cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spurious grain formation due to Marangoni convection during directional solidification of alloys in µ-g environment of International Space Station

Abstract During directional solidification of alloys in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS), growth of dendritic array is expected to be under purely diffusive transport conditions. The resulting microstructure is expected to make up uniformly arranged primary dendrites on sample cross-sections without any defects, such as macrosegregation and spurious (misoriented) grains. However, spurious grains have been seen in recently directionally solidified Al-7 wt% Si samples under the joint NASA-ESA project (MICAST) and also in SCN-0.24 wt% H2O samples grown under the NASA-PFMI project. Careful examination of both these experiments shows the presence of voids at the melt-crucible interface which are the likely source of the convective flows responsible for the fragmentation of dendrite-side arms, and their rotation which creates the nucleus for the spurious grains. In this paper, we assume that side-arm of a primary dendrite has gotten detached from the primary trunk during remelting and isothermal hold, prior to the onset of directional solidification on the Space Station, in the vicinity of a pore at the melt-crucible interface. We numerically simulate the influence of the Marangoni convection on the trajectory of such a dendrite fragment in the alloy melt and compare with the experimental observations. The experimentally observed rotation behavior of the fragmented side-arm in transparent SCN-0.24 wt% H2O, observed from the PFMI video, shows a good agreement with simulation results. The predicted rotational speeds of broken-off secondary arm in the Al-7 wt% Si (MICAST) samples is significantly higher than those in the SCN-0.24 wt% H2O (PFMI). The strength of the convection is dependent on the Marangoni Number and location of the surface pore relative to the Mushy zone. Marangoni convection is strong enough to force the rotation of broken-off side arms and should be considered an important source of microstructural inhomogeneity during terrestrial solidification processing applications.
Folie a Deux: Shared Psychotic Disorder in a Medical Unit

Introduction. A shared psychotic disorder is a system of delusions shared by two or more individuals. Shared psychotic disorders typically develop in pairs or groups with a close relationship who are socially isolated. The function and affect of those inflicted with shared psychotic disorders usually remain intact. For these reasons, a shared psychotic disorder is seldom identified, diagnosed, and treated. This case describes a shared psychotic disorder incidentally discovered in a medical unit. Case. The patient was a 47-year-old woman with no known past psychiatric history who had been medically admitted for gastroenteritis. On the day of discharge, a psychiatric consult was requested for “paranoia and bizarre behavior.” The patient was seen making statements that she needed security and the FBI to escort her as she left the hospital. Another person in the patient’s room was discovered to be the patient’s mother who had been staying with her in the hospital. Evaluation of the patient along with observation of her mother revealed that the two shared a complex system of delusions revealing a diagnosis of shared psychotic disorder. Discussion. A shared psychotic disorder is a unique psychiatric diagnosis. It may be even rarer to diagnose in the inpatient medical setting because multiple individuals from a shared system are typically not seen. In this case, the patient and her mother had multiple clinical characteristics of a shared psychotic disorder, including an enmeshed relationship and social isolation. The treatment for shared psychotic disorders involves separation of the individuals and pharmacotherapy with antipsychotics. This case also presented a unique ethical dilemma as the psychiatric team was called to evaluate a patient and found a patient and another individual to have symptoms. Conclusion. A shared psychotic disorder is important to consider on the differential when cases of psychosis with delusional systems are seen on medical floors.
Pathways to Care: How Help-Seeking Behaviors Relate to Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Treatment Engagement

While much research has focused on the relationship between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and clinical outcomes in the first episode psychosis (FEP) patient population, little is known about the individual help-seeking episodes (HSE) that patients undergo before receiving appropriate care. The purpose of this project is to better understand how early referral to FEP-specific care and support system differences affect patients’ DUP and engagement with treatment. Data from 50 patients was analyzed at the Early Psychosis Intervention Clinic of New Orleans (EPIC-NOLA) using a modified version of the Pathways to Care Assessments and data captured during clinical care. Patients with their first HSE leading to a referral to EPIC-NOLA (M = 13.3, SD = 11.17) had shorter DUP compared to patients referred after two or more HSEs (M = 29.7, SD = 36. 7), t (38.6) = 2.31, p = .026, 95%CI = 2.0–30.7. One chi-square test revealed a significantly greater proportion of patients referred after one HSE stayed in treatment for 12 months or more. Cluster analysis and independent t-test analyses revealed that patients with hospital pathways (M = 35.00, SD = 39.36) had significantly longer DUP compared to those with self, other and hospital (M = 15.21, SD = 19.07) care pathways. This study supports existing literature that suggest early FEP treatment leads to shortened DUP and longer treatment engagement. Additionally, patients with support systems (people or services) assisting them with help-seeking reach EPIC-NOLA faster, have shorter DUP, and have better treatment engagement.
A hybrid Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase formed on proteolysis.

