cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soberanía y subdesarrollo: Estatalidad jurídica en la crisis africana

espanolCuando hablamos del ?estado? en Africa Tropical de hoy dia, es posible que hayamos creado una ilusion. Habitualmente el termino significa una estructura politica independiente con suficiente autoridad y poder como para gobernar un territorio definido y su poblacion: es la estatalidad empirica. Esta es la nocion predominante del estado en la teoria moderna politica, juridica y social y es una aproximacion bastante fiel al hecho historico en muchas partes del mundo ?no solo en Europa y America del Norte, donde se desarrollaron y se enraizaron los primeros estados modernos, sino tambien en America del Sur, Oriente Medio y Asia, donde han surgido mas recientemente?. Sin embargo, aunque el estado es una realidad ineludible, muchos de los llamados estados del Africa Tropical carecen de los elementos imprescindibles de la estatalidad. EnglishWhen we speak of 'the state' in Tropical Africa today, we are apt to create an illusion. Ordinarily the term denotes an independent political structure of sufficient authority and power to govern a defined territory and its population: empirical statehood. This is the prevailing notion of the state in modern political, legal, and social theory, and it is a fairly close approximation to historical fact in many parts of the world �not only in Europe and North America, where modern states first developed and are deeply rooted, but also in some countries of South America, the Middle East, and Asia, where they have more recently emerged. Nevertheless, even if the state is an inescapable reality, many so-called states in Tropical Africa, are seriously lacking in the essentials of statehood.
Use-Dependent Decline of Paired-Pulse Facilitation at Aplysia Sensory Neuron Synapses Suggests a Distinct Vesicle Pool or Release Mechanism

We have characterized paired-pulse facilitation at Aplysia sensory neuron-to-motoneuron synapses. This simple form of very short-term synaptic plasticity displayed an unusual feature: it decreased dramatically with repeated testing. Synaptic depression at these synapses and this use-dependent decrease in paired-pulse facilitation occurred independently of each other. Paired-pulse facilitation was inversely correlated with the size of the initial synaptic connection and was absent at stronger synapses. The use-dependent decrease in paired-pulse facilitation occurred at the same rate at large synapses as at small synapses, although the initial paired-pulse facilitation at large synapses was substantially smaller. Rates of synaptic depression were also independent of initial synaptic strength. Paired-pulse facilitation was blocked by presynaptic EGTA injection, but not by postsynaptic EGTA or BAPTA injection. These results indicate that presynaptic Ca2+ influx plays a critical role in paired-pulse facilitation. However, the persistence of the decrease in paired-pulse facilitation for longer than 15 min suggests that Ca2+ from the first paired action potential produces facilitation via a modulatory mechanism rather than by summating with Ca2+ influx during the second paired action potential in activating the Ca2+ binding sites that initiate exocytosis. This modulatory mechanism may not involve protein phosphorylation because paired-pulse facilitation was unaffected by the protein kinase inhibitors H7 and KN-62. These findings further suggest that release by the second paired action potential occurs at sites distinct from those that mediate release by the first action potential.
Effect of Different Nitrogen Sources on the Cellular Form of Trigonopsis variabilis

Triangular cells are formed during early logarithmic growth of Trigonopsis variabilis . Good triangularity is obtained with methionine, proline, hydroxyproline, or alanine as a nitrogen source.
Is a New Eugenics Afoot

During the first three decades of the 20th century, eugenics became a popular concept in several countries throughout the world, especially the United States and, after World War I, in Germany. In his essay, Allen provides a historical account of this early eugenics movement and asks whether we are now moving toward a new era of eugenics, where reproductive decisions are made on the basis of social cost.
Spike-associated and spike-independent esophageal contractions in patients with symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm

We report the electrical correlates of esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter contraction in humans using a bipolar ring electrode assembly mounted on a catheter. No spike activity was seen in the resting state in the esophagus or lower esophageal sphincter. Swallowing induced both electrical spike activity and contractile activity in both areas. The delay in the proximal and distal esophagus from swallowing to the onset of electrical activity was 0.3 +/- 0.1 s and 3.3 +/- 0.2 s, respectively, and from swallowing to the onset of contractile activity the time was 1.9 +/- 0.1 s and 5.2 +/- 0.2 s. respectively. The rate of propagation of electrical activity was constant throughout the esophageal body while contractile activity was propagated more rapidly in the middle third of the esophagus. Spike activity preceded the peak of esophageal contractions in 100% of swallows. Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation was initiated without spike activity, but the postswallow lower esophageal sphincter contraction was preceded by spike activity in 100% of cases. Basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure was maintained in the absence of spike activity. Spontaneous esophageal contractions, seen in patients with symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm, were spike-independent in 70% of cases. Prolonged repetitive contractions, once initiated, were also spike-independent. Thus, with the use of intraluminal ring electrodes, we suggest that the human esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter are capable of generating both spike-dependent and spike-independent contractions. The latter may be prominent in patients with esophageal motor disorders.
Sustainable Cities of Tomorrow: A Land Use Response to Climate Change

