cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Titanium Nitride Hard Mask Removal with Selectivity to Tungsten in FEOL

This paper describes etching of titanium nitride (TiN) highly selective to tungsten (W), where the TiN etch rate (E/R) was about 100 A/min and W E/R was less than 1 A/min at 60°C. The formulation concept was adapted from the Entegris TK-10 series, but it was modified to fit the criteria for front-end application. No damage to tantalum nitride (TaN) was required during the etching process but silicon oxide compatibility requirement was relaxed. By replacing W inhibitors with more suitable ones, W loss was well controlled, while the particle issue previously found in the scale up lots was also solved.
Ten-year cancer incidence in rescue/recovery workers and civilians exposed to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center

Background Cancer incidence in exposed rescue/recovery workers (RRWs) and civilians (non-RRWs) was previously reported through 2008. Methods We studied occurrence of first primary cancer among World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees through 2011 using adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), and the WTC-exposure-cancer association, using Cox proportional hazards models. Results All-cancer SIR was 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.20) in RRWs, and 1.08 (95% CI 1.02–1.15) in non-RRWs. Prostate cancer and skin melanoma were significantly elevated in both populations. Thyroid cancer was significantly elevated only in RRWs while breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were significantly elevated only in non-RRWs. There was a significant exposure dose-response for bladder cancer among RRWs, and for skin melanoma among non-RRWs. Conclusions We observed excesses of total and specific cancers in both populations, although the strength of the evidence for causal relationships to WTC exposures is somewhat limited. Continued monitoring of this population is indicated. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:709–721, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sway And Roll Hydrodynamics of Cylindrical Sections

The Free-Surface Random-Vortex Method (FSRVM, Yeung, 2002) is applied to investigate two types of forced motion problems with the effects of viscosity considered. A submerged body undergoing periodic swaying oscillation is considered and compared with the results of the vorticity-diffusion theory of Yeung and Wu (1991), which had the convective terms of the Navier-Stokes equations neglected. A practical shape consisting of a rectangular cylinder with horizontal and vertical keels or baffle-plates is used to study the roll inertia and damping characteristics. Comparison is made with some recent experimental results to illustrate the efficacy and accuracy of the theory.
Measuring and Improving the Effectiveness of Defense-in-Depth Postures

Defense-in-depth is an important security architecture principle that has significant application to industrial control systems (ICS), cloud services, storehouses of sensitive data, and many other areas. We claim that an ideal defense-in-depth posture is 'deep', containing many layers of security, and 'narrow', the number of node independent attack paths is minimized. Unfortunately, accurately calculating both depth and width is difficult using standard graph algorithms because of a lack of independence between multiple vulnerability instances (i.e., if an attacker can penetrate a particular vulnerability on one host then they can likely penetrate the same vulnerability on another host). To address this, we represent known weaknesses and vulnerabilities as a type of colored attack graph. We measure depth and width through solving the shortest color path and minimum color cut problems. We prove both of these to be NP-Hard and thus for our solution we provide a suite of greedy heuristics. We then empirically apply our approach to large randomly generated networks as well as to ICS networks generated from a published ICS attack template. Lastly, we discuss how to use these results to help guide improvements to defense-in-depth postures.
Vegan men and hybrid masculinity

If eating meat is equated with ‘masculine traits’ of emotional stoicism, strength and virility, do vegan men threaten the concept of a stoic and domineering view of hegemonic masculinity? This rese...
Oncogene expression in cervical cancer

Invasive cervical cancer is diagnosed in over 13 000 women each year and accounts for approximately 4500 cancer-related deaths. During the past two decades, the number of invasive cervical cancers diagnosed each year has demonstrated a steady decline as a consequence of effective cervical cytology screening programs, but significant advances in the treatment of cervical cancer have not occurred. However, recent discoveries concerning genetic alterations in cervical cancer will undoubtedly translate into therapeutic benefit in the near future. Specific genetic alterations that contribute to the initiation and progression of invasive cervical cancer and resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy have been identified. In addition, tumorspecific genetic changes that appear to be of prognostic significance have also been described. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pertinent observations recently published in the English languange literature concerning oncogene expression in cervical cancer.
An approach for DEVS based modeling of electrical power systems

The size and complexity of modern power systems, as well as emergent technologies and the uncertainty in energy planning, make the design and engineering of these systems challenging. One of the main challenges is the development of models that adequately capture the complex relationships between the components of these systems. We present a DEVS (Discrete Event System Specification) based framework for modeling a power system for energy planning. DEVS preserves the hierarchical and modular construction properties of a system (Chow and Zeigler 1994). That is, it enables each of the components of the system to be modeled separately, as well as the representation of the multilayer architecture of that system. As a proof of concept, we present a power system model, simulating the deployment of energy sources, on the PyPDEVS platform (Van Tendeloo and Vangheluwe 2015), considering dispatcher, unit commitment, load, generation, storage and transmission lines components.
Symptomatic Adjacent Level Disease Requiring Surgery: Analysis of 10-Year Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Trial Comparing Cervical Disc Arthroplasty to Anterior Cervical Fusion

