cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chisholm V. Georgia and the Question of the Judiciary in the Early Republic

Through an analysis of Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), the Supreme Court's first decision, this essay explores how judicial opinions interact with competing legal and political cultures. In Chisholm, t...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation of Au 197 in Gold Metal and Ag 109 in Gold-Silver Alloys

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ has been observed for the first time. Transient NMR experiments on metallic gold in the temperature range 1-4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and in external magnetic fields near 57 kOe, gave a frequency-to-field ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{(197)}}{\mathrm{H}}=0.074119(4)$ kHz/Oe, a spin-echo phase-memory time ${T}_{2}\ensuremath{\approx}2$ msec, and spin-lattice relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ which are inversely proportional to the absolute temperature $T$ with ${T}_{1}T=4.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$ sec \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Comparison of the experimental $\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{(197)}}{H}$ ratio with recent atomic-beam resonance measurements of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{(197)}$ leads to a Knight shift in gold metal $K=+(1.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)%$. Results of related measurements on $^{109}\mathrm{Ag}$ in ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{x}{\mathrm{Au}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ alloys are also reported [$x=0.75:K=+(0.507\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005)%$, ${T}_{1}T=10.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ sec \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; $x=0.50:K=+(0.454\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010)%$, ${T}_{1}T=13.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ sec \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; $x=0.25:K=+(0.416\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010)%$, ${T}_{1}T=15.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0$ sec \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; $x=0.05:K=+(0.392\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010)%$, ${T}_{1}T=17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ sec \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K]. Magnetic-field measurements in these experiments were based on a silver-metal reference for which a direct comparison of the 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K $^{109}\mathrm{Ag}$ NMR frequency with the room-temperature frequency of $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ in heavy water yielded $\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{(109)}}{H}=0.199133(4)$ kHz/Oe. The measured Knight shifts and spin-lattice relaxation rates are used to estimate the exchange enhancements of the respective static conduction-electron spin susceptibilities, as well as the ratios of the average contact hyperfine fields in the metals to those in the corresponding free atoms.
Herbicidal activity of three isothiocyanates against yellow nutsedge and their dissipation under two plastic mulches

Abstract Yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus ) is a major weed in polyethylene-mulched vegetable production. The phase out of methyl bromide in the U.S. requires an effective nutsedge management tool. Trial objectives were: 1) to evaluate the effect of phenyl, allyl, and methyl isothiocyanate (ITC) concentration and exposure period on yellow nutsedge tuber viability, tuber dry wt., and shoot emergence, and 2) to compare the dissipation of these three ITCs from treated soil under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. In greenhouse trial, methyl ITC was more effective than allyl ITC than phenyl ITC against yellow nutsedge tubers. The herbicidal activity of the all three ITCs against yellow nutsedge varied with their chemical structure (aliphatic ITC more effective than aromatic ITC) and molecular weight (efficacy increased with decreased molecular weight), concentration of ITC (effectiveness increased with increased concentration), and exposure period to target species (effectiveness increased with exposure time). In laboratory trial, ITCs dissipation was lower under VIF than LDPE mulch, with more differences for phenyl ITC compared to allyl and methyl ITC. Phenyl ITC half-life under LDPE and VIF mulch was 3.36 and 6.56 days, respectively. The corresponding values were 0.16 and 0.41 days for allyl ITC and 0.14 and 0.33 days for methyl ITC.
18F-Fluorocholine PET uptake correlates with pathologic evidence of recurrent tumor after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases.

Radiographic changes of brain metastases after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) can signify tumor recurrence and/or radiation necrosis (RN); however, standard imaging modalities cannot easily distinguish between these two entities. We investigated whether 18F-Fluorocholine uptake in surgical samples of the resected lesions correlates with pathologic evidence of recurrent tumor and PET imaging. About 14 patients previously treated with SRS that developed radiographic changes were included. All patients underwent a preoperative 40-min dynamic PET/CT concurrent with 392 ± 11 MBq bolus injection of 18F-Fluorocholine. 18F-Fluorocholine pharmacokinetics were evaluated by standardized uptake value (SUV), graphical analysis (Patlak plot; KiP) and an irreversible two-compartment model (K1, k2, k3, and Ki). 12 out of 14 patients were administered an additional 72 ± 14 MBq injection of 18F-Fluorocholine 95 ± 26 minutes prior to surgical resection. About 113 resected samples from 12 patients were blindly reviewed by a neuropathologist to assess the viable tumor and necrotic content, microvascular proliferation, reactive gliosis, and mono- and polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrates. Correlation between these metrics 18F-Fluorocholine SUV was investigated with a linear mixed model. Comparison of survival distributions of two groups of patients (population median split of PET SUVmax) was performed with the log-rank test. Exactly 10 out of 12 patients for which surgical samples were acquired exhibited pathologic recurrence. Strong correlation was observed between SUVmax as measured from a surgically removed sample with highest uptake and by PET (Pearson’s r = 0.66). Patients with 18F-Fluorocholine PET SUVmax > 6 experienced poor survival. Surgical samples with viable tumor had higher 18F-fluorocholine uptake (SUV) than those without tumor (4.5 ± 3.7 and 2.6 ± 3.0; p = 0.01). 18F-fluorocholine count data from surgical samples is driven not only by the percentage viable tumor but also by the degree of inflammation and reactive gliosis (p ≤ 0.02; multivariate regression). 18F-Fluorocholine accumulation is increased in viable tumor; however, inflammation and gliosis may also lead to elevated uptake. Higher 18F-Fluorocholine PET uptake portends worse prognosis. Kinetic analysis of dynamic 18F-Fluorocholine PET imaging supports the adequacy of the simpler static SUV metric.
Cannabis Enthusiasts' Knowledge of Medical Treatment Effectiveness and Increased Risks From Cannabis Use.

