cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amplitude and phase control of pupil coronagraph for exoplanet detection using spatial light modulators

An experimental proof using two liquid crystal spatial light modulators in conjunction with a white light Michelson interferometer to correct amplitude error in telescopes is presented.The principle is reviewed,and then the experiment for a monochromatic closed loop is detailed.
Assessment of oxalate absorption from almonds and black beans with and without the use of an extrinsic label.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Oxalate bioavailability is an important determinant of whether the consumption of a particular food is a high risk in individuals predisposed to kidney stones. We estimated and compared oxalate absorption from a high oxalate containing legume (black beans) and a high oxalate containing nut (almonds). We also compared an isotope method using extrinsically labeled oxalate and an oxalate load method to assess oxalate absorption. Materials and Methods: Six male and 5 female subjects participated in the 4 oxalate load tests, namely almonds, almonds with 20 mg 13 C 2 -oxalic acid, black beans and black beans with 20 mg 13 C 2 -oxalic acid. Each treatment provided a total of 120 mg oxalate, after which timed urine samples were collected for the analysis of oxalate, calcium and creatinine. Results: Average oxalate absorption from the 2 almond treatments (5.9%) using the oxalate load method was significantly higher than that from the 2 black bean treatments (1.8%) during the 24-hour post-oxalate load collection period. In contrast, 13 C 2 -oxalic acid absorption from the almond (7.9%) and black bean (8.6%) treatments did not significantly differ. Conclusions: The higher oxalate absorption from almonds than from black beans suggests that the relative amount of soluble and insoluble oxalate in food has an important role in the determination of oxalate absorption. Since extrinsically provided 13 C 2 -oxalate and oxalate naturally occurring in the high oxalate test foods appeared to be differentially absorbed, the data do not support the use of extrinsically labeled oxalate to assess food oxalate absorption.
Modeling of rotating biological contactor systems

An investigation of the rotating biological contractor (RBC) process variables to determine the efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal is presented. Operating parameters including influent BOD content (<355 mg/liter), flow rate, disk surface area, hydraulic loading, disk rotational speed, liquid retention time, stage number, and wastewater temperature were evaluated. The BOD predictive model was developed using literature data with multiple regression analysis. This study shows that influent BOD concentration, hydraulic loading, stage number, and wastewater temperature are the most significant variables in predicting the RBC system performance. The model presently developed was verified by field data concerned with the treatment of both domestic and low-strength industrial wastewaters. Also, the results calculated by this model were compared to those obtained from Weng's model.
Design Options For Optically Restructuring Damaged Image Detectors

Engineering guidelines are presented for selecting and implementing a method to optically restructure a damaged detector. Under certain conditions, undamaged areas of a detector can be coalesced to maintain recording continuity of a two-dimensional object scene with minimal loss of total detector area. This goal can be achieved by using relay lenses in specific arrangements and in some cases by locating a biprism or a coherent fiber bundle near an image surface. Optical correction and performance are identified with the parameters of detector and damage sizes.
Vacancy trapping and annealing in noble-metal films grown at low temperature

We have used synchrotron x-ray diffraction to study the homoepitaxial growth on Cu(001), Ag(001), and Ag(111), at temperatures between 300 and 65 K. The growth on all of these surfaces exhibits a consistent trend towards a large compressive strain that is attributed to the incorporation of vacancies into the growing film below 160 K. In each case, the vacancy concentration is ∼2% at 110 K and we have measured the temperature dependence for incorporation on the (001) surfaces as well as the annealing behavior for Cu(001). These results, which suggest new kinetic mechanisms, have important implications for understanding epitaxial crystal growth.
Scavenging of CXCL12 by CXCR7 Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis of CXCR4-positive Breast Cancer Cells

Chemokine CXCL12 and receptor CXCR4 control multiple steps in primary tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer and more than 20 other human malignancies. Mechanisms that regulate availability of CXCL12 in tumor microenvironments will substantially impact cancer progression and ongoing efforts to target the CXCL12-CXCR4 pathway for cancer chemotherapy. We used dual luciferase imaging to investigate CXCR7-dependent scavenging of CXCL12 in breast tumors in vivo and quantify effects of CXCR7 on tumor growth and metastasis of a separate population of CXCR4+ breast cancer cells. In a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer, in vivo imaging showed that malignant cells expressing CXCR7 reduced bioluminescent CXCL12 secreted in the primary tumor microenvironment. Capitalizing on sensitive detection of bioluminescent CXCL12, we also demonstrated that CXCR7+ cells reduced amounts of chemokine released from orthotopic tumors into the circulation. Immunofluorescence staining of human primary breast cancers showed expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 on malignant cells in ≈30% of cases. In most cases, CXCR4 and CXCR7 predominantly were expressed on separate populations of malignant cells in a tumor. We modeled these cases of human breast cancer by co-implanting tumor xenografts with CXCR4+ breast cancer cells, human mammary fibroblasts secreting CXCL12, and CXCR7+ or control breast cancer cells. Bioluminescence imaging showed that CXCR7+ breast cancer cells enhanced proliferation of CXCR4+ breast cancer cells in orthotopic tumors and spontaneous metastases. Treatment with a small-molecule inhibitor of CXCR7 chemokine limited the growth of CXCR4+ breast cancer cells in tumors that also contained malignant CXCR7+ cells. These studies establish a new in vivo imaging method to quantify chemokine scavenging by CXCR7 in the tumor microenvironment and identify that CXCR7+ cells promote growth and metastasis of CXCR4+ breast cancer cells.
Economics and Logistics of Biomass Utilization in the Superior National Forest

