cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Arctic change: a paleoclimate déjà vu?

Observations of warming in the high northern latitudes provide a variety of scientific datasets to better understand the forcings and feedbacks at work in the global climate system. Instrumental data and satellites show that most of the current Arctic warming is the result of large changes in winter temperatures and that, by comparison, changes in summer temperatures have been relatively modest (1). Yet changes in seasonal temperatures are having a profound influence on glaciers, sea ice cover, snow cover, nutrient flux, and vegetation assemblages, causing shifts in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems (2, 3). Profoundly provocative is the suggestion that rapid melt rates now observed at the margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) still lag significantly behind recent Northern Hemisphere warming (4).
Pruning exponential language models

Language model pruning is an essential technology for speech applications running on resource-constrained devices, and many pruning algorithms have been developed for conventional word n-gram models. However, while exponential language models can give superior performance, there has been little work on the pruning of these models. In this paper, we propose several pruning algorithms for general exponential language models. We show that our best algorithm applied to an exponential n-gram model outperforms existing n-gram model pruning algorithms by up to 0.4% absolute in speech recognition word-error rate on Wall Street Journal and Broadcast News data sets. In addition, we show that Model M, an exponential class-based language model, retains its performance improvement over conventional word n-gram models when pruned to equal size, with gains of up to 2.5% absolute in word-error rate.
Baryon number fluctuation and the quark gluon plasma

We show that ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}$ or ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\overline{B}},$ the squared baryon or antibaryon number fluctuation per baryon or antibaryon, is a possible signature for the quark-gluon plasma that is expected to be created in relativistic heavy ion collisions, as it is a factor of 3 smaller than in an equilibrated hadronic matter due to the fractional baryon number of quarks. Using kinetic equations with exact baryon number conservation, we find that their values in an equilibrated matter are half of those expected from a Poisson distribution. Effects due to finite acceptance and nonzero net baryon number are also studied.
Nonlinear operator related to refinable function vectors

We study a certain nonlinear operator T from L2(R, CN) to itself under which every refinable function vector is a fixed point. The iterations Tnf of T on any f (epsilon) L2(R, CN) with the Riesz basis property are investigated; they turn out to be the 'cascade algorithm' iterates of f with weights depending on f only. The paper also gives conditions for convergence of Tnf to a limit in different topologies.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relevant redundancy in disjunctive concept learning

Previous studies of relevant redundancy in multidimensional concept learning have used only conjunctive concepts. In addition, the response schemes have always been fully elaborated, i.e., each combination of levels of the relevant dimensions was represented by a separate category. The purpose of the present study was to extend this work to nonconjunctive concepts and to the more commonly used asymmetrical two-choice response scheme, in which one category is designated as positive and contains all instances meeting the definition of the concept and the other instances are placed in the negative category. The results confirm and extend previous findings in that the addition of redundant relevant dimensions is beneficial both in disjunctive concept learning and with the two-category asymmetrical response scheme. Thus, the beneficial effect of relevant redundancy is shown to be generalizable to other types of conceptual rules and different types of response schemes.
Visions of hypnosis future.

Clark Hull’s statement which Kirsch et al (in press) quote that “an increase in suggestibility takes place upon entering the hypnotic trance,“ is one few of us would dispute. However, they interpret Hull’s work and that of Hilgard and Tart quite idiosyncratically. Hull thought of hypnosis as a state. When Kirsch et al paraphrase Hull, the “increase in suggestibility” becomes “a relatively small increase” and it gives it an opposite emphasis from Hull’s. Similarly Hilgard and Tart (1966; Hilgard, 1965) did study non-hypnotic experiences related to hypnotic ones—but they did not conclude that hypnosis was synonymous with suggestion. The Kirsch et al article has a rather idiosyncratic summary of what constituted “hypnosis past”—and of what moving beyond it would consist. Hypnosis began as quite authoritarian. It was indeed often measured by compliance with suggestions such as postural sway to which the Kirsch et al article devotes so much space. But this has evolved. I want to discuss two lines of hypnosis research which don’t fit the model of hypnosis=suggestion: subjective assessment and differentiation of sub-types of hypnotizability. Other than stage hypnosis, there’s no hypnotic application in which it’s desirable for a person to sway or hold their arm stiff. Clinicians tend to ask clients whether they are hypnotized or where on a continuum they place their state. Researchers gradually adopted these subjective measures for use alongside compliance with suggestions. Kirch et al (in press) allude to the simplest of these when they mention that 32% of Hilgard & Tart’s subjects reported feeling hypnotized after an induction but only 1% felt themselves to be so after non-hypnotic suggestions. Kirch et al don’t explore this enough, however, to arrive at how it contradicts their simple hypnosis=suggestion model. Laurence & Nadon (1986) reviewed the extensive research on subjective measures, including their application
Maternal diet and infant leukemia: A role for DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors

Leukemia in the first year of life is extremely rare worldwide. However, unlike leukemias in older children, nearly 75% of infant leukemias demonstrate a specific abnormality involving a gene, MLL, on chromosome band 11q23. Molecular studies suggest strongly that these leukemias occur in utero. Treatment-related acute myeloid leukemias (AML), associated with specific chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit DNA topoisomerase II (topo 2), also manifest identical abnormalities involving the MLL gene. This led us to speculate that maternal exposure during pregnancy to environmental agents that inhibit DNA topo 2 may be associated with the development of leukemia in infants. DNA topo 2 inhibitors have been found in specific fruits and vegetables, and in soy, coffee, wine, tea and cocoa, as well as in certain pesticides, solvents and medications. In a preliminary study, we reinterviewed mothers of infant cases and their matched controls who had participated previously in 1 of 3 epidemiologic studies of childhood leukemia conducted by the Children's Cancer Group over a 10-year period. We evaluated potential DNA topo 2 inhibitor exposure through maternal diet and medications. Of the 84 original matched sets who were reinterviewed, there was no positive association with increasing maternal consumption of DNA topo 2 inhibitor-containing foods either for the overall group or for infants in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia stratum. However, there was an approximately 10-fold higher risk of infant AML with increasing maternal consumption of DNA topo 2 inhibitor-containing foods. The assay to screen environmental agents that inhibit DNA topo 2 has been established and new inhibitors are being identified routinely. Int. J. Cancer Supplement 11:26–28, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relation of algebraic models of coupled anharmonic oscillators

Abstract It is shown that the authors's SU(n) invariance approach to coupled anharmonic oscillators and the coupled SU(2) non-invariance approach of Levine and co-workers are complementary methods related by a transformation between the raising and lowering operators used in each.
Fast diffusion of interstitial deuterium in amorphous silicon

Abstract Atomic deuterium introduced into amorphous hydrogenated silicon from a plasma diffuses fast interstitially and replaces bonded hydrogen.
L’analyse morphologique céphalométrique : que peut-elle nous enseigner ?

Resume L’analyse cephalometrique est un outil indispensable pour l’etablissement d’un diagnostic et d’un plan de traitement orthodontique. Cet article traite de l’histoire, du developpement et de l’application de l’analyse cephalometrique de Bjork. Les avantages et les inconvenients de l’analyse conventionnelle sont discutes et l’accent est mis sur les benefices a tirer de l’utilisation d’un nombre limite de parametres.
Thiol dioxygenases: unique families of cupin proteins

Proteins in the cupin superfamily have a wide range of biological functions in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. Although proteins in the cupin superfamily show very low overall sequence similarity, they all contain two short but partially conserved cupin sequence motifs separated by a less conserved intermotif region that varies both in length and amino acid sequence. Furthermore, these proteins all share a common architecture described as a six-stranded β-barrel core, and this canonical cupin or “jelly roll” β-barrel is formed with cupin motif 1, the intermotif region, and cupin motif 2 each forming two of the core six β-strands in the folded protein structure. The recently obtained crystal structures of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), with contains conserved cupin motifs, show that it has the predicted canonical cupin β-barrel fold. Although there had been no reports of CDO activity in prokaryotes, we identified a number of bacterial cupin proteins of unknown function that share low similarity with mammalian CDO and that conserve many residues in the active-site pocket of CDO. Putative bacterial CDOs predicted to have CDO activity were shown to have similar substrate specificity and kinetic parameters as eukaryotic CDOs. Information gleaned from crystal structures of mammalian CDO along with sequence information for homologs shown to have CDO activity facilitated the identification of a CDO family fingerprint motif. One key feature of the CDO fingerprint motif is that the canonical metal-binding glutamate residue in cupin motif 1 is replaced by a cysteine (in mammalian CDOs) or by a glycine (bacterial CDOs). The recent report that some putative bacterial CDO homologs are actually 3-mercaptopropionate dioxygenases suggests that the CDO family may include proteins with specificities for other thiol substrates. A paralog of CDO in mammals was also identified and shown to be the other mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO). A tentative fingerprint motif for ADOs, or DUF1637 family members, is proposed. In ADOs, the conserved glutamate residue in cupin motif 1 is replaced by either glycine or valine. Both ADOs and CDOs appear to represent unique clades within the cupin superfamily.
Changepoint Estimation in a Segmented Linear Regression via Empirical Likelihood

