cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DUST BOWL IN THE 1970s

ABSTRACT Major droughts in the Grassland region of the central United States have occurred rhythmically during the period of instrumental record. The time for the next one may be near. Early droughts disastrously reduced farm income through loss of crops and livestock. Since the 1930s they have accelerated—within this region—contemporary basic changes in America: fewer, bigger, and more fragmented farms, public controls and subsidies, consolidation of urban business and services, and greater management. The next major drought will again accelerate long-term agricultural trends, but a sharp increase in urban federal assistance is likely, and revolutionary changes in settlement could be initiated. The Grassland is a unique interaction zone between physical and human circulation systems. It has long attracted geographers of widely varied interests. Their collective works illustrate the importance of combining concept, technique, and specific regional problem in fashioning geography's contribution to the scie...
Amygdala Kindling of Forebrain Seizures and the Occurrence of Brainstem Seizures in Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats

Summary: Forebrain seizures were kindled in rats by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Genetically epilepsy-prone rats scoring 9 (GEPR-9s) on the seizure severity scale during audiogenic seizure (AGS) screening (“brainstem seizure-experienced”) required fewer stimulations to achieve fully kindled seizures (forelimb clonus with rearing and falling) than control rats. AGS-naive GEPR-9s required an intermediate number of stimulations, indicating a role for both genetic predisposition and previous acoustically evoked brainstem seizure experience. Other forebrain kindling indices such as afterdischarge thresholdlduration and seizure latencylduration also involved genetic as well as phenotypic (previous seizure experience) factors. In most GEPR-9s in both groups, severe brainstem seizures occurred after forebrain stimulation. The occurrence of brainstem seizures had a random nature and was not related to the sequence of kindling-dependent forebrain seizure progression. The lack of a difference in the occurrence of brainstem seizures between seizure-experienced and AGS-naive GEPR-9s suggest that genetic predisposition is the major factor in forebrain seizure-induced activation of brainstem seizure circuitry. This brainstem seizure activity appears to model pertinent aspects of secondary generalization observed in human partial seizures.
Evaluation of Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Enrichment of Artemia Nauplii as Food for Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Walbaum Larvae

Three enrichment techniques were evaluated for their efficiency in improving the dietary value of Artemia nauplii to striped bass larvae. Newly hatched Artemia nauplii from the Great Salt Lake (GSL) were enriched for 24 h using the following diets: 1) gelatin-acacia microcapsules containing menhaden oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), primarily 20:5ω3 eicosapen-taenoic acid; 2) an emulsion of Baker's yeast and menhaden oil; and 3) marine Chlorella sp. Unfed San Francisco Bay (SFB) and GSL nauplii were used as controls. Enriched GSL (all three diets) and unfed SFB nauplii had significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of 20:503 than the unfed nauplii from GSL. Seven days post-hatched (day 0) striped bass larvae were reared for 21 d on enriched or unfed nauplii. On day 21, wet weight and total length of striped bass larvae fed enriched GSL nauplii and unfed SFB nauplii were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those fed unenriched GSL nauplii. The enrichment of the GSL nauplii appeared to increase the eicosapentaenoic acid content and enhance the growth of the striped bass larvae.
The response of a climate model to orbital variations

A three-dimensional global climate model is used to study the response of the earth-atmosphere system to variations in the earth’s orbit about the sun.
A lightweight scalable I/O utility for optimizing High-End Computing applications

Filesystem I/O continues to be a major performance bottleneck for many high-end computing (HEC) applications and in particular for Earth science models, which often generate a relatively large volume of data for a given amount of computational work. The severity of this I/O bottleneck rapidly increases with the number of processors utilized. Consequently, considerable computing resources are wasted, and the sustained performance of HEC applications such as climate and weather models is highly constrained. To alleviate much of this bottleneck, we have developed a lightweight software utility designed to improve performance of typical scientific applications by circumventing bandwidth limitations of typical HEC filesystems. The approach is to exploit the faster inter- processor bandwidth to move output data from compute nodes to designated I/O nodes as quickly as possible, thereby minimizing the I/O wait time. This utility has successfully demonstrated a significant performance improvement within a major NASA weather application.
Diffraction analysis of dielectric surface-relief gratings

Diffraction by a dielectric surface-relief grating is analyzed using rigorous coupled-wave theory. The analysis applies to arbitrary grating profiles, groove depths, angles of incidence, and wavelengths. Example results for a wide range of groove depths are presented for sinusoidal, square-wave, triangular, and sawtooth gratings. Diffraction efficiencies obtained from the present method of analysis are compared with previously published numerical results. To obtain large diffraction efficiencies (greater than 85%) for gratings with typical substrate permittivities, it is shown that the grating profile should possess even symmetry.
Daytime naps, motor memory consolidation and regionally specific sleep spindles.

