cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Über den Einfluß des Lichtes auf den Peroxid-Wert (Inhibin) des Honigs

In mitteleuropaischen Sortenhonigen aus 20 verschiedenen Trachtquellen wurde der Einflus des Lichtes auf den Peroxid-Wert (Inhibin) des Honigs untersucht.
DISJUNCTIVE PROPERTIES AND CAUSAL EFFICACY

Soulignant l'importance des proprietes disjonctives et de leur efficacite causale du point de vue de l'ontologie, l'A. definit un critere d'efficacite causale en termes de conditionnels contrefactuels et repond aux principales objections qui peuvent lui etre opposees concernant les phenomenes de surdetermination et de preemption causales
Hyperplane Elimination for Quickly Enumerating Local Optima

Examining the properties of local optima is a common method for understanding combinatorial-problem landscapes. Unfortunately, exhaustive algorithms for finding local optima are limited to very small problem sizes. We propose a method for exploiting problem structure to skip hyperplanes that cannot contain local optima, allowing runtime to scale with the number of local optima instead of with the landscape size. We prove optimality for linear functions and Concatenated Traps, and we provide empirical evidence of optimality on NKq Landscapes and Ising Spin Glasses. We further refine this method to find solutions that cannot be improved by flipping r or fewer bits, which counterintuitively can reduce total runtime. While previous methods were limited to landscapes with at most \(2^{34}\) binary strings, hyperplane elimination can enumerate the same problems with \(2^{77}\) binary strings, and find all 4-bit local optima of problems with \(2^{200}\) binary strings.
CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ORDOVICIAN OPOHONGA LIMESTONE IN WEST-CENTRAL UTAH

Abstract Early study of what is now called the Opohonga Limestone in west-central Utah indicated that it was part of a massive formation of Carboniferous age. Later studies identified fossils from the formation's older carbonates that were known to be Early Ordovician. A significant conodont fauna from a section on Gardison Ridge permits an even more precise definition of the formation which includes correlation with the classic North American Ibexian sequence of western Utah. While an important part of the earliest Ibexian sequence is missing on Gardison Ridge, the Opohonga Limestone there contains conodont elements representing seven zones and subzones of the type Ibexian and can be firmly correlated with conodont zones of the upper House and most of the Fillmore Formations of the Pogonip Group in the Ibex area. This correlation also confirms that the Sauk III–IV sequence boundary occurs in the lower part of the formation. The oldest conodont faunas of the Ibexian Series were not recovered from the lowe...
Reducing harmonics in bi-directional utility interface for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

This paper proposes a novel bidirectional topology for Electrical Vehicles. The topology has controllable power factor with 3-phase input and unity power factor with single-phase input. The main attribute of this topology is bidirectional power flow. A desired application of this topology is providing power from the vehicles battery pack to the grid during peak power demand. While the converter is operated under power control, the converter exhibits some line-frequency harmonics in the input current. A simple technique is proposed to reduce the line-frequency harmonics in the input current. Simulations results are presented for the proposed converter using a baseline example and comparing it with the results of the newly implemented technique.
Cardiac adaptations to aortic constriction in adult and aged rats

Myocardial function in vitro and myosin heavy chains (MHCs) were studied in control and hypertrophied hearts of adult (9-10 mo) and aged (25-28 mo) female Fischer 344 rats 7 days after aortic const...
Neuropsychological Assessment 3.0

This chapter presents an evolution of computerized neuropsychological assessment devices that include simulation technologies. Neuropsychological Assessment 3.0 reflects the enhanced computational capacities that have emerged and their potential for extending administration efficiency, stimulus presentation, automated logging of responses, and data analytic processing. Moreover, virtual environments can provide ecologically valid assessments that combine the veridical control and rigor of laboratory measures with a verisimilitude that reflects real-life situations. The chapter includes a description of limitations that have historically hampered the adoption of virtual environments. For example, early virtual environment hardware was large and unwieldy, difficult to operate, and very expensive to develop and maintain. Over the past decade, researchers have steadily progressed in making this hardware and software more reliable, cost-effective, and acceptable in terms of size and appearance. The VEs of today are advanced computer interfaces that allow patients to become immersed within a computer-generated simulation of everyday activities. There is also review of ecological validity concerns that may be alleviated by virtual reality-based assessments. Given recent updates to the ecological validity discussion in terms of the need for function-led approaches, both construct-driven and function-led virtual environments are presented. Examples of virtual environments for assessment of executive functioning, attentional processing, memory, and affect are described.
The Nonprofit as a Self-Regulator

In previous chapters, particularly in the second, we discussed the nonprofit as a regulator over market transactions and gave some examples. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate in some detail what a nonprofit self-regulator does. Self-regulation is not a matter of writing and posting ethical codes. It is a matter of exercising the legislative powers of writing rules, the policing powers of law enforcement, and the judicial powers of making judgments that are terminally costly to others and the custodial powers of influence and public confidence. Nowhere are these simultaneous powers more invested in nonprofits than in the capital markets such as the New York Stock Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trades.
Defining the informationist: a case study from the Frederick L. Ehrman Medical Library.

