cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of shear modulus of tissue using ultrasound radiation force acting on a spherical acoustic inhomogeneity

An ultrasound-based method to locally assess the shear modulus of a medium is reported. The proposed approach is based on the application of an impulse acoustic radiation force to an inhomogeneity in the medium and subsequent monitoring of the spatio-temporal response. In our experimental studies, a short pulse produced by a 1.5-MHz highly focused ultrasound transducer was used to initiate the motion of a rigid sphere embedded into an elastic medium. Another 25 MHz focused ultrasound transducer operating in pulse-echo mode was used to track the displacement of the sphere. The experiments were performed in gel phantoms with varying shear modulus to demonstrate the relationship between the displacement of the sphere and shear modulus of the surrounding medium. Because the magnitude of acoustic force applied to sphere depends on the acoustic material properties and, therefore, cannot be used to assess the absolute value of shear modulus, the temporal behavior of the displacement of the sphere was analyzed. The results of this study indicate that there is a strong correlation between the shear modulus of a medium and spatio-temporal characteristics of the motion of the rigid sphere embedded in this medium.
Family cheque accounts and banking deregulation in the US

Data from the Surveys of Consumer Finances in 1983 and 1989 indicated that proportions of households owning all types of cheque accounts and regular cheque accounts increased, while the proportion owning money market-type cheque accounts decreased. In addition, the average balances of primary cheque accounts went up over the 6-year period. Results from descriptive and multivariate analyses suggest that compared with other households, low-income households were worse off over the period in terms of owning various cheque accounts and balances of primary cheque accounts. Factors associated with the ownership of various cheque accounts and balances of primary cheque accounts are discussed. Findings have implications for public policies as the period of 1983–89 saw significant deregulation of US depository institutions.
Term matching on a mesh-connected array of processors*

In this paper, we present a parallel algorithm for term matching of logical terms on a mesh-connected array of processors. Term matching is a special case of unification in which one of the terms is fully ground, i.e. contains no variables. Term matching is a fundamental computational primitive in automated reasoning and has wide applicability to logic programming and symbolic pattern matching. Our algorithm runs inO(√N) time on a √N×√N two-dimensional mesh-connected array of processors.
An Evaluation of Anisotropic Effective Stress-Strain Criteria for the Biaxial Yield and Flow of 2024 Aluminum Tubes

2024 aluminum tubes, heat treated to a T6 and T8 temper, were tested in combinations of tension-internal pressure and tension-torsion loading. Yield loci and flow behavior were determined for both modes of loading and compared to theoretical predictions. Both tempers of 2024 aluminum exhibited crystallographic textures and anisotropic yield and flow. Hill's quadratic yield criterion and the associated flow rule under-estimate balanced biaxial yield and flow, which is consistent with hydraulic bulge data on other face-centered cubic metals. Hill's nonquadratic criterion, which adds one additional parameter, and Bassani's criterion, which adds two parameters, predict the anisotropic yield behavior much more accurately. Predictions of the complete flow behavior, including strain paths, with these anisotropic criteria could be improved markedly by including provisions for planar anisotropy.
Vascular catecholamine sensitivity during pregnancy in the ewe.

Four pregnant and four castrated ewes were chronically instrumented for the measurement of external iliac blood flow to test the hypothesis that pregnancy alters α-adrenergic sensitivity in a major regional circulation. Complete dose-response curves were generated to methoxamine, phenylephrine, and norepinephrine. Pregnancy was associated with no change in methoxamine sensitivity, an increase in phenylephrine sensitivity, and a decrease in norepinephrine sensitivity. These differential changes in drug sensitivity suggest (1) the α 1 -receptor population is functionally similar between the two groups of animals, (2) uptake 1 is inhibited, and (3) either catechol-O-methyltransferase activity is increased or the α 2 or β-receptor population changes in this circulation during pregnancy. These data illustrate the complexity of the change in the adrenergic system during pregnancy.
The fire whirl

A fire whirl from a liquid-fuel pool (acetone) is formed at the center of a rotating screen which imparts a controlled angular momentum to the ambient air. Measurements show that outside of the core the fluid motion is that of a free vortex. A hot-wire method of measurement of the radial temperature distribution is developed. The temperature distribution shows that the fire whirl consists of a rotating cylinder, fuel rich inside, lean outside. The turbulent plume theory is extended to include combustion and angular momentum. This theory checks the experimental results and provides: o 1. The turbulent mixing coefficient decreases with increasing angular momentum, as is to be expected. 2. The turbulent mixing coefficient increases with elevation above the ground. This effect was not expected. Its cause remains unknown, although it may be in some way related to the vertex-jump (vortex breakdown) phenomena which may be required if the whirl is to satisfy both ground-level and “high”-altitude boundary conditions.
Explaining species richness from continents to communities: the time-for-speciation effect in emydid turtles.

