cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetic analysis using SQUID microscopy

Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopes are a new generation of instruments that map magnetic fields with unprecedented spatial resolution and moment sensitivity. Unlike standard rock magnetometers, SQUID microscopes map magnetic fields rather than measuring magnetic moments such that the sample magnetization pattern must be retrieved from source model fits to the measured field data. In this paper, we presented the first direct comparison between paleomagnetic analyses on natural samples using joint measurements from SQUID microscopy and moment magnetometry. We demonstrated that in combination with apriori geologic and petrographic data, SQUID microscopy can accurately characterize the magnetization of lunar glass spherules and Hawaiian basalt. The bulk moment magnitude and direction of these samples inferred from inversions of SQUID microscopy data match direct measurements on the same samples using moment magnetometry. In addition, these inversions provide unique constraints on the magnetization distribution within the sample. These measurements are among the most sensitive and highest resolution quantitative paleomagnetic studies of natural remanent magnetization to date. We expect that this technique will be able to extend many other standard paleomagnetic techniques to previously inaccessible microscale samples.
ENZYMIC OXIDATION OF SIMPLE DIPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS BY ORANGE JUICE EXTRACTS

SUMMARY: Extracts of orange juice vesicles oxidized p-hydroquinone (HQ) and o-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) with O2. Most of the oxidase activity was associated with a particulate fraction that sedimented at 100,000 × g. Sonic disruption of the particulates followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose increased specific activities with both substrates. The partially purified enzyme oxidized numerous naturally occurring o-diphenols and o-methoxyphenols. Acidic media below pH 4 and heating above 70°C destroyed most of the oxidase activity. KCN, diethyl-dithiocarbamate and 8-hydroxyquinoline but not EDTA inhibited the oxidase. The partially purified enzyme reduced benzoquinone and oxidized the reduced form of nicotinamide-dinucleotide (NADH). Ubiquinone, a benzoquinone derivative, but not menadione or vitamin K1, naphthoquinone derivatives, could replace benzoquinone in the oxidation of NADH. Ubiquinone, benzoquinone and similar p-quinones may function in the orange as the oxidation-reduction couple between NADH-quinone reductase and diphenol oxidase.
Immunomagnetic enrichment of interstitial cells of Cajal.

Disruptions of networks of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), gastrointestinal pacemakers and mediators of neurotransmission, can lead to disordered phasic contractions and peristalsis by reducing ...
An experimental study of high Weber number impact of methoxy-nonafluorobutane C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100) and n-heptane droplets on a heated solid surface ☆

Abstract An experimental study is presented for methoxy-nonafluorobutane (C4F9OCH3, HFE-7100) droplet impingement on a heated stainless steel surface. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1000 frames per second. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 1.7±0.1 mm , and all experiments were performed in atmospheric air. The impact velocity was fixed at 2.0 m/s thus defining an impact Weber number of 750. The temperature of the stainless steel surface was varied from 20 to 300 °C, above the Leidenfrost temperature of HFE-7100. Experiments were also performed using n-heptane to investigate whether the collision dynamics were similar if the impact Weber number was matched to HFE-7100 and collision considered within the same boiling regimes as HFE-7100. While the collision dynamics were qualitatively similar, the evolution of liquid film diameter with time was different. Existing models used to describe the evolution of liquid film diameter with time were found to be inadequate to describe HFE-7100 and n-heptane impact.
Bee Pollination and Productivity Growth: The Case of Alfalfa

The spread of commercial pollination has received little attention in the literature analyzing the growth in U.S. agricultural productivity. Between World War I and 1960, growers of most fruits, nuts, and seeds came to realize that intensive bee pollination was essential to achieve high yields. Alfalfa seed growers were among the last groups to adopt commercial pollination. This article examines the dramatic impact that concentrating bees in alfalfa seed fields had on yields, which resulted in the restructuring of the alfalfa industry (the fourth most valuable commodity grown in the United States) in the 1950s.
Simulation models for side-channel information leaks

Small, embedded integrated circuits (ICs) such as smart cards are vulnerable to so-called side-channel attacks (SCAs). The attacker can gain information by monitoring the power consumption, execution time, electromagnetic radiation and other information that is leaked by the switching behavior of digital CMOS gates. Ever since power attacks have been introduced in 1999, many countermeasures have been proposed. Often a significant increase in security has been touted. We will show that in order to assess the effectiveness of a countermeasure, a correct simulation model of the side-channel information leaks is vital. We will show that seemingly correct approximations can lead to completely flawed results.
Free-space optical MIMO transmission with Q-ary PPM

