cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimum weight axisymmetric shell structures

The membrane approximation was used to determine the shapes and thickness distributions for axisymmetric shell structures that can support specified loads with minimum material. A Lagrange multiplier technique was employed. It resulted in Euler field equations and associated boundary conditions for the optimum shells. It also generated expressions for the multipliers directly in terms of the shell geometry. Specific solutions were obtained for the cases where the prescribed forces were uniform pressure, uniform vertical load and the weight of the shell itself. Both the Mises and the Tresca yield condition were used, and the optimum shells were shown to be in a state of yielding everywhere. The optimum shells, however, differed in general from equal strength shells which also satisfied yielding everywhere.
The Psychophysics of Sensor Fusion: A Multidimensional Signal Detection Analysis

Image fusion techniques take input from multiple single-band sensors and combine it to create a single multi-band image. While such processing offers to create imagery that is more information rich than that produced by single-band sensors, it may sometimes degrade the perceptual quality of the input content. Working within the context of Ashby and Townsend's (1986) General Recognition Theory, a multidimensional signal detection model of perceptual interactions between stimulus features, the current study measured the perceptibility of single-band content within fused images. Data indicate that the perceptibility of information from one single-band input channel can be degraded as the contrast level of the alternative single-band input is manipulated. False-color rendering of fused images, likewise, can sometimes improve and sometimes degrade perceptibility of single-band content. Implications for the design and testing of sensor-fused displays are discussed. Language: en
Static pressure measurement with surface-mounted disc probes

Two flow visualization techniques, the shadowgraph and the hydrogen bubbles, are combined to facilitate simultaneous ob- servation of the vertical velocity profile and the density interfaces in a stratified mixing layer in an annulus. The experimental setup is described and some examples of the resulting photographs are pre- sented and discussed.
Penetration depth in superconducting aluminum as a function of magnetic field and temperature

Abstract The penetration depth in pure single crystals of aluminum has been determined as a function of magnetic field and temperature at a frequency of about 0.5 MHz. The temperature dependence is found to be qualitatively in agreement with the predictions of the BCS theory. A static magnetic field (less than the critical field) is found to increase the penetration depth at all temperatures, having a maximum effect at a reduced temperature, t = T T c ≈ 0.55 . The details are in essential agreement with the predictions of Garfunkel, whose model attributes the effect of a magnetic field in a type-I superconductor to the change in kinetic energy of the electrons in the Meissner current.
Synthesis and crystal and molecular structure of [(nC4H9)4N]2[MoO2(C5O5)2]; confirmation of exclusively η2-coordination by a croconate ligand

Abstract The reaction of [(nC 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [Mo 2 O 7 ] with BaC 5 O 5 in acetonitrile yields red crystals of [(n C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [MoO 2 (C 5 O 5 ) 2 ]. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2/ c with a =36.502(11), b =14.681(3), c =18.109(5) A, β=93.84(1)°, V =9682.5(15) A 3 , D calc =1.22 g cm −3 for Z =8. Structure solution and refinement based on 3593 reflections with F o ⩾6σ(F o ) Mo Kα, λ= 0.71073 A) converged at 0.0693. The structure of the anion consists of a mononuclear Mo(VI) center in ar distorted octahedral environment of the cis -oxo groups and the oxygen donors of two bidentate croconate ligands. The 1,2-chelating geometry of the croconate is unusual in that all previously structurally characterized examples of croconate coordination exhibit additional bonding to a second metal site via the oxygen donor in the 4 position.
Planning a multilevel intervention to prevent hearing loss among farmworkers and managers: a systematic approach.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the second most prevalent self-reported occupational illness or injury in the U.S., and agricultural workers experience high rates of hearing loss. This article uses Intervention Mapping (IM), a systematic approach to intervention development, to make recommendations for a program to improve hearing loss protection among farmworkers and managers. Final recommendations, based on previous work in the literature on hearing loss prevention, qualitative formative research, and theoretical considerations, include a specification of a multilevel theory- and evidence-based hearing protection program for farmworkers and farm managers. Twelve performance objectives (e.g., monitor hearing and hearing loss with regular hearing testing) are specified and crossed with six relevant determinants (knowledge and behavioral capability; perceived exposure and susceptibility and noise annoyance; outcome expectations; barriers; social influence; skills and self-efficacy) to create a highly detailed matrix of change objectives for farmworkers and for their managers. These change objectives are then grouped into five categories: two for both farmworkers and their managers (noticing exposures, taking action) and three only for the latter (surveying and planning, implementation and evaluation, and communication). Theoretical methods and practical strategies, including program materials and activities, are then delineated.
Spatial Distribution of Adult Corn Flea Beetles, Chaetocnema pulicaria (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Sweet Corn and Development of a Sampling Plan

