cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime productivity in gilts previously selected for decreased age at puberty

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of decreasing age of puberty on lifetime productivity in sows. Two lines of gilts from the Nebraska Gene Pool population were used in this study: a line that had been selected for decreased age at puberty (AP) and a line in which selection had been random (RS). The study was conducted in two parts. In part one, 75 gilts were mated at second oestrus and the productivity measured over five parities. A second experiment utilizing 68 gilts was conducted to provide further data for comparing litter size at parity 1, and also to compare ovulation rates in the two lines at second oestrus. Results showed that litter size was similar in both lines across parities. After five parities the percentage of sows farrowing relative to parity 1 was 58-8% for the AP line but only 39·4% for the RS line (P = 0·17). Litter birth weight, litter size and weight at 21 days, number weaned, and lactation food consumption were similar for both lines. Lactation weight loss was not significantly different between the two lines (60·9 (s.e. 5·9) v. 527 (s.e. 5·0) kg, for RS and AP gilts, respectively) but was consistent with the slightly longer weaning to remating intervals in the RS line (7·8 (s.e. 0·7) v. 6·6 (s.e. 0·7) days, P = 0·22). Ovulation rate at second oestrus did not differ between the two lines (14·1 (s.e. 0·9) v. 14·3 (s.e. 0·5), for RS and AP gilts, respectively). The regression of mean accumulative productivity on time was in favour of the AP line (P = 0·05). These results suggest that reproductive performance is not impaired in gilts which have been selected to reach puberty at earlier ages, and productivity at a specific age may be enhanced.
Obesity, stress, and smoking: Their role as cardiovascular risk factors in women

Obesity, defined as an increase of 20% or more above desired weight, has been found to be an independent, albeit weak, risk factor for coronary heart disease in women and may increase the relative risk of other factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and elevated total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Type A personality and stress, on the other hand, appear to be moderate risk factors for coronary heart disease in women as well as in men. Approximately twice as many cardiovascular events occurred in type A women 35 to 64 years old as in type B women of the same age group. As expected, cigarette smoking is a major risk factor, primarily in young women. Women with smoking patterns similar to those of men experience similar rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In addition, smoking apparently acts synergistically with oral contraceptives and elevated total serum cholesterol to further increase risk.
Paternal involvement in fragile, African American families: Implications for clinical social work practice

Abstract Changes in family formation and structure mandate reassessment and realignment of traditional parenting roles and arrangements. Adaptation to these changes has been truncated along racial and socioeconomic status lines. Poor African American families and especially fathers in fragile families are most vulnerable and are in need of individual and structural assistance to achieve expected personal and societal role development. The “person‐in‐environment” perspective of clinical social work offers an organizing framework for interventions designed to improve paternal role and family functioning.
Quantitative change in fibronectin in cultured mullerian mesenchymal cells in response to diethylstilbestrol and mullerian-inhibiting substance.

I report on the synthesis of fibronectin in the developing chick Mullerian duct mesenchymal cells. Before the differentiation of female chick Mullerian duct, the amount of fibronectin in the cells of the right duct is 44% lower than in the left duct. While after differentiation, the amount of fibronectin in the right duct is 29% lower, as compared to the left duct. Estrogenic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment was carried out at the 5th day of incubation when both female Mullerian ducts were undifferentiated. Three days after DES treatment, the regression of the right duct was prevented, and the amount of fibronectin was induced by 89%, while induction in the left duct was 11%. Eight days after DES administration, the amount of fibronectin in the right and left Mullerian duct was induced by 150 and 76%, respectively. After DES treatment in the male embryo, both Mullerian ducts were retained, and the capacity for fibronectin synthesis was preserved. Application of the indirect immunocytochemical labeling technique revealed Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) binding sites on the membrane of the Mullerian mesenchymal cells. The addition of chick MIS in the culture medium reduced the amount of detectable fibronectin in the cultured mesenchymal cells. The synthesis of fibronectin in intestinal mesenchymal cells was not affected by DES or MIS.
Differential regulation of cytokine-induced major histocompatibility complex class II expression and nitric oxide release in rat microglia and astrocytes by effectors of tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, and cAMP.

Abstract Two glial cell populations of the CNS, astrocytes and microglia, were examined for expression of two immunologically important molecules, MHC class II and nitric oxide (NO), following treatment with cytokines. IFN-γ induced both molecules in microglia at substantially higher levels than astrocytes. The addition of TNF-α to IFN-γ elevated class II expression and NO in both cells. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, and calphostin, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, diminished cytokine induction of class II MHC and NO in both glial populations. Forskolin was most effective in inhibiting class II MHC expression, but had little inhibitory effect on NO production. These results indicate microglia are more effective than astrocytes in producing cell-associated and secreted immune mediators in response to IFN-γ and or TNF-α and multiple parallel, but distinct, signaling events are required for cytokine induced class II MHC or NO production.
Density gradient bifurcation in tokamaks