For a segmented regression system with an unknown changepoint over two domains of a predictor, a new empirical likelihood ratio statistic is proposed to test the null hypothesis of no change. Under the null hypothesis of no change, the proposed test statistic is shown empirically to be Gumbel distributed with robust location and scale estimators against various parameter settings and error distributions. A power analysis is conducted to illustrate the performance of the test. Under the alternative hypothesis with a changepoint, the test statistic is utilized to estimate the changepoint between the two domains. A comparison of the frequency distributions between the proposed estimator and two parametric methods indicates that the proposed method is effective in capturing the true changepoint.
Freud's Philosophical Inheritance: Schopenhauer and Nietzsche in Beyond the Pleasure Principle

This essay explores the possible significance of Freud's references to Schopenhauer and Nietzsche in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. It attempts to reveal two sides of Freud's philosophical inheritance and explores the structure of Freud's ambivalence toward his intellectual predecessors.
Change-Point Detection in Long-Memory Processes

We discuss some methods to test for possible changes in the parameters of a long-memory sequence. We obtain the limit distributions of the test statistics under the no-change null hypothesis. The consistency of the tests is also investigated.
Colorimetric Assay of Benzocaine and Some Dosage Forms

Abstract A colorimetric procedure for benzocaine and a number of its dosage forms was developed; it offers improvement in ease, speed, and sensitivity over the official method. The method is based on the formation of a red Schiff base between benzocaine and p -dimethylaminocinnam- aldehyde in a nonaqueous acidic medium. At the maximum absorption of 544 nm, the Beer-Lambert law was adhered to over the 0.025–2.5- μ g/ml range. Best accuracy can be obtained for solutions containing 0.25–1.25 μ g/ml. The color was stable for at least 2 hr. Analysis of benzocaine in the dosage forms studied can be directly performed without prior drug extraction.
Inhibition of the [2+2] Cycloaddition: Maleic Anhydride on Si(100)-2×1

The chemisorption of maleic anhydride on Si(100)-2×1 at room temperature has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We observe that, at low coverages below 0.12 monolayer, the unsat...
Cell behavior and signal molecule involvement in a case study of malignant histiocytosis : A negative model of morphine as an immunoregulator

In a patient diagnosed with histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HM), we examined immunocytes for their responsiveness towards known signaling molecules. Both the granulocytes and monocytes were found to exhibit a high level of spontaneous activation (96% compared to normal cells 7%; P < 0.001). These cells could not be downregulated when exposed to morphine. Following patient treatment with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, the immunocytes still exhibited a high spontaneous activation. They responded to morphine exposure in vitro with a cell rounding and becoming immobile for only 20 min whereas normal cells would remain round and immobile for up to 1–2 h. An examination of the plasma from the HM patient revealed that monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF) levels were elevated (6.4 and 5.78 compared to a control range of 1–1.75 ng/ml). In the HM patient, the immunocytes did not express the opiate selective and opioid peptide insensitive receptor, μ3, supporting the lack of opiate action. Given this finding, we incubated normal monocytes with MCSF and found that it significantly reduced the μ3 Bmax. Given the role of intracellular calcium in the activation process of immunocytes, we examined the action of various calcium channel blockers for their ability to inhibit the activated HM monocytes. The agents (nimodipine, cardiazem, and verapamil; 10−9 M) were able to inhibit the HM-associated chemokinesis. Taken together, the data indicate that in the HM patient the immunocytes appear to be overactivated because stimulatory molecules are high and have the ability to downregulate the normal “braking” process. Additionally, the data indicate that MCSF deregulation may be involved as an initiating factor for this disorder. Am. J. Hematol. 56:197–205, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The new physics as a model for a new medicine

Abstract It is shown how the two basic theories of modern physics, quantum mechanics and relativity theory, are forcing us to replace the classical, mechanistic, reductionist view of the world by a holistic, organic and dynamic view. It is suggested that this development may be extremely relevant to Western medicine which has modelled itself after classical physics and should now expand its underlying mechanistic philosophy into a broader holistic and ecological framework.
Solar Radiation: Effects of Atmospheric Water Vapor and Volcanic Aerosols.

Abstract Atmospheric water vapor attenuates normal incidence solar radiation received on Mauna Loa, Hawaii, by up to 10%. During periods of active fountaining, aerosols from Kilauea Volcano at times obscure global trends in atmospheric turbidity. Corollary measurements such as precipitable water and the aureole are necessary in order to evaluate the effects upon solar radiation of global trends in atmospheric turbidity.
The frequency of integrative transformation at phase-specific genes of Candida albicans correlates with their transcriptional state.

The phase transition between the white and opaque phenotypes in the switching system of Candida albicans strain WO-1 is accompanied by the differential expression of the white-specific gene WH11 and the opaque-specific gene PEP1. The frequency of integrative transformation at the white-specific gene locus WH11 is between 4.5 and 7.0 times more frequent in white than in opaque spheroplasts, and the frequency of disruptive transformation at the opaque-specific gene locus PEP1 is 30.5 times more frequent in opaque spheroplasts than in white spheroplasts. In contrast, the frequencies of integrative transformation at the constitutively expressed loci ADE2 and EF1α2 are similar in the white and opaque phases. Therefore, the frequency of integration of linear plasmid DNA containing sequences of phase-specific genes correlates with the transcriptional state of the targeted locus.
Socialist Revolution: Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and the Emergence of Marxist Thought in the Field of Education.