In September 2004, I became an informationist for the Frederick L. Ehrman Medical Library, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine. My offer letter was explicit about this: “You will work…as an Informationist to establish a training program for ‘Enhancing Medical and Public Health Capabilities in Times of Crisis’” [1]. At a time in the development of the profession where the term “informationist” is heavily freighted with ambiguity, I have been given a valuable opportunity to understand what such a position might entail.
Video Game-Induced Seizures

Fifteen patients, ages 9 to 15 years, who experienced epileptic seizures while playing video games are reported from St Thomas’s Hospital, London, UK.
A qualitative event-based approach to fault diagnosis of hybrid systems

Fault diagnosis is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of complex engineering systems. Many present-day systems combine physical and computational processes, and are best modeled as hybrid systems, where the dynamic behavior combines continuous evolution interspersed with discrete configuration changes. Due to the complexity of such modern engineering systems, formal methods are required for reliable and correct design, analysis, and implementation of hybrid system diagnosers. This dissertation presents a systematic, model-based approach to event-based diagnosis of hybrid systems based on qualitative abstractions of deviations from nominal behavior. The primary contributions of this work center on (i) incorporating relative measurement orderings into fault isolation for continuous and hybrid systems, which describe predicted temporal orderings of measurement deviations, (ii) providing algorithms for event-based diagnosis of single and multiple faults, (iii) developing an integrated framework for diagnosis of parametric, sensor, and discrete, i.e., switching faults in hybrid systems, and (iv) developing and implementing an efficient event-based diagnosis framework for continuous and hybrid systems that enables automatic design of event-based diagnosers and establishes notions of diagnosability for continuous and hybrid systems. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on two practical systems. First, the single fault diagnosis method for continuous systems is applied in a distributed fashion to formations of mobile robots. The results include a formal diagnosability analysis, scalability results, and experiments performed on a formation of robots. Second, the approach developed for hybrid systems diagnosis is applied to the Advanced Diagnostics and Prognostics Testbed, which is a complex electrical distribution system for spacecraft and aircraft applications. The results focus on a subset of the testbed, and include a diagnosability analysis, experiments from the actual testbed, and detailed simulation experiments that examine the performance of the diagnosis algorithms for different fault magnitudes and noise levels.
Morphology in the Muskogean languages

The indigenous languages of the Americas exemplify a number of uncommon typological patterns, especially in their morphology. Here, that rich morphology is illustrated via the Muskogean languages of the southeastern United States. Muskogean languages are agglutinative, but even more interesting and uncommon patterns emerge in an analysis of their morphology. These include subtractive morphology, suppletion, infixation, ablaut, and the use of suprasegmentals. These morphological patterns present considerable complexity. Inflected verbs in narratives and conversation often reflect more than one of the morphological processes. This morphological complexity also demonstrates characteristics of being nonlinear, of being prosodic yet not aligning with neat prosodic boundaries, of not having direct correspondence between grammatical categories and surface segments or suprasegmentals, or having more than one of those characteristics. Six of the seven Muskogean languages are still currently spoken by fluent first language speakers, and many of the tribal nations who represent these languages are involved in ongoing documentation and revitalization efforts, often in partnership with linguists. Thus, despite their highly endangered status, excellent existing documentation and new questions in research create an opportunity to collect even more intricate inflected forms that will enrich models of morphology and morphological theory while having broader impacts, like supporting tribal language revitalization.
Establishing Hydrographic Control Using Doppler

Two Doppler Satellite surveys conducted for the purpose of establishing hydrographic control stations are reviewed. One survey was conducted in Monterey, Calif., the other established shore control for an upcoming hydrographic survey of Lake Superior to be performed by the National Ocean Service (NOS). A brief discussion of the positional accuracies obtained using relative positioning programs Magnet and Geodop V is included. The Lake Superior project is discussed regarding methods used and total cost incurred.
SEU characterization of an embedded 130nm compiled SRAM in heavy ion and proton environments

Embedded Compiled SRAMs are included as part of the Cobham 130nm Radiation Hardened ASIC design environment. Previous testing of the Cobham 130nm library was performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and is reported in the following references [1]–[4]. This work describes additional characterization of two architectures of compiled embedded SRAMs in heavy ion and proton environments. Heavy ion testing was performed at the Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute (TAMU) and proton testing was performed at the TRI-University Meson Facility (TRIUMF).
Automated feature-based registration techniques for satellite imagery

