cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscular Subaortic Stenosis Prevention of Outflow Obstruction with Propranolol

Eleven patients with muscular subaortic stenosis were studied by use of combined right and transatrial septal left heart catheterization. A variety of stimulating maneuvers were performed to induce or increase the functional outflow tract obstruction; 150 µg/kg of propranolol was administered intravenously, and the stimulating maneuvers were repeated. Outflow obstruction was latent (present only with stimulation) in four patients, labile (present intermittently at rest) in five patients, and persistent and severe in two patients. Propranolol abolished or significantly decreased the spontaneous variations in outflow obstruction occurring at rest, during the enhanced gradient in the post-exercise state, and during variations induced by isoproterenol infusion. The outflow obstruction induced by inhalation of amyl nitrite, the Valsalva maneuver, and premature ventricular contractions was only inconsistently prevented. Long-term oral propranolol therapy has been of significant symptomatic benefit in all the pa...
Physicians' attitudes toward race, genetics, and clinical medicine.

Purpose: This qualitative study explored black and white general internists' attitudes about the relevance of race in clinical care; views of the relationships among race, genetics, and disease; and expectations about the future of genetics and health. Methods: We conducted 10 racially concordant focus groups of primary care physicians in five metropolitan areas in the United States. Ninety board certified or eligible general internists (50 self-identified whites and 40 self-identified blacks) participated in the study. Analysis included a two-stage independent review and adjudication process. Results: Both black and white physicians concluded that the race of the patient is medically relevant but did not agree upon why race is important in clinical decisions. They were reticent to make connections among race, genetics, and disease and asserted that genetics has a limited role in explaining racial differences in health. However, they were enthusiastic about the future of genomic medicine, believing that the main benefit will be the potential to improve the efficacy of commonly used drugs. Conclusions: Understanding the similarities and differences between black and white physicians' attitudes and beliefs about race, health and genetics is important for the translation of genomics to clinical care.
The influence of temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity on the conductive cooling rates of plutons and temperature-time paths in contact aureoles

Abstract We explore the conductive cooling rates of plutons and temperature-time paths of their wall rocks using numerical methods that explicitly account for the temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity ( α ) and heat capacity (C P ). We focus on α because it has the strongest influence on the temperature-dependence of thermal conductivity (k = ρ·C P · α ) at high temperatures. Latent heats of crystallization are incorporated into the models as apparent C P 's. Two sets of models are presented, one for a 50 m thick basalt sill emplaced into rocks with diffusivity of the average crust, and one for a 5 km wide and 2 km thick granite pluton emplaced into dolostones. The sill's liquidus is 1230 °C, the solidus 980 °C, and the sill is emplaced into wall rocks that are at 150 °C. The pluton's liquidus is 900 °C, the solidus 680 °C, and the pluton is emplaced into wall rocks with initial geothermal gradient of 30 °C/km. The top of the pluton is at 3 km depth. Incorporating appropriate α = f(T) into calculations can more than double the solidification times of intrusions in comparison with incorporating constant α of 1 mm 2 ·s − 1 that is used in most petrologic heat transport models. The instantaneously emplaced basalt sill takes ~ 51 a to completely solidify, whereas the granite pluton takes ~ 52 ka to completely solidify. The solidification time is longer because of low thermal diffusivity of magma and because wall rocks become more insulating as temperature rises. In contact aureoles, maximum temperatures reached with α = f(T) are somewhat lower in comparison with α = 1 mm 2 ·s − 1 ; however, temperatures in inner aureoles stay elevated significantly longer with α = f(T), and consequently promote approach to mineralogical and textural equilibrium. The elevated temperature regime in inner aureoles enhances temperature gradients that may promote greater fluid fluxes if fluid pore pressures are controlled by temperatures. The results demonstrate the need to incorporate temperature-dependent transport properties of magmas and wall rocks into models of metamorphism and fluid flow in contact aureoles.
Actions of epinephrine on neurons in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray maintained in vitro

The effect of epinephrine (EPI) on the activity of 150 periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons was examined using extracellular recordings in an in vitro slice preparation. Drop application of EPI inhibited 45%, excited 35%, and had no effect on 20% of PAG neurons. Both the excitatory and inhibitory effects of EPI were of long duration; excitatory responses averaged 17 min and inhibitory responses averaged 11 min in duration. EPI responses could be blocked by specific alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptor antagonists. In 35% of the neurons tested, blockade of synaptic transmission by perfusion with low calcium-high magnesium physiological saline blocked responses to EPI. The effects of EPI were site specific: 77% of the cells in the caudal ventrolateral region of the PAG were inhibited by EPI; in all other regions of PAG equal numbers of cells were excited and inhibited by EPI. It is concluded that: (a) EPI has potent effects on a majority (80%) of PAG neurons; (b) EPI responses are mediated by presynaptic as well as postsynaptic mechanisms; (c) EPI preferentially inhibits neurons in the ventrolateral subdivision of caudal PAG. As this part of PAG contains many neurons that project to the ventral medulla, it is possible that EPI modulates the PAG-medullary functions such as analgesia, autonomic regulation, defense reactions, and sexual behaviors.
The Reliability and Validity of the English and Spanish Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal Behavior Rating Scales in a Preschool Sample: Continuum Measures of Hyperactivity and Inattention

