cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adler, Max K. Pidgins, creoles and lingua francas. A socio-linguistic study

La kreolistiko igis satata aspekto de la lingvopolitiko, parte pro interesigo pri la ebla pigina deveno de la usona 'nigrula angla' lingvo. Rezulte, oni amase, sed ofte nepercepteble, atentis socilingvistikajn aspektojn de kreolistiko. Leginte la subtitolon de la verko de Adler, do, oni bonvenigus generalan pri-trakton de la temo. Sed gi montrigas fundamente nekontentiga.Gi konsistas el tri partoj kaj mallonga konkludo. La unua, pri la sociologiaj aspektoj de piginoj kaj kreolaj lingvoj, sajnas promesplena, sed ne plenumas la promeson. Gi konsistas cefe el konfuzaj, ripet-emaj listoj, netaŭga enkonduko ec al komencanto.Laŭ la titolo de la dua parto, tio sajnas promesi detalan priskribon de la uzo kaj valoro de pluraj piginoj kaj kreolaj lingvoj, sed tio mankas. Oni nur ripetas materialon el neoriginalaj fontoj, kaj preskau tute sen lingvaj ekzemploj. Estas mikspoto, kies valoro dependas tute de la (ne)fidindeco de la fontoj de Adler: disa, ripetema, neoriginala.Estas simile en la tria parto, car li konfuzas la leganton per neklaraj difinoj. La bibliografio entenas 217 citojn.La konkludo de Adler estas, ke pigina lingvo pli taŭgus kiel komuna mondolingvo, ol ekzistanta nacia lingvo, kiel la angla, au ol kreita lingvo kiel Esperanto. Pri piginoj, li asertas, ke "ilia cefa avantago estas, ke ili ne estas artaj lingvoj, sed ke ili kreskis el aparta kaj urga bezono je komunikado inter personoj, kiuj parolas tute nerilatajn lingvojn" (p. 133). Guste tio estas la cefa argumento kontraŭ la uzo de iu ajn pigina lingvo kiel internacia helplingvo, car ciu pigino neeviteble ligigas al la lingvaj strukturoj kaj kulturkontaktaj situacioj, kiuj naskis gin. Ciu pigina lingvo kompreneble estas tiel Valora' kiel iu alia lingvo - Adler senbezone troige kaj ripeteme argumentas tion. Sed estas ege malfacile, sangi la antaŭjugojn de homo, aparte pri pigina au kreola lingvo. Konscie planita lingvo ne el-vokos tiom da malamikeco surbaze de kulturo.Adler mem ofte montras kulturan antaŭjugon, aparte kiam li asertas troan gravecon de la europa koloniigo en la estigo de piginoj kaj la daŭrado de kreolaj lingvoj. Li ofte insistas pri la egalrajteco de piginaj kaj kreolaj lingvoj, dum aliloke li nomas ilin 'simpligitaj lingvoj' kun 'disrompita strukturo' gramatika. La libro estas plena je nekonsekvencecoj kaj kontraudiroj. Pro neoriginaleco, malbona organizo, kaj interna nekohereco, ni ne rekomendas la libron de Adler, ĉu al spertulo, ĉu al komencanto.
More ZCPS- Wh(v) and several new infinite classes of Z -cyclic whist tournaments

Abstract A Z -cyclic whist tournmant on v players having the property that the collection of initial round partner pairs form the patterned starter in z n is known as a Z -cyclic patterned starter whist tournament on v players, Z CPS-Wh(v). It is the case that a Z CPS-Wh(4) has been known for over 100 years. In this study we present for the first time examples of Z CPS-Wh(4n), n > 1. Also presented is complete information regarding Z CPS-Wh(v) for all v = 0, 1(mod4), v ⩽ 48. A connection between Z CPS-Wh(4n+1) and (4 n +1, 4, 1)-resolvable perfect Mendelsohn designs is established. A Z -cyclic Wh ( l 48), a new result, is presented and used to establish several new infinite classes of Z -cyclic whist tournaments.
Measurement of pore size in the hyphal cell wall of Achlya bisexualis

Abstract The fungal cell wall presents the first barrier to the access of environmental substances to the cytoplasm and may determine which secreted molecules are released into the external milieu. Therefore, an appreciation of the pore size of the cell wall is relevant to our understanding of nutrient absorption, fungicide efficacy, and the release of cytoplasmic products. The diameter of the largest pores in the hyphal cell wall of Achlya bisexualis was estimated by scoring cells for plasmolysis and cytorrhysis in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions covering a range of different molecular weights. The cell wall was freely permeable to PEGs with an average molecular weight of ≤600, but excluded PEG-1500 and larger polymers. PEG-1000 molecules corresponded to the size of the largest pores in the wall of the dehydrated hypha and, after correction for wall shrinkage, calculations suggest that the wall is impermeable to molecules with diameters in excess of 2–3 nm. This measurement is close to pore diameter estimates for other walled organisms. The structural and developmental nature of cell wall pores remains obscure.
Donor Impurities as a Probe of Electron Correlations in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in High Magnetic Fields

