cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Aspirational Constitution

What justifies constitution writers in including rights in difficult-to-amend constitutional provisions that will bind future generations? One commonly held answer is the fear that, over time, societies may, as Justice Scalia has put it, “rot.” However, most constitutional rights were not adopted for anti-backsliding purposes. They were established as the culmination of various struggles to change the status quo in dramatic ways, rather than to enshrine well-accepted fundamental values. When constitutional rights succeed in changing the status quo, they can thereafter serve an ancillary anti-backsliding function or they can become effectively irrelevant. When constitutional rights fail to change the status quo in their time-as the Reconstruction Amendments largely failed-they can lay dormant for generations. They then serve an “aspirational” role, acting as unfulfilled promises to be redeemed-and often defined-by future generations. Recognizing the aspirational character of constitutional rights should have jurisprudential consequences. This anti-backsliding conception of constitutional rights may lead to originalism in constitutional interpretation: If you think a constitutional provision is meant to prevent society from falling below a certain minimum threshold, then you will want to look to the time of adoption to ascertain where that threshold lies. By contrast, aspirational rights do not take the practices of their framers and ratifiers as determinative. As interventions designed to change the status quo, they may invite future interpretive creativity, as in the method sometimes associated with the “living” Constitution.
Two‐Stage Stochastic Programs: Introduction and Basic Properties

This article introduces the two-stage form of stochastic programs that describe decision situations in which an action is taken, followed by observation of a random event and subsequent follow-on action. The article describes the basic formulation of these problems as optimization models and then describes basic properties of solution existence, optimality conditions, and equivalent formulations that exploit problem structure for computational efficiency. Keywords: stochastic program; recourse problem; optimality conditions; duality
Closed-Form Solution of Mode Propagation in a Nonuniform Circular Duct

This paper presents an analytical investigation of higher order mode propagation in a nonuniform circular duct without mean flow. An approximate wave equation is derived on the assumptions that the duct cross section varies slowly and that mode conversion is negligible. Closed-form solutions are obtained for a particular class of converging-di verging circular duct which is here referred to as "circular cosh duct." Numerical results are presented in terms of the transmission loss for the various duct shapes and frequencies. The results are applicable to studies of multimodal propagation as well as single-mode propagation. The results are also applicable to studies of sound radiation from certain types of contoured inlet ducts, or of sound propagation in a converging-diverging duct of somewhat different shape from a cosh duct. b0 b(x) b _ , b +
RecA binding to bulge- and mismatch-containing DNAs. Certain single base mismatches provide strong signals for RecA binding equal to multiple base bulges

Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated that RecA protein can recognize a variety of perturbations in the DNA helix. Here, using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay, it was observed that RecA bound to bulge-containing DNAs more effectively than non-bulged DNA. The degree of binding of RecA protein to bulged DNA was dependent on the conformation of the bulged bases and the kinking angles produced by the bulges as determined by the type and number of bases in the bulge. Although a single base mismatch does not kink DNA, RecA protein showed preferential binding to DNAs containing certain single base mismatches. An A.C mismatch flanked by A.T base pairs in a 28-base pair (bp) DNA facilitated the binding of RecA protein to the same high level as when the 28-bp DNA contained a 4-base cytosine bulge. Chemical probing techniques were used to examine the structure of DNA within the RecA filament. It was found that upon binding of RecA protein, the DNA helix becomes accessible over at least 14 bp, and the degree of sensitivity agrees with the binding efficiency of RecA protein.
Chapter 18 Drug interactions

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights drug interactions. Volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (CL), and elimination half-life ( t 1/2 ) are the parameters typically measured in pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies. If stable isotope-labeled (SIL) tracer doses are administered orally, it is possible to measure directly only absorption half-life, t 1/2 , and tracer dose area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC). CL and Vd cannot be measured. CL can be estimated using an assumed value for Vd. SIL tracer methods assume absence of metabolic isotope effect and absence of “deep pool effect” on measured pharmacokinetic parameters. Various advantages of SIL tracer methods include safety, assumptions verifiable, high statistical power, and economic savings. The procedures described for SIL tracers can also be performed using radioactive labeled tracer doses of drug. Radioactive tracer methods offer advantages of lower synthetic and analytic costs. Radioactive tracer methods also have some disadvantages, such as measurement of drug plasma concentration and stopping drug administration.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF SPORULATION II. Enzymatic Changes During Sporulation of Bacillus cereus

