cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Halo Coronal Mass Ejection Asymmetry Information from LASCO Coronagraph Images

A method for quantifying the asymmetry attributes of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is described. The technique developed is applied to a set of full-halo CMEs observed from 1997 to the end of 2000 by the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft. A cross section of events is examined, with the progression of asymmetry characteristics as the ejecta proceeds outward illustrated for a symmetrical full-halo CME, an asymmetrical full-halo CME, and multiple CMEs. A control sample for a day with minimal solar activity is presented for comparison. A qualitative evaluation of the results with visual inspection of the coronagraph data is discussed. Relationships between the asymmetry parameters derived from the data are examined, and good correlations are found among the asymmetry magnitudes, the average sector pixel intensities, and the frontal CME speeds. This computerized method can also be designed to automatically detect and measure the asymmetry and relative brightness of any CME. We compare the results with storms at Earth to demonstrate that the calculated asymmetry magnitude by itself indicates the geoeffectiveness of a CME, with any associated solar surface activity helping to determine whether the CME is aimed Earthward or not. Thus, this test suggests that our technique is useful as a forecast tool for space weather applications. With modifications, the algorithm is applicable to analyses of the data returned from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) aboard the Coriolis spacecraft and the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) coronagraph and heliospheric imagers aboard the two Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft.
Modeling and testing of temperature behavior and resistive heating in a multifunctional composite

Heat-activated self-healing is a desirable property of multi-functional composite materials, particularly if the components of the material itself can be used as a heating element. The heating capabilities and resultant temperature changes of such a composite are investigated in this paper, using finite element modeling and then experimental testing. The composite to be tested consists of thin-wire copper fibers, chosen for particular electromagnetic properties, and an epoxy matrix, which will later be replaced by a self-healing polymer matrix. Direct electrical current is passed through the wires and causes heat dissipation throughout the composite, a process known as resistive heating. For this particular composite, a temperature of 80°C is desired, because at this temperature the polymer can heal within a reasonable amount of time. Using finite element simulations and testing of an actual sample, it was found that resistive heating can achieve the desired temperature using electrical power inputs as low as 0.1 W per square cm of composite panel. The temperature results from the experiments agree with the results from the finite element simulations.
Inducible, heterologous expression of human α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a native nicotinic receptor-null human clonal line

Abstract Tetracycline-regulated expression of recombinant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) composed of human α7 subunits is achieved in native nAChR-null SH-EP1 human epithelial cells. α7 subunits are heterologously expressed as messenger RNA and as components of 125 I -labeled α-bungarotoxin (I-Bgt)-binding nAChR (∼10 pmol per milligram of membrane protein) at levels sensitive to the amount of tetracycline in cell growth medium. I-Bgt-binding α7-nAChR appear on the cell surface pool and in intracellular pools. The pharmacological profile for drug competition toward I-Bgt binding to these recombinant α7-nAChR matches that of human native α7-nAChR naturally expressed in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells (rank order potency methyllycaconitine>1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium>(−)nicotine>cytisine>carbamylcholine⩾ d -tubocurarine). Chronic exposure to nicotine induces up-regulation of human recombinant α7-nAChR (80% up-regulation at 10 μM nicotine) just as it does native α7-nAChR in other human cell lines. These studies confirm expression of nAChR as homooligomers of human α7 subunits from transgenes, establish a native nAChR-null background for such expression, and demonstrate that this expression can be regulated to facilitate studies of human α7-nAChR.
Information complexity, punishment, and stability in two Nash efficient Lindahl mechanisms

Earlier experimental work on public good mechanisms has focused almost exclusively on stability issues, finding that institutions with robust equilibrium stability properties were better at achieving their equilibrium. In this study, we continue to explore this insight and, in addition, look at issues such as out-of-equilibrium punishment and complexity. The experiment varies stability conditions and group size in two Nash efficient Lindahl mechanisms. These mechanisms have similar stability properties. However, when groups are large, they differ both in the severity with which they punish out-of-equilibrium behavior and their informational complexity. We examine how these differences impact mechanism performance.
Two-compartment passive frequency domain cochlea model allowing independent fluid coupling to the tectorial and basilar membranes

