cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation modes of poly(styrene-co-sodium methacrylate) ionomers

Abstract The influence of ion content and ionomer morphology on deformation modes of poly(styrene-co-sodium methacrylate) ionomers has been examined. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis indicates a morphology characteristic to amorphous ionomers: two separate loss peaks are observed, one associated with the glass transition of the multiplet-containing matrix phase and the higher temperature loss peak with the glass transition of an ion-rich cluster ‘phase’. As ion content rises, the intensity of the matrix loss peak diminishes, while the intensity of the cluster loss peak rises. At a critical ion content of about 6 mol%, the cluster phase begins to dominate. Such ‘two-phase’ morphology of the ionomers has an appreciable effect on deformation modes. At low ion contents, where the matrix phase is the major one, only crazing is observed and the craze morphology is generally similar to that of polystyrene. At higher ion contents where the cluster phase becomes dominant, some shear deformation is present and the crazes tend to be shorter and less well defined. The effect of thermal treatment on crazing behaviour of the ionomers is also studied; two competing factors, i.e. simple physical aging and enhancement of the ion-rich cluster phase, determine the overall deformation modes. In general, thermal treatment enhances cluster formation, which in turn suppresses crazing and shifts the deformation mode towards shear deformation. Results of this study are compared with those reported on other types of ionomers, such as partially sulfonated polystyrene ionomers and ionomers based on poly(methyl methacrylate).
Prediction of transition metal phase diagrams

Abstract The design of nuclear fuels and their containers, moderating materials of reactors, heat-exchanger materials, fission-product control, and fuel processing systems requires knowledge of the thermodynamics and phase relations not only of the actinide elements and their compounds but also of many other elements of the periodic table, particularly the transition metal elements. The present discussion which deals with methods of predicting the thermodynamics and phase diagrams of the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides is based largely on the first three references. These publications provide additional references that give more detail. The fourth reference, dealing with the existence of intermetallic compounds of extraordinary stability, may also be of interest. A paper by Sasaki entitled “Alloy Design” provides an example published in Japanese of the application of the ideas to be discussed. It is not possible in the space allotted to cover the methods of predicting transition metal phase diagrams in great detail. The general principles will be reviewed and some sample applications illustrated.
Children's response to community violence: what do we know?

This article presents a framework for understanding the developmental significance of violence-related trauma in the lives of young children. It emphasizes the importance of the distinction between acute and chronic trauma. Acute trauma is more readily dealt with through “psychological first aid” and a “therapy of reassurance.” Chronic trauma requires a more systematic reconstruction of the child's “social map” of the world. The socioeconomic and demographic correlates of violent trauma predict an accumulation of risk factors in the child's life that compounds the problem of developmental disability. The problem community violence poses for the child must be understood in the larger context of greater risk for family disruption (including less than secure attachment) as well as domestic violence, poverty, and minority group status. The increasing incidence and prevalence of community violence poses a major challenge to the mental health of children.
Academic research under siege: Toward better operational definitions of scholarship to increase effectiveness, efficiencies and productivity

Abstract Work assignments and other personnel decisions based on a faculty member's reliable record of either truly advancing knowledge or not could improve the process of allocating faculty time to unfunded research and allow for more teaching by those who have not established a record of advancing knowledge. This study reports survey results which indicate that most faculty consider publications in leading journals and the publication of a critically-acclaimed, Ph.D-level textbook to be the primary sources for advancing knowledge in a discipline with all other indicators of very limited importance. It is proposed that the more limited and rigorous criteria should drive staffing decisions to enhance the research mission of the university and increase productivity, effectiveness and efficiencies.
System Architecture for Ride Portfolio Reporting Employing Energy Harvesting Scheme

Onboard scavenging systems are considered as a source of electrical power. Since power harvested form such a system is a function of road roughness, vehicle speed, and the velocity of the vibrating suspension system of the vehicle, we assert that such system may not only be a source of scavenged electrical power, but also the basis of valuable data that can be used in several expedient ways. In this paper, we propose a system architecture that will collect and make use of this valuable data. According to the proposal, the system will deduce information from onboard energy scavenging system, index it with GPS coordinates, endorse it with timestamp, and make a portfolio of consolidated information. This information will then be dispensed to a dedicated server residing in a trusted third party network, where it will be accessed and used for several third party applications such as assessment of road roughness, evaluation of automobile's suspension system, and perceiving the driver behavior, etc. The proposed architecture consists of three key subsystems, named as Energy-scavenging and Data-acquisition Subsystem (EDS), Portfolio Dispatch Subsystem (PDS), and Storage and Analysis Subsystem (SAS). The holistic system presented in this paper is capable of offering plethora of value added services in cost effective way.
Use of the Zvuk-202 instrument for inspecting the properties of refractory parts