Abstract Cleavage of bacterial alkaline phosphatase by trypsin at the R-11, A-12 bond of both subunits results in changes in the structure and function of the enzyme as previously reported (Roberts, C. H., and Chlebowski, J. F. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 729-733; Roberts, C. H., and Chlebowski, J. F. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7557-7561). A hybrid dimer has been formed by cleaving the R-11, A-12 bond of only one of the two subunits. This enzyme species has been purified and characterized to investigate subunit interactions of this hybrid dimeric enzyme species. Subunit interactions were observed using various methods to study functional and structural properties of the enzyme. In a kinetic study the T-2/A-12 hybrid enzyme was found to have a Vmax similar to the A-12 fully trypsin-modified enzyme. On exposure to EDTA the hybrid was found to lose activity at essentially the same rate as the A-12 enzyme presumably as a consequence of loss of metal ions required for function. On adding metal ions back to the apoenzyme form, activity of the hybrid was reconstituted to a degree similar to that of the native enzyme whereas the activity of the A-12 enzyme was reconstituted to a much lesser extent. The Tm of the hybrid measured by differential scanning calorimetry was closer to the value obtained for the A-12 enzyme than the T-2 enzyme but circular dichroic spectra indicated secondary structural features of the hybrid different from both symmetrical forms of the enzyme. These results provide evidence for strong subunit interactions in the alkaline phosphatase dimer.
Fixation with C-2 laminar screws in occipitocervical or C1-2 constructs in children 5 years of age or younger: a series of 18 patients.

Object There are rare indications for upper cervical spine fusion in young children. Compared with nonrigid constructs, rigid instrumentation with screw fixation increases the fusion rate and reduces the need for halo fixation. Instrumentation may be technically challenging in younger children. A number of screw placement techniques have been described. Use of C-2 translaminar screws has been shown to be anatomically feasible, even in the youngest of children. However, there are few data detailing the clinical outcome. In this study, the authors describe the clinical and radiographic follow-up of 18 children 5 years of age or younger who had at least one C-2 translaminar screw as part of an occipitocervical or C1–2 fusion construct. Methods A retrospective review of all children treated with instrumented occipitocervical or C1–2 fusion between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2013, at Riley Children's Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital was performed. All children 5 years of age or younger with incorporation...
Pb-Pb dating of individual chondrules from the CB a chondrite Gujba: Assessment of the impact plume formation model

The CB chondrites are metal-rich meteorites with characteristics that sharply distinguish them from other chondrite groups. Their unusual chemical and petrologic features and a young formation age of bulk chondrules dated from the CBa chondrite Gujba are interpreted to reflect a single-stage impact origin. Here, we report high-precision internal isochrons for four individual chondrules of the Gujba chondrite to probe the formation history of CB chondrites and evaluate the concordancy of relevant short-lived radionuclide chronometers. All four chondrules define a brief formation interval with a weighted mean age of 4562.49 ± 0.21 Myr, consistent with its origin from the vapor-melt impact plume generated by colliding planetesimals. Formation in a debris disk mostly devoid of nebular gas and dust sets an upper limit for the solar protoplanetary disk lifetime at 4.8 ± 0.3 Myr. Finally, given the well-behaved Pb-Pb systematics of all four chondrules, a precise formation age and the concordancy of the Mn-Cr, Hf-W, and I-Xe short-lived radionuclide relative chronometers, we propose that Gujba may serve as a suitable time anchor for these systems.
Leader-Member Exchange Paying Attention to Immediate Subordinate Pays Off

The author provides a brief review of leadership seen from the dyadic perspective, also known as leadermember exchange (LMX). This perspective focuses on the relationship between leaders and their immediate subordinates as individuals, with a review of the potential benefits and importance of this perspective. It is evident that hospitality leaders, managers, and supervisors and their organizations may gain much by paying attention to the relationship they have and that they develop with their immediate subordinates This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol15/iss1/9 Leader-Member Exchange: Paying Attention to Immediate Subordinates Pays Off by Carl F? Borchgrevink The author provides a brief review of leadership seen from the dyadic perspective, also known as leader-member exchange (LMX). This perspective focuses on the relationship between leaders and their immediate subordinates as individuals, with a review of the potential benefits and importance of this perspective. It is evident that hospitality leaders, managers, and supervisors and their organizations may gain much by paying attention to the relationship they have and that they develop with their immediate subordinates. Traditional leadership theories suggest that leaders have a usual leadership style that they use with all of their subordinates, and that leaders behave and interact in the same way with all subordinates.' A growing number of scholars and educators have criticized the traditional leadership approach, suggesting that leaders do not behave uniformly across subordinates.' Much research evidence has been offered to suggest that leaders intentionally and unintentionally vary their behavior. Even if leaders try to act consistently with all subordinates, the subordinates vary in their responses to the leaders. This is not surprising considering that most organizations do not have a homogenous body of employees. For example, employees may differ in terms of personality, educational background, experience, and expectations. This diversity in employees leads to a diversity of responses to leader behaviors which in turn may elicit varying leader behaviors. The fact that leaders act differently across subordinates must be acknowledged so that work can be done from and within that perspective. Leader-member exchange (LMX) is the predominant label used to describe the dyadic approach to leadership. It has also been called vertical dyadic linkage (VDL). This stream of research started roughly
Stimulation-Induced Within-Representation and Across-Representation Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex

The human motor cortex contains a dynamic and distributed network of motor representations. Formation, maintenance, and modification of these representations is an activity-driven process. Repeated stimulation of one representation results in increased motor output from this representation, a process referred to as “within-representation plasticity.” We showed previously that within-representation plasticity of the upper arm representation occurs when repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is delivered to that representation during transient ischemic nerve block (INB) of the contralateral hand. INB reduces inhibition in the motor cortex and thus lowers the threshold for stimulation-induced plasticity. Here we studied the effects of rTMS delivered to nearby body part representations on the motor output from the upper arm representation. Six healthy subjects underwent INB-alone (control), or INB plus 30 min of focal 0.1 Hz rTMS of either the face, hand, arm, leg, or overlap arm/hand representations in motor cortex. INB-alone and rTMS of the leg representation resulted in only a short-lasting ( 60 min) within-representation increase. In contrast, rTMS of face or hand representations canceled the short-lasting increase and even led to a long-lasting decrease of motor output from the arm representation. Therefore, rTMS of the experimentally disinhibited motor cortex induces within-representation increase, and across-representation decrease of motor cortical output. This bidirectional plasticity might be used for purposeful modulation of human cortical function.
Testing the suffocation false alarm theory of panic disorder

The need for hypotheses concerning the nature of those functions that have been impaired in stereotyped psychiatric syndromes is emphasized. With regard to panic disorder, the key role of the spontaneous panic attack became apparent from several viewpoints. However, panics seem to be a type of misreleased fear, which guided the thinking concerning the nature of possible psychological or physiological malfunctions. We indicate that spontaneous panic cannot be fear, but must represent some other malfunction and suggest that the spontaneous panic is a suffocation false alarm. The development of this idea is outlined, and attempts to develop tests of this hypothesis are indicated. In particular, studies of children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, dyspnea, field measures of panic, pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, as well as the premenstrual syndrome afford pointed opportunities, new information and potential tests of the theory. A recent challenge to the theory from acetazolamide infusion is discussed. Developing a possible antecedent for the pathologically depressed threshold for the suffocation alarm, in the form of a phasic endorphinergic deficiency, is presented.
Factors that restrict the cell permeation of cyclic prodrugs of an opioid peptide, part 3: Synthesis of analogs designed to have improved stability to oxidative metabolism

Previously, our laboratory reported that cyclic peptide prodrugs of the opi- oid peptide H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH (DADLE) are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, which limits their systemic exposure after oral dosing to animals. In an attempt to design more metabolically stable cyclic prodrugs of DADLE, we synthesized analogs of DADLE cyclized with a coumarinic acid linker (CA; CA-DADLE), which con- tained modifications in the amino acid residues known to be susceptible to CYP450 oxidation. Metabolic stability and metabolite identification studies of CA-DADLE and its analogs were then compared using rat liver microsomes (RLM), guinea pig liver microsomes (GPLM), and human liver microsomes (HLM), as well as recombinant human recombinant cytochrome P450 3A4 (hCYP3A4). Similar to the results observed for CA-DADLE, incubation of its analogs with RLM, GPLM, and HLM resulted in monohydroxylation of an amino acid side chain on these cyclic prodrugs. When CA-DADLE was incubated with hCYP3A4, similar oxidative metabolism of the peptide was observed. In contrast, incubation of the CA-DADLE analogs with hCYP3A4 showed that these amino-acid-modified analogs are not substrates for this CYP450 isozyme. These results suggest that the amino-acid-modified analogs of CA-DADLE prepared in this study could be stable to metabolic oxidation by CYP3A4 expressed in human intesti- nal mucosal cells. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:3486-3499, 2012
Argon Shear Viscosity via a Lennard-Jones Potential with Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamic simulation of liquid argon yields the strain-rate dependence of shear viscosity. Near the triple point the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing strain rate; the extrapolated zero-gradient viscosity is consistent with the equilibrium Green-Kubo viscosity calculated by Levesque, Verlet, and Kurkijarvi. At higher temperatures along the saturated vapor pressure line, our results are insensitive to the strain rate and agree well with experimental data for liquid argon.
High pressure preparation and structure of crystalline nickelous carbonate

