cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the validation of relative test complexity for object-oriented code

In order to help software managers and engineers allocate test resources in object-oriented software development, the Relative Test Complexity (RTC) metric was proposed and applied to an industrial system developed in C++. The initial validation by an engineering quality circle supported the validity of the RTC metric. In this paper, the RTC metric is further validated using actual fault data. It is shown that the RTC metric is a better surrogate of faults than Relative Complexity (RC), Harrison's Macro-Micro Complexity (MMC), McCabe's cyclomatic complexity (V(g)), Halstead's effort (E), and simple measures of size like LOC. Finally, the RTC and RC models are applied to change data with results that indicate that the RTC and RC metrics can be used to predict source code turmoil.
Shells: Buckling Loads of Laminated Cylinders

Structural elements in the form of cylindrical shells are often designed to be thin to save weight, and this can lead to buckling. The patterns and values of buckling loads depend greatly on the type of loading, the end support conditions, and effective laminate material properties and couplings. For many typical buckling loadings, there is a variety of similar buckling states, which causes sensitivity to initial imperfections. Understanding this phenomenon requires the consideration of nonlinear strain-displacement relations, usually in the von Karman form. In addition, shells of composite materials require deformation assumptions that permit transverse shear deformation. A review of the results obtained using theoretical techniques is given as well as finite element predictions and experimental observations. A very brief summary of references is given for the optimization of shell buckling loads and for the additional effects of stringer reinforcement, thermal loadings, and other topics. Keywords: buckling analysis; laminated composites; shells; transverse shear deformation; von Karman assumptions; nonlinear response; initial imperfections; postbuckling analysis
DJ‐1 deficiency in astrocytes selectively enhances mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor‐induced neurotoxicity

Parkinson's disease (PD) brains show evidence of mitochondrial respiratory Complex I deficiency, oxidative stress, and neuronal death. Complex I-inhibiting neurotoxins, such as the pesticide rotenone, cause neuronal death and parkinsonism in animal models. We have previously shown that DJ-1 over-expression in astrocytes augments their capacity to protect neurons against rotenone, that DJ-1 knock-down impairs astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection against rotenone, and that each process involves astrocyte-released factors. To further investigate the mechanism behind these findings, we developed a high-throughput, plate-based bioassay that can be used to assess how genetic manipulations in astrocytes affect their ability to protect co-cultured neurons. We used this bioassay to show that DJ-1 deficiency-induced impairments in astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection occur solely in the presence of pesticides that inhibit Complex I (rotenone, pyridaben, fenazaquin, and fenpyroximate); not with agents that inhibit Complexes II-V, that primarily induce oxidative stress, or that inhibit the proteasome. This is a potentially PD-relevant finding because pesticide exposure is epidemiologically-linked with an increased risk for PD. Further investigations into our model suggested that astrocytic GSH and heme oxygenase-1 antioxidant systems are not central to the neuroprotective mechanism.
Multivariable Control of a Submersible using the LQG/LTR Design Methodology

A multivariable feedback control system is designed for a submersible. The control variables are the bow, rudder, and differential stern control surfaces; these are dynamically coordinated so as to cause the vehicle to follow independent and simultaneous commanded changes in yaw rate, depth rate, pitch attitude, and roll angle. Two designs were evaluated using a nonlinear submersible simulation. One used all four control variables so that active roll control was possible. The other used only three control variables, and active roll control was not employed. Both feedback systems were designed using the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) with Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR) design methodology so as to meet similar design specifications in the frequency domain. Both the linearized models, and the non-linear simulation have shown that active roll control yields a very significant improvement in submersible performance. Active roll control minimized unwanted depth changes in difficult commanded trajectory scenarios.
Adsorption and reactions of methane on ferric molybdate using DRIFTS technique

The adsorption and reactions of methane on Fe 2 O 3 , MoO 3 and ferric molybdate catalysts have been studied using the Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique. This study was carried out at the temperature of 703 K and, at the pressure of 30 bar. The Mo/Fe ratio was changed from 1 to 5, thus giving a broad range of atomic ratios. The formation of methoxys (OCH 3 ), adsorbed formaldehyde, dioxymethylene (OCH 2 O), and formate (OCHO) species were observed on the catalyst surface. A mechanism based on the reaction of methane with the surface of the ferric molybdate catalyst to produce methoxides which are further oxidized to dioxymethylen is proposed. The formation of carbon oxides is attributed to either the decomposition of dioxymethylene or to the formation of formate species. This study revealed that MoO 3 is the active catalyst for the partial oxidation of methane to formaldehyde and Fe 2 O 3 gives carbon oxides. Both methanol and formaldehyde can be obtained from the ferric molybdate catalysts.
Editorial: No-difference Studies Make a Big Difference.