Abstract: Speciation is the process that ultimately generates species richness. However, the time required for speciation to build up diversity in a region is rarely considered as an explanation for patterns of species richness. We explored this “time‐for‐speciation effect” on patterns of species richness in emydid turtles. Emydids show a striking pattern of high species richness in eastern North America (especially the southeast) and low diversity in other regions. At the continental scale, species richness is positively correlated with the amount of time emydids have been present and speciating in each region, with eastern North America being the ancestral region. Within eastern North America, higher regional species richness in the southeast is associated with smaller geographic range sizes and not greater local species richness in southern communities. We suggest that these patterns of geographic range size variation and local and regional species richness in eastern North America are caused by glacia...
Life cycle air quality impacts of conventional and alternative light-duty transportation in the United States

Commonly considered strategies for reducing the environmental impact of light-duty transportation include using alternative fuels and improving vehicle fuel economy. We evaluate the air quality-related human health impacts of 10 such options, including the use of liquid biofuels, diesel, and compressed natural gas (CNG) in internal combustion engines; the use of electricity from a range of conventional and renewable sources to power electric vehicles (EVs); and the use of hybrid EV technology. Our approach combines spatially, temporally, and chemically detailed life cycle emission inventories; comprehensive, fine-scale state-of-the-science chemical transport modeling; and exposure, concentration–response, and economic health impact modeling for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We find that powering vehicles with corn ethanol or with coal-based or “grid average” electricity increases monetized environmental health impacts by 80% or more relative to using conventional gasoline. Conversely, EVs powered by low-emitting electricity from natural gas, wind, water, or solar power reduce environmental health impacts by 50% or more. Consideration of potential climate change impacts alongside the human health outcomes described here further reinforces the environmental preferability of EVs powered by low-emitting electricity relative to gasoline vehicles.
Continent ileostomy in dogs. An experimental study of ileal pouches using a simple prosthetic valve

Abstract This study in dogs evaluated a simple prosthetic valve constructed of fine Silastic tubing on the efferent limb of a modified Kock reservoir which was defunctionalized by diversion of the alimentary stream around the pouch by ileoileostomy. Pouches were studied at operation and postoperatively to determine the pressure of the valve and the pouch at the point of incompetency. In all 12 experiments a competent valve was constructed. Four early postoperative deaths were due to peritonitis, two associated with suture line leaks. The other animals were followed for 4 to 25 weeks. Competency of the valve was observed with leak pressures of 15 to 90 mm Hg, and most valve pressures were in the range of 100 to 400 mm Hg. Variable degrees of chronic fibrosis and migration of valve elements were noticed at autopsy.
Contemporary estimates of Pan‐Arctic freshwater discharge from GRACE and reanalysis

Streamflow from Arctic river basins has been increasing in recent decades in response to warming climate. In addition to being a sensitive indicator of global change, Arctic discharge is a critical component of the freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean, where increasing freshwater flows may slow rates of North Atlantic Deep Water formation and heat transport by the thermohaline circulation. However, quantifying rates of freshwater discharge from the entire Pan-Arctic drainage has been troublesome using traditional stream gauging methods. Here we use satellite measurements of variations in continental water storage from the GRACE mission to present first estimates of monthly freshwater discharge from the entire Pan-Arctic for the period 2003–2005. Results show that rates of Pan-Arctic discharge for this time period (3588 ± 257 km3 yr−1) are significantly larger than those suggested by gauge-based estimates (3238 km3yr−1), and furthermore, may indicate that discharge rates are accelerating.
Vernacular Land Markets and the Changing Face of Customary Land Tenure in Africa

Abstract Contemporary discourse on land in Africa suggest that customary or ‘communal’ tenure is the only check against freehold market-induced landlessness among the poor in the African countryside, and that ‘pro-poor’ land policy should therefore strengthen customary rights to land. This article draws on a growing body of evidence on the emergence of vernacular rural land sales and rental markets to question assumptions that underlie the non-market ‘ideal type’ communal tenure model that has historically dominated policy thinking in Africa. It argues that recognition of the specific characteristics of ‘vernacular land markets’—market-based transfers of land under customary tenure—is essential if state land policies are to succeed in promoting the interests of the poor.
Adaptive control of camera position for stereo vision

A major problem in using two-camera stereo machine vision to perform real-world tasks, such as visual object tracking, is deciding where to position the cameras. Humans accomplish the analogous task by positioning their heads and eyes for optimal stereo effects. This paper describes recent work toward developing automated control strategies for camera motion in stereo machine vision systems for mobile robot navigation. Our goal is to achieve fast, reliable pursuit of a target while avoiding obstacles. Our strategy results in smooth, stable camera motion despite robot and target motion. Our algorithm has been shown to be successful at navigating a mobile robot, mediating visual target tracking and ultrasonic obstacle detection. The architecture, hardware, and simulation results are discussed.
Global optimization and sensitivity analysis

A new direction for the analysis of nonlinear models of nuclear systems is suggested to overcome fundamental limitations of sensitivity analysis and optimization methods currently prevalent in nucl...
Significance of admission temperature and impact on mortality in critically ill neurological patients.

