cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Estimation from Volterra Kernels for Robust Flutter Analysis

Thee utterometerisa tool usedforpredicting theonsetofe utterduring e ighttesting. Thistoolusesrobuste utter analysis to consider a model with an associated uncertainty description. The e utterometer is particularly useful because the uncertainty description is determined by e ight data. However, the standard method of uncertainty estimation is somewhat suspect because of the effects of nonlinearities in the e ight data. A method is introduced to estimate uncertainties by considering only the linear component of the e ight data. The linear component is extracted by representing the system in terms of Volterra kernels. The e rst-order kernel describes the linear component of the data and, thus, can be used by the e utterometer. Flight data from the aerostructures test wing is used to demonstrate this procedure. The analysis using the e rst-orderkernel is shown to generate a more accurate description of the modeling error than standard analysis of the measured e ight data. Nomenclature A = area of domain a = scaling function e lter b = wavelet e lter D = length of Volterra kernel g = function h = Volterra kernel K = set of multi-indices [P] = matrix of integral values T = operator [T] = matrix form of wavelet transform operator
Toward multi-differential cross sections: measuring two angularities on a single jet

The analytic study of differential cross sections in QCD has typically focused on individual observables, such as mass or thrust, to great success. Here, we present a first study of double differential jet cross sections considering two recoil-free angularities measured on a single jet. By analyzing the phase space defined by the two angularities and using methods from soft-collinear effective theory, we prove that the double differential cross section factorizes at the boundaries of the phase space. We also show that the cross section in the bulk of the phase space cannot be factorized using only soft and collinear modes, excluding the possibility of a global factorization theorem in soft-collinear effective theory. Nevertheless, we are able to define a simple interpolation procedure that smoothly connects the factorization theorem at one boundary to the other. We present an explicit example of this at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy and show that the interpolation is unique up to α 4 order in the exponent of the cross section, under reasonable assumptions. This is evidence that the interpolation is sufficiently robust to account for all logarithms in the bulk of phase space to the accuracy of the boundary factorization theorem. We compare our analytic calculation of the double differential cross section to Monte Carlo simulation and find qualitative agreement. Because our arguments rely on general structures of the phase space, we expect that much of our analysis would be relevant for the study of phenomenologically well-motivated observables, such as N -subjettiness, energy correlation functions, and planar flow.
The Usefulness of the Supervisory Board Report in China

Chinese listed companies adopt a two-tier board structure, a Board of Directors (BoD) and a Supervisory Board. They are also required to provide in their annual reports a supervisory board report (SBR). However, Congquin, a listed company, failed to issue a SBR in its 1998 annual report. This study specifically investigates the usefulness of the SBR by examining the stock market reaction to Congquin’s SBR omission. The study also examines the Supervisory Board’s reporting process and users’ perceived usefulness of the SBR through interviews with directors, supervisory board members and senior executives of 16 listed companies. Discussions were also held with financial analysts, regulatory officials and academics. Our event study suggests that the absence of the SBR in Congquin’s 1998 annual report caused a negative market reaction suggesting that investors had considered the SBR and the Supervisory Board important and were discouraged by the problems manifested by the absence of the SBR. Our interviews reveal that the usefulness of the SBR depends on the role that the Supervisory Board plays in corporate governance. If the Supervisory Board is an honoured guest, a friendly advisor, or a censored watchdog, it is unlikely that the SBR will convey much useful information. By contrast, if the Supervisory Board acts as an independent watchdog, then the SBR would be useful. Given the fact that the Supervisory Board in most of the companies that participated in the interviews fell into the first three categories, there remains a strong need to improve the usefulness of the SBR and strengthen the functioning of the Supervisory Board.
Adequacy of Group Decisions as a Function of the Decision-Making Process

This study investigated the relative adequacy of six modes of group decision-making: (1) Averaged Decision, (2) Leader Decision, (3) Committee Decision, (4) Majority Vote, (5) Consensus, and (6) Co...
Minimax Multi-Task Learning and a Generalized Loss-Compositional Paradigm for MTL

Since its inception, the modus operandi of multi-task learning (MTL) has been to minimize the task-wise mean of the empirical risks. We introduce a generalized loss-compositional paradigm for MTL that includes a spectrum of formulations as a subfamily. One endpoint of this spectrum is minimax MTL: a new MTL formulation that minimizes the maximum of the tasks' empirical risks. Via a certain relaxation of minimax MTL, we obtain a continuum of MTL formulations spanning minimax MTL and classical MTL. The full paradigm itself is loss-compositional, operating on the vector of empirical risks. It incorporates minimax MTL, its relaxations, and many new MTL formulations as special cases. We show theoretically that minimax MTL tends to avoid worst case outcomes on newly drawn test tasks in the learning to learn (LTL) test setting. The results of several MTL formulations on synthetic and real problems in the MTL and LTL test settings are encouraging.
Planet Formation in the Outer Solar System