Testing of the Zvuk-202 standard production domestic production instrument for measuring the frequency of characteristic oscillations by the method of free oscillations on 25 types and sizes of aluminosilicate parts showed that in its technical characteristics (reproducibility and reliability of measurement results, inspection time, range of parts, possibility of automation, etc.) it meets the requirements for equipment for nondestructive sonic inspection of refractory parts.
Networks that Learn about Phonological Feature Persistence

Natural language phonology presents a challenge to connectionists because it is an example of apparently symbolic, rule-governed behavior. This paper describes two experiments investigating the power of simple recurrent networks (SRNs) to acquire phonological regularities that can be described in terms of the persistence of particular features. The first experiment demonstrates the ability of an SRN to learn simple harmony constraints within morphemes; that is, restrictions on the co-occurrence of particular types of segments. The second experiment shows that an SRN is capable of learning patterns of feature persistence across morpheme boundaries, in this case, the alterations occurring in the regular plural forms of English nouns. This behavior is usually characterized in terms of a derivation from a more to a less abstract level; here it takes the form of the more psychologically plausible processes of the production of a sequence of segments given a meaning or the generation of a meaning given a sequence of segments. This is accomplished by having both segmental and semantic inputs and outputs in the network. Trained on the task of auto-associating the current segment and meaning and predicting the next segment, the network learns to produce the appropriate plural suffix on nouns it has seen in only the singular and to recognize novel plural forms as plural.
Regulation of reticuloendothelial iron transporter MTP1 (Slc11a3) by inflammation

Acute and chronic inflammation cause many changes in total body iron metabolism including the sequestration of iron in phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. This change in iron metabolism contributes to the development of the anemia of inflammation. MTP1, the duodenal enterocyte basolateral iron exporter, is also expressed in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and is likely to be involved in iron recycling of these cells. In this study, we use a lipopolysaccharide model of the acute inflammation in the mouse and demonstrate that MTP1 expression in RES cells of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow is down-regulated by inflammation. The down-regulation of splenic expression of MTP1 by inflammation was also observed in a Leishmania donovani model of chronic infection. The response of MTP1 to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) requires signaling through the LPS receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In mice lacking TLR4, MTP1 expression is not altered in response to LPS. In addition, mice lacking tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1a respond appropriately to LPS with down-regulation of MTP1, despite hyporesponsiveness to tumor necrosis factor-α signaling, suggesting that this cytokine may not be required for the LPS effect. We hypothesize that the iron sequestration in the RES system that accompanies inflammation is because of down-regulation of MTP1.
Preparation and reactivity of the new cyclopentadienyl-bridged complex (Me2SiCH2CH2SiMe2)(C5H4Fe(CO)2)2

Abstract A new metal-metal bonded binuclear iron system [Me 2 SiCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 2 ][η 5 -C 5 H 4 Fe(CO) 2 ] 2 ( 2 ) has been prepared by treating two equivalents of NaCp with one equivalent of ClSi(Me) 2 CH 2 CH 2 SiClMe 2 obtaining the intermediate (C 5 H 5 )Si(Me) 2 CH 2 CH 2 Si(Me) 2 (C 5 H 5 ) which then is directly allowed to react with Fe(CO) 5 given 2 in 30% yield. From this cyclopentadienyldisilyl linked system three new binuclear irom complexes are formed. Treatment of 2 with Na/Hg in THF produced the dianion [Me 2 SiCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 2 ][η 5 -C 5 H 4 Fe(CO) 2 − ] 2 which is quenched with CH 3 I giving [Me 2 SiCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 2 ][η 5 -C 4 H 4 Fe(CO) 2 CH 3 ] 2 ( 4 ) in 76% yield. Complex 2 is oxidized with 1.2 equivalent of I 2 to give [Me 2 SiCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 2 ][η 5 -C 5 H 4 Fe(CO) 2 I] 2 ( 5 ) in 85% yield. Photolysis of 5 (1 equiv.) and PPh 3 (3 equiv.) results in the formation of the bis-substituted compound [Me 2 SiCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 2 ][η 5 -C 5 H 4 Fe(CO)(PPh 3 )I] 2 ( 6 ). These four new binuclear iron complexes are characterized by 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Pediatric airway management

