cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mosaicking with cosmic microwave background interferometers

Measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies by interferometers offer several advantages over single-dish observations. The formalism for analyzing interferometer CMB data is well developed in the flat-sky approximation, which is valid for small fields of view. As the area of sky is increased to obtain finer spectral resolution, this approximation needs to be relaxed. We extend the formalism for CMB interferometry, including both temperature and polarization, to mosaics of observations covering arbitrarily large areas of the sky, with each individual pointing lying within the flat-sky approximation. We present a method for computing the correlation between visibilities with arbitrary pointing centers and baselines and illustrate the effects of sky curvature on the l-space resolution that can be obtained from a mosaic.
Self-rated economic welfare in Russia

Abstract Most of those Russian adults who feel that they are poor are not classified as such in the poverty statistics, and most of those who are classified as poor don't feel that way. We study the determinants of peoples’ perceptions of their economic welfare in an unusually rich socioeconomic survey. While income is a highly significant predictor, subjective economic welfare is influenced by many other factors including health, education, employment, assets, relative income in the area of residence and expectations about future welfare. Insights are obtained into how objective data should be weighted in assessing economic welfare.
Alfven wave instability of current sheets in force-free plasmas: comparison to ion acoustic instability

Current sheets necessarily form at the interface between adjacent twisted flux tubes and so are ubiquitous to magnetic configurations having non-trivial field topology. In an earlier publication (P. M. Bellan, Phys. Rev. Letters, 83,4768, 1999) the author showed that current sheets in a low β plasma will be kinetically unstable with respect to Alfven wave emission if the current sheet becomes sufficiently thin for the field-aligned electron flow to become super-Alfvenic. At first sight it might appear that before the current sheet becomes thin enough to develop a super-Alfvenic flow, ion acoustic instabilities will develop when the sheet becomes thin enough for the electron flow to exceed the ion acoustic velocity. However, it is shown here that because of strong ion Landau damping on ion acoustic waves for plasmas with comparable electron and ion temperatures, ion acoustic waves have a much higher instability threshold than the Alfven instability. Thus, Alfven instability should dominate ion acoustic instability in thin current sheets.
Iodinated Tomoxetine Derivatives as Selective Ligands for Serotonin and Norepinephrine Uptake Sites

In order to develop selective radioactive ligands for the study of presynaptic monoamine uptake sites, iodinated derivatives of tomoxetine were synthesized and evaluated in radioligand binding assays. Iodotomoxetine derivatives showed high affinity for serotonin (5-HT) uptake sites using a rat cortical membrane preparation. Compound 1R,(R)-(-)-N-methyl-3-(4-iodo-2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropanamine , was the most potent and showed high stereoselectivity for 5-HT uptake sites (Ki, R isomer = 0.65 nM, S isomer = 13.9 nM). Changing the position of the methyl group or eliminating the methyl group at the phenoxy ring resulted in a loss of stereoselectivity. Substitution of the methyl group of tomoxetine with iodine gave the R and S isomers of N-methyl-3-(2-iodophenoxy)-3-phenylpropanamine 4R and 4S. These compounds displayed stereoselectivity for the norepinephrine (NE) (Ki values = 0.24 and 9.35 nM for R and S isomers, respectively). The in vitro binding data suggest that 1R and 4R are potential radioiodinated ligands for pharmacological studies of 5-HT and NE uptake sites, respectively.
CO2 fixation by Euglena.

UCRL-1966 Unclassified-Health and Biology D i s t r i b u t i o n UMIPERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Radiation Laboratory Contract Moo W-7405-eng-48 C02 FIXATION BY EUGLENA Q H Lynch and Mo Calvin October 13, 1952 Berkeley, California
Vacuum polarization in an anti-de Sitter space as an origin for a cosmological constant in a brane world

We show that the vacuum polarization of quantum fields in an anti-de Sitter space can naturally give rise to a small but nonzero cosmological constant in a brane world living in it. To explain the extremely small ratio of mass density in the cosmological constant to the Planck mass density in our universe (≈10-123) as suggested by cosmological observations, all we need is a four-dimensional brane world (our universe) living in a five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space with a curvature radius r0~10-3cm and a fundamental Planck energy MP~109GeV, and a scalar field with a mass $m\sim r^{-1}_0\sim 10^{-2} {\rm eV}$. Probing gravity down to a scale ~10-3 cm, which is attainable in the near future, will provide a test of the model.
HEIGHTS ON THE FINITE PROJECTIVE LINE

Define the height function h(a) = min{k + (ka mod p) : k = 1, 2, …, p - 1} for a ∈ {0, 1, …, p - 1.} It is proved that the height has peaks at p, (p + 1)/2, and (p + c)/3, that these peaks occur at a = [p/3], (p - 3)/2, (p - 1)/2, [2p/3], p - 3, p - 2, and p - 1, and that h(a) ≤ p/3 for all other values of a.
Use of sensors and actuators to address flow disturbances during the resin transfer molding process

