cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology transfer effectiveness in university–industry cooperative research

This paper reviews some basic questions regarding university–industry technology transfer, puts forward some of the key principles for a successful technology transfer effort, develops a general mathematical model of the process based on an analogy with chemical reaction rates, and discusses some applications of the model. A successful technology transfer experiment (the University of Minnesota's Center for Interfacial Engineering, a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center) is briefly described as an example of the application of the model.
Antiretroviral Medication Errors Remain High but Are Quickly Corrected Among Hospitalized HIV-Infected Adults

Inpatient medication errors and adverse drug events are common, costly, and may lead to significant patient injury and death [1–9]. Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) are at increased risk of medication errors given their complex medication regimens, multiple comorbid conditions, and interactions with inpatient providers who lack experience with antiretroviral therapy (ART) [10–12]. ART medication errors may have serious long-term consequences, including the development of drug resistance, treatment failure, or death [13]. Prior research suggests that ART medication errors are on the rise. In 1998, ART medication errors were detected in 12% of admissions, but by 2004–2007, the error rate had increased to 21%–26% of admissions [12, 14–16]. Since these studies were conducted, significant advances in ART and health information technology have occurred. Efavirenz, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, ritonavir-boosted darunavir, and raltegravir are highly effective at decreasing HIV viral replication and have favorable side effect profiles and simple dosing schedules; thus, in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, these drugs are preferentially recommended for treatment naive patients by the Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents [17]. Moreover, an increasing number of hospitals are using computerized provider order entry (CPOE) and clinical support tools, which have been touted as mechanisms for decreasing medication errors and improving patient safety [2, 18, 19]. However, recent data indicate that these technologies may facilitate certain types of medication errors [20–23]. The effect of improvements in HIV therapy and introduction of new technologies on ART medication errors is yet to be determined. As such, the goal of this analysis was to provide a current estimate of antiretroviral prescribing errors in the hospital setting, to evaluate the duration of ART medication errors, and to identify patient and hospital risk factors for these errors.
Creating 3D oceanographic data visualizations for the web

In 1999 the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) began a project to create 3D visualizations for each of its Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) dives in the deep waters of the ocean. The goal was to synthesize various ROV-generated data sets for visualization in a common, compelling, efficient, and easy-to-use system. Integrating these visualizations into the Institute's database of dive information is a key component that helps make the data more understandable and useful. The architecture of the system was designed to allow for incremental improvements in the presentation and in the underlying data quality. An object oriented approach for the data access and use of the VRML97 EXTERNPROTO feature provided the framework for this architecture. The visualization system has been in place for over a year, internal users now have adequate platforms to visualize their data, and we are beginning our evaluation for a next cycle of improvements that will employ features of the next generation of VRML, including GeoVRML.
Functional clock schedule optimization

All existing algorithms for clock schedule optimization are conservative since they use only topological analysis to estimate the delays of paths between latches. This paper proposes a novel algorithm that accounts for false paths (over several time frames) in level-sensitive sequential circuits to obtain tighter bounds on the optimum clock schedule than previously obtainable.
Linear propagation characteristics of periodically segmented waveguides

Periodically segmented planar waveguides are modeled by using the rigorous modal method of diffraction gratings. The radiation loss, effective index, and electric-field strength distribution are analyzed for different segment duty cycles. It is shown that except for the low radiation loss and possible presence of stop bands, a segmented waveguide behaves much like a uniform waveguide. The theoretical calculation confirms the low radiation loss observed experimentally.
The Grand Laws of Scale

This paper represents reflections about work with elementary school children and their teachers, and a small sample for illustration. Through this work there has evolved a repertoire of many topics that may begin, in a very literal sense, to extend children’s experience and help them begin to reduce it to order.
Deletion of the Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit Leads to Deregulation of Mitochondrial Activation and Nuclear Duplication in Aspergillus fumigatus

Proper regulation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway is required for normal growth and development in many fungi. We have reported that deletion of the PKA regulatory subunit gene, pkaR, in Aspergillus fumigatus leads to defects in germination and a hypersensitivity of conidia to oxidative stress. In this study, we further analyzed the defects of ΔpkaR conidia and found that a large proportion were abnormally larger than wild type. Because swelling and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress are characteristic of germinating conidia, we analyzed the metabolic activity of the conidia by mitochondrial staining. Whereas it required 4 h in rich medium for wild-type mitochondria to become active, ΔpkaR conidia harbored active mitochondria in the absence of a germinant. Furthermore, conidia of the mutant showed a dramatic loss in viability upon short-term storage in water, indicating starvation-induced death. Taken together, our data suggest that PKA activity regulates metabolic activation of resting conidia. Additionally, the ΔpkaR mutant displayed an abnormal abundance of hyphal nuclei and had increased transcript levels of several cell cycle regulatory genes. These data indicate an important role for PKA in the nuclear duplication cycle of A. fumigatus.
Unique Asn-linked Oligosaccharides of the Human Pathogen Entamoeba histolytica