Securing an airway is a vital task for the anesthesiologist. The pediatric patients have significant anatomical and physiological differences compared with adults, which impact on the techniques and tools that the anesthesiologist might choose to provide safe and effective control of the airway. Furthermore, there are a number of pathological processes, typically seen in the pediatric population, which present unique anatomical or functional difficulties in airway management. The presence of one of these syndromes or conditions can predict a "difficult airway." Many instruments and devices are currently available which have been designed to aid in airway management. Some of these have been adapted from adult designs, but in many cases require alterations in technique to account for the anatomical and physiological differences of the pediatric patient. This review focuses on assessment and management of pediatric airway and highlights the unique challenges encountered in children.
Immunohistochemical Overexpression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor–Beta (PDGFR-β) is Associated With PDGFRB Gene Copy Number Gain in Sarcomatoid Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Introduction Sarcomatoid non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an uncommon histologic variant that has not been molecularly well-characterized. We hypothesized that the PDGF-B/PDGF-Rβ pathway may be dysregulated in sarcomatoid lung cancer. Methods We conducted immunohistochemical (IHC) and gene copy number gain studies of PDGF-B/PDGFR-β on archived surgically resected specimens, 43 sarcomatoid NSCLCs and 42 control NSCLCs that were age, gender and stage-matched. Biomarkers were correlated to patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and survival. Results Sarcomatoid tumors had higher PDGFR-β IHC expression than control NSCLC (median score 2.69 vs. 1.93; P PDGFRB gene copy number was evaluated by FISH using three ways: presence of amplification, gene copy number gain, and gene copy ratio between tumor and normal tissue. PDGFRB gene copy number gain was associated with sarcomatoid histology ( P = 0.006), lower clinical and pathologic T-stage ( P = 0.07, P = 0.048), and higher pathologic N-stage ( P = 0.013). Sarcomatoid NSCLC patients ( P = 0.006) and female patients ( P = 0.03) had higher gene copy ratios above 1.83. Higher PDGFR-β IHC expression in tumor cells was associated with gene copy number gain ( P = 0.021) and higher gene copy ratio status ( P = 0.005). Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate high PDGFR-β IHC expression and gene copy number gain in sarcomatoid NSCLC tumors and suggests that further studies are warranted to determine whether PDGFR-β is a feasible therapeutic target in this population.
Control of heat-induced cutaneous vasodilatation in relation to age

Well matched unacclimatised older (age 55–68, 4 women, 2 men) and younger (age 19–30, 4 women, 2 men) subjects performed 75 min cycle exercise (∼40%\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } \)) in a hot environment (37°C, 60% rh). Rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (¯Tsk), arm blood flow (ABF, strain gauge plethysmography), and cardiac output (Q, CO2 rebreathing) were measured to examine age-related differences in heat-induced vasodilatation.Tre and¯Tsk rose to the same extent in each group during the exposure. There was no significant intergroup difference in sweat rate (older: 332±43 ml · m−2 · h−1, younger: 435±49 ml · m−2 · h−1; mean±SEM). However, the older subjects responded to exercise in the heat with a lower ABF response which could be attributed to a lower\(\dot Q\) for the same exercise intensity. The slope of the ABF-Tre relationship was attenuated in the older subjects (9.3±1.3 vs 17.9±3.3 ml · 100 ml−1 · min−1 · °C−1,p <0.05), but theTre threshold for vasodilatation was about 37.0°C for both groups. These results suggest an altered control of skin vasodilatation during exercise in the heat in older individuals. This attenuated ABF response appears to be unrelated to\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } \), and may reflect an age-related change in thermoregulatory cardiovascular function.
Effects of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine on regional metabolic responses to arm exercise in patients with heart failure

The reduced exercise capacity of patients with heart failure is thought to be due in part to impaired skeletal muscle oxygen delivery. To determine if hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate improve skeletal muscle oxygen delivery in such patients, the effects of these agents on regional metabolic responses to forearm exercise were examined in 16 patients with heart failure. Arm oxygen extraction and brachial venous lactate concentration were measured at rest and during 3 minutes of rhythmic handgrip and then remeasured after administration of oral hydralazine (nine patients) or sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (nine patients). Hydralazine increased mean (± standard deviation) cardiac output at rest from 3.5 ± 0.5 to 4.9 ±1.0 liters/min (p < 0.01) and decreased arm oxygen extraction from 39 ± 8 to 33 ± 10 percent (probability [p] < 0.01), suggesting improved resting limb oxygen delivery. However, hydralazine did not reduce arm oxygen extraction during exercise (control 63 ± 4, hydralazine 60 ± 12 percent; p = notsignificant[NS]) or venous lactate during exercise (control 16.6 ± 7.8, hydralazine 17.1 ± 4.8 mg/100 ml; p = NS). Isosorbide dinitrate increased the cardiac output from 3.6 ± 0.7 to 4.5 ± 0.7 liters/min (p < 0.01) but had no effect on arm oxygen extraction at rest (control 40 ± 11, isosorbide dinitrate 38 ± 11 percent; p = NS) and during exercise (control 66 ± 5, isosorbide dinitrate 64 ± 8 percent; p = NS) or on venous lactate during exercise (control 17.9 ± 6.4, isosorbide dinitrate 17.1 ± 3.9 mg/100 ml; p = NS). These data suggest that hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate do not improve skeletal muscle oxygen delivery during exercise in patients with heart failure.
Celiac disease in patients with an affected member, type 1 diabetes, iron-deficiency, or osteoporosis?

