cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solidarity, the regime and the public

SINCE the imposition of martial law, Poland is a society that is sullen, pessimistic, rebellious, and divided. It is sullen because of the regime's termination of the country's brief experiment in democracy and the first genuinely popular social movement in postwar history. The sullenness is intensified by a near-universal pessimism that sees little hope for a return to the heady days of Solidarity's existence. Although the independent union has now been banned, it continues to exist in a truncated underground form, and support for it is periodically manifested through popular demonstrations. Support for Solidarity is not, however, either universal or unconditional. The overwhelming support that Solidarity enjoyed in its first six months began to diminish somewhat by the end of 1981. Some people viewed Solidarity, or its leaders, as being at least partially responsible for the political and economic crisis of 1981. Most of the population desired a return to economic and political stability. The regime, however, overestimated this dissatisfaction with Solidarity and miscalculated in its efforts to discredit that organization. Branding Solidarity and its leaders as counter-revolutionary, extremist and antisocialist was counter to the experience and opinions of most of the members of that organization, and of the population. Most people opposed martial law and wanted Solidarity to be reactivated. While there are an abundance of public opinion surveys on these issues, the regime has apparently not relied much on these indicators, and instead has hoped to build support for the regime through improving food supplies, maintaining order, discrediting Solidarity and the past party leaders, and repressing all opposition. Given Poland's history of rebellion, and its 16-month experience with Solidarity, however, it seems unlikely that this method can long succeed. Solidarity filled a vital need in Polish society in expressing to the authorities the interests and requirements of the population. This need continues, even under the present regime. This paper examines the extent to which Solidarity acted as a link between the population and the regime and as a representative of the interests of the workers. It looks first at the reasons for the emergence of Solidarity, and Solidarity's subsequent embodiment of the society's desire for a political and economic order more in line with the ideals of socialism, and more genuinely representative of the workers' interests. It concludes by assessing the charges against Solidarity made by the martial law authorities, the extent of current support for the union and the regime, and the possibilities for a resolution of the stalemate. All of these issues are examined in this article with the use of survey research material
Na(+)-Ca2+ antiporter activity of rat hepatocytes. Effect of adrenalectomy on Ca2+ uptake and release from plasma membrane vesicles.

The presence and mode of Na+Ca2+ antiporter activity were studied in hepatocytes isolated from sham-operated or adrenalectomized rats and in inside-out plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rat liver. Decreasing extracellular Na+ (Nao+) immediately increased cytosolic free calcium (Cai2+). The rise in Cai2+ was proportional to the reduction in Nao+ and was caused by an increased calcium influx, presumably on the Na+Ca2+ antiporter operating in the reverse mode. Perfusing the cells with Ca2+-free media stimulated Ca2+ efflux and decreased Cai2+, an effect dependent on Nao+. This suggests an activation of the forward mode of Na+Ca2+ exchange. There was little difference in these parameters between sham and adx groups. In contrast, steady-state calcium uptake by inside-out plasma membrane vesicles was inhibited 40% after adrenalectomy. The decreased calcium uptake was not caused by a deficiency in the ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump, whose Km and Vmax were unaffected by adrenalectomy, but by an Na+-dependent leak from the vesicles. Ca2+ efflux was proportional to the extravesicular Na+ concentration, suggesting that the calcium leak may take place on a Na+Ca2+ antiporter. This Na+-dependent calcium efflux was significantly increased in vesicles prepared from adx rat livers. These results suggest that hepatocytes have functional Na+Ca2+ antiporters that can operate in both forward and reverse modes. Under normal conditions, the Na+Ca2+ a antiporter apparently operates in the reverse mode as a Ca2+ influx pathway. The increase in Na+-dependent Ca2+ efflux evoked by adrenalectomy in plasma membrane vesicles could explain the recent results we obtained in hepatocytes isolated from adx rats, showing increased calcium influx, increased Cai2+, increased intracellular calcium sequestration, and increased plasmalemmal calcium cycling.
Models for joint isometries

An N-tuple ℐ= ( T 1 …, T N ) of commuting contractions on a Hilbert space H is said to be a joint isometry if for all x in H, or, equivalently, if Athavale in [1] characterized the joint isometries as subnormal N-tuples whose minimal normal extensions have joint spectra in the unit sphere S 2N−X a geometric perspective of this is given in [4]. Subsequently, V. Muller and F.-H. Vasilescu proved that commuting N-tuples which are joint contractions, i.e. , can be represented as restrictions of certain weighted shifts direct sum a joint isometry. In this paper we adapt the canonical models of [3], and also construct a new canonical model, which completes the previous descriptions by showing joint isometries are indeed restrictions of specific multivariable weighted shifts [2].
Short-term Effects of Postural Drainage with Clapping vs Autogenic Drainage on Oxygen Saturation and Sputum Recovery in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

