cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N‐ras protein: Frequent quantitative and qualitative changes occur in human colorectal carcinomas

Point mutation and overexpression are recognized mechanisms for ras activation in malignancy. However, little information is available on overexpression of N-ras protein compared with H- or K-ras proteins, as N-ras-specific antibodies have only recently become available. For comparative analyses of ras protein levels, we have probed Western blots of extracts from 9 normal human tissues and 55 pairs of colorectal carcinoma and matched control mucosa, using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for H-, K- or N-ras proteins. On multi-tissue blots, N-ras protein was more highly expressed in colon than in the other human tissues analyzed, suggesting a role for N-ras in colorectal function. N-ras protein levels in multiple independent extracts of normal colon mucosa were consistently higher than either K-ras protein or H-ras protein levels. In 69% of colon carcinomas, N-ras protein levels were increased an average of 4.8-fold over normal mucosa. Overexpression of K-ras protein was also observed in colon cancers but less frequently (13% of cases) than N-ras protein. H-ras protein levels were too low for comparative studies. Alterations in N-ras protein mobility, possibly reflecting increased post-translational processing, were also detected in 42% of colon carcinomas. N-ras protein, typically present as a single 23 kDa band in normal mucosa, was expressed in some cancers as a 22 kDa band or as multiple bands of 20-23 kDa. Sequencing of N-ras DNA from 6 carcinomas with these variations in protein mobility did not reveal mutations in codons 12, 13, 59 or 61. Thus, frequent quantitative and qualitative changes in N-ras protein expression, which do not appear to correlate with the presence of typical N-ras point mutations, result in abnormal N-ras protein patterns in human colorectal carcinomas.
Pressure and field tuning the magnetostructural phases of Mn 3 O 4 : Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction studies

We present temperature-, magnetic-field-, and pressure-dependent Raman scattering studies of single crystal Mn${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$, combined with temperature- and field-dependent x-ray diffraction studies, revealing the novel magnetostructural phases in Mn${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$. Our temperature-dependent studies show that the commensurate magnetic transition at ${T}_{2}=33$ K in the binary spinel Mn${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$ is associated with a structural transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic structures. Field-dependent studies show that the onset and nature of this structural transition can be controlled with an applied magnetic field, and reveal evidence for a field-tuned quantum phase transition to a tetragonal spin-disordered phase for H$\ensuremath{\parallel}$[$1\overline{1}0$]. Pressure-dependent Raman measurements indicate that the magnetic easy-axis direction in Mn${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$ can be controlled---and the ferrimagnetic transition temperature increased---with applied pressure. Finally, combined pressure- and magnetic-field-tuned Raman measurements reveal a rich magnetostructural phase diagram---including a pressure- and field-induced magnetically frustrated tetragonal phase in the P-H (pressure-magnetic field) phase diagram---that can be generated in Mn${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$ with applied pressure and magnetic field.
The heart in obesity-hypertension.

There is growing recognition that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions throughout the world. In adults, obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A series of endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic mechanisms have been responsible for the development of obesity-hypertension. These mechanisms include: a suppressed biologic activity and availability of natriuretic peptide, increased sympathetic adrenergic activity, release of angiotensin ll from adipocytes and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, leptin resistance, chronic hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia. The systemic hemodynamic profile of obesity includes high intravascular volume, increased cardiac output and inappropriately normal peripheral resistance. The cardiovascular adaptations to these changes include changes in vascular responsiveness and concentric–eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, and may be responsible for increased risk of congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and sudden death.
Thermal and magnetically driven convection in a rapidly rotating fluid layer

The stability of an electrically conducting Boussinesq fluid which is confined between two horizontal planes a distance d apart is investigated. The fluid is heated from below, cooled from above and the whole system rotates rapidly with angular velocity Ω c about a vertical axis. A weak non-uniform horizontal magnetic field, whose strength is measured by the Alfven angular velocity Ω M [[Lt ] Ω c , see (1.2)] permeates the fluid and corresponds to the flow of a uniform electric current parallel to the rotation axis. When the modified Rayleigh number R [see (2.1)] is greater than zero and q = κ/λ d 2 . When R = 0 and Ω M > 2(ν/λ) ½ Ω c , where ν is the viscosity, Roberts & Loper (1979) have isolated an exceptional class of unstable fast inertial waves which grow on the magnetic diffusion time scale τ λ = d 2 /λ. When R λ Ω 2 M /τ c , exceeds some value dependent upon q , a class of unstable slow waves also exists for a range of negative values of R. These waves propagate eastwards (westwards) when q is less (greater) than unity. In this case the fluid is stably stratified and the energy for the disturbance is taken from the magnetic field. The resulting description of the stability boundary for R R plane extends and clarifies the results of Roberts & Loper (1979), which are valid when both Γ and q are large.
Effect of Lighting Regimen on Simultaneous Diurnal Rhythms of Nucleic and Free Amino Acids in the Liver, Heart, Intestine and Pancreas of the Chick