Upon its publication in 1976, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis’ Schooling in Capitalist America was the most sophisticated and nuanced Marxian social and political analysis of schooling in the United States. Thirty-five years after its publication, Schooling continues to have a strong impact on thinking about education. Despite its unquestionable influence, it has received strikingly little historical attention. This historical article revisits the scholarship of Bowles and Gintis and the milieu in which Schooling was conceived. Specifically, it contextualizes the production and reception of Schooling to better understand the emergence of Marxist thought in the field of education in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. It also seeks to understand how the emergence of Marxist thought in the field was connected to the rise of an Academic Left—an intellectual shift in the academy toward Marxist social and political theory as a framework to theorize democratic socialist movement-building against capitali...
A review of design concepts for the Advanced Fluids Module (AFM) project

This paper reviews preliminary fluid module design concepts for the Advanced Fluids Module (AFM) project. The objective of this effort is to provide a facility that can handle a wide variety of fluids experiments. Sample science requirements were written and conceptual designs were subsequently generated during the last year. Experiments from the following fluid physics subject areas were used as conceptual design drivers: static and dynamic interfacial phenomena; bubble/droplet thermocapillary migration; surface tension convection and instabilities; thermal/solutal convection; pool boiling; and multiphase flow. After the conceptual designs were completed, the next phase attempted to combine experiments capabilities into a multipurpose, multiuser apparatus configured for the Space Station Freedom. It was found that all the fluid subject areas considered could be accommodated by three basic types of fluids modules. These modules are the Static Fluid Cell Module, the Dynamic Fluid Cell Module, and the Multiphase Flow Module. Descriptions of these preliminary modules designs and their particular sub-systems (e.g., fluid and thermal systems) are discussed. These designs will be refined as the nature of the flight program becomes clearer over the next six to twelve months.
Tobacco smoke particulate matter chemistry by NMR

The submicron liquid droplets constituting the particulate matter of mainstream tobacco smoke (PMMTS) are viscous and of a composition that is complex and poorly understood. PMMTS is often ∼80% w/w ‘tar’ where ‘tar’ = total PMMTS− (nicotine + water). Many of the chemical agents in MTS responsible for smoking-related cancers are found at least partially in the PMMTS portion of MTS. The properties of PMMTS vary with brand and with puffing patterns. The chemical forms and total levels of nicotine, the identities/levels of other compositionally dominant compounds, and the identities/levels of carcinogens are of interest. Most studies of the composition of PMMTS have involved extraction then chromatography. Such methods allow the determination of low-level constituents, but alter the samples such that direct information regarding chemical conditions within the PMMTS cannot be obtained. Here, we utilize nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to examine native PMMTS in conventional cigarettes, including measurements of the brand-dependent fraction of PMMTS nicotine that is in the free-base form (increasing this fraction in inhaled tobacco smoke affects the rates of the processes governing nicotine deposition in the respiratory tract, and so has implications for smoking behavior and addiction). We also demonstrate the use of NMR for characterizing the composition of PMMTS (including the levels of selected cigarette additives) when the cosolvent DMSO-d6 is added to improve spectral resolution. The native and solvent-assisted results open the door to a range of future studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
False memories of having said the unsaid: some new demonstrations

In a series of four studies, subjects who were naive as to the true purpose of the research were asked if they had said aloud things that, at most, they had only intended to say. Often, subjects reported (incorrectly) that they had said them. Specifically, the procedures involved: showing a series of phrases, each being followed by a command to say it aloud or not (Study 1); asking a series of questions, each being followed by a request to answer it aloud or not (Study 2); asking a series of questions in a public polling situation and interrupting the subject before one of the questions was answered (Study 3); and having each subject participate in a debate, during the course of which the participant was induced to plan to use a particular point, but was prevented from doing so (Study 4). Subjects were confident of such erroneous reports; they had a lower tendency to make such errors for material that had not actually been presented, and such errors depended upon certain details of the manner in which such 'source-monitoring' searches were initiated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Lead and Lag Effects Associated with the Staggered Spondaic Word Test

This study was designed to determine to what extent onset times of overlapping spondaic words were controlled in the development of the Staggered Spondaic Word Test (SSW) (List EC), a measure which...
A Capillary Electrophoresis Method for Evaluation of Abeta Proteolysis in Vitro