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that hyperthermia is associated with increased mortality after neurological injury using a robust multicenter ICU database.
Straightening for Standard Monomials on Schubert Varieties

Abstract We give an elementary proof of the following known fact: any multihomogenous component in the homogeneous coordinate ring of a Schubert variety insideGLn/Bhas basis given by the standard monomials 6 .
Games, simulations, and visual metaphors in education: antagonism between enjoyment and learning

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of game‐like activities on adult learning during a computer‐based simulation. This research also studied the use of visual metaphors as graphic organizers to help make the underlying science principles explicit without interfering with the interactive nature of the simulation. A total of 70 university students participated in the quantitative phase of the study. They interacted with a simple computer simulation that modeled the relationship between acceleration and velocity using a discovery‐based approach. No formal instruction on the science concepts was given. Participants had control over the acceleration of a computer‐animated ball. In the quantitative phase of the study, four simulation conditions were studied comprising two levels of two factors: Gaming Context (Yes, No) and Visual Metaphor (Yes, No). Results from the quantitative phase showed that although participants reported greater levels of enjoyment when the game was included, the ga...
Effects of Estradiol Benzoate Injections on the Characteristics of Bovine Semen

Summary Estradiol benzoate was injected into two normal bulls at levels ranging from 0.99 to 70 mg. per week. At levels up to and including 15 mg. per week, supplementary estrogen produced statistically insignificant increases in motility, per cent live spermatozoa, volume per ejaculate, spermatozoa concentration, and total spermatozoa per ejaculate. The per cent of abnormal spermatozoa was decreased but the decrease was not statistically significant. Levels of 35 and 70 mg. per week decreased semen quality. Seventy milligrams per week decreased the libido in one bull but had no effect on the libido of the other.
Aggregates Promote Efficient Charge Transfer Doping of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

The doping efficiencies of regioregular (r-Re) and regiorandom (r-Ra) poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) were studied in solution using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), 19F NMR, optical absorption, and Raman spectroscopy. EPR spectra of doped r-Re P3HT possess significantly larger amounts of paramagnetic species than r-Ra P3HT with similar F4-TCNQ loadings (∼0.1% up to 50%), which is confirmed by corresponding optical absorption spectra. 19F NMR also show a rapid disappearance of the pristine F4-TCNQ signal when small amounts of r-Re P3HT are added due to minority paramagnetic species acting as efficient spin relaxation channels. Raman spectra of both P3HT variants indicate strong interactions with F4-TCNQ, however, the presence of free charges is only detected in r-Re samples owing to its ability to aggregate and adopt ordered conformations allowing for delocalization of hole charges after initial contact with the dopant.
The curvilinear motion of coarse particles: New thoughts on theory and applications

Abstract Investigations of the aerodynamic behavior of coarse particles require the inclusion of inertial terms of the Navier-Stokes equation. Theoretical investigation of the motion of coarse particles in a uniform and a non-uniform flow field reported in this paper uses the modification of Stokes solution as a function of Reynolds number. This modification is achieved by development of a fourth order polynomial equation which is a semi-empirical correction for the drag force. The trajectories of particles of sizes from 25 to 200 μm are calculated in a constant velocity and a spatially defined velocity field using equation of motion of particles. It is found out that the coarse particles up to 200 μm can stay airborne for substantial times and distances in the environment where such particles are generated.
Addendum to “Constructing quantized enveloping algebras via inverse limits of finite dimensional algebras” [J. Algebra 321 (4) (2009) 1225–1238]

Abstract It is shown that the question raised in Section 5.7 of Doty (2009) [1] has an affirmative answer.
Extraversion and noise sensitivity: a replication of Dornic and Ekehammar's study

