cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Dispersion of Salt in the Volkerak Estuary

Values of longitudinal dispersion coefficients are calculated from observed steady longitudinal salinity distributions in the Volkerak estuary. The tidal regime and freshwater discharge for the estuary are controlled by respectively a storm surge barrier and discharge sluices. In the different experiments freshwater discharges are 25 m3/s, 50 m3/s and 100 m3/s and the tidal ranges at the mouth are 2.70 m and 3.50 m. In the seaward part of the estuary values of the longitudinal dispersion coefficients are relatively uniform and for the different experiments vary between 175 m2/s and 300 m2/s. Values of the longitudinal dispersion coefficients decrease with decreasing tidal range. Variations in freshwater discharge hardly affect the value of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Values in the landward part have a slight tendency to increase in the seaward direction for the lower (25 m3/s and 50 m3/s) freshwater discharges and to decrease in the seaward direction for the large (100 m3/s) freshwater discharge. Values in the different experiments range between 150 m2/s and 325 m2/s. Values of the dispersion coefficient increase with increasing freshwater inflow. Because the lower tidal range was accompanied by a reduction in freshwater discharge, the effect of a change in tidal range could not be determined. Changes in the values of the longitudinal dispersion coefficients are explained in terms of changes in the velocity field.
Combining local similarity measures: summing, voting, and weighted voting

Recent research on human face recognition has shown that local features have advantages over global features because local features are more robust to some changes of facial expression, as well as shift, rotation and tilt. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the commonly used summing strategy as well as the voting method in combining the local distances/similarity into the final decision. We proposed and analyzed a new classification method based on weighted voting that allows for each local window to cast not just a single vote, but a set of weighted votes. Experimental results are given on two large face databases: the CNNL and FERET databases. The results show that the weighted voting strategy outperforms simple voting, and the commonly used method of summing local distances.
The pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS): sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children.

Study objectives To develop a measure of daytime sleepiness suitable for middle-school children and examine the relationship between daytime sleepiness and school-related outcomes. Design Self-report questionnaire. Participants Four hundred fifty, 11- to 15-year-old students, from grades 6, 7, and 8 of a public middle school in Dayton, Ohio. Measurements and results A pediatric daytime sleepiness questionnaire was developed using factor analysis of questions regarding sleep-related behaviors. Results of the sleepiness questionnaire were then compared across other variables, including daily sleep patterns, school achievement, mood, and extracurricular activities. Results Factor analysis on the 13 questions related to daytime sleepiness yielded 1 primary factor ("pediatric daytime sleepiness"; 32% of variance). Only items with factor loadings above .4 were included in the final sleepiness scale. Internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha) for the final 8-item scale was .80. Separate one-way analyses of variance and trend analyses were performed comparing pediatric daytime sleepiness scores at the 5 different levels of total sleep time and academic achievement. Participants who reported low school achievement, high rates of absenteeism, low school enjoyment, low total sleep time, and frequent illness reported significantly higher levels of daytime sleepiness compared to children with better school-related outcomes. Conclusions The self-report scale developed in the present work is suitable for middle-school-age children and may be useful in future research given its ease of administration and robust psychometric properties. Daytime sleepiness is related to reduced educational achievement and other negative school-related outcomes.
Child Testimony and the Right to Present a Defense

This article discusses the importance of a child's testimony in a criminal prosecution by examining Harris v. Thompson, 698 F.3d 609 (7th Cir. 2012). In this case, a child's testimony was excluded, violating the defendant's right to present a complete defense.
Coherent flow power doppler (CFPD): flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming

Power Doppler imaging is a widely used method of flow detection for tissue perfusion monitoring, inflammatory hyperemia detection, deep vein thrombosis diagnosis, and other clinical applications. However, thermal noise and clutter limit its sensitivity and ability to detect slow flow. In addition, large ensembles are required to obtain sufficient sensitivity, which limits frame rate and yields flash artifacts during moderate tissue motion. We propose an alternative method of flow detection using the spatial coherence of backscattered ultrasound echoes. The method enhances slow flow detection and frame rate, while maintaining or improving the signal quality of conventional power Doppler techniques. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated with simulations, flow-phantom experiments, and an in vivo human thyroid study. In comparison with conventional power Doppler imaging, the proposed method can produce Doppler images with 15- to 30-dB SNR improvement. Therefore, the method is able to detect flow with velocities approximately 50% lower than conventional power Doppler, or improve the frame rate by a factor of 3 with comparable image quality. The results show promise for clinical applications of the method.
Dynamic Analysis of the Beat-Up Process:

This paper develops a dynamic analysis method for the beat-up process. Theoretical predictions of beat-up force and warp tension response during beat-up are made by setting up a weaving model under dynamic conditions. Weaving machine and fabric parameters, static and kinematic coefficient and index of friction between the warp and filling yams, total harness lift, shedding timing, back rest position, basic warp tension, and loom speed have been taken into account in predicting beat-up force and warp tension.
Foreshortening of the inferior conjunctival fornix associated with chronic glaucoma medications.

