cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Osteomyelitic Bone Following Cranial Vault Reconstruction With Delayed Reimplantation of Sterilized Autologous Bone: A Novel Technique for Cranial Reconstruction in the Pediatric Patient.

ABSTRACT Craniosynostosis, a deformity of the skull caused by premature fusion of ≥1 cranial sutures, is treated surgically via endoscopic approaches or cranial vault remodeling. Postoperative infection is rare. Management of postoperative surgical site infections often involves culture-directed intravenous antibiotics and debridement, with removal of osteomyelitic bone and hardware in refractory cases. Removal of autologous bone in a pediatric patient presents a reconstructive challenge, as alloplastic options are not optimal in a growing child, especially in the setting of infection. Moreover, infants and small children have limited autologous bone options for reconstruction. We present our case of a young child who developed an infectious complication following cranial vault remodeling. The patient's demographic information, clinical presentation and postoperative course, radiologic features, surgical interventions, and treatment outcomes were reviewed. In our case, autologous osteomyelitic bone underwent tissue processing to eradicate the infection and complete skull reconstruction using the patient's own processed autologous bone was performed in a delayed fashion. The patient is now 1 year postoperative with no recurrence of infection. We present this case as a novel technique to eradicate infection in autologous bone, allowing for delayed autologous cranial reconstruction.
Lateral Heterotaxy Syndrome in a Newborn Caucasian Male.

Heterotaxy syndrome is a varied spectrum of rearrangements of thoracic and abdominal organs that present many unique complications. Among all congenital deformities, heterotaxy syndrome is rare although this is likely an underestimate without routine imaging due to the benign nature of some defects. Numerous genes have been identified that play a role in its pathogenesis, and it has been hypothesized that heterotaxy syndrome is a consequence of both genetic and environmental impacts on the body axis. This case report also demonstrates the fundamental role of cardiac catheterization and imaging in further specifying the subtype of heterotaxy. Furthermore, it highlights the inconsistency of laterality with functional asplenia, visceral situs ambiguus, double-outlet right ventricle, and a left-sided inferior vena cava apart from other anomalies in a newborn male.
H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant and Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells

Targeting conventional T cell memory with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has demonstrated variable efficacy and non-durable protection against active Tuberculosis (TB) disease [1–4]. Despite mimicking natural peptide-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity acquired during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, BCG as well as several investigational candidate vaccines have largely failed to confer reproducible, life-long protection in adults [5]. Importantly, individuals cured of active TB can still develop recurrent active infection, demonstrating that natural immunity may not be consistently protective [6–8].
Mathematical Model of a Personalized Neoantigen Cancer Vaccine and the Human Immune System: Evaluation of Efficacy

Abstract Cancer vaccines are an important component of the cancer immunotherapy toolkit, enhancing the immune response to malignant cells by activating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Multiple successful clinical applications of cancer vaccines have shown good safety and efficacy. Despite the notable progress, significant challenges remain in obtaining consistent immune responses across heterogeneous patient populations, as well as various cancers. We present a mechanistic mathematical model describing key interactions of a personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine with the immune system of an individual patient. The model specifically considers the vaccine concentration of tumor-specific antigen peptides and adjuvant, patient’s major histocompatibility complexes I and II copy numbers, tumor size, T-cells, and antigen presenting cells. We calibrated the model using patient-specific data from a recent clinical study where individualized cancer vaccines were used to treat six melanoma patients. Model simulations predict both immune responses to the vaccine as well as clinical outcome. Our model has the potential to lay the foundation for generating in silico clinical trial data and aid the development and efficacy assessment of personalized cancer vaccines.
The Environmental Consequences of Pay Inequality

We study how pay inequality among regulators affects the environment, using individual compensation data on attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Consistent with incentive theories, high-inequality EPA offices pursue more enforcement actions with higher monetary penalties, especially against severe misconduct. Exploiting the differential exposure of facilities to the EPA's regional offices, we find that facilities in high-inequality jurisdictions reduce pollution levels, slow production and initiate abatement activities. The results suggest that the regulator's compensation structure could create an enforcement risk which is subsequently internalized by regulated entities.
Improved integration of single-cell transcriptome and surface protein expression by LinQ-View

Summary Multimodal advances in single-cell sequencing have enabled the simultaneous quantification of cell surface protein expression alongside unbiased transcriptional profiling. Here, we present LinQ-View, a toolkit designed for multimodal single-cell data visualization and analysis. LinQ-View integrates transcriptional and cell surface protein expression profiling data to reveal more accurate cell heterogeneity and proposes a quantitative metric for cluster purity assessment. Through comparison with existing multimodal methods on multiple public CITE-seq datasets, we demonstrate that LinQ-View efficiently generates accurate cell clusters, especially in CITE-seq data with routine numbers of surface protein features, by preventing variations in a single surface protein feature from affecting results. Finally, we utilized this method to integrate single-cell transcriptional and protein expression data from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, revealing antigen-specific B cell subsets after infection. Our results suggest LinQ-View could be helpful for multimodal analysis and purity assessment of CITE-seq datasets that target specific cell populations (e.g., B cells).
Gamma-Delta and CD20 Mycosis Fungoides: Two Cases Uncovered by Broad-Spectrum Immunostaining.

