cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lignin-degrading enzymes

of the first lignin-degrading enzymes and elucidation of their mode of action. A family of powerful extracellular peroxidase isoenzymes has been the focus of most investigations. The key catalytic reaction of these glycoproteins, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, is one-electron oxidation of aromatic nuclei, generating unstable aryl cation radicals. These decompose via a number of reactions, which have been elucidated with dimeric model compounds for lignin. The involvement of carboncentred and peroxyl free-radical intermediates has been established. The peroxyl intermediates result from the addition of molecular oxygen to the C-centred radicals. Strong evidence for a classical peroxidase-type catalytic cycle of the ligninases has been obtained. The major research need is to identify the full complement of enzymes needed to degrade lignin to small fragments; this degradation is not accomplished by the isolated ligninases or by the crude extracellular mixture of enzymes secreted by cultures as they degrade lignin.
Rhetorical education through writing instruction across cultures: A comparative analysis of select online instructional materials on argumentative writing

Abstract Recent studies on Chinese–English contrastive rhetoric have argued that there is actually little to contrast and the traditional qi (beginning), cheng (transition), zhuan (turning), he (synthesis) structure has little influence on contemporary Chinese writing. A comparative analysis of select online instructional materials on argumentative writing for American and Mainland Chinese school writers reveals that although the two groups agree on the purpose, tripartite structure, and the use of formal logic, they differ in the discussion of some fundamentals for argumentative writing. Specifically, the American group considers anticipating the opposition a must while the Chinese group demonstrates epistemological and dialogical emphases and highlights the need to use analogies. The importance of analogies and epistemological and dialogical emphases can be traced to ancient Chinese rhetorical theories. This paper argues that the findings may help us to understand the assumptions and beliefs that underlie rhetorical conventions or textual features. Further comparative research on Mainland Chinese and American pedagogical materials on argumentative writing is suggested.
Pufferfish: A framework for mathematical privacy definitions

In this article, we introduce a new and general privacy framework called Pufferfish. The Pufferfish framework can be used to create new privacy definitions that are customized to the needs of a given application. The goal of Pufferfish is to allow experts in an application domain, who frequently do not have expertise in privacy, to develop rigorous privacy definitions for their data sharing needs. In addition to this, the Pufferfish framework can also be used to study existing privacy definitions. We illustrate the benefits with several applications of this privacy framework: we use it to analyze differential privacy and formalize a connection to attackers who believe that the data records are independent; we use it to create a privacy definition called hedging privacy, which can be used to rule out attackers whose prior beliefs are inconsistent with the data; we use the framework to define and study the notion of composition in a broader context than before; we show how to apply the framework to protect unbounded continuous attributes and aggregate information; and we show how to use the framework to rigorously account for prior data releases.
A Borderland Mission: The Russian Orthodox Church in the Black Sea Region

Turning to the Russian Empire’s southern borders, Mara Kozelsky assesses Orthodox missions in the provinces of “New Russia” on the northern coast of the Black Sea with a focus on the work of Archbishop Innokentii (Borisov) in the mid-nineteenth century and his attempts to strengthen Orthodoxy in this ethnically and confessionally diverse region. Kozelsky argues that Orthodox leaders saw the Orthodox faith, rather than language or culture, as the key to assimilation into the empire, but that they respected the juridical stature of Muslims and various Protestant groups and worked around rights given to Catholics after the 1847 concordat with Rome. Some success came of Innokenty’s efforts among the Russian sectarians and Old Believers, but mission work among the Crimean Tatars and Protestant colonists were largely fruitless. In the end, “Christianizing” the region came not so much from individual conversions as from reconstructing the region’s Christian past and promoting large public celebrations that drew upon centuries of Byzantine history and the Christian past of the region to promote a Christian identity for the region.
Trial burns: Methods perspective☆

Abstract This paper addresses the status and technology of several of the key stack sampling and analysis methods required for conducting a trial burn test of a hazardous waste incinerator. The methods upon which most of the discussion is focused are EPA Method 0010, EPA Method 0030, and the new Multiple Metals Train. These methods have been shown to be reliable when used by knowledgeable and experienced personnel. They are definitely more technically sophisticated, and the equipment requires more skill and care than the simpler devices employed in the early days of emission testing. The state of the art is continuing to change rapidly, and more detailed procedures are becoming available.
Cervicovaginal evaluation in macaques used as a model for topical microbicide safety studies

Introduction Macaques are a commonly used non-human primate (NHP) model to evaluate safety and efficacy of topically applied vaginal microbicides. Cervicovaginal evaluation for topical microbicide safety studies requires proper technique, equipment, supplies, and sequence of sample collection. Materials and methods Eleven rhesus macaques received a comprehensive sequential cervicovaginal examination under sedation before treatment and 24 hours post-instillation of test material. Examination was initiated with colposcopy, followed by diagnostics including vaginal culture, pH determination, cervicovaginal lavage, and cervicovaginal biopsy. Results Overall, the methods performed yielded samples that were appropriate for diagnostic evaluation and interpretation, and the macaques experienced minimal discomfort and complications. Discussion This paper provides a descriptive summary of compiled techniques required to conduct a safety evaluation for topically applied vaginal microbicides. This novel method-based approach should be methodically executed when evaluating a vaginally-applied, topical microbicide candidate.
Genetic relationships among three chlorophyll-deficient mutants in peanut, Arachis hypogaea L.