The authors designed a device to measure the depth of the inferior conjunctival fornix at the slit lamp using topical anesthesia. The fornices of 179 glaucoma patients receiving topical medications for glaucoma and 420 control subjects who had no history of ocular disease were measured. These measurements were age-stratified by decade. A significant foreshortening of the inferior conjunctival fornix was found with aging ( P P
Adsorption/desorption in a system consisting of humic acid, heavy metals, and clay minerals

Metal adsorption/desorption in a system consisting of humic acid, metal ions, and clay minerals is described. Montmorillonite and purified humic acid were selected as a prototype materials for this study. At a constant ionic strength, the amount of humic acid adsorbed on montmorillonite decreases when pH is increased. A slight increase in humic acid adsorption on montmorillonite is observed when there are bivalent metals present in the system. The metal adsorption on montmorillonite does not correlate to the amount of humic acid adsorbed on montmorillonite. Montmorillonite with preadsorbed humic acid does not show a significant change in the capacity of adsorbed metal ions. An increase in the ionic strength at a pH of 6.5 results in an increase in the adsorption of lead on montmotillonite in the presence of humic acid, while at a lower pH, the increase in ionic strength results in a decrease in metal adsorption. The bridging of bivalent metal ions between montmorillonite and humic acid is proposed as the dominant adsorption mechanism.
A second-generation imaging system for freely moving animals

An updated image sensor to be used in a miniature microscope system for recording brain activity over a wide cortical area (4–9 mm2) is presented. The image sensor is a 100 × 100 pixel array fabricated in bulk CMOS process. The sensor also contains a 10-bit ADC and two input channels to measure other physiological signals concurrently with the optical data. Another feature of the image sensor is the ability to observe dF over sequential frames in hardware, in order to reduce the amount of data that must be read out of the image sensor at high speeds. The speed and noise performance of the image sensor is suitable for voltage-sensitive optical probes in small systems for awake and freely moving animals.
Incidence, Predictors, Morphological Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes of Stent Edge Dissections Detected by Optical Coherence Tomography

Objectives This study sought to investigate the frequency, predictors, and detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-detected stent edge dissections. Its impact on subsequent management and clinical outcomes were also investigated. Background OCT is a high-resolution imaging modality that can lead to more frequent recognition and accurate assessment of vascular injuries during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods From September 2010 to June 2011, all patients with OCT post-PCI were enrolled. Edge dissections were defined as disruptions of the arterial lumen surface in both the 5-mm distal and proximal stent edges. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of all edges were performed at 0.2-mm intervals. Results In total, 395 edges (249 lesions in 230 patients) were analyzed. The overall incidence of OCT-detected edge dissection was 37.8%, and most (84%) were not apparent on angiography. Independent predictors for OCT-detected dissections were presence of atherosclerotic plaque at stent edges, calcification angle, minimum fibrous cap thickness, thin-cap fibroatheromas, stent/lumen eccentricity, and vessel overstretching. Mean dissection length measured 2.04 ± 1.60 mm, 96.2% appeared as flaps, and 52.8% extended beyond the intima/atheroma layer. Additional stenting was performed in 22.6% of all dissections, which were longer, had bigger dimensions, and promoted deeper vascular injury. The 12-month major adverse cardiac event rate was similar between patients with (7.95%) and without (5.69%, p = 0.581) dissections. Conclusions High rates of stent edge dissections were detected by OCT, usually related to the presence of atherosclerosis at stent edges and to PCI technique. Detailed OCT assessment of dissection severity was possible and affected the subsequent management of this complication. Non–flow-limiting, small, and superficial dissections left untreated proved benign.
The defensive function of Ni in plants: response of the polyphagous herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to hyperaccumulator and accumulator species of Streptanthus (Brassicaceae)