ABSTRACT Mycosis fungoides (MF) expresses T-cell markers and the alpha-beta T-cell receptor (TCR) complex. Here, we describe a case of MF with dual expression of TCR delta and TCR beta and a case of MF expressing the B-cell marker CD20. Both anomalies were detected after we instituted a broad-spectrum immunostaining panel for cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. These findings suggest anomalous immunophenotypes may be more common in MF than previously appreciated. Histopathologists should be aware of unexpected malleability in the immunophenotype of MF to avoid confusion with other subtypes of cutaneous lymphoma. Further research into the prevalence and significance of CD20 and TCR-delta expression in MF is encouraged.
Hodgkin Lymphoma: What to Do When Checkpoint Inhibitors Fail

Abstract Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is uniquely vulnerable to PD-1 blockade. This is likely related, at least in part, to the near-universal genetic amplification events at 9p24.1, the locus of the genes for the PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). Several phase 2 studies have shown that single-agent monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1 pathway yield objective responses in approximately two-thirds of patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) cHL, although only a minority of patients achieve complete responses (CR). Furthermore, these remissions may be long-lasting, with a median duration of approximately 1.5 years. These results have made PD-1 blockade a cornerstone of the treatment for patients with R/R cHL, at least in the third line.
The Cognitive Dimension

Cognition, and mental processes, played an important role in early social theory, especially in the thought of Comte and Spencer, but a gradually reduced role in the “classics,” and a minimal role in what became the “Standard Social Science Model.” This is now changing, so this history has become quite relevant. Comte is known for his interest in phrenology, but this interest took the form of a critique of phrenology as well as of the faculty psychology of the time. This critique pointed toward a modern view of cognition. Herbert Spencer, whose reputation in cognitive science is deservedly high, provided a fully developed account of basic cognition that pointed to key issues of societal explanation that preserved individualism, supporting a view of society as a spontaneous order, and also qualified his view of the social organism. Despite his great influence, this development was largely cut off when social scientists absorbed and transformed neo-Kantianism and combined it with Volkerpsychologie into a model of culture that transferred cognitive issues to the collective level. The later social psychological use of “attitude” as a surrogate for cognitive processes also blocked a cognitively based account of society, as proposed by sociologists like Charles Ellwood.
Cultural Models of Organization: The Social Construction of Rational Organizing Principles

Ever since the rise of modern organizational forms in the mid nineteenth century, social scientists have treated organizations and bureaucracies as instrumental social structures that are little affected by culture. Most organizations were thought to conform to general rules of efficiency rather than to local cultural dictates.
Design of a micro-wind turbine for implementation in low wind speed environments

Installed wind capacity has increased globally by an average of 23% over the past 18 years according to the Global Wind Energy Council. Despite the fact that wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources today, there is limited literature on micro-wind turbine technology. Micro-wind turbines are generally characterized as small-scale turbines designed for use by individuals rather than for large scale energy production. Although the power output of micro-wind turbines is much less than small and large-scale wind turbines, micro-wind turbines are less costly, easier to install, and can power small electrical devices such as LED signs and cell phones. This paper describes the design and development of multiple blade designs that will be used on a modular micro-wind turbine for use in environments with wind speeds of 3-14 m/s. The turbine blades were designed to output 10 Watts to power small electronic devices. Considerations in designing this system involved airfoil shape, motor and electrical components, and nacelle housing. Testing involved the use of a wind tunnel and resulted in blade design iterations to enhance system performance. The final design includes 3D printed blades that are modular as the blades can easily be interchanged for use in a variety of applications, including educational demonstrations. With 3D printing technologies gaining ground, the reduced cost of printing micro-wind turbine blades is gaining popularity. This paper showcases the team’s progress through system requirements, concept development, embodiment design and prototyping, testing and refinement, and detail design.
The Impact of the California Earthquake on Real Estate Firms' Stock Value

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the October 17, 1989 California earthquake on the stock value of firms involved in the real estate industry. The impact of the earthquake on re...
Web Browsers and Security

Today the World Wide Web is considered to be a platform for building distributed applications. This evolution is made possible by browsers with processing capabilities and by programming languages that allow web designers to embed real programs into HTML documents. Downloading and executing code from anywhere on the Internet brings security problems along with it. A systematic and thorough analysis of security flaws in the browsers and related technology is necessary to reach a sufficient level of confidence. This paper presents some preliminary results of ongoing research that has the final goal of developing properties for secure browsers and procedures for secure browsing. The research started by investigating features provided by the standard environment. The paper describes some experimental attacks that have been carried out by exploiting features of Java and JavaScript executed by Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Explorer browsers.
Information technology resources for education in developing countries

