cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: Long-Term Results

Abstract Background Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory spondyloarthropathy with hip involvement in 40% of patients. With the recent interest in the hip-spine interplay, the purpose of this study was to define the long-term outcomes of revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the setting of AS. Methods 174 hips in patients with AS treated with revision THA from 1969 to 2016 were identified. Mean age at revision THA was 53 years and 76% were male. Cumulative incidences of any re-revision, reoperation, and dislocation were calculated using a competing risk analysis. Mean follow-up was 13 years. Results The cumulative incidence of any re-revision after index revision THA was 7% at 5 years and 36% at 20 years. Cumulative incidence of any reoperation was 9% at 5 years and 38% at 20 years. Cumulative incidence of dislocation was 6% at 5 years and 8% at 20 years. Revision THAs performed with contemporary implants (2000-2016) had a lower but statistically nonsignificant cumulative incidence of any re-revision when compared with historical implants (before 2000) at 5 years (5% vs 8%), 10 years (11% vs 18%), and 15 years (11% vs 38%) (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-1.33; P = .016). Conclusion In this large series of 174 revision THAs in patients with AS, the cumulative incidence of dislocation was 8% at 20 years. The 20-year cumulative incidence of any re-revision was 36%, which is similar to reported rates in patients with comparable demographic features without AS. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Nonpolar and semipolar group III-nitride lasers

Abstract: Visible III-nitride laser diodes (LDs) are key components for a variety of applications, including high-definition data storage systems, projectors, and displays. Device performance has been accelerated by the recent development of III-nitride LDs on nonpolar and semipolar crystal orientations, which provide a variety of beneficial characteristics. In this chapter we first introduce the fundamentals of III-nitride materials, including polarization effects and nonpolar and semipolar orientations. We then discuss optical properties, materials issues, and waveguide design for nonpolar and semipolar LDs. A brief description of applications for III-nitride LDs is also included, followed by a discussion of fabrication techniques. We then present a history of results and show LDs with state-of-the-art performance on nonpolar and semipolar orientations. Finally, future directions and information on additional reference materials are provided.
Examining the Relationship and Prognostic Implication of Diabetic Status and Extracellular Matrix Expansion by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

Background: Although not fully understood, diabetes mellitus is thought to be associated with cardiac fibrosis and stiffness due to alteration of myocardial extracellular matrix. Newer cardiac magn...
Number of pathologists in Germany: comparison with European countries, USA, and Canada

The rapid development of pathology is in contrast to a shortage of qualified staff. The aims of the present study are to compile basic information on the numbers of German physicians in pathology and to compare it with the situation in Europe and overseas. In addition, model calculations will shed light on the effects of part-time working models. Various publicly accessible databases (EuroStat) as well as publications of medical associations and professional associations of European countries and the USA/Canada were examined. In addition, a survey was carried out among the institutes of German universities. Figures from 24 European countries and the USA/Canada were evaluated. With one pathologist per 47,989 inhabitants, the density of pathologists in Germany in relation to the population is the second-lowest in Europe (average: 32,018). Moreover, the proportion of pathologists among the physicians working in Germany is the lowest in Europe and at the same time lower than in the USA and Canada (Germany: 1:200, USA: 1:70, Canada: 1:49). The ratio of pathologists to medical specialists is shifted in the same direction. The survey among university pathologists revealed a relevant increase in the workload over the last 10 years. The majority of institutes can manage this workload only with considerable difficulties. With a ratio between specialists and residents of 1:1, the university institutes show a high commitment in the area of training. The results of this study indicate a shortage of pathologists in Germany that could lead to a bottleneck in large parts of the health system.
Perceptual weighting of acoustic cues for accommodating gender-related talker differences heard by listeners with normal hearing and with cochlear implants.

Listeners must accommodate acoustic differences between vocal tracts and speaking styles of conversation partners—a process called normalization or accommodation. This study explores what acoustic cues are used to make this perceptual adjustment by listeners with normal hearing or with cochlear implants, when the acoustic variability is related to the talker's gender. A continuum between /ʃ/ and /s/ was paired with naturally spoken vocalic contexts that were parametrically manipulated to vary by numerous cues for talker gender including fundamental frequency (F0), vocal tract length (formant spacing), and direct spectral contrast with the fricative. The goal was to examine relative contributions of these cues toward the tendency to have a lower-frequency acoustic boundary for fricatives spoken by men (found in numerous previous studies). Normal hearing listeners relied primarily on formant spacing and much less on F0. The CI listeners were individually variable, with the F0 cue emerging as the strongest cue on average.
A Life‐Course Model of Trauma Exposure and Mental Health Among Low‐Income Survivors of Hurricane Katrina

