cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of lattice vibrations in scanning tunnelling microscopy

Abstract Room temperature root-mean-square displacements of surface atoms and, hence, fluctuations in the local vacuum gap can be much larger than the vertical resolution obtainable with the STM. The effect of lattice vibrations on the atomic scale contour maps generated with this instrument are investigated for small bias voltages using the three-dimensional theory of Tersoff and Hamann. The important time scales in the problem are such as to allow straightforward evaluation of the difference d 0 − d eff between the nominal and effective average vacuum gaps. It is shown that d 0 − d eff is proportional to the mean-square fluctuation 〈 δ 2 〉 in the local vacuum gap and can be a significant fraction of 〈 δ 2 〉 1 2 at room temperature or above. Variation of 〈 δ 2 〉 over the scanned region, if not corrected for, leads directly to distortions of contours of constant electronic charge density ρ( r 0 ; E F ) deduced from measured corrugations. The bias voltage dependence of d 0 − d eff is calculated within one-dimensional tunnelling theory. There is a monotonie decrease of d 0 − d eff with increasing bias until the Fowler-Nordheim regime where the dependence becomes oscillatory. These results indicate that if the corrugations of interest are less than a few tenths of an angstrom the effects of lattice vibrations should be taken into account when interpreting room temperature STM contour maps, particularly at low voltages.
Dynamics of lysosomal elements in pulmonary alveolar macrophages: II. Transitory intracytoplasmic events in activated cells

Intracytoplasmic interactions were examined in iron oxideexposed and -unexposed alveolar macrophages of mice by electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry. Submicronic-sized particles are taken up by microendocytosis into 800-A tubules that sometimes open up into a large vacuole located midway between the plasmalemma and the Golgi complex and sometimes lead directly to that organelle, which is reactive for acid phosphatase while cells are only modestly engaged in lysosomal synthesis and then serves as the main locus for formation of heterolysosomes. In more activated cells, nascent lumbricoid lysosomes are budded directly off branches of the granular reticulum; in consequence, much of the newly synthesized acid phosphatase bypasses the Golgi apparatus, and heterolysosomes are formed throughout a widened expanse of cytoplasm. The lumbricoids exist either as free elements or as a labyrinthian network of lumbricoid units, and the two forms appear interconvertible. They are short lived in contrast to larger rounded lysosomes more commonly present, many of which are heterolysosomes as judged by their content of ingested particles. Lumbricoids readily fuse with exoplasmic structures; indeed, in some lumbricoid-producing cells terminal segments of the reticulum may share this propetry to a degree, since they resemble transitional elements when extended along large phagosomes. Microendosomes can be taken up into lumbriciods, but if the endosome is larger, lumbricoids will adhere to its surface and become part of the digestive vacuole. A labyrinth is formed to envelop large phagosomes or regions of cytoplasm marked for autophagy. The interior is invaded by branches and digestion ensues. In active macrophages the Golgi apparatus is enlarged. The centrioles organize an array of microtubules about themselves, and individual Golgi stacks are turned outward to give the organelle better access to phagosomes and lysosomes. In less active cells the microtubules disappear, and the stacks reform in a circle about the diplosome. Alveolar macrophages therefore make a variety of lysosomes. Depending on cellular activity, one kind or another predominates. Few of them fall cleanly into “primary” and “secondary” classes, and in their interactions with other cellular structures they are influenced by mechanisms operating on microscopic as well as molecular scales.
Molecular Ion Photodissociation Injection

A new technique for injecting an ion beam into a storage ring is presented. The idea arose in conection with high energy ion beam fusion where a large degree of transverse stacking in both planes would otherwise be necessary. The method involves accelerating a molecular ion such as HI+ but storing the atcnic ion I+ by photodissociating the molecule at injection. The irreversibility of the reaction ?+HI+?Ho+I+ renders irrelevant Liouville's theorem, which, with standard injection, would prevent new beam fran being injected into the same space as already circulating beam. Xenon flashlamp and ruby laser system for acccxplishing mlecular ion dissociation (MID) are described.
Structure of the liquid-vacuum interface of room-temperature ionic liquids: a molecular dynamics study.

Molecular dynamics simulations for the liquid−vacuum interface of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (EMIM+/NO3-) were performed for both electronically polarizable and nonpolarizable potential energy surfaces. The interfacial structural properties, such as the oscillation in the number density profile, the orientational ordering, and the local clustering in the interfacial region, were calculated. The simulations with both the polarizable and nonpolarizable model demonstrate the existence of an inhomogeneous interfacial structure normal to the surface layer. It was found for both models that the ethyl tail group on EMIM+ is likely to protrude outward from the surface. In the outmost surface layer, the cation is likely to lie on the surface with the imidazolium ring parallel to the interface, while there is a second region with enhanced density from that in the bulk where the cation preferably slants with the imidazolium ring tending to be perpendicular to the surface. The results also r...
Organizing The (Un)Common

