cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Accuracy of Finite Difference Methods in Evaluation of Options within Heston Model

The recent analytical closed-form result (http://ssrn.com/abstract=2549033) discovered by Market Memory Trading L.L.C. (“MMT”) for the probability density function of the European style options with stochastic volatility, considered within the Heston model, has allowed for the first time an opportunity to assess the approximate nature of various numerical methods used for evaluation of these options. Our goal is to investigate the accuracy of the popular Crank-Nicolson Method (CNM), a two-dimensional variant of the finite difference method, applied to the vanilla options with stochastic volatility. Exact results for option prices for wide ranges of parameters of the underlying return and its variance were supplied by MMT. For brevity, studies reported are restricted to call options.
Non-substrate based, small molecule inhibitors of the human isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase

Activating mutations of human K-Ras proteins are among the most common oncogenic mutations, present in approximately 30% of all human cancers. Posttranslational modifications to K-Ras guide it to the plasma membrane and disruption of this localization inhibits the growth of Ras-driven cancers. The human isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (hIcmt) enzyme catalyzes the final α-carboxyl methylesterification of the C-terminal farnesyl cysteine of K-Ras, which is necessary for its proper localization. Thus, hIcmt inhibition is a regarded as a promising cancer therapy. A high quality inhibitor of hIcmt with in vivo activity would advance hIcmt research and drug development. Herein, Wwe report the results of a screen for small molecule hIcmt inhibitors in a library of molecules that were not hIcmt substrate analogs. The lead compound identified by this screen (1) was modified to remove chemical liabilities and to increase potency. The most potent resulting compound (5) inhibited hIcmt in vitro with low micromolar potency (IC50 = 1.5 ± 0.2 μM) and was kinetically characterized as a competitive inhibitor for prenylated substrates and a non-competitive inhibitor for the cofactor and methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). These inhibitors offer important structure activity relationships for the future development of hIcmt inhibitors with in vivo activity.
Reasonable Selection of Internal Fault Protection for Single Capacitor

The reasonable selection of internal fault protection for capacitor is the important means to improve operation reliability of capacitor installation. The fault expansion of capacitor bank occurred frequently because of unreasonable selection and disposition of internal fault protection for single capacitor, which was not good for the safe operation of capacitor bank. The paper introduced the selection principle of external fuse under the breaking modes of little current and big current, the principle of internal fuse protection and the selection principle of number of shunt element for internal fuse capacitor, and took the disposition of capacitor with internal fuse or external fuse as an example.
Approach to Acute Cholangitis

Acute bacterial cholangitis is a common infection of the biliary tree that can be managed effectively when the diagnosis is made early. The pathophysiology of acute cholangitis revolves around obstruction of the biliary tree and consequent development of bacterial infection. The most common cause of cholangitis is choledocholithiasis. The classic Charcot’s triad of fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain occurs in about 50–75 % of patients. Symptoms may sometimes be more subtle, especially in the elderly, so a thorough clinical history and timely work-up are essential. Evaluation almost always includes imaging studies to evaluate the biliary tree. Management first involves assessment of the severity of acute cholangitis. Mild (grade 1) cholangitis that shows no ongoing obstruction can be treated with antibiotics alone. In moderate (grade 2) and severe (grade 3) cholangitis, biliary drainage is required. This is most often performed through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage as an effective and safe alternative option. Surgery has almost no role in urgent cases, but may have utility in recurrent cases with ongoing obstruction or liver failure.
Difference-Driven Inquiry: A Working Theory of Local Public Deliberation

Local publics open a distinctively generative space for deliberation, one that can actually use difference, based on race, status, or discourse, as a resource—but only if such marginalized perspectives can gain standing and be heard. For difference to gain a voice may depend on a discourse that can delay consensus, acknowledge conflict, and provoke a difference-driven inquiry. Drawing on a study of a deliberative process triggered by issues of diversity within a university, this essay sketches a working theory of community engagement supported by the rhetorical scaffold of a Community Think Tank. The essay explores the theoretical potential of conflict in local publics while asking how rhetorical activists and educators might support a difference-driven deliberation in practice.
Abstract 150: Natural Killer Cells Are Crucially Involved in Vascular Remodeling and Intimal Hyperplasia

