cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) Tumor Suppressor

The APC gene is a critical obstacle to cancer initiation in the colorectal epithelium. Germline APC mutations are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP), a syndrome in which hundreds to thousands of precancerous adenomatous polyps arise in the colorectal epithelium. These polyps harbor somatic mutations in the second allele of APC. Most sporadically occurring colorectal polyps and carcinomas similarly harbor biallelic APC mutations.The APC protein negatively regulates canonical WNT signaling, such that APC inactivation leads to aberrant, constitutive activation of this pathway. APC also functions in control of proliferation, maintenance of chromosomal stability, differentiation, cell migration, and apoptosis.
The Role of Culture Bump in Developing Intercultural Communication Competency and Internationalizing Psychology Education

This article describes the Culture Bump Approach to intercultural training across three separate projects and its impact on the behavior and attitudes of participants in these projects. The authors...
The rôle of the skeletal musculature in the maintenance of the asphyxial rise of blood pressure during bulbar anemia.

In an analysis of the cardiovascular mechanism of the cat by means of the changes in blood pressure and pulse rate taking place under the conditions of medullary anemia caused by temporary ligation of the carotid, vertebral and subclavian arteries, it was considered desirable to ascertain, if possible, the extent of the role played by the skeletal musculature in the maintenance of the high pressures which the animals show.After a control tracing had been taken, in which the anemic rise of blood pressure was obtained, curare was administered intravenously in doses of 1 mg. per 5 cc. of Ringer's solution. This dose was repeated, if necessary, every five minutes until failure of the respiratory mechanism, after which time artificial respiration was maintained. Intravenous injection of curare is followed by a fall in blood pressure, due to peripheral vasomotor depression. This action is apparently on the ganglion cells (Langley), but Sollmann1 states that this effect on the circulation passes off within fifte...
Perioperative and Anesthetic Considerations in Ebstein’s Anomaly:

Ebstein's anomaly is a complex and heterogeneous form of congenital heart disease characterized by malformation and apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets. Patients may present at any time from the neonatal period to adulthood with symptoms ranging from cardiac failure and cyanosis to paroxysmal arrhythmias. Depending on the timing of presentation, various surgical options are available for the management of symptomatic patients. This review will discuss the perioperative and anesthetic management of patients with Ebstein's anomaly with reference to the more common surgical approaches.
Studying the Effects of Bioactive Lipids on TRPV4 Activation

Blood pressure regulation relies on the ability of mechanoelectrical transduction proteins to transform variations in physical (e.g., pressure changes) and chemical stimuli (e.g., lipids) into electrical signals, which in turn regulate vascular tone. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a cation channel that has been implicated in the control of blood pressure, osmotic regulation, and vascular myogenic tone. TRPV4 is widely distributed in the vasculature, being found in smooth muscles, vascular endothelial cells, and perivascular sensory neurons. The precise molecular mechanism underlying TRPV4 activation by mechanical stimuli (e.g., shear stress) or bioactive lipids (e.g., epoxyeicosatrienoic acid [EET]) remains unknown. Moreover, whether TRPV4 is directly or indirectly activated by physical and chemical stimuli is a topic of debate. A more systematic analysis of the activation mechanism requires the examination of TRPV4 in a controlled lipid environment. Here, we examine the role of upstream lipid pathways on TRPV4 in the animal model C. elegans. Worms allow for easy and accurate manipulation of lipid content, the ability to incorporate lipids back via diet supplementation, and a collection of lipid-deficient mutants. To determine the mechanisms by which endogenous molecules modulate TRPV4, we use a transgenic worm that expresses rat (r) TRPV4 in a sensory neuron. Chemical activation of transgenic rTRPV4 worm (but not wild-type) by GSK1016790A (a selective agonist) elicits withdrawal responses. Behavior of rTRPV4 transgenic worms crossed with strains lacking fatty acids and lipids suggest that long fatty acids are required for rTRPV4-mediated withdrawal responses. These findings support the role of bioactive lipids as cofactors of TRPV4 activation.
Modulation of Knee Range of Motion and Time to Rest in Cerebral Palsy Using Two Forms of Mechanical Stimulation

Spasticity and dystonia are challenging motor impairments that may interfere with the use of exoskeleton-based therapy. We suggest that two mechanical stimulation techniques that target and remediate these manifestations in cerebral palsy, will allow exoskeletons become a much more feasible rehabilitation technique. This will improve function and, importantly, safety. Our previous studies have shown the positive outcomes of vestibular stimulation, and published literature proposes the possible advantages of whole body vibration. Our current approach utilizes both techniques to define a rehabilitation method specific to the subject’s diagnosis of spasticity and dystonia. Our recent pilot data shows great potential in temporarily eliminating/reducing both spasticity and dystonia in a subject with CP. Results suggest a reduction in tone and possible improvements to mobility after a single session of stimulation. Therefore, this paper serves to propose the use of this approach to enable and enhance the benefits of robotic therapy.
Some Geometric Aspects of Integrability of Differential Equations in Two Independent Variables