Information Technology (IT) resources include not only equipment, particularly computers, but also software and experts as well as students, teachers and parents. Resources are provided by government, industry, education, associations and collaborations. Developing countries, which are often rich in people, land and natural resources, are, in many cases, poor in even the traditional educational resources (teachers, schools, desks and books). They are especially poor in IT resources. In this paper, IT resources for education in developing countries are reported from available statistical data and from related literature. IT resources have the potential for making education accessible and enhanced for many, even over great distances - which is a critical need in many developing countries. A hierarchy of IT resources is described, which, if considered as a whole, and applied appropriately and respectfully, could play a key role in building the capacity of a developing country for improving not only education but also government, business and the quality of life for all.
The impact of smoking-related illness in the ED: an attributable risk model.

The objective of this study was to estimate the clinical and economic impact of smoking among adult emergency department (ED) patients. An attributable risk analysis of patients seen in 2 urban EDs in 1998 was performed. Data were obtained from hospital databases, national sources describing the prevalence of smoking in the state, and risk ratios for smoking-related illnesses. Of 78,617 patient visits, 12,573 (16.0%) had any smoking-related International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code. The smoking-attributable risk fraction (SARF) for all patients was 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.7%-5.0%). Of 13,245 admissions, 6.8% (95% CI 6.4%-7.2%) were smoking attributable. Of $296,962,685 in hospital charges, 10.0% (95% CI 9.9%-10.1%) were smoking attributable. The SARFs for ED visits, admissions, and charges for men were higher than for women (all P <.0001). Smoking-attributable illness accounts for 4.9% of ED adult visits, 6.8% of ED adult admissions, and 10.0% of hospital charges. The use of ED-based smoking intervention remains to be determined.
Oceanography: A fishy mix.

Ocean life is in almost constant motion, and such activity must surely stir things up. Innovative investigations into this concept of 'biogenic mixing' show a role for jellyfish and their brethren.
Wilkinson-type hydrogenation catalysts immobilized on zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets

Abstract Immobilized catalysts can be obtained by using a linker to bind a homogeneous catalyst to a solid support. Ideally, immobilized catalysts combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Porous supports such as silica result in optimal recyclability, however, the catalytic reactions are slowed down by pore diffusion. Here, non-porous zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets (ZrP) are used as support material to bridge the gap between homogeneous and immobilized catalysts. ZrP nanoplatelets provide sufficient outside surface area, while still being easily separable from the reaction mixtures. First, a phosphine linker containing an ethoxysilyl group, (EtO) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 3 PPh 2 ( 1 ), is reacted with ZrP to give the phosphine-modified 1i . Addition of Wilkinson's catalyst ClRh(PPh 3 ) 3 to 1i gives, via ligand exchange, the immobilized catalyst 1i – Rh . In the absence of pore diffusion the catalytic hydrogenation of 1-dodecene using 1i – Rh proceeds with unprecedented speed and the catalyst can be recovered and recycled 15 times. In the course of the catalytic reaction the mononuclear species forms catalytically active Rh nanoparticles on the surface. Finally it is demonstrated that ClRh(PPh 3 ) 3 can be bound to ZrP directly without linker. However, the catalytic activity of the resulting material ZrP–Rh does not quite match the favorable characteristics of 1i – Rh .
The Sympathetic Imbalance Hypothesis of QT Interval Prolongation

Sympathetic Imbalance. The demonstration of QT interval prolongation after left stellate ganglion stimulation led to the successful trial of left cervicothoracic sympathectomy for the control of arrhythmias in long QT syndromes. Based on those findings, sympathetic imbalance with excessive left-sided effects became widely regarded as the mechanism of QT prolongation and arrhythmias in the syndromes. Prolongation of the interval was attributed to regional reduction of repolarization durations with exposure of previously cancelled electrocardiographic effects and arrhythmias to nonuniform recovery of excitability permitting reentrant excitation. Subsequent findings have not, however, supported this hypothesis. It has been shown that QT prolongation following left stellate ganglion stimulation is transient and unlikely to account for the sustained prolongation in the syndromes. It has also been shown that QT prolongation is not unique for left stellate stimulation and also occurs transiently after right stellate stimulation or bolus injections of catecholamines. It remains possible that sympathetic imbalance in the form of deficient right-sided sympathetic effects on the heart that experimentally results in prolonged repolarization and sustained QT interval prolongation is a mechanism in long QT syndromes. ECG mapping suggests prolongation of repolarization in the region normally innervated by the right stellate ganglion and a plausible mechanism of torsade de pointes based on regionally disparate recovery has been proposed.
Impact of ionizing radiation on the optical properties of YAG laser materials

