cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease among men with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between alcohol intake and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among men with type 2 diabetes. BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of CHD. Emerging evidence suggests that moderate alcohol intake is associated with an important reduction in risk of CHD in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We studied 2,419 men who reported a diagnosis of diabetes at age 30 or older in the Health Professionals’ Follow-up study (HPFS). During 11,411 person-years of follow-up after diagnosis, we documented 150 new cases of CHD (81 nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI] and 69 fatal CHD). Relative risks (RR) were estimated from pooled logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Alcohol use was inversely associated with risk of CHD in men with type 2 diabetes. The age-adjusted RRs corresponding to intakes of ≤0.5 drinks/day, 0.5 to 2 drinks/day and >2 drinks/day were 0.76 (95% confidence interval: [CI]: 0.52 to 1.12), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.40 to 1.02) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.32 to 1.09), respectively, as compared with nondrinkers (p for trend = 0.06). When we controlled for body mass index, smoking, family history of MI, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, duration of diabetes, physical activity level, vitamin E supplements and intake of trans fat, polyunsaturated fat, fiber and folate, RRs were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.52 to 1.15), 0.62 (95% CI: 0.40 to 1.00) and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.94) (p for trend = 0.03). The benefits of moderate consumption did not statistically differ by beverage type. CONCLUSIONS Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with lower risk of CHD in men with type 2 diabetes.
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Citation for Tanja Bosak

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Aerobic Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Morrison EH, Cooper DM, White LJ, Larson J, Leu S-Y, Zaldivar F, Ng AV. Ratings of perceived exertion during aerobic exercise in multiple sclerosis. Objective To compare ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) during aerobic exercise in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and control participants. Design Prospective experimental study. Setting An exercise testing laboratory. Participants Sedentary adults (n=12) with mild MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≤3) aged 30 to 45 years and sedentary age-matched and sex-matched controls (n=12). Interventions All participants underwent a graded aerobic exercise test on a cycle ergometer with breath-by-breath gas measurements and continuous heart rate monitoring. Main Outcome Measures After completing the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, participants rated their effort sense every 30 seconds during exercise using the modified Borg 10-point scale. Results The 2 study groups showed similar baseline characteristics except for higher fatigue scores in the MS group. There were no significant differences for any fitness measure, including oxygen cost slope (in Vo 2 ·min −1 ·W −1 ), Vo 2 , or work rate during exercise. Neither heart rate nor RPE—measured at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of Vo 2 peak—differed between groups. Conclusions Despite greater reported fatigue levels, participants with MS showed similar RPE and physiologic responses to submaximal and maximal exercise compared with controls. In MS, the Borg 10-point scale may help improve evidence-based exercise prescriptions, which otherwise may be limited by fatigue, motor impairment, heat sensitivity, or autonomic dysfunction.
Reactions on model emission control catalysts studied by soft X-ray photoemission

Abstract Model automotive exhaust catalysts have been studied by evaporating small amounts of Rh onto thin films of CeO 2 . Adjusting the O 2 pressure while the film is grown controls the initial oxidation state of the ceria. The ceria oxidation state may change as the system reacts with gaseous species. Ce4d and valence band photoemission are used to determine the Ce oxidation state. Rh3d spectra are used to study the growth of Rh on the CeO X and the response of the Rh particles to CO adsorption. The co-adsorption of NO and CO were studied on Rh/CeO X . These molecules interact to form OCN at 400 K. At higher temperatures the OCN decomposes and various carbon–nitrogen species without O are formed. These C X N Y species are relatively stable. They decompose above 700 K to produce N 2 by N recombination and CO through a reaction of C with the CeO X .
Carbohydrate metabolism and metabolic disorders in horses

Horses evolved consuming primarily fermentable forage carbohydrates, but forage diets have been traditionally supplemented with grain meals rich in starch and sugar in order to provide additional calories, protein and micronutrients. Starch and sugar are important for performance horses, but the consumption starch-rich meals may cause equine digestive and metabolic disorders. The critical capacity for preileal starch digestibility appears to be 0.35 to 0.4% but may be as little, depending on the source of starch. Small intestinal absorption of simple sugars is limited by the activity and expression of two classes of glucose carrier proteins, which are affected by chronic intake of hydrolyzable carbohydrate but may be sluggish to respond to abrupt changes in diet, further exacerbating the risk of overload. The most rapid fermentation occurs during starch overload or in the presence of fructans. Rapid fermentation perturbs the microbial and pH balance of the cecum and colon, favoring proliferation of Lactobacillus spp and acid production and increasing the risk of colic and laminitis. In addition to digestive disturbances, feeding grain concentrates rich in hydrolyzable carbohydrate may increase the risk of insulin resistance, which has been associated with obesity, laminitis and chronic founder, developmental orthopedic disease, and Cushing's disease in horses. This threshold concentration of starch intake may be a starting point for horse owners, feed manufacturers and veterinarians that may be claimed to be "low" enough to reduce risk in insulin resistant horses sensitive to grain-associated disorders.
Effects of maternal employment on kindergarten and first-grade children's vocational aspirations

