cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Radiation Effects on Submicron Narrow-Channel NMOS

We have observed an enhanced radiation sensitivity for narrow-channel NMOS transistors. The radiation-induced threshold shift increases rapidly as the channel width decreased below 4 ?m. For example, with 4.5 ?m channel lengths the radiation sensitivity for 0.8 ?m wide FETs is twice that for 5 ?m wide devices. This geometry dependence can be explained qualitatively by two-dimensional potential calculations. These calculations show the fringing field influence on threshold voltage is reduced after radiation, leading to a larger total shift for the narrow channel devices.
Radiative transport limit for the random Schrödinger equation

We give a detailed mathematical analysis of the radiative transport limit for the average phase space density of solutions of the Schrodinger equation with time-dependent random potential. Our derivation is based on the construction of an approximate martingale for the random Wigner distribution.
The microtubule cycle during successive mitotic waves in the syncytial female gametophyte of ginkgo.

Plant morphogenesis is driven by a surprising number of microtubule arrays. The four arrays of vegetative tissues are hoop-like cortical, preprophase band (PPB), spindle, and phragmoplast. When syncytia occur during the reproductive phase of the plant life cycle, neither hoop-like corticals nor PPBs are present, and functional phragmoplasts fail to form following the proliferative mitoses that give rise to the multinucleate cytoplasm. Instead, the interphase microtubules are radial microtubule systems (RMSs) that emanate from the nuclei. These RMSs organize the cytoplasm into nascent cells and ultimately trigger phragmoplast formation at their boundaries. During investigations of the syncytial stage that initiates development of the female gametophyte in gymnosperms, we studied the large (3–4 mm) female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba. Here we describe the microtubule cycle correlated with successive mitotic waves and discuss the importance of this system in studying the acentrosomal nucleation and organization of cycling microtubule arrays.
A Good Girl Writes Like a Good Girl: Written Response to Student Writing

This article discusses one student's persistence in misunderstanding her teacher's written comments on her papers, even when these comments are accompanied by other response channels that serve, in part, to clarify the written comments. It presents the idea that student and teacher each bring to the written response episode a set of information, skills, and values that may or may not be shared between them, and it is the interplay of these three elements that feeds the student's reading and processing of teacher written comments and that leads to misunderstandings. This happened even for a high-achieving student in an otherwise successful classroom. An in-depth look at one student and the classroom context in which she learns to write, focusing on her grappling with her teacher's written comments, reveals the complexity of the teaching-learning process in the high school writing class.
Fit and Strong! Plus: Design of a comparative effectiveness evaluation of a weight management program for older adults with osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic condition and principal cause of disability among older adults. The current obesity epidemic has contributed to this high prevalence rate. Fortunately both OA symptoms and obesity can be ameliorated through lifestyle modifications. Physical activity (PA) combined with weight management improves physical function among obese persons with knee OA but evidence-based interventions that combine PA and weight management are limited for this population. This paper describes a comparative effectiveness trial testing an evidence-based PA program for adults with lower extremity (LE) OA, Fit and Strong!, against an enhanced version that also addresses weight management based on the evidence-based Obesity Reduction Black Intervention Trial (ORBIT). Adult participants (n=400) with LE OA, age 60+, overweight/obese, and not meeting PA requirements of ≥ 150 min per week, are randomized to one of the two programs. Both 8-week interventions meet 3 times per week and include 60 min of strength, flexibility, and aerobic exercise instruction followed by 30 min of education/group discussion. The Fit and Strong! education sessions focus on using PA to manage OA; whereas Fit and Strong! Plus addresses PA and weight loss management strategies. Maintenance of behavior change is reinforced in both groups during months 3-24 through telephone calls and mailed newsletters. Outcomes are assessed at baseline, and 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Primary outcomes are dietary change at 2 months followed by weight loss at 6 months that is maintained at 24 months. Secondary outcomes assess PA, physical performance, and anxiety/depression.
Effect of boundary-layer transition on dynamic stability.

Free flight dynamic stability measurements indicate that boundary layer transition has no perceptible effect
Early childhood teachers' affectionate behavior: Differential expression to female children, male children, and groups of children☆

This study examined differences in (1) the amount of affectionate behavior that early childhood teachers expressed to individuals versus groups of children and (2) the amount of affection that teachers expressed to female and male children. Data were collected by conducting naturalistic observations of 47 female teachers in six day care centers. Teachers' affectionate behavior and the types of recipients were recorded. The behaviors observed were smiling, affectionate words, active affectionate physical contact, and passive affectionate physical contact. The data were converted to percentages and subjected to parametric multivariate analyses of variance. The teachers were found to express more affection to female children than to male children and more affection to individual children than to groups of children. Implications for teacher training and early childhood programs are discussed.
Effects of Temperature and Solvent on the Rheo-optical Behavior of Hydroxypropylcellulose Solutions