Many-electron effects have been observed in far-infrared magnetospectroscopic studies of GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells (QWs), $\ensuremath{\delta}$ doped with Si donors in both well and barrier centers. With increasing excess electron densities in the QWs the negative donor ion $({D}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ singlet and triplet transitions are substantially blueshifted, exhibiting cusps at integer and fractional filling factors. At high magnetic fields the many-electron system appears to approach a collection of isolated two-electron ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions. Exact diagonalization studies of donor and confined electrons show the importance of electron correlations and localization at high magnetic fields in understanding this behavior.
On static and dynamic refined analysis of reinforced concrete bridges

Abstract A refined method for analyzing a bridge structure and system is discussed. An effective and efficient combined numerical integration scheme is proposed for dynamic analyses. Modeling techniques, distribution of vehicle live loads, seismic analysis methods, and ground motion and soil-structure interaction effects on structural responses are discussed in detail. The results obtained from the present study are compared with those from the current bridge design code. The paper concludes with a number of real examples.
Lincoln at Cooper Union: A rhetorical analysis of the text

Seeking the presidential nomination, Lincoln attempts to ingratiate himself with a Republican audience, and after an extensive attack upon Douglas, he creates a mock debate with the South and appeals for Republican unity. Each section features controlled argument, builds in intensity, and rests upon an association between Republican and the founding fathers, Lincoln using arrangement, argument, and style to associate self and party with the fathers and to dissociate self and party from his chief rivals.
Diastolic right-to-left shunting in a patient with atrial septal defect and pericardial tamponade

We present the case of a patient with an atrial septal defect who presented with hypotension, hypoxia, and cyanosis as a result of pericardial tamponade. The classic findings of pulsus paradoxus and low measured right heart output were not present. Echocardiography demonstrated the atrial septal defect, pericardial effusion, and diastolic chamber collapse. Furthermore, Doppler study showed not only a large left-to-right shunt but also a diastolic right-to-left shunt, which explained the patient's hypoxia.
Evidence for Impairments in Using Static Line Drawings of Eye Gaze Cues to Orient Visual-Spatial Attention in Children with High Functioning Autism.

We examined the ability to use static line drawings of eye gaze cues to orient visual-spatial attention in children with high functioning autism (HFA) compared to typically developing children (TD). The task was organized such that on valid trials, gaze cues were directed toward the same spatial location as the appearance of an upcoming target, while on invalid trials gaze cues were directed to an opposite location. Unlike TD children, children with HFA showed no advantage in reaction time (RT) on valid trials compared to invalid trials (i.e., no significant validity effect). The two stimulus onset asynchronies (200 ms, 700 ms) did not differentially affect these findings. The results suggest that children with HFA show impairments in utilizing static line drawings of gaze cues to orient visual-spatial attention.
A Helpline for Learning Problems

With the increasing interest and concern related to learning disabilities, there is expanded need for ready access to information and help. It is suggested that telephone helplines are a promising tool in this connection. A demonstration program and data on its initial impact are presented.
Momentum distributions of isotopes produced by fragmentation of relativistic C-12 and O-16 projectiles

The fragment momentum distributions in the projectile rest frame are, typically, Gaussian shaped, narrow, consistent with isotropy, depend on fragment and projectile, and have no significant correlation with target mass or beam energy. The nuclear temperature is inferred from the momentum distributions of the fragments and is approximately equal to the projectile nuclear binding energy, indicative of small energy transfer between target and fragment.
Covalently Linked Heterobimetallic Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization

This contribution describes the synthesis and polymerization characteristics of the covalently linked heterobinuclear constrained-geometry polymerization catalyst (μ-CH2CH2-3,3‘){(η5-indenyl)[1-Me2Si(tBuN)](TiMe2)}{(η5-indenyl)[1-Me2Si(tBuN)](ZrMe2)} (Ti1Zr1). When activated with Ph3C+B(C6F5)-4, itis competent to produce long-chain (≥C6) branched polyethylenes in ethylene homopolymerization, in sharp contrast to control experiments with mixtures of analogous but mononuclear Zr and Ti CGC catalysts.
Towards Autonomous Control of Molecular Communication in Populations of Bacteria

Quorum sensing is a chemical communication process bacteria use to sense population density and regulate their collective behavior. By using quorum sensing inhibitors that degrade quorum sensing molecules and inactivate their receptors, one can inhibit bacterial pathogenesis, such as the production of virulence and biofilm development. To keep the level of quorum sensing molecules below the activation threshold, we propose a biological controller that can generate different concentration levels of inhibitors under different environment conditions. We provide a detailed analysis of our proposed controller that includes system response, stability, and sensitivity analysis. We also discuss the autonomous controller design under specified environment constraints and validate our results via simulation. This work represents a first step towards a paradigm change in reducing bacterial pathogenesis via controlling the dynamics of bacterial cell-to-cell communication network.
Cylindrically shaped zinc-blende semiconductor quantum dots do not have cylindrical symmetry: Atomistic symmetry, atomic relaxation, and piezoelectric effects

