cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keeping Track of Speaker's Perspective: The Role of Social Identity

A long and narrow piece of wood is “a bat,” “a stick,” “a club,” or “firewood.” In fact, anything can be described from multiple perspectives, each suggesting a different conceptualization. People keep track of how speakers conceptualize things and expect them to describe them similarly in the future. This article demonstrates that these expectations are partly based on the speaker's social identity. Participants watched speakers describe objects. In Experiment 1, people expected a female speaker to use another female's, rather than a male's, term. In Experiment 2, participants misattributed a term to a speaker more within a gender category than between genders, demonstrating that such expectations stem from source monitoring. Experiment 3 showed that source confusion is not due only to similarity among individuals, but also to their social category: Salient gender exacerbated gender-based misattributions. Together, these results show that people keep track of speakers' conceptualizations partly via their...
AllCeram crowns for single replacement implant abutments.

Abstract Clinicians who are comfortable with traditional porcelain fused to metal restorations may find the thickness of veneering porcelain addition to the CeraOne single tooth ceramic cap disconcerting. When using a premanufactured ceramic cap to fit the space of the final restoration, substantial amounts of "unsupported" veneer porcelain may be required to achieve tooth contact to adjacent or opposing dentition. A potential problem of weak, unsupported veneer porcelain has been addressed by a modification of an existing manufacturing process. By using CAD/CAM technology, a custom-designed Procera AllCeram coping can be created for the implant abutment that eliminates any concerns regarding the resultant design of the underlying ceramic cap substructure. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:486-9.)
The recognition of the influence of age on butterfat percentage when calculating mature equivalents.

Summary A study of 34,176 lactation records not exceeding 305 days in length shows a definite decrease in the butterfat percentage of the milk of Ayrshire cows from the first lactation to old age that is statistically significant. Because of this decline in butterfat percentage with age it is suggested that it would be more nearly accurate to use age conversion factors for both milk and butterfat production, or to use a fat percentage differential as a correction factor when using only one set of age conversion factors for both milk production and butterfat production.
Development of denervation alterations in surface membranes of mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract The effect of denervation on selected biochemical properties of skeletal muscle surface membranes was studied. Studies were performed on muscle denervated 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 days. After denervation the surface membranes of skeletal muscle underwent specific biochemical alterations without gross changes in membrane polypeptide or lipid composition. Seven days after denervation sarcolemmal membranes underwent a slight density shift. Na+,K+(Mg2+)-ATPase activity and sialic acid content increased beginning 3 days postdenervation. Basal, sodium fluoride-stimulated, and isoproterenolstimulated adenyl cyclase activity decreased 50% after 5 days of denervation. Isoproterenol-stimulated activity was enhanced by 5′-guanylyl imidodiphosphate [Gpp (NH) p]. Membrane tentatively identified as transverse tubule increased in yield as denervation progressed. In this fraction endogenous protein kinase activity for a 28,000-MW polypeptide decreased by 50% between days 2 and 3. The decrease in membrane protein phosphorylation was paralleled by a decrease in content of the 28,000-MW polypeptide. These membrane changes may help contribute to our understanding of the physiological alterations observed in skeletal muscles after denervation.
Nitrogen balance in and export from agricultural fields associated with controlled drainage systems and denitrifying bioreactors

Abstract Nitrate loss from drainage tiles across the cornbelt of the upper midwestern US is a result of intensive agriculture with limited crop diversity, extensive periods of fallow soil, and the need for high fertilizer applications to corn, all located on a hydrologically modified landscape. Two methods proposed to reduce tile nitrate export are managed or controlled drainage to limit tile flow and bioreactors to enhance denitrification. Nitrogen budgets and tile flow monitoring were conducted over two- to three-year periods between 2006 and 2009. We estimated N budgets in a seed corn-soybean rotation farming system near DeLand, east-central Illinois, USA, with free (FD) and controlled drainage (CD) patterned tile systems. In addition, wood chip filled trenches (bioreactors) were installed below the CD structures, one lined with plastic and one unlined. We measured daily tile flow and nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) concentrations and calculated cumulative N loss from the tile water at both FD and CD areas for a period of three cropping years. We also monitored the tile flow and nitrate concentration in inlet and outlet of the bioreactor associated with a CD system and evaluated the efficiency of the bioreactor for two cropping years. Most components of the N balance were unaffected by CD (yields and therefore N harvested, surface soil denitrification), and there was a negative N balance in the soybean cropping year (−165 and −163 kg N ha −1 at FD and CD areas, respectively), whereas seed corn cropping in the following year resulted in positive N balances (29 and 34 kg N ha −1 at FD and CD areas, respectively). For two years, the overall N balances were −136 and −129 kg N ha −1 at FD and CD areas, respectively, consistent with other recent corn belt studies showing a small net depletion of soil organic N. Controlled drainage greatly reduced tile N export, with a three-year average loss of 57.2 kg N ha −1 yr −1 from FD compared to 17 kg N ha −1 yr −1 for CD. There was high uncertainty in denitrification measurements and thus the fate of missing N in the CD system remained unknown. Nitrate reduction efficiency of the bioreactor varied greatly, with periods where nearly 100% of the nitrate was denitrified. The overall efficiency of the bioreactor associated with the CD system in reducing the tile N load was 33%. When nitrate was non-limiting, the nitrate removal rate of the bioreactor was 6.4 g N m −3 d −1 . Little N 2 O emission was found from the bioreactor bed and is not thought to be a problem with these systems. Both the tile bioreactor and controlled drainage greatly reduced tile nitrate export in this leaky seed corn and soybean agricultural field.
Curves of succinoxidases inhibition by surface-active agents.

