cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor Cell Invasion Assay

[Abstract] Cell invasion assays have been used to study the interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), which not only provides a structural scaffold for the cell, but also contains various biological factors for the survival and growth of the cell. ECM gel contains the basic components of the ECM that provides a structural support for the cell to grow and move. Cells can secrete enzymes that degrade certain components of the ECM to move towards chemoattractants, or to simply establish niches for growth. Metastatic tumor cells often show more invasiveness to the ECM gel due to their higher motility and/or enzymatic activity for degrading ECM components. This protocol describes a tumor cell invasion assay to study the interactions between tumor cells and the ECM.
Testosterone receptor blockade after trauma-hemorrhage improves cardiac and hepatic functions in males

Although studies have shown that testosterone receptor blockade with flutamide after hemorrhage restores the depressed immune function, it remains unknown whether administration of flutamide following trauma and hemorrhage and resuscitation has any salutary effects on the depressed cardiovascular and hepatocellular functions. To study this, male rats underwent a laparotomy (representing trauma) and were then bled and maintained at a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg until the animals could not maintain this pressure. Ringer lactate was given to maintain a MAP of 40 mmHg until 40% of the maximal shed blood volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate. The rats were then resuscitated with four times the shed blood volume in the form of Ringer lactate over 60 min. Flutamide (25 mg/kg) or an equal volume of the vehicle propanediol was injected subcutaneously 15 min before the end of resuscitation. Various in vivo heart performance parameters (e.g., maximal rate of the pressure increase or decrease), cardiac output, and hepatocellular function (i.e., the maximum velocity and the overall efficiency of indocyanine green clearance) were determined at 20 h after resuscitation. Additionally, hepatic microvascular blood flow (HMBF) was determined using a laser Doppler flowmeter. The results indicate that left ventricular performance, cardiac output, HMBF, and hepatocellular function decreased significantly at 20 h after the completion of trauma, hemorrhage, and resuscitation. Administration of the testosterone receptor blocker flutamide, however, significantly improved cardiac performance, HMBF, and hepatocellular function. Thus flutamide appears to be a novel and useful adjunct for improving cardiovascular and hepatocellular functions in males following trauma and hemorrhagic shock.
CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION

Background. Sophisticated ethics games that focus on corporate social responsibility, ethical decision-making and/or moral reasoning are virtually non-existent. The problem. The ambiguity and controversial nature of ethics as a subject matter make competition and scoring, key to motivating participants, especially difficult to implement. Approach. CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION attempts to systematically overcome some of the obstacles facing ethics game design through a scoring system intended to encourage critical ethical decision-making and moral reasoning. Structurally, the game aims to balance cohesiveness through its ongoing narrative with flexibility through its modular design. The game. Participants serve on business oversight committees within three companies loosely modeled after Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo!. The companies face similar problems with their operations in a new Southeast Asian market. Participants explore ethical decision-making and the nature and extent of corporate social responsibility in a global context. The four modules provided here focus on discrimination, corruption, compensation, marketing practices, and privacy. Practical implications. CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION is a ready-to-use ethics game that can be used either in a single day training format or in a business ethics classroom throughout a semester. Perhaps more importantly, its structure can be adapted to explore ethical decision-making in any context.
On the influence of upstream conditions on round-jet flow

A circular jet issued from a pipe of a …nite length is considered within the context of the internal ‡ow instabilities. An asymptotic large-Reynolds-number analysis reveals viscous/inviscid interaction between the boundary layer and the ‡ow potential core within the pipe. The potential core features free disturbances propagating both in upstream and downstream directions from their point of origin. Since the potential core extends into the near wake of the jet, it serves as a waveguide for upstream/downstream interaction between the jet and the pipe ‡ow. The span of in‡uence in both directions depends on the pipe length-to-diameter ratio and is larger for longer pipes. The upstream in‡uence
Air quality and urban form in U.S. urban areas: evidence from regulatory monitors.

The layout of an urban area can impact air pollution via changes in emissions and their spatial distribution. Here, we explore relationships between air quality and urban form based on cross-sectional observations for 111 U.S. urban areas. We employ stepwise linear regression to quantify how long-term population-weighted outdoor concentrations of ozone, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and other criteria pollutants measured by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency depend on urban form, climate, transportation, city size, income, and region. Aspects of urban form evaluated here include city shape, road density, jobs-housing imbalance, population density, and population centrality. We find that population density is associated with higher population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.01); population centrality is associated with lower population-weighted ozone and PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.01); and transit supply is associated with lower population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.1). Among pollu...
Italian-American leadership in Hollywood films: Images and realities:

This study examines Italian-American immigrant leaders through the stereotyped portrayal of Italian-American leaders in film. The most influential film for representing Italian-American leadership is Francis Ford Coppola’s film The Godfather. We first review the emergence of Italian immigrant leadership in the United States and then briefly summarize typical patterns in the cinematic portrayal of Italian-Americans, followed by an in-depth examination of The Godfather’s depiction of pragmatic and ethical leadership issues against the background of Italian-American history, drawing connections to theories and conceptualizations of leadership.
Poultry Vaccine Laboratories in the United States: A Historical Perspective

Abbreviations: AMDAL = Abbott Marketing Division Abbott Laboratories; ASL = American Scientific Laboratories; DPL = Delaware Poultry Laboratories; DVH = duck virus hepatitis; HVT = turkey herpesvirus; ICB = Inter-Continental Biologics; ILT = infectious laryngotracheitis; IMC = International Mineral & Chemical Corp.; MBL = Maine Biological Laboratories; USDA = United States Department of Agriculture
A Study on Scientific and Technological Innovation of Culture

In the context of modernity,scientific and technological innovation of culture is not simply scientific and technological innovation;rather,it emphasizes the cultural orientation of scientific and technological innovation.With a highly motivated cultural concern,it aims at cultural prosperity and civilization construction by relieving the tension between historical imagination and technological imagination as well as the tension between instrumental reason and communicative reason.In a theoretical sense,scientific and technological innovation of culture should be based upon an in-depth integration of modern scientific and technological means and cultural ends.With an emphasis on significance rather than on function,scientific and technological innovation of culture represents a permanent pursuit for the quality rather than the quantity of cultural consumption.
Asymmetric Catalysis with Iron–Salen Complexes

Iron(III)–salen complexes based on a chiral cis -2,5-diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane scaffold are used as catalysts for a variety of stereo­selective reactions. High enantio- and diastereoselectivities can be achieved with these catalysts in sulfa-Michael conjugate addition to acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones, in regioselective δ-addition of thiols to acyclic α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones, and in Conia-ene carbocyclization of alkynyl-substituted β-dicarbonyl compounds. The use of these chiral iron–salen complexes as catalysts provides a new method for conducting these three important reactions under environmentally sustainable conditions.
The response of the bovine kidney to increasing plasma inorganic phosphorous concentrations.

The bovine renal tubule has a maximum reabsorptive capacity (TMP) for inorganic phosphorus (Pi) at plasma Pi concentrations up to 26.0 mg/100 ml. For 4 cows the TMP ranged between 60 and 95 mg/min. Calcium concentrations in plasma were inversely correlated with plasma Pi concentrations between 3.7 and 26.0 mg/l00 ml (r=0.86, y=10. 07–0.09 x where y=calcium concentration, x=plasma Pi concentration).
Experimental research guidelines

Many engineering and science postgraduate researchers use physical laboratory facilities and must interact with technicians and laboratory staff. This often creates tension and difficulties for graduate students. Adversarial relationships can be avoided by following the project management guidelines presented in this book.
Do Real Depreciations Reduce the Income Gap between the Rich and the Poor

This study concentrates on the effect of real depreciations of a currency on one key aspect of economic development, the distribution of income. Based upon the recent availability of a real depreciation index and two databases on Gini coefficients, we investigate how real depreciations affect levels and changes in the distribution of income. The panel evidence of more than 158 countries indicates that real depreciations are associated with a decline in levels of income gap between the rich and the poor. They, however, have no statistically significant association with changes in the distribution of income. Therefore, the relationship between real depreciations and levels of the distribution of income is likely to stem from reverse causality. Our main findings may help policymakers who attempt to use a currency depreciation policy fully realize that the policy at least does not hurt the poor.
Anticipating the third century of the National Library of Medicine: a call for engagement.

What is the foundation of the NLM of 2036 that will ensure that it continues to serve medicine, health care, discovery, and citizens?
Ion Exchange Towards the Twenty First Century

Before consideration is given to the future development in ion exchange, the term “Ion Exchange” must be understood to encompass many aspects of separation. The classical text on “Ion Exchange” by Helfferich defines “ion exchangers” but not the term “ion exchange”. Also, many chapters on the ion exchangers have nothing to do with ion exchange, as can be seen from the following: 1. Ligand exchange - deals with molecular exchange. 2. Electrodialysis - deals with the membranes which act as selective barriers and conductive media. 3. Catalysis - deals with the transformation of organic molecules. 4. Sorption - involves the sorption of organic molecules e.g. through ion exclusion. 5. Liquid ion exchangers - are not solid insoluble products, but these can be incorporated into polymeric matrices to form extracting resins.
A Meatless Dominion: Genesis 1 and the Ideal of Vegetarianism:

I argue that a strand of biblical tradition, represented in Genesis 1:26–29, depicts a nonviolent relationship between humans and nonhumans—indicated by the practice of vegetarianism—as a moral ide...
Efficacy of Weighted Blankets for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Sensory Overresponsivity, and Sleep Disturbance

