cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Search of Respect: Examining Arrestee Satisfaction with Police

Recent research suggests that attitudes toward police hinge upon the procedures officers use in their interactions with the public. Using survey data collected from a sample of adults arrested and booked into a local jail in Washington County, Arkansas, this paper examines some of the factors that influence arrestees’ satisfaction with police. Results reveal that the most important factor influencing arrestees’ opinions of police was their belief in the benevolence of police actions, followed by their perceptions of the effectiveness of police, whether or not their arresting officer treated them with respect, racial group membership, and total household income. These findings lend support to the “normative” or “process-based” model of policing. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for police and jail administrators.
Applying a composite model to the IC yield problem

The defect density within an integrated circuit slice often exhibits gross variations from area to area. The density may vary from center to periphery, for example, or from side to side. In this paper the composite model is applied empirically to several examples ranging in area from half a slice to many slices. For each example, the total silicon area involved could be divided into as few as two or three subareas. Two methods for accomplishing the decomposition into subareas are described for one example.
Iron, infection and the evolutionary ecology of heart disease

Levels of iron intake and stored iron have been implicated as risk factors for coronary heart disease. More recently, considerable interest has centered on the role of a variety of infectious pathogens, particulary bacterial pathogens, in the development of artherosclerosis and heart disease. The mechanism whereby elevated iron levels increase the risk of coronary heart disease is not well understood. Here it is proposed that the influence of iron levels on the persistence, pervasiveness and intensity of bacterial infections may play an important role in the development of coronary heart disease.
SPNP: stochastic Petri net package

SPNP, a powerful GSPN package that allows the modeling of complex system behaviors, is presented. Advanced constructs are available in SPNP such as marking-dependent arc multiplicities, enabling functions, arrays of places or transitions, and subnets; the full expressive power of the C programming language is also available to increase the flexibility of the net description. Sophisticated steady-state and transient solvers are available including cumulative and up-to-absorption measures. The user is not limited to a predefined set of measures; detailed expressions reflecting exactly the measures sought can be easily specified. The authors conclude by comparing SPNP with two other SPN-based packages, Great SPN and METASAN. >
Are some symptoms of depression age dependent

177 depressed patients were examined to see whether age was associated with the presence of specific symptoms or symptom clusters. 14 of the 39 tested variables were significantly associated with age. Patients age ⩾ 40 were more likely to have terminal insomnia, agitation, diurnal variation with lower mood in the morning and the RDC subtype diagnoses endogenous, incapacitated or agitated. Patients age ⩽ 39 were more likely to have hypersomnia, increased appetite, weight gain, decreased libido, headaches, diurnal variation with worsening of mood in the afternoon and a mood characterized as sad not anxious.
The Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas: development of a functional atlas of nuclear receptors.

The Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA) was developed by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH); the aim of NURSA is to utilize classical approaches to validate existing hypotheses and exploit new and emerging technologies to formulate and test new hypotheses that might elucidate the program of nuclear receptor (NR) structure, function, and role in disease. The means for carrying out this ambitious program required development of interactions among investigators and the combined application of new high-throughput technologies and existing approaches to allow for both mechanistic studies and accrual of large datasets in a discovery-based research effort, all leading to advances with implications for the missions of the NIDDK, NIA, and NCI. A team-based multidisciplinary approach has allowed for both objectives to proceed simultaneously, tied t...
CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION AND EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS: CONTROL BY NEGATIVE STIMULI

Three adult subjects were taught the following two-sample, two-comparison conditional discriminations (each sample is shown with its positive and negative comparison, in that order): A1-B1B2, A2-B2B1; B1-C1C2, B2-C2C1; and C1-D1D2, C2-D2D1. A teaching procedure was designed to encourage control by negative comparisons. Subjects were then tested for emergent performances that would indicate whether the baseline conditional discriminations were reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The tests documented the emergence of two classes of equivalent stimuli: A1, B2, C1, D2 and A2, B1, C2, D1. These were the classes to be expected if the negative comparisons were the controlling comparisons in the baseline conditional discriminations. The negative comparisons, however, were not the comparisons that subjects were recorded as having chosen in the baseline conditional discriminations. Differential test results confirmed predictions arising from a stimulus-control analysis: In reflexivity tests (AA, BB, CC, DD), subjects chose comparisons that differed from the sample; one-node transitivity (AC, BD) and “equivalence” (CA, DB) tests also yielded results that were the opposite of those to be expected from control by positive comparisons; symmetry tests (BA, CB, DC), two-node transitivity (AD) tests, and two-node “equivalence” (DA) tests yielded results that were to be expected from control by either positive or negative comparisons.
Re: Wilms' tumor metastatic to bilateral testes at presentation: case and review of the literature.

