cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amarna gypsite: A new source of gypsum for ancient Egypt

Abstract Gypsum was widely employed in Egypt for plaster and mortar from late Predynastic times onward with the most extensive and varied use of this mineral occurring at Amarna (ancient Akhetaten) during the New Kingdom's Eighteenth Dynasty. It is traditionally thought the gypsum was obtained from the Faiyum Depression, but a new and larger source has been discovered on top of the limestone plateau to the north and east of Amarna. Here there are nearly three square kilometres of quarries dating mainly from the Old to New Kingdoms. The gypsum occurs in a thin soil on the limestone, forming a calcite-rich deposit known as gypsite. The total calcium sulfate content of gypsite samples (gypsum + bassanite + anhydrite) ranges from 24 to 74% with calcite comprising nearly all the remainder.
MR imaging of the metacarpophalangeal joints

The metacarpophalangeal joint complex represents an articulation not only between the metacarpal and proximal phalanx but in the case of the thumb also between the metacarpal and sesamoids. The collateral ligaments and volar plate contribute significantly to the stability of the metacarpophalangeal joints. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the articulations and soft-tissue supports of this complex is necessary for MR imaging detection of subtle injuries to these structures. The role of MR imaging in both acute and chronic trauma to the collateral ligaments and in the often difficult diagnosis of chronic thumb sesamoiditis is presented, with illustrative examples of the normal and pathologic conditions of metacarpophalangeal joints.
Topiramate use early in pregnancy and the risk of oral clefts: A pregnancy cohort study.

Objective To assess the relative risk of oral clefts associated with maternal use of high and low doses of topiramate during the first trimester for epilepsy and nonepilepsy indications. Methods This population-based study nested in the US 2000–2010 Medicaid Analytic eXtract included a cohort of 1,360,101 pregnant women with a live-born infant enrolled in Medicaid from 3 months before conception through 1 month after delivery. Oral clefts were defined as the presence of a recorded diagnosis in claims during the first 90 days after birth. Women with a topiramate dispensing during the first trimester were compared with those without any dispensing and with an active reference group of women with a lamotrigine dispensing during the first trimester. Risk ratios (RRs) were estimated with generalized linear models with fine stratification on the propensity score of treatment to control for potential confounders. Stratified analyses by indication of use and dose were conducted. Results The risk of oral clefts at birth was 4.1 per 1,000 in the 2,425 infants born to women exposed to topiramate compared with 1.1 per 1,000 in the unexposed group (RR 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56–5.40). The RR among women with epilepsy was 8.30 (95% CI 2.65–26.07); among women with other indications such as bipolar disorder, it was 1.45 (95% CI 0.54–3.86). The median daily dose for the first prescription filled during the first trimester was 200 mg for women with epilepsy and 100 mg for women without epilepsy. For topiramate monotherapy, the RR for oral clefts associated with doses ≤100 mg was 1.64 (95% CI 0.53–5.07) and for doses >100 mg it was 5.16 (95% CI 1.94–13.73). Results were similar when lamotrigine was used as a reference group. Conclusion The increased risk of oral clefts associated with use of topiramate early in pregnancy was more pronounced in women with epilepsy, who used higher doses.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Accurately Diagnoses Smaller Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Compared To Computer Tomography-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration.

Introduction The role of EUS-guided FNA as a highly sensitive modality in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is well documented. However, there is little published data on the role of EUS-FNA in diagnosing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Objective The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity of EUS-FNA to that of CT-FNA for diagnosing pancreatic NETs. Methods This is a single institution retrospective analysis of the operating characteristics of EUS-FNA and CT-FNA in detecting pancreatic NETs. Only patients with a final diagnosis of pancreatic NET were selected for this study. Procedure related data, including tumor size and location, and presence of a cytotechnologist were recorded. The results of each FNA were compared to the final clinico-pathological diagnosis to calculate sensitivity. Results Twenty-eight patients undergoing FNA (19 by EUS, 9 by CT) were analyzed. NETs diagnosed by EUS-FNA were smaller compared with CT-FNA (2.7 ± 0.9cm vs. 6.5 ± 2.1cm, p = 0.009) and were more often found in the pancreatic head (47.4% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.035). There were no significant differences in sensitivity between EUS-FNA and CT-FNA specimens (73.7% vs. 88.9%, p = 0.33). Conclusion EUS-guided FNA is as sensitive as CT-guided FNA in diagnosing pancreatic NETs, but its main advantage is in the diagnosis of smaller pancreatic NETs in the head of the pancreas. It may also be the preferred approach in the diagnosis of multifocal pancreatic NETs in the setting of MEN I Syndrome.
A Mixed-Methods Study of Adolescents’ Motivation to Read

