cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing a Health-System's Use of Unfractionated Heparin to Ensure Optimal Anticoagulation

Background: Although unfractionated heparin (UH) dosing nomograms have proven to be superior to standard dosing, the latter remains the mainstay at our institution. We hypothesize that the incorporation of technology integrated with a decision support algorithm will facilitate the use of a UH nomogram by clinicians. Objective: To critically appraise the steps involved with the use of UH, create a decision support algorithm to aid in the management of UH, and determine whether the use of this algorithm can improve achievment of rapid and safe anticoagulation compared with the current standard of care. Methods: We analyzed the steps involved with the use of UH and subsequently reviewed the medical literature for risk factors for bleeding that patients may harbor when initiating UH. Based on this information, we designed a computerized physician order entry (CPOE), factor-based, weight-adjusted decision support algorithm with the primary goal of minimizing the risk of bleeding while optimizing and ensuring optimal anticoagulation. We compared the CPOE strategy with our current standard of care. Results: The CPOE factor-based dosing strategy significantly improved the rates and decreased the time to achieving an initial activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) that was ≥60 seconds compared with the control group. At the time of first aPTT measurement, the CPOE factor-based group achieved a 92.9% therapeutic rate compared with the standard heparin dosing group, which achieved a 60.8% therapeutic rate (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The institution of a CPOE factor-based dosing strategy in collaboration with pharmacists' interventions optimizes anticoagulation treatment with UH.
The spleen in the spleen syndrome: The association of splenoma with hematopoietic and neoplastic disease—compendium of cases since 1864

Splenomas have been described as benign congenital growths. We report six cases of splenomas, all in males. Three had hairy cell leukemia, one had Hodgkin's disease, and one had myeloid metaplasia. Average splenic weight was 1629 gm, and all had multiple splenomas (average diameter 1.89 cm). Splenomas bulged above the cut splenic surface, were pseudoencapsulated, and showed involvement of the underlying disease. A re-evaluation of 105 prior cases are adult (86%; age: 49), with 56% associated with neoplastic disease or hematologic abnormalities. Average spleen weight was 626 gm, and 22% contained multiple splenomas. We conclude that splenomas are most likely an acquired proliferative process strongly associated with neoplastic disease or hematologic abnormalities. Splenomas can also be congenital growths (hamartoma; 26% of the series), which are of little importance.
The unheard cry—help me! A plea to teachers of dyslexic children

From the first day I taught, I have always been perplexed by children who are very capable and yet have great difficulty learning. When I completed my undergraduate training, I had the wonderful misconception that teaching was very easy! All a teacher had to do was to love children, surround them with books, create an environment that would cater to their needs, interests and abilities, and then by some secret form of osmosis, they would learn. Of course, if they did not learn they were either retarded, culturally deprived, or their parents had created an "emotional block" which hampered their learn ing; therefore, we teachers were not responsible. I had absolutely no idea how really superficial the above labels were. We were not trained to teach these children—children who have difficulty mastering concepts, children who have lags in their language develop ment, children who have had few experiences, children who suffer from all types of emotional problems, or children who have lags in their neurological development. We were not told that we would be held accountable for these children. As teachers we have a legal responsibility to teach all children, but more important, we have a moral responsibility to teach all children. And so the story continues: we argue over terms, we place the blame outside our teaching, or we say these children are just "lazy," "stupid," "careless," or "spoiled." The one group of children most confused in this muddle is the group that falls under the term "dyslexic." Every day we see beautiful, bright children who can't read, or write, or spell. Every day we see children who are excellent in all large muscle skill sports and yet they can't complete one writing paper in class. Every day we look into their puzzled eyes as they try to understand why they are experiencing these difficulties. We accept their existence and move forward by developing methods and materials which will enable these children to learn.
Dreaming Ancestors in Eastern Carolina

This study examines the ancestral dream, an element of ancestor veneration that has persisted in African American religious life since the arrival of their enslaved ancestors in this country. Although changes have occurred in ancestor veneration, this study demonstrates its continued importance in maintaining harmonious family relations.
Current concepts in restenosis following balloon angioplasty.

Although ballon angioplasty has become a common intervention in vascular disease, long-term success is limited by restenosis. Restenosis is the consequence of a series of interactions between lymphocytes, platelets, smooth muscle cells, macrophages and endothelial cells, as well as their different cellular products. We review here the current concepts and potential directions of future research.
Self and other directed violence on a closed acute-care ward

Violence to self and to others on a locked, acute-care unit is reported for a three-year period. Drug abuse correlated strongly with both types of violence. Self-violence appeared to be a more predictable event due to its diagnostic specificity, history of prior violence and timing of the episodes. Assaults occurred more randomly demonstrating only a mild association with schizophrenia, but not with other psychotic disorders.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determinations of di-vinyl sulfone.