Prior research has provided robust evidence that exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) during a disaster is predictive of adverse postdisaster mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and nonspecific psychological distress (PD). However, few studies have explored the role of exposure to other PTEs over the life-course in shaping postdisaster mental health. Based on the broader literature on trauma exposure and mental health, we hypothesized a path analytic model linking predisaster PTEs to long-term postdisaster PTSS and PD via predisaster PD, short-term postdisaster symptoms, and disaster-related and postdisaster PTEs. We tested this model using data from the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina study, a longitudinal study of low-income, primarily non-Hispanic Black mothers exposed to Hurricane Katrina and assessed before the disaster and at time points 1, 4, and 12 years thereafter. The models evidenced a good fit with the data, RMSEA .99. In addition, 44.1%-67.4% of the effect of predisaster PTEs on long-term postdisaster symptoms was indirect. Descriptive differences were observed across models that included PTSS versus PD, as well as models that included all pre- and postdisaster PTEs versus only those that involved assaultive violence. The results suggest the importance of incorporating disaster preparedness in clinical work with trauma survivors and the value in attending to other lifetime PTEs when working in postdisaster contexts.
Why is Dave Brubeck Crying

The promise of attention to feelings in the classroom as a hauntagogical strategy is intimated in Gordon’s appreciation of the potential leadership of the ghost. The last chapter ended with a nod to the hopeful possibility of attending to feelings as intimated by Nel Noddings in her article “Social Studies and Feminism.” In this chapter I explore haunting recognition in film and imaginative literature that have proven compelling to my students.
Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy: Current Understanding and Implications for Development of Disease-Specific Treatment.

IgA nephropathy, initially described in 1968 as a kidney disease with glomerular “intercapillary deposits of IgA-IgG”, has no disease-specific treatment and is a common cause of kidney failure. Clinical observations and laboratory analyses suggest that IgA nephropathy is an autoimmune disease wherein the kidneys are damaged as innocent bystanders due to deposition of IgA1-IgG immune complexes from the circulation. A multi-hit hypothesis for the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy describes four sequential steps in disease development. Specifically, patients with IgA nephropathy have elevated circulating levels of IgA1 with some O-glycans deficient in galactose (galactose-deficient IgA1) and these IgA1 glycoforms are recognized as autoantigens by unique IgG autoantibodies, resulting in formation of circulating immune complexes, some of which deposit in glomeruli and activate mesangial cells to induce kidney injury. This proposed mechanism is supported by observations that (i) glomerular immunodeposits in patients with IgA nephropathy are enriched for galactose-deficient IgA1 glycoforms and the corresponding IgG autoantibodies; (ii) circulatory levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 and IgG autoantibodies predict disease progression; and (iii) pathogenic potential of galactose-deficient IgA1 and IgG autoantibodies was demonstrated in vivo. Thus, a better understanding of the structure–function of these immunoglobulins as autoantibodies and autoantigens will enable development of disease-specific treatments.
The Pursuit of Accreditation in Children's Mental Health Care: Motivations, Experiences, and Perceptions

s, MEDLINE (NIH/pubMED), Social Services Abstracts, Social Sciences Citation Index (Web of Science), and PsycINFO. Combinations of the following keywords were used in the search: accreditation, outcome(s), impact(s), effect(s), Joint
Toward an empirical assessment of game-theoretic models of policymaking

In recent years, there has been an explosion of research involving game-theoretic interactions of one or more policymakers with private agents. This line of research extends the rational expectations paradigm to an important area of macroeconomics: the decision problem of the pol icymaker. The “maximizing government” approach represents an intellectual advance over earlier approaches that simply specified government decision rules as functions of other economic variables, since it can potentially give correct answers to questions about proposed changes in the economic environment in a way that an exogenously specified reducedform equation never can. By focusing on the problem faced by a maximizing policymaker operating strategically, this literature has been able to address in a theoretically appealing way some aspects of policymaking and policymakers that seem, to the casual observer, to be important. Some problems include the policymaker’s concern about reputation, his temptation to cheat on announced plans, the possibility of punishment in the form of lost reputation, and the persistent short-term focus of policymakers. The Canzoneri/Henderson paper is the second Carnegie-Rochester Conference paper to deal with this area of research--the first was Rogoff’s (1986) paper on reputational constraints on monetary policy. In my collrnents. I will first discuss specific aspects of the Canzoneri/Henderson paper. Second, I will raise the question of how we can determine whether various aspects of these models are, in fact, part of the policy process that we observe.
Education for the Professional Construction Manager

The definition of the professional construction manager, as recently adopted, is reviewed and examined. Needed skills and knowledge implicit in the definition are identified. The current state-of-the-art in construction education is explored with specific reference to its applicability to the professional construction manager. A case study is made of an existing construction manager organization, through examination of the education and experience backgrounds of its key personnel. Consideration is given to the various methods by which the professional construction manager may acquire or develop the needed skills. Conclusions are drawn as to need for educational developments to support and advance the professional construction management process.
Somatotropin-Induced Amino Acid Conservation in Pigs Involves Differential Regulation of Liver and Gut Urea Cycle Enzyme Activity

