cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of integrin-mediated cell attachment to substrata by serine proteinases in the presence and absence of divalent cations

Abstract The sensitivity to serine proteinases of cellular proteins involved in cell-matrix adhesion was investigated using C32 melanoma cells. Cells dissociated from monolayers by the metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were incubated with proteolytic enzymes, and then attachment was quantified by standard cell adhesion assays. The effect of proteinases was found to depend on the presence of Ca 2+ in the incubations. Incubation with 100 n M trypsin or chymotrypsin for 1-2 h (37°C) in the absence of Ca 2+ reduced cell attachment to vitronectin (Vn), fibrinogen (Fb), laminin, and fibronectin by approximately 80, 80, 40, and 30%, respectively. Viability studies indicated that such treatment with proteinases was not cytotoxic. Inclusion of 0.1 m M CaCl 2 in the incubations prevented the loss in attachment to all substrata. In the case of Fb, proteinase treatment in the presence of Ca 2+ had an additional effect; it improved cell attachment to this substratum by about 50%. C32 cells have been shown to express the integrin α v β 3 (Vn receptor) which mediates attachment to Vn and Fb in a GRGDS-sensitive manner. Attachment of C32 cells to Vn and Fb prior to proteinase treatment and after proteinase treatment in the presence of Ca 2+ was 90% inhibited by the addition of GRGDS peptide to the attachment assays. These results suggest that the adhesion observed both before and after proteinase treatment was mediated by this integrin. Analysis of the Vn receptor from proteinase-treated cells by immunoblotting of cell extracts and by SDS gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated receptor revealed no detectable change in either the α v or β 3 subunit that correlated with loss in attachment. Similarly proteinase treatment in the presence of Ca 2+ did not produce detectable alterations in the subunits which might correlate with the improved attachment to Fb. Consistent with these results, an enzyme-linked immunoassay to quantify cell surface receptors revealed little difference in the amount of Vn receptor on cells treated with proteinase in the presence or absence of Ca 2+ . Degradation of the α v subunit was demonstrated, however, at proteinase concentrations higher than those required to effect cell attachment. Thus, treatment of cells with serine proteinases can effect integrin-mediated attachment to matrix proteins in a manner moderated by Ca 2+ , but the alterations in attachment do not appear to be accompanied by detectable proteolytic modification of the integrin.
Vibrational spectra and structure of organophosphorous compounds. 20—infrared and raman spectra, vibrational assignment and normal coordinate calculations of methyldifluorophosphine†

The Raman spectra of gaseous, liquid and solid CH3PF2 and the infrared spectra of the gas and solid have been recorded (3200–20 cm−1). The assignment of the 15 fundamentals is given and discussed and is based on the gas phase infrared band contours, depolarization values and group frequencies. A normal coordinate calculation was carried out by utilizing a modified valence force field to calculate the frequencies and the potential energy distributions. Extensive mixing was found between the PF2 stretching and CH3 rocking modes. The methyl torsion was observed at 192 cm−1 in the far-infrared spectrum of the gas and from this frequency a three-fold barrier to internal rotation of 1.74 kcal mol−1 was calculated. This value is compared to similar quantities in several other group VA compounds and the observed trends are consistent with those for the corresponding group IVA compounds.
Carbon-13 isotopic tracer study of 2-methylpentane isomerization on PtTe/Al2O3 and PtSb/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract The mechanism of the isomerization reaction of 2-methylpentane on highly dispersed Pt Al 2 O 3 modified by the addition of Te or Sb has been investigated. The relative contributions of C5-cyclic and bond shift mechanisms were determined by the use of 2-methylpentane (2-13C) and 2-methylpentane (5-13C) along with 13C NMR analysis. n-Hexane was formed primarily by a C5-cyclic mechanism while 3-methylpentane was produced by both cyclic and bond shift mechanisms. Isomerization via bond shift increases when Te or Sb is added to Pt Al 2 O 3 . The results can be best described if the Rooney-Samman isomerization mechanism, which includes a transient cyclopropyl species as an intermediate in the methyl shift process, is favored upon Pt modification by Te or Sb.
Robustness and power of the t-Test compared with some nonparametric alternatives when sampling from a poisson distribution

Pseudo random numbers were drawn from a variety of Poisson distributions to see how several popular two-sample tests might be affected by the presence of ties in the data. Nearly all tests were conservative under the null hypothesis, with actual α levels averaging about 1.5% less than the nominal α levels. Under various alternative hypotheses, the Mann-Whitney test, the van der Waerden test, and a nonparametric test designed for power when sampling from a Poisson distribution, exhibited more power than did the Student's t-test; the median test showed less power. The power of the nonparametric tests was less when ties were broken by randomization than when either midranks or average scores were used. Using the t statistic in the nonparametric tests, rather than in the usual large sample normal approximation, resulted in greater power when testing at the 0.05 alpha level, but less power at α = 0.10
The pyrolytic characterization of a surfactant/polymer/ceramic composite system using combined thermogravimetric analysis - mass spectrometry