Forest fires pose a great risk to nearby communities and dwellings. Many forest managers work to reduce such risks by managing fuels. This article explains the economic and logistical factors of a forest biomass utilization option instead of the conventional disposal method of on-site piling and burning for fuel reduction. Benefits from biomass utilization are multiple and include reduced impacts to air quality, improved forest health, economic opportunities, local renewable energy production, and climate change mitigation. Trials in the Superior National Forest examined the feasibility of using conventional equipment to extract and utilize forest biomass compared with disposal of biomass with pile and burn techniques. Factors that increase the costs of biomass utilization include: machinery down-time, distance to end users, low biomass price, size of the harvest unit, forwarding distance, the number of machines hauled to sites to complete small-sized operations, the modest amount of biomass removed per a...
Gold-catalyzed rearrangement of substituted allyl aryl ethers

Triphenylphosphinegold(I) complexes catalyze the Claisen-type rearrangement of aryl allyl ethers to the corresponding branched and linear products. The product distribution depends on the olefin geometry of the allylic ether. Stereochemical transfer experiments support an ionic mechanism.
Immunomodulation through inhibition of multiple adhesion molecules generates resistance to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.

Abstract The effect of simultaneous blockade of adhesion molecules on the development of long-term resistance to type 1 diabetes was investigated in an adoptive transfer model in NOD mice. Splenocytes isolated from acutely diabetic NOD mice injected into NOD-scid mice caused diabetes at 43 ± 5.0 days. Treatment with anti-α4-integrin monoclonal antibody (mAb) delayed the onset of insulitis and significantly delayed hyperglycemia to 66 ± 5.8 days. Combination treatment with anti-α4-integrin and anti-LFA-1 mAbs delayed the onset of diabetes to >100 days (p
Fastest mixing markov chain on a path

(2006). Fastest Mixing Markov Chain on a Path. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 70-74.
Molecular recognition of live methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus cells using DNA aptamers

Molecular recognition of live methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus cells using DNA aptamers
Viral-mediated plant transformation gets a boost.

Making the tobacco mosaic virus RNA genome more 'mRNA-like' enhances its ability to direct the synthesis of recombinant proteins in plants.
Electron-nuclear coupling in nitrosyl heme proteins and in nitrosyl ferrous and oxy cobaltous tetraphenylporphyrin complexes

Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy has been used to study electron-nuclear interactions in the following isoelectronic S = 1/2 complexes: NO-Fe/sup II/(TPP) (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) with and without axial nitrogenous base, nitrosylhemoglobin in R and T states, and O/sub 2/-Co/sup II/(TPP) with and without axial base. Only the porphyrin pyrrole nitrogens contribute to the ESEEM of the 6-coordinate nitrosyl Fe/sup II/(TPP) complexes, nitrosylhemoglobin (R-state), and the nitrosyl complexes of ..cap alpha.. and ..beta.. chains. Pyrrole nitrogens in the 5-coordinate complex NO-Fe/sup II/(TPP) are coupled to weakly to unpaired spin and therefore do not contribute to the ESEEM. A partially saturated T-state nitrosyl-hemoglobin does not exhibit echo envelope modulations characteristic of 6-coordinate nitrosyl species, which confirms that the proximal imidazole bond to heme iron is disrupted. Study of 6-coordinate O/sub 2/-Co/sup II/(TPP)(L) complexes (L = nitrogenous base) using /sup 14/N- and /sup 15/N-labeled ligands and porphyrins enabled a detailed analysis of coupling parameters for both pyrrole and axial nitrogens. The pyrrole /sup 14/N coupling frequencies are similar to those in NO-Fe/sup II/(TPP)(L). The Fermi contact couplings for axially bound nitrogen, calculated from simulation of ESEEM spectra for a series of O/sub 2/-Co/sup II/(TPP)(L) complexes (L = pyridine, 4-picoline, 4-cyanopyridine,more » 4-carboxypyridine, and 1-, 2-, and 4-methylimidazole) illustrate a trend toward stronger hyperfine interactions with weaker bases.« less
Current status of NGL masks

The manufacture of Next Generation Lithography reticles presents many challenges. Extremely small critical dimension and image placement error budgets; novel substrates including membranes and multi-layer reflective coatings; and inspection, detection and repair of subresolution defects will force revolutionary change in the infrastructure of mask technology. This paper surveys current NGL mask designs, structures, materials and manufacturing capabilities. Results from mask fabrication, physical modeling, error budget analysis and extensive experience in building X-Ray membrane masks are presented to develop process learning plans to meet future product specifications.
Torsional oscillations of an elastic half-space due to an annular disk and related problems