A 7-year-old male with bilateral palpable testicular masses was found to have metastatic stage IV Wilms' tumors associated with both left renal and lung lesions. The patient was treated successfully with testicular-sparing bilateral partial orchiectomies, radical nephrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation, with 8 years free of recurrence. This is the only reported case of bilateral testicular tumors from metastatic Wilms' tumor that were present at the initial presentation. A review of the literature of all previous reported cases of metachronous or related testicular metastatic Wilms' tumors is reported.
Site Characteristics Associated with Nuttall's and Weeping Alkaligrass in Northeastern Oregon

Abstract Two species of alkaligrass, Nuttall's alkaligrass (Puccinellia nuttalliana [Schult.] Hitch.), a native, and weeping alkaligrass (Puccinella distans [Jacq.] Parl.), an introduced species from Eurasia, are found within semi-arid regions of the United States. Recently, land managers have become concerned over the ability of these two species to colonize a wide array of soil types, but have not been able to predict which sites might be at risk of invasion. Paired plots comparing site characteristics of infested versus very close, yet uninfested sites were sampled throughout the Grande Ronde Valley, northeastern Oregon. The results of this study indicate that Nuttall's alkaligrass was most commonly associated with sodic soils (73%), whereas 85% of the sites infested with weeping alkaligrass were agriculturally ‘normal’ sites. In general, Nuttall's alkaligrass was positively associated with sodium; whereas, for weeping alkaligrass, competing vegetation was the only factor affecting establishment and ab...
Effects of mTOR Inhibitors on Components of the Salvador-Warts-Hippo Pathway

The MST/Salvador-Warts-Hippo and mTOR/Akt/PI3K growth signaling pathways have been established as important modulators of cell growth, proliferation and cell survival in controlling organ size in Drosophila and mammals. Here, we sought to determine the role of the MST family of kinases, some of which are components of the Hippo pathway, and their closely related Sterile 20-like kinases (STK) as candidates for mediating cross-talk between the Hippo and mTOR pathways. Expression analysis in the HepG2 and MCF7 cell lines demonstrated common expression of MST1/2/4, MAP4K3/4/5, STK 24 (MST3), STK25, STK39, Pak1, SLK, Stradα/β and TAO2. All components of the Hippo signaling pathway are present in both cell lines except for YAP1 in MCF7 cells. mTOR inhibition via rapamycin decreases TAZ levels in HepG2 but not MCF7 cells and increases TEAD1 levels in MCF7 but not HepG2 cells, suggesting a selective role of the mTOR pathway in regulating these Hippo targets in a cell type-specific manner. Furthermore, the cellular localization of TAZ changes in response to mTORC1/2 inhibitors and Akt inhibition. These findings demonstrate the mTOR-dependent regulation of Hippo signaling at the level of the transcriptional regulators TAZ and TEAD1 and highlight the potential role for mTOR inhibitors in regulating Hippo-signaling dependent tumors.
Dual Cometary H II Regions in DR 21: Bow Shocks or Champagne Flows?

The DR 21 massive star-forming region contains two cometary H II regions, aligned nearly perpendicular to each other on the sky. This offers a unique opportunity to discriminate among models of cometary H II regions. We present hydrogen recombination and ammonia line observations of DR 21 made with the Very Large Array. The velocity of the molecular gas, measured from NH3 emission and absorption lines, is constant to within ±1 km s-1 across the region. However, the radial velocity of the ionized material, measured from hydrogen recombination lines, differs by ≈9 km s-1 between the "heads" of the two cometary H II regions and by up to ≈7 km s-1 from that of the molecular gas. These findings indicate a supersonic velocity difference between the compact heads of the cometary regions and between each head and the ambient molecular material. This suggests that the observed cometary morphologies are created largely by the motion of wind-blowing, ionizing stars through the molecular cloud, as in a bow shock model.
School Functioning and Chronic Pain: A Review of Methods and Measures

Objective School functioning is among the most important life domains impacted by chronic pain. This review provides a summary of the measures currently used by researchers to assess school functioning in children with chronic pain. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature on school absenteeism and school functioning in children and adolescents with pain. Searches were restricted to a time frame including January 1985 to December 2010. Results Fifty-three articles are reviewed: all include some form of assessment of school absenteeism or school functioning as part of the study outcome measures. Of the 53 articles, 26 assessed school absenteeism and 27 assessed an aspect of school functioning; 14 of these 27 articles assessed both. Conclusions Understanding the comprehensive impact of pain on school functioning will require improvements in our current assessment methods.
Validating African American Students at Predominantly White Institutions

The purpose of this article is to provide a review of research and theory focusing on factors that have been cited as contributing to the retention and graduation of African-American students attending predominantly White institutions. The authors use recommendations cited in the literature to develop a model for predominantly White institutions to provide African-American students with positive learning experiences. While African-American students are the primary focus of this discussion, the model can be adapted to meet the needs of other minority students in higher education.
Nonconjugate Bayesian Estimation of Covariance Matrices and its Use in Hierarchical Models

