Payne White. By Garna L. Christian.

El Paso’s Muckraker: The Life of Owen Payne White . By Garna L. Christian. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2015. ix + 192 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $45.00.) Owen Payne White, an El Paso, Texas, native, gained notoriety in literary circles as a muckraker, journalist, poet, and western historian from the 1920s to the 1940s. He published his works in national publications such as Collier’s and the New York Times . Yet his reputation diminished over the years compared to other more commonly mentioned, nationally recognized muckrakers such as Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, and Upton Sinclair. In El Paso’s Muckraker , Garna L. … schmelz{at}tarleton.edu
Study on architectures and constructing strategies of data warehouse system

The architecture of data warehouse system is a key research subject in data warehouse field.After analyzing the traditional architecture of data warehouse system,three architectures and their constructing strategies of tightly coupled,loosely coupled and information issuance are proposed.Based on the technology implementation,homogeneous DW system,heterogeneous DW system and technology platform structure are proposed.
Investigation on Population Group Exposed to Rabies in A Vaccination Clinic in 2008

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the disposal situation of the people exposed to rabies and vaccinated in clinic of Yingtan CDC,and provide the evidence for developing preventive and control measures.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed on 935 cases who received vaccination in clinic of Yingtan CDC in 2008.[Results]Totally 935 people were treated in Yingtan CDC's clinic due to exposure to rabies in 2008.245 cases(26.20%)aged 30~39 years.559(59.8%)received wound treatment in clinic.631(67.49%)exposed to rabies in Summer and Autumn.795's exposed parts were limbs(85.03%).Antibody positive rate was 97.99%.[Conclusion]The major infection source of rabies to people is dogs.The government should enhance the management and immunization of dogs.The preventive knowledge of rabies should be strengthened,and the awareness rate and correct rate of rabies preventive knowledge should be improved among the public.The wound should be treated timely and correctly in the formal sector.
Fundamentals of Guided-Wave Optoelectronic Devices: Channel waveguide components

Fields in channel waveguides are confined to the vicinity of the core within a few μm in both the lateral and the depth directions. There are two main advantages of the lateral confinement of channel guided-wave modes: (1) The RF electric field required to obtain an electro-optical effect such as electro-optic change of index or electro-absorption needs only to exist in a small region around the core. The required electric field in a small region can be achieved with just a moderate RF voltage applied to the electrodes. Furthermore, when the electrodes are fabricated parallel to the channel waveguides, the electro-optical change of index or electro-absorption produced by a propagating RF signal can be synchronized with the propagation of the guided wave in a traveling wave interaction as discussed in Chapter 4. Thus the electro-optical modulation at high frequencies may be carried out effectively. (2) Most optoelectronic devices are eventually connected to single mode optical fibers. The optical field pattern of the channel waveguides can be designed such that it matches well with the field pattern of single mode optical fibers or tapered fibers, providing high efficiency transmission of optical power to and from the low loss single mode fibers. Traditionally, guided-wave devices have been discussed in the literature according to the type of optical interactions they utilize, such as directional coupling or electro-absorption.
Career Calling in India and the United States: A Cross-Cultural Measurement Study