Introduction Immune cells such as monocytes and T cells but also NK cells are proven contributors to atherosclerosis. Interestingly, C57BL/6 mice display profound induced vascular remodeling in arteriogenesis whereas BALB/c mice show less remodeling. Moreover, these two strains differ in their NK cell receptor gene complex (NKC), which codes for activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. We hypothesize that NK cells are crucially involved in vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia formation. Methods and Results Vascular remodeling was studied in two models; injury induced restenosis by femoral artery cuff placement and vein graft remodeling by placement of a caval vein interpositioning in the mouse carotid artery. NK cell depletion with NK1.1 antibodies in C57BL/6 mice showed significant less (2266um2) cuff-induced intimal hyperplasia than control mice (5252um2) did. Similar results were found in NK-cell deficient mice, which showed an intimal hyperplasia of (2261um2) after cuff-placement compared to control mice (3279um2). After cuff-placement in CMV1r mice which are congenic for the C57BL/6 NKC, an intimal hyperplasia of 4745um2 was found, comparative to C57BL/6 (4459um2), and significantly more than BALB/c mice (1247um2). CMV1r mice showed stronger intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts (0.22mm2) compared to both C57BL/6 (0.15mm2) and BALB/c mice (0.11mm2) Importantly, CMV1r displayed equal amounts of CD45 positive cells to that of C57BL/6 mice, whereas BALB/c mice show hardly any leukocyte influx into the vessel wall. Flow cytometric analysis of NK cell responsiveness to specific NK receptor mediated activation by NKp46 in C57BL/6, BALB/c and CMV1r splenic NK cells resulted in a significantly improved responsiveness of CMV1 r NK cells when compared to BALB/c NK cells to the level of C57BL/6 NK cells. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that NK cells but more specific, the C57BL/6 NK cell gene locus is involved in the induction of vascular remodeling. Furthermore, the observed differences in inflammatory infiltrate and NK cell responsiveness between the strains strongly suggest that the C57BL/6 NK receptor repertoire might be involved in triggering an immune response that is associated with vascular remodeling.
Organization of Social Validity Data

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on organization of social validity data. Organizing social validity data in a manner that allows for useful evaluation is an important process to consider. If social validity data are not systematically organized and evaluated, any trends that may be occurring may not be recognized. In addition, variables related to social validity may appear to be ubiquitous and the research may provide little toward informing actual practice. Schalock and Kiernan described how habilitation services could be evaluated using three types of analyzes, which they described as outcome analysis, process analysis, and impact analysis. They described outcome analysis as involving objective data sets that focus on individual experiences, such as changes in living skills, community involvement, employment, and so forth. Process analysis involved examination of categorical groups of individuals, services, geographic areas, and the like. Impact analysis offered a comparison of groups receiving habilitation services and those who did not receive services or who received different services. While their focus was habilitation services, these analyses can also provide some useful insight toward organizing and evaluating social validity data, with some modifications.
Atoms join in the race for lithography in the next century

An impressive technology has been developing since the 1960s to make the tiny electronic devices that form the basic circuits in today's computer chips. Huge ultraclean buildings filled with lithography machines costing $2–4 million each churn out 20 000 silicon wafers every month, producing more transistors per square millimetre for less money than ever before. But many experts say that the steady increases in circuit density will come to an abrupt halt if we do not come up with some radical new ideas.
Offshore Transport of Shelf Water by Deep-Ocean Eddies

AbstractAt continental margins, energetic deep-ocean eddies can transport shelf water offshore in filaments that wrap around the eddy. One example is that of Gulf Stream warm-core rings interacting with the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf. The rate at which shelf water is exported in these filaments is a major unknown in regional budgets of volume, heat, and salt. This unknown transport is constrained using a series of idealized primitive equation numerical experiments wherein a surface-intensified anticyclonic eddy interacts with idealized shelf–slope topography. There is no shelfbreak front in these experiments, and shelf water is tracked using a passive tracer. When anticyclones interact with shelf–slope topography, they suffer apparent intrusions of shelf–slope water, resulting in a subsurface maximum in offshore transport. The simulations help construct an approximate model for the filament of exported water that originates inshore of any given isobath. This model is then used to derive an expression for th...
Active Bodies/Active Brains: Practical Applications Using Physical Engagement to Enhance Brain Development

The word ‘play’ has been characterized across a full continuum of meanings, from valued release time and recess to an essentially unimportant function of the school day that is lacking in purpose. The value of physical activity in our social and educational system has been questioned to the point that many schools are looking to eliminate physical engagement activities. The threat to reduce or eliminate activity opportunities may continue, unless a connection can be established between the academic achievement and the physical development of the child. Advocates of physical engagement have known for years that movement enhances learning, but what has been missing is the research to support this belief. An increase in brain research now provides a definitive link connecting movement with enhanced learning. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between physical engagement and the development of the mind-body connection. Practical applications will be provided that can be used to enhance...
Gel-Based Proteomics: High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins. Isoelectric Focusing and Nonequilibrium pH Gradient Electrophoresis