N-Glycans of Entamoeba histolytica, the protist that causes amebic dysentery and liver abscess, are of great interest for multiple reasons. E. histolytica makes an unusual truncated N-glycan precursor (Man5GlcNAc2), has few nucleotide sugar transporters, and has a surface that is capped by the lectin concanavalin A. Here, biochemical and mass spectrometric methods were used to examine N-glycan biosynthesis and the final N-glycans of E. histolytica with the following conclusions. Unprocessed Man5GlcNAc2, which is the most abundant E. histolytica N-glycan, is aggregated into caps on the surface of E. histolytica by the N-glycan-specific, anti-retroviral lectin cyanovirin-N. Glc1Man5GlcNAc2, which is made by a UDP-Glc: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase that is part of a conserved N-glycan-dependent endoplasmic reticulum quality control system for protein folding, is also present in mature N-glycans. A swainsonine-sensitive α-mannosidase trims some N-glycans to biantennary Man3GlcNAc2. Complex N-glycans of E. histolytica are made by the addition of α1,2-linked Gal to both arms of small oligomannose glycans, and Gal residues are capped by one or more Glc. In summary, E. histolytica N-glycans include unprocessed Man5GlcNAc2, which is a target for cyanovirin-N, as well as unique, complex N-glycans containing Gal and Glc.
Urban water supply in India: status, reform options and possible lessons

Large numbers of households in cities around the developing world do not have access to one of the most basic of human needs – a safe and reliable supply of drinking water. This paper uses the experience of India as a lens through which to view the problems of access to water in urban areas and the various options available for reform. Using two sets of data from the National Family Health Survey, as well as published and unpublished secondary sources, the paper presents the status of access to drinking water in urban India, the performance of India’s urban water sector compared to other Asian metropolitan regions and the reform efforts that are under way in several Indian cities. A review of these ongoing reforms illustrates some of the political economy challenges involved in reforming the water sector. Based on this analysis, we draw out directions for more effective research, data collection and policy reform. While each country faces unique challenges and opportunities, the scope and range of the Indian experience provides insights and caveats for many low-income nations.
Psychotherapy Experiences of Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse

Cynicism about treatment of sex offenders pervades both professional and lay literature. A Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials concluded there is no evidence to support any psychological intervention for sex offenders, but RCT design has limitations for evaluating sex offender treatment. Rarely has a qualitative approach been used to explore perceptions of offenders themselves about their psychotherapy experiences. The purpose of this study was to discover the meaning of therapy experiences to 11 community-dwelling perpetrators of child sexual abuse. They had received therapy during incarceration or after release, or both. Secondary analysis was conducted of phenomenological interviews about participants' early life, during which they spontaneously revealed insights gleaned during therapy in adulthood. Rigor of the analysis was enhanced by reading transcripts aloud and thematizing them in an interdisciplinary interpretive group. Five interrelated themes constituted a gestalt comprising the essence of the therapy experience: "This treatment, it's just totally changed my whole world." Themes included: "It just stripped away all the pretense, all the lies, all the manipulation;" "I didn't understand myself; I found out all about myself through this;" "Nobody knew any of my secrets; that (therapy) was the first time that I got to tell my story;" "The group has become a family for me;" and "I'm very ashamed of what I've done; this treatment has really helped me, gave me a second chance." These findings stand in contrast to cynicism about sex offender therapy and lend support to the increased optimism expressed by several contemporary scholars.
Analytical approximations to damaged gear tooth transmission-error contributions for gear-health monitoring

A generic model of transmission-error contributions arising from gear-tooth damage is developed. Damage is modeled as material removed from tooth-working-surfaces. Regions of modeled tooth damage a...
Genetic Differences Between Culex pipiens f. molestus and Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New York