Certain drift waves in tokamaks have the property that they become unstable when the temperature gradient exceeds a critical value, which increases with increasing density gradient. If instabilities of this type dominate the transport of heat and particles then it is shown that the particle flux can be a multivalued function of the density gradient. A bifurcation to a reduced transport state can then be driven through the density gradient. The conditions for a bifurcation to exist are derived. In order for this bifurcation to be observable, trapped particle instabilities must be suppressed by some other mechanism.
Diverging DOS Strategy Using an Allene-Containing Tryptophan Scaffold and a Library Design that Maximizes Biologically Relevant Chemical Space While Minimizing the Number of Compounds

A diverging diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) strategy using an allene-containing tryptophan as a key starting material was investigated. An allene-yne substituted derivative of tryptophan 12 gave indolylmethylazabicyclooctadiene 17 when subjected to a microwave-assisted allenic [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. This same tryptophan-derived precursor afforded an indolylmethyldihydrocyclopentapyridinone 14 when subjected to a rhodium(I)-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation reaction and an indolylmethylpyrrolidinocyclopentenones 16 when reacted with molybdenum hexacarbonyl. Construction of allenic tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffolds via a Pictet−Spengler reaction and subsequent silver(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization afforded tetrahydroindolizinoindoles (21). Attachment of allene and alkyne groups to the tetrahydro-β-carboline, followed by a microwave-assisted allenic [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, provided tetrahydrocyclobutaindoloquinolizinones 24 and the tetrahydrocyclopentenone indolizinoindolone 26 when reacted wi...
Adsorption of glycerol from biodiesel washwaters

The removal of glycerol by adsorption from biodiesel washwaters has been studied at room temperature using various adsorbent materials, including activated carbons, clay minerals, and natural and synthetic zeolites. Activated carbon exhibited the best adsorption for glycerol among the examined materials. Glycerol adsorption isotherms are obtained on activated carbons after treatment under different conditions. The Langmuir isotherm coefficients and the first‐order desorption kinetic parameters for glycerol on a coconut activated carbon were determined by fitting the experimental data. The adsorption of glycerol was increased by removing the functional groups from the carbon surface at high temperatures under N2 atmosphere, and was decreased by increasing surface functional groups through HNO3 oxidation. Compared with water, glycerol tends to adsorb more favourably on a hydrophobic carbon surface than on a hydrophilic one.
Reconstitution of Chromatin Subunits

The recovery of the subunit structure of chromatin after dissociation and reconstitution is markedly affected by the procedure used. Some procedures give complete regeneration of subunits, but the procedure most commonly used for reconstitution gives poor yields of subunit-containing chromatin.
Developing and Validating Field Measurement Scales for Absorptive Capacity and Experienced Community of Practice

Research on knowledge transfer in organizations has been hampered by the lack of tools yielding valid scores for studying critical constructs in concert. The authors developed survey measures of absorptive capacity (the ability to transform new knowledge into usable knowledge) and experienced community of practice (the extent to which a person is engaged with the given practice community) to provide tools appropriate for field research. A holdout sample of 1,971 engineers in a Fortune 100 science/technology company yielded 583 responses. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess internal structure, and convergent and discriminant evidence of validity. Path analysis was used to assess criterion-related validity. Results demonstrate that the new measures are internally consistent, are related in meaningful ways to other organizational variables, and provide distinct explanatory power. An additional 231 responses from a second Fortune 100 science/technology company provides cross-validation.
Influence of 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone on blood pressure, saline consumption, and serum electrolytes, corticosterone, and renin activity.

Young, unilaterally nephrectomized, female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily sc injections of 19-nordeoxycorticosterone acetate (19-nor-DOCA) in oil at a dosage of 100 μg/day for 21 days and twice that amount for a further 11 days. One group drank distilled water and another drank 1% NaCl solution. Comparable control groups received oil injections. Another group received DOCA at the same steroid dosage and drank saline. Both 19-nor-DOCA-treated groups rapidly became hypertensive and developed cardiac hypertrophy, as did those given DOCA and saline. Saline consumption was greater in rats receiving 19-nor-DOCA, than in those given DOCA. Rats injected with 19-nor-DOCA and given water to drink showed enhanced growth and developed thymus enlargement and displayed hypokalemia and a reduction in both serum renin activity and corticosterone concentration. Plasma sodium concentration was not affected by any form of treatment. Clearly, 19-nor- DOCA is a potent mineralocorticoid and hypertensogenic agent. Since t...
A Quantitative Comparison of the Behavior of Human Ventricular Cardiac Electrophysiology Models in Tissue

