cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Century-scale patterns and trends of global pyrogenic carbon emissions and fire influences on terrestrial carbon balance

Fires have consumed a large amount of terrestrial organic carbon and significantly influenced terrestrial ecosystems and the physical climate system over the past century. Although biomass burning has been widely investigated at a global level in recent decades via satellite observations, less work has been conducted to examine the century-scale changes in global fire regimes and fire influences on the terrestrial carbon balance. In this study, we investigated global pyrogenic carbon emissions and fire influences on the terrestrial carbon fluxes from 1901 to 2010 by using a process-based land ecosystem model. Our results show a significant declining trend in global pyrogenic carbon emissions between the early 20th century and the mid-1980s but a significant upward trend between the mid-1980s and the 2000s as a result of more frequent fires in ecosystems with high carbon storage, such as peatlands and tropical forests. Over the past 110 years, average pyrogenic carbon emissions were estimated to be 2.43 Pg C yr−1 (1 Pg = 1015 g), and global average combustion rate (defined as carbon emissions per unit area burned) was 537.85 g C m−2 burned area. Due to the impacts of fires, the net primary productivity and carbon sink of global terrestrial ecosystems were reduced by 4.14 Pg C yr−1 and 0.57 Pg C yr−1, respectively. Our study suggests that special attention should be paid to fire activities in the peatlands and tropical forests in the future. Practical management strategies, such as minimizing forest logging and reducing the rate of cropland expansion in the humid regions, are in need to reduce fire risk and mitigate fire-induced greenhouse gases emissions.
Neural systems of positive affect: relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression?

From an affective neuroscience perspective, the goal of achieving a deeper, more mechanistic understanding of the development of depression will require rigorous models that address the core underlying affective changes. Such an understanding will necessitate developing and testing hypotheses focusing on specific components of the complex neural systems involved in the regulation of emotion and motivation. In this paper, we illustrate these principles by describing one example of this type of approach: examining the role of disruptions in neural systems of positive affect relevant to Major Depressive Disorder in school-age children and adolescents. We begin by defining positive affect, proposing that positive affect can be distinguished from negative affect by its neurobehavioral features. We provide an overview of neural systems related to reward and positive affect, with a discussion of their potential involvement in depression. We describe a developmental psychopathology framework, addressing developmental issues that could play a role in the etiology and maintenance of early-onset depression. We review the literature on altered positive affect in depression, suggesting directions for future research. Finally, we discuss the treatment implications of this framework.
Mitigation Measures for Exposure to Pesticides

Publisher Summary This chapter is an attempt to describe how EMMs can be developed and advocated more effectively by exposure assessors to assist their risk management in reducing the exposure(s) of concern. It focuses primarily on those EMMs used for the protection of agricultural workers and of individuals who may come in contact with pesticide residues inadvertently. It first identifies five elements fundamental to the development of pesticide EMMs, including evaluation for potential adverse health effects and the use of EMMs at a reasonable cost. In practice, regulatory scientists, especially those working at the exposure assessment end, are the ones that typically assist the risk management team in using exposure mitigation measures (EMMs) to reduce the exposure of concern. EMMs are simply controls, methods, tools, restrictions, or other actions taken by responsible authorities to (help) reduce the exposure(s) of concern. The chapter concludes with several real cases of pesticide EMMs used in the United States, including those used specifically in the state of California. The two cases particularly unique to handler exposures in California are the EMMs used for handler exposures to methyl bromide and EPTC (s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate). For these two pesticides, other measures along with PPE and engineering controls were required in order to adequately comply with the mitigation requirements.
ERYTHRISM IN THE NORTH AMERICAN BADGER, TAXIDEA TAXUS

Abstract We report a second instance of erythrism in North American badgers, Taxidea, in western Nevada.
Learning to Behave Yourself

It was a hot summer in Pittsburgh, and Herbie and the “flushing furies” spent every possible moment alleviating their stress by flipping from the high board at the Greenfield public pool. Performing rolling cannon balls from the ten-foot tower seemed to offer substantially less risk than Herbie had encountered performing aerial gymnastics in Saint Rosalia’s boys’ room--even when he managed to drench the teenage girls sunning at the water’s edge. Ah, but those carefree days of summer were over all too soon. And with the falling leaves of September came the inevitable supplementary Latin lessons, diagrams of complex sentences, enigmatic verb conjugation, intricate mathematical operations, and so on. But where was Sister Servula’? On that first day, Herbie anticipated her mandate, “Take your hands out of your pockets and cone with me--you fresh article.” By noon, the stress was peeking, and he risked asking Sister Mary Agnus if Sister Servula had been transferred. “She’s here. Herbert, and I believe Mother Felicitous and she would like a word with you.” Herbie tried to smile at Sister Mary Agnus. Miraculously, the bell rang, and Herbie hurried off to the lunch room as if nothing had happened.
Color and Contingency in Robert Boyle’s Works