The relation between scalar evolution equations which are the integrability condition of sl(2,R)-valued linear problems with parameter (‘kinematic’ integrability) and those which possess recursion operators (‘formal’ integrability) is studied: using that kinematically integrable equations describe one-parameter families of pseudo-spherical surfaces and vice versa, it is shown that every second order formally integrable evolution equation is kinematically integrable, and that this result cannot be extended as proven to the third-order case.
Unsupervised detection of contextual anomaly in remotely sensed data

Abstract Massive amounts of remotely sensed data are being generated at an unprecedented rate, offering new opportunities for data-driven scientific discovery in the Earth sciences and related domains. However, due to the sheer volume of remotely sensed data and the lack of effective data analytics tools, most data remain in the dark, with little to no quality assurance and limited access to high-level analytical tools. Anomaly detection, which aims to find scenarios that differ from the norm, is of particular importance when analyzing remotely sensed data. However, most previous work has focused on identifying individual anomalies, and required prior knowledge of the ground truth for supervised learning. In this work, we propose an unsupervised anomaly detection framework that requires no prior knowledge and is capable of detecting anomalous events, which we define as groups of outlier objects differing contextually from their spatial and temporal neighbors. Such contextual anomalies can be useful in discovering both hidden quality issues in the data and real natural events of significance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework via Web-based tools developed for visualizing and analyzing such contextual anomalies, using two types of data. The techniques and tools developed in this project are generally usable for a diverse set of satellite products and will be made publicly available with the support of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).
Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease symptom experience and cytokine correlates in survivors after transplantation for hematologic malignancies

19510 Background: Oral chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD) is a frequent, clinically significant sequela of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). No optimal treatment exists; molecular p...
Impact of beta-blocker medication use on prostate cancer survival: Results from a single-institution cancer registry.

e16064 Background: Antihypertensive medication use may affect survival outcomes in specific malignancies although anti-tumor activity for this drug class in prostate cancer (PC) is unknown. We eval...
Life after an Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: A Comparison of Stress and Coping Profiles of African American and Euro-American Caregivers.

The purpose of the present study was to understand how caregiver stress and coping behaviors impact African American and Euro-American families differently when caring for a child with autism. This study used discriminate function analysis to contrast the stress and coping profiles of Euro-American caregivers who are more acculturated with the majority culture with African American caregivers who ascribe to more traditional values. A sample of 103 families was recruited (52 Euro-American, 51 African American). African American families reported significantly more stress and utilizing more varied coping strategies than their Euro-American counterparts. Additional differences were found between the high and low acculturated African American groups such that low acculturated African Americans were more likely to engage in religious coping.
Tribological properties and mechanisms of self-mated ultrafine-grained titanium

Abstract While titanium and its alloys have an excellent balance of properties, they continue to have limited applications owing to their relatively poor wear resistance, in particular for commercially pure titanium. Processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been developed over the last two decades that produces an ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure resulting in improved mechanical properties. However, only limited studies are available to date on the wear behavior of SPD-processed UFG metallic materials with many conflicting results in terms of reduced wear rates. Furthermore, the wear behavior and mechanisms of SPD-UFG metallic materials are unknown in self-mated sliding contacts. Here, the friction and wear properties of self-mating UFG titanium in a cross-cylinder high frequency reciprocating contact is reported and compared to coarse grain (CG) titanium. Cross-sectional focused ion beam microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy studies were performed inside worn surfaces to determine the dry sliding wear-induced structural and chemical evolution responsible for the observed friction coefficients and wear rates. It was determined that the microhardness of UFG titanium increased from 2.6 to 3.4 GPa; however, this increased hardness did not correlate to lowering of friction and wear. Instead, the similar friction coefficients and wear rates of CG titanium and UFG titanium were due to similar wear surface structures and oxide debris composition. Furthermore, wear surface morphologies and cross sections inside the wear tracks revealed that CG titanium had a major shear deformation contribution to wear, but with the wear rates being equivalent, wear is most likely dominated by oxide particle abrasion.
Sixth Drag Prediction Workshop Results Using FUN3D with k-kL-MEAH2015 Turbulence Model

