cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent gradient sensing interferometry: application in convective fluid medium for tomographic measurements

In this work, a measurement technique based on a single-beam coherent gradient sensing (CGS) interferometer is used to obtain line-of-sight projections of a 3-D temperature field in a convective fluid medium. Due to its inherent insensitivity to vibrations, simple and cost effective optical layout, and, most importantly, the absence of a separate reference beam, CGS is an attractive choice for measurements in convective fluids. In the present study, line-of-sight interferometric projections of a differentially heated water medium in a cylindrical cavity are presented for a cavity aspect ratio (diameter/height) of 3.9. The 3-D temperature field is then obtained using the line-of-sight interferometric projections with a 3-D tomographic reconstruction algorithm. The temperature field obtained shows the absence of a radial-symmetric pattern at a Rayleigh number of 1.6×105, which is in agreement with observations from the literature.
Surface reconstruction based on descriptions of cross-sectional contours

Surface reconstruction from cross-sectional contours has become increasingly important in medical image applications. In this paper, a method of reconstructing the surface of an object based on the descriptions of cross-sectional contours has been developed. Each cross-sectional contour is first partitioned into convex/concave segments based on the relative locations of points on the contour. Each segment of the contour is then described by a parametric cubic polynomial, and the boundary is recovered based on the description. A matching technique incorporating possible deformations between adjacent cross-sections is used to obtain the correspondence between adjacent cross-sectional contours. Once the correspondence is established, the surface between correspondent segments of adjacent crosssectional contours is reconstructed by a traditional triangulation technique. As the reconstruction is based on the shape of the cross-sections, the reconstructed surfaces are more close to that of the original object.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The story of placebo effects in medicine: evidence in context

In 2005, in an article reviewing the evidence related to the placebo effect that was derived from clinical trials in medicine and psychotherapy, B. E. Wampold, T. Minami, S. C. Tierney, T. W. Baskin, and K. S. Bhati re-analyzed studies contained in A. Hrobjartsson and P. C. Gotzsche's (2001) meta-analysis of trials that contained placebo and no-treatment conditions. Whereas Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche (2001) concluded that the placebo effect was weak at best, Wampold et al. (2005) concluded that it was "robust." Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche (this issue) challenged Wampold et al.'s (2005) conclusion, claiming essentially that the results of clinical trials containing placebo and no-treatment conditions are not sufficient to claim that the placebo effect exists to any substantial degree. In this article, it is shown that when properly interpreted by considering theory, method, context, and related research, the results of clinical trials support the existence of a placebo effect. In short, the placebo effect appears in those instances where it is expected.
The effects of participant monitoring and feedback on marital interaction and satisfaction

The effects of participant monitoring of spouse behaviors, with and without feedback to the spouse were evaluated on measures of marital satisfaction and interaction. Three groups of eight couples participated in the study; half of the couples in each group were classified as maritally adjusted and half as maladjusted on the basis of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test. A no-treatment control group, participant monitoring of positive behaviors emitted by the spouse, and participant monitoring plus immediate verbal feedback between spouses concerning monitored behaviors were compared. No significant effects on marital satisfaction were found for repeated administration of the dependent measures or of participant monitoring alone. Compared to the control group, participant monitoring plus spouse feedback was associated with significantly greater increases in daily satisfaction with the marital partner and spouse and a significant increase in the rate of emitted spouse pleasurable behaviors.
Electrical characteristics of AlGaN-GaN high electron mobility transistors and AlGaN Schottky diodes irradiated with protons

AlGaN-GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are most suitable for commercial and military applications requiring high voltage, high power, and high efficiency operation. In recent years, leading AlGaN HEMT manufacturers have reported encouraging reliability of these devices, but their long-term reliability especially in the space environment still remains a major concern. In addition, degradation mechanisms in AlGaN HEMT devices are still not well understood, and a large number of traps and defects present both in the bulk and at the surface lead to undesirable characteristics. Study of reliability and radiation effects of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs is therefore necessary before GaN HEMT technology is successfully employed in satellite communication systems. For the present study, we investigated electrical characteristics of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs and AlGaN Schottky diodes irradiated with protons. We studied two types of MOCVD-grown AlGaN HEMTs on semi-insulating SiC substrates (HEMT-1 and HEMT-2) as well as MOCVD-grown Al 0.27 Ga 0.73 N Schottky diodes on conducting SiC substrates. Our HEMT-1 structure consisted of a GaN cap, AlGaN/AlN barrier, and 2 μm GaN buffer layers. Our HEMT-2 structure consisting of undoped AlGaN barrier and GaN buffer layers grown on an AlN nucleation layer showed a charge sheet density of ~10 13 /cm 2 and a Hall mobility of ~1500 cm 2 /V . sec. Our HEMT-1 devices had a Pt-Au Schottky gate length of 0.2 μm, a total gate width of 200-400 μm periphery, and SiN x passivation. Electrical characteristics of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs and AlGaN Schottky diodes were compared before and after they were proton irradiated with different energies and fluences. Current-mode deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and capacitance-mode DLTS were employed to study pre-proton irradiation trap characteristics in the AlGaN-GaN HEMTs and AlGaN Schottky diodes, respectively. Focused ion beam (FIB) was employed to prepare both cross-sectional and plan view TEM samples for defect analysis using a high resolution TEM. In addition, electrical characteristics of GaAs MESFETs used as reference devices were compared before and after they were proton irradiated.
SAFETY OF INTRAVENOUS MORPHINE IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES- A PILOT INVESTIGATION