This paper reviews coagulation models for planet formation in the Kuiper belt, emphasizing links to recent observations of our and other solar systems. At heliocentric distances of 35-50 AU, single-annulus and multiannulus planetesimal accretion calculations produce several 1000 km or larger planets and many 50-500 km objects on timescales of 10-30 Myr in a minimum-mass solar nebula. Planets form more rapidly in more massive nebulae. All models yield two power-law cumulative size distributions, with for radii q N ∝ rq p 3.0-3.5 C km and for radii km. These size distributions are consistent with observations of Kuiper 2.5 r 10 N ∝ rr 1 C belt objects acquired during the past decade. Once large objects form at 35-50 AU, gravitational stirring leads to a collisional cascade where 0.1-10 km objects are ground to dust. The collisional cascade removes 80%-90% of the initial mass in the nebula in ∼1 Gyr. This dust production rate is comparable to rates inferred for a Lyr, b Pic, and other extrasolar debris disk systems.
Chern-Simons Modified General Relativity

Chern–Simons modified gravity is an effective extension of general relativity that captures leading-order, gravitational parity violation. Such an effective theory is motivated by anomaly cancelation in particle physics and string theory. In this review, we begin by providing a pedagogical derivation of the three distinct ways such an extension arises: (1) in particle physics, (2) from string theory and (3) geometrically. We then review many exact and approximate vacuum solutions of the modified theory, and discuss possible matter couplings. Following this, we review the myriad astrophysical, solar system, gravitational wave and cosmological probes that bound Chern–Simons modified gravity, including discussions of cosmic baryon asymmetry and inflation. The review closes with a discussion of possible future directions in which to test and study gravitational parity violation.
Fault tolerance in distributed systems using fused state machines

Replication is a standard technique for fault tolerance in distributed systems modeled as deterministic finite state machines (DFSMs or machines). To correct $$f$$ f crash or $$\lfloor f/2 \rfloor $$ ? f / 2 ? Byzantine faults among $$n$$ n different machines, replication requires $$nf$$ n f backup machines. We present a solution called fusion that requires just $$f$$ f backup machines. First, we build a framework for fault tolerance in DFSMs based on the notion of Hamming distances. We introduce the concept of an ( $$f$$ f , $$m$$ m )-fusion, which is a set of $$m$$ m backup machines that can correct $$f$$ f crash faults or $$\lfloor f/2 \rfloor $$ ? f / 2 ? Byzantine faults among a given set of machines. Second, we present an algorithm to generate an ( $$f$$ f , $$f$$ f )-fusion for a given set of machines. We ensure that our backups are efficient in terms of the size of their state and event sets. Third, we use locality sensitive hashing for the detection and correction of faults that incurs almost the same overhead as that for replication. We detect Byzantine faults with time complexity $$O(n f)$$ O ( n f ) on average while we correct crash and Byzantine faults with time complexity $$O(n \rho f)$$ O ( n ? f ) with high probability, where $$\rho $$ ? is the average state reduction achieved by fusion. Finally, our evaluation of fusion on the widely used MCNC'91 benchmarks for DFSMs shows that the average state space savings in fusion (over replication) is 38 % (range 0---99 %). To demonstrate the practical use of fusion, we describe its potential application to two areas: sensor networks and the MapReduce framework. In the case of sensor networks a fusion-based solution can lead to significantly fewer sensor-nodes than a replication-based solution. For the MapReduce framework, fusion can reduce the number of map-tasks compared to replication. Hence, fusion results in considerable savings in state space and other resources such as the power needed to run the backups.
Computers can't give credit: how automatic attribution falls short in an online remixing community

In this paper, we explore the role that attribution plays in shaping user reactions to content reuse, or remixing, in a large user-generated content community. We present two studies using data from the Scratch online community - a social media platform where hundreds of thousands of young people share and remix animations and video games. First, we present a quantitative analysis that examines the effects of a technological design intervention introducing automated attribution of remixes on users' reactions to being remixed. We compare this analysis to a parallel examination of "manual" credit-giving. Second, we present a qualitative analysis of twelve in-depth, semi-structured, interviews with Scratch participants on the subject of remixing and attribution. Results from both studies suggest that automatic attribution done by technological systems (i.e., the listing of names of contributors) plays a role that is distinct from, and less valuable than, credit which may superficially involve identical information but takes on new meaning when it is given by a human remixer. We discuss the implications of these findings for the designers of online communities and social media platforms.
Dependency parsing with dynamic Bayesian network

Exact parsing with finite state automata is deemed in-apropriate because of the unbounded non-locality languages overwhelmingly exhibit. We propose a way to structure the parsing task in order to make it amenable to local classification methods. This allows us to build a Dynamic Bayesian Network which uncovers the syntactic dependency structure of English sentences. Experiments with the Wall Street Journal demonstrate that the model successfully learns from labeled data.
Diffuse Optical Light in Galaxy Clusters. II. Correlations with Cluster Properties

