cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrate flux from aquifer storage in excess of baseflow contribution during a rain event.

Abstract Nitrate flux from a bedrock aquifer due to a storm was calculated by hydrograph separation. The hydrograph generated by a 20-mm rain in Cedar River of Iowa was separated into the following three components: the constant baseflow, the rainwater, and the water released from aquifer in excess of baseflow. The separation was conducted by using oxygen isotopes, dissolved nitrate, and stream discharge. The peak discharge was 33 h long. During this period, the water released from the aquifer storage in excess of baseflow was 36% of the total discharge. The rainwater and the pre-storm baseflow equivalents were 17% and 47%, respectively. The nitrate concentrations in the instantaneous discharge ranged between 8.6 and 10.0 mg/L. The average concentrations in the rainwater and the baseflow were 3.7 and 9.8 mg/L, respectively. A total of 3.6×105 mol of nitrate was transported by the stream during the 33 h of peak discharge. Approximately 35% (1.3×105 mol) of this mass was derived from the aquifer storage in excess of baseflow contribution. The rainwater and the constant baseflow equivalents were 7% (2.6×104 mol) and 58% (2.1×105 mol), respectively. The release of a significant amount of nitrate from the aquifer suggests that the local geology is favorable for vertical recharge of rainwater which causes an increased fluid pressure within the aquifer forcing ground water to discharge laterally into the stream. Such observation also implies that the aquifer is effectively flushed out during storms, thus restricting long term build-up of nitrate from agricultural sources.
Stimulation of distal airspace fluid clearance in guinea pigs involves bumetanide-sensitive ion transport

Objective: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that beta-adrenoceptor stimulation of fetal lung fluid absorption in near-term guinea pig fetuses involves bumetanide-sensitive ion transport. Study design: Fetuses were obtained from timed-pregnant guinea pigs at 61 to 69 days' gestation with and without oxytocin-induced preterm labor. The fetuses were placed on continuous positive airway pressure oxygenation, and an isosmolar 5% albumin solution was instilled into the lungs. Distal airspace fluid clearance was measured over 1 hour from the increase in distal airspace protein concentration as fluid was reabsorbed with and without the Cl- transport inhibitor bumetanide. Results: Fetal lungs began to absorb distal airspace fluid at 64 to 66 days' gestation, and at birth, distal airspace fluid clearance rapidly quadrupled. Labor induction by oxytocin stimulated distal airspace fluid clearance. Distal airspace fluid clearance, when present, was sensitive to propranolol-inhibition and depended on beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. Fluid secretion at 61 days' gestation was reduced by bumetanide instillation. Bumetanide addition was only inhibitory when distal airspace fluid clearance was propranolol-sensitive. Conclusion: beta-adrenoceptor stimulation from endogenous fetal epinephrine increased fetal distal airspace fluid clearance and involved bumetanide-sensitive ion transport. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Less)
School closure as an influenza mitigation strategy: how variations in legal authority and plan criteria can alter the impact

States’ pandemic influenza plans and school closure statutes are intended to guide state and local officials, but most faced a great deal of uncertainty during the 2009 influenza H1N1 epidemic. Questions remained about whether, when, and for how long to close schools and about which agencies and officials had legal authority over school closures. This study began with analysis of states’ school-closure statutes and pandemic influenza plans to identify the variations among them. An agent-based model of one state was used to represent as constants a population’s demographics, commuting patterns, work and school attendance, and community mixing patterns while repeated simulations explored the effects of variations in school closure authority, duration, closure thresholds, and reopening criteria. The results show no basis on which to justify statewide rather than school-specific or community-specific authority for school closures. Nor do these simulations offer evidence to require school closures promptly at the earliest stage of an epidemic. More important are criteria based on monitoring of local case incidence and on authority to sustain closure periods sufficiently to achieve epidemic mitigation. This agent-based simulation suggests several ways to improve statutes and influenza plans. First, school closure should remain available to state and local authorities as an influenza mitigation strategy. Second, influenza plans need not necessarily specify the threshold for school closures but should clearly define provisions for early and ongoing local monitoring. Finally, school closure authority may be exercised at the statewide or local level, so long as decisions are informed by monitoring incidence in local communities and schools.
Elder respect: exploration of ideals and forms in East Asia

Abstract As a step toward a systematic study of the undervalued subject of elder respect, this study explores the forms of elder respect practiced by East Asians and distinguishes a comprehensive set of 14 forms of elder respect ranging from care respect to ancestor respect. Traditional Confucian teachings associated with respect for parents and elders were reviewed, forms of elder respect practiced by Asians are explored based on findings from recent studies conducted in Asia, and the meanings of the forms are summarized. Changing expressions of elder respect and its continuing influence are discussed.
Cost externalities and corporate diversification