Somatotropin (ST) treatment promotes animal growth and allows for the conservation of amino acids by increasing nitrogen retention and reducing ureagenesis and amino acid oxidation. To determine whether the improvement in amino acid conservation with ST treatment involves regulation of urea cycle enzyme activities in both liver and intestine, growing swine were treated with either ST (150 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or saline for 7 d. Fully fed pigs (n = 20) were infused intravenously for 2 h with NaH(13)CO(3) followed by a 4-h intraduodenal infusion of [1-(13)C]phenylalanine. Arterial and portal venous blood and breath samples were obtained at baseline and steady-state conditions for measurement of amino acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations and whole-body phenylalanine oxidation. Urea cycle enzyme activities were determined in liver and jejunum. ST decreased BUN (-46%), arterial (-34%) and portal venous (-43%) amino acid concentrations and whole-body phenylalanine oxidation (-30%). The activities of carbamoylphosphate synthase-I (-45%), argininosuccinate synthase (-38%), argininosuccinate lyase (-23%), arginase (-27%), and glutaminase (-18%), but not of ornithine carbamoyltransferase, ornithine aminotransferase, or glutamate dehydrogenase were reduced in liver of ST-treated pigs. ST slightly increased intestinal activity of glutaminase (+9%) but did not affect that of any other enzymes. ST decreased hepatic, but increased jejunal, N-acetylglutamate (an essential allosteric activator of carbamoylphosphate synthase-I; -26% and +32%, respectively) and carbamoylphosphate (a substrate for ornithine carbamoyltransferase; -20% and +28%, respectively) content. These results demonstrate that the reduced amino acid catabolism with ST treatment in growing pigs involves a reduction in hepatic urea cycle enzyme activities. The effect of ST treatment on porcine urea cycle enzymes is tissue-specific and is associated with a reduction in substrate availability for hepatic ureagenesis.
Synthesis of N-α-boc-N-ε-tribenzyl EDTA-L-lysine. An amino acid analogue suitable for solid phase peptide synthesis

Abstract The synthesis of an amino acid analogue suitable for appending ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to internal amino acid residues of a peptide prepared from N- tert -butyloxycarbonyl- (Boc-) amino acids is described.
Predictors of malignancy in EUS-guided FNA for mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients without history of lung cancer

Background: Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (ML) poses a great diagnostic challenge. Objective: To investigate the predictors of malignancy in endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of ML in patients without known lung cancer. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Methods: One hundred eight patients without known lung cancer who underwent EUS guided-FNA for ML between 2000 and 2007. All subjects underwent EUS-guided FNA. Data was collected on patients' demographics, and lymph node (LN) characteristics. Diagnosis of LN malignancy was based on FNA findings and clinical follow-up. Results: One hundred eight patients were analyzed; 58 (54%) were men and 87 (79%) were Caucasian. Mean age was 55 years. Prior malignancy was present in 48 (43%) patients. A total of 126 FNA samples from 126 distinct LNs were performed. Twenty-five (20%) LNs were positive for malignancy. Mean short and long-axis for LNs were 13 and 29 mms respectively. Round shape and sharp borders were found in 29 (15%) and 25 (22%) LNs, correspondingly. Independent predictors of a malignant FNA were: Prior cancer (OR 13.10; 95% CI 2.7-63.32; P = 0.001), short axis (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.00-1.22; P = 0.041) and sharp LN borders (OR 5.47; 95% CI 1.01-29.51; P = 0.048). Age, race, gender, long axis, round shape were not associated with cancer in our cohort. Limitations: Retrospective design and lack of surgical gold standard. Conclusions: Increased risk of malignancy was associated with prior history of cancer, larger LN short axis and presence of LN sharp borders. These predictors may help guide endoscopists perform FNA in malignant LNs, increasing the overall efficiency of EUS-FNA for ML.
Wanting Less Closeness in Romantic Relationships

Although the experience of closeness has received considerable attention in the close relationships literature, wanting less closeness with a romantic partner is less understood. Study 1 identified the lay understanding of what it means to want less closeness in a romantic relationship. In Studies 2 and 3, participants primed with descriptors of wanting less closeness, compared to those primed with control words, reported wanting significantly less closeness in their current relationship. As would be expected from models of adult attachment, those high on attachment-related avoidance responded more strongly to the experimental manipulation than those low on this dimension.
Smarter innovation process for the enablement of a smarter planet

The recent IBM initiative of a "Smarter Planet" can be netted out with three big ideas: 1) Instrument the world's systems. 2) Interconnect them. 3) Make them intelligent.
On Random α-Cuts

Abstract The concept of random α-cut is first introduced. Then, its properties together with its relations with fuzzy sets and the falling shadow distribution of a random set are examined. This study shows that the falling shadow fuzzy distribution of a random α-cut is influenced very much by the distribution of the random threshold α.
Lipophilicity of potent porphyrin-based antioxidants: Comparison of ortho and meta isomers of Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins

Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins are among the most potent known SOD mimics and catalytic peroxynitrite scavengers and modulators of redox-based cellular transcriptional activity. In addition to their intrinsic antioxidant capacity, bioavailability plays a major role in their in vivo efficacy. Although of identical antioxidant capacity, lipophilic MnTnHex-2-PyP is up to 120-fold more efficient in reducing oxidative stress injuries than hydrophilic MnTE-2-PyP. Owing to limitations of an analytical nature, porphyrin lipophilicity has been often estimated by the thin-layer chromatographic R(f) parameter, instead of the standard n-octanol/water partition coefficient, P(OW). Herein we used a new methodological approach to finally describe the MnP lipophilicity, using the conventional log P(OW) means, for a series of biologically active ortho and meta isomers of Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins. Three new porphyrins (MnTnBu-3-PyP, MnTnHex-3-PyP, and MnTnHep-2-PyP) were synthesized to strengthen the conclusions. The log P(OW) was linearly related to R(f) and to the number of carbons in the alkyl chain (n(C)) for both isomer series, the meta isomers being 10-fold more lipophilic than the analogous ortho porphyrins. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain by one carbon atom increases the log P(OW) value approximately 1 log unit with both isomers. Dramatic approximately 4 and approximately 5 orders of magnitude increases in the lipophilicity of the ortho isomers, by extending the pyridyl alkyl chains from two (MnTE-2-PyP, log P(OW)=-6.89) to six (MnTnHex-2-PyP, log P(OW)=-2.76) and eight carbon atoms (MnTnOct-2-PyP, log P(OW)=-1.24), parallels the increased efficacy in several oxidative-stress injury models, particularly those of the central nervous system, in which transport across the blood-brain barrier is critical. Although meta isomers are only slightly less potent SOD mimics and antioxidants than their ortho analogues, their higher lipophilicity and smaller bulkiness may lead to a higher cellular uptake and overall similar effectiveness in vivo.
Accuracy of the CNAP™ monitor, a noninvasive continuous blood pressure device, in providing beat-to-beat blood pressure measurements during bariatric surgery in severely obese adolescents and young adults

Background During perioperative care, the continuous measurement of blood pressure (BP) provides superior physiological monitoring compared to intermittent techniques, especially for patients with comorbid conditions such as severe obesity. The current study prospectively assesses the accuracy of a continuous, noninvasive BP device in severely obese adolescents and young adults.
Plasma Leptin in Children: Relationship to Puberty, Gender, Body Composition, Fat Oxidation, and Insulin Sensitivity † 368

Plasma Leptin in Children: Relationship to Puberty, Gender, Body Composition, Fat Oxidation, and Insulin Sensitivity † 368
Applied Ethics as a Foundation in Early Childhood Teacher Education: Exploring the Connections and Possibilities.

This project explores how one early childhood preparation program integrated applied ethics in introductory coursework. Recognizing that students enter teacher education with well-formed values and beliefs regarding children and teaching, carefully planned learning experience and encounters in real life learning contexts expand their understanding of the complexity of ethical decision-making in early care and education programs. This project documents students’ perspectives toward their role as meaning-makers through the analysis of assignments intended to promote reflection on values. As students engage with course content and gain practical experience, their knowledge and beliefs regarding teaching evolve together demonstrating the power of ethical thinking in enhancing early childhood teacher education. The findings indicate that students draw on their image of children, social justice, and self-awareness in their development of a professional ethical identity.
Inhibition of the growth of peas by tris-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-phosphate trihydrochloride.

The effects of Tris-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-phosphate trihydrochloride (SKF some slight inhibition was noted when high doses were applied to the shoot tip.SKF 2) GA(3) on lowermost leaf and inhibitor on shoot tip; and 3) soaking of seeds in the 2 compounds combined for 12 hours prior to planting. The third method of dual treatment yielded evidence that SK&F 7997-A(3) interacts noncompetitively with GA(3) in the regulation of shoot elongation.
An approximate solution to the periodic bidomain equations in one dimension

Abstract An approximate, computationally tractable solution is proposed for the potentials in the bidomain model with periodic intracellular junctions (the periodic bidomain model). This new approach is based on the one-dimensional rigorous spectral method described previously by Trayanova and Pilkington ( IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , May 1993). The total solution to the one-dimensional periodic bidomain problem is decomposed in the spectral domain into solutions to (1) the single-fiber classical bidomain problem in which the intracellular conductivity value incorporates the average contribution from cytoplasm and junction and (2) the “junctional” potential problem due to the presence of junctions at discrete locations alone. Solving for the junctional term rigorously requires most of the numerical effort in the solution for the periodic bidomain potentials. Here the junctional potential is found approximately with little numerical effort. A comparison between the rigorous and the approximate solutions serves as a justification for the proposed approximate solution procedure. The procedure outlined in this paper is applicable to higher spatial dimensions where both tissue anisotropy and junctional inhomogeneities play a role in establishing the transmembrane potential distribution.
Evaluation of electronic SOAP note grading and feedback