Intravenous morphine [IVM] is commonly used for pain control in acute coronary syndrome [ACS], although the evidence regarding its safety is conflicting. We have performed a single center retrospective chart review to determine, how often IVM and continuous nitrates are used for pain control in
Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Is a Negative Regulator of Insulin- and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I-stimulated Signaling

To understand the physiological role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPase 1B) in insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling, we established clonal cell lines overexpressing wild type or inactive mutant (C215S) PTPase 1B in cells overexpressing insulin (Hirc) or IGF-I (CIGFR) receptors. PTPase 1B overexpression in transfected cells was verified by immunoblot analysis with a monoclonal PTPase 1B antibody. Subfractionation of parental cells demonstrated that greater than 90% of PTPase activity was localized in the Triton X-100-soluble particulate (P1) cell fraction. PTPase activity in the P1 fraction of cells overexpressing wild type PTPase 1B was 3-6-fold higher than parental cells but was unaltered in all fractions from C215S PTPase 1B-containing cells. The overexpression of wild type and C215S PTPase 1B had no effects on intrinsic receptor kinase activity, growth rate, or general cell morphology. The effects of PTPase 1B overexpression on cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation were examined by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblot analysis. No differences were apparent under basal conditions, but hormone-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation and/or insulin receptor substrate tyrosine phosphorylation were inhibited in cells overexpressing wild type PTPase 1B and increased in cells expressing mutant PTPase 1B, in comparison with parental cells. Metabolic signaling, assessed by ligand-stimulated [14C]glucose incorporation into glycogen, was also inhibited in cells overexpressing active PTPase 1B and enhanced in cells containing C215S PTPase 1B. These data strongly suggest that PTPase 1B acts as a negative regulator of insulin and IGF-I signaling.
Measurement of femtosecond electron bunches using a rf zero-phasing method

Bunch lengths as short as 84 fs (rms) have been measured at Jefferson Laboratory using a rf zero-phasing technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first accurate measurement of the longitudinal distribution function in this regime. In this paper, an analytical approach for computing the longitudinal distribution function and bunch length is described for arbitrary longitudinal and transverse distributions for the case where the intrinsic energy spread of the bunch is small compared to the correlated energy spread imparted by zero-phasing cavities. The measurement results are presented, which are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations.
Mineralocorticoid before glucocorticoid deficiency in a dog with primary hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism.

A dog with an unexpected presentation of primary hypoadrenocorticism was evaluated for clinical signs and electrolyte abnormalities characteristic of Addison’s disease. Although the initial adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test documented serum cortisol concentrations within the reference range, subsequent assessments confirmed hypoaldosteronism. Mineralocorticoid replacement promptly normalized electrolytes and transiently improved clinical illness. Six weeks after initial ACTH stimulation testing, the dog became glucocorticoid deficient. Concurrent primary hypothyroidism was also documented. Hypoaldosteronism preceding hypocortisolemia is a unique presentation of canine Addison’s disease.
Union premiums in the federal and private sectors: Alternative evidence from job queues

Although traditional wage estimates indicate a larger union-nonunion differential in the private sector compared to that in the federal sector, the role of non-wage benefits is ignored in such comparisons. A job queue approach shows that premiums to unionized employment (in terms of both wage and non-wage benefits) are lower in the federal sector than in the private sector. This approach not only overcomes the limitations of wage studies in examining the relative superiority of union over nonunion jobs in both sectors, but also strengthens their conclusions through a more appropriate alternative method.
Precision dosing of powders by vibratory and screw feeders : an experimental study

