cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Skin Tumor Promotion and Progression by Chrysarobin in SENCAR Mice

Abstract The characteristics of the skin tumor promotion response with anthrone derivatives has been further examined in SENCAR mice. Chrysarobin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) was an effective skin tumor promoter when applied twice weekly with dose-dependent increases in both papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas between 25 and 100 nmol/mouse. A similar dose-response relationship for papilloma and carcinoma formation was observed when chrysarobin was applied once weekly. Interestingly, chrysarobin was approximately twice as active as a skin tumor promoter when applied once weekly versus twice weekly. Doses of 25, 100, and 220 nmol/mouse gave maximal papilloma responses of 2.90, 8.15, and 9.38 versus 0.73, 4.70, and 5.42 papillomas/mouse, respectively, in mice initiated with 25 nmol 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Thus, unlike 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), where a twice weekly application frequency is optimal, application of anthrone promoters such as chrysarobin once weekly is a more optimal frequency for papilloma development. Chrysarobin was also a much more effective skin tumor promoter when the start of promotion was delayed by an additional 10 weeks. Thus, groups of mice initiated with 10 nmol 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and having promotion started in either the 3rd or the 13th week after initiation had maximal responses of 5.6 or 11.0 papillomas/mouse, respectively. In addition, the rate of papilloma development was faster in the delayed promotion group. The progression of papillomas to carcinomas was examined in all chrysarobin-treated groups and compared with three groups of mice treated with 3.4 nmol TPA. After 60 weeks of promotion, the anthrone promoter-treated groups had carcinoma:papilloma ratios 2.5 to 5.0 times higher than the TPA-treated groups. This was due primarily to the fact that similar carcinoma responses were observed in both anthrone- and TPA-treated mice at optimal promoting doses whereas the papilloma responses were significantly lower in the former groups. The data suggest that anthrone derivatives are very efficient tumor promoters. The results are further discussed in terms of mechanisms of skin tumor promotion.
Increasing weight-bearing physical activity and calcium-rich foods to promote bone mass gains among 9–11 year old girls: outcomes of the Cal-Girls study

A two-year, community-based, group-randomized trial to promote bone mass gains among 9–11 year-old girls through increased intake of calcium-rich foods and weight-bearing physical activity was evaluated. Following baseline data collection, 30 5th-grade Girl Scout troops were randomized to a two-year behavioral intervention program or to a no-treatment control group. Evaluations were conducted at baseline, one year, and two years. Measures included bone mineral content, density, and area (measured by DXA), dietary calcium intake (24-hour recall), and weight-bearing physical activity (physical activity checklist interview). Mixed-model regression was used to evaluate treatment-related changes in bone mineral content (g) for the total body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), proximal femur, one-third distal radius, and femoral neck. Changes in eating and physical activity behavioral outcomes were examined. Although the intervention was implemented with high fidelity, no significant intervention effects were observed for total bone mineral content or any specific bone sites. Significant intervention effects were observed for increases in dietary calcium. No significant intervention effects were observed for increases in weight-bearing physical activity. Future research needs to identify the optimal dosage of weight-bearing physical activity and calcium-rich dietary behavior change required to maximize bone mass gains in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls.
Combination therapy with DPP-4 inhibitors and pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes: theoretical consideration and therapeutic potential.

Sitagliptin and vildagliptin represent a new class of anti-diabetic agents that enhance the action of incretin hormones through inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), the enzyme that normally inactivates incretin hormones. Because of their distinct mechanism of action, DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as add-on therapy to other classes of drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate clinical trials of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in combination with pioglitazone. The addition of either sitagliptin or vildagliptin to ongoing pioglitazone therapy is associated with reduction in average hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of approximately 0.7% compared with placebo and 1% compared with baseline after 24 weeks. When started concomitantly in drug-naive patients, the combination of pioglitazone 30 mg and vildagliptin 100 mg qd reduces HbA1c by 1.9% after 24 weeks, compared with 1.1% with pioglitazone monotherapy. In general, the addition of DPP-4 inhibitors to pioglitazone was well tolerated, did not increase the incidence of hypoglycemia, and did not substantially worsen the weight-gain induced by pioglitazone. The combination of sitagliptpin or vildagliptin with pioglitazone can be a useful therapeutic approach in patients with type 2 diabetes who cannot tolerate metformin or a sulfonylurea.
Systematic removal of neutral sugars within dissolved organic matter across ocean basins