We have measured the flux, profile, color, and substructure in the diffuse intracluster light (ICL) in a sample of 10 galaxy clusters with a range of mass, morphology, redshift, and density. Deep, wide-field observations for this project were made in two bands at the 1 m Swope and 2.5 m du Pont telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory. Careful attention in reduction and analysis was paid to the illumination correction, background subtraction, point-spread function determination, and galaxy subtraction. ICL flux is detected in both bands in all 10 clusters ranging from 7.6 × 10^(10) to 7.0 × 10^(11) h^(-1)_(70) L_⊙ in r and 1.4 × 10^(10) to 1.2 × 10^(11) h^(-1)_(70) L_⊙ in the B band. These fluxes account for 6%-22% of the total cluster light within one-quarter of the virial radius in r and 4%-21% in the B band. Average ICL B - r colors range from 1.5 to 2.8 mag when k- and evolution corrected to the present epoch. In several clusters we also detect ICL in group environments near the cluster center and up to 1 h^(-1)_(70) Mpc distant from the cluster center. Our sample, having been selected from the Abell sample, is incomplete in that it does not include high-redshift clusters with low density, low flux, or low mass, and it does not include low-redshift clusters with high flux, high mass, or high density. This bias makes it difficult to interpret correlations between ICL flux and cluster properties. Despite this selection bias, we do find that the presence of a cD galaxy corresponds to both centrally concentrated galaxy profiles and centrally concentrated ICL profiles. This is consistent with ICL either forming from galaxy interactions at the center or forming at earlier times in groups and later combining in the center.
Dimensional reduction for directed branched polymers

Dimensional reduction occurs when the critical behaviour of one system can be related to that of another system in a lower dimension. We show that this occurs for directed branched polymers (DBP) by giving an exact relationship between DBP models in D + 1 dimensions and repulsive gases at negative activity in D dimensions. This implies relations between exponents of the two models: γ( D +1 ) = α(D) (the exponent describing the singularity of the pressure), and ν⊥(D +1 ) = ν(D) (the correlation length exponent of the repulsive gas). It also leads to the relation θ( D +1 ) = 1+ σ( D), where σ( D)is the Yang–Lee edge exponent. We derive exact expressions for the number of DBP of size N in two dimensions.
Far-infrared imaging of NGC 55

We present images of the galaxy NGC 55 at 24, 70, and 160 μm obtained with the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) instrument on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. The new images display the far infrared emission in unprecedented detail and demonstrate that the infrared morphology differs dramatically from that at shorter wavelengths. The most luminous emission region in the galaxy is marginally resolved at 24 μm and has a projected separation of nearly 520 pc from the peak emission in the optical and near-infrared. This region is responsible for ~9% of the total emission at 24 μm and is likely a young star formation region. We show that this and other compact sources account for more than one-third of the total 24 μm emission. We compute a total infrared luminosity for NGC 55 of 1.2 × 109 L⊙. The star formation rate implied by our measurements is 0.22 M⊙ yr-1. We demonstrate that the cold dust is more extended than the warm dust in NGC 55—the minor-axis scale heights are 0.32, 0.43, and 0.49 kpc at 24, 70, and 160 μm, respectively. The dust temperature map shows a range of temperatures that are well correlated with the 24 μm surface brightness, from 20 K in low surface brightness regions to 26 K in high surface brightness regions.
Synthesis‐Fabrication of an Al2O3‐Tungsten Carbide Composite

A composite of 70 vol% Al2O3 and 30 vol% tungsten carbide was formed by hot-pressing. Simultaneously carbon reacts with an intimate mixture of WO3 and Al2O3 to form a dense body. The composite approached theoretical density; a 1-to-10-μm carbide phase was uniformly dispersed in a 2-μm Al2O3 matrix. Maximum density and fine-grained microstructure were obtained when pressure was applied during heating from 1200° to 1600°C and temperature and pressure were then maintained for 20 min. At an initial ratio of 2.8 and 2.9 mol C/mol WO3, the tungsten appeared as free W, WC, and W2C. For C/WO3=3.0 to 3.6, mixtures of W2C and WC were present, whereas for C/WO3>3.6, free C appeared with WC. The effects of the hot-pressing parameters are discussed.
Using input command pre-shaping to suppress multiple mode vibration

Spacecraft, space-borne robotic systems, and manufacturing equipment often utilize lightweight materials and configurations that give rise to vibration problems. Prior research has led to the development of input command preshapers that can significantly reduce residual vibration. These shapers exhibit marked insensitivity to errors in natural frequency estimates and can be combined to minimize vibration at more than one frequency. A method for the development of multiple mode input shapers which are simpler to implement than previous designs and produce smaller system response delays is presented. The new technique involves the solution of a group of simultaneous nonlinear impulse constraint equations. The resulting shapers were tested on a model of MACE, an MIT/NASA experimental flexible structure. >
The Velocity Function of Galaxies