Date Presented 3/31/2017Weighted blankets are commonly used by occupational therapists for children with autism spectrum disorder and sensory processing difficulties. The findings of this case series indicate that a portion of the participants responded positively to the weighted blanket interventio
Functional Properties of a High Protein Beverage Stabilized with Oat-β-Glucan

This study evaluated the effect of oat flour and milk protein on the functional properties and sensory acceptability of shelf stable high protein dairy beverages containing at least 0.75 g of oat-β-glucan per serving size. Formulations adjusted to levels of 1.50% to 2.30% oat flour and 2.50% to 4.00% milk protein isolate (MPI) were thermal processed in a rotary retort. The finished product exhibited good suspension stability (>80%). The increase of oat and MPI contents lead to nectar-like beverages (51 to 100 mPas). However, oat flour was the component showing the highest effect on the viscosity coefficient values of the beverages. Sensory evaluation indicated that formulations with less than 1.9% oat flour and 2.5% MPI (thin liquid, <50 mPas) were the most accepted. Mouthfeel (perceived thickness), sweetness and aftertaste had the most influence on overall liking of the beverages. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Overall, this study comprises the development of a functional food product. Supplementation of beverages with fiber from oats is an innovative approach to stabilize high protein beverages. Ready to drink protein beverage formulations use gums to stabilize the product and provide a desirable mouthfeel. The levels of oat-β-glucan used in the beverage increased the thickness and meet the requirement of the FDA approved health claim for reduction of the cardiovascular disease risk (21 CFR 101.81).
Rotating Fiber Jets during Forcespinning with Aerodynamic Effect

AbstractNanofibers are known to have incredible properties and applications in diverse field such as defense, energy, aerospace, filtration, and biotechnology, to name a few. Forcespinning (FS) is ...
Coning Transverse Affinely Disjoint Subdivisions

Herein we develop coning which is another of the many ways of combining two subdivisions K and L to form a larger one M. As a preview consider Figure 14.1 where one of the two manifolds is a point. We shall employ coning in the construction of the triangulation V in the next section.
Investigation of Active and Selective Oxygen In V-P-O Catalysts for n-Butane Conversion To Maleic Anhydride

An 18 O-enriched β-VOPO 4 catalyst was synthesized by the conversion of (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 to β-VOPO 4 in the presence of O 2. Characterization by laser Raman spectroscopy indicated the isotopic label was incorporated into specific tetrahedral lattice positions. On-line mass spectrometry of the products of n-butane and 1-butene reaction over the labeled catalyst (in the absence of gas phase oxygen) demonstrated that selective oxidation and combustion occurred at different sites. In situ Raman experiments indicated that the initial high activity of the catalyst was not associated with bulk catalyst reduction; over extended time periods, however, extensive reduction did occur.
Micromorphological study of compacted mine soil in east Texas

Abstract Yao, L. and Wilding, L.P., 1994. Micromorphological study of compacted mine soil in east Texas. In: AJ. Ringrose-Voase and G.S. Humphreys (Editors), Soil Micromorphology: Studies in Management and Genesis. Proc. IX Int. Working Meeting on Soil Micromorphology, Townsville, Australia, July 1992. Developments in Soil Science 22, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 707–718.
Association Between System Factors and Acute Myocardial Infarction Mortality.

Objectives We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association between healthcare system factors and death from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in terms of access (distance to the hospital, mode of transportation), availability (emergency medical services, hospitals), and capability (emergency medical services' 12-lead electrocardiogram capability, continuous percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] and cardiothoracic surgical services), after accounting for individual and environmental factors. Methods Data on 14,663 deaths (in-hospital and out of hospital) and live hospital discharges as a result of AMI for 2012 and 2013 among Arkansas residents were obtained from the Arkansas Department of Health. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to account for nesting, in which an individual was nested within either a county or a hospital to evaluate the association of system factors with death from AMI. Results Deaths from AMI were significantly associated with two system factors: a 9.2% increase in the odds of deaths from AMI for every 10-mi increase in distance to the nearest hospital (odds ratio 1.092, 95% confidence interval 1.009-1.181) and a 64% increase in the odds of death from AMI among hospitals without continuous PCI capability (odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.15-2.34), after adjusting for individual and environmental factors. Conclusions A higher risk of AMI deaths was associated with healthcare system factors, especially distance to nearest hospital, and hospitals' continuous PCI capability, even after adjusting for individual and environmental factors. A coordinated system of care approaches that mitigates gaps in these system factors may prevent death from AMI.
Review: The Arab Spring: The Hope and Reality of the Uprisings

Mark L. Haas and David W. Lesch (eds.), The Arab Spring: The Hope and Reality of the Uprisings, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2017). Pp. 338. $27.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8133-4974-9. Reviewed by Ahmed E. Souaiaia, joint appointment in Religious Studies, History, International Studies, and College of Law, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; https://ahmed.souaiaia.com.
Association between cycline antibiotic and development of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome.