Scientists used to joke about the need for a “Journal of Negative Results”; the punch line was that a journal packed with no-difference studies would make for sleepy reading, and advertisers would not be interested. It turns out that online and open-access publishing have made it possible for not one, but several such journals to come into existence [7]. While they are not about to elbow Nature or Science out of the picture any time soon, these journals do fill a niche in scholarly publishing—but they should not have to.
Earning your keep: succeeding in laboratory reimbursement

The seventh Clinical Chemistry Forum of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry was held in Baltimore, Maryland, on December 4 and 5, 1997. Clinical Chemistry Fora have been oriented to addressing the management issues affecting clinical chemists and the clinical laboratory field. In this way, they complement the AACC’s targeted conferences on new technology (Oak Ridge) and applications (A.O. Beckman). The theme for the 1997 Forum was reimbursement under the difficult conditions imposed by compliance with the new regulations associated with documentation of medical necessity for provided services. The Forum brought together representatives of the government as well as the independent and hospital clinical laboratory industries. As part of its objective of disseminating information to the many members of the AACC and other scientists who were not able to attend the Forum, the AACC is pleased to publish here a summary of the presentations delivered at the meeting. These were compiled from a transcript of the presentations as well as the handout material provided by the speakers. In addition to the 13 summaries, the full texts of the presentations by Dr. Charles Root and Dr. Thomas Hoerger are included. I accept responsibility for the summaries, which were not reviewed by the authors. They do not reflect the overall excellence of the meeting or the extensive interaction between the speakers and the audience, which created the exciting forum that was the intent of the meeting. In her presentation, Juliette Jenkins of the Laboratory Policy Division, Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA),1 provided the following information about how her agency is helping to implement the changes in Medicare documentation requirements mandated by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA). Section 1862 of the Social Security Act requires that Medicare pay only for reasonable and necessary tests and services; Section 1833e of the …
Management of Large Filtering Blebs with the Argon Laser

Complications attributable to large conjunctival blebs after glaucoma filtering surgery range from annoying foreign-body sensation to devastating endophthalmitis. We used the argon laser to shrink large complicated blebs in four eyes of four patients who had previously undergone glaucoma filtering surgery. The eye is first anesthetized with a topical agent. The bleb surface is lightly abraded with a sterile cotton swab and then "painted" with a tissue-staining dye. Diffuse laser burns applied over the surface resulted in sufficient shrinkage to allow resolution of the respective symptoms or secondary complications in all four cases. The first two patients developed small leaks that we attribute to delivering laser burns to extremely thin areas of conjunctiva. In both cases the leaks gradually sealed over several weeks. None of the eyes developed increases in intraocular pressure or anterior segment inflammation. In each case, filtering capability was maintained.
DNA CONTENT OF SEVEN SPECIES OF ASTEREAE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THEORIES OF CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN THE TRIBE

A B S T RA C T Relative amounts of nuclear DNA were determined in root tip cells of seven species of Astereae: Aster hydrophilus Greene, A. oblongifolius Nutt., A. riparius H.B.K., Machaeranthera boltoniae (Greene) Turner and Horne, M. brevilingulata (Sch-Bip.) Turner and Horne, M. parviflora Gray, and M. tenuis (S. Wats.) Turner and Horne. The results show that A. hydrophilus and M. brevilingulata, with a chromosome number of n = 9, have less nuclear DNA than other closely related species which are either n = 4 or n = 5. Cytological analyses of meiosis in the intergeneric hybrid M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus showed cells with two or more small chromosomes of the latter species pairing with single large chromosomes of the former. Pachytene cells of the hybrids M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus, M. parviflora X A. riparius, and M. boltoniae X M. tenuis showed some unpaired chromosome segments. The significance of these results to chromosome evolution in the tribe Astereae is discussed.
The U.S. Supreme Court Raises the Bar for Strip Searches in Public Schools

Abstract Strip searches should be considered searches of last resort based on the intrusive nature of the search and the resulting impact it may have on a student. It is well established by the courts that as the intrusiveness of the search intensifies, the standard of the Fourth Amendment reasonably approaches probable cause which is a higher standard than the reasonable suspicion standard that applies to non-intrusive searches. This article discusses a recent case involving a strip search in which the U.S. Supreme Court applied a more stringent standard that school officials must meet to justify initiating a strip search. The importance of the High Court's decision is that it resulted in a national standard by which actions of school officials will be judged in conducting intrusive searches during their investigation of alleged violations of school policies.
Pulmonary toxicities from targeted therapies: a review