Abstract Objectives To evaluate student and instructor attitudes regarding consistency of SOAP note grading and feedback following changes to SOAP note submission and grading in a Pharmacotherapy Laboratory series. Methods Modifications included the transition from paper to electronic SOAP note submission and feedback. Case-specific rubrics were developed and utilized. Second- and third-year Doctor of Pharmacy (DPH) students and 52 instructors were invited to participate in an electronic survey. Survey questions used a 10-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5=neutral, and 10=strongly agree). Between-group assessments were performed using paired and unpaired t -tests. Results A total of 36 DPH-2 and 54 DPH-3 students completed the survey. Perceived grading consistency improved between the 2009–2010 academic year and the fall 2010 semester among DPH-3 students [mean (SD)] [3.07 (2.04), 6.94 (2.04), respectively, p n = 9) and the Fall 2010 semester ( n = 17) were compared. Perceived inter- ( p = 0.03) and intra-individual ( p = 0.03) grading consistency improved between time periods. There was no difference between the two groups in perceived ability to provide sufficient positive ( p = 0.85) and constructive ( p = 0.53) feedback following implemented changes to SOAP note grading and feedback. Conclusions Revised grading and feedback methods, including the use of case-specific rubrics, allowed for improvements in student- and instructor-perceived grading consistency and enhanced student-perceived feedback.
Optimal PaCO 2 in the First Three Days of Life and its Interaction with Pulmonary Mechanics. † 826

Optimal PaCO2 that is targeted during mechanical ventilation is directly dependent on the alveolar ventilation (VA). Slightest perturbation in VA would lead to rapid and often predictable changes in the PaCO2 value. In the acute phase of surfactant treated RDS, the acute changes are more likely to be operator dependant whereas the slower changes are dependent on disease resolution. We evaluated the ranges of PaCO2 measured in 55 neonates with RDS (BW:886±254g, GA: 27.2±3.0wks) against a database of pulmonary mechanics measured in a similar group of 178 neonates (BW: 877±225g, GA: 27.2±3.0wks). Mean ±SD values of net inflating pressures (PIP-PEEP) used for the study neonates are listed. The initial measured mean PaCO2 was lower than the target value (42.2 ±2.9mmHg) for the first day as compared to the second and third day and the net inflating pressure is concomitantly higher. Table
Adjuvant Radiation Improves Breast Cancer Specific Survival in the Eldest Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients

differs in choice of angle from the other two with corresponding increase in lung and heart dose. Author Disclosure: G. Jozsef: E. Research Grant; Varian Inc., Project #100214 Prone Breast Radiation therapy: an NYU-Varian synergy. X. Zhao: E. Research Grant; Varian Inc.: Project #100214 Prone Breast Radiation therapy: an NYU-Varian synergy. K. DeWyngaert: E. Research Grant; Varian Inc.: Project #100214 Prone Breast Radiation therapy: an NYU-Varian synergy. S.C. Formenti: E. Research Grant; Varian Inc.: Project #100214 Prone Breast Radiation therapy: an NYU-Varian synergy.
Sexuality and cyberporn: Towards a new agenda for research

This article presents theoretical considerations based on cultural analysis approaches to studying pornography and sexuality as a means of starting to suggest a new agenda for cyberporn research. By bringing to the forefront concepts of how subjectivity and sexuality are produced within the computer/Internet apparatus, I hope to diversify the focus in cyberporn research away from social science approaches and pre-Foucaultian assumptions of the subject which obscure understandings of new media and cyberporn use. Through a summary of visual culture studies and reception studies of pornography, I argue that cyberporn must be understood as contingent within the encoding and decoding processes and discourses of sexuality (Foucault) in which it is produced and consumed. My focus here is the home office/terminal as the site of reception/cyberporn use. While there is potential for a great variety of cultural analytic approaches to the study of cyberporn and how new media use influences sexuality, I end with specific suggestions for researching cyberporn reception in the home.
Thermochemical modelling in CO2 laser cutting of carbon steel

A thermochemical heat transfer model in oxygen-assisted laser cutting of carbon steel has been developed in terms of the laser mode pattern, the power density, combustion reaction, kerf width and cutting speed. This model emphasizes the chemical combustion effect as well as the laser mode pattern, which are usually neglected by most existing laser cutting models. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental results, indicating that approximately 55–70% of the cutting energy is supplied by the combustion reaction of the steel with oxygen, which is consistent with experimental data obtained by other investigators.
Some Characteristics of a Propagating Brittle Tensile Crack

Summary A numerical technique was used to formulate the two-dimensional equations of motion for an elastic continuum. A brittle tensile crack was simulated to form and propagate in the continuum. The stress field in front of the fracture tip was found to become increasingly hydrostatic with increasing fracture velocity. A fracture criterion in terms of the values of the principal stresses near the fracture tip indicated a terminal velocity for a straight running fracture of approximately 0.39 of the dilatational wave speed. Part of the elastic energy residing initially in the continuum accumulated at the fracture tip. A quantitative fit of the excess elastic energy as a function of crack half length and velocity showed that excess energy at the fracture tip increases as the square of fracture length and decreases with fracture velocity.
On the three-dimensional structure of the wind-driven circulation in the North Atlantic