Relationships between young boys' and girls' occupational choices and their mothers' vocational participation were explored. Employment status and occupation were obtained for parents of 142 kindergarten and first-grade children attending public schools in an upper-middle-class community. A scale derived from the United States Census was used to score parents' occupations and children's occupational choices for sex-stereotyping. Results indicated that children whose mothers were currently employed chose a greater number of occupations and more masculine-oriented occupations than did children of nonemployed mothers. Girls whose mothers had selected nontraditional fields also tended to aspire to less sextraditional careers. A trend in this direction was also noted for boys. Significant differences were found between girls and boys for types of occupations selected, but not for numbers of vocational choices.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibition Prevents Monocyte Migration across Brain Endothelial Cells via Rac1-GTPase Suppression and Down-Regulation of Active Integrin Conformation

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β has been identified as a regulator of immune responses. We demonstrated previously that GSK3β inhibition in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) reduced monocyte adhesion/migration across BMVEC monolayers. Herein, we tested the idea that GSK3β inhibition in monocytes can diminish their ability to engage the brain endothelium and migrate across the blood-brain barrier. Pretreatment of primary monocytes with GSK3β inhibitors resulted in a decrease in adhesion (60%) and migration (85%), with similar results in U937 monocytic cells. Monocyte-BMVEC interactions resulted in diminished barrier integrity that was reversed by GSK3β suppression in monocytic cells. Because integrins mediate monocyte rolling/adhesion, we detected the active conformational form of very late antigen 4 after stimulation with a peptide mimicking monocyte engagement by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Peptide stimulation resulted in a 14- to 20-fold up-regulation of the active form of integrin in monocytes that was suppressed by GSK3β inhibitors (40% to 60%). Because small GTPases, such as Rac1, control leukocyte movement, we measured active Rac1 after monocyte activation with relevant stimuli. Stimulation enhanced the level of active Rac1 that was diminished by GSK3β inhibitors. Monocytes treated with GSK3β inhibitors showed increased levels of inhibitory sites of the actin-binding protein, cofilin, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-regulating conformational changes of integrins. These results indicate that GSK3β inhibition in monocytes affects active integrin expression, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and adhesion via suppression of Rac1-diminishing inflammatory leukocyte responses.
Deglutition problems in head and neck cancer patients: implications for the speech pathologist

SummaryPatients with head and neck cancer frequently have swallowing impairment. Speech pathologists may overlook these patients unless there is an accompanying speech problem. The association of dysphagia and speech problems was evaluated, therefore, in an attempt to better define their relationship. Fifty-eight head and neck cancer patients were classified as to whether they had total laryngectomy, supraglottic laryngectomy, or oral/pharyngeal resection. The patients in each of these three subgroups were evaluated six weeks post-operatively for any difficulties encountered with the factors, speech, swallowing, and aspiration. An interval scale was used to rate the severity of impairment associated with each factor. Analyses substantiate the close inter-relationship of speech and swallowing deficits. Since speech pathologists work with the mechanisms related to the factors evaluated in this investigation it is logical that they should develop therapy regimens which remedy dyspagia.
Endophthalmitis after radial keratotomy enhancement

A 45-year-old man developed endophthalmitis after a radial keratotomy (RK) enhancement. He developed severe intraocular inflammation, hypopyon, and dense vitreous membranes 4 days after the enhancement surgery. Cultures of the corneal wound yielded a heavy growth of Streptococcus viridans. The inflammation subsided after treatment with intraocular, intravenous, and topical antibiotics. The patient subsequently developed a cataract and retinal detachment. This case demonstrates the risk of endophthalmitis after RK enhancement.
Ontogenetic changes in the bony labyrinth of Macaca mulatta.

Age-related changes in the labyrinths of rhesus monkeys were observed. The interfenestral axis increases in verticality from the youngest to the oldest age groups.
Coronary artery spasm and no spasmogens

Traditionally coronary artery spasm, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, has been perceived as involving either a powerful spasmogen or larger quantities of a less potent stimulant. The present essay proposes that spasm may occur in the complete absence of any inciting chemical or spasmogen. Sudden intense coronary artery constriction may reflect an abnormality in an intrinsic system of tone regulation involving pacemaker cell discharge, intercellular conduction through gap junctions to adjacent cells, and the cycling of extracellular and bound calcium. Defects in spontaneous tone generation and recovery, may be primary factors in the causation of clinically occurring coronary artery spasm and its sequela.
Regulation of cardiac glycogen synthase by phosphorylation: catalysis of inactivation by cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent protein kinases and comparison with the phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle enzyme.