The effects of solvent and temperature on the rheo-optical behavior of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) solutions in water and acetic acid have been studied using flow birefringence, quiescent circular birefringence, and intrinsic viscosity. Measurements of steady state and transient flow birefringence suggest that the flexibility of the HPC molecule in water increases with increasing temperature, while it remains relatively constant in acetic acid. The relatively small temperature-induced changes of HPC are contrasted with the flow birefringence behavior of PBLG (poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)) in the mixed-solvent system, dichloroacetic acid−1,2 dichloroethane, in which it undergoes a coil−helix transition. Results indicate that the effects of conformational changes on the dynamical behavior of HPC can be described in terms of a wormlike chain whose rigidity depends on the solvent as well as temperature and polymer molecular weight. A discussion of the possible roles of thermodynamic and structural effects on t...
P.1.10 siRNA-mediated allele-specific silencing of a dominant negative COL6A3 mutation causing Ullrich Congenital muscular dystrophy

Congenital muscular dystrophy type Ullrich (UCMD) is a severe neuromuscular disorder of early childhood onset, characterized by proximal or generalized muscle weakness, distal joint hypermobility, progressive joint contractures, and skin changes. Progressive scoliosis and diaphragmatic weakness may also develop. At present, there are no pharmacological treatment options available for these patients. Mutations in the three genes coding for collagen type VI are responsible for UCMD, and they are more commonly acting as dominant negative. In this study we further explored the use of RNAi as a potential therapy for dominant UCMD. Achieving allele-specific silencing of the mutant mRNA transcript would convert this dominant-negative state into a clinically asymptomatic haploinsufficient state. We have designed a series of siRNA oligos to target a mutant mRNA transcript lacking the exon 16 of the Collagen VI a3 gene (COL6A3). We tested this series of siRNA in four UCMD-derived dermal fibroblast cells lines. Transcript analysis by semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR showed that a subset of these siRNA significantly reduced the expression of the mutant transcript, without affecting the expression of the normal allele, confirming the potency of the allele-specific knockdown. In HEK293T cells these siRNA oligos selectively suppressed protein expression from a reporter construct carrying the mutation, but not from a wild-type construct, suggesting that the collagen VI protein levels are as significantly reduced in an allele-specific manner. Furthermore, we found that treating UCMD fibroblasts with these siRNA oligos considerably improved the quantity and quality of the collagen VI extracellular matrix in cell culture, as visualized and quantified by confocal microscopy of immunostained collagen VI. Our current study serves as a proof-of-principle and establishes RNAi as a promising molecular approach for treating UCMD caused by dominant negative mutations.
Functional cloning of ICAM-2, a cell adhesion ligand for LFA-1 homologous to ICAM-1.

THE leukocyte adhesion molecule LFA-1 mediates a wide range of lymphocyte, monocyte, natural killer cell, and granulocyte interactions with other cells in immunity and inflammation1,2. LFA-1 (CD 1 la/CD 18) is a receptor for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54), a surface molecule which is constitu-tively expressed on some tissues and induced on others in inflammation3–5. Induction of ICAM-1 on epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts mediates LFA-1-dependent adhesion of lymphocytes4,6,7. Several lines of evidence have suggested the existence of a second LFA-1 ligand: homotypic adhesion of one cell line was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to LFA-1, but not by one to ICAM-18; there exists an LFA-1-dependent, ICAM-1-indepen-dent pathway of adhesion to endothelial cells6; and also, there are some types of target cells in which LFA-1-dependent T-lymphocyte adhesion and lysis are independent of ICAM-19. We have cloned this second ligand, designated ICAM-2, using a novel method for identifying ligands of adhesion molecules. ICAM-2 is an integral membrane protein with two immunoglobulin-like domains, whereas ICAM-1 has five10,11. Remarkably, ICAM-2 is much more closely related to the two most N-terminal domains of ICAM-1 (34% identity) than either ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 is to other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, demonstrating the existence of a subfamily of immunoglobulin-like ligands that bind the same integrin receptor.
Alumni Willingness to Give and Contribution Behavior

Investigates the effect of alumni ownership of university insignia goods and related alumni contribution behavior. Two distinct measures of alumni contribution behavior‐willingness to give and actual contribution behavior‐were used in this study. Willingness to give is a measure of the desire or sentiment to contribute. Contributions are behavioral manifestations of that sentiment. The results of the study indicate the importance of alumni identification with the university both to alumni willingness to give and donor behavior and suggests that identification with the university results in ownership of university insignia goods. Discusses programmatic strategies to increase alumni contributions stemming from the findings of this study.
Host genetics and tumour metastasis