The com flea beetle, Chaetocnenw pulicaria Melsheimer, is an important pest of sweet com because it transmits Erwinia stewartii (Smith) Dye, the causal pathogen of Stewart’s wilt. Our goal was to quantify corn flea beetle distribution within and between sweet com plants and develop a sampling method that would be compatible with an existing sampling plan for lepidopteran pests. From plant emergence to tile 5th fully emerged leaf stage, >50% of the com flea beetles were recorded on the uppermost fully emerged leaf and the whorl leaves. For more mature sweet corn, 40-50% of the com flea beetles were recorded on leaves 4-6. The between-plant distribution pattern of adult com flea beetles fit a negative binomial distribution and was aggregated. The Wald sequential probability ratio test was used to develop sequential sampling plans for different combinations of type I and II errors, and 2 sets of decision rule boundaries. The sampling plans were validated and the effect of truncation at 100 samples examined by Monte Carlo simulation techniques. With the upper boundary of the decision rule set at the current threshold, the sampling plan would be reasonably cost effective and compatible with the lepidopteran sampling plan, although the type II error is relatively high.
Cotransmitter-mediated locus coeruleus action on motoneurons

This article reviews evidence for a direct noradrenergic projection from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT) to spinal motoneurons. The existence of this direct pathway was first inferred by the observation that antidromically evoked responses occur in single cells in the locus coeruleus (LC), a region within the DLPT, following electrical stimulation of the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of the cat. We subsequently confirmed that there is a direct noradrenergic pathway from the LC and adjacent regions of the DLPT to the lumbar ventral horn using anatomical studies that combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemical identification of neurotransmitters. These anatomical studies further revealed that many of the noradrenergic neurons in the LC and adjacent regions of the DLPT of the cat that send projections to the spinal cord ventral horn also contain colocalized glutamate (Glu) or enkephalin (ENK). Recent studies from our laboratory suggest that Glu and ENK may function as cotransmitters with norepinephrine (NE) in the descending pathway from the DLPT. Electrical stimulation of the LC evokes a depolarizing response in spinal motoneurons that is only partially blocked by alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists. In addition, NE mimicks only the slowly developing and not the fast component of LC-evoked depolarization. Furthermore, the depolarization evoked by LC stimulation is accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance, whereas that evoked by NE is accompanied by an increased resistance. That Glu may be a second neurotransmitter involved in LC excitation of motoneurons is supported by our observation that the excitatory response evoked in spinal cord ventral roots by electrical stimulation of the LC is attenuated by a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic antagonist. ENK may participate as a cotransmitter with NE to mediate LC effects on lumbar monosynaptic reflex (MSR) amplitude. Electrical stimulation of the LC has a biphasic effect on MSR amplitude, facilitation followed by inhibition. Adrenergic antagonists block only the facilitator effect of LC stimulation on MSR amplitude, whereas the ENK antagonist naloxone reverses the inhibition. The chemical heterogeneity of the cat DLPT system and the differential responses of motoneurons to the individual cotransmitters help to explain the diversity of postsynaptic potentials that occur following LC stimuli.
Cisplatin as second-line therapy in ovarian carcinoma treated initially with single-agent paclitaxel: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Abstract Objectives The platinum compounds are the most active agents in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Phase II trials demonstrated the activity of paclitaxel in patients with disease clinically resistant to platinum-based front-line therapy, and phase III studies confirmed that a combination of paclitaxel plus a platinum was superior to cyclophosphamide plus a platinum. This study evaluated the activity of platinum in patients with bulky advanced disease treated with single-agent paclitaxel as front-line therapy on a Gynecologic Oncology Group protocol. Those patients who had persistent (stable) or progressive disease while receiving paclitaxel, or a recurrence of disease within 6 months of completing six cycles of paclitaxel therapy, received single-agent cisplatin. Methods Thirty-nine eligible patients with ovarian carcinoma persistent, progressive, or recurrent after initial treatment with paclitaxel 200 mg/m 2 over 24 h every 3 weeks received cisplatin 100 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results Among 37 patients evaluable for response, 8 complete (22%) and 13 partial (35%) responses resulted. Twelve (32%) patients exhibited stable disease, while 4 (11%) had increasing disease. Median progression-free survival was 11.0 months. Median survival was 15.0 months. All but two patients were clinically resistant to paclitaxel (progression during or within 6 months after completion of paclitaxel). Grade 2 or worse adverse effects among 39 patients evaluable for toxicity included neutropenia (23), thrombocytopenia (3), anemia (10), nausea and vomiting (23), azotemia (7), neurotoxicity (9), fever (2), and tinnitus (1). Conclusion These data provide evidence that cisplatin is active as second-line therapy in patients clinically resistant to paclitaxel. The overall response rate is high (57%) with excellent progression-free and overall survival in the second-line setting.
Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media : 1. Mathematical analysis of controlling factors