We present a galaxy circular velocity function, Ψ(log v), derived from existing luminosity functions and luminosity-velocity relations. Such a velocity function is desirable for several reasons. First, it enables an objective comparison of luminosity functions obtained in different bands and for different galaxy morphologies, with a statistical correction for dust extinction. In addition, the velocity function simplifies comparison of observations with predictions from high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations. We derive velocity functions from five different data sets and find rough agreement among them, but about a factor of 2 variation in amplitude. These velocity functions are then compared with N-body simulations of a ΛCDM model (corrected for baryonic infall) in order to demonstrate both the utility and the current limitations of this approach. The number density of dark matter halos and the slope of the velocity function near v*, the circular velocity corresponding to an ~L* spiral galaxy, are found to be comparable to those of observed galaxies. The primary sources of uncertainty in construction of Ψ(log v) from observations and N-body simulations are discussed, and explanations to account for discrepancies are suggested.
Adaptive wavelet transforms via lifting

This paper develops two new adaptive wavelet transforms based on the lifting scheme. The lifting construction exploits a spatial-domain, prediction-error interpretation of the wavelet transform and provides a powerful framework for designing customized transforms. We use the lifting construction to adaptively tune a wavelet transform to a desired signal by optimizing data-based prediction error criteria. The performances of the new transforms are compared to existing wavelet transforms, and applications to signal denoising are investigated.
NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND LOOKING BEYOND THEM*

The paper addresses the empirical signiflcance of the social context in economic decisions. Decisions of individuals who share spatial and social milieus are likely to be interdependent, and econometric identiflcation of social efiects poses intricate data and methodological problems, including dealing with self-selection in spatial and social groups. It uses a simple empirical framework to introduce social interactions efiects at difierent levels of aggregation, and examines estimation problems into linear models, the impact of self-selection and of nonlinearities. It also examines neighborhood efiects in job matching and proposes a research agenda that ofiers new techniques and data sources.
Does Reducing Spatial Differentiation Increase Product Differentiation? Effects of Zoning on Retail Entry and Format Variety *

This paper investigates the impact of spatial zoning restrictions on retail market outcomes. We estimate a structural model of entry, location and format choice across a large number of markets in the presence of zoning restrictions. The paper contributes to the literature in three ways: First, the paper demonstrates that the omission of zoning restrictions in the extant literature on entry and location choice leads to biased estimates of the factors affecting market potential and competitive intensity. Second, the cross-market variations in zoning regulations helps us test and provide evidence for the theory that constraints on spatial differentiation will lead to greater product differentiation. Finally, we provide qualitative insight on how zoning impacts retail entry and format variety; in particular we evaluate the impact of prototypical zoning arrangements such as “centralized,” “neighborhood,” and “outskirt” zoning on entry and format variety.
Ion recognition properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)

In the search for new sensors, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have gained intensive interest due to their nanometre size, highly-ordered structures, and molecular recognition properties. This article presents an overview of ion recognition at SAM-modified surface/solution interfaces, and brings up to date the most notable examples for the sensing of cations and anions. Sensing is achieved with SAMs containing redox active and inactive receptors using techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
NICMOS Observations of Interaction-triggered Star Formation in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6090*

High-resolution 1.1, 1.6, and 2.2 μm imaging of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6090 obtained with NICMOS on the Hubble Space Telescope is presented. These new observations are centered on the two nuclei of the merger and reveal the spiral structure of the eastern galaxy and the amorphous nature of the western galaxy. The nuclear separation of 3.2 kpc (H0 = 75 km s-1 Mpc-1) indicates that NGC 6090 is at an intermediate stage of merging. Bright knots/clusters are also visible in the region overlapping the merging galaxies; four of these knots appear bluer than the underlying galaxies and have colors consistent with young (≤107 yr) star clusters. The spatial coincidence of the knots with the molecular gas in NGC 6090 indicates that much of the present star formation is occurring outside the nuclear region of merging galaxies, consistent with recent studies of other double nucleus luminous infrared galaxies.
Imaging of dissipative structures in the near field of a turbulent non-premixed jet flame

Abstract Two-dimensional laser Rayleigh measurements of thermal gradient structures are performed in a turbulent non-premixed jet flame. The measurements focus on the near field (10 nozzle diameters downstream of the jet exit) where traditional scaling laws from the self-similar far field of non-reacting jets are not necessarily applicable. The optical performance of the high-resolution imaging system is characterized. The square of the temperature gradient field is analyzed by calculating the power spectral density (PSD) and by directly measuring the thicknesses of the layer-like structures. Fully resolved spectra extending over three orders of magnitude in PSD are obtained using a new noise cancellation technique. Some spatial filtering (smoothing) is necessary to reliably measure the layer-normal structure widths in the images. The probability density function (PDF) of the layer widths is found to be approximately log-normal. The PDFs of the 20-percent-full-width layer thicknesses have peak values at 216 and 368 μm for r/d = 0 and r/d = 1, respectively. The peak of the layer-thickness probability density function (PDF) occurs at a length scale where the PSD is at approximately 0.5 percent of its maximum in both the low-temperature centerline region and the region near the maximum mean temperature.
Where Have We Come From? Where Do We Go from Here? Thirty Years of Death Education in Schools