The present study examined the cross-cultural validity of instruments used to assess the experience of searching for, having, and living out a calling. Using a sample of 336 Americans and 327 Indians, we used structural equation modeling to assess measurement invariance of three common scales used to measure calling: the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ), the Brief Calling Scale, and the Living Calling Scale. Results showed partial measurement equivalence for the presence scale of the CVQ, indicating that it may be a valid measurement of within-group differences among Indian participants. Analyses on remaining scales showed borderline support for equivalence of factor structure and failed to demonstrate validity of cross-cultural comparisons. Implications for researchers and clinical practitioners are discussed.
Vagal cardiac efferent innervation in F344 rats: Effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Abstract Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), which is a physiological consequence of obstructive sleep apnea, reduces baroreflex control of heart rate (HR). Previously, we showed that the heart rate (HR) response to electrical stimulation of the vagal efferent nerve was significantly increased following CIH in F344 rats. Since vagal cardiac efferent from the nucleus ambiguus (NA) project to cardiac ganglia and regulate HR, we hypothesized that vagal cardiac efferent innervation of cardiac ganglia is reorganized. Young adult F344 rats were exposed either to room air (RA) or to intermittent hypoxia for 35–50 days. Fluorescent tracer DiI was injected into the NA to label vagal efferent innervation of cardiac ganglia which had been counterstained by Fluoro-Gold (FG) injections (i.p). Confocal microscopy was used to examine vagal cardiac efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia. NA axons entered cardiac ganglia and innervated principal neurons (PNs) with robust basket endings in both RA control and CIH animals. In addition, the percentage of PNs which were innervated by DiI-labeled fibers in ganglia was similar. In CIH rats, abnormally large swollen cardiac axon segments and disorganized terminals as well as leaky endings were observed. In general, vagal efferent terminal varicosities around PNs appeared larger and the number of varicosities was significantly increased. Interestingly, some cardiac axons had sprouting-like terminal structures in the cardiac ganglia as well as in cardiac muscle, which had not been found in RA control. Finally, CIH increased the size of PNs and reduced the ratio of nucleus to PN somata. Thus, CIH significantly remodeled the structure of vagal cardiac axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia as well as cardiac PNs.
Aligning Smoke Management with Ecological and Public Health Goals

Past and current forest management affects wildland fire smoke impacts on downwind human populations. However, mismatches between the scale of benefits and risks make it difficult to proactively manage wildland fires to promote both ecological and public health. Building on recent literature and advances in modeling smoke and health effects, we outline a framework to more directly quantify and compare smoke impacts based on emissions, dispersion, and the size and vulnerability of downwind populations across time and space. We apply the framework in a case study to demonstrate how different kinds of fires in California's Central Sierra Nevada have resulted in very different smoke impacts. Our results indicate that the 257,314-acre Rim Fire of 2013 probably resulted in 7 million person-days of smoke impact across California and Nevada, which was greater than 5 times the impact per burned unit area than two earlier wildfires, Grouse and Harden of 2009, that were intentionally managed for resource objectives within the same airshed. The framework and results suggest strategies and tactics for undertaking larger-scale burns that can minimize smoke impacts, restore forest ecosystems, and reduce the potential for more hazardous wildfire and smoke events.
Predicting and containing epidemic risk using friendship networks

Physical encounter is the most common vehicle for the spread of infectious diseases, but detailed information about said encounters is often unavailable because expensive, unpractical to collect or privacy sensitive. The present work asks whether the friendship ties between the individuals in a social network can be used to successfully predict and contain epidemic risk. Using a dataset from a popular online review service, we build a time-varying network that is a proxy of physical encounter between users and a static network based on their reported friendship — the encounter network and the friendship network. Through computer simulation, we compare infection processes on the resulting networks and show that friendship provides a poor identification of the individuals at risk if the infection is driven by physical encounter. This result is not driven by the static nature of the friendship network opposed to the time-varying nature of the encounter network, as a static version of the encounter network provides more accurate prediction of risk than the friendship network. Despite this limit, the information enclosed in the friendship network can be leveraged for monitoring and containment of epidemics. In particular, we show that periodical and relatively infrequent monitoring of the infection on the encounter network allows to correct the predicted infection on the friendship network and to achieve satisfactory prediction accuracy. In addition, the friendship network contains valuable information to effectively contain epidemic outbreaks when a limited budget is available for immunization.
The Ilizarov Technique for Bone Regeneration and Repair

