cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionization and solubilization of 4 alkyl benzoic acids and 4 alkyl anilines in sodium taurodeoxycholate solutions

Purpose. The aqueous solubility and the extent of solubilization and ionization constant in sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC) solutions of a series of benzoic acid and aniline derivatives were measured as a basis to characterize and thereby help predict the nature of the interaction of drugs with bile aggregates. Methods. The aqueous solubility and the solubilization of two series of compounds, 4-alkyl benzoic acids and 4-alkyl anilines, was measured as a function of NaTDC in 0 and 150 mM NaCl. The ionization constants were determined in water and in 50 mM NaTDC at sodium chloride concentrations of 0, 75 and 150 mM by spectrophotometric titration. The diffusion coefficients of NaTDC and the solutes were measured by pulsed-field gradient spin echo NMR spectroscopy. Results. The aqueous solubilities decreased with increasing alkyl chain length in both series, and the aniline derivatives had larger solubilities than the benzoic acid derivatives. The number of moles of solute solubilized per mole of bile salt ranged from 0.17 to 0.31 for the benzoic acid derivatives and from 1.3 to 3.0 for the aniline derivatives. The pKa values of the benzoic acid derivatives in the presence of NaTDC were higher relative to the controls, and the difference in the pKa (ΔpKa,obs) increased with increasing chain length. With the aniline derivatives, the pKa values were also shifted to higher values in NaTDC relative to the control but only in the absence of salt. The presence of the solute caused a decrease in the diffusion coefficient of NaTDC, and the diffusion coefficients of the solutes decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. With the hexyl derivatives, the diffusion coefficient of the solute was smaller than the diffusion coefficient of the bile salt. The chemical shift of the protons attached to carbon 18 and 19 of the bile salt were decreased to a greater extent in the presence of the solutes than the protons attached to carbon 26. Conclusions. Both the solubilization and ionization behavior of solutes were affected by the presence of bile salt aggregates. The surface potential and effective polarity of NaTDC aggregates were found to be dependent on the alkyl chain length for these two homologous series of solutes. The solubilization ratio was largely independent of alkyl chain length, but the unitary partition coefficient was dependent on both the alkyl chain length as well as ionization state. The derivatives reduced the diffusivity of the micelles suggesting the formation of larger sized aggregates and the solutes (hexyl derivatives) appear to favor association with the larger sized aggregates. The phenyl ring of the solutes appears to be oriented parallel to the plane of the steroid frame with preferential positioning near the hydrophobic rings.
Remote image analysis for Mars Exploration Rover mobility and manipulation operations

NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers are two six-wheeled, 175-kg robotic vehicles which have operated on Mars for over a year as of March 2005. Each rover is controlled by a team who must understand the rover's surroundings and develop command sequences on a daily basis. The tight tactical planning timeline and ever-changing environment call for tools that allow quick assessment of potential manipulator targets and traverse goals, since command sequences must be developed in a matter of hours after receipt of new data from the rovers. Reachability maps give a visual indication of which targets are reachable by each rover's manipulator, while slope and solar energy maps show the rover operator which terrain areas are safe and unsafe from different standpoints.
Saving the Dream for All: A Tribute to A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.

What a Name. What a Laugh. What a Voice. What a Life. His name was so long it would not fit on any standardized form. His laugh could upset hyenas. His voice made James Earl Jones jealous, His life - what a life he led.He was a brilliant lawyer, a dynamic speaker, a dedicated teacher, a prolific scholar, and a wise and fair jurist. But what made A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., so special was that he stood against injustice whenever and wherever it existed. Whether the problem was racial discrimination, gender exclusion, religious persecution, child abuse, or poverty, Leon unselfishly advocated for change. From his days as a freshman at Purdue University, where he took his demands that the university provide heat for the racially segregated black swdents housed in an attic of one of the school buildings all the way up to the college president, to his testimony last December in the impeachment trial of William Jefferson Clinton before the U.S. House of Representatives - Leon spoke forcefully for a vision of America that included male and female, white and black, rich and poor, and truth and compassion.
Computation and Direct Readout of Dynamic Properties: the Identifier

An instrumentation system is described which provides on-line computation and direct readout of C and K. The system relies on the measurement of force and displacement or velocity across the sample and is independent of the type of test machine. Errors introduced by unwanted phase shift in any instrumentation system are discussed. This is overcome in this measurement system by phase compensation. Calibration of the system is described in which an overall system accuracy can be determined independent of test machine or rubber sample. This system has been specifically designed for measurement of dynamic properties of rubber and provides the operator with direct readout of C and K scaled to engineering units, thereby reducing potential operator error.
Channel Convection in Partly Solidified Systems