Abstract This paper examines the optimal time of entry by established firms that strategically exploit cost externalities resulting from experience transfer from their core product line to the entered market. Established firms may delay entry even under conditions when newborn firms would enter early. The paper can also explain other entry scenarios, including early diversification at an initial loss into markets that newborn firms would never enter. The shape of the experience curve in the entered market strongly affects these differences in scenarios.
Correction of Anomalous Systemic Venous Drainage in Heterotaxy Syndrome

A 3-month-old patient with heterotaxy syndrome, complex intracardiac malformations, and severe heart failure underwent surgical correction. Anatomy included an interrupted inferior vena cava with hemiazygous continuation to a persistent left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium. The presence of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage precluded an intraatrial baffle. Systemic venous reconstruction was achieved using the left atrial appendage along with an intracardiac repair of the other defects.
Direct seeding of grass species for sand dune stabilization on the mid-Atlantic sea coast

The stabilization of moving sand dunes at Provincetown, Massachusetts, depends, to a large degree, upon the environmental factors of wind, temperature and rainfall. Direct seedings of grasses for the purpose of stilling these moving dunes can be wiped out totally by the severe northeast and northwest winds which occur in the very early spring. In this study, 9 different mulches were used with 12 grass varieties to examine their value in the establishment and survival of vegetation. The grasses were seeded with a grain drill, the planting units of which had been modified to incorporate the seed to a minimum depth of 5 cm. Evaluation of the mulches showed that the sodium silicate plots had slightly better grass emergence and establishment than the plots with the other mulches. In the unmulched check plots, grasses established themselves as well as or better than in some of the mulched plots. The species that survived, grew well, and controlled the drifting sand were coastal panicgrass, tall fescue, weeping lovegrass, and switchgrass. The study showed that large dune areas can be successfully seeded provided the right grass species are used, fertility levels are good initially and maintained, and provided, also, that climatic factors cooperate.
Beginning Again at the End(s) of Ethnography: Response to “The Man at the End of the Machine”

When I was preparing to write a chapter on Kate Millett for my book Feminist Thought (1 994), I first reread Sexual Politics (1 970) and then Millett’s autobiographical texts, Flying (1 974) and Sita (1 976). In a passage from one of the autobiographies (at least as I remember it, and I can only remember it because I cannot now find the passage), Millett tells about a conversation reported to her by Steven Marcus. Marcus was the chairman of Millett’s dissertation committee at Columbia University and SexualPolitics was Millett’s dissertation, for which she received a Ph.D. in English. The conversation which Marcus reported to Millett was between Marcus and Norman Mailer; Mailer was complaining. Millett’s critique of Mailer’s writings (along with the writings of D.H. Lawrence, Jean Genet, and Henry Miller) plays no small part in Sexual Politics; she focuses her criticism on Mailer’s insistent presentation of images of anal intercourse-sodomizing women to humiliate and subordinate them to men. Mailer’s complaint was that one of the scenes from one of his texts is misrepresented by Millett; it is not a scene of sodomy, as Millett had described it to be. Marcus, at least as I now remember it, tells this to Millett but she does not seem to care, or at least no change in Sexual Politics is made. So, the “bible” of the new women’s movement, as the popular press first dubbed Sexual Politics, harbors within it a misrepresentation! Had Millett needed to see Mailer in only one way in order to make her point? Had she needed to misrepresent him
Spectroscopic Mapping of the Nonequilibrium between Electron and Excitation Temperatures in a 1 ATM Helium ARC

The thermostatic states of a 100 amp, 1.016 bar, free-burning helium short arc with a 10 mm electrode gap are mapped from spectroscopic measurements at eight cross sections. The theoretical model used is a multifluids model extended to consider nonequilibrium between electron and excitation temperatures, as well as simple nonequilibrium among excited electronic levels. Seven helium lines are used to determine population densities and upper level excitation temperatures. The electron density is calculated from continuum intensity measurements at C4690. Electron temperatures are found from an astrophysical method suggested by Athay and Menzel. The effective total excitation temperature is obtained by iteration using the multifluids model. The results indicate total excitation temperature values close to the usually calculated "LTE" temperatures, but electron temperatures up to three times larger than the total excitation temperature on the arc centerline near the electrodes. The ratio is approximately 1.5 in the middle of the arc. The heavy particle kinetic temperatures appear to follow the electron temperature, except near the anode, where they drop to values smaller than the total excitation temperatures.
Solder creep-fatigue interactions with flexible leaded parts

