cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mortality in hospitalized patients with hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia.

BACKGROUND We designed a study to determine the incidence, cause, and implications of hypoglycemia ( or = 22.2 mmol/L, 400 mg/dL) in in-patients at an urban tertiary medical center. METHODS A daily computer search of the Laboratory Information System identified all hospitalized patients with hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia during a 49-day period. Chart review was used to assess demographic information, risk factors, and epidemiologic variables. The eventual outcome of the hospitalization was obtained by follow-up. RESULTS The incidence of hypoglycemia was 1.5%, and of hyperglycemia, 1.9%. Seventy-six percent of the hypoglycemic patients and 16% of the hyperglycemic patients had no prior history of diabetes. The mortality rate for hypoglycemic patients was 22.2%; for hyperglycemic patients it was 11.1%. For all other hospitalized patients it was 2.3% (p < 0.0001). Mortality rates for the black and Hispanic patients who were hypoglycemic (30% and 46%) were significantly higher than for white patients (6%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia are not uncommon in hospitalized patients and serve as metabolic markers for patients at increased risk for inhospital mortality. Early identification of at-risk patients and the impact of aggressive treatment of their underlying disease processes should be evaluated in future studies.
Structural changes in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase during temperature acclimation of rainbow trout.

SummaryG3PDH was isolated from rainbow trout acclimated to 15 and 5°. Anti-sera to each of the enzymes were prepared in rabbits. Microprecipitin tests showed that the short-term (ST) antiserum reacted only with its specific antigen. However, with the long-term (LT) antisera, there was some cross reaction. Ouchterlony double diffusion confirmed these results. Kinetic studies of each of the G3PDH enzymes in the presence of its specific antiserum were carried out. Specific ST and LT antisera significantly inhibited the activity of the enzyme. No significant effect was seen with the antisera to the noncomplementary enzyme. Some cross reaction was seen with the LT antisera in both instances. The Lineweaver-Burke analyses demonstrated no change in the Km while the Vmax was reduced, indicative of noncompetitive inhibition by the specific antisera.
The rheumatic diseases in childhood.

In general the laboratory is only moderately helpful in identifying rheumatic diseases in children. Diagnosis depends on careful attention to clinical detail and sometimes on protracted observation. Direct cure is usually not possible but treatment based on correct diagnosis can make the difference between life and death or between severe disability and a productive life.
The radical mechanism of biological methane synthesis by methyl-coenzyme M reductase.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in methanogenesis and anaerobic methane oxidation, is responsible for the biological production of more than 1 billion tons of methane per year. The mechanism of methane synthesis is thought to involve either methyl-nickel(III) or methyl radical/Ni(II)-thiolate intermediates. We employed transient kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational approaches to study the reaction between the active Ni(I) enzyme and substrates. Consistent with the methyl radical–based mechanism, there was no evidence for a methyl-Ni(III) species; furthermore, magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy identified the Ni(II)-thiolate intermediate. Temperature-dependent transient kinetics also closely matched density functional theory predictions of the methyl radical mechanism. Identifying the key intermediate in methanogenesis provides fundamental insights to develop better catalysts for producing and activating an important fuel and potent greenhouse gas.
Development of fine-leaved Festuca grass populations identifies genetic resources having improved forage production with potential for wildfire control in the western United States

Drought and heat tolerant fine-leaved fescue (Festuca ssp.) grasses have potential as components in rangeland greenstrips for wildfire control in semi-arid climates, although such grasses have not been evaluated under rangeland conditions. Therefore, 63 geographically diverse Festuca accessions of 11 species were evaluated for vigor, color, and biomass in 2009 and 2010 in North Logan, UT to identify grasses for use in U.S. western rangelands. Sixty-two plants representing eight species were selected in 2009 to intermate for further evaluation. Controlled biparental matings among these selections in 2010 produced 18 populations with sufficient seed to be evaluated with three commercial Festuca checks in replicated trials between 2012 and 2013 at Malta, ID, Blue Creek, UT, and North Logan, UT, where mean annual precipitation is 265, 362, and 484 mm, respectively. Plants were evaluated for color, relative vigor, biomass, seed yield, persistence, and regrowth over 2 years. Generally, four fine-leaved populations (R4S4, R4S6, R4S22, and R4S32) with parents originating from Turkey (F. valesiaca subsp. valesiaca), Russia (F. valesiaca, F. valesiaca subsp. valesiaca), Iran (F. valesiaca), and the U.S. (F. ovina) performed equal to or better than ‘Durar’ or ‘Covar’ checks. In Malta (harshest environment), the performance of these four populations compared to ‘Durar’ was 84–210 % for vigor, 79–90 % for color, 65–562 % for biomass, 64–296 % for seed yield, 92–117 % for persistence, and 164–454 % for regrowth, where R4S22 was superior. AFLP analysis indicated that all four populations were distinct, and that R4S4 and R4S6 grouped near ‘Covar’, R4S22 clustered near ‘Black Sheep’ and ‘Durar’, and R4S32 was genetically unique. These populations exhibit drought tolerance and green leaf color under harsh U.S. western desert conditions that make them amendable for use in greenstrips for wildfire control.
Analysis of Thermochemical Nonequilibrium in Post-normal Shock Flow of Nitrogen

