cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison between barium and strontium-glass composites for sealing SOFCs

Abstract The present study demonstrates the feasibility of adding micron-scale Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) powders to modify the properties of two borate glasses used for sealing electrolyte supported SOFCs. The crystallization of the composite made with a Ba-containing glass was found to be independent of the volume fraction of YSZ, as opposed to the situation for Sr-glass composites where the crystallization temperature decreased with the volume fraction of YSZ. The variation of the flow properties of both glass composites was measured using a wettability test, and an increase of the contact angle was measured when the volume fraction of additives was increased. Examining the microstructure showed that initially the Ba-containing glass reacted with YSZ to form a BaZrO3 compound. Long time exposure at 800 °C caused a large reduction of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which is explained by increased formation of BaZrO3 and further change in glass composition. On the other hand, the reaction involving the Sr-containing glass with the YSZ additive shows the initial formation of calcium zirconate (Ca is an ingredient in both glasses) followed by appearance of strontium zirconate with further heating. For this Sr glass composition, the observed reduction of CTE was associated with the change in composition of the remaining glassy phase since the CTEs of the reaction products are close to the CTE of the YSZ additives.
The Alchian–Allen theorem and the law of relative demand: The case of multiple quality-differentiable brands

Abstract The Alchian–Allen theorem of “shipping the good apples out” (the AA theorem) is based on a law of relative demand which states that as the price ratio of one good to another becomes larger, the demand for the former good becomes smaller relative to the demand for the latter good. However, both the AA theorem and the law of relative demand have only been discussed in the context where a commodity group has just two quality-differentiable versions. This paper defines relative demands and investigates their properties for the more general situation where a commodity group consists of more than two similar but quality-differentiable brands. The results obtained extend the AA theorem and the law of relative demand.
Insulin, S-sulphonate A and S-sulphonate B-chain receptor binding to human cultured lymphocytes.

The ability of insulin and the S-sulphonate A and B-chain derivatives to bind to a receptor on cultured human lymphocytes was evaluated. A receptor site for the S-sulphonate A-chain was identified and was strongly influenced by the intact insulin molecule. S-sulphonate A-chain weakly interfered with insulin binding. S-sulphonate B-chain showed no evidence of significant binding and did not interfere with insulin or S-sulphonate A chain binding.14CO2 production from14C-1-glucose was stimulated by insulin in cultured lymphocytes and this effect was blunted by S-sulphonate A-chain. The sulphhydryl blocking agent used in the production of insulin A-chain appears to be of critical importance.
Synthesis and Bioconjugation of 2 and 3 nm-diameter Gold Nanoparticles

By adjustment of solvent conditions for synthesis, virtually monodisperse 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles, 2 and 3 nm in diameter, were obtained. Large single crystals of the 2 nm particles could be grown from the reaction mixture. Uniformity was also demonstrated by the formation of two-dimensional arrays and by quantitative high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The 2 and 3 nm particles were spontaneously reactive for conjugation with proteins and DNA, and further reaction could be prevented by repassivation with glutathione. Conjugates with antibody Fc fragment could be used to identify TAP-tagged proteins of interest in electron micrographs, through the binding of a pair of particles to the pair of protein A domains in the TAP tag.
Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped porous carbon dodecahedrons with enhanced electrochemical properties for lithium storage and water splitting

Abstract A novel Co3O4/N-doped porous carbon hybrid with dodecahedrons structure was synthesized by a facile, two-step, thermal transformation of a cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework. Well-dispersed Co3O4 nanoparticles were embedded in nitrogen-doped porous carbon networks, forming a unique nanopolyhedron. When tested as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the hybrid exhibited superior electrochemical performance, including excellent rate capability of 560 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 which is close to 46% of the rate capacity at 100 mA g−1, outstanding cycling stability with 91.7% capacity retention of the second cycle after 110 cycles, and considerably large discharge capacity of 1730 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1. Moreover, the hybrid also showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for electrochemical oxygen evolution from water splitting.
1827 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PNEUMOGRAM SCORING BY A COMPUTER ASSISTED SYSTEM (CAPS) VS MANUAL SCORING (MS)

We analyzed the pneumogram scoring done by CAPS to MS. 12-hour PPG's were recorded simultaneously on a cassette tape and directly to a recording paper on 42 infants for evaluation of apnea. The tapes were scored by the computer and the direct recording was scored manually. The results were analyzed for the following. Prolonged Apnea (PA) (≥15 sec); A6/D% (≥.5%); Periodic Breathing (PB) (≥3.0%). Tapes were scanned three times by the computer. No statistically significant differences were noted between each scan and the manual scoring. CAPS detected 100% of PA; 100% of PB and 90.5% of AD noted in MS. MS detected 30% of PA, 90.5% of AD, and 40.9% of PB seen in CAPS. There was an abnormally high PB by CAPS (P= <0.01). 23 PPG's were abnormal by MS and 25 PPG's were abnormal by CAPS. (P=NS). 21 (84%) abnormal PPG's by CAPS were detected by MS. 21 (91.3%) abnormal PPG's by MS were detected by CAPS. These results indicate that CAPS is a valuable aid in PPG interpretation. Abnormal PB is seen more often by CAPS. However, we recommend caution in total reliance on CAPS for PPG scoring.
Parathyroid adenoma in a child

