cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermo‐Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Soybean Oil‐Based Cationic Polyurethane Coatings: Effects of Amine Ratio and Degree of Crosslinking

Soybean-oil-based cationic polyurethane coatings with antibacterial properties have been prepared with a range of different molar ratios of hydroxyl groups from an amine diol. A second series of polyurethane coatings were prepared from soy polyols with different hydroxyl numbers. All of the cationic PU dispersions and films exhibit inhibitory activity against three foodborne pathogens: Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica ser. Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. It is generally observed that increases in the ratio of ammonium cations improve the antibacterial performance. Reduction of the crosslink density by decreasing the hydroxyl number of the soy polyol also results in slightly improved antibacterial properties. Higher glass transition temperatures and improved mechanical properties are observed with corresponding increases in the molar ratios of the amine diol and the diisocyanate. These results show that the mechanical properties of these coatings can be tuned, while maintaining good antibacterial activity.
VALIDATION AND EXTENSION OF THE MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION RESPONSE TYPE: APPLICATIONS OF SCHEMA THEORY TO AUTOMATIC SCORING AND ITEM GENERATION IN MATHEMATICS

In this report, we describe the development of general, accurate, cost-effective, and immediately usable automatic analysis routines that dichotomously score rational expressions of arbitrary complexity. This development has led to the new Mathematical Expression (ME) response type, which may appear operationally in the new GRE Mathematical Reasoning test scheduled for deployment in 1999. We detail work confirming the accuracy of these scoring routines and then describe extensions to the existing capability based on schema theory. We show how schema theory can be applied not only to the scoring of more complex test responses but also to the automatic generation of items and intelligent tutoring.
Separation of water-ethanol mixtures by pervaporation through composite membranes prepared by concentrated emulsion polymerization: Improvement of the permeation rate with a porogen

Abstract The sorption and pervaporation characteristics of hydrophilic-hydrophobic composite membranes are investigated for the water-ethanol mixture. The membranes have been prepared using a concentrated emulsion as precursor. In this emulsion, an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate (SA), N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide and an initiator constitutes the dispersed phase, and a mixture containing styrene, butylacrylate, hexane and an initiator the continuous phase. The polymerization of this emulsion generates a composite which is used to prepare a membrane in which hydrophilic cells are separated by hydrophobic films. The porogen (hexane) does not participate in the polymerization process and was introduced in the continuous phase of the emulsion in order to generate pores in the films and thus to increase the permeation rate through the membrane. It was found that with increasing SA content of the membrane, both the equilibrium swelling ratio S e and the equilibrium sorption selectivity α s increase monotonically; there is a slight decrease of α s but almost no change of S e with increasing amount of porogen (hexane). The permeation rate Q increases and the separation factor α p decreases with increasing contents of SA and porogen in the emulsion. The best performance, hence the highest value of α p Q , was 67 kg/m 2 -hr. The prepared membranes have not changed their pervaporation characteristics after 250 hr of operation.
Stretch-rate relationships for turbulent premixed combustion LES subgrid models measured using temporally resolved diagnostics

Abstract Temporally resolved measurements of turbulence–flame interaction were used to experimentally determine relationships for the strain-rate and curvature stretch-rate exerted on a premixed flame surface. These relationships include a series of transfer functions that are analogous to, but not equal to, stretch-efficiency functions. The measurements were obtained by applying high-repetition-rate particle image velocimetry in a turbulent slot Bunsen flame and were able to resolve the range of turbulent scales that cause flame surface straining and wrinkling. Fluid control masses were tracked in a Lagrangian manner as they interacted with the flame surface. From each interaction, the spatially and temporally filtered subgrid strain-rate and curvature stretch-rate were measured. By analyzing the statistics of thousands of turbulence–flame interactions, relationships for the strain-rate and curvature stretch-rate were determined that are appropriate for Large Eddy Simulation. It was found that the strain-rate exerted on the flame during these interactions was better correlated with the strength of the subgrid fluid-dynamic strain-rate field than with previously used characteristic strain-rates. Furthermore, stretch-efficiency functions developed from simplified vortex–flame interactions significantly over-predict the measurements. Hence, the proposed relationship relates the strain-rate on the flame to the filtered subgrid fluid-dynamic strain-rate field during real turbulence–flame interactions using an empirically determined Strain-Rate Transfer function. It was found that the curvature stretch-rate did not locally balance the strain-rate as has been proposed in previous models. A geometric relationship was found to exist between the subgrid flame surface wrinkling factor and subgrid curvature stretch-rate, which could be expressed using an empirically determined wrinkling factor transfer function. Curve fits to the measured relationships are provided that could be implemented in numerical simulations of turbulent premixed combustion.
Inelastic Response of a Woven Carbon/Copper Composite-Part III: Model-Experiment Correlation:

This paper compares the predictions of a new micromechanics model for woven metal matrix composites with experimental results for 8-harness (8H) satin carbon/ copper (C/Cu). Experimental results for this advanced woven metal matrix composite were presented in Part I of this paper (Bednarcyk and Pindera, 1999), while Part II discussed the development of the micromechanics model (Bednarcyk and Pindera, 2000). The experiments included monotonic, cyclic, and combined tension, compression, and losipescu shear tests. The micromechanics model is based on an embedded approach in which Aboudi's (1987) two-dimensional method of cells (MOC) is embedded within a reformulated version of Aboudi's (1995) three-dimensional generalized methods of cells (GMC-3D). In order to obtain accurate and realistic predictions, the model accounts for the effects of porosity, residual stresses, imperfect fiber/matrix bonding, and grip constraints. These effects, and the selection of the parameters, which characterize these effects, are discussed. By judiciously selecting the parameters, good qualitative and reasonable quantitative correlation is obtained between the model predictions and experiment. In particular, the unexpected trend based on matrix alloy type observed in the experimental tensile data has been correctly predicted.
The Microsurgical Technique in Patch Graft Closure of Coronary Arteriotomy

Observations from even this limited number of dogs indicate that the coronary artery is amenable to surgical procedures. Clinically, human subjects would already have adjusted to the occlusion of the vessel and its resulting ischemia. This would permit manipulation of the vessel without causing further ischemia as is of necessity the case in the experimental animal. Simple closure of the arteriotomy under the operating microscope is more effective than gross closure; however, neither procedure is comparable to the patch graft technique performed with the aid of the microsurgical technique. If the present studies being conducted on the left coronary vessel show similar results, clinical application would appear indicated.
Diminished AMPK signaling response to fasting in thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout mice

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) knockout (TKO) mice exhibit impaired response to fasting. Herein, we showed that activation of adenine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and cellular AMP levels were diminished in the heart and soleus muscle but not in gastrocnemius muscle of fasting TKO mice. Similarly, glycogen content in fasted TKO mice was increased in oxidative muscles but was not different in glycolytic muscles. These data suggest Txnip deficiency has a higher impact on oxidative muscle than glycolytic muscles and provide new insights into the metabolic role of Txnip.
How to Make an Unfired Clay Cooking Pot: Understanding the Technological Choices Made by Arctic Potters

Between about 500 a.d. and the late nineteenth century, clay cooking pots associated with the Thule culture were produced in the Arctic region. Ethnographic and archaeological records indicate that these vessels were typically underfired (often even unfired), highly porous, and easily broken. Despite these characteristics, the evidence indicates that they were used to heat water over open fires. In this paper, we examine how Arctic potters were able to produce unsintered vessels capable of holding liquids without disintegrating. We conclude that the application of seal oil and seal blood to the pot’s surface was the key to their success.
In-Situ R-Valves From Dynamic Test Data

To conserve energy in buildings, and properly size heating and cooling equipment, it is necessary to understand the thermal performance of building components including the walls and roofs under in-service, dynamic conditions. In-situ inspections show that performance of components in existing buildings can differ markedly from that predicted by design data analysis. This may be due to defective workmanship, faulty materials, deviation from the design specification, and/or deterioration in thermal behavior due to aging and moisture condensation. On-site testing is, therefore, needed to determine the actual thermal performance of building envelope systems. Determination of the thermal resistance of walls or roofs of buildings from in-situ measurements poses difficulties because field conditions are seldom in steady-state.
Comparison of peer assessment rating (PAR) index scores of plaster and computer-based digital models

Introduction: The peer assessment rating (PAR) index is a valid and reliable tool for measuring malocclusion on plaster models, but it has not been shown to be valid and reliable when used to score computer-based digital models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the PAR index is a valid and reliable measure on digital models. Methods: The study sample consisted of 48 pairs of plaster and digital pretreatment models. One examiner, calibrated in the PAR index, scored the digital and plaster models. The overall PAR scores were examined for reliability and validity by using analysis of variance and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Reliability of the components of the PAR score was compared with values originally presented by Richmond et al (1992). Results: No significant differences were found between overall PAR scores of plaster and digital models (P = .82), and scores were highly correlated (ICC = 0.95; lower confidence boundary (LCB) = 0.92; upper confidence boundary (UCB) = 0.97). Intraexaminer reliability was excellent for both plaster models (ICC = 0.98; LCB = 0.97; UCB = 0.99) and digital models (ICC = 0.96; LCB = 0.94; UCB = 0.98). Reliability of all components of the PAR score generated on digital models except for buccal occlusion was similar to those of Richmond et al. Conclusion: PAR scores derived from digital models are valid and reliable measures of occlusion.
SELECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEQUENCES WITH HIGH AFFINITY FOR THE ENGRAILED PROTEIN OF DROSOPHILA

