cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia: Effects of memory processing on regional activation

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with the 133Xenon clearance technique and a high resolution (254 detectors) scanner during the performance of a verbal and a facial memory task in 18 patients with schizophrenia and 18 sociodemographically matched controls. Patients and controls had comparable resting rCBF, but differed in global and hemispheric rCBF changes induced by the memory tasks. Patients had less global increase, which was relatively higher in the left hemisphere, and this was more pronounced for the verbal task. Although controls showed appropriate laterality changes (L > R for verbal and R > L for facial memory) in the midtemporal region, patients failed to show such a focal pattern. They did not show appropriate laterality change in the midtemporal region, but instead showed such changes in other regions. Patients showed greatest impairment in specificity of verbal recognition performance, and this correlated with severity of hallucinations and delusions. This supports a model of left temporal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Variable chemical defence in the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas gillettii (Lepidoptera: NymphaIidae)

. 1 Like other checkerspots, Euphydryas gillettii butterflies may contain the defensive chemicals, iridoid glycosides, which are sequestered from their hostplants during larval feeding. 2 We analysed the iridoid glycoside content of E.gillettii adults from two different populations, Warm Lake, Idaho, and Granite Creek, Wyoming, that have different patterns of hostplant use. 3 Gas chromatographic analysis of thirty butterflies from the Wyoming population showed that they contained a mean of 1.27 (±0.19 SE) % dry weight iridoid glycosides. Notably, 20% of these butterflies contained no detectable iridoid glycosides. 4 In contrast, nineteen butterflies from the Idaho population contained a mean of 3.89 (±0.38 SE) % dry weight iridoid glycosides, and all butterflies contained iridoid glycosides. 5 These results illustrate how the chemical defence of herbivorous insects varies according to differential use of potential hostplants.
Fine structure splitting of high 2D states of 39K

Abstract The technique of Doppler free two photon absorption is used to measure the fine structure interval in the 2D states of potassium for principal quantum numbers from 8 to 19.
Studies on the microbial populations of the rhizosphere of big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata)

Prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens, both in medicine and in agriculture. New threats such as biological warfare have increased the need for novel and efficacious antimicrobial agents. Natural habitats not previously examined as sources of novel antibiotic-producing microorganisms still exist. One such habitat is the rhizosphere of desert shrubs. Here, we show that one desert shrub habitat, the rhizosphere of desert big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is a source of actinomycetes capable of producing an extensive array of antifungal metabolites. Culturable microbial populations from both the sagebrush rhizosphere and nearby bulk soils from three different sites were enumerated and compared, using traditional plate-count techniques and antibiotic activity bioassays. There were no statistical differences between the relative numbers of culturable non-actinomycete eubacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the rhizosphere versus bulk soils, but PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the total soil DNA and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the community structure was different between the rhizosphere and the bulk soils. A high percentage of actinomycetes produced antimicrobials; and the percentage of active producers was significantly higher among the rhizosphere isolates, as compared with the bulk soil isolates. Also, the rhizosphere strains were more active in the production of antifungal compounds than antibacterial compounds. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that sagebrush rhizospheres contained a variety of Streptomyces species possessing broad spectrum antifungal activity. Scanning electron microscopy studies of sagebrush root colonization by one of the novel sagebrush rhizosphere isolates, Streptomyces sp. strain RG, showed that it aggressively colonized young sagebrush roots, whereas another plant rhizosphere-colonizing strain, S. lydicus WYEC108, not originally isolated from sagebrush, was a poor colonizer of the roots of this plant, as were two other Streptomyces isolates from forest soil. These results support the hypothesis that the rhizosphere of desert big sagebrush is a promising source of habitat-adapted actinomycetes, producing antifungal antibiotics.
RADIATION DOSIMETRY WITH SODIUM CACODYLATE AND TRIS

DURING work on the irradiation of bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was found that irradiation of the buffers, sodium cacodylate (sodium dimethylarsinate), (CH3)2 As O O Na, and of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (=tris= 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propanediol), yielded substances giving positive Fiske–SubbaRow1 and ninhydrin2 colorimetric tests, respectively. Further investigations have been carried out to assess the value of these systems in radiation dosimetry.
1H NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of the Mechanism of 2-Substituted-2-Oxazoline Ring Formation and of the Hydrolysis of the Corresponding Oxazolinium Salts