This essay investigates the relationship between color and contingency in Robert Boyle's Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664) and his essays on the unsuccessfulness of experiments in Certain Physiological Essays (1661). In these two works Boyle wrestles with a difficult practical and philosophical problem with experiments, which he calls the problem of contingency. In Touching Colours, the problem of contingency is magnified by the much-debated issue of whether color had any deep epistemic importance. His limited theoretical principle guiding him in Touching Colours, that color is but modified light, further exacerbated the problem. Rather than theory, Boyle often relied on craftsmen, whose mastery of color phenomena was, Boyle mentions, brought about by economic forces, to determine when colors were indicators of important 'inward' properties of substances, and thus to secure a solid foundation for his experimental history of color.
Colon Cancer and IBD: Potential Links to Race, Microbiota: Microbiota might vary with race, perhaps accounting for differences in rates of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer

Some diseases affect particular racial groups at higher rates than others. For example, African-American males develop colorectal cancer (CRC) at a significantly higher frequency than do European-American males. Likewise, Caucasians are more likely to develop inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) than any other racial group worldwide, but the number of cases in non-whites appears to be increasing. While several factors contribute to IBD and colon cancer, here we focus on how the microbiota and racial backgrounds might intersect in these two diseases.
Thermodynamic Control of Isomerizations of Bicyclic Radicals: Interplay of Ring Strain and Radical Stabilization.

The rearrangements of 4-substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yl radicals, generated from the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts with phenylseleno acrylates by radical-induced reductive deselenocarbonylations, give the 2-substituted bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-2-yl radicals with some substituents, e.g., alkoxy and phenyl, but not for silyloxymethyl or benzyl substituents. Theoretical calculations with DFT give the thermodynamics of these reactions and the origins of these processes.
X-ray photoelectron diffraction from (3×3) and (√3×√3)R 30° (0001)Si 6H–SiC surfaces

High-resolution (±1°) x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) patterns were obtained along high symmetry azimuths of the (3×3) and (√3×√3)R30° reconstructed (0001)Si 6H–SiC surfaces. The data were compared to XPD patterns obtained from (7×7) Si (111) as well as to models proposed for the (3×3) and (√3×√3)R30° 6H–SiC reconstructions. Forward scattering features similar to those observed from the (7×7) Si (111) were also observed from the (√3×√3)R30° 6H–SiC (0001)Si surface. Additional structures were found and attributed to the substitution of carbon atoms for silicon. Unlike (1×1) and (7×7) Si (111) surfaces, the XPD patterns of (3×3) and (√3×√3)R30° SiC (0001)Si surfaces are different which is due to the presence of an incomplete bilayer of Si on the (3×3) surface. The most significant difference with the Si system is the equivalence of the [1010] and [0110] azimuths in the (3×3) structure. These results are consistent with a faulted Si bilayer stacking sequence which was proposed based on scanning tunne...
Evaluation of physical properties of different digital intraoral sensors.

Objective Digital technologies provide clinically acceptable results comparable to traditional films while having other advantages such as the ability to store and manipulate images, immediate evaluation of the image diagnostic quality, possible reduction in patient radiation exposure, and so on. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the evaluation of the physical design of eight CMOS digital intraoral sensors. Methods Sensors tested included: XDR (Cyber Medical Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA), RVG 6100 (Carestream Dental LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA), Platinum (DEXIS LLC., Hatfield, PA, USA), CDR Elite (Schick Technologies, Long Island City, NY, USA), ProSensor (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland), EVA (ImageWorks, Elmsford, NY, USA), XIOS Plus (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), and GXS-700 (Gendex Dental Systems, Hatfield, PA, USA). The sensors were evaluated for cable configuration, connectivity interface, presence of back-scattering radiation shield, plate thickness, active sensor area, and comparing the active imaging area to the outside casing and to conventional radiographic films. Results There were variations among the physical design of different sensors. For most parameters tested, a lack of standardization exists in the industry. The results of this study revealed that these details are not always available through the material provided by the manufacturers and are often not advertised. For all sensor sizes, active imaging area was smaller compared with conventional films. Conclusions There was no sensor in the group that had the best physical design. Data presented in this paper establishes a benchmark for comparing the physical design of digital intraoral sensors.
Urinary tract complications in myelomeningocele patients.

AbstractUrinary tract complications such as urinary tract infection, ureteral reflux, upper tract dilatation and incontinence are common with myelomeningocele. Regular urological evaluations, including measurement of residual urine, urinalysis, urine culture, voiding cystourethrogram, excretory urogram and renal function studies, are essential for the diagnosis and management of such complications. Conservative therapy with Crede bladder expression and urethral catheter drainage has been unsuccessful in managing these complications and preventing upper tract deterioration.
Effect of storage time on solubility and color of spray-dried soymilk

Soymilk was spray dried under various combinations of inlet air temperature and atomizer speed. The insolubility index and the tristimulus color parameters (L, a, b) of the fried soymilk were monitored over a 59-week storage time period. The soymilk insolubility exhibited erratic trends over time. Yellowness (b) and lightness (L) of the dried soymilk correlated well with dryer atomizer speed. yellowness data, however, showed no significant difference among treatments, even when variations over time where considered. Lightness data, on the other hand, was found to be a function of storage time and atomizer speed and could be predicted to within a +/- 1.0% error.
Protocols for Data Collection, Management and Treatment