Celiac disease (CD) may be a much under recognized condition, in part because it is not considered in those patients at high risk or in clinical conditions that may be a manifestation of CD. Screening high-risk groups may reveal a higher prevalence than seen in the general population. Several diseases have been described to have an association with CD that may be greater than by chance alone. The presence of autoimmune conditions such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or a family history of CD or dermatitis herpetiformis may increase the risk of coexisting CD. The prevalence of CD may be increased in certain patient groups, including the following: osteoporosis or low bone mass or iron-deficiency anemia. Many studies, including population-based work, suggest a prevalence of CD of 3%–7% of T1DM and 4%–10% of first-degree family members. Anemia and osteoporosis are common in patients with newly diagnosed CD. Conversely, CD is common in referral populations with those conditions but makes a relatively small contribution to the overall community prevalence of anemia or postmenopausal osteoporosis. Most screen-found patients tend to have little or no gastrointestinal symptoms. In conclusion, significant reservoirs of CD can be found in some at-risk groups, such as those with T1DM, family members, and referred patients with osteoporosis and anemia. It is not clear what impact CD has on the quality of life of these individuals.
A retrospective statistical analysis of high-grade soft tissue sarcomas.

Soft-tissue sarcomas have a mortality rate ranging from 40–60% for high-grade lesions. Prior identified risk factors for post-surgical mortality include tumor size, lesion histology, and margin status at resection. A better understanding of prognostic factors is needed to guide patient counseling and treatment. Data were collected from 129 patients surgically treated for high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas during 2002–2010. The primary endpoint was death related to high-grade soft tissue sarcoma. Thirteen variables were investigated: age, gender, race, tumor size, margin status, location, estimated blood loss, operative blood transfusions, pre-operative metastatic disease, pre-operative radiation, post-operative radiation, pre-operative chemotherapy, and post-operative chemotherapy. A Cox Survival Analysis model was created to determine the best predictors of survival time. Tumor size and the presence of pre-surgical metastasis were statistically significant predictors of overall survival. Patients with a tumor greater than 8 cm in any cross section had a 3.15 times greater chance of death. Presence of pre-surgical metastasis carried a 3.47 greater chance of death. The remaining variables did not predict patient outcomes in a statistically significant manner. The hazard ratios calculated add new data and can be used to more effectively guide patients in prognosis and treatment regimens.
Conversion of TNF alpha from antiproliferative to proliferative ligand in mouse intestinal epithelial cells by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Abstract The mechanisms regulating the balance between intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation are essential to maintaining an intact mucosal barrier. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases appear to be key transducers of extracellular signals in these pathways. The goal of this study was to investigate the regulation of MAP kinase by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in intestinal epithelial cells. The young adult mouse colon cell line was studied for TNFα and/or EGF regulation of MAP kinase in the presence or absence of the MAP kinase kinase (MEK1) inhibitor PD 98059. Proliferation was determined by hemocytometry, and activated MAP kinase was identified by Western blot analysis, in vitro kinase assay, and confocal laser immunofluorescent microscopy. TNFα stimulated sustained nuclear MAP kinase activity, while EGF stimulated transient cytoplasmic MAP kinase activity. Changing TNFα's sustained MAP kinase activation to transient converted TNFα from an anti-proliferative to a proliferative ligand. These findings demonstrate that both TNFα and EGF activate MAP kinase in intestinal epithelial cells. The kinetics and subcellular distribution of this enzyme activity may be pivotal in the transduction of divergent cellular responses in the intestinal epithelium with implications for altered proliferative signals in inflammatory bowel disease.
Toward a Student Workstation: Extensions to the Logo Environment

Programming is seen as a worthwhile activity to include the school curriculum. The programming language often selected for this activity is LOGO. While children enjoy using LOGO, studies have indicated that children are often frustrated by their programming experience and though the children may understand the syntax of the LOGO commands, often they do not gather an understanding of the semantics of the same commands. This article describes the results of the testing of a workstation environment that was built to eliminate some of these frustrations. The results show that when students are provided with an online practice window they can deepen their understanding of the semantics of LOGO commands. In addition, the workstation seems to allow children more opportunities to explore LOGO as evidenced by the more complicated programming products produced by those students who used the workstation.
A Stochastic Method of Allocation of Components to Maximize Reliability

