cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymer substrate temperature sensor array for brain interfaces

We developed an implantable thin film transistor temperature sensor (TFT-TS) to measure temperature changes in the brain. These changes are assumed to be associated with cerebral metabolism and neuronal activity. Two prototype TFT-TSs were designed and tested in-vitro: one with 8 diode-connected single-ended sensors, and the other with 4 pairs of differential-ended sensors in an array configuration. The sensor elements are 25∼100 pm in width and 5 μm in length. The TFT-TSs were fabricated based on high-speed ZnO TFT process technology on flexible polyimide substrates (50 μm thick, 500 μm width, 20 mm length). In order to interface external signal electronics, they were directly bonded to a prototype printed circuit board using anisotropic conductive films The prototypes were characterized between 23∼38 °C using a commercial temperature sensor and custom-designed temperature controlled oven. The maximum sensitivity of 40 mV/°C was obtained from the TFT-TS.
Hydrogen Generation from Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Powder

Abstract Production of hydrogen from the aluminum and its alloys powder with aqueous alkaline solutions is studied. In this process, it is based on aluminum corrosion, consuming only water and aluminum which are cheaper raw materials than other compounds used for in situ hydrogen generation, such as chemical hydride. In principle, this method does not consume alkali because the aluminum salts production in the hydrogen generation undergoes a decomposition reaction that regenerates the alkali. As a result, this process could be a feasible alternative for hydrogen production to supply fuel cell. The results show that an increase of base volume and working temperature produced an increase of hydrogen production amount. Furthermore, an improvement of hydrogen production rate and yield was observed by varying aluminum particles size and by adding the accelerant. The development of this idea could improve yields and reduce costs in power units based on fuel cells which use hydrides as raw material for hydrogen production.
The bonding of ethylene to titanium halides: An SCF-Xα-scattered-wave study of clusters relevant to Ziegler—Natta catalysts

Abstract SCF—Xα—scattered-wave calculations on TiF3−6 and TiCl3−6 clusters demonstrate the large ionic character in the electronic structure of these complexes (and the related titanium trihalides). Excitation energies for d—d transitions and charge-transfer transitions are well reproduced. By replacing one L− ligand by ethylene to form [Ti(C2H4)L5]2− (L = F, Cl), model “surface complexes” are set up, relevant as intermediates in a Ziegler—Natta polymerization reaction. A comparison with Zeise's anion [Pt(C2H4)Cl3]− shows a weaker bonding component, but significantly enlarged π* back- bonding. This is attributed to the different influence of the ligand environment on the metal d orbitals.
Stone recurrence after endopyelotomy.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether repair of the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction reduces the incidence of stones in stone-forming patients with concurrent UPJ obstruction. Methods. We performed a retrospective study evaluating 90 patients with UPJ obstruction who underwent endopyelotomy and simultaneous stone extraction (group A) and 80 patients without UPJ obstruction who underwent only stone extraction (group B). Group A consisted of 52 men and 38 women with an average age of 54.4 years (range 15 to 82), and group B of 46 men and 34 women with an average age of 53.5 years (range 8 to 94). Metabolic evaluation was available in 47 patients of group A and 42 patients of group B. Results. We achieved a stone-free state in all patients of both groups. Stone recurrence was observed in 7 patients (8%) in group A and in 32 patients (40%) in group B. Nine of 47 patients (19%) in group A showed metabolic abnormalities. In group B we found 30 of 42 patients (71.4%) with metabolic abnormalities. Conclusions. Our results suggest that correction of the anatomic obstruction facilitates the drainage of the previously entrapped urine, and thus decreases the incidence of recurrent urinary stone formation.
Long-time Solvability of the Navier–Stokes Equations in a Rotating Frame with Spatially Almost Periodic Large Data

We consider existence of solutions, for large times, to the Navier–Stokes equations in a rotating frame with spatially almost periodic large data provided by a sufficiently large Coriolis force. The Coriolis force appears in almost all of the models of meteorology and geophysics dealing with large-scale phenomena. To show existence of solutions for large times, we use the l1-norm of amplitudes. Existence for large times is proven by means of techniques of fast singular oscillating limits and bootstrapping from a global-in-time unique solution to the limit equation.
The Organic Food Method and Movement: An Interdisciplinary Reference Review.