Background Ten-year follow-up data from the US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption trial comparing BRYAN® Cervical Disc (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) arthroplasty to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) demonstrated that disc arthroplasty maintained range of motion and improvements in overall success and neck disability. Objective To compare the 10-yr rates of symptomatic adjacent level disease requiring surgery (SALDRS). Methods Prospective randomized trial data were analyzed comparing BRYAN® Cervical Disc arthroplasty to ACDF for single-level cervical disc disease with concordant radiculopathy or myelopathy with clinicoradiographic analysis at 10 yr. Secondarily, 84-mo data were pooled with PRESTIGE® Cervical Disc arthroplasty (Medtronic) study data to provide overall rates of SALDRS. Results Significantly greater overall success was maintained at every postoperative interval with an overall success rate of 81.3% with BRYAN® disc and 66.3% with ACDF (P = .005) without loss of motion preservation (8.69° vs 0.60°). Reoperation at adjacent levels up to the 120-mo visit was 9.7% in the arthroplasty group and 15.8% in the ACDF group (P = .146). The combined data from BRYAN® and Prestige ST demonstrate that BRYAN® and Prestige disc groups had a lower rate of second surgeries at the adjacent levels, up to the 84-mo visit, compared to the combined ACDF groups (6.9% vs 11.7%; P = .023). Conclusion Compared with ACDF, fewer patients with the BRYAN® disc required surgery for symptomatic adjacent level degeneration, but this did not achieve statistical significance. Analysis of combined study data using Bryan and Prestige discs shows significant differences in SADLRS as early as 7 yr.
Compromised mechanical homeostasis in arterial aging and associated cardiovascular consequences

Aging leads to central artery stiffening and associated hemodynamic sequelae. Because healthy arteries exhibit differential geometry, composition, and mechanical behaviors along the central vasculature, we sought to determine whether wall structure and mechanical function differ across five vascular regions-the ascending and descending thoracic aorta, suprarenal and infrarenal abdominal aorta, and common carotid artery-in 20 versus 100-week-old male wild-type mice. Notwithstanding generally consistent changes across these regions, including a marked thickening of the arterial wall, diminished in vivo axial stretch, and loss of elastic energy storage capacity, the degree of changes tended to be slightly greater in abdominal than in thoracic or carotid vessels. Likely due to the long half-life of vascular elastin, most mechanical changes in the arterial wall resulted largely from a distributed increase in collagen, including thicker fibers in the media, and localized increases in glycosaminoglycans. Changes within the central arteries associated with significant increases in central pulse pressure and adverse changes in the left ventricle, including increased cardiac mass and decreased diastolic function. Given the similar half-life of vascular elastin in mice and humans but very different life-spans, there are important differences in the aging of central vessels across these species. Nevertheless, the common finding of aberrant matrix remodeling contributing to a compromised mechanical homeostasis suggests that studies of central artery aging in the mouse can provide insight into mechanisms and treatment strategies for the many adverse effects of vascular aging in humans.
Alphavirus positive and negative strand RNA synthesis and the role of polyproteins in formation of viral replication complexes

The genome of alphaviruses is translated into polyproteins that are processed into a viral replicase that produces both negative and positive strands. In infected cells, negative strand synthesis is short-lived and occurs only early, whereas positive strand synthesis is stable and occurs both early and late. Analysis of temperature sensitive mutants indicated: nsP1 functioned in the initiation of transcription; nsP3 acted to form initial transcription complexes; and nsP2 and nsP4 first recognized positive strands as templates and then made negative strands the preferred templates. While nsP4 and nsP1 individually rescued early defects in transcription, nsP2 and nsP3 acted initially in cis. We interpret our results to suggest nsP1234 was cleaved to nsP4, nsP1 and nsP23, bound a positive strand and synthesized a negative strand. Cleavage of P23 or other modifications to nsP2 and nsP4 convert the initial transcription complex to a stable complex that synthesizes positive strands. Negative strand synthesis is unstable because of the failure to form initial transcription complexes after host factors that are part of the replicase are depleted or the half-life of polyprotein precursors like P23 is shortened.
SEEING IS BELIEVING: THE ROLE OF FIELD DAYS AND TOURS IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE EDUCATION