Hanson, Richard S. (University of Illinois, Urbana), V. R. Srinivasan, and H. Orin Halvorson. Biochemistry of sporulation. II. Enzymatic changes during sporulation of Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 86:45–50. 1963.—It has been possible to correlate enzymatic activities of Bacillus cereus strain T with particular phases of growth and sporulation by using cultures in which the cells grow rapidly and undergo the transition from growth to sporulation in a synchronous manner. Cells harvested during vegetative growth lack a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the enzymes required for the completion of this cycle are synthesized during the transition from growth to sporulation. α-Picolinic acid, a specific antisporogenic agent, prevented the synthesis of aconitase. Its effect on aconitase synthesis was reversed by agents capable of reversing its inhibition of sporulation, and, therefore, its antisporogenic activity is believed to be related to its ability to prevent the formation of an active tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is required for sporulation but not growth.
Prediction of on-road driving performance in patients with early Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVES: Physicians and family members frequently are asked to provide information about driving ability in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet there has been little research on the validity of their assessments of driving performance. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Participants were recruited from the neurology department of a community hospital affiliated with Brown Medical School. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 75 older adults (17 with mild AD, 33 with very mild AD, and 25 elderly controls). MEASUREMENTS: The participant him/herself, an informant, and an experienced neurologist rated each participant's driving ability on a 3-point rating scale (safe, marginal, unsafe). A professional driving instructor also completed a standardized 108-point on-road driving assessment of each participant and then rated driving ability on the 3-point scale. Ratings were compared with the on-road driving score and with each other. RESULTS: Only the neurologist's rating of the participants' driving abilities was significantly related to on-road driving score. When related to the instructor's safety rating, the neurologist's ratings were the most sensitive and specific. Mini-Mental State Examination score was a borderline covariate for the neurologist's rating. Overall, the instructor was the most stringent rater of participant driving ability, followed by the neurologist, the informant, and the participant. CONCLUSION: An experienced neurologist's assessment of driving competence may be a valid predictor of driving performance of patients with early AD.
Connections of the Corona Problem with Operator Theory and Complex Geometry

The corona problem was motivated by the question of the density of the open unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\) in the maximal ideal space of the algebra, \(H^{\infty }(\mathbb{D})\), of bounded holomorphic functions on \(\mathbb{D}\). In this note we study relationships of the problem with questions in operator theory and complex geometry. We use the framework of Hilbert modules focusing on reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of holomorphic functions on a domain, Ω, in \(\mathbb{C}^{m}\). We interpret several of the approaches to the corona problem from this point of view. A few new observations are made along the way.
Testing the Presumption of Consent to Emergency Thrombolysis for Stroke (S35.005)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the empirical basis of the presumption to consent for emergency thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. BACKGROUND: Recently, the AAN and AHA/ASA have endorsed emergency thrombolysis for ischemic stroke when consent cannot be obtained, on the presumption that reasonable people would consent to treatment in such circumstances. This presumption has been controversial because, unlike other interventions for which emergency consent has been presumed, thrombolysis is not life-preserving. DESIGN/METHODS: We elicited preferences regarding emergency treatment in a nationally representative sample of 2,154 older adults. Participants were presented vignettes in which they had either suffered an acute ischemic stroke and could be treated with thrombolysis, or had suffered a sudden cardiac arrest and could be treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Participants were then asked either (1) whether they would want the intervention, or (2) whether they would want to be given the intervention even if informed consent could not be obtained. RESULTS: Overall, 76.2% of older adults would want thrombolysis for stroke, while 75.9% would want CPR for cardiac arrest. If informed consent could not be obtained, the desirability of thrombolysis was unaffected (78.1%), while a greater proportion wanted treatment with CPR (83.6%). Female gender, black race, divorced or never married marital status, lower income, lower educational attainment and lack of a healthcare advance directive were associated with declining thrombolysis. Age, poor physical health, possession of a healthcare advance directive, and preference for independence over longevity were associated with declining CPR. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of older adults who would want emergency thrombolysis is comparable to the proportion who would want emergency CPR, and is unaffected by the inability to obtain informed consent. Study Supported by: National Institute on Aging (K23AG043553), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (KL2TR000143), and the American Brain Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship Program. Data collection was provided by Time-sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences, NSF Grant 0818839. Disclosure: Dr. Chiong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kim has received research support from SanBio, Inc. Dr. Huang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Farahany has nothing to disclose. Dr. Josephson has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Annals of Neurology and Journal Watch Neurology.
Parental Reactions to Toddlers' Negative Emotions and Child Negative Emotionality as Correlates of Problem Behavior at the Age of Three