Abstract Glycogen synthase has been purified from bovine heart to near homogeneity by a procedure including zonal sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The purified enzyme had a subunit molecular weight of 88,000 ± 2000, an I D ratio of between 0.8 and 1.0, and contained less than 0.1 mol of covalently bound phosphate per mole of subunit. The rates, extent, and sites of phosphorylation of the cardiac enzyme were compared with those of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase as catalyzed by both the cardiac cAMP-dependent and a cardiac cAMP-independent protein kinases. The cardiac glycogen synthase was phosphorylated up to 1 mol of phosphate/mol of subunit by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, to at least 2 mol of phosphate/mol of subunit by the cAMP-independent protein kinase, and to at least 3 mol of phosphate/mol of subunit with the two protein kinases together. There was a linear correlation between the extent of phosphorylation and conversion of cardiac synthase I to the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form. This correlation was independent of which kinase(s) catalyzed the phosphorylation. Maximum inactivation occurred at an incorporation of 2 mol of phosphate per subunit. Under equivalent conditions, the rates of phosphorylation of cardiac and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase were identical. In contrast, the cardiac enzyme was phosphorylated at a faster rate by the homologous cardiac cAMP-independent protein kinase than was the skeletal muscle synthase by the latter cardiac protein kinase. Analysis of the sites of phosphorylation of the cardiac and skeletal muscle glycogen synthases by CNBr cleavage and trypsin hydrolysis indicated minor differences in the derived phosphopeptides.
EVIDENCE FOR CASPASE-MEDIATED CLEAVAGE OF AMPA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS IN NEURONAL APOPTOSIS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

In Alzheimer's disease (AD) synapses degenerate and neurons die in brain regions involved in learning and memory processes. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative process in AD are unclear, increasing evidence suggests roles for amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) and biochemical cascades associated with a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. Cysteine proteases of the caspase family are activated in neurons undergoing apoptosis and apparently play a major role in the cell death process by cleaving yet-to-be-identified substrates. We now report that caspase activity is increased in brain tissue and neurons from AD patients, and in cultured hippocampal neurons undergoing apoptosis after exposure to amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). Western blot analyses using antibodies against different subunits of 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) types of ionotropic glutamate receptors indicate that AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4), but not NMDA receptor subunits (NR1 and NR2A), are proteolytically cleaved after exposure of hippocampal neurons to apoptotic insults, including Abeta, and that the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk suppresses such cleavage. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from AD patients and age-matched controls revealed evidence for increased proteolysis of AMPA receptor subunits in AD. Our data suggest roles for caspase-mediated cleavage of AMPA receptor subunits in modifying neuronal responsivity to glutamate and in the neurodegenerative process in AD.
Effects of mosquito larval feeding behavior on Bacillus sphaericus efficacy

Abstract Three species of mosquito larvae, representing three genera, were exposed from 10 min to 2 hr to the pathogen Bacillus sphaericus. Culex quinquefasciatus rapidly ingested the bacterium with resulting high mortality. Anopheles albimanus ingested it at a much lower rate initially with correspondingly low mortality. At the longest time interval they had accumulated approximately the same number of bacterial cells as C. quinquefasciatus but achieved a lower mortality. Aedes aegypti ingested and accumulated bacterium at the same rate as C. quinquefasciatus but was resistant to all time intervals. Utilizing 14C-labeled bacteria, we demonstrated that these differences were attributable to larval behavior in the case of A. albimanus but not in the case of A. aegypti.
Pancreatic CCK receptors: characterization of covalently labeled subunits.

Abstract 125 I-CCK was crosslinked with ultraviolet light to its receptor on pancreatic plasma membranes. The predominant labeled species following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis had a molecular weight of 120,000 in the absence, and 80,000 in the presence of the reducing agent dithiothreitol. The M r = 120,000 labeled band could be extracted, reduced and converted to M r = 80,000. Moreover, peptide mapping with Staph aureus V8 protease showed a similar pattern for the 120,000 and 80,000 dalton bands. The crosslinked receptor could be solubilized with Triton X-100, absorbed to wheat germ agglutinin and eluted with N-acetylglucosamine. The results indicate, therefore, that the CCK receptor is a glycoprotein with subunits coupled by disulfide bonds.
The thermoelectric power of AuIn2 and Fe-doped AuIn2 below 5°K using a squid null detector

