cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The molecular perspective: tissue factor

Blood clotting is a delicate business that must be carefully controlled. The blood must be ready to clot at a moment's notice since damage can occur at any time. But it must clot just enough to stanch the flow of blood at the wound but not anywhere else in the body. Many deadly diseases with sudden onsets are disorders of blood clotting, including hemophilia, heart attack, and stroke. It is becoming clear that metastasis also has close ties with blood-clotting machinery. The circulatory system uses a very simple method to locate wounds quickly and precisely. Cells in the neighborhood around blood vessels have tissue factor on their surfaces, whereas cells inside the vessels do not. Most of the time, the blood flows normally through the vessels and never comes into contact with tissue factor. But when the vessel is broken, blood flows out and finds tissue factor on epithelial or muscle cell surfaces. This is the signal that something is wrong. A cascade of protein activation is used to build the clot. One pathway starts with tissue factor, which activates factor VII, which then activates factor X, which activates thrombin, which finally activates the fibrin that forms the clot (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). Two tricks are employed in this cascade to build a perfect clot. First, each step in the cascade activates many copies of the next step. This allows the small signal from a few tissue factor molecules to be amplified into the activation of many fibrin molecules. The second trick is that these proteins are very unstable when activated, so Learning Objective
Acoustically derived fine-scale behaviors of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) associated with intertidal benthic habitats in an estuary

Given the presumed importance of benthic and epibenthic estuarine habitats in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolt growth and survival, resource managers would be well served by an impro...
Focal-adhesion-independent integrin-αv regulation of FAK and c-Myc is necessary for 3D skin formation and tumor invasion

Integrins play crucial roles in epithelial adhesion, proliferation, wound healing and cancer. In the epidermis, the roles of many integrin subunits are incompletely defined and mechanistic details regarding their functions are lacking. We performed a multiplexed small hairpin (sh)RNA screen to define roles for each subunit in human organotypic skin. We show that integrin-αv (also known as ITGAV) heterodimers are essential for epidermal generation, with integrin-αv loss driving a keratinocyte G1-S cell cycle block. Surprisingly, integrin αv is not localized within keratinocyte focal adhesions, and instead maintains proliferation by controlling cellular (c)-Myc translation through FAK, p38β and p90RSK1. These phenotypes depend only on the binding partners of integrin-αv--integrin β5 and integrin β6 (also known as ITGB5 and ITGB6, respectively). Through inducible depletion of integrin αv in both normal organotypic epidermis and Ras-driven invasive neoplasia, we show that integrin αv is required for de novo tissue generation and neoplastic invasion but that it is dispensable for epidermal maintenance. Heterodimers of integrin αv with integrin β5 (integrin αvβ5) or integrin β6 (integrin αvβ6) are required to similar extents for neoplastic invasion, thus identifying integrin αvβ5 and integrin αvβ6 heterodimers as potential therapeutic targets for epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
The Civil War: Legal Issues (Chapter 10)

This is Chapter Ten of Law in American History: Volume One, From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War.The book’s purpose is to explore the relationship of law to some central themes of American history from the initial colonial settlements through the conclusion of the Civil War. The themes singled out in the book include the displacement of Amerindian tribes from land they occupied on the North American continent; the emergence of agricultural householding as the principal form of family life in colonial British America; the detachment of the American colonies from the British Empire and the theories of sovereignty and grievance that accompanied that development; the evolution of American forms of government from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution; the emergence of the Supreme Court of the United States as a major institution of American grievance; the westward movement of enterprise and population in the decades between the 1830’s and the 1850’s; the central role of slavery and westward expansion and the gradual dissolution of the Union during these decades; and the role of the Civil War as a culmination of the central themes of early American history and as a force in transforming the subsequent course of that history.
Novel integration of microlensed resonant photodetectors and vertical cavity lasers

We present the first monolithic integration of mierolensed high-performance substrate input/output vertical-cavity lasers (VCLs) and resonant photodetectors that are compatible with flip-chip bonding.
Buckling and Vibration of Curvilinearly-Stiffened Plate Subjected to In-Plane Loads Using Chebyshev Ritz Method1

In this research, the free vibration of plates with curvilinear stiffeners subjected to inplane loading is studied. The First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) is used to model both the plate and stiffeners. The transverse deflection and rotations of the plate and stiffener are expressed in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. The stiffness and geometric stiffness matrices of the curvilinearly-stiffened plate are obtained by superimposing the strain energy and potential of the membrane force for both the curvilinear stiffeners and the plate. Results are computed for unstiffened and stiffened plate with straight and curvilinear stiffeners using different boundary conditions. The effect of in-plane loading, increasing from zero to the buckling load, on the natural frequencies is studied. The formulation can model stiffeners having arbitrary orientation, curvature and eccentricity. Several numerical examples are compared with the other results available in the literature and meshfree results, illustrating the accuracy of the present approach. This paper also shows that the inplane load can lead to a significant change in the natural frequency and also in some cases the corresponding mode shapes of plate with curvilinear stiffeners. Numerical results are presented for a range of plate aspect ratios, bending stiffness ratios of the stiffener to that of the plate and area ratios of the stiffener to that of the plate. The effect of these parameters on the natural frequencies of the plate with different number of curvilinear stiffeners under in-plane loads is studied. For studying the influence of the in-plane load on natural frequency, both axial/biaxial and shear in-plane loads are considered. Numerical results
GOG meets RPMIS. Experience with computerized data management in a cooperative group setting.

