cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal nonparametric function estimation

1. Introduction The nonparametric estimation of functions has been approached from several directions over the last fifteen years. Notable among these approaches are the isotonic density estimators of Robertson (1967) and Wegman (1970a,b), the isotonic density estimators with censored samples of McNichols and Padgett (1982), the isotonic failure rate estimators of Marshall and Proschan (1965), the penalized likelihood density estimators of Good and Gaskins (1971), the smoothing splines popularized by Wahba in many papers (e.g. 1978) and the isotonic splines of Wright and Wegman (1980). The basic theory for each of these approaches has been developed more or less in isolation with little recognition of their common roots in the theory of functional optimization. The purpose of this paper, then, is to lay down some of the basic theory of functional optimization and show how each of these examples fits into this framework. In addition it should be clear how certain combinations of these theories also fit into this framework. The optimization results are developed in Section 2. The examples are developed in Section 3 which lead to an approach to general function estimation problems in statistics. 2. Functional optimization In this section we develop certain known results in functional optimization in order to set the stage for our discussion in Section 3. Much of the discussion in this section is adapted from Tapia and Thompson (1978). In general, we want to consider a real- valued function (Hilbert) space H, with inner product denoted by (., *>. Often this will be given by (f,g> =
Wild-rice and sedimentation processes in a Lake Superior coastal wetland

Sedimentation rate and nutrient concentrations were assessed in 1989 at four sites of differing stream morphometry in the Kakagon Sloughs, a Lake Superior coastal wetland in northern Wisconsin dominated by northern wild-rice (Zizania palustris). Pre-weighed sediment traps were placed at each site along deep-to-shallow water zones. Accrued sediment was collected during five time periods corresponding to differing stages of growth in wild-rice stands. There were higher sedimentation rates at the river sites (straight sections and inside and outside curves) when compared to the backwater site. Differences were also observed among depths and at the different time periods, demonstrating the influence of vegetation on the sedimentation process in this wetland complex. Higher sedimentation rates took place closest to the vegetation-open water interface (deep zones). However, in shallow zones, a significant proportion of the annual sedimentation took place during the submersed and floating leaf stages, showing the importance of these time periods for providing an annual input of sediment to large areas of riverine habitat. Of nutrients tested, both TKN and NO3-N had lower concentrations in the period following wild-rice stem elongation. These data suggest that the early growth habit of wild-rice (submersed and floating stages) promotes pulses of nutrient-rich sediment, which are necessary for the later nutrient-demanding stages of stem elongation and grain formation.
THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS FOR THE SPECTRA. OF THE ODD-MASS XENON AND TELLURIUM ISOTOPES

The spectra of the isotopes ${\mathrm{Te}}^{123,125}$, ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{127,129}$ are calculated by assuming that the odd neutron, having available the $3{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states, is coupled to collective surface vibrations of the core. Good agreement is obtained with the known levels in these nuclei using a reasonable value for the coupling parameter. To obtain the agreement, the ${d}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ splitting, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, must be regarded as a function of neutron number. The manner in which $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ varies, as found in the intermediate coupling calculation is compared with the predictions of the pairing correlation theory originally introduced in connection with superconductivity. Agreement as to the general trend is found. This may be regarded to some extent as an indication of the applicability of the pairing correlation theory to nuclear structure calculations.
Characteristics and surgical and clinical outcomes of severely obese children with obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Objectives:To describe characteristics and surgical and clinical outcomes of obese children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Methods:At our institution from 2000 to 2010, 143 obese children...
State Policies Affecting Cities and Counties in 1992

Most states did not make major changes in their policies affecting cities and counties in 1992. California and Maryland are the two leading exceptions. As many states continued to experience fiscal stress, fourteen states cut aid to local governments, while ten states increased aid. Some important changes also occurred in local revenue authority, sorting out responsibilities, and restrictions on unfunded mandates.
Information technology in veterinary pharmacology instruction.

Veterinary clinical pharmacology encompasses all interactions between drugs and animals and applies basic and clinical knowledge to improve rational drug use and patient outcomes. Veterinary pharmacology instructors set educational goals and objectives that, when mastered by students, lead to improved animal health. The special needs of pharmacology instruction include establishing a functional interface between basic and clinical knowledge, managing a large quantity of information, and mastering quantitative skills essential to successful drug administration and analysis of drug action. In the present study, a survey was conducted to determine the extent to which veterinary pharmacology instructors utilize information technology (IT) in their teaching. Several IT categories were investigated, including Web-based instructional aids, stand-alone pharmacology software, interactive videoconferencing, databases, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and e-book applications. Currently IT plays a largely ancillar...
The relationship of autism and gluten.