Abstract The addition of small amounts of very precisely dosed powdery ingredients into bulk powders and/or liquid mixtures is important in such industrial operations as mixing, granulation and crystallization. The general practice is to use a screw, vibration or belt feeder combined with a loss by weight device and an appropriate controller. The present work concentrates on two vibratory feeders, one with and the other without vibration control, and a screw feeder which were used to feed a wide variety of powders. The main goal of the present work was to quantify the goodness of feeding, i. e. constant rate of powder flow as a function of time, using different powders with vastly different characteristics. It was found that both vibration feeders are generally well suited for precision feeding operations, yielding a more or less linear relationship between flow rate and vibration amplitude, especially for the larger sized materials. The feeder with vibration control proved to be somewhat more reliable, ensuring a much wider range of feed rate with a smaller variation in time. Both feeders exhibited somewhat larger variation in feed rate when used with the fine, more cohesive materials such as zeolite and cement powders. From the work with the screw feeder it was found that the presence of the vibrator on the hopper had a significant role in improving both the overall flow as well as the precision of feeding.
Conditional permission in deontic logic

In the face of the considerations set forth above, I submit that Anderson's proposed definition (D) does not represent an acceptable construction of the concept of conditional permission. This, in turn, suggests that conditional permission must be viewed as a viable deontic relationship in its own right, and is not definable in terms of unconditional deontic concepts. It appears, then, that a reduction of conditional to unconditional deontic logic is not warranted.
A TOPIC REVISITED: THE UNIQUE AND SHARED PROPERTIES OF NEURONAL GROWTH CONES THAT ENABLE NAVIGATION AND SPECIFIC PATHFINDING

One of the primary responsibilities of the neuronal growth cone is its role of guiding an elongating neurite to its proper target. The events during extension and pathfinding require that the neuronal growth cone responds to particular molecules in the environment by making appropriate changes in the behaviour of the growth cone. This paper discusses the role of intracellular calcium as a signalling system mediating these responses. The specific roles of the growth cone filopodia in acting as antennae in advance of the motile growth cone are discussed in the context of calcium mediated pathfinding events.
Uptake of dihydromorphine-3H by synaptosomes.

Abstract Tritium-labeled dihydromorphine (DHM-3H) was accumulated in vitro by the synaptosomal fraction (nerve endings) of rat cerebral cortex. Particles derived from nerve endings by osmotic shock exhibited a higher concentration of DHM- 3H than did other subcellular fractions of brain when the isolated fractions were incubated with the drug in vitro . Nalorphine in large concentrations reduced the uptake of DHM- 3H by all fractions to the same degree. No difference was apparent in the uptake of DHM- 3H by subcellular fractions from non-tolerant and morphine-tolerant rats. The uptake of DHM- 3H by nerve endings was attributed to a binding phenomenon, although an active transport process may provide the drug an access to the binding sites in the intact tissue.
Multiscale phenomena: Green's functions, the Dirichlet-to-Neumann formulation, subgrid scale models, bubbles and the origins of stabilized methods

Abstract An approach is developed for deriving variational methods capable of representing multiscale phenomena. The ideas are first illustrated on the exterior problem for the Helmholtz equation. This leads to the well-known Dirichlet-to-Neumann formulation. Next, a class of subgrid scale models is developed and the relationships to ‘bubble function’ methods and stabilized methods are established. It is shown that both the latter methods are approximate subgrid scale models. The identification for stabilized methods leads to an analytical formula for τ, the ‘intrinsic time scale’, whose origins have been a mystery heretofore.
The biomechanical response of the lower abdomen to belt restraint loading

The biomechanical response of the lower abdomen was investigated by simulated belt-restraint loading to the lower abdomen in a supine, rigidly supported, anesthetized swine. Impacts were delivered through a belt interface to the external ventrodorsad dimension of the lower abdomen at L4. A combination of a velocity and compression varying from 1.6-6.6 m/s and 6-67%, respectively, constituted one impact. Logist analysis indicated that maximum Compression (Cmax), maximum Viscous response (VCmax), and particularly peak Force-maximum Compression (FmaxCmax), were effective correlates to injury severity at AIS greater than or equal to 3 and 4. Statistical fit to AIS greater than or equal to 4 injury probability was strongest with a multi-parametric Logist analysis of Cmax and VCmax which indicated that abdominal injury may be related to both a velocity and compression mechanism. Force-deformation curves, characterized by a gradual, almost linear rise followed by rapid unloading, provided information on the stiffness of the lower abdomen in response to belt loading. Force-deflection curves based on total load indicated a reasonable correlation (R2 = 0.61) between estimated lower abdominal stiffness and velocity.
Thymoglobulin for induction or rejection therapy in pancreas allograft recipients: A single centre experience

