cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the distribution of diatoms on cover slips: cause for concern

We investigated the effect of frustule morphology on the distribution of various diatom taxa on microscope cover slips, using an artificial assemblage. Seven diatom morphotypes were processed separately in nitric acid and an eighth morphotype (Chaetoceros muelleri) was processed in Lugol’s. These were mixed into a single assemblage and dried on a cover slip. We then mapped the locations of all 1,664 valves in the debris area, which covered 244.4 mm2. The inner half of the debris area (A = 122.2 mm2, r ≤ 6.237 mm,), the “Central Region,” contained 1,303 valves (78 % of the total). Each of the eight morphotypes was significantly (p ≤ 0.035) more numerous in the Central Region than in the Marginal Region. In addition, the assemblages in the two Regions were quite distinct: C. muelleri accounted for 19 % of the Central Region diatoms, but 57 % of the Marginal Region ones, whereas Surirella peisonis accounted for 17 and 6 %, respectively. We also considered valve distribution relative to aliquot volume by comparing the number of valves under the proximal 50 μl of the aliquot (r ≤ 4.758 mm) with the number of valves under the distal 50 μl. Four morphotypes were significantly (p < 0.02) more numerous in the Proximal Region. In contrast, valves of C. muelleri were significantly more numerous in the Distal Region (p < 10−43). Valve distribution may reflect valve morphology, such as spine length and degree of silicification. Also important may be other environmental variables, such as the abundance and size of sediment particles. Although preliminary, these data indicate that some taxa are not distributed randomly on cover slips, especially valves that have long spines, thin walls, or thick walls. Whereas many natural assemblages lack such morphotypes, investigators must be aware of such potential heterogenous distributions when counting.
Improved estimation under collinearity and squared error loss

Abstract This paper examines the performance of several biased, Stein-like and empirical Bayes estimators for the general linear statistical model under conditions of collinearity. A new criterion for deleting principal components, based on an unbiased estimator of risk, is introduced. Using a squared error measure and Monte Carlo sampling experiments, the resulting estimator's performance is evaluated and compared with other traditional and non-traditional estimators.
NEUTROPHIL CATHEPSIN G IS SPECIFICALLY DECREASED UNDER VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

Vitamin A deficiency leads to an increased susceptibility to infections, increased severity of infections and increased mortality. Because the neutrophil is the first cell to respond to infection, this study explores the effect of vitamin A deficiency on neutrophil proteinases. We found that neutrophils from vitamin A-deficient rats had lower levels of two cathepsin G-like enzymes (28 and 24 kDa) when compared to neutrophils from weight-matched pair-fed rats, vitamin A-deficient rats which were repleted with retinyl palmitate and nonrestricted vitamin A complete diet rats. The 28 kDa cathepsin G-like enzyme, which migrated with the same mobility as elastase on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, was quantified using Western blots. The 24 kDa cathepsin G-like enzyme was quantified using zymogram gels. This activity was inhibited by chymostatin. Other neutrophil proteinases, elastase, plasminogen activators and gelatinase, were not altered significantly by vitamin A deficiency. The low levels of cathepsin G may contribute to differences in the inflammatory process observed under vitamin A deficiency.
Analgesic drug administration and attitudes about analgesia in cattle among bovine practitioners in the United States

Objective—To determine current attitudes and practices related to pain and analgesia in cattle among US veterinarians in bovine practice and to identify factors associated with these attitudes and practices. Design—Web-based survey. Sample—3,019 US members of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) with e-mail addresses. Procedures—Veterinarians were invited via e-mail to participate in a Web-based survey. Respondents replied to questions related to pain and analgesia and supplied personal, professional, and demographic information. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and associations among various factors were examined. Results—666 surveys (25.5% response rate) were analyzed. Among common procedures and medical conditions of cattle listed on the survey, castration of dairy calves 6 months old were assessed as causing the greatest pain. Respondents r...
Cationic amphiphilic non-hemolytic polyacrylates with superior antibacterial activity

Acrylic copolymers with appropriate compositions of counits having cationic charge with 2-carbon and 6-carbon spacer arms can show superior antibacterial activities with concomitant very low hemolytic effect. These amphiphilic copolymers represent one of the most promising synthetic polymer antibacterial systems reported.
Animacy information outweighs morphological cues in Russian

The present study examined the robustness of morphosyntactic information (inflectional case marking) vs. semantic information (animacy) in non-canonical SOV-and-V structures in Russian, a morphologically rich language with relatively free word order. Results from a self-paced moving window paradigm followed by a comprehension question indicated that case marking was a relatively weak cue during online reading and offline comprehension compared to animacy, which was relied upon heavily throughout. The results suggest that even in languages with rich inflectional morphology, morphosyntax is fragile. Furthermore, the results provide support for memory-based models of sentence processing in which similarity-induced interference affects memory for previously encountered constituents and the integration of incoming material.
In Vitro Evolution and Selection of Proteins: Ribosome Display for Larger Libraries.

