cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular dynamics: How individual decisions lead to global urban change

Abstract Models of micro-macro dynamics based on the bifurcation paradigm have helped gain some deep insights into the behavior of certain kinds of complex systems, including urban systems. Here an alternative kind of model will be presented, the scope and qualitative behavior of which appears to be similar to that of the models of the bifurcation type, although it is arguably more general, not being restricted to real-valued functions. This alternative framework is derived from discrete modeling theory and generalizes the notion of ‘cellular automata’. In the application outlined here, the large-scale evolution of urban residential densities is represented as the result of a large number of interdependent investment decisions made by individual developers. The exact relation of this model with a bifurcation model of the same process remains an interesting theoretical question.
Behaviorally mediated spatial and temporal refuges from a cleptoparasite, Argochrysis armilla (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), attacking a ground-nesting wasp, Ammophila dysmica (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

It has been suggested that parasite pressure favors the evolution of sociality within the Hymenoptera. I analyzed the impact of a chrysidid nest parasite, Argochrysis armilla, on its host, the solitary ground-nesting wasp, Ammophila dysmica, to assess the role of parasitism in favoring two steps towards sociality: aggregated nesting and delayed nest provisioning. The foraging strategy of Argochrysis armilla involves discovering host nests during excavation, learning the locations of discovered nest, and returning to oviposit in nests during nest provisioning; I therefore assessed the influence of host behavior on (1) parasite discovery of nests and (2) parasite oviposition in nests. Significantly fewer parasites discovered host nests that were excavated during the early morning and late afternoon, due to partial asynchrony of host and parasite activity. Nests excavated in areas of low nest density were also less likely to be discovered; use of low density nest sites increased during periods of high parasite activity. Due to a rapidly decelerating rate of parasite recruitment to nests under excavation, the duration of nest digging had only a limited influence on nest discovery by parasites. The probability of parasite oviposition in a host nest was determined by the number of parasites discovering the nest during excavation and by the time between nest excavation and provisioning; delaying nest provisioning reduced the risk of parasite oviposition. Delayed provisionings primarily appeared to be a result of the stochastic process of hunting and prey encounter. The number of provisions placed in a nest (one vs two) had no effect on the probability of nest parasitism. Spatial patterns of parasitism were directly density dependent in 1984 and density independent in 1986. In this system parasite pressure acts against the formation of nesting aggregations and in favor of delayed nest provisioning. The dependence of these results on species-specific aspects of the parasite's foraging strategy and the host's defensive strategy suggests, however, that different parasite species may generate qualitatively different selection pressures, potentially contributing to the diversity of nesting behavior in the Hymenoptera.
Expression of cell-surface antigens in acute promyelocytic leukaemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) with M3 (or M3v) morphology is the only AML subtype to date for which morphology and immunophenotype agree. In other words, FAB M3 is interchangeable with a unique marker profile. More precisely, we have finally recognized a surrogate marker profile for leukaemia derived from the (15;17) translocation and expressing PML/RARalpha transcripts. To present this as a new development may come as a surprise to many. After all, the antigen expression pattern of AML-M3 was well recognized for many years: absence or weak expression of HLA-DR, CD117, CD15, CD11b and CD34 in the context of a myeloid phenotype (CD33 and CD13 expression) and frequently associated with moderate to high side-scatter appearance upon flow cytometric evaluation, depending upon the degree of granularity of the leukaemic cells. While partially correct, this established APL phenotype is both flawed and limited in its ability to distinguish APL from other AML subtypes, such as natural-killer-cell AML. Given the availability of phenotype-specific therapy for APL, such as all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide, failing to diagnose APL or misdiagnosing a case of AML with an APL-like phenotype will result in serious clinical consequences. Faced with this dilemma, we have recently performed a comprehensive immunophenotypic analysis of APL patients entered on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials. Our results give diagnostic power to only three antigens, HLA-DR, CD11a and CD18, all of which are characteristically expressed at low levels by APL cells. Despite some significant antigenic differences (e.g. in CD34 expression), this surrogate marker profile for t(15;17) APL applies to both the M3 and the M3v FAB phenotypes and to all three isoforms of the PML/RARalpha transcript.
Hypoglycemia: Portrait of an Illness Construct in Everyday Use

Most people suffer from multiple ill-defined symptoms from time to time. In this article we consider some reasons why hypoglycemia may have gained widespread lay acceptance in the United States as an explanation for such symptoms. The discussion focuses on how the hypoglycemia construct links the interpretation of symptoms to the cultural milieu in which they are experienced. A group of 12 informants, either self-diagnosed or diagnosed by physicians as hypoglycemic, were followed over a 14-week period, and their varied and changing interpretations of hypoglycemia were examined. We suggest that because the construct of hypoglycemia is ambiguous, it is amenable to a wide range of idiosyncratic applications and understandings. Moreover, through reference to two potent cultural symbols, eating and stress, hypoglycemia appears to offer a ready field for symbolic expressions of issues of personal control, a key theme in American society. Though these tentative findings concern only hypoglycemia, we suggest that ambiguity and cultural meaningfulness are essential for any illness to attain widespread lay acceptance.
Rumen synthesis of the vitamin B complex.