Metals sequestered by plants may defend them against herbivores and/or pathogens. We explored the effect of plant metal content on a polyphagous herbivore, Spodoptera exigua. Plant experiments used a Ni hyperaccumulator (Streptanthus polygaloides) and two Ni accumulator species (S. breweri and S. tortuosus). High- and low-Ni plants of each species were produced by growing plants on either Ni-amended or unamended soil. Mean leaf Ni contents for plants grown on Ni-amended soil and control soil, respectively, were: 1500 and 20 mg Ni kg−1 for S. polygaloides, 40 and 9 mg kg−1 for S. breweri, and 93 and 0.5 mg kg−1 for S. tortuosus. Neonate or second-instar Sp. exigua larvae were fed high- or low-metal leaves of each plant species, and survival and other parameters were monitored. High-Ni leaves of S. polygaloides were acutely toxic, resulting in 96% mortality within 10 days, whereas only 48% of larvae fed low-Ni leaves died. Low- and high-Ni leaves of S. breweri did not differ in their effects on larval survival, larval weight, adult weight, and duration of pupation. Leaves of S. tortuosus from high-Ni soil did not significantly affect larval survival relative to low-Ni leaves. However, larvae eating high-Ni leaves weighed significantly less and pupation was significantly delayed. Larval feeding experiments using artificial diet amended with Ni demonstrated a toxic threshold at 963 mg Ni kg−1 and a sublethal threshold at 535 mg Ni kg−1. Because plant material containing less Ni had detectable sublethal effects, we suggest that Ni interacts with other plant qualities (including secondary defensive compounds) to produce those effects. We conclude that hyperaccumulated Ni is a potent defense against polyphagous folivorous insects, but suggest that the sublethal impacts of the lesser Ni levels found in accumulator plant species may play only a minor defensive role against herbivores.
ASSOCIATION OF CHLOROPHYLL WITH AMIDES ON PLASTICIZED POLYETHYLENE PARTICLES–III. UNUSUAL SPECTRA OF CHLOROPHYLL a WITH N‐METHYLMYRISTAMIDE*

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a, adsorbed with the amphiphilic amide, N-methylmyristamide, to particles of polyethylene swollen with tetradecane, is unusual in that the red band apparently consists of three main components, which by Gaussian deconvolution are located at 664.5, 678 and 687 nm. The last is very narrow, with a bandwidth of only 5 to 6 nm at half maximum. At low amide concentration, the 744 nm band of chlorophyll hydrate is also observed. Room temperature fluorescence is weak, and indistinctly resolved into bands. However, on gradual cooling to 80 K, the fluorescence intensifies greatly; the spectrum can be resolved into at least eight bands, some of which can be related to room temperature absorption bands with some reliability. The circular dichroism spectrum of the red band region shows optical rotatory strength in two narrow bands at 677 and 686 nm which is enormous, compared to that of monomeric chlorophyll or even the 744 nm hydrate. It is suggested that cyclic oligomer structures, in which adjacent chlorophylls are linked through the amide group of NMMA, might be responsible for the spectral phenomena. Unsubstituted myristamide and N,N-dimethylmyristamide do not produce these narrow-banded phenomena at all.
The Effects of Direct and Indirect Office Lighting on VDT Workers

A long-term follow-up study of the effects of lensed-indirect uplighting and parabolic downlighting on computer workers is described. Results from a 15 month post-installation survey showed consistently fewer complaints among workers with lensed-indirect uplighting compared with those with a parabolic downlighting. Workers with lensed-indirect uplighting reported fewer and less frequent eye focusing problems and fewer complaints about lighting conditions. Workers with parabolic lighting reported more lighting-related problems, more visual health complaints, and more lost productive time because of the lighting, and almost half of the lighting fixtures had been modified by users. A majority of workers expressed a strong preference for lensed-indirect uplighting.
An electrospun PVDF-TrFe fiber sensor platform for biological applications

Abstract Flexible, self-powered materials are in demand for a multitude of applications such as energy harvesting, robotic devices, and lab-on-a chip medical diagnostics. Electrospinning piezoelectric fluoropolymers into nanofibers can provide these functionalities in a facile method. PVDF-TrFe was electrospun in an aligned format and interfaced with a flexible plastic substrate in order to create a platform for voltage response characterization after small force cantilever deformations. Voltage peak signals were an average of ±0.4 V, and this response did not change after platform sterilization. However, when placed in cell culture media, piezoelectric response was dampened. This platform can be used for measurement and analysis of electromechanical behavior in a variety of applications, including cellular-powered nanodevices.
Dynamic Channel Allocation in Wireless Networks Using Adaptive Learning Automata

Single-channel based wireless networks have limited bandwidth and throughput and the bandwidth utilization decreases with increased number of users. To mitigate this problem, simultaneous transmission on multiple channels is considered as an option. In this paper, we propose a distributed dynamic channel allocation scheme using adaptive learning automata for wireless networks whose nodes are equipped with single-radio interfaces. The proposed scheme, Adaptive Pursuit learning automata runs periodically on the nodes, and adaptively finds the suitable channel allocation in order to attain a desired performance. A novel performance index, which takes into account the throughput and the energy consumption, is considered. The proposed learning scheme adapts the probabilities of selecting each channel as a function of the error in the performance index at each step. The extensive simulation results in static and mobile environments provide that the proposed channel allocation schemes in the multiple channel wireless networks significantly improves the throughput, drop rate, energy consumption per packet and fairness index—compared to the 802.11 single-channel, and 802.11 with randomly allocated multiple channels. Also, it was demonstrated that the Adaptive Pursuit Reward-Only (PRO) scheme guarantees updating the probability of the channel selection for all the links—even the links whose current channel allocations do not provide a satisfactory performance—thereby reducing the frequent channel switching of the links that cannot achieve the desired performance.
Using resources in R&D policy planning: Brazil, the Amazon and biotechnology