To compare the short-term effects of postural drainage with clapping (PD) and autogenic drainage (AD) on oxygen saturation, pulmonary function, and sputum recovery, we studied ten patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) randomly treated with PD or AD on separate days. Pulse oximetry was monitored and sputum was collected during and for 1 h following each treatment. Pulmonary function was measured before and then 1, 15, and 60 min after each treatment. There was no significant difference in the amount of sputum recovered with AD (14.0±3.5 g) vs PD (10.4±3.0 g) and no significant differences in pulmonary function occurred. Oxygen saturation during PD fell from 93.3±0.7% to 91.2±0.8% (p
Release of angiotensinogen by rat brain in vitro

Summary The possibility that angiotensinogen is synthesized within the central nervous system was examined by incubating homogenates of rat brain in vitro. When the homogenates (100 mg wet weight/ml incubation medium) were incubated at 37 °C for 3 h, angiotensinogen concentration in the medium increased from 1.08 ± 0.07ng AI/ml (mean)±S.E.M. to 3.60 ± 0.16ng AI/ml; when incubated at 4 °C there was no significant change. This increase in angiotensinogen concentration was not depressed by actinomycin D (10 μg/ml, puromycin (5 μg/ml) or cycloheximide (10 μg/ml) although the latter two inhibitors of protein synthesis decreased the incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine into protein by more than 97%. Furthermore, disruption of vesicles by sonication did not increase the angiotensinogen concentration of homogenates kept at 4 °C. These data suggest that the increase in the concentration of angiotensinogen during the 3 h incubation period is unlikely to represent secretion of stored angiotensinogen or newly synthesized protein but may represent conversion from a precursor molecule. The brain and cervical spinal cord were divided into 6 areas, homogenized and paired samples incubated for 2 h at 37 °C or 4 °C. At 4 °C, the concentration of angiotensinogen varied between regions, with higher concentrations in brain stem areas. For all 6 areas, concentrations were higher in samples incubated at 37 °C. Taking the difference in concentration for the two temperatures as an index of angiotensinogen release, regional differences were found with the highest value for pons/-midbrain/diencephalon and progressively lower values for medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebrum and cervical spinal cord. It is concluded that all regions of the brain as well as the cervical spinal cord release angiotensinogen in vitro and that this capacity is topographically distributed. However, it is still not certain that angiotensinogen released in vitro is synthesized in the CNS.
Gas Turbine Cycles With Solid Oxide Fuel Cells—Part I: Improved Gas Turbine Power Plant Efficiency by Use of Recycled Exhaust Gases and Fuel Cell Technology

The energy conversion efficiency of the combustion process can be improved if immediate contact of fuel and oxygen is prevent4ed and an oxygen carrier is used. In a previous paper (Harvey et al., 1992), a gas turbine cycle was investigated in which part of the exhaust gases are recycled and used as oxygen-carrying components. For the optimized process, a theoretical thermal efficiency of 66.3% was achieved, based on the lower heating value (LHV) of the methane fuel. One means to further improve the exergetic efficiency of a power cycle is to utilize fuel cell technology. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have many features that make them attractive for utility and industrial applications. In this paper, the authors will therefore consider SOFC technology. In view of their high operating temperatures and the incomplete nature of the fuel oxidation process, fuel cells must be combined with conventional power generation technology to develop power plant configurations that are both functional and efficient. In this paper, the authors will show how monolithic SOFC (MSOFC) technology may be integrated into the previously described gas turbine cycle using recycled exhaust gases as oxygen carriers. An optimized cycle configuration will be presented based upon a detailed cyclemore » analysis performance using Aspen Plus[trademark] process simulation software and a MSOFC fuel cell simulator developed by Argonne National Labs. The optimized cycle achieves a theoretical thermal efficiency of 77.7%, based on the LHV of the fuel.« less
IMF financial programs and conditionality

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the development of conditionality and financial programming techniques used by the IMF. The current analytical framework underlying IMF conditionality is described and critically appraised. Questions are raised on the consistency of the approach followed on the issue of devaluation with the overall framework, on the length of programs and the costs of adjustment in cases of structural disequilibria. The conclusion is reached that, whilst existing financial programming techniques are valid for certain cases, they would need to be revised and supplemented to make them relevant to other cases. Some suggestions for improvement of the Fund's operational procedures are made.
International cooperation in illicit narcotics and illegal immigration—A grand illusion?