The Common Research Model wing/body configuration is investigated with the k-kL-MEAH2015 turbulence model implemented in FUN3D. This includes results presented at the Sixth Drag Prediction Workshop and additional results generated after the workshop with a nonlinear quadratic constitutive relation variant of the same turbulence model. The workshop-provided grids are used, and a uniform grid refinement study is performed at the design condition. A large variation between results with and without a reconstruction limiter is exhibited on "medium" grid sizes, indicating that the medium grid size is too coarse for drawing conclusions in comparison with experiment. This variation is reduced with grid refinement. At a fixed angle of attack near design conditions, the quadratic constitutive relation variant yielded decreased lift and drag compared with the linear eddy-viscosity model by an amount that was approximately constant with grid refinement. The k-kL-MEAH2015 turbulence model produced wing-root junction flow behavior consistent with wind-tunnel observations.
Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses to intestinal microbiota

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract can harbor both beneficial commensal bacteria important for host health, but also pathogenic bacteria capable of intestinal damage. It is therefore important that the host immune system mount the appropriate immune response to these divergent groups of bacteria-promoting tolerance in response to commensal bacteria and sterilizing immunity in response to pathogenic bacteria. Failure to induce tolerance to commensal bacteria may underlie immune-mediated diseases such as human inflammatory bowel disease. At homeostasis, regulatory T (Treg) cells are a key component of the tolerogenic response by adaptive immunity. This review examines the mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria influence colonic T-cells and B-cell immunoglobulin A (IgA) induction, with an emphasis on Treg cells and the role of antigen-specificity in these processes. In addition to discussing key primary literature, this review highlights current controversies and important future directions.
The Use of Property Law Tools for Soil Protection

Where conservationists are dissatisfied with public measures of soil protection, property law may provide a vehicle for private action to meet soil protection goals. Specifically, this chapter explores how property law concepts could be used to conserve soil. One can always decide as a landowner to engage in soil protection measures, but landownership is a limited soil conservation strategy. Instead, this chapter explores how NGOs or interested parties could use future interests or partial property rights to constrain land use in a way that will be most protective of soils. Using the United States as an example (but detailing a worldwide pattern of developing partial property rights), this chapter shows how traditional servitude law may be able to protect some soils, but its reach is limited. Instead, jurisdictions are building on previous property law concepts to create new structures. The most popular of which is the conservation easement, a nonpossessory right in land with a conservation goal that can be enforced in perpetuity. This chapter explains the strengths and weaknesses of various property rights approaches and ends with a caution to tread carefully when using perpetual tools in a changing world.
Microstructure-mechanical properties correlation in irradiated amorphous SiOC

Abstract The microstructure and mechanical properties of amorphous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) before and after irradiation were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis and nano-indentation. SiOC films of different compositions were subjected 1 displacement per atom (dpa) He+ irradiation. The irradiation results in a decrease of Si O Si bond angle and an increase of average coordination number. These microstructure variations are associated with increases of hardness and Young's modulus. Our findings reveal that mechanical properties correlate with the Si O Si bond angle and average coordination number in irradiated amorphous SiOC alloys.
Photodynamic therapy-based combinations to overcome molecular, cellular and stromal resistance mechanisms in ovarian and pancreatic cancer (Conference Presentation)

Drug resistance to conventional therapies remains a major cause of treatment failure, tumor recurrence and dismal survival rates for patients with advanced stage cancers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides an opportunity to exploit photochemically-triggered death mechanisms via targeting of sub-cellular, cellular and stromal compartments to overcome treatment resistance in unresponsive populations of stubborn disease. The informed design of mechanism-based combinations is emerging as increasingly important to targeting resistance and improving the efficacy of conventional treatments, while minimizing toxicity. PDT has been shown to synergize with conventional agents and to overcome the evasion pathways that cause resistance. Increasing evidence shows that PDT-based combinations cooperate mechanistically with, and improve the therapeutic index of, traditional chemotherapies. These and other findings emphasize the importance of including PDT as part of comprehensive treatment plans for cancer, particularly in complex disease sites. Identifying effective combinations requires a multi-faceted approach that includes the development of bioengineered cancer models and corresponding image analysis tools. The presentation will focus on the molecular and phenotypic basis of verteporfin PDT-based enhancement of chemotherapeutic efficacy and predictability in complex 3D models and in vivo models, with a particular emphasis on ovarian and pancreatic cancer.
Properties of Reaction Centers from the Green Photosynthetic Bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

The photosynthetic reaction center is an elegant machine that transduces light energy into redox energy. Purple photosynthetic bacteria have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of how this transduction is accomplished, because it has been possible to purify and characterize their reaction centers in terms of chemical composition, spectral, kinetic and thermodynamic properties1,2. The recent determination of the three dimensional structures of two purple bacterial reaction centers has brought this study to a stage where the function of the complexes can be analyzed in detail with respect to their structure3–7.
The Pituitary Gland in Pregnancy and the Puerperium