BackgroundIncreasing evidence demonstrates that motor-skill memories improve across a night of sleep, and that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep commonly plays a role in orchestrating these consolidation enhancements. Here we show the benefit of a daytime nap on motor memory consolidation and its relationship not simply with global sleep-stage measures, but unique characteristics of sleep spindles at regionally specific locations; mapping to the corresponding memory representation.Methodology/Principal FindingsTwo groups of subjects trained on a motor-skill task using their left hand – a paradigm known to result in overnight plastic changes in the contralateral, right motor cortex. Both groups trained in the morning and were tested 8 hr later, with one group obtaining a 60–90 minute intervening midday nap, while the other group remained awake. At testing, subjects that did not nap showed no significant performance improvement, yet those that did nap expressed a highly significant consolidation enhancement. Within the nap group, the amount of offline improvement showed a significant correlation with the global measure of stage-2 NREM sleep. However, topographical sleep spindle analysis revealed more precise correlations. Specifically, when spindle activity at the central electrode of the non-learning hemisphere (left) was subtracted from that in the learning hemisphere (right), representing the homeostatic difference following learning, strong positive relationships with offline memory improvement emerged–correlations that were not evident for either hemisphere alone.Conclusions/SignificanceThese results demonstrate that motor memories are dynamically facilitated across daytime naps, enhancements that are uniquely associated with electrophysiological events expressed at local, anatomically discrete locations of the brain.
Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations on Materials: Tests on Crystalline Silicon and the Sodium Dimer

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) is a general method to calculate the exact (or nearly exact) ground state energy and correlation functions of a many-body quantum system.1 Green’s Function Monte Carlo (GFMC) can find exact results for Boson systems; however, for Fermions the famous “sign problem” has prevented the formulation of an exact method that is feasible for more than a few particles. Nevertheless, the fixed node approximation is extremely accurate if one has a trial function with appropriate nodes. The accuracy has been established by carrying out “release node” calculations for many systems, including the homogeneous electron gas, small molecules, and solid hydrogen.2,3,4
False diagnosis of ruptured testes in a case of traumatic dislocation.

Testicular trauma can be a surgical emergency, and in general, surgical intervention must be performed within 3 days of the trauma for testicular salvage. 1,2 Both sonography, with and without color Doppler imaging, and computed tomography (CT) are useful diagnostic tests to evaluate the scrotal contents and abnormalities. Straddle injuries, often from motorcycle accidents, can rarely cause testicular dislocation and are usually accompanied by scrotal hematoma and pelvic fracture. 3 With abdominal CT and color Doppler sonography, the dislocated testicle and its blood flow are usually located, although at the initial time of injury, they may go undetected. 3 Victims typically are in their second and third decades of life, and the dislocation is most likely secondary to accidental trauma. We present a case in which a patient was thought to have shattered testes and was emergently taken to the operating room, where the testes were found to have normal blood flow bilaterally but to be displaced superiorly by a scrotal hematoma.
Identifying, Quantifying, and Operationalizing Queer‐Spectrum and Trans‐Spectrum Students: Assessment and Research in Student Affairs

This chapter offers both challenges and new directions in conducting quantitative assessments and research with queer-spectrum and trans-spectrum college student populations. Both the challenges and future directions are grounded in the literature and the experiences of the authors.
Resection of Large Inferior Vena Caval Thrombi from Renal Cell Carcinoma with the Use of Circulatory Arrest

AbstractRemoval of a large extension of renal cell carcinoma into the inferior vena cava can be a difficult operation. Circulatory arrest is an operative technique that recently has been used to assist in resection of tumors that extend into the vena cava above the level of the hepatic veins. At our clinic 18 patients were operated on with the intent of using circulatory arrest during radical nephrectomy and inferior vena caval thrombectomy. Of the 18 patients 13 ultimately underwent this procedure, since the remaining 5 had unresectable tumors. One patient died intraoperatively of an adverse reaction to protamine after technically successful removal of the tumor and thrombus. Resection was successful in 12 patients and 9 remained free of disease with short followup. We believe that the addition of circulatory arrest during resection of a large inferior vena caval thrombus allows for an opportunity to resect the tumor in a controlled situation that reduces the potential for sudden massive blood loss or a ...
The Extended Liu and West Filter: Parameter Learning in Markov Switching Stochastic Volatility Models

We explore kernel smoothing and conditional sufficient statistics extensions of the Pitt and Shephard (1999) auxiliary particle and Gordon, Salmond and Smith (1993) bootstrap filters. Using simulated data following Markov Switching Stochastic Volatility models, we show that the LW particle filter degenerates and has the largest Monte Carlo error, while the auxiliary particle filter (APF) + sufficient statistics (SS) outperforms. Our APF + SS filter takes advantage of recursive sufficient statistics that are sequentially tracked and whose behavior resembles that of a latent state with conditionally deterministic updates. The performance of the APF + SS filter is also assessed when exploring its sequential estimation of real data examples.
She Gives Birth