Metastasis, the spread and growth of tumours at secondary sites, is an extremely important clinical event, since a majority of cancer mortality is associated with the metastatic tumours, rather than the primary tumour. In spite of the importance of metastasis in the clinical setting, the actual process is extremely inefficient. Millions of tumour cells can be shed into the vasculature daily; yet, few secondary tumours are formed. The classical hypothesis explaining the inefficiency was a series of secondary events occurring in the tumour, resulting in a small subpopulation of cells capable of completing all of the steps required to successfully colonise a distant site. However, recent discoveries demonstrating the ability to predict metastatic propensity from gene expression profiles in bulk tumour tissue are not consistent with only a small subpopulation of cells in the primary tumour acquiring metastatic ability, suggesting that metastatic ability might be pre-programmed in tumours by the initiating oncogenic mutations. Data supporting both of these seemingly incompatible theories exist. Therefore, to reconcile the observed results, additional variables need to be added to the model of metastatic inefficiency. One possible variable that might explain the discrepancies is genetic background effects. Studies have demonstrated that the genetic background on which a tumour arises on can have significant affects on the ability of the tumour to metastasise and on gene expression profiles. Thus, the observations could be reconciled by combining the theories, with genetic background influencing both metastatic efficiency and predictive gene expression profiles, upon which, subsequently, metastasis-promoting mutational and epigenetic events occur. If the genetic background is an important determinant of metastatic efficiency, it would have significant implications for the clinical prediction and treatment of metastatic disease, as well as for the design of potential prevention strategies.
Laser ultrasonics in copy paper

Ultrasonic Lamb waves are generated in 90 µm thin copy paper with a Q-switched low-power Nd:YAG laser and detected with an Ar+ laser Doppler interferometer. This noncontact method enables one to determine two elastic constants (C44 or C55) that are related to the compressive strength of the paper by matching the measured high frequency limit of the phase velocity of the a0 mode with that predicted by orthotropic plate theory. The method is also used to measure the phase velocity of the nondispersive fast mode and infer the corresponding elastic constants (C11 and C22), which are directly related to the tensile strength of the paper. Although excellent agreement is obtained with orthotropic plate theory and also with independent measurements made with contact transducers, the results must be taken cautiously because interferometric measurements made simultaneously on the opposite side of the sample showed clearly the unexpected antisymmetric nature of the fast mode, thus showing the limitation of the orthotropic model when applied to paper.
Assessing the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic influence on sheep population dynamics on Hirta Island, UK

Summary Identifying the relative importance of intrinsic factors and extrinsic environmental variations on population or ecosystem dynamics is important for ecological conservation research. Here, we use a systematic method proposed by De Menezes and Barabasi [2004. Separating internal and external dynamics of complex systems. Physical Review Letters, 93, 068701] to reanalyse the long-term monitoring data of Soay sheep population fluctuations and climate variations on Hirta Island, UK. Our results indicate that the climate conditions have a higher impact than internal factors on the fluctuations of sheep population. The sheep population dynamics are internally self-regulating. The scaling relationships between sheep population and external and internal standard deviations are similar. The threshold of the sheep population on this island as determined by our study is around 1197, which is consistent with previous studies by other methods. Our study indicates that this systematic method may help to understand some of the complicated aspects of population dynamics about which detailed knowledge is limited.
Emphasizing soft skills and team development in an educational digital game design course

Engineering education has evolved from providing students solely with technical skills to providing them with courses that provide students with the non-technical "soft skills". Among the soft skills desired by employers are student's ability to receive and respond to feedback, manage multiple requirements, and work in multidisciplinary teams. The use of Capstone courses in Computer Science education has been a means of providing students with the aforementioned soft skills and experiences prior to graduation. We define and implement a model for an educational video game design and development course that provides students with real-world game design experiences. Students learn the complexity of developing an educational game while functioning in multidisciplinary teams. Additionally, we provide students with an opportunity to visit K-12 schools to witness, first hand, the conditions in which their video games will be used. Finally, we present lessons learned and discuss methods for the successful development of multidisciplinary courses in Computer Science Education.
Acute ethanol increases angiogenic growth factor gene expression in rat skeletal muscle.

Moderate ethanol consumption demonstrates a protective effect against cardiovascular disease and improves insulin sensitivity, possibly through angiogenesis. We investigated whether 1) ethanol woul...
Integration of production data into reservoir models

The problem of mapping reservoir properties, such as porosity and permeability, and of assessing the uncertainty in the mapping has been largely approached probabilistically, i.e. uncertainty is estimated based on the properties of an ensemble of random realizations of the reservoir properties all of which satisfy constraints provided by data and prior geological knowledge. When the constraints include observations of production characteristics, the problem of generating a representative ensemble of realizations can be quite difficult partly because the connection between a measurement of water-cut or GOR at a well and the permeability at some other location is by no means obvious. In this paper, the progress towards incorporation of production data and remaining challenges are reviewed.
Optimising the automated plasma cutting process by design of experiments