BackgroundResearch has shown that reading motivation is correlated with achievement. Studying motivation in older students is particularly important as reading motivation declines over the course o...
An all-optical fiber optic photoacoustic transducer

A highly sensitive fiber-optic Fabry-Perot photoacoustic transducer is proposed in this work. The transducer will consist of separate transmit and receive fibers. The receiver will be composed of a Fabry-Perot Ultrasound sensor with a selfwritten waveguide with all-optical ultrasound detection with high sensitivity. In previous work, we have shown an increase in resonator Q-factor from 1900 to 3200 for a simulated Fabry-Perot ultrasound detector of 45 μm thickness upon including a waveguide to limit lateral power losses. Subsequently, we demonstrated a prototype device with 30nm gold mirrors and a cavity composed of the photosensitive polymer Benzocyclobutene. This 80 µm thick device showed an improvement in its Q-factor from 2500 to 5200 after a selfaligned waveguide was written into the cavity using UV exposure. Current work uses a significantly faster fabrication technique using a combination of UV-cured epoxies for the cavity medium, and the waveguide within it. This reduces the fabrication time from several hours to a few minutes, and significantly lowers the cost of fabrication. We use a dip-coating technique to deposit the polymer layer. Future work will include the use of Dielectric Bragg mirrors in place of gold to achieve better reflectivity, thereby further improving the Q-factor of the device. The complete transducer presents an ideal solution for intravascular imaging in cases where tissue differentiation is desirable, an important feature in interventional procedures where arterial perforation is a risk. The final design proposed comprises the transducer within a guidewire to guide interventions for Chronic Total Occlusions, a disease state for which there are currently no invasive imaging options.
Knowledge preconditions for actions and plans

Abstract Agents who operate in complex environments must often construct plans on the basis of incomplete knowledge. In such situations, the successful agent must incorporate into his plans actions which obtain information. These plans are intrinsically sketchy to begin with and become more specified as the agent proceeds through his plan. A theory which allows for such flexible planning will have to provide solutions to two problems: (1) how can an agent reason that he knows how to perform an action? (Knowledge Preconditions Problem for Actions) and (2) if an agent must construct an underspecified plan due to incomplete knowledge, when can we say that he can successfully execute his plan? (Knowledge Preconditions Problem for Plans) This paper provides solutions to both these problems. We develop a robust and highly expressive theory of action and planning which allows for actions of varying granularity, primitive as well as complex acts, multi-agent plans, and partially specified plans. We demonstrate that this theory lends itself in a natural manner to solutions to the Knowledge Preconditions Problems.
Probability and Utility

“The subject of [our] investigation is sometimes the instruments, sometimes the use of them.”1
The Use of Three-Dimensional Matrix Tissue Culture for Bioassay of Cancer: A Progress Report *

Cancer bioassay implies the capacity to predict the clinical behavior of a neoplasm as a result of studying a specimen of it as living tissue in the laboratory. There are at least two behavioral qualities about which prognostic information is desirable. First, we should like to be able to differentiate between tumors that are probably cured after surgery or radiation and those that are likely to recur as metastases. Second, we should like to recognize those tumors that will respond favorably to chemotherapeutic agents or irradiation and those that will be resistant to such treatments. Ideally, the definition and measurement of specific biochemical parameters that can be correlated with future clinical behavior would be desirable. None has yet been found. At the present stage of our understanding, we think it unlikely that well-defined biochemical indices will soon be found in view of the complex physiologic events already identified as being involved in the phenomena of malignancy, and the indication that still other factors await adequate description as well as reproducible experimental manipulation.
Interaction of Weather and Other Contributing Factors in General Aviation Instrument Approach Accidents

General aviation accidents continue to be a concern for the Federal Aviation Administration. The purpose of this study was to identify the primary and secondary contributing factors of general aviation instrument approach accidents between the years of 2004-2014; identify the weather conditions of these accidents; and test for an association between the contributing factors and weather conditions during the accidents. Findings suggested that ‘Failure to Control’ and ‘Adverse Weather’ were identified as the leading causes of accidents during instrument flight rules operations while ‘Failure to Control’ and ‘Flight Below Published Minimums’ were the leading causes of accidents during visual flight rules. A Chi-square test of the data indicated a significant association between weather conditions and reported contributing factors with a moderate level of strength.
Comparing physical to virtual: fit and appearance of multi-layered cultural garments