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped, liquid-filled organ in the inner ear that converts sound with high frequency selectivity over a wide pressure range to neurological signals that are eventually interpreted by the brain. The cochlear partition, consisting of the organ of Corti supported below by the basilar membrane and attached above to the tectorial membrane, plays a major role in the frequency analysis. In early fluid-structure interaction models of the cochlea, the mechanics of the cochlear partition were approximated by a series of single-degree-of-freedom systems representing the distributed stiffness and mass of the basilar membrane. Recent experiments suggest that the mechanical properties of the tectorial membrane may also be important for the cochlea frequency response and that separate waves may propagate along the basilar and tectorial membranes. Therefore, a two-dimensional two-compartment finite difference model of the cochlea was developed to investigate the independent coupling of the basilar and tectorial membranes to the surrounding liquid. Responses are presented for models using two- or three-degree-of-freedom stiffness, damping, and mass parameters derived from a physiologically based finite element model of the cochlear partition. Effects of changes in membrane and organ of Corti stiffnesses on the individual membrane responses are investigated.
Prospects for Maintaining Strength of Paper and Paperboard Products While Using Less Forest Resources: A Review

Paper production requires large amounts of cellulosic fiber, whereas the world’s forested lands and croplands have a finite capacity to supply such resources. To deal with likely future pressure on forest resources, as well as to hold down costs of materials, publications examined in the preparation of this review suggest that the paper industry will need to implement several concurrent strategies. In particular, the industry can be expected to view recycling as a central part of its activities. Basis weights of various paper-based products can be expected to decrease over the coming decades, and more of the fiber content will be replaced with fillers such as calcium carbonate. Such trends will place intense demands upon chemical-based strategies to enhance the bonding within paper and paperboard. Based on the literature, further progress in reducing the amount of new forest resources used to meet a given set of paper product requirements will require a combined approach, taking into account various fiber attributes, nanostructures, novel concepts in bond formation, and advances in the unit operations of papermaking.
Management of lesions first detected on MRI: what to do?

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to date to be of value in the high-risk population. Challenges in interpretation are present. Maintaining a high volume of examinations in dedicated centers definitely impacts positively on experience in interpretation. MR-guided intervention is a necessity in all diagnostic centers where breast MRI is performed. Guidelines in interpretation should be used in conjunction with optimum technique and by combining kinetic and morphologic information with clinical history and conventional imaging (mammography and ultrasound) findings, a recommendation for management can be made with more assurance.
Reducing CO2 Emissions: Toward a Sustainable Energy Mix

IPCC Conclusions. In a report released in late 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which represents the majority of the world’s scientists, asserted that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.” More specifically, the IPCC predicted that “if no changes are made in emissions of greenhouse gases, scientific analysis projects an increase in global mean surface air temperature relative to 1990 of 2°C by 2100... this rate of warming would be the greatest experienced in the last 10,000 years.” Though the debate continues, even these tentative statements signal the possibility of an energy and environmental future that is less than secure.
Analysis of Red Phosphorus in Resins Using Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Although red phosphorus is used as a flame retardant for polymer materials, no analysis methods for it in resins has been established. Analysis methods for red phosphorus in resins were investigated using pyrolysis-gas chromatograpy/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) by paying attention to the fact that it has a sublimation property. We found that the mass spectrum of red phosphorus shows a series of ions at m/z = 62, 93 and 124, and a fragment pattern indicating that red phosphorus (P4 = 124, P = 31) was pyrolytically decomposed. The coefficient of the correlation between the content of red phosphorus in the resin and the peak intensity in Py-GC/MS was 0.9781. The relative standard deviations of this analysis method was 6.29% (n = 5). Py-GC/MS was applicable not only to qualitative analysis but also to the quantitative analysis of red phosphorus.
The Many Flavors of Model‐Based Meta‐Analysis: Part I—Introduction and Landmark Data

Meta-analysis is an increasingly important aspect of drug development as companies look to benchmark their own compounds with the competition. There is scope to carry out a wide range of analyses addressing key research questions from preclinical through to postregistration. This set of tutorials will take the reader through key model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) methods with this first installment providing a general introduction before concentrating on classical and Bayesian methods for landmark data.
GENDER WITHIN LESBIAN SEXUALITY: BUTCH AND FEMME PERSPECTIVES

In this article, we examine descriptions of sexuality from “butch” and “femme”-identified women, providing an understanding of how these genders influence sexual relationships. We describe how constructivist and essentialist tensions are intertwined as both sets of women argue that some aspects of their lesbian genders are intrinsic to their sense of self, while other aspects are socially constructed. In the analysis, lesbian sexuality and these gender identities appeared to interact in three main ways, by creating a system of sexuality that (1) validates discredited gender experiences, (2) recognizes the different types of power affiliated with butch and femme gender, and (3) affirms and asserts political values.
M3: Microscope-based maskless micropatterning with dry film photoresist

We present a maskless micropatterning system that utilizes a fluorescence microscope with programmable X-Y stage and dry film photoresist to realize feature sizes in the sub-millimeter range (40–700 μm). The method allows for flexible in-house maskless photolithography without a dedicated microfabrication facility and is well-suited for rapid prototyping of microfluidic channels, scaffold templates for protein/cell patterning or optically-guided cell encapsulation for biomedical applications.
Enhancing the Power Delivery Infrastructure to Support Expanded Energy Efficiency Initiatives

