cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels from biomass via integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion process—A techno-economic analysis

A techno-economic analysis (TEA) is performed to investigate the production of gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbon fuels by conversion of woody biomass via Gas Technology Institute (GTI)'s integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2) process. The processing capacity is 2000 dry metric tonnes (2205 dry US tons) of woody biomass per day. Major process areas include catalytic hydropyrolysis, catalytic hydroconversion, on-site hydrogen production, feedstock handling and storage, hydrocarbon absorber, sour water stripper, hydrogen sulfide scrubber, distillation tower, and all other operations support utilities. The TEA incorporates applicable commercial technologies, process modeling using Aspen HYSYS software, equipment cost estimation, and discounted cash flow analysis. The resulting minimum fuel selling price is $1.64 per gallon (or $1.68 per gallon of gasoline equivalent) in 2007 US dollars. The process yields 79 gallons of liquid fuels per dry US ton of woody biomass feedstock, for an annual fuel production rate of 61 million gallons at 96% on-stream time. The estimated total capital investment for an nth-plant is $264 million. A sensitivity analysis captures uncertainties in costs and plant performance. Results from this TEA can serve as the baseline for future comparison and as a basis for comparing this process to other biomass-to-liquid fuel pathways. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 609–617, 2014
A New Data-Reduction Algorithm for Real-Time ECG Analysis

Typically the ECG is sampled at a rate of 200 samples/s or more, producing a large amount of data that are difficult to store, analyze, and transmit. Data-reduction algorithms that operate in real time reduce he amount of data without losing the clinical information content. They must also leave sufficient computation time available for ECG analysis. We describe here a new algorithm called CORTES that is suited for such real-time applications. This algorithm combines the best features of two other techniques called TP and AZTEC. We present the results of a study to find optimal experimental values for the controlling variables in CORTES. We compare the computations of root-mean-square reconstruction errors for a diversity of encoded ECG signals.
Goldthioglucose-induced hypothalamic lesion and ACTH release.

Discussion and conclusionsThe increase in plasma corticosterone resting levels seen in the first few days after injection of GTG may be due to one or several mechanisms: alteration of the conjugation capacity of the liver(18) due to the drug itself or accompanying the diminished food intake that immediately follows GTG injection(6), thus leading to increased plasma concentrations of free Cpd. B; or actual stimulation of the hypothalamic centers related to ACTH release by development of the hypothalamic lesion.These results show, at any rate, that the hypothalamic lesion produced in CBA mice by the dose of GTG used in this study does not inhibit release of ACTH normally produced by exposure to stress. Animals with this type of hypothalamic lesion, therefore. cannot be used for an assay of CRF.
Computer-aided measurement of transverse axon sections for morphology studies

A study has been made of a general-purpose minicomputer image analysis system to provide medical researchers with data needed in morphology studies of myelinated axon sections. The system was designed to provide data equivalent to that produced by manually outlining and quantifying the axon and myelin boundaries. The system hardware and algorithms are described and experimental results presented comparing manual and automated data. The results show that a system with limited automation is an order of magnitude faster than manual methods in providing data with comparable accuracy and improved repeatability.
Deterministic top-down tree transducers with iterated look-ahead

It is known that by iterating the look-ahead tree languages for deterministic top-down tree automata, more and more powerful recognizing devices are obtained. Let DR0 = DR, where DR is the class of all tree languages recognizable by deterministic top-down tree automata, and let, for n ⩾ 1, DRn be the class of all tree languages recognizable by deterministic top-down tree automata with DRn−1 look-ahead. Then DR0 ⊂DR1 ⊂ DR2 ⊂…. Slutzki and Vagvolgyi (1993) showed that the composition powers of the class of all deterministic top-down tree transformations with deterministic top-down look-ahead (DTTDR) form a proper hierarchy, i.e. (DTTDR)n ⊂(DTTDR)n + 1 for n ⩾ 0. Along the proof they studied the notion of the deterministic top-down tree transducer with DRn look-ahead (dttDRn) and showed that (DTTDR)n + 1 ⊆ DTTDRn (n ⩾ 0), where DTTDRn stands for the class of all tree transformations induced by dttDRn'S. Our aim is to show the reversed inclusion, i.e. DTTDRn ⊆ (DTTDR)n + 1 (n ⩾ 0). This implies a precise characterization DTTDRn = (DTTDR)n + 1 (n ⩾ 0), and implies that the classes DTTDRn (n⩾ 0) form a proper hierarchy.
Academic cross-fertilization by public screening yields a remarkable class of protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 inhibitors