In Resin Transfer Molding a fiber preform is placed in a mold, the mold is closed and a thermoset polymeric resin is injected through gates into the mold to saturate the preform completely. The resin flow rate is controlled by actuators, which are usually injection machines. When one places the preform into the mold, the gap between the preform and the mold walls can create race tracking channels and provide the resin flow paths that can severely influence the flow patterns and drastically change the flow history. As this gap is unavoidable and not reproducible, one could have different strengths of this disturbance from one part to the next, some of which will cause incomplete saturation of the fibers by the resin. Hence, an active control of the filling stage is necessary that can detect and characterize the race tracking and provide the control action to redirect the flow with the aim to saturate the preform without resin starved regions (macro voids or dry spots). A methodology is proposed that intelligently places sensors in the mold to detect the resin arrival times at these locations. This information is used to determine and quantify the strength of the disturbance and used as an input parameter for the actuators to redirect the flow. This paper demonstrates this methodology on a simple mold configuration, and outlines how this technique can be generalized to any mold geometry or disturbance set in an automated RTM environment. Numerical simulations are used to establish the control methodologies, and all of the efforts are confirmed in a laboratory setting. The proposed methodology should prove useful in increasing the yield of Resin Transfer Molded parts.
The structure of the set of sunspot equilibria in economies with incomplete financial markets

This paper considers the set of equilibria of two-period, sunspot economies withS purely extrinsic states of nature in the second period andI assets with linearly independent nominal payoffs. The span of the payoff matrix contains the vector [1, ... , 1] (i.e., inside money). The set of economies is described in terms of (sunspot-invariant) utility functions. IfS>I> 0, there is an open, dense set of economies such that, given a vector of no arbitrage asset prices, the set of equilibrium allocations contains a smooth manifold of dimensionS—I. Such a manifold contains at least one nonsunspot equilibrium (and at most a finite number of such equilibria).
The preparation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde from high fructose corn syrup and other carbohydrates

A 92–95% conversion of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or crystalline D-fructose to 5-chloromethylfurfuraldehyde (CMF) was achieved using 300 mol% of concentrated hydrochloric acid in chlorobenzene, under a nitrogen atmosphere, a reaction temperature of 75°C and a reaction time of 1–2 h. Constant high-speed stirring was essential for high yields and purity of CMF. Inferior yields of CMF were obtained from glucose and starch. Saccharine, phenyl sulphone and thiuronium derivatives were prepared and characterised. The use of surfactants did not improve the yields of CMF.
Structural Basis for Cyclic Terpene Biosynthesis by Tobacco 5-Epi-Aristolochene Synthase

Terpene cyclases catalyze the synthesis of cyclic terpenes with 10-, 15-, and 20-carbon acyclic isoprenoid diphosphates as substrates. Plants have been a source of these natural products by providing a homologous set of terpene synthases. The crystal structures of 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase from tobacco, alone and complexed separately with two farnesyl diphosphate analogs were analyzed. These structures reveal an unexpected enzymatic mechanism for the synthesis of the bicyclic product, 5-epi-aristolochene, and provide a basis for understanding the stereochemical selectivity displayed by other cyclases in the biosynthesis of pharmacologically important cyclic terpenes. As such, these structures provide templates for the engineering of novel terpene cyclases.
Can El Nińo amplify the solar forcing of climate

ENSO (El Nino and the Southern Oscillation) is considered as a stochastic driver that excites the atmospheric anomaly states, such as Pacific North American pattern. This can make 11-year solar activity forcing of climate feasible through stochastic resonance-a mechanism that amplifies a weak input to a nonlinear bistable system by the assistance of noise.
$SL(2,R)xSU(2)/R^2$ string model in curved spacetime and exact conformal results

Pursuing further the recent methods in the algebraic Hamiltonian approach to gauged WZW models, we apply them to the bosonic SL(2,R) X SU(2)/R^2 model recently investigated by Nappi and Witten. We find the global space and compute the conformally exact metric and dilaton fields to all orders in the $1/k$ expansion. The semiclassical limit $k',k\to \infty$ of our exact results agree with the lowest order perturbation computation which was done in the Lagrangian formalism. We also discuss the supersymmetric type-II and heterotic versions of this model and verify the non-renormalization of $e^\Phi\sqrt{-G}$.
Revisiting the perfect lens with loss

We reconsider the refraction of evanescent waves at an interface between air and a negative index medium under the assumption that the negative index medium is necessarily dispersive and lossy. We show that all evanescent waves in air will be refracted into decaying propagating waves inside the negative index medium, with different spatial frequency components having different propagation directions and separated both in time and space; hence no refocus of these evanescent waves is possible. Accordingly, all information encoded by evanescent waves will be lost in the image making sub-diffraction-limited imaging impossible.
An indigenous origin for the South Pole Aitken basin thorium anomaly