Abstract We present a detailed analysis of the structure and infrared spectra of di-vinyl sulfone. The vibrational frequencies of the di-vinyl sulfone molecule were analyzed using standard quantum chemical techniques. Frequencies were calculated at the MP2 and DFT levels of theory using the standard 6-311G* basis set. The structural transformation of the chemical agent bis(2-chloroehtyl) sulfide (HD, mustard gas) and the related symmetry to a previously study compounds [Spectrochim. Acta Part A 55 (1999) 121; Spectrochim. Acta Part A 57 (2001) 2417] makes the symmetry of the di-vinyl sulfone molecule an interesting candidate for study. The molecule exists normally in a C2 configuration. High-energy forms of di-vinyl sulfone with CS and C1 symmetries also exist.
A combinatorial problem related to Mahler's measure

AbstractWe give a generalization of a result of Myerson on the asymptotic behavior of norms of certain Gaussian periods. The proof exploits properties of the Mahler measure of a trinomial.
Considerações sobre o despotismo colonial, e a gestão centralizada da violência no Império colonial francês

O estudo da questao do trabalho forcado na era colonial implica, inequivocamente, a analise do sistema de violencia colonial em si, como um todo sistemico e estrutural. Com efeito, estes sistemas coloniais, na sua implementacao, e apesar das reformas laborais que marcaram a evolucao dos imperios coloniais a seguir a II Guerra Mundial, assentavam em filosofias que, embora aparentemente diferenciadas, tinham como objetivo primordial rentabilizar ao maximo as colonias e torna-las lucrativas em beneficio exclusivo da economia metropolitana. Nas paginas que se seguem, pretende-se examinar como o sistema colonial frances quando comparado com seu homologo britânico, e ainda o belga, estruturou o sistema de violencia que serviu de base funcional para que o trabalho forcado pudesse render e articular-se de modo eficiente com os objetivos economicos coloniais. Neste âmbito, procuraremos analisar comparativamente a economia politica da violencia que caracterizou o sistema laboral nas colonias de modo geral.
Superconductivity: Bring on the real resonance

The relationship between high-temperature superconductivity and the pseudogap state is further probed by an atomic-scale study that shows that what was believed to be a signature of the superconducting state exists in both states.
Correlation between the Lactose Content of Milk and the Cerebroside and Choline Content of Brain

Summary 1. Nine species of mammals have been examined for the cerebroside and choline contents of their brains. Brain cerebrosides show a high positive correlation with the lactose percentage of respective milks. There is a slight positive correlation between the choline content of brains and the lactose content of the mothers’ milk. It is suggested that sphingosine base can reversibly take up galactose or choline phosphoric acid to form cerebrosides or sphingomyelins and, thus, cerebrosides may function as choline sparers. 2. There is an increase of cerebrosides with age and gestation. There is no significant difference in the cerebroside distribution between cortex and medulla of the brains of the species studied.
279 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR AND SOMATOMEDIN IN CHICK CHONDROCYTES

Multiple growth factors (GF) have been isolated, characterized and shown to stimulate growth in at least one tissue. Some have been termed competence factors, while others are termed progression factors dependent upon their site of action in the cell cycle of 3T3 cells. Somatomedin (SM) is the major regulator of cartilage growth and glycosaminoglycan (GAGS) biosynthesis. Epidermal, fibroblast, platelet derived growth factors, and multiple stimulating activity (EGF, FGF, PDGF, and MSA) are known to be important for growth of other tissues. The combined effects of these GF factors with SM in cartilage cells have not been defined. We have studied the interaction of these GF with SM-C in embryonic chick cartilage cells using radioactive precursors. The cells are grown in Ham's F-12 nutrient mixture with 6% serum for 4-6 days following which the media is removed and replaced with media containing 0.5% albumin and the factor or factors to be studied. Radioactive precursors were added after one hour and incubation continued for 2-3 hours. In 2-12 hour incubations SM-C is stimulatory for 3 5SO4 uptake, [3H]-thymidine into DNA, [3H]-uridine into RNA, and [1 4CJ-serine into protein with no potentiation by EGF, FGF, PDGF, or MSA. However, when the incubations are extended 24-30 hours, there is a synergistic effect of EGF and FGF on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis with less potentiation of the SM effect on GAGS biosynthesis. The data suggests a synergistic interaction between SM and other GF for optimal cartilage growth.
Auxiliary optical systems for the Kitt Peak telescopes

Descriptions are given of some of the more unusual optical systems to be used in the testing and the research program implimentation of the large Kitt Peak instruments.
Just who is this guy, anyway? Stereotypes of the men's movement

To date, there has been little research investigating the nature and content of stereotypes of male gender role activists. In this study, a predominantly white (73%) and Hispanic (11%) sample of male (n =60) and female (n =60) college students were presented with a description of a member of a men's group. The experimental design consisted of varying the sociopolitical orientation (i.e., liberal profeminist, promasculinist, male spiritual, and Marxist/socialist) of the target person. Participants evaluated the stimulus description by use of a set of semantic differential trait rating scales and a series of life outcome measures. Analyses of variance indicated that participants' perceptions of the activist targets were generally positive and varied as a function of sociopolitical orientation. Suggestions for future research investigations of stereotypes of different sociopolitical orientations within the men's movement are discussed.
The equilibrium reaction sorbitol--fructose in the intact mosquito.