National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored screening centers provide academic researchers with a special opportunity to pursue small-molecule probes for protein targets that are outside the current interest of, or beyond the standard technologies employed by, the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we describe the outcome of an inhibitor screen for one such target, the enzyme protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1), which regulates the methylesterification state of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and is implicated in cancer and neurodegeneration. Inhibitors of PME-1 have not yet been described, which we attribute, at least in part, to a dearth of substrate assays compatible with high-throughput screening. We show that PME-1 is assayable by fluorescence polarization-activity-based protein profiling (fluopol-ABPP) and use this platform to screen the 300,000+ member NIH small-molecule library. This screen identified an unusual class of compounds, the aza-β-lactams (ABLs), as potent (IC50 values of approximately 10 nM), covalent PME-1 inhibitors. Interestingly, ABLs did not derive from a commercial vendor but rather an academic contribution to the public library. We show using competitive-ABPP that ABLs are exquisitely selective for PME-1 in living cells and mice, where enzyme inactivation leads to substantial reductions in demethylated PP2A. In summary, we have combined advanced synthetic and chemoproteomic methods to discover a class of ABL inhibitors that can be used to selectively perturb PME-1 activity in diverse biological systems. More generally, these results illustrate how public screening centers can serve as hubs to create spontaneous collaborative opportunities between synthetic chemistry and chemical biology labs interested in creating first-in-class pharmacological probes for challenging protein targets.
Modeling seismic reflections from thin-bed dolomite layers in diatomite formation

The origin of dolomite and its diagenesis are still not fully understood. The timing and occurrence of dolomite beds remain key problems. Many thin-bed layers of dolomite in marine sediments were discovered at drill sites in the forearc basin west of the Japan Trench during the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 186. The thickness of the dolomite layers ranges from 0.5 to 2 m, estimated from the well log. These thin-bed dolomite layers were able to be identified on seismic data, through quantitative analysis and comparison of the data with synthetic seismograms. Amplitude-preserved seismic data processing with broadband high-resolution enhancement helps to estimate the reflectivity series dominated by the large impedance contrast between the dolomite layers and the host sediments. In this report, the first geophysical evidence of large-scale dolomitization is provided. The occurrence of thin dolomitic layers embedded in diatomaceous sediments is on a basin scale rather than being an isolated event, which constrains the type of dolomitization and the timing of layered dolomitization. It was found that thin-bed dolomite layers occur where there is an abrupt change in sedimentation rate. Layered dolomitization starts when sedimentation rate changes (from high to low or vice versa). Two dolomite layers coincide with the Miocene–Pliocene and Pliocene–Pleistocene age boundaries. Formation of dolomite beds could be a timing signal of a dramatic change in paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic environments.
Environmental geochemistry of abandoned mercury mines in West-Central Nevada, USA

Abstract The Humboldt River is a closed basin and is the longest river in Nevada. Numerous abandoned Hg mines are located within the basin, and because Hg is a toxic heavy metal, the potential transport of Hg from these mines into surrounding ecosystems, including the Humboldt River, is of environmental concern. Samples of ore, sediment, water, calcines (roasted ore), and leachates of the calcines were analyzed for Hg and other heavy metals to evaluate geochemical dispersion from the mines. Cinnabar-bearing ore samples collected from the mines contain highly elevated Hg concentrations, up to 6.9 %, whereas calcines collected from the mines contain up to 2000 mg Hg/kg. Stream-sediment samples collected within 1 km of the mines contain as much as 170 mg Hg/kg, but those collected distal from the mines (>5 km) contain 8 km from the Humboldt River, and Hg is transported and diluted through a large volume of pediment before it reaches the Humboldt River.
Clinical use of network analysis for psychiatric and aged populations

Despite a recent renewal of interest in natural community support networks and self-help groups, there currently exist no systematic therapeutic approaches for working with network systems. Over the past two decades advances in the field of social network analysis have laid the groundwork for its conversion to a clinical tool. This paper illustrates how network analysis can provide quantitative and qualitative data useful in therapeutic interventions and agency planning decisions.
Identifying High betweenness Centrality Vertices in Large Noisy Networks

Most real-world network models inherently include some degree of noise due to the approximations involved in measuring real-world data. My thesis focuses on studying how these approximations affect the stability of the networks. In this paper, we focus on the stability of betweenness centrality (BC), a metric used to measure the importance of the vertices in the network. We present our results on how the ranking of the vertices change as the networks are perturbed and introduce a group testing algorithm that we developed that can correctly identify the high valued BC vertices of stable networks in lower time than the traditional approaches.
Gastric electrical stimulation does not significantly affect canine gastric acid secretion and 24-hour gastric pH.