An experimental technique of combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the pyrolysis process during binder removal from a ceramic/binder system. The effect of a fluorocarbon surfactant on the pyrolysis process was also investigated and it was discovered that the surfactant had no significant effect on pyrolysis. A simple paraffin binder system was implemented so as to enhance the effects of the surfactant. The identification of the fragments created during pyrolysis is also discussed.
Wavelet fuzzy classification for detecting and tracking region outliers in meteorological data

In this paper, a wavelet fuzzy classification approach is proposed to detect and track region outliers in meteorological data. First wavelet transform is applied to meteorological data to bring up distinct patterns that might be hidden within the original data. Then a powerful image processing technique, edge detection with competitive fuzzy classifier, is extended to identify the boundary of region outlier. After that, to determine the center of the region outlier, the fuzzy-weighted average of the longitudes and latitudes of the boundary locations is computed. By linking the centers of the outlier regions within consecutive frames, the movement of a region outlier can be captured and traced. Experimental evaluation was conducted on a real-world meteorological data to examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This work will help discover interesting and implicit information for large volume of meteorological data.
Grocery retail operations and automotive logistics: a functional cross-industry comparison

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe similarities between logistics structures and mid-term planning problems in the grocery retail and automotive industries in a specific internal section of their respective supply chains. Design/methodology/approach – The benchmarking approach is used as a framework for this paper. It is based on insights resulting from several joint projects with grocery retailers and automobile producers. A particular focus of the research was participating in an exchange of ideas and experience between logistics managers in both industry sectors. Findings – The authors have identified parallels when comparing the internal retail supply chain of the grocery retail industry, which consists of distribution centres, transportation and in-store logistics, with the internal logistics network in the automotive industry, which consists of logistics supermarkets, transportation and work zone operations at the assembly line. Strong similarities have been found for th...
HLA-B17 and the HLA-A1, B17 haplotype in acute myelogenous leukemia.

Seventy-nine Caucasians with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were genotyped to determine whether AML, the induction of remission or patient survival were associated with particular HLA phenotypes or haplotypes. HLA-B17 and B27 were increased in AML patients over 40 years of age. Combined analysis of four independent studies indicates that HLA-B17 is significantly but weakly associated with AML, relative risk = 1.48 (.01 less than P less than .025). The A1, B17 and Aw24, Bw35 haplotypes occurred more frequently in the AML group as compared to racial and geographic controls (uncorrected P = 0.0068 and 0.0098, respectively Fisher's Exact Test). Induction of remission occurred less frequently in patients with the B17 phenotype as compared to patients lacking this antigen (P = 0.047). Patient survival was associated with remission status (P = 0.002) but was not significantly associated with particular HLA phenotypes or haplotypes. These results indicate that a gene or genes in the HLA-B region of the major histocompatibility complex can influence susceptibility to AML and also the response to chemotherapy.
Enthalpy Interaction Coefficients at Constant Activity and their Applications to the Enthalpy of Carbon in Liquid Iron

Measurements of thermodynamic properties are often performed at saturation of one of the solutes. Exploitation of these data has given rise to a set of free energy interaction coefficients at constant activity of one solute which are different from those more familiar coefficients which apply at infinite dilution of all solutes. In the present contribution, enthalpy and entropy interaction coefficients at constant activity of one solute are defined. Their relationships to other functions and coefficients of more general usage are established. The use of these relationships is illustrated by showing how the temperature dependence of the effects of various solutes on the solubility of graphite in liquid iron allows the evaluation of various heats of solution and enthalpy interaction coefficients.
Special Issue: Selected and Revised Papers from the ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering 2007, Special Section 1

This issue of the Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering presents the first of three special sections containing revised and extended versions of selected papers from the 2007 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering. Four technical papers are presented in this first special section. The first paper presents a method that automates the positioning of construction components. The second outlines a way to assess the performance of building designs in terms of resilience to chemical and biological threats. The third describes a quantitative, bioinspired framework meant to enhance design performance properties, such as creativity, optimality, and robustness. The last paper presents operators of a spatial query language for building information models.
A SECOND NAPHTHOQUINONE IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS.