1-D post-normal shock flow calculations are carried out using state-of-art thermochemical nonequilibrium models. Two-temperature, four-temperature, and electronic master equation coupling models are adopted in the present work. In the four-temperature and electronic master equation coupling models, the rotational nonequilibrium is described by Parker and modified Park models. Recent electron and heavy particle impacts and radiative transition cross sections and rates are adopted in constructing the electronicmaster equation coupling model. In analyzing shock-tube experiments, the calculated results by the state-of-art thermochemical nonequilibrium models are compared with existing shock-tube data.
Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicine in Dermatology

The genetic basis of many dermatologic diseases is becoming increasingly apparent however its clinical application to an individual patient remains a challenge. This chapter aims to highlight the utility of genetic testing in the setting of screening, diagnosing and counseling patients. Gardner’s syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Cowden syndrome, MEN Syndromes, Ataxia Telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Familial Mediterranean Fever are highlighted as examples of diseases with cutaneous findings where genetic knowledge can help guide clinical care.
Early results of modified fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (mFCR) for patients with previously untreated advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

6599 Background: Recent data reporting results of FCR therapy in previously untreated advanced CLL patients (F-25 mg/m2 d1–3 q 4wk; C-250 mg/m2 d 1–3 q 4wk; R-500 mg/m2 d1 q 4wk for 6 cycles) demon...
The Limited Benefits of Mortgage Renegotiation

Abstract What hampered residential mortgage renegotiation in the wake of the financial crisis? I find that in the early years of the crisis investors expected to recover, on average, only about 2.2% of a mortgage's outstanding balance, relative to foreclosing upon the borrower. As the housing market experiences a rapid decline, the expected gains begin to grow, leading to a higher frequency of loan modifications. Therefore, my findings suggest that insufficient gains to investors reduced their incentive to participate in mortgage renegotiation, thus explaining, in part, the low frequency of loan modification observed during the Great Recession.
Fixed Ratio Discriminated Avoidance: Response Contingencies in Warning Period

Two procedures are described for establishing fixed ratio discriminated lever press avoidance in rats. Common to both procedures was the use of an adjusting ratio response requirement which increased or decreased in accordance with the avoidance performance. In one procedure, shock was delivered at the end of a fixed duration warning period if the required number of responses had not been performed. In the other, procedure shock was delivered if a pause in responding beyond 4.5 sec. during the warning stimulus occurred; highest ratios and number of avoidances per session were obtained with this method. The type of warning signal influenced the results marginally.
Injectable loop recorder implantation in an ambulatory setting by advanced practice providers: Analysis of outcomes.

Introduction Implantable loop recorder (ILR) insertion has historically been performed in a surgical environment such as the electrophysiology (EP) lab. The newest generation loop recorder (Medtronic Reveal LINQ™, Minneapolis, MN, USA) is injectable with potential for implantation in a non-EP lab setting by advanced practice providers (APPs) facilitating improved workflow and resource utilization. We report the safety and efficacy of injectable ILR placement in the ambulatory care setting by APPs. Methods A retrospective review was performed including all patients referred for injectable ILR placement from March 2014 to November 2015. All device placement procedures were performed in an ambulatory care setting using the standard manufacturer deployment kit with sterile technique and local anesthetic following a single dose of intravenous antibiotics. Acute procedural success and complication rates following injectable ILR placement in the ambulatory setting were reviewed. Results During the study period, 125 injectable ILRs were implanted. Acute procedural success with adequate sensing (R-waves ≥ 0.2 mV) occurred in 100% of patients. There were no acute procedural complications. Subacute complications occurred in two patients (1.6% of implantations), including one possible infection treated with oral antibiotics and one device removal due to pain at the implant site. Conclusion In this retrospective single-center study, implantation of injectable ILR in an ambulatory care setting by APPs following a single dose of intravenous antibiotics and standard manufacturer technique yielded a low complication rate with high acute procedural success. Use of this implantation strategy may improve EP lab workflow while providing a safe and effective technique for device placement.
Mortgage Interest and Property Tax Deduction: A Tax Expenditure Analysis

The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada proposed two income tax deductions: (1) a home mortgage interest deduction, and (2) a property tax deduction. These two deductions have existed in the United States since the early days of the income tax. If the Canadian government wants to subsidize homeowners’ mortgage interest and property taxes, it can either provide a deduction or a direct subsidy. This article analyzes the decision by outlining factors to consider when making this choice. The first section explains the three main criticisms of these deductions as tax expenditures in the United States: cost, inequity, and inefficiency. The next section reveals the erroneous argument that these deductions are necessary to provide equity between renters and homeowners. The article concludes by explaining the political nature of the decision, and some alternative methods of encouraging homeownership outside of tax incentives.
Hukou system effects on migrant children’s education in China: Learning from past disparities:

Without an urban hukou, or registered residency status, migrant workers in China have experienced an urban–rural cultural divide. Rural workers who migrate to urban areas are socially excluded from...
Sorority Membership and Sexual Victimization: An Examination of Potential Mediators of the Association.