The purpose of this paper is to present a method of implicit enumeration that can be used in reliability problems to maximize system reliability subject to cost constraints. The method is based on a stochastic approach in which probability distributions are attached to families of allocations. Probability distributions permit the experienced scheduler to apply his experience as well as factors which are not taken directly into account by the mathematical form of the problem. This feature together with getting near-optimal solutions are its principal features. When compared to other methods, speed is gained because the cost projection part of the method deals with functions of random variables rather than methods such as linear programming. The method is presented for systems in which all components are in series.
Site-cluster distributions and equation of state for the bond percolation model

The order parameter for the bond percolation model is generalized to give a generating function for the site-cluster distribution. The equation of state satisfied by this order parameter and the site-cluster distribution function and the site correlation function are determined near six dimensions using renormalization-group methods. The relation between the Potts model and the bond percolation model is generalized to give both the site and bond distributions in the clusters.
When do we stop, and how do we do it? Medical futility and withdrawal of care.

Dr Hinshaw: Welcome to the general session entitled “When Do We Stop, and How Do We Do It? Medical Futility and Withdrawal of Care.” This symposium is one of an ongoing series of symposia focused on palliative care organized by the Work Group for Surgical Palliative Care, jointly sponsored by the College and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. We are fortunate to be able to make this a highly interactive session, in which the Audience Interactive Response System will be used throughout the presentations to increase your involvement. Presentations include a brief introduction to the problem, followed by examination of the ethical issues involved in determining medical futility, how a determination of futility and the need for withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment is made, how withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment is accomplished effectively and compassionately, and, finally, the educational issues that add complexity to this topic will be examined. By way of introduction, I present an illustrative case, drawn from my practice. A 56-year-old man presents 5 months after having had a palliative choledochoenterostomy for a mass in the head of the pancreas and, unfortunately, a lymph node in the hepatoduodenal ligament that was positive for adenocarcinoma. Since the operation, he’s had more than a 30-pound weight loss, and has increasing weakness and fatigue, especially in the last 2 months. For the last 3 weeks before this presentation in clinic, he’s had significant, worsening postprandial vomiting. He now presents with a very large distended stomach with a mass obstructing the proximal duodenum. An endoscopist was unable to stent this, and the patient asked me to fix it. What should I do next?
Competency in neonatal endotracheal intubation: mission impossible?

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Program Requirements (PRs) for Pediatrics require that residents be able to competently perform neonatal endotracheal intubation (NET).1 In this issue of Pediatrics, DeMeo et al2 defined competency as a 75% likelihood of intubation success; only a minority of residents (23%) were able to achieve competency during the study period. Four cumulative NET successes were needed to achieve competency; the median number of NET opportunities for their subjects, however, was 3 (range: 1–13). There are 2 lists of procedures in the current version of the PRs. The first list requires residents to “competently perform,” and the second list requires “competent understanding.” During the PR revision process, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Residency Review Committee initially recommended that NET be moved to the second list of procedures. However, feedback from the pediatric community overwhelmingly urged the committee to move NET back to the first list. Advocates for preserving NET as a skill noted that some pediatricians will practice in remote areas, where they could be solely responsible for NET. Responding to the pediatric community, NET was moved … Address correspondence to Joseph Gilhooly, MD, 1900 SW River Dr, Unit 701, Portland, OR 97201. E-mail: gilhooly{at}ohsu.edu
Personality similarity and interpersonal attraction in the computer dating situation.

Summary Couples were matched in a “computer dating” study to examine the efficaciousness of the similarity hypothesis in fostering interpersonal attraction. One hundred ninety-eight couples were matched on the personality dimension of extraversion and 200 couples were matched on neuroticism. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 factorial design with low, moderate, and high degree of possession of the trait representing the facets for both male and female subjects. Some support for the similarity hypothesis was demonstrated.
Is Hybridization Responsible for Invasive Growth of Non-indigenous Water-milfoils?

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, has recently been proposed as a factor promoting invasive growth of some non-indigenous aquatic plant species, particularly those capable of spreading rapidly within and among lakes through clonal reproduction. We tested this hypothesis for variable-leaf water milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum), a non-indigenous aquatic plant that has become a major management and conservation concern in New England. Using nuclear ribosomal DNA, we looked for F1 hybrid populations of invasive M. heterophyllum in 25 New Hampshire (NH) lakes. In contrast to a previous study that found F1 hybrid lineages of invasive M. heterophyllum in Connecticut, we did not find hybrids in our study lakes. This result has two implications: (1) pure lineages of M. heterophyllum are also capable of invasive growth, and (2) the distribution of invasive M. heterophyllum lineages (hybrid vs. pure) may be spatially structured across New England. We stress the importance of more detailed distributional and ecological studies for understanding the invasive potential of this species.
Quantitative measurements of structural changes associated with photo-darkening in a-As2S3 films