The use of multiple laser transmitters combined with multiple photodetectors (PDs) is studied for terrestrial, line-of-sight optical communication. The resulting multiple-input/multiple-output channel has the potential for combatting fading effects on turbulent optical channels. In this paper, the modulation format is repetition Q-ary PPM across lasers, with intensity modulation. Ideal PDs are assumed, with and without background radiation. Both Rayleigh and log-normal fading models are treated. The focus is upon both symbol-/bit-error probability for uncoded transmission, and on constrained channel capacity.
The Yeast RSC Chromatin-Remodeling Complex Is Required for Kinetochore Function in Chromosome Segregation

The accurate segregation of chromosomes requires the kinetochore, a complex protein machine that assembles onto centromeric DNA to mediate attachment of replicated sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle apparatus. This study reveals an important role for the yeast RSC ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex at the kinetochore in chromosome transmission. Mutations in genes encoding two core subunits of RSC, the ATPase Sth1p and the Snf5p homolog Sfh1p, interact genetically with mutations in genes encoding kinetochore proteins and with a mutation in centromeric DNA. RSC also interacts genetically and physically with the histone and histone variant components of centromeric chromatin. Importantly, RSC is localized to centromeric and centromere-proximal chromosomal regions, and its association with these loci is dependent on Sth1p. Both sth1 and sfh1 mutants exhibit altered centromeric and centromere-proximal chromatin structure and increased missegregation of authentic chromosomes. Finally, RSC is not required for centromeric deposition of the histone H3 variant Cse4p, suggesting that RSC plays a role in reconfiguring centromeric and flanking nucleosomes following Cse4p recruitment for proper chromosome transmission.
Aeolian Sediment Transport Across Beach Wrack

Abstract This field study identifies the short-term (hours) effect of freshly deposited wrack on aeolian transport and surface elevation changes on the backshore and foredune of a barrier island at Avalon, New Jersey, USA. Storm wave uprush reached the dune toe on 21 October 2008 and deposited a line of vegetative wrack about 2 m wide (cross-shore) and 70 mm high near the dune toe (upper wrack) and a line about 0.3–0.5 m wide and 30 mm high about 5 m from the dune toe (lower wrack). Fourteen cylindrical sediment traps were deployed 23 October 2008 when the wind blew onshore at an angle of 8 deg to the trend of the dune. Wind speed at 1 m elevation at the dune toe averaged 6.3 m s−1. The lower wrack line was nearly covered with sand about an hour after initiation of transport, diminishing its effect as a barrier to cross-shore transport. The upper wrack line caused greater reduction in trapping rates, with downwind traps collecting only 3.2% and 12.7% of upwind amounts. Data from erosion pins revealed the ...
Proteomic and Functional Genomic Landscape of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Ras to Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase Signaling

Characterizing the extent and logic of signaling networks is essential to understanding specificity in such physiological and pathophysiological contexts as cell fate decisions and mechanisms of oncogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Cell-based RNA interference (RNAi) screens enable the inference of large numbers of genes that regulate signaling pathways, but these screens cannot provide network structure directly. We describe an integrated network around the canonical receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)–Ras–extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, generated by combining parallel genome-wide RNAi screens with protein-protein interaction (PPI) mapping by tandem affinity purification–mass spectrometry. We found that only a small fraction of the total number of PPI or RNAi screen hits was isolated under all conditions tested and that most of these represented the known canonical pathway components, suggesting that much of the core canonical ERK pathway is known. Because most of the newly identified regulators are likely cell type– and RTK-specific, our analysis provides a resource for understanding how output through this clinically relevant pathway is regulated in different contexts. We report in vivo roles for several of the previously unknown regulators, including CG10289 and PpV, the Drosophila orthologs of two components of the serine/threonine–protein phosphatase 6 complex; the Drosophila ortholog of TepIV, a glycophosphatidylinositol-linked protein mutated in human cancers; CG6453, a noncatalytic subunit of glucosidase II; and Rtf1, a histone methyltransferase.
Review article: the investigation and management of rectal neuroendocrine tumours.

SummaryBackground Gastric carcinoids (GCs) or neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are increasingly identified at endoscopy, and account for 0.6–2% of all gastric polyps identified. The SEER database in the US has demonstrated a rising incidence of gastric NETs amongst all NETs; from 2.2% between 1950 and 1969 to 6.0% between 2000 and 2007. Aim To review the literature and assist clinicians in managing patients with GCs. Methods A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE using search terms: gastric, carcinoid, neuroendocrine tumour, therapy, endoscopy, mucosal resection, submucosal dissection. Relevant articles were identified through manual review. The reference lists of these articles were reviewed to include further appropriate articles. Results There are three types of GCs with important epidemiological, pathophysiological, histological and endoscopic differences that affect prognosis and management. Type 1 and 2 GCs develop in the context of hypergastrinaemia that originates from achlorhydria in atrophic gastritis and a gastrinoma, respectively. Type 3 GCs occur sporadically and independent of gastrin. The histological type, grade and Ki67 index are used to determine prognosis and direct clinical management. Type 1 GCs >1 cm in size and type 2 GCs should be assessed for invasion beyond the submucosa with EUS prior to endoscopic resection with EMR or ESD. Type 3 GCs should be managed as per recommendations for gastric adenocarcinoma. The treatment of advanced disease is multimodal. Conclusions Patients with gastric carcinoids should be discussed in a specialist neuroendocrine tumour multidisciplinary meeting to ensure all treatment options are explored in localised and advanced disease. Areas of controversy exist that need further research.
Teaching Active Citizenship: A Companion to the Traditional Political Science Curriculum