DURING the chromatography of lipids from spinach chloroplasts we have observed a compound which appears to be a form of vitamin K which is different from the well-known vitamin K1. The latter has previously been isolated from chloroplasts1,2 and is widely distributed in green plants3.
Hanging angles of two electrostatically repelling pith balls of different masses

An analytic solution can be derived for the angles of two mutually repelling charged pith balls of unequal mass hanging from strings from a common point of attachment. Just as in the equal-mass case, a cubic equation is found for the square of the sine of either angle, and an approximation can be used to avoid Cardano's formula for small angles. These results extend a standard problem treated in introductory undergraduate courses in electricity and magnetism.
Brief communication: bone remodeling rates: a test of an algorithm for estimating missing osteons

Frost (1987a) proposed an algorithm for estimating the number of missing osteons that correspond to observed osteon population densities (OPD). Such an algorithm should allow more accurate estimates of bone remodeling rates for skeletal remains for which in vivo labeling is not possible. In order to validate the algorithm, it was tested on an autopsy sample of 44 ribs. Estimates of activation frequency (mu RC) and bone remodeling rate (Vf,r,t) using the new algorithm are in reasonable agreement with age-matched tetracycline-based values. Although mean values for activation frequencies (mu RC) and bone formation rate (Vf,r,t) generated by the algorithm were generally lower, they fell below 1 standard error for only an age category that included all ages above the 5th decade. It is now appropriate to apply the algorithm to archaeological skeletal remains.
Complex Germline Architecture: Two Genes Intertwined on Two Loci

The germline micronuclear genome of some ciliated protists can be scrambled, with coding segments disordered relative to the expressed macronuclear genome. Here, we report a surprisingly complex pair of genes that assemble from interwoven segments on two germline loci in the ciliate Uroleptus. This baroque organization requires two scrambled genes to be disentangled from each other from two clusters in the genome, one containing segments 1-2-4-5-6-8-11-13-15-16 and the other 7-9-3-10-12-14, with pieces 1-5 comprising the first gene and 6-16 the second gene. Both genes remain linked in the somatic genome on a 1.5-kb "nanochromosome." This study is the first to reveal that two genes can become scrambled during evolution with their coding segments intertwined. These twin scrambled genes underscore the beauty and exceptions of protist genome architecture, pointing to the critical need for evolutionary biologists to survey protist genomes broadly.
An Open Framework for Unstructured Grid Generation

Traditionally, individual algorithm developers directly incorporate the requirements of their scheme into its resulting software implementation. While this is sufficient for basic execution, it severely limits the expandability and growth potential of the algorithm. An example of such a shortcoming is a fixed method of geometry access in a surface triangulation algorithm. By adopting a single description for the defining geometry, and embedding it within the implementation, the triangulation developer will fix, for all practical purposes, the form of geometry supported by the algorithm. A change to the method of geometry access requires knowledge of, and the ability to edit, the triangulation algorithm. The level of work required for such a change depends highly on the forethought and style of the initial incorporation. The approach advocated here, however, is to define a set of standard software interfaces for key elements of the unstructured grid generation process. In this example, the interface separates the specifics of the method for geometry access from those of the triangulation algorithm. As such, the triangulation algorithm is largely independent of the form of the underlying geometry. It accesses geometry solely through the interface and does so without regard for the method of implementation supporting the interface. Therefore, a given method of geometry access can be later modified, or replaced, as dictated by arising needs without directly impacting the triangulation algorithm itself. An open framework for the development of software applications in the field of unstructured numerical grid generation is presented. The goal of the framework is to define an Application Programming Interface that allows developers of grid generation software to seamlessly integrate alternative algorithms into their respective products. The presentation centers on decoupling the grid generation task into separate, largely independent component processes. The component processes are implemented following the guidelines of a standard software interface definition and can therefore be interchanged without the need to modify algorithm specifics. The approach contained herein provides for support of both legacy and emerging technology and is demonstrated through the description of a new unstructured grid generation package under development at the NASA Langley Research Center.
Endovascular Versus Open Mesenteric Revascularization: Immediate Benefits Do Not Equate with Short-Term Functional Outcomes

Background Percutaneous therapy for symptomatic visceral occlusive disease is rapidly gaining popularity in many centers. This study evaluates the anatomic and functional outcomes of open and endovascular therapy for chronic mesenteric ischemia at an academic medical center. Study design We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent endovascular or open mesenteric arterial revascularization for chronic mesenteric ischemia between January 1989 and September 2003. Indications for revascularization included postprandial abdominal pain (92%) or weight loss (54%). All had atherosclerotic visceral occlusive disease with a median of 2 vessels with more than 50% stenosis or occlusion on angiography. Sixty patients (44 women, mean age 66 years) underwent 67 interventions (43 vessels bypassed, 23 vessel endarterectomies, 22 vessel angioplasty and stents). The median numbers of vessels revascularized were two in the open group and one in the endovascular group. Results Thirty-day mortality and cumulative survival at 3 years were similar (open, 15% and 62% ± 9%; endovascular, 21% and 63%±14%, respectively; p=NS). Cumulative patencies at 6 months were 83%±7% and 68%±14% in the open and endovascular groups, respectively (p=NS). Major morbidity, median postoperative length of stay, and cumulative freedom from recurrent symptoms at 6 months were significantly greater in the open group (open, 46%, 23 days, and 71%±7%, respectively; endovascular, 19%, 1 day, and 34%±10%, respectively; p Conclusions Endovascular revascularization is attractive because it carries equivalent patency to open revascularization. Symptomatic benefit of endovascular revascularization is not achieved, probably as a result of incomplete revascularization. Despite incomplete revascularization, endovascular therapy has equivalent survival and lower morbidity compared with open revascularization. Complete endovascular revascularization needs further evaluation to determine if it is superior to open revascularization. In the interim, endovascular therapy should be reserved for the patient unable to undergo open revascularization.
Pipelined Parallel Decision-Feedback Decoders for High-Speed Ethernet Over Copper