Abstract Private greed, militant Marxist‐Leninism, and Western society's suicidal self‐indulgence of illicit narcotics have combined to free Communist insurgents in Colombia and Peru from Soviet support. These narco‐guerrillas are not only attacking democratic governments, but are also accelerating rural migration to the urban areas on an inter‐American scale. Opulence attracts misery. Thus, Argentina, Venezuela, and the U.S. are particularly affected. Moreover, some nations, profiting from illicit narcotics trafficking, will not fully cooperate in international narcotics or immigration control, since they perceive it to be to their advantage to weaken the West.
When Two Heads Are Better Than One: Beginning Teachers' Planning Processes in an Integrated Instruction Planning Task.

Le planning est une partie importante du travail des professeurs novices. Le but de l'etude de l'A. n'etait pas de tester leur habilite a effectuer des plannings, mais d'observer comment ils interpretaient leur tâche quand ils le faisaient seuls ou en groupe. Ceci permet de voir par quelles strategies ils tentent de resoudre les problemes rencontres face a un planning charge et complexe. L'A. decrit ces strategies et en fait une analyse critique
Supranuclear vertical gaze abnormalities in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Supranuclear gaze palsies are an uncommon feature of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Most reported cases of CJD with features of supranuclear gaze palsy are familial. We report 2 patients with supranuclear vertical gaze abnormalities associated with spongiform changes in the midbrain. Both patients were found to have sporadic CJD after genetic testing. Distinguishing familial from sporadic CJD in this setting has important genetic and epidemiological implications.
Impact of Case-Based Instruction on Student Teachers' Reflection on Facilitating Children's Learning

Abstract The purpose of this original quasi-experimental research was to investigate the potential for using case-based instruction during the student teaching seminar as a means for promoting practicum student teachers' critical reflection about facilitating children's learning. In addition, the study explored the impact of varied modes for delivering case-based instruction on the quality of student teachers' reflective narratives. Sixty-eight undergraduate students who were enrolled in the teacher certification program participated in the study as a member of one of three groups. During the 6-week instructional period, two groups learned using case-based instruction plus traditional instruction, and one group studied the same curriculum using traditional instruction only, without case-based instruction. Overall, trend analyses suggest that case-based instruction results in improved reflection about facilitating children's learning. Furthermore, there is evidence that computer-based cases that offer vide...
Acute effects of the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor in mice

The soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. In the present study, protease enzyme activity in selected tissues of male strain A mice was measured by hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA (t-butoxycarbornylvalylprolylarginine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin). When added to homogenates of lung, liver and kidney in vitro, purified BBI inhibited hydrolytic activity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 microM. In vivo, hydrolytic activity was found to be significantly and in a dose-dependent manner, decreased in the lung as early as 2 h after i.p. injection of purified BBI. Less inhibition was found in the liver and kidney after in vivo administration of purified BBI. A crude preparation of BBI, given at 100 mg/kg, had no influence on the overall disposition of radiolabeled benzo[alpha]pyrene in mice although it decreased the hepatic activities of cytochrome P-450, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase and ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase. It is concluded that the chemopreventive effects of BBI on mouse lung tumor development are most likely mediated through its protease-inhibitory properties in the target organ rather than by a non-specific effect on metabolism and disposition of carcinogens.
Effect of rhamnolipids on initial attachment of bacteria on glass and octadecyltrichlorosilane-modified glass.

Abstract Bacterial attachment on solid surfaces has various implications in environmental, industrial and medical applications. In this study, the effects of rhamnolipid biosurfactants on initial attachment of bacteria on hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) modified glass were evaluated under continuous-flow conditions. The bacteria investigated were three Gram-negative species Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas putida , and Escherichia coli , and two Gram-positive species Staphylcoccus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis . Rhamnolipids, at 10 and 200 mg/l, significantly reduced the attachment of all but S. epidermidis on both glass and OTS-modified glass. For S. epidermidis rhamnolipids reduced the attachment on OTS-modified glass but not on glass. Studies were further done to identify the mechanism(s) by which rhamnolipids reduced the cell attachment. The following potential properties of rhamnolipids were investigated: inhibition of microbial growth, change of cell surface hydrophobicity, easier detachment of cells already attached to substratum, and modification of substratum surface properties. Results showed that rhamnolipids were ineffective for the latter two effects. Rhamnolipids, up to 200 mg/l, inhibited the growth of B. subtilis , S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa PAO1 but not the growth of E. coli , P. putida and P. aeruginosa E0340. Also, rhamnolipids tended to increase the hydrophobicity of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and E. coli , decrease the hydrophobicity of P. putida and S. epidermidis , and have no clear effect on the hydrophobicity of B. subtillis . These trends however did not correlate with the observed trend of cell attachment reduction. The responsible mechanism(s) remained unknown.
Resurgence of Pertussis and Its Laboratory Diagnosis