Parent-reported reactions to children's negative emotions and child negative emotionality were investigated as correlates of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Children (N = 107) and their parents participated in a short-term longitudinal study of social development. Mothers and fathers independently completed questionnaires assessing parental reactions to their child's negative emotions and child negative emotionality at Time 1 (33 months) and child behavior problems at Time 2 (39 months). Child negative emotionality was significantly related to greater internalizing and externalizing behavior. Maternal and paternal punitive reactions were related to greater internalizing behavior, but only for boys with high levels of negative emotionality. Results indicate that child temperament and child gender may be important moderators of the relation between parental emotion socialization and child internalizing problems during the toddler and early preschool years.
Sex Offenders Part I: Theories and Models of Etiology, Assessment, and Intervention

Sex offenders are a growing population within both the prison system and the community mental health system. Social workers provide the majority of mental health services in this country, and therefore the profession needs to better understand this population, including the theories of etiology, methods of assessment, treatment options, evaluation strategies, and demographic characteristics for this group. This article is the first of a two-part series on sex offenders focusing primarily on the clinical issues of this population so that their needs are more accessible to social workers.
AM1 semiempirical searching for suitable thiophene derivatives that will enable thiophenes to act as a diene in the diels‐alder reactions

The AM1 semiempirical method was used for theoretical searching of activation of thiophene as a diene for the Diels-Alder reaction. The reactivity of thiophene, electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituted thiophenes, as well as the S-methylthiophenium ion were studied as the diene for Diels-Alder reactions by evaluating their frontier orbital energies and by calculating reaction barriers with activated and deactivated dienophiles. It was demonstrated that slight activation of the thiophene ring can be obtained with both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups attached to the thiophene ring. It was predicted that the actual transformation of thiophenes into the corresponding S-methylthiophenium anions is the best means of activating the thiophenes. The calculated activation energies for normal (non-activated) dienophiles are moderate so mild reaction conditions are predicted. If dienophiles are activated with electron-donating substituents, AM1 calculations predict a two step cycloaddition reaction with a very small activation barrier.
An exponential membership function for fuzzy multiple objective linear programming

Abstract The operator “min” is one of the most frequently used aggregation operators in fuzzy decision. However, this operator is the softest operator and no allowance is made for any compensation. The “product” and other operators, some of them may be compensatory, are seldom used because of the nonlinearity of the resulting problem. In this paper, an exponential, instead of linear membership function is proposed. The advantages of using exponential membership are two fold. First, the resulting problems can be transformed to linear ones when the “product” and several other nonlinear aggregate operators are used. Secondly, exponential representation is more realistic than the linear ones usually used for some practical applications.
Savoring the Past: Collective Amnesica, Consumer Culture and Gastronomic Memory in Vazquez Montalban's

(2003). Savoring the Past: Collective Amnesica, Consumer Culture and Gastronomic Memory in Vazquez Montalban's. Journal for the Study of Food and Society: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 57-63.
Further Studies of the Cardiodynamics of Experimental Intraventricular Communications

This communication deals with the altered ventricular dynamics occasioned by temporary opening of a large artificial interventricular shunt. Since the left ventricular discharge into the right ventricle begins some time after ejection of blood into the aorta, the left ventricle assists the right in propelling larger quantities of blood through the pulmonary circuit. This late systolic flow through a shunt causes characteristic deformations of central arterial pressure pulses and a midsystolic murmur similar to those observed in several clinical cases.
Effect of tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and interleukin-4 on bacteria-enterocyte interactions

Abstract Background. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to extraintestinal sites. Because the cytokine cascade associated with sepsis, inflammation, and trauma has been shown to affect intestinal epithelial permeability, experiments were designed to clarify the effects of selected cytokines on bacterial adherence to and internalization by cultured HT-29 and Caco-2 enterocytes. Methods. Mature, confluent enterocytes were pretreated 48 to 72 h with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ, (IFN-γ), or interleukin-4 (IL-4). Adherence of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bacterial internalization was quantified by the gentamicin protection assay. Enterocyte permeability was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance and by flux of 40-kDa fluorescent dextran. Bacterial transmigration across confluent enterocytes was measured using enterocytes cultivated on permeable supports. Results. TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-4 had variable effects on bacterial adherence to HT-29 and Caco-2 enterocytes, although the most consistent finding was increased bacterial adherence associated with INF-γ. However, none of these cytokines had a noticeable effect on bacterial internalization by either Caco-2 or HT-29 enterocytes. In addition, none of these cytokines had a noticeable effect on the permeability of confluent enterocytes as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance or dextran flux. Bacterial transmigration across confluent HT-29 enterocytes was not altered by TNF-α, IFN-γ, or IL-4; however, IL-4 consistently decreased bacterial transmigration across confluent Caco-2 enterocytes. Conclusions. IFN-γ may augment the epithelial adherence of selected species of enteric bacteria, and IL-4 may act as a barrier-sustaining agent to decrease bacterial migration across the intestinal epithelium.
Error-Correcting Unordered Codes and Hardware Support for Robust Asynchronous Global Communication