From popular movies to New York Times bestsellers, organic food is widely acknowledged to be of growing importance. Many community college students are asking: How is organic food different from everything else in the grocery store? What impact does farming have on the environment? How safe is our food? A survey of reference works introduces organic food as a method of producing food and a social movement that values sustainable food, higher levels of nutrition and food safety, and environmentally responsible agriculture. The organic food movement incorporates a variety of subjects and exemplifies the need for interdisciplinary reference work.
Multiple watermarking: a vector space projection approach

We present a new paradigm for the insertion of multiple watermarks in images. Instead of an explicitly defined embedding process, the watermark embedding is achieved implicitly by determining a feasible image meeting multiple desired constraints. The constraints are designed to ensure that the watermarked image is visually indistinguishable from the original and produces a positive detection result when subjected to detectors for the individual watermarks even in the presence of signal processing operations, particularly compression. We develop useful mathematical definitions of constraint sets for different visual models, for transform domain compression, and for both spread-spectrum and quantization index modulation (QIM) watermark detection scenarios. Using the constraints with a generalized vector space projections method (VSPM), we determine a watermarked signal. Experimental results demonstrate the flexibility and usefulness of the presented methodology in addressing multiple watermarking scenarios while providing implicit shaping of the watermark power to meet visual requirements.
Market Forces for the Unemployed? Training Vouchers in Germany and the USA

Vouchers are meant to increase competition and consumer choice in public service markets. Using the example of training vouchers for the unemployed in the USA and Germany, we show, however, that deficits, both on the demand and the supply side of the market, create problems with preference alignment and market formation. Information asymmetries undermine choice by the unemployed and reduce government control over the training system. Ironically, restrictions meant to compensate for these information deficits further inhibit competitive market formation. Evaluation data on training vouchers from both countries show that voucher systems do not increase choice, but weaken the partnerships public employment agencies previously had with training providers, and may lead to a shortage of high-quality and specialized training, as well as creaming in the selection of training participants. Theoretical justification for vouchers is based on the notion of choice and consumer sovereignty. Using this framework to analyse the changed relationship between government, private training providers, and jobseekers, we challenge the efficacy of vouchers as a delivery mechanism in complex public service markets such as job training.
Examination of the Treatment Selection Process in a Multicenter Observational Study

Background—Many multicenter clinical trials use permuted-block randomization to create balanced treatment allocations within clinical centers. Unlike randomized trials, observational studies do not control treatment allocation, and statistical models are used to adjust for measured confounders. For many observational data analyses, the variability in the treatment selection process within clinical centers is ignored. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the best approach for dealing with variability in the treatment selection process across clinical centers. Methods and Results—Individuals aged ≥65 years receiving either drug-eluting stents or bare metal stents were included. A cohort of 262 700 patients from 650 CathPCI Registry sites was followed up for a median of 15 months. Propensity score models were estimated to describe the process used to select drug-eluting stents across the study population. Substantial variability in the use of drug-eluting stents at the clinical center level was observed—eve...
Order and Optionality: Minimalist Grammars with Adjunction

Adjuncts are characteristically optional, but many, such as adverbs and adjectives, are strictly ordered. In Minimalist Grammars (MGs), it is straightforward to account for optionality or ordering, but not both. I present an extension of MGs, MGs with Adjunction, which accounts for optionality and ordering simply by keeping track of two pieces of information at once: the original category of the adjoined-to phrase, and the category of the adjunct most recently adjoined. By imposing a partial order on the categories, the Adjoin operation can require that higher adjuncts precede lower adjuncts, but not vice versa, deriving order.
Apoptosis: Inhibitor or Instigator of Carcinogenesis?

(1996). Apoptosis: Inhibitor or Instigator of Carcinogenesis? Cancer Investigation: Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 455-465.
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicology of dichloroacetate

(1998). Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Toxicology of Dichloroacetate. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 499-539.
Enhanced spontaneous emission by embedding light emitters inside hyperbolic metamaterials

The inclusion of an emitter inside a Ag/Si multilayer yields a 3-fold enhancement of the Purcell factor over its outer value. The radiation is outcoupled to the far-field via a triangular and a rectangular grating.
Theory of Electron Scattering from an Antiferromagnet. I. Heisenberg Model