Kristallines NiCO3 wurde durch Behandlung des nichtkristallinen Stoffes unter hohem Druck (20 000 bar) bei 500°C gewonnen. Die rhomboedrische Einheitszelle (RaumgruppeR\(\bar 3\)c) besitzt die folgenden Dimensionen: $$a_{rh} = 5 \cdot 587 \mathop A\limits^ \circ ; \alpha = 48^ \circ 38'.$$
Photographic Studies of Quantized Vortex Lines

A study of the behavior of systems of quantized vortex lines in rotating superfluid4He is described. Using a photographic technique, the positions of the vortex cores at the free surface of the liquid are recorded in the form of time-lapse motion pictures. The observation of stationary arrays of vortices are discussed and a comparison with the predictions of rectilinear vortex theory is made. Discrepancies between the observations and this theoretical model are noted, and the limitations of the experimental method are described. Several distinct types of periodic array motion have been observed. A description of their analysis as well as possible theoretical and experimental interpretations are given. The final part of this study involves phenomena associated with acceleration of the vessel. The analysis of film records and light signal amplitude measurements for repeated spinups of the vessel reveals statistical trends in the rate of appearance of vortices.
Duplex scanning has a limited role in the evaluation of patients with renal failure

Objective Although common indications for renal duplex scanning (RDS) include hypertension (HT) and renal failure (RF), the role of RDS in the evaluation of patients with RF is not known. The goal of this study was to define ultrasound findings with predictive or discriminatory value in patients with RF and to identify patients undergoing a renal artery intervention as a result of RDS findings. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 214 consecutive patients referred to an Intersocietal Accreditation Commission-accredited vascular laboratory for an initial RDS from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2010. RDS included direct ultrasound evaluation of the main renal vessels and renal parenchyma. Significant renal artery stenosis of ≥60% diameter reduction was indicated by a renal/aortic velocity ratio ≥3.5 and abnormally increased parenchymal resistance by an end-diastolic ratio ≤0.3. Results We separated the patients into two groups by indication for RDS: Group I (HT alone, n = 102) and group II (RF alone or with HT, n = 112). When group I was compared with group II, there were significant differences in gender (50% vs 67% male; P = .013), age (50.9 ± 18.5 vs 60.0 ± 14.8 years; P P P P P = .315). Evaluation of group II patients revealed a diagnosis of decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF) and the presence of unilateral or bilateral increased parenchymal resistance in 27 of 68 (39.7%) vs nine of 44 (20.4%) with CHF and normal parenchymal resistance. One renal artery angioplasty was performed in a patient with unilateral renal artery stenosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Conclusions Renal artery stenosis is extremely uncommon in patients undergoing RDS for RF, indicating that ischemic nephropathy is rarely a cause of RF in these patients. Abnormally increased renal parenchymal resistance is frequently found in patients being evaluated for RF and is associated with increasing creatinine and age. A diagnosis of CHF is also more common in patients with increased parenchymal resistance. Although patients who undergo RDS for RF rarely require renal artery interventions, ultrasound indices of parenchymal resistance may serve as a marker for renal disease and cardiovascular morbidity. Further studies are required to determine the prognostic significance of these ultrasound findings in the setting of RF.
The socio-economic effects of tropical diseases in Nigeria

Abstract Urinary schistosomiasis is the most prevalent of the endemic tropical diseases: 48% of the population is afflicted in the study area. The socio-economic, environmental and health-seeking behavioural characteristics of the population are conducive to the spread of urinary schistosomiasis. The attitudes considered include knowledge of what causes the disease and how to control it, attitude toward the disease, care of oneself, hygiene and sanitation. The effect of such social variables as stigmatisation, and environmental variables such as water source is also considered. We find that a unit increase in the hygiene/sanitation index for adult males and adult females lead to a reduction of about 7.3 and 4.0 eggs S. haematobium in 10 ml urine sample, respectively. Thus, simple hygienic activities such as keeping the immediate environment of the household free from human wastes contribute substantially to disease control. Furthermore, prevalence of the disease is higher among males. Losses from work attributed to urinary schistosomiasis are high. Average values of key socio-economic variables-labour flow for land clearing, farm size and cash income-computed for farm families with high urinary schistosomiasis intensity in the sample are 1085 h, 1.4 ha and N 1432 (US$ 65) respectively. The corresponding figures for farm families free from the disease are significantly higher: 1325 h, 1.9 ha and N 3759 (US$ 171), respectively.
Higher level orders on noncommutative rings

Abstract Becker introduced higher level orders on a field, a generalization of the notion of an order on a field. Higher level orders have since been defined for skew fields and commutative rings. We extend the notion of higher level orders to noncommutative rings and generalize some of the theory for commutative rings to the noncommutative setting. We obtain more results for a particular class of ring, those which modulo a prime ideal are embeddable in a skew field. Finally, we define the real spectrum of a noncommutative ring and obtain some topological results concerning the real spectrum.
Abstract 884: Basonuclin1 (BNC1): A novel therapeutic target in ovarian cancer identified through integrative TCGA-based functional genomic analysis