Abstract The problem of estimating a covariance matrix in small samples has been considered by several authors following early work by Stein. This problem can be especially important in hierarchical models where the standard errors of fixed and random effects depend on estimation of the covariance matrix of the distribution of the random effects. We propose a set of hierarchical priors (HPs) for the covariance matrix that produce posterior shrinkage toward a specified structure—here we examine shrinkage toward diagonality. We then address the computational difficulties raised by incorporating these priors, and nonconjugate priors in general, into hierarchical models. We apply a combination of approximation, Gibbs sampling (possibly with a Metropolis step), and importance reweighting to fit the models, and compare this hybrid approach to alternative Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Our investigation involves three alternative HPs. The first works with the spectral decomposition of the covariance matrix an...
Have Thoracic Endografting Outcomes Improved Since US Food and Drug Administration Approval

Background Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) is gaining acceptance since Food and Drug Administration approval in 2005. We hypothesize that, compared with open repair (OPEN), mortality and complication rate after TEVAR have continued to improve. Methods All patients who underwent thoracic and (or) thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair from 2005 to 2007 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were examined. Patients were stratified by TEVAR or OPEN. Demographics, hospital characteristics, and outcomes were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models for complications and in-hospital mortality were developed. Results A weighted total of 7,644 had TEVAR, while 32,948 patients underwent OPEN. The TEVAR utilization increased from 5.5% (2005) to 24.1% (2007). Mortality for all patients undergoing thoracic aneurysm repair decreased yearly ( p p p p p Conclusions Mortality in patients undergoing repair of thoracic aneurysms has decreased in the United States since Food and Drug Administration approval of stent grafts in 2005. This is due to wider adoption of TEVAR and improved mortality in patients undergoing TEVAR or open repair.
Using reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) to evaluate if trawl gear modifications reduce the unobserved mortality of Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio)

Management of Bering Sea crab and groundfish fisheries must account for the delayed (and hence unobserved) mortality of crab that encounter bottom trawls, but are not captured. A new approach to predicting the delayed mortality of crab uses a reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) model to establish a relationship between mortality and reflex impairments. A 2007 pilot study of 649 crab established RAMP curves for both Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio). Additional data (1775 crab) collected in 2008 allowed us to update the existing RAMP curves to more fully examine the effect of injury scores on the RAMP models and to determine the best method for estimating overall mortality. Results confirmed that the additional measurements did not significantly alter the original relationship between mortality and reflex impairment score. Additionally, the RAMP curves were used to predict unobserved mortality from observed reflex impairment scores of Chionoecetes spp. captured after encounters with different parts of bottom trawl gear (footrope and sweep) and alternative types of footrope and sweep. In addition to estimating mortality rates caused by each gear part, we tested whether the alternative footrope and sweep designs reduced the unobserved mortality rates of crab. Results showed that the alternative footrope (58 cm disk footrope) reduced mortality from 11.4 to 7.2% for Tanner crab and from 9.7 to 5.0% for snow crab. The alternative (off-bottom) sweep reduced mortality from 4.1 to 1.0% for Tanner crab and from 4.9 to 0.0% for snow crab. Thus, the use of the reflex impairment score through the RAMP model is a cost effective way to estimate delayed mortality and to assess the effect of gear types on delayed mortality for management purposes.
Advances in Proteomic Methods

It has been almost 20 years since the word proteome was coined in 1994. Proteomic techniques have experienced three generations: 2-DE MALDI-TOF, bottom-up, and top-down, although top-down has not yet reached its full potential. Though numerous techniques have been developed to assist the achievement of accurate results in large scale with high-throughput capability, the field of proteomics is still driven by the development of new technologies for sample processing, protein identification, quantification, structure, and function. Advances in sample preparation mainly focus on sample fractionation, enrichment, and separation. Current trends aim to obtain certain types of peptides and proteins or specific organelles. Advances in protein identification are aimed to detect and identify more proteins accurately; while advances in protein quantification are focused on improvement of accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. Structural and functional proteomics have begun, but require continued development to reach their full potential. In summary, every technique is developed to improve performance and/or reduce cost.
Family history of stroke as an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease in men and stroke in women

The major known cardiovascular risk factors, age, cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and diabetes and family history of heart attack, explain only a proportion of cardiovascular disease. In a study of 1,491 men and 1,924 women aged 50-79 years in an upper middle-class Caucasian population in Rancho Bernardo, southern California, who were free of known cardiovascular disease at baseline in 1972-1974 and who were followed for an average of nine years, family history of stroke in any first-degree relative was an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease mortality in men 50-64 years of age (relative risk = 3.3, p less than 0.05) and of stroke mortality in women 50-79 years of age (relative risk = 2.3, p less than 0.05) after controlling for all the above risk factors. In contrast, family history of stroke was not predictive of stroke mortality in men or of ischemic heart disease mortality in women. These results suggest that family history of stroke may be used as a marker for high-risk subjects and to identify and investigate other major genetic or environmental determinants for cardiovascular disease, particularly sex differences.
Objectives and Techniques of Speech Synthesis