Channel plume flow arising from thermosolutal convection has been examined in metallic, aqueous and organic systems, covering a range of Prandtl numbers over three orders of magnitude. Observations were made directly in the transparent aqueous and organic systems and after the event in fully solidified metallic alloys. Plume dimensions and those of the concomitant channels are remarkably similar in all three materials, as are the composition differences between plumes or channels and the matrices. Detailed measurements and observations of these dimensions and of flow rates in the transparent materials are described and discussed. Analysis of plume flow rates in the transparent systems, if extrapolated to metals, would predict convective flow rates between 0.1 m s -1 and 0.2 m s -1 . The validity of this extrapolation is qualified by the way in which posthumous solute channels develop in the fully solidified metallic samples.
Maximal Total Length Of k Disjoint Cycles In Bipartite Graphs

Let k, s and n be three integers with s≥k≥2, n≥2k+1. Let G=(V 1,V 2;E) be a bipartite graph with |V 1|=|V 2|=n. If the minimum degree of G is at least s+1, then G contains k vertex-disjoint cycles covering at least min(2n,4s) vertices of G.
An extended evaluation of an in vivo teratology screen utilizing postnatal growth and viability in the mouse.

A teratology test system proposed by Chernoff and Kavlock [3,4] utilizes growth and viability for 3 days after birth to prioritize chemicals for standard teratology testing. The present study is an extended observation of the growth and viability of Chernoff and Kavlock's animals from 41 treatments for 250 days to determine if neonatal weight reductions persisted throughout life, if mortality occurred later in life or, if other serious abnormalities developed that could not be anticipated from the neonatal data. One chemical which was positive in the present study would be a false negative in the standard teratology test and the Chernoff/Kavlock Assay (CKA). Congo red did not cause frank malformations or mortality but it specifically altered reproductive function in the offspring. Two chemicals produced a variety of unusual abnormalities that were not apparent in the neonates, indicating that postnatal testing is necessary to determine the full teratogenic potential of some compounds. Mice exposed prenatally to cytosine arabinoside became hydrocephalic and 30% of them lacked lower incisors. Nitrofen caused hydrocephaly, the age of eye-opening was delayed, a few of the mice had no eyes, and most of the mice lacked Harderian glands. Eighteen of the 41 treatments caused mortality of 15%, or greater, by day 3, and four of these treatments resulted in additional mortality past the neonatal period. No compound caused a decrease in viability after the neonatal period without also reducing days 1 or 3 litter sizes, validating the use of this measurement in the CKA. Cytosine arabinoside was administered later in gestation than the CKA dosing regime and caused a marginally significant increase in mortality near birth but killed over 50% of the pups after weaning. Altering the duration or period of exposure in the CKA may necessitate a longer postnatal evaluation than presently recommended [3,4]. Neonatal weight, the second parameter used in the CKA to prioritize chemicals for additional testing, appears to be less useful than viability. It was a poor predictor of subsequent growth, some early weight effects persisted, while most of those concurrent with maternal weight reductions were transient. A correlation analysis of the parameters measured in the CKA and in the present study, excluding the compounds that produce frank malformations, indicated that compounds that reduced maternal weight gain during dosing had fewer live pups and growth was transiently retarded. Compounds could be tested in the CKA at a dose that result in less than a 20% reduction in maternal weight gain during dosing without confounding maternal toxicity with postnatal effects.
Aspects of Stop Consonant Production by Pediatric Users of Cochlear Implants.

Purpose: Data and analyses are reported for stop consonant production by 12 children who have used cochlear implants for at least 5 years, focusing on variation within and between individual phonological systems. Method: Participants were 6 oral communication users and 6 total communication users. Productions of single words were analyzed for stop inventories, phonotactic constraints, and morphophonemic alternations. Variation was further analyzed within optimality theory. Results: Children’s inventories differed from English mainly in having additional, non-English stops. Total communication users had fewer ambient stops and more nonambient ones than did oral communication users. Control over English allophonic and neutralization rules varied among children. Phonological variation could be accounted for by positing unique underlying representations and different constraint rankings within optimality theory. Clinical Implications: Atypical speech by children with cochlear implants involves both articulati...
EFFECTS OF PREFERENCE AND DOMINANCE ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S OPTIONAL SHIFT PERFORMANCE

