cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Error-prone retrotransposition: rime of the ancient mutators.

In 1964, Howard Temin (1) first proposed that genetic information might actually flow in reverse (i.e. from RNA to DNA) in some organisms. The subsequent codiscovery of RNAdependent DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptases) by Temin and Mizutani (2) and Baltimore (3) solidified this revolutionary idea and provided a key to the identification of a large group of evolutionarily related mobile genetic elements that encode their own reverse transcriptases and replicate through RNA intermediates (DNA -> RNA -> DNA; 4-6). These "retroelements" exist across broad phylogenetic boundaries (bacteria, algae, plants, fungi, insects, birds, fish, and mammals) and include bacterial episomal elements (msDNA), mitochondrial retroplasmids and group II introns, interspersed repeated sequences [long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and non-LTR long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE)-like elements], and replicating viruses (retroviruses, hepadnaviruses, and caulimoviruses). Comparisons of genome organizations, replication mechanisms, and reverse transcriptase sequences and functions clearly point to evolutionary relationships among retroelements (6-9). Although the temporal order of retroelement evolution is controversial (6), it has been suggested that retroelements were evolutionary links between ancient RNA and DNA worlds (10). A hallmark of retroelements is their genetic heterogeneity. This was discovered first (11) and is best documented (12-15) for retroviruses that have been shown to exist as complex mixtures of genetically heterogeneous virions ("quasispecies") that are ever-changing. Studies of nonviral retrotransposons and mitochondrial retroplasmids suggest that genetic variation is also a property of other retroelements (16-23; GenBank data base). The frequency of genetic variants within a population of retroelements may be influenced by many factors, including mutation rate, the number of retrotransposition cycles, selection, population size, competition, and random sampling (24). The distinction between mutation frequency (i.e., the proportion of mutants in a population at any given time) and mutation rate (i.e., the number of de novo mutations arising per nucleotide per cycle of replication) is very important if one is to understand underlying mechanisms of genetic variation (25). Recent studies using recombinant and clonally purified retroviruses have permitted the quantitation of mutation rates after a single cycle of replication in the absence of strong selection (reviewed in ref. 15). These studies show that retroviruses, like other RNA viruses, mutate at very high rates (0.05-1 mutation per genome per replication cycle), resulting in base substitutions, frameshifts, genetic rearrangements, and hypermutations. Although it has long been suspected that other retroelements also mutate at high rates (16, 17), technical difficulties have precluded a rigorous quantitation of these rates.
Endoscopic tonometric assessment of intestinal perfusion in a canine model

In an anesthetized canine model tonometric balloons were colonoscopically placed into the right colon, left colon, and rectum. A femoral arterial line was established for the measurement of blood pressure and arterial bicarbonate. Laparotomy was performed and additional balloons were placed, via enterotomies, into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Baseline measurements of intramural pH were obtained, and then the origin of the superior mesenteric artery was occluded. Additional measurements in all areas were made for two 1-hour intervals. Results showed rapid and marked acidosis as demonstrated by significant (p
COLORING ALGORITHMS ON SUBCUBIC GRAPHS

We present efficient algorithms for three coloring problems on subcubic graphs. (A subcubic graph has maximum degree at most three.) The first algorithm is for 4-edge coloring, or more generally, 4-list-edge coloring. Our algorithm runs in linear time, and appears to be simpler than previous ones. The second algorithm is the first randomized EREW PRAM algorithm for the same problem. It uses O(n/log n) processors and runs in O(log n) time with high probability, where n is the number of vertices of the graph. The third algorithm is the first linear-time algorithm to 5-total-color subcubic graphs. The fourth algorithm generalizes this to get the first linear-time algorithm to 5-list-total-color subcubic graphs. Our sequential algorithms are based on a method of ordering the vertices and edges by traversing a spanning tree of a graph in a bottom-up fashion. Our parallel algorithm is based on a simple decomposition principle for subcubic graphs.
A game theoretic framework for a next-generation retail electricity market with high penetration of distributed residential electricity suppliers

Abstract This paper proposes an innovative game theoretic framework for a next-generation retail electricity market (“ Energy Internet ”) with high penetration of distributed residential electricity suppliers (“ Energy Cells ”). The envisioned Energy Internet is developed for plug-and-play of a large number of distributed renewable energy generation and energy storage. The residential customers, referred as Energy Cells, are not only the electricity consumers but can also be the electricity suppliers by locally operating and managing their own distributed generators, distributed energy storage devices, and dispatchable loads. This paper formulates a set of mathematical models of the retail electricity market participants with a number of local and global constraints. A numerical case study is performed to validate the proposed next-generation retail electricity market framework using game-theoretic methodologies. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed market clearing scheme with high penetration of distributed residential electricity suppliers.
Learning to Remember: Social-Communicative Exchanges and the Development of Children's Memory Skills.