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of the English and Spanish versions of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptom and Normal-behavior (SWAN) rating scale.Method:Parents of pres...
An Integrating Pyranometer for Climatological Observer Stations and Mesoscale Networks

Abstract The silicon photovoltaic solar cell has made possible the construction of simple pyranometers of reasonable accuracy. Cell response is linear, temperature sensitivity is low, and spectral response does not cause serious error, provided the cell is used in open sunlight. The solar cell has been mounted beneath a special diffusing unit to obtain a rugged pyranometer with excellent cosine response. This pyranometer has been coupled with a solid state integrator developed for this purpose. The integral is recorded with either visual or printing counters. Tests were made during September 1965 through February 1966 when low solar altitude and severe operating conditions would cause greatest error; and again during March 1966 through July 1966 when solar radiation intensities were high. For the first period the standard error of estimate and the solar radiation means were, respectively, 84 and 2200 Wh m−2 day−1. For the second period the corresponding values were 158 and 5630 Wh m−2 day−1.
Poetry as anti-discourse: formalism, hermeneutics, and the poetics of Paul Celan

I argue from a hermeneutic point of view that formal elements of poetry can only be identified because poetry is based on both the phenomenon and the conception of poetry, both of which precede the attempt to identify formal elements as the defining moment of poetry. Furthermore, I argue with Gadamer that poetry is based on a rupture with and an epoche of our non-poetic use of language in such a way that it liberates “fixed” universal aspects of everyday language, and that through establishing itself in a new, self-referential and monologue unity, it individualizes speech. From the hermeneutic position, poetry is a form of speaking rather than a “fixed” object. As such, I will try to make sense of what Paul Celan said in his famous “Meridian” speech: namely, that the poem is “actualized language, set free under the sign of a radical individuation, which at the same time stays mindful of the limits drawn by language, the possibilities opened by language.”
Declines in mitochondrial respiration during cardiac reperfusion: Age-dependent inactivation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

We previously reported that cardiac reperfusion results in declines in mitochondrial NADH-linked respiration. The degree of inactivation increased with age and was paralleled by modification of protein by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. To gain insight into potential sites of oxidative damage, the present study was undertaken to identify specific mitochondrial protein(s) inactivated during ischemia and reperfusion and to determine which of these losses in activity are responsible for observed declines in mitochondrial respiration. Using a Langendorff rat heart perfusion protocol, we observed age-dependent inactivation of complex I during ischemia and complex IV and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase during reperfusion. Although losses in complex I and IV activities were found not to be of sufficient magnitude to cause declines in mitochondrial respiration, an age-related decrease in complex I activity during ischemia may predispose old animals to more severe oxidative damage during reperfusion. It was determined that inactivation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is responsible, in large part, for observed reperfusion-induced declines in NADH-linked respiration. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is highly susceptible to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal inactivation in vitro. Thus, our results suggest a plausible mechanism for age-dependent, reperfusion-induced declines in mitochondrial function and identify α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase as a likely site of free radical-mediated damage.
Ventilatory management of infant baboons with hyaline membrane disease: the use of high frequency ventilation.

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) would result in decreased pulmonary barotrauma in infants with hyaline membrane disease by comparing HFOV at 10 Hz to conventional positive pressure ventilation with continual distending airway pressure (PPV/PEEP) in premature baboons with hyaline membrane disease. Nineteen baboon fetuses were randomized to one of two treatment groups, delivered at 140 ± 2 days, and, after stabilization and instrumentation of PPV/PEEP, placed in their respective ventilator group. Animals on conventional ventilation were managed by adjustment of tidal volume and frequency (to 1 Hz) to keep PaCO2 below 55 and by adjustment of the mean airway pressure. One of the “HFOV” group died of cardiovascular complications before going on HFOV and was eliminated from data analysis. The remaining HFOV baboons survived the 11-day experimental period without evidence of airleak. Six of the 11 prematures treated with PPV/PEEP developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema and/or pneumothorax and five of the animals died within 48 h. The intergroup differences in airleak were significant (p < 0.05). Mean airway pressure (measured at the proximal airway) was higher initially with HFOV but then was lowered more rapidly than in the PPV/PEEP animals. The arterial to alveolar oxygen ratio rose and the FIO2 could be lowered more rapidly with HFOV than with conventional ventilation. These differences reached significance by 20 h. After 60 h there were no significant differences between HFOV and the PPV/PEEP survivors. HFOV resulted in more uniform saccular expansion, higher arterial to alveolar oxygen ratio, less oxygen exposure, and decreased acute barotrauma when compared to PPV/PEEP. Although initially mean airway pressure was in the HFOV animals this was not associated with measurable baroinjury. These data support the efficacy of HFOV in the treatment of prematures with hyaline membrane disease.
Nonlinear enhancement of spontaneous biophoton emission of sweet potato by silver nanoparticles