Abstract In a replication of a study by Dornic and Ekehammar (1990; Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 989–992), 75 undergraduates completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Scale (NSS). The significant negative correlation between EPI-extraversion and NSS reported by Dornic and Ekehammar was replicated. In contrast to the original findings, however, EPI-neuroticism did not correlate with NSS, and no interaction of extraversion and neuroticism on NSS was obtained. Finally, the EPI also was scored for impulsivity and sociability. Both impulsivity and sociability exhibited a significant negative correlation with NSS. Extraversion and impulsivity, but not sociability, produced significant main effects when combined with neuroticism in analyses of variance on NSS scores. Findings are interpreted as consistent with Eysenck's model linking extraversion scores with variations in sensitivity to stimulation.
P02-56 Do stressful life events predict eating disorder relapse?: Six-year outcomes from the collaborative personality disorders study

Aims To examine the natural course of eating disorders (ED) prospectively over 6 years and to examine link between stressful life events (SLEs) and ED relapse among women with personality-disorders (PDs). Method Subjects were 132 female patients with bulimia nervosa (N=40) or EDNOS (N=92) in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. EDs were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I, and monitored with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation during follow-up. PDs were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV PD (DIPD-IV), and monitored with the Follow-Along version of the DIPD-IV during follow-up. SLEs were assessed with the Life Events Assessment (LEA). Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6- and 12-months and then yearly through 72 months. Proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to examine the link between time-varying levels of SLEs and ED relapse. Cox regressions controlled for the same covariates used in prior work: duration of ED, number of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, and time-varying status of PDs. Results Of the 132 patients, 59% had remissions from ED, 68% of whom subsequently relapsed over the course of 6 years (BN and EDNOS did not differ in relapse). Total number of negative SLEs reported by ED patients significantly predicted subsequent ED relapse (HazardRatio=1.5, p Conclusion Higher work stress and higher recreation stress represent significant warning signs for triggering relapse for women in remission from BN and EDNOS.
Maximum matching in a convex bipartite graph

A special matching problem arising in industry is shown to be solvable by an algorithm of the form: match objects ai and bj if they satisfy a local optirnality criterion based on a ranking of currently unmatched objects. When no ai and bi remain that can be matched, the largest number of acceptable matches has been found.
A decision‐analytic study of the joint value of seasonal precipitation and temperature forecasts in a choice‐of‐crop problem

Abstract A static decision‐analytic method is used to investigate the economic value of bivariate ‐ precipitation and temperature ‐ seasonal forecasts of the form currently issued by the U.S. National Weather Service. This method is applied to a corn versus spring wheat choice‐of‐crop decision‐making problem by considering a transect of four counties across the northwestern margin of the North American corn belt. Numerical results indicate that seasonal forecasts of current quality can be of appreciable value (≥$1/ha) for some locations when the optimal action chosen on the basis of climatological information is only marginally preferred to another action. Increases in forecast value follow from hypothetical increases in the quality of both the precipitation and temperature components of the forecasts in the spring wheat region, whereas forecast value increases primarily as a function of the quality of the precipitation forecasts alone in the corn belt region. The results are very sensitive to absolute an...
On the contribution of climb to high-temperature deformation in single phase γ-TiAl

Abstract This study has assessed the contribution of climb to the plastic deformation of TiAl when deformed at elevated temperatures where significant ductility is realized. It is shown that the motion of dislocations with Burgers vectors, b, given by b = 1/2〈110] is achieved by either or both glide and climb, the degree to which these various mechanisms contribute depending on temperature and strain rate. Thus, at 900°C and strain rates less than approximately 10−2s−1, climb is found to contribute rather significantly to plastic deformation. A model is proposed which involves both glide and climb; initially, the deformation substructure is developed by glide until the appropriate link length for significant contributions from climb has been established. Calculations of the strain rate afforded by climb indicate that this form of deformation can contribute significantly to the deformation of TiAl at high temperatures.
KING OF YALU IN MASHAN, GUIZHOU: AN “EPIC” IN CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS

In recent decades, the question of how to preserve “authentic” oral traditions has been important in folklore studies and has taken on increased urgency in situations where traditional lifeways and...
Quantum transport in ultrasmall electronic devices.

Device analysis has traditionally been based on the semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation. Despite its impressive successes, this approach suffers from an important limitation; it cannot describe transport phenomena in which the wave nature of electrons plays a crucial role. A variety of such quantum effects have been discovered over the years, such as tunnelling, resonant tunnelling, weak and strong localisation, and the quantum Hall effect. Since 1985, experiments on ultrasmall structures (dimensions 100 nm) have revealed a number of new effects such as the Aharanov-Bohm effect, conductance fluctuations, non-local effects and the quantised resistance of point contacts. For ultrasmall structures at low temperature, these phenomena have clearly shown that electron transport is influenced by wave interference effects not unlike those well known in microwave networks. New device concepts are being proposed and demonstrated that are based on these wave properties. The authors review quantum interference effects that have been observed in ultrasmall structures, and their implications for future electronic devices. They also review the theoretical understanding of such phenomena and discuss some of the unresolved questions that have to be answered in order to develop accurate models for quantum device simulation.
Stochastic model for gel permeation separation of polymers