Purpose:To compare cannabis enthusiasts’ knowledge about cannabis risks and effectiveness in treating medical conditions with existing empirical evidence.Design:A brief survey assessed cannabis use...
Left ventricle assist device pulsatility index at the time of implantation is associated with follow-up pulmonary hemodynamics.

HeartMate II left ventricular assist device controllers provide data including pulsatility index, reflecting the relationship between pump function and hemodynamics. We propose that a higher pulsat...
Application of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: Experience of an academic institution in a tertiary academic medical center.

Background The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) represents a standardized reporting system for salivary gland lesions. The recent literature has demonstrated a wide range of data regarding range of malignancy (ROM) and interobserver variability. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the reproducibility and interobserver agreement of MSRSGC, and establish the ROM in a unique patient population residing within a designated Health Professional Shortage Area. Methods A total of 380 salivary gland fine-needle aspiration cases were obtained over a 3-year period. Corresponding cytology reports and slides were reviewed in a blinded fashion by a panel of cytopathologists and recategorized using MSRSGC. ROM was calculated by cytohistologic correlation in 176 cases. Agreement between review of reports and slides and interobserver reliability were determined using kappa statistics. Results The ROMs per MSRSGC category based on review of reports and slides were as follows: 4% and 0%, respectively, for nonneoplastic; 22% and 0%, respectively, for nondiagnostic; 42.9% and 48%, respectively, for atypia of undetermined significance; 1.6% and 1.9%, respectively, for benign-neoplastic; 17.9% and 15.6%, respectively, for salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential; 81.8% and 71.4%, respectively, for suspicious for malignancy; and 100% and 90.5%, respectively, for malignant. There was a 59.2% overall agreement between review of reports and slides with regard to recategorizing salivary gland lesions (kappa, 0.51). The interobserver reliability demonstrated a 64.6% agreement (weighted kappa, 0.59). Conclusions The ROMs at the study institution appeared comparable to those in the published literature. There was moderate overall agreement among cytopathologists and low interobserver agreement with regard to the indeterminate categories. Image-guided fine-needle aspiration specimens; rapid onsite adequacy; and integration of clinical, imaging, and ancillary studies can improve diagnostic accuracy among indeterminate lesions.
Tetrahedron-tiling method for crystal structure prediction

Reliable and robust methods of predicting the crystal structure of a compound, based only on its chemical composition, is crucial to the study of materials and their applications. Despite considerable ongoing research efforts, crystal structure prediction remains a challenging problem that demands large computational resources. Here we propose an efficient approach for first-principles crystal structure prediction. The new method explores and finds crystal structures by tiling together elementary tetrahedra that are energetically favorable and geometrically matching each other. This approach has three distinguishing features: a favorable building unit, an efficient calculation of local energy, and a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation of crystal growth. By applying the method to the crystal structure prediction of various materials, we demonstrate its validity and potential as a promising alternative to current methods.
Chronic sources of low cocoa production in Ghana: new insights from meta-analysis of old survey data

Several studies have tried to estimate the productivity and input use efficiency of cocoa farmers in Ghana, but they shed limited light on their chronic nature and other sources of low production. This study extends the literature by analyzing a unique nationally representative sample that constitutes 30 years of production. The results showed that pure farmer technical inefficiency is not only 8 percent points larger than the regional technology gap, but also consistently dominated the overall performance of farmers from 1987-2017. The policy implication of this finding at face value suggests that improving farmer managerial skills could increase output.
Immediate Post-Discharge Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program Expedites Heart Transplant Recovery and Reduces Readmission