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-OvCa) is the most common and lethal type of ovarian carcinoma. While TCGA provides comprehensive genomic profiling of clinically annotated HGS-OvCa tumors, identification of novel therapeutic targets using this dataset is still needed. We coupled TCGA mRNA expression and clinical response data to systematically identify genes which could alter progression of HGS-OvCa and investigated associated alterations in DNA promoter methylation and microRNA expression. For selected targets, we also used siRNA functional studies to clarify gene-specific effects. We identified 102 genes as up-regulated in tumors from patients whose cancer had progressed within 7 months of diagnosis (chemo-resistant group: 53 cases) compared to tumors from patients who had no disease progression for more than 3 years (chemo-sensitive group: 57 cases). These genes had two-sample t-test p-values Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 884. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-884
Understanding rural character : Cognitive and visual perceptions

This study examines perceptions of rural character from the varied perspective of local residents, urban recreationalists, and planners. Using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the research focused on two small towns in western Washington which are facing growth pressures. Study results show that density is less important in an individual's perceptions of rural character than are concepts of community, livelihood, and signs of development and change. Although perceptions of rural character can vary from setting to setting, our findings suggest the need for planners to factor in the perspectives of local players. To maintain rural character, we recommend: (1) protecting property in natural resource uses such as farming or forestry, (2) using design guidelines that match traditional lot sizes and building materials, and (3) incorporating community-participation techniques in rural planning.
CHOLESTEROL, CAROTENE AND BIRTHWEIGHT IN SMOKING MOTHERS

It has been suspected that nutrition during pregnancy might counteract the adverse effects of smoking on birthweight (BWT). In our previous prospective studies of ~2100 mothers, 47% were smokers who had 63% of the babies with BWT below our median (3300g). A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of a food supplement (WIC) from 19 weeks to term in 410 of these free-living mothers led to increased mean BWT +91g (p=0.039), which was greater in smokers (+115g, p=0.034), taking into account sex, gestational age, race, prenatal visits. In 288 mother/baby pairs multiple regression analysis revealed an interaction between maternal midpregnancy (19 weeks) plasma levels of cholesterol (chol), β carotene (βC) and smoking on BWT (p=0.017). Prospective data on the interactive effects of βC, chol and smoking on BWT apparently have not previously been noted. High βC (> 116 μg/dl) and low chol levels (< 150 mg/dl) were associated with significantly larger babies (+ ~500g) in the smokers. If βC levels remained high from 19 to 36 weeks of gestation, heavy smokers delivered large babies. If βC levels decreased, the babies were small. In nonsmokers, no interaction between these nutrients on BWT was detected, but BWT was ~300g more with higher chol, i.e., from 116 to 272 mg/dl at midpregnancy, at all levels of βC. We conclude that certain plasma levels of β carotene and cholesterol in smokers might counteract the adverse effect of smoking on fetal growth.
Calculation of the K X-ray intensities for elements from Z = 92 to 126

Abstract Calculations of the radiative transition rates have been made for filling a K-shell vacancy from electrons in the L, M. N, O, and P shells for each element from Z = 92 to 126. With the help of these values and the previously calculated X-ray energies, one may use X-ray spectra arising from K-vacancies of the heavy and superheavy elements as an unambiguous means for identifying these elements. The calculations are relativistic and utilize relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater wave functions. From the radiation rates the natural widths have also been computed and a listing of binding energies and X-ray energies are given for elements Z = 121 to 126.
Changes in the content of atrial natriuretic factor with the progression of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

In order to assess possible roles of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we examined the content of immunoreactive-ANF in plasma, the atria, hypothalamus and pons of SHR and Wister Kyoto (WKY) rats by radioimmunoassay at different stages of age. With the progression of hypertension, plasma concentration of ANF increased whereas it decreased in the atria in SHR. This suggests ANF is secreted in response to hypertension. On the other hand, at hypothalamus and pons, ANF content was significantly higher in SHR than in WKY rats. This finding suggests possible involvement of ANF in the central regulation of blood pressure.
From the Atom to the Universe: Recent Astronomical Discoveries