One of the powerful yet simple algorithms to decode trellis codes as well as to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) is the parallel decision-feedback decoding algorithm. However, for high-speed applications, such as Gigabit Ethernet over copper (1000BASE-T), the design and implementation of a parallel decision-feedback decoder (PDFD) is challenging due to the long critical path in the decoder structure. Straightforward pipelined designs usually introduce significant hardware overhead. To solve these problems, in this paper, first, based on an optimized scheduling of the computations in the parallel decision-feedback decoding algorithm, a low-complexity pipelined PDFD is proposed. Next, a novel retiming and reformulation technique is presented for the decision-feedback unit (DFU) in the PDFD, which can remove the DFU from the critical path of the PDFD with negligible hardware overhead. Based on these two techniques, two modified low-complexity pipelined PDFDs are derived. Compared with similar designs in the literature, the proposed design can reduce hardware overhead by 60% while achieving similar speed-up for Gigabit Ethernet systems. The savings are even greater for a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) system with larger constellation
Theory Applied---Experience Tours at the Naval Postgraduate School

The Operations Research Department at the Naval Postgraduate School NPS in Monterey, California educates analysts who are fully capable of conducting independent analytical studies of military problems. Significant to this education is an opportunity to apply theory from the classroom to a problem from the real world. Halfway through the two year program, each student is encouraged to participate in a three to six week experience tour at a Department of Defense DoD analytical organization. During this tour students obtain hands-on experience working military operations research problems alongside experienced analysts. They also identify a thesis topic for follow-on research when they return to the NPS. Faculty members supervise the students' thesis research during the remainder of their time in Monterey. The theses are more than just a graduation requirement, some result in publications in refereed journals and most solve pressing problems for the DoD. We recognize that the unique set of circumstances here at NPS makes this all possible but hold strongly to the idea that applied experience is essential to our graduates and that aspects of our program are exportable to civilian universities.
Relation between pain and fatigue in contracting ischemic muscle.

Abstract The relationship between the development of pain and fatigue was studied in the rhythmically contracting ischemic muscles of the forearm of man. Localized pain develops after a relatively constant number of contractions in a given subject, followed by fatigue and an inability to continue the exercise. The ratio of the number of contractions prior to pain and to fatigue was essentially similar in each subject. The rate of contraction had little effect on these values, although rapid rates of contraction gave the more consistent results. Prolonged obstruction of blood flow to the arm prior to exercise had no consistent effect on the number of contractions or on the ratio. Recovery is only partial after resumption of blood flow for 2, 8 or 64 seconds since pain and fatigue reappear after fewer contractions than are required in the completely recovered state. Recovery is probably complete in about 10 minutes. The results support the concept of Lewis 2 that a P factor produced in contracting ischemic muscle diffuses to the extracellular space where it stimulates pain fibers. Fatigue appears to share the same mechanism. On resumption of blood flow, P factor is presumptively washed from the site; it may persist as “latent pain,” for up to about 10 minutes, becoming manifest as a decrease in the number of contractions which can be performed before pain during a subsequent ischemic period.
Simulation Study on Recycling Resource of Metallic Tailings

This paper studied at recycling and using of metallic tailings on the refractory used in aluminum-smelting furnace. The masonry arts and crafts of combustion chamber wall are introduced. The software FLUENT is used for simulating the temperature distribution of combustion chamber wall, which is used for software ANSYS as the temperature condition to simulation of heat stress of combustion chamber wall in bad operating condition. Contrast the simulating results of new type material with the traditional refractory one, the better performance of the refractory products with new type material is verified. The results can be an academic reference for synthetically application of metallic tailings. The extend application of the technology of metallic tailings on aluminum-smelting furnace will give a great impulse to the energy saving and environmental protection.
Purification and Characterization of the Mucinase of Vibrio cholerae