Received 23 June 2011; revised 2 August 2011; accepted 3 August 2011; published 7 September 2011. [1] Dissolved combined neutral sugars (DCNS) support heterotrophic bacterioplankton metabolism throughout the ocean, which affects ocean carbon cycling and biogeochemistry. Variability in DCNS composition also provides information about the diagenetic state of oceanic dissolved organic matter (DOM). Here, we present results of the DCNS composition in ∼600 discrete samples from ocean basin‐scale sections within the North Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans; and at the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site in the Sargasso Sea. As DCNS concentrations decline with water mass age the mole percentages of glucose, mannose + xylose, and galactose change in a ratio of +2.10:−1.10:−1.00 enriching the DOM pool in glucose relative to mannose + xylose, and galactose. A new proxy is presented based on the relative change in these major sugars, diagenetic distance, which allows for comparison of the diagenetic state of DOM over broad regions of the global ocean while simultaneously quantifying progress along this pathway. In all, this inter‐ basin comparison suggests that there is a common diagenetic pathway for oceanic DOM. Citation: Goldberg, S. J., C. A. Carlson, M. Brzezinski, N. B. Nelson, and D. A. Siegel (2011), Systematic removal of neutral sugars within dissolved organic matter across ocean basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17606,
Misadministration of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine: a case report and literature review

Recent technical advancements in radiation therapy have allowed for improved targeting of tumours and sparing nearby normal tissues, while simultaneously decreasing the risk for medical errors by incorporating additional safety checks into electronic medical record keeping systems. The benefits of these new technologies, however, depends on their proper integration and use in the oncology clinic. Despite the advancement of technology for treatment delivery and medical record keeping, misadministration errors have a significant impact on patient care in veterinary oncology. The first part of this manuscript describes a medical incident that occurred at an academic veterinary referral hospital, in a dog receiving a combination of stereotactic radiation therapy and full-course intensity-modulated, image-guided radiation therapy. The second part of the report is a literature review, which explores misadministration errors and novel challenges which arise with the implementation of advancing technologies in veterinary radiation oncology.
The mental representation of plural events

A growing body of work suggests that in the absence of strong cues to individuation, comprehenders leave their mental representations of plural entities underspecified—that is, they mentally represent plural noun phrases (NPs) as groups or nondifferentiated sets. The current paper investigates whether this also holds for plural events. Experiments 1a–1b used an aspectual coercion manipulation to provide evidence that event plurality can be indexed by the number-of-words judgement task that Patson and Warren [2010. Evidence for distributivity effects in comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 36, 782–789] used to investigate the mental representation of plural nouns. Experiment 2 confirmed this by showing that comprehenders mentally represent predicates associated with distributive quantifiers as plural, and they do so immediately at the verb rather than waiting until the completion of the predicate. Experiment 3 probed inherently distributed verbs and showed that...
Value focused thinking for community-based organizations: Objectives and acceptance in local development

A multi-site case study applies value-focused thinking methods in a community-engaged research framework within three organizations. All three organizations are community development corporations (CDCs), a type of community-based organization which directs assets and efforts toward housing stock and neighborhood improvement. Objectives hierarchies were developed for the three sites. A set of common aspects of these structures suggest ways to operationalize the generic mission of CDCs. Other aspects which vary across sites can be related to specific characteristics of the organizations and the communities in which they operate. The process of applying value-focused thinking is also compared across the organizations. The organizations made judgments about which modeling efforts would be useful at different stages of the study. These judgments are interpreted with respect to the technology acceptance model. They suggest that community-based operations research practitioners will find organizations similar to those in the study to be especially receptive to qualitative construction of objectives hierarchies.
Talonavicular Fusion for Dorsal Subluxation of the Navicular in Resistant Clubfoot

Dorsal rotatory subluxation of the navicular, a common sequela of resistant surgically treated clubfeet, presents a challenging treatment problem. This subluxation typically progresses after posteromedial release. Patients develop a cavovarus foot deformity and complain of pain, gait problems, and difficulty with shoe wear. Previous attempts at soft tissue release and reduction have been largely unsuccessful. We reviewed 13 patients with dorsal rotatory subluxation of the navicular treated with talonavicular arthrodesis. The minimum followup after surgery was 6 months (average, 36 months; range, 6 to 93 months). At last followup 12 of 13 patients were symptom-free. The mean preoperative subluxation of 42% was reduced to a mean of 6% at last followup. We noted improvement in the talo-first metatarsal angle from an average of 18o preoperatively to 8o postoperatively. One patient treated by another surgeon with attempted talonavicular arthrodesis developed a nonunion; we observed no other complications. We believe talonavicular arthrodesis a reasonable option to correct the deformity and symptoms associated with dorsal rotatory subluxation of the navicular in a single surgical setting with a low complication rate. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Digital Intravenous Cerebral Angiography