Ultraweak biophoton emission of cutting-injured sweet potato is enhanced by the incubation with Ag nanoparticles in a nonlinear way. The late peak of the emission after the cutting injury is amplified as much as 15 times, while only little amplification was identified for the emission measured immediately after the cutting. The effect requires the presence of nutritive media to support the active metabolic processes and is also affected by the timing of the addition of the Ag nanoparticles. Proposed mechanisms of reactive oxygen species generation and energy resonance transfer are discussed.
Rate constants for the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin

Abstract 90° stopped-flow light scattering experiments have been used to determine the forward and reverse rate constants of the reversible hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin in glycine buffer at pH 9.6. Results were obtained at 20.5° and 25° at two different levels of calcium ion, and equilibrium constants derived from the data are in good agreement with those measured earlier with the ultracentrifuge.
Sagnac effect in a chain of mesoscopic quantum rings

The ability to interferometrically detect inertial rotations via the Sagnac effect has been a strong stimulus for the development of atom interferometry because of the potential ${10}^{10}$ enhancement of the rotational phase shift in comparison to optical Sagnac gyroscopes. Here we analyze ballistic transport of matter waves in a one-dimensional chain of $N$ coherently coupled quantum rings in the presence of a rotation of angular frequency $\ensuremath{\Omega}$. We show that the transmission probability, $T$, exhibits zero transmission stop gaps as a function of the rotation rate interspersed with regions of rapidly oscillating finite transmission. With increasing $N$, the transition from zero transmission to the oscillatory regime becomes an increasingly sharp function of $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ with a slope $\ensuremath{\partial}T/\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\sim}{N}^{2}$. The steepness of this slope dramatically enhances the response to rotations in comparison to conventional single ring interferometers such as the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and leads to a phase sensitivity well below the quantum shot-noise limit typical of atom interferometers.
Factors affecting the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease before vascular surgery referral.

Abstract Objective: Many new patients evaluated by vascular surgeons are referred by internal medicine physicians (IMPs). Objectives shared by vascular surgeons and IMPs include early identification of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), improved referral relationships, and reduction of health care costs. The approach to PAD by IMPs and identification of deficiencies that might contribute to suboptimal care form the basis for this report. Methods: An anonymous survey was mailed to all IMPs (n = 843) in the central and southern parts of Illinois. Questions concerned IMP demographics, approach to diagnostic testing, referral patterns, perception of adequacy of education of PAD, and how often parts of the history and physical examination for PAD would be performed on the initial office visit of a hypothetical 65-year-old male with hypertension (each answer measured as 0%-25%, 25%-50%, 50%-75%, and 75%-100% of the time completed). Results: There was a response from 360 IMPs: 230 IMPs (27.3%) returned the questionnaire, and 130 IMPs (15.4%) declined to participate. Practice locations for IMPs returning the questionnaire included rural (36%), suburban (22%), and urban (40%). Practice types included academic (7%), solo private (29%), group private (53%), and other (14%). A history of cardiac disease was obtained most of the time by 92% of IMPs (75%-100% answer category). Histories for pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and smoking were obtained most of the time with similar frequencies (85%, 86%, 73%, and 96%, respectively). In contrast, only 37% obtained a history for claudication, and 26% obtained a history for foot ulceration 75% to 100% of the time ( P P P Conclusions: Deficiencies may exist in the identification of PAD by IMPs that could adversely affect diagnosis, time to referral, health care costs, and ultimately, patient outcome. Improvements in medical school education and IMP training in the diagnosis of PAD are needed. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:870-9.)
The Therapist's Voice: Junior High, Revisited

What motivates therapists to specialize in eating disorders? And what personal and professional issues are evoked when working with this unique population? This account of a child psychiatrist-in-training's experience in an acute adolescent residential treatment program offers us a window into the countertransferential issues that face beginning therapists working with this population.
Multiple object tracking through temporal gaps created by the fading of objects