Self-assembled quantum dots are often modeled by continuum models (effective mass or $\mathbf{k}∙\mathbf{p}$) that assume the symmetry of the dot to be that of its overall geometric shape. Lens-shaped or conical dots are thus assumed to have continuous cylindrical symmetry ${C}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}v}$, whereas pyramidal dots are assumed to have ${C}_{4v}$ symmetry. However, considering that the III--V dots are made of atoms arranged on the (relaxed) positions of a zinc-blende lattice, one would expect the highest possible symmetry in these structures to be ${C}_{2v}$. In this symmetry group all states are singly degenerate and there are no a priori reason to expect, e.g., the electron $P$ states (usually the second and third electron levels of dominant orbital $P$ character) to be degenerate. Continuum models, however, predict these states to be energetically degenerate unless an irregular shape is postulated. We show that, in fact, the true (atomistic) symmetry of the dots is revealed when the effects of (i) interfacial symmetry, (ii) atomistic strain, and (iii) piezoelectricity are taken into account. We quantify the contributions of each of these effects separately by calculating the splitting of electron $P$ levels for different dot shapes at different levels of theory. We find that for an ideal square-based pyramidal InAs/GaAs dot the interfacial symmetry of the unrelaxed dot splits the $P$ level by 3.9 meV, atomistic relaxation adds a splitting of 18.3 meV (zero if continuum elasticity is used to calculate strain) and piezoelectricity reduces the splitting by \ensuremath{-}8.4 meV, for a total splitting of 13.8 meV. We further show that the atomistic effects (i) and (ii) favor an orientation of the electron wave functions along the $[1\overline{1}0]$ direction while effect (iii) favors the [110] direction. Whereas effects (i) + (ii) prevail for a pyramidal dot, for a lens shaped dot, effect (iii) is dominant. We show that the 8--band $\mathbf{k}∙\mathbf{p}$ method, applied to pyramidal InAs/GaAs dots describes incorrectly the splitting and order of $P$ levels (--9 meV instead of 14 meV splitting) and yields the orientation [110] instead of $[1\overline{1}0]$.
Carbenoid reactions of 2-halomethyl-4,6-dimethyl-s-triazines.

Reactions of lithium, sodium, and potassium salts of 2,4,6-trimethyl-s-triazine (1) with 2-halomethyl-4,6-dimethyl-s-triazine (2) (X = Cl, Br) in glyme have been studied and found to give 1,2-bis(4,6-dimethyl-s-triazin-2-yl)ethane (3), 1,2-bis(4,6-dimethyl-s-triazin-2-yl)ethene (5), 1,2,3-tris(4,6-dimethyl-s-triazin-2-yl)cyclopropane (6), 1,2,3-tris(4,6-dimethyl-s-triazin-2-yl)propane (7), and 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(4,6-dimethyl-s-triazin-2-yl)butane (8). It is proposed that product 3 is formed primarily via an SN2 reaction, whereas the remaining products are formed primarily via carbenoid reactions that are enumerated.
Effects of wage inequities on work attitudes and performance

Abstract A replication and extension of the Adams and Jacobsen (1964) investigation of inequity theory was carried out using a 3 × 2 experimental design with three levels of compensation and two levels of qualifiedness. This design included an overcompensated condition in which the overpayment was not confounded with unqualifiedness, thereby allowing a comparison of differential predictions from inequity and expectancy theory. Comparisons of over and underpayment conditions were also made to test the differential threshold hypothesis of inequity theory. Attitudinal as well as performance data were collected to investigate the possibility of differing modes of inequity reduction. The major finding in the present study was that variations in manipulated perceptions of qualifiedness produced significant effects upon both quality and quantity measures of work behavior while induced variations in the amount of anticipated compensation only affected quality of work. The qualified conditions produced fewer pieces of higher quality. This finding was discussed from the point of view of inequity theory as well as an alternative “self-esteem” explanation. Differences in work performance across pay levels were nonsignificant with the exception of a work quality measure in which the overpaid qualified group produced significantly more errors than the standard pay-qualified group. Possible interpretations of these findings were discussed and a range of conditions which may affect perceptions of inequity were considered.
Partial purification and characterization of a guanylate cyclase inhibitor with cytotoxic properties from the bitter melon (Momordica charantia).

Summary A crude preparation from the bitter melon ( Momordica charantia ) was reported to both inhibit guanylate cyclase activity from various tissues and to prevent growth of concanavalin A-stimulated (con A) rat splenic lymphocytes. We further report that this crude preparation inhibits tritiated thymidine incorporation into con A-stimulated normal human lymphocytes but does not affect cell viability. In contrast, at the same concentrations, the crude preparation is cytotoxic to several human lymphoblastoid cell lines. In an effort to determine if both the guanylate cyclase inhibitory activity and the cytotoxic activity occur within the same molecular species we have partially purified and characterized the “factor”. Following isolation both cytotoxic and guanylate cyclase inhibitory activities coeluted as a single, trypsin-sensitive peak.
Selected Elements of Henry George's Legitimacy as an Economist

. Henry George's legitimacy as an economist has been denied in much of the literature of the history of economic thought and by some economists who were his approximate contemporaries. These denials have shaped the prevailing negative view of George's economics. An examination of selected representative evidence from George's work fails to support the negative view. George's positions on “The Study of Political Economy,” eloquently presented in his 1877 speech to the faculty at the University of California, ate consistent with (and predate) “accepted,”“orthodox,”“legitimate” views of political economy expressed a decade and more later by J. Laurence Laughlin and Charles F. Dunbar in early classic articles that signified the emergence of economics as an identifiable profession in the United States. Other evidence reveals that George avoided the Ricardian error of failing to understand the role of factor and product substitution in the process of market equilibrium adjustments.
Objective changes in brow position, superior palpebral crease, peak angle of the eyebrow, and jowl surface area after volumetric radiofrequency treatments to half of the face.