Mucinase from Vibrio cholerae strain CA401 was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on a column of BioGel P-100 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, California). Ovomucinase, intestinal mucinase, and protease appeared as two peaks of slightly different molecular weights, comigrated in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, demonstrated similar patterns of inhibition by heavy metals, and were inhibited by antiserum to purified mucinase. Both molecular weight forms exhibited similar properties, which were identical to those of fresh culture supernatants. Specific activity was only slightly increased by purification. Antiserum to mucinase passively protected infant mice from diarrhea due to V. cholerae.
Influence of multiple reflections on transmission through a stack of plates

We examine the problem of light transmission along the normal through a stack of flat plates whose thicknesses and separations vary. For a modest number of plates, an exact calculation is straightforward, but then one must address how to average over both the disorder in the stack and the distribution of incident wavelengths. Model calculations are used to show that an average over the light's distribution can suppress most of the fluctuations due to disorder. Our results are in qualitative agreement with experimental data and imply that multiple reflections do contribute significantly to the measurements. Finally we explore the effect of multiple reflections on photometry.
Characterizing gene family evolution

Gene families are widely used in comparative genomics, molecular evolution, and in systematics. However, they are constructed in different manners, their data analyzed and interpreted differently, with different underlying assumptions, leading to sometimes divergent conclusions. In systematics, concepts like monophyly and the dichotomy between homoplasy and homology have been central to the analysis of phylogenies. We critique the traditional use of such concepts as applied to gene families and give examples of incorrect inferences they may lead to. Operational definitions that have emerged within functional genomics are contrasted with the common formal definitions derived from systematics. Lastly, we question the utility of layers of homology and the meaning of homology at the character state level in the context of sequence evolution. From this, we move forward to present an idealized strategy for characterizing gene family evolution for both systematic and functional purposes, including recent methodological improvements.
Relationships between impact sensitivities and molecular surface electrostatic potentials of nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic molecules

For two classes of molecules that are stabilized by the delocalization of electronic charge, nitroaromatics and nitroheterocycles, we have shown that their measured impact sensitivities can be related quantitatively to the degrees of internal charge separation and the presence of strongly positive electrostatic potential maxima on their molecular surfaces. These latter properties have been obtained through ab initio HF/STO-5G* and HF/6-31G* calculations. We suggest that a key factor in determining the impact sensitivities of these compounds may be the extent to which the stabilizing effect of charge delocalization has been counteracted.
Loss of VLDL receptor activates retinal vascular endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis.

PURPOSE. The very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) knockout (vldlr -/- ) mouse has been identified as a model for retinal angiomatous proliferation with subretinal neovascularization (SNV) evolving from retinal vessels. The effects of VLDLR on the angiogenic functions of retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) in vivo and in vitro were examined. METHODS. Immunofluorescent staining of markers for activated endothelial cells was performed with CD105 and CD 106 antibodies. Proliferation, tube formation, and migration assays were carried out in RVECs isolated from wild-type and vldlr -/- mice to assess the angiogenic functions in vitro. The effect of VLDLR blockage on wild-type RVEC proliferation was also examined. RESULTS. The expression of CD105 and CD106 was significantly upregulated in the retinas of adult vldlr -/- mice, especially at lesion sites. An intense CD105 signal was found in the inner retinas of vldlr -/- mice starting at postnatal day 14, before the onset of SNV. In vitro proliferation assays revealed a significantly enhanced (approximately 20%-100%) growth rate in vldlr -/- RVECs compared with that in the wild-type RVECs. The formation of capillary-like structures in vldlr -/- RVECs was approximately 3 to 11 times greater than in wild-type RVECs. Migration of vldlr -/- RVECs was 1.3 to 3.7 times that of wild-type. VLDLR blockage using a receptor-associated protein or neutralizing anti-VLDLR antibodies significantly enhanced the proliferation rate in wild-type RVECs by more than 200% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. VLDLR is a potent endogenous inhibitor that negatively regulates the angiogenic properties of RVECs. Loss of VLDLR activates RVECs and significantly enhances angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro.
Far infrared multiphoton absorption in p-Ge

Abstract We have calculated the far infrared multiphoton absorption coefficient in p-Ge for three different temperatures. It is shown that, under high radiation intensity, the rate of increase of the absorption coefficient changes strongly with intensity as a result of the Stark effect.
Transatlantic working-class institutions

Abstract This paper investigates the migration of English and Irish textile workers from Lancashire, England to Fall River, Massachusetts. Historians have traditionally focused on migration and immigrants in terms of the image of the deracinated peasants. This paper looks at the influence of the industrial experience in Europe before migration on the culture and institutions of industrial migrants and the impact of that experience and those institutions on the American industrial city. These migrants brought with them institutions and a consciousness which were forged in Europe and which directly affected the American setting. By looking at the interactions between Fall River and Lancashire and the functioning of the formal and informal institutions of the working class of Fall River the paper will analyse the transatlantic nature of the working-class experience.
Nonbiological Nitrous Oxide Production from Vadose Soil Catalyzed by Galvanized Steel Tubing

