cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A three-band hand-held radiometer for field use.

A self-contained, hand-held radiometer designed for field use has been constructed and tested. The 4.5-kilogram device, consisting of a strap-supported electronics module and a hand-held probe containing three sensors, is powered by flashlight and transistor radio batteries, uses two silicon and one lead sulfide detector, has three liquid-crystal displays, features sample-and-hold radiometric sampling, and is spectrally configured to Landsat-D9s thematic mapper bands TM3 (0.63 to 0.69 micrometer), TM4 (0.76 to 0.90 micrometer), and TM5 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers). The device was designed to collect ground-truth data for the thematic mapper and to facilitate ground-based, remote-sensing studies of natural materials in situ. Prototype instruments were extensively tested under laboratory and field conditions, with satisfactory results.
Nonviolence as Contentious Interaction

change. But because our notion of contention is interactive, we tend to stress more "relational" than cognitive or environmental mechanisms (McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly forthcoming, chap. 5; Tilly 1997). Second, while most analysts of contentious politics focus on a particular kind of contention (e.g., social movements, revolutions, nationalism, nonviolence, terrorism), we search for analogies among them. In other words, we seek to detail the workings of similar mechanisms and processes in widely varying forms of contention-from nonviolence to confrontational conflict
Shannon - Boltzmann — Darwin: Redefining information (Part II)

A scientifically adequate theory of semiotic processes must ultimately be founded on a theory of information that can unify the physical, biological, cognitive, and computational uses of the concept. Unfortunately, no such unification exists, and more importantly, the causal status of informational content remains ambiguous as a result. Lacking this grounding, semiotic theories have tended to be predominantly phenomenological taxonomies rather than dynamical explanations of the representational processes of natural systems. This paper argues that the problem of information that prevents the development of a scientific semiotic theory is the necessity of analyzing it as a negative relationship: defined with respect to absence. This is cryptically implicit in concepts of design and function in biology, acknowledged in psychological and philosophical accounts of intentionality and content, and is explicitly formulated in the mathematical theory of communication (aka "information theory"). Beginning from the base established by Claude Shannon, which otherwise ignores issues of content, reference, and evaluation, this two part essay explores its relationship to two other higher-order theories that are also explicitly based on an analysis of absence: Boltzmann's theory of thermodynamic entropy (in Part I) and Darwin's theory of natural selection (in Part II). This comparison demonstrates that these theories are both formally homologous and hierarchically interdependent. Their synthesis into a general theory of entropy and information provides the necessary grounding for theories of function and semiosis.
Recruiting hard-to-reach subjects: Is it worth the effort?

Little information is available on the utility of spending resources to recruit hard-to-reach subjects. In particular, the compliance of such subjects with study protocols and visit schedules has not been documented. We present recruitment data from a two-phase survey of asthma prevalence in which a subset of respondents to a brief screening survey was recruited to attend a 90-min clinic visit. Although 39% of phase I subjects responding to initial contact attempts participated in the second phase of the study, this dropped to 12% among those responding to the sixth contact attempt (a phone follow-up). In studies in which the representatives of the sample is not of paramount importance, we see little benefit in aggressively seeking to recruit hard-to-reach subjects.
Rupture of chronic left ventricular aneurysm after acute coronary thrombosis

Abstract A 42 year old man who entered the hospital because of chest pain suggestive of a myocardial infarction died suddenly on the fourth hospital day. Postmortem examination revealed an old ventricular aneurysm with rupture through a secondary aneurysm. The left coronary artery revealed an old occlusive lesion and a more recent occlusion approximately 2 cm from the coronary orifice. Rupture of a chronic true left ventricular aneurysm, a rare event, was the direct cause of death.
Assessing Myocardial Perfusion With Albunex During Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Technical Considerations and Safety of Aortic Root Injections

Objective: To test the safety and report on limiting technical considerations, including optimal dosing of Albunex (Molecular Biosystems, Inc, Mallinckrodt Medical, St. Louis, MO) for myocardial opacification after intra-aortic root injections during cardiac surgery. Design: This was a prospective randomized study with a control group who did not receive Albunex and a group who received intra-aortic root injections of Albunex. Setting: Multicenter (two) independent university hospitals. Participants: 32 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass surgery were evaluated after individual informed consent was obtained. Interventions: 2 to 8 mL of Albunex were injected before and after coronary revascularization. Measurements and Main Results: Quality of enhancement in each of four regions of the left ventricle was assessed from a short-axis mid-papillary ultrasound image by three experienced observers blinded to dose. Electrocardiogram (ECG), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (MB fraction), and hemodynamics were evaluated at baseline and throughout the study period for up to 72 hours. No differences were noted between groups with respect to preoperative and postoperative CPK enzymes (CPK-MB fraction), ECG changes, hemodynamics, requirements for separation from CPB, need for postoperative inotropes, time to extubation, and time to discharge from the intensive care unit. The average total dose of Albunex injected was 19 mL ± 4 (0.25 mL/kg). A single dose of 4.2 ± 1.2 mL (0.05 mL/kg) appeared to offer optimal enhancement of contrast effect for myocardial perfusion assessment. Conclusion: Albunex is safe and easy to use for myocardial opacification when administered via an antegrade cardioplegia catheter into the aortic root during CPB.
Neural inhibition of corpora allata in protein-deprived Diploptera punctata