The genetic relationships of three chlorophyll-deficient mutant peanuts, lutescens (lu), aureus (au), and virescent (v) were studied under field and greenhouse conditions. The F1 plants from crosses between these mutants produced phenotypically normal green. In F2, aureus X virescent segregated 675 normal green : 225 virescent : 45 aureus : 15 virescent aureus : 64 seedling lethal, and lutescens X virescent segregated 45 normal green : 15 virescent : 3 lutescens : 1 seedling lethal. (Lutescens peanuts were seedling lethal in the field.) As previously reported, the F2 of aureus X lutescens gave 225 normal green : 15 aureus :15 lutescens : 1 seedling lethal. The three chlorophyll-deficient factors (au, lu, and v) show independent inheritance. The recessive combinations from the parental types between aureus and virescent and between aureus and lutescens would produce plants with a combination of their respective parental characteristics, but the recessive combination between lutescens and virescent was nearly albino. The v-au and lu-au seedlings have a longer life span than the v-lu seedling has. The genotypes for the three mutants are tentatively identified as lutescens VV Au 1 Au 1 Au 2 Au 2 lu 1 lu 1 lu 2 lu 2 L 1 L 1 L 2 L 2, aureus VV au1au1 au2au2 Lu1Lu1 Lu2Lu2 L1L1 l2l2, and virescent vv Au1Au1 Au2Au2 lu1lu1 Lu2Lu2 l1l1 L2L2.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with an Acute Hypertensive Crises

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder involving the systemic motor neurons, but autonomic nervous function is relatively well preserved. A few studies related to autonomic dysfunction have been reported, but autonomic dysfunction is rare in ALS. Moreover, dysautonomia symptoms are not prominent in patients with ALS. We present a 55-year-old male patient with ALS, who had acute severe hypertension and tachycardia crises, as well as sudden falls in his blood pressure. After he was diagnosed with ALS, he suddenly collapsed and was placed under mechanical ventilation. Several hypertensive attacks and dysautonomic signs then occurred. We successfully controlled the dysautonomia using diazepam and doxazocin mesylate, an alpha receptor antagonist.
In One Voice: Aspiring and Practicing School Leaders Embrace the Need for a More Integrated Approach to Leadership Preparation and Development

This article examines the views of graduate students who are aspiring or practicing school leaders and faculty from two university degree granting leadership preparation programs. Drawn from a larger mixed methods study, the authors focus here on survey results that show how these groups rated the effectiveness of 14 potential curricular dimensions drawn from traditional leadership content e.g., budget/finance, legal compliance and more recent contemporary additions to leadership curricula e.g., reflective practice, adult learning and development, social-emotional capacity. Both traditional and contemporary areas received high ratings for effectiveness and importance to professional growth and development. Implications of this research point to the joint importance and feasibility of a more integrated approach to leadership education that includes contemporary and traditional dimensions. These finding may have important implications for other settings as well.
Selective anodic oxidation of p-alkylaryl ethers—pathways and products

Abstract Controlled potential electrolysis, chemical synthesis, spectroscopy and physical measurements are used to study the electrolytic oxidation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and 2,5-dimethoxytoluene. Independent electro-oxidations of the intermediate, stable oxidized biphenyl compounds: 2,2′,5,5′-tetramethoxybiphenyl, 2,2′,5,5′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl, 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-p-benzoquinone and 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-p-benzoquinone are used to interpret the cyclic voltammetric responses of starting compounds. p-Dimethoxy compounds in wet acetonitrile give sequential steps involving isolatable dimers, biphenyls with a quinone ring attached to p-dimethoxybenzene moiety, and biphenylbiquinones. One new compound: 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-p-benzoquinone, was discovered and characterized. There is no evidence for formation of p-methoxyphenol, hydroquinone or benzoquinone during the electrochemical oxidation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene.
Dendritic cells and B cells maximize mucosal Th1 memory response to herpes simplex virus

