cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permanent Paraplegia as a Complication of Injection of Contrast Media at L2-L3 Vertebral Level

BACKGROUND The lumbar intrathecal (subarachnoid) space is accessed for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Occasionally, the needle may unintentionally enter the intrathecal space during lumbar interlaminar epidural steroid injections (LESIs)-one of the most commonly performed medical procedures in the United States. Ordinarily, this merely constitutes a minor complication or even a desired placement (in the case of some diagnostic procedures). However, some patients have a rare condition wherein the spinal cord terminates below the L2 vertebral level (tethered cord). In such cases, injections administered at the lumbar level may potentially result in spinal cord damage and irreversible paraplegia if the physician performing the intervention does not recognize the intramedullary position of the needle. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe and analyze an unintentional L2-L3 injection of contrast medium into a tethered spinal cord. Many physicians may consider lumbar injections "safe" because the spinal cord usually terminates at or above the L2 vertebral level. However, complacency stemming from this false impression of safety contributes to nonadherence to practice guidelines, which may lead to catastrophic neurological complications. Presented here is the first published occurrence of paraplegia that resulted from contrast medium injection into the spinal cord during a myelography study performed below the L2 vertebral level. CONCLUSIONS Disregard of the procedural guidelines by the physicians performing an elective diagnostic intervention may cause devastating neurological complications. The described casualty occurred because of failure to review previous imaging studies, injection of the contrast medium despite unsuccessful attempts to aspirate cerebrospinal fluid, and an unwillingness to terminate the procedure immediately when the patient reported an unusual sensation in both of his lower extremities. Consequently, we suggest that not only for cervical and thoracic but also for lumbar interlaminar ESIs, previous imaging studies should be reviewed before the injection.
A Tale of Two Adolescents: A New Role for Pediatric Palliative Care

Introduction For adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with life-threatening, complex chronic diseases (CCD), advanced care planning (ACP) empowers them to define their goals of care and be involved in end-of-life (EOL) conversations, but requires meticulous communication and understanding of their developmental stage. As more AYAs with CCD survive into adulthood, transition of care becomes increasingly important; however, there is sparse literature on how to incorporate ACP and what role Pediatric Palliative Care (PPC) plays in the transition process. We present two case reports of AYA’s with CCD whose care became …
Music as nomad research

This essay uses the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of the war machine to develop a way of thinking about research-creation, following Erin Manning’s suggestion that the latter—as a hyphenated compound structure—can function as a knowledge-producing act on its own terms, as a ‘making as thinking’. After considering several examples of musical processes that exemplify this concept (as nomadic conjunctions with ‘State’ apparatuses that rearrange the latter as new knowledge-producing expressions), it engages two moments from Benjamin Boretz’s Language ,as a music as an example of an original expression of research-creation that operates between music and verbal discourse. It closes by considering how this shift in thinking can function as a potent form of radical pedagogy. KEY WORDS: Benjamin Boretz. Carolyn Shaw. Musical composition. Nomad. Research-creation. War machine.
Targeting MET Dysregulation in Cancer

Aberrant MET signaling can drive tumorigenesis in several cancer types through a variety of molecular mechanisms including MET gene amplification, mutation, rearrangement, and overexpression. Improvements in biomarker discovery and testing have more recently enabled the selection of patients with MET-dependent cancers for treatment with potent, specific, and novel MET-targeting therapies. We review the known oncologic processes that activate MET, discuss therapeutic strategies for MET-dependent malignancies, and highlight emerging challenges in acquired drug resistance in these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: Increasing evidence supports the use of MET-targeting therapies in biomarker-selected cancers that harbor molecular alterations in MET. Diverse mechanisms of resistance to MET inhibitors will require the development of novel strategies to delay and overcome drug resistance.
Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition

Abstract The inhibition of enzymatic activity can be characterized with steady-state kinetics. The focus here is on molecules that inhibit enzymes in a reversible (non-covalent) manner. The three basic types of enzyme inhibition are competitive, uncompetitive, and noncompetitive. The most common types of enzyme inhibitors are dead-end inhibitors, product inhibitors, substrate inhibitors, and slow-binding inhibitors.
Guar bean in urinary cytology: a morphologic pitfall

