cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Prediction of Total Cutting Time When Crosscutting Rounds, Pipe, and Rectangular Bar With a Portable Bandsaw

Portable bandsaws are gaining in popularity for their use on jobsites to efficiently crosscut structural materials such as bar, pipe, angle, and channel. Some of the increased popularity is also due to the recent introduction of lithium ion batteries, which has further improved the portability of bandsaws by making them cordless. However, with cordless portable bandsaws, knowledge of cutting rates becomes more important as battery runtime limits productivity. Unlike industrial bandsaws that typically have feed rate control, portable bandsaws use operator applied pressure and gravity to control feed rate. While some research has highlighted the cutting mechanics of bandsaws and related wear processes, there is a lack of progress in the area of predicting total cutting time as a function of sawing parameters, such as applied thrust force, blade speed, workpiece material properties, and geometry of the cross section. This paper presents research that was conducted to develop and experimentally verify a mechanistic model to predict cutting rates of various cross sections with a gravity fed portable bandsaw. The model was used to predict the time required to cut steel tube for several conditions of thrust force and blade speed. Model predictions were verified by experiment to a reasonable degree of accuracy. The model serves as the algorithm for a software application to assist contractors in developing jobsite estimates of time and material.© 2012 ASME
The impact of changing economic conditions on overweight risk among children in California from 2008 to 2012

Background The recent economic recession represents an opportunity to test whether decreases in economic resources may have deleterious consequences on childhood overweight/obesity risk. Methods We investigated the association between indicators of changing macroeconomic conditions from 2008 to 2012 and overweight/obesity risk among school-aged children in California (n=1 741 712) using longitudinal anthropometric measurements. Multivariate regression, with individual and county fixed effects, was used to examine the effects of annual county-level unemployment and foreclosure rates on risk of child overweight/obesity, overall and among subgroups (race/ethnicity, sex, county-level median household income and county-level urban/rural status). Results From 2008 to 2012, ∼38% of children were overweight/obese and unemployment and foreclosure rates averaged 11% and 6.9%, respectively. A 1-percentage point (pp) increase in unemployment was associated with a 1.4 pp (95% CI 1.3 to 1.5) increase in overweight/obesity risk. Therefore, a child of average weight could expect a 14% increase in their body mass index z-score in association with a 1 pp increase in unemployment during the study period. We found some differences in the magnitude of the effects for unemployment among demographic subgroups, with the largest effects observed for unemployment among American Indians and Pacific Islanders. Conclusions Comparing children to themselves over time, we provide evidence that increases in county-level unemployment are associated with increased overweight/obesity risk. Given that overweight among children with lower economic resources remains a challenge for public health, these findings highlight the importance of policy-level approaches, which aim to mitigate the impact of decreased resources as economic conditions change.
Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease.

SUMMARY Proper use of postmenopausal hormone replacement has been the subject of debate for decades. Prevailing medical opinion has swung between enthusiastic endorsement and extreme caution. The wave of optimism over estrogen’s beneficial effects on menopausal symptoms and skeletal health was temporarily set back by the evidence that linked estrogen to endometrial cancer. Once studies showed that progestogen cotherapy could protect against this adverse effect, physicians were again encouraged to prescribe hormone replacement. Since 1980, increasing epidemiologic and experimental evidence has suggested a hitherto unappreciated and immense CHD health benefit from use of postmenopausal estrogen therapy. Although addition of progestogen may offset the cardiovascular benefits of estrogen slightly, its use is reasonable and practical. No woman need be subjected to unopposed estrogen’s carcinogenic effects on her endometrium. Based on available evidence, hormone replacement therapy, appropriately administered, is both safe and beneficial. Unfortunately, there is no single way to prescribe it. The treating physician must make a series of best judgments. Practically speaking, this entails, in each case, finding the form of therapy that is acceptable to the patient and that provides the greatest health benefits with the least likelihood of adverse affects. Our prescribing habits have evolved in the last 15 to 20 years. We have better discrimination of the woman most likely to benefit; improved therapy through use of newer formulations, dosages, routes, and schedules; and more appropriate implementation of monitoring procedures. Although questions remain, we should not let our imperfect knowledge dissuade us from more widespread prescribing of hormone replacement therapy.
Estimating a starting model for full-waveform inversion using a global optimization method

ABSTRACTFull-waveform inversion (FWI) has become a popular method to estimate elastic earth properties from seismograms. It is formulated as a data-fitting least-squares minimization problem that iteratively updates an initial velocity model with the scaled gradient of the misfit until a satisfactory match between the real and synthetic data is obtained. However, such a local optimization approach can converge to a local minimum if the starting model used is not close enough to an optimal model. We have developed a two-step process in which we first estimate a starting model using a global optimization method. Unlike local optimization methods, a global optimization method starts with a random starting model and is not generally susceptible to be trapped in a local minimum. The starting model for FWI that we aim to estimate is sparsely parameterized and contains a set of interfaces and velocities that are used to represent the entire velocity model. We have obtained the depth of the interfaces and the vel...
Third Person References: Forms and functions in two spoken genres of Spanish