Epidemiologists and other researchers must plan study protocols that incorporate objective monitoring of physical activity and/or sedentary behaviours by systematically considering all of the complex logistics associated with data collection, management and treatment. With regard to data collection, instrument choice is a foremost consideration, largely shaped by the researcher’s questions and available resources. Instrument-specific features may provide greater analytical capacity, but can also greatly complicate planning and must be accommodated. Data collection decisions also include the duration of monitoring required to establish stable estimates of behaviour, without overburdening participants. Data management concerns include systematic processes for quality control, data cleaning, data organization and storage. Data treatment includes decision rules that further shape the accumulated information, including computation of derived variables (as catalogued in Chap. 3) in anticipation of subsequent data analyses.
Sub-Image Formation by Oxidation of Latent Image

AbstractWe demonstrate that various combinations of sensitization, exposure time, and rate of oxidation produce sub-image centres if latent image centres in silver bromide grains are carefully oxidized. First we confirm that sub-image is formed by relatively slow oxidation of latent image in sulphur-plus-gold-sensitized grains exposed for 10–10s. An increase in the rate of oxidation leads to the same result. Relatively slow oxidation of latent image in unsensitized grains exposed for 10–10s and in sulphur-sensitized grains exposed at 10–10s also produces sub-image.
Habitat of Coastal Plants Reconstructed from the Number of Fossil Opal Phytolith Assemblages

植物珪酸体化石群の組成とその産出量によって,過去の砂浜海岸地域の植生と地形を空間的に復原するための方法論を提案し,縄文時代晩期の三浦半島古逗子湾奥海岸の堆積物についてそれを適用した.国内6地域において現生海岸植物6種の被度と表層堆積物中の植物珪酸体分布を対応させ,分類した8微地形区ごとにそれらの最高拡散量を平均値化した.その数値と植物珪酸体化石各型の産出量の対比によって推定された母植物生育域と堆積域を,成帯構造を呈する植生と地形に置換して空間的に復原した.古逗子湾奥海岸において約2800年前に海退傾向であったが，以降少なくとも約150年後まで一時期海進傾向に転じたことが指摘できた.
Effects of Substituents on the SN2 Free Energy of Activation for α-O-4 Lignin Model Compounds

Current methods for processing lignocellulosic biomass fail to take full advantage of the phenolic chemicals available in lignin, the third most common polymer on the planet. The complexity of the lignin polymer structure, the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms by which it breaks down, and the difficulties in predicting and controlling the reaction product distribution make improvement in processing methods challenging. The use of model compounds, which contain only a few key features of the native polymer, allow the reactivity of the overall polymer to be investigated more simply by isolating key elements. In our previous work, we examined the mechanism of acidolysis for two α-O-4 lignin model compounds, benzylphenyl ether (BPE) and 1-(phenoxyethyl)benzene (PEB). In the present work, we examine the rate-limiting step of this mechanism, a nucleophilic attack on the α-carbon commensurate with protonation of the ether oxygen, for other α-O-4 model compounds that contain features more reminiscent of native ...
Have Your Cake and Eat It Too? Cointegration and Dynamic Inference from Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models

Although recent articles have stressed the importance of testing for unit roots and cointegration in time-series analysis, practitioners have been left without a straightforward procedure to implement this advice. I propose using the autoregressive distributed lag model and bounds cointegration test as an approach to dealing with some of the most commonly encountered issues in time-series analysis. Through Monte Carlo experiments, I show that this procedure performs better than existing cointegration tests under a variety of situations. I illustrate how to implement this strategy with two step-by-step replication examples. To further aid users, I have designed software programs in order to test and dynamically model the results from this approach.
Point target location using hexagonal detector arrays

For staring sensors, improved performance in the location of point targets can be achieved by using an array of hexagonal detectors instead of the usual array of square or rectangular detectors. This fact is demonstrated by calculating the accuracy of the centroid algorithm as a function of signal to noise ratio and blur spot size for both types of detector arrays. The probability density function for the centroid random variable is derived and is used to perform all noise analysis. The analysis indicates that the algorithm error is reduced by as much as a factor of three, the sensitivity to noise is reduced by 17 percent, the computational load is decreased by 23 percent, and the data storage requirement is reduced by 22 percent. The clutter induced noise, as measured by the clutter equivalent target, is essentially identical for square and hexagonal detectors of the same area.
Nigeria’s Engagement

This chapter gives an account of Nigeria’s first engagement with regulatory cooperation, and the normative drivers that drove a rapprochement to Montreux. The policy choice of contracting is associated to the fight against Boko Haram and to contingencies, including political transition. I delineate how state responsibility may arise for a territorial and contracting state—direct attribution of wrongful conduct to the hiring state—or a state failure to prevent, investigate, punish, or redress PMSC conduct. Thus, the engagement with Montreux Document would be significant step in clarifying the responsibilities with possible regional implications for other states and for regional and continental political organizations.
Thoracic Radicular Pain

