cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OMI/Aura Nitrogen Dioxide Standard Product with Improved Surface and Cloud Treatments

Abstract. We present a new and improved version (V4.0) of the NASA standard nitrogen dioxide (NO2) product from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite. This version incorporates the most salient improvements for regional OMI NO2 products suggested by expert users, and enhances the NO2 data quality in several ways on a global scale through improvements to the air mass factors (AMFs) used in the retrieval algorithm. The algorithm is based on a conceptually new, geometry-dependent surface Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (GLER) operational product that is available on an OMI pixel basis. GLER is calculated using the vector linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer (VLIDORT) model, which uses as input high resolution bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) information from NASA’s Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments over land and the wind-dependent Cox–Munk wave-facet slope distribution over water, the latter with contribution from the water-leaving radiance. The GLER combined with consistently retrieved oxygen dimer (O2-O2) absorption-based cloud fractions and pressures provide high-quality data inputs to the new NO2 AMF scheme. The new AMFs increase the retrieved tropospheric NO2 by up to 50 % in highly polluted areas; these differences arise from both cloud and surface BRDF effects as well as biases between the new MODIS-based and previously used OMI-based climatological surface reflectance data sets. We quantitatively evaluate the new NO2 product using independent observations from ground-based and airborne instruments. The improved NO2 data record can be used for studies related to emissions and trends of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and co-emitted gases. The new V4.0 data and relevant explanatory documentation are publicly available from the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center ( https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/OMNO2_V003/summary/ ), and we encourage their use over previous versions of OMI NO2 products.
Not Your Typical Anti-CRISPR

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, two papers by Osuna et al. describe the characterization of AcrIIA1, an anti-CRISPR protein distributed widely among Listeria phages. AcrIIA1 functions as an anti-CRISPR and as a dynamic repressor of acr loci, suggesting it may play an important role in lysogeny.
Maternal Rage: Double Dipping in Language and Experience

“Western culture in our times, especially in America and Europe, has repeatedly conspired to silence the inner life of the mother by laying on her the weight of its own impossible and most punishin...
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: Answers to the Important Management Questions in 2021

Abstract Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is often cured with frontline therapy; however, up to 15–25% patients with advanced stage and up to 10% with early stage need additional treatment. When second-line therapy is required, up to 2/3 of patients are cured with a consolidative autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). If this treatment fails, patients can still live for many years on chronic therapy. Many questions are still relevant in the management of HL, however. The ones most important in 2021 are as follows: 1) Are there any patients in CR who require consolidative radiotherapy? 2) Is BV-AVD the standard therapy for ASHL? 3) Which patients should receive maintenance therapy after ASCT? 4) Is there any hope for patients when checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) fail?
“A little competition goes a long way”: Substitutive effects of emotional intelligence and workplace competition on salesperson creative selling

Despite receiving significant attention in the popular press, the topic of creative selling remains underexamined in the sales literature. The current research helps to correct this notable omission by exploring the antecedents—and consequences—of salesperson creative selling. Drawing on the componential theory of creativity, we demonstrate that both individual difference (emotional intelligence; EI) and workplace environment (competition inspired by co-workers; CIC) variables drive salesperson creative selling, and that salesperson creative selling behaviors have positive, downstream consequences for performance. However, the interaction of EI and CIC reveals an attenuating effect of emotional intelligence, such that the effect of emotional intelligence on workplace creative selling is stronger at lower—rather than higher—levels of internal competition. In so doing, we take the counterintuitive position that a competitive, rather than collaborative, internal workplace environment might be best suited for sparking creative selling within the salesforce. We conclude our study by providing implications and offering suggested avenues for future research.
VGJ: Visualizing Graphs Through Java

VGJ is an automated system capable of converting a textual description or a drawing of a graph into a well organized and readable layout of the graph. VGJ (visualizing graphs with Java), includes a graph editor and a set of algorithms that will automatically layout and draw a graph. The graph drawing package can be accessed through the web at: www.tufts.edu/ mccreary/graph_drawing.html.
Making Sense of Public Opinion: American Discourses About Immigration And Social Programs

Part I. Overview: 1. Conventional discourses, public opinion, and political culture 2. Analysis of conventional discourses: backgrounds and methods 3. Conventional discourses and personal lives Part II. Immigration: 4. Public opinion about immigration 5. 'Too many immigrants' and discourses about economic costs and benefits 6. Discourses about legality, illegality, and national security 7. Discourses about immigration and American culture 8. Discourses about immigration causes and contexts Part III. Social Welfare Programs: 9. Public opinion about social welfare programs 10. Discourses about limitations of government programs 11. Discourses about personal responsibility and benefits for the deserving 12. Discourses about caring for self, family, community, and nation 13. Discourses about social causes of economic insecurity Part IV. Conclusion: 14. Questions and implications.
Effect of DM actuator errors on the WFIRST/AFTA coronagraph contrast performance