Uniuessdty of Akron Sunzmasy.-The relative influence of preference and dominance (cue similarity) on mediated learning and transfer in kindergarten children was investigated in an optional intradimensional-extradimensional shift paradigm. Children were initially trained with a relevant dimension which was preferred-dominant, preferred-nondominanr, nonpreferred-dominant, or nonpreferred-nondominant. In stationarity analyses, all groups appeared to learn the initial problem in a mediacional fashion; preference and dominance did not differentially influence type of learning. Relevance of a preferred and/or dominant dimension resulted in mediated transfer, as reflected by the preponderance of intradimensional shifts. No mediated transfer in the nonpreferred-nondominant group despite mediated learning was explained in terms of differential response strengths of the observing responses specific to relevant and irrelevant dimensions. Much of the research in the area of children's discrimination learning and transfer has focused on determining the age at which children become capable of mediation. Many studies (e.g., Kendler & Kendler, 1962; Tighe & Tighe, 1967) have shown that young children do not appear to employ mediation, whereas others report mediation in even preschool children (e.g., Caron, 1970; Mumbauer & Odom, 1967). As a result of the contradictory findings concerning the specific age at which children begin to mediate, recent discussions (Brown & Campione, 1973; Cole & Medin, 1973) have suggested that future research should focus on specifying those conditions under which mediation takes place rather than demonstrating the .existence of mediation at some developmental level. Brown and Campione (1973) have further suggested that a distinction be made between conditions or paradigms which show evidence for mediated learning and those which show evidence for mediated transfer. Two variants of the optional shift paradigm have been used to study mediated learning and/or transfer. In the reversal-extradimensional paradigm, the stimulus cues remain unchanged between the initial and shift problems, e.g., blue circle and red square in both problems. In contrast, the intradimensionalextradimensional paradigm involves a change in stimulus cues from the initial discrimination to shift problem, e.g., blue circle and red square to yellow triangle and green cross. In both paradigms, the dimensions, e.g., color and form, remain unchanged with the major difference being whether the cues remain intact or change between problems. Depending on the paradigm used, the occurrence of either a reversal or intradimensional shift is typically considered to indicate mediated learning and/or transfer because the subject continues to respond on
Cognitive‐behavioral treatment of premenstrual syndrome and chronic gynecologic pain

Mood disorders have been associated with reproductive events and gynecologic conditions which specifically affect women. Somatic therapies have dominated treatment for these disorders, possibly because of the commonly held belief that the accompanying mood changes are primarily related to physiological states. Some women, however, may receive inadequate symptom relief from currently available pharmacologic therapies, or find other treatment options, such as surgical or hormonal therapies, unacceptable because of the negative impact on their future reproductive or health status. Based on the documented effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies in the treatment of other mood disorders, exploratory studies of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies for gynecologically related mood disorders have been initiated. This review focuses on the problem areas of premenstrual syndrome and chronic pelvic pain. A number of cognitive-behavioral strategies for treating premenstrual mood symptoms have been reported in the literature; however, few have been subjected to controlled studies with well-evaluated and well-described subjects. Preliminary findings suggest that a combination of cognitive-behavioral interventions and relaxation training, when administered in an adequate number of treatment sessions, may significantly improve premenstrual mood disorders and possibly maintain benefits for a longer period time than pharmacologic treatments. Few therapeutic modalities specific for pelvic pain beyond medical/ surgical approaches have been evaluated. Depending on the treatment setting, general pain management approaches may be applied to pelvic pain patients; however, there is some evidence that chronic pelvic pain patients may differ from other chronic pain conditions and may have special therapeutic needs. Reports of controlled trials of psychological interventions are quite limited; however, several studies report that combined multidisciplinary approaches result in improved levels of functioning. A proposed model for chronic pelvic pain and suggested intervention strategies are also discussed. Depression 3:60–65 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stereochemical inversion in difunctionalised pillar[5]arenes

Pillar[5]arenes constitute a class of macrocycles which display planar chirality on account of the methylene bridges that link five disubstituted para-phenylene rings together. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that A1/A2-dihydroxypillar[5]arene undergoes conformational inversion between its enantiomers with an energy barrier of 11.9 kcal mol− 1. This process involving an oxygen-through-the-annulus rotation by all five hydroquinone rings is associated with the breaking of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds between phenolic hydroxyl and methoxyl groups on neighbouring phenylene rings. A combination of molecular mechanics and quantum mechanical calculations reveals that the conformational inversion undergone by A1/A2-dihyroxypillar[5]arene involves the breaking of one of these hydrogen bonds in the rate-limiting step of the process. Not only does the calculated energy of activation (13.8 kcal mol− 1) using density functional theory agree well with the experimentally determined value (13.0 kcal mol− 1), i...
Actin Filament Cables in Drosophila Nurse Cells Are Composed of Modules That Slide Passively Past One Another during Dumping

