cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Convex Hull Algorithm for Implementing Path-Dependent Multi-Axial Fatigue

The Path-Dependent Maximum Range (PDMR) is a general-purpose multi-axial fatigue life assessment tool recently developed by Battelle researchers. The PDMR has been successfully applied to fatigue analysis of engineering components under variable amplitude, non-proportional, multiaxial fatigue loading histories. PDMR begins by seeking the maximum possible distance (or range) between any two points in the equivalent stress/strain space over a given fatigue loading history, while also identifying the associated loading path-length. The process continues recursively until each loading path has been counted. PDMR then collects the cycles calculated and the associated path-lengths for subsequent calculations of the fatigue damage. The effectiveness of the PDMR method has been validated by its ability to correlate a large amount of fatigue data. In a computerized PDMR calculation, most of the central processor unit’s (CPU) time is spent searching for the maximum range. While a brute-force search is the simplest to implement, and will always find a solution if it exists, its cost, in many practical problems, tends to grow very quickly as the size of the loading spectrum increases with O(n2 ) time complexity, where n is the number of spectrum data points. In this paper, Andrew’s monotone chain algorithm, a sophisticated and reliable convex hull algorithm is implemented into the PDMR to reduce the solution time. Like the widely used angular Graham Scan sort, Andrew’s monotone chain runs in O(n log n) time due to the merge-sort approach. The Rotating Caliper algorithm, which is another computational algorithm for quickly determining all antipodal pairs of vertices on a predetermined convex hull, is also introduced. Several examples have clearly demonstrated that these algorithms can be used in combination to significantly decrease the execution time for the PDMR in engineering fatigue analysis and design.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Numerical Simulation of Building Response on Liquefiable Sand

AbstractThe effective design of earthquake-resistant structures and liquefaction mitigation techniques requires an improved understanding of the development and consequences of liquefaction. In this paper, the results from centrifuge experiments of structures with shallow foundations on liquefiable sand were used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of a state-of-the-practice numerical tool. Fully-coupled numerical simulations with the UBCSAND model implemented in FLAC-2D captured building settlements measured in these experiments reasonably well for one scaled input motion, mostly within factors of 0.7 and 1.8. The soil model captured the overall contribution of deviatoric displacement mechanisms and localized volumetric strains during partially drained cyclic loading. The primary limitation of the model became evident for slower rates of earthquake energy buildup, when the extent of soil softening and building displacement was overestimated by up to a factor of 4. The observations from recent case hi...
Japanese Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae): Newly Discovered Host of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Flowers of Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica Thunb., were found to support larval populations of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in southwestern Georgia and northern Florida. However, larvae were not detected in samples taken during 1990 in southeastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. This discovery constitutes a new host record for both H. virescens and H. zea. Studies conducted at 10 different sites in Tift County, Georgia, during 1988–1990 revealed that H. virescens populations peaked on Japanese honeysuckle during the F1 generation of April through May and again during August through September. H. zea larval populations occurred principally during August through September. Peak F1 larval populations of H. virescens on Japanese honeysuckle occurred at the same time as those on crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., and wild geranium, Geranium carolinianum L. Both H. virescens and H. zea larvae were capable of developing on Japanese honeysuckle flowers in the laboratory. Although survivorship was lower, H. virescens also developed on Japanese honeysuckle leaves and berries. Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck was the principal species parasitizing H. virescens ; parasitism of H. zea was negligible and Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) was the only species detected. M. croceipes was the primary parasitoid of H. virescens and H. zea larvae collected from crimson clover. Results of this study indicate that Japanese honeysuckle is an important early season host of H. virescens and an important late-season host for both H. virescens and H. zea when overwintering populations are developing.
Purification and Properties of Rat Liver Nuclear Proteins That Interact with the Hepatitis B Virus Enhancer 1

Abstract The hepatitis B virus enhancer 1 element plays a fundamental role in the liver-specific regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression. A central region of enhancer 1, the enhancer core domain, contains at least four cis-acting sequence motifs that are essential for enhancer 1 activity. In this study, we have investigated an essential motif within the core domain previously defined as footprint V (FPV). Transient transfection analyses demonstrate that FPV is capable of independently functioning in a liver-specific manner to activate transcription. Therefore, to further examine the liver-specific properties of FPV-mediated enhancer 1 activity, we have carried out the biochemical purification and characterization of FPV binding activity from rat liver nuclei. This study has conclusively identified hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β (HNF-3β), a liver-enriched member of the HNF-3/forkhead gene family, as the predominant purified protein that interacts with the FPV motif. Moreover, a cellular protein(s) that copurified with HNF-3β specifically interacts with a novel sequence motif that partially overlaps FPV. Since this novel motif contains a palindromic sequence, we have tentatively referred to the protein(s) that binds to this site as palindrome-binding factor (PBF). Additional evidence indicates that HNF-3β and PBF cooperatively interact with enhancer 1. Therefore, this study supports the hypothesis that FPV-mediated enhancer activity involves a cooperative interplay between HNF-3β and at least one other enhancer 1-binding protein, PBF.
Somatomotor connectivity in the midbrain of Rana pipiens.