The engrailed gene helps to direct Drosophila melanogaster development by encoding a homeodomain-containing DNA binding protein. To identify genes whose transcription engrailed regulates, we developed a method to isolate genomic sequences to which engrailed protein binds with high affinity. Fragments of genomic DNA were fractionated on an engrailed protein affinity column, and fragments that were retained in the presence of 0.4-1.0 M KC1 were isolated and cloned. The isolated fragments include regions of the engrailed and cubitus interruptus gene promoters, both of which are candidate targets of engrailed, and most fragments contain regions that engrailed protein protects from DNaseI digestion. Chromosomal deletions that remove some of the engrailed binding sites (located either at 64D, 96B or 99D) interact genetically with engrailed. Characterization of a transcript encoded in region 64D revealed its dependence on engrailed protein.
A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery

Water temperature is almost certainly a limiting factor in the maintenance of a self-sustaining rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerlySalmo gairdneri) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) fishery in the lower reaches of the Cache la Poudre River near Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Irrigation diversions dewater portions of the river, but cold reservoir releases moderate water temperatures during some periods. The US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) was applied to a 31-km segment of the river using readily available stream geometry and hydrological and meteorological data. The calibrated model produced satisfactory water temperature predictions (R2=0.88,P<0.001, N=49) for a 62-day summer period. It was used to evaluate a variety of flow and nonflow alternatives to keep water temperatures below 23.3°C for the trout. Supplemental flows or reduced diversions of 3 m3/sec would be needed to maintain suitable summer temperatures throughout most of the study area. Such flows would be especially beneficial during weekends when current irrigation patterns reduce flows. The model indicated that increasing the riparian shade would result in little improvement in water temperatures but that decreasing the stream width would result in significant temperature reductions. Introduction of a more thermally tolerant redband trout (Oncorhynchus sp.), or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) might prove beneficial to the fishery. Construction of deep pools for thermal refugia might also be helpful.
Use of nuclear reaction analysis to characterize the elemental composition and density of thin film amorphous silicon

Abstract The use of nuclear reactions to determine the concentration of hydrogen in thin film is reviewed with particular emphasis on the analysis of thin film amorphous silicon (a−Si). The 15 N hydrogen profiling technique which can be used to measure quantitatively the hydrogen concentration versus depth in any solid is described in detail. This method has good sensitivity (less than 100 ppm) and good depth resolution (about 4 nm near the surface) and can measure hydrogen concentration to depths of several microns. Although this hydrogen analysis technique is rather new, it has already been applied in the analysis of the hydrogen content and densities of thin film a−Si. The results of these measurements are summarized and discussed in relationship to the results of other analytic techniques.
Capillary impregnation in a flexible slit: a finite element formulation

Dynamic wetting is an important phenomenon in many applications involving motion of liquid/vapor free surface on a solid surface. Capillary impregnation in a slit is one such important application. Modeling of this application is more challenging in a flexible slit than rigid slit since the solid deformation needs to be accounted in addition to tracking the contact line. Previously, a finite element model has been formulated for predicting dynamic wetting on flexible solids with upstream end of slot coater [S. Madasu, R.A. Cairncross, Effect of substrate flexibility on dynamic wetting: A finite element model, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 192 (2003) 2671-2702] as the prototype. This paper presents an application of that formulation in a moving reference frame for predicting the location of dynamic contact line for capillary flow inside a flexible slit. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) mesh motion is used to track the location of the contact line. Two singularities arise at the contact line: (i) in the solid domain due to liquid/vapor surface tension force acting as a line force and (ii) in the liquid domain due to the double-valued velocity. ''Navier slip condition'' and ''Distributed line force condition'' are used to relieve the singularities in the solid and liquid domains, respectively. The variation of dynamic contact line position with respect to various parameters such as pressure, contact angle, capillary number and elasticity number are presented for the finite element model and compared with an analytical model. The trends for the variation of length of penetration of liquid for rigid solid with inlet pressure, contact angle and capillary number compare qualitatively with the Washburn's equation (1).
Late-onset gastrointestinal pain in juvenile dermatomyositis as a manifestation of ischemic ulceration from chronic endarteropathy.

We present the clinical and pathologic features of two patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) with severe gastrointestinal ulceration or perforation who required surgery. Abdominal pain which is persistent, progressive or severe, even in patients with improving or mildly active juvenile DM, should be carefully evaluated. The absence of occult blood in the stool and normal radiographs do not exclude these potentially serious complications. Chronic endarteropathy, not an acute vasculopathy previously reported, is the pathology associated with the ischemic ulceration in these patients. The current approach to treatment of juvenile DM with immunosuppressive agents may have contributed to delay in the onset of these gastrointestinal manifestations and to their pathologic features.
Legal and ethical issues in conducting research on alcohol and drug use with children: a reaction to Havey and Dodd.