The WFIRST/AFTA 2.4 m space telescope currently under study includes a stellar coronagraph for the imaging and the spectral characterization of extrasolar planets. The coronagraph employs two sequential deformable mirrors (DMs) to compensate for phase and amplitude errors in creating dark holes. DMs are critical elements in high contrast coronagraphs, requiring precision and stability measured in picometers to enable detection of Earth-like exoplanets. Working with a low-order wavefront-sensor the DM that is conjugate to a pupil can also be used to correct low-order wavefront drift during a scientific observation. However, not all actuators in a DM have the same gain. When using such a DM in low-order wavefront sensing and control subsystem, the actuator gain calibration errors introduce highspatial frequency errors to the DM surface and thus worsen the contrast performance of the coronagraph. We have investigated the effects of actuator gain calibration errors and the actuator command digitization errors on the contrast performance of the coronagraph through modeling and simulations, and will present our results in this paper.
Risk Stratification for Cardiovascular Disease in Women in the Primary Care Setting

Background Traditional risk assessment tools classify the majority of middle-aged women at low risk despite cardiovascular (CV) disease's affecting >50% of women and remaining the leading cause of death. Ultrasound-determined carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and/or computed tomographic coronary artery calcium score (CACS) quantify subclinical atherosclerosis and add incremental prognostic value. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of CIMT and CACS to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in younger women. Methods Asymptomatic women aged 50 to 65 years with at least one CV risk factor and low Framingham risk scores were identified prospectively at primary care and cardiology clinics. Mean intimal thickness, plaque on CIMT, and Agatston calcium score for CACS were obtained. Results Of 86 women (mean age, 58 ± 4.6 years; mean Framingham risk score, 1.9 ± 1.2; mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 138.9 ± 37.0 mg/dL), 53 (62%) had high-risk CIMT (51% plaque, 11% CIMT > 75th percentile). In contrast, three women (3.5%) had CACS > 100, all of whom had plaque by CIMT. Of the 58 women with CACS of 0, 32 (55%) had high-risk CIMT (48% plaque, 7% CIMT > 75th percentile). Conclusions In patients referred by their physicians for assessment of CV risk, CIMT in asymptomatic middle-aged women with at least one CV risk factor and low risk by the Framingham risk score identified a large number with advanced subclinical atherosclerosis despite low CACS. Our results suggest that CIMT may be a more sensitive method for CV risk assessment than CACS or traditional risk tools in this population. Further studies are needed to determine if earlier detection would be of clinical benefit.
War and Environment: The Environmental Effects of the Civil War in Somalia

International humanitarian law seeks to protect the environment, civilians, and development
The Feasibility of Teacher and Parent Volunteers Collecting Digital Image Data of Children's Fruit and Vegetable consumption during School lunch

Increasing children's fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is an aim of school nutrition programs. Digital imaging (DI) is less time and resource intensive than other dietary assessment tools for evaluating whether these efforts correspond with increased FV consumption or waste. However, it is impractical for a university-based trained dietary assessment team (UDAT) to collect DI data nationally. The study objective was to compare the feasibility of DI data collection by the UDAT to a parent volunteer dietary assessment team (PDAT) and a teacher dietary assessment team (TDAT) at two northeast elementary schools (NES-A and NES-B, respectively) across 19 data collection days. Uniquely labeled lanyards were distributed to children as they entered the cafeteria to allow for the formation of a matched DI pair: pre-image of the lunch tray as the child exited the lunch line (FV selection) and a post-image of the tray before disposal (FV waste). Feasibility was defined as the number of DI pairs captured out of th...
MICA STRUCTURE AND FIBROUS GROWTH OF ILLITE

The relative growth rates of the three joint chains of silica tetrahedra and metal octahedra in the [100], [110] and [110] directions within the mica layer (referring to the 1M unit-cell) seem to control the morphology of mica crystallites. Laths and fibers are the products of relatively fast growth along the [100] direction compared to growth along the [110] and [110] directions. The (010) growth front in 1M micas with trans-octahedral vacancies exposes a pair of reactive OH ions that can form organic or inorganic complexes and ‘poison’ the growth on the (010) face. Authigenic illite fibers in two sandstones with contrasting lithologies are found to have grown on mica or kaolinite cores. Illite fibers appear in single sets or in multiple sets, 120° apart. This texture seems to be related to the stacking sequence of the layers in mica or kaolinite in the core of these fibers.
Adrenal-mediated depression of N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin levels in the rat pineal gland.