Parathyroid adenoma was discovered in an 11-year-old girl who had a 2 year history of anorexia, failure to thrive, and weakness, with the development of an awkward gait. In addition to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, evidence of skeletal demineralization and vicarious calcification was found. Hypercalcemia persisted during the administration of a pharmacologic dosage of a hydrocortisone analogue; however the serum calcium fell to a normal value during the intravenous administration of a phosphate load. The latter response, also observed in a patient with hypervitaminosis D, is not considered of diagnostic value. Seven months after excision of the ectopic parathyroid adenoma, the only apparent sequela was an awkward gait with weakness and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities.
Stability Considerations for Silicon Carbide Field-Effect Transistors

Owing to their very low intrinsic capacitance and on-resistance, silicon carbide FETs have been shown to produce poor dynamics in certain power electronics applications, particularly those based on the half-bridge configuration. This letter catalogs three separate phenomena that are observed in the context of such applications and provides a detailed treatment of the most troublesome of these behaviors: the occurrence of sustained oscillation at switch turn-off. This behavior is analyzed in the context of established oscillator design theory; both simulation and experimental results are shown to verify this analysis; and practical suggestions are made to application designers to manage this behavior.
Human rights discourse and the development of democracy in a multi-ethnic state

This study examines the effects of the global discourse of democracy and human rights, and specifically the western emphasis on individual civil and political rights, on the multi-ethnic movement in opposition to the military regime in Burma (Myanmar). The impact of rights discourse on refugees and ethnic minorities from Burma is detailed within the context of changes in international refugee policy and the development of Burmese opposition media. The study demonstrates how narrow interpretations of human rights can act to reinforce stereotypes that create or reify inequalities among the various groups in a multi-party coalition or multi-ethnic state, and calls on political communication researchers and practitioners to attend to the varying and highly contextualized effects of such discourses on marginalized peoples whose perspectives are not normally represented in media.
Convenient unimolecular sources of aryloxyl radicals II — aryloxyoxalyl tert-butylperoxides

Abstract UV photolysis and mild thermolysis of aryloxyoxalyl tert-butylperoxides provides a new unimolecular source of aryloxyl radicals, as shown by ESR and UV-vis spectroscopy.
Constraints on vertical crustal motion for long baselines in the central Mediterranean region using continuous GPS

Abstract GPS-determination of vertical crustal velocity relative to a globally defined reference frame is limited by the accuracy of the reference frame origin and scale. However, the precision of relative vertical rates at regional-distance scales remains largely unexplored. We investigated the precision of regional-scale vertical velocity estimates using data from seven continuously operating GPS stations located in the central Mediterranean. The stations form a network of aperture ∼ 500 km and each has been in operation for at least 5 yr. We used published constraints on recent crustal uplift inferred from late Quaternary shoreline data to aid in the definition of a local vertical reference frame for GPS rates to facilitate an assessment of GPS vertical precision. We explored different methods of defining the local reference frame. The simplest method involves the estimation of a single scalar translation parameter. Adjusting the reference frame by this simple method yields agreement between CGPS and Holocene shoreline data sets at the level of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr. Relative rates determined using CGPS are also consistent with tide gauge records and sea level determined by satellite altimetry at the level of about 0.2 mm/yr. These results suggest that regional-scale relative velocity precision well below the mm/yr-level is now possible using continuous GPS.
The nascent polypeptide-associated complex modulates interactions between the signal recognition particle and the ribosome

Abstract Background: The first step in the co-translational targeting of secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane involves the recognition of signal sequences by the 54 kDa subunit of the signal recognition particle (SRP) as they emerge from the ribosome. It has recently been proposed that the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) contributes to the fidelity of targeting by modulating interactions that occur between the ribosome–nascent chain complex, the SRP and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Precisely how NAC influences SRP function is presently unclear. Results We have used immunoblotting experiments to monitor interactions between the SRP and the ribosome–nascent chain complex, in the absence and presence of NAC. In the absence of NAC, SRP binds in a high-salt-resistant manner only to ribosomes that contain a signal sequence, confirming the specificity of SRP for signal sequences. Binding of SRP to signalless ribosome nascent chains is observed at lower salt concentrations; however, the amount of SRP bound to this complex is indistinguishable from that bound to ribosomes lacking nascent chains. Thus, this salt-sensitive binding is likely to be the result of interactions between SRP and the ribosome that occur independently of the nascent chain. A minimal particle consisting of SRP54 and SRP RNA is sufficient to confer salt-resistant binding to ribosomes that contain signal sequences, whereas all of the SRP subunits are required for salt-sensitive binding to ribosomes that lack nascent chains. This salt-sensitive binding by SRP is inhibited by the addition of purified NAC. Conclusion Based on our results, we define two distinct modes of interaction between SRP and the ribosome–nascent chain complex: salt-resistant interactions between SRP54 and signal sequences, and salt-sensitive interactions between additional components of SRP and the ribosome. We conclude that NAC does not directly influence signal sequence recognition by SRP but, rather, that it negatively modulates interactions that occur between SRP and the ribosome itself. These results are discussed in terms of a model wherein SRP and NAC regulate each others' activity during protein targeting.
Efficient creation and convergence of surface slabs