“Where have all the menstrual huts gone?” I asked undergraduates in my Principles of Archaeology course. It was near the end of the semester and I was lecturing on household archaeology. One of my intents was to underscore how space shapes social organization and how the social can turn space into place, the difference being that people give meaning to places but spaces just are. Menstrual huts are particularly illustrative in both regards. These spaces—their locations and forms—impact users’ embodied experiences, while socioreligious beliefs about bodies, gender, and sexuality explain who and why certain individuals can occupy such places or are prohibited from doing so.
Writing Letters to the Editor to Promote Environmental Citizenship and Improve Student Writing

Resolving environmental and sustainability issues is complex and fraught with debate. Civil, community discourse that includes a myriad of stakeholder perspectives is necessary to educate and involve the public. Successful engagement requires that citizens be able to understand, assess, and successfully communicate their own and others’ perspectives about complex issues across scales. The goal of this learning activity is to help students improve these skills through reading and writing “letters to the editor” (LTE). This activity facilitates experiential and authentic writing assignments that also foster learning about timely environmental problems and politics. After reading a series of op-eds (public lands logging is presented as a case study), students write a practice LTE and peer review other student LTEs. Students then conduct research on a current environmental issue and write an original LTE to be submitted and possibly published in a newspaper. After completing the activity, students should be able to (1) analyze and critique the framing of complex public policy issues/problems within popular media, (2) frame and write succinct and persuasive arguments about their environmental perspectives for a broad public audience of community members (e.g., businesses, elected officials, and agencies at multiple levels of government), (3) engage in public environmental discourse with confidence and civility, and (4) recognize the value and role of engaging in public environmental discourse for communicating their environmental perspectives.
Three Novel Bile Alcohols of Mature Male Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Act as Chemical Cues for Conspecifics

Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, rely heavily on chemical cues that mediate their life history events, such as migration and reproduction. Here, we describe petromyzone A-C (1-3), three novel bile alcohols that are highly oxidized and sulfated, isolated from water conditioned with spermiated male sea lamprey. Structures of these compounds were unequivocally established by spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with spectra of known compounds. Electro-olfactogram recordings showed that 1 at 10-11 M was stimulatory to the adult sea lamprey olfactory epithelium, while 2 and 3 were stimulatory at 10-13 M. Behavioral assays indicated that 1 is attractive, 2 is not attractive or repulsive, and 3 is repulsive to ovulated female sea lamprey. The results suggest that 1 and 2 may be putative pheromones that mediate chemical communication in sea lamprey. The identification of these three components enhances our understanding of the structures and functions of sex pheromone components in this species and may provide useful behavioral manipulation tools for the integrated management of sea lamprey, a destructive invader in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Viscous flow of medieval cathedral glass

A popular urban legend concerns the apparent flow of stained glass windows in medieval cathedrals, where the glass windows are commonly observed to be thicker at the bottom than they are at the top. Advances in glass transition theory and experimental characterization techniques now allow for us to address this urban legend directly. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of a typical medieval glass composition used in Westminster Abbey. Depending on the thermal history of the glass, the room temperature viscosity is on the order of 1024 to 1025 Pa·s, about 16 orders of magnitude lower than found in a previous study of soda lime silicate glass. This measurement is in quantitative agreement with a newly derived model for the composition dependence of the nonequilibrium viscosity of glass. Despite this significantly lower value of the room temperature viscosity, the viscosity of the glass is much too high to observe measurable viscous flow on a human time scale. Using analytical expressions to describe the glass flow over a wall, we calculate a maximum flow of ~1 nm over a billion years.
A Case of Metronidazole Injection Infiltration Without Sequelae

Purpose: This report describes a case of metronidazole injection infiltration which contrasts the sole other case report in the literature at this time, as the patient described herein experienced mild signs and symptoms with prompt resolution and no significant sequelae. Summary: The patient experienced metronidazole injection infiltration during administration open to gravity via an 18-gauge peripheral catheter in the left brachial vein. The site was examined at bedside within approximately 30 minutes of the incident and was noted to be slightly edematous, erythemic, and painful in terms of a 5.5 × 6.6-cm area. No blanching, blister formation, induration, skin discoloration, or diminished capillary refill were observed. The event was conservatively managed in the form of catheter discontinuation and marking of the affected area with a patient skin marker, as hyaluronidase was not administered due to a product osmolarity of ~314 mOsM/L and pH of 5.8. A bedside evaluation the next morning revealed full resolution of the previously described symptoms. The patient was discharged from the facility 11 days later without further complications from the infiltration event. Conclusion: We describe a case of metronidazole injection infiltration which did not require pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic interventions and resulted in complete resolution. This case supplements the current literature by contrasting the sole other case report which resulted in profound necrosis near the intravenous access site. This case suggests metronidazole infiltrations may not require clinician alarm or treatment if events occur under circumstances similar to that which is presented.
Academic Support From Peers as a Predictor of Academic Self-Efficacy Among College Students:

Prior theory and research indicate that psychosocial contextual factors—including students’ ability to establish and maintain satisfying relationships and interactions with peers—can play an import...
Determination of Minority Carrier Lifetime of Holes in Diamond p-i-n Diodes Using Reverse Recovery Method