The mesencephalic oculomotor nuclei of Rana pipiens and their surrounding cell groups were investigated using anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and Golgi techniques. The cell groups surrounding the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei were divided into the nucleus interstitialis (nInt) groups A, B, and C, the basal optic nucleus, and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti. Afferents to the ventral mesencephalon originate from the retina and from vestibular, cerebellar, visual, and accessory oculomotor nuclei. These afferents produce a sequence of terminal arborizations in which visual afferents are found in the outer neuropil, and accessory oculomotor, vestibular, and cerebellar afferents are found along the inner neuropil and central gray. The oculomotor neurons in anurans have extensive dendritic fields, extending to the outer margins of the neuropils, as do many large cells along the margin of nInt. Other neurons in nInt have dendritic fields restricted to the proximal portions of the neuropil. Efferents from nInt area A project to the cerebellum and bilaterally to the spinal cord. Area B nInt projects to the ipsilateral spinal cord, contralateral nInt, pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, and ipsilateral trochlear nucleus. Efferents from area C nInt reach the deep tectal layers and ipsilateral spinal cord. The outer portions of the neuropil contain the nucleus of the basal optic root which comprises ganglionic elongate and stellate neurons and projects to the pretectum. In the center of the neuropil peri-nBOR neurons have dendrites directed towards the visual terminal fields and axons towards the central gray and oculomotor neurons. The nucleus reticularis tegmenti receives afferents from the tectum and lateral forebrain bundle and projects to the deep tectal layers. In anurans, the oculomotor neurons receive a variety of visual, somatic, and vestibular afferents and appear relatively undifferentiated, whereas the nInt appears more developed.
The effect of surface reconstruction on the capacitance of Au(100) surfaces

Abstract The effect of reconstruction of the Au(100) surface on the double-layer capacity was measured using standard ac methods combined with UHV surface preparation and ex situ structure analysis. The (5 × 20) reconstruction present on the UHV-prepared surface was found to be stable in dilute HClO 4 over a wide range of electrode potential. In dilute H 2 SO 4 , the (5 × 20) reconstruction was lifted at potentials near the pzc by specific adsorption of HSO − 4 even when the anion was present at very low concentrations, eg 10 −5 M. In 0.01 M HClO 4 , the reconstruction was lifted only at potentials 0.2 V positive of the pzc, and was restored when the potential was made ca 0.1 V negative of the pzc for the (1 × 1) surface, ie the (5 × 20) ⇋ (1 × 1) transformation was quasi-reversible in dilute HClO 4 . Atomic scale roughness, eg steps, appeared to lower the stability of the (5 × 20) structure. The capacity curve for the (5 × 20) reconstructed surface was dramatically different from that of the (1 × 1) surface, with a negative shift in the pzc of ca 0.2 V following the transformation (5 × 20) → (1 × 1), and a decrease in the capacitance of 20–25%, approximately equal to the change in atomic density of the surface. The vacuum work functions (Φ) of the emersed (5 × 20) and (1 × 1) suraces were measured using photoemission spectroscopy, and found to be 5.30 ± 0.05, and 5.05 ± 0.05 eV, respectively, which gives a ΔΦ consistent with the relative values of the pzcs. Our results were consistent in every respect with the previous findings of Kolb and co-workers on the effect of reconstruction on the double-layer capacity of Au(100) surfaces.
Complement phenotypes in glomerulonephritis: Increased frequency of homozygous null C4 phenotypes in IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Complement phenotypes in glomerulonephritis: Increased frequency of homozygous null C4 phenotypes in IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Polymorphism of three complement genes (C4A, C4B, and BF) located within the major histocompatibility complex was studied in 48 biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy patients and nineteen patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). Polymorphism was determined by immunoelectrophoretic techniques and functional activity using an overlay of sheep cells in agarose and C4 deficient sera. The subjects were divided into four large groups according to the presence or absence of a C4 null allele (a gene producing no identifiable gene product): group 1 (no null variants), group 2 (one C4A null variant), group 3 (one C4B null variant), and group 4 (two null variants at either the C4A or C4B locus, that is, homozygous null). Patients had a significantly increased frequency of group 4 phenotypes (homozygous null); (12 of 67 patients, 17.8%) as compared to controls (4 of 102 patients, 3.9%, P=0.0031). Both IgA (P = 0.045) and HSP patients (P = 0.003) had a greater frequency of a C4 homozygous null phenotype. The serum C4 concentration was higher in patients than in controls (740 mg/ml and 576 µg/ml, respectively, P= Phenotypes complementaires au cours des glomerulonephrites: Frequence augmentee de phenotypes C4 nul homozygotes lors de la nephropathie a IgA et du purpura de Henoch-Schonlein. Le polymorphisme de trois genes du complement (C4A, C4B, et BF) situes sur le complexe d'histocompatibilite principal a ete etudie chez 48 malades atteints de nephropathie a IgA prouvee par la biopsie, et chez dix-neuf malades atteints de purpura de Henoch-Schonlein (HSP). Le polymorphisme a ete determine par des techniques immunoelectrophoretiques et l'activite fonctionnelle avec une couche de cellules de moutons sur agarose et des serums deficients en C4. Les sujets ont ete divises en quatre grands groupes selon la presence ou l'absence de l'allele C4 nul (un gene ne produisant pas de substance genique identifiable): groupe 1 (pas de variants nuls), groupe 2 (un variant C4A nul), groupe 3 (un variant C4B nul), et groupe 4 (deux variants nuls sur le locus C4A ou C4B, c'est, homozygote nul). Les malades avaient une frequence significativement accrue de phenotypes du groupe 4 (homozygote nul) (12 du 67 malades, 17,8%) par rapport aux controles (4 du 102 malades, 39%, P=0,0031). Les malades IgA (P = 0,045) et HSP (P = 0,003) avaient une plus grande frequence de phenotype C4 homozygote nul. La concentration serique de C4 etait plus elevee chez les malades que chez les controles (740 mg/ml et 576 µg/mg, respectivement, P=
Controlling Light Oxidation Flavor in Milk by Blocking Riboflavin Excitation Wavelengths by Interference