Abstract The supercell slab is the structural model used in first-principles simulations to determine thermodynamic, kinetic, and electronic properties of surfaces and interfaces. We present a general algorithm to reorient bulk unit cells using basis and covariant transformations — the first step for constructing surface slabs of any Miller index from bulk unit cells of any Bravais lattice. We further review and discuss subtleties of surface slab creation relevant for performing efficient and accurate calculations of surface properties. We also demonstrate that the nonconvergence of surface energy with respect to slab thickness can be mitigated if the bulk reference energy is calculated from a surface-oriented bulk unit cell, which eliminates Brillouin zone integration errors between the slab and the bulk. Using Pt(111) and Si(111) surfaces as examples, this technique converges the surface energy with respect to slab thickness requiring only one bulk and one relatively thin slab calculation, with moderate k- point densities. This process is about an order of magnitude more efficient than popular surface energy convergence techniques involving multiple slab calculations.
Coverage dependent desorption measurements of

Abstract We report time-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements of the coverage-dependent kinetic parameters for the thermal desorption of CO from Cu(001). Large, parallel increases in the activation energy for desorption and desorption prefactor are observed as a function of coverage. The activation energy away from zero coverage differs significantly from the measured isosteric heat of adsorption. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of applicable statistical models. We deduce the existence of an unusual temperature dependence in the adsorbate configurational entropy.
Geomorphic implications of Pre-Wisconsin soils on the White River Plateau erosion surface of northwestern Colorado

Abstract The White River Plateau erosion surface (Miocene-Pliocene) at an elevation of approximately 2850 m (9500 ft) is dominated by weakly developed Holocene soils which commonly possess simple A-C horizonation. However, Pre-Wisconsin soils occur on the surface in isolated areas at both high and low topographic sites, most notably in Triangle Park. These Pre-Wisconsin soils consist of composite, polygenetic profiles having truncated, clayey subsoils which are overlain by stone or pebble lines, colluvium, soil creep, and probable local eolian deposits Truncation of the paleosols preceded development of the Holocene soils, which have formed on bedrock surfaces and have been superposed on the truncated, buried paleosols Soil distribution and character, in relation to structure of bedrock on the erosion surface, indicate that the surface as it now exists is structurally controlled and has a topography generated in late Tertiary to Pre-Wisconsin time.
A resonance Raman polarization study of the mode-specific subpicosecond photodissociation of the NO2 22B2 state

Vibronically specific subrotational period lifetimes of the predissociated 22B2 state of NO2 vapour (250–235 nm) have been determined by spontaneous resonance Raman scattering polarization measurements. The lifetimes of the vibronic symmetric stretching, ν1′, (100), bending, ν2′, (101), and asymmetric stretching, ν3′, (002), overtone levels are 75 ± 10 fs, 2.5 ± 05 ps and 155 ± 15 fs respectively. When one quantum of bending (ν2,′) is excited in combination with one quantum of totally symmetric stretching (ν1′), the lifetime increases from 75 ± 10 to 125 ± 15 fs (110). The 22 B2 state electronic origin lifetime has been previously shown to be 42 ± 5 ps independent of angular momentum quantum numbers. These results are interpreted in terms of the shape of the potential energy surface intersections in the region and the results of earlier quantum yield measurements.
THE REACTION OF THE HUMAN LUNG TO ENRICHED OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE

Summary 1. By reviewing several consecutive series of autopsies, both in adults and children, it has been shown that a recognizable change in pulmonary morphology is present in most patients who have had oxygen therapy for one or more days immediately prior to death. 2. The lesion includes congestion of capillaries and increased thickness of alveolar septa and is interpreted as resulting from pulmonary capillary proliferation. 3. Reasons are presented for interpreting this morphological change as being the result of a physiological reaction to oxygen rather than a result of irritation or patchy atelectasis, or post-mortem change. 4. Care must be taken in experimental work, especially with mice, to eliminate the possibility that gross findings might be of the post-mortem variety.
Endophyte infection can contribute to aluminum tolerance in fine fescues

Thirteen clonal pairs of endophyte-free and endophyte-infected fine fescues were evaluated in a growth chamber study for growth in three sand-soil formulations differing in available aluminum. This set of plants consisted of four Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill) Nyman] and two strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra) genotypes inoculated with endophytes originating from Chewings fescue, strong creeping red fescue, and Poa ampla Merr. hosts. The results revealed a considerable endophyte-host interaction on plant growth in the different soils. In most cases, the effect of endophyte infection on dry weight was either positive or neutral. In a few cases, endophyte infection had a negative effect on dry weight. In some endophyte-host combinations, the endophyte-infected clone had significantly better growth in the high aluminum soils relative to the endophyte-free clone. These results indicate that endophyte infection alone is not enough to confer aluminum tolerance in fine fescues, but in certain plant-fungus combinations, endophyte infection can contribute to enhanced aluminum tolerance.
Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer.