Although the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and neutralizing antibodies for antiviral defense is well known, the antiviral mechanism of Th1 remains unclear. We show that Th1 cells mediate noncytolytic antiviral protection independent of direct lysis through local secretion of IFN-γ after herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 infection. IFN-γ acted on stromal cells, but not on hematopoietic cells, to prevent further viral replication and spread throughout the vaginal mucosa. Importantly, unlike other known Th1 defense mechanisms, this effector function did not require recognition of virally infected cells via MHC class II. Instead, recall Th1 response was elicited by MHC class II+ antigen-presenting cells at the site of infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) were not required and only partially sufficient to induce a recall response from memory Th1 cells. Importantly, DCs and B cells together contributed to restimulating memory CD4 T cells to secrete IFN-γ. In the absence of both DCs and B cells, immunized mice rapidly succumbed to HSV-2 infection and death. Thus, these results revealed a distinct mechanism by which memory Th1 cells mediate noncytolytic IFN-γ–dependent antiviral protection after recognition of processed viral antigens by local DCs and B cells.
Limitations of angiography for the assessment of renal artery stenosis and treatment implications

Renovascular hypertension due to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Percutaneous catheter-based renal artery revascularization has been increasingly utilized for the treatment of renal artery stenosis. Renal artery stenting has a high technical success rate, but the rate of improvement in hypertension is somewhat less than expected with this technique. Misinterpretation of angiographic images may play a role in these unfavorable clinical results. We present a case in which the diagnosis of severe renal artery stenosis was not apparent by angiography. Intravascular ultrasound and translesional pressure gradient measurements during arteriography can help to determine the precise severity of stenosis and may augment the clinical results of percutaneous renal artery stent placement. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Non-Verbal Technique for Assessing Frustration Response in Pre-School Children

Summary The present study represents a report of the initial development of a picture method for assessing response to frustration in preschool children. Study 1 (N = 91) included the initial development of the picture materials; it also produced some validational support for the picture method in the form of significant correlations between picture choices and extensive behavior observations. Study 2 (N = 49) was designed to be essentially a replication of Study 1. In addition, further validational support was sought through the correlation of picture choices with global teacher ratings of the behaviors of interest.
Lyme disease concurrent with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

On rapporte un malade presentant une infection par le HIV serologiquement confirmee et une maladie de Lyme avec des manifestations neurologiques traitables de la maladie de Lyme
Immunoelectron microscopic studies of Actinomyces viscosus.

Optimal conditions for labelling Actinomyces viscosus (T14V) in thin sections by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique are described. The influence of several fixatives on the degree of labelling of bacterial cells was tested in pure cultures and in dental plaques. Some pure cultures were also processed without prior fixation. The effect of different incubation conditions on the degree of labelling was evaluated in pure cultures. The optimal labelling conditions included fixation with paraformaldehyde (4%) plus glutaraldehyde (0.25%), incubation with highly diluted rabbit anti-T14V γglobulin for 24 hours at 4°C, followed by incubation with diluted sheep anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and subsequent histochemical visualization of the peroxidase. Optimal labelling conditions were used to check for cross-reactions between the anti-T14V γ-globulin and some common oral bacteria. The well-known cross-reaction with Actinomyces naeslundii was noted, as well as a slight cross-reaction with Bacterionema matruchotii. Optimal conditions were used for labelling sections of dental plaques. Wide variations were observed in the number of labelled cells. Cells labelled with anti-T14V γ-globulin were unlabelled when consecutive sections of these cells were treated with control normal rabbit serum γ-globulin or anti-Streptococcus mutansγglobulin. Cells labelled with anti T14V γglobulin tended to be cocco-bacillary in shape in the superficial layers of plaque. The deeper layers exhibited more filamentous forms. These observations are compatible with the known pleomorphism of A. viscosus in vitro.
Solubility of progesterone, testosterone, and cholesterol in supercritical fluids☆

One potentially used application of supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is isolating and separating pharmaceuticals such as steroids. Experimental solubility data were obtained for testosterone, progesterone, and cholesterol in supercritical CO2 with and without N2O cosolvent over a pressure rage of 80 to 250 atm at 308.15–333.15 K. The addition of 10% (volume) N2O into CO2 increased the solubilities of these compounds by as much as one order of magnitude with larger effects occurring at lower pressures. Ternary systems (progesterone + testosterone + CO2, progesterone + testosterone + CO2, and testosterone + cholesterol + CO2) were also investigated. The experimental data were correlated by using a modified Peng-Robinson equation-of-state with density-dependent binary mixing rules, treating steroid vapor pressures in the form of the Clapeyron equation as adjustable correlating parameters.
Aurora A Is Essential for Early Embryonic Development and Tumor Suppression

Aurora A is a serine/threonine kinase that functions in various stages of mitosis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that gene amplification and overexpression of Aurora A are linked to tumorigenesis, suggesting that Aurora A is an oncogene. In addition, Aurora A overexpression has been used as a negative prognostic marker, because it is associated with resistance to anti-mitotic agents commonly used for cancer therapy. To understand the physiological functions of Aurora A, we generated Aurora A knock-out mice. Aurora A null mice die early during embryonic development before the 16-cell stage. These Aurora A null embryos have defects in mitosis, particularly in spindle assembly, supporting critical functions of Aurora A during mitotic transitions. Interestingly, Aurora A heterozygosity results in a significantly increased tumor incidence in mice, suggesting that Aurora A may also act as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Consistently, Aurora A heterozygous mouse embryonic fibroblasts have higher rates of aneuploidy. We further discovered that VX-680, an Aurora kinase inhibitor currently in phase II clinical trials for cancer treatment, could induce aneuploidy in wild type mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We conclude that a balanced Aurora A level is critical for maintaining genomic stability and one needs to be fully aware of the potential side effects of anti-cancer therapy based on the use of Aurora A-specific inhibitors.
Nematode phospholipid metabolism: an example of closing the genome-structure-function circle.