At a late stage in Drosophila oogenesis, nurse cells rapidly expel their cytoplasm into the oocyte via intracellular bridges by a process called nurse cell dumping. Before dumping, numerous cables composed of actin filaments appear in the cytoplasm and extend inward from the plasma membrane toward the nucleus. This actin cage prevents the nucleus, which becomes highly lobed, from physically blocking the intracellular bridges during dumping. Each cable is composed of a linear series of modules composed of ∼25 cross-linked actin filaments. Adjacent modules overlap in the cable like the units of an extension ladder. During cable formation, individual modules are nucleated from the cell surface as microvilli, released, and then cross-linked to an adjacent forming module. The filaments in all the modules in a cable are unidirectionally polarized. During dumping as the volume of the cytoplasm decreases, the nucleus to plasma membrane distance decreases, compressing the actin cables that shorten as adjacent modules slide passively past one another just as the elements of an extension ladder slide past one another for storage. In Drosophila , the modular construction of actin cytoskeletons seems to be a generalized strategy. The behavior of modular actin cytoskeletons has implications for other actin-based cytoskeletal systems, e.g., those involved in Listeria movement, in cell spreading, and in retrograde flow in growth cones and fibroblasts.
A review of hereditary breast cancer: From screening to risk factor modification

The identification of genetic mutations thought to be directly responsible for the development of breast cancer represents a major advance in our understanding of this disease. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are thought to be responsible for the majority of inherited breast cancer. Although these mutations account for approximately 5% of breast cancer cases, the identification of these genes will have a profound impact on the way patients and their physicians view breast cancer risk. Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is already available. Interpreting results of genetic tests for these mutations is problematic and the clinical management of women carrying these gene mutations is far from straightforward. The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in the genetic aspects of breast cancer, including genetic testing, to critically review risk factor modification, and to discuss screening and potential prophylactic measures.
Formation of cellulose acetate fibers by the rapid expansion of supercritical methanol solutions

It is shown that rapid expansion of supercritical solutions can be used to produce 2-3 μm cellulose acetate fibers from the concentrated solutions that would be desirable for a number of commercial applications. Polymer concentration can have a dramatic effect on polymer morphology
Large grain instruction and phonological awareness skill influence rime sensitivity, processing speed, and early decoding skill in adult L2 learners

Linguistic knowledge, cognitive ability, and instruction influence how adults acquire a second orthography yet it remains unclear how different forms of instruction influence grain size sensitivity and subsequent decoding skill and speed. Thirty-seven monolingual, literate English-speaking adults were trained on a novel artificial orthography given initial instruction that directed attention to either large or small grain size units (i.e., words or letters). We examined how initial instruction influenced processing speed (i.e., reaction time (RT)) and sensitivity to different orthographic grain sizes (i.e., rimes and letters). Directing attention to large grain size units during initial instruction resulted in higher accuracy for rimes, whereas directing attention to smaller grain size units resulted in slower RTs across all measures. Additionally, phonological awareness skill modulated early learning effects, compensating for the limitations of the initial instruction provided. Collectively, these findings suggest that when adults are learning to read a second orthography, consideration should be given to how initial instruction directs attention to different grain sizes and to inherent phonological awareness ability.
The 1981 C. H. McCloy Research Lecture: Analysis of Local Muscular Fatigue Patterns

Abstract The classical ergographic experiments conducted by Mosso in the late 1800s were an impetus to widespread study of fatigue patterns as related to learning and educational planning. In no small way, Mosso's work contributed to the development of scientific study of children and pedagogy. Subsequent work by many investigators has continued to seek links between physiological and psychological factors with local muscular fatigue pattern components. In this paper, a discussion of logically deduced versus statistically defined components in fatigue pattern analysis strategies is followed by a concise review of local muscular fatigue patterns as related to (1) level of strength in male and female subjects, (2) recovery and over-recovery patterns, (3) the quick jump in strength phenomenon, (4) psychological factors, and (5) muscle fiber type composition.
Decreased survival in diabetic patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction

Background: Prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) has improved in recent years due to advances in therapy. Whether this is also true for diabetic subjects with HF in clinical practice has not been studied in a prospective manner. Methods: All patients with HF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction attending the outpatient clinic at our Veteran's Hospital between October 1999 and November 2000 were enrolled in our study and followed prospectively. Electronic medical records were accessed for data on comorbid conditions, medications, echocardiogram results and mortality information. Mean follow-up was 2.7 years. Results: Of 495 patients with HF due to systolic dysfunction enrolled in the study, 293 (59%) had diabetes. Prevalence of hypertension, diuretic use and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor use was higher among diabetics. Beta-blocker usage was equal and high in both groups (60%). On follow-up, 109/273 (37%) patients in the diabetic group died, compared with 49/202 (24%) in the non-diabetic group. Independent predictors of death were diabetes (p<0.005, OR=1.73), age at enrollment (p<0.0001, OR=1.06), serum creatinine (p<0.01, OR=1.44) and diuretic use (p=0.038, OR=1.85). Beta-blocker use was associated with a decreased risk of death on univariate analysis only. Conclusions: Our results show that diabetic patients with HF continue to have higher mortality than non-diabetic patients with HF despite advances in therapy.
Systolic Implementation Of Neural Network