Background. Radiofrequency application through a proprietary device has recently been used for facial tissue tightening. Uniform volumetric heating of the dermis is created by passage of electrical current, while protection of the epidermis is maintained by concurrent cryogen cooling. Objective. To objectively quantify the effectiveness of volumetric radiofrequency application on the face, we treated 10 patients on the left side of the face with radiofrequency and evaluated the changes in brow position, superior palpebral crease, angle of the eyebrow, and jowl surface area. Methods. Uniform treatments were applied at 134 J/cm2 to the left side of the forehead and 1 cm past midline, at 115 J/cm2 to the left side of temple and cheeks, and at 97 J/cm2 to the left side of the jaw line and inferior postauricular surface. Patients were evaluated at monthly intervals up to 3 months with digital photography. Morphologic changes were evaluated with the “measuring tool” and “angle tool” of the Mirror Suite imaging system for aligned frontal-view photographs (for eyebrow position, superior palpebral crease elevation, and eyebrow angle changes) and the “outline tool” for aligned oblique-view photographs (for jowl surface area changes). Results. At the end of 3 months on the side that was treated, patients exhibited on average 4.3 mm of brow elevation and 1.9 mm of superior palpebral crease elevation along the midpupillary line and an average of 2.4 mm of brow elevation along the lateral canthal line. There was no significant improvement of brow elevation along the lateral canthal line on the contralateral side. The peak angle of the ipsilateral eyebrow became slightly more acute by an average of 4.5° after treatments. Moreover, the jowls on the lower part of the face, displayed a mean decrease of 22.6% in surface area after treatments. The nontreated side displayed a lack of eyebrow angle and jowl surface area changes. Conclusions. The application of radiofrequency to the face provides quantifiable changes. The brow along the midpupillary line is elevated to a greater degree than the lateral brow. This is consistent with acute angle changes seen in the eyebrow. Improvements in the lower part of the face with radiofrequency application can be quantified by demonstrating a decrease jowl surface. Moreover, these measurement techniques can be useful tools for evaluating other treatment parameters with radiofrequency application.
Cloning and expression of the multifunctional human fatty acid synthase and its subdomains in Escherichia coli

We engineered a full-length (8.3-kbp) cDNA coding for fatty acid synthase (FAS; EC 2.3.1.85) from the human brain FAS cDNA clones we characterized previously. In the process of accomplishing this task, we developed a novel PCR procedure, recombinant PCR, which is very useful in joining two overlapping DNA fragments that do not have a common or unique restriction site. The full-length cDNA was cloned in pMAL-c2 for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli as a maltose-binding protein fusion. The recombinant protein was purified by using amylose-resin affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography. As expected from the coding capacity of the cDNA expressed, the chimeric recombinant protein has a molecular weight of 310,000 and reacts with antibodies against both human FAS and maltose-binding protein. The maltose-binding protein-human FAS (MBP-hFAS) catalyzed palmitate synthesis from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH and exhibited all of the partial activities of FAS at levels comparable with those of the native human enzyme purified from HepG2 cells. Like the native HepG2 FAS, the products of MBP-hFAS are mainly palmitic acid (>90%) and minimal amounts of stearic and arachidic acids. Similarly, a human FAS cDNA encoding domain I (β-ketoacyl synthase, acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA transacylases, and β-hydroxyacyl dehydratase) was cloned and expressed in E. coli using pMAL-c2. The expressed fusion protein, MBP-hFAS domain I, was purified to apparent homogeneity (Mr 190,000) and exhibited the activities of the acetyl/malonyl transacylases and the β-hydroxyacyl dehydratase. In addition, a human FAS cDNA encoding domains II and III (enoyl and β-ketoacyl reductases, acyl carrier protein, and thioesterase) was cloned in pET-32b(+) and expressed in E. coli as a fusion protein with thioredoxin and six in-frame histidine residues. The recombinant fusion protein, thioredoxin-human FAS domains II and III, that was purified from E. coli had a molecular weight of 159,000 and exhibited the activities of the enoyl and β-ketoacyl reductases and the thioesterase. Both the MBP and the thioredoxin-His-tags do not appear to interfere with the catalytic activity of human FAS or its partial activities.
Volunteering by older adults in the United States