Abstract ALTHOUGH the phenomenon of biological rhythms has been known for a long time, it is only in the last few years that a concerted effort has been made by various disciplines to understand them. Many of these biorhythms are definitely circadian (Halberg, 1959) while others, for the present, must be termed oscillations or fluctuations that occur in a 24-hour period with less conformity to clock hours. Research has shown that regardless of classification many of these rhythms can be synchronized or desynchronized by any number of exogenous and/or endogenous agents, a phenomenon which has definite bearing on the interpretation of treament effects. The work reported here was undertaken to determine: 1) the effect of two lighting regimens on diurnal oscillations of nucleic and free amino acids in the liver, heart, intestine and pancreas of normal, rapidly growing chicks; 2) the similarities, if any, of diurnal patterns between tissues; and 3)…
Oxygen-atom transfer from carbon dioxide to a Fischer carbene at (PNP)Ir.

Dehydrogenation of the dihydride (PNP)IrH_2 with norbornylene in the presence of t-butyl methyl ether leads to formation of an iridium(I) Fischer carbene complex, (PNP)Ir═C(H)O^tBu, by double C−H activation and loss of H_2. The square planar pincer-type carbene effects quantitative oxygen-atom transfer from CO_2 (1 atm) at ambient temperature to generate t-butyl formate and (PNP)Ir−CO. The iridium carbene reacts similarly with carbonyl sulfide and phenyl isocyanate, causing sulfur-atom and nitrene-group transfer, respectively. In the absence of a hydrogen acceptor, thermolysis of (PNP)IrH_2 in t-butyl methyl ether under an atmosphere of CO_2 also results in the formation of (PNP)Ir−CO and oxidation of t-butyl methyl ether to t-butyl formate via an iridium carbene. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that these reactions proceed through an intermediate four-membered metallalactone.
Seasonal patterns of leaf water relations in four co-occurring forest tree species: Parameters from pressure-volume curves

Leaf water relationships were studied in four widespread forest tree species (Ilex opaca Ait., Cornus florida L., Acer rubrum L., and Liriodendron tulipifera L.). The individuals studied all occurred on the same site and were selected to represent a range of growth forms and water relationships in some of the principal tree species of the region. The water relations of the species were analyzed using the concept of the water potential-water content relationship. The pressure-volume method was used to measure this relationship using leaf material sampled from naturally occurring plants in the field. Water potential components (turgor, osmotic, and matric) were obtained by analysis of the pressure-volume curves.
Online routing and battery reservations for electric vehicles with swappable batteries

Electric vehicles are becoming a more popular form of transportation, however their limited range has proven problematic. Battery-exchange stations allow the vehicles to swap batteries during their trip, but if a vehicle arrives at a station without a full battery available it may have to wait an extended period of time to get one. The vehicles can be routed so that they avoid stations without available batteries or to keep batteries available for other vehicles that need them in the future. The batteries can also be reserved during the routing process so that each vehicle is ensured the battery it plans to use is available. This paper provides a method of online routing of electric vehicles and making battery reservations that minimizes the average delay of the all vehicles by occasionally detouring them to the benefit of future ones. The system is modeled as a Markov chance-decision process and the optimal policy is approximated using the approximate dynamic programming technique of temporal differencing with linear models. The solution algorithm provides a quick way for vehicles to be routed using onboard vehicle software connected to a central computer. Computational results for the algorithm are provided using data on the Arizona highway network.
Superconductivity at high pressures in graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract Recent measurements of the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperatures of KHgC 4 , KHgC 8 , KC 8 and KC 24 graphite intercalation compounds are summarized and discussed. The role of high pressure as a useful tool in exploring the phase stability, superconductivity, and other physical properties of these materials is emphasized, and possible directions for further research on these compounds are indicated.
The primacy of values and ideologies in human services evaluation

Only an evaluation design that encompasses genuinely universal principles can be applied to services in different categories and still produce valid comparisons.
Control of estrus in the lactating postpartum mare with fluprostenol (ICI-81,008)☆

Abstract During the 1976 breeding season 68 mares (56 Thoroughbred and 12 Quarter Horse) were allotted to 4 treatment groups. On day 7, 8 or 9 post-ovulation or day 6, 7 or 8 after foal heat each of 28 mares was injected intramuscularly with 250 μg of the prostaglandin analogue ICI-81,008 (generic name fluprostenol). In the second group, 32 mares were bred at foal heat. Group 3 consisted of 9 mares, which were passed at foal heat and bred at the second postpartum estrus. In group four, 12 of the mares which had failed to conceive at foal heat were bred at the second estrus. Twenty-four prostaglandin treated mares returned to estrus 4.2±.4 days post-injection. The interestrual interval was shorter (P
The superfluid fraction of3He confined in pores of sintered silver