Abstract The boundary value problem for the ideal-fluid thermocline equation has been revised to include a mixed layer which has a finite and horizontally varying depth and a zonal density gradient. A new eastern boundary condition applied in the model successfully overcomes the difficulties with the singularities existing in many previous models and leads to shadow zones in all ventilated isopycnal layers. The southern shoaling of the mixed-layer base, the zonal density gradient in the mixed layer, and the new eastern boundary conditions combine and substantially intensify the circulation in the shallow, ventilated thermocline at the expense of reducing the deep, unventilated thermocline pool. The wind-driven circulation in the North Atlantic is calculated using realistic forcing boundary conditions taken from observations, including the background stratification, the wind-stress curl, and the annual maximum depth and surface density distribution of the mixed layer. The model's results show that the total meridional volume flux within the seasonal thermocline, the ventilated thermocline, and the unventilated thermocline is 6.5, 35.8, and 6.5 Sv (Sverdrups) respectively. The model results emphasize the dynamical importance of the coupling between the mixed layer and the interior geostrophic flow below, and the fast communication between the atmosphere and the ventilated thermocline.
Age-stratified outcomes after robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

We sought to evaluate post-operative return of urinary and sexual function in men undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP). Prospective assessment of urinary continence and sexual function was performed in patients undergoing RLRP. Subjective assessment involved the use of the validated RAND-36 Item Health Survey/UCLA Prostate Cancer Index questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed pre-operatively and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Subset analyses were performed to assess the effect of age on functional outcomes. A total of 338 consecutive patients underwent RLRP between February 2003 and August 2005. Included patients for evaluation comprised of 21, 129, and 150 patients, aged 60 years. Despite this finding, continence outcomes appear to be equal among age groups after 1 year of follow-up. Moreover, men 60 years at 1 year post-operatively. Such findings are valuable in counseling patients undergoing RLRP.
Methods to Advance Technology of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells showing promise of a high level of performance have, up to the present time, used electrodes containing a high platinum loading (4 mg/cm2). We report improvements in performance of PEM fuel cells utilizing electrodes with only one‐tenth of this platinum loading by (i) extension of the three‐dimensional reaction zone by incorporation of a proton conductor (Nafion) into the electrode structure; (ii) optimization of the amount of Nafion impregnated into the electrode structure; (iii) hot‐pressing the impregnated electrodes to the Nafion membrane at 120°C and 50 atm; (iv) optimal humidification of reactant gases at a temperature above that of the cell (5°C for or air and 10°–15°C for ); and (v) operation at elevated temperatures and pressures. The performance of the cells was analyzed from measurements of cell potential vs. current density and of cell potential at constant current density vs. time. Cyclic voltammetry proved to be a useful tool to ascertain the electrochemically active area of the electrodes.
Helical tomotherapy planning for lung cancer based on ventilation magnetic resonance imaging

To investigate the feasibility of lung ventilation-based treatment planning, computed tomography and hyperpolarized (HP) helium-3 (He-3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ventilation images of 6 subjects were coregistered for intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning in Tomotherapy. Highly-functional lungs (HFL) and less-functional lungs (LFL) were contoured based on their ventilation image intensities, and a cylindrical planning-target-volume was simulated at locations adjacent to both HFL and LFL. Annals of an anatomy-based plan (Plan 1) and a ventilation-based plan (Plan 2) were generated. The following dosimetric parameters were determined and compared between the 2 plans: percentage of total/HFL volume receiving ≥20 Gy, 15 Gy, 10 Gy, and 5 Gy (TLV(20), HFLV(20), TLV(15), HFLV(15), TLV(10), HFLV(10), TLV(5), HFLV(5)), mean total/HFL dose (MTLD/HFLD), maximum doses to all organs at risk (OARs), and target dose conformality. Compared with Plan 1, Plan 2 reduced mean HFLD (mean reduction, 0.8 Gy), MTLD (mean reduction, 0.6 Gy), HFLV(20) (mean reduction, 1.9%), TLV(20) (mean reduction, 1.5%), TLV(15) (mean reduction, 1.7%), and TLV(10) (mean reduction, 2.1%). P-values of the above comparisons are less than 0.05 using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. For HFLV(15), HFLV(10), TLV(5), and HTLV(5), Plan 2 resulted in lower values than plan 1 but the differences are not significant (P-value range, 0.063-0.219). Plan 2 did not significantly change maximum doses to OARs (P-value range, 0.063-0.563) and target conformality (P = 1.000). HP He-3 MRI of patients with lung disease shows a highly heterogeneous ventilation capacity that can be utilized for functional treatment planning. Moderate but statistically significant improvements in sparing functional lungs were achieved using helical tomotherapy plans.
Re(V) complexes with an open-chain quadridentate ligand containing two amine and two amido donors. Synthesis, characterization, and solution equilibria of Re2O3(dioxo-tetH4)2 and [ReO(H2O)(dioxo-tetH4)]Cl (dioxo-tetH6 = 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane-5,7-dione).