This paper introduces a new family of error-correction unordered (ECU) codes for global communication, called Zero-Sum. They combine the timing-robustness of delay-insensitive (i.e., unordered) codes with the fault-tolerance of error-correcting codes (providing 1-bit error correction or 2-bit detection). Two key features of the codes are that they are systematic, allowing direct extraction of data, and weighted, where the check field is computed as the sum of data index weights. A wide variety of weight assignments is shown to be feasible. Two practical enhancements are also proposed. The Zero-Sum+ code extends error detection to 3-bit errors, or alternatively handles 2-bit detection and 1-bit correction. The Zero-Sum* code supports heuristic 2-bit correction, while still guaranteeing 2-bit detection, under different strategies of weight assignment. Detailed hardware implementations of the supporting components (encoder, completion detection, error corrector) are given, as well as an outline of the system microarchitecture. In comparison to the best alternative systematic ECU code, the basic Zero-Sum code provided better or comparable coding efficiency, with a 5.74%-18.18% reduction in average number of wire transitions for most field sizes. Several Zero-Sum* codes were also evaluated for their 2-bit error correction coverage; initial results are promising, where the best strategy corrected 52.92%-71.16% of all 2-bit errors for most field sizes, with only a moderate decrease in coding efficiency and increase in wire transitions. Technology-mapped pre-layout implementations of the supporting Zero-Sum code hardware were synthesized with the UC Berkeley ABC tool using a 90 nm industrial standard cell library. Results indicate that they have moderate area and delay overheads. In comparison, supporting hardware for the best nonsystematic ECU codes have 3.82-10.44× greater area for larger field sizes.
Play type recognition in real-world football video

This paper presents a vision system for recognizing the sequence of plays in amateur videos of American football games (e.g. offense, defense, kickoff, punt, etc). The system is aimed at reducing user effort in annotating football videos, which are posted on a web service used by over 13,000 high school, college, and professional football teams. Recognizing football plays is particularly challenging in the context of such a web service, due to the huge variations across videos, in terms of camera viewpoint, motion, distance from the field, as well as amateur camerawork quality, and lighting conditions, among other factors. Given a sequence of videos, where each shows a particular play of a football game, we first run noisy play-level detectors on every video. Then, we integrate responses of the play-level detectors with global game-level reasoning which accounts for statistical knowledge about football games. Our empirical results on more than 1450 videos from 10 diverse football games show that our approach is quite effective, and close to being usable in a real-world setting.
Externalizing and tantrum behaviours in children with ASD and ADHD compared to children with ADHD

Objective: Compare rates of externalizing in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms to children with ADHD.Method: Parents/caregive...
Molecules with Twist Bent Bonds. A Comparison of the Thermal and Transition-Metal-Complex Promoted Rearrangements of st]Derivatives of trans-Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene

Abstract 7-Methyl- trans -bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene has been synthesized and the thermal and transition-metal-complex promoted rearrangements of trans -bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene, 7-methyl- trans -bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene, and 7,7-dimethyl- trans -bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene have been compared.
Trace organic contaminants, including toxaphene and trifluralin, in cotton field soils from Georgia and South Carolina, USA.

Residues of organic contaminants—including toxaphene, DDT, trifluralin, hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonylphenol—were measured in 32 cotton field soils collected from South Carolina and Georgia in 1999. Toxaphene, trifluralin, DDT and PAHs were the major contaminants found in these soils. The maximum concentration of toxaphene measured was 2,500 ng/g dry weight. Trifluralin was detected in all the soils at concentrations ranging from 1 to 548 ng/g dry weight. Pesticide residues were not proportional to soil organic carbon content, indicating that their concentrations were a reflection of application history and dissipation rates rather than air–soil equilibrium. Soil extracts were also subjected to in vitro bioassays to assess dioxinlike, estrogenic, and androgenic/glucocorticoid potencies. Relatively more polar fractions of the soils elicited estrogenic and androgenic/glucocorticoid activities, but the magnitude of response was much less than those found in coastal marine sediments from industrialized locations.
A Summary of Biofuel Pipeline Activities and Progress in the U.S.