The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) is a multiinstitutional, multidisciplinary cooperative group. Its clinical trials encompass the planning, initiation, execution, analysis, and presentation of results of management and treatment of patients with gynecologic cancer. The GOG Statistical Office, located at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, is responsible for data management and analysis of all patients entered into GOG protocols. Present annual accrual is approximately 1,600 patients; 37 protocols are active, while follow-up continues on 9 studies that are closed to patient entry. RPMIS1 is a formatted video-based system of programs for file creation, data entry, editing, updating, retrieval, and report generation. It has been utilized in more than 500 intrainstitutional research studies at Roswell Park. In the past, data management for the GOG had been based on computer entry via punched cards, and on hand-filled reports. The switch to RPMIS use required major reorganization of the data-handling process and was first attempted on a limited basis. As the advantages of RPMIS became evident, the whole data management operation was gradually converted to the new system. In this paper, batch processing and RPMIS utilization are compared and contrasted in terms of time saved, human engineering, quality control, and satisfaction of information requests.
Gonadal steroids and bone metabolism in men.

Purpose of review Over the past decade, our increasing awareness of the clinical importance of osteoporosis in men has stimulated intense interest in trying to better understand male skeletal physiology and pathophysiology. The present review focuses on a major focus of research in this area, namely the attempt to define the influence and therapeutic potential of gonadal steroids in male bone metabolism. Recent findings Building on previous work defining the relative roles of androgens and estrogens in the developing male skeleton and in maintaining normal bone turnover, recent studies have begun to define these issues from epidemiologic, physiologic and therapeutic perspectives. With access to data from large prospectively defined populations of men, investigators are confirming and challenging existing hypotheses and forwarding new concepts. Clinical trials have expanded beyond standard androgen replacement studies to explore more complex hormonal interventions. Physiologic investigation has continued to probe the mechanisms underlying the differential and independent roles of androgens and estrogens in male bone metabolism. Summary Recent work has added significantly to our understanding of the role of gonadal steroids in male skeletal physiology. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to build on these initial human studies and to capitalize on rapidly emerging advances in our understanding of the basic biology of bone metabolism.
Secondary Arthrodesis After Total Ankle Arthroplasty.

Background:While it is thought that stresses through the subtalar and talonavicular joints will be decreased after total ankle replacement (TAR) relative to ankle fusion, progressive arthritis or d...
A Direct Method for Mapping the Center of Pressure Measured by an Insole Pressure Sensor System to the Shoe's Local Coordinate System

A direct method to express the center of pressure (CoP) measured by an insole pressure sensor system (IPSS) into a known coordinate system measured by motion tracking equipment is presented. A custom probe was constructed with reflective markers to allow its tip to be precisely tracked with motion tracking equipment. This probe was utilized to activate individual sensors on an IPSS that was placed in a shoe fitted with reflective markers used to establish a local shoe coordinate system. When pressed onto the IPSS the location of the probe's tip was coincident with the CoP measured by the IPSS (IPSS-CoP). Two separate pushes (i.e., data points) were used to develop vectors in each respective coordinate system. Simple vector mathematics determined the rotational and translational components of the transformation matrix needed to express the IPSS-CoP into the local shoe coordinate system. Validation was performed by comparing IPSS-CoP with an embedded force plate measured CoP (FP-CoP) from data gathered during kinematic trials. Six male subjects stood on an embedded FP and performed anterior/posterior (AP) sway, internal rotation, and external rotation of the body relative to a firmly planted foot. The IPSS-CoP was highly correlated with the FP-CoP for all motions, root mean square errors (RMSRRs) were comparable to other research, and there were no statistical differences between the displacement of the IPSS-CoP and FP-CoP for both the AP and medial/lateral (ML) axes, respectively. The results demonstrated that this methodology could be utilized to determine the transformation variables need to express IPSS-CoP into a known coordinate system measured by motion tracking equipment and that these variables can be determined outside the laboratory anywhere motion tracking equipment is available.
Spatial distribution and epidemic situation of tuberculosis in Xuhui district,Shanghai