The definition and phylogenetic placement of the autogenous molestus form of Culex pipiens has puzzled entomologists for decades. We identified genetic differences between Cx. p. pipiens (L.) and Cx. pipiens f. molestus Forskal in the SH60 fragment described previously. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, cloning, and sequencing of this fragment demonstrated high polymorphism within and among individual Cx. p. pipiens, with common SH60 variants shared among individuals from distant locations. In contrast, Cx. pipiens f. molestus from New York City each contained a single SH60 variant, which was not identified in any other Cx. p. pipiens specimens analyzed. Supporting microsatellite analysis demonstrated significant but reduced gene flow between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. pipiens f. molestus in New York relative to Cx. p. pipiens populations in New York and California. Results are discussed in the context of two contrasting hypotheses regarding the origin of Cx. pipiens f. molestus populations.
Swedish Liquor Consumption: New Evidence on Taste Change

Sweden, like other Nordic Countries, has experienced a dramatic reduction in per-capita liquor consumption that cannot be explained by increased consumption of other alcoholic beverages. Using a panel of 21 Swedish counties and annual data for the period 1956–1999, we estimate that at least 4 structural breaks, representing taste change are necessary to account for this sharp decline in consumption. The first structural break coincides with the 1980 advertising ban, but subsequent breaks do not appear to be linked to particular policy initiatives. Rather, our interpretation of these results is that there is an increasing concern with health issues and drinking mores have changed.
Parent-Child Relationships and Well-Being

This chapter provides insight about links between parenting practices and youth well-being. We begin by providing comprehensive definitions of well-being and parent-child relationships in the context of positive psychology. Findings from empirical studies documenting associations between aspects of the parent-child relationship and indicators of youth well-being are summarized. Taken together, this body of research suggests that high levels of authoritative parenting practices, such as warmth/responsiveness/emotional support and firm behavioral control, co-occur with subjective well-being in adolescents. Applications of these findings are extended to interventions which target parenting practices as a way to promote positive outcomes for youth, as well as interventions focusing on increasing parents’ positive emotions and subjective well-being as a method to improve youth well-being. Additionally, theoretical frameworks for integrating positive psychology into clinical work with families are described. Lastly, practical recommendations are provided along with directions for future research.
Empowering Students, Empowering Communities, Through Community-Based Learning and Civic Engagement: The Case Study of Refugee Resettlement in Lancaster, Pa

How can community-based learning courses (CBL) simultaneously be a catalyst for student empowerment, community empowerment and sustainable community development? This paper traces the progression of student and community empowerment over a four-year period and five CBL courses focusing on optimizing refugee resettlement in Lancaster County, PA.
Public Policy and Action for Conservation

IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY budget allocations to specified projects are made by the elected representatives of the people, and the size of the allotment reveals the judgments of these representatives as hammered out through committee proceedings, in which are reflected economic pressures, political pressures, and value judgments. In this process, pressure groups and special interests all attempt to obtain favorable action; after a project or program has once been started and its funds are allocated annually the action agency itself develops an interest in perpetuating its work and increasing the allocation of funds for its use. When funds are first allotted to a project the end stated is usually broad in scope and there may be very little information available upon which intelligent judgments can be made. Once the program is in operation, however, information that forms a better basis for judgment is collected by the action agency and presented to obtain the most favorable action by congress or its committees. Since all agencies tend to compete for limited funds this desire to retain public confidence encourages efficiency and the formulation of policies that will meet with the greatest public approval. At this level the statements of ends to be pursued are necessarily broad and couched in common sense terms rather than in exact scientific
The metabolites N-desmethylclozapine and N-desmethylolanzapine produce cross-tolerance to the discriminative stimulus of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine in C57BL/6 mice.

It has been previously shown that cross-tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of clozapine can be demonstrated with the drug discrimination paradigm. This study examined the ability of N-desmethylclozapine and N-desmethylolanzapine (metabolites of the atypical antipsychotic drugs cloza
Chemical Mediation in Crustaceans: I. The Occurrence of Acetylcholine in Nervous Tissues and its Action on the Decapod Heart

A heart-accelerating principle for crustaceans which had been found in extracts of their eye-stalks is shown not to be identical with the chromatophorotropic hormone, and is present in nerve tissues other than those of the eye. Extracts of muscle have an inhibitory action on the various hearts. Excess potassium stimulates the action of nerve extracts but it is not present in them in sufficient amounts to be responsible for their effects. Adrenalin excites the crustacean heart but it is probably not the nerve substance in question. Acetylcholine excites this heart and in various concentrations produces a series of effects very similar to those produced by nerve extracts. By appropriate extraction methods and methods of bioassay relatively large amounts of acetylcholine were found in crustacean nerve tissues; more being present in ganglia than in nerve fibres. Hence the active principle in question is, with little doubt, acetylcholine.
Wind-loading simulation on pole bending moment for automatic loading system