This book chapter seeks to identify ways in which urban land use is a driver of climate change in both the developed and developing worlds. Urban land use factors identified as substantially affecting climate change include: rapid population growth; rapid urbanization; population migrations resulting from both economic and environmental causes; and declining urban density. The chapter then narrows its focus to evaluate the effectiveness of six U.S. land use law tools for both mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Tools evaluated include: compact cities as a mitigation strategy; compact cities as an adaptation strategy; efficient infrastructure and buildings; greening population migration; social resiliency; and engaging creative land use governance and financing structure.
Undergraduate Student Interests and the Cultural Content of Textbooks for German

more prominent in the profession of foreign language teaching. Especially influential were the works of Nelson Brooks and H. Ned Seelye, who triggered a vivid discussion in almost all leading journals in the field. While overwhelming agreement exists that culture must be a vital part of the foreign language class, because a language is inseparable from its culture, the discussion centered around the following questions: 1) What is culture? 2) Which aspects of culture should be part of the foreign language curriculum? 3) How can these aspects be taught?2 Which aspect of culture a foreign language teacher considers worthwhile teaching depends upon the general theoretical and methodological approach that he or she takes. Hand in hand with the Grammar Translation Method, for instance, went the teaching of achievements and achievers in literature, music, art, history, politics fields that are widely referred to as components of "capital-C" Culture (hereafter: Culture). Especially in the wake of the teaching for Communicative Competence and the Proficiency Approach, however, the perception of culture has been broadened. As a consequence, "small-c" culture (hereafter: culture) moved into the center of ttention of the foreign language curriculu : if the student is expected to function in the foreign language culture, she has to be fam liar with everyday life, habits, values, thoughts, beliefs, food, dress, etc., of the people.3 Both of these two extremes and a variety of other approaches are reflected in the type of cultural topics that foreign language teachers now use in the classroom and that actually appear in textbooks. Textbook authors and foreign language teachers also have made a choice in the sequence of introduction of cultural topics: they believe it necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the language and of the patterns of everyday life before the student is able to appreciate literature and the fine arts (Omaggio: p. 363). Therefore, most recent textbooks appear to concentrate on culture in the initial phase of language instruction (first semester and part of second semester), while Culture topics are introduced later (usually during the second year of instruction). Although most textbooks published in this decade dedicate considerable space to culture and cultural topics, how much of a variety of topics should be included in a textbook and how to control for the quality of presentation are still issues under discussion. In fact, the notion of "cultural bias" has been brought up in connection with how textbooks handle cultural infor-
A methodology for modeling the effects of systematic within-die interconnect and device variation on circuit performance

We present a methodology to study the impact of spatial pattern dependent variation on circuit performance and implement the technique in a CAD framework. We investigate the effects of interconnect CMP and poly CD device variation on interconnect delay and clock skew in both aluminum and copper interconnect technology. Our results indicate that interconnect CMP variation strongly affects interconnect delay, while poly CD variation has a large impact on clock skew in a 1 GHz design. Given this circuit impact, CAD tools in the future must account for such systematic within-die variations.
Color and Color Stability of Frozen Restructured Beef Steaks: Effect of Processing Under Gas Atmospheres with Differing Oxygen Concentration

Restructured beef steaks were manufactured under gas atmospheres with differing oxygen concentration and subsequently vacuum-packaged. The effect of the different gas atmospheres on the color and color stability of frozen restructured beef steaks initially and at 1-month intervals for three months was investigated. Overall metmyoglobin concentrations for restructured beef steaks were not different (P > 0.05) from that of the intact steaks either initially or over storage time. The rates of overall metmyoglobin formation increased when oxygen concentration of the gas atmosphere was increased. Restructured steaks manufactured using pure carbon dioxide gas had the least amount of overall discoloration both initially and over storage time.
Juvenile Granulosa-Theca Cell (Sex Cord-Stromal) Tumor of the Infant Testis

Prepubertal testis tumors are rare, representing approximately 1% of all pediatric solid tumors.1 Mean patient age at diagnosis of all prepubertal testis tumors is 38 months.2 We report 3 cases of infantile granulosa-theca cell tumors. All patients presented with nodular scrotal masses confirmed by ultrasound, and increased -fetoprotein (AFP). Retrospective review of prenatal ultrasounds revealed a mass that was identifiable prenatally in 1 case, confirming the in utero development of this rare pediatric tumor. To our knowledge this is the first such case reported in the literature. We describe 2 additional cases that occurred in the first year of life, indicating possible in utero tumorigenesis. CASE REPORTS
The Refusal of Palliative Radiation in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Prognostic Implications

