cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat or mass transfer from a moving drop: some approximate relations for the Nusselt-number

The external problem of heat/mass transfer for a steadily moving surfactant-free spherical drop is considered. Simple approximate relations for the maximum velocity at the surface of the drop and the Nusselt (Sherwood) number are derived on the basis of the boundary-layer-type estimates. The relations contain adjustable 0(1) numerical factors, which are chosen so as to give the best fit to the results of the previously obtained accurate numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes and convective-diffusion equations for Re ≤ 200 and Pe ≤ 1000. It is also indicated how the knowledge of the maximum surface velocity allows one to reduce the internal problem to the well-documented case or low Reynolds number.
Structure/property evaluation and comparison between shock-wave consolidated and hot-isostatically pressed compacts of RSP pyromet 718 alloy powders

Shock-wave processing of a nickel-based superalloy (Pyromet 718) powder is explored and compared to conventional hot-isostatic processing. The shock consolidated powder has extensively deformed particle interiors, A fine microcrystalline phase was observed at interparticle regions, and is attributed to rapid solidification of melt formed during the consolidation process. The shock consolidated material has a yield strength of 1 GPa prior to heat treatment, which is at least 10% higher than that of the hot isostatically pressed alloy. A high density of very fine disk-shaped γ″ precipitates nucleate in the shock consolidated material after solution treatment and upon aging at 620°C for 8–40 h. A lower density of coarser precipitates nucleate in the hot-isostatically pressed alloy subjected to similar thermal aging conditions. The shocked and heat treated alloy exhibits a 20% higher yield strength and a 40% higher UTS than the hot isostatically pressed and heat treated alloy, with comparable ductility. The improvement is attributed to a finer intraparticle grain size, very fine grained interparticle material, and a higher density of very fine and uniformly dispersed y″ precipitates resulting from faster nucleation kinetics in the shock consolidated material.
Individuals with disabilities in the criminal justice system : a review of the literature

A review of the literature was conducted to determine the treatment of individuals with disabilities within the criminal justice system. The focus was on those persons who are suspects or convicted offenders. Issues related to initial interactions with police officers to trial proceedings and eventual incarceration were discussed. Special attention was given to the Miranda warnings, competency to stand trial, plea bargaining, Eighth Amendment issues, and alternatives to incarceration.
Observation of parity doublets in Ac219

The level structure of /sup 219/Ac up to a spin of J = (31/2) and E/sub x/ = 2.2 MeV has been studied via the /sup 209/Bi(/sup 13/C,3n..gamma..) reaction. The dominant ..gamma..-ray deexcitation sequence consists of two parallel cascades, each containing alternating positive and negative parity states. In addition, there is a sideband probably built on the ..pi..i/sub 13/2/ single particle state. The most striking feature of this level scheme is the appearance of parity doublets similar to those seen in the heavier actinides.
Assessment of Direct Steam Generation Technologies for Solar Thermal Augmented Steam Cycle Applications

Abstract A conceptual design study was performed to quantitatively evaluate a range of solar augmented steam cycle design options for natural gas combined-cycle (NGCC) and pulverized coal power plants. Solar augmented steam cycle options were modeled for two direct steam generation (DSG) solar technologies: 500 °C line-focus (parabolic trough or linear Fresnel reflector) and 565 °C central receiver. Fossil-fuel power plant designs included NGCC with duct firing and subcritical pulverized coal. All of the conceptual designs utilized steam generated by a solar field to offset some of the fossil fuel required to generate power. The performance of multiple integration options was evaluated using thermodynamic models to provide a quantitative comparison of plant retrofit design options. Based on the available steam conditions for the DSG technologies and the results of past modeling studies, solar steam was assumed to be integrated with the main steam supply at the exit of the heat recovery steam generator superheater for the NGCC plant. For the pulverized coal plant, solar steam was integrated into the main steam header after the superheater. Steam integration at these high temperature points in the Rankine cycle is the most thermodynamically optimal design. For both plant types, feedwater was extracted from the boiler feedwater pump discharge. Using the thermodynamic analysis results, the solar augment potential across nearly half of the U.S. states was estimated for existing coal and gas plants that met certain age, solar resource, land availability and other criteria. The gigawatt (GW) deployment potential for DSG solar technologies was compared to the equivalent potentials for previously analyzed oil-based parabolic trough and molten salt central receiver technologies [1]. Solar use efficiency and plant heat rate improvement were the primary metrics used to compare the relative performance of the solar technology options. The deployment potentials were significant, particularly for the technologies with the highest solar steam temperatures. If line-focus DSG technologies can successfully achieve temperatures approaching 500 °C (932 °F), this study indicates that the solar augment potential is nearly double the capacity estimates for lower temperature troughs. Over 25 GW of solar augment capacity was estimated in the U.S. Compared to nominally 200 MW of worldwide solar augment capacity in operation today, the study indicated a considerable opportunity for solar augment applications to play a role in the total energy mix.
Two more approaches for generating trajectory-based dynamics which conserves the canonical distribution in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics

We show two more approaches for generating trajectory-based dynamics in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics: "equilibrium continuity dynamics" (ECD) in the spirit of the phase space continuity equation in classical mechanics, and "equilibrium Hamiltonian dynamics" (EHD) in the spirit of the Hamilton equations of motion in classical mechanics. Both ECD and EHD can recover exact thermal correlation functions (of even nonlinear operators, i.e., nonlinear functions of position or momentum operators) in the classical, high temperature, and harmonic limits. Both ECD and EHD conserve the quasi-probability within the infinitesimal volume dx(t)dp(t) around the phase point (x(t), p(t)) along the trajectory. Numerical tests of both approaches in the Wigner phase space have been made for two strongly anharmonic model problems and a double well system, for each potential auto-correlation functions of both linear and nonlinear operators have been calculated. The results suggest EHD and ECD are two additional potential useful approaches for describing quantum effects for complex systems in condense phase.
Thermal-resistant populations of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

SummaryA small thermal-resistant fraction (10−3 to 10−5 at 55°C) of foot-and-mouth disease virus, type A, has been isolated from a wild population. Under continuing thermal selection, it breeds populations which contain much higher fractions, at least 10−1, of thermal-resistant virus particles. Such populations revert partially, however, toward the sensitivity of the wild strain if not subjected to heat.
Free-Convective Diffusion Flame Sheet in Porous Media

Abstract The nonpremixed burning of a condensed fuel with an oxidizer flow, driven by the buoyancy force, adjacent to the wall in porous media is analyzed in the reaction-sheet limit. Because of the distinct flow characteristics in porous media, similarity exists when the problem is scaled by x1/2, where x is the spatial coordinate along the wall, instead of x1/4 as for the conventional gaseous natural convective flow. Results show that the profiles of the temperature and reactants are qualitatively similar to those of the gaseous combustion situation. Quantitatively, the flame temperature is reduced as a consequence of the high effective thermal conductivity, which results in high Lewis numbers. The standoff distance of the reaction sheet is relatively insensitive to the preferential diffusion of the oxidizer but is decresed with increasing Lewis number of the fuel vapor. Interestingly, the vertical induced flow velocity may have one maximum, which is located at the reaction sheet, or two maxima, dependi...
Large format filter changer mechanism for the dark energy survey

The Dark Energy Survey is a Stage III Dark Energy Experiment that will obtain cosmological parameters by combining four observational techniques; Galaxy Clusters, Weak Lensing, Type Ia Supernovae and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. The observations will be performed with a new wide field camera (DECam) that will be placed on the Blanco 4 m telescope at CTIO. Here we describe the large format (600 mm clear aperture) Filter Changer Mechanism (FCM) for the Dark Energy Survey Camera (DECam). The FCM, based on the Pan-STARRS design, is the largest ever constructed. Fabrication of the filter changer has been completed and it has been tested under realistic conditions.
The Inversion of Sensory Processing by Feedback Pathways: A Model of Visual Cognitive Functions.

The mammalian visual system has a hierarchic structure with extensive reciprocal connections. A model is proposed in which the feedback pathways serve to modify afferent sensory stimuli in ways that enhance and complete sensory input patterns, suppress irrelevant features, and generate quasi-sensory patterns when afferent stimulation is weak or absent. Such inversion of sensory coding and feature extraction can be achieved by optimization processes in which scalar responses derived from high-level neural analyzers are used as cost functions to modify the filter properties of more peripheral sensory relays. An optimization algorithm, Alopex, which is used in the model, is readily implemented with known neural circuitry. The functioning of the system is investigated by computer simulations.
Solving Satisfiability with Less Searching

A new technique, complement searching, is given for reducing the amount of searching required to solve satisfiability (constraint satisfaction) problems. Search trees for these problems often contain subtrees that have approximately the same shape. When this occurs, knowledge that the first subtree does not have a solution can be used to reduce the searching in the second subtree. Only the part of the second subtree which is different from the first needs to be searched. The pure literal rule of the Davis-Putnam procedure is a special case of complement searching. The new technique greatly reduces the amount of searching required to solve conjunctive normal form predicates that contain almost pure literals (literals with a small number of occurrences).
Awakening the Press Clause