Pulmonary toxicity is rarely seen with most commonly used targeted therapies. The endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib and erlotinib can cause interstitial lung disease (ILD). BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib and dasatinib can cause pleural effusions. Infusion-related bronchospasm is common with the monoclonal antibodies to EGFR cetuximab and panitumumab, and case reports of bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis have been described. Up to one-sixth of patients taking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors get a reversible interstitial pneumonitis. Bevacizumab, the monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been associated with hemoptysis and pulmonary embolism particularly in patients with squamous cell lung cancer. Infusion-related bronchospasms, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and interstitial pneumonitis can be seen with the anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibodies rituximab, ofatumumab, and alemtuzumab. While most pulmonary toxicities from these therapies are mild and resolve promptly with dose reduction or discontinuation, it is important for the clinician to recognize these potential toxicities when faced with treatment-related complications. Discerning these pulmonary adverse effects may help in making decisions on diagnostic testing and therapy, particularly for those with pulmonary and cardiovascular co-morbidities.
Patient Positioning for Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

Proper positioning of a surgical patient reduces morbidity and mortality. We describe a method of patient positioning involving elevation of the lower extremities and protection of the brachial plexus that reduces complication rates in radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Apolipoprotein E E4 Allele and Risk of Dementia

In Reply. —The clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia is a matter of considerable debate. The ratio between AD and vascular dementia cases in pathological series ranges from 2.4:1 to 4.9:1. 1 This ratio in our consecutive series is 4.6:1, indicating that vascular dementia was not overdiagnosed. Furthermore, the effect of E4 on age of onset, which we found in familial and sporadic late-onset AD, was not present in vascular dementia cases. Finally, other authors found similar frequencies of E4 in multiinfarct and AD patients. 2 However, we agree with Dr Roses and colleagues and Dr Pirttila and colleagues that the issue will be settled only by neuropathological studies. Furthermore, the following observations on illness history of the sporadic late-onset AD patients reported in our original letter, as well as of some new cases, suggest that magnitude of association of E4 with the disease, and perhaps its biologic meaning, should be
Effect of no touch isolation on survival and recurrence in curative resections for colorectal cancer.

Background: Curative resections for colorectal cancer were studied to determine the effects of the application of bowel ligatures and the sequence of mesenteric ligation on survival and recurrence as part of the no touch isolation technique. Methods: Records documenting the application of bowel ligatures in 2015 consecutive curative resections for colorectal cancer and the sequence of mesenteric vessel ligation in 1863 of these cases were reviewed. Results: Bowel ligatures applied before tumor mobilization in curative resections for colorectal cancer consistently reduced cancer-related deaths and the incidence of distant, local, and suture line recurrences. Their impact on survival began to approach statistical significance in Dukes C colon cancers and in the overall group of colon cancers (P=.019). Early application of bowel ligatures decreased the incidence of subsequent liver metastases from 15.3% to 9.5% and systemic metastases from 18.0% to 13.0% (P<.0001). Local recurrence was reduced from 18.3% to 10.8% in Dukes B and from 28.6% to 19.3% in Dukes C cases (P=.002). The incidence of suture line recurrence was reduced from 6.8% to 0.9% in Dukes B and from 12.2% to 3.2% in Dukes C cases (P=.001). Ligating the mesenteric vessels before mobilizing the tumor did not significantly affect survival, but did increase the incidence of distant systemic metastases and of local and suture line recurrences. With early vessel ligation, systemic metastases developed in 24.5% of 813 curative resections, compared to 15.7% of 1050 cases in which vessel ligation followed tumor mobilization (P<.001). Early vessel ligation in Dukes C cancers was associated with an increase in local recurrence from 22.5% to 34.2% and in suture line recurrence from 6.9% to 18.8% (P=.0003). The correlation became greater as the stage of the cancer became more advanced. Conclusion: By controlling lymphatic and intraluminal dissemination of malignant cells as well as minimizing tumor manipulation, bowel ligatures help to reduce cancer-related deaths and the incidence of distant, local, and suture line recurrences. The sequence in which the mesenteric vessels were ligated did not affect survival, but did change the distribution of distant metastases and the incidence of local and suture line recurrences.
Comparison of pulmonary biochemical effects of low-level ozone exposure on mice and rats.

The biochemical effects of a 5‐d continuous exposure to 0.45 ppm (882 μg/m 3 ) O 3 were studied in the lungs of 2‐mo‐old male, specific‐pathogen‐free mice (Swiss Webster) and three strains of rats (Long‐Evans, Wistar, and Sprague‐Dawley). The results, expressed per lung, indicated a general increase in lung weight, DNA and protein contents, oxygen consumption, sulfhydryl metabolism, and the activities of several NADP+‐reducing enzymes for all exposed animals relative to their controls. When the increases in the two species (mice versus three strains of rats) were compared, the mice showed significantly higher increases than the rats in several parameters. The responses among the three strains of rats were variable, but the differences were not significant. These observations suggest that Swiss Webster mice may offer a more sensitive animal model than rats for studying the pulmonary effects of a given low‐level O 3 exposure.
Locally optimal adaptive smoothing splines

Smoothing splines are widely used for estimating an unknown function in the nonparametric regression. If data have large spatial variations, however, the standard smoothing splines (which adopt a g...
Trends in Breast Cancer Screening: Impact of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations

Introduction Although there is general agreement among various guidelines on benefits of routine screening mammography, the age of screening initiation and the optimal frequency of the test remain controversial. In 2009, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against routine breast cancer screening in women aged younger than 50 years. In this study, screening mammography guideline adherence among U.S. women is explored by examining patterns in rates of mammography age of initiation and utilization in years prior to and following the 2009 USPSTF guideline implementation. Methods U.S. population–based data from the 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys were used to measure the overall proportion and rate of change in the proportion of women who underwent screening mammography within the last year, by age and survey year. Data were accessed and analyzed in July 2014. Results Rates of mammography screening were lower in 2010 and 2012 compared with 2007 and 2008 ( p p =0.012). Conclusions These data support no perceptible change in U.S. women's patterns of screening mammography age at initiation within 3 years of the USPSTF guideline revision. Whether this finding reflects a delayed effect of guideline revision in population trends or rather health provider practice and patient preference for more frequent screening is unclear and requires further investigation.
Liberalization, State Patronage, and the "New Inequality" in South Asia

This article sketches some of the more discernible effects of neoliberalism on South Asia's political economy with an emphasis especially on the ambivalent status of neoliberalism in the context of state patronage. The first part of the article examines the rise of a new convergence amongst state managers and social groups over the desirability of neoliberal reforms. Following this analysis of the emerging convergence around neoliberal reforms and the diminished role of the state, the second part of the article focuses on the opposition to neoliberalism and the emerging compromise amongst different political constituencies. Finally, the last part of the article offers some tentative conclusions regarding new vectors of polarization and politics in the region.
Effect of chlorpropamide on glucose transport in rat adipocytes in the absence of changes in insulin binding and receptor-associated tyrosine kinase activity.

In an attempt to elucidate the cellular mechanism(s) by which sulfonylureas exert their extrapancreatic hypoglycemic effects, various parameters of insulin action were examined in vitro, using rat adipocytes maintained in a biochemically defined medium. Cells were maintained for 20 hours in the absence or presence of 175 μg/mL chlorpropamide and insulin binding, hexose transport, glucose metabolism, and insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity were compared. Chlorpropamide treatment had no effect on insulin binding, altering neither receptor number nor affinity. However, the sulfonylurea did enhance 2-deoxyglucose transport in both the absence (17%, P < .01) and presence (20%, P < .01) of insulin. Furthermore, glucose metabolism as measured by the conversion of glucose (0.2 mmol/L) to CO2 and total lipids was also significantly increased by chlorpropamide treatment in both the absence (30%, P < .01) and presence (31%, P < .05) of insulin. Potentiation of insulin-stimulated transport or metabolism was not explained by an increase in the basal state alone because the incremental responses to 40 ng/mL insulin were potentiated by 19% (P < .01) and 25% (P < .05), respectively. Activity of the insulin receptor kinase was unchanged as evaluated by autophosphorylation of partially purified receptors, phosphorylation of an artificial substrate and by phosphorylation of the receptor in situ. These studies demonstrate that the sulfonylurea, chlorpropamide, stimulates glucose transport and potentiates insulin's effect on this process by acting at a site(s) beyond insulin receptor binding and phosphorylation.
Classifying scheduling policies with respect to higher moments of conditional response time

In addition to providing small mean response times, modern applications seek to provide users predictable service and, in some cases, Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. In order to understand the predictability of response times under a range of scheduling policies, we study the conditional variance in response times seen by jobs of different sizes. We define a metric and a criterion that distinguish between contrasting functional behaviors of conditional variance, and we then classify large groups of scheduling policies.In addition to studying the conditional variance of response times, we also derive metrics appropriate for comparing higher conditional moments of response time across job sizes. We illustrate that common statistics such as raw and central moments are not appropriate when comparing higher conditional moments of response time. Instead, we find that cumulant moments should be used.
Atomic Deuterium Maser

An atomic deuterium maser operating on hyperfine transitions was used to measure the ground-state hyperfine separation in deuterium. The result was ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}(\mathrm{D})=327 384 352.5222(17)$ Hz where the hydrogen hyperfine frequency is assumed to be exactly 1420 405 751. 768 Hz. The construction of the device is discussed and a theory of the deuterium maser is presented with special attention given to frequency shifts occurring in the output frequency. In addition, a possible shift of the deuteron Larmor frequency because of the earth's gravitational field was also investigated and found to be ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ Hz.
Reversal of fortune dividend signaling and the disappearance of sustained earnings growth

Abstract We study the signaling content of managers' dividend decisions for 145 NYSE firms whose annual earnings decline after nine or more consecutive years of growth. Using a variety of model specifications and definitions of favorable dividend signals, we find virtually no support for the notion that dividend decisions help identify firms with superior future earnings. Dividends tend not to be reliable signals because (i) a behavioral bias (overoptimism) leads managers to overestimate future earnings when growth prospects fade; and (ii) managers make only modest cash commitments when they increase dividends, undermining the reliability of such signals.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 73: the identity and temperature dependence of “minor” products from flash-heated RDX