The authors of this article advocate a new curriculum that can be applied to American government, introduction to political science, and state and local government courses. For the past half-century, high school and college general-education requirements have deemphasized civics, government, and political science. In response to the corresponding decrease in the nation’s civic health, this proposal is based on three principles. First, teaching citizenship is different than teaching civics. Second, citizenship is taught most effectively by engagement in the “real world,” with students completing projects that take them step by step through the policy-change process. Finally, the education and preparation of future high school government teachers needs to change to encourage them to teach their students the rights, responsibilities, and competencies of active citizenship.
Trauma-Informed Drama Therapy: Transforming Clinics, Classrooms, and Communities

Imagine acting out your traumatic memories, reliving them, being the victim and the attacker of the same event, and then changing the end of your story. Drama therapy is described as a two-step app...
Seeing is Believing: Adam Smith and the Systemic Violence of Money

Advertising executives have long known that the appearance of products creates desire for those products. Political theorists, and economists, have also explored the relationship between visual events and our political desires. Adam Smith's account of our social world relies on money, of course, but, just as consistently, it relies on our visual response to suffering and joy. Smith, for example, understood the aesthetic and political power of light shining in an eye or shadows falling across a face; human responses to visual cues of suffering orient Smith's thinking about the social body, particularly in Theory of Moral Sentiments. Money, however, as examined in Wealth of Nations, plays a role in this world of the visual as well. Money, in Smith's account, highlights the failure of our senses to adequately judge the fineness and value of the metal from which it was typically minted. Money can also create a fake appearance of value. It was indeed in appearance only; for their creditors were really defrauded of a part of what was due them, he explains concerning the devaluing of money. The lack of political attention to the ruin and misery caused by money almost surprises Smith. For Smith, money skillfully hides its own structural or systemic violence. This essay explores the systemic violence of money, the connections between the visual and money in Smith, and attempts (against Smith) to make it as visible as subjectivity violence.
Sex differences in the MB49 syngeneic, murine model of bladder cancer

Objective : The MB49 syngeneic, murine model of bladder cancer has been widely used for more than 35 years. In humans, bladder cancer is one third as prevalent in women as in men, with a trend toward lower prevalence in parous compared to nulliparous women. Our objective was to determine if the MB49 bladder cancer model reproduces the sex differences observed in humans, and to determine its sensitivity to testosterone and the pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Methods : Male and female C57BL/6 mice were implanted with MB49 murine bladder cancer cells, and observed for tumor growth. MB49 dose responses to hCG and dihydrotestosterone were determined in vitro. Results : MB49 tumor growth was significantly greater in male mice than female mice. Pregnancy did not affect MB49 tumor growth in female mice. MB49 cells did not proliferate in response to hCG in vitro and the functional receptor for gonadotropins was absent. Dihydrotestosterone strongly stimulated growth of MB49 cells in vitro. Conclusions : The MB49 murine model of bladder cancer reproduced some aspects of the sex differences observed in humans. Our results suggest that testosterone may stimulate MB49 cell proliferation, which may explain the more rapid MB49 tumor growth observed in male mice.
High Efficiency Solution Processed Sintered CdTe Nanocrystal Solar Cells: The Role of Interfaces

Solution processing of photovoltaic semiconducting layers offers the potential for drastic cost reduction through improved materials utilization and high device throughput. One compelling solution-based processing strategy utilizes semiconductor layers produced by sintering nanocrystals into large-grain semiconductors at relatively low temperatures. Using n-ZnO/p-CdTe as a model system, we fabricate sintered CdTe nanocrystal solar cells processed at 350 °C with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) as high as 12.3%. JSC of over 25 mA cm(-2) are achieved, which are comparable or higher than those achieved using traditional, close-space sublimated CdTe. We find that the VOC can be substantially increased by applying forward bias for short periods of time. Capacitance measurements as well as intensity- and temperature-dependent analysis indicate that the increased VOC is likely due to relaxation of an energetic barrier at the ITO/CdTe interface.
Preparation of Hydrogen Storage Alloy under Microgravity