Traditionally, the United States is considered a nation of volunteers. Volunteerism is deeply rooted in the country's cultural and political institutions, and institutionalized volunteering is a distinguished feature. Federal policies and initiatives have played a significant role in creating and supporting senior volunteering programs. Older Americans engage in structured volunteer work through organizations, are involved in a wide array of volunteer activities, and demonstrate that they are capable and effective in various roles. Volunteer organizations are positioned to engage older adults from various socioeconomic backgrounds and to facilitate volunteer role performance. Through the provisions of access, information, incentives, and facilitation, organizations can promote volunteer engagement. As the baby boomer generation ages, there will be a large pool of potential older adult volunteers among the American population. Given the potential resources embedded in the increasingly large older populatio...
Novel method for preparation of silver-tin oxide electrical contacts

A novel method of coating tin oxide particles with silver by an electroless plating process has been developed to produce silver-tin oxide electrical contact materials. A powder metallurgy process has been developed to consolidate the electroless plated silver- tin oxide composite powders. The effect of the various plating conditions on the morphology of the composite powder was studied using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An optical microscope and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) were used to characterize the structure of the sintered silver-tin oxide compact. Ductility and hardness were measured to ensure that the mechanical properties are adequate, and electrical conductivity was also measured.
Influence of Dietary Vitamin A Level on Chicken Liver Glycogen

Abstract THERE are conflicting reports concerning the effect of a vitamin A deficiency on liver glycogen. Wolfe et al. (1957) reported that liver glycogen was essentially zero in vitamin A-deficient rats compared to a relatively high level in controls. Stoewsand and Scott (1964) found that liver glycogen formation during the first four hours of refeeding a high protein diet to chicks after a one-day fast was not impaired by a vitamin A deficiency. Their results indicated that vitamin A-deficient chicks fed a moderate protein level had a higher liver glycogen content per gram of feed consumed than the vitamin A adequate controls. Perek and Kendler (1969a) reported that fasted and nonfasted mildly vitamin A-deficient chicks were hyperglycemic and had liver glycogen concentrations reduced to less than half that of contols. Singh et al. (1968) reported that nonfasted hypervitaminotic A rats were no different in liver glycogen levels than controls. However, the…
Laminar premixed flame fuel consumption rate modulation by shocks and expansion waves

Abstract The main contributing effects leading to premixed laminar flame fuel consumption rate changes following variable strength shock or expansion wave passage were studied analytically and numerically. The effects were separated into two groups: gas compression, or one-dimensional effects, and flame front distortion, or two-dimensional effects. The first group was examined analytically using a one-dimensional flame model and solution of shock and expansion wave refraction. Two-dimensional effects were examined numerically using both shock and expansion wave passage through a sinusoidally perturbed propane-air laminar flame. Flame fuel consumption amplification due to the gas compression increased rapidly (from 1.3 to 24 times for Mach 1.1–1.7 shocks), while flame length amplification peaked (∼15 times) at a given shock strength (∼Mach 1.3). Thus gas compression became the dominant effect for stronger shocks. In contrast to the shocks, a slower reaction kinetic produced by the expansion wave passage allowed for a significantly longer period of flame length growth. This resulted in a temporary burning rate increase above initial values. The negative chemical kinetic effect of the weak expansion wave passage was temporarily offset by the flame length increase. The overall reaction rate amplification was up to four times stronger in fast/slow refractions. Also, the observed values of the flame stretch are reported in the paper.
Metal-Catalyzed RNA Strand Scission

Abstract Two novel approaches have been employed for mediating RNA strand scission under physiological conditions. One of these involved strand scission by an Fez+ chelate of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin; the other involved a novel Mn2+-dependent cleavage of an RNA hairpin at a specific site. Bleomycin-mediated RNA cleavage was oxidative in nature, while the Mn2+-promoted cleavage of the hairpin occurred by a solvolytic mechanism.
Absolute position measurement in a gas time projection chamber via transverse diffusion of drift charge

Abstract Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) with charge readout via micro pattern gaseous detectors can provide detailed measurements of charge density distributions. We here report on measurements of alpha particle tracks, using a TPC where the drift charge is amplified with Gas Electron Multipliers and detected with a pixel ASIC. We find that by measuring the 3-D topology of drift charge and fitting for its transverse diffusion, we obtain the absolute position of tracks in the drift direction. For example, we obtain a precision of ~1 cm for 0.8 cm-long alpha track segments. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of such a measurement in a gas TPC. This technique has several attractive features: it does not require knowledge of the initial specific ionization, is robust against bias from diffuse charge below detection threshold, and is also robust against high charge densities that saturate the detector response.
Generation of enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy signals in liquid-filled waveguides.

