cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser Stimulated Deposition of GaAs, GaAsP and GaAsP-GaAs Superlattices

An Ar+ ion laser has been used for direct writing of GaAs and GaAsP single crystal films on thermally biased GaAs substrates. Multiple scanning of the laser beam at speeds in the range 100–200 µm/s at carefully selected growth conditions resulted in single crystalline selectively deposited films. Photoluminescence indicates that these deposited films have optical properties that are comparable with the conventionally (MOCVD) grown material. Laser beam irradiation has been used to form a superlattice (SL) structure which has been demonstrated in the GaAsP-GaAs system. When a GaAs substrate is exposed to fluxes of AsH3, PH3 and TMG at 500°C, only GaAs will be deposited because of the insufficient cracking of PH3. However, localized laser heating results in GaAsP deposition. A GaAsP-GaAs superlattice with a period of about 400 A has been synthesized. This laser induced technique can thus have potential applications in the generation of abrupt interfaces without the use of shutters as in MBE or gas switching as in MOCVD.
Neglect and hereditary risk: Their relative contribution to schizophrenia with negative symptomatology.

Background:There is evidence that genetic and environmental stressors contribute to the genesis of schizophrenia. However, the relevant impact of each factor remains unclear. We tested for an interactive effect between childhood neglect and family history of serious mental illness. Data were further analyzed for a possible connection to type of schizophrenic symptoms.Sampling/Methods:Data for the study are taken from the medical records of 641 patients with schizophrenia from a large state hospital in the northeastern United States. Clinical assessments were divided into positive and negative symptomatology through application of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Detailed information about childhood neglect and family history of serious mental illness was obtained through Social Service Assessment interviews at intake and during hospital stay.Results:Among clients with no ...
Spatial and temporal distribution and pollution analysis of residues of volatile phenol in diffident kinds of shellfish from the East China Sea Coast

Four kinds of shellfish were collected from the East China Sea coast in June 2006 and June 2007,and residues of volatile phenol were detected respectively.The results showed that:the range of residues of volatile phenols in four kinds of shellfish from the investigation area was 0.25~0.59 mg·kg-1 in June 2006,the highest residues level of volatile phenols was detected in Crassostrea plicatula,the range of residues was 0.80~1.50 mg·kg-1 in June 2007,the highest residues level was detected in Mytilus edulis.The average concentration of volatile phenols in shellfish from low to high in shellfish was Mactra veneriformisMeretrix mere-trixCrassostrea plicatulaMytilus edulis.The range of residues of volatile phenols in each sampling site was ND~0.78 mg·kg-1 in June 2006,and the average was 0.31 mg·kg-1;the range of residues was 0.20~2.22 mg·kg-1 in June 2007,with its average concentra-tion was 1.19 mg·kg-1.The overall distribution pattern of spatial distribution performed as the central of the East China Sea coastsouthern of the East China Sea coast northern of the East China Sea coast.The residues of volatile phenol in shellfish were affected mainly by its physical and physiological factors,as well as environmental factors.
Adenosine and hypoxia stimulate proliferation and migration of endothelial cells

The proliferation of bovine aortic or coronary venular endothelial cells (EC) in vitro was stimulated by the addition of adenosine (0.5 or 5.0 microM) to the culture medium. Cell counts of adenosin...
Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides for the Control of Rhopobota naevana in Cranberry, 2014

The objective of this experiment was to assess the efficacy on second generation of BHFW larvae of insecticides currently labeled for use in cranberry (Fanfare, Altacor, Diazinon, Belay, Knack, Assail, Delegate, Imidan, Rimon, Lorsban, Venom, Intrepid, and Closer), softer chemistry insecticides labeled on cranberry (Grandevo and Venerate), and insecticides not currently labeled on cranberry (Movento and Exirel). This experiment was conducted in a mature cranberry planting on a commercial farm near Byron, Wisconsin. The …
Heritable Skin Diseases with Molecular Defects in Collagen or Elastin

The recent progress made in understanding the normal biology and biochemistry of the extracellular matrix of human skin has allowed us to identify several different levels at which errors could be introduced into the structure and metabolism of collagen or elastin, the two major fibrillar components of the dermis. Currently, several heritable cutaneous diseases are known to display distinct collagen or elastin abnormalities. This article reviews some of the heritable cutaneous diseases and highlights those entities in which definite information on molecular alterations in collagen or elastin is available.
Eight Myths of Child Social Development: An Evolutionary Approach to Power, Aggression, and Social Competence

Through the presentation of eight “myths”, the present chapter addresses evolution and children’s social development, especially as it relates to children’s aggression, social competence, and power. The first section addresses the independence of evolutionary selfishness from psychological selfishness. The second and third sections demonstrate the instrumentality of prosociality and the utility of considering function over form in exploring the adaptive aspects of aggression. The fourth and fifth sections address how cheaters in fact can prosper, and that aggression does not necessarily lead to ostracism from the group. Sections six and seven dispel the myths that social dominance and status is important only in adolescence and that power is the purview of males. Finally, section eight discusses why power matters in child development.
Antibody Structure: Combining Site