Publisher Summary During pregnancy, the anterior pituitary enlarges greatly; pituitary weight increases by about 33%, as does cross-sectional area and gland. This enlargement results in an upward convexity of the superior surface of the gland when visualized radiologically. In response to a changing hormonal milieu, the human pituitary gland undergoes a remarkable transformation during pregnancy. Substances produced by the fetoplacental unit greatly modify maternal hypophyseal structure and function. In the case of some hormones, for example prolactin (PRL) or oxytocin, such changes clearly play an important functional role in pregnancy, labour, and the puerperium. In the case of others, such as growth hormone (GH), the changes in the maternal pituitary seem to be a coincidental side effect of processes involved in stimulating fetal growth. Other changes noted during pregnancy in immunohistochemical studies include a modest diminution in the relative number of somatotrophs, a major decrease in the proportion of stainable gonadotrophs, and no change in the proportions of thyrotrophs or corticotrophs. Some of the somatotrophs may convert to mammosomatotrophs or lactotrophs during pregnancy.
The isolation of two mutants of Saccharomycescerevisiae which demonstrate increased activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase

Abstract Two mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been isolated which demonstrate increased levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. The increased activity of this enzyme was paralleled by increases in sterol production. The mutants were selected by virtue of their resistance to the cytotoxic effects of 6-ketocholestanol. It was shown that this resistance results from decreased permeability of the cells to the oxygenated sterol analog. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of the sterols present in these strains implicate the conversion of squalene into sterols as an important regulatory step in sterol biosynthesis in yeast.
Bacteria Associated with Processed Crawfish and Potential Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type E in Vacuum-Packaged and Aerobically Packaged Crawfish Tails†

Refrigerated vacuum-packaged storage has been shown to increase significantly the shelf life of fresh fish and seafood products, but the effect, if any, on the outgrowth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum type E on cooked crawfish is unknown. Microflora associated with live crawfish reflect the microbial populations of the harvest water and sediments in which they are living. The presence or absence of specific pathogens in either vacuum-packaged or air-permeable bags of cooked crawfish have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study evaluates the potential survival and outgrowth of biological hazards in both vacuum-packaged and air-permeable-packaged cooked crawfish held at 4 and 10 degrees C for 30 days. During shelf-life studies of vacuum-packaged and air-permeable-bagged cooked crawfish, a total of 31 bacterial species were isolated and identified from crawfish samples using both selective and nonselective media. The only pathogens isolated from both vacuum-packed and air-permeable bags of processed crawfish samples during shelf-life studies were strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. C. botulinum type E and Clostridium perfringens species were not isolated from any of the uninoculated crawfish samples. Cooked crawfish were inoculated with 10(3) C. botulinum type E spores per g of crawfish tail meat to determine whether cooked crawfish tails would support the growth of C. botulinum type E strains and produce toxin at refrigerated temperatures. Spore-inoculated crawfish tails were vacuum packaged in both a high barrier film and an air-permeable bag and stored at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C for 30 days. C. botulinum toxin E was not detected in any of the spore-inoculated packages throughout the shelf-life study until day 30. Microbiological data from this study should be useful in the development and implementation of the hazard analysis and critical control point plans for processed crawfish tails.
Inherently Flame Retardant Nylon 6 Nanocomposite Fibers

In this study, inherently flame retardant nanocomposite nylon 6 fibers infused with nanoclay and intumescent additives were compounded and melt-spun. Two approaches were adopted to mitigate the loss of mechanical properties typically observed nanocomposite fiber systems: (a) additive particle size reduction; and (b) elastomer toughening of the nanocomposite system. As a result, the ductility of the FR nanocomposite formulations was improved significantly. Structural and morphological characterization of the melt-spun fibers using TEM and XRD demonstrated good dispersion of the additives and exfoliation of the nanoclay platelets. Microscale Combustion Calorimetry analysis demonstrated effective reduction of heat release capacity and thus significant enhancement of flame retardant performance of the compounded fibers.
Effect of losing a fight on later agonistic behavior toward unfamiliar conspecifics in male Syrian hamsters

In many species, agonistic interactions result in social relationships that are stable over time. In Syrian hamsters, two unfamiliar males that are placed together will fight vigorously and a clear winner/loser relationship is usually established. In sub- sequent interactions, the loser will flee soon after detecting the familiar winner. Here we tested the hypothesis that losing a fight with a conspecific will affect future agonistic interactions not only toward that individual (i.e., the familiar winner) but also to- ward unfamiliar conspecifics. To test this hypothesis we paired two Syrian hamster males in three trials on one day in which the loser had the opportunity to escape the winner. The next day the loser was paired with an unfamiliar male, also for three trials. If he lost again, he was tested on a third day with a third unfamiliar male. Subjects were those males that were losers on all three days. The latency to escape on the first trial on Days 2 and 3 was significantly shorter than on the first trial on Day 1, indicating that losing against the first male affected the response toward unfamiliar males. However, the latency to escape on the first trial on Days 2 and 3 was significantly longer than that on the third trial on the preceding day, indicating that a loser treats unfamiliar males differently than a familiar winner. These results suggest that a defeat during an interaction with one male affects later ago- nistic behavior towards other, unfamiliar males (Current Zoology 57 (4): 449-452, 2011).
Multigenerational study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 1. Effects on mink reproduction, kit growth and survival, and selected biological parameters.