Work reported by McElroy and Gross1 indicates the ability of sheep to synthesize several members of the vitamin B complex in the rumen. Significant increases in the vitamin content of rumen ingesta were found in comparison to the amounts in the ration fed. The vitamins determined were thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid. The ration used consisted of washed casein 5, washed sardine meal 6.7, cerelose 11.0, corn starch 10.6, mineral mixture 3.0, and dried plain beet pulp 63.7%. In a later report2 McElroy and Goss obtained similar results when feeding this ration to a cow with a rumen fistula.At the time the above work was being reported a similar experiment was under way at this station. The animal used was a heifer calf with a rumen fistula. The ration fed consisted of acid-washed casein 4, urea 1.0, cod liver oil 1.0, salt mixture 3.0, corn molasses 10.0. corn starch 71.0, and bleached wood-pulp 10.0%. The calf was fed daily at 8 A.M. and 8 P.M., receiving 2 pounds of ration per feeding....
Sequence analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 2 to 4 of a U.S. isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

The sequence of ORFs 2 to 4 of a U.S. isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), ATCC VR2385, was determined by analysis of a cDNA λ library. The cDNA clones containing PRRSV specific sequences were selected using a VR2385 ORF 4 specific PCR probe and sequenced. The ORFs 2, 3 and 4 overlapped each other and encoded polypeptides with predicted M r of 29.5 kDa (ORF 2), 28.7 kDa (ORF 3) and 19.5 kDa (ORF 4), respectively. No overlap was found between ORFs 4 and 5, and instead there was a 10 bp sequence which separated these two ORFs. The nucleic acid homology with corresponding ORFs of the European PRRSV isolate Lelystad virus (LV) was 65% for ORF 2, 64% for ORF 3 and 66% for ORF 4. Comparison of the ORF 4 sequences of VR2385 with that of another U.S. isolate MN-1b revealed only 86% amino acid sequence homology and the presence of deletions in the ORF 4 of MN-1b. Our results further strengthen the observation that there is sequence variation between US and European PRRSV isolates.
Factors Controlling the Bioavailability of Ingested Methylmercury to Channel Catfish and Atlantic Sturgeon

The bioavailability of ingested methylmercury (CH3Hg(II)) was investigated in vitro using the gastric and intestinal fluids of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus. Gastric fluid collected from each species was incubated with CH3Hg(II)-spiked sediment or bloodworms, after which the intestinal fluid of each species was added and incubated further. The proportion of CH3Hg(II) solubilized from bloodworms and sediment appeared to be controlled by complexation to amino acids in both the stomach and the intestinal fluids during the digestive process, with the more thorough digestion of bloodworm organic material enhancing CH3Hg(II) solubilization. A greater proportion of CH3Hg(II) was solubilized by the sturgeon fluids compared to the catfish fluids, especially for the sediment incubations. These differences corresponded to the relative amount of amino acids in the fluids of these fish. A comparison of the catfish gastrointestinal solubilization incubations and a CH3...
Role of muscle perfusion and baroreception in the hyperpnea following muscle contraction in dog

The influence of impeding muscle perfusion on the time course of ventilatory decline during recovery from electrically induced hindlimb contractions has been studied in 14 anesthetized dogs. When intravascular balloons, placed in abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava just rostral to the iliac bifurcation, were inflated at the cessation of contraction bout, minute ventilation (VE) was significantly reduced during recovery compared with control. The subsequent restoration of iliac circulation rapidly augmented VE, which peaked at the fifth breath after release, by an average of +4.97 L.min-1; VE then returned exponentially to resting (pre-contraction) level. Breathing 100% O2 did not affect the VE recovery pattern neither during iliac occlusion nor immediately after its release (the peak average delta VE = +4.42 L.min-1). When a local anesthetic (5% Lidocaine) was applied bilaterally to the regions of carotid bifurcation, systemic blood pressure was significantly increased and the VE response to both iliac occlusion and release were nearly abolished. The VE response to inhalation of 5% CO2 in air was not affected by this procedure, whereas the stimulation of VE with 2 mg i.v. bolus of NaCN was attenuated. When the local anesthetic was thoroughly washed out (and systemic blood pressure had returned to control level) the previously observed VE responses to iliac occlusion and release were restored. These results and analysis of the VE response timing (transits and latencies) suggest that the vascular rather than humoral effects or tissue 'metaboreception' modulate ventilatory recovery from muscular contractions; baroreception appears to be important in this process.
Evidence for religious accommodation in Latin Constantinople: a new approach to bilingual liturgical texts