Exposure of optical materials to transient-ionizing-radiation fields can give rise to transient and/or permanent photodarkening effects. In laser materials, such as YAG, such induced optical loss can result in significant degradation of the lasing characteristic of the material, making its selection for optical device applications in radiation environments unfeasible. In the present work, the ionizing-radiation response of Nd:YAG laser rods of varying composition and microstructure are examined. The optical properties of the materials are examined using a variety of optical spectroscopies and observations are correlated with the results of the ionizing-radiation studies. It is found that radiation damage in these materials is strongly influenced by the material microstructure.
Posture effects on grip strength

Abstract Objective: To examine whether grip strengths were different when measured in supine and sitting positions. Design: Comparison, convenience sample Setting: Community. Participants: Seventy-four healthy adult participants with no history of psychiatric or neurological dysfunction, or upper extremity orthopedic dysfunction after the age of 18. Interventions: Participants performed grips with each hand while sitting and standing. Shoulder was adducted and extended, with the elbow flexed, and wrist and forearm in neutral. Main Outcome Measure: The mean of the three trials with each hand in each posture. Results: Men were stronger (49kg) than women (29kg; p p p > .59). Conclusions: Using identical upper extremity positions, grip strength is equivalent when tested in the supine and sitting positions. Thus, when determining grip strength, grips measured while the subject is supine can be compared with norms collected while the subject is sitting, provided the upper extremity position is invariant.
Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, abnormal myocardial architecture and anomalies of the aortic arch system induced by bis-diamine in rat fetuses.

Abstract Objectives . The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between anomalies of the heart and aortic arch arteries in near-term rat fetuses exposed to the chemical bis-diamine. Background . Bis-diamine is known to induce cardiovascular anomalies. Methods . Bis-diamine was given orally to normal pregnant rats, and the 65 fetuses were examined under a dissecting microscope after formalin fixation. Results . There were 26 rat fetuses (40%) with a ventricular septal defect in the perimembranous portion, of which 14 (22%) had tetralogy of Fallot, 4 (6%) had truncus arteriosus and 8 (12%) had a relatively small defect with no other major anomalies. In 44 fetuses (68%) the middle latitudinal muscle bundle of the ventricular septum was continuous with the right ventricular free wall. There were, isolated or in association, a double- or right aortic arch in 6 fetuses (9%), aberrant subclavian arteries in 9 (14%), right ductus arteriosus in 12 (18%) and agenetic ductus in 4 (6%). The cross-sectional area of the ductus, as corrected by that of the aortic isthmus, was abnormally small in 47 rats (72%). The rat fetuses with a septal defect or abnormal myocardial architecture, or both, usually had a small ductus; it was very small or absent in those fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot. Of the four fetuses with truncus arteriosus, two had a vestigial vasculature on the truncus root and three had a rudimentary infundibulum. Conclusions . The cardinal defect may be the anomalous and reduced development of the sixth arch arteries, which by imposing pressure overload on the fetal right ventricle, may have led to either or both the persistence of ventricular septal defect as a vent or the formation of myocardial architecture favorable for the generation of pressure in the right ventricle.
Oral Infection Drives a Distinct Population of Intestinal Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells with Enhanced Protective Function

The intestinal mucosa promotes T cell responses that might be beneficial for effective mucosal vaccines. However, intestinal resident memory T (Trm) cell formation and function are poorly understood. We found that oral infection with Listeria monocytogenes induced a robust intestinal CD8 T cell response and blocking effector T cell migration showed that intestinal Trm cells were critical for secondary protection. Intestinal effector CD8 T cells were predominately composed of memory precursor effector cells (MPECs) that rapidly upregulated CD103, which was needed for T cell accumulation in the intestinal epithelium. CD103 expression, rapid MPEC formation, and maintenance in intestinal tissues were dependent on T cell intrinsic transforming growth factor β signals. Moreover, intestinal Trm cells generated after intranasal or intravenous infection were less robust and phenotypically distinct from Trm cells generated after oral infection, demonstrating the critical contribution of infection route for directing the generation of protective intestinal Trm cells.
The spiracular organ of sharks and skates: anatomical evidence indicating a mechanoreceptive role

The elasmobranch spiracular organ is a specialized receptor associated with the first visceral pouch. The structure of the sensory epithelium of the spiracular organ and the pattern of central termination of the afferent neurons that innervate it show that the spiracular organ is a mechanoreceptor closely related to the lateral line system of sense organs. Its position and orientation within the spiracular cleft suggest that it plays a role in proprioception or equilibrium-audition.
Influence of Thiouracil and Stilbestrol on Growth, Fattening, and Feed Efficiency in Broilers