Abstract We present new EXAFS data on reversible photo-structural changes (PSC) in a-As 2 S 3 films. The discussion centers on the origin of structural changes and the impact on existing models.
Patterns of Attachment among Preterm Infants of Varying Biological Risk

The attachment relationships of 33 high-risk premature infants, all with moderate to severe respiratory illness and hospitalizations of more than 1 month at birth, are compared to the attachment patterns of 23 healthy, premature infants who were initially hospitalized for less than 1 month. Infants with respiratory illness and moderate to lengthy hospitalizations displayed a significantly different pattern of attachment that was more anxious-resistant (C) (36% vs. 9% C relationships) than that of infants in the healthy, premature group. Moreover, the pattern of attachments of the healthy preterm group was statistically indistinguishable from the attachment relationships reported by Ainsworth for her normative Baltimore study. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that high-risk preterm birth uniquely and specifically shapes the quality of the care giving relationship into the second year of life.
Beyond traditional stakeholder engagement: Public participation roles in California's statewide marine protected area planning process

Abstract Public participation was one of the hallmarks of the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative, a planning process to support the redesign of California's system of marine protected areas (MPAs). The MLPA Initiative implemented innovative and unconventional public outreach and engagement strategies to assist local communities share relevant knowledge and data, and provide timely and targeted contributions to MPA planning discussions. This collaborative model helped broaden traditional forms of participation to ensure public input received and integrated into MPA planning legitimately reflected the interests and priorities of California's coastal communities. A number of considerations were critical to the success of this collaborative approach, including: understanding the needs and limitations of public audiences; working directly with communities to identify appropriate outreach and engagement strategies; prioritizing strategies that supported a multi-directional exchange of information; adapting strategies based on public feedback and internal lessons learned; and hiring professional public engagement specialists. Strategies evolved over time and increased the level and quality of public participation over this multi-stage planning process. Experiences gained from the MLPA Initiative can be used to encourage consideration of collaborative participation in other environmental planning and decision-making processes.
A discrete Fourier analysis associated with discrete function theory

Discrete function theory has recently received considerable attention from many authors. Among these are Duffin and Duris [l, 21, Ferrand [3], and Washburn [4]. In [I], Duffin and Duris present discrete analogs of the onesided and two-sided Laplace transform. Washburn [4] develops the notion of a D-transform and uses it to find solutions of certain types of equations involving discrete functions, their integrals, and their derivatives. Here, we define a discrete analog of the classical Fourier transform and present some of its properties. Section 2, below, is concerned with the actual definition of the discrete Fourier transform and the inversion formula of Theorem 2.3. We also find that the Fourier transforms of two functions agree only when the functions differ by an additive function of the form (1)” K. In Section 3, a convolution theorem and an analog of Parseval’s indentity are proved. Section 4 lists the basic properties of the discrete Fourier transform, and provides some examples of discrete function-discrete Fourier transform pairs. We indicate a possible method for solving the filtering problem calf : h(t X) Sx = g(t) and solve an illustrative example. In what is to follow, we use the discrete exponential function e(z, t) defined by Ferrand [3] to be
Rethinking the Computer in Education

The computer has had a profound impact on our society, yet educators continue to struggle with its influence both inside and outside the classroom. This article recounts pivotal events in the development of the modern computer and its role in education. These events are described not only in terms of their technical importance, but also as influencing our very conception of the “computer.” The author suggests that rather than solely focusing on networked, personal computers, the future of educational technology may lie in the use of specialized, economical computing devices built around open software solutions.
Performance of routing schemes in wireless personal networks

Routing efficiency in wireless communication networks depends critically on the propagation of location information into the network. We propose new dynamic traffic and state-dependent routing algorithms which are suitable for the demands of future wireless personal communications networks. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retention and attrition of science talent: a longitudinal study of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners

Ninety‐four winners of a highly prestigious American science talent search were followed longitudinally from the time they received the award in 1983 to the present. The subjects, 57 male and 37 female, were mailed a 20‐item questionnaire designed to monitor changes and consistencies in the values underlying decisions to pursue or not pursue science as a field of study, as an area of research and/or as a possible career. By 1988, 41% of the females and 12% of the males had dropped out of science. Based on the results of the questionnaire and follow‐up interviews those who have remained in the science track were more likely than those who dropped out to have been supported in their efforts to carry out research projects, given resources to engage in research, and provided mentoring at least equal to that provided during the high school years, including exposure to tacit knowledge needed to succeed in the world of scientific research.
Testing Unfaithful Gaussian Graphical Models