The relationship between conquerors and conquered in the Latin Empire of Constantinople has traditionally been understood as a relentlessly hostile one, particularly on the religious level. Whatever its merits, the dominance of this view has sometimes resulted in the gross misinterpretation of important pieces of evidence. This article examines two unusual liturgical texts that were treated by their discoverers as products of a Latin campaign of liturgical proselytism. The texts themselves are bilingual presentations of the Western rite of mass, with Greek and Latin text presented in an interlinear format. Most unusually, the Latin text is written in Greek characters. This article makes the case, due to internal evidence as well as the broader context of ecclesiastical relations in the Latin Empire, that these texts were created by Greek clerics rather than by Latin authorities, and that their purpose was entirely different from that imagined by their discoverers.
The place of the general internist in primary care.

Excerpt By defining primary care in its recommendations on manpower for primary health care (1), the Institute of Medicine helped to raise the debates about primary care out of the semantic quagmir...
The use of a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for the analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures

Abstract In the present article several examples are given of the analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures by means of the combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer LKB-9000. Several methods, published in the literature or recommended as ASTM methods, were verified for group-type analysis on the mass spectrometric part of the apparatus. With fractions which can be divided into individual components by gas chromatography, the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer enables the mass spectra of all the components to be determined without the necessity of isolating them from the mixture. The identification of seventeen individual hydrocarbons by one analysis of the fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons which have been isolated from a petroleum fraction boiling up to 200° was shown as an example. The high sensitivity of the LKB-9000 apparatus has also been utilized to obtain mass spectra of several hydrocarbons which have been unknown up to now and which have been prepared for this purpose in very low concentration by means of the methylene insertion reaction.
A new activating role for CO in cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis

To investigate a possible new physiological role of carbon monoxide (CO), an endogenous gas involved in cell signaling and cytotoxicity, we tested the hypothesis that the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species by CO activates mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart. In mice, transient elevations of cellular CO by five- to 20-fold increased the copy number of cardiac mitochondrial DNA, the content of respiratory complex I-V and interfibrillar mitochondrial density within 24 hours. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by gene and protein expression of the nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and NRF2, of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1α, and of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which augmented the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This is independent of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), as demonstrated by the identical responses in wild-type and endothelial NOS (eNOS)-deficient mice, and by the inhibition of inducible NOS (iNOS). In the heart and in isolated cardiomyocytes, CO activation involved both guanylate cyclase and the pro-survival kinase Akt/PKB. Akt activation was facilitated by mitochondrial binding of CO and by production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Interference with Akt activity by blocking PI 3-kinase and by mitochondrial targeting of catalase to scavenge H 2 O 2 prevented binding of NRF1 to the Tfam promoter, thereby connecting mitochondrial H 2 O 2 to the pathway leading to mtDNA replication. The findings disclose mitochondrial CO and H 2 O 2 as new activating factors in cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis.
Application of pulse-echo ultrasonics to locate the solid/liquid interface during solidification and melting

Abstract The velocity of sound and the density have values that are sufficiently different for liquid as compared to solid phases of metals, alloys, and semiconductors to permit the use of pulse-echo ultrasonic techniques to locate the solid/liquid interface during solidification and melting. Experimental results are presented for pulse-echo observation of the melting and freezing of pure iron, 304 stainless steel, tin and single-crystal 〈111〉 silicon using Bridgman-type furnaces with unidirectional heat flow, at frequencies from 1 to 5 MHz. Digital signal processing is applied to materials in which there is substantial Rayleigh grain scattering or for materials, such as concentrated alloys, that have solid/liquid interfaces that are not sharp. Recent experiments have shown that the technique is capable of locating, in real time, the solid/liquid interface with a sensitivity within one or two thousandths of an inch in favorable circumstances. It thus appears to have a number of potential applications to process control in the field of crystal growth from the melt, particularly for substances in which the solid/liquid interface cannot be conveniently located during growth since they are opaque to visible light (metals or semiconductors), as well as applications in metals processing and continuous casting. Additionally, information concerning the structure of the solid/liquid interface can be deduced from its ultrasonic reflectivity. The technique, since it provides information both on the location of the interface and on its characterization, may be regarded as real-time ultrasonic metallography.
Thalamic regions critical for retention of skilled movements in the rat