Abstract For more than three decades, the question “What is memory development the development of?” has guided research on children’s memory. As theories and methodologies have evolved, so too has our knowledge of the mnemonic competencies of young children, and of age-related differences in memory performance. Unfortunately, however, current understanding of the development of memory is seriously limited, largely because the bulk of the literature is based on cross-sectional experiments. From our perspective, in order to increase our understanding of the development of children’s skills for remembering, it is necessary to conduct longitudinal studies that illuminate mechanisms underlying developmental change. In addition, experimental methods must be used to explore further the operation of these potential mediators of change. In this article, we review our own recent longitudinal and experimental research to illustrate how we are addressing a new call—to study both memory development and the development of memory.
Chiral Phosphoramide-Catalyzed Aldol Additions of Ketone Trichlorosilyl Enolates. Mechanistic Aspects

The mechanism of the catalytic, enantioselective addition of trichlorosilyl enolates to aldehydes has been investigated. Kinetic studies using ReactIR and rapid injection NMR (RINMR) spectroscopy h...
Long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (L‐CHAD) deficiency in a patient with the Bannayan‐Riley‐Ruvalcaba syndrome

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is an autosomal dominant condition of macrocephaly in combination with lipomas/hemangiomas, hypotonia, developmental delay, and a lipid myopathy. The etiology of the lipid storage myopathy has been unclear. We describe a black boy with findings of BRRS who also has a defect in long-chain fatty acid oxidation expressed in cultured skin fibroblasts as a deficiency of long-chain-L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (L-CHAD). He also has an abnormal brain MRI and increased size of both lower limbs. We present this child because of his unusual combination of findings, and postulate that L-CHAD deficiency may be the cause of the lipid myopathy in BRRS. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Young NH-mice for the study of mitoses in intact liver.

Die mittlere Mitosenzahl in der intakten Leber von jungen NH-Mausen zeigt eine signifikante 24-h-Periodizitat. Zur Zeit des taglichen Mitosengipfels ist diese Zahl genugend hoch, so dass sie sich als Kriterium fur die Untersuchung der Faktoren eignet, welche die Lebermitosenin vivo beeinflussen.
The Sun's Smaller Cousins are Running the Universe - The Masses of Red and Brown Dwarfs

Although not one red dwarf can be seen with the naked eye, they dominate the solar neighborhood, accounting for no less than 70% of all stars. The large numbers of these wee denizens of the night actually translate into a surprisingly large amount of mass – in fact, more mass is found in M dwarfs than in any other stellar spectral type. To determine just how important red dwarfs are to the nature of the Universe, an accurate mass-luminosity relation (MLR) must be determined so that a relatively easily determined characteristic, luminosity, can be converted into the critical parameter, mass. Results from a decade-long observational effort to calibrate the MLR for red dwarfs using the Fine Guidance Sensors (FGSs) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) will be highlighted. For many of the binary systems targeted, the interferometric data from HST are combined with radial velocity data to further improve the mass measurements, which often have errors less than 5%. Related results from a large southern sky parallax program to determine accurate distances to red dwarfs, and a search for companions orbiting them, will also be discussed. The state of mass determinations for M dwarfs' smaller cousins, the L and T dwarfs, will also be reviewed. Although we do not yet know the size of the true population of these (primarily) substellar objects, only by mapping out the interplay of their masses and luminosities (which change drastically with time) can we understand their contribution to the mass budget of the Universe.
Decision making for late-phase recovery from nuclear or radiological incidents

Much of the effort on radiological emergency preparedness has focused on the initial responses to an event (e.g., rescuing or triaging missions), while guidance on the more complex issues (e.g., radiological remediation or population resettlement) of long-term recovery has been lacking. The recent major nuclear accidents at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986 and Fukushima, Japan, in 2011 have clearly shown that radiological effects can spread over extended areas and last for a long period of time, thus making planning for long-term recovery an essential extension to the overall response. Similar challenges may be encountered in the aftermath of malicious acts involving devices such as radiological dispersal devices or improvised nuclear devices. Given the potentially unprecedented nature of the impact, the affected communities would have to face a series of daunting tasks in attempting to return to normality. To achieve this objective, a top priority is to conduct an effective and timely remediation of the contaminated areas. In contrast to emergency responses, the late-stage recovery effort is necessarily community focused and therefore will be driven by stakeholders. However, given the nature of the contamination and the widespread impact, cleanup in the aftermath of a major incident could involve a rather complex decision-making process for which the requisite experiences may not be readily available. To this end, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) established a scientific committee to prepare a comprehensive study that develops a framework and recommends an approach to optimizing decision making in late-phase recovery in the wake of major nuclear or radiological incidents. This study, published as NCRP Report No. 175, addresses all relevant dimensions in decision making for long-term recovery. The report describes optimization as a flexible, graded, and iterative process that consists of a series of steps, all of which involve deliberations with stakeholders as central to the success of a community-focused recovery. Above all, it also presents a new paradigm that specifically addresses a long-term approach to managing the challenging radiological conditions that could be encountered by the communities. In conclusion, the report makes a series of recommendations aimed at enhancing and strengthening the effort toward long-term recovery following a major nuclear or radiological incident. Language: en
Historical introduction to “concrete domains” by G. Kahn and G. D. Plotkin

