cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of post-retrieval monitoring in older adults are preserved under divided attention, but are decoupled from memory performance.

Abstract Post-retrieval monitoring is associated with engagement of anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Recent fMRI studies reported age-invariant monitoring effects in these regions and an age-invariant correlation between these effects and memory performance. The present study examined monitoring effects during associative recognition (difference in activity elicited by ‘rearranged’ and ‘intact’ test pairs) under single and dual (tone detection) task conditions in young and older adults (Ns = 28 per group). It was predicted that, for the older adults only, dual tasking would attenuate memory performance and monitoring effects and weaken their correlation. Consistent with this prediction, in the older group imposition of the secondary task led to lower memory performance and elimination of the relationship between monitoring effects and performance. However, the size of the effects did not differ between single and dual task conditions. The findings suggest that the decline in older adults' memory performance in the dual task condition resulted not from impaired monitoring, but from a different cause that also weakened the dependence of performance on monitoring.
Telehealth Dissemination and Implementation (D&I) Research: Analysis of the PCORI Telehealth-Related Research Portfolio

Improving outcomes through patient-centered care has emerged as an important focus of study in the clinical and research worlds over the past decade. While the principles of patient-centered care and community-centered care are found in philosophical writings in ancient times, only recently have physicians and the overall healthcare community begun to accept that the health and well-being of patients depends upon collaborative and integrated efforts between healthcare professionals, patients, and their communities. The aim of this chapter is to provide perspective and practical guidance on the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and extramural Dissemination and Implementation funding for telemedicine and telehealth-related research. Hopefully, this data analysis provides new ideas about how to be successful in competing for patient-centered clinical intervention effectiveness funding going forward.
Movement direction impacts knee joint kinematics during elliptical exercise at varying incline angles

Abstract Background Elliptical trainers are a popular cardiovascular exercise for individuals with injuries or those post-operation. There is currently limited data on the impacts of direction while on elliptical trainers for knee joint kinematic risk factors. This study compared lower extremity kinematics between the forward and reverse direction at varying inclines on an elliptical trainer modified with converging footpath and reduced inter-pedal distance. Methods Twenty-four college age participants exercised on the modified elliptical in both directions at four ramp inclines: 6°, 12°, 25°, and 35°. Three-dimensional kinematics were collected for each direction and ramp incline. A 2 × 4 (direction × incline) repeated measures analysis of variance was run with an alpha of 0.05. Simple effects analysis was run with Bonferroni correction for significant interaction or main effect of ramp incline. Results The reverse direction had significantly greater peak knee valgus at 6° incline (mean difference [MD] = 1.35°, p Conclusions Individuals with knee pathologies such as knee osteoarthritis or anterior knee pain should exercise in the reverse direction at lower inclines. However, switching to the forward direction and/or increasing incline may increase quadriceps strength during a safe activity such as elliptical trainers.
Soft Expectation and Deep Maximization for Image Feature Detection.

Central to the application of many multi-view geometry algorithms is the extraction of matching points between multiple viewpoints, enabling classical tasks such as camera pose estimation and 3D reconstruction. Over the decades, many approaches that characterize these points have been proposed based on hand-tuned appearance models and more recently data-driven learning methods. We propose SEDM, an iterative semi-supervised learning process that flips the question and first looks for repeatable 3D points, then trains a detector to localize them in image space. Our technique poses the problem as one of expectation maximization (EM), where the likelihood of the detector locating the 3D points is the objective function to be maximized. We utilize the geometry of the scene to refine the estimates of the location of these 3D points and produce a new pseudo ground truth during the expectation step, then train a detector to predict this pseudo ground truth in the maximization step. We apply our detector to standard benchmarks in visual localization, sparse 3D reconstruction, and mean matching accuracy. Our results show that this new model trained using SEDM is able to better localize the underlying 3D points in a scene, improving mean SfM quality by $-0.15\pm0.11$ mean reprojection error when compared to SuperPoint or $-0.38\pm0.23$ when compared to R2D2.
The Entanglement of Public Bureaucratic Institutions : Their Interactions with Society, Culture, Politics, and the Economy

Scholars of public administration apply different perspectives to understand bureaucratic institutions. Many excellent studies consider the influence of bureaucracies on one aspect of their environment, like politics, society, culture, or the economy. Alternatively, scholars sometimes analyze the impact of one of these factors on the public administration. However, the recent literature on institutional entanglement shows us that relationships between social institutions are often mutually constitutive, meaning that their interaction is not one-directional. In this chapter, I build upon a large number of previous studies on public administration to create a synthesized perspective of how public bureaucracies interact with their broader environment, including the social, cultural, economic, and political context in which they operate. Through a number of empirical examples, I show how useful this view can be for understanding the characteristics of public bureaucracies.
Steadily revolving flow of Sisko fluid along a stretchable boundary with non-linear radiation effects