Background: Ultrasonography (US) is increasingly being employed by endocrinologists and surgeons in the diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Recent consensus guidelines from the American Thyroid Association highlight the importance of this modality by recommending that patients with thyroid nodules should undergo further evaluation with cervical US to stratify the risk of malignancy. Likewise, ultrasound is advocated for the preoperative and postoperative diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastases. Summary: This article will summarize the US characteristics that impart a suspicious appearance on thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes as well as those findings that are reassuring. Likewise, the indications for thyroid nodule and lymph node fine-needle aspiration will be reviewed. Finally, this article will briefly discuss adjunctive tools in US such as elastography, percutaneous ethanol ablation, and radiofrequency ablation. Conclusions: US may be used to help st...
Temperature-compensated laser module for optical communications

The threshold current of semiconductor injection lasers is temperature dependent. To maintain the laser-light output constant with respect to temperature, optical feed-back or thermoelectric temperature control is often employed. In this paper, we describe the properties and advantages of a simple laser-driver module that self-compensates for ambient temperature variation. The temperature dependence of the emitter-base voltage of a silicon bipolar transistor is utilized as the compensating element, thereby requiring no additional circuit components. With such circuitry and high reliability, low- threshold lasers (Ith = 50 mA), miniature hydridized driver modules have been developed that maintain the light output within 1 dB of 5 mW from a 0.25-NA, 50-μm-diam graded-index fiber over a temperature range of-20 to 70° C. The maximum total power consumption of the module is less than 360 mW.
Data flow-based test adequacy analysis for languages with pointers

The data f70w adequacy criteria, originally proposed for a simple language and Pascal, have been substantially modified to provide more thorough analysis for code wifh exfensive use of pointers and complex control sirucfures, such as code frequently writ fen in the C language. A prototype fool, TACTIC, has been builf fo exiracf clef-use associations from C programs, and fo defermine whefher test sets are adequafe with respect to the new criteria. TACTIC successfully analyzes data flow of individual functions in C programs with single-level poinfer references.
A compile-time managed multi-level register file hierarchy

As processors increasingly become power limited, performance improvements will be achieved by rearchitecting systems with energy efficiency as the primary design constraint. While some of these optimizations will be hardware based, combined hardware and software techniques likely will be the most productive. This work redesigns the register file system of a modern throughput processor with a combined hardware and software solution that reduces register file energy without harming system performance. Throughput processors utilize a large number of threads to tolerate latency, requiring a large, energy-intensive register file to store thread context. Our results show that a compiler controlled register file hierarchy can reduce register file energy by up to 54%, compared to a hardware only caching approach that reduces register file energy by 34%. We explore register allocation algorithms that are specifically targeted to improve energy efficiency by sharing temporary register file resources across concurrently running threads and conduct a detailed limit study on the further potential to optimize operand delivery for throughput processors. Our efficiency gains represent a direct performance gain for power limited systems, such as GPUs.
Bilaterian origins: significance of new experimental observations.

Several recent laboratory observations that bear on the origin of the Bilateria are reviewed and interpreted in light of our set-aside cell theory for bilaterian origins. We first discuss new data concerning the phylogeny of bilaterian phyla. Next, we use systematic, molecular, and paleontological lines of evidence to argue that the latest common ancestor of echinoderms plus hemichordates used a maximal indirect mode of development. Furthermore, the latest common ancestor of molluscs and annelids was also indirectly developing. Finally, we discuss new data on Hox gene expression patterns which suggest that both sea urchins and polychaete annelids use Hox genes in a very similar fashion. Neither utilizes the complete Hox complex in the development of the larva per se, while the Hox complex is expressed in the set-aside cells from which the adult body plan is formed. Our current views on the ancestry of the bilaterians are summarized in phylogenetic terms, incorporating the characters discussed in this paper.
Comparison of the Influence of Anoxia and Asphyxia on Blood Sugar.