The US Government has mandated the production and usage of biofuels to help reduce dependence on foreign petroleum and to help improve air quality. Partnerships between the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, the pipeline industry, other Federal and State agencies and the emergency first responder community are rapidly addressing infrastructure challenges and removing the technical and regulatory barriers for transporting biofuels. These initiatives are critical for enabling biofuel usage to grow nationwide and reach government production targets. This paper will summarize recent biofuel activities and discuss the progress seen in removing challenges for safely moving biofuels in the pipeline infrastructure.
On the trail of genetic culprits in Williams syndrome

Time for primary review 21 days. In times past—in point of fact, not very long ago: only in the years after the genetic code was deciphered—the genetic basis of certain human diseases could only be extrapolated from knowledge of biochemical correlates. A critical enzyme was missing, for example, as in phenylketonuria, or a defective hemoglobin resulted in sickle-cell anemia. Determining the DNA sequence of a defective gene was a worthwhile exercise though, because if the basis for a disorder could be identified at the coding level, investigators might be able to devise novel approaches to prevention or treatment. But for hundreds, even thousands, of heritable disorders, not to speak of common and apparently sporadic illnesses, first causes remained mysterious; with no known protein culprit, then, how could the responsible (gene)s be discovered and the physiological consequences of mutations be evaluated? One solution—‘molecular genetics’, a major advance in molecular biology, using recombinant DNA technology to map the human genome with anonymous (non-gene) DNA markers—has gained astonishing speed within the past 15 years [1]. Localization of markers—now available in thousands—to chromosomes permits investigators to track inherited diseases in pedigrees according to linkage (i.e., co-inheritance) of a defective allele to a marker of known location [2]. As regards cardiovascular diseases, the linkage approach led to the mapping of three loci that can carry mutations responsible for long QT syndrome, on chromosomes 11p15.5, 7q35–36, and 3p21–24, respectively [3–5]. Once the site on a chromosome is determined, techniques of manipulating fragments of DNA come into play until a specific gene in the region can be shown to contain abnormalities in structure or sequence in affected family members as compared to normal individuals. Using this strategy, known as ‘positional cloning’, we eventually identified the LQT genes on 7q as HERG , a putative …
Mechanisms of synthetic serine protease inhibitor (FUT-175)-mediated cell death

BACKGROUND Constitutive activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a frequent molecular alteration in pancreatic cancer and a number of studies have suggested that constitutive NF-κB activity plays a key role in the aggressive behavior of this disease. In an attempt to identify an effective therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer, the authors studied the role of FUT-175, a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, in the inhibition of NF-κB activation and the induction of apoptotic responses. METHODS To examine the effect of FUT-175 on the inhibition of NF-κB and the induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines, Western and Northern blot analyses, electromobility shift (EMSA), luciferase reporter gene, DNA fragmentation, immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed. RESULTS In a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, FUT-175 inhibited IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, thereby inhibiting the antiapoptotic activity of NF-κB. Simultaneously, FUT-175 up-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1), which in turn activated the proapoptotic caspase-8 and Bid pathways and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. FUT-175-induced activation of Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and caspase-8 was suppressed by RNA interference-mediated inhibition of TNFR1 expression. Furthermore, expression of the transcription factor PEA3 was up-regulated by FUT-175 and was involved in FUT-175–mediated TNFR1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested a possible mechanism by which FUT-175 may disrupt interconnected signaling pathways by both suppressing the NF-κB antiapoptotic activity and inducing TNFR-mediated apoptosis. Supported by this unique function as a NF-κB inhibitor and apoptosis inducer, this well-established synthetic serine protease inhibitor with as-of-yet poorly understood mechanisms of actions appears to be a potentially therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Service innovation: A comparative study of U.S. and Indian service firms

Abstract Although major contributions are being made by the service sector in creating wealth, the sector's substantive role in generating and use of innovation is lacking meticulous examination. Academics, managers, and policy makers lack insights into outcomes of service innovation and identifying factors influencing why some innovations succeed and others fail. This study contributes to service management by: (1) developing a comparative theoretical model based on the Strategic Innovation Paradigm, Bain's Social-Conduct-Performance (S-C-P) Paradigm and Social Capital Theory of Innovation; (2) testing the model with Partial Least Squares (PLS) using managerial data from various service industries; and (3) comparing results across a developed (U.S.) and an emerging (India) economy. Results indicate similar managerial perceptions of service innovation success and impeding factors. U.S. managers indicate that factors beyond their control have a negative impact on service innovation, while these factors are not a significant predictor of innovation in the Indian sample. Findings further indicate that service innovation positively relates to the firms' non-financial and financial performance. Related implications for firms, consumers, public policy and future research are discussed.
Estimating the Reduction in Nonresponse Bias From Using a Mail Survey as a Backup for Nonrespondents to a Telephone Interview Survey