[1] The northwest portion of the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin contains an anomalously high abundance of thorium as determined by Apollo and Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectroscopy. The anomaly's proximity to the antipode of the Imbrium basin has led several investigators to suggest that the anomaly is the result of convergence of thorium-enriched ejecta from the Imbrium impact. Examination of this complex region with new higher-resolution thorium data and several other datasets reveals that a convergence of ejecta cannot explain the anomaly. Alternatively, we propose an indigenous and likely ancient source.
Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication

Social cognitive theory provides an agentic conceptual framework within which to analyze the determinants and psychosocial mechanisms through which symbolic communication influences human thought, affect and action. Communications systems operate through two pathways. In the direct pathway, they promote changes by informing, enabling, motivating, and guiding participants. In the socially mediated pathway, media influences link participants to social networks and community settings that provide natural incentives and continued personalized guidance, for desired change. Social cognitive theory analyzes social diffusion of new styles of behavior in terms of the psychosocial factors governing their acquisition and adoption and the social networks through which they spread and are supported. Structural interconnectedness provides potential diffusion paths; sociocognitive factors largely determine what diffuses through those paths.
A distance measure for bounding probabilistic belief change

We propose a distance measure between two probability distributions, which allows one to bound the amount of belief change that occurs when moving from one distribution to another. We contrast the proposed measure with some well known measures, including KL-divergence, showing some theoretical properties on its ability to bound belief changes. We then present two practical applications of the proposed distance measure: sensitivity analysis in belief networks and probabilistic belief revision. We show how the distance measure can be easily computed in these applications, and then use it to bound global belief changes that result from either the perturbation of local conditional beliefs or the accommodation of soft evidence. Finally, we show that two well known techniques in sensitivity analysis and belief revision correspond to the minimization of our proposed distance measure and, hence, can be shown to be optimal from that viewpoint.
Inverse slope systematics in high-energy p+p and Au+Au reactions

Abstract We employ the Monte Carlo PYTHIA to calculate the transverse mass spectra of various hadrons and their inverse slopes T ∗ at mT−m=1.5–2 GeV in p+p reactions at s =200 GeV. Due to (multiple) minijet production T ∗ in general increases as a function of the hadron mass. Moreover, the T ∗ (m) systematics has a “discontinuity” at the charm threshold, i.e. the inverse slope of D-mesons is much higher than that of non-charmed hadrons and even of the heavier ΛC baryon. The experimental observation of this characteristic behaviour in Au+Au collisions would indicate the absence of c-quark rescattering. In contrast, the assumption of thermalized partons and hydrodynamical evolution would lead to a smoothly increasing T ∗ (m) , without discontinuity at the charm threshold. The degree of collective transverse flow, indicated by the slope of the T ∗ (m) systematics, depends strongly on whether kinetic equilibrium is maintained for some time after hadronization or not.
The use of ground magnetograms to time the onset of magnetospheric substorms

A critical review of magnetospheric substorm timing techniques is presented. Attention is given to substorm timing with auroral zone magnetograms, substorm onset timing with midlatitude magnetograms, multiple onset substorms, and a phenomenological model for multiple onset substorms. Emphasis is placed on some pitfalls that have led some investigators to err in substorm onset determinations. In particular, multiple onset substorms appear to account for many of the reported discrepancies in substorm timing. It is suggested that present idealized models of substorm morphology must be modified to include the multiple onset substorms.
Probabilistic data exchange

The work reported here lays the foundations of data exchange in the presence of probabilistic data. This requires rethinking the very basic concepts of traditional data exchange, such as solution, universal solution, and the certain answers of target queries. We develop a framework for data exchange over probabilistic databases, and make a case for its coherence and robustness. This framework applies to arbitrary schema mappings, and finite or countably infinite probability spaces on the source and target instances. After establishing this framework and formulating the key concepts, we study the application of the framework to a concrete and practical setting where probabilistic databases are compactly encoded by means of annotations formulated over random Boolean variables. In this setting, we study the problems of testing for the existence of solutions and universal solutions, materializing such solutions, and evaluating target queries (for unions of conjunctive queries) in both the exact sense and the approximate sense. For each of the problems, we carry out a complexity analysis based on properties of the annotation, for various classes of dependencies. Finally, we show that the framework and results easily and completely generalize to allow not only the data, but also the schema mapping itself to be probabilistic.
Mutation in erythroid specific transcription factor KLF1 causes Hereditary Spherocytosis in the Nan hemolytic anemia mouse model