Interest in coupled biodegradation and transport of organic contaminants has expanded greatly in the past several years. In a system in which biodegradation is coupled with solute transport, the magnitude and rate of biodegradation is influenced not only by properties of the microbial population and the substrate, but also by hydrodynamic properties (e.g., residence time, dispersivity). By nondimensionalizing the coupled-process equations for transport and nonlinear biodegradation, we show that transport behavior is controlled by three characteristic parameters: the effective maximum specific growth rate, the relative half-saturation constant, and the relative substrate-utilization coefficient. The impact on biodegradation and transport of these parameters, which constitute various combinations of factors reflecting the influences of biotic and hydraulic properties of the system, are examined numerically. A type-curve diagram based on the three characteristic parameters is constructed to illustrate the conditions under which steady and non-steady transport is observed, and the conditions for which the linear, first-order approximation is valid for representing biodegradation. The influence of constraints to microbial growth and substrate utilization on contaminant transport is also briefly discussed. Additionally, the impact of biodegradation, with and without biomass growth, on spatial solute distribution and moments is examined.
ABNORMAL PNEUMOGRAMS (PNGS) IN INFANTS WITH IN UTERO COCAINE EXPOSURE

Widespread abuse of cocaine among the general population has focused new interest on its effects on the developing fetus. Abnormal cardiorespiratory patterns and increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have been reported in infants with intrauterine narcotic exposure, but few data exist for infants with in-utero exposure to cocaine only (IUC). As part of an ongoing prospective study to determine the risk of SIDS in infants with IUC, we enrolled users of cocaine alone and obtained the following: 1) maternal drug history 2) maternal and infant urine drug screen 3) PNGs with a minimum of 6 hours sleep, scored for short (10-15 seconds) and long (>15 seconds) apneas, % periodic breathing and bradycardias ( 5 seconds). Maternal cocaine use included 70% free basing, 20% snorting, 10% by IV or oral. Twenty infants, each followed for 6 mos., have been evaluated thus far (birthweight 2616 ± 588 gms, gestational age 37.6 ± 2.6 wks., and Apgar scores of 8 ± 2 at 1 min. and 9 ± 1 at 5 min.). Withdrawal, evaluated by standard neonatal abstinence scoring, was monitored for ≥ 24 hrs.; maximal score recorded was 5.1 ± 3.7. Urine screen was positive for cocaine in 60% of mothers aE tine of delivery; 6 or their infants were positive as well. Evaluation or PNG demonstrated the only abnormal finding to be apnea >15 seconds in 4 out of the 20 infants, 3 of whom also had positive urine screens for cocaine. The 4th infant was first tested at 35 wks post-conceptional age; at 37 wks a repeated PNG was normal. None of the term infants exhibited clinical apnea during the hospitalizatipn, however, one has subsequently been readmitted with a near-miss episode. We conclude that infants with IUC demonstrate abnormal respiratory patterns as evaluated by PNGs. The prolonged apneas are more likely to occur in infants with apparent recent cocaine exposure as reflected by the positive urine in 3 of the 4 patients with abnormal PNGs. Further evaluation is currently in progress to determine: 1) if prolonged apnea is only an immediate postnatal risk, 2) it prolonged apnea places IUC infants at increased risk for SIDS.
Performing robots: innovative interdisciplinary projects

By challenging and engaging students in interdisciplinary projects, we provide a learning platform to enhance creativity, critical thinking and problem-solving skills, while promoting an innovation-oriented culture in academia. In this paper, we summarize interdisciplinary and undergraduate research projects in music and animation that integrate technologies from both disciplines to create unique and innovative projects. Iterative development coupled with various forms of visual and audio feedback enhanced the student learning experience with positive feedback from students. These efforts have resulted in the awarding of internal grant funding, interest in additional undergraduate research projects, and enhanced awareness of the application of technology to other disciplines.
Hydrophobically modified polyelectrolyte for improved oxygen barrier in nanobrick wall multilayer thin films

The influence of attaching hydrophobic side groups to a polyelectrolyte, used for deposition of a multilayer oxygen gas barrier thin film, was investigated. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was labeled with pyrene and deposited in “quadlayers” of PEI, poly(acrylic acid), PEI, and sodium montmorillonite clay using layer-by-layer assembly. Thin films made of three repeating quadlayers using unmodified PEI had much lower density (1.24 g/cm3) than pyrene-labeled PEI-based films (1.45 g/cm3), which is believed to be the result of greater chain coiling from the increased hydrophobicity of pendant pyrene groups. This increased density in pyrene-labeled PEI layers allowed three quadlayers to match the oxygen transmission rate of a four quadlayer film made with unmodified PEI. This discovery provides an additional tool for tailoring the barrier behavior of clay-based multilayer thin films that could prove useful for a variety of packaging applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1153–1156
Control of preeclamptic hypertension by ketanserin, a new serotonin receptor antagonist

Abstract We investigated the effect of peripheral serotonin receptor blockade on preeclamptic hypertension in 20 postpartum patients by the use of ketanserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist. In a study consisting of a double-blind crossover with placebo, parenteral ketanserin significantly reduced blood pressure from 167 105 to 126 71 mm Hg compared to a decline from 157 98 to 150 91 mm Hg for the placebo (p
The Disparate Neighborhood Impacts of the Great Recession: Evidence from Chicago