Adult albino rats, previously trained on two latch-box tasks, sustained discrete bilateral thalamic or cortical lesions and were subsequently tested for retention. Significant deficits on the most difficult task were associated with damage to the anterior, dorsomedial, ventromedial, ventrolateral, basolateral, parafascicular, and posterior portions of the thalamus; the pretectum; and the frontal, parietal, and anterior cingulate regions of the cortical surface. These results, coupled with earlier findings on latch-box, maze, and discrimination habits, suggest that learned manipulative acts are dependent upon the activities of three functional blocks of the brain: The first block (brainstem reticular formation and basal ganglia) may have integrative functions; the second block (parietal and anterior cingulate regions; anterior, ventromedial, ventrolateral, and basolateral thalamic areas; and cerebellum) has nonvisual sensory discrimination functions; and the third block (frontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus) plays a role in somatosensory regulation of the distal musculature.
Spontaneous radiative recombination and nonradiative Auger recombination in quantum-confined heterostructures

General approach is described to the rates, fluxes and current densities associated with spontaneous radiative and nonradiative Auger recombinations in heterostructure lasers with different types of a quantum-confined active region (quantum wells, quantum wires, and quantum dots). The proper way of defining the spontaneous radiative and Auger recombination coefficients and their dimensionality are discussed. It is shown that only in a quantum dot, true time constants can be introduced for spontaneous radiative and nonradiative Auger recombinations, which are independent of the injection level. Closed-form elegant expressions are presented for the radiative recombination coefficient as an explicit function of temperature and parameters in bulk and quantum-confined structures. These expressions clearly demonstrate inappropriateness of the common practice of deriving the recombination coefficients in low-dimensional heterostructures from the bulk values.
Effect of phosphate binders upon TSH and L-thyroxine dose in patients on thyroid replacement.

Background While calcium carbonate is known to interfere with the gastrointestinal absorption of levothyroxine, we hypothesized that other phosphate binders would also bind to levothyroxine and decrease bioavailability of levothyroxine in dialysis patients.
Diagnosis of rhinosinusitis with a colorimetric sensor array

A variety of electronic nose technologies are currently commercially available or under evaluation at research institutions. Sensors include conducting polymers, polymer composites, acoustic wave, metal oxide and optical fiber arrays. Reactive, metalloporphyrin dyes have also been used as colorimetric sensor arrays (CSAs). We hypothesized that a CSA array could be used to distinguish exhaled gas from patients with chronic bacterial sinusitis versus those without. Exhaled gas was selectively sampled from the nasal passages using a nasal CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask and pumped across an array of 36 metalloporphyrin sensor dots printed on a paper sensor cartridge, which was photographed at 2 min intervals during the sampling period for a total of 12 min. Changes in the red, green and blue values for each of the senor dots were recorded for each time interval. Eleven patients with sinusitis were compared to nine control patients. A leave-one-out classification test was carried out using binary logistic regression, which employed the principal component projections of data as features. The classification rate was as high as 90% accurate at 2, 4 and 6 min, following exposure using 12 principal components. Classification accuracy fell off when more principal components were used and at longer time intervals following exposure. Chronic sinusitis is typically a clinical diagnosis and the etiologic organisms include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Accurate classification at 90% is very encouraging and warrants further investigation.
Extender operation — Ignition noise suppression built right into radio receiver

Noise interference is “Public Enemy Number One” to the Mobile Communication user. It places a fundamental limitation on his talking range and little can be done about it except to eliminate or suppress the noise radiation at its source. For a great many noises, like those from high tension power lines, this source elimination is either not practical or impossible.
Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Characteristics of Extruded Starch Acetate Foams

Starch acetates with degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.57, 1.11, 1.68, and 2.23 were prepared and extruded with either water or ethanol. The microstructure, physical properties (radial expansion ratio [RER] and unit density), mechanical properties (spring index [SI] and compressibility), and crystalline structure of the foams were investigated. The functional properties were a function of DS and blowing agent type. When water was used as the blowing agent and DS increased, the foams were pale yellow, with rough and uneven surfaces. The cells were dense, with thick cell walls. Lower RER and SI, with higher DS, were associated with high unit density and compressibility. When ethanol was used as the blowing agent, contrary results were observed. The snow-white foams had smooth surfaces, uniform cells, and smooth cell walls. High RER and SI, and low unit density and compressibility were observed. The changes in SI and compressibility with RER also were examined and found to depend on the type of solvent. A crystalline pattern was observed because of the formation of well-ordered structures during extrusion.
Expansions for two-dimensional radiative transfer in an isotropically scattering semi-infinite medium.