Abstract Brazil's research and development (R&D) policies are examined in light of changes in economic direction especially as it pertains to competition. In a competitive environment, regions should develop industrial applications and expertise in areas that coincide with their resources. These could be human resources but could, as in the focus of this paper, be useful resources that differentiate the region from others in the world. This differentiation provides an advantage to the region. Brazil and its Amazon region has the large majority of the world's rare genes. In biotechnology, genes are “green gold,” and Brazil is slowly developing a biotechnology industry and beginning to tap into the Brazilian Amazon region's economic biotech potential. This region has enormous potential for the development of biotech-related technologies and products. This paper discusses the relationship between resources and an R&D strategy using as an example the recent developments in biotechnology research in Brazil and the role of the Amazon region in the development of a Brazilian biotechnology industry. It recommends a number of policy initiatives that will enhance Brazil's focus on biotechnology.
Patient education combined in a music and habit-forming intervention for adherence to continuous positive airway (CPAP) prescribed for sleep apnea

Objective—As many as 50% of patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea stop adhering to the prescribed medical treatment of CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) within one to three weeks of onset. Thus, a theory based intervention using music to support habit formation was designed to improve CPAP adherence at onset. The intervention materials included directions for CPAP nightly use, a diary for recording nightly use and writing about CPAP benefits or problems. In addition, an audiotape with softly spoken instructions for placing the CPAP mask comfortably, using deep breathing and muscle relaxation along with the slowly decreasing music tempo was provided to listen to at bedtime each night. Methods—Effects of this music intervention were tested in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 97 patients with 53 males (55%) and 44 females (45%). Moderate to severe apnea/hyponea scores (per sleep laboratory data) and medical diagnosis of OSA were required for study inclusion. Results—Compared to placebo controls, a greater proportion of experimental patients were adhering (χ 2 =14.67, p<.01; a large difference, Phi=.39) at the end of the first month of CPAP onset. There were no differences in CPAP adherence at 3 (X 2 =.065, p=.79) and 6 (X 2 =.118, p=.73) months. Patients’ diary data and satisfaction survey results indicated the intervention was rated as helpful and guided formation of a relaxing, habitual routine of CPAP nightly use. Conclusion—The intervention had a strong effect for improving adherence to CPAP at 1 month.
Nitrogen fertilizer effects on production of Tilapia in ponds fertilized with phosphorus and potassium

Abstract The effect on Tilapia aurea production of 15 biweekly applications equal to 22.5 kg/ha of 0-20-5, 5-20-5, and 20-20-5 fertilizers was tested in ponds. Averages of fish production were with 0-20-5 fertilizer, 651 kg/ha; with 5-20-5, 947 kg/ha; and with 20-20-5, 930 kg/ha. Increased fish production in ponds fertilized with nitrogen resulted from the favorable influence of nitrogen on plankton production. Moreover, the two higher rates of nitrogen application (5-20-5, 20-20-5) were about equally effective in increasing plankton and fish production.
High LET constraints on low LET survival

Survival curves for biological cells irradiated with gamma rays (and other low LET radiations) cannot be properly interpreted without examining the implications of these interpretations for high LET radiations. The theory of RBE demands that the RBE of any high LET radiation field is at most one when the probability for cell killing as a function of the absorbed dose of gamma rays is linear or sublinear, for homogeneous samples whose radiosensitivity parameters are not altered during the irradiation. A contrary experimental finding strongly suggests that the experimental sample is heterogeneous. Violation of this constraint is not unusual where the survival curve found with low LET radiations has a well defined initial negative slope.
A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition

Prospection—the ability to represent what might happen in the future—is a broad concept that has been used to characterize a wide variety of future-oriented cognitions, including affective forecasting, prospective memory, temporal discounting, episodic simulation, and autobiographical planning. In this article, we propose a taxonomy of prospection to initiate the important and necessary process of teasing apart the various forms of future thinking that constitute the landscape of prospective cognition. The organizational framework that we propose delineates episodic and semantic forms of four modes of future thinking: simulation, prediction, intention, and planning. We show how this framework can be used to draw attention to the ways in which various modes of future thinking interact with one another, generate new questions about prospective cognition, and illuminate our understanding of disorders of future thinking. We conclude by considering basic cognitive processes that give rise to prospective cognitions, cognitive operations and emotional/motivational states relevant to future-oriented cognition, and the possible role of procedural or motor systems in future-oriented behavior.
Contact immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester for the treatment of recalcitrant warts