abstract Article history:Received 3 February 2010Accepted 28 July 2010Available online 5 August 2010Keywords:Hereditary SpherocytosisAnemiaKLF1EKLFMouse mutant KLF1 regulates deﬁnitive erythropoiesis of red blood cells by facilitating transcription through high afﬁnitybinding to CACCC elements within its erythroid speciﬁc target genes including those encoding erythrocytemembrane skeleton (EMS) proteins. Deﬁciencies of EMS proteins in humans lead to the hemolytic anemiaHereditary Spherocytosis (HS) which includes a subpopulation with no known genetic defect. Here wereport that a mutation, E339D, in the second zinc ﬁnger domain of KLF1 is responsible for HS in the mousemodel Nan. The causative nature of this mutation was veriﬁed with an allelic test cross between Nan/+ andheterozygous Klf1 +/− knockout mice. Homology modeling predicted Nan KLF1 binds CACCC elements moretightly, suggesting that Nan KLF1 is a competitive inhibitor of wild-type KLF1. This is the ﬁrst association of aKLF1 mutation with a disease state in adult mammals and also presents the possibility of being anothercausative gene for HS in humans.© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A Model of Hydrodynamic Interaction Between Swimming Bacteria

We study the dynamics and interaction of two swimming bacteria, modeled by self-propelled dumbbell-type structures. We focus on alignment dynamics of a coplanar pair of elongated swimmers, which propel themselves either by “pushing” or “pulling” both in three- and quasi-two-dimensional geometries of space. We derive asymptotic expressions for the dynamics of the pair, which complemented by numerical experiments, indicate that the tendency of bacteria to swim in or swim off depends strongly on the position of the propulsion force. In particular, we observe that positioning of the effective propulsion force inside the dumbbell results in qualitative agreement with the dynamics observed in experiments, such as mutual alignment of converging bacteria.
The passivity of metals in organic solutions

Abstract A review of work concerning the passivity of metals in organic solutions is presented. The apparent disagreement between results obtained by different investigators with respect to the presence or absence of passivity in anhydrous solutions and the effect of water additions is explained. The possible mechanisms for passivation in anhydrous organic solutions are reviewed and discussed in terms of the effect of acidity and water on the ability of each to provide protection to the metal surface. Recent results of the authors and other co-workers for the Fe/propylene carbonate system which are in support of the explanations developed are also included. The contrasting effect of water on the passivation behavior of metals in acidified and neutral solutions is examined and explained.
The renormalization group and dynamical triangulations

Abstract A block spin renormalization group approach is introduced which can be applied to dynamical triangulations in any dimension.
Experimental study of Electro-Plastic Effect on Advanced High Strength Steels

Abstract Application of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) into vehicle structures calls for innovative manufacturing processes. In terms of reducing deformation resistance through external energy, Electro-Plastic Effect (EPE) provides a potential alternative to traditional thermal softening phenomenon. In this work, effectiveness of EPE on one group of AHSS, Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steel, was evaluated. It was found that EPE cannot be effectively initiated until the current density reaches a threshold value between 7.4 A/mm2 and 11.4 A/mm2. Besides, the softening phenomenon is more distinct at larger strains. Underlying mechanisms are explained from perspectives of dislocation multiplication, gliding and mechanical twinning. The inevitable Joule heating phenomenon associated with current was suppressed with forced air cooling and the temperature distribution inside the tensile specimen was numerically calculated with a coupled Finite Element Model. Effectiveness of EPE rather than thermal softening or expansion was further proved with the larger flow stress reduction under higher current density and shorter pulses at same temperature increase. Hollomon equation was adopted to model the observed stress strain relationships. Since material properties of TRIP steels are directly related to the phase transformation from retained austenite into martensite, volume fraction of retained austenite was quantitatively measured by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It was found that the applied current retarded martensitic transformation process. Metallographic analysis was further performed and phenomena of change of grain structures and phase distribution were hardly observable.
On Certain C-Test Words for Free Groups

Abstract Let F m be a free group of a finite rank m ≥ 2 and let X i , Y j be elements in F m . A non-empty word w ( x 1 ,…, x n ) is called a C -test word in n letters for F m if, whenever ( X 1 ,…, X n ) = w ( Y 1 ,…, Y n ) ≠ 1, the two n -typles ( X 1 ,…, X n ) and ( Y 1 ,…, Y n ) are conjugate in F m . In this paper we construct, for each n ≥ 2, a C -test word v n ( x 1 ,…, x n ) with the additional property that v n ( X 1 ,…, X n ) = 1 if and only if the subgroup of F m generated by X 1 ,…, X n is cyclic. Making use of such words v m ( x 1 ,…, x m ) and v m + 1 ( x 1 ,…, x m + 1 ), we provide a positive solution to the following problem raised by Shpilrain: There exist two elements u 1 , u 2 ∈ F m such that every endomorphism ψ of F m with non-cyclic image is completely determined by ψ( u 1 ), ψ( u 2 ).
Hadron showers in a digital hadron calorimeter