This study examined putative mediators of the association between sorority membership and sexual victimization among 718 women who were enrolled in their first year of college. Data were collected ...
Intriguing aspects of strangeness production at CERN energies

Strange particle production in pp, pA and AA collisions at CERN SPS energies is reviewed. First results from Pb beam experiments are briefly presented. The emerging picture (still incomplete) is discussed.
Ligand Control of Supramolecular Chloride Photorelease.

Supramolecular assembly is shown to provide control over excited-state chloride release. Two dicationic chromophores were designed with a ligand that recognizes halide ions in CH2Cl2 and a luminescent excited state whose dipole was directed toward, 12+, or away, 22+, from an associated chloride ion. The dipole orientation had little influence on the ground-state equilibrium constant, Keq ∼ 4 × 106 M–1, but induced a profound change in the excited-state equilibrium. Light excitation of [12+,Cl–]+ resulted in time-dependent shifts in the photoluminescence spectra with the appearance of biexponential kinetics consistent with the photorelease of Cl–. Remarkably, the excited-state equilibrium constant was lowered by a factor of 20 and resulted in nearly 45% dissociation of chloride. In contrast, light excitation of [22+,Cl–]+ revealed a 45-fold increase in the excited-state equilibrium constant. The data show that rational design and supramolecular assembly enables the detection and photorelease of chloride io...
Understanding Emergent Processes within New Product Development Teams

A firm’s development of innovation in products and services are critical for sustaining a competitive advantage but new product development failure rate in various industries still remains relatively high. New processes emerge during product development due to the uncertainty of the requirements and the diversity of the product development team. Unstructured processes emerge through the social processes of the team. We propose a theoretical conceptualization of social processes within a New Product Development (NPD) virtual team which interact with existing decision processes and the organizational structure to influence the formation of emergent processes. Our paper can help firms develop policies that can better support product development teams. This can help reduce the failure rate of product development which in turn will help the firm sustain a competitive advantage.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SYMMETRY AND TOPOLOGY OF POSSIBLE CARBON ALLOTROPE STRUCTURES

Elemental carbon has recently been shown to form molecular polyhedral allotropes known as fullerenes in addition to the familiar graphite and diamond known since antiquity. Such fullerenes contain polyhedral carbon cages in which all vertices have degree 3 and all faces are either pentagons or hexagons. All known fullerenes are found to satisfy the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) in which all pentagonal faces are completely surrounded by hexagons so that no two pentagonal faces share an edge. The smallest fullerene structures satisfying the IPR are the known truncated icosahedral C60 of I h symmetry and ellipsoidal C70 of D 5h symmetry. The multiple IPR isomers of families of larger fullerenes such as C76, C78, C82 and C84 can be classified into families related by the so-called pyracylene transformation based on the motion of two carbon atoms in a pyracylene unit containing two linked pentagons separated by two hexagons. Larger fullerenes with 3ν vertices can be generated from smaller fullerenes with ν vertices through a so‐called leapfrog transformation consisting of omnicapping followed by dualization. The energy levels of the bonding molecular orbitals of fullerenes having icosahedral symmetry and 60n 2 carbon atoms can be approximated by spherical harmonics. If fullerenes are regarded as constructed from carbon networks of positive curvature, the corresponding carbon allotropes constructed from carbon networks of negative curvature are the polymeric schwarzites. The negative curvature in schwarzites is introduced through heptagons or octagons of carbon atoms and the schwarzites are constructed by placing such carbon networks on minimal surfaces with negative Gaussian curvature, particularly the so-called P and D surfaces with local cubic symmetry. The smallest unit cell of a viable schwarzite structure having only hexagons and heptagons contains 168 carbon atoms and is constructed by applying a leapfrog transformation to a genus 3 figure containing 24 heptagons and 56 vertices described by the German mathematician Klein in the 19th century analogous to the construction of the C60 fullerene truncated icosahedron by applying a leapfrog transformation to the regular dodecahedron. Although this C168 schwarzite unit cell has local O h point group symmetry based on the cubic lattice of the D or P surface, its larger permutational symmetry group is the PSL(2,7) group of order 168 analogous to the icosahedral pure rotation group, I, of order 60 of the C60 fullerene considered as the isomorphous PSL(2,5) group. The schwarzites, which are still unknown experimentally, are predicted to be unusually low density forms of elemental carbon because of the pores generated by the infinite periodicity in three dimensions of the underlying minimal surfaces.
Empathetic and Moral

Serving-first focuses on creating greater meaning and fulfillment, greater relational engagement, greater personal, group, organization, and community transformation—in short greater personal and collective human flourishing. This chapter addresses moral authority within the context of empathy and compassion, integrity and responsibility, forgiveness and healing, and the complex concept of humility. Promoting community at Stages III and IV is reflective of a profoundly relational approach to leadership and is grounded in the development of an independence–interdependence dynamic. The dynamic is introduced as a developmental outgrowth from a profoundly relational awareness that the drive for self-actualization can only occur within a supportive and flourishing collective actualization. Finally, congruence and harmony supported by systems thinking are posed as primary guiding values for Stage IV development.
New Areas of Interest: Is There a Role for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Patients With Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease?