Abstract The three-part boundary-value problem of low frequency torsional oscillations of an elastic half-space set up by a rigid annular disk is solved when the outer radius of the disk is much larger than the inner radius. Formulae are presented for the stress distribution, the torque and the far field amplitude of the displacement vector. The solutions for the related problems in slow viscous flow and MHD are also presented.
New graphical method for evaluating gas exchange in congestive heart failure.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of a new graphical method for evaluating gas exchange (GE), as applied to three common averaging techniques used during rest, exercise, and recovery in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods: Fifty patients’ resting, exercise, and recovery GE graphs were evaluated using a new graphical method to determine oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Precision of the new method was evaluated by repeated measures using the same investigator, an additional investigator, and an untrained student. A 1-min rolling time average (RTA) updated every 20 s was used as the reference to the graphical method and the metabolic cart’s computer analysis. Breath-by-breath data were evaluated using three averaging techniques, average 5 of 7 breaths (5/7), average of 8 breaths (AVG 8), and 30-s average (30-s). Differences between the computer and the graphical method were assessed by two-sided t-tests; ANOVA was used between the three investigators and also between the three averaging techniques. Results: There were no significant differences of repeated measures between trained and untrained investigators. The graphical method results were significantly different than the computer results. The only difference with RTA involved computer resting values, which were also different than the graphical method. Conclusion: In conclusion, the graphical method may be used to standardize GE evaluation because it displays excellent intrainvestigator precision and good interinvestigator precision between experienced and inexperienced investigators. Averaging techniques less than 30 s have greater bias when using computer-derived values, although when incorporating the graphical method the averaging technique chosen has little influence on all measures.
Some Basic Principles of Developmental Robotics

This paper formulates five basic principles of developmental robotics. These principles are formulated based on some of the recurring themes in the developmental learning literature and in the author's own research. The five principles follow logically from the verification principle (postulated by Richard Sutton) which is assumed to be self-evident. This paper also gives an example of how these principles can be applied to the problem of autonomous tool use in robots.
Acquired Heterochromia with Homer Syndrome in Two Adults

Background: Heterochromia iridis, asymmetry of iris pigmentation, has been well described with congenital Horner syndrome. Acquired heterochromia associated with lesions in the ocular sympathetic pathways in adulthood, however, is rare. Methods: Two cases are reported in which sympathectomy in adults resulted in ipsilateral Horner syndrome with heterochromia. In each case, pharmacologic testing with cocaine and hydroxyamphetamine was performed. Results: In both cases, sympathectomy occurred at the level of the second order neuron, but hydroxyamphetamine testing suggested at least partial third order neuron involvement. Conclusion: Acquired heterochromia can occur in adults. The partial response to hydroxyamphetamine in the two cases presented may reflect trans-synaptic degeneration of the postganglionic neuron. A reduction in trophic influences on iris melanocytes may have contributed to the observed heterochromia.
Exercise physiology and pulmonary arterial hypertension

The lungs are the only organ that receives the entire cardiac output with every stroke. The pulmonary circulation is normally a high-flow, low-resistance, low-pressure system that carries blood into the pulmonary microcirculation. In pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH)vascular remodeling contributes to a sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) as a result of vascular remodeling characterized largely by vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and medial hypertrophy, and endothelial cell proliferation resulting in lumen obliteration. The loss of pulmonary arterial compliance and development of elevated PVR puts an excessive burden on the right ventricle due to the increased workload necessary to overcome the downstream pressure, ultimately leading to right-sided heart failure. The functional status of the pulmonary circulation and the levels of PVR and PAP ultimately determine the outcome of patients with PAH. Study of the pressure-flow relationships in the pulmonary vascular bed will provide an improved appreciation of the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension.
Growth rates of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings in a treated effluent assimilation marsh

Abstract Wetlands have proven effective at improving water quality of treated wastewater effluent, which in turn promotes increased primary productivity and vertical accretion. Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings grown under different conditions (bare root and potted) were planted in four subunits of an effluent assimilation marsh and a control marsh in southeast Louisiana, USA, and basal diameter growth was monitored over one growing season. Mean basal diameter growth for seedlings in the assimilation subunits ranged from 16.1 (±1.4) mm to 9.5 (±0.9) mm, whereas growth for seedlings planted in the control marsh was 6.4 (±0.9) mm. Seedlings planted nearest the outfall experienced greater basal diameter growth (18.1 ± 2.6) compared to those planted 700 m away (8.0 ± 0.9), with growth generally decreasing with distance. Potted seedlings experienced greater growth (19.1 ± 1.0 and 20.6 ± 1.0 for five-month-olds and ten-month olds, respectively) than bare root seedlings (4.6 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.4 for one-year-olds and two-year olds, respectively). Planting assimilation marshes with baldcypress seedlings can be an effective restoration tool for coastal Louisiana, which will provide hurricane protection and improved surface water quality. Wastewater treatment wetlands may offer an effective tool for restoring coastal baldcypress (T. distichum)–water tupelo (Nyssa aquatic) swamps in Louisiana.
Heart rate correlates of attachment status in young mothers and their infants.