The backpropagation algorithm for error gradient calculations in multilayer, feed-forward neural networks is derived in matrix form involving inner and outer products. It is demonstrated that these calculations can be carried out efficiently using systolic processing techniques [3], particularly using the SPRINT, a 64-element systolic processor developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This machine contains one million synapses, and forward-propagates 12 million connections per second, using 100 watts of power. When executing the algorithm, each SPRINT processor performs useful work 97% of the time. The theory and applications are confirmed by some nontrivial examples involving seismic signal recognition.
Atherosclerosis is not a risk factor for anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibody formation after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

Atherosclerosis is not a risk factor for anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibody formation after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery -
Non-destructive evaluation of erosion damage on E-glass/epoxy composites

Abstract A non-destructive evaluation method for predicting the residual tensile strength of erosion damaged fiber-reinforced composites was developed based on monitoring the acoustic emission (AE) activity of the composite specimens during uniaxial tensile loading. The developed method was used for estimating the residual strength of E-glass/epoxy composite with ply sequence of [45°/−45°/0°/45°/−45°/0°] S . A mixture of air and SiC particles with diameter of 400–500 μm was blasted to the composite specimens at various impact angles and durations to induce the local damage. Subsequently, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on the specimens subjected to solid particle erosion as well as undamaged specimens while monitoring the acoustic emission activity. The extent and mechanisms of damage due to tensile loading of composite specimens were explored by examining the failure surface upon completion of tensile tests under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by measuring the distribution of AE events by event duration, ring down counts and energy distribution during tensile tests. Weibull probability distribution model and AE stress delay parameter model were developed to relate the AE activity to the erosion damage and residual strength. The results show that the developed non-destructive method is capable of predicting the residual strength of composites subjected to solid particle damage.
Characterization of the water soluble soil organic pool following the rewetting of dry soil in a drought-prone tallgrass prairie

Abstract To better understand the nature of the C flush that follows the rewetting of dry soil, we chemically characterized the water soluble pools following rewetting of soil dried to several different water potentials. To assess the impact that historical soil water status has on the size of the rewetting labile soluble pool, a laboratory water stress gradient was applied to soils that were collected from drought-prone and irrigated tallgrass prairie soils. In the laboratory, soils were either incubated at −33 kPa or dried steadily over a 0.6, 1, 2, or 3 day period to −1.5, −4, −15, and −45 MPa respectively. On the 4th day, samples were wetted back to −33 kPa and immediately assayed for soluble, microbial, or respiratory pools of carbon. After extraction, samples were also assayed using NMR, GC–MS, and LC–MS to assess carbohydrate, amino acid, osmolyte and sugar pools. The greater the degree of drying before rewetting was associated with greater concentrations of microbial, soluble and respiratory pools of carbon, increasing by 50, 400 and 250%, respectively, in the most water stressed compared to continuously moist soil. Compared to drought-prone soils, the amount of soluble C released as a result of rewetting was 30 to 50% greater in soils that were irrigated for 11 years. The pool of organics was not completely characterized and only small amounts of TBDMS and TMS derived compounds accounting for 2–4% of the soluble C pool were detected. In contrast, oligosaccharides constituted approximately 20–25% of the sample C. Our results suggest that the flush of C following wetting of a dry soil is not dominated by common microbial osmolytes (e.g. proline, glycine betaine, ectoine, glycerol, mannitol, trehalose). In light of this finding more research is needed to better understand the adaptations that microbial communities utilize to respond to the rewetting of dried soil.
On the Asymptotic Properties of Solutions of One Functional-Differential Equation with Linearly Transformed Argument

We establish new properties of solutions of the functional-differential equation Φ′(t) = βΦ(qt) + ζΦ′(qt).
Innovations: A Note of Caution:

One striking similarity to be found in the case his tories of many field innovations is the absence of a comprehensive plan for implementation. The au thors present guidelines and suggestions for educa tors who wish to implement and maintain innova tive programs.
An ultrafast network for communication of radiologic images.