The cell-free production of large protein libraries can now be achieved with the ribosome display technique. The use of intact ribosomes (R) in the translation of a mRNA library enables the rapid selection of the generated proteins (P) according to their affinity to a given immobilized binding partner (B).
Large transverse momentum and higher twist phenomena

Abstract A brief summary of the physics of large transverse momentum and higher twist phenomena is given.
Perceptions of women's infertility: what do physicians see?

Objective To assess physicians' awareness of the infertility risk associated with race, age, and education, and to elicit their clinical management recommendations for a hypothetical patient. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Surveys were mailed to 1,000 randomly selected primary care physicians in the state of Michigan. Patient(s) None. Interventions(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Self-reported questionnaire asking the relative prevalence of infertility among women based on race, education, and age. Physicians were also asked what interventions they would recommend for one of four hypothetical female infertility patients who were either European American or African American and either a working professional or receiving Medicaid. Result(s) Although most physicians did not correctly identify the associations between age, race, and socioeconomic status and women's infertility, their suggested clinical interventions did not vary based on a hypothetical patient's race or socioeconomic status. Female physicians, obstetrician/gynecologists, and physicians with more infertility experience or who had seen more infertile patients recommended more components of a model standard of care. Conclusion(s) A questionnaire using a hypothetical patient model suggests that primary care physicians may not be sufficiently aware of the infertility risk of African American women and women with lower socioeconomic status to ensure that women in need of services are identified.
Using U-Pb ages of Miocene tufa for correlation in a terrestrial succession, Barstow Formation, California

Sedimentary rocks and associated fossils are the direct record of past life and its environmental context. Few methods allow direct and precise dating of this important archive, making it diffi cult to correlate climate, biologic, and tectonic events preserved in terrestrial records. We sampled lacustrine tufa calcite from the middle member of the Miocene Barstow Formation to further test the feasibility of uranium-lead dating of terrestrial carbonates. Five samples yield U-Pb ages (2σ) of 14.81 ± 0.39 Ma, 15.30 ± 0.25 Ma, 15.39 ± 0.15 Ma, 16.14 ± 0.40 Ma, and 16.24 ± 0.23 Ma. These precise ages are consistent with existing ages from K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of intercalated volcanic ashes. Our most precise U-Pb age on tufa has an uncertainty of <1% (150 ka), which is equivalent to uncertainties for K-Ar ages from the same time period. Our results indicate that U-Pb dating of carefully sampled and screened sedimentary carbonates provides much needed age constraints in purely terrestrial sequences and can be a powerful tool for correlation even in deposits with structural complexity and rapid facies changes.
Effects of caloric restriction and aging on erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity in specific pathogen-free Fischer 344 rats

Dietary caloric restriction extends life span in the Fischer 344 rat. The interaction of aging and caloric restriction was examined at the level of the plasma membrane transport-associated enzymes, Ca(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and Na,K-ATPase, in the Fischer rat. Animals were in four age groups, ranging from 6.1 to 25.0 months, and were specific pathogen-free (SPF, barrier-raised). Results from male and female animals raised on an ad libitum diet were compared with those from rats that received 60% of the age-specific caloric intake of their ad lib littermates. The responses of erythrocyte membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in vitro to thyroid hormone (L-thyroxine [T4]; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine [T3]) and to purified calmodulin, a Ca(2+)-binding protein activator of Ca(2+)-ATPase, were measured. Erythrocyte membrane Na,K-ATPase was also compared in the two diet groups, as was plasma glucose. Plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in the absence of added thyroid hormone and calmodulin was significantly reduced in calorically restricted rats (-39%, P less than .001), compared with ad lib-fed animals, and the response was similar in the four age groups aged 6.1, 12.7, 17.0, and 25.0 months. In contrast, pooled (all ages) Ca(2+)-ATPase response in vitro to T4 and to T3 in calorically restricted animals was enhanced compared with the ad lib group (+62% and +58%, P less than .001, respectively). Calmodulin responsiveness of the enzyme was increased by 45% (P less than .001) in calorie-deprived animals, similar to the change in T4 and T3 responsiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Empirical Bayes combination of estimated areas under ROC curves using estimating equations

A synthesis of the empirical Bayes method and the method of estimating equations is used to combine individual receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area estimates from different studies of the same diagnostic test into a single estimate. This single estimate represents the population mean from which individual areas under the ROC curves were sampled. The only data needed to carry out the method are estimated areas under the ROC curves and the corresponding standard errors. Key words: ROC curves; empirical Bayes method. (Med Decis Making 1996;16:24-28)
Interaction of Acetonitrile with the Surfaces of Amorphous and Crystalline Ice