This article looks at the evolution of death education through the eyes of one high school teacher, considered by some to be a pioneer in the field of death education. It looks at the start of one school’s death education course more than thirty years ago and follows the themes that influenced its curriculum: consumerism, control, parenting, loss, and communication. The conclusion examines possible directions in the future.
Indirect adaptive control of a class of marine vehicles

A nonlinear adaptive framework for bounded-error tracking control of a class of non-minimum phase marine vehicles is presented. The control algorithm relies on a special set of tracking errors to achieve satisfactory tracking performance while guaranteeing stable internal dynamics. First, the design of a model-based nonlinear control law, guaranteeing asymptotic stability of the error dynamics, is presented. This control algorithm solves the tracking problem for the considered class of marine vehicles, assuming full knowledge of the system model. Then, the analysis of the zero-dynamics is carried out, which illustrates the efficacy of the chosen set of tracking errors in stabilizing the internal dynamics. Finally, an indirect adaptive technique, relying on a partial state predictor, is used to address parametric uncertainties in the model. The resulting adaptive control algorithm guarantees Lyapunov stability of the errors and parameter estimates, as well as asymptotic convergence of the errors to zero. Numerical simulations illustrate the performance of the adaptive algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of Ding's Schubert Varieties: Finer Rook Equivalence

First published in The Canadian Journal of Mathematics, volume 59, no. 1, 2007, published by the Canadian Mathematical Society.
Permanent Underdetermination from Approximate Empirical Equivalence in Field Theory: Massless and Massive Scalar Gravity, Neutrino, Electromagnetic, Yang-Mills and Gravitational Theories

Classical and quantum field theory provide not only realistic examples of extant notions of empirical equivalence, but also new notions of empirical equivalence, both modal and occurrent. A simple but modern gravitational case goes back to the 1890s, but there has been apparently total neglect of the simplest relativistic analog, with the result that an erroneous claim has taken root that Special Relativity could not have accommodated gravity even if there were no bending of light. The fairly recent acceptance of nonzero neutrino masses shows that widely neglected possibilities for nonzero particle masses have sometimes been vindicated. In the electromagnetic case, there is permanent underdetermination at the classical and quantum levels between Maxwell’s theory and the one-parameter family of Proca’s electromagnetisms with massive photons, which approximate Maxwell’s theory in the limit of zero photon mass. While Yang-Mills theories display similar approximate equivalence classically, quantization typically breaks this equivalence. A possible exception, including unified electroweak theory, might permit a mass term for the photons but not the Yang-Mills vector bosons. Underdetermination between massive and massless (Einstein) gravity even at the classical level is subject to contemporary controversy.
Double diastereoselectivity in the intramolecular nitrile oxide-olefin cycloaddition (INOC) reaction.

Abstract An investigation of relative asymmetric induction and double diastereoselectivity in the intramolecular nitrile oxide-olefin cycloaddition (INOC) reaction is presented.
Efficient crowdsourcing for multi-class labeling

Crowdsourcing systems like Amazon's Mechanical Turk have emerged as an effective large-scale human-powered platform for performing tasks in domains such as image classification, data entry, recommendation, and proofreading. Since workers are low-paid (a few cents per task) and tasks performed are monotonous, the answers obtained are noisy and hence unreliable. To obtain reliable estimates, it is essential to utilize appropriate inference algorithms (e.g. Majority voting) coupled with structured redundancy through task assignment. Our goal is to obtain the best possible trade-off between reliability and redundancy. In this paper, we consider a general probabilistic model for noisy observations for crowd-sourcing systems and pose the problem of minimizing the total price (i.e. redundancy) that must be paid to achieve a target overall reliability. Concretely, we show that it is possible to obtain an answer to each task correctly with probability 1-e as long as the redundancy per task is O((K/q) log (K/e)), where each task can have any of the $K$ distinct answers equally likely, q is the crowd-quality parameter that is defined through a probabilistic model. Further, effectively this is the best possible redundancy-accuracy trade-off any system design can achieve. Such a single-parameter crisp characterization of the (order-)optimal trade-off between redundancy and reliability has various useful operational consequences. Further, we analyze the robustness of our approach in the presence of adversarial workers and provide a bound on their influence on the redundancy-accuracy trade-off.Unlike recent prior work [GKM11, KOS11, KOS11], our result applies to non-binary (i.e. K>2) tasks. In effect, we utilize algorithms for binary tasks (with inhomogeneous error model unlike that in [GKM11, KOS11, KOS11]) as key subroutine to obtain answers for K-ary tasks. Technically, the algorithm is based on low-rank approximation of weighted adjacency matrix for a random regular bipartite graph, weighted according to the answers provided by the workers.
Impact of Income on Price and Income Responses in the Differential Demand System