In order to reduce the large number of falling poles in the typhoon-impacted regions,the anti-wind capability should be detected on the pole foundations of power transmission and distribution.Specifically for the straight pole without cables in an electric line,a mechanical loading scheme is first proposed to simulate the wind-loading.Then,the wire-hung pole wind-loading calculation method,along with limited values of regular poles under wind loading,are provided.Upon completion of mechanical design on loading mechanism via mechanical optimization,a loading mechanism model of pole bending moment is postulated.By adding the detection points and power control devices to loading mechanism,the automatic loading control is next completed for pole bending moments.Finally,it is indicated from on-site experiments that the proposed system can undertake maximum loading and unloading of 40 kNm bending moment so as to realize assembly convenience,ease of operation and expected effect.
Feasibility of a Regionwide Probability Survey for Coral Reef Fish in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands

AbstractFishery-independent surveys can provide accurate and precise data for stock assessments and spatial management to sustain fishery resources as a complementary or alternative source of information to fishery-dependent sampling. Four years of underwater visual survey data collected in several local areas in the U.S. Caribbean were used in conjunction with detailed bathymetric and habitat maps to develop a probability sampling design and investigate the feasibility of conducting a regionwide coral reef fish survey. Stratification by depth and habitat produced a more efficient survey design (i.e., one with increased precision at lower sample sizes) for estimating mean fish density than simple random sampling for eight principal exploited and nontarget species. Species with higher sample variance of density required larger sample sizes to improve survey precision. A somewhat counterintuitive finding was that controlling survey precision over a large spatial scale (i.e., region) required less sampling t...
The redox potentials of the two-iron plant algal ferredoxins. An electrostatic model

The two-iron–sulphur co-ordination centre in plant and algal ferredoxins is considered as a collection of charged ions whose net negative charge is twice that of the one-iron–sulphur protein rubredoxin. Calculation of the electrostatic free-energy changes for reduction of the two types of proteins indicates that the redox potential of the two-iron–sulphur proteins should be more negative than that of the one-iron–sulphur protein and that in biological systems the ferredoxins should function as one-electron transfer proteins.
The impact of epoetin alfa on quality of life during cancer chemotherapy: a fresh look at an old problem.

Untreated anemia is common in cancer patients. Previous studies have demonstrated that both the existence of cancer and treatment with chemotherapy can suppress the normal endogenous erythropoietic response to anemia, making some cancer patients transfusion cadidates. In placebo-controlled phase III studies, administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) increased hemoglobin (Hb) levels and decreased transfusion requirements in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. In these studies, an increase in self-perceived energy level, functional status, and overall quality of life (QOL) was noted in the subset of patients in whom hematocrit levels increased by > or = 6%. To examine more closely the relationship between epoetin alfa therapy and QOL issues in patients undergoing chemotherapy, we conducted an open-label phase IV study involving 2,030 patients treated at 570 community cancer centers in the United States. Patients initially received epoetin alfa 150 U/kg subcutaneously (s.c.) three times per week for 4 months; if response was judged inadequate, the dosage was increased after 8 weeks to 300 U/kg s.c. three times per week. Hb levels and transfusion requirements were monitored monthly. Before and after the study, each patient completed a linear analog self-assessment scale designed to measure energy level, daily activity, and overall QOL. During epoetin alfa therapy, there was a progressive and significant increase (P < .001) in Hb concentrations. Significantly fewer (P < .001) patients were transfused and fewer transfusions were administered per patient per month after the first month of epoetin alfa therapy. Fifty-eight percent of the patients who required a transfusion during the first month of epoetin alfa therapy did not require a transfusion during the subsequent 3 months of the study. The entire patient population demonstrated a significant increase in mean scores for energy level, daily activity, and overall QOL. The magnitude of the increase in these scores correlated with the magnitude of the increase in Hb concentration. Statistically significant improvement in energy scores, daily activity, and overall QOL (P < .05) were observed, regardless of tumor response. These observations require confirmation on placebo-controlled trials, but the implications for oncology practice are important. They suggest that in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, the tradition of leaving anemia untreated may compromise patients' ability to function and their QOL.
Land use in the Northern Great Plains region of the U.S. influences the survival and productivity of honey bee colonies