The adsorption of acetonitrile (CH3CN) on ultrathin films of ice under ultrahigh vacuum was investigated with temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD) and Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIRAS). Two types of film were studied, amorphous and crystalline. On the amorphous films, two states of adsorbed acetonitrile were observed by TPD and FTIRAS. One of the states is attributed to acetonitrile that is hydrogen bonded to a free OH group at the ice surface; the other state is assigned to acetonitrile that is purely physisorbed. Evidence for the hydrogen-bonded state is two-fold. First, there is a large kinetic isotope effect for desorption from H2O- and D2O-ice: the desorption temperatures from ice-h2 and ice-d2 are ∼161 and ∼176 K, respectively. Second, the C⋮N stretching frequency (2265 cm-1) is 16 cm-1 greater than that of physisorbed acetonitrile, and it is roughly equal to that of acetonitrile which is hydrogen bonded to an OH group at the air−liquid wate...
Formation of HF in the mercury-sensitized photolysis of fluorohydrocarbons

Abstract A previously described technique (Heckel and Marsh) for analysis of nanomolar quantities of fluoride ion involves potentiometric titration of F - with La 3+ in ethanol—water mixtures. Modification of the method by the addition of millimolar Cl − allows accurate measurement of fluoride even in the presence of Hg/Hg 2+ . Using this approach, HF formation was followed during the Hg 6( 3 P 1 ) sensitized photolysis of the three systems CH 3 CH 2 F, CH 3 CHF 2 , and CH 3 CF 3 . Resulting HF yields fell in the order HF(CH 3 CH 2 F) > HF(CH 3 CHF 2 )⪢ HF(CH 3 CF 3 ), consistent with mechanistic assumptions of Scott and Jennings.
The effects of a complex environment on crop separability with landsat TM

Abstract Studies in the midwestern United States have shown that crop variations associated with regionally varying environmental factors can be important to crop inventory design using Landsat multispectral scanner data. This study examined the consequences of a more complex environment and a higher resolution sensor. Unsupervised classification accuracy and divergence of crop spectra were determined for six crop classes from early season Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes for 31 sites across New York State. These indicators of crop separability were related to 12 environmental variables. Although statistically significant models were found for individual crops, no significant relationship was found to characterize general crop separability. Regional variation is too large to be ignored in an early season TM-based inventory of areas as complex as New York; however, stratification based on readily obtainable environmental data is of only moderate value in describing the variation.
Cytokine cascade induced by endotoxin in TNF double receptor knockout mice: evidence supporting a role for IL-10 in mediating antipyretic action of TNF

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor double receptor-knockout (TNFR KO) mice lacking functional genes for the TNF p55 and p75 receptors show exacerbated febrile responses to endotoxin. TNFR KO mice and wild-type (WT) control animals were intraperitoneally treated with 2.5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the effect of this treatment on plasma levels of TNF, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-1 type II (decoy) receptor was studied. TNFR KO mice showed markedly higher levels of TNF 1.5 and 8 h after LPS compared to WT controls. There was no difference in circulatory levels of IL-6 and IL-1 type II receptor between TNFR KO and WT mice 1.5 and 8 h after LPS challenge. There was no difference in plasma IL-10 levels 1.5 h after LPS treatment between TNFR KO and WT mice. However, 8 h after LPS injection TNFR KO mice showed significantly lower levels of IL-10 in plasma than control animals (13.2±2.7 pg/ml vs. 47.6±11.4 pg/ml, P=0.001). These results indicate that under certain conditions the antipyretic action of TNF may be mediated via IL-10 which is considered a major antiinflammatory and antipyretic cytokine. The data obtained also suggest that the exacerbated fever in TNFR KO mice is probably not due to alterations of IL-6 or IL-1 type II (decoy) receptor concentrations in the plasma.
A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat

Abstract Background Females appear to be more sensitive and responsive to social cues, including threat signals, than are males. Recent theoretical models suggest that developmental changes in brain functioning play important roles in the emergence of such gender differences. Methods We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine developmental and gender differences in activation of neural structures thought to mediate attention to emotional faces depicting varying degrees of threat. Analyses focused on the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex during the evaluation of threat conveyed by faces. Healthy adolescents (n = 17; 53% male) and adults (n = 17; 53% male) were scanned while they rated how threatening pictures of neutral and emotional (angry, fearful, or happy) faces appeared. Results Results indicate significant interactions among age, gender, and face type for activation during explicit threat monitoring. In particular, adult women activated orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala selectively to unambiguous threat (angry) cues, while adult men showed a less discriminating pattern of activation. No gender differences were evident for adolescents, who as a group resembled adult males. Conclusions These findings suggest that there are gender differences in patterns of neural responses to emotional faces that are not fully apparent until adulthood.
Family-based interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed preadolescents: examining efficacy and potential treatment mechanisms.