This study sought to expand the use of virtual technology to include multi layered non western cultural garments and compare these complex garments physically and virtually In addition D simulation of non western garments could benefit the emerging Chinese market The study included five parts material selection avatar customization physical multi layered garment construction virtual multi layered garment construction and evaluation of the physical and virtual garment appearance and fit using an online survey This study found that multi layered cultural garments could be relatively effectively simulated in virtual software such as EFI Optitex Moreover number of fabric layers did not significantly affect either appearance or fit similarity between virtual and physical garments Based on these results it can be concluded that virtual presentation has great potential as a tool to evaluate the appearance of a garment in a relatively simple and quick way
Application of Hilbert space operators on the sphere to directivity measurements

Spherical directivity measurements are useful for understanding and characterizing acoustic sources and are often applied to computer-based modeling and simulation of acoustic spaces. While the measurements must be handled with great care for suitable accuracy, little if any data post-processing has been employed in the past to ameliorate them and improve their utility. This paper outlines techniques utilizing Hilbert space operators on the unit sphere to both evaluate certain qualities of directivity measurements and provide refinements of their datasets. Truncation, projection, and symmetry operators on directivity measurements are specifically shown to benefit post-processing of the spherical functions.Spherical directivity measurements are useful for understanding and characterizing acoustic sources and are often applied to computer-based modeling and simulation of acoustic spaces. While the measurements must be handled with great care for suitable accuracy, little if any data post-processing has been employed in the past to ameliorate them and improve their utility. This paper outlines techniques utilizing Hilbert space operators on the unit sphere to both evaluate certain qualities of directivity measurements and provide refinements of their datasets. Truncation, projection, and symmetry operators on directivity measurements are specifically shown to benefit post-processing of the spherical functions.
Internalizing symptoms and sleep outcomes in urban children with and without asthma

Study Objectives:This study examines associations between internalizing symptoms and sleep in a sample of urban children with and without asthma, whether asthma status moderates these associations,...
Operative and nonoperative management of anterior cruciate ligament injury: Differences in gait biomechanics at 5 years

Gait biomechanics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are associated with functional outcomes and the development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis. However, biomechanical outcomes between patients treated nonoperatively compared with operatively are not well understood. The primary purpose of this study was to compare knee joint contact forces, angles, and moments during loading response of gait between individuals treated with operative compared with nonoperative management at 5 years after ACL injury. Forty athletes treated operatively and 17 athletes treated nonoperatively completed gait analysis at 5 years after ACL reconstruction or completion of nonoperative rehabilitation. Medial compartment joint contact forces were estimated using a previously validated, patient-specific electromyography-driven musculoskeletal model. Knee joint contact forces, angles, and moments were compared between the operative and nonoperative group using mixed model 2 × 2 analyses of variance. Peak medial compartment contact forces were larger in the involved limb of the nonoperative group (Op: 2.37 ± 0.47 BW, Non-Op: 3.03 ± 0.53 BW; effect size: 1.36). Peak external knee adduction moment was also larger in the involved limb of the nonoperative group (Op: 0.25 ± 0.08 Nm/kg·m, Non-Op: 0.32 ± 0.09 Nm/kg·m; effect size: 0.89). No differences in radiographic tibiofemoral osteoarthritis were present between the operative and nonoperative groups. Overall, participants treated nonoperatively walked with greater measures of medial compartment joint loading than those treated operatively, while sagittal plane group differences were not present. Statement of clinical relevance: The differences in medial knee joint loading at 5 years after operative and nonoperative management of ACL injury may have implications on the development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis.
An Optimum Receiver for MIL-STD-188-181C CPM Shaped BPSK

Shaped BPSK (SBPSK) is a modulation option in the MIL-STD-188-181B document for UHF SATCOM communication systems. The standard defines and addresses the modulation signal format and its properties but does not address the modulator or the demodulator. Standards tell you what to do, but not how to do it! In practice Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) signals are demodulated by suboptimum BPSK receivers [7]. This paper presents the design and implementation details of a Software Defined Radio (SDR) based optimum true CPM demodulator.
The biological characteristics of adult human marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured in umbilical cord serum

Objective To observe biological characteristics of adult human marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs)cultured by the umbilical cord serum.Methods BM-MSCs were obtained from fresh adult human bone marrow and cultured with DMEM/F12 which included 10%umbilical cord blood serum.The surface antigens of BM-MSCs were detected by flow cytometry.BM-MSCs were cultured into differentiation of osteoblasts and adipocytes with conditioned medium for osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Results The antigen of CD29.CD73,and CD105 were high expressed on BM-MSCs.The antigen of CD34,CD45 and CD31 were not expressed on BM-MSCs.The BMMSCs were differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes.Conclusion BM-MSCs have high purity and differentiation potency under cuhuring with umbilical cord blood serum.The umbilical cord serum is adapted to clinical application. Key words: Fetal blood; Cell culture techniques/MT; Hematopoietic stem cells; Bone marrow cells
Time-varying effects of cyberattacks on firm value

This paper adds to research on the effect of cyber events on the attacked firm’s value in light of conflicting results from previous studies. Using 536 cyberattack announcements that occurred during the 2007–2016 period, the main goal is to investigate for changes in investor reaction over time as cyberattacks have become more frequent. Empirical evidence shows that cumulative abnormal returns of attacked firms were volatile earlier in the period, became increasingly negative, but have moderated recently. This paper proposes and discusses potential explanations for this observed U-shaped pattern over the 10-year period. The relation between stock market reaction and type of attack, type of data affected, type of perpetrator and various firm level characteristics is also examined.
The value of fetal growth biometry velocities to predict large for gestational age (LGA) infants.