An extension of the Rotterdam model is developed that makes the model’s income flexibility and marginal propensities to consume varying coefficients. Frisch’s duality relationships that the second partial derivatives of demand with respect to income and prices are independent of the order of differentiation are imposed with the marginal propensities to consume specified as functions of income and price, and th eS lutsky coefficients specified as functions of income only. A uniform substitute specification is used to analyze the conditional demands for a group of beverages.
COMPONENTS OF THE EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND

We present new theoretical estimates of the relative contributions of unresolved blazars and star-forming galaxies to the extragalactic ?-ray background (EGB) and discuss constraints on the contributions from alternative mechanisms such as dark matter annihilation and truly diffuse ?-ray production. We find that the Fermi source count data do not rule out a scenario in which the EGB is dominated by emission from unresolved blazars, though unresolved star-forming galaxies may also contribute significantly to the background, within order-of-magnitude uncertainties. In addition, we find that the spectrum of the unresolved star-forming galaxy contribution cannot explain the EGB spectrum found by EGRET at energies between 50 and 200 MeV, whereas the spectrum of unresolved flat spectrum radio quasars, when accounting for the energy-dependent effects of source confusion, could be consistent with the combined spectrum of the low-energy EGRET EGB measurements and the Fermi-Large Area Telescope EGB measurements.
Asymptotic regulation of minimum phase nonlinear systems using output feedback

We consider a single-input/single-output (SISO) nonlinear system which has a well-defined normal form with asymptotically stable zero dynamics. We allow the system's equation to depend on constant uncertain parameters and disturbance inputs which do not change the relative degree. Our goal is to design an output feedback controller which regulates the output to a constant reference. The integral of the regulation error is augmented to the system equation, and a robust output feedback controller is designed to bring the state of the closed-loop system to a positively invariant set. Once inside this set, the trajectories approach a unique equilibrium point at which the regulation error is zero. We give regional as well as semiglobal results.
Neutrino-neutrino scattering and matter-enhanced neutrino flavor transformation in supernovae.

We examine matter-enhanced neutrino flavor transformation ([nu][sub [tau]([mu])[r reversible]][nu][sub [ital e]]) in the region above the neutrino sphere in type II supernovae. Our treatment explicitly includes contributions to the neutrino-propagation Hamiltonian from neutrino-neutrino forward scattering. A proper inclusion of these contributions shows that they have a completely negligible effect on the range of the [nu][sub [ital e]-][nu][sub [tau]([mu])] vacuum mass-squared difference [delta][ital m][sup 2], and vacuum mixing angle [theta] or equivalently sin[sup 2]2[theta], required for enhanced supernova shock reheating. When neutrino background effects are included, we find that [ital r]-process nucleosynthesis from neutrino-heated supernova ejecta remains a sensitive probe of the mixing between a light [nu][sub [ital e]] and a [nu][sub [tau]([mu])] with a cosmologically significant mass. Neutrino-neutrino scattering contributions are found to have a generally small effect on the ([delta][ital m][sup 2], sin[sup 2]2[theta]) parameter region probed by [ital r]-process nucleosynthesis. We point out that the nonlinear effects of the neutrino background extend the range of sensitivity of [ital r]-process nucleosynthesis to smaller values of [delta][ital m][sup 2].
SN2 Ring Opening of β-Lactones: An Alternative to Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Additions

Merging catalytic asymmetric acyl halide-aldehyde cyclocondensation (AAC) reactions with ensuing Grignard-mediated ring opening of the derived enantiomerically enriched β-lactones is presented as a generally useful asymmetric synthesis of β-disubstituted carboxylic acids. Enantiomerically enriched β-lactones are subject to efficient SN2 ring opening with a variety of copper-modified alkyl Grignard reagents, including highly branched nucleophiles. Considerable structural variation in the lactone electrophile is also tolerated. Phenyl- and vinyl-derived organometallics are not efficient nucleophiles for the ring-opening reactions.
Intraorganizational Network Dynamics in Times of Ambiguity

Contrary to the assumption of relational inertia that is prevalent in much of the research on organizational change, I propose that intraorganizational networks are instead subject to transitory shifts when organizational change produces high levels of ambiguity for employees. I develop a theoretical account of how networks defined by formal, semiformal, and informal organizational structure change in response to heightened ambiguity. I argue that, when ambiguity increases, people will tend to 1 decrease communication with formal network ties that do not have a significant semiformal component, 2 increase communication with semiformal network ties that do not have a significant formal component, and 3 increase communication with informal network ties. Empirical support for these propositions comes from unique data-including 40 weeks of archived email metadata, the full roster of email distribution lists, personnel records, and qualitative interviews-that span the period before, during, and after an ambiguity-producing restructuring at a large information services firm. These findings contribute to research on organizational structure, organizational change, and social capital activation and also have implications for management practice.
Catalytic cross-coupling reactions mediated by palladium/nucleophilic carbene systems