Background Cycline antibiotics (CAs) are commonly used to treat acne, blepharitis, and dry eye syndrome. Prescribers or patients may hesitate to use Cas because they may increase the risk of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS). Objective We sought to assess whether CA use is associated with an increased risk of PTCS or papilledema and whether the risk depends upon dosage or duration of CA intake. Methods We studied patients 12 to 65 years of age who were diagnosed with acne, blepharitis, or dry eye syndrome, who were enrolled in a nationwide managed care network between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2015, and who had no preexisting diagnosis of papilledema or PTCS. Multivariable Cox regression modeling was used to assess the risk of developing papilledema or PTCS from exposure to CAs. Results Among the 728,811 eligible enrollees (mean age, 34.7 years; 72% female), 42.0% filled ≥1 CA prescription. Of the 305,823 CA users, 170 (0.06%) were diagnosed with papilledema or PTCS. By comparison, of the 57.0% with no record of CA use, 121 (0.03%) were diagnosed with papilledema or PTCS (P Limitations This study relies on claims data, which lack clinical data. Conclusion This study offers some evidence that CAs may increase the risk of PTCS/papilledema. However, after accounting for confounding factors in our multivariable models, we found no statistically significant association between CA use and the development of PTCS. Moreover, there was no dose-response effect whereby greater CA use was associated with a higher PTCS risk.
Continuities and Changes in the Processes of Mexican Migration and Return.

This article examines continuities and changes in the prevalence and determinants of first migration and return between Mexico and the United States. The results show a dramatic decline over time i...
Psychological Attempts to Change a Person’s Gender Identity From Transgender to Cisgender: Estimated Prevalence Across US States, 2015

Objectives. To examine exposure to psychological attempts to change a person’s gender identity from transgender to cisgender (PACGI) among transgender people in the United States, lifetime and betw...
Patients don’t have language barriers; the healthcare system does

Benda et al found that in an emergency department in the eastern United States, Spanish-speaking patients who needed language assistance received inconsistent and often non-recommended language access services across different phases of patient care.1 These ranged from emergency department staff speaking English to the patient, the provider speaking Spanish (with varying levels of proficiency) or the use of either professional or ad hoc interpreters. What happens in the hospital investigated in their study undoubtedly occurs in hospitals across the USA: linguistic minority patients are left without adequate language services, potentially reducing their access to quality healthcare. Similar scenarios exist in other countries, including the UK and Australia.2 3 In the USA, the the Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires that health care facilities that receive federal funds offer a qualified interpreter to individuals with “limited English proficiency” when the provision of an interpreter constitutes a “reasonable step” in providing “meaningful access” to a health program or activity. Under this legislation, agencies are restricted from allowing an adult or minor accompanying an individual to interpret except under very specific circumstances; and may only rely on qualified bilingual/multilingual staff to communicate directly with individuals with limited English proficiency. .4 The use of non-professional ‘ad hoc’ interpreters can cause dangerous errors in communication; in addition, using children as ad hoc interpreters, or ‘language brokers’, can cause them to suffer from emotional trauma.5 6 Similar to the the anti-discrimination measures of the ACA, the UK implemented the Public Sector Equality Duty in 2011, and public service agencies are required to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination and advance equality of opportunity.7 However, according to Szczepura, healthcare for minority populations is not being adequately monitored. 8 The authors of the study in the Emergency Medicine Journal suggest that machine translation …
Oscillation Between VSC-HVDC and AC Grid: Phenomena, Analysis and Solution

Several oscillation events happened between VSC-HVDC system and the AC grid in recent years, which may result in the outage of VSC-HVDC. To understand the oscillation and find solutions, this paper concentrates on the mid- and high-frequency oscillation between VSC-HVDC and the AC grid. The 1270 Hz oscillation happens in China Southern Power Grid (CSG) is firstly reviewed. Then the physical and mathematical mechanism of the oscillation is analyzed. Analysis result show that as it’s hard to eliminate the negative-real-part of VSC impedance due to the long control delay in VSC-HVDC systems, the occurrence of oscillation is the inherent characteristic of VSC-HVDC connected to the main power grid. Fortunately, the oscillation can be damped by changing the grid impedance or optimizing the VSC impedance. The influencing factors are analyzed and then the solution approaches are discussed. The analytical results are verified through simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC.
Solitons in the Einstein universe

We show that equations of Newtonian hydrodynamics and gravity with Einstein's cosmological constant included admit gravitostatic wave solutions propagating in the background of Einstein's static universe. In the zero pressure limit these waves exist at an average matter density exceeding that of Einstein's universe. They have the form of a lattice of integrable density singularities localized at the maxima of the gravitational potential. These singularities are steady-state counterparts of the so-called Zeldovich pancakes (ZP), interim wall-like structures appearing at nonlinear stages of development of gravitational instability. As the average matter density decreases, the period of the ZP lattice increases, diverging at the density of Einstein's universe. Solitary wave solutions are found at exactly the density of Einstein's universe, and at a slightly larger density, the wave may be viewed as a lattice of well-separated ZP solitons.
Stripe antiferromagnetic ground state of the ideal triangular lattice compound KErSe 2

