cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Kerr-iens resonators

The generation of femtosecond solid state lasers based on Kerr-lens mode-locking (KLM) phenomena has progressed rapidly since its first observation in 1991.1 The principle mechanism for modelocking has been established to be an ultrafast saturable absorber action due to self-focusing of the laser beam in a Kerr medium inside the resonator.2 In the most common KLM resonator, as shown in Fig. 1, the gain medium also provides the Kerr nonlinearity. Using the ABCD matrix formalism, we analyze resonator geometries of this type by considering the various parameters such as curved mirror separation, resonator symmetry, coupling between sagittal and tangential rays, and the position of the gain/ Kerr medium with respect to the resonator beam waists. The two stability regimes of a typical asymmetric resonator are shown in Fig. 1 (inset) where the sagittal and tangential beam waists are plotted versus the curved mirror separation for an astigmatically compensated cavity.
Towards effective information processing in high office

Abstract The analysis of support systems for high office is evaluated from the perspective of an information-systems analyst. Two cases of information systems for governmental policy making institutions, one in Egypt and the other in Israel, are compared and integrated to describe the unique character of the decision-making activities in such institutions. It is argued that the underlying model of decision processes that is assumed in the design of conventional decision support systems is inadequate for very high-level policy making environments. A broader view of the decision-making activities is presented, which suggests that support systems for high level policy making require an unconventional approach for their development.
SRAF insertion for VIA-like layers using laSRAF method

A novel Sub-Resolution Assist Feature (SRAF) insertion approach is discussed. The method of linearly added SRAFs (laSRAF) is based on the superposition, linear addition in the simplest case, of pre-calculated SRAF usefulness templates. The usefulness templates describe net effect of an elementary SRAF insertion in the proximity of an isolated arbitrary target shape. The method includes two major steps: (i) SRAF usefulness map generation for arbitrary layout comprised of OPC target shapes and (ii) derivation of Mask Rule Check (MRC) compliant SRAF shapes from those usefulness maps. The performance of the laSRAF method measured by the run-time and process window enhancement effect is compared to production quality model-based SRAF insertion implementations and one rule-based realization. The comparison reveals up to 8 times faster SRAF insertion at the same or better SRAF quality with the laSRAF method compared to model-based solutions. LaSRAF has been found to be significantly superior in terms of SRAF quality at the penalty of 2-4x longer run-time compared to rule-based SRAF.
Can the backprojection filtering algorithm be as accurate as the filtered backprojection algorithm

For many years people have realized that the image reconstructed by the filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm is more accurate than the image reconstructed by the backprojection filtering (BpjF) algorithm. The FBP algorithm is implemented in two steps: (1) convolve the projections with a kernel function, then (2) backproject the modified projections. The BpjF algorithm is also implemented in two steps: (1) backproject the projections, then (2) filter the backprojected image in the frequency domain with a two-dimensional ramp filter. The major drawback of BpjF is that the mean value of the reconstruction is not correct. This error is caused by the way the two-dimensional discrete ramp-filter is formed by sampling the continuous ramp-filter, which results in zeroing the DC component. The Nyquist Theorem is used to show that this approach of forming a discrete ramp-filter is not accurate and a new method to form the discrete ramp-filter is developed. The newly developed filter is the same as the commonly used discrete ramp-filter except for the DC value and preserves the correct mean value of the image. >
Proteomic Analysis of Endothelin-1 Targets in the Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Proliferation

Hypoxia is a fetal stressor that leads to the production of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Previous work has shown that ET-1 treatment leads to the premature terminal differentiation of fetal cardiomyocytes. However, the precise mechanism is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the fetal cardiomyocyte proteome will be greatly altered due to ET-1-treatment, which reveals a potential molecular mechanism of ET-1-induced terminal differentiation. Over a thousand proteins were detected in the fetal cardiomyocytes and among them 75 proteins were significantly altered due to ET-1 treatment. Using IPA pathway analysis, the merged network depicted several key proteins that appeared to be involved in regulating proliferation, including: EED, UBC, ERK1/2, MAPK, Akt, and EGFR. EED protein, which is associated with regulating proliferation via epigenetic mechanisms, is of particular interest. Herein we propose a model of the molecular mechanism by which ET-1 induced cardiomyocyte terminal differentiation occurs.
An innovative delay based algorithm to boost PUF security against machine learning attacks

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are the state-of-the-art topic in hardware oriented security and trust (HOST). PUFs have recently emerged as a promising solution for cyber security related issues including low-cost chip authentication, hacking of digital systems and tampering of physical systems. In this paper, a dynamic area efficient design along with an algorithm, namely, Optimal Time Delay Algorithm (OTPA) are proposed to improve the ROPUF challenge/response pairs (CRPs space). The generated CRPs space using this algorithm exhibit high PUF performance in terms of uniqueness and reliability. Experimental results demonstrate the competence of this innovative algorithm to enhance the CRP space using the probability of combinational statistic formula for improved security of the ROPUF against modeling attacks.
Coping styles in youth exposed to maltreatment: Longitudinal patterns reported by youth in foster care.