INHIBITION of the succinoxidase system by a variety of surface-active agents has been noted by Hockenhull1. The inhibition of this enzyme system by certain water-soluble androgens has recently been demonstrated2. The effect of these androgens suggested a surface phenomenon3.
Traumatic fracture of a polymethyl methacrylate patient-specific cranioplasty implant

Objective To present a case of a traumatic fracture of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) patient-specific implant (PSI) for cranioplasty. Methods A 14-year-old boy with a history of right decompressive hemicraniectomy and reconstructive cranioplasty with a PMMA PSI presented after an unhelmeted bicycle accident with somnolence, confusion, seizures, left hemiparesis, and an obviously deformed cranium. Results Computed tomography scan showed a comminuted, depressed fracture of the implant and cerebral contusions. The implant was seen to be shattered, resulting in displaced, overriding fragments and significant damage to underlying brain. The patient remained neurologically stable. To minimize the number of operations, intervention was delayed while a polyetheretherketone PSI was fabricated. During surgery, it was noted that the fractured pieces of the implant had caused dural lacerations, and some pieces were embedded in brain parenchyma. The fractured PMMA was removed, and the new implant was placed. The patient remained hemiparetic and was later transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Conclusions PMMA PSIs are commonly used for large defects and generally have good outcomes with low rates of revision. The case report described involves a shattered PMMA PSI after a traumatic impact, which resulted in hemiparesis. The question arises if this type of complication can be easily avoided with the addition of titanium onlay to restrict displacement in the event of fracture. This onlay represents a minor change of technique that could prevent migration of fracture fragments.
Luminaire Design Criteria for HID Light Sources

Great progress has been made in the efficiencies of light sources used in outdoor and industrial lighting during the past decade. Today's high intensity discharge (HID) lamps provide up to 140 lm/W compared to approximately 17 lm/W for the filament lamp. Each of the different HID light sources?mercury, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium?require different ballasting techniques. To obtain maximum efficiency and proper operation of the HID lamps, close attention should be given to the selection of the proper ballast. Luminaire design has kept pace with the progress made in light sources and today there is a wide variety of integrally ballasted HID luminaires suitable for practically any outdoor or indoor industrial or commercial application.
Energy loss of fast nonthermal electrons in plasmas.

Simple analytical expressions for equilibration times of nonrelativistic monoenergetic electrons in plasmas are evaluated in the 'weak'-beam approximation when the density of the monoenergetic electrons is much smaller than the plasma density. The equilibration time is defined as the time needed by the beam of monenergetic electrons to lose most of its energy as a result of collisions with plasma particles having a Maxwellian energy distribution. The process of energy equilibration is treated as a statistical superposition of both elastic and inelastic collisions in the plasma. The possibility of collisionless equilibration is discussed. Comparison of the equilibration times with the Spitzer relaxation times indicates that the former times are more appropriate for an estimate of the energy loss of the 'weak' electron beams in highly ionized plasmas.
Classroom strategies used by teachers of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Pediatric therapists working in schools commonly function as consultants toassist teachers to develop strategies to help promote the classroom performance of students with attention deficit hyperac...
Treatment of small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a lethal disease for which there have been only small advances in diagnosis and treatment in the past decade. Our goal was to revise the evidence-based guidelines on staging and best available treatment options. Methods A comprehensive literature search covering 2004 to 2011 was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and five Cochrane databases using SCLC terms. This was cross-checked with the authors' own literature searches and knowledge of the literature. Results were limited to research in humans and articles written in English. Results The staging classification should include both the old Veterans Administration staging classification of limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES), as well as the new seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer staging by TNM. The use of PET scanning is likely to improve the accuracy of staging. Surgery is indicated for carefully selected stage I SCLC. LS disease should be treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with good performance status. Thoracic radiotherapy should be administered early in the course of treatment, preferably beginning with cycle 1 or 2 of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy should consist of four cycles of a platinum agent and etoposide. ES disease should be treated primarily with chemotherapy consisting of a platinum agent plus etoposide or irinotecan. Prophylactic cranial irradiation prolongs survival in those individuals with both LS and ES disease who achieve a complete or partial response to initial therapy. To date, no molecularly targeted therapy agent has demonstrated proven efficacy against SCLC. Conclusion Evidence-based guidelines are provided for the staging and treatment of SCLC. LS-SCLC is treated with curative intent with 20% to 25% 5-year survival. ES-SCLC is initially responsive to standard treatment, but almost always relapses, with virtually no patients surviving for 5 years. Targeted therapies have no proven efficacy against SCLC.
Lethal vascular leak syndrome after denileukin diftitox administration to a patient with cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma and occult cirrhosis