The three most difficult problems in making picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) a clinical reality in radiology are image archiving, very high-resolution display stations, and high-speed networking. This article considers high-speed image transmission through a high-capacity network. Our laboratory has tested several commercially available high-speed networks over the past year. Only one of these networks (UltraNet) has adequate throughput and capacity potential necessary for our PACS. The focus of this experiment is to determine the throughput and capacity characteristics of this star topology networking scheme as they relate to the operation of a PACS in the clinical environment. A large-scale test was done to gauge network performance for three networking configurations modeling those in a PACS: duplex, parallel, and relay. Ten computers used in our PACS (Sun 3 and 4 computers) were connected with UltraNet. For point-to-point throughput (half-duplex model), the network delivers up to 3.1 megabytes/sec for Sun 3 computers and 6.8 megabytes/sec for the Sun Sparcserver 490. As regards capacity considerations (parallel model), five parallel image transfer processes generated a maximum of 13.9 megabytes/sec through the network. Only a slight degradation in individual process throughput was observed (1.4%). With regard to shared access to high-contention resources on the PACS network (e.g., archive servers), this network demonstrated equal sharing of server networking capacity between the various client computers. With the encouraging results of this experiment, we believe that the UltraNet network will be sufficient for the image communication requirements of our PACS. We are proceeding with the implementation of UltraNet as the high-speed backbone of our extended PACS network.
A Unified Account of Object Clitics and Referential Null Objects in French

. It has traditionally been assumed that French is a non-null-object language on a par with English. Yet the analysis of adult French corpora has shown the consistent occurrence of referential null objects in speech and writing. These constructions, although clearly marked, put into question a major premise of syntactic analyses of object-clitic constructions—namely, that sentences referring to a specific, referential object but lacking both a clitic and a postverbal object are necessarily ungrammatical. The goal of this paper is to present a revised analysis of object-clitic constructions that is capable of integrating referential null objects. It is proposed that the zero morpheme constitutes the default realization of the accusative clitic head and is inserted if this head is underspecified for Case. The analysis extends naturally to account for predicate le, as well as to errors observed in child language development, in particular the overuse of masculine singular le as well as object (-clitic) omission. It is proposed that the syntactic representation underlying clitic drop in child and adult French is identical, yet child and adult French differ with regard to the reason for the underspecification of the clitic head.
Don't Throw out the Baby with the Bath Water: A Novel Way of Evaluating Outcomes in the Healthy Families America Programs.

The current study examines the inherent challenges of the wide-scale implementation and replication of program models. Using the Healthy Family America (HFA) program model, the study reviews the adaptation/adoption debate and highlights the ways in which program adoption and program adaptation could coexist to facilitate successful program implementations. Specifically, 103 HFA program sites were evaluated based on their adherence to HFA's flexible program model. Although the results are mixed, the study presents a new way of addressing existing program implementation and replication issues.
UAV for 3D mapping applications: a review

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms are nowadays a valuable source of data for inspection, surveillance, mapping, and 3D modeling issues. As UAVs can be considered as a low-cost alternative to the classical manned aerial photogrammetry, new applications in the short- and close-range domain are introduced. Rotary or fixed-wing UAVs, capable of performing the photogrammetric data acquisition with amateur or SLR digital cameras, can fly in manual, semiautomated, and autonomous modes. Following a typical photogrammetric workflow, 3D results like digital surface or terrain models, contours, textured 3D models, vector information, etc. can be produced, even on large areas. The paper reports the state of the art of UAV for geomatics applications, giving an overview of different UAV platforms, applications, and case studies, showing also the latest developments of UAV image processing. New perspectives are also addressed.
A cellular automaton model of early tumor growth and invasion.

A hybrid cellular automaton model is described and used to simulate early tumor growth and examine the roles of host tissue vascular density and tumor metabolism in the ability of a small number of monoclonal transformed cells to develop into an invasive tumor. The model incorporates normal cells, tumor cells, necrotic or empty space, and a random network of native microvessels as components of a cellular automaton state vector. Diffusion of glucose and H(+)ions (the latter largely resulting from the tumor's excessive reliance on anaerobic metabolism) to and from the microvessels, and their utilization or production by cells, is modeled through the solution of differential equations. In this way, the cells and microvessels affect the extracellular concentrations of glucose and H(+)which, in turn, affect the evolution of the automaton. Simulations of the model demonstrate that: (i) high tumor H(+)ion production is favorable for tumor growth and invasion; however for every H(+)ion production rate, there exists a range of optimal microvessel densities (leading to a local pH favorable to tumor but not to normal cells) for which growth and invasion is most effective, (ii) at vascular densities below this range, both tumor and normal cells die due to excessively low pH, (iii) for vascular densities above the optimal range the microvessel network is highly efficient at removing acid and therefore the tumor cells lose their advantage over normal cells gained by high local H(+)concentration. While significant spatial gradients of glucose formed, no regions of detrimentally poor glucose perfusion (for either cell type) were observed, regardless of microvessel density. Depending on metabolic phenotype, a variety of tumor morphologies similar to those clinically observed were realized in the simulations. Lastly, a sharp transition (analogous to that of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence) between states of initial tumor confinement and efficient invasiveness was observed when H(+)production reached a critical value.
Infectious agents and multiple sclerosis--are Chlamydia pneumoniae and human herpes virus 6 involved?

