cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Focus correction for a CRT color facsimile system.

A color facsimile system that prints out individual colors in separate traces does not require an achromatized lens. Focus corrections between individual single-color scan signals can maintain all colors in focus. Rearrangement of the video-signal color-scan sequence or high-speed incremental film transport may be employed instead of moving focus-correcting windows.
RANGE-GATED PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: ITS ROLE IN DETECTING DUCTAL SHUNTING IN PREMATURE INFANTS

To evaluate the effectiveness of the range-gated pulsed doppler system in detecting the presence of ductal shunting in small pre-term infants on assisted ventilation for respiratory insufficiency, 21 infants with BW under 1500 grams were studied with a 5MHz system developed by Advanced Technology Laboratories, Inc. In each, an umbilical or radial artery catheter was used to obtain a contrast aortogram. Also, a two year old child with a documented aortopulmonary (AP) window was studied. Nine of the infants had no doppler evidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 8 had negative aortograms. In 13 there was an audible continuous turbulence superior to the pulmonary valve approximately 2 cm below the transducer. Each had a positive aortogram. Auscultation revealed a systolic or continuous murmur at the ULSB in 9 of the 13 infants; in 3, no murmur was appreciated. In the child with an AP window, there was a continuous turbulence at the level of the pulmonary valve. This noninvasive bedside technique appears to be very sensitive and specific for detecting the presence of ductal shunting, even in the absence of an audible precordial murmur. Its use permits the expedient indentification of a PDA in the patients who cannot be weaned from the ventilator and it facilitates appropriate timely therapy, such as the phannacologic manipulation or surgical ligation of the ductus, as a means of preventing the complications of protracted ventilation.
Measuring Up: Assessing the Measurement Properties of Two Self-Control Scales

Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory is one of the most empirically tested explanations of criminal behavior. Yet questions remain about the operationalization of self-control. Researchers have examined the relationship between self-control and crime predominantly with the Grasmick et al. (1993) scale. However, research investigating the measurement properties of that scale has relied primarily on statistical techniques that may underestimate or fail to detect potential problems with the scale. In addition, Hirschi (2004) recently offered a revised operational definition of self-control, which he argued is more faithful to the original theory. To date, research using Hirschi's revised self-control measure is sparse. We contribute to the literature by using Rasch measurement and negative binomial models to examine the measurement properties and construct validity of the Grasmick et al. (1993) and Hirschi (2004) self-control scales. The findings indicate that while there are some differences, and r...
Nonenzymatic glycation of human blood platelet proteins.

Abstract We studied 11 diabetic patients, all of whom had severe atherothrombotic disease, and 11 normal controls. Overall glycation was assessed by the extent of incorporation of [ 3 H]-NaBH 4 into fructosyl lysine separated from whole platelet proteins following aminoacid analysis. Fructosyl lysine represented 5.7% ± 1.0 S.D. of the total radioactivity in the normal whole platelet samples. Increased glycation was observed in platelets from 5 of the 11 diabetics. Platelet glycation did not correlate with glycation of hemoglobin or albumin. The pattern of glycation of various platelet proteins in whole platelets, as determined by the incorporation of [ 3 H]-NaBH 4 into electrophoretically separated proteins did not display selectivity, although myosin and glycoproteins IIb and IIIa showed relatively increased levels of [ 3 H]-NaBH 4 incorporation. Artificially glycated platelet membranes exhibited glycation mainly in proteins corresponding to the electrophoretic mobility of myosin, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa.
Dust loading on electrostatitically charged filters in a standard test and a real HVAC system

Abstract The efficiency and pressure drop of filters made from synthetic fibres carrying electrostatic charges and filters made from uncharged glass fibres were measured repeatedly for more than 19 weeks in operating HVAC systems. Results showed efficiency reductions as large as 40% for the filters made from charged fibres whereas the efficiency of filters made from uncharged fibres changed little. Clean filters were sent to a testing laboratory for efficiency measurements according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999. When the filters experienced accelerated dust loading according to the ASHRAE procedure, the efficiency of both the glass and synthetic fibre filters increased. Efficiency reductions like those observed for the charged filters during actual use were not replicated by this standard test.
Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology and Potential Effects on Humans

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal-based foods worldwide. At the molecular level, DON disrupts normal cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis via binding to the ribosome and by activating critical cellular kinases involved in signal transduction related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Relative to toxicity, there are marked species differences, with the pig being most sensitive to DON, followed by rodent > dog > cat > poultry > ruminants. The physiologic parameter that is most sensitive to low-level DON exposure is the emetic response, with as little as 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) inducing vomiting in swine and dogs. Chinese epidemiological studies suggest that DON may also produce emetic effects in humans. With respect to chronic effects, growth (anorexia and decreased nutritional efficiency), immune function, (enhancement and suppression), and reproduction (reduced litter size) are also adversely affected by DON in animals, whereas incidence of neoplasia is not affected. When hazard evaluations were conducted using existing chronic toxicity data and standard safety factors employed for anthropogenic additives/contaminants in foods, tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) ranging from 1 to 5 microg/kg bw have been generated. Given that critical data gaps still exist regarding the potential health effects of DON, additional research is needed to improve capacity for assessing adverse health effects of this mycotoxin. Critical areas for future DON research include molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity, sensitivity of human cells/tissues relative to other species, emetic effects in primates, epidemiological association with gastroenteritis and chronic disease in humans, and surveillance in cereal crops worldwide.
Zero‐Point Vibrational Corrections to One‐Electron Properties of the Water Molecule in the Near‐Hartree—Fock Limit