A small prototype of a finely granulated digital hadron calorimeter with Resistive Plate Chambers as active elements was exposed to positive pions of 1–16 GeV energy from the Fermilab test beam. The event selection separates events with mostly non-interacting particles and events with hadronic showers which initiated in the front part of the calorimeter. The data are compared to a Monte Carlo simulation of the set-up. The paper concludes with predictions for the performance of an extended digital hadron calorimeter.
Chiral bicyclic lactams. An asymmetric synthesis of cis-(1S, 3R) deltamethrinic acid

Abstract Cyclopropanation of a chiral α,β-unsaturated bicyclic lactam derived from tert-leucinol and levulinic acid gave after 4 steps, the title compound in > 99% ee.
An NP-Complete Number-Theoretic Problem

@, where ri(x) is a rational function of x with rational coefficients. It is shown that the problem of determining for a given system D whether there exists a nonnegative integral solution (y1,...,yn,X) satisfying D is decidable. In fact, the problem is NP-complete when restricted to systems D in which the maximum degree of the polynomials defining the σi(x)'s is bounded by some fixed polynomial in the length of the representation of D. Some recent results connecting Diophantine equations and counter machines are briefly mentioned.
Productivity Bias Hypothesis and The Purchasing Power Parity: a review article

Abstract. Productivity differentials among countries are said to be one of the major sources that contribute to the deviation of the Purchasing Power Parity-based exchange rate from the equilibrium rate, hence the productivity bias hypothesis. Prior to last review article on the productivity bias hypothesis in 1976, almost all studies relied upon cross-sectional regression analysis. Since then, two groups of empirical studies have emerged. While one group has employed time-series data, the other one has used panel data. These two later groups have provided more support to the hypothesis than the earlier cross-sectional studies. This paper reviews and criticizes each group separately and provides tables that summarize main features of each study.
A Diastereoselective, Nucleophile-Promoted Aldol-Lactonization of Ketoacids Leading to Bicyclic-β-Lactones

An improved, tandem acid activation/aldol-lactonization process is described. This more practical protocol shortens reaction times for the construction of bicyclic β-lactones from ketoacids and implements the use of commercially available reagents p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (p-TsCl) as activator and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4-DMAP) as nucleophilic promoter (Lewis base). Substrates with β-substituents, with respect to the carboxylic acid, consistently showed excellent levels of diastereoselectivity during the bis-cyclization event.
Banks in the board room: The American versus Japanese and German experiences

As global capital and product markets have become more integrated, national differences in corporate governance have been drawn into sharp relief. One of the chief differences among corporate governance systems in different parts of the world is the relationship maintained by major financial institutions, commercial banks in particular, to industrial corporations. Specifically, it is commonly observed that large financial intermediaries in Japan and Germany tend to have much closer, longer-term relationships with many of their industrial clients than do their counterparts in the Anglo-American family of countries. Furthermore, there is evidence that these relationships are associated with differences in corporate investment, financing, and performance. Hoshi, Kashyap, and Scharfstein (1990), for example, find evidence that investment by Japanese corporations with close main bank relationships are less sensitive to variations in operating cash flow than is true for American companies lacking such relationships. Similarly, Prowse (1990) finds that bank ownership of equity in Japan reduces shareholder-debtor conflicts and allows Japanese companies to support more leverage, other things being equal. Gerlach (1987), Kester (1991a,b), and Suzuki and Wright (1985) all document the critical role that Japanese main banks, (i.e., lead lenders with close, long-term relationships to industrial borrowers) play in the monitoring and control of Japanese corporations and in their restructuring in the event of financial distress. Kester (1991a) also documents this role by socalled Hausbanken in Germany. Although he does not examine company-bank relationships in Japan per se, nor the mechanism by which Japanese executive directors are replaced, Kaplan (1991) provides formal empirical evidence supporting the claim that Japanese boards of directors are subject to closer monitoring and quicker replacement by outside directors in association with declining performance than are their American counterparts.
Percutaneous management of benign biliary strictures.

Abstract The interventional radiologist plays an increasing role in the management of patients with benign biliary disease. This article summarizes the percutaneous management of patients with benign biliary strictures and includes a discussion of currently available techniques. The techniques of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and biliary drainage will be reviewed. This includes anatomic and technical considerations of the right mid-axillary and left subxyphoid percutaneous approaches, a review of percutaneous dilation of biliary strictures and the management of patients with chronic indwelling biliary drainage catheters. (ie, periodic catheter exchanges, catheter flushing, etc). The article concludes with a discussion of biliary drainage catheters and the clinical and physiologic parameters used in making a decision to remove the tube.
Spousal Effects in Smoking Cessation: Matching, Learning, or Bargaining?