G.A.Ilizarov embarked on his remarkable medical career as a general physician in the small industrial town of Kurgan,east of the Ural Mountains in Siberia of the former Soviet Union (69,73, 96). The year was 1944,and the majority of his patients suffered musculoskeletal injuries during World War II.Antibiotics,although available in the Western world,were scarce in Siberia,where chronic osteomyelitis with bone deficiencies,nonunions,and deformities were so common that Ilizarov found himself practicing orthopedics of necessity.In part through serendipity and in part through his own genius and tenacity,he developed the method that bears his name (69, 73, 96).Using modular ring external fixators and transosseous wires tensioned to the rings to stabilize the bone fragments,he introduced the concept of local bone regeneration using minimally invasive surgery (96).His clinical successes in salvaging preamputation limbs and returning completely disabled patients to normal activity levels eventually spread by word of mouth throughout the Communist bloc of countries (69, 73). By 1981 a group of Italian orthopedic surgeons had learned of his technique,mastered it,and subsequently published it in didactic textbooks (9).In order to disseminate the device and the technique, these Italian orthopedic surgeons organized national societies under the title of A.S.A.M.I.—Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Ilizarov (9).More recently,the method was introduced in North America,where it has been adopted primarily by pediatric orthopedic surgeons for limb lengthening (11, 49, 120, 127).Some US orthopedic surgeons have expanded their practice to include the Ilizarov method for adults with severe deformities,nonunions,and bone deficiencies from trauma, infections, or tumors (39, 42, 43, 46, 76, 78, 99, 114, 124, 129, 142).Many research centers have utilized the method to study bone formation, in part corroborating Ilizarov’s own research and in part extending the insights into regeneration of both bone and soft tissues under mechanical distraction (8, 9, 55, 107, 174, 179).
Acceleration of Wound and Burn Healing by Anti-Gal/α-Gal Nanoparticles Interaction

Healing of wounds and burns may be accelerated by applying α-gal liposomes or α-gal nanoparticles to the injured tissue. These liposomes and nanoparticles are made of phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol extracted from rabbit RBC membranes and present multiple α-gal epitopes (~10 15 α-gal epitopes/mg). α-Gal nanoparticles are α-gal liposomes that were fractured into much smaller liposomes (<300 nm) by extensive probe sonication. The α-gal nanoparticles also may be prepared of synthetic glycolipids and phospholipids. Both α-gal liposomes and α-gal nanoparticles bind the natural anti-Gal antibody and activate the complement system, resulting in localized production of complement cleavage chemotactic peptides, which induce rapid migration of macrophages into the injury. Anti-Gal bound to α-gal nanoparticles or liposomes further binds to macrophages via Fc/FcγR interaction. This interaction activates macrophages to secrete various pro-healing cytokines and growth factors. Topical application of α-gal nanoparticles or liposomes onto injuries in anti-Gal producing GT-KO mice or pigs accelerates healing of wounds and burns so that the regeneration time of the epidermis is shortened by 40%–60%. This acceleration of wound healing in mice occurs prior to the onset of fibrosis. Therefore, wounds do not develop scars in anti-Gal producing mice treated with α-gal liposomes and nanoparticles. Preliminary studies in mice with chemically induced diabetes impaired wound healing suggest that α-gal nanoparticles can induce healing of wounds, which are chronic and fail to heal without treatment. These nanoparticles and liposomes are highly stable for years in suspension or in a dried state on wound dressings. Studies in GT-KO mice and pigs demonstrated no toxic effects of α-gal nanoparticles on the treated animals. Thus, it would be of interest study the feasibility and efficacy of α-gal nanoparticles in inducing accelerated healing of burns and acute or chronic wounds in humans.
How to Be a Good Realist

The real problem in philosophy is how to be a realist without being an essentialist. Given the indefinitely many ways of representing the world that are available to us, limited only by our ingenuity, or by canons of consistency, or relevance, or simplicity, or beauty, or utility, essentialism would have little claim on us, if it were not for the conviction (or prejudice or instinct) that there is one right way to represent it, namely the way it really is. We rid ourselves of this conviction in a number of ways, the most radical of which is to disclaim the very project of representation; or at least, to disclaim “representation” as being any sort of correlate, depiction, account, that stands in any “correspondence” to the “real”, as its object; moreover, to discredit the notion of the “real” as anything more than a claim made by one or another representation, hence, as inevitably “representation-laden” (whether “theory” — or “framework” — or “style”- or “picture”- or “belief-laden). Reality recapitulates ontology, we might say; and ontology recapitulates philology (Quine) or recapitulates methodology (me) or recapitulates anthropology (Feuerbach), adding (with Marx) “and the root is human being”. But even if the “root” — to be radical — is human, one could start all over again, disclaiming human “reality” — human ontology — as anything more than a recapitulation of a recapitulation of…. Full circle (or full circularity) would rid us of essentialism to be sure, but also of reference (as anything more than an accident of choice, or a whim) and, a fortiori, of realism.
Impact of l-citrulline supplementation on oxygen uptake kinetics during walking

Supplementation with l-citrulline (Cit) has been shown to improve muscle oxygenation and oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate- to high-intensity cycling in young men. The aim of this study was to...
The unique associations of self-criticism and shame-proneness to symptoms of disordered eating and depression.