Introduction Various types of contaminants can be encountered in cytologic specimens. This study describes a vegetable material that we encountered in ileal conduit urine specimens. We aim to describe the cytomorphology and the source of origin of this vegetable material. Material and methods The cytology database for the past 5 years (January 2015-April 2020) was searched for ileal conduit urine cytology specimens with a reported vegetable contaminant. The details of the ostomy procedure and device used were recorded. Histologic sections were prepared from the ostomy devices as well as from guar beans and seeds. Results A total of 17 urinary specimens from 8 patients were identified that showed the presence of a vegetable contaminant. All the patients were using Coloplast (Minneapolis, MN) SenSura Mio ostomy device. The urine cytology showed presence of polygonal thick-walled cells with a dark brown/orange core with irregular outlines. Similar cells were also seen in the histologic sections prepared from the ostomy adhesive and the guar seed and bean. Conclusions Guar gum is a naturally occurring hydrocolloid that is used in ostomy wafer adhesives. Correct identification and familiarity with the cytomorphology of the guar cells in samples of ileal conduit urine is essential to avoid a potential diagnostic pitfall when evaluating urine cytology specimens from these diversion specimens.
Persistent rurality in Mexico and ‘the right to stay home’

This study compares Mexico's rural population and cross-border out-migration trends between 2000 and 2010 censuses. In spite of widespread predictions of post-NAFTA depopulation, the size of Mexico...
Percutaneous evacuation of anterior abdominal wall hematomas using catheter-based mechanical thrombectomy.

Abstract Post-operative hematoma is a common surgical complication, often treated conservatively. However, persistent, recurrent or symptomatic hematomas may require percutaneous or surgical drainage. The authors present two cases of persistent post-surgical hematomas which were successfully evacuated in a single-setting using a percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy system.
Improvement of simulating sub-daily hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting for landscape irrigation with rain barrels/cisterns in the SWAT model.

Abstract Rain barrels/cisterns, a popular type of low impact development (LID) practice, can restore urban hydrological processes and decrease municipal water use by harvesting roof runoff for later use, such as landscape irrigation. However, tools to assist decision makers in creating efficient rainwater harvesting and reuse strategies are limited. This study improved the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in simulating the subdaily hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting for landscape irrigation with rain barrels/cisterns, including the simulation of rainwater harvesting with rain barrels/cisterns, rainwater reuse for auto landscape irrigation, evapotranspiration, initial abstraction, impervious area, soil profile, and lawn management operation. The improved SWAT was applied in the urbanized Brentwood watershed (Austin, TX) to evaluate its applicability and investigate the impacts of rainwater harvesting and reuse strategies on the reductions and reduction efficiencies (reductions per volume of rain barrels/cisterns implemented) of field scale runoff (peak and depth) and watershed scale streamflow (peak and volume) for two storm events. Scenarios explored included different sizes of rain barrels/cisterns, percentages of rooftop areas with rain barrels/cisterns implemented, auto landscape irrigation rates, and landscape irrigation starting times. The performance of rainwater harvesting and reuse strategies, which is determined by features of fields, watersheds, and storm events, varied for different reduction goals (streamflow or runoff, and peak or depth/volume). For instance, the scenario with rain barrel/cistern sizes of 7.5 mm (design runoff depth from treated roof area) and the scenario with 10% of suitable area implemented with rain barrels/cisterns provided the highest peak streamflow reduction efficiency and total streamflow volume reduction efficiency at the watershed scale, respectively for the smaller storm event. To achieve sustainable urban stormwater management, the improved SWAT model has enhanced capability to help stakeholders create efficient rainwater harvesting and reuse strategies to reduce field scale runoff and watershed scale streamflow.
Galileo Under Fire and Under Patronage

This essay explores three challenging ironies in Galileo’s career, involving the viewpoints of leisure, adversity, and intellectual achievement. Before 1610, as a university professor at Padua and employee of the Venetian Republic, he had the liberty and protection to conduct significant and unorthodox research, but lacked the leisure and financial comfort to bring it to completion. After 1610, as philosopher and chief mathematician to the grand duke of Tuscany, Galileo had the leisure and comfort for full time research, but was unable to do it effectively because of opposition by churchmen and rivals. Also after 1610, he was both under fire and under patronage from the same institution—the Church—which both paid (indirectly) his salary and created many obstacles for his Copernican research program.
Mastitis in Small Ruminants