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) was shown to improve symptoms in patients with gastroparesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study assessed the influence of various patterns of GES on fasting and postprandial gastric acid secretion and 24-hr gastric pH. Eight healthy dogs were studied and we found that in the fasting state, low-frequency, long-pulse (6/12-cpm, 375-msec, 4-mA) GES at the proximal stomach significantly inhibited the secretion of gastric juice (P < 0.05). No such effect was observed during GES (6/12 cpm) at the distal stomach. In the postprandial period, low-frequency, long-pulse GES at both proximal and distal sites and at both frequencies did not significantly affect gastric acid secretion. High-frequency, short-pulse GES, investigated for obesity (21 Hz, 8 mA, and 250 μsec, with 2 secs on, 3 sec off), at the proximal and distal stomach did not significantly affect the 24-hr gastric pH profile. In conclusion, GES with various stimulation parameters, and at various sites, has little effect on gastric acid secretion. The clinical effects induced by GES at these parameters may not be related to their effect on gastric acid homeostasis.
Hemicorporectomy : back to front

Hemicorporectomy involves amputation of the pelvis and lower extremities by disarticulation through the lumbar spine with concomitant transection of the aorta, inferior vena cava, and spinal cord, as well as creation of conduits for diversion of the urinary and fecal streams. A review of the literature reveals that the surgical technique has been relatively unchanged since 1960. The standard anterior to posterior approach is associated with significant blood loss and morbidity, likely contributing to lengthy hospital stay. Herein, we describe our back-to-front approach to hemicorporectomy, involving early division of the vertebral structures and spinal cord, pre-empting engorgement of Batson's plexus, thus minimizing blood loss. In addition, this approach greatly improves exposure of the pelvic vessels, allowing for a technically less challenging and safer procedure.
Abstract 2413: Unstable genomes and the average cancer cell

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The high degree of multi-level heterogeneity represents a key challenge for cancer research. Despite its importance, both the theoretical concepts and appropriate tools for proper quantitative analysis are underdeveloped. Specifically, the characterization of heterogeneity in cancer cell populations of different genomic stabilities, and its effect on systems dynamics are poorly understood. We use a single-cell and population-based assays to describe an instability-mediated mechanism where genome heterogeneity drastically affects cell growth, and cannot be accurately measured using conventional averages. First, we show that most unstable cancer cell populations exhibit high levels of karyotype heterogeneity, where it is difficult, if not impossible, to karyotypically clone cells. Second, by comparing stable and unstable cell populations, we show that instability-mediated karyotype heterogeneity leads to growth heterogeneity, where outliers dominantly contribute to population growth and exhibit shorter cell cycles. Predictability of population growth is more difficult for heterogeneous cell populations than for homogenous cell populations. Since “outliers” play an important role in cancer evolution, where genome instability is the key feature, averaging methods used to characterize cell populations are misleading. We conclude: 1) the karyotype cannot be cloned when genome instability is high, and caution is needed for single cell analysis for cell populations that are not genetically identical; 2) the “average” cancer cell does not exist, as the statistical mean does not accurately describe systems behavior, especially genome instability is high; and 3) single cell analysis is needed when cells are not genomically identical. Our results not only provide an explanation for population heterogeneity but also explain how genome-level heterogeneity contributes to drug resistance and cancer evolution. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Batoul Abdallah, Joshua B. Stevens, Steven Horne, Guo Liu, Henry HQ Heng. Unstable genomes and the average cancer cell. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2413. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2413
Obesity and Women's Health: An Evidence-Based Review

Obesity negatively impacts the health of women in many ways. Being overweight or obese increases the relative risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease in women. Women who are obese have a higher risk of low back pain and knee osteoarthritis. Obesity negatively affects both contraception and fertility as well. Maternal obesity is linked with higher rates of cesarean section as well as higher rates of high-risk obstetrical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Pregnancy outcomes are negatively affected by maternal obesity (increased risk of neonatal mortality and malformations). Maternal obesity is associated with a decreased intention to breastfeed, decreased initiation of breastfeeding, and decreased duration of breastfeeding. There seems to be an association between obesity and depression in women, though cultural factors may influence this association. Obese women are at higher risk for multiple cancers, including endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, and perhaps ovarian cancer.
Hypersensitivity of the opioid-tolerant guinea pig ileum to electrical stimulation after abrupt agonist removal

Studies were initiated on the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum to ascertain whether a supersensitive response by abrupt withdrawal could be elicited after tolerance development to opioids. After an optimal twitch response to a given electrical stimulus was established and its height measured, the mean concentration of an opioid to inhibit half maximally the response (IC50) was determined. Subsequently, the tissues were rendered tolerant by incubating with 1x to 5x the IC50 of the agonist for two hours. The agonist was then removed by thorough washing with Ringer solution and the twitch height to the same electrical stimulation was remeasured. The increase in twitch height after washing over that before incubation provided an index of the degree of hypersensitivity of the tolerant-dependent tissue. The degree of hypersensitivity was found to increase in relation to the concentration of morphine. Stereo-specificity of agonist action was evinced by a hypersensitive response to levorphanol and not to dextrorphan. The development of hypersensitivity was blocked by naloxone and by chloramphenicol. Ethylketocyclazocine, a k ligand, did not show a hypersensitivity response. It is concluded that physical dependence on u-opioids can be developed in vitro and that it can be quantified by a super-sensitivity response.
Stress symptoms one year after 9/11/01: a follow-up.