The objectives of this paper are to examine the benefits of electric end-use energy efficiency as well as the potential cost to enhancing the current electric distribution system, to examine the quantifiable impact of electric end-use energy efficiency as an energy resource, to suggest critical technological advances that must be made to the current electric distribution system to enable greater use of electric end-use energy efficiency, and to summarize a proposed technology R&D initiative.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Louis-Victor Marcé, 1828–1864: anorexia nervosa's forgotten man

An English translation of Marce's original description of anorexia nervosa is reproduced with a brief comment on the author and his work.
Assembling a jigsaw puzzle with 20,000 parts

A report on the Keystone Symposium 'Proteomics: Technologies and Applications', Keystone, USA, 25-30 March 2003.
Exact coherent structures in an asymptotically reduced description of parallel shear flows

A reduced description of shear flows motivated by the Reynolds number scaling of lower-branch exact coherent states in plane Couette flow (Wang J, Gibson J and Waleffe F 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 204501) is constructed. Exact time-independent nonlinear solutions of the reduced equations corresponding to both lower and upper branch states are found for a sinusoidal, body-forced shear flow. The lower branch solution is characterized by fluctuations that vary slowly along the critical layer while the upper branch solutions display a bimodal structure and are more strongly focused on the critical layer. The reduced equations provide a rational framework for investigations of subcritical spatiotemporal patterns in parallel shear flows.
Remote control of myosin and kinesin motors using light-activated gearshifting

Cytoskeletal motors perform critical force generation and transport functions in eukaryotic cells. Engineered modifications of motor function provide direct tests of protein structure-function relationships and potential tools for controlling cellular processes or for harnessing molecular transport in artificial systems. Here, we report the design and characterization of a panel of cytoskeletal motors that reversibly change gears--speed up, slow down or switch directions--when exposed to blue light. Our genetically encoded structural designs incorporate a photoactive protein domain to enable light-dependent conformational changes in an engineered lever arm. Using in vitro motility assays, we demonstrate robust spatiotemporal control over motor function and characterize the kinetics of the optical gearshifting mechanism. We have used a modular approach to create optical gearshifting motors for both actin-based and microtubule-based transport.
Camera control with EMG signals using Principal Component Analysis and support vector machines

The main goal of Human Computer Interface (HCI) is to improve the interactions between users and computers by making computers more usable and receptive to the user's needs. Accordingly, surveillance is one of the major areas where human computer interface is critical. Surveillance cameras are usually controlled with joysticks. For this reason, it is almost impossible to be controlled by an amputee with no finger functionality. In this paper, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis was applied to raw EMG data and then features are extracted with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Simple Principal Component Analysis (SPCA). In the proposed system, in order to make a decision whether the wrist is moving right, left, up, down or neutral, multi-class Support Vector Machine is employed. Additionally to Electromyography (EMG) signals, standard datasets that involves Electroencephalography (EEG) signals is also tested with multi-class SVM to verify the system robustness. Finally, classified EMG decisions are received by the camera as movement comments. Successful operation of camera employing EMG signals has been accomplished with 81% accuracy with SPCA.
Reality Fictions: Romance, History, and Governmental Authority, 1025–1180 – By Robert M. Stein

This new book ought to be an important exception to the rule that the influence of literary historians upon medieval historians is small. It ought to have a central place in the library of every hi...
Amorphous and micro-crystalline silicon for photovoltaic application

Theauthors have investigated the influence of anneal treatment on hydrogenated amorphous silicon films. The a-Si:H was deposited on metal substrates. Structures investigated were i/n/sup +Mo, n/n/sup +Mo, p/p/sup +Mo, and PIN/n/sup +S.S. Four types of thermal annealing were done; nitrogen atmosphere, vacuum, rapid thermal anneal (RTA), and excimer laser anneal. The anneal temperature ranged from 100 to 1200/spl deg/C. Dark and light I-V studies show an improvement in short circuit current and open circuit voltage with a low temperature anneal (200-300/spl deg/C). Raman scattering spectroscopy examination showed that a microcrystallization initiated even at a low temperature of 600/spl deg/C. The authors found that anneal time has only a small effect on crystallization but that the anneal temperature has a critical effect. The microcrystalline silicon exhibited improved photo response after RF plasma hydrogen passivation of grain boundaries. >
Collaboration strategy for autonomous highly specialized robots

The typical planning, design or operations problem has multiple objectives and constraints. Such problems can be solved using only autonomous agents, each specializing in a small and distinct subset of the overall objectives and constraints. No centralized control is necessary. Instead, agents collaborate by observing and modifying one another's work. Convergence to good solutions for a variety of real and academic problems has been obtained by embedding a few simple rules in each agent. The paper develops these rules and illustrates their use.
Vesicoureteral Reflux Associated Renal Damage: Congenital Reflux Nephropathy and Acquired Renal Scarring