Background: Contact immunotherapy has been shown to be effective for warts. Two previous studies on the use of squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) for warts have reported widely divergent cure rates (10% and 60%). Objective: Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of SADBE in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. Methods: We treated 29 patients with SADBE for warts that were resistant to other therapies. The patient population had warts for a mean duration of 2.1 years. Patients were sensitized with 1% or 2% SADBE in acetone under occlusion, the treated with 0.5% to 5% SADBE applied to their warts every 2 to 4 weeks in the office. Results: Clearing of all warts was seen in 20 of 29 patients (69%), improvement in 3 patients (10%), and no change in 6 patients (21%). For the cured patients, mean duration of treatment was 4.2 months (range, 1 to 12 months) and mean number of treatments was 5.7 (range, 2 to 15). Adverse effects included acute contact dermatitis with 6 patients experiencing blisters and one experiencing hypopigmentation. Conclusion: SADBE treatment is worth considering in patients with recalcitrant warts, especially in those who tolerate painful procedures poorly.
Ras-like genes and gene families in the mouse.

Four humanRAS-like cDNAs and a mouse genomic DNA fragment were used to define novel mouseRas-like genes and gene families. Inheritance of DNA restriction fragment length variants associated with these genes in recombinant inbred and backcross mice allowed definition of 12 genetic loci, nine of which were mapped, to chromosomes (Chr) 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 17. Two possible clusters ofRas-like and/or G protein genes were identified, on Chrs 9 and 17.
Pseudonormoglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis with elevated triglycerides

A 24-year-old newly diagnosed male patient with diabetes presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (pH 7.16, HCO3 6.0) and extreme hypertriglyceridemia (239.35 mmol/L). The diagnosis of DKA was delayed because of the apparent depression of the true serum glucose (to 11 mmol/L). He was treated with intravenous (IV) insulin and rehydration, which normalized his pH, HCO3, and triglyceride levels. To the authors' knowledge, this is both the highest triglyceride level recorded and the first report of a high triglyceride level as the apparent cause of a factitiously low glucose level.
English verb inflection

Abstract This paper has a twofold purpose: (1) to analyze three studies of English verb inflection by Archibald A. Hill, Bernard Bloch and Charles F. Hockett (henceforth, the HBH studies) 1 ) and (2) to present a proposed transformational treatment of English verb inflection.
Nearest-neighbor correlation model of a two-component induced moment crystal. Singlet-singlet system

Abstract The effects of correlations in the occupancy of the nearest neighbor shell, in a two-component induced moment system whose ions have singlet ground state and singlet lowest excited state, are examined in a model that treats the magnetic interactions in a mean field approximation and the mixing of the two components exactly in the limit of complete randomness. The results are compared with an earlier calculation of a similar model without correlations. The new model shows a considerably larger magnetization and critical temperature for magnetic ordering.
Purine nucleotide content of developing Ascaris lumbricoides eggs.

Abstract Farland W. H. & Macinnis A. J. 1978. Purine nucleotide content cf developing Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. International Journal for Parasitology8: 177–186. Populations of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs obtained from the terminal portion of the uteri of mature females were shown to develop synchronously, allowing the detection of quantitative and qualitative changes in nucleotide content during development. Application of a method for the preparation of perchloric acid-soluble fractions from Ascaris eggs utilizing Alamine 336S in chloroform is described. This method was useful in neutralizing the extract and for removal of interfering lipids. Guanine nucleotides were found in high concentration in ovarian tissue of adult female worms, and comprise more than 80% of the total acid-soluble nucleotides in 0-day eggs. Muscle tissue contained a predominance of adenine nucleotides. To determine the fate of large concentrations of guanine nucleotides present in 0-day eggs, perchloric acid-soluble fractions were prepared from embryonating eggs on various days of development. Nucleotide content was determined after fractionation on DEAE-cellulose columns, A dramatic decrease (6·2 fold) in guanine nucleotides between 5 and 8 days' embryonation was seen; [GMP] and [GDP] showed the greatest change. ATP concentration increases 3·3 fold through 21 days' embryonation. The total acid-soluble nucleotide content decreased 60% during this time. Uric acid, an end product of purine metabolism, was detectable in 5-day eggs and accumulated through the course of embryonation. The decrease of guanine nucleotides correlates temporally with the increase in DNA content during embryonation. The methodology and results of this study provide a basis for additional study of nucleic acid metabolism during development of Ascaris eggs.
A hybrid scenario for gas giant planet formation in rings

The core-accretion mechanism for gas giant formation may be too slow to create all observed gas giant planets during reasonable gas disk lifetimes, but it has yet to be firmly established that the disk instability model can produce permanent bound gaseous protoplanets under realistic conditions. Based on our recent simulations of gravitational instabilities in disks around young stars, we suggest that, even if instabilities due to disk self-gravity do not produce gaseous protoplanets directly, they may create persistent dense rings that are conducive to accelerated growth of gas giants through core accretion. The rings occur at and near the boundary between stable and unstable regions of the disk and appear to be produced by resonances with discrete spiral modes on the unstable side.
Multi-node coordinated jamming for location privacy protection