Abstract Prevention of whooping cough by vaccination has been one of the outstanding successes in modern medical history. However, despite the great efforts made to improve vaccine safety and efficacy, as well as campaigns for immunization, there has been a worldwide resurgence of pertussis since the early 1990s. These outbreaks occur independently of the vaccine coverage rates or economic standards of the affected region. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has documented statewide outbreaks, such as "Pertussis Outbreak—Vermont, 1996," "Notes from the Field: Pertussis—California, 2010," "Pertussis Epidemic—Washington, 2012," and, most recently, "Pertussis Epidemic—California, 2014." This review summarizes the pathogenesis of a strict human pathogen, Bordetella pertussis ; CDC guidelines for clinical diagnosis, rapid molecular tests, and the test design principles supporting clinical diagnostics; and the importance of culture and submission of isolates to the local public health laboratory. Finally, we discuss the evolution of a host niche-specialized pathogen and the implications of a vaccination that does not attain complete host immunity.
Paleontology of proterozoic shales and mudstones: examples from the Belt supergroup, Chuar group and Pahrump group, western USA

Abstract Proterozoic black shales and other fine-grained siliciclastic rocks contain a variety of fossils. These fossils are illustrated by examples from three Proterozoic units in the western USA—the Belt Supergroup (Middle Proterozoic), the Chuar Group (Late Proterozoic), and the upper Pahrump Group (Late Proterozoic). A variety of microfossils and megafossils occur in the Belt Supergroup, western Montana. Acritarchs and filamentous microfossils are moderately well preserved in sub-greenschist facies black shale in the Little Belt Mountains. The biologic affinity of the acritarchs is uncertain; they could represent the vegetative or encystment stage of eukaryotic algae or the outer envelope of colonial coccoid cyanobacteria. Most of the filaments in these shales are of a size and morphology that is consistent with prokaryotic affinities; however, rare 20- and 40-μm-wide filaments could be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Higher-grade sub-greenschist facies dark-gray to black mudstones in Glacier National Park contain poorly preserved acritarchs and spheroidal and filamentous pseudomicrofossils. They are of interest because they provide information useful for distinguishing authentic microfossils from pseudofossils in mudstones and shales that have undergone substantial burial metamorphism. Several authentic megafossils occur in lower Belt shales in the Little Belt and Big Belt Mountains, Montana. One of these is the carbonaceous compression Beltina danai, which could represent either fragments of a microbial mat or fragments of a sheet-like megascopic alga. The megafossil Grypania spiralis has the form of a coiled ribbon and tentatively is interpreted as a megascopic alga. Green to purple mudstones and muddy sandstones in the lower Belt Supergroup in Glacier National Park contain markings that resemble a string of beads; they are interpreted as megafossils that may have eukaryotic algal affinities. Black shales in the Late Proterozoic Kwagunt Formation, Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona, contain a variety of acritarchs and filamentous microfossils. Of special interest is the vase-shaped microfossil Melanocyrillium, which is interpreted as the sporangium of a eukaryotic and probably megascopic alga. Melanocyrillium also occurs in black mudstone in the Late Proterozoic Pahrump Group, southeastern California.
Is there value in plasma cytokine measurements in patients with severe trauma and sepsis

For the past thirty years, since IL-1β and TNFα were first cloned, there have been efforts to measure plasma cytokine concentrations in patients with severe sepsis and trauma, and to use these measurements to predict clinical outcome and response to therapies. The numbers of cytokines and chemokines that have been measured in the plasma have literally exploded with the development of multiplex immune approaches. Dozens of relatively small cohort studies have shown plasma cytokine concentrations correlating with outcome in sepsis and trauma. Despite what appears to be a consensus that plasma cytokine concentrations should be useful in the clinical setting, only two cytokines, IL-6 and procalcitonin, have approached routine clinical use. IL-6 has been used as a research tool for entry into sepsis-intervention trials, while procalcitonin is being used clinically at a large number of institutions to distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory processes. For most cytokines, the relative lack of sensitivity and specificity of individual or multiplex cytokine measurements has hindered their utility to predict clinical trajectory in individual patients. The problem rests with a general misunderstanding of cytokine biology, failing to appreciate the general paracrine nature of these mediators, the presence of binding proteins, chaperones and inhibitors in the plasma, and the rapid clearance of these proteins by binding to cell receptors and clearance predominantly by the kidney. The future of using plasma cytokine measurements as an indicator of sepsis/trauma severity or predicting outcome is generally behind us, although there is optimism that procalcitonin measurements may ultimately prove to have utility in the diagnosis of severe sepsis.
Reconsidering Truman's claim of ‘half a million American lives’ saved by the atomic bomb: The construction and deconstruction of a myth

