cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between accelerated glacier mass wastage and increased summer temperature in coastal regions

Abstract Low-elevation glaciers in coastal regions of Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, individual ice caps around the Greenland ice sheet, and the Patagonia Ice Fields have an aggregate glacier area of about 332 × 103 km2 and account for approximately 42% of all the glacier area outside the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. They have shown volume loss, especially since the end of the 1980s, increasing from about 45% in the 1960s to nearly 67% in 2003 of the total wastage from all glaciers on Earth outside those two largest ice sheets. Thus, a disproportionally large contribution of coastal glacier ablation to sea level rise is evident. We examine cumulative standardized departures (1961–2000 reference period) of glacier mass balances and air temperature data in these four coastal regions. Analyses indicate a strong association between increases in glacier volume losses and summer air temperature at regional and global scales. Increases in glacier volume losses in the coastal regions also coincide with an ac...
Quantification of three-dimensional dynamics of intercellular geometry under mechanical loading using a weighted directional adaptive-threshold method

Capturing and quantifying dynamic changes in three-dimensional cellular geometries on fast time scales is a challenge because of mechanical limitations of imaging systems as well as of the inherent tradeoffs between temporal resolution and image quality. We have combined a custom high-speed two-photon microscopy approach with a novel image segmentation method, the weighted directional adaptive-threshold (WDAT), to quantify the dimensions of intercellular spaces of cells under compressive stress on timescales previously inaccessible. The adaptation of a high-speed two-photon microscope addressed the need to capture events occurring on short timescales, while the WDAT method was developed to address artifacts of standard intensity-based analysis methods when applied to this system. Our novel approach is demonstrated by the enhanced temporal analysis of the three-dimensional cellular and extracellular deformations that accompany compressive loading of airway epithelial cells.
Mitogenic response of osteoblast cells to prostate-specific antigen suggests an activation of latent TGF-β and a proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion receptors

During studies of mitogens in prostate, PSA quantities as low as 2.5 ng/mL caused cultured osteoblast cells to proliferate beyond controls (p = 0.05). Investigation of this novel mitogenicity suggested the use of several mechanisms by PSA, namely: 1) the activation of latent hTGF-beta in PC-3 conditioned medium, PSA treated conditioned medium stimulated DNA uptake in UMR-106 cells to 78% of acid treated conditioned medium, while DNA incorporation was less than controls with anti-hTGF-beta neutralizing IgG; and 2) the proteolytic modulation of cell surface receptors with temporary contact inhibition, PSA significantly stimulated cell detachment while hTGF-beta enhanced cell attachment of confluent Saos-2 cells above controls. Clinically, these results suggest that PSA may provide a mechanism for both tumor spread and the osteoblastic metastasis so common to prostate cancer.
Renal SDF-1 signals mobilization and homing of CXCR4-positive cells to the kidney after ischemic injury.

Renal SDF-1 signals mobilization and homing of CXCR4-positive cells to the kidney after ischemic injury. Background Stem cell and leukocyte migration during homeostasis and inflammation is regulated by a number of chemokines. Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 are important mediators of leukocyte homeostasis. The postischemic kidney has been shown to recruit different leukocyte populations, including bone marrow–derived stem cells. Therefore, we investigated the SDF-1/CXCR4 system in the kidney after ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Methods We used immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect SDF-1 and CXCR4 in the normal kidney and the kidney after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) ARF. Mobilization was assessed by flow cytometry for CD34 and colony assays. Results We show that SDF-1 is expressed in the normal mouse kidney and tubular cells express CXCR4. SDF-1 expression in the kidney increases after I/R induced ARF and decreases in the bone marrow, thereby reversing the normal gradient between bone marrow and the periphery. This causes mobilization of CD34-positive cells into the circulation and their subsequent homing to the kidney with ARF. In vitro and in vivo chemotaxis of bone marrow cells toward damaged kidney epithelium is reversibly inhibited by anti-CXCR4 antibodies. Conclusion Our data show that renal SDF-1 is a currently unrecognized mediator of homing to and migration of CXCR4 expressing cells in the injured kidney. Because certain cells that express CXCR4 may have renoprotective effects, our results suggest that SDF-1 may be a major signal involved in kidney repair.
Teaching a distance education version of the technical communication service course : Timesaving strategies