Purpose: To review the safety and efficacy of thymoglobulin in pancreas transplant patients receiving tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Methods: Retrospective, single centre analysis of 45 patients transplanted between 1995 and 2000 who received 54 courses of thymoglobulin, including 36 courses in 29 solitary pancreas transplant recipients (16 pancreas alone, 13 pancreas after kidney transplants) and 18 courses in 16 simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant patients. Thirty-two patients (71%) were primary pancreas transplants, 10 (22%) were second transplants and three (7%) were third transplants. Of the 54 treatment courses, 19 (35%) were for induction, 27 (50%) were for primary rejection and eight (15%) were rescue therapy for rejection. All rejection episodes were biopsy-proven in at least one organ. Results: The median thymoglobulin dose was 1.5 mg/kg/d with a mean of six doses (range 3-10). Dose reduction or interruption was required in 28 courses (52%), most often due to leukopenia (n = 24), fever (n = 2) and thrombocytopenia (n = 2). Thymoglobulin was d in all but three patients, two with persistent fever and one with infection. Infectious complications (n = 25) occurred in 17 patients (38%) within 30 days and included bacterial (n = 16), cytomegalovirus (n = 4), polyoma (n = 1), fungal (Candida albicans, n = 1), toxoplasmosis (n = 1) and ehrlichiosis (n = 2). Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease occurred in two patients (4%) at a mean of 70 d post-thymoglobulin treatment. In the 19 patients that received thymoglobulin induction, one simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant, two pancreas alone and four pancreas after kidney transplant recipients developed rejection (37% incidence), while all remaining patients followed by surveillance protocol biopsies were rejection-free. In the 35 patients that received thymoglobulin for rejection, reversal occurred in 26 of the patients (74%). Rejection recurred within 30 d in five patients and post-treatment biopsies revealed persistent rejection in three of 20 pancreas and two of eight renal biopsies. After a mean follow-up of 6 months, the actual patient and pancreas graft survival rates were 93% and 71%, respectively. Conclusion: Thymoglobulin was effective as induction therapy in high-risk pancreas transplant recipients, and resulted in initial reversal of rejection in 74% of patients. Dose adjustments were required in over half the cases and were usually due to leukopenia. Infections occurring subsequent to thymoglobulin were not uncommon and reflected the immunosuppressive burden of the patient population.
Comparison of nylon and polypropylene sutures in a microvenous thrombosis model.

Thrombosis rates of femoral end-to-end microvenous anastomoses with nylon and polypropylene sutures (9–0 suture, 70 μ needle) were compared in a microvenous thrombosis model. The vessel injuries were produced during anastomosis by using a suture with a knot 1 cm from the needle. Anastomotic thrombosis rates were assessed by visual inspection and strip test at 24 hr postoperatively. Low thrombosis rates (0% and 20%, respectively) of anastomoses with both unknotted nylon and unknotted polypropylene sutures were obtained. Anastomoses with knotted nylon and polypropylene sutures resulted in 65% and 45% thrombosis rates, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that there were no significant differences between thrombosis rates, both in anastomosis performance with unknotted nylon and polypropylene sutures (P > 0.05) and with knotted nylon and polypropylene sutures (P > 0.05), while there were significant differences between the thrombosis rate using unknotted sutures and knotted sutures (P<0.01). It was concluded that vascular injury, not suture material, is the main factor leading to thrombosis in this model. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Skeletal and Pigmentation Defects following Retinoic Acid Exposure in Larval Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)

Supplementation of larval diets with vitamin A (VA) is routinely and successfully used to stimulate pigmentation development in hatchery-reared flatfishes. However, excess dietary VA can lead to high levels of its metabolite retinoic acid (RA) and has been associated with the occurrence of skeletal deformities, presumably via RA toxicity. We reared summer flounder larvae, Paralichthys dentatus, in water containing 0- to 20-nM RA to assess its effects on postmetamorphic pigmentation and on skeletal development. RA exposure disrupted pigmentation development: treated tanks had a smaller percentage of normally pigmented fish than did controls, with increased numbers of both hypo- and hyperpigmented individuals. Exposure also affected the development of several skeletal features: RA treatment correlated with a significant increase in the severity of defects in jaws, fins, hypurals, and vertebrae compared with control groups.
Differences in Breast Cancer Risk Factors According to the Estrogen Receptor Level of the Tumor

One hundred and forty-eight postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 585 postmenopausal controls were included in an investigation of whether various risk factors for breast cancer are associated with the level of estrogen (E) receptor (ER) protein in the tumor. In an intracase analysis, the tumor ER level was positively associated with nulliparity, late age at first live birth, a history of benign breast disease, and having breast-fed at least 1 child and was negatively associated with previous use of E replacement therapy. A case-control analysis suggested that the first three variables, established risk factors for breast cancer, are associated with an increased risk for malignant breast tumors that are ER-positive but not for those that are ER-negative. This analysis did not provide a clear interpretation of the findings in the intracase comparisons with regard to prior breast-feeding and the use of E replacement therapy.
Arachidonic acid stimulates TNFα production in Kupffer cells via a reactive oxygen species-pERK1/2-Egr1-dependent mechanism