Abstract The Northern Great Plains region of the US annually hosts a large portion of commercially managed U.S. honey bee colonies each summer. Changing land use patterns over the last several decades have contributed to declines in the availability of bee forage across the region, and the future sustainability of the region to support honey bee colonies is unclear. We examined the influence of varying land use on the survivorship and productivity of honey bee colonies located in six apiaries within the Northern Great Plains state of North Dakota, an area of intensive agriculture and high density of beekeeping operations. Land use surrounding the apiaries was quantified over three years, 2010–2012, and survival and productivity of honey bee colonies were determined in response to the amount of bee forage land within a 3.2-km radius of each apiary. The area of uncultivated forage land (including pasture, USDA conservation program fields, fallow land, flowering woody plants, grassland, hay land, and roadside ditches) exerted a positive impact on annual apiary survival and honey production. Taxonomic diversity of bee-collected pollen and pesticide residues contained therein varied seasonally among apiaries, but overall were not correlated to large-scale land use patterns or survival and honey production. The predominant flowering plants utilized by honey bee colonies for pollen were volunteer species present in unmanaged (for honey bees), and often ephemeral, lands; thus placing honey bee colonies in a precarious situation for acquiring forage and nutrients over the entire growing season. We discuss the implications for land management, conservation, and beekeeper site selection in the Northern Great Plains to adequately support honey bee colonies and insure long term security for pollinator-dependent crops across the entire country.
Incorporate Selves: Shakespeare’s Mythmaking

Once readers set aside implausible topical inferences proffered as keys to unlock ‘The Phoenix and Turtle’, they invariably confront two principal questions that determine in large measure their understanding of the poem. They face the challenge of grasping how Shakespeare conceives of ‘the truth of love’ through his allegory of the Phoenix and Turtle, and they are made to speculate about whether or not the ideals of Beauty and Truth their union represents have permanently vanished. These questions are the subject of this chapter which begins by exploring the poem’s bold ideal of love as a radical form of intersubjectivity that demolishes Property and Reason and concludes by suggesting that whether or not the Phoenix and the ideals it exemplifies are extinct, alive or potentially reborn is its unsolvable mystery.
Endoscopic Management of Small GIST

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) comprise approximately 60–70 % of all masses identified in the GI tract. Approximately 5,000–6,000 new cases of GISTs arise in the United States each year, and of these, an estimated 30 % will become malignant. GISTs are diagnosed via biopsy or resection and are stained for the KIT protein, also referred to as CD117. If the cells do not contain KIT, then they can be checked for the PDGFRA gene, which is found in approximately 5–10 % of GISTs [1]. They are often discovered incidentally during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) [2]. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classifies low-risk and high-risk GISTs based on the size of the lesion, mitotic count, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proliferative index ( 10 %). In order to completely assess the mitotic count, complete resection of the entire lesion may be required [3]. Some data suggest a higher incidence of subclinical GISTs than had been previously thought. In one study, 100 whole stomachs were resected from patients with gastric cancer and examined for microscopic GISTs. They found 50 microscopic GISTs, all of which were positive for KIT and/or CD34 and negative for desmin. Most microscopic GISTs (90 %) were located in the upper stomach [1, 4]. Another study found that microscopic gastric GISTs were present in 22.5 % of consecutive autopsies performed on patients aged 50 years or older [5] and a retrospective study reported a prevalence of subepithelial gastric masses of 0.36 % during routine endoscopy [6]. Given the low reported annual incidence of clinical GISTs, presumably few microscopic GISTs are significant clinically.
Editorial: Emerging Approaches for Typing, Detection, Characterization, and Traceback of Escherichia coli

Commensal E. coli inhabit the large intestines of humans and animals and are important in maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. There are also many groups of disease-causing E. coli, including diarrheagenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). E. coli strains have been identified primarily based on their O- and H-antigens, defining the E. coli serotype. There are approximately 188 somatic O-antigens, 74 capsular K-antigens, 53 flagellar H-antigens, and greater than 60 fimbrial F-antigens in E. coli identified based on antigens that produce an immune response in animals. This research topic consists of articles based on the subject of an international workshop on “Emerging approaches for typing, detection and characterization of Escherichia coli” held at the Pennsylvania State University in 2015. This workshop brought together well-known scientists from throughout the world to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas with regard to examining the current serotype classification and nomenclature for E. coli, emerging pathotypes, and new technologies and whole genome sequencing (WGS) for detection, characterization, and outbreak investigation. Scientists who presented papers at the conference were affiliated with public health laboratories, regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and industry groups from the U.S., United Kingdom, France, Italy, Canada, Denmark, Germany, and Japan, as well as industry groups working on technologies for characterization, detection, identification, and subtyping E. coli. This workshop provided a forum to discuss different concepts and practices for typing E. coli based on O- and H-antigens and for characterization of pathotypes. Furthermore, there were discussions on the progress made in the area of WGS as a tool for E. coli typing, subtyping, characterization, diagnostics, and outbreak investigation, as well as on the evolution and emergence of highly pathogenic strains (Franz et al., 2014).
«Move over» Shakespeare: El lugar de Lope en el teatro europeo de su tiempo

This essay examines several factors that have stood in the way of an appropriate appreciation of the contributions of the theater of Lope de Vega and the Spanish comedia to early modern literature, factors that include political rivalries, oppositional national self-definitions, and religious differences. Reference is made to an assortment of works of Lope, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson and Webster.
Communication across the Silos and Borders: The Culture of Reading in a Community College.