Chlorination of 2-hydroxyethylamides containing electron-donor substituents such as alkyl, phenyl or alkyl- or alkyloxy-substituted phenyl at 23 °C with SOCl2 proceeds via 2-substituted-2-oxazolinium hydrochlorides that can be transformed in situ into 2-substituted-2-oxazolines by neutralization with a weak base. The mechanism of neutral and base-assisted hydrolysis of 2-substituted-2-oxazolinium salts occurs by the nucleophilic attack at the C2 rather than the C5 position of the ring and yields the N-substituted-(2-hydroxyethyl)amide via the rearrangement of an amino ester intermediate. The elucidation of the mechanisms of these two reactions provides a one-pot, two-step method for the synthesis of the 2-substituted-2-oxazolines and clarifies the limitations of the functionalization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolinium salts by hydrolysis under neutral and basic conditions.
LDR and hydroforming limit for deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheet

Abstract The goal of the research was to determine the limits and conditions in which the sheet hydroforming process provides a significant advantage over stamping in deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheets. Specifically, the maximum draw depth achievable by stamping, warm stamping (WF), sheet hydroforming (SHF), and sheet thermo-hydroforming (THF) of AA5754 aluminum alloy were quantified through experimental and computational modeling. A limited number of forming experiments were conducted with AA5754 aluminum sheets using a cylindrical punch and counteracting fluid at different temperatures and pressures. Several parameters, such as force–displacement, hydroforming pressure and temperature, and the maximum draw depth prior to wrinkling or tearing were measured during the forming process to make comparisons with simulations. The computational study included the simulation of stamping, WF, SHF and THF of AA5754 aluminum sheet with the LS-Dyna code, and the Barlat 2000-2d yield function with temperature-dependent coefficients. To predict the onset of wrinkling and tearing, the numerically generated, temperature-dependent forming limit diagrams (FLDs) based on the Barlat 2000-2d yield function were used. It was found that compared with stamping, SHF and THF can achieve more than 100% deeper draw depths with AA5754 aluminum sheet. The stamping simulations were used also to calculate the optimum blank size and die corner radii for the limiting draw ratio (LDR). The LDR was found to be very sensitive to the punch and die corner radii used in the experiments, which represent the curvature of character lines in an actual part. The LDR for AA5754 aluminum sheet was found to be 1.33 and 2.21 for sharp and round die corner radii, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that SHF is most ideal for deep drawing of aluminum sheets with sharp radii features. With the additional drawability provided by SHF, the automotive industry would be able to make difficult-to-form aluminum parts that cannot be stamped without product concessions such as increasing the die radii.
Experimental Studies on Mass Transport of Cadmium-Zinc Telluride by Physical Vapor Transport

Experimental studies on mass transport of ternary compound, Cd(1-x)Zn(x)Te by physical vapor transport (PVT) for source compositions up to X = 0.21 are presented. The effect of thermochemical (temperatures, vapor composition) and other factors (preparation of the source, crystal growth rate, temperature gradient) on composition and composition profiles of the grown crystals were investigated. A steep decrease in the mass flux with an increase in X(crystal) for X less than 0.1, and a difference in composition between the source and the deposited material have been observed. The composition profiles of the crystals were found to depend on the density and pretreatment of the source, and on the temperature gradient in the source zone. The homogeneity of the crystals improves at low undercoolings and/or when an appropriate excess of metal constituents is present in the vapor phase. The experimental results are in good agreement with our thermochemical model of this system.
Selective Use of Adrenal Venous Sampling in the Lateralization of Aldosterone-producing Adenomas

It has been suggested that routine adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is necessary to lateralize an aldosterone-producing adenoma in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. However, the success rate of AVS is variable, with potential risks. We review our experience at University of California San Francisco (UCSF), where AVS is used only selectively, to determine outcomes with this approach. All patients undergoing adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma at UCSF from January 1995 to October 2004 were included. Outcome after adrenalectomy was determined based on plasma levels of aldosterone and potassium, rates of persistent hypertension, and reduced use of antihypertensive medications. Altogether, 65 patients were included in the study, 52 (80%) of whom had their adrenal tumors lateralized based on computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, or both. The remaining 13 (20%) patients had doubtful localization of their lesions on imaging. We did not routinely perform AVS in patients with definitive imaging findings. Thus, only 4 (8%) patients with definitive imaging findings underwent AVS, and one was unsuccessful. Of the 13 patients with doubtful lateralization on imaging, 8 underwent AVS. With this practice, biochemical cure rates after adrenalectomy were up to 100%, and hypertension resolved or was improved in 85% of patients. AVS may be performed selectively only when preoperative imaging cannot definitively lateralize the aldosteronoma. This practice in our center has resulted in high cure rates. During the era of improved imaging resolution and experience, mandatory routine AVS is not necessary to achieve high cure rates for aldosteronomas.
Source Mechanisms of Induced Earthquakes at The Geysers Geothermal Reservoir