The heat transfer effects in rotating flow above an extensible surface immersed in a non-Newtonian fluid obeying Sisko fluid model is considered in this article. The model is widely accepted for analysing flow behaviour of many industrial liquids including lubricating greases. Thermal transport existing in the non-linear radiative heat flux is investigated. Conservation equations are simplified using boundary layer approximations before these are reduced to locally similar differential equations through appropriate transformations. We adopted a highly convenient package bvp4c of MATLAB to find numerical results for both integer and non-integer values of flow behaviour index n. Solutions are analysed graphically for diverse range of controlling parameters. Akin to the earlier works, temperature curve exhibits an inflection point in the case of relatively large wall temperature. Furthermore, wall temperature gradient vanishes for increasing values of temperature ratio parameter. Graphical results demonstrate that stretching effect combined with Sisko fluid assumption can provide considerable improvement in the cooling process of the surface, which is certainly beneficial in some technological processes.
Modeling Human Cardiac Chambers with Organoids.

Modeling Heart Development Engineering a model of the developing heart with stem cells has proved challenging. A recent study, however, provides a foundation — a single-chambered “cardioid” — for t...
Relationship Between Coronary Atheroma, Epicardial Adipose Tissue Inflammation, and Adipocyte Differentiation Across the Human Myocardial Bridge

Background Inflammation in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may contribute to coronary atherosclerosis. Myocardial bridge is a congenital anomaly in which the left anterior descending coronary artery takes a "tunneled" course under a bridge of myocardium: while atherosclerosis develops in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, the bridged portion is spared, highlighting the possibility that geographic separation from inflamed EAT is protective. We tested the hypothesis that inflammation in EAT was related to atherosclerosis by comparing EAT from proximal and bridge depots in individuals with myocardial bridge and varying degrees of atherosclerotic plaque. Methods and Results Maximal plaque burden was quantified by intravascular ultrasound, and inflammation was quantified by pericoronary EAT signal attenuation (pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation) from cardiac computed tomography scans. EAT overlying the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery and myocardial bridge was harvested for measurement of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) using custom chips by Nanostring; inflammatory cytokines were measured in tissue culture supernatants. Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation was increased, indicating inflammation, in proximal versus bridge EAT, in proportion to atherosclerotic plaque. Individuals with moderate-high versus low plaque burden exhibited greater expression of inflammation and hypoxia genes, and lower expression of adipogenesis genes. Comparison of gene expression in proximal versus bridge depots revealed differences only in participants with moderate-high plaque: inflammation was higher in proximal and adipogenesis lower in bridge EAT. Secreted inflammatory cytokines tended to be higher in proximal EAT. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1a was highly associated with inflammatory gene expression. Seven miRNAs were differentially expressed by depot: 3192-5P, 518D-3P, and 532-5P were upregulated in proximal EAT, whereas miR 630, 575, 16-5P, and 320E were upregulated in bridge EAT. miR 630 correlated directly with plaque burden and inversely with adipogenesis genes. miR 3192-5P, 518D-3P, and 532-5P correlated inversely with hypoxia/oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PCG1a), adipogenesis, and angiogenesis genes. Conclusions Inflammation is specifically elevated in EAT overlying atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that EAT inflammation is caused by atherogenic molecular signals, including hypoxia-inducible factor 1a and/or miRNAs in an "inside-to-out" relationship. Adipogenesis was suppressed in the bridge EAT, but only in the presence of atherosclerotic plaque, supporting cross talk between the vasculature and EAT. miR 630 in EAT, expressed differentially according to burden of atherosclerotic plaque, and 3 other miRNAs appear to inhibit key genes related to adipogenesis, angiogenesis, hypoxia/oxidative stress, and thermogenesis in EAT, highlighting a role for miRNA in mediating cross talk between the coronary vasculature and EAT.
Complex Decision Support in Practice

In the last three chapters, we discussed some of the issues that make the field of decision support challenging, as well as the theoretical foundations of several widely used approaches to decision support. Business workflow technology has been emphasized because it is much more mature (if pricey and proprietary), as a basis for decision support, than similar approaches that are now being explored in the medical area. While practitioners of medicine have long claimed that the problems of medicine are unique, the assertion of exceptionalism can be made truthfully for almost any complex domain, whether it involves the construction of aircraft or the operations of a multi-national investment firm. Proper operations of business workflows that involve large financial transactions is every bit as important to the organization’s well-being as the proper management of patients in a healthcare organization. My belief is that reusing and adapting ideas that have worked elsewhere is likely to be more productive in the long term than trying to rediscover first principles.
Differential proteolysis of the subunits of pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructo-1-phosphotransferase