As part of a study (Armstrong, Stahl, & Kantner, 2015a, 2015b, 2016) of curricular alignment between developmental reading (DR) and introductory-level general education (GE) at one community college, we asked faculty participants about the DR coursework at their own institution. Throughout data analysis, we became interested in how non-DR faculty understood reading at the college level, and especially what a major role lack of communication seemed to play in these understandings. We identified five major themes in the faculty responses: reading comprehension, vocabulary instruction, emphasis on writing, study skills instruction, and disciplinary literacy instruction. In this article, we detail each theme through exemplar responses coded in this category, a discussion, and recommendations for professionals within the DR (and surrounding) fields striving to build bridges to others on campus. Our intention is to initiate a conversation related to the issue of communication between DR and other higher educati...
Computing the Diamagnetic Susceptibility and Diamagnetic Anisotropy of Membrane Proteins from Structural Subunits

The behavior of large, complex molecules in the presence of magnetic fields is experimentally challenging to measure and computationally intensive to predict. This work proposes a novel, mixed-methods approach for efficiently computing the principal magnetic susceptibilities and diamagnetic anisotropy of membrane proteins. The hierarchical primary (amino acid), secondary (α helical and β sheet), and tertiary (α helix and β barrel) structure of transmembrane proteins enables analysis of a complex molecule using discrete subunits of varying size and resolution. The proposed method converts the magnetic susceptibility tensor for all protein subunits to a unit coordinate system and sums them to build the magnetic susceptibility tensor for the membrane protein. Using this approach, we calculate the diamagnetic anisotropy for all transmembrane proteins of known structure and investigate the effect of different subunit resolutions on the resulting predictions of diamagnetic anisotropy. We demonstrate that amino ...
A Systems Approach to Perception and Action

ABSTRACTOn the 50th anniversary of its publication, we look back on some of the intellectual contributions of Gibson's (1966) The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. This work is often seen as contributing a new perspective to our understanding of the 5 senses. In this paper, we explore another intellectual contribution: Gibson's treatment of perception–action as an irreducible, functional system. We review select examples of systems thinking from the physical, animal, and human social domains. Our suggestion is that a systems-level approach to social interactions would have been a natural extension of Gibson's ideas.
Point-of-care ultrasound leads to diagnostic shifts in patients with undifferentiated hypotension.

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of an ultrasound hypotension protocol in identifying life-threatening diagnoses that were missed in the initial evaluation of patients with hypotension and shock. Methods A subset of cases from a previously published prospective study of hypotensive patients who presented at the Emergency Department in a single, academic tertiary care hospital is described. An ultrasound-trained emergency physician performed an ultrasound on each patient using a standardized hypotension protocol. In each case, the differential diagnosis and management plan was solicited from the treating physician immediately before and after the ultrasound. This is a case series of patients with missed diagnoses in whom ultrasound led to a dramatic shift in diagnosis and management by detecting life threatening pathologies. Results Following a published prospective study of the effect on an ultrasound protocol in 118 hypotensive patients, we identified a series of cases that ultrasound protocol unexpectedly determined serious life threatening diagnoses such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, pulmonary embolism, pericardial effusion with tamponade physiology, abdominal aortic aneurysm and perforated viscus resulting in proper diagnoses and management. These hypotensive patients had completely unsuspected but critical diagnoses explaining their hypotension, who in every case had their management altered to target the newly identified life-threatening condition. Conclusions A hypotension protocol is an optimal use of ultrasound that exemplifies “right time, right place”, and impacts decision-making at the bedside. In cases with undifferentiated hypotension, ultrasound is often the most readily available option to ensure that the most immediate life-threatening conditions are quickly identified and addressed in the order of their risk potential.
Learning to Give: Incorporating the Practices of Leadership and Philanthropy in Civic Education at a Metropolitan University