This volume, a case study on the grammar of third person references in two genres of spoken Ecuadorian Spanish, examines from a discourse-analytic perspective how genre affects linguistic patterns and how researchers can look for and interpret genre effects. This marks a timely contribution to corpus linguistics, as many linguists are choosing to work with empirical data. Corpus based approaches have many advantages and are useful in the comparison of different languages as well as varieties of the same language, but what is often overlooked in such comparisons is the genre of language under examination. As this case study shows, genre is an important factor in interpreting patterns and distributions of forms. The book also contributes toward theories of anaphora, referentiality and Preferred Argument Structure. It is relevant for scholars who work with referentiality, genre differences, third person references, and interactional linguistics, as well as those interested in Spanish morphosyntax.
Classes of β − γ mixing and E 0 transitions in deformed nuclei

We investigate the effects of $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ mixing using branching ratios between the ${2}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{+}$ level and the ground state band in well-deformed nuclei. We find that the deviations from the well-known Alaga rules vary as a function of the energy separation between the ${2}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{+}$ and ${2}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ levels. For nuclei where these two intrinsic excitations are nearly degenerate, we find two classes of behavior. For one of those, the systematics can be reproduced in a simple bandmixing formalism but only with an anomalously strong interaction strength between the ${2}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{+}$ and ${2}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ levels, on the order of tens of keV. This result is supported by $X(E0/E2;{2}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2}_{1}^{+}$) values that are large for these nuclei (where measured), indicating significant $K=0$ components in the ${2}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{+}$ levels. In the other class, there is virtually no mixing. These nuclei have previously been associated with near-SU(3) structure.
IRF-4 Functions as a Myeloid Tumor Suppressor.

Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4, also know as pip, LSIRF, ICSAT and MUM1) is a transcription factor with well-characterized functions in B and T cell development and immune response regulation. Though its expression has been demonstrated in macrophages, its function in the myeloid system is not as well characterized. The closely related IRF family member IRF-8 (ICSBP) has more clearly defined functions in the myeloid system. IRF-8 is a critical regulator of myelopoiesis, and its loss has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). IRF-8 deficient mice manifest a CML-like syndrome, and we have shown previously that forced expression of IRF-8 in a BCR/ABL-induced murine model of CML represses the resulting myeloproliferative disease and prolongs survival. In the B-cell system, we have found that IRF-4 and IRF-8 function redundantly at the pre-B-to-B transition point of development. In this study we investigate whether IRF-4 and IRF-8 may also have overlapping function in myeloid cells. Our results show that mice deficient in both IRF-4 and IRF-8 develop from a very early age a more aggressive CML-like disease than mice deficient in IRF-8 alone. Bone marrow progenitors from IRF-4/8 DKO mice have increased proliferation, GM-CSF stimulated granulocytic differentiation, and colony-forming capacity compared to progenitors from WT or single KO mice. These data suggest that IRF-4 plays a role in myeloid lineage development and may act to suppress proliferation and granulocytic differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. We further examined if, like IRF-8, IRF-4 is able to suppress BCR/ABL mediated transformation. We used a murine stem cell virus vector to co-express BCR/ABL and either IRF-4 or IRF-8 in BM progenitor cells and assessed colony forming capacity of infected cultures as well as the ability of IRF-4 to suppress BCR/ABL induced CML-like disease in a murine model. Our results demonstrate that IRF-4 potently suppresses BCR/ABL induced colony formation and that forced expression of IRF-4 suppresses BCR/ABL-induced CML-like disease in mice even more potently than IRF-8. These results provide direct evidence that IRF-4 is an important myeloid tumor suppressor and may allow elucidation of new molecular pathways significant to the pathogenesis of human CML.
Affect-Aware Intelligent Environment Using Musical Cues as an Emotion Learning Framework

This position paper posits the use of an individual's affective response to musical cues as a means of designing an implicit communication channel between the user and their immediate computing infrastructure in the form of an intelligent environment. Interaction design for a sensor-rich intelligent environment is a challenging problem, often arising from the dynamic nature of such pervasive systems having no fixed set of interaction devices or users. However, the knowledge of a user's affective responses to known musical cues may provide a learning framework for inferring affective states such as stress or frustration. This, in turn, may be used by the intelligent environment to assess the user's (dis)approval of the services it provides, helping it to refine its services to better suit the user's immediate needs.
Li3Y(PS4)2 and Li5PS4Cl2: New Lithium Superionic Conductors Predicted from Silver Thiophosphates using Efficiently Tiered Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We report two novel, earth-abundant lithium superionic conductors, Li3Y(PS4)2 and Li5PS4Cl2, that are predicted to satisfy the necessary combination of good phase stability, high Li+ conductivity, wide band gap and good electrochemical stability for solid electrolyte applications in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. These candidates were identified from a high-throughput first-principles screening of the Li–P–S ternary and Li–M–P–S (where M is a non-redox-active element) quaternary chemical spaces, including candidates obtained by replacing Ag with Li in the Ag–P–S and Ag–M–P–S chemical spaces. An efficient tiered screening strategy was developed that combines topological analysis with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to exclude rapidly candidates unlikely to satisfy the stringent conductivity requirements of lithium superionic conductors. In particular, we find Li3Y(PS4)2 to be an extremely promising candidate exhibiting a room-temperature Li+ conductivity of 2.16 mS/cm, which c...
Fuzzy Based Controller for Lidar Sensor of an Autonomous Vehicle