The synthesis of speech is discussed as one of the simpler problems of language automation While ultimately speech synthesizers will doubtless have many practical applications, their chief value at present is in basic research on the relation of speech parameters to linguistic judgments. Two basic methods of speech synthesis are considered: 1) the generation of speech from stored segments, and 2) the generation of speech through continuous control of the various speech parameters individually; in the latter case, the parameters may be physiological or acoustical. It is concluded that electronic analogues of the physiological speech mechanism provide a means of evaluating hypotheses about the physiologic – acoustic speech transformation, and that acoustical speech simulators are the most realistic and practical research tools for the experimental study of speech perception.
Exclusive Franchises for Hazardous Waste Disposal Plants: Sherman Act Considerations

The antitrust laws are within the legitimate exercise of the feral government’s commerce clause powers, which means that inconsistent state laws may only survive to the extent that Congress has chosen to defer to the states. However, determining the bounds of implied antitrust deference is a developing area and it remains to be seen how the Supreme Court will choose to reconcile the competing concepts of federalism, encompassing the state’s right to exercise it sovereign power, and the supremacy clause of the US Constitution.This is important because New York’s Hazardous Waste Advisory Committee considered a proposal that the state license one toxic waste disposal facility and grant that facility an exclusive franchise requiring that all waste disposed of offsite within a defined geographical area is sent to that one facility.This article analyzes the recent cases and the gradual surfacing issues of antitrust in determining whether or not to find an implied exemption for a state regulatory program
Nickel Catalysis in a High Speed Ball Mill: A Recyclable Mechanochemical Method for Producing Substituted Cyclooctatetraene Compounds

A solvent-free, nickel-catalyzed [2 + 2+2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkynes to synthesize substituted cyclooctatetraene (COT) derivatives has been developed. This mechanochemical approach takes advantage of the frictional energy created by reusable nickel pellets, which also act as the catalyst. In contrast to solution chemistry, the major products are cyclooctatetraene isomers rather than substituted benzenes.
Effects of Low Prey Densities on the Predation and Oviposition of Zetzellia mali (Acarina: Stigmaeidae)

The cumulative effects of low prey densities on predation and ovipositon of Zetzellia mali (Ewing) were tested. Prey were eggs of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch. Predators exposed to low prey densities disproportionately reduced their predation and oviposition rates as compared with high densities. The effects were cumulative; the longer the predators were exposed to low prey densities the lower were their rates of predation and oviposition. These decreases were not permanent. Z. mali increased both responses when prey were available. Z. mali was also cannibalistic and survived without prey for 23.6 days. These phenomena may explain why Z. mali survives on apple leaves when few prey are present.
Four New Species of Itch Mites (Acari: Psorergatidae: Prostigmata) from Small Mammals in North America

Four new species of the genus Psorergates (Psorergatidae: Prostigmata) from American hosts are described, figured, and compared to related species: P. peromysci, ex Peromyscus maniculatiis; P. pinetorum, ex Microtus pinetorum; P. toxuiuendi, ex Microtus townsendi ; and P. mexicanus, ex Notiosorex crawfordi .
Synthesis of 1,2-Dialkyl-, 1,4(5)-Dialkyl-, and 1,2,4(5)-Trialkylimidazoles via a One-Pot Method

Despite the utility of imidazoles for a wide variety of chemical and biological applications as well as the growing research in imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), synthetic studies and characterization data for N-functionalized imidazole derivatives with substituents present at the C(2) and/or C(4) and/or C(5) positions are generally unreported. Here, we modify our prior method for synthesizing monofunctionalized imidazoles and apply it to the production of a library of 30 di- and trifunctionalized alkylimidazoles using only commodity chemicals and avoiding anhydrous solvents or air/water-sensitive reagents. For all products, purities of >98% could be readily achieved, although yields were lower than in our prior work with imidazole, which may be due to mass transfer limitations and/or increased nucleophilicity of substituted imidazole products. Interestingly, we also observe that, when 4-methylimidazole or 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole is used as a starting material, two regioisomers are inevitably forme...
Implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act : 1996 follow-up report on Sears, Roebuck and Co.