Abstract Protein-deprived adults of the cockroach Diploptera punctata were produced by feeding last-instar larvae on a diet without protein. Fat bodies of protein-deprived females (fed a 0%-protein diet) contained less protein (0.5 mg) at the adult moult than fat bodies of females fed a 20%-protein diet (1.5 mg) or a standard lab-chow diet (2.2 mg). Protein-deprived females released the spermatophore later (day 6) and oviposited later (day 9) than females fed a 20%-protein diet (day 5, day 8) or a lab-chow diet (day 4.5, day 7.5). Although length of oviposited eggs and vitellin content per egg were similar for females on the three diets, fewer eggs developed in protein-deprived females (10.5) compared with 20%-protein (11.9) and lab-chow females (12.4). The maximal rate of juvenile hormone synthesis was lower in protein-deprived females (73 pmol h−1 pair−1) than in 20%-protein (116 pmol h−1 pair−1) and lab-chow females (109 pmol h−1 pair−1). Denervation of corpora allata on day 1 in protein-deprived females led to an increase in the rate of juvenile hormone synthesis on day 4 to the level found in control animals, with a corresponding increase in vitellin content of the ovary. Thus, neural inhibition of the corpora allata occurs in protein-deprived females.
Game-theoretic timing analysis

Estimating the worst-case execution time (WCET) of tasks is a key step in the design of reliable real-time software and systems. In this paper, we present a new, game-theoretic approach to estimating WCET based on performing directed measurements on the target platform. We model the estimation problem as a game between our algorithm (player) and the environment of the program (adversary), where the player seeks to find the longest path through the program while the adversary sets environment parameters to thwart the player. We present both theoretical and experimental results demonstrating the utility of our approach. On the theoretical side, we prove that our algorithm can converge to find the longest path with high probability. Experimental results indicate that our approach is competitive with an existing technique based on static analysis and integer programming. Moreover, the approach can be easily applied to even complex hardware/software platforms.
Embeddings of the base and bundle isomorphisms

Let πi:Ei→M, i=1,2, be oriented, smooth vector bundles of rank k over a closed, oriented n-manifold with zero sections si:M→Ei. Suppose that U is an open neighborhood of s1(M) in E1 and F:U→E2 a smooth embedding so that π2∘F∘s1:M→M is homotopic to a diffeomorphism f. We show that if k>[(n+1)/2]+1 then E1 and the induced bundle f∗E2 are isomorphic as oriented bundles provided that f have degree +1; the same conclusion holds if f has degree −1 except in the case where k is even and one of the bundles does not have a nowhere-zero cross-section. For n≡0(4) and [(n+1)/2]+1<k⩽n we give examples of nonisomorphic oriented bundles E1 and E2 of rank k over a homotopy n-sphere with total spaces diffeomorphic with orientation preserved, but such that E1 and f∗E2 are not isomorphic oriented bundles. We obtain similar results and counterexamples in the more difficult limiting case where k=[(n+1)/2]+1 and M is a homotopy n-sphere.
Orientation dependence of shock-induced twinning and substructures in a copper bicrystal

Abstract Shock recovery experiments have been conducted to assess the role of shock stress and orientation dependence on substructure evolution and deformation twinning of a [1 0 0]/ [ 0 1 1 ¯ ] copper bicrystal. Transmission electron microscopy of the post-shock specimens revealed that well-defined dislocation cell structures developed in both grains and the average cell size decreased with increasing shock pressure from 5 to 10 GPa. Twinning occurred in the [1 0 0] grain, but not the [ 0 1 1 ¯ ] grain, at the 10 GPa shock pressure. The stress and orientation dependence of incipient twinning can be predicted by the stress and orientation conditions required to dissociate slip dislocations into glissile twinning dislocations. The dynamic widths between the two partials are calculated considering the three-dimensional deviatoric stress state induced by the shock as calculated using plane-strain plate impact simulations and the relativistic and drag effects on dislocations moving at high speeds.
Long-term survival of patients with unilateral sporadic multifocal renal cell carcinoma according to histologic subtype compared with patients with solitary tumors after radical nephrectomy.