Abstract The transportation methodologies followed nowadays have evolved a lot with the implementation of embedded features in it. With the trends in today's autonomous vehicles driven by batteries with electric drives (EVs), the present paper deals with one of the key features of autonomous vehicle, Fuzzy based Lidar sensor model. The present paper focus on the sensing features of LiDAR sensor with fuzzy based control model with respect to movement of the vehicle with the parameters like braking and throttle values referred to distance of the object from the vehicle. The model describes the complete analysis on fuzzy based Lidar sensor in forward direction of the vehicle by developing control loop, fuzzy rules and validating the loop using MATLAB. fis model, python, processing code with arduino environment.
Impact induced depolarization of ferroelectric materials

We study the large deformation dynamic behavior and the associated nonlinear electro-thermo-mechanical coupling exhibited by ferroelectric materials in adiabatic environments. This is motivated by a ferroelectric generator which involves pulsed power generation by loading the ferroelectric material with a shock, either by impact or a blast. Upon impact, a shock wave travels through the material inducing a ferroelectric to nonpolar phase transition giving rise to a large voltage difference in an open circuit situation or a large current in a closed circuit situation. In the first part of this paper, we provide a general continuum mechanical treatment of the situation assuming a sharp phase boundary that is possibly charged. We derive the governing laws, as well as the driving force acting on the phase boundary. In the second part, we use the derived equations and a particular constitutive relation that describes the ferroelectric to nonpolar phase transition to study a uniaxial plate impact problem. We develop a numerical method where the phase boundary is tracked but other discontinuities are captured using a finite volume method. We compare our results with experimental observations to find good agreement. Specifically, our model reproduces the observed exponential rise of charge as well as the resistance dependent Hugoniot. We conclude with a parameter study that provides detailed insight into various aspects of the problem.
Case 74: Complete Heart Block During Central Line Placement

An 85-year-old man is scheduled for a mitral valve replacement. He is 180 lbs and 5′9″ (ASA 3). His past history includes hypertension, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and severe mitral stenosis. The ECG shows a sinus rhythm (SR) with a left bundle branch block (LBBB).
Locality aware memory assignment and tiling

With the trend toward specialization, an efficient memory-path design is vital to capitalize customization in data-path. A monolithic memory hierarchy is often highly inefficient for irregular applications, traditionally targeted for CPUs. New approaches and tools are required to offer application-specific memory customization combining the benefits of cache and scratchpad memory simultaneously. This paper introduces a novel approach for automated application-specific on-chip memory assignment and tiling. The approach offers two major tools: (1) static memory access analysis and (2) variable-level memory assignment. Static memory analysis performs at the LLVM abstraction. It extracts target-independent pointer behaviors, measures the access strides and analyze the prefetchability of variables. (2) variable-level memory assignment creates a memory allocation graph for memory assignment (cache vs. scratchpad) based on the variables size and their estimated locality. It also explores the opportunity for tiling memory access. For the exploration and results, this paper uses Machsuite benchmarks (with both regular & irregular memory access behaviors), and gem5-Aladdin tool for performance & power evaluation. The proposed approach optimizes the memory hierarchy by automatically combining the benefits of cache, (tiled-) scratchpad at variable level granularity per individual applications. The results demonstrate more than 45% improvement in our power-stall product, on average, over the monolithic cache or scratchpad design.
Demographic and Social Issues of Same-Sex Adoptions

A demographic analysis of adoption would be incomplete unless it addressed the current issue of gay males and lesbians as adoptive parents. This chapter addresses social and demographic issues related to gay male and lesbian adoption. First, is the background of the social, political, and psychological issues related to gay male and lesbian adoptions. Second, is the current (as of March 2010) status of legal marriage and adoption by state; noting differences by state in single parent, joint, second parent adoptions and foster care. Third, is an exploration of intercountry-adoptions to the U. S. by gay males and lesbians using data from The Hague Convention and the U.S. State Department to identify countries that allow or exclude adoptions by single parents, gay males, or lesbians. Fourth, are results of a demographic analysis of same-sex adoptions using IPUMS 5 percent sample of the U.S. 2000 census. Finally, this analysis is supplemented with the admittedly limited survey data: the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle 6 Attitude Question; the Evan B. Donaldson Institute National Survey of adoption and foster care agencies; and the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP).
Systematik der glenohumeralen und akromioklavikulären Arthrose