Abstract We advance scholarship about how macroeconomic forces differentially manifest themselves across local spaces by developing a holistic conceptual framework and empirical analyses involving multilevel change modeling. Unlike prior work, we examine differential rates of change in neighborhood indicators. We illustrate our approach with Chicago data measuring the crime, housing, and economic domains of neighborhood quality of life over the 2000–2009 period. We find that the local dynamic manifestations of macroeconomic cycles were far more nuanced than have been previously observed. Neighborhood indicators moved along distinct trajectories, sometimes but not necessarily tracking each other or the overall business cycle, and they changed with varied intensities. The Great Recession of 2006–2009 had disparate negative impacts on lower-income and minority-occupied neighborhoods' local job opportunities, home prices, and home foreclosures, though this was not true for credit or crime indicators. Credit i...
Oblique Back-Illumination Reveals Phase Gradients in Thick Scattering Tissues

Oblique back-illumination microscopy (OBM) is a new technique for imaging lateral phase gradients and absorption in thick scattering tissue. OBM works for unstained samples in reflection at video rates, and is viable for endomicroscopy.
A Study of the Nusselt-Rayleigh and Sherwood-Rayleigh Number Relations for Water Undergoing Free-Surface Natural Convection

An experimental study is presented of the Nusselt-Rayleigh and Sherwood-Rayleigh number relations for water undergoing free-surface natural convection, which is natural convection beneath an air/water interface. The focus of this work is on the Nu-Ra relationship. This relationship is typically studied using the traditional Rayleigh-Benard convection experiment where a fluid layer is bounded above and below by solid plates of different, but constant, temperatures. Hence, the boundary conditions are of the no-slip, constant-temperature type. Power laws are typically used in these studies to correlate the Nu-Ra data, and existing studies have given power law exponents that are usually close to 1/3. The experimental data obtained in this study yields a power law relation of the form: Nu = (0.0016)Ra0.328 (1) for 107 < Ra < 1011 . This result is surprising in that the effect of the free-surface boundary condition on the power law exponent is quite small when compared to the solid plate case. However, the prefactor in Eq. (1) is significantly smaller than for the solid plate case. The Sh-Ra data obtained in this study are also fit to a power law, giving: Sh = (0.0019)Ra0.329 (2) where Sh is the dimensionless mass transfer coefficient for evaporation. The exponent of this power law differs from that which has been observed by prior researchers. However, the prior research on evaporation that utilizes this form for scaling the data is considerably smaller than for the heat transfer case. Possible explanations for the observed behavior are presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Unfavorable presenting clinical and laboratory features are associated with CALLA-negative non-T, non-B lymphoblastic leukemia in children.

Abstract Twenty-four (5.7%) of 424 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were found to have blast cells that expressed HLA-DR antigens but not the common ALL antigen (CALLA), E-rosette receptors, T-cell antigens, or cytoplasmic or surface immunoglobulins. Each of the eight cases tested expressed the B-cell associated antigen B4, but not B1 or B2 antigen. Myeloid-associated antigens were not present in any of the 10 cases tested. By comparison with common (CALLA+ B-cell precursor) ALL, patients having this immunophenotype were more likely to be children
Determination of BMS-284756, a new quinolone, in mouse serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Abstract A sensitive, simple, and accurate method for determination of BMS-284756, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone antimicrobial agent in mouse serum was developed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Sample preparations were carried out by protein precipitation with the addition of acetonitrile, followed by evaporation of the acetonitrile to dryness. The resultant residual was then reconstituted in 0.01 M HCl and injected onto a Nucleosil 100 10 μm, C18 25 cm×4.6 mm analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile–0.01 M NaH2PO4 (20:80, v/v) with 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. The fluorescence of the column effluent was monitored at an excitation wavelength of 290 nm and an emission wavelength of 418 nm. The assay was shown to be linear from 0.2 to 10.0 μg/ml (R2=0.998). Mean recovery was determined as 95.1%. Inter- and intra-assay precisions were
The UCLA Senior Fellows Program

ABSTRACT The UCLA Senior Fellows Program is a professional development program for senior-level academic librarians held biennially at the University of California, Los Angeles. This article reports on the results of interviews conducted during July–August 2007 with 11 library directors who had previously participated in the Senior Fellows Program. Participants were asked to identify the aspect(s) of the Senior Fellows Program that had been most valuable to them and to reflect on lessons learned, the impact of the program on their personal and professional development, and the support they received from faculty and cohort group members.
Love, Sex, Marriage: A Family History on the Women’s Side

This performance of a family history is about women’s agency in love, sex, and marriage. Decent women are supposed to keep their virginity until they get married, and this norm influences all the three generations of women in this performance. Women with premarital sex have to pass as virgins in order to be respected. The burden to keep their sexual life private is almost all on the women because being sexually active before marriage only affects the women’s reputation. This performance is about how the forced silence renders women helpless and the women’s physical and emotional disaster caused by their sexual shame throughout their relationship. Finally, this piece is also about the strength of women as survivors.
Patterns of form and function in the central nervous system of Ariolimax.