With flexible leaded parts, the solder-joint failure process involves a complex interplay of creep and fatigue mechanisms. To better understand the role of creep in typical multi-hour cyclic loading conditions, a specialized non-linear finite-element creep simulation computer program has been formulated. The numerical algorithm includes the complete part-lead-solder-PWB system, accounting for strain-rate dependence of creep on applied stress and temperature, and the role of the part-lead dimensions and flexibility that determine the total creep deflection (solder strain range) during stress relaxation. The computer program has been used to explore the effects of various solder creep-fatigue parameters such as lead height and stiffness, thermal-cycle test profile, and part/board differential thermal expansion properties. One of the most interesting findings is the strong presence of unidirectional creep-ratcheting that occurs during thermal cycling due to temperature dominated strain-rate effects. To corroborate the solder fatigue model predictions, a number of carefully controlled thermal-cycle tests have been conducted using special bimetallic test boards.
Spatial relationships of soil microbial biomass and C and N Mineralization in a semi-arid shrub-steppe ecosystem

Abstract Microbial mineralization of both C and N in the shrub-steppe soils of central Washington influence plant productivity and ecosystem stability. Microbial processes in arid ecosystems are in turn influenced by heterogeneously-spaced plants and abiotic variables. Our objective was to determine the spatial relationships of C and N mineralization and microbial biomass to plant location. We measured inorganic N pools, microbial biomass and C and N mineralization potentials (C o , N o ) from 205 soil samples positioned around five Artemisia tridentata shrub plants. Most variables showed log normal distributions and all were significantly correlated to each other. Microbial biomass had the highest positive correlation with C mineralization and soluble C. The metabolic C quotient ( q CO 2 ) was twice that of other natural forest and grassland ecosystems. In addition the metabolic N quotient ( q N) was lower in the shrub-steppe soil compared to other ecosystems. The coupled metabolic quotients indicate the shrub-steppe soil has low substrate quality with a high N immobilization capacity. Geostatistical analysis of spatial relationships showed that samples were spatially related with each other to a distance of 0.5–1.0 m. At sample locations where microbial biomass was high Co was also high. In contrast. No was low in these areas. Cross-correlation with plants showed that C o was spatially related to shrubs and not to grass plants and that No was not related to any plant location. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that variables that are linearly correlated may not necessarily be spatially correlated. Our study showed that the resource island effect of nutrients and microbial biomass in the shrub-steppe ecosystem is important when estimating microbial processes at the landscape level.
A visual study of the breakdown of emulsions in porous coalescers

Abstract A two-dimensional photoetched glass flow cell was used to observe the process by which an emulsion was broken down by a granular porous coalescer. The effects of wettability, emulsion and collector zeta potentials, and emulsion droplet size on the coalescence phenomenon were studied. The possible use of a graded medium or a coalescer with mixed wettability to enhnce the coalescence process was also examined. Based on these visual studies, a set of guidelines was developed to aid in the selection of a porous coalescer for a given separation duty.
Effect of Two Ant Species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the Foraging and Survival of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rbinotermitidae)

We examined the effect of 2 ant species, the bigheaded ant, Pheidole megacephala (F.), and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr),on the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. We also examined how differences in the proportion of termite soldiers affected the susceptibility of C. formosanus to predation by P. megacephala . In sand-filled containers, C. formosanus was more vulnerable to predation by P. megacephala than by O. glaber . However, the presence of ants of either species caused substantial mortality of termite soldiers P. megacephala was much more invasive of termite galleries than O. glaber . Termites exposed to P. megacephala suffered greater mortality compared with controls, regardless of worker to soldier ratio. However, there was no difference in termite mortality among replicates with different worker to soldier ratios. In the absence of sand, both ant species caused 100% mortality of termites after 1 wk of exposure.
On Training the Mentally Retarded

This symposium is mainly about trainability, not educability as we have traditionally used this term. But, tradition is changing. There are educational/ training limits for everyone, handicapped and normal. However, this symposium is not actually about that either. Instead, the concern is with the training potential of persons with profound neurological impairments-whether or not they can be trained in functionally useful ways, the measurement of trainability, and practical problems encountered in training programs. There are other issues raised here, but the central theme is: Can we train everyone? My comments will be restricted to the trainability issue. The extent of my remarks about each paper should not be construed as reflecting a judgment of importance. All of the papers address issues that are of continuing concern. None has the final answer to the age old question of how to improve behavior. But through research and the exchange of ideas, such as those in this forum, we may ultimately find ways to improve the plight of the retarded. Mar t in . The title of Mart in 's paper is somewhat ambiguous. He aptly notes that the law requires only access to an education and not that children be educated. He states that educability is a legal concept but does not offer a legal definition. Since the law does not allow the judgment of ineducability, perhaps we are to assume that it holds all children to be educable. Possibly, the title merely reflects Mart in 's opinion on the matter. In any case, he clearly articulates the various issues pertaining to the determination of educability. Beginning with the premise that agencies and others want to avoid the responsibility of providing educational opportunity to the handicapped, he then describes the various evasive
What's New in Pediatric Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

Despite advances in carbon monoxide detection in the residential setting, this product of incomplete combustion continues to present a significant hazard to children. The clinician must have a high index of suspicion if a patient presents even with vague symptoms and signs that are consistent with carbon monoxide poisoning, which may produce both immediate and delayed effects. Treatment should focus on immediate administration of 100% oxygen, with consideration for hyperbaric oxygen.
Disaster response: one size does not fit all.

