cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from Antarctica and its depositional setting

AbstrackA new fauna of late Early to early Middle Triassic vertebrates has been found in the upper member of the Fremouw Formation in the Beardmore Glacier area of Antarctica. It includes Cynognathus, a kannmeyeriid, and other therapsid (mammal-like) reptiles representing new, more derived genera of carnivorous and gomphodont cynodonts. New genera of temnospondyl amphibians belonging to the capitosauroid evolutionary complex also occur. The unusual abundance of well-preserved amphibians may offer new insights concerning the evolution and distribution patterns of early Mesozoic temnospondyls. These fossils represent only the second terrestrial vertebrate fauna from the mainland of Antarctica. The fossils occur on a prominent sandstone platform, which represents part of the exhumed channel of a braided stream deposit. The platform is over 200 metres above the well-known Lystrosaurus fauna of the lower Fremouw Formation. The locality is near the axis of a major foreland basin that paralleled the present trend of the Transantarctic Mountains. Conditions of rapid subsidence and aggradation of fluvial units were ideal for the preservation of vertebrate faunas.
Weak double layers in the auroral ionosphere

Previous work on the evolution of weak double layers in a hydrogen plasma was extended to include H(+) and O(+) with relative drift. The relative drift between hydrogen and oxygen ions due to a quasi-static parallel electric field gives rise to a strong linear fluid instability which dominates the ion-acoustic mode at the bottom of the auroral acceleration region. This ion-ion instability can modify ion distributions at lower altitudes and the subsequent nonlinear evolution of weak double layers at higher altitudes in the ion-acoustic regime. Ion hole formation can occur for smaller relative electron-ion drifts than seen in previous simulations, due to the hydrogen-oxygen two-stream instability. This results in local modification of the ion distributions in phase space, and a partial filling of the valley between the hydrogen and oxygen peaks, which would be expected at higher altitudes on auroral field lines. The observed velocity diffusion does not necessarily preclude ion hole and double layer formation in hydrogen in the ion-acoustic regime. These simulation results are consistent with the experimentally measured persistence of separate hydrogen and oxygen peaks, and the observation of weak double layers above an altitude of 3000 km on auroral field lines.
Ethanol-induced oxidative stress precedes mitochondrially mediated apoptotic death of cultured fetal cortical neurons.

In utero ethanol exposure elicits apoptotic cell death in the fetal brain, and this may be mediated by oxidative stress. Our studies utilize cultured fetal rat cortical neurons and illustrate that ethanol elicits a rapid onset of oxidative stress, which culminates in mitochondrially mediated apoptotic cell death. Cells exposed to ethanol (2.5 mg/ml) remained attached to their polylysine matrix during a 24-hr exposure, but they exhibited distinct signs of oxidative stress, decreased viability, and apoptosis. Confocal microscopy of live cortical neurons pretreated with dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate demonstrated an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 5 min of ethanol exposure. The levels of ROS further increased by 58% within 1 hr (P <.05) and by 82% within 2 hr (P <.05), accompanied by increases of mitochondrial 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). These early events were followed by decreased trypan blue exclusion of 10% to 32% (P <.05) at the 6- to 24-hr time points, respectively. This culminates in apoptotic death, with increases of Annexin V binding of 43%, 89%, 123%, and 238%, at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hr of ethanol treatment, respectively, as well as DNA fragmentation increases of 50% and 65% by 12 and 24 hr, respectively. Release of cytochrome c by mitochondria increased by 53% at 6 hr of exposure (P <.05), concomitant with activation of caspase 3 (52% at 12 hr, P <.05). Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine increased cellular glutathione and prevented apoptosis. These studies provide a time line illustrating that oxidative stress and formation of a proapoptotic lipid peroxidation product, HNE, precede a cascade of mitochondrially mediated events in cultured fetal cortical neurons, culminating in apoptotic death. The prevention of apoptosis by augmentation of glutathione stores also strongly supports a role for oxidative stress in ethanol-mediated apoptotic death of fetal cortical neurons.
Questions for pharmacist providers in clozapine clinics: Boerth

HOW DID YOU GET TO WHERE YOU ARE TODAY? WHAT TRAINING HAVE YOU HAD? I've been working as a pharmacist in mental health for over 10 years. I completed a 1-year residency in psychiatric pharmacy practice at the Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital in affiliation with the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, and remained there for one additional year as a psychiatric pharmacy fellow. During my time there, I was very grateful and fortunate to have outstanding mentorship from Dr. Charles Caley. I then pursued a clinical specialist position in psychiatric pharmacy at the VA San Diego Healthcare System, where I had the good fortune of continuing to expand my clinical endeavors under the direction of Dr. Jonathan Lacro.
An enzymic-chemical degradation of glucose☆

Abstract A procedure is described for the degradation of 14 C-labeled glucose. Glucose is converted enzymically to triose phosphates, which yield lactate upon treatment with 1 N NaOH. Lactate is then degraded chemically. The procedure is similar to the bacterial degradation involving Lactobacillus casei .
Toute décolonisation est une réussite: Les damnés de la terre and the African Spring