Ti-Fe alloy is one of the most useful materials for hydrogen storage alloy. In order to improve the absorption-desorption for hydrogen, however, it requires homogeneous structure and microscopically large surface. The effect of microgravity which suppresses the convection of constituents in molten alloy, against nucleation and crystal growth in solution has attracted attention. A preliminary investigation for synthesis of homogeneous Ti-Fe alloy has been examined. Furthermore, fundamental research concerning in the properties of hydrogen storing alloy and crystal structure has been performed. On the relation between hydrogen pressure and concentration of stored hydrogen shown in P-C-T (hydrogen pressure-concentration of stored hydrogen-temperature) curve, large hysteresis and rapid absorption-desorption was observed on the Ti-Fe sample produced at 1050°C under normal gravity. But Ti-Fe alloy produced at 1280°C under microgravity, hydrogen charge or discharge pressure decreased and the gradient of the curve become plateau at 0.5-1.0 hydrogen concentration. In case of the sample produced under normal gravity, heterogeneous composition and dense structure was observed, while homogeneous composition and porous structure was obtained easily in the sample produced under microgravity. Furthermore, powdering phenomenon after cycle of absorption-desorption of hydrogen was not occurred around porous structure produced under both normal gravity and microgravity conditions.
Effect of Thyroxine on RNA Synthesis of Rat Uterus

SummaryThe influence of thyroxine on the incorporation of uridine-3H into uterine acid soluble and RNA fractions and on nuclear RNA polymerase activity of ovariectomized-thyroidectomized rats was studied. The incorporation of uridine-3H into uterine RNA of untreated ovariectomized-thyroidectomized rats was higher than that of untreated ovariectomized rats which was further elevated by thyroxine and 17β-estradiol administration. A potentiating effect was observed following the administration of both hormones which was inhibited by actinomycin D.The uterine nuclear RNA polymerase activity of untreated ovariectomized-thy-roidectomized rats was higher than that of ovariectomized rats. Thyroxine administered to ovariectomized-thyroidectomized rats depressed the polymerase activity and 17β-estradiol administration of these rats did not influence the polymerase activity. The results of the present study suggest that thyroxine influences uterine RNA synthesis and potentiates the stimulatory effect of 17β-estradiol.
Epidemiological Survey on Streptococcus Suis Human Infected Cases in Central District of Neijiang City

Objective To identify the epidemic factors field survey of 5 cases of human infection of Streptococcus suis in central Disdrict of Neijiang City so as to provide scientific basis for disease Control and prevention.Method Field epidemiological survey, etiological examination of patients and dead pigs were conducted and the data analysed. Results Streptococcus was isolated from 3 out of 5 cases, including 2 cases of homology Streptococcus suis type Ⅱ strains. The main factors to be infected were confact of dead pig secreation through wound skin in the process of slaughtering and proccessing dead pigs, Innocent freatment without personal protection might also be the cause of occurence of the disease. Conclusion In the future, to dispose anthropozoonses, the countemeasures should be carried through seriously.
Optogenetics: Optical Control of a Photoactivatable Rac in Living Cells

Recent developments in optogenetics have extended optical control of signaling to intracellular proteins, including Rac, a small G protein in the Rho family. A blue light-sensing LOV (light, oxygen, or voltage) domain derived from Avena sativa (oat) phototropin was fused to the N-terminus of a constitutively active mutant of Rac, via an α-helix (Jα) that is conserved among plant phototropins. The fused LOV domain occluded binding of downstream effectors to Rac in the dark. Exposure to blue light caused a conformational change of the LOV domain and unwinding of the Jα helix, relieving steric inhibition. The LOV domain incorporates a flavin as the photon-absorbing cofactor and can be activated by light in a reversible and repeatable fashion. In cultured cells, global illumination with blue light rapidly activated Rac and led to cell spreading and membrane ruffling. Localized and pulsed illumination generated a gradient of Rac activity and induced directional migration. In this chapter, we will describe the techniques in detail and present some examples of applications of using photoactivatable Rac (PA-Rac) in living cells.
Inverse problems in neutron and x-ray reflectivity studies

We present a new method for obtaining the scattering length density (sld) profile perpendicular to a uniform, smooth surface which is consistent with the measured reflectivity over a finite Q range. The method is applicable to a free liquid surface as well as a thin film deposited on a known substrate. As an illustration, we apply the method to obtain: degree of ordering of an intact Langmuir-Blodgett film on a silicon substrate; surface-induced layering of water and oil in bicontinuous microemulsions; and segregation of polymers near air-film and the film-substrate interfaces.
Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia

After decades with few treatment options for individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), we have entered a treatment era of promising new therapeutic agents. These novel approaches target the diverse pathophysiology associated with SCD (e.g., increased blood cell adhesion, activated coagulation system, hyperinflammation, endothelial dysfunction). Potential therapies can be classified according to the “level” of the target intervention and related to the pathophysiology of SCD (upstream versus downstream events). In this chapter, “upstream therapies” refer to those that correct the genetic defect (correction of the sickle mutation in the beta globin gene via hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy/gene editing), alter the natural hemoglobin switch phenomenon (enhancement of fetal hemoglobin production via gene therapy/gene editing), or prevent hemoglobin polymerization (e.g., drugs that alter the hemoglobin oxygen affinity or enhance fetal hemoglobin production). “Downstream therapies” are those aimed at quelling the downstream effects of hemolysis and vaso-occlusion (e.g., anti-adhesive, anti-inflammatory, or vaso-dilatory agents). This chapter discusses new therapies both in pre-clinical and clinical stages of investigation, and emphasizes those with the highest likelihood for impact on the disease and translation into clinical use over the next decade.
Who is a prisoner of war

This paper examines the qualification provisions for prisoner of war (POW) status under the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 (GC III). It argues that Article 4 of GC III should be understood merely to identify groups whose members are entitled to POW status and the conditions for other groups whose members are entitled to POW status. Article 4 should not be understood to identify general requirements for individual belligerent conduct, or for armies and armed groups generally. Nor, strictly speaking, does it constitute a code of conduct or enumeration of criminal offenses. By de-coupling POW status determinations from combatant immunity and other individual pre-capture conduct, the interpretive approach advocated by this paper ensures broad and principled application of the GC III protective regime by States.
Practical system integrity verification in cloud computing environments

Online applications have become the de facto medium through which modern computing services are offered. This model not only reduces administrative costs, but enables companies to shift their physical infrastructure to virtualized environments like cloud computing platforms. However, with this move to remotely administered services come serious risks. Since users no longer control the systems they rely upon, they must assume they were correctly configured to protect their sensitive data. As history has demonstrated, even the most well funded companies are prone to compromises, which may lead to the loss of countless confidential customer records. If the world is to continue adopting this computing model, then a greater emphasis must be placed on building verifiable systems that customers can inspect. In this dissertation, we explore the design challenges in building verification frameworks that overcome the limitations of current verification techniques for detecting unsafe and compromised systems. Existing approaches leverage trusted computing hardware like the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to securely record and attest to integrity-relevant events occurring on the proving system. However, these approaches are insufficient for verifying today's high performance and highly connected environments. First, we developed the Root of Trust for Installation, a method for bootstrapping trust in virtual machine (VM) hosts that form the basis of many cloud offerings. Second, we designed a remote integrity verifier to address many of the difficulties that attestation-only verification causes. Using this Integrity Verification Proxy, we are able to verify heterogeneous integrity requirements at the proving system without the delay and complexity of traditional integrity measurement. Finally, we incorporated our research into the Cloud Verifier, a framework for verifying the integrity of instances hosted on clouds. This permits cloud administrators, customers, and external clients to verify integrity criteria without having to directly inspect the configuration of the entire platform. Our proof-of-concept implementation and evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of building a verifiable, yet functional cloud platform. While this work represents only a starting point, we believe it will lead to a greater understand of how today's online services can be designed in a more transparent way.
Natural gas steam reforming reaction at low temperature and pressure conditions for hydrogen production via Pd/PSS membrane reactor

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the performance of a composite palladium-based membrane reactor (MR) by performing the natural gas steam reforming reaction at low operating conditions for producing high-purity hydrogen. The MR comprises a composite membrane, having ~13 µm Pd layer deposited on a porous stainless steel support, fabricated via electroless plating and a commercial Ni-based catalyst. The composite membrane shows infinite ideal selectivity, H 2 /He and H 2 /Ar, at trans-membrane pressures less than 100 kPa and T=400 °C at the onset of experimental testing. The steam reforming reaction is performed at 400 °C, by varying the reaction pressures and sweep gas flow rate between 150 kPa and 300 kPa, and 0–100 mL/min, respectively. The gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) are kept constant at 2600 h −1 and 3.5. The effect of CO 2 as an impurity in the feed line is also analyzed at 400 °C and 150 kPa. The best performance of the Pd-based MR is obtained at 400 °C, 300 kPa and 100 mL/min of sweep-gas, yielding a methane conversion of 84%, hydrogen recovery of 82%, and obtaining a pure hydrogen stream at the permeate side. The Pd/PSS MR worked for more than 700 h under differing operating conditions. As a comparison, a conventional reactor operating at the same MR conditions is compared and discussed.
Space weather: physics and forecasts

To the casual observer, the Sun may appear calm and unchanging. However, the behaviour and energy output of our nearest star varies according to a cycle that lasts 11 years or so. This behaviour has been followed for centuries by counting the number of sunspots – dark regions that appear and disappear on the visible solar "surface". The rise and fall in the number of sunspots – and the accompanying variations in solar activity – have attracted renewed attention recently as the Sun approaches a peak in its 11year cycle. This interest has also been fuelled by spectacular images from spacecraft like the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).
Preservice preparation and other potential influences on in-service beliefs and practices: A tale of two secondary social studies teachers