Abstract This study examined the unique associations of shame-proneness and self-criticism to symptoms of disordered eating and depression among 186 undergraduate students. The study also tested the degree to which self-criticism and shame-proneness accounted for the association between disordered eating and depressive symptoms. Both shame-proneness and self-criticism were significantly related to disordered eating and depressive symptoms. Self-criticism was significantly associated with disordered eating and depressive symptoms, over-and-above shame-proneness, but the reverse was not true. Controlling for shame-proneness, self-criticism also accounted for a significant proportion of the covariance between disordered eating and depressive symptoms, suggesting that self-criticism could account for some of the comorbidity between depression and eating disorders. Findings suggest that self-criticism may have incremental utility above-and-beyond shame-proneness as part of a transdiagnostic underlying cognitive substrate for depression and disordered eating. Implications emerge for future research and clinical practice.
The rheological and textural characterization of Soluplus®/Vitamin E composites

Abstract Soluplus® is a graft amphiphilic copolymer that is frequently used as an excipient in solid dosage forms as a dissolution and a solubility enhancer. We discovered that Soluplus® can be dissolved in vitamin E. The result is a tacky and highly adhesive material. Our research objective was to evaluate the rheological, adhesive, and textural properties of the Soluplus®/Vitamin E composites. In this study, Soluplus® was dissolved under heat in vitamin E at increasing concentrations from 0 to 40% (by weight). The flow behavior of the Soluplus®/Vitamin E composites was determined by applying shear stress using an advanced AR2000 rheometer. Under the linear viscoelastic region (LVR), the rheological properties of the blends such as dynamic viscosity (η′), storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and the phase angle tangent (tan δ) were measured. Hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the blends were also measured with a TA.XT plus texture analyzer. Rheological analysis showed that the viscosity of the Soluplus®/Vitamin E composites increased with an increase in Soluplus® concentration but decreased as the temperature increased from 20 to 90 °C. The adhesiveness of the blends also significantly increased with an increase in Soluplus® concentration. The results from this study indicated that Soluplus®/Vitamin E composites have the potential to be exploited in applications where the use of highly adhesive material is desirable.
31 GHz path loss measurement and modeling for indoor/outdoor environments

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation measurements were conducted at 31 GHz for outdoor and indoor environments using horn antennas of 54° half power beam width (HPBW) and 10 dBi gain, for both co-polarized and cross-polarized antenna configurations. The measurements were conducted in typical line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) environments in a large building on the University of South Carolina campus. Several propagation path loss (PL) models are presented based upon this collected data. As expected, the PLE showed a dependence on the presence or absence of LOS and on antenna polarization alignment, while cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) depends on LOS and antenna HPBW. A comparative analysis between our results with those in the literature shows good general agreement. The PL models presented in this paper may be of use in future outdoor and inbuilding wireless networks in this mmWave band.
Science in Feyerabend’s Free Society

Paul Feyerabend’s latest book, Science in a Free Society, is certain to intrigue some, appall others, and infuriate many.1 In a free society, he claims, there should be a separation of science and state, just as there is a separation of church and state. This should be so because (1) science is only one of many traditions or ideologies, (2) a free society is one in which there is equality among traditions or ideologies, and (3) society’s preferred treatment of science in education, medicine, and so on (making it the “fabric of democracy”) violates the rights of other traditions. A central concern of the book is whether modern science can be shown to be better than alternatives such as magic or Aristotelian science. Feyerabend argues that it cannot. But there is much more to the book: Feyerabend examines the relation between reason and practice, tames the specter of relativism conjured up by his views, attacks modern medicine, and spends a good many pages debunking experts and exposing the low caliber of contemporary philosophy of science. Just as in his Against Method (AM), one can find “… arguments to make rationalists feel at home, arias in various keys to please the more dramatic reader, fairy tales to capture the Romantic,…rhetoric for those who like a hard-hitting debate with no holds barred,…personal remarks for people who rightly feel that ideas are made by men and that one understands them better more one knows about the minds that create them” (180). Feyerabend disappoints neither friend nor foe.
Neurophysiological Properties of Visual Neurons in Rats with Light Damaged Retinas