This essay, based on substantial archival research, critically examines President Harry S. Truman's often‐cited post‐World War II claim that he had received pre‐Hiroshima counsel in 1945 that the invasion(s) of Japan could cost ‘half a million American lives’. This essay concludes that there is no 1945 archival evidence supporting Truman's postwar contention, and that there is substantial evidence undercutting his claim. Moreover, in view of the total size of American forces scheduled for 1945–46 operations against Japan, any claim of 500,000 American dead seems implausible. This essay also critically examines how Truman's postwar memoir claim of ‘half a million American lives’ was constructed, and this essay discusses the many and rather varied casualty/fatality numbers that Truman presented during his White House and post‐presidential years. Such an analysis also focuses on the numbers he privately provided in the construction of his memoirs by ‘ghost’ writers. Reaching beyond the specific question of T...
Fetal liver position and perinatal outcome for congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Despite advances in postnatal care, patients born with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) suffer substantial morbidity and mortality. The present study was undertaken to determine the prognostic influence of prenatally-diagnosed liver herniation in the hemithorax in fetuses with CDH. The medical records of 48 patients evaluated for a prenatally-diagnosed left CDH were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were analysed according to the position of the liver by prenatal ultrasound; 32 fetuses had a major portion of the liver herniated into the left hemithorax ('liver up') and 16 had an intra-abdominal liver ('liver down'). Liver position was determined using colour-flow Doppler ultrasonography. There were two fetal deaths in the liver-up group and one in the liver-down group. The liver-up group more frequently required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support (53 per cent) compared with the liver-down group (19 per cent). Postnatal survival was significantly less in the liver-up group (43 per cent) vs. the liver-down group (93 per cent). Fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and liver herniated into the hemithorax have a much worse prognosis than similarly afflicted fetuses without liver herniation. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia allows for preparation for a critically ill newborn and aids in prenatal family counselling.
Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin promotes DNA repair responses in normal human cells.

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a multisubunit protein found in various gram-negative bacterial pathogens of humans which is thought to cause cell death by direct DNA damage of host cells. We sought to determine if a cellular response to DNA damage could be detected by exogenous addition of the holotoxin. Exogenous addition of the Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 CDT to primary human fibroblasts resulted in formation of Rad50 foci, which are formed around double-stranded-DNA breaks. Moreover, such foci are formed in both proliferating and nonproliferating cells that are treated with C. jejuni CDT. Fibroblasts that were intoxicated and later stimulated to proliferate failed to divide and remained arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Electromigration reliability of Mn-doped Cu interconnects for the 28 nm technology

Electromigration (EM) reliability of Cu interconnects for the 28 nm node with Mn doping was studied by investigating the effects of line width and length on void formation kinetics, EM lifetime and statistics. Failure modes and mass transport mechanism responsible for EM degradation of CuMn interconnects were examined. Although immortality was not observed, EM lifetime of short lines was significantly improved together with a reduction in lifetime deviation. This is attributed to the effectiveness of Mn in repairing process defects, particularly for via-related void formation in V1M2 electron flow direction.
Theory of two-dimensional grating couplers

We derive and evaluate expressions for the electromagnetic coupling between a two-dimensional grating and a nearby two-dimensional electron gas. By considering both the thickness and the separation of the two systems as small compared with macroscopic wavelengths, a numerically tractable prescription for their mutual influence on an incident beam is developed. The theory is evaluated in several model calculations, which compare favorably with recent far-infrared transmission studies of cyclotron and magnetoplasmon resonances. The general need for a nonperturbative analysis is illustrated.
Enhancement Of Photographically Recorded Imagery

Camera motion, atmospheric turbulence, lens aberrations, image blurring, and diffraction limiting all degrade the quality of photographically recorded imagery. The photographic emulsion further distorts the image by introducing film-grain noise and attenuating high spatial frequencies. Although the objective or mathematical quality or the image becomes fixed on exposure, one can improve its subjective or visual quality by optical spatial filtering or electronic digital processing. As noted below, the success or failure of such techniques depends to a large degree on receiving sufficient exposure from the object scene.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rhodotorula rubra bioassay for T-2 toxin: increased sensitivity and wider application

Abstract Mutant strains of Rhodotorula rubra sensitive to 0.019–2.5 μg of T-2 toxin have been selected using ethylmethane sulphonate and ultraviolet light. When used as test organism in a bioassay for mycotoxins, these strains are also sensitive to trichothecin, diacetoxyscirphenol, verrucarin A and roridin A. A modification of the bioassay suitable for the rapid screening of large numbers of fungal strains without purification of the toxin is described.
Induction of embryonic dormancy in the Calanoid copepod Acartia hudsonica: proximal cues and variation among individuals