This study was conducted to determine the multigenerational effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) on mink (Mustela vison) reproduction and health and to examine selected biomarkers as potential indicators of polyhalogenated hydrocarbon toxicity in mink. The mink were fed diets formulated to provide 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through substitution of Saginaw Bay carp for ocean fish in the diets. To determine whether the effects of PCB exposure were permanent, half of the parental (P 1 ) animals were switched from their respective treatment diets to the control diet after whelping the first of two F, generations. Effects of in utero and lactational exposure to PCBs on subsequent reproductive performance of the F, animals were examined by switching half of the first-year F 1 offspring (kits) to the control diet at weaning, while the other half was continued on their parental diet (continuous exposure). Continuous exposure to 0.25 ppm, or more, of PCBs delayed the onset of estrus (as determined by vulvar swelling and time of mating) and lessened the whelping rate. Litters whelped by females continually exposed to 0.5 ppm, or more, of PCBs had greater mortality and lesser body weights than controls. Continuous exposure to 1.0 ppm PCBs had a variable effect on serum T 4 and T 3 concentrations. Compared to the controls, there were significant differences in kidney, liver, brain, spleen, heart, and thyroid gland weights of the mink continually exposed to 1.0 ppm PCBs. There was an increase in the incidence of periportal and diffuse vacuolar hepatocellular lipidosis in the P 1 mink with continuous exposure to increasing concentrations of PCBs. Plasma and liver PCB concentrations of the adult and kit mink were, in general, directly related to the dietary concentration of PCBs and the duration and time of exposure. Short-term parental exposure to PCBs had detrimental effects on survival of subsequent generations of mink conceived months after the parents were placed on clean feed. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for dietary PCBs in this study was 0.25 ppm.
Exosomes in cutaneous biology and dermatologic disease

Abstract Unlocking the mystery of exosomes in biology, health and disease is a fascinating journey for many scientists and clinicians. In dermatology, we have learned that exosomes play major roles in the basic biology and pathogenesis of disease. Exploring how different cell types utilize extracellular vesicles and exosomes to communicate with each other is a new and exciting frontier. Exosomes can be utilized as liquid biopsies to detect various types of skin cancer metastases. Exosomes can be used as therapeutics to promote cutaneous wound healing. While we have learned much about the role of exosomes in dermatology over the last decade, many more exciting questions are inspired by these discoveries. Efforts to understand how exosomes fit into our models of skin biology and the pathogenesis inflammatory and neoplastic diseases is essential to move the field toward better diagnostic capabilities and management for patients with cutaneous disease.
Single-Dose Focal Salvage High Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Aims To evaluate focal high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy in locally recurrent prostate cancer. Materials and methods Patients with biochemical relapse after non-surgical primary treatment for localised prostate cancer were selected after a negative screen for metastatic disease. Template mapping biopsies combined with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging were used to identify the location of the tumour and the focal clinical target volume. The planning aim dose prescription was 19 Gy. Outcome measures were biochemical relapse-free survival and toxicity using International Prostate Symptom Score and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) scores. Results Between March 2013 and December 2018, 50 patients underwent salvage HDR brachytherapy. The median follow-up was 21 months (range 1–53). Biochemical progression-free survival at 2 and 3 years was 63% and 46%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only prostate-specific antigen nadir ≤0.5 ng/ml post-salvage (P = 0.03, hazard ratio 0.04) was associated with biochemical progression-free survival. Relapse was associated with distant metastases in 11/13 patients in whom this was investigated. Late grade 3 genitourinary toxicities were gross haematuria (three patients), severe lower urinary tract symptoms (two patients), erectile dysfunction (one patient) and urethral stricture requiring surgery (four patients). No acute and late grade 4 or 5 genitourinary and no grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal toxicities were recorded. Conclusions Focal salvage HDR monotherapy achieves biochemical control in 46% of patients at 3 years with acceptable toxicity rates in selected patients. Biochemical relapse was related to a post-salvage prostate-specific antigen nadir of ≥0.5 ng/ml. Long-term outcomes are needed to assess the impact on the natural history of prostate cancer in these patients.
Outcomes of Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter.