Abstract 1. 1. In the mosquito ( Aedes sollicitans ), injected sorbitol is rapidly dehydrogenated to fructose, and fructose is rapidly reduced to sorbitol. This explains why many nectar-feeding insects can live on the polyalcohol sorbitol as the sole source of food. 2. 2. The following reactions do not take place: sorbitol→glucose; fructose→glucose; glucose→fructose; glucose→sorbitol. 3. 3. When 0·2 mg fructose of relative specific activity = 100 was injected along with 0·2 mg of unlabeled sorbitol into this mosquito which weighed 4 mg, the specific activity of both fructose and sorbitol approached 50 in a few hours. This indicates an equilibrium sorbitol⇇fructose with a half-time between 15 and 30 min.
A general caxedorical data memddology for evaluating medical diagnostic tests

Measures of sensitivity, predictive accuracy, and agreement are currently used to evaluate the efficiency of diagnostic tests reported on dichotomous scales. This paper presents a unified approach to the evaluation of diagnostic tests in terns of generalized Lnuices of sensitivity, misclassification, predictive accuracy and inaccuracy, classification agreement and prediction agreement for polytomous measurement scales. It Is sufficiently general to accommodate additional complications of study design factors such as multiple testing, known and unknown disease prevalence distributions, and multiple subpopulations defined by the cross-classification of independent factors. Estimation and hypothesis testing are developed within a general linear models approach to the analysis of categorical data from repeated measurement lesigns using weighted least squares computations. This methodology is illustrated within the context of data from a. large cotmiunity-based epidemiologic study of obstructive airways diseas...
Demolaar In De Chinese Grot

De recente vondst van enkele oude schedelresten in China – vooral kaken en tanden – stelt ons voor nieuwe raadsels over de evolutie en de prehistorischemigraties van demens.
Acute effects of capsaicin on the postnatal spiral ganglion.

Abstract Capsaicin exerts both excitatory and desensitizing effects on a subset of sensory neurons during development in the dorsal root ganglion, but it is not known how widespread these effects are in other sensory ganglia especially those not known to have any pain sensitivity. The capsaicin sensitivity of auditory neurons in the spiral ganglion was investigated in acute preparations from three postnatal age groups in the hamster: postnatal days 6–8 (group 1), postnatal days 13–15 (group 2) and postnatal days 20–22 (group 3). Morphologically, capsaicin altered the shape, size, and staining characteristics of spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) across all age groups and this effect was apparently not selective for any identifiable subpopulation. However, SGCs from the youngest age groups were particularly sensitive to capsaicin neurotoxicity. When incubated in media that contained cobalt, capsaicin stimulated cobalt uptake within SGCs. KCl depolarization was able to produce the same level of cobalt uptake as capsaicin treatment. Our data suggest that the extent of capsaicin neurotoxicity in the spiral ganglion is strongly age dependent, involves the entry of calcium ions and is relatively nonspecific.
Evaluation of the association of mercury(II) with some dicysteinyl tripeptides.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to gain insight into the associations of mercury(II) with dicysteinyl tripeptides in buffered media at pH 7.4. We investigated the effects of increasing the distance between cysteinyl residues on mercury(II) associations and complex formations. The peptide–mercury(II) formation constants and their associated thermodynamic parameters in 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffered solutions were evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to cysteinyl peptides in ammonium formate buffered solutions were characterized by LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The results from these studies show that n-alkyl dicysteinyl peptides (CP 1–4), and an aryl dicysteinyl peptide (CP 5) can serve as effective “double anchors” to accommodate the coordination sites of mercury(II) to form predominantly one-to-one Hg(peptide) complexes. The aryl dicysteinyl peptide (CP 5) also forms the two-to-two Hg2(peptide)2 complex. In the presence of excess peptide, Hg(peptide)2 complexes are also detected. Notably, increasing the distance between the ligating groups or “anchor points” in CP 1–5 does not significantly affect their affinity for mercury(II). However, the enthalpy change (ΔH) values (ΔH1 ∼ −91 kJ mol−1 and ΔH2 ∼ −66 kJ mol−1) for complex formation between CP 4 and 5 with mercury(II) are about one and a half times larger than the related values for CP 1, 2 and 3 (ΔH1 ∼ −66 kJ mol−1 and ΔH2 ∼ 46 kJ mol−1). The corresponding entropy change (ΔS) values (ΔS1 ∼ −129 J K−1 mol−1 and ΔS2 ∼ −116 J K−1 mol−1) of the structurally larger dicysteinyl peptides CP 4 and 5 are less entropically favorable than for CP 1, 2 and 3 (ΔS1 ∼ −48 J K−1 mol−1 and ΔS2 ∼ −44 J K−1 mol−1). Generally, these associations result in a decrease in entropy, indicating that these peptide–mercury complexes potentially form highly ordered structures. The results from this study show that dicysteinyl tripeptides are effective in binding mercury(II) and they are promising motifs for the design of multi-cysteinyl peptides for binding more than one mercury(II) ion per peptide.
Long-term changes in striatal opioid systems after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of rat substantia nigra.