Summarize studies on omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of albuminuria in subjects with diabetes. Several small, short-term trials suggested benefit on albuminuria in subjects with diabetes; however, results were not definitive. Welty et al. showed that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 1 year slowed progression of early-stage albuminuria in subjects with diabetes with clinical coronary artery disease on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker, the majority of whom had an albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) 30 μg/mg to 30).
Optical Networks in Edge Clouds: Energy and Application Dimensions

Optical networks provide capacity and low latency that can enable new edge cloud computing based applications, including 5G baseband processing, personal computing, and connected vehicles. The role of optical networks in these applications is examined and the efficiency of the associated networks is reviewed.
Customer relationship management technology: bridging the gap between marketing education and practice

The recent machine learning and analytics advances in customer relationship management (CRM) technologies place new demands on marketing education and practitioners to develop the skills needed to use the technology. Compounding the issue, research on the use of technology in sales curriculum is underdeveloped. In a comprehensive review of the sales education literature, one study identified that only six articles on sales technology were published in major marketing education journals from 1979 to 2013. In an effort to bridge the gap between critical industry competencies and marketing curriculum, understanding the impact of technology use and training is important for educational planning and student development. Using a survey of 82 salespeople in the United States, the current study empirically evaluates how use of technologically advanced CRM features influences self-perception of CRM knowledge, the perception that additional technology training would be beneficial, and adaptive selling performance of sales practitioners. A majority of survey respondents in the current study cited a need for college students to receive increased exposure to advanced CRM technology training and skill development. We propose an experiential learning approach to teach marketing college students advanced CRM features to help them bolster their effectiveness and value in the workplace.
2538 Current Methods of Tissue Extraction in Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment of Uterine Fibroids

Study Objective Since the 2014 Food and Drug Administration warnings regarding the use of power morcellation, gynecologists have adopted multiple alternative tissue extraction strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate the current techniques used by minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons for tissue extraction following minimally invasive hysterectomy for fibroids. Design Web-based survey. Setting N/a Patients or Participants Current AAGL members were sent a link to access the survey, which was available from March 26, 2019 to April 17, 2019. Interventions N/a. Measurements and Main Results 420 respondents completed the survey. The most common methods of tissue extraction were manual morcellation through the colpotomy (72.4%) and mini-laparotomy (66.9%). 31.7% of all participants endorsed the use of power morcellation. Intact specimen removal through a laparotomy was reported by 10% of respondents. Other methods of tissue extraction, such as intra-abdominal manual morcellation with a laparoscopic scalpel, were reported by 1.4%. Use of containment bags was reported by 43.4% during vaginal morcellation, 83.6% during mini-laparotomy, and 56.8% during power morcellation. Mini-laparotomies were on average 3.5cm and most commonly located at the umbilicus. Geographic differences were seen with respect to power morcellation, with 18.4% of US-based surgeons reporting its use compared to 56.9% of non-US-based surgeons. Conclusion Minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons are currently employing a variety of tissue extraction strategies for hysterectomy for fibroids. A large majority of practitioners are performing manual morcellation through the colpotomy and/or mini-laparotomy; use of containment bags is more common with during mini-laparotomy than via colpotomy. Power morcellation is still in use, less commonly in the United States than in other countries, and usually within a containment system.
An Examination of Ohio Principals’ Attitudes toward Technology and First Amendment Law: Implications for Leadership:

Principals have acknowledged the challenges with remaining current on issues in the law. A unique challenge for principals is the intersection of students’ First Amendment rights in the school cont...
Discovery of TBC1D7 as a Potential Driver for Melanoma Cell Invasion

Metastasis is the leading cause for mortality in melanoma patients. Here, an unbiased mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic method is utilized to assess differential protein expression in a matched pair of primary/metastatic melanoma cell lines (i.e., WM-115/WM-266-4) derived from the same patient. It is found that TBC1D7 is overexpressed in metastatic over primary melanoma cells, and elevated expression of TBC1D7 promotes the invasion of these melanoma cells in vitro, partly through modulating the activities of secreted matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Additionally, interrogation of publicly available data show that higher mRNA expression of TBC1D7 predicts poorer survival in melanoma patients. Together, the results suggest TBC1D7 as a driver for melanoma cell invasion, which is an important element in melanoma metastasis. The proteomic data generated from this study may also be useful for exploring the roles of other proteins in melanoma metastasis.
Stochastic Stability of Short-Run Market Equilibrium: A Comment