Imagine this scene, if you will: orchestra members gather for a rehearsal. They chat amiably as they find seats and tune their instruments. Then they get down to work: in their last session they ha...
Sex and sexual orientation disparities in adverse childhood experiences and early age at sexual debut in the United States: Results from a nationally representative sample

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to early sexual debut, which has been found to be associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. Sexual minorities and men tend to have earlier sexual debut compared to heterosexual populations and women, respectively. However, studies examining the association between ACEs and early sexual debut among men and sexual minorities are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the sex and sexual orientation disparities in the association between ACEs and age at sexual debut. Data were obtained from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic and linear regression models were used to obtain crude and adjusted estimates and 95% confidence intervals adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, income, education, insurance and marital status for the association between ACEs (neglect, physical/psychological abuse, sexual abuse, parental violence, and parental incarceration and psychopathology) and early sexual debut. Analyses were stratified by sex and sexual orientation. Larger effect estimates depicting the association between ACEs and sexual debut were seen for women compared to men, and among sexual minorities, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM) and women who have sex with women (WSW), compared to heterosexuals. Sexual health education programs with a focus on delaying sexual debut among children and adolescents should also consider addressing ACEs, such as neglect, physical, psychological and sexual abuse, witnessing parental violence, and parental incarceration and psychopathology. Public health practitioners, researchers and sexual health education curriculum coordinators should consider these differences by sex and sexual orientation when designing these programs.
Etiological Distinctions between Aggressive and Non-aggressive Antisocial Behavior: Results from a Nuclear Twin Family Model

A recent meta-analysis of 103 studies Burt (Clinical Psychology Review, 29:163–178, 2009a) highlighted the presence of etiological distinctions between aggressive (AGG) and non-aggressive rule-breaking (RB) dimensions of antisocial behavior, such that AGG was more heritable than was RB, whereas RB was more influenced by the shared environment. Unfortunately, behavioral genetic research on antisocial behavior to date (and thus, the research upon which the meta-analysis was based) has relied almost exclusively on the classical twin model. This reliance is problematic, as the strict assumptions that undergird this model (e.g., shared environmental and dominant genetic influences are not present simultaneously; there is no assortative mating) can have significant consequences on heritability estimates when they are violated. The nuclear twin family model, by contrast, allows researchers to relax and statistically evaluate many of the assumptions of the classical twin design by incorporating parental self-report data along with the more standard twin data. The goal of the current study was thus to evaluate whether prior findings of etiological distinctions between AGG and RB persisted when using the nuclear twin family model. We examined a sample of 312 child twin families from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Results strongly supported prior findings of etiological distinctions between AGG and RB, such that broad genetic influences were observed to be particularly important to AGG whereas shared environmental influences contributed only to RB. Nevertheless, the current findings also implied that additive genetic influences on antisocial behavior may be overestimated when using the classical twin design.
A system extending backpropagation to learn classification/categorization without a teacher, form a small basis for larger knowledge structures, and make additional reasoning using knowledge learned from classification/categorization

Summary form only given. The author briefly reviews backpropagation and points out in detail the problems and issues related to it. Then he examines a method that will help alleviate some of these problems, all within the same system. Although the system is explained part by part, the small contribution of this study is perhaps not how each specific part solves a problem, but how the various pieces of the resulting system fit together to alleviate some of those problems within the same system. In addition, the author examines some of the issues related to the resulting method. >
Survival of Ralstonia solanacearum in Soil under Irrigated Rice Culture and Aquatic Weeds

The survival of Ralstonia solanacearum in naturally infested sandy loam soil under irrigated rice culture was investigated in Sankhu village (1400 m above sea level) in central Nepal. The experimental plot had a previous history of bacterial wilt and a range of 1.5 X 10 4 -3 X 10 4 colony-forming units (CFU) per g soil was present. The survival of R. solanacearum was monitored in roots of naturally growing aquatic weeds in the rice plot and in soil before and after rice harvest. The incidence of the bacterial infection in the weeds, Dopatrium sp. and Monochoria vaginalis, were 57.5 and 10%, respectively. The bacterial population detected in soil before rice harvest was 1.5 x 10 4 CFU per g soil whereas a range of 7.5 x 10 2 -1.5 x 10 3 CFU per g was detected after the rice harvest. Biovar typing of R. solanacearum isolated from potato plants, potato tubers, aquatic weeds, and the soil from the experimental plot yielded the diverse biovars 2 A, 3 and 4. This is the first report of the survival of these biovars in soil, which was under continuous flow of irrigation water for 3 months during rice culture.
Radiation from elliptic current rings

A solution is given for the radiation fields due to a current sustained in an elliptic ring of arbitrary dimensions. Although the case examined is that of a constant current, the study can serve as the basic formalism by which other distributions may be treated. The derived results apply directly to the elliptical capacitive antenna and the elliptical annular slot.
The Mechanical and Structural Changes in Murine Arteries due to the Antiretroviral Drug Azidothymidine (AZT)