Objective: To explore heart rate (HR) correlates of attachment behavior in young mothers and their infants to generate specific hypotheses and to provide pilot data on which studies to test those hypotheses might be based. Method: Using the strange situation procedure, patterns of attachment were assessed in 41 low-income adolescent mothers and their infants. During the procedure, the HRs of the infants and mothers were recorded. The HR changes were analyzed and infant attachment group differences were examined. Results: Infants in all attachment groups demonstrated a similar HR response. There were, however, notably different behavioral reactions in the insecure groups: relatively increased behavioral distress in the insecure/resistant infants and relatively decreased behavioral distress in insecure-avoidant infants. Mothers of insecure-resistant infants demonstrated elevated HRs during reunions and the insecure/resistant dyads demonstrated lower consistency between HR changes in infant and mother than the secure dyads. Conclusions: The results suggest the discrepancy between attachment-related behavioral reactions and HR response in insecurely attached infants. Maternal and dyadic HR changes vary between the attachment groups. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2005;44(5):470–476.
Modeling distinct imaging hemodynamics early after TBI: the relationship between signal amplitude and connectivity

Over the past decade, fMRI studies of cognitive change following traumatic brain injury (TBI) have investigated blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity during working memory (WM) performance in individuals in early and chronic phases of recovery. Recently, BOLD fMRI work has largely shifted to focus on WM and resting functional connectivity following TBI. However, fundamental questions in WM remain. Specifically, the effects of injury on the basic relationships between local and interregional functional neuroimaging signals during WM processing early following moderate to severe TBI have not been examined. This study employs a mixed effects model to examine prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe signal change during a WM task, the n-back, and whether there is covariance between regions of high amplitude signal change, (synchrony of elicited activity (SEA) very early following TBI. We also examined whether signal change and SEA differentially predict performance during WM. Overall, percent signal change in the right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) was and important predictor of both reaction time (RT) and SEA in early TBI and matched controls. Right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) percent signal change positively predicted SEA within and between persons regardless of injury status, suggesting that the link between these neurodynamic processes in WM-activated regions remains unaffected even very early after TBI. Additionally, rPFC activity was positively related to RT within and between persons in both groups. Right parietal (rPAR) activity was negatively related to RT within subjects in both groups. Thus, the local signal intensity of the rPFC in TBI appears to be a critical property of network functioning and performance in WM processing and may be a precursor to recruitment observed in chronic samples. The present results suggest that as much research moves toward large scale functional connectivity modeling, it will be essential to develop integrated models of how local and distant neurodynamics promote WM performance after TBI.
Scientific Management in the Operation of Railroads

Testimony before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 539. — "Scientific Management" to save railroads a million dollars a day, 539. — What is "Scientific Management?" — Its success in manufacturing establishments, 544. — Practically untried in railroad operation, 545. — Santa Fe experiments inconclusive, 546. — Differences between manufactories and railroads in extensive range of action (549). — Character of public service (550), and labor union influence, 553. — Progress of railroads in economical operation, 556. — Further progress possible by a more general adoption of best methods of best railroads, 559. — Difference between Scientific Management as a system and the best railroad methods not one in kind but in degree, 560.
Seat belt use among American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-Hispanic whites.

BACKGROUND: Accidents (including motor vehicle injuries) are a leading cause of death among American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/AN). The purpose of this study was to examine geographic variation and the existence of a seat belt law on seat belt use among AI/AN and non-Hispanic whites (NHW). METHODS: Self-reported seat belt behavior data from the 1997 and 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed in 2006-2007 and were restricted to AI/AN (n=4310 for 2002, and n=1758 for 1997) and NHW (n=193,617 for 2002, and n=108,551 for 1997) aged 18 years and older. RESULTS: Seat belt non-use varied significantly across geographic regions for both AI/AN and NHW. For example, AI/AN living in the Northern Plains (odds ratio [OR]=12.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]=6.5-23.7) and Alaska (OR=10.3, 95%CI=5.3-19.9) had significantly higher seat belt non-use compared to AI/AN living in the West. In addition, compared to those residing in urban areas, those living in rural areas were 60% more likely in NHW and 2.6 times more likely in AI/AN not to wear a seat belt. Both AI/AN and NHW living in states without primary seat belt laws were approximately twice as likely to report seat belt non-use in 2002 as those living in states with primary laws. In states with primary laws enacted between 1997 and 2002, AI/AN experienced greater decline in seat belt non-use than NHW. CONCLUSIONS: Seat belt use among AI/AN and NHW varied significantly by region and urban-rural residency in 2002. Primary seat belt laws appear to help reduce regional and racial disparities in seat belt non-use. Language: en
More Examples of Fruiting Trees Visited Predominantly by Birds of Paradise