S. J. Turnovsky, in a recent article in this Journal,' has considered the stochastic stability of the cobweb model, under alternative assumptions regarding (price) expectational hypotheses. This is certainly a welcome contribution since earlier works on the cobweb ignored the stochastic disturbances in analyzing the stability conditions. Indeed, the technique he employs in his analysis is quite novel and is a direct application of a theorem first proved by R. S. Bucy.2 Roughly, the technique consists in choosing a suitable (positive-valued) Liapunov function of the variables (taken as deviations from their equilibrium values) of interest as arguments and investigating the conditions under which that function is a nonnegative supermartingale. These conditions in fact are the stochastic stability conditions; and when they hold, the origin is asymptotically stable with probability one (w.p.1) for these argument variables. Turnovsky has employed the above technique in investigating the stochastic stability properties of the following short-run equilibrium market equation:
Evaluation of a Hypoxia Regulated Gene Panel in Ovarian Cancer

A panel of nine hypoxia regulated genes, selected from a previously published fifty gene panel, was investigated for its ability to predict hypoxic ovarian cancer phenotypes. All nine genes including vascular endothelial growth factor A, glucose transporter 1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, lactate dehydrogenase A, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha-polypeptide 1, adrenomedullin, N-myc downstream regulated 1, aldolase A, and carbonic anhydrase 9 were upregulated in the HEY and OVCAR-3 human ovarian cell lines cultured in vitro under hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions as measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The gene panel was also elevated in HEY xenograft tumor tissue compared to HEY cells cultured in normoxia. The HEY xenograft tissue demonstrated heterogeneous positive immunohistochemical staining for the exogenous hypoxia biomarker pimonidazole, and the hypoxia regulated protein carbonic anhydrase IX. A quantitative nuclease protection assay (qNPA) was developed which included the nine hypoxia regulated genes. The qNPA assay provided similar results to those obtained using qRT-PCR for cultured cell lines. The qNPA assay was also evaluated using paraffin embedded fixed tissues including a set of five patient matched primary and metastatic serous cancers and four normal ovaries. In this small sample set the average gene expression was higher in primary and metastatic cancer tissue compared to normal ovaries for the majority of genes investigated. This study supports further evaluation by qNPA of this gene panel as an alternative or complimentary method to existing protein biomarkers to identify ovarian cancers with a hypoxic phenotype.
When 1 + 1 ≠ 2

Squatting on the white sandbanks of the Xingu River, Chief Carandine Juruna carefully sorts out the bamboo arrows he has just exchanged for pottery with the upriver Kayabi. As he sets aside the different fish, game, and bird-hunting weapons, according to specific arrowheads, the 60-year-old man makes sure each household that contributed with animal-shaped clay pots receives its share of goods.
Why Such High Serum Levels of Vitamin A

The article by Glueck et at . 1 dealing with the effect of cholestyramine and of diet therapy on the level of plasma vitamin A in familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia patients is somewhat disturbing because of the reported high levels of vitamin A found in the plasma of both normal and type II children. In Table I of the article the vitamin A levels are reported in µmol/liter. Converting these values to the more familiar notation, µg/dl, one obtains the results shown in Table I.
The Great Human Capital Reallocation: An Empirical Analysis of Occupational Mobility in Transitional Russia

This paper employs the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, a nationwide panel, to inquire into the magnitude, determinants, and consequences of occupational moility in Russia from 1985 to 1998. We show that the restructuring process leads to a higher rate of occupational reallocation. Structural changes account for the substantial part of the increase in gross occupational flows. A model built in the paper outlines the major explanatory factors of increased mobility during transition. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the destruction of existing jobs and occupations and the creation of new opportunities are important explanations for increased occupational mobility in transitional Russia. The econometric results also indicate that the local outside opportunities and the scales of structural change largely determine the probability of occupational switching.
Sources of and Solutions for Southern Agricultural Risk: The View from the Coast

Ray et al. have examined the national agricultural sector impacts of the 1996 FAIR Act using a stochastic simulation model based on the Policy Analysis System (POLYSYS). The model outcomes are predictions of various economic measures, including the coefficient of variation of net returns for corn, wheat, soy-beans, and cotton. Then Knutson et al. use the results of the Ray et al. simulations to predict the distribution of net farm income over the next 10 years for several types of representative southern farms. Any attempt to measure the changes in riskiness in southern agriculture is commendable—even heroic—and I applaud these efforts, both the national modeling effort by Ray et al. and the application to southern representative farms by Knutson et al. This task has a lot in common, I think, with trying to “tease out” the temperature changes associated with the greenhouse effect. The number of factors and mechanisms at work is mind-boggling. It's tough enough to try to get a handle on what might happen to the first moment of net farm income over the next 10 years, let alone the second.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with worse cognitive performance and lower bone density in older African Americans.