With over 33 million people infected with the human immunodefeciency virus (HIV-1), HIV-1 and autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide epidemic [1]. However, the development and widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has helped transform HIV-1 infection from a terminal disease leading to AIDS to a manageable chronic condition. With the increase in life expectancy, a new set of non-AIDS related complications has emerged including dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) specifically high risks for myocardial infarction[2] and increased incidence of atherosclerosis [3]. Additionally, patients exhibit markers of subclinical atherosclerosis including endothelial dysfunction [4], carotid artery intima-media thickening [5], and arterial stiffening [4, 6].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Amphetamine affects the extinction of self-stimulation differently in prefrontal cortex and posterior hypothalamus of rats

Abstract The effects of amphetamine on the extinction of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and on postextinction ICSS performance were examined in rats implanted with electrodes either in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or in the posterior hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area (PH-VTA). Lever-pressing for ICSS was allowed to stabilize in daily 15-minute sessions before each animal was exposed to 5 minutes of extinction (responding without reward). Animals were administered either 0.25 mg/kg d-amphetamine or saline before baseline, extinction and lower in PH-VTA animals compared with saline-treated controls. Rates did not change immediately after extinction but, one day later, postextinction sessions. After amphetamine treatment, the number of lever presses during extinction was higher in mPFC animals and rates had increased in all saline-treated animals (both PH-VTA and mPFC animals) and had decreased in all amphetamine-treated animals. These findings demonstrated that the effects of amphetamine on the extinction of ICSS were different in cortical and hypothalamic sites, possibly because of regional differences in stimulus-evoked reinforcement and inhibitory processes.
Solution Structure of a Quinomycin Bisintercalator-DNA Complex

Abstract A quinomycin antibiotic UK-63052 (designated QN) exhibits a chemical structure related to the antibiotic echinomycin which is known to bisintercalate into DNA. Common features among these antibiotics include two heterocyclic aromatic ring systems propagating from a cross-bridged cyclic octadepsipeptide scaffold. We report on the solution structure of the QN-d(A1-C2-A3-C4-G5-T6-G7-T8) complex (one QN molecule per duplex) based on a combined NMR-molecular dynamics study including intensity-based refinement. The 3-hydroxy quinaldic acid rings bisintercalate into the duplex at (A3-C4)·(G5-T6) steps and stack with flanking Watson-Crick A3·T6 and C4·G5 base-pairs. The intercalation sites at (A3-C4)·(G5-T6) steps are wedge-shaped and unwound, with significant unwinding also observed at the (C4-G5)·(C4-G5) step bracketed between the intercalation sites. The cross-bridged cyclic octadepsipeptide is positioned in the minor groove with the methyl groups on its Ala and NMe-MCp residues directed towards and making van der Waals contacts with the minor groove edge of the duplex. A pair of adjacent intermolecular hydrogen bonds groove edge of the duplex. A pair of adjacent intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the Ala backbone atoms and the G5 minor groove edge (Ala-NH to G5-N (3) and G5-NH 2 e to Ala-CO) account for the sequence specificity associated with complex formation. The solution structure of the QN-DNA oligomer complex, which contains only Watson-Crick base-pairs flanking the bisintercalation site, is compared with the crystal structure of the related echinomycin-DNA oligomer complex, which contains Hoogsteen base-pairs on either side of the bisintercalation site.
Studies of the interaction of chloroquine with hyaluronate-protein.

Abstract The possibility of complex formation between chloroquine and hyaluronate-protein has been investigated by a spectrophotomefric method. Interaction was observed between chloroquine and a hyaluronate-protein containing 3.4% protein, but no interaction occurred between chloroquine and hyaluronate-protein preparations containing 2.36 and 2.30% protein, respectively. The protein in two preparations appears to be tightly bound to the hyaluronate. The larger amount of protein in one of the preparations appears to be responsible for the binding process.
Beta frequency synchronization in basal ganglia output during rest and walk in a hemiparkinsonian rat.

Abstract Synchronized oscillatory neuronal activity in the beta frequency range has been observed in the basal ganglia of Parkinson's disease patients and hypothesized to be antikinetic. The unilaterally lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease allows examination of this hypothesis by direct comparison of beta activity in basal ganglia output in non-lesioned and dopamine cell lesioned hemispheres during motor activity. Bilateral substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) recordings of units and local field potentials (LFP) were obtained with EMG activity from the scapularis muscle in control and unilaterally nigrostriatal lesioned rats trained to walk on a rotary treadmill. After left hemispheric lesion, rats had difficulty walking contraversive on the treadmill but could walk in the ipsiversive direction. During inattentive rest, SNpr LFP power in the 12–25 Hz range (low beta) was significantly greater in the dopamine-depleted hemisphere than in non-lesioned and control hemispheres. During walking, low beta power was reduced in all hemispheres, while 25–40 Hz (high beta) activity was selectively increased in the lesioned hemisphere. High beta power increases were reduced by l -DOPA administration. SNpr spiking was significantly more synchronized with SNpr low beta LFP oscillations during rest and high beta LFP oscillations during walking in the dopamine-depleted hemispheres compared with non-lesioned hemispheres. Data show that dopamine loss is associated with opposing changes in low and high beta range SNpr activity during rest and walk and suggest that increased synchronization of high beta activity in SNpr output from the lesioned hemisphere during walking may contribute to gait impairment in the hemiparkinsonian rat.
Planar Zn diffusion in InP