Objective To explore the spatial clustering of tuberculosis in Xuhui district,Shanghai from 2005 to 2010.Methods Tuberculosis reporting data of Xuhui from 2005 to 2010 were collected and spatial scan statistics was used to analyze.Results The annual tuberculosis incidence was between 24.28 /lakh-43.29 /lakh,and the tuberculosis incidence of migratory population was higher than that of local population in each year.No spatial clustering was found in the analysis when taking individual cases as the unit,while spatial clustering existed when taking town as the unit,and 7clustering areas were found(P 0.05),According to the population characteristics,there existed 8 clustering areas for the local population,and 8 clustering areas for the migratory population as well.Conclusions There existed spatial clustering of tuberculosis in Xuhui district,Shanghai,and spatial clustering existed in both resident population and migratory population.
Application of Clinical Exercise Testing for Identification of Respiratory Fitness and Disease in the Equine Athlete

Maximal exercise testing is a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of exercise intolerance and level of fitness in the equine athlete. A description of the standardized incremental exercise testing protocol and interpretation of the results of the test is followed by a discussion of more specific diagnostic techniques aimed at identifying pulmonary dysfunction as a cause of suboptimal performance.
An ultra-efficient internal mechanism to amplify photoresponse for Si and compound semiconductor devices

Optical imaging and detection systems use photodetectors to turn optical signals into electric signals and use electronic amplifiers to increase the signal intensity. If the detector can produces sufficient gain by itself, the sensitivity can no longer be limited by the thermal noise of electronics. Instead, the system sensitivity will be limited by the shot noise of the detector characterized by the excess noise factor. The most prominent example is avalanche photodetector (APD) where signal amplification is achieved by the intrinsic process of impact ionization. However, although APD based photoreceiver shows the best sensitivity for fiber optic communications, it has high excess noise and requires high operation voltage (50-200V for Si APDs). This presents the need for an entirely new intrinsic signal amplification mechanism in semiconductors, which leads to the discovery and invention of the cycling excitation process (CEP) mechanism. CEP for signal amplification can be realized in a heavily doped and highly compensated Si p-n junction as illustrated in Fig. 1(a), so that an energetic electron (hole) can excite an e-h pair from a localized impurity state via the Auger process as shown in Fig. 1(b). Note that the carrier in the localized impurity gives rise to a high uncertainty in momentum, thus relaxing the momentum conservation or k-selection rule. This new amplification process cannot be completed without the specific electron-phonon interaction shown in Fig. 1(c). Hence the gain is regulated by phonons, which provide the “intrinsic negative feedback” to stabilize the gain and reduce the excess noise.
A furazan-fused pyrazole N-oxide via unusual cyclization

6-Nitro-pyrazolo[3,4-c]furazanate 5-oxide, a new fused anion with high energy, was designed and synthesized via an unusual intramolecular cyclization reaction of 3 by using a mixture of 100% nitric acid and trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by KI reduction. The potassium (6) and nitrogen-rich energetic (9–16) salts were prepared, and fully characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray structuring, 6, 9 and 16. Hydroxylammonium salt (10) has excellent detonation performance but high sensitivity, while 13 and 16 have detonation velocities comparable to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), which suggests they may have potential application as green primary or secondary explosives.
Two Decades of Saving Lives on the Battlefield: Tactical Combat Casualty Care Turns 20.

ABSTRACT Background: Twenty years ago, the original Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) article was published in this journal. Since TCCC is essentially a set of best-practice prehospital trauma care guidelines customized for use on the battlefield, the presence of a journal with a specific focus on military medicine was a profound benefit to the initial presentation of TCCC to the U.S. Military. Methods: In the two ensuing decades, which included the longest continuous period of armed conflict in our nation's history, TCCC steadily evolved as the prehospital trauma care evidence base was augmented and as feedback from user medics, corpsmen, and pararescuemen was obtained. Findings: TCCC has taken a leadership role in advocating for battlefield trauma care advances such as the aggressive use of tourniquets and hemostatic dressings to control life-threatening external hemorrhage; improved fluid resuscitation techniques for casualties in hemorrhagic shock; increased emphasis on airway positioning and surgi...
Intravascular Large B Cell Lymphoma in the United States (US): A Population- Based Study Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and National Cancer Data Base