A calculation of the differential scattering cross sections for scattering of low energy electrons from a Heisenberg antiferromagnet is presented. It is shown that the inelastic and elastic cross sections are proportional to the first and second powers, respectively, of the sublattice magnetization. The derived expressions for the scattering cross sections agree well with recently reported experiments on NiO. Der differentielle Streuquerschnitt wird fur die Streuung von Elektronen kleiner Energie an einem Heisenberg'schen Antiferromagneten berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, das der inelastische und der elastische Streuquerschnitt proportional zur ersten beziehungsweise zweiten Potenz der Untergittermagnetisierung sind. Die abgeleiteten Ausdrucke fur die Streuquerschnitte stimmen relativ gut mit kurzlich veroffentlichten experimentellen Resultaten an NiO uberein.
Coproduction of Acetaldehyde and Hydrogen during Glucose Fermentation by Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli K-12 strain MG1655 was engineered to coproduce acetaldehyde and hydrogen during glucose fermentation by the use of exogenous acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) reductase (for the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetaldehyde) and the native formate hydrogen lyase. A putative acetaldehyde dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA reductase from Salmonella enterica (SeEutE) was cloned, produced at high levels, and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. In vitro assays showed that this enzyme had both acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity (68.07 ± 1.63 μmol min(-1) mg(-1)) and the desired acetyl-CoA reductase activity (49.23 ± 2.88 μmol min(-1) mg(-1)). The eutE gene was engineered into an E. coli mutant lacking native glucose fermentation pathways (ΔadhE, ΔackA-pta, ΔldhA, and ΔfrdC). The engineered strain (ZH88) produced 4.91 ± 0.29 mM acetaldehyde while consuming 11.05 mM glucose but also produced 6.44 ± 0.26 mM ethanol. Studies showed that ethanol was produced by an unknown alcohol dehydrogenase(s) that converted the acetaldehyde produced by SeEutE to ethanol. Allyl alcohol was used to select for mutants with reduced alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Three allyl alcohol-resistant mutants were isolated; all produced more acetaldehyde and less ethanol than ZH88. It was also found that modifying the growth medium by adding 1 g of yeast extract/liter and lowering the pH to 6.0 further increased the coproduction of acetaldehyde and hydrogen. Under optimal conditions, strain ZH136 converted glucose to acetaldehyde and hydrogen in a 1:1 ratio with a specific acetaldehyde production rate of 0.68 ± 0.20 g h(-1) g(-1) dry cell weight and at 86% of the maximum theoretical yield. This specific production rate is the highest reported thus far and is promising for industrial application. The possibility of a more efficient "no-distill" ethanol fermentation procedure based on the coproduction of acetaldehyde and hydrogen is discussed.
Attributions and the Regulation of Marriage: Considering the Parallels Between Race and Homosexuality

Few would dispute that religion has played a fundamental role in shaping our understanding of human relationships, including marriage, and what types of relationships are permitted. However, science, especially biology, has also played an important role in government regulation of marriage (Bittles and Neel 1994; Ottenheimer 1990; Dupuis 2002; Ellison 2004; Strasser 2002). A cursory overview of government regulations of marriage reveals laws that establish age requirements, necessitate testing for diseases, ban nuptials between individuals with biological relations, set limits on the number of spouses, and ban interracial marriage (miscegenation), among other things (Barlow and Probert 2004; Bratt 1984; Cott 2000; Micklos and Carlson 2000; Moran 2001; Ottenheimer 1990; Scott 2000). Certainly some of these policies reflect a religious based morality, but some, such as those that ban marriages between individuals within a family, also reflect a biological understanding of potential problems associated with the offspring of these couples (Bratt 1984; Ottenheimer 1990; Cott 2000; Micklos and Carlson 2000; St. Jean 1998; Scott 2000; Stoddard 2003).
Efficient Tree-Search MIMO Detection with Probabilistic Node Ordering

The tree representation of the MIMO detection problem is illuminating for the development, interpretation, and classification of various detection methods. One method, based on the Dijkstra's search algorithm, pursues tree exploration according to a bounded, sorted list of tree nodes. Since sorting directly affects tree exploration and truncation in this tree-search method, it is critical to the performance. Motivated by the observation that sorting according to nodes' path metric, as in the conventional algorithm, does not adequately represent the "goodness" of nodes, a new probabilistic sorting rule is developed by innovatively exploiting the statistical properties of the path metric to yield more effective sorting. The relationship between the probabilistic sorting and the conventional one is established, and new features of the probabilistic sorting are presented. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by computer simulation, where the new method outperforms the previous tree-search method in achieving near-ML detection performance, and meanwhile offers significant complexity reduction compared to the previous tree-search method.
Influence of exercise on arrhythmias induced by digitalis-diuretic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation

Abstract Serial low-level treadmill exercise testing was performed by 20 ambulatory patients with atrial fibrillation to provoke and study drug-related arrhythmias. All 20 were receiving long-term digitalis therapy; 19 were also receiving potassium-losing diuretic agents, and 3 had hypokalemia. The subjects were selected on the basis of resting electrocardiograms compatible with strong digitalis effects: prominent ST-T-U changes, intermittently occurring junctional beats, controlled ventricular rates (range 40 to 70/min) or ventricular premature beats. Arrhythmias suggesting digitoxicity were induced by exercise in all 20 subjects. Those occurring most often were junctional tachycardia with or without Wenckebach exit block, frequent ventricular premature beats and bigeminy. Idioventricular rhythm was induced in two subjects and ventricular parasystole in one. After withdrawal of digitalis and diuretic agents, subsequent exercise tests demonstrated increased ventricular rates, a decrease in ST-T-U changes and in the occurrence of most arrhythmias. In 18 patients, brief runs of junctional tachycardia persisted but occurred less often. Low-level exercise testing provides a simple method for provoking latent cardiac irritability in patients with suspected digitalis and diuretic toxicity; serial exercise testing after withdrawal of the drugs can demonstrate the devolution of arrhythmias.
Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa

▪ Abstract The worldwide distribution of our species, Homo sapiens, has its roots in the early Pleistocene epoch. However, evidence has been sufficient only in the past decade to overcome the conventional wisdom that hominins had been restricted to Africa until about 800,000 years ago. Indeed, the idea that hominin dispersal was technologically mediated, and thus must correlate with changes in stone tool technology seen at the Olduwan/Acheulean transition, has proven to be a persuasive hypothesis despite persistent claims for an early Pleistocene hominin presence outside Africa. We review multiple recent lines of evidence that suggest hominin dispersals from Africa in the earliest Pleistocene, if not the latest Pliocene, correlated with the appearance of hominins typically referred to as Homo erectus (sensu lato) who carried with them an Oldowan tool technology. Changes in body plan and foraging strategy are likely to ultimately underlie these dispersals.
Analysis of coordinated multilateral trades

A new operating paradigm is still needed for the power industry in order to achieve a workable deregulated market. The two main proposals, namely the Bilateral and the Poolco models, even though their original intents were to promote efficiency in a deregulated industry, in order to be workable need a powerful centralized organization. They consequently end up operating in the same way as the regulated industry. The coordinated multilateral trading model lets the suppliers and consumers make a profit on their own while the Power System Operator only intervenes if the security of the power network is threatened. The PSO gives sufficient information about the status of the power network so that the brokers can arrange trades without endangering the security of the network. Moreover the economic data of the participants is private, thus encouraging economic competition in a free market. It is shown that the process of building such trades leads to an efficient use of the power network i.e., maximize the social welfare. A three bus example is demonstrated.
Medicare's End-Stage Renal Disease Program: Current Status And Future Prospects

ABSTRACT: The twenty-five years of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) program have been characterized by remarkable clinical achievements, which have prolonged and improved the quality of life for ...
Role of Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′- Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase in Hormone-Stimulated β-Endorphin Secretion in AtT20 Cells

Secretion of β-endorphin from mouse pituitary AtT20 cells is stimulated by a variety of compounds that raise intracellular cAMP and Ca2+. To investigate the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinases in secretion, AtT20 cells were transfected with an expression vector coding for a regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase containing mutations in both cAMP-binding sites. Expression of the mutant regulatory subunit in stable transformants (RAB cells) results in a dominant inhibition of cAMPdependent protein kinase activity. Isoproterenol (1 μm) or analogs of cAMP stimulated β-endorphin secretion from AtT20 cells, but failed to stimulate secretion in RAB cells expressing the mutant R subunit. Secretion in response to CRF (100 nm) was inhibited by 80% in these mutant clones, whereas the secretory response to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 100 nm) or phorbol ester (100 nm phorbol myristate acetate) was not inhibited by the R subunit mutation. Intracellular cAMP was elevated in response to CRF (1...
Clinical implications of cross-reactive food allergens.

As a consequence of the general increase in allergic sensitization, the prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions to multiple foods that share homologous proteins has become a significant clinical problem. A variety of these allergens conserved among plants (eg, profilin and lipid transfer proteins) and animals (eg, tropomyosin and caseins) have been characterized. Although studies with molecular biologic techniques have elucidated the nature of these ubiquitous allergens, clinical studies have lagged behind. The physician is called on to determine the risk of reaction to related foods among legumes, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, cereal grains, mammalian and avian food products, and a variety of other plant-derived foods that may share proteins with pollens, latex, and each other. Clinical evaluations require a careful history, laboratory evaluation, and in some cases oral food challenges. The pitfalls in the evaluation of food allergy‐unreliable histories and limitations in laboratory assessment primarily caused by false-positive skin prick test responses/RAST results are magnified when dealing with cross-reactive proteins. This review focuses on the clinical data regarding cross-reacting food allergens with the goal of providing a background for improved risk assessment and a framework on which to approach these difficult clinical questions. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:881-90.)
An Analysis of Coronary Flow and Related Factors Following Vagotomy, Atropine, and Sympathectomy

Coronary blood flow in the dog has been measured by the nitrous oxide desaturation method before and after acute bilateral cervical vagotomy, intravenous injection of atropine, and chronie sympathectomy. Vagotomy and atropine markedly increased coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and heart rate, but decreased left ventricular efficiency. Chronic sympathectomy resulted in the following smaller but statistically significant changes: a decrease in coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and heart rate, but an increase in left ventricular efficiency. Increasing the oxygen content of the arterial blood decreased the coronary flow. A comparison of diallylbarbiturate acid and urethane with morphine and chloralose anesthesia gave similar flow values, but cardiac efficiency was increased in the latter case. An analysis of the relationships between coronary flow, left ventricular oxygen consumption, and the arteriovenous oxygen difference is presented.
Relations Between Subclinical Disease Markers and Type 2 Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The Jackson Heart Study