We have demonstrated enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy signals in liquid benzene contained in dielectric waveguide capillaries with angular phase-matching conditions. Enhancement factors as high as 130 were observed relative to a single crossing. These were measured for capillaries of various cross sections as a function of length. The maximum enhancement we observed was in a 50-μm × 50-μm × 292-mm capillary with a sample volume of 0.75 μl. Signals increased steadily with capillary length and showed the same dependence on pump-beam crossing angle (phase-matching conditions) as in bulk samples.
Determination of polar organic compounds by potentiometry at an anodically pretreated nickel oxide electrode

Abstract The open-circuit potential drop of an oxidatively pretreated nickel electrode in 0.1 M NaOH was used to develop a technique for the determination of alcohols, amino acids, carbohydrates, etc., in aqueous solution. The electrode pretreatment consisted of the formation of nickel hydrated oxides on the electrode surface with an oxidation state > 2. Both electrochemical and chemical pre-oxidation of the electrode surface were examined. The analytical signal was the enhancement of the potential drop corresponding to analyte concentration. The analytical signal was linearly related to the logarithm of the analyte concentration. The limits of determination ranged from 1 mM for low-molecular-weight to 0.02 mM for alkyl polyether alcohols. The flow-injection technique allows convenient pretreatment and direct observation of the analytical signal. Interferences from chloride and calcium can be readily eliminated by excluding them during electrode pretreatment. Potentiometric measurements were correlated with amperometric anodic responses at the nickel oxide electrode, allowing an unusual direct comparison of the two methods.
Characteristics of bovine parathyroid cell organoids in culture

Adult bovine parathyroid glands were enzymatically dispersed and groups of 2 to 5 million cells were reassociated into multicellular aggregates (organoids) by rotation in roller tubes in serum-free medium. Fifty to seventy percent of the seeded cells were incorporated into each organoid at 3 d of culture, and in a typical experiment where DNA content was assayed before and after culture 49 ± 3% of the original seeded DNA was present after 19 d of culture. No significant differences in DNA content were observed between experimental groups at any time of culture. The morphology of the cells in organoids was similar to that of cells in fresh tissue as determined by light and electron microscopy. The organoids secreted intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) and COOH-terminal hormone fragments which were similar to those released from monolayer cell cultures. Organoids maintained the ability to modulate PTH secretion in response to extracellular calcium for over 2 wk in culture. Each organoid was cultured separately and secreted PTH such that the mean standard deviation of secretion within groups on a per organoid basis was 16.3% of the mean. Using a perifusion system to study acute regulation over a 2-wk period of culture, PTH secretion was suppressed 58±4% by 2.5 mM compared to that at 0.25 mM calcium. To examine PTH secretion over a range of calcium concentrations, the perifusion system was used to apply 4-h linear gradients of decreasing calcium to fresh tissue slices and to organoids. The results indicated that the calcium (ionized) concentration at 50% secretory suppression (set-point) were 1.30±0.11 and 1.20±0.9 mM for the organoids and slices, respectively. Acute secretory control by calcium decreased after 14 d and was not detectable at 22 d of culture. The results demonstrated that the organoids maintained their differentiated function and tissuelike morphology for extended periods in vitro and therefore represent a suitable model system for studies on the long-term modulation of PTH secretion by vitamin D metabolites, ions, and other agents.
Bayesian Mixture Labeling by Highest Posterior Density

A fundamental problem for Bayesian mixture model analysis is label switching, which occurs as a result of the nonidentifiability of the mixture components under symmetric priors. We propose two labeling methods to solve this problem. The first method, denoted by PM(ALG), is based on the posterior modes and an ascending algorithm generically denoted ALG. We use each Markov chain Monte Carlo sample as the starting point in an ascending algorithm, and label the sample based on the mode of the posterior to which it converges. Our natural assumption here is that the samples converged to the same mode should have the same labels. The PM(ALG) labeling method has some computational advantages over other popular labeling methods. Additionally, it automatically matches the “ideal” labels in the highest posterior density credible regions. The second method does labeling by maximizing the normal likelihood of the labeled Gibbs samples. Using a Monte Carlo simulation study and a real dataset, we demonstrate the succes...
A free lunch at higher CAFE? A review of economic, environmental and social benefits

Pressure has been increasing to raise the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard. Some researchers assert many benefits from increasing CAFE, from less dependence on imported petroleum to lower urban ozone. We find that fuel savings from increasing CAFE are subject to diminishing returns, with little or no effect on urban air pollution, and a less than proportional reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Higher CAFE reduces safety, unless offsetting steps are taken. Should the public demand moderately higher fuel efficiency, the government should raise the CAFE standard and gasoline prices. Given current technology, substantial increases in CAFE have potential costs, and do not appear to offer significant benefits as contended.
Formation of stress-specific p53 binding patterns is influenced by chromatin but not by modulation of p53 binding affinity to response elements

The p53 protein is crucial for adapting programs of gene expression in response to stress. Recently, we revealed that this occurs partly through the formation of stress-specific p53 binding patterns. However, the mechanisms that generate these binding patterns remain largely unknown. It is not established whether the selective binding of p53 is achieved through modulation of its binding affinity to certain response elements (REs) or via a chromatin-dependent mechanism. To shed light on this issue, we used a microsphere assay for protein–DNA binding to measure p53 binding patterns on naked DNA. In parallel, we measured p53 binding patterns within chromatin using chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNase I coupled to ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction footprinting. Through this experimental approach, we revealed that UVB and Nutlin-3 doses, which lead to different cellular outcomes, induce similar p53 binding patterns on naked DNA. Conversely, the same treatments lead to stress-specific p53 binding patterns on chromatin. We show further that altering chromatin remodeling using an histone acetyltransferase inhibitor reduces p53 binding to REs. Altogether, our results reveal that the formation of p53 binding patterns is not due to the modulation of sequence-specific p53 binding affinity. Rather, we propose that chromatin and chromatin remodeling are required in this process.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Cure of Propargyl-Functionalized Cyclopentadiene for Use in Carbon-Carbon Composites

A new composite resin was synthesized by reaction of cyclopentadiene with propargyl bromide and base under phase transfer conditions to give a mixture of products with two to six propargyl function...
Light-induced development of polyribosomes and the induction of nitrate reductase in corn leaves.