Abstract A procedure for achieving well-behaved planar Zn diffusion to a controllable depth in n -type InP is described. The dilute-Zn diffusion, which utilizes a Zn+Ga+P source (in an evacuated ampoule), is performed in the temperature range 650–700°C. The low diffusion temperatures employed assure that any previous junctions that might be prepared, such as LPE heterojunctions, are not affected by the diffusion process. The masking afforded by Si 3 N 4 and partial “masking,” or attenuation, afforded by SiO 2 on InP are demonstrated. The results obtained suggest that dilute-Zn diffusion in InP, with a significant P over-pressure, favors a substitutional diffusion mechanism that probably follows a complementary error function distribution.
Effects of β-carotene on light stability of soybean oil

β-Carotene was added to soybean salad oils to study its effect in inhibiting flavor deterioration due to light exposure. Flavor evaluations indicated that (a) when oils treated with citric acid were exposed to light (7535 lux) for 8 to 16 hr, oils containing 5 to 10 ppm β-carotene showed improved flavor stability compared to oils containing 0 to 1 ppm β-carotene; and (b) when oils were not treated with citric acid, only oils containing 20 ppm β-carotene were more stable to light. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis showed that the addition of 1 to 20 ppm of β-carotene significantly decreased formation of 2-heptenal and 2,4-decadienal in the absence or presence of citric acid. Determination of peroxide values showed the same trends as gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles. In the presence of 15 and 20 ppm β-carotene, some off-flavors, as well as poor ratings for color quality, were reported by panelists. Therefore, flavor deterioration initiated by light can be inhibited effectively in soybean oil, without affecting color quality, by addition of β-carotene at concentrations from 5 to 10 ppm to oils treated with citric acid.
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of phenothiazines with reduced binding to dopamine and serotonin receptors

Analogs of the psychotropic phenothiazines were synthesized and examined as antitubercular agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The compounds were subsequently counter-screened for binding to the dopaminergic-receptor subtypes D1, D2, D3 and the serotonergic-receptor subtypes 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C). The most active compounds showed MICs from 2 to 4 microg/mL and had overall reduced binding to the dopamine and serotonin receptors compared to chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine.
Newborn baboon immunity: lessons in cross-species transplantation.

Background The critical shortage of organ donors has greatly limited the number of heart transplantations performed each year. This is particularly true of the newborn patient, for whom xenotransplantation may provide an alternative therapeutic option to allotransplantation. The role of newborn immunity in xenotransplantation is not clearly understood. Methods We examined the humoral immune responses of 9 nonimmunosuppressed newborn baboons (900 to 1200 g) aged 28 to 44 days undergoing heterotopic pig heart transplantation. Grafts were explanted between 1 and 87 hours after transplantation. Results Despite the degree of species disparity, hyperacute rejection was not observed in any of the nine transplanted grafts. Whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated newborn baboon serum to contain very low binding levels of anti-pig natural immunoglobulin M xenoantibody when compared with adult baboon serum. Newborn baboon serum, like adult serum, contained anti-pig natural immunoglobulin G xenoantibody. However, newborn baboon serum was not cytotoxic to pig endothelial cells, suggesting that immunoglobulin M and not immunoglobulin G is the primary xenoreactive antibody. Conclusions The low binding levels of anti-pig immunoglobulin M xenoantibody, the absence of cytotoxicity to pig endothelial cells, and the avoidance of hyperacute rejection after heart transplantation suggest that new-born primates may have an immunologic advantage as the recipients of hearts transplanted across species barriers. Whether this advantage can be extended to the human condition is currently being explored in our laboratory.
Imatinib Mesylate, the First Molecularly Targeted Gene Suppressor