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the anthrax attacks just 1 week later, and, more recently, Hurricane Katrina have all sensitized our nation to some acute security vulnerabilities. Both September 11 and the anthrax attacks exposed Americans to the realities of terrorism on US soil. The federal response to these events was to regoranize and reprioritize government agencies leading to the passage of the Patriot Act and the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. However, Hurricane Katrina reminded us that in the absence of terrorists and enemies, natural disasters can also result in mass causalties and threaten health, safety, and security. Unfortunately, Katrina also grimly pointed out that despite significant planning and advance notice, protecting health in large impoverished urban communities presents unique challenges that, if unrecognized, will only serve to complicate intervention efforts. Although there are some things that authorities handled appropriately in the aftermath of Katrina, there were also several unidentified barriers that had a significant impact on the ability of authorities to intervene effectively. Had these issues been understood appropriately, they could have been more adequately addressed both before and after the hurricane.
Charring and non-additive chemical reactions during ramped pyrolysis: Applications to the characterization of sedimentary and soil organic material

Abstract Ramped pyrolysis is a useful thermal analysis technique for determining the stability, chronology and age distribution of sedimentary/soil organic matter (SOM), but may be limited in its potential applications by uncharacterized chemical reactions. We studied ramped pyrolysis thermal decomposition chemistry and kinetics using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and radiocarbon analyses, employing first order reaction kinetics. We show that ramped pyrolysis results in charring of organic materials by 425 °C, increasing the thermal stability of young and reactive carbon compounds. While the charring reactions observed affected neither sediment chronology interpretations, which normally depend on isotopic data from lower temperatures, nor determinations of relative thermal stability, they do affect interpretations of age distribution and source apportionment that use isotopic data from higher temperature intervals. We developed a charring correction from pyrolysis decomposition kinetics. This tool improves the ramped pyrolysis characterization of the age distribution of SOM and allows for further application of ramped pyrolysis to systems with petrogenic and/or naturally charred carbon sources.
Integration of neurosurgical image guidance and an intraoperative magnetic resonance scanner. The University Hospitals of Cleveland experience.

Background: Intraoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been employed as an alternative to image guidance using preoperative images. We integrated both systems to evaluate their clinical use. Methods: The BrainLAB VectorVisionTM system was integrated in an intraoperative Siemens Open Viva 0.2-tesla MR system. Clinical experience was assessed. Results: Patterns of intraoperative imaging emerged, and benefit was seen in registering preoperative and intraoperative images. Conclusions: This integrated system has clinically observed effects on imaging, navigation, and surgery.
The ribosomal RNA promoter of Acanthamoeba castellanii determined by transcription in a cell-free system.

Abstract The DNA sequences required for faithful initiation of ribosomal RNA transcription were determined. BAL-31 digestion was used to modify the rDNA template by introducing deletions from its 3'- and 5'-ends. The resulting mutant DNAs were tested for template activity individually or in competition with wild type utilizing an in vitro transcription system from Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results identify the sequence extending from -31 to +8 to be absolutely required for transcription. In addition; when the region between -47 and -32 is left intact, transcription is augmented.
The MESSENGER mission: Results from the first two Mercury flybys

Abstract NASA’s MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft is well into its voyage to initiate a new era in our understanding of the innermost planet. During 2008 MESSENGER flew by Mercury twice and completed the initial spacecraft reconnaissance of the planet begun 34 years earlier by Mariner 10. MESSENGER observations have illuminated how the 1500-km-diameter Caloris basin was a focus for magmatic and deformational activity. High-resolution images show evidence for volcanic vents, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic flooding of its interior. Lobate scarps, discovered by Mariner 10, are the dominant tectonic landform across the planet and collectively record greater contraction of the surface than inferred from Mariner 10 images. On portions of the surface not seen by Mariner 10 are young craters with prominent ray systems that span most of a hemisphere. Variations in visible and infrared spectral reflectance correlate with geological units. The lack of an infrared absorption band near 1 μm indicates a low ferrous oxide content in surface silicates, but absorption of thermal neutrons by surface material suggests the presence of surface iron in concentrations similar to low- to intermediate-Fe lunar soils. The most unanticipated result to date is the dynamic and complex nature of Mercury’s exosphere–magnetosphere system. Magnetometer measurements point to a dynamo origin for Mercury’s main magnetic field, but that field is substantially modified by the planet’s small, dynamic magnetosphere. Emission-line measurements have revealed the distribution of neutral sodium, calcium, and magnesium in the exosphere and tail; plasma spectrometer observations indicate that these and other species become ionized to populate the planet’s magnetosphere. MESSENGER’s third Mercury flyby on 29 September 2009, the last prior to orbit insertion in 2011, largely duplicated the geometry of the second but added new observations of the planet’s surface and a new perspective on the in situ environment as solar activity continues to change. A Participating Scientist Program has brought the Science Team to its current strength of 48 scientists and their associates. The spacecraft continues to perform as designed in its challenging thermal environment. Use of solar radiation pressure for maintaining momentum balance and supplementing maneuver capability is helping to maintain propellant reserves that could enable an extended mission. The MESSENGER team is continuing its informal interaction with members of the BepiColombo project to maximize the overall scientific return from both the missions.
Fast Electrical Correction Using Resizing and Buffering