Abstract Although research pertaining to alcohol and drug use by children clearly is very important for our field, it also presents a number of difficult ethical and legal challenges. In this article we react to Havey and Dodd's research (1995, this issue), commenting specifically on their use of a passive consent procedure. Problems with this aspect of their methodology are reviewed in relationship to best research practices, the U.S. Constitution, case law, federal statutes, and the ethical codes of the American Psychological Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, and the American Educational Research Association.
Formation and modulation of chemical connections: Evoked acetylcholine release from growth cones and neurites of specific identified neurons

Abstract The ability to release acetylcholine (ACh) from cultured neurons of Helisoma was assessed by micromanipulating ACh-sensitive somata into contact with presynaptic neurons. ACh release was reliably detected from neurites and growth cones of cholinergic neuron B5, but not neuron 019, as early as 3 s after contact with novel target neurons. The rapid onset of transmission correlates with the ability of neuron B5, but not neuron B19, to indiscriminately form chemical connections and may be related to the specificity of synaptogenesis. The neuropeptide FMRFamide reduces ACh release at early chemical connections. The rapid onset of functional transmission and the ability of FMRF-amide to modulate chemical transmission at this early chemical connection suggest that neuron B5 acquires its presynaptic apparatus through an intrinsic program independently of target contact.
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: A Comparison of Modern High-Resolution Retinal Imaging Systems

Purpose To provide a review of commercially available spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) systems in clinical ophthalmology. Design Perspective. Methods Review of current manufacturer information, selected articles from the literature, and the authors' clinical experience. Results Because the premise of SD OCT technology is the nonproprietary mathematical formula of Fourier transformation, 9 different SD OCT systems currently are or soon will be commercially available. Also demonstrated are Cirrus en face C-scan visualization of photoreceptor attenuation resulting from acute zonal occult outer retinopathy and Spectral OCT/scanning laser ophthalmoscopy microperimetric analysis of a macular caldera lesion resulting from North Carolina macular dystrophy. Conclusions Advances in high-resolution imaging of the anterior and posterior segment have revealed new in vivo details of anatomic, physiologic, and pathologic data for the practice of ophthalmology. Compared with time-domain OCT, SD OCT tends to derive increased retinal thickness and decreased nerve fiber layer thickness measurements. This is likely because of increased depth of resolution and greater volume of data acquired with each scan. Interdevice comparison is not practical because of differences in individual segment boundary algorithms. Improvements in photoreceptor inner segment–outer segment layer visualization should aid our understanding of visual dysfunction in a variety of retinal pathologic features. As the technology develops, SD OCT will continue to provide new insights about ocular structure and disease.
Central nervous system histoplasmosis with obstructive hydrocephalus

Abstract A case of central nervous system histoplasmosis complicated by obstruction of the fourth ventricle is described. The patient rarely exhibited systemic symptoms of infection despite positive cultures for Histoplasma capsulatum from bone marrow, blood and urine. Infection recurred despite the administration of a total of 5 g of systemic amphotericin B. An additional course combined with Intrathecal amphotericin B was terminated because of transverse myelitis.
Home-field advantage accelerates leaf litter decomposition in forests

Several leaf litter decay studies have indicated that decomposition occurs more rapidly when litter is placed beneath the plant species from which it had been derived than beneath a different plant species (i.e. home-field advantage, HFA), although support for this notion has not been universal. We provide the first quantification of HFA in relation to leaf litter decomposition using published litter mass loss data from forest ecosystems in North America, South America, and Europe. Our findings indicate that HFA is widespread in forest ecosystems; on average litter mass loss was 8% faster at home than away. We hypothesize that HFA results from specialization of the soil biotic community in decomposing litter derived from the plant above it. Climate and initial litter quality data can be used to explain about 70% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale, leaving about 30% unexplained. We suggest that HFA be recognized as a factor that explains some of this remaining variability.
Fast and accurate algorithms for protein side-chain packing

This article studies the protein side-chain packing problem using the tree-decomposition of a protein structure. To obtain fast and accurate protein side-chain packing, protein structures are modeled using a geometric neighborhood graph, which can be easily decomposed into smaller blocks. Therefore, the side-chain assignment of the whole protein can be assembled from the assignment of the small blocks. Although we will show that the side-chain packing problem is still NP-hard, we can achieve a tree-decomposition-based globally optimal algorithm with time complexity of O(Nnrottw p 1) and several polynomial-time approximation schemes (PTAS), where N is the number of residues contained in the protein, nrot the average number of rotamers for each residue, and tw = O(N2/3 log N) the treewidth of the protein structure graph. Experimental results indicate that after Goldstein dead-end elimination is conducted, nrot is very small and tw is equal to 3 or 4 most of the time. Based on the globally optimal algorithm, we developed a protein side-chain assignment program TreePack, which runs up to 90 times faster than SCWRL 3.0, a widely-used side-chain packing program, on some large test proteins in the SCWRL benchmark database and an average of five times faster on all the test proteins in this database. There are also some real-world instances that TreePack can solve but that SCWRL 3.0 cannot. The TreePack program is available at http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~jinbo/TreePack.htm.
The Effect of Estimation Error On A Geometric Moving Average