Eine haufige Ursache der Omarthrose ist die Mikro- und Makroinstabilitat, oft infolge von Luxationen. Bei veranderter Biomechanik kommt es im Verlauf zu Anpassungsreaktionen mit Ausbildung von Osteophyten am Unterrand des Humeruskopfs und Knorpeldefekten v. a. am Glenoid. Die Omarthrose ist haufig koexistent mit anderen Veranderungen der Schulter. In fortgeschrittenem Stadium begunstigen sich Defekte der Rotatorenmanschette und eine Omarthrose gegenseitig. Degenerative Veranderungen des Akromioklavikular(AC)-Gelenks kommen im Alter regelhaft vor, sind oft asymptomatisch und korrelieren nur masig mit der Klinik. Eine symptomatische AC-Gelenk-Arthrose ist jedoch haufig koexistent mit degenerativen Veranderungen des Glenohumeralgelenks. Rontgenaufnahmen sind Teil der Basisdiagnostik, korrelieren jedoch schlecht mit der klinischen Symptomatik und sind nicht geeignet, um Fruhzeichen der Arthrose zu erkennen. Die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) weist eine deutlich hohere Sensitivitat zur Detektion von Knorpellasionen auf und zeigt relevante Weichteilbefunde wie Labrum- und ligamentare Veranderungen, die im Rahmen einer Instabilitat auftreten konnen. Bei der Diagnostik der Arthrose des AC-Gelenks ist die MRT den anderen Methoden in der Detaildiagnostik uberlegen, insbesondere um klinisch relevante Befunde wie ein periartikulares Knochenmarkodem oder eine begleitende AC-Gelenk-Kapsulitis beurteilen zu konnen. Fruhe degenerative Veranderungen lassen sich mittels Rontgen nicht erkennen, bei klinischem Verdacht sollte eine MRT erfolgen Bei MRT-Untersuchungen ist die intravenose Gabe von Kontrastmittel zur Beurteilung des Ausmases einer Synovialitis bei symptomatischer Arthrose sinnvoll. Zur Planung des Gelenkersatzes sollte eine Schnittbildgebung erfolgen.
The Impact of Skin Color on Mental and Behavioral Health in African American and Latina Adolescent Girls: A Review of the Literature

This chapter examines the current literature regarding the significance of skin color and colorism in the lives of African American adolescent girls and Latinas. Issues regarding how girls are socialized to adopt colorist attitudes, how those attitudes impact adolescent girls, and the detrimental health effects of colorism are explored. Concerns related to psychological well-being, behavioral health, and physical health outcomes are also addressed. Additional attention is paid to the dearth of literature on the topic and the importance of future research to address the issues faced by girls of these ethnic groups.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN THE LENS.

Most arnino acids usually found in other tissues are present in the lens. In the rabbit all of these compounds are in concentrations higher than those in the aqueous humors and much higher than concentrations in vitreous humor. Accumulation takes place through active transport by processes which require glucose, the anaerobic utilization of which can provide all the energy needed to maintain normal concentration gradients. The mechanisms responsible for transport of amino acids are probably confined to the epithelium, are highly temperature dependent, can be inhibited by various metabolic poisons and selectively, in varying degrees, by each other. At least three systems, one each for neutral, acidic, and basic amino acids, appear to be involved in their active transport. The steady state concentration of amino acids in the lens is determined by the balance between the rate of entrance through active transport and exit by diffusion. -L ifty years ago Van Slyke and Meyer 1 traced ammo acids from the intestine into the blood, then into the tissues where they were found to be concentrated five- to tenfold. Only in recent years has the concentration of amino acids in the lens been shown to exceed that in the ocular fluids which bathe it, 2 and have investigations of factors concerned with their accumulation led to some clarification of the kinetics and site of action of the systems responsible for active transport. 3 " 5 Accumulation and transport, when applied to exchange of substances between the lens and its environment, are not the same things. Accumulation is the difference between the quantity of a substance that enters and leaves it by any means, and is
Template specificity changes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in B. subtilis during sporulation☆☆☆

Abstract Previous work has indicated that loss of ability of DNA dependent RNA polymerase, from stationary phase cultures of B. subtilis , to transcribe phage oe DNA was a sine qua non for sporulation. To ascertain if this change in template specificity was sporulation-specific, we repeated these experiments using a defined sporulation medium. The changes observed previously did not occur in the defined medium although sporulation was normal. The ability of the enzyme to transcribe other DNA templates was also examined. Similar studies were carried out using a polymerase from a rifamycin-resistant, sporulation conditional mutant. The significance of these findings with regard to the regulation of sporulation in B. subtilis is discussed.
Controller Synthesis with Budget Constraints