Based on observations at Varirata National Park, Papua New Guinea, we document and characterise two Papuan tree species in the mahogany family (Meliaceae) whose fruit were consumed only by birds of paradise (family Paradisaeidae), and a third tree of the nutmeg family (Myristicaceae) whose fruit were predominantly consumed by birds of paradise. These three plant species exhibited differing degrees of forager specificity, with the Raggiana Bird of Paradise Paradisaea raggiana being the numerically dominant forager at all three plants (80% to 97% of all foraging records). All three plants produce structurally protected fruit. By contrast, parallel observations of avian foraging at two foodplants with structurally unprotected fruit documented visitation by diverse frugivore assemblages, more typical of previous studies of foraging at tropical fruiting trees. These data reinforce earlier field observations of restricted paradisaeid foraging assemblages at selected tree species in a forest in the uplands of the northern watershed of Papua New Guinea, and point to the existence of what may be a specialised plant/frugivore syndrome.
Murine delayed hypersensitivity (DHS): Modulation of in vitro antigen-induced responsiveness of lymph node cells from mice expressing DHS to human γ-globulin by lymphocyte populations from normal syngeneic animals

Abstract Using a chemically defined, protein-free medium, the modulatory effect of normal (N) lymphocytes on in vitro antigen-induced proliferation by lymph node cells (LNC) from mice immunized to express delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) to human γ-glogulin (HGG) was quantitated in coculture. LNC from normal syngeneic animals exerted little if any effect on immune-LNC proliferation. Compared with immune-LNC plus N-LNC coculture response. N thymus cells (TC) were consistently suppressive while N spleen cells (SC) varied in their effect from a marginal to a marked potentiation of radiolabeled thymidine incorporation. Inactivation of N-SC suspensions by X irradiation prior to coculture with immune LNC abrogated the increased responsiveness. It therefore appeared that interaction of immune LNC and antigen resulted in recruitment of N-SC to proliferate. Separation of N-SC suspensions to provide enriched populations of thymic-independent (B) and thymic-dependent (T) lymphocytes showed that B cells augmented and T cells suppressed HGG-induced incorporation of [3H] thymidine when cocultured with immune LNC.
Inspection Errors for Attributes in Quality Control

(1993). Inspection Errors for Attributes in Quality Control. Technometrics: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 232-232.
A Multichip Neuromorphic System for Spike-Based Visual Information Processing

We present a multichip, mixed-signal VLSI system for spike-based vision processing. The system consists of an 80 × 60 pixel neuromorphic retina and a 4800 neuron silicon cortex with 4,194,304 synapses. Its functionality is illustrated with experimental data on multiple components of an attention-based hierarchical model of cortical object recognition, including feature coding, salience detection, and foveation. This model exploits arbitrary and reconfigurable connectivity between cells in the multichip architecture, achieved by asynchronously routing neural spike events within and between chips according to a memory-based look-up table. Synaptic parameters, including conductance and reversal potential, are also stored in memory and are used to dynamically configure synapse circuits within the silicon neurons.
An apparatus for studying rapid electrophysiological responses to light demonstrated on Arabidopsis leaves.

— An apparatus for making high-resolution measurements of electrophysiological changes induced by light in plant cells was constructed. Its main components were a xenon arc lamp, an electronic shutter, a liquid light-guide, a computer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter and a computer program that controlled the shutter and data acquisition. The apparatus was used to examine transient changes in membrane potential (Vm) that occur upon illumination in Arabidopsis leaves. Light-on induced a transient hyperpolarization of 4 mV after a lag time of 0.53 s. It was followed by a much larger transient depolarization that peaked 31s after light-on. The Vm returned to near its original value after approximately 3 min. The early changes in Vm have been proposed to result from effects of photosyn-thetically produced ATP on the activities of H+ ATPases and K+ channels at the plasma membrane. The kinetics of the initial hyperpolarization were found to be reasonably consistent with such a mechanism. It is expected that the apparatus described here will be useful in future investigations of this and other electrophysiological responses to light.
Knowledge-based electrical monitor approach using very large array yield structures to delineate defects during process development and production yield improvement

A knowledge-based system has been developed for a set of very large electrical test pattern structures that allows one to understand and debug process problems in sub-micron EPROM/Flash technology. These structures are called 'MONGOS' due to their size ( approximately 300 K Cells) and were designed using the process target EPROM or Flash cells in an array as an exact replica of the product vehicle. Resistance and IV measurements, on pieces of the MONGOs complete with gate and substrate bias control, provide raw data input. The entire 300 K cells can be treated like one giant transistor. A post-processor program creates defect bins from these data for each layer deconfounding the defects according to rules defined in a set of calculation files. The approach is flexible in that defect bins (models) can be defined and implemented as mechanisms are refined; it is also fast since >300 K cells are tested in parallel. Thus, process improvements can be engineered much faster. >
Structural Basis for Relief of Autoinhibition of the Dbl Homology Domain of Proto-Oncogene Vav by Tyrosine Phosphorylation