The traditional role of field days and tours has been to introduce growers and agricultural professionals to new technologies and techniques so that the audience could see how these technologies or techniques could be practically used and applied. Based on this concept, the use of field days or tours to demonstrate the radically new technologies and site-specific management techniques behind precision farming is a perfect application of these tools. Indeed, a survey of precision farming field days held in a number of states found that field days were beneficial in showing growers and agricultural professionals global positioning systems, yield monitoring systems, techniques for grid soil sampling, software for geographic information systems, vehicle guidance systems, variable-rate application equipment, and a host of other technologies and processes. In particular, hands-on experiences, such as field demonstrations, guided sampling activities, and combine harvesting demonstrations are extremely well received and valuable. Indoor seminars featuring farmer panels, side-by-side software demonstrations, and demonstrations of geographic information systems have received high marks by participants. The survey found that a field day must be centered on a well-defined objective and a thorough understanding of the needs of the audience. Survey respondents unanimously agreed that precision farming field days and tours will be even more important as future advances in technology and management techniques are discovered. However, future precision agriculture field days or tours must be coupled with other issues or topics where precision agriculture technologies can be used to solve a practical problem and enhance management practices.
The storage of teeth before reimplantation in monkeys: A histologic study

This study is a histologic comparison of twenty teeth which were extracted, endodontically treated, stored for 7 days at +4 degrees C. and at -10 degrees C., and subsequently reimplanted in ten monkeys. In these monkeys, as controls, ten more teeth were extracted, endodontically treated, and immediately reimplanted. Up to 1 year, 100 per cent success was obtained in those teeth stored at +4 degrees C. before reimplantation, and only 50 per cent success was obtained in those teeth stored at -10 degrees C. before reimplantation.
A Review of Some Smoothing and Forecasting Techniques

Through the use of several examples, the case is made for using graphical representations of time sequenced data in order to insure that the forecaster makes full use of intuition as well as supplementary knowledge about the process in question. Among s..
Increasing community engagement in Latino residents to improve health outcomes

Community and park planners have made improvements to the built environment in order to positively influence health outcomes. An important component of improving the built environment includes enga...
Interprofessional Perspectives on Providing Spiritual Care for Patients With Lung Cancer in Outpatient Settings

Purpose To explore palliative care and oncology clinicians' perspectives on current challenges and facilitating factors in meeting the spiritual needs of patients with lung cancer and family caregivers. This study was conducted in preparation for a community-based lung cancer palliative care intervention. Participants & setting 19 oncology and palliative care clinicians in three outpatient Kaiser Permanente sites in southern California. Methodologic approach This multisite qualitative study used focus group and key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis methodology, and a team approach was used to validate findings. Findings Clinicians described facilitating factors (interprofessional team support, assessment of spiritual needs, clinician-provided spiritual support, and provision of culturally respectful spiritual care) and challenges (related to providing culturally respectful spiritual care by respecting the patients' spiritual and cultural beliefs in an open way and in advocating for the patients' wishes) they encountered when addressing patient and caregiver spiritual needs. Implications for nursing This study demonstrated the need to provide nurses with practical tools, education, and a supportive environment to address patients' and family caregivers' spiritual concerns.
Nitric Oxide Therapy for Diabetic Wound Healing

Nitric oxide (NO) represents a potential wound therapeutic agent due to its ability to regulate inflammation and eradicate bacterial infections. Two broad strategies exist to utilize NO for wound healing; liberating NO from endogenous reservoirs, and supplementing NO from exogenous sources. This progress report examines the efficacy of a variety of NO-based methods to improve wound outcomes, with particular attention given to diabetes-associated chronic wounds.
Testando o papel da referência temporal na forma do imperativo em Português Brasileiro

Imperatives in Brazilian Portuguese can be expressed either by the indicative ( come! ) or the subjunctive ( coma! ) forms. Prior research has explained this variation in terms of regional differences and as a change in progress toward more use of the indicative. Our experimental research shows that speakers from several different regions share a strong preference for the subjunctive form in distant temporal contexts, while the indicative is favored when the temporal context is more immediate. Statistical analysis of our data reveals that a potential change in progress toward greater indicative use can only be found in the more immediate contexts. The use of the subjunctive is stable in more distant contexts. We conclude that an adequate explanation of the variation must take into account the temporal reference of the imperative in its discourse context. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2018.v14n2a17625 .
Are you emoji savvy? Exploring nonverbal communication through emojis

Courses: Undergraduate courses in interpersonal communication, nonverbal communication, relational communication, computer-mediated communication (CMC), and intercultural communication, as well as ...
Combining Social, Environmental and Design Models to Support the Sustainable Development Goals