Abstract Context Patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have limited survival. Population studies have evaluated the impact of radiation refusal in the curative setting; however, no data exist concerning the prognostic impact of radiation refusal in the palliative care setting. Objectives To investigate the patterns of radiation refusal in newly diagnosed patients with metastatic NSCLC. Methods Patients with Stage IV NSCLC diagnosed between 1988 and 2010 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors for refusal of radiation and the impact of radiation and refusal on survival in the palliative setting. Results A total of 285,641 patients were initially included in the analysis. Palliative radiation was recommended in 42% and refused by 3.1% of patients. Refusal rates remained consistent across included years of study. On multivariate analysis, older, nonblack/nonwhite, unmarried females were more likely to refuse radiation ( P Conclusion Patients with metastatic NSCLC who refuse recommended palliative radiation have a poor survival. Radiation refusal or the recommendation against treatment can serve as a trigger for integrating palliative care services sooner and contributes greatly to prognostic awareness. Further investigation into this survival difference and the factors behind refusal are warranted.
An improved method for the determination of creatinine in urine containing chlorpromazine metabolites.

Abstract A simple spectrophotometric method which uses the Jaffe reaction is described for the determination of creatinine in urine containing seven metabolites of chlorpromazine. The phenothiazines are preferentially adsorbed on a column of Amberlite XAD-2, while creatinine does not bind and is recovered quantitatively. This procedure enables the investigator to relate chlorpromazine excretion to creatinine levels and may be useful in correcting the errors so commonly encountered in obtaining a 24 hr urine sample for metabolic studies.
Ultrastructural and histological study of degenerative changes leading to black gills in grass shrimp exposed to a dithiocarbamate biocide

Abstract Pathologic “milky” and brown-black gills of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, exposed to low levels (5 to 60 ppb) of a 50% potassium-dimethyldithiocarbamate biocide (Busan-85) for 14 days were studied using light and electron microscopy. In shrimp exposed to 5 ppb Busan-85, a gradation of degenerative changes could be ascertained both within the gills of individual shrimp and among the gills of different shrimp. Primary degenerative changes, first evident in the apical epithelium of the lamellar plates, included: swollen mitochondria, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, the appearance of a dense grainy material within the subcuticular spaces and of paracrystalline elements within the epithelial cytoplasm, the formation of autophagosomes, and a loss of membrane continuity. Granular hemocytes migrated into the subcuticular spaces and appeared to phagocytose the grainy material, while other hemocytes phagocytosed and encapsulated the pathological epithelium. Later, the lamellar tips became congested with numerous interdigitating hemocytes which formed a “plug.” A new epithelium, derived partly from mitosis of basal lamellar tissues, developed subjacent to the plug and contributed to the formation of an abnormal and sometimes perforated cuticle during premolt. At ecdysis, the hemocyte plugs in the apical region of the lamella were sloughed resulting in markedly truncated and swollen lamellae. This process of pathological lamellar reduction appears to be an important defense mechanism in response to branchial trauma caused by exposure to environmental contaminants.
Effects of interrupting an intraoral meal on meal size and meal duration in rats.

Abstract Most experiments on satiation do not separate the contribution to meal size of cumulative intake from that of time since meal onset. To assess the relative contributions of temporal and intake factors, the amount consumed of intra-orally infused 12·5% glucose solution, delivered at a fixed rate of 1·0 ml/min, was assessed after tests that were interrupted for variable durations (Experiments I and II) beginning at different times within the tests meal (Experiment I). Rats' meal size did not vary despite the imposition of single or multiple pauses which interrupted ingestion for as long as 38 min. These results show that, within this paradigm, the duration of the meal varies in service of an intake "goal". Such a defense of meal size requires accurate monitoring of the postingestive load despite its redistribution by continued gastric emptying during the imposed pauses in ingestion.
Polarographic Determination of Chloramphenicol Preparations

A polarographic method for the determination of chloramphenicol in commercial preparations is presented. The method has the necessary accuracy and precision for use in routine control analysis.
Finite Element Implementation of Neutral Solute Transport in Porous Biological Soft Tissues Under Finite Deformation

The physiological function of biological tissues and cells is critically dependent on the transport of various solutes, such as nutrients, cytokines, hormones, and waste products. Transport in such media may be significantly hindered by the porous solid matrix, which may impart anisotropic transport properties to the solutes. Furthermore, large deformations of soft tissues and cells may significantly alter these transport properties due to concomitant alterations in pore volume and structure. Another potential influence of the porous solid matrix is steric volume exclusion resulting from the ratio of solute size and pore size distribution. This steric effect implies that solute concentration inside a tissue or cell may be less than the concentration in a surrounding bath, and this limit on solubility may be exacerbated under finite deformation due to changes in pore volume. Finally, the osmotic pressurization of the interstitial fluid may deviate from ideal physico-chemical behavior and this deviation may be dependent on the state of strain in the solid matrix. Therefore, a finite element framework that can accommodate solid-solute momentum exchanges, strain-induced anisotropy in transport properties and solubility, and strain-dependent non-ideal osmotic response, can provide an important modeling tool in the biomechanics of soft tissues and cells.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Special issue on in situ resource utilization