Publisher Summary High-resolution two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), often referred as gel-based proteomics, multidimensional chromatography, and protein biochips in combination with mass spectrometry are among the proteomic tools that are available for biomarker and drug target discovery. Proteomic technologies are expected to play a key role in the study and treatment of diseases as they provide invaluable resources to define and characterize regulatory and functional networks, investigate the precise molecular defect in diseased tissues and biological fluids, and for developing specific reagents to precisely pinpoint a particular disease or stage of a disease. Today, 2D PAGE can be carried out using two separation modes in the first dimension: conventional isoelectic focusing (IEF) gels and immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels. At the end of the labeling period, one should remove the medium with the aid of a drawn-out Pasteur pipette. Keep the medium if one wants to analyze secreted or externalized proteins. Place the 96-well plate at an angle to facilitate removal of the liquid. Dispose of the radioactive medium according to the regulations enforced in the laboratory.
Metabolic Chemical Reporters of Glycans Exhibit Cell‐Type‐Selective Metabolism and Glycoprotein Labeling

Since the pioneering work by Reutter and co-workers that demonstrated structural flexibility in the carbohydrate biosynthesis and glycosylation pathways, many different labs have used unnatural monosaccharide analogues to perform glycan engineering on the surface of living cells. A subset of these unnatural monosaccharides contain bioorthogonal groups that enable the selective installation of visualization or enrichment tags. These metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) have proven to be powerful for the unbiased identification of glycoproteins; however, they do have certain limitations. For example, they are incorporated substoichiometrically into glycans, and most MCRs are not selective for one class (e.g., O-GlcNAcylation) of glycoprotein. Here, we explore the relationship between the biosynthesis of MCR donor sugars in cells and the labeling levels of four different N-acetylglucosamine- and N-acetylgalactosamine-based MCRs. We found that the buildup of the different donor sugars correlated well with the overall labeling levels but less so with intracellular labeling of proteins by O-GlcNAcylation.
Abstract IA02: A global perspective on clinical cancer genomics

Access to genomic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) is standard of care in most developed countries, but is not readily available in Latin America. Following needs assessment, a dissemination and implementation intervention, including clinical training and application of in expensive genomic tools, was used to develop a model for vertical integration of GCRA among underserved populations in Latin America. A roundtable forum with 15 Latin American physicians representing Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Peru was conducted to assess the state of GCRA services and barriers to implementation in these countries. The roundtable was conducted in Spanish, moderated by bilingual cancer genetics clinicians, recorded, transcribed, translated and thematically analyzed. Roundtable findings indicated a need for a multi-level approach with GCRA training, cost-effective genomic testing, and an evidence-based foundation to support the development of policy, infrastructure and resources to implement and sustain GCRA services in Latin America. The City of Hope Intensive Course and Clinical Cancer Genomics Community of Practice (CCGCoP), an NCI R25-E multi-modal training and practice support program, was piloted to address in part the need for clinicians with GCRA skills as part of infrastructure development. A common prospective registry protocol was implemented via the Cancer Genomics Community Research Network (CCGCRN), and disruptive technologies (next generation sequencing and other rapidly evolving genomic tools) enabled inexpensive BRCA testing tools to be introduced to support GCRA services. Site assessments and clinical proctoring demonstrated successful initiation of GCRA services and has revealed barriers to follow up care. Thus, innovative pairing of disruptive technologies and multimodal training tools have the potential to accelerate implementation of genomic cancer risk assessment and prevention for underserved populations. Citation Format: Jeffrey Weitzel. A global perspective on clinical cancer genomics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Connected Aircraft Data to Identify Pavement Roughness at Airports

This paper reviews the construction and maintenance guidelines for airfield pavements, as well as the current methods for assessing pavement conditions. A study is performed on an airport’s taxiway to determine if acceleration data from airframe mounted accelerometers and on-board avionic systems can be used to provide an estimate of pavement roughness. A comparison of international roughness index (IRI), 3-axis accelerometer data, and normal acceleration data from the G1000 unit is presented based on a field study performed at the Purdue University Airport (KLAF). The paper concludes that there is a potential for crowdsourced data obtained from an aircraft’s on-board system such as the G1000 to act as an additional tool for airport managers to monitor surface conditions between routine and detailed inspections.
Effect of Water Submersion on Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Eggs

Cochliomyia macellaria is a significant species in forensic entomology when accurately determining time of death by using postmortem interval. The larvae participate in secondary myiasis when feeding on the decaying tissue of deceased organisms. Variables such as temperature and location can either speed up or slow down the development of C. macellaria, which need to be taken into account when determining an accurate time of death. Eggs of C. macellaria were collected, submerged in water for varying amounts of time, and observed in order to see if exposure to water caused them to die before hatching. It was found that eggs soaked for one minute had the highest percentage survive. Eggs soaked for zero, two, and five minutes had slightly less survive, while eggs soaked for seven and ten minutes saw a significant decrease in survival. These results will not only assist forensic entomologists when determining time of death, but will also give a better understanding about which habitats this species is most likely to be found in.
Is Contracting Around Lawful Opportunism an Option