Background Vitamin D deficiency is common in older adults and is more prevalent among persons with darker pigmented skin. The detrimental effects of vitamin D deficiency on the bone are widely known; however, recent data suggest that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to other disorders, including low mood, cognitive impairment, and impaired mobility. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonskeletal diseases such as depression, cognitive impairment, and physical disability, which have been associated with vitamin D deficiency, are more commonly seen in older African Americans. Design In a cross-sectional study of 60 older adults (30 African Americans and 30 European Americans), vitamin D status, cognitive performance, physical performance, and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed. Differences between groups and differences between those with vitamin D deficiency and those with normal vitamin D levels were tested. Results African Americans had a lower mean 25-hydroxyvi-tamin D level (17.98 ng/ml; SD, 6.9) compared to European Americans (25.20 ng/ml; SD, 7.0; p p = .016); the Physical Performance Test (PPT) (27.00 vs 28.96; p = .039); and had lower BMD (0.823 vs 0.914; p = .005) and t scores (-1.29 vs -0.72; p = .008) of the hip. Among African Americans, vitamin D deficiency was associated with worse cognitive performance and lower BMD of the hip. Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency in older African Americans was associated with worse cognitive performance and lower BMD of the hip.
Pathogenesis of a Marek's Disease Virus Mutant Lacking vIL-8 in Resistant and Susceptible Chickens

A homologue of interleukin-8, viral interleukin-8 (vIL-8) has been identified in the genome of Marek's disease virus (MDV). This protein attracts peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro although its role in the pathogenesis of Marek's disease (MD) is not known. P chickens, genetically susceptible to MD, and N chickens, genetically resistant to the disease, were inoculated with either RB1B MDVor RB1BvIL-8smGFP, a vIL8 knockout RB1B MDV, to assess the role of vIL8 in the pathogenesis of MD. The tumor incidence was highest in the P birds given the RBIB virus, where the incidence was 100%. Tumor incidence in N birds given RB1B was 41.5%. Thirty-one percent of the P birds given RB1BvIL-8smGFP developed tumors, and no N bird given RB1BvIL-8smGFP developed tumors. Histologically, the tumors from RB1B-inoculated birds were larger and more invasive and had a more homogeneous cellular composition than those from RB1BvIL-8smGFP-inoculated birds, which were best described as microtumors. These microtumors did not obliterate the normal architecture of the tissues, and in contrast to the RBIB tumors, moderate numbers of heterophils were admixed with the proliferating lymphocytes. Susceptible birds receiving RB1B had the highest viral titers throughout the study, followed by the resistant birds inoculated with RB1B. P and N birds receiving RB1BvIL-8smGFP virus had consistently lower levels of viremia than their RB1B-inoculated counterparts although virus could be recovered from the birds during all stages of MD. In addition, the RB1BvIL-8smGFP virus was detected in birds held in contact with the inoculated group, although no tumors developed in contact control birds. This result indicates that RB1BvIL-8smGFP replicates in vivo but not as well as RB1B and that vIL8 is not essential for the completion of the pathogenesis of MD.
Multiple Sequential Fraction Collection of Peptides and Glycopeptides by High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract Multiple sequential fraction collection of peptides and glycopeptides by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) under applied voltage has been demonstrated from complex tryptic peptide maps. The collection methodology was adapted from a high-resolution glycopeptide mapping procedure and, as such, requires active temperature control of the sample, electrophoresis vials, and collections vials because the electrophoresis buffer system is highly conductive. Resolution was compromised in the preparative HPCE separation due to heavy sample loading and to reduced voltage. The latter was a requirement for this buffer system in order to control Joule heating at the current levels employed; collections were routinely performed at approximately 1.5 W/m. The collection buffer was optimized by the addition of 12% methanol (v/v), thereby improving collection yields. Tryptic non-glycopeptides were group collected; secondary analysis of the HPCE collections agreed with analytical separations with respect to the number of peptides contained in a given fraction. Sequentially collected peptide fractions were analyzed by Edman sequencing and MALDI mass spectrometry to verify peptide identity and sequence. Consistent peptide sequence or mass measurements were obtained for repeat collections. The isolation of the single pure glycopeptide indicates that unique glycopeptide structures can be collected by HPCE and then analyzed by other methods.
Pulmonary gas exchange in pigs improves in the prone position with abdominal distension

Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood tend to be higher in the prone compared to supine position. Whether similar improvements in gas exchange occur in the presence of abdominal distension is not clear. We studied the effect of position on gas exchange in eight ketamine anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs with abdominal distension. A intraabdominal rubber balloon, was used to increase intraabdominal pressure. Gas exchange was measured in the supine and prone positions, with and without abdominal distension, in random order using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. In presence of normal abdomen, only PaO2 increased (P < 0.05). In contrast, in the prone position with abdominal distension, the PaO2 (P < 0.01) increased and AaPO2 (P < 0.05) and AA/ heterogeneity, indicated by log SD (P < 0.01) and [(a-A)D] area (P < 0.05) were decreased in the prone compared to the supine position. We conclude that the prone position increases PaO2 by improving gas exchange in pigs with abdominal distension.
SI-PD Co-simulation and Co-design Methodology for High Speed Channel