Background: Intravascular large B cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma lacking any prior US based population studies. We aimed to conduct a population based study of IVLBCL in the US and compare characteristics and survival to diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS). Methods: We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries from 2000 to 2013 to calculate incidence rates (case/1,000,000) and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. We collected patient level data from the NCDB Participant User Files using ICD-O-3 histology code 9680 with ICD-O-3 primary site modifier C499 and analyzed for demographic and clinical characteristics as well as overall survival (2004-2013). Chi-Square test was used to compare the characteristics of patients with IVLBCL to that of DLBCL, NOS. Overall survival analysis was performed using Kaplan- Meier method and compared by log rank. Overall survival (OS) of IVLBCL was compared to propensity-matched cohort of DLBCL, NOS. Multivariate analysis was conducted using weighted Cox Proportional Hazard regression model. Results: In the years 2000-2013, the overall crude incidence rate of IVLBCL was 0.093 (case/1,000,000) and age-adjusted incidence rate of IVLBCL was 0.095 (case/1,000,000). A total of 388 IVLBCL patients were identified in NCDB database. Patients with IVLBCL (n=388), compared to DLBCL, NOS (n=155,436), were more likely to be of age ≥ 65 (64.2% vs 56.9%, p=0.0039), female (51.8% vs 46.5, p=0.036), diagnosed at advanced stage (stage IV, 51.5% vs 33.4%, p Conclusions: This is the largest series of IVLBCL reported to date. Our study provides characteristics and OS of a large cohort of this rare entity, which can be used for patient education and may provide background information for future research. In the Rituximab era, the OS of patients with IVLBCL is comparable to DLBCL, NOS. In addition, our study also reports predictors of OS in patients with IVLBCL. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
First Impressions From Faces

Although cultural wisdom warns 'don't judge a book by its cover,' we seem unable to inhibit this tendency even though it can produce inaccurate impressions of people's psychological traits and has significant social consequences. One explanation for this paradox is that first impressions of faces overgeneralize our adaptive impressions of categories of people that those faces resemble (including babies, familiar or unfamiliar people, unfit people, emotional people). Research testing these 'overgeneralization' hypotheses elucidates why we form first impressions from faces, what impressions we form, and what cues influence these impressions. This article focuses on commonalities in impressions across diverse perceivers. However, brief attention is given to individual differences in impressions and impression accuracy.
Coronavirus genome structure and replication

In addition to the SARS coronavirus (treated separately elsewhere in this volume), the complete genome sequences of six species in the coronavirus genus of the coronavirus family [avian infectious bronchitis virus-Beaudette strain (IBV-Beaudette), bovine coronavirus-ENT strain (BCoV-ENT), human coronavirus-229E strain (HCoV-229E), murine hepatitis virus-A59 strain (MHV-A59), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis-Purdue 115 strain (TGEV-Purdue 115), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-CV777 strain (PEDV-CV777)] have now been reported. Their lengths range from 27,317 nt for HCoV-229E to 31,357 nt for the murine hepatitis virus-A59, establishing the coronavirus genome as the largest known among RNA viruses. The basic organization of the coronavirus genome is shared with other members of the Nidovirus order (the torovirus genus, also in the family Coronaviridae, and members of the family Arteriviridae) in that the nonstructural proteins involved in proteolytic processing, genome replication, and subgenomic mRNA synthesis (transcription) (an estimated 14–16 end products for coronaviruses) are encoded within the 5′-proximal two-thirds of the genome on gene 1 and the (mostly) structural proteins are encoded within the 3′-proximal one-third of the genome (8–9 genes for coronaviruses). Genes for the major structural proteins in all coronaviruses occur in the 5′ to 3′ order as S, E, M, and N. The precise strategy used by coronaviruses for genome replication is not yet known, but many features have been established. This chapter focuses on some of the known features and presents some current questions regarding genome replication strategy, the cis-acting elements necessary for genome replication [as inferred from defective interfering (DI) RNA molecules], the minimum sequence requirements for autonomous replication of an RNA replicon, and the importance of gene order in genome replication.
High-fidelity forward model for determining combustion efficiency of industrial flares

The petroleum refining process utilizes hydrocarbon combustion by industrial flares to dispose of waste gas streams. These flares emit substantial quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As a result, there is an ongoing need for monitoring and control technology to minimize the products of incomplete combustion, including ozone-forming highly-reactive volatile organic compounds (HR-VOCs) and human carcinogens. Remote sensing of emission products using a combination of a hyperspectral infrared imager and a high-performance retrieval algorithm can provide a robust, low-cost solution. Here, we outline the construction of a high-fidelity forward model to be used by our retrieval algorithm. This model takes user-supplied layer temperatures and molecular concentrations and provides the retrieval algorithm with bandpass-specific spectral radiances (for least-squares fitting against measured data) and derivatives with respect to the dependent variables (to adjust the next iterative step).
The design and implementation of tele-robotics in education (TRE) to engage students in stem disciplines: including computer science and physics