Purpose Recovery of strength and endurance post heart transplant (HTx) has remained relatively slow. Factors that limit early rehabilitation include sternotomy precautions and corticosteroid myopathy. We propose that specialized, comprehensive rehabilitation program (COLTT) can be initiated immediately after discharge to (1) improve functional outcomes (2) decrease hospital readmission. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 14 patients (age 20 - 71 years, mean 48 years, 12 male) post orthotropic HTx (2018 - 2020). Patients were enrolled, on average, 2.9 days after hospital discharge. COLTT is a multidisciplinary (respiratory and physical therapy), daily rehabilitation program (2.5 hours) with focus on return to function through strength, balance, and endurance training. Six-minute walk test (6MWT), 1-minute sit-to-stand (STS), left and right single leg stand (SLS) and walk speed were assessed pre- and post-COLTT: Published normative data for the outcome measures was used to establish patient goals. Enright equation was used to calculate patients' percent predicted 6MWD. Paired t-tests were used to assess pre/post gains using SPSS statistics software. Results The number of visits required to reach COLTT program goals was 18.85 visits (±7.68). 6MWT improved from 1008m (±369.3) to 1734m (±299.1), P 80% target level, based on Enright equation. In the 6 months following hospital discharge, only 2 had readmission for infection. None had readmission for deconditioning or cardiac decompensation. Conclusion Outcomes measures such as 6MWT and STS provide objective data of rehabilitation progress. Combining strength, balance, and endurance rehabilitation during COLTT reached functional outcomes near the level of healthy individuals in 19 visits on average. There were no unplanned hospitalizations attributable to COLTT. This implementation study supports that HTx recipients can be trained as healthy individuals and benefit from intensive rehabilitation shortly after surgery.
Temperature- and Reagent-Controlled Complementary Syn- and Anti-Selective Enolboration-Aldolization of Substituted Phenylacetates.

In contrast to methyl phenylacetates, methyl arylacetates do not provide syn-aldols in the dicyclohexylboron triflate/triethylamine (Chx2BOTf/Et3N)-mediated enolboration–aldolization reaction. Howe...
Flow instability in particle-bed nuclear reactors

A three-dimensional model of the stability of the particle-bed reactor is presented, in which the fluid has mobility in three dimensions. The model accurately represents the stability at low Re numbers as well as the effects of the cold and hot frits and of the heat conduction and radiation in the particle bed. The model can be easily extended to apply to the cylindrical geometry of particle-bed reactors. Exemplary calculations are carried out, showing that a particle bed without a cold frit would be subject to instability if operated at the high-temperature ratios used for nuclear rockets and at power densities below about 4 MW/l; since the desired power density for such a reactor is about 40 MW/l, the operation at design exit temperature but at reduced power could be hazardous. Calculations show however that it might be possible to remove the instability problem by appropriate combinations of cold and hot frits.
QED RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS TO THE DECAY π0→e+e−

In view of the recent interest in the decays of mesons into a pair of light leptons, a computation of the QED radiative corrections to the decay of π0 into an electron-positron pair is presented here. The analysis is based on the soft-photon resummation method, which, unlike first-order perturbation theory, allows for very strict invariant-mass cuts on the final electrons. When combined with the theoretical estimates for the non-radiatively corrected decay rate, the results of the present paper could help to determine if new physics affect this decay.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Long-Distance Travel Business: How Far Can We Go?

Long-distance (LD) travel accounts for over 30% of person-trip miles, with important energy and emissions impact. LD business travel can often be replaced by remote participation, so targeting such...
Lesser Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture in an 11-Year-Old Baseball Player due to Batting.

Case. We report an 11-year-old male who sustained a lesser tuberosity avulsion fracture of the proximal humerus upon making contact with a baseball during an at-bat. This injury was neglected for 14 months and was eventually detected by an axillary radiograph and subsequent MRI. He successfully underwent an open surgical repair and regained full range of motion and level of activity at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion. In pediatric baseball players, lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures may occur upon striking a baseball with a bat. Even after being neglected for several months, these injuries can be treated successfully with an open surgical repair.
A Domain-Specific Language for Application-Level Checkpointing

Checkpointing is one of the key requirements for writing fault-tolerant and flexible applications for dynamic and distributed environments like the Grid. Certain patterns are observed in the implementation of the application-level Checkpointing and Restart (CaR) mechanism across myriad of applications. These patterns indicate that a higher level of abstraction can be used to isolate the observed commonalities and variations in the CaR mechanism. This research paper describes an approach for the design and development of a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for abstracting the application-level CaR mechanism. The specifications written in the DSL are used for semi-automatically generating the application-specific code for the CaR mechanism. This DSL not only provides a high-level of abstraction but also promotes code reuse, code correctness and non-invasive reengineering of legacy applications to embed the CaR mechanism in them.
The chemical synthesis of cecropin D and an analog with enhanced antibacterial activity.