The extracted minority carrier lifetime in the n-layer of a diamond p-i-n diode on (111)- oriented diamond is presented here using the diode reverse recovery method. The storage time delay and the reverse current varied as a function of the ramp time for the applied signal. The storage time delay and reverse current was extracted for zero ramp time by considering a capacitive overshoot effect that can occur during the measurement. The minority carrier lifetime of holes was measured to be ~ 6 ns. The results obtained were compared to p-i-n diodes on (100)- where the n-side was fully depleted. The storage time delay was found to be negligible in the (100)- case. Further, time resolved cathodoluminescence measurements support the lifetime results obtained from the reverse recovery method.
Coding of Behavioral Sequences in the Basal Ganglia

The idea that the basal ganglia have a role in motor control is well accepted. Yet the fundamental question remains, what exactly do the basal ganglia do for movement?
The Discussion Section

This chapter is about manuscripts describing original clinical research and organized in the traditional (IMRAD) way into Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. It also applies to manuscripts in closely related disciplines such as health services research and epidemiology. The laboratory sciences have their own traditions, and our comments bear less directly on that kind of science. Manuscripts not reporting original research are organized in very different ways.
El culto al exceso en los inicios del imaginario criminal en España

Abstract: How can a murder be excessively represented to set it apart from other notable crimes? This article explores, through a number of representative cases, the construction of excess as criminal category, one in itself overwhelming, borrowing resources from preexisting genres. Mass and serial murder, the use of numbers, chain structures, and folkloric archetypes and formulae will be examined, within a very particular cultural marketplace filled with not only quantitative but qualitative traits.Keywords: mass and serial murder, criminal event, excess, quantity and quality, killing systems, formulae and motifs, narrative patterns.
Ethylene Glycol and Other Glycols: Analytical and Interpretation Issues

Abstract Glycol is a chemical compound that is diol containing two hydroxyl groups. In a clinical setting, most commonly encountered glycol is ethylene glycol. Other less frequently encountered glycols include diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE), and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME). Glycols are associated with severe morbidity and an increased risk of death. Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, and relatively nonvolatile liquid that is commonly used as an industrial chemical. It is a major ingredient of antifreeze and deicing solutions due to its high boiling point (197°C) and low freezing point. It may be accidentally ingested, particularly by children as it tastes sweet, or intentionally ingested by adults as an ethanol substitute or to inflict self-harm. Although ethylene glycol toxicity is uncommon, when it does occur, it can have a high morbidity or mortality. According to the 2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers, there were 6325 single exposures to ethylene glycol with 32 fatalities. Similar to ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol is used in antifreeze, brake fluids, and deicing solutions. Propylene glycol is used as a solvent in commercial products as well as a diluent for oral, topical, and intravenous pharmaceutical preparations. Since it is significantly less toxic as compared to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol is the preferred antifreeze used in motor homes and recreational vehicles. Diethylene glycol is used in numerous products including solvents and brake fluids. Other glycol ethers, such as EGME/EGBE, are a group of compounds that are used as organic solvents in various products.
DNA clamp function of the mono-ubiquitinated Fanconi Anemia FANCI-FANCD2 complex

The FANCI-FANCD2 (ID) complex, mutated in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) cancer predisposition syndrome, is required for the repair of replication forks stalled at DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL) and related lesions. The FA pathway is activated when two replication forks converge onto an ICL, triggering the mono-ubiquitination of the ID complex. ID mono-ubiquitination is essential for ICL repair by excision, translesion synthesis and homologous recombination, but its function was hitherto unknown. Here, the 3.5 angstrom cryo-EM structure of mono-ubiquitinated ID (IDUb) bound to DNA reveals that it forms a closed ring that encircles the DNA. Compared to the cryo-EM structure of the non-ubiquitinated ID complex bound to ICL DNA, described here as well, mono-ubiquitination triggers a complete re-arrangement of the open, trough-like ID structure through the ubiquitin of one protomer binding to the other protomer in a reciprocal fashion. The structures, in conjunction with biochemical data, indicate the mono-ubiquitinated ID complex looses its preference for ICL and related branched DNA structures, becoming a sliding DNA clamp that can coordinate the subsequent repair reactions. Our findings also reveal how mono-ubiquitination in general can induce an alternate structure with a new function.
Viscoelastic Response Ultrasound Derived Relative Elasticity and Relative Viscosity Reflect True Elasticity and Viscosity: In Silico and Experimental Demonstration