This article is the second in a series examining the employment practices of Sears, Roebuck and Co. in light of its compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Sears employs approximately 20,000 persons with disabilities, nearly 7000 individuals with orthopedic disabilities. The article describes findings from two major areas of inquiry relevant for spine professionals: 1) the costs and benefits of workplace accommodations, and 2) the ways in which Sears and other companies informally and formally resolve Americans with Disabilities Act Title I disputes.
Determination of urine iodine by automatic biochemical analyzer

Objective To establish a method for determination of urine iodine by automatic biochemical analyzer with a urine iodine test kit and evaluate its technical specifications, as compared to the results using the national standard method set by the Ministry of Health. Methods A method for measuring urine iodine was established using automatic biochemistry analyzer in accordance with both requirements of urine iodine test kit and characteristics of automatic biochemistry analyzer. In addition, sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the established method were evaluated according to the provisions in "Guides for Development of Monitoring and Testing Methods for Biological Samples" set by the Ministry of Health (WS/T 68-1996), and compared with those using the national standard method of "Determination of Urine Iodine by Arsenic and Cerium Catalytic Spectrophotometry" (WS/T 107-2006) set by the Ministry of Health.Results With this method, iodine levels at range of 0 μg per liter urine to 400 μg per liter urine presented a linear trend in the standard curve, with a detection limit (sensitivity) of 2.4 μg iodine per liter urine using specimen volume of 25 μL. Coefficient of variation between different batches of six specimens containing different iodine concentrations varied from 1.5 percent to 5.3 percent. Recovery of the marked urine specimens with different iodine concentrations was measured as 94.5 percent to 105 percent, with an average of 99.3 percent. Relative deviations was less than six percent when determining two portions of national class A standard reference materials of urine iodine for 6 times repeatedly. There was no significant difference in iodine determinations for 40 portions of urine specimens collected on-site between using this method and using the national standard method (P0.5 with paired t-test). Determination of 40 specimens cost about 1.5 hours, as compared to about 3.5 hours by the national standard method, while the amount of arsenic used in this method was about five percent as that used by the national standard method.Conclusion It is a good method for quantitative determination of urine iodine, with sensitivity, precision and accuracy similar to those of the national standard method set by the Ministry of Health, as well as with fewer procedure steps, wider linear range of standard curve, higher level of automation, less measurement errors, more time-saving, and more environment-friendly than those of the national standard method. However, there are a lot of different kinds of biochemical analyzers with varied parameters for determinations to be set, which required high professional technology. While biochemical analyzers used in detection of multiple projects tend to be cross-contaminated, which is main source of errors in determination of urine iodine in this way.
Glycine protection against hypoxic but not phospholipase A2-induced injury in rat proximal tubules

We studied the effects of glycine (2 mM) on hypoxia-induced changes in phospholipids and fatty acids in isolated rat proximal tubules. In this preparation, 25 min of hypoxia caused cell injury, as reflected by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (13.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 43.5 +/- 3.2%; P < 0.01). Hypoxia caused increases in fatty acids and in lysophospholipids. Glycine prevented the hypoxia-induced cell injury (LDH 13.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 11 +/- 0.7%; not significant) but did not attenuate the increases in fatty acids or lysophospholipids. In additional experiments, the effects of glycine on phospholipid changes and cell injury induced by exogenous phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were studied. PLA2 caused dramatic increases in fatty acids and lysophospholipids and mild cell injury; these effects were not influenced by glycine. In contrast, glycine attenuated increases in LDH release induced by exposing the tubules to exogenous arachidonic acid. In conclusion, glycine does not prevent the phospholipid degradation induced by either exogenous PLA2 or hypoxia in isolated proximal tubules and yet affords protection against hypoxia and exogenous arachidonic acid.
Feasibility for Orbital Life Extension of a CubeSat in the Lower Thermosphere

Orbital flight of CubeSats at altitudes between 150 and 250 km has the potential to enable a new class of scientific, commercial, and defense-related missions. A study is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of extending the orbital lifetime of a CubeSat in a 210 km orbit. Propulsion consists of an electrospray thruster operating at a 2 W, 0.175 mN thrust, and an specific impulse (Isp) of 500 s. The mission consists of two phases. In phase 1, the CubeSat is deployed from a 414 km orbit and uses the thruster to deorbit to the target altitude of 210 km. In phase 2, the propulsion system is used to extend the mission lifetime until propellant is fully expended. A control algorithm based on maintaining a target orbital energy is presented that uses an extended Kalman filter to generate estimates of the orbital dynamic state, which are periodically updated by Global Positioning System measurements. For phase 1, the spacecraft requires 25.21 days to descend from 414 to 210 km, corresponding to a ΔV=96.25 m...
“She writes like a Woman”: Paratextual Marketing in Delarivier Manley’s Early Career