Thoracic radicular pain most commonly presents after postherpetic neuralgia and thoracic surgeries. Other causes include neuropathic pain syndromes, musculoskeletal, intra-, and extrathoracic etiologies. Thoracic disc bulges rarely produce radicular pain and are more likely to cause pyramidal track symptoms. Pain can present acutely after trauma or insidious, as in neoplasms. Clinical diagnosis is based on history of trauma or skin changes and imaging to rule out other serious etiologies. Physical exam findings vary depending on the etiology. Treatment should commence with conservative therapies, including topical and systemic medications, and progress to interventional therapies and surgery, if indicated.
Proactive Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Development: Space Satellites as a Key Infrastructure

If we are to think about the post-SDGs agenda, it would be worth considering using a new approach to set new goals and targets. One new approach could be an opportunity-seeking approach. This approach is a change from the current problem-solving approach, which is more proactive and focused on exploring new vectors to realize new goals. Using this approach, one potential goal that could be considered for the post-SDGs agenda is an adaption of Artificial Intelligence. However, scarce financial and human (experts) capitals could be obstacles to install Artificial Intelligence systems in developing countries. To fill these gaps, promotion of space satellites to run and support Artificial Intelligence systems will be indispensable.
CD180 (RP105) intrinsically activates B cells to produce polyclonal Ig and integrates diverse TLR signals to modify cell fate (113.15)

CD180 is homologous to TLR4 and regulates TLR4 signaling, yet its function is disputed. In this work, injection of anti-CD180 mAb into mice induced rapid Ig production of all classes and subclasses except IgA and IgG2b, with up to 50-fold serum increases of IgG1 and IgG3. IgG production after anti-CD180 injection was not due to reactivation of memory B cells and was retained in T cell-deficient (TCR KO) and MyD88 KO mice. Expansion of splenic B cells occurred in WT and TCR KO mice whereas T cell expansion occurred in WT but not in B cell-deficient (μMT) mice, indicating a direct role for B cells but not T cells in CD180 stimulation in vivo. Combinations of anti-CD180 with various TLR ligands biased B cell fate as co-injection diminished Ig production but purified B cells exhibited synergistic proliferation. Anti-CD180 had no effect on cytokine production from B cells but increased IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α production in combination with LPS or CpG. Thus CD180 stimulation induces intrinsic B cell proliferation and differentiation, causing rapid increases in IgG, and integrates MyD88-dependent TLR signals to regulate proliferation, cytokine production, and differentiation.
Generating Novice Heuristics for Post-Flop Poker

Agents now exist that can play Texas Hold’em Poker at a very high level, and simplified versions of the game have been solved. However, this does not directly translate to learning heuristics humans can use to play the game. We address the problem of learning chains of human-learnable heuristics for playing heads-up limit Texas Hold’em, focusing on the post-flop stages of the game. By restricting the policy space to fast and frugal trees, which are sequences of if-then-else rules, we can learn such heuristics using several methods including genetic programming. This work builds on our previous work on learning such heuristic rule set for Blackjack and pre-flop Texas Hold’em, but introduces a richer language for heuristics.
The Information Asymmetry between Management and Rank-and-File Employees: Determinants and Consequences

We investigate whether information possessed by rank-and-file employees is incorporated in top managers’ expectations and decisions. Using employees’ predictions of their company’s business outlook from Glassdoor.com to measure the employees’ information set, and using management earnings forecasts to measure management expectations, we show that management expectations incorporate employees’ information only partially. This intrafirm information asymmetry is lower when top managers are more experienced and internally engaged and when employees are more satisfied with senior management, firm culture, and their compensation; and higher in companies that are more decentralized, have internal control weakness, and poorly incentivize their employees. Further analyses suggest that our results are not driven by managers’ strategically choosing not to use employees’ information in their forecasts. Finally, we document that firms with large discrepancies between management forecasts and employee outlook have poorer future performance and a higher likelihood of CEO turnover.
DeepMap: Deep Gaussian Process for Indoor Radio Map Construction and Location Estimation

In this paper, we present DeepMap, a deep Gaussian process for indoor radio map construction and location estimation. To address the shortcomings of existing Gaussian process based approaches, we present a DeepMap system, which employs deep Gaussian process for constructing received signal strength (RSS) radio maps and a Bayesian algorithm for online localization. We design a two-layer deep Gaussian process model to capture the relationship between the RSS space and the location space and provide an offline Bayesian training method to determine model parameters. A Bayesian fusion method using multiple APs is proposed for accurate location estimation. Experimental results verify the performances of DeepMap in a large indoor environment and validate its robustness with moderate training data.
Sequence diverse miRNAs converge to induce mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in ovarian cancer cells through direct and indirect regulatory controls