At The Geysers geothermal reservoir in northern California, evidence strongly suggests that activities associated with production of electric power cause an increase in the number of small earthquakes. First-degree dynamic moment tensors are used to investigate the relationship between induced earthquakes and injection of water into a well as part of a controlled experiment in the northwest Geysers. The estimation of dynamic moment tensors in the complex shallow crust at The Geysers is challenging, so the method is described in detail with particular attention given to the uncertainty in the results. For seismic events in the moment magnitude range of 0.9–2.8, spectral moduli of dynamic moment tensors are reliably recovered in the frequency range of 1–100 Hz, but uncertainty in the associated spectral phases limits their use to a few simple results. A number of different static moment tensors are investigated, with the preferred one obtained from parameters of a model fitted to the spectral modulus of the dynamic moment tensor. Moment tensors estimated for a group of 20 earthquakes exhibit a range of source mechanisms, with over half having significant isotropic parts of either positive or negative sign. Corner frequencies of the isotropic part of the moment tensor are about 40 % larger than the average of the deviatoric moment tensor. Some spatial patterns are present in source mechanisms, with earthquakes closely related in space tending to have similar mechanisms, but at the same time, some nearby earthquakes have very different mechanisms. Tensional axes of displacement in the source regions are primarily horizontal, while the pressure axes range from near horizontal to vertical. Injection of water into the well in the center of the study area clearly causes an increase in the number of earthquakes per day, but an effect upon source mechanisms is not evident.
Sea surface pCO2-SST relationships across a cold-core cyclonic eddy: Implications for understanding regional variability and air-sea gas exchange

[1] This study is designed to improve the understanding of how biologically productive, cold-core cyclonic eddies affect sea surface pCO2 in the lee of the main Hawaiian Islands in the subtropical North Pacific Gyre. We identified three unique relationships between pCO2 and sea surface temperature (SST). A positive correlation between pCO2 and SST was observed in the waters surrounding the eddy suggesting surface CO2 is controlled primarily by thermodynamics. In contrast, a negative relationship was observed within the eddy core as a result of the upwelling of CO2-enriched subsurface waters. A third relationship existed throughout the rest of the eddy with reduced pCO2 suggesting a combination of biological uptake, physical upwelling and thermodynamic controls. In the absence of an eddy, this region is a CO2 sink, with the passage of the cold-core mesoscale eddy decreasing the magnitude of the sink by ∼17%. However, if the general temperature correlation is used to predict pCO2 inside the cold eddy, it would overestimate the CO2 sink inside the eddy by 100%.
UNSTEADY DRAG ON A SPHERE AT FINITE REYNOLDS NUMBER WITH SMALL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE FREE-STREAM VELOCITY

Unsteady flow over a stationary sphere with small fluctuations in the free-stream velocity is considered at finite Reynolds number using a finite-difference method. The dependence of the unsteady drag on the frequency of the fluctuations is examined at various Reynolds numbers. It is found that the classical Stokes solution of the unsteady Stokes equation does not correctly describe the behaviour of the unsteady drag at low frequency. Numerical results indicate that the force increases linearly with frequency when the frequency is very small instead of increasing linearly with the square root of the frequency as the classical Stokes solution predicts. This implies that the force has a much shorter memory in the time domain. The incorrect behaviour of the Basset force at large times may explain the unphysical results found by Reeks & Mckee (1984) wherein for a particle introduced to a turbulent flow the initial velocity difference between the particle and fluid has a finite contribution to the long-time particle diffusivity. The added mass component of the force at finite Reynolds number is found to be the same as predicted by creeping flow and potential theories. Effects of Reynolds number on the unsteady drag due to the fluctuating free-stream velocity are presented. The implications for particle motion in turbulence are discussed.
Lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex and pedunculopontine nucleus: effects on locomotor activity mediated by nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidal circuitry

A GABAergic nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum projection is believed to serve as the critical first-order accumbens efferent pathway underlying the behavioral expression of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) activity in the rat. In a series of experiments, we studied the effects of lesions of several ventral pallidal efferent terminal regions on the rat locomotor response to apomorphine following 6-hydroxydopamine denervation of the nucleus accumbens. Lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus (DMT), but not the medial prefrontal cortex or the predunculopontine nucleus, significantly depressed the 'supersensitive' locomotor response to apomorphine. Lesions of the DMT did not depress baseline locomotion, but did diminish the locomotor activation produced by intracerebral injection of the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist picrotoxin into the ventral pallidum. These results suggest that accumbens-pallidothalamic circuitry plays a crucial role in translating the effects of mesolimbic DA activity to lower motor circuitry responsible for locomotor behavior in the rat.
Characterization of cholera toxin B subunit‐induced Ca2+ influx in neuroblastoma cells: Evidence for a voltage‐independent GM1 ganglioside‐associated Ca2+ channel