Publisher Summary This chapter presents details of the workshop focusing on antibody structure. The workshop on antibody-combining sites considered the location, size, shape, and some chemical properties of these sites and the extent to which their unique conformations are modified by light and heavy chains. Particular interest centered on the amino acid residues that exercise a dominant effect on the specificity of Ab molecules. It was agreed that the combining sites are located in Fab domains and are made up of V segments of light and heavy chains (VL and VH). Preliminary evidence suggested that enzymic digestion of Fab may yield a core of about half the original size which contains associated VL and VH segments that retain most of the ligand-binding activity of the intact antibody molecule. Some participants in the workshop suggested that VL and VH make essentially equal contributions, but perhaps the majority think that the VH segment is primarily responsible for antigen binding. Although the binding affinity is much reduced, both isolated H and L chains exhibit the same ligand-binding specificity as the intact antibody molecule from which they are derived.
Energy Transfer Sensitization of Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters: More than Just the Classical Förster Mechanism.

Luminescent gold nanocrystals (AuNCs) are a recently-developed material with potential optic, electronic and biological applications. They also demonstrate energy transfer (ET) acceptor/sensitization properties which have been ascribed to Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and, to a lesser extent, nanosurface energy transfer (NSET). Here, we investigate AuNC acceptor interactions with three structurally/functionally-distinct donor classes including organic dyes, metal chelates and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Donor quenching was observed for every donor-acceptor pair although AuNC sensitization was only observed from metal-chelates and QDs. FRET theory dramatically underestimated the observed energy transfer while NSET-based damping models provided better fits but could not reproduce the experimental data. We consider additional factors including AuNC magnetic dipoles, density of excited-states, dephasing time, and enhanced intersystem crossing that can also influence ET. Cumulatively, data suggests that AuNC sensitization is not by classical FRET or NSET and we provide a simplified distance-independent ET model to fit such experimental data.
NPR Music: Remediation, curation, and National Public Radio in the digital convergence era:

This article considers National Public Radio’s (NPR) relationship with music and the web. I argue that the NPR Music project has successfully leveraged NPR’s perceived autonomy from commercial fact...
Zika virus in the blood supply.

In this issue of Blood, Gallian et al describe Zika virus (ZIKV) viremia in 1.8% of asymptomatic blood donors during an explosive 2016 outbreak on Martinique Island when ∼42.2% of donors seroconverted, highlighting the risk to the US blood supply.1
Online Energy Maximization of an Airborne Wind Energy Turbine in Simulated Periodic Flight

This paper presents a controller for optimizing the crosswind figure-8 motion of a buoyant airborne wind energy turbine. Crosswind figure-8 motion has the potential to increase average power generation compared with stationary flight. To achieve crosswind motion, we use a hierarchical control scheme, where a high-level controller adjusts the roll set-point trajectory and a lower-level motor controller tracks it. The optimal crosswind trajectory changes with both wind speed and the plant’s aerodynamic parameters. This creates a need for an optimal controller that adjusts the roll set-point trajectory both in response to wind speed variations and plant uncertainties. Adaptation is complicated by the facts that: 1) wind speed is difficult to measure accurately at high altitudes and 2) the use of an optimal roll set-point trajectory can induce instability if actual wind conditions are different from anticipated conditions. Building on these observations and the existing literature, this paper presents a controller that adapts the figure-8 trajectory in changing and uncertain wind conditions by fusing direct anemometry-based wind speed estimation with extremum seeking (ES). The fast anemometry-based estimation allows for quick set-point adjustments. The slow-converging ES adds a correction factor that can be used to account for uncertainties such as estimator bias or plant parameter uncertainties. In one simulation with real wind data, the proposed approach improves energy generation by 92% over a stationary controller and 40% over a similar controller based on anemometry-based speed estimation alone.
Variance Components Estimation in Mixed Linear Model—The Sub-diagonalization Method

This work aims to introduce a new method of estimating the variance components in mixed linear models . The approach will be done firstly for models with 3 variances components and secondly attention will be devoted to general case of models with an arbitrary number of variance components . In our approach, we construct and apply a finite sequence of orthogonal matrices to the mixed linear model variance-covariance structure in order to produce a set of Gauss–Markov sub-models which will be used to create pooled estimators for the variance components . Numerical results will be given, comparing the performance of our proposed estimator to the one based on likelihood procedure.
Mechanism and Network Design with Private Negative Externalities