Abstract The thermoelectric power of AuIn2 and AuIn2 containing 0.2 at.% iron was measured between 2 and 5°K using a SQUID device. The thermopower was found to be negative and of magnitude 2 × 10 −11 v ° K at 4°K for the undoped sample and a factor of ten higher for the Fe-doped sample. These results together with magnetic susceptibility and resistivity measurements suggest that iron does not form a local moment in this compound.
Spatial and Temporal Trends of Atmospheric Organochlorine Vapors in the Central and Upper Great Lakes

From November 1990 to October 1991, monthly air samples were collected from Saginaw Bay, Sault Ste. Marie (SSM), and Traverse City, MI, to identify spatial and temporal variation in organochlorine ...
Dynamic Allocation in Survey Sampling

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTConsider the problem of estimating a linear combination of means from populations with different, unknown variances. We study the Bayes version of the problem and derive the dynamic programming optimality equations for the determination of optimal multi stage sequential sample size allocation procedures for several pertinent loss structures. We point out the relation of these equations to the “inventory equations”. We develop heuristic procedures for the case of Bernoulli and normal populations and give numerical comparisons.
Discrete multiscale vector field decomposition

While 2D and 3D vector fields are ubiquitous in computational sciences, their use in graphics is often limited to regular grids, where computations are easily handled through finite-difference methods. In this paper, we propose a set of simple and accurate tools for the analysis of 3D discrete vector fields on arbitrary tetrahedral grids. We introduce a variational, multiscale decomposition of vector fields into three intuitive components: a divergence-free part, a curl-free part, and a harmonic part. We show how our discrete approach matches its well-known smooth analog, called the Helmotz-Hodge decomposition, and that the resulting computational tools have very intuitive geometric interpretation. We demonstrate the versatility of these tools in a series of applications, ranging from data visualization to fluid and deformable object simulation.
Theoretical prediction of geometries and vibrational infrared spectra of ruthenium oxide molecules

Abstract We present computations of the optimized geometries and the corresponding vibrational frequencies of the molecules RuO2, RuO3, and RuO4. The computations utilize the Gaussian 90 Program Package, and they are based on the use of effective core potentials. In the case of RuO2, we obtain a closed shell singlet configuration with a bond angle of 150.6° and also a close and, possibly, lower lying triplet state with a bond angle of 133.7°. The trioxide is trigonal planar and the tetroxide is tetrahedral. On the whole, the calculated vibrational frequencies and geometries agree well with experimental values.
Trait Hostility and Ambulatory Cardiovascular Activity: Responses to Social Interaction

This study examined trait hostility and social interaction in relation to ambulatory cardiovascular activity in 40 male and 39 female undergraduates. Participants wore an ambulatory blood pressure monitor and completed diary entries while engaged in everyday activities. Diary reports indicating that participants had been talking were used to identify cardiovascular readings taken during social interaction. Interaction effects for overall diastolic blood pressure and heart rate levels indicated that hostility was positively associated with these variables in men only. In addition, hostility was associated with higher systolic blood pressure during social interaction, an effect primarily due to data for men. Because physical activity was controlled statistically, it is likely that these effects were mediated by psychological processes. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cardiovascular reactivity to social interaction mediates the relationship between hostility and coronary disease, and they may have implications for understanding sex differences in coronary risk.
1. Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery: Principles of Patient Selection and Choice of Operation

Obesity continues to grow at alarming rates in the USA despite educational and local government efforts to reduce caloric intake and increase activity. The rise in obesity is coupled with a rise in the number of morbidly obese people. Laparoscopic bariatric surgery is the best option to treat morbid obesity at this time because of the reduction in perioperative risks over the past decade as well as the long-term weight loss outcomes. Patients are selected for weight loss surgery based on their overall health profile, their ability to be compliant with a perioperative program as well as lifelong behavior modification. Weight loss surgery outcomes are improved with standardized pathways and a guided perioperative workup. A synopsis of patient selection criteria and the different types of weight loss procedures is provided.
Classification accuracy improvement and delineation of mixed pixels using hierarchical image classification

Among the supervised parametric classification methods, the maximum likelihood (MLH) classifier has become popular in remote sensing. Reliable prior probabilities (PPs) are not always freely available, and it is a common practice to perform the MLH classification with equal PPs. When equal PPs are used, the advantages of the MLH classification may not be attained. This study explores a hierarchical image classification (HIC) method to estimate PPs for the spectral classes using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data and spectral class signatures. The TM pixels are visualized in spectral space relative to the spectral class probability surfaces. Prior probabilities are estimated from the pixels which fall within spectral class probability regions. The pixels likely to be misclassified are classified with the MLH classification with the estimated PPs. Besides the classified image, the HIC delineates mixed pixels and their land use/land cover class components at the specified significance level. The classified image resulting from the HIC shows increased accuracy over three classification methods. Delineated mixed pixels and their class components show visual agreement to the false color composites and aerial photographs.
The Application of Social Skills Training in the Treatment of a Child With Asperger's Disorder:

Asperger's disorder was officially recognized by the American Psychological Association in 1994 with the inclusion of this disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th...
Patterns of maxillofacial injuries as a function of automobile restraint use.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern and severity of maxillofacial injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) resulting from automobile restraint use. DESIGN: Retrospective database review of patients injured in a MVA who were admitted to the level I trauma center at the University of Louisville Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. METHODS: Demographic data, drug and alcohol impairment screening, and comorbidity data were obtained from database searches of trauma records. Forty-four patients had an airbag deployed, 34 patients wore seat belts, and 94 patients were unrestrained. All maxillofacial Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ratings were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 44 patients (50%) in the airbag group sustained only facial injuries. Fifteen of them had lacerations; four others had only facial abrasions. Three of the airbag patients had moderate facial injuries (AIS = 2); none required operative management. The airbag group had a mean AIS rating of 1.13, the seat belt group a mean AIS of 1.29, and the unrestrained group a mean AIS of 1.46. Patients using either seat belts (mean age, 40.5 y) or airbags (mean age, 44.9 y) were older than the unrestrained group (mean age, 39.6 y). Drug and/or alcohol impairment was significantly greater in the unrestrained group (mean, 38%) compared with the seat belt group (mean, 26%) and the airbag group (mean 11%.). CONCLUSIONS: Use of airbags is associated with less severe maxillofacial injuries compared with either a seat belt alone or no restraint. There is an inherent risk of minor maxillofacial injuries with airbag usage, but the severity of injury is distinctly reduced.
In situ simultaneous measurements of temperature and water partial pressure in a PEM fuel cell under steady state and dynamic cycling

In situ, line-of-sight measurements of water vapor partial pressure and temperature were performed in a gas channel on the cathode side of an operating PEM fuel cell. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was employed for these measurements for which water transitions sensitive to temperature and partial pressure were utilized. The previously demonstrated methodology for water partial pressure measurements was extended to include temperature by including additional features of the water spectra in the data analysis. The combined technique was demonstrated in a PEM fuel cell operating under both steady state and time-varying load conditions. For steady state operation, the water partial pressure increases with increasing current density on the cathode side due to production of water by electrochemical reaction. Temperature in the gas phase remains relatively constant since the fuel cell housing temperature is controlled externally. For unsteady operation of the fuel cell through a time varying current profile, it is found that the water partial pressure responds to the load changes rapidly and follows the current profile. The gas temperature varies in response to the dynamic loading and departures from steady state conditions become more apparent at higher fuel cell operating temperatures.
Congenital anomalies and inhalation anesthetics

Nitrous oxide sedation and nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia are discussed in terms of congenital anomalies. Data from studies using experimental animals are cause for concern about the use of either nitrous oxide sedation or nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia with pregnant patients because of the possible teratogenic effects on the fetus. Also of concern to the pregnant dentist and the pregnant dental auxiliary are recent reports that repeated exposures to trace amounts of nitrous oxide or halothane or both can have harmful effects on the fetus. A review of pertinent experimental research and epidemiologic studies is given.
A Mixed HVH-VHV Algorithm for Three-Layer Channel Routing

We present a hybrid three-layer channel-routing algorithm that combines horizontal-vertical-horizontal (HVH) and vertical-horizontal-vertical (VHV) approaches [1]. The result is the best of both approaches. VHV excels when the vertical constraint graph (VCG) has long chains; HVH is strong when the VCG has a large number of incomparable nodes. In hybrid routing, the VCG is partitioned into two portions, one ideally suited for HVH and the other for VHV. The portions are routed with a transition track in between. It is shown that, for many channel-routing problems, the hybrid method can do with fewer tracks than the theoretical lower bounds of the algorithms given in [1][2][3]. A heuristic algorithm is given for determining an optimum partitioning into HVH and VHV portions. The algorithm is powerful and its performance on Deutsch's difficult example [8] is discussed as an illustration.
Examining the Conceptual Organization of Students in an Integrated Algebra and Physical Science Class

The cross-disciplinary context of density and slope was used to compare the conceptual organization of students in an integrated algebra and physical science class (SAM9) with that of students in a discipline-specific physical science class (PSO). Analyses of students' concept maps indicated that the SAM9 students used a greater number of procedural linkages to connect mathematics and science concepts on the SAM9 students' maps than did the PSO students. The maps produced by SAM9 students also tended to show a more compartmentalized approach to thinking about the content of the two disciplines, a finding contrary to the researcher's original assertion. Traditional teaching territories and conceptual complexity were examined as possible explanations for the discrepancy between the predicted and actual outcomes.
Cryo automated electron tomography: Towards high‐resolution reconstructions of plastic‐embedded structures