Abstract Cecropin D was synthesized by solid-phase methods and shown to be homogeneous and of correct composition and molecular weight. It was indistinguishable from natural cecropin D and constitutes a structure proof for this peptide. Several analogs of cecropin D were synthesized and used to draw conclusions about the structural features contributing to antibacterial activity. They included [Lys1]cecropin D, [Gln3, Leu4] cecropin D, and cecropin D-(9-37). It was concluded that a strongly basic NH2-terminal segment is a prerequisite for antibacterial activity. A hybrid analog cecropin A-(1-11) D-(12-37) was designed and predicted to have enhanced potency. It was found to be 5 to 55 times as active as cecropin D against six of the bacteria tested and was slightly more active than cecropin A. However, against Bacillus subtilis Bs11 the analog was 6 times more active than cecropin A.
Insight from molecular modelling: does the polymer side chain length matter for transport properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes?

We present a detailed analysis of the nanostructure of the short side chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid membrane and its effect on H2O clustering, H3O+ and H2O diffusion, and mean residence times of H2O near SO3− groups based on molecular dynamics simulations. We studied a range of hydration levels (λ) at temperatures of 300 and 360 K, and compare the results to our findings in the benchmark Nafion® membrane. The water cluster diameter is nearly the same in the two membranes, while the extent of SO3− clustering is more in the SSC membrane. The calculated cluster diameter of about 2.4 nm is in excellent agreement with the recently proposed cylindrical water channel model of these membranes. The diffusion coefficients of H2O and H3O+ are similar in SSC and Nafion membranes. Raising the temperature of the SSC membrane from 300 to 360 K provides a much bigger increase in proton vehicular diffusion coefficient (by a factor of about 4) than changing the side chain length. H3O+ ions are found to exchange more frequently with SO3− partners at the higher temperature. Our key findings are that (a) the hydrophobic–hydrophilic separation in the two membranes is surprisingly similar; (b) at all hydration levels studied, the long side chain of Nafion is bent and is effectively equivalent to a short side chain in terms of extension into the water domain; (c) vehicular proton transport occurs mainly between SO3− groups; and (d) changing the size of the simulation cell does not change the results significantly. The simulations are validated in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values for the simulated membrane density and diffusion coefficients of H2O.
CS educational research: a meta-analysis of SIGCSE technical symposium proceedings

A meta-analysis is performed on the last twenty years of SIGCSE Technical Symposium Proceedings, looking for the kind of CS Educational Research that has been done at the CS1/CS2 level. A six-point taxonomy of articles types is described. It is shown that about one in five of all CS1/CS2 presentations have used some kind of experimental model, albeit "experimental" is defined quite broadly. Over the last ten years both the number of experimental models, and the percentage of experimental models among CS1/CS2 has significantly increased. SIGCSE members are challenged to adopt a research model for their presentations to the Technical Symposium.
A robust method in adaptive array processing for random phase errors

Robust constraints have been developed that protect signal-to-noise performance of a desired signal in phase perturbed adaptive beamformers. Linearly constrained adaptive beamforming is powerful in receiving desired signals while nulling unwanted jammers. Unfortunately, it is very sensitive to phase perturbations in high signal-to-noise ratio environments. Such perturbations are caused by channel phase errors, array element placement errors, steering errors, and frequency errors. The addition of robust constraints increases performance in these perturbed environments. The subsequent algorithm was tested on data produced by a thirty-six element linear RF array and shown to enhance signal-to-noise performance. >
Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and new production in the Southern California Bight

The study of phytoplankton distributions and processes in these waters has been stimulated in recent years (1) by the synoptic views of surface pigment afforded by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) aboard the NIMBUS-7 satellite; (2) by rapid developments in bio-optical oceanography toward the estimation of in situ photosynthetic rate; (3) by use of sediment traps and geochemical tracers to determine the flux of organic matter from the euphotic zone; and (4) by measurements of new production based on the utilization of nitrate by the plankton. The evolution and rationale of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of ocean biogeochemical cycles and ocean climate changes serve to focus much of the work. In that context, a major goal is to assess new/export production on large time and space scales accessible to date only by remote sensing.
Gifted Adolescents: Psychological Behaviors, Values, and Developmental Implications.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the level of moral reasoning, ego identity formation, and gender role socialization among gifted adolescents by ethnicity and gender. A total of 167 gifted and talented high school seniors participated in this investigation. The students completed the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1988), Rasmussen Ego Identity Scale (Rasmussen, 1961, 1964), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1981). Scores on the Defining Issues Test among the different ethnic groups were more variable than scores on the other two measures. The students scored at the adult level of identity development on the Ego Identity Scale. Scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory indicated that the students endorsed either androgynous or masculine sex role characteristics. No significant gender differences were found on any of the measures. Implication of these findings are discussed in terms of the role that counselors and educators should play in addressing the psychosocial developmental needs of gifted a...
Electrophysiologic characterization of surgically induced His bundle rhythm in man.