The stochastic theory of chromatography developed by Giddings and Eyring and by McQuarrie is applied to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) by first recasting their assumptions to fit the GPC process and secondly by making specific assumptions about the molecular size dependence of the rate constants λ1 and λ2 for entrapment and elution of a polymer molecule, respectively. The model assumes that: (1) a monodisperse sample is injected; (2) molecules behave independently within the column; (3) no molecular diffusion occurs; (4) the polymer molecules are unperturbed random coils; (5) entrapment sites in the bed are identical; (6) λ1 is proportional to the probability Pe that the square of the polymer end-to-end distance is less than the square of the average pore radius in the bed; (7) λ2 is constant. The calculated difference in retention times, tR-to (where tR is the retention time for a molecule of arbitrary molecular size and to is the retention time for a molecule whose size totally precludes entrance into the pores of the bed), is shown to be proportional to Pe. The model as thus applied is based on only one parameter. The theory is tested by examining the ratio Pe/(tR − to)exp, predicted to be constant, for narrow polystyrene fractions in the molecular weight range 1.1 × 104 – 8.9 × 105. Chromatographs were obtained by Moore and Arrington by using a θ solvent and a single column packed with a porous glass bed having a sharp distribution of pore sizes. Ratio values ranged from 0.046 to 0.073 with an average value of 0.058 ± 0.009. This relative constancy demonstrates semiquantitative utility of the model for gaining insight into the GPC process.
Public Health and Preventive Medicine

The J- he health of people continues to improve in the United States. Currently, the life expectancy at birth is 75 years of age. Life expectancy for white Americans has increased by about three months per year since 1970; the increase for black Americans has been about 4.5 months per year. 1 Although infant mortality rates have continued to decline to an all-time low of less than 11 deaths per 1,000 live births, concern has been expressed that the United States is not realizing its potential to decrease infant mortality to the level demonstrated in some countries. 1 In contrast to the heartening improvements, about two thirds of all deaths in this country are premature, given our present medical knowledge, and about two thirds of all years of life lost before age 65 are theoretically preventable given our current capabilities ( Closing the Gap: National Health Policy Consultation . Atlanta, The Carter
Género y espacio: la casa en el imaginario subalterno de escritoras latinoamericanas

Revista Iberoamericana, Vol. LXXVIII, Num. 241, Octubre-Diciembre 2012, 819-837 GENERO Y ESPACIO: LA CASA EN EL IMAGINARIO SUBALTERNO DE ESCRITORAS LATINOAMERICANAS POR L UCIA G UERRA -C UNNINGHAM University of California, Irvine En la vasta bibliografia acerca de la ciudad, llama la atencion el enfasis otorgado a los espacios publicos en una dinamica que implica tanto el transito constante como la proliferacion y diseminacion de sus signos. No obstante las casas confi guran gran parte de la ciudad, en estos estudios, ellas son el artefacto urbano estatico y silencioso que no merece mayores comentarios, esa presencia a la que se alude cuando se trata de un proyecto urbanistico determinado o ese conjunto colectivo mencionado en terminos de una fachada que lo une a la calle. Puesto que desde una perspectiva geografi ca y antropologica, el espacio se produce bajo factores socio-culturales insertos en un sistema generico, el paradigma que divide la ciudad entre “lo publico” y “lo privado” debe comprenderse como parte de un fundamento ideologico que refuerza las diferencias atribuidas a “lo femenino” y “lo masculino”. Como senala Jane Rendell, el predominio del espacio publico asociado con una produccion de caracter masculino (la ciudad) y la devaluacion de lo privado ligado a la mujer y la reproduccion biologica (casa, hogar) responde a la estructura patriarcal y su metodo falogocentrico de concebir, organizar y analizar la realidad (Rendell 103). La division en esferas separadas remite historicamente a la ciudad griega y su bien delimitada polis que correspondia al espacio publico, tanto en terminos de los lugares materiales que lo confi guraban como aquel ambito de acciones guiadas hacia el quehacer politico. Connotacion que ha perdurado pues aun el espacio publico se considera como mediador entre la sociedad y el estado en multiples expresiones de la ciudadania. El enfasis dado al espacio publico en los estudios acerca de la ciudad resulta no solo de una devaluacion implicita con respecto al entorno asociado a la mujer en su calidad de ciudadana de segunda categoria sino tambien a los emisores de dichos discursos producidos, en abismante mayoria, desde una perspectiva masculina.
Specific inhibition of the subunits of ribonucleotide reductase as a new approach to combination chemotherapy