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be similarly regulated by multiple miRNAs, some displaying little or no sequence identity. While alternate models have been proposed to explain the functional convergence of sequence divergent miRNAs, little experimental evidence exists to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved. Representative members of the miR-200 family of miRNAs and the sequence divergent miR-205 miRNA were independently over expressed in mesenchymal-like ovarian cancer (OC) cells resulting in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). The miR-205 and the miR-200 family of miRNAs were found to coordinately induce MET in mesenchymal-like OC cells by affecting both direct and indirect changes in the expression of genes previously associated with EMT/MET. Only two direct targets of these miRNAs (ZEB 1 and WNT5A) are commonly down regulated in response to over-expression of miR-205 and/or the miR-200 family of miRNAs. Down-regulation of these genes, alone or in combination, only partially recapitulates the changes induced by the miRNAs indicating an additional contribution of indirect changes regulated by the miRNAs. Combined gene expression analyses and phylogenetic comparisons suggest an evolutionarily more recent involvement of miR-205 in the EMT/MET process.
A Supercapacitor-based Converter Topology for Grid-Side Power Management in Dynamic Wireless Charging Systems

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT)for charging of Electric Vehicles (EV)generates a transient profile of the inverter input power, which could potentially hamper the grid stability. In this paper, a novel topology is proposed that reduces power fluctuations at the input of a DWPT module. It employs a SuperCapacitor (SC)to serve as an energy buffering element at the roadside of the charger. Unlike the topologies proposed so far, the one described in this paper utilizes the existing power converter to control and smoothen the DWPT charger's input power profile. A full system analysis, modeling, controller design, and simulation has been performed to validate the idea and the design.
Law and Economics and Economic Design

My sense is that Economic Design has lost the influence it had in Law and Economics 30 years ago. The application of recent developments in Economic Design to Law and Economics are rare and fundamentally random. On the one hand, the relocation of the center of gravity of Law and Economics from economic departments to law schools has inevitably reduced the contact between Law and Economics and Economic Design. One the other hand, the general sense that Economic Design is too complex to offer appropriate and realistic answers to legal problems has inevitably made its way. Scholarship implications are discussed.
Efficient Polymerization of Methyl-ε-Caprolactone Mixtures To Access Sustainable Aliphatic Polyesters

Aliphatic polyesters are a versatile class of materials that can be sourced from bioderived feedstocks. Poly(γ-methyl-e-caprolactone) (PγMCL) in particular can be used to make degradable thermoplas...
Chapter 42 – Animal Models for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis

The most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in the young adult population is multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is characterized by the focal loss of myelin sheaths in the brain and in the spinal cord of patients that is correlated with elevated activity of the immune system directed toward CNS antigens including myelin. The progression of MS is highly variable, but in many cases, it is characterized by a series of relapsing and remitting attacks that slowly increase residual functional deficit. Often, after several years, the disease transitions to a more progressive phenotype. Much of what is known about the pathology of MS is derived from a number of animal models. The most common animal model for the study of MS is experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE), which depending upon the host animal can present as relapsing/remitting or progressive disease. Although EAE has provided mechanistic insights implicating T-cell activation in the onset and progression of disease, understanding the mechanisms of pathology onset and myelin repair in the CNS require alternative models. One emerging hypothesis is that activation of T cells is secondary to pathogenesis of oligodendrocytes and animals models in which targeted loss of oligodendrocytes are beginning to reveal an understanding of the initiation of CNS demyelination. Myelin repair is difficult to study in the setting of EAE or oligodendrocyte pathogenesis; however, toxin models that result in localized demyelination as a consequence of direct injection or oral delivery have provided critical insights into cells of origin, timing, and molecular mechanisms guiding remyelination. Taken together, these three distinct model systems provide a strong basis for dissecting cell and molecular mechanism of demyelination as well as characterizing the efficacy of targeted therapeutics.
Physical Activity and Incident Heart Failure in High-Risk Subgroups: The ARIC Study.

Background Greater physical activity (PA) is associated with lower heart failure (HF) risk. However, it is unclear whether this inverse association exists across all subgroups at high risk for HF, ...
Quantifying how sources of uncertainty in combustible biomass propagate to prediction of wildland fire emissions

Smoke emissions from wildland fires contribute to concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter and greenhouse gases, influencing public health and climate. Prediction of emissions is critical for smoke management to mitigate the effects on visibility and air quality. Models that predict emissions require estimates of the amount of combustible biomass. When measurements are unavailable, fuel maps may be used to define the inputs for models. Mapped products are based on averages that poorly represent the inherent variability of wildland fuels, but that variability is an important source of uncertainty in predicting emissions. We evaluated the sensitivity of emissions estimates to wildland fuel biomass variability using two models commonly used to predict emissions: Consume and the First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM). Flaming emissions were consistently most sensitive to litter loading (Sobol index 0.426–0.742). Smouldering emissions were most often sensitive to duff loading (Sobol 0.655–0.704) under the extreme environmental scenario. Under the moderate environmental scenario, FOFEM-predicted smouldering emissions were similarly sensitive to sound and rotten coarse woody debris (CWD) and duff fuel components (Sobol 0.193–0.376). High variability in loading propagated to wide prediction intervals for emissions. Direct measurements of litter, duff and coarse wood should be prioritised to reduce overall uncertainty.
A preliminary investigation of the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on neural activation in clinical perfectionism

