cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composition of the earth: Chondritic or Achondritic?

Abstract Crustal and meteoritic abundances of twenty-two elements plus H2O are compared. Absolute terrestrial abundances of twelve elements (Ba, Ca, Cs, K, La, Na, Rb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, and Y) are inferred from a knowledge of their crustal abundances by extending the recent studies by Gast (1968a) and Hurley (1968a, b). Eucritic abundances are consistently higher than the estimated terrestrial ones. Chondritic abundances fall within the limits in all cases except Na, K, and Rb which appear to be depleted in the earth relative to ordinary chondrites by a factor of 0.15 ± 0.05. This cannot be considered a compelling argument against an earth model with chondritic trace element content, however, because these elements are fractionated in chondritic material to almost the same extent. The possibility that the earth is enriched in refractory elements can neither be confirmed nor ruled out. But the extent of enrichment can be limited; relative to ordinary chondrites it is unlikely to exceed 50 per cent. Carbonaceous chondrite material, stripped of its volatiles, is similarly enriched, by 40–45 per cent; therefore, even if it could be proved that the earth is enriched in refractory elements the chondritic model would still be acceptable. A comparison of eleven volatile elements (Ar, Bi, C, Cs, Hg, In, Kr, N, Pb, Tl, and Xe) in the earth and meteorites indicates that eucrites may not contain enough Ar, Bi, Kr, Tl, and Xe to account for even their crustal abundance. The volatile-element inventory of the earth is remarkably similar to that observed in most chondrites. The data may be interpreted according to either a homogeneous or inhomogeneous accumulation model. If the earth was initially homogeneous, a mean accretion temperature of about 500°K is indicated. Alternatively a thin veneer of carbonaceous chondrite-like material comprising 1–3 per cent of the earth's mass may have been added toward the end of its accretion history.
Response: the uncommon retina of the common house mouse

One difficulty in accepting co-expression arises from its conflict with widely accepted tenets of color science. The ‘Principle of Univariance’ states that ‘each photon that photoisomerizes a visual pigment molecule has the same effect as any other photon that does so’ 8xRodieck, R.W. : 86See all References8. This principle has been historically coupled to the hypothesis that cones express a single pigment, which thereby provides quantitative accounts for much of the great body of color vision data 9xWyszecki, G and Stiles, W.S. See all References9. Chromatic discriminability is most readily explained if two or more ‘univariant’ cones independently signal through an equal number of distinct neural channels that can be compared downstream. Co-expression of opsins in a single class of cones challenges this concept. In short, primates, who segregate expression of two pigments in at least the central regions of the retina, have chromatic discriminability. Perhaps the mouse does not have dichromatic color vision. Yet, what do we do with the rabbit, which has been documented to have color vision 10xSpectral discrimination in a rabbit. Nuboer, J.F. Doc. Ophthalmol. 1971; 30: 279–298Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (21)See all References, 11xA comparative view on color vision. Nuboer, J.F.W. Neth. J. Zool. 1986; 36: 344–380Crossref | Scopus (28)See all References and to co-express S and M opsins in cones throughout its retina 4xHorizontal cells of the rabbit retina are non-selectively connected to the cones. Hack, I and Peichl, L. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999; 11: 2261–2274Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (23)See all References4? A few S or M–L-specific cones might be scattered across the fields of co-expressing cones, but their neighbors would contain both opsins, which makes comparative signaling difficult. This is especially true in animals where cone-to-ganglion-cell convergence is high. Perhaps more attention needs to be given to rod–cone contrast 12xThe distribution and nature of colour vision among the mammals. Jacobs, G.H. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1993; 68: 413–471Crossref | PubMedSee all References12, which can function in crepuscular animals or in the periphery of diurnal animals. It would seem that answers to these questions lie in cone signaling and the retinal wiring networks. Accepting co-expression might lead to new insights into these issues in mammals other than primates.
Self-assembly of anisotropic tethered nanoparticle shape amphiphiles

Abstract The varied and exotic shapes of new nanoscale organic and inorganic building blocks provide new opportunities to engineer materials possessing specific functionality and physical properties dictated by the unique packings of these particles. We briefly review some of the current strategies for inducing the self-assembly of these building blocks focusing on one strategy in particular—the attachment of tethers to the building blocks at precise locations to create tethered nanoparticle “shape amphiphiles”. We use computer simulation to demonstrate that the resulting anisotropy imparted to nanocrystals or nanocolloids by the tethers can be used to encode simple design rules into the building blocks that ultimately result in a unique self-assembled structure. We present a general classification scheme for tethered nanoparticles wherein the anisotropy of a shape amphiphile is described by a vector comprised of one or more axes each describing a measure of anisotropy.
Diffusion and diffusion controlled reactions in fully developed turbulent pipe flow