Automated plasma cutting is an effective process for building complex, two-dimensional metallic parts in a short period of time. Because the plasma cutting machine has several factors or input variables to control (e.g., current, cutting speed, torch height, etc.) and the process requires compliance with a variety of part quality characteristics or response variables (e.g., flatness, clean cut, bevel angle, etc.), it is difficult to find a machine setting that improves the overall quality of the manufactured parts. This research was conducted to discover the relevant factors that affect the part's surface quality characteristics and the optimum machine settings by implementing a design of experiments and following a response surface methodology approach. Desirability functions were used to optimise the automated plasma cutting process. Final results identified an optimal machine configuration that facilitates the fabrication of parts with close-to-perfect quality for all the 18 quality responses considered.
Status of magnetic fusion

The technological, political, and economic status of magnetic fusion research in the United States is discussed. Governmental and political scenarios for the development of magnetic fusion are assessed. A range of research is reviewed, including such programs as the Compact Ignition Tokamak, the Jet, TFTR, and JT-60 tokamaks, the DIII-D reactor, laser fusion reactors, and the Tritium Systems Test Facility. Management organization requirements and structures are developed and evaluated for overall reactor research and development planning. Busgetary constraints and opportunities for magnetic fusion are evaluated. The technical aspects include heating and diagnostics strategies.
Layered Synthetic Microstructures (LSM): Reflecting media for X-ray optic elements and diffracting structures for the study of condensed matter

Abstract During the past two decades techniques for synthesis of superlattices, Layered Synthetic Microstructures (LSM) in the following, have been developed to a sufficiently high level for the product structures to be used as reflecting media in x-ray optics. Additionally, since this application requires high absolute reflectivity, LSMs may be used in both traditional and unique ways to study condensed matter. A short review of synthesis processes will be given as background, with emphasis on process parameters important in LSM deposition. A short review of the reflectivity/wavelength relationship over the spectral range 1 to 500 A is then given. Experimental results for simple planar LSM structures are then discussed with emphasis on the effects of structural imperfections and engineered variations such as those necessary to construct LSM Fabry-Perot etalons. Results for experiments in which LSMs were used as reflecting/diffracting structures for evanescent and standing wave fluorescent scattering studies will be presented and the implications of these results discussed.
Integrating Policy with Scientific Workflow Management for Data-Intensive Applications

As scientific applications generate and consume data at ever-increasing rates, scientific workflow systems that manage the growing complexity of analyses and data movement will increase in importance. The goal of our work is to improve the overall performance of scientific workflows by using policy to improve data staging into and out of computational resources. We developed a Policy Service that gives advice to the workflow system about how to stage data, including advice on the order of data transfers and on transfer parameters. The Policy Service gives this advice based on its knowledge of ongoing transfers, recent transfer performance, and the current allocation of resources for data staging. The paper describes the architecture of the Policy Service and its integration with the Pegasus Workflow Management System. It employs a range of policies for data staging, and presents performance results for one policy that does a greedy allocation of data transfer streams between source and destination sites. The results show performance improvements for a data-intensive workflow: the Montage astronomy workflow augmented to perform additional large data staging operations.
The promise of home visitation: Results of two randomized trials

Two randomized trials of prenatal and infancy home visitation conducted in semirural and urban areas are described and their results presented. The studies provide consistent findings that nurse home visitors can improve women's health related behaviors, qualities of infant caregiving, and can help women improve their own life-course development (reflected in behaviors such as rates of subsequent pregnancies and births, and receipt of welfare). The effects of the program on reducing the rates of dysfunctional care (reflected in rates of child maltreatment and health care encounters for injuries) were concentrated in women with few psychological resources. Reviews of other randomized trials indicate that to produce comparable effects, interventions must include those program ingredients embodied in the model tested in these two trials. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypoxemia Are Associated with Advanced Liver Histology in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective To determine whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and/or nocturnal hypoxemia are associated with the severity of liver injury in patients with pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Study design Obese children aged 10-18 years with liver biopsy–proven NAFLD were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, polysomnography was performed, and liver histology was scored. Subjects were divided into those with OSA/hypoxemia and those without OSA/hypoxemia for analysis. Results Of 25 subjects with NAFLD, OSA/hypoxemia was present in 15 (60%) (mean age, 12.8 ± 1.9 years; 68% male; 88% Hispanic; mean body mass index z -score, 2.3 ± 0.3). Subjects with and without OSA/hypoxemia had similar levels of serum aminotransferases, serum lipids, and inflammatory and insulin resistance markers. Although there were no differences between groups in the histological severity of steatosis, inflammation, ballooning degeneration, NAFLD activity score, or histological grade, subjects with OSA/hypoxemia had significantly more severe hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, oxygen saturation nadir during polysomnography was related to hepatic fibrosis stage ( r = −0.49; P = .01) and aspartate aminotransferase level ( r = 0.42; P r = 0.44; P = .03), degree of hepatic steatosis ( r = −0.50; P = .01), NAFLD activity score ( r = 0.42; P = .04), aspartate aminotransferase level ( r = 0.56; P = .004), and alanine aminotransferase level ( r = 0.44; P = .03). Conclusion Moderate OSA/hypoxemia is common in pediatric patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. OSA and the severity/duration of hypoxemia are associated with biochemical and histological measures of NAFLD severity.
Structural and functional comparison of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes.