The geometric moving average (G.M.A.) is an optimal predictor for time dependent variables whose first difference follows a first order moving average model. The G.M.A. depends upon a single parameter which in general must be estimated from the available data. In this paper, the effect of parameter estimation error on inferences about a future observation from the process described above is investigated from a Bayesian viewpoint.
Scientific and social issues of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development

Development of a preventive immunogen for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a national priority. The complexities associated with HIV host-virus interactions, coupled with the rapid progression of the HIV epidemic worldwide, have necessitated lowering expectations for an HIV vaccine that is 100 percent effective and have raised important scientific and nonscientific issues regarding development and use of preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines.
In vivo on-line HPLC-microdialysis: simultaneous detection of monoamines and their metabolites in awake freely-moving rats.

Abstract An on-line microbore high performance liquid chromatographic–electrochemical (HPLC–EC) detection method has been developed for the simultaneous measurement of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine, DA), its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, HVA), as well as serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and its metabolise 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the striatum of awake and freely moving rats. Our method was capable of detecting DOPAC, 5-HIAA, HVA, DA and 5-HT at retention time of 3, 5, 6.5, 9, and 24 min, respectively, in repeated on-line microdialysis sampling. Analysis was performed using a 150×1 mm 5 μm C18 microbore column attached directly to a thin-layer radial flow electrochemical cell (UniJet®) comprising a 6 mm glassy carbon working electrode. In order to accommodate signal outputs (due to a varying level in the neurochemicals under investigation), an amperometric detector was equipped with a sensitivity programmable controlling software for automatically switching sensitivity inattentively and repeatedly for each collection cycle.
Standard enrichment methods for targeted next-generation sequencing in high-repeat genomic regions

Standard enrichment methods for targeted next-generation sequencing in high-repeat genomic regions
Spatial Distribution of Soil Carbon in Southern New England Hardwood Forest Landscapes

Understanding soil organic C (SOC) spatial variability is critical when developing C budgets, explaining the cause and effects of climate change, and for basic ecosystem characterization. We investigated delineations of four soil series to elucidate the factors that affect the size, distribution, and variability of SOC pools from horizon to landscape scales. These soils, classified as Udipsamments, Dystrudepts, Endoaquepts, and Haplosaprists, were sampled along random transects to a depth of 1 m. In very poorly and poorly drained soils 75 and 45% of total SOC was found below 30 cm, respectively. In contrast, only 30% of the total SOC could be accounted for below 30 cm in the well and excessively drained soils. Soils formed in outwash and young alluvium sequestered a greater portion of total SOC within the subsoil, while soils formed in loess held approximately 70% of the SOC within O and A horizons. Total SOC contents among the four soil types differed significantly (p < 0.001), with the wetter soils having greater accumulations of C. Soil C pools ranged from 110 Mg C ha -1 in the excessively drained Psamments (double the mean national value) to 586 Mg C ha -1 in the very poorly drained Saprists (30-60% lower than the mean national value). The two-fold differences between our data and the national averages support the need for regional assessments of soil C pools. Based on the coefficient of variation (CV) values, there appears to be nearly as much variability in the SOC pool within a delineation (CVs ranged 9 to 30%) as among delineations (CVs ranged from 15 to 31%) for the same soil type. Since significant differences were found for total SOC among delineations of the same soil type, we concluded that sampling from a significant number of delineations of the same series will provide a more accurate representation of SOC for scaling to the landscape or region than sampling at multiple locations within a single representative delineation.
Seeing is believing: Facial appearance, credibility, and attitude change

One-hundred twenty-eight subjects (64 female, 64 male) viewed either a babyfaced or maturefaced female speaker delivering a persuasive communication, and also received information designed to make the speaker seem either untrustworthy or inexpert. Subjects indicated how much they agreed with the speaker's position and completed other measures concerning her appearance and their perceptions of her speech. Babyfaced speakers induced more agreement with their position than did maturefaced speakers when trustworthiness was in question, presumably because babyfaced speakers still appeared honest due to their babyish facial features. Conversely, maturefaced speakers produced more attitude agreement as compared to babyfaced speakers when expertise was questioned, perhaps because knowledgeability was still communicated via their mature countenance. Attitude change was not related to perceived likability, age, attractiveness, or communication skills of the speakers, or subjects' interest in the topic.
Mixed-Layer Budget Analysis of the Diurnal Cycle of Entrainment in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus

Mixed-layer budgets of boundary layer mass, moisture, and liquid water static energy are estimated from 6 days of data collected at 20°S, 85°W (a region of persistent stratocumulus) during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) stratocumulus cruise in 2001. These budgets are used to estimate a mean diurnal cycle of entrainment and, by diagnosing the fluxes of humidity and liquid water static energy necessary to maintain a mixed-layer structure, of buoyancy flux. Although the entrainment rates suggested by each of the budgets have significant uncertainty, the various methods are consistent in predicting a 6-day mean entrainment rate of 4 1m m s 1 , with higher values at night and very little entrainment around local noon. The diurnal cycle of buoyancy flux suggests that drizzle, while only a small term in the boundary layer moisture budget, significantly reduces subcloud buoyancy flux and may induce weak decoupling of surface and cloud-layer turbulence during the early morning hours, a structure that is maintained throughout the day by shortwave warming. Finally, the diurnal cycle of entrainment diagnosed from three recently proposed entrainment closures is found to be consistent with the observationally derived values.
Temperature dependence of anisotropic magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic Sr2IrO4

Temperature-dependent magnetotransport properties of the antiferromagnetic semiconductor Sr2IrO4 are investigated with point-contact devices. The point-contact technique allows to probe very small volumes and, therefore, to look for electronic transport on a microscopic scale. Point-contact measurements with single crystals of Sr2IrO4 were intended to see whether the additional local resistance associated with a small contact area between a sharpened Cu tip and the antiferromagnet shows magnetoresistance (MR) such as that seen in bulk crystals. Point-contact measurements at liquid nitrogen temperature revealed large MRs (up to 28%) for modest magnetic fields (250 mT) applied within an IrO2 (ab) plane with angular dependence showing a crossover from four-fold to two-fold symmetry with an increasing magnetic field. Point contact measurement exhibits distinctive anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) in comparison to a bulk experiment, imposing intriguing questions about the mechanism of AMR in this material. T...
Soft errors issues in low-power caches

As technology scales, reducing leakage power and improving reliability of data stored in memory cells is both important and challenging. While lower threshold voltages increase leakage, lower supply voltages and smaller nodal capacitances reduce energy consumption but increase soft errors rates. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of soft error rates on low-power cache design. First, we study the effect of circuit level techniques, used to reduce the leakage energy consumption, on soft error rates. Our results using custom designs show that many of these approaches may increase the soft error rates as compared to a standard 6T SRAM. We also validate the effects of voltage scaling on soft error rate by performing accelerated tests on off-the-shelf SRAM-based chips using a neutron beam source. Next, we study the impact of cache decay and drowsy cache, which are two commonly used architectural-level leakage reduction approaches, on the cache reliability. Our results indicate that the leakage optimization techniques change the reliability of cache memory. More importantly, we demonstrate that there is a tradeoff between optimizing for leakage power and improving the immunity to soft error. We also study the impact of error correcting codes on soft error rates. Based on this study, we propose an adaptive error correcting scheme to reduce the leakage energy consumption and improve reliability.
Laser-induced enhancement of drug cytotoxicity: a new approach to cancer therapy

A new approach to drug delivery has been developed at the Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine that is analogous to photodynamic therapy except that it utilizes high pressure impulse waves to increase the effectiveness of a variety of drugs rather than light activated drugs. This therapeutic modality offers a generic technology that can be used in a variety of conditions including infections, abscesses, and cancer.
Dissolved volatile concentrations in an ore-forming magma