Milk packaged in glass bottles overwrapped with iridescent films (treatments blocked either a single visible riboflavin [Rb] excitation wavelength or all visible Rb excitation wavelengths; all treatments blocked UV Rb excitation wavelengths) was exposed to fluorescent lighting at 4 degrees C for up to 21 d and evaluated for light-oxidized flavor. Controls consisted of bottles with no overwrap (light-exposed treatment; represents the light barrier properties of the glass packaging) and bottles overwrapped with aluminum foil (light-protected treatment). A balanced incomplete block multi-sample difference test, using a ranking system and a trained panel, was used for evaluation of light oxidation flavor intensity. Volatiles were evaluated by gas chromatography and Rb degradation was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Packaging overwraps limited production of light oxidation flavor over time but not to the same degree as the complete light block. Blocking all visible and UV Rb excitation wavelengths reduced light oxidation flavor better than blocking only a single visible excitation wavelength plus all UV excitation wavelengths. Rb degraded over time in all treatments except the light-protected control treatment and only minor differences in the amount of degradation among treatments was observed. Hexanal production was significantly higher in the light-exposed control treatment compared to the light-protected control treatment from day 7; it was only sporadically significantly higher in the 570 nm and 400 nm block treatments. Pentanal, heptanal, and an unidentified volatile compound also increased in concentration over time, but there were no significant differences in concentration among the packaging overwrap treatments for these compounds.
Influence of Ocean Surface Conditions on Atmospheric Vertical Thermodynamic Structure and Deep Convection

The authors analyze the influence of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and surface wind divergence on atmospheric thermodynamic structure and the resulting effects on the occurrence of deep convection using National Meteorological Center radiosonde data and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program data for July 1983-July 1985. The onset of deep convection requires not only the existence of positive convective available potential energy (CAPE), but also an unstable planetary boundary layer (PBL). A stable PBL is observed to suppress deep convection even when CAPE is positive. Variations of SST have a major effect on CAPE, but surface wind divergence can also affect deep convection by changing the lapse rate in the lower troposphere and humidity in the PBL. Specifically, when SST is greater than or equal to 28 C, CAPE is always positive, and surface wind divergence does not qualitatively change the buoyancy profile above the PBL. Strong surface wind divergence, however, stabilizes the PBL so as to suppress the initiation of deep convection. In warm SST regions, CAPE is greater than 0 regardless of assumptions about condensate loading, although the pseudoadiabatic limit is more consistent with the observed deep convection than the reversible moist-adiabatic limit under these circumstances. When SST is less than 27 C, CAPE is usually negative and inhibits convection, but strong surface wind convergence can destabilize the inversion layer and moisten the PBL enough to make the atmosphere neutrally stable in the mean. As a result, deep convection is generally enhanced either when SST is greater than or equal to 28 C in the absence of strong surface wind divergence or when strong surface wind convergence occurs even if SST is less than 27 C. The anomalous suppression of deep convection in the warm area of the equatorial west Pacific lying between the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and south Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is probably caused by dryness in the PBL and an inversion in that area. The seasonal cycles of deep convection and surface wind divergence are in phase with the maximum solar radiation and lead SST for one to three months in the central Pacific. The change of PBL relative humidity plays a critical role in the changeover to convective instability in this case. The seasonal change of deep convection and associated clouds seems not to have important effects on the seasonal change of local SST in the central Pacific.
Compact Etched Beam Splitters in Weakly Guiding GaAs/AlGaAs Waveguides