Numerical integration of mathematical models of heart cell electrophysiology provides an important computational tool for studying cardiac arrhythmias, but the abundance of available models complicates selecting an appropriate model. We study the behavior of two recently published models of human ventricular action potentials, the Grandi-Pasqualini-Bers (GPB) and the O'Hara-Virag-Varro-Rudy (OVVR) models, and compare the results with four previously published models and with available experimental and clinical data. We find the shapes and durations of action potentials and calcium transients differ between the GPB and OVVR models, as do the magnitudes and rate-dependent properties of transmembrane currents and the calcium transient. Differences also occur in the steady-state and S1–S2 action potential duration and conduction velocity restitution curves, including a maximum conduction velocity for the OVVR model roughly half that of the GPB model and well below clinical values. Between single cells and tissue, both models exhibit differences in properties, including maximum upstroke velocity, action potential amplitude, and minimum diastolic interval. Compared to experimental data, action potential durations for the GPB and OVVR models agree fairly well (although OVVR epicardial action potentials are shorter), but maximum slopes of steady-state restitution curves are smaller. Although studies show alternans in normal hearts, it occurs only in the OVVR model, and only for a narrow range of cycle lengths. We find initiated spiral waves do not progress to sustained breakup for either model. The dominant spiral wave period of the GPB model falls within clinically relevant values for ventricular tachycardia (VT), but for the OVVR model, the dominant period is longer than periods associated with VT. Our results should facilitate choosing a model to match properties of interest in human cardiac tissue and to replicate arrhythmia behavior more closely. Furthermore, by indicating areas where existing models disagree, our findings suggest avenues for further experimental work.
D3He-proton emission imaging for inertial-confinement-fusion experiments (invited)

Proton emission imaging cameras, in combination with proton spectrometers and a proton temporal diagnostic, provide a great deal of information about the spatial structure and time evolution of inertial-confinement fusion capsule implosions. When used with D3He-filled capsules, multiple proton emission imaging cameras measure the spatial distribution of fusion burn, with three-dimensional information about burn symmetry. Simultaneously, multiple spectrometers measure areal density as a function of angle around the imploded capsule. Experiments at the OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] have already proven the utility of this approach. An introduction to the hardware used for penumbral imaging, and algorithms used to create images of the burn region, are provided here along with simple scaling laws relating image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio to characteristics of the cameras and the burn region.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Iron: A Ferromagnetic Liquid

The remanent magnetization of single-crystal iron whiskers has been measured from 10 -5 to 10 4 seconds after the removal of an applied field. The observed response is accurately modeled by localized magnon relaxation on a Gaussian size distribution of dynamically correlated domains, virtually identical to the distribution of excitations in glass-forming liquids. When fields of less than 1 oersted are removed, some relaxation occurs before 10 -5 second has elapsed; but when larger fields are removed, essentially all of the response can be accounted for by magnon relaxation over the available time window. The model provides a physical picture for the mechanism and observed distribution of Landau-Lifshitz damping parameters.
The normal state electronic structure of cuprate superconductors: a covalent picture

Abstract We propose a view of the cuprate superconductors based on strong covalent bonding within the CuO2 planes. This covalent picture was developed from an alternative analysis of some recently reported spectroscopic and transport properties of several high temperature superconductors. In this view, antiferromagnetic superexchange splits the σx2−y2 orbital, and crystal field splitting leaves the π∗xy orbital as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). In undoped materials, electrons in this orbital are localized, with peak approximately 1.7 eV below the unoccupied half of the σ∗x2−y2 band. With doping, this orbital broadens into a band where the Fermi energy overlaps the energy of the lowest unoccupied state in the σx2−y2 band. Further, the axial ligand found on all p-type cuprate superconductors raises the energy of the nearly-localized σ∗z2 orbital to an energy slightly below the top of the π∗xy band. Excitations of electrons in these three bands yield the combination of properties found in the normal state of the cuprate materials.
Consumer privacy and the market for customer information

I investigate consumer privacy and the market for customer information in electronic retailing. The value of customer information derives from the ability of Internet firms to identify individual consumers and charge them personalized prices. I study two settings, a confidential regime in which the sale of customer information is not possible, and a disclosure regime in which one firm may compile and sell a customer list to another firm that uses it to price discriminate. Welfare comparisons depend critically on whether consumers anticipate sale of the list and on demand elasticity.
Effect of variation in PQ interval on patterns of atrioventricular valve motion and flow in patients with normal ventricular function

M-mode echocardiography and Doppler ultrasonography were used to study patterns of atrioventricular (AV) valve motion and flow in five patients with complete heart block, normal ventricular function and an implanted dual chamber pacemaker with programmable PQ intervals. Changes in AV valve motion and flow patterns resulting from steady state changes in PQ interval over the range studied (75 to 250 ms) were similar in all patients. Events reflecting AV valve opening and rapid ventricular filling bore a constant temporal relation to the Q wave and were unaffected by changes in PQ interval. Events reflecting atrial contraction occurred progressively earlier in diastole with lengthening of the PQ interval, until superimposition of atrial contraction on rapid ventricular filling at a PQ interval of 250 ms. The duration of mid-diastolic slow ventricular filling and overall diastole, defined with respect to an open valve, decreased with lengthening of the PQ interval. The onset of AV valve closure (A point) bore a constant temporal relation to the P wave, indicating that atrial systole initiated valve closure. However, completion of AV valve closure occurred progressively earlier with respect to the P wave as the PQ interval was decreased. This suggests an increasing contribution of ventricular systole to completion of AV valve closure with decreasing PQ interval. End-diastolic and end-systolic ventricular and atrial dimensions were independent of the PQ interval.
Quiescent prominences - Where are they formed?