Abstract THE discovery that a large number of substances related to thiourea inhibit thyroid hormone secretion and decrease basal metabolic rate in the rat (Richter and Clisby, 1942, Astwood and co-workers, 1943, and MacKenzie and MacKenzie, 1943) was followed by several experiments on the effects of one of these compounds, thiouracil, on growth and fattening in the domestic fowl. Kempster and Turner (1945) found that the addition of thiouracil to a broiler ration at a level of 0.2% improved market quality. Andrews and Schnetzler (1946) reported that although 0.2% thiouracil in a standard broiler ration reduced growth rate somewhat, market quality and fat deposition were significantly increased and that there was a tendency for the efficiency of feed utilization to be increased. Glazener and Jull (1946) however, reported that thiouracil decreased both growth rate and feed consumption of broilers and did not improve finished appearance. Mixner et al. (1946) found that . . .
Does architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer

Objectives There is a growing interest in the role that light plays on nocturnal melatonin production and, perhaps thereby, the incidence of breast cancer in modern societies. The direct causal relationships in this logical chain have not, however, been fully established and the weakest link is an inability to quantitatively specify architectural lighting as a stimulus for the circadian system. The purpose of the present paper is to draw attention to this weakness.
Somatostatin for Uveitic Cystoid Macular Edema (CME).

Purpose: To report the favorable response of bilateral recalcitrant uveitic cystoid macular edema (CME) to treatment with a somatostatin analog. Methods: Medical ophthalmic history and the results of ophthalmic examinations were recorded. Fluorescein angiography (FA) studies were reviewed. Results: A 52-year-old white female with intermediate uveitis developed bilateral recalcitrant CME. Treatment with subcutaneous injections of the somatostatin analog octreotide resulted in partial resolution of the CME and improvement of visual acuity. Conclusions: Somatostatin may play a role in the treatment of CME secondary to uveitis.
Type I interferon signaling is involved in the spontaneous development of lupus-like disease in B6.Nba2 and (B6.Nba2 x NZW)F(1) mice.

Several studies have described a role for type I interferons (IFNαβ) in the initiation and/or prolongation of autoimmune diseases. Most pronounced has been the association of disease activity with what is now known as ‘the interferon signature’ of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lupus patients. In correlation, studies have shown that inhibition of IFNαβ signaling abrogates disease in various mouse models of lupus. New Zealand black (NZB) and B6.Nba2 congenic mice spontaneously develop elevated levels of serum anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANAs). Nevertheless, neither of these strains develop fatal renal disease. The female F1 offspring of NZB or B6.Nba2 crossed with New Zealand white (NZW) mice do, however, develop kidney disease. We have previously shown that increases in endogenous IFNαβ levels in (B6.Nba2 × NZW)F1 mice leads to accelerated development of renal disease in an IFNαβ-dependent manner. We now show that B6.Nba2 and (B6.Nba2 × NZW)F1 mice deficient for the IFNαβ-receptor fail to develop ANA and renal disease, although the mice have substantial immune complex deposition in the glomeruli. Thus, endogenous IFNαβ might influence disease by affecting B-cell activation and differentiation, as well as the kidneys’ susceptibility to damage, the latter perhaps through induction of a local inflammatory milieu.
What causes random earthquakes within a hydrothermal vent

The Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) is the largest deep sea hydrothermal vent field found anywhere on the planet. Located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a seafloor spreading center where new oceanic crust is being created, the TAG field consists of one active high-temperature mound, one low-temperature mound, and seven inactive mounds.
Chandra Multiwavelength Project. I. First X‐Ray Source Catalog

The Chandra Multiwavelength Project (ChaMP) is a wide-area (~14 deg2) survey of serendipitous Chandra X-ray sources, aiming to establish fair statistical samples covering a wide range of characteristics (such as absorbed active galactic nuclei, high-z clusters of galaxies) at flux levels (fX ~ 10-15 to 10-14 ergs s-1 cm-2) intermediate between the Chandra deep surveys and previous missions. We present the first ChaMP catalog, which consists of 991 near on-axis, bright X-ray sources obtained from the initial sample of 62 observations. The data have been uniformly reduced and analyzed with techniques specifically developed for the ChaMP and then validated by visual examination. To assess source reliability and positional uncertainty, we perform a series of simulations and also use Chandra data to complement the simulation study. The false source detection rate is found to be as good as or better than expected for a given limiting threshold. On the other hand, the chance of missing a real source is rather complex, depending on the source counts, off-axis distance (or PSF), and background rate. The positional error (95% confidence level) is usually less than 1'' for a bright source, regardless of its off-axis distance, while it can be as large as 4'' for a weak source (~20 counts) at a large off-axis distance (Doff-axis > 8'). We have also developed new methods to find spatially extended or temporary variable sources, and those sources are listed in the catalog.
Disability and race: a comparative analysis of physical activity patterns and health status.