The TRE Systems provides a much needed solution to the increasing problem involving students interested in technical subjects, such as Computer Science and Physics. We address this issue at the source, the student's early academic experiences in middle and high school, where exposure to technical subjects is limited due to their cost and the nature of secondary institutions. TRE provides a transparent system through which students can interact with robots located in the classroom or in a remote lab. Most importantly, TRE Provides an abstracted environment, allowing the creation of different modules for different functionality based on student experience and the content being taught or exposed. This makes the system versatile enough for primary school students to solve a maze, or high school students to discover the physical representation of a derivative. We describe the architecture, the goals and an initial experiment of the TRE platform.
Race science and surveillance: police as the new race scientists

This article examines the relationship between race and the urban in the United States through an examination of the role of surveillance – a growing global phenomena in contemporary western cities...
Time Management of Infrastructure Recovery Schedules by Anticipation and Valuation of Disruptions

AbstractA key project management capability is time management, prioritizing activities in time while tracking emergent and future conditions along with the influences of those conditions on projec...
Organic compound emissions from a landfarm used for oil and gas solid waste disposal.

Solid or sludgy hydrocarbon waste is a by-product of oil and gas exploration and production. One commonly used method of disposing of this waste is landfarming. Landfarming involves spreading hydro...
Theory of Detonation Shock Dynamics

To accurately predict the propagation of detonation through an explosive, one needs to model the physics that occurs on the chemical reaction-zone length scale ηrz. In sharp contrast to the structured shocks observed for gaseous detonation, those for heterogeneous solid explosives are broadly curved on the ηrz scale due to the interaction with boundaries. The speed of the detonation is influenced by the curvature of the shock κ, with reductions of speed of 40% in strongly divergent flows. To ensure that explosives used in devices are both safe from accidental initiation of detonation and provide performance very near that of ideal detonation, a class of insensitive explosives is often used.
Lagged effects of substance use on PTSD severity in a randomized controlled trial with modified prolonged exposure and relapse prevention.

OBJECTIVE To advance understanding of the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD), research must provide a more nuanced picture of how substance use affects change in PTSD symptoms over the course of treatments and whether prolonged exposure techniques can be efficacious during active substance use. A data set that included patients with PTSD/subthreshold-PTSD and SUD treated with an exposure-based intervention provided an opportunity to conduct a secondary analysis to test how patients' substance use impacted PTSD change over treatment. METHOD We applied growth models to week-to-week PTSD symptom and substance use changes during treatment and follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of two cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD and SUD: Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and SUD Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) and Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT). Cross-lagged analyses were used to determine whether prior week substance use impacted subsequent PTSD symptom severity. RESULTS Both treatments evidenced significant reductions in PTSD symptom severity. In the context of continued substance use, results suggest that individuals still benefit from exposure-based treatment. CONCLUSION Results provide evidence that RPT and COPE both led to significant reductions in PTSD, providing further support that exposure-based techniques tailored for SUD can be conducted without jeopardizing PTSD or SUD outcomes. Implications for clinical decision making around treatment selection are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Determining Pain Catastrophizing From Daily Pain App Assessment Data: Role of Computer-Based Classification

Abstract This study compared persons with chronic pain who consistently reported that their pain was worsening with those who reported that their pain was improving or remaining the same per daily assessment data from a smartphone pain app. All participants completed baseline measures and were asked to record their progress every day by answering whether their overall condition had improved, remained the same, or gotten worse (perceived change) on a visual analogue scale. One hundred forty-four individuals with chronic pain who successfully entered daily assessments were included. Those persons who were classified as worse showed significantly higher pain intensity scores, greater activity interference, higher disability and mood disturbance scores, and higher scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale both at baseline and after 3 months (P Perspective: This study demonstrated that daily assessment of overall perceived change with a smartphone pain app was positively correlated with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and capturing short-term daily assessment trends data using computer-based classification methods might be a future way to help to identify individuals who tend to catastrophize about their pain.
Analysis of Data Rate vs. SNR in MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

This paper develops a simple algorithm to estimate signal power to noise power ratio (SNR) in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. The given data rates in the Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) are used as a reference to estimate corresponding SNRs with different transmit power disparities and channel bandwidths. Path loss is accounted for by using the IEEE break point path loss model.
Mechanism of Fluorinated Anthranilate-Induced Growth Inhibition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The biosynthesis of tryptophan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is initiated by the transformation of chorismate to anthranilate, catalyzed by anthranilate synthase (TrpE/TrpG). Five additional enzymes are required to complete tryptophan biosynthesis. M. tuberculosis strains auxotrophic for tryptophan, an essential amino acid in the human diet, are avirulent. Thus, tryptophan synthesis in M. tuberculosis has been suggested as a potential drug target, and it has been reported that fluorinated anthranilate is lethal to the bacillus. Two mechanisms that could explain the cellular toxicity were tested: (1) the inhibition of tryptophan biosynthesis by a fluorinated intermediate or (2) formation of fluorotryptophan and its subsequent effects. Here, M. tuberculosis mc2 6230 cultures were treated with anthranilates fluorinated at positions 4, 5, and 6. These compounds inhibited bacterial growth on tryptophan-free media with 4-fluoroanthranilate being more potent than 5-fluoroanthranilate or 6-fluoroanthranilate. LC-MS based analysis of extracts from bacteria treated with these compounds did not reveal accumulation of any of the expected fluorinated intermediates in tryptophan synthesis. However, in all cases, significant levels of fluorotryptophan were readily observed, suggesting that the enzymes involved in the conversion of fluoro-anthranilate to fluorotryptophan were not being inhibited. Inclusion of tryptophan in cultures treated with the fluoro-anthranilates obviated the cellular toxicity. Bacterial growth was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by exposure to tryptophan substituted with fluorine at positions 5 or 6. Thus, the data suggest that fluorotryptophan rather than fluoro-anthranilate or intermediates in the synthesis of fluorotryptophan causes the inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth.
Turbulent mixing: A perspective