In three experiments, we examine whether the encoding of object location is used in Multiple Object Tracking. Observers were asked to track four target discs among eight identical distractors on a display where the same random-dot texture was used for object surfaces and display background. Stereoscopic glasses were used to create two display conditions: 3D (where objects appeared to float in front of the background texture) and 2D (where objects appeared on the background texture). In the 2D displays, disks were only visible while they moved and became indistinguishable from the background when they stopped. In 75% of the trials, the objects halted movement mid-trial for one, two, or four seconds.
Determination of kerogen maturity by the pyrolysis-carbon isotope method

Abstract The premise of the proposed maturation procedure is that immediately after post-depositional microbial alteration of organic matter there is a degradable but not renewable pool of non-extractable methane precursor carbon that becomes smaller as methane is produced with increasing time and temperature. In addition, the methane progressively becomes isotopically heavier because of mass balance and bonding considerations. A maturity index based on the isotopic difference between the total accumulated methane produced by pyrolysis and the kerogen carbon and/or the mole ratio of methane to kerogen carbon is presented. Published data by Chung and Sackett Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta43, 1979–1988 (1979) for a suite of 19 coals and 12 shales of various ranks and maturities support this procedure.
Comparison of microbial diversity of edible flowers and basil grown with organic versus conventional methods.

The consumption and use of edible flowers as food is growing; however, no study has been conducted to evaluate their role in the cause of food-borne illness or in food safety. Recent food-borne out...
Dynamic formation of a parasitic barrier to electron flow in SiGe HBTs operating at high current densities

Abstract The formation of a parasitic barrier to electron flow at the collector–base junction in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors during device operation at high current densities is analyzed. Due to the valence band discontinuity at the base–collector junction, hole injection into the collector at the onset of base pushout is blocked. Hole accumulation occurs at the collector end of the base inducing electron pile-up nearby in the collector and formation of a parasitic field and potential barrier to electron flow. This analysis takes into account the device physics of the electric field and carrier profiles in the vicinity of the collector junction and the closely related base pushout phenomenon to obtain an improved description of barrier formation and its dependence on device structure and current density. Also calculated is the corresponding electron buildup at the collector end of the quasi-neutral base that produces a degradation in base transport and device performance.
Infant emotion regulation: Relations to bedtime emotional availability, attachment security, and temperament

Abstract The present study examines the influences of mothers’ emotional availability toward their infants during bedtime, infant attachment security, and interactions between bedtime parenting and attachment with infant temperamental negative affectivity, on infants’ emotion regulation strategy use at 12 and 18 months. Infants’ emotion regulation strategies were assessed during a frustration task that required infants to regulate their emotions in the absence of parental support. Whereas emotional availability was not directly related to infants’ emotion regulation strategies, infant attachment security had direct relations with infants’ orienting toward the environment and tension reduction behaviors. Both maternal emotional availability and security of the mother–infant attachment relationship interacted with infant temperamental negative affectivity to predict two strategies that were less adaptive in regulating frustration.
International cash management: A study of the practices of U.K.-based companies

Abstract Little information is available on the current practices of cash and foreign-exchange management by companies—especially outside the United States. The purpose of this survey was to investigate responsibilities and practices of international cash management. Although the survey had a much broader scope, this article addresses six important issues with regard to cash and foreign-exchange management: policy and responsibility, centralization versus decentralization, cash-flow planning and foreign-exchange forecasting, banking relationships and cash management services, hedging translation and transaction exposures, conflicts with other departments. Although the size of the sample is too small to permit statistically significant conclusions, some interesting findings can be drawn from this study.
A note on the two-factor theory with rectification as applied to alternating current stimulation

The effect of rectification and non-normal accommodation on the two-factor theory of alternating current stimulation is studied. Rectification with normal accommodation increases the required amplitude of the current, especially for high frequencies. Rectification with non-normal accommodation introduces two upper limits, one for very low and one for very high frequencies.
Developmental studies of the compartmentalization of water and electrolytes in the choroid plexus of the neonatal rat brain

Summary Rats of various postnatal ages were utilized to study developmental changes in the distribution of Na, K and H2O between the various compartments of the lateral ventricular plexus (LVP). During the 3 weeks after birth, as the LVP grows from 0.5 to 0.8 mg, there is a significant increase in plexus K which is accompanied by a progressive decrease in Na and H2O. Also, during this postnatal period the decrease in [3H]inulin space in the plexus is proportional to the decrease in the Na space. Between 3 weeks and adulthood, the [3H]inulin and Na spaces are both augmented to a similar extent; moreover, during this same period of development there is a trebling of the residual [51Cr]erythrocyte volume. Despite the substantial changes in the volume of the extracellular fluid and of the residual blood in the plexus with age, the calculated concentrations (mEquiv./kg H2O) of choroid cell Na (30–35) and K (145–155) are similar for all ages investigated. The derived data for cellular ionic concentration, together with the analysis of the ionic concentration gradients (cerebrospinal fluid/plasma H2O), suggest that the transport mechanism which translocates Na and K across the choroidal membrane is operative as early as 3–4 days postnatal. The important role of the choroid plexus in central nervous system homeostasis is discussed in relation to the developing brain.
Automatic loop closure detection using multiple cameras for 3D indoor localization

