cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imbalance Response and Damping Force Coefficients of a Rotor Supported on End Sealed Integral Squeeze Film Dampers

To this date, squeeze film dampers (SFDs) are effective means to reduce vibrations and provide structural isolation in high performance aeroengine systems. Integral squeeze film dampers (ISFDs) offer distinct advantages such as reduced overall weight, accuracy of positioning, and a split segment construction allowing easier assembly, inspection and retrofit. An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of integral dampers in attenuating the imbalance response of a massive test rotor. Damping coefficients for end sealed dampers are identified from the peak rotor responses due to imbalances while passing through the fundamental critical speeds. Impact response measurements at null rotor speed are also conducted to identify system damping coefficients for increasing values of the lubricant temperature. The impact tests and imbalance response measurements demonstrate that end gap seals increase effectively the ISFD viscous damping coefficients and without a severe penalty in the flow through the dampers. The experiments further demonstrate that the amplitudes of rotor synchronous response are proportional to the imbalance displacements without subsynchronous frequencies or (nonlinear) jump responses.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
The Effects of Oxygen Transition on Community Respiration and Potential Chemoautotrophic Production in a Seasonally Stratified Anoxic Estuary

To assess the effects of seasonal oxygen transition on microbial metabolism, we measured spatiotemporal changes in total dissolved inorganic carbon, respiratory products, and geochemical constituents in the mesohaline region of Chesapeake Bay from May to October 2010. Vertical redox zonation was examined, and a spatial transect survey was also conducted from the southern to northern limit of the mesohaline region in July providing an alternative approach for assessing the temporal dynamics of oxygen transition. The transitions from oxic to hypoxic to anoxic and back to oxic were illustrated by the pattern of nitrogen redox species. Respiration, measured from changes in total dissolved inorganic carbon (∆DIC) and dissolved oxygen (∆DO) during incubations, had an average respiratory quotient (∆DIC/∆DO) of 1.04 ± 0.06 under oxic conditions and 1.58 ± 0.48 under hypoxic conditions. The difference in the respiratory quotients suggested that oxygen-based respiration measurements would underestimate community respiration rates in hypoxic conditions. In the present study, we observed within the surface-mixed layer three- to sevenfold differences in temporal and vertical variation of community respiration, while net respiration across oxyclines and anaerobic respiration in deep waters had lower rates and variability. In some anoxic samples, there was a net decrease in dissolved inorganic carbon that was exacerbated with experimental augmentation of terminal electron acceptors. Potential carbon fixation rates of chemoautotrophs within and below oxyclines were estimated and ranged from 0.63 to 116.9 mg C m−2 day−1 depending on growth conditions. These results indicate that anaerobic metabolism during the seasonal anoxic transition and at oxic/anoxic interface can play an important role in the estuarine carbon cycle.
Brake lamp detection in complex and dynamic environments: Recognizing limitations of visual attention and perception

Worldwide, both brake lamps and tail lamps on motor vehicles are required to be red. Previous studies have not examined the effect of this confound in a complex, high-traffic scenario in a driving simulator or on visuomotor behavior. In the first experiment, drivers detected brake lamps on nine lead vehicles and lane changes on two rear vehicles in a 15 min simulated night time highway drive. A second experiment was used to examine the findings in the context of pre-attentive visual processing research. A third experiment analyzed visuomotor behavior and subjective workload during a vigilance task to further evaluate this hypothesis. For all studies, tail lamp color was manipulated, resulting in two conditions: the currently mandated red tail lamps and red brake lamps vs. yellow tail lamps and red brake lamps. Compared to current rear lighting, employing yellow tail lamps with red brake lamps reduced RT, error, subjective workload, improved performance in detecting lane changes and also changed visuomotor behavior. It is suggested that the mechanism allowing better performance is pre-attentive, parallel visual processing.
The synthesis of bipedal locomotion.

Abstract This paper presents a mathematical model for the synthesis and control of bipedal walkers. The model deals with the three-dimensional motion of a symmetrical rigid body with massless extensible legs. Body trajectories and controls are synthesized for optimum stability and energy expenditure. The model provides a rigid body idealization of human locomotion and a rational tool for design of prosthetic devices and walking machines.
Equilibria in acidic solutions of chromium(III) perchlorate

Abstract Absorbancy measurements of chromium(III) perchlorate solutions within a pH range from two to five have given the absorption spectrum of Cr(OH2)5OH2+, as well as the equilibrium constant for the first acidic dissociation reaction of Cr(OH2)6staggered3+. An attempt to confirm the value for this constant by an independent method has produced evidence that the second acidic dissociation reaction occurs at the upper limit of the pH range.
Q-projections on possibility distributions

The concept of projection of a relation from the set X×Y to Y is generalized by the introduction of quantifier-based projections.
The reactions of [tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl] diphenylbromosilane and tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride

Abstract Reaction between (Me3Si)3CSiPh2Br 3 and n-Bu4PCl gives two products, (Me3Si)3CSiPh2Cl 4 and (Me3Si)2CHSiPh2OSiMe3 5, under hetero- and homogeneous conditions. The two products are quite unusual, the chloride 4 as one of the first examples of a direct nucleophilic displacement in the highly hindered trisyl system, the siloxane 5 as the first example of a new rearrangement. The nature of the oxygen impurity in Bu4PCl which gives siloxane 5 is discussed as are the mechanisms of formation of both products.
Sintering of olivine and olivine-basalt aggregates

The sintering behavior of olivine and olivine-basalt aggregates has been examined at temperatures near 1,300° C. Experimental factors contributing to rapid sintering kinetics and high-density, fine-grained specimens include: (i) the uniform dispersion of basalt throughout the specimen, (ii) a very fine, uniform particle size for the olivine powder, (iii) oxygen fugacities near the high PO2 end of the olivine stability field, and (iv) rapid heating to the sintering temperature. Olivine-basalt specimens prepared from olivine particles coated with a synthetic basalt achieve chemical and microstructural equilibrium more rapidly, as well as produce higher density and finer grain-sized aggregates, than do specimens prepared by mechanical mixing of olivine and natural basalt powders. The grain boundary mobility for olivine, measured for olivine-basalt aggregates which have undergone secondary recrystallization, is on the order of 2×10−15 (m/s)/(N/m2) in the temperature range 1,300–1,400° C. Solution-precipitation (pressure-solution) processes make an important contribution to the development of the microstructure in olivine-basalt aggregates.
Active tails enhance arboreal acrobatics in geckos

Geckos are nature's elite climbers. Their remarkable climbing feats have been attributed to specialized feet with hairy toes that uncurl and peel in milliseconds. Here, we report that the secret to the gecko's arboreal acrobatics includes an active tail. We examine the tail's role during rapid climbing, aerial descent, and gliding. We show that a gecko's tail functions as an emergency fifth leg to prevent falling during rapid climbing. A response initiated by slipping causes the tail tip to push against the vertical surface, thereby preventing pitch-back of the head and upper body. When pitch-back cannot be prevented, geckos avoid falling by placing their tail in a posture similar to a bicycle's kickstand. Should a gecko fall with its back to the ground, a swing of its tail induces the most rapid, zero-angular momentum air-righting response yet measured. Once righted to a sprawled gliding posture, circular tail movements control yaw and pitch as the gecko descends. Our results suggest that large, active tails can function as effective control appendages. These results have provided biological inspiration for the design of an active tail on a climbing robot, and we anticipate their use in small, unmanned gliding vehicles and multisegment spacecraft.
Differential Consequences of Lateral and Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury on Receptor Coupling in Rat Hippocampus

We have identified alterations in the responses of muscarinic and metabotropic receptors in rat hippocampus that persist for at least 15 days after central fluid percussion injury. This study compares the effect of lateral fluid percussion and central fluid percussion on these responses. Moderate injury was obtained by displacement and deformation of the brain within the closed cranial cavity using a fluid percussion device positioned either centrally or laterally. Carbachol and (+/-)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD)-stimulated polyphosphoinositide (PPI) hydrolysis was assayed in hippocampus from injured and sham-injured controls at 15 days following injury. At 15 days after central fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI), the response to carbachol was enhanced by 30% and the response to trans-ACPD was enhanced by 75% compared to sham-injured animals. At 15 days after lateral fluid percussion TBI the response to trans-ACPD was enhanced by 40% both ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of injury. In contrast, the response to carbachol was enhanced by 29% contralateral to the side of injury but was diminished by 12% ipsilateral to the side of injury. Cresyl violet staining shows no hippocampal cell death after central fluid percussion injury or on the side contralateral to lateral fluid percussion injury but on the ipsilateral side cell death was identified in hippocampal area CA3. Thus, abnormal hippocampal cell signaling through the phosphoinositide pathway occurs in the absence of cell death and may contribute to cognitive impairment.
Expected Parent-Care Involvement of Adult Children

Normative, individual, and contextual characteristics were examined as predictors of adult children's (N = 206) expectations of being primarily responsible for the care of an ill parent if called upon in the future. Although most did affirm that adult children should provide care for aging parents, this general social norm did not predict their expectations of primary involvement in the care of their own aging parents. Among these adult children not currently experiencing parental need, a large network of sisters decreased the likelihood of expected primary involvement in parent care. In addition, greater self-reported health as well as a specific family norm of parent care increased the likelihood that a given adult child expected to acquire primary responsibility for parent care in the future. Findings demonstrate that adult children possess distinct expectations for their level of involvement in parent care prior to parental need for aid.
RANK ONE CHAOS IN SWITCH-CONTROLLED PIECEWISE LINEAR CHUA'S CIRCUIT

In this paper, we continue our study of rank one chaos in switch-controlled circuits. Periodically controlled switches are added to Chua's original piecewise linear circuit to generate rank one attractors in the vicinity of an asymptotically stable periodic solution that is relatively large in size. Our previous investigations relied heavily on the smooth nonlinearity of the unforced systems, and were, by large, restricted to a small neighborhood of supercritical Hopf bifurcations. Whereas the system studied in this paper is much more feasible for physical implementation, and thus the corresponding rank one chaos is much easier to detect in practice. The findings of our purely numerical experiments are further supported by the PSPICE simulations.
Diagnostic systems for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) (invited)

A tentative schedule of experiments for the ignition campaign on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been developed. These experiments will be used to validate beam pointing and balance, to tune time history and symmetry of drive of NIF hohlraums, and to implode subignition and igniting targets. The initial target diagnostics are designed to validate beam pointing and to demonstrate the properties of the hohlraums.
Hippocampal Neurons Express GABAA Receptor Insensitive to Diazepam in Hyperexcitable Conditions

Purpose: To define the properties of γ-aminobutyric acid-type A (GABA A ) receptors expressed on dentate granule cells in neonatal rats and to define the impact of prolonged seizures on GABA A receptors in 28- to 35-day-old rats. Methods: Whole GABA A receptor currents were recorded from acutely isolated dentate granule cells. Cells were isolated from 7- to 14-day-old rats for the first experiment. For the second experiment, cells were isolated from 28- to 35-day-old naive rats and rats that had undergone 45 minutes of status epilepticus. Modulation of GABA A receptor currents by diazepam (DZP), zinc, and zolpidem was studied. Results: In 7- to 14-day-old rats, dentate granule cells express DZP- and zolpidem-insensitive, zinc-sensitive GABA A receptors. In 28- to 35-day-old rats, dentate granule cells express DZP-sensitive GABA A receptors. At the latter age, prolonged seizures render GABA A receptors DZP-insensitive. Conclusion: Hippocampal dentate granule cells express DZP-insensitive receptors in hyperexcitable states. These receptors are likely to contain a4 subunit.
Light on polymers

Polymer Photophysics and Photochemistry: An Introduction to the Study of Photoprocesses in Macromolecules. By James Guillet. Cambridge University Press: 1985. Pp.391. 45, 79.50.
Protease-activated receptor-4 uses dual prolines and an anionic retention motif for thrombin recognition and cleavage

Thrombin activation of human platelets is mediated by the high-affinity PAR1 (protease-activated receptor-1) and the low-affinity PAR4 receptor. PAR1 and PAR4 exhibit markedly disparate kinetics of activation that likely reflect differences in the macromolecular association of thrombin with their respective N-terminal extracellular domains (exodomains). Here we examine the mechanism of initial thrombin binding and cleavage of the high- and low-affinity PAR exodomains using steady-state kinetic analyses. We showed that the PAR4 exodomain lacks the functional hirudin-like sequence found in PAR1 and does not bind exosite I to cause allosteric activation or inhibition of thrombin. Instead, PAR4 contains an anionic cluster, Asp(57)...Asp(59) ...Glu(62)...Asp(65) (DDED), in its exodomain, which slows the dissociation of PAR4 from the cationic thrombin. The analogous anionic residues in the PAR1 exodomain do not influence affinity for thrombin. Although PAR4 is cleaved more slowly than PAR1 on the cell surface, peptides containing the PAR4 P(4)-P(1) active-site-interacting sequence, Pro(45)-Ala-Pro-Arg (PAPR), are efficiently cleaved due to the optimal placement of dual prolines at positions P(4) and P(2). In comparison, thrombin has low affinity and slow cleavage rates for peptides that have a P(3) proline as occurs in human PAR3. Thus, to compensate for the lack of exosite I binding, PAR4 utilizes proline residues in its P(4)-P(1) sequence to provide high-affinity interactions with the active site and an anionic cluster to slow dissociation from the cationic thrombin.
Mammalian hibernation as a model of disuse osteoporosis: the effects of physical inactivity on bone metabolism, structure, and strength

Reduced skeletal loading typically leads to bone loss because bone formation and bone resorption become unbalanced. Hibernation is a natural model of musculoskeletal disuse because hibernating animals greatly reduce weight-bearing activity, and therefore, they would be expected to lose bone. Some evidence suggests that small mammals like ground squirrels, bats, and hamsters do lose bone during hibernation, but the mechanism of bone loss is unclear. In contrast, hibernating bears maintain balanced bone remodeling and preserve bone structure and strength. Differences in the skeletal responses of bears and smaller mammals to hibernation may be due to differences in their hibernation patterns; smaller mammals may excrete calcium liberated from bone during periodic arousals throughout hibernation, leading to progressive bone loss over time, whereas bears may have evolved more sophisticated physiological processes to recycle calcium, prevent hypercalcemia, and maintain bone integrity. Investigating the roles of neural and hormonal control of bear bone metabolism could give valuable insight into translating the mechanisms that prevent disuse-induced bone loss in bears into novel therapies for treating osteoporosis.
BIOLEFF: three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation.

Abstract Three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation were developed by storing bibliographic and abstract data for technical literature on the subject in a free-form database program, ‘askSam’. Approximately 4 000 journal articles have been computerized in three separate database files: BIOLEFF, LICHENS and METALS. BIOLEFF includes over 2 800 articles on the effects of approximately 25 gaseous and particulate pollutants on over 2 000 species of vascular plants. LICHENS includes almost 400 papers on the effects of gaseous and heavy metal pollutants on over 735 species of lichens and mosses. METALS includes over 465 papers on the effects of heavy metals on over 830 species of vascular plants. The combined databases include articles from about 375 different journals spanning 1905 to the present. Picea abies and Phaseolus vulgaris are the most studied vascular plants in BIOLEFF, while Hypogymnia physodes is the most studied lichen species in LICHENS. Ozone and sulfur dioxide are the most studied gaseous pollutants with about two thirds of the records in BIOLEFF. The combined size of the databases is now about 5·5 megabytes.
Signaling by the TGF-beta homolog decapentaplegic functions reiteratively within the network of genes controlling retinal cell fate determination in Drosophila

Retinal cell fate determination in Drosophila is controlled by an interactive network of genes, including eyeless, eyes absent, sine oculis and dachshund. We have investigated the role of the TGF-beta homolog decapentaplegic in this pathway. We demonstrate that, during eye development, while eyeless transcription does not depend on decapentaplegic activity, the expression of eyes absent, sine oculis and dachshund are greatly reduced in a decapentaplegic mutant background. We also show that decapentaplegic signaling acts synergistically with and at multiple levels of the retinal determination network to induce eyes absent, sine oculis and dachshund expression and ectopic eye formation. These results suggest a mechanism by which a general patterning signal such as Decapentaplegic cooperates reiteratively with tissue-specific factors to determine distinct cell fates during development.
Proximal Saphenous Vein Cutdown

An anatomical review and venesection technique for the proximal greater saphenous vein is described. It is recommended as an additional intravenous approach for rapid volume resuscitation in the patient with profound hypovolemic shock.
Cold Cap Grout Formulation for Waste Containment at DOE Site, Hanford, Washington

WES developed a grout to be used as a cold (non-radioactive) cap or void-fill material between the solidified low-level waste and the cover blocks of near-surface disposal vaults at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Facility. The project consisted of formulation and evaluation of candidate grout, followed by a physical scale-model test to verify grout performance under project-specific conditions and provide data to verify numerical models of stresses and isotherms inside the Hanford demonstration vault. Evaluation of unhardened grout included segregation, bleed, flow, and working time. For hardened grout, strength, volume stability, thermal heat rise, and geochemical compatibility with surrogate wasteform grout were examined. The grout was formulated to accommodate unique environmental boundary conditions (vault temperature = 45 °C) and exacting regulatory requirements (mandating less than 0.1% shrinkage with no expansion and no bleeding); and to remain pumpable for a minimum 2 hr. A grout consisting of API Class H cement, an ASTM C 618 Class F fly ash, sodium bentonite clay, and a natural sand from the Hanford area met all performance requirements in laboratory studies.
Role for Nephritogenic T Cells in Lupus Glomerulonephritis: Progression to Renal Failure Is Accompanied by T Cell Activation and Expansion in Regional Lymph Nodes

Autoreactive T cells are critical in the initiation and maintenance of autoantibody responses that are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the direct contribution of T cells in end-organ disease like lupus glomerulonephritis (GN) is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of T cells in progression of lupus GN in NZM2328 mice, a murine model of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. At 26 wk of age, NZM2328 female mice showed glomerular immune complex deposits and acute proliferative GN. This was associated with up-regulation of MHC class II and the detection of T cells and CD11c + dendritic cells in the glomeruli. The regional lymph nodes (LN) showed preferential activation of T cells and an oligoclonal T cell response with skewed expansion of certain Vβ families. This suggests an Ag-driven response occurring in the regional LN of nephritic mice during acute GN. In contrast, male NZM2328 mice developed glomerular immune complexes and acute GN, but rarely progressed to fatal chronic GN. Significantly, male kidneys at 40 wk of age did not have detectable dendritic cells and T cells in the glomeruli. Thus, glomerular immune complex deposition initiates an immune response against renal Ags in the regional LN, leading to T cell recruitment into the kidney during acute proliferative GN. This T cell activation and infiltration are influenced by gender-dependent end-organ factors and may determine the progression of acute GN to chronic GN and renal failure.
A few concluding thoughts

This volume presents new approaches to displaying information that can be used in decision making and institutional research.
Interface Wavelength Between Confined Supersonic Two-Dimensional Jets and Subsonic Streams

A model for the freejet interface wavelength of an inviscid, supersonic and subsonic stream is described. The model, which is a confined flow extension to a previous methodology, involves modifying the lowest-order perturbation quantities to honor internal flow conservation and to provide the first critical location of the slipline.
Comparison of five diagnostic modalities for direct detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with early Lyme disease

Lyme disease, the most commonly reported tick-borne infection in North America, is caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Although an accurate clinical diagnosis can often be made based on the presence of erythema migrans, in research studies microbiologic or molecular microbiologic confirmation of the diagnosis may be required. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of 5 direct diagnostic methods (culture and nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] of a 2-mm skin biopsy specimen, nested PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) performed on the same 1-mL aliquot of plasma and a novel qPCR-blood culture method) in 66 untreated adult patients with erythema migrans. Results of one or more of these tests were positive in 93.9% of the patients. Culture was more sensitive than PCR for both skin and blood, but the difference was only statistically significant for blood samples (P<0.005). Blood culture was significantly more likely to be positive in patients with multiple erythema migrans skin lesions compared to those with a single lesion (P=0.001). Positive test results among the 48 patients for whom all 5 assays were performed invariably included either a positive blood or a skin culture. The results of this study demonstrate that direct detection methods such as PCR and culture are highly sensitive in untreated adult patients with erythema migrans. This enabled microbiologic or molecular microbiologic confirmation of the diagnosis of B. burgdorferi infection in all but 4 (6.1%) of the 66 patients evaluated.
Fear in Children and Adolescents: Relations with Negative Life Events, Attributional Style, and Avoidant Coping

In this study, we explored relations among negative life events, negative attributional style, avoidant coping, and level of fear in 99 children who had survived residential fires. Overall, negative life events, negative attributional style, and avoidant coping were found to be predictive of levels of fear. However, the relation between negative life events and fear was moderated by mother's level of education such that this prediction was obtained only for those children whose mothers were low in education level. Age, ethnicity, and sex did not moderate these relations. In addition, negative attributional style and avoidant coping were related to levels of fear in those children whose mothers were high in education levels but not those whose mothers were low in education level. Results are discussed within a stress and coping framework.
Managing Childcare: The Experiences of Mothers and Childcare Workers†

This paper discusses the findings from an ethnographic study of childcare. It examines employed mothers and their experiences with sending their young children to childcare centers, and childcare workers and their perspectives on their work. In this 2-year-long research project, I studied two large, urban childcare centers, one independent, non-profit and one part of a national, for-profit chain. Methods included participant observation, in-depth interviewing, and focus groups. I found that mothers’ experiences with childcare are shaped by three factors: (1) cultural messages; (2) feelings of anxiety and guilt; and (3) the perceived quality of the childcare. I explore these three factors and discuss how the mothers are affected by the “intensive mothering” ideology. For the childcare workers, their work is affected by: (1) the level of respect and economic rewards they receive, (2) their commitment to the children, and (3) their role as expert or authority and other issues of power. By examining the two groups of women together, it becomes clear that both groups of women face interwoven challenges in a culture that devalues children and childrearing, and that alliances to address these interwoven concerns are essential.
Testing of a Wire Rope

Initially, a load deformation curve was obtained experimentally for a 1.306-in. diameter, 6 × 19 Seale IWRC rope on a 600,000-lb testing machine. A plot of the load as a function of the deformation is shown in Figure 6.1. In this test, a 45-in. gage length was used and the total cross-sectional area ΣπR2 i = 0.727 in.2. The experimental effective modulus of the rope is about 18,400,000 psi, although the preceding theory predicts an effective modulus, based on E = 29,000,000 psi, of about 0.7 × E = 20,300,000 psi. The theoretically determined modulus is higher than the experimentally determined one, since contact deformation between the wires is neglected; also, the outer strands tend to settle inside the radius of the IWRC, since the line load on the outer strand acts only at the contact points. This last condition is especially apparent in the initial loading of a rope. In the above theory it was assumed that the modulus of elasticity of the wire material was 29,000,000 psi.
Evaluation of text entry methods for Korean mobile phones, a user study

This paper reports the results of a user study designed to evaluate text entry methods for mobile phones used in Korea. At present the keypad layout for Korean mobile phones has not been standardized and different manufacturers produce phones with different layouts. Included in the evaluation are three of the dominant text entry methods: Chon-ji-in, EZ-Hangul, and SKY. The metrics used in the analysis are key strokes per character, words per minute, and total error rate. The results suggest that SKY offers a good balance between speed, effort, and accuracy. The paper also introduces a phrase set that has high correlation with the Korean language and could be used in other experiments on Korean text entry methods.
THE BEGINNINGS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS

ABSTRACT A brief account is given of the discovery of the radiation belts of the earth in early 1958, the prompt confirmations of this discovery, and the beginnings of the now flourishing science of magnetospheric physics.
Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments

When we judge an action as morally right or wrong, we rely on our capacity to infer the actor's mental states (e.g., beliefs, intentions). Here, we test the hypothesis that the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), an area involved in mental state reasoning, is necessary for making moral judgments. In two experiments, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt neural activity in the RTPJ transiently before moral judgment (experiment 1, offline stimulation) and during moral judgment (experiment 2, online stimulation). In both experiments, TMS to the RTPJ led participants to rely less on the actor's mental states. A particularly striking effect occurred for attempted harms (e.g., actors who intended but failed to do harm): Relative to TMS to a control site, TMS to the RTPJ caused participants to judge attempted harms as less morally forbidden and more morally permissible. Thus, interfering with activity in the RTPJ disrupts the capacity to use mental states in moral judgment, especially in the case of attempted harms.
The relationship between causal and non-causal mismatched estimation in continuous-time AWGN channels

A continuous-time finite-power process with distribution P is observed through an AWGN channel, at a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and is estimated by an estimator that would have minimized the mean-square error if the process had distribution Q. We show that the causal filtering meansquare error (MSE) achieved at SNR level snr is equal to the average value of the noncausal (smoothing) MSE achieved with a channel whose SNR is chosen uniformly distributed between 0 and snr. Emerging as the bridge for equating these two quantities are mutual information and relative entropy. Our result generalizes that of Guo, Shamai and Verdu (2005) from the non-mismatched case, where P = Q, to general P and Q. Among our intermediate results is an extension of Duncan's theorem, that relates mutual information and causal MMSE, to the case of mismatched estimation. Some further extensions and implications are discussed. Key to our findings is the recent result of Verdu on mismatched estimation and relative entropy.
Patterns in Group Involvement Experiences During College: Identifying a Taxonomy

This study explored whether latent phenomena could be identified to classify students based on their patterns of involvement in cocurricular group experiences. The sample was comprised of 11,209 seniors from 50 institutions. A total of 4 latent factors were identified and students were classified into one of 8 latent classes. Findings offer new analytic and conceptual approaches for use in college impact research as well as a useful heuristic tool to assist student affairs professionals in designing and targeting educational interventions.
Non‐contacting tension measurement for molten films

A novel air-nozzle system was developed to perform non-contacting measurement of film tension in molten films. The measurement is based on correlation between the film tension and the pressure drop across the gap from the nozzle tip to the film. Films with higher tension exhibit less deflection by the impinging air jet and, consequently, produce a higher pressure drop across a smaller gap. The correlation between film tension and pressure drop was obtained with solid films at room temperature. A procedure was developed to extend the correlation to higher temperatures. The correlation was also found to agree with film tension versus pressure drop data obtained from specially designed molten film experiments. The capability of the system was demonstrated in the film casting of a linear low-density polyethylene melt and a low-density polyethylene melt. Tensions in the molten films were measured at various values of draw ratio and extrusion speed.
Behavioral sleep disturbances in children clinically referred for evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Objective/Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and behavioral sleep disturbances (BSD) are known to have a negative health impact on children. OSA and BSD may coexist; however, such comorbidity is not fully appreciated in clinical settings. Methods Patients referred for OSA evaluation completed polysomnography and the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Prevalence estimates for clinically significant BSD were computed and comorbidity of BSD and OSA was examined. Chart reviews were completed to determine if BSD were addressed in the medical treatment plan. Results Over one-half of the sample had a clinically significant BSD. Patients with comorbid OSA and BSD represented 39.46% of the sample. In 36–54% of the patients with a clinically significant BSD, no plan to treat the BSD was documented in the patient’s medical record. Conclusions Children referred for evaluation of OSA have a high likelihood of experiencing clinically significant BSD irrespective of OSA diagnosis. Sleep medicine clinicians should be careful not to overlook the potential impact of BSD even after a child has been formally diagnosed with OSA. Physician knowledge of empirically supported behavioral sleep treatments or access to behavioral sleep medicine services is an essential component of comprehensive care for children clinically referred for OSA evaluation.
A simulation model of a helicopter ambulance service

We study two different operational scenarios for a regional air ambulance service-company which has bases in northern California. Two of these bases serve the land areas encompassed roughly in a circular area of radius 100 miles centered in Gilroy and Salinas, respectively; with a large part of their coverage areas reachable from either base. The base in Salinas currently operates one helicopter only from Thursday to Monday, whereas the base in Gilroy operates one helicopter 24/7. The company is considering extending the operation of one helicopter to 24/7 for its Salinas base. In this paper we analyze the operational impacts of that extension, and develop a framework that can be applied towards the study of the ambulance assignment problem faced by small operators.
STRUCTURAL SHOCKS AND THE FISCAL THEORY OF THE PRICE LEVEL IN THE STICKY PRICE MODEL

This paper examines the effects of various structural shocks in the passive monetary-active fiscal regime in which the fiscal theory of the price level is valid, and compares these effects to those suggested by conventional theory (the active monetary-passive fiscal regime), within a framework of the New Keynesian sticky price model. The results suggest that the effects of structural shocks are substantially different in the passive monetary-active fiscal regime. First, a monetary contraction (an increase in the interest-rate) increases the inflation rate persistently, and increases output with lags. Second, a positive government spending shock leads to a consumption rise in the model that predicts a consumption fall based on conventional theory. Third, in response to aggregate-demand and aggregate-supply shocks, a period of inflation above (or below) the steady-state is followed by a period of inflation below (or above) the steady-state. This inflation reversal is also found in the impulse responses of the estimated VAR models during the 1940's and 1950's, which suggests that the passive monetary-active fiscal regime seems to be actually in place during that period.I thank the editor, an associate editor, and two anonymous referees for constructive suggestions, Christopher Sims for discussion on earlier drafts, Minjung Chae for research assistance, and Clayton Reck for editorial help. All remaining errors are mine.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) Adaptation After Mechanical Circulatory Unloading of the Heart. A Gene Expression Analysis Study of Paired Myocardial Samples

Background: Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) and the reverse phenomenon of mesenchymal to endothelial transitioning (MET) has been shown to contribute to fibrosis in rodent models of heart failure. There are no studies documenting the same in human cardiac tissue. Methods: We performed immunofluorescence dual staining on end stage heart failure myocardial samples obtained from our bio repository. Staining for endothelial and mesenchymal markers were performed with Anti-VE-Cadherin (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies) and anti-Fibroblast specific protein 1 (Dako Antibodies) respectively using standard immunofluoresence techniques. Presence of dual staining on fluorescence microscopy was considered as positive for the presence of EndMT. Vascular density was assessed using a DAB (3-3’ Diaminobenzidine) technique with Anti-CD31 (PECAM, Abcam). Results: Of the end stage heart failure samples, 18 were from left ventricular core during LVAD implant and 5 during a direct transplant as status 1A (axillary intraaortic balloon pump). 10 hearts of patients bridged to transplant with a continuous flow LVAD (Days under support 3436228) were also studied. Mean age was 55y with 82% males and 74% white. 70% of all samples had evidence of EndMT. The number of cells ranged from 1 to 5 per high power field. There was no significant difference between patient characteristics between those with evidence of EndMT versus not, except a higher prevalence of diabetes in the latter group. (Fig 1B) 74% of the end-stage heart failure samples and 60% of the post-VAD samples showed the presence of EndMT cells. Vascular Density was higher in the samples exhibiting EndMT phenomenon. (Figure 1A). Conclusion: We have documented for the first time, the existence of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in human end stage myocardial samples corroborating earlier pioneering studies in rodents. Interestingly the existence of such dual staining cells in end stage hearts (which is highly fibrotic) suggests a possible role of ongoing fibrosis with endothelial to mesenchymal transitioning or potential antifibrotic mechanism though mesenchymal to endothelial transitioning. Further studies of the later process will be warranted to explore potential anti-fibrotic therapeutic implications.
Deposit Structure Effects on Insecticide Bioassays

Agricultural application of pesticides is often done by atomization of the active ingredient and a carrier fluid. This atomized fluid lands on a plant surface and creates a mosaic of treated and untreated patches that we define as deposit structure. This structure influences the biological effect of the pesticide if dose per unit time is a factor in determining the overall toxicity of the pesticide. Laboratory bioassays are frequently carried out in such a way as to eliminate all effects of deposit structure. This bioassay methodology dictates the form of the observed dose-response relationship in these experiments. Although our observations do not invalidate previous bioassay methodology, they do suggest that current approaches provide a narrow view of dose-response relationships. These results affect bioassay methodology for testing toxicant efficacy and for experiments with insecticide resistance that use similar approaches to screen for resistance or study inheritance of pesticide resistance.
Quantum Size Effects in the Terahertz Nonlinear Response of Metallic Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons

We use time-dependent perturbation theory to study quantum size effects on the terahertz nonlinear response of metallic graphene armchair nanoribbons of finite length under an applied electric field. Our work shows that quantization due to the finite length of the nanoribbon, the applied field profile, and the broadening of the graphene spectrum all play a significant role in the resulting nonlinear conductances. In certain cases, these effects can significantly enhance the nonlinearity over that for infinitely long metallic armchair graphene nanoribbon.
Communicating Briefly Technically

People and organizations often communicate through technologies that restrict their communication to very few characters: a difficult task when the content is highly technical and specialized. This...
Determination of Butyl Acetate in The Air of Workplace by Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatographic Method

[Objective]To establish the determination of butyl acetate in the air of workplace by thermal desorption gas chromatographic method.[Methods]The experiment was based on "Standardization of methods for determination of toxic substances in workplace air".[Results]Breakthrough capacity of butyl acetate to 100 mg absorbent charcoal was 7.4 mg. Absorption efficiencies were between 99.98%～100% when butyl acetate concentration were 82.4~168.3 mg/m3. Samples could be preserved in the carbon tube at least 8 days,with good reproducibility. The relative standard deviation of different concentrations was 2.1%~ 5.6%. Average desorption efficiencies were 88.6%~85.2%. Detection limit was 0.8 mg/m3. Benzene,toluene,xylene,etc. co-existed with the butyl acetate could be detected by this method without interference.[Conclusion]This method meets the requirement of "Standardization of methods for determination of toxic substances in workplace air". It is feasible for the determination of butyl acetate in workplace air.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Gains Favor in Preparative-scale Separation of Enantiomers

The progress on supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using in preparative chiral pharmaceuticals is summarized. The application of SFC has also moved from the analytical scale, simply for identifying enantiomers, towards semipreparative or preparative scale to produce material in amount ranged from a few milligrams to hundreds of grams. Rapid choosing the proper combination of chiral stationary phases and SFC solvent modifier plays a key role for using SFC successfully in preparative scale.
The effect of intravesical thio-tepa on normal and tumor urothelium.

AbstractIntravesical thio-tepa instillations for 55 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma were evaluated prospectively in the treatment of residual disease (therapeutic) and the prevention of recurrence (prophylactic). The over-all response rate to therapeutic thio-tepa was 56 per cent, with toxicity observed in 26 per cent of the cases. Patients with microscopic residual tumor showed better response and less toxicity than those with gross residual tumor. Prophylactic thio-tepa had no effect in lowering recurrence rates.Examination of pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies showed no worsening of atypia and no correlation between improvement in atypia and gross tumor response. A characteristic posttreatment thio-tepa effect was observed in non-tumorous urothelium but not in tumor biopsies. The differentiation of such thio-tepa effect cells from pre-malignant atypical cells is discussed.
Christodemocracy Assumes That the Role of Any Government Is to Enact Christian Morality

The first of the discourse analysis chapters, Chapter 5 provides evidence of the first assumption of Christodemocratic theory. Each assumption builds on its predecessors. The remaining assumptions of Christodemocracy rely on this core tenet, that the role of the state is to enact Christian morality. This assumption rationalizes the existence of the USA and through that rationalization evaluates political behavior.
Potentiometric Enzyme Methods

Over the past decade ion-selective electrode-based potentiometry has become a well-established electroanalytical method. One of the most exciting and fastest growing areas of research has been the use of membrane electrodes in enzymatic analysis. Using this approach, the applicability of the Potentiometric method has been greatly extended, enabling the simple and accurate determination of many biologically and clinically important substances.
Variation in Campylobacter Multilocus Sequence Typing Subtypes from Chickens as Detected on Three Plating Media.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare subtypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli detected on three selective Campylobacter plating media to determine whether each medium selected for different subtypes. Fifty ceca and 50 carcasses (representing 50 flocks) were collected from the evisceration line in a commercial broiler processing plant. Campylobacter was cultured and isolated from cecal contents and carcass rinses on Campy-Cefex, Campy Line, and RF Campylobacter jejuni/coli agars. When a positive result was obtained with all three media, one colony of the most prevalent morphology on each medium was selected for further analysis by full genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing. Sequence types were assigned according to PubMLST. A total of 49 samples were positive for Campylobacter on all three media. Forty samples contained only C. jejuni, three had only C. coli, and both species were detected in six samples. From 71% of samples, Campylobacter isolates of the same seque...
On the value of faith and faithfulness

There was a time when Greco-Roman culture recognized faith as an indispensable social good. More recently, however, the value of faith has been called into question, particularly in connection with religious commitment. What, if anything, is valuable about faith—in the context of ordinary human relations or as a distinctive stance people might take in relation to God? I approach this question by examining the role that faith talk played both in ancient Jewish and Christian communities and in the larger Greco-Roman culture in which Christian faith talk evolved. I locate the value of faith and faithfulness in the context of relationships involving trust and loyalty and argue that what is most distinctively valuable about faith is the function it plays in sustaining relationships through various kinds of challenges, including through evidentially unfavorable circumstances and significant periods of doubt. In light of this discussion, I set out a view of relational faith and, taking Mother Teresa as an exemplar, argue for two further conclusions. First, faith can play the valuable role that it plays in sustaining relationships even without belief of the salient propositions. Second, in at least some circumstances, in order for faith to play this valuable role in a way that does not require epistemic opinions that fail to fit one’s evidence, it is important that faith does not require such belief.