The approximate identity and temperature dependence of volatile “minor” products (defined as <4% mole fraction) from thermal decomposition of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine, RDX, were determined by heating a film at 800°C/sec under 4 atm Ar. The IR spectra from pyrolysis at specific temperatures in the 265–325°C range were resolved by multivariate regression, which enabled the major products to be removed and the minor products to be uncovered. The gaseous phase contained hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-s-triazine (MRDX), a triazine modeled as s-triazine (TAZN), C-hydroxyl-N-methylformamide (HMFA), and both RDX vapor (RDXv) and aerosol (RDXs). The behaviors of HONO and HNCO are also discussed because they have mole fractions below 4%. The concentrations of MRDX, HMFA, RDXv, and RDXs decrease with increasing temperature. HONO and TAZN maintain relatively constant concentrations. HMFA and HNCO are oppositely correlated, suggesting that HNCO comes from HMFA. The relation between this work and previous studies of slower decomposition of RDX and on quenched burning of RDX-containing propellants is discussed in an attempt to unify the description of amides and nitrosoamines in the RDX decomposition scheme over a wide range of heating rates.
L1Simplex: fault-tolerant control of cyber-physical systems

As the complexity of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) increases, it becomes more and more challenging to ensure the reliability of CPS, especially in the presence of system failures. Simplex architecture is shown to be an efficient tool to address the software failure in such systems. However, when physical failures also appear, Simplex does not work any more because the physical dynamics change due to physical failures. The Simplex architecture designed for the original physical model may not be suitable for the new dynamics. To address both software and physical failures, this paper presents the L1Simplex architecture, which contains the safety monitor, the high-performance controller (HPC), the L1- based high-assurance controller (HAC), and the decision logic for controller switching. The safety monitor is used to monitor the system behavior. It leads to another controller switching rule besides the stability-envelope-based rule in the decision logic. The HAC is designed based on the L1 adaptive controller, with which the stability envelope is computed. We show that the L1Simplex architecture can efficiently handle a class of software and physical failures.
Drought resistance of wheat plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

Drought resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as influenced by two vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi,Glomus fasciculatum 10 andGlomus deserticola 19, was evaluated. Soil columns 0.15 m diam. by 1.20 m length were used to reduce the influence of limited rooting space. With initial soil water at 0.5 MPa (0.145 kg kg−1), plants were subjected to low-level water stress throughout the experiment and severe water stress for 24 h at one (55 days after transplanting, Feekes scale 10.1) two (55 and 63 days, Feekes 10.1 and 10.2), or three (55, 63, and 70 days, Feekes 10.1, 10.1, and 10.2) periods. After each stress period, one set of plants was watered and grown to maturity without subsequent water stress. A second set of plants was harvested 1 week after stress.G. fasciculatum-inoculated plants harvested 7 days after stress at 55 days had greater leaf area and leaf, total plant, and root weight than non-VAM plants.G. deserticola-inoculated plants had greater leaf area and leaf weight than non-VAM plants. After stress at 55 and 63 days, leaf area, and leaf and total dry weight were again greater for VAM than for non-VAM plants. However, after stress at 55, 63, and 70 days, differences in aboveground biomass between VAM and non-VAM plants were not significant at P=0.05. Aboveground biomass was not affected by VAM species in plants stressed at 55 or 55 and 63 days, butG. fasciculatum-inoculated plants produced more tillers atter stress at 55 days. When grown to maturity, VAM plants which had undergone three stress periods had twice the biomass and grain yield as non-VAM plants subjected to the same stress. The three stress periods reduced number of heads and kernel numbers of weight of non-VAM plants compared to VAM plants.G. fasciculatum-inoculated plants consistently had increased root weight and rooting depth.
Significance of visual limitations in automated pattern recognition applications

Man-machine interaction is critical for pattern recognition; say for automatic testing or medical diagnosis. Effective interface development requires quantitative limitations of the human visual system. A comprehensive effort to apply the theory of fuzzy sets to this system problem is outlined and illustrated.
Weak peak problem in high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy

Abstract We approach the problem of weak peaks in high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy in an analytical way using synthetic peaks superimposed on varying background. We use a criterion for a genuine line which also coincides with our observability criterion. We analyze the spectra using different computer programs. The simple integration of weak spectral lines (channel by channel) is not the best way to study weak lines and it results in large errors in the estimated intensity, especially for lines in high background regions. We address the weak line problems in two parts, (1) to search for new lines (this includes intensity determinations); and (2) to determine the intensity of a line at a given energy. We also discuss the problem of mapping planetary surfaces in the light of the analysis.
Multi-frequency, high-field EPR as a powerful tool to accurately determine zero-field splitting in high-spin transition metal coordination complexes