This paper reviews the epidemiology, etiologies, risk factors, and preventive management strategies used to minimize mastitis in dairy sheep and dairy goats. Clinical mastitis typically occurs in <5% of lactating does and ewes, but subclinical mastitis may occur in up to 15-30% of animals. Somatic cell counts (SCC) of milking ewes can be used to define subclinical mastitis, and a threshold of about 200,000 to 400,000 cells per mL will accurately identify most infected ewes. Interpretation of SCC values of milking goats is complicated by the presence of cytoplasmic particles in milk. However, intramammary infection (IMI) in milking does results in increased SCC values which must be interpreted based on intervening physiological factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and estrus. Milking management and dry-off treatment are important strategies for producers to adopt to minimize the development of new IMI.
Reliability and Validity of of the FSHD Composite Outcome Measure (P3.161)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability and concordant validity of a new facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) composite outcome measure. BACKGROUND: Recent developments in our understanding of the molecular genetic changes in FSHD and efforts to develop potential therapeutic agents have resulted in a need for reliable, sensitive, and clinically meaningful outcome measures. In a prospective 12 month observational study of genetically confirmed FSHD participants, we are investigating the reliability, concurrent validity, and responsiveness to FSHD disease progression of a newly developed FSHD composite outcome measure (FSHD-COM). The FSHD-COM is an evaluator administered measure that assesses trunk, leg, arm, and hand function and balance/mobility. DESIGN/METHODS: Here we present baseline data (n=20) for the FSH-COM. Additional assessments include the Clinical Severity Score (CSS), the FSHD Clinical Score (FCS), strength using manual muscle testing (MMT), and quality of life using the Short Form 36 Physical Composite (SF-36 PC). Reliability was determined by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and the relationships between clinical measures were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: The FSH-COM shows excellent test-retest reliability with an ICC of 0.98. The relationships between the FSH-COM and other measures of FSHD disease were found to be moderate to strong, including: clinical severity scores (CSS r=0.70; p<.001 and FCS r=0.77; p<.0001); patient-reported outcomes (SF-36 PC r=-0.62, P=0.0005), and composite strength measures (MMT r=0.92; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline data for the FSHD-COM demonstrates excellent reliability. Concurrent validity of the FSHD-COM is supported by moderate to strong relationships with other measures of FSHD disease measures. Further investigation of the FSHD-COM to determine the sensitivity to change over time is necessary to establish the usefulness of this scale as an outcome measure for clinical trials. Study Supported by: The FSHD Society Research Grant #82012, and NIAMS grant #U01AR065119. Disclosure: Dr. Eichinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pandya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Donlin-Smith has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heatwole has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tawil has received personal compensation for activities with aTyr Pharma, Novartis, and Regeneron. Dr. Statland has nothing to disclose.
Size effects in concrete fracture: Part I, experimental setup and observations

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the influence of microstructural parameters, such as aggregate size, and macroscopic parameters, such as specimen dimensions, on brittle fracture. Maximum aggregate size was used as a representative parameter of aggregate distribution in agreement with ASTM C 136 standards. Six groups of geometrically similar concrete specimens with various dimensions and aggregate sizes were prepared. Similarity of the specimens was strictly maintained by scaling the specimen dimensions from one group to another by a factor of two starting from a specimen size of (width × total depth × thickness) 105×105×12.5 mm to 1680×1680×200 mm. Two separate sets of removable pre-cast notches were designed to determine the effect of initial notch size. A considerable effort was devoted to the design of the loading fixture to have a reproducible crack initiation and controlled crack growth. Several loading fixtures were evaluated prior to selection of the one used in the experimental program. Quasi-static splitting cyclic loading in edge cleavage configuration was applied. A servo-hydraulic Instron machine was used for testing. The fracture process was monitored by optical and acoustic imaging techniques. Three forms of comparisons of the test results with respect to the specimen and aggregate sizes were adopted. The first corresponded to the various specimen sizes cast with the same maximum aggregate size. The second comparison was based on the geometrically identical specimens cast with various maximum aggregate sizes. The third form of comparison dealt with complete geometrical similarity, i.e., all dimensionless geometrical characteristics including specimen thickness to maximum aggregate size ratio were identical. Results from this study indicated that as the specimen size decreases, the envelope becomes larger within the first and third forms of comparison. In the second form of comparison, i.e., geometrically identical specimens cast with various maximum aggregate sizes, the area under the envelope was greater as the maximum aggregate size increased. The existence of a trend in dimensionless critical load-CMOD envelopes despite the apparent geometrical and physical similarity of the test conditions is the direct indication of a scale effect, i.e., the modified fracture energy, $$\overline {G_F } $$ indicates the existence of a strong scale effect: $$\overline {G_F } $$ increases with the specimen dimensions as well as maximum aggregate size.
The Future: Scrutinizing The Empirical Case For the Court of Federal Claims