A revenue-maximizing monopolist is selling a single indivisible good to buyers who face a loss if any of its rival buyers obtain it. The rivalry is modeled through a network, an arc between a pair of buyers indicates that a buyer considers another buyer its rival, and the magnitude of the loss is the private information of each buyer. This loss-exposure due to competitive considerations can be viewed as a negative externality. First, using a Myersonian approach we derive the monopolist’s optimal mechanism for any given network. Second, we show that revenues depend on the network structure. Thus, in applications where it is possible, the monopolist might consider designing not only the mechanism but also the network (if not fully, at least partially). Third, we provide and fully describe the solution to the monopolist’s market design problem; that is, the joint network and mechanism design problem. Specifically, despite the nonmonotone impact of additional competition on the monopolist’s revenues, we deter...
Interview with Jackie Dietz

(2011). Interview with Jackie Dietz. Journal of Statistics Education: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. null.
Applying an information literacy rubric to first-year health sciences student research posters

Objective: This article describes the collection and analysis of annotated bibliographies created by first-year health sciences students to support their final poster projects. The authors examined the students’ abilities to select relevant and authoritative sources, summarize the content of those sources, and correctly cite those sources. Methods: We collected images of 1,253 posters, of which 120 were sampled for analysis, and scored the posters using a 4-point rubric to evaluate students’ information literacy skills. Results: We found that 52% of students were proficient at selecting relevant sources that directly contributed to the theme, topic, or debate presented in their final poster projects, and 64% of students did well with selecting authoritative peer-reviewed scholarly sources related to their topic. However, 45% of students showed difficulty in correctly applying American Psychological Association (APA) citation style. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a need for instructors and librarians to provide strategies for reading and comprehending scholarly articles in addition to properly using APA citation style.
A non-invasive system to assess tissue temperature distribution (Conference Presentation)

In many applications such as fractional ablative laser treatments, pain control, and fat removal, it is crucial to determine the temperature distribution across different layers of the tissue. We present a hybrid model consisting of point-wise temperature measurements and mathematical modeling of the simultaneous conduction and phase-change heat transfer to determine the coupling between the surface temperature and the isotherm planes across the tissue. The high accuracy and reliability, low sensitivity to variations in tissue texture and structure, simple design and implementation, as well as non-invasive nature of the method employed make the new system a robust tool in monitoring the temperature distribution and controlling the cooling or heating rate. The new system significantly increases the efficacy, safety, and reliability of the tissue thermal management treatments and reduces the risk of damage to non-target tissues especially for aggressive treatments.
Bianisotropic acoustic metasurfaces for wavefront manipulation

Materials with sub-wavelength asymmetry and long-range order have recently been shown to respond to acoustic waves in a manner that is analogous to electromagnetic biansiotropy [Sieck et al. Phys. Rev. B 96, 104303, (2017)]. A characteristic of these materials is the generation of dipolar scattering when subjected to a uniform time-varying pressure field. This behavior leads to a characteristic acoustic plane-wave impedance that has a preferential direction, known as a polarization, which results in direction-dependent magnitude and phase of an acoustic field scattered from bianisotropic acoustic media. These materials can therefore be used as acoustic metasurfaces to control the reflected or transmitted acoustic fields. This work presents the use of bianisotropic acoustic media for wavefront manipulation through analytical and finite element modeling and discusses potential acoustic analogues to existing bianisotropic electromagnetic metasurfaces. [This work was supported by ONR and the National Science Foundation.]Materials with sub-wavelength asymmetry and long-range order have recently been shown to respond to acoustic waves in a manner that is analogous to electromagnetic biansiotropy [Sieck et al. Phys. Rev. B 96, 104303, (2017)]. A characteristic of these materials is the generation of dipolar scattering when subjected to a uniform time-varying pressure field. This behavior leads to a characteristic acoustic plane-wave impedance that has a preferential direction, known as a polarization, which results in direction-dependent magnitude and phase of an acoustic field scattered from bianisotropic acoustic media. These materials can therefore be used as acoustic metasurfaces to control the reflected or transmitted acoustic fields. This work presents the use of bianisotropic acoustic media for wavefront manipulation through analytical and finite element modeling and discusses potential acoustic analogues to existing bianisotropic electromagnetic metasurfaces. [This work was supported by ONR and the National Science ...
Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic Tropospheric Ozone

Ozone in the troposphere, though it represents only a relatively small fraction of the total column amount, is now recognized for its important role in the chemical and radiative balance of the atmosphere. Because of the lower tropopauses found in the polar regions, the contribution of the tropospheric component to the total column ranges from about 3–15%. In the north polar region the contribution falls in a narrower range of about 5–8%. Over Antarctica, during the spring when stratospheric ozone depletion is severe, the troposphere can comprise up to 15% of the total, otherwise it is about 3–5%. In the polar regions, there are several unique characteristics that play an important role in determining the distribution of ozone in the troposphere [Oltmans, 1992]. These include the extremely cold winter temperatures, long periods of darkness and sunlight, and transport regimes that may incorporate ozone precursors into polar latitudes or mix ozone from the stratosphere into the troposphere. Sources of anthropogenic ozone precursors are significant primarily in the northern hemisphere (NH).
Phospholipids, phospholipid methylation and taurine content in synaptosomes of developing rat brain.

