cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) exhibit limited ability to develop heat resistance

The global population growth of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), is attributed to their cryptic behavior, diverse insecticide resistance mechanisms, and lack of public awareness. Bed bug control can be challenging and typically requires chemical and non-chemical treatments. One common non-chemical method for bed bug management is thermal remediation. However, in certain instances, bed bugs are known to survive heat treatments. Bed bugs may be present after a heat treatment due to (i) abiotic factors associated with the inability to achieve lethal temperatures in harborage areas for a sufficient time period, (ii) re-infestation from insects that escaped to cooler areas during a heat treatment or (iii) development of physiological resistance that allows them to survive heat exposure. Previous research has investigated the optimal temperature and exposure time required for either achieving complete mortality or sublethally affecting their growth and development. However, no research has examined bed bug populations for their ability to develop resistance to heat exposure and variation in thermo-tolerance between different bed bug strains. The goals of this study were: i) to determine if bed bugs could be selected for heat resistance under a laboratory selection regime, and ii) to determine if bed bug populations with various heat exposure histories, insecticide resistance profiles, and geographic origins have differential temperature tolerances using two heat exposure techniques (step-function and ramp-function). Selection experiments found an initial increase in bed bug survivorship; however, survivorship did not increase past the fourth generation. Sublethal exposure to heat significantly reduced bed bug feeding and, in some cases, inhibited development. The step-function exposure technique revealed non-significant variation in heat tolerance between populations and the ramp-function exposure technique provided similar results. Based on these study outcomes, the ability of bed bugs to develop heat resistance appears to be limited.
Localized Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2S Containing Aqueous Environments—Case Studies and Common Mechanisms

The current study is aimed at proposing a common mechanism of localized corrosion of mild steel in H2S containing aqueous environments, by utilizing experimental findings reported in a number of st...
Semiempirical Characterization of Homonuclear Diatomic Ions: 6. Group VI and VII Anions

Sixteen Herschbach ionic Morse potential energy curves (HIMPEC) were classified using molecular ion formation M or dissociation D in a vertical transition. Two activation energies for thermal electron attachment to Cl2, Br2, and I2 are reported from a reanalysis of electron-capture detector data. The HIMPEC for the diatomic halogens and oxygen are optimized by including new experimental data. All of the halogen curves are defined by at least three data points. Two new curves for the 2Πg(1/2) states of Br2(−) and I2(−) are constructed using a lower experimental dissociation energy. New electron-capture detector data for O2 confirm multiple activation energies and electron affinities, Ea. The twelve M and twelve D curves for the 24 predicted anionic states of O2 are calculated using Ea, vertical electron affinities, activation energies, frequencies, and estimated dissociation energies. Two curves are calculated from experimental data for anions of S2, Se2, and Te2.
Transfer of ‘Engineer’s Mind’: Kim Choong-Ki and the Semiconductor Industry in South Korea

By the mid-2000s, South Korea had become a dominant power in semiconductors, and by the mid-2010s, its worldwide market share of memory had climbed to over 60%. Many scholars have endeavored to dis...
Changing in a GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): Innovations in Before and After Photography.

PURPOSE Before and after images are an important part of aesthetic counseling, but no studies have examined ways to optimize change detection through the layout of displayed images. This study compares 3 different image layouts to determine which presentation style improves perception of postprocedure changes. METHODS In this prospective, randomized study, participants viewed sequential images of patients who either had or had not undergone upper eyelid blepharoptosis repair or blepharoplasty ("change" and "no-change," respectively). These paired images were randomly presented in 1 of 3 formats: side-by-side, up-and-down, or alternation flicker (in which 2 images are superimposed and alternated in a graphics interchange format). Participants were asked if a procedure had been performed based on the 2 photographs. Paired t tests were used to compare response times and change detection rates between individual-level pairs of presentation modes. RESULTS Of 299 recruited patients, 286 completed the study. Rate of change detection trended toward increased sensitivity for alternation flicker over static images. This became statistically significant for patients less than 45 years old. Detection rates did not differ significantly between the 2 static layouts (side-by-side and up-and down). CONCLUSIONS Enhancing and customizing aesthetics counseling for different ages can improve patient understanding, expectations, and advertising. When using static photography, the layout, whether side-by-side or up-and-down, can be chosen to fit the mode of presentation with no statistically significant difference. To optimize detection of changes in before and after photography in a demographic less than 45 years old, the animated, alternation flicker format was statistically significantly more effective.
A Partnership Approach to Paternity Establishment: Child Welfare Research and Training Project Ecological Model and Preliminary Data:

This article provides an ecological model of child support facilitation through broad efforts to maintain high rates of paternity establishment via agency–university collaboration. The study utiliz...
E-148 Pipeline embolization device treatment of intracranial aneurysms in pediatric patients: a patient-level meta-analysis