A photoelectronic imaging system has been built and developed at the University of Arizona. Initial studies have been directed toward digital video subtraction angiography (DVSA) using intravenous injections of contrast material. DVSA has been applied clinically to the study of the heart, the aortic arch and great vessels, the kidneys, abdominal and lower extremity vessels, the pulmonary arteries, and the vessels of the head and neck, generally with remarkable success. This paper deals with our clinical experiences with DVSA in evaluation of the vessels of the head.
Inactivation of the vitamin D receptor enhances susceptibility of murine skin to UV-induced tumorigenesis.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is the biologically active ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR−/− mice have a hair follicle-cycling defect resulting in alopecia. However, mice lacking 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1−/−), and having no circulating 1,25(OH)2D3, have normal follicular function. These mouse models indicate that VDR functions independently of 1,25(OH)2D3 in regulating hair-follicle cycling. Here, we show that VDR−/− mice rapidly develop chemically induced skin tumors, whereas CYP27B1−/− and wild-type mice do not, indicating that VDR, and not the 1,25(OH)2D3 ligand, is essential for protection against skin tumorigenesis. Because the majority of human skin cancer results from exposure to UV, the susceptibility of VDR−/− mice to this carcinogen was also evaluated. VDR−/− mice developed UV-induced tumors more rapidly and with greater penetrance than did VDR+/+ mice. p53 protein levels were upregulated at similar rates in UV-treated keratinocytes of VDR−/− and VDR+/+ mice. However, rates of thymine-dimer repair and UV-induced apoptosis were significantly lower in VDR−/− epidermis compared with the wild type epidermis. UV-induced epidermal thickening was also attenuated in VDR−/− skin, indicating that VDR plays a critical role in the repair and removal of severely damaged keratinocytes and adaptation of the skin to chronic UV exposure.
Cofactor modified electrodes

Abstract Studies are underway to see if flavin adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors can be attached to electrode surfaces to give rapid rates of electron transfer and in some cases reconstitution of enzyme activity with appropriate apoenzymes. Such electrodes may find widespread application in analytical chemistry.
Covert Action and Accountability: Decision-Making for America's Secret Foreign Policy

This study examines the way in which the United States decides upon and oversees the use of covert action—the pursuit of American foreign policy objectives through secret intervention into the affairs of other nations. First, the definitional nuances of covert action are explored, illustrating the ambiguities inherent in the term. Second, the magnitude of funding for covert action is estimated for the years 1947–86, revealing fluctuations in the attractiveness to policymakers of this “quiet option” as an instrument of foreign affairs. Third, the global targeting priorities for covert action are presented, again disclosing fluctuations but within a broad pattern of primary attention to small, developing nations. With this background, the study then turns to its main focus: the procedures by which the government approves of and reviews covert action. During the Ford and Carter Administrations, this decision process evolved into a complex matrix of checkpoints and overseers, including unprecedented legislative involvement. The Reagan years produced dramatic evidence, however, that these efforts at closer supervision of America's secret foreign policy—the “democratization” of covert action—had fallen short of the goals espoused by reformers. The Iran- contra scandal of 1986–87 cast doubt on the effectiveness of the new oversight procedures and stirred further debate on whether the United States could maintain both a robust secret service and reliable safeguards against the abuse of hidden power.
Predicting hypnotizability from the Maudsley Personality Inventory.

In an attempt to repeat the findings of Furneaux & Gibson, 142 undergraduate students at Stanford were hypnotized by the procedures of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale and a group adaptation of this scale. All subjects were also given the Maudsley Personality Inventory, including the Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scales. When the subjects were subdivided into personality classifications according to the procedures of the Furneaux & Gibson study, significant differences between subgroups were found, but these were opposite to the significant differences found in the London study, ‘liars’ being below average in hypnotizability in England, and above in America, and, among the ‘honest’ subjects, Stable Extraverts and Neurotic Introverts being more hypnotizable than Neurotic Extraverts and Stable Introverts in England, less hypnotizable in America. Because of instability in successive samples in America, and some differences between English subsamples, it is suggested that elaborate hypotheses are not in order until there has been further replication both in England and America. Correlations between scores on individual MPI scales and hypnotic susceptibility show a most unsatisfactory variation from sample to sample; hence the most acceptable conclusion must be that the MPI cannot yet be used as a predictor of susceptibility to hypnosis.
Large Clinically Consequential Imbalances Detected at the Breakpoints of Apparently Balanced and Inherited Chromosome Rearrangements

When a chromosome abnormality is identified in a child with a developmental delay and/or multiple congenital anomalies and the chromosome rearrangement appears balanced, follow-up studies often examine both parents for this rearrangement. If either clinically unaffected parent has a chromosome abnormality with a banding pattern identical to the affected child's study, then it is assumed that the chromosome rearrangement is balanced and directly inherited from the normal carrier parent. It is therefore unlikely that the chromosome rearrangement is responsible for the child's clinical presentation. We present two unrelated cases in which an identical and apparently balanced abnormal chromosome banding pattern was identified in both an affected child and an unaffected parent of that child. Despite the identical banding patterns, molecular characterization through genomic microarray and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed the parent to be balanced whereas the affected child was significantly unbalanced. These two cases emphasize the utility of genomic microarray for further characterization of apparently balanced inherited chromosome rearrangements and caution against the assumption that identical banding patterns between a child and parent represent identical genomic rearrangements.
Intracellular Distribution of Mitochondria after Geotropic Stimulation of the Oat Coleoptile