I’m certainly not alone in noting that the year 2011 brings, for those of us who are students of the work of Frantz Fanon, two different anniversaries. This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Les damnes de la terre , Fanon’s final book and, for many, his most lasting achievement. But it also marks the fiftieth anniversary of Fanon’s death: he died, tragically young, on December 6, 1961, not long after the book’s publication. It is no exaggeration to say that Les damnes de la terre was composed by Fanon from his deathbed, and that he was well aware that he was racing death as he rushed to complete the manuscript, as his publisher Francois Maspero remarked, “in pitiful haste.” Fanon had managed to complete it by July, although, as he told a friend, “I should have liked to have written something more.” As David Macey notes in his indispensable biography, “Fanon did see copies of his last book, but for its first readers, Les damnes de la terre was a posthumous work.” The book and Fanon’s death thus come to us bound inextricably together, fifty years later. So it would seem that we have an anniversary to celebrate (and in doing so, we would thus be celebrating the continuing relevance of a classic work, as this special issue intends us to do), but also a death to mourn. If I proceed to make a suggestion that will seem at first to be the height of perversity, let me preface it by saying that this suggestion is occasioned by what I believe to be Fanon’s greatest legacy, a legacy of unsparing intellectual and political commitment. For I want to begin by suggesting that this year brings us the mournful fact that fifty years on, Les damnes de la terre remains, in many ways, as relevant to our contemporary world as it was in 1961; but conversely, the anniversary of Fanon’s death offers us a cause for celebration.
The effect of indomethacin and substance P on the guinea pig urinary bladder.

Abstract The effects of indomethacin on the responses of the guinea pig urinary bladder to nerve stimulation, acetylcholine, adenosine 5′ triphosphate and Substance P have been investigated. Indomethacin alone had no significant effect on responses of the bladder to nerve stimulation but did significantly reduce the atropine-resistant contractions. Responses of the tissue to acetylcholine were unaffected by indomethacin but responses to Substance P were significantly reduced. Only the highest dose of ATP (10−3 M) was significantly reduced by indomethacin. The possibility that Substance P is the transmitter responsible for the atropine-resistant contractions of the urinary bladder to nerve stimulation is discussed.
Transient neonatal myasthenia gravis and pyloric stenosis

The case report describes the occurrence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a premature infant with neonatal myasthenia gravis. The infant presented for pyloromyotomy on the nineteenth day of life. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was made based on maternal history and clinical findings of poor muscle tone, weak suck, and weak cry. The anesthetic management is discussed with reference to the problems of newborn myasthenia gravis and pyloric stenosis as they relate to anesthetic drugs and techniques.
GeSi heterostructures by crystallization of amorphous layers

Abstract Heterostructure of Ge x Si 100− x layers on Si〈100〉 substrates were fabricated by solid phase growth. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, megaelectronvolt backscattering spectrometry and four-point probe measurements before and after thermal annealing. The conditions at the interface between the amorphous layer and the substrate play an important role in controlling the crystalline structure of the grown layer. With increasing content of germanium in the alloy, the onset time (delay time) for crystallization is observed to decrease. A model is developed to rationalize the crystallization behavior observed on both single-crystal silicon and SiO 2 substrates.
Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and photochemistry of a series of M(bpym)2Cl2 (M=Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II)) complexes. Precursor complexes in the preparation of polymetallic systems

Abstract The synthesis, aqueous absorption and reflectance spectra, cyclic voltammetry and ligand field photochemistry of a series of M(bpym) 2 Cl 2 (M=Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and bpym=2,2′-bipyrimidine) are reported here. Ligand field electronic spectral assignments are made by comparison to analogous M(bpy) 2 Cl 2 (s) (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine) and M(bpym) 3 2+ complexes. Ligand field absorption maxima are shifted to lower energy as a result of bpym loss vs. M(bpym) 3 2+ complexes. Metal to ligand charge transfer absorption energies increase as a result of d M orbital stabilization vs . M(bpym) 3 2+ complexes. Cyclic voltammetry indicates ring opening upon reduction of the complexes. The complexes are photochemically inert (φ max
Solution of the Schrödinger Equation with a Hamiltonian Periodic in Time

The interaction of a quantum system with an oscillating field is studied in a formalism which replaces the semiclassical time-dependent Hamiltonian with a time-independent Hamiltonian represented by an infinite matrix. The formalism is developed as a mathematical equivalent to the semiclassical treatment, and interpreted as a classical approximation to the quantum treatment of the field. Combined with a perturbation theory for two nearly degenerate states, the formalism provides a convenient method for determining resonance transition probabilities including frequency shifts and multiple quantum transitions. The theory is illustrated by a detailed study of the simple case of a two-state system excited by a strong oscillating field.
CGI scripts: A strategy for between-subjects experimental group assignment on the World-Wide Web