Purpose: The pathophysiology, evaluation, description and clinical implications of renal damage associated with vesicoureteral reflux remain controversial. We summarized the current understanding of this important aspect of clinical vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: We performed a detailed review of the literature on clinical, pathological and experimental data related to congenital vesicoureteral reflux and bladder dynamics. We also reviewed the clinical context and imaging evaluation with underlying experimental data related to post-infectious reflux nephropathy.Results: Congenital reflux nephropathy is a pattern of impaired renal function and development with renal dysplasia as the most severe but not the only form. Mechanisms of developmental disruption are potentially related to vesicoureteral reflux dynamics during gestation and associated bladder dynamics, which may continue into postnatal life. Acquired renal injury associated with infection is related to particular bacterial and host f...
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of B8amide: A BODIPY-Based Molecule with Asymmetric ECL Transients

B8amide is a large molecule based on a derivative of the BODIPY laser dye PM567. Both molecules exhibit highly stable radical ions and similar absorbance and photoluminescence spectra. For B8amide,...
Grain‐Boundary Diffusion of 51Cr in MgO and Cr‐Doped MgO

The grain-boundary diffusion product, D'delta, of /sup 51/Cr in MgO and Cr-doped MgO as a function of grain-boundary orientation and point-defect concentration was determined at T=1200/sup 0/ to 1450/sup 0/C. A large degree of anisotropy was found in the grain-boundary diffusion behavior in MgO. The ratio of D'delta parallel to D'delta perpendicular to the growth direction, D' parallel/D' perpendicular, is 10/sup 2/ for a 5/sup 0/ (100) tilt boundary, decreased to approx. =2 in boundaries with tilt angles >10/sup 0/. The decrease in D' parallel/D' perpendicular is due to a large increase in D' perpendicular with increasing tilt angle. The results indicate that grain-boundary diffusion in MgO is connected to the orientation of dislocations and the mechanism is one of dislocation pipe diffusion. The grain-boundary diffusion product D'delta increases with increasing Cr concentration in MgO and is approx. =4 times larger for MgO containing 0.56 at. % Cr than for the undoped MgO. For all bicrystals studied, the activation energies are within 180+ or -20 kJ/mol which is 60% of the activation energy for /sup 51/Cr diffusion in undoped MgO.
A simple 2-D ultrasound array and front-end electronics for 3-D volumetric imaging

Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound imaging has been the subject of intense recent interest. However, 3-D imaging requires 2-D planar ultrasound arrays. The fabrication techniques of such arrays are sophisticated and are currently under intensive studies in industry and in a few research labs. We present here an effective 3-D ultrasound imaging system consists of a simple 2-D piezoelectric (PZT) array and low noise front-end electronics. Imaging is obtained by using a synthetic beamforming algorithm and imaging quantity is improved by incorporating a phase deaberration algorithm. The algorithm compensates time-delay errors introduced primarily by the imperfect geometry of the array. The system has good signal to noise ratio and can be used in research applications for demonstrating principles of 3-D imaging related techniques.
Intra-operative periprosthetic fractures associated with press fit stems in revision total knee arthroplasty: incidence, management, and outcomes

The purpose of this study is to report the incidence, management, and outcomes of periprosthetic fractures associated with the insertion of press-fit stems during revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Immediate and six week post-operative radiographs from 634 stemmed implants (307 femoral, 327 tibial) from 420 consecutive revision TKAs were reviewed. Sixteen tibial (4.9%) and 3 femoral (1%) fractures (combined incidence 3.0%) were identified. All healed uneventfully without operative intervention, with no evidence of implant loosening at a mean of 23 months (range 12 to 47 months). The technique of tightly press fitting stems into the diaphysis is associated with a small rate (3%) of periprosthetic fractures; most were non or minimally displaced, all healed uneventfully with non-operative management and were not associated with implant loosening.
Intermittent fasting vs daily calorie restriction for type 2 diabetes prevention: a review of human findings