Abstract Background Autism is now a common condition with a prevalence of 1 in 88 children. There is no known etiology. Speculation about possible treatments for autism or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has included the use of various dietary interventions, including a gluten-free diet. Objective The goal of this article was to review the literature available evaluating the use of gluten-free diets in patients with autism to determine if diet should be instituted as a treatment. Methods A literature review was performed, identifying previously published studies in which a gluten-free diet was instituted as an autism treatment. These studies were not limited to randomized controlled trials because only 1 article was available that used a double-blind crossover design. Most publish reports were unblinded, observational studies. Results In the only double-blind, crossover study, no benefit of a gluten-free diet was identified. Several other studies did report benefit from gluten-free diet. Controlling for observer bias and what may have represented unrelated progress over time in these studies is not possible. There are many barriers to evaluating treatment benefits for patients with autism. Gluten sensitivity may present in a variety of ways, including gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. Although making a diagnosis of celiac disease is easier with new serology and genetic testing, a large number of gluten-sensitive patients do not have celiac disease. Testing to confirm non–celiac gluten sensitivity is not available. Conclusions A variety of symptoms may be present with gluten sensitivity. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support instituting a gluten-free diet as a treatment for autism. There may be a subgroup of patients who might benefit from a gluten-free diet, but the symptom or testing profile of these candidates remains unclear.
MUTATION VAL235ALA WEAKENS BINDING OF THE 33-KDA MANGANESE STABILIZING PROTEIN OF PHOTOSYSTEM II TO ONE OF TWO SITES

The 33-kDa protein of the photosynthetic O2-evolving complex, also known as manganese stabilizing protein, contributes to the structural stability of the photosystem II tetranuclear Mn cluster and stimulates the water-oxidizing activity of this cluster. Quantification of extrinsic polypeptides in photosystem II has yielded data that support stoichiometries of either one or two copies of each protein per photosystem II reaction center. We recently described the cold-sensitive assembly of a mutant 33-kDa protein with a single amino acid replacement (Val235Ala) [Betts, S. D., Ross, J. R., Pichersky, E., & Yocum, C. F. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 6302−6307]. We have extended the characterization of this mutation. When photosystem II membranes depleted of the 33 kDa extrinsic protein are exposed to mixtures of wild type and Val235Ala manganese stabilizing protein, binding of the wild type protein is strongly preferred. If, however, protein containing the Val235Ala mutation is first bound to photosystem II only hal...
Microprocessor-controlled mixing system for rebreathing equilibration

A simple, economic, and accurate microprocessor system for the determination of mixed venous PCO2 has been described. Through the automatic gas mixing system, it is possible to facilitate the use of the rebreathing equilibration technique for the purpose of cardiac output calculations. It was also possible to flush the rebreathing bag within a brief time, providing the investigator with an automatic three-way valve driven by a solenoid.
Lensfree holographic imaging for on-chip cytometry and diagnostics.

We experimentally illustrate a lensfree holographic imaging platform to perform on-chip cytometry. By controlling the spatial coherence of the illumination source, we record a 2D holographic diffraction pattern of each cell or micro-particle on a chip using a high resolution sensor array that has ∼2 µm pixel size. The recorded holographic image is then processed by using a custom developed decision algorithm for matching the detected hologram texture to existing library images for on-chip characterization and counting of a heterogeneous solution of interest. The holographic diffraction signature of any microscopic object is significantly different from the classical diffraction pattern of the same object. It improves the signal to noise ratio and the signature uniformity of the cell patterns; and also exhibits much better sensitivity for on-chip imaging of weakly scattering phase objects such as small bacteria or cells. We verify significantly improved performance of this holographic on-chip cytometry approach by automatically characterizing heterogeneous solutions of red blood cells, yeast cells, E. coli and various sized micro-particles without the use of any lenses or microscope objectives. This lensless on-chip holography platform will especially be useful for point-of-care cytometry and diagnostics applications involving e.g., infectious diseases such as HIV or malaria.
Galactic Mass Determinations from Incomplete Rotation Curves

Given an incomplete rotation curve of a spiral galaxy, various assumptions about the Galaxy beyond the last observed point are made: (A) the force falls off as 1/r2, (B) the mass density is zero, and (C) the mass density falls off as 1/r3. The msss distributions obtained from each of these assumptions are all well behaved, and it is impossible to choose the correct curve from considerations of the resulting mass distributions alone. The correct mass distribution in the disk system of a galaxy cannot be deduced from an incomplete rotation curve.
Multi-excitation magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI)

Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is an approach proposed to do non-invasive electrical conductivity imaging of biological tissue using magnetic induction and ultrasound measurements. In the present study, based on the analysis of the relationship between the conductivity distribution and the generated MAT-MI acoustic source, we propose a new multi-excitation algorithm to achieve better reconstruction of the conductivity distribution. In this algorithm, multiple magnetic excitations using different coil configurations are employed and the ultrasound measurements corresponding to each excitation are collected to derive the conductivity distribution inside the sample. The corresponding modified algorithm is also proposed for MAT-MI imaging when only limited bandwidth acoustic measurements data are available. Computer simulations have been done to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that using this algorithm and unlimited bandwidth data, we can accurately reconstruct the internal conductivity contrast of the object. With limited bandwidth data and using the modified algorithm we can also reconstruct the relative conductivity contrast of the object instead of only the boundaries at the conductivity heterogeneity. Benefits come with this new algorithm include better differentiation of different tissue types with conductivity contrast using MAT-MI approach, specifically for the potential breast cancer screening application in the future.
Internationalizing the Business Curriculum: An Assessment of Commitment