Summary This study investigated whether stress symptoms related to attention deficit previously found for a sample (n = 149) of Chicago-area college students 1 to 5 weeks after the September 11th attacks were present in a comparable sample (n = 129) 12 to 14 months later. As hypothesized, the later participants had a significantly lower mean score on the scale, Attention Deficit of the Smith Stress Symptoms Inventory, than a different group of participants tested immediately after the attacks. Mean Attention Deficit scores for groups after one year and immediately before September 11th (n = 320) did not differ statistically. Findings are consistent with the interpretation that elevations in scores on Attention Deficit immediately after September 11th were indeed associated with the catastrophic attacks and not artifacts of time of examination. Consistent with previous research with this inventory, disaster-related traumatic stress scores are lower over time, although here no control group was included.
Dynamic thermoelastic phase transitions

This paper summarizes some recent work carried out jointly with R. Abeyaratne on the continuum modeling of phase transitions in thermoelastic tensile bars. The specific model considered involves a particular Helmholtz free energy potential governing the bulk response of the material as well as a kinetic relation controlling the phase transition. Inertia is taken into account. The discussion here is based on an adiabatic model.
Motion of a Satellite of the Moon

The motion of a satellite of the moon depends chiefly on the force fields of the moon, Earth and sun. If one chooses a frame of reference attached to the moon, it can be shown tha t the force field resulting from the sun can be neglected when compared with Earth 's field on the satellite. The effect of the Earth's field is shown to be of the same order of magnitude as is the moon's perturbing field resulting from its oblateness. The distance between Earth and moon will be assumed to be constant, and satellite orbits of small eccentricity will be studied. The averaging process of KryloffBogoliuboff is applied to the equations of motion for an analysis of this restricted three-body problem, which is further complicated owing to the moon's oblateness. It is shown tha t a nearly circular polar orbit will digress less than 1 deg from a true polar orbit, and tha t the change in eccentricity of the orbit is less than a factor of e in one half of a year. An integral of the motion is obtained, such tha t accurate observations of a nearly circular orbit (not necessarily a polar orbit) will yield values of two fundamental constants related to the principal moments of inertia of the moon.
A five-point finite difference method for solving parabolic partial differential equations

Abstract A five-point finite-difrerence procedure is presented which can be used to solve partial differential equations involving time or time-like derivatives and two spatial conditions (i.e. parabolic partial differential equations). Fourth-order accuracy is obtained by approximating the time derivative by five-point central finite differences and solving the resulting system of equations implicitly. The 1- and 2-D diffusion equations are solved to illustrate the procedure.
Role of Dynesys as Pedicle-Based Nonfusion Stabilization for Degenerative Disc Disorders

Posterior nonfusion pedicle-screw-based stabilization remains a controversial area of spine surgery. To date, the Dynesys system remains the most widely implanted posterior nonfusion pedicle screw system. We review the history of Dynesys and discuss clinical outcome studies and biomechanical evaluations regarding the Dynesys system. Indications for surgery and controversies are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding technical implantation.
Simultaneous treatment of aortic stenosis and coarctation by left thoracotomy with apical aortic conduit.

Abstract The simultaneous treatment of aortic stenosis and coarctation by left thoracotomy with apical aortic conduit is described.
THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME: THE COMPUTATIONAL PICTOGRAPH AS A BRIDGE FROM COMBINATORIAL SPACE TO OUTCOME DISTRIBUTION

This column will publish short (from just a few paragraphs to ten or so pages), lively and intriguing computer-related mathematics vignettes. These vignettes or snapshots should illustrate ways in which computer environments have transformed the practice of mathematics or mathematics pedagogy. They could also include puzzles or brain-teasers involving the use of computers or computational theory. Snapshots are subject to peer review. This snapshot introduces a computer-based representation and activity that enables students to simultaneously ``see'' the combinatorial space of a stochastic device (e.g., dice, spinner, coins) and its outcome distribution. The author argues that the ``ambiguous'' representation fosters student insight into probability.
Islam 101: Understanding the Religion and Therapy Implications

How familiar are you with the religion and cultural aspects of Islam and with Muslim clients? As a psychologist, you likely will work with a Muslim client, given the growing number of Muslims in America. Yet very little psychological research or literature discusses Muslim clients or their experiences. This article provides some foundational information psychologists will need to work effectively with Muslim clients. An overview of the Muslim American community, including cultural values, gender role expectations, behavioral prescriptions, and immigration issues relevant in counseling and therapy, is provided. A case example illustrates how clinicians can effectively incorporate cultural aspects of Islam in their work in order to be culturally competent when working with Muslim clients.
Differential effects of growth factor antagonists on neoplastic and normal prostatic cells

Growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor have been suggested to be involved as paracrine or autocrine mediators of androgen action in normal and malignant prostatic cells. Suramin and protamine are potent in vitro growth factor antagonists. To evaluate the effect of growth factor antagonists on prostatic growth, suramin and protamine were administered to castrated rats simultaneously receiving exogenous testosterone replacement in an attempt to block androgen-dependent restoration of the normal rat ventral prostate. Using this prostatic restoration model, there was no statistical difference in the prostate wet weight or total DNA content attained between rats given testosterone alone and those given testosterone in combination with either suramin or protamine. In intact rats, suramin administration caused an 80% reduction in serum testosterone; concomitantly, these rats had a 40% reduction in mean prostate weight. This decrease in size could be blocked with androgen supplementation. To examine the effects of growth factor antagonists on neoplastic prostatic cell growth, rats bearing the androgen-independent AT-2 subline of the Dunning R-3327 tumor were treated with either suramin or protamine. The same dosing regimen found to be ineffective in blocking the restoration of the involuted prostate of castrated rats resulted in a significant reduction in the growth rate of AT-2 tumors. These results suggest that the growth factor antagonists suramin and protamine given in vivo have a differential ability to slow the growth of malignant vs. normal prostatic cells.
Helium 3 and dissolved oxygen balances in the upper waters of the Weddell Sea: Implications for oceanic heat fluxes

[1] We present helium 3 (3He) and dissolved oxygen (DO) distributions in the upper waters of the central Weddell Sea obtained from samples collected during the Winter Weddell Sea Project (WWSP, July to September 1986), and the Antarctic Zone Flux Experiment (ANZFLUX, July to August 1994). The data are discussed in terms of apparent entrainment rates of Weddell Deep Water (WDW) into the Winter Mixed Layer (WML) and the associated apparent heat flux. The fraction of WDW in the WML derived from the 3He excess (Δδ3He) and DO deficit in the mixed layer increases with latitude and reaches 10–20% at 68°S. The corresponding apparent heat flux during the winter entrainment period is 14 ± 4 W m−2, and the apparent annual heat flux is 6 ± 4 W m−2. Significantly larger heat fluxes (winter ocean heat flux of 25 W m−2; average annual heat flux of 15 W m−2) are observed near Maud Rise and in the region southwest of the rise in features that are associated with a Taylor column that apparently forms over the seamount. The entrainment rates and heat fluxes obtained from a one-dimensional numerical model exceed those calculated from the WDW fraction in the WML by about a factor of two, mainly because of the effect of gas exchange through leads on the mass balance of 3He and DO in the WML. The best agreement between model calculations performed for 62.5°S, 65°S, and 67.5°S and observations is achieved for entrainment rates of 25–35 m yr−1, 30–40 m yr−1, and 35–45 m yr−1, respectively. Daily entrainment rates are practically identical (0.28–0.39 m d−1) for the three latitudes. Corresponding simulated heat fluxes for the winter entrainment period and the annual average are 36–50 W m−2 and 10–17 W m−2, respectively. Extrapolation of the annual average heat flux to the seasonally ice-covered Weddell Sea yields a value of 0.04–0.07 PW.
Writing programs on the Apple for the student psychology laboratory: Routines, subroutines, and sources of information

Writing programs for the student psychology laboratory on the Apple II series of microcomputers presents the programmer with a number of problems. Among these are increasing program execution speed, obtaining precise response and interval timing, reducing program memory requirements, obtaining efficient disk I/O, providing good error trapping, and presenting clear screen displays. Since Applesoft BASIC is not equipped with many of the desirable features of a more advanced language, ways to solve these problems are not obvious. This paper suggests a number of potential solutions and provides additional sources of information.
Establishment of a rat nasal epithelial tumor celline

A new cell line designated NAS 2BL has been established from a rat nasal tumor induced by inhalation of the direct-acting carcinogen methylmethane sulfonate. The cells are epithelial in morphology, have a generation time of 34 h, require 10% fetal bovine serum for optimal growth, and exhibit keratinization at confluence. The karyotype is aneuploid, with several marker chromosomes, and the cells are transformed by the criterion of nude mouse turmorigenicity.
A computational study of the cutting plane tree algorithm for general mixed-integer linear programs

Abstract The cutting plane tree algorithm provides a finite procedure for solving general mixed-integer linear programs with bounded integer variables. The computational evidence provided in this work illustrates that this algorithm is powerful enough to close a significant fraction of the integrality gap for moderately sized MIPLIB instances.
Intracellular trafficking of tropoelastin