Introduction Hemorrhagic stroke is a life-threatening complication, and may be particularly prevalent in patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) due to their need for anticoagulation. We sought to estimate in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS) and in-patient treatment cost of patients with AF/AFL admitted with hemorrhagic stroke. Methods We used the 2008-2011 National Inpatient Sample to identify adult AF/AFL patients with a principle discharge diagnosis of subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Endpoints of interest included in-hospital mortality, LOS, and hospital treatment costs (2015 US$). Results In-hospital mortality for subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage was 31.3% and 31.8%, respectively. Patients had a median LOS of 5 days and 25% of patients accrued costs in excess of $24,107/stay. Conclusions Admissions for hemorrhagic stroke among patients with AF/AFL were associated with substantial in-hospital mortality and treatment costs.
Links between prey assemblages and poison frog toxins: A landscape ecology approach to assess how biotic interactions affect species phenotypes.

Ecological studies of species pairs showed that biotic interactions promote phenotypic change and eco-evolutionary feedbacks. However, it is unclear how phenotypes respond to synergistic interactions with multiple taxa. We investigate whether interactions with multiple prey species explain spatially structured variation in the skin toxins of the neotropical poison frog Oophaga pumilio. Specifically, we assess how dissimilarity (i.e., beta diversity) of alkaloid-bearing arthropod prey assemblages (68 ant species) and evolutionary divergence between frog populations (from a neutral genetic marker) contribute to frog poison dissimilarity (toxin profiles composed of 230 different lipophilic alkaloids sampled from 934 frogs at 46 sites). We find that models that incorporate spatial turnover in the composition of ant assemblages explain part of the frog alkaloid variation, and we infer unique alkaloid combinations across the range of O. pumilio. Moreover, we find that alkaloid variation increases weakly with the evolutionary divergence between frog populations. Our results pose two hypotheses: First, the distribution of only a few prey species may explain most of the geographic variation in poison frog alkaloids; second, different codistributed prey species may be redundant alkaloid sources. The analytical framework proposed here can be extended to other multitrophic systems, coevolutionary mosaics, microbial assemblages, and ecosystem services.
Acute inhibition of the CNS-specific kinase TTBK1 significantly lowers tau phosphorylation at several disease relevant sites

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein is a pathological hallmark of numerous neurodegenerative diseases and the level of tau pathology is correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment. Tau hyper-phosphorylation is thought to be an early initiating event in the cascade leading to tau toxicity and neuronal death. Inhibition of tau phosphorylation therefore represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, the widespread expression of most kinases and promiscuity of their substrates, along with poor selectivity of most kinase inhibitors, have resulted in systemic toxicities that have limited the advancement of tau kinase inhibitors into the clinic. We therefore focused on the CNS-specific tau kinase, TTBK1, and investigated whether selective inhibition of this kinase could represent a viable approach to targeting tau phosphorylation in disease. In the current study, we demonstrate that TTBK1 regulates tau phosphorylation using overexpression or knockdown of this kinase in heterologous cells and primary neurons. Importantly, we find that TTBK1-specific phosphorylation of tau leads to a loss of normal protein function including a decrease in tau-tubulin binding and deficits in tubulin polymerization. We then describe the use of a novel, selective small molecule antagonist, BIIB-TTBK1i, to study the acute effects of TTBK1 inhibition on tau phosphorylation in vivo. We demonstrate substantial lowering of tau phosphorylation at multiple sites implicated in disease, suggesting that TTBK1 inhibitors may represent an exciting new approach in the search for neurodegenerative disease therapies.
Concurrent Imaging of Markers of Current Flow and Neurophysiological Changes During tDCS

Despite being a popular neuromodulation technique, clinical translation of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is hampered by variable responses observed within treatment cohorts. Addressing this challenge has been difficult due to the lack of an effective means of mapping the neuromodulatory electromagnetic fields together with the brain’s response. In this study, we present a novel imaging technique that provides the capability of concurrently mapping markers of tDCS currents, as well as the brain’s response to tDCS. A dual-echo echo-planar imaging (DE-EPI) sequence is used, wherein the phase of the acquired MRI-signal encodes the tDCS current induced magnetic field, while the magnitude encodes the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast. The proposed technique was first validated in a custom designed phantom. Subsequent test-retest experiments in human participants showed that tDCS-induced magnetic fields can be detected reliably in-vivo. The concurrently acquired BOLD data revealed large-scale networks characteristic of a brain in resting-state as well as a ‘cathodal’ and an ‘anodal’ resting-state component under each electrode. Moreover, ‘cathodal’s BOLD-signal was observed to significantly decrease with the applied current at the group level in all datasets. With its ability to image markers of electromagnetic cause as well as neurophysiological changes, the proposed technique may provide an effective means to visualize neural engagement in tDCS at the group level. Our technique also contributes to addressing confounding factors in applying BOLD fMRI concurrently with tDCS.
Osteochondral lesion of the talus in children: Are there MRI findings of instability?