We have measured the superfluid fraction of3He confined within the pores of silver sinter. Four sintered substrates were prepared with packing fractions between 23% and 68% of solid density. Measurements were carried out at six pressures between 0 bar and 29 bar. These results show that the superfluid fraction is suppressed to a much greater extent than expected.
BILIRUBIN ALBUMIN BINDING (BAB) ASSAY IN NEWBORN INFANTS BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO)

Red blood cell destruction during ECMO may increase the risk for hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin neurotoxicity. For this reason we performed bilirubin binding studies on 12 newborn infants (mean ± SD, gestational age 37.6±3.6 wks, birth wt 2889±706 gms) managed with ECMO for respiratory failure. The mean duration of ECMO was 91.1±37.2 hrs. Bilirubin binding studies including reserve bilirubin binding capacity (RBBC), and saturation index (SI) were performed using a bilirubin fluorometer. No significant changes pre, on, or post ECMO were noted on the hemoglobin and fibrinogen levels. The bilirubin levels were not significantly different pre and on ECMO and were lower post ECMO. As shown in the table, there were significant changes pre, on, and post ECMO plasma hemoglobin values. Significant changes between pre and on ECMO values only were noted on the infant's platelet, fibrin split products and SGOT levels. Thus, the hemolysis that occurs during ECMO does not adversely effect the RBBC and SI from any alterations in the bilirubin load or in the BAB sites. ECMO would not predispose an infant to bilirubin neurotoxicity because of the normal BAB values pre, on, and post ECMO.
Cation accumulation by winter wheat forage: II. Correlation with multi‐ion model

Abstract The effects of three ratios of Ca/(Ca + K) and three rates of NO3‐N on ion ratios in plants grown in soil and nutrient culture are reported. Plant uptake parameters, based on nutrient culture studies, together with soil chemical parameters, were used in a multiple‐ion uptake model to calculate the cumulative, uptake of individual ions. These calculated uptakes were then used to derive relevant ratios for comparison with those measured in plants grown in soil in a growth chamber. The results illustrate that the ionic ratios based on the model are well correlated with the measured plant ratios. Regressions of plant ratios on model ratios were calculated; the intercepts were not zero and the slopes were not one. The discrepancies between measured and model ratios were probably a consequence of deficiencies in the model and unmeasured plant uptake parameters. The results illustrate that the model is a useful way to summarize data and to generate hypotheses.
Self-righteousness: Cognitive, power, and religious characteristics

Abstract A study ( N = 291) was conducted to broaden the understanding of self-righteousness as a personality construct. A typology was created by grouping subjects in terms of their self-righteousness and self-esteem. The Broad-Minded (low in self-righteousness/high in self-esteem) were found to have high perspective-taking and objectivism scores, and they were the least concerned about other people dominating them. They also had high scores on both the intrinsic and quest orientations to religion. The Insecure (high in self-righteousness/low in self-esteem) expressed a preference for strong power strategies and had high scores on the extrinsic orientation to religion. The other two types were less differentiated from the others with the Arrogant (high self-righteousness/high in self-esteem) most like the Insecure and the Meek (low self-righteousness/low self-esteem) most like the Broad-Minded.
Cultural resilience through change: Finding the theme for tales from Arab Detroit

In this essay, I will discuss issues that guided me throughout the making of the documentary video, Tales From Arab Detroit. (1) Problems of re‐presentation of individuals from an Arab American community of great diversity, with reference to race/ethnicity, social values, class, age, religion, differences in national background and generational presence in the U.S. (2) Attempts to reconcile the divergent expectations of funders, co‐producer, sponsors, participants and audiences in producing this documentary. (3) How to effectively challenge racist notions of Arabs propagated in popular media and educational texts, and which have probably influenced audience preconceptions of the community.
Quantification of intestinal functions during fasting: estimations of bile salt turnover, fecal calcium and nitrogen excretions.

Abstract A method is described in which the feeding of methyl cellulose daily to obese patients fasting for weight reduction results in normal daily stool flow. This allows quantification of overall intestinal functions not otherwise possible under fasting conditions. During starvation, turnover and excretion of 14C-cholate and its metabolites, and excretion of stable bile salts fell to very low levels and remained depressed for at least 16 days, the most prolonged interval observed. The prefasting level of excretion was promptly resumed when feeding at the same rate was started again. During fasting periods single feedings of 25 and 50 Gm. of egg albumin and 25 Gm. corn oil did not increase bile salt excretion and turnover. Consumption of a 1000-calorie mixed diet during one day was followed by a transient increase in excretion. Administration of cholestyramine, 12 Gm./day, in separate 1-and 3-day courses, produced marked increases in excretion over those during fasting control periods preceding and following. During fasting, bile salts were demonstrated in the duodenal lumen contents. In three persons whose starvation regimens were interrupted by feeding of mixed diets of different calorie content, the excretion rates of bile salts were proportionate to the corresponding quantities of food consumed. The method seems to be a satisfactory one for assaying comparative effects of various single foods and medications upon the turnover of bile salts, and of fecal excretion of other substances such as calcium and nitrogen. There was no interference with weight reduction during fasting; this difficult task may have been facilitated. For various reasons, the very low level of fecal excretion of bile salts during fasting under these conditions is attributed to absence from the intestinal lumen of substances present in the mixed diet, such as lignin, that bind bile salts and enhance excretion under usual circumstances. This phenomenon cannot be explained by absence of secretion of bile into the gut.
Ontological research and its applications to the biomedical domain