The author has taught a distance education version of the undergraduate technical communication service course at Boise State University since 1997 and shares the strategies he has found to decrease the time instructors spend teaching online, thereby enabling them to use the time they do have to enhance their students' online experience. These strategies are distributed among four areas: management of collaboration, presentation of course material, grading, and interaction with students. For each one, the author presents the problems that may occur and approaches to resolving them. The article addresses a number of concerns expressed in the scholarly literature on distance education and is informed by surveys given to five sections of the author's course taught between 2001 and 2003. Interspersed through the article is an overview of some of the current research and commentary on distance education of particular interest to those teaching the technical communication service course via the Internet.
WE‐D‐332‐02: X‐Ray Spectra Optimization for Dual‐Energy Imaging Using Dual‐Source CT

Purpose: To optimize the filtration of the two x‐ray tubes of a dual‐source CT (DSCT) system in order to achieve better separation between the low and high energy spectra used for dual‐energy imaging, thereby increasing the sensitivity of dual‐energy material discrimination techniques. Method and Materials: The x‐ray spectra used in DSCT were simulated using proprietary software. Additional filtration of the low‐energy spectrum would decrease the number of photons reaching the detector resulting in unacceptable imagenoise. Thus, we reduced the factory‐installed filtration for the 80 kVp spectrum in order to increase the number of low‐energy photons and concentrated our efforts on optimizing the filtration for the high‐energy spectrum. We evaluated 15 filter materials, with the aim of minimizing the overlap between the two spectra. For simplicity, only single‐element materials (nonvolatile, solid at room temperature, machinable, etc.) within the atomic number range 40⩽Z⩽ 83 were considered. The filter thickness was selected in 0.1 mm increments so that the detector signal (integrated energy) at isocenter was similar for both spectra at the same mAs. The difference between mean energies and the ratio of the 140 and 80 kVp detector signals, each integrated below 80 kVp, were evaluated. The optimization was performed for both head and body virtual phantoms. Results: Seven materials were found to perform similarly well at proper thicknesses. Spectral separation was increased from 25.7 to 50.1 keV (head phantom) and 28.6 to 52.6 keV (body phantom). The spectral overlap was reduced from 427% to 5–7% (head) and from 458% to 1–2% (body). Conclusion: Using independent filter materials and thicknesses, separation of the two DSCT spectra used for dual‐energy imaging can be increased by almost a factor of 2 and the spectral overlap reduced by more than a factor of 425. Conflict of Interest: Research partially supported by Siemens Medical Solutions.
The electronic structure of cubic laves phases: ZrZn2

Abstract A simplified model for the calculation of the electronic structure of Laves phase materials is developed that focuses on the effects of d bonds between tetrahedrally coordinated sites. This model is show to be in good agreement with all of the existing data on ZrZn 2 . Indirect evidence for the validity of the model in other systems is sketched.
Acute management of frontal sinus fractures

The proper management of acute frontal sinus fracture relies on early accurate diagnosis and treatment. Missed diagnosis, delayed treatment, and incorrect surgical care may produce life-threatening complications. A surgical plan must be established after careful review of the physical examination and CT scan. An algorithmic approach is utilized to determine the operative treatment. Correct management of the acute frontal sinus fracture will produce an aesthetic and safe frontal sinus that avoids serious complications.
Patterns of coping in racially stressful situations.

A total of 376 White and 156 Black volunteers responded to the Ways of Coping Questionnaire under standard instructions and under instructions to recall a racially stressful event. Significant situational and racial differences were found. Compared with Whites, Blacks engaged in significantly more problem-focused coping and its four components: accepting responsibility, confrontive coping, planfil problem solving, and seeking social support. Blacks also reported more emotion-focused coping and its four components: distancing, escape avoidance, positive reappraisal, and self-control. For both Whites and Blacks, racially stressful situations elicited more confrontive coping but less problem-focused and emotion-focused coping overall. Several interaction effects were also observed. The implications of the results for models of stress are discussed.
Spatiotemporal population distributions and their implications for species coexistence in a variable environment

A population experiences environmental variation both directly, through effects on life history parameters such as fecundity, and indirectly, through effects on the population distributions of competitors and thus on the distribution of competition. Which spatial and temporal scales of environmental variation most influence the coexistence of two species thus depends in part on the degree to which the resident population responds to different scales of variation. In this paper, I calculate an approximation for a spatiotemporal population distribution as the result of a filter function convolved with the environmental variation. I find that there is no straightforward connection between spatial or temporal scales inherent to an organism's life history, such as mean lifetime or dispersal distance, and the population's sensitivity to variation at different scales. Rather, life history traits interact sensitively with the way environmental variation affects the organism. I comment on the implications for variation-mediated coexistence.
Ultrafast MR grid‐tagging sequence for assessment of local mechanical properties of the lungs