Denileukin diftitox (Ontak) is an immunotoxin used in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Vascular leak syndrome is a known complication of this therapy, although the syndrome is most often self-limited. We report the case of a patient with cutaneous gamma/delta (gammadelta) T-cell lymphoma and previous undiagnosed liver disease treated with denileukin diftitox. Just 4 days after initiating drug therapy, the patient developed profound vascular leak syndrome characterized by a rapid fall in his previously normal serum albumin to levels below the limit of detection. The patient then quickly deteriorated into rhabdomyolysis and eventual death. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a death directly related to denileukin diftitox therapy. The purpose of this case is to increase awareness and improve management of patients who are treated with denileukin diftitox with resulting vascular leak syndrome leading to hypoalbuminemia.
Empirical Determination of the Basic Modes of Cumulus Heating and Drying Profiles

Abstract The constraint on the coupled vertical profiles of cumulus heating and drying, which can be used as a partial closure in cumulus parameterization, is examined using observational data from convectively active regions in the summertime. The data used in this study include those derived from Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment Phase III, Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment over the intensive flux array region, and four subsets of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis data that cover areas ranging from tropical to midlatitude continents. The profiles of Q1 and Q2 calculated from those data are analyzed using a statistical method. The proposed method is a revised version of the rotated principal component analysis based on the Promax rotation (RPCAPromax), which is believed suitable for identifying basic structures embedded within a given dataset. It is designed in such a way that the distorti...
Case history of a large-scale air sparging/soil vapor extraction system for remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water

A large-scale air sparging/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) project constructed within coastal plain sediments in New Jersey has demonstrated substantial progress toward remediating ground water through removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Potential concerns identified prior to project implementation regarding hydraulic mounding, reduction in hydraulic conductivity, development of air channels, and the absence of hydraulic containment were assessed and addressed through testing and operational features incorporated into the project. At the project site, AS/SVE has successfully reduced the presence of many VOCs to undetectable levels, while reducing the concentrations of the remaining VOCs by factors of two to 500. The physical agitation caused by air sparging, and incomplete transformation from sorbed and nonaqueous phases to the vapor phase, appears to temporarily increase VOC concentrations and/or mobility of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DN APLs) within source areas at the project site, but this is addressed in terms of subsequent removal of VOCs by properly placed downgradient treatment lines and VOCs by properly placed downgradient treatment lines and DNAPL recovery wells. This case study identifies and evaluates project-specific features and provides empirical data for potential comparison to other candidates AS/SVE sites.
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Deacetylase Activity Is Not Required for Mitochondrial Biogenesis or Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) Deacetylation following Endurance Exercise

The protein deacetylase, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), is a proposed master regulator of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, primarily via its ability to deacetylate and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). To investigate regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by SIRT1 in vivo, we generated mice lacking SIRT1 deacetylase activity in skeletal muscle (mKO). We hypothesized that deacetylation of PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesis in sedentary mice and after endurance exercise would be impaired in mKO mice. Skeletal muscle contractile characteristics were determined in extensor digitorum longus muscle ex vivo. Mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed after 20 days of voluntary wheel running by measuring electron transport chain protein content, enzyme activity, and mitochondrial DNA expression. PGC-1α expression, nuclear localization, acetylation, and interacting protein association were determined following an acute bout of treadmill exercise (AEX) using co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Contrary to our hypothesis, skeletal muscle endurance, electron transport chain activity, and voluntary wheel running-induced mitochondrial biogenesis were not impaired in mKO versus wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, PGC-1α expression, nuclear translocation, activity, and deacetylation after AEX were similar in mKO versus WT mice. Alternatively, we made the novel observation that deacetylation of PGC-1α after AEX occurs in parallel with reduced nuclear abundance of the acetyltransferase, general control of amino-acid synthesis 5 (GCN5), as well as reduced association between GCN5 and nuclear PGC-1α. These findings demonstrate that SIRT1 deacetylase activity is not required for exercise-induced deacetylation of PGC-1α or mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and suggest that changes in GCN5 acetyltransferase activity may be an important regulator of PGC-1α activity after exercise.
Extending the Shelf Life of Fresh Sweet Corn by Shrink‐Wrapping, Refrigeration, and Irradiation