Rare-earth triangular lattice materials have been proposed as a good platform for the investigation of frustrated magnetic ground states. ${\mathrm{KErSe}}_{2}$, with the delafossite structure, contains perfect two-dimensional ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ triangular layers separated by potassium ions, realizing this ideal configuration and inviting study. Here we investigate the magnetism of ${\mathrm{KErSe}}_{2}$ at millikelvin temperatures by heat capacity and neutron powder diffraction. Heat capacity results reveal a magnetic transition at 0.2 K in zero applied field. This long-range order is suppressed by an applied magnetic field of 0.5 T below 0.08 K. Neutron powder diffraction suggests that the zero-field magnetic structure orders with $k=(\frac{1}{2},0,\frac{1}{2})$ in a stripe spin structure. Unexpectedly, Er is found to have a reduced moment of 3.06(1)${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/Er in the ordered state, and diffuse magnetic scattering, which originates at higher temperatures, is found to persist in the ordered state, potentially indicating magnetic fluctuations. Neutron diffraction collected under an applied field shows a metamagnetic transition at $\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$ T to ferromagnetic order with $k=(0,0,0)$ and two possible structures, which are likely dependent on the applied field direction. The zero-field stripe spin structure can be explained by the anisotropic interactions or the first-, second-, and third-neighbor couplings in the antiferromagnetic triangular lattice.
Epigenetic plasticity, selection, and tumorigenesis

Epigenetic processes converge on chromatin in order to direct a cell's gene expression profile. This includes both maintaining a stable cell identity, but also priming the cell for specific controlled transitions, such as differentiation or response to stimuli. In cancer, this normally tight control is often disrupted, leading to a wide scale hyper-plasticity of the epigenome and allowing stochastic gene activation and silencing, cell state transition, and potentiation of the effects of genetic lesions. Many of these epigenetic disruptions will confer a proliferative advantage to cells, allowing for a selection process to occur and leading to tumorigenesis even in the case of reversible or unstable epigenetic states. This review seeks to highlight how the fundamental epigenetic shifts in cancer contribute to tumorigenesis, and how understanding an integrated view of cancer genetics and epigenetics may more effectively guide research and treatment.
Reformas de educación superior en búsqueda de la democracia Inter-cultural y la descolonización de la universidad

Within the limits of my presentation, I must address three interlinked themes: first, the link between inter-culturality, higher education and substantive democracy; second the Studies of African Descent or African diaspora practices and spaces for the decolonization of the university; and the third I will name it as the cultivation of Pluriversality for the sake of radical reforms in higher education.
Microbiome diversity predicts surgical success in patients with rectovaginal fistula

Growing literature details the critical importance of the microbiome in the modulation of human health and disease including both the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. Rectovaginal fistulae (RVF) are notoriously difficult to manage, many requiring multiple attempts at repair before correction is achieved. RVF involves two distinct microbiome communities whose characteristics and potential interplay have not been previously characterized and may influence surgical success. In this pilot study, rectal and vaginal samples were collected from 14 patients with RVF. Samples were collected preoperatively, immediately following surgery, 6–8 weeks postoperatively and at the time of any fistula recurrence. Amplification of the 16S rDNA V3-V5 gene region was done to identify microbiota. Data were summarized using both α-diversity to describe species richness and evenness and β-diversity to characterize the shared variation between communities. Differential abundance analysis was performed to identify microbial taxa associated with recurrence. The rectal and vaginal microbiome in patients undergoing successful fistula repair was different than in those with recurrence (β-diversity, p = 0.005 and 0.018, respectively) and was characterized by higher species diversity (α-diversity, p = 0.07 and p = 0.006, respectively). Thirty-one taxa were enriched in patients undergoing successful repair to include Bacteroidetes, Alistipes and Rikenellaceae as well as Firmicutes, Subdoligranulum, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 and NK4A214 group. Microbiome characteristics associated with fistula recurrence have been identified. The association of higher vaginal diversity with a favorable outcome has not been previously described. Expansion of this pilot project is needed to confirm findings. Taxa associated with successful repair could be targeted for subsequent therapeutic intervention.
RESOURCE EXTRACTION CONTRACTS UNDER THREAT OF EXPROPRIATION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