The number of mitochondria is greater in the bottom than in the top of cells in geotropically stimulated oat (Avena sativa) coleoptiles. In the avascular tip and outer epidermis of subapical regions this difference occurs only in the lower tissues. These inequalities are found both in the KMnO4− and in the glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues; however, they are significant only in the former. Also, the number of mitochondria scored is consistently lower when the tissues were fixed in KMnO4. These results suggest that mitochondria undergo a small degree of sedimentation after geostimulation, a redistribution reduced by the slower fixation with glutaraldehyde. Differences in mitochondrial number begin later than those in the amyloplast and the Golgi apparatus after geotropic stimulation. The cells in the avascular-tip region (a region having an important role in geotropism) have two to three times more mitochondria than the subapical cells.
Intrapleural Adenoviral Delivery of Human Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor–1 Exacerbates Tetracycline-Induced Pleural Injury in Rabbits

Elevated concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are associated with pleural injury, but its effects on pleural organization remain unclear. A method of adenovirus-mediated delivery of genes of interest (expressed under a cytomegalovirus promoter) to rabbit pleura was developed and used with lacZ and human (h) PAI-1. Histology, β-galactosidase staining, Western blotting, enzymatic and immunohistochemical analyses of pleural fluids (PFs), lavages, and pleural mesothelial cells were used to evaluate the efficiency and effects of transduction. Transduction was selective and limited to the pleural mesothelial monolayer. The intrapleural expression of both genes was transient, with their peak expression at 4 to 5 days. On Day 5, hPAI-1 (40-80 and 200-400 nM of active and total hPAI-1 in lavages, respectively) caused no overt pleural injury, effusions, or fibrosis. The adenovirus-mediated delivery of hPAI-1 with subsequent tetracycline-induced pleural injury resulted in a significant exacerbation of the pleural fibrosis observed on Day 5 (P = 0.029 and P = 0.021 versus vehicle and adenoviral control samples, respectively). Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (IPFT) with plasminogen activators was effective in both animals overexpressing hPAI-1 and control animals with tetracycline injury alone. An increase in intrapleural active PAI-1 (from 10-15 nM in control animals to 20-40 nM in hPAI-1-overexpressing animals) resulted in the increased formation of PAI-1/plasminogen activator complexes in vivo. The decrease in intrapleural plasminogen-activating activity observed at 10 to 40 minutes after IPFT correlates linearly with the initial concentration of active PAI-1. Therefore, active PAI-1 in PFs affects the outcome of IPFT, and may be both a biomarker of pleural injury and a molecular target for its treatment.
Azilsartan Medoxomil: A New Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

Abstract Background Azilsartan medoxomil is an angiotensin receptor blocker, approved on February 25, 2011 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hypertension management. Objective The purpose of this study was to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety profile, and role of azilsartan for hypertension management. Methods Peer-reviewed clinical trials, review articles, and relevant treatment guidelines were identified from MEDLINE and Current Contents (both 1966 to August 31, 2011) using the search terms azilsartan, TAK-491, TAK-536, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacoeconomics , and cost-effectiveness . The FDA Web site and manufacturer prescribing information were also reviewed to identify other relevant information. Results Compared with olmesartan 40 mg daily, azilsartan 80 mg reduced mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) by an additional 2.1 mm Hg ( P = 0.038), whereas azilsartan 40 mg was noninferior to olmesartan 40 mg. Azilsartan 40 mg or 80 mg added to chlorthalidone 25 mg daily significantly reduced SBP to a greater extent than did chlorthalidone alone ( P P > 0.05]). When coadministered with amlodipine 5 mg daily, both azilsartan 40 mg and 80 mg + amlodipine decreased SBP significantly more than amlodipine alone (amlodipine: –13.6 mm Hg; with azilsartan 40 mg: –24.79 mm Hg; with azilsartan 80 mg: –24.51 mm Hg [ P P Conclusions At the recommended dose of 80 mg once daily, azilsartan is reported to be an efficacious BP-lowering agent. With once-daily dosing and a favorable side-effect profile, azilsartan is an attractive option for the treatment of hypertension. There is a lack of data supporting the use of azilsartan for improvement in cardiovascular outcomes; therefore, azilsartan is not approved for indications other than the treatment of hypertension.
Preconditioning for Stratospheric Sudden Warmings: Sensitivity Studies with a Numerical Model