The original version of this paper appeared as a technical report 15 years ago [28], based on the work carried out at Edinburgh University in the Fall of 1975. The ideas and concepts introduced in this work have been widely referenced and have become the basis for a significant body of foundational research on semantics of programming languages. The purpose of this introduction is to sketch the background for this research and to mention briefly some of this later work, thus placing the paper in context. Christopher Strachey’s [40] work on the formal description of programming language concepts raised problems concerning the nature and existence of semantic models for /2-calculi. Dana Scott developed a theory of domains and continuous functions that established adequate mathematical foundations for Strachey’s semantic descriptions and formed the basis for the denotational approach to semantics, ad- vocated in [37] and later applied to a wide variety of programming languages [39,34,42,24]. Semantic domains were typically taken to be complete lattices [38] or more general kinds of complete partial order [38, 251, the precise combination of order-theoretic assumptions being chosen to suit the application and often justified by appealing to intuitive arguments concerning computability. A good survey of domain theory is provided in [24]. However, these semantic treatments typically make no intrinsic distinction between domains used to represent data and domains used to represent procedures or func- tions. For certain purposes it seems appropriate to make such distinctions: for
Preface to the Proceedings of the Fall Conference Publication High Blood Pressure Research Scientific Sessions 2013

The 2013 High Blood Pressure Research Scientific Sessions (fall meeting) is sponsored jointly by the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Council for Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease. The Program Chair was Christopher S. Wilcox, MD, PhD (Figure 1). This year’s meeting was both well-attended (676 attendees) and scientifically productive. The conference was held on September 11 to 14 at the New Orleans Marriott in New Orleans, LA. The 101 platform talks and 430 poster presentations given this year covered the latest developments in our understanding of critical issues in hypertension and related disorders. These included the causes of hypertension; its relationship to stroke, cardiac disease, and kidney dysfunction; and the most effective means for detecting, evaluating, and treating high blood pressure. The conference continues to maintain its reputation among scientists and investigators as the premier meeting on hypertension in the world. This was reflected by the diversity of attendees—194 of the participants were from countries other than the United States. This good overseas representation occurred despite the fact that we had a reduced number of participants from Japan, typically one of our largest contingents from overseas, because of a conflict with their own Society’s meeting. Figure 1. Christopher S. Wilcox, Program Committee Chair. This year, the meeting was preceded by 2 concurrent preworkshops on special topics selected by the Program Chair and Committee. One was entitled “Recent Landmark Discoveries in Hypertension, Kidney, and Cardiovascular Disease” and was Chaired by David Harrison, MD, from Vanderbilt University and Pedro Jose, MD, PhD, from UMD, Baltimore, MD. The second was entitled “Non-invasive Methods to Study the Human Circulation and Kidneys” and was Chaired by J. Ray Townsend, MD, from the University of Pennsylvania and William White, MD, from the University of Connecticut-Hartford. Both featured excellent attendance, stimulating presentations, and wide-ranging …
Exploring first responder preferences and opinions about handheld radiation detectors

Handheld radiation detectors are increasingly being used by first responders to scan for and monitor radiological threats. Twenty-two first responders from two different response teams were surveyed about the usability, design, and comfort of handheld radiation detectors. The goal of the survey was to learn how their current detector can be improved and general ergonomic issues that can be enhanced in the design of a new detector. Key areas explored include: operating constraints, detector operational features, buttons, handle, external colour, weight and size, screen functions, and alarm notification. The results provide important user data to study, plan for, develop, and test the design and prototype of an improved detector.
Naturalism, Truth and Beauty in Mathematics

Can a scientific naturalist be a mathematical realist? I review some arguments, derived largely from the writings of Penelope Maddy, for a negative answer. The rejoinder from the realist side is that the irrealist cannot explain, as well as the realist can, why a naturalist should grant the mathematician the degree of methodological autonomy that the irrealist's own arguments require. Thus a naturalist, as such, has at least as much reason to embrace mathematical realism as to embrace irrealism.
Management, politics, and science: a nonseparable system