Parasitic nematodes that infect humans, animals, and plants cause health problems, livestock and agricultural losses, and economic damage worldwide and are important targets for drug development. The growing availability of nematode genomes supports the discovery of new pathways that differ from host organisms and are a starting point for structural and functional studies of novel antiparasitic targets. As an example of how genome data, structural biology, and biochemistry integrate into a research cycle targeting parasites, we summarize the discovery of the phosphobase methylation pathway for phospholipid synthesis in nematodes and compare the phosphoethanolamine methyltransferases (PMTs) from nematodes, plants, and Plasmodium . Crystallographic and biochemical studies of the PMTs in this pathway provide a foundation that guides the next steps that close the genome–structure–function circle.
Unitary groups over semilocal domains. I

Abstract Let O be a semilocal domain that contains 2 as a unit. Let ∗ be an involution on O with the property that there exists a unit θ in O such that θ ∗ = −θ . In this paper, we study the structure of a lattice L with canonical splitting (see Section 2) over O and the generation theorems for the unitary group U(L) of the lattice and its commutator subgroup Ω(L) . First, we prove the Witt theorem, i.e., every isometry from an orthogonal component of L into L can be lifted up to L, listed as Theorem 3.7. Then, we determine all the invariant sublattices of L (see Theorem 3.9). Let E(L) be the subgroup of U(L) generated by pure unitary transvections and pure quasi-transvections. We show that Ω(L) = E(L) and U(L) is generated by E(L) and the semideletions PH(α) (Listed as Theorems 4.4 and 4.5).
pH Rate profiles of FnY356-R2s (n = 2, 3, 4) in Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase: evidence that Y356 is a redox-active amino acid along the radical propagation pathway.

The Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), composed of two subunits (R1 and R2), catalyzes the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides. Substrate reduction requires that a tyrosyl radical (Y122•) in R2 generate a transient cysteinyl radical (C439•) in R1 through a pathway thought to involve amino acid radical intermediates [Y122• → W48 → Y356 within R2 to Y731 → Y730 → C439 within R1]. To study this radical propagation process, we have synthesized R2 semisynthetically using intein technology and replaced Y356 with a variety of fluorinated tyrosine analogues (2,3-F2Y, 3,5-F2Y, 2,3,5-F3Y, 2,3,6-F3Y, and F4Y) that have been described and characterized in the accompanying paper. These fluorinated tyrosine derivatives have potentials that vary from −50 to +270 mV relative to tyrosine over the accessible pH range for RNR and pKas that range from 5.6 to 7.8. The pH rate profiles of deoxynucleotide production by these FnY356−R2s are reported. The results suggest that the rate-determining step can ...
The observation of various grain boundary atomic structures in Au by high-resolution electron microscopy

A number of grain boudary structures prepared from evaporated Au thin films have been investigated using very high-resolution electron microscopy. Particular emphasis has been placed on analyzing [110] tilt boundaries with both low- and high-angle misorientations. Observations of the atomic positions at dislocation cores and close-packed polyhedral shapes at the interface have been made. Symmetric boundaries have been observed as well as interfacial regions where the grain orientations deviate from perfect coincidence and hence the boundary structure exhibits perturbations to the regular polyhedron stacking. The special case of “plane coalescence” has also been observed, as well as the boundary splitting near a hole. The fabrication and observation of a generalized boundary, which cannot be classified as a tilt structure, will also be demonstrated.
Measuring alignment within relationships among socio-technical system components: a study of Wiki technology use

Wiki technology provides capabilities for collaborative knowledge management. Web 2.0 technologies such as wikis eliminate the boundaries of time and space, and support higher levels of social interaction. In order to achieve the highest return from information systems, organizations must match the capabilities of technology with their complex social environments. This research proposes examination of organizational information systems as socio-technical systems that involve interacting relationships among the main components of actors, structure, tasks and technology. Alignment within the relationships will facilitate increased system use; however, gaps in alignment may impede system use and result in poor performance or system failure. The pilot study presented here gives insight into how alignment can be measured by evaluating underlying factors affecting the relationships and subsequent system use.
General solution of one-dimensional, time dependent coupled heat flow systems

Abstract A new, powerful method of analysis, involving the combined use of finite integral transform and finite element techniques, is presented for the solution of time dependent heat flow systems composed of many one-dimensional elements connected through the nodes. This method leads to an eigenvalue problem which is not of the conventional Sturm-Liouville type. A procedure for the determination of the eigenvalues is described. The solution obtained is in the form of an infinite series and contains quasi-steady and transient terms. The general solution obtained can be applied in the mathematical modelling of many engineering applications such as the determination of the penetration of the daily temperature cycle into buildings, the analysis of heat transfer in array of extended surfaces in compact heat exchangers, and many others.
Sources of influence on rate of cognitive change over time in Swedish twins: an application of latent growth models.