The 20th anniversary of the Federal Courts Improvement Act (FCIA) presents an opportunity to reflect upon the unique role of the United States Court of Federal Claims (COFC). The COFC has evolved into a jurisdictional catch-all, rather than a forum that serves a needed purpose. Although public contracts dominate the Court of Federal Claims' docket, the Court plays only a minor role in the field, and mere election of fora does not justify the Court's participation. Hence, this paper offers three reasons to challenge the viability of the Court's current mandate: (1) the Court is not a specialized court; (2) dispersal of the Court's docket would not unduly burden any receiving fora; and (3) because most of the Court's jurisdiction is concurrent and because (empirically) the Court is not the forum of choice, the benefits of forum election are illusory. Ultimately, the paper makes the empirical case that eliminating the Court could enhance efficiency and consistency, while reducing confusion in law and practice.
Influence of MTHFR polymorphisms on cardiovascular risk markers in elite athletes.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the distribution of MTHFR C677T and A1298C as well as PON1 Q192R gene polymorphisms, known to be involved in hyperhomocysteinemia-related cardiovascular risk, in elite athletes. Design and methods Genetic background at MTHFR and PON1 loci and plasma levels of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B 12 and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels were assessed in thirty-seven 400 m male hurdlers and thirty-four sedentary subjects. Results Homocysteine plasma levels and AOPPs were significantly higher in hurdlers bearing the TT677/AA1298 diplotype than in both hurdlers and sedentary subjects with other diplotypes. A positive dependence between either homocysteine or AOPP plasma levels and MTHFR , but not PON1 genotype, was observed in hurdlers. Conclusions Elite hurdlers, having an unfavorable MTHFR genotype are exposed to increased cardiovascular risk, dependent on alterations of homocysteine and AOPP plasma levels.
Studies in phosphinemethylene chemistry : XVI. The reaction of vinylic phosphonium

Abstract The action of phenylithium on vinyltriphenylphosnium bromide resulted both in formation of (C6H5)3 P +  C − HCH2C6H5(ca.45%) and in proton abstraction (in part from the α proton of the vinyl group) by the orgnometallic base. Even lower yields of the corresponding phosphinemethylenes were obtained when methyl- or ethyllithium are used. (β-Bromoethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide and ethylene-1,2-bis(triphenylphosphonium) dibromide served well in the in situ generation of the vinylphosphonium salt in such reactions. Similar addition of phenyllithium to 1-propenyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and (1-methyl-1-propenyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide also was realized, but only in very low yield due to complicating side reactions. Organolithium reagents to isopropenyltriphenylphosphonium bromide to give (C6H5)3 P +  C − (CH3)CH2R in high yield. Noteworthy is the observed addition of triphenylphosphinemethylene to isopropenyltriphenyiphosphonium bromide.
Thick target yields of 26 Al g . s . from the 16 O ( 16 O , x ) 26 Al g . s . and 16 O ( 14 N , x ) 26 Al g . s . reactions

Extending the earlier work of Bateman et al., we have measured the energy-integrated yield of ${}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ from the ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}{(}^{16}\mathrm{O}{,x)}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}{(}^{14}\mathrm{N}{,x)}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ reactions. We find that although the yield from the ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}{(}^{16}\mathrm{O}{,x)}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ reaction is several times larger than from the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}{(}^{16}\mathrm{O}{,x)}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ reaction, the abundance of fossil ${}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ observed in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites could be produced by oxygen-rich cosmic rays via the ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}{(}^{16}\mathrm{O}{,x)}^{26}{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ reaction only under the improbable scenario that more than 40% of the solar system oxygen was injected into the protosolar nebula as cosmic rays.
Minimum energy accumulative routing in wireless networks

In this paper, we propose to address the energy efficient routing problem in multi-hop wireless networks with accumulative relay. In the accumulative relay model, partially overheard signals of previous transmissions for the same packet are used to decode it using a maximal ratio combiner technique [J.G. Proakis, 2001]. Therefore, additional energy saving can be achieved over traditional energy efficient routing. The idea of accumulative relay originates from the study of relay channel in information theory with a main focus on network capacity. It has been independently applied to minimum-energy broadcasting in L.G. Manish Agrawal et al. (2004), I. Maric and R. Yates (2002). We formulate the minimum energy accumulative routing problem (MEAR) and study it. We obtain hardness of approximation results counterbalanced with good heuristic solutions which we validate using simulations. Without energy accumulation, the classic shortest path (SP) algorithm finds the minimum energy path for a source-destination pair. However, we show that with energy accumulation, the SP can be arbitrarily bad. We turn our attention to heuristics and show that any optimal solution of MEAR can be converted to a canonical form - wave path. Armed with this insight, we develop a polynomial time heuristic to efficiently search over the space of all wavepaths. Simulation results show that our heuristic can provide more than 30% energy saving over minimum energy routing without accumulative relay. We also discuss the implementation issues of such a scheme.
Exploring cultural usability