Kupffer cells are a key source of mediators of alcohol-induced liver damage such as reactive oxygen species, chemokines, growth factors, and eicosanoids. Since diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids are a requirement for the development of alcoholic liver disease, we hypothesized that polyunsaturated fatty acids could synergize with ethanol to promote Kupffer cell activation and TNFα production, hence, contributing to liver injury. Primary Kupffer cells from control and from ethanol-fed rats incubated with arachidonic acid showed similar proliferation rates than nontreated cells; however, arachidonic acid induced phenotypic changes, lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxides, and superoxide radical generation. Similar effects occurred in human Kupffer cells. These events were greater in Kupffer cells from ethanol-fed rats, and antioxidants and inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism prevented them. Arachidonic acid treatment increased NADPH oxidase activity. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and of arachidonic acid metabolism partially prevented the increase in oxidant stress. Upon arachidonic acid stimulation, there was a rapid and sustained increase in TNFα, which was greater in Kupffer cells from ethanol-fed rats than in Kupffer cells from control rats. Arachidonic acid induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of early growth response-1 (Egr1), and ethanol synergized with arachidonic acid to promote this effect. PD98059, a mitogen extracellular kinase 1/2 inhibitor, and curcumin, an Egr1 inhibitor, blocked the arachidonic acid-mediated upregulation of TNFα in Kupffer cells. This study unveils the mechanism whereby arachidonic acid and ethanol increase TNFα production in Kupffer cells, thus contributing to alcoholic liver disease.
PCP: a program for supervised classification of gene expression profiles

Summary: PCP (Pattern Classification Program) is an open-source machine learning program for supervised classification of patterns (vectors of measurements). The principal use of PCP in bioinformatics is design and evaluation of classifiers for use in clinical diagnostic tests based on measurements of gene expression. PCP implements leading pattern classification and gene selection algorithms and incorporates cross-validation estimation of classifier performance. Importantly, the implementation integrates gene selection and class prediction stages, which is vital for computing reliable performance estimates in small-sample scenarios. Additionally, the program includes automated and efficient model selection (optimization of parameters) for support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The distribution includes Linux and Windows/Cygwin binaries. The program can easily be ported to other platforms. Availability: Free download at http://pcp.sourceforge.net Contact: [email protected]
Caudal anaesthesia in a patient with Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type I)

Summary Children with any of the mucopolysaccharidoses are at a high risk of developing significant morbidity and mortality when a general anaesthetic is administered. This case report describes the use of a caudal epidural technique for the repair of bilateral inguinal herniae in a 10-month-old infant with Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type I).
The time course of activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during top-down attentional control

A network of brain regions has been implicated in top-down attentional control, including left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The present experiment evaluated predictions of the cascade-of-control model (Banich, 2009), which predicts that during attentionally-demanding tasks, LDLPFC imposes a top-down attentional set which precedes late-stage selection performed by dACC. Furthermore, the cascade-of-control model argues that dACC must increase its activity to compensate when top-down control by LDLPFC is poor. The present study tested these hypotheses using fMRI and dense-array ERP data collected from the same 80 participants in separate sessions. fMRI results guided ERP source modeling to characterize the time course of activity in LDLPFC and dACC. As predicted, dACC activity subsequent to LDLPFC activity distinguished congruent and incongruent conditions on the Stroop task. Furthermore, when LDLPFC activity was low, the level of dACC activity was related to performance outcome. These results demonstrate that dACC responds to attentional demand in a flexible manner that is dependent on the level of LDLPFC activity earlier in a trial. Overall, results were consistent with the temporal course of regional brain function proposed by the cascade-of-control model.
Flow stress property of a hardened steel at elevated temperatures with tempering effect

Abstract The flow stress property of materials is a key for the successful modeling and analysis of any thermo-mechanical processes. For hardened steels in manufacturing processes such as heat treatment, grinding, and hard machining, their martensitic structures are often changed due to tempering at elevated temperatures, and thus their flow stress property changes accordingly. To reveal the tempering effect, tensile tests at elevated temperatures with various soaking times and heat treatment experiments are performed on hardened AISI 52100 steel. It is found that, at the same temperature level the flow stress is smaller for the specimens that received stronger tempering, and the decrease of strength due to tempering effect becomes more pronounced at high temperatures. Furthermore, the tempering effect is modeled and expressed as a function of thermal history and material hardness. The modeling results agree with the experiment reasonably well. Based on the model, the tempering effect on flow stress can be separated from the softening effect due to temperature rise, and both effects can be studied individually.
Discrete dental variations and biological distances of Nubian populations.