The use of latent growth models to examine influence on individual differences on ability level versus rate of change were examined for measures of fluid ability, memory, and perceptual speed in a sample of twins from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Results indicated a larger amount of individual variation for average ability level (i.e., intercept) than rate of change (i.e., slope) for all three traits: Block Design, Thurstone's Picture Memory, and Symbol Digit. Generally, genetic influences were of greater importance to individual variation in ability level whereas variation for rate of change exhibited a larger environmental component. These findings support theories of increasing environmental influences with age. When genetic and environmental sources of covariation between educational attainment and pulmonary function with latent growth parameters were considered, the sources of covariation between the latent cognitive growth model parameters (i.e., intercept and slope) and both covariates were primarily genetic for ability level (intercepts) but environmental for rate of change (slopes). Such findings suggest that the forces important to timing or entry into cognitive decline may reflect stochastic processes or external environmental factors, primarily nonshared, that may differentially hasten cognitive decline in twins. These same forces may overlap with those that influence higher or lower educational attainment or those leading to better or worse pulmonary functioning.
Physician visits in a farming-dependent county.

: Physician visits in a farming-dependent county in the upper-Midwest were studied using a mail questionnaire. A 16 percent random sample of households yielded 426 surveys (60 percent response rate). The dependent variable was the natural log (plus one) of the number of times the respondent had seen a physician in the prior 12 months. Predisposing, enabling, and medical need variables were tested as potential predictors of medical care usage. Self-rated health status proved to be an important predictor, as was a history of hospitalization and being married. However, health insurance coverage and family income were not associated with increased physician visits. Implications for modifying the conceptual model employed to analyze medical care utilization in similar populations are discussed.
Cytokine mRNA expression in painful radiculopathy

Abstract Inflammatory cytokines contribute to lumbar radiculopathy. Regulation of cytokines for transient cervical injuries, with or without longer-lasting inflammation, remains to be defined. The C7 root in the rat underwent compression (10gf), chromic gut suture exposure (chr), or their combination (10gf+chr). Ipsilateral C7 spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were harvested at 1 hour after injury for real-time PCR analysis of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Cytokine mRNA increased after all 3 injuries. TNF-α mRNA in the DRG was significantly increased over sham after 10gf+chr ( P = .026). Spinal IL-1β was significantly increased over sham after 10gf and 10gf+chr ( P P P P Perspective Inflammatory cytokine mRNA in the DRG and spinal cord are defined after painful cervical nerve root injury. Studies describe a role for TNF-α in mediating behavioral sensitivity and inflammatory cytokines in transient painful radiculopathy. Results outline an early response of inflammatory cytokine upregulation in cervical pain.
MUC4 and ErbB2 Expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: Correlation with clinical outcomes

Objectives/Hypothesis: Expression of the membrane mucin MUC4 has been associated with a variety of malignancies, including squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. MUC4 modulates cell signaling pathways as an intramembrane ligand of ErbB2. The hypotheses of the study were that MUC4 expression would correlate with ErbB2 expression and that MUC4 expression would correlate with clinical outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Study Design: Retrospective chart review was combined with immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from patients treated with initial definitive surgical resection at an academic tertiary care medical center. Methods: MUC4 and ErbB2 receptor expression was localized by immunohistochemical studies using archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. A limited number of fresh-frozen tissues were further analyzed by Western blot. Clinical outcomes and histopathological parameters were determined by retrospective chart review and correlated with immunohistochemical findings. Results: One hundred fifty-four patients were analyzed with a median follow-up of 12 months among 54 patients who died and 49 months among 100 surviving patients. Membrane expression of MUC4 and ErbB2 was seen in 12% and 13% of tumors, respectively. MUC4 expression was not correlated with pathological grade. A significant correlation was found between MUC4 expression and ErbB2 expression. Multivariate survival analyses revealed that patients whose tumors exhibited MUC4 membrane expression had statistically significant improvement in survival and longer time to recurrence compared with patients whose tumors did not express MUC4 as defined by immunohistochemical staining patterns. No correlations between ErbB2 expression and survival or recurrence were observed. Conclusion: Patients with tumors that retain MUC4 expression exhibit improved survival and decreased recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Correlations between MUC4 expression patterns and ErbB2 expression are also observed, suggesting that MUC4-ErbB2 mediated cell signaling pathways may provide insights into this clinical result.
Owl pellets and head-mounted displays: a demonstration of visual interaction for children who communicate in a sign language