Introduction While the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED, Medtronic) is safe and effective in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms in adults, less is known about its safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients. We aim to report clinical outcomes in patients aged 18 or younger undergoing flow diversion with PED for intracranial aneurysms. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for reports of pediatric patients treated with PED. Disaggregated data was available for 44 pediatric patients with 48 aneurysms. Data regarding demographics, aneurysm characteristics, treatment, follow-up, clinical outcomes, and complications were collected. Results The average age of patients was 10.5 ± 4.3 years, 47.8% of whom were male, while 34.1% were female, and the sex of 18.1% was not reported. A total of 23 aneurysms (52.2%) were in the posterior circulation. Fourteen aneurysms (29.2%) were fusiform, and 12 (25.0%) were dissecting. Fifteen aneurysms (31.3%) were giant, 14 (29.2%) were small, and 9 (18.9%) were large. Fourteen aneurysms (29.2%) presented with mass effect, followed by 11 (22.9%) with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 6 (12.5%) each with headache and recurrence. The number of PEDs used for an aneurysm was 2.0 ± 1.5, and 10 aneurysms (20.8%) were treated with adjunct coiling. The average imaging and clinical follow-up for the aneurysms were 10.1 ± 7.9 and 10.5 ± 8.1 months, respectively. Thirty-four aneurysms (70.8%) were completely occluded. Four patients (10.0%) experienced complications, including one death, recurrence, brainstem compression, and in-stent stenosis. Conclusions PED is safe and effective for intracranial aneurysm treatment in pediatric patients. Proper guidelines regarding use of PED in children should be created. Disclosures N. Shlobin: None. M. Potts: None.
The Contribution of Dealers to Competitive Advantage of Manufacturers

Most automobile manufacturers use a network of franchised dealers to sell and service their products. These dealers perform the initial sales process as well as deliver after-sales services. Some arguments and studies suggest that the quality of the sales process and subsequent post-sales services can impact sales, repeat sales, and reputation. Other arguments and studies suggest that dealer services are a commodity and that their quality may only impact sales in the extremes. We expand from previous studies by considering both the dealer and their dealership network, consisting of other dealers in the area that compete for sales. We observed a total of 105,080 automobile sales in the US over 32 days. This yielded daily sales and consumer rating information for all dealerships and all new cars in inventory in five car classes. We find that dealer quality positively influences automobile brand sales. Brands with highly rated dealer networks also had higher market share. The results show that dealer service quality has a stronger effect in markets where the focal brand’s dealer network is sparse and the competing dealer networks are dense. Finally, we find that quality of after-sales service have a stronger effect on market share than that of the sales process.
Precise half-life measurement of the superallowed beta(+) emitter (26)Si

We measured the half-life of the superallowed ${0}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$ ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ emitter $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ to be $2245.3(7)$ ms. We used pure sources of $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ and employed a high-efficiency gas counter, which was sensitive to positrons from both this nuclide and its daughter $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$${}^{m}$. The data were analyzed as a linked parent-daughter decay. To contribute meaningfully to any test of the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, the $\mathit{ft}$ value of a superallowed transition must be determined to a precision of $0.1%$ or better. With a precision of $0.03%$, the present result is more than sufficient to be compatible with that requirement. Only the branching ratio now remains to be measured precisely before a $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1%$ $\mathit{ft}$ value can be obtained for the superallowed transition from $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$.
Bevacizumab and gastrointestinal perforations: a review from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.

Background Bevacizumab is used in the treatment of advanced malignancies and has a "black box" warning for gastrointestinal perforations. Despite this known side effect, there are no large descriptive series of patients who experience bevacizumab-induced gastrointestinal perforations. Aim To review and describe post-market cases of bevacizumab-induced gastrointestinal perforation reported by healthcare professionals to the United States Food and Drug Association Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Methods In total, 74 025 cases of bevacizumab-induced adverse drug reaction were reported to FAERS from January 1 2004 to July 6 2021. We identified 2874 cases of bevacizumab-induced gastrointestinal perforation. A total of 1375 cases were determined to contain complete patient demographic data after the removal of duplicates and were reviewed. Subgroup analysis was completed on gastro-oesophageal perforations given the lack of prior data. Results The average patient age was 61.9 ± 11.4 years. A total of 698 cases included descriptive locations of perforations with most occurring in the large intestine (385 cases, 55.2% of specifically described cases). Colorectal cancer was the most common indication for bevacizumab (691 cases, 50.3%) followed by ovarian cancer (197 cases, 14.3%) and non-small cell lung cancer (182 cases, 13.2%). Death was reported in 554 patients (40.3% of cases). Sixty-two cases of gastro-oesophageal perforation were identified. Conclusions This is the largest collective descriptive study of bevacizumab-induced gastrointestinal perforations, and sheds light on this often fatal complication. We additionally identified and described a rare subgroup of patients experiencing bevacizumab-induced gastro-oesophageal perforation not previously described.
Accuracy Control for U.S. Shipyards