Infrared spectroscopic measurements of glass inclusions within quartz phenocrysts from the Plinian fallout of the 22 Ma tuff of Pine Grove (southwestern Utah) show that the trapped silicate melt contained high concentrations of H 2 O (6-8 wt%) and CO 2 (60-960 ppm). Inclusion compositions are consistent with either open- or closed-system degassing of this high-silica rhyolite during ascent from 16 km (430 MPa) to 9 km (250 MPa) depth, prior to eruption. Intrusive porphyries from the Pine Grove system are nearly identical in age, composition, and mineralogy to the tephra, and some contain high-grade Mo mineralization. Assuming that the porphyry magmas originally contained similar abundances of volatile components as the erupted rocks, they would have been saturated with fluid at pressures far greater than those at which the porphyries were emplaced and mineralized. Even if no initial exsolved fluid was present when the magma began to ascend, it would have contained 19 to 39 vol% bubbles at the ∼3 km depth (80 MPa) of emplacement of many porphyries. The decrease in magma density and increase in porosity would have facilitated magma convection as well as advection of magmatic aqueous fluid through an interconnected network of bubbles. The data are consistent with formation of Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits by prolonged fluid flux from a large volume (>20 km 3 ) of relatively Mo-poor (1-5 ppm) magma.
Survival of patients with high grade glioma treated with intrathecal thiotriethylenephosphoramide for ependymal or leptomeningeal gliomatosis.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of leptomeningeal dissemination of malignant glioma (meningeal gliomatosis) is associated with poor survival. Intrathecal (IT) chemotherapeutic agents used to achieve tumor control and improve survival include methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), thiotriethylenephosphoramide (thio-TEPA), neocarzinostatin, and 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU). Little information exists about survival following administration of IT chemotherapy. The authors report survival data from a series of patients with supratentorial anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated for ependymal or leptomeningeal gliomatosis with IT thio-TEPA. METHODS The authors reviewed the records of 14 patients treated between 1991 and 1997 (GBM: n = 9; AA: n = 5). All patients were diagnosed with ependymal (n = 8) or leptomeningeal (n = 6) dissemination of tumor on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms, ependymal or leptomeningeal contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. All 14 patients underwent placement of a ventricular reservoir system and subsequent instillation of IT thio-TEPA on a weekly basis for 6–12 weeks. Response to treatment was evaluated clinically and by MRI at intervals of 1–3 months and 3–6 months from the initiation of IT thio-TEPA. Data on survival from the time of diagnosis of dissemination was assessed. RESULTS The median survival, from the time of diagnosis of ependymal or leptomeningeal dissemination, of patients who received IT thio-TEPA was 10 months (AA = 19 months; GBM = 10 months). Five of 14 patients had a radiographic response to treatment within 6 months. The median survival of patients with a radiographic response was 15.5 months, compared with 10 months for nonresponders. No significant neurotoxicity or myelopathy was observed. CONCLUSIONS Early treatment with IT thio-TEPA may result in improved survival with minimal morbidity. Radiographic response may predict prolonged survival. Cancer 1999;86:1347–53. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Avoidance of Retrograde Catheterization, by Doppler Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Björk-Shiley Aortic Valve Dysfunction

A 74-year-old man with a history of prior Bjork-Shiley aortic valve replacement was admitted with chest pain and dyspnea. Results of physical examination and cinefluoroscopy suggested a dysfunction of the prosthetic valve; imaging echocardiography was not helpful. Nonimaging continuous wave Doppler examination confirmed severe prosthetic aortic valve dysfunction, necessitating emergent replacement, and potentially hazardous retrograde catheterization of the prosthesis was avoided.
Testing for ordered means in a variation of the normal mixture model

A likelihood ratio test is developed for a null hypothesis that places a simple order restriction on the component density means in a variation of the normal mixture model. The asymptotic null distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic is shown to be a mixture of chi-square distributions when the true parameter lies on the boundary of the null space. Equality of the component means is found to be the asymptotically least favorable subhypothesis within the null hypothesis. The test is applied to a problem in statistical genetics. Extensions to null hypotheses that restrict the mean vector to polyhedral cones are discussed.
DISCONTINUOUS SHOCK AND DISCRIMINATED-AVOIDANCE LEARNING BY TADPOLES (RANA PIPIENS)

20 larval leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were given 40 trials per day for 5 consecutive days in a discriminated-avoidance situation. Light was used as the conditional stimulus (CS), and the unconditional stimulus (US) consisted of scrambled electric current. Ss were matched for size and assigned to 4 cells of a 2 by 2 factorial design. The factors were US intensity (0.4 ma vs 0.8 ma) and type of US (discontinuous vs continuous). Over sessions there was an increase in the number of avoidance responses (p < .005) and a corresponding decrease in the number of no-response trials (p < .05). Discontinuous shock, which facilitates discriminated-avoidance learning in tats, did not affect the level of avoidance responding in tadpoles but did significantly reduce the number of no-response trials (p < .01). This finding suggested that the role of the discontinuous shock in discriminated-avoidance learning may be adventitiously to eliminate responses (e.g., freezing) which are incompatible with the avoidance response.
Spectroscopy of I2 at the dissociation limit

Abstract The spectroscopic analysis of the B 3 Π 0 u + state of I 2 has been extended to both longer and shorter wavelengths. New assignments in the 6-3, 7-3, 8-4, 9-4, 10-5, 43-0, and 49-1 bands are reported. Absorption line coincidences with emission lines at 6328.17 A (Ne I), 5145.36 A (Ar II), and 5085.82 A (Cd I) are identified. A revised best set of vibrational and rotational constants is given. The last discrete line observable in the spectrum falls at 4990.59 A, some 24 cm −1 short of the true dissociation limit. This is attributed to small Franck-Condon factors for those levels within 24 cm −1 of the limit. The molecular potential curve has a −C R 5 from for R > 4.5 A , and this is attributed to a quadrupole exchange interaction. The transition quadrupole moment derived on this basis is within a factor of two of the calculated value. On the basis of this potential, it is estimated that the B state of I 2 has 93 ± 2 bound vibrational levels.
Metabolic ools of polphosphoinositides in rat brain