Abstract Presented here are the cases of two secondary social studies teachers who were participants in a larger research endeavor designed to examine the enduring effects of a preservice teacher preparation program rooted in problem-based historical inquiry (PBHI) on their in-service beliefs and practices. The study was designed to revisit graduates of this teacher preparation program after they completed their induction into the profession. The two teachers selected for closer examination in this piece had relatively similar preservice teacher experiences and taught in the same city school system. Findings indicate that the preservice program continued to impact both to some extent. However, their current beliefs about social studies teaching and their typical classroom practices differed greatly. Evidence suggests that these differences may be attributed to their personal dispositions and their conceptions of the role of the teacher.
A 27-Year Retrospective Study of Pediatric Suicide Cases Referred to the Medical University of South Carolina (1988-2014)

Suicide by individuals under 18 years of age is a tragic reality of society. To assess local trends and demographics, we retrospectively reviewed all pediatric cases referred to our institution from 1988-2014 (27 years). Pediatric cases were defined as individuals younger than 18 years of age. The incidence of reported suicides declined from 3.8 cases per year to 2.4 cases per year as compared to observations at our institution over a previous ten-year period (1988-1998). In concert with the overall decrease in cases were increases in the proportion of adolescents younger than 15 and the female demographic. Furthermore, a shift in suicidal methodology was noted, with an increase in suicide by hanging. Indeed, for females, hanging became the most common suicide modality, replacing firearms. Our findings are congruent with national trends and underline the need for global suicide preventive interventions targeted toward increasingly younger adolescents and females.
Four Proposals to Enhance Generic Competition (Presentation Slides)

As part of the FDA's hearing on "The Hatch-Waxman Amendments: Ensuring a Balance Between Innovation and Access," I offer testimony that does two things. First, it shows how the balance has tilted away from generic access, pointing as examples to settlements, product hopping, REMS patents, and citizen petitions. Second, it offers four solutions: (1) clarifying that REMS patents should not be listed in the Orange Book, (2) offering ideas to expedite shared REMS negotiations, (3) loosening the distribution-restriction bottleneck, and (4) addressing the harms from citizen petitions.
Abstract 2286: Atopic allergic conditions and risk of pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort

Background: Previous studies, mostly case-control studies, have suggested that atopic allergic conditions (AACs) are associated with a decreased risk of pancreatic cancer. Scarce data, however, are available from prospective, US multiethnic populations. In this largest prospective study to date, we investigated the association between AACs (asthma, hay fever, or allergy) and risk of developing pancreatic cancer in the US Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC). Methods: AACs were assessed via a baseline questionnaire when participants joined the MEC in 1993-1996. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pancreatic cancer incidence by AACs status were calculated using Cox regression, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, family history of pancreatic cancer, body mass index, diabetes, and alcohol intake. Results: During an average of 16.2-year follow-up, 1,455 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were identified among 187,226 white, African-American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese-American, and Latino men and women. AACs were not associated with pancreatic cancer incidence (HR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.12). The null association was observed in men and women and across racial/ethnic groups, smoking status, BMI groups, diabetes status, and family history of pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: Based on these results, AACs is unlikely to be associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Brian Z. Huang, Loic Le Marchand, Christopher A. Haiman, Kristine Monroe, Lynne Wilkens, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Veronica Wendy Setiawan. Atopic allergic conditions and risk of pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2286. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2286
The molecular biology of Euglena gracilis: IV. Cellular stratification by centrifuging

Abstract Stratification of Euglena gracilis cells by ultracentrifugation has been accomplished without irreversible cellular damage. Examination of fresh and stained preparations of layered cells by optical and electron microscopy revealed distinct segregation of cellular organelles. The “cytoplasm” of these cells appears to be free of macromolecules.
1.8 Aramid Fibers

Wholly aromatic polyamides are often called “aramids” not only for abbreviation, but also to distinguish them from conventional aliphatic polyamides, such as nylon. More specifically, the word aramid is a generic term for “a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings” as defined by the US Federal Trade Commission. The distinction is made because aromatic polyamides typically exhibit better thermal stability and chemical resistance, higher glass transition and melt temperatures than aliphatic polyamides. Some of the aramid fibers also have higher tensile strength and modulus than aliphatic polyamide fibers.
Developing Community and Building Knowledge Online Using a Virtual Reality Environment and Student-Created Videos.

Within an online science teacher education course, an important although secondary goal was to prepare students for a high-stakes licensure portfolio at some time after course completion. Thus, var...
AACE/ACE POSITION STATEMENT ON THE USE OF FOLLOW-ON BIOLOGICS AND BIOSIMILARS FOR ENDOCRINE DISEASES.