Chemical, physical, sensory, and microbiological changes were monitored during storage of unwrapped and shrink-wrapped fresh sweet corn at 10° and 20°C. Wrapping essentially eliminated moisture loss and resulted in elevated carbon dioxide and decreased oxygen concentrations within packages. These effects, together with refrigeration markedly reduced the changes associated with senscence and post harvest deterioration, and hence resulted in at least a threefold extension in shelf life. The water-saturated atmosphere, however, enhanced microbial growth on shrink-wrapped corn. The initial microbial population was effectively decreased by treating the wrapped corn with 0.5 or 1.0 kGy (Co60) irradiation.
46, XY female with cloacal exstrophy and masculinization at puberty

Cloacal exstrophy of the bladder is a rare complex disorder occurring 1 in 400,000 live births and associated with cryptorchidism, vesicoureteral reflux, severe phallic inadequacy, omphalocele with short-gut syndrome, exstrophied bladder separated by exstrophied ileocecal segment, and pubic symphyseal diastasis. The association of undescended and ectopic testis with cloacal exstrophy is not uncommon, but the presence of an unexpected persistent ectopic testis at the time of puberty is quite unusual. We report the case of a 17-year-old girl with a history of 46, XY cloacal exstrophy and gender reassignment presenting with an ectopic testis of unclear location. We then review controversial literature surrounding gender assignment in these patients.
Separation of mixtures of sodium and potassium ions by charge mosaic dialysis

Abstract Charge mosaic membranes contain a mixture of anionic and cationic elements separated by thin neutral regions. In order to maintain eloctroneutrality, the overall flux of salts from electrolytic solutions through such membranes must occur with equal transport of cationic and anionic charge. The flux rate depends on the resistivities of the exchange elements and the solution composition. It is shown that Na + and K + can have vastly different relative transport rates depending on the selection of the membrane formulation and the receiver composition. The effect is attributed to ionic polarization of the membrane.
Arachidonic acid-related elicitors of the hypersensitive response in potato and enhancement of their activities by glucans from Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary.

Abstract The dose response for elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction in potato tuber discs by arachidonic acid (AA) suggested saturation at higher concentrations. Glucans from Phytophthora infestans, inactive themselves as elicitors of the hypersensitive reaction, enhanced sesquiterpene accumulation and hypersensitive browning elicited by AA. Significant activity (seven times control values) was observed with 33 pmol AA/3.0cm potato disc in the presence of glucans. Glucans did not affect accumulation of steroid glycoalkaloids, influence the timing or relative amounts of sesquiterpenes which accumulate, or affect recovery of AA added to potato discs. Glucans enhanced activity whether added to potato discs 18 h prior to AA, at the same time as AA, or 18 h after AA. Elicitor activity in the presence of glucans was evident with 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids that had little or no elicitor activity in the absence of glucans. The position of double bonds had considerable influence on the specific activity of unsaturated fatty acids. The most active had a minimum of three double bonds in a methylene-interrupted series beginning with Δ5, e.g., Δ5,8,11. A Δ5 double bond conferred significant activity even if it was not part of a methylene-interrupted series. The 20-carbon chain length appeared optimal for elicitor activity. The 22-carbon chain acids had low activity, and 16- and 18-carbon acids were inactive. A free carboxyl group or easily transesterified group appeared necessary for activity. Arachidonyl alcohol had very low activity and arachidonyl cyanide was inactive. AA-containing phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and monoacylglycerol were at least as active as free AA, AA-containing diacylglycerols were slightly less active than free AA, and triarachidonyl glycerol was inactive.
Stimulation of phosphatidic acid production in platelets precedes the formation of arachidonate and parallels the release of serotonin.