Automated 3D modeling of building interiors is useful in applications such as virtual reality and environment mapping. We have developed a human operated backpack data acquisition system equipped with a variety of sensors such as cameras, laser scanners, and orientation measurement sensors to generate 3D models of building interiors, including uneven surfaces and stairwells. An important intermediate step in any 3D modeling system, including ours, is accurate 6 degrees of freedom localization over time. In this paper, we propose two approaches to improve localization accuracy over our previously proposed methods. First, we develop an adaptive localization algorithm which takes advantage of the environment's floor planarity whenever possible. Secondly, we show that by including all the loop closures resulting from two cameras facing away from each other, it is possible to reduce localization error in scenarios where parts of the acquisition path is retraced. We experimentally characterize the performance gains due to both schemes.
De-identification of Medical Images with Retention of Scientific Research Value

Online public repositories for sharing research data allow investigators to validate existing research or perform secondary research without the expense of collecting new data. Patient data made publicly available through such repositories may constitute a breach of personally identifiable information if not properly de-identified. Imaging data are especially at risk because some intricacies of the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format are not widely understood by researchers. If imaging data still containing protected health information (PHI) were released through a public repository, a number of different parties could be held liable, including the original researcher who collected and submitted the data, the original researcher's institution, and the organization managing the repository. To minimize these risks through proper de-identification of image data, one must understand what PHI exists and where that PHI resides, and one must have the tools to remove PHI without compromising the scientific integrity of the data. DICOM public elements are defined by the DICOM Standard. Modality vendors use private elements to encode acquisition parameters that are not yet defined by the DICOM Standard, or the vendor may not have updated an existing software product after DICOM defined new public elements. Because private elements are not standardized, a common de-identification practice is to delete all private elements, removing scientifically useful data as well as PHI. Researchers and publishers of imaging data can use the tools and process described in this article to de-identify DICOM images according to current best practices.
Experiences with Grounded-Neutral, Y-Connected Potential Transformers on Ungrounded Systems

The application of Y-connected transformers to three-phase, three-wire systems, in such a manner that the third and its multiple harmonics of the exciting currents would ordinarily be suppressed, is not in accordance with the best practise. However, such applications of grounded-neutral, Y-connected potential transformers, particularly to temporarily ungrounded systems, have been made for relaying and other purposes. The resulting complications, which are of a different nature than would be anticipated from the suppression of the third and its multiple harmonics, may not be generally appreciated, so this paper outlines experiences with two such applications. The peculiar and dangerous ``saturation phenomena'' obtained and the methods of preventing their occurrence are described and considerable data thereon included. The phenomena are discussed from theoretical standpoints in companion papers by A. Boyajian and O. P. McCarty and by C. W. La Pierre.
Collective Sensemaking about Reading: How Teachers Mediate Reading Policy in Their Professional Communities:

Recent research on the relationship between instructional policy and classroom practice suggests that teachers interpret, adapt, and even transform policies as they put them into place. This paper extends this line of research, using an in-depth case study of one California elementary school to examine the processes by which teachers construct and reconstruct multiple policy messages about reading instruction in the context of their professional communities. Drawing primarily on institutional and sensemaking theory, this paper puts forth a model of collective sensemaking that focuses on the ways teachers co-construct understandings of policy messages, make decisions about which messages to pursue in their classrooms, and negotiate the technical and practical details of implementation in conversations with their colleagues. It also argues that the nature and structure of formal networks and informal alliances among teachers shape the process, with implications for ways in which messages from the policy env...
Decision making with fuzzy probability assessments

We discuss the idea of a fuzzy probability assessment, the association a collection of fuzzy probabilities with the outcomes of a random experiment. Fuzzy probability assessments often result from the linguistic specification of probabilities as provided by human experts. The question of consistency of the fuzzy probability assessment is considered. Finally, the problem of decision-making, selecting a best alternative action, in the face of a fuzzy probability assessment is investigated. Here we focus on the issue of obtaining the expected payoff of alternatives in the face of a fuzzy probability assessment. In the course of solving this problem we develop a representation of an effective probability distribution in the face of a fuzzy probability assessment.
Doubly supervised embedding based on class labels and intrinsic clusters for high-dimensional data visualization