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance at multiple, high frequencies (95–700 GHz) and at correspondingly high magnetic fields (up to 25 T), known as HFEPR, is a relatively new technique. There have been an increasing number of applications of HFEPR, such as in organic radical chemistry and in materials science. The focus of this review, however, is on the application of HFEPR to transition metal coordination chemistry, in particular to mononuclear complexes, as opposed to clusters that are relevant to single-molecule magnets. There are many complexes of paramagnetic transition metal ions for which conventional EPR (fields below 2 T, frequencies not exceeding 35 GHz) is less than ideal. Primarily, such systems are high-spin (i.e., S > 1/2), wherein the effects of zero-field splitting can make the complex either “EPR-silent” using conventional EPR, or make the EPR spectrum not particularly informative. Examples of the former are many integer-spin (non-Kramers) ions such as Mn(III) and Fe(II), while the latter case is exemplified by high-spin Fe(III). We will review here the use of HFEPR to study high-spin transition metal complexes, generally of the first row. For half-integer high-spin systems, we will review only those where the large magnitude of zero-field splitting necessitates the use of HFEPR. We will generally not discuss systems in which the zero-field splitting is in most cases very small and conventional EPR is extensively employed. The experimental and analytical methods for the accurate determination of zero-field splitting and other spin Hamiltonian parameters from HFEPR studies of these systems will be described. Comparison with other physical methods such as magnetometry, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy will also be made. We will further give selected examples how ligand-field theory can be used to provide information on chemical bonding and geometry, based on analysis of the spin Hamiltonian parameters well established by HFEPR.
Magnetoresistance of Tin Over a Large Range of Magnetic Fields

We have measured the magnetoresistance of a number of specimens of high-purity tin at liquid-helium temperatures and in fields up to 50 kG; two specimens were examined in fields up to 150 kG (at the National Magnet Laboratory, MIT). Although our results confirm previous work, we find a number of peculiar features not reported before. Our results are shown to be in agreement with the model of the Fermi surface of tin given by Weisz. The peculiar features of the magnetoresistance are due to two properties of this model: (i) the presence of two open surfaces (in zones 4 and 5) of opposite sign, and (ii) the coupling by magnetic breakdown of orbits on the third-zone surface to orbits on the fourth-zone surface. In particular, we find that the anisotropy of the magnetoresistance for field directions closer than 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the $c$ axis shows strong development with magnetic field, and we discuss this effect in detail to show that it is due to the closing, by magnetic breakdown, of aperiodic open orbits on the fourth-zone surface of the model. Some magnetic breakdown occurs in fields of less than 5 kG, but, because of the range of energy gaps over the zone face between zones 3 and 4, it is still not complete at 140 kG.
International Decade on Drinking Water and Sanitation

: The UN conference on Human Settlements (HABITAT) held in June 1976 at Vancouver, Canada, concluded that nearly two-thirds of the population of the developing world lacked access to safe drinking water and that a larger proportion lacked the means for hygienic human waste disposal. The conference urged governments to give priority to these two areas in their developement process. In March 1977, the UN Water Conference, held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, called for establishing the 1980's as the Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation. The goal would be to bring clean water and sanitation to all peoples in the world by 1990. Since March 1979, four separate UN bodies have passed resolutions supporting the Decade and calling on all governments to support the Decade's goals. The U.S. Government, other OECD member states, and the private sector must combine to make this Decade a success.
Using Social Movement Theory To Study Outcomes in Sport-Related Social Movements:

In this study, we systematically examine the relevance of five bodies of social movement theory to the outcomes of two sport-related social movements — struggles over funding of sport facilities an...
The role of substrate for transport in graphene

We study the mobility and high field velocity in graphene placed upon various substrates, such as BN, SiC, or SiO2. The transport is subject to the intrinsic phonons in graphene, as well as flexural modes, but it is the remote polar modes from the substrate and impurities sited between the substrate layer and the graphene that dominate the mobility and velocity.
Finding Jumps in Otherwise Smooth Curves: Identifying Critical Events in Political Processes

Many social processes are stable and smooth in general, with discrete jumps. We develop a sequential segmentation spline method that can identify both the location and the number of discontinuities in a series of observations with a time component, while fitting a smooth spline between jumps, using a modified Bayesian Information Criterion statistic as a stopping rule. We explore the method in a large-n, unbalanced panel setting with George W. Bush's approval data, a small-n time series with median DW-NOMINATE scores for each Congress over time, and a series of simulations. We compare the method to several extant smoothers, and the method performs favorably in terms of visual inspection, residual properties, and event detection. Finally, we discuss extensions of the method.
Spatial Scale Management Experiments Using Optical Aerial Imagery and LIDAR Data Synergy