Because low-income population groups are more likely than higher income groups to live in nontelephone households, the use of telephone interviews to survey low-income groups may result in relatively low contact rates. Other sample members may refuse an interview. Such nonresponse typically has an unknown effect on sample estimates. This article attempts to gauge the relative effects on sample estimates from using a mail survey as a supplemental data collection strategy for increasing the response rate of sample members from a low-income population group who either could not be reached by telephone or who refused to participate in a telephone interview. The assessment is conducted by using variables from the sampling frame and an unbiased comparison sample. Although the use of the mail survey increased response rates by 56%, this resulting increase had only a marginal effect on sample estimates. Implications of these findings for social work researchers and practitioners are discussed in the larger contex...
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR INVESTIGATING THE FEELING OF KNOWING

Abstract Previous investigations of the feeling of knowing (FOK) have relied on absolute FOK judgements rather than on relative FOK judgments. This has resulted in a confounding of (1) the subject's metamemorial knowledge of nonrecalled items with (2) the subject's know/don't-know threshold. The new technique replaces the absolute FOK judgments with relative FOK judgments in which the subject generates (via paired comparisons) a FOK rank order of nonrecalled items in terms of the predicted likelihood of recognition. This new technique eliminates the aforementioned confounding, provides a richer data base, and yields separate estimates of FOK validity and FOK reliability.
The effect of body mass index on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer. Methods All women with surgically treated endometrial cancer at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, between 1 January 1990 and 1 January 2000 were eligible; 439 patients were identified and 43 were excluded due to incomplete medical records; 396 patients underwent retrospective chart review. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS. Median follow-up time was 27 months (range, 1 to 120 mo). Results Mean BMI was 34 (range, 15 to 69). BMI was 40 in 27.0%. Clinically, patients with a BMI of >40 were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes, and pulmonary disease. Those patients with a BMI of >40 had statistically longer operating times (209 vs. 159 min) and more blood loss (604 vs. 324 ml) than patients with a BMI of 40 were more likely to have a wound separation than thinner patients. Pathologically, patients with a BMI of >40 were more likely to have endometrioid histology, lower stage disease, and lower grade tumors than women with a BMI of 40 had positive lymph nodes and 23% were stage II or higher. Forty-two patients (10.6%) recurred. There were no postoperative deaths, and there was no difference in survival between the three groups. Conclusions Patients with a BMI of >40 frequently have favorable stage I endometrial cancers. However, approximately a quarter of these patients have evidence of cervical or extrauterine disease. This study confirms that surgical staging can be performed adequately and safely in morbidly obese patients with no difference in length of hospital stay, number of ICU days, intraoperative or postoperative complications.
Determination of ZD9583, a thromboxane receptor antagonist, in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract A liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–APCI-MS–MS) method is described for the determination of a thromboxane receptor antagonist (4 Z )-6-((2 S ,4 S ,5 R )-2-(1-(2-cyano-4-methylphenoxy)-1-methylethyl)-4-(3-pyridyl)-3-dioxan-5-yl)hex-4-enoic acid (ZD9583, I) in human plasma and urine. Proteins in plasma and urine samples are precipitated using acidified acetonitrile. The resulting supernatant is chromatographed on a C 8 reversed-phase chromatography column. Following the diversion of the solvent front from the mass spectrometer by a switching valve, the column eluate is passed on to the mass spectrometer via a heated nebulizer interface where the analyte is detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The method has a chromatographic run time of less than 2 min, a linear calibration curve with a range of 1–500 ng ml −1 and intra- and inter-day precision estimates of less than 10% over the calibration range.
Cadmium exposure down-regulates 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase expression in rat lung and alveolar epithelial cells.

The current study tested the hypothesis that the pulmonary carcinogenic potential of cadmium (Cd) is related to its ability to inhibit the expression (mRNA and protein) and activity of 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1), a base excision repair (BER) enzyme that functions to preferentially excise pre-mutagenic 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. We demonstrate that a single Cd aerosol exposure of adult male Lewis rats causes time- and dose-dependent down-regulation in the pulmonary levels of rOGG1 mRNA and OGG1 protein, quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and western analyses, respectively. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that Cd inhalation reduces the relative amount of OGG1 in lungs of exposed animals without altering its over-all distribution within the lung, which appears to be more prominent within the alveolar epithelium. In agreement with our in vivo studies, we show that OGG1 expression is also attenuated in alveolar epithelial cell cultures exposed to CdCl2 either acutely or by repeated passaging in Cd-containing medium. The effects caused by Cd were observed in cells that show no loss in viability, as assessed by colony forming ability, the MTT assay, and propidium iodide membrane permeability studies. Nuclear extracts prepared from Cd-treated cells also exhibit a reduction in the ability to nick a synthetic oligonucleotide containing 8-oxoG. We conclude from these studies that Cd causes suppression of OGG1 in the lung and that this mechanism may, in part, play a role in the Cd carcinogenic process.
Antibody responses in athymic ('nude') mice implanted with neonatal or adult allogeneic thymus.