Objective To conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of family-based interpersonal psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for treating depression in preadolescents (aged 7–12 years) as compared to child-centered therapy (CCT), a supportive and nondirective treatment that closely approximates the standard of care for pediatric depression in community mental health. Method Preadolescents with depression (N = 42) were randomly assigned FB-IPT or CCT. Pre- and posttreatment assessments included clinician-administered measures of depression, parent- and child-reported depression and anxiety symptoms, and parent–child conflict and interpersonal impairment with peers. Results Preadolescents receiving FB-IPT had higher rates of remission (66.0% versus 31%), a greater decrease in depressive symptoms from pre- to posttreatment, and lower depressive symptoms at posttreatment (R 2 = 0.35, ΔR 2 = 0.22; B = −8.15, SE = 2.61, t[37] = −3.13, p = .002, F 2 = 0.28) than did preadolescents with depression receiving CCT. Furthermore, preadolescents in the FB-IPT condition reported significant reductions in anxiety and interpersonal impairment compared with preadolescents in the CCT condition. Changes in social and peer impairment from pre- to posttreatment were associated with preadolescents' posttreatment depressive symptoms. There was a significant indirect effect for decreased social impairment accounting for the association between the FB-IPT and preadolescents' posttreatment depressive symptoms. Conclusion Findings indicate FB-IPT is an effective treatment for preadolescent depression and support further investigation of interpersonal mechanisms by which FB-IPT may reduce preadolescent depression. Clinical trial registration information— Phase II Study of Family Based Interpersonal Psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for Depressed Preadolescents; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02054312.
Effects of High Temperature and Drought on a Hybrid Bluegrass Compared with Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue

High temperature and drought stresses may reduce quality in cool-season turfgrasses during summer months in the transition zone. This growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate effects of high temperature and drought on physiology and growth of 'Apollo' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KBG), 'Dynasty' tall fescue (Festuca arundincea Schreb.) (TF), and 'Thermal Blue', a hybrid (HBG) between KBG and Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torr.). Turfgrasses were exposed for 48 d to supra-optimal (high temperature; 35/25°C, 14-h day/10-h night) and optimal (control; 22/15°C, 14-h day/10-h night) temperatures under well-watered (100% evapotranspiration [ET] replacement) and deficit (60% ET replacement) irrigation. Heat resistance was greater in HBG, which had greater visual quality, gross photosynthesis (Pg), dry matter production, and lower electrolyte leakage and soil surface temperatures than KBG and TF under high temperature. Cumulative Pg during the study was 16 and 24% greater in HBG than in KBG and TF, respectively. Green leaf area index (LAI) in HBG was not affected by high temperature, but LAI was reduced by 29% in KBG and 38% in TF. Differences in drought resistance were negligible among species. The combination of high temperature and drought caused rapid declines in visual quality and dry matter production, but HBG generally performed better. Results indicated greater heat resistance, but not drought resistance, in HBG than in KBG or TF.
Pre-pro-somatostatin mRNA in the developing rat spinal cord with special reference to ventral horn motoneurons

The expression of pre-pro-somatostatin (ppSOM) mRNA in the spinal cord of the developing rat was determined by in situ hybridization. Expression of ppSOM mRNA was detected in cells in the gray matter of the dorsal and ventral horns at day E15, the earliest stage examined in this study. Expression of ppSOM mRNA persisted during development and into adulthood in the dorsal horn. In contrast, ppSOM mRNA expression in presumptive ventral horn motoneurons was apparent during pre- and perinatal periods, but it was not observed in adult rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ppSOM is transiently expressed by motoneurons and that a peptide derived from it may serve a role in the development of the neuromuscular junction.
A Win-Win Collaboration

This brief article reports on a collaborative book-borrowing policy between The Brendlinger Library of Montgomery County Community College and the Wissahickon Valley Public Library (WVPL), both located in Blue Bell, PA. Beginning in January 2013, WVPL will donate books periodically to the Brendlinger Library in support of the students enrolled in Reading classes. Circulation statistics will be reported to WVPL, and the books will be returned to WVPL for sale in the WVPL Friends of the Library book sale. Keywords: academic library; public library, community college library; collaboration; developmental readers; reading programs; reading instruction; literacy; Montgomery County Community College; Wissahickon Valley Public Library
Early American studies on respiration calorimetry

W. C. Atwater, student of American food materials, transplanted respiration calorimetry to the United States, following his experience with the subject in the German laboratories of Volt and Rubner. He began construction, in 1892 with the collaboration ofE. B. Rosa, of an instrument capable of accurate measurement of energy and material balances in a human being. This represents one of the first examples in America of the funding and construction of a large but sensitive scientific instrument and its operation by a team of skilled specialists.Atwater's group quickly established that the first law of thermodynamics was applicable to man. His associate,F. G. Benedict laid the foundations for application of respiration relationships to the understanding of basal metabolism in human beings both in health and disease.G. Lusk andE. F. Du Bois greatly extended the clinical aspects of calorimetry.
Development of more erratic heart rate patterns is associated with mortality post-myocardial infarction.