Abstract Philosophy of science, as understood by most social scientists, has given us an image of the scientific enterprise as a large hypothesis testing machine. One key unit within this enterprise is the individual scientist. He has learned or intuitively understands a set of logical rules which he brings to bear in ordering his thinking about a problem. Since he was pictured as operating within an unconstrained environment in an organizationally and morally simplistic world, his goal (scientific ‘truth’) was unambiguous, the organization and conduct of his work frictionless, and his only concerns were logic and measurements. Management and politics had no relationship to his pursuit of truth or the possibility of uncovering it. The other key unit, the scientific community, was equally autonomous from the world of management and politics. It was a social system in which problem definitions and decisions on truth are the joint result of open interaction among autonomous, rational, driven men and the impersonal automatic, application of the rules of evidence and logic. What guaranteed that this marvellous hypothesis testing machine actually operated in this fashion? The character and socialization of the individual scientist and the fact that interference in or imperfections of the process will result in erroneous truths which will eventually catch up with the perpetrators and punish them through individual, system, or societal failure, as in the inexorable workings of the market place of classical economics. If this was ever a very accurate picture of the scientific enterprise, the emergence of ‘Big Science’ has placed its adequacy seriously in doubt. ‘Big Science’ involves a research system in which (a) a consciously articulated goal exists; (b) there has been a commitment of resources and the organization and coordination of skills and institutions on a scale which only national governments can undertake; (c) the decentralized structures of the scientific community are replaced by planned administrative structures; and (d) it is rare that research problems or goals correspond to the neat disciplinary boundaries within science. Recognition of these developments in the scientific community is uneven and the reaction to them ambivalent and the philosophy and sociology of science have yet to come fully to terms with them.
Power-law creep of a material being compressed between parallel plates: a singular perturbation problem

The flow of a power-law creeping or viscous material which is being compressed in a narrow gap between parallel plates is studied. A perturbation scheme based on the small gap size is developed and the approximations which lead to classical lubrication theory are formally identified. The solution obtained from lubrication theory is shown to correspond to an outer solution which is not uniformly valid because it predicts infinite longitudinal stresses along both the centerline of the gap and across the entire gap on the line connecting the plate midpoints. The failure of lubrication theory to describe the flow in these regions is not due to an inherent failure of the power-law constitutive equation to model material behavior, but is due to a breakdown in the approximations made in lubrication theory. The solution is corrected by constructing inner solutions in the regions where lubrication theory fails and a uniformly valid solution for the stress field and velocity field is obtained.
Comparative Responses of White Leghorn and New Hampshire Chickens to Experimental Infections with Histomonas meleagridis and Heterakis gallinarum

Experimental infections with Histomonas melegridis and Heterakis gallinarum were produced in young White Leghorn (W.L.) and New Hampshire (N.H.) chickens and Beltsville Small White turkeys (B.S.W.T.). Although the histomonads caused liver lesions and high mortality in B.S.W.T., infections in chickens were not fatal and were confined to the ceca. Cecal involvement in the W.L. was slightly more severe, but also more transitory, than in the N.H. With regard to length, survival, and reproductive capacity, the heterakids thrived best in the W.L. Furthermore, the W.L. had the greatest potential for disseminating Histomonas-bearing heterakid eggs. These findings are similar to those of a previous study with the same breeds of birds but with a different strain of W.L. Thus, the differences in responses according to breed were quite consistent, whereas any difference according to strain was insignificantly by comparison.
Investigation of hydrogel water in polyelectrolyte gels using differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Characterization of the water structure in hydrogels is of the utmost importance in understanding their dynamic and equilibrium swelling behaviour as well as in analysing solute transport and other diffusive properties of such systems. Polymer-water interactions coupled with the physical property changes of the water associated with the hydrogel structure can determine the permeability characteristics of solutes through these hydrogels. The water structures inside ionic copolymeric networks of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate- co -methacrylic acid) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate- co -acrylic acid) were investigated as a function of the pH and ionic strength of the swelling medium and the type of counterion in the swelling medium using differential scanning calorimetry. The free water content increased with an increase in pH and a decrease in ionic strength. The bound water content was found to be independent of the pH of the external swelling medium. The Donnan ionization equilibrium concept was used to explain the observed trends. This study is useful in correlating the hydrogel water structure with solute diffusion through these hydrogels.
A test of four proposed new dimensions of semantic space

Four new dimensions of the Osgood semantic space, proposed by Bentler and LaVoie (1972), were tested utilizing the PI release design. The two dimensions of density and reality showed significant release from PI, but the dimensions of familiarity and organization did not. The results were discussed in terms of a second study, which showed measures of dependency of the four new dimensions upon the original three Osgood semantic differential dimensions.
Pediatric ovarian tumors: a review of 67 cases.