The role of endogenous GM1 ganglioside in neurite outgrowth has been studied in N18 and NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells with the GM1 -specific ligand cholera toxin B subunit (Ctx B), which stimulates Ca 2 + influx together with neuritogenesis. Our primary goal has been to identify the nature of the calcium channel that is modulated by GM1. An L-type voltage-operated Ca 2 + channel (VOCC) was previously proposed as the mediator of this phenomenon. This investigation, employing fura-2 fluorescent measurements and specific channel blockers and other agents, revealed that GM1 modulates a hitherto unidentified Ca 2 + channel not of the L type. It was opened by Ctx B; was permeable to Ca 2 + and Ba 2 + but not Mn 2 + ; and was blocked by Ni 2 + , Cd 2 + , and La 3 + . Although most dihydropyridines inhibited Ctx B-induced Ca 2 + influx as well as neurite outgrowth at higher concentrations, they and other VOCC blockers at normally employed concentrations failed to do so, suggesting uninvolvement of VOCC. In addition, Ca 2 + influx induced by Ctx B was not mediated by cGMP-dependent or G-protein-coupled nonselective cation channels, as demonstrated by the cGMP antagonist Rp-cGMPS or the G-protein/receptor uncoupling agent suramin, respectively. Finally, Ca 2 + influx was unlikely to be due to inhibition or reversal of Na + -Ca 2 + exchanger via Ctx B induction of Na + uptake, insofar as no effect was seen on blocking Na + channels, inhibiting Na + -K + -ATPase, or eliminating extracellular Na + . The results suggest that this novel channel is gated by interaction with GM1, which, when associated with the channel and bound by appropriate ligand, promotes Ca 2 + influx. This in turn induces signaling for the onset of neuritogenesis.
Nonlinear Longitudinal Instability in Rocket Motors with Concentrated Combustion

Liquid rocket motors with concentrated combustion, studying nonlinear longitudinal instabilities with shock waves in combustion chambers
On the definition, cause and nomenclature of cancer

Definitions and terms currently employed in the nomenclature of cancer are examined and found inadequate or misleading. It is suggested that the two entirely different processes involved in cancer, namely, neoplastic transformation and neoplastic disease, be clearly distinguished and rigorously defined. It is also suggested that proper terms and expressions to describe these processes be adopted and clearly defined.
A theory of coupled random walk process

A theory of the coupled random walk (CRW) process which has been proposed by one of the present authors, is developed further. It is shown that the Fokker-Planck equation obtained from the CRW process can be cast into a form of a “kinetic equation” similar to the Boltzmann equation of the gas theory. To this end, the memory effects are taken into account through the jumping probabilities between the modes. As a special case, the distribution function for the steady state is considered.
At‐destination visitor information search and venue decision strategies

Numerous studies have been conducted on consumers' information search prior to arrival at a destination. This study attempts to continue to fill a research gap focusing on travellers' information search behaviour for services not only before the trip but in transit to the destination and once at a destination. In particular, the research explores service-related decisions before and during a trip, the sources of information utilised, which include locals residing at a destination, and how demographic and trip purpose characteristics influence decision-making. Using the results of this study, practitioners and academics alike can design effective strategies for marketing to travellers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous ultrasonic evaluation with differentiation of stress and texture

An ultrasonic method for either independent or simultaneous determination of stress and texture is discussed. Quantitative differentiation between stress and texture during simultaneous measurements can be made. The method is useful for unidirectionally rolled, extruded, or cast material, and the validity of the method has been experimentally verified by extensive tests on rolled materials. Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT’s) have been used, and these allow measurements during processing. In principle the method is applicable to non-conducting materials if piezoelectric or ferroelectric transducers are used, but since they are contracting and EMAT’s are noncontacting, the constraints are more severe.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF FLUCONAZOLE (UK-49,858) AND KETOCONAZOLE ON MOUSE LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND ON CANDIDA BLASTOSPORE DESTRUCTION BY HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES

The effects of fluconazole, a novel antifungal compound with a bis-triazole structure, were compared with those of ketoconazole on mitogen-induced DNA synthesis by cultured mouse lymphocytes, and on the destruction of fungal (Candida albicans) blastospores by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Fluconazole had little or no effect on concanavalin A- or lipopolysaccharide-induced lymphocyte proliferation at concentrations at which ketoconazole caused marked inhibition of the response to both these mitogens. Similarly, fungal cell killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was substantially depressed by ketoconazole but was unaffected by fluconazole. In addition, therefore, to having excellent in vivo antifungal activity, fluconazole, unlike ketoconazole, has been shown to have no inhibitory effect in two vitro assays of immune function.
The role of dietary calcium and other nutrients in moderating body fat in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess preschool children's food consumption (24–60 months) and relate these findings to body composition at 70±2 months. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of children's dietary intakes for selected nutrients and servings of dairy products. SUBJECTS: Fifty-three white children participating in a longitudinal study (2–96 months) of children's food practices and growth. MEASUREMENTS: Using in-home interviews and trained interviewers, 18 days of dietary data and measured height and weight of each child at 6 month intervals were collected. Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Dietary fat was 30–33% of energy with saturated and monounsaturated fat intakes>10% and polyunsaturated<10%. Adjusting for body mass index (BMI), GLM models to predict percent body fat (%BF) or grams of total fat (gTF) with mean longitudinal calcium intake (%BF: R2=0.51, F=7.88, P<0.0001; gTF: R2=0.51, F=9.84, P=0.0001) or total servings of dairy products (%BF: R2=0.47, F=6.93, P<0.0001; gTF: R2=0.47, F=8.31, P<0.0001) as independent variables gave significant results. Higher mean longitudinal calcium (mg/day) intakes and more servings/day of dairy products were associated with lower body fat. Males had significantly less body fat (P=0.01) than females. CONCLUSIONS: Higher longitudinal intakes of calcium, monounsaturated fat, and servings of dairy products were associated with lower body fat. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 559–566
INTERPHASE INTERFACES IN SPINODAL ALLOYS.

Abstract Detailed electron metallographic studies are being made of interfacial dislocations which are formed to relieve the elastic coherency strains developed upon long aging of spinodal alloys in the systems Cu-Ni-Fe and Cu-Mn-Al. The stresses generated by the coherency strains are sufficiently large to exceed the yield strength of the alloys so that the interface dislocations can be generated by plastic deformation. These slip dislocations accommodate the lattice mismatch at the interphase interfaces. The geometry of the arrangements is determined by the operative slip systems, by the degree of long range order (if any) and by the requirement that the Burgers vector or a large component thereof also lies in the interface plane. The model proposed for the formation of the interface dislocations suggests that during coarsening, the two coherent spinodal phases experience tensile and compressive stresses producing dislocations which glide on slip planes from opposite interfaces and are then incorporated into the interface. As a consequence, the interface planes change their orientation and {100} habit is lost. In Cu-Ni-Fe {110} faces develop and this shape change is expected from the slip model, since in this alloy the dislocations are generated on {111} slip planes and their 1 2 a 〈110〉 Burgers vectors lie in a (001) plane adjacent to the plane of the interface. Rearrangement of the dislocation structures at the interfaces may be accomplished by climb. In Cu-Mn-Al the dislocations lie in the {001} interface and have 〈100〉 Burgers vectors. These can only develop from slip dislocations after combination reactions and climb.
Lost in translation: unfolding medical students' misconceptions of how to perform a clinical digital rectal examination.

Abstract Background Digital rectal examination (DRE) skills are difficult to teach and assess. This study sought to assess the construct validity of newly developed DRE simulators, which were then used to evaluate DRE palpation techniques and accuracy based on experience. Methods Medical students (n = 30), residents (n = 24), and experienced clinicians (n = 24) performed clinical DREs on the simulators and documented their findings. During the examinations, computer-generated quantitative performance data were collected. Results Students focused more on pronating and supinating their examining finger in the rectum. In addition, students were less accurate when assessing the prostate gland compared with experienced clinicians and residents (students = 33%, residents=64%, and clinicians=76%; P Conclusions The DRE simulators were useful in defining specific differences in clinical DRE palpation techniques based on experience. We believe the observed differences are largely caused by students' misconceptions about how to perform the DRE.
Arguing Gunwall: The Effect of the Criteria Test on Constitutional Rights Claims

Exploring legal development requires more than simply examining the votes of judges because legal development embraces the actions of multiple actors. At a minimum, courts require to develop and present cases to them for adjudication. While courts need lawyers, lawyers need law; in other words, courts rely on lawyers to develop cases for their review, but the law provided by those courts shapes the actions of lawyers. This article examines the development of state constitutional law by exploring the interactions between lawyers and the Washington Supreme Court after the court required specific briefing practices for state constitutional arguments and the degree to which Washington lawyers responded. Utilizing legal briefs in Washington and some comparative data, I argue that the court was moderately successful at encouraging more thorough constitutional claims. This highlights the importance of considering how lawyers respond to court signals not only in the presence or absence of certain legal arguments but also in the content of those arguments.
Whole body distribution of deuterated linoleic and α-linolenic acids and their metabolites in the rat