(1991). Internationalizing the Business Curriculum: An Assessment of Commitment. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 334-337.
Su1697 Yield of Rectosigmoid Biopsies Alone in the Diagnosis of GVHD With Isolated Upper GI Symptoms

Su1696 Gastrointestinal Amyloidosis: Endoscopic Finding Is Associated With the Amyloidosis Type, Organ Involvement, and Prognosis Ji Won Kim*, Hye Mi Jung, Eun Ran Kim, Dong Kyung Chang, Young-Ho Kim, Sung Noh Hong Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of) Background and Aim: Although the gastrointestinal(GI) involvement of amyloidosis is very common, there is little information about endoscopic finding of GI amyloidosis. We categorized the endoscopic finding of GI amyloidosis and investigated the association of the type of amyloidosis, clinical manifestations and prognosis with endoscopic features of GI amyloidosis. Patients and Methods: Using prospective registry of amyloidosis in Samsung Medical Center, we identified 42 GI amyloidosis patients who confirmed by endoscopic biopsy (localized amyloidosis, nZ10; AL, nZ20; AA, nZ6, unclassifiable, nZ4, inherited, nZ2). Endoscopic finding was reviewed by two independent experienced endoscopists (H.M.J, S.N.H) and categorized into 5 types as follow: type 1, amyloid nodule (polypoid protrusions and thickening of the folds); type 2, granular infiltrative mucosa; type 3, erosive ulcerative type; type 4, subepithelial hemorrhage; type 5, normal looking mucosa. Results: Overall, endoscopic findings were most commonly seen as subepithelial hemorrhage (14/42, 33.3%). According to the amyloidosis type, type1, type2, type 3, type 4 and type 5 endoscopic finding was noticed 6(60%), 2(20%), 1(10%), and 0(0%) in localized amyloidosis, respectively, 3(15%), 2(10%), 3(15%), 8(40%), and 4(20%) in AL amyloidosis, respectively, and 0(0%), 1(16.7%), 3(50%), 2(33.3%), and 2(33.3%) in AA amyloidosis, respectively. When classifying into organs, type1, type2, type 3, type 4 and type 5 endoscopic finding was noticed 3(15%), 0(0%), 4(20%), 9(45%) and 4(20%) in cardiac involvement, respectively, 1(7.7%), 0(0%), 2(15.4%), 7(53.8%), and 3(23.1%) in nervous system involvement, respectively, and 7(53.8%), 3(23.1%), 1(7.7%), 2(15.4%), and 0(0%) in isolated GI tract involvement, respectively. The survival was poor in type 3,4 and 5 than for type 1 and 2( P Z 0.036). Conclusion: The endoscopic findings of GI amyloidosis is associated with the amyloidosis type, organ involvement, and patients’ survival
Strong inequalities for capacitated survivable network design problems

We present several classes of facet-defining inequalities to strengthen polyhedra arising as subsystems of network design problems with survivability constraints. These problems typically involve assigning capacities to a network with multicommodity demands, such that after a vertex- or edge-deletion at least some prescribed fraction of each demand can be routed.
Differential requirement of CD28 for IL‐12 receptor expression and function in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

IL-12 is a potent inducer of IFN-gamma production and Th1 responses. Co-stimulation mediated by B7 has been shown to synergize with IL-12 for optimal IFN-gamma production and proliferation in vitro. In this study, we examined the requirement of CD28/B7 interactions for optimal induction of IL-12 receptor(R) beta1 and beta2 expression and IFN-gamma. IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production and STAT4 nuclear translocation were markedly reduced in CD28(-/-) splenocytes compared to that of wild-type (WT) splenocytes. Analysis of IL-12R expression revealed that IL-12 induced similar levels of IL-12R beta2 mRNA expression in WT and CD28(-/-) cells. In contrast, IL-12R beta1 expression was impaired in CD28(-/-) cells, indicating that expression of IL-12R beta1 and beta2 is differentially regulated by CD28. CD28(-/-) CD4(+) but not CD8(+) cells exhibited a defect in IL-12Rbeta1 expression that was associated with a marked decrease in IL-12 binding as well as IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production. IL-2 could restore IL-12R expression to CD28(-/-) CD4(+) cells, however, this occurred independently of IL-2-induced proliferation. Thus, these findings identify distinct requirements for CD28 in the capacity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells to respond maximally to IL-12.
A CMOS UWB Camera with 7×7 Simultaneous Active Pixels

In this paper, a UWB imaging camera with 7x7 active pixels is reported. The UWB camera consists of a CMOS chip that interfaces with 2x2 3D omni-directional UWB antennas. This receiving camera forms 7x7 simultaneous beams in two dimensions and includes an array of on-chip pulse-energy detectors for each active pixel. With 3cm of spacing between antenna elements, this 2D UWB camera achieves a 10deg spatial resolution and plusmn30deg of spatial coverage in each dimension.
Role of interfacial oxide-related defects in the red-light emission in porous silicon.