Objective: The use of growth velocities derived from fetal biometrics have been suggested to improve prediction of large for gestational age (LGA). Our objective was to determine if ultrasonographi...
Analytic evaluation of energy first derivatives for spin–orbit coupled-cluster singles and doubles augmented with noniterative triples method: General formulation and an implementation for first-order properties

A formulation of analytic energy first derivatives for the coupled-cluster singles and doubles augmented with noniterative triples [CCSD(T)] method with spin-orbit coupling included at the orbital level and an implementation for evaluation of first-order properties are reported. The standard density-matrix formulation for analytic CC gradient theory adapted to complex algebra has been used. The orbital-relaxation contributions from frozen core, occupied, virtual, and frozen virtual orbitals to analytic spin-orbit CCSD(T) gradients are fully taken into account and treated efficiently, which is of importance to calculations of heavy elements. Benchmark calculations of first-order properties including dipole moments and electric-field gradients using the corresponding exact two-component property integrals are presented for heavy-element containing molecules to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the present analytic scheme.
Enhanced Verbs for Bloom's Taxonomy with Focus on Computing and Technical Areas

The Bloom's Revised Taxonomy framework lists many verbs that can assist in measuring learning outcomes and competencies and creating evaluation rubrics. The recent emerging computing areas ought to enhance the existing list of verbs in Bloom's Revised Taxonomy. This poster presents 85 possible verbs to enhance the framework, 34 of which are technical verbs related to computing areas. Educators from two- and four-year institutions can benefit from the enhanced verbs proposed in this work to include in their computing programs.
Beyond Social Vulnerability: COVID-19 as a Disaster of Racial Capitalism

The hazards and disasters field routinely emphasizes that there is no such thing as a natural disaster. This is a nod to the fact that environmental disasters are caused by the human actions or inactions intersecting with the occurrence of a natural hazard, e.g. hurricane, fire, earthquake. This essay argues that the disaster literature can help us understand the causes and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic but only if we consider the pandemic as a disaster and its profound impacts as outcomes of racial capitalism. Through intersectional systemic forms of oppression that both devalue Black, Indigenous and Latinx people and extract labor from them, racial capitalism has rendered these communities vulnerable.
Language, Multimodal Interaction and Transaction: Studies of a Southern Chinese marketplace

Xuehua Xiang examines multimodal interaction in the marketplace in a multilingual town at the juncture of urbanization in Southern China. Using a collection of data that span nearly 20 years from ethnographic fieldwork, Language, Multimodal Interaction and Transaction: Studies of a Southern Chinese marketplace analyzes multimodal talk-in-interaction in the traditional marketplace as both an economic mechanism and a localized social space. Focusing on how buyers and sellers interact to complete transactions as marketplace shifts from sedimentations of road-side peddling to centralized built space and further to corporate e-commerce, Xiang takes into account the Janus nature of language as both incurring transaction costs and a powerful tool of information and control. By analyzing the socializing functions of language in the marketplace outside of and beyond economic dealings, the study additionally documents and depicts the roles of affect and morality in marketplace encounters. The study offers an overarching framework for future research on the mediating role of language and multimodal interaction in economic activities as well as on the interplay of information, knowledge, affect and morality in social encounters.
A step toward equal representation? A cross-sectional analysis of the gender composition of neurosurgical editorial boards from 2000 to 2020.