Sugar molecules as well as enzymes degrading them are ubiquitously present in physiological systems, especially for vertebrates. Polysaccharides have at least two aspects to their function, one due to their mechanical properties and the second one involves multiple regulatory processes or interactions between molecules, cells, or extracellular space. Various bacteria exert exogenous pressures on their host organism to diversity glycans and their structures in order for the host organism to evade the destructive function of such microbes. Many bacterial organism produce glycan-degrading enzymes in order to facilitate their invasion of host tissues. Such polysaccharide degrading enzymes utilize mainly two modes of polysaccharide-degradation, a hydrolysis and a β-elimination process. The three-dimensional structures of several of these enzymes have been elucidated recently using X-ray crystallography. There are many common structural motifs among these enzymes, mainly the presence of an elongated cleft trans...
The biolistic process

Abstract The biolistic process is a new process which employs high velocity microprojectiles to deliver substances into cells and tissues. It has been described in different ways and has been referred to as the particle gun method, the microprojectile method, the gene gun method, the particle acceleration method, the bio-blaster method. The inventors of the process have coined the term ‘biolistic' (biological ballistics) to describe both the process and any associated apparatus used to shoot biological materials into living targets.
Real-time streaming media playout algorithm based on RBF delay prediction

Analyzing two important indicators of real-time streaming media system, and then aiming at the drawbacks of the conventional real-time streaming media playout algorithm and the playout algorithm based on Differencing AR, a real-time streaming media playout algorithm based on RBF (radial basis function) delay prediction is proposed. The algorithm takes the initiative to adjust the time interval to ensure the continuity of playout and reduce average buffer delay in different situation with time-based forecasts by predicting the receive time and playout time. Finally, compared with other algorithms, the experiment result shows that this algorithm is effective.
Coupling of Anaerobic Metabolism to Anaerobic Sodium Transport: A High Energy Intermediate

IN the isolated urinary bladder of the fresh water turtle, sodium is transported from the mucosal to the serosal surfaces anaerobically as well as aerobically1. The capacity for anaerobic sodium transport is retained by epithelial cell sheets dissected from the intact bladder2. Sodium transport by the bladder has been found to be coupled stoichiometrically to glycolysis and, when sodium is removed from the bathing media, glycolysis diminishes markedly3.
Balloon-augmented Onyx endovascular ligation: initial human experience and comparison with coil ligation

Introduction Carotid artery sacrifice remains an important procedure for cerebral vascular disorders despite the development of new endovascular devices. Conventional carotid artery sacrifice with detachable coils alone often requires numerous coils to complete occlusion. Objective To describe the initial human experience with balloon-augmented Onyx and coil vessel sacrifice based on our previous experience with animals. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent carotid artery sacrifice between 2008 and 2012 in accordance with local investigational review board approval. Two methods were used to occlude carotid arteries—namely, combined Onyx and coil embolization and traditional coil embolization. We compared the two methods for the cost of embolizate, time to occlude the vessels, and the number of coils. Results Eight consecutive patients (combined group n=3, traditional group n=5) were assessed. The median cost of embolic material was $6321 in the combined Onyx and coil embolization group and $29 996 in the traditional coil embolization group. The median time from first coil placement to achievement of vessel occlusion was 52 min in the Onyx group and 113 min in the coil embolization group. The median number of coils used was 4 in the Onyx group and 35 in the coil embolization group (p Conclusions Balloon-augmented Onyx endovascular ligation may reduce costs and fluoroscopy times during vessel sacrifice. Further studies in a larger number of patients are needed to confirm these findings.
Relative Functionality of Buffer and Peptide in Gold Nanoparticle Formation

The templated growth of nanoparticles via biological agents, such as peptides, provides an exciting complement to abiotic routes, opening facile means to combine the specificity of biomacromolecules with nanoparticle platforms. The specific role of the peptide sequence, and its state relative to the buffer, is still unclear with respect to the processes underlying nanoparticle formation. By investigation of Au mineralization in two commonly used buffers (sodium borate and (2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)), the role of the phage-display-identified A3 peptide, and its residues, is examined. In a nonreducing buffer (e.g., borate), mineralization is very slow, suggesting that the tyrosine residue in the A3 motif has at most a minor role in reduction of Au(III). In a buffer with substantial reducing capability (e.g., HEPES), the peptide retards nucleation relative to synthetic additives such as poly(ethylene glycol). Furthermore, it also functions to regulate the concentration of free A...
The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Progression of Atherosclerosis