Antibodies against the alpha (Mr 67,000) and beta (Mr 60,000) subunits of wheat seedling Fru-2,6-P2-stimulated pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructo-1-phosphotransferase (PFP) were used to probe the subunit structures of several partially purified plant PFPs after tryptic digestion. Antisera to the alpha and beta subunits of wheat seedling PFP cross-reacted with the corresponding alpha and beta subunits of PFP preparations from wheat germ, potato tubers, and lettuce leaves. With the mung bean PFP, both antisera reacted with a protein band of Mr 60,000. A protein band corresponding to the Mr 67,000 alpha subunit was not detected in the mung bean PFP preparation. Tryptic digestion of wheat seedling and potato tuber PFPs resulted in the preferential cleavage of the alpha subunit. The trypsinized PFP retained most of its Fru-2,6-P2-stimulated activity but not its basal activity. The proteolyzed enzyme also exhibited a 2-fold increase in Ka for Fru-2,6-P2. Studies with the mung bean enzyme revealed that the anti-alpha immunoreactive component was more sensitive to trypsinization than the anti-beta immunoreactive component of the Mr 60,000 protein band. Thus, the Mr 60,000 protein band of the mung bean PFP appears to be heterogeneous and contains both alpha and beta-like proteins. The above observations indicate that the alpha and beta subunits of PFP are two distinct polypeptides and that alpha acts as a regulatory protein in regulating both the catalytic activity and the Fru-2,6-P2-binding affinity of the beta subunit.
Generalization Bounds for Learning Kernels

This paper presents several novel generalization bounds for the problem of learning kernels based on a combinatorial analysis of the Rademacher complexity of the corresponding hypothesis sets. Our bound for learning kernels with a convex combination of p base kernels using L1 regularization admits only a √log p dependency on the number of kernels, which is tight and considerably more favorable than the previous best bound given for the same problem. We also give a novel bound for learning with a non-negative combination of p base kernels with an L2 regularization whose dependency on p is also tight and only in p1/4. We present similar results for Lq regularization with other values of q, and outline the relevance of our proof techniques to the analysis of the complexity of the class of linear functions. Experiments with a large number of kernels further validate the behavior of the generalization error as a function of p predicted by our bounds.
Effect of pectin on gastric emptying and gastroduodenal motility in normal subjects

The effects of pectin ingestion on gastric emptying, gastroduodenal motility, and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were studied. Initial studies demonstrated that 15 g of pectin was the optimal dose. Subsequently 6 healthy male volunteers were studied on 4 separate days at random. On day 1, gastric emptying of a liquid and a solid meal was assessed by radioisotope technique using 99mTc-dithiopropylthiomine. On day 2, the gastric emptying study was repeated with the addition of pectin to each meal. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon also were determined during these 2 days. On day 3, the effects of liquid and solid meals on gastroduodenal motility were assessed by means of a perfused catheter system. On day 4, the motility study was repeated with the addition of pectin to each meal. Pectin supplementation caused a significant prolongation of gastric emptying half-time of both liquid and solid meals (p less than 0.05). The addition of pectin, however, did not have any significant effect on gastroduodenal motility other than increasing the duodenal motility index 10 min after the liquid meal. The addition of pectin to the liquid meal lowered plasma levels of insulin at 15, 30, and 45 min, and glucagon levels 15 min after the meal. No effect was noted on blood sugar levels. On the other hand, the addition of pectin to the solid meal had no effect on plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. We conclude that pectin supplementation delays gastric emptying of both liquid and solid meals in normal human subjects without causing notable changes in gastroduodenal motility or significant variations in pancreatic hormone plasma levels. The pectin effect on gastric emptying may be caused solely by increasing the viscosity of the meals.
Exponential Decay of Correlation Coefficients for Geodesic Flows

We obtain exponential decay bounds for correlation coefficients of geodesic flows on surfaces of constant negative curvature (and for all Riemannian symmetric spaces of rank one), answering a question posed by Marina Ratner. The square integrable functions on the unit sphere bundle of M are allowed to satisfy weak differentiability conditions. The methods are those of unitary representation theory and invoke the notion of Sobelev vectors of representations. In the course of the discussion we obtain a new characterization of tempered irreducible representation of semi-simple groups.
Does the transapical approach impair early recovery of systolic strain following transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Background: In transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) the trans-apical approach (TA) is associated with apical myocardial injury but it is unknown if this injury impacts myocardial function. This study was performed to assess the impact of TA on apical longitudinal strain (ALS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) after TAVR. Methods: 44 consecutive patients (age 81 ± 7 years, 48% male) underwent TAVR via trans-femoral (TF) (n=27) or TA (n=17) approach. Speckle-tracking analysis of left ventricular longitudinal strain was performed on images from peri-procedure transesophageal echocardiograms immediately before and after valve implantation. The primary endpoint was a GLS improvement of at least 25% post-TAVR. Results: GLS improved significantly above baseline after valve implantation in both TF (p 25%; 16 of which improved their GLS to 25%. Conclusion: Equal improvement in myocardial strain was observed in the TF and TA patients. Pre-TAVR GLS impairment was an independent predictor of post-TAVR GLS recovery, highlighting how it is the patient’s baseline GLS dysfunction, not the method of approach, that dictates post-TAVR functional recovery.
Innovative ways to connect information systems programs to the business community