Objective. To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety and drug-drug and drug-food interactions of imatinib and the economic considerations of imatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Data Sources. Literature accessed through MEDLINE (January 1970-January 2002), abstracts from the 2001 annual meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society of Hematology, imatinib product labeling, and additional studies or abstracts identified from the bibliographies of the reviewed literature were used to compile data. Key search terms were allogeneic bone marrow transplant and stem cell transplant, chronic myeloid leukemia, imatinib, interferon, Gleevec, leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, STI-571, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Findings. Imatinib is a distinctively characteristic drug targeted toward inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity. Imatinib is indicated for the treatment of patients with CML who failed interferon (IFN)-a therapy and for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) expressing the tyrosine kinase receptor c-kit. Imatinib produces positive short-term hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with CML; short-term positive objective responses have been shown for patients with GISTs. To our knowledge, there are no controlled trials demonstrating long-term safety, improvement in disease-related symptoms, or increased survival with imatinib. Serious adverse effects requiring dosage decreases and/or therapy termination are edema, hepatotoxicity, and hematologic toxicity. Imatinib also has been found to inhibit tyrosine kinases involved in the growth of other malignancies. The role of imatinib in tumors that express a tyrosine kinase is constantly evolving with new research results. Conclusions. Imatinib therapy should be limited to patients whose tumor growth is related to a genetically defective tyrosine kinase. In cases of CML, imatinib should be further limited to patients who have tried and failed IFN-a therapy or who are not candidates for an allogeneic stem cell transplant.
THE MIGRATION OF PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO.

Abstract The intraembryonic distribution of selectively stained (periodic acid-Schiff positive) primordial germ cells (PGCs) was investigated in morphologically staged chick embryos from the stage when they first arrive in the embryo proper until they have become firmly established in the gonadal anlage. The number and precise localization of the PGCs at each developmental stage have been recorded and have provided significant data on the mechanisms involved in the transport and disposition of the PGCs, particularly their colonization of the gonadal primordium. In general, the PGCs of the chick measure between 12 and 14 μ in diameter and possess abundant intracytoplasmic deposits of PAS-positive glycogen. They originate extraembryonically and are transported passively by the circulating blood to all vascularized parts of the developing embryo. The time of their first appearance within the embryo proper (stage 12) coincides with the onset of cardiac propulsion and blood circulation. Thereafter, the number of PGCs increases steadily from an average of 30 at stage 13 to an average of 894 at stage 17. In all stages examined the PGCs are evenly distributed on the right and left sides of the body. Initially, the PGCs are observed throughout the existing vascular channels, particularly in the heart, great vessels, and the small vessels of the cephalic mesenchyme. Many are found in such incongruous sites as the notochord, neural and surface ectoderm, and endoderm. By stage 15, however, the majority of PGCs are concentrated in the bilateral future gonadal region, i.e., an extensive longitudinal area of mesodermal tissue surrounding the medial portion of the intraembryonic coelom caudal to the place of exit of the omphalomesenteric arteries. The pattern of distribution within the gonadal territory varies with the developmental stage and appears to be determined by the morphological and concomitant vascular changes which occur there. At stage 15, for example, the dorsal aorta is situated directly medial to the medial angle of the gonadal territory and gives off splanchnopleuric branches which form a capillary network below the floor of the coelom. Because this is the major blood supply of the gonadal region at this stage, the vast majority (98%) of the intragonadal PGCs are confined to the capillary stroma and the epithelium of this zone. The small caliber of the capillaries compared to the large size of the PGCs serves to impede circulation here so that the PGCs become halted and then are able to begin their active amoeboid movement and to invade the overlying coelomic epithelium. Subsequent medial displacement of the coelomic cavity and aorta permits a gradual overlapping of the roof of the coelom by the dorsal aorta and concomitant alterations in the vascular relationships so that by stage 18 the majority of PGCs come to occupy the medial angle and roof zones, either by migrating from the floor region or by actively penetrating the aortic wall.
Irrigated precipitator for sampling soluble aerosols

The design and performance of a simple parallel plate, irrigated, precipitator for use in the sampling of soluble aerosols is described. Uniform surface coverage of 0.044 ± 0.003 mL/ cm2 by the gravity fed collection fluid is provided with a fiberglass mat (Gelman type A/E fitter), while a surface washout of ∼ 45% occurs in fluid residence time tf = V/q for a collector surface inclination of 40° relative to horizontal. Efficiency tests using laboratory generated DOP aerosols and field tests of sulfate-bearing particles indicate good correlation with the Deutsch equation. Values of V/Q, proportional to the instrument sampling time, representing the ratio of collection fluid volume to air flow rate for the present design compare favorably with other available instrumentation.
Requirements for providing optimal nutrition care: passion, evidence, and compassion--presidential address to the 24th Clinical Congress, January 24, 2000.