Compact etched beam splitters in weakly guiding waveguides are designed, fabricated and characterized. 2-D FDTD calculations and experimental trends agree for varying incidence angle and gap dimension. Measurements indicate 10-30% power transmission over submicron area.
Propagation characteristic for a suspended substrate microstrip line with pedestal

In the letter the full-wave analysis of a suspended substrate microstrip line with pedestal is investigated for the first time. Two auxiliary problems are constructed for obtaining the fields above and below the plane of the pedestal support. The characteristic equation is derived using the spectral Galerkin method.
Effects of thidiazuron on in vitro propagation of Phalaenopsis and Doritaenopsis (Orchidaceae)

Phalaenopsis or Doritaenopsis (Orchidaceae) flower stem sections cultivated in vitro on media containing 0.23–11.35 μM of N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron, TDZ) developed generally multiple shoots with the higher levels producing also protocorm-like bodies (PLB). Shoot and root development were reduced while proliferation increased with increasing concentration of TDZ. Similar effects were observed with Phalaenopsis protocorms at a lower range (0.23–1.14 μM) of TDZ.
Person identification from streaming surveillance video using mid-level features from joint action-pose distribution

We propose a real time person identification algorithm for surveillance based scenarios from low-resolution streaming video, based on mid-level features extracted from the joint distribution of various types of human actions and human poses. The proposed algorithm uses the combination of an auto-encoder based action association framework which produces per-frame probability estimates of the action being performed, and a pose recognition framework which gives per-frame body part locations. The main focus in this manuscript is to effectively com- bine these per-frame action probability estimates and pose trajectories from a short temporal window to obtain mid-level features. We demonstrate that these mid-level features captures the variation in the action performed with respect to an individual and can be used to distinguish one person from the next. Preliminary analysis on the KTH action dataset where each sequence is annotated with a specific person and a specific action is provided and shows some interesting results which verify this concept.
Transforming Context and Developing Culture in Schools

The major premise of this research was that significant cultural change occurs when school leaders and their staff use their external and internal context to shape innovations that affect the “program regularities” of schooling. The authors conducted interviews, made observations, and studied existing documents prepared by school staff to get a descriptive peek into their school lives. The data were analyzed within and between sites to develop a cross-site summary of factors. Four factor clusters emerged and are described in terms of context, school responses, and the resultant cultural change. Five propositions were constructed on the effect of context and culture on school people at work.
PLIF for the treatment of adult spinal deformity.

In this article, Tsai and colleagues review their results using posterior interbody fusion (PLIF) to treat 58 patients with degenerative scoliosis. The report is notable in that the authors had excellent follow-up and utilized accepted outcomes measures to ascertain the degree of clinical improvement in their cohort, and I congratulate them on their excellent outcomes. As neurosurgeons increasingly treat elderly patients with deformity, careful consideration of elements traditionally under the orthopedist’s purview must be entertained. This includes the factors of spinal balance, complex decision making for long-construct planning, fixation into osteoporotic bone, and the prolonged postoperative management of these difficult patients. The technique applied in this report is familiar to neurosurgeons: a modification of the original PLIF technique devised by the late American neurosurgeon Ralph Cloward. The PLIF technique actually represents a powerful method for decompressing, mobilizing, and stabilizing a single lumbar motion segment circumferentially. Thus, its appeal to neurosurgeons as a starting point for deformity management is obvious. The main drawbacks of multi-level PLIF are that (1) the degree of deformity correction at any single level is limited, (2) the time necessary to accomplish this task is magnified with each additional level, (3) the blood loss and risk to neural elements is magnified with each additional treated level, and (4) significant expense is incurred from the combination of cages and screws necessary to complete the task. These drawbacks are indeed exemplified by the authors’ data. The correction of scoliosis from a mean of 19.3° to 7.7° and relative lack of effect on sagittal angulation are reflective of mild scoliosis. Furthermore, the mean operative time of 7.2 h is significant in the elderly population. The advantages of PLIF are the high fusion rates and excellent neural decompression, also seen in this series, and I am honestly surprised at the low reported complication rates given this magnitude of surgery. These factors have led our orthopedic colleagues to favor osteotomies as a method for more efficient and effective deformity correction. PLIF and other interbody techniques may ultimately reemerge as an important method for the treatment of spinal deformities, but in the setting of minimally invasive spinal surgery. I think to this end, the authors have provided us with a valuable contribution to the literature by validating the PLIF technique as an acceptable and safe method for treating these patients.
60 GHz Wireless: Up Close and Personal