Studies of microbial processes in the vadose zone are hampered by difficulties in obtaining uncontaminated samples. We initiated a study in 1985 to quantify microbial denitrification in the vadose zone of agricultural land located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In the initial stages of this study, deep soil cores (360 cm) were collected and subcored with sterile galvanized steel tubes to eliminate contamination by surface soil. We observed N 2 O production from subsoil incubated with C 2 H 2 in galvanized tubes, but in the same soil incubated anaerobically with added glucose and NO 3 , denitrification activity was not detected. Subsequent comparisons of N 2 O production in surface and subsurface soil incubated in galvanized and plastic tubes indicated that chemodenitrification was the likely mechanism responsible for the N 2 O production observed in soil contained in galvanized steel tubes. These results suggest that, in field or laboratory experiments designed to investigate soil-N transformations, galvanized steel enclosures should be used with caution
Learning how to teach visual communication design skills to scientists and engineers

This research provides a picture of how scientists and engineers, particularly those in graduate training programs, respond to the need to create visual communication artifacts in the absence of any formal training in visual communication design. Two interview-based studies were carried out, revealing how scientists and engineers approach visual design tasks; the software tools they use; their sources of images; and their interactions with advisors and colleagues during the design process. I found that the strategies of design-by-imitation and design-by-reuse were common. This research also provides evidence that a moderate amount of design training can influence how scientists and engineers think about design and how they approach design tasks. Finally, suggestions are made for how a curriculum in visual communication design can align with the needs of this population.
On Interaction Potential, Correlation Factor, Vacancy Mobility, and Activation Energy of Impurity Diffusion in Diamond Lattice

An intuitive concept was proposed earlier by the author that for the activation energy of impurity diffusion in the diamond lattice to be smaller than that of self diffusion, there must exist a long-range vacancy-impurity interaction potential. The present work explores more quantitatively certain required characteristics of the potential. The relationship between the activation energies of impurity diffusion and of self diffusion, QA and QB, respectively, is approximately given by QA ≈ QB − u(r3), where u(r3) is the potential when the vacancy is at the third coordination site of the impurity atom. Most of known physical models of interaction do not satisfy the required characteristics of u(r), leaving that of the extended vacancy as a probable one. Irrespective of the interaction potential, the relationship between the migration energies of the simple vacancy and the vacancy-impurity complex, H and H, respectively, is simply given by H = H + QB − QA − Eb, where Eb is the binding energy. Utilizing this relationship and published experimental data of impurity diffusion, the migration energy of simple vacancy in silicon is found to be N (0.5 ± 0.1) eV. It is also shown that the impurity-vacancy saddle point potential will not affect QA, contrary to common concept.
Theophylline Effect on the Cerebral Blood Flow Response to Hypoxemia

Cerebral oxygen delivery (CO 2 D) remains nearly constant over a wide range of cerebral perfusion pressure and arterial oxygen content. In response to a decrease in arterial oxygen content secondary to hypoxemia, cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases, a response likely mediated by the release of adenosine. We studied the effect of theophylline, a potent adenosine antagonist, on CBF and cerebral oxygen delivery (CO 2 D) during hypoxemia in five healthy adult male volunteers. The CBF was measured using 133 Xe clearance under conditions of (1) normoxemia (O 2 saturation >95 percent); (2) hypoxemia (O 2 saturation = 80 percent); (3) normoxemia following aminophylline (the ethylene diamine salt of theophylline) 6 mg/kg intravenously; and (4) hypoxemia following aminophylline. Aminophylline decreased CBF and CO 2 D during both normoxemia and hypoxemia, but did not prevent the increase in CBF accompanying hypoxemia, suggesting that the increase in CBF in response to hypoxemia may not be mediated by adenosine or that customary doses of aminophylline are insufficient to inhibit adenosine-mediated cerebral vasodilation in response to hypoxemia. The significant decrease in CBF and CO 2 D observed following aminophylline is potentially clinically important and should be considered in the selection of bronchodilator therapy.
Oncogenic γ-herpesviruses: comparison of viral proteins involved in tumorigenesis

Herpesviruses are present in most species throughout the animal kingdom and are classified into three subfamilies, α, β and γ, on the basis of their biological properties and genome sequences. A striking feature that is shared by many of the γ-herpesviruses is their ability to induce neoplastic disease in the host. This review focuses on three γ-herpesviruses: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), and discusses the diverse array of EBV, KSHV and HVS viral genes that are involved in transformation, cell signalling, episomal maintenance and cell proliferation.
Work in progress — Using Video Phenomenography to investigate problem solving skill development in Computer Science I