The external and internal morphology of the central nervous system of the large terrestrial gastropod Ariolimax columbianus are shown to be typical of the general pattern for stylommatophoran pulmonates. This typicality recommends Ariolimax as a useful normal model for experimental investigation of the molluscan nervous system. The central nervous system of this form was reconstructed by tracing every section of a horizontally serially sectioned specimen onto transparent acetate tracing film at a magnification of 32 ×. The position of all cells greater than 50 m in diameter as well as the locations of neuropil, septa, exits of the various nerves, etc., were all carefully indicated on this model. By comparing sections serially cut in different planes with the reconstruction it becomes apparent that many, if not most, of the larger cells and constellations of cells are identifiable from animal to animal. This finding is consistent with the assumption that basic stereotyped responses most probably reflect stereotyped anatomical patterns. Fixed neuronal patterns in turn suggest basic identifiable discharge patterns over the major nervous pathways. By double beam recording it is demonstrated that recognizable “core discharge” patterns from the central nervous system can indeed be distinguished following various controlled afferent inputs. The results of this study support the concept of a physiologically and anatomically patterned, as opposed to a randomly functioning, neuropil.
Isolated myocyte contractile function is normal in postinfarct remodeled rat heart with systolic dysfunction.

Background Postinfarction ventricular remodeling is associated with lengthening and contractile dysfunction of the remote noninfarcted myocardium. Mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Methods and Results We studied serial changes in global left ventricular (LV) structure and function in infarcted (1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after myocardial infarction) and sham-operated rat hearts and correlated them with structural and functional changes in myocytes isolated from the remote LV myocardium in the same hearts. Rats with myocardial infarction developed significant remodeling. The heart weight–to–body weight ratios were increased. LV volumes at filling pressure of 10 mm Hg were higher (305±28 versus 215±12 μL, P<.01). This was accompanied by global LV dysfunction (in vivo LV end-diastolic pressure, 4±1 versus 23±1.6 mm Hg; Langendorff LV developed pressure, 105±4 versus 62±9 mm Hg, P<.001 for both). Myocytes isolated from these hearts showed significant structural remodeling (LV myocytes, 24% longe...
Demographic variables, smoking variables, and outcome across five studies.

Objective: Intervention effectiveness can potentially be affected by membership in different demographic subgroups (race, ethnicity, gender, age, and education level) or smoking behavior variables (time to first cigarette, longest previous quit attempt, number of attempts in the past year, number of cigarettes, and stage of change). Previous research on these 2 sets of variables has produced mixed results. Design: This secondary data analysis combined data from 5 effectiveness trials (a random-digit-dial sample [N = 1,358], members of an HMO [N = 207], parents of students recruited for a school-based study [N = 347], patients from an insurance provider list [N = 535], and employees [N = 175]) in which smokers were all proactively recruited from a defined population and all received the same expert system intervention. The intervention produced a consistent 22% to 26% point prevalence cessation rate across the 5 studies. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were 24-hr point prevalence, 7-day point prevalence, 30-day prolonged abstinence, and 6-month prolonged abstinence. Results: There were no significant differences in outcome across gender, race, and ethnicity subgroups. There were significant differences and small effect sizes for age and education subgroups. There were significant differences and large effect sizes for all 5 smoking behavior variables. Discussion: Demographic variables are static variables, whereas the smoking variables are more dynamic, that is, open to change. Given the dynamic nature of the smoking variables and the large effect sizes, interventions tailored on the smoking variables should be more successful.
Requirements for implementation of localization into real-world assistive environments

Accurate and efficient localization methods in sensor networks are critical to enabling a robust assistive environment where tracking human actions and interactions are needed to predict human behavior and prevent accidents. In this paper we describe an anchor-free localization approach where the sensor motes themselves determine their location without any given starting point or additional hardware. Instead, the location is discovered by allowing sensors to branch out through their connections to each other to establish maps that define their surroundings. We describe a Geographical Distributed Localization (GDL) algorithm which consists of a set of motes that compute local maps based on their hop counts from a special mote called bootstrap. In this paper, we provide a set of requirements for real world conditions, since GDL was developed and tested using the NS2 simulation system using synthetic data. It is now desired to test GDL in a real world assistive environment and generate a set of requirements that are useful in this and other settings. To do this, we chose Tmote Invent wireless sensors and designed ways to transfer the system from simulation to laboratory. Later, we used SunSPOT motes to continue the system. In this paper we report on specific features and requirements discovered that need to be taken into consideration to account for physical limitations of the sensors, when trying to move the system from one environment to another. Also, we provide new directions of research when mapping sensor localization to real-world environments, based on the given resources and the components available.
Intraspecific recognition by laughing gull chicks