Viscoelastic response (VisR) ultrasound characterizes the viscoelastic properties of tissue by fitting acoustic radiation force (ARF)-induced displacements in the region of ARF excitation to a 1-D mass-spring-damper (MSD) model. Elasticity and viscosity are calculated separately but relative to the applied ARF amplitude. We refer to these parameters as “relative elasticity (RE)” and “relative viscosity (RV).” We herein test the hypothesis that RE and RV linearly correlate to true elasticity and viscosity in tissue. VisR imaging was simulated in 144 homogeneous viscoelastic materials with varying elasticities and viscosities. Derived RE linearly correlated with material elasticity and varied by an average of 2.52% when the material viscosity changed from 0.1 to 1.3 Pa $\cdot $ s. Derived RV linearly correlated with material viscosity but varied by an average of 102.5% when material elasticity changed from 3.33 to 20 kPa. The effect of elasticity on RV measurement was compensated using the slope of the linear relationship between RV and natural frequency ( $\omega _{text{n}}$ ). After compensation, RV $^{\text {EC}}$ (elasticity compensated RV) linearly correlated with material viscosity and varied by less than 1.00% on average when the modeled shear elastic modulus changed from 3.3 to 20 kPa. In addition to elasticity compensation, variation in ARF amplitude over depth was compensated, yielding REDC and ${\text {RV}}_{\text {DC}}^{\text {EC}}$ . REDC and ${\text {RV}}_{\text {DC}}^{\text {EC}} $ successfully contrasted elastic and viscous inclusions, respectively, in three simulated phantoms. Experimentally, in the homogeneous oil-in-gelatin phantoms and excised livers, REDC linearly correlated with shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) derived shear elastic modulus, and ${\text {RV}}_{\text {DC}}^{\text {EC}}$ linearly correlated with SDUV-derived shear viscosity. In excised livers containing viscoelastic oil-in-gelatin inclusions, the inclusions were successfully contrasted from the liver background by both REDC and ${\text {RV}}_{\text {DC}}^{\text {EC}}$ . These results suggest that RE and RV are relevant for qualitatively assessing the elastic and viscous properties of tissue.
Umbilical access in laparoscopic surgery in infants less than 3 months of age: A survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association.

Abstract Purpose Laparoscopy is commonplace in pediatric surgery. Abdominal access via the umbilicus may present a unique challenge in neonates and young infants predisposing them to complications. We hypothesized that these complications may occur more than described in the literature. Methods Members of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) were anonymously surveyed in February of 2018 via REDCap™ regarding technique of umbilical access in infants less than 3 months of age and complications experienced during umbilical access. Approval was obtained from the IRB and the APSA Outcomes and Evidence-based Practice Committee. Results The response rate was 31.3% (329/1050). 62.3% of respondents performed 21 or greater neonatal laparoscopic procedures annually. 34 of 322 respondents reported a direct complication from umbilical access for laparoscopy in this age group (10.6%). Surgeons described 37 specific cases with complications related to umbilical access, with laparoscopic pyloromyotomy making up 47.2% (17/36). CO2 embolism was the most common complication; 15.4% of surgeons reported not knowing about the possibility of CO2 embolism. 41% of surgeons confirm intraabdominal placement of the umbilical trocar prior to insufflation. There was no association between any complication and where the umbilical trocar was placed (above/below/through umbilicus) or placement technique in patients with no umbilical cord stump. There may be an association between complication and where the umbilicus is entered in patients with an umbilical cord stump still in place (p = 0.013). Conclusions Umbilical access for laparoscopy in neonates and infants less than 3 months of age can present a unique challenge and result in significant complications. All techniques and methods had complications. Surgeons should be aware of these risks and be prepared to manage them emergently if they arise. Level of evidence V, expert opinion.
Sequential Activation of Guide RNAs for Algorithmic Multiplexing of Cas9 Activities

SUMMARY Genetic manipulation of mammalian cells is instrumental to modern biomedical research but is currently limited by poor capabilities of sequentially controlling multiple manipulations in cells. Currently, either highly multiplexed manipulations can be delivered to populations of cells all at one time, or gene regulatory sequences can be engineered to conditionally activate a few manipulations within individual cells. Here, we provide proof-of-principle for a new system enabling multiple genetic manipulations to be executed as a preprogrammed cascade of events. The system leverages the programmability of the S. pyogenes Cas9 RNA-guided nuclease and is based on flexible arrangements of individual modules of activity. The basic module consists of an inactive single guide RNA (sgRNA) - like component that is converted to an active state through the effects of another sgRNA. Modules can be arranged to bring about an algorithmic program of genetic manipulations without the need for engineering cell type specific promoters or gene regulatory sequences. With the expanding diversity of available tools that utilize spCas9 to edit, repress or activate genes, this sgRNA-based system provides multiple levels for interfacing with host cell biology. In addition, ability of the system to progress through multiple modules from episomal plasmid DNA makes it suitable for applications sensitive to the presence of heterologous genomic DNA sequences and broadly applicable to biomedical research and mammalian cell engineering.
DNA Sensing in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Tumor Cells Is Essential for Anti-tumor Immunity.