Previous research studying the correlation in smoking behavior between spouses has discounted the role of bargaining or learning. Using the Health and Retirement Study, which contains information on smoking cessation and spouse’s preferences, this paper presents an essential investigation of the impact of spousal bargaining or learning on the decision to cease smoking. We find that, regardless of gender, when one member of a couple ceases smoking this induces the other member to cease smoking through bargaining. Further, we find that women demonstrate either altruistic behavior toward a spouse who has suffered a health shock, or learning from their spouse’s health shock.
Core-Shell Nanorods for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

We propose core-shell InP-CdS and InP-ZnTe nanorods as photoelectrodes in the efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Based on our systematic study using strain-dependent k.p theory, we find that in these heterostructures both energies and wave-function distributions of electrons and holes can be favorably tailored to a considerable extent by exploiting the interplay between quantum confinement and strain. Consequently, these core-shell nanorods with proper dimensions (height, core radius, and shell thickness) can simultaneously satisfy all criteria for effective photoelectrodes in solar-based hydrogen production.
Modeling the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II: synthesis and characterization of a tetranuclear manganese carboxylate complex

[Mn 4 (μ 3 -O) 2 (O 2 CCPh 3 ) 6 (OEt 2 ) 2 ] cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe d'espace P2 1 /n et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,068
Ideal Lift Distributions and Flap Angles for Adaptive Wings

An approach is presented for determining the optimum flap angles and spanwise loading to suit a given flight condition. Multiple trailing-edge flaps along the span of an adaptive wing are set to either reduce drag in rectilinear flight conditions or to limit the wing bending moment at maneuvering conditions. For reducing drag, the flaps are adjusted to minimize induced drag, while simultaneously enabling the wing sections to operate within their respective low-drag ranges. For limiting wing bending moment, the flaps are used to relieve the loading near the wing tips. An important element of the approach is the decomposition of the flap angles into a distribution that can be used to control the spanwise loading for induced-drag control and a constant flap that can used for profile-drag control. The problem is linearized using the concept of basic and additional lift distributions, which enables the use of standard constrained-minimization formulations. The results for flap-angle distributions for different flight conditions are presented for a planar and a nonplanar wing. Postdesign analysis and aircraft-performance simulations are used to validate the optimum flap-angle distributions determined using the current approach.
Technology adoption decisions in the household: A seven-model comparison

We identified 7 theoretical models that have been used to explain technology adoption and use. We then examined the boundary conditions of these models of technology adoption when applied to the household context using longitudinal empirical data from households regarding their purchase and use decisions related to household technologies. We conducted 2 studies and collected 1,247 responses from U.S. households for the first study and 2,064 responses from U.S. households for the second study. Those households that had adopted household technologies were surveyed regarding their use behavior. Potential adopters i.e., those who had currently not adopted were surveyed regarding their purchase intentions. This allowed us to identify the most influential factors affecting a household's decision to adopt and use technologies. The results show that the model of adoption of technology in the household provided the richest explanation and explained best why households purchase and use technologies.
Evaluation of a modified surgical technique to correct urine pooling in cows

Various surgical techniques to correct urovagina in cows describe creating a mucosal extension from the urethral orifice to the labia; however, a fistula often forms in the mucosal extension. The objective of the present study was to determine if the incidence of fistula formation could be decreased by covering transposed submucosal tissue on the dorsal aspect of the urethral extension with a mucosal graft. Cows in both the control group (19) and the experimental group (19) received a modified McKinnon technique of urethral extension; cows in the experimental group also had a sheet of mucosa, obtained from the dorsal aspect of the vestibule, grafted to submucosa exposed during creation of the urethral extension. During histological examination of the biopsy of the graft and its recipient site (harvested 1 week after surgery), neither inosculation nor revascularization of the graft was evident in any sample. Fourteen of 19 (74%) cows in the control group and 10 of 19 (53%) cows in the experimental group developed a fistula in the extension (P = 0.18). We concluded that application of a mucosal graft to the subcutaneous tissue exposed to the vestibule using the McKinnon technique of creating a urethral extension was of little or no benefit in preventing the formation of a fistula in the extension. Furthermore, during evaluation of the extensions, digital palpation alone was often insufficient for detection of a fistula.
Incentives in market games with asymmetric information: the core*

This paper examines the ex ante core of a pure exchange economy with asymmetric information in which state-dependent allocations are required to satisfy incentive compatibility. This restriction on players’ strategies in the cooperative game can be interpreted as incomplete contracts or partial commitment. An example is provided in which the incentive compatible core with nontransferable utility is empty; the game fails to be balanced because convex combinations of incentive compatible net trades can violate incentive compatibility. However, randomization of such strategies leads to ex post allocations which satisfy incentive compatibility and are feasible on average. Hence, convexity is preserved in such a model and the resulting cooperative games are balanced. In this framework, an incentive compatible core concept is defined for NTU games derived from economies with asymmetric information. The main result is nonemptiness of the incentive compatible core.
Additive kernel estimates of returns to schooling