In recent years it has been shown by a number of investigators that the photoreceptors in albino rats undergo an irreversible degeneration as a result of long-term exposure to continuous illumination. In fact, by adjusting the intensity of the light source and varying the spectral properties of the light, it has been shown that the retinal degeneration can be experimentally graded in both amount and spatial extent (1–8). In our laboratory we have been interested in the perceptual and neurophysiological implications of light-induced retinal degeneration. Accordingly, we have pursued a broad program of research to help clarify the relationship between light-induced retinal degeneration and visually-guided behavior and to relate retinal and perceptual changes to alterations in the response properties of neurons in various portions of the visual system.
Technology, Policy, and Market Drivers of (and Barriers to) Advanced Nuclear Reactor Deployment in the United States After 2030

The potential role for advanced nuclear reactors in U.S. markets is highly uncertain and depends on future technologies, markets, and policies. Using a detailed model of power sector investments an...
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children's Hospitals: 2014-2017.

BACKGROUND: The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was licensed in the United States in 2010. We describe invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children at 8 children’s hospitals in the US from 2014 to 2017. METHODS: Children with IPD occurring from 2014 to 2017 were identified from a prospective study. Demographic and clinical data, including results of any immune evaluation along with the number and dates of previous pneumococcal conjugate vaccines administered, were recorded on case report forms. Isolate serotypes were determined in a central laboratory. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine doses were counted if IPD occurred ≥2 weeks after a dose. RESULTS: PCV13 serotypes accounted for 23.9% (115 out of 482) of IPD isolates from 2014 to 2017. Serotypes 3, 19A, and 19F accounted for 91% of PCV13 serotypes. The most common non-PCV13 serotypes were 35B, 23B, 33F, and 22F. An underlying condition was significantly (P CONCLUSIONS: PCV13 serotypes (especially serotypes 3, 19A, and 19F) continue to account for nearly a quarter of IPD in US children 4 to 7 years after PCV13 was introduced. Underlying conditions are more common in children with non-PCV13 serotype IPD. Immune evaluations in otherwise healthy children with PCV13 serotype IPD despite receiving ≥2 PCV13 doses did not identify an immunodeficiency.
Is Informality Good for Business ? The Impacts of IDP Inflows on Formal Firms

This paper examines the effects of large inflows of internally displaced persons (IDP), who are primarily absorbed by the informal sector, on the behavior of formal manufacturing firms in Colombia. To identify causal effects, the analysis employs annual, firm-level panel data between 1995 and 2010 and exploits that when conflict intensifies, forcefully displaced individuals tend to migrate to municipalities where people from their origin locations settled earlier. The paper finds that large inflows of IDP induce sizable, negative effects on the intensive and extensive margins of production of formal firms. These effects are stronger for firms operating in sectors that face a stronger competition from the informal economy.
Dispensary, home, and ‘a women’s army’: Framing tubercular geographies and gender in late Ottoman Turkey

Abstract In Western states of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, tuberculosis (TB) came to be regarded as one of the most lethal infectious diseases. Responses to this universal malady were globally interconnected and both reflected and created unique spatialities within the cultures, politics and practices of an emerging modern medicine. The late Ottoman Empire actively responded to TB, investing in medical research and international exchanges of knowledge and personnel. In this article we interrogate the geographic focus that Ottoman leaders began to place on dispensaries and homes as they searched for solutions. Concentrating on the writings of Besim Omer Akalin – due to his decisive positions in medicine and society and his prodigious record of publication – our analysis reveals that his contribution to this effort also focused heavily on medicalizing modern notions of home, womanhood and motherhood. Beyond seeking to harness women’s labor in the empire’s TB struggle, his agenda to raise a ‘women’s army’ also sought to utilize this struggle to gain better access to the population’s families while redefining women’s pivotal roles and obligations within their own households. Spanning the empire-to-republic transition, Akalin’s relevance and influence persist well into the present nation-state era, wherein he has been celebrated with numerous appellations that include ‘Turkey’s father of modern obstetrics and gynecology’. In addition to contributing to the global histories of TB and struggles to overcome it, our research also contributes to scholarship on the gendered domestication of health and wellness.
Visual indeterminacy in GAN art