This demonstration will provoke discussion of the role of head mounted displays (HMD) in Deaf science education for children. The demonstration mimics the classroom laboratory experience of children who are Deaf or hard-of-hearing. When these children dissect an owl pellet, their teachers can not stand behind them and offer instruction over their shoulder while the students looks at the specimen. A teacher can sign for the student but this requires the student to switch visual attention back and forth between the specimen and the signing teacher. This can be difficult if the specimen is on a table and the teacher is standing nearby. HMDs allow students to put the signing teacher and the laboratory specimen in close visual proximity. Participants in our demonstration will be given an owl pellet study kit and no verbal instruction. Participants will be asked to use visual aids to identify bones in the pellet. Some participants will view the visual aids on a poster placed behind them. Others will view visual aids in an HMD.
Confidence in Chabacano: Counterbalance to a western ideology of language

This paper reflects a small set of problems drawn from a 1999 conference concerned with endangerment to Chabacano and held at the Ateneo de Zamboanga, which meetings the author was privileged to attend. Metalinguistic interest there included attention to the Zamboangueno lexicon with respect to origins and orthography. Interest was tilted to the Spanish component away from Philippine sources. Selected difficulties which result are discussed with respect to possible impact on preservation. Concerns raised by contemporary contact with Tagalog have led to proposals for schooling treatment, but questions both unsettled and even not yet addressed about who speaks Zamboangueno and about how Zamboangueno works suggest a need for more descriptive and analytic work. Voice (passive? ergative?) and verb serialization are two exemplifications beyond phonology and orthography of areas needing study. The paper ends with a question about Western history in the labelling of Zamboangueno as Chabacano.
Identification of signal sequences that control transcription of borna disease virus, a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus.

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that causes neurologic disorders in a wide range of animal species. Although the virus is unclassified, sequence analysis of the 8.9-kb viral genome has shown that it is related to rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses. We have mapped subgenomic RNAs of BDV strain He80-1 to the viral genome by determining the precise sequences at their 59 and 39 termini. This analysis showed that the genome contains three transcription initiation sites and four termination sites. A 14- to 16-nucleotide semiconserved sequence was present at the gene start sites and partially copied into the subgenomic RNAs. The termination sites contained a U-rich motif reminiscent of termination signals in rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses. In contrast to the genomes of other nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, the BDV genome lacked the typical configuration of termination signal, intergenic region, and initiation signal at the gene boundaries. Instead, transcription units and transcription signals frequently overlapped. These differences have implications for our understanding of the control of viral transcription and may relate to the low-level replication and persistence of BDV. Images
Acute regulation of parathyroid hormone by dietary phosphate

Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure is stimulated by dietary phosphate (P(i)) loading and ameliorated by dietary P(i) restriction. We investigated the rapidity of the response of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) to changes in dietary P(i). When uremic rats adapted to a high P(i) diet (HPD) were fed a single meal of low P(i) diet (LPD), plasma PTH fell 80% within 2 h; plasma P(i) fell 1 mg/dl with no change in plasma ionized Ca (ICa). When uremic rats on the HPD were gavaged with LPD, PTH fell 60% within 15 min; plasma P(i) fell by 3.0 mg/dl with no change in total plasma Ca. However, HPD gavage increased PTH by 80% within 15 min with no change in plasma P or Ca, suggesting that the response may be independent of altered plasma P(i). Duodenal infusion of sodium P(i) increased PTH twofold within 10 min, with no change in ICa but an increase in plasma P(i), whereas duodenal infusion of NaCl had no effect on any of these parameters. Intravenous infusion of sodium phosphate also increased PTH within 10 min with no change in plasma ICa; intravenous NaCl had no effect. Additionally, duodenal infusion of phosphonoformate, a nonabsorbable phosphate analog, increased PTH fourfold within 5 min, but did not change plasma P or ICa. These findings indicate that oral P(i) increases PTH release in vivo more rapidly than previously reported; this response may be from both plasma phosphate and an additional signal arising from the gastrointestinal tract.
Immunoglobulin free light chains and solitary plasmacytoma of bone

An abnormal serum immunoglobulin free light chain (FLC) ratio at diagnosis may identify risk of progression to myeloma in patients with solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP). In the cohort of 116 patients, 43 have progressed to myeloma, with a median time to progression of 1.8 years. The FLC ratio was determined in all 116 patients on serum collected at time of diagnosis and was abnormal in 54 patients (47%). An abnormal FLC ratio was associated with a higher risk of progression to myeloma (P = .039). The risk of progression at 5 years was 44% in patients with an abnormal serum FLC ratio at diagnosis compared with 26% in those with a normal FLC ratio. One to 2 years following diagnosis, a persistent serum M protein level of 5 g/L (0.5 g/dL) or higher was an additional risk factor for progression. A risk stratification model was constructed using the 2 variables of FLC ratio and M protein level: patients with a normal FLC ratio at baseline and M protein level less than 5 g/L (0.5 g/dL) at 1 to 2 years following diagnosis (low risk, n = 31); with either risk factor abnormal (intermediate risk, n = 26); and with both an abnormal FLC ratio and M protein level of 5 g/L (0.5 g/dL) or higher (high risk, n = 18). The corresponding progression rates at 5 years were significantly different in the low, intermediate, and high groups: 13%, 26%, and 62%, respectively (P < .001).
Compound-lens injector for a 19-MeV, 700-kA electron beam