Delarivier Manley has long been discussed as a sensational and successful Tory political satirist of the early eighteenth century. In the late seventeenth century, however, she associated with Whigs, experimented with genres, and tested different techniques for marketing her texts. Mimicking the methods of celebrity actresses, Manley used paratextual addresses to engage public interest in a carefully curated identity, creating a commodity in her persona that she would employ throughout her career. This paper traces her developing persona in her first three publications: Letters Writen by Mrs. Manley, The Lost Lover, and The Royal Mischief. Although these texts are not explicitly political satire, they nevertheless explicate the preliminary and halting machinations of an astute businesswoman and the marketing tactics Manley would employ throughout her career. The result is a more complete and nuanced picture of Manley’s commercial authorship.
In Patients with Mesenteric Ischemia Is Single Vessel Reconstruction Equivalent to Multiple Vessel Revascularization

Chronic mesenteric ischemia is an uncommon, but life threatening diagnosis that can be treated with open surgical or endovascular techniques. The literature examining mesenteric ischemia is comprised primarily of retrospective reviews and case series and very rarely directly addresses the issue of whether revascularization of one of the three mesenteric arteries is sufficient, or whether multivessel revascularization is required. Retrospective series in the literature support both single and multivessel revascularization when open surgery is undertaken, but most experts recommend multivessel revascularization when possible. These recommendations are based on studies showing improved symptom free survival, the serious consequences of graft failure when only one vessel is revascularized, and the desire to avoid reoperative mesenteric revascularization, which may be associated with increased morbidity. Endovascular revascularization, on the other hand, is most commonly performed to address a single vessel. These procedures are associated with less morbidity even if repeat procedures are necessary and recurrent disease can often be addressed endovascularly with relative ease compared to redo open surgery. Furthermore the morbidity of endovascular procedures is often highest when complex multivessel procedures involve extensive disease or recanalization of occlusions. Therefore addressing a single vessel, preferably the superior mesenteric artery, is preferred with these procedures.
Silicone Substrate with Collagen and Carbon Nanotubes Exposed to Pulsed Current for MSC Osteodifferentiation

Autologous human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential for clinical translation through their induction into osteoblasts for regeneration. Bone healing can be driven by biophysical stimulation using electricity for activating quiescent adult stem cells. It is hypothesized that application of electric current will enhance their osteogenic differentiation, and addition of conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the cell substrate will provide increased efficiency in current transmission. Cultured MSCs were seeded and grown onto fabricated silicone-based composites containing collagen and CNT fibers. Chemical inducers, namely, glycerol phosphate, dexamethasone, and vitamin C, were then added to the medium, and pulsatile submilliampere electrical currents (about half mA for 5 cycles at 4 mHz, twice a week) were applied for two weeks. Calcium deposition indicative of MSC differentiation and osteoblastic activity was quantified through Alizarin Red S and spectroscopy. It was found that pulsed current significantly increased osteodifferentiation on silicone-collagen films without CNTs. Under no external current, the presence of 10% (m/m) CNTs led to a significant and almost triple upregulation of calcium deposition. Both CNTs and current parameters did not appear to be synergistic. These conditions of enhanced osteoblastic activities may further be explored ultimately towards future therapeutic use of MSCs.
Comparison of Emergency Department Visits for Complications of Gastrostomy Versus Gastrojejunostomy Tubes in Children.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate frequency, type, and cost of gastrostomy tube (GT) versus gastrojejunostomy tube (GJT) complications in children presenting to the emergency department (ED). METHODS Patients were selected by electronic health record search for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, and procedure codes for GTs and GJTs/jejunostomy tubes. All children aged less than 18 years with GTs or GJTs placed during a 5-year period (2007-2012) at the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital were identified for retrospective review. Comparisons were made on demographic data, number and type of complications, and interventions performed for ED visits, which were abstracted from the electronic health record. Cost data were abstracted from the financial data system. RESULTS A total of 161 GT and GJT patients were identified; 31 children had 43 ED visits for complications. Ages ranged from 1 month to 17 years; median, 12 months; mean, 5.4 years; 25 (58%) were male, and 18 female (42%). Complications occurred in 15 GT (48.4%) and 16 GJT (51.6%) patients. The most common ED presenting complication was dislodgement, which occurred in 14 GTs (67%) and 18 GJTs (82%), followed by clogging 6 GTs (29%) and 1 GJTs (4.5%). Those presenting to the ED with GJT complications had higher mean overall charge (US $1987.00 vs US $913.10, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although GTs and GJTs had similar rates of complications and ED visits, GJT complications were more likely to result in hospital admission and intervention by radiology, require specialist involvement, and have a higher cost charged to the patient.
Silicon Photoelectrode Thermodynamics and Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics Measured by Intensity-Modulated High-Frequency Resistivity Impedance Spectroscopy