Intermittent fasting (IF) regimens have gained considerable popularity in recent years, as some people find these diets easier to follow than traditional calorie restriction (CR) approaches. IF involves restricting energy intake on 1-3 d/wk, and eating freely on the nonrestriction days. Alternate day fasting (ADF) is a subclass of IF, which consists of a "fast day" (75% energy restriction) alternating with a "feed day" (ad libitum food consumption). Recent findings suggest that IF and ADF are equally as effective as CR for weight loss and cardioprotection. What remains unclear, however, is whether IF/ADF elicits comparable improvements in diabetes risk indicators, when compared with CR. Accordingly, the goal of this review was to compare the effects of IF and ADF with daily CR on body weight, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults. Results reveal superior decreases in body weight by CR vs IF/ADF regimens, yet comparable reductions in visceral fat mass, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance. None of the interventions produced clinically meaningful reductions in glucose concentrations. Taken together, these preliminary findings show promise for the use of IF and ADF as alternatives to CR for weight loss and type 2 diabetes risk reduction in overweight and obese populations, but more research is required before solid conclusions can be reached.
Cushing's syndrome and nocardiosis associated with a pulmonary carcinoid tumor: Report of a case and review of the literature

Ectopic hormone production is an uncommon complication of neoplastic lung disease. Rarely, patients may present with signs and symptoms of systemic endocrine dysfunction related to a hormone-secreting tumor. Bronchopulmonary carcinoids are the most common neoplasm implicated in ectopic ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Persistent hypercortisolism, such as that which occurs in Cushing's syndrome, causes immunosuppression and makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. We present a case of a 42-year-old woman diagnosed with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome which was originally thought to stem from a pituitary lesion as interpreted on magnetic resonance imaging. Her symptoms persisted after undergoing hypophysectomy, and further work-up involving a fine needle aspiration of the left lung revealed an ACTH-producing carcinoid tumor. Before treatment could be administered, the patient developed several new suspicious nodules in the left lung that were shown by fine needle aspiration to be infectious in nature. A Gram stain revealed numerous Gram positive branching organisms, and culture of the specimen grew Nocardia asteroides. Her pulmonary infection was treated with antibiotics and she underwent successful ablation of the carcinoid tumor.
Will the new second generation experience ‘downward assimilation’? Segmented assimilation re-assessed

Research on the “new second generation” in the United States has been deeply influenced by the hypothesis of “segmented assimilation”, which contends that the children of immigrants are at risk of downward mobility into a “new rainbow underclass”. This article seeks to assess that assertion, focusing on the experience of Mexicans, the overwhelmingly largest of today’s second-generation groups, and a population of predominantly working- or lower-class origins. The empirical component of this article rests on analysis of a combined sample of the 1996‐2001 Current Population Survey.
Parallel Evolution of Chemokine Binding by Structurally Related Herpesvirus Decoy Receptors

A wide variety of pathogens targets chemokine signaling networks in order to disrupt host immune surveillance and defense. Here, we report a structural and mutational analysis of rodent herpesvirus Peru encoded R17, a potent chemokine inhibitor that sequesters CC and C chemokines with high affinity. R17 consists of a pair of β-sandwich domains linked together by a bridging sheet, which form an acidic binding cleft for the chemokine CCL3 on the opposite face of a basic surface cluster that binds glycosaminoglycans. R17 promiscuously engages chemokines primarily through the same N-loop determinants used for host receptor recognition while residues located in the chemokine 40s loop drive kinetically stable complex formation. The core fold adopted by R17 is unexpectedly similar to that of the M3 chemokine decoy receptor encoded by MHV-68, although, strikingly, neither the location of ligand engagement nor the stoichiometry of binding is conserved, suggesting that their functions evolved independently.
Combined intraportal infusion of acetylcholine and adrenergic blockers augments net hepatic glucose uptake

Portal glucose delivery in the conscious dog augments net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU). To investigate the possible role of altered autonomic nervous activity in the effect of portal glucose deliv...
Effects of Temperature on the Acute Toxicity and Uptake of Lindane by Chironomus riparius (Meigen) (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Effects of temperature on toxicity of lindane to the midge Chtronomus riparius (Meigen) were studied. The toxicity of lindane increased from 13.43 ppm to 6.63 ppm as temperature increased from 15 to 25°C (positive temperature coefficient). An LC50 of 6.77 ppm was obtained when temperature was increased to 35°C. Since the toxicity of lindane did not change significantly when temperature was increased from 25 to 35°C, the temperature coefficient for this interval is neutral. Uptake studies using 14C-Iindane demonstrated that differential toxicity is attributable in part to differential absorption and, in part, to altered susceptibility of the target site at temperature extremes.
Inactivation of renal mitochondrial respiratory complexes and manganese superoxide dismutase during sepsis: mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitigates injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complication of sepsis and leads to a high mortality rate. Human and animal studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in sepsis-induced multi-organ failure; however, the specific mitochondrial targets damaged during sepsis remain elusive. We used a clinically relevant cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) murine model of sepsis and assessed renal mitochondrial function using high-resolution respirometry, renal microcirculation using intravital microscopy, and renal function. CLP caused a time-dependent decrease in mitochondrial complex I and II/III respiration and reduced ATP. By 4 h after CLP, activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was decreased by 50% and inhibition was sustained through 36 h. These events were associated with increased mitochondrial superoxide generation. We then evaluated whether the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO could reverse renal mitochondrial dysfunction and attenuate sepsis-induced AKI. Mito-TEMPO (10 mg/kg) given at 6 h post-CLP decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels, protected complex I and II/III respiration, and restored MnSOD activity by 18 h. Mito-TEMPO also improved renal microcirculation and glomerular filtration rate. Importantly, even delayed therapy with a single dose of Mito-TEMPO significantly increased 96-h survival rate from 40% in untreated septic mice to 80%. Thus, sepsis causes sustained inactivation of three mitochondrial targets that can lead to increased mitochondrial superoxide. Importantly, even delayed therapy with Mito-TEMPO alleviated kidney injury, suggesting that it may be a promising approach to treat septic AKI.
Political Parties, Growth and Equality: Turning around the Postwar Consensus: Defining a Conservative Economic Framework in Britain