We use fiscal data on 2,468 oil extraction agreements in 38 countries to study tax contracts between resource-rich countries and independent oil companies. We analyze why expropriations occur and what determines the degree of oil price exposure of host countries. With asymmetric information about a country's expropriation cost, even optimal contracts feature expropriations. Near linearity in the oil price of real-world hydrocarbon contracts also helps to explain expropriations. We show theoretically and verify empirically that oil price insurance provided by tax contracts is increasing in a country's cost of expropriation and decreasing in its production expertise. The timing of actual expropriations is consistent with our model.
Patterns of Recurrence, Detection Rates, and Impact of 18-F Fluciclovine PET/CT on the Management of Men With Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the characteristics of FACBC PET/CT in detecting recurrent prostate cancer after radiation or prostatectomy. The secondary aim was to determine the impact of FACBC PET/CT on radiation treatment recommendations in men with biochemical recurrence postprostatectomy. Methods This is a single center retrospective study of men who underwent an FACBC PET/CT for rising PSA after definitive prostate cancer therapy. Detection rates in men with recurrence following any definitive treatment were compared at different PSA levels and anatomical sites. Radiotherapy treatment recommendations for patients postprostatectomy based on conventional imaging findings were compared to recommendations based on FACBC PET/CT findings. Results A total of 103 men underwent imaging with FACBC PET/CT. 74.8% (77) had lesions consistent with sites of prostate cancer recurrence. At PSA thresholds of 2 ng/mL lesions were detected in 35.5%, 63.6%, and 95.2% of patients respectively (P Conclusion FACBC PET/CT demonstrated increased detection of recurrent prostate cancer with increasing PSA levels. Most recurrences were found outside the pelvis. Results of FACBC PET/CT changed radiotherapy management decisions in men treated with prostatectomy, supporting its use in localizing sites of disease recurrence in men with prostate cancer.
Diversity of putative ericoid mycorrhizal fungi increases with soil age and progressive phosphorus limitation across a 4.1-million-year chronosequence

Ericaceous plants rely on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient acquisition. However, the factors that affect the composition and structure of fungal communities associated with the roots of ericaceous plants remain largely unknown. Here, we use a 4.1-million-year (myr) soil chronosequence in Hawaii to test the hypothesis that changes in nutrient availability with soil age determine the diversity and species composition of fungi associated with ericoid roots. We sampled roots of a native Hawaiian plant, Vaccinium calycinum, and used DNA metabarcoding to quantify changes in fungal diversity and community composition. We also used a fertilization experiment at the youngest and oldest sites to assess the importance of nutrient limitation. We found an increase in diversity and a clear pattern of species turnover across the chronosequence, driven largely by putative ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Fertilization with nitrogen at the youngest site and phosphorus at the oldest site reduced fungal diversity, suggesting a direct role of nutrient limitation. Our results also reveal the presence of novel fungal species associated with Hawaiian Ericaceae and suggest a greater importance of phosphorus availability for communities of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi than is generally assumed.
Comparing the feasibility of four web-based recruitment strategies to evaluate the treatment preferences of rural and urban adults who misuse non-prescribed opioids.

Abstract This cross-sectional study examined the feasibility of using four different web-based strategies to recruit rural and urban adults who use opioids non-medically for a survey on opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment preferences, and compared the treatment preferences of rural versus urban participants. Preferences for medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) formulation and OUD treatment models were assessed through an online survey. Recruitment advertisements were shown on Facebook, Google AdWords, Reddit, and Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants were categorized by zip code into urban versus rural residence using the Centers for Medicaid and Medicaid Health Resources and Services Administration definitions. OUD treatment preferences were compared using chi-square and t-tests. Among the 851 participants recruited, 815 provided zip codes and were classified as residing in rural (n = 200, 24.5%) or urban (n = 615, 75.4%) regions. A crowdsourcing service (MTurk) recruited the most rural participants, while posts on a social news website (Reddit) recruited the most urban participants (χ23 = 17.0, p
Sickle Cell Anemia and Babesia Infection.

Babesia is an intraerythrocytic, obligate Apicomplexan parasite that has, in the last century, been implicated in human infections via zoonosis and is now widespread, especially in parts of the USA and Europe. It is naturally transmitted by the bite of a tick, but transfused blood from infected donors has also proven to be a major source of transmission. When infected, most humans are clinically asymptomatic, but the parasite can prove to be lethal when it infects immunocompromised individuals. Hemolysis and anemia are two common symptoms that accompany many infectious diseases, and this is particularly true of parasitic diseases that target red cells. Clinically, this becomes an acute problem for subjects who are prone to hemolysis and depend on frequent transfusions, like patients with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia. Little is known about Babesia’s pathogenesis in these hemoglobinopathies, and most parallels are drawn from its evolutionarily related Plasmodium parasite which shares the same environmental niche, the RBCs, in the human host. In vitro as well as in vivo Babesia-infected mouse sickle cell disease (SCD) models support the inhibition of intra-erythrocytic parasite proliferation, but mechanisms driving the protection of such hemoglobinopathies against infection are not fully studied. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of Babesia infection and hemoglobinopathies, focusing on possible mechanisms behind this parasite resistance and the clinical repercussions faced by Babesia-infected human hosts harboring mutations in their globin gene.
OPTIMIZATION OF AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AT AIRPORTS WITH UNCERTAINTY IN AIRPORT CAPACITY