Results are presented of numerical experiments performed to determine what constitutes preconditioning for stratospheric sudden warmings. A number of 20-d runs were performed with a 3D primitive equation model. Runs varied in that they had different (zonally symmetric) initial fields and different lower boundary planetary wave fields, both based on NMC data for particular days. Initial and boundary data were used from the two minor and the sole major sudden warmings of January-February 1979 and some minor and the sole major sudden warmings of January-February 1989. To isolate the properties of the initial conditions from preconditioned cases and those with no warming, hybrid initial fields were created by combining data from two different days, one preconditioned and the other not. Runs with the hybrid initial conditions indicate that it is the lower stratospheric winds that are important in characterizing a preconditioned flow. It is suggested that it would be possible for a preconditioned state to exist for at least a short time without a warming occurring.
Dural arteriovenous fistula: a pitfall of time-of-flight MR venography for the diagnosis of sinus thrombosis.

We report a case in which time-of-flight MR venography falsely suggested thrombosis of a dural sinus later shown to be patent by conventional angiography and superselective venography.
Comparative deformational characteristics of poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomers and cross-linked natural rubber

Abstract Three poly(styrene- b -ethylene- co -butylene- b -styrene) (SEBS) thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are studied mechanically and compared to cross-linked natural rubber. It is observed that subtle alterations in the mid-block of the TPEs affect their mechanical properties significantly. The stress relaxation at room temperature is significantly altered indicating a reduced flow in systems where the ratio of ethylene to butylene segments in the mid-block is greater than one. The cyclic behavior of these systems also shows significant hysteresis. Differential scanning calorimetry suggests that these TPEs crystallize at low temperatures, similar to the observed behavior in cross-linked natural rubber. Results of internal energy changes from deformation calorimetry provide evidence for strain-induced crystallization occurring in certain SEBS systems, similar to the internal energy changes observed for cross-linked natural rubber. Simultaneous WAXD/SAXD measurements on deformed SEBS samples highlight deformation at the nanometer and the molecular length scales. In situ WAXD at different strains further reinforces the evidence for formation of strain-induced crystallites in the selected systems. Strain-induced crystallization occurring in certain TPEs provides a mechanism for reduction of flow at high strains and accounts for the retention of their highly elastic behavior.
Petrographic and electron microprobe study of the Monturaqui impactite.

Study of Monturaqui-crater impactite specimens attempting to determine the type of shock features present, shock intensities, type of meteorite projectile, and environmental conditions of impactite formation, by means of petrographic and electron microprobe techniques. The specimens were found to contain shocked and unshocked mineral and rock fragments together with Ni-Fe-Co-P spherules tightly bound in a partly devitrified matrix of clear, green or brown glass. Shock effects range from lightly shocked to intensely shocked. Observed and simulated shock effects are discussed.
A Method for the Measurement of Atmospheric HONO Based on DNPH Derivatization and HPLC Analysis

A simple measurement technique was developed for atmospheric HONO based on aqueous scrubbing using a coil sampler followed by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Quantitative sampling efficiency was obtained using a 1 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, as the scrubbing solution at a gas sampling flow rate of 2 L min-1 and a liquid flow rate of 0.24 mL min-1. Derivatization of the scrubbed nitrous acid by DNPH was fast and was completed within 5 min in a derivatization medium containing 300 μM DNPH and 8 mM HCl at 45 °C. The azide derivative was separated from DNPH reagent and carbonyl derivatives by reverse-phase HPLC and was detected with an UV detector at 309 nm. The detection limit is ≤5 pptv and may be lowered to 1 pptv with further DNPH purification. Interferences from NO, NO2, PAN, O3, HNO3, and HCHO were studied and found to be negligible. Ambient HONO concentration was measured simultaneously in downtown Albany, NY, by this method...
Preparation and properties of polycrystalline films of (TTF)(TCNQ)

Abstract Thin films of the highly conductive organic complex tetrathiofulvalinium tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF)(TCNQ) have been prepared on a variety of substrate materials and at substrate temperatures in the range 77–310 K by thermal sublimation of bulk crystals in vacuum. Analysis of the chemical and physical structure of the films indicates that this method of film deposition yields polycrystalline (TTF)(TCNQ) with the grain size and crystalline orientation sensitively dependent on the substrate temperature. In-plane electrical conductivity of the films as a function of temperature and pressure shows behavior indicative of an appropriately weighted average of the single crystal a -axis and b -axis conductivities, with the temperature dependence above the metal-insulator transition temperature influenced by a weakly activated process attributed to crystalline grain boundaries. Comparison of our results with those for sublimation of 1:1 mixtures of TTF with TCNQ suggests that (TTF)(TCNQ) vaporizes primarily as a complex rather than as the individual neutral components.
Student perceptions of indexed, searchable videos of faculty lectures