SummaryIt has been reported that antibody-forming capacity in athymic (nude) mice can be restored only by transplantation of thymus cells from histocompatible donors. In experiments reported here, nude mice received, 4 weeks prior to the injection of sheep erythrocytes, solid thymus grafts from neonatal or 3-week-old allogeneic donors. Restoration of antibody-forming capacity and persistence of transplants at the graft site were observed in animals receiving neonatal but not in animals receiving 3-week-old thymus tissue.We gratefully acknowledge the skillful technical assistance of Miss Lesley Ann Radov.
Matching AC loads to solar peak production using thermal energy storage in building cooling systems - A case study at Arizona State University

This paper proposes the possibility of scaling up solar generation while shifting cooling load to the daytime. The focus is on buildings equipped with a water tank used to actively store cold water produced by a series of chillers. Water has the flexibility to be chilled and stored for later use. To lower the load demand during the peak hours of the day, the cooling loads are commonly shifted to the night hours through thermal storage. The present work studies the possibility of using solar power to meet the cooling demand by taking advantage of the fact that solar generation closely precedes the peak cooling demand. Also, in cases where solar capacity is scaled up, chiller storage tanks can store excess solar power generated, thus stabilizing the grid.
pH and Ion-Triggered Volume Response of Anionic Hydrogel Microspheres.

Micrometer-sized (4−7 μm diameter) poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrogel microspheres were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. Individual microspheres were held in a micropipet and visualized by interference contrast microscopy. They were characterized with regard to their mass, density, water content, electrophoretic mobility, and apparent pKa. Equilibrium changes in volume were measured as functions of the pH and NaCl concentration of the suspending solution. The maximum reduction in the microsphere equilibrium volume (Vrmax) at pH 3.0 was 0.28, where Vr was the ratio of the microsphere volume at the test pH to its volume at pH 6.6. A Donnan-based thermodynamic model, modified to include counterion binding because of the high fixed charge density in the microspheres (3.0 M), was applied to determine the difference in the ion concentration between the interior and exterior of the gel. The ion concentration differences (which were related to the osmotic pressure) predicted by the model were prop...
Romanticism and the end of childhood

(1999). Romanticism and the end of childhood. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 21, Culturing childhood, pp. 169-189.
Frequent Fires in Ancient Shrub Tundra: Implications of Paleorecords for Arctic Environmental Change

Understanding feedbacks between terrestrial and atmospheric systems is vital for predicting the consequences of global change, particularly in the rapidly changing Arctic. Fire is a key process in this context, but the consequences of altered fire regimes in tundra ecosystems are rarely considered, largely because tundra fires occur infrequently on the modern landscape. We present paleoecological data that indicate frequent tundra fires in northcentral Alaska between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago. Charcoal and pollen from lake sediments reveal that ancient birch-dominated shrub tundra burned as often as modern boreal forests in the region, every 144 years on average (+/− 90 s.d.; n = 44). Although paleoclimate interpretations and data from modern tundra fires suggest that increased burning was aided by low effective moisture, vegetation cover clearly played a critical role in facilitating the paleofires by creating an abundance of fine fuels. These records suggest that greater fire activity will likely accompany temperature-related increases in shrub-dominated tundra predicted for the 21st century and beyond. Increased tundra burning will have broad impacts on physical and biological systems as well as on land-atmosphere interactions in the Arctic, including the potential to release stored organic carbon to the atmosphere.
Alteration of cyclic nucleotide levels in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treated myoblasts.

Summary The tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate alters the levels of both cGMP and cAMP in chick myoblasts. There is a transient 7-fold increase in cellular cGMP 40–60 sec after promoter addition. The changes in cAMP are slower with a 50% decrease at 30 min followed by a 3.5-fold increase at 3 h. The relationship between these cyclic nucleotide changes and the previously reported stimulation of hexose transport by the promoter [Fed. Proc. 37, 1817 (1978)] was investigated. Addition of 8-bromo cGMP, 8-bromo cAMP or phosphodiesterase inhibitors had no effect on hexose transport while LiCl (an inhibitor of adenyl cyclase) was stimulatory. The tumor promoter and LiCl, however, appear to stimulate hexose transport by different mechanisms.
Sintering of 'shell' molybdena-alumina catalysts