This special issue on in situ resource utilization (ISRU) was borne from the reality that in order for humanity to evolve into a spacefaring civilization, it will need to be able to gather, process, and use materials at the site where explorations are made and settlements are planted. This ability to wean ourselves from Earth is critical, and it will be coupled to automated devices and robots. Astronauts are now our construction workers in space and will likely be so when we return to the Moon and go to Mars, but the severe environments make reliance on humans for building our space civilization not feasible. The guest editors would like to express their gratitude to all the authors for their contributions and for graciously proceeding through the review process. The reviewers are likewise appreciated for the time-consuming effort of studying the submitted manuscripts and then providing very useful feedback to the authors who can improve their manuscripts. We acknowledge Sheila Pearson, who is the editorial assistant and technical writer in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Akron, where our journal editor, Professor Wieslaw Binienda, is a member of the faculty. Sheila was at the core of our organization and on more than one occasion saved a manuscript from the oblivion of the refereeing maze. Wieslaw encouraged us to organize this special issue and has helpedwith the refereeing process. Clearly this special issue is a product of the efforts of many people. We thank you all. What follows is a brief summary of the papers in this special issue.
Chiral-symmetry breaking in supersymmetric gauge theories.

We study chiral-symmetry breaking in supersymmetric gauge theories based on the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) approach. We find that there is a nontrivial solution Mnot =0 for the self-consistency condition, and therefore chiral symmetry is broken via the NJL mechanism in supersymmetric gauge theories.
A general description of D-C digital voltmeters

The widespread use of measurement transducers producing direct-voltage output signals has led to extensive development of analog-to-digital converters, including digital voltmeters. This situation has resulted from the fact that the information output of measurement devices, if handled in reduction processes in other than digital form, progressively deteriorates in accuracy.
Agrarian class formation in India

In this paper we first discuss, both analytically and empirically, the components of agrarian class structure in India, particularly in terms of use of hired labour and the significant distinction of participation or non‐participation in manual work. We then assess the relationship between agricultural growth and rural proletarianization (with reference to both intertemporal and cross‐section variations), the role of labour market segmentation (when the markets for credit and social insurance are inadequately formed) and the development of class consciousness.
Induced feeding preferences in dicofol-resistant two-spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Preadult rearing conditions affected the behavior of dicofol-resistant two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae). Resistant spider mites reared on dicofol-treated leaves initiated a significantly greater number of feeding bouts on dicofol-treated leaves than did genetically identical spider mites reared on residue-free leaves. Therefore the prior exposure of resistant spider mites resulted in induced feeding preferences that could exacerbate the potential outcome of the resistance by resulting in greater amounts of feeding by resistant individuals on dicofol-treated areas. Since resistant individuals that had not experienced dicofol in their lifetime did not display this feeding preference, avoidance of this phenomenon of induced feeding preference may be an undescribed value of rotations of pesticides.
Time and Error Consequences of Irrelevant Data and Question Placement in Arithmetic Word Problems II: Fourth Graders

AbstractThe data from forty-four fourth grade Ss were analyzed in a 2 X 2 factorial design which involved question placement and the presence of extraneous data as independent variables. Two dependent variables were considered, total errors and total time to solve the problems. The results revealed a significant effect for extraneous data, with time as the dependent variable. No significant effects were found for question placement. In addition, no significant results were found with errors as the dependent variable.
The energy-efficiency gap What does it mean?

Abstract As renewed attention has been given by policy makers to energy conservation issues, it has frequently been asserted that an energy-efficiency gap exists between actual and optimal energy use. The critical questions is how to define the optimal level of energy efficiency. This paper seeks to disentangle some confusing strands of argument that are frequently brought to bear on this question, by identifying the major conceptual issues that determine the set of feasible answers. We identify five separate and distinct notions of optimality: the economists' economic potential, the technologists' economic potential, hypothetical potential, the narrow social optimum and the true social optimum. Each of these has associated with it a corresponding definition of the energy-efficiency gap. Our analysis demonstrates that necessary preconditions for identifying the right measure of the energy-efficiency gap include understanding and disentangling market failure and non-market failure explanations for the gradual diffusion of energy-efficient technologies.
Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India, by Akhil Gupta, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2012, 384 pp., $26.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780822351108

For more than 60 years now, India has made significant investments in large-scale poverty alleviation programmes. Until a recent round of restructuring, it had about 150 separate national programme...
Timed and Probabilistic I/O Automata