Abstract Clinical perfectionism is associated with various cognitive processes including performance monitoring and emotion regulation. This exploratory study analyzed neurological data from a randomized controlled trial for clinical perfectionism that compared acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to a waitlist control. The objective was to assess the effect of ACT on neural activation. Twenty-nine participants underwent a functional near-infrared spectroscopy assessment during which they completed behavioral tasks designed to elicit error detection and error generation at pre- and posttreatment. The hemodynamic response function (HRF) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and right inferior parietal lobe was analyzed using mixed effects models. In all areas, we found reductions or smaller increases in the total HRF for experimental tasks from pre-to posttreatment in the ACT condition compared to the waitlist condition. Decreases in total oxygenated hemoglobin are consistent with diminished recruitment of neurons in response to previously emotionally salient stimuli, possibly representing greater cognitive processing efficiency. Our preliminary findings tentatively support the processes of change posited by the theory underlying ACT and highlight the need for more precise methodology in neurological assessment to adequately evaluate how treatment affects neurological function. Limitations include lack of an active comparison condition and behavioral data.
Human herpesvirus 6 myelitis after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.

We report a fatal case of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) myelitis following CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Infection from HHV-6 reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplant is established, and outside of this population is limited to case reports. The patient developed cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome that responded to corticosteroids both clinically and on imaging. Subsequently ascending flaccid paralysis developed, leading to neuromuscular respiratory failure and ultimately death. Disease progression was refractory to foscarnet and multiple immune modulating agents. HHV-6 should be considered in patients with encephalitis and myelitis after adoptive T-cell therapy.
Neutralization breadth of SARS CoV-2 viral variants following primary series and booster SARS CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer

Patients with cancer are more likely to have impaired immune responses to SARS CoV-2 vaccines. We studied the breadth of responses against SARS CoV-2 variants followingly primary vaccination in 178 patients with a variety of tumor types, and after booster doses in a subset. Neutralization of alpha, beta, gamma and delta SARS-CoV-2 variants was impaired relative to wildtype (Wuhan), regardless of vaccine type. Regardless of viral variant, mRNA1273 was the most immunogenic, followed by BNT162b2 and then Ad26.COV2.S. Neutralization of more variants (breadth) was associated with higher magnitude of wildtype neutralization, and increase with time since vaccination; increased age associated with lower breadth. Anti-spike binding antibody concentrations were a good surrogate for breadth (PPV=90% at >1000U/ml). Booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccines conferred enhanced breadth. These data suggest that achieving a high antibody titer is desirable to achieve broad neutralization; a single booster dose with current vaccines increases breadth of responses against variants.
A Proposal for Verb Agreement

In preceding chapters I have been developing an analysis of verb agreement in proposing analyses of various clause structures in Choctaw. The conditions for agreement are stated in (1).
Bayesian Error-Based Sequences of Statistical Information Bounds

The relation between statistical information and Bayesian error is sharpened by deriving finite sequences of upper and lower bounds on equivocation entropy (EE) in terms of the minimum probability of error (MPE) and related Bayesian quantities. The well-known Fano upper bound and Feder-Merhav lower bound on EE are tightened by including a succession of posterior probabilities starting at the largest, which directly controls the MPE, and proceeding to successively lower ones. A number of other interesting results are also derived, including a sequence of upper bounds on the MPE in terms of a previously introduced sequence of generalized posterior distributions. The tightness of the various bounds is numerically evaluated for a simple example.
Mixed reality simulation with physical mobile display devices

This paper presents the design and implementation of a system for simulating mixed reality in setups combining mobile devices and large backdrop displays. With a mixed reality simulator, one can perform usability studies and evaluate mixed reality systems while minimizing confounding variables. This paper describes how mobile device AR design factors can be flexibly and systematically explored without sacrificing the touch and direct unobstructed manipulation of a physical personal MR display. First, we describe general principles to consider when implementing a mixed reality simulator, enumerating design factors. Then, we present our implementation which utilizes personal mobile display devices in conjunction with a large surround-view display environment. Standing in the center of the display, a user may direct a mobile device, such as a tablet or head-mounted display, to a portion of the scene, which affords them a potentially annotated view of the area of interest. The user may employ gesture or touch screen interaction on a simulated augmented camera feed, as they typically would in video-see-through mixed reality applications. We present calibration and system performance results and illustrate our system's flexibility by presenting the design of three usability evaluation scenarios.
Regulation of actin dynamics during Legionella pneumophila infection: a novel function of Naip5 (611.2)