In wireless sensor networks, adversaries can easily threaten the location privacy of sensor nodes using ordinary localization techniques. By collecting basic physical layer information, such as signal strength and time of arrival, adversaries can precisely locate the target nodes. Although basic anti-localization techniques based on power control and directional antennas are believed to mitigate such localization attacks in the radio physical layer, there has been little research on location privacy protection techniques by obfuscating physical layer information. In this paper, we propose a novel jamming technique that prevents adversaries from locating target nodes by mixing the jamming signal from neighboring nodes. We introduce this beneficial use of jamming technique, which uses single- or multiple- jammers, to improve location privacy while providing similar link throughputs. In addition, we introduce the Multi Cooperator Power Control (MCPC) algorithm to control jamming noise power, which further increases location privacy by actively controlling the strength of jamming noise.
Information Visualization for Chronic Disease Risk Assessment

Here, the authors describe and evaluate a new information-visualization method and prototype software tool that support risk assessment for negative health outcomes. Their framework uses principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to plot high-dimensional patient data in 2D. It also incorporates interactive visualization techniques to aid the identification of high versus low risk patients, critical risk factors, and the estimated effect of hypothetical interventions on the likelihood of negative outcomes. The authors quantitatively evaluated the visualization method using a secondary dataset describing 588 people with diabetes and their estimated future risk of heart attack. Their results show that the method visually classifies high- and low-risk people with accuracy that's similar to other common statistical methods. The framework also provides an interactive, visualization-based tool for clinicians to explore the nuances of their patients' data and disease risk.
A Lava Flow without a Source: The Cohassett Flow and Its Compositional Components, Sentinel Bluffs Member, Columbia River Basalt Group

Abstract The eruption of Sentinel Bluffs Member lava flows at approximately 15.5 Ma marked the end of Grande Ronde Basalt volcanism, the most voluminous period of the Columbia River Basalt Group. More than 10,000 km3 of lava erupted from northerly trending feeder dikes in eastern Washington and northern Oregon and flowed westward down an ancestral paleoslope covering more than 169,700 km2 of the flood‐basalt province. The Sentinel Bluffs Member consists of six phases or types defined by their compositions. Lava flows having the first compositional type were the most voluminous and reached the Pacific Ocean. The volume of later lava flows having the other compositional types declined with time until the final eruption produced the second‐largest volume of basalt. At the source area, compositional variation in Sentinel Bluffs lava flows is relatively small. This homogeneity allows the individual compositional types and, thus, phases of the eruption to be easily recognized. Farther west, however, composition...
On the relationship between induced polarization and surface area in metal-sand and clay-sand mixtures

Induced polarization (IP) measurements were conducted on saturated kaolinite-, iron-, and magnetitesand mixtures as a function of varying percentage weight of a mineral constituent: 0%–100% for iron and magnetite and 0%–32% for kaolinite. We determined the specific surface area for each mineral using nitrogen gas adsorption, where the porosity of each mixture was calculated from weight loss after drying. We fit a ColeCole model (Cole and Cole, 1941) to the electrical data obtained for the magnetite and iron mixtures. In contrast, the kaolinite mixtures showed a power-law dependence of phase-on frequency. The global polarization magnitude we obtained from the Cole-Cole modeling of the iron and magnetite mixtures displays a single, nearlinear dependence on the ratio of surface area to pore volume (Sp) calculated for the mixtures. A similar relationship is found using a local measure of polarization (imaginary conductivity at 1 Hz) for the clay-sand mixtures. The Sp appears to be a critical parameter for determining IP in both metallic- and clay-containing soils. This result is not easily reconciled with traditional models of induced polarization.
A Simple Collimating Lens System for Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract A simple collimating lens system was used to modify, at modest cost, a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer for performing flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (f.a.a.s.) analysis with the Varian Model 63 Carbon Rod Atomizer. The source light was collimated into a 3-mm diameter beam which passed through the carbon tube and was focused by a second lens to work efficiently with the monochromator. The modified f.a.a.s. techniques extends the capability of the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer to make possible analyses of trace elements. Good correlation of values for Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn were obtained by use of the National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material Orchard Leaves.
Scent counter marks: selective memory for the top scent by golden hamsters

Animals often scent mark where other conspecifics have marked, a pattern of behaviour called counter marking. Despite the generality of this behaviour, little is known about the functions or perception of counter marks. A series of experiments using an habituation technique was conducted to investigate what information male golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, remember after they investigate partially overlapping scents of two other individuals. Five experiments were carried out using vaginal secretions of female hamsters as the stimuli and one experiment used male flank gland scents as stimuli. Counter to expectations, all experiments indicated that hamsters remembered the top and/or most recent individual scent and did not remember the bottom and/or older scent. These results indicate that hamster selectively remember just one of the two scents, the top one, and imply that hamster have previously unsuspected mechanisms for determining which individual scent is on top. The strategy of remembering the top or most recent individual scent may be an adaptive means of dealing with a complex array of social scents.
Tricks of the trade: techniques and opinions from 38 experts in tallgrass prairie restoration.