Abstract Experimental data are reported for the mass transfer rate of a substance which dissolves from the wall of a pipe into water or aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide in fully developed turbulent flow. In the case of the solutions a rapid chemical reaction took place between the hydroxyl ion and the dissolving substance. The experimental system consisted of a closed loop with a test section containing pressed cylinders of benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, or aspirin. The rate of dissolution was determined from the weight losses of the individual cylinders. Experimental results are reported for benzoic and acids with and without chemical reaction for developing and fully developed concentration cinnamic distributions. Data for aspirin for the fully developed case without chemical reaction are also reported. A simple theoretical expression is derived for the reacting system which correlates the data well over much of the range of the ratios of base concentration to acid concentration.
White-light whispering gallery mode resonators

We propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally white-light whispering gallery mode resonators. These resonators have essentially a continuous modal spectrum accompanied by ultrahigh-Q frequency-independent quality factors. Applications of the resonators for ringdown spectroscopy and light modulation are discussed.
PREDICTING INTERSTIMULUS INTERVALS BETWEEN SAMPLES FOR CAPSAICIN‐CONTAINING SALSA WITH A RANGE OF HEAT LEVELS

A model was developed to predict an optimal interstimulus interval during testing for samples of products (such as salsa) that contain capsaicin. Oral “heat burn” intensity for four levels of salsa (mild, 25,000 Scoville Heat Units [SHU]; medium, 70,000 SHU; hot, 130,000 SHU; and extra hot, 250,000 SHU) was evaluated over time using a trained, experienced five-member descriptive sensory analysis panel. As capsaicin concentrations increased, the time it took for heat perception in the mouth to return to a negligible sensory value increased – a result of the higher amount of heat burn that must dissipate and a slower rate of decay after samples with more intense heat burn. Although a slight sensitization trend may occur with mild and medium salsas, and a slight trend toward desensitization may occur for the hot sample, the maximum intensity ratings after repeated tastings were not significantly different, and real perceptual differences may not exist. Two models were developed that can be used to predict the time required between samples – one based on SHU values and the other based on initial sensory heat score. This information can be used by sensory researchers to approximate the necessary interstimulus interval between salsa samples during sensory testing by trained panels to avoid carryover effects from one sample to another.
Evaluating higher education leadership: indicators of trustees’ effectiveness

Comments on the lack of literature on trustees in higher education. Suggests three important areas that determine individual trustee effectiveness: the trustee’s knowledge, the trustee’s contribution to his or her institution and the trustee’s relationships. Insights derived from this study can be used to develop instruments that boards can use for periodical evaluation of individual trustee effectiveness.
Fabric of Leda clay investigated by optical, electron-optical, and X-ray diffraction methods

Abstract Fabric, palaeosalinity and engineering data are given for five samples of Leda clay. It is shown that the layer structure silicates in two of the samples are oriented parallel to the bedding; that in the other three samples the platy minerals have a near random arrangement. X-ray diffraction studies showed that there was no difference in the orientation of 7Aand 10Alayer structure silicates. Palaeosalinity values deduced from boron content indicate that three of the samples were deposited in water that was fresher than normal marine. The other two samples were deposited in a nearly normal marine environment. The correlation between fabric and palaeosalinity data is fairly good, though information on a larger number of samples is needed before the method can be satisfactorily evaluated for Leda clay. Moisture removal by four different methods shows that original fabric can be affected by the technique of sample preparation. The evidence is in agreement with the idea that fabric was more affected by conditions at the time of deposition than by subsequent events.
Photoionization and photoelectric loading of barium ion traps

Simple and effective techniques for loading barium ions into linear Paul traps are demonstrated. Two-step photoionization of neutral barium is achieved using a weak intercombination line ($6{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}6s6p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$, $\ensuremath{\lambda}=791\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$) followed by excitation above the ionization threshold using a nitrogen gas laser $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=337\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. Isotopic selectivity is achieved by using a near Doppler-free geometry for excitation of the triplet $6s6p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ state. Additionally, we report a particularly simple and efficient trap loading technique that employs an inexpensive uv epoxy curing lamp to generate photoelectrons.
The language of social pretend play

Abstract The literature dealing with the structure and communication of social pretend play activity in preschool-age children is examined. The two objectives of this review were to determine (1) whether there are any differences in the linguistic forms and expressions children use in pretend as opposed to nonpretend activity and (2) whether age-related differences appear in the language of social pretending over the preschool years. The results of a cross-sectional study of a number of linguistic features occurring in the pretend and nonpretend activities of 35 dyads of children are also presented. The evidence supports the hypotheses that the language of social pretending differs from that of other social activities at several levels of language organization and that some of these differences in the “language of social pretending” appear at different ages during the preschool years. Suggestions are made for further research on the communicative techniques by which social pretend interactions are achieved.
Structure and localization on the X chromosome of the gene coding for the human filopodial protein moesin (MSN).