Ontology is an area of philosophy “the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events and relations in every area of reality” (Smith & Welty, 2001). In computer and information science ontology is used to represent the common understanding and concepts related to a specific domain. In this sense, an ontology includes a set of generic concepts as well as their definitions and relationships. The main purpose of using an ontology is to present the shared view of the knowledge of a domain. Other advantages of ontologies are that they provide computer systems with a way to specify concepts, allow interoperability and reusability, and ultimately represent a way to relate the concepts expressed in our computer information systems with the real objects that they represent. This panel will present a general overview of the current issues on ontological research its applications in biomedicine. The panel includes presentations on the state-of-the-art in ontology research as well as several applications in the biomedical domain.
The relationship of pediatrics to nonmedical professions.

I N c R ~ A S ~. D knowledge of the developmental processes of childhood has brought about certain changes in the practice of pediatrics. Paralleling this increase in knowledge is the recognition that even subtle deviations in development require more refined diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This requirement has, in turn, given rise to many new professional fields of endeavor. The pediatrician now recognizes a need to redefine, in m a n y instances, his role in relation to his patient and to these newer professions to whom the patient is referred with increasing frequency for diagnosis and treatment. Conversely, the dependency of these professions upon pediatrics has brought about other changes in the role of the pediatrician. The nonmedical professions of speech pathology and audiology serve well to illustrate some of these changing concepts in
Omega-3 fatty acids reduce obesity-induced tumor progression independent of GPR120 in a mouse model of postmenopausal breast cancer

Obesity and inflammation are both risk factors for a variety of cancers, including breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) decreases the risk of breast cancer, and also reduces obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, but whether the two effects are related is currently unknown. We tested this hypothesis in a postmenopausal breast cancer model using ovariectomized, immune-competent female mice orthotopically injected with Py230 mammary tumor cells. Obesity, whether triggered genetically or by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, increased inflammation in the mammary fat pad and promoted mammary tumorigenesis. The presence of tumor cells in the mammary fat pad further enhanced the local inflammatory milieu. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was the most highly upregulated cytokine in the obese mammary fat pad, and we observed that TNF-α dose-dependently stimulated Py230 cell growth in vitro. An ω-3 PUFA-enriched HFD (referred to as fish oil diet, FOD) reduced inflammation in the obese mammary fat pad in the absence of tumor cells and inhibited Py230 tumor growth in vivo. Although some anti-inflammatory effects of ω-3 PUFAs were previously shown to be mediated by the G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), the FOD reduced Py230 tumor burden in GPR120-deficient mice to a similar degree as observed in wild-type mice, indicating that the effect of FOD to reduce tumor growth does not require GPR120 in the host mouse. Instead, in vitro studies demonstrated that ω-3 PUFAs act directly on tumor cells to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Our results show that obesity promotes mammary tumor progression in this model of postmenopausal breast cancer and that ω-3 PUFAs, independent of GPR120, inhibit mammary tumor progression in obese mice.
Studies on the toxicity of dimethoate analogs and their hydrolysis by sheep liver amidase

Abstract Various O,O-dialkyl, N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl analogs of dimethoate [O,O-dimethyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate] were synthesized and their toxicity to mice and houseflies was determined. Of the N-alkyl analogs tested, the N-methyl analog of the diethyl ester was the most toxic to mice and houseflies. In the N,N-dialkyl series, N,N-dimethyl was the most toxic to mice, while the N,N-dimethyl, -diethyl, and di-n-propyl were equally toxic to houseflies. The relative rate of hydrolysis of these compounds by a purified sheep liver amidase was also examined. Substrate specificity with dimethoate showed that structural changes in the O,O-dialkyl portion of the phosphorodithioate as well as modifications in the branching indicate a critical size is required for hydrolysis. No direct correlation was found between their toxicity and the rate of hydrolysis by the enzyme. Three amide-containing organophosphorus insecticides, dimethoxon, Bidrin, and Azodrin, were not hydrolyzed by this amidase but they inhibited the enzyme. This finding explains in part the reason for the high mammalian toxicity as well as the inability to find substantial quantities of the corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives in vivo.
Energy efficient computing using coupled Dual-Pillar Spin Torque Nano Oscillators