Elastin is secreted as soluble tropoelastin monomers which are then cross-linked in the presence of extracellular microfibrils to form insoluble elastic fibers. Although the secretion of tropoelastin is thought to be mediated and targeted by an intracellular chaperone complex, the intracellular route taken by this protein and the role of such a chaperone complex remain undefined. In the present study, the specific pathway of tropoelastin secretion was investigated in fetal bovine chondrocytes and ligamentum nuchae fibroblasts by immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation of tropoelastin following treatment with secretion-disrupting agents. In untreated cells, tropoelastin is secreted in approximately 30 min. In both cell types, brefeldin A and monensin inhibited secretion of tropoelastin and caused an intracellular accumulation of the protein in the fused ER/Golgi compartment or in the Golgi stacks, respectively. Incubations of longer than 1 h in the presence of brefeldin A result in eventual degradation of tropoelastin in the ER/Golgi compartment (Davis and Mecham, 1996). In contrast, the tropoelastin trapped in the Golgi as a result of monensin treatment steadily accumulated. Agents that elevate intracellular pH, such as ammonium chloride and chloroquine, also caused an intracellular accumulation of tropoelastin which appeared by immunofluorescence staining to be localized in secretory vesicles and/or endosomes. Since weak bases and ionophores alter the morphology of vacuolar compartments, the effect of bafilomycin A1 on tropoelastin secretion was also investigated. This vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor prevents acidification of the trans-Golgi network and endosomal compartments without disrupting intracellular organelle formation. When the elastogenic cells were treated with bafilomycin A1, tropoelastin secretion was diminished and an intracellular accumulation of tropoelastin was detected in the trans-Golgi network and small secretory vesicles. These results suggest that tropoelastin may be diverted from the constitutive pathway after exiting the Golgi and instead targeted to an acidic compartment prior to transport to the cell surface. The identity and role of such a compartment in the sorting and/or trafficking of tropoelastin has yet to be determined.
Spatial variability of Antarctic surface snow glaciochemistry: implications for palaeoatmospheric circulation reconstructions

Ice core glaciochemical records provide detailed information on past changes in atmospheric chemical composition and circulation, which is essential for understanding the timing and phasing of climatic change in different regions. Atmospheric circulation reconstructions based on these records require knowledge of modern chemical concentration controls (chemical source, transport pathway and strength) and spatial variability. To gain insight into these processes, glaciochemical data collected during reconnaissance drilling in West Antarctica combined with all other existing Antarctic surface snow glaciochemical records are examined for trends in chemical concentration vs distance inland, elevation, and accumulation rate. Snowpit data from inland West Antarctica displays significant spatial variability, suggesting complex patterns of atmospheric circulation and moisture transport in the region. Siple Dome sea-salt and methanesulphonic acid (MSA) concentrations are similar to coastal sites, suggesting enhanced advection of marine air masses to the site. Statistical analysis of a 110-year high-resolution Siple Dome ice core record confirms that strong lower tropospheric circulation dominates the region, which is most likely related to the strength of the Amundsen Sea low pressure system. An atmospheric circulation reconstruction based on the ice core glaciochemical data displays significant interannual and decadal-scale variability, but there is no overall trend in atmospheric circulation strength at Siple Dome in the past 110 years.
Swi2/Snf2-Related Translocases Prevent Accumulation of Toxic Rad51 Complexes during Mitotic Growth

Purified DNA translocases Rdh54 and Rad54 can dissociate complexes formed by eukaryotic RecA-like recombinases on double-stranded DNA. Here, we show that Rad51 complexes are dissociated by these translocases in mitotic cells. Rad51 overexpression blocked growth of cells deficient in Rdh54 activity. This toxicity was associated with accumulation of Rad51 foci on undamaged chromatin. At normal Rad51 levels, rdh54 deficiency resulted in slight elevation of Rad51 foci. A triple mutant lacking Rdh54, Rad54, and a third Swi2/Snf2 homolog Uls1 accumulated Rad51 foci, grew slowly, and suffered chromosome loss. Thus, Uls1 and Rad54 can partially substitute for Rdh54 in the removal of toxic, nondamage-associated Rad51-DNA complexes. Additional data suggest that the function of Rdh54 and Rad54 in removal of Rad51 foci is significantly specialized; Rad54 predominates for removal of damage-associated foci, and Rdh54 predominates for removal of nondamage-associated foci.
The Effects of Organizational Policies on Resident Perceptions of Autonomy in Assisted Living

Abstract This study examines the effects of organizational policies on resident perceptions of autonomy in assisted living. The sample included 412 residents in 59 facilities. Organizational policies were measured in terms of policies that foster resident choice and control in the facility. Resident autonomy was assessed according to resident perceptions of influence and independence. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the effects of organizational policies on resident autonomy, controlling for facility size, ownership, and level of care. Higher levels of choice-enhancing policies were related to more favorable resident perceptions of autonomy. These findings suggest that allowing residents more choice in their daily routines may contribute to a greater resident autonomy.
A moving-front transition boiling model

In accordance with visual observations, a transition boiling model that assumes a quench front which alternately advances and retreats in the water flow direction, is proposed. With appropriate choice of a quench zone width and heat transfer rate when the surface is wet, the model predictions are in the same range as the observed temperature oscillations. An extension of the model leads to heat transfer rate predictions in general agreement with experimental observations.
The Social Environment and the Adaptation of Mothers of Physically Handicapped Children