Many phenomena involving taurine appear to be based on a membrane-modifying action, although the nature of this action has remained largely undefined. Taurine stabilizes membranes under a variety of conditions, reducing malondialdehyde release induced by carbon tetrachloride (Nakashima et al., 1983), and antagonizing the loss of membrane function produced by phospholipase C (Huxtable and Bressler, 1973) among other actions. Taurine also modifies the calcium binding characteristics of membranes, increasing the affinity of calcium binding while decreasing the maximum binding capacity (Huxtable and Peterson, 1988; Sebring and Huxtable, 1985). Perhaps associated with this is a taurine-induced shift in the membrane transition temperature (Lombardini, 1985), and a stimulation of high affinity, energy-dependent calcium transport in the presence of bicarbonate (reviewed in Huxtable, 1989).
Achieving Upward Socioeconomic Mobility Using Entrepreneurship: Toward an Imprisonment Model

Entrepreneurship is argued to function as a vehicle for inclusiveness: for improving life condition of individuals, or for stably accessing otherwise difficult-to-access socioeconomic opportunities...
Particle Size Preference of Six Ant Species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Bait particle size preferences of six ant species among four particle sizes (2.36, 2.0, 1.44, and 0.85 mm) were determined in laboratory assays. Based on weight of bait particles removed o...
Prevalence of e-Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States, 2014-2018.

This population epidemiology study uses 2014-2018 data from National Health Interview Surveys to assess trends in prevalence of current and daily e-cigarette use by US adults and to characterize trends by sociodemographic and smoking status among young adults (18-24 years).
Quantitative age-dependent differences in human brainstem myelination assessed using high-resolution magnetic resonance mapping

Abstract Previous in-vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based studies of age-related differences in the human brainstem have focused on volumetric morphometry. These investigations have provided pivotal insights into regional brainstem atrophy but have not addressed microstructural age differences. However, growing evidence indicates the sensitivity of quantitative MRI to microstructural tissue changes in the brain. These studies have largely focused on the cerebrum, with very few MR investigations addressing age-dependent differences in the brainstem, in spite of its central role in the regulation of vital functions. Several studies indicate early brainstem alterations in a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases and dementias. The paucity of MR-focused investigations is likely due in part to the challenges imposed by the small structural scale of the brainstem itself as well as of substructures within, requiring accurate high spatial resolution imaging studies. In this work, we applied our recently developed approach to high-resolution myelin water fraction (MWF) mapping, a proxy for myelin content, to investigate myelin differences with normal aging within the brainstem. In this cross-sectional investigation, we studied a large cohort (n = 125) of cognitively unimpaired participants spanning a wide age range (21–94 years) and found a decrease in myelination with age in most brainstem regions studied, with several regions exhibiting a quadratic association between myelin and age. We believe that this study is the first investigation of MWF differences with normative aging in the adult brainstem. Further, our results provide reference MWF values.
APPENDIX 6 Pathway Modulators and Inhibitors

Inhibitors of specific cellular pathways are useful for investigating the roles of proteins of unknown function, and for selectively inhibiting a protein in complex pathways to uncover its relationships to other proteins in this and other interacting pathways. This appendix provides links to Web sites that describe cellular processes and pathways along with the various classes of inhibitors, numerous references, downloadable diagrams, and technical tips. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 92:A.6.1-A.6.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: pathway inhibitors; pathway modulators
Chest pressure and dyspnoea in a 47-year-old man.

A 47-year-old man presents with exertional dyspnoea and chest pressure. He also reports occasional palpitations and postural syncope. Cardiovascular exam is notable for a blood pressure of 116/76 mm Hg, regular rate and rhythm, normal S1 and S2, with no jugular venous distension and no oedema. A murmur is noted. ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy and repolarisation abnormalities. A transthoracic echocardiogram was obtained, and an M-mode recording of the mitral valve is …
Superior performance biodiesel from biomass-derived fusel alcohols and low grade oils: Fatty acid fusel esters (FAFE)