Abstract Newly hatched laughing gulls, Larus atricilla , pecked at herring gull models more than at models of their own species, and preferred an unusual laughing gull model to a more conventional one. Chicks learned to peck preferentially at laughing gull models that fed them and to reduce their pecking at models that did not; they learned best when the model was unusual. Chicks were also able to learn to prefer a particular laughing gull mew call over a mew call recorded from a different laughing gull. When auditory cues were present during conditioning, the degree and importance of visual learning sharply declined.
Intelligent control of auxiliary ship systems

The Open Autonomy Kernel (OAK) is an architecture for autonomous distributed control. OAK addresses control as a three-step process: diagnosis, planning and execution. OAK is specifically designed to support "hard" control problems in which the system is complex, sensor coverage is incomplete, and distribution of control is desired. A unique combination of model-based reasoning and autonomous agents are used. Model-based reasoning is used to perform diagnosis. Observations and execution are distributed using autonomous intelligent agents. Planning is performed with simple script or graph-spanning planners. A prototype OAK system designed to control the chilled water distribution system of a Navy surface ship has been developed and is described.
Environmental Resistance of Mo–Si–B Alloys and Coatings

For high temperature application beyond the range of Ni-base superalloys, multiphase Mo–Si–B alloys with compositions, that yield the ternary intermetallic Mo5SiB2 (T2) phase as a key microstructure constituent together with the Mo and Mo3Si phases, offer an attractive balance of high melting temperature, oxidation resistance and mechanical properties. The investigation of reaction kinetics involving the T2 phase enables the analysis of oxidation in terms of diffusion pathways and the design of effective coatings. From this basis kinetic biasing is used together with pack cementation to develop multilayered coatings and in situ diffusion barriers with self-healing characteristics for enhanced oxidation resistance. While a combustion environment contains water vapor that can accelerate attack of silica based coatings, the current pack cementation coatings provide oxidation resistance in water vapor up to at least 1500 °C. An exposure to hot ionized gas species generated in an arc jet confirms the robust coating performance in extreme environments.
Plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion in a pregnant woman with primary aldosteronism.

ABSTRACT Studies of plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion were performed in a case of primary aldosteronism occurring during pregnancy. The patient had hypertension and severe hypokalemia. The aldosterone secretion rate was clearly elevated, even when compared with the levels seen during normal pregnancy. Plasma renin activity, rather than being elevated as in normal pregnancy, was suppressed to subnormal levels, whether compared with those of normal pregnancy or those of normal nonpregnant subjects. A definite preoperative diagnosis of primary aldosteronism was thus possible, using the usual criteria. The left adrenal gland, containing a benign cortical adenoma, was removed. Postoperatively, the patient's blood pressure and serum potassium concentration became normal. For 2 months, plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion rates remained lower than the values observed in normal pregnancy. The fact that primary aldosteronism was associated with suppressed plasma renin activity during pregn...
1-D Van der Waals Foams Heated by Ion Beam Energy Deposition

One dimensional simulations of various initial average density aluminum foams (modeled as slabs of solid metal separated by low density regions) heated by volumetric energy deposition are conducted with a Lagrangian hydrodynamics code using a van der Waals equation of state (EOS). The resulting behavior is studied to facilitate the design of future warm dense matter (WDM) experiments at LBNL. In the simulations the energy deposition ranges from 10 to 30 kJ/g and from 0.075 to 4.0 ns total pulse length, resulting in temperatures from approximately 1 to 4 eV. We study peak pressures and temperatures in the foams, expansion velocity, and the phase evolution. Five relevant time scales in the problem are identified. Additionally, we present a method for characterizing the level of inhomogeneity in a foam target as it is heated and the time it takes for a foam to homogenize.
On the Entropy Rate of Hidden Markov Processes Observed Through Arbitrary Memoryless Channels

This paper studies the entropy rate of hidden Markov processes (HMPs) which are generated by observing a discrete-time binary homogeneous Markov chain through an arbitrary memoryless channel. A fixed-point functional equation is derived for the stationary distribution of an input symbol conditioned on all past observations. While the existence of a solution to the fixed-point functional equation is guaranteed by martingale theory, its uniqueness follows from the fact that the solution is the fixed point of a contraction mapping. The entropy or differential entropy rate of the HMP can then be obtained through computing the average entropy of each input symbol conditioned on past observations. In absence of an analytical solution to the fixed-point functional equation, a numerical method is proposed in which the fixed-point functional equation is first converted to a discrete linear system using uniform quantization and then solved efficiently. The accuracy of the computed entropy rate is shown to be proportional to the quantization interval. Unlike many other numerical methods, this numerical solution is not based on averaging over a sample path of the HMP.
Ionic Currents across the Plasmalemma of Chara inflata Cells II. EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL Na+, Ca2+ AND Cl− ON K+ AND Cl CURRENTS

Osmotic and ionic effects on the properties of K + and Cl − conductances in the plasmalemma of Chara inflata. Separation of the effects of increased external salt concentrations on membrane ionic conductance from the osmotic effects
Physiology of acute starvation in man

(1978). Physiology of acute starvation in man. Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 221-230.
Some tribology and mechanics issues for 100-Gb/in/sup 2/ hard disk drive