Prolonged activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) can lead to cell pathology and subsequent tissue dysfunction. There is now ample evidence that the UPR is chronically activated in atherosclerotic lesional cells, particularly advanced lesional macrophages and endothelial cells. The stressors in advanced lesions that can lead to prolonged activation of the UPR include oxidative stress, oxysterols, and high levels of intracellular cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Importantly, these arterial wall stressors may be especially prominent in the settings of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, all of which promote the clinical progression of atherosclerosis. In the case of macrophages, prolonged ER stress triggers apoptosis, which in turn leads to plaque necrosis if the apoptotic cells are not rapidly cleared. ER stress-induced endothelial cell apoptosis may also contribute to plaque progression. Another potentially important proatherogenic effect of prolonged ER stress is activation of inflammatory pathways in macrophages and, perhaps in response to atheroprone shear stress, endothelial cells. Although exciting work over the last decade has begun to shed light on the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of ER stress-driven atherosclerosis, much more work is needed to fully understand this area and to enable an informed approach to therapeutic translation.
Relationship of Locus of Control Orientation to Clothing Satisfaction and Clothing Importance of Selected Fifth‐Grade Students at Three Achievement Levels

The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between locus of control and clothing satisfaction and clothing importance among Sth-grade boys and girls at 3 achievement levels. Locus of control refers to the expectancy that an outcome is influenced either by external factors (i.e., luck, chance, fate, or powerfid others) or by internal factors (i.e., effort, skill, or ability). One accelerated, 1 special education, and 3 regular 5th-grade classes were surveyed (44 girls; 62 boys) using the Clothing Deprivation Scale and Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Overall, girls exhibited a greater external locus of control orientation than boys. Students of both sexes in the accelerated class had a greater internal locus of control orientation and perceived clothing to be of greater importance than students in the regular and special education classes. All students with an internal locus of control also indicated higher satisfaction with their clothing than students with an external locus of control orientation. The relationship between locus of control and clothing satisfaction and importance may be used to help students develop an internal locus of control, which has been found to be an adaptive orientation.
Bollywood in the Indian-American diaspora Mediating a transitive logic of cultural citizenship

This article brings together ethnographic detail and a thematic reading of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (K3G) to examine the mediation of consensus regarding ‘Indianness’ in the diaspora. I argue that K3G’s emotional resonance with viewers in the diaspora is attributable in part to the departure that its narrative marks from Hindi cinema’s earlier efforts to recognize and represent expatriate Indians. In positioning and drawing the diaspora into the fold of a ‘great Indian family’, K3G articulates everyday struggles over being Indian in the US to a larger project of cultural citizenship that has emerged in relation to India’s tentative entry into a transnational economy and the centrality of the NRI (non-resident Indian) figure to India’s navigation of this space. I argue that this process of mediation follows a transitive logic involving K3G’s representational strategies, first generation Indian immigrants’ emotional investment in the idea of India and the Indian nation state’s attempts to forge symbolic and...
[Lys3]Didemnins as potential affinity ligands.

Abstract The synthesis and biological activity of N e -Z-[Lys 3 ]didemnin B are reported. This novel analogue retains antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and protein biosynthesis inhibition activities, but at reduced levels. This result suggests the use of [Lys 3 ]didemnin derivatives as potential affinity probes for studying the molecular target(s) of the didemnin class of natural products.
Positivity of energy in Abelian principal bundles over spacetime

Five-dimensional classical unified field theories may be described in terms of the geometry of a five-dimensional Lorentz space V5.This space may be considered as a principal bundle over spacetime V4with metric g ij and gauge group U(1). It has been shown that when V4is asymptotically flat, the total energy momentum vector of V5is nonspacelike, and that the gravitational mass of V4has a lower bound. These results obtain when V5is replaced by a Lorentzian space V N ,a principal bundle over an asymptotically flat V4with an Abelian group G as its gauge group.
SU‐GG‐T‐446: Dosimetric Characteristics of High Definition Multi‐Leaf Collimator

Purpose: A new type of high‐definition multi‐leaf collimator (HD 120 MLC, Varian Medical Systems) is being introduced into clinical practice to improve the conformality of stereotactic radiation therapy and radiosurgery. Its leaf width at isocenter is 2.5 mm. The interface and casing are the same as Millennium 120 MLC so it can be easily fit inside the gantry for better clearance and efficiency. This study investigated the dosimetric characteristics of this new micro MLC.Method and Materials: The HD 120 MLC was installed in a Novalis TX dedicated image‐guided SRS/SBRT machine. Beam penumbra (defined between 20–80%) was measured with a scanning radiosurgery diode for various field sizes, depth, and beam energies. Dynamic dosimetric gap and leaf transmission were measured with both low (6 MV and 6 MV SRS) and high energy (15 MV) photon beams. The conformity and step effect were studied with a series of circular beams with various radius. Results: The penumbra of HD 120 MLC was measured to be 0.25 cm for 6 MV at 1.5 cm depth with 2 cm × 2 cm field size. It increases to 0.49 cm for 30 cm × 30 cm field size. For 15 MV at 3 cm depth, the penumbra increases from 0.36 cm at 2 cm × 2 cm to 0.60 at 30 cm × 30 cm. For other field sizes and depth, the penumbra values are listed in Table I. The dynamic dosimetric gap was 0.86 cm for 6 MV and 0.98 mm for 15 MV. The leaf transmission factors were 1.17% for 6 MV and 1.33% for 15 MV. Conclusion: HD 120 MLC provides finer beam penumbra, smaller dynamic dose gap, and lower leaf transmission compared to conventional Millennium MLC, and can thus potentially improve the conformality of SRS/SBRT treatments.
Public Utility Rate Making in Depression