Rho-family GTPases transduce signals from receptors leading to changes in cell shape and motility, mitogenesis, and development. Proteins containing the Dbl homology (DH) domain are responsible for activating Rho GTPases by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP. Receptor-initiated stimulation of Dbl protein Vav exchange activity involves tyrosine phosphorylation. We show through structure determination that the mVav1 DH domain is autoinhibited by an N-terminal extension, which lies in the GTPase interaction site. This extension contains the Tyr174 Src-family kinase recognition site, and phosphorylation or truncation of this peptide results in stimulation of GEF activity. NMR spectroscopy data show that the N-terminal peptide is released from the DH domain and becomes unstructured upon phosphorylation. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation relieves autoinhibition by exposing the GTPase interaction surface of the DH domain, which is obligatory for Vav activation.
Goals for Education and Research in Construction

This paper summarizes results of a policy-level workshop attended by a distinguished group of construction people representing owner, contractors, government, and educators. The April 1975 workshop was funded by the National Science Foundation and was sponsored by the Construction Institute at Stanford University. These industry leaders spent two full days in frank, far-reaching analyses in an attempt to define basic problems that the industry will face in the years ahead. In specific terms, the workshop was designed to identify basic research needs in the management of construction and define and formulate goals for basic research in this area. The participants' efforts were concentrated in four general subject areas, including: (1)Manpower and organizational development; (2)management methodologies; (3)innovations in construction methods; and (4) construction industry dynamics. The paper also explains the role of basic research in construction, and suggests guidelines for its implementation and funding.
Hybrid Lyot coronagraph for wide-field infrared survey telescope-astrophysics focused telescope assets: occulter fabrication and high contrast narrowband testbed demonstration

Hybrid Lyot coronagraph (HLC) is one of the two operating modes of the WFIRST-AFTA coronagraph instrument. It produces starlight suppression over the full 360-deg annular region and thus is particularly suitable to improve the discovery space around WFIRST-AFTA targets. Since being selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in December 2013, the coronagraph technology is being matured to technology readiness level 5 by September 2016. We present the progress of HLC key component fabrication and testbed demonstrations with the WFIRST-AFTA pupil. For the first time, a circular HLC occulter mask consisting of metal and dielectric layers is fabricated and characterized. Wavefront control using two deformable mirrors is successfully demonstrated in a vacuum testbed with narrowband light (<1-nm bandwidth at 516 nm) to obtain repeatable convergence below 8×10−9 mean contrast in the 360-deg dark hole with a working angle between 3λ/D and 9λ/D with arbitrary polarization. We detail the hardware and software used in the testbed, the results, and the associated analysis.
Deciphering the regulon of a GntR family regulator via transcriptome and ChIP-exo analyses and its contribution to virulence in Xanthomonas citri.

Xanthomonas contains a large group of plant-associated species, many of which cause severe diseases on important crops worldwide. Six gluconate-operon repressor (GntR) family transcriptional regulators are predicted in Xanthomonas, one of which, belonging to the YtrA subfamily, plays a prominent role in bacterial virulence. However, the direct targets and comprehensive regulatory profile of YtrA remain unknown. Here, we performed microarray and high-resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) experiments to identify YtrA direct targets and its DNA binding motif in X. citri ssp. citri (Xac), the causal agent of citrus canker. Integrative microarray and ChIP-exo data analysis revealed that YtrA directly regulates three operons by binding to a palindromic motif GGTG-N16 -CACC at the promoter region. A similar palindromic motif and YtrA homologues were also identified in many other bacteria, including Stenotrophomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas and Frateuria, indicating a widespread phenomenon. Deletion of ytrA in Xac abolishes bacterial virulence and induction of the hypersensitive response (HR). We found that YtrA regulates the expression of hrp/hrc genes encoding the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) and controls multiple biological processes, including motility and adhesion, oxidative stress, extracellular enzyme production and iron uptake. YtrA represses the expression of its direct targets in artificial medium or in planta. Importantly, over-expression of yro3, one of the YtrA directly regulated operons which contains trmL and XAC0231, induced weaker canker symptoms and down-regulation of hrp/hrc gene expression, suggesting a negative regulation in Xac virulence and T3SS. Our study has significantly advanced the mechanistic understanding of YtrA regulation and its contribution to bacterial virulence.
Mechanisms of hippocampal sequence replay