Little is known about the uptake or metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in various mammalian organs. Thus, the distribution of deuterated alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and their metabolites was studied using a stable isotope tracer technique. Rats were orally administered a single dose of a mixture (20 mg each) of ethyl D5-18:3n-3 and D5-18:2n-6, and 25 tissues per animal were analyzed for D5-labeled PUFAs at 4, 8, 24, 96, 168, 240, 360, and 600 h after dosing. Plasma, stomach, and spleen contained the highest concentrations of labeled precursors at the earliest time points, whereas other internal organs and red blood cells reached their maximal concentrations at 8 h. The time-course data were consistent with liver metabolism of EFAs, but local metabolism in other tissues could not be ruled out. Brain, spinal cord, heart, testis, and eye accumulated docosahexaenoic acid with time, whereas skin accumulated mainly 20:4n-6. On average, approximately 16-18% of the D5-18:3n-3 and D5-18:2n-6 initial dosage was eventually accumulated in tissues, principally in adipose, skin, and muscle. Approximately 6.0% of D5-18:3n-3 and 2.6% of D5-18:2n-6 were elongated/desaturated and stored, mainly in muscle, adipose, and the carcass. The remaining 78% of both precursors was apparently catabolized or excreted.
Minimal Completely Separating Systems of k-Sets

Let n and k be fixed positive integers. A collection C of k-sets of [n] is a completely separating system if, for all distinct i, j?[n], there is an S?C for which i?S and j?S. Let R(n, k) denote the minimum size of such a C. Our results include showing that if nk is a sequence with k?nk?k1+? for every ?>0, then[formula]
The derivatization of oxidized polysaccharides for protein immobilization and affinity chromotography

Abstract The present report describes the preparation of modified polysaccharides matrices useful for the synthesis of affinity adsorbents and immobilized proteins. Hydrazido-matrices were synthesized by condensing an excess of the bifunctional reagent, adipic acid dihydrazide, with periodate oxidized cellulose paper, Sephadex, or Sepharose matrices. Ribonucleotide dialdehyde cofactors, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and oxidized DNAase B were separately bound to the hydrazido-polymers. Azido-matrices obtained by modification of the hydrazido-derivatives were coupled to specific amino ligands such as amino acids and proteins. Several adsorbents were prepared and used as models for affinity chromatography.
Forest build tree algorithms for multiple destinations

The multiple destination routing (MDR) problem is the essential routing problem in multicast communication networks. This problem has been proven to NP-complete, hence, we look at only heuristic algorithms that are of practical interest. Forest build tree (FBT) like algorithms are discussed and two new algorithms are presented. A performance evaluation is carried out and simulation results given.
The incentive effect in share contracts: The case of finite resources

Using share contracts is a universal response to exchange under uncertainty. However, the benefits of share payments are tempered by their negative moral hazard incentive effects. By incorporating geological considerations into the producer's wealth-maximizing decision problem, this paper demonstrates these incentive effects in the case of nonrenewable resources. This paper also develops an expression for estimating the size of the incentive effects in the case of petroleum production. This expression shows that underproduction is a function of the royalty rate used and certain reservoir characteristics that can be easily estimated from publicly available data. Using such data, this paper demonstrates that such production loss can be a significant portion of cumulative production.
Differential Effects of Clinical Doses of Antenatal Betamethasone on Nephron Endowment and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Adult Sheep

Antenatal steroid administration is associated with alterations in fetal kidney development and hypertension. However, a causal relationship between nephron deficit and hypertension has not been established. In this study, we measured nephron number, renal function, and blood pressure in sheep exposed antenataly to betamethasone. Pregnant sheep were given 2 betamethasone doses (0.17 mg/kg) or vehicle at 80 and 81 days gestational age and allowed to deliver at term. Data were obtained from a fetal cohort and 2 adult cohorts and were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and/or 2 sample t test. Antenatal betamethasone induced a 26% reduction in the number of nephrons in both males and females in the absence of intrauterine growth restriction and/or prematurity. Adult males presented a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 132 ± 12.7 vs 114 ± 7.0 mL/min, P < .05). Betamethasone administration was also associated with an increase in arterial blood pressure of similar magnitude in male (mean arterial pressure [MAP] in mm Hg; 98 ± 2.7 vs 105 ± 2.4) and female (96 ± 1.9 vs 105 ± 2.4) adult sheep and the increase in blood pressure preceded the decrease in GFR in the males. Furthermore, we found no significant association between the magnitude of the decrease in nephron number and the magnitude of the increase in arterial blood pressure. Our data thus support the conclusion that exposure to glucocorticoids at a time of rapid kidney growth is associated with an elevation in blood pressure that does not appear related solely to the reduction in nephron number.
Gender and juvenile drug abuse: a general strain theory perspective