Objective At present, females constitute less than 10% of neurosurgeons in the US, despite representing approximately half of all medical students. Multiple barriers have been described for females entering the neurosurgical field, particularly academic neurosurgery. Understanding the environment that female neurosurgeons face and any potential barriers preventing career advancement is needed to recruit, promote, and retain females in neurosurgery. Methods The gender composition of editorial boards for 5 high-impact neurosurgery journals was analyzed from 2000 to 2020. The names of editorial board members were obtained directly from the journal administration, physical copies of the published journal, or publicly available data through each journal's website. The gender, degrees, academic titles, H-index, and country were determined for each individual and statistical tests were performed to identify significant differences. Results Of the 466 identified individuals that served on at least one editorial board between 2000 and 2020, there were 36 females (7.7%) and 430 males (92.3%). There were no significant differences between males and females serving on multiple editorial boards. Most females possessed an additional graduate degree (58.3%), while only one-third of males (33.5%) obtained such a degree (p = 0.002). In addition, males had significantly higher average H-indices than females (p = 0.002). These trends were also observed when analyzing only US-based editorial board members. Although females were more likely overall to be identified as associate professors, males were more likely to be appointed as full professors (p = 0.001); this trend did not remain true in the US-based cohort. When analyzing the editorial boards for individual journals, all 5 journals experienced an increase of female representation since 2000 or since their inception after 2000. The highest proportion of females for a single journal was 27.3% in 2020. All other journals ranged from 11.0% to 13.5% in 2020. Conclusions When entering the field of neurosurgery, females continue to face significant social and academic barriers. While the proportion of females on editorial boards for neurosurgery journals in 2020 is consistent with the proportion of practicing female neurosurgeons, there is a statistically significantly higher likelihood that females possess additional graduate degrees and lower H-indices compared to their male counterparts. The authors encourage neurosurgical journals to continue expanding female representation on editorial boards.
Separation of monomethylmercury from estuarine sediments for mercury isotope analysis

Abstract Estuarine sediments support the production of monomethylmercury (MeHg) which accumulates in aquatic organisms. While natural variation in mercury stable isotope ratios can potentially be used to track sources and transformations of mercury in the environment, the isotopic signature of MeHg in sediments has not been measured directly. The isotopic composition of MeHg has been studied in laboratory experiments and fish using tandem gas chromatography-multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC–ICP-MS) systems; however, the precision and sensitivity of this method may be too low for the analysis of many environmental samples including sediments in which MeHg constitutes 1% or less of the total mercury. In this study, we developed an offline separation method for the precise measurement of the Hg isotopic composition of MeHg in estuarine sediments. Separation of MeHg from inorganic species was accomplished by distillation and chemical ethylation-GC, and was followed by gold amalgam trapping to collect and preconcentrate pyrolyzed MeHg, which was then released into an oxidizing solution. MeHg standards processed in this way were collected with an average yield of 97.5%. External precision for all replicate isotope analyses of MeHg process standards was ± 0.14‰ (2 SD, n = 8) for δ202Hg and no detectable fractionation of Hg stable isotopes occurred during the separation. δ202Hg values for MeHg separated from estuarine sediments using our approach varied from − 0.41 to + 0.41‰ and were generally higher, and spatially and temporally more variable, than those for total Hg (− 0.21 to − 0.48‰).
Proving an Environmental Justice Case: Determining an Appropriate Comparison Population

In proving a case of adverse disparate impact discrimination under Tile VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, a plaintiff in its prima facie case must show a significant disparity between an affected population and an appropriate comparison population. Both government agencies and commentators have neglected to address the crucial issue of how to select and define a comparison population. Title VII cases require that a comparison population should be "similarly situated" to the affected population. In 2000, the EPA issued draft Title VI guidance addressing this issue, but the Agency failed to address how to select a "similarly situated" comparison population. On the one hand, it is inappropriate to automatically use a state or county's general population for comparison because such a population is not necessarily "similarly situated" to the affected population. On the other hand, business commentators have proposed an overly restrictive test requiring that both the affected area and comparison population contains very similar nd uses. For example, business commentators suggest it would be inappropriate in many cases to compare a poor, urban area with an affluent suburban area. This Article proposes that a comparison population is similarly situated with an affected population if the comparison area meets the minimum relevant requirements for the proposed facility. This test is consistent with Title VII cases requiring that comparisons be made between "qualified" workers in the same relevant job market. The proposed test would allow comparisons between poor, heavily minority areas and affluent suburban areas as long as the facility could be sited in either area.
Computers and Teachers: Factors Influencing Computer Use in the Classroom

AbstractThis study examined the predictiveness of several personal variables of elementary school teachers to their use of available computers for teaching (N = 170). Teachers from four schools completed questionnaires that assessed for three levels of computer use, innovativeness, teacher locus of control, perceived relevance of computers to teaching, and self-confidence in the use of computers. Additionally, data on age, gender, and years of computer experience were collected. Logistic regression procedures were used to analyze the relationships between teacher characteristics and computer use. About half of the sample of teachers in this study reported not using computers for teaching. Self-competence and innovativeness were most closely related to teachers’ computer use. The results suggest that these variables need to be considered when planning training intervention or differential staffing for reconciling teachers and their computer use.
A study of endocrine and metabolic variables in postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Although an underlying endocrine-metabolic disorder has been implicated as causally related to the development of endometrial carcinoma, data to support such an association are ambiguous and/or contradictory. In this prospective study of 16 consecutive nonobese postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma and 16 cancer-free postmenopausal women matched for age and weight, fasting values for growth hormone (GH), insulin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrone (E 1 ), and estradiol (E 2 ) were measured on 3 consecutive days. Intravenous glucose tolerance, pituitary GH release in response to arginine infusion, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia, and insulin secretion in response to arginine infusion and to hyperglycemia were analyzed. Our data show that these endocrine-metabolic profiles were not significantly different between the cancer patients and control subjects, suggesting that the postmenopausal woman with endometrial cancer who is not obese exhibits no accountable endocrine or metabolic disorders.
Expatriation Tax – Renouncing a Tax Treaty