Abstract Small spatial frequency expansions for the source function and radiative flux are obtained for a purely scattering, semi-infinite, two-dimensional medium. Both collimated and diffuse boundary conditions are analyzed. With these expansions, other expansions are obtained which are valid at large optical distances away from the incident radiation. Expansions are presented for a finite strip, circular disk and a Gaussian distribution.
Interpretation of Anomalous e μ Events Produced in e+e- Annihilation

We have explained the anomalous eμ events in e+ e- annihilation [1, 2], $$ {e^{ + }} + {e^{ - }} \to {e^{\pm }} + {\mu ^{ \mp }} $$ + missing energy as the decay products of a pair of U particles [3] produced in the reaction $$ {e^{ + }} + {e^{ - }} \to {U^{ + }} + {U^{ - }} $$ This talk has two purposes. (1) The properties of a total sample of 139 anomalous eμ events, Eq. (1), are presented. Previous publications [1–3] were based on a sample of 86 events. (2) These properties are used to test five different general hypotheses as to the nature of the U particle, Eq. (2). We show that among these hypotheses, the only one compatible with all our data is that the U particle is a heavy lepton.
Small and large fatigue cracks in aluminum alloys

Abstract Crack opening loads and the displacements near the crack tip have been measured by stereoimaging for large (through) cracks and small (surface) cracks. These results have been published. The present paper combines these observations and considers them in a new way, showing the relationship between small and large cracks, and provides a method for computing an effective driving force (ΔKeff) for small and large fatigue cracks.
Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees

We recorded ‘pant-hoot’ vocalizations from male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, housed in two captive facilities in the U.S.A., Lion Country Safari and North Carolina Zoological Park. Acoustic analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups in the temporal patterning of the calls. Because the captive males within each group are from diverse origins, within-group similarity in pant-hoot structure could not have resulted from genetic similarity of the callers. In addition, there were no obvious differences in housing conditions that could have caused the between-group differences. Instead, the results suggest that the calls in each group converged in structure as a consequence of vocal learning. Within-group variation in call structure of the captive groups was similar to that found in a group of wild Ugandan chimpanzees (Kanyawara study group, Kibale National Park), suggesting the presence of species-specific constraints on this call within which different populations can converge on local variants. In addition, an acoustically novel pant-hoot variant that was introduced by one male to the Lion County Safari colony spread to five other males in the same colony. This suggests that chimpanzees may also be able to modify the frequency parameters of their calls through learning.
Real statistical experiments can use simulation-package software

Abstract The significance of statistical measurements depends on the sampling distributions of statistics like sample averages, sample variances, and statistical relative frequencies. In practice, sampling distributions are usually not measured but inferred from probability models. But for meaningful statistics education, and also for research, it is useful to study real sampling distributions, i.e. actual samples of hundreds or thousands of statistics each computed from hundreds or thousands of data values. That requires massive data processing, but we show that personal-computer simulation-package software can do such jobs in seconds if we reduce program-loop overhead. Specifically, we exhibit compact and readable programs that create true sampling distributions by system replication (vectorized Monte Carlo technique) and demonstrate very fast recursive and dot-product averaging. We estimate sample averages, sample variances, and probability densities of statistics. Runtime displays that plot not only statistics but also their sample averages and variances as functions of sample size provide remarkable insight into the real-world behavior of measured statistics.
Renal Function in Patients With Nephrolithiasis

Purpose: We describe kidney function, as measured by creatinine clearance in stone formers, and classified by type of stone formed and systemic etiologies of stone formation. Materials and Methods: The mean of 3 pretreatment 24-hour creatinine clearance measurements in each of 1,856 stone formers and creatinine clearance in 153 normal individuals were used. Clearance was adjusted for patient sex, age and body weight using general linear modeling. Results: As a group, all stone formers had decreased clearance adjusted for age, sex and body weight compared to that in normal individuals. Although clearance was particularly low in cystine and struvite stone formers, they were below normal in even common CaOx stone formers. Conclusions: As a rule, patients with kidney stones do not have normal kidney function. In clinical management all efforts must be made to minimize renal injury, balancing the risks of obstruction from stones against those of urological procedures.
Understanding the differences of public and private self-service technology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential differences between types of self-service technology. Specifically, the paper explores how the dynamics of public and private self-service technology influence customers' decision to use the technology. Design/methodology/approach – Existing customers of private and public self-service technology were surveyed from the same industry. Using structural equation modeling, the authors examine how relevant self-service constructs influence evaluations and attitudes of customers across both settings. Findings – The analysis reveals that customers' control and convenience perceptions differ across public and private self-service technology. Additionally, customers placed a heavier emphasis on the hedonic or utilitarian evaluation of a service experience based on the type of self-service technology. Practical implications – For managers of self-service applications, understanding the unique differences of public and private self-service technology ca...
Communication support for distributed collaborative applications

The development of distributed, multimedia, collaborative applications requires the resolution of communication issues such as concurrency control and temporal and causal synchronization of traffic over related data streams. Existing transport and/or session-layer protocols do not include the desired support for multistream, multipoint communication. In this paper, we propose new communication abstractions and mechanisms that facilitate the implementation of the necessary coordination and concurrency control semantics in a collaborative application. We propose a protocol suite called themultiflow conversation protocol (MCP) for the realization of these abstractions and describe its prototype implementation in an internetwork of workstations. The paper also describes our experience with the prototype and results of a performance evaluation.
The function of contour in metacontrast.