SI-PD co-modeling, co-simulation, and system response optimization are demonstrated that employ passive modeling of signals and power delivery networks to optimize the system response. Decomposition of the system response and system optimization examples are introduced as well.
In situ neutron diffraction study of the plastic deformation mechanisms of B2 ordered intermetallic alloys: NiAl, CuZn, and CeAg

Abstract The internal stress developments of B2 compounds NiAl, CuZn, and CeAg are examined using in situ neutron diffraction. CeAg is a representative of a newly discovered class of fully ordered and ductile B2 compounds. Using polycrystal plasticity modeling to interpret the results, it is revealed that the internal stress evolution of CeAg is nearly identical to that of NiAl, indicating that they share a common primary mechanism of plastic deformation, i.e., {0 1 1} “cube” slip. This result reinforces the dilemma previously observed for rare-earth alloys CuY, AgY, and CuDy, since cube slip provides insufficient independent slip systems to accommodate large-scale homogenous polycrystalline deformation. There is no evidence in the diffraction data of either mechanical twinning or stress-induced phase transformation. The activity of bcc-type { 1 1 ¯ 0 } slip at high stresses is confirmed and a lower bound for the critical resolved shear stress is quantified.
Studies on 4 C Stored Frozen‐Reconstituted Red Blood Cells: I. Bacterial Growth

A knowledge of the growth rates of various organisms at the storage temperature of 4 C in the different suspending media used for red blood cells would aid the extension of the thawed storage time of frozen-reconstituted blood beyond the 24 hours allowed by the Food and Drug Administration. Knowing these rates, a prediction could be made that the growth rate would be sufficiently slow and the unit (sterile or minimally contaminated) could be given safely after a longer storage period. The studies reported show that the pathogenic organisms S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. grow at such a slow rate at 4 C that they do not represent any great hazard to the recipient unless introduced in great numbers. The studies further show that in the process of washing frozen blood the number of organisms is reduced by between one and two orders of magnitude (base 10). Therefore, extension of frozen red blood cell storage life to at least 72 hours should be considered.
Introduced species of mole crickets in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Seven species of mole crickets have been introduced accidentally into the United States (including Hawaii), Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Five species have been introduced into the United States: Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois, G. gryllotalpa L., Scapteriscus abbreviatus Scudder (also introduced into Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands), S. acletus Rehn and Hebard, and S. vicinus Scudder. Two other species have been introduced into Puerto Rico: S. didactylus (Latreille) and S. imitatus Nickle and Castner, a new species described herein. These species have been implicated as pests of agricultural crops, turf, and pasture grass. Finding the homelands of these species is an important first step in locating potential natural enemies that may ultimately resolve the problems associated with mole crickets.
NPO: Ontology for Cancer Nanotechnology Research

We present the design and development of NanoParticle Ontology (NPO). The ontology is implemented in the Ontology Web Language (OWL). The domain terms in NPO currently represent entities, which describe knowledge about physical, chemical, and functional properties of nanoparticles characterized in cancer nanotechnology research. The upper-level of NPO is formed using terms from the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO).
Meeting of minds : how do we share our appreciation of traditional environmental knowledge?

L'ethnographie, c'est « ecrire la culture ». Il faut pour cela traduire les termes de la comprehension de l'exotique au familier. Si la culture est, en grande partie au moins, « ce qu'il faut savoir... pour agir... dans une societe donnee », l'ethnographie doit transmettre un corpus significatif de connaissances exotiques elaborees dans une langue etrangere, eclairant les lecteurs tout en attirant leur attention sur les details des vies decrites. La contribution principale de l'ethnobiologie consiste a montrer que les connaissances traditionnelles de l'environnement ou l'histoire naturelle locale sont indispensables pour comprendre la culture, du moins dans les societes en majeure partie rurales qui ont ete le plus souvent decrites. Les ethnobiologistes partagent avec leurs sujets d'etude une fascination pour l'histoire naturelle et, de ce fait, une comprehension de leurs connaissances ecologiques. En revanche, le public de l'ethnographie est principalement urbain et moderne, et sait bien peu de choses de l'histoire naturelle. La difficulte est double, voire triple: il faut non seulement porter des modes de vie exotiques a la connaissance du public, mais aussi lui ouvrir les yeux sur les merveilles de l'histoire naturelle, en traduisant dans un langage commun une conversation technique entre les biologistes modernes et leurs sujets d'etude. Je proposerai quelques suggestions sur la maniere dont nous pourrions nous y prendre, basees sur mes propres lectures et travaux d'ecriture ethnographiques.
Argument Maps Improve Critical Thinking