Abstract In this mini-review, we present a summary of our recent work in the field of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, with emphasis on the use of nucleophilic N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) as ancillary ligand. The palladium-mediated coupling reactions investigated include the Suzuki–Miyaura, Kumada–Tamao–Corriu, Heck, Sonogashira, Stille, Hiyama and aryl amination reactions.
On the secrecy rate of interference networks using structured codes

This paper shows that structured transmission schemes are a good choice for secret communication over interference networks with an eavesdropper. Structured transmission is shown to exploit channel asymmetries and thus perform better than randomly generated codebooks for such channels. For a class of interference channels, we show that an equivocation sum-rate that is within two bits of the maximum possible legitimate communication sum-rate is achievable using lattice codes.
Casey’s Legacy

Five years ago, the author performed a high-risk procedure on infant "Casey" to address her critical condition from congenital heart disease, forgoing more conservative medical management. Neither course had good prospects for success. But the author unknowingly pierced an artery during the difficult procedure, and the child died immediately. He overcame an initial impulse to remain quiet for what he saw as a mistake in judgment, overreaching in his desire to succeed. After he fully explained what had happened, the parents generously thanked him for trying to help, and he could engage in an emotional farewell.
Aminotroponiminato complexes of silicon, germanium, tin and lead

Abstract Aminotroponiminates are very useful ligands in group 14 chemistry. They readily form complexes with both low and high valent group 14 metal ions. Synthesis, structural features and some chemistry of aminotroponiminato silicon, germanium, tin and lead derivatives are reviewed.
CHLORINE SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS USING TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID WITH TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE

Abstract Trichloroisocyanuric acid with triphenylphosphine in anhydrous acetonitrile will convert alcohols into alkyl halides, carboxylic acids into acid chlorides, 1, 3-diketones into vinyl chlorides, and amides into nitriles.
Consumer Decision‐making at an Internet Shopbot: Brand Still Matters

Internet shopbots compare prices and service levels at competing retailers, creating a laboratory for analysing consumer choice. We analyse 20,268 shopbot consumers who select various books from 33 retailers over 69 days. Although each retailer oiers a homogeneous product, we ¢nd that brand is an important determinant of consumer choice. The three most heavily branded retailers hold a $1.72 price advantage over more generic retailers in head-to-head price comparisons. In particular, we ¢nd that consumers use brand as a proxy for retailer credibility in non-contractible aspects of the product and service bundle, such as shipping reliability.
21 cm radiation: A new probe of fundamental physics

New low frequency radio telescopes currently being built open up the possibility of observing the 21 cm radiation from redshifts 200 > z > 30, also known as the dark ages, see Furlanetto, Oh, & Briggs(2006) for a review. At these high redshifts, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is absorbed by neutral hydrogen at its 21 cm hyperfine transition. This redshifted 21 cm signal thus carries information about the state of the early Universe and can be used to test fundamental physics. The 21 cm radiation probes a volume of the early Universe on kpc scales in contrast with CMB which probes a surface (of some finite thickness) on Mpc scales. Thus there is many orders of more information available, in principle, from the 21 cm observations of dark ages. We have studied the constraints these observations can put on the variation of fundamental constants (Khatri & Wandelt(2007)). Since the 21 cm signal depends on atomic physics it is very sensitive to the variations in the fine structure constant and can place constraints comparable to or better than the other astrophysical experiments (Δα/α= < 10−5) as shown in Figure 1. Making such observations will require radio telescopes of collecting area 10 - 106 km2 compared to ~ 1 km2 of current telescopes, for example LOFAR. We should also expect similar sensitivity to the electron to proton mass ratio. One of the challenges in observing this 21 cm cosmological signal is the presence of the synchrotron foregrounds which is many orders of magnitude larger than the cosmological signal but the two can be separated because of their different statistical nature (Zaldarriaga, Furlanetto, & Hernquist(2004)). Terrestrial EM interference from radio/TV etc. and Earth&s ionosphere poses problems for telescopes on ground which may be solved by going to the Moon and there are proposals for doing so, one of which is the Dark Ages Lunar Interferometer (DALI). In conclusion 21 cm cosmology promises a large wealth of data and provides the only way to observe the redshift range between recombination and reionization.
Grand unification of AGN and the accretion and spin paradigms