While MR imaging with tagged magnetization has shown greatutility in the study of muscle mechanics, the evaluation of pul-monary mechanics has long been hindered by the technicaldifﬁculties in MR imaging of lung parenchyma. In this study, afast MR grid-tagging technique is described for dynamic as-sessment of regional pulmonary deformation. The method isbased on a fast FLASH sequence with short TR and short TE.Tagging was achieved by using double DANTE pulse train orinversion pulses. Our results show that this technique is able todetect changes of the tagging grid caused by physiologicaldeformation of the lung. Quantitative analysis of the data showsthat this method is capable of assessing local pulmonary me-chanics. The application of this technique could improve ourunderstanding of ventilatory control, and thus provide a uniquemetric for assessing pulmonary disorders. Magn Reson Med45:24–28, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: MRI; grid tagging; SPAMM; lung; pulmonary me-chanics
Novel mechanism of fetal hepatocyte injury in congenital alloimmune hepatitis involves the terminal complement cascade

Evidence suggests that most neonatal hemochromatosis (NH) is the phenotypic expression of gestational alloimmune fetal liver injury. Gestational alloimmune diseases are induced by the placental passage of specific reactive immunoglobulin G and often involve the activation of fetal complement by the classical pathway leading to the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) as the effector of cell injury. We examined liver specimens from cases of NH, from cases of non-NH liver disease, and from infants without liver disease to determine if they would provide evidence that MAC is involved in hepatocyte injury. Sections were immunostained with anti-human C5b-9 complex, the terminal complement cascade (TCC) neoantigen formed in the assembly of MAC. Fetal liver injury in NH cases is associated with a severe loss of hepatocytes. In all NH cases examined, most remaining hepatocytes showed intense staining for TCC neoantigen, whereas hepatocytes in non-NH liver disease cases showed variable light staining. The percentage of hepatocytes containing TCC neoantigen in NH was much greater than that in non-NH liver disease, and there was no overlap between the groups. Findings in both groups suggest that hepatocytes have mechanisms to protect against MAC, including a biliary pathway for its excretion. Conclusion: The finding that all cases of proven NH contained TCC neoantigen far in excess of cases of other neonatal liver diseases suggests that a single process, namely congenital alloimmune hepatitis, is the principal cause of NH. MAC-mediated alloimmune injury in congenital alloimmune hepatitis is a novel mechanism of liver injury that results from an interplay of maternal adaptive immunity and fetal innate immunity. HEPATOLOGY 2010
The reproductive-cell cycle theory of aging: An update

The Reproductive-Cell Cycle Theory posits that the hormones that regulate reproduction act in an antagonistic pleiotrophic manner to control aging via cell cycle signaling; promoting growth and development early in life in order to achieve reproduction, but later in life, in a futile attempt to maintain reproduction, become dysregulated and drive senescence. Since reproduction is the most important function of an organism from the perspective of the survival of the species, if reproductive-cell cycle signaling factors determine the rate of growth, determine the rate of development, determine the rate of reproduction, and determine the rate of senescence, then by definition they determine the rate of aging and thus lifespan. The theory is able to explain: 1) the simultaneous regulation of the rate of aging and reproduction as evidenced by the fact that environmental conditions and experimental interventions known to extend longevity are associated with decreased reproductive-cell cycle signaling factors, thereby slowing aging and preserving fertility in a hostile reproductive environment; 2) two phenomena that are closely related to species lifespan—the rate of growth and development and the ultimate size of the animal; 3). the apparent paradox that size is directly proportional to lifespan and inversely proportional to fertility between species but vice versa within a species; 4). how differing rates of reproduction between species is associated with differences in their lifespan; 5). why we develop aging-related diseases; and 6). an evolutionarily credible reason for why and how aging occurs—these hormones act in an antagonistic pleiotrophic manner via cell cycle signaling; promoting growth and development early in life in order to achieve reproduction, but later in life, in a futile attempt to maintain reproduction, become dysregulated and drive senescence (dyosis). In essence, the Reproductive-Cell Cycle Theory can explain aging in all sexually reproductive life forms.
Cutsets and partitions of hypergraphs

A hypergraph is a combinatorial structure with nodes and arcs, similar to an ordinary „linear” graph, except that arcs are incident to arbitrary subsets of nodes, instead of pairs of nodes. Cutsets of hypergraphs are defined in a natural way, and it is shown that optimal cutsets can be found by means of a network flow computation. The optimal cutset computation can be used to generate a family of subsets of nodes, which we call LS sets. Intuitively, an LS set is a subset of nodes that are more strongly connected to each other than to nodes in the complementary set. LS sets are useful for constructing optimal or near-optimal partitions of the nodes. A polynomial-bounded partitioning algorithm is presented, and various applications are suggested.
S34-01 Antineuronal antibodies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparisons in children with OCD-only, OCD + chronic tics and OCD + PANDAS