We are interested in identifying mononuclear cationic [M(V)O]3+ (M = Tc, Re) complexes for radiopharmaceutical applications. The open-chain ligand, 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane-5,7-dione (dioxo-tetH6) with two amine and two amide donors, was selected for investigation since the literature led us to expect that a five-coordinate [Re(V)O(dioxo-tetH4)]+ cation would dominate. Instead, the neutral μ-oxo bridged dinuclear complex, Re2O3(dioxo-tetH4)2 (1), and a salt of the six-coordinate mononuclear cation, [ReO(H2O)(dioxo-tetH4)]+ (2), were isolated; the structure of each was determined by X-ray crystallography. The cation (2) is unusual because it has a trans-oxo/aqua core. Such aqua compounds are rarely isolated, and the Re−OH2 distance is relatively short (2.185 A). The cation has two pKa values, 4.1 and 8.7, determined with visible spectroscopy. Since the Re−OH2 bond is short, the coordinated water is likely to be acidic. Thus the two pKa's are assigned to the stepwise deprotonation of the water ligand to gi...
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA: REVIEW OF CERTAIN LITERATURE FROM THE PERIOD 1950 TO 1963.

The effects of hypoxia (oxygen lack) on human behavior are reviewed under the headings, sensory function, performance, and cognitive and other effects. It is noted that there is some conflicting ex...
Soft error resiliency characterization and improvement on IBM BlueGene/Q processor using accelerated proton irradiation

Fault injection through accelerated irradiation is an effective way to evaluate the overall soft error resiliency of microprocessors. In this work, we report on irradiation experiments on a Blue Gene/Q (BG/Q) compute processor chip running selected applications. Blue Gene/Q is the third generation of IBM's massively parallel, energy efficient Blue Gene series of supercomputers. In the experiments, we found 69 code fails. Out of these, 26 code fails are relevant for the calculation of the mean-time-between-failures (MTBF) for a 20 PetaFLOP, 96 rack system running a comparable workload mix. The expected MTBF for check-stops due to cosmic radiation and alpha particles from chip packaging materials is calculated to be 51 days for sea-level at New York City running the application mix studied. If the most vulnerable application is run exclusively, the projected MTBF is 35 days. These are outstanding results for a machine of this magnitude. The beaming experiment and projected MTBF validate the necessity to include autonomous hardware detection and recovery at the cost of design effort, silicon area and power.
Explosive-pusher-type laser compression experiments with neon-filled microballoons

Laser-irradiated targets filled with pure neon have been used to directly measure the peak density $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}R$ product (density X radius) using spectrally and spatially resolved neon x-ray line emission. In agreement with theoretical predictions for the explosive-pusher mode, we find peak densities in the range 0.25-0.5 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ which are almost independent of laser power or fill pressure. In addition, $\ensuremath{\rho}R$ values increase from 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ to 6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ as the fill pressure increases from 2 to 56 atm. Using these methods for the density measurement as well as other experimental signatures (such as x-ray pinhole imaging, x-ray streak photography, and x-ray line emission from the glass microballoon), we systematically investigated the explosive-pusher mode of target dynamics for various fill pressures. These and similar methods may become crucial in diagnosing future higher-compression implosions.
Three Populations of Migrating Amphibian Embryonic Cells Utilize Different Guidance Cues

Previous investigations designed to identify the molecule(s) governing the directed migration of the amphibian pronephric duct (PND) revealed a requirement for a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell surface molecule, possibly the ectoenzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP). Cranial neural crest cells (CNC) grafted to the flank migrate along the same pathways as the PND, suggesting that PND and CNC guidance systems might have a common molecular basis. Both PND and CNC migration pathways display AP. The present experiments demonstrate, however, that GPI-linked molecules on these pathways are not required for migration of either cell type. Because PND cells themselves express AP prominently but CNC cells do not, we asked whether the GPI-linked molecule required for PND migration resides on the PND cells themselves. Treatment of PND cells with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, an enzyme that removes GPI-linked proteins, prevents their migration. Transplantation experiments show that although CNC cells are capable of following PND migration pathways, the converse is not the case. Extension of the transplantation experiments to include trunk neural crest (TNC) cells indicates that although CNC cells can follow PND guidance information on the flank, PND, CNC, and TNC cells all normally utilize different molecular cues to guide their migrations in situ.
Metabolic contributions to gastric ulcerogenesis in mice.