The zero‐point vibrational motion of the water molecule in its ground electronic state is analyzed with a near‐Hartree—Fock potential energy surface constructed from a (9s5p2d/4s1p) /[4s3p2d/2s1p] basis set of contracted Gaussian orbitals. The harmonic and cubic force constants relative to the computed minimum are obtained, and a normal coordinate analysis is carried out for several isotopic variants. A set of one‐electron properties including molecular moments, field gradients, forces, and densities is computed at each point on the potential surface, and then averaged over the zero‐point motion with a vibrational wavefunction which contains anharmonicity terms through the cubic constants. The vibrational corrections are typically about 1% of the equilibrium values, but are as large as 20% in cases such as the 17O quadrupole coupling constant along the C2 axis. The theoretical isotope shifts for the quadrupole moments of H2O and D2O are in good agreement with experiment. Predictions are made for isotope s...
Chronic kidney disease: Estimating GFR--the right equation for the right population.

A comparison by Selistre et al. of several creatinine-based equations commonly used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) shows that equations developed in adult populations result in substantial overestimation of GFR in adolescents and young adults. Equations developed in pediatric populations were found to have superior performance, but limitations remain for all estimates.
Absence of 2'-deoxy-GTP in adult brain tubulin.

Nerve growth factor can stimulate incorporation of 2′-deoxy-GTP into the non-exchangeable nucleotide sites in tubulin and cytoskeletal microtubules of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion neurons [J. M. Angelastro and D. L. Purich (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25685-25689]. We replaced and hydrolyzed exchangeable-site GTP and GDP in adult bovine brain tubulin by incubation with the non-hydrolyzable nucleotide analogue 5′-guanylyl-methylenediphosphonate and alkaline phosphatase, thereby allowing us to analyze the non-exchangeable guanine nucleotides for GTP and dGTP. HPLC analysis reveals no evidence of dGTP in adult tubulin. suggesting further that the appearance of dGTP in tubulin and microtubules may be a characteristic of recently dividing neurons in response to nerve growth factor.
High-frequency surface-displacement detection using an STM as a mixer-demodulator

Abstract We have demonstrated that a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tunnel junction acts as a nonlinear signal mixer that can be used to detect dynamic surface motion. The STM probe can be used for measurement of high-frequency surface displacement in applications where better lateral resolution is needed than optical probes can achieve, e.g., in the characterization of surface-acoustic-wave devices. The STM was operated in constant-average-current mode with constant tip-sample voltage. An amplitude-modulated (AM) ultrasonic wave with a carrier frequency of 10 MHz in an X-cut quartz transducer was used to demonstrate the effect and to determine the physics of signal production. The AM frequencies (ω) were higher than the frequency response of the STM feedback circuit but within the passband of the tunneling-current amplifier. The nonlinear current-displacement characteristic of the junction acts as a mixer and the detection electronics act as a demodulator in this case. A lock-in amplifier was used to measure the demodulated displacement signals at both ω and 2ω as a function of modulation factor. The results are in good agreement with a model of the STM mixing process.
Algorithm for a novel fiber optic weigh-in-motion sensor system

Over the past decade, the demand from both government and private industry for small, lightweight, vehicle weight-in-motion (WIM) systems has grown substantially. During the 1980s, several techniques for weighing vehicles in motion were developed that include piezoelectric cables, capacitive mats, and hydraulic and bending-plate load cells. These different systems have advantages and disadvantages that trade off between accuracy, physical size, and system complexity. The smaller portable systems demonstrate medium to poor accuracy and repeatability while the larger more accurate systems are nonportable. A small, lightweight, and portable WIM system based on a fiber-optic pressure transducer has been developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to meet the demands of government and industry. The algorithm for extracting vehicle weight from the time-dependent sensor response is developed and presented in this report, along with data collected by the system for several classes of vehicles. These results show that the ORNL fiber-optic WIM system is a viable alternative to other commercial systems that are currently available.
The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America