According to the amyloid hypothesis, Aβ peptides are neurotoxic and underlie development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Multiple Aβ clearance mechanisms, including destruction of the peptides by proteolytic enzymes, are hypothesized to regulate physiological Aβ peptide levels. The insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is considered one of the predominant enzymes having Aβ degrading activity. Despite its putative role in protecting against AD, relatively few methods exist for studying IDE activity in vitro. We report the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a novel method for evaluating IDE-mediated Aβ 1–40 proteolysis. This method employs chemically unmodified substrates that are readily obtained from commercial sources. It involves minimal sample preparation, and requires no specialized equipment beyond a CE instrument equipped with a standard fused silica capillary. In the present analysis, we demonstrate that this CE-based method is amenable to kinetic analysis, and show that IDE-mediated Aβ proteolysis is significantly and disproportionately inhibited in the presence of insulin, an alternative IDE substrate.
The Albert Lasker Medical Awards. G proteins and regulation of adenylyl cyclase.

The cellular plasma membrane contains highly specialized systems for integration, amplification, and transduction of information that presents itself in the form of extracellular hormones, neurotransmitters, other regulatory molecules, and physical stimuli. A major mechanism for processing this information involves the sequential interactions of three membrane-bound proteins. Receptors for many extracellular regulators bind these molecules and interact with one or more of a family of guanine nucleotide—binding regulatory proteins (G proteins). Conformational alteration of the G protein permits exchange of tightly bound guanosine diphosphate (an inactive ligand) for guanosine triphosphate (the activating ligand). The guanosine triphosphate—bound G protein in turn interacts with intracellular effector molecules, such as adenylyl cyclase, and controls their functions. ( JAMA . 1989;262:1819-1825)
Use of a microcomputer controlled film balance to study the behavior of unsaturated esters of cholesterol at the air/water interface.

Abstract Using a microcomputer controlled Langmuir film balance, we have studied the behavior of cholesteryl myristoleate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate in mixtures with dioleoyl lecithin (PC). Software for analyzing surface pressure-area data was developed to detect phase transitions and to help determine both the number and type of surface phases formed and the state(s) of the cholesteryl esters (CE's) in each phase. Each of the CE's formed mixed surface films with PC and, for all but cholesteryl arachidonate, two surface phases are formed. The phase common to all CE's is monomolecular with the CE occupying an area equivalent to cholesterol plus fatty acid with some PC-CE condensation. Depending on surface pressure, its composition ranges from 0 to 0.5 mole fraction CE for all but cholesteryl arachidonate which is miscible in all proportions. The second mixed phase is multimolecular and exists in two miscible states. The preferentially formed state is comprised of CE and PC in an interfacial, monolayer-like configuration covered with a continuum of CE. At high CE/PC ratios and low pressures, a second state resembling a CE monolayer covered with CE as described above is also found. Overall, our data suggested that in vivo finite amounts of cholesteryl esters should be available at the lipid/water interface and that their absolute concentration and state will depend on both the acyl structure of the cholesteryl ester and the packing density of surface lipids. In particular, comparison of the phase behaviur of cholesteryl arachidonate with other unsaturated cholesteryl esters shows that in the monolayer phase it is available in higher concentrations than in other cholesteryl esters. This may be important in tissues in which it serves as a source of arachidonic acid.
Biological Dosimetry of Mutagenesis: Principles, Methods, and Cytometric Prospects

Since the beginning of biological time the alteration of genetic information through mutation has been a threat and a salvation: a threat to survival because of loss of essential function; and a salvation by providing the degrees of freedom with which selection caused genetic diversity and evolution. Geneticists and more recently molecular biologists have been fascinated by the mechanisms of mutation and repair. Now regulators and public health authorities have been drawn into the subject out of concern that contemporary chemically-oriented societies may be genetically toxic to somatic cells thereby causing cancer or to germinal cells thereby causing heritable defects and a lessening in quality of the human gene pool.
Experimental simulation of Na and Cl hideout in steam generator crevices

Abstract Some types of corrosion of steam generator tubes involve impurity concentration in a gap (“crevice”) between the tubes and supporting structures or sludge piles. The purpose of this work is to characterize the concentration of sodium and chlorine in the crevices using a crevice simulator in a model boiler. Magnetite-packed crevices with lower permeability and thermal conductivity are more appropriate for the simulation of actual SG crevices than diamond-packed crevices. A radial pH gradient was observed in the magnetite-packed crevice that was also reported by earlier work ( Baum, 2002b ). The crevice pH near the tube wall appears to be alkaline initially due to the volatility effect of Cl. As time progresses, the crevice pH becomes neutralized and even acidic because of delayed preferential Cl concentration. This is enabled by a reduced boiling rate near the tube wall due to the presence of a Na-rich liquid film. During one fuel cycle, the crevice chemistry would be in a transient condition rather than a steady state because of the low impurity exposure (∼10 ppm h) unless some impurities remain after each fuel cycle.
The origin and chemical composition of the earth's core