Summary The use of fully automated data collection methods for electron tomography allows a substantial reduction in beam dose. The goal has been to develop new protocols for data collection defining optimal approaches for maintaining data self-consistency and maximizing the useful resolution of the reconstruction. The effects of irradiation and post-cure microwaving were examined for a variety of embedding media (Epon, Epox, Lowicryl) in order to quantify beam damage with the goal of identifying the most beam stable embedding medium. Surprisingly, the substantial dose reduction made possible by automated data collection did not result in a significant decrease in specimen shrinkage even for samples stabilized by preirradiation. We believe that the accelerated shrinkage is a direct consequence of the stroboscopic illumination patterns inherent to automated data collection. Further-more neither the choice of embedding resin nor microwave post-curing greatly affected shrinkage. Finally, cryogenic data collection was investigated as a means to minimize the effects of secondary radiation damage. Minimal preirradiation coupled with low-temperature automated data collection greatly reduces shrinkage and should result in high-quality data for three-dimensional reconstructions.
Why Are U.S. Girls Getting Meningococcal But Not Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines? Comparison of Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus and Meningococcal Vaccination Among Adolescent Girls 2008 to 2012

Background Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination rates in the United States remain low, compared with other recommended adolescent vaccines. We compared factors associated with intention to receive and receipt of HPV and meningococcal vaccines and completion of the HPV vaccine series among U.S. adolescent girls. Methods Secondary analysis of data from the National Immunization Survey-Teen for 2008 through 2012 was performed. Multivariable logistic modeling was used to determine factors associated with intent to receive and receipt of HPV and meningococcal vaccination, completion of the HPV vaccine series among girls who started the series, and receipt of HPV vaccination among girls who received meningococcal vaccination. Findings Provider recommendation increased the odds of receipt and intention to receive both HPV and meningococcal vaccines. Provider recommendation was also associated with a three-fold increase in HPV vaccination among girls who received meningococcal vaccination (p Conclusion Improving provider recommendation for co-administration of HPV and meningococcal vaccines would reduce missed opportunities for initiating the HPV vaccine series. However, different interventions may be necessary to improve series completion.
Mathematical model of magnetite oxidation in a rotary kiln furnace

A novel method of accounting for the oxidation of magnetite during iron ore pellet induration in a rotary kiln is presented. The technique is based on the mathematical description of a cascading bed of pellets in a rotary kiln by Saeman (1951). For the purpose of illustration, this method was incorporated into a simple one-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in a natural gas fired rotary kiln furnace. The model predicts a fraction of magnetite oxidation less than 5%, which is in agreement with plant observations. On presente une nouvelle methode pour tenir compte de l'oxydation de la magnetite lors de l'induration de pastilles de minerai de fer dans un four rotatif. La technique s'appuie sur la description mathematique de Saeman (1951) d'un lit en cascade garni de pastilles dans un four rotatif. A des fins d'illustration, on a applique cette methode a un modele unidimensionnel simple de transfert de chaleur et de matiere dans un four rotatif alimente au gaz naturel. Le modele predit une fraction de l'oxydation magnetique a moins de 5%, ce qui est en accord avec les observations en usine.
Evaluation of genetic biomarkers for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms.

Abstract Background Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) aids in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The expression of previously implicated genes was examined to potentially discriminate between benign and malignant thyroid samples. Methods Patients included for study had cytology demonstrating follicular cells of undetermined significance, atypical cells of undetermined significance, follicular neoplasm, or suspicion of malignancy with one of the following postoperative diagnoses: follicular thyroid adenomas, follicular thyroid carcinomas, or follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (FV-PTCs). FNA and tumor expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), high-mobility group A2 ( HMGA2 ), and trefoil factor 3/3-galactoside-binding lectin (T/G ratio) were analyzed. Results T/G ratios were not significantly different in the malignant and benign groups. HMGA2 was overexpressed in carcinoma states; however, only FV-PTCs were significant ( P = .006). Tumor hTERT expression was detected in 25% of follicular thyroid carcinomas, whereas 5% of FV-PTCs and 10% of follicular thyroid adenomas had expression. FNA aspirates showed similar results. Conclusions Although HMGA2 and hTERT showed differential expression, they did not consistently differentiate benign from malignant. Further study based on global gene expression is needed to identify markers that could serve as a diagnostic tool.
Temperature distributions, microangiographic and histopathologic correlations in normal tissue heated by ferromagnetic needles.