There are benefits to be gained from combining the strengths of modeling frameworks that capture social, environmental and design-based considerations. Many of the important challenges of the next decade lie at the intersection of the natural environment, human decision making and the design of space technology to inform decision making. There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals outlined by the United Nations through 2030. Several of these Sustainable Development Goals can be addressed by asking: 1) What is happening in the natural environment? 2) How will humans be impacted by what is happening in the natural environment? 3) What decisions are humans making in response to environmental factors and why? and 4) What technology system can be designed to provide high quality information that supports human decision making? The answers to these questions are often interrelated in complex ways; thus it is helpful to use a framework from complex systems to integrate these questions. Within the list of Sustainable Development Goals, several fit the three questions above, including #2 Zero Hunger, #6 Clean Water and Sanitation, #13 Climate Action, #14 Life Below Water, and #15 Life on Land. This paper presents a research agenda to apply environmental modeling, complex systems modeling, and model-based systems engineering to inform the design of space systems in support of the Sustainable Development Goals. This work builds on previous research in the following areas: 1) physics-based environmental modeling; 2) complex systems modeling to simulate human decision making using agent-based models; and 3) model based systems engineering to inform the architecture of satellites or space-enabled data systems. This paper presents a review of the state of the art, shows examples of how these methods have been combined to inform space system design and presents a future research agenda. As an example, the paper discusses a project related to Sustainable Development Goal #15 to design an earth observation system using space-based and ground-based data collection regarding an invasive plant species in Benin, West Africa. In this example, insights are needed regarding natural variables (i.e. salinity, temperature and turbidity of local waterways), social variables (i.e. economic impact of the invasive plant on local communities), and design variables (i.e. the technical performance of existing imagery satellites and in-situ sensor networks).
Boricua Cultural Nationalism and Community Development Through The Young Lords Organization

This paper pulls from historical accounts of the activities of the Young Lords Organization and draws connections to theories on nationalism, community, and Black Radicalism in the 20th century. Addressing the development, triumphs, and limitations of the Young Lords Organization (also known in New York City as the Young Lords Party) in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the authors examines the assumptions that lead to the rise of the Young Lords, and the political environment that resisted their agenda. As Puerto Ricans living on the mainland, the Young Lords held a unique position as a colonized multiracial people, despite borrowing ideologically from the Black Panthers and contributing as members of the Rainbow Coalition. The author discusses the radical and nationalist social movement discourse the Young Lords engaged with, which was accessible to many disenfranchised groups but uniquely targeted for the Puerto Rican experience. Lastly, the authors explores how the Young Lords implemented community development techniques in order to navigate the political and social climate of the United States in the sixties and seventies, and the conditions that would need to exist today in order for their programs to succeed in our modern world.
Myositis Mimics: The Differential Diagnosis of Myositis

Abstract: Autoimmune myopathies are a heterogeneous family of diseases characterized by muscle weakness, elevated serum muscle enzymes, and muscle biopsies revealing inflammation and/or necrosis. Since patients with inherited muscle disease, inclusion body myositis, endocrine myopathies, and toxic myopathies can present with similar clinical features, they may be misdiagnosed with autoimmune myopathy and unnecessarily treated with immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review those entities most likely to be misdiagnosed as an autoimmune myopathy, highlighting features that distinguish them and providing guidance about how to properly diagnose them (Table 23.1).
Developmental sacral morphology: MR study from infancy to skeletal maturity.

The primary aim of this study was to document the growth and spatial relationship of the sacrum in relationship to the lumbar spine and the ilium during childhood and adolescence. MRIs of 420 asymptomatic subjects (50% female) with age range 0–19 years at the time of their MRI (mean ± SD 8.5 ± 5.5 years) were used to characterize the reference distributions of MRI anatomic measurements as a function of age and gender. Eight dimensional measurements and eight angles were measured using PACS tools. Reliability of the measurements was studied on a subset of N = 49 images (N = 24 males; mean ± SD age 6.8 ± 5.2 years). The dimensional measurements increase with age, often with a rapid “growth spurt” in the first few years of life, with a decreased but steady rate of growth continuing until the late teenage. An exception is the S1 canal width, which reaches near-adult size by age 5. Angle measures are less dependent on age or gender, and the associations with age are not necessarily uniformly increasing or decreasing. These data on the sacral morphology are a valuable information source for surgeons treating young patients for deformity of the spine and pelvis. Knowledge of normative data of children through growth may allow for adaptation of adult surgical techniques to this pediatric age-group of patients. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Gemcitabine with carboplatin in metastatic breast cancer: Characterizing outcomes in a modern, real-world population.

e13085Background: The specifics of the salvage regimen gemcitabine/carboplatin (G/C) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are not well-characterized and are limited to the clinical trial setting, whic...
Surface wave spectral properties of centimeter to decameter wavelengths: variable spectral slope and non-equilibrium spectrum