Research conducted by University of Washington personnel at Tacoma Boatbuilding Company has provided a basis for any U.S. shipyard to initiate and operate an accuracy control system. This paper discusses the steps necessary for initiation of such a system and then outlines, in case study format, the practical aspects of accuracy control planning, execution and evaluation . Examples of vital point selection, planning sheets, check sheets, normal distributions of variation determination and control chart development are presented. A discussion of the long-term value of an accuracy control system is also included. The results presented are based on actual on-site research at TBC, involving the construction of the stern section of Hulls 1 and 2 of the U.S. Navy T-AGOS vessels.
MO-F-CAMPUS-J-03: Evaluation and Use of Cubic Phantoms for Daily IGRT QA Process with TrueBeam 6DoF Couch

Purpose: To improve efficiency and efficacy of Daily IGRT QA process and to prepare for Varian TrueBeam 6DoF couch implementation Methods: MIMI phantom from Standard Imaging was compared to PentaGuide phantom from Modus Medical in order to replace and update our daily IGRT QA process. The following metrics were used as our evaluation criteria: contrast structures, predefined shift mark, TG-142 compliance, support for 6DoF and ease of use. To improve process compliance, daily IGRT QA set up and process, an acrylic in-house baseplates with known offsets were designed. New Daily IGRT QA protocol for 3DoF and 6DoF systems was developed and implemented into our practice. The selected phantom was used for the commissioning of Varian TrueBeam 6DoF couches and test the reproducibility and accuracy of 2D/2D and 3D/3D matching and localization processes. Baseline and tolerances for Daily IGRT QA for 6DoF couch were determined. Results: Based on our evaluation criteria, the MIMI phantom fit best our QA processes and matching goals. Comprehensive daily IGRT QA which includes CBCT 3D automatic registration, couch positioning, coincidence of kV/MV isocenters, image quality, and laser alignment were accurately and efficiently validated using the MIMI phantom and the setup baseplate with Varian TrueBeam and EX systems with 3DoF and 6DoF couches. Also, the use of MIMI phantom and setup baseplate was found to be a useful and effective tool for the commissioning of the Varian TrueBeam 6DoF couches. Conclusion: Implementation of MIMI phantom improved our Daily IGRT QA process by eliminating the use multiple phantoms which resulted in 40% Daily IGRT QA time reduction. Feedback from therapists has been positive and 100% compliance to new protocol has been achieved with minimal training. MIMI phantom was used to test the stability of the couch and to set baseline for Daily QA target and tolerance values.
Scan Statistics in Quality and Reliability

Scan statistics have been used extensively in several areas of science and technology to test for the occurrence of clusters of rare events. In this article we present a survey of results in the area of scan statistics that are applicable to quality control and reliability theory. In quality control, scan statistics have been used in the design and analysis of acceptance sampling schemes. We survey results that are useful in evaluating the operating characteristics of such sampling schemes. In reliability theory, scan statistics have been used in the analysis and design of a k-within-consecutive-m-out-of-n:F system of n components arranged in a linear or circular fashion. This system fails if k components fail within any segment of m consecutive components. In this article, we survey results for approximations and bounds for the system reliability of such systems. Two-dimensional scan statistics have been used in the analysis and design of a k-within-consecutive-(m1, m2)-out-of-(n1, n2): F system of n1n2 components arranged in an n1 by n2 rectangular or cylindrical lattice. This system fails if k components fail within an m1 by m2 rectangular subregion in the n1 by n2 lattice. We survey results for the approximations and bounds for system reliability of these systems. In material science, reliability of certain materials can be compromised by the appearance of a large number of microcracks in a small area or volume. We present a survey of two- and three-dimensional scan statistics that have been used in analyzing the occurrences of such microcracks. Keywords: acceptance sampling; control charts; k-within-consecutive-m-out-of-n system; k-within-consecutive-(m1; m 2)-out-of-(n1; n 2)-system; material fatigue
Factoring Numbers in 0 (log n) Arithmetic Steps

Abstract : A non-trivial factor of a composite number n can be found by performing arithmetic steps in a number proportional to the number of bits in n, and thus there are extremely short straight-line factoring programs. However, this theoretical result does not imply that natural numbers can be factored in polynomial time in the Turing-Machine model of complexity, since the numbers operated on can be as big as 2 to the power c n-squared, thus requiring exponentially many bit operations.
The Underrecognized Role of Tort Law in the U.S. Healthcare System

In considering the regulatory role of tort law in the U.S.healthcare system, the focus tends to be on medical malpractice liability. Though an important part of the role of tort law, it is by no means the only one: litigants have used tort claims to seek redress for health harms caused by pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices, as well as by products such as cigarettes. In light of the reality of the devastating health harms that have been caused by these products and the current inability of federal agencies to provide adequate protections, the larger role of tort law in the healthcare system must be taken into account. This is particularly so given the campaign to bring a halt to such litigation - product claims as well as malpractice claims - with calls for “reform” of the tort system, and, relatedly, the argument that the limited federal law governing these products preempts state tort law claims. In this essay, I explicate the great import of products-liability litigation for the U.S. healthcare system, thereby highlighting the significant role that tort law plays in that system, a role that is obscured by a narrow focus on medical malpractice liability.
Chapter 5.1 Five-membered ring systems: Thiophenes & Se, Te analogs