The same economic shocks of the 1970s that propelled the spectacular electoral victories of Socialist parties in Southern Europe led to a generalized shift to the Right among Northern European and American voters. The American Democratic Party suffered an embarrassing defeat at the hands of a resurgent Republican Party in 1980. Socialists were displaced by a coalition of Christian Democrats and Liberals in Belgium in 1981 and in the Netherlands and Germany in 1982. In Scandinavia the traditional hegemony of social democracy in both ideas and votes started to unravel for the first time in decades. Yet the most severe defeat of the Left took place in Britain. In May 1979 the strongest turnaround of public opinion since 1945 returned the Conservative Party to office. Helped by an impressive lead over a split Labour Party, the Tory Party would enjoy a comfortable parliamentary majority for the following decade and a half. The prolonged British Tory government makes it possible to examine the systematic implementation of a conservative economic strategy, providing therefore a pointed contrast with the Spanish Socialist experience. After a long period in search of “true Conservative solutions” (Behrens 1980) to the declining British economy, which included the failed reformist attempt under Heath in the early 1970s, by the late 1970s the Conservative leadership was definitely committed to effecting a clean break with the postwar consensus built around the active involvement of the state in the economy.
Neoliberalism as a site-specific process: The aesthetics and politics of architecture in Amman, Jordan

Abstract Neoliberalism in Jordan provides the State with a measure of elasticity, and the ability to, under the premise of reform, reinvent its role and responsibility in the project of development and the political economy of urbanism in Amman. In this way, the State is an undiminished actor in development, and through its tenuous collaborations with private investors, has produced a series of failed neoliberal projects. Among them are the Jordan Gate Towers, Limitless Towers and the Royal Village, each in a varied state of incompletion, part of a system of ruination in which incompleteness or failure can actually be financially successful for the State and its oligarchic network. I frame the critique within a political economy of wealth and power wherein the failed projects are made desirable and profitable through the State's appropriation of public and privately held lands as “state domain,” in turn selling the properties to private developers at a premium. My research method will focus more explicitly on the politics and aesthetics of architecture through a place-based, or what I call a site-specific study, where the buildings themselves are critiqued as agents, with the ability to impact a site, community, city or region. In this way, I invert the discursive critique of neoliberalism as a monolithic economic actor to rather untangle the complexities of this neoliberal moment in the Middle East and the architectural objects it has produced. My engagement with the built object and the site it occupies shifts the critique to the built environment, recognizing architecture as a significant actor in processes of urban transformation. Regardless of the failed projects, I argue that indeed profit is not in the realization of the various projects, but simply in the funds systematically syphoned away at the speculative stage. I will develop an exploration of the nuances of failure, adding to the discourse of neoliberal development in the Middle East.
Layer plasmons and high- T c superconductivity

We study a layered electron-gas model for the high-${T}_{c}$ copper oxides. The formation of plasmon bands by the interlayer Coulomb interaction is shown to lead to enhanced plasmon-induced electron pairing at the boundaries of the plasmon bands. We comment on the potential contribution of quasi-one-dimensional plasmons for the ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ compounds. The concept of coexistence of phonon and plasmon mechanisms is discussed.
Ceramics and Commerce: The 1554 flota revisited

The remains of the 1554 flota, commonly known as the Padre Island shipwrecks, are well known to historical archaeologists not only for the protracted court cases associated with one of the wrecks but for the high quality of archaeological and historic research conducted on them. This paper reevaluates the recovered ceramic materials in light of the past decade’s ongoing research in this area of Hispanic 16th century material culture. This information is utilized to pose future research questions and to suggest how submerged and terrestrial site evidence can be integrated to afford a more holistic view of the dynamic Spanish world-system whose static remains are the essence of archaeological study.
Raman emission in porous silicon at 1.54 [micro sign]m