Abstract N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is believed to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of melatonin from serotonin in the pineal gland. Norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve endings within the pineal gland stimulates NAT activity and, therefore, melatonin synthesis. When an animal is subjected to a stressful stimulus, it would be expected that the increase in plasma catecholamines originating from the adrenal medulla and/or the sympathetic nervous system would result in a stimulation of pineal NAT activity. Adult male rats were given a 1.5cc injection of physiological saline subcutaneously into the back leg. Compared to non-injected controls, animals stressed in this manner were shown to have significantly lower pineal melatonin content 10 min after the saline injection late in the light phase of the light/dark cycle (at 18.30 h - lights on at 07.00 h). To test this more thoroughly, a time course study was conducted during the dark phase (at 02.00 h - 5 hours after lights out) when pineal NAT activity and melatonin levels are either increasing or elevated. NAT activity and melatonin levels in the pineal were significantly depressed in stressed animals as compared to controls by 10 min after the saline injection, and remained so until 60 min after injection. By 90 min they had returned to control values. In the next study the nighttime response of the pineal to stress was compared in intact and adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomy prevented the changes in NAT activity and melatonin content associated with the saline injection. Some factor, such as a catecholamine or corticosterone from the adrenal, seems to be eliciting the response in the pineal to the saline injection. It is not known if the factor is acting centrally or directly on the pineal gland.
Quenching of biacetyl (3Au) molecules by near‐resonant and off‐resonant collisional partners

Laser-induced time-resolved phosphorescence has been used to evaluate the quenching of gaseous biacetyl (/sup 3/A/sub u/) molecules by various molecules at 25/sup 0/C. The quenching of biacetyl(/sup 3/A/sub u/) molecules by biacetyl itself was not detectable under our experimental conditions, and a pressure-independent lifetime of 1.70 +- 0.08 msec was found. The bimolecular rate constants (units of l/mol.sec) for quenching of the /sup 3/A/sub u/ molecules by cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, cis-1,3-pentadiene, trans-1,3-pentadiene, and oxygen were found to be (3.3 +- 1.9) x 10/sup 3/, (4.0 +- 0.2) x 10/sup 4/, (3.9 +- 0.1) x 10/sup 8/, (1.3 +- 0.1) x 10/sup 8/, and (5.2 +- 0.4) x 10/sup 8/, respectively. (3 figures, 1 table).
Thrasylus' Platonic Canon and the Double Titles

the p)ublished editions. .." 1 In translating Diogenes Laertius for THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY, R. D. Hicks writes: "To each of the works Tlhrasylus affixes a double title, the one taken from the name of the interlocutor, the other from the subject".2 The present study proposes to inquire whether the usual association of Thrasylus with the double titles for the Platonic corpus is fact or fiction. As Classicists frequently admit, in Greek literature there is not necessarily complete correlation between the title of a treatise and its theme. The Anabasis of Xenophon, for example, treats at greater length the katabasis of the Ten Thousan(d Greeks. In interpreting Soplhocles, likewise, the titles should not deter one from weaving the theme of the Antigone around Creon, and of the Ajax around Odysseus, as H. D. F. Kitto does in his excellent analyses.3 The case of Homer's Iliad is almost too obvious for comment the theme concerns merely one incident in the career of one hero during approximately fifty days in the last year of a ten year struggle around Troy.4 Also in the Platonic canon, there is no necessary correlation between the first titles, which by tradition are by far the more popular, and the subject of the composition. In fact, of the thirty-five dialogues in Thrasylus' canon (not including the thirteen Epistles) the popular titles of twenty-nine manifestly do not denote the theme of the treatise twenty-five dialogues derive their names from a character who participates in the discussion 5, two from famous persons to wlhom reference is made in the discourse 6, one from the condition of two of' its charac-
Is Customization Fruitful in Industrialized Homebuilding Industry

The level of customization currently being built by U.S. industrialized homebuilders, including modular and manufactured homes producers, is characterized and the impacts of customization on plant operational performance, and employee and customer satisfaction are examined. To assess the current state of the industry, including the level of customization offered and operational performance, a large-scale survey of industrialized housing producers was conducted. Results revealed that in general, the operational performance of the surveyed homebuilders deteriorates with an increase in home customization. Producers that offer more customization tend to be less efficient in their use of manufacturing space and less efficient with their labor. Results also show that a higher level of customization leads to higher employee satisfaction (lower labor turnover) and leads to lower customer satisfaction. However, those producers that had active quality programs (e.g., continuous improvement) had higher customer sati...
Mistakes in the operating room--error and responsibility.

Some errors occur because trust is overtly violated; others result from human fallibility or foibles. Dr. Sherwin B. Nuland relates his experience with a patient who was the victim of both types of errors.
Diagnosis and treatment of stricture of male urethra

Abstract For the diagnosis and treatment of the varied types of stricture, urethrocystography, the roentgenographic delineation of the urethra and bladder with the use of an innocuous contrast medium is invaluable. It may be used alone, or to supplement other methods of diagnosis. Associated pathologic lesions of the urethra and glandular adnexa are graphically delineated by this method. The treatment of stricture is based on a knowledge of the etiological factors and the degree and extent of pathology present. Most strictures respond to gradual dilatation and other office procedures. The prevention of venereal disease and a better understanding of the need for early and adequate treatment will aid in the further reduction in the occurrence and severity of strictures.
Slow Motions in Chicken Villin Headpiece Subdomain Probed by Cross-Correlated NMR Relaxation of Amide NH Bonds in Successive Residues