Abstract Thrombin rapidly induces the formation of labeled phosphatidic acid from platelets prelabeled with [14C]arachidonate or 32PO3−4and specifically decreases by 50–75% the content of phosphatidylinositol. Ionophore A23187 also stimulates phosphatidate labeling, but less effectively than thrombin. This effect on phosphatidic acid is blocked by increasing the levels of cyclic AMP by preincubation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors or prostacyclin. Indomethacin and eicosatetraynoic acid do not alter the production of phosphatidate, indicating independence from cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase products. Increased turnover of [14C]- or [32P]phosphatidate occurs within 2–5 s after platelet activation by thrombin and is observed before endogenous, 14C-labeled arachidonate can be detected. The rate of phosphatidate formation parallels the induced rate of serotonin release. Release of [3H]serotonin is not affected by eicosatetraynoic acid. Phosphatidate production reflects the generation of diacylglycerol by C-type phospholipase degradation of phosphatidylinositol. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid may participate in the membrane modification related to the early changes in platelet shape, release reactions or aggregation which occur on stimulation.
[22]Porphyrin-(3.1.1.3), a new vinylogous expanded porphyrin system.

Acid-catalyzed condensation of a pyrrole bisacrylaldehyde with a tripyrrane, followed by oxidation with ferric chloride, gave a [22]porphyrin-(3.1.1.3). This stretched macrocycle shows a strong diamagnetic ring current by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gives red-shifted porphyrin-like UV−vis spectra; coordination with palladium(II) induces an EZ isomerization to accommodate the metal cation while retaining highly diatropic characteristics.
Philleo Nash (1909–1987)

Philleo Nash, an anthropologist with a unique record of contributions to his country and his profession, died of renal cell cancer on October 12, 1987, at a hospice in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Honored with both the Distinguished Service Award of the American Anthropological Association (1984) and the Bronislaw Malinowski Award of the Society for Applied Anthropology (1986), Nash at the time of his death was two weeks shy of his 78th birthday. His unusual personal name was in fact the family name of his mother, Florence Philleo Nash. She was the daughter of H. B. Philleo, described as "an abolitionist, writer, and man of letters." On his father's side, Dr. Nash was the grandson of an Irish immigrant named T. E. Nash, who rose from a peasant background to prominence as a Wisconsin industrialist. Another kinsman-uncle Roy Nashcaptained a company of Black soldiers during World War I and became the first secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Philleo's father was a cranberry grower, and Nash liked to recall that during one of his Wisconsin political campaigns of the 1950s, an opponent referred to him as "the leaping leprechaun of the cranberry bogs." He always had a great affection for the cranberry business and returned to it several times during his life. When Philleo began his college training at the University of Wisconsin in 1927, he and several of his brightest colleagues were "guinea pigs" in a liberal education venture that came to be known as the Meiklejohn Experimental College. There were no exams, grades, or courses-'-"nothing but learning and books," according to Philleo. During the first year of the program, the students explored one topic: fifth-century Athens. "I enjoyed the lectures," Nash once told a reporter, "although I didn't often get to them!" Between their first and second years, the Meiklejohn students carried out original research based on the Lynds's Middletown, an endeavor that may well have whetted the young student's appetite for the social sciences. After completing work for his baccalaureate degree at Wisconsin in 1932, Nash enrolled for further studies in anthropology at the University of Chicago. While a graduate student, he met and (in 1935) married Edith Rosenfels. The couple's oldest child, daughter Maggie, was born in 1938, and her sister Sally in 1940. Nash received his Ph.D. in 1937. His dissertation, concerned with American Indian religious revivalism, was based on research among the Klamath Indians of Oregon, a group with whose members he maintained contact throughout the remainder of his life. He organized a symposium on the theme of Klamath termination for the Society for Applied Anthropology meetings held in Tucson in 1973.
Novel superuniversal behavior of a random-walk model

A model of interacting random walks is proposed in which each new site visited has a weight factor $p$. For $1l~pl~\ensuremath{\infty}$, the model interpolates between purely random walks and self-avoiding walks. When $0lpl1$, the model describes attracting random walks (and also noninteracting random walks on a lattice with static traps), and shares some of the intriguing features of random walks on percolation fractals---e.g, dimension-independent exponents.
Block polymers from isocyanate-terminated intermediates. III. Preparation and properties of cured diene–urea block polymers

Isoprene–urea and butadiene–urea block polymers have been prepared by reaction of isocyanate-terminated prepolymers with diamines and diisocyanates. It was found that the per cent of blocked urea in these copolymers is dependent on the isocyanate–diamine stoichiometry. Stress–strain data were obtained on sulfur-cured copolymers. Stress levels at any given extension were directly dependent on the urea content, however, ultimate strength was maximized at about 35 wt-% urea. Slight variations in urea structure produced rather dramatic changes in the modulus of these cured elastomers. Diamine–diisocyanate stoichiometry did not affect the physical properties of these cured copolymers at equal or excessive diamine concentrations. However, at excess diisocyanate levels, elastomeric properties deteriorated rapidly. Finally, stress–strain properties were affected by polymerization solvent. Copolymers prepared in hexane gave higher values of stress at low strains than corresponding elastomers prepared in toluene. These latter results are explained in terms of the nonaqueous emulsion in which the urea blocks form.
Analytical Models for Hurricanes