*INTRODUCTIONPediatric ovarian tumors are an uncommon but impor-tant form of childhood cancer. Ovarian tumors are themost frequent neoplasms of the female genital tract inchildhood [1] and are generally considered to accountfor approximately 1% of all malignancies in patients ages0–17 years [2]. Ovarian masses include neoplastic andnon-neoplastic processes. Non-neoplastic conditions in-clude follicular cysts, corpus luteal cysts, and endome-triomas. Neoplastic processes include both benign tumorssuch as mature cystic teratomas as well as highly malig-nanttumors.Inaddition,therearetumorsoflowmalignantpotential that frequently follow a benign clinical course.Various classiﬁcation and nomenclature systems havebeen developed to describe the spectrum of ovariantumors. Generally these tumors are classiﬁed into threemain categories including epithelial, stromal, and germcell tumors.Previousstudiesofpediatricovariantumorsinchildrenhave noted a predominance of germ cell tumors. This is incontrast to the adult literature, which notes the predomi-nance of tumors of epithelial cell origin [3]. This dif-ference highlights the importance of considering patientage when evaluating ovarian pathology.Germ cell tumors include teratomas and gonadoblas-tomas as well as endodermal sinus tumors, also calledyolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinomas, polyembryomas,and choriocarcinomas. Teratomas include both immature(malignant) and mature (benign) forms. Immature tera-tomas are classiﬁed according to their level of differentia-tion [4]. Histologic level of differentiation determines thelevel of malignancy. Gonadoblastomas occur exclusivelyin patients with dysgenetic gonads and are classiﬁed asbenign tumors, however, malignant dysgerminomas arefrequently found within these tumors.Children may also present with non-germ cell tumorsincluding sex cord-stromal tumors and epithelial tumors.Sex cord stromal tumors include thecoma–ﬁbroma,Sertoli–Leydig cell tumors and granulosa cell tumors.Juvenile granulosa cell tumors follow a very differentclinical course than granulosa cell tumors in adult womenand although they have malignant potential, they com-monly follow a benign clinical course.Epithelial tumors, including cystadenoma in benign,borderline, and malignant forms, are common in adultwomen, though much less frequent in children. Small cell
The Use of Non-Physicians in Cosmetic Dermatology: Legal and Regulatory Standards

The demand for cosmetic medical procedures continues to rise. Dermatologists are increasingly employing non-physicians, and medical spas are hiring individuals without a medical license to meet this demand. This new frontier in medicine has opened the door to a number of legal and regulatory issues regarding scope of practice and appropriate physician supervision of these procedures. Further confounding the matter is state-by-state variation in laws and a lack of federal oversight. We discuss some of the most salient factors clinicians need to be cognizant of in this rapidly evolving field of cosmetic dermatology. Physicians must be aware of the pertinent legal issues they face when using non-physicians in their practice or when acting as the medical director of cosmetic procedures taking place in a non-medical setting. As a medical community, we should be aware of the risks and benefits of non-physicians performing cosmetic procedures on patients.
Clindamycin-Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis: A Potentially Fatal Adverse Drug Reaction

Clinicians should be aware of the possible reactions to the use of clindamycin in treatment of oral and other infections. The clinical symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially lethal condition, are described, and the literature is reviewed.
Bivariate spline functions and the approximation of linear functionals

The reproducing kernel for a Hilbert space of bivariate functions which have Taylor expansions is constructed. The concepts of optimal approximation of linear functionals in the sense of Sard and approximations resulting from bivariate spline functions are shown to be equivalent in these spaces. Bivariate splines that both smooth and interpolate are discussed.
Psychotherapy For Medically Ill Patients: Review And Critique Of Controlled Studies

Abstract The authors summarize and evaluate the findings of 18 controlled studies of the use of dyadic and group therapy as primary or adjunctive treatment for patients with peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, functional abdominal disorders, asthma, migraine, skin disease, cardiovascular disease, or essential hypertension. The evidence suggests that some significant gains are achieved when psychotherapy is added to routine medical regi mens. Of the 13 studies whose designs were termed adequate or “good,” eight showed greater physiologic improvement for patients receiving psychotherapy than for those receiving medical treatment alone. In the remaining five of the 13 studies, psychotherapy produced no significant physiologic differences between experimental and control groups. Refinements in methodology and standardization of therapeutic intervention will contribute to greater specificity in further research.
Entropic stabilization and retrograde solubility in Zn 4 Sb 3

Zn_4Sb_3 is shown to be entropically stabilized versus decomposition to Zn and ZnSb through the effects of configurational disorder and phonon free energy. Single-phase stability is predicted for a range of compositions and temperatures. Retrograde solubility of Zn is predicted on the two-phase boundary region between Zn_4Sb_3 and Zn. The complex temperature-dependent solubility can be used to explain the variety of nanoparticle formation observed in the system: formation of ZnSb on the Sb-rich side, Zn on the far Zn-rich side, and nano-void formation due to Zn precipitates being reabsorbed at lower temperatures.
1100 THE ARRHENIUS PLOT OF HEPATIC MICROSOMAL GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONGENITALLY JAUNDICED (GUNN) RAT