SummaryExperiments on unanesthetized rabbits show that although the inhalation of 5.4% CO2 has practically no effect on the blood sugar when used alone, it greatly increases the effect of the inhalation of 7% O2 on the blood sugar.
Incident Photon Direction Calculation Using Bayesian Estimation for High Energy Photon Detector Systems with 3D Positioning Capability

We are developing high resolution PET systems comprising detectors that can position photon interactions in three dimensions and distinguish between individual interactions for single photons entering the system. Having these interaction locations and energies, algorithms can be employed to gain more information about the photon before interaction, including the incident direction and energy. We have developed a maximum likelihood algorithm using Bayesian methods to estimate a single photon's incident angle and interaction location, provided that it produced more than one detectable interaction. Both the phi (Phi) and theta (thetas) angle are calculated in this algorithm. The forward model was simulated using Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE). The probabilities were calculated for a system comprised of 1 mm times 1 mm times 3 mm LSO arrays coupled to position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes with 12% energy and 2 ns coincidence time resolution. A training set of ~20,000 single photon events were used per angle to calculate the likelihood and prior probabilities for all angles in the range detected by the system (nearly 180 degrees in theta and phi). A test set of singles for particular angles produced an incoming photon angular estimation with a ~16 degrees root mean squared (RMS) deviation in both thetas and Phi.
Quantitation of specific collagen types from lungs of small mammals.

Abstract A technique for determination of the ratio of Type I to Type III collagen in the lungs of rats and mice is described. Total lung collagen is solubilized by digestion with CNBr. The resultant CNBr peptides are fractionated by chromatography on columns of carboxymethyl-cellulose. One partieular peak from the column contains the Type I collagen-specific peptide α1(I)-CB-8 and its incompletely split precursor, α1(I)-CB-3-8, as well as the Type III-specific peptide α1(III)-CB-8. Fractions containing these peptides are pooled, concentrated, and further purified by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. These peptides, of molecular weights 23,000, 36,000, and 11,500, respectively, are well separated by gel electrophoresis. The appropriate gel bands are excised after visualization with Coomassie blue stain: their content of collagenous peptides is quantitated after elution from the gels by determination of hydroxyproline (or proline) content, either colorimetrically or by their contained radioactivity (when labeled collagen is biosynthesized with [3H]proline as a precursor). The described technique is accurate, reproducible, and sensitive enough for determination of collagen types from a single rat or mouse lung. This should be an appropriate method for quantitation of collagen types from any tissue source where a high percentage of the collagen content cannot be solubilized by acid extraction or by treatment with pepsin.
Quantitative analysis of dendron-conjugated cisplatin-complexed gold nanoparticles using scanning particle mobility mass spectrometry

We report a high-resolution and traceable method to quantify the drug loading on nanoparticle-based cancer therapeutics, and demonstrate this method using a model cisplatin functionalized dendron–gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugate. Electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) provides upstream size classification based on the electrical mobility of AuNP conjugates in aerosol form following electrospray conversion from the aqueous suspension. A condensation particle counter (CPC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) provide the principal downstream quantification. CPC and ICP-MS yield complementary number-based and elemental mass-based particle size distributions, respectively. Conjugation using three different dendron formulations was differentiated based on changes in the mean mobility particle size. The subsequent cisplatin complexation to the dendron conjugates was quantified by coupling ES-DMA with ICP-MS. Discrete AuNP clusters (e.g., dimers, trimers) could be resolved from the relative quantity of atoms (i.e., Au and Pt) per particle after separation by ES-DMA. Surface density of cisplatin on Au was shown to be proportional to the density of carboxylic groups present and was independent of the state of AuNP clustering. Additionally, we found that colloidal stability of the conjugate is inversely proportional to the surface loading of cisplatin. This study demonstrates a prototype methodology to provide traceable quantification and to determine other important formulation factors relevant to therapeutic performance.
Modeling protein—ligand complexes

Increasing the rate at which new biologically active compounds are found is a major goal in pharmaceutical chemistry. Recently, several computational methods have been proposed with this intent. For some time, algorithms have been used to direct ligand evolution on the basis of complementarity to the three-dimensional structure of a selected protein. Current research focuses on enhancements to methods for searching chemical databases, proposing sensible modifications to known active compounds, and construction of novel ligands from theoretical principles.
Racial differences in barriers to blood pressure control in a family practice setting.

Objective: Hypertension prevalence in the African American community is greater than in all other ethnic groups. Cultural perceptions of health and disease introduce barriers to providing effective care. The purpose of this study was to identify racial differences in the perceived causes of hypertension, current behaviors performed to control blood pressure, and perceived barriers to preventing or treating hypertension. Methods: A self-administered survey of patients seen for medical care in a primary care network was conducted. The survey was developed to measure perceptions of hypertension etiology and treatments. Data from African American (n = 69) and Caucasian (n = 218) respondents were used to assess racial differences in perceptions of blood pressure control. Results: About half of respondents knew their current blood pressures. African American patients were significantly less likely to believe that hypertension was caused by a lack of exercise and obesity. Significantly more Caucasians were less ...
Primary and secondary amenorrhea associated with spironolactone therapy in chronic liver disease