We study the controller synthesis problem under budget constraints. In this problem, there is a cost associated with making an observation, and a controller can make only a limited number of observations in each round so that the total cost of the observations does not exceed a given fixed budget. The controller must ensure some i¾?-regular requirement subject to the budget constraint. Budget constraints arise in designing and implementing controllers for resource-constrained embedded systems, where a controller may not have enough power, time, or bandwidth to obtain data from all sensors in each round. They lead to games of imperfect information, where the unknown information is not fixed a priori, but can vary from round to round, based on the choices made by the controller how to allocate its budget. We show that the budget-constrained synthesis problem for i¾?-regular objectives is complete for exponential time. In addition to studying synthesis under a fixed budget constraint, we study the budget optimization problem, where given a plant, an objective, and observation costs, we have to find a controller that achieves the objective with minimal average accumulated cost (or minimal peak cost). We show that this problem is reducible to a game of imperfect information where the winning objective is a conjunction of an i¾?-regular condition and a long-run average condition (or a least max-cost condition), and this again leads to an exponential-time algorithm. Finally, we extend our results to games over infinite state spaces, and show that the budget-constrained synthesis problem is decidable for infinite state games with stable quotients of finite index. Consequently, the discrete time budget-constrained synthesis problem is decidable for rectangular hybrid automata.
Postpartum Diagnosis of Cardiac Paraganglioma: A Case Report.

Abstract Background Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, or paragangliomas, originate from neural crest chromaffin cells and can be found anywhere along the sympathetic chain from head to toe. Case Report A 34-year-old female presented 4 days postpartum with episodes of palpitations, hypertension, and shortness of breath. Two episodes in the emergency department confirmed hypertension and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). A mediastinal mass was noted during workup for pulmonary embolus and was subsequently diagnosed as a cardiac paraganglioma. Our patient underwent surgical resection and was doing well 3 months postoperatively. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case represents a rare presentation of mediastinal paraganglioma with episodic SVT and hypertension postpartum, diagnosed during workup for pulmonary embolus. Although exceedingly rare, emergency physicians should consider paragangliomas in the differential of pregnant or postpartum women who present with episodic hypertension, palpitations, headache, and sweating.
ORIF versus arthroplasty for open proximal humerus fractures: Nationwide Inpatient Sample data between 1998 and 2013

Limited data exists in analyzing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and arthroplasty in the management of open proximal humerus fractures. We analyzed differences in hospital course between these procedures, patient demographics, complication rate, length of stay, hospital charges, and mortality rate. This is a retrospective review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. ICD-9 codes identified patients hospitalized for open proximal humerus fractures from 1998 to 2013 who underwent ORIF or shoulder arthroplasty (hemi-, total, or reverse). Demographics and in-hospital complications were compared. Logistic regression controlling for age, gender, and Deyo index tested the impact of ORIF vs ARTH on any complications. Seven hundred thirty patients were included (ORIF, n = 662 vs ARTH, n = 68). ORIF patients were younger (p < 0.001), more likely to be males (p < 0.001), and had a lower Deyo score (p = 0.012). Both groups had comparable complication rates (21.4% vs 18.0%, p = 0.535), lengths of stay (7.86 days vs 7.44 days, p = 0.833), hospital charges ($76,998 vs $64,133, p = 0.360), and mortality rates (0.2% vs 0%, p = 0.761). Type of surgery was not a predictor of any complications (OR = 0.67 [95% CI 0.33–1.35], p = 0.266), extended length of stay (OR = 1.01 [95% CI 0.58–1.78], p = 0.967), or high hospital charges (OR = 1.39 [95% CI 0.68–2.86], p = 0.366). We revealed no differences in hospital course between ORIF and arthroplasty for management of open proximal humerus fractures. Although differences in demographics existed, no differences in complication rates, length of stay, hospital charges and mortality rates were noted. Future studies can evaluate the long-term outcomes of these procedures. Level III.
Ordered opening of LDL receptor binding domain of human apolipoprotein E3 revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein that plays a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis. The N-terminal (NT) domain of apoE3 (residues 1–191) is folded into a helix bundle comprised of 4 amphipathic α-helices: H1, H2, H3 and H4, flanked by flexible helices N1 and N2, and Hinge Helix 1 (Hinge H1), at the N-and C-terminal sides of the helix bundle, respectively. The NT domain plays a critical role in binding to the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which eventually leads to lowering of plasma cholesterol levels. In order to be recognized by the LDLR, the helix bundle has to open and undergo a conformational change. The objective of the study was to understand the mechanism of opening of the helix bundle. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed that apoE3 NT domain adopts several disordered and unfolded regions, with H2 exhibiting relatively little protection against exchange-in compared to H1, H3, and H4. Site-directed fluorescence labeling indicated that H2 not only has the highest degree of solvent exposure but also the most flexibility in the helix bundle. It also indicated that the lipoprotein behavior of H1 was significnatly different from that of H2, H3 and H4. These results suggest that the opening of the helix bundle is likely initiated at the flexible end of H2 and the loop linking H2/H3, and involves movement of H2/H3 away from H1/H4. Together, these observations offer mechanistic insight suggesting a regulated helix bundle opening of apoE3 NT domain can be triggered by lipid binding.
Preoperative predictors of choledocholithiasis in patients presenting with acute calculous cholecystitis

Background and Aims Markedly increased liver chemistries in patients presenting with acute calculous cholecystitis (AC) often prompt an evaluation for concomitant choledocholithiasis (CDL). However, current guidelines directing the workup for CDL fail to address this unique population. The aims of this study are to define the range of presenting laboratory values and imaging findings in AC, develop a model to predict the presence of concurrent CDL, and develop a management algorithm that can be easily applied on presentation. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients presenting with AC to a large tertiary hospital over a 3.5-year period. CDL was defined as common bile duct (CBD) stone(s), sludge, or debris seen on any of the following studies: US, CT, magnetic resonance imaging/MRCP, EUS, ERCP, or intraoperative cholangiogram. A multivariable model to predict CDL was developed on 70% of the patients and validated on the remaining 30%. Results A total of 366 patients were identified and 65 (17.8%) had concurrent CDL. Univariable analysis was used to predict CDL and demonstrated statistically significant odds ratios for transaminases >3 times the upper limit of normal, alkaline phosphatase (AlkPhos) above normal, lipase >3 times the upper limit of normal, total bilirubin ≥1.8 mg/dL, and CBD diameter >6 mm. In the validation cohort, an optimal model containing alanine transaminase (ALT) >3 times the upper limit of normal, abnormal AlkPhos, and CBD diameter >6 mm was found to have an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.91. When 0 or 1 risk factors were present, 98.6% of patients did not have CDL. When all 3 risk factors were present, 77.8% were found to have CDL. Conclusions The prevalence of CDL is high among patients with AC. When a validated model is used, application of cutoffs for ALT, AlkPhos, and CBD diameter can effectively triage patients with low and high likelihood for CDL to surgery or ERCP, respectively.
Effect of Flow Interaction between Median Paired and Caudal Fins on Propulsion

In this study, the effects of fin stroke phase offset, flapping frequency, and freestream flow speed on thrust production are investigated for a median paired (pectoral) fin – caudal fin configuration. Fin geometries and kinematics are selected to be representative of common bio-inspired unmanned vehicles as well as the fish that inspire them, and for this study the fins are rigid to limit the variable parameter space. Experimental results demonstrate a significant correlation between freestream flow speed and thrust-optimal stroke phase offset, as well as between fin flap speed and thrust-optimal stroke phase offset. The results also highlight differences between the time-histories of thrust at high- and low-thrust generating stroke phase offsets suggesting a significant difference in wake signatures. This study provides the foundation for development of a comprehensive analytical tool for flapping fin and vehicle design.
A checklist manifesto: Can a checklist of common diagnoses improve accuracy in ECG interpretation?

Abstract Objective To determine whether a checklist of possible etiologies for syncope provided alongside ECGs helps Emergency Medicine (EM) residents identify ECG patterns more accurately than with ECGs alone. Methods We developed a test of ten ECGs with syncope-related pathology from ECG Wave-Maven. We reviewed the literature and used expert consensus to develop a checklist of syncope-related pathologies commonly seen and diagnosed on ECGs. We randomized residents from three New York EM residency programs to interpret ECGs with or without a checklist embedded into the test. Results We randomized 165 residents and received completed tests from 100 (60%). Of those who responded, 39% were interns, 23% PGY2s, and 38% were PGY3s or PGY4s. We found no significant difference in overall test scores between those who read ECGs with a checklist and those who read ECGs alone. In post-hoc analysis, residents given a checklist of syncoperelated etiologies were significantly more likely to recognize Brugada (96% vs. 78%, p = 0.007), long QT (86% vs. 68%, p = 0.03) and heart block (100% vs 78%, p = 0.003) as compared to those without a checklist. Those with a checklist were more likely to overread normal ECGs (72% vs 35%, p = 0.0001) compared to those without a checklist, finding pathology where there was none. Conclusion Using a checklist with common syncope-related pathology when interpreting an ECG for a patient with clinical scenario of syncope may improve residents' ability to recognize some clinically important pathologies; however it could lead to increased interpretation and suspicion of pathology that is not present.
Mental Health across Motherhood Status: An Examination of Mediating Factors:

Motherhood represents a valued status in American culture especially for biological mothers within stable first-marriages. Focusing on partnered women, this study examined how and why mental health...
Autologous and allogeneic transplantation for aggressive T-cell lymphomas: A single institution experience

8558 Aggressive T-cell lymphomas (ATCL) represent 10–15% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and have a worse prognosis than aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Both autologous (Auto) and allogeneic (Allo) stem cell ...
When and how frontline service employee authenticity influences purchase intentions

Abstract In this manuscript, we investigate the central role of perceived frontline service employee (FSE) authenticity and the process by which it impacts purchase intentions, taking into account the represented brand's authenticity. While brand authenticity has previously been shown to enhance consumer outcomes, we find that FSE authenticity is a separate significant predictor of purchase intentions. Further, we find that FSE authenticity enhances purchase intentions by increasing perceived trust and perceived quality. However, this finding only holds for brands that do not emphasize their authenticity, indicating that brand managers should differentially emphasize FSE authenticity based on their brand's positioning. Furthermore, we investigate the robustness of these effects across both experience and credence services, and find that FSE authenticity is especially important in credence service contexts.
Integrating math and science content through covariational reasoning: the case of gravity

Integrating mathematics content into science usually plays a supporting role, where students use their existing mathematical knowledge for solving science tasks without exhibiting any new mathemati...
Comparison of universal screening in major lynch-associated tumors: a systematic review of literature

Lynch syndrome (LS) is associated with an increased lifetime risk of several cancers including colorectal (CRC), endometrial (EC), ovarian (OC), urinary (UT) and sebaceous tumors (ST). The benefit for universal screening in CRC and EC is well known. However, this benefit in other major lynch-associated tumors is unclear. We performed a systematic review of all published articles in the MEDLINE database between 2005 to 2017 to identify studies performing universal screening for LS in unselected CRC, EC, OC, UT and ST. All cases with MSI-H (instability in two or more markers) or missing one or more proteins on IHC testing were considered screening positive. Cases with MLH1 promoter hypermethylation or BRAF mutation positive were considered to have somatic mutations. A total of 3788 articles were identified in MEDLINE yielding 129 study arms from 113 studies. The overall pooled yield of universal LS screening and germline mismatch gene mutation was significantly different across the major LS-associated tumors (Mann Whitney test, p < 0.001). The pooled screening yield was highest in ST [52.5% (355/676), 95% CI 48.74–56.26%] followed by EC [22.65% (1142/5041), 95% CI 21.54–23.86%], CRC [11.9% (5649/47,545), 95% CI 11.61–12.19%], OC [11.29% (320/2833), 95% CI 10.13–12.47%] and UT [11.2% (31/276), 95% CI 7.48–14.92%]. ST also had the highest pooled germline positivity for mismatch repair gene mutation [18.8%, 33/176, 95%CI 13.03–24.57], followed by EC [2.6% (97/3765), 95% CI 2.09–3.11], CRC [1.8% (682/37,220), 95% CI 1.66–1.94%], UT [1.8%(3/164), 95% CI − 0.24–3.83%] and OC [0.83%(25/2983), 95% CI 0.48–1.12%]. LS screening in EC yielded significantly higher somatic mutations compared to CRC [pooled percentage 16.94% [(538/3176), 95%CI 15.60–18.20%] vs. 5.23% [(1639/26,152), 95% CI 4.93–5.47%], Mann Whitney test, p < 0.0001. Universal LS testing should be routinely performed in OC, UT and STs in addition to CRC and EC. Our findings also support consideration for IHC and somatic mutation testing before germline testing in EC due to higher prevalence of somatic mutations as well as germline testing in all patients with ST. Our results have implications for future design of LS screening programs and further studies are needed to assess the cost effectiveness and burden on genetic counselling services with expanded universal testing for LS.
Smoking-Induced Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 4000 chemicals, many of which exert toxic effects on cellular function. In addition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer, cigarette smokers may develop diffuse interstitial and bronchiolar disorders. These diffuse lung diseases are referred to as “smoking-related interstitial lung diseases,” a term that recognizes the causal association with cigarette smoking. Several of the cigarette smoking-induced diffuse lung diseases are associated with pulmonary parenchymal cystic change. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of cigarette smoking-induced cystic lung disease development and clinical characterization and management of smoking-induced cystic lung disease.
Controls on Greenland moulin geometry and evolution from theMoulin Shape model

Abstract. Nearly all meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets is routed englacially through moulins, which collectively comprise approximately 10–14 % of the efficient englacial–subglacial hydrologic system. Therefore, the geometry and evolution of moulins has the potential to influence subglacial water pressure variations, ice motion, and the runoff hydrograph delivered to the ocean. We develop the Moulin Shape (MouSh) model, a time-evolving model of moulin geometry. MouSh models ice deformation around a moulin using both viscous and elastic rheologies and models melting within the moulin through heat dissipation from turbulent water flow, both above and below the water line. We force MouSh with idealized and realistic surface melt inputs. Our results show that variations in surface melt change the geometry of a moulin by approximately 30 % daily and by over 100 % seasonally. These size variations cause observable differences in moulin water storage capacity, moulin water levels, and subglacial channel size compared to a static, cylindrical moulin. Our results suggest that moulins are significant storage reservoirs for meltwater, with storage capacity and water levels varying over multiple timescales. Representing moulin geometry within subglacial hydrologic models would therefore improve their accuracy, especially over seasonal periods or in regions where overburden pressures are high.
Terahertz time-domain imaging with a photoconductive focal-plane array

Most state-of-the-art terahertz time-domain imaging technologies are based on single-pixel systems, which mechanically scan either the imaging object or the terahertz system, limiting the imaging speed. We present a new terahertz time-domain imaging modality using a terahertz photoconductive focal-plane array. The focal-plane array consists of plasmonic nano-antenna arrays on an LT-GaAs substrate. The dynamic range of a single pixel can reach up to 75 dB with more than a 4 THz bandwidth. We demonstrate clear terahertz images up to 2.5 THz. We also demonstrate that the focal-plane array can operate at video-rate imaging speeds.
Designing an Independent Public Health Agency.

Designing an Independent Public Health Agency The Covid-19 pandemic has revealed the importance of having trustworthy and competent institutions to protect public health. Just as the United States ...
Books Have Their Own Stories: LGBTQ+ History in U.S. History Textbooks, 1990–2015

Social studies education in the United States is largely textbook-driven, with the material covered in the text informing the curriculum for the academic year. Evaluating the place of LGBTQ+ history in U.S. history classrooms, then, requires reviewing and analyzing textbooks written for and used by these classes since the 1990s. This historical study assesses the evolution of textbook references to LGBTQ+ figures and events over several decades, in addition to analyzing the frequency with which relevant events are mentioned. The major findings are threefold: first, a textbook’s intended audience to a large extent dictates its LGBTQ+ history coverage; second, publication date is an important but secondary factor in determining LGBTQ+ history’s inclusion in a text; and third, a book’s title often indicates whether the story it tells will include the LGBTQ+ population. In order to properly examine this important source and evaluate trends, this study targets multiple editions of the same book from 1990 to the present to illustrate change in particular books, rather than accruing a random sample. Moreover, this study assesses how books intended for students at different skill levels and in various geographic regions include and portray LGBTQ+ history over time.
Micro-climate to macro-risk: mapping fine scale differences in mosquito-borne disease risk using remote sensing

Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) threaten over 80% of the world’s population, and are increasing in intensity and shifting in geographical range with land use and climate change. Mitigation hinges on understanding disease-specific risk profiles, but current risk maps are severely limited in spatial resolution. One important determinant of MBD risk is temperature, and though the relationships between temperature and risk have been extensively studied, maps are often created using sparse data that fail to capture microclimatic conditions. Here, we leverage high resolution land surface temperature (LST) measurements, in conjunction with established relationships between air temperature and MBD risk factors like mosquito biting rate and transmission probability, to produce fine resolution (70 m) maps of MBD risk components. We focus our case study on West Nile virus (WNV) in the San Joaquin Valley of California, where temperatures vary widely across the day and the diverse agricultural/urban landscape. We first use field measurements to establish a relationship between LST and air temperature, and apply it to Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment data (2018–2020) in peak WNV transmission months (June–September). We then use the previously derived equations to estimate spatially explicit mosquito biting and WNV transmission rates. We use these maps to uncover significant differences in risk across land cover types, and identify the times of day which contribute to high risk for different land covers. Additionally, we evaluate the value of high resolution spatial and temporal data in avoiding biased risk estimates due to Jensen’s inequality, and find that using aggregate data leads to significant biases of up to 40.5% in the possible range of risk values. Through this analysis, we show that the synergy between novel remote sensing technology and fundamental principles of disease ecology can unlock new insights into the spatio-temporal dynamics of MBDs.
Performance characteristics of CW InGaN multiple quantum well laser diodes

Summary form only given. AlGaInN laser diodes are currently undergoing rapid development with a number of groups having now demonstrated room-temperature CW operation of InGaAIN laser diodes, and the commercialization of violet laser diodes has just recently begun. The reduction of the dislocation density in the GaN material has been shown to be an important factor to improve laser diode performance and lifetime. Although the benefits of low dislocation materials have been clearly demonstrated by the rapid progress in laser diode lifetime, there is still very little known on how other laser properties, i.e. the distributed loss or internal quantum efficiency, are effected by the dislocation density in the material. In this paper we compare the performance characteristics of CW laser diodes grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire substrates with otherwise identical devices, but fabricated on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire (LEO) substrates. The InGaAlN films were processed into ridge-waveguide lasers with CAIBE etched mirrors and high reflective coatings. For improved thermal management the sapphire substrate was thinned and the devices were mounted p-side up on a heat sink. For devices grown on LEO substrates, room-temperature CW threshold current densities as low as 5.9 k4/cm/sup 2/ with emission wavelength near 400 nm have been observed. Under CW conditions, threshold currents were as low as 62 mA with threshold voltages of 7.5 V. CW laser operation was observed up to a heat sink temperature of 70/spl deg/C. Significant improvements in light output vs. Current were observed for devices grown on LEO substrates, with CW output powers greater than 20 mW and differential quantum efficiencies of 0.54 W/A. This improved performance can be attributed to the increased internal quantum efficiency and reduced distributed loss in the low dislocation density material obtained with LEO.