cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triceps skinfold thickness patterns: Caucasian and African-American adolescent full-term pregnancies.

To evaluate the observation that triceps skinfold (TSF) measures are related to pregnancy outcomes in US adolescents a retrospective review was conducted of 459 adolescents 18 years of age and younger served by specialized adolescent prenatal clinics at the Universities of Maryland Utah and Washington. Weekly TSF data were available for 357 of these subjects. Mean birth weight in this series was 3000 g. When TSF curves were disaggregated by racial group the 50th percentile curve for White adolescents delivering term infants was somewhat flat with values between 15 and 20 mm while the curve for African-Americans had more substantial variation from 11-20 mm. Curves for mothers in both racial groups exhibited a second trimester rise presumably indicative of energy storage. Curves for White and African-American teen mothers who produced infants weighing more than 2500 g showed a subsequent third trimester dip corresponding to the mobilization of stored energy for the final rapid phase of fetal growth. A similar dip was not observed among mothers of low-birth- weight infants. These preliminary findings suggest that use of TSF as an international measure of nutritional status in pregnancy merits further investigation.
Spintronics, and electrical spin injection in a two dimensional electron gas

The manipulation of electron spin offers new dimensions for basic and applied research, and the potential for new capabilities for electronics technology. Interest in digital electronics applications has spread to a variety of information systems and generated need for new devices, such as a Spintronic device with power gain. This motivates transport studies of spin polarized electrons in a high mobility two dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Recent experiments have used an FET-like geometry with ferromagnetic metal source and drain, as spin injector and detector, on an InAs single quantum well (SQW) channel, and a measurement of the spin dependent electron mean free path in the SQW has been made. An overview of Spintronics, including discussions of integrated applications in memory, reprogrammable logic, system-on-a-chip, and biotechnology, provides a broader context for this work.
The Geographical "Mental Maps" of American Foreign Policy Makers

Statesmen respond to the world as they perceive and imagine it-which may not be the way the world really is. In the conduct of affairs over vast geographical spaces, such as those appropriate to present-day American foreign policy, the environmental "mental maps," or cognitive frameworks, relied upon may be of critical importance. This article analyzes the mental geography of U.S. officials, in terms of both their "geographical mind," or articulated geographical concepts, and their "geographical field," or intuitively sensed spheres of activity. More specifically, it examines what are called image-plans, such as Zbigniew Brzezinski's notion of an "Arc of Crisis" around the Indian Ocean, and behavior-spaces, such as the spatial milieu as experienced by Secretary of State Vance in the course of his diplomatic travel. By bringing to the surface the patterns inherent in both, the article is intended to heighten our understanding of geographical considerations in foreign policy.
The Spectral Theorem

The Spectral Theorem is a landmark in the theory of operators on Hilbert space, providing a full statement about the nature and structure of normal operators. Normal operators play a central role in operator theory; they will be defined in Section 6.1 below. It is customary to say that the Spectral Theorem can be applied to answer essentially all questions on normal operators. This indeed is the case as far as “essentially all” means “almost all” or “all the principal”: there exist open questions on normal operators. First we consider the class of normal operators and its relatives (predecessors and successors). Next, the notion of spectrum of an operator acting on a complex Banach space is introduced. The Spectral Theorem for compact normal operators is fully investigated, yielding the concept of diagonalization. The Spectral Theorem for plain normal operators needs measure theory. We would not dare to relegate measure theory to an appendix just to support a proper proof of the Spectral Theorem for plain normal operators. Instead we assume just once, in the very last section of this book, that the reader has some familiarity with measure theory, just enough to grasp the statement of the Spectral Theorem for plain normal operators after having proved it for compact normal operators.
Convulsive seizure detection using a wrist-worn electrodermal activity and accelerometry biosensor.

SUMMARY The special requirements for a seizure detector suitable for everyday use in terms of cost, comfort, and social acceptance call for alternatives to electroencephalography (EEG)–based methods. Therefore, we developed an algorithm for automatic detection of generalized tonic– clonic (GTC) seizures based on sympathetically mediated electrodermal activity (EDA) and accelerometry measured using a novel wrist-worn biosensor. The problem of GTC seizure detection was posed as a supervised learning task in which the goal was to classify 10-s epochs as a seizure or nonseizure event based on 19 extracted features from EDA and accelerometry recordings using a Support Vector Machine. Performance was evaluated using a double cross-validation method. The new seizure detection algorithm was tested on >4,213 h of recordings from 80 patients and detected 15 (94%) of 16 of the GTC seizures from seven patients with 130 false alarms (0.74 per 24 h). This algorithm can potentially provide a convulsive seizure alarm system for caregivers and objective quantification of seizure frequency.
Practical use of the nursing Code of Ethics: part II.

The Code (ANA, 2001) provides the nurse guidance for legal and ethical responsibilities to patients and, in the broader sense, to society. The first provision calls for honoring the human dignity in all patients and colleagues. It lays the groundwork for the importance of the essential ethical principle of autonomy, the right to self-determination. The second provision describes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and significance of appropriate nurse-patient boundaries. The importance of privacy and confidentiality in the nurse-patient relationship is the focus of the third provision. Without the nurse's honoring of privacy, the patient would be hesitant to share important information necessary to design an effective plan of care. The fourth provision primarily focuses on the importance of accountability for personal actions and for the actions of those to whom the nurse has delegated. By meeting these obligations, the nurse will remain the most trusted health care professional.
IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, BROADER CONTEXTS, AND PUBLIC POLICY DISCONNECTS

This essay attempts to broaden the context of public and policy discourses about the nature and complexities associated with migration to the United States. Several dimensions are examined: (1) global and U.S. migration trends; (2) the effects of migration on both the communities of origin and destination; (3) issues related to the rights and standing of migrants; (4) the gendered dimensions related to migration; (5) patterns of migrants' integration into their host society; (6) the impact of human-capital investment and its consequences; and (7) the limitations of the current policy discussions and initiatives. In the case of the latter, the need to move away from polarizing and simplistic perspectives and to integrate the many socioeconomic and political complexities associated with international migration is discussed. A more comprehensive understanding of migration recognizes that it is not exclusively the result of individual behaviors and motivations. Structural relationships, both domestically and internationally, as well as public policies have also had an effect on migration flows and patterns.
Push it to the limit: Local Group constraints on high-redshift stellar mass functions for M⋆ ≥ 105 M⊙

Author(s): Graus, AS; Bullock, JS; Boylan-Kolchin, M; Weisz, DR | Abstract: We constrain the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function from 2 2 × 105M⊙ at z = 0). The most recent studies from ZFOURGE and CANDELS also suggest flatter faint end slopes that are consistent with our results, but with a lower degree of precision. This work illustrates the strong connections between low and high-z observations when viewed through the lens of lambda cold dark matter numerical simulations.
The Social Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Social epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution of health outcomes and their social determinants (1). It builds on the classic epidemiologic triangle of host, agent, and environment to focus explicitly on the role of social determinants in infectious disease transmission and progression. These determinants are the “features of and pathways by which societal conditions affect health” (2, p. 697). Early studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) focused on individual characteristics and behaviors in determining HIV risk, an approach that Fee and Krieger (3) refer to as “biomedical individualism.” Biomedical individualism is the basis of risk factor epidemiology; by contrast, the social epidemiology perspective emphasizes social conditions as fundamental causes of disease (4) (table 1). Social epidemiologists examine how persons become exposed to risk or protective factors and under what social conditions individual risk factors are related to disease. Social factors are thus the focus of analysis and are not simply adjusted for as potentially confounding factors or used as proxies for unavailable individual-level data. Social factors are indeed critical to understanding nonuniform infectious disease patterns that emerge as a result of the dependent nature of disease transmission or the idea that an outcome in one person is dependent upon outcomes and exposures in others (5, 6).
Leadership of Certified Stroke Center Programs (P3.126)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the specialization composition of stroke center leaders. BACKGROUND: Board certification in vascular neurology provides ideal training for leadership of stroke center programs. With the emergence of primary and comprehensive stroke center certification, we sought to determine the specialization composition of stroke center leaders as well as the proportion led by vascular neurologists. DESIGN/METHODS: Certified primary and comprehensive stroke centers in California were identified via The Joint Commission , Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program and DNV Healthcare websites. The medical director for each certified stroke program was identified by searching individual hospital websites, via press releases, or by directly calling the hospital. Board certification was verified using the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and the American Board of Medical Specialties status verification systems. RESULTS: There are 159 certified stroke centers in California as of July 31 st , 2013; 153 primary stroke centers (PSC) and six comprehensive stroke centers (CSC). We were able to verify the medical director at 147/159 sites (92%). Stroke center directors were most often board-certified in neurology (N=128, 87%) followed by emergency medicine (7, 4.8%), internal medicine (4, 2.7%), radiology or psychiatry (3, 2%) and neurosurgery (2, 1.4%). Among the board-certified neurologists, 47 were certified in vascular neurology (36.7% of neurology, 32% overall). 4 out of 6 neurologists leading CSCs were vascular neurologists. We were unable to verify the board certifications for seven stroke directors. CONCLUSION: In this first survey of certified stroke center leadership, we found that the vast majority of sites were lead by a neurologist, and nearly 1/3 rd by a vascular neurologist. As greater numbers of vascular neurologists are trained and board-certified, their numbers in stroke center leadership may increase. Disclosure: Dr. Ramirez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krug has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perese has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gasparian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kazaryan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sanossian has received personal compensation for activities with Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceutical Inc.
VOLATILE COMPOSITION OF MCINTOSH APPLE JUICE AS A FUNCTION OF MATURITY AND RIPENESS INDICES

MATERIALS & METHODS Research was undertaken to establish relationships between volatile levels in the juice of fresh apples, determined by GLC headspace vapor analysis, and other objective indices of maturity and ripeness. McIntosh apples were tested individually after harvest or following storage and . ripening. Volatile levels in the juice were correlated with titratable acidity, Magness-Taylor firmness and stiffness coefficient values. The stiffness coefficient is derived from nondestructive sonic resonance frequency measurements and has potential value for sorting. Materials and experimental design McIntosh apples were harvested weekly at a commercial orchard in southern Pennsylvania from 3 wk before to 1 wk after normal harvest and at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, from 1 wk before to 1 wk after normal harvest. All fruit were immediately taken to the Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville, Md., for storage at 0°C and 80-90% relative humidity. Samples were taken for analysis within 1 month and again after 3-4 months’ storage followed by 1 wk at 18-20°C for ripening.
Lamin Dysfunction Mediates Neurodegeneration in Tauopathies

Summary The filamentous meshwork formed by the lamin nucleoskeleton provides a scaffold for the anchoring of highly condensed heterochromatic DNA to the nuclear envelope, thereby establishing the three-dimensional architecture of the genome [1]. Insight into the importance of lamins to cellular viability can be gleaned from laminopathies, severe disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding lamins. A cellular consequence of lamin dysfunction in laminopathies is relaxation of heterochromatic DNA [1]. Similarly, we have recently reported the widespread relaxation of heterochromatin in tauopathies [1]: age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, that are pathologically characterized by aggregates of phosphorylated tau protein in the brain [2, 3]. Here we demonstrate that acquired lamin misregulation though aberrant cytoskeletal-nucleoskeletal coupling promotes relaxation of heterochromatin and neuronal death in an in vivo model of neurodegenerative tauopathy. Genetic manipulation of lamin function significantly modifies neurodegeneration in vivo, demonstrating that lamin pathology plays a causal role in tau-mediated neurotoxicity. We show that lamin dysfunction is conserved in human tauopathy, as super-resolution microscopy reveals a significantly disrupted nuclear lamina in postmortem tissue from human Alzheimer's disease brain. Our study provides strong evidence that tauopathies are neurodegenerative laminopathies and identifies a new pathway mediating neuronal death in currently untreatable human neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
Human kidney free fatty acid and glucose uptake: evidence for a renal glucose-fatty acid cycle.

To determine the relationship between free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose uptake by the human kidney, 12 postabsorptive normal volunteers underwent renal vein catheterization and were infused to iso...
Hormones in Tissue Culture and Micropropagation

Aseptic culture techniques have figured prominently in the study of plant growth and development. The identity of hormones and role of growth regulators came about in large measure as a result of these studies. The first successful aseptic cultures were those of excised root tips. Somewhat later it became possible to grow callus cultures derived from storage organ explants or the cambial region of woody species. These cultures grew slowly and the stimuli to cell division usually entailed the addition of auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to otherwise simple media comprised of mineral salts, sucrose and a few vitamins (16).
Hydrothermal Analysis of Lakes and Reservoirs

The impact of Hunter Rouse on the application of fluid mechanics to hydraulic engineering practice in the United States is reviewed. The development of physical and mathematical techniques for predicting the hydrothermal structure of lakes and reservoirs during the past fifteen years is discussed. Laboratory models have played a key role in the development and testing of early mathematical models based on the vertical diffusion concept. The sensitivity of these models to variations in turbulent diffusivity, internal heat absorption and vertical advection due to inflows and outflows is demonstrated. A wind-mixing model is proposed as an alternative to specifying temporal and spatial variations in the vertical diffusivity. The wind-mixing algorithm converts turbulent kinetic energy input by wind shear to potential energy through entrainment of hypolimnetic water across the thermocline. An iterative technique is used to achieve a heat balance based on meteorological inputs averaged over hourly or daily time steps. The temperature predictions of the numrical model are compared with field data for a number of lakes and reservoirs.
Variation in the use of type and crossmatch blood ordering among patients undergoing hepatic and pancreatic resections.

Background The use of preoperative blood orders involved in major gastrointestinal surgery has been poorly studied. The objective of the current study was to analyze compliance with guidelines and factors associated with crossmatch and blood ordering among patients who underwent a hepatic or pancreatic resection. Methods All patients who underwent a hepatic or pancreatic resection between 2010 and 2013 at Johns Hopkins Hospital were identified. Crossmatch to transfusion (C/T) ratios were calculated based on transfusion rates and total units used. A C/T ratio of >2.0 was considered excessive. Results Among the 2,629 patients, 11,574 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) were crossmatched (mean number of PRBC units crossmatched: 5.9 ± 7.3). Of the 2,629 patients, 34.1% of patients received ≥1 PRBCs and 3,611 total units of PRBC were transfused, resulting in an institutional C/T ratio of 2.17 based on the proportion of patients transfused and 3.21 based on the overall number of PRBC units transfused. Using our criterion of excessive C/T ratio of >2.0, we found that 411 patients (45.9%) were “excessively” crossmatched among transfused patients. Among nontransfused patients, 41.0% (n = 711) of patients were crossmatched for >2 units PRBC. Factors associated with receipt of “excess” crossmatch included the presence of multiple comorbidities and an estimated blood loss >450 mL (both P Conclusion More than 1 in 4 patients received crossmatch orders that exceeded institutional and national guidelines. Provider variation both among surgeons and anesthesiologists was an important factor associated with crossmatch variation and excessive ordering of blood for crossmatch in patients undergoing pancreatic and hepatic surgery.
Prevalence of permanent threshold shifts in the United States Air Force hearing conservation program by career field, 2005–2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to describe changes in hearing, using the permanent threshold shift metric, among United States Air Force servicemembers, including active duty, Reserve and Air National Guard components, for demographics, job categories, and career fields. In the United States Air Force, only servicemembers who are occupationally exposed routinely to hazardous noise are monitored. Audiogram records and demographic variables were analyzed for servicemembers from 2005–2011 using data from the Department of Defense system that captures occupational hearing tests worldwide. Results suggest that occupational hearing loss was larger in males than females, in officers than enlisted populations, and in Reserve and Air National Guard than in active duty. Compared to similar civilian career fields, active duty has lower prevalence rates for occupational hearing loss overall, although Reserve and Air National Guard prevalence rates were more similar to the civilian reported rates. The proportio...
The Evolution of a Red Horse: Development and Decay of African Rebel Organizations 1990-2012

Recent rebellions in Syria, Central African Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo exhibit the importance of understanding the processes behind civil wars. Using existing theory, which advocates an understanding of the conflict environment; all of these rebellions are similar in nature and scope: 1) the momentum of the war is in the rebels favor, 2) the fighting is nearing the capital region, 3) the government is supported by a great power, and 4) the government is autocratic and unstable. Many researchers, using existing literature, would argue that under these conditions rebels should be less likely to negotiate because the utility of victory is higher than the perceived cost saved from negotiation (Greig and Diehl 2012). Yet despite their similarities, Syrian rebels refuse to negotiate, Salekka rebels formed a negotiated settlement in Central African Republic, and M23 capitulated to international pressure in the Democratic Republic of Congo. One potential explanation for their different behavior is because each group is organized differently. This puzzle leads to the central question of this paper: Why do rebels organize differently? To answer this question, I will analyze the organizational development of 170 African rebel groups with active rebellions from 1990  2012 using multinomial logit.
Framework for Estimating Bridge-Deck Chloride-Induced Degradation from Local Modeling to Global Asset Assessment

AbstractThis technical note presents and evaluates a simple approach for estimating the degradation of bridge decks caused by chloride-induced corrosion degradation. This approach uses the Monte Carlo method and combines a local deterministic mechanics-based model for predicting surface cracking time and a global probabilistic model for predicting a degradation curve by using random variables. The predicted damage severity is mapped to the National Bridge Inventory rating scheme. Simulation results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the documented ratings of bridges from different regions in the state of Michigan. Implementation of the method into a computer program is discussed to illustrate how the approach can allow mechanics-based models to be more accessible to highway agencies for condition assessment and for projecting the performance of existing and new reinforced concrete bridge decks.
On the Kinetics of Monoiodoacetate Poisoning in Streptobacterium casei

It was previously reported that sodium monoiodoacetate (hereinafter called IA) inhibits lactic production in Streptobacterium casei as it does in higher forms.1 This organism is especially advantageous for a comparative study of lactic acid fermentation, since a single compound, e. g., glucose, will suffice as a source of energy. The glucose supplied is quantitatively converted to lactic acid, and in the absence of nitrogenous compounds—essential for growth—there seems to be no other significant metabolism.2 Furthermore there is evidence that the course of lactic acid formation by Streptobacterium casei is qualitatively the same as in other forms.3The production of lactic acid is a reaction of great importance and of widespread occurrence, being the physiological equivalent of respiration in some forms and its supplement in others.4 Like oxidation it involves a chain of reactions which are primarily dehydrogenations. The results of our experiments serve to elucidate further some of the properties of the e...
Intradialytic systolic blood pressure changes and risk of mortality

Intro: Intradialytic blood pressure changes occur commonly among the hemodialysis (HD) population. Historically, large intradialytic systolic blood pressure (iSBP) decreases have been associated with higher mortality but recent observational studies have not shown this relationship. We sought to evaluate the association of iSBP changes and all-cause mortality. Methods: We examined the change(D) in iSBP (defined as pre-HD SBP minus nadir iSBP) and all-cause mortality (1, 2 and 5-years) in a cohort of incident HD patients (age>/1⁄418yrs) receiving care from a United States based large dialysis organization from January 2007 December 2011 during the 1st 91 days of dialysis (baseline quarter). Ranges of DiSPB and mortality hazard ratio’s (HR) were estimated using Cox regression models with adjustment for case-mix, comorbidities, and lab covariates. A restricted cubic splines model was used to evaluate the continuous relationship between DiSPB and mortality. Results: In a cohort of 112,003 incident HD patients, there were 29,244 observed deaths. Using a reference group of DiSBP 20-30 mmHg (spline median 28 mmHg), we observed that iSBP declines starting at 30 mmHg and greater were not associated with 1 and 2 year mortality. One year mortality HR’s were 0.86 (1.81-0.91), 1.79 (0.73-0.85), and 0.73 (0.66-0.82) for iSBP 31-40, 41-50, and >/1⁄451mmHg respectively. Conclusion: Small declines ( /1⁄421mmHg were observed to be associated with improved survival. Further studies are warranted to characterize these subpopulations and evaluate mechanisms for these associations.
Comparison of Within-Tree Distributions and Population Estimation Procedures for Declining Populations of Dendroctonus frontalis Colonizing Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine

This study was designed to determine if the within-tree distributions of various southern pine beetle (SPB) life stages were similar for declining populations infesting loblolly and shortleaf pine in North Carolina. A secondary objective was to compare the accuracy of within-tree population estimation procedures based on reduced sampling efforts. This study was based on 20 infested loblolly pine sampled from 1975–76 and 10 shortleaf pine sampled from 1976–77. Trees were intensively sampled using 10 sample heights/tree. Nonintensive sampling was simulated using a portion (3 heights/tree) of the intensive samples. Both graphical and statistical comparison of data showed that quite similar within-tree distributions occurred for all SPB life stages infesting both host species. Comparison of intensive and nonintensive within-tree population estimates showed that accurate results were obtained from the latter at a considerable reduction in time and effort.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Decreases Sympathetic Nerve Activity: The Effect Is Modulated by Glycemic Status:

AbstractInsulin-like growth factor-l (IGF-I) has been demonstrated to exert metabolic as well as cardiovascular actions similar to those of insulin. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that IGF-I acts both peripherally and centrally to increase muscle and renal blood flow and to decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP). Insulin has similar cardiovascular actions and has also been demonstrated to increase sympathetic nerve activity that may or may not play a role in blood flow or arterial pressure regulation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of IGF-I on lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and correlated these responses with MAP and glycemic status. Normal rats were anesthetized with chloralose/urethane, the femoral artery and vein were cannulated to monitor MAP or heart rate (HR), or for infusions. The lumbar sympathetic nerve or renal nerve was isolated and placed on electrodes embedded in silicone gel for recording of nerve activity. Cardiovascul...
The dc Revolution [Viewpoint]

With the advent of advanced power electronics, distributed renewable generation, and direct-current (dc)distribution, the power industry has been anticipating a massive revolution in the way power is used in the United States. Although this expected local shift has been gradual to date, it may be approaching quickly and quietly from the periphery. According to a recent report from Navigant Research, the dc product marketplace is expected to total US$33 billion between 2015 and 2024 in four key market segments: off- and bad-grid telecommunications, data centers, commercial buildings, and off-grid military operations. A similar developing trend is taking place in the microgrid market,where a study by Markets and Markets forecasts a US$35 billion annual marketplace by 2022.
Use of a consultant to assist a dietetic association in its media and public relations efforts

During 1987, the Philadelphia Dietetic Association (PDA) enlisted the aid of a public relations consultant to increase media contacts and thereby accomplish a threefold goal of (a) establishing the dietetic association and its registered dietitian members as the local nutrition experts; (b) distributing reliable, current nutrition information; and (c) marketing the PDA’s DIALA-DIETITIAN service. Through the advice of the consultant, a media tipsheet, published monthly, was created. This publication, the Nutrition Informationist, effectively increased media contacts from two in 1986 to 19 in 1987 and resulted in a total of 8 hours of air time. Weight reduction, fad diets, and sports nutrition proved to be the most popular topics. Public service announcements (PSAs) concerning the DIAL-A-DIETITIAN program were developed by the consultant to assist the public in gaining access to local registered dietitians. Calls to that service increased 75% (from an average of 47.5 to 83.0 calls) the month following the distribution of PSAs to radio stations. The positive outcome of this collaborative effort shows that public relations consultants can be a useful resource for local dietetic associations, aiding them in their efforts to reach the media and the public and to improve their image. J Am Diet Assoc 89:513-516, 1989.
Third World Liberation Front

This leaflet was issued by Berkeley’s Third World Liberation Front at the height of the strike for student-controlled ethnic studies programs. The strike was led in large part by the Asian American Political Association, which began at San Francisco State University and was the first Asian students group. It became a model for many others around the country. The difference between 1964 and 1968 shows how rapidly student politics had moved to the left. In 1964, Berkeley students had led the nationwide fight for student rights with the Free Speech Movement. Only four years later, newly admitted students of color insisted that their struggle was linked to a worldwide anti-imperialist revolution.
Glucocorticoids for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Investigators at the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, and other centers in the UK, conducted a prospective longitudinal study across 17 neuromuscular centers in the UK of 360 boys aged 3-15 years with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who were treated with daily or intermittent (10 days on/10 days off) prednisolone for a mean duration of 4 years.
Effect of chemical passivation treatment on pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 410 and 17–4 PH stainless steels

The susceptibility of stainless steels to pitting corrosion is an essential characteristic of these alloys, since this kind of phenomenon may affect the mechanical integrity of the material and consequently cause unexpected failures. In order to avoid or minimize this localized corrosion process it is possible to enhance the protective capacity of the passive layer from the stainless steels and one of the methods to obtain this result is the chemical passivation treatment. In this context, the effect of the passivation treatment with nitric acid on pitting corrosion resistance of the AISI 410 and 17–4 PH stainless steels in chloride containing media is investigated. For this, two surface conditions are studied for each material: ground and chemically passivated. The corrosion behavior is evaluated by cyclic polarization tests in 0.6 M NaCl and the morphology of pitting corrosion is characterized by optical microscopy. According to the results, the applied surface treatment causes an improvement on the pitting corrosion resistance of both stainless steels, and the greatest increase on pitting potential is obtained to the 17–4 PH stainless steel.
A role of the SAM domain in EphA2 receptor activation

Among the 20 subfamilies of protein receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Eph receptors are unique in possessing a sterile alpha motif (SAM domain) at their C-terminal ends. However, the functions of SAM domains in Eph receptors remain elusive. Here we report on a combined cell biology and quantitative fluorescence study to investigate the role of the SAM domain in EphA2 function. We observed elevated tyrosine autophosphorylation levels upon deletion of the EphA2 SAM domain (EphA2ΔS) in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells and a skin tumor cell line derived from EphA1/A2 knockout mice. These results suggest that SAM domain deletion induced constitutive activation of EphA2 kinase activity. In order to explain these effects, we applied fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to investigate the lateral molecular organization of EphA2. Our results indicate that SAM domain deletion (EphA2ΔS-GFP) increases oligomerization compared to the full length receptor (EphA2FL-GFP). Stimulation with ephrinA1, a ligand for EphA2, induced further oligomerization and activation of EphA2FL-GFP. The SAM domain deletion mutant, EphA2ΔS-GFP, also underwent further oligomerization upon ephrinA1 stimulation, but the oligomers were larger than those observed for EphA2FL-GFP. Based on these results, we conclude that the EphA2 SAM domain inhibits kinase activity by reducing receptor oligomerization.
Vaccination against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reduces the magnitude and duration of viremia following challenge with a virulent heterologous field strain

Forty PRRS-negative, three week-old weaned pigs were randomized into two groups in separate rooms and inoculated with a modified live PRRS vaccine (Fostera® PRRS) or control (PBS). Four weeks after vaccination pigs were rehoused in a single room and challenged intranasally and intramuscularly with virulent PRRSV strain NADC20. Timed serum samples were collected and titrated for PRRS virus and anti-PRRS virus antibodies. The study concluded when ≥80% of the pigs in the control group were determined to be virus negative (27days post-challenge). Mean duration of viremia was significantly lower (p=0.0327) for vaccinated pigs compared to non-vaccinated pigs. A significant reduction (p≤0.0053) in mean post-challenge viremia titer was seen in vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates from days 8 through 22 post-challenge. At the individual pig level, no pigs in the vaccinated group had detectible PRRSV in serum at the end of the study (27days post-challenge), while 15% of non-vaccinated pigs remained positive for virus.
CyberGIS for Transforming Geospatial Discovery and Innovation

Geographic information science and systems (GIS) have undergone rapid growth during the past several decades. This growing trend seems likely to persist into the foreseeable future driven by numerous diverse applications and enabled by steady progress of related technologies. As a geospatial data deluge permeates broad scientific and societal realms, to sustain the trend, however, requires GIS to be innovated based on synergistic integration of data-intensive and spatial approaches enabled by advanced cyberinfrastructure—a rapidly evolving infrastructure of communication, computing, and information technologies. Consequently, cyberGIS has been developed as a fundamentally new cyberinfrastructure and GIS modality comprising a seamless blending of advanced cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and spatial analysis and modeling capabilities and, thus, has enabled scientific advances and shown broad societal impacts while contributing to the advancement of cyberinfrastructure. For example, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) has funded a major multi-institution initiative on cyberGIS software integration for sustained geospatial innovation—arguably the largest investment by NSF on related subjects during the past several years. Therefore, this book represents a timely effort to inform pertinent research communities about opportunities and challenges, roadmaps for research and development, and major progress, trends, and impacts of cyberGIS. The book serves as an authoritative source of information to fill the void of introducing this new, exciting, and growing field.
Responses of the SVZ to Radiation and Chemotherapy

The largest germinal zone in the adult mammalian brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ), has been meticulously described with respect to its component cells and their morphologic orientations to one another (Doetsch et al., 1997). The SVZ is mitotically active throughout the life span of a living being and the products of this extensive proliferation include neurons (Lois and AlvarezBuylla, 1993; Luskin, 1993; Doetsch and Alvarez-Buylla, 1996; Lois et al., 1996 Luskin, 1998) as well as glia (Levison and Goldman, 1993; Lois and Alvarez-Buylla, 1993; Luskin et al., 1993; Luskin and McDermott, 1994). In vitroanalyses show thatmultipotent stemcells residewithin theSVZ (reviewed in Alvarez-Buylla and Lois, 1995; Weiss et al., 1996; Temple and AlvarezBuylla, 1999; Gage, 2000), a finding recently verified in vivo (Doetsch et al., 1999b; Johansson et al., 1999). Cells produced in the SVZ are mobile, migrating long distances before differentiating into mature phenotypes. In adult rodents (Lois et al., 1996) and primates (Kornack and Rakic, 2001), the primary route of cell migration is to the olfactory bulb where migrating neuroblasts differentiate into granule neurons. This tangential migration presumably occurs along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the lateral ventricular walls (Lois and Alvarez-Buylla, 1994; Doetsch and Alvarez-Buylla, 1996), ultimately coalescing into the rostral migratory stream, which terminates in the olfactory bulb. While this pattern of cell movement is the most prevalent, radial cell movement away from the SVZ is also seen, particularly in the young brain (Suzuki and Goldman, 2003). Furthermore, in conditions of injury, disease,
Adjustable medial rectus muscle resection in adult exotropia.

Purpose: To describe the success of a unilateral recess/resect procedure incorporating an adjustable medial rectus muscle resection in the treatment of adult exotropia. Methods: The charts of 60 consecutive adult patients with exotropia undergoing lateral rectus muscle recession and adjustable medial rectus muscle resection from November 1998 to August 2003 were reviewed. Results: In 56 (93%) patients, postoperative alignment was within 10 prism diopters of orthophoria. Using adjustable suture technique, a small esodeviation was consistently created in the field of gaze away from the resected medial rectus muscle, and this may guard against recurrence of exotropia. Conclusions: The use of adjustable medial rectus muscle resection is an alternative, successful, and reliable procedure for the management of adult exotropia.
Electron microscopy of glomerulonephritis.

The events occurring in glomerulonephritis produce a complex and complicated pattern of glomerular changes. Though these changes can be readily appreciated by light microscopy, many are too subtle to be clearly discerned. Only with the advent of electron microscopy did it become possible to describe the glomerular events with considerable accuracy and establish a basis for clinicopathologic correlations. Many changes first discerned by electron microscopy were later seen also by light microscopy. Perhaps the most important contribution of electron microscopy was that it provided a means for distinguishing between the capillary wall and the mesangium and for describing in detail the structure of each. This information is available in standard textbooks and will be repeated here very briefly.
Simulations II: Variable-Oriented Models

Social simulations became famous in the 1960s through dynamical models used to predict the future of the world in terms of population growth, urbanization, pollution, and other variables. This chapter examines the contemporary landscape of variable-based model used in CSS. The emphasis is on system dynamics models and queuing models, two of the most important classes of variable-oriented models in use today. Both social simulation modeling traditions are examined in terms of the methodology introduced in the previous chapter and examples are provided from areas of pure and applied CSS research. In general, system dynamics simulations emphasize deterministic causal processes, whereas queuing simulations highlight stochastic processes and mean, statistical behaviors. However, this is only a matter of general orientation, since both classes of models can share some features of the other, especially system dynamics models with probabilistic components. Both classes of models comprise a large scientific literature and numerous applications that range from basic scientific research to applied policy domains in national defense and homeland security, transportation, public health, commercial and management applications, to name just a few.
Schedule-Induced Polydipsia: Gender-Specific Effects and Consequences of Prenatal Cocaine and Postnatal Handling

Abstract The impact of gestational cocaine in conjunction with postnatal handling on schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) was examined. Rat offspring were derived from Sprague–Dawley dams injected subcutaneously with 40 mg/kg/3 cc cocaine hydrochloride (C40) on gestational days 8–20, dams injected with vehicle and pair fed 4 (PF4) days to mimic the acute anorexic effects of cocaine administration, and nontreated (NT) control dams. In adulthood, offspring were food deprived and given 13 daily 30-min SIP sessions, with water intake recorded during the scheduled (fixed time 60 s—FT60) food delivery. For 4 days thereafter, animals received saline, 5 or 10 mg/kg of cocaine in counterbalanced order prior to SIP testing. Acquisition and maintenance of SIP, but not cocaine-induced suppression of SIP performance, were observed to be dependent upon prenatal treatment, handling, and gender. Females acquired SIP faster and exhibited notably higher levels of polydipsia than males. Early handling increased levels of established SIP in NT offspring, while enhancing SIP acquisition in both PF4 and C40 offspring. In nonhandled animals, NT offspring exhibited less SIP than PF4 and C40 offspring, differences that were attenuated by early handling. These effects are discussed in relation to previously reported neurohormonal characteristics of these gender and treatment variables.
Using wikis to foster team communication, cohesion, & collaboration

DeMarco & Lister observed that "the major problems of our work are not so much technological as sociological in nature" (original emphasis). Many of these issues fall into three categories. First, communication -- how should we present information and provide feedback to others? Second, cohesion -- how do we interact comfortable with others, especially if we rarely or never meet them in person? Third, collaboration -- how do we develop and execute a plan efficiently and effectively?
Virtual Modes for Quantum Illumination

Quantum sensing offers theoretical advantages over traditional classical alternatives. In the case of active radio- frequency quantum sensors, however, there exist several practical challenges, the most significant of which is the fast and efficient generation of a large number of entangled microwave photons. In a previous paper we proposed a method, called virtual modes, for mitigating this limitation by using a distributed architecture of quantum sensor units to synthetically increase the effective number of distinguishable modes available for target detection. Although this architecture was shown to incur an increase in noise cross-contamination, we showed that judicious sensor configurations can mitigate this effect. In this paper we examine more sophisticated cross-noise statistical models that permit the number and spatial distribution of sensors to be optimized to further reduce the net detection error probability of the proposed approach.
Simplified risk prediction indices do not accurately predict 30-day death or readmission after discharge following colorectal surgery.

Background Risk-prediction indices are one category of the many tools implemented to guide efforts to decrease readmissions. However, using fied models to predict a complex process can prove challenging. In addition, no risk-prediction index has been developed for patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of a widely utilized simplified index developed at the hospital level - LACE (length of stay, acute admission, Charlson comorbidity index score, and emergency department visits) and developed and evaluated a novel index in predicting readmissions in this patient population. Methods Using a retrospective split-sample cohort, patients discharged after colorectal surgery were identified within the inpatient databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the states of New York, California, and Florida (2006–2014). The primary outcome was death or readmission within 30 days after discharge. Multivariable logistic regression models incorporated patient comorbidities, postoperative complications, and hospitalization details, and were evaluated using the C statistic. Results A total of 440,742 patients met eligibility criteria. The rate of death or readmission within 30 days after discharge was 14.0% (n = 61,757). When applied to surgical patients, the LACE index demonstrated a poor model fit (C = 0.631). The model fit improved significantly—but remained poor (C = 0.654; P Conclusion Postdischarge death or readmission after colorectal surgery is not accurately modeled using existing, modified, or novel simplified risk prediction models. Payers and providers must ensure that quality improvement efforts applying simplified models to complex processes, such as readmissions following colorectal surgery, may not be appropriate, and that models reflect the relevant patient population.
Variation of organ position in snakes

The complex and successful evolutionary history of snakes produced variation in the position and structure of internal organs. Gravity strongly influences hemodynamics, and the impact on structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including pulmonary circulation, is well established. Therefore, we hypothesized that interspecific variation in the position of the heart and vascular (faveolar) lung should exceed that of other internal organs that are less sensitive to gravity. We examined the position of selected internal organs in 72 snakes representing 5 families and 13 species including fully aquatic and scansorial/arboreal species, representing the extremes of gravitational influence. Tests for differences of variance and coefficients of variation largely confirm that interspecific variation in position of the heart and vascular lung generally exceed those of other organs that we measured, particularly posterior organs. The variance of heart position generally exceeded that of more posterior organs, was similar to that of the anterior margin of the vascular lung, and was exceeded by that of the posterior margin of the vascular lung (variance ratio = 0.23). The gravity-sensitive vascular lung exhibited the greatest variation of any organ. Importantly, these findings corroborate previous research demonstrating the influence of gravity on cardiopulmonary morphology. Snakes offer useful model systems to help understand the adaptation of organs to a spectrum of conditions related to diversity of behavior and habitat across a broad range of related taxa.