In this book, Mark Neely Jr provides for the general reader a compact biography of Abraham Lincoln based on new scholarship. Neely, a Pulitzer prize-winning historian, aims to recapture the central place of politics in Lincoln's life. Although he ultimately married and became a successful and prosperous lawyer, Lincoln chose a political career, and throughout his life, politics remained his first love. Yet in Neely's depiction of Lincoln, power was never sought for its own sake. Having triumphed over the hardscrabble circumstances of his youth in Kentucky and Indiana, Lincoln, early in his political career, tied his ambition to the search for solutions to the economic underdevelopment of the American West. And in the last 11 years of his life, Lincoln's political ambitions became yoked to a fierce nationalism and a keen moral purpose - the preservation of the Union and the demise of slavery. Lincoln could not remember a time when he did not hate slavery, or revere the federal system. He made his position clear in the decade leading up to his presidential election campaign, and a civil war erupted. Through Neely's eyes the reader sees the growth of this president's advanced ideas about military strategy, despite their price in blood; his husbanding of the resources of the home front, regardless of its cost in national treasure; and his complex defense of the Constitution, notwithstanding a momentary loss of civil liberties. The reader also sees Lincoln's dedication to the Emancipation Proclamation, while the fate of the republic and the future of four million black Americans hung in the balance.
Cytoskeletal organization affects cellular responses to cytochalasins: comparison of a normal line and its transformant.

Abstract The relationships between cytoskeletal network organization and cellular response to cytochalasin D (CD) in a normal rat fibroblast cell line (Hmf-n) and its spontaneous transformant (tHmf-e), with markedly different cytoskeletal phenotypes, were compared (using immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and DNAse I assay for actin content). Hmf-n have prominent, polar stress fiber (SF) arrays terminating in vinculin adhesion plaques whereas tHmf-e, which are apolar, epithelioid cells with dense plasma membrane-associated actin networks, lack SF and adhesion plaques. Hmf-n exposed to CD become markedly retracted and dendritic, SF-derived actin aggregates form large endoplasmic masses, and discrete tabular aggregates at the distal ends of retraction processes. Prolonged exposure leads to recession of process, cellular rounding, and development of large cystic vacuoles. tHmf-e cells exposed to similar doses of CD display a diagnostically different response; retraction is less drastic, cells retain broad processes containing scattered actin aggregates in discrete foci often associated with plasma membrane, large tabular aggregates are never found and processes persist throughout long exposure, vacuolation is uncommon. The CD-induced microfilamentous aggregates in Hmf-n are composed of short, kinky filament fragments forming a felt-like skein, often aggregates contain a more ordered array of roughly parallel fragments, while those of tHmf-e are very short, kinky, randomly orientated filaments imparting a distinctly granular nature to the mass. Total actin content and the amount of actin associated with detergent-resistant cytoskeletons increase following CD exposure in both cell types. Throughout exposure to CD, the actin-associated contractile proteins tropomyosin, myosin, and α-actinin co-localize within the actin aggregates in both cell types. Fodrin, the protein linking cortical actin to membrane, co-localizes with actin aggregates in tHmf-e cells and most, but not all, such aggregates in Hmf-n cells, consistent with their stress fiber derivation. Vinculin is lost from the tabular aggregates at the distal ends of retraction processes in Hmf-n cells concomitant with the fragmentation and contraction of SF. The aborized processes in both cells types contain strikingly similar axial cores of bundled vimentin filaments associated with passively compressed microtubules. The characteristic CD-induced distribution of actin filament aggregates and redistribution of vimentin in these cell types also occur when cells are allowed to respread from the rounded state in the presence of CD.
BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS IN RELATION TO TRACHOMA: ITS RECOVERY FROM EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MONKEYS AND FROM HUMAN TRACHOMA.

One of the strains of Bacterium granulosis isolated by Noguchi in 1926 has been maintained in culture and in monkeys and continues to be capable, after 3 years, of inducing a chronic granular conjunctivitis in monkeys. Cultures of this strain have been recovered from the monkey lesions as late as 3 years after inoculation and have been shown to reproduce the granular disease in monkeys. Six additional strains of Bacterium granulosis have been isolated from cases of trachoma occurring in the Indian schools of Arizona. The cultures thus obtained are identical morphologically and culturally with those isolated by Noguchi and have induced the same chronic granular conjunctivitis in monkeys. Advanced untreated cases are more favorable for cultural study than treated cases. Cultures of Bacterium granulosis kept on semisolid medium containing 10 per cent rabbit serum ("leptospira medium") remain viable for many months at room temperature, and sealed ampoules of such cultures have been found to retain their pathogenicity for the monkey conjunctiva for at least 69 days at room temperature and at least 284 days at 4° to 6°C. Several additional cultural and biological characteristics of Bacterium granulosis have been described. Of outstanding importance is the fact that cocaine, in contradistinction to novocain, has a bactericidal effect on the organism. This fact, in view of the common use of cocaine for anesthesia, may explain the negative results of cultivation experiments reported by some workers.
Analysis of a Core Domain in Drosophila DNA Topoisomerase II TARGETING OF AN ANTITUMOR AGENT ICRF-159