Rabbit hind limb musculature implanted with nine ferromagnetic nickel-copper alloy needles was inductively heated in a 120 kHz oscillating magnetic field. Rabbits were heated every third day for a total of three 30 min heating periods. Ferromagnetic needles with Curie points of 42°C, 45°C, and 48°C were used. Fourteen days following the third heating the animals were sacrificed and the tissues processed for microangiography and histopathology. Implanted muscle heated rapidly and achieved a stable temperature within 10 min. Two weeks after heating for three 30 min heat cycles at temperatures above 47.1°C, both vasculature destruction and muscle necrosis were noted. However, at temperatures below 45.5°C, histopathologic and microangiographic findings were indistinguishable from unheated, implanted controls. Myocentric granuloma formation surrounding the thermoseed tracks with vascular preservation characterized tissue at a steady-state temperature between 45.5°C and 47.1°C. Nickel-copper alloy thermoseeds w...
Performance characteristics of a microreflectometer for measuring autoradiographic grain density.

SUMMARY An incident light microphotometer for measuring reflectance has been constructed from Wild M20 microscope components and Photovolt 520-M photometer. The instrument measures autoradiographic silver grain densities in either small regions (5–30 μm diameter) or large regions (25–150 μm diameter) with an accuracy of greater than 90% compared to visual grain counts. Grain density measurements can be made in the presence of histological stains. The device speeds the collection of autoradiographic data by a factor of 10 or more, and can be used for 6 or 7 h per day without producing significant strain on the operator.
Similarity of babbling in Spanish- and English-learning babies.

Infants from a variety of linguistic backgrounds have been reported to babble similarly. The present study considers this possibility in detail, offering a concrete characterization of how babbling of Spanish- and English-learning babies is similar. Babbling of a group of Spanish- and another of English-learning infants (12 months of age) was recorded and transcribed by two experimenters, one a primarily Spanish speaker and one a primarily English speaker. Results show that in spite of gross phonetic differences between the adult phonologies of Spanish and English, babies from both groups produce predominantly CV syllables with voiceless, unaspirated plosive consonants. Vowel production is also perceived as notably alike. In the light of such similarities, possible differences in babbling of the two groups may be hard for even sophisticated listeners to notice.
Long-term effects of fire and fire-return interval on population structure and growth of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)

We investigated the effect of fire and fire frequency on stand structure and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Mill.) growth and population demography in an experimental research area in a southwest Florida sandhill community. Data were collected from replicated plots that had prescribed fire-return intervals of 1, 2, 5, or 7 years or were left un- burned. Experimental treatment burns have been ongoing since 1976. Plots were sampled to estimate species distribution, stand structure, and longleaf pine density in four developmental stage classes: grass, bolting, small tree, and large tree. Tree-ring growth measurements in combination with burn history were used to evaluate the effects of fire and fire-return interval on basal area increment growth. Fire-return interval impacted stand structure and longleaf pine population struc- ture. Our results suggest that recruitment from the bolting stage to later stages may become adversely affected with very frequent fires (e.g., every 1 or 2 years). Although adult tree productivity was negatively impacted during fire years, tree growth during years between fire events was resilient such that growth did not differ significantly among fire-return inter- vals. Our study shows that the longleaf pine population as a whole is strongly regulated by fire and fire-return interval plays a key role in structuring this population.
A computational investigation of 17O quadrupolar coupling parameters and structure in alpha-quartz phase GeO2.

Ab initio band-structure calculations based on density functional theory have been completed for a-quartz phase GeO2 to obtain electric-field gradients (efg) for oxygen atoms, including those for GeO2 at elevated pressure and temperature. To interpret the resulting efg values and examine correlations between structure and 17 O quadrupolar coupling parameters, additional ab initio self-consistent Hartree-Fock molecular orbital calculations were completed. The quadrupolar coupling constant was found to have a strong dependence on Ge–O distance and ffGe2O2Ge, with the quadrupolar asymmetry parameter being primarily dependent on ffGe2O2Ge. Analytical expressions describing these dependencies consistent with earlier investigations of analogous silicate compounds are also reported.
Seasonal patterns of grazing and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in a eutrophic lake