Abstract Coping styles in youth living in foster care with a history of maltreatment were examined to determine the nature and stability of self-reported coping behavior over time. Participants included 542 (time 1), 377 (time 2), and 299 (time 3) youth ages 8–22 years (M = 13.28 years, SD = 3.04). Using the Behavioral Inventory of Strategic Control, a dimensional, continuous measure of coping, across four possible coping styles endorsed in reference to specific potentially stressful situations, the results indicated that direct action coping was the most frequently endorsed or preferred style for more than 50% of the sample at each time point. A number of youth endorsed using more than one coping style, indicating some flexibility in the approach to coping when problems occur. Although most youth endorsed a preferred style, coping style endorsed did vary somewhat over time. The coping style endorsed also varied depending on the type of problem referenced, but no statistically significant differences were noted across situations, including social, academic, general, and foster-specific situations. Effects for age were also examined and the results indicated no significant differences across the age range for type of coping most commonly endorsed. The present study is the first large-scale, longitudinal assessment of coping styles in youth in foster care and the results suggest that coping is not a simple, categorical-only construct and the implications for the endorsement of the direct approach for youth in foster care along with the other findings are discussed.
Photometric Determination of Preferred Orientation of Feldspars in Fine-Grained Igneous Rocks

The crystal habit and optical orientation of many feldspars combine to provide a convenient means for determining shape orientation form optical data. Results from photometric determinations of five different units show that it is possible to deduce, within narrow limits, major flow patterns producing planar orientation in certain fine-grained igneous rocks. It may be possible to determine the direction of flow from such a technique.
Numerical Simulation of Aero-Optical Effects in a Supersonic Cavity Flow

A hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model is applied to compute the wave-front aberrations in an optical beam passing through a supersonic open cavity flow. Th...
Culpable Aggression: The Basis for Moral Liability to Defensive Killing

The use of the term, “self-defense,” covers a wide array of defensive behaviors, and different actions that repel attacks may be permissible for different reasons. One important justificatory feature of some defensive behaviors is that the aggressor has rendered himself liable to defensive force by his own conduct. That is, when a culpable aggressor points a gun at a defender, and says, “I am going to kill you,” the aggressor’s behavior forfeits the aggressor’s right against the defender’s infliction of harm that is intended to repel the aggressor’s attack. Because the right is forfeited, the aggressor cannot fight back, numbers do not count (the defender may kill as many culpable aggressors as he needs to), third parties may only aid the defender, and the defender does not owe the aggressor compensation for harms inflicted.Although liability for culpable aggression seems intuitive, there are a number of questions, including whether culpability is a necessary requirement for liability; what actions the aggressor must perform; whether there must be an actual threat or whether an apparent threat is sufficient; and whether the defender must believe that his use of force is responsive to that threat. The first part of this paper examines two prominent alternative theories of self-defense – Judith Thomson’s rights-based account and Jeff McMahan’s moral responsibility account. It argues that both of these theories are problematic as theories of liability and that culpability is a necessary condition of liability. The second part of the paper sketches a culpability account in the context of deadly force and indivisible harm, ultimately arguing that an aggressor is liable to defensive force when; the aggressor forms an intention to purposefully, knowingly, or recklessly kill the defender, the aggressor lacks a justification or excuse, and the aggressor will kill the defender unless defensive force is used, or the aggressor purposefully, knowingly, or recklessly engages in conduct that he is aware may lead the defender to believe that that (1a) is true, and the aggressor lacks a justification or excuse for so doing; AND based on his belief that he is subject to attack, the defender acts to repel the perceived attack.
Kokkinakis and the Narratives of Proper and Improper Proselytizing

This article explores how the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) distinguishes between proper and improper proselytizing. It points out the importance of the competing factual narratives and how the way the facts are presented can determine how the Court responds to the proselytizing activity.
Cryogenic Thermal Emittance Measurements on Small-Diameter Stainless Steel Tubing

The Mid Infrared Instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescoep includes a mechanical cryocooler which cools its detectors to their 6 K operating temperature. The refrigerant flows through several meters of approximately 2 mm diameter 304L stainless steel tubing, with some sections gold plated, and some not, which are exposed to their environment. An issue of water freezing onto the tube surfaces is mitigated by a running a warm gas through the lines to sublimate the water. To model the effect of this process on nearby instruments, an accurate measure of the tube emittance is needed. Previously we reported the abosprtance of the gold plated stainless steel tubing as a function of source temperature (i.e. its environment). In this work the thermal emittance of the uncoated tubing is measured as a function of its temperature between 100 and 300 K. This value leads to an accurate prediction of the minimum length of time required to thermally recycle the system. We report the technique and present the results.
Provably correct design of observations for fault detection with privacy preservation