We will present a comparison of serum antineuronal antibody profiles in children with OCD-only (n=13), PANDAS + OCD (n=20), CTD + OCD (n=23), and age-matched controls (n=29). Detection methods used to evaluate anti-brain antibodies included immunohistochemistry (striatum), ELISA (BA 9/10, BA 11, caudate, and cingulate gyrus), and Western immunoblotting (BA 9/10, BA 11, caudate, and cingulate gyrus). Immunublotting was further used to assess the presence and concentration of putative antigens identified in post-streptococcal patients, i.e., *- and *-enolase, aldolase C, pyruvate kinase M1 and tubulin. Anti-lysoganglioside GM1 activity was measured by competitive inhibition.
Clinically oriented evaluation of family practice teleradiology

This study was designed to provide a clinically oriented evaluation of a commercially available teleradiology system for remote diagnosis in the family practice setting. We sought a technique to determine if the diagnostic report from interpretation of transmitted digitized radiographs differed from the report rendered following interpretation of the original radiograph. Radiographs taken in our Family Medicine Clinic were digitized and transmitted to a display station. One of two ABR certified radiologists interpreted the digitized images and a report was printed. In keeping with our current practice, the radiographs were transmitted by courier for interpretation. Interpretation of the original radiographs was rendered and entered into the medical record. Reports were compared retrospectively and classified as: Class I -- The reports agree; Class II -- The reports disagree without clinical significance; Class III -- The reports disagree with clinical significance. A total of 197 exams were compared, of which approximately half had positive findings on the radiograph. Of the 197 exams considered, the interpretations of digitized and original radiographs agreed in 183 (93%) of the cases. The 14 clinically significant discordant cases were reviewed to ascertain the reason for disagreement. For all 14 cases, both the electronic image and radiographs were interpreted again independently by both radiologists. This analysis demonstrated only 1 case with a Class III disagreement. Thus the interpretations were in agreement for 99.5% of the cases upon review. We believe this methodology is a viable and robust technique for the clinical evaluation of teleradiology systems. The radiologist performs similar and familiar functions in both domains and the technique can be easily implemented in many practice settings. We are encouraged that our results indicate substantial agreement is possible with a relatively inexpensive, commercially available teleradiology system. An expansion of our current study is underway.
Ribosome Initiation Complex Formation with the Pseudoknotted α Operon Messenger RNA

The Escherichia coli α mRNA has a complex pseudoknot secondary structure that forms the recognition site for a translational repressor, ribosomal protein S4, and also encompasses the regulated ribosome binding site. To find out whether the pseudoknot is a stable structure under the conditions of ribosome initiation complex formation, thermal denaturation of the RNA was monitored by calorimetry and ultraviolet light hyperchromicity. The secondary structure formed by the coding region melts in a single transition and has a stability of -7·4 kcal/mol at 37°C (5 mM-Mg2+, 100 mM-Na+, pH 7·0). A broad transition with tm ≈ 38°C may be a rearrangement of pseudoknot secondary or tertiary structure. Using reverse transcriptase primer extension assays ("toeprints") to measure the kinetics of ternary 30 S subunit-tRNAmetf -α mRNA translational initiation complex formation, we find a fast and a slow phase in the reaction. The fraction reacting rapidly is sensitive to temperature and mutations in the mRNA. We interpret these results in terms of "active" and "inactive" mRNA conformation that are trapped by 30 S subunits and react rapidly or slowly with tRNAmetf, respectively; the active form is predominant above 37°C. The binary 30 S-mRNA complex in the inactive form stops MMLV reverse transcriptase near the 3′ edge of the pseudoknot structure, apparently by stabilizing the pseudoknot. We propose the following mechanism for translational initiation with the α mRNA. The intact pseudoknot stimulates 30 S subunit binding, at low temperatures, but prevents proper binding of tRNAmetf. The inactive to active transition of the pseudoknot, which may be related to the 38°C transition seen in melting experiments, is required for tRNAmetf to pair with the anticodon and is rate-limiting for initiation complex formation at lower temperatures. A novel feature of this proposal is that mRNA structure affects a kinetic step in initiation complex formation, as well as ribosome binding affinity.
Random access of nanodevices

Systems containing ultrahigh densities of patterned nanometer scale devices are anticipated to be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to fabricate and access in an error-free fashion using existing technologies. In this work, we show that extremely high densities of on-tube and intertube nonlinear electronic devices are realizable in samples of randomly grown carbon nanotubes. Further we propose and demonstrate a strategy for accessing and exploiting the random collection of nanodevices in such systems.
Unified diagnostic and surgical approach for unstable angina.