Exit Tax (known as expatriation in the U.S.) is a tax rule (and a tool) used by governments to prevent taxpayers from changing their country of domicile solely for tax benefits. A person is usually subject to taxation in his country of domicile on his worldwide income. Since there is a broad variety of tax systems in the world, in which some countries impose higher income tax rates on its residents and others impose lower rates or even no tax on certain classes of income, people might choose to change their country of domicile to a more favorable jurisdiction when they expect a big taxable gain.The Exit Tax applies to the person’s entire assets appreciation without regard to the fact that some assets might not be sold yet, meaning the taxpayer has not realized the gain. In general, this imposition of tax applies when a country considers a change of residency to be a deemed assets sale - therefore, the government taxes notional transactions. The notional transactions are affective only in the country imposing and applying the Exit Tax. The new country of residency may choose to accept the outcome of the Exit Tax or not at its discretion. If it chooses to accept the Exit Tax imposed by the former country, it may, for example, step up the cost basis of the asset deemed sold for a future gain calculation. Exit Tax is a domestic rule promulgated by the domestic legislator which disregards any bilateral agreement that might be affected by the enactment of such a law. Tax treaties are agreements negotiated and signed by countries in order to provide countries useful tools to avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion. After such an agreement is signed, countries should respect and obey its rules. However, countries currently still use the Exit Tax tool although the tool might override a tax treaty they are bound to respect. By using the Exit Tax tool, countries violate not only the tax treaty between them and the new residence country but also treaties signed with third party countries that have no relation to the taxpayer change in residency. These third party countries were not the abandoned or the absorbed country and nonetheless they are affected by the Exit Tax regime of the abandoned country.Since the Exit Tax is a domestic rule, I believe that the country adopting such a regime should provide assistance to the taxpayer to help them avoid potential double taxation. I believe that neither the responsibility to eliminate the potential double taxation nor that of implementing a remedial procedure should be borne by the new country of residence.
War and Peace: Ireland since the 1960s – By Christine Kinealy

A comprehensive and authoritative history of Ireland in the post‐de Valera years is much needed at present. Unfortunately, War and Peace is not that book. A combination of an overemphasis on the co...
Guerra al agio: el problema de la domesticación del comercio en la Argentina del primer peronismo, 1943-1945

Este articulo investiga las controversias politicas que tuvieron las medidas de Estado para proteger a los consumidores del comercio “injusto” durante el periodo peronista, o en otras palabras, la “politica del consumo” en el peronismo. Como parte de un proyecto de investigacion mas amplio sobre la historia del peronismo y el consumo, el ensayo se focaliza en dos tematicas principales, ambas relativas a la intervencion estatal en el mercado.
Abstract 101: Endothelial-Specific Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 and 2 Deletion Impairs Vascular Remodeling and Recovery in an In Vivo Closed-Chest Model of Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is cardioprotective in various models of myocardial infarction. FGF receptors (FGFRs) are expressed in multiple cell types in the adult heart, but the cell type-specific FGFR signaling which mediates different cardioprotective endpoints is currently unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that endothelial FGFR signaling is essential for vascular remodeling after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Methods: We have generated mice with a conditional ablation of the Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 genes in endothelial cells ( Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f ). These mice and littermate controls were subjected to a clinically relevant, in vivo , closed-chest model of cardiac IR injury which includes 90 minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending artery followed by reperfusion for 7 days. Echocardiography was performed at baseline, day 1, and day 7 of reperfusion, and histological staining was performed on day 7. Results: Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f mice had no baseline abnormalities in cardiac morphometry or function. When subjected to closed-chest, regional cardiac IR injury, Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f mice showed significantly increased infarct size compared to controls at 7 days (37±3% vs. 15±5%, p Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f mice also showed significantly worsened cardiac function (ejection fraction, stroke volume, and fractional shortening) compared to controls at 7 days (p Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f mice. Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f mice have normal vessel density in the non-injured state, but after cardiac IR injury, Tie2-Cre, Fgfr1 f/f , Fgfr2 f/f hearts showed significantly decreased vessel density (both capillaries and smooth muscle actin containing vessels, p Conclusions: Ablation of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in endothelial cells results in impaired vascular remodeling, worsened cardiac functional recovery, and increased infarct size without affecting the cardiac hypertrophic response in an in vivo , closed-chest model of cardiac IR injury.
On the role of the Avogadro constant in redefining SI units for mass and amount of substance