A question was posted on ISWorld, asking: “Do you or your IS program have any unique, interesting ways that you are interacting with the business community?” Over 50 people responded with interesting and successful activities. The activities can be grouped into six categories: (1) student-centered initiatives, (2) instruction-centered initiatives, (3) externally funded, high tech laboratories, (4) research-centered initiatives, (5) faculty/student/practitioner interactions, and (6) new business ventures. The activities in each of these categories are described.
Studies on the respiratory chain-linked reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. XI. Transformation of the dehydrogenase to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase.

Abstract Purified preparations of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain, extracted with the aid of phospholipase at moderate temperature, do not catalyze the reduction of long chain coenzyme Q derivatives (Q6 and Q10) at significant rates and are not inhibited by amytal or rotenone. On exposure of the enzyme to conditions which have been used for the extraction of NADH-coenzyme Q reductase (pH 5.4, 9.5% ethanol 43° for 15 min) the characteristic properties and catalytic activities of the dehydrogenase are lost and a high catalytic activity toward coenzyme Q6 and Q10 emerges, along with cytochrome c reductase activity. The NADH-coenzyme Q reductase activity created by this treatment is comparable to that obtained on direct extraction of submitochondrial particles with acid-ethanol at 43° and is inhibited by amytal and rotenone to the same extent as NADH-coenzyme Q reductase. The lack of rotenone- and amytal-sensitive coenzyme Q reductase activity in NADH dehydrogenase is not due to the exposure of the preparation to pH 8.5 or to phospholipase A, as has been suggested by other authors, since submitochondrial particles isolated at pH 8.5 and at neutral pH are equally good sources of soluble NADH-coenzyme Q reductase and since neither cobra venom nor its constituent phospholipase A inhibit or inactivate soluble NADH-coenzyme Q reductase. The reason why venom treatment of particles interferes with subsequent extraction of NADH-coenzyme Q reductase by heat-acid-ethanol is that an inhibitor is formed by the venom, which can be removed, however, with the aid of serum albumin. Evidence is presented that the reaction sites of long chain coenzyme Q homologues and of rotenone and amytal in soluble NADH-coenzyme Q reductase are not the same as in intact mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Soluble NADH-coenzyme Q reductase resembles closely in its known properties NADH-cytochrome c reductase and, like the latter enzyme, may be regarded as a fragment of NADH dehydrogenase created by exposure to heat-acid-ethanol.
R-CAST: integrating team intelligence for human-centered teamwork

Developing human-centered agent architectures requires the integral consideration of architectural flexibility, teamwork adaptability, and context reasoning capability. With the integration of various forms of team intelligence including shared teamwork process and progress, dynamic context management and infomation dependency reasoning, and recognition-primed collaborative decision mechanism, R-CAST offers a flexible solution to developing cognitive aids for the support of human-centered teamwork in information and knowledge intensive domains. In this paper, we present the key features of R-CAST. As evidence of its applications in complex real-world problems, we give two experimental evaluations of R-CAST as teammates and decision aids of human Command and Control teams.
The Judicial Transformation of the State: The Case of U.S. Trade Policy, 1974–2004

The recent shift in state policies from Keynesianism to neoliberalism was accompanied by a transformation in state structures. The case of trade liberalization in the United States reveals that this structural transformation is of a judicial nature. In 1974, supporters of free trade successfully shifted authority over the management of protectionist claims from Congress to quasi-judicial bodies in the U.S. executive; in 1994, they successfully strengthened the dispute settlement mechanisms of the World Trade Organization. This judicial transformation indicates a shift from sites where decisions are made by way of political negotiations to sites where judges preside over legal disputes. In the article, I identify the political origins of these judicial transformations and discuss the factors that make judicial sites more favorable to neoliberal policies than political sites.
Silicon interference filters and Bragg reflectors for active and passive integrated optoelectronic components