A two-layer theoretical model of hurricanes traveling (quasi-) steadily over open seas has been developed. The use of coherency concept allowed avoiding the common turbulent approximations, except a thin sub-layer near the air/sea interface. The model analytically describes 3D distributions of dynamic and thermodynamic variables in hurricanes and analyzes processes of evaporation and condensation. Using this modeling, the following fundamental problems were naturally resolved-change in the cyclonic/anti-cyclonic directions of hurricane rotation and the directions of radial wind in lower and upper parts of hurricane; increase in wind angular momentum in hurricane boundary layer; dramatic effect of ocean spray and its radial distribution; and a high increase in temperature at the upper region of boundary layer. Additionally, integral balances allowed expressing the governing parameters of field variables via two external parameters, the sailing wind and temperature of a warm air band, in which direction the hurricane travels. A rude model for the hurricane genesis and maturing has also been developed.
A carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding protein from ascites influences CEA uptake by macrophages.

Abstract A variant of CEA which is less readily endocytosed by macrophages has been isolated from malignant ascites. In vivo , CEA is cleared more slowly by the liver ( t 1 2 = 15.1 minutes ) than CEAs isolated from hepatic metastases ( t 1 2 = 3.1 minutes ). In vitro , rat and human Kupffer cells and rat alveolar macrophages endocytose this CEA less effectively. This slow clearing form of CEA is associated with a smaller (45kD) acidic glycoprotein (CORA) with which it forms a stable complex. CORA can be visualized on reducing gels but not on non reducing gels or by HPLC run under non reducing conditions. This suggests a non-covalent complex between the two glycoproteins. Analysis of protein conformation by circular dichroism revealed changes in the ascites CEA consistent with binding of CORA to the molecule. Western blot showed that CORA crossreacts with antisera to α1-acid glycoprotein and double immunodiffusion demonstrated cross-reactivity but not identity. Sequencing of CNBr peptides showed sequence homology with α1-acid glycoprotein but areas of unique sequence were also found. It is suggested that binding of CORA to CEA blocks the macrophage receptor binding of CEA.
The effects of Temporal Expansion upon Auditory comprehension in Aphasic Adults

This study investigated the effects of temporal expansion of verbal language upon the auditory comprehension performance of aphasic adults. Twenty-three aphasics and 23 normal subjects received unaltered and temporally expanded presentations of the Revised Token Test (RTT). The RTT was administered to each subject under four temporal conditions: the unexpanded rate of 150 words per minute and temporally expanded by factors of 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75. Normal subjects responded to test stimuli under all conditions of temporal expansion with greater accuracy of performance and less latency of response than did aphasic subjects. While certain aphasic subjects presented statistically significant improvement in their accuracy of performance on test stimuli, actual score differences between expansion conditions were only minimally different. Neither aphasic nor normal subjects demonstrated significant differences in their respective latency of response between the four experimental conditions. Aphasic subjects who demonstrated improved performance did not present characteristics distinguishing them from subjects not experiencing such improved performance. It was concluded that the temporal expansion of both speech signal and pause time resulted in a moderate, but not consequential, improvement in most subjects' auditory comprehension. Further research investigating the effects of temporally expanding speech signals, without similar expansion of pause time, is indicated.
The Modular Approach to Ligand Discovery

Identifying specific protein-ligand interactions is a long-standing problem in drug discovery and chemical biology, which is only exacerbated by the abundance of uncharacterized proteins revealed by genomics. Last month in Chemistry Biology, Sem et al. described a powerful technique for rapidly screening protein families for ligands [1].
HIF-1α activation mediates resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy in neuroblastoma xenografts

Introduction The anti-tumor activity of angiogenesis inhibitors is often limited by the development of resistance to these drugs. Here we establish HIF-1α as a major factor in the development of this resistance in neuroblastoma xenografts.
Predictors of outcomes for women with cervical carcinoma.