The purpose of our study was to investigate the performance of MRI findings to predict instability of osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) in children and the association between skeletal maturity and lesion stability. This retrospective IRB-approved and HIPPA-compliant study included children with OLT, who underwent an ankle MRI examination between March 1, 2011, and May 31, 2018. Blinded to the clinical outcome, 2 radiologists retrospectively assessed each MRI study for the presence or absence of various features on the articular side, along the interface, and on the subchondral side of each lesion. Regional skeletal maturity was recorded. Lesion stability was classified using clinical and surgical findings. Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Cochran-Armitage tests were used to compare demographic and MRI findings between children with stable and unstable lesions. Of the 48 ankles identified, 36 were stable (12.7 + 3.9 years) and 12 were unstable (14.2 + 1.6 years) lesions. None of the lesions presented as a detached fragment. Skeletal immaturity (p = 0.01) was significantly more common in stable than unstable lesions. No other MRI features were found to be significantly different between stable and unstable lesions, which included the presence of an effusion (p = 0.27), intra-articular body (p = 0.25), cartilage changes (p = 0.19), subchondral disruption (p = 0.51), T2-weighted signal intensity rim (p = 0.16), cysts (p = 0.48), marginal sclerosis (p = 0.70), and perilesional marrow edema (p = 0.17). Results from our study suggest that previously published OCD criteria using conventional MRI are not sufficient for predicting stability of OLT in children. Regional skeletal maturity and older age were more predictive of unstable lesions.
Quadrature-Induced Noise in Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscopes

In this paper, we present a model for noise performance estimation of Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscopes (CVG) in the presence of quadrature coupling. Analytical equations based on a low-order averaged model of a CVG were derived and used for numerical simulation of the Zero-Rate Output (ZRO) in the open-loop angular rate mode of operation. We demonstrated that as a result of the quadrature coupling and noise in the drive oscillation frequency, Quadrature Noise (QN) is introduced to the gyroscope output. For example, in the case of a Dual Foucault Pendulum (DFP) gyroscope with a frequency split on the order of 0.48 Hz, the QN was shown to have an experimentally measured Angle Random Walk (ARW) on the order of 0.39 $\left( {deg/\sqrt {hr} } \right)$, which was orders of magnitude higher than a theoretical ARW of 0.0024 $\left( {deg/\sqrt {hr} } \right)$ predicted by the Mechanical-Thermal Noise (MTN) model. This observed discrepancy was a motivation for the development of the model. A good agreement between the noise characteristics of the experimentally measured ZRO and a numerically simulated ZRO was observed, when accounting for the quadrature coupling. We concluded that the quadrature- induced noise is a major factor limiting the performance of high quality factor gyroscopes in nearly mode-matched conditions. This paper presents an analytical model for the noise estimation, which was supported experimentally.
E-084 Variability in endovascular treatment of intracranial internal carotid artery versus middle cerebral artery occlusions

Purpose Endovascular treatment (ET) for the acute management of ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusions is the standard of care for anterior circulation. Meta-analysis has suggested equivalent recanalization and better clinical outcomes after ET for ICA and proximal MCA occlusion (1–2). The aim of our study was to compare these two cohorts and identify any variability/bias in presentations, imaging selection, technical and clinical efficacy. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of patients that underwent ET for ICA/MCA occlusions over a four-year period at three comprehensive stroke centers. We studied patient demographics, vascular risk factors, NIHSS, time of presentation, imaging, procedures details, and clinical outcomes. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and student t-tests were used for variables univariate analysis as appropriate. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the comparability of the groups based on demographics and risk factors. Results 185 patients were studied (mean age, 68 ± 17; 55% women; median NIHSS, 16 ± 6). Both study cohorts were comparable regarding their age (65 ± 20 vs 69 ± 17, p=0.26) and past medical history of Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperlipidemia and Smoking habit (p=0.64, p=0.68, p=0.55, p=0.47 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between both cohorts regarding their NIHSS (17 ± 6 vs 16 ± 6, p=0.23) or the time from onset to groin puncture (mean 5:43:48 vs 5:24:58, p=0.54). Moreover, there was no significant difference between mean ASPECT (8.3 ± 1.3 vs 8.6 ± 1.3, p=0.19) and mean CTP-rCBF Conclusions Significant procedural difficulty is encountered during ET of ICA relative to MCA occlusions, requiring increased procedural time and passes. Although final successful recanalization rates are equivalent, we noted a paradoxical trend for less functional independence with MCA occlusions this could be due to the higher rate of complications in the MCA cohort, and the better collaterals through the circle of Willis in the ICA cohort. Disclosures M. Aly: None. R. Abdalla: None. M. Hurley: None. A. Shaibani: None. S. Ansari: None.
Do Labor Demand Shifts Occur Within Firms or Across Them? Non-Routine-Biased Technological Change, 2000-2016