Porous silicon (PSi) multilayer structures are used in Si- based optoelectronic devices which exhibit interesting optical and electrical properties. Integration of these structure can be achieved either passively or actively. Passive elements include high reflectivity mirrors and optical filters with a maximum reflectivity peak approximately 100%. The benefit of adding a multilayer mirror below a luminescent PSi film is to reduce the amount of light absorbed by the silicon substrate and increase the light output. Placing two multilayer mirrors in between a highly luminescent PSi film creates an active microcavity resonator structure in which a significant photoluminescence and electroluminescence line narrowing (FWHM less than or equal to 20 nm) is observed. A detailed study on the passive and active roles of PSi multilayer structures is presented in a device configuration.
Theory and Procedures for Finding a Correct Kinetic Model for the Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycle

In this paper, we present the implementation and results of new methodology based on linear algebra. The theory behind these methods is covered in detail in the Supporting Information, available electronically (Shrager and Hendler). In brief, the methods presented search through all possible forward sequential submodels in order to find candidates that can be used to construct a complete model for the BR-photocycle. The methodology is limited only to forward sequential models. If no such models are compatible with the experimental data, none will be found. The procedures apply objective tests and filters to eliminate possibilities that cannot be correct, thus cutting the total number of candidate sequences to be considered. In the current application, which uses six exponentials, the total sequences were cut from 1950 to 49. The remaining sequences were further screened using known experimental criteria. The approach led to a solution which consists of a pair of sequences, one with 5 exponentials showing ...
Factors that contribute to post-treatment follow-up care for survivors of childhood cancer.

As children complete cancer treatment and enter survivorship, follow-up care is critical to monitor for and treat relapses, secondary malignancies, and late effects of treatment. Relative contributions of cancer and treatment variables and sociodemographic factors in engagement with follow-up care are not fully understood. This study aimed to identify risk factors for inadequate follow-up care. The sample included a cohort of 173 children (birth–18 years) diagnosed with cancer in 2004 and treated at a children’s hospital. Sociodemographics (gender, patient current age, ethnic minority status, distance from hospital, type of insurance), cancer and treatment variables (patient age at diagnosis, type of cancer, treatment modality, time off treatment, relapse, on clinical trial protocol), and follow-up care through 2009 were gathered via the hospital tumor registry and medical charts. In simultaneous linear regression analysis (full model: F(12, 160) = 3.49, R 2 = 0.21, p = 0.001), having a liquid tumor (p < 0.05), presence of relapse (p = 0.009), and shorter distance from hospital (p = 0.006) predicted total number of follow-up visits between completion of treatment and 5 years post-diagnosis. In simultaneous logistic regression analysis (full model: χ 2 (12, N = 173) = 53.27, p < 0.001), being male (p = 0.077), having a brain tumor (p = 0.055), longer time off treatment (p = 0.004), and greater distance from hospital (p = 0.003) decreased the likelihood of completing a follow-up or survivorship visit between completion of treatment and 5 years post-diagnosis. In simultaneous linear regression analysis (full model: F(12, 160) = 4.52, R 2 = 0.25, p = 0.001), non-White race (p = 0.001) and having public insurance (p = 0.002) predicted total number of no shows between completion of treatment and 5 years post-diagnosis. These results extend knowledge of health disparities in pediatric cancer follow-up care suggesting that cancer and treatment-related variables (type of cancer, relapse, number of treatment modalities) and sociodemographic factors (distance from treatment center, non-White race, public insurance) are important predictors of engagement in follow-up care. Survivors at risk for poor engagement may benefit from targeted interventions designed to increase likelihood of follow-up care.
Antiresonant guiding optofluidic biosensor

Abstract We propose a novel optofluidic biosensor in which detection is based on a shift in the transmission spectrum due to the contrast in refractive index between the carrier fluid and the target biomaterial. The sensor can function using focused illumination without the need for fiber or waveguide coupled input/output signals. We study the spectral response of the sensor using 2D full-wave time-harmonic field analysis and perform parametric analysis of detection sensitivity as a function of material and device parameters. Our analysis demonstrates that detectible shifts in the transmission spectrum can be achieved with nanoscale accumulation of biomaterial within the sensor. We show that the transmission minima and detection sensitivity can be estimated using analytical expressions based on a 1D antiresonant waveguide model.
Carbonyl bonding on ZnO(0001), CuCl(111) and Cu2O(111) 3d10 metal ion surfaces: photoelectron spectroscopy of CO/Cu2O(111) and electronic structure calculations