We present a Dual-Pillar Spin-Torque Nano Oscillator (DP-SNTO) suitable for energy-efficient information processing. The proposed DP-STNO consists of a low resistance Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) path that allows ultra-low voltage biasing of the oscillating ferromagnetic-free-layer, and a high resistance Tunneling Magneto-Resistance (TMR) path that provides amplified RF-signal and facilitates easy sensing mechanism. The free-layers of multiple DP-STNOs can be coupled using spin-wave (or electrical coupling) to accomplish complex signal processing tasks, like image-segmentation, with high energy-efficiency. Simulations show that DP-STNO can be ~50× more energy-efficient as compared to a standard two-terminal STNO and can hence be more suitable for integration with CMOS for non-Boolean computing and RF-signaling applications.
The charging and discharging of high-voltage stress-generated traps in thin silicon oxide

Excess high-voltage stress-generated low-level leakage currents through 10 nm silicon oxides, previously described as DC currents, are shown to decay to the limit of detection given adequate observation time and, thus, have no discernible component. A physical model is presented which describes the majority of the excess low-level leakage currents in terms of the charging and discharging of traps previously generated by the high voltage stress. Excess low-level leakage currents measured with voltage pulses with polarity opposite to that of the stress voltage are found to contain an additional current component, which is explained by the transient charging and discharging of certain traps inside the oxide. Evidence is presented which suggests that an oxide trap generated by the high-voltage stress can contain either a positive or a negative charge, in addition to being neutral and that the traps are located near both oxide interfaces. All of the trap charging and discharging currents can be explained by the flow of electrons into and out of traps generated by the high voltage stress, without resorting to the flow of holes in the oxide.
Conformational analysis of cyclo(2,9)-Ac-QCRSVEGSCG-OH from the C-terminal loop of human growth hormone.

A 10 amino acid residue cyclic peptide, cyclo(2,9)-Ac-Glnl-Cys2-Arg3-Ser4-Val5-Glu6-Gly7-Ser8-Cys9-Glyl0, from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH) was synthesized and studied by 2D proton NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The solubility of the peptide was low in water; hence, NMR studies were done in two solvent mixtures, water and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide. NOE-constrained molecular dynamics and MD simulations resulted in major and minor conformers in solution. The major conformer has a type I β-turn at Glnl-Cys2-Arg3-Ser4 and a loop structure around Glu6-Gly7-Ser8. Comparison of the conformation of this peptide with the peptide fragment 181-190 in the intact hGH protein X-ray crystal structure indicated that the synthetic peptide retains some structural similarity to the intact protein. Since the C-terminal region is important in binding the hGH protein to its receptor, the conformation of the synthetic peptide could be useful in understanding the binding mechanism. © Munksgaard 1997.
Cluster analyses of pain patients' responses to the SCL-90R

Abstract This study sought to identify distinct subgroups of chronic pain patients based on responses to the Sympton Checklist 90-revised (SCL-90R), a measure of psychological distress. Two scoring methods were used: the standard scoring that accompanies the manual, and a scoring method based upon factor scores obtained in an earlier study using low back pain patients. Two separate cluster analyses assigned patients into 2 groups: one based on standard scores and one based on factor scores. Results of this study support the hypothesis that distinct and replicable subgroups of chronic pain patients can be identified using the SCL-90R. Depending upon group membership, patients significantly differed on measures of qualitative pain and quantitative pain report, depressive symptoms, medication useage, and pain-related behaviors. This study supports the use of SCL-90R factor scoring with pain patients as greater differentiation between clusters was found for pain report and pain-related behavior when this method was used. Guidelines for clinical application of SCL-90R cluster groups is provided.
Spirituality training for palliative care fellows.

Introduction: Spirituality is a major domain of palliative medicine training. No data exist on how it is taught, nor is there a consensus about the content or methods of such education. We surveyed palliative medicine fellowship directors in the United States to learn how they teach spirituality, who does the teaching, and what they teach. Methods: A PubMed (〈www.pubmed.gov〉) search using the terms “spirituality” and “medical education” was completed. Thirty-two articles outlined spirituality education content and methods in medical schools and residency programs. From these articles, a survey on spirituality education in palliative medicine fellowship training was prepared, pilot-tested, revised, and then distributed by e-mail in June 2004 to the 48 U.S. palliative medicine fellowship directors listed on the American Board of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (AAHPM) website, but excluding the three fellowship programs represented by the authors. Follow up requests were sent by email twice during the 6-wee...
The identification and characterization of a genetic marker linked to hypersensitivity to the cherry leafroll virus in walnut.