Understanding the wave properties in centimeter to decameter (cmDm) wavelength range is of great interest to ocean remote sensing and air-sea interaction. For more than six decades, cmDm waves are generally considered to be in the equilibrium range, and its spectral function has a constant slope: − 5 or − 4 in the 1D frequency spectrum and − 3 or − 2.5 in the 1D wavenumber spectrum. Some variations of the equilibrium spectrum model include varying the frequency spectral slope from − 4 to − 5 at some multiple of the spectral peak frequency, or incorporating a threshold velocity in the reference wind speed. Extensive efforts are then devoted to quantifying the spectral coefficient of the equilibrium spectrum function. This paper emphasizes that the observed wave spectral slope in the ocean is mostly non-constant. Therefore, the wave properties in field observations are significantly different from those inferred from assuming a constant spectral slope. The variable spectral slope is indicative of a non-equilibrium nature of ocean surface waves. Furthermore, from signal-to-noise consideration, surface slope is much more suited than elevation for evaluating the spectral slope and for quantifying the cmDm wave properties. Microwave sensors are excellent instruments for providing the ocean surface slope measurements. Several large datasets of lowpass-filtered mean square slope (LPMSS) have been reported recently. Combining the LPMSS observations with a spectrum function that accommodates a variable spectral slope, several quantitative results on the variable spectral slope and cmDm wave properties are presented.
Artificial vision, white space and racial surveillance capitalism.

This first half of the paper outlines the formation of racial surveillance capitalism across the longue duree of settler colonialism, with special attention to the formation of artificial vision. This artificial vision is deployed in the erased territory, creating a white space in which to see from platforms, ranging from the ship, to the train and today’s drones. The second section examines the Eurodac digital fingerprint database created by the European Union to monitor and control asylum seekers and refugees as an “artificial life system,” to use a phrase coined by its administrators. In this automated form, artificial vision is distributed rather than centralized.
Solving Time Domain Electromagnetic Problems using a Differentiable Programming Platform

Deep-learning techniques have been playing an increasingly important role for scientific modeling and simulations. Recent advances in high-performance tensor processing hardware and software are also providing new opportunities for accelerated linear algebra calculations. In this paper, we exploit a trainable recurrent neural network (RNN) to formulate the electromagnetic propagation and solve the Maxwell's equations on one of the most state-of-the-art differentiable programming platforms—Pytorch. Due to the specific performance-focused design of PyTorch, the computation efficiency is substantially improved compared to Matlab. Moreover, RNN-based implementation possesses potential advantages of leveraging the differentiable programming platform for varied applications that iterate around forward modeling, for example, uncertainty quantification, optimization, and inversion. Numerical simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of our method.
Maternal Opioid Exposure Culminates in Perturbed Murine Neurodevelopment and Hyperactive Phenotype in Adolescence

Opioid use by women during pregnancy has risen dramatically since 2004, accompanied by a striking increase in the prevalence of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) and other long-term neurological deficits. However, the mechanisms underlying the impact of prenatal opioid exposure on fetal neurodevelopment are largely unknown. To translate from the clinical presentation, we developed a novel mouse model to study the neurodevelopmental consequences of maternal opioid use and management. Female mice were treated with oxycodone (OXY) before mating to mimic opioid use disorder (OUD) in humans. Following pregnancy confirmation, dams were switched to buprenorphine (BUP) via oral administration, simulating medication management of OUD (MOUD) in pregnant women. Here, we document critical changes in fetal brain development including reduced cortical thickness, altered corticogenesis, and ventriculomegaly in embryos from dams that were treated with opioids before and throughout pregnancy. Maternal care giving behavior was slightly altered without affecting gross growth of offspring. However, adolescent offspring exposed to maternal opioid use during pregnancy exhibited hyperactivity in late adolescence. Remarkably, we also show increased generation of dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of mice exposed to prenatal opioids. These data provide critical evidence of teratogenic effects of opioid use during pregnancy and suggest a causal relationship between maternal opioid use and neurodevelopmental/behavioral anomalies in adolescence.
Changing Hand Color after Carpal Tunnel Injection.

Discolored Hand after Carpal Tunnel Injection A 43-year-old woman with carpal tunnel syndrome received a glucocorticoid injection into the left carpal tunnel. Within 5 minutes, the skin overlying t...
The Fourier transform microwave/millimeter-wave spectrum of YOH and YOD (X̃1Σ+)

Abstract The rotational spectrum of YOH ( X 1 Σ + ) and its deuterium analog YOD have been measured using Fourier transform microwave/millimeter-wave (FTMmmW) techniques. This work is the first pure rotational study of this molecule. YOH and YOD were created in the gas phase in a supersonic expansion from a mixture of yttrium vapor, generated by laser-ablation, and H 2 O, diluted in argon. Three transitions were measured for YOH and two for YOD in the frequency range 15–52 GHz. These data were analyzed using a 1 Σ Hamiltonian, and rotational and centrifugal distortion constants were refined. Based on the rotational constants, the r 0 bond lengths of YOH were established to be r (Y O) = 1.949(1) A and r (O H) = 0.921(1) A, in agreement with past optical work. The Y O bond in YOH is longer than in YO, which has r (Y O) = 1.790(1) A. This difference suggests the presence of a single Y O bond in the hydroxide and a double Y O bond in the oxide.
Gene Module Identification from Microarray Data Using Nonnegative Independent Component Analysis