Abstract Moesin is a member of a recently discovered family of closely related proteins that includes ezrin, radixin, and merlin. It is widely expressed in different tissues and cells and has been localized to filopodia and other membranous protrusions that are important for cell-cell recognition and signaling and cell movement. Here, we have localized the coding gene (MSN) to Xq11.2-q12 by Southern and Western blot analyses of Chinese hamster × human somatic cell hybrids and by fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization. Moesin-like sequences were identified on chromosomes 5 and 6. The murine Msn locus was mapped to the X chromosome as well by studying a rodent × mouse hybrid panel. The structure of the human moesin gene has been determined. The 12 exons are distributed over >30 kb, and the exon/intron junctions demarcate individual highly conserved domains. Primer extension analysis revealed two major start transcription sites, 184 and 133 bp upstream of the initiation codon. The 5′-flanking region is GC-rich, lacks a TATA box, and contains four SP1 and one AP1 binding sites.
Estimating reaction rates and uncertainties for primordial nucleosynthesis

We present a Monte Carlo method for direct incorporation of nuclear inputs in primordial nucleosynthesis calculations. This method is intended to remedy shortcomings of the current error estimation, by eliminating intermediate data evaluations and working directly with experimental data, allowing an error estimation based solely on published experimental uncertainties. This technique also allows the simple incorporation of new data and reduction of errors with the introduction of more precise data. The application of our method indicates that previous error estimates on the calculated abundances were too large by as much as a factor of 3. Since uncertainties in the BBN calculation currently dominate inferences drawn from light-element abundances, the reestimated errors have important consequences for cosmic baryon density, neutrino physics, and lithium depletion in halo stars. Our direct method allows a detailed discussion of the status of the nuclear inputs by identifying clearly the places where improved cross section measurements would be most useful.
Risk of decline in upper-body function and symptoms among older breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Decline in upper-body function and development of upper-body symptoms are adverse effects of breast cancer therapy and may affect functional independence, particularly among older survivors. The long-term risks and predictors are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk of decline in upper-body function and development of symptoms over 4 years of follow-up. DESIGN: We used a prospective cohort design. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred and forty-four early stage breast cancer patients 65 years old or older at surgery enrolled in Rhode Island, North Carolina, Minnesota, and Los Angeles between 1996 and 1999. MEASUREMENTS: Upper-body function and symptoms were self-reported at baseline, 6, 15 months, and annually thereafter to 51 months after surgery. RESULTS: One half of the participants had a decline in upper-body function and one-quarter developed upper-body symptoms. Breast cancer patients were 5-fold more likely to have a decline in upper-body function over 4 years of follow-up than a similar cohort without breast cancer. Better baseline mental health protected against a decline in upper-body function (odds ratio [OR]=0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88 to 0.97 for 8-point higher mental health index). Baseline obesity (OR for body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2 vs <30 kg/m2=2.5, CI=1.6 to 4.0) and axillary node dissection (OR for axillary dissection vs not=3.9, CI=1.1 to 14) predicted the development of upper-body symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians should address upper-body function and symptoms with older breast cancer patients, and inform them that these complications of breast cancer treatment are common.
Studies on the composition and formation of mouse blastocoele fluid using electron probe microanalysis.

Abstract Electron probe microanalysis was used to measure the concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, S, and P in picoliter samples of blastocoele fluid obtained by micropuncture from single mouse blastocysts. Blastocoele fluid from freshly collected mouse blastocysts at 84–87 and 94–97 hr postcoitum is very dissimilar to mouse serum. Concentrations of Na, K, Ca, and Mg in the mouse blastocoele are much greater than mouse serum levels, while S and P concentrations are lower in the blastocoele than in serum. Mouse blastocysts cultured in vitro from the two-cell stage maintain significant Na, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration gradients. Calculations of the equilibrium potentials ( ψ j ) for Na, K, and Cl and the comparison of these values with the observed transtrophectoderm potential ( ψ obs ) (Cross, M. H., Cross, P. C., and Brinster, R. L., 1973, Develop. Biol . 33, 412–417) suggest that Cl and K are actively transported into the mouse blastocoele.
The Effect of Response Cost and Aversive Stimulation in Suppressing Punished and Nonpunished Speech Disfluencies.

The effect of response cost (withdrawal of tokens), aversive sound stimulation (contingent presentation of loud noise), informative feedback (contingent presentation of neutral stimulus), and no treatment were compared in suppressing disfluent speech in 40 mentally retarded clients. Treatment was administered in two sessions while subjects told stories to Thematic Apperception Test Cards. Posttreatment assessment and a subsequent 1-month followup indicated that response cost was more effective than aversive stimulation, and both were superior to feedback and no treatment control groups in reducing target disfluencies. Response cost also led to greater response generalization, i.e., suppression of related but nonpunished speech disfluencies. Independent ratings of speech from individual interviews provided confirmation of the superiority of response cost.
Goodness-of-fit issues in ROC curve estimation.