The Free Press Clause enjoys less practical significance than almost any other constitutional provision. While recognizing the structural and expressive importance of a free press, the Supreme Court has never recognized explicitly any right or protection as emanating solely from the Press Clause. Recently in the Court’s Citizens United decision, Justices Stevens and Scalia reignited the 30-year-old debate over whether the Press Clause has any function separate from the Speech Clause. The primary roadblock to recognizing independent meaning in the Press Clause is the definitional problem - who or what is the “press”? Others have attempted to define the press, but the ubiquitous instinct toward constitutional overprotection has resulted in overly broad definitions that include potentially everyone. These over-inclusive definitions have failed because they attempt to transfer our constitutionally overprotective approach to the Speech Clause to the Press Clause. The net result has been, ironically, fewer constitutional press rights rather than more. This article attempts to break that cycle by arguing that the way to give long-overdue meaning to this important piece of constitutional text is to embrace press exceptionalism through a narrow definition of the “press.” By adopting an overly protective approach to the Press Clause we have been sucked into a constitutional feedback loop - an expansive definition of the press means virtually complete overlap between press and speech and thus no meaningful way to interpret the Press Clause. Awakening the Press Clause, therefore, requires a definition of the press that is sufficiently narrow. This article furthermore submits that the definitional problem is manageable because line-drawing perfectionism is not required thanks to the fallback protections of the Speech Clause.
Incorporating a psychoacoustical model in frequency domain speech enhancement

A frequency domain optimal linear estimator is proposed which incorporates the masking properties of the human auditory system to make the residual noise distortion inaudible. The use of wavelet-thresholded multitaper spectra is also proposed for frequency-domain speech enhancement methods as an alternative to the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based magnitude spectra. Experiments with multitalker babble noise indicated that the proposed estimator outperformed the minimum mean-square error log-spectral amplitude estimator (MMSE-LSA), particularly when wavelet-thresholded multitaper spectra were used in place of the FFT spectra.
Statistical debugging using compound boolean predicates

Statistical debugging uses dynamic instrumentation and machine learning to identify predicates on program state that are strongly predictive of program failure. Prior approaches have only considered simple, atomic predicates such as the directions of branches or the return values of function calls. We enrich the predicate vocabulary by adding complex Boolean formulae derived from these simple predicates. We draw upon three-valued logic, static program structure, and statistical estimation techniques to efficiently sift through large numbers of candidate Boolean predicate formulae. We present qualitative and quantitative evidence that complex predicates are practical, precise, and informative. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach is robust in the face of incomplete data provided by the sparse random sampling that typifies postdeployment statistical debugging.
Coagulation studies for cellulose in the ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate (NH3/NH4SCN) direct solvent system

An extensive study of the coagulation of cellulose from cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solutions is presented. The effect of major variables upon the coagulation process for cellulose solutions is reported. Microscopic observations of the moving boundary associated with the coagulation were performed on gelled cellulose solutions to determine the coagulation rate as a function of molecular volumes of coagulant, bath temperatures, bath compositions, and cellulose concentrations. The data were analyzed by means of a one-dimensional linear diffusion model based on Fick's law, thereby depicting the mechanism of the coagulation process, and obtaining the diffusion coefficients of mobile components involved in the coagulation.
System-level optimization and benchmarking for InAs nanowire based gate-all-around tunneling FETs

The ON/OFF current and input capacitance of InAs nanowire based gate-all-around (GAA) tunnel FETs are modeled. Based on the device- and system-level models, optimization has been done and comparison has been made between TFETs and CMOS devices under different constraints for both single- and multi-core processors. Several performance metrics have been analyzed, which shows that optimal numbers of cores, power density and die size area exist for maximizing various design targets.
Microwave plasma-assisted diamond synthesis reactor design for large deposition areas at high rates

The Microwave plasma assisted CVD synthesis of diamond was first demonstrated during the early 1980s by Kamo et al [1]. Diamond synthesis was achieved in a small ( 2–4 cm ), tubular reactor where microwave energy was coupled into a quartz tube that was inserted through a waveguide. This reactor produced high radical densities and high quality diamond films and was inexpensive, simple to design, construct and operate. Hence it was utilized by many early diamond researchers to experimentally investigate and understand CVD diamond synthesis. However this reactor type had a number of inherent limitations such as small deposition area and low operating pressure regime. Since these early investigations the significant potential of industrial applications of CVD diamond synthesis has spurred numerous, innovative, microwave plasma reactor designs.
Carbonate ramp to rimmed shelf evolution: Lower to Middle Cambrian continental margin, Virginia Appalachians