The villin headpiece subdomain (HP36) is a widely used system for protein-folding studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance cross-correlated relaxation rates arising from correlated fluctuations of two N-HN dipole-dipole interactions involving successive residues were measured at two temperatures at which HP36 is at least 99% folded. The experiment revealed the presence of motions slower than overall tumbling of the molecule. Based on the theoretical analysis of the spectral densities we show that the structural and dynamic contributions to the experimental cross-correlated relaxation rate can be separated under certain conditions. As a result, dynamic cross-correlated order parameters describing slow microsecond-to-millisecond motions of N-H bonds in neighboring residues can be introduced for any extent of correlations in the fluctuations of the two bond vectors. These dynamic cross-correlated order parameters have been extracted for HP36. The comparison of their values at two different temperatures indicates that when the temperature is raised, slow motions increase in amplitude. The increased amplitude of these fluctuations may reflect the presence of processes directly preceding the unfolding of the protein.
Aggregation of β‐Amyloid Peptide Is Promoted by Membrane Phospholipid Metabolites Elevated in Alzheimer's Disease Brain

Increased amounts of beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide deposits are found in Alzheimer's disease brain. These amyloid deposits have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this common dementing illness. A beta peptides have been shown to be toxic to neurons in cell culture, and this toxicity is critically dependent on the aggregation of the peptide into cross-beta-pleated sheet fibrils. Also, in vivo and postmortem NMR studies have shown changes in certain brain membrane phospholipid metabolites in normal aging and more extensive alterations in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The finding that membrane phospholipids affect the aggregation of A beta suggests that the abnormalities in membrane metabolism found in Alzheimer's disease could affect the deposition of A beta in vivo. Therefore, we examined the effect of membrane phospholipid metabolites that are altered in Alzheimer's disease brain on the aggregation of A beta(1-40) using a light scattering method. Certain metabolites (glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, and alpha-glycerophosphate) augment the aggregation of A beta. Other membrane phospholipid metabolites (phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, and inositol-1-phosphate) have no effect. We conclude that increased membrane phospholipid metabolite concentrations may play a role in the deposition of A beta seen in normal aging and the even greater deposition of A beta observed in Alzheimer's disease.
Ammonia-constitutive nitrogen fixation mutants of rhodobacter capsulatus

Abstract Mutants of R. capsulatus that express nif genes constitutively with respect to ammonia were studied in order to define better the circuit that regulates nif gene transcription. One mutant class could be complemented in trans by a cosmid clone containing a wild-type gene ( nifR5 ) defined by Tn5 inserts as being no longer than 1.6 kb. The nifR5 gene is unlinked to previously described nif genes. A second mutant class could not be complemented by the wild-type cosmid library. For one mutant in this class, a nifH::lac fusion was used to select further mutants that were Lac − . Only two of these could be complemented in trans to Lac + ; the complementing gene was nifR4 , which is analogous to the ntrA gene of enterobacteria. Both complemented strains were Nif c . Therefore these mutations do not bypass the need for the nifR4 gene product. A third class of constitutive mutant was found by selecting Nif + revertants of a Nif − strain deleted for the nifR1 and nifR2 genes. The nifR1 and nifR2 genes are homologues of enterobacterial ntrC and ntrB genes, respectively. Not all of the Nif + revertants were constitutive; some were regulated normally by ammonia. We suspect that the latter revertants use alternate Ntr systems to activate nif gene transcription, a suggestion consistent with the observation that numerous bands in Southern blots of total DNA of R. capsulatus are identified by Escherichia coli ntr gene probes.
5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor stimulation are differentially involved in the cortical dopamine efflux—Studied in 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C genetic mutant mice

Abstract Both 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors modulate cortical dopamine efflux, but in opposite directions. We have now compared the ability of the three 5-HT 2A/2C receptor agonists, DOI (R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine), mCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) and MK-212 (6-Chloro-2-(piperazinyl) pyrazine), to modulate cortical dopamine efflux in 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C genetic mutant mice. In the 5-HT 2A mice, the preferential 5-HT 2A receptor agonist DOI (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) induced a slight but significant increase in cortical dopamine efflux only in the wild type (WT) mice; MK-212 (2.5 mg/kg) reduced dopamine efflux in both WT and receptor knockout (KO) mice; moreover, MCPP, 2.5 mg/kg, had no effect in either types. In 5-HT 2C mice, DOI increased dopamine efflux in both types; while MK-212 decreased dopamine efflux in the WT, but not the receptor KO mice. These results provide new evidence that 5-HT 2A receptor stimulation enhances and 5-HT 2C receptor stimulation inhibits cortical dopamine efflux, and suggest the effects of DOI, MK-212 and mCPP on the cortical dopamine efflux are due to their different abilities on 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors stimulation. Of these three agents, only DOI, the more selective 5-HT 2A receptor agonist, is hallucinogenic. The absence of hallucinations with mCPP may be due to its relatively more potent 5-HT 2C receptor agonist effect, inhibiting the ability of mCPP to enhance dopamine efflux in cortical and perhaps limbic regions as well. The present data provide additional evidence that hallucinations are due, in part, to 5-HT 2A rather than 5-HT 2C receptor stimulation. These findings suggest that 5-HT 2C receptor agonists may be useful as antipsychotics, consistent with previous suggestions.
A Predictive Framework for Integrating Disparate Genomic Data Types Using Sample-Specific Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Multi-Task Learning