Harry M. Vars, PhD was a visionary leader of the clinical nutrition community, who in his work and in his professional life, exhibited the qualities of passion, evidence, and compassion that are needed by both individual members and our society to assure that every patient receives optimal nutrition care.
Most Admired Women and Men: Gallup, Good Housekeeping, and gender

In order to understand how gender roles influence the selection of people who are admired, we analyzed the results of the Most Admired Men and Women polls conducted annually by Gallup and Good Housekeeping. Most Admired Men were more likely than women to have achieved their fame without sponsorship of a well-known family or spouse. However, the proportion of Autonomous women was higher in the 1980s and 1990s than previously. Men were more likely to be admired for their service in the military, politics, religion, and economics; women were more likely to be admired because they belonged to a royal or political family, or because of their work as activists and reformers or in the area of entertainment and culture. A small percentage of both men and women had been the victim of personal tragedy. The great majority of the admired individuals were White Americans. No Hispanics or Native Americans made the lists, and all but one of the Asians were women. In short, both gender and ethnic stereotypes seem to have influenced the choice of Most Admired Men and Women.
The Use of Amphetamine in the Haight-Ashbury Subculture

1. Supported, in part, by a grant (MH-15436) from the National Institute of Mental Health, with computer time provided, in part, by the Indiana University Medical School Research Computation Center under a Public Health Service Grant (FR-00162).
In vivo method for studying intestinal motility in the rabbit.

SummaryA method is described for recording the intestinal motility of an unanesthetized rabbit. Frequent comparable studies can be obtained in the same animal. Simultaneous recording of intraperitoneal pressures permits separation of intrinsic intestinal pressures from extra-intestinal effects. The intestinal motor activity, as recorded by this method, responds to intra-luminal mechanical stimulation and to pharmacological agents.
Math5 (Atoh7) gene dosage limits retinal ganglion cell genesis

The basic helix–loop–helix factor Math5 (Atoh7) is critical for the determination of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) fate in mice. Recently, genome-wide association studies have identified the ATOH7 locus as a major determinant of variation in the human optic disc area, which is directly correlated with the RGC number. These studies suggest that the level of Math5 expression may determine the ultimate number of RGCs. To test this hypothesis, we systematically compared optic nerve area and RGC axon number in C57BL/6J congenic Math5+/– and +/+ mice at young adult and neonatal ages by transmission electron microscopy. Optic disc area and RGC abundance were not significantly different in adults, but heterozygotes had thinner optic nerves and 25–30% fewer RGCs at birth than wild-type littermates (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that Math5 dosage is important for the genesis, but not the ultimate number, of RGCs. Our findings highlight the importance of ganglion cell culling as a compensatory mechanism for retinal homeostasis, and support a quantitative role for Math5 in RGC specification.
A Computer Program for Conducting Mental Rotation Experiments

Timed mental rotation tests produce reliable effects that are ideal for investigation in laboratory classes. This article describes a PASCAL computer program capable of conducting a variety of user-designed mental rotation experiments. Design factors that users control include type of stimulus and degree of rotation. The program can be run on MS-DOS computers with VGA or EGA displays. An 80286 or faster microprocessor is recommended.
Comparison of between-Subjects and within-Subjects Designs in Assessing Perceptions of Risk

Two groups of subjects rated the risks associated with five hypothetical prescription drugs. Subjects were 329 undergraduates whose average age was 19 yr.; 68% were male and most were single and Caucasian. The drugs differed in terms of the number and the relative frequency of occurrence of their side effects. The within-subjects group rated all five drugs in one task, while the between-subjects group rated only one drug. Within-subjects' ratings were higher than between-subjects' ratings for all five drugs. The within-subjects group appeared to be sensitive to differences in the drug stimuli at both low and high frequencies of occurrence whereas the between-subjects group were not at low frequencies.
Adaptive control with state-dependent modeling of patient impairment for robotic movement therapy

This paper presents an adaptive control approach for robotic movement therapy that learns a state-dependent model of patient impairment. Unlike previous work, this approach uses an unstructured inertial model that depends on both the position and direction of the desired motion in the robot's workspace. This method learns a patient impairment model that accounts for movement specific disability in neuro-muscular output (such as flexion vs. extension and slow vs. dynamic tasks). Combined with assist-as-needed force decay, this approach may promote further patient engagement and participation. Using the robotic therapy device, FINGER (Finger Individuating Grasp Exercise Robot), several experiments are presented to demonstrate the ability of the adaptive control to learn state-dependent abilities.
A new evaporator system for target preparation at Argonne National Laboratory

As part of an equipment grant provided by DOE for an upgrade to the target laboratory, the procurement of a new, general purpose, high-vacuum deposition system necessary to insure reliable and continued availability of high-purity targets was recognized as a priority item. Recommended specifications for this system included an automated, high-vacuum pumping station, a deposition chamber capable of handling large area foils or installation of a substrate planetary system for uniform coating capabilities and incorporating state-of-the-art thin film technologies. A newly manufactured system, although expensive, should be sought so as to take advantage of any warranty. Several vendors were approached so as to determine a range of price, capabilities and performance before proceeding with a purchase.
Manumission in a society without slave law: Eighteenth century England

(1989). Manumission in a society without slave law: Eighteenth century England. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 10, Perspectives on Manumission, pp. 85-101.
The role of data in evaluating energy conservation programs