JEREMIAHP. OSTRIKER, a Fellow of the American Academy since 1975, is the Charles A. Young Pro fes sor Emeritus of Astrophysics at Prince ton University and Professor of As tronomy at Columbia Univer sity. His research interests concern dark matter and dark energy, gal axy formation, and quasars. His publications include Heart of Dark ness: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Invisible Universe (with Simon Mitton, 2013) and the volumes Formation of Structure in the Universe (edited with Avishai Dekel, 1990) and Un solved Problems in Astrophysics (edited with John Bahcall, 1997). He was the recipient of the U.S. National Med al of Science in 2000. Astronomy starts at the point to which chemistry has brought us: atoms. The basic stuff of which the planets and stars are made is the same as the terrestrial material discussed and analyzed in the 1⁄2rst set of essays in this volume. These are the chemical ele ments, from hydrogen to uranium. Hydrogen, found with oxygen in our plentiful oceanic water, is by far the most abundant element in the universe; iron is the most common of the heavier elements. All the combinations of atoms in the complex chem ical com pounds studied by chemists on Earth are also possible components of the objects that we see in the cos mos. Although almost all of the regions that we astronomers study are so hot that the more com pli cated compounds would be torn apart by the heat, some surprisingly unstable organic molecules, such as cyanopolyynes, have been detected in cold re gions of space with very low density of matter. Nev ertheless, the astronomical world is simpler than the chemical world of the laboratory or the real bio log ical world. But the enormous spatial and temporal extent of the cosmos allows us–and in fact forces us–to ask questions that would seem offbeat to a chemist. Where do the chemical elements come from? Precisely how, where, and when were they made? Do the abundances of the elements change with time? Does alternative “matter” that is not made of the or dinary chemical elements exist and exert gravity in the universe? We in the trades of astronomy and as trophysics must ask ourselves these ques tions–and they are only the beginning.
Equatorward Propagation of Inertia-Gravity Waves due to Steady and Intermittent Wave Sources

A simple ray-tracing model for the equatorward propagation of inertia‐gravity waves in the lower stratosphere is investigated. The model is based on a zonally symmetric wave source and incorporates radiative wave damping. It is shown that steady extratropical wave sources are able to produce spectra of potential energy that exhibit a conspicuous peak at the equator, which resembles the spectral peaks that are often observed in field data. This reinforces the recent suggestion by other authors that such peaks are caused by the latitudinal variation of the local Coriolis parameter, though these authors did not consider horizontal wave propagation. Notably, horizontal wave propagation can produce equatorial peaks even with strictly extratropical wave sources. Wave source intermittency is then investigated by allowing for a time-dependent wave source. The source is treated statistically as a stationary random process and a number of general comments are made with respect to the impact of intermittency on gravity wave parameterizations in general circulation models and on the expected variance of observational estimates of energy spectra. Finally, the possibility of an observational bias toward waves with lower group velocities (as recently suggested by other authors) is examined using a simple example of topographic wave generation by time-varying surface winds.
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR EPS GEOFOAM

Over the past 30 years, design with geofoam has been based on either factored strength or limit strain approaches. Geofoam parameters for design have been derived from unconfined compression testing of small laboratory samples. Closer examination of performance observations indicate extrapolation of small sample laboratory results can lead to misleading interpretation of field results. The potential for creep deformations is exaggerated and design modulus values are underestimated when based on small sample laboratory tests. Possible reasons for these shortcomings, in reference to field observations, are examined on the basis of creep tests on small samples, uniaxial loading of large samples, compression tests using tactile pressure sensors and review of enlarged images of geofoam surfaces. Creep deformations in geofoams under uniaxial loading remain mainly in primary stages where strain rates continually decrease. Modulus values for design that are derived from small sample laboratory tests are about half of the values that were estimated from field observations. Accordingly, the suggestion is made to increase small sample based modulus values from laboratory tests for design applications.
Electrophysiological-anatomic correlates of ATP-triggered vagal reflex in the dog. V. Role of purinergic receptors

The mechanism of extracellular ATP-triggered vagal depressor reflex was further studied in a closed-chest canine model. Adenosine and ATP were administered individually in equimolar doses (0.01–1.0...
Identification of four new prokaryotic bacterioferritins, from Helicobacter pylori, Anabaena variabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Treponema pallidum, by analysis of gene sequences.

Abstract The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) napA gene, encoding neutrophil-activating protein A (HPNAP) was determined. Alignment of this sequence with those of known bacterioferritins (Bfr) revealed sequence homology and conservation of a 7-amino-acid (aa) motif constituting the ferroxidase (Frx) center of Bfr in the HPNAP. The N-terminal aa sequence deduced from the iron-regulated mrgC gene of Bacillus subtilis [Chen et al., J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 5428–5437] is highly similar to that of HPNAP and contains five Frx center aa residues. The deduced aa sequences for proteins of unknown function in Treponema pallidum [Walfield et al., Infect. Immun. 57 (1989) 633–635] and in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis [Sato, GenBank accession No. JU0384 (1991)] identify these two proteins as Bfr. Although the DNA-binding protein from starved cells of Escherichia coli [Almiron et al., Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 2646–2654] is clearly a HPNAP/Bfr homologue, a significant part of its Frx center is missing. It is unlikely that the intracellular function of HPNAP is related to its ability to activate neutrophils.
The Relationship Between Noncoplanar PCB-Induced Immunotoxicity and Hepatic CYP1A Induction in a Fish Model