Understanding the root molecular and genetic causes driving complex traits is a fundamental challenge in genomics and genetics. Numerous studies have used variation in gene expression to understand complex traits, but the underlying genomic variation that contributes to these expression changes is not well understood. In this study, we developed a framework to integrate gene expression and genotype data to identify biological differences between samples from opposing complex trait classes that are driven by expression changes and genotypic variation. This framework utilizes pathway analysis and multi-task learning to build a predictive model and discover pathways relevant to the complex trait of interest. We simulated expression and genotype data to test the predictive ability of our framework and to measure how well it uncovered pathways with genes both differentially expressed and genetically associated with a complex trait. We found that the predictive performance of the multi-task model was comparable to other similar methods. Also, methods like multi-task learning that considered enrichment analysis scores from both data sets found pathways with both genetic and expression differences related to the phenotype. We used our framework to analyze differences between estrogen receptor (ER) positive and negative breast cancer samples. An analysis of the top 15 gene sets from the multi-task model showed they were all related to estrogen, steroids, cell signaling, or the cell cycle. Although our study suggests that multi-task learning does not enhance predictive accuracy, the models generated by our framework do provide valuable biological pathway knowledge for complex traits.
Bridged β3-Peptide Inhibitors of p53-hDM2 Complexation: Correlation between Affinity and Cell Permeability

β-peptides possess several features that are desirable in peptidomimetics; they are easily synthesized, fold into stable secondary structures in physiologic buffers, and resist proteolysis. They can also bind to a diverse array of proteins to inhibit their interactions with α-helical ligands. β-peptides are usually not cell-permeable, however, and this feature limits their utility as research tools and potential therapeutics. Appending an Arg8 sequence to a β-peptide improves uptake but adds considerable mass. We previously reported that embedding a small cationic patch within a PPII, α-, or β-peptide helix improves uptake without the addition of significant mass. In another mass-neutral strategy, Verdine, Walensky, and others have reported that insertion of a hydrocarbon bridge between the i and i + 4 positions of an α-helix also increases cell uptake. Here we describe a series of β-peptides containing diether and hydrocarbon bridges and compare them on the basis of cell uptake and localization, affiniti...
High-accuracy differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with indium as an internal standard

Indium(III) is used as an internal standard for the determination of cadmium, copper and lead at the 20 ng g−1 level by using differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry; the supporting electrolyte is 1.0 mol l−1 ammonium bromide/0.25 mol l−1 nitric acid. For each solution, each stripping peak of interest is normalized to the corresponding peak height obtained in the same voltammogram for a known, added concentration of indium(III). A calibration curve is prepared for each element by using these normalized peak heights. The technique is demonstrated for NBS SRM 1643b (Trace Elements in Water). The relative standard deviations for six independent determinations of Cd, Cu, and Pb at the 20 ng g−1 level are 1.9%, 5.4%, and 1.2%, respectively. The imprecision for copper is limited by the sloping baseline at its stripping potential. The detection limit for each element is less than 1 ng g−1.
An Allosteric Self-Splicing Ribozyme Triggered by a Bacterial Second Messenger

Group I self-splicing ribozymes commonly function as components of selfish mobile genetic elements. We identified an allosteric group I ribozyme, wherein self-splicing is regulated by a distinct riboswitch class that senses the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP. The tandem RNA sensory system resides in the 5' untranslated region of the messenger RNA for a putative virulence gene in the pathogenic bacterium Clostridium difficile. c-di-GMP binding by the riboswitch induces folding changes at atypical splice site junctions to modulate alternative RNA processing. Our findings indicate that some self-splicing ribozymes are not selfish elements but are harnessed by cells as metabolite sensors and genetic regulators.
Molecular hydrogen and the 2 micron spectrum of NGC 7027.

The spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 in the range 1.6-2.5 microns was obtained with a resolution of 1.2 per cm. The presence of molecular hydrogen emission in the v = 1-0 S(1), Q(1), and Q(3) lines is confirmed, and the detection of H2 lines v = 1-0 Q(2), Q(4), S(0), and S(2) is reported. The H2 line strengths, with upper limits for the v = 2-1 band, suggest a model in which the emitting gas is confined to clumps heated by a shock front accompanying an expanding H II region. Emission lines are also detected from atomic hydrogen (Pfund and Brackett series) and from He I and He II.
BLADDER NECK CLOSURE WITH LOWER URINARY TRACT RECONSTRUCTION: TECHNIQUE AND LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP

ABSTRACTPurpose: Bladder neck closure (BNC) is an important component of reconstructive urological surgery, especially in the management of neurogenic bladder. To our knowledge we present the largest series of patients who have undergone this procedure.Materials and Methods: A total of 39 patients with lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction secondary to neurogenic bladder underwent transabdominal BNC and simultaneous LUT reconstruction between 1988 and 2002. Charts were reviewed and patients were retrospectively interviewed to ascertain demographics, previous urological surgeries, perioperative data, postoperative results and complications.Results: Mean postoperative followup was 36.9 months (range 7 to 173). Concomitant procedures included ileovesicostomy in 19 patients (49%), augmentation enterocystoplasty with continent cutaneous stoma in 19 (49%) and revision of a previous Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy in 1. The overall complication rate was 31% with a vesicourethral fistula in 6 patients (15%), of ...
Ion beam modification of metals: Compositional and microstructural changes

Abstract Ion implantation has become a highly developed tool for modifying the structure and properties of metals and alloys. In addition to direct implantation, a variety of other ion beam techniques such as ion beam mixing, ion beam assisted deposition and plasma source ion implantation have been used increasingly in recent years. The modifications constitute compositional and microstructural changes in the surface of the metal. This leads to alterations in physical properties (transport, optical, corrosion, oxidation), as well as mechanical properties (strength, hardness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance). The compositional changes brought about by ion bombardment are classified into recoil implantation, cascade mixing, radiation-enhanced diffusion, radiation-induced segregation, Gibbsian adsorption and sputtering which combine to produce an often complicated compositional variation within the implanted layer and often, well beyond. Microstructurally, the phases present are often altered from what is expected from equilibrium thermodynamics giving rise to order-disorder transformations, metastable (crystalline, amorphous or quasicrystalline) phase formation and growth, as well as densification, grain growth, formation of a preferred texture and the formation of a high density dislocation network. All these effects need to be understood before one can determine the effect of ion bombardment on the physical and mechanical properties of metals. This paper reviews the literature in terms of the compositional and microstructural changes induced by ion bombardment, whether by direct implantation, ion beam mixing or other forms of ion irradiation. The topics are introduced as well as reviewed, making this a more pedogogical approach as opposed to one which treats only recent developments. The aim is to provide the tools needed to understand the consequent changes in physical and mechanical properties.
Account-Level Modeling for Trade Promotion: An Application of a Constrained Parameter Hierarchical Model

Abstract We consider the problem of utilizing data at the retail/market level on sales and marketing mix variables to help manufacturers optimize the allocation of trade promotional budgets across areas. Major consumer packaged goods manufacturers budget at least one-half of their total marketing expenses to trade promotions. Trade promotional deals are designed to encourage retailers to promote products by temporarily reducing the price, putting them in in-store displays, or advertising in local media. A profit-based trade promotional allocation system will require estimates of the responsiveness of sales at each retailer to a given promotion. A major barrier to the use of retailer data is the proliferation of incorrectly signed coefficients in standard least squares analyses. Even more sophisticated adaptive shrinkage methods will not remove the problem of improper signs. We propose a hierarchical model to modeling retailer response that uses a first-stage prior with inequality constraints on the regres...
The ventral lateral thalamic nucleus in the dog: Cytoarchitecture, acetylthiocholinesterase histochemistry, and cerebellar afferents

The canine ventral lateral nucleus was defined on the basis of Nissl cytoarchitecture, acetylthiocholinesterase (AChE) chemoarchitecture, and the distribution of cerebellar afferents. It consists of at least two subdivisions: a dorsal and rostral division (VLd) that stains intensely for AChE and contains densely packed cells, and a larger principal division (VL), located ventrocaudally, that stains moderately for AChE and contains a mixture of cells with moderate packing density. Results from autoradiographic, silver degeneration, and AChE material indicate that both divisions receive input from the deep cerebellar nuclei.
Oxygen diffusion in niobium and NbZr alloys

Abstract The tracer diffusion of oxygen-18 in pure Nb and NbZr alloys (≤ 1% Zr) has been measured from 550 to 1100°C. After the diffusion anneal, the specimens were bombarded with protons to cause the reaction 18O(p,n)18F. The oxygen profile was then measured by autoradiographic techniques which detected the 18F. The temperature dependence of the oxygen diffusivity in pure niobum is D = 4.55 × 10 −3 exp ( −25900 RT ) cm 2 s −1 . Oxygen additions to the niobium (≤1.5 at.% O) did not significantly affect the oxygen diffusivity. As the zirconium content of the niobium increased the oxygen diffusivity decreased. As zirconium atoms are dissolved substitutionally onto the niobium lattice, they form trapping sites at which OZr clusters may be formed. The binding entropy, AS of the clusters was determined to be about −3.3 k e.u.
Response to Mole: Subjects can attend to completely invisible objects