1100 THE ARRHENIUS PLOT OF HEPATIC MICROSOMAL GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONGENITALLY JAUNDICED (GUNN) RAT
Capabilities of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory in situ 14C extraction laboratory updated

Abstract We report on the status and capabilities of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory in situ 14C extraction laboratory. In late 2006 we began, in collaboration with the AMS group at the University of Arizona, construction of a new laboratory to extract in situ cosmogenic 14C from terrestrial silicates. Long-term measurements of the process blank over the last two years give an arithmetic mean and standard deviation of 125 ± 43 × 103 atoms 14C (n = 9) and show significant improvement in the number of atoms, as well as stability compared to initial measurements of the process blank. We report long-term measurements of the intercomparison material CRONUS-A, which has been developed as part of the CRONUS-Earth effort to characterize inter- and intra-laboratory variability. We interpret the standard deviation (5%) of six replicate measurements of CRONUS-A as the reproducibility of in situ 14C extractions in our laboratory.
A cellular automaton model for the proliferation of migrating contact-inhibited cells

A cellular automaton is used to develop a model describing the proliferation dynamics of populations of migrating, contact-inhibited cells. Simulations are carried out on two-dimensional networks of computational sites that are finite-state automata. The discrete model incorporates all the essential features of the cell locomotion and division processes, including the complicated dynamic phenomena occurring when cells collide. In addition, model parameters can be evaluated by using data from long-term tracking and analysis of cell locomotion. Simulation results are analyzed to determine how the competing processes of contact inhibition and cell migration affect the proliferation rates. The relation between cell density and contact inhibition is probed by following the temporal evolution of the population-average speed of locomotion. Our results show that the seeding cell density, the population-average speed of locomotion, and the spatial distribution of the seed cells are crucial parameters in determining the temporal evolution of cell proliferation rates. The model successfully predicts the effect of cell motility on the growth of isolated megacolonies of keratinocytes, and simulation results agree very well with experimental data. Model predictions also agree well with experimentally measured proliferation rates of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAE) cultured in the presence of a growth factor (bFGF) that up-regulates cell motility.
Study of plant protoplast-bacterial spheroplast and cell interactions by flow cytometry.

Summary The analyzer component of the Becton-Dickinson Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) 420 was used to investigate the binding of bacterial spheroplasts and cells to plant protoplasts. Several binding parameters (incubation time, protoplast density and spheroplast/protoplast ratio were determined.
Whole Exome Sequencing for Familial Bicuspid Aortic Valve Identifies Putative Variants

Background—Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiovascular malformation. Although highly heritable, few causal variants have been identified. The purpose of this study was ...
HAART use in women with HIV and influence on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a clinical opinion.

OBJECTIVES: Study the role of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in cervical disease in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of current literature and the results summarized in the following headings: HIV and cytological evidence of disease, HIV and HPV, and HAART and HIV in women with HPV-associated cervical disease. RESULTS: Limited data is available to study the influence of HAART on HPV-related cervical disease in women with HIV. There is evidence that the use of HAART may lead to immune restoration and thereby prevent severe recurrent HPV disease, thus influencing associated cervical disease. CONCLUSIONS: Little data is available on HAART and its role in HPV-associated cervical disease in women with HIV. Immune restoration may decrease the severity and recurrence of HPV infection and potentially impact cervical disease. Population-based studies are needed to further evaluate the role of HAART in HPV associated cervical disease.
Airway Reopening: The Pulsatile Propagation of a Finger of Air Through a Fluid-Occluded Cylindrical Tube

We computationally investigate the unsteady pulsatile propagation of a finger of air through a liquid-filled rigid cylindrical tube. This study is relevant to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by pulmonary airway collapse and fluid occlusion. Subsequent airway reopening, driven by mechanical ventilation, may generate damaging mechanical stresses on the airway walls that can result in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We hypothesize that unsteady flows accompanied by dynamic surfactant transport may reduce the incidence of VILI. Herein we investigate the flow-field under constant surface tension to develop a fundamental understanding of unsteady flows in this system, and to identify the parametric ranges over which transport may be optimized to minimize pulmonary atelectrauma.
Using large galaxy surveys to distinguish z ≃ 0.5 quiescent galaxy models