Measuring the maturation of students' problem solving skills in Computer Science I has been a difficult problem, often tackled through assessment exams. These exams generate a snapshot of student progress before and after an entire course, but do not reveal how the students learn from one day to the next. This limited data provides a scant array of tools for assessment and for the development of future courses. We employ a new technique for capturing student development in vivo called Video Phenomenography (VP), which is based on the classic method commonly used in educational psychology and utilizes videos of the students while they are working on a programming problem. Early experiments have shown that this technique can highlight differences in the problem solving strategies of students and provide feedback on the success and pitfalls of a pedagogical strategy.
Improved Methods for High-Throughput Extraction and Assay of Green Barley Malt Proteinase Activity Facilitating Examination of Proteinase Activity Across Large-Scale Barley Populations

ABSTRACT We report efficient sample extraction and assay methods allowing quantitative determinations of proteinase activities from barley malt. The improved methods are used to assay >2,200 developmental lines of malting barley for two subsets of proteinase activity. The distributions of the resulting activities suggest differences in population structures between the two types of proteinases. Comparison of the activities of the green malt proteinases with standard malting quality measurements show highly significant correlations that differ between the proteinase subsets. The pH 4.5 hydrolysis of the artificial substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC correlates well with the traditional malting quality measurements, supporting the role of cysteine-class proteinases in mobilization of grain reserves during malting and mashing. Results from assays of gelatin hydrolysis at pH 6.0 suggest that these proteolytic activities may be involved in other aspects of seed C and N dynamics also linked to malting quality measurements....
Body esteem, eating attitudes, and gender-role orientation in three age groups of children

The purpose of this study was to assess body esteem, eating attitudes, and gender-role orientation in three age groups (first, third, and fifth graders). The first graders were interviewed individually; the third and fifth graders completed a questionnaire in a group setting in which the questions were read aloud to set a pace and help those who may have had difficulty reading. All children completed the Children’s Sex Stereotypes Measure, the children’s version of the Eating Attitudes Test, and the Body Esteem Scale. It was hypothesized that children as young as six or seven do understand the connection between eating and body weight, that a proportion of children do experience eating and weight concerns, and that feminine children are most likely to experience such concerns. The results demonstrated that children, as early as first grade, were indeed engaging in eating disordered behaviors and expressing dieting and weight concerns. The children appeared to understand the connection between eating and weight, and body esteem was found to be significantly lower in the fifth than the third graders. However, feminine children were not more likely to exhibit eating disordered behaviors.
Sex differences in myocardial contractility in the rat.

We examined the intrinsic contractile performance of papillary muscles removed from the left ventricle of male and female Wistar rats. Muscles were studied isometrically and isotonically, stimulated at 0.1 Hz, perfused with Tyrode's solution having an external calcium concentration=2.4 and maintained at 30°C. In addition, we examined muscle response to changes in external calcium, added norepinephrine or verapamil and alterations in contraction frequency. No significant change in peak isometric development tension was observed between male and female preparations. However, muscles from male rats showed a significantly greater isometric time-to-peak tension and time to 1/2 relaxation with a depression of both the maximum rate of tension rise and maximum rate of tension decay. Isotonically, although peak shortening showed no difference between male and female preparations, the maximum velocities of shortening and relaxation were significantly depressed in muscles from male rats. Muscles from male animals also displayed significant prolongation of the time-to-peak shortening and time-to-peak velocity of shortening. These differences in papillary muscle performance were found over a wide range of muscle lengths, stimulus frequencies and bath concentrations of calcium, norepinephrine and verapamil. Thus differences in intrinsic contractile performance between papillary muscle from male and female rats have been characterized.
The effect of the thermal environment on the ability of hatchling Galapagos land iguanas to avoid predation during dispersal

During the month of February 1979, several hundred hatchling land iguanas (Conolophus pallidus) were observed emerging from their natal burrows in a 2 ha communal nesting area on Isla Santa Fe, Galapagos Islands. During this emergence, as many as nine Galapagos hawks were observed to patrol the nesting area and attack hatchling iguanas. The hypothesis that the ability of hatchling land iguanas to escape predation could be influenced by the interaction of the physiological state of the lizards and the thermal environment was analyzed using (1) empirical data on the effect of body temperature (T b) on locomotory ability of iguanas and (2) biophysical modeling of the T b's of hatchlings under natural conditions. This hypothesis was tested by assessing the success of natural hawk attacks on lizards exposed to different thermal environments. During those periods when predicted T b's of hatchlings were always <32°C, (at which temperatures land iguanas were shown to have less than maximal ability to sprint rapidly) hawks were successful in 67% of the observed attacks. However, when T b's of hatchlings were always ≧32° C, hawks were successful on only 19% of observed attacks. During periods when hatchling T b's could be <32° C or 32–40° C (depending upon which microhabitat the hatchling occupied before the attack), the hawks were successful in 46% of the observed attacks. These data indicate that the physical environment, as mediated through the physiological state of the lizards and to correlated locomotary abilities, significantly affects the ability of hatchling land iguanas to escape predation.
An ethics and security course for students in computer science and information technology