Abstract The effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway on striatal opioid peptides and receptors were determined at different time-intervals, from three days up to 24 weeks, post-lesion. Mu, delta and kappa opioid binding site densities in the ipsilateral caudate-putamen were decreased by 25–50% in rats which exhibited a greater than 90% loss of dopamine uptake sites. Differentiation of radioligand binding to kappa1 and kappa2 subtypes demonstrated a selective loss of kappa2 sites post-lesion. The onset of significant 6-hydroxydopamine lesion-induced changes in striatal opioid binding sites was delayed with respect to the loss of dopamine uptake sites. Furthermore, maximal loss of dopamine uptake sites was apparent within seven days post-lesion, but not until two to four weeks for mu, delta and kappa sites. In animals which exhibited an incomplete loss of dopamine uptake sites (less than 80%) there was no significant change in opioid binding site density. Striatal proenkephalin and prodynorphin messenger RNA levels were increased and decreased, respectively, after complete 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Modulation of peptide messenger RNA levels was apparent within seven days and was maintained up to 24 weeks post-lesion. In contrast, proenkephalin and prodynorphin messenger RNA levels were unchanged in animals which exhibited an incomplete loss of striatal dopamine uptake sites. Taken together, these observations suggest that the majority of mu, delta and kappa2 opioid binding sites are localized on non-dopaminergic elements in the caudate-putamen, but that substantia nigra innervation plays a role in the control of striatal opioid receptor expression. The 6-hydroxydopamine lesion-induced decreases in striatal opioid binding site density may, in part, be a function of agonist-induced receptor downregulation. Alternatively, both opioid receptor and peptide expression in the caudate-putamen may be directly, but independently, regulated by ventral mesencephalic neurons.
Insights into the dynamics of DMSO in phosphatidylcholine bilayers.

Abstract The solvation effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the phase stability of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) have been fully characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence spectroscopy with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The temperatures of the sub-, pre-, and main transitions of DMPC were found to increase linearly with increasing mole fraction of DMSO up to mole fraction X =0.13 DMSO/H 2 O. Beyond X =0.13, the pre-transition peak started to merge with the peak representing the main transition. Simultaneously, the subtransition peak began to disappear as its transition temperature also decreased. At X =0.18, with both the subtransition and pre-transition absent, the main transition between the planar gel and the liquid-crystalline phase was observed at 30.3°C. Transition enthalpy values indicated that the subgel, planar gel and rippled gel phases are most stable at X =0.11, 0.16 and 0.20 DMSO/H 2 O, respectively. This demonstrates that DMSO exerts distinct effects on each respective phase and corresponding transition. Temperature-dependent fluorescence emission scans show an increase in hydration as the system proceeds from the subgel phase all the way to the liquid-crystalline phase and correlated well with the effects of DMSO on the transition temperatures of DMPC observed in our calorimetry data. Initial observations for the sub- and main transition are further confirmed by fluorescence anisotropy using DPH as a probe. The results illustrate the differences in the microviscosity of each phase and how DMSO affects the phase transitions. Ultimately, our results suggest the most likely mechanism governing the biological actions of DMSO may involve the regulation of the solvation effects of water on the phospholipid bilayer.
Salt effect on the pH profile and kinetic parameters of microbial phytases.

The pH profiles of two microbial phytases were determined using four different general purpose buffers at different pH values. The roles of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium fluoride on...
PARTITIONING OF ALKYLPYRIDINES BETWEEN SHALE-DERIVED MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUEL AND WATER

ABSTRACT A nitrogen-rich shale-derived middle distillate fuel was selected for the study of the partitioning of alkyl pyridines with water of pH 5. This particular middle distillate fuel, was found to contain acid extractable compounds composed mainly, about 90%, of alkyl substituted pyridines. The pyridine content of the extracts was determined by combined capillary column GC/HS. The partitioning was observed to be acid dependent.
Compatibility of jump Cauchy data for non-isentropic Euler equations

Abstract The paper studies the compatibility of the Cauchy data which have a jump discontinuity for the non-isentropic 3-d Euler system. For a complete range of combinations of waves including shocks, rarefaction waves, and contact discontinuity, it is shown that the data is compatible of infinite order if the corresponding 1-d Riemann problem admits such a solution.
Thermodynamic properties of the d -density-wave order in cuprates