A robust injector capable of controlling the radius and angle of incidence of the intense, pulsed, annular electron beam extracted from the HERMES-III accelerator is described. The injector, called the compound lens, uses a tapered anode to control the beam electrostatically, followed by a gas cell with externally applied current to control the beam magnetically. Adjustment of the anode-cathode gap and external current of the injector permits the mean radius and injection angle of the beam to be defined independently of one another. Measurements of these quantities confirm model expectations. >
Dechlorination of Environmental Contaminants Using a Hybrid Nanocatalyst: Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Hierarchical Carbon Nanostructures

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a new type of hybrid nanocatalyst material that combines the high surface area of nanoparticles and nanotubes with the structural robustness and ease of handling larger supports. The hybrid material is made by fabricating palladium nanoparticles on two types of carbon supports: as-received microcellular foam (Foam) and foam with carbon nanotubes anchored on the pore walls (CNT/Foam). Catalytic reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride with these materials has been investigated using gas chromatography. It is seen that while both palladium-functionalized carbon supports are highly effective in the degradation of carbon tetrachloride, the rate of degradation is significantly increased with palladium on CNT/Foam. However, there is scope to increase this rate further if the wettability of these structures can be enhanced in the future. Microstructural and spectroscopic analyses of the fresh and used catalysts have been compared which indicates that there is no change in density or surface chemical states of the catalyst after prolonged use in dechlorination test. This implies that these materials can be used repeatedly and hence provide a simple, powerful, and cost-effective approach for dechlorination of water.
The influence of red tape on bureaucratic behavior: An experimental simulation

Understanding how certain organizational and individual attributes shape responses to red tape is an area that has received little research attention. This study uses an experimental simulation to address these questions. It examines the effect of red tape upon the propensity to provide assistance to clients in a simulated public assistance agency. The findings showed that increasing levels of red tape produce in a corresponding reduction in benefits provided to clients, but that this relationship is strongly moderated by the respondent’s perceptions of clients. Clients perceived as more sympathetic consistently received higher levels of benefits than those perceived as less sympathetic. Education and professional training also played a role in influencing award decisions. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(C5Me4H)1−-based reduction of dinitrogen by the mixed ligand tris(polyalkylcyclopentadienyl) lutetium and yttrium complexes, (C5Me5)3−x(C5Me4H)xLn

Synthesis of the mixed ligand complexes (C5Me5)(C5Me4H)2Ln (Ln = Lu, Y) for comparison with (C5Me5)2(C5Me4H)Ln to evaluate details of steric effects on reductive reactivity has revealed that (C5Me5)3−x(C5Me4H)xLn complexes can reduce dinitrogen to (NN)2−. (C5Me5)(C5Me4H)2Lu reacts with N2 to form [(C5Me5)(C5Me4H)Lu]2(μ-η2:η2-N2), (C5Me5)2(C5Me4H)Y reduces N2 to [(C5Me5)2Y]2(μ-η2:η2-N2), and (C5Me4H)3Sc converts N2 to [(C5Me4H)2Sc]2(μ-η2:η2-N2). Exclusive (C5Me4H)1− loss occurs in each case with formation of (C5Me4H)2 as the byproduct. (C5Me5)2, the signature byproduct of sterically induced reduction reactions, is not observed. Since these complexes do not exhibit unusual steric parameters and since the more crowded (C5Me5)2(C5Me4H)Lu and (C5Me5)3Y do not display analogous reactivity, these reactions do not appear to be sterically induced reductions and suggest a new type of ligand-based reduction pathway involving (C5Me4H)1−.
HST/COS SPECTRA OF DF Tau AND V4046 Sgr: FIRST DETECTION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN ABSORPTION AGAINST THE Lyα EMISSION LINE*

We report the first detection of molecular hydrogen (H2) absorption in the Ly? emission line profiles of two classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs), DF Tau and V4046 Sgr, observed by the Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. This absorption is the energy source for many of the Lyman-band H2 fluorescent lines commonly seen in the far-ultraviolet spectra of CTTSs. We find that the absorbed energy in the H2 pumping transitions from a portion of the Ly? line significantly differ from the amount of energy in the resulting fluorescent emission. By assuming additional absorption in the H?I Ly? profile along our light of sight, we can correct the H2 absorption/emission ratios so that they are close to unity. The required H?I absorption for DF Tau is at a velocity close to the radial velocity of the star, consistent with H?I absorption in the edge-on disk and interstellar medium. For V4046 Sgr, a nearly face-on system, the required absorption is between +100 km s?1 and +290 km s?1, most likely resulting from H?I gas in the accretion columns falling onto the star.
Vesicle formation at the plasma membrane and trans-golgi network : The same but different