Seven patients who had His bundle section and permanent ventricular pacemaker insertion for intractable recurrent supraventricular tachycardia underwent electrophysiologic studies 4–6 months postoperatively. The permanent pacemaker was inhibited to assess the His bundle recovery time (HBRT) and spontaneous His bundle rate (SHBR) (tenth postinhibition cycle). In addition, in five of the seven patients, the HBRT and SHBR was also assessed during mild supine exercise and after administration of intravenous atropine followed by lidocaine. There was no significant difference in HBRT or SHBR before exercise (2695 ± 1056 ms; 1435 ± 75 ms), during mild supine exercise (2220 ± 1564 ms; 1379 ± 42 ms), or after atropine (2152 ± 544 ms; 1379 ± 117 ms) or lidocaine (3943 ± 3198; 1487 ± 139 ms, respectively). Only one patient showed consistent lengthening of both HBRT and SHBR after lidocaine. On a separate day, programmed ventricular extrasiimuli were induced during ventricular overdrive pacing. In three of the seven patients, programmed ventricular extrastimuli resulted in typical bundle branch reentrant depolarizations. Four of the seven patients underwent maximal exercise treadmill testing. In none of these four patients did the His bundle rate exceed that of the implanted pacemaker. We conclude that prolonged pauses often follow pacemaker inhibition in these patients; therefore, careful follow-up of pacemaker function is required. Surgically induced His bundle rhythms in man are characterized by spontaneous rates of 38.7 to 45,5 beats/min and do not increase their rate after vagolysis or during mild exercise. In addition, the atrioventricular node is not required for bundle branch reentry in man.
The physical workload of nursing personnel: association with musculoskeletal discomfort

Direct care-nursing personnel around the world report high numbers of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This cross-sectional study examined the association between the performance of high-risk patient-handling tasks and self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort in 113 nursing staff members in a veterans' hospital within the United States. Sixty-two percent of subjects reported a 7-day prevalence of moderately severe musculoskeletal discomfort. There was a significant association between wrist and knee pain and the number of highest-risk patient-handling tasks performed per hour interacting with the load lifted. On units where lifting devices are readily available, musculoskeletal risk may have shifted to the wrist and knee.
Optimization of Self-complementary AAV Vectors for Liver-directed Expression Results in Sustained Correction of Hemophilia B at Low Vector Dose

Self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV) vectors can significantly minimize the vector load required to achieve sustained transgene expression. In this study, transcriptional regulatory elements were systematically screened to produce constitutive and liver-specific scAAV factor IX (FIX) expression cassettes. In addition, optimization of GC content, cis- regulatory elements, and codon usage in the human FIX (hFIX) transgene increased expression 4–20-fold. A vector was developed that was capable of expressing high FIX levels in comparison with the single-stranded (ss) AAV vector used in a recent clinical trial. The ssAAV and scAAV vectors display different transgene expression and genome stability patterns in the liver, as determined by immunohistochemical staining, in situ messenger RNA (mRNA) hybridization and vector genome quantitation. The ssAAV2 vector promoted strong FIX expression in only a subset of hepatocytes. The scAAV2-hFIX vector showed widespread (∼80% of hepatocytes), moderate FIX expression levels similar to normal livers with correction of coagulation function in FIX-deficient mice. The ability of low dose scAAV-FIX vectors to achieve near-physiological expression may circumvent inflammatory responses in the liver. In addition to providing an improved scAAV vector for potential application in future hemophilia B clinical trials and liver-directed gene delivery, these studies underscore the need for rigorous analysis and optimization of vector genome cassettes.
The seasonal nitrogen cycle in Wilkinson Basin, Gulf of Maine, as estimated by 1-D biological model optimization