Abstract Background. To determine the impact of race and other factors on the management and outcomes of women treated for cervical cancer in a rural state. Methods. Following IRB approval, a retrospective review identified 434 eligible women treated for cervical cancer from 1994 to 2000. Collected data included: demographics, clinicopathologic data, primary and adjuvant therapy, recurrence, and survival. Statistical analyses were performed with the Chi-square test, Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox regression. Results. 304 (70%) of the women were white and 130 (30%) were non-white. Non-whites were more likely to present with advanced stage disease [Stage IIB–IVB] (25% vs. 13%; P P Conclusions. Non-whites diagnosed with cervical cancer are more likely to present with advanced stage disease than whites; however, overall survival was similar between groups. Non-whites with early stage disease were more likely to receive primary radiation therapy than whites. The decision to use radiation therapy vs. surgery does not appear to have a detrimental effect on overall survival, but may impact quality of life.
Fertility Preferences and Social Exchange Theory1

Interviews with 583 married women aged 18 to 49 revealed that a summary index of motivation for additional children was positively related to preference for another child and negatively related to future employment intentions. Desire for children once formed had an effect on employment intentions; however neither employment intentions nor satisfaction with employment affected desire for children. Satisfaction with parenthood and the general rewards of parenthood were positively related to present number of children while motivation for an additional child was negatively related to present number of children. Little evidence was found to indicate that a "rational" social exchange model of fertility choice is more applicable for some sociodemographic groups than for others. In general however results provided support for the social exchange model expounded. (Authors)
Confocal Microscopy and Competitive Adsorption: A New Look At Polymer-Enhanced Lung Surfactant Adsorption

Lung surfactant (LS) is a mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the air-liquid interface of the alveolar walls and modulates the surface tension in the lungs. It therefore greatly reduces the mechanical work of breathing as well as prevents alveolar collapse upon expiration. Blood serum leaking into the alveoli as a result of trauma can lead to LS inhibition, which is one characteristic of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The competitive adsorption of serum proteins, such as albumin, to the air-liquid interface of the alveoli blocks LS from forming a functional monolayer during ARDS. The addition of hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene glycol and chitosan, to the liquid subphase has been shown to enhance interfacial LS adsorption in vitro. Optimal amounts of polymer allow LS to form a functional monolayer in the presence of albumin, thus reversing inhibition. Albumin must be displaced from the air-liquid interface in order for a functional monolayer of LS to form. Imaging of the competitive adsorption process with confocal microscopy has allowed us to better understand the mechanisms behind forming an interfacial LS monolayer under inhibitory conditions. We can simultaneously track LS, polymer, and albumin, as well as separately visualize phenomena occurring at the interface from those occurring in the bulk. As a result of these capabilities, we have studied how various parameters affect the transport of LS to the interface and the displacement of albumin in order to form a functional surfactant monolayer.
Sodium boiling experiments in the THORS facility

Abstract Experiments have been performed with 19- and 61-pin test assemblies in the Thermal-Hydraulic Out-of-Reactor Safety (THORS) Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) since 1971. The THORS Facility is a high-temperature sodium system operated for the US Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) Safety Program. The facility is used primarily for testing simulated LMFBR fuel subassemblies (pin (bundles). High-performance, electrically heated fuel pin simulators (FPSs) duplicate the heat generating capabilities and the dimensional characteristics of the nuclear fuel pins. A number of test bundles have been built and operated to obtain base thermal-hydraulic data, inlet and heated zone blockage data, and transient boiling data. Five of these bundles have been operated under two-phase conditions. Sodium boiling for periods up to twelve minutes were sustained in one bundle. (The lengths of the periods were limited only by automatic data recording capability). Clad dryout occurred in several tests. Tests were run at widely varying conditions of flow and power density. Testing with nonuniform power distribution across the bundle was also a part of the program. A 19-pin bundle with 12 peripheral guard heaters and a 6-subchannel blockage around the center pin in the heated zone was tested. The test program for this bundle was designed to determine if local boiling in the wake of the blockage propagates radially or axially during quasi-steady-state conditions. Post-test inspection revealed that significant helical distortion of the FPSs occurred in the vicinity of the blockage plate. This distortion probably influenced the boiling behavior. In the more severe tests, boiling initiated at the outlet of the heated zone and propagated radially into the unblocked subchannels after it had progressed upstream to the blockage. The subchannel analysis codes, SABRE and COBRA, accurately predict the extent of the boiling region. Experimental and analytical studies of sodium boiling behavior in unblocked 19- and 61-pin bundles indicate that cooling can be maintained for a significant period of time beyond boiling inception in a flow-power transient. Quasi-steady-state boiling occurred under natural-convection conditions. Investigations of the temperature data indicate that the thermal-hydraulic behavior during boiling transients is determined by two-dimensional effects, and that one-dimensional models cannot accurately predict the important phenomena associated with sodium boiling in test bundles. The subchannel code SABRE-2P (with a simple two-phase multiplier boiling model) and the two-region equilibrium mixture code THORAX (developed at ORNL) accurately predict the two-dimensional behavior between boiling inception and dryout. Extrapolation of the data from the smaller bundle tests to full-size fuel assemblies shows that the time between boiling inception and dryout would be lower for a 217-pin bundle than for a 61-pin bundle for a comparable transient. However, the time delay would still be significant, especially in a heterogeneous reactor core.
Electoral procedures and political parties in Chile