This paper attempts to explore the concept of usability with a broader scope in the cultural dimension by discussing the emerging notion of cultural usability. It compares the consideration of general cultural factors in two trends of usability studies and investigates the relationship of usability, technology and culture. Then it reviews the current theoretical and empirical work on cultural usability. Next it outlines important components for the concept of cultural usability and provides a tentative model. It ends with suggestions for future work.
Rapidly Solidified Ti Alloys Containing Metalloids and Rare Earth Metals—Their Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Rapidly solidified (RS) Ti alloys containing novel additives were prepared by splat quenching and melt spinning techniques. Microstructures of the as-quenched and heat-treated alloys were studied by electron microscopies. The results show that microstructural refinement and precipitation reaction are universal phenomena in all RS Ti alloys. A significant difference in second phase coarsening was observed between metalloid-origin precipitates and those of rare earth-origin. The precipitates in a Ti-Al-La (Ce) were identified predominantly as rare earth-Al compounds. Excellent stability for rare earth-origin precipitates was found. Except for a carbon-containing alloy (700°C), age hardening behavior is a universal phenomenon in all RS Ti alloys with additives. A significant strength increase (hardness) in the RS alloy was noted at both room and elevated temperatures.
Classification of chords by neural networks

This paper is motivated by the work of Laden and Keefe, and addresses the topic of pitch class recognition. A neural net with one hidden layer is trained to recognize all thirty-six major, minor and diminished chords, which can be built over a chromatic scale that starts and ends in C. A harmonic complex representation is chosen for the chords. Each tone is represented by five partial harmonics. A three note chord consists of fifteen partials. Our net is trained with the Error Backpropagation algorithm. The effect of different learning rates and hidden layer sizes are studied. Experiments with a technique known as Bold Driver to speedup the learning are also conducted. Following the existing work, we examine the recognition of incomplete patterns, that is, chords with some harmonics missing. The recognition performance of the system could be significantly improved by adding noise in the training session, and using voting networks. Also the number of epochs needed to recognize all chords could be drastically reduced.
Using Evaluation to Support the Program Advisory Function: A Case Study of Evaluator-Program Advisory Committee Collaboration.

Abstract Efforts to increase the use of evaluation findings frequently include attempts to involve program decisionmakers in evaluation planning and review. In the usual case, such involvement is limited to discussion of evaluation strategy and results. This article, based on an evaluation of a major university's effort to extend its resources in support of volunteer development, describes an instance in which such involvement went beyond the usual limits to include the participation of a program advisory council in the design of data collection instruments and the interviewing of program clients. The council's active participation in the evaluation process strengthened its advisory role while benefitting the evaluation. The experience suggests that there are prerequisites for the success of this type of program stakeholder participation in evaluation and, although there are inherent strengths in such participation, there are also cautions to be observed.
Radon transport into a detached one-story house with a basement

We describe the results of a five-month study during which 222Rn (radon) concentration, air- exchange (or ventilation) rate, and weather and radon source parameters were continuously monitored in a house near Chicago, with a view to accounting for the radon entry rate. The results suggest that the basement sump and perimeter drain-tile system played an important role in influencing the radon entry rate and that pressure-driven flow was more important than diffusion as a mechanism for radon entry. For the first 15 weeks of the study period the mean indoor radon concentration and air-exchange rate were 2.6pCil−1 (96 Bq m−3) and 0.22h−1, respectively; both parameters varied over a wide range. Radon concentration measured at the sump cover varied bimodally between 0 and 10 pCil−1 (0–400 Bqm−3) and 300–700 pCil−1 (10,000–30,000 Bq m−3). These two modes corresponded well to periods of low and high indoor radon concentration; average indoor concentrations for these periods were 1.5 and 6.5 pCil−1 (55 and 240 Bq m−3), respectively. For data sorted into two groups according to radon activity at the sump, the indoor radon concentration showed little dependence on air-exchange rate. This result is accounted for by a model in which the radon entry rate, determined by mass balance, has two components—one diffusive, the other a pressure-driven flow component which is presumed to be proportional to the air-exchange rate. In fitting this model to the data we found that (1) the flow component dominated the diffusive component for periods of both high and low activity at the sump and (2) the magnitude of the diffusive component agreed well with the expected contributions of radon emanating from concrete and soil and diffusing into the house. To account for the flow component, we hypothesize that pressure drives air carrying a high concentration of radon generated in the soil, either through the bulk of the soil or along the outside of the basement walls, then into the basement through cracks and openings. During the final six weeks of the study, measurements were made with the water level in the sump maintained first below, then above the entrance of the pipe connected to the perimeter drain tile system. Average indoor radon concentrations during these two periods were 10.6 and 3.5 pCil−1 (390 and 130 Bq m−3), respectively. The relatively high latter value compared with the mean for the first 15 weeks, combined with the observation of intervals of high airborne alpha activity at the sump during this period, suggest that the level of water in the sump does not, by itself, account for the variation in alpha activity at the sump that we had previously observed. Fireplace operation substantially increased the air-exchange rate, but had only a small effect on indoor radon concentration, providing corroborative evidence that pressure-driven flow is an important mechanism for radon entry into this house.
Organization of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hamster: acetylcholinesterase, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry.