This paper describes a large-scale study of student use and perceived value of videos of faculty lectures as an additional learning resource. The survey-based study was conducted with ∼2,300 college students in biology, chemistry, computer science, geology, and mathematics. The study provides a nuanced understanding of the nature and frequency of students' video usage; student perceptions of value of video use; and differences in use and value by students representing different groups (field of study; student demographics; demands on students' time; students' goals, previous experience, and commitment to education). Most students used the videos and a very strong majority valued them as a learning resource Students with longer commute times were more likely to use the videos. No evidence was found that videos are used in place of going to class. On the contrary, students who used more videos also were more likely to attend class. Students overwhelmingly valued the finding tools (index and search). The value that students place on video lectures as a learning resource exceeds expectations. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that making video lectures available, especially when they have features that aid finding specific sections, is worth faculty time.
Low Frequency Vibration Consideration in Tool-Path Computation of Two-Link Serial Manipulator for Improved Accuracy

Industrial robots are flexible and cost-efficient tools for a multitude of applications such as, polishing, grinding, deburring, and welding. However, their utilization in machining tasks is currently limited due to insufficient position accuracy. This study aims to answer the research question: ‘Does including low frequency vibrations (mode coupling chatter) in tool path computation improve accuracy?’ For this purpose, the current paper focuses on setting-up a robust and flexible simulation framework. The framework implements a predictive cutting force method into a multibody dynamic (MBD) model of an industrial robot. The framework is structured in an extendable fashion for future research tasks. Future work will include mode coupling chatter into the MBD model to help mitigate the effects of chatter in robotic machining process, which in turn will increase tool-path accuracy.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Predictions for polarized-beam and/or vector-polarized-target observables in elastic Compton scattering on the deuteron

Motivated by ongoing developments at High-Intensity Gamma Source (HI\ensuremath{\gamma}S) at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) that include increased photon flux and the ability to circularly polarize photons, we calculate several beam-polarization and/or target-spin-dependent observables for elastic Compton scattering on the deuteron. This is done at energies of the order of the pion mass within the framework of heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory. Our calculation is complete to $\mathcal{O}({Q}^{3})$ and at this order there are no free parameters. Consequently, the results reported here are predictions of the theory. We discuss paths that may lead to the extraction of neutron polarizabilities. We find that the photon/beam polarization asymmetry is not a good observable for the purpose of extracting ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{n}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{n}$. However, one of the double polarization asymmetries, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{x}$, shows appreciable sensitivity to ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1n}$ and could be instrumental in pinning down the neutron spin polarizabilities.
US shipping policy under conditions of a new world economic and political environment

The maritime policy of the US has evolved over more than 100 years from the support of US shipping through mail and fleet auxiliary contracts before the turn of the century, to the present array of direct and indirect Government aids and regulations based on the assumption that a strong maritime industry composed of both US-flag shipping and US-shipbuilding capacity is essential for the economic well-being and defence of the country. Notwithstanding massive direct and indirect aid to the US merchant marine, amounting to well over a billion dollars a year in recent years, US shipping and shipbuilding has declined dramatically and now comprises less than 3% of world shipping. Only 2.8% of US foreign trade by volume and 6% by value is today carried in US flag ships. Government aids constitute well over 33% of total revenues of US-flag shipping. The traditional argument for US Government support has been the need for cost parity to permit US-flag shipping to compete effectively in international trade against ...
Imaging of mouse embryonic eye development using optical coherence tomography

Congenital abnormalities are often caused by genetic disorders which alter the normal development of the eye. Embryonic eye imaging in mouse model is important for understanding of normal and abnormal eye development and can contribute to prevention and treatment of eye defects in humans. In this study, we used Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) to image eye structure in mouse embryos at 12.5 to 17.5 days post coitus (dpc). The imaging depth of the OCT allowed us to visualize the whole eye globe at these stages. Different ocular tissues including lens, cornea, eyelids, and hyaloid vasculature were visualized. These results suggest that OCT imaging is a useful tool to study embryonic eye development in the mouse model.
Broiler Litter as a Sole Nutrient Source for Cotton: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium Concentrations in Plant Parts

Abstract The ability of poultry litter to support plant growth by supplying essential plant nutrients in the absence of other sources of the nutrients has not been studied thoroughly. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the ability of poultry litter, as the sole nutrient source, to provide macronutrients and support growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (2) evaluate the distribution of these nutrients within the different plant parts, and (3) estimate the efficiency with which these nutrients are extracted by cotton. The research was conducted in plastic containers filled with a 2:1 (v/v) sand:vermiculite growing mix under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included broiler litter rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 g pot−1 with or without supplemental Hoagland's nutrient solution. Broiler litter supplied adequate amounts of the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) and supported normal growth of cotton. Tissue nutrient analysis sho...
Application of the bounds-analysis approach to arsenic and gallium antisite defects in gallium arsenide