An investigation of two years of quiescent prominences shows that substantially more (20 percent in 1973 and 96 percent in 1979) quiescent prominences were formed on neutral lines between bipolar regions than on neutral lines inside bipolar regions. An examination of the associated solar activity of the seven white light coronal transients observed by Skyklab indicates that regardless of where the prominences were formed, their eruptions can cause observable coronal mass ejections. The present results suggest that a prominence model is needed in which the evolution begins at the boundary of two adjacent bipolar regions.
Sample Representativeness: A Must for Reliable Regional Lake Condition Estimates

Reliable environmental resource estimates are essential to informed regional scale decisions regarding protection, restoration, and enhancement of natural resources. Reliable estimates depend on objective and representative sampling. Probability-based sampling meets these requirements and provides accuracy estimates. Non-probability-based sampling often is biased, thus less reliable, and potentially misleading. The authors compare results from a probability- and a non-probability-based Secchi transparency sampling of lakes in the northeastern geographic region of the United States and its three primary ecoregions. Results from these samplings are compared on the basis of sample representativeness relative to the regional lake population and subsequent reliability of lake condition estimates. Statistically derived sampling indicates the northeast lake population median lake size to be about 9.5 ({+-}2.3) ha and the Secchi disk transparency (SDT) to be about 2.4 ({+-}0.4) m. On the basis of judgment sampling estimates, the median SDT for lakes in the same area would be 4.2 m. However, only about 15% of the regional lake population based on statistically designed sampling estimates has a SDT {ge} 4.2 m. Estimate unreliability of this magnitude can have profound effects on lake management decisions. Thus, regional extrapolation of non-probability-based sampling results should be avoided.
College Students' Given Names: A Test of the Preference-Feedback Hypothesis1

According to the preference-feedback hypothesis, liking generally increases with familiarity up to a point and then declines. However, for stimuli such as given names, liking increases monotonically with familiarity, because given names that become too familiar tend to be chosen less frequently by parents, thus becoming less familiar once again. A college sample of 160 men and 211 women provided potential names for first son and first daughter, as well as reasons for their selections. Comparing given names of the research participants with names that they chose for sons and daughters, high-frequency participants' names occurred less frequently as choices for sons and daughters' names, although this effect was significant for women's names only. Frequency was mentioned as a reason for choices by 10% to 20% of the sample, and significantly more often for daughters' names than for sons' names.
Utilization of S-adenosylmethionine for the biosynthesis of methionine.

Abstract The role of S -adenosylmethionine in the biosynthesis of methionine has been investigated with two mutants of Aerobacter aerogenes that utilize the sulfonium compound for growth. The results show that only the S and CH 3 groups of S -adenosylmethionine are utilized for the synthesis of methionine. Carbon atom 2 of the methionine moiety of the sulfonium compound is not utilized. When S -adenosylmethionine labeled with C 14 in the methyl group was used, over one-fourth of the radioactivity incorporated by both cultures was associated with the lipid fraction of the cells.
Characterization of trabecular bone structure from high-resolution magnetic resonance images using fuzzy logic

The purpose of this work was to apply fuzzy logic image processing techniques to characterize the trabecular bone structure with high-resolution magnetic resonance images. Fifteen ex vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance images of specimens of human radii at 1.5 T and 12 in vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance images of the calcanei of peri- and postmenopausal women at 3 T were obtained. Soft segmentation using fuzzy clustering was applied to MR data to obtain fuzzy bone volume fraction maps, which were then analyzed with three-dimensional (3D) fuzzy geometrical parameters and measures of fuzziness. Geometrical parameters included fuzzy perimeter and fuzzy compactness, while measures of fuzziness included linear index of fuzziness, quadratic index of fuzziness, logarithmic fuzzy entropy, and exponential fuzzy entropy. Fuzzy parameters were validated at 1.5 T with 3D structural parameters computed from microcomputed tomography images, which allow the observation of true trabecular bone structure and with apparent MR structural indexes at 1.5 T and 3 T. The validation was statistically performed with the Pearson correlation coefficient as well as with the Bland-Altman method. Bone volume fraction correlation values (r) were up to .99 (P .85; P<.001) and good agreements based on Bland-Altman analysis, suggesting that the level of fuzziness in high-resolution magnetic resonance images could be related to the trabecular bone structure.
Feeding habits and gut fauna of Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera : Termopsidae) in response to wood species and fungal associates