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), NADH dehydrogenase (NADHd), and cytochrome oxidase (CO) was determined in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the golden hamster. Histochemical staining was compared to cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the NST (Whitehead: J. Comp Neurol. 276:547–572, 1988) and to terminal fields of primary afferents of the nerves that innervate the tongue. These three histochemical methods resulted in differential staining patterns within the NST that were related to certain subdivisions. Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the central projections of the chorda tympani (CT), the lingual branch of the trigeminal (L-V), and the lingual-tonsilar branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves (L-IX). Alternate or the same brain sections were processed to reveal transported HRP, and NADHd or AChE levels. Increased staining of the neuropil with NADHd and AChE was coincident with the dense part of the afferent terminal fields of all three nerves in the NST and the laterally adjacent dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. CO showed this pattern only for the most rostral part of the CT field. The densest AChE staining coincided with gustatory afferent terminal fields. The histochemical staining facilitated the interpretation of the organization of the NST. For example, at caudal levels of the gustatory NST, it is suggested that taste processing is localized predominately in the medial part of the rostral central, and somatosensory processing in the rostral lateral subdivision. AChE or NADHd staining should facilitate studies of connections, topography, and neuroplastic changes of the gustatory NST. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theoretical quasar emission-line profiles. I - Curve-of-growth effects on observed profiles

Radiative transfer effects are examined in an investigation of the kinematics of quasar and Seyfert emission-line regions with pancake cloud geometries. Consideration is given only to the effects of limb brightening with the aspect angle of pancake clouds, assuming that all lines lie on a single portion of the curve of growth. This effect is coupled with several simple but plausible ensemble geometries and dynamics, and a number of theoretical emission-line profiles have been generated. It is shown that these profiles differ substantially depending on both the ensemble geometry and the portion of the curve of growth considered; for a given ensemble geometry, optically thick line profiles are different from optically thick profiles. It is shown that, for radiatively driven clouds, ensembles of clouds which have maximum velocities approaching the terminal velocity of the acceleration mechanism never produce acceptable profiles unless the cloud luminosity is a strongly decreasing function of radius.
Patch-generated Frames and Projectable Hulls

This article considers coherent frame homomorphisms h : L → M between coherent frames, which induce an isomorphism between the boolen frames of polars, with M projectable, and such that M is generated by h(L) and certain complemented elements of M. This abstracts the passage from a semiprime commutative ring with identity to its projectable hull. The frame theoretic setting is investigated thoroughly, first without any assumptions beyond the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms of set theory, and, subsequently, assuming that algebraic frames are spatial. The culmination of this effort is the result that the spectrum of d-elements of M is obtained from that of L by refining the given hull–kernel topology to the patch topology. The second part of the article relates the projectable hull to the (von Neumann) regular hull, in a variety of contexts, including that of f-rings. For a uniformly complete f-algebra A, it is shown that the maximal l-ideals of A that are traces of real maximal ideals of the regular hull HA are precisely the almost P-points of the space of maximal l-ideals of A.
Aspects of the Load Circulation at the Grand Canyon during the Fall Season

Abstract The atmosphere and circulation of air within, above, and around the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River was studied from an instrumented aircraft and from ground-based instruments in September and October 1984. Several patterns were identified. The nighttime formation of stabilized layers and infrared cooling did not necessarily guarantee a downslope and a downstream flow. Morning observations showed early formation of thermal patterns which increased during the day until, under clear skies, turbulent mixing would disrupt the stable layers above the canyon in September. October solar heating seemed insufficient to totally disrupt the stable layers above the canyon, and only limited areal segments displayed instability at the rim level. The depth of the turbulent mixing is a function of sky cover and cloud thickness. The amount of influence of the large-scale air motion depends on the orientation of the canyon relative to the direction of this motion.
Integrative moral judgment: dissociating the roles of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

A decade's research highlights a critical dissociation between automatic and controlled influences on moral judgment, which is subserved by distinct neural structures. Specifically, negative automatic emotional responses to prototypically harmful actions (e.g., pushing someone off of a footbridge) compete with controlled responses favoring the best consequences (e.g., saving five lives instead of one). It is unknown how such competitions are resolved to yield “all things considered” judgments. Here, we examine such integrative moral judgments. Drawing on insights from research on self-interested, value-based decision-making in humans and animals, we test a theory concerning the respective contributions of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to moral judgment. Participants undergoing fMRI responded to moral dilemmas, separately evaluating options for their utility (Which does the most good?), emotional aversiveness (Which feels worse?), and overall moral acceptability. Behavioral data indicate that emotional aversiveness and utility jointly predict “all things considered” integrative judgments. Amygdala response tracks the emotional aversiveness of harmful utilitarian actions and overall disapproval of such actions. During such integrative moral judgments, the vmPFC is preferentially engaged relative to utilitarian and emotional assessments. Amygdala-vmPFC connectivity varies with the role played by emotional input in the task, being the lowest for pure utilitarian assessments and the highest for pure emotional assessments. These findings, which parallel those of research on self-interested economic decision-making, support the hypothesis that the amygdala provides an affective assessment of the action in question, whereas the vmPFC integrates that signal with a utilitarian assessment of expected outcomes to yield “all things considered” moral judgments.
Observation of head trauma patients at home: A prospective study of compliance in the rural South