This study is a partial test of Robert Agnew's (2006) general strain theory. The sample consists of 39,879 juveniles between the ages of 10 and 17 from a metropolitan area in Texas with more than 5 million people. Logistic regression is used to determine the effect of living situation on drug offenders, drug recidivists, and juvenile court case outcome when race, abuse, sex, and mental health problems are controlled. Gender-specific analysis is used to test L. Broidy and R. Agnew's (1997) hypothesis that girls and boys react differently to strain. Results show partial support for the influence of a strained living situation on drug offenders, drug recidivists, and case outcome. Support is found for the hypothesis that boys' and girls' experiences with strain differ.
Multidimensionality of cultural practices: implications for culturally relevant science education

Alfred Schademan’s close and systematic analysis of the sociohistorical and science-related practices developed by African American men goes a long way in disrupting deficit-based notions of such students’ capabilities. The rich resources he identifies open many possibilities for connecting peer and classroom knowledges. This response offers some cautionary notions to consider, given the historical, social and political dimensions that are integral to such practices.
An Experimental Simultaneous Color-Television System: Part I-Introduction

During 1945 and 1946 a complete sequential television system was constructed and tested. This was followed by the development of a simultaneous system, compatible with the present commercial monochrome television. This paper is the introduction to a group of two papers which describe the transmitting and receiving apparatus used in the simultaneous system.
Human Erythrocyte Recycling of Ascorbic Acid: RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ASCORBATE FREE RADICAL AND DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID *

Recycling of ascorbic acid from its oxidized forms helps to maintain the vitamin in human erythrocytes. To determine the relative contributions of recycling from the ascorbate radical and dehydroascorbic acid, we studied erythrocytes exposed to a trans-membrane oxidant stress from ferricyanide. Ferricyanide was used both to induce oxidant stress across the cell membrane and to quantify ascorbate recycling. Erythrocytes reduced ferricyanide with generation of intracellular ascorbate radical, the concentrations of which saturated with increasing intracellular ascorbate and which were sustained over time in cells incubated with glucose. Ferricyanide also generated dehydroascorbic acid that accumulated in the cells and incubation medium to concentrations much higher than those of the radical, especially in the absence of glucose. Ferricyanide-stimulated ascorbate recycling from dehydroascorbic acid depended on intracellular GSH but was well maintained at the expense of intracellular ascorbate when GSH was severely depleted by diethylmaleate. This likely reflects continued radical reduction, which is not dependent on GSH. Erythrocyte hemolysates showed both NAD- and NADPH-dependent ascorbate radical reduction. The latter was partially due to thioredoxin reductase. GSH-dependent dehydroascorbate reduction in hemolysates, which was both direct and enzyme-dependent, was greater than that of the radical reductase activity but of lower apparent affinity. Together, these results suggest an efficient two-tiered system in which high affinity reduction of the ascorbate radical is sufficient to remove low concentrations of the radical that might be encountered by cells not under oxidant stress, with back-up by a high capacity system for reducing dehydroascorbate under conditions of more severe oxidant stress.
Pain patient profile : A scale to measure psychological distress

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the construct validity of the Pain Patient Profile (P-3), a brief self-report instrument designed to measure anxiety, depression, and somatization in patients presenting with pain. Design: Comparison of P-3 scores with previously established measures of depression, anxiety, and somatization, and comparison of P-3 scores of pain patients with those of patients with diabetes. Settings: Hospital-based outpatient pain clinic, family practice clinic, diabetes education group. Patients: Seventy pain patients and 40 patients with diabetes. Results: High positive correlations (.69 to .90) were found between the P-3 scales of Depression, Anxiety, and Somatization and the corresponding measures of these constructs, and high intercorrelations were found among the three P-3 scales. Significant differences were found between pain patients and diabetes patients for the P-3 Depression and Somatization scale scores, but not for the P-3 Anxiety scale scores. Conclusions: The P-3 is a useful instrument for initial screening of psychological distress in pain patients. Some patients may show elevations on more than one of the clinical scales, which either indicates that the P-3 does not distinguish well among these constructs or reflects the well-established comorbidity of these constructs.
Progress in evaluation of multi-site rejection techniques in a highly segmented HPGe detector in a low-background environment

A 40-fold segmented coaxial HPGe detector was operated in a low background counting facility for 1 year to experimentally evaluate background rejection efficiencies of proposed segmentation and pulse shape discrimination techniques for the proposed Majorana double-beta decay experiment. Significantly diminished resolution for multisegment events was encountered due to inter-segment cross-talk. A cross-talk correlation matrix has been constructed allowing the restoration of acceptable energy resolution for multi-segment events. Efforts to determine the optimum segmentation pattern for multi-site interaction events are ongoing.
Animal awareness: The (un)binding of multisensory cues in decision making by animals