Intense laser irradiation has been used to anneal porous silicon. In situ Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies have been used as probes of the silicon particle sizes and temperatures, and the resulting light emission of porous silicon. Once annealed, the PL of porous silicon while at 830 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C exhibited no PL energy shift from its 300-K position. Since the gap of silicon redshifts by 0.29 eV at 830 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, this red PL cannot be the property of the Si particles. A model involving the presence of nonbridging oxygen hole centers has been suggested to account for this PL.
Cysteine protease inhibitors as chemotherapy for parasitic infections

Analysis of the evolution, localization and biologic function of papain family cysteine proteases in metazoan and protozoan parasites has provided important and often surprising insights into the biochemistry and cellular function of this diverse enzyme family. Furthermore, the relative lack of redundancy of cysteine proteases in parasites compared to their mammalian hosts makes them attractive targets for the development of new antiparasitic chemotherapy. The treatment of experimental models of parasitic diseases with cysteine protease inhibitors has provided an important 'proof of concept' for the use of cysteine protease inhibitors in vivo. Evidence has now accumulated that cysteine protease inhibitors can selectively arrest replication of a microbial pathogen without untoward toxicity to the host. Furthermore, this can be achieved with reasonable dosing schedules and oral administration of the drug. Initial studies have confirmed the efficacy of cysteine protease inhibitors in treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania major. Work on Trypanosoma brucei, the agent of African trypanosomiasis, is preliminary but also promising. Target validation studies have shown that biotinylated or radiolabeled irreversible inhibitors specifically bind to the cysteine protease targets thought to represent the major activity within the parasite. In the case of T. cruzi, the effect of inhibitors appears to be predominantly in blocking protease processing. Transfection studies using variant constructs have supported this model. Finally, the generation of null mutants for the multiple protease genes in Leishmania mexicana has provided the first genetic support for the key role of this enzyme family in parasite virulence. Safety studies in rodents and analysis of uptake of inhibitors by parasites and host cells suggest that the selectivity of inhibitors for the parasite targets may reside in the lack of redundancy of parasite proteases, the higher concentration of host proteases in intracellular compartments, and differential uptake of inhibitors by parasites. Attempts to elicit resistance to cysteine protease inhibitors in parasite cultures suggest that mechanisms of induced resistance are independent of resistance to the traditional antiparasitic agents. This suggests that cysteine protease inhibitors may provide an alternative to traditional therapy in drug-resistant organisms.
Why is Everyone So Anxious?: An Exploration of Stress and Anxiety in Genetic Counseling Graduate Students

Stress is an inevitable part of daily life. Studies of graduate student stress exist, but none include genetic counseling students. The present mixed-methods study investigated 225 genetic counseling students’ stress and anxiety levels using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger et al. 1983), frequency and intensity of stressors associated with their graduate experience, positive and challenging aspects of their experience, and their stress management advice for prospective students. Principal axis factor analysis yielded five conceptual factors underlying the stressors: Professional Uncertainty, Personal Life Events, Interpersonal Demands, Academic Demands, and Isolating Circumstances. Exploratory model fitting using regression yielded four significant predictors accounting for 19% of the variance in state anxiety: (1) trait anxiety, (2) the Interpersonal Demands factor, (3) the Isolating Circumstances factor, and (4) the interaction between the Professional Uncertainty factor and advanced student status. Content analysis of open-ended responses identified several themes. For instance, most students enjoyed what they were learning, interactions with colleagues, and affirmation of their career choice, while certain academic and professional challenges were particularly stressful (e.g., workload, time constraints, clinical rotations). Additional findings, program implications, and research recommendations are provided.
Restructuring programs by tucking statements into functions

Abstract Changing the internal structure of a program without changing its behavior is called restructuring. This paper presents a transformation called tuck for restructuring programs by decomposing large functions into small functions. Tuck consists of three steps: Wedge, Split, and Fold. A wedge a subset of statements in a slice-contains computations that are related and that may create a meaningful function. The statements in a wedge are split from the rest of the code and folded into a new function. A call to the new function is placed in the now restructured function. That tuck does not alter the behavior of the original function follows from the semantic preserving properties of a slice.
Localized Heat Transfer in Buoyancy Driven Convection in Open Cavities