A prospective study was conducted to test the reliability of at-home observation of head trauma victims in the rural South among a population of low educational level. During a four-month period, 99 patients entered and 90 patients finished the study. In all cases, an individual was identified as willing to accept the responsibility of observing the patient. The observer received written and verbal instructions to stay with the patient for 24 hours and to wake the patient every four hours during that time. Patients then were contacted seven to nine days after their injury and questioned as to their present symptoms and observer compliance. For patients under 15 years of age (n = 34), the observer was questioned. Thirteen percent of the observers did not remain with the patient for 24 hours, 16% passed the responsibility of observation to another individual, and 71% awoke the patient as instructed. Observers who were not the patient's mother were significantly more likely to abandon the patient during the first 24-hour period. Observer compliance for patient awakening significantly decreased with the increase in patient age. When spouses and live-in friends were combined as a group of observers and compared with parents, the parents awoke the patient significantly more often. The authors conclude that in this population, at-home observation of head trauma patients, particularly those more than 25 years old, may not be reliable. Special attention should be directed toward the care of these patients.
Glioma-associated endothelial cells show evidence of replicative senescence.

Abstract The innately programmed process of replicative senescence has been studied extensively with respect to cancer, but primarily from the perspective of tumor cells overcoming this stringent innate barrier and acquiring the capacity for unlimited proliferation. In this study, we focus on the potential role of replicative senescence affecting the non-transformed endothelial cells of the blood vessels within the tumor microenvironment. Based on the well-documented aberrant structural and functional features of blood vessels within solid tumors, we hypothesized that tumor-derived factors may lead to premature replicative senescence in tumor-associated brain endothelial cells (TuBEC). We show here that glioma tissue, but not normal brain tissue, contains cells that express the signature of replicative senescence, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), on CD31-positive endothelial cells. Primary cultures of human TuBEC stain for SA-β-gal and exhibit characteristics of replicative senescence, including increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27, increased resistance to cytotoxic drugs, increased growth factor production, and inability to proliferate. These data provide the first demonstration that tumor-derived brain endothelial cells may have reached an end-stage of differentiation known as replicative senescence and underscore the need for anti-angiogenic therapies to target this unique tumor-associated endothelial cell population.
Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring as a predictor of fetal distress and immediate neonatal condition in low-birth weight (≤ 1,800 grams) infants

Among 1,318 live born infants delivered in our institution during a 120-day period, 1,025 (77.8%) were monitored electronically. Of the 1,025 monitored infants, 89 were of low birth weight (≤1,800 gm) and were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Twenty-seven (30%) of these had abnormal fetal heart rate tracings. The remaining 62 (70%) had normal fetal heart rate tracings. Of the 27 low-birth weight neonates with an abnormal fetal heart rate tracing, 24 (89%) were asphyxiated, whereas of those 62 low-birth weight infants with a normal fetal heart rate tracing, only nine (14%) had asphyxia (p
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: feeding activity in the mouse.

Abstract Nippostrongylus brasiliensis incorporated the fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B, while feeding in vivo. Uptake of dye in both sexes of helminth increased linearly from 30 to 120 min after the hosts were given dye per os. Feeding by female N. brasiliensis significantly exceeded that of the male at 4 and 5 days postinfection. Feeding declined in older helminths of both sexes. The density of helminths had no effect on their incorporation of dye in vivo. Feeding in male- and female-only groups of worms was similar to that seen in populations of mixed sexes. Feeding by helminths decreased during the first 36 h of food deprivation in the host, but increased during subsequent fasting of the host. Both sexes of N. brasiliensis resumed feeding within 15 min after the fasted hosts were fed. Growth of N. brasiliensis increased linearly from 4 to 7 days postinfection, based on dry weight. Seven-day-old and older females were significantly heavier than males.
The use of gene fusions of study bacterial transport proteins.

The transport of solutes by bacteria has been studied for about thirty years. Early experiments on amino acid entry and galactoside accumulation provided concrete evidence that bacteria possessed specific transport systems and that these were subject to regulation. Since then a large number of transport systems have been discovered and studied extensively. Many of these use entirely different strategies for capturing or accumulating substrates. This diversity reflects variation in the availability of nutrients and ions in the different environments tolerated and inhabited by microorganisms. Examination of a few bacterial transport systems provides an opportunity to gain insight into a wide range of topics in the area of membrane transport. These include: the identification of carrier proteins and their arrangement in the membrane, the regulation of transport protein synthesis by environmental factors, and the localization of transport proteins to their extracytoplasmic destinations.
Renoprival erythropoietin responsiveness in subhuman primates.