During the operation of complex cyber-physical systems, detection of faults needs to be performed using limited state information for practicality and privacy concerns. While a well-designed observation can distinguish a faulty behavior from the normal behavior, it can also represent the action of hiding some of the state information or discrete mode transitions. In this paper, we present a framework for constructing the observation maps in the form of metric temporal logic (MTL) formulae that can be formally proven to detect fault in a switched system while preserving certain privacy conditions. We simulate finitely many nominal trajectories and use the robustness tubes around the simulated trajectories to cover the infinite trajectories that constitute the system behavior. Thus the inferred MTL formulae from the simulated trajectories can be used for classifying the system behaviors in a provably correct fashion. We implement our approach on the simulation model of a smart building testbed to detect the open window fault while preserving the privacy of the room occupancy.
Examining the High-End Specificity of the Beck Depression Inventory Using an Anxiety Sample

Although the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most widely used measures of depression, there is some concern whether high scores on the BDI represent the nosologic category of depression or psychological distress more generally. In this study the high-end specificity of the BDI was examined using a clinical sample of anxiety-disordered individuals, a group characterized by high negative affect. Results revealed using a high BDI cut score produced moderate specificity and sensitivity rates. Additional analyses indicated an overall fair performance of the BDI in classifying depression in the anxiety sample and an optimal cut score for differentiating anxiety clients with and without comorbid depression was identified. However, using the optimal cut score resulted in nearly one third of the sample being incorrectly classified on the basis on their BDI scores. The findings underscore the importance of not relying solely on BDI scores to classify depression samples, which is a current common practice in psychological research.
Towards Social Networks Services Integration

The paper provides a framework that allows integrating services of Social Networking in different fields. In particular, its use by companies, healthcare professionals, teachers, tour operators, travel agencies and scientific researchers professionals and consumers in general are discussed. Within the framework users can select topics of interest business/marketing, health, learning, tourism and/or scientific research according to their profile professional or consumer. The framework offers users the opportunity to share information knowledge and services related to their professional field.
Writing efficient code

Copyright (c) 1981, Jon Louis Bentley. 1This research was supported in part b y the Office of Nava, Research under Contract N00014-76-C0370. 27 April 1981 Writing Efficient Code Table of
Potential of Fly Ash and Organic Wastes for Uses as Amendments to Agricultural Soils: A Review

Vast quantities of coal residues and fly ash require proper disposal and utilization. Fly ash contains high concentrations of various useful and toxic elements. Runoff from a coal pile and its leachate splits into various ionic species as it enters the soil and ultimately contaminates the groundwater. A portion of the accumulating fly ash is used in concrete as pozzolanic material. Studies reveal that amending the soil with 20–25% fly ash-compost mixture proves beneficial for the growth of certain crops, particularly corn and sorghum without any deleterious effects. Fly ash-compost (from organic wastes) mixture applied to the soil minimizes the uptake of certain toxic elements.
A New Species of African Assassin Bug in the Genus Authenta (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)

A new harpactorine species is herein described: Authenta nigriventris Swanson, n. sp. from Tanzania. An updated key to the species of Authenta Bergroth, 1894 and the first record of Authenta subsimilis Horvath, 1914 from Nigeria also are included.
Diazoxide-Responsive Forms of Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Diazoxide responsiveness is typically the starting point for distinguishing congenital hyperinsulinism phenotypes since those who do not respond will often require surgery. Operationally, diazoxide responsiveness is defined as being able to appropriately develop a hyperketonemic response to fasting (beta-hydroxybutyrate >2 mmol/L) prior to developing hypoglycemia (<2.8–3.3 mmol/L, <50–60 mg/dL), in addition to preventing any food-induced hypoglycemia. Of note, only 35% of diazoxide-responsive patients have an identifiable mutation in one of the currently known hyperinsulinism genes. Perinatal stress-induced hyperinsulinism is a transient but often prolonged form of hyperinsulinism associated with risk factors such as birth asphyxia and intrauterine growth restriction. Screening for hypoglycemia is crucial when these risk factors are present, as is starting diuretic treatment before diazoxide to avoid fluid overload and pulmonary hypertension. Genetic forms of diazoxide-responsive hyperinsulinism include a distinctive form caused by dominant activating mutations in glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Leucine-induced and fasting hypoglycemia, mild hyperammonemia, and neurologic abnormalities, most commonly atypical absence epilepsy, are key features. Recessive inactivating mutations in short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), an inhibitor of GDH and a fatty acid oxidation enzyme, also cause leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia, but without hyperammonemia. Heterozygous mutations in the transcription factors, hepatocyte nuclear factors 4A and 1A, cause hyperinsulinism and evolve into young adult-onset diabetes (HNF4A-MODY and HNF1A-MODY, respectively). Finally, mutations in the mitochondrial transport protein, uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and the plasma membrane protein, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), cause rare forms of hyperinsulinism with the unique features of post-glucose load and exercise-induced hypoglycemia, respectively.
Automaticity of speech processing in early bilingual adults and children