Cardiac patients often have sinus arrhythmia of nonrespiratory origin (erratic sinus rhythm [ESR]). ESR was quantified using hourly Poincare and power spectral heart rate variability plots from normal-to-normal interbeat intervals and hourly values of the short-term fractal scaling exponent and correlations of normal-to-normal intervals in n = 60 nonsurvivors and n = 66 randomly selected survivors in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. Hours were coded (ABN) as normal (0), borderline (0.5), or ESR (1). t Tests compared ABN for n = 2413 paired hours at baseline and on therapy. ABN was higher in nonsurvivors (0.38 ± 0.44 vs 0.28 ± 0.40, baseline, and 0.51 ± 0.45 vs 0.34 ± 0.43, on therapy, P < .001). Increased ABN with treatment were greater in nonsurvivors. Normal hours at baseline (relative risk = 0.77; 095% confidence interval, 0.62-0.96, P = .018) and on treatment (relative risk = 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.58) were significantly associated with decreased mortality compared with ESR. Quantification of ESR may identify more vulnerable patients or help monitor the effects of pharmacologic treatment.
Time sequence of macromolecule synthesis in experimental nephrosis

Abstract The incorporation of labeled precursors into serum, liver and muscle protein, liver RNA, and liver DNA was measured at several time intervals after the injection of antikidney serum. Increased labeling of plasma protein, decreased labeling of muscle protein, and increased labeling of liver RNA began within three hours, while DNA labeling showed a 15–18 hour delay before undergoing a 5-fold increase. The net increase in liver DNA and RNA, which occurred between the third and fourth day, was preceded by a 60–80 per cent increase in spermidine levels. The findings are similar in many respects to the events following partial hepatectomy.
Morphometric Analysis and Clinical Followup of Isolated Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Needle Biopsy of the Prostate

AbstractPurpose: We evaluate the significance of grade and extent of isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostate needle biopsies as a predictor of cancer on repeat biopsy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our experience with 58 men 50 years or older who had isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on initial prostate needle biopsy during a prostate specific antigen (PSA) based screening trial for prostate cancer. All 58 men underwent repeat biopsy to follow the initial findings of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. We assessed the relationship of patient age, digital rectal examination, serum PSA concentration, PSA density, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia grade, number of foci of neoplasia and linear extent of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the initial biopsy specimen to the finding of cancer on the repeat biopsy. We also compared the cancer detection rate in the 58 ment with and 427 without prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the same screening trial.Results: Of 21 men ...
Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions: Controversies and Evidence

▪ Abstract Efforts to increase the practice of evidence-based psychotherapy in the United States have led to the formation of task forces to define, identify, and disseminate information about empirically supported psychological interventions. The work of several such task forces and other groups reviewing empirically supported treatments (ESTs) in the United States, United Kingdom, and elsewhere is summarized here, along with the lists of treatments that have been identified as ESTs. Also reviewed is the controversy surrounding EST identification and dissemination, including concerns abou research methodology, external validity, and utility of EST research, as well as the reliability and transparency of the EST review process.
Characterization of pica prevalence among patients with sickle cell disease.

Objective To determine the prevalence of pica and its characteristics among children with sickle cell disease. Design Retrospective, observational study. Setting An urban, ambulatory care, interdisciplinary center. Patients The medical records of all 480 patients who visited the center from March 1, 1998, to June 30, 1999, were reviewed. Patients were excluded for history of stroke, long-term transfusions, pregnancy, acute illness, or age younger than 3 years. Main Outcome Measures Sex, age, weight, height, Tanner stage, complete blood cell count, sickle cell genotype, pica history, and levels of iron, zinc, lead, and fetal hemoglobin (Hb). Results Of 395 study patients, 134 (33.9%) reported pica. Ingested items included paper, foam, and powders. There was a significantly higher prevalence of pica among patients homozygous for Hb S (Hb SS, sickle cell anemia) compared with the combined group of double heterozygous patients with Hb SC, Hb SD, and Hb Sβ thallasemia (Sβ + or Sβ 0 ) (35.6% vs 25.5%; P = .03). Within genotype, mean Hb levels were significantly lower and reticulocyte counts were significantly higher in the patients with pica. Overall, the mean age of patients with pica was significantly lower; however, the prevalence was 23.3% (27/116) among those aged 10.0 to 14.9 years and 14.8% (8/54) among those aged 15.0 to 19.0 years. Within age groups, patients with pica weighed significantly less. Conclusions Pica appeared to have an unusually high prevalence in patients with sickle cell disease and a correlation with lower Hb levels. It is unclear whether pica is a specific marker of disease severity, because our review did not show a relationship to increased number and duration of hospitalizations. The association between pica and low body weight suggests a nutritional effect on its prevalence.
A wafer-based monocrystalline silicon photovoltaics road map: Utilizing known technology improvement opportunities for further reductions in manufacturing costs