Psychological studies implementing the World-Wide Web as a data collection medium have traditionally been constrained to data obtained from surveys or from within-subjects comparisons. Common gateway interface (CGI) scripts, however, provide researchers with a means of collecting data for between-subjects comparisons. This paper provides a description of the information flow between the user (subject) and the experimenter by referencing a completed between-subjects assignment CGI. A current online cognitive psychology experiment serves as an example of the utility of CGIs as subject assignment mechanisms. Server-side and client-side scripts are compared for effectiveness at data collection, with these types of designs in mind.
Functional GIP Receptors Are Present on Adipocytes

In addition to its important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis, it has recently become apparent that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is also involved in different steps of lipid metabolism. GIP has been shown to stimulate the release of lipoprotein lipase from fat, as well as increase the rate of fat incorporation into adipose tissue. Moreover, GIP has been shown to increase the clearance rate of chylomicrons in the circulation and to inhibit the action of glucagon. Despite evidence for GIP effects on fat tissue, GIP receptors have not been identified in fat cells or tissues. The present study was undertaken to identify GIP receptors in isolated adipocytes, as well as to identify GIP receptors in the established fat cell line, differentiated 3T3-L1. RNAse protection analysis demonstrated the presence of GIP receptor transcripts in rat adipocytes. A polyclonal GIP receptor antiserum directed at the N-terminus of the receptor detected the presence of GIP receptors in both rat fat and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by Western blot analysis. Moreover, [125I] GIP binding assays revealed both specific and displaceable GIP binding sites in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (IC50 = 10(-9) M). When undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells, which appear to express relatively few GIP receptors, were incubated in the presence of GIP, no effect on intracellular cAMP accumulation was detected. In contrast, the inclusion of 10 nM GIP in the incubation medium increased cAMP accumulation in rat fat cells and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. This increase in cAMP accumulation was abolished with the specific GIP receptor antagonist GIP(7-30)NH2. The results of these studies indicate that GIP receptors are present in fat cells and are up-regulated when 3T3-L1 cells undergo differentiation to become adipocytes. Furthermore, the increase in intracellular cAMP accumulation detected upon ligand binding indicates that these receptors are functional.
Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World

Is the Internet erasing national borders? Will the future of the Net be set by Internet engineers, rogue programmers, the United Nations, or powerful countries? Who's really in control of what's happening on the Net? In this provocative new book, Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu tell the fascinating story of the Internet's challenge to governmental rule in the 1990s, and the ensuing battles with governments around the world. It's a book about the fate of one idea-that the Internet might liberate us forever from government, borders, and even our physical selves. We learn of Google's struggles with the French government and Yahoo's capitulation to the Chinese regime; of how the European Union sets privacy standards on the Net for the entire world; and of eBay's struggles with fraud and how it slowly learned to trust the FBI. In a decade of events the original vision is uprooted, as governments time and time again assert their power to direct the future of the Internet. The destiny of the Internet over the next decades, argue Goldsmith and Wu, will reflect the interests of powerful nations and the conflicts within and between them. While acknowledging the many attractions of the earliest visions of the Internet, the authors describe the new order, and speaking to both its surprising virtues and unavoidable vices. Far from destroying the Internet, the experience of the last decade has lead to a quiet rediscovery of some of the oldest functions and justifications for territorial government. While territorial governments have unavoidable problems, it has proven hard to replace what legitimacy governments have, and harder yet to replace the system of rule of law that controls the unchecked evils of anarchy. While the Net will change some of the ways that territorial states govern, it will not diminish the oldest and most fundamental roles of government and challenges of governance. Well written and filled with fascinating examples, including colorful portraits of many key players in Internet history, this is a work that is bound to stir heated debate in the cyberspace and globalization communities.
Introduction to Optical Methods for Characterizing Liquid Crystals at Interfaces

This Instructional Review describes methods and underlying principles that can be used to characterize both the orientations assumed spontaneously by liquid crystals (LCs) at interfaces and the strength with which the LCs are held in those orientations (so-called anchoring energies). The application of these methods to several different classes of LC interfaces is described, including solid and aqueous interfaces as well as planar and nonplanar interfaces (such as those that define a LC-in-water emulsion droplet). These methods, which enable fundamental studies of the ordering of LCs at polymeric, chemically functionalized, and biomolecular interfaces, are described in this Instructional Review on a level that can be easily understood by a nonexpert reader such as an undergraduate or graduate student. We focus on optical methods because they are based on instrumentation that is found widely in research and teaching laboratories.
Nutrient requirements and growth physiology of the photoheterotrophic Acidobacterium, Chloracidobacterium thermophilum