A good deal of evidence suggests an infectious component in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and, to date, some 20 bacteria and viruses have been associated with the disease. Recent independent sets of studies have implicated the respiratory bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) in the pathogenesis of MS. However, as is the case for essentially all earlier microbial associations, experimental evidence linking either this bacterium or this virus to MS is equivocal. We review the published reports concerning involvement of C. pneumoniae and HHV-6 in MS, and data relating to possession of the APOE e4 allele, which some studies indicate might influence how these or other pathogens affect disease genesis. Based on the large set of inconsistent observations available and given important new information regarding the neuropathology of MS, we contend that no conclusion is possible at this point regarding the potential role of either C. pneumoniae or HHV-6 in MS. We therefore propose future studies that should clarify whether, and if so how, these and other organisms function in the pathogenesis of this disease.
A characterization of the independence - distribution - preserving covariance structure for the multivariate maximum squared - radii statistic

Necessary and sufficient conditions on the observation covariance structure and on the set of linear transformations are given for which the distribution of the multivariate maximum squared - radii statistic for detecting a single multivariate outlier is invariant from the distribution assuming the usual independence covariance structure. Thus, we extend the work of Baksalary and Puntanen (1990), who have given necessary and sufficient conditions for an independence-distribution-preserving covariance structure for Grubbs' statistic for detecting a univariate outlier. We also extend the work of Marco, Young, and Turner (1987) and Pavur and Young (1991), who have given sufficient conditions for an independence-distribution-preserving dependency structure for the multivariate squared - radii statistic.
Winds influence Bering Shelf circulation

Circulation over the Bering Sea shelf and between the shelf and the adjacent deep basin affects the ecosystem through nutrient exchange, egg and larvae dispersal, and changes in temperature and salinity. Using numerical models and observations, Danielson et al. present a new simple framework showing how circulation on the Bering shelf varies with wind forcing. They f n d two primary modes of wind forcing, and changes in wind direction tend to reverse the flow around the shelf. Northwesterly winds, which are more common, promote off-shelf transport along the majority of the continental slope, while southeasterly winds, which are less frequent, are associated with greater on-shelf transport. The study improves overall understanding of the Bering shelf circulation. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051231, 2012)
Histidine--rich glycoprotein in the blood of the bivalve Mytilus edulis: role in cadmium speciation and cadmium transfer to the kidney.

Abstract Cadmium transfer from M. edulis L. blood plasma to tissues was investigated in relation to its chemical speciation in the blood. 109Cd was injected into the posterior adductor muscle along with synthetic chelators oxine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA). Chelator concentrations were chosen to bind up from 0 to 98.7% of the total blood Cd, based on speciation calculations using the geochemical speciation model MINTEQA2. Increases in synthetically chelated Cd were accompanied by linear decreases in the calculated percentages of Histidine-rich Glycoprotein (HRG)-bound Cd, and nonlinear decreases in Cd2+ and Cd chloro-complexes. Cadmium uptake by the kidneys decreased with increasing percentage synthetic chelation, while uptake by other tissues was not affected by chelation. Results indicate that there is at least one mechanism of Cd uptake common to all M. edulis tissues, and an additional, more rapid uptake mechanism in the kidneys that is mediated by CdHRG.
How well can children recognize speech features in spectrograms? Comparisons by age and hearing status.

Real-time spectrographic displays (SDs) have been used in speech training for more than 30 years with adults and children who have severe and profound hearing impairments. Despite positive outcomes from treatment studies, concerns remain that the complex and abstract nature of spectrograms may make these speech training aids unsuitable for use with children. This investigation examined how well children with normal hearing sensitivity and children with impaired hearing can recognize spectrographic cues for vowels and consonants, and the ages at which these visual cues are distinguished. Sixty children (30 with normal hearing sensitivity, 30 with hearing impairments) in 3 age groups (6–7, 8–9, and 10–11 years) were familiarized with the spectrographic characteristics of selected vowels and consonants. The children were then tested on their ability to select a match for a model spectrogram from among 3 choices. Overall scores indicated that spectrographic cues were recognized with greater-than-chance accura...
Characteristics associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in the United States.