Abstract To investigate the biochemical properties of individual domains of eukaryotic topoisomerase (topo) II, two truncation mutants of Drosophila topo II were generated, ND406 and core domain. Both mutants lack the ATPase domain, corresponding to the N-terminal 406 amino acid residues inDrosophila protein. The core domain also lacks 240 amino acid residues of the hydrophilic C-terminal region. The mutant proteins have lost DNA strand passage activity while retaining the ability to cleave the DNA and the sequence preference in protein/DNA interaction. The cleavage experiments carried out in the presence of several topo II poisons suggest that the core domain is the key target for these drugs. We have used glass-fiber filter binding assay and CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation to monitor the formation of a salt-stable, protein-clamp complex. Both truncation mutant proteins can form a clamp complex in the presence of an antitumor agent, ICRF-159, suggesting that the drug targets the core domain of the enzyme and promotes the intradimeric closure at the N-terminal interface of the core domain. Furthermore, the salt stability of the closed protein clamp induced by ICRF-159 depends on the presence and closure of the N-terminal ATPase domain.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data for a tetragonal form of yeast enolase.

Abstract Yeast enolase (2-phospho- d -glycerate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.11) has been crystallized by vapor diffusion and equilibrium dialysis of solutions of ammonium sulfate. The crystals with the dimer have 2-fold axial symmetry and appear to be suitable for high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis. Our potential heavy-atom derivative of the native crystals has been prepared.
1993 Whitaker lecture: Biorheology in thrombosis research

A review is presented on biorheological studies of platelet activation and platelet-platelet binding events that play key roles in thrombosis and hemostasis. Rheological methods have been used by a number of workers to establish the importance of fluid mechanical shear stress as a determinate of platelet reactions. Fluid mechanical shear stress can be regarded as a platelet agonist that is always present in the circulation and that is synergistic in its actions with other agonists. Early biorheological studies were phenomenological in that they focused on stress effects on measures of platelet function. Subsequent studies have elucidated mechanisms and have shown that the biochemical pathways of platelet activation are very different at elevated shear stresses than in the low shear stress environment used in many platelet activation studies. This finding that biochemical pathways of platelet activations are different at different shear stress levels suggests that it may be possible to develop platelet inhibitors of highly specific action: it may be possible to inhibit pathways important in thrombosis in a partially occluded artery without seriously compromising the normal hemostatic function of platelets. Another aspect of the work suggests that the biorheological approach may make it possible to develop better methods for prediction of thrombotic tendencies in human subjects.
European spatial planning reloaded: Considering EU enlargement in theory and practice

Abstract The territorial expansion of the European Union (EU) to the new central and eastern European member states raises difficult challenges for European spatial planning. In almost the same manner as structural policy, the conceptual side of European spatial planning has to acknowledge that with enlargement a quantum leap regarding its politics and policy is about to occur. While reflecting on discussions about EU's regional policy and spatial planning on the European level, and sketching a theoretical background, this paper proposes a new way of conceptualizing European spatial planning, taking central and eastern European spatial planning—perhaps as a new epistemic community—into consideration.
Characterization of Glucose Response Curves after Insulin Injection in Sensitive versus Insensitive Mares

Abstract The glucose responses to intravenous injections of a range of doses of recombinant human insulin were determined for six mares known to be insulin sensitive and six mares known to be insulin insensitive, with the goal of better characterizing the regression lines resulting from the two categories of mares. Insulin doses between 8 and 198 mU of insulin per kg of body weight (mU/kg BW) were administered intravenously between September 13 and 26, 2010, starting with 50 mU/kg BW on the first day. Higher and lower doses were administered on alternate days to obtain percentages of decreases in blood glucose concentrations between 10% and 70%. Linear regression analysis revealed that insulin-insensitive mares have glucose response curves with higher y intercepts ( P = .066), less steep slopes ( P = .0003), and less goodness of fit ( P = .053) in addition to the expected greater dose required to produce a 50% reduction in blood glucose concentrations (ED50; P = .006), despite the similarities between their body weights and those of insulin-sensitive mares. Linear and nonlinear regression of responses to the 32, 50, and 79 mU/kg BW insulin doses with the overall estimates of ED50 and the natural log of ED50 indicated that the 50 mU/kg BW dose had the greatest coefficient of determination (>0.95). Generally, it appears that estimates of insulin sensitivity based on a single injection of insulin or on multiple injections of insulin are least variable for insulin-sensitive mares.
Reducing Health Risks and Psychological Distress Among Older Black Residents of Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities

Abstract Studies indicate that living alone, or living in anonymous housing complexes-such as Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs)-can produce feelings of isolation and loneliness, which can negatively affect psychological well-being and physical health. Little is known about how NORCs, occupied by relatively poor older minorities may provide a context for low-cost interventions directed at enhancing well-being and therefore health. Given that traditional health education interventions have been ineffective among minority seniors, the goal of this study is to introduce a low-cost, on-site psycho-educational health intervention program to older NORC residents, that includes: (1) a formal health education component to encourage good health (health behavior), and (2) an informal recreational component focusing on peoples' psychological well-being (social facilitation). The research question is: “Would social facilitation improve psychological well-being and health?” Forty-five aging Black resid...
Dissolution of fluoride complexes following microwave-assisted hydrofluoric acid digestion of marine sediments