During the 1963-1964 field season, the University of Colorado's Nubian Expedition excavated a series of Meroitic, X-Group, and Christian cemeteries from Wadi Halfa Sudan. Recently a joint expedition sponsored by the Universities of Colorado and Kentucky excavated two additional Christian cemeteries from Kulubnarti, some 80 miles south of Wadi Halfa. Earlier analysis of discrete dental variations demonstrated that the Wadi Halfa populations did not differ significantly from one another. Application of the Smith-Grewal multivariate measure of biological divergence, as modified by Sjovold,, and Green and Suchey, corroborates the original conclusion of biological stability and continuity for the Wadi Halfa populations, as well as demonstrating that the Kulubnarti populations are part of that pattern. None of the populations are significantly different from one another.
Temperature dependence of channel mobility in HfO/sub 2/-gated NMOSFETs

The degradation mechanisms of effective electron channel mobility in HfO/sub 2/-gated nMOSFETs have been studied by analyzing experimental data at various temperatures from 120 to 320 K. The major finding is that, while significant Coulomb scattering plays an important role in causing the observed mobility degradation, it does not account for all of the degradation; rather, it requires an extra phonon scattering mechanism, beyond that arising from the phonons in the Si substrate, to explain our experimental results. This extra phonon scattering mechanism has been found to exhibit relatively weak temperature dependence, and is attributed to the soft optical phonons in the HfO/sub 2/ layer.
Physical Activity and Quality of life.

Physical activity (PA) professionals and participants recognize enhanced quality of life (QoL) as a benefit of and motivator for PA. However, QoL measures are often problematic and rarely consider the participants'perspective. This paper focuses on recent findings from a larger project on the role of QoL in PA and health promotion. More specifically, we focus on the views of participants and potential participants to better understand the relationship of PA and QoL. In earlier stages of the project we began with a conceptual model of QoL and developed a survey. We now focus on participants' views and ask two questions: 1) what is QoL? and 2) how does PA relate to QoL? We first asked those questions of a large sample of university students and community participants as open-ended survey items, and then asked focus groups of community participants. Overall, participants' responses reflected the multidimensional, integrative QoL model, but the responses and patterns provided information that may not be picked up with typical survey measures. Findings suggest that PA contributes to multiple aspects of QoL, that social and emotional benefits are primary motivators and outcomes for participants, and that the meaning of QoL and PA benefits is subjective and contextualized, varying across individuals and settings. Programs that directly target and highlight the multiple dimensions and integrative QoL, while considering the individual participants and contexts, may enhance both PA motivation and participants' health and QoL.
ACCURACY CHARACTERISTICS OF THROWING AS A RESULT OF MAXIMUM FORCE EFFORT

Fitts' law predicts the accuracy of movement to a target decreases as the velocity of the movement increases. This speed-accuracy tradeoff has been examined under numerous conditions. During some tasks, however, increased force to nearly maximal level decreases the variability of the movement (Sherwood & Schmidt, 1980). This condition apparently produced results different from what would be predicted by Fitts' law. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of maximal force on dart throwing accuracy and variability. 54 subject were categorized into groups based upon their experience with dart throwing: Advanced, Intermediate, or Beginners. Each subject performed two sessions of 15 trials. Subjects were instructed to "throw normally" for one session and "throw as hard as you can" for the other session Distances from the target (triple-20 area) on the regulation dart board were measured and recorded after each of three darts was thrown. Average Error and Variable Error were calculated for each condition for each subject. The Average Error and Variable Error were greatest for the Beginner group and least for the Advanced group. For all three experience categories both Average Error and Variable Error were significantly greater when subjects performed with maximal force. The greater average error for the maximal force for all subjects suggested that the speed-accuracy tradeoff applied to this aiming task. The greater variability in accuracy with maximal force suggested a ceiling effect, which reduced variability in previous studies, was not achieved.
Cats Rule and Dogs Drool!: Classifying Stance in Online Debate

A growing body of work has highlighted the challenges of identifying the stance a speaker holds towards a particular topic, a task that involves identifying a holistic subjective disposition. We examine stance classification on a corpus of 4873 posts across 14 topics on ConvinceMe.net, ranging from the playful to the ideological. We show that ideological debates feature a greater share of rebuttal posts, and that rebuttal posts are significantly harder to classify for stance, for both humans and trained classifiers. We also demonstrate that the number of subjective expressions varies across debates, a fact correlated with the performance of systems sensitive to sentiment-bearing terms. We present results for identifing rebuttals with 63% accuracy, and for identifying stance on a per topic basis that range from 54% to 69%, as compared to unigram baselines that vary between 49% and 60%. Our results suggest that methods that take into account the dialogic context of such posts might be fruitful.
The Brain as a Source of Selection on the Social Niche: Examples from the Psychophysics of Mate Choice in Túngara Frogs

The main premise of this article is that various cognitive functions involved in signal analysis, memory, and decision making, all modulated by the animal's internal milieu, can generate selection for the forms of signals used in social interactions. Thus, just as an animal's view of its world, its Umwelt, determines how it interacts with its ecological niche, it can influence the evolution of its social niche. Thus, the brain is not only a landscape on which selection can act, but also it is a powerful source of selection on the animal's social niche.
Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices

Preface The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods, 1607-1789 The Early National Period, 1790-1820 The Jacksonian Period, 1824-1852 The Golden Age of Parties, 1854-1888 The Merchandised Style of Campaigning, 1892-1920 The Merchandised Style--Continued, 1920-1948 The Mass Media Age, 1952-1988 Bibliographical Essay Index
Analysis of Active Learning Activities Transitions and Patterns in Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL)

To improve education, teachers need to apply strategies based in research on how people learn, and then use technology and other means to leverage these strategies to meet the needs of an ever growing population. This paper briefly surveys proven approaches for active learning, and describes initial efforts to analyze activities to identify reusable patterns that could help researchers understand how activities work and how to improve them. The objective is to inspire teachers to learn more about active learning and explore ways to help people learn more effectively.
Evaluating a science-based decision support tool used to prioritize brook charr conservation project proposals in the eastern United States

Declines in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) throughout its historic eastern United States of America (U.S.) range prompted the formation of the Eastern Brook Trout [Charr] Joint Venture (Joint Venture) whose mandate is to restore these charr by working cooperatively at a range-wide, regional-scale. Joint Venture habitat projects in the U.S. are initiated by local community-based organizations, assisted by fisheries management institutions, and funded through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In order to assist with ranking these community-based proposals for available funding, the Joint Venture designed a quantitative scoring method as a decision support tool that addressed range-wide threats that were documented to limit brook charr production. These threats include habitat modification (e.g., dams, urbanization, and agricultural landuse) and interactions with antagonistic non-native species [i.e., brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)]. This article evaluated the prioritization method used by comparing the quantitative rankings of the proposals with the final reports for 12 completed projects using paired t tests for unequal sample sizes and variance. Two of the 12 comparisons revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between project proposals and final reports; namely, the scoring criteria for the proposals did not accurately reflect the outcome of these projects in relation to brook charr management. Large inter-quartile ranges between reviewer scores were common, indicating that the quantitative scoring method includes qualitative elements. In addition to the science-based criteria, subjective value judgments by individual reviewers have factored into the Joint Venture’s decision making process. By evaluating the decision support tool, this analysis aims to assist the Joint Venture in structuring its approach to conservation and rehabilitation of brook charr populations in the eastern U.S. To better improve the Joint Venture’s ability to address brook charr management on a regional level, we recommend that future proposal prioritization scoring criteria provide more explicit guidance for accurate scoring, separate scoring methods for policy and assessment work, and a weighting factor for larger than sub-watershed projects and for scoring criteria for which information is unknown.
Introducing Mansim into the manufacturing environment

This paper describes the work done within Motorola East Kilbride to provide a fully automatic simulation environment. This environment was developed so that no ongoing support would be required thus eliminating the need for "model building" support personnel. There are two fabrication areas in Motorola East Kilbride called MOS1 and MOS9; the simulation activity has been conducted within MOS9. Up to the end of 1993 there had been an increasing number of "statements" from the U.S. that simulation could provide some of the solutions to improved wafer fab manufacturing. Also, in 1993, we had had a demonstration of the simulation package called Mansim from Tyecin Corporation. This convinced us that simulation may provide some solutions, however, prior to any decision being made we decided to gather as much information as possible by direct contact from various personnel in the U.S. The information and advise that we collected had an influence on how we approached the problem of introducing simulation into MOS9 but only confirmed our choice of simulation tool, Mansim.
Regression Model of Wave Forces on Ocean Outfalls

Regression analysis is used to select a prediction equation for the determination of wave forces on circular pipes resting on a flat boundary under the action of intermediate water waves. Dimensional analysis is applied to reduce the number of independent variables from five to three so that the prediction equation will fit a range of pipe diameters, water depths, and wave heights. The prediction procedure outlined in this paper is applied to only two of the possible models, and analysis of variance is used to select the better fitting model. The original data and the predicted data curves are presented in separate figures.
The Value of Observational Studies in Endocrinology

In the pantheon of information sources about what works in medicine and what does not, the place of honor goes to randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). A particularly important aspect is the ability to neutralize, by random assignment of the intervention, any unmeasured and unknown determinants of the disease outcome in the treated and untreated groups. Observational studies do not enjoy this advantage and, because of the resulting potential for bias, are often given less credence. However, observational designs may be the only ones possible for addressing important clinical questions. Thus, some disease determinants cannot be subjected to trial. It would obviously be unethical to randomize subjects to excessive weight gain or chronic elevations in blood glucose, although trials may be possible where interventions are directed at reducing blood glucose and weight. Similarly, it is generally infeasible to extend RCTs for a sufficient length of time to determine the effects of an intervention on long-term outcomes decades later. In addition, the fact that efficacy is demonstrated under the idealized conditions of a RCT does not necessarily mean that a specific treatment is as effective in routine clinical practice. Finally, and more importantly perhaps, many questions arise in medicine that RCTs were never designed to answer: what set of clinical characteristics best defines a disease entity? What is the magnitude of the disease burden on society? What risk factors are associated with the risk of developing a disease? And which ones influence prognosis? These issues can be addressed in observational studies, including descriptive, cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.
Optimal product pricing and lot sizing decisions for multiple products with nonlinear demands