Abstract Aortocoronary bypass immediately following catheterization was utilized for management of unstable angina in 77 of 100 consecutive patients; 23 had no operation (10, normal catheterization findings; 6, insufficient disease; 6, poor anatomy; 1, operation delayed). Graft patency was 95% in restudied patients. There were no late deaths and 1 hospital death in the entire group.
Cyclophosphamide-mediated enhancement of antitumor immune potential of immunosuppressed spleen cells from mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor.

We have utilized 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HP-CY) as a probe for the immunomodulatory activity of the metabolites of cyclophosphamide (CY) since 4-HP-CY hydrolyzes spontaneously in aqueous solution to the same metabolites as those formed after in vivo conversion of CY by microsomal enzymes. Exposure of immunosuppressed MOPC-315 tumor bearer spleens to a low concentration of 4-HP-CY (0.1-3.0 micron) resulted in augmented antitumor immune potential. The level of antitumor immune potential exhibited by 4-HP-CY-treated tumor bearer spleen cells was not further augmented but was actually reduced by depletion of glass-adherent cells, a procedure which is effective in removing the cells known to have immunosuppressive activity (i.e. metastatic tumor cells and macrophages) from the spleen of untreated MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice. In fac, 4-HP-CY was superior to depletion of glass-adherent cells in augmenting the antitumor immune potential of immunosuppressed tumor bearer spleen cells. When cells from the primary tumor nodule were incubated with a low concentration of 4-HP-CY which only marginally inhibited their proliferation, the drug completely abolished the suppressive activity of the cells for in vitro generation of antitumor cytotoxicity by normal spleen cells. Moreover, a high level of antitumor cytotoxicity developed when normal spleen cells were cultured in vitro with 4-HP-CY-treated tumor cells at a wide range of ratios of spleen cells to tumor cells. Thus, in the MOPC-315 tumor model, metabolites of CY eliminate the inhibitory effectiveness of splenic suppressor cells and induce the appearance of immunopotentiating activity. The results obtained with 4-HP-CY in vitro provide support for the hypothesis that low-dose CY therapy of mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor leads to the appearance of augmented antitumor immune potential in their hitherto immunosuppressed spleen cells as a result of the in situ immunomodulatory effect of the drug on cells in the spleen.
Co-Branding: The Effects of E-Tailer and Delivery Carrier Familiarity on Price and E-Tailer Perceptions

If high customer satisfaction is attributed for the growth of e-tail sales, trust, or the lack thereof, is one of the most-cited deterrents. While much research has been conducted examining the effect of identity theft, online privacy, and perceived security on consumer trust, order fulfillment and other components of business reliability outside of the security context have received relatively little attention. The present study examines the effect of order fulfillment information cues, via carrier disclosure, on consumer perceptions of e-tailer credibility, price, and product attitude. Results of a between-subjects experiment show that the familiarity of the e-tailer and carrier can positively influence perceptions of e-tailer credibility.
Potentiometric determination of basicity constants in anhydrous formic acid

Abstract A quinhydrone-sodium formate concentration cell in anhydrous formic acid was used for the determination of the relative basicity constants of several very weak bases. With one half-cell serving as the reference electrode, the e.m.f. of the cell was found to be a linear function of the log of the formate ion concentration. The pKb values were obtained for caffeine, theobromine, urea, sodium sulphate, metrazole and nine substituted metrazoles. These values ranged from 0·55 to 2·24.
Use of eigenfunctions in the optimization of the grid for the boundary element method

Abstract A scheme for grid optimization for the boundary element method is developed. The scheme utilizes the functional behavior of unknowns along the boundary. The functional behavior of these unknowns is estimated by a local eigenfunction analysis performed at certain critical points on the boundary. Based on this eigenfunction analysis, the user can construct an optimal grid with certain tolerance, in a preprocessor, before the integral equations are solved. The relationships between this tolerance and two error norms are established through numerical experiments. It is shown that the tolerance provides excellent upper bounds for the error norms. As a result, the user gets an idea about the quality of the solution even before the integral equations are solved.
Backward Monte Carlo modeling for rocket plume base heating

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Energy research of grid scheduling saving electric power