An elaborate vesicle transport system supports the active exchange of membranes and protein cargo between the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network. Many observations suggest that highly conserved mechanisms are used in vesicle formation and scission. Such similarity is found both at the level of the receptor-ligand sequestration process that uses clathrin and associated polymeric and monomeric adaptor proteins, and in the machinery used to deform and vesiculate lipid membranes.
Distinct Effects of TGF-β1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Survival, Division, and IL-2 Production: A Role for T Cell Intrinsic Smad3

TGF-β1 is critical for maintaining T cell homeostasis. Smad3 has been implicated in this regulatory process, yet the cellular targets and molecular details remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that TGF-β1 impairs the entry of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the cell cycle as well as their progression through subsequent rounds of division, and show that Smad3 is essential for TGF-β1 to inhibit TCR-induced division of only CD4+ and not CD8+ T cells. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from Smad3−/− mice were refractory to TGF-β1-induced inhibition of IL-2 production, thus demonstrating that not all CD8+ T cell responses to TGF-β1 are Smad3 independent. These TGF-β1 effects were all T cell intrinsic, as they were reproduced in purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, we found that Smad3 was critical for the survival of CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells following activation ex vivo. The TCR-induced death of Smad3−/− CD8+ T cells was not dependent upon TNF-α production. Exogenous TGF-β1 partially rescued the CD8+ T cells by signaling through a Smad3-independent pathway. TGF-β1 also enhanced survival of TCR-stimulated CD4+CD44high T cells in a Smad3-independent manner. Collectively, these findings firmly establish for the first time that TGF-β1 discriminately regulates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expansion by signaling through distinct intracellular pathways.
Some aspects of the socio‐cultural adjustment of recent Soviet immigrants to the United States*

The sociocultural adjustment of recent (1972-80) Soviet immigrants was analyzed in a survey of 900 Soviet Jewish families in 14 US cities. In 1980 83% of the men and 75% of the women in the sample were in the labor force full-time with incomes averaging US$14607 adn US$7627 respectively. THe respondents education technical skills and previous experience of living in large urban cities facilitated their entry into skilled positions in the labor force. 35% of respondents reported they were very satisfied with their jobs and 49% were moderately satisfied. A large majority indicated their lives are better in the US than in the Soviet Union with respect to housing income overall standard of living and Jewish aspects. However most felt their lives were better in the Soviet Union in terms of cultural life friendships and social status. 75% of respondents claimed that learning English represented a major problem in resettlement and 50% were attending special English classes. 26% of the families lived in mostly Jewish neighborhoods 53% in mixed Jewish and non-Jewish neighborhoods and 16% in non_Jewish neighborhoods. 72% said that all of their close friends were Jews and 55% noted that all their friends were recent Soviet immigrants. Less than 2% of respondents were involved with Zionist organizations and only 8% wee active in a Russian Jewish group. Within 5 years 60% expect to have an income comparable to that of the average American family and 24% anticipate above average incomes. 16% of respondents indicated they are very happy with their situation 62% are pretty happy and 22% are not too happy. Immigrants who arrived before 1978 were more likely to say they are very happy than later arrivals (35 vs. 11% respectively). When asked what choice they would make if they could do it again 86% said they would come to the US 5% would opt to remain in the Soviet Union 6% would migrate to Israel 1% would select another country and 2% did not respond.
Race Trumps Gender: The Thomas Nomination in the Black Community*

Race and gender are intimately intertwined in the lives of Black women in the United States. Race constructs the way Black women experience gender; gender constructs the way Black women experience race. In the Senate hearings that pitted the word of Clarence Thomas against the sexual harassment accusations of Anita Hill, the great majority of Black women did not believe Hill's accusations. Our analysis will set this disbelief against a background of substantial Black unity on political issues in the United States, Black feminism, television coverage of the event, and Black women's reactions to that television coverage.Contrary to the conclusion one might reasonably form from the primary White composition of all the major feminist organizations, Black women have usually given stronger support to the women's movement than Whites on surveys (see Table for self-identification as “feminist”). Even as early as 1970, 60% of Black women said they supported efforts to strengthen women's status in society, compared to only 37% of White women (Klein 1987: 26), and in 1972 67% said they were sympathetic to women's liberation groups, compared to only 35% of White women (hooks 1981: 148). Also contravening the impression one might form from the composition of feminist organizations, poor women and working class women are as likely as middle-class women to say on these surveys that they consider themselves “feminist.” The survey data are supported by indepth interviews among all classes of Black women.