Purpose: Minority groups, specifically African Americans (AAs), are more likely to be physically inactive than the general population. Although the aforementioned finding is well documented, there is a dearth of literature that examines levels of physical activity among AA adults with disabilities. The purpose of this article was to study the patterns of physical activity and health status among AA adults with disabilities in comparison with their White counterparts. Methods: Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were used to conduct comparative analyses of physical activity patterns and health status among 7315 AAs and 82 482 Whites who self-reported a disability. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between health status and physical activity patterns across racial groups. AAs with disabilities were less likely to engage in moderate and vigorous physical activity than their White counterparts. AAs were also less...
TiO2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dichloromethane: An FTIR and Solid-State NMR Study

The photocatalyic oxidation of dichloromethane over TiO2 was studied using in situ FTIR and solid-state NMR (SSNMR) methods. Dichloromethane photodegradation led to the formation of a number of long-lived intermediate species including CO, HCl, phosgene, chloroform, and CCl4 in the presence of oxygen. FTIR studies showed that the reaction rate and product distribution were strongly dependent on the oxygen concentration. Species often thought to be products in the reactions, particularly HCl, CO, and CCl4, were found to degrade to CO2 and H2O under high relative oxygen concentrations. In addition, formyl chloride was identified as a new intermediate, while phosgene was found to have two production channels. SSNMR experiments showed that one of the two phosgene species resides primarily in the gas phase, while the other was associated with the surface. Additional SSNMR studies of the adsorption of dichloromethane showed that a chloromethoxyl species was formed on anatase TiO2. SSNMR experiments were also he...
Prolactin: a Hormonal Regulator of the Neonatal Tissue Water Reservoir

Summary: Groups of newborn rabbits were treated with exogenous prolactin, with fluphenazine (a stimulant of endogenous prolactin secretion) with bromocriptine (a blocker of endogenous prolactin secretion), or with bromocriptine plus exogenous prolactin, and lean body hydration in these animals was compared with that of untreated controls. Animals treated with prolactin or fluphenazine retained more water than did the controls. Bromocriptine-treated animals retained less water than did the controls. Exogenous prolactin abolished the effect of bromocriptine.
AG-ART: An adaptive approach to evolving ART architectures

This paper focuses on classification problems, and in particular on the evolution of ARTMAP architectures using genetic algorithms, with the objective of improving generalization performance and alleviating the adaptive resonance theory (ART) category proliferation problem. In a previous effort, we introduced evolutionary fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM), referred to as genetic Fuzzy ARTMAP (GFAM). In this paper we apply an improved genetic algorithm to FAM and extend these ideas to two other ART architectures; ellipsoidal ARTMAP (EAM) and Gaussian ARTMAP (GAM). One of the major advantages of the proposed improved genetic algorithm is that it adapts the GA parameters automatically, and in a way that takes into consideration the intricacies of the classification problem under consideration. The resulting genetically engineered ART architectures are justifiably referred to as AG-FAM, AG-EAM and AG-GAM or collectively as AG-ART (adaptive genetically engineered ART). We compare the performance (in terms of accuracy, size, and computational cost) of the AG-ART architectures with GFAM, and other ART architectures that have appeared in the literature and attempted to solve the category proliferation problem. Our results demonstrate that AG-ART architectures exhibit better performance than their other ART counterparts (semi-supervised ART) and better performance than GFAM. We also compare AG-ART's performance to other related results published in the classification literature, and demonstrate that AG-ART architectures exhibit competitive generalization performance and, quite often, produce smaller size classifiers in solving the same classification problems. We also show that AG-ART's performance gains are achieved within a reasonable computational budget.
Past developments and future trends in the rotary or orbital forging process

Rotary forging is a relatively new manufacturing process with potential for cost-effective applications, especially in cold forging of intricate parts to net shape. In this paper orbital forging and axial die rolling processes are included as subsets of rotary forging while radial forging, also known as rotary forging, has been excluded; these decisions are primarily based on die kinematics. Because of its recent origins, the rotary forging process is first described. Then, a historical perspective is provided to trace its recent origins. The machines are classified based on die kinematics. Die kinematics influence the stick-slip or position discrepancy behavior of the different machine types and have deep implications on the die filling and accuracy capabilities of these machines. Rotary forging machines currently in operation in the U.S. and their applications are presented in greater detail. The discussion on future applications and potential research issues is primary based on the author’s own perception of future trends in this emerging field. The author is with.
Theory of electrical transport and recombination in polycrystalline semiconductors under optical illumination

Abstract A method for describing electrical transport in polycrystalline material has been developed by solving a current continuity equation that involves drift, diffusion and nonuniform generation rate of electron-hole pairs. By taking the recombination current at the grain boundary interface, at the grain boundary space-charge region, and at the bulk into consideration a theoretical method for grain boundary recombination has also been developed. While attempting to develop the theory we have taken care to include the effects of Shockley-Read-Hall recombination statistics, of trap-assisted recombination statistics, and of the heavy dopings of the semiconductor region(s). On the basis of the present theory the dependence of the grain-boundary potential-barrier height V on the grain size, doping concentrations, and carrier generation rate has been studied in detail. It is found that the effective recombination velocity at the edge of the grain boundary space-charge region is a function of V , and that it increases with grain size until it attains a peak value.
Characterization of activating region 3 from Escherichia coli FNR.