Drill cores through the Lower to Middle Cambrian Shady Dolomite carbonate platform (600 to 1,200 m thick) in the Austinville, Virginia, region have provided critical platform-margin facies relations not exposed in outcrop. The control provided by the closely spaced drill cores has allowed detailed cross sections to be constructed through the margin, which allow the evolution of the carbonate platform from a gently sloping, carbonate ramp to a high-relief, reef-rimmed shelf to be interpreted. The Shady Dolomite records the inception of carbonate sedimentation on the Lower Cambrian passive margin and forms the initial carbonate foundation for the over-lying Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate shelf sequence. Carbonate sedimentation was initiated on a submerged Lower Cambrian clastic shelf, resulting in deposition of a thick sequence (300 m) of deep-ramp, nodular limestones. This facies shallows upward into a carbonate ramp fringed by low-relief, stromatactoid mud-mound buildups (as much as 30 m thick and 3.5 km wide). Downslope these buildups pass into slope conglomerate and deep-ramp carbonate facies; landward of the buildups, cyclic peritidal sequences developed. By latest Early Cambrian time, as the ramp increased in relief, skeletal algal bioherms and lime sands were established on the high-energy margin to form a high-relief (as much as 500 to 700 m), rimmed shelf with thick (>600 m) off-platform deposits immediately seaward of the shelf edge. In the shelf interior, a major regression during Early to Middle Cambrian time resulted in development of a major unconformity and in deposition of red beds. On the more rapidly subsiding outer platform, subsidence rates exceeded sea-level-fall rates, allowing continued upbuilding of the reefal rimmed shelf. This rimmed shelf persisted for about 30 m.y. and influenced carbonate sedimentation throughout the Cambrian until it was destroyed by incipient collision during the Early Ordovician period (Read, in press).
Targeting IGF-1R in the treatment of sarcomas: past, present and future

The use of multimodality therapy has resulted in markedly improved cure rates for patients with sarcomas in the past 25 years. However, for virtually all patients with metastatic or recurrent disease, survival remains dismal. The important role that members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family play in tumorigenesis has been known for decades. But it has only been in the last five years, that humanized and fully human antibodies targeting insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) have been developed. The use of these agents in clinical trials has been accompanied by several dramatic responses in patients with recurrent and refractory sarcomas. In this review, we will focus on preclinical highlights in the past, current clinic trials and discuss some exciting research opportunities to foster advances in the future.
Synthetic biology: exploring and exploiting genetic modularity through the design of novel biological networks

Synthetic biology has been used to describe many biological endeavors over the past thirty years—from designing enzymes and in vitro systems, to manipulating existing metabolisms and gene expression, to creating entirely synthetic replicating life forms. What separates the current incarnation of synthetic biology from the recombinant DNA technology or metabolic engineering of the past is an emphasis on principles from engineering such as modularity, standardization, and rigorously predictive models. As such, synthetic biology represents a new paradigm for learning about and using biological molecules and data, with applications in basic science, biotechnology, and medicine. This review covers the canonical examples as well as some recent advances in synthetic biology in terms of what we know and what we can learn about the networks underlying biology, and how this endeavor may shape our understanding of living systems.
Enamel Fluoride Retention after DCPD and APF Application and Prolonged Exposure to Fluoride in vitro

The effect of a topical fluoride regimen consisting of a four-minute pre-treatment with a saturated dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) solution followed by a four-minute application of APF was compared with that of a four-minute application of APF alone with respect to the deposition of fluoride in enamel in an apatitic form in vitro. Following the topical applications, specimens were washed in either (1) an inorganic wash solution for 24 hrs or (2) an inorganic wash solution with I ppm F added for 28 days; specimens were then subjected to KOH extraction for 24 hrs. Fluoride-by-depth profiles revealed that the DCPD/APF treatment resulted in a significant increase in the apatitic F concentration of enamel to a depth of 20 μm, while APF application alone did not. All groups exposed to the 1 ppm F wash acquired significant amounts of apatitic F, with the differences between groups remaining relatively constant.
Peripheral positional acuity: retinal and cortical constraints on 2-dot separation discrimination under photopic and scotopic conditions.

Abstract The precision of discriminating the separation of two dots was measured as a function of separation for eccentricities of 0–10 deg under photopic and scotopic conditions. At each eccentricity, the 2-dot separation discrimination thresholds showed a V-shaped dependence on separation. For separations less than approximately twice the resolution threshold, performance deteriorated from photopic to scotopic conditions and appeared to be limited by ganglion cell receptive field size or spacing. For separations smaller than 10% of the effective eccentricity (eccentricity + 0.6 deg), the photopic 2-dot separation discrimination thresholds were significantly better than 3-dot bisection thresholds previously measured under similar experimental conditions, supporting the hypothesis that 3-dot bisection suffers from spatial interference for these separations. Interestingly, under scotopic conditions, 2-dot separation discrimination thresholds were better than resolution for a range of separations at each eccentricity, implying that cone input was not necessary for hyperacuity performance. 2-dot separation discrimination thresholds for large separations were little changed from photopic to scotopic luminance conditions.
Isotopic determinations of blood volume in intact and regenerated rat adrenals during cold stress.