Nitrate reductase activity was induced by nitrate in green corn (Zea mays) leaves in either light or darkness. The induction process required oxygen in darkness but not in light. A light treatment was required before the enzyme could be induced in etiolated leaves.The capacity for nitrate reductase induction by nitrate was positively correlated with the level of cytoplasmic polyribosomes under a variety of experimental conditions. (a) Light-grown leaves contained high levels of polyribosomes (84% of the total population, most of which were of the 80 S type); similarly high levels of nitrate reductase activity were induced. (b) The level of polyribosomes and the ability to form nitrate reductase activity rapidly decreased in light-grown leaves following transfer to an anaerobic environment in the dark; both parameters were maintained at a high level when light-grown leaves were kept in the light under anaerobic conditions. (c) The ability of light-grown leaves, previously placed in darkness under nitrogen to dissociate polyribosomes to monoribosomes, to form nitrate reductase activity again correlated with the level of reformed polyribosomes following transfer of the leaves back to light. (d) Etiolated leaves contained a low level of cytoplasmic polyribosomes (27%), and nitrate reductase activity was induced following exposure to light only after a lag of 2 to 4 hours. During this lag period there was a marked increase in the level of polyribosomes.The ability of leaves to form nitrate reductase activity and the level of polyribosomes also correlated with the level of in vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein by the isolated ribosome preparations. Thus, the apparent requirement of light for nitrate reductase induction in etiolated leaves seems not to be specific. Rather an influence of light upon the development of an active protein-synthesizing apparatus as evidenced by the state of polyribosomes is indicated.The results also show that energy from photosynthetic phosphorylation can be used to maintain cytoplasmic polyribosomes (and thus to drive cytoplasmic protein synthesis), at least under anaerobic conditions.
Reactive Flow in Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Films

Halide chemical vapor deposition emerges as a potent technique for growing silicon carbide epitaxial films at high deposition rates. Experimental studies suggest that thermal environment and fluid flow in the reactor are important factors that control the gas-phase and surface chemistry and therefore have a profound influence on the deposition rate, quality, and properties of the as-deposited films. In this study, a comprehensive transport model that includes gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer, gas-phase and surface chemistry, and radio-frequency induction heating is employed to study the complex heterogeneous chemical reactions as well as transport of multiple chemical species in a high-temperature environment Simulations are performed over a wide range of operational parameters in a horizontal hot-wall reactor using Sicl 4 /C 3 H 8 /H 2 as the precursors. The results show that deposition temperature and the flow rate of carrier gas are important factors determining the processing conditions and deposition rate. The model can be further used to improve reactor design and to optimize the processing conditions.
Synthesis of extended transaction models using ACTA

ACTA is a comprehensive transaction framework that facilitates the formal description of properties of extended transaction models. Specifically, using ACTA, one can specify and reason about (1) the effects of transactions on objects and (2) the interactions between transactions. This article presents ACTA as a tool for the synthesis of extended transaction models, one which supports the development and analysis of new extended transaction models in a systematic manner. Here, this is demonstrated by deriving new transaction definitions (1) by modifying the specifications of existing transaction models, (2) by combining the specifications of existing models, and (3) by starting from first principles. To exemplify the first, new models are synthesized from atomic transactions and join transactions. To illustrate the second, we synthesize a model that combines aspect of the nested- and split-transaction models. We demonstrate the latter by deriving the specification of an open-nested-transaction model from high-level requirements.
Health and disease in people over 85

Despite disease, disability is low People aged 80 years and over are the world’s fastest growing age group.1 In the United States from July 2007 to July 2008 the over 85 age group grew by 3.5%, whereas the overall population grew by 0.73%.2 In the linked population based study (doi:10.1136/bmj.b4904), Collerton and colleagues point out that despite this unprecedented growth, relatively little is known about what is perceived by many to be a predominantly frail and disabled group.3 4 The authors recruited 53 of 64 general practices in Newcastle upon Tyne and North Tynside to send letters of invitation to all but their terminally ill patients who were born in 1921. Sociodemographic, medical, cognitive function, and physical function data were collected from personal visits and reviews of the medical records. In all, 1042 people (72%) agreed to participate (62% women, 38% men), 10% of whom were living in non-family care settings. The authors found that despite high prevalence and complexity of age related diseases, these people had difficulty with a median of only three of 17 …
Exploring Educator Perceptions of Need, Sustainability, and Impact of Global Online Theological Courses