To meet the needs of next-generation high-data-rate applications, 60 GHz wireless networks must deliver Gb/s data rates and reliability at a low cost. In this article, we surveyed several ongoing challenges, including the design of cost-efficient and low-loss on-chip and in-package antennas and antenna arrays, the characterization of CMOS processes at millimeter-wave frequencies, the discovery of efficient modulation techniques that are suitable for the unique hardware impairments and frequency selective channel characteristics at millimeter-wave frequencies, and the creation of MAC protocols that more effectively coordinate 60 GHz networks with directional antennas. Solving these problems not only provides for wireless video streaming and interconnect replacement, but also moves printed and magnetic media such as books and hard drives to a lower cost, higher reliability semiconductor form factor with wireless connectivity between and within devices.
Tests of the heterosis model

An alternative to the classical model of self-incompatibility indicates that genetic control of self-incompatibility could involve more than one locus and function through passive failure of incompatible pollen tubes rather than through their active inhibition. Both aspects of the alternative model have been tested and, in each case, the data support the classical single-locus oppositional interpretation rather than the alternative. On the basis of these data, and others now available, we conclude that, in the Solanaceae, and presumably also in some others, self-incompatibility is better explained by the classical interpretation. Several points, however, remain to be resolved.
The role of dispersal from natural habitat in determining spider abundance and diversity in California vineyards

Many generalist predators do not persist in crops year-round, and must colonize crops on a seasonal basis from natural vegetation. We monitored the spider community in the air, on the ground, and in the foliage of California vineyards and neighboring oak-woodlands, to assess whether dispersal from natural habitats influences the abundance and species diversity of spiders in agroecosystems. Early in the growing-season, low spider numbers in vineyard foliage indicated that few spiders overwintered in the vineyard. Aerial dispersal did not, however, occur primarily in the spring when generalist predators are likely to be important in pest suppression, but in mid-summer, while dispersal activity on the ground did not change over time. Aerial collection traps showed greater similarity to spider composition in vineyard foliage than ground collection traps, indicating that spiders in vineyards disperse more by air than over ground. Dwarf spiders (Linyphiidae) dominated spider composition on aerial traps but were not abundant on the vine, while other spider species showed an opposing pattern, suggesting that while spiders may have entered vineyards by air, other factors may have also contributed to spider composition in vineyards. These results are discussed with respect to control of vineyard pests and the establishment of spiders in vineyard agroecosystems.
Impact of African-American race on presentation, treatment, and survival of head and neck cancer.

Summary Objectives To determine the associations between African American race and stage at diagnosis, receipt of definitive therapy, and cancer-specific mortality among patients with head and neck cancer. Materials and methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to conduct a retrospective study on 34,437 patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from 2007 to 2010. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the impact of race on cancer stage at presentation (metastatic vs. non-metastatic) and receipt of definitive treatment. Fine and Gray competing-risks regression modeled the association between race and head and neck cancer-specific mortality. Results African Americans were more likely to present with metastatic cancer compared to non-African Americans (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.76; CI 1.50–2.07; P Conclusion African Americans with head and neck cancer are more likely to present with metastatic disease, less likely to be treated definitively, and are more likely to die from head and neck cancer. The unacceptably high rates of disparity found in this study should serve as immediate targets for urgent healthcare policy intervention.
Can–ism and Can'tianism: A Straw Child

(1997). Can–ism and Can'tianism: A Straw Child. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 159-167.
Interpretation of micelle diffusion coefficients

Abstract The interpretation of micelle diffusion coefficients, especially those obtained by means of quasi-elastic light-scattering spectroscopy (QELSS), is discussed in light of theoretical work on macro-particle diffusion. The alleged discrepancy between QELSS results for D and results obtained by tagging micelles with dye arises because the experiments measure different physical parameters. Possible influences of monomer-micelle equilibria on QELSS data are examined, taking into account the distinction between those reactions which actually change the number of micelles and those reactions which only modulate the aggregation number n of individual micelles.
Prolactin-induced stimulation of rat renal adenylate cyclase and autoradiographic localization to the distal nephron.