Women with severe liver disease often have amenorrhea that resolves as liver disease abates. We describe three patients with mild to moderate chronic liver disease and amenorrhea. In each case amenorrhea resolved when spironolactone therapy was discontinued. We suggest that spironolactone, an androgen inhibitor, may also cause reversible amenorrhea.
Empirical studies of negative political advertising: A quantitative review using a method of combined citation and content analysis

This study quantitatively reviews the empirical studies of negative political advertising. A method of the combination of citation analysis and content analysis is used. The citation analysis examines each cited work in 20 selected studies with respect to its citation information; and the content analysis investigates these 20 selected studies (citing sources) in terms of their hypotheses, research questions, and methodologies. The aggregated information from the individual cited works and the citing works show that scholars from communication and other disciplines have strong influence on the development of the empirical studies on negative political ads, but communication scholars remain as the driving force. Facing continuously increased literatures in the area, communication scholars need to develop a theory or theories to guide the research. The direction of the research has been moving toward focusing on the boarder and more general effects of negative political ads.
Transfusion practice in military trauma

Modern warfare causes severe injuries, and despite rapid transportation to theater regional trauma centers, casualties frequently arrive coagulopathic and in shock. Conventional resuscitation beginning with crystalloid fluids to treat shock causes further dilutional coagulopathy and increased hemorrhagic loss of platelets and coagulation factors. Established coagulopathy was difficult to reverse in the face of uncontrolled hemorrhage. Because many of the casualties met conventional plasma and platelet transfusion criteria on admission, thawed AB plasma was prepositioned in the trauma receiving area and used in a 1:1 ratio with red cells for resuscitation and fresh whole blood was used as a source of platelets. Retrospective assessments of this 1:1 therapy strongly suggested that it resulted in improved hemostasis, shorter ventilator times, and improved survival. Component therapy, when available, appears to be as effective as fresh whole blood. In field emergencies, fresh whole blood can be lifesaving.
Spontaneous and diet-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice of the C strain.

Mice of the highly inbred C strain were used. Of these 146 were fed a completely adequate diet. These were 10–66 weeks old when killed. Beginning at 3–4 months of age 45 mice were fed a diet high in fat (40% lard), low in protein (8% casein) and deficient in lipotropic substances for 4–66 weeks. Livers were not fatty in mice fed the adequate diet. Hepatic fibrosis developing within 24 weeks of age, and increasing with age, was observed in more than 60% of these control mice. Fibrosis was usually subcapsular, but in some instances was perivenous or intralobular. Reticular fibers were the chief component. In those fed the atypical diet the livers were fatty in all mice killed during the 4–66 weeks of the study. At approximately 20 weeks liposis declined from the large amounts present earlier (4–18 weeks). Until 52 weeks most of the lipid was located in fatty cysts. Subsequently the livers became excessively fatty. Parenchymal necrosis was limited to three mice. Parenchymal hyperplasia was lacking. In the dietary group of mice there were three patterns of hepatic fibrosis. Subcapsular fibrosis developed within a month and was the most common type. Another type consisted of fibrous septa extending chiefly from central veins. Linkage of septa produced pseudolobulation or pseudoencapsulation of areas of parenchyma. The least common type was an intralobular fibrosis which was unrelated to the capsule or to veins. All three types consisted initially of reticular fibers. Collagen was present in subcapsular and perivenous fibrosis within 16 weeks and in the intralobular type by 52 weeks.
Hormonal Consequences of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common disorder in childhood. The effects of recurrent seizures and the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during childhood and adolescence on reproductive endocrine health are poorly defined. We review effects of hormones on epilepsy and vice versa along with the effects of treatment (AEDs) on hormones in children.
Endodontic Release System for Apexification with Calcium Hydroxide Microspheres

The use of calcium hydroxide (CH) as an intracanal medicament for apexification is widespread. However, because of a short residence time in the root canal, the CH must be refreshed frequently, increasing the number of appointments required and leading to patient non-compliance. We hypothesized that a core-/shell-structured CH microsphere system would lead to sustained slow release of calcium and hydroxide ions of CH for long periods of time, eliminating the need for multiple visits for apexification. In this study, calcium hydroxide microspheres (CHMSs) with a core/shell structure were prepared by an emulsion method. The CHMS shell was composed of alginate, which was crosslinked by the Ca(2+) released from the CH in the CHMSs. Therefore, this system provides a unique feedback loop that controls the release of ions from the CHMSs. The in vitro experiments from the root canals of extracted human teeth showed that the CHMSs had a sustained, slow release of Ca(2+), at a constant rate of approximately 2 to 3% per month from day one to the six-month endpoint of the experiment. After 6 months, 72.1 ± 5.8% of the total CH from the CHMSs remained in the root canals of the teeth, while only 46.9 ± 10.9% and 36.8 ± 7.5% remained from a commercial product (UltraCal(®)XS) and CH powder alone, respectively (p < 0.01). The pH of all of the formulations (CHMS, UltraCal(®) XS, and CH powder) in the extracted teeth never rose above 9 during the release period, indicating a buffering effect of the teeth. The core-/shell-structured CHMSs are, therefore, a promising delivery vehicle for the sustained slow release of Ca(2+) and OH(-) in the root canal.
Crystal growth of CrO2