This paper explores visual indeterminacy as a description for artwork created with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Visual indeterminacy describes images that appear to depict real scenes, but on closer examination, defy coherent spatial interpretation. GAN models seem to be predisposed to producing indeterminate images, and indeterminacy is a key feature of much modern representational art, as well as most GAN art. The author hypothesizes that indeterminacy is a consequence of a powerful-but-imperfect image synthesis model that must combine general classes of objects, scenes and textures.
Cross-level sociodemographic homogeneity alters individual risk for completed suicide

Among deaths of despair, the individual and community correlates of US suicides have been consistently identified and are well known. However, the suicide rate has been stubbornly unyielding to reduction efforts, promoting calls for novel research directions. Linking levels of influence has been proposed in theory but blocked by data limitations in the United States. Guided by theories on the importance of connectedness and responding to unique data challenges of low base rates, geographical dispersion, and appropriate comparison groups, we attempt a harmonization of the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) and the American Community Survey (ACS) to match individual and county-level risks. We theorize cross-level sociodemographic homogeneity between individuals and communities, which we refer to as "social similarity" or "sameness," focusing on whether having like-others in the community moderates individual suicide risks. While analyses from this new Multilevel Suicide Data for the United States (MSD-US) replicate several individual and contextual findings, considering sameness changes usual understandings of risk in two critical ways. First, high individual risk for suicide among those who are younger, not US born, widowed or married, unemployed, or have physical disabilities is cut substantially with greater sameness. Second, this moderating pattern flips for Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Asians, and Hispanics, as well as among native-born and unmarried individuals, where low individual suicide risk increases significantly with greater social similarity. Results mark the joint influence of social structure and culture, deliver unique insights on the complexity of connectedness in suicide, and offer considerations for policy and practice.
The Sacrifice God Desired: Psalm 40.6–8 in Hebrews 10

Scholars often argue that Hebrews uses Psalm 40 in Heb 10.5–10 to emphasise obedience, either stressing Christ's lived obedience on earth or suggesting that obedience replaces sacrifice. However, Hebrews does not use Psalm 40 to highlight obedience but to identify another sacrificial offering. Christ's offering is the cultic offering that pleases God and achieves God's salvific will. While God did not take pleasure in Levitical sacrifices, he did command them and promise that they would achieve certain effects. The first covenant sacrifices achieved atonement and forgiveness because they were shadows that anticipated and participated in Christ's offering.
Towards Conformally Nanostructured Freeform Optics

Conformally nanostructured freeform optics can enable smaller systems and new or improved functionality but are limited by available manufacturing methods. To this end, I review experimental manufacturing approaches and example applications and discuss current fabrication challenges.
Near-Isogenic Lines as Powerful Tools to Evaluate the Effect of Individual Phytochemicals on Health and Chronic Diseases

The growing epidemic of chronic diseases in the twenty-first century has emphasized the importance of developing staple crops with enhanced nutritional value and health benefits. Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of many chronic diseases, which are partially due to the health-promoting effects of enriched phytochemicals. Despite the great effort put into understanding the effectiveness of phytochemicals through epidemiological and human intervention studies, the results are inconclusive. Phytochemicals used in these studies, and other cell or animal-based models, are often purified compounds and not the whole-food matrix. Emerging evidence suggests that the food matrix can significantly influence phytochemical stability, bioavailability as well as bioactivity. However, the studies where whole foods are used could encounter difficulties in dissecting out contributions of specific phytochemicals from a mixture of nutrients. Near-isogenic lines (NILs), whose genetic backgrounds differ only in one or a few genes offer feasibility to study for developing whole foods that vary in a specific class of phytochemicals, making them powerful tools. This chapter focuses on reviewing the importance of using NILs in studying the effect of individual phytochemicals in the whole-food matrix to provide evidence-based staple crops to counter the growing epidemic of chronic diseases globally.
Flower, Metaphor, and Portugalidade: António de Sousa de Macedo and Mariana de Luna’s Complementary Use of Flores