OBJECTIVE The presence of subclinical disease measures has been directly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in whites. African Americans (AAs) in the U.S. are at higher risk of CVD compared with non-Hispanic whites; however, data on the prevalence of subclinical disease measures in AAs and their association to CVD remains unclear and may explain the higher CVD risk in this group. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated 4,416 participants attending the first examination of the Jackson Heart Study (mean age 54 years; 64% women) with available subclinical disease measures. RESULTS There were 1,155 participants (26%) with subclinical disease, defined as the presence of one or more of the following: peripheral arterial disease, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), microalbuminuria, high coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, and low left ventricular ejection fraction. In cross-sectional analyses using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression, participants with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) or diabetes (DM) had higher odds of subclinical disease compared with those without MetS and DM (odds ratios 1.55 [95% CI 1.30–1.85] and 2.86 [95% CI 2.32–3.53], respectively). Furthermore, the presence of a high CAC score and LVH were directly associated with the incidence of CVD (265 events) in multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models ( P P CONCLUSIONS In our community-based sample of AAs, we observed a moderately high prevalence of subclinical disease, which in turn translated into a greater risk of CVD, especially in people with MetS and DM.
Model learning for switching linear systems with autonomous mode transitions

We present a novel method for model learning in hybrid discrete-continuous systems. The approach uses approximate expectation-maximization to learn the maximum- likelihood parameters of a switching linear system. The approach extends previous work by 1) considering autonomous mode transitions, where the discrete transitions are conditioned on the continuous state, and 2) learning the effects of control inputs on the system. We evaluate the approach in simulation.
An Object-Tracking Algorithm for 3-D Range Data Using Motion and Surface Estimation

Given a series of point sets sampled from a rigid surface by a 3-D rangefinder, we study the problem of estimating the motion and surface structure of a dynamic object. This target tracking problem with 3-D data can be formulated as maximizing the likelihood of the data (the scan map) and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM; object model up to the previous time step). We choose the prior for the object model from the conjugate distribution family of the GMM to yield a trackable posterior distribution for the object model. This GMM-based nonparametric model can be indexed by a hash lookup table, and we show that the method's complexity linearly scales with the number of scan points. Quantitative performance evaluation demonstrates that the proposed method substantially outperforms others. Results of road tests in divided freeway and urban scenes show the accuracy and robustness of the system, which can enable many vehicle active-safety and driver-assistance applications.
TRIAL: A Tool for Finding Distant Structural Similarities

Finding structural similarities in distantly related proteins can reveal functional relationships that can not be identified using sequence comparison. Given two proteins A and B and threshold \epsilon A, we develop an algorithm, TRiplet-based Iterative ALignment (TRIAL) for computing the transformation of B that maximizes the number of aligned residues such that the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the alignment is at most \epsilon A. Our algorithm is designed with the specific goal of effectively handling proteins with low similarity in primary structure, where existing algorithms perform particularly poorly. Experiments show that our method outperforms existing methods. TRIAL alignment brings the secondary structures of distantly related proteins to similar orientations. It also finds larger number of secondary structure matches at lower RMSD values and increased overall alignment lengths. Its classification accuracy is up to 63 percent better than other methods, including CE and DALI. TRIAL successfully aligns 83 percent of the residues from the smaller protein in reasonable time while other methods align only 29 to 65 percent of the residues for the same set of proteins.
Representative Freshwater Bacterioplankton Isolated from Crater Lake, Oregon

High-throughput culturing (HTC) methods that rely on dilution to extinction in very-low-nutrient media were used to obtain bacterial isolates from Crater Lake, Oregon. 16S rRNA sequence determination and phylogenetic reconstruction were used to determine the potential ecological significance of isolated bacteria, both in Crater Lake and globally. Fifty-five Crater Lake isolates yielded 16 different 16S rRNA gene sequences. Thirty of 55 (55%) Crater Lake isolates had 16S rRNA gene sequences with 97% or greater similarity to sequences recovered previously from Crater Lake 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Furthermore, 36 of 55 (65%) Crater Lake isolates were found to be members of widely distributed freshwater groups. These results confirm that HTC is a significant improvement over traditional isolation techniques that tend to enrich for microorganisms that do not predominate in their environment and rarely correlate with 16S rRNA gene clone library sequences. Although all isolates were obtained under dark, heterotrophic growth conditions, 2 of the 16 different groups showed evidence of photosynthetic capability as assessed by the presence of puf operon sequences, suggesting that photoheterotrophy may be a significant process in this oligotrophic, freshwater habitat.
Not just for fuel economy: A systematic design and exhaustive search for hybrid multimode light trucks