Computational trends toward shared services suggest the need to automatically manage spatial scale for overlapping applications. In three experiments using high-spatial-resolution optical imagery and LIDAR data to extract impervious, forest, and herbaceous classes, this study optimized C5.0 rule sets according to: (1) spatial scale within an image tile; (2) spatial scale within spectral clusters; and (3) stability of predicted accuracies based on cross validation. Alteration of the image segmentation scale parameter affected accuracy as did synergy with LIDAR derivatives. Within the tile examined, forest and herbaceous areas benefited more from optical and LIDAR synergy than did impervious surfaces.
The Sanctions Debate and the Logic of Choice

The debate over whether economic sanctions “work” is mired in a scholarly limbo. One writer contends that recent international relations scholarship has promoted optimism about the utility of such measures and sets out to challenge this trend,1 while another notes the pessimism that “pervades the sanctions literature” and proceeds to argue that it is unjustiaed.2 A third scholar cites the sanctions literature as an example of fruitless academic debate with little policy relevance.3 Such divergent readings of the scholarly literature are often explained by differences in ideology or fundamentally different theoretical orientations. This does not seem to be the case with respect to the sanctions debate. Under appropriate circumstances, it is quite possible for liberals, neoliberals, realists, neorealists, or globalists to argue in favor of using economic sanctions. If the sanctions debate is bogged down, the explanation does not seem to lie in the essentially contested nature of the subject matter. A second potential explanation is that scholars are talking past one another because they ask different questions, use different concepts, and set the discussion in different analytical contexts. In short, they are talking about different things. This article explores the second explanation. The basic paradox at the heart of the sanctions debate is that policymakers continue to use sanctions with increasing frequency, while scholars continue to deny the utility of such tools of foreign policy.4 Two explanations for this
Mapping of Disulfide Bridges in Antifreeze Proteins from Overwintering Larvae of the Beetle Dendroides canadensis

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been identified in certain high-latitude marine fish, insects and other terrestrial arthropods, and plants. Despite considerable structural variation, the mechanisms of their noncolligative antifreeze activity are probably quite similar. AFPs hydrogen bond onto the surface of potential seed ice crystals at preferred growth sites, thereby preventing growth of the crystals. AFPs from overwintering larvae of the beetle Dendroidescanadensis are among the most active AFPs. These 8.7-kDa proteins consist of seven 12- or 13-mer repeating units. Their most striking feature is the location of cysteines every six residues throughout their length. Consequently, identification of the disulfide linkages of these cysteines is essential to understanding the structure of these AFPs. This study demonstrated that all of the 16 Cys residues in the Dendroides AFPs are disulfide bridged. All of the seven 12- or 13-mer repeats have internal disulfide bridges, and in all but the first repeat the Cys residues at positions 1 and 7 of the repeats are linked. In repeat 1 the Cys at position 1 is linked to the Cys at position 10, rather than the Cys at position 7 as in the other repeats, and the Cys at position 7 of the first repeat is linked to a Cys at position 4 of the second repeat. The disulfide bridges probably function to position the hydrophilic side chains of serine and threonine residues so that they hydrogen bond with ice.
Glacial–interglacial stability of ocean pH inferred from foraminifer dissolution rates

The pH of the ocean is controlled by the chemistry of calcium carbonate. This system in turn plays a large role in regulating the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere on timescales of thousands of years and longer. Reconstructions of ocean pH and carbonate-ion concentration are therefore needed to understand the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the pH of the whole ocean is thought to have been significantly more basic1, as inferred from the isotopic composition of boron incorporated into calcium carbonate shells, which would partially explain the lower atmospheric CO2 concentration at that time. Here we reconstruct carbonate-ion concentration—and hence pH—of the glacial oceans, using the extent of calcium carbonate dissolution observed in foraminifer faunal assemblages as compiled in the extensive global CLIMAP data set2. We observe decreased carbonate-ion concentrations in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, by roughly 20 µmol kg-1, while little change occurred in the Indian and Pacific oceans relative to today. In the Pacific Ocean, a small (5 µmol kg-1) increase occurred below 3,000 m. This rearrangement of ocean pH may be due to changing ocean circulation from glacial to present times, but overall we see no evidence for a shift in the whole-ocean pH as previously inferred from boron isotopes1.
Selective stabilization of natively folded RNA structure by DNA constraints.