Abstract The stability of CrO 2 at 900°C under various pressures was investigated in a high-pressure, tetrahedral anvil. At this temperature CrO 2 was found to be stable at pressures greater than 30 kb. Crystal growth of CrO 2 was observed to occur from charges of the pure oxide at 900 to 1300°C at 60–65 kb. Growth in fused media was also studied but did not result in any increase of crystal size. The largest crystals obtained under optimum conditions were 1.5 mm × 0.33 mm. Magnetic, electrical transport, and crystallographic studies on single crystals of CrO 2 are presented.
Periodic Response of Soybean Yields and Economic Returns to Long-Term No-Tillage

Farmers have been encouraged to adopt no-tillage (NT) because of its positive environmental effects compared with other conservation tillage systems. Nevertheless, poor crop performance under NT management has been reported in both short- and long-term experiments. This study was conducted on six different soils (a poorly drained Taintor soil near Burlington, a moderately well-drained Kenyon soil near Nashua, a well-drained Clarion soil near Newell, a well-drained Galva soil near Sutherland, and a well-drained Nira soil and a poorly drained Kalona soil near Crawfordsville) in Iowa during 1978 to 2001. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] response to long-term NT management was evaluated by 5-yr periods and on the average over the entire study in terms of grain yields and economic returns. The design of the field experiments was a randomized complete block or split plot. Eight tillage systems, including NT, moldboard plow, chisel plow, ridge tillage, alternative tillage, reduced tillage, field cultivation, and tillage-plant were investigated in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean rotation. Differences between NT and other tillage systems in both soybean grain yields and economic returns remained the same over the entire period of each study, ranging from 8 to 15 yr. No-tillage generally had less than 5% yield decrease and equal or greater economic returns compared with other tillage systems on well-drained soils during each 5-yr period and when averaged over the entire study. Therefore, economic returns favor the adoption of NT for soybean production from both short- and long-term perspectives for well-drained soils in Iowa.
A photoaffinity label for the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor in human blood platelets.

A photoactive iodoarylazide derivative (I-APA-PhN3) of the competitive thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 (TXA2/PGH2) antagonist 13-azaprostanoic acid is evaluated. Upon photoactivation, the compound was found to inhibit specifically and irreversibly human platelet aggregation induced by the TXA2/PGH2 mimetic U46619. In receptor-binding studies using [3H]U46619, I-APA-PhN3 exhibited an IC50 of 300 nM for inhibition of U46619 binding. Photoactivation of I-APA-PhN3 resulted in an irreversible 58% reduction in specific binding of U46619. This compound and its corresponding radio-iodinated form will prove to be useful tools for the isolation and purification of the TXA2/PGH2-binding protein in human platelets.
Gas-Phase Acidity of CF3OH

Ion−molecule reactions of CF3O-, CF3O, and CF3OH were studied using the flowing afterglow technique to evaluate the thermochemistry of CF3OH and related compounds. The gas-phase acidity of CF3OH was measured to be ΔrH°acid = 329.8 ± 2.0 kcal mol-1 by ion−molecule reaction bracketing. A limit on the electron affinity of the CF3O radical of ≥89.2 kcal mol-1 was also determined. The CF3O−H bond strength derived from these results is 124.7 ± 3.6 kcal mol-1, which is consistent with recent ab initio calculations of the heats of formation of CF3O and CF3OH.
Improving the reverse recovery of power mosfet integral diodes by electron irradiation

Abstract This paper demonstrates that controlled electron irradiation of silicon power MOSFET devices can be used significantly improve the reverse recovery characteristics of their integral reverse conducting diodes without adversely affecting the MOSFET characteristics. By using 3 MeV electron irradiation at room temperature it was found that the reverse recovery charge in the integral diode could be continuously reduced in a well controlled manner from over 500 nC to less than 100 nC without any significant increase in the forward voltage drop of the integral diode under typical operating peak currents. The reverse recovery time was also observed to decrease from 3 microseconds to less than 200 nsec when the radiation dose was increased from 0 to 16 Megarads. The damage produced in gate oxide of the MOSFET due to the electron radiation damage was found to cause an undersirable decrease in the gate threshold voltage. This resulted in excessive channel leakage current flow in the MOSFET at zero gate bias. It was found that this channel leakage current was substantially reduced by annealling the devices at 140°C without influencing the integral diode reverse recovery speed. Thus, the electron irradiation technique was found to be effective in controlling the integral diode reverse recovery characteristics without any degradation of the power MOSFET characteristics.
Collagenase induced changes in the circular dichroism spectrum of collagen.