Prolactin was shown to activate adenylate cyclase in broken cellular enzyme preparations from rat renal medulla. Likewise, vasopressin was effective on this enzyme system. Parathyroid hormone was simi
Dermatitis involving the dentist’s hands

Many dentists are plagued unnecessarily by dermatitis, with resultant discomfort, embarrassment and loss of income. The dentist should maintain the structural integrity of the skin of his hands by avoid­ ing excessive use of soaps and irritants, and by keeping the skin oiled. A good hand cream should be used at least three or four times a day, and oftener in winter. The dentist should avoid irrita­ tion of the skin and careless use of po­ tential allergens.
Systematic Study of Antibonding Modes in Gold Nanorod Dimers and Trimers

Using on-wire lithography to synthesize well-defined nanorod dimers and trimers, we report a systematic study of the plasmon coupling properties of such materials. By comparing the dimer/trimer structures to discrete nanorods of the same overall length, we demonstrate many similarities between antibonding coupled modes in the dimers/trimers and higher-order resonances in the discrete nanorods. These conclusions are validated with a combination of discrete dipole approximation and finite-difference time-domain calculations and lead to the observation of antibonding modes in symmetric structures by measuring their solution-dispersed extinction spectra. Finally, we probe the effects of asymmetry and gap size on the occurrence of these modes and demonstrate that the delocalized nature of the antibonding modes lead to longer-range coupling compared to the stronger bonding modes.
Dual Diagnosis Capability in Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs.

Objective: Improved understanding of the relative strengths and weaknesses of treatment organizations’ dual diagnosis capability is critical in order to guide efforts to improve services. This study assesses programs’ capacity to meet the needs of clients with dual diagnosis, identifies areas where they are well equipped to serve these clients, and determines where programmatic improvement is needed. The study also undertakes an initial exploration of the potential impact that funding sources have on dual diagnosis capability. Methods: We administered Dual Diagnosis Capability in Addiction Treatment (DDCAT) and Dual Diagnosis Capability in Mental Health Treatment (DDCMHT) assessments at 30 treatment programs in two California counties. Seven of the programs received funding to provide both mental health and substance use disorder services, 13 received funding to provide mental health services, and 10 received funding to provide substance use disorder services. Results: The mean DDCAT/DDCMHT score of progr...
Mechanism of metabolic activation of chloroform by rat liver microsomes

Abstract In this investigation, we attempted to determine if reactive metabolites other than phosgene (COCl 2 ) are involved in the metabolic activation of chloroform (CHCl 3 ) in rat liver microsomes. This problem was approached by determining whether the formation of COCl 2 can account for the metabolism of CHCl 3 to covalently bound product, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and chloride ion (Cl − ). It was found that the levels of covalent binding of [ 14 CHCl 3 and [ 14 C]CO 2 formation decreased proportionately when [ 14 C]COCl 2 was trapped as 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid by the addition of cysteine to the incubation mixture. The amount of this product corresponded closely to the sum of the decreases in covalent binding and CO 2 formation. [ 36 Cl]Chloride was formed from [ 36 Cl]CHCl 3 under the same conditions that produced COCl 2 from CHCl 3 . In addition, when 14 C-, 3 H-, or 36 Cl-labelled CHCl 3 was incubated with liver microsomes under a variety of conditions, only the 14 C-label was appreciably bound irreversibly to microsomal protein. These results support the view that COCl 2 is the major, if not the only, reactive metabolite formed from CHCl 3 in rat liver microsomes.
ON THE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF PLURALIST APPROACHES TO TRUTH

Traditional inflationary approaches that specify the nature of truth are attractive in certain ways; yet, while many of these theories successfully explain why propositions in certain domains of discourse are true, they fail to adequately specify the nature of truth because they run up against counterexamples when attempting to generalize across all domains. One popular consequence is skepticism about the efficaciousness of inflationary approaches altogether. Yet, by recognizing that the failure to explain the truth of disparate propositions often stems from inflationary approaches’ allegiance to alethic monism, pluralist approaches are able to avoid this explanatory inadequacy and the resulting skepticism, though at the cost of inviting other conceptual difficulties. A novel approach, alethic functionalism, attempts to circumvent the problems faced by pluralist approaches while preserving their main insights. Unfortunately, it too generates additional problems – namely, with its suspect appropriation of the multiple realizability paradigm and its platitude-based strategy – that need to be dissolved before it can constitute an adequate inflationary approach to the nature of truth.
Neural circuitry underlying pain modulation: expectation, hypnosis, placebo

The ability to predict the likelihood of an aversive event is an important adaptive capacity. Certainty and uncertainty regarding pain cause different adaptive behavior, emotional states, attentional focus, and perceptual changes. Recent functional neuroimaging studies indicate that certain and uncertain expectation are mediated by different neural pathways-the former having been associated with activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cerebellum, the latter with activation changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, mid-cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Expectation plays an important role not only in its modulation of acute and chronic pain, but also in other disorders which are characterized by certain expectation (specific phobias) or uncertain expectation (generalized anxiety disorder) of aversive events.
Ionic conductances in dissociated smooth muscle cells.