A novel thermophilic, microaerophilic, anoxygenic and chlorophototrophic member of the phylum Acidobacteria, Chloracidobacterium thermophilum strain BT, was isolated from a cyanobacterial enrichment culture derived from microbial mats associated with Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. C. thermophilum is strictly dependent on light and oxygen and grows optimally as a photoheterotroph at irradiance values between 20 to 50 µmol photons m-2 s-1. C. thermophilum is unable to synthesize branched-chain amino acids, L-lysine, and vitamin B12, which are required for growth. Although the organism lacks genes for autotrophic carbon fixation, bicarbonate is also required. Mixtures of other amino acids and 2-oxoglutarate stiumulate growth. As suggested from genomic sequence data, C. thermophilum requires a reduced sulfur source such as thioglycolate, cysteine, methionine, or thiosulfate. The organism can be grown in a defined medium at 51°C (Topt; range 44 to 58°C) in the pH range 5.5 to 9.5 (pHopt = ~7.0). Using the defined growth medium and optimal conditions, it was possible to isolate new C. thermophilum strains directly from samples of hot spring mats Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The new isolates differ from the type strain with respect to pigment composition, morphology in liquid culture, and temperature adaptation.
Development and use of water quality criteria and standards in the United States

Water quality criteria, as a means of distinguishing "good" water from "bad" water, have been employed for over 150 years. During the 1940s and 1950s, the formulation of water quality criteria and their role in water quality management were hotly debated in the United States as each state formulated its own approach to water pollution control. In 1965, when the federal government assumed control of water quality management in the US, a single, national approach to the formulation and use of criteria had to be selected and implemented nationwide. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the history of criteria as a basis for water quality management in the US; note the different water quality management philosophies used by states prior to 1965; and summarize the relationship of criteria to monitoring over the past 30 years. Standards, as legal instruments, are developed for a specific water body by designating a use of the water (society value) and the criteria necessary to protect the use (a scientific finding). Standard violation, as a concept, tends to remain as a single-sample exercise (i.e., the sample measurement is either above or below the standard). Increasingly, however, there is a demand to classify large bodies of water (e.g., lake, river segment, or aquifer), over a set time period, such as a day, year, or decade, as either in compliance or in violation of water quality standards. No peer-reviewed, standardized method for computing standard "violations" has been widely accepted for this purpose. The paper ends with a call to develop such methods, if water quality managers must produce standard violation information (infer sample results) over time and space.
TRANSIENT RENEWAL OF THYMOPOIESIS IN HIV-INFECTED HUMAN THYMIC IMPLANTS FOLLOWING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY

Stem cell gene therapy strategies for AIDS require that differentiation-inducing stromal elements of HIV-infected individuals remain functionally intact to support the maturation of exogenous progenitor cells into mature CD4+ cells. To investigate the feasibility of stem cell reconstitution strategies in AIDS, we used the SCID-hu mouse to examine the ability of HIV-infected CD4+ cell-depleted human thymic implants to support renewed thymopoiesis. Here we report that following treatment of these implants with antiretroviral drugs, new thymopoiesis is initiated. This suggests that antiviral therapies might allow de novo production of T lymphocytes and provides support for the concept of therapeutic strategies aimed at reconstitution of the peripheral CD4+ T-cell compartment.
Short interfering RNA confers intracellular antiviral immunity in human cells

Gene silencing mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a sequence-specific, highly conserved mechanism in eukaryotes. In plants, it serves as an antiviral defence mechanism. Animal cells also possess this machinery but its specific function is unclear. Here we demonstrate that dsRNA can effectively protect human cells against infection by a rapidly replicating and highly cytolytic RNA virus. Pre-treatment of human and mouse cells with double-stranded, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the poliovirus genome markedly reduces the titre of virus progeny and promotes clearance of the virus from most of the infected cells. The antiviral effect is sequence-specific and is not attributable to either classical antisense mechanisms or to interferon and the interferon response effectors protein kinase R (PKR) and RNaseL. Protection is the result of direct targeting of the viral genome by siRNA, as sequence analysis of escape virus (resistant to siRNAs) reveals one nucleotide substitution in the middle of the targeted sequence. Thus, siRNAs elicit specific intracellular antiviral resistance that may provide a therapeutic strategy against human viruses.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Wastes Buried in the Ground

The differences between probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and safety analysis (SA) are discussed, and it is shown that PRA is more suitable than SA for determining the acceptability of a technology. Since a PRA by the fault tree-event tree analysis method used for reactor safety studies does not seem to be practical for buried waste, an alternative approach is suggested using geochemical analogs. This method is illustrated for the cases of high-level and low-level radioactive waste and for chemical carcinogens released in coal burning.
Triolein-phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol emulsions as substrates for lipoprotein and hepatic lipases.