Abstract As an initial investigation into the current and potential economics of one of today's most widely deployed photovoltaic technologies, we have engaged in a detailed analysis of manufacturing costs for each step within the wafer-based monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) PV module supply chain. At each step we find several pathways that could lead to further reductions in manufacturing costs. After aggregating the performance and cost considerations for a series of known technical improvement opportunities, we project a pathway for commercial-production c-Si modules to have typical sunlight power conversion efficiencies of 19–23%, and we calculate that they might be sustainably sold at ex-factory gate prices of $0.60–$0.70 per peak Watt (DC power, current U.S. dollars). This may not be the lower bound to the cost curve for c-Si, however, because the roadmap described in this paper is constrained by the boundary conditions set by the wire sawing of wafers and their incorporation into manufacturing equipment that is currently being developed for commercial-scale production. Within these boundary conditions, we find that the benefit of reducing the wafer thickness from today's standard 180 μm to the handling limit of 80 μm could be around $0.05 per peak Watt ( W p ), when the calculation is run at minimum sustainable polysilicon prices (which we calculate to be around $23/kg). At that minimum sustainable polysilicon price, we also calculate that the benefit of completely eliminating or completely recycling kerf loss could be up to $0.08/ W p . These downward adjustments to the long run wafer price are used within the cost projections for three advanced cell architectures beyond today's standard c-Si solar cell. Presumably, the higher efficiency cells that are profiled must be built upon a foundation of higher quality starting wafers. The prevailing conventional wisdom is that this should add cost at the ingot and wafering step—either due to lower production yields when having to sell wafers that are doped with an alternative element other than the standard choice of boron, or in additional capital equipment costs associated with removing problematic boron–oxygen pairs. However, from our survey it appears that there does not necessarily need to be an assumption of a higher wafer price if cell manufacturers should wish to use n -type wafers derived from the phosphorus dopant. And as for making p -type wafers with the traditional boron dopant, the potential price premium for higher lifetimes via the magnetic Czochralski approach is calculated to be very small, and can ostensibly be offset by the higher expected cell efficiencies that would result from using the higher quality wafers. With this final consideration, the projected minimum sustainable price requirements for three advanced c-Si solar cells are incorporated into a final bill of materials for a polysilicon-to-module manufacturing facility located within the United States.
An Overview of Clinical Experience

Twelve years of experience with more than 300 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are reviewed. During this period the concept of the syndrome has changed to now include much milder cases. The main chemical treatment is haloperidol and clonidine, but emphasis is also placed on psychotherapy and supportive measures by auxiliary parapsychological services.
Phosphorylation of Cyclin D1 Regulated by ATM or ATR Controls Cell Cycle Progression

Cyclin D1 is required at high levels for passage through G1 phase but must be reduced to low levels during S phase to avoid the inhibition of DNA synthesis. This suppression requires the phosphorylation of Thr286, which is induced directly by DNA synthesis. Because the checkpoint kinase ATR is activated by normal replication as well as by DNA damage, its potential role in regulating cyclin D1 phosphorylation was tested. We found that ATR, activated by either UV irradiation or the topoisomerase IIβ binding protein 1 activator, promoted cyclin D1 phosphorylation. Small interfering RNA against ATR inhibited UV-induced Thr286 phosphorylation, together with that seen in normally cycling cells, indicating that ATR regulates cyclin D1 phosphorylation in normal as well as stressed cells. Following double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breakage, the related checkpoint kinase ATM was also able to promote the phosphorylation of cyclin D1 Thr286. The relationship between these checkpoint kinases and cyclin D1 was extended when we found that normal cell cycle blockage in G1 phase observed following dsDNA damage was efficiently overcome when exogenous cyclin D1 was expressed within the cells. These results indicate that checkpoint kinases play a critical role in regulating cell cycle progression in normal and stressed cells by directing the phosphorylation of cyclin D1.
Clinical implications of using molecular diagnostics for ovarian cancers.

In the era of morphologic diagnostics, any epithelial tumor on or involving the ovaries was presumed to come from and be strictly of ovarian origin, apart from the rare but clearly metastatic tumors. Thus, many women who might have had small fallopian tube primary cancers that rapidly extended on to or into the ovary were deemed to have ovarian cancer. Now, as we begin to better understand that there are different types of cancers of nonuterine Muellerian origin, we expand upon the morphologic to add the molecular characteristics. Morphomolecular characteristics are being applied to drive clinical advances including development and optimization of predictive and prognostic biomarkers, redefinition of historical controls, and consideration of novel clinical trial designs. Ovarian cancer, not a common cancer to start with, is now subdivided into types, making ever smaller clinical cohorts. The first studies evaluating tubo-ovarian Muellerian cancers of morphomolecular types have begun. Deleterious mutations in BRCA1 or 2 have been validated as the first new predictive and prognostic biomarker of the high-grade serous ovarian cancer type and polyADPribose polymerase inhibitors, the first targeted agents for this morphomolecular entity. Similar progress is developing in other tubo-ovarian cancer types. This new knowledge is driving the building of a structure–function-type relationship that is generating novel clinically applicable hypotheses for testing.
Synthesizing Arbitrary Photon States in a Superconducting Resonator: The Quantum Digital to Analog Converter