This paper describes an undergraduate course in computer security that has a strong ethical component. Ethical and related security topics are interwoven. The emphasis is on the kind of research that computer scientists and information technologists are conducting in order to address the fundamental problems in computer security. There is also a great emphasis on encouraging student creativity.
MPEG-7: standard metadata for multimedia content

The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) metadata technology of describing media contents has emerged as a dominant mode of making media searchable both for human and machine consumptions. To realize this premise, many online Web applications are pushing this concept to its fullest potential. However, a good metadata model does require a robust standardization effort so that the metadata content and its structure can reach its maximum usage between various applications. An effective media content description technology should also use standard metadata structures especially when dealing with various multimedia contents. A new metadata technology called MPEG-7 content description has merged from the ISO MPEG standards body with the charter of defining standard metadata to describe audiovisual content. This paper will give an overview of MPEG-7 technology and what impact it can bring forth to the next generation of multimedia indexing and retrieval applications.
First supramolecular sensors for phosphonate anions

Fluorescent tripodal anion sensors with a 1,3,5-triethylbenzene core display a turn-on fluorescence response to phosphonate and phosphate anions and may be used as optical sensors. The properties of the receptors and sensors as well as their anion binding behavior were investigated both in solution and in solid state. The turn-on fluorescence response can be leveraged in sensing of phosphate anions and, most importantly, hydrolysis products of the nerve gas sarin, isopropyl methylphosphonate (IMP), and methylphosphonate (MP). The fluorescence signal amplification in the presence of anions allows for application of these molecules in a sensor microarray suitable for high-throughput screening.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita—a pemphigoid-like disease

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is an immunologically distinctive disease with characteristic clinical features. These include extreme skin fragility, trauma-induced blisters and erosions, and healing with scars and milia. These clinical features are currently the major means of routinely distinguishing EBA from bullous pemphigoid (BP) and cicatricial pemphigoid (CP). In this study we describe five patients with EBA who presented with or developed clinical as well as histologic and immunohistologic features indistinguishable from those characteristic of BP or CP. At different times during the course of their disease, it closely resembled classic BP or CP and cases of BP or CP with atypical features or evolving features of EBA. To determine how often EBA might present and be misdiagnosed as BP, we reviewed our experience with bullous diseases and screened eighty-five "BP" sera for EBA antibodies. The results of this study show EBA can mimic the clinical, histologic, and immunohistologic features of BP and CP, suggest that a BP-like clinical presentation occurs in as many as 50% of EBA patients, and suggest that 10% of patients referred to medical centers and diagnosed as BP have EBA.
Overlapping deficiencies refine the map position of the sex-linked actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

A 3H-labelled actin-specific probe was hybridized to Drosophila melanogaster X chromosomes heterozygous for deficiencies in the 5C region. The results suggest that the sex-linked actin gene resides in the overlap region of Df(1)C149 and Df(1)N73 at 5C3-4.
Tetracarbon metallocarboranes. 2. Thermal rearrangement of 14-vertex cage systems. Crystal structures of three tetracarbon diferracarborane isomers, (.eta.5-C5H5)2Fe2(CH3)4C4B8H8

Abstract : The stereochemistry of 14-vertex polyhedral cages has been explored via a study of the crystal structures of three isomers of (Eta(5)-C5H5)2Fe2(CH3)4C4B8H8 and their thermal rearrangement. In contrast to other metallocarborane systems, isomerism in these species involves changes in gross polyhedral geometry.
Evidence for increased calcium influx across the choroid plexus following brief ischemia of gerbil brain.

Following 5 min ischemia of gerbil brain, unidirectional transfer of calcium from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid was measured quantitatively with 45CaCl2 at 4 days postischemic recirculation. 45Ca influx across the choroid plexus increased significantly from 0.0101 ±0.001 min−1 measured in sham-operated animals (n=15) to 0.0294±0.002 min−1 determined in ischemic animals (n=21; P<0.05). Histological examination of choroid plexus was carried out in Cresyl violet-stained sections from gerbils subjected to 5 min ischemia followed by 4 days (n=6) and 7 days (n=7) postischemic recirculation. Increased calcium transfer to cerebrospinal fluid was associated with cell damage of choroid plexus observed at 4 days postischemia. Endothelial choroid plexus injury was still detectable at 7 days after the ischemic insult suggesting a long-lasting pathomorphological process. Postischemic alterations in choroid plexus functions apparently expose brain tissue to much higher calcium influx into cerebrospinal fluid which, in turn, may contribute to calcium-related cell damage of the central nervous system.