The power system network loss control problem is not only within the region of optimal control problem, but also the area, upper and lower control coordination and cooperation between regional problem. Various network loss how to control and reduce should become great importance problem to current power grid operation department. This paper study of domestic network loss control domain research, summarizes network loss control classification method based on high voltage power system, put forward power loss control methods, to explore in-depth research network loss control method. Analysis and comparison, and verified by calculation example, in order to realize the grid loss control and put forward some measures and suggestions.
PREDICTIVE MEDICINE. VIII. FAMILIAL VERSUS GENETIC FACTORS

Though genetic factors influence health and disease, they are involved less often than supposed. Environmental factors possibly may be an “overlay” in genetic problems. There is reasonable evidence that the environment plays a role in diet, enzymes, the biochemical state, and the clinical picture. Supportive data are presented showing statistically significantly correlations in married couples (who seldom are genetically linked). More emphasis should be placed on environmental factors in predictive medicine programs. Although it may be difficult to alter the environment, it is not as difficult as trying to alter the genetic state.
Message from a human gut symbiont: sensitivity is a prerequisite for sharing

Microbial genome sequencing projects are beginning to provide insights about the molecular foundations of human–bacterial symbioses. The intestine contains our largest collection of symbionts, where members of Bacteroides comprise , 25% of the microbiota in adults. The recently defined proteome of a prominent human intestinal symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , contains an elaborate environmental-sensing apparatus. This apparatus includes an unprecedented number of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) s -factors, and a large collection of novel hybrid two-component systems composed of membrane-spanning periplasmic proteins with histidine kinase, phosphoacceptor, response regulator receiver and DNA-binding domains. These sensors are linked to the organism’s large repertoire of genes involved in acquiring and processing dietary polysaccharides (‘the glycobiome’). This arrangement illustrates how a successful symbiont has evolved strategies for detecting and responding to conditions in its niche so that it can sustain beneficial relationships with its microbial and human partners.
Detection of deep levels in high power semiconductor materials and devices

TSM and other deep level measurement techniques are used to detect, characterize, and identify deep level defects which control lifetime and leakage in semiconductor devices. These measurements are performed on an apparatus which is capable of handling full-sized wafers as well as die-sized devices. Measurements of ''wafer maps'' of the gold acceptor defect density in silicon reveal inhomogeneity in the defect distribution which is directly reflected in the leakage current distribution. The wafer handling capabilities make this apparatus a useful extension of routine fabrication-line diagnostic tools.
Near-infrared Fourier transform photoluminescence spectrometer with tunable excitation for the study of single-walled carbon nanotubes

A fast, sensitive, automated Fourier transform (FT) photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer with tunable excitation has been developed for analyzing carbon nanotube suspensions over a wide spectral range. A commercially available spectrometer was modified by the addition of a tunable excitation source, custom collection optics, and computer software to provide control and automated data collection. The apparatus enables excitation from 400to1100nm and detection from 825to1700nm, permitting the analysis of virtually all semiconducting single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), including those produced by the high pressure carbon monoxide conversion and laser processes. The FT approach provides an excellent combination of high sensitivity and fast measurement. The speed advantage exists because the entire emission spectrum is collected simultaneously, while the sensitivity advantage stems from the high optical throughput. The high sensitivity is demonstrated in the measurement of very dilute SWNT suspensions and the observation of novel spectral features, and the speed is demonstrated by measuring the real-time changes in the SWNT PL during rebundling. This contribution describes the assembly of components, the methods for automating data collection, and the procedures for correcting the wavelength-dependent excitation intensity and the interferometer and detector responses.
Überführung von D-Glucosamin in ein Oxazolin-Derivat des D-Allosamins

Bei der Umsetzung des Mesylats I mit Alkali erfolgt Ringschlus zum Oxazolin-Derivat II. Die Konstitution II wird durch Offnung des Oxazolinringes bewiesen, die zu Derivaten des D-Allosamins fuhrt. Auf die stereochemische Bedeutung des Ringschlusses wird naher eingegangen.
Triple Helix systems: an analytical framework for innovation policy and practice in the Knowledge Society