In this study of Acartia hudsonica, the change in egg types from subitaneous eggs to dormant eggs was investigated. Temperature and photoperiod were hypothesized to act as the proximal environmental cues inducing this population to produce dormant eggs, and the variation in the dormant egg responses of individual females was quantified. Some field-collected females produced some dormant eggs early in the spring (March and April), but most of the switch to dormant eggs occurred in late June. Short-term experiments showed that increased temperatures increased the percentage of dormant eggs produced, whereas increased length of day did not. Long-term experiments showed a different pattern from short-term experiments, indicating that duration of exposure to particular temperatures or photoperiods may influence dormant egg production. Under certain conditions, it appeared that nearly all copepods were capable of producing dormant eggs, although identical experimental conditions did not affect all individuals similarly. In several experiments that revealed a significant treatment effect, between 42% and 85% of the variance detected could be attributed to variation among individuals. Also, the fraction of individuals producing dormant eggs generally increased with increasing water temperature. In Narragansett Bay, A. hudsonica appears to produce dormant eggs primarily in response to increased water temperatures although an effect of photoperiod could not be ruled out. Furthermore, individual responses vary greatly. Appreciation of such variation in an important life history trait, such as embryonic dormancy, is important in understanding how this population may be adapted to its environment.
Implementation of exact and approximate randomization tests for polynomial growth curves

Two stand-alone, menu-driven PC programs, written in GAUSS386i, which compare groups of growth curves in a completely randomized design using either (a) exact or (b) approximate randomization tests, are described, illustrated, and made available to interested readers. The programs accommodate missing data in the context of studies planned to have common times of measurement, but where some of the measurement sequences are incomplete. The measurement whose growth is being monitored need not have a Gaussian distribution. We consider the hypothesis that the mean growth curves in G groups are the same; and either compute the exact P value (exact test), or estimate, and provide a confidence interval for, the P value (approximate test).
Hormonal regulation of inhibin production by cultured Sertoli cells

The hormonal regulation of inhibin production by cultured rat Sertoli cells was examined using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) which detects the N-terminal portion of the porcine inhibin alpha chain. FSH, but not hCG or prolactin caused a dose-dependent increase in inhibin production (EC50 for FSH = 2.4 ng/ml); both secreted and intracellular levels of inhibin were increased, but the secreted form represented one-half to two-thirds of the total. The FSH-stimulated production of inhibin was augmented by addition of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and could be mimicked by cholera toxin, forskolin, or dibutyryl cAMP, all of which are known to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Inclusion of either dihydrotestosterone or estradiol in the cultures had no effect on inhibin production, both in the presence and absence of FSH. Examination of the conditioned media from forskolin-treated Sertoli cells by gel filtration chromatography revealed a single peak of bioactive and immunoreactive inhibin, at a molecular weight of approximately 32,000, similar to that observed for the porcine and bovine follicular fluid inhibins. Thus, FSH activated the cAMP pathway to stimulate Sertoli cell production of inhibin which in turn suppresses pituitary FSH release to form a closed-loop feedback system.
Renal effects of cyclosporine

Abstract Renal dysfunction is a frequent consequence of cyclosporine administration, even when cyclosporine blood concentrations are maintained within proper therapeutic levels. As dermatologie indications for this compound expand, it is important for clinicians to understand the relevant pharmacology and physiology that underlie cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction. This article reviews the clinical pharmacology of cyclosporine, the principles of renal function testing, and the clinical manifestations of this drug's effects on the kidney. Sudden declines in kidney function, long-term cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and hypertension are discussed from a clinical and experimental standpoint. Finally, practical suggestions are provided to aid the dermatologist in managing cyclosporine-treated patients.
Evaluation of phentolamine as a provocative test for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

Abstract Intravenous injection of phentolamine potentially offers a better provocative test for aortic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction than do Valsalva's maneuver, inhalation of isoproterenol, or of amyl nitrite. In hemodynamic studies, phentolamine enhanced myocardial contractility, and decreased afterload with only induction of slight tachycardia. Phentolamine (5 mg.) was administered intravenously to five patients who had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, and 35 patients who had valvular dysfunctions, after which echocardiographic and phonocardiographic recordings were performed. Recordings were of high quality despite changing hemodynamics. Systolic pressures fell an average of 20 mm. Hg; no pressure fell below 90 mm. Hg; there was no notable increase in heart rate. In the five patients with typical idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the amyl nitrite increased the obstructive index from 39.6 ± 12 to 51 ± 18.9 (P
Population Size, Change, and Crime in U.S. Cities

The sometimes noted contradiction between cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships concerning city population size and crime rates is reexamined using more complex analytic procedures, controlling for extraneous variables, and allowing for non-monotonic relationships. Instead of a simple cross-sectional relationship between population size and crime rates, the more sophisticated analysis reveals either no association or a quadratic relationship. Similarly, instead of a simple lack of longitudinal relationship or a negative one, the more complicated analysis shows a non-monotonic pattern for three of six offenses. However, we contend that these divergent patterns for cross-sectional relative to longitudinal data are not necessarily indicative of an “anomaly.” Instead, they represent different aspects of a dynamic process in need of more extensive theorizing. Finally, the cross-sectional results showing that city size and crime rates are either not linked or when linked are in a non-monotonic pattern call into question one of the accepted relationships in criminology that have long guided thinking about crime.
A Failure to Communicate: A Qualitative Exploration of Care Coordination Between Hospitalists and Primary Care Providers Around Patient Hospitalizations