Clearance of Legionella pneumophila (Legionella), the causative agent of Legionnaire’s disease, a potentially fatal pneumonia, requires efficient phagolysosomal fusion. Regulation of the host actin...
Content analysis of online discussion in an applied educational psychology course

This study analyzed discussion in an online conferencethat supplemented class discussion using aninstructional method called the starter-wrappertechnique within a traditional graduate leveleducational psychology course. Various quantitativemeasures were recorded to compare instructor andstudent participation rates. In addition, Henri's(1992) model for content analysis of computer-mediatedcommunication was employed to qualitatively analyzethe electronic discourse. Using this model, five keyvariables were examined: (1) student participationrates; (2) electronic interaction patterns; (3) socialcues within student messages; (4) cognitive andmetacognitive components of student messages; and (5)depth of processing -- surface or deep -- within messageposting. Transcript content analyses showed that,while students tended to post just the one requiredcomment per week in the conference, their messageswere lengthy, cognitively deep, embedded with peerreferences, and indicative of a student orientedenvironment. Moreover, students were using high levelcognitive skills such as inferencing and judgment aswell as metacognitive strategies related to reflectingon experience and self-awareness. Weekly conferenceactivity graphs revealed that student electroniccomments became more interactive over time, but werehighly dependent on the directions of discussionstarter. To better understand the impact ofelectronic conferencing discourse, modifications toHenri's model as well as qualitative researchsuggestions were offered.
A New Late Paleocene Vertebrate Fauna from the Ohio Creek Formation of Western Colorado

Abstract Despite recent drilling for hydrocarbon tight-gas resources in conglomerates and sandstones in the Piceance Creek Basin, controversy still exists over the age and lateral extent of the Ohio Creek Formation. This controversy originated from the proposition that these deposits belonged in the late Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. However, recent pollen analyses suggest a late Paleocene age. Here I report the first fossil vertebrate fauna from these deposits, which corroborates the late Paleocene age and further refines it to the early Tiffanian NALMA (Ti3 lineage zone). Identified fossils comprise several genera of mammals and reptiles. Reptilian fossils consist of a dorsal osteoderm of a eusuchian with affinity to Borealosuchus and a partial hyoplastron of the turtle Compsemys. Both genera range from the late Cretaceous through the Paleocene. Mammalian taxa represented are: Gelastops, Haplaletes, Promioclaenus, Colpoclaenus, and Mimotricentes, which range from the Torrejonian into the early part of the Tiffanian NALMA. Presence of the index fossil Nannodectes simpsoni further constrains the deposits to an early Tiffanian age (Ti3 lineage zone). Lithologically the Ohio Creek Formation is characterized by the absence of coal and shale, and the presence of tan mudstones and siltstones spaced between thick and widespread units of clay pebble and chert conglomerates and sandstones. The revised age and unique lithic characteristics of the Ohio Creek Formation excludes it from the late Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. Revising the biostratigraphic zonation of the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary strata of the Piceance Creek Basin is important for understanding the complex tectonic history of the Rocky Mountain region.
Cervical carcinoma DNA content, S-fraction, and malignancy grading: I. Interrelationships

The flow cytometric measured DNA content (i.e., DNA index), S-fractions, and histopathologic malignancy grades were studied for ninety uterine cervical squamous cell carcinomas using tissue biopsies taken prior to radiotherapy. The DNA aneuploidy frequency for low S-phase tumors (%S less than 14) was only 9/29 (31%) compared to 22/30 (73%) for intermediate (%S 15-23) and 30/31 (97%) for high (%S greater than 24) tumors. An overall mean %S of 20 +/- 7 (range 2-45%) was observed for these cervical cancers, with the S-fraction significantly increasing (P = less than 0.01) from 12 +/- 5, to 18 +/- 8, and 26 +/- 7 for diploid/near diploid, low-degree DNA aneuploidy, and high-degree DNA aneuploidy tumors, respectively. Broad heterogeneity was observed for the microscopic scored malignancy grades within DNA index and the cell-cycle S-fraction subgroups. Generally, multifactorial histopathology scoring was not significantly correlated with either the tumor DNA index or %S variables. Based on statistical analysis, the malignancy grades more closely reflected the tumor proliferative activity than the DNA index, with nuclear polymorphism, mitotic frequency, and the invasion pattern showing the lowest P values (which were not significant at P = 0.05). High tumor S-fraction was associated with high malignancy grade, as evidenced by 19/25 (75%) of high S-fraction, high degree DNA aneuploidy tumors having greater than average malignancy grade compared to only 2/14 (14%) low to moderate S-fraction tumors having similar DNA index. The results indicate that more reliable identification of biologically different cervical cancers can be achieved by evaluating the tumor DNA index in relationship to the cell-cycle %S and malignancy grading.
Imposing Punitive Damages on the Intoxicated Driver

This Article explores the traditional justification for the imposition of punitive damage liability in the context of drunk driving. Though courts have increasingly found such damages to be available in the appropriate case, neither the deterrence nor punishment rationales can be justified in the absence of widespread public awareness that specific conduct has the potential to result in liability. Criminal sanction, therefore, better serves to accomplish the intended purposes.
Low-temperature specific heat of U 1 − x Th x Be 13