Abstract The stimulus characteristics which constitute edge information for the visual system were studied by investigating the manner in which edge luminance is related to reduction in apparent brightness in metacontrast masking. Both targets and masks were briefly-flashed, nonoverlapping, rectangular apertures in which the luminance was modulated spatially in the horizontal dimension. The edge gradient was either gradual, a step function, or a step function with an additional spatial transient. The results showed that reduction in apparent brightness of the target is strongly influenced by the edge luminance of both the target and the mask. The data are discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms and with respect to other apparent brightness phenomena.
Density Functional Characterization of Methane Metathesis with Cp*2MR (M = Sc, Y, Lu; R = Me, tBuCH2). Structural and Kinetic Consequences of Alkyl Steric Bulk

The uni- and bimolecular C−H bond metathesis reactions of Cp*2ML (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienide; L = CH3, CH2C(CH3)3; M = Sc, Y, Lu) were modeled with the MPW1K density functional and a relativistic effective-core-potential basis set. This level of theory, when combined with a one-dimensional tunneling model, provides enthalpies of activation that are in good agreement with experiment for known bimolecular reactions of methane with Cp*2ScCH2C(CH3)3 and Cp*2LuCH3. Analysis of theoretical trends as a function of metal and ligand indicates that bimolecular reactions dominate in every case under typical experimental conditions. However, unimolecular reactions proceeding through tuck-in complexes become increasingly competitive with increased steric bulk of the metal alkyl and also with metals having smaller ionic radii. For all of the C−H bond metatheses, quantum-mechanical tunneling is predicted to increase overall reaction rates by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude over the temperature range 284−323 K.
The resynchronization therapy in narrow QRS study (RethinQ study): Methods and protocol design

Background Numerous trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) as an adjunct to medical therapy for the relief of heart failure (HF) symptoms in patients with a wide QRS duration (QRSd). Current guidelines recommend CRT in patients with an EF <35%, medically refractory NYHA Class III–IV HF and QRSd ≥120 ms. Previous studies have demonstrated QRSd as a marker of electrical dyssynchrony fails to predict response to CRT. In addition, studies have demonstrated significant differences in QRSd post CRT between responders and non-responders. Moreover, smaller non-controlled studies demonstrated that HF patients with a narrow QRSd may benefit from CRT. A growing body of evidence suggests that echocardiographic criteria may be a better method to evaluate mechanical dyssynchrony (MD) which may predict those that will benefit from CRT, particularly those with a narrow QRSd. The Resynchronization Therapy In Narrow QRS (RethinQ) study will evaluate mechanical dyssynchrony using echocardiography (both M mode and TDI) as an eligibility requirement for CRT.
Peripheral Vocal Mechanisms in Birds: Are Songbirds Special?

This paper reviews recent advances regarding the peripheral mechanisms for song production by oscine songbirds and compares the vocal mechanisms of songbirds with those of certain non-oscines. The tracheobronchial syrinx of songbirds has several pairs of intrinsic muscles specialized for controlling particular aspects of sound production. The syringeal and vocal tract anatomy of non-oscines is much more diverse than that of songbirds and has fewer or no intrinsic syringeal muscles. Often the same extrinsic tracheal muscles control both the temporal and spectral properties of vocalizations. Although the vocalizations and vocal anatomy of these two groups are quite different, a number of motor patterns important in oscine song are also used by non-oscines. These include special respiratory techniques, such as minibreaths and pulsatile expiration, for sustained rapid vocalization, as well as the ability to simultaneously produce two acoustically unrelated 'voices'. However, the complex syringeal musculature of songbirds with laterally independent motor control of each side of the syrinx provides a more versatile vocal system in which the left and right sound sources can be coordinated in different ways, by specialized song control nuclei capable of vocal learning, to achieve diverse vocal effects.
Therapeutic strategies for psychosis associated with alzheimer disease

Psychotic disturbances in the context of Alzheimer disease are common and associated with poorer outcomes, decreased quality of life, increased institutionalization, and caregiver distress. Due to the unique nature of psychosis associated with dementia, standard measures of psychotic symptomatology may give an incomplete picture of clinical benefit. It is important to consider the impact of an agent on behavioral dyscontrol, especially agitation and aggression, as well as on psychotic symptoms. Challenges still remain in terms of defining the diagnosis and treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer disease with particular attention to adverse effects, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, as well as underlying medical comorbidities and polypharmacy. New antipsychotics have replaced old ones as the treatment of choice, based on at least equal efficacy and superior safety and tolerability.
Fatigue Crack Propagation at Elevated Temperatures in Solid Solution Strengthened Superalloys