Feeding preferences and consumption were evaluated to measure rate of wood consumption and the response of the gut fauna of Zootermopsis angusticollis to 4 conifers and 2 fungal species. In both choice and forced-feeding tests, exposure to Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr. reduced consumption of Douglas-fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] and western hemlock [ Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] but did not affect noble fir ( Abies procera Rehd.) or western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don). Exposure to Stereum sanguinolentum Albertini & Schwein.:Fr. increased consumption of Douglas-fir but reduced consumption of western hemlock in a choice feeding test and increased consumption of Douglas-fir and western redcedar in a forced-feeding test. Numbers of gut protozoa increased in Douglas-fir-conditioned termites fed T. viride -inoculated wood in the choice test and in termites fed Douglas-fir or noble fir in the forced-feeding test. Fungal exposure had no effect on termite mortality in the choice test, but mortality was significantly lower in termites feeding on western redcedar exposed to S. sanguinolentum . Significant treatment interactions indicated that prior experience and fungal preconditioning affected choice of wood species and populations of gut protozoa.
Laboratory Investigation of the Products of the Incomplete Combustion of Waste Plastics and Techniques for Their Minimization

This laboratory investigation aimed at reducing the emissions of pollutants from the batch combustion of three major waste plastics, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Results are reported herein on the emissions of CO, light aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particulates. Two-stage combustion of the polymers was investigated, with the first stage (primary furnace) operated at either 600 or 900 °C and the second stage (afterburner) at 1000 °C. Before exiting the afterburner, the effluent passed through a high-temperature ceramic filter, which retained and destroyed particulate products of incomplete combustion (PICs). The effect of the polymer quantity burned was examined, as well as the effect of mixing PS with PVC to explore the influence of chlorine on emissions of PICs. The results indicated that PVC produced the lowest amounts of all PICs, whereas PS produced the highest amounts of PAHs and particulates, and PE produced the highest ...
1398 PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE IN THE NEWBORN

Forty two cases of pulmonary hemorrhage occurred in the neonatal intensive care unit during the last 6 years. The male: female ratio is 2.5:1. Birth weight was 720-3060 gm with 81% of cases below 1500 gm and 24% SGA. Gestational age was 26-29 weeks with 90% below 34 weeks. Complications of pregnancy and/or delivery occurred in 68%. Neonatal complications included hyaline membrane disease (71%), intracranial hemorrhage (69%), and bacterial infection in 12%. Three cases occurred immediately following exchange transfusions. Onset of pulmonary hemorrhage occurred at a mean of 69 hours of life (range 10-212), and time to expiration was 11-288 hours, mean time of death being 87 hours old. All infants were given oxygen in the first 12 hours of life, but no correlation was found between hemorrhage and Apgar score, blood type, hypothermia, asphyxia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, shock, or any particular therapy. There were just 2 survivors, and the frequency of pulmonary hemorrhage was 10.1% of all neonatal deaths. The overall incidence was 1.95 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion: The infant most at risk will be a male born prematurely < 34 weeks weighing < 1500 gm, with respiratory distress and intracranial hemorrhage likely. Pulmonary hemorrhage is most likely on the third day with death on the fourth day, although intensive care results in occasional survivors.
Relating instrumental texture, determined by variable-blade and Allo-Kramer shear attachments, to sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fillets.

: Texture is one of the most important quality attributes of fish fillets, and accurate assessment of variation in this attribute, as affected by storage and handling, is critical in providing consistent quality product. Trout fillets received 4 treatments: 3-d refrigeration (R3), 7-d refrigeration (R7), 3-d refrigeration followed by 30-d frozen storage (R3F30), and 7-d refrigeration followed by 30-d frozen storage (R7F30). Instrumental texture of raw and cooked fillets was determined by 3 approaches: 5-blade Allo-Kramer (AK) and variable-blade (VB) attachment with 12 blades arranged in perpendicular (PER) and parallel (PAR) orientations to muscle fibers. Correlation between instrumental texture and sensory hardness, juiciness, elasticity, fatness, and coarseness was determined. Muscle pH remained constant at 6.54 to 6.64. Raw fillets lost 3.66% of their original weight after 30-d frozen storage. After cooking, weight loss further increased to 15.97%. Moisture content decreased from 69.11 to 65.02%, while fat content remained constant at 10.41%. VBPER detected differences in muscle sample strength (P= 0.0019) and demonstrated effect of shear direction reported as maximum force (g force/g sample). AKPER detected differences in energy of shear (g × mm; P= 0.0001). Fillets that received F30 treatments were less extensible. Cooking increased muscle strength and toughness. Force determined by VBPER was correlated with sensory hardness (r= 0.423, P= 0.0394) and cook loss (r= 0.412, P= 0.0450). VB attachment is accurate, valid, and less destructive in fillet texture analysis. Practical Application: A new shearing device was validated with sensory analysis. Settings and parameters obtained could be used to define fillet texture quality associated with muscle fiber orientation.
Trauma, PTSD, and the course of severe mental illness: an interactive model