Mixing of initially distinct substances plays an important role in our daily lives as well as in ecological and technological worlds. From the continuum point of view, which we adopt here, mixing is complete when the substances come together across smallest flow scales determined in part by molecular mechanisms, but important stages of the process occur via the advection of substances by an underlying flow. We know how smooth flows enable mixing but less well the manner in which a turbulent flow influences it; but the latter is the more common occurrence on Earth and in the universe. We focus here on turbulent mixing, with more attention paid to the postmixing state than to the transient process of initiation. In particular, we examine turbulent mixing when the substance is a scalar (i.e., characterized only by the scalar property of its concentration), and the mixing process does not influence the flow itself (i.e., the scalar is "passive"). This is the simplest paradigm of turbulent mixing. Within this paradigm, we discuss how a turbulently mixed state depends on the flow Reynolds number and the Schmidt number of the scalar (the ratio of fluid viscosity to the scalar diffusivity), point out some fundamental aspects of turbulent mixing that render it difficult to be addressed quantitatively, and summarize a set of ideas that help us appreciate its physics in diverse circumstances. We consider the so-called universal and anomalous features and summarize a few model studies that help us understand them both.
Type–II superlattices base visible/extended short–wavelength infrared photodetectors with a bandstructure–engineered photo–generated carrier extractor

Visible/extended short–wavelength infrared photodetectors with a bandstructure–engineered photo–generated carrier extractor based on type–II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices have been demonstrated. The photodetectors are designed to have a 100% cut-off wavelength of ~2.4 μm at 300K, with sensitivity down to visible wavelengths. The photodetectors exhibit room–temperature (300K) peak responsivity of 0.6 A/W at ~1.7 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 43% at zero bias under front–side illumination, without any anti–reflection coating where the visible cut−on wavelength of the devices is <0.5 µm. With a dark current density of 5.3 × 10−4 A/cm2 under −20 mV applied bias at 300K, the photodetectors exhibit a specific detectivity of 4.72 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2/W. At 150K, the photodetectors exhibit a dark current density of 1.8 × 10−10 A/cm2 and a quantum efficiency of 40%, resulting in a detectivity of 5.56 × 1013 cm·Hz1/2/W.
The Political Imperative to Do The Good There Is No Business Reason Not to Do

What leads managers to deploy corporate capabilities to the service of human needs? Whereas the sales motive that drives market engagement explains a great deal of corporate responsiveness through ...
What would you do? A new approach to health competence based on situational judgment.

OBJECTIVE An advantage of the trait approach to health is that it implicates common elements to multiple different health behaviors. An advantage of the social-cognitive approach, in contrast, is that it models the situational factors that are likely to elicit particular behavioral reactions. The present research sought to combine the advantages of these two approaches. METHOD A situational judgment method was developed to quantify general variations in health competence (HC) in terms of more specific responses to simulated health-challenging events. RESULTS After developing the method, Study 1 showed that individual differences in HC were systematically related to approach-related coping tendencies and behaviors known to be health promoting. Study 2 then showed that variations in HC predicted both health behaviors and quality of life among older individuals. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight a new form of HC that is not dependent on self-reports of ability.
Low-frequency facial hemodynamic oscillations distinguish migraineurs from non-headache controls:

Background:Surface imaging is a promising, noninvasive approach to assess regional perfusion in craniovascular disorders such as migraine.Methods:We used optical imaging to examine differences in f...
Spatially resolved filament wavefront dynamics

Spatially resolved wavefront measurements are presented during nonlinear self-collapse and provide the first detailed characterization of wavefront evolution during filament formation. The wavefront dynamics of key nonlinear processes including Kerr self-focusing, ionization and plasma defocusing, and dynamic spatial replenishment are identified and resolved in both the filament core and reservoir regions. These results are analyzed and interpreted with respect to numerical simulations and provide insight into fundamental aspects of filamentation. They also inform applications based on phase manipulation, such as external beam guiding, and present a new method for measuring the nonlinear index of refraction, n2.
Transfer learning for solvation free energies: From quantum chemistry to experiments