The requirements of the mechanical head-disk interface design for a magnetic recording hard disk drive with a data density of 100 Gb/in/sup 2/. are presented. The research toward achieving this design in the Computer Mechanics Laboratory in collaboration with the National Storage Industry Consortium is summarized: 1) optimization of a 5-nm-flying-height ABS design; 2) experimental and numerical simulations of slider dynamics to reduce the flying height modulation; 3) tribological studies of sputtered, nitrogenated carbon (CN/sub x/) overcoats and their interaction with ZDOL lubricant; and 4) optimal strain sensor placement on an instrumented suspension for suppression of track misregistration.
Increased De Novo Lipogenesis Is a Distinct Characteristic of Individuals With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There have been few studies of the role of de novo lipogenesis in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We used isotope analyses to compare de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid flux between subjects with NAFLD and those without, matched for metabolic factors (controls). METHODS: We studied subjects with metabolic syndrome and/or levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase >30 mU/L, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify those with high levels (HighLF, n ¼ 13) or low levels (LowLF, n ¼ 11) of liver fat. Clinical and demographic information was collected from all participants, and insulin sensitivity was measured using the insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test. Stable isotopes were administered and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to analyze free (nonesterified) fatty acid (FFA) and triacylglycerol flux and lipogenesis. RESULTS: Subjects with HighLF (18.4% � 3.6%) had higher plasma levels of FFAs during the nighttime and higher concentrations of insulin than subjects with LowLF (3.1% � 2.7%; P ¼ .04 and P < .001, respectively). No differences were observed between groups in adipose flux of FFAs (414 � 195 mmol/min for HighLF vs 358 � 105 mmol/min for LowLF; P ¼ .41) or production of very-lowdensity lipoprotein triacylglycerol from FFAs (4.06 � 2.57 mmol/min vs 4.34 � 1.82 mmol/min; P ¼ .77). In contrast, subjects with HighLF had more than 3-fold higher rates of de novo fatty acid synthesis than subjects with LowLF (2.57 � 1.53 mmol/min vs 0.78 � 0.42 mmol/min; P ¼ .001). As a percentage of triacylglycerol palmitate, de novo lipogenesis was 2-fold higher in subjects with HighLF (23.2% � 7.9% vs 10.1% � 6.7%; P < .001); this level was independently associated with the level of intrahepatic triacylglycerol (r ¼ 0.53; P ¼ .007). CONCLUSIONS: By administering isotopes to subjects with NAFLD and control subjects, we confirmed that those with NAFLD have increased synthesis of fatty acids. Subjects with NAFLD also had higher nocturnal plasma levels of FFAs and did not suppress the contribution from de novo lipogenesis on fasting. These findings indicate that lipogenesis might be a therapeutic target for NAFLD.
Diffraction theory techniques applied to aperture antennas on finite circular and square ground planes

Expressions which represent the elevation-plane patterns of a large TEM mode coax aperture and a TM_{01} mode circular aperture on finite circular and square ground planes have been derived using geometrical theory of diffraction; design curves for the coax case are presented. The expressions for the field pattern were obtained by superposing the infinite ground plane solutions, the first-order diffracted field solutions and the axial caustic solutions in their respective regions of validity. The pattern analyses for the coax and circular apertures are verified experimentally.
Optimization of Methanotrophic Growth and Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) in a High-Throughput Microbioreactor System.

ABSTRACT Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) from methane has economic and environmental advantages over production by agricultural feedstock. Identification of high-productivity strains and optimal growth conditions is critical to efficient conversion of methane to polymer. Current culture conditions, including serum bottles, shake flasks, and agar plates, are labor-intensive and therefore insufficient for systematic screening and isolation. Gas chromatography, the standard method for analysis of P3HB content in bacterial biomass, is also incompatible with high-throughput screening. Growth in aerated microtiter plates coupled with a 96-well Nile red flow-cytometric assay creates an integrated microbioreactor system for high-throughput growth and analysis of P3HB-producing methanotrophic cultures, eliminating the need for individual manipulation of experimental replicates. This system was tested in practice to conduct medium optimization for P3HB production in pure cultures of Methylocystis parvus OBBP. Optimization gave insight into unexpected interactions: for example, low calcium concentrations significantly enhanced P3HB production under nitrogen-limited conditions. Optimization of calcium and copper concentrations in the growth medium increased final P3HB content from 18.1% to 49.4% and P3HB concentration from 0.69 g/liter to 3.43 g/liter while reducing doubling time from 10.6 h to 8.6 h. The ability to culture and analyze thousands of replicates with high mass transfer in completely mixed culture promises to streamline medium optimization and allow the detection and isolation of highly productive strains. Applications for this system are numerous, encompassing analysis of biofuels and other lipid inclusions, as well as analysis of heterotrophic and photosynthetic systems.
On the asymptotic equivalence between stochastic and deterministic energy sources in energy harvesting sensing systems