Objectives To determine the pathologic features, including histologic subtype and tumor size, associated with multifocal renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the impact of multifocality on survival after radical nephrectomy, about which controversy exists. Methods We studied 2373 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC from 1970 to 2000. Histologic subtype, stage (2003 TNM), nuclear grade, tumor size, and multifocality, defined as the presence of more than one ipsilateral RCC tumor of the same histologic subtype, were evaluated. Associations of multifocality with ipsilateral and contralateral recurrence and death from RCC were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The incidence of sporadic histologically concordant multifocality was greater in papillary RCC (29 of 266; 10.9%) compared with clear cell RCC (40 of 1934; 2.0%; P <0.001) and chromophobe RCC (2 of 104; 1.9%; P = 0.005). Patients with solitary clear cell and papillary RCC had larger tumors compared with multifocal clear cell and papillary RCC (P <0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively). Patients with multifocal clear cell RCC were more likely to have a contralateral recurrence than were patients with solitary clear cell RCC (risk ratio 2.91, P = 0.142). Multifocality was not significantly associated with ipsilateral recurrence or death from RCC in patients with clear cell or papillary RCC. Conclusions The incidence of multifocality was significantly greater among patients with papillary RCC than among patients with clear cell or chromophobe RCC. Patients with multifocal clear cell RCC were more likely to experience a contralateral recurrence. Multifocality was not significantly associated with ipsilateral recurrence or death from RCC. In addition, multifocality was not associated with larger and higher stage tumors, as previously reported.
Design and planning under uncertainty: issues on problem formulation and solution

Abstract Firms operate today in a rapidly changing and risky environment, where such factors as market and technology are inevitably shrouded in uncertainties. They must make design and operating decisions to satisfy several conflicting goals such as maximizing expected profit, minimizing risk, and sustaining long-term viability and competitiveness. Proper formulation is both essential and critical for finding appropriate solutions to such problem. We show how one can formulate this problem as a Markov decision process with recourse that considers decision making throughout the process life cycle and at different hierarchical levels. This formulation incorporates multiple kinds of uncertainties such as market conditions and technology evolution. It allows decision-makers to provide multiple criteria—such as expected profit, expected downside risk, and process lifetime—that reflect various conflicting or incommensurable goals. The formulation integrates design decisions and future planning by constructing a multi-period decision process in which one makes decisions sequentially at each period. The decision process explicitly incorporates both the upper-level investment decisions and lower-level production decisions as a two-stage optimization problem. This problem formulation leads to a multi-objective Markov decision problem, searching for Pareto optimal design strategies that prescribe design decisions for each state the environment and process could occupy. We can often recast this class of problem in order to exploit a rigorous multi-objective stochastic dynamic programming algorithm. This approach decomposes the problem into a sequence of single-period subproblems, each of which is a two-stage stochastic program with recourse. We show how one can solve these subproblems to obtain and propagate the Pareto optimal solutions set recursively backward in time. A small illustrative example appears throughout the paper to demonstrate the formulation and solution issues. The scalability of the rigorous algorithm is limited due to the “curse of dimensionality”, suggesting the need for approximating approaches to solve realistic problems.
Neonatal seizures and brain damage

There are four unresolved clinical issues at bedside with respect to the recognition, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of infants who present with seizures. There is also an overriding fifth question which bridges these four clinical issues, based on a laboratory researcher's perspective at the "bench". Given the increasing understanding of the neurobiologic and pathophysiologic explanations for seizures in animal models, one must consider the question of whether neonatal seizures cause brain injury or are a surrogate of injury resulting from other etiologies.
Mechanism of Pyrene Photochemical Oxidation in Aqueous and Surfactant Solutions

The photolysis of pyrene has been studied in water and in Brij 35 micellar media. Photolysis in both media lead to the formation of 1,6- and 1,8-pyrenequinones as stable products. The first step in the photochemical oxidation is proposed to involve an electron transfer from the excited singlet state of pyrene to molecular oxygen in a contact charge-transfer pair. The effects of oxygen and HgCl2 on the photolysis are interpreted as ruling out mechanistic involvement of a triplet state of pyrene. 1-Hydroxypyrene is identified as a product of the initial photochemical oxidation. In the optically dilute aqueous solutions, 1-hydroxypyrene undergoes further photochemical oxidation to produce 1,6- and 1,8-pyrenequinones. Pyrene photolysis quantum yields are decreased by a factor of approximately 2 in the micellar media relative to the quantum yields determined in water. Fluorescence data suggest that pyrene resides in the micelles among the polyoxyethylene portion of the surfactant and not within the core of the...
The fitting of dynamic models to observed data

The question of how to fit a general cubic model of a multicomponent, interactive growth system to observed data is addressed. A multidimensional-polynomial type of regression analysis is used, with a least-squares criterion. By testing the scheme on a problem with known solution, the way in which the accuracy of the results varies with the number of datum points used is investigated in an heuristic manner.
Heavy ion reaction product identification by measurement of dE/dx and E☆☆☆