Summary form only given. The Timed I/O Automata (TIOA) modeling framework has been used for describing and analyzing many distributed algorithms, ranging from data-management algorithms to clock-synchronization algorithms to robot-coordination algorithms. These algorithms include timing aspects, and both discrete and continuous behavior. In this talk, I will describe the TIOA framework in some detail, and summarize many of the examples to which it has been applied. Then, I will discuss the extensions that are needed to enable it to handle more kinds of algorithms. These extensions will mainly involve adding and integrating features for handling probabilistic choices. I will review the state of the art for Probabilistic Timed I/O Automata models, and describe the work that I think is still needed.
Supply chain bolt‐ons: investment and usage by manufacturers

Purpose – While past IT investment research has looked at a number of important factors, one issue that needs to be resolved in supply chain IT is the ability of different types of software to improve a firm's productivity or sales. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate which factors influence the number and types of supply chain bolt‐ons systems that are used by companies to improve system functionality.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 2,000 questionnaires and personalized cover letters were mailed to qualified individuals who were selected from APICS's active membership and employed in manufacturing firms in the USA and 187 useful responses (a 9.3 per cent return rate) were obtained.Findings – The results were encouraging and they indicated the use of bolt‐ons were most common in large firms, firms with defined plans and objectives, firms with existing ERP systems, and firms who believe that the application of best practices is of maximum importance. Most importantly, Bolt‐on ...
Increased CD39 nucleotidase activity on microparticles from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Background Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a devastating disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation, perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, and in situ thrombosis. Circulating intravascular ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine activate purinergic cell signaling pathways and appear to induce many of the same pathologic processes that underlie IPAH. Extracellular dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP and AMP occurs primarily via CD39 (ENTPD1), an ectonucleotidase found on the surface of leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells [1]. Microparticles are micron-sized phospholipid vesicles formed from the membranes of platelets and endothelial cells. Objectives: Studies here examine whether CD39 is an important microparticle surface nucleotidase, and whether patients with IPAH have altered microparticle-bound CD39 activity that may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease.
Audiences Analysis across Cultures

This paper discusses crosscultural differences in audience analysis, using research conducted during a series of consulting trips in Japanese industries. The paper identifies problems implicit in the way technical writing is taught to nonnative speakers in this country and abroad, and shows how awareness of and experience with audiences in non-American and non-Western cultures can benefit instruction in technical communication classes for American students.
Oropharyngeal carcinoma in non-smokers and non-drinkers: A role for HPV

Incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) increased 3% annually from 1973 to 2001. OSCC's can be attributed to tobacco and alcohol, but 25% are unlinked to typical risks. Case-control studies on HPV detection in non-smoking/non-drinking (NS/ND) OSCC patients have not previously been performed. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether high-risk HPV infection was significantly associated with development of oral squamous malignancy in non-smokers/non-drinkers. A chart review of 802 OSCC patients from the UNC Pathology Archives (1995-2006) yielded 40 non-smoker/non-drinker subjects. Utilizing a case-control design, 18 cancer cases and 22 benign biopsy controls were consecutively identified. Biopsy tissue was subjected to (i) HPV-L1 consensus PCR and sequencing (ii) real-time PCR. Chi-square and logistic regression analysis was employed. Logistic regression analysis determined that cases were 6.1 (OR 95% CI, 1.3-28) times more likely to have HPV infection in their tumors than controls. High-risk HPV-DNA was readily detected in the tonsils and base of tongue (oropharynx) of 14/18 cases and 6/22 controls by both consensus and real-time PCR. Of high-risk HPV containing lesions, 85% (17/20) originated in the oropharynx (chi-square, p=0.03). High risk HPV was also detected in benign biopsies of the oropharynx in 30% (3/10) of individuals who had a previous oral cancer (chi-square, p=0.006). The infectious nature of OSCC in NS/ND was revealed by consistent detection of HPV, suggesting HPV's potential role in transforming oral epithelium, providing further evidence of the need to screen the oropharynx for HPV in NS/ND.
Pressure ulcer prevention in nursing homes: Nurse descriptions of individual and organization level factors

Sustaining pressure ulcer prevention (PUP) in nursing homes has been difficult to achieve. Implementation science researchers suggest that identification of individual staff and organizational factors influencing current practices is essential to the development of an effective and customized plan to implement practice changes in a specific setting. A mixed methods approach was used to describe nurses' perceptions of individual and organization-level factors influencing performance of PUP in two Veterans Health Administration (VHA) nursing homes prior to implementation of a national VHA initiative on Hospital Acquired Pressure Ulcers (HAPUs). Individual interviews of 16 nursing staff were conducted. Individual factors influencing practice were a personal sense of responsibility to Veterans and belief in the effectiveness and importance of preventive measures. Organizational factors were existence of cooperative practices between nursing assistants and licensed nurses in assessing risk; teamwork, communication, and a commitment to Veterans' well-being. Integration and reinforcement of such factors in the development and maintenance of customized plans of PUP initiatives is recommended.
Passive Optical Terrain Relative Navigation Using APLNav