In this paper, we employ a partially linear nonparametric additive regression estimator, with recent U.S. Current Population Survey data, to analyze returns to schooling. Similar to previous research, we find that blacks and Hispanics have higher rates of return on average. However, for married males, while non-Hispanic whites have lower returns on average, they typically possess the highest returns in the sample. For females, we are able to show that Hispanics have uniformly higher returns over non-Hispanic whites for the full sample. When we restrict our analysis to females whose highest level of education is a high school diploma, we find average, but no longer uniformly higher returns. However, these uniformly higher returns resurface for college graduates.
Discussing Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) with Patients: Practices of Health-Care Providers

There is a lack of consensus regarding how health-care providers should address SUDEP with patients. The purpose of this study was to describe various health-care providers' practices regarding discussion of SUDEP with patients. Separate focus groups were conducted with epileptologists, neurologists, and advanced practice nurses. Across all disciplines, reasons for discussing SUDEP included Practical Accountability, Moral Accountability, Proactivity, and Reactivity. For nurses only, an additional reason was Patient Advocacy. In terms of when not to discuss SUDEP, for all disciplines, and especially the physicians, the theme Not at First emerged. Additional themes that emerged for this question included, in the case of neurologists and epileptologists, Moral Accountability and Out of Options. Ways in which SUDEP is discussed included, in all groups, Discussion and Written Materials. In addition, prevalent in all groups was the finding that procedures for discussing SUDEP with patients and families need to be somewhat standardized. Implications for practice are discussed.
Discussion: Social Capital as an Important Lever in Economic Development Policy and Private Strategy

dom accepts that physical capital of machines, plant, and infrastructure is the essence of economic development. Progress and technology are synonymous. Saving became the key and, of course, capitalists were the engine. Capitalists by their grace give us jobs and they are to be coddled with tax cuts and other benefits, by national and local governments. Then we noticed that physical capital measured in dollars and person-hours of work in the aggregate production function did not explain growth in output very well. So we created the concept of human capital. Economists in universities were understandably sympathetic to linking the legitimating capital metaphor to education. This success attracted other previously marginalized scholars who think that social relation-
Keck Spectroscopy of Red Giant Stars in the Vicinity of M31’S Massive Globular Cluster G1*

We present results from an ongoing Keck spectroscopic survey of red giant stars in a field located along the major axis of M31, ?34 kpc in projection from the nucleus and near the luminous globular cluster G1. We use multislit LRIS spectroscopy to measure the Ca II near-infrared triplet in 41 stars ranging in apparent magnitude from 20 < I < 22. Of these, 23 stars are found to have radial velocities v < -200 km s-1, indicating that they are giants in M31; the rest are likely to be foreground Galactic dwarf stars. Roughly two-thirds of the M31 members concentrate at v = -451 km s-1, with a relatively small velocity spread [?(Gaussian) = 27 km s-1], which suggests that they belong to the outer disk or possibly a cold debris trail in the halo. The mean velocity of this group of red giants is consistent with that of nearby neutral hydrogen and models of the velocity field of M31's disk, rather than with G1 or the systemic velocity of M31. We use V, I photometry to estimate a mean metallicity of [Fe/H]phot = -0.8 for this group of potential M31 outer disk stars. Six stars out of the 23 M31 member giants have metallicities and velocities consistent with those of G1 (after accounting for its intrinsic spread in v and [Fe/H]): one of these stars lies within the projected tidal radius of G1 and is a likely member; the remaining five stars are not physically close to G1 and may represent tidal debris from G1. However, more data are needed to confirm the nature of these five stars, as it is likely that they simply represent M31's field halo population. We might have expected to detect tidal debris if G1 were the remnant core of a dwarf galaxy being accreted by M31; instead, the majority of M31 giants in this field are metal-rich and belong to what is evidently the outer disk of M31, and only a small fraction (20%) could possibly have originated in G1.
1,3-Bis(1′-Cycloalkenyl)benzenes via a tandem aryne sequence

Abstract 1-Cycloalkenyl Grignard reagents react with 2,6-dibromoiodobenzene to give the title compounds. A route to 1,3-bis(cyclopentadienyl)benzene or its synthetic equivalent is also described.
Bioactivity of Autologous Irradiated Renal Cell Carcinoma Vaccines Generated by Ex Vivo Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gene Transfer

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced, irradiated tumor vaccines induce potent, T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in preclinical models. We report the initial results of a Phase I trial evaluating this strategy for safety and the induction of immune responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients were treated in a randomized, double-blind dose-escalation study with equivalent doses of autologous, irradiated RCC vaccine cells with or without ex vivo human GM-CSF gene transfer. The replication-defective retroviral vector MFG was used for GM-CSF gene transfer. No dose-limiting toxicities were encountered in 16 fully evaluable patients. GM-CSF gene-transduced vaccines were equivalent in toxicity to nontransduced vaccines up to the feasible limits of autologous tumor vaccine yield. No evidence of autoimmune disease was observed. Biopsies of intradermal sites of injection with GM-CSF gene-transduced vaccines contained distinctive macrophage, dendritic cell, eosinophil, neutrophil, and T-cell infiltrates similar to those observed in preclinical models of efficacy. Histological analysis of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in patients vaccinated with GM-CSF-transduced vaccines demonstrated an intense eosinophil infiltrate that was not observed in patients who received nontransduced vaccines. An objective partial response was observed in a patient treated with GM-CSF gene-transduced vaccine who displayed the largest delayed-type hypersensitivity conversion. No replication-competent retrovirus was detected in vaccinated patients. This Phase I study demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and bioactivity of an autologous GM-CSF gene-transduced tumor vaccine for RCC patients.
Effect of enhanced-solubilization agents on dissolution and mass flux from uniformly distributed immiscible liquid trichloroethene (TCE) in homogeneous porous media.