Abstract A complete system for the identification and energy measurement of heavy ion reaction products is described. The system, based on sequential measurement of specific ionization, d E /d x and energy, E , is capable of resolving the isotopes of all elements at least as heavy as oxygen. The electronic system is based on an analogue pulse multiplier which is described in detail. The effect of ionic charge state distributions on these measurements is considered.
Plasma-mediated ablation for the management of obstructive sleep apnea

ABSTRACT Plasma-mediated ablation (PMA) removes tissue by developing an electrically induced plasma layer between the instrumentand target tissue. Charged particles within the plasma field then accelerate toward the tissue, breaking the molecular bondswithin the top layer of tissue. Thermal damage to collateral tissue is minimal, resulting in the moniker, "cold" ablation, forthis method. Recently, instrumentation has been developed to permit application for soft tissue resection in Otolaryngology.Presentation of the theory, as well as the benefits and disadvantages associated with CoblationTM technology will be followedby examples of its use. A brief videotape will demonstrate the application of PMA for UPPP, tonsillectomy and nasalturbinate reduction. Preliminary experience from our institution, including eighteen children treated with tonsillectomy andfollowed for at least one month post-operatively, has provided an initial cohort for comparing the risks and benefits of theapproach. The advantage of CoblationTM technology identified thus far, that of less thermal damage, is balanced against adecreased level of hemostasis (compared to MES) and an increased cost.Keywords: airway obstruction, pain management, tonsillectomy, palatoplasty, nasal turbinate reduction, plasma-mediatedtissue ablation
The Institutional Foundations of Monetary Commitment: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract This paper adopts an institutional perspective on the problem of designing governance structures for restraining monetary policy. This perspective broadens the standard literature on central bank independence in several dimensions. First, although it recognizes that an independent central bank is one important institutional arrangement, it also considers a much broader variety of institutional arrangements that have been used (historically and today) to restrain monetary policy. Second, it considers not only the formal or legal institutional arrangements governing monetary policy, but also the broader environment, or institutional endowment, in which those formal arrangements are embedded. Third, this paper is concerned with the problem of enforcement: given the institutional endowment in which formal monetary rules are implemented, how likely are they to stick? Broadening the perspective in these ways frames the issue as a matching problem. When it is recognized both that countries differ in the nature of their institutional endowments, and that there is an array of possible formal arrangements that can be adopted to govern monetary policy, the question then becomes how best to align the formal arrangements with the endowment in which they will be embedded. Case studies of diverse monetary policy-making institutions in Cote d'Ivoire, Argentina, Thailand and New Zealand are used to motivate and illustrate the analysis.
Annual and sub-annual effects of euv heating—I. Harmonic analysis

Abstract In this paper we compute the rate of solar EUV heating in the upper atmosphere by photo-dissociation and photo-ionization, taking care to include properly the effects of oblique incidence of solar flux, sphericity of the atmosphere and ellipticity of the Earth's orbit. The time and latitudinal variations of the computed heat function are revealed by numerical Fourier analysis of the heat function into harmonics of the yearly cycle. It is shown that EUV absorption contains a ‘latitude independent’ semi-annual component of heating with the ‘proper phase’ to account for the semi-annual density variations. Further, the annual component of the heat function predicts the existence of ‘summer polar’ density increases in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Through a filter, darkly: population size estimation, systematic error, and random error in radiocarbon-supported demographic temporal frequency analysis

Abstract Archaeologists are increasingly concerned that the non-linear relationship between the calendric and radiocarbon timelines may introduce anomalous structures into radiocarbon-supported temporal frequency distributions ( tfd s) – time series data describing temporal fluctuations in the frequency of archaeological, paleontological, or other geological deposits. This concern emphasizes a need for improved middle range theory on tfd formation, addressing the interaction between several stochastic processes. This paper outlines a Monte Carlo simulation designed to explore the influence of several variables on tfd morphology, including the nonlinear calendric-to-radiocarbon age relationship. The results indicate that this non-linear relationship entails greater variance between identically generated tfd s over some temporal intervals than others but does not predictably lead to tfd peaks over these intervals as previously suggested. Additional variance between identically generated tfd s results from small sample sizes and high values in the underlying TFD . Smoothing the tfd is a solution not only to calibration curve interference but also to sample size-dependent sampling error.
Purification and partial characterization of beef liver gluconolactonase

Abstract Gluconolactonase is isolated and purified from beef liver. The molecular weight is estimated at 233,000 and that of its six similar subunits is 39,400. The pH maximum is 7.1 in 50 m m Tris-acetate buffer at 27 °C. K m and V m values of 9.1 m m and 1.62 mmol/min/ mg, respectively, were obtained at 27 °C in 50 m m Tris-HCl buffer. This enzyme requires a divalent metal for activity, with manganese being preferred over magnesium. A subcellular fractionation study indicates that gluconolactonase is located primarily in the cytosol, and its hepatic concentration is 2.3 μmol/kg of hepatic tissue.
Annealed neural network based multiuser detector in code division multiple access communications