Observations and experiments on zooplankton grazing and nutrient (N and P) limitation of phytoplankton of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, revealed that the relative strength of the two factors varied markedly during the seasonal succession of phytoplankton. Furthermore, seasonal changes in grazing and nutrient limitation were caused not only by seasonal changes in zooplankton community structure and nutrient availability but also by changes in phytoplankton community structure, which led to changes in edibility to zooplankton. The spring phytoplankton bloom of diatoms and small flagellates was highly vulnerable to grazing by both cyclopoid copepods and Duphnia, although Daphnia had a much stronger effect. Increased Duphnia grazing in late spring resulted in low phytoplankton biomass (the clear-water period) and a phytoplankton community dominated by colonial green algae- taxa vulnerable to grazing by Daphnia but not other zooplankton. Nutrients (N and P) did not limit phytoplankton growth during the spring bloom or the clear-water period. After the clear-water period, the summer phytoplankton community was dominated by blue-greens and Ceratium. Grazing effects by both Daphnia and copepods were low in summer, while nutrient limitation (both N and P) became severe. Reduced grazing impacts in summer may have resulted from prior intense grazing impacts, which led to dominance of grazing-resistant taxa. These results suggest that seasonal variation in the strength of grazing and nutrient controls in eutrophic lakes results from changes in zooplankton biomass and community structure, nutrient availability, and phytoplankton community structure interacting to determine phytoplankton seasonal succession.
3-(2-Amino-1-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-3-hydr-oxy-1-phenyl-indolin-2-one ethanol solvate.

In the title compound, C18H16N4O3·C2H5OH, mol­ecules are linked into chains by a series of inter­molecular N—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds which stabilize the crystal structure. The indole and creatinine units make a dihedral angle of 56.45 (4)°. The title compound has two chiral centres. The crystal structure indicates the compound is racemic (RR and SS).
Dry, high resolution autoradiography.

Microtomed sections of freeze-dried, paraffin-embedded tissues are placed on pieces of thin sheet-Teflon backed by a felt pad. The sections are then pressure-mounted on dry photographic emulsion. After suitable exposure, the sections are firmly cemented to the emulsion with 0.45% cellulose acetate in a 10:1 mixture of 2-butanone and acetone. This prevents the specimens from falling off or moving during photographic processing, though the tissue can be stained through the cellulose acetate binder. The method has been tested with tissues containing tritium-labelled DNA, and it produced resolution comparable to that obtained with standard liquid emulsion or stripping film techniques.
Abstract 16912: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents one of the most common arrhythmias seen clinically and is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality, yet, current treatment paradigms have proven largely inadequate. Inflammation has been shown to play critical roles in the pathophysiology of AF. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to corresponding pro-inflammatory diols. We have previously shown beneficial effects of sEH inhibitors (sEHIs) in cardiac failure and in the reduction of atrial arrhythmia inducibility. The objective of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the prevention of atrial arrhythmia inducibility by sEHIs. Methods: In vivo pressure-overload model was used to replicate chronic hypertension. Flow cytometry, electrophysiologic studies and optical mapping were used to determine the mechanistic roles of sEHIs on atrial fibrosis and the reversal of electrical remodeling in atrial myocytes. Results: We demonstrate positive effects of sEHI in AF prevention by reducing 1) inflammation, 2) atrial structural remodeling by suppression of atrial fibrosis and hypertrophy (Fig A-D), and 3) electrical remodeling in atrial myocytes (Fig E-G). Mechanistically, inhibition of sEH enzyme results in a more than three-fold decrease in cytokines and chemokines (n=5, p Conclusions: This study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms leading to AF by inflammation and represents a paradigm shift from conventional antiarrhythmic drugs, which block downstream molecules to a novel upstream therapeutic target by counteracting the inflammatory processes in AF.
Regulated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in normal human osteoblastic cells.

An influx of monocytes is observed in many different physiological and pathophysiological states, including bone remodeling and injury. These cells appear at early stages of bone formation and repa...
Improvements in cholesterol-related knowledge and behavior and plasma cholesterol levels in youths during the 1980s.

This article examines cholesterol-related knowledge, cholesterol-related behaviors, and plasma cholesterol levels in 12-24-year-olds, using data collected from four community-based cross-sectional surveys conducted 1979-1980, 1981-1982, 1985-1986, and 1989-1990. Participants included 1,552 individuals from randomly sampled households in two control cities (San Luis Obispo and Modesto, California) of the Stanford Five-City Project. Over the eleven-year study period, cholesterol-related knowledge improved in both control cities (P < .0002). Cholesterol-related behavior (P < .0003) and plasma cholesterol levels (P < .002) significantly improved only in San Luis Obispo (a college city with more 19-24-year-olds and a better-educated population than Modesto). In general, knowledge and behavior scores and plasma cholesterol levels were lower in these 12-24-year-olds than in 25-74-year-olds, although trends at all ages were similar over time and by demographic variables. Although the cholesterol-related interventions that began in the mid-1980s primarily targeted adults, these 12-24-year-olds' cholesterol-related knowledge improved (as did, to a lesser extent, their cholesterol-related behavior and plasma cholesterol levels). These findings have implications for upcoming youth-related cholesterol interventions.