We investigate and validate feature-based registration techniques for remotely sensed satellite images. Feature-based registration algorithms seek to detect image features such as boundaries, corners, segment intersections which are used for matching. We implemented some of the state-of-the-art feature detection, extraction and matching techniques, which are BRISK, FAST, HARRIS, Minimum eigenvalues, and SURF algorithms to register 19 satellite image pairs in our data set. We generated ground truth data by manually selecting control points in each image pair in our data set that we also registered using automated feature-based techniques. Finally, we computed the pixel discrepancy error of each method against the ground truth and compared the performance of each method. Our results show that feature-based methods may achieve subpixel accuracy for the specific image data set.
The Iron Road in the Prairie State: The Story of Illinois Railroading

Review of: "The Iron Road in the Prairie State: The Story of Illinois Railroading," by Simon Cordery.
The Lipid Side of Bone Marrow Adipocytes: How Tumor Cells Adapt and Survive in Bone

Bone marrow adipocytes have emerged in recent years as key contributors to metastatic progression in bone. In this review, we focus specifically on their role as the suppliers of lipids and discuss pro-survival pathways that are closely linked to lipid metabolism, affected by the adipocyte-tumor cell interactions, and likely impacting the ability of the tumor cell to thrive in bone marrow space and evade therapy. The combined in silico, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence shows that in adipocyte-rich tissues such as bone marrow, tumor cells rely on exogenous lipids for regulation of cellular energetics and adaptation to harsh metabolic conditions of the metastatic niche. Adipocyte-supplied lipids have a potential to alter the cell’s metabolic decisions by regulating glycolysis and respiration, fatty acid oxidation, lipid desaturation, and PPAR signaling. The downstream effects of lipid signaling on mitochondrial homeostasis ultimately control life vs. death decisions, providing a mechanism for gaining survival advantage and reduced sensitivity to treatment. There is a need for future research directed towards identifying the key metabolic and signaling pathways that regulate tumor dependence on exogenous lipids and consequently drive the pro-survival behavior in the bone marrow niche.
Low-frequency electrical stimulation with variable intensity preserves torque

Abstract The neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) parameters that optimally modulate torque output during prolonged stimulation protocols are not well-established. The purpose of this study was to compare torque output between low-frequency and high-frequency NMES protocols while increasing stimulation intensity. Eleven healthy young individuals received a repetitive, intermittent low-frequency (20 Hz) and high-frequency (60 Hz) NMES over the quadriceps muscles. Stimulation intensity was increased throughout the protocol to achieve a submaximal target torque output. Mean torque, peak torque and torque-time integral (TTI) were measured. The 20 Hz protocol produced a higher mean torque (P = 0.001) and TTI (P = 0.008) compared to the 60 Hz protocol. The stimulation intensity required to achieve target torque during NMES was not different between frequencies (P > 0.0001). When the goal is to optimize torque output during prolonged submaximal NMES, such as during functional electrical stimulation, low-frequency stimulation may be preferred.
The Role of Ecotoxicology in the Protection and Accumulation of Natural Capital

Three factors are likely to cause a major paradigm shift in the field of ecotoxicology: 1. heightened interest in sustainable use of the planet 2. increased recognition of the value of ecosystem services and natural capital 3. the consilience of ecology and industry via the rapidly developing field of industrial ecology. This manuscript provides a preliminary exploration of likely components of the paradigm shift.
Radio Deregulation The Impact on Black Families and Nonprofit Social Agencies

In the book TheAfrican Slave in ColonialPeru, Bowser (1974, p. 1) states that "it was only 25 years after the epochal first voyage of Columbus that the commitment to African slavery was made and the greatest forced human migration in history began." The basis for the early success of slavery in the Americas was insatiable thirst for wealth which existed in a largely unregulated economic marketplace. Marketplace forces determined the rules of trade, and mainly on the basis of economic factors. New World slavery thrived more than 300 years. Deregulation fever, which swept through the federal government during Ronald Reagan's presidency in the 1980s, placed emphasis on permitting marketplace forces to significantly influence trade policy. Although largely unnoticed by the public, the philosophy was introduced to the communications industry under the Carter administration (Smythe, 1982), and the impact on Black families may in some ways parallel the disruption of families which unregulated economic practices inflicted on the foreparents of African Americans. The purpose here is to highlight and bring into focus the relationships which exist among the communications industry, particularly radio; Black families; and nonprofit social organizations. This article is primarily concerned with those social agencies that provide services to Black families and seek to protect and improve their mental health and welfare. By describing and highlighting the
What about the partner? -factors associated with patient-perceived partner dyspareunia in men with Peyronie's disease.