The growing national discussion about renewing the civic mission of higher education has two broad themes: enhancing the role of the university as citizen and creating a college learning experience that prepares students for citizenship. For many universities, especially those that identify with a metropolitan mission, these two themes can become intertwined because of the deep and multi-dimensional relationship between the work of the campus and the characteristics of the region. Consider, for example, that one of the most central and defining characteristics of any metropolitan university is that almost all its students come from the immediate region served by the campus and, most remain in the area after graduation. Thus, by thinking intentionally about the role of civic education in the learning experiences of their students, metropolitan universities have an extraordinary opportunity to have an impact on the social fabric and civic capacity of the region.
In Situ Monitoring of Pb2+ Leaching from the Galvanic Joint Surface in a Prepared Chlorinated Drinking Water

A novel method using a micro-ion-selective electrode (micro-ISE) technique was developed for in situ lead monitoring at the water-metal interface of a brass-leaded solder galvanic joint in a prepared chlorinated drinking water environment. The developed lead micro-ISE (100 μm tip diameter) showed excellent performance toward soluble lead (Pb2+) with sensitivity of 22.2 ± 0.5 mV decade-1 and limit of detection (LOD) of 1.22 × 10-6 M (0.25 mg L-1). The response time was less than 10 s with a working pH range of 2.0-7.0. Using the lead micro-ISE, lead concentration microprofiles were measured from the bulk to the metal surface (within 50 μm) over time. Combined with two-dimensional (2D) pH mapping, this work clearly demonstrated that Pb2+ ions build-up across the lead anode surface was substantial, nonuniform, and dependent on local surface pH. A large pH gradient (ΔpH = 6.0) developed across the brass and leaded-tin solder joint coupon. Local pH decreases were observed above the leaded solder to a pH as low as 4.0, indicating it was anodic relative to the brass. The low pH above the leaded solder supported elevated lead levels where even small local pH differences of 0.6 units (ΔpH = 0.6) resulted in about four times higher surface lead concentrations (42.9 vs 11.6 mg L-1) and 5 times higher fluxes (18.5 × 10-6 vs 3.5 × 10-6 mg cm-2 s-1). Continuous surface lead leaching monitoring was also conducted for 16 h.
Neuromodulation Using Optogenetics and Related Technologies

Abstract Optogenetics is defined as the use of light-based technologies that are genetically targeted to certain cellular groups or proteins. In practice, optogenetics most often refers to the use of genetically modified, microbial rhodopsins (pigmented light-sensitive membrane proteins) to manipulate the excitability of genetically targeted neurons. Given this high degree of temporal control over targeted neurons, with a well-understood mechanism of action, these techniques have resulted in a substantial contribution to basic neuroscience, as well as generating significant clinical translational interest, considering the nonspecificity of electrical stimulation. While optogenetics is presently an investigational technology, these tools have been used with translational promise in nonhuman primates. This chapter provides an overview of the development, mechanisms, diversity, and translatability of this technique. Other related genetically targeted techniques will also be described.
Overutilization of Health Care Resources for Breast Pain

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study is to analyze the incidence of women with breast pain who present to an imaging center and assess the imaging findings, outcomes, and workup costs at breast i...
PARENT-EGG INTERACTIONS: EGG TEMPERATURE AND WATER LOSS

The avian egg is encased in a hard, calcareous shell and deposited outside the body of the parent. The embryo develops and grows, separated by the shell from the ambient atmosphere surrounding the egg. The chief role of the parent appears to be to attend the egg, moderating and modifying the thermal environment around the egg and controlling the energy exchanged between the egg and surroundings. Control may be exercised in several ways. Eggs are typically deposited during the most appropriate season. The micro-climate of the egg may be influenced by the selection of an appropriate site for egg deposition or by the construction of a nest which acts to separate the egg or some part of it physically from the surroundings. Finally, most birds intervene directly in the process of egg energy exchange by applying a specialized area of skin, the brood patch, to the surface of the egg. Since adult birds maintain body temperatures constant at 38–41 °C and brood patch temperatures are slightly cooler than this (Drent, 1970), energy may be transferred to the egg when the egg is losing heat to the surroundings and absorbed from the egg when the egg is gaining heat from the surroundings.
Nanomaterial-Based Long-Range Optical Ruler for Monitoring Biomolecular Activities

Optical ruler-based distance measurements are essential tool in everyday activities of biological and biophysical laboratories. Due to distance limitation, normal Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based optical ruler is not suitable for the investigation of the structural dynamics of large biological systems, where the donor and acceptor distances are much more than 10 nm. This chapter highlights recent advances on the development of long-range nanomaterials surface energy transfer (NSET) optical ruler for probing RNA folding transition states, screening pathogens DNA/RNA and monitoring DNA/RNA cleavage. Gold nanomaterial-based long-range optical ruler-based NSET probe provided herein can be useful to different areas of environmental science, biology, and medicine.
The Web Enhanced General Physics Course