The process of core formation in the earth is subject to the constraints that it be nearly simultaneous with accretion and yet occur in a manner that the mantle retains radiogenic Xe-129 produced from the extinct radioactivity of I-129 with a half life of 17.6 million y. From these constraints, it appears that the only feasible mechanism is the segregation of an Fe-FeS melt. Trace element abundances in major classes of meteorites and the silicate fractions of the earth show that not only there is a high depletion of sulphur in the crust and the mantle, but that it is even more highly depleted than the rare gases, water and the halogens. From the nature of this depletion pattern and the fact that any model of accretion of the earth will necessarily produce an Fe-FeS melt, it is concluded that the light element in the core is largely sulphur with minor amounts of carbon. A consequence of this mode of core formation is found to be the availability of K-40 radioactive heat production in the liquid core, estimated at about 10 to the 19th power erg/s at the present time.
Magnetic Field Structure around the Crab Nebula Pulsar

Forman and Visvanathan1 recently reported observations of the linear polarization in the central regions of the Crab Nebula. Their interpretations of the data in terms of magnetic fields must be substantially modified because the observations refer to an integration along the line of sight over the entire depth of the nebula, (This difficulty, of course, is common to all such observations, as is the fact that only the projection of the polarization onto the plane of the sky can be observed.) I would like to discuss the necessary modifications and also present some rather old but previously unpublished data on the polarization of the wisps.
Synthesis and characterization of lignin-based carbon materials with tunable microstructure

Lignin-based carbons can be used as a low-cost alternative to graphite and petroleum-based carbons enabling the production of sustainable, functional carbon materials for various applications. The microstructure development of these carbons can be controlled through chemical modification of the lignin precursor and choice of carbonization parameters. In this work, microstructured carbon materials are synthesized from lignin using a combination of chemical modification and carbon fiber processing techniques. Lignin is modified by incorporating different ester groups which results in a precursor highly compatible with melt processing using the fiber extrusion technique and conversion into microstructured carbons by oxidative stabilization and subsequent carbonization. Furthermore, the impact of esterifications on precursor chemistry and carbonizations is investigated. A nuclear magnetic resonance study of modified lignins shows characteristic spectral changes as a result of esterifications. Ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry shows the modification process does not affect the polymeric character of the lignin backbone. Esterifications result in moderate shifts in O : C and H : C ratios. Thermogravimetric analysis of lignins reveals distinct differences in mass loss trends during oxidations and carbonizations.
Medium effects on the photophysical properties of terbium(III) complexes with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate.

Emission quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes of mono-, bis- and tris-complexes of terbium(III) with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (DPA) have been measured for aqueous solutions as a function of pH and in the presence of six different anions: bromide, chloride, sulfate, perchlorate, acetate and nitrate. The state of ligation of the terbium ion had a more dramatic effect on photophysical properties of the complexes in comparison with the alteration of other medium parameters. An increase in the number of DPA ligands, coordinated with Tb3+ (from zero to three) resulted in an increase in the emission quantum yield from 0.06 to ∼0.4, with concurrent prolongation of the excited-state lifetime from 0.5 to ∼2 ms. It was determined that both an increase in the non-radiative decay rates and a decrease in the values of the radiative decay rate constants, contribute to the luminescence quenching that was detected when the number of DPA ligands was decreased and/or the media acidified. The purpose of this investigation is to aid in the establishment of optimal conditions for conducting terbium(III)-based emission assays for DPA, which is found in the coats of endospores.
An SCR Inverter with Good Regulation and Sine-Wave Output

SCR inverters of the sine-wave type are well known. Some have the disadvantages of poor regulation, very high component voltages when operating under heavy load, and an inability to operate with no load.
Model performance, model robustness, and model fitness scores: A new method for identifying good land-surface models

[1] We introduce three metrics for rigorous evaluation of land-surface models (LSMs). This framework explicitly acknowledges perennial sources of uncertainty in LSM output. The model performance score (ζ) quantifies the likelihood that a representative model ensemble will bracket most observations and be highly skilled with low spread. The robustness score (ρ) quantifies the sensitivity of performance to parameter and/or data error. The fitness score (ϕ) combines performance and robustness, ranking models' suitability for broad application. We demonstrate the use of the metrics by comparing three versions of the Noah LSM. Using time-varying ζ for hypothesis testing and model development, we show that representing short-term phenological change improves Noah's simulation of surface energy partitioning and subsurface water dynamics at a semi-humid site. The least complex version of Noah is most fit for broad application. The framework and metrics presented here can significantly improve the confidence that can be placed in LSM predictions.
Exploratory differential gene expression analysis in microarray experiments with no or limited replication

We describe an exploratory, data-oriented approach for identifying candidates for differential gene expression in cDNA microarray experiments in terms of α-outliers and outlier regions, using simultaneous tolerance intervals relative to the line of equivalence (Cy5 = Cy3). We demonstrate the improved performance of our approach over existing single-slide methods using public datasets and simulation studies.
Parent adaptation and family functioning in relation to narratives of children with chronic illness.