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase activity can be inhibited by agents such as hydroxyurea, guanazole, IMPY, MAIQ, IQ, Inox, 5′-deoxyinox and various deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Since the reductase from mammalian cells could be separated into its non-identical components (non-heme iron subunit and effector binding subunits), it was possible to show that these inhibitors are specifically directed toward only one of the subunits. It was show that the inhibition of reductase by hydroxyurea, guanazole and IMPY was potentiated by the iron-chelating agents EDTA, Desferal and 8-hydroxyquinoline while the inhibition by MAIQ and IQ was reversed by the iron-chelating agents. Combinations of reductase inhibitors such as IMPY/dGTP, IMPY/Inox and hydroxyurea/dATP gave synergistic inhibition while combinations of MAIQ/IMPY and IMPY/hydroxyurea caused antagonistic effects. However, it was not possible to predict a priori which combinations would lead to the anticipated results.
Staggered wage setting and exchange rate policy in an economy with capital assets

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of exchange market intervention on price-output stability tradeoffs in the context of a moderately-sized open economy. In this model, which incorporates interest-bearing capital assets, monetary accommodation is the mechanism whereby exchange rate indexation is achieved. It is seen that increased exchange market intervention reduces output variability but only at the expense of enhanced price and nominal exchange rate variability. This is true of stochastic disturbances on the supply side. For disturbances originating in the money market, increased intervention unambiguously reduces both price and output variability.
Dynamic Nonlinear Pricing in Networks with Interdependent Demand

We consider the pricing decision for a new product whose consumption value increases as the network of adopters expands. This demand interdependence is a characteristic feature of telecommunications networks. The paper analyzes the case of a single supplier offering the product to a heterogeneous population. Consumers decide on network access and consumption quantity. The pricing decision consists of choosing a pricing schedule over the dimensions of quantity and time that maximizes the present value of a weighted sum of total surplus and producer profits, subject to the dynamics of market growth. We find that the decision can be decoupled into two nested optimization problems: a given some market size, what should the optimal nonlinear price schedule be? and b how should the price schedule be changed optimally over time? This separation enables us to solve the pricing problem. Explicit consideration of the dynamics, the discounting of future surpluses, and the extent of market growth anticipation affect not only the price and network size trajectories, but also their steady-state equilibrium values.
Two-frequency CO2 laser multiple-photon dissociation and dynamics of excited state absorption in CDF3☆

Abstract The two-frequency multiple-photon dissociation probability in CDF 3 is studied as a function of wavelength, fluence and pulse separation using two pulsed CO 2 lasers. When the r 5 mode of CDF 3 is excited by an R(12), 10.3 μ prepulse, the probability for subsequent dissociation is approximately constant from 940 to at least 990 cm −1 . A model of excited state absorption in CDF 3 is presented to help explain these results. Implications for deuterium separation are also discussed.
Visual discriminations of cats with cortical and tectal lesions.

Fourteen cats were trained on three visual discrimination tasks: light vs. dark, horizontal vs. vertical stripes, and upright vs. inverted triangles. Four of the cats then underwent large, bilateral occipito-temporal cortex ablations; postoperatively, they demonstrated little or no visually guided orienting behavior and could solve only the brightness task and not the preoperatively learned pattern discriminations. Six other cats underwent the same cortical ablations plus a transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus; postoperatively, they demonstrated good visually guided orienting behavior (i.e., the Sprague effect) but still could solve only the brightness task. The final four cats were controls and underwent no surgery; they demonstrated good retention of the pattern task despite an extensive idle period corresponding to the postoperative period before retesting in the above ten cats. These data indicate that, while a transection of the collicular commissure after visual decortication dramatically improves visual orienting, it does not obviously improve visual discrimination abilities.
Orienting Tasks Affect Recall Performance More Than Subjective Impressions of Ability to Recall

The type of task performed when 354 undergraduates listened to a list of words significantly affected their ability to recall that list. Subjective impressions of ability to recall, however, did no...
An evaluation of computed stroke volume in man.