This paper introduces the concept of Triple Helix systems as an analytical construct that synthesizes the key features of university–industry–government (Triple Helix) interactions into an ‘innovation system’ format, defined according to systems theory as a set of components, relationships and functions. Among the components of Triple Helix systems, a distinction is made between (a) RD (b) ‘single-sphere’ and ‘multi-sphere’ (hybrid) institutions; and (c) individual and institutional innovators. The relationships between components are synthesized into five main types: technology transfer; collaboration and conflict moderation; collaborative leadership; substitution; and networking. The overall function of Triple Helix systems – knowledge and innovation generation, diffusion and use – is realized through a set of activities in the knowledge, innovation and consensus spaces. This perspective provides an explicit framework for the systemic interaction between Triple Helix actors that...
Perceptions of justice afforded by formal grievance systems as predictors of a belief in a just workplace

This study investigates the relationship between workers' perceptions of distributive and procedural justice afforded by a grievance system and their more general belief in an underlying moral order in the workplace. Using samples representing five ocupationally distinct groups, the presence of any moderating effects of occupation received only weak support. Consistent with previous work, however, workers' perceptions of procedural justice (i.e., fairness in the process) were a stronger predictor of workers' belief in workplace justice than were perceptions of distributive justice (i.e., fairness of outcomes).
New Technique for Determining Instantaneous Myocardial Force-Velocity Relations in the Intact Heart

A new technique is described for the instantaneous determination of myocardial force-velocity relationships. The method employs electronic differentiation of the logarithm of intraventricular pressure, which yields a continuous on-line record of (dP/dt)P-1 (the ratio of the rate of rise of ventricular pressure [dP/dt] to the simultaneous ventricular pressure [P]). A further technique is described for the automatic projection of force-velocity vector loops, displaying (dP/dt)P-1 on the ordinate against ventricular pressure on the abscissa in a beat-to-beat fashion. An excellent correlation (r=0.982) was demonstrated between (dP/dt)P-1 determined by conventional methods and that derived electronically by use of the logarithmic amplifier circuit. Experimental studies are described which document the responsiveness of (dP/dt)P-1 determined by the present method to interventions known to affect myocardial contractility. An increase in (dP/dt)P-1 was observed following infusions of CaCl2, norepinephrine, and gl...
Automated Subscores for TOEFL iBT® Independent Essays

The e-rater® automated essay scoring system is used operationally in the scoring of TOEFL iBT® independent essays. Previous research has found support for a 3-factor structure of the e-rater features. This 3-factor structure has an attractive hierarchical linguistic interpretation with a word choice factor, a grammatical convention within a sentence factor, and a fluency factor. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of developing automated subscores for the TOEFL iBT independent task based on this 3-factor structure. First, using a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis, the 3-factor structure was found to be quite stable across major language groups. Next, the subscores based on these 3 factors were found to have added value in the context of repeater examinees by comparing the ability to predict a subscore on one test from the subscore on the other test or from the total e-rater score on the other test. The results of this study could be used to develop and report subscores for the performance of examinees on TOEFL iBT independent prompts. Reporting subscores could have instructional and remedial value, both at the individual and institutional level.
A multimeric assembly factor controls the formation of alternative 20S proteasomes

The proteasome is the central regulatory protease of eukaryotic cells. Heteroheptameric alpha-subunit and beta-subunit rings stack to form the 20S proteasome, which associates with a 19S regulatory particle (RP). Here we show that two yeast proteins, Pba3 and Pba4, form a previously unidentified 20S proteasome-assembly chaperone. Pba3-Pba4 interacts genetically and physically with specific proteasomal alpha subunits, and loss of Pba3-Pba4 causes both a reduction and a remodeling of cellular proteasomes. Notably, mutant cells accumulate proteasomes in which a second copy of the alpha4 subunit replaces alpha3. 20S proteasome-assembly defects also are associated with altered RP assembly; this unexpected result suggests that the 20S proteasome can function as an RP-assembly factor in vivo. Our data demonstrate that Pba3-Pba4 orchestrates formation of a specific type of proteasome, the first example of a trans-acting factor that controls assembly of alternative proteasomal complexes.
THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ON THE THERMAL STABILITY AND ACTIVITY OF MANGANESE PEROXIDASE

The presence of micromolar Ca2+ efficiently prevented the thermal inactivation of manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The amount of Ca2+ normally present in the enzyme decreased when the enzyme was thermally inactivated and EGTA increased the rate of inactivation. The inactivation kinetics were biphasic, suggesting a sequential two-step process. The rate of inactivation during the second, slower step corresponded to the rate of loss of heme from the enzyme. Thermally inactivated manganese peroxidase could be readily reactivated in the presence of excess Ca2+. However, as the time of thermal incubation increased and the amount of remaining heme decreased, the amount of enzyme activity recovered decreased. Therefore, while both steps of denaturation could be prevented by Ca2+, only one step could be reversed upon the addition of Ca2+. It is proposed that the first step of denaturation involves the loss of Ca2+ which causes conformational changes resulting in the loss of manganese peroxidase activity. The second step is believed to involve further structural loss and results in the loss of heme from the enzyme. It is concluded that manganese peroxidase is susceptible to thermal inactivation because it contains relatively labile Ca2+ ions required for stability and activity.
Adaptive Extrusion Force Control of Freeze-Form Extrusion Fabrication Processes