The adsorption of CO on Cu2O(111) has been investigated using He II UPS. With increasing doses of CO two peaks are observed at 17.8 and 14.3 eV ionization potential which are assigned to the CO 4σ and 1π/5σ levels. The interaction of CO with ZnO(0001), CuCl(111) and Cu2O(111) surfaces has also been investigated using SCF-Xα Scattered Wave (SW) electronic structure calculations. The SCF-Xα-SW results demonstrate that the bonding of CO to Zn++ and Cu+ sites is dominated by the sigma donor interaction of the CO 5σ level with the empty 4s and 4p, metal ion levels. The sigma donation on Zn++ was calculated to be one third as large as on the Cu+ sites. π-Backbonding is calculated to be present on both Cu+ sites but not on ZnO which is consistent with previous experimental data. The net charge on the carbon atom in the bound CO is calculated to be positive and larger for Zn++ than for CO bound to Cu+ sites. The electronic structure origins of the differences in CO bonding among the Zn++ and Cu+ sites are addressed and insight is gained into the contribution of π-backbonding to metal carbonyl reactivity.
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor TR2 Interacts Directly with Both Class I and Class II Histone Deacetylases

A combination of in vivo and in vitro assays was employed to describe the ligand-independent interaction of the orphan nuclear receptor TR2 and histone deacetylase proteins. The repressive effect of TR2 on transcription of a luciferase reporter driven by a promoter containing a direct repeat-5 (DR5) derived from the human RARbeta gene was suppressed by the addition of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Immunoprecipitation with FLAG-epitope (MDYKDDDDK)-tagged histone deacetylase proteins was used to demonstrate that TR2 and histone deacetylases 3 or 4 are present in the same immunoprecipitated complex. Deacetylase activity was demonstrated for these coimmunoprecipitates, further confirming the in vivo interaction of TR2 and histone deacetylases. Immunoprecipitation with anti-TR2 antibody was used to demonstrate interaction of TR2 with endogenously expressed histone deacetylases 3 and 4 in COS-1 cells. Dissection of TR2 domains showed that the DNA binding domain of the receptor was responsible for interaction with both histone deacetylases 3 and 4 in glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays, while the ligand binding domain did not interact. The pull-down data were confirmed with far Western blots that also showed a direct interaction between labeled histone deacetylase proteins and TR2. It is suggested that repression mediated by unliganded TR2 is mediated, in part, by a direct interaction of this receptor with histone deacetylase proteins.
The nature of processing early in picture perception

The present study investigated the availability of information related to object identity and scene context during the initial stages of picture perception. Pictures were presented for 10, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, or 1000 ms and subjects were asked to determine if a probe was the portion of the scene which had appeared in that location. The probed sections had previously been rated on informativeness and high-, medium-, and low-rated areas were examined. Medium-informative sections were recognized better than high- or low-informative sections. A comparison of sections in the central and peripheral positions of the visual field indicated that medium-informative sections were recognized better in the periphery, while highly informative areas were recognized more accurately at central locations. These results are interpreted as supporting the concept that context develops prior to the identification of objects.
Applying technology to work: toward a better understanding of telework

Technology is enabling employees to work away from the office as teleworkers, where they experience increased flexibility to manage their work and personal lives. The last several decades have seen telework rapidly expand as a work mode, which offers both new opportunities and challenges for employees and corporations alike. This paper covers a brief overview of telework research and practice, in the hopes of providing a better understanding of this rapidly emerging form of virtual work. The paper first describes its growing popularity and the types of telework being practiced, and then reviews some key findings in prior research by examining alterations in the work–family interface, job satisfaction, and organizational identification. Present-day factors spurring telework's growth and factors holding it back are then discussed, including issues of technology acceptance, business continuity, and carbon footprint, as well as challenges such as isolation, co-worker resentment, and managerial reluctance. The...
Young Children's Oral Language, Reading and Writing

Abstract This study describes four-year-olds' oral language and related literacy performances from a socio-linguistic perspective. As participant observers in a Head Start setting, the researchers documented the role and functions that oral language of pre-kindergarten children played in classroom exchanges, writing episodes and print-awareness tasks according to Halliday's framework. Four children were selected with each child representing a different stage of development in the use of Halliday's seven language functions. Audio- and videotapes were made of the talk of these children in varied classroom activities and a writing center. The language of these subjects was then related to their understanding and ability in literacy tasks. In addition, parental interviews were conducted to complete an in-depth description of the language and literacy performance of each child. The descriptive data analyses support the hypothesis that children who are adept in orally using and combining Halliday's seven functi...
Fast network centrality analysis using GPUs

Background With the exploding volume of data generated by continuously evolving high-throughput technologies, biological network analysis problems are growing larger in scale and craving for more computational power. General Purpose computation on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU) provides a cost-effective technology for the study of large-scale biological networks. Designing algorithms that maximize data parallelism is the key in leveraging the power of GPUs.
Improved Lung Nodule Detection With An Equalized Image