Abundant literature exists demonstrating the immunomodulating effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To date, most of the research has focused on dioxin-like coplanar PCB congeners because of their high affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and cytochrome P450-inducing capability. For this study, the impact of two structurally different PCB congeners on the immune responsiveness of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) was examined to evaluate the immunotoxic potential of each congener (as separate entities) and to relate effects on immune function with hepatic CYP1A induction. Fish received a single intraperitoneal injection of the: coplanar congener, PCB 126 (0.01 or 1.0 μg/g BW); noncoplanar PCB 153 (5.0 or 50.0 μg/g BW); or, the corn oil vehicle. PCB-induced effects on innate and cell-mediated immune parameters, and on hepatic CYP1A protein induction were evaluated in fish sacrificed 1, 3, 7, 14 or 21 days post-injection. In the absence of CYP1A induction, PCB 153 increased kidney ph...
Ridging, strength, and stability in high-resolution sea ice models

[1] In multicategory sea ice models the compressive strength of the ice pack is often assumed to be a function of the potential energy of pressure ridges. This assumption, combined with other standard features of ridging schemes, allows the ice strength to change dramatically on short timescales. In high-resolution (∼10 km) sea ice models with a typical time step (∼1 hour), abrupt strength changes can lead to large internal stress gradients that destabilize the flow. The unstable flow is characterized by large oscillations in ice concentration, thickness, strength, velocity, and strain rates. Straightforward, physically motivated changes in the ridging scheme can reduce the likelihood of abrupt strength changes and improve stability. In simple test problems with flow toward and around topography, stability is significantly enhanced by eliminating the threshold fraction G* in the ridging participation function. Use of an exponential participation function increases the maximum stable time step at 10-km resolution from less than 30 min to about 2 hours. Modifying the redistribution function to build thinner ridges modestly improves stability and also gives better agreement between modeled and observed thickness distributions. Allowing the ice strength to increase linearly with the mean ice thickness improves stability but probably underestimates the maximum stresses.
Digestive transit time and open-field behavior of rats

Abstract Rat chow with chromic oxide was used to determine the digestive transit time of Wistar-strain derived male and female rats. Digestive transit time was defined as the time between ingestion of the treated chow and the first appearance of a significant concentration of chromic oxide in the feces of the animal. Individual transit time prior to open-field experience did not correlate with open-field defecatory behavior but open-field experience significantly decreased transit time. The open-field experience affected males and females differently. The males not placed in the open field tended to have longer transit times than the females; in the group observed in the open field the transit time of the males tended to become shorter, whereas the female transit time increased, so that male-female differences in transit time became non-significant.
MSSM predictions for the electric dipole moment of the 199Hg atom

Abstract The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model can possess several CP-violating phases beyond the conventional Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa phase. We calculate the contribution of these phases to T-violating nuclear forces. These forces induce a Schiff moment in the 199Hg nucleus, which is strongly limited by experiments aimed at the detection of the electric dipole moment of the mercury atom. The result for dHg is found to be very sensitive to the CP-violating phases of the MSSM and the calculation carries far fewer QCD uncertainties than the corresponding calculation of the neutron EDM. In certain regions of the MSSM parameter space, the limit from the mercury EDM is stronger than previous constraints based on either the neutron or electron EDMs. We present combined constraints from the mercury and electron EDMs to limit both CP-violating phases of the MSSM. We also present limits in mSUGRA models with unified gaugino and scalar masses at the GUT scale.
Dynastic oral tradition, administrative records and archaeology in the Andes