Zhou recently considered goodness-of-fit (GOF) testing for receiver operating char acteristic (ROC) curves estimated by applying the binormal and other bidistributional models to rating method data. He interpreted significant GOF tests as evidence that different decision thresholds were applied to diseased and nondiseased subjects and concluded that, in such circumstances, an ROC curve does not exist. In this article the author demonstrates that the GOF test accommodates many alternative hypoth eses and that a significant test result need not be equated with an interaction between disease status and decision criteria or with non-existence of an ROC curve. He de velops a new family of ROC curves based on a fully parameterized bidistributional model. The family includes the binormal ROC curve, but generalizes its structure by signifying all identifiable deviations in parameters of the latent distributions that define the model. The family provides a unified framework of alternative models to the binor mal a...
Effects of patellofemoral overstuffing on knee flexion and patellar kinematics following total knee arthroplasty: a cadaveric study

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that overstuffing the patellofemoral joint during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would decrease passive knee flexion and alter patellar kinematics during knee flexion. Ten cadaveric knees were implanted with cruciate-retaining TKAs, and the patellofemoral joint was overstuffed in 2-mm increments with custom-augmented patellar prostheses (+2 mm through +8 mm). Changes to knee flexion, patellar shift, tilt and rotation were measured with an imageless optical-tracking computer navigation system. Knee flexion decreased an average 1.2° with each additional 2 mm of patellar thickness. Compared with control TKA (+0 mm), no significant decrease in knee flexion was detected until the patellofemoral joint was overstuffed with the +8-mm patellar prosthesis. Kinematic tracking data showed significantly greater lateral shift of patella with the +6- and +8-mm prostheses and significantly greater lateral tilt with the +8-mm prosthesis. Overstuffing had no appreciable effect on patellar rotation. Passive knee flexion after TKA is significantly reduced when overstuffing the patellofemoral joint by +8 mm, and patellofemoral kinematics are altered when overstuffing the joint by +6 mm. These results demonstrate the relatively modest effects of patellofemoral overstuffing on knee flexion and patellar tracking kinematics after TKA.
Influence of seasonality and vegetation type on suburban microclimates

Urbanization is responsible for some of the fastest rates of land-use change around the world, with important consequences for local, regional, and global climate. Vegetation, which represents a significant proportion of many urban and suburban landscapes, can modify climate by altering local exchanges of heat, water vapor, and CO2. To determine how distinct urban forest communities vary in their microclimate effects over time, we measured stand-level leaf area index, soil temperature, infrared surface temperature, and soil water content over a complete growing season at 29 sites representing the five most common vegetation types in a suburban neighborhood of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota. We found that seasonal patterns of soil and surface temperatures were controlled more by differences in stand-level leaf area index and tree cover than by plant functional type. Across the growing season, sites with high leaf area index had soil temperatures that were 7°C lower and surface temperatures that were 6°C lower than sites with low leaf area index. Site differences in mid-season soil temperature and turfgrass ground cover were best explained by leaf area index, whereas differences in mid-season surface temperature were best explained by percent tree cover. The significant cooling effects of urban tree canopies on soil temperature imply that seasonal changes in leaf area index may also modulate CO2 efflux from urban soils, a highly temperature-dependent process, and that this should be considered in calculations of total CO2 efflux for urban carbon budgets. Field-based estimates of percent tree cover were found to better predict mid-season leaf area index than satellite-derived estimates and consequently offer an approach to scale up urban biophysical properties.
Comparison of cell-based and non-cell-based assay platforms for the detection of clinically relevant anti-drug neutralizing antibodies for immunogenicity assessment of therapeutic proteins

Anti-drug neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) formed due to unwanted immunogenicity of a therapeutic protein point towards a mature immune response. NAb detection is important in interpreting the therapeutic's efficacy and safety in vivo. In vitro cell-based NAb assays provide a physiological system for NAb detection, however are complex assays. Non-cell-based competitive ligand binding (CLB) approaches are also employed for NAb detection. Instead of cells, CLB assays use soluble receptor and conjugated reagents and are easier to perform, however have reduced physiological relevance. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of CLB assays to established cell-based assays to determine the former's ability to detect clinically relevant NAbs towards therapeutics that (i) acted as an agonist or (ii) acted as antagonists by binding to a target receptor. We performed a head-to-head comparison of the performance of cell-based and CLB NAb assays for erythropoietin (EPO) and two anti-receptor monoclonal antibodies (AMG-X and AMG 317). Clinically relevant NAb-positive samples identified previously by a cell-based assay were assessed in the corresponding CLB format(s). A panel of 12 engineered fully human anti-EPO monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was tested in both EPO NAb assay formats. Our results showed that the CLB format was (i) capable of detecting human anti-EPO MAbs of differing neutralizing capabilities and affinities and (ii) provided similar results as the cell-based assay for detecting NAbs in patient samples. The cell-based and CLB assays also behaved comparably in detecting NAbs in clinical samples for AMG-X. In the case of anti-AMG 317 NAbs, the CLB format failed to detect NAbs in more than 50% of the tested samples. We conclude that assay sensitivity, drug tolerance and the selected assay matrix played an important role in the inability of AMG 317 CLB assays to detect clinically relevant NAbs.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Community-Based Dancing to Modify Disease Progression in Parkinson Disease:

Background. Tango dancing has been effective in improving measures of physical function in people with Parkinson disease (PD). However, all previous studies were institution-based, tested participants on medication, and employed short-term interventions. Objective. To determine the effects of a 12-month community-based tango program for individuals with PD on disease severity and physical function. Methods. Sixty-two participants were randomly assigned to a twice weekly, community-based Argentine Tango program or a Control group (no intervention). Participants were assessed off anti-Parkinson medication at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the Movement Disorders Society–Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale 3 (MDS-UPDRS-3). Secondary outcome measures were the MDS-UPDRS-1, MDS-UPDRS-2, MiniBESTest balance test; Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG_Q); 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT); gait velocity for comfortable forward, fast as possible forward, dual task, and backward walking; and...
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in adolescents and young adults.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) occurs in patients with recurrent or chronic pulmonary embolism, and is a rare but potentially devastating disease in adolescents and young adults. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is an important curative therapy for patients with CTEPH. The importance of this treatment may be under-appreciated and under-utilized in adolescents and young adults. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a chart review of all patients <24 years of age who had PTE performed for CTEPH at our institution from 2003-2009 (seven patients, average age 20.2 +/- 2.5 years, range 17-23 years, average BMI 34 +/- 12 kg/m(2)). All patients had their operations performed by a single surgeon. RESULTS: There were no deaths. Three of the seven patients were incorrectly diagnosed prior to the diagnosis of CTEPH. Right ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 61.3 +/- 19 mmHg pre-operatively to 31.8 +/- 5 mmHg post-operatively (P = 0.008). All patients reported symptomatic relief, and no patient has had recurrence of CTEPH. CONCLUSION: Although rare in the young patient, recurrent pulmonary emboli can have devastating consequences. The potentially lethal implications of CTEPH may be under-appreciated in adolescents and young adults. When indicated, PTE is a definitive, curative procedure with low morbidity and mortality.
Pregnenolone biosynthesis by cultured rat granulosa cells: modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

The mechanism by which GnRH inhibits ovarian progesterone production was investigated by studying the GnRH modulation of pregnenolone biosynthesis in cultured rat granulosa cells. Granulosa cells from hypophysectomized, estrogentreated rats were incubated for 2 days with various hormones in vitro. Pregnenolone production was measured in the presence of cyanoketone, which inhibits the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. FSH stimulated pregnenolone production in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, 4.47 ng/ml). Concomitant treatment with GnRH resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in FSH-stimulated pregnenolone production (ID50,6.3 × 10-9 M; maximal decrease, ∼50%). In contrast, treatment with high doses of GnRH alone stimulated pregnenolone production (ED50, 2.95 × 10-8 M), reaching a maximal level of about 10% that induced by FSH. Treatment with a GnRH antagonist, [Ac-D-Phe1, D-pCl-Phe2, D-Trp3>6]GnRH, did not affect either basal or FSH-stimulated pregnenolone production, but blocked both inhibitory and ...
Issues in building intelligent grasping systems

Intelligent robotic systems will need to have the capability to grasp, recognize, inspect and manipulate objects. Our experience in building an intelligent system with these capabilities has forced us to confront a number of important issues that we have found to be important in building an intelligent grasping system. The issues are 1) the need for multiple sensing capability in hands, 2) synchronization of actuation devices, and 3) coordinated contact movement on a surface. We demonstrate how these issues are overcome with an example of haptic sensing with our Utah/MIT hand system
Pulmonary vascular stress from carbon monoxide.