Current design methodologies are geared towards meeting different design criteria, such as delay, area or power. However, in order to correctly identify the critical parts of a circuit for optimization, the circuit has to be electrically clean - i.e., slews on each pin have to be within certain limits, a gate cannot drive more than a certain amount of capacitance, etc. Thus far, this requirement has largely been ignored in the literature. Instead, existing methods which optimize delay are used to fix electrical violations. This leads to solutions that are unnecessarily expensive, and still leave violations that remain unfixed. There is therefore a need for an area-efficient strategy that targets the electrical state of a circuit and fixes all violations quickly. This paper explicitly defines "electrical violations" and presents a flexible approach (called EVE, the electrical violation eliminator) for fixing these. Experimental results validate our approach.
Boundary lubrication properties of lipid-based compounds evaluated using microtribological methods

Microscale friction tests were utilized to evaluate the boundary lubrication behavior of three sets of branched compounds and their corresponding linear compounds. The performances of the compounds were compared to that of lipid-based saturated and unsaturated acids, esters and alcohols as well as to that of commercial synthetic lubricant formulations. At low concentrations (∼0.5%) in paraffin oil and for the load conditions used, the branched compounds showed minor differences in friction behavior as compared to their linear counterparts. The ester compounds by comparison showed higher friction behavior than alcohols and acids.
Experimental measurement of ablation effects in plasma armature railguns

Experimental evidence supporting the importance of ablation in plasma armature railguns is presented. Experiments conducted using the HYVAX and MIDI-2 railguns are described. Several indirect effects of ablation are identified from the experimental results. An improved ablation model of plasma armature dynamics is proposed which incorporates the restrike process.
Brainstem Organization and Branchiomeric Nerves

The branchiomeric portion of the vertebrate head represents a region of specialized function and, at the same time, a transition between head and body. Recent experimental work has called into questio
Appearance of abnormal Q waves early in the course of acute myocardial infarction: Implications for efficacy of thrombolytic therapy

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the time course of the appearance of abnormal Q waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG) over the first 6 h of symptoms of myocardial infarction and to determine what implications, if any, such Q waves have for the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. Background. Severe myocardial ischemia can produce early QRS changes in the absence of infarction. Abnormal Q waves on the baseline ECG may not be an accurate marker of irreversibly injured myocardium. Methods. Data from 695 patients who had no past history of myocardial infarction and whose admission ECG allowed prediction of myocardial infarct size in the absence of thrombolytic therapy (Aldrich score) were pooled from four prospective trials of thrombolytic therapy. The presence and number of abnormal Q waves on each patient's initial ECG were recorded. Four hundred thirty-six patients had left ventricular infarct size measured using quantitative thallium-201 tomography a mean (±SD) of 52 ± 43 days after admission. Results. Of patients admitted within 1 h of symptoms, 53% had abnormal Q waves on the initial ECG. Both predicted and final infarct size were larger in patients with abnormal Q waves on the initial ECG independent of the duration of symptoms before therapy (p Conclusions. Abnormal Q waves are a common finding early in the course of acute myocardial infarction. However, there is no evidence that abnormal Q waves are associated with less benefit in terms of reduction of infarct size after thrombolytic therapy.
Fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography of a large tissue phantom using point illumination geometries.