Background: Limited data are available on how partners of men with Peyronie’s disease (PD) are affected by the disease. We sought to characterize PD patients whose curvatures result in pain for their partners during penetrative intercourse. Methods: We queried a database of all men undergoing initial evaluation for PD at a single clinic between March 2014 and June 2016. Patients were administered a questionnaire regarding sexual health concerns with domains including erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, libido, and penile curvature. In the penile curvature section, patients were specifically asked: “Does the curvature cause your partner any pain during penetrative intercourse? (Y/N).” Patients’ partners were not directly evaluated for conditions associated with dyspareunia. Additionally, patients interested in treatment for PD underwent objective curve assessment after intracavernosal injection of erectogenic medications along with penile duplex Doppler ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences in clinicopathologic variables and patient-responses to questionnaire prompts between patients who did and did not report partner pain with intercourse. Results: A total of 322 patients with information available on partner pain were included in the study. Patients who reported partner pain had significantly higher subjective erectile rigidity (mean 5.9/10 vs. 4.8/10, P=0.02) and patient-reported penile curvature (47.7° vs. 33.3°, P<0.001) compared to those who did not report pain. Ventral curvatures were more common in men with partner pain (21% vs. 9% of men without, P<0.05). Furthermore, patients complaining of partner pain were more likely to report that PD had a negative impact on relationships and were more interested in pursuing surgical corrections. Conclusions: Men with superior erectile function, higher degrees of penile curvature and ventral curvatures were more likely to report partner pain during penetrative intercourse. These specific disease characteristics reported in this series may assist clinicians in identifying men who are more motivated to select more invasive therapies.
Youth Baseball and Data Analytics: Quantifying Risk Management and Producing Neoliberal Responsible Citizenship Through the GameChanger App:

Data analytics have become a significant evaluation mechanism within professional baseball to objectively quantify performance. This trend also has integrated into youth baseball through statistica...
A multidisciplinary approach to the clinical management of Prader-Willi syndrome.

Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neuroendocrine disorder affecting approximately 1/15,000-1/30,000 people. Unmet medical needs of individuals with PWS make it a rare disease that models the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to care with collaboration between academic centers, medical homes, industry, and parent organizations. Multidisciplinary clinics support comprehensive, patient-centered care for individuals with complex genetic disorders and their families. Value comes from improved communication and focuses on quality family-centered care. Methods Interviews with medical professionals, scientists, managed care experts, parents, and individuals with PWS were conducted from July 1 to December 1, 2016. Review of the literature was used to provide support. Results Data are presented based on consensus from these interviews by specialty focusing on unique aspects of care, research, and management. We have also defined the Center of Excellence beyond the multidisciplinary clinic. Conclusion Establishment of clinics motivates collaboration to provide evidence-based new standards of care, increases the knowledge base including through randomized controlled trials, and offers an additional resource for the community. They have a role in global telemedicine, including to rural areas with few resources, and create opportunities for clinical work to inform basic and translational research. As a care team, we are currently charged with understanding the molecular basis of PWS beyond the known genetic cause; developing appropriate clinical outcome measures and biomarkers; bringing new therapies to change the natural history of disease; improving daily patient struggles, access to care, and caregiver burden; and decreasing healthcare load. Based on experience to date with a PWS multidisciplinary clinic, we propose a design for this approach and emphasize the development of "Centers of Excellence." We highlight the dearth of evidence for management approaches creating huge gaps in care practices as a means to illustrate the importance of the collaborative environment and translational approaches.
Fast and Global Optimal Nonconvex Matrix Factorization via Perturbed Alternating Proximal Point

In this paper, we use the perturbed gradient based alternating minimization for solving a class of low-rank matrix factorization problems. Alternating minimization is a simple but popular approach which has been applied to problems in optimization, machine learning, data mining, and signal processing, etc. By leveraging the block structure of the problem, the algorithm updates two blocks of variables in an alternating manner. For the nonconvex optimization problem, it is well-known the alternating minimization algorithm converges to the first-order stationary solution with a global sublinear rate. In this paper, a perturbed alternating proximal point (PA-PP) algorithm is proposed, which 1) minimizes the smooth nonconvex problem by updating two blocks of variables alternatively and 2) adds some random noise occasionally under some conditions to extract the negative curvature of the second-order information of the objective function. We show that the proposed PA-PP is able to converge (with high probability) to the set of second-order stationary solutions (SS2) with a global sublinear rate, and as a consequence quickly finds global optimal solutions for the problems considered.
Intradural Thoracic Arachnoid Cyst Fenestration for Spinal Cord Compression: A Case Illustration and Video Demonstration.