Blood volume measurements in intact rat adrenals and 30-day regenerated mesenteric autografts were made by I131- serum albumin and Cr51-red blood cell dilution methods before and during exposure to 4 C cold for 1 or 4 hr. These were the intervals at which the greatest changes in glandular and systemic plasma corticoids were observed measured fluorimetrically over a 10-hr period. Transplanted glands from “nonstressed” rats contained 14–18% less blood than intacts, depending upon the method used. Blood volume was increased in both intact and regenerated glands during cold stress, the increase being greater at 4 hr that at 1, and proportionately greater in transplants than in intact glands. Concentrations of plasma and glandular corticoids were similar in intact and regenerated glands in “nonstressed” rats. Although both rose biphasically during stress, the difference between glandular and plasma corticoids was proportionately less for intact than for regenerated glands. These findings suggest that regenerat...
Remote-access engineering educational laboratories: who, what, when, where, why, and how?

With the popularization of the Internet and the World Wide Web and with installation of "fast" Internet connections throughout many developed countries, engineering educators at many universities have developed Internetand Web-based laboratories. They have shown that such remote-access engineering educational laboratories are technologically feasible. However, much less is known at present on how remote-access laboratories are likely to change educational practices in the USA or abroad. The paper discusses the results of a preliminary survey of nine electrical engineering departments in the United States on administrative and market-related issues related to the use of remote-access engineering laboratories.
Clinical microbiology: past, present, and future.

During the last two decades of the 19th century, a plethora of bacteria were isolated and designated etiological agents of human infectious diseases. As with many instances at the interface between cause and effective therapy, the further characterization of these alleged pathogens remained in the
The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica and Barbados, 1823-1843

The British Slavery Abolition Act of 1834 provided a grant of u20 million to compensate the owners of West Indian slaves for the loss of their human 'property.' In this first comparative analysis of the impact of the award on the colonies, Mary Butler focuses on Jamaica and Barbados, two of Britain's premier sugar islands. The Economics of Emancipation examines the effect of compensated emancipation on colonial credit, landownership, plantation land values, and the broader spheres of international trade and finance. Butler also brings the role and status of women as creditors and plantation owners into focus for the first time. Through her analysis of rarely used chancery court records, attorneys' letters, and compensation returns, Butler underscores the fragility of the colonial economies of Jamaica and Barbados, illustrates the changing relationship between planters and merchants, and offers new insights into the social and political history of the West Indies and Britain.
Beverage consumption in an Alaska Native village: a mixed-methods study of behaviour, attitudes and access

Background . American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) have the highest prevalence of obesity for any racial/ethnic group. Previous studies examining risk factors for obesity have identified excessive sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and inadequate water consumption as major risk factors for this population group. The historical scarcity of water in rural Alaska may explain consumption patterns including reliance on SSBs and other packaged drinks. Methods . Our study was designed to assess SSB, water and other beverage consumption and attitudes towards consumption in Alaska Native children and adults residing in rural Alaska. During summer 2014, 2 focus groups were conducted employing community members in a small rural village more than 200 air miles west of Fairbanks, Alaska. Interviews were completed with shop owners, Early Head Start and Head Start program instructors (n=7). SSB and total beverage intakes were measured using a modified version of the BEVQ-15, (n=69). Results . High rates of SSB consumption (defined as sweetened juice beverages, soda, sweet tea, energy drink or sports drinks) and low rates of water consumption were reported for all age groups in the village. All adolescents and 81% of children reported drinking SSBs at least once per week in the last month, and 48% of adolescents and 29% of younger children reported daily consumption. Fifty-two per cent of adults reported consuming SSBs at least once per week and 20% reported daily consumption. Twenty-five per cent of adolescents reported never drinking water in the past month, and 19% of younger children and 21% of adults did not consume water daily. Conclusion . Alaska Native children and adults living in the Interior Alaska consume high amounts of SSBs including energy drinks and insufficient amounts of water. Interventions targeting beverage consumption are urgently needed for the Alaska Native population in rural Alaska. Keywords: sugar-sweetened beverages; water; Alaska Native; obesity; nutrition (Published: 24 February 2016) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2016, 75: 29905 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v75.29905
A modified closed form energy-based framework for fatigue life assessment for aluminum 6061-T6: Strain range approach

It has been shown in our previous effort in the development of an energy-based fatigue life prediction framework that, in order to obtain the fatigue toughness of a nonviscoplastic material at room...
Wind energy in China: Getting more from wind farms

China has the largest installed capacity of wind farms, yet its wind energy electricity output is lower than that of other countries. A new analysis of the relative contributions of the factors influencing China's wind sector could help policy makers prioritize solutions.
SMS 201-995 in the treatment of refractory prostatic carcinoma