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the novel synthetic routes to thiophenes, selenophenes, tellurophenes, and some of their significant derivatives. This chapter discusses functionalization of heterocycles, novel molecules containing these five membered rings and their uses. A new ring closure reaction for the synthesis of thiophenes, selenophenes, and fused ring systems consisting of these heteroaromatics is discussed in this chapter. Heterocycles have played a significant role in conjugated polymers and enormous amount of literature on the molecules has been made. This chapter also discusses some of the understandings of this class of conjugated species both in the well-defined oligomeric form as well as in a higher polymeric form.
Sulfur-Deficient Transfer Ribonucleic Acid in a Cysteine-Requiring, “Relaxed” Mutant of Escherichia coli

A cysteine-requiring mutant of the parent strain Escherichia coli Hfr Cavalli (RC(rel), Met(-), lambda) has been isolated. The mutant was selected by using replica plating after mutagenesis by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The mutation appears to be in the gene for sulfite reductase, since the mutant could utilize sulfide but not sulfite as a sulfur source. The mutant was found to be RC(rel) with respect to both methionine and cysteine. During cysteine starvation, transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) deficient in 4-thiouracil was produced, and in vivo studies indicate that this tRNA can accept sulfur groups to a greater extent than normal tRNA. Further, there were differences both in the rate and extent of amino acid acceptance between normal and sulfur-deficient tRNA. This suggests that thionucleotides are involved in at least one of the biological functions of the tRNA molecule.
Neoteric solvents for asymmetric hydrogenation: supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and expanded ionic liquids

Neoteric (new) solvents such as supercritical CO2 (scCO2), ionic liquids (ILs), ILs with cosolvents, and CO2-expanded ionic liquids (EILs) offer flexible physical properties, which allow chemists and engineers to select the optimal solvent system for a specific reaction process. Homogeneously-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids was chosen for its economic interest and its multiple H2-concentration dependent behaviours. For example, with ruthenium BINAP-type catalysts, type I substrates require high H2 concentration in solution, while type II require low H2 concentration. ScCO2, ILs and EILs are highly attractive because of their contrasting properties and their potential flexibility in improving or reducing hydrogen transfer rates and thus concentrations. Several ILs were tested and compared with EILs, IL–cosolvent mixtures, scCO2, and normal methanol as media for these reactions to establish the most effective system for each substrate type. Atropic acid (type I) was hydrogenated up to 92% ee which is not better than in methanol. However, tiglic acid (type II) was hydrogenated up to 93% ee in the optimized IL system, which is significantly better than was observed in MeOH. CO2-expansion of ionic liquids affected the selectivity for both substrates, improving the selectivity for atropic acid and lowering it for tiglic acid. The solubility of the catalyst in scCO2 was measured and the antisolvent effect of H2 in scCO2 was demonstrated and discussed.
Stenotic amplification of vasoconstriction responses

Based on simple hemodynamic principles, arterial stenoses could accentuate the effects of arterial vasoconstriction by reducing intraluminal pressure. To examine this mechanism we employed an in vitro stenotic carotid artery preparation. Eight carotid arteries, obtained from anesthetized heartworm-positive dogs, were isolated and perfused with a physiological salt solution under constant pressure (100 mmHg) and with a fixed distal resistance. After creating an intraluminal stenosis, proximal pressure, distal pressure, and flow were continuously recorded as norepinephrine was incrementally added to the perfusion reservoir. At each norepinephrine concentration, arterial dimensions were recorded on 35-mm film and measured by quantitative dimensional analysis. These data were approximated by a four-parameter logistic equation. The proximal diameter data were considered to represent solely the effects of arterial vasoconstriction, while the stenotic diameter data were considered to be affected both by arterial vasoconstriction and by stenotic pressures. The stenotic diameters shortened significantly more than the proximal diameter (1.2 +/- 2 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.1 mm, P less than 0.01). The shape of the stenotic diameter dose-response curve was similar to the distal pressure curve and was significantly (P less than 0.05; - 3.4 +/- 0.7) steeper than the proximal diameter curve (-0.7 +/- 0.1). Furthermore, the half maximum effective doses (ED50) were significantly interrelated for distal pressure and stenotic diameter data and unrelated for proximal diameter data. In five additional experiments, to eliminate the stenotic pressure changes, the flow was maintained constant. Maintaining stenotic vasoconstriction response (0.6 +/- 2 mm). The results of the present study show exaggerated stenotic vasoconstriction caused by a stenotic pressure decrease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simulation of radial dopant segregation in vertical Bridgman growth of GaSe, a semiconductor with anisotropic solid-phase thermal conductivity

Abstract For a range of growth conditions of practical interest, we simulate liquid- and solid-phase dopant distributions and radial segregation for several dopants (In, Sn, Cu, Se, Zn, and Cd) in vertical Bridgman growth of the nonlinear optical material gallium monoselenide. Besides these dopants, which have been used to modify the properties of Bridgman-grown GaSe and have segregation coefficients in the range 0.01⩽ k ⩽0.3 , we also consider a hypothetical dopant with k =0.8 . The computational model accounts for the anisotropic solid-phase thermal conductivity characteristic of nonlinear optical materials, interface deformation, convection in the melt, and conduction in the ampoule wall. The results show a strong dependence of radial segregation on growth rate over the range 0.25 μm s−1⩽U⩽3 μm s−1, and a much weaker dependence on the maximum ampoule-wall temperature gradient over the range 15° C cm −1 ⩽ d T b (0)/ d z⩽60° C cm −1 . Overall radial segregation depends weakly on whether the melting temperature is “centered” between the high and low temperatures, and is insensitive to both the 23°C difference in the measured values of the melting temperature, and the large difference between the two measurements of the enthalpy of fusion. The overall radial segregation depends approximately linearly on the product of 1− k and the growth rate U over the entire range of segregation coefficients and growth rates considered. Radial segregation computed using an isotropic conductivity (one-third the trace of the conductivity tensor) gives results qualitatively different than predictions using the anisotropic conductivity. We also show how localized ampoule-wall heating in the “adiabatic” zone of a three-zone Bridgman furnace can dramatically alter radial segregation by creating one or more additional, weak, toroidal vortices just above the interface.
Does a Surgical Career Affect a Woman's Childbearing and Fertility? A Report on Pregnancy and Fertility Trends among Female Surgeons

Background Increases in pregnancy complication rates and use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) have been demonstrated in female urologists and orthopaedic surgeons when compared with the general US population. To determine if childbearing differences exist across specialties, we evaluated female surgeons in all fields, particularly with regard to fertility. Study Design An anonymous, 199-item survey was distributed via specialty female surgeon interest groups and word of mouth to general surgery, gynecology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, orthopaedics, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, podiatry, and urology. The 1,021 responses were analyzed and compared with Centers for Disease Control National Survey for Family Growth and National Institute of Health data to identify differences between populations. Results Of women surgeons, 32% reported fertility difficulty; 84% of whom underwent infertility workup. Seventy-six percent of these women used ART to attempt pregnancy. In comparison, only 10.9% of women in the general US population report infertility, and 11% seek infertility services. Of all babies born to female surgeons, at least 13% were conceived using ART. Surgeons had 1.4 biological children, less than the national average. Age at first pregnancy was 33 years, compared with a national average of 23. If ART was implemented, surgeon age at first birth increased to 35.4 years. Highest rates of infertility existed in otolaryngology (29%), general surgery (22%), and orthopaedics (18%). Conclusions Female surgeons have first pregnancies later in life, fewer children, and report more issues with infertility. Assisted reproductive technology is implemented more often by female surgeons than the general population. Differences in fertility exist between specialties and warrant additional study.
The vibrational spectra of (CH3)3MCCCCM(CH3)3, with M = C, Si, Ge, or Sn

Abstract Infrared spectra from 200 to 4000 cm−1 and Raman spectra from 80 to 4000 cm−1 have been recorded for the molecules (CH3)3MCCCCM(CH3)3 with M = C, Si, Ge, or Sn. Solid samples and solutions in several solvents have been used. Assignments of the fundamentals were made on the assumption of D3d symmetry, which proved quite satisfactory. In all, 140 of the 188 spectroscopically-active fundamentals for the four molecules have been assigned. The in-phase CC stretch is 115–135 cm−1 higher than the out-of-phase one. This is in sharp contrast to cumulated double bonds, where the in-phase stretch is roughly half the out-of-phase one. A rationalization of this is given.
Reliability and prevalence of physical performance examination assessing mobility and balance in older persons in the US: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVE: This report provides reliability and prevalence estimates by sex, age, and race/ethnicity of an observed physical performance examination (PPE) assessing mobility and balance. SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988–1994. DESIGN: A cross-sectional nationally representative survey. PARTICIPANTS: All persons aged 60 and older (n = 5403) who performed the PPE either in the mobile examination center (MEC) or in the home during NHANES III (conducted 1988–1994). MEASUREMENTS: The PPE included timed chair stand, full tandem stand, and timed 8-foot walk. RESULTS: Timed chair stand and 8-foot timed walk were reliable measurements (Intraclass Correlations > 0.5). Women were significantly slower (P < .001) than men for both timed chair stands and timed walk. Non-Hispanic white men and women did the maneuvers in significantly less time than non-Hispanic black men and women and Mexican Americans women (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity functions measured by timed chair stand and walk are reliable. Women at every age group were more physically limited than men.
Alternative paths to the transition process

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to develop alternative paths to the transition process as a result of alternative models of transition.Design/methodology/approach – A political economy methodology to the transition process results in alternative transition models. As a result five alternative models of transition come into being.Findings – Transition models can be distinguished on the basis of economic analysis, speed and the political structure. Each model recommended a set of economic policies to facilitate the transition process. The adoption of gradualist processes of transition – except in the case of shock therapy – requires a sequence by which the reforms should be introduced.Originality/value – The paper contributes to the transition literature by developing a set of economic policies combined with a sequence path for each transition model.
Poison centers at the millennium and beyond

Professor Louis Roche and several visionaries founded the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) in 1964 with the goal of improving the care of the poisoned pat...
Measurement of specific anosmia.