Walnut blackline disease, caused by the walnut strain of the cherry leafroll virus, causes fatal necrosis of the graft union between susceptible, infected scions of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and hypersensitive, resistant rootstocks. A backcross breeding program to transfer hypersensitivity to cherry leafroll virus from the Norther California black walnut (Juglans hindsii (Jeps.)), into Persian walnut was begun in 1987. Hypersensitivity to the virus is inherited as a single, dominant gene. The current procedures for identifying hypersensitive backcross progeny are slow and labor intensive. Bulks of DNA from backcrosses that were either hypersensitive or susceptible to cherry leafroll virus were compared using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. One random decamer, sequence 5′-CTCCTGCCAA-3′ (OP-K15), produces a polymorphic fragment of about 720 bp that has about 7% recombination with hypersensitivity to cherry leafroll virus in our backcross populations. The polymorphic fragment was cloned and converted into a restriction fragment length polymorphism to demonstrate that it is a distinct, low-copy sequence.
Convenient Routes to Medicinally Important Heterocycles

New syntheses of derivatives of benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and benzimidazole are reported.
Habitat Configuration around Spotted Owl Sites in Northwestern California

During each breeding season between 1988 and 1992, nests and daytime roosts were located for most territorial members of a contiguous population of Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in northwestern California. Using Landsat imagery, we compared the amount of five land cover types, mature and old-growth forest fragmentation, and seral stage heterogeneity within 800 m (200 ha) circular plots around nest, roost, and random sites. This plot size was based on the observed spatial distribution of owl sites (one-half the average nearest-neighbor distance between territory centers) within the study area. Nest and roost sites were characterized by lower amounts of nonvegetated and herbaceous land cover, and greater amounts of mature and old-growth coniferous forest which was less fragmented than random sites. Mean amounts of mature and old-growth forest within 200 ha radius plots were 94.1 ha, 92.0 ha, and 71.8 for nest, roost, and random sites, respectively. The area of other land cover types was similar between owl and random sites. All habitat variables were similar at nest and roost sites. To evaluate the influence of spatial scale, habitat variables around nest and random sites also were estimated within eight concentric circular plots ranging from 800 to 3,600 m radii. Differences between nest and random sites in the amount and fragmentation of mature and old-growth forest were significant (P < 0.01) out to 1,200 m. Differences in the amount of nonvegetated and herbaceous, and seral stage heterogeneity were significant (P < 0.05) out to 1,200 m and 800 m, respectively. These results indicate that spatial scale of sampling is important and will affect analytical results. Our findings from the Klamath Physiographic Province of California were similar to results from comparable studies in Oregon and Washington.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF DIPOLE ANTENNAS ON PHOTONIC BAND-GAP MATERIALS

We study the reflection and transmission properties of two-dimensional (2D) photonic band-gap (PBG) materials with the use of the transfer matrix method. Then, by combining this method with the reciprocity theorem, we calculate the radiation patterns of antennas placed on top of 2D PBG materials. The results are in good agreement with recent theoretical and experimental results in similar systems. We also compare the present method of calculating the radiation patterns with a recently proposed method where the PBG crystal is replaced with an equivalent reflection plane. We show that the present method has several advantages; for example, it can be used even for cases where the driven frequency of the antenna is not inside the PBG. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advanced all-optical logic gates on a spectral bus

We present experimental results on a new method for ultrafast all-optical logic, which utilizes four-wave mixing on polarization-modulated signals. The technique allows advanced operations such as exclusive-or and three-bit addition with carry bit. Furthermore, we show that on-the-fly error-correction encoding and decoding of a simple Hamming code is achieved when these gates are used on the bits of a spectrally structured word. These gates may be suitable for logic operations in an optoelectronic front end, which moves some of the necessary computation of data to the optical domain, before detection.
Specifying Services with UML and UML-RT: Foundations, Challenges and Limitations

Abstract The key to systematic development of complex, reactive systems is to have a thorough understanding of the services the system provides. A service, in our view, is defined by the interplay among components required to establish a certain result. Services shift attention from the details of individual components to a global view of the system. We give a formal definition for the notion of service, and discuss to what extent the modeling languages provided by UML and UML-RT support a service-oriented development approach.
The Prediction of Academic Achievement in Graduate Study in Education

From a total group of 653 graduate students who had completed successfully one of several available master's degree programs in a professional school of education at a large state university in a major metropolitan area, various samples and subsamples differentiated by sex were formed depending upon the availability of scores for several standardized aptitude and achievement tests and the presence of undergraduate grades. Correlational analyses of relevant data revealed the following conclusions: (a) the three scales (Verbal, Quantitative, and Total) of the Undergraduate Record Examinations would appear to be more valid than the corresponding scales of the Graduate Record Examinations Aptitude Test as predictors of academic success in the graduate programs leading to the master's degree; (b) undergraduate grades show about equal promise for men and women in forecasting level of achievment in graduate work; (c) standardized achievement and scholastic aptitude test scores afford greater predictive validity ...
Multilayer relaxation and search for ferromagnetic order at the (100) surface of bulk paramagnetic vanadium