Abstract The Planetary Gear (PG) system has been widely employed by power-split hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The use of a PG system can enable multiple operating modes through the addition of clutches, as in the Chevrolet Volt. Besides passenger vehicles, the multi-mode hybrid powertrain can also be beneficial to heavy duty vehicles like pick-up trucks, since the benefits of each individual mode can be combined to meet complex driving requirement while maintaining desirable fuel economy. In this paper, a systematic design methodology is adopted for a hybrid pickup design problem using a PG system. This method involves automated modeling, a drivability screening procedure and the development of optimal energy management strategy. The design candidates are compared with the conventional F150 MY2012 and its conceptual parallel hybrid version using the same transmission and engine but an additional 60kW electric motor. The results show that after a search through over one million design candidates, 464 designs can achieve better performance on both fuel economy and launching, than not only the conventional F150, but also the parallel benchmark.
Socio-Economic Impacts of Environmental Pollution and the Challenges of Securing Justice for the Environmentally Displaced Niger Deltans

A major consequence of oil and gas activities is pollution. In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, oil pollution occur regularly for reasons including spills, effluent discharge, gas flaring and many more. Pollution causes serial damages to health, environment and socio-economic activities. Research had shown that pollution incidences, degradation caused by it and pollution impacts had caused relocation. Over the years, much attention has been given to the environmental and health impacts of pollution. This paper transcends the level of environmental and health impacts to the border of socio-economic impacts and its linkage with relocation. The paper evaluates the position of Niger Deltans who relocate because of socio-economic impacts of oil-pollution and argues that they are environmentally-displaced. It also argues that the protection accorded to them is not adequate either in international laws or under Nigerian laws. Exploring the challenges of securing justice for them, the paper considers the international, regional and domestic legal frameworks and concludes that environmentally-displaced Niger Deltans though not protected under any specific law are entitled to their human rights. It therefore recommends actions under fundamental human rights as a temporal solution followed by more tailored solution which includes making legally enforceable framework to be built on internationally agreed principles and strengthening the international machinery making countries accountable.
Your reputation precedes you: history, reputation, and the chrome malware warning

Several web browsers, including Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox, use malware warnings to stop people from visiting infectious websites. However, users can choose to click through (i.e., ignore) these malware warnings. In Google Chrome, users click through a fifth of malware warnings on average. We investigate factors that may contribute to why people ignore such warnings. First, we examine field data to see how browsing history affects click-through rates. We find that users consistently heed warnings about websites that they have not visited before. However, users respond unpredictably to warnings about websites that they have previously visited. On some days, users ignore more than half of warnings about websites they've visited in the past. Next, we present results of an online, survey-based experiment that we ran to gain more insight into the effects of reputation on warning adherence. Participants said that they trusted high-reputation websites more than the warnings; however, their responses suggest that a notable minority of people could be swayed by providing more information. We provide recommendations for warning designers and pose open questions about the design of malware warnings.
A crowning achievement for deciphering coronary origins

Named for its crownlike appearance ( 1 ), the coronary circulation comprises arteries and veins that transport blood to and from the heart's muscle, respectively. When a large coronary artery becomes obstructed, a downstream segment of cardiac muscle dies from oxygen deprivation in a pathologic condition called acute myocardial infarction ( 2 ), or heart attack. Over time, the injured heart replaces damaged muscle with scar tissue ( 3 ) that maintains cardiac wall integrity but also adversely affects pump function, which often leads to heart failure ( 4 ). Therapeutic interventions that stimulate the growth of new cardiac muscle to supplant scar formation would substantially improve heart attack outcomes ( 5 ). The success of any such strategy would also rely on concomitant growth of new coronary blood vessels. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of how this specialized vascular bed develops is a prerequisite for regenerative strategies designed to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by heart failure after myocardial infarction. On page 90 in this issue, Tian et al. ( 6 ) demonstrate that a large fraction of coronary vessels in the mouse heart form during postnatal life through a unique mechanism.
Professionalization as a Policy Choice: British Special Education in Comparative Perspective

Policies may be characterized in several distinct and competing ways: as best resolved by professional expertise, as fit for political determination, as properly treated in terms of legal rights, as appropriately subject to bureaucratic norms, or as sensibly left to market determination. The consequences of the choice among these frameworks is apparent in contrasting the British and American approaches to a particular policy issue, the education of handicapped children. That analysis reveals the utility of maintaining a policy scheme which builds in a tension among the competing frameworks.
Evaluation of algae meal as a novel feedstuff for ruminants