Transcription activation of anaerobically induced genes in Escherichia coli is mediated through the action of the global anaerobic regulator FNR. Although regions of FNR involved in FNR-dependent transcription activation have been identified, the side-chains critical to the function of these regions are not known. In this study, alanine-scanning of amino acid residues 80-89 of FNR-activating region 3 (FNR-AR3) was used to determine which amino acid side-chains are required for transcription activation of class II FNR-dependent promoters. In vivo beta-galactosidase assays and in vitro transcription activation assays showed that Ala substitution of Ile81, Gly85 and Asp86 had the largest transcription activation defects, while comparison of the activity of single and double mutants indicated that Thr82, Glu83, Glu87 and Gln88 may contribute in a minor way to FNR-AR3 function. Site-directed mutagenesis of positions 81 and 86 showed that the hydrophobicity of Ile81 and the negative charge of Asp86 were important to FNR-AR3's function. Lastly, substitution of residues of E. coli FNR-AR3 with those more basic residues found in a subset of FNR homologs, such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides FnrL, resulted in a mutant strain that was unable to activate transcription from E. coli class II FNR-dependent promoters. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a requirement for negatively charged and hydrophobic side-chain residues in E. coli FNR-AR3 function, although there is likely to be some variability in the characteristics of this region in other members of the FNR family.
Anomalous site disorder in metal hydrides

Abstract We point out that existing measurements in fcc metal hydrides LaH x and YH x of intrinsic disorder x 0 (2) (octahedral site occupation at the stoichiometric composition x = 2) appear to be highly inconsistent with one another by thermodynamic and spectroscopic techniques. The high-temperature thermodynamic data give x 0 (2) ∼ 0.01, while NMR, ESR, and neutron scattering have x 0 (2) an order of magnitude larger at room temperature, where conventional wisdom indicates it should be less. This is explained by a model in which large-amplitude hydrogen vibrations at high temperature prevent occupation of both a tetrahedral and neighbor octahedral sites. Hence x 0 (2) decreases at high temperature, and good agreement is found with reasonable values of the parameters.
Extensional infrared orientation

In evaluating molecular orientation by dynamic infrared techniques, it is shown, subject to certain restrictions, that an extensional mechanism plays an important role in the measured orientation. Dichroic measurements can indicate a change in segmental orientation without any change occurring in the chain axis orientation. Extensional orientation was evaluated for a general helical molecule in terms of singular and coupled vibrational modes. Significant orientation changes can occur by the extensional mechanism, the sign and magnitude of which depend on the components of the transition moment vector.
Characteristics of Carbon-Containning Gases Release during Combustion of Main Arbor in Heilongjiang Province of China

Based on the study on spatiotemporal pattern of fires in forestry areas in Heilongjiang Province of China, outside field investigation is combined with indoor experiment to calculate the emission amount of carbon-containning gases and emission factors when combustible material coming from fourteen main arbor trees combust via emisson factor method in forestry areas in Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that CO2 is the main components generated by combustible material of trees when they burn. The emission amount of carbon-containning gases remain diverse when different tree species combust but to varying degrees. The average value is 54531.8214612.081269.27 respectively. The CO2 emission factors of each tree species are significantly higher than other gases. The average value of CO2COCxHy factors are 2.6827 g·kg-10.5800 g·kg-10.0264 g·kg-1 respectively. The average value of emission amount given off by five kilogram test sample are 5802.54mg1398.18mg82.06mg. The average total emission amount of carbon-containning gases is 7282.78mg.
Wnt Signaling and CEH-22/tinman/Nkx2.5 Specify a Stem Cell Niche in C. elegans

Summary Wnt signaling regulates many aspects of metazoan development, including stem cells [1–3]. In C. elegans , Wnt/MAPK signaling controls asymmetric divisions [4, 5]. A recent model proposed that the POP-1/TCF DNA binding protein works together with SYS-1/β-catenin to activate transcription of target genes in response to Wnt/MAPK signaling [6]. The somatic gonadal precursor (SGP) divides asymmetrically to generate distal and proximal daughters of distinct fates: only its distal daughter generates a distal tip cell (DTC), which is required for stem cell maintenance [7]. No DTCs are produced in the absence of POP-1/TCF or SYS-1/β-catenin, and extra DTCs are made upon overexpression of SYS-1/β-catenin [6, 8, 9]. Here we report that POP-1/TCF and SYS-1/β-catenin directly activate transcription of ceh-22/nkx2.5 isoforms in SGP distal daughters, a finding that confirms the proposed model of Wnt/MAPK signaling. In addition, we demonstrate that the CEH-22/Nkx2.5 homeodomain transcription factor is a key regulator of DTC specification. We speculate that these conserved molecular regulators of the DTC niche in nematodes may provide insight into specification of stem cell niches more broadly.
Determination of active HALS in weathered automotive paint systems: I. Development of ESR based analytical techniques