This paper empirically examines whether and how parties to contracts can secure realistic ex ante options to contract around the “lawful opportunism” that detracts in a fundamental way from the cos...
Output Monitoring of Intention Execution

An intriguing topic in the field of prospective memory is our ability to monitor our own behavior. In particular, successful execution of intentions requires that we make accurate judgments about our past responses. We begin this chapter by focusing on commission errors (repeating an intention because we think it has not yet been completed) and omission errors (believing an intention was fulfilled when it was not). We focus on the finding that output monitoring errors are especially prevalent for older adult age groups and errors are especially likely in the context of well-established habits. Finally, this chapter concludes with an examination of output monitoring in real-life scenarios such as the aviation industry and medication adherence.
Clinical profiles of four large pedigrees with familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Preliminary recommendations for clinical practice

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize the clinical profile of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDC) in the families of four index patients initially diagnosed with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and to provide clinical practice recommendations for physicians dealing with these diseases. BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that approximately one-half of patients diagnosed with IDC will have FDC, a genetically transmissible disease, but the clinical profile of families screened for FDC in the U.S. has not been well documented. Additionally, recent ethical guidelines suggest increased responsibilities in caring for patients with newly found genetic cardiovascular disease. METHODS After identification of four families with FDC, we undertook clinical screening including medical history, physical examination, electocardiogram and echocardiogram. Diagnostic criteria for FDC-affected status of asymptomatic family members was based on left ventricular enlargement (LVE). Subjects with confounding cardiovascular diagnoses or body mass indices >35 were excluded. RESULTS We identified 798 living members from the four FDC pedigrees, and screened 216 adults and 129 children (age CONCLUSIONS We propose that with a new diagnosis of IDC, a thorough family history for FDC should be obtained, followed by echocardiographic-based screening of first-degree relatives for LVE, assuming their voluntary participation. If a diagnosis of FDC is established, we suggest further screening of first-degree relatives, and all subjects with FDC undergo medical treatment following established guidelines. Counseling of family members should emphasize the heritable nature of the disease, the age-dependent penetrance and the unpredictable clinical course.
Nongated, undesirable thyristor triggering

A thyristor can be turned on not only by the application of the gate current, but also by such mechanisms as the thermal effect carrier generation by radiation, or the application of rapidly rising and/or very high forward potential. The thermal effect and the dv/dt effects are undesirable in thyristors. Light irradiation, if so desired, may be utilized in light-activated switches.
Promoting Informed Citizenship through Prison-based Education

There are two dominant frames that emerge in the political discourse regarding whether or not public funds should be invested in educating incarcerated adults in the United States. The first discusses prison-based education in terms of its instrumental utility as a crime control technique within cost-effective analyses. In the second, education in prisons is described as being either good or bad for moral reasons. In this essay, I argue for a third frame in which the merit of prison education programs is determined based on whether or not such programs advance democratic values. I hold that this is particularly important, because the current era of mass incarceration has brought about several threats to the civic well-being of American society, and thus to the legitimacy and stability of the democracy. I then use practitioner and student accounts of prison-based educational programs to illustrate that classrooms can function as unique spaces within prisons to promote informed citizenship. I conclude with two modest recommendations to further expand the civic capacities of incarcerated men and women, within the existing structure of US prisons.
“El parto es tuyo”: testimonio, maternidad y política en dos documentales sobre violencia obstétrica

Atendiendo a los cruces entre violencia y genero propuestos para el numero especial de Letras femeninas , este articulo se centra en una forma particular de violencia contra la mujer que en la ultima decada ha cobrado mayor visibilidad en los debates feministas, institucionales, culturales y juridicos: la violencia obstetrica. Partiendo del repaso y analisis de algunas de las mas recientes representaciones sociales y esteticas, este trabajo examina dos documentales latinoamericanos que exhiben la violencia obstetrica, Violencia obstetrica: A voz das brasileiras (Brasil, 2012) y Las formas de nacer (Argentina, 2015). Ambos documentales trabajan visual y discursivamente con el genero del testimonio para transformar las vivencias individuales en modos alternativos de construccion de la maternidad como experiencia personal y como discurso social y colectivo. Los documentales revisan y cuestionan el mandato biblico de “parir con dolor” (idea central en la concepcion tradicional y occidental de la maternidad) para proponer al parto, en el marco de una maternidad elegida, como acto revolucio- nario y como espacio de empoderamiento. Parir se vuelve una forma de activismo politico que crea y recupera, por ejemplo, una red femenina de saberes a contrapelo de los discursos medicos, legales y regulaciones institucionales.
A Polynomial Time Algorithm for Read-Once Certification of Linear Infeasibility in UTVPI Constraints