Evaluated relationships between social environmental characteristics and adaptation in 50 mothers of congenitally physically handicapped 6- to 11-year-old children. Mothers reported on utilitarian resources, child adjustment, psychosocial family resources, service utilization, and three dimensions of adaptation. Analyses of the concurrent correlational design indicated significant proportions of the variance in mental and social functioning were explained by features of the social environment. Mother's physical health could not be significantly predicted. Consistently strong contributions were made by psychosocial family resources in all adaptation domains.
An Empirical Investigation of Experimentally Induced Masturbatory Fantasies

The nature and correlates of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies were studied. Subjects were requested to construct a story using the film of either a male or a female masturbating to orgasm as the eliciting stimulus. Results indicated that there are many sex differences in masturbatory fantasies which are most likely a consequence of the differential ability of men and women to form a positive projective identification with the same-sex protagonist in a film of masturbation as well as a function of the variations in the process by which men and women assimilate masturbation into a larger set of social meanings. The findings also attest to the ability of sex guilt and negative attitudes toward masturbation to account for the variability in masturbatory fantasies in a theoretically consistent and reliable manner.
Disposition of Zofenopril Calcium in Healthy Subjects

Zofenopril calcium (1) is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed in vivo to the active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor SQ 26,333 (2). In a two-way crossover study, six healthy male subjects (age range 25-36 years) each received an iv 11.2-mg dose of [14C]SQ 26,703 (14C-3; the L-arginine salt of 2) and an oral 10-mg (equimolar) dose of 14C-1. After the iv dose of 14C-3, the 0-96-h recovery of radioactivity averaged 76 and 16% of the dose in urine and feces, respectively, indicating substantial biliary secretion. After the oral dose of 14C-1, excretion of radioactivity averaged 70% (urine) and 26% (feces). Negligible amounts of 1 were present in urine, indicating complete hydrolysis of the orally administered prodrug. The oral absorption of 1 was almost complete and the oral bioavailability of 2 averaged approximately 70%. The terminal elimination half-life for 2 after the iv dose averaged 5.5 h. Whole body clearance, renal clearance, nonrenal clearance, and Vdss averaged 11.4, 3.1, and 8.3 mL/min/kg and 1.3 L/kg, respectively. These data indicated that 2 is eliminated by the kidney as well as the liver, is extensively metabolized, and is distributed extensively into extravascular sites.
Saitohin, which is nested within the tau gene, interacts with tau and Abl and its human‐specific allele influences Abl phosphorylation

Saitohin (STH) is a gene unique to humans and their closest relatives whose function is not yet known. STH contains a single polymorphism (Q7R); the Q allele is human-specific and confers susceptibility to several neurodegenerative diseases. In previous work, we discovered that STH interacts with Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a unique member of that family which is bifunctional and whose levels increase in Pick’s disease. In this study, we report that STH also interacts with tau and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl (Abl). Furthermore, Abl phosphorylates STH on its single tyrosine residue and STH increases tyrosine phosphorylation by Abl. The effect of Saitohin on Abl-mediated phosphorylation appears to be allele-specific, providing evidence for a new cellular function for STH.
Depot-specific differences in inflammatory mediators and a role for NK cells and IFN-γ in inflammation in human adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is a primary in vivo site of inflammation in obesity. Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT), when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), imparts an increased risk of obesity-related comorbidities and mortality, and exhibits differences in inflammation. Defining depot-specific differences in inflammatory function may reveal underlying mechanisms of adipose-tissue-based inflammation. Stromovascular cell fractions (SVFs) from VAT and SAT from obese humans undergoing bariatric surgery were studied in an in vitro culture system with transcriptional profiling, flow cytometric phenotyping, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular cytokine staining. Transcriptional profiling of SVF revealed differences in inflammatory transcript levels in VAT relative to SAT, including elevated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) transcript levels. VAT demonstrated a broad leukocytosis relative to SAT that included macrophages, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. IFN-γ induced a proinflammatory cytokine expression pattern in SVF and adipose tissue macrophages (ATM). NK cells, which constitutively expressed IFN-γ, were present at higher frequency in VAT relative to SAT. Both T and NK cells from SVF expressed IFN-γ on activation, which was associated with tumor necrosis factor-α expression in macrophages. These data suggest involvement of NK cells and IFN-γ in regulating ATM phenotype and function in human obesity and a potential mechanism for the adverse physiologic effects of VAT.
Comparative Aspects of Social Organization in the Tana River Red Colobus, Colobus badius rufomitratus

Red colobus living in gallery forests along the Tana River, Kenya, are usually found in groups of 12–30 animals, containing one, or at most two, adult ♂♂. These groups are much smaller than those at some rain forest sites and have a more disparate ratio of ♂♂ to ♀♀. A single study group censused regularly over 28 months varied in size from 16 to 33 animals. There were two replacements of adult ♂♂ and at least 34 migrations to or from the group by adult or subadult ♀♀. The incidence of extra-group animals in the study area is described. Although ♂♂ were quite commonly found outside reproductive groups, there appeared to be at least 6 times more adult ♀♀ in the population than adult ♂♂. It is hypothesized that the sex ratio within reproductive groups is influenced by the mortality rate amongst ♀♀ that leave those groups.
Understanding Solid Electrolyte Interface Film Formation on Graphite Electrodes