Genes mostly interact with each other to form transcriptional modules for performing single or multiple functions. It is important to unravel such transcriptional modules and to determine how disturbances in them may lead to disease. Here, we propose a non-negative independent component analysis (nICA) approach for transcriptional module discovery. nICA method utilizes the non-negativity constraint to enforce the independence of biological processes within the participated genes. In such, nICA decomposes the observed gene expression into positive independent components, which fits better to the reality of corresponding putative biological processes. In conjunction with nICA modeling, visual statistical data analyzer (VISDA) is applied to group genes into modules in latent variable space. We demonstrate the usefulness of the approach through the identification of composite modules from yeast data and the discovery of pathway modules in muscle regeneration.
The role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. VII. Di- and triphosphopyridine nucleotide kinetics during phagocytosis.

Abstract 1. 1. In order to add further conceptual information regarding the physiological functions of the different pathways of glucose metabolism in phagocytizing guineapig polymorphonuclear neutrophils, a study designed to establish the levels of oxidized and reduced di- and triphosphopyridine nucleotides was undertaken. 2. 2. The total DPN + and DPNH was found to be higher than the total TPN + and TPNH in both resting and phagocytizing cells. The total amounts of di- or triphosphorydine nucleotides did not change during the phagocytic period. 3. 3. The DPN + /DPNH ratio dropped significantly as metabolism was initiated. A further decrease was noted with phagocytizing cells. The TPN + /TPNH ratio does not change significantly in resting cells; in phagocytizing cells a significant increase was noted. 4. 4. Glycolytic inhibitors increased the DPN + /DPNH ratios of both resting and phagocytizing cells. Iodocetate dit not affect the TPN + /TPNH ratio in any case; sodium fluoride increased the TPN + /TPNH ratio of resting cells to level found in phagocytizing cells. 5. 5. The physiological significance of the higher TPN + /TPNH ratio foun in phagocytizing cells and its cyclic relationship to hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation and TPNH oxidation is presented.
Wideband imaging of concealed objects using compressive radar holography

Radar holography has been established as an effective image reconstruction process by which the measured diffraction pattern across an aperture provides information about a three-dimensional target scene of interest. Compressive sensing has emerged as a new paradigm in applications involving large amounts of data acquisition and storage. The fusion of these two fields of research has had only limited consideration in radar applications. Typically, full sets of data are collected at the Nyquist rate only to be compressed at some later point, where information-bearing data are retained and inconsequential data are discarded. However, under sparse conditions, it is possible to collect data at random sampling intervals less than the Nyquist rate and still gather enough meaningful data for accurate signal reconstruction. In this paper, we employ sparse sampling techniques in the recording of digital microwave holograms over a two-dimensional scanning aperture. Using a simple and fast non-linear interpolation scheme prior to image reconstruction, we show that the reconstituted image quality is well-retained with limited perceptual loss.
A Generic SLA Semantic Model for the Execution Management of E-business Outsourcing Contracts

It is imperative for a competitive e-business outsourcing service provider to manage the execution of its service level agreement (SLA) contracts in business terms (e.g., minimizing financial penalties for service-level violations, maximizing service-level measurement based customer satisfaction metrics, etc.). In order to do that, the provider must possess a generic means of capturing and managing the SLA contract data (e.g., quality measurement data sources, service-level evaluation rules, etc.) as well as the relationships between them and internal service-level management (SLM) data (e.g., resource management data, system configuration data, etc.). This paper presents the design rationale of a generic SLA semantic model (including a set of semantic elements and relationships) based on an in-depth analysis of nine real e-business outsourcing SLA contracts/templates comprising over 100 service-level guarantees and intents. Our development experience with a state-of-the-art SLA contract execution manager (named SAM) suggests the semantic model is practical and useful.
Relativistic heavy-ion collisions: An approach based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Abstract A new theory of particle production in high energy collisions is proposed which is based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The non-equilibrium model is a major extension of the equilibrium thermodynamic model of relativistic heavy-ion collisions developed earlier. While the equilibrium thermodynamic theory is appropriate for the formation of light nuclei and for pions, the non-equilibrium theory applies to the creation of particles heavier than the pion, which include such particles as the strange mesons, strange baryons and the anti-nucleons. Using an approach based on the degree of the reaction of kinetic theory, the time evolution of the composition of hadronic systems in incomplete equilibrium is investigated. Densities of produced particles are related to space-time quantities and to the production cross sections of the underlying dynamic processes. An application of the non-equilibrium approach to the production of strange matter is given. The importance of secondary processes, following pion production, in the formation of strange matter is shown. In fact, the secondary production process for kaons is as important as the direct production process arising from initial nucleon-nucleon (NN) collision of a first collision picture. Thus, kaons can be produced in a late stage of the collision of two nuclei and they do not necessarily reflect the early stages of the collision as first thought. Using the experimental number of kaons, the time of reaction is also estimated. No evidence for a long-lived state of the nuclear system is found. Expressions for particle production ratios are developed. The results of an equilibrium theory and a non-equilibrium theory are found to be similar for such ratios. The chemical equilibrium constant is shown to be present in the non-equilibrium theory; the Boltzmann factor in the production threshold energy appears in the equilibrium theory. The K − / K + ratio is estimated. Surprisingly, reasonable agreement with experiment is found in the K − / K + ratio using the equilibrium theory, even though the production processes for K + 's and K − 's treated individually, are not ones for which the equilibrium theory applies. It is shown that a fundamental difference between the equilibrium and non-equilibrium theory is lost when particle ratios for non-equilibrium particles are taken. Expressions for the production of complex composite structures made of strange particles are developed. The non-equilibrium model with some modifications may be useful for high energy NN and pion-nucleon collisions.
Meanings and Concepts