Abstract Data scarcity, bias, and experimental noise are all frequently encountered problems in the application of deep learning to chemical and material science disciplines. Transfer learning has proven effective in compensating for the lack in data. The use of quantum calculations in machine learning enables the generation of a diverse dataset and ensures that learning is less affected by noise inherent to experimental databases. In this work, we propose a transfer learning approach for the prediction of solvation free energies that combines fundamentals from quantum calculations with the higher accuracy of experimental measurements using two new databases CombiSolv-QM and CombiSolv-Exp. The employed model architecture is based on the directed-message passing neural network for the molecular embedding of solvent and solute molecules. A significant advantage of models pre-trained on quantum calculations is demonstrated for small experimental datasets and for out-of-sample predictions. The improved out-of-sample performance is shown for new solvents, for new solute elements, and for the extension to higher molar mass solutes. The overall performance of the pre-trained models is limited by the noise in the experimental test data, known as the aleatoric uncertainty. On a random test split, a mean absolute error of 0.21 kcal/mol is achieved. This is a significant improvement compared to the mean absolute error of the quantum calculations (0.40 kcal/mol). The error can be further reduced to 0.09 kcal/mol if the model performance is assessed on a more accurate subset of the experimental data.
Cancer survivor worries about treatment disruption and detrimental health outcomes due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

We examined cancer survivor worries about treatment, infection, and finances early in the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic.Closed- and open-ended online survey questions were collected from adult cancer surv...
Relative DOPA Deficiency in Lightly Pigmented Skin Contributes to UV-Independent Melanoma Susceptibility

Melanoma risk is higher for people with lightly pigmented skin (1:38) compared to those with darkly pigmented skin (1:1000). While this difference is typically attributed to the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) shielding effect of melanin pigment, here we show that other cell-intrinsic differences between dark and light MCs, independent of melanin and UV, regulate MC proliferative capacity, cellular differentiation state, and susceptibility to malignant transformation. These differences are driven by dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a melanin synthesis intermediate, and result from DOPA antagonism of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1), a G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) expressed in MCs, but not previously known to bind DOPA, nor to affect melanoma pathobiology. Pharmacologic CHRM1 antagonism in melanoma leads to downregulation of c-Myc and FOXM1, both of which are proliferation drivers associated with aggressive melanoma. In preclinical melanoma models, pharmacologic CHRM1 inhibition in vivo inhibited melanoma growth. CHRM1 may be a new therapeutic target for melanoma. Statement of SignificanceA previously unrecognized ability of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to inhibit the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) in melanocytes contributes to decreased melanoma susceptibility in darkly pigmented skin, independent of ultraviolet exposure. Pharmacologic CHRM1 inhibition inhibits melanoma in preclinical melanoma models, indicating that CHRM1 may be a new therapeutic target for melanoma.
Does Reduced Renal Function Predispose to Cancer-specific Mortality from Renal Cell Carcinoma?

Abstract Background Recent publications have reported an association between increased renal cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and reduced renal function “below safety limits,” and advocated for partial nephrectomy (PN) even for potentially aggressive/complex tumors. We hypothesize that this association may be related to confounding factors rather than a consequence of functional differences. Objective To assess whether there is an independent association between preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or new baseline eGFR (NB-GFR) and CSM in patients undergoing PN or radical nephrectomy (RN). Design, setting, and participants A single-center retrospective review was performed. All clinically and pathologically confirmed T1-T3a/N0/M0 renal cancer patients undergoing PN/RN (1999–2008, n = 1605) with adequate functional/oncological data were included. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary endpoint was CSM. Secondary endpoints were cancer recurrence (CR) and all-cause mortality (ACM). Cox regression analyses investigated endpoints and predictive factors. Results and limitations The median age was 60 yr and 64% of patients were male. Comorbidities included hypertension (60%), cardiovascular disease (19%), diabetes (21%), and chronic kidney disease (22%). PN was performed in 954 patients (59%). The median preoperative eGFR and NB-GFR were 80 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Median tumor diameter was 3.6 cm (interquartile range [IQR] = 2.4, 5.5); 70% of tumors were clear cell and 40% were of high grade. Pathology revealed pT1–2/N0/M0 and pT3a/N0/M0 in 81% and 19%, respectively. The median follow-up among survivors was 11.5 yr (IQR = 4, 14). Cancer-specific survival, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival were 94%, 88%, and 73% at 10 yr, respectively. On multivariable analysis, increased age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.03, p = 0.04), increased tumor size (HR = 1.24, p 0.1), while an increased preoperative eGFR was associated with reduced hazard of ACM (HR = 0.87, p Conclusions Our data do not support oncological protection of greater preservation of renal function and confirm that unfavorable oncological outcomes for localized RCC are mostly associated with aggressive tumor characteristics. Patient summary We did not find an association between greater preservation of renal function and oncological outcomes for kidney cancer.
The Relationship between Motivations for Joining Gangs and Violent Offending: A Preliminary Test on Self-Determination Theory

Efforts to better understand violence have often compared gang members to non-gang members, finding, expectedly, that gang members engage in more violent behaviors. Often overlooked, however, is th...
Topical Vapocoolant-Associated Vaso-occlusive Event in a 10-year-old with Sickle Cell Disease.