The NASA autonomous precision landing and hazard avoidance technology (ALHAT) program is developing an autonomous precision landing system capable of landing a spacecraft on the Moon. To achieve the desired 90 m (3sigma) landing accuracy terrain relative navigation (TRN) is necessary. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is developing a TRN system using passive optical terrain sensing for lunar, asteroid and comet landing applications. The system is derived from the digital scene-mapping and area correlation (DSMAC) navigation method that has been in use operationally by cruise missiles over the past three decades. APL was instrumental in DSMAC development and is now employing its expertise in visual-aided navigation techniques to prototype the autonomous precision landing navigation (APLNav) system. The APLNav system allows landing in illuminated conditions - including the low illumination conditions existing at the lunar poles. The APLNav system uses multiple digital cameras to image the lunar surface. The sensed image is correlated with the stored reference. The location in the map of the maximum correlation value corresponds to the location of the spacecraft at the time the image was taken. This location is used to correct the accumulated error in the spacecraft's inertial navigation system. APL is preparing a prototype for use in ALHAT sponsored field tests. In each test, imagery of a surveyed landscape will be collected for assessment of APLNav algorithm performance. This paper describes the APLNav system, an assessment of its performance, and descriptions of the work being performed to bring the system to Technology Readiness Level 6, system demonstration in a relevant environment, by 2011.
The relationship of seventeenth century empiricism to current theories of general semantics

Although Alfred Korzybski claimed that his theory of General Semantics “was developed entirely independently of” empiricism, there is some doubt that this statement can stand after a comparison of the writings of both the empiricists and the general semanticists.
Surgical technique for xenograft (SIS) augmentation of rotator-cuff repairs

Chronic rotator-cuff tears, especially when there is insufficient tendon to perform a repair, remain a surgical challenge. Multiple salvage techniques have been described; however, the results are significantly worse then primary repairs. Reconstruction with a pleuripotential xenograft (porcine small-intestine submucosa) has been shown to simulate normal tissue in-growth in animal studies. In this article, we report our surgical technique and 2-year follow up of 12 patients. Augmentation of chronic rotator-cuff repairs with a small-intestine submucosa graft appears to be safe and results in significant increases in strength, motion, and functional assessments. Long-term studies and studies are needed to determine the role of small-intestine submucosa grafts in rotator-cuff surgery.
Three strikes and statins out: A case against use of statins in dialysis patients for primary prevention

ardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the dialy-sis population. Approximately 26 million people in the United States are suffering from CKD, with disproportionately higher numbers among patients who have pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Vascular abnormalities from hypertension, hyper-lipidemia, hyperglycemia, and calcium and phosphate calciﬁ cations associated with renal disease rank high among risk factors for early and aggressive causes of acceler-ated atherosclerosis. It is well known that the risk of cardiovascular events is much higher in dialysis patients compared with the general population; Foly et al. docu-mented that 25- to 35-year-old patients on dialysis are at the same risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease as someone at age 85 from the general population (
Increased screening of the hydrogenic donor due to modulation doping in quantum wells.

Screening of the hydrogenic donor at the center of the well in p-type modulation-doped ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As-GaAs quantum wells was measured by monitoring the free to bound transition, free hole to donor. Undoped, center of the well doped, and center of the barrier doped samples were investigated. The screening increased, as measured by the reduction in the binding energy of the donor, in the sequence undoped, center of the well doped, and center of the barrier doped samples. The screening efficiency increases as the donor ion is moved farther away from the center of the well. The reduction in the donor binding energy, due to screening from carriers introduced by center of the barrier doping, agrees reasonably well with the calculated value for modulation-doped quantum wells of the same carrier density.
Acid mucopolysaccharide and hexosamine metabolism in dermal connective tissue of adrenalectomized rats.

SINCE steroids have been reported to be involved in the metabolism of the mucopolysaccharides of the dermis1–3, it appeared interesting to investigate the effect of adrenalectomy on the amount of acid mucopolysaccharides and hexosamines in dermal connective tissue. The investigations were performed on young male rats of the CFE strain. Animals in the experimental group were adrenalectomized when 30 days old; they weighed 95–100 g at this time. Both adrenalectomized and control animals were purchased from Carworth Farms, Inc., New York City, Rockland County, New York. The animals were fed ad lib. ‘Wayne Lab Blox’ (mice and rats) diet. The adrenalectomized rats received 2 per cent sodium chloride in tap water, those of the control group were given tap water alone; both beverages were offered ad lib.
Empirical model of transport and decay of wake vortices between parallel runways