Background. An experimental study of buoyancy driven convection heat transfer in an open cavity was conducted. Method of Approach. Test cavities were constructed with calorimeter plates bonded to Styrofoam insulation. The inside of the cavities was heated and then exposed to ambient air for approximately thirty minutes. Different size cavities were examined at inclination angles of 0, 45, and 90 deg. The heat transfer coefficient was determined from an energy balance on each calorimeter plate. The cavity's plate temperatures varied spatially due to the transient nature of the tests. A parameter describing the nonisothermal cavity wall temperature variation was defined in order to compare with isothermal cavity heat transfer results. Results. Results showed that the cavity Nusselt number, based on a cavity averaged temperature, was insensitive to the transient development of nonisothermal conditions within the cavity. Comparison of cavity-average Nusselt number for the current study, where the Rayleigh number ranged from 5 × 10 6 to 2 × 10 8 , to data from the literature showed good agreement. Cavity-average Nusselt number relations for inclination angles of 0, 45, and 90 deg in the form of Nu H,cav =CRa 1/3 resulted in coefficients of 0.091, 0.105, 0.093, respectively. The 45 deg inclination angle orientation yielded the largest Nusselt numbers, which was similar to previous literature results. Trends in the local plate Nusselt numbers were examined and found similar to data from the literature.
EXPERIMENTAL GLIMPSES AT THE LOWER TRYPANOSOMATIDAE.

Abstract Some aspects of researches involving primarily the genus Crithidia have been reviewed. These studies include: early nutritional studies (prior to 1950); the design of defined media; discovery, biosynthesis, and function of Crithidia Factor; carbohydrate metabolism; experimental clues to evolution; morphogenesis; and the problem of “Strigomonas” oncopelti.
Probing the mechanism of saccade-associated head movements through observations of head movement propensity and cognition in the elderly

Humans may accomplish gaze shifts by eye-only saccades or combined eye–head saccades. The mechanisms that determine whether the head moves remain poorly understood. Many observations can be explained if phylogenetically ancient circuits generate eye–head saccades by default and frontal cerebral structures interrupt this synergy when eye-only saccades are preferable. Saccade-associated head movements have been reported to increase in the elderly. To test the hypothesis of frontal inhibition of head movements, we investigated whether the increase is associated with a decline in frontal cognitive function. We measured head movement tendencies and cognition in volunteers aged 61–80. Measures of head movement tendency included the customary range of eye eccentricity, customary range of head eccentricity, range of target eccentricities evoking predominantly eye-only saccades, and two measures of head amplitude variation as a function of target eccentricity. Cognitive measures encompassed verbal fluency, verbal memory, non-verbal memory, and executive function. There was no correlation between cognition and any measure of head movement tendency. We combined these elderly data with measurements of head movements in a group aged 21–67 and found mildly reduced, not increased, head movement tendencies with age. However, when confronted with a task that could be accomplished without moving the head, young subjects were more likely to cease all head movements. While inconclusive regarding the hypothesis of inhibition of saccade-associated head movements by cerebral structures, the results indicate the need to distinguish between mechanisms that define head movement tendencies and mechanisms that adapt head motion to the geometry of a specific task.
Subcellular localization of glucose-6-phosphatase in animal tissues

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9 d -glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase) was found to be localized mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal fraction) of all species of vertebrate liver tissue examined. 2. 2. Hepatopancreas tissue from gastropod molluscs was found to be unique in showing the localization of glucose-6-phosphatase in the cytosol (soluble fraction).
The use of culturally relevant stimuli in international advertising

International marketers are increasingly advocating the practice of incorporating cultural aspects in advertising. However, little is known about how these culturally relevant aspects are interpreted by the intended audience, or if their impact is universal for all members of the target culture. It is purposed that when a norm is incorporated in an advertisement, members whose self-concept is congruent with the norms of their culture will use normative rules to evaluate an advertised brand. Conversely, among members whose self-concept is deviant from their culture, advertisements incorporating norms will stimulate cognitive elaboration. An empirical example, using norms pertaining to group affiliation, investigates the use of cultural norms in advertising within two divergent cultures (the collective culture of Taiwan, and the individualist culture of the United States). Implications for marketing in collective (Asian) cultures are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stretching limits in sheet metals: In-plane versus out-of-plane deformation

Limiting principal strains were measured by two different techniques of biaxial stretching of sheets, one of which permits free deformation in a flat plane, while the other causes constrained deformation in contact with a rigid or rubber punch. The latter method, which relates well with industrial experience, produces larger limiting strains under identical degrees of biaxiality. A possible explanation is based on the process of instability and strain localization.
Soluble mediators of injury of the microvasculature; Hageman factor and the kinin forming, intrinsic clotting and the fibrinolytic systems.