Tallgrass prairie has been severely compromised by conversion to agriculture, making it among the most endangered ecosystems in North America. Expanding remnant tracts with restoration is key to conserving self-sustaining prairie. Although restoration managers rarely have the opportunity to perform large-scale replicated studies, experienced practitioners gain important insights into the effectiveness of management practices over time. By synthesizing expert knowledge, we can identify techniques with a proven record of on-the-ground success. Using two surveys, 38 tallgrass prairie managers responsible for a total of 12,659 ha in 11 states were asked to describe the effectiveness of site preparation, seeding techniques, and management (fire, grazing, mowing) and to list top threats and impediments to seeded restoration techniques. The most effective technique identified for restoring previously tilled land is to initiate soybean–corn rotations so that weeds can be controlled prior to native planting. Managers prefer to end on a soybean crop, and plant native species without tilling. In cases with native remnant vegetation, remnant restoration techniques are employed, but results indicate improvements are needed. Most managers prefer high diversity, forb-rich, local ecotype seed mixtures. Managers use fire, mowing, and grazing primarily to increase native plant diversity. Invasive plants are a major threat to restorations and a majority of managers (68%) devote at least 25% of their total restoration effort on this issue. Economic (land acquisition and labor) and seed availability limitations constrain restoration management most. Increased efficiency of seeding and invasive plant control could help alleviate barriers to restoration.
Application of video-based coding to hyperspectral imagery

As sensor technology evolves into the 21st Century, the volume of data available from both airborne and spaceborne sources will increase rapidly. High resolution hyperspectral remote sensing systems may offer hundreds of bands of data. Efficient use, transmission, storage, and manipulation of such data will require some type of bandwidth compression. Current image compression standards are not specifically optimized to accommodate hyperspectral data. Nonetheless, users who require such compression will be driven toward current standards for reasons of simplicity, cost, and interoperability. This paper begins an examination of the performance of the MPEG-like video compression methodologies for hyperspectral image data. Compression fidelity is examined with an objective metric as a function of the achieved compression ratio. Comparisons are made between different coding configurations which resemble those available in the basic MPEG scheme. Observations regarding the use of standards-based compression of hyperspectral data are offered along with suggestions for future investigations.
DO FLUOROQUINOLONES PREDISPOSE PATIENTS TO CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE ASSOCIATED DISEASE? A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE

ABSTRACTBackground: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) is an important cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, and increasingly of community-acquired diarrhea. The occurrence of CDAD in the hospitalized patient is associated with increased length of stay, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Exposure to antimicrobials is the single most important predisposing factor for acquiring CDAD. The data suggesting that fluoro­quinolones are an important risk factor for CDAD is becoming stronger. Also, different fluoroquinolones may pose different risks for CDAD development.Objectives: The aim of this commentary is to summarize the literature as it relates to the role that fluoroquinolones may have in CDAD.Methods: PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE were searched using the terms fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin, levo­floxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin in combination with C. difficile, CDAD, pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic associated diarrhea.Results: The evidence for an association between fluor...
Diel dissolved carbohydrate accumulation in coastal water of South Florida, Bermuda and Oahu

Abstract Dissolved polysaccharide and monosaccharide concentrations were measured over 24 h periods in large volume in situ incubations at three subtropical coastal locations to determine their diel patterns and rates of net accumulation and bacterial utilization. Total dissolved carbohydrate consistently accumulated over 6 to 9 h periods, beginning in the late morning or early evening, at net rates of 3·2 to 7·9 μgC l −1 h −1 . These carbohydrates were utilized by bacteria in 3 to 6 h during the late evening or early morning.
Imaging of the Adolescent Breast

The mainstay of breast imaging in the adolescent is ultrasonography. There is occasionally a need for additional imaging, particularly with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging of the adolescent breast differs substantially from the adult in both the imaging modalities utilized and the relative likelihood of pathologies encountered. The majority of lesions in the adolescent are benign, but the presence of a breast lesion may cause anxiety to patients and their families due to the wide awareness of breast malignancy in the adult population. It is important to be aware of the imaging modalities available to image the adolescent breast to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure while answering the clinical question. The current recommendations for adolescent diagnostic and screening breast imaging will be reviewed. Benign breast lesions such as fibroadenomas, fibrocystic change, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, gynecomastia, and posttraumatic or infectious lesions with their associated imaging findings and management will be outlined. Additionally, review of breast malignancies that can affect adolescents will provide the reader with features to distinguish benign from malignant processes in the adolescent based on imaging findings and clinical presentation.
The Frequency and Placement of Main Idea Topic Sentences in College Psychology Textbooks