Spinal intradural arachnoid cysts are rare, benign intradural lesions of the spinal cord that can arise as a primary lesion or secondary due to inflammatory processes. Symptoms can range from an asymptomatic incidental finding to progressive myelopathy, with paresthesia and neuropathic pain. We present the case of an 80-year-old female with a longstanding history of back pain, urinary incontinence, difficulty ambulating and frequent falls, with rapid progression of her symptoms prior to presentation. Physical examination revealed lower extremity weakness, decreased sensation and increased deep tendon reflexes. Thoracic spine MRI showed an extra-axial cystic lesion extending from T4 to T10, causing severe compression of the spinal cord. We performed two separate thoracic laminectomies at T4-T5 and at T9-T10, with microsurgical fenestration of the dorsal arachnoid cyst performed under continuous intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. Intraoperative fluoroscopy and ultrasound were used for localization purposes. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 6 to an inpatient rehabilitation facility with no neurological complications. She presented a month later with significant improvement in ambulation and lower extremity strength.
Laws Mandating Coprescription of Naloxone and Their Impact on Naloxone Prescription in Five US States, 2014-2018

Objectives. To examine early impacts of laws that require naloxone to be prescribed to patients at increased overdose risk.Methods. Using data from 2014 to 2018 from a large pharmacy chain, CVS Pha...
12 – Biologic Computing

Publisher Summary Biologic computing focuses on computational and bioinformatics approaches for three fundamental molecules of life: DNA, RNA, and protein. These three building blocks form cells, tissues, and the living human body. DNA databases are focused on the three-billion letter linear code in humans. The relatively static nature and low dimensionality of DNA allow it to serve as a reference and anchor for most other biologic computing databases. The bioinformatics and biologic computing for mRNA is considerably more challenging, because many new variables are introduced such as environmental cues, time, place, alternative splicing, and others. There are also different experimental platforms with different amounts of repeated measurement and robust data acquisition and storage intrinsic to each. This makes it much more difficult to define standards or any anchor by which all experiments can be compared. Proteins are orders of magnitude more complex than mRNA patterns, with posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and binding partners all dictating protein activity and function. Proteomic profiling using differentially labeled solutions of peptides is reaching widespread use. There are two key approaches that can aid in the interpretation of the highly dimensional data: time series and knowledge networks. Knowledge networks are computer databases and associated interfaces that assemble preexisting biologic knowledge into a tool that can accept genomics data sets. The behavior of a gene or protein as a function of time allows an assessment of biologic plausibility that can help reduce false positives.
Light effect transistors for high speed and low energy switching and beyond

A semiconductor nanowire based photo-conductive device, referred to as light effect transistor (LET), is demonstrated for replicating the field effect transistor (FET) functions with potentially higher speed and lower switching energy, and offering novel, beyond FET functionalities, e.g., optical logic gates and optical amplification. In an integrated photonic circuit, photonic components are typically used for interconnection between electronic subsystems. A hybrid electronic-photonic integrated circuits with LETs with FETs on one chip can take the advantages of the two worlds and mitigate their shortcomings, which will offer major improvement in performance over the pure electronic version.
Age-dependent impairment of disease tolerance is associated with a robust transcriptional response following RNA virus infection in Drosophila

Summary Advanced age in humans is associated with greater susceptibility to and higher mortality rates from infections, including infections with some RNA viruses. The underlying innate immune mechanisms, which represent the first line of defense against pathogens, remain incompletely understood. Drosophila melanogaster is able to mount potent and evolutionarily conserved innate immune defenses against a variety of microorganisms including viruses and serves as an excellent model organism for studying host-pathogen interactions. With its relatively short lifespan, Drosophila also is an organism of choice for aging studies. Despite numerous advantages that this model offers, Drosophila has not been used to its potential to investigate the response of the aged host to viral infection. Here we show that in comparison to younger flies, aged Drosophila succumb more rapidly to infection with the RNA-containing Flock House Virus (FHV) due to an age-dependent defect in disease tolerance. In comparison to younger individuals, we find that older Drosophila mount larger transcriptional responses characterized by differential regulation of more genes and genes regulated to a greater extent. Our results indicate that loss of disease tolerance to FHV with age possibly results from a stronger regulation of genes involved in apoptosis, activation of the Drosophila Immune deficiency (IMD) NF-kB pathway or from downregulation of genes whose products function in mitochondria and mitochondrial respiration. Our work shows that Drosophila can serve as a model to investigate host-virus interactions during aging and sets the stage for future analysis of the age-dependent mechanisms that govern survival and control of virus infections at older age.
Efficient cardinality estimation for k-mers in large DNA sequencing data sets: k-mer cardinality estimation

Abstract We present an open implementation of the HyperLogLog cardinality estimation sketch for counting fixed-length substrings of DNA strings (“k-mers”). The HyperLogLog sketch implementation is in C++ with a Python interface, and is distributed as part of the khmer software package. khmer is freely available from https://github.com/dib-lab/khmerunder a BSD License. The features presented here are included in version 1.4 and later.
Enhancing the performance of lithium oxygen batteries through combining redox mediating salts with a lithium protecting salt