The role that formal electoral procedures do or should play in the operation of a political system is yet a matter for conjecture and investigation. The merits of proportional representation, single-member plurality or various hybrid systems, have been hotly debated. 1 Some have maintained that adopting a proportional representation system is doing little more than dignifying anarchy and restricting the possibility of effective government. Others maintain that there is a sort of inherent justice in the principle of proportional representation in that it is more likely to represent in a democratic fashion the variation in attitude of the electorate.
A visual search examination of attentional biases among individuals with high and low drive for thinness

The purpose of this study was to examine attentional biases through visual search patterns of 40 females with high (high-risk for eating disorders) or low (low-risk for eating disorders) levels of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction while viewing slides depicting ectomorphic, mesomorphic, and endomorphic female body shapes. Participants were outfitted in an eye tracking system, which was used to collect gaze behavior data while viewing the slides. Fixation frequency and duration to five body locations were analyzed through the use of ASL EYENAL software. For the mesomorphic, ectomorphic, and endomorphic slides, the low-risk group looked significantly more often at the leg region than the high-risk group. The low-risk group also gazed significantly longer at the leg region than the high-risk group when viewing the mesomorphic and ectomorphic slides. For the endomorphic slides, the low-risk group focused significantly longer on the midsection than did the high-risk group. The findings suggest avoidance behaviors among the high-risk group that are reflected in their locus of attention, and indicate that negative affect among high-risk individuals may be induced by selective attention to particular environmental cues. An integrative theoretical account emanating from cognitive, social, and behaviorist approaches to understanding attentional biases in body disturbance is used to explain the findings.
Systematic Investigation of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Surface-Modified with Poly(ethylene glycol) for Drug Delivery Applications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity

Surface modification of amine-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups generally enhances water-solubility and biocompatibility for drug delivery applications. In order to provide guidelines for designing appropriate dendritic scaffolds, a series of G3 PAMAM-PEG dendrimer conjugates was synthesized by varying the number of PEG attachments and chain length (shorter PEG550 and PEG750 and longer PEG2000). Each conjugate was purified by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and the molecular weight (MW) was determined by 1H NMR integration and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). NOESY experiments performed in D2O on selected structures suggested no penetration of PEG chains to the central PAMAM domain, regardless of chain length and degree of substitution. CHO cell cultures exposed to PAMAM-PEG derivatives (≤1 μM) showed a relatively high cell viability. Generally, increasing the degree of PEG substitution reduced...
Epidemiological aspects of transmitted HIV drug resistance.

Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to antiretrovirals (i.e. resistance in antiretroviral naive patients) emerged during the 1990s as a potentially relevant public health problem. HIV variants resistant to all classes of approved antiretroviral agents have been identified in significant proportions antiretroviral naive patients, and this phenomenon appears as a potential threat to the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Available data from surveys conducted between 1996 and 2001 show the prevalence of drug resistance among newly HIV-infected individuals to range from 3% to above 20% in North America, and from 5% to 15% in Europe. Increases in prevalence observed during the late 1990s in some studies are not confirmed by most recent data. Transmission of multidrug resistance still appears to be an uncommon occurrence. However, methodological heterogeneity and problems in study design make it difficult to compare results between different surveys and to draw firm con...
Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy versus Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy in Endometrial Cancer: Surgical and Survival Outcomes

Abstract Study Objective To compare surgical and survival outcomes of patients with early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) or laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) ± lymphadenectomy. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized clinical study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Two tertiary care academic medical centers. Patients Patients with EC treated by TLH or LAVH from 1998 through 2006. Interventions TLH and LAVH were performed in 80 and 24 patients, respectively. Patient demographics and clinical variables were collected, and surgical and survival outcomes were determined. Measurements and Main Results Median operating time was significantly higher for patients undergoing LAVH than for those undergoing TLH (212.5 and 183.5 minutes, respectively; p = .039). EBL was also greater in patients undergoing LAVH (median 220 mL) compared with those undergoing TLH (median100 mL; p = .001). After a median follow-up time of 51.5 months, there was no difference in recurrence or survival rates between the groups. Conclusion Early-stage EC can be treated effectively with either TLH or LAVH. TLH patients may experience shorter operating times and less blood loss. When performed by experienced laparoscopists, TLH may be more feasible than LAVH in this cohort of patients.