An annealed neural network based multiuser detector in code division multiple access (CDMA) communications is presented. This detector combines features of the Hopfield neural network and simulated annealing. Unlike existing neural network based detectors, this detector does not need good initial estimates or optimal selection of network parameters. The BER performance of the proposed detector is close to the theoretical lower bound of the BER performance, especially in 'near-far' situations. Extensive numerical evaluation of the proposed technique as well as various suboptimal multiuser detectors is conducted using Monte-Carlo simulation.
Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres for Packaging Poultry. II. Effects of Chicken Quarters and Bulk Packages

Abstract Chicken quarters (breast and leg) one day after slaughter were packaged in glass jars containing 0, 60, 70, and 80% carbon dioxide (CO2) (balance air) or in permeable film-wrapped trays, which were stored in large low permeability film bags and flushed with 80% CO2 (balance air). Storage temperature and times were 2 C and 7 to 35 days. Microbial analyses indicated a reduction in aerobic colony forming units in film packaged quarters of between 104 and 101 at 14 and 35 days of storage, respectively, when CO2 was added to the package. Other storage times and treatments generally fell within this range. Shifts in predominant types of bacteria from Gram-negative to Gram-positive occurred in all CO2 treatments while air-packaged samples remained predominantly Gram-negative. A residual CO2 effect was seen when quarters that had been stored in glass jars in 80% CO2 were removed and stored in air for 3 days prior to analysis. This effect was not apparent when storage was in 60% CO2; 70% demonstrated an effect in between these two. Microbial growth rates for quarters stored in film with 80% CO2 demonstrated growth rates similar to air packaged controls when removed from the CO2 atmosphere. Sensory analyses of raw quarters resulted in higher scores for CO2-stored samples with respect to odor, feel, and overall acceptability, and slightly lower scores for color. Sensory analyses of baked chicken showed that when CO2-stored chicken was compared with fresh chicken, the two samples were rated nearly equal in appearance, tenderness, flavor, and overall acceptability after 28 days of storage. At 35 days storage, CO2 treated samples were scored lower in tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall acceptability, but were still acceptable. We conclude that elevated CO2 atmospheres can increase shelf-life of fresh chicken carcasses to at least 35 days.
State Turnout and Presidential Voting: A Closer Look

This article challenges Radcliff's recent claim that state-level voter turnout strongly influences state-level vote divisions for president. It is demonstrated that Radcliff's claim is an artifact of ignoring the contribution of the Voting Rights Act to southern electoral politics. When the analysis is restricted to nonsouthern states, least squares dummy variable (LSDV) pooled time-series cross-sectional analysis shows no evidence whatsoever of a turnout effect on the vote.
Dreams Within Dreams; Books Within Books: Embedded Frames of Illusion in Psychoanalysis

Embedded levels of illusion, common in the arts, are also frequently encountered in psychoanalytic work. Classical psychoanalysts, comparing nested frames of illusion to Prince Hamlet's play within a play, concluded that the function of the inner frame is to protect and disguise deeper truths. In this paper, I contrast this classical paradigm with more modern approaches, especially those drawing on the Winnicottian school. Through two case examples, I illustrate how a patient's opening an embedded frame of illusion (in one case a dream within a dream, in the other a book within a book) may represent a spontaneous gesture, which when adequately met by the analyst may facilitate working through a treatment impasse. In each of my case examples, the opening of the inner frame could be understood not only as protecting a deeper truth but also as the creation of a transitional, potential space in which paradox could be tolerated and play begin. After reviewing classical and Winnicottian approaches, I turn to a ...
The Structure of Chloroplast DNA Molecules and the Effects of Light on the Amount of Chloroplast DNA during Development in Medicago truncatula