A custom designed equalizing filter was used to test the potential for improving nodule detectability in chest radiographs. The filter was constructed to produce a radiograph so that the film densities over the lung field and mediastinum were approximately equal. Eighteen radiographs were prepared with small lesions placed over the lung field and mediastinal areas of a chest phantom and the films were read by four radiologists. The films prepared with the equalizing filter showed an increased true positive rate of 18% in the retrocardiac, retrodiaphragmatic and mediastinal areas and only a slight decrease of the true positive rate in the lung field (4%). The average false positive rate for films prepared with and without the filter were virtually identical.
Guatemalan forest synthesis after Pleistocene aridity

Abstract Sediments from two lakes in the Peten Department, Guatemala, provide palynological evidence from Central America of late Pleistocene aridity and subsequent synthesis of mesic forests. Late Glacial vegetation consisted of marsh, savanna, and juniper scrub. An early Holocene temperate forest preceded a mesic tropical forest with Brosimum (ramon). Thus “primeval” rain forests of Guatemala are no older than 10,000 to 11,000 years and are considerably younger in the Peten due to Mayan disturbances. Among dated Neotropical sites, the Peten has the most mesic vegetation yet shown to have supplanted xeric vegetation present during the Pleistocene. The arid late Glacial-humid early Holocene transition appears to have been pantropical in the lowlands. The Peten was not a Pleistocene refugium for mesophytic taxa, as has been suggested. Thus genesis of extant rain forests in northern Central America and southern Mexico remains unexplained.
Early agonistic experience and rank acquisition among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys

Several aspects of agonistic experience are described for freeranging infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)on Cayo Santiago. Even before infants are fully integrated with peers in rank dominance based on maternal ranks,infants of highranking mothers tend to be threatened less frequently by other members of the group and are less likely to be threatened by unfamiliar individuals than are infants of lowranking mothers. There is no evidence that fearful interactions between pairs of infants are related to their mother’s ranks before 22 weeks of age. However, an imperfect hierarchy can be constructed for infants between 27 and 30 weeks of age. At this age,infants of higherranking mothers are also more likely to receive protection when threatened than are infants of lowerranking mothers. When protected, their protectors are less likely to emit fearful gestures to the infants’ threatener. Close female relatives appear to play a large role in the protection of infants and may be more directly responsible for the differences described above than the mother, other relatives, or other highranking members of the group. It is suggested that more than one mechanism, including intervention by the mother and by close female relatives,may be important in rank acquisition among peers.
A treatment of zero-energy modes in the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

Abstract This paper describes the development and testing of an approach for treatment of zero-energy modes in the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The zero-energy modes are a consequence of the fact that field variables and their derivatives are calculated at the same points, so that an alternating field variable has a zero gradient at the particles. An alternative discretisation method that uses two types of particles, “velocity particles” where the velocity is known and “stress particles” where the stress is known, is proposed as a solution to this problem. This approach prevents the zero-energy modes from occurring, and also is a probable solution to the tensile instability problem. 1D and 2D algorithms are presented and test results shown, demonstrating that it does solve the zero-energy mode problem. This approach also offered a method to satisfy the stress-free boundary condition with out the need to explicitly enforce it, as is required in conventional normalised SPH. This was achieved by placing only the velocity points (points where the velocity is known) at material boundaries. The proposed type of discretisation and boundary treatment significantly improves performance and simplifies penalty based contact algorithm for SPH.
Achieving very long lifetimes in optical lattices with pulsed cooling

We have realized a one-dimensional optical lattice for individual atoms with a lifetime $g300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$, which is $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ longer than previously reported. In order to achieve this long lifetime, it is necessary to laser-cool the atoms briefly every $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ to overcome heating due to technical fluctuations in the trapping potential. Without cooling, we observe negligible atom loss within the first $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ followed by an exponential decay with a $62\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{s}$ time constant. We obtain quantitative agreement with the measured fluctuations of the trapping potential and the corresponding theoretical heating rates.
Alterations in left ventricular filling with beta-adrenergic blockade*

Cardiac effects of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs represent a balance between depression of myocardial function and relief of pressure load. To determine the relative importance of each, cardiac and hemodynamic indexes were measured by radioisotope technique (technetium-99m-human serum albumin) in 21 patients treated with either metoprolol (n = 8) or nadolol (n = 13) for 1 month. No significant difference was found between the 2 groups, and the results were pooled. Cardiac output was significantly (p
Atomic layer-controlled growth of transparent conducting ZnO on plastic substrates