Abstract The major uncertainty about energy conservation is not its importance in resolving energy problems, but the role of governments vis-a-vis the free market. During the past few years, both the overall efficiency of energy use and the number of government conservation programs increased sharply. However, the extent to which these efficiency improvements were due to government programs is unclear. A key element in the careful evaluation of these conservation programs is data. Data, particularly on energy consumption, are needed to help sort out the effects of government programs relative to market forces. However, data can serve these purposes only if they are accurate, consistent, comprehensive, accessible, and documented. This paper discusses data requirements and current data sources for careful evaluation of energy conservation programs.
Oxygen consumption in the shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, exposed to fluctuating temperatures and food contaminated with the diaromatic petroleum hydrocarbon, dimethylnaphthalene

Abstract Oxygen consumption rates (Vo2) in the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were determined after a 32 day exposure to fluctuating temperatures (FT) (18–22°C) and/or dimethylnaphthalene (DMN)-contaminated food (0·24 μg DMN g wet wt−1) and again after a 16 day recovery period of stable temperatures (20°C) and uncontaminated food. Ingestion of DMN-contaminated food for 32 days resulted in elevated V>o2 in shrimp exposed to declining oxygen concentrations. After the 32 day exposure period, FT had no significant effect on Vo2 at 15, 20 and 25°C, tissue Vo2 and Vo2 in declining oxygen. Hemolymph copper concentrations were significantly depressed in shrimp exposed to DMN-contaminated food. After the 16 day recovery period, shrimp from the FT regime exhibited depressed Vo2 when exposed to 25°C but not to 15°C. These depressed respiratory rates were offset by the stimulatory effect of DMN-contaminated food. These respiration studies were generally unproductive in explaining the previously reported effects of FT and DMN-contaminated food on the survival of P. pugio under hypoxic conditions.
Generalized Dynamic Programming for Stochastic Combinatorial Optimization

In stochastic versions of combinatorial optimization problems, the objective is to maximize or minimize a function of random variables. For many problems of this type, conventionally applied dynamic programming DP may fail to generate an optimal solution due to the potential violation of the monotonicity assumption of DP. We develop a generalization of DP that guarantees optimality even in the absence of monotonicity. We illustrate the methodology on a version of the stochastic traveling salesman problem for which a previously proposed DP algorithm E. Kao is potentially suboptimal due to the violation of monotonicity M. Sniedovich. Using Generalized DP, we are able to modify the algorithm to guarantee optimality.
p-Ary and q-ary versions of certain results about bent functions and resilient functions

Using the Teichmuller character and Gauss sums, we obtain the following results concerning p-ary bent functions and q-ary resilient functions: (1) a characterization of certain q-ary resilient functions in terms of their coefficients; (2) stronger upper bounds for the degree of p-ary bent functions; (3) determination of all bent functions on F"p; (4) a characterization of ternary weakly regular bent functions in terms of their coefficients.
Consistency of Pairing and Stimulus-Meaningfulness in Transfer and Recall

Summary An experiment was conducted with 40 male and female university students to test a predicted interaction between similarity and paradigm in the transfer of stimulus predifferentiation setting. Two major changes from the existing literature involved (a) the use of mixed lists for the first task which utilized both solvable (S) and unsolvable (U) pairs and (b) the use of low meaningfulness stimuli. Results indicated the predicted interaction was absent for both S and U stimuli. The most interesting finding was negative transfer for stimuli which were unsolvable in the first task. This effect was reflected in a significant solvability by paradigm interaction. Negative transfer, along with other features of the results, led to an hypothesis that inhibition could have built up to U stimuli that subsequently transferred to the second task. Furthermore, this inhibition would have worked against the predicted interaction.
TEM characterization of HY-80 steel microstructures after small plastic strains

Abstract A systematic TEM characterization of HY-80 steel microstructures resulting from various thermomechanical treatments has been completed. The as-received material—50 mm thick plate—was water quenched and tempered. These quenched and tempered materials were given 0.03, 0.063 and 0.075 plastic strain by tensile loading in the long transverse direction. TEM thin foil examination revealed various microconstituents in the as-quenched as well as in the quenched and tempered materials. The microconstituents were typically highly dislocated lath martensite (lath width ⋍ 0.2 μm) with carbide in it, autotempered martensite, typical tempered bainite/martensite duplex structure, and three distinct types of bainite distinguished by the morphology of cementite precipitation within the ferrite laths. It was also found that the shape and size of the precipitated carbide/cementite particles were different in the various microconstituents. Small plastic strains produced tangling of dislocations around the precipitated cementite and tempered carbide/cementite particles within the ferrite laths and/or at the interface boundaries. The microconstituents in the as-received as well as in the prestrained materials are characterized.
Host‐plant resistance of sorghum: Differential hydrolysis of sorghum pectic substances by polysaccharases of greenbug biotypes (Schizaphis graminum, homoptera: Aphididae)