A recently developed bounds-analysis approach has been used to interpret density-functional-theory (DFT) results for the As and Ga antisites in GaAs. The bounds analysis and subsequent processing of DFT results for the As antisite yielded levels---defined as the Fermi levels at which the defect charge state changes---in very good agreement with measurements, including the \ensuremath{-}1/0 level which is within 0.1 eV of the conduction-band edge. Good agreement was also obtained for the activation energies to transform the $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ from its metastable state to its stable state. For the Ga antisite, the bounds analysis revealed that the \ensuremath{-}1 and 0 charge states are hole states weakly bound to a localized \ensuremath{-}2 charge state. The calculated levels are in good agreement with measurements.
Relationship of partially purified factor concentrates to immune tests and AIDS

We evaluated those members of a cohort of 203 hemophilic men providing all necessary information at their 1984 and 1985 evaluations, to determine whether non-heated or less than 80 degrees C dry heat-treated partially purified factor products were associated with 1) the development of AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons or 2) abnormal immune test results in participants seroconverting or remaining HIV seronegative. We found no relationship between type of factor (VIII vs. IX) (n = 162), frequency of usage (greater than or equal to once a week vs. less than once a week) (n = 141) or yearly doses of non-heated or dry heat-treated partially purified factor (n = 118) and the development of AIDS. Seroconverting participants using partially purified factor products greater than or equal to once a week in 1984 had lower T-helper cell numbers in 1985 than those receiving factor less frequently (median 515 vs. 772/mm3, n = 9), as did those using factor greater than or equal to once a week in 1985 (median 515 vs. 726/mm3, n = 10). A similar relation was seen between 1984 frequency and 1985 T-helper cell numbers of seronegative participants (median 741 vs. 1037/mm3, n = 31). The yearly dose of heat-treated products was not associated with any immune test result or changes in results between years. These findings suggested that frequency of administration of partially purified factor materials may have had an effect upon the immune system, but that total yearly dose did not. Previously used partly purified, dry heat-treated factor concentrates were not associated with the development of AIDS.
Seizure-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation in rat brain regions.

Summary: Phosphorylation of protein tyrosines is an important modulatory process for cell signaling and other cellular functions. Rat brain regions were examined for altered protein phosphotyrosines, using Western blot analysis and microwave irradiation to limit postmortem alterations, after administration of two convulsants: lithium plus pilocarpine or kainic acid (KA). Most phospho-tyrosine proteins were unaltered by these treatments, but there was a large, specific increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 40-Kd protein. This increase was evident in all three regions examined: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum; it occurred abruptly with onset of generalized status epilepticus (SE) and remained elevated for at least 90 min. Most of the tyrosine phosphorylated 40-Kd protein was in the cytosolic fraction. These results demonstrate a large, specific effect of chemically induced seizures on a single phosphotyrosine protein in rat brain. RESUME La phosphorylation des tyrosines proteiques est un processus de modulation important pour la communication intercellulaire et d'autres fonctions cellulaires. Des regions cerebrales de rat ont ete examinees a la recherche de modification de phosphoty-rosines proteiques, au moyen d'une analyse de type Western blot et d'une irradiation par micro-ondes afin de limiter les alterations post-mortem, apres administration de 2 produits convulsivants, lithium + pilocarpine ou acide kainique. La plupart des proteines avec phosphotyrosines n'etaient pas modifees par ces traitements, les auteurs ont constate une augmentation importante, specifique de la phosphorylation de la tyrosine dans une proteine 40 kD. Cette elevation a ete mise en eAvidence au niveau des 3 regions cerebrates examinees, le cortex cerebral, ľhippo-campe et le striatum. Cette augmentation s'est produite de facon brutale au moment de la mise en place d'un etat de mal generalise, ľeievation s'est maintenue pendant au moins 90 mn. La majorite de la proteine 40 kD avec tyrosine phosphoryiee a ete trouvee au niveau de la fraction cytosolique. Ces resultats demontrent un effet important, specifique des crises induites par convulsivants chimiques, sur une proteine particuliere du cerveau du rat.
Effects of ionizable groups on the adsorption of surfactants onto latex particle surfaces

Abstract Soap titration of polymeric latices can be used both for the determination of an average latex particle size and as a method for investigating the adsorption of surfactants onto hydrophobic surfaces. This investigation has studied the adsorption of anionic and nonionic surfactants onto polystyrene latex particles in order to develop an understanding of the relationship between surfactant structural characteristics (chain length and end-group) and the area occupied by an adsorbed molecule. As expected the area occupied by a surfactant molecule increased as the ethylene oxide chain length increased for a series of octaphenoxy ethoxylate nonionic surfactants. The results also indicated that in addition to structural factors the adsorption area of a surfactant molecule is also dependent upon the surface charges present on the particle surface. For the nonionic surfactants studied the adsorption area per molecule increased as the number of charges chemically attached to the particle surface increased (increasing surface polarity). For sodium dodecyl sulfate, however, just the opposite trend was observed. The increase in the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate adsorbed with increasing surface charge may be due to a more extended configuration for the adsorbed surfactant molecules which gives rise to more surfactant—surfactant interactions. These surface charges, which arise from the initiator, may vary widely from one latex to another depending upon the polymerization method and recipe and may be responsible for some of the scatter in previous soap titration results.
Problems in the use of (Me- 3H) thymidine for the measurement of DNA synthesis.