Sleep is known to be important for memory consolidation [1], and memories are thought to be stored in the hippocampus during wakefulness and "transferred" to cortex during sleep [2]. Recently, memory replay - repeatable sequences of pyramidal cell firing - has been demonstrated during sleep, and associated with characteristic brain oscillations, giving rise to the hypothesis that these may form the critical neural substrate of memory consolidation. It is known that the content of hippocampal replay can be biased during sleep, in what is called cued-reactivation [3], and that similar paradigms show enhanced memory performance in humans [4]. Moreover, tampering with replay can disrupt memory formation and consolidation [5]. Despite extensive evidence highlighting the importance of replay within the broader phenomenon of sleep-mediated memory consolidation, the mechanisms underlying sequence replay are still unknown. During sleep, replay events are associated with specific patterns of neuronal oscillations [6]. Replay is seen in cortex during slow oscillation - a rhythmic ( 150 Hz) firing, driven by strong excitatory inputs coming from CA3, which result in a strong deflection in the LFP of stratum radiatum (the sharp wave) [7]. In the present study, we build on our previous research [8] to develop a model of spike sequence replay during sleep. In the past, we have introduced a model of CA1 ripples in which oscillations are transients, mediated by the intrinsic frequency of CA1 basket cells driven by CA3 activation. In this work, we construct a model of CA3 area in which stochastic intrinsic activation of pyramidal cells originates a massive cell activation that results in a strong excitatory input to area CA1. We observe that sequential activation of a selected sub-group of CA1 pyramidal cells is driven by a less specific sequential activation in CA3. We then characterize the mechanisms underlying sequence selection and reactivation within a sharp-wave ripple event. Using hippocampal and thalamocortical models, we investigate the role of cortical inputs on ripple timing and their specific spike content. Our study illustrates the possible role of cortical Up states during slow oscillation in biasing hippocampal replay, which is a core component of the cortico-hippocampal interaction underlying memory consolidation.
Sonochemically produced hemoglobin microbubbles

Using high-intensity ultrasound, we have developed a method for the synthesis of airfilled hemoglobin (Hb) microbubbles (≈2.5 μm in diameter). Transmission electron, scanning electron, and optical microscopy show spherical particles with a shell thickness of approximately 35 nm, or roughly six protein molecules thick. The mechanism of microbubbles formation has been determined to involve both the dispersion of gas into micron-sized bubbles and the chemical cross-linking of cysteine residues between protein molecules. The primary oxidizing agent is superoxide (HO2), which is sonochemically produced from oxygen and water during acoustic cavitation. The Hb microbubbles possess many of the desired characteristics of a blood substitute. The microbubbles are smaller than red blood cells and will not block capillaries. The microbubbles are air-filled and provide a large O2 carrying capacity. The hemoglobins of the microbubbles retain their ability to bind oxygen reversibly. In addition, the oxygen affinities are similar to those of native Hb. Even more surprisingly, microbubbles show extensive cooperativity, as indicated by Hill coefficients as high as 18, which means that in the microbubble shell, there is communication between several of the crosslinked Hb tetramers upon binding oxygen. The Hb microbubbles show minimal degradation (>25%) after storage for six months at 4 °C.
Bayesian nonparametric models for combining heterogeneous reliability data

Modern complex engineering systems often present the analyst with a mix of data types that can be used for reliability prediction: system test results, lifetime data from unit tests of components, and subsystem data, all of which may have predictive value for the system lifetime. We present a hierarchical nonparametric framework, using Dirichlet processes, in which time-to-event distributions may be estimated from sample data or derived based on physical failure mechanisms. By applying a Bayesian methodology, the framework can incorporate prior information, including expert opinion.
A Simple Formula for the Angle Between Two Planes

(1913). A Simple Formula for the Angle Between Two Planes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 182-184.
Cerococcus mirandae (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Cerococcidae): a new species of scale insect from Australia

A new species of scale insect, Cerococcus mirandae Lambdin, from Australia, is described and illustrated. C. mirandae represents the seventh species in the genus from the Australian Region and is distinguished from other species in the genus by the presence of 6-locular pores in transverse abdominal rows on the venter. A key is provided to separate species of Cerococcus of the Australian Region.
Slower nerve conduction velocity in individuals with functional ankle instability.

The purpose of this study is to quantify nerve conduction velocity differences in individuals with functional ankle instability compared to a “healthy” population. 38 participants ages 18–30 were recruited from a large university with approximately 43 000 students. 19 subjects (9 men and 10 women; age=21.0±1.4 years; height=172.0±9.3 cm; mass=74.4±1 2.4 kg) with symptoms of functional ankle instability were in the functional ankle instability group. 19 subjects (10 men, 9 women; age=22.0±2.6 years; height=169.8±9.1 cm; mass=69.0±14.8 kg) with “healthy” ankles were in the control group. Nerve conduction velocity was conducted using one trial at 2 different sites: posterior to the fibular head (fibular), and 10 cm superior/posterior of the first site (popliteal). Nerve conduction velocity (m/sec) was assessed using a SierraWave II system (Cadwell Laboratories; Kennewick, WA). A MANCOVA was performed on the two dependent variables (fibular and popliteal). Covariates included surface temperature of the leg, body mass index, and age. The independent variable was group (functional ankle instability and control). The effect of group was significantly related to nerve conduction velocity at the fibular site (F (1, 27) =16.49, p=0.01) and popliteal site (F (1, 27) =4.51, p=0.01), with responses significantly faster for individuals in the control group than the functional ankle instability group. These results indicate that patients with functional ankle instability might have damage to the peroneal nerve which results in slower peroneal nerve conduction velocity.
Reproductive Systems of the Cereal Leaf Beetle. Comparison of Morphology during Seasonal Development