Abstract We demonstrated production of a superior performance biodiesel referred to here as fatty acid fusel alcohol esters (FAFE) – by reacting fusel alcohols (isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and (S)-(-)-2-methyl-1-butanol) with oil (glyceryl trioleate) using lipase from Aspergillus oryzae. Reaction conditions corresponding to a molar ratio of 5:1 (fusel alcohols to oil), enzyme loading of 2% w/w, reaction temperature of 35 °C, shaking speed of 250 rpm, and reaction time of 24 h achieved >97% conversion to FAFE. Further, FAFE obtained from reacting a fusel alcohol mixture with corn oil were evaluated for use as a fuel for diesel engines. FAFE mixtures showed superior combustion and cold-flow properties, with the derived cetane numbers up to 4.8 points higher, cloud points up to −6 °C lower, and the heat of combustion up to 2.1% higher than the corresponding FAME samples, depending on the fusel mixture used. This represents a significant improvement for all three metrics, which are typically anti-correlated. FAFE provides a new opportunity for expanded usage of biodiesel by addressing feedstock limitations, fuel performance, and low temperature tolerance.
Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in Alternative and Conventionally Produced Chicken in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACT The burden of foodborne illness linked to the consumption of contaminated broiler meat is high in the United States. With the increase in popularity of alternative poultry rearing and production systems, it is important to identify the differences in food safety risks presented by alternative systems compared with conventional methods. Although many studies have been conducted that surveyed foodborne pathogen prevalence along the broiler supply chain, a systematic overview of all of the results is lacking. In the current study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the differences in prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in farm environment, rehang, prechill, postchill, and retail samples between conventional and alternative production systems. A systematic search of Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted to identify eligible studies. Studies were then evaluated by inclusion criteria, and the included studies were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. In total, 137 trials from 72 studies were used in the final meta-analysis. Meta-analysis models were individually constructed for subgroups that were determined by sample type, pathogen, and production type. All subgroups possessed high amounts of heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). For environmental sample subgroups, Campylobacter prevalence was estimated to be 15.8 and 52.8% for conventional and alternative samples, respectively. Similar prevalence estimates for both production types were observed for Salmonella environmental samples and all retail samples. For conventional samples, Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence was highest in prechill samples followed by rehang and postchill samples, respectively. The results herein will be useful in future quantitative microbial risk assessments for characterizing the differences in foodborne illness risks presented by different broiler production systems. HIGHLIGHTS
Three recent scenes in the affective life of gentrification in San Francisco’s Polk Gulch:

Drawing on the ‘reparative turn’ in queer feminist scholarship, we situate a commemorative march that took place in late March 2018 in the Polk Gulch neighborhood of San Francisco as an entry point...
Stone Culture Positive Veillonella in Analysis of Calcium-Based Stones: A Case Report.

Background: Calcium-based urinary stones rarely grow bacteria on stone culture. The presence of an anaerobic bacteria is even more uncommon. We present a case of Veillonella growth from a primarily...
Recent Progress on Monotonicity

This paper serves two purposes. It is a summary of much work concerning formal treatments of monotonicity and polarity in natural language, and it also discusses connections to related work on exclusion relations, and connections to psycholinguistics and computational linguistics. The second part of the paper presents a summary of some new work on a formal Monotonicity Calculus.
Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production

A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.
An examination of the effects of personality and job satisfaction on multiple non-workrole organizational behaviors.

iv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION I CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW OF ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS AT WORK 4 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW OF PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIORS AT WORK 24 CHAPTER 4: METHOD 54 CHAPTERS: RESULTS 70 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION 91 REFERENCES CITED 134
Analysis of historic faunal remains

The potential for inferring aspects of a cultural system from the analysis of faunal remains recovered from historic sites is discussed. In-depth analysis of cow, sheep, and pig bones recovered from the Fort Walla Walla Dump (45WW33) reveals non-functional, possibly individual, and functional variation in the butchering pattern. Butchering data indicate that cows, sheep, and pigs were obtained in butchered form; the butchering pattern at the site is different from that followed today, and suggests a cultural preference in terms of desirable meat.
First results from the MuLan and MuCap experiments

MuLan and MuCap are ongoing experiments at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, that use the muon lifetime to determine fundamental weak interaction parameters. The goal of MuLan is a 1 ppm measurement of the positive muon lifetime τμ+ to determine the Fermi constant GF to 0.5 ppm. The goal of MuCap is to make a 1% determination of the rate ΛS of the process of nuclear muon capture by the proton, μp→nν, by measuring the μ− disappearance rate in hydrogen gas to 10 ppm and subtracting the world average for the μ+ decay rate. A 1% determination of the capture rate ΛS is of interest because it would enable a 7% determination of gP, the induced pseudoscalar coupling of the nucleon. In 2007, both experiments published first results based upon data collected by each in 2004. MuLan reported an 11 ppm μ+ lifetime measurement, τμ+ = 2.197 013(24) μs, resulting in a new, 9.6 ppm world average, τμ+ = 2.197 019(21) μs, which determines the Fermi constant, GF = 1.166 371(6)×10−5 GeV−2, to 5 ppm. MuCap reported a 3%...
Urinary Chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 Are Noninvasive Markers of Renal Allograft Rejection and BK Viral Infection