This paper describes the first quantitative investigation of specific anosmia or “odor blindness.” Certain Ss with an otherwise normal sense of smell are unable to perceive the sweaty odor of isobu...
A Model of a Bargaining Cooperative

This paper analyzes behavior of a cooperative of raw material producers. The cooperative sells a production input to producers, provides a "free" service to members, and bargains with processors for raw material price. One analysis assumes the cooperative's objective is maximization of the raw material price received by members. Another assumes the objective is maximization of quantity marketed through the cooperative. The cooperative has three instruments to manipulate to attain its objective. First-order maximization conditions for the two objectives are quite different from each other and from "marginal cost equals marginal revenue" conditions.
Granulomas in melanoma patients treated with BCG immunotherapy.

Autopsy slides from 22 melanoma patients who received bacille Calmette-Guerin BCG immunotherapy and who had a postmortem examination at the UCLA Center for the Health Sciences were examined for the presence of granulomas. Granulomas were found in six patients (29%) who received BCG but not in a group of 25 melanoma patients who did not have BCG immunotherapy. A number of factors were tested for correlation with the presence of granulomas in the autopsy material. Fifty-five percent of the patients who received BCG by both intralesional and time technique developed granulomas. No patients given BCG by the tine technique alone developed granulomas. No correlation was found between granulomas and the presence of symptoms after the administration of BCG, the duration of BCG immunotherapy, the patient's age, the number of BCG administrations, treatment with immunosuppressive agents, the length of survival after the last BCG administration, the presence of a positive PPD reaction, a positive history for granuloma-forming diseases and tests for immunocompetence. However, these results provide evidence that the route of BCG administration strongly influences the frequency of granulomas in melanoma patients who received BCG immunotherapy.
Prognostic and Predictive Factors for Breast Cancer.

Prognostic factors can be useful for making decisions about which patients should receive adjuvant therapy, and predictive factors can be used to predict response or lack of response to a particular therapy. We review the standard factors that are available today for primary breast cancer, and we describe some of the new, potential prognostic and predictive factors that are currently under investigation.
Evidence for cytosolic benzo(a)pyrene carrier proteins which function in cytochrome P450 oxidation in rat liver.

Abstract Solutions of cytosolic proteins from rat liver contain benzo(a)pyrene solubilizing activity capable of serving as a carrier between solid state benzo(a)pyrene and microsomal cytochrome P 450 . Fractionation of benzo(a)pyrene-saturated cytosolic proteins on a Sephadex G-100 column or by sucrose density gradients produced benzo(a)pyrene peaks of about 46,000 daltons and a very high molecular weight material. The protein-bound benzo(a)pyrene obtained in both peaks was oxidized rapidly by microsomes in the presence of NADPH, indicating that the benzo(a)pyrene carrier activity is capable of presenting the substrate to the cytochrome P 450 . Liver cytosolic proteins from rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of [ 14 C] benzo(a)pyrene was chromatographed on a column of Sephadex G-75. Radioactivity eluted at the same positions of the chromatogram as did the carrier activities described above. These results indicate that these benzo(a)pyrene carrier proteins may have an in vivo role in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene.
Till Truth Makes All Things Plain: Human Hearts and Stem Cells

All humans develop from stem cells. Each of us also has a “rescue” system of stem cells circulating in the blood and residing in our heart (and other organs) that is intended to repair injuries. However, early after birth, the heart’s ability to regenerate itself becomes impaired.1 Improving our understanding of stem cells and building on the capabilities of this system may ultimately enable researchers to use cell therapy not only to repair injuries locally but also to regenerate the whole heart and other organs. Although preclinical studies provide valuable information, proof of the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy has and will continue to come from studies in humans with cardiovascular diseases—the best model for this work. Thus, we should perform our human research of stem cell therapies as Shakespeare urged, “till truth makes all things plain” (A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act V, sc. 1, line 128). Multiple small-scale clinical studies examining the use of various types of cells for treating patients with cardiovascular diseases have shown that the therapy is safe and may provide clinical benefits.2–8 In patients with ischemic heart disease, transendocardial injections of autologous bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells,5 bone marrow–derived aldehyde dehydrogenase–bright stem cells,8 or adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal cells (PRECISE)6 have been shown to be safe. Moreover, the results of these studies have revealed that these cell types may improve myocardial function, including perfusion and contractility. In addition, intracoronary infusion of autologous c-kit+ cardiac stem cells in patients with severe coronary artery disease who underwent coronary bypass surgery was shown to be safe and to improve left ventricular (LV) function and reduce infarct scar size (SCIPIO).2 Similarly, intracoronary infusion of cardiosphere-derived cells (a mixture of resident cardiac stem cells) obtained from endomyocardial biopsy …
Hydrothermal studies of simulated defense waste glass plus basalt