Learning how native RNA conformations can be stabilized relative to unfolded states is an important objective, for both understanding natural RNAs and improving the design of artificial functional RNAs. Here we show that covalently attached double-stranded DNA constraints (ca. 14 base pairs in length) can significantly stabilize the native conformation of an RNA molecule. Using the P4−P6 domain of the Tetrahymena group I intron as the test system, we identified pairs of RNA sites where attaching a DNA duplex is predicted to be structurally compatible with only the folded state of the RNA. The DNA-constrained RNAs were synthesized and shown by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) to have substantial decreases in their Mg2+ midpoints ([Mg2+]1/2 values). These changes are equivalent to free energy stabilizations as large as ΔΔG° = −2.5 kcal/mol, which is ∼14% of the total tertiary folding energy. For comparison, the sole modification of P4−P6 previously reported to stabilize this RN...
Optimal design of biological sampling programs using the analysis of variance

Abstract An approach for optimizing environmental monitoring programs designed for the detection of biological or ecological change is developed. The monitoring designs use a factorial treatment structure that allows for seasonality, pre/post event status (where the event is typically an external perturbation), paired treatment-control stations, and auxiliary effects such as water depth variation. The sampling cost is assumed to be the sum of a fixed initial cost plus components for replication, number of stations visited, and number of sampling occasions. The optimization takes two forms: minimization of sampling cost for a given detectability of change (power), and maximization of power for a fixed cost. Both are solved using a Lagrange multiplier formulation. The resulting system of constrained nonlinear equations is solved using a modified Newton-Raphson method. Sensitivity analyses show that the monitoring design is relatively robust with respect to the decision variables as long as the power associated with the optimal design is modest.
Potentiation of IL-2-induced T-cell proliferation by retinoids☆

We evaluated the capacity of retinoids to potentiate proliferative responses of murine T-cells to recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL-2). Concanavalin A (Con A) prestimulated spleen cells responded in a dose-dependent manner to added rIL-2. All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) at 10−8 M potentiated the proliferative response by fivefold at saturating levels of IL-2. In similar experiments, two closely related retinamides, all-trans-(phenyl)retinamide (PR) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), also potentiated murine splenocyte rIL-2 responses. Potentiation of IL-2-induced proliferation was dose-responsive to the concentration of added retinoid with peak potentiation occurring at 10−10 − 10−8 M in the presence of 10 U/ml rIL-2. Significant potentiation was observed at retinoid concentrations as low as 10−14 M. Fluorescence flow cytomety of the responding cells revealed that among L3T4+, Lyt-2+ or total T-cells, at 72 h following Con A stimulation, essentially all of the cells expressed IL-2 receptors (IL-2R). This apparently represents near maximum IL-2R expression and treatment of the cells with retinoids did not increase IL-2R expression at that time point. The potentiation of IL-2 responses by retinoids was also observed with IL-2-dependent HT-2 cells, 98% of which were IL-2R positive. HT-2 proliferative responses to rIL-2 were potentiated as much as fourfold by 10−10 M RA. HT-2 proliferative responses to rIL-2 were potentiated by all three retinoids dose dependently. Significant potentiation was observed with as little as 10−14 M retinoid. Retinoids in the absence of IL-2 induced no proliferative responses. These data suggest that retinoids can augment the capacity of IL-2 to induce T-cell proliferation using Con A-activated murine splenic T-cell blasts and a long-term-cultured T-cell line.
Late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake highstands in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA

Shoreline geomorphology, shoreline stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of organic material incorporated in constructional beach ridges record large lakes during the late Pleistocene and late Holocene in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. During the late Holocene, a transgression began at or after 3595 ± 35 14C yr B.P. and continued, perhaps in pulses, through 2635 ± 40 14C yr B.P., resulting in a lake as high as 1199 m. During the latest Pleistocene and overlapping with the earliest part of the Younger Dryas interval, a lake stood at approximately 1212 m at 10,820 ± 35 14C yr B.P. and a geomorphically and stratigraphically distinct suite of constructional shorelines associated with this lake can be traced to 1230 m. These two lake highstands correspond to periods of elevated regional wetness in the western Basin and Range that are not clearly represented in existing northern Sierra Nevada climate proxy records.
A clarification on the use of the Mellin transform in optical pattern recognition

Abstract The necessity of translating a scaled input function in the logarithmic coordinates necessary to perform an optical Mellin transform is demonstrated. The implications of this requirement in the processing of two dimensional inputs for pattern recognition are discussed.
Cell-substrate contact: another factor may influence transepithelial electrical resistance of cell layers cultured on permeable filters.

Abstract Transepithelial resistance (TER) measurement has often been used to study the paracellular transport properties of epithelia grown on permeable filters, especially the barrier function of tight junctions. However, the TER value includes another source, the resistance caused by cell–substrate contact, that may give rise to a high TER value if cell–substrate separation is small. In this study we use electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) to measure both paracellular resistance and the average cell–substrate distance of MDCK (II), HEp-2, and WI-38 VA13 cells. Comparing ECIS data with those from TER measurements of cell layers cultured on polycarbonate filters, we can obtain the approximate extra resistance resulting from cell–substrate contact for each cell type. The value of cell–substrate resistance was also estimated by two theoretical calculations that bracket the true values. Our results demonstrate that cell–substrate contact substantially influences the TER data measured using polycarbonate filters and that the extra resistance due to cell–substrate spaces depends on both cell type and filter property.