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence for the existence of more than one metabolic fraction of di- and triphosphoinositides was sought by comparing the time course of incorporation of 32 P in anatomical regions of 34- and 60-day-old rat brains, dissected and frozen after death either immediately or after 10 min at room temperature. 2. 2. The specific activity of the P in the washings of the polyphosphoinositide-containing extract was determined as indicative of the precursor P pool. 3. 3. Triphosphoinositide became labeled most rapidly in cortical gray matter and equilibrated with the precursor P pool in 1.25 h after intraperitoneal injection of 32 P. 4. 4. When expressed relative to precursor P, no differences were found between the specific activities of diphosphoinositide in cerebellum or of both phosphoinositides in brain stem, when these were determined in samples either frozen rapidly or 10 min later. 5. 5. In forebrain, cortical gray matter and cerebellum the relative specific activities of the triphosphoinositide remaining after 10 min were generally lower than those of total triphosphoinositide. The opposite pattern was found for diphosphoinositide in forebrain and gray matter. 6. 6. The findings for triphosphoinositide complement the results of studies on the levels and stability of this lipid in rat brain regions and are consistent with the existence of at least two metabolic pools. The one disappearing rapidly after death would be more active and seems to be primarily associated with gray matter structures, whereas, the one which is stable post mortem would be less active and located in myelin.
Atomic absorption inhibition titration of orthophosphate and polyphosphates

Abstract The atomic absorption inhibition titration of phosphates was studied for two types of burner. Dependence on gas Flow-rates was observed. The method with a pre-mix burner was employed to determine phosphate in surface and waste waters. The results are compared with those by the standard method. The proposed method was found to be rapid, simple and accurate.
A parallel algorithm for 3D particle tracking and Lagrangian trajectory reconstruction

Particle-tracking methods are widely used in fluid mechanics and multi-target tracking research because of their unique ability to reconstruct long trajectories with high spatial and temporal resolution. Researchers have recently demonstrated 3D tracking of several objects in real time, but as the number of objects is increased, real-time tracking becomes impossible due to data transfer and processing bottlenecks. This problem may be solved by using parallel processing. In this paper, a parallel-processing framework has been developed based on frame decomposition and is programmed using the asynchronous object-oriented Charm++ paradigm. This framework can be a key step in achieving a scalable Lagrangian measurement system for particle-tracking velocimetry and may lead to real-time measurement capabilities. The parallel tracking algorithm was evaluated with three data sets including the particle image velocimetry standard 3D images data set #352, a uniform data set for optimal parallel performance and a computational-fluid-dynamics-generated non-uniform data set to test trajectory reconstruction accuracy, consistency with the sequential version and scalability to more than 500 processors. The algorithm showed strong scaling up to 512 processors and no inherent limits of scalability were seen. Ultimately, up to a 200-fold speedup is observed compared to the serial algorithm when 256 processors were used. The parallel algorithm is adaptable and could be easily modified to use any sequential tracking algorithm, which inputs frames of 3D particle location data and outputs particle trajectories.
Disease Resistance of Wheat Varieties: Can Private Varieties Withstand the Pressure?

US wheat varieties are examined for differential disease resistance between public and private varieties, an issue for critics of plant intellectual property. Analysis using disease resistance rankings of wheat varieties from Kansas and Texas indicate that private varieties are as or more resistant. This finding was further confirmed with two years of Texas data. Thus, the results from the study reject the criticism of private breeding activities that they are more susceptible to disease compared to public varieties. However, private varieties resistance is incorporated from public offerings so that productive private wheat breeding is partly derivative.
The Skull of Hitonkala (Florentiamyidae, Rodentia) and Relationships within Geomyoidea

Morphology of the four known skulls of the early Arikareean (late Oligocene) Hitonkala andersontau Macdonald indicates that this species is a member of the Florentiamyidae. Hitonkala lacks some of the derived characters of the skull present in the most-advanced florentiamyids such as Sanctimus and Florentiamys , but is more derived than the Whitneyan Kirkomys . Florentiamyids share a number of derived cranial features with the Heliscomyidae and are the immediate sister group of that family.
cGMP-mediated facilitation in nerve terminals by enhancement of the spike afterhyperpolarization.

Abstract cGMP has long been suspected to play a role in synaptic plasticity, but the inaccessibility of nerve terminals to electrical recording has impeded tests of this hypothesis. In posterior pituitary nerve terminals, nitric oxide enhanced Ca 2+ -activated K + channel activity by activating guanylate cyclase and PKG. This enhancement occured only at depolarized potentials, so the spike threshold remained unaltered but the afterhyperpolarization became larger. During spike trains, the enhanced afterhyperpolarization promoted Na + channel recovery from inactivation, thus reducing action potential failures and allowing more Ca 2+ to enter. Activating guanylate cyclase, either with applied nitric oxide, or with physiological stimulation to activate nitric oxide synthase, increased action potential firing. Thus, the cGMP/nitric oxide cascade generates a short-term, use-dependent enhancement of release.