Lipolysis of emulsified glycerol tri[9,10-3H]oleate by lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk (E.C. 3.1.1.34) and by hepatic lipase purified from rat liver perfusate was studied as a function of the phosphatidylcholine molecular species and the cholesterol content of the emulsions. Overall, the activities of the two enzymes were similar on a molar basis. Lipoprotein lipase initial lipolysis rates also were comparable for emulsions made with egg phosphatidylcholine or with saturated (dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl) phosphatidylcholines when cholesterol was low. Increasing the cholesterol content of the emulsion from 2–3 mole percent to 7–14 mole percent reduced triolein lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase in emulsions made with saturated phosphatidylcholines. Rat hepatic lipase was more sensitive to increased cholesterol in emulsions made with saturated phosphatidylcholines than was lipoprotein lipase. The ability to maintain triolein lipolysis during longer incubations differed strikingly among the emulsions and for the two enzymes. Lymph chylomicrons were better substrates for both enzymes than any of the emulsions.
The Impact of Incomes Policy on Aggregate Wage Determination in Australia

A model of aggregate wage determination for Australia is developed and used to examine the effects of incomes policies on the level of real wages. A theoretical model of wage determination which includes several channels of incomes policy effects is specified and estimated using aggregate data. The results provide strong evidence to support the view that during periods of certain incomes policies there have been important changes in behaviour in the Australian labour market. In particular, during the period of the Prices and Incomes Accord it is estimated that equilibrium real wages were over 5 per cent below what would have been expected from previous experience.
A Mineral-Rich Red Algae Extract Inhibits Polyp Formation and Inflammation in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice on a High-Fat Diet

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mineral-rich extract derived from the red marine algae Lithothamnion calcareum could be used as a dietary supplement for chemoprevention against colon polyp formation. A total of 60 C57bl/6 mice were divided into 3 groups based on diet. One group received a low-fat, rodent chow diet (AIN76A). The second group received a high-fat “Western-style” diet (HFWD). The third group was fed the same HFWD with the mineral-rich extract included as a dietary supplement. Mice were maintained on the respective diets for 15 months. Autopsies were performed at the time of death or at the completion of the study. To summarize, the cumulative mortality rate was higher in mice on the HFWD during the 15-month period (55%) than in mice from the low-fat diet or the extract-supplemented high-fat diet groups (20% and 30%, respectively; P < .05 with respect to both). Autopsies revealed colon polyps in 20% of the animals on the HFWD and none in animals of the other 2 groups (P < .05). In addition to the grossly visible polyps, areas of hyperplasia in the colonic mucosa and inflammatory foci throughout the gastrointestinal tract were observed histologically in animals on the high-fat diet. Both were significantly reduced in animals on the low-fat diet and animals on the extract-supplemented HFWD. These data suggest that the mineral-rich algae extract may provide a novel approach to chemoprevention in the colon.
The effect of temperature on cellular reactions of Crassostrea virginica to the injection of avian erythrocytes.

Abstract Intracardial injection of chicken red blood cells (RBC) into the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, at 15–19°C elicited ingestion, digestion, and removal of the cells by the leukocytes. A rapid response of fibroblastlike cells and characteristic cell aggregates were also detected as early as 1 hr post-injection. While the former was engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to encapsulate red blood cell laden leukocytes intravascularly, the function of the latter cell type was undetermined. The process of disposing the red blood cells in the oysters under running seawater conditions was not noticeably different from that observed in the oysters under standing water conditions. In oysters previously sensitized with red blood cells, response to a challenge injection was similar to that observed following the first injection, and there was no indication that the activities of the leukocytes were enhanced. However, it was demonstrated that oyster leukocytes remained functionally viable for at least 22 days. There is evidence indicating that the number of the characteristic cell aggregates increases considerably after a secondary injection of red blood cells, although the specificity of this response is yet to be determined. At 6°C, although phagocytosis of the blood cells occurred quite extensively, leukocytes exhibited considerably low digestive and migratory activity which resulted in far less effective disposal of the blood cells. Preliminary observations also revealed possible adhesion of oyster leukocytes to the wall of blood vessels following the inoculation at this temperature.
Tunable Micro-Wigglers For Free Electron Lasers

We present the design, construction, and test results of a novel micro-wiggler structure with a periodicity of 2.4 mm for free-electron laser (FEL) applications. The experimentally demonstrated tunability of field amplitudes provides versatile means for field tapering, optical klystron configurations, improving field uniformity, and electron beam matching at the wiggler entrance.
Age, dehydration and fatigue crack growth in dentin

Abstract A preliminary study of the effects from age and dehydration on fatigue crack growth in human dentin was conducted. Compact tension (CT) fatigue specimens of coronal dentin were prepared from extracted molars and subjected to high cycle fatigue (105 m = 1 3.3 ± 1.1 ) was significantly less than that for the hydrated old ( m = 2 1.6 ± 5.2 ; p 0.0 0 3 ) and dehydrated young dentin ( m = 1 8.8 ± 2.8 ; p 0.0 1 ). Fatigue cracks in the old dentin underwent initiation at a lower stress intensity range than in young dentin and propagated at as significantly faster rate (over 100×). Differences in the microscopic features of the fracture surfaces from the old and young dentin suggested that particular mechanisms contributing to energy dissipation and crack growth resistance in the young hydrated dentin were not present in the old dentin. Based on results of this study, the fatigue crack growth resistance of human dentin decreases with both age of the tissue and dehydration.
Contextual Assessment and Treatment of Immigrants