Computer-based argument mapping greatly enhances student critical thinking, more than tripling absolute gains made by other methods. I describe the method and my experience as an outsider. Argument mapping often showed precisely how students were erring (for example: confusing helping premises for separate reasons), making it much easier for them to fix their errors.
Electron irradiation induced phase separation in a sodium borosilicate glass

Abstract Electron irradiation induced phase separation in a sodium borosilicate glass was studied in situ by analytical electron microscopy. Distinctly separate phases that are rich in boron and silicon formed at electron doses higher than 4.0 × 1011 Gy during irradiation. The separated phases are still in amorphous states even at a much high dose (2.1 × 1012 Gy). It indicates that most silicon atoms remain tetrahedrally coordinated in the glass during the entire irradiation period, except some possible reduction to amorphous silicon. The particulate B-rich phase that formed at high dose was identified as amorphous boron that may contain some oxygen. Both ballistic and ionization processes may contribute to the phase separation.
METABOLISM OF DIHYDROXYACETONE IN RAT LIVER PREPARATIONS.

ARLIER LITERATURE on the utilization of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) by the intact animal has been well d0cumented.l Recent work with C14labeled DHA shows that this triose is oxidized by the intact rat.2 In contrast to the large number of studies on utilization of DHA by man and animal, little has been reported on work with tissue preparations. Contradiction resulted from the first attempts to determine the metabolic fate of DHA in tissue preparations.“-” Conversion of DHA to hexose in the liver slice of the rat has been reported. R More recently, oxidati\re phosphorylation of DHA has been demonstrated along with a number of carbohydrates and intermediates.? Phosphorylating enzymes with activity for trioses have also been described.s-10 However, in none of these studies was the specific measurement of the disappearance of DHA or the identification of the product(s) of the reaction made. Therefore, we have undertaken a direct approach to elucidate the metabolic fate of DHA in the liver homogenate of the rat. In order to establish the metabolic fate of DHA, methods for the analysis of DHA were devised.‘*zl” C14-labeled DHA was prepared and the over-all effect of DHA administration to intact normal and diabetic rats was observed.2J3 This paper describes our study on the influence of the other metabelites and inhibitors, identification and stochiometry of the metabolic products of DHA. From these studies, a metabolic pathway for DHA has been established. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chemicals: The chemicals used are listed below with their source; they were not further purified except the lithium and calcium salts of organic acids which were freed of cations by passing through a Dowex-50 ( H+ ) column. Dihydroxyacetone (Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.), dihydroxyacetone phosphate (California Corporation for Biochemical Research), NAD (Nutritional Biochemical Co.), glucose and inorganic chemicals ( Mallinckrodt Chemical Works), iodoacetic acid and sodium EDTA (Distillation Products), lithium hydroxypyruvate (K & K Laboratories), sodium lactate-l-Cl4 (Nuclear Chicago Corp.). Those chemicals not listed here were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. DHA-1, 3-Cl4 was synthesized as described previously.2
Time Domain Reflectometry for Compaction Control of Stabilized Soils

Chemical stabilization is widely used in geotechnical engineering to improve the engineering properties of geomaterials. The interaction between the stabilizers and soil particles changes the physicochemical structure of these materials and increases their performance. Water content and density are the indicators used in field practice for construction quality control of the stabilized soils. The nuclear method is currently the preferred technology for field measurement of water content and dry density in geotechnical engineering. However, the nuclear method has been found to give inaccurate results when used on stabilized soils. Researchers at Purdue University developed a procedure to measure soil water content and dry density using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Tests performed on conventional soils indicate that this procedure is accurate and fast. The feasibility of this technology on the stabilized soils was investigated; the preliminary conclusion was that TDR achieves satisfactory accuracy. In a...
Binocular eye movements not coordinated during REM sleep

Rapid eye movements (REMs) are a defining characteristic of REM sleep during which vivid dreams occur. It has been suggested that REMs may be binocularly coordinated and related to "watching" dream images. For the first time, binocular eye movements were recorded during natural REM sleep in monkeys to test the conjugate nature of the oculomotor system and the "scanning hypothesis" of REMs during sleep. During REM sleep, the lines of sight of the two eyes are frequently misaligned up to 30 degrees horizontally and/or vertically. Since the lines of sight usually don't intersect, there is no fixation point. Instead, each eye is aimed at a different part of the visual field during REM sleep. Furthermore, REMs are not usually conjugate, but are disjunctive or even monocular in horizontal or vertical directions. These data argue against the idea that REMs actually "track" dream images, unless each eye is watching its own dream! Binocular misalignment and disjunctive (even monocular) REMs during sleep suggest that separate left eye and right eye pathways generate saccades in each eye and control the position of each eye. Binocular coordination cannot be the passive result of anatomical connectivity as has been argued previously, but instead must result from a high-level process associated with the awake state that coordinates activity in left-eye and right-eye pathways. Hering's law of equal innervation is not consistent with these data.