We solve a popular effective Hamiltonian of competing d-density-wave and d-wave superconductivity orders, self-consistently at the mean-field level for a wide range of doping and temperatures. The theory predicts a temperature dependence of the d-density wave order parameter seemingly inconsistent with the neutron-scattering and muon scattering resonance experiments of the cuprates. We further calculate thermodynamic quantities, such as chemical potential, entropy, and specific heat. Their distinct features can be used to test the existence of the d-density-wave order in cuprates.
Antibody-mediated effects on parasite behavior: Evidence of a novel mechanism of immunity against a parasitic protist

Abstract The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is well known in commercial aquaculture as the etiological agent of ‘white spot', a disease that afflicts a wide range of fresh-water fish. While Ichthyophthirius is highly pathogenic, animals exposed to controlled infections develop a strong acquired resistance to the parasite. Recent studies suggest host resistance involves a novel mechanism of humoral immunity affecting parasite behavior. Rather than being killed, parasites are forced to exit fish prematurely in response to antibody binding. The target antigens involved in this process are a class of highly abundant glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-anchored coat proteins referred to as immobilization antigens, or i-antigens. Here, Theodore Clark and Harry Dickerson describe this phenomenon and offer a number of hypotheses that could account for the forced exit.
Current patterns in magnetically inhomogeneous conductors

We determine the current distributions in conducting strips whose resistivity and Hall angle vary with longitudinal position along the wire. We consider isolated, finite rectangular Hall bars between semi-infinite leads, as well as periodic structures. The approaches used avoid standard approximations such as perfectly-conducting leads, well-separated interfaces, or small resistivity changes. We find that as an isolated Hall bar is shortened, one enters a regime of closed current loops in the classical Hall effect. Related behavior is found for periodic Hall patterns.
Research Designs for Evaluating the Impact of Community-Based Management on Natural Resource Conservation

Abstract Community-based management has increasingly replaced centralized planning and regulation as an alternative means for conserving natural resources. But there is little empirical evidence to suggest whether community-based management has a positive or negative impact on the actual condition of natural resources. If, as is commonly argued, conservation success depends largely on local context, then we must think carefully about the entire causal chain of community-based management activities, from the inputs supporting decision-making processes to management outputs and environmental outcomes. We accordingly discuss appropriate methodologies for demonstrating the causal impacts of community-based management on natural resource conservation.
Vitamin A Absorption in Infantile Eczema

ConclusionIn 4 infants with intractable eczema associated with retarded development and malnutrition, the absorption of vitamin A from the intestinal tract was found to be impaired.
The plateau of the action potential of the frog ventricle.

A study was made of the changes produced in action potentials of frog ventricular cells by variation in ion concentrations, by administration of NaN3, 2:4 DNP, NaCN, NaIA and N2 which shortened the potentials. The exposure of the perfused tissue to ionized acridines, barbiturates and desoxyglucose caused a prolongation of the action potentials. These actions as obtained were reversible. The evidence from the time-course and differential effects of inhibitors suggests that an active ion transport, modulated by Ko+ may be important in maintaining the plateau phase of the action potential.
The Steady-State Transport of Oxygen through Hemoglobin Solutions

The steady-state transport of oxygen through hemoglobin solutions was studied to identify the mechanism of the diffusion augmentation observed at low oxygen tensions. A novel technique employing a platinum-silver oxygen electrode was developed to measure the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in steady-state transport. The measurements were made over a wider range of hemoglobin and oxygen concentrations than previously reported. Values of the Brownian motion diffusion coefficient of oxygen in hemoglobin solution were obtained as well as measurements of facilitated transport at low oxygen tensions. Transport rates up to ten times greater than ordinary diffusion rates were found. Predictions of oxygen flux were made assuming that the oxyhemoglobin transport coefficient was equal to the Brownian motion diffusivity which was measured in a separate set of experiments. The close correlation between prediction and experiment indicates that the diffusion of oxyhemoglobin is the mechanism by which steady-state oxygen transport is facilitated.
An entrepreneurial critique of Georgism

This paper develops a critique of the single-tax proposal of Henry George. We present a simple search-theoretic model for the discovery of natural resources and show that a tax on the unimproved value of land is distortionary. We then consider the time inconsistency and regime uncertainty problem created by even incremental Georgist policy. We discuss historical cases of land reform and the subsequent challenge to re-establish a credible commitment to property rights in land and natural resources.
Area law decay for fractionally charged Wilson loops in the two-dimensional Abelian Higgs model

Using the cluster expansion of Balaban, Brydges, Imbrie, and Jaffe, (Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 158, 281 (1984) we show that in the lattice version of the two-dimensional Abelian Higgs model, fractionally charged Wilson loops have area law decay for weak enough coupling. This implies confinement of static fractioinal charges. An extension of our method should apply in the continuum limit. copyright 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Performance analysis of the priority queues for the load-building algorithms