Abstract Microwave-assisted, hydrofluoric acid digestion is an increasingly common tool for the preparation of marine sediment samples for analysis by a variety of spectrometric techniques. Here we report that analysis of terrigenous-dominated sediment samples occasionally results in anomalously low values for several elements, including Al, Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr. Measured concentrations of these elements increased with time between sample preparation and sample analysis, reaching stable values after 8–29 days. This lag is explained by the formation and subsequent dissolution of poorly soluble fluoride phases during digestion. Other elements, such as Fe, Mn, and Ti, showed little or no lag and were quickly measurable at a stable value. Full re-dissolution of the least soluble fluorides, which incorporate Al and Mg, requires up to four weeks at room temperature, and this duration can vary among sedimentary matrices. This waiting time can be reduced to 6 days (or shorter) if the samples are heated to ∼60 °C for 24 h.
Increasing Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among United States Adolescents, 1988-1994 to 2007-2010

Objective To assess recent trends in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence among US adolescents. Study design Cross-sectional data from 12 714 12-19 year olds (exclusions: chronic hepatitis, hepatotoxic medications) in the National Health and Examination Survey between 1988-1994 and 2007-2010 were used to estimate trends in suspected NAFLD, defined as overweight (body mass index ≥85th percentile) plus elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (boys >25.8 U/L; girls >22.1 U/L). Linear trends in prevalence and the independent effect of demographic indicators and adiposity on NAFLD risk were tested using regression models. Complex sampling methods and P values of Results Suspected NAFLD prevalence (SE) rose from 3.9% (0.5) in 1988-1994 to 10.7% (0.9) in 2007-2010 ( P P trend ≤.0006 for all). Among those obese, the multivariate adjusted odds of suspected NAFLD were higher with increased age, body mass index, Mexican American race, and male sex; the adjusted odds in 2007-2010 were 2.0 times those in 1988-1994. In 2007-2010, 48.1% (3.7) of all obese males and 56.0% (3.5) of obese Mexican American males had suspected NAFLD. Conclusion Prevalence of suspected NAFLD has more than doubled over the past 20 years and currently affects nearly 11% of adolescents and one-half of obese males. The rapid increase among those obese, independent of body mass index, suggests that other modifiable risk factors have influenced this trend.
A diverse strategy method of minimization

Abstract We break the problem of finding the minimum of a function down according to the type of surface encountered locally. Based on this surface classification we adopt that minimization strategy which ought to be most effective. We give a modified version of Krylov's eigenvector method, with a starting vector derived by a theorem of Lagrange and Beltrami. A convenient lower bound on the condition number of a positive definite matrix is obtained. We give a number of numerical examples of our procedure. The methods presented depend on the availability of analytic expressions for the first and second derivatives.
Alternative splicing of human NT5E in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma produces a negative regulator of ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73)

Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73), encoded by NT5E, is the major enzymatic source of extracellular adenosine. CD73 controls numerous pathophysiological responses and is a potential disease target, but its regulation is poorly understood. We examined NT5E regulation by alternative splicing. Genomic database analysis of human transcripts led us to identify NT5E-2, a novel splice variant that was expressed at low abundance in normal human tissues but was significantly up-regulated in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NT5E-2 encodes a shorter CD73 isoform we named CD73S. The presence of CD73S protein, which lacks 50 amino acids, was detected in HCC using an isoform-specific antibody. A noncanonical mouse mRNA, similar to human CD73S, was observed, but the corresponding protein was undetectable. The two human isoforms exhibited functional differences, such that ectopic expression of canonical CD73 (CD73L) in human HepG2 cells was associated with decreased expression of the proliferation marker Ki67, whereas CD73S expression did not have an effect on Ki67 expression. CD73S was glycosylated, catalytically inactive, unable to dimerize, and complexed intracellularly with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin. Furthermore, CD73S complexed with CD73L and promoted proteasome-dependent CD73L degradation. The findings reveal species-specific CD73 regulation, with potential significance to cancer, fibrosis, and other diseases characterized by changes in CD73 expression and function.
Nondisulfide covalent cross-linking of myosin heavy chain in "setting" of Alaska pollock and Atlantic croaker surimi

ABSTRACTMyosin heavy chain (MHC) content of cooked gels of pollock and croaker surimi decreased during preincubation (“setting”) at temperatures ranging from 4–50C. Decreases in MHC content were attributed to either nondisulfide covalent cross-linking or proteolysis. Depending upon which process dominated at a given temperature, formation of stronger or weaker gels occurred, respectively. Maximum production of cross-linked polymers occurred at the optimum setting temperatures, i.e., at 25C for pollock surimi and 40C for croaker surimi. Subsequent cooking of these set gels at 90C decreased the amount of cross-linked polymers formed at the optimum setting temperature. Addition of free lysine-HCl inhibited formation of cross-linked polymers of MHC during setting and the increase in cooked gel strength for both species. This supports published evidence that cross-linking of MHC during setting may be of the e-amino-(γ-glutamyl) lysine I type, mediated by a transglutaminase enzyme.
Novel fluorescent cationic phospholipid, O-4-napthylimido-1-butyl-DOPC, exhibits unusual foam morphology, forms hexagonal and cubic phases in mixtures, and transfects DNA