Care coordination between adult hospitalists and primary care providers (PCPs) is a critical component of successful transitions of care from hospital to home, yet one that is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to understand the challenges in coordination of care, as well as potential solutions, from the perspective of hospitalists and PCPs in North Carolina. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study with 58 clinicians in four hospitalist focus groups (n = 32), three PCP focus groups (n = 19), and one hybrid group with both hospitalists and PCPs (n = 7). Interview guides included questions about care coordination, information exchange, follow-up care, accountability, and medication management. Focus group sessions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed in ATLAS.ti. The constant comparative method was used to evaluate differences between hospitalists and PCPs. Hospitalists and PCPs were found to encounter similar care coordination challenges, including (1) lack of time, (2) difficulty reaching other clinicians, (3) lack of personal relationships with other clinicians, (4) lack of information feedback loops, (5) medication list discrepancies, and (6) lack of clarity regarding accountability for pending tests and home health. Hospitalists additionally noted difficulty obtaining timely follow-up appointments for after-hours or weekend discharges. PCPs additionally noted (1) not knowing when patients were hospitalized, (2) not having hospital records for post-hospitalization appointments, (3) difficulty locating important information in discharge summaries, and (4) feeling undervalued when hospitalists made medication changes without involving PCPs. Hospitalists and PCPs identified common themes of successful care coordination as (1) greater efforts to coordinate care for “high-risk” patients, (2) improved direct telephone access to each other, (3) improved information exchange through shared electronic medical records, (4) enhanced interpersonal relationships, and (5) clearly defined accountability. Hospitalists and PCPs encounter similar challenges in care coordination, yet have important experiential differences related to sending and receiving roles for hospital discharges. Efforts to improve coordination of care between hospitalists and PCPs should aim to understand perspectives of clinicians in each setting.
Retrieval analysis of aerosol integral properties from simulated extinction at SAGE II and HALOE wavelengths

[1] Aerosol integral properties inferred from simulated multispectral extinction data at Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II and the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) wavelengths using two different retrieval methods are analyzed and compared. The discrepancy in aerosol integral properties that results from using different retrieval techniques is analyzed, and the differences caused by sampling the same aerosol population at different wavelengths with the same retrieval technique are evaluated. We found that a better agreement was achieved when different methods were applied to the same data set as compared to a case where the same method is applied to data recorded by two different sensors. Our results demonstrate that when comparing aerosol properties derived from different instruments, the particle size information contents from optical instruments have to be taken into consideration together with the propagation of measurement errors and the systematic errors arising from the retrieval methods.
Detecting Manipulation in Futures Markets: The Ferruzzi Soybean Episode

Manipulation -- the exercise of market power in a futures market -- is a felony, but recent court and regulatory decisions have made conviction of a manipulator problematic. Instead, regulators attempt to prevent manipulation. Deterrence by conviction is more efficient than prevention if manipulations can be detected with high probability. An analysis of the Ferruzzi soybean episode of 1989 demonstrates how to detect manipulation with standard statistical techniques. It is exceedingly unlikely that the price and quantity relations observed in May and July 1989 were the result of competition; they instead reflect market power. The ability to detect manipulation reliably suggests that existing regulation of manipulation in futures and securities markets is inefficient because it relies on costly prevention rather than deterrence. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Two Kinds of Role Property

The realization relation is commonly explicated via, or identified with, the causal role playing relation. However, the realization relation does not formally match the causal role playing relation. While realization is a relation between a base realizer property and a single higher level realized property, I argue that the causal role playing relation as typically defined is a relation between a base property and two higher-level role properties. Advocates of using causal role playing to explicate realization must therefore decide which of the two kinds of role property they identify with realized properties; I argue that neither choice is good, and the fact that one must make a choice is worse. A search for a new way of defining realization is in order.
Recent flood lavas in the Elysium region of Mars

A volcanic origin is presently suggested for the 'Cerberus Formation' region of smooth plains in the southeastern Elysium region of Mars, on the basis of its surface morphology, lobate edges, vents, and an embayment relation of the unit with adjacent, older units. The low viscosity lavas that filled a topographic depression in southeastern Elysium subsequently flowed into western Amazonic Planitia via channels formed by an earlier fluvial episode. A young, upper Amazonian dating is indicated by crater frequencies and stratigraphic relations, implying that large-scale eruptions of low-viscosity lava were still possible late in Martian history.
Studies on prolactin: Conformational comparison of human, equine, and porcine pituitary prolactins☆