Abstract Visualization of data can assist decision-making processes by presenting the underlying information in a perceptible manner. Many dimension reduction techniques have been proposed to generate faithful visualization snapshots given high-dimensional data. When class labels associated with the data are already provided, supervised dimension reduction methods, which utilize such pre-given label information as well as the data, have been effective in revealing the overall structure of data with respect to their pre-given class labels. However, the main principle of most of these supervised methods has been to enhance class separability, which generally leads to significant distortion of original relationships. To compensate for such distortion, we propose a novel doubly supervised dimension reduction approach that highlights both natural groupings conforming to original relationships and classes determined by pre-given labels. Our method imposes minimal supervision on the pre-given class information depending on their original distributions while imposing additional supervision on natural groupings to better preserve them in reduced feature space. Specifically, we apply the notion of doubly supervised dimension reduction to a state-of-the-art method called t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and present a new formulation and an algorithm. By performing both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using various visualization examples on real-world data. Our results show that, compared to other existing methods, the proposed method better preserves the original high-dimensional relationships while simultaneously maintaining class separability and preserving cluster structures. In addition, due to the characteristics of preserving natural groupings, the visualization results generated by our method reveal interesting sub-groups that cohesively preserve the original relationships in the data.
Are periodic solar wind number density structures formed in the solar corona

[1] We present an analysis of the alpha to proton solar wind abundance ratio (AHe) during a period characterized by significant large size scale density fluctuations, focusing on an event in which the proton and alpha enhancements are anti-correlated. In a recent study using 11 years (1995– 2005) of solar wind observations from the Wind spacecraft, N. M. Viall et al. [2008] showed that periodic proton density structures occurred at particular radial length-scales more often than others. The source of these periodic density structures is a significant and outstanding question. Are they generated in the interplanetary medium, or are they a relic of coronal activity as the solar wind was formed? We use AHe to answer this question, as solar wind elemental abundance ratios are not expected to change during transit. For this event, the anti-phase nature of the AHe variations strongly suggests that periodic solar wind density structures originate in the solar corona. Citation: Viall, N. M., H. E. Spence, and J. Kasper (2009), Are periodic solar wind number density structures formed in the solar corona?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23102, doi:10.1029/2009GL041191.
Simulating electromagnetic radiation of printed circuit boards

A realistic approach is introduced for the computation of the electromagnetic radiation interference (EMI) from printed circuit boards. The approach is suitable for large problems and real circuit boards can be investigated. Each trace and its source and loads are represented as electrical circuits and a conventional time-domain circuit simulation is used to find the currents. The field is then calculated by applying the free-space Green's function to all currents including the polarization currents. This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first CAD tool which can predict EMI from basic principles. >
Statistics of neuromuscular transmitter release in young and old mouse muscle.

1. It was reported previously that in limb muscles of old (27-30 months) CBF-1 mice, quantal content (m) of evoked transmitter release was increased compared to that in young (9-12 months) mice. In diaphragm muscles there was no change with age. The object of the present study was to determine whether the age-related increase in transmitter release was due to increase in the binomial parameter n or the parameter p. The analysis also involved consideration of goodness-of-fit between observed and expected binomial distribution of the data. 2. Spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) and evoked end-plate potentials (e.p.p.s) were recorded with intracellular techniques from soleus and diaphragm muscles bathed in low-Ca high-Mg medium. The goodness-of-fit between the observed e.p.p amplitude distribution and that expected from a binomial distribution was evaluated by chi 2 test. 3. In different muscles and at different ages, the percentage of fibres with binomial e.p.p. distributions varied from 17 to 44%, even though in all fibres there was a similar proportionality between direct quantal content and the reciprocal of the square of the coefficient of variation of e.p.p. amplitudes. In addition, apparent graphical agreement between observed and theoretical binomial e.p.p. distributions was often not substantiated by the chi 2 criterion. 4. In soleus muscles from young mice, lowering the stimulus frequency from 10 to 0.5 Hz and shortening the train length from 250 to 100 pulses increased the prevalence of binomial e.p.p. distributions, but the same result was not obtained in diaphragm or soleus muscles from old mice. If the mean amplitude of groups of 10 e.p.p.s in any train showed any drift (greater than 10%) then that train was excluded from the results. Thus, in order to make valid age comparisons, only fibres with binomial e.p.p. distributions were analysed further. 5. There was no change with age in m, n or p in diaphragm muscles, but in soleus muscles from old animals a nearly 2-fold increase in n entirely accounted for the increase in m. 6. If, as proposed by others, n represents the number of release sites, then the ageing soleus neuromuscular junction may have increased numbers or length of active zones or associated membrane components.
Mandate for Remote Sensing Education and the Remote Sensing Core Curriculum