Summary Increased neoantigens in hypermutated cancers with DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) are proposed as the major contributor to the high objective response rate in anti-PD-1 therapy. However, the mechanism of drug resistance is not fully understood. Using tumor models defective in the MMR gene Mlh1 (dMLH1), we show that dMLH1 tumor cells accumulate cytosolic DNA and produce IFN-β in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner, which renders dMLH1 tumors slowly progressive and highly sensitive to checkpoint blockade. In neoantigen-fixed models, dMLH1 tumors potently induce T cell priming and lose resistance to checkpoint therapy independent of tumor mutational burden. Accordingly, loss of STING or cGAS in tumor cells decreases tumor infiltration of T cells and endows resistance to checkpoint blockade. Clinically, downregulation of cGAS/STING in human dMMR cancers correlates with poor prognosis. We conclude that DNA sensing within tumor cells is essential for dMMR-triggered anti-tumor immunity. This study provides new mechanisms and biomarkers for anti-dMMR-cancer immunotherapy.
Dismantling Whiteness to Direct a Just Couples and Family Therapy Program: Experiences of a White Program Director

As a White program director of an accredited marriage and family therapy program, I am an ally for social justice while I work to overcome seeing the world and my program through an implicitly biased and privileged lens. This chapter explores how womanist theory and critical consciousness undergird my academic work. While my abilities and perspectives help me power through accrediting reports and graduate students who pass through regulatory boards, do they assist in decolonizing the profession? Through a continual process of discovery, I navigate my privilege to lead an accredited couples and family therapy program that strives toward justice.
Perioperative Management in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW A successful reverse total shoulder arthroplasty requires careful preoperative planning and perioperative management. Preoperative comorbidity risks, perioperative pain management, and postoperative rehabilitation are all critical components of this arthroplasty. The current review examines available literature to guide the perioperative care of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty patient. RECENT FINDINGS One of the most important advances for shoulder arthroplasty in recent years has been heightened awareness of various modalities for perioperative pain management. A number of recent studies have focused on the options for regional blockade as a critical tool for postoperative pain relief and the use of either continuous interscalene blocks or single shot blocks are supported. Additional studies are necessary to define the best local anesthetic agent and delivery mechanism to provide appropriate pain relief with a low side effect profile. Management of the patient throughout the perioperative course is a critical component in achieving better patient outcomes delivering high quality patient care. An orthopedic surgery team focused on perioperative management is better positioned to decrease adverse events and improve patient outcomes after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
Measurement of Meteorological State Variables by Remote Probing

The measurement of meteorological state variables includes a measurement of the space-time distribution of temperature, pressure and humidity. In what follows, a detailed description of a number of experiments is given which provides measurements of temperature, density and humidity.
Malebranche's Influence on Leibniz's Writings on China

Leibniz deserves the honor, frequently bestowed upon him, as the single most impor- tant early European interpreter of Chinese philosophy. Yet the story commonly told about this period of philosophical discussion of Chinese philosophy underestimates the importance of Malebranche's brief encounter with Chinese philosophy and its influence on Leibniz's interpretation of Chinese thought. Compared to Malebranche, Leibniz inspected a broader swath of Chinese phi- losophy. Over the course of his lifetime, he commented on more of the cultural, political, and ethical aspects of China. Leibniz moved closer to actual Chinese sour ces. His writings include discussions of Confucius, Fuxi, Laozi, Zhu Xi, and Cheng Yi. He possessed a deep awareness of the intricacies of the Christian mission in China and commented on the works of Ricci, Longobardi, Sainte-Marie, Grimaldi, Muller, and Le Comte. He also knew of the activities of Schall, Hedraeus, Verjus, Gerbillion, Bouvet, Verbeist, and many other important China interpreters in China and in Europe. His vocabulary of Chinese philosophical terms included li, qi, taiji, tian, tian ming, tiandao, and Shangdi. 1 In contrast, Malebranche came to the study of things Chinese very late in his career. His Dialogue between a Christian Philosopher and a Chinese Philosopher on the Existence and Nature of God (henceforth, "Entretien" ) was written in 1707, when Malebranche was sixty-eight. 2 In that short work, Malebranche relied on an under- standing of Chinese philosophy that he derived — perhaps exclusively — from a set of six propositions given to him by Artus de Lionne, Bishop of Rosalie, when the latter asked him to compose something that would help missionaries in China ground their views philosophically. In short, Leibniz is the most important early Western interpreter of Chinese phi- losophy and the argument that follows is not meant to question his importance. Nevertheless, Malebranche's brief work is crucial to our understanding of early West- ern interpretations of Chinese thought because Malebranche does something new with Chinese philosophy by taking it seriously as a system of thought with something
The “Guido” Situation: Minstrelsy, Parody, and Ethnic Performance on MTV's Jersey Shore