This paper presents a stochastic optimization model for strategic management of arrival and departure traffic at a single airport with uncertainty in airport capacity. It is assumed that a set of possible capacity scenarios with probabilities of their realization are known. A concept of expected capacity is introduced. The average-case solutions based on the expected capacities provide a compromise between the strategies obtained separately for each of possible capacity scenarios. Illustrative numerical examples are presented.
Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Effects on Infaunal Community Structure in Restored and Created Tidal Marshes

Accumulation of significant quantities of organic matter is an important characteristic of anaerobic soils that influences the physical, chemical and biological processes of wetland ecosystems. Organic matter effects include soil water holding capacity, porosity, nutrient storage, nutrient cycling and species composition and abundance of sediment-dwelling invertebrates. These infauna are thought to be important links in transferring primary production from the marsh to the estuarine food web. Tidal marsh restoration and creation often occur on mineral soils that contain little or no organic carbon, and research results indicate that low SOM contents are associated with lower functional value of wetlands. The objectives of this paper are to review the literature and assess the relationship of SOM quantity and quality to functional value of created and restored tidal marshes relative to natural reference marshes. This assessment includes rate of accumulation of organic matter, comparison of carbon and nutrient pools in natural and created marshes, the relationship of organic matter to species composition and abundance of infauna, and the potential for accelerating functional development by adding organic amendments to the soil.
Differential Control of Blood Pressure by Two Subtypes of Carotid Baroreceptors

Publisher Summary This chapter identifies two types of carotid baroreceptors: type I and type II. It has been suggested that each baroreceptor subtype may play a differential role in the control of blood pressure. Based on the earlier finding that type I baroreceptors generally have larger afferent fibers than type II baroreceptors, the present study described in the chapter utilizes two techniques that block fibers based on size to try to establish roles for two different types of functionally characterized baroreceptors. Results from the present study indicate that selective blocking of baroreceptors unmasks differential roles for two types of baroreceptors in the control of blood pressure. Large A–fiber baroreceptors appear to contribute more to control of dynamic baroreflex regulation of changes in arterial pressure, whereas small A– and C–fiber baroreceptors appear to be the primary regulators of tonic baseline levels of blood pressure (BP). However, each baroreceptor type appears to contribute preferentially to either dynamic or tonic control of blood pressure. The role of C–fiber baroreceptors that are primarily type II baroreceptors has been examined and it suggests that although both A– and C–fiber baroreceptors mediate depressor responses, prolonged control of blood pressure requires C–fiber baroreceptor participation. The techniques of anodal block and local anesthetic block have been used to examine the reflex effects of receptors with different afferent fiber types. Inhalational anesthetics including halothane and isoflurane have been found to increase discharge of arterial baroreceptors. Studies suggest that halothane may have a differential effect on the two subtypes of baroreceptors and this effect may contribute to the altered control of blood pressure during anesthesia.
The physiology of the uterus in labor

Abstract The progress in obstetrics in recent years has demonstrated that many complications which occur during pregnancy and labor can be reduced to a minimum by proper prenatal supervision. "Uterine inertia" is an outstanding problem which still confronts us. Blair Bell 1 and Cragin 2 have stated that an effort should be made to determine its cause and treatment before the onset of labor. At present it is impossible to prognosticate whether a patient will or will not have "uterine inertia" in her coming labor. Our investigation was undertaken with the hope that certain facts might be discovered and correlated which might have a bearing on, and stimulate the obstetrician to find a solution of this question. We have attacked the problem experimentally in animals, because we believe that a thorough understanding of the mechanism of labor and the factors that control the activity of the uterine musculature in higher mammals will contribute much to an understanding of these phenomena in man. Our studies up to the present have been confined to the dog and rabbit. In this paper we will report the findings on, first, the mechanism of labor in the dog studied under direct vision; second, the effect of stimulation and section of the extrinsic nerves of the uterus in the rabbit and the dog; third, the effect of certain drugs on the uterus in situ by the use of a method which graphically records uterine motility; fourth, the experimental rupture of the uterus in the dog.
Synchronization of InP colliding pulse mode locked laser by electrical subharmonic modulation

This paper reports on self-aligned fabrication and successful operation of InP colliding pulse mode locked lasers using bisbenzocyclobutene (BCB) films for planarization with reduced parasitics. Measurements showed nearly transform-limited output at 28.2 GHz repetition under electrical subharmonic hybrid mode locking.
A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING GENERATOR SYSTEM