The Basalt Waste Isolation Project is conducted for the US Department of Energy by Rockwell Hanford Operations. The Basalt Waste Isolation Project has undertaken an experimental program to test the behavior of defense waste glass under conditions relevant to a repository in basalt. Three autoclave experiments utilizing a nonradioactive simulated waste glass (Savannah River Laboratory Type 131/TDS-3A) have been completed. Monolithic discs and crushed glass particles were reacted with crushed basalt and synthetic basalt ground water for approx.1 yr at temperatures of 90/sup 0/C to 150/sup 0/C. The crushed glass proved considerable more reactive than the monoliths at similar temperatures. Raising the temperature from 90/sup 0/C to 150/sup 0/C produced a striking increase in the extent of glass alteration. At 150/sup 0/C, essentially all of the boron and most of the sodium in the glass particles were released. The major reaction products in all three experiments were smectite clay and zeolites. The two tests utilizing crushed glass also yielded analcime. Nickel, cesium, and strontium, important elements in defense waste, were released from the glass in small quantities. The nickel was incorporated into the clay, while the cesium was incorporated into the analcime. 19 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Photo-Ionization Cross Sections of the Elements Helium to Xenon

The quantity $\ensuremath{-}\mathcal{r}(V(\mathcal{r})$ calculated by Herman and Skillman, using the Hartree-Fock-Slater approach, is approximated by a series of straight lines. With such a potential the radial Schr\"odinger equation is exactly solvable with Whittaker functions. The bound-state eigenvalue equation is found and is used to adjust the parameters of the straight lines so that the model eigenvalues and those of Herman and Skillman are in reasonable agreement. With the discrete and continuum orbitals of the model, the photo-ionization cross section for all the shells of the elements helium-xenon are computed.
Enabling Single-Molecule Detection in Living Cells: Ultra-Sensitive Microscopy and Spectroscopy in 3D

Single-molecule approaches can now allow us to follow the movement, interactions and conformational dynamics of individual molecules in real-time, thus providing novel insights in complex biochemical systems that have remained masked in the ensemble averaging of traditional bulk biochemical approaches. However, most single-molecule experiments are based on in vitro reconstituted systems with either surface-immobilized or freely-diffusing biomolecules in dilute conditions. Observing individual biomolecules in their native, crowded intracellular environment currently remains an extremely challenging task.Pushing the limits of spatial/temporal resolution, and more importantly detection sensitivity, to enable performing single-molecule assays using fluorescently labeled biomolecules inside living cells would open many new frontiers in biochemical investigations; however few generally applicable viable approaches have been described. Here we show the theoretical basis and experimental validation of a new approach based on spatially-targeted manipulation of the fluorescence capabilities of single individual fluorophores. We show that with appropriately shaped on-off switching light-fields as well as by carefully considering the time-evolution of the fluorescent state at different xyz positions, sharper single-molecule images can be obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrate increased sensitivity in real-time detection of inter-molecular associations of individual target-probe molecular partners. Our results additionally indicate the potential for increased sensitivity using our approach to detect individual intracellular factors, such as the components of the RNA Polymerase II transcription machinery in the nucleus of single-living cells.
Structural information from electric dichroism measurements of DNA and alternating GC nucleic acids in solution: the question of base tilt

Values of the apparent intrinsic dichroism of the 260-nm transition of duplex poly(dG-dC) and poly(dG-m5dC) in both B- and Z-conformations are determined from electric dichroism (ED) measurements by extrapolation of the data at high field strengths. These values are compared to each other and to values of the intrinsic dichroism calculated for the Z- and B-forms generated respectively from the crystal structure coordinates [(1981) A. H. J. Wang, G. J. Quigley, F. J. Kolpak, G. Van der Marel, T. H. Van Boom & A. Rich, Science211, 171–176.] of the d(CpGpCpGpCpGp) hexamer and from the coordinates [(1982) A. V. Fratini, M. L. Kopka, H. R. Drew & R. E. Dickerson, J. Biol. Chem.257, 14686–14707.]. of the terminal CpGpCpGp base pairs of the crystal of straight B-form dodecamer d(CpGpCpGpApApTpTpCpGpCpGp). Direct association of the dichroism with the orientation of the optical transition moments with respect to the helix axis of poly(dG-dC) implies that the average tilt of the bases is much different than the values calculated from the structural coordinates. The experimental values for both the B- and Z-forms are, however, almost identical to those observed with fragments of “random” sequence B-form DNA of the same molecular length. It is argued that this descrepancy and other anomalies reported in the literature are due to the theoretically predicted unusual high field behavior associated with diffuse ion atmosphere polarization. Unlike either permanent dipoles or induced moments based on bond polarizabilities, the orienting dipole energy from the polarization of the counterions surrounding DNA approaches a finite limiting value, dependent on DNA length, at very high field strengths. This can result in extrapolated dichroisms that do not reflect structure at perfect orientation, but rather structure at some limiting orientation. Consequently, we believe, the conclusion drawn from ED measurements on short fragments of DNA that the bases are highly tilted from the perpendicular to the helix axis by propeller twisting or otherwise is suspect.
Optimal Estimation of Undersea Acoustic Transponder Locations