Traumatic life events, as defined by DSM-IV, are common among persons with severe mental illnesses (SMI) such as schizophrenia. Limited evidence suggests concomitantly high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population. However, conceptual models do not exist for understanding the interactions between trauma, PTSD, and SMI. We propose a model, which is an extension of the stress-vulnerability model, in which PTSD is hypothesized to mediate the negative effects of trauma on the course of SMI. Our model posits that PTSD influences psychiatric disorders both directly, through the effects of specific PTSD symptoms including avoidance, overarousal, and re-experiencing the trauma, and indirectly, through the effects of common correlates of PTSD such as retraumatization, substance abuse, and difficulties with interpersonal relationships. We discuss the evidence supporting this model, and consider several intervening variables that are hypothesized to moderate the proposed relationships between PTSD and SMI, including social support, coping and competence, and antisocial personality disorder. Theoretical and clinical implications of the model are considered, as well as several methodological and nosological issues. We conclude with a brief discussion of directions for future research aimed at evaluating components of the model.
Efficient Prediction of Difficult Keyword Queries over Databases

Keyword queries on databases provide easy access to data, but often suffer from low ranking quality, i.e., low precision and/or recall, as shown in recent benchmarks. It would be useful to identify queries that are likely to have low ranking quality to improve the user satisfaction. For instance, the system may suggest to the user alternative queries for such hard queries. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of hard queries and propose a novel framework to measure the degree of difficulty for a keyword query over a database, considering both the structure and the content of the database and the query results. We evaluate our query difficulty prediction model against two effectiveness benchmarks for popular keyword search ranking methods. Our empirical results show that our model predicts the hard queries with high accuracy. Further, we present a suite of optimizations to minimize the incurred time overhead.
Identification of Equine Herpesvirus 5 in Horses with Lymphoma

Abstract Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5), and multicentric lymphoma were discovered in one patient. Review of gamma herpesvirus activity in humans revealed a propensity for lymphoproliferative disorders associated with infection. The objective was to determine the frequency of EHV-5 in lymphoma tissues and compare with the frequency found in the lymph nodes of clinically normal horses. Case control investigation of lymphoma-positive tissues and analysis via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EHV-5 was performed on 12 horses. Prospective collection and PCR analysis of lymph nodes (mesenteric or submandibular) for EHV-5 was performed on 21 control horses. Thirteen samples of lymphoma-positive tissues and fluid were submitted for PCR analysis for EHV-5. Of these, 67% was positive. In the control horse population, 14% was positive for EHV-5 ( P = .004). Neoplastic samples positive for EHV-5 were classified as T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma (three), T-cell lymphoma (one), one was nondifferentiated, and two were not stained. Gamma herpesviruses in humans have been associated with lymphoproliferative diseases such as Kaposi sarcoma and Burkitt lymphoma. This study reveals an increased frequency of EHV-5 (gamma herpesvirus) in horses diagnosed with lymphoma compared with healthy control horses. Although the exact role this virus plays in the initiation or perpetuation of lymphoproliferative neoplasia is unknown, EHV-5 may be an etiologic agent associated with the development of some types of equine lymphoma.
Nanoscale polymeric penetration enhancers in topical drug delivery

Although recent advances in polymeric nanomaterials hold promise to develop effective transdermal delivery systems, the lack of fundamental understanding of polymer–skin interactions has hindered their fast translation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview, focusing on the chemistry aspects of the polymeric nanomaterials, such as surface modification, hydrophilic–hydrophobic grafting, and conjugation with biodegradable polymers or links. These chemical modifications to the nanomaterials have been reported to significantly affect their interactions with skin and delivery of drugs across the skin layers. This review highlights recently developed polymeric systems based on polyester nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and chitosan, which opens a new avenue through which transdermal drug delivery with high efficiency and low toxicity can be potentially achieved.
An MYH9 human disease model in flies: site-directed mutagenesis of the Drosophila non-muscle myosin II results in hypomorphic alleles with dominant character