There is a common misconception that the Avogadro constant is one of the fundamental constants of nature, in the same category as the speed of light, the Planck constant and the invariant masses of atomic-scale particles. Although the absolute mass of any specified atomic-scale entity is an invariant universal constant of nature, the Avogadro constant relating this to a macroscopic quantity is not. Rather, it is a man-made construct, designed by convention to define a convenient unit relating the atomic and macroscopic scales. The misportrayal seems to stem from the widespread use of the term 'fixed-Avogadro-constant' for describing a redefinition of the kilogram that is, in fact, based on a fixed atomic-scale particle mass. This paper endeavours to clarify the role of the Avogadro constant in current definitions of SI units for mass and amount of substance as well as recently proposed redefinitions of these units—in particular, those based on fixing the numerical values of the Planck and Avogadro constants, respectively. Precise definitions lead naturally to a rational, straightforward and intuitively obvious construction of appropriate (exactly defined) atomic-scale units for these quantities. And this, in turn, suggests a direct and easily comprehended two-part statement of the fixed-Planck-constant kilogram definition involving a well-understood and physically meaningful de Broglie–Compton frequency.
Neurohormonal control of cardiac activity in the snail,Helix aspersa

1. The characteristics of a cardioactive peptide(s), LCP, were investigated in the snail,Helix aspersa, to determine if LCP functions as a neurohormone. 2. Fractionation of isotonic homogenates of the auricle and sub-esophageal ganglia indicate that LCP is associated with microsomal elements, probably granules observed in electron micrographs of the microsomal pellets. 3. Ligation experiments carried out under culture conditions suggest that LCP is transported from the sub-esophageal ganglia to the auricle via the visceral nerve. The presence of colchicine in the culture media prevents this transport. 4. LCP is released from the sub-esophageal ganglia and the auricle by incubation in raised K media. This release is largely prevented by lowering the Ca content of the media. 5. LCP is released into the lumen of the auricle by electrical stimulation of the visceral nerve. 6. The ventricle isolated in vitro responds to LCP concentrations similar to those found in the hemolymph. Since the ventricle contains no LCP, this suggests that LCP is carried in the hemolymph from its release site to the ventricle. 7. The combination of these results and those of a preceding paper confirm a role for LCP as a cardioexcitatory neurohormone inHelix.
Perioperative complications associated with spine surgery in patients with established spinal cord injury.

Abstract Background context Only a small percentage of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) require consideration for reconstructive surgery after their initial injury. For those who do, perioperative complications can be frequent and significant. There has been very little published literature examining treatment of these patients and essentially nothing to guide the surgeon in perioperative decision making and management. Purpose To identify some of the common challenges associated with surgery in this patient population and review the literature to highlight the perioperative concerns in patients with chronic SCI. Study design Review article. Methods A primary PubMed literature search was performed and reviewed for patients with chronic SCI with emphasis on the complications and difficulties encountered during surgical treatment of patients with chronic SCI. Results For those who do proceed with surgery in this patient population, preoperative nutrition, bone density, and skin should be evaluated and optimized. Preoperative inferior vena cava filters should be considered. The integrity of the reconstruction will be extensively challenged. In addition, augmented fixation and bracing should be contemplated. Conclusions Patients with chronic SCI who require spinal reconstruction provide many unique challenges. Indications for surgery must be strong as perioperative complications can be frequent and long-term outcomes unpredictable. Close monitoring for postoperative complications is essential.
Oscillation criteria of even-order nonlinear delay differential equations

Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to establish oscillations criteria for even-order nonlinear differential equation in a very general form with delay and to extend result due to Staikos and Petsoulas, which are in turn generalizations of others.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in teleosts