We present specific-heat C measurements of high-purity polycrystals of ${\mathrm{U}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Th}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$ for 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.052 down to 90 mK. The low-temperature data reveal extremely large residual linear contributions to the specific heat of these superconductors. In addition, we observe a change in C(T) for T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ where two transitions emerge with thorium doping x.
A legacy of enlightenment

La mort soudaine de Roy Porter a ebranle la communaute scientifique car il apporta une large contribution a l'histoire de la medecine, de la psychiatrie et de la geologie. Il ecrivit egalement sur l'histoire sociale, urbaine et culturelle. Il laisse ainsi de nombreux ouvrages et une grande richesse sur l'histoire du siecle des lumieres
Recent operational data on continuous top-up operation at the Advanced Photon Source

Since June 2000, there have been three 6-day or 13-day periods of continuous top-up operations at the Advanced Photon Source, totaling four weeks. We report on injection and storage ring parameters and present a statistical analysis of x-ray beam stability.
sexism and the construction of reality: an Afro-American example

The literature on the art of the Suriname Maroons depicts men as active artists producing decorative woodcarvings as gifts of love for their women, who are passive connoisseurs. This paper explores the ways by which Maroon women use their own arts to affirm their social relationships and to reflect on them. It also traces misconceptions about Maroon women and their arts to notions of gender that are held by ethnographers and by the Maroons themselves. [Afro-America, gender, art, song, women].
Efficacy of an IVC filter retrieval algorithm in a cancer population

retrieved IVCF, 22 were retrieved by IR (20% at 86 D, 25% at 124 D) and 21 by VS (15% at 87 D and 27% at 125 D) (p1⁄40.65). The mean radiation dose for insertion for IR was 62.4 Gycm[95% CI (43.4, 81.5)] and 118.32 Gycm[95% CI (78.1, 158.4)] for VS (P1⁄4.014). The mean contrast dose (ml) on insertion for IR was 49.8 [95% CI (44.1, 55.5)] and for VS was 53.3 [95% CI (43.7, 62.9)] (p1⁄4.53). The mean radiation dose for retrieval was 56.1 Gycm [95% CI (34.7, 77.5)] for IR and 89.7 Gycm[95% CI (49.6, 129.7)] for VS (p1⁄4.12). The mean contrast dose (ml) on retrieval was 53.1[95% CI (41.4, 64.8)] for IR and 27.4 [95% CI (19.9, 34.7)] for VS (p1⁄40.0004). Conclusion: The comparison of IR and VS for IVCF placement and retrieval were similar. However, the radiation does for IVCF placement was significantly lower for IR compared to VS. The contrast dose was significantly less for VS compared to IR for IVCF retrieval. The overall IVCF removal rate was low at 31%, which suggests that an improved IVCF tracking is required for appropriate IVCF removal.
Ueber kolloide Kristallisationszustände des Naphthalins

1. Wenn man konzentrierte wasserige Zuckerlosungen mit alkoholischen Naphthalinlosungen bei tiefer Temperatur mischt, ist deutlich ein kolloider Kristallisationszustand des Naphthalins festzustellen. 2. Bei −14° C und mit konzentrierten Zuckerlosungen (60 Proz.) bei geeigneter Naphthalinkonzentration dauert dieser K. K.Z. bis zu 15 Minuten. 3. Die Aenderung solcher Variabein wie Loslichkeit, Naphthalinkonzentration und Viskositat des Dispersionsmittels, beeinflust die Synthese solcher disperserNaphthalinsysteme entsprechend der „Kristallisationstheorie“.
Cervical anterior spinal artery syndrome associated with cardiopulmonary arrest

Nontraumatic spinal cord ischemia is uncommon, especially when the cervical cord is involved. We present an elderly man who sustained acute occlusion of the anterior spinal artery at a high cervical level. This was followed by a respiratory arrest due to the paralysis of the diaphragm and chest wall muscles. A review of the vascular supply to the cord and of nontraumatic ischemic myelopathy is provided.
Analysis of measured transport properties of domain walls in magnetic nanowires and films

Existing data for soft magnetic materials of critical current for domain-wall motion, wall speed driven by a magnetic field, and wall electrical resistance show that all three observable properties are related through a single parameter: the wall mobility $\ensuremath{\mu}$. The reciprocal of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ represents the strength of viscous friction between domain wall and conduction-electron gas. And $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is a function of the wall width, which depends in turn on the aspect ratio $t∕w$, where $t$ and $w$ are the thickness and width of the sample. Over four orders of magnitude of $\ensuremath{\mu}$, the data for nanowires show $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\propto}{(t∕w)}^{\ensuremath{-}2.2}$. This dependence is in approximate agreement with the prediction of the 1984 Berger theory based on $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ exchange. On the other hand, it is inconsistent with the prediction of the 2004 Tatara and Kohno theory, and of the 2004 Zhang and Li theory.