We investigated whether or not human disease-causing, amino acid substitutions in MYH9 could cause dominant phenotypes when introduced into the sole non-muscle myosin II heavy chain in Drosophila melanogaster (zip/MyoII). We characterized in vivo the effects of four MYH9-like mutations in the myosin rod—R1171C, D1430N, D1847K and R1939X—which occur at highly conserved residues. These engineered mutant heavy chains resulted in D. melanogaster non-muscle myosin II with partial wild-type function. In a wild-type genetic background, mutant heavy chains were overtly recessive and hypomorphic: each was able to substitute partially for endogenous non-muscle myosin II heavy chain in animals lacking zygotically produced heavy chain (but the penetrance of rescue was below Mendelian expectation). Moreover, each of the four mutant heavy chains exhibits dominant characteristics when expressed in a sensitized genetic background (flies heterozygous for RhoA mutations). Thus, these zip/MyoII MYH9 alleles function, like certain other hypomorphic alleles, as excellent bait in screens for genetic interactors. Our conjecture is that these mutations in D. melanogaster behave comparably to their parent mutations in humans. We further characterized these zip/MyoII MYH9 alleles, and found that all were capable of correct spatial and temporal localization in animals lacking zygotic expression of wild-type zip/MyoII. In vitro, we demonstrate that mutant heavy chains can dimerize with endogenous, wild-type heavy chains, fold into coiled-coil structures and assemble into higher-order structures. Our work further supports D. melanogaster as a model system for investigating the basis of human disease.
Incentive compatible cost- and stability-based routing in ad hoc networks

In this paper, we embed an incentive-compatible, efficient, and individual rational payment scheme into our cost- and stability-based routing protocol in ad hoc networks which consist of selfish nodes. Unlike traditional routing protocols in ad hoc networks, which only elicit cost information from selfish nodes, our protocol motivates selfish nodes to report truthfully both their stability and cost information.
Optimizing tree reconfiguration to track mobile targets in sensor networks

Most existing work on sensor networks concentrates on finding efficient ways to forward data from the information source to the data centers, and not much work has been done on collecting local data and generating the data report. This paper studies this issue by proposing energy efficient techniques to detect and track a mobile target. We introduce the concept of dynamic convoy treebased collaboration (DCTC), and formalize it as an optimization problem which needs to find a convoy tree sequence with low energy consumption. We slove the optimization problem in two steps. First, we propose an interception-based reconfiguration algorithm, which can reconfigure the tree structure in an energy efficient way. Second, we develop a theoretical network model, based on which we propose an optimal method for root migration. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method for root migration, and to evaluate and compare the performance of various tree reconfiguration schemes which use different root migration methods and tree reconfiguration algorithms. The results show that the developed optimal method for root migration matches the analytical results, and the tree reconfiguration scheme using the optimal root migration method and the interception-based reconfiguration algorithm has the lowest energy consumption.
Revenue Premium as an Outcome Measure of Brand Equity

Abstract The authors propose that the revenue premium a brand generates compared with that of a private label product is a simple, objective, and managerially useful product-market measure of brand equity. The authors provide the conceptual basis for the measure, compute it for brands in several packaged goods categories, and test its validity. The empirical analysis shows that the measure is reliable and reflects real changes in brand health over time. It correlates well with other equity measures, and the measure’s association with a brand’s advertising and promotion activity, price sensitivity, and perceived category risk is consistent with theory.
Stability of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia at low oxygen partial pressure

We have found that both tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia annealed at temperaturess in the range of 1100 to 1300 °C in atmospheres of low oxygen partial pressures (down to 10−26 Pa) transform slowly to an apparently cubic phase. The transformation can be reversed by increasing the oxygen partial pressure sufficiently, i.e., exposing the sample to air again. These observations were made by 111In/Cd perturbed angular correlation (PAC) measurements of undoped zirconia samples. Upon annealing under various reducing atmospheres PAC spectra show a steadily increasing fraction of Cd probe atoms in a locally cubic environment with the fraction of probe atoms in tetragonal or monoclinic sites decreasing accordingly.
Simultaneous absorption of mercury and chlorine in sulfite solutions

Abstract Simultaneous absorption of mercury (Hg) and chlorine (Cl 2 ) into aqueous sulfite/bisulfite (0 to 1 mM S(IV)) at pH 4.7 and 5.7 was measured in a wetted wall column. Experiments were performed at ambient temperature and pressure using 5– 40 ppm Cl 2 and 46 ppb Hg. Absorption was modeled using the theory of mass transfer with chemical reaction. At the gas/liquid interface, chlorine oxidizes the elemental Hg to a more soluble form. The rate constant for the reaction of mercury and chlorine was determined to be 6.1×10 9 l / mol s . Mercuric chloride and sodium hypochlorite also enhanced Hg absorption. The addition of sodium chloride did not affect the rate of Hg/Cl 2 absorption with S(IV). When no S(IV) was present, the chloride significantly enhanced Hg absorption. Possible reaction pathways are discussed. These results are relevant in the simultaneous removal of chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and elemental mercury from flue gas. A model was developed to predict the expected Hg removal in a limestone slurry scrubber. Mercury removal decreases as the S(IV) concentration increases. The process feasibility will depend on the SO 2 /S(IV) concentration of the scrubber, the desired Hg removal, and the amount of Cl 2 which can be tolerated.
Biofiltration of benzene contaminated air streams using compost‐activated carbon filter media