Two analytical techniques based on electron spin resonance spectroscopy have been developed to estimate the longevity of hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) additives in clearcoat/basecoat paint systems at long exposure times. The first technique is based on determination of the steady-state concentration of nitroxyl radical in weathered clearcoats. The second one is based on determination of the concentration of clearcoat HALS transformations products that can be oxidized to nitroxyl radical by p-nitroperbenzoic acid in methylene chloride at 20°C. The two techniques provide complimentary information. Both techniques are used to estimate HALS longevity in four weathered clearcoat/basecoat/primer/electrocoat automotive paint systems.
Regularization methods for near-field acoustical holography

The reconstruction of the pressure and normal surface velocity provided by near-field acoustical holography (NAH) from pressure measurements made near a vibrating structure is a linear, ill-posed inverse problem due to the existence of strongly decaying, evanescentlike waves. Regularization provides a technique of overcoming the ill-posedness and generates a solution to the linear problem in an automated way. We present four robust methods for regularization; the standard Tikhonov procedure along with a novel improved version, Landweber iteration, and the conjugate gradient approach. Each of these approaches can be applied to all forms of interior or exterior NAH problems; planar, cylindrical, spherical, and conformal. We also study two parameter selection procedures, the Morozov discrepancy principle and the generalized cross validation, which are crucial to any regularization theory. In particular, we concentrate here on planar and cylindrical holography. These forms of NAH which rely on the discrete Fourier transform are important due to their popularity and to their tremendous computational speed. In order to use regularization theory for the separable geometry problems we reformulate the equations of planar, cylindrical, and spherical NAH into an eigenvalue problem. The resulting eigenvalues and eigenvectors couple easily to regularization theory, which can be incorporated into the NAH software with little sacrifice in computational speed. The resulting complete automation of the NAH algorithm for both separable and nonseparable geometries overcomes the last significant hurdle for NAH.
Depletion of catecholaminergic neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in multiple systems atrophy with autonomic failure

The ventrolateral portion of the intermediate reticular formation of the medulla (ventrolateral medulla, VLM), including the C1/A1 groups of catecholaminergic neurons, is thought to be involved in control of sympathetic cardiovascular outflow, cardiorespiratory interactions, and reflex control of vasopressin release. As all these functions are affected in patients with multiple systems atrophy (MSA) with autonomic failure, we sought to test the hypothesis that catecholaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]-positive) neurons of the VLM are depleted in these patients. Medullas were obtained at autopsy from 4 patients with MSA with prominent autonomic failure and 5 patients with no neurological disease. Patients with MSA had laboratory evidence of severe adrenergic sudomotor and cardiovagal failure. Tissue was immersion fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees C for 24 hours and cut into 1-cm blocks in the coronal plane from throughout the medulla. Serial 50-microm sections were collected and one section every 300 microm was stained for TH. There was a pronounced depletion of TH neurons in the rostral VLM in all cases of MSA. There was also significant reduction of TH neurons in the caudal VLM in 3 MSA patients compared with 3 control subjects. In 2 MSA cases and in 2 control subjects, the thoracic spinal cord was available for study. There was also depletion of TH fibers and sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the 2 MSA cases examined. Thus, depletion of catecholaminergic neurons in the VLM may provide a substrate for some of the autonomic and endocrine manifestations of MSA.
A National Survey of Mental Health Services Available to Offenders with Mental Illness: Who Is Doing What?

The purpose of this study was to examine the national practices of psychotherapy services for male offenders with mental illness (OMI) in state correctional facilities. Participants consisted of 230 correctional mental health service providers from 165 state correctional facilities. Results indicated that mental health professionals provided a variety of services to OMI that can be conceptualized by six goals considered important in their work: mental illness recovery, emotions management, institutional functioning, re-entry, risk-need, and personal growth. Mental health professionals in this study generally viewed mental illness recovery, institutional functioning, and personal growth as significantly more important and spent more time focused on these goals than emotions management, re-entry, and risk-need. Mental health professionals tended to believe the services they provided were effective across four key treatment foci including mental illness, skill development, behavioral functioning, and criminogenic needs with more progress perceived in areas related to mental illness and skill development than their ability to effectively change behavioral functioning. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Second-line efficacy of intermediate high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue + cyclophosphamide in ovarian cancer

Abstract In a randomized study, 55 patients with advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancers with progressive disease after prior chemotherapy were treated with intermediate high-dose methotrexatecitrovorum factor rescue + Cyclophosphamide with and without pretreatment with vincristine. Vincristine did not enhance the efficacy of the methotrexate-citrovorum factor rescue + cyclophosphamide response rate. Objective responses of from 3 to 12 months were observed in 29.8% of the evaluable cases. The incidence of serious toxicity was acceptable in this group of patients who had had extensive prior therapy.