Sentences, speech acts, and thoughts are alike in that they have propositional content. Thus, ‘La neige est blanche’ means that snow is white; in uttering ‘Over my dead body’, Betty was letting you know that the probability of her going out with you wasn’t very high; and one of your mental states is a belief that Palermo is south of Rome. Because sentences, speech acts, and thoughts all have propositional content, one can’t sensibly limit one’s semantic interests to the philosophy of language; the theory of content, my concern in this paper, is defined by issues that cut across both the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind.
Two Dimensional Modeling of Interdigitated Back Contact Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Two-dimensional numerical simulations for interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction (IBC-SHJ) solar cells have been studied with the software package Sentaurus Device. Distribution of trap states and thermionic emission were considered for amorphous-silicon material and amorphous-silicon/crystalline-silicon hetero-interface, respectively. The 2D distribution and current-voltage curve were generated. It was found that the performance of IBC-SHJ solar cell depends on the front surface recombination velocity and the dimensions of P, N contacts, which is also shown in simulated LBIC line scan. The simulations show that after optimization, an efficiency of 22% can be achieved for IBC-SHJ solar cells.
Cloning, purification and crystallization of full-length human annexin 2.

Annexin 2, a Ca2+/phospholipid-binding protein, is involved in many biological processes, including membrane aggregation and the modulation of fibrinolytic activity. Here, the expression and purification of recombinant full-length human annexin 2 is reported, as well as crystals obtained by sitting-drop and hanging-drop vapor diffusion at 277 K. A condition consisting of 18% PEG 8000, 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 6.5, 0.2 M calcium acetate yielded long needles that diffracted to 3.20 A. Another condition, consisting of 2.5 M NaCl, 0.1 M acetate pH 4.5, 0.2 M Li2SO4, gave crystals with unit-cell parameters a = 48.36, b = 62.86, c = 119.11 A that diffracted to 1.52 A. Both crystals belong to the orthorhombic P212121 space group. The high-resolution 1.52 A data set was collected at ALS beamline 5.0.2 and is 93.0% complete, with an Rsym of 4.5%. The structure of full-length annexin 2 will provide insight into how its N-terminal domain contributes to its functional role in a variety of biological processes.
On the prediction of interlaminar shear stresses in a thick laminated general shell

Abstract A post-processing semi-analytical approach, for prediction of the interlaminar shear stress distribution through the thickness of an arbitrarily laminated general shell, is presented. The starting point of the approach is an assumed displacement finite element analysis, based on the assumptions of transverse inextensibility and layerwise constant shear-angle theory (LCST). First, the problem is posed in the context of Taylor series expansions of the interlaminar shear stresses in terms of the thickness coordinate, dictated by the LCST assumption and the shell curvature. An “exact” (in the context of the problem thus posed) and three progressively approximate semi-analytical methods for prediction of interlaminar shear stresses are then presented. The throughthickness distribution of interlaminar shear stresses in an arbitrarily laminated thick plate can be obtained as a special case of the present solution. Numerical results are presented for two-layer thin and thick tubes with simply-supported edges, using the Cartesian-like local Riemann coordinate (CLRC) approximation and are compared to the corresponding analytical solutions, based on the classical lamination theory (CLT). Results for thin laminated tubes prove the accuracy of the present approach, while hitherto unavailable results for a thick laminated tube are expected to serve as baseline solutions for future comparisons.
Intermittent biotelemetric monitoring of electrocardiograms and temperature in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome

Biotelemetry was used to acquire electrocardiograms (ECG) and temperature measurements in a study of male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome (SDS), a fatal condition that may have underlying cardiovascular mechanisms. Day-old (Day 1) Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres male chicks were randomly assigned to two different diets: control (Diet A) and one that contained elements that contribute to SDS (Diet B). The heaviest birds in each group on Day 13 underwent surgery on Day 15 to have transmitters with temperature sensors and ECG electrodes implanted. After surgery, three controls and three implanted birds from each diet group were kept in individual cages and exposed to 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness during each 24-h cycle. Implantation did not affect weight gain between Days 13 and 22 (P = 0.396). Temperature measurements and 1-min ECG were taken every 15 min. Heart rate and heart rate variability were measured from three 2-s segments in two dark and two light period samples during Days 17 to 19. Diet B decreased weight gain (P = 0.045), lowered heart rate (P < 0.0001), and increased internal temperature (P < 0.0001). Heart rate variability was lower during dark versus light periods (P = 0.004), which indicates that the birds rested during the dark periods, but was not affected by diet (P = 0.651). Thus, biotelemetry provided a useful method for intermittent physiological monitoring of poultry on different diets and under changing environmental conditions.
Sensitivity of the Ocean’s Climate to Diapycnal Diffusivity in an EMIC. Part I: Equilibrium State

Abstract The diapycnal diffusivity in the ocean is one of the least known parameters in current climate models. Measurements of this diffusivity are sparse and insufficient for compiling a global map. Inferences from inverse methods and energy budget calculations suggest as much as a factor of 5 difference in the global mean value of the diapycnal diffusivity. Yet, the climate is extremely sensitive to the diapycnal diffusivity. In this paper the sensitivity of the current climate to the diapycnal diffusivity is studied, focusing on the changes occurring in the ocean circulation. To this end, a coupled model with a three-dimensional ocean with idealized geometry is used. The results show that, at equilibrium, the strength of the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic scales with the 0.44 power of the diapycnal diffusivity, in contrast to the theoretical value based on scaling arguments for uncoupled models of 2/3. On the other hand, the strength of the circulation in the South Pacific scales with ...
Putative temporal variability of Escherichia coli ribotypes from yearling steers.

Escherichia coil is a ubiquitous component of the intestinal microflora of warm-blooded animals, and is an indicator of fecal contamination of surface waters. Ribotype profiling of E. coil is one of several genotypic methods that has been developed to determine the host origin of fecal bacteria. Like most genotypic methods of source tracking, ribotyping requires a host origin database to identify environmental isolates. To determine the extent of temporal variability of ribotypes and its effect on a host origin database, E. coil isolates were obtained from fecal samples of two herds of Black Angus steers at a long-term experimental site at four sampling times from October 1999 to July 2000. Fecal samples were taken from six randomly chosen steers at each time. At a similarity index of 90% as calculated by unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), 240 ribotypes were identified from 451 E. coil isolates. Only 20 ribotypes (&3% ), comprising 33% of the total isolates, were shared among sampling times and were considered resident ribotypes. Two of the twenty resident ribotypes appeared at three sampling times, and the remaining eighteen appeared at two. The majority of the ribotypes, therefore, were transient and unique to each sampling time and steer. Both the apparent turnover of E. coli ribotypes and a clonal diversity index of 0.97 (indicative of extensive ribotype variability) suggest the necessity of ribotyping a large number E. coli isolates per host to establish a host origin database that is independent of temporal variability, or complete enough to be effective.
Metamodeling Knowledge: Developing Students' Understanding of Scientific Modeling

We argue that learning about the nature and utility of scientific models and engaging in the process of creating and testing models should be a central focus of science education. To realize this vision, we created and evaluated the Model-Enhanced ThinkerTools (METT) Curriculum, which is an inquiry-oriented physics curriculum for middle school students in which they learn about the nature of scientific models and engage in the process of modeling. Key components of our approach include enabling students to create computer models that express their own theories of force and motion, evaluate their models using criteria such as accuracy and plausibility, and engage in discussions about models and the process of modeling. Curricular trials in four science classes of an urban middle school indicate that this approach can facilitate a significant improvement in students' understanding of modeling. Further analyses revealed that the approach was particularly successful in clarifying and broadening students' unde...
Inclined layer-silicate microstructures and their use as a sense-of-slip indicator for brittle fault zones

Abstract This Short Note introduces a new microscale sense-of-slip indicator for brittle fault zones. The microstructure is developed within laminated quartz veins and consists of fault-parallel bands of layer-silicate minerals with their long axes and (001) planes consistently inclined in the transport direction. Like other microscale sense-of-slip indicators, this microstructure may prove most useful in situations where mesoscale criteria are either lacking or poorly developed. Because of its intimate association with fault-zone vein material, this microstructure may also help in deciphering the motion history of reactivated faults.