Background This study assessed the experience of parents who have a child diagnosed with chronic illness and whether children's narratives mirror these experiences. Method A total of 66 parents completed assessments about adaptation and family functioning. Children with type 1 diabetes or asthma participated in a story-stem narrative task. Results Forty-one percent of parents were unresolved about their child's diagnosis, regardless of time since diagnosis. Unresolved parents reported lower family functioning, and children in these families had more family conflict themes. Conclusions Parental/Child narratives may provide unique insights into family adjustment. Future work may consider interventions related to family communication and expression of emotion.
Introduction to the theory and practice of crisis intervention

En los anos transcurridos desde que Lindemann publico su estudio clasico sobre las reacciones de duelo, la teoria de las crisis emocionales y las formas de intervencion psicologica en situaciones de crisis se han desarrollado de forma significativa. En este trabajo se analiza la contribucion de varios autores al desarrollo de una teoria de las crisis emocionales y se describen los tipos, elementos y etapas de una crisis. Se revisa la relacion entre la teoria de las crisis emocionales y la intervencion psicologica en situaciones de crisis, se hace un analisis de los modelos, niveles y objetivos de la intervencion terapeutica y se discuten algunos de los problemas metodologicos asociados a la investigacion de las formas de intervencion. Por ultimo, se hace una evaluacion de la teoria de las crisis y de la intervencion psicologica en situaciones de crisis, subrayando la funcion preventiva de la intervencion en crisis en el marco de la psicologia comunitaria.
Tarahumara color modifiers: category structure presaging evolutionary change

To name colors, Tarahumara speakers use basic color terms carrying obligatory modifiers. The modifiers specify the grade of membership of a color stimulus in a color category. The internal structure of color categories is inferred from modifiers and from focal and mapping tasks. Some categories, though named by a single basic color term, have disjunctions in internal structure corresponding to separate categories predicted at later evolutionary stages, interinformant variation suggests that Tarahumara is in the process of evolving from one evolutionary stage to another. [cognitive anthropology, color, evolution, category structure, Tarahumara]
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with opiate withdrawal

### Learning Point for Clinicians Classically, takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) or ‘broken-heart-syndrome’, describes the association of a trigger factor such as ‘death of a loved one’ with induction of a transient cardiomyopathy. However, the trigger factor can be any one of a diverse group of physical or emotional stressors. It has recently been reported that drug withdrawl, particularly from opiates, can also initiate TTC. Thus, prompt recognition of withdrawal-associated TTC is essential for appropriate management and optimal clinical outcome. A 60-year-old woman with hepatitis C, major depression and chronic pain syndrome presented to the emergency department complaining of abdominal discomfort, chills, diaphoresis, nausea and emesis for 72 hr. Several days prior to presentation, she had run out of MS Contin 100 mg (qid), and because of her symptoms she had discontinued all her medications …
Does pregnancy accelerate the rate of progression of diabetic retinopathy?: An update

Pregnancy may be associated with several ocular changes, including the development of new ocular conditions or modifications of existing conditions. The most common ocular condition modified by pregnancy is diabetic retinopathy. Pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. The factors associated with its progression include the pregnant state itself, duration of diabetes, amount of retinopathy at conception, blood glucose control, and the presence of coexisting hypertension. Although the rate of regression of diabetic retinopathy at the end of pregnancy or the postpartum period is high, careful monitoring of these patients is necessary to optimize the vision and pregnancy outcomes.
Automated particle correspondence and accurate tilt-axis detection in tilted-image pairs.

Tilted electron microscope images are routinely collected for an ab initio structure reconstruction as a part of the Random Conical Tilt (RCT) or Orthogonal Tilt Reconstruction (OTR) methods, as well as for various applications using the ‘‘free-hand’’ procedure. These procedures all require identification of particle pairs in two corresponding images as well as accurate estimation of the tilt-axis used to rotate the electron microscope (EM) grid. Here we present a computational approach, PCT (particle correspondence from tilted pairs), based on tilt-invariant context and projection matching that addresses both problems. The method benefits from treating the two problems as a single optimization task. It automatically finds corresponding particle pairs and accurately computes tilt-axis direction even in the cases when EM grid is not perfectly planar.
Boundary conditions in first quantization