Abstract This article analyzes system performance with short and long build queues for the Make and load-building algorithms. The analysis uses the amount of CPU time needed for all the algorithms. The analysis also uses relative job priority in short and long queues. The results show that average response time improves significantly (≤ 99.8%) if one file in an application is compiled. In this case, the jobs can be submitted to a short queue or executed in foreground. This will reduce the developer wait time, decrease use of system resources, and will allow for more frequent job submission. If 50% of the files are compiled, the performance improvement is smaller (49.8%). If all the files are compiled, performance can decrease by 0.2%. In this case, the jobs must be submitted to the same queue to which they are submitted by using the Make algorithm.
Monolithic Ge-on-Si lasers

We demonstrate monolithic Ge-on-Si lasers, band-engineered by tensile strain and n-type doing, that exhibit direct gap emission around 1600 nm at room temperature. Direct gap electroluminescence from heterojunction devices verifies the feasibility of electrical pumping.
β-decay studies of neutron-rich nuclei

Recent results of β-decay studies performed along the expected neutron shell closures at N = 20, 28, 50 and 82 are reviewed and discussed in view of the potentially dynamic nature of neutron single-particle states in nuclei having extreme neutron-to-proton ratios.
For Methodological Pluralism A Reply to Brady and Elman

We are grateful to Henry E. Brady and Colin Elman for their commentary on our book, A Tale of Two Cultures: Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences. In this reply, we briefly respond to their concerns, especially those involving the integration of qualitative and quantitative research. Elman usefully contrasts “pluralism” and “monism” as two approaches to methodological diversity. Whereas pluralism embraces diversity and accepts different approaches on their own terms, monism advocates a single approach that can subsume all others. Framed in this way, as Elman notes, A Tale of Two Cultures unambiguously embodies methodological pluralism. The leading monist alternative in the social scieces holds that qualitative methodology is based on principles of statistical methodology (e.g., King, Keohane, & Verba, 1994). Qualitative research may have its own vocabulary and methods, but it “has no inferential machinery distinct from that of quantitative research” (Elman, p. 266). We believe that this monist position—specifically the tolerant, respectful version described by Elman—is well represented in Brady’s essay. As Brady writes, “To the extent that there are differences between the Quants and the Quals, I believe that many of them are simply differences in language and tools and not in their fundamental paradigms for doing research”. Brady allows for the possibility that the traditions represent separate cultures, but he rejects the idea that they are different paradigms. He suggests that “with a little bit of work we can develop a common framework”. In the second half of his essay, he illustrates this common
Organic–inorganic interfaces and spiral growth in nacre

Nacre, the crown jewel of natural materials, has been extensively studied owing to its remarkable physical properties for over 160 years. Yet, the precise structural features governing its extraordinary strength and its growth mechanism remain elusive. In this paper, we present a series of observations pertaining to the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shell’s organic–inorganic interface, organic interlayer morphology and properties, large-area crystal domain orientations and nacre growth. In particular, we describe unique lateral nanogrowths and paired screw dislocations in the aragonite layers, and demonstrate that the organic material sandwiched between aragonite platelets consists of multiple organic layers of varying nano-mechanical resilience. Based on these novel observations and analysis, we propose a spiral growth model that accounts for both [001] vertical propagation via helices that surround numerous screw dislocation cores and simultaneous h010i lateral growth of aragonite sheet structure. These new findings may aid in creating novel organic–inorganic micro/nano composites through synthetic or biomineralization pathways.
Wyner–Ziv Video Coding With Classified Correlation Noise Estimation and Key Frame Coding Mode Selection

We improve the overall rate-distortion performance of distributed video coding by efficient techniques of correlation noise estimation and key frame encoding. In existing transform-domain Wyner-Ziv video coding methods, blocks within a frame are treated uniformly to estimate the correlation noise even though the success of generating side information is different for each block. We propose a method to estimate the correlation noise by differentiating blocks within a frame based on the accuracy of the side information. Simulation results show up to 2 dB improvement over conventional methods without increasing encoder complexity. Also, in traditional Wyner-Ziv video coding, the intercorrelation of key frames is not exploited since they are simply intracoded. In this paper, we propose a frequency band coding mode selection for key frames to exploit similarities between adjacent key frames at the decoder. Simulation results show significant improvement especially for low-motion and high frame rate sequences. Furthermore, the advantage of applying both schemes in a hierarchical order is investigated. This method achieves additional improvement.
Regulation of 11β-HSD1 expression during adipose tissue expansion by hypoxia through different activities of NF-κB and HIF-1α