Renal transplant recipients require periodic surveillance for immune-based complications such as rejection and infection. Noninvasive monitoring methods are preferred, particularly for children, for whom invasive testing is problematic. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of adult and pediatric transplant recipients to determine whether a urine-based chemokine assay could noninvasively identify patients with rejection among other common clinical diagnoses. Urine was collected from 110 adults and 46 children with defined clinical conditions: healthy volunteers, stable renal transplant recipients, and recipients with clinical or subclinical acute rejection (AR) or BK infection (BKI), calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity or interstitial fibrosis (IFTA). Urine was analyzed using a solid-phase bead-array assay for the interferon gamma-induced chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. We found that urine CXCL9 and CXCL10 were markedly elevated in adults and children experiencing either AR or BKI (p = 0.0002), but not in stable allograft recipients or recipients with CNI toxicity or IFTA. The sensitivity and specificity of these chemokine assays exceeded that of serum creatinine. Neither chemokine distinguished between AR and BKI. These data show that urine chemokine monitoring identifies patients with renal allograft inflammation. This assay may be useful for noninvasively distinguishing those allograft recipients requiring more intensive surveillance from those with benign clinical courses.
Integrated 1/spl times/4 wavelength-selective switch with on-chip MEMS micromirrors

A monolithic 1/spl times/4 wavelength-selective switch is realized by integrating silicon planar lightwave circuits and MEMS micromirrors on silicon-on-insulator (1.4/spl times/2 cm/sup 2/) for CWDM networks with 20-nm spacing.
Short-Course Amphotericin B Therapy for Candidemia in Pediatric Patients

Objective. To determine the efficacy of short-course (7 to 14 days of therapy after the last positive blood culture) amphotericin B therapy for candidemia in children. Design. Case series. Setting. Tertiary care university medical center in Virginia. Patients. Thirty patients younger than 17 years of age who had candidemia between 1983 and 1990. Measurements and results. The charts of 30 children with 31 episodes of candidemia were retrospectively reviewed for patient data, dates of positive and negative cultures for Candida from blood and other sites, dates of removal of the intravascular catheters, duration and dosage of amphotericin B administration, and outcome. Eight patients had persistent candidemia and died. Five patients were treated not in accordance with the short-course recommendations. Two had relapses; 1 was cured with catheter removal alone, and 2 were successfully treated with 26 and 30 days of amphotericin B therapy. Eighteen episodes (two episodes in 1 patient) of candidemia were cured using 7 to 14 days of amphotericin B therapy after the last positive blood culture. Conclusions. Once the bloodstream is sterilized, and there is no other evidence of invasive fungal disease, 7 to 14 additional days of amphotericin B at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg per day seems adequate for treatment of candidemia in children.
Solid Hydrogen Experiments for Atomic Propellants: Image Analyses

This paper presents the results of detailed analyses of the images from experiments that were conducted on the formation of solid hydrogen particles in liquid helium. Solid particles of hydrogen were frozen in liquid helium, and observed with a video camera. The solid hydrogen particle sizes, their agglomerates, and the total mass of hydrogen particles were estimated. Particle sizes of 1.9 to 8 mm (0.075 to 0.315 in.) were measured. The particle agglomerate sizes and areas were measured, and the total mass of solid hydrogen was computed. A total mass of from 0.22 to 7.9 grams of hydrogen was frozen. Compaction and expansion of the agglomerate implied that the particles remain independent particles, and can be separated and controlled. These experiment image analyses are one of the first steps toward visually characterizing these particles, and allow designers to understand what issues must be addressed in atomic propellant feed system designs for future aerospace vehicles.
Effect of genotype unit number and spatial arrangement on severity of yellow rust in wheat cultivar mixtures

Pure stands of a yellow rust-susceptible wheat cultivar, pure stands of a resistant cultivar, and a 1 : 1 random mixture of resistant and susceptible cultivars were compared to populations in which strips or hills of the cultivars were alternated to attain genotype units (units of the same host genotype) that were larger in area than that of a single wheat plant. These four host populations were grown in plots of different sizes in order also to alter the number of units per host population. The goal was to determine if increasing the number of genotype units in mixed populations of large genotype units improved disease control relative to pure-line populations by increasing the amount of inoculum exchange among genotype units. Random mixtures of the two cultivars always provided better disease control than did alternating strips or hills. Evidence for an effect of genotype unit number on the efficacy of mixtures for rust control was found in only one of three experiments. Random mixtures of the two cultivars increased grain yield relative to the pure stand mean, but alternating strips did not.
Development of the VIIIth nerve compound action potential evoked by low-intensity tone pips in the Mongolian gerbil