We examine whether early acquisition of a second language (L2) leads to native-like neural processing of phonemic contrasts that are absent in the L1. Four groups (adult and child monolingual speakers of English; adult and child early bilingual speakers of English and Spanish, exposed to both languages before 5 years of age) participated in a study comparing the English /ɪ/ - /e/ contrast. Neural measures of automatic change detection (Mismatch Negativity, MMN) and attention (Processing Negativity, PN and Late Negativity, LN) were measured by varying whether participants tracked the stimulus stream or not. We observed no effect of bilingualism on the MMN, but adult bilinguals differed significantly from adult monolinguals on neural indices of attention. The child bilinguals were indistinguishable from their monolingual peers. This suggest that learning a L2 before five years of age leads to native-like phoneme discrimination, but bilinguals develop increased attentional sensitivity to speech sounds.
The ResidentialCare Transition Module: a single-blinded randomized controlled evaluation of a telehealth support intervention for family caregivers of persons with dementia living in residential long-term care.

Families do not fully disengage from care responsibilities following relatives’ admissions to residential long-term (RLTC) care settings such as nursing homes. Caregiver stress, depression, or other key outcomes remain stable or sometimes increase following a relative’s RLTC entry. Some interventions have attempted to increase family involvement after institutionalization, but few rigorous studies have demonstrated whether these interventions are effective in helping families navigate the potential emotional and psychological upheaval presented by relatives’ transitions to RLTC environments. The Residential Care Transition Module (RCTM) provides six formal sessions of consultation (one-to-one and family sessions) over a 4-month period to family caregivers who have admitted a relative to a RLTC setting. In this embedded mixed methods randomized controlled evaluation, family members who have admitted a cognitively impaired relative to a RLTC setting are randomly assigned to the RCTM (n = 120) or a usual care control condition (n = 120). Primary outcomes include reductions in family members’ primary subjective stress and negative mental health outcomes; secondary role strains; and residential care stress. The mixed methods design will allow for an analysis of intervention action mechanisms by “embedding” qualitative components (up to 30 semi-structured interviews) at the conclusion of the 12-month evaluation. This evaluation will fill an important clinical and research gap by evaluating a psychosocial intervention designed for families following RLTC admission that determines whether and how the RCTM can help families better navigate the emotional and psychological challenges of residential care transitions. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02915939, prospectively registered).
Policies, politics and pandemics: course delivery method for US higher educational institutions amid COVID-19

Purpose: This paper aims to consider decisions by administrators about how to open US campuses for the 2020–2021 academic year during the COVID-19 pandemic Proposed course delivery method is considered in relation to the political environment of the respective university/college’s state Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected on 451 public institutions H1 and H3 were tested using multinomial logistic regressions H2 and H4 were tested using moderated binary logistic regressions with Hayes’s PROCESS model Findings: Results suggest that states with liberal governments were more likely to promote online openings for fall 2020, with the strength of the voting electorate moderating the relationship Further, state appropriations moderated the relationship between the political party in control of the state legislature and method of opening Research limitations/implications: This paper advances work on the relationship between politics and administration by considering political pressures exerted on decision makers Practical implications: Results suggest that political forces may influence university administrators’ decisions for how higher education institutions may open for the fall 2020 semester Originality/value: This paper addresses one of the numerous social changes caused by COVID-19 It considers the short-term practical implications as well as the long-term theoretical ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic on decision-making in higher education © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited
CO2 Activation and Hydrogenation by Palladium Hydride Cluster Anions.