Pectic substances extracted from different varieties of sorghum are hydrolyzed at differing rates by unfractionated polysaccharases isolated from two biotypes (C, GBC; and E, GBE) of the sorghum pest, Schizaphis graminum (the greenbug). A higher degree of susceptibility of a sorghum variety is associated with a greater rate of hydrolysis of sorghum pectic substances by a greenbug biotype. Increases in the specific activity of polysaccharases on the pectic substances from a resistant sorghum variety are dependent on the duration that a biotype is maintained as a colony on that variety. Polysaccharase activity of GBE on arabinogalactan was significantly greater than GBC. However, there were no differences between the biotypes on the depolymerization of a variety of other plant matrix polysaccharides and a synthetic polysaccharide. The sequence of substrates of increasing refractoriness to hydrolysis are: arabinogalactan < microcrystalline cellulose < xylan < pectin < 2,3-diacetyl pectin < α-1,4-galacturonan. Pectic substances from sorghum varieties resistant to GBC but susceptible to GBE are relatively lower in arabinogalactan with elevated levels of uronic acid (UA) compared to varieties susceptible to both biotypes. A sorghum variety resistant to both GBC and GBE was lowest in levels of arabinogalactan, highest in UA, and highest in fructan content, which in the other varieties occurred only in trace amounts. Pectic composition of rhamnose, xylose, and glucose showed no relationship to resistance. Bound phenolics (potential inhibitors of enzyme activity) were not detected in any of the sorghum pectic substances. The relationship of plant matrix polysaccharides to host-plant aphid biotype compatibility is discussed.
Open-source nanotechnology: Solutions to a modern intellectual property tragedy

Summary Despite being an extremely active area for patent applications, nanotechnology development is being impaired by current intellectual property law. In contrast to other emerging fields at their times, nanotechnology was born as the Bayh–Dole Act enabled universities to lock down fundamental research effectively preventing open competition. Both technical complexity and bureaucratic mishandling of nanotechnology patent applications have created a dense patent thicket of overlapping claims and rights. This intellectual property tragedy restricts downstream innovation by preventing development of more complex technologies due to exorbitant transaction costs. This article addresses this tragedy with the application of the free and open-source paradigm from software development as open-source methodologies will both accelerate nanotechnology innovation and improve the social return from public investment in nanotechnology research.
Development of an Interdisciplinary Method for the Study of Fabric Perception

In retail-store settings, consumers are influenced by visual and tactile information while shopping for textiles and apparel products. In order to simulate some aspects of a real-world shopping context while recognizing the benefit of laboratory control and precision, textile chemists, physical scientists, social scientists, and designers have developed a new methodology to study perceptual responses to textiles. Based on several studies, a series of recommendations is offered. To simulate an actual purchase setting, we recommend that some variables (e.g. room temperature and humidity) be monitored, but not controlled to the point at which applicability to a real-world context is diminished. We also make specific recommendations regarding viewing versus non-viewing of fabrics and other logistical variables in relation to our development of a fabric-sorting method and an open-ended response format. A list of common consumer-generated descriptors is provided. Our interdisciplinary method aims to strike a me...
Potential contribution of dietary sources to urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin excretion of occupationally exposed workers.

To determine the potential contribution dietary cadmium may have toward total urinary excretion of cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin of occupationally exposed workers, 260 residents of the town of Walsall, United Kingdom, who grew a proportion of their vegetable diet in urban garden soils, were studied. Urinary excretions of cadmium were significantly elevated above those reported for the general population (P less than .001). For nonsmoking, nonoccupationally exposed residents, urinary excretion of cadmium was found to be up to 34% of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Biological Exposure Index. In evaluating biological monitoring data of cadmium-exposed workers, the potential significance of dietary intake from urban grown produce should not be overlooked.
"Self": standard of comparison for immunological recognition of foreignness.

Abstract It is suggested that the markers of biological individuality—i.e. the HLA antigens—may serve as the standard profiles against which foreignness is directly compared.
Top-down anticipatory control in prefrontal cortex

Summary The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a wide variety of executive functions, many involving some form of anticipatory attention. Anticipatory attention involves the pre-selection of specific sensory circuits to allow fast and efficient stimulus processing and a subsequently fast and accurate response. It is generally agreed that the prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in anticipatory attention by exerting a facilitatory “top-down” bias on sensory pathways. In this paper we review recent results indicating that synchronized activity in prefrontal cortex, during anticipation of visual stimulus, can predict features of early visual stimulus processing and behavioral response. Although the mechanisms involved in anticipatory attention are still largely unknown, we argue that the synchronized oscillation in prefrontal cortex is a plausible candidate during sustained visual anticipation. We further propose a learning hypothesis that explains how this top-down anticipatory control in prefrontal cortex is learned based on accumulated prior experience by adopting a Temporal Difference learning algorithm.