We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment mapping to analyze the structure of Medicago truncatula chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). We find most cpDNA in genome-sized linear molecules, head-to-tail genomic concatemers, and complex branched forms with ends at defined sites rather than at random sites as expected from broken circles. Our data suggest that cpDNA replication is initiated predominantly on linear DNA molecules with one of five possible ends serving as putative origins of replication. We also used 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining of isolated plastids to determine the DNA content per plastid for seedlings grown in the dark for 3 d and then transferred to light before being returned to the dark. The cpDNA content in cotyledons increased after 3 h of light, decreased with 9 h of light, and decreased sharply with 24 h of light. In addition, we used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine cpDNA levels of cotyledons in dark- and light-grown (low white, high white, blue, and red light) seedlings, as well as in cotyledons and leaves from plants grown in a greenhouse. In white, blue, and red light, cpDNA increased initially and then declined, but cpDNA declined further in white and blue light while remaining constant in red light. The initial decline in cpDNA occurred more rapidly with increased white light intensity, but the final DNA level was similar to that in less intense light. The patterns of increase and then decrease in cpDNA level during development were similar for cotyledons and leaves. We conclude that the absence in M. truncatula of the prominent inverted repeat cpDNA sequence found in most plant species does not lead to unusual properties with respect to the structure of plastid DNA molecules, cpDNA replication, or the loss of cpDNA during light-stimulated chloroplast development.
Cell surface markers of mouse primordial germ cells defined by two monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies EMA-1 and EMA-6 bind to cell surface antigens of mouse primordial germ cells between 7 and 14 days of development. Primordial germ cells can be identified by alkaline phosphatase activity, and EMA-1 and EMA-6 apparently recognize this same population of cells prior to 14 days of development. EMA-1 labels primordial germ cells in 8- to 13-day mouse embryos and EMA-6 in 8- to 10-day embryos. A difference in the cells recognized by EMA-1 and the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin in early embryos suggests that these probes may be useful for studying primordial germ cells in situ or for isolating them from mouse embryos.
Screening for Multiple Genes Influencing Dyslexia

Genetic linkage analysis is a means of localizing genes to specific chromosomal regions. Localization of genes influencing specific reading disability (dyslexia) can lead to characterization of the phenotypic effects of each gene and to early diagnosis of children at risk. Previous studies using the family study LOD score method of linkage analysis have identified two chromosomal regions that may contain genes influencing dyslexia. The present study examines the sib pair method of linkage analysis, which has several advantages over the LOD score method. In particular, the mode of inheritance does not need to be specified and diagnosis of parents is not required, but it is a less powerful technique. Using the same population as the previous studies (with less than 200 sib pairs) and two different means of diagnosis of dyslexia, the sib pair analysis was able to detect the same suggested linkages as the LOD score method, plus a possible third region. This confirms that the sib pair method is an effective means of screening for linkage with reasonable sample sizes.
The analysis of small-sample multivariate data with applications in clinical trials

This article discusses statistical methods for the analysis of multivariate data arising in clinical trials involving a small number of subjects randomly assigned to one of several treatment groups. Possible violations of traditional assumptions such as variance homogeneity and normality of errors are often dealt with by carrying out the statistical analysis using strategies such as transforming the data or applying nonparametric procedures. Multivariate nonparametric tests provide a realistic alternative for analyzing such data. We present a permutation procedure for analyzing data arising in randomized experiments
Methylation of the vitamin D-dependent CaBP gene (calbindin 9 Kd) does not mediate tissue or vitamin D regulation.

The vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium binding protein gene is predominantly expressed in the intestine. In this report we have examined the possibility that methylation of the gene might play a role in its tissue-specific expression employing genomic Southern analysis. None of the Hpa II and Hha I sites examined by the indicated probes in and around the gene were found to be methylated in the intestine, kidney and liver. No change in the methylation of these sites was detected in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 administration to vitamin D-deficient rats under conditions which stimulate the expression of the gene. These results indicate that the rat intestinal calcium binding protein gene is not methylated in these tissues, at the indicated sites and, therefore, methylation seems not to be involved in the regulation of this gene's expression.
Development and Regeneration of the Zebrafish Maxillary Barbel: A Novel Study System for Vertebrate Tissue Growth and Repair

BACKGROUND Barbels are integumentary sense organs found in fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, develops paired nasal and maxillary barbels approximately one month post fertilization. Small in diameter and optically clear, these adult appendages offer a window on the development, maintenance and function of multiple cell types including skin cells, neural-crest derived pigment cells, circulatory vessels, taste buds and sensory nerves. Importantly, barbels in other otophysan fishes (e.g., catfish) are known to regenerate; however, this capacity has not been tested in zebrafish. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We describe the development of the maxillary barbel in a staged series of wild type and transgenic zebrafish using light microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. By imaging transgenic zebrafish containing fluorescently labeled endothelial cells (Tg(fli1a:EGFP)), we demonstrate that the barbel contains a long ( approximately 2-3 mm) closed-end vessel that we interpret as a large lymphatic. The identity of this vessel was further supported by live imaging of the barbel circulation, extending recent descriptions of the lymphatic system in zebrafish. The maxillary barbel can be induced to regenerate by proximal amputation. After more than 750 experimental surgeries in which approximately 85% of the barbel's length was removed, we find that wound healing is complete within hours, followed by blastema formation ( approximately 3 days), epithelial redifferentiation (3-5 days) and appendage elongation. Maximum regrowth occurs within 2 weeks of injury. Although superficially normal, the regenerates are shorter and thicker than the contralateral controls, have abnormally organized mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix, and contain prominent connective tissue "stumps" at the plane of section--a mode of regeneration more typical of mammalian scarring than other zebrafish appendages. Finally, we show that the maxillary barbel can regenerate after repeated injury and also in senescent fish (>2 years old). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although the teleost barbel has no human analog, the cell types it contains are highly conserved. Thus "barbology" may be a useful system for studying epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, neural pathfinding, wound healing, scar formation and other key processes in vertebrate physiology.
Hegel, Habermas, and Community: The Public in the New Media Era