Arbitrary microwave photon states have been synthesized by coupling a high-Q resonator to a superconducting qubit. We analyze a variety of states by mapping out the Wigner function, and show movies of their decay.
Atomic layer deposited alumina for micromachined resonators

In this work, atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina (AI2O3) has been demonstrated as the structural material for a micro-resonator for the first time. An electrostatically actuated micro-bridge made of Cr and ALD AI2O3 was used as a resonator. The resonator was formed by simple wet- and dry-etching processes. The static displacement profile of the micro-resonator was then measured by an optical interferometer. A model of a pinned-pinned beam with axial stress of 250 MPa is used to fit the measured data. An optical method was used to measure the resonant frequency modes. The fundamental frequency of the resonator was measured around 200 kHz. Higher modes of resonance were also observed and fitted with the analytical model.
We can work it out: age differences in relational pronouns, physiology, and behavior in marital conflict.

This study examined the relationship that personal pronouns spoken during a marital conversation have with the emotional qualities of those interactions and with marital satisfaction. Middle-aged and older couples (N 154) engaged in a 15-min conflict conversation during which physiology and emotional behavior were continuously monitored. Verbatim transcripts of the conversations were coded into 2 lexical categories: (a) we-ness (we-words), pronouns that focus on the couple; (b) separateness (me/you-words), pronouns that focus on the individual spouses. Analyses revealed that greater we-ness was associated with a number of desirable qualities of the interaction (lower cardiovascular arousal, more positive and less negative emotional behavior), whereas greater separateness was associated with a less desirable profile (more negative emotional behavior, lower marital satisfaction). In terms of age differences, older couples used more we-ness words than did middle-aged couples. Further, the associations between separateness and marital satisfaction were strongest for older wives. These findings indicate that the emotional aspects of marital quality are expressed in the natural language of couples engaged in conversation.
Functional proteomic pattern identification under low dose ionizing radiation

Objective: High dose radiation has been well known for increasing the risk of carcinogenesis. However, the understanding of biological effects of low dose radiation is limited. Low dose radiation is reported to affect several signaling pathways including deoxyribonucleic acid repair, survival, cell cycle, cell growth, and cell death. The goal of this study is to reveal the proteomic patterns influencing these pathways. Methods and materials: To detect the possibly regulatory proteins/kinases, an emerging reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPM) in conjunction with quantum dots nano-crystal technology is used as a quantitative detection system. The dynamic responses are observed under different time points and radiation doses. To quantitatively determine the responsive protein/kinases and to discover the network motifs, we present a discriminative feature pattern identification system (DFPIS). Instead of simply identifying proteins contributing to the pathways, our methodology takes into consideration of protein dependencies which are represented as strong jumping emerging patterns (SJEPs). Furthermore, infrequent patterns, though occurred, will be considered irrelevant. Results: Computational results using DFPIS to analyze ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) cells treated under six different ionizing radiation doses (0cGy, 4cGy, 10cGy, 50cGy, 1Gy, and 5Gy) are presented. For each dose, the dynamic response was observed at different time points (1, 6, 24, 48, and 72h). The sets of different responsive proteins/kinases at different dose are reported. For each dose, the SJEPs for ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient cells are shown and compared. Conclusion: By using the new RPPM technology and the DFPIS algorithm, we can observe the change of signaling patterns even at a very low radiation dosage where conventional technologies tend to fail.
Cave Density of the Greenbrier Limestone Group, West Virginia

The Greenbrier Limestone Group, known in West Virginia as the “Big Lime,” is an extensive, calcium-pure limestone unit of Mississippian Age (350–340 million years). Deposited in a shallow ocean basin during the Carboniferous, the Big Lime is more than 1,000 feet thick in the Greenbrier Valley of West Virginia. The wet climate of central Appalachia provides the hydraulics and corrosive carbonic acid action necessary to form frequent and sizable karst dissolution features, such as caves, sinkholes, and springs. Some of the world's largest caves form here as contact caves, where the Big Lime meets the underlying McCrady Shale Formation, including Scott Hollow Cave (29.5 miles), Organ Cave (38.5 miles), and The Hole (23 miles). Likewise, thousands of sinkholes and pits have formed via dissolution of bedrock and collapse into subsurface cave passage. These features create geohazards to infrastructure and provide pathways for aquifer contamination through sediment and pollutant transport, thereby requiring a ge...
Intelligent gateways for unified computing environments

The use of gateways to integrate heterogeneous networks is investigated. The goal is to extend the unified environments across network boundaries transparently so that services provided by one environment are available to other networks. This approach is most effective if the connected networks have incompatible environments which provide similar services. Intelligent gateways have the advantages of low cost, modularity, resource sharing across the networks and minimal modification to the existing systems. The basic concept of an intelligent gateway is introduced. A case study in which an intelligent gateway supports a network file system between a SUN network and a PC network is presented to demonstrate the basic ideas. >
Two Competing Effects of Volatiles on Heat Transfer in Crystal-rich Magmas: Thermal Insulation vs Defrosting