Abstract Data for validation in man of a method for determining continuous cardiac output are presented. Seventy-three points of comparison between a Fick or dye-dilution value and a value computed from the pressure pulse in the ascending aorta give a correlation coefficient of 0.90. The method described is based on a continuous solution of the Navier-Stokes equation, with the first time derivative of the aortic pressure used as the input signal.
SHG Imaging and Optical Scattering Probes of Ovarian Cancer

SHG imaging microscopy and tissue spectroscopy are used to quantitatively study structural changes in the collagen organization in the ECM in ovarian cancer using in in vitro models and ex vivo human tissues.
Mono(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Accelerates Early Folliculogenesis and Inhibits Steroidogenesis in Cultured Mouse Whole Ovaries and Antral Follicles

Humans are ubiquitously exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is an environmental toxicant present in common consumer products. DEHP potentially targets the ovary through its metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). However, the direct effects of MEHP on ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis, two processes essential for reproductive and nonreproductive health, are unknown. The present study tested the hypotheses that MEHP directly accelerates early folliculogenesis via overactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3kinase (PI3K) signaling, a pathway that regulates primordial follicle quiescence and activation, and inhibits the synthesis of steroid hormones by decreasing steroidogenic enzyme levels. Neonatal ovaries from CD-1 mice were cultured for 6 days with vehicle control, DEHP, or MEHP (0.2–20 lg/ml) to assess the direct effects on folliculogenesis and PI3K signaling. Further, antral follicles from adult CD-1 mice were cultured with vehicle control or MEHP (0.1–10 lg/ml) for 24–96 h to establish the temporal effects of MEHP on steroid hormones and steroidogenic enzymes. In the neonatal ovaries, MEHP, but not DEHP, decreased phosphatase and tensin homolog levels and increased phosphorylated protein kinase B levels, leading to a decrease in the percentage of germ cells and an increase in the percentage of primary follicles. In the antral follicles, MEHP decreased the mRNA levels of 17alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-desmolase, 17betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and aromatase leading to a decrease in testosterone, estrone, and estradiol levels. Collectively, MEHP mediates the effect of DEHP on accelerated folliculogenesis via overactivating PI3K signaling and inhibits steroidogenesis by decreasing steroidogenic enzyme levels. follicle, folliculogenesis, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, ovary, phthalate, steroidogenesis
Atomic Mechanisms of Grain Boundary Motion

We present results of atomistic computer simulations of spontaneous and stress-induced grain boundary (GB) migration in copper. Several symmetrical tilt GBs have been studied using the embedded-atom method and molecular dynamics. The GBs are observed to spontaneously migrate in a random manner. This spontaneous GB motion is always accompanied by relative translations of the grains parallel to the GB plane. Furthermore, external shear stresses applied parallel to the GB and normal to the tilt axis induce GB migration. Strong coupling is observed between the normal GB velocity vn and the grain translation rate v||. The mechanism of GB motion is established to be local lattice rotation within the GB core that does not involve any GB diffusion or sliding. The coupling constant between vn and v|| predicted within a simple geometric model accurately matches the molecular dynamics observations.
Applying full-cycle social psychology to consumer marketing: The defusing objections technique

Abstract The development of a new compliance technique is described. Labeled defusing objections, this technique seeks to remove an individual's excuse for not complying with a request. Two common excuses for not responding to a request were manipulated. Removing only one excuse was not sufficient to induce many individuals to respond. However, removing both led over half of the homeowners to respond positively. In fact, the level of responding when both excuses were eliminated was significantly greater than it was in all other conditions combined. The impact of the defusing objections technique is viewed as a successful application of ‘full-cycle social psychology’ and the overall value of this approach is illustrated by tracing the development of other compliance techniques.
Compression of bulk metallic glass Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10Nb5 to 122 GPa

Ultra high pressure X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on group IV transition metals-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10Nb5 to a pressure of 122 GPa at ambient temperature in a diamond anvil cell. Image plate X-ray diffraction studies under high pressure were carried out at a synchrotron source and the two BMG diffraction bands can be followed to the highest pressure using an internal copper pressure standard. Our experiments show that the BMG is stable to compression as high as 40% and thermal activation is needed to nucleate nanostructures/crystallization under extreme conditions. The fit to the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state gives bulk modulus (B 0)=116 GPa and its pressure derivative B′=3.04. The measured differential radial distribution function shows gradual compression of the shell structures in the BMG to extreme compressions.
Consideration of severe accidents in the licensing of nuclear power plants

Abstract Nuclear power plants are carefully designed to contain radioactive materials in the case of anticipated events and potential accidents. Thus, these events represent minimal risk to the public. Potential risk to the public could arise if events develop beyond those included in the design basis. In order to further reduce potential public risk, future nuclear power plants should consider an additional set of postulated events (more likely severe accidents) and should take appropriate steps to prevent the occurrence of these events, and to protect the public should such events occur. These steps should be taken despite the fact that the occurrence of these events is very unlikely. Formulation and enforcement of these new requirements will shape the design of the next generation of nuclear power plants. Regulatory authorities have a major role in this process, namely development of information needed for prudent decisionmaking; timely establishment of safety standards; and enforcement of these standards.
Extreme eigenfunctions of adjacency matrices for planar graphs employed in spatial analyses