In this paper, we seek answer to the question: can a wireless sensing system with energy harvesting power supplies perform as well as the one with conventional power supplies? Conventional sensing systems with deterministic energy sources usually employ uniform sampling. However, due to the stochastic nature of the energy harvested from the ambient environment, uniform sampling is usually infeasible for energy harvesting sensing systems. We thus propose a simple best-effort sensing scheme, which defines a set of equally spaced candidate sensing instants. At a given candidate sensing instant, the sensor will perform sensing if there is sufficient energy available, and it will remain silent otherwise. It is analytically shown that the percentage of silent candidate sensing instants goes to zero as time increases, if and only if the average energy harvesting rate is no less than the average energy consumption rate. Therefore, the difference between the best-effort sensing policy and the uniform sensing policy diminishes as time evolves. The theoretical results are then used to guide the design of a practical sensing system that monitors a time-varying event. Both analysis and simulations show that the energy harvesting system with the best-effort sensing scheme can asymptotically achieve the same mean squared error (MSE) performance as the one with uniform sensing and deterministic energy sources. Therefore, we provide a positive answer to the question by establishing the asymptotic equivalence between stochastic and deterministic energy sources, from both theoretical and practical aspects.
EARLY AUTOREGULATION OF SYMBIOTIC ROOT NODULATION IN SOYBEANS

Autoregulation of symbiotic root nodulation in soybean seedlings ( Glycine max L. Merrill cv Pride 216) was studied following double inoculation of primary roots with Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110. When the second inoculation was given 10 or 17 hours after the first, the nodulation in the first-inoculated region of the root was suppressed. The effect was eliminated if B. japonicum 110 containing Tn 5 insertions in the `common9 nod ABC genes was used for the second inoculation, indicating the requirement for changes in the root mediated by these bacterial genes. When the root cortex in the suppressed basal region was examined 3 days after inoculation, cell division centers were present in numbers not significantly different from the numbers in control roots given a sham second inoculation; their size distribution, however, showed a failure of enlargement compared with controls.
Glucose and TGFβ2 Modulate the Viability of Cultured Human Retinal Pericytes and Their VEGF Release

Purpose: Determine the effects of glucose and exogenous TGFβ2 on viability and VEGF release by human retinal pericytes (HRP). Methods: Human retinal pericytes (HRP) were cultured in 5 mM (physiologic) or high (18 mM) glucose with or without added TGFβ2. Viable cells were counted; TGFβ2 and VEGF in the conditioned media (CM) were measured by ELISA. Results: High glucose significantly reduced viable cell number and increased the levels of TGFβ2 and VEGF. TGFβ2 caused a significant dose-dependent effect on viable cell number and on the level of VEGF secreted into the CM by HRP in physiologic glucose, decreasing viable cell number, and increasing VEGF release per 1000 cells at a low concentration (0.1 ng/ml) and increasing viable cell number and decreasing VEGF release per 1000 cells at higher concentrations (1.0 and 10 ng/ml). TGFβ2 affected neither parameter in high glucose. Conclusions: Elevated glucose decreased HRP viability and modulated changes in TGFβ2 and VEGF release. This suggests a novel mechanism...
THE AGE FACTOR IN HYPERTROPHIC ARTHRITIS

Hypertrophic bone changes represent the reaction of bone and joint structures to the wear and tear of life. They are more pronounced in certain types of individuals and are aggravated by continued local irritation of any character. These changes rarely occur before the thirty-fifth year of age but are progressive thereafter. They may exist to a marked degree without clinical symptoms. Being the result of metabolic changes rather than the cause, their presence does not prohibit relief from such symptoms. The bone changes are permanent. Treatment of the symptoms must be directed toward the removal of all possible sources of continued irritation. These include mechanical strains, focal infections, intoxications, and absorptions, any or all of which factors may be present in a given case.
REPEATED REVERSALS OF HOST-PREFERENCE EVOLUTION IN A SPECIALIST INSECT HERBIVORE

A tree of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes was constructed to estimate the number of evolutionary changes of host-plant preference needed to account for variation among 24 populations of the butterfly Euphydryas editha. Using 17 restriction endonucleases, 22 mtDNA haplotypes were found among 24 populations of this butterfly species. We allowed for the possibility of haplotypes to acquire particular preferences either from evolutionary change at their local sites or from migration to populations where those preferences occurred. After we had taken these estimates of migration into account, a minimum of 10 evolutionary changes of host preference (reduced from 22) was needed to explain the pattern of use of five host-plant genera among these populations. Analysis of allozyme variation among a partially overlapping set of populations also suggested multiple host shifts. Although genetic variation of host preference is largely responsible for interpopulation variation of diet, repeated reversals of preference evolution have occurred. However, host preferences were not distributed randomly with respect to phylogeny, and some tendency toward evolutionary conservation of preference also was indicated. The haplotype of E. editha most closely related to the sister species, E. chalcedona, used a principal host of E. chalcedona. Our results suggest that host shifts occur frequently in E. editha, are a result of both migration and local evolution, and have not been associated with speciation in these insects.