Recent advances in technology support the use of heterotrophic microalgae for the production of oils for bioenergy. Oil is extracted and the resultant product includes a combination of both partially deoiled microalgae (PDM) and soyhulls, resulting in an algae meal (ALG) with a unique profile of protein, fiber, and fat. However, this novel feedstuff and the role it may play in the ruminant diet has not been previously characterized. Since PDM is not available commercially to producers separate from soyhulls, the whole product was used for the current research. Thus, the ensuing research trials were designed to: 1) determine the impact of replacing soyhulls with the PDM portion of ALG on lamb total tract nutrient digestibility, 2) evaluate the effects of ALG when fed at the expense of corn on total tract nutrient digestibility of finishing lambs, and 3) identify the impact of replacing corn with increasing inclusions of ALG on steer performance, mineral status, carcass characteristics, and steak fatty acid composition. Within our first research objective PDM was readily consumed by lambs when included at up to 30% of the diet DM. Additionally, changes in digestibility of specific nutrients with increasing inclusions of PDM at the expense of soyhulls suggest that PDM is more characteristic of a concentrate than a fibrous feedstuff. Within our second research objective, ALG increased DMI as well as NDF, ADF, and ether extract digestibility. However, overall DM digestibility did minimally decrease. Still, results suggested that ALG is readily consumed by lambs and in relation to corn offers a comparable digestibility. Finally, the addition of ALG to feedlot diets showed minimal effect on live and carcass based performance. However, because DMI was linearly increased by ALG, feed efficiency decreased suggesting that ALG may have a lesser feeding value than corn. While no differences were noted in the PUFA, MUFA, SFA, or the ratio of PUFA-to-SFA in the
Effect of spike blockade on the receptive-field size of amacrine and ganglion cells in the rabbit retina

1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from 21 amacrine cells and 12 ganglion cells in the isolated, superfused retina-eyecup of the rabbit. Cells were subsequently labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or N-(2-aminoethyl)-biotinamide hydrochloride (Neurobiotin) for morphologic identification. 2. Initial experiments performed on three amacrine cells and three ganglion cells showed that 1 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX) abolished all spiking. This included both large-amplitude and small-amplitude spikes recorded in many amacrine cells, indicating that they are mediated by voltage-gated sodium channels. 3. The center-receptive-field size of 18 amacrine cells and 9 ganglion cells was measured with the use of a 50-microns-wide/6.0-mm-long rectangular slit of light that was displaced along its minor axis (parallel to the visual streak) in steps as small as 3 microns. The retina was then bathed in 1 microM TTX, or individual cells were injected with 50 mM QX-314, a quatemary lidocaine derivative, to abolish all spiking, and the center-receptive field of each cell was then remeasured. 4. Although TTX blocked spiking in all ganglion cells (dendritic diameters ranging from 302 to 969 microns), it produced no significant change in the size of their center-receptive fields. This finding argues that passive, electrotonic spread of synaptic inputs to ganglion cell dendritic arbors is adequate for efficient propagation from terminal branches to the soma; active propagation via voltage-gated sodium channels plays no apparent role. 5. In contrast, TTX and QX-314 had variable effect on the receptive fields of amacrine cells, which was related to the size of their dendritic arbors. Whereas TTX had no significant effect on the receptive-field size of amacrine cells whose dendritic arbors were 525 microns, active propagation of synaptic signals mediated by voltage-gated sodium channels is necessary for efficient movement of information across a cell's dendritic arbor and thus plays a major role in shaping their receptive fields. Although the TTX effects may also reflect an indirect contribution from altered synaptic input derived from presynaptic spiking neurons, the strong similarity between the effects of TTX and QX-314 argues that any such contribution was minor. For smaller amacrine cells, passive, electrotonic spread of signals appears adequate for efficient propagation within their limited dendritic arbors.
Care coordination, medical complexity, and unmet need for prescription medications among children with special health care needs.

Abstract Background Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) have multiple unmet health care needs including that of prescription medications. Objectives The objectives of this study were twofold: 1) to quantify and compare unmet needs for prescription medications for subgroups of CSHCN without and with medical complexity (CMC)—those who have multiple, chronic, and complex medical conditions associated with severe functional limitations and high utilization of health care resources, and 2) to describe its association with receipt of effective care coordination services and level of medical complexity. Method A secondary data analysis of the 2009/2010 National Survey of CSHCN, a nationally representative telephone survey of parents of CSHCN, was conducted. Logistic regression models were constructed to determine associations between unmet need for prescription medications and medical complexity and care coordination for families of CSHCN, while controlling for demographic variables such as race, insurance, education level, and household income. Analyses accounted for the complex survey design and sampling weights. Results CMC represented about 3% of CSHCN. CMC parents reported significantly more unmet need for prescription medications and care coordination (4%, 68%), compared to Non-CMC parents (2%, 40%). Greater unmet need for prescription medications was associated with unmet care coordination (adjusted OR 3.81; 95% CI: 2.70–5.40) and greater medical complexity (adjusted OR 2.01; 95% CI: 1.00–4.03). Conclusions Traditional care coordination is primarily facilitated by nurses and nurse practitioners with little formal training in medication management. However, pharmacists are rarely part of the CSHCN care coordination model. As care delivery models for these children evolve, and given the complexity of and numerous transitions of care for these patients, pharmacists can play an integral role to improve unmet needs for prescription medications.
Establishing Clinical Relevance in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease.