In this paper, we discuss the design and analysis of polynomial time algorithms for two problems associated with a linearly infeasible system of Unit Two Variable Per Inequality (UTVPI) constraints, viz., (a) the read-once refutation (ROR) problem, and (b) the literal-once refutation (LOR) problem. Recall that a UTVPI constraint is a linear relationship of the form: $$a_{i}\cdot x_{i}+a_{j} \cdot x_{j} \le b_{ij}$$ , where $$a_{i},a_{j} \in \{0,1,-1\}$$ . A conjunction of such constraints is called a UTVPI constraint system (UCS) and can be represented in matrix form as: $$\mathbf{A \cdot x \le b}$$ . These constraints find applications in a host of domains including but not limited to operations research and program verification. For the linear system $$\mathbf{A\cdot x \le b}$$ , a refutation is a collection of m variables $$\mathbf{y}=[y_{1},y_{2},\ldots , y_{m}]^{T} \in \mathfrak {R}^{m}_{+}$$ , such that $$\mathbf{y\cdot A =0}$$ , $$\mathbf{y \cdot b } < 0$$ . Such a refutation is guaranteed to exist for any infeasible linear program, as per Farkas’ lemma. The refutation is said to be read-once, if each $$y_{i} \in \{0,1\}$$ . Read-once refutations are incomplete in that their existence is not guaranteed for infeasible linear programs, in general. Indeed they are not complete, even for UCSs. Hence, the question of whether an arbitrary UCS has an ROR is both interesting and non-trivial. In this paper, we reduce this problem to the problem of computing a minimum weight perfect matching (MWPM) in an undirected graph. This transformation results in an algorithm that runs in in time polynomial in the size of the input UCS. Additionally, we design a polynomial time algorithm (also via a reduction to the MWPM problem) for a variant of read-once resolution called literal-once resolution. The advantage of reducing our problems to the MWPM problem is that we can leverage recent advances in algorithm design for the MWPM problem towards solving the ROR and LOR problems in UCSs. Finally, we show that another variant of read-once refutation problem called the non-literal read-once refutation (NLROR) problem is NP-complete in UCSs.
An assessment of pressure variations in artificially ventilated cavities

Abstract In this work, the character of the pressure within artificially ventilated cavities is investigated in detail using computational fluid dynamics. The efforts explore the details of the pressure inside both twin- and toroidal-vortex cavities through histograms of the internal cavity pressure. Rather than a uniform pressure, detailed interrogation of the pressure indicates a multi-peak distribution of cavity pressure. Further interrogation of these peaks suggests that such pressure variations align with distinct regions within the cavity. Additionally, the character of these distributions are found to be dependent on the cavity closure mode ( Campbell and Hilborne, 1958 ; Karn et al., 2016; Logvinovich, 1972 ). In evaluating these small, yet present, pressure variations, it is hypothesized that they are the driving force for the internal, re-circulatory flow. Lastly, the importance of these distinct regions of pressure regions is investigated with respect to semi-empirical theory, which aims to directly evaluate the level of validity of the constant pressure assumption. The results indicate that the constant pressure assumption remains valid, but may lead to small inaccuracies when evaluating other cavity characteristics through semi-empirical theory.
Markov Properties for Random Fields

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Markov properties for Gaussian generalized random fields and stochastic processes. After preliminaries involving definitions, the chapter presents relations of the Markov property to local operators, quasi-invariant measures, structure of reproducing kernel Hubert spaces, and differential equations. The chapter highlights conditional independence and its consequences, Markov properties for multi-parameter processes, Markov property on a class of sets, Markov properties for generalized random fields, quasi-invariant measures and the Markov property, Markov property for generalized Gaussian random fields, and Markov property of solutions of stochastic partial differential equations.
Earth Jurisprudence: A Pathfinder

This pathfinder explores the little traveled, if not completely unexplored, topic of Earth Jurisprudence. Information about applicable federal, state, and international legislation, case law, administrative rules and regulations books, law review articles, associations actively participating in the field, and experts is provided. Related topics such as business law, environmental law, jurisprudence, international human rights, and the rights of indigenous people are also explored. The author highlights the Center for Earth Jurisprudence (CEJ) webpage as a rich resource for many digital materials that researchers will find useful far into the future. This pathfinder deals exclusively with English language materials.
Successful management of malodor from fungating tumors using crushed metronidazole tablets.