The Contextual Assessment and Treatment Schema has been used for the last twenty years in psychological and therapeutic work in the United States and Latin America. It is used in combination with the author's Mattering Map based in contextual theory and practice. This article discusses its application with immigrant clients to the North American countries of the United States and Canada.
TH-C-L100J-04: Reproducibility of Intra-Fractional Lung Motion Probability Distribution Function (PDF) Using Dynamic MRI: Statistical Analysis

Purpose: To investigate the statistical reproducibility of probability distribution function (PDF) of intra‐fractional lung motion using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Method and Materials: 9 healthy subjects and 3 lungtumor patients underwent two continuous 5‐minutes MRI scans in the sagittal plane, repeated 2 weeks apart. Three pulmonary vessels from different lung regions (upper, middle, and lower) in healthy subjects and the lungtumors in patients were selected for tracking, and the displacement PDF reproducibility was evaluated as a function of scan time and frame rate. Results: In all 9 healthy subjects, the PDF reproducibility errors at 5‐minutes (mean 0.15, range 0.05 – 0.30) were significantly (p<0.0001) reduced compared to those at 5‐seconds (mean 0.41, range 0.25 – 0.70). In 3 patients, the PDF reproducibility errors at 5‐minutes (0.19, 0.10, 0.09 respectively) were also largely reduced from those at 5‐second (0.96, 0.41, and 0.24 respectively). PDF stabilizing time constants showed great variability among subjects (range 8 s – 374 s). 8 of 9 healthy volunteers and all 3 lungtumor patients were observed to reach PDF equilibrium state within 5 minutes. PDF reproducibility showed less sensitivity to frame rate when it is greater than 2 fps. Conclusions: A statistically significant improvement in the PDF reproducibility was observed with prolonged scan time among 12 healthy volunteers and patients with lungtumors. The improved knowledge of PDF reproducibility is a vital part of the validation of probability based inverse treatment planning for stereotactic radiosurgery of lungcancer.
Image compression using a self-organized neural network

In the research described by this paper, we implemented and evaluated a linear self-organized feedforward neural network for image compression. Based on the generalized Hebbian learning algorithm (GHA), the neural network extracts the principle components from the auto-correlation matrix of the input images. To do so, an image is first divided into mutually exclusive square blocks of size m multiplied by m. Each block represents a feature vector of m2 dimension in the feature space. The input dimension of the neural net is therefore m2 and the output dimension is m. Training based on GHA for each block then yields a weight matrix with dimension of m multiplied by m2, rows of which are the eigenvectors of the auto-correlation matrix of the input image block. Projection of each image block onto the extracted eigenvectors yields m coefficients for each block. Image compression is then accomplished by quantizing and coding the coefficients for each block. To evaluate the performance of the neural network, two experiments were conducted using standard IEEE images. First, the neural net was implemented to compress images at different bit rates using different block sizes. Second, to test the neural networks's generalization capability, the sets of principle components extracted from one image was used for compressing different but statistically similar images. The evaluation, based on both visual inspection and statistical measures (NMSE and SNR) of the reconstructed images, demonstrates that the network can yield satisfactory image compression performance and possesses a good generalization capability.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A characterization of stream temperatures in Pakistan using harmonic analysis

ABSTRACT Intermittent water temperature measurements collected during the 1961–1972 period at 60 sites on Pakistan streams were analysed for annual variability and regional patterns. Sixty-four per cent or more of the variability in stream temperatures was explained by a simple-harmonic function in 43 of the 60 cases. Regional patterns showed a negative correlation of 0.84 between the harmonic mean coefficient and measurement site altitude.
Financial self‐efficacy among women entrepreneurs

Purpose – As the number of women businesses owners grows worldwide, it is increasingly important to understand the factors which contribute to their success. While entrepreneurship research identifies access to human and financial capital as being important, fewer studies explore the role of sociocognitive factors such as self‐efficacy or confidence in one's abilities to perform a particular task. This paper aims to examine gender‐related attitudes toward financial management drawing from existing studies education, cognitive psychology, and entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach – The empirical study creates a measure of financial self‐efficacy (FSE) and highlights the importance of age and racial differences among experienced, nascent and aspiring women entrepreneurs. Firm and individual‐level data were obtained from a web survey and subsequent factor analysis and analysis of variance statistical methods utilized.Findings – Empirical findings only partially attest to the lack of confidence combine...
Carnitine transport in cultured muscle cells and skin fibroblasts from patients with primary systemic carnitine deficiency

l-Carnitine transport was studied in cultured muscle cells and skin fibroblasts of patients with primary systemic carnitine deficiency and control subjects. In both cell culture types, two systems for carnitine transport were identified. The kinetic parameters for carnitine transport were remarkably similar in cultured muscle cells and skin fibroblasts. Normal rates and kinetic properties of carnitine transport were observed for both cell lines from patients with systemic carnitine deficiency. These studies do not rule out a defect in carnitine transport in vivo.
Cadmium binding by biological ligands. 2 [1]. Formation of protonated and polynuclear complexes between cadmium and 2-mercaptoethylamine