Abstract The objective of this study was to fit a simple ecosystem model to climatological nitrogen cycle data in the Gulf of Maine, in order to calibrate the biological model for use in future 3-D modelling studies. First depth-dependent monthly climatologies of nitrate, ammonium, chlorophyll, zooplankton, detritus and primary production data from Wilkinson Basin, Gulf of Maine, were created. A 6-box nitrogen-based ecosystem model was objectively fitted to the data through parameter optimization. Optimization was based on weighted least squares with model-data misfits nondimensionalized by assigned uncertainties in the monthly climatological estimates. These uncertainties were estimated as the standard deviations of the raw data from the 6-meter and monthly bin averages. On average the model fits the monthly means almost within their assigned uncertainties. Several statistics are examined to assess model-data misfit. Pattern statistics such as the correlation coefficient lack practical significance when data errors are large relative to the signal, as in this application. Thus Taylor diagrams were not found to be useful. The RMSE and model bias normalized by the data error were found to be the most useful skill metrics as they indicate whether the model fits the data within its estimated error. The optimal simulated nitrogen cycle budgets are presented, as an estimate of the seasonal nitrogen cycle in Wilkinson Basin, and discussed in context of the available data. Wilkinson Basin has spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, and strong summer stratification with a deep chlorophyll maximum near 21 m, just above the nitracline. The mean euphotic zone depth is estimated to be 25 m, relatively constant with season. The model estimates annual primary production as 176 g C m− 2 yr− 1, annual new production as 71 g C m− 2 yr− 1 and sinking PON fluxes of 9.7 and 4.7 g N m− 2 yr− 1 at 24 and 198 m respectively. Areas for improvement in the biological model, the model optimization method, and significant data gaps are identified.
Rehearsal capacity and dimensional independence in retardates.

Abstract Retardate use of retention strategies and the independence of color and form retention were compared with predictions of the Attention-Retention theory of retardate discrimination learning. Lists of two-choice discrimination problems were increased in length from one to capacity, which was defined through criterion retention across a 20-sec interval. It was demonstrated that (a) capacity and rate of adjustment of retentional strategy were directly related to intelligence, (b) at capacity limits the retention of problems in one dimension interfered with retention in a second dimension, and (c) results consistent with a capacity allocation strategy were obtained. The results were interpreted as reflecting short-term memory capacity constraints on the use of rehearsal.
Drug interactions involving ethanol and alcoholic beverages.

Ethanol is likely among the most widely and extensively used drugs in the world. It has also been demonstrated to alter the expression or activity of some drug-metabolizing enzymes. Thus, marked et...
Urban nationalism: A case-study of imperial administration, urban public policy and political development in British Trinidad

In the course of modern European imperialism, urban areas occupied significant places in the life of colonial societies-as hosts for alien ideas, institutions and technologies, but also as their disseminators to outlying populations. Communication and transportation networks in those societies radiated from urban nodes or central places to the hinterlands, accompanied by the artifacts of modern ‘culture’ and the mechanisms of political control. Urban areas served as the nexuses in complex economic and political dependency systems that linked the urban and rural sectors of colonial societies to European imperial centers and, with or without the latter’s consent, to the world community, through international trade and political power. These urban roles in colonial societies applied especially to capitals, particularly those situated on vital international waterways. Occupying a strategic position in colonial societies, urban rather than rural areas were apt to be the first-or at least the main-localities where political discontent became channeled into protest organisations against one or more aspects of colonial rule and imperial policy. Even where such protest-or rebellion-was initiated in rural regions, its underlying causes were likely to be linked directly or indirectly to colonial urban areas, often to the capitals-to tax policies and administrative regulations framed in government centers, to the dispatch of colonial officials, security forces, and missionaries to ‘pacify’ and ‘civilise’ outlying populations. With a few exceptions, anticolonial nationalism was born of the discontents of town life in colonial societies; as did the perspectives and activities of their principal architects and leaders, nationalist movements typically bore the hallmark of urban origin. Early in the history of anticolonial nationalism in societies under European rule, parochial issues pertaining to urban life-e.g. house and water rates, elective municipal institutions and property expropriations for official useformed the basis for what James S. Coleman has labeled ‘primary resistance” in the colonial milieu. The oppression and burdens that those issues created for town dwellers the latter often perceived as inherent in the colonial situation. Consequently, demonstrations triggered by resentment over these issues also expressed, symbolically at least, objection to colonial rule. In some colonial
Scattering of plane elastic waves by a rigid circular cylindrical inclusion imbedded in a random medium

Abstract The problem of scattering of a plane elastic wave by a rigid circular cylindrical-inclusion imbedded in a random medium is analyzed on the assumptions that the medium differs slightly from a homogeneous medium, is independent of axial space variable and is statistically homogeneous and isotropic in other space variables. By perturbation method, equations satisfied by the mean wave potentials in the exterior of a thin boundary layer wrapping around the inclusion are derived which are correct through terms of order ϵ2, where ϵ measures the randomness of medium. These equations are the same equations satisfied by the wave potentials when ϵ = 0, except the original propagation constants being replaced by their corresponding effective propagation constants. This enables one to treat random problems as deterministic ones of which solutions are usually known. Once the mean wave potentials are found, the mean displacement vector can be calculated in the usual manner.
Spectral Analysis Methods for the Robust Measurement of the Flexural Rigidity of Biopolymers