Studies were conducted with rats to investigate whether exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) at concentrations frequently found in the environment caused lung injury mediated by nitric oxide (•NO)-derived oxidants. Lung capillary leakage was significantly increased 18 h after rats had been exposed to CO at concentrations of 50 ppm or more for 1 h. An elevation of•NO during CO exposure was demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. There was a 2.6-fold increase of•NO over control in the lungs of rats exposed to 100 ppm CO. A qualitative increase in the concentration of H2O2was also detected in lungs during CO exposure, and this change was caused by•NO as it was inhibited in rats pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nωnitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Production of•NO-derived oxidants during CO exposure was indicated by an elevated concentration of nitrotyrosine in lung homogenates. The CO-associated elevations in lung capillary leakage and nitrotyrosine concentration did not occur when rats were pretreated withl-NAME. CO exposure did not change the concentrations of endothelial or inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung and leukocyte sequestration was not detected as a consequence of CO exposure. CO-mediated lung leak and nitrotyrosine elevation were not affected by neutropenia. We conclude that CO exposure elevates the steady-state concentration of•NO in lungs. Consequences from this change include increases in the concentration of reactive oxygen species, production of•NO-derived oxidants such as peroxynitrite, and physiological evidence of lung injury.
The Benefits of Gardening for Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature

This article systematically reviews evidence for gardening as a beneficial activity for older adults. The authors reviewed 22 articles that assessed the benefits of gardening for both community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults. Through various research designs (quantitative and qualitative) and measurements utilized, the results reveal that gardening can be an activity that promotes overall health and quality of life, physical strength, fitness and flexibility, cognitive ability, and socialization. The implementation of various aspects of gardening as health-promoting activities transcend contexts of practice and disciplines and can be used in urban and rural communities as both individual and group activities.
High-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers Based on Multimode Interference

In this paper, high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers based on multimode interference (MMI) in active large-core multimode optical fibers are proposed and their properties are investigated. Experimental results and simulations indicate that such fiber lasers and amplifiers are promising candidates for high-power miniature solid-state lasers. Utilization of the MMI leads to remarkable spectral and spatial features of fiber lasers and amplifiers such as generation of high-power diffraction-free beams.
System order reduction in robust stabilization problems

Robust stabilization via state-feedback is considered. Using a fixed quadratic Lyapunov function approach (quadratic stabilization) we investigate the possibility of reducing the quadratic stabilization problem of a given uncertain system to a similar problem for an uncertain subsystem with a fewer number of states, this subsystem is the so-called regular subsystem associated with the original system. It is shown that when some of the control input channels of the given uncertain system are ‘free of uncertainty’, this reduction is possible. We show that a given uncertain system is quadratically stabilizable via linear state-feedback if and only if the same holds for its regular subsystem. When the regular subsystem is quadratically stabilizable via linear state-feedback, a simple formula for a controller that quadratically stabilizes the original system is given. We also present an example of an uncertain system that is not quadratically stabilizable even though its regular subsystem can be quadratically ...
Do children and adults with language impairment recognize prosodic cues

Purpose Prosodic cues are used to clarify sentence structure and meaning. Two studies, one of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and one of adults with a history of learning disabilit...
Models for nuclear smuggling interdiction

We describe two stochastic network interdiction models for thwarting nuclear smuggling. In the first model, the smuggler travels through a transportation network on a path that maximizes the probability of evading detection, and the interdictor installs radiation sensors to minimize that evasion probability. The problem is stochastic because the smuggler's origin-destination pair is known only through a probability distribution at the time when the sensors are installed. In this model, the smuggler knows the locations of all sensors and the interdictor and the smuggler “agree” on key network parameters, namely the probabilities the smuggler will be detected while traversing the arcs of the transportation network. Our second model differs in that the interdictor and smuggler can have differing perceptions of these network parameters. This model captures the case in which the smuggler is aware of only a subset of the sensor locations. For both models, we develop the important special case in which the senso...
Vortex Generators for a Dual-Stream Low-Boom Inlet

o. The primary comparison was based on data collected at a 52-probe stagnation pressure rake and a boundary layer rake at the engine-face plane, as well as centerbody static pressures. The VG's were found to control the boundary layer over the entire angle of attack range investigated while maintaining good pressure recovery. The comparisons indicate that the RANS predictions reasonably describe this inlet flow and the effect of the flow control devices, and that this is a reasonable approach for inlet design. The devices were also considered for an inlet geometry more consistent with flight conditions, which showed that the VG benefits were retained in this geometry as well.
AT&T and the Private-Sector Origins of Private-Sector Affirmative Action

In January 1973, American Telephone & Telegraph, then the world's largest private-sector employer, entered into a Consent Decree with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In this decree, following a fourteen-month dispute before the Federal Communications Commission, at&t agreed to implement specific goals and timetables for hiring women in traditionally male jobs, men in traditionally female jobs, and minorities in jobs in which they had been traditionally underrepresented. at&t's adoption of affirmative action immediately preceded the routine application of affirmative action hiring and promotion policies in large, private-sector U.S. firms regardless of federal contractor status. Nonetheless, the importance of at&t's action remains misunderstood by critics and supporters of affirmative action alike.
An embedded reset driver for digital micromirror devices (DMDs)