Mass spectrometric analysis of the anionic products of interaction between palladium hydride anions, PdH–, and carbon dioxide, CO2, in a reaction cell shows an efficient generation of the PdHCO2– i...
An algorithm to reduce test application time in full scan designs

An algorithm for generating a test with fewer test clocks for full scan designs by using combinational and sequential test generation algorithms adaptively is presented. Heuristics combining tests measures and scan strategies are introduced. The algorithm, 'Test Application time Reduction for Full scan designs' (TARF), is implemented and tested on a set of ISCAS sequential benchmark circuits. The results show that TARF achieves the same test coverage as combinational test generators but with fewer test clocks. >
Enforcing Rules Versus Enforcing Standards

Comparisons between rules and standards often involve enforcement costs. According to conventional wisdom, rules are cheaper to enforce than standards. We identify an additional trade-off by exploring an inverse proposition: not enforcing a rule is costlier than not enforcing a standard. Failing to enforce a rule—not bothering to punish minor infractions—reveals a lot about the government’s enforcement costs. Regulated parties can use this information and violate law to a certain extent with impunity. Failing to enforce a standard reveals less information, and this can lead to greater compliance with the law. This result does not depend on risk aversion among regulated parties. We identify the specific characteristics of standards that yield this effect.
Glycerol-assisted degradation of dibenzothiophene by Paraburkholderia sp. C3 is associated with polyhydroxyalkanoate granulation.

Abstract Glycerol is a biodiesel byproduct. In the present study, glycerol was used as a co-substrate during biodegradation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by Paraburkholderia sp. C3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent, ubiquitous and carcinogenic chemicals found in the environment. DBT is a major sulfur-containing PAH. The chemical properties of DBT make it an ideal model pollutant for examining the bioremediation of higher molecular weight PAHs. Bioremediation uses microbial catalysis for removal of environmental pollutants. Environmental microorganisms that encounter aromatic substrates such as heterocyclic PAHs develop unique characteristics that allow the uptake and assimilation of these cytotoxic substrates. Microbial adaptations include changes in membrane lipid composition, secretion of surface-active compounds and accumulation of lipid granules to withstand chemical toxicity. Biostimulation using more readily metabolized substrates can increase the biodegradation rate of PAHs, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We analyzed the DBT biodegradation kinetics in C3, proteome changes and TEM micrographs in different culturing conditions. We utilized 2-bromoalkanoic lipid metabolic inhibitors to establish a correlation between polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granule formation and the enhancement of DBT biodegradation induced by glycerol. This is the first description linking PHA biosynthesis, DBT biodegradation and 2-bromoalkanoic acids in a Paraburkholderia species.
Chapter 7 Epitaxial growth of Si on Si(001)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses epitaxial growth of Si on Si (001).The development of modem techniques of thin-film growth and characterization has remarkably advanced for the understanding and knowledge of growth mechanisms and surface properties. Scanned-probe microscopy allows for observing not only static surfaces but also dynamic processes of growth at the atomic level. Because of limited space, the chapter focuses on films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) as the major probing technique combined with theoretical modeling, and simulation for quantitative data analysis. The advantage of vapor deposition growth techniques, such as MBE, is that structures that are far from equilibrium can be made by choosing a proper growth temperature and deposition rate and selectively freezing kinetic processes. During vapor deposition, a substrate is placed in a vacuum chamber and exposed to the vapor of the growth materials. The driving force for coarsening is the difference between the local equilibrium vapor pressure around the large and small islands.
To Translate or Degrade: Cytoplasmic mRNA Decision Mechanisms

The precise control of genetic information is crucial for an organism to survive and function. Post-transcriptional control at the levels of mRNA decay and translation has evolved as a crucial mechanism for ensuring accurate gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. These levels of regulation include the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay quality control pathway, cap-dependent translation, ARE- and GRE-mediated mRNA decay, and microRNA-mediated regulation of translation and mRNA decay. The importance of these mechanisms is highlighted by their dysregulation in a number of diseases, including neuromuscular disorders and cancer. In this chapter, attention is focused on the molecular machinery behind the decision to translate or degrade an mRNA molecule, with emphasis on how these mechanisms may be involved in human disease. Keywords: Nonsense-mediated decay; Translation; mRNA decay; AU-rich element (ARE); GU-rich element (GRE); microRNA (miRNA)
Ab initio Electron Propagator Calculations on Electron Detachment Energies of Fullerenes, Macrocyclic Molecules, and Nucleotide Fragments

Abstract Transition energies for electron attachment or detachment of closed-shell molecules that are large by contemporary standards of quantum chemistry calculations may be calculated ab initio with various electron propagator methods. Quasiparticle approximations that produce perturbative relaxation and correlation corrections to the results of Koopmans's theorem and renormalized self-energy approximations that retain their validity when the one-electron picture of electron binding energies is questionable have been implemented in efficient computer codes. In the former case, a simplified form of the Dyson equation is easily solved by evaluating diagonal matrix elements of the self-energy operator. In the latter case, strategies for solving eigenvalue problems of large dimension are reviewed. A study of the vertical ionization energies of the C 60 and C 70 fullerenes reveals the presence of many closely coinciding cationic states, some of which exhibit strong correlation effects. Vertical ionization energies for C 96 and C 144 are reported as well. Calculations on porphyrins and phthalocyanines reveal a nearly complete breakdown of the one-electron picture of electron binding energies. Calculations on the electron detachment energies of an anionic dinucleotide containing two guanine fragments produce many final states and indicate that the final state hole resides on a single guanine moiety.
What¿s Wrong with Gideon