We present an impedance technique based on light intensity-modulated high-frequency resistivity (IMHFR) that provides a new way to elucidate both the thermodynamics and kinetics in complex semiconductor photoelectrodes. We apply IMHFR to probe electrode interfacial energetics on oxide-modified semiconductor surfaces frequently used to improve the stability and efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting systems. Combined with current density-voltage measurements, the technique quantifies the overpotential for proton reduction relative to its thermodynamic potential in Si photocathodes coated with three oxides (SiOx, TiO2, and Al2O3) and a Pt catalyst. In pH 7 electrolyte, the flatband potentials of TiO2- and Al2O3-coated Si electrodes are negative relative to samples with native SiOx, indicating that SiOx is a better protective layer against oxidative electrochemical corrosion than ALD-deposited crystalline TiO2 or Al2O3. Adding a Pt catalyst to SiOx/Si minimizes proton reduction overpotential loss...
Multiple Personality Disorder

Multiple personality is a complex chronic dissociative disorder that develops in the aftermath of overwhelmingly stressful childhood experiences. Described and understood within different paradigms over the centuries, it is one of psychiatry's most venerable disorders. Newer findings have characterized it as usually subtle in its manifestations, necessitating more strenuous diagnostic measures for its identification. Its treatment is consistent with modern approaches to the care of the traumatized.
Sympathetic Symbols, Social Movements, and School Desegregation

An important theoretical contribution to the study of social movements involving legal mobilization is framing theory. Framing encourages an analysis of the parties involved and the tools used to make meaning of their cause. A scholarly gap emerges, however, when considering the race, gender, and class of the litigants and the social challenges they face. In this article, the author blends framing theory with controlling‐images theory to provide a conceptual tool of ‘the sympathetic symbol’ to analyse the effects of race, gender, and class. Next, the author introduces the legal and social histories of two school desegregation cases involving Chinese‐American and Mexican‐American plaintiffs, identifying the relevant controlling images germane to each case. Finally, the author questions whether a sympathetic symbol is necessary to counter the raced, gendered, and classed stereotypes that threaten the struggle for equality and suggests future directions for research.
A Call to Make the Human Dimension of Science a Core Component of Scientific Journals.

The human dimension of science refers to the personal aspects of investigators—their life experiences, values, beliefs, habits, behaviors, philosophy of life, approach to challenges and setbacks, and so on. Although this aspect of the research enterprise is the engine that propels scientific progress (and thus is at least as important as the discoveries themselves), it is usually ignored in the literature. As a result, the community of researchers knows the discovery (the tip of the iceberg), but not the foundation that made the discovery possible. In this essay, I argue that the human dimension of science should become a core component of scientific journals. Since the inception of the current editorship in July 2009, Circulation Research has undergone a major transformation—shall we say, a revolution? The number and magnitude of the changes made have been even greater than those I articulated in my manifesto back in 2010.1 Of all of these changes, perhaps the one I am most proud of is that I have expanded the mission of the journal from being a vehicle of impactful scientific knowledge to being both a vehicle of impactful scientific knowledge and a repository of impactful human content. This dual mission places Circulation Research in a rather unique positions because the former content (scientific knowledge) is common to all biomedical journals but the latter (human content) is rarely found in the biomedical literature, yet, it is just as important to scientific progress. Indeed, I believe that a journal should not only disseminate important new discoveries but also reveal the human factors that make those discoveries possible in the first place. If the ultimate goal of scientific publishing is to advance science, then journals must inform their readers not only about what investigators have discovered but also about how and why they were able …
Wearables for Learning: Examining the Smartwatch as a Tool for Situated Science Reflection

Relatively little research exists on the use of smartwatches to support learning. This paper presents an approach for commodity smartwatches as a tool for situated reflection in elementary school science. The approach was embodied in a smartwatch app called ScienceStories that allows students to voice record reflections about science concepts anytime, anywhere. We conducted a study with 18 fifth-grade children to investigate first, the effects of ScienceStories on students' science self-efficacy, and second the effects of different motivational structures (gamification, narrative-based, hybrid) designed into the smartwatch app on students' quality and quantity of use. Quantitative results showed ScienceStories increased science self-efficacy especially with a motivational structure. The gamified version had the highest quantity of use, while narrative performance performed worst. Qualitative findings described how students' recordings related to science topics and were contextualized. We discuss how our findings contribute to understanding of how to design smartwatch apps for educational purposes.
Development of a NeuroNICU with a Broader Focus on All Newborns at Risk of Brain Injury: The First 2 Years.