A large literature has documented occupational shifts in the US away from routine intensive tasks. Theories of skill-biased technological change differ in whether they predict changes in occupational mix within firms, or merely across different firms or industries. Using LinkedIn resume records, BLS OES data, and Compustat employee counts, we estimate occupational employment for publicly traded US firms from 2000 through 2016. We find that faster employment growth among firms that disproportionately employ non-routine workers is the most important cause of SBTC, followed by within firm occupational mix rebalancing. The entry of new firms also plays a role, although firm exit is slightly routine-worker biased. R&D leads firms to have a larger share of routine workers. These results are most consistent with a theory of routine task demand reduction caused by the diffusion of infra-marginally implemented new technologies. We also introduce a new measure of business labor dynamism, capturing the frequency with which firms change their occupational mix. Consistent with trends in productivity and other measures of business and labor market dynamism, this measure has decreased steadily since 2000.
Special Considerations: Management of Pediatric Pain in an Ambulatory Setting

Ambulatory surgery centers have quickly become a preferred site for pediatric outpatient elective surgeries for a variety of reasons. There are many benefits to providing surgery and anesthesia that allow a pediatric patient to recover in the comfort of their own home; therefore, provision of optimal pain management to help facilitate recovery at home is a crucial aspect of ambulatory surgical care. Advances in regional anesthesia and multimodal pain management strategies can allow for this to occur with minimal or no exposure to opioid analgesics. Given that we are in the midst of a national opioid crisis, it has become even more important to utilize multimodal strategies including thoughtful utilization of regional anesthesia to optimize management of ambulatory surgical pain in children and adults.
Resynchronization Pacing for Heart Failure in Congenital Heart: Evaluating Noninvasive Studies to Define Clinical Improvement

Background: Information on congenital heart disease (CHD) patients (pts) with heart failure (HF) following cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), is limited and currently recommended non-invasive (QRS, ejection fraction [EF]) parameters to monitor clinical improvement are often unreliable due to CHD anatomy, surgical repairs and preexisting pacemakers (PM). Objective: This is a review of young CHD pts with CRT/HF to determine if more updated (including strain) non-invasive studies offer improved correlation with clinical improvement. Methods: Sixteen CHD pts (mean age 17.4{±}5.2y) with CRT success confirmed by direct contractility indices [dP/dt-max]) and clinical findings, had non-invasive (ECG, ECHO) pre- and 1 year post-CRT comparisons. ECHO studies included newer global longitudinal strain (GLS), left atrial strain (LAS), sphericity indices, as well as standard measurements. Results: After 1 year following CRT, pts persisted with improved (I-II) NYHA status. Contractility (dP/dt) remained improved from pre-CRT values (908{±}295 vs 550{±}176mmHg-sec [p=0.002]). QRS duration shortened but only among pts with pre-existing PM (160{±}26 vs 127{±}20ms [p=0.02]). Standard measured ECHO parameters, including EF, showed only non-significant changes. However, endocardial GLS ([-6.4{±}2.9 vs. -9.4{±}4.8%] p =0.04) and contraction phase LAS ([-5.8{±}4 vs- 9.3{±}%] p=0.02) were significantly improved. Conclusion: CHD pts are a distinct group without established Guidelines to non-invasively follow clinical CRT/HF improvement. This first study of newer ECHO-derived measurements among CHD/CRT pts indicates that GLS and LAS have potentially greater correlation with clinical improvement than either EF or QRS duration and may offer better analysis of CRT efficacy.
Calculation of Stability Characteristics through Interpolated Mapping

The method of Interpolated Mapping has been demonstrated over the past few years to be a highly advantageous method with which to explore global nonlinear behavior. Such global questions include the determination of the basins of attraction of a system’s attractors and fractal dimension calculations for these regions. Such global analyses have focused, by definition, on answering questions regarding system behavior throughout large regions in state space. In addition to analyses of this sort, it is often desirable to consider the response of a given system for small perturbations about a given trajectory. This aspect of the Interpolated Mapping method, that allows a determination of local stability characteristics, has yet to be fully exploited. The present work will present a review of the Interpolated Mapping method and then examine the specific problem of identifying a system’s Lyapunov exponents in order to illustrate the method’s use in such a transient analysis.