Using principles from multilateration and optimal estimation theories an approach is derived for estimating the relative positions of three or more submerged and anchored acoustic transponders. The procedure is not constrained to processing range data collected at special points or on special trajectories. While the data normally collected over transponders and between transponder pairs can be processed, simultaneous ranges from anywhere on the surface to three or more transponders can also be processed. Simulated examples involving four stations in different geometries with different range collection schemes demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
THE CELL WALL OF PYROCYSTIS SPP. (DINOCOCCALES)1,2

SUMMARY The cell of Pyrocystis spp. is covered by an outer layer of material resistant to strong acids and bases. Internal to this layer much of the cell wall is composed of cellulose fibrils. The presence of cellulose fibrils was established by staining raw and ultra-violet–peroxide-cleaned cell walls and by combining X-ray diffraction spectroscopy with electron microscope observation. Carbon replicas of freeze-etched preparations and thin sections of P. lunula walls show outer layers, inside them ca. 24 layers of crossed parallel cellulose fibrils (4–5 nm thick, ca. 12 nm wide), then a region of smaller (ca. 6–12 nm diameter) fibrils in a disperse texture, and then the plasma membrane. Cellulose fibrils in the parallel texture are constructed of 3–5 elementary fibrils ca. 3 nm in diameter. Walls of P. fusiformis and P. pseudonctiluca also have cellulose fibrils in a crossed parallel texture similar to those of P. lunula. The Gymnodinium-type swarmer from lunate P. lunula appears to have a cell wall ultrastructure typical of other “naked” dinoflagellates.
Application of adaptive optics: optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging of microscopic structures in the retina and optic nerve head

Two deformable mirrors (2DM) were used in an adaptive optics - optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) system to image in vivo microscopic retinal structures of healthy and diseased retinas. As a result, multiple morphological structures not previously seen in vivo have been visualized. Among those presented are three-dimensional representations of the fovea and optic nerve head (ONH), revealing cellular structures and micro-vasculature. Drusen in macular degeneration and photoreceptor dystrophies are also presented. Different methods for displaying volumetric AO-OCT data to facilitate visualization of certain morphological details are compared.
The New Age of Digital Circuit Cards Drives the Need for Innovative Automated Test Strategies

Almost all electronic systems are made up of a combination of CCAs (circuit card assemblies). The testing of these CCAs has significant impacts on system readiness and maintainability. The migration from parallel data buses to high speed serial buses has introduced many new challenges in interfacing prime hardware with test equipment. The number of low voltage power forms required on new boards to support multiple core voltages has also added to the complexity of test. Great increases in the density of integrated circuits and packages, and the amount of circuitry installed on prime hardware circuit cards makes probing difficult and even impossible in some cases. All of these factors make traditional CCA test techniques inadequate for testing and troubleshooting. This paper discusses many of the techniques being used to address the automated test needs in this new age of digital CCA test. The focus is on digital CCAs due to the fact that CCAs previously full of analog circuitry are being replaced with more and more digital circuitry. One item at the core of the new test philosophy is the use of FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) to drive many of the tests rather than digital 10 cards in standard test equipment. The flexibility of the FPGA in communicating with numerous interfaces as well as its ability to be reprogrammed quickly makes it a key player in digital test. Also, opportunities increase greatly for BIT (built in test) and software/firmware reuse between prime hardware and test equipment. It is essential that each of the engineers and managers involved in testing systems containing circuit cards understand the impacts of the current and upcoming technology on automated test and the strategy necessary to be successful.
High-pressure processing and preservation on food

Abstract High pressure alone or in combination with other technologies offers great potential for producing foods with natural characteristics. Pressure works independent of size and geometry of food resulting in even preservation. The preservative effect itself is influenced by a number of factors with different foods requiring different levels of pressure. Various microorganisms also vary in their response to high pressure and the effect depends on the physical state of the microorganism and the composition of the medium. Because enzymes have a high resistance to pressure, enzymatic and oxidative spoilage are the major limiting factors in shelf‐life extension of pressure‐processed foods. This paper briefly reviews the effects of high pressure on various foods, enzymes, and microorganisms; and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of this technology.