The novel cationic triester of phosphatidylcholine, O-4-napthylimido-1-butyl-dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (NB-DOPC), has been synthesized: 1-amino-4-butanol was reacted with napthylic anhydride to form 4-hydroxybutyl-1-napthylamide, which was then reacted with triflic anhydride; the resultant triflate was reacted with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine so as to transfer the napthylimido-butyl group to the unsubstituted phosphate oxygen. The resultant compound is thus not only positively charged, but also has a bulky hydrophobic moiety attached to the headgroup. This novel cationic phospholipid exhibits a peculiar long-living foam-like morphology upon hydration, which could have applications in encapsulation and delivery. It is characterized by high adhesiveness to hydrophobic surfaces. X-ray diffraction showed that it forms a lamellar structure of rather short repeat period, indicative of an unusually small interlamellar separation and low hydration level. It readily incorporates DNA and organizes into lamellar lipoplexes. These DNA-lipid complexes effectively transfect DNA into cells. In an equimolar mixture of this lipid with the anionic dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol lamellar arrays coexist with disordered uncorrelated structures, however, these transform into a bicontinuous cubic phase, Pn3m, upon addition of DNA. When mixed with another anionic lipid, cardiolipin, at a NB-DOPC/ cardiolipin 2:1 molar ratio, it forms the inverted hexagonal phase which is of potential interest for nanotechnology applications.
A closer look at the role of spirituality in psychology training programs.

Should psychology training programs take steps to incorporate content related to spiritual and religious diversity in their curriculum? This article provides a critical discussion of research demonstrating minimal integration of spiritual and religious issues in psychology training, supervision, and course work. Unique aspects of training related to spiritual diversity and interventions across various subdisciplines in psychology are highlighted. Suggestions for integrating spiritual and religious diversity into psychology training are presented. For the benefit of students, clients, and their communities, psychologists are encouraged to obtain specialized training to enhance their spiritual and religious competency.
Long-term outcomes of thoracoscopic lobectomy.

Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with superior outcomes, as measured by many important quality of life variables, as opposed to thoracotomy by lobectomy. Despite these proved advantages, concern has existed regarding the long-term outcomes of thoracoscopic lobectomy, which has limited its use. Review of the available literature suggests that the long-term outcomes of thoracoscopic lobectomy are at least equivalent to, and may be superior to, conventional approaches.
Infrared Stokes imaging polarimeter using microbolometers

A long wave infrared (LWIR) division of amplitude imaging Stokes polarimeter is presented. For the first time, to our knowledge, application of microbolometer focal plane array (FPA) technology to polarimetry is demonstrated. The sensor utilizes a wire-grid beamsplitter with imaging systems positioned at each output to analyze two orthogonal linear polarization states simultaneously. Combined with a form birefringent wave plate, the system is capable of snapshot imaging polarimetry in any one Stokes parameter (S1, S2 or S3). Radiometric and polarimetric calibration procedures for the instrument are provided and data from the instrument are presented, demonstrating the ability to measure intensity variations corresponding to polarized emission in natural environments. As such, emission polarimetry can be exploited at significantly reduced cost, sensor size and power consumption over instruments based on more costly Mercury-Cadmium Telluride (MCT) FPA's.
Phylogeny and evolution of host-parasitoid interactions in hymenoptera.

▪ Abstract Recent studies of hymenopteran phylogeny using both comparative morphology and DNA sequence data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of that order. Resulting phylogenetic hypotheses make possible more rigorous investigations of the evolution of various biological life-styles, among them the parasitoid habit. This paper reviews the current findings from higher-taxon phylogenetic analyses of the order. A “consensus” phylogeny derived from these findings is used to trace the most likely evolutionary pathways leading to the current diversity of parasitoid habits. Taxa and biological phenomena for which our current understanding is fragmentary are highlighted. Based on current evidence, it appears that parasitism arose, from mycophagous ancestors, a single time within the order. Many subsequent elaborations of the parasitic mode of life (e.g. endoparasitism, secondary phytophagy, etc) apparently evolved independently more than once.
Impacts of silvicultural thinning treatments on beetle trap captures and tree attacks during low bark beetle populations in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona.