Jersey Shore is a program readily dismissed for its superficiality and excess, but its cast's troubling interpretation of Italian American identity highlights the complicated relationship between race and ethnicity in the United States. While race is often seen as grounded in the fixedness of blood and biology, ethnicity is marked through its unanchored signifiers, situated as both an artificial, performed concept and as definitive category of difference that facilitates the framing of tangible social inequalities. In this project, I turn a critical lens on this popular program, demonstrating how the performance of “Guidoness” by the entire cast problematically reifies ethnicity as a space for both the agential framing of individual identity and the reinforcement of historically oppressive tropes.
Anti-idiotypic immunity and autoimmunity: II. Idiotypic determinants of autoantibodies and lymphocytes in spontaneous and experimentally induced autoimmune thyroiditis

In a previous report, it was demonstrated that heterologous anti-idiotypic antibodies to autoantibodies against rat thyroglobulin (ART) were capable of inhibiting the in vitro binding between ART and rat thyroglobulin. It has also been shown that repeated injections of anti-idiotypic antibodies into Buffalo (BUF) rats with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis were followed by a significant decrease in the levels of circulating ART. In this report, cross-reacting idiotypic determinants, detectable by rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies to ART, are shown to also be present on ART from rats with experimentally induced autoimmune thyroiditis. In addition, antibodies to rat thyroglobulin from animals of various strains and species are shown to also express idiotypes cross-reacting with those of spontaneous ART of BUF rats. Finally, it is reported that idiotypic determinants similar to those of circulating ART are present on spleen lymphocytes from rats with autoimmune thyroiditis.
Using Biotechnology for Human Enhancement: Equality and Policy Considerations

Introduction Meanings of Enhancement Mapping Meanings of “Equality” onto Meanings of “Enhancement,” and Vice Versa Technological Expectations: Germ-Line and Somatic Enhancements The Idea of Enhancement Competing Versions of (In)Equality A Thought Experiment Not Far Removed from Reality Equality Wars: Conflicting and Concurring Versions of Equality and Inequality, Remedies for Inequality; Equality, Enhancement, and Respect for Persons Equality and Other Values: Conflicts and Connections Distributional Equality Generally; Distribution That Transforms the Distributees; Distributional and Nondistributional Equalities Enhancement and Its Effects on (In)Equality; (Non)Distribution of Enhancement Resources; Regulatory Choices Nondistribution Options: Nonallocation at the Macro Level; Restrictions on Manufacture, Distribution, and Use; Black Markets; Paternalism and Community Self-Protection Equality Impacts of Technological Enhancement: More on Distributional Options Constitutional Considerations in Brief Constitutional Frameworks Paths of Constitutional Interpretation Constitutional Equality Standards Congressional Powers to Implement Constitutional Equality Standards Keywords: biotechnology; policy
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. III. Distinctive processive polymerases reconstituted from purified subunits.

The 10 distinctive polypeptides of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, purified as individual subunits or complexes, could be reconstituted to generate a polymerase with the high catalytic rate of the isolated intact holoenzyme. Functions and interactions of the subunits can be inferred from partial assemblies of the pol III core (alpha, epsilon, and theta subunits) with auxiliary subunits. The core possesses the polymerase and proofreading activities; the auxiliary subunits provide the core with processivity, the capacity to replicate long stretches of DNA without dissociating from the template. In a sequence of reconstruction steps, the beta subunit binds the primed template in an ATP-dependent manner through the catalytic action of a complex made up of the gamma, delta, delta', chi, and psi polypeptides. With the beta subunit in place, a processive polymerase is produced upon addition of the core. When the tau subunit is lacking, binding of polymerase to the primed template is less efficient and stable. The tau-less reconstituted polymerase is more prone to dissociation upon encountering secondary structures in the template in its path, such as a hairpin region in the single strand or a duplex region formed by a strand annealed to the template. With the tau subunit present, the interaction of the core.beta complex (the basic unit of a processive polymerase) with the primed template is strengthened. The tau-containing reconstituted polymerase can replicate DNA continuously through secondary structures in the template. The two distinctive kinds of processivity demonstrated by the tau-less and tau-containing reconstituted polymerases fit nicely into a scheme in which, organized as an asymmetric dimeric holoenzyme, the tau half is responsible for continuous synthesis of one strand, and the less stable half for discontinuous synthesis of the other.
Partial oxidation of C5 hydrocarbons to phthalic and maleic anhydrides over suboxides of vanadia: Use of dicyclopentadiene as a probe molecule

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the suboxides of vanadia catalysts used in pentane, pentene, dicyclopentadiene, and cyclopentane oxidation reactions. The role of alkali promoters on the catalyst selectivity has also been discussed. The catalysts were reduced in situ at different temperatures and the effect of prereduction temperature was investigated. Controlled-atmosphere characterization of prereduction, postreduction, and postreaction catalysts were performed, using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption experiments. The objectives of this study were to determine the activity and selectivity of different suboxides of vanadia in maleic and phthalic anhydride formation reactions and to examine the effect of alkali promoters on the product distribution. The chapter discusses the results from the transient response and temperature programmed desorption experiments performed, using dicyclopentadiene and phthalic anhydride, as probe molecules. Dicyclopentadiene was used as a probe molecule in this phase of the study. Although an optimization procedure was not followed to maximize the yield, a prereduction temperature of 400°C, coupled with a reaction temperature of 400°C, gave the best results with a combined anhydride yield (maleic+phthalic) of about 22% under the conditions used in these experiments.
Fuzzy rule based approach in the design of control systems

The fuzzy rule based approach has been proven its value in the design of certain control systems. A common goal of the fuzzy approach and any conventional approach is good design of control systems. The modeling issue and stability, important in any design, are discussed. Some new aspects brought by fuzzy approach to control engineering are commented on and, the importance of blending of fuzzy control and conventional control is emphasized. >
Triacylglycerol secretion in rats: validation of a tracer method employing radioactive glycerol.