Author(s): Cohn, JD; White, M | Abstract: One of the most striking properties of galaxies is the bimodality in their star formation rates. A major puzzle is why any given galaxy is star forming or quiescent, and a wide range of physical mechanisms have been proposed as solutions. We consider how observations, such as might be available in upcoming large galaxy surveys, might distinguish different galaxy quenching scenarios. To do this, we combine an N-body simulation and multiple prescriptions from the literature to create several quiescent galaxy mock catalogues. Each prescription uses a different set of galaxy properties (such as history, environment, centrality) to assign individual simulation galaxies as quiescent. We find how and how much the resulting quiescent galaxy distributions differ from each other, both intrinsically and observationally. In addition to tracing observational consequences of different quenching mechanisms, our results indicate which sorts of quenching models might be most readily disentangled by upcoming observations and which combinations of observational quantities might provide the most discriminatory power. Our observational measures are auto, cross, and marked correlation functions, projected density distributions, and group multiplicity functions, which rely upon galaxy positions, stellar masses and of course quiescence. Although degeneracies between models are present for individual observations, using multiple observations in concert allows us to distinguish between all 10 models we consider. In addition to identifying intrinsic and observational consequences of quiescence prescriptions and testing these quiescence models against each other and observations, these methods can also be used to validate colours (or other history and environment dependent properties) in simulated mock catalogues. © 2014 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Stimulus control by dot position in pigeons

In Experiment I positive dot-position generalization gradients were obtained following training in which pecks at a white key with a black dot in a fixed position (at either the top, bottom, left, right, or center of the key) were sometimes reinforced (S+) and pecks at a blank white key were never reinforced (S−). Single-stimulus training was not sufficient to establish control by dot position. In Experiment II negative dot-position gradients were obtained following training on a discrimination between S+ blank vs. S− dot. Implications of these and other results for excitatory and inhibitory stimulus control were discussed.
Optimal seismic design of moment‐resisting steel frames with hysteretic passive devices

The effectiveness of hysteretic passive devices to protect and mitigate the response of a structure under seismic loading is well established by both analytical and experimental research. Nevertheless, a systematic and well-established methodology for the topological distribution and size of these devices in order to achieve a desired structural response performance does not exist. In this paper, a computational framework is proposed for the optimal distribution and design of yielding metallic buckling restrained braces (BRB) and/or friction dampers within steel moment-resisting frames (MRF) for a given seismic environment. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the resulting discrete optimization problem. Specific examples involving two three-story, four-bay steel MRFs and a six-story, three-bay steel MRF retrofitted with yielding and/or friction braces are considered. The seismic environment consists of four synthetic ground motions representative of the west coast of the United States with 5% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Non-linear time-history analyses are employed to evaluate the potential designs. As a result of the evolutionary process, the optimal placement, strength and size of the dampers are obtained throughout the height of the steel MRF. Furthermore, the developed computational approach for seismic design based upon GAs provides an attractive procedure for design of MRFs with hysteretic passive dampers.
Increasing our compassion footprint: the animals' manifesto

. Our relationships with animals are wide-ranging. When people tell me that they love animals and then harm or kill them I tell them I'm glad they don't love me. Many individuals, including scientists, ignore their responsibility when they interact with animals and fail to recognize that doing something in the name of science, which usually means in the name of humans, is not an adequate reason for intentionally causing suffering, pain, or death. “Good welfare” usually is not “good enough”. Existing regulations allow animals to be treated in regrettable ways that demean us as a species. Compassion is the key for bettering both animal and human lives. A good way to make the world a more compassionate place for animals is to increase our compassion footprint. We could begin by deciding that we will not intrude on animals' lives unless our actions are in the best interests of the animals irrespective of our desires. It is simple to make more compassionate choices about what we eat and wear and how we educate students, conduct research, and entertain ourselves at the expense of animals. The time to make these changes is long overdue.
Public Stigma Associated With Psychosis Risk Syndrome in a College Population: Implications for Peer Intervention

Objectives:This study compared stigma associated with the psychosis risk label and diagnostic labels for nonpsychotic and psychotic mental disorders among young adult peers.Methods:Urban college respondents (N=153) read an experimental vignette describing a young adult experiencing prodromal symptoms who was randomly assigned a diagnostic label (major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or psychosis risk with and without accurate information about the psychosis risk label) and answered questions about stigma toward the individual in the vignette.Results:Compared with labels for nonpsychotic disorders, schizophrenia elicited more negative stereotyping and the at-risk label invoked greater social distance and less willingness to help. Any increased social distance appeared to be reduced by accurate information about the at-risk state. No differences in stigma were found for the psychosis risk and schizophrenia labels.Conclusions:The psychosis risk label alone appeared to evoke greater s...
China in 2004: Stability above All

After the acute crisis of SARS the previous year, 2004 in China opened with no notable reappearance of the virus. The economy was the country9s biggest problem, with leaders in Beijing attempting to curb overheating by imposing macroeconomic administrative restrictions. Jiang Zemin9s retirement from the Central Military Commission allowed the new leadership of Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao to press forward with new policies of ““scientific development.”” These policies professed to be more balanced and more egalitarian; however, their implementation seemed to require renewed restrictions on dissent.
Kinetics of droplet growth in liquid-liquid phase separation of polymer-diluent systems : experimental results