Abstract Studies on Hageman factor have revealed that this protein of approximately 80,000 MW is activated in both solid and fluid phase. In solid phase, the molecule interacts with negatively charged particles without undergoing cleavage. Enzymatic activity is acquired, presumably following a conformational change in the structure of Hageman factor. In fluid phase, the enzymes kallikrein, plasmin, and plasma thromboplastin antecedent (clotting Factor XI) all activated Hageman factor, and in human plasma, the Hageman factor is readily cleaved during this activation. Evidence is presented indicating that kallikrein is the most important fluid phase activator and that the activation with kallikrein is essential for the normal function of the intrinsic clotting, fibrinolytic and kinin forming systems. Information on the role of these systems in immunopathology awaits careful analyses of the function of individual components and means of their accurate detection and quantitation.
Design and Mechanical Evaluation of a Physiological Mitral Valve Organ Culture System

The physiological mechanical environment of the intact mitral valve is presumed to allow mechanotransductive, cell–cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling, which regulates cellular remodeling of the tissue ECM composition and structure. The goal of this work was to design an organ culture system to mimic the mechanical aspects of this environment, which in the future should allow for investigations to probe mitral valve biology and remodeling. This flow loop organ culture system uses an electronically pressure-controlled bladder pump to create a range of physiological pressure pulses in a ventricular chamber gated by inflow and outflow valves. The mitral valve attachment within the system is designed to maintain proper anatomical geometry and function. The entire system is filled with a culture medium and located within an environmental incubator to provide an appropriate environment for tissue viability. The system has been shown to accurately recreate a physiologic pressure waveform (up to 150 mmHg) and induce pulsatile flow (3 L/min), with a response time of 50 ms. In addition, the system can maintain sterility and has been used to culture mitral valves for up to 3 weeks. This system approximately recreates the physiological mechanical environment of a mitral valve. Future experiments will validate its ability to maintain the normal structure and composition of porcine mitral valves. After validation, this organ culture system can be used in longer term studies of heart valve responses to stimuli such as various biochemical agents or altered hemodynamics.
Flexure of Europa's lithosphere due to ridge-loading

Abstract Using photoclinometry, topographic profiles across europan ridges have been produced. These profiles allow the identification of bulges in the terrain adjacent to the ridges. The bulges are assumed to have been produced by flexure of the elastic lithosphere due to the load of the ridges, which lie along cracks in the crust. The distance from the crack to these “fore-bulges” depends on the thickness of the elastic plate being flexed. Based on a survey of ridges in Galileo images with resolution
Peripherally administered non-peptide oxytocin antagonist, L368,899®, accumulates in limbic brain areas: A new pharmacological tool for the study of social motivation in non-human primates

Abstract Central administration of oxytocin (OT) antagonists inhibits maternal and sexual behavior in non-primates, providing the strongest experimental evidence that endogenous OT facilitates these behaviors. While there have been a few reports that ICV administration of OT increases social behaviors in monkeys, no studies to date have assessed the effects of OT antagonists. Therefore, we studied in rhesus monkeys whether L368,899®, a non-peptide antagonist produced by Merck that selectively blocks the human uterine OT receptor, penetrates the CNS after peripheral administration and alters female maternal and sexual behavior. In two studies in four male monkeys, L368,899 was injected iv (1 mg/kg) after which (1) CSF samples were collected at intervals over 4 h and (2) brains were collected at 60 min. Assay of samples confirmed that iv-administered L368,899 entered CSF and accumulated in the hypothalamus, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus, but not other areas. An adult female monkey was tested for interest in either an infant or sexual behavior, receiving a different iv treatment prior to each test (1 or 3 mg/kg of L368,899 or saline). OT antagonist treatment reduced or eliminated interest in the infant and sexual behavior. These results, although preliminary, are the first to directly implicate endogenous OT in activation of primate maternal interest and sexual behavior. While it remains to be empirically demonstrated that peripherally administered L368,899 blocks central OT receptors, our behavioral findings suggest that this non-peptide antagonist may facilitate testing OT involvement in a variety of social and other behaviors in primates.
Decorin and suramin inhibit ocular fibroblast collagen production.

• Background: The process of ocular wound healing with respect to glaucomatous filtering procedures is of current interest. Delaying this response in patients could possibly lead to more favorable surgical results. So far, only highly toxic antimetabolites have come into frequent clinical use. The possible efficacy of other groups of substances such as growth factor inhibitors has not yet been examined in vitro. • Methods: We exposed Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in tissue culture to various concentrations of decorin and suramin. The dose responses of type I and type III collagen to these inhibitors were measured using an ELISA-type dot blot assay. Total cellular protein production was assayed by measuring the incorporation of tritiated leucine. • Results: At a concentration of 10 μg/ml, suramin reduced the collagen production by more than 80%. Decorin, at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, reduced type I collagen production by about 50% while type III collagen was reduced by 80%. At these concentrations, the total cellular protein production was not inhibited. • Conclusions: Both suramin and decorin, which specifically inhibit the action of growth factors on target cells, reduce the production of collagen synthesis by Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. This is a specific effect, because total protein production is not influenced. This sets these substances apart from antimetabolites. Decorin and suramin may have clinical relevance in that they appear to interfere with ocular wound healing more specifically than the substances so far frequently used.
The Edge Hamiltonian Path Problem is NP-complete for bipartite graphs