This document represents the official position of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. Where there were no randomized controlled trials or sp...
Effect of stress redistribution during thermal actuation of shape memory alloys in notched cylindrical bars

Shape memory alloys present a unique ability to undergo a solid-to-solid, diffusionless, reversible phase transformation. The forward phase transformation is commonly associated with transforming from the austenitic phase to the martensitic phase, while the reverse transformation is defined by going from the martensitic phase to the austenitic phase. In thermal actuation loading paths, forward transformation is generally associated with cooling, while reverse transformation is commonly associated with heating. In this article, however, it is shown that reverse transformation may occur during cooling of notched cylindrical shape memory alloy bars. The reversal in phase transformation is associated with the redistribution of stress in the shape memory alloy due to the phase transformation.
Tissue Culture of Taro, Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott

SummaryExcised shoot tips from apical or axillary buds of Solomon Islands (SI) taro cultivars formed plantlets when cultured in vitro on agar or in liquid. Proliferation of shoots or extensive callus formation did not occur. Similar results were obtained with cultivars from Hawaii. Expiants from a California cultivar on Linsmaier- Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with 15 ppm IAA or 2 ppm 2, 4, 5-T formed callus. When subcultured onto LS containing adenine, N-benzyl-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) the callus formed plantlets and undifferentiated tissue. Expiants from SI and Hawaiian cultivars did not form callus. Plantlets obtained from excised shoot tips remained free from detectable virus infection as judged from symptomless growth for 15 months and electron-microscopic examination of sap.
Electrophoresis of sheared polyelectrolytes

ABSTRACTA shear flow breaks the spherical symmetry of a flexible polymer, which has some interesting consequences for the electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes. In addition to introducing a chain-length dependence of the electrophoretic velocity, there is also the possibility of migration of the molecule perpendicular to the direction of coaxial gradients in pressure and electric potential. This has been shown to produce a rapid and highly localised concentration of DNA within a microfluidic capillary, with a number of potential applications to on-chip preparation and analysis of genomic DNA. In this paper, dedicated to Prof. Daan Frenkel, I will describe a calculation of the electrophoretic motion of a long polyelectrolyte under a coaxial flow and electric field.
GEOCHRONOLOGY OF QUATERNARY TEPHRA DEPOSITS

Three radiometric methods have been used to date Quaternary tephra: fission-track (F-T), K-Ar, and radiocarbon (C-14). The fission-track and K~Ar methods provide direct ages for the tephra because they date phenocrysts from the source magma that were deposited by the eruption cloud. Radiocarbon dating provides only indirect ages because the carbon used in this method comes from material, such as pre-existing wood, included in the tephra during deposition or collected from underlying or overlying strata.
Semi-Nonnegative matrix factorization for motion segmentation with missing data

Motion segmentation is an old problem that is receiving renewed interest because of its role in video analysis. In this paper, we present a Semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SNMF)method that models dense point tracks in terms of their optical flow, and decomposes sets of point tracks into semantically meaningful motion components. We show that this formulation of SNMF with missing values outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithm of Brox and Malik in terms of accuracy on 10-frame video segments from the Berkeley test set, while being over 100 times faster. We then show how SNMF can be applied to longer videos using sliding windows. The result is competitive in terms of accuracy with Brox and Malik's algorithm, while still being two orders of magnitude faster.
Assessment of the influence of dietary vitamin E on sows and offspring in three parities: reproductive performance, tissue tocopherol, and effects on progeny.

Sixty crossbred (Yorkshire-Hampshire X Duroc) gilts were fed one of four corn-soybean meal diets fortified with .3 ppm Se and 0, 16, 33, or 66 IU of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg. The study was conducted over a three-parity period to evaluate sow reproductive performance and the vitamin E tissue status of both sows and progeny at various time periods postcoitum and(or) postpartum. The basal diet averaged 8.4 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg and .38 ppm of Se. Although litter size at birth was lowest (P less than .15) when sows were fed the basal diet, a higher incidence of agalactia when sows were fed the lower dietary vitamin E levels resulted in an increased (P less than .05) litter size at 7 d postpartum as dietary vitamin E increased. Sow serum alpha-tocopherol increased (P less than .01) at each measurement period as dietary vitamin E level increased. Colostrum and milk alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased (P less than .01) as dietary vitamin E level increased, and colostrum values were three to five times higher than at later milks. Colostrum alpha-tocopherol declined by parity from sows fed less than or equal to 16 IU/kg but was similar at each parity for sows fed greater than or equal to 33 IU/kg, resulting in a dietary vitamin E x parity interaction (P less than .01). The Se content of sow milk declined with parity but was not affected by dietary vitamin E level. Sow liver tocopherol at weaning (28 d postpartum) increased (P less than .01) as dietary vitamin E increased and increased with parity (P less than .05). Pig serum and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations were elevated at birth and 7 and 28 d of age as sow dietary level of vitamin E increased. Upon weaning, pigs were fed a torula yeast-dextrose diet that contained 3.0 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg and .32 ppm Se for a 28-d postweaning period. Liver and serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations declined during the postweaning period. Evidence of the vitamin E deficiency occurred at 28 d postweaning in the progeny from sows fed the basal diet or 16 IU of vitamin E; the incidence was more prevalent in the pigs from Parities II and III. These results suggest that a supplemental level of 16 IU of vitamin E/kg of diet was inadequate for the reproducing sow; higher levels are justified, particularly when females are retained in the herd for several parities.
Effects of Testosterone and Progressive Resistance Exercise on Vascular Function in Older Men.