New media technologies with their networking capabilities have raised age-old questions about the nature of the public implicit in Enlightenment and about the role of public relations industries in democracies. This article reviews conflicting representational and deliberative notions of public dominant in the 20th century, the implications of late 20th century alternatives, and what Hegel's writings might suggest for a 21st century concept of public. The article offers a reconceptualization of public as process—a constantly evolving conflict of the particular with the universal rather than as either a stable essence or as a consensus-building discourse.
Ultra-low power all-optical switching with a single quantum dot in a photonic-crystal cavity

We study the dynamics of the interaction between two weak light beams mediated by a strongly coupled quantum dot-photonic crystal cavity system. We demonstrate switching between two weak pulsed beams (40 ps pulses), observing an increase of the systems transmission when the signal and the control pulses overlap inside the cavity. Our results show that the quantum dot-nanocavity system enables fast, controllable optical switching at the single-photon level.
Community Linkages: Addressing Social Issues from a Community Perspective

Collaborations offer communities one way to address complex social issues, such as family violence. Collaborations are an essential feature of community building that involve the community at two distinct levels because they enable both individuals and the organizations they represent to agree on a vision, mission, and goals. The establishment of a community collaboration is influenced by the communities' readiness to work cohesively to address the identified problem. This study examined three collaborative efforts and analyzed four mediating factors that influenced the sustainability of these community efforts. The findings suggest that clearly stated goals, identified key membership, and good internal and external communication are associated with the sustained progress of a collaboration; conversely, the absence of any one of these factors constrains the collaborative process. The findings are discussed in terms of the community development process.
Pseudoneoplasms of the nervous system.

Abstract Context.—Pseudoneoplasms of the nervous system vary greatly in nature. Ranging from inflammatory to autoimmune, infectious, malformative, reactive, degenerative, and radiation induced, the...
Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology through Film

Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology through Film (book and video). Karl G. Heider. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 347 pp.; 190:58 running time, VHS, color.
Zinc and cancer: implications for LIV-1 in breast cancer.

Zinc is a trace mineral which is vital for the functioning of numerous cellular processes, is critical for growth, and may play an important role in cancer etiology and outcome. The intracellular levels of this mineral are regulated through the coordinated expression of zinc transporters, which modulate both zinc influx as well as efflux. LIV-1 (ZIP6) was first described in 1988 as an estrogen regulated gene with later work suggesting a role for this transporter in cancer growth and metastasis. Despite evidence of its potential utility as a target gene for cancer prognosis and treatment, LIV-1 has received relatively little attention, with only three prior reviews being published on this topic. Herein, the physiological effects of zinc are reviewed in light of this mineral’s role in cancer growth with specific attention being given to LIV-1 and the potential importance of this transporter to breast cancer etiology.
Draw-a-person characteristics of psychopathic prisoners and college students.

The fifth printing of Machover's (1949) Personality Projectiolz in the Drawing of the Ht~man Figwe attests to the popularity of this tesc in personality assessment. Despite recent criticism of many of Machover's hypotheses (Feldman & Hunt, 1958; Grams & Rinder, 1958; Reznikoff & Nicholas, 1958; Swensen, 1957) the popularity of the tesc apparently continues. In her discussion of the performance of various types of personalities, Machover attributes several characteristics to the psychopath. These characteristics of the psychopath may be listed as follows: (1) He tends to produce large drawings (Machover, 1949, p. 91). (2) The drawings may be centrally located on the page or shifted to the left side (Machover, 1949, p. 91). (3) Shading will be evidenced (Machover, 1949, p. 99). (4) The person in the drawing will often be shown with a hand in the pocket (Machover, 1949, p. 61 ). The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of Machover's hypotheses by using a group of male prisoners who, on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), could be considered psychopathic personalities. A control group of male college students (considered the "normal" group) was compared with the psychopathic group.
Profit guaranteeing mechanisms for multicast networks