Abstract The Edge Hamiltonian Path Problem for general graphs was shown by Bertossi to be NP-complete. In some applications of the problem the input graph is typically bipartite. We show that the problem remains NP-complete even if restricted to bipartite graphs.
Wave-Particle Diagnostics for Plasma Simulation

One important type of problem for particle simulation of plasmas, is one which is bounded and has external sources and sinks. For example, there are problems with antennas for studying RF heating or current drive in fusion plasmas, or problems in space simulation where particles are injected at one boundary with some specified energy or momentum distribution. In understanding such simulation results, it is useful to know how energy and momentum are flowing inside the plasma. This can be accomplished in electrostatic particle simulations on the basis of some theorems for energy and momentum flow. An important application of these theorems occurs when many waves are involved in producing some effect, e.g., generating a current by RF. One can then extract the contribution of each wave to the effect to identify which are most important. Examples of such wave-particle diagnostics will be given.
Gatekeeping versus promiscuity in the early stages of the andrimid biosynthetic assembly line.

The antibiotic andrimid, a nanomolar inhibitor of bacterial acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, is generated on an unusual polyketide/nonribosomal peptide enzyme assembly line in that all thiolation (T) domains/small-molecule building stations are on separate proteins. In addition, a transglutaminase homologue is used to condense andrimid building blocks together on the andrimid assembly line. The first two modules of the andrimid assembly line yields an octatrienoyl-β-Phe-thioester tethered to the AdmI T domain, with amide bond formation carried out by a free-standing transglutaminase homologue AdmF. Analysis of the aminomutase AdmH reveals its specific conversion from l-Phe to (S)-β-Phe, which in turn is activated by AdmJ and ATP to form (S)-β-Phe-aminoacyl-AMP. AdmJ then transfers the (S)-β-Phe moiety to one of the free-standing T domains, AdmI, but not AdmA, which instead gets loaded with an octatrienoyl group by other enzymes. AdmF, the amide synthase, will accept a variety of acyl groups in place of the ...
Vertebral morphometry in diagnosis of spinal fractures

Abstract Vertebral morphometry was performed on lateral thoracic and lumbar radiographs of 153 women with a preliminary diagnosis of spinal osteoporosis. Measurements included anterior and posterior vertebral height, width, area, wedge angle, percent reduction of anterior to posterior height (PRH) and percent difference in anterior height between adjoining vertebrae (PDAH). A vertebral fracture was identified if any of the measurements which control for interindividual variation in vertebral size (wedge angle, PRH, PDAH) were below the normal range. Among individuals with mild osteoporosis (0–2 fractures) PDAH identified 86% of the fractures and 95% of the individuals with fractures. Other measurements identified less than 71% of the fractures and less than 80% of the individuals with fractures. Although the results reflect a relative rather than a true sensilivity it appears that PDAH is the better diagnostic measurement for fractures in the earlier stages of spinal osteoporosis.
Regulation of intracellular pH by a neuronal homolog of the erythrocyte anion exchanger

We have isolated AE3, a novel gene expressed primarily in brain neurons and in heart. The predicted AE3 polypeptide shares a high degree of identity with the anion exchange and cytoskeletal binding domains of the erythrocyte band 3 protein. Expression of AE3 cDNA in COS cells leads to chronic cytoplasmic acidification and to chloride- and bicarbonate-dependent changes in intracellular pH, confirming that this gene product is an anion exchanger. Characterization of an AE3 mutant lacking the NH2-terminal 645 amino acids demonstrates that the COOH-terminal half of the polypeptide is both necessary and sufficient for correct insertion into the plasma membrane and for anion exchange activity. The NH2-terminal domain may play a role in regulating the activity of the exchanger and may be involved in the structural organization of the cytoskeleton in neurons.
Administrative Character Hard and Soft Look Considerations

Managerial competence expressed in the promise of science provides administrators with a set of dispositions. In attempting to achieve such a character, the Supreme Court set up a hard look orientation that used rational means to justify the substance of administrative power. Even though this mode of operation grants legitimacy resulting from meeting a high threshold, it also began to cripple administrative reasoning and movement. When problems are multifaceted, administrative character must be given room to explore. Taking this into consideration, the court also established an alternative space rooted in a soft look that encouraged a different type of administrative character. It has done this by establishing the foundations of a legal framework that privileges deference, which allows for prudence to emerge. Rooted in classical origin and updated in modern parlance, prudence can be leveraged as a way to not only deal with questions of law but also with substance.
Mechanisms of enhanced osteoblast gene expression in the presence of hydroxyapatite coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) coated iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles have been shown to enhance osteoblast (bone forming cells) proliferation and osteoblast differentiation into calcium depositing cells (through increased secretion of alkaline phosphatase, collagen and calcium deposition) compared to control samples without nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles are, thus, very promising for numerous orthopedic applications including magnetically directed osteoporosis treatment. The objective of the current study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the aforementioned improved osteoblast responses in the presence of HA coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Results demonstrated large amounts of fibronectin (a protein known to increase osteoblast functions) adsorption on HA coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Specifically, fibronectin adsorption almost doubled when HA coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle concentrations increased from 12.5 to 100 μg ml−1, and from 12.5 to 200 μg ml−1, a four fold increase was observed. Results also showed greater osteoblast gene regulation (specifically, osteocalcin, type I collagen and cbfa-1) in the presence of HA coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Collectively, these results provide a mechanism for the observed enhanced osteoblast functions in the presence of HA coated iron oxide nanoparticles, allowing their further investigation for a number of orthopedic applications.
Cloning of dna from double minutes of y1 mouse adrenocortical tumor cells: evidence for gene amplification.