Increased promotion and prescription of testosterone (T) to aging men has raised concerns about potential adverse cardiovascular effects. We show that in older men with T levels in the low–normal r...
Implementation of a Collaborative HIV and Hepatitis C Screening Program in Appalachian Urgent Care Settings.

Author(s): Burrell, Carmen N.; Sharon, Melinda J.; Davis, Stephen M.; Wojcik, Elena M.; Martin, Ian B.K. | Abstract: Introduction: With the current hepatitis C (HCV) epidemic in the Appalachian region and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, there is a need for increased secondary prevention efforts. The purpose of this study was to implement routine HIV and HCV screenings in the urgent care setting through the use of an electronic medical record (EMR) to increase a provider’s likelihood of testing eligible patients. Methods: From June 2017 through May 2018, EMR-based HIV and HCV screenings were implemented in three emergency department-affiliated urgent care settings: a local urgent care walk-in clinic; a university-based student health services center; and an urgent care setting located within a multi-specialty clinic. EMR best practice alerts (BPA) were developed based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines and populated on registered patients who qualified to receive HIV and/or HCV testing. Patients were excluded from the study if they chose to opt out from testing or the provider deemed it clinically inappropriate. Upon notification of a positive HIV and/or HCV test result through the EMR, patient navigators (PNs) were responsible for linking patients to their first medical appointment. Results: From June 2017 through May 2018, 48,531 patients presented to the three urgent care clinics. Out of 27,230 eligible patients, 1,972 patients (7.2%) agreed to be screened for HIV; for HCV, out of 6,509 eligible patients, 1,895 (29.1%) agreed to be screened. Thirty-one patients (1.6%) screened antibody-positive for HCV, with three being ribonucleic acid confirmed positives. No patients in either setting were confirmed positive for HIV; however, two initially screened HIV-positive. PNs were able to link 17 HCV antibody-positive patients (55%) to their first appointment, with the remainder having a scheduled future appointment. Conclusion: Introducing an EMR-based screening program is an effective method to identify and screen eligible patients for HIV and HCV in Appalachian urgent care settings where universal screenings are not routinely implemented.
Does external fixator pin site distance from definitive implant affect infection rate in pilon fractures

Abstract Introduction Tibial pilon fractures are often treated with initial external fixation followed by delayed definitive fixation. It has been postulated that the external fixator pin site may correlate with infection risk. The purpose of this study was to determine whether external fixator pin-site distance from definitive implants impacts the risk of deep infection in pilon fractures. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was completed at a single level 1 trauma center. All patients ages 15–65 who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a distal tibial fracture (AO/OTA Classification 43) from 2007 to 2013 were included. The final study population was 133 patients. The impact of external fixation pin location (relative to the definitive implant location) on postoperative infection was measured. Results As a continuous variable, the distance between the closest pin site and plate was 62.1 ± 44.1 mm in the infected cohort and 62.2 ± 49.7 mm in the non-infected cohort (p = 0.991). Further analysis was performed by grouping the distances into less than 0 mm (i.e. overlapping), >0.0 – 25.0 mm, >25.0 – 50.0 mm, >50.0 – 75.0 mm, >75.0 – 100.0 mm, and >100.0 mm of separation. No significant differences were noted with regards to the risk for infection. Conclusions Staged care has been shown to be an effective treatment strategy for AO/OTA type 43 fractures. There are many variables to consider when placing an external fixator construct. In this cohort, pin site distance from definitive implant location was not associated with an increase in deep infections. Level of evidence Level III.
Relations of POD modes and Lyapunov exponents to the nonlinear dynamic states in flow over oscillating tandem cylinders

Nonlinear dynamic states of flow field are analyzed using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to extract spatial coherent structures, and the temporal development of these spatial structures ...
Insight into Gender Differences in Higher Education: Evidence from Peer Reviews in an Introductory STEM Course

As the service industry moves toward self-service, peer feedback serves a critical role in this shift for educational services. Peer feedback is a process by which students provide feedback to each...