Erythropoietin (ESF) activity has been studied in intact and renoprival baboons. ESF activity is present in anephric animals and is responsive to bleeding or exogenous androgens, but not to brief hypoxic hypoxia exposure. Higher ESF levels are frequently observed early after bilateral nephrectomy. Extrarenal ESF is suppressed by boiling. Hormonal ESF regulation of erythropoietins persists in renoprival baboons, and may differ from that seen in the intact state.
Psychological Entitlement and Ambivalent Sexism: Understanding the Role of Entitlement in Predicting Two Forms of Sexism

Recent research has shown that narcissistic men in the United States express more ambivalent sexism than their non-narcissistic counterparts. The present study sought to extend these findings by hypothesizing that psychological entitlement would be a predictor of ambivalent sexism but that that this relationship may vary by gender. Given entitlement’s associations with hostility and aggression and the previously established link between narcissism and sexism in men, we hypothesized that entitlement would predict hostile sexism in men. Given that entitlement is characterized by a pervasive sense of deservingness for special treatment and goods, we expected that entitled women would endorse attitudes of benevolent sexism. These hypotheses were tested using two cross-sectional samples in the U.S.—a sample of undergraduates from a private university in the Midwest (N = 333) and a web-based sample of adults across the U.S. (N = 437). Results from regression analyses confirmed that psychological entitlement is a robust predictor of ambivalent sexism, above and beyond known predictors of sexism such as low openness and relevant covariates such as impression management. In addition, entitlement was a consistent predictor of benevolent sexism in women, but not in men, and a consistent predictor of hostile sexism in men, but not in women. These relationships were largely robust, persisting even when relevant covariates (e.g., socially desirable responding, trait openness) were controlled statistically, although in one sample the link between entitlement and hostile sexism in men was reduced to non-significance when benevolent sexism was controlled for statistically. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Molecular Determinants of Substrate Selectivity in Na+-dependent Nucleoside Transporters

In mammalian cells, the salvage of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides is mediated by both facilitated and Na+-dependent nucleoside transporters. These transporters also play important roles in the transmembrane flux of therapeutic nucleoside analogs, which are widely used in the treatment of cancer and viral infections. The N1, N2, and N3 Na+-dependent nucleoside transporters differ in terms of their transport selectivity for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. N1 is purine-selective, N2 is pyrimidine-selective, and N3 is broadly selective. To identify structural domains involved in substrate binding and molecular determinants responsible for distinct transport selectivity, chimeric transporters were made from the cloned rat N1 and N2 transporters. Of the 14 transmembrane domains (TM) of N1 and N2, transplanting TM8-9 of N1 into N2 converted N2 from a pyrimidine- to a purine-selective transporter. Transplanting only TM8 generated a chimera with characteristics similar to the N3 transporter that has yet to be cloned. These data suggest that TM8-9 confer substrate selectivity and may form at least part of a substrate-binding site in Na+-dependent nucleoside transporters.
Alcohol septal ablation complicated by complete heart block and permanent pacemaker failure.

Alcohol septal ablation is a novel catheter-based technique for the treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Complete heart block complicates the procedure in 7%-30% of cases and necessitates the prophylactic insertion of a temporary pacing wire in all patients who do not have a permanent pacemaker. We describe a case of alcohol septal ablation complicated by complete heart block and failure to capture by both a permanent pacemaker and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICFD) with pacing capabilities.
An initial-boundary value problem of physiological significance for equations of nerve conduction

A model of nerve conduction that has gained wide acceptance in the biophysical community is that for the giant axon of the squid Loligo of Hodgkin and Huxley [5]. This nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE), when considered as part of a particular initial-boundary value problem (IBVP), models the electrical activity of an axon under conditions found both in nature and in the laboratory. This IBVP for the Hodgkin-Huxley equations is proved to be well posed in the sense of Hadamard [3], and a priori bounds on the solution are derived.
City-Size Distributions and the World Urban System in the Twentieth Century

In this paper we trace and interpret changes in the geographical pattern and city-size distribution of the world's largest cities in the twentieth century. Since 1900 the geographical distribution ...
Control of vortex shedding in a two-dimensional flow past a plate

A version of the no-feedback-control method developed by Hubler and Luscher is applied to two-dimensional open-channel flow past a plate. The control is applied in the vortex-shedding regime with the aim of reducing the effective Reynolds number, thereby suppressing the vortex shedding. The method work well not only when the flow is globally forced but also when the forcing is restricted to the boundary-layer region