Abstract We have isolated a metaphase chromosome fraction highly enriched in double minutes (dm) from a mouse adrenocortical tumor cell line (Y1-DM). We have cloned DNA from this dm-enriched fraction in the λ vector Charon 4A, and have characterized two randomly chosen recombinant bacteriophage clones from this dm DNA library. When 32 P-labeled DNA from each recombinant was hybridized to Southern blots of restriction endonuclease-digested DNA from different mouse cell lines, large differences were seen in the intensity of the resulting autoradiographic images, depending on the source of the genomic DNA. A very strong signal was obtained with DNA from the Y1-DM cells and with DNA from a related Y1 subline that lacks dm but contains a marker chromosome bearing a large homogeneously staining region (HSR). Hybridization to DNA from parental inbred mice and from two unrelated mouse cell lines produced a significantly weaker signal than that obtained with DNA from the Y1 cells, but the DNA fragments from these sources were of similar size. Based on results from filter hybridization analysis, we estimate that sequences homologous to the cloned fragments are approximately 100- to 200-fold more abundant in the genome of the Y1-DM cells than in the parental mouse cells. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that dm and HSRs in these cells contain amplified genes.
EVIDENCE FOR A LARYNGEAL CHEMOREFLEX IN SOME HUMAN PRETERM INFANTS

. Studies in animals have documented the presence of a laryngeal chemoreflex. This reflex reflex in apnea when water is placed in the laryngeal area. This study of ten premature infants presents data that would support the existence of a similar reflex response in some premature infants. All ten infants studied had apnea of unknown etiology.
Working memory capacity: Is there a bilingual advantage?

Previous studies suggest that bilinguals have certain executive function advantages over monolinguals. However, few studies have examined specific working memory (WM) differences between monolinguals and bilinguals using complex span tasks. In the current study, 52 bilingual and 53 monolingual speakers were administered simple and complex WM span tasks, including a backward digit-span task, standard operation span tasks and a non-verbal symmetry span task. WM performance was a strong predictor of performance on other WM tasks, whereas bilingual status was not. Thus, the present study did not find evidence of a bilingual advantage in WM capacity.
An optimizing approach to the problem of interdepartmental allocation of the library materials budget

Abstract Previous formulas in the library literature for interdepartmental allocation of the library materials budget have been based on more or less intuitive specifications and solutions of the allocation problem. In contrast, this paper presents a formal, mathematically expressed hypothesis concerning the effect of library spending by department on patron welfare. It then derives a formula as the solution to the problem of maximizing patron welfare subject to the budget constraint that the sum of the allocations to the departments equals the total fund available. According to the formula, the appropriate share of each department depends on its number of users, its cost of literature, and on the values of two parameters: the utility function parameter and the selectivity function parameter. Measurement problems are discussed, and finally an example of application is given using data from Western Illinois University.
Questions about Tamoxifen and the Future Use of Antiestrogens

Tamoxifen is the most widely prescribed anticancer drug in the world. It not only improves overall survival and decreases recurrence from breast cancer, but has beneficial effects on bone density and lipid profiles. Unfortunately, tamoxifen carries disadvantages such as unpleasant side effects and a questionable connection to endometrial carcinoma. However, after intense debate, the general consensus among the medical community is that the benefits of tamoxifen far outweigh the risks. Nonetheless, resistance to tamoxifen has been seen both in the clinic and in the laboratory prompting investigators to look for new antiestrogens in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. We report on three agents: toremifene (Fareston ® ), ICI 182, 780 (Faslodex ® ), and raloxifene (Evista ® ). Unfortunately, clinical studies comparing tamoxifen and toremifene in the treatment of breast cancer have not shown a clear advantage of toremifene over tamoxifen. ICI 182, 780 is a “pure antiestrogen” that carries a low incidence of side effects and may hold promise as an effective agent for patients who have failed tamoxifen therapy or even as primary adjuvant therapy. Raloxifene displays beneficial bone and cardiovascular effects without uterine stimulation. It is being used as an agent to prevent osteoporosis and holds promise as an agent for advanced breast cancer. We hope that these new antiestrogens will revolutionize the way we treat breast cancer. The Oncologist 1998;3:104-110