Abstract Mice were subjected to immobilization and/or prior varying intervals of food deprivation. Stomachs were excised and examined for pathology, degree of acidity, and differences in gastric amine content and metabolism. Immobilized mice showed a greater incidence of gastric lesions than non-immobilized animals, and immobilization also contributed to changes in gastric 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration. Ulcerated animals, in general, had higher gastric 5-HT levels and elevated gastric tissue pH. Inhibition of a major metabolic degredative pathway for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in gastric tissue resulted in a paradoxical effect not found in either brain or heart; changes in the rate of gastric 5-HT concentration change after enzyme inhibition was related to immobilization, duration of fasting, and ulcer incidence. A biochemical mechanism is suggested whereby the etiology of stress-induced lesions may be explained.
Emotional reactivity and regulation associated with fluent and stuttered utterances of preschool-age children who stutter

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between emotional reactivity and regulation associated with fluent and stuttered utterances of preschool-age children who stutter (CWS) and those who do not (CWNS). Participants Participants were eight 3 to 6-year old CWS and eight CWNS of comparable age and gender. Methods Participants were exposed to three emotion-inducing overheard conversations—neutral, angry and happy—and produced a narrative following each overheard conversation. From audio-video recordings of these narratives, coded behavioral analysis of participants’ negative and positive affect and emotion regulation associated with stuttered and fluent utterances was conducted. Results Results indicated that CWS were significantly more likely to exhibit emotion regulation attempts prior to and during their fluent utterances following the happy as compared to the negative condition, whereas CWNS displayed the opposite pattern. Within-group assessment indicated that CWS were significantly more likely to display negative emotion prior to and during their stuttered than fluent utterances, particularly following the positive overheard conversation. Conclusions After exposure to emotional-inducing overheard conversations, changes in preschool-age CWS's emotion and emotion regulatory attempts were associated with the fluency of their utterances. Learning outcomes: After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) describe various measures of emotional reactivity and regulation, including parent-based reports and behavioral coding, and how they may contribute to childhood stuttering; (2) explain emotional differences between the stuttered and fluent utterances of CWS and CWNS; and (3) discuss how emotions may contribute to CWS’ instances of stuttering.
CORE EXCITATIONS IN NONDEFORMED, ODD-A NUCLEI

The possibility of describing some excited states of odd-A nuclei in terms of excitations of the even-even core is investigated. No assumption is made on the nature of the core excitation, but certain relations involving electromagnetic transitions and moments are deduced. These seem to fit well some data available on Ag/sup 1//sup 0//sup 7/,Ag/sup 1//sup 0//sup 9/, Au /sup 1//sup 9//sup 7/,Hg/sup 1//sup 9//sup 9/, Tl/sup 2//sup 0//sup 3/, and Tl/sup 2//sup 0// sup 5/. More experimental data are required to test the validity of this model in other cases. (auth)
Effect of alterations in erythropoiesis on distribution of 99mTc sulfur colloid in the rat.

Abstract The distribution of 99m Tc sulfur colloid and 59 Fe was assessed in rats following long or short term stimulation or suppression of erythropoiesis. Acute stimulation of erythropoiesis did not alter 99m Tc sulfur colloid distribution, whereas, long term stimulation resulted in increased marrow colloid uptake. Suppression of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-induced plethora or hypertransfusion did not alter the marrow uptake of 99m Tc sulfur colloid. 99m Tc sulfur colloid blood clearance was not altered by any of the experimental conditions utilized. These observations suggest that marrow RE activity as assessed by 99m Tc sulfur colloid uptake increases with erythropoietic stimulation and varies with the duration and intensity of the stimulus.
Understanding the Inflammatory Response of the Neonate: Clinical Implications for Caregivers in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Nurses who care for preterm infants within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) face a multitude of challenges. An issue of major importance is supporting the immature immune response that when left unchecked makes young and preterm infants especially vulnerable to infection. Research has shown that the neonate's inflammatory response is moderately effective yet not well differentiated, which can lead to additional tissue destruction. This article examines the pathophysiology of the inflammatory process and discusses the influence that inflammation has on the infant before and after birth. Links between neonatal sepsis and neurologic insults such as intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia are discussed. These insults have been associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Nursing interventions and management strategies are provided to best support the infant during this critical process. An understanding of the infant's immune system and the inflammation process will enhance the neonatal caregiver's ability to consider and provide preventative measures in routine care practices.
Overnight gold returns

Overnight returns on the COMEX gold front month contract are significantly positive, whereas day returns are significantly negative (1985 through 2012). Similarly, overnight returns on the SPDR Gold Shares exchange traded fund are significantly greater than day returns. The asymmetry has weakened substantially over the years, but it is still present.
Application of the non-adiabatic phase matrix method to vibrational excitation near a short-lived resonance: the case of scattering

We have applied the non-adiabatic phase matrix method for vibrational scattering processes to a system which supports an extremely broad (short-lived) shape resonance. This method provides a unified, systematic treatment of the range of physical effects that influence the collision as the nuclear geometry varies, from strongly resonant to purely background scattering. For this implementation we have chosen the prototypical shape resonance in scattering below 10 eV. We compare vibrational cross sections and from the present non-adiabatic theory to results from fully converged body-frame vibrational close-coupling calculations and from purely adiabatic studies using the energy modified approximation.
Heats of formation, structures and relative stabilities of some tetraazapentalene-related molecules

Abstract A density functional procedure has been used to compute gas phase heats of formation for a group of high-nitrogen molecules, primarily tetraazapentalene derivatives. Optimized structures and relative energies were computed for the key molecular framework and several isomeric forms. It is speculated that the unexpected tetraazapentalene stability observed experimentally is related to the relatively positive character of the triply-coordinated nitrogens.