There have been many reports regarding visible luminescence and light emission at 1.54 µm, at room temperature, from porous silicon and from Er-doped porous silicon, respectively. Described is a different approach, based on Raman scattering in porous silicon, to generate radiation at 1.54 µm. Preliminary experimental results regarding Raman emission in porous silicon samples at 1.54 µm are also reported.
Trading Off Scientific Knowledge and User Learning with Multi-Armed Bandits

The rise of online educational software brings with it the ability to run experiments on users quickly and at low cost. However, education is a dual-objective domain: not only do we want to discover general educational principles, we also want to teach students as much as possible. In this paper, we propose an automatic method for allocating experimental samples, based on multi-armed bandit algorithms, that balances between learning each experimental condition’s effectiveness and users’ test performances. Our algorithm, UCB-Explore, allows the experimenter to explicitly specify the tradeo these two objectives. We assess the performance of our algorithm in a simulated experiment with parameters drawn from a real-world data. In this simulation, our algorithm is better able to navigate this trade o compared to other multi-armed bandit algorithms such as UCB1 and -greedy. As an example application, we show how a researcher could use the generated samples to identify strong and weak interaction eects, and conrm these ndings on a separately-collected dataset.
A.4. On the identity of the 'Q. Fabius' of Val. Max. 2.7.3

Munzer, Broughton, and others have provided a variety of identity options for the Q. Fabius who is mentioned at Val. Max. 2.7.3. Some attribute a quaestorship to this Fabius whereas others have been more skeptical. This paper seeks to explore the issue more fully so as to better illustrate the process by which magisterial attributions are made as well as to offer an alternative account to that which is commonly accepted in the post‐Broughton era.
The Promise and Problems of Treating Religious Freedom as Freedom of Association

This Article explores the descriptive, normative, and doctrinal connections between religious freedom and the freedom of association. A series of recent Supreme Court decisions have significantly expanded the constitutional protections afforded to private expressive associations, and several scholars have suggested that the Court’s approach to freedom of association might provide an attractive model for religious liberty. This Article argues that special protections for religious freedom and for freedom of association can both be grounded in the idea of normative pluralism: there is an important value in the promotion of a diverse and pluralistic society, as this gives rise to a wide array of collective identities that an individual can draw upon as he looks to construct and partake in a meaningful life. The development of robust constitutional protections for expressive associations reflects a recognition that certain intimate or ideological associations, even when not overtly religious in character, frequently play a role in citizens’ lives that can be quite similar to -- and perhaps equally important as -- their religious convictions. The close parallels between religious affiliation and these expressive associations suggest that the two groups should be entitled to many of the same constitutional protections, yet a careful examination reveals several significant differences between the Court’s treatment of religious groups and its treatment of comparable secular associations. With respect to Free Exercise issues, the Court’s decision in Employment Division v. Smith famously rejected any constitutional right to religious exemption from otherwise neutral and generally applicable laws, but its recent decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale has given rise to exactly that sort of exemption right for secular expressive associations. On the Establishment side, the First Amendment requirement of viewpoint neutrality often operates as a secular counterpart to the Establishment Clause, but this analogy breaks down when applied to the newly emerging First Amendment category of government speech. These disparities in the protections for religious freedom and freedom of association yield important insights into both doctrines, which I draw upon to suggest several possible responses to restore consistency to the Court’s First Amendment jurisprudence.
Pore-scale modeling of water-phase fragmentation in simulated soils with realistic pore geometry

Bacterial diversity in soil is extremely high, and evidence suggests that spatial isolation created by fragmented aquatic microhabitats in unsaturated soil plays a large part in creating this diversity. Soil texture determines the extent and connectivity of hydrated microbial microhabitats through its influence on the pore size distribution. In this study we simulate pore-scale water retention processes in soils of varying textures. We develop a novel methodology for generating realistic soil particle shapes, conforming to experimentally-determined sphericity and roundness values for sand and silt particles. We then employ the lattice Boltzmann method, using a 3-D single-component multiphase model to simulate equilibrium water configurations in a series of simulated soils, and quantify the fragmentation of the water phase by identifying isolated water pockets that could serve as bacterial microhabitats. Pocket counts at a range of liquid saturations were dominated by filling of small pores created by domains of high silt content, which was a realistic depiction of the fragmentation behavior for the finest-textured soil. Fragmentation measures in the coarser soils showed sensitivity to a thresholding parameter controlling thickness of liquid films on rough surfaces of soil grains, indicating the importance of such films in controlling fragmentation in coarse soils. This work highlights the differential mechanisms controlling hydraulic fragmentation in soils of different textures: filling of pores due to capillary forces in finer soils, and disconnected water films on grain surfaces in coarser soils. Follow-on work will include grid refinement to better resolve the spatial distribution of surface films in coarse soils.
Effects of heterostructure stacking on acoustic dissipation in coupled-ring resonators