Abstract Objective Existing data suggest that influenza vaccination rates among adults in the United States fall far short of the Healthy People 2010 goals and the updated Healthy People 2020 targets. We identified characteristics associated with influenza vaccination that might inform strategies for increasing coverage. Methods We used data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios for receiving the influenza vaccine in the past 12 months. Results Among 134,101 adults aged ≥ 65 years, the influenza vaccination coverage level was 68.9%. Among 286,867 younger adults aged 18–64 years, coverage was markedly lower: 31.8%. Having health care coverage was the strongest predictor of vaccination in both age groups, after accounting for other sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and health status. Those reporting older age, white race, higher education, non-smoking status, being physically active, or having poor physical health or a personal history of various chronic conditions were also more likely to report having received the influenza vaccine. Conclusion Our results show clearly that vaccine uptake in the United States is related to social position as well as other health behaviors. These findings call for renewed attention to vaccination strategies to meet the updated Healthy People 2020 goals.
The Dual Economy and Sex Differences in Earnings

This paper evaluates dual economy theory and research on the problem of sex differences in earnings. General Social Survey data are used to demonstrate that (1) the four most commonly used measures of the dual economy (Beck, Horan & Tolbert 1978; Bibb & Form 1977; Hodson 1977; Tolbert, Horan & Beck 1980) are extremely inconsistent when allocating women and men to industrial sectors, (2) the inconsistency results in markedly different empirical estimates of the role of the dual economy in generating sex differences in earnings, and (3) the dual economy measures provide only modest support-if any at all-for hypotheses derived from dual economy theory. In the closing section I consider the use of multiple, continuous measures of industrial structure in dual economy research. Emerging in the late 1960s, the dual economy perspective was integrated into a number of research papers concerned with sex differences in earnings (Beck, Horan & Tolbert 1978, 1980; Bibb & Form 1977; Coverman 1983; Fligstein, Hicks & Morgan 1983; Hauser 1980; Hodson 1977; Hodson & England 1986; Lord & Falk 1980; Maume 1985; Parcel & Mueller 1983; Roos 1981; Tolbert, Horan & Beck 1980; Ward & Mueller 1985). Recently, a wave of critiques of dual economy theory (Baron & Bielby 1980; Hodson 1984; Hodson & Kaufman 1982) and measures (Apostle, Clairmont & Osberg 1985; Kaufman, Hodson & Fligstein 1981; Wallace & Kalleberg 1981; Zucker & Rosenstein 1983) have prompted some to argue that we need to move "beyond" the dual economy perspective in our efforts to account for sex differences in earnings. In order to constructively move beyond the dual economy perspective, however, we need to take stock of what the perspective has contributed to our understanding of sex differences in
Flux growth and physical properties of Mo 3 Sb 7 single crystals

Millimeter sized single crystals of Mo${}_{3}$Sb${}_{7}$ are grown using the self-flux technique and a thorough characterization of their structural, magnetic, thermal, and transport properties is reported. The structure parameters for the high-temperature cubic phase and the low-temperature tetragonal phase were determined with neutron single crystal diffraction. Both x-ray powder diffraction and neutron single crystal diffraction at room temperature confirmed that Mo${}_{3}$Sb${}_{7}$ crystallizes in Ir${}_{3}$Ge${}_{7}$-type cubic structure with space group $\mathit{Im}$ $\overline{3}$$m$. The cubic-tetragonal structure transition at 53 K is verified by the peak splitting of (4 0 0) reflection observed by x-ray single crystal diffraction and the dramatic intensity change of the (12 0 0) peak observed by neutron single crystal diffraction. The structural transition is accompanied by a sharp drop in magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and thermopower while cooling. A weak lambda anomaly was also observed around 53 K in the temperature dependence of specific heat, and the entropy change across the transition is estimated to be 1.80 J/mol Mo K. The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility was measured up to 750 K, and it follows a Curie-Weiss behavior above room temperature. Analysis of the low-temperature magnetic susceptibility suggests a spin gap of 110 K around 53 K. A typical phonon thermal conductivity was observed in the low temperature tetragonal phase. A glassy phonon thermal conductivity above 53 K suggests a structural instability in a wide temperature range. Superconductivity was observed at 2.35 K in the as-grown crystals, and the dimensionless specific heat jump $▵C(T)/{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{n}{T}_{c}$ was determined to be 1.49, which is slightly larger than the BCS value of 1.43 for the weak-coupling limit.
Assessing experiences of international students in Haiti and Benin

This article presents an assessment of a series of international educational initiatives that have been pursued over the past decade in the arena of development and management of groundwater resources in Haiti and Benin. Projects pursued ranged from short-term service efforts to long-term research efforts. These initiatives are compared in terms of project objectives relative to U.S. undergraduates, U.S. graduate students, in-country partners, and local populations in the project country.
Collapse of Viabahn Stent-Graft Secondary to Rheolytic Thrombectomy: A Rare Complication of the AngioJet Device

There is increased use of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for treatment of occluded dialysis access. The AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy device is one such device available. Reports have shown safety and efficacy of these techniques with relatively few complications. We describe a case report of a collapsed Viabahn endoprosthesis in an arteriovenous fistula during treatment with an AngioJet device.