The use of enhanced-flushing technologies has emerged as a promising technique for the remediation of sites contaminated with immiscible liquids. An important aspect for the effective remediation of these sites depends on the physical heterogeneity of the subsurface and the related distribution of immiscible liquid present within porous media. Recent interest has developed in using mass flux-based approaches to evaluate remediation success and performance for immiscible liquid-contaminated sites. The unique focus of these experiments was to evaluate trichloroethene (TCE) mass flux behavior and mass removal effectiveness for various solubilization agents when the distribution of immiscible liquid is uniform. In order to accurately compare the performance of each enhanced-solubilization agent, the distribution of immiscible liquid must be consistent and uniform. Previous dissolution experiments have typically relied upon injecting immiscible liquid into the porous media which can result in nonuniform immiscible liquid distribution causing nonideal dissolution and mass flux behavior (i.e., immiscible liquid fingering and bypass flow). Homogeneous 20/30 quartz sand was thoroughly mixed with a predetermined amount of immiscible liquid TCE and packed into columns to ensure that uniform distributions of residually saturated TCE (S N = 8–11%) were created. These columns were then flushed with a specific enhanced-solubilization flushing agent to initiate dissolution. Of the four enhanced-solubilization used, the lower solubilization power flushing agents (i.e., cyclodextrins) resulted in more ideal TCE mass flux behavior in which mass flux is maximized and maintained during the majority of the flushing experiment. A strong positive correlation (R 2 = 0.92) exists between enhancement factor and mass flux ideality which may suggest that these systems were in fact uniformly distributed with immiscible liquid. In order to appropriately evaluate and compare the effectiveness of specific solubilization agents, it is important to consider mass flux behavior in conjunction with elution behavior and mass removal efficiency.
Industrial Food Animal Production, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Human Health

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health crisis, eroding the discovery of antimicrobials and their application to clinical medicine. There is a general lack of knowledge of the importance of agricultural antimicrobial use as a factor in antimicrobial resistance even among experts in medicine and public health. This review focuses on agricultural antimicrobial drug use as a major driver of antimicrobial resistance worldwide for four reasons: It is the largest use of antimicrobials worldwide; much of the use of antimicrobials in agriculture results in subtherapeutic exposures of bacteria; drugs of every important clinical class are utilized in agriculture; and human populations are exposed to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens via consumption of animal products as well as through widespread release into the environment.
Gamma ray and neutron emissions from the Sun

Evidence for acceleration of charged particles in the solar atmosphere is reviewed with specific reference to production of gamma rays and neutrons at the Sun. Fluxes of these components at the Earth, based on theoretical assumptions are also reviewed and estimates and conditions for obtaining observable fluxes from Syrovatskii's dynamic dissipation model are considered. Knowledge about the Sun, to be derived from such observations, is discussed. Finally, a brief review of the present status of experimental observations and suggestions for new experimental approaches are given.
Sensitivity of harmonic injection and its spatial evolution for nonlinear distortion suppression in a TWT

Summary form only given. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the sensitivity of suppression obtained by harmonic injection in a Traveling Wave Tube to injected frequency, amplitude and phase drifts. Harmonic injection schemes offer a promising solution to reduce the nonlinear effects in a TWT. Experimental results for two-carrier drive show that high suppression of up to 55 dBc can be obtained for simultaneous suppression of both the upper and lower third-order intermodulation (3IM) products by injecting second-harmonics of both the fundamentals. This is close to the desired value (60 dBc) for many communication applications. In this paper we examine the frequency, amplitude and phase tolerance permitted for the injected frequencies to maintain a desired degree of suppression and the spatial evolution of different components of the wave spectrum. The experimental observations reported in this paper indicate that suppression by harmonic injection is quite insensitive to drifts in the input frequency. Experiments were done on the XWING (eXperimental WIsconsin Northrup Grumman) TWT with two tones of 1.90 and 1.95 GHz. A second-harmonic frequency at 3.90 GHz was injected to obtain 30 dB (55 dBc) suppression at the output. It was observed that suppression of 19 dB (44 dBc) is maintained as the frequency of the other fundamental (1.90 GHz) was varied over 0.9 GHz.