We consider the design of multicast networks when both edges and nodes are selfish agents with private values. Given a network with a distinguished node (root) and clients at other nodes, the problem is to select a set of users for service and construct a multicast tree T connecting these users to the root. Clients are willing to pay some maximum amount of money ui for receiving the service and agents owning edges charge a minimum cost ce for participating. The multicaster’s task is to charge a fee fi ≤ ui from the clients selected to receive service, and pay agents owning the edges used, a fee fe ≥ ce, so as to maximize profit, π = P i fi − P e fe, from the transaction. Our objective is to construct a polynomial time, strategy-proof mechanism, that achieves approximately the maximum achieveable profit. The design of multicast networks in a game-theoretic setting has received a lot of attention recently. Prior to our work, researchers (see [4, 7] and references therein) have only studied a simpler problem, in which edge costs are known to the multicaster. The objectives for this problem have been two-fold: to recover the cost of constructing the network T from the nodes (Budget balance: P i∈T fi ≥ P e∈T fe), and to maximize the surplus (Efficiency φ = P i∈T ui − P e∈T ce). It is well known that the two objectives cannot be met simultaneously [7, 3]. In order to obtain an approximation to profit, a mechanism should be both budget balanced and approximately efficient.
Endoscopic Assessment and Treating to Target Increase the Likelihood of Mucosal Healing in Patients With Crohn’s Disease

Background & Aims Mucosal healing has been proposed as a goal for treatment because it is associated with improved clinical outcomes of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, little is known about the feasibility or probability of achieving mucosal healing in clinical practice. We evaluated the feasibility of treating patients to achieve mucosal healing based on endoscopic evaluation (treating to target). Methods We reviewed the endoscopic outcomes of 67 patients with CD who had lesions detected by endoscopy. Patients underwent 2 to 4 subsequent endoscopic evaluations at the University of California San Diego and were followed up from 2011 through 2012; data were collected on therapies and patient management. The cumulative incidences of mucosal healing and endoscopic improvement were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Factors independently associated with mucosal healing were identified using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results After a median follow-up period of 62 weeks, 34 patients (50.7%) had mucosal healing and 41 patients (61.1%) had endoscopic improvement. The cumulative probabilities of mucosal healing were 12.7% and 45.0% at 24 and 52 weeks of treatment, respectively. Factors associated with mucosal healing were as follows: fewer than 26 weeks between endoscopic procedures (hazard ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–4.97; P = .035) and adjustment to medical therapy when mucosal healing was not observed (hazard ratio, 4.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–11.5; P = .0003). Conclusions In an endoscopic study of patients with CD, we found that assessment of endoscopic disease activity and adjustments to medical therapy (treat to target) increase the likelihood of mucosal healing.
Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities.

UNLABELLED Trichloramine (NCl(3)) is recognized as an irritant of the human respiratory system and other tissues. Processes that lead to volatilization from the liquid phase allow for human exposure to gas-phase NCl(3) in swimming pool settings. The dynamics of these processes are not well defined. A N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine/potassium iodide (DPD/KI)-based wet-chemistry method for measuring gas-phase NCl(3) concentration was verified and applied in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities. Other gas-phase oxidants in the air of indoor pools provided interference of 15% or less. The DPD/KI method was applied for the measurement of gas-phase NCl(3) in four chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities. All results showed a correlation between bather loading and gas-phase NCl(3) concentration. The nature of swimmer activities also influenced air quality, presumably because of the effects of these activities on mixing near the gas-liquid interface. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The activities of swimmers promote transfer of volatile compounds from water to the surrounding air. For chlorinated, indoor pool facilities, this can lead to exposure to gas-phase chemicals that can cause irritation of the respiratory system and other tissues. The focus of this study was on NCl(3), a common disinfection by-product (DBP) in chlorinated pools. However, the conditions that promote NCl(3) transfer are likely to promote transfer of other volatile chemicals from water to air. As such, it is possible that other DBPs formed in pools may also contribute to diminished air quality.
Image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) for biliary adenocarcinomas: Initial clinical results.

Abstract Purpose Biliary tract lesions are comparatively rare neoplasms, with ambiguous indications for radiotherapy. The specific aim of this study was to report the clinical results of a single-institution biliary tract series treated with modern radiotherapeutic techniques, and detail results using both conventional and image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT). Methods and materials From 2001 to 2005, 24 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the biliary tract (gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts) were treated by IG-IMRT. To compare outcomes, data from a sequential series of 24 patients treated between 1995 and 2005 with conventional radiotherapy (CRT) techniques were collected as a comparator set. Demographic and treatment parameters were collected. Endpoints analyzed included treatment-related acute toxicity and survival. Results Median estimated survival for all patients completing treatment was 13.9 months. A statistically significant higher mean dose was given to patients receiving IG-IMRT compared to CRT, 59 vs. 48 Gy. IG-IMRT and CRT cohorts had a median survival of 17.6 and 9.0 months, respectively. Surgical resection was associated with improved survival. Two patients (4%) experienced an RTOG acute toxicity score > 2. The most commonly reported GI toxicities (⩾RTOG Grade 2) were nausea or diarrhea requiring oral medication, experienced by 46% of patients. Conclusion This series presents the first clinical outcomes of biliary tract cancers treated with IG-IMRT. In comparison to a cohort of patients treated by conventional radiation techniques, IG-IMRT was feasible for biliary tract tumors, warranting further investigation in prospective clinical trials.