This article describes a simple empirical model for the transport and decay of aircraft trailing wake vortices between parallel runways in a turbulent atmosphere. It is suitable for applications to both single and closely spaced parallel runways. The model includes the influence of ambient turbulence on the decay rate of the wake vortices as well as the effect of cross wind shear. Well-known Monin-Obukh off similarity laws in the lower atmospheric boundary layer are used to compute the ambient shear and turbulence. Vortex bounce that occurs near the ground is also parameterized in the model. The results show that ambient shear plays an important role in vortex decay and transport. Atmospheric stability also affects the fate of these vortices, but with stable stratification having a much larger effect than convective heating of the atmospheric boundary layer. These results may prove useful for a better understanding of the factors that affect the transport and decay of aircraft wake vortices near the ground in the presence of crosswinds in a turbulent atmosphere.
Prediction of activity coefficients in liquid aerosol particles containing organic compounds, dissolved inorganic salts, and water—Part 3: Organic compounds, water, and ionic constituents by consideration of short-, mid-, and long-range effects using X-UNIFAC.3

Abstract X-UNIFAC.3, a group contribution method for estimating activity coefficients of neutral and ionic components in liquid mixtures of organic compounds, inorganic salts, and water, is presented here. It is an extended UNIFAC method, in that traditional UNIFAC terms for short-range energetic interaction effects are extended to include ions as mixture components, and are combined with a Debye–Huckel long-range effect term and a second virial coefficient-type mid-range effect term. The method is formulated for application in modeling the formation of liquid aerosol particles consisting of general organic+inorganic salt+water solutions in which phase separation is likely to occur. Existing extended UNIFAC activity coefficient estimation methods can be problematic in modeling phase separation, since they require independent reference state corrections that may introduce significant errors. In X-UNIFAC.3, this problem is avoided by selecting appropriate reference states for all solution components, and imposing additional constraints on method parameters, when necessary, by inclusion of reference state correction terms within the activity coefficient expressions. Interaction parameters in the X-UNIFAC.3 equations are optimized for 12 different chemical groups (CH3–, –CH2–, - C | H - , - C | | - , −OH, −COOH, H2O, NH4+, Na+, Cl−, NO 3 - , and SO 4 2 - ) using available data for systems containing multi-functional oxygenated organic compounds and/or inorganic salts that are relevant to atmospheric aerosol applications. Estimations of water activities and mean ionic activity coefficients using X-UNIFAC.3 are compared with those of other extended UNIFAC methods. To demonstrate the use of X-UNIFAC.3 in predicting phase separation, the method is also applied to the butanoic acid+NaCl+water system, for which experimental liquid–liquid equilibrium data is available. The method performs well for aqueous salt solutions with salt concentrations within 30 mol kg−1 and for organic+inorganic salt+water solutions with salt concentrations less than or equal to 10 mol kg−1. Suggestions are proposed for improving the predictive capabilities of the method in future work.
A Multiscale Finite Element Framework for Reactive Contaminant Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media

Mixing of chemical species across plume boundaries has a major influence upon the fate of the reactive pollutant in the subsurface. Small-scale heterogeneity leads to irregular plume boundaries which enhances mixing-controlled reactions through increasing the interfacial area of the plume. Therefore, it is crucial to capture this small-scale heterogeneity in order to properly model reactive transport. Unfortunately, computational limitations do not permit full resolution of the smallest scales of heterogeneity as the size of geomodels used for reservoir description typically exceeds by several orders of magnitude the capabilities of conventional reservoir simulators. Thus, it is necessary to use a coarse numerical grid, particularly for the cases with a large number of reactive species.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Economic Impacts of Waterfowl Hunting in Mississippi Derived From a State-Based Mail Survey

Waterfowl are a valued resource in Mississippi and throughout most of the United States. There are few economic impact assessments for waterfowl hunting. In this study, assessments in Mississippi were derived from waterfowl hunter expenditure data collected by a self-administered mail questionnaire for the 2005–2006 hunting season. Hunter expenditures obtained from a mail survey (n = 1,500, 51% response rate) were used along with participation rates in days in the Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) system software to determine state economic impacts. Adjusted economic impacts supporting the economy totaled $86.8 million (2009 USD).Wildlife managers in the United States need to focus on this valued resource by using more accurate information from state-based surveys, along with ecological assessments, to facilitate prioritization of wildlife management decisions aimed at sustaining it.
Rotation of a Pulsed Jet, or Plume, in a Rotating Flow: A Source of Helicity for an α-ω Astrophysical Dynamo