Abstract Highly transparent ( T > 80%) and conductive ( ρ ∼ 10 −3 Ω cm) zinc oxide thin films were deposited by atomic layer-controlled growth on a wide variety of substrates, including glass sapphire and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at temperatures of 100–210°C using diethylzinc (DEtZn) and water. This is the first example of atomic layer-controlled growth or atomic layer epitaxy on a polymer substrate. The growth was accomplished by separating the CVD reaction, Zn(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 + H 2 O → ZnO + 2CH 3 CH 3 , into the following half reactions: (A) Zn–OH * + Zn(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 → Zn–O–Zn–CH 2 CH 3 * + CH 3 CH 3 (B) Zn–CH 2 CH 3 * + H 2 O → Zn–OH * +CH 3 CH 3 .The reactions were self-terminating and growth rates from 1.5–1.9 A/cycle were observed. In order to grow films at higher temperatures and to improve film adhesion, alumina buffer layers were deposited before the ZnO films on PET substrates. The resistivity of the films improved by doping gallium into the films and with increasing temperature. The best film grown on PET had a resistivity of 1.4 × 10 −3 Ω cm, while the best film grown on glass had a resistivity of 8 × 10 −4 Ω cm.
Morality, Self-Interest, and Two Kinds of Prudential Practical Rationality

In this article it is assumed that human goodness is to be judged with respect to how well one does at practical reasoning. It is acknowledged that (1) there is a difference between moral practical reasoning (MPR) and prudential practical reasoning (PPR) and (2) what these would recommend sometimes conflict. A distinction is then made between absolute PPR and relative PPR and it is argued that doing well at absolute PPR is always consistent with MPR. It is also argued that since it is more reasonable to assess prudential practical rationality in terms of the absolute standard than the relative standard, there is no conflict between the demands of MPR (morality) and PPR (self-interest).
Update on the role of prostaglandins in allergic lung inflammation: Separating friends from foes, harder than you might think

Prostaglandins (PGs), small lipid molecules derived from arachidonic acid by COX enzymes, are critical mediators of allergic inflammation. Our understanding of the role of PGs in allergic lung inflammation has been hampered by the very short biologic half-life of these mediators, which has made mechanistic studies difficult in human subjects. However, advances in molecular biology and pharmacology have given investigators the opportunity to examine the role of specific prostanoids in the development of allergic inflammation in animal models. Studies investigating specific PG receptors are also elucidating the mechanisms by which PGs regulate the pulmonary allergic phenotype. This review summarizes the current literature on the role of PGs and PG receptors in allergic lung inflammation.
CHARACTERIZATION AND EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL DENSITY PATTERNS IN URBAN AREAS

This paper examines the spatial patterns of population density, household automobile ownership and other socio-demographic variables that affect urban travel, as a function of distance from the central city core. Spatial density functions provide a useful characterization of urban structure, and of its evolution when taken at different time intervals. Analysis of the data from four case cities (Austin, Atlanta, Dallas, Phoenix) for 1960, 1970 and 1980 reveals continuing overall dispersion away from the traditional central core, accompanied by the densification of formerly low-density suburbs. This presents implications for high congestion levels in the densifying “suburban” communities, comparable to those typically associated with the CBD. In addition, the analysis has captured the continuing growth of average household automobile ownership and revealed a distinct spatial pattern that seems to be robust across the case areas considered, as well as within radial corridors in the one case that was so analyzed (Austin).
Difficulties in a clinical application of methadone-dose contingency contracting ☆

We review outcome of 14 methadone-maintenance patients who were offered a choice of administrative discharge or a methadone-dose contingency contract for continued drug abuse. In the three months before intervention, only 38% of urines were drug-free, while 55% were drug-free during the three-month intervention. Marked improvement occurred during the first month, while later the effect faded. Nine patients discontinued or reduced drug abuse, arriving at stable or fluctuating dose, and did not detoxify. Five others continued drug abuse, eventually reducing their methadone doses to zero. The procedure at least temporarily reduced drug abuse among the former group, but lack of uniformity in applying contingencies may have weakened the effect. Considering the spreading AIDS epidemic, we review the confusing literature on management of still-abusing methadone maintenance patients and suggest a protocol for their treatment.
Gaseous Contaminant Distribution in the Breathing Zone

Conventionally, the "breathing zone" is defined as the zone within a 0.3 m (or 10 inches) radius of a worker's nose and mouth, and it has been generally assumed that a contaminant in the breathing zone is homogeneous and its concentration is equivalent to the concentration inhaled by the worker. However, several studies have mentioned that the concentration is not uniform in the breathing zone when a worker is close to the contaminant source. In order to examine the spatial variability of contaminant concentrations in a worker's breathing zone, comparative measurements of personal exposure were carried out in a laboratory. In experiment, ethanol vapor was released in front of a model worker (human subject and mockup mannequin) and the vapor concentrations were measured at two different sampling points, at the nose and at the chest, in the breathing zone. Then, the effects of the sampling location and the body temperature on the exposure were observed. The ratios of nose concentration to chest concentration for the human subject and the mannequin were 0-0.2 and 0.12, respectively. The exposure level of the mannequin was about 5.5-9.3 times higher than that of the human subject.