— A digital micromirror device (DMD) is a micromachined high-density light-modulating system widely used in front projectors, high-definition TVs, and digital cinemas. Although the high-speed memory and digital control electronics have long been integrated underneath the micromirror array, high-voltage reset waveforms have to be provided separately and synchronized with the DMD chip to actuate the micromirrors. Using drain-extended transistors, the high-voltage driver electronics are successfully integrated on DMDs to generate local reset waveforms having voltage variations up to 30 V at a fast slew rate. At fast-charging/discharging rates, the transistor reliability requirements are still satisfied and the driver electronics maintain low average current consumption.
Family-Centered Services: Service Providers' Discourse and Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine family-centered practice in terms of six service providers' philosophies and behaviors. Six professionals from a pool of 43 service providers were identifie...
Anterior temporal face patches: a meta-analysis and empirical study

Studies of nonhuman primates have reported face sensitive patches in the ventral anterior temporal lobes (ATL). In humans, ATL resection or damage causes an associative prosopagnosia in which face perception is intact but face memory is compromised. Some fMRI studies have extended these findings using famous and familiar faces. However, it is unclear whether these regions in the human ATL are in locations comparable to those reported in non-human primates, typically using unfamiliar faces. We present the results of two studies of person memory: a meta-analysis of existing fMRI studies and an empirical fMRI study using optimized imaging parameters. Both studies showed left-lateralized ATL activations to familiar individuals while novel faces activated the right ATL. Activations to famous faces were quite ventral, similar to what has been reported in monkeys. These findings suggest that face memory-sensitive patches in the human ATL are in the ventral/polar ATL.
ZigBee-based Intra-car Wireless Sensor Network

Due to an increasing number of sensors deployed in cars, recently there is a growing interest in implementing a wireless sensor network within a car. In this paper, we report the results of packet transmission experiments using ZigBee sensor nodes within a car under various scenarios. The results of the experiments suggest that both Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Link Quality Indicator (LQI) can only be used as a threshold-based indicator to evaluate the link quality - indicating poor link quality when dropping below a certain threshold. Preliminary experimental results show that a detection algorithm developed by the authors based on RSSI/LQI/error patterns and an adaptive strategy might increase the goodput performance of the link while improving power consumption of the radio.
GENETICS, LIGHTING ENVIRONMENT, AND HERITABLE RESPONSES TO LIGHTING ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MALE COLOR MORPH EXPRESSION IN BLUEFIN KILLIFISH, LUCANIA GOODEI

Determining the degree to which variation in traits is controlled by genetics and/or environment is fundamental to understanding adaptation. In this study, we examine the genetic and environmental influences on color pattern expression in male bluefin killifish, Lucania goodei. This is a compelling system because both male color patterns and vision physiology are correlated with basic properties of the environment. Across populations, males with blue anal fins are more abundant in waters with low transmission of UV and blue wavelengths. Here, we present results from two paternal half-sib breeding experiments (one in the laboratory, one in the greenhouse) in which offspring were raised under light treatments that mimicked natural variation in the spectral composition of light. In both experiments, we found that red-versus-yellow expression is controlled by an autosomal locus of large effect where yellow (Y) is dominant over red (y). There was little blue expression in the laboratory. In the greenhouse, we found higher expression of blue anal fin morphs when males were raised in tea-stained water (low transmission UV/ blue) than when raised in clear water (high transmission UV/blue). We also found genetic effects of sires and an interaction between sire and lighting environment (i.e. heritable plasticity). These results show that a relatively simple, environmentally dependent, epistatic interaction can produce a large amount of variation in male color patterns that presumably function in sexual selection.
Deciphering the uncertainties in life cycle energy and environmental analysis of organic photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) technologies are rapidly emerging as a viable alternative for traditional silicon and thin film technologies. OPVs are projected to be comparatively inexpensive and have a low energy payback time (EPBT) with lower levels of anthropogenic emissions during their lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed the life cycle environmental impacts and EPBT of a scalable OPV module in the three cities Chicago, New York and San Francisco, for the current, near-term future and long-term future scenarios. Instead of using the deterministic or ‘single point estimate’ method, we employed a probabilistic approach by applying an uncertainty analysis to each of these scenarios using the Monte Carlo simulation method, and thereby quantifying the uncertainty and risk associated with each scenario. By comparing the proposed OPV technology with four typical silicon-based and thin-film photovoltaics in the aspects of EPBT and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, we demonstrate the great potential of OPVs in environmental sustainability. The probabilistic approach displayed a wide distribution for the EPBT and CO2 emission factor values, rather than squeezing around a single value. This demonstrated the insufficiency of deterministic analysis, which would give a false impression of certainty in the outcomes.
Shaping up Information Literacy in a New Venue, a University in Bangladesh