Gideon v Wainwright' is an icon of criminal procedure. The case, decided in 1963, established the constitutional right of indigent felony defendants to have counsel appointed to represent them in state criminal courts.2 To many, the Court's conclusion in Gideon was a long-awaited and obvious one. Indeed, Robert F Kennedy, then Attorney General, speaking at The Law School on Law Day a year after Gideon was decided, wondered whether lawyers even needed a constitutional determination to spell out appropriate professional responsibilities for representing indigent defendants.3 Given its status, then, one might find it somewhat surprising that I take issue with the case. I have set this task for myself, but I must be clear about what I perceive to be the problem with Gideon. I have no quarrel with Gideon's conclusion establishing the constitutional right of indigent defendants to appointed representation. That principle is, of course, why Gideon is famous. What I find problematic about Gideon is the basis of the Court's opinion. Gideon, I believe, represents a break with a kind of constitutional decisionmaking in the criminal procedure areaa break that has negative consequences. Specifically, Gideon marks the beginning of a shift in the Court's articulation of the requirements of fair trials away from notions of fundamental fairness in the Due Process Clause and toward reference to the Bill of Rights via the process of incorporation. The effect of this shift is subtle but significant. Throughout the early due process cases comprising the infancy of constitutional criminal procedure, the Court demonstrated not only an interest in securing accurate determinations of guilt for state criminal defendants, but also an obvious concern about the relationship between the structure of
Environmental and Biological Control of Photosynthesis: General Assessment

I wish to thank the organizers, especially Dr. R. Marcelle, for all of their efforts in arranging this Symposium and for the hospitality during our stay. I think we are all honored to be able to participate indirectly in the life of this new and unusual University that is growing visibly around us even while we meet here.
Identity for the Total Cross Section in an Inelastic Collision

A mathematical identity is derived, expressing the total cross section for producing an excited state in terms of the imaginary part of an integral involving the wave function.
Pumping Liquid Crystals.

We observe mass pumping of a ferroelectric smectic-C liquid crystal induced by an applied ac voltage. The flow is unidirectional, reflecting the chirality of the system. An elastohydrodynamic model of the smectic-C phase is used to explain the observations.
Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Propellant Mixer

This paper addresses some modeling and control issues for a mixing chamber used in rocket engine testing at NASA Stennis Space Center. The mixer must combine high pressure liquid hydrogen (LH2) and gaseous hydrogen (GH2) to produce and output flow that meets certain thermodynamic properties before it is fed into a test article. More precisely, this paper considers that the quantities to be tracked and/or regulated are mixer internal pressure, exit mass flow, and exit temperature. The available control inputs are given by three value positions, namely those of the GH2, LH2 and exit valves. The mixer is modelled by a system of two nonlinear ordinary differential equations having density and internal energy as states. The model must be simple enough to lend itself to subsequent feedback controller design, yet its accuracy must be tested against real data. For this reason, the model includes function calls to thermodynamic property data. Some structural properties of the resulting model that pertain to controller design, such as controllability and uniqueness of the equilibrium point are shown to hold. Validation of the model against real data is also provided. As a first control approach, a small-signal (linear) model is developed based on the nonlinear model and simulated as well. Pulse disturbances are introduced to the valve positions and the quality of the linear model is ascertained by comparing its behavior against the nonlinear model simulations. Valve control strategies that simulate an operator-in-the-loop scenario are then explored demonstrating the need for automatic feedback control. Classical optimal single-output and multi-output Proportional/Integral controllers are designed based on the linear model and applied to the nonlinear model with excellent results to track simultaneous, constant setpoint changes in desired exit flow, exit temperature, and mixer pressure, as well as to reject unmeasurable but bounded additive step perturbations in the valve positions. A feedback linearization controller is designed and used to achieve tracking and regulation of the outputs over an extended range of the variables of interest.
Chaos in three species food chains

We study the dynamics of a three species food chain using bifurcation theory to demonstrate the existence of chaotic dynamics in the neighborhood of the equilibrium where the top species in the food chain is absent. The goal of our study is to demonstrate the presence of chaos in a class of ecological models, rather than just in a specific model. This work extends earlier numerical studies of a particular system by Hastings and Powell (1991) by showing that chaos occurs in a class of ecological models. The mathematical techniques we use are based on work by Guckenheimer and Holmes (1983) on co-dimension two bifurcations. However, restrictions on the equations we study imposed by ecological assumptions require a new and somewhat different analysis.
The Operational Audit: A Business Appraisal Approach to Improved Operations and Profitability