The fatigue crack growth rates of three solid solution strengthened superalloys were measured at 25°C and from 538 to 871°C over a range of frequencies varying from 0.01 to 10.0 Hz. The three alloys were respectively nickel base, cobalt base and iron base alloys with approximately the same chromium content. The plots of crack growth ratevs AK, the range of the stress intensity factor, show three different regimes. At low ΔAK the crack growth rates are frequency independent and the fracture is strongly crystallographic. In the medium range of ΔK the fatigue crack growth rates are frequency and waveform dependent, indicating a strong creep-oxidation time dependent fracture mechanism. At high ΔK, nearKc, the growth rates are again frequency independent and fracture proceeds by a void coalescence mechanism. The correlations between the fractographic features as seen in the SEM and the measured crack growth rates provide a good basis for the understanding of fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures in the elastic-plastic range.
Tolerance to the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of ketamine.

In order to examine whether tolerance develops to the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of ketamine, rats were trained either to discriminate ketamine (10mg/kg) from saline or to self-administer ketamine (1.1mg/kg/injection), and then treated with chronic ketamine (32mg/kg), administered i.p. every 8 hours for 7 days. No shift in the dose-response curve for either paradigm was obtained following this chronic regimen. However, following a 2-week rest period in which animals had no exposure to ketamine, the dose-response curve was shifted two-fold to the left, indicating increased sensitivity to the drug. Reinstatement of training shifted the dose-response curve back to the right in both paradigms. These results suggest that tolerance to the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of ketamine develops during training. Examination of the self-administration training data support this assumption, since inter-reinforcer time decreases, reflecting an increase in ketamine intake over training sessions.
Linear and hyperbranched Poly(silyl ester)s : Synthesis via cross-dehydrocoupling-based polymerization, hydrolytic degradation properties, and morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy

Poly(silyl ester)s with differing compositions and architectures were synthesized via cross-dehydrocoupling polymerizations of AB and AB2 monomers. Three poly(silyl ester)slinear poly(dimethylsilyl benzoate), linear poly(diisopropylsilyl benzoate), and hyperbranched poly(dimethylsilyl benzoate)were synthesized through the dehydrocoupling polymerization of 4-(dimethylsilyl)benzoic acid, 4-(diisopropylsilyl)benzoic acid, and 3,5-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzoic acid, respectively, as 10 M solutions in ethylene glycol diethyl ether in the presence of 0.25 mol % of 10 wt % palladium on activated carbon at 100 °C under argon for 1−3 days. The characterization of each polymer included infrared (IR), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 29Si NMR INEPT spectroscopies, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The degree of branching of hyperbranched poly(dimethylsilyl benzoate) was 51%, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, with spectral analysis confirmed throug...
Hierarchy of Supramolecular Synthons: Persistent Hydroxyl···Pyridine Hydrogen Bonds in Cocrystals That Contain a Cyano Acceptor

An analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database reveals >99% occurrence of the hydroxyl···pyridine supramolecular heterosynthon in crystal structures that contain hydroxyl and pyridine moieties in the absence of other hydrogen-bonding moieties. The occurrence of the hydroxyl···cyano supramolecular heterosynthon in crystal structures that contain hydroxyl and cyano moieties is ca. 77%. Such high frequencies indicate that these heterosynthons are strongly favored over the competing hydroxyl···hydroxyl supramolecular homosynthon. However, the CSD does not contain enough information to evaluate which supramolecular heterosynthon prevails when only OH, pyridine, and CN moieties are present in a crystal structure. We have addressed the competition between the hydroxyl···pyridine and the hydroxyl···cyano supramolecular heterosynthons by characterizing a series of 17 cocrystals that are composed of cocrystal formers which contain a permutation of OH, pyridine, and CN functional groups. Structural analysis reveal...
Quality control from the perspective of a near-real-time, spatial-temporal data aggregator and (re)distributor

Quality control for near-real-time spatial-temporal data is often presented from the perspective of the original owner and provider of the data, and focuses on general techniques for outlier detection or uses domain-specific knowledge and rules to assess quality. The impact of quality control on the data aggregator and redistributor is neglected. The focus of this paper is to define and demonstrate quality control measures for real-time, spatial-temporal data from the perspective of the aggregator to provide tools for assessment and optimization of system operation and data redistribution. We define simple measures that account for temporal completeness and spatial coverage. The measures and methods developed are tested on real-world data and applications.
Recent Results from the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC

In the past years a good progress was made in understanding the properties of hot and dense nuclear matter created in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. In this talk we summarize the experimental highlights from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC from the point of view of understanding the properties of partonic matter produced at RHIC.
A closed system for corporeal irrigation in the treatment of refractory priapism