The global Markov property for Gaussian graphical models ensures graph separation implies conditional independence. Specifically if a node set S graph separates nodes u and v then Xu is conditionally independent of Xv given XS. The opposite direction need not be true, that is, Xu ⊥ Xv | XS need not imply S is a node separator of u and v. When it does, the relation Xu ⊥ Xv | XS is called faithful. In this paper we provide a characterization of faithful relations and then provide an algorithm to test faithfulness based only on knowledge of other conditional relations of the form Xi ⊥ Xj | XS.
High resolution live streaming with the HYDRA architecture

Digital continuous media (CM) are now well established as an integral part of many applications. With highdefinition (HD) displays becoming increasingly common and large network bandwidth available, high-quality video streaming has become feasible, and novel, innovative applications possible. However, the majority of existing systems for HD-quality streaming are based on offline content and use elaborate buffering techniques that introduce long latencies. Therefore, these solutions are ill-equipped for interactive real-time applications. Also, due to the massive amount of data required to transmit such streams, simultaneously achieving low latency and keeping the bandwidth low are contradictory requirements. Our HYDRA project (Highperformance Data Recording Architecture) focuses on the acquisition, transmission, storage, and rendering of high-resolution media such as H-quality video and multiple channels of audio. HYDRA consists of multiple components to achieve its overall functionality. Here we elaborate on the live-streaming capabilities of HYDRA that enable media streaming across an IP-based network with commodity equipment.
Influence of Hypo and Hyperthermia on Disposition of Morphine

Using morphine as a prototype opiate anesthetic, the dispositional changes and cardiovascular effects during hypothermia (30 degrees C) and hyperthermia (40 degrees C) in dogs under isoflurane anesthesia was assessed. Single intravenous bolus injection of 1 mg/kg morphine resulted in a significant and sustained decrease in mean arterial pressure in hypothermic, but not in hyperthermic or normothermic (37 degrees C) conditions. Hypothermic dogs showed significantly higher levels of morphine both in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. In contrast, hyperthermia did not affect these levels. Body temperature did not affect the t1/2 alpha, however t1/2 beta and mean residence time were significantly increased while volume of distribution at steady state and total body clearance were decreased during hypothermia. The results provide evidence that hypothermia is likely to be associated with a sustained increase in opiate levels and might be associated with a enhanced side effects. The results suggests the need for a controlled clinical trial to assess the dose of opiate anesthetics during hypothermia.
The N400 as a snapshot of interactive processing: Evidence from regression analyses of orthographic neighbor and lexical associate effects

Linking print with meaning tends to be divided into subprocesses, such as recognition of an input's lexical entry and subsequent access of semantics. However, recent results suggest that the set of semantic features activated by an input is broader than implied by a view wherein access serially follows recognition. EEG was collected from participants who viewed items varying in number and frequency of both orthographic neighbors and lexical associates. Regression analysis of single item ERPs replicated past findings, showing that N400 amplitudes are greater for items with more neighbors, and further revealed that N400 amplitudes increase for items with more lexical associates and with higher frequency neighbors or associates. Together, the data suggest that in the N400 time window semantic features of items broadly related to inputs are active, consistent with models in which semantic access takes place in parallel with stimulus recognition.
The Many Faces of Internationalization in Japanese Anime

This article explores the internationalization of Japanese anime (animation) in an effort to help explain the cultural politics behind this popular cultural product. The inter- nationalization of anime includes the incorporation of de- Japanized elements into anime's background, context, character design, and narrative organization. A theoretical framework for understanding anime's internationalization is developed, proposing that there are at least three kinds of cultural politics working behind anime's international success: one, de-politicized internationalization, which primarily serves as a commercial tactic to attract international audiences; two, Occidentalized inter- nationalization, which satiates a nationalistic sentiment; three, self-Orientalized internationalization, which reveals a cultural desire to establish Japan as an ersatz Western country in Asia.
Extracellular genomic DNA mediates enhancement of Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation in vitro.