Converging evidence suggests that the pathophysiologic processes underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begin more than a decade prior to dementia (1, 2), starting with increased amyloid deposition followed by neurodegeneration and brain atrophy (3). Moreover, consensus is emerging that our best opportunity for intervention is likely prior to widespread neurodegeneration. For an anti-amyloid treatment to be effective, this may mean it will be necessary to treat the disease before symptoms appear. However, since by definition, the preclinical AD population does not have clinically detectable functional deficits, assessing the benefits of treatment becomes problematic. Although cognition may be the earliest clinically relevant marker of disease progression, the temporal lag between the accumulation of AD pathology, cognitive decline and functional impairment remains to be elucidated. Evidence indicates that early cognitive decline is followed closely by subtle functional impairments in high-level everyday activities, suggesting that more sensitive measures of cognition and function may be useful as the best markers of early change.
Introduction: Explaining Legal Change and Entrenchment

Since ancient Athens, democrats have taken pride in both their power and their proclivity to change their laws. For centuries, political theorists have recognized the distinctively democratic tendency to modify laws, yet this very capacity has given pause to democrats, and they have sought to restrict radically their ability to exercise this authority. As a consequence, democrats have resorted to “entrenchment” – the use of irrevocable laws – as a means of countering their tendency to engage in legal change. Although today inflexible law is considered a hallmark of democracy, the process of modifying law has a distinguished democratic pedigree of its own. At critical moments for the development of democracy, debates about the appropriate scope and locus of legal change have come to the fore. Political theorists have shaped the ways in which we have conceptualized the nature and the limits of the power to modify law during these disputes. Through retrieving a set of arguments on behalf of the democratic ability to change law, and through analyzing the circumstances in which democracies have restricted this power through the use of entrenchment, we can revisit the question of the relationship between the rule of law and democracy from a variety of fresh vantage points. The form that legal change has taken, and the logic underlying the modification of law, has of course varied over the centuries. The Athenian embrace of legal change derived from an ideological commitment to pragmatic innovation more broadly.
An Introduction to the Poetry of Johannes Bobrowski

(1966). An Introduction to the Poetry of Johannes Bobrowski. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 45-56.
A Probabilistic Network Forensic Model for Evidence Analysis

Modern-day attackers use sophisticated multi-stage and/or multi-host attack techniques and anti-forensic tools to cover their attack traces. Due to the limitations of current intrusion detection systems and forensic analysis tools, evidence often has false positive errors or is incomplete. Additionally, because of the large number of security events, discovering an attack pattern is much like finding a needle in a haystack. Consequently, reconstructing attack scenarios and holding attackers accountable for their activities are major challenges.
Shifting Gears: Changing Labor Relations in the U.S. Automobile Industry

(1986). Shifting Gears: Changing Labor Relations in the U.S. Automobile Industry. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 875-881.
Molecular beam epitaxy of Cd 3 As 2 on a III-V substrate

Epitaxial, strain-engineered Dirac semimetal heterostructures promise tuning of the unique properties of these materials. In this study, we investigate the growth of thin films of the recently discovered Dirac semimetal Cd3As2 by molecular beam epitaxy. We show that epitaxial Cd3As2 layers can be grown at low temperatures (110 °C–220 °C), in situ, on (111) GaSb buffer layers deposited on (111) GaAs substrates. The orientation relationship is described by ( 112 ) Cd 3 As 2 || (111) GaSb and [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] Cd 3 As 2 || [ 1 ¯ 01 ] GaSb . The films are shown to grow in the low-temperature, vacancy ordered, tetragonal Dirac semimetal phase. They exhibit high room temperature mobilities of up to 19300 cm2/Vs, despite a three-dimensional surface morphology indicative of island growth and the presence of twin variants. The results indicate that epitaxial growth on more closely lattice matched buffer layers, such as InGaSb or InAlSb, which allow for imposing different degrees of epitaxial coherency strains, should be...
NLP-driven citation analysis for scientometrics

This paper summarizes ongoing research in Natural-Language-Processing-driven citation analysis and describes experiments and motivating examples of how this work can be used to enhance traditional scientometrics analysis that is based on simply treating citations as a ‘vote’ from the citing paper to cited paper. In particular, we describe our dataset for citation polarity and citation purpose, present experimental results on the automatic detection of these indicators, and demonstrate the use of such annotations for studying research dynamics and scientific summarization. We also look at two complementary problems that show up in Natural-Language-Processing-driven citation analysis for a specific target paper. The first problem is extracting citation context, the implicit citation sentences that do not contain explicit anchors to the target paper. The second problem is extracting reference scope, the target relevant segment of a complicated citing sentence that cites multiple papers. We show how these tasks can be helpful in improving sentiment analysis and citation-based summarization.