Abstract Following incubation of rat diaphragm or slices of brain, kidney and liver with [ Me - 3 H]thymidine, appreciable amounts of 3 H were recovered in the lipid, RNA and protein fractions, as well as DNA. The amount of label in these fractions differed in the various tissues. These results were not caused by the nonspecific extraction of radioactive DNA, since similar effects were observed when DNA synthesis was inhibited. The incorporation of radioactivity into the RNA fraction was not affected by actinomycin D and that into the protein fraction was only partially inhibited by cycloheximide. Significant radioactivity in the form of thymine or thymidine is bound tightly by RNA and protein, although some labelling of the protein results from incorporation of radioactive amino acids, presumably arising from metabolism of [ 3 H]thymidine. Radioactivity in the DNA fraction, however, appears to be a valid and specific measure of DNA synthesis. The amount of radioactivity recovered in the non-DNA fractions varied under different physiological conditions. The per cent of acid-precipitable radioactivity actually in DNA was larger in rapidly growing tissues ( e.g. regenerating liver) than in tissues from old or fasted animals. These data may influence the use of [ Me - 3 H]thymidine for measurement of DNA synthesis.
Estimating lifetime or episode-of-illness costs under censoring

Many analyses of healthcare costs involve use of data with varying periods of observation and right censoring of cases before death or at the end of the episode of illness. The prominence of observations with no expenditure for some short periods of observation and the extreme skewness typical of these data raise concerns about the robustness of estimators based on inverse probability weighting (IPW) with the survival from censoring probabilities. These estimators also cannot distinguish between the effects of covariates on survival and intensity of utilization, which jointly determine costs. In this paper, we propose a new estimator that extends the class of two-part models to deal with random right censoring and for continuous death and censoring times. Our model also addresses issues about the time to death in these analyses and separates the survival effects from the intensity effects. Using simulations, we compare our proposed estimator to the inverse probability estimator, which shows bias when censoring is large and covariates affect survival. We find our estimator to be unbiased and also more efficient for these designs. We apply our method and compare it with the IPW method using data from the Medicare-SEER files on prostate cancer.
Daylight time-resolved photographs of lightning.

Lightning dart leaders and return strokes have been recorded in daylight with both good spatial resolution and good time resolution as part of the Thunder-storm Research International Program. The resulting time-resolved photographs are apparently equivalent to the best data obtained earlier only at night. Average two-dimensional return stroke velocities in four subsequent strokes between the ground and a height of 1400 meters were approximately 1.3 x 108 meters per second. The estimated systematic error is 10 to 15 percent.
Plasma membrane localization of palmitoylated tubulin.

Abstract PC12 pheochromocytoma cells incorporate [3H]palmitic acid into tubulin in a time- and cell-density-dependent manner. The plasma membrane-enriched fraction contains most of the radioactivity of the membrane pellet. While palmitoylated tubulin is found in both the cytoplasm and particulate fraction, the bulk of [3H]palmitic acid bound to tubulin is present in the crude membrane pellet and the tubulin extracted from the plasma membrane is more heavily palmitoylated than that extracted from endoplasmic reticulum. Detergent-extracted tubulin from plasma membrane is, to a large extent, polymerization competent; a substantial fraction, increasing as a function of labeling time, is not hydroxylamine-labile. The requirement for detergent extraction, the accompanying changes in tubulin properties and the present findings of preferential incorporation of labeled tubulin into plasma membranes, make it clear that direct incorporation of tubulin into the plasma membrane can occur.
Uric acid excretion in pigeons, Columba livia

Abstract 1. 1. Urine was collected using a cloacal cannula. 2. 2. After cannula insertion, pigeons undergo 30–70 min of diuresis and then show a low stable urine flow rate of about 0.4 ml/kg per hr. 3. 3. Urine uric acid concentrations are low during diuresis but show no predictable pattern following diuresis. 4. 4. The percentage of precipitated uric acid in ureteral urine increases approximately linearly to about 90 per cent at 1800 mg % uric acid. 5. 5. Low ionic and colloidal uric acid concentrations support the assumption that uric acid makes little contribution to urine osmotic pressure and that colloidal urates do not account for a large proportion of the uric acid.