Mole [1] raises an interesting point that we did not address in our original publication [2]. However, he never states what exactly he means by ‘that very thing (or location)’ in his second hypothesis. We take this claim to mean ‘the possibility of attending to any feature or the location of an object without consciously experiencing any of its attributes, including the location and other attendant features of that object’. In that sense the studies we cite in our article do show the possibility of attending to some thing without consciously experiencing that very thing or location.
Structure of 1α,3α-trimethylene-2',5-epoxyandrostane-3β,17β-diol 17-propionate methanol solvate (1/0.5)

C25H38O4.0.5CH4O, Mr = 418.6, monoclinic, P2(1), a = 19.8504 (20), b = 7.3909 (4), c = 15.7998 (18) A, beta = 93.09 (2) degrees, V = 2314.7 (8) A3, Z = 4, D chi = 1.201 Mg m-3, lambda(Cu K alpha) = 1.54184 A, mu = 0.604 mm-1, F(000) = 916, T = 295 K, R = 0.056 for 4946 unique observed reflections. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains two steroid molecules and a molecule of methanol. All six-membered rings for both molecules have chair conformations. The D ring has a 13 beta-envelope conformation in molecule 1 and a 13 beta, 14 alpha-half-chair conformation in molecule 2. The most significant differences between the crystallographically independent steroids are in the orientation of the H atoms of the C(3) hydroxyl groups and the conformations of the propionate side chains. When the crystallographically observed molecules are subjected to energy minimization their respective hydroxyl H-atom orientations are retained, but the D rings of both molecules refine to a common 13 beta,14 alpha-half-chair conformation and a significantly different orientation of the C(17) propionate side chain is generated. A comparison with other C(17)-ester-bearing steroids suggests that the energy minimization fails to simulate fully all intramolecular interactions.
Speciation of aromatic compounds with excitation-emission matrix measurements

Research in our group has shown that a multiple channel laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) system is an effective tool for in situ monitoring of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The system delivers ten laser beams to a samples and simultaneously detects the fluorescence signals from the individual channels, generating an excitation-emission matrix (EEM) of the sample. Speciation of chemical present in a mixture EEM is conducted by target factor analysis. To determine the capability of the technique for speciation, various aromatic compounds were measured with the LIF system. The pure-component EEMs were analyzed against each other as targets to separate the compounds into classes with the target factor analysis method. Then EEMs of mixtures containing 2-5 components were analyzed using the pure- component EEMs as standards. In this preliminary study of eleven target aromatic compounds, nine were successfully identified individually, while two spectroscopically very similar compounds, naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene, could be differentiated from the other nine but not from each other. In such cases, the technique can correctly identify the presence of the class, e.g., naphthalenes, instead of an individual components, and the quantitative results for the class must be interpreted accordingly.
American Indian Cultures: How CBPR Illuminated Intertribal Cultural Elements Fundamental to an Adaptation Effort

The ever-increasing numbers of ethnic minority populations in the USA seeking social services suggest that a "multicultural paradigm shift" is underway and gaining speed. This shift will increasingly demand that prevention programs and interventions be more culturally responsive. Interventions that are not aligned with prospective participants' world views and experiences are only minimally effective. Existing models for conducting culturally grounded program adaptations emphasize identifying distinct levels of cultural influences while preserving core elements of the original intervention. An effective adaptation requires competent language translation as well as trained translations of program concepts and principles that will be meaningful to the targeted group, without compromising program fidelity. This article describes how a university research team and curriculum developers worked with American Indian youth and adults in a large southwestern city using a CBPR process to identify cultural elements that became foundational to the adaptation of a prevention curriculum that is a national model program, with the objective of increasing its applicability for urban native youth.
The Tumbling Tetrahedron

1. T. W. Anderson and G. P. H. Styan, Cochran's theorem, Rank Additivity and Tripotent Matrices. In Statistics and Probability: Essays in Honor of C. R. Rao, ed. G. Kallianpur, P. R. Krishnaiah, and J. K. Ghosh, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1982, pp. 1-23. 2. J. S. Chipman and M. M. Rao, Projections, Generalized Inverses, and Quadratic Forms, J. Math. Anal Appl. 9 (1964) 1-11. 3. W. G. Cochran, The Distribution of Quadratic Forms in a Normal System, with Applications to the Analysis of Covariance, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 30 (1934) 178-191. 4. R. E. Hartwig and P. Semrl, Power Additivity and Orthogonality, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 20 (1998) 1-13. 5. G. Marsaglia and G. P. H. Styan, Equalities and Inequalities for Ranks of Matrices, Linear and Multilinear Algebra 2 (1974) 269-292. 6. P. Semrl, On a Matrix Version of Cochran's Statistical Theorem, Linear Algebra Appl. 237/238 (1996) 477-487.
An analysis of the limits of resolution of binding experiments as assays for affinity heterogeneity.