Fungating tumors are associated with advanced cancers, including primary, secondary, and recurrent malignant disease.1 They are characterized by rapid proliferation, ulceration, necrosis, and skin erosion, causing pain, hemorrhage, excessive drainage, and malodor.1 In women, these tumors commonly arise from local cutaneous breast cancer metastases, whereas in men, they typically occur as cutaneous metastases of lung adenocarcinoma.1 Fungating tumor prevalence ranges from 5% to 10% across all tumor types, but not all malignant wounds are fungating, and some malignant cutaneous lesions are slow to develop into wounds. This prevalence is underestimated because fear and embarrassment prevent many patients from seeking health care.1 Malodor is identified as the most distressing feature of fungating masses, causing substantial psychological distress for patients and families.2 Malodor is associated with reduced quality of life, hopelessness, and social isolation,2 yet malodor management remains suboptimal. The fetor of fungation often proves resistant to intervention, making odor elimination an important clinical challenge. We report 2 cases of fungating tumors for which significant malodor was well controlled with topically applied crushed metronidazole tablets.
An alternative explanation for the phasic variations in venous flow.

Abstract Background Phasic venous flow variation with respiration is surrounded by controversy and not well understood. The current concept assigns a major role to the “abdominal pump.” According to this model, inspiratory increases in abdominal pressure compress the vena cava, increasing its internal venous pressure and propelling blood upstream. Some have assigned a secondary role to the “thoracic pump,” with the negative intrapleural pressure aiding blood flow toward the heart. The aim of the present study was to examine the phasic changes in flow, pressure, and volume in the central veins and named tributaries. Methods Caliber area changes were measured using intravascular ultrasonography in 37 patients undergoing iliac vein stenting. The pressure was measured in 48 patients using transducer tip catheters with electronic zero calibration. Duplex ultrasound flow in the head and neck and truncal and limb veins during inspiration and expiration was measured in 15 normal volunteers. Results The caliber of the abdominal inferior vena cava had increased by 32% and its lateral pressure had decreased significantly during inspiration. Intravenous pressure in the central veins of the chest and right atrium was positive at 6 to 14 mm Hg. Negative pressures were rarely seen and then only transiently. The internal jugular vein displayed little phasic variation. The upper limb veins displayed weak inspiratory phasicity. Phase polarity was reversed in the lower limbs, with near flow stoppage during inspiration. Conclusions These observations conflict with the current notions of venous flow phasicity, which are based on push–pull pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic veins. The paradoxical inspiratory inferior vena cava caliber increase probably explains the concurrent pressure decrease. Sustained negative pressures in the thoracic central veins and right atrium did not occur. We have proposed an alternate hypothesis for venous flow phasicity based on alternate stretching and relaxation of the mobile section of the great veins with respiratory movement.
Genetic data reveal fine-scale ecological segregation between larval plethodontid salamanders in replicate contact zones

Contact zones present unique opportunities to investigate ecological divergence, reproductive barriers, and gene flow between species. The two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) species complex is a group of semiaquatic plethodontid salamanders with a reticulate evolutionary history that reflects the reorganization of river drainage basins. Although evidence for widespread, ancient introgression suggests an absence of reproductive isolating mechanisms in the early evolutionary history of the group, modern contact zones reveal a broader diversity of outcomes—with some putative species pairs occurring in sympatry and others exhibiting narrow hybrid zones. Here, we used RADcap data to investigate gene flow and ecological divergence in replicate contact zones between two species in the Appalachian foothills. Our results demonstrate that gene flow between these species is absent or rare, and larvae show strong, fine-scale ecological segregation among riffles, runs, and pools in streams. These results reinforce the more ambiguous conclusions of previous studies that suggested the evolutionary distinctiveness of these two species and underscore the importance of ecological factors in shaping local distributions.
Pressure-Volume Isotherms of He 4 below 4.2°K

A description is presented of a new apparatus for obtaining $\mathrm{PV}$ isotherms at very low temperatures, along with results of measurements on five isotherms at 3.961, 3.348, 2.862, 2.324, and 2.154\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ gas; the second virial coefficients, $B$, at these respective temperatures were found to be -83.70, -103.4, -123.6, -157.7, and -176.4 cc/mole. The reliability of previous data as well as of the several analytical treatments of the data is discussed, the conslusion being with respect to the latter that the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ isotherms below 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K can be best represented by the equation $\frac{\mathrm{PV}}{N}=RT(1+\frac{\mathrm{BN}}{V})$. When both the previous and the present data are analyzed in this way, a consistent set of values for $B$ is obtained. From the values of $\mathrm{RT}$ measured here, corrections to the 1948 temperature scale are obtained in good agreement with modifications suggested by other authors.
Reflections on Socially Engaged History

This brief chapter provides general observations on common features of socially engaged art history as they emerge in the book Socially Engaged Art History and Beyond: Alternatives Approaches to the Theory and Practice of Art History. Socially engaged art history is described as an art history that is produced collaboratively within and between social groups over an extended period of time that seeks to engender a productive dialogue regarding issues and topics of concern, be they social, political, cultural, environmental, or otherwise, and to foster resilient and sustainable communities. In virtue of its modes of operation and the interests of its practitioners, it tends to address difference, division, and inequality in society. It suggests that the over-arching motivation for practicing an art history that is socially engaged is ethical.
Contributions of periodicity fluctuation cues in individual frequency channels to the perception of Chinese vowels and tones