The long-acting synthetic somatostatin analog, SMA 201-995, was used to treat patients with advanced hormonal-refractory prostate cancer. Twenty-two of 24 study patients treated are evaluable for toxicity and 20 are evaluable for response. The dose of SMS 201-995 was 100 mg subcutaneously every 8 hours for 6 weeks. Two patients suffered intolerable gastrointestinal complications requiring early cessation of therapy. No patient had objective evidence of tumor regression. After developing a clinical suspicion that tumor growth accelerated with SMS 201-995, we observed 10 patients closely for 2 months before beginning SMS 201-995 treatment and for the first 2 months on the therapy. In these 10 patients, the serum prostatic acid phosphatase level rose at an accelerated rate after 1 to 2 months of treatment. Among the 20 patients treated and evaluable for response, new osseous metastases developed in 12 and new visceral metastases in 4; 1 developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and 2 developed neurologic complications (mean time to objective progression, 5.6 weeks). Six patients received salvage chemotherapy after disease progressed on SMS 201-995 therapy, 5 of whom have achieved objective tumor regressions. We believe SMS 201995 stimulates prostatic tumor growth and may sensitize tumor cells to subsequent chemotherapy.
Supramanie und Beta aus Prinzip

Als ich in Buchern uber Schizophrenie las, fiel mir ein, wie es sein konnte, verruckt zu werden.
Head Accelerations During Soccer Heading

There is a continuing debate on if heading can cause neurocognitive defects in soccer players. Some studies suggest that repeated sub-concussive impacts may lead to neurocognitive deficits, while others dispute these claims. Any deficits in function would certainly be tied to the characteristics of the ball-head impact, yet the head accelerations of soccer heading have not been fully determined. Furthermore, no researchers to date have examined both head accelerations and neurocognitive function in the same study. The current research examines the potential for head injury suffered by a collegiate soccer player during headers similar to what they would experience in practice. Primary data collection used two three-axis accelerometers and an angular rate sensor coupled to a small remote data collection system, as well as video tapes of the headers to examine incoming and outgoing ball velocities. These accelerations were converted to Head Injury Criteria (HIC) values, which more accurately reflect the potential for injury. Six trials of two heading types were examined during testing. The first simulates heading a goal kick traveling at 16 m/s back in the direction from which it came. The second type involves redirecting a 12 m/s ball 90 degrees from its inflight path, which simulates heading a corner kick or cross towards the goal. Average accelerations were 29.26 and 32.64 Gs for the corner and straight on headers, respectively, and the maximum HIC value for all of the players was 133.3. None of the results from the neurocognitive tests indicated any detrimental effects on the participants.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early rectal neoplasia: experience from a European center.

Background and study aims Endoscopic resection is a curative treatment option for large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs). Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows en bloc resection but ESD experience is still limited outside Asia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of ESD in the treatment of early rectal neoplasia in a European center. Patients and methods 330 patients referred for endoscopic resection of rectal LNPCPs were included prospectively. Results ESD was performed for 302 LNPCPs (median diameter 40 mm). Submucosal invasive cancer (SMIC) was present in 17.2 % (n = 52). SMIC was associated with Paris type (54.5 % among type 0-Is lesions, 100 % of 0-Is-IIc type, 0 % of 0-IIa, 14.9 % of 0-IIa-Is, and 59.3 % of 0-IIa-IIc type; P Conclusions The majority of rectal LNPCPs are benign lesions. ESD offers high R0 resection and low recurrence rates but EMR may be appropriate. In lesions with a risk for SMIC, ESD should be offered to achieve R0 resection. Despite high rates of R0 resection the curative resection rate of ESD for rectal SMIC is
TLR9 and Dendritic Cells Are Required for CD8+ T Cell Responses to the AAV Capsid