(1991). The Frequency and Placement of Main Idea Topic Sentences in College Psychology Textbooks. Journal of College Reading and Learning: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 46-54.
Dry Processes to Retard Quality Losses of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) during Storage

Six samples of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Tortola Diana) including a control and five dry-processed samples, were evaluated for hardness development after 2.5–10 mo of storage in sealed polyethylene bags at 22°C. Treatment consisted of irradiation (10, 50 or 100 krad), high temperature-short time roasting (HTST), and medium temperature-long time heating (MTLT). Most heat processed samples and approximately one-half of the irradiated samples were significantly softer than the control (P < 0.05) after autoclaving for 12 or 15 min. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that hard beans had a tougher middle lamella, showed no separation between cells when cooked, and contained ungelatinized starch granules. The processed samples showed no signs of insect infestation whereas insect losses in the control were in excess of 10%.
Clinical practice. Chronic stable angina.

A 47-year-old man reports a six-month history of intermittent chest discomfort while playing squash. He describes lower substernal tightness with numbness of the left upper arm only during exertion. He does not smoke. His father died suddenly at the age of 49 years. His blood pressure is 138/84 mm Hg. The level of total cholesterol is 261 mg per deciliter, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 172 mg per deciliter, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 50 mg per deciliter, and the triglyceride level is 113 mg per deciliter. An exercise test is positive, with pain and 1.5 mm of horizontal ST-segment depression at stage 4 of the Bruce protocol. How should the patient's case be managed?
Strategies for biological testing of biomaterials.

Current perspectives on empirical, modeling, and mechanistic methods of medical device safety testing are reviewed. Empirical approaches, such as the U.S. Pharmacopeial biological tests for plastics, evaluate the total system to discover aberrations and abnormalities. Models consist of a single aspect of an integrated approach, whereas mechanistic methods are based on a thorough knowledge of the materials and the organism's biological response. Empirical studies develop data on general hazard potential, such as overt toxicity. Model approaches target the specific application and specific hazard potential. Mechanistic studies identify the cause of toxicity and can produce advances in the biocompatibility of medical devices.
On the deluge of unsubscribed medical oncology information.

6106 Background: The volume of unsubscribed, unsolicited medical oncology information being distributed to oncologists is rapidly increasing. We assessed this increasing influx of information in re...
Axon Pruning: C. elegans Makes the Cut

Axon pruning has recently been described in the simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Generating excess processes and pruning may be a phylogenetically conserved feature reflecting a flexibility to modify neural circuits.
The early repolarization variant—normal or a marker of heart disease in certain subjects

The theory is advanced that the early repolarization variant may not always be benign and that it can become a substrate for ventricular arrhythmias, sudden death, and hypercontractility cardiomyopathy in some subjects, including certain high-performance athletes. In addition, it is suggested that it likely represents part of a spectrum of cardiovascular anomalies related to nonischemic ST elevation including Brugada syndrome, and that it may also have a molecular genetic origin of variable penetrance.
Time-dependent changes in central nicotinic acetylcholine channel kinetics in excised patches

Abstract The behavior of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channels in acutely isolated habenula neurons was examined by rapidly applying nicotinic agonists to outside-out membrane patches. At negative membrane potentials, applications of 100 μM nicotine routinely produced macroscopic currents due to the opening of a large number of channels. During the continuous application of the agonist, the number of open nAChR channels decreased exponentially, i.e. receptor desensitization. A progressive loss in the number of channels contributing to the peak current was observed with time following outside-out patch excision, i.e. receptor rundown. In addition to rundown there was a time-dependent increase in the rate of desensitization and a concomitant slowing in the rate of recovery from desensitization. The extent of rundown and the changes in desensitization were coupled to the time after patch excision and were not dependent on ligand activation of nicotinic channels.
Estimating predation risk in zooplankton communities: the importance of vertical overlap

In order to estimate predation risk in nature, two basic components of predation need to be quantified: prey vulnerability, and density risk. Prey vulnerability can be estimated from clearance rates obtained from enclosure experiments with and without predators. Density risk is a function of predator density, and the spatial and temporal overlap of the predator and prey populations. In the current study we examine the importance of the vertical component of overlap in making accurate estimates of predation risk from the invertebrate predator Mesocyclops edax on rotifer versus crustacean prey. The results indicate that assumptions of uniform predator and prey densities cause a significant underestimation of predation risk for many crustacean prey due to the coincident vertical migration of these prey with the predator. The assumption of uniformity is more reasonable for estimating predation risk for most rotifer prey.
Exact solutions to the Schrödinger equation for potentials with Coulomb and harmonic oscillator terms

Abstract Exact solutions to the Schrodinger equation for potentials containing Coulomb (∼1/ r ) plus harmonic oscillator (∼ r 2 ) terms are found, subject to constraints on the ratio of the strengths of the Coulomb and harmonic oscillator terms. The solutions have the simple form of a product of exponential and polynomial functions.