Studies have revealed near perfect speech recognition with primarily temporal envelope cues and severely degraded spectral cues.Among different types of temporal envelope cues,periodicity fluctuation cues have been found to significantly improve Chinese tone and sentence recognition,while the contributions of periodicity fluctuation cues in individual frequency channels to Chinese speech recognition have not been clearly stated.In order to make periodicity fluctuation cues available in different frequency regions,the present study employed different lowpass cutoff frequencies for the temporal envelope detectors in different channels of a fourchannel noiseband cochlear implant simulation.Chinese tone and vowel recognition scores were measured for six native Chinese normal hearing listeners under six lowpass cutoff frequency combinations: all 50 Hz in four channels(all50),all 500 Hz in four channels(all500),and 500 Hz in one of the four channels while 50 Hz in the other three channels(ch1500,ch2500,et al.).The results showed that the ch4500 condition produced the highest Chinese tone recognition among the four singlechannel500 Hz conditions,and was the only condition whose tone recognition was similar to that of the all500 condition and significantly higher than that of the all50 condition.Chinese vowel recognition was not significantly affected by different cutoff frequency combinations.These results suggest that delivering periodicity fluctuation cues inhigher frequency channels may be more important and efficient in enhancing Chinese tone recognition for cochlear implant patients.
A Review of Voice Disorders in School-Aged Children.

SUMMARY Objectives The purpose of this study was to review literature concerning voice disorders in school-aged children. Study Design Integrative review. Materials and Methods A database search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, and Medline. All records included in this review were peer-reviewed journal articles that discussed voice disorders in children, conducted in the United States or Canada, written in English, and published between 2009 and 2019. Results Database searching identified 1,771 records and 551 duplicates were removed. A total of 1,220 records were screened and 949 records were excluded. Two hundred and seventy-one full-text records were screened and 12 records met inclusion criteria. Vocal fold nodules were the most commonly reported vocal fold pathology. The Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice and endoscopy were the most commonly reported assessments. However, variations in practice patterns and access to voice services may exist. Conclusions The findings highlight that school-aged children may face barriers in accessing voice services. As a result, continued analyses of the potential barriers that hinder identification and treatment of voice disorders in this population appear warranted.
Propaganda Gone Viral: A Theory of Chinese and Russian “COVID Diplomacy” in the Age of Social Media

How do authoritarian powers adapt to unexpected crises that challenge their capabilities and authority, and turn such crises in their favour? This chapter draws on the exogenous shock of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent “COVID diplomacy” to show how authoritarian powers, when confronted with unexpected crises, adapt. Beijing’s initial reaction to the emergence of COVID-19 arguably favoured its spread, while Moscow initially responded to the novel Coronavirus outbreak by minimizing its significance in state media while mismanaging the outbreak, even to the detriment of top leadership. However, both powers adapted and turned to “COVID-19 diplomacy” to serve pre-existing messaging objectives with domestic and foreign audiences, using targeted messaging in support of medical aid and outreach. Moscow used COVID diplomacy to reassure domestic audiences and win favour with select foreign audiences, while China gained favour with a broader audience. COVID diplomacy also reveals a longstanding objective: spreading epistemological nihilism in target audiences so as to render them more vulnerable to future messaging and more distrustful of their own media, institutions and state. This in turn serves as a mechanism through which these states achieve additional objectives.
Geometric feature reproducibility for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing with Inconel 718

Abstract This study evaluates a series of additively manufactured geometric feature build plates to baseline variations and process capability between multiple Laser Powder Bed Fusion ( L -PBF) machine configurations. The geometric feature build plate has dimensions of 140 mm in X-orientation, 140 mm in Y-orientation, and 31.8 mm in Z-height. Geometric features incorporated include but are not limited to X- and Y-distances; varying angle walls; horizontal holes; and vertical features including round holes, concentric hollow cylinders, protruding cylinders, square channels, thin wall thicknesses, freeform surface, and slots. Select features are based on standardized ISO/ASTM test artifact geometry. Additional features were included that are of interest for various aerospace or industrial applications and to understand practical limitations of various machine configurations. All the features are designed and located to be visually and geometrically accessible for inspection without removal from the base plate and to have high probability for successful printing among L -PBF platforms. Features from each of the 16 build plates were measured using optical and mechanical measurement methods and data compiled for a detailed evaluation of each feature. The systematic error for build accuracy across all features was 23.8 ± 5.5 µm with a 99.9% confidence interval.
A mathematical method to estimate in vivo thyroid volume from two-dimensional scintigraphic images