Expression of multiple molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNAs and GnRH peptides were examined in the brains of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemical techniques. After otherwise identical conditions, lesser background and stronger GnRH hybridization signals were observed on cryostat vs. paraffin sections. In both fresh and Bouin's-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, there was a good correlation between the distribution of GnRH mRNA and GnRH peptide-containing cells. Although the brains of tilapia and the sockeye were immunoreactive to three forms of the GnRH molecule (salmon, mammal, chicken-II), GnRH mRNA expression was site-specific and species-specific. In the tilapia, ganglionic cells of the nucleus olfactoretinalis, basal telencephalon and the anteroventral preoptic area were immunoreactive to salmon-, and mammalian-GnRH peptide. Neurons of the nucleus olfactoretinalis expressed cichlid-GnRH I mRNA. The preoptic neurons, despite the immunoreactivity, expressed no hybridization signals. Midbrain neurons were immunoreactive to salmon-GnRH but expressed cichlid-GnRH II beta (= chicken-GnRH II) mRNA hybridization signals. In the sockeye, ganglionic cells along the extracerebral course of the nervus terminalis were immunoreactive to mammalian-, chicken-II and salmon-GnRH. These neurons expressed only salmon-GnRH mRNA hybridization signals. Intracerebral GnRH expression in the sockeye was delayed till smoltification. The basal telencephalon and midbrain neurons immunoreactive to salmon-GnRH, formed no hybridization signals with GnRH antisense probes. Oligonucleotide probes complementary to chicken-GnRH I and mammalian-GnRH revealed no hybridization signals in the tilapia and in the sockeye brain. Fibers, immunoreactive to salmon-, mammalian-, and chicken II-GnRH were seen in close association with growth hormone cells. Chicken-GnRH II-immunoreactive fibers were also seen in close proximity to somatolactin cells in the sockeye salmon.
Reaction products of styrene-butadiene ABA block copolymer in supercritical toluene and tetralin

Abstract A styrene-butadiene ABA block copolymer (28 wt % styrene content) was thermolysed in a supercritical toluene-tetralin mixture at 349 °C and 13.8 MPa in a 1-dm3 batch autoclave. The derived products were examined by means of capillary column gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopy. A total of 131 components including isomers were identified. The extensive cracking of the polymer results in low molecular-weight aromatics consisting mainly of xylenes, other alkylbenzenes, and diphenylalkanes.
The Effects of Psychosocial Factors on Indian Children's Attitudes toward Computers

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of such psychosocial factors as computer experience, computer usage, future plans regarding computers, and various types of anxiety on children's attitudes toward computers. Subjects consisted of 120 males and 159 females in grades six (N = 120) and seven (N = 159), who were enrolled in two single-sex, private, residential schools in Dehru Dun, India. The Bath County Computer Attitudes Survey was used to measure attitudes toward computers. The Spielberger Trait-Anxiety Scale and the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Anxiety Scale were used to measure subjects' trait anxiety and mathematics anxiety levels, respectively. Results indicated that computer experience, usage, future plans, trait anxiety, and mathematics anxiety were significant factors in predicting computer attitudes. The results were consistent with similar research on North American children. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.
Possible ionization ignition in laser-driven clusters

We use classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) simulations to study the ionization of small rare gas clusters in short pulse, high intensity laser fields. We calculate, for a cluster of 25 neon atoms, the ionization stage reached and the average kinetic energy of the ionized electrons as functions of time and peak laser intensity. The CTMC calculations mimic the results of the much simpler barrier suppression model in the limit of isolated atoms. At solid density our results give much more ionization in the cluster than that predicted by the barrrier suppression model. We find that when the laser intensity reaches a threshold value such that on average one electron is ionized from each atom, the cluster atoms rapidly move to higher ionization stages, approaching NE +8 in a few femtoseconds. This 'ignition' process creates an ultrafast pulse of energetic electrons in the cluster at quite modest laser intensities.
Sudden, probably coseismic submergence of Holocene trees and grass in coastal Washington State

Growth-position plant fossils in coastal Washington State imply a suddenness of Holocene submergence that is better explained coseismic lowering of the land than be decade- or century-long rise of the sea. These fossils include western red cedar and Sitka spruce whose death probably resulted from estuarine submergence close to 300 years ago. Rings in eroded, bark-free trunks of the red cedar show that growth remained normal within decades of death. Rings in buried, bark-bearing stumps of the spruce further show normal growth continuing until the year of death. Other growth-position fossils implying sudden submergence include the stems and leaves of salt-marsh grass entombed in tide-flat mud close to 300 years ago and roughly 1,700 and 3,100 years ago. The preservation of these stems and leaves shows that submergence and initial burial outpaced decomposition, which appears to take just a few years in modern salt marshes. In some places the stems and leaves close to 300 year old are surrounded by sand left by an extraordinary, landward-directed surge-probably a tsunami from a great thrust earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone.
A new thin-film humidity microsensor

A new humidity microsensor using barium titanate thin film in the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure has been developed. These devices have capacitances sensitive to changes of relative humidity (RH), with a sensitivity of 300-percent change of capacitance corresponding to a humidity change from 27 to 90-percent RH at a testing frequency Of 1 MHz. The capacitance-voltage (CV) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics for various relative humidities are presented. Temperature and frequency effects on sensor performance are also presented.