This paper describes a mathematical programming generatorthat interprets problem statements written in the algebraicnotation found in journal articles and text-books and outputsstatements in the 'MPS formatâ used by IBMâs MPSX mathematicalprogramming system. The system has been implemented in the APLprogramming language. Although originally designed forstand-alone use, it is currently being used as a component in anexpert system that will help users formulate large linearprogramming models, The paper describes the syntax of the problemdefinition language and gives some illustrative examples. Thereare several unique features. First, the user can define objectivefunction, constraint and right-hand-side coefficients as APLexpressions. This leads to concise problem statements and alsoreduces data storage and processing requirements. Second, thesystem supports an integrated data base query language. Finally,there are a number of aids for model maintenance and sensitivityanalysis. The last section of the paper describes the use ofMPGEN in the expert system context.
Atomic structure of alloy surfaces. III. Ni3Al{110}

A low-energy-electron-diffraction intensity analysis of a clean ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al{111} surface reveals a structure that is essentially bulklike, but with a slight buckling of the first atomic layer. The plane of the Al atoms is moved outwards to a position 0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 A\r{} from the plane of the Ni atoms, which is in turn very slightly shifted inward (0.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 A\r{}) toward the second atomic layer. Second and deeper interlayer spacings are expected to be equal to the bulk value (2.055 A\r{}). The r-factor values for both normal (0.13) and oblique (0.16) incidence correspond to a very good fit of theory to experiment.
Dielectric/gas interface breakdown caused by high power microwaves

Physical mechanisms leading to microwave breakdown on dielectric/gas interfaces are investigated for power density on the order of 10 MW/cm2 at 2.85 GHz and gas pressures on the order of 10−4 torr to 103 torr. The investigation is focused on an alumina/air interface; other gases are considered for reference purposes. A 3 MW magnetron with 3.5 µs pulse width is coupled to an S-band traveling wave resonator with a pressure adjustable test region. The pre-breakdown phase and the breakdown are monitored by recording the traveling and reflected power, and the spatially integrated luminosity. Electric field probes in the vicinity of the interface are included as well to get information about the local field. Furthermore, the light emission was observed with an image intensifier capable of a minimum gate time of 2.5 ns, in temporal correlation to the other phenomena, or with a framing camera having a 20 ns gate time and 100 ns separation between pictures. The pressure dependent breakdown characteristics, such as appearance, breakdown field, and temporal shape of electric signals, are compared to dielectric/vacuum interface breakdown and volume breakdown, all measured utilizing similar setups.
Science Across Borders: 5th Annual Natural Health Product Research Conference—March 26–29, 2008, Toronto, Canada

Canada is experiencing a growing interest in the use of alternative therapies and products particularly natural health products (NHP). In 1997, Canadians spent around C$ 2 billion on NHP. In an attempt to catch with this popularity of NHP use, Canadian researchers and administrators from academia, industry and government jointly established the Natural Health Product Research Society of Canada (NHPRS). Since its formation, NHPRS has been organizing an annual meeting which brings together world renowned researchers and experts in the area of NHP research. For 2008, the annual NHPRS meeting took place in Toronto from the 26th to 29th of March with a focus on ‘Science Across Borders: Global Natural Health Products Research’. The scientific program was spread into three days of plenary lectures and oral presentations. The different sessions containing these talks were on: ethnobotany around the world; chemical analysis of NHP; product standards and quality control; ethnomedicine; novel analytical approaches; systemic research, nutrisciences and molecular medicine; and drug development from NHP. The meeting proved to be a great success in terms of the speakers that were invited and based on the data that was presented which highlighted recent research taking place in the field of NHP not only in Canada but from many parts of the world.
Experimental Studies on Using Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Materials for Automotive Flow Sensing Applications

Abstract Accurate measurements of air and fuel flows in automobile engines are critical because they govern the fuel-air mixing processes in the combustion chamber that could directly impact the combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions. In this paper, we present preliminary results on using ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) materials as a flow sensing mechanism for automotive applications. Under a mechanical stimulus, an IPMC beam undergoes physical movement, which causes ions to redistribute inside the material and results in an electrical signal closely correlated with the mechanical response of the beam. We have performed a series of flow experiments to evaluate the electrical response of an IPMC beam subjected to a fluid motion in a flow channel. Experimental results reveal distinct response characteristics in different fluid media and under different flow conditions. The vibrating motion of the IPMC element has been further verified with high-speed imaging in an open stagnant air environment. The images have shown strong and clean correlation with the IPMC electrical signal. These results suggest that IPMC holds promise as a compact flow sensing mechanism for automotive systems.
Team Assignments Can Be Effective Cooperative Learning Techniques.

Abstract For almost a decade, studies have concluded that sole reliance on the lecture method is not effective because the student is the passive recipient in the learning process. Yet many of the business courses in higher education are taught through the lecture format. This article discusses the advantages of cooperative learning when applied to team assignments. Team assignments, an active application of theory, are recommended as a complement to the lecture. A team assignment structure and the problem of the “free rider” are discussed. The forms are “generic,” to suggest that they can be adapted to any undergraduate or graduate business course.