ABSTRACT Our research used a combination of passive traps, funnel traps with lures, baited trees, and surveys of long-term thinning plots to assess the impacts of different levels of stand basal area (BA) on bark beetle tree attack and on trap captures of Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., and their predators. The study occurred at two sites in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests, from 2004 to 2007 during low bark beetle populations. Residual stand BA ranged from 9.0 to 37.0 m2/ha. More predators and bark beetles were collected in passive traps in stands of lower BA than in stands of higher BA; however, significance varied by species and site, and total number of beetles collected was low. Height of the clear panel passive traps affected trap catches for some species at some sites and years. When pheromone lures were used with funnel traps [Ips pini (Say) lure: lanierone, +03/-97 ipsdienol], we found no significant difference in trap catches among basal area treatments for bark beetles and ...
Bandwidth Efficient All-reduce Operation on Tree Topologies

We consider efficient implementations of the all-reduce operation with large data sizes on tree topologies. We prove a tight lower bound of the amount of data that must be transmitted to carry out the all-reduce operation and use it to derive the lower bound for the communication time of this operation. We develop a topology specific algorithm that is bandwidth efficient in that (1) the amount of data sent/received by each process is minimum for this operation; and (2) the communications do not incur network contention on the tree topology. With the proposed algorithm, the all-reduce operation can be realized on the tree topology as efficiently as on any other topology when the data size is sufficiently large. The proposed algorithm can be applied to several contemporary cluster environments, including high-end clusters of workstations with SMP and/or multi-core nodes and low-end Ethernet switched clusters. We evaluate the algorithm on various clusters of workstations, including a Myrinet cluster with dual-processor SMP nodes, an InfiniBand cluster with two dual-core processors SMP nodes, and an Ethernet switched cluster with single processor nodes. The results show that the routines implemented based on the proposed algorithm significantly outperform the native MPI_Allreduce and other recently developed algorithms for high-end SMP clusters when the data size is sufficiently large.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Transplantation is the only known cure for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). While some comparative analyses have demonstrated early transplantation to be the preferred strategy for all MDS patients, many of these analyses are biased. Using newly identified prognostic factors and models, a rational approach to transplantation can be undertaken. Factors such as transfusion dependency, cytogenetics, medical comorbidity, and World Health Organization (WHO) histologic subtype should all be considered when deciding on the role of transplantation for the MDS patient. Unresolved issues in transplantation include the impact of pre-transplant tumor debulking with traditional chemotherapeutic agents or the new DNA hypomethylating agents, and the optimal timing of reduced-intensity conditioning transplantation for older patients or for those with medical comorbidities.
John Chrysostom on Philemon: A Response To Margaret M. Mitchell

I thank Margaret M. Mitchell for her thoughtful criticisms of my article on the interpretation of Paul's Epistle to Philemon. She has pointed out certain limitations of my arguments, both on the culpability of John Chrysostom as the earliest disseminator of the familiar interpretation that Onesimus is a slave and runaway, against which I have inveighed, and also in other areas where, in her parlance, my constructive arguments seem vulnerable. I am gratified that my admittedly unconventional reading has been engaged seriously and thoughtfully by a colleague well versed in both the Pauline corpus and patristic exegesis.
Semantic Reasoning for Adaptive Management of Telecommunications Networks

Semantics can provide the basis for problem solving in a setting such as telecommunications network management, which maintains multiple simultaneous ontologies for the same set of entities. To avoid overbuilding and to improve quality, network operators desire both a close match between application requirements and allocated resources as well as the capability to perform modifications at will. This paper presents a concept for solving the relevant problem of network resource allocation through semantic reasoning techniques and identifies three specific domains for development of common ontologies
Effect of twist on flow and patency of vein grafts

This article examines the effect of twist on flow through reversed vein segments in vitro and its effect on graft patency in vivo. Excised canine superficial femoral veins were perfused in vitro with normal saline solution or canine blood. Perfusion was carried out at five pressures and against three outflow resistances. Increasing increments of twist were applied to the outflow end of the vein. Flow was measured at each level of twist. With both saline solution and blood, flow was unaltered until twist reached 140 to 180 degrees. Flow then decreased sharply, stopping completely at 175 to 200 degrees of twist. In vivo experiments were then performed in 13 dogs. Reversed superficial femoral veins were used as end-to-end grafts to bypass the iliac arteries. Each graft was deliberately twisted 0, 45, 90, 135, or 200 degrees. All grafts were harvested 6 months after surgery. Eighteen of 20 grafts twisted 135 degrees or less remained patent. However, all five grafts twisted 200 degrees were thrombosed within 4 hours of surgery (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that in patients a slight amount of graft twist probably does not reduce flow; however, more than 135 degrees of twist will greatly reduce flow, leading to early graft thrombosis.
Behavioral definition of minimal reaction time in monkeys.