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) produces extracellular DNA in PD3 liquid medium. This extracellular DNA could enhance biofilm formation, a factor in successful establishment of Xf in planta. The relative amounts of extracellular DNA were positively correlated with planktonic growth and biofilm formation in vitro, but were negatively correlated with cell viability. DNase I treatment of actively growing Xf cultures in PD3 medium decreased or inhibited biofilm formation. In contrast, addition of Xf genomic DNA promoted biofilm formation. These results suggest that biogenesis of extracellular DNA may play a role for Xf biofilm formation and could be a critical step in establishment of host-bacterium interaction.
QUANTIFYING BIOLOGICAL ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL IN GROUNDWATER RECHARGE SYSTEMS

This paper presents a novel approach to study and predict the removal of organic carbon in groundwater recharge systems by combining microbial community description with advanced methods for organic carbon characterization. Soil microbial biomass was characterized using three methods: dehydrogenase activity (general heterotrophic activity), substrate induced respiration (rapid mineralization potential), and phospholipid extraction (total viable biomass). These methods proved to be sensitive, robust, and relatively simple in their application for soils of various groundwater recharge sites. Findings indicated that microbial biomass was positively correlated to the organic carbon removal capacity of different laboratory-scale test systems. Organic carbon seems to be a limiting factor for biomass growth in recharge systems. Organic carbon removal rates are increased by higher initial organic carbon concentrations. The removal of three organic carbon fractions (natural organic matter, effluent organic matter, and glucose and glutamic acid) in soil column studies followed a first-order kinetic with distinctly different rate constants and correlated positively with respective total viable biomass in the column systems. These results supported the assumption that during groundwater recharge organic carbon is preferably removed by biological processes. The transformation of organic carbon fractions during travel through the subsurface became apparent in size-exclusion chromatograms indicating a shift to smaller molecular weight. The presented approach showed promise to reveal new insights into removal mechanisms of organic carbon and to serve as a tool to predict organic carbon removal in groundwater recharge systems to improve design and operation of vadose zone treatment.
The Nature of Malay Customary Law

Malay customary law is called adat, a word borrowed from the Arabic. Adat, in general, means right conduct; and in common usage, it stands for a variety of things all connected with proper social behaviour.1 Thus it will connote rules of etiquette and the ceremonies prescribed for a particular occasion, such as marriage, as well as those customs which have “legal consequences.”2 It is in this last sense that the word is generally used in this paper.
Compounds containing cytosolic choline in the basal ganglia: A potential biological marker of true drug response to fluoxetine

OBJECTIVE: Studies have identified two types of antidepressant response: true drug response and placebo pattern response. This study examined the relationship between true drug response and choline-creatine ratios in the basal ganglia of depressed patients treated with fluoxetine. METHOD: The authors evaluated drug-free outpatients with major depression before (N=41) and after (N=15) 8 weeks of fluoxetine treatment, 20 mg/day, by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the degree of change from baseline to week 8 in choline-creatine ratios between the true drug response group (N=8) and the placebo pattern response/nonresponse group (N=7); the true drug response patients had a 20% increase in choline-creatine ratios, and the placebo pattern response/nonresponse patients had a 12% decrease in choline-creatine ratios. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that true drug response to fluoxetine treatment in depression may be associated with an increase in choline-...
Site- and Motion-Dependent Parametric Uncertainty of Site-Response Analyses in Earthquake Simulations

We investigate the propagation of uncertainty in site-response analyses from the soil model parameters to the ground surface motion at three downhole array sites in the Los Angeles (LA) Basin. For this purpose, we develop realistic stochastic models of elastic and nonlinear dynamic soil properties using extensive site-specific and generic geotechnical data on the variability of soil properties. We also generate synthetic ground motions using a finite source dynamic rupture model over a wide range of magnitudes and distances and use this statistically significant number of ground motions in the analysis. For each of the three sites, we evaluate the effects of soil parameter uncertainty as a function of the seismic input intensity and frequency content. We show that the frequency range, where the ground-motion variability due to soil parameter uncertainty is maximized, is a function of both the site and the seismogram characteristics. We compare our results with previously published studies and show that different soil models, statistical descriptions of soil parameters, or ground-motion scenarios may yield substantial differences in the estimated site-response scatter. We conclude that the effects of nonlinear soil property uncertainties on the ground-motion variability strongly depend on the seismic motion intensity, and this dependency is more pronounced for soft soil profiles. By contrast, the effects of velocity profile uncertainties are less intensity dependent and more sensitive to the velocity impedance in the near surface that governs the maximum site amplification.
Worker age, ovary development, and temporal polyethism in the swarm-founding wasp Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

I measured oocyte sizes of Polybia occidentalis workers to assess whether ovary development corresponded with adult age or with individual variation in behavior. Workers exhibited temporal polyethism by first working inside the nest, then performing on-nest tasks, and later foraging and defending the nest. Individuals varied in their ages at first performance of each of these sets of behavioral acts. Ovary development corresponded strongly with adult age. Workers' ovaries declined quickly after an initial phase of partial development. The period of ovary decline overlapped with the age range at which most workers began performing tasks on the exterior nest surface. However, after accounting for age effects, individual behavioral differences (rate of temporal polyethism and performance of foraging and defense tasks) did not correspond with ovary development. These data suggest that ovary development had little or no effect on variation in task performance by P. occidentalis workers on the nest surface.