ConclusionGastrointestinal and vascular smooth muscle cells appear to possess similar ion channels in their membranes but differ in how some of these channels are modulated. This, however, is not surprising since they react in a different manner physiologically to autonomic neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Smooth muscle constrictors, norepinephrine in the case of vascular muscle, and acetylcholine in the case of gastrointestinal muscle, appear to share the common property of activating Ca2+ channels. However, whether these agents affect the Ca2+ channels directly or through second messenger systems remain to be determined. Vasodilators, on the other hand, appear to work via activation of K+ channels, specifically, the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. The ionic mechanism responsible for norepinephrine's decrease in the motility of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells remains unknown at the present time.Thus, a wealth of information has been gathered within the past several years concern...
INTRINSICALLY LINKED GRAPHS AND THE SATO–LEVINE INVARIANT

Let β* be the unoriented Sato–Levine invariant, an invariant of two component links with even linking number. For a three component link L, we will develop a relation between the Milnor number $\overline{\mu}_{123}(L)$, β*(L′) of certain two component sublinks L′ of L, and β* of the link formed by merging two of the components of L by band sum. Using this relation, we will show that every embedding of K10 contains a two component link with β*(L) ≠ 0.
DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF THE ONLINE LEARNING VALUE AND SELF-EFFICACY SCALE* †

Recently, several scholars have suggested that academic self-regulation may be particularly important for students participating in online learning. The purpose of the present study was to develop a quantitative self-report measure of perceived task value and self-efficacy for learning within the context of self-paced, online training, and to investigate reliability and validity evidence for the instrument. Investigations of this kind are essential because task value and self-efficacy have been shown to be important predictors of students’ self-regulated learning competence and academic achievement in both traditional and online contexts. In Study 1 (n = 204), 28 survey items were created for the Online Learning Value and Self-Efficacy Scale (OLVSES) and an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Results suggested two interpretable factors: task value and self-efficacy. In Study 2 (n = 646), confirmatory
Postpartum contraception: optimizing interpregnancy intervals.

In a 2014 issue of Contraception several research groups present new information on factors influencing the delivery and uptake of postpartum contraception. The research includes reports on patient-level factors in postpartum contraceptive choices in New Mexico and the utilization of postpartum contraception by women in Mumbai. In addition research describes an intervention to increase postpartum contraceptive use among urban migrants in Shanghai and discuss patient characteristics associated with method choice. This editorial describes the shifting focus on contraception for women who recently delivered and explains its significance. Aside from the emotional and physical change for a woman and her family during the postpartum period she is also at risk for a shorter-than-recommended spaced time between pregnancies due to the frequent lag between resuming contraception and sexual intercourse. However the main technical issue with post-placental IUD placement appears to be a higher risk of expulsion and the greatest barrier to hospital-based postpartum contraceptive initiation is reimbursement. The success of immediate postpartum LARC programs will depend on effective contraceptive counseling during prenatal care visits. This series of articles will help providers to understand factors related contraceptive choices and alternative arenas for delivery of postpartum contraceptive care. [excerpt] Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A Double Mutant of Sperm Whale Myoglobin Mimics the Structure and Function of Elephant Myoglobin

The functional, spectral, and structural properties of elephant myoglobin and the L29F/H64Q mutant of sperm whale myoglobin have been compared in detail by conventional kinetic techniques, infrared and resonance Raman spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and x-ray crystallography. There is a striking correspondence between the properties of the naturally occurring elephant protein and those of the sperm whale double mutant, both of which are quite distinct from those of native sperm whale myoglobin and the single H64Q mutant. These results and the recent crystal structure determination by Bisig et al. (Bisig, D. A., Di Iorio, E. E., Diederichs, K., Winterhalter, K. H., and Piontek, K.(1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20754-20762) confirm that a Phe residue is present at position 29 (B10) in elephant myoglobin, and not a Leu residue as is reported in the published amino acid sequence. The single Gln64(E7) substitution lowers oxygen affinity ∼5-fold and increases the rate of autooxidation 3-fold. These unfavorable effects are reversed by the Phe29(B10) replacement in both elephant myoglobin and the sperm whale double mutant. The latter, genetically engineered protein was originally constructed to be a blood substitute prototype with moderately low O2 affinity, large rate constants, and increased resistance to autooxidation. Thus, the same distal pocket combination that we designed rationally on the basis of proposed mechanisms for ligand binding and autooxidation is also found in nature.
"Sharing time": Children's narrative styles and differential access to literacy