Mathematical properties of extreme eigenfunctions of popular geographic weights matrices used in spatial statistics are explored, and applications of these properties are presented. Three theorems are proposed and proved. These theorems pertain to the popular binary geographic weights matrix––an adjacency matrix––based upon a planar graph. They uncover relationships between the determinant of this matrix and its extreme eigenvalues, regression and the minimum eigenvalue of this matrix, and the eigenvectors of a row-standardized asymmetric version of this matrix and its symmetric similarity matrix counterpart. In addition, a conjecture is posited pertaining to estimation of the largest eigenvalue of the binary geographic weights matrix when the estimate obtained with the oldest and well-known method of matrix powering begins to oscillate between two trajectories in its convergence. An algorithm is outlined for calculating the extreme eigenvalues of geographic weights matrices based upon planar graphs. And, applications results for selected very large adjacency matrices are reported.
Temporal disparity in the induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases after thoracic aortic aneurysm formation

Background An important component of matrix remodeling during thoracic aortic aneurysm progression is the balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases). However, whether and to what degree matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases profiles change over time with an evolving thoracic aortic aneurysm remains unclear. Methods Descending thoracic aortic aneurysms were induced in mice (FVB strain, 15 minutes of 0.5 mol/L CaCl 2 exposure) and followed for 24 hours, 72 hours, 1week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, or 8 weeks (each group, n=13). Thoracic aortic aneurysm size was determined by means of video micrometry, and immunoblotting was used to measure aortic matrix metalloproteinase 2, 8, 9, and 12 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and 4 levels (expressed as a percentage of control values, n=13). Results Increased aortic diameter was detected by 72 hours and reached a maximal size at 4 weeks (135% ± 4% increase from baseline, P P P P P P P P Conclusions These findings show 2 phases of matrix metalloproteinase abundance during murine thoracic aortic aneurysm formation. The late tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 increase might explain prevention of further aortic dilation past 4 weeks. Unique matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases temporal relationships occurred during the natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm progression that might hold both diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.
Structural design options for planetary entry.

Structural design options for decelerative aeroshell configurations for atmospheric entry on unmanned planetary explorations
Separable nonlinear least squares: the variable projection method and its applications

In this paper we review 30 years of developments and applications of the variable projection method for solving separable nonlinear least-squares problems. These are problems for which the model function is a linear combination of nonlinear functions. Taking advantage of this special structure, the method of variable projections eliminates the linear variables obtaining a somewhat more complicated function that involves only the nonlinear parameters. This procedure not only reduces the dimension of the parameter space but also results in a better-conditioned problem. The same optimization method applied to the original and reduced problems will always converge faster for the latter. We present first a historical account of the basic theoretical work and its various computer implementations, and then report on a variety of applications from electrical engineering, medical and biological imaging, chemistry, robotics, vision, and environmental sciences. An extensive bibliography is included. The method is particularly well suited for solving real and complex exponential model fitting problems, which are pervasive in their applications and are notoriously hard to solve.
Small cell variant of malignant melanoma masquerading as lymphoma on fine‐needle aspiration cytology: A case report

The morphologic and immunohistochemical diversity of malignant melanoma is well known to pathologists but despite this widespread awareness the diagnosis remains a constant challenge, particularly when a noncutaneous or metastatic tumor is evaluated by fine-needle aspiration cytology. We present a case of the small cell variant of malignant melanoma mimicking lymphoma in a 78-year-old previously healthy male who presented with multiple pulmonary masses and a right-sided pleural effusion. This particular case was also immunoreactive for the hematopoietic marker CD43, a feature not previously reported in malignant melanoma. Cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of this case are presented and discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of Motivational Interviewing in Career Counseling Facilitating Career Transition

The Protean and Boundaryless career paradigms are calling for new ways to provide career counseling to clients. Career counselors need methods for facilitating client’s career transition across all stages of career development. This facilitation requires career counselors to be armed with methods for promoting client’s autonomy, responding to client resistance, and addressing client’s self-efficacy. In this article, career counseling is introduced with a Motivational Interviewing (MI) approach. First, an overview of career transition is presented. Then an application of MI as a component of the career counseling process is reviewed along with seven distinct counseling processes: (a) establishing the therapeutic relationship, (b) client assessment, (c) developing discrepancies, (d) rolling with resistance, (e) addressing client self-efficacy, (f) establishing empathy, and (g) transition/termination. Additionally, the article discusses the theoretical tenets, empirical support, and applications of MI for ca...