Maturation of the cochlea and afferent auditory units is reflected by changes in VIIIth nerve compound action potential (CAP) parameters. We studied auditory nerve CAPs evoked by low-intensity stimuli in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) ranging in age from 22 to 92 days after birth. The gerbil CAP development is characterized by marked changes in latency, threshold, and amplitude during the first few weeks of life. CAP latency and CAP threshold reach adult-like values at about 1 month of age. In contrast, the CAP amplitude continues to grow in size even after 2 months. This dichotomy suggests that the development of afferent auditory nerve function in the gerbil is preceded by maturation of the mechanical processes of the middle ear and cochlea.
Experimental study of ignition of magnesium powder by electrostatic discharge

Ignition of non-aerosolized powders by electrostatic discharge (ESD) is investigated. A spherical powder of Mg, for which thermal ignition kinetics was described in the literature, was used in experiments. The experimental setup was built based on a commercially available apparatus for ESD ignition sensitivity testing. Additional diagnostics enabled measurements of electrical current, voltage, and spark and ignited powder emission in real time. The spark duration was of the order of a few μs. The spark current and voltage were always observed to have significant AC components. The electrical impedance of the spark discharge was determined experimentally using the recorded current traces and assuming that the spark and powder could be represented as a series LRC circuit. The optical emission was filtered to separate the signals produced by the spark plasma and by the heated and igniting powder. The radiation signal produced by the igniting powder was always delayed after the spark. The delay time decreased from about 3.5 to 0.5 ms as the spark energy increased from 10 to 60 mJ; the delay remained nearly constant when the spark energy continued to increase to over 100 mJ. For experiments where the powder volume decreased or where binder was introduced delay times were reduced. For the powder with a small amount of binder, the ignition delay continued to decrease for spark energies exceeding 60 mJ. Interpretation of the obtained experimental data suggests that the ignition is primarily due to direct Joule heating of the powder by the spark current.
Pd‐Porphyrin‐Cross‐Linked Implantable Hydrogels with Oxygen‐Responsive Phosphorescence

Development of long-term implantable luminescent biosensors for subcutaneous oxygen has proved challenging due to difficulties in immobilizing a biocompatible matrix that prevents sensor aggregation yet maintains sufficient concentration for transdermal optical detection. Here, we demonstrate that Pd-porphyrins can be used as PEG crosslinkers to generate a polyamide hydrogel with extreme porphyrin density (~5 mM). Dye aggregation was avoided due to the spatially constraining 3-D mesh formed by the porphyrins themselves. The hydrogel exhibited oxygen-responsive phosphorescence and could be stably implanted subcutaneously in mice for weeks without degradation, bleaching or host rejection. To further facilitate oxygen detection using steady state techniques, we developed an oxygen non-responsive companion hydrogel by blending copper and free base porphyrins to yield intensity-matched luminescence for ratiometric detection.
Thickness dependent dielectric properties of Sol-gel prepared lead lanthanum titanate films

Abstract A series of lead-lanthanum-titanate films (PLT, Pb0.65La0.28Ti0.96O3) films of differing thickness were prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using sol-gel techniques. One to six layer films with a layer thickness of 330 A/layer were deposited by spin-coating from a partially hydrolyzed metal alkoxide solution. After each layer was applied, the films were annealed using rapid thermal annealing (150°C/sec temperature ramp, 1 minute at 700°C, O2 atmosphere). The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical measurement of dielectric constant, dissipation factor and leakage current, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For all films, only the perovskite phase of PLT was observed by both XRD and TEM. The films showed a strong [100] orientation on the [111] textured Pt substrates. Electrical measurements determined the dielectric constant at 200 kHz for films 1000 A thick and thicker to be ∼550. These films had leakage current densities of less than 1×10−7 amp/c...
Making Do with Less: An Introduction to Compressed Sensing

This article offers an accessible but rigorous and essentially self-contained account of some of the central ideas in compressed sensing, aimed at nonspecialists and undergraduates who have had linear algebra and some probability. The basic premise is first illustrated by considering the problem of detecting a few defective items in a large set. We then build up the mathematical framework of compressed sensing to show how combining efficient sampling methods with elementary ideas from linear algebra and a bit of approximation theory, optimization, and probability allows the estimation of unknown quantities with far less sampling of data than traditional methods.
Photoreactivation of ICR 2A frog cells exposed to solar UV wavelengths

Exposure of ICR 2A frog cells to photoreactivating light (PRL) following irradiation with a fluorescent sun lamp (FSL) resulted in an enhancement in survival compared with FSL-irradiated cells incubated in the dark. Hence, pyrimidine dimers played a role in the killing of cells exposed to the UV produced by this source. However, when the light was passed through a series of filters to remove increasing segments of the wavelength region shorter than 320 nm, the effect of the PRL progressively decreased, demonstrating that non-dimer photoproducts play an increasingly important role in the killing of cells exposed to wavelengths approaching 320 nm. Cells were also exposed to 313 nm UV produced by a monochromator and it was found, once again, that the effectiveness of the PRL treatment depended on the filter the beam was passed through. These results indicate that for both FSL-produced UV and 313 nm UV emitted by a monochromator, that the critical photoproducts induced within the cell depend on the filter used in conjunction with the UV source.
Evaluation of Kidney Function and Structure in Potential Living Kidney Donors: Implications for the Donor and Recipient

Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease and recipients of living kidney donors fare better than recipients of deceased donors. In view of the shortage of organ supply and the long waiting list, expansion of the living donor pool has been sought. Importantly, donor acceptance criteria must first and foremost be grounded in concerns for donor safety. Recent studies suggesting that live kidney donors may have higher rates of end-stage renal disease in the long term compared with otherwise similar healthy persons highlights the critical importance of pre-donation evaluation of renal function and structure, and careful application in donor selection criteria. The quality of organs from living donors may also affect recipient outcomes. Because donor kidney function, histology, and anatomy pertain to the quality of the donated organ, living donor characterization of the factors associated with these features is important to the donor as well as the recipient.
Spinal cord protection during radiation therapy.

Abstract Treating intrathoracic malignancies to high doses, particularly those of lung and esophagus, requires limiting the radiation dose delivered to the spinal cord. Several factors are important in determining the cord dose. These are: (a) The distance from the block or collimator edge to the cord, (b) the variation of dose with distance from the block or collimator edge and, (c) the expected variation of this distance for clinical set-up from day-to-day. When treating with an oblique beam, the position of the cord may be difficult to identify. A technique for localizing the spinal cord on a simulator film at an arbitrary gantry angle is presented. The technique requires determination of distances from the central axis of the beam to the medial aspect of the pedicle and posterior vertebral body. These can readily be obtained from measurements on orthogonal, AP/PA and lateral isocentric simulator radiographs. A mathematical transformation is applied to determine the corresponding cord locations on the oblique radiographs for any arbitrary gantry angle. The accuracy of cord localization was within 2–3 mm with a precision of 2 mm for five physicians who used this technique. The beam edge characteristics for 60 Co , 6 MV, and 10 MV teletherapy unit were measured for various depths and field sizes. For the 6 and 10 MV units, the beam penumbra is nearly independent of the field size, depth and field defining devices (inner and outer collimator jaws, trimmer bars, and shielding blocks). Because the beam penumbra is dependent on the design of the linear accelerator, its measurement should be made individually for each linear accelerator. Our preliminary data on patient positioning uncertainty did not exceed the 6–8 mm limit documented in the literature.
Ab initio study of polarizability and induced charge densities in multilayer graphene films

The original published version of this article may be found on the Physical Review B website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.195406 Copyright (2008) American Physical Society
Diversity in Decline: Institutional Environment and Organizational Failure in the American Life Insurance Industry

L'A. analyse des faillites organisationnelles sur une periode de reajustement dans l'industrie de l'assurance-vie americaine (Etat de New-York de 1881 a 1931). L'article rejette l'idee que les promulgations cle dans l'environnement regulatoire de l'Etat sont des indicatifs du changement de l'environnement institutionnel. L'A. se demande si le changement regulatoire central vise dans trois formes organisationnelles distinctes (compagnies d'assurance-vie commerciale, compagnies d'assurance d'estimation commerciale, societes de benefice) a affecte la survie de ces formes. L'A. montre comment l'environnement institutionnel active et freine a la fois la viabilite de ces formes organisationnelles. L'aboutissement de l'assurance-vie est une industrie de plus en plus uniforme
Influence of the Mobile and Stationary Phases on the Separation of Selected Essential Oil Components and Aroma Substances Investigated by TLC

Abstract Fifteen selected essential oil components and aroma substances were investigated using adsorption thin‐layer chromatography on silica gel 60 (E. Merck, #1.05744) and aluminum oxide (E. Merck, #1.05550) plates and the mobile phases benzene–chloroform, benzene–acetone, carbon tetrachloride–acetone, chloroform–acetone, and chlorobenzene–acetone in different volume compositions. The separations were evaluated on the basis of retention parameter RF and separation parameters values ΔRF, α, and RF α. None of the applied chromatographic conditions allowed for the complete separation of all the compounds examined. Aluminium oxide plates and carbon tetrachloride–acetone in volume composition 98:2 were optimal for the separation of the investigated alcohols: (+) borneol (B), geraniol (GR), menthol (M), and linalool (L). Aluminium oxide and carbon tetrachloride–acetone mobile phases in a volume composition of 85:15 were optimal for the separation of the investigated phenols: vanillin (V), guaiacol (G), eugen...
The impermanence of data-recording behavior

Abstract Parents in a family program and graduate students in a university course were trained to record behavioral data for the purpose of behavior change. The large majority of subjects did not continue the collection of data, once the monitoring of it had ceased.