The treatment of priapism, although considered a urologic emergency, has been historically diverse and often unsuccessful. We propose a method of corporeal aspiration and irrigation in an entirely closed system for priapism refractory to conservative measures. The advantages of this system are a reduced risk of body fluid exposure and corporeal contamination and the capacity for extended irrigation without repeated corporeal puncture.
Designing Ephemeris Capture Trajectories at Europa Using Unstable Periodic Orbits

Europa's proximity to Jupiter creates a hostile dynamic environment for a spacecraft with limited control authority as is typical with low-thrust missions. The unstable third-body effects are magnified near the polar inclinations where science orbits reside, and plane changes deep within Europa's gravity well are fuel and time expensive. Therefore, designing capture trajectories directly to highly inclined states is desirable but challenging because of the pronounced instability and lack of thrust authority. The approach outlined here confronts this problem by using dynamical systems theory and an extensive preexisting database of restricted three-body problem periodic orbits. The stable manifolds of unstable periodic orbits are used to attract a spacecraft towards Europa. By selecting an appropriate periodic orbit, a mission designer can control important characteristics of the captured state including stability, minimum altitudes, characteristic inclinations, and characteristic radii, among others. Several free parameters are adjusted in the nontrivial mapping from the simplified to a more realistic model until a satisfactory ephemeris capture is found. Although the final capture trajectory is ballistic by design, low thrust is used to target the state that leads to the capture orbit, control the spacecraft after arriving on the unstable quasi-periodic orbit, and begin the spiral down towards the science orbit. Despite the limited control authority and the highly unstable dynamical environment, the method provides structure to the design process and enables the systematic targeting of ephemeris model capture state characteristics.
Functional brain changes in presymptomatic Huntington's disease

Evidence suggests early structural brain changes in individuals with the Huntington's disease (HD) genetic mutation who are presymptomatic for the movement symptoms of the illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of functional brain changes in this same population using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects and matched controls underwent an functional magnetic resonance imaging “interference” protocol, a task known to be mediated in part by corticostriatal circuitry. In the setting of normal cognitive performance, presymptomatic HD subjects had significantly and specifically less activation in the left anterior cingulate cortex (BA 24, 32) compared with matched controls. Ann Neurol 2004;55:879–883
Resistance to RAF Inhibitors Revisited

In early 2011, we reviewed the initial success of the RAF inhibitor vemurafenib in mutant V600 BRAF melanoma patients. It was soon evident that the response to RAF inhibitor is heterogeneous and that the short-term benefits are burdened by the development of resistance. The field has progressed rapidly with the Food and Drug Administration approval of vemurafenib and the development of other RAF and MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal–regulated kinase) inhibitors. Despite these advances, the issue of RAF inhibitor resistance remains. Here, we review recent clinical advances in the field, the growing number of resistance mechanisms, preclinical evidence for combinatorial trials using RAF inhibitors as the building blocks, and the new challenges that are arising.
Performance versus design standards in the regulation of pollution

Abstract This paper presents a model of pollution regulation in an oligopolistic market. Two forms of regulation are considered: performance standards which regulate pollution directly by an upper limit on emissions, and design standards which regulate pollution indirectly by a minimum usage requirement of an enissions control input. Equilibria under each regulatory regime are characterized. A welfare analysis reveals that performance standards are preferred to design standards if the objective is minimization of emissions plus pollution damage costs. However, the comparison is indeterminate if the regulator's objective is total surplus less pollution damage. An equivalence between emissions taxes and performance standards is established, so the above welfare comparisons also apply to emissions taxes versus design standards.
BWH emergency radiology—surgical correlation: small-bowel GI stromal tumor perforation

We present the radiological and intraoperative correlation of a large necrotic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with features of a tumor-bowel fistula and perforation in a 49-year-old woman presenting to the emergency department with a 4-day history of worsening abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. The patient underwent urgent exploratory laparotomy for partial resection of the small bowel, with primary anastomosis. The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance for emergency radiologists to be familiar with this entity and its possible complications to help guide the surgeons in the patient’s management.
Assessment of Wind Power Potential for Two Contrasting Coastlines of South Africa Using a Numerical Model

Abstract A two-dimensional numerical model is used to predict near surface wind velocities, and consequently wind power, for five distinct synoptic regimes for contrasting east and west coasts of South Africa. The model results suggest that no one solution for optimizing a wind generator location would satisfy both coastlines owing to their differing characteristics. On the east coast, the most favorable location is approximately 55 km inland on the high-lying terrain, whereas on the west coast, the best location is generally about 10 km offshore. The application of the two-dimensional form of a primitive equation model in areas where the topography and the coastline are in accordance with model constraints is shown to provide a useful framework for measurements and analysis of the potential wind power of such a region.