Each day, we perceive the world unfolding before us, and we never give a thought to having to integrate the separate sights and sounds of everyday life. They are effortlessly composed in our brain as the successive moments of our conscious lives. Cognitive neuroscientists know that the neurosensory mechanisms responsible for our seamless perceptions are astonishing (1). However, the perceptual unity of our world can “break” from neurological disorders (2) and, less dramatically, when we experience sensory illusions (3, 4). How our brain keeps the many trains of sensory information “on track and in time” in perceptual space/time is fascinating. However, humans are not the only animals on Earth that confront a myriad of sights and sounds and have to make adaptive sense of them. Ethologists and behavioral ecologists have shown that animals interacting in small groups or large societies constantly make behavioral decisions, for example, whether to court and then mate or reject, or whether to challenge and then fight or flee, decisions that are deeply consequential for an individual due to the forces of natural and sexual selection (5). Such interactions are laden with sensory cues and information from multiple modalities that the individual must translate into actions that make adaptive sense. Understanding what composes the perceptual world of animals is more challenging than self/human studies, because investigating humans is just a matter of a subject's ability to report “what happens” in plain speech, often as her/his brain is being scanned (6). The perceptual world of animals must be inferred from their reactions to experimental manipulation, which are mostly measured by their movements. Thus, the study by Narins et al. in this issue of PNAS (7) will be welcome to ethologists, comparative psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists. Narins et al. designed instrumentally ingenious experiments to dissect the aggressive/territorial …
Silicon Chip Patch-clamp Electrodes Integrated With Pdms Microfluidics

We report on a silicon wafer-based device that can be used for recording macroscopic ion channel protein activities across a diverse group of cell-types. Gigaohm seals were achieved for CHO-K1 and RIN m5F cells, and both cell-attached and whole-cell mode configurations were also demonstrated. Two distinct intrinsic potassium ion channels were recorded in whole-cell mode for HIT-T15 and RAW 264.7 cells. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics were also coupled with the micromachined silicon chips in order to demonstrate that a single cell could be selectively directed to a micropore, and membrane protein currents could subsequently be recorded. These silicon chip-based devices have significant advantages over traditional micropipette approaches, and may serve as combinatorial tools for investigating membrane biophysics, pharmaceutical screening, and other bio-sensing tasks.
Forecasting flows in Apalachicola River using neural networks

Forecasting river flow is important to water resources management and planning. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was successfully developed to forecast river flow in Apalachicola River. The model used a feed-forward, back-propagation network structure with an optimized conjugated training algorithm. Using long-term observations of rainfall and river flow during 1939–2000, the ANN model was satisfactorily trained and verified. Model predictions of river flow match well with the observations. The correlation coefficients between forecasting and observation for daily, monthly, quarterly and yearly flow forecasting are 0·98, 0·95, 0·91 and 0·83, respectively. Results of the forecasted flow rates from the ANN model were compared with those from a traditional autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecasting model. Results indicate that the ANN model provides better accuracy in forecasting river flow than does the ARIMA model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postdecisional Dissonance and the Commodified Self-Concept: A Cross-Cultural Examination

By observing the dissonance-arousing capabilities of product selection in two countries (United States and Finland), the authors examine the supposition that the pervasive consumerism in modern society has implications for people's self-conceptions. Participants were 18-to 22-year-old students of both sexes. Subjects were forced to select between two magazines they initially indicated were less desirable. Dissonance was measured by the change in magazine evaluations from pre-to post choice. For the American subjects, postdecisional dissonance was more consistent for image magazines (which contain more consumerism relevant information) than for news magazines. In addition, postdecisional dissonance for the image magazines was greater for the American sample than for the Finnish sample, and it was positively correlated with measures of consumer orientation only for the American sample.
Finite Element Analysis of Elastic and Plastic Deformation during Growth of Si1−xGex/Si Heterostructures

The elastic and plastic stress distribution in strained Si1−xGex heterostructure (x=0.2 and x=0.5), was investigated during the growth process using a nonlinear transient finite element modeling. The material plastic behavior is described by the von Mises yield criteria coupled with isotropic work hardening conditions. The calculated stress distribution during growth of the SiGe cap layer shows that the von Mises stress fluctuates strongly within the layers and at the interfaces. The surface of constant composition Si1−xGex layer is found under compressive stress in both cases. Within that layer the normal stress in the growth direction remains compressive for x=0.2, while it changes from compressive to tensile for x=0.5. In the graded layer the stress goes from tensile to compressive for x=0.5 and in the opposite way for x=0.2. High plastic deformation is observed in the layers, with the maximum von Mises plastic stress being higher for x=0.5 and localized in the SiGe graded region. The plastic strain vanishes monotonically up to 8 µm deep into the Si bulk substrate, in agreement with TEM images that revealed dislocation loops penetrating into the substrate. The time dependent analysis shows that elastic and plastic deformation appear almost instantaneously in the sublayers, while in the Si substrate it is delayed up to 300 s.