Abstract Vapocoolant sprays are convenient forms of cold temperature analgesia. These sprays may not be suitable for all patients with particular concern for patients with sickle cell disease. To prevent any further cases from occurring, we propose adding a more specific cautionary statement to the manufacturer guidelines. We also hope that medical personnel can help patients with sickle cell avoid topical and environmental cold temperature triggers for sickle vaso-occlusive pain and reduce the suffering in this rare disease.
Using Pointing Dogs and Hierarchical Models to Evaluate American Woodcock Winter Occupancy and Densities

Use of dogs has increased for multiple wildlife research purposes ranging from carnivore scat detection to estimation of reptile abundance. Use of dogs is not particularly novel for upland gamebird biologists, and pointing dogs have been long considered an important research tool. However, recent advances in Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and the development of hierarchical modeling approaches that account for imperfect detection may improve estimates of occupancy and density of cryptic species such as the American woodcock (Scolopax minor; hereafter, woodcock). We conducted surveys for woodcock using a trained pointing dog wearing a GPS collar during the winters of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 in East Texas, USA. We surveyed 0.5-km-radius circular plots (n = 24; survey sites) randomly placed along secondary roads in Davy Crockett National Forest and on private timber property. Surveys lasted 1.5 hrs and were repeated 3–5 times each winter. We estimated woodcock occupancy and density using multiple modeling approaches at the survey site and forest stand scales within survey sites. Woodcock occupied 88% (21/24) of survey sites and 48% (39/82) of forest stands (i.e., unique cover types) within sites. Using a modified distance sampling technique, we estimated an average density of 0.16 birds/ha (SE = 0.13) throughout both study areas. We describe the first attempt to blend use of pointing dogs with hierarchical modeling approaches to derive estimates of regional diurnal woodcock occupancy and density, and describe relationships between these estimates of abundance and habitat covariates. Although forest stand occupancy estimates had the lowest coefficients of variation, our estimates of density provided the most useful inference of habitat use. Surveys using pointing dogs paired with hierarchical models of occupancy and density may provide a cost-efficient and effective approach to estimate habitat abundance at broad spatial scales.
Raising the Dead in Denise Giardina's Appalachian Fiction:

In an unusual 2009 Books and Culture Online exchange, Denise Giardina took issue with reviewer Jennifer Holberg's complaint that Giardina's Bronte novel, Emily's Ghost, features unconvincing ghostly presences. While Giardina's strategy did flop in that book, her efforts to “raise the dead” in novels set in her native West Virginia are praiseworthy. In her Appalachian novels, Giardina revives long-gone neighbors and the communities they populated, anticipating and meeting Wendell Berry's challenge in Imagination in Place to “transcend the limits of experience of provable knowledge in order to make a thing that is whole.”
ERISA Preemption and the Case for a Federal Common Law of Agency Governing Employer-Administrators

Imagine that one day you become very sick. You are ill enough that you end up in the hospital, running up a heavy bill. You recover over the next several weeks, and, since your health insurance is completely covered by your job, you feel that you have come out of a bad situation fairly well. Then you get the bad news: your employer has been quietly pocketing your premiums for some time, and the insurer has informed your employer that your insurance has been terminated. You have never dealt directly with the insurer before in your life: premiums, information about policy changes, and even the summaries discussing what coverage the policy actually contains have all been managed by your employer acting on the insurer's behalf. Now, imagine your confusion when you are informed that you cannot get your health benefits from the insurer. Despite crossing every "t" and dotting every "i," you are cut off. You will be upset to learn that just one year ago, you would have been able to collect full benefits under a state law declaring that when employers perform all of the functions of a plan administrator and take the place of the insurer or the insurer's agent, they are considered to be agents of the insurer. This would have allowed you to collect, since your premium payments delivered to your employer would be deemed to have been delivered directly to the insurer. However, the Supreme Court determined in May 1999 that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA')1 preempted your state's agency law.2 Although federal courts could replace the preempted state agency law with a federal common law rule of agency pursuant to ERISA, they have remained hesitant to do so.3 ERISA preemption of state law has created scores of commonly recognized problems. The foremost of these is that ERISA preemp-