Abstract Liquid—liquid thermally induced phase separation of the polymer—diluent system isotactic poly(propylene)—diphenyl ether was studied under an optical microscope. It was found that as the system phase separated, droplets of a diluent-rich phase formed within a polymer-rich matrix. These droplets grew in size and decreased in number by a process known as coarsening. The scaling exponent relating droplet diameter and time was determined. The scaling exponent was found to be a strong function of the droplet phase volume fraction, and this strong dependence on volume fraction was relatively insensitive to temperature. The influence of the ratio of interfacial tension between the phases and the viscosity of the matrix phase was less significant on the growth rate of the droplets.
A classification scheme to guide a journal's publication strategies: Response to editorial on publication strategies written by John N. Warfield, systems research, 5(1), (1988), 3‐8

This article is written to answer an Editorial on publication strategies and to attempt to study the areas of stated interest as well as the publication mix of Systems Research for the first four volumes of its existence. It is suggested that the following designators be used to classify the articles published in Systems Research: 1. First designator to indicate the article's Discipline. 2. Second designator to indicate its Level of Inquiry. 3. Third designator to indicate its Specific Application Area.
Using the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, Fluridone, to investigate the ability of carotenoid pigments to protect algae from the photo-induced toxicity of anthracene

Abstract The ability of carotenoid pigments to protect the green alga. Selenastrum capricornutum, from the photo-induced toxicity of the linear three-ring PAH, anthracene, was investigated. Fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, was utilized to generate algal cells with different levels of colored carotenoids so that the protection provided by colored carotenoid pigments in algal cells to the photo-induced toxicity of anthracene could be measured. The percent inhibition of [14C]bicarbonate incorporation due to the photo-induced toxicity of anthracene was inversely correlated to the concentration of colored carotenoid pigments in S. capricornutum cells. The greater sensitivity of algal cells exposed to anthracene and ultraviolet-A radiation caused by lesser concentrations of colored carotenoid pigments in the algal cells is in agreement with a type II (singlet oxygen) mechanism, in vivo, for photo-induced toxicity of anthracene. The ability of naturally-occurring carotenoids pigments to protect algal cells from photooxidants may explain the greater resistance of algae to the photo-induced toxicity of anthracene relative to aquatic animals. The importance of the protection provided by carotenoid pigments within algal cells against other toxicants, such as solar ultraviolet radiation, could be assessed utilizing this proposed bioassay system.
Computation of higher-order fluid symmetries using MACSYMA

Abstract We prove the non-existence of second-order symmetries (commuting flows depending on second-order derivatives) of isentropic compressible flow in two space dimensions.
A comparative study of the mechanical properties of hemp fiber with virgin and recycled high density polyethylene matrix

Abstract Hemp reinforced composites were prepared using both recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) and virgin high density polyethylene (vHDPE). The effects of fiber loading and the different type of matrix on the composites’ mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties were studied. Prior to composite fabrication, hemp fibers were treated with 5 wt% NaOH. The change in surface morphology and chemical composition of hemp fibers after treatment was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Findings indicate that a 5 wt% NaOH treatment effectively improved the fiber–matrix interface resulting in improved mechanical properties. With respect to both, mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties, hemp fiber composites with rHDPE matrix performed better than composites with vHDPE matrix. The optimized fiber loading of hemp–rHDPE was 40% volume fraction while achieving the highest tensile strength of 60.2 MPa and flexural strength of 44.6 MPa. The hemp–rHDPE composites with 30% of fiber loading demonstrated the best impact strength of 51.1 KJ/m2.
Electron probe and X-ray diffraction measurements of intermediate phases in Zr diffused with Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Mo

Abstract Intermediate phases intended for superconductivity measurements were prepared by diffusing Zr with each of the following elements: Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Mo. Composition of the phases was estimated from electron probe measurements and in some cases confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The results indicated these phases to be present: In the Cr-Zr system Cr 2 Zr was observed in agreement with the phase diagram in Hansen 1 ). In the Fe-Zr system FeZr 3 , FeZr 2 and Fe 2 Zr were observed whereas Hansen shows only Fe 2 Zr. In the Ni-Zr system NiZr 2 , NiZr, Ni 10 Zr 7 and Ni 5 Zr were observed but three additional phases reported by Kirkpatrick 2 ) did not appear in the diffusion couple. In the Cu-Zr system only CuZr 2 and CuZr phases were observed because the parent copper was depleted before the end of the diffusion period. In the Mo-Zr system MoZr was observed but the equilibrium phase Mo 2 Zr listed by Hansen was not found at the temperature used here.