Abstract Conventional impregnation of alumina pellets with aqueous ammonium paramolybdate, followed by drying/calcining, can lead to “shell” MoO 3 Al 2 O 3 catalysts. The shell can be made easily visible by treatment of the pellets either with aqueous N 2 H 4 HCl at 25 to 100 °C or with H 2 at 400 °C; both treatments are effective on sintered catalysts as well. Air sintering at temperatures below 850 °C leads to movement of the inner boundary of the shell toward the pellet center. Temperatures of 900 or 925 °C lead to development of a white shell at the surface, presumably because of volatilization of MoO 3 . Sintering results in gradual loss of the fine-pore structure and the conversion of a bimodal pore size distribution to a unimodal one. Sintering also results in severe loss of both the total surface area and the specific surface area of the molybdena, as measured by low-temperature chemisorption of oxygen.
New Methods in the Molecular Genetic Study and Treatment of Hearing Loss

In genetics, both discovery and methodology are advancing at an accelerating rate. As a result, the role of clinicians, and in this case clinical audiologists, must be re-examined from time to time...
Comparison of effects of ABA and IAA on phospholipid bilayers

Abstract The plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) affect the properties of phospholipid bilayers differently. IAA enhances permeability of bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine to the non-electrolyte erythritol while ABA requires an additional phospholipid in the membrane to produce substantial enhancement. Similar conclusions are obtained by measuring hormone-induced permeability to chloride ions; IAA is effective with single component phosphatidylcholine membranes while ABA requires a second phospholipid. Erythritol permeability is shown to be pH dependent for both hormones. Although IAA is more effective at increasing erythritol permeability at pH 4 than at pH 7, both dissociated and undissociated IAA affect the process. In comparison ABA is almost totally ineffective in the dissociated form (at pH 7). Spin label electron spin resonance measurements demonstrated that neither hormone substantially disrupts acyl chain mobility within the membrane, indicating that the mechanism of permeability enhancement is not a general non-specific pertubation of membrane ordering and fluidity. Both hormones can also effect the stability of small unilamellar (sonicated) vesicles. Phosphatidylcholine vesicles are relatively stable and do not rapidly aggregate with either ABA or IAA. However, when phosphatidylethanolamine is incorporated as a minor component (10 mol%) into phosphatidylcholine vesicles ABA causes rapid aggregation while IAA has no effect. These experiments indicate that the two hormones may exhibit completely different behaviour on membranes without the requirement for specific proteinaceous receptors.
A Blackboard Architecture For Object Recognition: Locating Address Blocks On Mail Pieces

A framework for determining special interest objects in images is presented in the context of determining destination address blocks on images of mail pieces such as letters, magazines, and parcels.. The .iinages range from those having a high degree of global spatial structiire (e.g. carefully prepared letter mail envelopes which conform to specifications) to those with no structure (e.g., magazines with randomly pasted address labels). A method of planning the use of a large numbers of specialized tools is given. The control is based on the blackboard model and utilizes a dependency graph, knowledge rules and a blackboard.
Characteristics and performance of the Los Alamos VUV beamline at the NSLS

Abstract We describe the design and performance of the Los Alamos VUV synchrotron radiation beamline, U3C, on the VUV ring of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The beamline uses separate function optics to collect and focus the horizontally and vertically diverging beam. The monochromator is a grazing incidence Rowland circle instrument of the extended grasshopper design (ERG). A postmonochromator refocusing mirror is used to focus or collimate the diverging beam from the monochromator. The beamline control and diagnostics systems are also discussed. Particular emphasis in the design has been placed on the reduction of stray and harmonic light. Higher order light is reduced by a grazing angle mirror low pass filter installed immediately downstream from the monochromator while stray light is reduced through the use of baffles and thin film filters. Also included in the line is a differential pumping section that permits gas phase and other experiments requiring pressures in the 10 −5 to 10 −4 Torr range to be coupled to the beamline.
Excited state dynamics of nitrogen reactive intermediates at the threshold of laser induced filamentation

Abstract It has been suggested that the process of laser induced filamentation can be used in a wide range of applications such as: material processing, controlled electric discharge, and innovative spectroscopic measurements including the remote sensing of pollutants and hazardous materials. During filamentation, emissions from small excited molecular species and atomic states, both neutral and ionic, are readily observed. Among the important excited state species observed in air is the excited triplet state of molecular nitrogen, N 2 ( C 3 Π u ) . A method used to measure the emission properties of the excited states of nitrogen during filamentation is described. These measurements indicate that intersystem crossing from an excited singlet state is the dominate path to produce the triplet state. Alternative pathways, including neutralization of cationic species, were shown to be minor contributors under the laser-induced filamentation conditions of this study.