Using ac impedance, we studied the formation process of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on graphite electrode during initial cycles. Results show that the SEI formation takes place through two major stages. The first stage takes place at voltages above 0.25 V (before lithiation of graphite), during which a loose and highly resistive film is formed. The second stage occurs at a narrow voltage range of 0.25-0.04 V, which proceeds simultaneously with lithiation of graphite electrode. In the second stage, a stable, compact, and highly conductive SEI film is produced. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Trans18:1 and 18:2 isomers in blood plasma and milk fat of grazing cows fed a grain supplement containing solvent-extracted or mechanically extracted soybean meal.

Abstract Thirty Holstein cows grazing mixed clover-grass pastures for 12 wk from May through July were fed a grain supplement containing solvent-extracted soybean meal (SES), or mechanically extracted soybean meal (MES) to determine whether differences in supplemental 18:2n6 fatty acid intake altered secretion of unsaturated fatty acids. Groups of 10 cows each were fed in two equal feedings a supplement (7.3 kg/d) containing ground corn plus either 1.8kg of SES, 2.2kg of MES, or 2.2kg of MES plus 30g of methionine hydroxy analog (Alimet; MESM). Fatty acid content (% of DM) of grass and clover in pastures averaged 1.9 and 1.5%, respectively. Concentration of 18:3n3 was higher in grass compared with clover (532 vs. 454 mg/g of total fatty acids). Yield of milk (32 kg/d average) and milk components did not differ by supplements. Total blood plasma fatty acids (mg/ml) during wk 4 were higher due to MESM (1.0) compared with MES (0.6) or SES (0.6). Cows fed MESM or MES had greater concentrations of 18:2n6, trans 11-18:1, and cis 9, trans 11-18:2 in plasma compared with cows fed SES. The additional trans 11-18:1 was found exclusively in plasma triglycerides, whereas the additional cis 9, trans 11-18:2 was found in plasma phospholipids and free fatty acids. Daily yields of 18:2n6, trans 11-18:1 and cis 9, trans 11-18:2 in milk fat were greater for cows fed MES or MESM compared with SES. Results indicate yields of trans 11-18:1, cis 9, trans 11-18:2, 18:2n6, and 18:3n3 in milk fat of pasturefed cows were enhanced by feeding a grain supplement containing mechanically extracted, rather than solvent-extracted, soybean meal.
Plant anticancer agents VI: Isolation of voacangine, voacamine, and epivoacorine from Tabernaemontana arborea sap

Fractionation of the sap of Tabernaemontana arborea, guided by cytotoxicity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, yielded the known indole alkaloids voacangine, voacamine, and epivoacorine as the major cytotoxic constituents.
Innovating for 21st-Century Public Health Education: A Case for Seizing This Moment

The author reflects on innovations in U.S. public health education. She argues that health professionals are in a position to be leaders in improving public health and discusses the economic and social factors of changing health needs, the development of global contents and standards for public health education, and why it's important that public health students need to be able to integrate nontraditional public health capabilities.
Overlay networks of in situ instruments for probabilistic guarantees on message delays in wide-area networks

Messages transported over wide-area networks are subject to various delays at the hosts and intermediate nodes. In addition to bandwidth limits, the delays have an apparent "random" component due to the complicated dynamics of the network traffic. We consider that the messages sent over the network are subjected to three types of delays: 1) propagation delays along the links; 2) delays due to bandwidth of the links; 3) "other delays" at the hosts and intermediate nodes which are randomly distributed according to unknown distributions. We propose an overlay network of in situ instruments on such a network to collect delay measurements, compute paths and route messages. We propose regression methods to compute a path whose message delay is close to the optimal expected delay with a high probability, based entirely on measurements. The delay distributions are arbitrary and this guarantee is the best kind possible for this network. We then present a simple multiple path method for achieving low end-to-end delays. This overlay network is implemented over the Internet using user-level daemons that realize paths among themselves without explicit support from the underlying network routers. Internet measurements show that this method achieves significantly higher aggregated bandwidths compared with the default paths.
Iconic Experience in Art and Life Surface/Depth Beginning with Giacometti's Standing Woman

This article examines a key question emerging from the strong program in cultural sociology — can art provide a window into social life? An examination of Giacometti's Standing Woman shows that art attempts to express cultural structures via immersion into and through the material surfaces of aesthetic form. Through an analysis of the iconic significance of family photos, furniture and celebrities, the article goes on to suggest that such iconic experience remains at the basis of contemporary social life. It explains how we feel part of our surroundings, how we experience the ties that bind us to the people we know and how we develop a feeling for cultural hierarchy.