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by generating active glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) that are strong inhibitors of angiogenesis. However, the mechanism of 11β-HSD1 gene expression and its relationship to adipose angiogenesis are largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined 11β-HSD1 expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice during weight gain and investigated the gene regulation by hypoxia in vitro. 11β-HSD1 mRNA was reduced in the adipose tissues during weight gain in DIO mice, and the reduction was associated with an elevated expression of angiogenic factors. In vitro, 11β-HSD1 expression was induced in mRNA and protein by hypoxia. Of the two transcription factors activated by hypoxia, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) enhanced but the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) reduced 11β-HSD1 expression. 11β-HSD1 expression was elevated by NF-κB in epididymal fat of aP2-p65 mice. The hypoxia-induced 11β-HSD1 expression was attenuated by NF-κB inactivation in p65-deficient cells but enhanced by HIF-1 inactivation in HIF-1α-null cells. These data suggest that 11β-HSD1 expression is upregulated by NF-κB and downregulated by HIF-1α. During AT expansion in DIO mice, the reduction of 11β-HSD1 expression may reflect a dominant HIF-1α activity in the adipose tissue. This study suggests that NF-κB may mediate the inflammatory cytokine signal to upregulate 11β-HSD1 expression.
The Imaging Performance Of A Multiwire Proportional Chamber Positron Camera(

A new design - fully three dimensional -Positron Camera is presented, made of six MultiWire Proportional Chamber modules arranged to form the lateral surface of a hexagonal prism. A true coincidence rate of 56000 c/s is expected with an equal accidental rate for a 400 iCi activity uniformly distributed in a --3k water phantom. A detailed Monte Carlo program has been used to investigate the dependence of the spatial resolution on the geometrical and physical parameters. A spatial resolution of 4.8 mm FWHM has been obtained for a 18F point-like source in a 10 cm radius water phantom. The main properties of the limited angle reconstruction algorithms are described in relation to the proposed detector geometry.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spirituality and the Care of Patients at the End-of-Life: An Essential Component of Care:

Spirituality is an essential component of the care of patients with serious illness and those that are dying. Dame Cicely Saunders developed the hospice movement based on the biopsychosocialspiritual model of care, in which all four dimensions are important in the care of patients. Of all the models of care, hospice and palliative care recognize the importance of spiritual issues in the care of patients and their families. The National Consensus Project Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care, in the United States, provides specific recommendations about all domains of care including the spiritual domain, which is recognized as a critical component of care (The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care www.nationalconsensusproject.org). Studies indicate that the majority of patients would like their spiritual issues addressed, yet find that their spiritual needs are not being met by the current system of care. Interestingly, spirituality is the one dimension that seems to get slightly less emp...
Bilingual and ESL Classrooms: Teaching in Multicultural Contexts

Demographic predictions are that students with close connections to their bilingual/bicultural heritages (now labeled "language minority students" by the federal government) will be very large in number in the near future, becoming the majority in many states over the next three decades. The authors feel it is the responsibility of all educators, not just specialists, to prepare themselves to work with language minority students. This time-tested classic text (not an edited volume) integrates theory and practice and provides comprehensive coverage of all bilingual and ESL issues. The text integrates the fields of ESL, bilingual, and multicultural education and provides rich examples of effective practices and their underlying research knowledge base. The text covers teaching of all the content areas and has separate chapters on teaching mathematics, science, and social studies. Ninety percent of the second edition is new since the first edition written thirteen years ago. The new edition Includes research on the English-only movement (chapter 1), a comprehensive review of current research on first and second language acquisition for school (chapter 4), and the crucial research base on culture and the integral role it plays in schooling of diverse linguistic and cultural heritages (chapter 5). A new chapter 3 covers teaching and explores cooperative learning, critical pedagogy, and interdisciplinary, multisensory lessons, using as examples art, technology, and music incorporated into instruction that connects to students' lives inside and outside school.
Train Wreck and Chlorine Spill in Graniteville, South Carolina: Transportation Effects and Lessons in Small-Town Capacity for No-Notice Evacuation

The 2005 railroad chlorine spill in Graniteville, South Carolina, killed "only" nine people, but it illustrated the difficulties of achieving adequate capacity to handle no-notice evacuation for hazardous materials incidents. This research uses Graniteville as a case study to highlight needs for building capacity in evacuation capabilities and transportation recovery. Rail operational concepts emerged, such as the need for positive train control and automatic warning technology. The local community faced several challenges, including a lack of public understanding of how to react to a chlorine spill (even though chlorine traversed the town daily), public necessity for basic transportation to work after the evacuation, and a need for documentation of transportation infrastructure to facilitate recovery. Finally, evacuation issues arose, such as how to determine whether to shelter in place or evacuate, what routes would protect or harm people given different hazardous materials and how they behave in a spil...
Compiling language models from a linguistically motivated unification grammar

Systems now exist which are able to compile unification grammars into language models that can be included in a speech recognizer, but it is so far unclear whether non-trivial linguistically principled grammars can be used for this purpose. We describe a series of experiments which investigate the question empirically, by incrementally constructing a grammar and discovering what problems emerge when successively larger versions are compiled into finite state graph representations and used as language models for a medium-vocabulary recognition task.
Disambiguating Grammatically Ambiguous Sentences By Asking