Abstract An analysis is presented of the limits of resolution of Scatchard and Sips plots as methods for detecting affinity heterogeneity in receptor populations. We estimate using statistical criteria for defining resolution that Scatchard plots can resolve two groups present at equal concentration, provided they differ by more than a factor of about six in affinity, and that resolution drops rapidly as the concentration difference between the groups increases. In addition, because of the non linear relation between affinity and free energy, and because the Sips analysis must necessarily be formulated in terms of free energies, the Scatchard plot is the more sensitive of the two methods for detecting heterogeneity.
Sediment-laden oscillatory flow in an idealized porous media

Sediment transport and retardation processes within a porous media are modeled using a simple conceptual model. The actual porous media is represented as a regular network of pores. The flow in a single, two-dimensional network laying in the vertical plane is assumed to be representative of the flow in porous media as a whole. The only mechanism for sediment retardation considered here is the settling of sediment in horizontal pores. Assuming laminar flow conditions in each pore, analytical expressions for the conductivity and the rate of sediment deposition in a steady flow are obtained for the case of ‘perfectly regular’ network, in which all pore diameters and lengths are equal. The effect of randomness in pore diameters is investigated in numerical experiments on ‘randomized networks’. The results of the steady sediment flow analysis are applied to the oscillatory-flow problem in a quasi-steady fashion. A quantitative expression for the volume of sediment deposited in one oscillation cycle is obtained. It is beleived that this simple conceptual model can be used to explain wave-induced sediment enrichment in Arctic coastal ice covers.
Reliability and Validity of PROMIS Cognitive Abilities and Cognitive Concerns Scales Among People with Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: Cognitive impairment is among the most debilitating outcomes of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although several neuropsychological tests and self-report cognitive measures have been used to assess cognitive impairment, they may not be sensitive to change over time, or may not be feasible to administer in a clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the 8-item PROMIS Cognitive Abilities and Cognitive Concerns Scales in a large community-based sample of people with MS. The PROMIS Cognitive Abilities and Cognitive Concerns Scales derive from the National Institutes of Health–funded Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), an item repository that capitalizes on recent psychometric advances to produce short, psychometrically sound health measures. Methods: Mailed survey data were collected from 322 individuals recruited from two National Multiple Sclerosis Society chapters in a southwestern state. Results: Both cognitive scales demo...
Multi-level nature of and multi-level approaches to leadership.

Abstract This introduction provides an overview to The Leadership Quarterly Special Issue on Multi-Level Approaches to Leadership . Building on the last such Special Issue more than a decade ago and a recent Yearly Review article [Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Chun, J. U., & Dansereau, F. (2005). Leadership and levels of analysis: A state-of-the-science review. Leadership Quarterly, 16 , 879–919], we focus on the multi-level nature of leadership and highlight the contributions of six articles that offer various multi-level conceptual and methodological approaches to leadership.
Does Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Fit Within a Bi-Factor Model of ADHD?

Objective: Studies demonstrate sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms to be distinct from inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive dimensions of ADHD. No study has examined SCT within a bi-factor mod...
Signal Discretization: A Source of Error in Histograms of Ion Channel Events

Histograms are discretized representations of the distribution of stochastic events. When the precision of the measured event is limited, histogram distortion results from inappropriately selected histogram bin size. In particular, when histogram intervals are not integer multiples of the minimum discretization interval, a distorted characterization of stochastic events results. Errors of 50 percent in bin amplitudes are common and can lead to biased estimates of probability density function parameters. Histograms based on intervals that are integer multiples of the data sampling interval remove this source of distortion.
On dimensional reduction in supersymmetric non linear σ-models

Abstract We prove that one cannot obtain a certain class of 2-dimensional N = 2 non-linear supersymmetric σ-models by any dimensional reduction technique from what is commonly thought of as the most general chiral σ-model action in 4 dimensions. Separately, we point out that 2-dimensional N = 4 non-linear σ-models with potential cannot be defined on compact Kahler manifolds. Thus the potential infrared regularization of the massless model and the presence of N = 4 supersymmetry are incompatible.
Secondary metabolites of the grapevine pathogen Eutypa lata inhibit mitochondrial respiration, based on a model bioassay using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Acetylenic phenols and a chromene isolated from the grapevine fungal pathogen Eutypa lata were examined for mode of toxicity. The compounds included eutypine (4-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl] benzyl aldehyde), eutypinol (4-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl] benzyl alcohol), eulatachromene, 2-isoprenyl-5-formyl-benzofuran, siccayne, and eulatinol. A bioassay using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that all compounds were either lethal or inhibited growth. A respiratory assay using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) indicated that eutypinol and eulatachromene inhibited mitochondrial respiration in wild-type yeast. Bioassays also showed that 2-isoprenyl-5-formyl-benzofuran and siccayne inhibited mitochondrial respiration in the S. cerevisiae deletion mutant vph2Δ, lacking a vacuolar type H (+) ATPase (V-ATPase) assembly protein. Cell growth of tsa1Δ, a deletion mutant of S. cerevisiae lacking a thioredoxin peroxidase (cTPx I), was greatly reduced when grown on media containing eutypinol or eulatachromene and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidative stress. This reduction in growth establishes the toxic mode of action of these compounds through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.
Simultaneous measurements and squeezed states of light

The relationship between performing simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables and observing squeezed states of light is discussed.