espanolRESUMEN: Tanto Flores de Espana, Excelencias de Portugal (1631) de Antonio de Sousa de Macedo como Ramalhete de flores (1642) de Mariana de Luna emplean las flores como metafora nuclear para exaltar su Portugal natal. El ramillete modesto de Luna y el arreglo minucioso de Sousa de Macedo se presentan al lector a traves de dos sonetos de Sor Violante do Ceu. Mientras que Luna le escribe al recien coronado rey Joao IV en celebracion de la Restauracao (1640), el destinatario de Sousa de Macedo es un lector extranjero a quien pretende convencer de la preeminencia portuguesa. Aunque difieren en contexto y extension, las dos obras emplean la lengua de portugalidade para lograr sus respectivos propositos. EnglishABSTRACT: Antonio de Sousa de Macedo’s Flores de Espana, Excelencias de Portugal (1631) and Mariana de Luna’s Ramalhete de flores (1642) both make use of a central floral metaphor to exalt their native Portugal. Luna’s modest bouquet and Sousa de Macedo’s meticulous arrangement are introduced to the reader through two sonnets by Soror Violante do Ceu. Whereas Luna writes to the newly crowned king Joao IV in celebration of the Restauracao (1640), Sousa de Macedo’s is a non-native reader who he would convince of Portuguese preeminence. While they differ in context and scale, both works employ the language of portugalidade to achieve their respective ends.
Cases in Human Parasitology

Table of Contents Section I. Intestinal Protozoa Section II. Blood and Tissue Protozoa Section III. Cestodes, Tematodes, and Intestinal Nematodes Section IV. Blood and Tissue Nematodes Section V. Challenging Cases
Cancer Stem Cells: A Revisitation of the “Anaplasia” Concept

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells within a tumor originally characterized by the capability of initiating colonies in vitro or of forming tumors at high efficiency when injected into immunocompromised NOD/SCID mice. These cells have an undifferentiated phenotype and resemble normal stem cells in many ways, but are no longer under homeostatic control. CSC hypothesis permit to justify some intriguing and debated aspects of clinical oncology (radio- and chemoresistance, recidivism and metastasis). The definition of functional properties (cluster of differentiation, aberrant signaling pathways, high expression of drug efflux pumps of the MDR family, ALDH) of CSCs not only may permit their identification and isolation, but could permit to understand the mechanisms at the basis of their genomic and phenotypic instability. These peculiarities seem to induce a lethal genomic and phenotypic plasticity that is the molecular basis of cancer aggressiveness. The understanding of this high adaptability of CSC must represent the real target for a valid therapeutic and diagnostic approach to cancer.
A real-time error correction system for spindle errors

A methodology for machining of near-perfect bores on mild steel workpieces using an error correction system attached to a conventional, preloaded ball bearing machine tool spindle is described. The approach detects machine tool errors in real-time by using a laser-based sensor, models the errors as a background computation and uses the model to compensate, in real-time, for the deterministic errors. The hardware developed to implement the methodology scans the workpiece surface after matching with a spindle-mounted probe. If the model-based machine tool errors are subtracted from the scanned signal, and the remaining error is modeled, then an in-situ bore measurement is effectively made. This approach avoids the axis locating problem intrinsic with use of a separate measuring machine. The machine tool errors are modeled as deviations from all ideal cylinder in space. With respect to the machine tool coordinates, the model parameters include axis orientation, diameter, and cylindricity. >
Polarization dependent inter-subband transitions in n-type InGaAs/GaAs and p-type SiGe/Ge self assembled dots: theoretical studies

Here we describe the electronic levels and polarisation dependence of intersubband transitions for n-type InGaAs/GaAs and p-type SiGe/Si self assembled quantum dots. The valence band and band structure intersubband transitions have been theoretically examined of SiGe/Si quantum dots.
Purification and partial characterization of chicken liver acetyl coenzyme A: arylamine N-acetyltransferase