The mechanical properties of biopolymers can be determined from a statistical analysis of the ensemble of shapes they exhibit when subjected to thermal forces. In practice, extracting information from fluorescence microscopy images can be challenging due to low signal/noise ratios and other artifacts. To address these issues, we develop a suite of tools for image processing and spectral data analysis that is based on a biopolymer contour representation expressed in a spectral basis of orthogonal polynomials. We determine biopolymer shape and stiffness using global fitting routines that optimize a utility function measuring the amount of fluorescence intensity overlapped by such contours. This approach allows for filtering of high-frequency noise and interpolation over sporadic gaps in fluorescence. We use benchmarking to demonstrate the validity of our methods, by analyzing an ensemble of simulated images generated using a simulated biopolymer with known stiffness and subjected to various types of image noise. We then use these methods to determine the persistence lengths of taxol-stabilized microtubules. We find that single microtubules are well described by the wormlike chain polymer model, and that ensembles of chemically identical microtubules show significant heterogeneity in bending stiffness, which cannot be attributed to sampling or fitting errors. We expect these approaches to be useful in the study of biopolymer mechanics and the effects of associated regulatory molecules.
Synovial fluid and plasma levels of cartilage matrix glycoprotein in arthritis.

As cartilage matrix glycoprotein (CMGP) is a prominent matrix constituent, we analyzed the relationship of levels in plasma (CMGPP) and synovial fluid (CMGPS) to each other, to clinical diagnosis, and to degree of radiographic cartilage degeneration. CMGP was measured in matched synovial fluid and plasma specimens from 67 patients with various forms of arthritis using an ELISA technique. CMGPS consistently exceeded CMGPP, CMGPP levels correlated significantly with CMGPS levels, and CMGP retention in joint fluid, as calculated by the ratio CMGPS: CMGPP, was significantly higher in patients whose synovial fluids contain basic calcium phosphate crystals. No correlation of CMGPP or CMGPS with diagnosis or degree of catilage degeneration was observed. CMGP measurements are not useful diagnostically in patients with chronic arthritis and do not predict degree of radiographic degeneration. The association of basic calcium phosphate crystals with intraarticular retention of CMGP warrants further study.
Novel probabilistic approach to assessing barge–bridge collision damage based on vibration measurements through transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling

Barge–bridge collision has been considered a major contributor to bridge damage in the United States. Most barge–bridge collisions usually cause partial damage of bridges that may be invisible but threaten the safe operation of the bridge. After each collision accident, the bridge and the navigation waterway are usually closed for inspection and assessment of the impact of the collision on the bridge structural integrity. This can lead to significant economic losses due to substantial traffic delay or detour. Quick and reliable assessment of bridge post-collision condition can minimize those economic losses. This paper presents a novel perspective on the bridge post-collision condition assessment based on Bayesian probabilistic framework, which is aimed to promptly identify collision damage and rigorously address associated uncertainties using real-time vibration measurements. The presented approach is the first attempt to incorporate the bridge finite element model into an advanced statistical sampling algorithm of the transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo to draw samples, whose statistical distributions can approximate the updated probability distributions of extents and locations of the barge–bridge collision damage for decision making. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach are illustrated using a simulation example of a prototype bridge. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach has potential capacity for determining the extent and location of barge–bridge collision damage and their probabilistic characteristics. Finally, the limitations of this study and future research need for practical application of the proposed probabilistic framework are discussed.
Chondroitin for Pain in Osteoarthritis

In this issue, Reichenbach and colleagues studied the 20 trials that have compared chondroitin with placebo or no treatment for pain in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. The results varied widely....
Bridging the gap between time and space: Examining the impact of commercial length and frequency on advertising effectiveness

Marketing research has provided insight into how a number of variables add to and detract from the success of commercial advertisements. Length and frequency of presentation are two of these variables, but extant literature gives little indication as to how these two variables may work together to influence consumer perceptions. This quasi-experiment empirically examined the impact of commercial length and frequency on advertising effectiveness. The results showed advantages of frequency over commercial length in enhancing audiences' prompted brand recall and advertising liking. Although both commercial frequency and length were found to be significant, the impact obtained by running an additional commercial was considerably higher than the impact acquired by increasing average and total commercial length. Marketing implications for the results are discussed.
Belief, emotion, and health: toward an integrative account. Commentary on John Cromby's 'beyond belief'.