Low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED) intensity measurements and multiple-scattering analysis for V(100), supported by accurate characterization of surface impurity concentrations based on Auger-electron spectroscopy, are used to obtain a meaningful extrapolation of the first-layer relaxation to the clean surface value: ${d}_{12}=1.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, corresponding to ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{12}=\ensuremath{-}10%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%$ relative to the bulk value ${d}_{0}=1.514\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$. A high-sensitivity probe for surface magnetism based on magneto-optic Kerr effect polarimetry using the cleanest surfaces achieved in the LEED experiment $(\ensuremath{\sim}5%\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{C})$ yields a (sensitivity limited) null result with an estimated upper limit of $0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/surface atom. These results are discussed within the framework of related experiments and in relation to the predictive accuracy of ab initio calculations that explore the surface structure and magnetism of V(100) both of which are sensitive to different approximations for the exchange-correlation potential in density-functional theory.
Stability analysis of heat exchanger dynamics

In the study of vapor compression cycle, momentum balance equation is often ignored in the heat exchanger model. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the momentum balance through a systematic study of the open loop stability of a heat exchanger. We consider 1-D fluid flow in a pipe in four cases of increasing complexity the most general case corresponds to the heat exchanger model: 1. incompressible flow without heat transfer; 2. incompressible flow with heat transfer; 3. compressible flow without heat transfer; 4. compressible flow with heat transfer. Among the three balance equations, mass, momentum, and energy, case 1 involves only the momentum, case 2 involves both momentum and energy, case 3 involves mass and momentum, and case 4 requires all three equations. It is shown that in cases 1, which corresponding to the incompressible flow without heat input, the system is lumped and always stable, and in cases 2, 3 and 4, the system is stable if and only if the equilibrium flow velocity is sufficiently high. Finite difference approximation and linearization of the dynamic models are used for local stability evaluation in case 3 and 4. The overall cycle analysis as well as a simulation example is also included. The result of this study now forms the foundation to investigate the open loop stability and closed loop control design for vapor compression cycles used in HVAC and electronic cooling systems.
Bargaining and Multi-User Detection in MIMO Interference Networks

We investigate the use of multi-user detection to improve performance in MIMO interference networks. Unfortunately, while multi-user detection often allows higher data rates, it greatly complicates the problem: in addition to choosing a transmit covariance for each transmitter, we must decide which signals each receiver will detect and which data rates make such detection feasible. We discuss methods to optimize the data rates in two ways: maximizing the sum throughput of the network, and choosing rates based on the Kalai-Smorodinsky bargaining solution from cooperative game theory. Simulation results suggest that, while sum-rate maximization yields higher average throughput, the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution provides a superior solution in terms of fairness. The simulations also suggest that multi-user detection significantly improves network performance.
Melatonin secretion after surgery

Summary Sleep disturbance is common postoperatively. We examined whether melatonin concentrations were related to this disturbance in seven postoperative patients. Nocturnal concentrations of melatonin were significantly (p=0·005) lower on the first than on the second or third nights after surgery. This finding raises the possibility that melatonin suppression and associated sleep disturbance might be prevented by melatonin replacement.
Bone mineral density in children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1

Concern for impaired bone health in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) has led to increased interest in bone densitometry in this population. Our study assessed bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and whole-body bone mineral content (BMC)/height in pediatric patients with NF-1 with a high plexiform neurofibroma burden. Sixty-nine patients with NF-1 (age range 5.2–24.8; mean 13.7G4.8 years) were studied. Hologic dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) were performed on all patients. BMD was normalized to derive a reference volume by correcting for height through the use of the BMAD, as well as the BMC. BMAD of the lumbar spine (LS 2–4), femoral neck (FN), and total body BMC/height were measured and Z-scores were calculated. Impaired bone mineral density was defined as a Z-score %K2. Forty-seven percent of patients exhibited impaired bone mineral density at any bone site, with 36% at the LS, 18% at the FN, and 20% total BMC/height. BMAD Z-scores of the LS (K1.60G1.26) were more impaired compared with both the FN (K0.54G1.58; PZ0.0003) and the whole-body BMC/height Z-scores (K1.16G0.90; PZ0.036). Plexiform neurofibroma burden was negatively correlated with LS BMAD (rsZK0.36, PZ0.01). In pediatric and young adult patients with NF-1, LS BMAD was more severely affected than the FN BMAD or whole-body BMC/height. Endocrine-Related Cancer (2012) 19 817–825
VP5* Rearranges when Rotavirus Uncoats

Trypsin primes rotavirus for efficient infectivity by cleaving the spike protein, VP4, into VP8* and VP5*. A recombinant VP5* fragment has a trimeric, folded-back structure. Comparison of this structure with virion spikes suggests that a rearrangement, analogous to those of enveloped virus fusion proteins, may mediate membrane penetration by rotavirus during entry. To detect this inferred rearrangement of virion-associated authentic VP5*, we raised conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies against the recombinant VP5* fragment in its putative post-membrane penetration conformation. Using one of these antibodies, we demonstrate that rotavirus uncoating triggers a conformational change in the cleaved VP4 spike to yield rearranged VP5*.
Comparing Reyes and OpenGL on a stream architecture