Abstract 1. 1. Arylamine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) was purified 120-fold from chicken liver. 2. 2. The enzyme showed a rise in activity from pH 6.5 to 7.7 followed by a constant activity to about pH 8.6. 3. 3. The relative molecular weight of the enzyme was about 34,000. 4. 4. The apparent K m for acetyl-CoA was 13 μM with 4-nitroaniline as acetyl-acceptor. CoA was a noncompetitive inhibitor relative to acetyl-CoA with apparent K i value of 110 μM. 5. 5. With 4-methylaniline as substrate, arylamine acetyltransferase activity in pigeon liver was about 8 times greater than in chicken liver, and about 40 times greater than in rabbit.
Dynamic computation in a recurrent network of heterogeneous silicon neurons

We describe a neuromorphic chip with a two-layer excitatory-inhibitory recurrent network of that exhibits localized clusters of neural activity. Unlike other recurrent networks, the clusters in our network are pinned to certain locations due to transistor mismatch introduced in fabrication. As described in previous work, our pinned clusters respond selectively to oriented stimuli and the neurons' preferred orientations are distributed similar to the visual cortex. Here we show that orientation computation is rapid when activity alternates between layers (staccato-like), dislodging pinned clusters, which promotes fast cluster diffusion.
A Mechanizable Induction Principle for Equational Specifications

Automating proofs of properties of functions defined on inductively constructed data structures is important in many computer science and artificial intelligence applications, in particular in program verification and specification systems. A new induction principle based on a constructor model of a data structure is developed. This principle along with a given function definition as a set of equations is used to construct automatically an induction scheme suitable for proving inductive properties of the function. The proposed induction principle thus gives different induction schema for different function definitions, just as Boyer and Moore's prover does. A novel feature of this approach is that it can also be used for proving properties by induction for data structures such as integers, finite sets, whose values cannot be freely constructed, i.e., constructors for such data structures are related to each other. This method has been implemented in RRL, a rewrite-rule based theorem prover. More than a hundred theorems in number theory including the unique prime factorization theorem, have been proved using the method.
Noise knows no limits

Can you remember the last time you were awake but heard nothing? No people. No animals. No machines. No music. Nothing. If you are like me (and like most people with normal hearing), you probably have difficulty recalling an instance of hearing absolutely nothing at all. Someone or something somewhere is making sound — making noise. The inescapability of noise and its impacts on the evolution of communication are the subjects of Noise Matters, the new book by Haven Wiley (Figure 1).
Saponins in Garlic as Modifiers of the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Most chemical and biological studies about garlic have been conducted using organosulfur compounds. However, a variety of steroid saponins from garlic and related Allium species are being increasingly recognized for their importance in biological processes. This report demonstrates the isolation and structure determination of steroid saponins from garlic and aged garlic extract (AGE). In addition, the in vitro antifungal antitumor cytotoxicity and blood coagulability effects of steroid saponins from garlic and related Allium species are provided. Animal studies on the cholesterol-lowering effects of the saponin fractions from garlic are also summarized.
The fallacy of composition

Although the fallacy of composition is little studied by theorists and trivially illustrated in textbooks, some view it as ubiquitous and highly significant. Furthermore, although definitions regard the concept as unproblematic, it contains three distinct elements that are often confused, and is often carelessly conflated with the fallacy of division. And although some apparently claim that fallacies are figments of a critic's imagination, they are really proposing to study fallacies in the context of meta-argumentation. Guided by these ideas, I find three important historical examples: Aristotle's geocentric argument from natural motion, as critiqued by Galileo; a step in the theological argument from design, as critiqued by Hume; and Michels's iron law of oligarchy, as critiqued by social scientists Dahl and Lipset. Finally, I formulate some problems for future research on compositional arguments: distinguishing incorrectness from fallaciousness; elaborating general principles of evaluation; clarifying the three distinct subtypes; shifting from the arbitrary pluralism of argument-identification to the normal meta-argumentation of argument-analysis; and further historical-empirical search for such fallacies in various controversies, over holism, over global warming, and over national debts.