Abstract While attempts to unify certain classes of AGN using orientation and environmental effects have been successful, it is widely recognized that intrinsic properties of the accreting black hole system also must play a role in determining the appearance of such an object. In addition to mass and accretion rate, the angular momentum (or spin) of the black hole can play a crucial role in determining the power of a relativistic jet that is generated by magneto-hydrodynamic acceleration near the hole. In this paper a scenario is presented, based on accretion theory and recent models of MHD jet production, in which the primary (although not only) parameter differentiating between radio loud and quiet objects is the black hole spin, and that determining quasar vs. radio galaxy is the accretion rate. A surprising number of desirable features result from these simple concepts and the accompanying equations. In addition, there are several testable predictions that can determine whether this grand unification scheme has further merit.
An approach to capacity analysis of coarsely coordinated low power multiple access systems

We consider multiaccess problem in low power systems, where we allow each user to select its own data rate and transmit power locally and independently from other users. Here, every user has a set of low power codebooks, labeled a "policy," which accommodates a range of small spectral efficiencies, while treating instantaneous data rates of other users as an unknown compound parameter. Even with such coarse user coordination, multiuser detection enables a system, which is superior to any classic orthogonal division system. First we fully characterise the set of achievable policies, after which we demonstrate that in multiantenna systems, policies are be viewed as awarding protected receiver spatial dimensions to each user.
Anderson localization for radial tree-like random quantum graphs

We prove that certain random models associated with radial, tree-like, rooted quantum graphs exhibit Anderson localization at all energies. The two main examples are the random length model (RLM) and the random Kirchhoff model (RKM). In the RLM, the lengths of each generation of edges form a family of independent, identically distributed random variables (iid). For the RKM, the iid random variables are associated with each generation of vertices and moderate the current flow through the vertex. We consider extensions to various families of decorated graphs and prove stability of localization with respect to decoration. In particular, we prove Anderson localization for the random necklace model.
Wind Turbine Performance Under Icing Conditions

The effects of rime ice on horizontal axis wind turbine performance were estimated. For typical supercooled fog conditions found in cold northern regions, four rime ice accretions on the S809 wind turbine airfoil were predicted using the NASA LEWICE code. The resulting airfoil/ice profile combinations were wind tunnel tested to obtain the lift, drag, and pitching moment characteristics over the Reynolds number range 1--2 {times} 10{sup 6}. These data were used in the PROPID wind turbine performance prediction code to predict the effects of rime ice on a 450-kW rated-power, 28.7-m diameter turbine operated under both stall-regulated and variable-speed/variable-pitch modes. Performance losses on the order of 20% were observed for the variable-speed/variable-pitch rotor. For the stall-regulated rotor, however, a relatively small rime ice profile yielded significantly larger performance losses. For a larger 0.08c-long rime ice protrusion, however, the rated peak power was exceeded by 16% because at high angles the rime ice shape acted like a leading edge flap, thereby increasing the airfoil C{sub l,max} and delaying stall.
Time - Distance Solar Far-Side Imaging Using Three-Skip Acoustic Signals

The purpose of this work is to image solar far-side active regions using acoustic signals with three skips and improve the quality of existing images. The mapping of far-side active regions was first made possible using the helioseismic holography technique by use of four-skip acoustic signals. The quality of far-side images was later improved with the combination of four- and five-skip signals using the time – distance helioseismology technique. In this work, we explore the possibility of making three-skip far-side images of active regions, and improving the image quality by combining the three-skip images with the images obtained from existing techniques. A new method of combining images is proposed that increases the signal-to-noise ratio and reduces the appearance of spurious features.
The Anthropology of Crime and Criminalization

The ambiguity of the concept of crime is evident in the two strands of anthropological research covered in this review. One strand, the anthropology of criminalization, explores how state authorities, media, and citizen discourse define particular groups and practices as criminal, with prejudicial consequences. Examples are drawn from research on peasant rebellion, colonialism, youth, and racially or ethnically marked urban poor. The other strand traces ethnographic work on more or less organized illegal and predatory activity: banditry, rustling, trafficking, street gangs, and mafias. Although a criminalizing perspective tends to conflate these diverse forms of “organized” crime, in particular erasing the boundary between street gangs and drug trafficking, the forms have discrete histories and motivations. Their particularities, as well as their historical interactions, illuminate everyday responses to crime and suggest ways to put in perspective the “crime talk” of today, which borders on apocalyptic.
Managerial Mystique Magical Thinking in Judgments of Managers’ Vision, Charisma, and Magnetism

Successful businesspeople are often attributed somewhat mystical talents, such as the ability to mesmerize an audience or envision the future. We suggest that this mystique—the way some managers are perceived by observers—arises from the intuitive logic that psychologists and anthropologists call magical thinking. Consistent with this account, Study 1 found that perceptions of a manager’s mystique are associated with judgments of his or her charismatic vision and ability to forecast future business trends. The authors hypothesized that mystique arises especially when success is observed in the absence of mechanical causes, such as long hours or hard-won skills. In Study 2, managers who succeeded mysteriously rather than mechanically evoked participants’ attributions of foresight and their expectations of success at visionary tasks yet not at administrative tasks. The authors further hypothesized that as mystique is assumed to spread through contagion, observers desire physical contact with managers who ar...