The problem addressed in this paper is to disambiguate grammatically ambiguous input sentences by asking the user, who need not be a computer specialist or a linguist, without showing any parse trees or phrase structure rules. Explanation List Comparison (ELC) is the technique that implements this process. It is applicable to all parsers which are based on phrase structure grammar, regardless of the parser implementation. An experimental system has been implemented at Carnegie-Mellon University, and it has been applied to English-Japanese machine translation at Kyoto University.
Opportunistic Multiple Antenna Systems: Channel Estimation and Experimental Results

In wireless networks, average system through-put can be improved by scheduling transmissions according to instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values of the users assuming that channel fading is fast enough to maintain multiuser diversity. If the fading is slow, opportunistic multiple antenna approaches can introduce artificial fading in the system. These schemes require significant amount of SNR feedback. A novel channel estimation method for opportunistic beamforming is proposed based only on SNR feedback. More importantly, the effectiveness of the proposed channel estimation algorithm is verified using our multiple antenna testbed. The experimental results show that the channel estimation based beamforming can attain true beamforming gains.
Pediatric Urinary Stone Composition in the United States

Purpose: The incidence of urolithiasis in children is increasing. However, stone composition studies in this population are limited. We sought to determine the effects of age, gender and geographical location on urinary stone composition in the United States pediatric population.Materials and Methods: We obtained composition analyses for all urinary stones submitted to a reference laboratory between 2000 and 2009. Stones were excluded if the patient was younger than 1 year or older than 18 years. Stone composition was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine associations between stone composition frequency and age, gender and geographical region.Results: A total of 5,245 stones were included in our analysis. Calcium was found in 89.2% of stones. The percentage of stones containing calcium oxalate increased, while magnesium ammonium phosphate and ammonium acid urate containing stones decreased with age. Calcium oxalate and magnesium ammo...
Measuring the forces that control protein interactions.

■ Abstract Although the force fields and interaction energies that control protein behavior can be inferred indirectly from equilibrium and kinetic measurements, recent developments have made it possible to quantify directly (a) the ranges, magnitudes, and time dependence of the interaction energies and forces between biological materials; (b) the mechanical properties of isolated proteins; and ( c) the strength of single receptor- ligand bonds. This review describes recent results obtained by using the atomic force microscope, optical tweezers, the surface force apparatus, and micropipette aspiration to quantify short-range protein-ligand interactions and the long-range, nonspecific forces that together control protein behavior. The examples presented illustrate the power of force measurements to quantify directly the force fields and energies that control protein behavior.
Why is surgery cancelled? A retrospective evaluation

Cancelled elective and emergency surgery cases result in waste of theatre time, additional hospital expenses, as well as inconvenience to patients and their families. This study examined the frequency and causes of cancelled elective and emergency general surgical and subspecialty cases at Prince Mishyeni Memorial Hospital.
Treatment of Factor VIII Inhibitors: Products and Strategies

Treatment of patients with inhibitors to FVIII remains a complex clinical problem. Although characterizing the individual patient may aid in the initial development of a care plan, no treatment is uniformly reliable for all patients. Experts in the field are as likely to disagree as agree when it comes to choosing treatment options; few randomized clinical trials exist on which to base decisions.
Patterns of Mortality Among Commercial Pressmen

A proportionate analysis of cause of death in 1,401 commercial pressmen was initiated following a report of a cancer cluster in this group. The study found a significant elevated risk of all cancers [proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) = 127] and cancers of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system (PMR = 122), with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas responsible for much of the excess. Three deaths in the cohort were attributed to myelofibrosis, a rare disease associated with benzene exposure. A significantly elevated PMR was also detected for colorectal cancer (PMR = 171) and, among those employed 20 years or more, for cancers of the liver (PMR = 216) and pancreas (PMR = 162). No excess risk of bladder or lung cancer or leukemia was seen. Proportionate mortality analyses rarely show excess risk of both cancer and heart disease in a working population. Surprisingly, a significantly elevated risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease (PMR = 113) was found in this group. These findings indicate that solvent exposure may be associated with excess mortality risk in commercial pressmen.
Accidental torsion in buildings due to stiffness uncertainty

Discrepancies between the computed and actual values of the structural element stiffness imply that a building with nominally symmetric plan is actually asymmetric to some unknown degree and will undergo torsional vibration when subjected to purely translational ground motion. Such accidental torsion leads to increase in structural element deformations which is shown to be essentially insensitive to the uncoupled lateral vibration period of the system but is affected strongly by the ratio of uncoupled lateral and torsional vibration periods. The structural deformations increase, in the mean, by at most 10 and 5 per cent for R/C and steel buildings, respectively, and by much smaller amounts for a wide range of system parameters. The increase in structural deformations due to stiffness uncertainty is shown to be much smaller than implied by the accidental torsional provisions in the Uniform Building Code and most other building codes.