We demonstrate fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of single and multiple fluorescent targets within a large (~1081 cm3) phantom using frequency-domain photon migration measurements of fluorescence collected at individual points in response to illumination of excitation light at individual points on the boundary. The tissue phantom was filled with a 1% lipid solution with and without 0.01 µM Indocyanine Green (ICG) and targets consisted of vials filled with the 1% lipid containing 1–2.5 µM ICG. Measurements were acquired using a modulated intensified CCD imaging system under different experimental conditions. For 3-D image reconstruction, the gradient-based penalty modified barrier function (PMBF) method with simple bounds constrained truncated Newton with trust region method (CONTN) was used. Targets of 0.5, 0.6, and 1.0 cm3 at depths of 1.4–2.8 cm from the phantom surface were tomographically reconstructed. This work demonstrates the practicality of fluorescence-enhanced tomography in clinically relevant volumes.
Enhancing Group Decision Making: An Exercise to Reduce Shared Information Bias

Research on shared information bias has shown that group members involved in a decision-making task tend to undervalue information that a single member shares with the group, especially when that information conflicts with their prior conclusions. The group activity in this article is intended to heighten awareness of this shared information bias on group decision making. Students must choose among three candidates in a hiring simulation that uses a hidden profile methodology. In a sample of 20 student groups, only 4 groups chose the candidate with the most positive qualities, indicating most did not uncover the hidden profile. The exercise concludes with a discussion about the individual and group-level biases that affect group decision making and methods to enhance impartial deliberation of information.
Limiting conversions in two‐phase polymer reactions

The concepts of limiting conversion in one-phase polymer reactions have been extended to two-phase reaction systems. The analysis of the two-phase reaction requires the consideration of the glass transition temperature of each phase and the distribution of the reacting monomer between the phases. Predicted limiting conversions are compared with experimental data for simple polystyrene and polystyrene–polybutadiene reactions in latex form. Strong agreement is found for these comparisons.
Sharing event data in optimistically scheduled multicast applications

A major consideration when designing high performance simulation models is state size. Keeping the model state sizes small enhances performance by using less memory, thereby increasing cache utilization and reducing model execution time. The only remaining area for reducing model size is within the events they create. The event population is typically the most memory intensive region within a simulation especially in the case of multi/broadcast like applications which tend to schedule many events within the atomic processing of a single event. This paper introduces the idea of shared event data within an optimistic simulation system. Here, the read-only data section is shared for a multicast event, which may then be delivered to several LPs. From our performance study, we report a 22% reduction in the data cache miss rate, a processor utilization in excess of 80% and a reduction in model memory consumption by a factor of 20.
The Analysis And Design Of Harmonic Gear Drives

Harmonic gear drive, a compact mechanical device producing high mechanical advantage and speed reduction, has been used to accurately position the arms and wrists of robots. This device, operating on the principle of nonrigid body mechanicsr has been found to have positioning errors. Such errors, inherent in the drive, adversely affect the performance. In this paper, a kinematic model is developed to analyze the positioning errors. Error curves, based on most common harmonic gear drive geometry, are presented. Design guidelines are also provided for the minimization of positioning errors. It is hoped that the results would be useful for the rational design of harmonic gear drives.
CARMA: CARM1 Methylation of SWI/SNF in Breast Cancer

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Wang and colleagues report that CARM1, a protein arginine methyltransferase, specifically methylates BAF155/SMARCC1, a core subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling/tumor suppressor complex. This modification facilitates the targeting of BAF155 to genes of the c-Myc pathway and enhances breast cancer progression and metastasis.
Oncocytic neoplasms of the parotid gland: a 16-year institutional review.

Abstract Background: Oncocytic neoplasms of the parotid gland are a rare collection of salivary gland tumors that include oncocytosis, oncocytoma, and oncocytic carcinoma. Mounting evidence has linked the presence of oncocytes to acquired mitochondrial dysfunction. Objectives: The study goals were to further delineate this poorly understood group of salivary gland tumors and to search for genetic alterations indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods: Cases were identified by search of the surgical pathology archival files from 1984 through 2000. Corresponding medical records were reviewed. Tumor mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was evaluated for mtDNA mutations within the control region (C-tract). Results: Twenty-one parotid oncocytic neoplasms were identified. Oncocytoma was the most frequent morphology (62%), followed by oncocytosis (28.5%) and oncocytic carcinoma (9.5%). One specimen displayed synchronous oncocytic morphologies (oncocytoma, oncocytosis, and oncocytic metaplasia). One oncocytoma specimen displayed the mtDNA C-tract alteration. Conclusions: Oncocytic neoplasia of the parotid gland is a rare form of salivary gland disease with obscure etiology. The presence of multiple oncocytic morphologies in a single specimen is suggestive of transition between forms. Although oncocytic tumorigenesis secondary to acquired mitochondrial dysfunction is a plausible mechanism, few of these tumors actually harbor mtDNA alterations within the control region. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;126:657-662.)
Photooxidation of Water Using Vertically Aligned Nanotube Arrays: A comparative study of TiO2, Fe2O3 and TaON nanotubes

There is a real need for a material which absorbs in the visible light of the solar spectrum, is stable in water and at the same time economical. One-dimensional vertically aligned nanotubes have contributed to a great extent towards the visible light driven photoelectrolysis of water. In this work, we give an overview of the different nanotubes obtained through anodization of various metals and their application in the photooxidation of water
Systolic and diastolic left ventricular performance at rest and during exercise in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