Instead of lamenting the absence of written records in the Andean area, we have only to look closely at the abundant evidence which has survived in the form of archaeological associations. (Dorothy Menzel 1959:I41) Some years ago, R. T. Zuidema reviewed a book called Empire of the Incas, written by an historian. Such a book was premature, claimed Zuidema (I965), since we know so little about the social, symbolic and political organization of the Inka state. Our only sources were the dynastic oral traditions recorded by the eyewitnesses of the European invasion; hence, the only certain fact of Inka history was King Atawallpa's captivity in 1532. The historian was indignant. In a long and angry letter to the editor of the American Anthropologist he asked: did the reviewer mean it that no one could write Inka history until the anthropologists had first figured out Andean social structure? Zuidema replied, in essence, that the historian's impression was accurate. Neither asked what archaeology's contribution could be in this impasse. In fact, considerable progress has been made in recent decades in the study of eyewitness accounts of the sixteenth century - if not in figuring out Inka history, then in our understanding the Andean use of the unusual high altitude resources available, hence of economic and political institutions. Many new questions have been formulated (Murra I962; I975) and new research strategies devised. While notable sites are continuously being 'reconstructed' without previous excavation, as if their very beauty and popularity removed them from the province of grubby research, other examples of Inka urbanism, like Huanuco Pampa, have received serious attention since I964 (Morris I967; 1974). While it is plain that dual patterns of authority prevailed in the Andes at all levels of society, we still know little about the two kings who were probably ruling in Cuzco at any one moment in time. However, the functions and privileges of the two Lupaqa kings, ruling a major Aymara polity incorporated into Tawantinsuyu, the Inka state, can now be discerned (Murra I968). Graziano Gasparini (pers. comm.) thinks this duality is represented in architecture and town planning. Much has been made of the scarcity of new 'chronicles', as the sixteenth century sources are locally called (Murra I970). Philip A. Means's Biblioteca Andina, published in 1928, incredibly, is still a useful guide to these accounts. Dynastic oral tradition is more difficult to use in the Andes than it is in Africa (Vansina I96I; Wilks I974). While a good deal of the regional, provincial tradition can be recovered ethnographically,
Incorporating satisfaction measures into a restaurant productivity index

Abstract The increasing stature of the foodservice industry in the global service economy suggests that productivity analyses—similar to those performed in non-service-based settings—would benefit multi-unit operators by maximizing their desirable operational outcomes while minimizing expenses and other detrimental conditions such as low job satisfaction. This paper suggests that such analyses might be possible through the application of a holistic productivity metric—one that includes traditional operational variables such as revenue, profit, food cost, and labor cost, and previously ignored variables such as guest and employee satisfaction as well as retention equity. Through data gathered from a single chain's 36 corporate-owned, same-brand casual-theme restaurants located in metropolitan centers across the United States, we found that factors leading to maximum outputs such as controllable profit and retention equity include employee satisfaction in addition to expected variables such as cost of goods sold and number of seats. Most notably, employee satisfaction as an input proved to be the most volatile variable in maximizing operational outputs.
Issues related to smoking cessation among substance abusers

Initial studies have found that stop-smoking treatments for newly recovering substance abusers have been neither harmful to sobriety nor effective in achieving smoking cessation. The development of more effective stop-smoking treatments for this population could be aided by delineating their particular smoking-related characteristics. This article describes the biopsychosocial characteristics of newly recovering substance abusers that are relevant to smoking cessation, and suggests that there are notable differences between abusers and nonabusers that may contribute to abusers' greater difficulty in quitting smoking. It also recommends changes in existing treatment protocols where applicable and identifies key areas for future research.
British Factory--Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations

Part 1: The Factories 1. Four Factories: A First Look 2. The Workers: Who They Are, How They Are Recruited and Trained 3. Wages 4. Unions: Membership and Organization 5. Industrial Relations: Mainly England 6. Industrial Relations: Mainly Japan 7. Industrial Relations: Summary 8. The Enterprise as Community 9. Authority, Function and Status 10. Two Employment Systems 11. Some Implications Part 2: Convergence? 12. The 'Japanese Employment System' and Recent Trends of Change 13. Britain Catching Up? Part Three: The Past and the Future 14. The Origins of the Japanese Employment System 15. Late Development Appendix: The Survey Index.
Release of platelet factor 4 into the blood after cold challenge of patients with cold urticaria

Five individuals with idiopathic cold urticaria but not normal volunteers released platelet factor 4 (PF4) detected by radioimmunoassay into the circulation after cold challenge. In three patients, a biphasic rise in PF4 was noted with increases at 1 and 10 to 20 min after immersion, whereas in two others only the later rise was detected. Peak levels of PF4 were detected in all five patients 20 min after cold immersion, whereas peak levels of other mediators such as histamine and eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activity occurred earlier at 10, 3 to 10, and 5 to 10 min, respectively. The identification of PF4 in the circulation of patients with cold urticaria after cold challenge provides further evidence for the activation of platelets in mast cell-dependent disorders and suggests new potential mechanisms for the expression of cold urticaria.
An evaluation of touchless hand gestural interaction for pointing tasks with preferred and non-preferred hands

Performance evaluations of touchless gestural interaction are generally done by benchmarking pointing performance against existing interactive devices, requiring the use of user's preferred hand. However, as there is no reason for this interaction to be limited to only one hand, evaluation should rightfully consider both hands. In this paper we evaluate the performance of touchless gestural interaction for pointer manipulation with both the preferred and non-preferred hands. This interaction is benchmarked against the mouse and the touchpad with a multidirectional task. We compared the performance between all devices, improvement in performance between 2 rounds, and the degradation of performance between hands. The results show the mouse has no performance increase between rounds but high degradation across hands, the touchpad has medium performance increase and medium degradation, and gestural interaction has the highest performance increase and the lowest degradation between hands.