The operational audit is concerned with the appraisal of company effectiveness, identifying operations which are open to improvement. This paper looks at the history of the operational audit and its relationship to other types of audit. The scope of the operational audit is discussed and so also is the manner in which assignments are typically conducted. Two case studies, one in a sales company and the other in a production company, are presented, and details are provided of the results obtained. The relationship of operational research to operational audit is reviewed, and the benefits of including operational researchers in audit teams are pointed out.
Benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of waldenström associated with Sjögren's syndrome. Case report and review of immunologic aspects

Since its first description, fewer than 150 cases of benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldestrom have been reported. There is a preponderance of females with this disorder, which is characterized by long-standing purpuric vasculitic lesions usually in the lower extremities, increased sedimentation rate, anemia, leukopenia, and hyperglobulinemia with a normal clotting process. Numerous associations have been shown between this and other systemic disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, a rheumatoid arthritis. A 40-year-old woman is described who had an 18-year history of recurrent purpura and increased IgG levels. Skin biopsy showed acute vasculitis, and immunofluorescent study revealed fibrinogen precipitation and C3 deposition. Serologic evaluation demonstrated the presence of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies (1:80). Raji assay showed increased circulating immune complexes, and the T cell subsets were normal. The purpura was associated with symptoms and physical findings of Sjogren's syndrome. On the basis of serologic and skin biopsy findings, an autoimmune origin of the disease is postulated.
Cerebral birth injury in retrospect.

Summary As surgical and medical procedures come under evaluation in therapy of children with mental retardation, convulsive disorders, cerebral spasticity, and behavior problems, the selection of patients for various types of treatment may depend on the etiology of the child's condition. Thus in selecting patients for carotid jugular anastomosis, less benefit should be expected on theoretical grounds for children with congenital cerebral defects or developmental abnormalities of their brains than in those children entirely normal up to the time of cerebral injury either from trauma, anoxia, or infection. Hence, the necessity of better means of determining causative factors in cerebral disturbances. We have reviewed a series of cases, seeking to determine the incidence of birth injuries as a cause of late cerebral disorders. The evidence suggests that birth injuries may be a major factor in their causation. Studied in retrospect, the evidence does not distinguish between cerebral birth injuries due to anoxia and those due to direct trauma. Cortical atrophy revealed in pneumoencephalograms is accepted as presumptive evidence that the brain was injured following complete formation. This finding, together with changes attributable to organic disease in the electroencephalographic tracings, was present in almost all patients with a known history of birth injury and in an unsuspectedly large number of other children in whom the history was obscure. Decreased cerebral blood flow was present in those cases studied in whom gliosis might have followed cerebral injury, but was absent in children with a known developmental defect as exemplified by mongolism. Behavior disorders in children without retardation, spasticity, or convulsions appear to be possible sequelae of milder degrees of cerebral injury at birth. The data suggest that at least one out of five of birth injuries may have been due to preventable causes.
First-principles calculations of cohesive energies in the Al-Co binary alloy system

The phase diagram of the $\mathrm{Al}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Co}$ binary alloy system is intensively studied because of its importance for understanding decagonal quasicrystals, but remains imprecisely known due to the occurrence of many competing complex structures with composition close to ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}$. We apply first-principles total energy calculations to compare the cohesive energies of known and hypothetical structures. Our results confirm the experimentally established phase diagram in every detail except near ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}$, where the reported phases (Pearson symbols mC102 and oP102, both well-known decagonal quasicrystal approximants) turn out to be unstable at low temperatures. They may be stabilized at high temperatures by the entropy of aluminum vacancy hopping and low frequency vibrational modes. Under molecular dynamics a subset of Al atoms displays nearly liquid diffusive motion.
The Turn of the Screw: The Bacterial Flagellar Motor

Numerology (Table 2Table 2) is important because it can provide clues to the motor's mechanism. A successful model must reconcile the numerology, but first we need accurate measurements of the numbers. We would like to know why are there eight torque generators and yet one sees ten studs? What limits the number of torque generators? Does the number of steps per revolution equal the number of torque generators times the number of generator-binding sites in the rotor? Are there really three protons used per step? Which residues bind these protons? Does each proton bind to the same set of residues or are there three sets of residues, one for each proton?The mechanism of the flagellar motor remains a mystery. It is not clear if there are any similarities of its mechanism to those used in eukaryotic cells. The differences are apparent but we may not know about similarities until we have more detailed structures for the motor parts; we look forward to the day when we do.
Predicting the vertical profiles of anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs in the California Current System