This commentary identifies in Cromby’s formulation of belief the potentials for developing three innovative approaches to belief systems: emotion as meaning, cognition as dialogue, and an aesthetic model of meaning making based on Susanne Langer’s integrative approach to feeling and form. It is argued that the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce can help to weave these threads into an integrative theory to shed some light on the connection between belief, emotion, and health.
Absorption and scattering depth profile reconstruction in turbid media based on spectroscopy measurements

In the study of epithelial tissues and superficial cancers, it is often important to determine the optical properties of small volumes of tissue, and at varying depths. A model that relates the reflectance spectrum to the optical properties of a turbid medium at small source-detector separations is developed based on Monte Carlo simulations and experiments in tissue phantoms. Four fiber probes are analyzed, for which each fiber probe presents a different tilt angle. Preliminary results show good correlation between known optical properties in tissue phantoms, and the measured optical properties.
Chromatin from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as Biomarkers for Epigenetic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

Background. Studies have implicated abnormalities in epigenetic gene regulation in schizophrenia. Presentation. We hypothesize that identifying abnormalities in chromatin structure and the epigenetic machinery in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from schizophrenia patients could (a) help characterize a subset of schizophrenia patients and (b) lead to targeted pharmacological interventions. Testing. Investigate the relationship between clinical symptoms, demographics, hormonal fluctuations, substance abuse, disease characteristics across the major mental illnesses, and epigenetic parameters in PBMC. In addition, examine the effects of individual antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, as well as experimental agents both as clinically prescribed as well as in cultured PBMC to understand the effects of these agents on chromatin. Implications. If PBMC could serve as a reliable model of overall epigenetic mechanisms then this could lead to a “biomarker” approach to revealing pathological chromatin state in schizophrenia. This approach may provide an informed method for selecting chromatin modifying agents for psychiatric disorders.
Optomechanical photon shuttling between photonic cavities

Mechanical motion of photonic devices driven by optical forces provides a profound means of coupling between optical fields. The current focus of these optomechanical effects has been on cavity optomechanics systems in which co-localized optical and mechanical modes interact strongly to enable wave mixing between photons and phonons, and backaction cooling of mechanical modes. Alternatively, extended mechanical modes can also induce strong non-local effects on propagating optical fields or multiple localized optical modes at distances. Here, we demonstrate a multicavity optomechanical device in which torsional optomechanical motion can shuttle photons between two photonic crystal nanocavities. The resonance frequencies of the two cavities, one on each side of this ‘photon see-saw’, are modulated antisymmetrically by the device's rotation. Pumping photons into one cavity excites optomechanical self-oscillation, which strongly modulates the inter-cavity coupling and shuttles photons to the other empty cavity during every oscillation cycle in a well-regulated fashion. A device using optomechanical torsional motion can be used to efficiently transfer photons from one photonic cavity to another.
Discursive negotiation of face via email: Professional identity development in school counseling supervision

Abstract This article examines email exchanges between eight Master's-level school counseling student interns and their internship supervisor to investigate how politeness strategies contribute to professional identity development in supervisory discourse. Our analysis demonstrates how identity development occurs via collaborative facework accomplished through multiple strategies: reported speech or “constructed dialogue” ( Tannen, 2007 ), first person plural pronouns, the discourse marker “that being said,” and repetition. These strategies create supervisor–supervisee solidarity and build and display supervisee competence, while also creating a discursive web of relations among people that links supervisees into their professional “community of practice” ( Lave & Wenger, 1991 ). This study thus provides a discursive, micro-level understanding of professional identity development and its theoretical underpinnings in the context of email supervision.
A comparative theoretical study of hydrazine

Abstract Standard basis sets were used to investigate the geometry, rotational energy variation, rotational dipole moment variation and vibrational spectrum of hydrazine. Mixed basis sets, where the hydrogen atoms are represented by a 22 and/or a 211 basis set, while the nitrogen atoms are represented by a 6-21G basis set, were also used to investigate the properties of hydrazine. The results obtained with the 62122 mixed basis set are closer to experimental values for the properties of hydrazine studied here than are the results obtained with the standard basis sets, at the single configuration level, and are comparable to those obtained using third-order Moller-Plesset, CID and configuration-interaction methods. The ab initio results were used to obtain and parameterize force fields for molecular-mechanics calculations on hydrazine. The results of this investigation are compared to those obtained in a variety of previous studies.
Summer and winter survival of Puccinia Recondita and infection by soilborne urediniospores

Emerging wheat seedlings readily trapped urediniospores of Puccinia recondita from soil or host plant debris. Soilborne spores survived simulated summer temp, of 34/22 °C day/night for up to 22 d on moist soil, 13 d on dry soil and 4–7 d when covered with a 5 mm layer of soil. Trapped spores survived 8 d on dry leaves at 34/22°. Spores in pustules on excised leaves placed on soil during simulated summer (30–33°) conditions survived up to 15 d. Spores floating on flood waters were able to cause infection when brought in contact with partially submerged host leaves. Dormant mycelium survived all conditions that host tissue was capable of surviving. Changes from 21 to +1, 0 or −1° caused host tissues to remain chlorotic and, in some cases, dormant mycelium was able to sporulate, but reduction to −4° caused host tissues to become necrotic, prohibiting sporulation.