The build-up and eruption of crystal-rich ignimbrites, commonly referred to as ‘Monotonous Intermediates’ , has been attributed to the incremental addition of new magma batches and the episodic partial melting and reactivation of rheologically locked crystal-rich magma bodies (mushes). In this study, we explore the role of volatiles exsolved from a hot intrusion underplating a crystal mush on the thermal evolution of the coupled mush^intrusion system. We solve the enthalpy conservation equation for the mush and the intrusion and investigate the exsolution of volatiles from the intrusion and their transport through the mush in one dimension. Our calculations span a range of pressures (from 1 to 4 kbar), mush composition (andesite to rhyolite) and initial water contents (from 1·5 to 6 wt %).The mobility of volatiles in the mush is controlled by the volume fraction of the pore space they occupy, and, as a consequence, by the amount of melting and the injection rate of volatiles from the intrusion to the mush.We find that volatiles affect the melting of the mush (or defrosting) in two opposite ways depending on pressure and the initial water content of the intrusion.When the intrusion volatile content is high and pressure relatively low (44 wt % H2O at 2 kbar), the mass transfer of volatiles from the intrusion to the mush carries enthalpy beyond the melting front and can thus enhance defrosting and possibly remobilization of the mush. For lower initial volatile contents (54 wt % H2O) in the intrusion and/or higher pressure (3^4 kbar), volatiles stall at the interface between the two magma bodies and prevent defrosting as they thermally insulate the mush from the intrusion.We propose that the dual role played by volatiles during the thermal evolution of crystal-rich magmas reheated by an underplating intrusion can explain the presence of crystal-rich ignimbrites in arcs and their absence in drier hotspots or extensional regions.
Improving the Precision of Equality-Based Dataflow Analyses

We present two new, orthogonal techniques for improving the precision of equality-based dataflow analyses. Subtype expansion models objects at a per-type granularity, enabling a form of subtype-restricted equality constraint, while mutation tracking uses a simple effect analysis to avoid a class of false aliases induced by the bidirectional nature of equality constraints. The utility and costs of these techniques are demonstrated in a context-sensitive interprocedural optimization whose static precision improves by 6-600% when our techniques are applied.
Inside the mind reader's tool kit: projection and stereotyping in mental state inference.

Mental state inferences—judgments about what others think, want, and feel—are central to social life. Models of “mind reading” have considered main effects, including social projection and stereotyping, but have not specified the conditions that govern when these tools will be used. This article develops such a model, claiming that when perceivers assume an initial general sense of similarity to a target, they engage in greater projection and less stereotyping. Three studies featuring manipulations of similarity support this claim. Moreover, reaction time results shed light on the mechanisms underlying these effects. The proposed model gives a new view of the mind reader’s tool kit and, more generally, raises questions about moderators of stereotyping and projection in social judgment. We are all mind readers. Not the magical sort, but rather the most ordinary, casually and quickly intuiting what the people around us think, want, and feel. A friend delivers an unwanted birthday present to us, and yet we know she meant well. A new colleague gushes with ideas in front of the boss, and we see not just
A new paradigm for graduate research and training in the biomedical sciences and engineering

98Emphasis on the individual investigator has fostered discovery for centuries, yet it is now recognized that the complexity of problems in the biomedical sciences and engineering requires collaborative efforts from individuals having diverse training and expertise. Various approaches can facilitate interdisciplinary interactions, but we submit that there is a critical need for a new educational paradigm for the way that we train biomedical engineers, life scientists, and mathematicians. We cannot continue to train graduate students in isolation within single disciplines, nor can we ask any one individual to learn all the essentials of biology, engineering, and mathematics. We must transform how students are trained and incorporate how real-world research and development are done-in diverse, interdisciplinary teams. Our fundamental vision is to create an innovative paradigm for graduate research and training that yields a new generation of biomedical engineers, life scientists, and mathematicians that is more diverse and that embraces and actively pursues a truly interdisciplinary, team-based approach to research based on a known benefit and mutual respect. In this paper, we describe our attempt to accomplish this via focused training in biomechanics, biomedical optics, mathematics, mechanobiology, and physiology. The overall approach is applicable, however, to most areas of biomedical research.
Random Chemical Modification of Hemoglobin to Identify Chloride Binding Sites in the Central Dyad Axis: Their Role in Control of Oxygen Affinity

Knowledge of the mechanism by which chloride and carbon dioxide lower the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin may aid in the design of new blood substitutes since these allosteric regulators permit hemoglobin (Hb) to release its O2. Stable covalent modifiers of hemoglobin, used either in a selective or a random mode, have been used to elucidate the binding sites of CO2. or chloride. For determination of CO2. binding, specific chemical modification of Hb by the carboxymethylation reaction was used. To identify the oxygen-linked chloride binding sites, random chemical modification of Hb was employed.