A discourse-oriented classroom activity in an ethnically mixed, first grade classroom is studied from an interpretive perspective, integrating ethnographic observation and fine-grained conversational analysis.' "Sharing time" is a recurring activity where children are called upon to describe an object or give a narrative account about some past event to the entire class. The teacher, through her questions and comments, tries to help the children structure and focus their discourse. This kind of activity serves to bridge the gap between the child's home-based oral discourse competence and the acquisition of literate discourse features required in written communication. Through a detailed characterization of the children's sharing styles, evidence is provided suggesting that children from different backgrounds come to school with different narrative strategies and prosodic conventions for giving narrative accounts. When the child's discourse style matches the teacher's own literate style and expectations, collaboration is rhythmically synchronized and allows for informal practice and instruction in the development of a literate discourse style. For these children, sharing time can be seen as a kind of oral preparation for literacy. In contrast, when the child's narrative style is at variance with the teacher's expectations, collaboration is often unsuccessful and, over time, may adversely affect school performance and evaluation. Sharing time, then, can either provide or deny access to key literacy-related experiences, depending, ironically, on the degree to which teacher and child start out ""sharing" a set of discourse conventions and interpretive strategies. (Urban communication, ethnic/ subcultural differences in discourse style, the transition to literacy, American English.)
Data Modeling and Handling for Analysis and Visualization in a Collaborative Setting

This paper discusses the development of a data modeling and handling methodology to display results from a large-scale Finite Element Analysis in real-time from any geographic location in the world to aid in complex decision-making. The developed methodology enables real-time collaboration before, during, and after a complex engineering analysis. The collaborative capabilities include a three dimensional, interactive representation of the analysis data available through the Internet on any computing platform without the need of installed software or specialized hardware. A scientist has the ability to change data resolutions on-the-fly as well as view animated representations of the analysis results. In this paper, the developed methodology was applied to a geophysical situation. However, the benefits could be realized in a range of application areas from mechanical design to biomedical imaging. The details of the development are presented in this paper. The full paper will present additional descriptions as well as example problems.
Chaperoning the Chaperone: A Role for the Co-chaperone Cpr7 in Modulating Hsp90 Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an abundant essential eukaryotic molecular chaperone involved in the activation and stabilization of client proteins, including several transcription factors and oncogenic kinases. Hsp90 undergoes a complex series of conformational changes and interacts with partner co-chaperones such as Sba1, Cpr6, Cpr7, and Cns1 as it binds and hydrolyzes ATP. In the absence of nucleotide, Hsp90 is dimerized only at the carboxy-terminus. In the presence of ATP, Hsp90 also dimerizes at the amino-terminus, creating a binding site for Sba1. Truncation of a charged linker region of yeast Hsp90 (Hsp82Δlinker) was known to disrupt the ability of Hsp82 to undergo amino-terminal dimerization and bind Sba1. We found that yeast expressing Hsp82Δlinker constructs exhibited a specific synthetic lethal phenotype in cells lacking CPR7. The isolated tetratricopeptide repeat domain of Cpr7 was both necessary and sufficient for growth in those strains. Cpr6 and Cpr7 stably bound the carboxy-terminus of wild-type Hsp82 only in the presence of nonhydrolyzable ATP and formed an Hsp82–Cpr6–Cpr7 ternary complex. However, in cells expressing Hsp82Δlinker or lacking CPR7, Cpr6 was able to bind Hsp82 in the presence or absence of nucleotide. Overexpression of CNS1, but not of other co-chaperones, in cpr7 cells restored nucleotide-dependent Hsp82–Cpr6 interaction. Together, our results suggest that the in vivo functions of Cpr7 include modulating Hsp90 conformational changes, mediating proper signaling of the nucleotide-bound state to the carboxy-terminus of Hsp82, or regulating Hsp82–Cpr6 interaction.
Science for All, Including Students From Non-English-Language Backgrounds

Standards-based reform across subject areas has an overarching goal of achieving high academic standards for all students. Although much is known about what constitutes high academic standards, little attention has been given to the attainment of educational equity for all students. In this article, we propose the notion of instructional congruence as a way of making academic content accessible, meaningful, and relevant for diverse learners. Although our discussion considers students from non-English-language backgrounds (NELB) in science education, comparable approaches can be applied to other diverse student groups and other subject areas. We discuss an agenda for research, practice, and policy in promoting high standards for all students across subject areas.