I. Fluctuations in prices and interest rates, 113.— II. The reasonable worth of utility services, 114.— The fall in incomes, 115.— The fall in prices, 116.— Emergency rate orders, 117.— III. Valuation, 119. — Average prices, 119.— Corrective indices, 120.— IV. The rate of return, 122.— Industrial profits, 122.— The common stock basis for return, 124.— The standard rate of return, 125.— V. The rate making rule in depression, 127.
Displaced starburst amacrine cells of the rabbit retina contain the 67-kDa isoform, but not the 65-kDa isoform, of glutamate decarboxylase

The cholinergic identity of retinal starburst amacrine neurons is well established, but recent evidence suggests that these cells are GABAergic as well. Confirmation of this dual transmitter function requires the demonstration of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for GABA, within starburst cells. The current work was undertaken to determine whether rabbit retinal starburst amacrine neurons contain either of the two known isoforms of GAD. To do this, we have examined the localization of the following: (1) the 65-kDa isoform of GAD; (2) the 67-kDa isoform of GAD; (3) choline acetyltransferase; and (4) the fluorescent dye DAPI, a marker for cholinergic amacrine cells. In addition, we labeled displaced starburst neurons directly, by injecting them with Lucifer Yellow in vitro. Four strata within the inner plexiform layer contained immunoreactive GAD65. A non-GAD65-immunoreactive zone separated the two innermost strata (G3 and G4); this zone contained (1) the dendrites of individual Lucifer Yellow-injected, displaced starburst amacrine cells; (2) dendrites immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase; and (3) processes of DAPI-labeled amacrine cells. Immunoreactive GAD67 appeared in the same strata that contained GAD65, and in at least two additional strata, one of which lay at precisely the same depth as the proximal cholinergic stratum. In addition, the somas of displaced starburst cells were strongly immunoreactive for GAD67, but not for GAD65. These results demonstrate (1) that displaced starburst amacrine cells contain the 67-kDa isoform of GAD, but not the 65-kDa isoform; and (2) that the dendrites of starburst (67-kDa GAD) amacrines, and the dendrites of 65-kDa-GAD-containing amacrines, occupy different strata within the inner plexiform layer. Thus, displaced starburst cells do contain GAD, and can, presumably, manufacture GABA. The reasons for their preferential use of the 67-kDa GAD isoform remain to be elucidated.
Identifying Steroid Hormone Binding Sites on Human Serum Albumin by 2D NMR

Steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, are often prescribed to the aging population as an attempt to combat symptoms associated with lower hormone levels (i.e. poor sex drive, weight gain, and fatigue). In human serum, these hormones bind reversibly to the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and to a lesser extent to albumin. The specific sites on albumin and whether hormone binding alters fatty acid (FA) binding have not been established, properties which both could affect delivery to cells and the choice of the appropriate dosage of the hormone to give the desired therapeutic effect. To study binding to human serum albumin (HSA), we examined displacement of 13C-methyl-enriched oleic acid (OA) complexed with HSA in 2D NMR spectra that resolve 9 binding sites and quantify their relative affinities for OA. NMR studies were conducted within physiologically relevant concentrations of HSA, at a molar ratio of 4:1 OA:HSA, and with non-physiological levels of hormone. Testosterone and estradiol displaced OA in a low affinity site for FA, which we previously identified as Sudlow's Drug Site 2. Testosterone also partially displaced OA at FA Site 6, a low affinity FA binding site and a secondary site for certain drugs, as identified by NMR and x-ray. Neither hormone displaced FA in the medium affinity site corresponding to Sudlow's Drug Site 1. Our findings show that these steroids can bind to albumin in sites that are not likely to interfere with FA binding under physiological conditions with molar ratios that are less than 4:1 OA:HSA.
Music Therapy and Theatre: A Community Music Therapy Socio-Cultural Proposal for the Inclusion of Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Este artigo descreve uma conexao terapeutica significativa entre musicoterapia e teatro terapeutico que tem sido realizada no Brasil. Por meio da descricao da relacao entre esses dois campos, esta pretende discutir outra possibilidade de intervencao em musicoterapia no tratamento de pessoas com transtornos do espectro autista (TEA). A performance teatral pode expandir a acao terapeutica fisicamente e subjetivamente alem da sala de musicoterapia, auxiliando clientes a expandir seu mundo criativo e as possibilidades para interacoes sociais. Essa pratica nao pode ser caracterizada como psicodrama ou teatro terapeutico, mas sim como o uso de um processo musicoterapeutico especifico com o uso do teatro como um recurso. No caso descrito, esse recurso incorporou e aplicou possibilidades criativas e terapeuticas no tratamento de um grupo composto de cinco jovens adultos, a maioria deles com o diagnostico de TEA. A criacao e a interpretacao de muitas pecas teatrais tem levado a criacao e a movimentacao coletivas, relacionadas com as necessidades culturais, sociais e psicologicas desse grupo. A proposta apresentada esta baseada numa perspectiva de musicoterapia comunitaria.
Evocation of venation pattern in the wing of a moth, Manduca sexta.