Concerns regarding the potential for delivering theological education internationally and in an online format have been raised. The scarce research in this area points to the need for further investigation. The current study involves the use of a qualitative research design to explore experienced educators' perceptions on the need, sustainability, and impact of delivering theological content globally through online courses. The findings from educator interviews demonstrate the need for the development of international partnerships and the delivery of culturally relevant online theological courses in ways that allow students around the globe to gain access to theological training in modes that work for them.
An analysis of particulate sulfur and lead gradient data collected at Argonne National Laboratory

Abstract Two automatic aerosol particle samplers were operated at heights of 11.5 and 34.5 m on the meteorological tower at Argonne National Laboratory (about 40 km southwest of Chicago) during the summer of 1976. Data obtained during one week of intensive study permit evaluation of the horizontal transport of both particulate sulfur and lead; sulfur was found to be associated with south-westerly flow, while lead appeared to originate in Chicago. By combining measurements of particle concentration gradients with wind and temperature gradients, deposition velocities of particulate sulfur have been computed for a range of atmospheric conditions. The resulting evaluations show a strong dependence on atmospheric stability and on wind speed. Although larger than values normally associated with particulate sulfur, the deposition velocities, averaging about 1.4cm s −1 , compare favorably with both the momentum transfer velocity and some recently reported results obtained by application of eddy correlation methods.
Vascular patterning: Coordinated signals keep blood vessels on track

The vascular system is a complex, largely stereotyped network of interconnecting and branching vessels. How thousands of vessels form at precise locations is a key question regarding vascular morphogenesis. In order to achieve this defined architecture, the embryo integrates a multitude of attractive and repulsive cues to guide and shape the developing vasculature. This review summarizes recent studies investigating the interactions between endothelial cells and signals from surrounding tissues that pattern the initial blood vessel network.
Evaluation and Treatment of Socially Inappropriate Stereotypy

The purpose of this case example was to evaluate the use of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) for decreasing stereotypy maintained by automatic reinforcement exhibited by a 9 year-old girl diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder and an intellectual disability. The target behavior was a socially inappropriate form of stereotypy. The assessment and treatment consisted of four phases: (1) a competing items assessment, (2) an antecedent analysis, (3) a forced choice assessment, and (4) an evaluation of a DRO procedure. We provided access to a reinforcer contingent on the absence of stereotypy for a prespecified amount of time. The reinforcer was preferred and competed with stereotypy. Results demonstrated the DRO procedure to be effective in reducing stereotypy.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) duration needed to detect abnormalities in angelman syndrome: is 1 hour of overnight recording sufficient?

Approximately, 90% of patients with Angelman syndrome present with epileptic seizures. Obtaining an electroencephalogram (EEG) with sleep improves the chances of detecting ictal, interictal, and benign abnormal rhythms in Angelman syndrome. However, electroencephalograms, even when obtained during sleep, can be challenging in this population because of tactile sensitivities as well as anxiety related to a novel environment. We tested the hypothesis that 1 hour of sleep on an electroencephalogram would provide as much information as an entire night of electroencephalogram recording, yet more than a routine electroencephalogram conducted during the day. Overnight polysomnograms were collected in 14 children with Angelman syndrome seen at Vanderbilt University. All patients who obtained sleep within the first hour of the overnight electroencephalogram had interictal discharges recorded. Our results show that when sleep is obtained, a 1-hour electroencephalogram yields just as much information as recording an...
Fetal brain implants improve maze performance in hippocampal-lesioned rats.

Abstract Hippocampal tissue from day 16 fetal rats was implanted into the damaged hippocampal formation of adults. Significant recovery of the lesion-induced deficit in spatial maze performance was observed, particularly in those animals whicshowed integration of the implanted fetal tissue witthe host hippocampal formation. A two-stage procedure in whic2 weeks or more elapsed between the initial lesion and the implantation resulted in more successful tissue integration and better behavioral recovery.
Healthcare costs of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile infections in Veterans: role of vitamin D deficiency

Clostridium difficile and staphylococcal infections are associated with increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Vitamin D deficiency may also contribute to increased healthcare costs. There is increasing evidence that vitamin D may have an antimicrobial role. We examined the relationship of serum 25(OH)D levels to staphylococcal and C. difficile infections to determine if vitamin D deficiency was associated with adverse outcomes. In the outpatient setting, vitamin D deficiency in patients with C. difficile and staphylococcal infections were associated with significantly increased total outpatients costs and fee-based consultation. Laboratory expenses had a trend towards higher costs in the vitamin D-deficient group but did not reach statistical significance. The differences were most clearly seen in the in-patient group with enhanced laboratory, pharmacy and radiology costs. These differences resulted in vitamin D-deficient patients with C. difficile or staphylococcal infections having costs more than five times higher than the non-deficient patients. The total length of hospital stay was four times greater in the vitamin D-deficient group. In addition, the total number of hospitalizations was also significantly greater in the vitamin D-deficient group. Surgery costs demonstrated a tendency to be higher in the vitamin D-deficient group but failed to reach statistical significance. Vitamin D deficiency is intimately linked to adverse health outcomes and costs in Veterans with staphylococcal and C. difficile infections in North East Tennessee. We recommend that vitamin D status be checked in patients with these infections and appropriate therapy be instituted to restore vitamin D level to normal in an expeditious manner.