Most manufacturing firms consider product pricing as a key strategic decision. Production planning and scheduling, on the other hand, are mostly treated as a non-strategic decisions. Most businesse...
PDGF Engages an E2F-USP1 Signaling Pathway to Support ID2-Mediated Survival of Proneural Glioma Cells

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and responds poorly to currently available therapies. Transcriptomic characterization of glioblastoma has identified distinct molecular subtypes of glioblastoma. Gain-of-function alterations leading to enhanced platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling are commonly observed in the proneural subtype of glioblastoma and can drive gliomagenesis. However, little is known about the downstream effectors of PDGF signaling in glioblastoma. Using a mouse model of proneural glioma and comparative transcriptomics, we determined that PDGF signaling upregulated ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1 (Usp1) to promote the survival of murine proneural glioma cells. Mechanistically, we found that PDGF signaling regulated the expression of the E2F transcription factors, which directly bound to and activated Usp1 Furthermore, PDGF-mediated expression of USP1 led to the stabilization of Inhibitor of DNA-binding 2 (ID2), which we found to be required for glioma cell survival. Genetic ablation of Id2 delayed tumor-induced mortality, and pharmacologic inhibition of USP1, resulting in decreased ID2 levels, also delayed tumorigenesis in mice. Notably, decreased USP1 expression was associated with prolonged survival in patients with proneural glioblastoma, but not with other subtypes of glioblastoma. Collectively, our findings describe a signaling cascade downstream of PDGF that sustains proneural glioblastoma cells and suggest that inhibition of the PDGF-E2F-USP1-ID2 axis could serve as a therapeutic strategy for proneural glioblastoma featuring increased PDGF signaling. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2964-76. ©2016 AACR.
Validation of theoretical pathway between discrimination, diabetes self-care and glycemic control.

Abstract Aims This study examined the mechanisms through which discrimination influences diabetes self-care and glycemic control in patients with diabetes by using structured equation modeling. Methods 615 patients were recruited from two adult primary care clinics in the southeastern United States. Measures were based on a theoretical model and included perceived discrimination, social support, social cohesion, and perceived stress. Structured equation modeling examined the relationship with diabetes self-care and glycemic control. Results The final model (chi2(211)=328.82, p 2 =0.99, RMSEA=0.03 and CFI=0.98) shows that higher stress is directly significantly related to a decreased self-care (r=-0.59, p Conclusions These results support the hypothesized pathway of discrimination on health outcomes, showing both a direct and indirect influence through stress on HbA1c in adults with diabetes. Understanding the pathways through which discrimination influences diabetes outcomes is important for providing more comprehensive and effective care. These results suggest future interventions targeting patients with diabetes should take discrimination-induced stress into account.
Simulation of Gas Phase Clustering of Nanocrystals in Sputter Discharges

The preparation of nanocrystalline particles or clusters (sizes 1–50 nm) is of interest to the study of small systems and for use in sintering or compacting of high purity bulk materials. Recently, a method whereby these crystals can be fabricated using a sputter discharge has been reported. We have developed a computer model to simulate the formation of homogeneous (e.g., Si, Cu, Ti) gas phase clusters in these devices as precursors to larger nanocrystals. The model combines Monte Carlo and drift-diffusion algorithms to simulate the sputtering of atoms from the target, their thermalization in the buffer gas, and gas phase nucleation reactions. Densities of clusters having one to many hundreds of atoms are obtained as a function of position in the discharge. We find that the experimentally observed particle sizes cannot be explained by clustering involving solely neutral reactants due to their short residence times in the plasma. Negatively charged clusters which are trapped in the plasma have correspondingly longer residence times and most likely are responsible for the growth of large particles. Scaling laws for the growth of homogeneous clusters will be presented based on the results of the model.
Library of Congress subject heading period subdivisions for Latin America: some proposed additions

Cette etude fait suite a une etude similaire pour l'Asie, qui avait montre la necessite d'affiner le decoupage par periode des vedettes matiere. Ici, les additifs sont presentes d'abord par zones geographiques (Amerique Latine, Mexique, Amerique Centrale) puis pays par pays dans l'ordre alphabetique. Les nouvelles periodes sont proposees a partir des vedettes des catalogues matiere de la Bibliotheque du Congres, publiees en 81
Alexandria—Shrine of Mathematics

(1941). Alexandria—Shrine of Mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 109-125.