The 2 patients described here presented with severe, acute symptoms of bioprosthetic dysfunction due to primary thrombosis involving all 3 cusps of aortic bioprostheses, 38 and 9 months, respectively, after aortic valve replacement. Moreover, our first patient appears to be the on!y reported one with thrombosis of a Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthesis in the aortic position. An identifiable cause for thrombosis of an aortic bioprosthesis could not be defined in either patient. Neither patient had an elevated platelet count or a disturbance of prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times. It is evident that spontaneous thrombosis of both normal Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards aortic bioprosthetic valves may occur in the absence of any identifiable cause. This diagnosis should be suspected in the patient in whom recent and abrupt-onset symptoms develop, or who presents with sudden profound cardiac decompensation.
Do Hydrofluorocarbons Destroy Stratospheric Ozone

Hydrofluorocarbons, many of which contain a CF(3) group, are one of the major substitutes for the chlorofluorocarbons and halons that are being phased out because they contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion. It is critical to ensure that CF(3) groups do not cause significant ozone depletion. The rate coefficients for the key reactions that determine the efficiency of the CF(3) radical as a catalyst for ozone loss in the stratosphere have been measured and used in a model to calculate the possible depletion of ozone. From these results, it is concluded that the ozone depletion potentials related to the presence of the CF(3) group in hydrofluorocarbons are negligibly small.
iETT: A Quality Routing Metric for Multi-Rate Multi-Hop Networks

Routing metrics are critical to select a path that yields a high throughput in multi-rate multi-hop wireless networks. This paper illustrates the weaknesses of existing routing metrics and proposes a new routing metric called Improved Expected Transmission Time (iETT). iETT addresses two key characteristics of a routing path that other routing metrics ignored: 1) a high discrepancy in packet loss rates of links and 2) the position of the links with different packet loss rates. By capturing these two characteristics, the iETT metric is able to choose a route with a better performance than shortest path, Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and Expected Transmission Time (ETT) metrics.
A Pilot Study of a Home-Based Motivational Exercise Program for African American Breast Cancer Survivors: Clinical and Quality-of-Life Outcomes

Introduction. African American breast cancer survivors engage in less physical activity compared with their Caucasian counterparts. There is a need for exercise intervention research that focuses o...
Phase II evaluation of chlorozotocin in metastatic sarcomas

Twenty-nine evaluable patients with anthracycline-resistant metastatic bone or soft tissue sarcomas were treated with chlorozotocin, 150 mg/m2 every 6 weeks. Four patients (14%) achieved partial responses. The most severe toxicity was usually thrombocytopenia (which occurred in 31% of patients). Chlorozotocin has only minimal activity in drug-resistant metastatic sarcomas.
An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn's and other autoimmunune diseases.

This review updates our previous one (Reddy and Fried, Parasitol Research 100: 921–927, 2007) on Crohn’s disease and helminths. The review considers the most recent literature on Trichuris suis therapy and Crohn’s and the significant literature on the use of Necator americanus larvae to treat Crohn’s and other autoimmune disorders. The pros and cons of helminth therapy as related to autoimmune disorders are discussed in the review. We also discuss the relationship of the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni and T. suis in Crohn’s disease. The significant literature on helminths other than N. americanus and T. suis as related to autoimmune diseases is also reviewed.
Finding meaning as a mediator of burden on the health of caregivers of spouses with dementia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the role of finding meaning in caregiving as a way of coping and potential mediator of the effect of caregiver burden on caregiver health, controllin...
Design requirements of 20-Gb/s serial links using multi-tone signaling

The use of multi-tone signaling can avoid the high loss of FR4 traces beyond 10 GHz while confining the task of equalization to 2.5-GHz-wide subchannels. This paper presents multi-tone transceiver design issues and derives performance requirements such as linearity, sensitivity, quadrature mismatches, and phase noise. Possible transmitter and receiver implementations are described and a critical interference effect resulting from local oscillator harmonics is identified.
Biodiversity and decomposition in experimental grassland ecosystems

We examined the impact of biodiversity on litter decomposition in an experiment that manipulated plant species richness. Using biomass originating from the experimental species richness gradient and from a species used as a common substrate, we measured rates of decomposition in litterbags in two locations: in situ in the experiment plots and in an adjacent common garden. This allowed us to separate the effects of litter quality and decomposition location on decomposition. We found that plant species richness had a significant, but minor negative effect on the quality (nitrogen concentration) of the biomass. Neither litter type nor location had a consistent effect on the rate of carbon and nitrogen loss over a 1-year period. Thus, the increased productivity and corresponding lower soil available nitrogen levels observed in high diversity plots do not lead to faster litter decomposition or faster nitrogen turnover. This supports the hypothesis that increased productivity corresponding with higher species richness results in increased litter production, higher standing litter pools and a negative feedback on productivity, because of an increased standing nitrogen pool in the litter.
A Study of the Use of Music as an Aid in Teaching Swimming