A fluid-flow experiment was performed in water to investigate how an expanding pulsed jet rotates when injected off-axis into a rotating annular flow. The pulsed jet simulates a large-scale rising plume in a stellar or accretion disk environment. In the experiment, the pulsed jet was injected parallel to, but radially displaced from, the axis of rotation. The jet was observed to counterrotate Δ ~ π/2 to π rad relative to the rotating frame before dispersing into the background flow. The counterrotation of an expanding pulsed jet in a rotating frame is the key result of the experiment. The counterrotation of the jet occurs because of the increased moment of inertia due to its expansion and conserved angular momentum. Rapid turbulent entrainment of the pulsed jet with the background flow during radial divergence when striking the end wall limits the net rotation of the jet. Shear within the differentially rotating background flow enhances the net rotation of the jet. Naturally occurring buoyant plumes in rotating flows should exhibit this same coherent nature, i.e., the same direction of rotation, the same vertical motion, and the same finite angle of rotation for every plume. This should make pulsed jets, or plumes, when occurring in a conducting medium, nearly ideal for producing helicity for the α-ω dynamo. In the experiment, Couette flow was established in water between two coaxial cylinders with an outer radius R0 = 15 cm, an inner radius R1 = 7.5 cm, and height Z = 10 cm. The Reynolds number of the experiment was Re 105 in order to simulate the behavior of turbulent entrainment at high Reynolds number. The differential rotation of the background flow was varied from constant rotation, dΩ/dR = 0, to Ω ∝ 1/R. The flow was made visible by pulsed hydrogen electrolysis from a tungsten wire and by dispersed guanidine in water. The flow was imaged using a digital video camcorder. These measurements are a precursor to the design and development of an α-ω dynamo experiment using liquid sodium, in turn with the purpose of simulating positive dynamo gain in a naturally occurring astrophysical flow.
Lack of prenatal effects of maternal ethanol consumption in CD-1 MICE

Abstract Ethanol was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice on gestation days 2–10 as a 10% (v/v) solution or on days 7–11, 6–11 or 1–11 as a 20% solution, in place of drinking water. Controls were untreated or were pair-fed on days 1–11 (with the equivalent ethanol treated group) and supplemented with sucrose added to the diet in amounts isocaloric to the ethanol consumed. Ethanol had no effect on fetal survival to gestation day 18, weight, or incidence of gross or skeletal malformation. It is considered that prenatal effects of ethanol in mice may depend greatly on strain or on treatment protocol.
Impact of a patient care pathway protocol on surgical site infection rates in cardiothoracic surgery patients.

Abstract Background We hypothesized that implementing a quality care initiative, including peri-incisional antibiotic administration, tight blood glucose control, and hair removal with clippers would reduce surgical site infection (SSI) rates in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with or without valve replacement. Methods Patients undergoing CABG were studied retrospectively, before (n = 808) and after (n = 674) instituting a patient care protocol. The pathway included peri-incisional antibiotics, tight glucose control (80 mg/dL–110 mg/dL) throughout intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and hair removal with clippers. Results SSIs were significantly decreased in the experimental group (1.5%), compared with the control group (3.5%), ( P = .001, odds ratio [OR] = .21). Significant independent predictors of infection included diabetes mellitus ( P = .001, OR = 4.71), Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) wound class II ( P = .044, OR = 2.07), and female gender ( P = .001, OR = 2.83). Conclusions Protocols implementing timely perioperative antibiotics, tight blood glucose control, and avoidance of shaving decrease SSI rates in CABG patients.
The Chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase gene promoter is a strong promoter in plants

An upstream region isolated from a eukaryotic algal virus adenine methyltransferase gene was tested for promoter function in plants. Fusion of this region to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene resulted in significantly higher expression than fusion with the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Strong levels of expression were also found in electroporated monocot plant cells. The promoter activity in transgenic tobacco plants showed tissue-specific expression. Leaves had the highest expression followed by stems and flowers. The promoter activity was not detected in root tissue. Environmental cues, such as light, and the phytohormones auxin and cytokinines had no effect on the promoter's expression. This promoter might be utilized to achieve high levels of expression of introduced genes in higher plants.
The causes and consequences of India's IT boom

(2002). The causes and consequences of India's IT boom. India Review: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 91-110.
Selection of Wolf Dens in Relation to Winter Territories in Northeastern Minnesota

Locations of wolf ( Canus lupus ) dens in the Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota from 1969 through 1988 were analyzed in relation to winter territories. Dens situated within the central 60% of the territories were randomly located relative to territory centers. However, only 10.5% (2) of the dens were located within a 1-km-wide strip inside the territory boundaries, indicating possible avoidance of neighboring packs. A negative relationship ( r 2 = 0.27; P 1 year, and possibly the availability of a stable food source helped determine den location.
Now you know your ABCs

B cells have important roles in biology and disease pathogenesis that go beyond their ability to make antibodies. Two reports in this issue of Blood describe the accumulation in aged vertebrates of populations of lymphocytes called age-associated B cells, or ABCs. In the first article, Hao et al