We describe a systematic study on quantifying the effects of heterostructure layer stacking upon measured dissipation and quality factors (Qs) of AlN-on-Si coupled-ring breathing mode micromechanical resonators. For the first time, we design and fabricate resonators of the same lateral dimensions but with different stacking layers, namely, Si, AlN-on-Si, and Al-on-AlN-on-Si. With both optical and electrical readout techniques, we measure the fundamental radial-extensional mode and its Q values and compare the observed and simulated energy dissipation. For the same device geometry, the results show that the bare Si device has the highest Q (11,304). Adding an AlN layer leads to a reduction in Q for the AlN-on-Si device by a factor of ∼1.46 compared to bare Si device. Top layer metallization further compromises the Q by a factor of ∼1.85. Modeling of the dissipation processes suggests that neither the thermoelastic damping (TED) nor the anchor loss is the limiting loss factor. A piezoelectric-specific loss mechanism known as charge redistribution loss and interface loss are both possible limiting mechanisms.
Plug-in fuel cell electric vehicles: A California case study

Abstract Plug-in fuel cell electric vehicles (PFCEVs) combine features of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). With a 40-mile battery electric range (BER), the PFCEV provides unusually efficient driving. The BER also affords convenient recharging. The fuel cell and hydrogen fuel facilitate long range and quick refueling, removing range anxiety. With a small battery and fuel cell, the PFCEV maintains weight low and efficiency high. Thereby, PFCEVs are economically competitive with other vehicles and unusually efficient. This paper uses California as a case study of PFCEV deployment due to regulations that make it the first deployment area of alternative vehicle technology. If all vehicles in California today were PFCEVs, the hydrogen required would be significantly less than current hydrogen production for petroleum refining in California, and the electricity used would be 19% of California's current total demand. The BER capability suggests fewer hydrogen fueling stations needed to fuel PFCEVs compared to non-plug-in FCEVs. These results suggest that PFCEVs are an attractive candidate as the principal vehicle owned by the majority of the motoring public in the electric vehicle era.
The Superstition, Secularism, and Religion Trinary: Or Re-Theorizing Secularism

While a generation of theorists assumed that secularization was a necessary outcome of modernization, a newer group of scholars have argued that Western Christendom constructed a normative binary opposition between the “religious” and the “secular,” which it then attempted to impose globally. This putative binary has been interrogated in a number of ways. This paper articulates a productive recent line of approach, I initially proposed in The Invention of Religion in Japan , 2012, which was to introduce a third term—“superstition”—into the model. Succinctly put, “superstition” was often seen as both the false double of “religion” and a crucial enemy of scientific truth and the secular state. Thus, I argue focusing on the excluded term in this trinary can provide insights into the way in which all three categories are mutually constituted. It also opens the door for the re-theorization of “secularism” and its historic ideological features.
In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells

Here we report on the material chemistry following crystallization in the presence of water vapor of chlorinated formamidinium lead-triiodide (NH2CH = NH2PbI3−xClx) perovskite films. We found in-situ exposure to water vapor reduces, or possibly eliminates, the retention of chlorine (Cl) inside NH2CH = NH2PbI3−xClx crystals. There is a strong tendency toward Cl volatility, which indicates the sensitivity of these materials for their integration into solar cells. The requisite for additional efforts focused on the mitigation of water vapor is reported. Based on the in situ results, hot casting (<100 °C) in dry conditions demonstrates improved film coverage and Cl retention with efficiencies reaching 12.07%.
ECOSTRESS, A NASA Earth-Ventures Instrument for studying links between the water cycle and plant health over the diurnal cycle

The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission was selected as a NASA Earth-Ventures Instrument (EV-I) Class-D mission on the International Space Station (ISS) to be launched in April 2018. ECOSTRESS will answer science questions related to water use and availability in several key biomes of the terrestrial biosphere using surface temperature information measured from the thermal infrared (TIR) measurement. The instrument includes a TIR multispectral scanner with five spectral bands in the TIR between 8 and 12.5 μm and a spatial resolution of 60m. Model-derived evapotranspiration information derived from ECOSTRESS will help reveal how ecosystems change with climate and provide a critical link between the water cycle and plant health, both natural and agricultural. The inclined, precessing ISS orbit will also enable ECOSTRESS to sample the diurnal cycle in critical regions across the globe at spatiotemporal scales unexploited by current instruments in Sun-synchronous polar and high-altitude geostationary orbits. In this paper we will discuss the primary science objectives of ECOSTRESS, details of the Level 2, 3, and 4 science products and their derivation, validation strategies, and community outreach efforts.