CD8 + T cell responses to the adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid have posed a significant barrier to transduction in clinical trials of AAV-mediated gene therapy for hemophilia B, as reactivation of a memory CTL response to the capsid is capable of eliminating transduced hepatocytes in the absence of immunosuppression. Recently, it has been suggested that innate immune responses induced by the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway can influence the development of adaptive immune responses to AAV-mediated gene transfer. In particular, reports have implicated TLR2 (AAV capsid), TLR9 (AAV genome), and MyD88 (downstream signaling adaptor of both these TLRs). Herein, we have used a modified AAV2 with an insertion of the immunodominant MHC class I epitope of ovalbumin into the capsid (AAV2-SIINFEKL) to study the mechanism of CD8 + T cell responses to the AAV capsid. Using an H2-K b -SIINFEKL tetramer reagent, we determined that anti-capsid CD8 + T cell responses depended on the TLR9-MyD88 pathway. While the frequency of circulating capsid-specific CD8+ T cells peaked around 7-10 days post-injection and subsided after about 21 days in wild type (WT) mice, tetramer-positive cells were not detected in TLR9 -/- or MyD88 -/- mice. The kinetics and magnitude of the response was unaltered in TLR2 -/- mice. Mice deficient in STING, a downstream adaptor of multiple cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathways, also developed comparable capsid-specific CD8 + T cell frequencies to WT mice, suggesting that this is not a general effect of pattern recognition of DNA. Interestingly, the frequency of capsid-specific CD8 + T cells was not reduced in AP3 -/- mice, which are deficient in type I IFN signaling downstream of TLR9. Adoptively transferred OVA-specific OT-1 T cells proliferated in WT but not TLR9 -/- mice that received AAV2-SIINFEKL, confirming the importance of TLR9. The effect was antigen-specific, as OT-1 cells in WT mice that received AAV2 lacking SIINFEKL showed minimal proliferation comparable to TLR9 -/- mice. In addition to pattern-recognition receptors, we also assessed the role of antigen-presenting cells in the CD8 + T cell response to capsid. The formation of capsid-specific CD8 + T cells was unaltered in mice that received gadolinium chloride to inactivate macrophages, or in B cell-deficient μMT mice. Depletion of B cells in WT mice prior to vector administration also failed to affect the anti-capsid CD8 + T cell response. However, transient depletion of dendritic cells (DCs) in CD11c-DTR mice resulted in a delayed development of capsid-specific CD8 + T cells. Seven days post-injection, DC-depleted mice had a significantly reduced frequency of tetramer-positive CD8 + T cells which recovered to normal by 10 days, likely due to the repopulation of DCs before the input capsid was completely cleared. Overall, our results show that TLR9 signaling, most likely in DCs, is required for the formation of de novo anti-capsid CD8 + T cell responses. Disclosures Herzog: Genzyme: AAV-FIX technology Patents & Royalties.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Joint Impedance Control for a tendon-driven robot hand performing peg-in-hole assembly

Autonomous robot hand manipulation has attracted a lot of attention recently. Especially when the robot fingers reach the object, each finger requires the coordination between the position and the force control in free and constrained space. It is not guaranteed to be stable when switching between different control modes. Furthermore, after grasping the object, we also want the system to have the ability to reduce the impact force when performing assembly tasks. For this purpose, instead of controlling the position and the force separately, we proposed a technique to control the characteristics of the interplay between the two, which is denoted by compliance. In this paper, we developed a control technique for peg-in-hole assembly combining visual and force feedback to enhance the compliance control of the object. The object space compliance can be transformed into the finger joint space, and the proposed Fuzzy Sliding Mode Joint Impedance Controller (FSMJIC), can achieve the desired finger joint compliance, deal with the model uncertainties as well as reject the external disturbances. It also solved the chattering problem of the conventional sliding mode control design. Once the joint impedance is achieved, the object compliance can be guaranteed. Both the real and the virtual force feedback were utilized in FSMJIC to enhance the performance. The virtual force was generated by using the concept of Visual Impedance, which can further reduce the impact force between the object and the obstacle. The 5-dof tendon-driven robot fingers were used as our testbed. The experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of our approach.
High prevalence and low intensity Ichthyophonus infections in Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis).

Ichthyophonus occurred at high prevalence but low intensity in Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) throughout the west coast of North America, ranging from coastal Oregon to the Bering Sea. Infection prevalence in adults was variable on spatial and temporal scales, with the lowest prevalence typically occurring on the edges of the geographic range and highest prevalence consistently occurring inside Prince William Sound, AK (58-77%). Additionally, intra-annual differences occurred at Albatross - Portlock, AK (71% versus 32% within 2012) and inter-annual differences occurred along coastal Oregon (50% versus 12% from 2012 to 2015). The infection prevalence was influenced by host age, increasing from ≤ 3% among the youngest cohorts (≤age 6) to 39-54% among age 9-17 cohorts, then decreasing to 27% among the oldest (age 18+) cohorts. There was little indication of significant disease impacts to Pacific Halibut, as the intensity of infection was uniformly low and length-at-age was similar between infected and uninfected cohorts. These results suggest that Ichthyophonus in Pacific Halibut currently represents a stable parasite-host paradigm in the North Pacific. Received 04 May 2017 accepted 09 Oct 2017 revised 21 Sep 2017.
Biotin for the treatment of nail disease: what is the evidence?