The OpenGL and Reyes rendering pipelines each render complex scenes from similar scene descriptions but differ in their internal pipeline organizations. While the OpenGL organization has dominated hardware architectures over the past twenty years, a Reyes organization differs in several important ways from OpenGL, including a shader coordinate system that supports coherent texture accesses, a single shader in the vertex stage, and tessellation and sampling instead of triangle rasterization.Hardware for the OpenGL pipeline has been well-studied, but the lack of a hardware Reyes implementation has prevented a comparison between the two pipelines. We analyze and compare implementations of an OpenGL and a Reyes pipeline on the Imagine stream processor, a high performance programmable processor for media applications. This comparison both demonstrates the applicability of Reyes for hardware implementation and exposes many issues that architects will face in implementing Reyes in hardware, in particular the need for efficient subdivision algorithms and implementations.
Acute oral intake of a higenamine-based dietary supplement increases circulating free fatty acids and energy expenditure in human subjects

Higenamine, also known as norcoclaurine, is an herbal constituent thought to act as a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist—possibly stimulating lipolysis. It was the purpose of this study to determine the impact of a higenamine-based dietary supplement on plasma free fatty acids and energy expenditure following acute oral ingestion. Sixteen healthy subjects (8 men; 26.1 ± 2.5 yrs; 8 women 22.4 ± 3.1 yrs) ingested a dietary supplement containing a combination of higenamine, caffeine (270 mg), and yohimbe bark extract or a placebo, on two separate occasions in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design, separated by 6–8 days. Blood samples were collected immediately before ingestion, and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post ingestion, and analyzed for plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol. Breath samples were collected at the same times for a measure of kilocalorie expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) using indirect calorimetry. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at all times. Data collection occurred in the morning following a 10 hour overnight fast. A condition effect was noted for both FFA (p 0.05). A condition effect was noted for heart rate (p = 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001), with values higher for supplement compared to placebo. Ingestion of a higenamine-based dietary supplement stimulates lipolysis and energy expenditure, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating FFA and kilocalorie expenditure. The same supplement results in a moderate increase in heart rate (~3 bpm) and systolic blood pressure (~12 mmHg), which is consistent with previous studies evaluating moderate doses of caffeine and yohimbine, suggesting that higenamine contributes little to the increase in these hemodynamic variables. These findings are in reference to young, healthy and active men and women.
SWIGS: A Swift Guided Sampling Method

We present SWIGS, a Swift and efficient Guided Sampling method for robust model estimation from image feature correspondences. Our method leverages the accuracy of our new confidence measure (MR-Rayleigh), which assigns a correctness-confidence to a putative correspondence in an online fashion. MR-Rayleigh is inspired by Meta-Recognition (MR), an algorithm that aims to predict when a classifier's outcome is correct. We demonstrate that by using a Rayleigh distribution, the prediction accuracy of MR can be improved considerably. Our experiments show that MR-Rayleigh tends to predict better than the often-used Lowe's ratio, Brown's ratio, and the standard MR under a range of imaging conditions. Furthermore, our homography estimation experiment demonstrates that SWIGS performs similarly or better than other guided sampling methods while requiring fewer iterations, leading to fast and accurate model estimates.
Supporting negotiation and dispute resolution with computing and communication technologies

Careful study of the application of computer and communications technologies to negotiation and dispute resolution can lead to a more harmonious and functional society, but also to more effective technology for software development and evaluation, and to new facilities for pursuing social science research. Work in this area has initially been spurred on by rapid growth in the number and variety of disputes in the world, which seem to be increasing as the number of parties grows and the variety of their interactions increases. Initial application of software technology to support dispute resolution has shown encouraging success, and suggests a broader research program in which computer science and social science research enrich each other. The resulting mature technological support for dispute resolution should, moreover, have important benefits for software development, a domain in which constructive approaches to resolving disputes should be of enormous value.
Wider Pipelines: N -Best Alignments and Parses in MT Training

State-of-the-art statistical machine translation systems use hypotheses from several maximum a posteriori inference steps, including word alignments and parse trees, to identify translational structure and estimate the parameters of translation models. While this approach leads to a modular pipeline of independently developed components, errors made in these “single-best” hypotheses can propagate to downstream estimation steps that treat these inputs as clean, trustworthy training data. In this work we integrateN -best alignments and parses by using a probability distribution over these alternatives to generate posterior fractional counts for use in downstream estimation. Using these fractional counts in a DOPinspired syntax-based translation system, we show significant improvements in translation quality over a single-best trained baseline.