The maximum at 220 nm in the circular dichroism spectrum of native collagen solution changed to a negative value after heat denaturation or collagenase hydrolysis. The enzyme induced rate of CD change at 220 nm was shown to be first order in collagen concentration. The specific rate constant k is actually a combined rate constant kfast and kslow in which the ratio kf/ks is 4.1. The initial rates were linear with respect to enzyme concentration, and the Km was found to be 5.5 × 10−7M. The rate of ultraviolet hyperchromicity at 220 nm on collagen hydrolysis was determined. The kfast was the same as that obtained by CD. The kf/ks ratio was 4.6. Both methods may be readily used to assay for collagenase activity.
Sub-0.1 μm Silicon MOSFETs

Work aimed at demonstrating feasibility of silicon FET technology at the 0.1μm gate length level and below has produced results which indicate that scaling of FETs to smaller dimensions well beyond what is practiced presently is a trend worth while pursuing. Extrinsic transconductances of over 940μS/μm at 0.07μm gate length and 13ps delay per stage in 0.1μm gate length ring oscillators have been achieved with self-aligned, n-channel, polysilicon-gate FETs fabricated with direct write electron beam lithography of all levels. There is not only clear evidence for velocity overshoot but at the same time it is shown that devices can be built in such a way that such effects translate into improved extrinsic performance.
Steep tilting of metavolcanic rocks by multiple mechanisms, central Sierra Nevada, California

For ∼200 km along the eastern Sierra Nevada continental magmatic arc, Mesozoic metavolcanogenic rocks dip steeply to the southwest (∼80°), a feature that must reflect fundamental processes in magmatic-arc construction. Although tight folds can account for such steep bedding tilts, folds in the metavolcanogenic sections are sparse and small scale. We propose that the high bedding tilts were produced by a combination of thrusting, downward displacement, and ductile deformation of the beds. The last two processes accompanied emplacement of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Ritter Range pendant lies within this ∼200 km belt and provides a relatively large and well exposed Mesozoic volcanic section ranging in age from Late Triassic to mid–Cretaceous. Detailed mapping and ages from U-Pb zircon dates and fossils within the volcanic section reveal five structural blocks (I–V) that are separated by bedding-parallel thrusts, some of which are cryptic. To explain the present difference in bedding orientations between blocks III and IV, we suggest that the thrusting may have had a duplex geometry, which produced a maximum bedding dip of ∼45° in some blocks. Downward displacement of wall rock and ductile strain account for the remaining ∼35° of the observed average bedding dip (∼80°SW). The exact time of thrusting and duplex formation of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic rocks in blocks I–IV is uncertain, but these structures developed either (1) between 105 and 164 Ma, well before the other rotational processes were active, or (2) mostly around 105 Ma, and closer to the time when other rotational processes were active. Much of the subsequent (ca. 91–76 Ma) bedding tilting is related to downward displacement of beds associated with the emplacement of voluminous Late Cretaceous plutons, and to regional ductile deformation of the wall rocks during that period: the majority of the tilting probably took place between ca. 91 and 86 Ma. Bedding tilts of early to mid-Cretaceous rocks in blocks IV and V is bracketed between ca. 98 and ca. 90 Ma. Comparisons with metavolcanic sections to the northwest near Tioga Pass and to the southeast in the Mount Morrison, Mount Goddard and Oak Creek pendants, suggest that bedding rotation by thrusting(?), downward displacement and ductile strain of wall rock may explain the steep dips along this entire ∼200 km segment of the continental arc. Similar mechanisms may operate at midcrustal levels in other continental arcs.
Faulting in a propagating continental rift: Insight from the late Miocene structural development of the Abert Rim fault, southern Oregon, USA

Abstract New geological mapping and 40Ar–39Ar ages reveal a temporal progression of faulting along a major extensional fault (the Abert Rim fault) at the active margin of the Basin and Range Province in the western U.S. The onset of extensional deformation near Lake Abert coincided with widespread basaltic volcanism. Fault cross-cutting relationships and tilt of volcanic layers demonstrate that NW-striking faults formed between ∼ 8.9 and 7.5 Ma and were subsequently cut by the NNE-striking Abert Rim fault. Sequential restoration of cross-sections indicate that the Abert Rim fault south of 42°40′ N latitude had > 250 m of stratigraphic separation prior to deposition of the Rattlesnake Tuff at 7 Ma. Low values of net extension (∼ 4%) and long-term rates of geologic deformation (≪ 1 mm/yr) suggest that regional extension since ∼ 10 Ma has occurred primarily by diking. We model province wide along- and across-strike expansion within the margin of the Basin and Range Province as regional dilation accompanying northward propagation of the Walker Lane transform. The growth of this extensional province is superimposed on a previously unrecognized early Miocene volcanic landscape marked by volcanism between ∼ 21.4 and 22.3 Ma. Dike orientations within one of these early Miocene volcanoes and evidence for the existence of as much as 500 m of paleo-topography prior to widespread deposition of the Steens basalts at ∼ 16 Ma suggests that late Miocene faults near Lake Abert may reactivate an older structural fabric.