Abstract Extensive alkalimetric titrations of the cadmium 2-mercaptoethylamine system in aqueous solutions have revealed the presence of several protonated mononuclear and polynuclear metal complexes. Nearly 600 pH measurements (glass electrode) in 14 separate titrations, were collected with a computer-controlled titrator. The solutions [25°C, 0.2 M (KNO3) ionic strength] contained 1–4 mM cadmium nitrate and 3–8 fold excess of mercaptoethylamine. The functional behavior of the data was consistent with the equilibrium model employing the species Cd(HL)22+, Cd(HL)32+, Cd(HL)42+, Cd(HL)2L+, CdL2, Cd3(HL)2L24+, and Cd3L42+, where L− is the deprotonated form of the ligand. Comparisons are drawn to some of the known properties of multi-cadmium binding proteins, called metallothioneins.
Photoaffinity receptor antagonist for human platelet thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors

9,11-Dimethylmethano -11,12-methano-16-(3-azido-4-iodophenoxy)-13,14- dihydro-13-aza-15 alpha beta-omega-tetranor TXA2 (I-PTA-PON3) was synthesized and evaluated as a potential photoaffinity probe of the human platelet thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 (TXA2/PGH2) receptor. I-PTA-PON3 inhibited the aggregation of washed human platelets induced by the TXA2 mimetic U46619 [(15S)-hydroxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic acid]. Schild analysis of the data revealed a Kd of 9.5 nM and a slope not significantly different from -1. Equilibrium binding studies using [125I]PTA-OH, a TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist, showed that I-PTA-PON3 plus photolysis resulted in a 52% reduction in the number of binding sites (1252 +/- 202/platelet) compared to the nonphotolyzed group (2557 +/- 293/platelet) (N = 5, P less than 0.05) with no significant change in the Kd. Repetition of the incubation with I-PTA-PON3 and photolysis a second time resulted in a further 77% (578 +/- 163 binding sites/platelet) reduction in the number of binding sites. Incubation of washed human platelets with I-PTA-PON3 (163 nM) followed by photolysis and removal of the non-covalently bound I-PTA-PON3 resulted in no change in the EC50 value for the TXA2 mimetic, U46619, when compared to controls that were either exposed to I-PTA-PON3 and not photolyzed or exposed only to photolysis. The second photolysis of I-PTA-PON3 resulted in a significant 42% increase in the EC50 value of U46619-induced aggregation compared to the non-photolyzed group (N = 4, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that I-PTA-PON3 is a useful probe for the study of TXA2/PGH2 receptors and that spare TXA2/PGH2 receptors may exist in the platelet.
Research Notes: Goal Congruence and Employee Orientations: The Substitution Effect

The article discusses employee reactions to goals set by management. The author identifies two research questions related to goal setting in personnel management. The first pertains to the extent t...
Vibrations Of Circular Plates Having V-notches Or Sharp Radial Cracks

Abstract This paper provides the first known free vibration data for circular plates having V-notches. A V-notch has bending moment singularities at its sharp corner due to the transverse vibratory motion. A theoretical analysis is undertaken using two sets of admissible displacement functions, (1) algebraic-trigonometric polynomials and (2) corner functions. These function sets are used with the Ritz method. The first set guarantees convergence to the exact frequencies as sufficient terms are taken. The second set represents the corner singularities exactly, and accelerates convergence greatly. Numerical results are given for non-dimensional frequencies of completely free circular plates having various notch angles and depths. As the notch angle becomes very small, a sharp radial crack ensues. Convergence studies demonstrate the necessity of adding corner functions to achieve accurate frequencies. Extensive, accurate (five significant figure) frequencies are presented for the spectrum of notch angles (0°, 1°, 5°, 10°, 30°, 60° and 90°) and depths. The effect of the Poisson ratio on the frequencies in the case of shallow notches is also investigated. Sharp notches are found to reduce each of the first six frequencies from those of a complete circular plate, whereas large notch angles can increase some of the frequencies. Nodal patterns are shown for plates having 5° notches. The first known frequencies for completely free sectorial, semi-circular and segmented plates are also given as special cases.
Stratifin (14-3-3 σ) Limits Plakophilin-3 Exchange with the Desmosomal Plaque