A two-compartment model was developed to analyze the temporal changes in plasma triacylglycerol (TG)-specific radioactivity after injection of (2-/sup 3/H)glycerol into rats. The analysis, which yielded fractional rate constants of TG secretion, was tested in rats fed diets either adequate or deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA) and containing either glucose, fructose or sucrose as the dietary carbohydrate. The method of analysis appeared valid, first, because of a close agreement between experimental and computer-fitted TG-specific radioactivity curves, and second, because the fractional rate constants obtained were quite similar to fractional rate constants determined previously by the Triton WR-1339 technique in rats maintained on identical diets. The results show that EFA deficiency increased the fractional rate constant of TG secretion 1.7-, 1.8- and 3.3-fold and the rate of TG secretion 1.8-, 1.6- and 1.4-fold when the dietary carbohydrate was glucose, sucrose and fructose, respectively, in comparison with control rats fed diets supplying these same carbohydrates but adequate in EFA. In the latter groups, the rates of plasma TG secretion were in the range of 0.14-0.17 mg/min per 100 g body weight, and the rate of secretion in the fructose-fed rats was only 20% higher than in the glucose-fed rats.
Argentina y negritud: desde la otredad radicalizada hacia discursos más igualitarios

La primera seccion de este articulo recupera y analiza tanto el clima academico como la estructura de sentimientos emergentes en la ultima decada del siglo XX que contribuyeron a la expansion de los estudios sobre la afroargentinidad hasta el momento presente. En la segunda parte apunto a la logica negadora, fundamental para el principio constructivo del imaginario de la identidad nacional argentina y ejemplifico su aplicacion en el mismo nombre del pais. Destaco el valor de los capitales simbolicos perdidos con una de las primeras grandes figuras historicas de la tradicion borrada (Joaquin Lenzina) y con una de las ultimas (Gabino Ezeiza).
Corticotropin responses to hypoglycemia and hypotension during ovine pregnancy.

The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to hypoglycemia and to hypotension were compared in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. In the first study pregnant and nonpregnant ewes were each subjected to hypoglycemia induced by injection of 0.05, 0.10, or 0.25 U regular insulin/kg body wt or to saline infused as a control. In the second study pregnant and nonpregnant ewes were subjected to hypotension induced by the infusion of 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 micrograms nitroprusside.kg-1.min-1 or to dextrose infused as a control. ACTH responses to hypoglycemia were significantly increased in the pregnant ewes, and the relation between plasma glucose and plasma ACTH was shifted to the right, indicating greater ACTH responses for a given level of hypoglycemia in the pregnant state. The mean ACTH response to infusion of nitroprusside was reduced during pregnancy, despite significantly lower mean arterial blood pressure in the pregnant ewes. When the relation between mean arterial pressure and ACTH was compared in the two groups of ewes, the relation was significantly shifted to the left in the pregnant ewes, indicating lower ACTH responses to a given level of pressure during pregnancy. The results suggest that pregnancy does not uniformly alter ACTH responses to stimuli, suggesting multiple, stimulus-specific effects of pregnancy on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Yellowjacket Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Trapped in Alaska with Heptyl Butyrate, Acetic Acid and Isobutanol

Eight species of vespine wasps were captured in traps near Fairbanks, Delta Junction and Palmer, Alaska, during 2003 and 2004. These were Vespula vulgaris L., V. acadica (Sladen), V. consobrina (Saussure), V. rufa (L.)(= intermedia [Buysson]), Dolichovespula maculata (L.), D. arenaria (F.), D. norwegica (F.)(= albida [Sladen]), and D. norvegicoides (Sladen). Workers and males of V. vulgaris were captured primarily in traps baited with the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. Workers of V. acadica , V. consobrina , and V. rufa were captured primarily in traps baited with heptyl butyrate. Queens and workers of D. maculata were captured primarily in traps baited with acetic acid, or acetic acid plus isobutanol. The small numbers of D. arenaria , D. norvegicoides , and D. norwegica captured did not permit treatment comparisons. Season-long trapping indicated a presence of V. acadica, V. consobrina , and V. rufa workers from late June through July, D. maculata from early July into early August, and V. vulgaris from late July to early September. The earliest wasps captured were queens of V. vulgaris and D. maculata in late May, while the latest wasp captured was a worker of V. vulgaris the first week of October, in Palmer.