The reproductive systems of male and female cereal leaf beetles, Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are illustrated and discussed relative to their seasonal development. The germaria of nonreproducing females are 65-70% the length or width of the germaria of actively reproducing females, and the ovarioles and calyxes of reproducing beetles are also larger. The internal surface of the lateral oviduct is a cuboidal epithelium and in egg-laying beetles is covered by an egg adhesive. The common oviduct is lined with groups of 9-μ-long spines which probably aid egg movement in the oviduct and prevent removal of the egg adhesive. The accessory glands of reproductively active males are nearly twice as long as those of reproductively inactive males, but the testes are 20% smaller than those in nonmating beetles.
Molecular typing of Shigella strains using PAGE in Fujian

Objective To study the molecular typing of Shigella in Fujian by pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE),and to describe the epidemiological features of gene groups.Methods 96 strains of Shigella were isolated from patients and were analyzed by PAGE after digestion with Not I enzyme.H9812 was used as molecular weight marker and BioNumerics for cluster analysis.Results Based on 100% similarity,the finger printings of 34 Shigella flexneri and 62 Shigella sonnei were divided into 27 and 43 PFGE types.According to "TENOVER principle",there were 2 dominant gene groups(G1-G2) of Shigella flexneri and 4 prevalent gene groups(GI-GIV) of Shigella sonnei.The dominant gene groups usually appeared from July to October,while other types could appear at any time without regional aggregation.Conclusions The diversity of molecular types of Shigella in Fujian is obvious,and some prevalent gene groups of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei may gradually evolve to predominant and stable epidemic strains.
102 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN A PATIENT WITH NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 PRESENTING WITH AN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A 43 year old female presented with chest pain and shortness of breath and was determined to have hypertensive crisis, pulmonary edema, and acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). She had a history of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), poorly controlled hypertension (HTN) and spells of headaches, palpitations and sweating. On transthoracic echocardiogram she had a hyperdynamic left ventricular function with ejection fraction of 75% and inferior and inferoseptal wall motion abnormality. Cardiac catheterization revealed a nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Given her NF1, HTN and the presence of the “classic triad” of pheochromocytoma, she was screened for this tumor. Plasma catecholamine metabolites levels drawn on the third day post acute MI with the patient pain free and stable evidenced a 10-fold increase of free normetanephrine and 4.5-fold increase of free metanephrine. MRI of adrenal glands revealed a 4.5 × 3.3 cm right adrenal mass. The patient was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and started on labetalol. The patient underwent uncomplicated laparoscopic adrenal pheochromocytoma excision two weeks after the first admission. Pathology has confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Conclusion Adrenergic crisis secondary to pheochromocytoma can result in acute MI even in the absence of the obstructive coronary artery disease. Consider pheochromocytoma early in the management of unexplained hypertension and MI in patients with NF1.
The primary HIV drug resistance in partial region of Henan province

Objective To study the prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy(ART) areas of Henan province.Methods A total of 121 drug-naive long-term infected individuals and 154 patients with newly diagnosed from January 2011 to March 2012 were recruited,the questionnaires were surveyed and whole blood were collected to analyze the CD4 + T cell counts and viral load.In-house method for genotypic resistance test was determined in those with viral load ＞ 1000 copies/ml samples,the differences of demographic characteristics, immunological parameters and primary drug resistance were compared between the two groups.Results A total of 121 cases of long-term individuals who had infected (12.50 ± 3.21 ) years were mainly previous paid blood donors,and the age was (46.61 ± 9.32) years old.The infection route of the newly diagnosed were diversity,including blood,sexual transmission and others,the cases were 73,73,8,respectively,the confirmatory year was (0.91 ± 0.28) years,and average age was (22.21 ± 3.11 ) years old.The difference were statistically significant in the route of transmission,age and infection time from demographic analysis of the two groups( P ＜ 0.05 ).The absolute M(P25-P75) counts of CD4 + T lymphocytes of long-term group was 322 (217-422) cell/μl,which was lower than the newly diagnosed was 434( 308-578 ) cell/μl ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and viral load was 4.0 ( 2.96-4.64) copies /ml,3.77 ( 2.94-4.53 ) copies/ml,the difference was not significant ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The prevalence of primary drug resistance in long-term group and newly diagnosed was 5.79％ (7/121),9.09％ (14/154),respectively,and the difference was statistically different( P ＜ 0.05 ),and one PI-resistant strain was found in the newly diagnosed group.Conclusion The primary drug resistant strains in untreated patients were found in Henan province of ART areas,and there was difference in degree of resistance between long-term infected individuals and newly diagnosed. Key words: HIV; Infection; Primary drug resistance