Abstract Li–O2 batteries have recently emerged to meet nowadays elevated electric energy demands. Redox mediators (RMs) for solution-inducing decomposition of discharge products are one approach to increase energy efficiency and reduce high overpotentials in these batteries. However, multiple obstacles hinder their usage such as redox shuttling, capacity fading, electrolyte degradation, etc. Herein, we present a new chemistry based on a combination of LiNO3, TEGDME and an ionic liquid that enables LiI (1 M) to lower the charge potential (3.5V) with a long cycle life of 270 cycles. 0.1 M LiI increases the cyclability up to 500 with a slightly increased charge potential (~4V) for a fixed capacity of 1000 mAh/g. Up to 100 cycles, this battery system retained ~95% Li2O2 capacity with a ~0.8 V charge-discharge polarization gap. The addition of LiNO3 to the electrolyte provides a protective solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on anode that works in synergy with the LiI RM. Moreover, we found that this electrolyte blend results in domain formation of ionic and neutral species enhancing the discharge and charge processes. Finally, DFT calculations provide a better understanding of the role of the anode SEI layer and the Li2O2 decomposition promoted by the LiI during charge on the cathode.
How Has HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Changed Sex? A Review of Research in a New Era of Bio-behavioral HIV Prevention.

In 2012, the U.S. FDA approved the first drug for use as HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), which is nearly 99% effective when taken as prescribed. Although the manifest function of PrEP is to pr...
Enhancing advanced pharmacy practice experiences through the use of Web 2.0 technologies

Abstract Background and purpose Web 2.0 technologies have been leveraged to enhance learning experiences. However, limited data exists about implementing Web 2.0 into pharmacy education and within experiential learning. Educational activity and setting Two adult internal medicine advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) applied Web 2.0 technologies including Google (Alphabet, Inc.), Dropbox (Dropbox, Inc.), Facebook (Facebook, Inc.), WordPress (WordPress Foundation), and ClassDojo (ClassDojo, Inc.) with the primary purpose of enhancing student learning, with specific purposes for each technology including improvements in writing, reflection, and time-management skills. An analysis of the use of Web 2.0 technologies included comparing student and preceptor evaluations, mapping learning outcomes to assessments, and evaluating student engagement with the technologies, blog statistics, survey data, and application utilization. Findings From 2017 to 2019, 40 students were engaged with Web 2.0 technologies as a component of their APPE. Student and preceptor evaluations remained relatively unchanged compared to evaluations before using Web 2.0. Students maintained high levels of engagement across applications including 2928 Facebook comments, 4016 “likes", 280 blog posts, and 158 blog comments. Survey results revealed that students perceived that Facebook and blogging helped improve overall learning and communication skills meeting important learning outcomes. Summary The integration of two APPEs with Web 2.0 technologies enhanced learning and achieved learning outcomes for students on their adult acute care rotation.
Use of weighting functions in data fitting.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of properly casting the fitting problem in terms of weighting functions. The chapter also discusses the consequences of improper or incorrect weighting schemes in parameter resolution and shows a specific application to the analysis of steady-state enzyme kinetics, which provides an example of general interest. The specific case of the analysis of steady-state kinetics dealt with in the chapter reveals the consequences of incorrect weighting schemes as a function of experimental error. Of particular practical interest is the fact that the Lineweaver-Burk transformation always yields the least reliable parameter estimates, regardless of the nature and extent of experimental error. A final remark should be made as to the operational aspects of weighting functions. Correct data weighting guarantees least-variance estimates of the parameter values obtained in least-squares minimization. Weighting functions can be derived from the distribution of experimental errors, and data should be analyzed in the form they are taken experimentally, using a correct weighting scheme. Data transformation leads to changes in the error distribution, and consequently demands the correct reformulation of the weighting scheme.
BCR/ABL and Signal Transduction Pathways

BCR/ABL transforms hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo and exerts a wide variety of biological effects, including induction of factor independence, reduction of apoptosis, and altering adhesion of CML cells to marrow stroma. However, at a biochemical level, the mechanisms by which BCR/ABL transforms myeloid cells are poorly understood. p210BCR/ABL has elevated ABL tyrosine kinase activity, relocates to the cytoskeleton, and phosphorylates several cellular proteins, including c-BCR, pl20rasGAP, c-CBL, p52SHC, p93FES, p95VAV, pl25FAK, p68paxillin, and p72SH PTP2. In addition, BCR/ABL has been shown to bind directly to GRB2 at Y177 of BCR, therefore potentially activating p21ras. However, it has been difficult to determine the significance of any of these potential BCR/ABL substrates, in part due to the complexity of studying a large protein with many potential signaling motifs, and in part due to the fact that there are so many BCR/ABL substrates in these cell lines. One approach to simplifying BCR/ABL biology has been to examine primary human CML cells, rather than cell lines made to overexpress BCR/ABL. Interestingly, in primary leukemic cells, there are only a few proteins which either intereact with BCR/ABL or are phosphorylated by BCR/ABL. This suggests that studies in primary CML cells, rather than tissue culture cell lines, may be more reliable in terms of identifying important signaling pathways. One of the major tyrosine phosphoproteins complexed with BCR/ABL in CML neutrophils has recently been identified as CRKL, an SH2/SH3 “adapter” protein. CRKL binds to BCR/ABL at least partly through its SH3 domain, and in cell lines may link BCR/ABL to some cytoskeletal proteins. The hypothesis hypothesis is set forth that BCR/ABL functions in part to disrupt signals going to, or coming from integrins in hematopoietic cells, and that this event is important in the pathogenesis of stable phase CML.
Tunneling magnetoresistive heads beyond 150 Gb/in/sup 2/

Tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) readers capable of 150 Gb/in/sup 2/ of areal density magnetic recording for hard disk drive were demonstrated with bit-error-rate performance. The head design used is basically a bottom type stack of Ta/PtMn/CoFe/Ru/CoFe/oxide barrier/CoFe/NiFe/Ta cap with abutted hard bias stabilization. The electrical reader width is about 4 /spl mu/'' to reach a very high track density and shield-to-shield spacing is about 700 /spl Aring/ for high linear density. On-track bit error floor is better than 10/sup -5/ at a linear density of 900 KBPI and the recording system noise is dominated by the media. The best areal density achieved (using -4 OTC reference level) is 143 Gb/in/sup 2/ using symmetric squeeze and 152 Gb/in/sup 2/ using asymmetric squeeze method, respectively. It was found that the TMR head has several decibels more signal-to-noise ratio gain over spin valve readers at 150 Gb/in/sup 2/ and beyond. The TMR head is also suitable for perpendicular recording application.
The dual roles of nutrients as antioxidants and prooxidants: Their effects on tumor cell growth

The development of a beneficial or a detrimental cellular response by a nutrient will depend on the nutrient's antioxidant or prooxidant characteristics, which in turn are a product of the cellular oxygen environment. Nutrients such as carotenoids, tocopherols or ascorbate derivatives will demonstrate an antioxidant or prooxidant characteristic depending on the redox potential of the individual molecule and the inorganic chemistry of the cell. Nutrients acting as chemopreventives, inhibit the continual growth of transformed clones of cells through their prooxidant activity. In contrast, when an antioxidant activity occurs in transformed cells an enhanced growth may result. In addition, when an inappropriate prooxidant activity develops in normal cells, the reactive oxygen metabolites generated could damage the DNA and cellular membranes. The cellular response is usually a loss of normal regulatory function and activity, depressing cellular integrity. Therefore, the labile redox character of each nutrient must be considered in terms of the extracellular and intracellular microoxygen environment. To predict if a specific nutrient will have a beneficial or detrimental effect on a particular tissue or cell, it is important to identify markers that will characterize the biologic activities of each nutrient and elucidate a possible mechanism of action for that nutrient. In various tissues chemopreventive agents derived from nutrients have been shown in laboratory animal studies and in some human intervention trials to inhibit the growth and development of premalignant or malignant lesions. Examples of these tissues include oral tissues, esophagus, gastric cardia and lung tissues. Recently, some clinical studies demonstrated no reduction in the incidence of premalignant change, but, to the contrary, statistical evidence indicated an increase in cancer development. In general, the results of clinical intervention trials remains equivocal. The use of chemopreventive agents without considering their pharmacologic, oxygen-responsive characteristics will produce unwanted iatrogenic side effects or further cloud evidence of these nutrients' biologic activities.
Caring for cancer survivors: a survey of primary care physicians.

BACKGROUND: The number of long-term US cancer survivors is expected to double by the year 2050. Although primary care physicians (PCPs) provide the majority of care for long-term cancer survivors, to the authors' knowledge, few data to date have detailed PCP practice patterns, attitudes, and challenges in caring for long-term cancer survivors. METHODS: Self-administered surveys were mailed to 406 community- and academic-based general internal medicine physicians in Denver, Colorado. Survey development included in-depth physician interviews and pretesting. Of the 299 responses, 72 were ineligible; an analysis of the data from 227 surveys is presented. RESULTS: The response rate was 76%. Community-based PCPs comprised 70% of completed surveys. Reported care patterns were assessed to create a multidimensional care score reflecting levels of attention to 4 areas of survivorship care: monitoring for cancer recurrence, management of late effects, sexual functioning, and mental health. Only 24% of PCPs met criteria for routinely providing more multidimensional survivorship care. More recent medical school graduates reported providing less multidimensional survivorship care when compared with their more experienced colleagues. Approximately 82% of PCPs believed that primary care guidelines for adult cancer survivors are not well defined, and 47% of PCPs cited inadequate preparation and lack of formal training in cancer survivorship as a problem when delivering care to long-term survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Although PCPs provide the bulk of care for long-term survivors within the survivorship phase of the cancer trajectory, only a small subset have reported providing multidimensional survivorship care. Results underscore a need for substantially increased training in survivorship care to support the delivery of multidimensional primary care for long-term survivors. Cancer 2009;115(18 suppl):4409–18. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
TOCTOU, Traps, and Trusted Computing