Two monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to press a key after onset of a tone and to release it after a 1-sec fixed foreperiod terminated by a light. The effects of imposing temporal contingencies on key release reaction times were determined by reinforcing only those releases whose latencies from the light fell within a “payoff band”, two time limits 50 msec apart located at some delay following the light. Over several days this delay was first gradually decreased, shortening the interval between light and payoff band, and then gradually increased again. For each delay, the median reaction time and a measure of variability were obtained from the latency distribution. For both animals, median latency could be decreased to 180 msec with the variability remaining small. Moving the payoff band still closer to the light resulted in further decrease in median latency but an abrupt increase in variability. This is in agreement with a model for simple reaction time derived from human research which suggests that this increased variability results from the inclusion of high-variability foreperiod time estimations in the latency distribution. These results indicate that interpretation of monkey response latencies as “minimal reaction times” requires examination of temporal reinforcement contingencies and variability of latencies.
Differential growth and residual stress in cylindrical elastic structures

Cylindrical forms are among one of Nature’s fundamental building blocks. They serve many different purposes, from sustaining body weight to carrying flows. Their mechanical properties are generated through the often complex arrangements of the walls. In particular, in many structures that have elastic responses, such as stems and arteries, the walls are in a state of tension generated by differential growth. Here, the effect of differential growth and residual stress on the overall mechanical response of the cylindrical structure is studied within the framework of morpho-elasticity.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over early transition metal carbides and nitrides: CO activation and chain growth

Abstract A series of transition metal carbide and nitride catalysts (Mo2C, Mo2N, W2C, W2N, VC, VN, NbC, and NbN) were prepared and evaluated for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The activity trend was Mo2C ∼ W2C ∼ VN ∼ NbN > Mo2N ∼ W2N ≫ VC ∼ NbC, with carbides and nitrides of the same parent metal exhibiting significantly different turnover frequencies (TOF). For example, the Mo2C catalyst exhibited a TOF of 0.36 s−1 at 300 °C whereas the TOF for the Mo2N catalyst was 0.04 s−1. The carbides and nitrides favored light hydrocarbons (C1–C4) exhibiting α values between 0.31 and 0.43 at 290 °C, and were active for the water–gas shift reaction. Results from temperature programmed desorption and reaction indicated that both the Mo2N and Mo2C catalysts are capable of direct (without H2 assistance) CO dissociation; however, the activation barrier is much higher over Mo2N than Mo2C. The results also indicate that C–C coupling over the Mo2C surface was facilitated by molecularly adsorbed CO (without H2 pre-adsorption), suggesting the primary pathway to C2+ hydrocarbons was through the oxygenate mechanism.
Mu- vs. delta-opioid influence on respiratory and sleep behavior during development

The role of mu- vs. delta-opioid receptors in modulating cardiorespiratory and sleep/wake behavior was studied in sixteen 4- to 11-, and 26- to 33-day-old chronically instrumented piglets. Each underwent 1.5-h recordings of sleep/wake state, diaphragmatic and posterior cricoarytenoid electromyogram (EMGdi, EMGpca), heart rate, and arterial pressure, pH, and gas tensions, before and after either naltrexone (2 mg/kg i.v.), a predominantly mu antagonist, or naltrindole (4 mg/kg i.v.), a specific delta antagonist. In younger piglets, 1) naltrindole, but not naltrexone, decreased percent of time spent in active and quite sleep and increased that in wakefulness, and 2) naltrexone, but not naltrindole, increased respiratory frequency, decreased the duration of EMGdi and EMGpca activity, and increased initial summed EMGdi activity, all independently of state. Older piglets exhibited 1) increased arousal with both drugs and 2) weaker stimulation of respiratory timing and no stimulation of EMGdi or EMGpca with naltrexone and enhanced EMGpca activity with naltrindole during transitional sleep only. Thus, in early neonatal life, delta-opioid systems modulate sleep/wake behavior, whereas mu systems modulate respiration. With age, these influences change and become less specific.
Why brachytherapy boost is the treatment of choice for most women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma

The standard treatment approach for women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma is definitive radiation treatment with concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy. Radiation treatment is typically external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis followed by intracavitary brachytherapy (BT) boost to the cervix. Numerous studies confirmed very successful outcomes with this approach. In recent years, however, the use of BT to boost the cervix in women with cervical carcinoma was reported to be on the decline. With the advent of advanced external beam radiation therapy techniques, few attempts have been made to substitute the BT boost with stereotactic body radiation therapy or intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques, but there is a lack of prospective data to justify the routine use of these alternate boost techniques. The aim of this review is to highlight the differences between the use of stereotactic body radiation therapy or intensity-modulated radiation therapy, in lieu of intracavitary BT boost in women with locally advanced cervical cancer, and to argue that BT seems to be truly irreplaceable at the present time and with the knowledge and expertise accumulated to date.
Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures in Cattle

Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures are usually amenable to external coaptation using a short or full limb polyurethane resinimpregnated knitted fiberglass fabric cast. The prognosis for longterm pain-free survival is excellent for closed fractures and fair to good for open fractures managed in the manner. Surviving animals generally are not lame and do not demonstrate significant limb deformity or limb shortening and generally become completely productive. Even considering the narrow profit margin involved when treating cattle with serious injuries, this method of fracture management is usually economically and technically feasible.