The presentation describes the set of ready to use simulation software that can be utilized for both the lesson illustrations and the virtual lab assignments. The interactive simulations allow learners to explore a topic by comparing and contrasting different scenarios. Users may get a deeper exposure to the subject matter either by modifying parts of existing simulation or by building a new simulation from scratch. Another advantage for the users is the ability of simulation illustration to be paused and restarted for reflection and note taking. Each chapter of the course is followed by originally developed computerized test. The computerized tests are three levels hierarchical applications that allow the random access to the question data bank. General TermsCurriculum, Virtual Labs, Simulation
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Use in Cardiogenic Shock: Impact of Age on In-Hospital Mortality, Length of Stay, and Costs.

OBJECTIVES Increasing age is a well-recognized risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock, but the shape of this relationship is unknown. In addition, the impact of age on hospital length of stay, patterns of patient disposition, and costs has been incompletely characterized. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample. SETTING U.S. nonfederal hospitals, years 2004-2016. PATIENTS Adults with cardiogenic shock treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (3,094; weighted national estimate: 15,415). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The mean age of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation recipients was 54.8 ± 15.4 years (range, 18-90 yr). Crude in-hospital mortality was 57.7%. Median time-to-death was 8 days (interquartile range, 3-17 d). A linear relationship between age and in-hospital mortality was observed with a 14% increase in the adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality for every 10-year increase in age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Thirty-four percent of patients were discharged alive at a median time of 30 days (interquartile range, 19-48 d). The median length of stay and total hospitalization costs were 14 days (interquartile range, [5-29 d]) and $134,573 ($71,782-$239,439), respectively, both of which differed significantly by age group (length of stay range from 17 d [18-49 yr] to 9 d [80-90 yr]; p < 0.0001 and cost range $147,548 [18-49 yr] to $105,350 [80-90 yr]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Age is linearly associated with increasing in-hospital mortality in individuals receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock without evidence of a threshold effect. Median time-to-death is approximately 1 week. One third of patients are discharged from the hospital alive, but the median time-to-discharge is 1 month. Median length of stay ranges from 9 to 17 days depending on age. Hospitalization costs exceed $100,000 in all age groups.
Evaluation of the Performance Characteristics of the Lightning Imaging Sensor

AbstractThe Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) that was on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite captured optical emissions produced by lightning. In this work, we quantify and...
AN ALTERNATIVE PROBLEM WITH AN ASYMPTOTICALLY LINEAR NONLINEARITY

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on an alternative problem with an asymptotically linear nonlinearity. It presents the problem Lx + Nx = f where L is a linear, self-adjoint operator from DL ⊂ S into S; S a real Hilbert space with norm ∥ · ∥ that satisfies the following condition: (1) S1, the range of L, must be closed; (2) S0, the kernel of L, must satisfy 0 < dim S0 < ∞; and (3) H = [L|S1] must eb completely continuous and ∥ H ∥ ≤ K for some positive constant K, where N is a (nonlinear) operator. With these assumptions, Lx + Nx = f has a solution. The chapter also discusses the application of Borsuk theorem.
A decomposition of Laplace stretch with applications in inelasticity

The kinematics of an inelastic solid established in terms of Laplace stretch and its rate are decomposed into one stretch that describes an elastic response, another stretch that describes an inelastic response, and their rates. These kinematics are a direct consequence of Laplace stretch belonging to the group of all real, $$3 \times 3$$ , upper-triangular matrices with positive diagonal elements. The Laplace stretch follows from a Gram–Schmidt decomposition of the deformation gradient.
Understanding Avatar Identification Through Visual Similarity for Richer Story Creation

This paper explores avatar identification in creative storytelling applications where users create their own story and environment. We present a study that investigated the effects of avatar facial similarity to the user on the quality of the story product they create. The children told a story using a digital puppet-based storytelling system by interacting with a physical puppet box that was augmented with a real-time video feed of the puppet enactment. We used a facial morphing technique to manipulate avatar facial similarity to the user. The resulting morphed image was applied to each participant’s puppet character, thus creating a custom avatar for each child to use in story creation. We hypothesized that the more familiar avatars appeared to participants, the stronger the sense of character identification would be, resulting in higher story quality. The proposed rationale is that visual familiarity may lead participants to draw richer story details from their past real-life experiences. Qualitative analysis of the stories supported our hypothesis. Our results contribute to avatar design in children’s creative storytelling applications.