Aim: To describe the pharmacology, mechanism of action, and clinical reports using biotin to treat nail conditions.Methods: A review of articles indexed for MEDLINE on PubMed using keywords ‘biotin...
Content, Methodology, and Design Selections in Counselor Education Dissertations

This study explored the content, methodology, and design trends present in counselor education dissertations. The dissertations examined were drawn from a random selection of CACREP-accredited doct...
The LGBT Offender

Criminological and cultural discourses concerning LGBT persons as criminals are traced from the 1880s through the 1980s, when “gay criminal” gave way to the “gay victim.” The contemporary absence of LGBT persons from criminology, except as victims, is addressed through several studies that determine LGBT and heterosexual offenders differ.
Backwards Differentiation in AD and Neural Nets: Past Links and New Opportunities

Backwards calculation of derivatives – sometimes called the reverse mode, the full adjoint method, or backpropagation, has been developed and applied in many fields. This paper reviews several strands of history, advanced capabilities and types of application – particularly those which are crucial to the development of brain-like capabilities in intelligent control and artificial intelligence.
Crystal Structure of the Warmest Solid Phase of Perfluorocyclobutane

X-ray powder diffraction data show that the highest temperature solid phase of C 4 F 8 has an orientationally disordered body-centered cubic structure, a = 7.06(3)A, with two molecules per cell.
Fluid therapy in trauma resuscitation : A review of changing practices.

Background: Haemorrhage is the leading preventable cause of post trauma death. Acute trauma resuscitation has evolved over the last decade. The ATLS guidance used since 2012 is being updated in 2018. Objectives : To search relevant representative literature over 6 years between 2012 and 2018 to gain an insight into changing concepts, practices and recent advances in acute trauma fluid resuscitation and provide a structured review of the topic. Search methods: A relevant MEDLINE search was undertaken to obtain a list of 1512 articles from which 107 were utilised to prepare this review. Selection criteria:1. Inclusion: Articles from human medicine relevant to fluid resuscitation in trauma published in English between January 2012 and January 2018. 2. Exclusion: Articles restricted to Brain, spinal trauma or cardiovascular trauma, post traumatic arrest patients, animal or human laboratory model studies and articles on septic, postoperative, obstetric patients and single case studies were excluded. Results: This review categorises the topic into various parts to explain the evolving understanding of fluid resuscitation, trauma induced coagulopathy and endotheliopathy of trauma. The strategies for acute fluid management like damage-controlled resuscitation, balanced and haemostatic resuscitation and massive transfusion protocol are explained. A detailed discussion is carried out regarding crystalloid, colloid and blood transfusion. Special consideration is given to specific age groups, combat casualties and prehospital trauma care. Conclusions: Fluid resuscitation in trauma is a complex and rapidly evolving subject. Massive transfusion protocols and principles of damage control are significant for patient outcome. Standard guidance like ATLS is relevant and important for training professionals to deliver systematic, high quality of trauma care. There is scope for local improvisation based on resources and need for more high-quality trials and frequent systematic reviews. Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2018; 6(1): 31-39
Metabolic acidosis in patients with sepsis: epiphenomenon or part of the pathophysiology?

Objective: To review the mechanisms of metabolic acidosis in sepsis. Data sources: Articles and published reviews on metabolic acidosis in sepsis. Summary of review: Sepsis affects millions of patients each year and efforts to limit mortality have been limited. It is associated with many features one of which is acidosis which may be a result of the underlying pathophysiology (eg respiratory failure, shock, renal failure) or may also result from the way in which we manage critically ill patients. Lactic acidosis identifies septic patients at risk and aggressive fluid resuscitation (along with inotropes and blood in some patients) to reverse acidosis and improve venous oxygen saturation will improve mortality. However, most patients with severe sepsis or septic shock receive 0.9% saline and therefore may develop hyperchloraemic acidosis as a consequence of their resuscitation. Therefore alterations in acid-base balance are almost always in the background in the management of patients with sepsis. What is unknown is whether acidosis is in the causal pathway for organ dysfunction or whether it is simply an epiphenomenon. Changes in acid- base balance, of the type and magnitude commonly encountered in patients with sepsis, significantly alter the release of inflammatory mediators. Less significant changes in the immune response have already been implicated in influencing outcome for patients with sepsis and a reduction in acidosis in septic patients may have the same effect. Conclusions: Understanding the effects of acid-base on the inflammatory response is relevant as all forms of metabolic acidosis appear to be associated with prolonged hospital and ICU length of stay. Since metabolic acidosis is both commonly caused and treated by clinicians, understanding of the physiologic consequences of altered blood pH is imperative. (author abstract)
Building an Arabic Stemmer for Information Retrieval.

In TREC 2002 the Berkeley group participated only in the English-Arabic cross-language retrieval (CLIR) track. One Arabic monolingual run and three English-Arabic cross-language runs were submitted. Our approach to the crosslanguage retrieval was to translate the English topics into Arabic using online English-Arabic machine translation systems. The four official runs are named as BKYMON, BKYCL1, BKYCL2, and BKYCL3. The BKYMON is the Arabic monolingual run, and the other three runs are English-to-Arabic cross-language runs. This paper reports on the construction of an Arabic stoplist and two Arabic stemmers, and the experiments on Arabic monolingual retrieval, English-to-Arabic cross-language retrieval.