Freeze-form extrusion fabrication is an additive manufacturing process that extrudes high solids loading aqueous ceramic pastes in a layer-by-layer fashion below the paste freezing temperature for component fabrication. Due to effects, such as the air bubble release, agglomerate breakdown, and change in paste properties during extrusion as a result of liquid phase migration, the extrusion force is difficult to control. In this paper, an adaptive controller is proposed to regulate the extrusion force. Recursive least-squares is used to estimate the extrusion force model parameters during fabrication and a low-order control scheme capable of tracking general reference trajectories is designed and implemented to regulate the extrusion process. The controller is implemented for sinusoidal reference trajectories and the results demonstrate excellent tracking performance of the adaptive extrusion force controller. Several parts were fabricated with the adaptive extrusion force controller. These results illustrate the need for extrusion force control and that variable reference extrusion force profiles are required to fabricate complex features.
Tricuspid valve papillary fibroelastoma: Echocardiographic characterization

We report a tricuspid valve papillary fibroelastoma initially detected by transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography and subsequently characterized by transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography. The mass was excised during open heart operation, and the diagnosis was verified grossly and histopathologically. Transesophageal echocardiography usually provides images far superior to those from transthoracic echocardiography and may be a useful adjunct for intraoperative localization of intracardiac tumors for excision.
Continuum modeling of charged vacancy migration in elastic dielectric solids, with application to perovskite thin films

Abstract A continuum theory describing the behavior of dielectric materials containing mobile, electrically charged vacancies is formulated. The theory is implemented to simulate diffusion, at the nanometer scale, of oxygen vacancies in acceptor-doped barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films in the paraelectric state. In the simulations, charged vacancies coalesce into boundary layers of large concentration at potential-free interfaces, with increases in the local electric field intensity emerging near such boundaries. Upon relating this increase to a reduction in the energy barrier for charge transmission from film to electrode at the interface, and accepting an inverse relationship between the concentrations of doping elements and mobile oxygen vacancies, the model shows agreement with observed trends of decreasing current losses with increased doping.
Thermoelastic stability of duplex heat exchanger tubes

Abstract When duplex tubes are used for heat exchange purposes, thermal distortion affects the contact pressure and, hence, the thermal contact resistance at the interface. The resulting coupling between the thermal and thermoelastic fields for the system can lead to instability and non-uniqueness of the steady-state solution and, hence, to erratic heat transfer performance. Stability of the system is investigated by determining the conditions under which a small (axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric) perturbation on the steady state can grow exponentially in time. Substitution into the governing heat conduction and thermoelastic equations enables the unknown functions to be determined except for a set of arbitrary constants, which are then determined from the thermal and mechanical boundary conditions, including a statement of the relation between thermal contact resistance and pressure, linearized for small perturbations about the steady state. Results are presented for a range of material combinations and for both directions of steady state heat flux. It is shown that unstable axisymmetric perturbations can only occur for inward heat flow and, hence, the stability boundary for outward heat flow is always associated with a non-axisymmetric mode. In the latter case, the circumferential wavelength of the critical mode is generally about twice the tube thickness and a good approximation to the stability boundary can be obtained using previously published results for the stability of two plane layers in thermoelastic contact. For inward heat flow, the critical heat flux for axisymmetric perturbations is independent of the mean contact resistance, whereas that for non-axisymmetric modes increases with contact resistance. Thus, the stability boundary in this case is determined by non-axisymmetric modes for small values of contact resistance and by axisymmetric modes for large contact resistance.
Foreign Language Education at Elementary Schools in Japan: Searching for Solutions Amidst Growing Diversification

Hoping to achieve the current Japanese administration's goals of decentralisation and privatisation, the Japanese government has granted substantial latitude to local governments and individual schools as part of its recent reform of foreign language education. In introducing English at elementary schools, micro-language policies have been actively enacted at the local level along with slow but somewhat tactical top-down policies. The driving force behind the implementation of English in Japanese elementary schools is not simply a desire to prepare students for a global economy but also a result of multiple social and political factors. The most fundamental challenges that EES in Japan currently faces relate to issues of equity and growing diversity.