The purpose of this study is to rationalize the Information Literacy Education (ILE) and to initiate a small scaled ILE programme for the Freshman undergraduate students who determined to study business at Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB). As most of the students of IUB are from the business discipline so the target group is specified only for this group for this exploration. This study intended to suggest ILE programme with specific goals, objectives, activities and resources which may be relevant for the target group and may fit with the institutional mission of IUB. Freshman students were asked to fill a set of structured questionnaire which assessed their level of information skills and Information Literacy (IL) behaviour. A number of real life cases concerning IUB business students were also observed. Based on basic IL competency assessment and real life problems the necessity of ILE and a suitable programme are proposed for the target group. Though IUB business students are secured in job market and contribution is notable, but they require more competencies to solve Information related problems critically. Regarding perception of IL behaviour, a changed attitude of the respondents is observed which is significant and visible in general. It is assumed that most of them realized their need for IL Education to solve their information related problems. A small scaled programme in present infra-structure of the library and concerned school is suggested for the newcomers. Though this type of ILE research result may be described elsewhere, but programme-based ILE study is for the first time in Bangladesh. Undoubtedly, this is basic by nature, but this study will foster more research in this context of information liter-acy in Bangladesh. Here, the topic of this paper is in a new venue, a university in Bangladesh, contributes to the knowledge in the discipline of information literacy education program based on explorations, perception and review.
Restructuring Higher Education Opportunity?: African American Degree Attainment after Michigan's Ban on Affirmative Action

This policy brief analyzes the impact of Proposal 2, the voter initiative in Michigan that prohibited race-conscious affirmative action, in the higher education arena. The report primarily (but not exclusively) focuses on African Americans and the University of Michigan Ann Arbor. After Proposal 2 African American degree attainment plummeted at professional schools including medicine and law, which threatens the health and civic leadership of communities. Doctoral degree (including STEM fields), Master’s degree and bachelor’s degree attainment levels also declined considerably for African Americans after Proposal 2. The final section reviews freshmen graduation rates – including comparisons of many institutions in Michigan and beyond, plus a synthesis of the scholarly literature – and confirms that affirmative action has a net positive impact on African Americans and Latinos earning bachelor’s degrees, contrary to the claims of the Petitioner in the Schuette Supreme Court case.
The Experimental Analysis of Migration and Life-History Strategies in Insects

The introduction of experimental methods into the study of insect migration is a relatively recent phenomenon. Earlier studies based on field observations, light trapping, and the compilation of arrival and breeding dates had clearly shown that migration in insects was widespread (Williams 1958), but it was not until migrant insects were studied in both laboratory and field that the nature of migration as a physiological syndrome was understood. Not that field observations were rendered less important, far from it (e.g. Baker 1969), but the data from experimental approaches could now be combined with the field data to provide an integrated view of the whole migration process (Johnson 1969; Dingle 1972). Pioneering the experimental approach was J.S. Kennedy whose now classic papers on the flight and settling of Aphis fabae (Kennedy 1958, 1965, 1966, this volume; Kennedy and Booth 1963a,b, 1964) showed that migration is characterized by the enhancement of flight behaviour, the inhibition of settling and reproductive behaviour, and complex interactions among the three.
Outcome Assessments and Cost Avoidance of an Oral Chemotherapy Management Clinic

Background Increasing use of oral chemotherapy drugs increases the challenges for drug and patient management. An oral chemotherapy management clinic was developed to provide patients with oral chemotherapy management, concurrent medication (CM) education, and symptom management services. This evaluation aims to measure the need and effectiveness of this practice model due to scarce published data. Methods This is a case series report of all patients referred to the oral chemotherapy management clinic. Data collected included patient demographics, depression scores, CMs, and types of intervention, including detection and management outcomes collected at baseline, 3-day, 7-day, and 3-month follow-ups. Persistence rate was monitored. Secondary analysis assessed potential cost avoidance. Results A total of 86 evaluated patients (32 men and 54 women, mean age of 63.4 years) did not show a high risk for medication nonadherence. The 3 most common cancer diagnoses were rectal, pancreatic, and breast, with capecitabine most prescribed. Patients had an average of 13.7 CMs. A total of 125 interventions (detection and management of adverse drug event detection, compliance, drug interactions, medication error, and symptom management) occurred in 201 visits, with more than 75% of interventions occurring within the first 14 days. A persistence rate was observed in 78% of 41 evaluable patients. The total estimated annual cost avoidance per 1.0 full time employee (FTE) was $125,761.93. Conclusions This evaluation demonstrated the need for additional support for patients receiving oral chemotherapy within standard of care medical service. A comprehensive oral chemotherapy management referral service can optimize patient care delivery via early interventions for adverse drug events, drug interactions, and medication errors up to 3 months after initiation of treatment.