Three laboratory-scale biofilter columns were operated for 81 days to investigate the removal of benzene from a waste gas stream. The columns contain a mixture of yard waste and sludge compost as biomedia. Different amounts of granular activated carbon (GAC) are mixed with the compost in two of the three columns to evaluate the extent to which biofilter performance can be enhanced. The effects of different operating conditions on the performance of the removal of benzene from air were evaluated. More than 90% removal efficiency was observed for an influent benzene concentration of about 75 ppm and an air flow rate of 0.3 L/min. in all 3 columns under steady-state conditions. Under most cases of shock loading conditions, such as a sudden increase in the air flow rate, or the benzene concentration in the influent, the biofilters containing GAC provided higher removal efficiencies and more stable operation than the biofilter containing compost only.
Ethnographic Research on the Experience of Japanese Elderly People Online

Elderly people in Japan are becoming part of virtual communities. This article explores the online experience of such people, how they interact with others and how they construct social support relationships via computer-mediated communication (CMC). This ethnographic research, through participant observation and in-depth interviews, reveals that these elderly people enjoy interaction in a variety of language forms, ranging from haiku to emoticons, by combining traditional text-based Japanese culture with a new virtual culture, despite the limitations of text-based communication. Also, both the immediacy and asynchrony of CMC helps them to construct real human relationships in the virtual community, including social connectedness to others as well as supportive and companionship relationships. The elderly people could create a sense of greater propinquity by sharing their old stories and memories.
Default network activity is a sensitive and specific biomarker of memory in multiple sclerosis

Background:Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer memory impairment but the link between MS-related neuroanatomical changes (brain atrophy) and memory is relatively weak.Objective:The purpose...
Plane of Cell Cleavage and Numb Distribution during Cell Division Relative to Cell Differentiation in the Developing Retina

Progenitor cells in the early developing nervous system can divide symmetrically, giving rise to two daughter cells that divide again, or asymmetrically, giving rise to one cell that differentiates and one that divides again. It has been suggested that the orientation of the cell cleavage plane during mitosis determines the type of division. A marker of early cell differentiation, the RA4 antigen, was used to identify regions of the developing chick retina with and without differentiating cells, and the orientation of the cleavage plane was characterized for mitotic figures in each region. No difference was found in the frequency of any orientation between the regions with or without differentiating cells. Furthermore, in the region of the retina with differentiating cells, the RA4 antigen was present in mitotic figures with every possible orientation. Thus, the orientation of the cleavage plane appears to be unrelated to whether or not a division produces a cell that differentiates. It has also been suggested that the intracellular protein Numb mediates neurogenesis via asymmetric localization during cell division. Numb localization was compared with expression of markers of early cell differentiation, the RA4 antigen and Delta. Differentiating and nondifferentiating cells were found both with and without Numb expression. Cells with a cleavage plane parallel to the retinal surface were polarized, such that Numb and/or the RA4 antigen, when present, were only in the daughter cell farthest from the ventricle. These findings indicate a need to reconsider current hypotheses regarding the key features underlying symmetric and asymmetric divisions in the developing nervous system.
Late Quaternary vertical displacement rate across the Fish Springs fault, Owens Valley fault zone, California

Abstract A cinder cone located 11 km south of Big Pine, California, is vertically displaced 78 ± 6 m by the Fish Springs fault of the Owens Valley fault zone. The surfaces of Tahoe-age and Tioga-age alluvial fans that overlie the cone are vertically displaced 31 ± 3 and 3.3 ± 0.3 m, respectively. Neither the cinder cone nor the Tioga-age fan appears to have been laterally offset. The cone is dated by the 39 Ar 40 Ar method at 314,000 ± 36,000 yr B.P. (2σ), indicating an average late Quaternary vertical displacement rate of 0.25 ± 0.03 mm/yr (2σ). The age of the Tahoe glaciation is uncertain, but probably corresponds to the age of marine oxygen isotope stage 4 and/or 6 (65,000–75,000 and 128,000–195,000 yr, respectively). If the older fan were deposited during stage 4, then the average post-Tahoe vertical displacement rate probably was at least twice the pre-Tahoe late Quaternary rate. If the displacement rate has been constant during the last 314,000 yr, then the surface of the Tahoe-age fan is dated at 124,000 ± 19,000 yr B.P., and the bulk of the fan most likely would have been deposited during stage 6. Based on the displacement of the surface of the Tioga-age (10,600 – 26,000 yr) fan, the average Holocene displacement rate appears to have been slightly less than the average late Quaternary rate.
A Troodontid Dinosaur from Ukhaa Tolgod (Late Cretaceous Mongolia)

Abstract Here we describe a fragmentary troodontid specimen from the sublocality of Grangers Flats at the Late Cretaceous locality of Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov, Mongolia. This specimen is provisionally referred to the coeval Saurornithoides mongoliensis. IGM 100/1083 displays a pattern of tooth replacement that is like that of basal avialans. The presence of this pattern in avialans has been used by some to refute a theropod origin for this group.