The security of the standard TCG architecture depends on whether the values in the PCRs match the actual platform configuration. However, this design admits potential for time-of-check time-of-usevulnerabilities: a PCR reflects the state of code and data when it was measured, not when the TPM uses a credential or signs an attestation based on that measurement. We demonstrate how an attacker with sufficient privileges can compromise the integrity of a TPM-protected system by modifying critical loaded code and static data after measurement has taken place. To solve this problem, we explore using the MMU and the TPM in concert to provide a memory event trapping framework, in which trap handlers perform TPM operations to enforce a security policy. Our framework proposal includes modifying the MMU to support selective memory immutability and generate higher granularity memory access traps. To substantiate our ideas, we designed and implemented a software prototype system employing the monitoring capabilities of the Xen virtual machine monitor.
High-Q K-band integrated inductors using Cu/Ni nano-superlattice conductors

Ultra high quality factor (Q-factor) integrated inductors in K-band are reported where a maximum Q-factor of 55 has been achieved in the frequency band of 18–20 GHz. The proposed structure employs nanometer-thick alternating Cu and Ni multilayers, the so-called Cu/Ni nano-superlattice, for the conductor instead of a conventional thick single-layer Cu or Ag film. The conductor architecture efficiently overpasses the skin effect by cancelling the generated eddy currents inside the conductor allowing the current to flow through the whole volume of the conductor, resulting in the reduction of the resistive loss of the inductor. The inductors are nanomachined and measurement results show the highest Q-factor of an on-wafer K-band inductor reported to the best of the authors' knowledge.
Anodic Films and ECM Dimensional Control: A Study of Steel Electrodes in Solutions Containing Na2 SO 4 and NaClO4

The relationship between the passive film and the dimensional control of electrochemical machining (ECM) has been demonstrated experimentally with the behavior of steel electrodes in neutral and solutions. Potentiostatic transient measurements were first made with a mild steel rotating spherical electrode to reveal the mechanism of passivity, and the results were then compared to those obtained with rotating rods under actual ECM conditions. It is found that passivation is initiated by the formation of a salt layer resulting from supersaturation of dissolution products in the immediate vicinity of the anode. The rate of film formation is diffusion controlled, and the ECM dimensional control achieved by passivity of this kind is convection dependent. The results also indicate that this anodic film of the dissolution‐precipitation type can serve only as partial protection for the metal surface during ECM.
Abstract 16853: Going Beyond Patient Satisfaction: Unmet Psychosocial Needs Following Coronary Revascularization

Background: Hospitals routinely employ measures of patient satisfaction to understand if patient needs are being met, but they rarely look beyond patient discharge and general satisfaction. This study’s objective was to assess both satisfaction and problems that may be faced by patients after discharge from a large east coast hospital following percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft. Methods: Permission was gained from almost all patients to be contacted by phone after discharge. University researchers called them 90 days after discharge to gauge both their satisfaction with post-discharge care and any problems they may have experienced. Results: A total of 365 patients accepted to participate for a response rate of 42.1%. Surveys were administered on average 134 days after discharge (SD=22.7). While the three measures of patient satisfaction used found that 95% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied with post discharge care, many patients still reported substantial d...
HIV-1 infection and CD4 T cell depletion in humanized Rag2-/-yc-/- mice

Previously well established mouse-human xenograft systems, namely, the SCID-hu and hu-PBL-SCID mouse models have been instrumental for several advances in HIV research. However, as these models lacked the capacity for generating primary immune responses, viral pathogenic effects on the human cells could only be evaluated in the context of the absence of an active immune response. Intra-hepatic injection of human CD34 hematopoietic stem cells into immunodeficient Rag2 common gamma chain knock out (Rag2-/-γc-/-) mice results in multilineage human hematopoiesis with de novo production of T cells, B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells, and the generation of a functional immune system. Therefore this in vivo model shows great potential to study HIV infection and evaluation of therapeutic approaches. As a first step towards developing this model, humanized Rag mice (Rag-Hu mice) were infected intraperitonially with either X4 tropic or R5 tropic HIV-1. Prolonged viremia (up to 12 weeks so far) could be demonstrated in the infected mice. CD4 T cell depletion together with lymphadenopathy was also seen in viremic mice. Further characterizations are currently underway. Several new experimental approaches are now possible in these humanized mice that include vaccine testing, viral latency and evaluation of novel therapeutics.
Thermal Analysis of a Shower-Head Burner

The heat transfer coefficients and convective temperatures around the spray bar of the shower-head burner in the NASA Langley Research Center High Temperature Tunnel are determined. The use of the FLUENT computer code and empirical equations in this effort is described. It is concluded that using the FLUENT code allows higher convective temperatures to be predicted than using experimental data at shutdown conditions. Empirical equations are acceptable for calculation heat-transfer coefficients.