The insect wing is formed from an epithelial sheet that folds during development to establish a saclike tissue with an upper and a lower epithelial monolayer. The adult cuticle formed by the upper and lower monolayers has a distinctive pattern of thickened regions called veins. The venation pattern on the lower surface matches that on the upper surface. As demonstrated by transposition of grafts from the upper monolayer, determination of venation pattern occurs prior to pupation in both wing monolayers. However, the pattern is not expressed until later in adult development. Expression of this determined pattern occurs autonomously in most circumstances. One circumstance in which the pattern fails to be expressed is in pieces of the upper monolayer that are isolated from the lower monolayer before adult cuticle deposition and expression of venation pattern. The only evident interaction between the two monolayers of the wing occurs during a 3-day period, 6-8 days after pupation. During this time, the basal laminae segregating upper monolayer from lower monolayer disappear, and the basal ends of cells form desmosomal junctions at the interface between upper and lower monolayer. Transposition as well as isolation of tissue fragments from the upper monolayer suggest that this interaction between the basal surfaces of the two monolayers is a prerequisite for evocation of venation pattern.
Reevaluation of the neutral lipids ofTilletia controversa andTilletia tritici

Differential scanning calorimetry of whole teliospores and lipid extracts ofTilletia controversa Kuhn andT. tritica Tul. indicated that the lipid composition of teliospores was different than earlier reported. An exothermic peak at −40 to −45°C and an endotherm at −25 to −15°C indicated that the majority of lipids were triacylglycerols (TAG). Hot isopropanol was used to inactivate lipases during lipid extraction. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of extracted lipids showed that free fatty acids (FFA) were not present in great quantities unless water was present during lipid extraction. As measured by gas chromatography. FFA accounted for 1–5% of the lipid content in teliospores ofTilletia spp. The TAG content of teliospores was 60–80% of total lipids.
Syntheses of Potential Metabolites of a Potent κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist, TRK-820

Chemical syntheses of three kinds of potential metabolites of TRK-820, a potent kappa-opioid receptor agonist, were described. One of the potential metabolites 2, 17-N-dealkylated TRK-820, was synthesized starting from noroxycodone through 8 steps in 21% total yield. Glucuronidation of intermediate 10 and compound 1, the free base of TRK-820, was carried out stereoselectively to give 3-O-beta-D-glucuronides 15 and 16 in good yields, respectively. Syntheses of potential conjugated metabolites 3 and 4 were accomplished through 10 steps and 2 steps in 11% and 43% total yields, respectively. Among the potential metabolites of TRK-820, compounds 2 and 4 were identified as metabolites in human hepatocytes. The results of pharmacological studies of compounds 2, 3, and 4 are described.
Intracellular recording from dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra: double labelling for identification of projection site and morphological features.

We have adapted an intracellular recording technique that allows differentiation of dopamine neurons in vitro based on their projection sites and morphology. We pre-labelled ‘nigrostriatal’ dopamine neurons in vivo by stereotaxically injecting rhodamine-labelled microspheres (RFM) into the dorsal striatum. Following slice preparation, dense neuronal labelling with RFM was observed in the medial two-thirds of the substantia nigra zona compacta. The visible neurons in the superficial layers were not viable; consequently, we recorded from dopamine neurons that were located directly below the clusters of fluorescent neurons. Each recorded neuron was subsequently filled with N-(2-aminoethyl) biotinamide (1) to confirm whether it projected to the dorsal striatum (by presence of both RFM and biotinamide) and (2) to examine its morphological features. Four of 7 dopamine neurons successfully recovered were double labelled and exhibited multipolar cell bodies with dendrites projecting into the zona reticulata. No differences in the resting membrane potential, spontaneous activity, or membrane response to constant current injections were observed between the confirmed nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and the others. Our technique should allow pharmacological manipulations of selective dopamine pathways in vitro and help in elucidating various factors responsible for differential regulation of populations of dopamine neurons.