Several published models exist for simulating vertical profiles of pelagic fish eggs, but no one has rigorously assessed their capacity to explain observed variability. In this study, we applied a steady-state model, with four different formulations for vertical diffusivity, to northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs in the California Current region. Vertical mixing profiles, based on wind speed and hydrography, were combined with estimated terminal ascent velocities of the eggs based on measurements of egg buoyancy and size, to simulate the vertical profiles of the eggs. We evaluated model performance with two data sets: (1) vertically stratified tows for both species and (2) paired samples for sardine eggs from 3-m depth and in vertically integrated tows. We used two criteria: whether the model predicted individual observed vertical profiles (1) as well as the observed mean and (2) better than the observed mean. Model predictions made with the formulation producing the most gradual profile of vertical diffusivity provided the best match to observations from both data sets and for both species. Addition of a random error term to the terminal ascent velocity further improved prediction for anchovy eggs, but not sardine. For the paired data, model prediction of integrated abundance from abundance at 3-m depth had significantly lower mean square error than prediction based on a linear regression of 3 m on integrated abundance. Our results support the feasibility of using data from the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler quantitatively as well as qualitatively in stock assessments.
Resin acids of Pinus ponderosa needles

Abstract Resin acids of ponderosa pine needle oleoresins are characterized by labdane diterpenes. Imbricataloic and/or acetyl- and succinyl-isocupressic acids predominate. Succinyl derivatives of neutral diterpenes were also found.
Towards distributed software design meetings: what can we learn from co-located meetings?

While distributed code writing is becoming widespread, object-oriented software design still requires face-to-face interaction, curbing the potential and quality of global software development. Most designers reject general purpose conferencing tools for not meeting their needs, and feature-rich distributed CASE tools for being too formal. Our long-term goal is to develop effective tools for distributed software design that preserve natural working styles.A necessary first step is to identify the unique low-level characteristics of design meetings which must be mimicked in the virtual world. Our work embarks on this path with a detailed ethnographic study of two collocated design meetings. We present several observations and their implications for the design of collaboration tools.
p53 Binding to Nucleosomal DNA Depends on the Rotational Positioning of DNA Response Element

The sequence-specific binding to DNA is crucial for the p53 tumor suppressor function. To investigate the constraints imposed on p53-DNA recognition by nucleosomal organization, we studied binding of the p53 DNA binding domain (p53DBD) and full-length wild-type p53 protein to a single p53 response element (p53RE) placed near the nucleosomal dyad in six rotational settings. We demonstrate that the strongest p53 binding occurs when the p53RE in the nucleosome is bent in the same direction as observed for the p53-DNA complexes in solution and in co-crystals. The p53RE becomes inaccessible, however, if its orientation in the core particle is changed by ∼180°. Our observations indicate that the orientation of the binding sites on a nucleosome may play a significant role in the initial p53-DNA recognition and subsequent cofactor recruitment.
A truncated form of RGS3 negatively regulates G protein-coupled receptor stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and phosphoinositide phospholipase C.

Abstract Identification of a new family of proteins (RGS proteins) that function as negative regulators ofG protein signaling has sparked new understanding of desensitization of this signaling process. Recent studies with several mammalian RGS proteins has delineated their ability to interact with and function as GTPase-activating proteins specifically for G proteins in the Gi family. Here, we investigated the functional activity of RGS3 and a truncated form of RGS3 on G protein-coupled receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase, phosphoinositide phospholipase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in intact cells. Polymerase chain reaction and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analyses revealed the tissue-specific expression of a short form of the RGS3 transcript that encodes the approximate carboxyl-terminal half of RGS3. This truncated form of RGS3 (RGS3T) was shown recently to function as a negative regulator of pheromone signaling in yeast (Druey, K. M., Blumer, K. J., Kang, V. R., and Kehrl, J. H. (1996) Nature 379, 742–746). Baby hamster kidney cells transiently transfected with RGS3T cDNA exhibited a pronounced impairment in platelet-activating factor receptor-stimulated inositol phosphate production, a pertussis toxin-insensitive response. Similarly, calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor-stimulated increases in intracellular cAMP and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide receptor-stimulated increases in both cAMP and inositol phosphates were reduced significantly in RGS3T transfectants compared with vector-transfected control cells. In contrast, baby hamster kidney cells transfected with the full-length RGS3 cDNA showed no impairment in cAMP and inositol phosphate production mediated by these G protein-coupled receptors. However, lysophosphatidic acid receptor-stimulated phosphorylation of endogenous ERK1 and ERK2 was impaired markedly in both RGS3 and RGS3T transfectants, demonstrating the functional ability of both RGS forms to modulate Gi-mediated signaling. These results provide the first evidence for regulatory effects of an RGS protein on Gs- and Gq-mediated signaling in intact cells and document that the carboxyl-terminal region of RGS3 comprises the structural domain for this activity.
On a general class of multivariate linear smoothing operators

Introduction et etude d'une classe generale d'operateurs de lissage lineaires multivariables eventuellement negatifs a l'aide de sommation et d'integration