Objective Many critically ill neonates have an existing brain injury or are at risk of neurologic injury. We developed a “NeuroNICU” (neurologic neonatal intensive care unit) to better provide neurologically focused intensive care. Study Design Demographic and clinical variables, services delivered, and patient outcomes were recorded in a prospective database for all neonates admitted to the NeuroNICU between April 23, 2013, and June 25, 2015. Results In total, 546 neonates were admitted to the NeuroNICU representing 32% of all NICU admissions. The most common admission diagnoses were congenital heart disease (30%), extreme prematurity (18%), seizures (10%), and hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (9%). Neuromonitoring was common, with near-infrared spectroscopy used in 69%, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (EEG) in 45%, and continuous video EEG in 35%. Overall, 43% received neurology or neurosurgery consultation. Death prior to hospital discharge occurred in 11%. Among survivors, 87% were referred for developmental follow-up, and among those with a primary neurologic diagnosis 57% were referred for neurology or neurosurgical follow-up. Conclusion The NeuroNICU-admitted newborns with or at risk of brain injury comprise a high percentage of NICU volume; 38% had primary neurologic diagnoses, whereas 62% had medical diagnoses. We found many opportunities to provide brain focused intensive care, impacting a substantial proportion of newborns in our NICU.
PTEN loss in the fallopian tube induces hyperplasia and ovarian tumor formation.

The signaling events involved in the onset of ovarian cancer from the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE) are crucial for early detection and treatment of the disease, but they remain poorly defined. Conditional homozygous knockout of PTEN mediated by PAX8-cre recombinase was sufficient to drive endometrioid and serous borderline ovarian carcinoma, providing the first model of FTE-derived borderline tumors. In addition, heterozygous PTEN deletion in the FTE resulted in hyperplasia, providing a model to study early events of human ovarian pathogenesis. To uncover the mechanism underlying the invasion of cancerous oviductal cells to the ovary, PTEN-deficient murine oviductal cells were developed and tagged with green fluorescent protein. Loss of PTEN increased cell migration, invasion, and upregulated WNT4, a key regulator of Mullerian duct development during embryogenesis. Further investigation revealed that WNT4 was required for increased migration and colonization of the ovary by PTEN-deficient oviductal cells in a β-catenin independent manner. Human tumor microarrays and ovarian cancer cells lines confirmed WNT4 expression in cancer and its role in migration. Together, these findings provide a novel model to study the mechanism of fallopian tube tumor initiation and invasion to the ovary mediated by loss of PTEN, which may help to define early events of human ovarian carcinogenesis.
Role of Neurohormones and Peripheral Vasculature

Heart failure is a complex syndrome involving both cardiac and noncardiac abnormalities. For example, patients with systolic heart failure (SHF; heart failure in association with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction) have a dilated, hypocontractile left ventricle (LV). In addition, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, renal dysfunction, and anemia also play important roles in the clinical syndrome of SHF. Similarly, diastolic dysfunction is almost invariably present in diastolic heart failure (DHF)1; however, other factors also importantly contribute to DHF. This chapter specifically addresses the role of neurohormonal activation and vascular effects in DHF.
Contact Pressures within Wrist Joints

Normal carpal mechanics relies on the complex interplay between a sophisticated arrangement of carpal ligaments and carpal bone morphology.25,32 A number of biomechanical studies have been performed to define the kinematics of the normal wrist and the changes in kinematics seen in degenerative states. Early workers studied x-ray films and cadaver specimens to observe relative motions in the wrist.15,19,25 Investigators had also used quantified, three-dimensional techniques, such as sonic digitizers,2,5 instrumented electromechanical linkages,50 radiostereophotogrammetric techniques,10 or three-dimensional computer imaging,4 to define precise intercarpal motions.
A procedure for large-scale plasmid isolation without using ultracentrifugation

An expedient procedure for large-scale plasmid isolation from Escherichia coli strains without using ultracentrifugation or special setups or reagents is described. The protocol, which utilizes a modified alkaline extraction procedure as well as differential precipitations by isopropanol and lithium chloride, is simple and rapid and yet produces plasmid DNA with a yield of about 2 mg/liter culture. The isolated plasmids consisted of mostly monomeric and dimeric covalently closed circular DNA. The plasmids could be digested by various restriction endonucleases and were compatible with gene cloning, transfection-gene expression, and viral production.
A Structural Equation Model of Gambling in the United Kingdom

We develop a Structural Equation Model (inspired from an exploratory Directed Acyclic Graph) from a dataset consisting of a cross section of 6,637 UK households in order to uncover the links among expenditures on various forms of gambling, income, and other household expenditures. We find evidence for the existence of latent variables that we refer to as hard gambling, soft gambling, and myopic behavior (myopia). Our central finding is that greater myopia increases hard gambling, but not soft gambling. We also find that a greater income has a strong and negative effect on myopia and hard gambling, but not on soft gambling. Greater spending on necessities, such as food and clothing, is associated with increased myopia, soft gambling and hard gambling. Finally our results reveal a moderate but significant positive association between soft gambling and hard gambling, providing some support for the “slippery slope” hypothesis. We discuss the results and new questions they suggest.
Einige für Performance Tuning wichtige Features in 11g

Wir haben bereits ein paar Features von Oracle 11g besprochen (beispielsweise SQL Monitoring im Abschn. 6.2 oder erweiterte Optimizer Statistics im Abschn. 7.1). In diesem Kapitel besprechen wir weitere Features von Oracle 11g: