cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processes that control mineral and element abundances in shales

Abstract A shale's composition can be used to infer physical, chemical, and biological processes that have acted on it over its life history and this knowledge is used to surmise conditions at the time when each process was active. This review lists the most important processes that control shale mineral and element abundances during each of the five stages of its life history. (1) During weathering, transport, and deposition, the most important processes are chemical weathering, hydraulic sorting and mixing, adsorption, reverse weathering, and incorporation of organic matter and biominerals. (2) During early diagenesis, the most important processes are exchange across the water/sediment interface, compaction, microbial respiration, mineral transformations, and concretion formation. (3) During burial diagenesis, the most important processes are compaction, catagenesis (and metagenesis), and mineral transformations. (4) During exhumation, the most important processes are decompaction, brine invasion, groundwater penetration, and microbial respiration. (5) During weathering, the most important processes are organic matter oxidation, mineral oxidation and hydrolysis, groundwater transport, and disaggregation. This classification of processes provides a way to envision how concurrent and consecutive processes that occurred over a shale's life history have affected its mineralogy and chemical composition.
Defect chemistry and transport properties of SrCo1 − xTaxO2.5 + δ as a promising oxygen electrocatalyst for reversible solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract In this study, we report on thermodynamic and transport properties of SrCo 1 − x Ta x O 2.5 + δ (SCT) derived from a defect chemistry model encompassing oxygen interstitials as the ionic point defect and holes/excess electrons as the electronic point defects. The results show that SCT can be reasonably modelled as a large-polaron itinerant hole-conductor with a constant mobility at high oxygen stoichiometry (2.5 + δ). At low oxygen stoichiometry, electronic carriers tend to be localized small-polarons with a trapping center at Ta Co ·· . With the established defect model, a complete picture of electron hole concentration p = p (T, Po 2 ), excess electron concentration n = n (T, Po 2 ) and oxygen nonstoichiometry δ = δ(T, Po 2 ) is mapped out, from which p = p (T) under a constant δ is derived. The latter further reveals the true activation energy for hole-conduction under a constant δ and yields thermodynamic data for the oxygen incorporation reaction creating oxygen interstitials. These fundamental data are also compared with SrCo 1 − x Nb x O 2.5 + δ (SCN), suggesting that SCT is a better hole-conductor with higher hole concentration for oxygen electrocatalysis.
Deep Venous Thrombosis

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a frequently encountered condition that is often diagnosed and treated in the outpatient setting. Risk stratification is helpful and recommended in the evaluation of DVT. An evidence-based diagnostic approach is discussed here. Once diagnosed, the mainstay of DVT treatment is anticoagulation. The specific type and duration of anticoagulation depend upon the suspected etiology of the venous thromboembolism, as well as risks of bleeding and other patient comorbidities. Both specific details and a standardized approach to this vast treatment landscape are presented.
One-to-One Mappings onto the Cantor Set

Let X be a separable metric space. We consider the following conditions on X : (α) X is zero dimensional, (β) each point of X is a limit point of X, (γ) X is compact, (γ') X is a Gs subset of some complete metric space M.
Is Blindness Contagious? Examining Racial Attitudes among People of Color with Close Interracial Relationships:

Are people of color with close relationships with whites more likely to embrace colorblind racial ideologies (CBRI)? Using restricted data from waves 1 and 2 of the Portraits of American Life Study...
Monoamine oxidase and the bioactivation of MPTP and related neurotoxins: relevance to DATATOP

The DATATOP study is a clinical trial in which deprenyl, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), is being given to newly diagnosed Parkinsonian patients in an attempt to halt the progression of their disorder. In part, this is being done because of the working hypothesis than an MPTP-like molecule may be the cause of Parkinsonism, and deprenyl is known to protect against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in experimental animals. In the present study we point out that several analogs of MPTP are good substrates not only for MAO-B but also for MAO-A. In addition, we point out that with long-term administration to rodents, deprenyl loses its selectivity as an inhibitor of MAO-B and also inhibits MAO-A. We believe that these observations have relevance for the DATATOP study.
Curating Research Data. Volume One: Practical Strategies for Your Digital Repository (ISBN: 978-0-8389-8858-9) and Curating Research Data. Volume Two: A Handbook of Current Practice (ISBN: 978-0-8389-8862-6).

The last decade has seen a marked increase in the creation, analysis and reuse of data by scholars across a wide range of disciples. In response to this trend, the management and curation of data has become increasingly important for libraries in the digital and data age. The increased focus and demand for these library services have generated comprehensive and instructive works, like the ones reviewed here. These volumes, edited and organized by Lisa R. Johnston, are important reads for both seasoned and novice practitioners of data and digital curation. Johnston, an Associate Librarian at the University of Minnesota, serves as the library’s Research Data Management/Curation Lead and the Co-Director of the University Digital Conservancy.
MRI evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: diagnosis, mimics, and staging

The radiologist’s role in the evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains critical in the management of this deadly disease. Imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Although CT is more commonly used for staging pancreatic cancer, MR is increasingly playing an important role in this regard. In our institution, all pancreatic malignancies undergo staging with MRI. In this pictoral essay, we illustrate the MR imaging features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its mimics, and we also discuss pearls and pitfalls in MR staging of pancreatic carcinoma.
Barren Mutants in Maize-A Case Study in Plant Signaling

Barren in this context indicates the complete lack of female organs, not just flowers, but the absolute lack of even female (ear) initials in the maize plant. There are at least 5 non-allelic genes in maize that when mutated cause barrenness. This has been verified by extensive allelic tests. The phenotype of each of these genes is generally similar in the female part of the plant. There is a phenotypic change in the tassel, that is quite obvious in the plants in the field, though admittedly, this has not been exhaustively verified by sufficient out crossing. Most any maize geneticist or breeder that is familiar with plants in the maize genetic or breeding nursery has observed the relationship of the maturing male and female components in the plants. In almost every case (there are occasional exceptions) the male flowering and pollen-shed occurs before the female begins silking. The gap between the two events varies, from 1 day to almost the end of the pollen-shedding period. It has been anecdotally assumed that hormones in the tassel control the initiation of female activity. The tassel appears to repress the female receptivity (silking) until the pollen shedding begins. This is only anecdotal and the necessary experiments have not been made to clearly show this relationship. There are mutants that vary this process but these have not been coupled with physiological investigations. Though the ba4 mutant arose in a transposon plot, the necessary molecular confirmation of this mutant has not confirmed a transposon insert. The behavior of this mutant illustrates some interesting features. The mutant expression is characterized by plants that are typically barren. The barren plants are unilaterally susceptible to anthracnose. In a segregating row, only the barren plants show anthracnose disease symptoms. The factor that is deficient and causes barrenness is suggestive that the mutant effect makes the plant susceptible to anthracnose infection. This mutant is predominantly recessive but not entirely. In crosses of these barren (obviously, as male) on to assorted wild type plants (+/+ x ba4/ba4), there is a low frequency of “escapes”, that is, plants are ba4 and barren. But not entirely, because late, after the tassel has been fully spent, even dried, and probably 30 days, a small deformed ear appears on the very last leaf, very low in the plant. Hypothesis on ba4: That a hormone is suppressing ear formation and thus barrenness. When the plant is nearing senescence, the hormone is depleted and the ear initial finally becomes evident.
Voltage Dependent Conductances: Gating Currents and Single Channel Recordings

Since Hodgkin and Huxley published their famous series in 1952, we know that the generation and propagation of the nerve impulse, or action potential, is the result of transient permeability changes of the axon membrane to sodium and potassium. These authors studied the membrane currents of the squid axon as a function of membrane voltage using the “voltage clamp” technique. They found that the membrane permeability is voltage and time dependent and is the result of at least two different conduction systems for sodium and potassium (see Fig. 1). In this classical work, Hodgkin and Huxley introduced the concept of voltage dependent ionic conductances and they even separated the process of conduction from the process of opening and closing of the permeability pathway. Today the permeability pathway is called ionic channel of which a large number of different types have been identified and the primary structure has been determined for several of them (e.g. Noda et al., 1984).
Second-Order Moments of a Stationary Markov Chain and Some Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the second-order moments of a stationary Markov chain and its applications. To estimate the stationary probabilities from a finite sequence of observations, the mean of these observations is asymptotically equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimator and is asymptotically efficient. The numerical-valued Markov chain is considered as a linear function of the vector-valued process, and a simple condition is obtained for it to be a wide-sense first-order autoregressive process. As the matrix of transition probabilities is doubly stochastic (the probability of going from one state to another is the same as the probability of the reverse), the stationary probabilities are uniform.
Executive Insights: Marketing Issues and Challenges in Transitional Economies:

Drawing both on the literature as well as field research on companies operating in transitional economies, this article describes the ways in which marketing environments in transitional economies are typically different from those in more developed countries, as well as recent trends in these environments. Managerial implications concerning appropriate marketing strategies and tactics are then drawn, both for multinationals operating in transitional economy markets as well as local companies.
Temporal variability in stream fish assemblage metrics and implications for long-term monitoring.

Abstract High natural variability in the condition of fish communities in headwater streams complicates detection of long-term responses to changes in water quality. As a result, little is known about the impacts and recovery of fishes from acid deposition in streams of New York. Twenty-one fish metrics from annual electrofishing surveys at 13 streams sites in the Catskill and Adirondack mountains were assessed to quantify temporal variability and identify effective monitoring strategies for detecting change in headwater stream fish assemblages. Metrics included the density and biomass of Brook Trout populations and entire fish communities using length-, area-, and effort-based standardization techniques. Linear mixed models were used to estimate changes in coefficients of variation (CV) for different classes of metrics and standardization techniques, and a simulation-based power analysis was conducted to assess differences in statistical power for each metric with various sampling designs. Metric CV varied significantly as a result of standardization technique and whether metrics were calculated for the entire community or Brook Trout only. The sampling effort necessary to detect a 30% change with power of 0.80 was strongly correlated with CV (R2 = 0.77). The number of sampling events at the 13 sites needed to detect this change ranged from 1 to >60, suggesting metric selection can strongly affect statistical power and the resources necessary to detect change. Thus, metric selection is a complex decision that must consider study objectives and biological relevance, in addition to natural variability and statistical power. However, adequate statistical power was achieved at relatively small sample sizes using certain metrics, indicating that fish communities in headwater streams can be a valuable component of long-term assessments of acidification impacts and recovery.
Models Using Nonparametric Transformations of X and Y

Fitting multiple regression models by the method of least squares is one of the most commonly used methods in statistics. There are a number of challenges to the use of least squares, even when it is only used for estimation and not inference, including the following.
Wartime Sexual Violence: From Silence to Condemnation of a Weapon of War: Kerry F. Crawford, Washington DC, Georgetown University Press, 2017

“The reality of wartime sexual violence has not changed; the world now simply pays attention” (p. 5). Crawford’s research examines a heretofore undertheorized and underexplored area of internationa...
100 Years of Progress on Mountain Meteorology Research

ABSTRACTMountains significantly influence weather and climate on Earth, including disturbed surface winds; altered distribution of precipitation; gravity waves reaching the upper atmosphere; and mo...
Does on-farm food loss prevent waste? Insights from California produce growers

Significant quantities of edible produce are lost at the farm level. Amidst growing concern about the environmental impacts of food loss and waste, advocates have invested in exploring farm-level interventions that might reduce the environmental footprint of food. Farmers are obvious stakeholders in such efforts, yet their voices are often missing from the discussion. Drawing on interviews with 25 fresh produce growers in California, we show how on-farm losses are driven by efforts to mitigate economic risk within food supply chains. Buyers minimize risk by demanding consistent volumes of perfect produce, and growers in turn minimize their financial risks by holding back “imperfect” and surplus food. If food is likely to be rejected further down the chain, growers abandon it on the farm. Using the EPA food recovery hierarchy and the tools of life cycle analysis (LCA), we then compare the environmental impact of farm-level loss to downstream alternatives. While landfill disposal is common at retail and consumer levels, food lost at the farm level is tilled back into the soil or sold as animal feed. We conclude that some on-farm losses may prevent more environmentally harmful “waste,” defined here as landfilled food, further down the supply chain. Our analysis argues for an approach to remedying on-farm food loss that is both ambitious and cautious—one that recognizes the structural causes of loss and that considers how environmental risks can increase as food moves downstream.
Complex image distortion using mathematical algorithms

This application was developed during an independent study in Advanced C++: CSCI 299. The goal was to manipulate images to create pop art and distort them to create strange but esthetically pleasing results. The process began with reading and writing binary BMP files. Then the decision was made to begin by manipulating the colors. Through this concept there were alterations made to produce the negation of the image, as well as adjustments to the distribution of color. Next, we explored the possibility of distorting the basic fabric of the images while leaving the colors unchanged. This resulted in the alteration of the photograph's resolution as well as a "fun-house" mirror effect. Later we combined both methods resulting in many interesting images. People who have seen the work have uniformly expressed amazement that a computer could generate images that so closely resemble famous artwork. Plans for future development include expanding different structural alterations of the photographic images as well as altering the image sizes and possibly creating mosaic results.
Rapid development of bullous lung disease: a complication of electronic cigarette use

Electronic cigarettes (EC) use can result in acute lung injury with varying severity of the hypoxic respiratory failure. Spontaneous resolution can result with the cessation of EC use, although some patients with severe disease have required mechanical ventilation. We describe a previously healthy patient who presented with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure and developed a rapidly progressive bullous disease and bilateral pneumothoraces. The exponential increase in lung injury from EC use combined with limited mechanistic insights into the disease process highlights the importance of promptly recognising both the disease and its complications. A 34-year-old man was admitted with a 1-week history of pleuritic chest pain, dyspnoea and subjective fevers. He had a 15-pack year history of smoking but …
Interprofessional collaboration practice: Are you doing it well? Individual perceptions within Sexual Assault Response Team (SART)

Abstract Purpose The purposes of this study were 1) to describe the individual member, group and organizational perception of collaboration of the Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) and 2) to focus on the individual levels of Interprofessional Collaboration (motivation, role expectations, personality style, professional power). Methods A cross sectional exploratory descriptive design. Data was collected from an online Qualtric© survey that incorporated the Perception of INterprofessional Collaboration Model Questionnaire (PINCOM) with some open ended questions. A convenience sample of SART members (n = 159) from the United States. Results The constructs for the individual level on interprofessional collaboration and the themes were categorized for the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner, Advocate, Law Enforcement and Attorney. Three of four disciplines had a strong connection with individual motivation. Two disciplines had scores that reflected an unfavorable perception of collaboration. Scores on personality styles hindered interprofessional collaboration in all four disciplines. Conclusion Curriculum development based on the IPEC competencies may be a viable to unique groups such as the SART.
The effects of charcoal dentifrices on Streptococcus mutans biofilm development and enamel demineralization

Purpose To evaluate the in vitro effects of commercially available charcoal dentifrices on Streptococcus mutans biofilm development and their ability to prevent enamel demineralization. Methods Streptococcus mutans biofilm was formed on polished bovine enamel specimens (n= 9 per treatment), and treated twice-daily for 120 seconds over the course of 5 days with: charcoal dentifrice containing fluoride (1,000 ppm F) (CF+), fluoride-free charcoal dentifrice (CF-), regular fluoride (1,100 ppm F) dentifrice (F+ ), or regular fluoride-free dentifrice (F-). Chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.12%) and deionized water (DIW) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Biofilms were analyzed for bacterial viability (colony-forming units, CFU). The pH of the medium was measured daily. Enamel specimens were analyzed using Vickers microhardness ( HV) and transversal microradiography (TMR). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc tests (α= 0.05). Results F+ showed higher pH values than CF+ and CF-, and CF- presented higher pH than CF+, showing that CF+ did not have inhibitory effects on the acidogenicity of cariogenic biofilms. CFU was significantly decreased when specimens were treated with CF+, CF- and F+, compared to specimens treated with DIW (P≤ 0.035) or F- (P≤ 0.001), respectively. However, the reduction observed was minimal (approximately 1 log). CF+ and CF- were less effective than F+ in preventing enamel demineralization as determined using HV (P= 0.041 and P= 0.003, respectively) and TMR ( P≤ 0.001). Both charcoal dentifrices (CF+, CF-) did not show relevant inhibition of S. mutans biofilm growth. Additionally, neither product prevented enamel demineralization compared to a regular fluoride-containing dentifrice. Clinical significance The tested charcoal dentifrices did not exhibit anticaries potential.
Comparative Study of Two Pose Measuring Systems Used to Reduce Robot Localization Error.

The performance of marker-based, six degrees of freedom (6DOF) pose measuring systems is investigated. For instruments in this class, the pose is derived from locations of a few three-dimensional (3D) points. For such configurations to be used, the rigid-body condition—which requires that the distance between any two points must be fixed, regardless of orientation and position of the configuration—must be satisfied. This report introduces metrics that gauge the deviation from the rigid-body condition. The use of these metrics is demonstrated on the problem of reducing robot localization error in assembly applications. Experiments with two different systems used to reduce the localization error of the same industrial robot yielded two conflicting outcomes. The data acquired with one system led to substantial reduction in both position and orientation error of the robot, while the data acquired with a second system led to comparable reduction in the position error only. The difference is attributed to differences between metrics used to characterize the two systems.
Trends and associated characteristics for Chagas disease among women of reproductive age in the United States, 2002 to 2017.

Abstract Background American trypanosomiasis, commonly referred to as Chagas disease, is caused by a single cell protozoan known as Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Although those affected are mainly in Latin America, Chagas has been detected in the United States (US), Canada and in many European countries due to migration. Few studies have explored the epidemiology of Chagas within the US or changes in disease burden over the past decade. The objective of this study was to explore the trends and associated characteristics for Chagas disease among hospitalized women of reproductive age in the US. Methods We analyzed admissions data including socio-demographic and hospital characteristics for inpatient hospitalization for women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in the US from 2002 through 2017. We employed Joinpoint regression analysis to determine trends in the prevalence of Chagas disease over this period. Results A total of 487 hospitalizations of Chagas disease were identified, corresponding to 3.7 per million hospitalizations over the study period. The rate statistically increased from 1.6 per million in 2002 to 7.6 per million hospitalizations in 2017. Chagas was most prevalent among older women, Hispanics and those in the highest zip income bracket. The in-hospital mortality rate was about 10 times greater among women with Chagas compared to those without the condition (3.1% versus 0.3%), and the condition tended to be clustered in women treated at large, urban teaching hospitals in the Northeastern region of the US. Conclusion Chagas disease diagnosis appears to be increasing among hospitalized women of reproductive age in the US with a 10-fold elevated risk of mortality.
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy measurements of blood flow using 1064 nm light.

Significance: Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an established optical modality that enables noninvasive measurements of blood flow in deep tissue by quantifying the temporal light intensity fluctuations generated by dynamic scattering of moving red blood cells. Compared with near-infrared spectroscopy, DCS is hampered by a limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the need to use small detection apertures to preserve speckle contrast. However, DCS is a dynamic light scattering technique and does not rely on hemoglobin contrast; thus, there are significant SNR advantages to using longer wavelengths (>1000 nm) for the DCS measurement due to a variety of biophysical and regulatory factors. Aim: We offer a quantitative assessment of the benefits and challenges of operating DCS at 1064 nm versus the typical 765 to 850 nm wavelength through simulations and experimental demonstrations. Approach: We evaluate the photon budget, depth sensitivity, and SNR for detecting blood flow changes using numerical simulations. We discuss continuous wave (CW) and time-domain (TD) DCS hardware considerations for 1064 nm operation. We report proof-of-concept measurements in tissue-like phantoms and healthy adult volunteers. Results: DCS at 1064 nm offers higher intrinsic sensitivity to deep tissue compared with DCS measurements at the typically used wavelength range (765 to 850 nm) due to increased photon counts and a slower autocorrelation decay. These advantages are explored using simulations and are demonstrated using phantom and in vivo measurements. We show the first high-speed (cardiac pulsation-resolved), high-SNR measurements at large source–detector separation (3 cm) for CW-DCS and late temporal gates (1 ns) for TD-DCS. Conclusions: DCS at 1064 nm offers a leap forward in the ability to monitor deep tissue blood flow and could be especially useful in increasing the reliability of cerebral blood flow monitoring in adults.
Automation and Machine Learning in Transforming the Financial Industry

The major purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of machine learning on the digital age, particularly in the field of finance. This study involves the application of machine learning, its challenges, opportunities and effect on job openings and operations. This paper is based on the findings of a qualitative study of the text on the subject of machine learning in finance. The theoretical portion of this paper explores the universal framework, such as the past, existing and the next level of the machine learning, with emphasis on its advantages and drawbacks. The study also examines the global recognition of machine learning in the review of artificially intelligent development and start-ups in European countries. The research methodology used in this study was the evaluation of the qualitative methods in the paper. The study also reviewed twenty electronic records and articles on machine learning in finance. During the research on how computer technology transforms the banking sector, the implementation and impact of artificial intelligence in financing was discussed. Research shows that several financial institutions have significantly benefited from the introduction of a variety of machine learning and artificial intelligence. This paper demonstrates that there is a lack of experience in the field of machine learning, even as many unskilled or semi-qualified tasks carried out by individuals are carried out by machines. This study has shown that, through banking and financial valuation, whether it is manufacturing, data analysis or continuing to invest, there will be many more developments that can get the job done.
Are Road Crossings Fragmenting Populations of Clinch Dace

Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori (Clinch Dace) is a newly recognized species of minnow with a restricted distribution in southwestern Virginia. We analyzed genetic variation and abundance at paired sites above and below road crossings. Road crossings did not have a strong effect on presence, abundance, or genetic differentiation of Clinch Dace. Of all sites where Clinch Dace were found, only 1 perched culvert presented a barrier to upstream migration; however, no genetic differentiation was found between collections above and below that or any other culvert. Distribution and abundance of Clinch Dace populations were not influenced by habitat variables measured at the site level. Low abundance in small headwaters, nest association, and high mobility appear to be characteristics of this species of Chrosomus.
Creep behavior and modeling of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)

Abstract Creep behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated. HDPE has many engineering applications in different industries such as piping systems, cable and wiring, automotive parts, storage containers, and biomedical implants. The temperatures chosen were 23, 53, and 82 °C based on the service temperature range for application in design of automotive fuel tanks. Creep strength decreased and creep strain as well as creep strain rate increased by increasing temperature. The Larson-Miller parameter widely used for metallic materials was able to correlate time to rupture, stress, and temperature data of HDPE. The Monkman-Grant relation was successfully used to correlate minimum creep rate and time to rupture. The Findley power law and time-stress superposition principle (TSS) were used to represent nonlinear viscoelastic creep curves. Some longer-term creep tests were also conducted at room temperature to evaluate the accuracy of extrapolation of the short-term creep test results to longer creep life predictions. The models used based on the data presented can be used in the design of parts and components made of HDPE where creep failure may be a concern.
High-throughput analysis of contact angle goniometry data using DropPy

Abstract At present, surface wettability measurements are an underutilized segment of the characterization toolkit, in part due to the redundancy inherent in manual analysis. Even so, there have been numerous advances in contact angle data collection and analysis methods. The emergence of inexpensive and powerful hardware in increasingly small form-factors and the development of robust and versatile software packages would enable interrogation of wetting phenomena across a range of platforms. Here, we introduce DropPy, an open-source Python implementation of the classic axisymmetric drop shape analysis technique to fit droplet profiles from images while providing an easy interface through which casual users may interpret their findings.
What Did I Sign Up For

What Did I Sign Up For? In a city where gun violence was rampant before Covid, bloodshed has only increased with the upheaval of the structure of everyday life. Many images from a surgery resident’...
Establishment Clause Jurisprudence Still Groping for Clarity: Articulating a New Constitutional Model

In previous cases, the endorsement test had often been used to determine whether religious expression or symbols on public property violated the Establishment Clause. However, in American Legion v. American Humanist Ass'n, the Court turned to an historical traditions test, casting doubt on the future legitimacy of the endorsement test and the broader and older Lemon test, which has in recent years fallen into disfavor with the Court, given its foundations in the controversial Wall of Separation metaphor. Even though the American Legion Court upheld the religious symbol at issue, it did so on such narrow grounds as to give very little direction to future Establishment Clause jurisprudence. On the other hand, while it may not have toppled the Wall of Separation, it did remove a brick from that Wall. And perhaps Lemon and its progeny can only be undone in small steps. This Article conducts the kind of thorough examination of the meaning and purpose of the Establishment Clause that many might have hoped from the American Legion opinion. In so doing, the Article seeks to bypass all the different tests the Court has used over the past decades and instead focus on the root meaning of the word 'establishment' -- an endeavor the courts have never undertaken. Furthermore, America's steady drift to an increasingly secular society makes it even more important to understand the meaning of the Establishment Clause, especially the connection of that Clause to the overall protection of religious liberty.
Education of Students with Disabilities, Science, and Randomized Controlled Trials.

The purpose of this article is to examine the application of randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology for determining the efficacy of school-based interventions in general and special educatio...
Sharing Unfairly: Racial Bias on Airbnb and the Role of Comments

Many sharing economy platforms require users to reveal personal information on their profiles, which may open the door for racial biases against certain users. This study explores the relationship between race and labor outcomes in this environment, taking into account the role of reputation systems (i.e., free-form reviews). Specifically, in the context of the popular lodging marketplace Airbnb, we examine potential customers’ booking intentions in response to the racial identity of a host, feedback given to the host, and the behavior of the host themselves. Using an experimental design (N = 630) that manipulated the racial identity of the host (Black/White), the Airbnb review (Negative/Positive), and the response to the host’s response to the review (aggressive/non-aggressive/no response), we find that participants indicate a lower average likelihood of booking with a Black host than with a White host when the accommodation ad contained a negative review, while indicating to be more likely to book an Airbnb with a Black host when the ad contained a positive review. Since there is no evidence of racial bias for accommodation ads that do not contain reviews, the results demonstrate the importance of considering reviews when examining racial disparity in labor outcomes on online labor platforms. We probe potential explanations for the findings, ultimately scrutinizing the role of sharing economy platforms and its affordances in facilitating hiring discrimination.
Deformable foot orthoses redistribute power from the ankle to the distal foot during walking.

Abstract Recently, carbon fiber plates, or orthoses, have been incorporated into footwear to improve running performance, presumably through improved energy storage and return. However, few studies have explored the energetic effects these orthoses have on the distal foot, have utilized such orthoses in walking, and none have sought to specifically harness metatarsophalangeal joint deformation to store and return energy to the ankle–foot complex. To address these gaps, we developed and tested a deformable carbon fiber foot orthosis aiming to harness foot energetics and quantify the resulting effects on ankle energetics during walking in healthy adults. Eight subjects walked under three conditions: barefoot (BF), with minimalist shoes (SH), and with bilateral, deformable foot orthoses in the minimalist shoes (ORTH). Ankle and distal foot energetics, foot-to-floor and ankle angle, stance time, step length, and max center of pressure (COP) position were calculated. When walking with the orthoses, subjects showed 263.6% increase in positive distal foot work along with a 31.9% decrease in ankle work and little to no change in the overall ankle–foot complex work. Step length, stance time, and max anterior COP position significantly increased with orthosis use. No statistical or visual differences were found between BF and SH conditions indicating that our findings were due to the foot orthoses. These results suggest this foot orthosis redistributes power from the ankle to the distal foot for healthy adults, reducing the energetic demand on the ankle. These results lay the foundation for designing orthotics and footwear to improve ankle–foot energetics for clinical populations.
Climate change concern among youth: Examining the role of civics and institutional trust across 22 countries

Although scholars have long documented perceptions of climate change and the public’s evolving response to the perceived risk it poses, only more recently have these analyses begun to examine youth and their views of the issue. Given that education has traditionally been considered a long-term strategy to promote sustainability among youth, this article conducts a cross-national and comparative study of students from 22 countries to evaluate factors commonly associated with youth perceptions of climate change as a threat to the world’s future. In doing so, this study finds that promoting institutional trust and civic knowledge may increase student climate change concern to a greater degree than other, more emphasized, curricular and co-curricular environmental school opportunities. These new findings reveal potential pathways for future climate change education research, policy, and practice to help promote greater climate awareness and action among youth.
The Principle of Least Nuclear Motion

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the principle of least nuclear motion (PLNM). The principle of least motion, states that those elementary reactions will be favored that involve the least change in atomic position and electronic configuration. Thus, the principle of least motion deals with reactivity in terms of the reactant(s) and product(s) of the reaction. When product stability effects have been accounted for, the residue will contain the PLNM effects, but it will also contain asynchronization effects and effects of differences in changes in electronic configuration. The chapter discusses the principle qualitatively in terms of the intersecting Morse curve approach. Further attention to motion toward the transition state instead of toward the product may be valuable. The effect of imperfect synchronization of changes and of non-monotonic changes taking place during a reaction should also be studied further.
A Mechanistic Model for Particle Deposition in Diesel Particluate Filters Using the Lattice‐Boltzmann Technique

Cordierite diesel particulate filters (DPFs) offer one of the most promising aftertreatment technologies to meet the quickly approaching EPA 2007 heavy-duty emissions regulations. A critical, yet poorly understood, component of particulate filter modeling is the representation of soot deposition. The structure and distribution of soot deposits upon and within the ceramic substrate directly influence many of the macroscopic phenomenon of interest, including filtration efficiency, back pressure, and filter regeneration. Intrinsic soot cake properties such as packing density and permeability coefficients remain inadequately characterized. The work reported in this paper involves subgrid modeling techniques which may prove useful in resolving these inadequacies. The technique involves the use of a lattice Boltzmann modeling approach. This approach resolves length scales which are orders of magnitude below those typical of a standard computational fluid dynamics (CFD) representation of an aftertreatment device. Individual soot particles are introduced and tracked as they move through the flow field and are deposited on the filter substrate or previously deposited particles. Electron micrographs of actual soot deposits were taken and compared to the model predictions. Descriptions of the modeling technique and the development of the computational domain are provided. Preliminary results are presented, along with some comparisons with experimentalmore » observations.« less
Arteriovenous Patterns in Beaked Whales

Abstract : There were two discrete research goals: 1) To provide a clear picture of the vascular anatomy in beaked whale heads that will enhance our understanding of the basic biology of beaked whales and act as a baseline from which future morphological (e.g. acoustic pathways), pathophysiological (e.g. decompression sickness and embolus formation) and mathematical modeling (e.g. diving nitrogen kinetics) research can evolve. To conduct a preliminary histologic examination of tissues associated with the extramandibular fat body (EMFB), intramandibular fat body (IMFB) and pterygoid venous lake. 2) To describe the vascular morphology of the pulmonary system in bottlenose dolphins and investigate the presence of anatomic intrapulmonary shunts. Results may help inform future models of pulmonary shunting used for mathematical modeling of diving nitrogen saturation levels in cetaceans.
Nucleotide sequence and expression of the gene for the site-specific integration protein from bacteriophage HP1 of Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the leftmost 2,363 base pairs of the HP1 genome, which includes the attachment site (attP) and the integration region, was determined. This sequence contained an open reading frame encoding a 337-residue polypeptide, which is a member of the integrase family of site-specific recombination proteins as judged by sequence comparison. The open reading frame was located immediately adjacent to the att site and was oriented so that initiation of translation would begin distal to the att site and end in its immediate vicinity. Expression of this DNA segment in Escherichia coli provided extracts which promoted site-specific recombination between plasmids containing cloned HP1 attP and Haemophilus influenzae attB sites. This recombination was directional, since no reaction was observed between plasmids containing attR and attL sites. The reaction was stimulated by the accessory protein integration host factor of E. coli. Evidence was also obtained that the integration host factor influenced the levels of HP1 integrase expression. The deduced amino acid sequence of HP1 integrase has remarkable similarity to that deduced for the integrase of coliphage 186.
Good Day, Sunshine

From earliest times, the Sun has been revered and held in awe. For the Greeks of Aristotle’s time, sunlight epitomized the fire in the four basic elements — earth, air, fire and water — from which all things arose. Ancient solar observatories, dedicated to the divine Sun-god Ra, can still be found in Luxor, that enchanting city by the Nile; giant Egyptian obelisks, erected thousands of years ago in Luxor and Heliopolis (City of the Sun), now cast their shadows in sundial fashion across points of Paris, London, and Rome.
A Garland of Feminist Reflections: Forty Years of Religious Exploration

I. INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS Introducing A Garland of Feminist Reflections 1. How Did This Ever Happen to Me? A Wisconsin Farm Girl Who Became a Buddhist Theologian When She Grew Up II. FIVE ESSAYS ON METHOD 2. Androcentrism and Androgyny in the Methodology of History of Religions 3. Where Have We Been? Where Do We Need to Go? Key Questions for Women Studies in Religion and Feminist Theology 4. The Place of the Personal and the Subjective in Religious Studies 5. Methodology: Tool or Trap? Comments from a Feminist Perspective 6. What Went Wrong? Feminism and Freedom from the Prison of Gender Roles III. THEORY APPLIED: THREE TESTS 7. Menstruation and Childbirth as Ritual and Religious Experience among Native Australians 8. Toward a New Model of the Hindu Pantheon: A Report on Twenty-Some Years of Feminist Reflection 9. The Prepatriarchal Hypothesis: An Assessment IV. FEMINIST THEOLOGY 10. Steps toward Feminine Imagery in Jewish Theology 11. Is the (Hindu) Goddess a Feminist? 12. Life-Giving Images in Vajrayana Buddhist Ritual 13. Feminist Theology as Theology of Religions V. BUDDHIST FEMINISM: FEMINIST BUDDHISM 14. The Clarity in the Anger 15. Why (Engaged) Buddhists Should Care about Gender Issues 16. The Dharma of Gender 17. Yeshe Tsogyel: Enlightened Consort, Great Teacher, Female Role Model 18. Buddhist Women and Teaching Authority 19. Is the Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full? A Feminist Assessment of Buddhism at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century 20. Being a North American Buddhist Woman: Reflections of a Feminist Pioneer Notes
Mathematical discourse and cross-disciplinary communities: The case of political economy

Abstract This paper explores the role of symbolic languages within and between positivist disciplines. Symbolic languages, of which mathematics is the most important example, consist of tautologically true statements, such as 2 + 2 = 4. These must be operationalized before being useful for positivist research agendas (i.e. two apples and two oranges make four fruit). Disciplines may borrow either the symbolic languages of another discipline or the symbolic language and the accompanying operationalizations. The choice has important theoretical effects, and affects the kind of interdisciplinary community created. The game theory community is an example of a community based on the interdisciplinary exchange of symbolic language only, while the ‘ political economy’ community exchanges both symbolic languages and operationalizations.
Solution of the voter model by spectral analysis.

An exact spectral analysis of the Markov propagator for the voter model is presented for the complete graph and extended to the complete bipartite graph and uncorrelated random networks. Using a well-defined Martingale approximation in diffusion-dominated regions of phase space, which is almost everywhere for the voter model, this method is applied to compute analytically several key quantities such as exact expressions for the $m$ time-step propagator of the voter model, all moments of consensus times, and the local times for each macrostate. This spectral method is motivated by a related method for solving the Ehrenfest urn problem and by formulating the voter model on the complete graph as an urn model. Comparisons of the analytical results from the spectral method and numerical results from Monte Carlo simulations are presented to validate the spectral method.
State-space modeling of fatigue crack growth in ductile alloys☆

Abstract This paper presents a nonlinear dynamical model of fatigue crack growth in ductile alloys under variable-amplitude loading. The model equations are formulated in the state-space setting based on the crack closure concept and capture the effects of stress overload and reverse plastic flow. The state variables of the model are crack length and crack opening stress. The constitutive equation of crack-opening stress in the state-space model is governed by a low-order nonlinear difference equation that does not require storage of a long load history. The state-space model can be restructured as an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model for real-time applications such as health monitoring and life extending control. The model is validated with fatigue test data for different types of variable-amplitude and spectrum loading including single-cycle overloads, irregular sequences, and random loads in 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 alloys. Predictions of the state-space model are also compared with those of the FASTRAN-II model.
Allele-specific suppression of a defective brassinosteroid receptor reveals a physiological role of UGGT in ER quality control.

Summary UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) is a presumed folding sensor of protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Previous biochemical studies with nonphysiological substrates revealed that UGGT can glucosylate nonnative glycoproteins by recognizing subtle folding defects; however, its physiological function remains undefined. Here, we show that mutations in the Arabidopsis EBS1 gene suppressed the growth defects of a brassinosteroid (BR) receptor mutant, bri1-9 , in an allele-specific manner by restoring its BR sensitivity. Using a map-based cloning strategy, we discovered that EBS1 encodes the Arabidopsis homolog of UGGT. We demonstrated that bri1-9 is retained in the ER through interactions with several ER chaperones and that ebs1 mutations significantly reduce the stringency of the retention-based ER quality control, allowing export of the structurally imperfect yet biochemically competent bri1-9 to the cell surface for BR perception. Thus, our discovery provides genetic support for a physiological role of UGGT in high-fidelity ER quality control.