Desmosomes are prominent cell-cell adhesive junctions in stratified squamous epithelia and disruption of desmosomal adhesion has been shown to have dramatic effects on the function and integrity of these tissues. During normal physiologic processes, such as tissue development and wound healing, intercellular adhesion must be modified locally to allow coordinated cell movements. The mechanisms that control junction integrity and adhesive strength under these conditions are poorly understood. We utilized a proteomics approach to identify plakophilin-3 associated proteins and identified the 14-3-3 family member stratifin. Stratifin interacts specifically with plakophilin-3 and not with other plakophilin isoforms and mutation analysis demonstrated the binding site includes serine 285 in the amino terminal head domain of plakophilin-3. Stratifin interacts with a cytoplasmic pool of plakophilin-3 and is not associated with the desmosome in cultured cells. FRAP analysis revealed that decreased stratifin expression leads to an increase in the exchange rate of cytoplasmic plakophilin-3/GFP with the pool of plakophilin-3/GFP in the desmosome resulting in decreased desmosomal adhesion and increased cell migration. We propose a model by which stratifin plays a role in regulating plakophilin-3 incorporation into the desmosomal plaque by forming a plakophilin-3 stratifin complex in the cytosol and thereby affecting desmosome dynamics in squamous epithelial cells.
The use of minicomputers in structural analysis

Abstract Currently available small computer systems and their potential use in the design and analysis of structures are summarized. The use of expensive main-frame computers in structural analysis is being challenged by the availability of inexpensive minicomputers and microprocessors. However, the use of this new equipment has not been fully exploited due to the lack of software which must be tailored for small computers. The development of interactive, computer assisted, structural design has not progressed significantly in the past due to expensive computer hardware or remote time-sharing costs. The availability of powerful inexpensive computer systems within small design firms will allow the design engineer to gradually integrate interactive computer assisted design into the design process without a major investment in computer hardware. The total cost of a small computer with extended BASIC and FORTRAN IV languages is less than $10,000. In addition to the ability to perform engineering computations the same computer system can be used for administration functions such as accounting, inventory, cost estimates and word processing associated with the writing of specifications and engineering reports. The total cost of a small microcomputer may be completely justified by its use as a high or low speed remote terminal to a larger computer.
Type of Student Residence as a Factor in College Students' Alcohol Consumption and Social Normative Perceptions Regarding Alcohol Use

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine alcohol use (particularly heavy drinking) and social normative estimations of alcohol use according to student residence (fraternity, sorority, residence hall, or apartment complex). To achieve this purpose, a survey was conducted in all 34 sections of a general education core English class at a northwestern public university. Students living in fraternities, compared with males living in apartment complexes and residence halls, consumed more alcohol, engaged more frequently in heavy episodic drinking, and drank more when “partying.” A similar pattern was true for females living in sororities relative to females students living in apartment complexes and residence halls. In most cases, social normative estimations were higher than reported use among those living in fraternities, sororities, residence halls, and apartment complexes. As hypothesized, social normative estimates of alcohol use were highest among students living in fraternities and sororities...
Perceived Risk, Trust and Health-related Quality of Life Among Cancer Survivors

Background To design effective interventions that improve cancer survivors’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL), it is necessary to understand how HRQoL is related to cancer cognitions and interpersonal/social factors.
Postthoracotomy pain management using continuous epidural analgesia in 1,324 patients☆

Abstract Continuous epidural analgesia consisting of an opioid with or without a local anesthetic agent is a commonly employed technique for pain relief after thoracotomy. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the use of continuous epidural analgesia in 1,324 patients undergoing elective thoracotomy between 1987 and 1993. Epidural pain management was continued for 1 to 3 postoperative days. Patients experienced excellent pain relief, with mean visual analog pain scores of 2.4, 1.7, and 1.4 on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Side effects occurred most frequently in the first 24 hours postoperatively; the incidence of pruritus was 14.1%; nausea, 11.2%; hypotension, 4.3%; sedation, 3.3%; and numbness, 1.1%. Respiratory depression (
Mapping of two overlapping linear epitopes in Pfg27 recognized by Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies

We have reported previously the production of Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing a reduction-insensitive cross-reacting epitope in the gametocyte antigen Pfg27 and the gamete surface antigens Pfs230 and Pfs48/45. In this study, the amino acid sequence of this epitope in Pfg27 was determined. First, the epitope was localized near the N terminus of the protein by probing recombinant overlapping fragments spanning Pfg27 with transmission-blocking mAb in immunoblot experiments. The amino acid sequence of the epitope was then determined by using overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the smallest immunoreactive recombinant fragment in an ELISA. The sequence KPLDKFGNIYDYHYEH (amino acids 10-25 in the Pfg27 sequence) was shown to contain two overlapping epitopes recognized by transmission-blocking mAb. Comparison of the sequence of the gene encoding Pfg27 in seven different P. falciparum strains demonstrated that these sequential epitopes are totally conserved. Immunization of mice with synthetic peptides derived from Pfg27, conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and formulated in Freund's adjuvant or alum, resulted in the production of antibodies capable of recognizing the peptides as well as the native Pfg27.
Index Register Allocation

A procedure for index register allocation is described. The rules of this procedure are shown to yield an optimal allocation for “straight line” programs.