(1952). A Study of the Use of Music as an Aid in Teaching Swimming. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
Dynamics of Some Special Features

In this, the final Chapter of our treatise on geodynamics, we shall discuss the cause of some special features of the Earth’s crust whose physiography has been outlined in Sec. 1.7.
True and False Logics of Scientific Discovery

This paper is a first step in a larger enterprise. The ultimate aim of my enterprise is to uncover the logical structures, in a strict sense of the word “logic”, typically involved in scientific enterprise, not just in the justification of already obtained results but in the acquisition of new information.
A Photomicrographic Study of Worker Honeybee Embryogenesis

SummaryDeveloping honeybee (Apis mellifera) eggs taken from worker comb were photographed using phase-contrast microscopy to record embryogenesis through the 10 developmental stages. This photographic record can be used to place any developing embryo accurately in the appropriate stage and, with the exception of stage 4, in the proper division (early, middle, late) of that stage. A reference table summarizing the characteristic features of each stage is presented and can be used to assign embryos to a particular developmental stage.Sixty-three newly laid eggs in a comb required an average of 76·7 ± 2·1 h to hatch in a 35°C incubator, and 23 eggs under oil took an average of 77·6 ± 2·7 h. The difference in times for embryogenesis under the two sets of conditions was not significant, indicating that immersion in paraffin oil does not affect the rate of development. Duration of embryogenesis in this investigation was slightly longer than previously published estimates.
Shrinkage Estimation of Log-odds Ratios for Comparing Mobility Tables

Statistical analysis of mobility tables has long played a pivotal role in comparative stratification research. This article proposes a shrinkage estimator of the log-odds ratio for comparing mobili...
Codling Moths: Suppression of Populations from Releases of Sterile Insects in the Wenas Valley of Washington, 1972

Population estimates for native Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) are based on infested fruit. Orchards (419 acres) produced an estimated 21,025 larvae during the season notwithstanding the total release of 1.8 million males and females irradiated with 30 krad of gamma irradiation and removal of infested fruit. Trapping data indicated critically low ratios of sterile: native males (<20:1) in various areas of the release orchards during at least 7 weekly trapping periods. A 3-yr comparison of the numbers of native males trapped indicated a 93% population reduction throughout the valley and 63% within the 3 major commercial orchards. The principal causative factors for this reduction are chemical sprays and removal of abandoned host trees. Although the sterile-insect-technique limited the potential growth of the codling moth population, a 1972 harvest infestation in the Northwestern-Longmire orchard of 0.129% compared to 0.002% for 1971 indicated the need for modifications of the program or alternative control measures.
A New Centrolenella (Anura) from Ecuador, with Comments on Nuptial Pads and Prepollical Spines in Centrolenella

The first sizeable collection of Centrolenella from the poorly-known Provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador, revealed a new species of Centrolenella, C. gemmata. This species is distin- guished by a snout that is round in dorsal view and slightly anteroventrally sloping in profile, a light and dark spotted dorsal coloration, spinuled dorsal skin in males, nuptial pads in males, and prepollical spines. The occurrence of nuptial pads and prepollical spines in Centrolenella has been overlooked, and is commented upon. Two types of nuptial pads are reported in the genus Centro- lenella, as well as a concealed prepollical spine in both sexes of certain species. C gemmata appears to be closely related to C. lynchi, both sharing a distinctive type of nuptial pad, prepollical spines, and several other features. It is fast becoming obvious that the neotropical frog genus Centrolenella is very diverse. At last count (Cannatella and Duellman, 1982) 65 species were known, and many more are either pres- ently being described or await descrip- tion. The most diverse centrolenid frog faunas occur in cloud forests, and the cloud forests richest in endemic Centro- lenella are those of Ecuador, accounting for 16 species, one-fourth of all known species. Undoubtedly, there are many more species to be discovered in the more remote and obscure areas of Ec-
A Fractal Analysis of Market Efficiency for Indian Technology Equities

This paper employs five alternative methods for estimating Hurst exponent (1951), fractal dimension, and Mandelbrot-Levy characteristic exponent (Levy 1925) to examine the fractal character of three information technology equities, Satyam, Tata Consultancy Services, and Infosys. Fractal structure or long memory in equity prices indicate that traditional statistical and econometric methods are inadequate for analyzing security markets. Findings support the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), and the more general multi-fractal model of asset returns (MMAR) of Mandelbrot, Fisher, and Calvet (1997).