Abstract Consensus was developed by the remote sensing community during the 1980s and early 1990s regarding the need for an organized approach to teaching remote sensing fundamentals for collegiate institutions. Growth of the remote sensing industry might be seriously hampered without concerted efforts to bolster the capacity to teach state‐of‐the‐practice remote sensing theory and practice to the next generation of professionals. A concerted effort of educators, researchers, government, and industry began in 1992 to meet these demands leading to the creation of the Remote Sensing Core Curriculum. The RSCC is currently sustained by cooperative efforts of the ASPRS, ICRSE, NASA, NCGIA, and others in the remote sensing community. Growth of the RSCC into the K‐12 community resulted from its Internet teaching foundation that enables comprehensive and response reference links to the whole of the education community.
Labor Standards and Local Economic Development Do Living Wage Provisions Harm Economic Growth

In times of economic crisis, state and local governments increasingly turn to economic development incentive programs to jumpstart job growth. However, recent efforts to attach minimum labor standards to incentives are seen as a threat to traditional practice. Critics of such “business assistance living wage” laws assert that they may reduce employment or redevelopment activity. This paper measures the actual impact of living wage laws using a time-series analysis of employment and business establishment trends in large U.S. cities that have enacted such laws and finds no evidence that ordinances mandating stronger labor standards affect aggregate economic development outcomes.
In situ groundwater bioremediation

In situ groundwater bioremediation of hydrocarbons has been used for more than 40 years. Most strategies involve biostimulation; however, recently bioaugmentation have been used for dehalorespiration. Aquifer and contaminant profiles are critical to determining the feasibility and strategy for in situ groundwater bioremediation. Hydraulic conductivity and redox conditions, including concentrations of terminal electron acceptors are critical to determine the feasibility and strategy for potential bioremediation applications. Conceptual models followed by characterization and subsequent numerical models are critical for efficient and cost effective bioremediation. Critical research needs in this area include better modeling and integration of remediation strategies with natural attenuation.
Communicating about the experience of pain and fatigue in disability

Purpose To examine the experiences of people with chronic disabling conditions as they communicate with health care providers about pain and fatigue.
Dimensional reduction for reward-based learning

Reward-based learning in neural systems is challenging because a large number of parameters that affect network function must be optimized solely on the basis of a reward signal that indicates improved performance. Searching the parameter space for an optimal solution is particularly difficult if the network is large. We show that Hebbian forms of synaptic plasticity applied to synapses between a supervisor circuit and the network it is controlling can effectively reduce the dimension of the space of parameters being searched to support efficient reinforcement-based learning in large networks. The critical element is that the connections between the supervisor units and the network must be reciprocal. Once the appropriate connections have been set up by Hebbian plasticity, a reinforcement-based learning procedure leads to rapid learning in a function approximation task. Hebbian plasticity within the network being supervised ultimately allows the network to perform the task without input from the supervisor.
Large lunar tidal effects in the equatorial electrojet during northern winter and its relation to stratospheric sudden warming events

It has been known for many decades that lunar tidal effects in the equatorial electrojet are greatest during northern winter; the mechanism of which has never been identified. Recent findings of the lunar tidal amplification during stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events raise the question: To what extent do SSWs contribute to the large lunar tide during northern winter? We use ground magnetometer data at Addis Ababa for the years 1958-2007 to determine the average M-2 lunar tide in the equatorial electrojet at different seasons. When all the data are included, the amplitude of the lunar tide is largest during northern winter. However, when only the data for non-SSW winters are used, the amplitude during northern winter is not significantly larger than during other seasons. The M-2 amplitude during SSW events is approximately 3 times as large as that for non-SSW winters, and it considerably increases the amplitude of the average lunar tide during northern winter. The M-2 phase is not significantly affected by SSW events. These results indicate that the occurrence of SSW events significantly modulates the seasonal pattern of lunar tidal effects on the ionosphere.
net-Trials/sup TM/ clinical trials information system

The net-Trials/sup TM/ clinical trials information system is an integrated data management system for collecting and reporting data on clinical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Center for Cancer Research (CCR). The development and implementation of net-Trials is an ongoing process, with the expectation that all functions will be implemented within the next two to three years. As an enabler of clinical research, net-Trials replaces the many stand-alone data management systems used in the past with a single system which is accessible at any time from anywhere. net-Trials offers numerous benefits to cancer researchers, physicians and patients, because it unifies systems, processes and data to facilitate clinical trial participation. net-Trials users collaborate by transmitting and receiving clinical trials data from a secure central database.
Instructors' Growth in TPACK: Teaching Technology-Infused Methods Courses to Preservice Teachers