393 Objectives Adequate treatment of benign thyroid disorders with radioactive iodine requires estimates of thyroid mass. High resolution ultrasonography (US) provides reliable estimates; however this can add to the cost of the treatment. In this retrospective study, thyroid volumes calculated from scintigraphic imaging were compared to those from US. Methods 40 patients who had imaging with both modalities were enrolled. US thyroid volumes are calculated based on length, width and height of the thyroid lobes. Three independent observers measured short and long axes of each lobe on both parallel and pinhole collimator images. A geometric ellipsoid model was used to calculate the scintigraphic volumes. Results US volumes had a mean of 26.6 mL with a range 2-159 mL. Scintigraphic volumes were as follows, observer 1: mean 27.9 mL, range 6-125 mL; observer 2: mean 21.0, range 5-122 mL; observer 3: mean 28.4 mL, range 5-126 mL. Statistical analysis using the Shapiro Wilk test showed a normal distribution of the data. A paired student t-test did not show statistically significant differences between US and NM volume estimates. Pearson correlation coefficients show moderate agreement between US and NM measurements (r1 = 0.50, r2 = 0.48, r3 = 0.41). Interobserver evaluation showed a strong correlation (r = 0.97). Visual inspection of the images revealed 10 patients with homogeneous and 30 patients with nodular uptake. Sub-division improved the correlation of the homogenous group (r91 = 0.80, r92 = 0.87, r93 = 0.66) and reduced the correlation of the nodular group (r"1 = 0.47, r"2 = 0.45, r"3 = 0.38). Conclusions Using a geometric model, scintigraphic images can provide thyroid volume estimates for calculation of optimal treatment dose.
Early human trials with anticancer agents. Dosage schedules and routes of administration.

Abstract The proper measurement of drug action requires the use of the proper dosage of drug. If it is too low, little therapeutic benefit may be seen between the drug and its control in the final comparative study. If the dose is too high, therapeutic effect can be obscured by toxicity. Such toxicity in Phase I studies may prevent subsequent clinical evaluation. A dose-response curve should be established wherever feasible and should encompass the “sensitive” portion of the curve. The route of administration may also affect the therapeutic activity of a compound and should be clearly established as one in which true therapeutic activity can be seen. Proper utilization of these factors is essential to the development of adequate Phase I and Phase II studies of chemotherapeutic compounds in man.
Creating high performing software engineering teams: the impact of problem solving style dominance on group conflict and performance

Currently, professors are using a variety of team assignment techniques to form software engineering teams. This research believes that a contributing factor to the undesired outcomes (i.e., low performing teams and high levels of conflict) of software engineering teams is that the teams were not formed using "relevant and salient" criteria. To address the relevance issue, we test the impact of problem solving preferences (a sub-set of the MBTI scale) on group conflict and performance. We then test the extent to which the numerical dominance (i.e., salience) of problem solving styles influences conflict and performance. It was found that dominance of problem solving styles is related to negative team outcomes. We conclude by discussing ways in which instructors and team members may minimize negative team outcomes when there is no choice other than forming a team with one dominant problem solving preference.
Phenprocoumon (marcumar)∗: I. An agent for short-term anticoagulant therapy

Abstract One hundred and sixty patients received short-term anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon (marcumar). The effects of different initial doses of phenprocoumon were studied in 134 cases. Phenprocoumon proved to be a potent anticoagulant. Thirty or 36 mg of phenprocoumon produced the desired hypocoagulability of the blood as promptly as an initial dose of 51 mg, when these doses were followed on the second and third day, depending on findings in the Quick test, by doses which ranged from 0 to 9 mg. After therapeutic levels (prothrombin complex time 25 to 35 sec) had been reached, these were maintained with daily phenprocoumon doses of usually 3 or 4.5 mg. Both low and excessively high prothrombin time values were only rarely encountered with this dosage plan. Thus, in general, the desired depression of the blood clotting mechanism was easily maintained. The incidence of hemorrhagic complications was 3.75 per cent. Vitamin k 1 (mephyton or konakion) was an effective antagonist against undue depression of the blood clotting mechanism. These findings were compared with those reported by the original Swiss workers and by American and British students. It is concluded that phenprocoumon is an effective agent for short-term anticoagulant therapy and that selected therapeutic prothrombin levels can be maintained with comparative facility.
A Review of “Why College Matters to God: A Student's Introduction to the Christian College Experience”

In Why College Matters to God, Rick Ostrander attempts to provide an updated alternative to Arthur Holmes’ respected work, The Idea of a Christian College (1975). Ostrander's work originates in obs...
Actor-Observer Bias

The actor-observer bias occurs when people make different attributions, or causal conclusions, about the same behavior when it is done by oneself versus another person. Keywords: fundamental attribution error; self-serving bias