The conformations of human, equine, and porcine pituitary prolactins, as evidenced by various optical properties, have been compared. The alpha-helix contents of all three proteins are essentially identical to each other (60 +/- 5%), as well as to prolactins isolated from other mammalian species. Direct absorption (zero and second-order), difference absorption, fluorescence emission, and circular dichroism spectra suggest that the majority of tyrosine and tryptophan side chains in these three proteins exist in very similar microenvironments within the folded forms of the hormones. Thus, the general conformational properties of these molecules are closely related to each other, and to other mammalian prolactins. Molar extinction and absorptivity values have been obtained at the absorption maximum of each species. In addition, a second molar extinction value has been determined at a particular wavelength found to be different for each, and which appears to be independent of the conformational state of the molecule. These absorptivities are useful in providing accurate prolactin concentrations in the 10(0) to 10(-2) mg/ml range. On incubation with the proteolytic enzyme thermolysin, all three hormones display an initial, short lag period during which little conformational change can be detected by difference absorption spectroscopy. For human and porcine prolactins, subsequent rates of proteolytically induced conformational collapse were found to be essentially identical. However, under similar conditions, equine prolactin loses its conformation significantly more slowly.
The Role of Distinctive Perceptual Information in Memory: Studies of the Testing Effect

Abstract This paper examines the role of orthographic-to-phonological mapping in memory. Specifically, we consider the hypothesis that distinctive orthographic-to-phonological mapping (Hirshman and Jackson, in press) mediates the testing effect. We test this hypothesis by examining whether manipulations designed to influence the distinctiveness of orthographic-to-phonological mapping interact with the testing effect. Consistent with our hypothesis, the testing effect is minimized under conditions promoting distinctive orthographic-to-phonological mapping. A testing effect occurs for regular words presented in a nonsense word context or in isolation, but not for regular words presented in an exception word context or for exception words presented in a nonsense word context. Further, a control experiment using a levels-of-processing manipulation demonstrates that these effects are specific to testing. We close by presenting a conception of how orthographic-to-phonological mapping representations interact with other memory representations during retrieval.
What can be Learned about Regional Development from the Ex-Communist World? A Comment:

Due to the remarkable events of the past few years, the Second World has emerged into the forefront of economic study. As the formerly Communist countries try to find their way to liberal democracy and effective market systems, they reveal dimensions of social, economic, and political processes not apparent from observations of the First or Third Worlds. For example, two factors important to regional processess, institutional infrastructure and regional nationalism, have been neglected in much of the regional science literature. While ex-Communist countries may be able to learn from the American experience, Americans and others may also learn a great deal from the struggles and developments in the former Communist countries.
The Hidden Treasure of Black ASL: Its History and Structure, by McCaskill, C., Lucas, C., Bayley, R., Hill, J., King, R., Baldwin, P., & Hogue, R

Published in 2011, The Hidden Treasure of Black ASL is the culmination of many years of research and fieldwork among the book’s authors and collaborators, involving a diverse group of people from d...
Glutathione S-Transferase A1 Genetic Variants Reduce Busulfan Clearance in Children Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

The effect of glutathione S-transferase variants on pediatric busulfan metabolism was investigated by noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetic modeling. Twenty-nine children who underwent related or unrelated bone marrow or umbilical cord blood hematopoietic cell transplant were retrospectively studied. GSTA1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 variants were explored for their effects on busulfan exposures. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses showed that carriers of GSTA1*B had a 2.6-fold higher busulfan area under the curve and concentration at steady state compared with noncarriers (P ≤ .01). Population pharmacokinetic modeling demonstrated that carriers of GSTA1*B reduced busulfan clearance by 30%. Monte Carlo simulations were then performed to assess busulfan dosing regimens based on GSTA1 genotypes. Simulations determined that dosing based on GSTA1 genotype, weight, and age resulted in fewer children exceeding the upper therapeutic limit compared with dosing using age and weight only. Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Blood-Feeding Strategy of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

The economic impact on livestock production by Haematobia irritans (L.) is estimated to approach $1 billion per year in North America. However, there is little information regarding the blood-feeding strategy used by these insects. Information presented here shows that horn fly saliva interferes with the normal coagulation response as measured by the recalcification time assay. The relative anticoagulant activity on a per-gland basis was more than or equal to that reported for Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt, a common hematophagous black fly that also feeds on cattle. However, unlike S. vittatum, H. irritans salivary factors do not inhibit platelet aggregation using apyrase and have no detectable vasodilative activity. In this regard, the horn fly is strikingly different from blood-feeding species in the lower Diptera and shows a much more limited repertoire of antihemostatic factors.