In the BRST approach to first quantization, bosonic ghosts can cause ambiguities in the cohomology (and thus in second quantization). We show how nonminimal terms give a general solution to this problem, avoiding the need for “picture-changing operators.” As examples, we consider spinning particles, superparticles, covariantized light cone bosonic string field theory, and NSR superstring field theory.
Do casinos cause economic growth

Casino gambling is a popular form of entertainment and is purported to have positive effects on host economies. The industry surely affects local labor markets and tax revenues. However, there has been little evidence on the effects of casino gambling on state eco- nomic growth. This paper examines that relationship using Granger- causality analysis modified for use with panel data. Our results indicate that there is no Granger-causal relationship between real casino revenues and real per capita income at the state level. The results are based on annual data from 1991 to 2005. These findings contradict an earlier study that found that casino revenues Granger-cause economic growth, using quarterly data from 1991 to 1996. Possible explanations for the differences in short- and long-run effects are discussed.
Instrumentation for photocrystallographic experiments of transient species

Instrumentation for stroboscopic time-resolved diffraction studies at low temperatures is described. Exciting laser light is delivered to the crystal through an optical fiber. During the diffraction experiment, fluorescence from the sample is focused onto a fiber optic bundle surrounding the laser-light fiber, and monitored by a photodiode. A rotating slotted disk produces a pulsed X-ray beam with pulse frequencies suitable for the study of molecular excited states with lifetimes of 10 µs or longer. Synchronization of the laser-pump/X-ray-probe pulses is achieved through a trigger signal from a photosensor mounted on the rotating disk, or from an X-ray sensitive photodiode inserted in the beamstop. For the study of shorter-lived species the time structure of the synchrotron beam is to be used. Equations are derived for the maximum and average fractional excited-state populations as a function of lifetime, pulse frequency and the fraction of molecules being excited by the laser pulse.
Effects of isoxuprine and nylidrin on adrenoreceptors in rat vas deferens.

The interaction of isoxuprine and nylidrin with alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenoreceptors in rat vas deferens was examined using radioligand binding assays and physiological studies in vitro. Isoxuprine and nylidrin have a greater affinity for binding to alpha 1 (isoxuprine KD = 59 +/- 15 nM; nylidrin KD = 41 +/- 3 nM) than beta 2-(isoxuprine KD = 3,900 +/- 500 nM; nylidrin KD = 900 +/- 50 nM) adrenoreceptors in rat vas deferens. Vas deferens from rats pretreated for 16-24 h with reserpine (3 mg/kg i.p.) were exposed to 10 microM phenoxybenzamine for 15 min to inactivate alpha-adrenoreceptors. Under these conditions high concentrations of both isoxuprine and nylidrin relaxed vas deferens contracted with 55 mM K+, however the relaxation was not blocked by the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol (10 microM). Both isoxuprine and nylidrin were potent competitive antagonists of alpha 1-adrenoreceptor mediated contraction of vas deferens. pA2 values for isoxuprine (6.9 +/- .05) and nylidrin (7.1 +/- .08) agreed well with KD values for binding to alpha 1-adrenoreceptors in vas deferens. The greater potency of isoxuprine and nylidrin in inhibiting alpha 1-adrenoreceptors than binding to beta 2-adrenoreceptors or causing nonspecific relaxation suggest that alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonist actions of these drugs may be important in their ability to inhibit smooth muscle tone.
Diversity of Human Copy Number Variation and Multicopy Genes

Copy number variants affect both disease and normal phenotypic variation, but those lying within heavily duplicated, highly identical sequence have been difficult to assay. By analyzing short-read mapping depth for 159 human genomes, we demonstrated accurate estimation of absolute copy number for duplications as small as 1.9 kilobase pairs, ranging from 0 to 48 copies. We identified 4.1 million “singly unique nucleotide” positions informative in distinguishing specific copies and used them to genotype the copy and content of specific paralogs within highly duplicated gene families. These data identify human-specific expansions in genes associated with brain development, reveal extensive population genetic diversity, and detect signatures consistent with gene conversion in the human species. Our approach makes ~1000 genes accessible to genetic studies of disease association.
Model-Based Design for Off-Highway Machine Systems Development

The increased adoption of electronic controls in offhighway machines increases the complexity of typical machine systems and stresses the traditional process used to develop these machines. To address this issue design engineers are turning from the traditional design methods to Model-Based Design. By using models in the early design stages, engineers can create executable specifications that enable them to immediately validate and verify specifications against the requirements. These models also allow the machine designer to evaluate the complex interactions between mechanics, hydraulics, electronics and other physical phenomena and thereby detect design errors earlier when the cost to fix them is less. This paper presents a model-based approach for developing off-highway equipment machine systems. A dynamic model of the machine and the electro-hydraulic implement and propulsion system is developed and used to verify the overall machine behavior. The models are linked to the machine requirements and instrumented to check the simulation results to achieve verification of machine behavior against requirements in a formal way.