AbstractWe were concerned about teaching a stand-alone technology integration course while advocating that teachers employ full integration. Our college moved to a tech-infusion model whereby our educational technology curriculum would be incorporated in methods courses. Using a qualitative approach, we documented experiences of teacher educators who were content experts and were asked to teach a tech-infused course. In comparison to their first time teaching their course, during their third experience they demonstrated that knowledge in teaching teacher candidates how to integrate technology was highly developmental in nature and supported by advancements in instructors' expertise. We found evidence that small changes in their practice were creating larger consequences within our college; it appears our professional development model is creating a positive cultural shift.
Phase-coherent synthesis of optical frequencies and waveforms

Precision phase control of an ultrawide-bandwidth optical-frequency comb has produced remarkable and unexpected progress in both areas of optical-frequency metrology and ultrafast optics. A frequency comb (with 100 MHz spacing) spanning an entire optical octave (>300 THz) has been produced, corresponding to millions of marks on a frequency “ruler” that are stable at the Hz level. The precision comb has been used to establish a simple optical clock based on an optical transition of iodine molecules, providing an rf clock signal with a frequency stability comparable to that of an optical standard, and which is superior to almost all conventional rf sources. To realize a high-power cw optical frequency synthesizer, a separate, widely tunable single-frequency cw laser has been employed to randomly access the stabilized optical comb and lock to any desired comb component. Carrier-envelope phase stabilization of few-cycle optical pulses has recently been realized. This advance in femtosecond technology is important for both extreme non-linear optics and optical-frequency metrology. With two independent femtosecond lasers, we have not only synchronized their relative pulse timing at the femtosecond level, but have also phase-locked their carrier frequencies, thus establishing phase coherence between the two lasers. By coherently stitching the optical bandwidth together, a “synthesized” pulse has been generated with its 2nd-order autocorrelation signal displaying a shorter width than those of the two “parent” lasers.
Effect of 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐Triazole on the Alcohol Soluble Nitrogen Compounds in Cirsium arvense

Changes in the soluble nitrogen compounds after application of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) to amitrole susceptible and amitrole resistant ecotypes of Cirsium arvense were investigated. One day after treatment with amitrole the concentration of all nitrogen compounds tested in the leaves of the susceptible ecotype was reduced, but none was eliminated. Five days after treatment the concentration of the same compounds increased in the leaves above the control (0 amitrole) concentration. The resistant ecotype had less change in nitrogen compounds than did the susceptible ecotype. Changes in the soluble nitrogen compounds in the stem and root fraction were less than in the leaf fraction. The authors suggest a two phase reaction of the soluble nitrogen compounds due to amitrole treatment. It is concluded that the primary biochemical lesion of amirole in mature Cirsium arvense is not the elimination of glycine, serine, or any other soluble nitrogen compound.
A comparison of (τ, n) ground-state transitions in the (fp) shell with predictions of the pairing vibrational model

Abstract The (τ, n) reaction has been studied at 15 MeV for all stable even-even target nuclei from 46 Ti to 64 Ni. Relative strengths obtained for the L = 0 ground-state transitions are compared with the predictions of the pairing vibrational model with isospin. The trend of the deviations from predicted strengths differs from that reported in analogous studies of the (t, p) two-neutron transfers in this mass region.
Avian Influenza A (H5N1): Pandemic Potential and the Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

The current outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) in poultry and wild birds has spread to over 50 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Between November 2003 and September 2007, there have been 328 confirmed human cases in 12 different countries with a mortality rate of 60% (200 fatalities). To date, the spread of the H5N1 virus from person to person has been rare, inefficient, and unsustained. The outbreak in poultry and wild birds is not likely to diminish in the near future, and, as a result, human infections with H5N1 resulting from direct contact with infected birds will continue to occur. Clinicians and laboratory professionals need to be aware of the possibility of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection, and they must understand and recognize the indications for laboratory testing. The rapid diagnosis of infected patients is critical for effective treatment and implementation of adequate infection control measures. Appropriate specimen collection, correct diagnostic testing, and effective communication with state and local public health authorities are all critical components of this diagnostic process.
Applying current limiting fuses with modern molded case circuit breakers

The application of current limiting fuses to reduce short circuit duty is complicated by the current limiting aspects of modern breaker design. The problem of applying current limiting fuses in conjunction with modern design breakers is explored in a new installation. This installation is a 3000 kVA unit substation in a cogeneration facility. This paper analyzes a problem encountered in a design where modern breakers were installed downstream of current limiting fuses and extrapolates the findings to other applications. >