cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syndication Networks and the Spatial Distribution of Venture Capital Investments

Sociological investigations of economic exchange reveal how institutions and social structures shape transaction patterns among economic actors. This article explores how interfirm networks in the U.S. venture capital (VC) market affect spatial patterns of exchange. Evidence suggests that information about potential investment opportunities generally circulates within geographic and industry spaces. In turn, the circumscribed flow of information within these spaces contributes to the geographic‐ and industry‐localization of VC investments. Empirical analyses demonstrate that the social networks in the VC community—built up through the industry’s extensive use of syndicated investing—diffuse information across boundaries and therefore expand the spatial radius of exchange. Venture capitalists that build axial positions in the industry’s coinvestment network invest more frequently in spatially distant companies. Thus, variation in actors’ positioning within the structure of the market appears to differentia...
Are the unemployed unemployable

Abstract This paper develops a matching model of the labor market under wage rigidity when hiring decisions are irreversible. There are two types of workers, the skilled and the unskilled. The model is used to analyze whether technological advances may have increased unemployment. It is shown that it is likely to be so if they are associated with an increase in the productivity and/or the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers. These effects are stronger when hiring decisions are more irreversible.
An Exploratory Study of the Impact of e‐Service Process on Online Customer Satisfaction

Although extensive academic research has examined the dynamics of interpersonal interactions between service providers and customers, much less research has investigated customer service encounters through technological interfaces such as the Web in electronic commerce transactions. Corporate websites have become an important point of contact with customers for many companies. Service has been described as one of the most important attributes for online business to influence traffic and sales. However, more research is needed to understand how Web-based technological capabilities of services affect customer satisfaction. In this paper, we propose viewing the interface between online buyers and sellers through the lens of service management to identify possible determinants of online customer satisfaction. A company's website is considered its electronic service delivery system. We look at this electronic service delivery system from its process point of view. Our findings indicate that as the electronic service delivery system process improves, a customer's perception of the website's ease of use increases, leading to increased service value and perceived control over the process, which increases customer satisfaction. The research provides evidence that the technological capabilities embedded in the website processes are an important factor in determining service quality and ultimately online customer satisfaction.
Cooperating or Caving in: Are Defense Attorneys Shrewd or Exploited in Plea Bargaining Negotiations

Following a larger previous study on the negotiation styles of lawyers, this article examines more specifically the data relating to criminal lawyers and found that the percentage of lawyers engaged in problem-solving was higher than any other practice area. Furthermore, when I ran breakdowns of prosecutors and defense attorneys, it turned out that 86% of defense attorneys were perceived as problem-solving. This was almost 20% more than prosecutors and also any other practice area. What is going on? One could hypothesize that it is the long term relationship and small community of criminal lawyers that lead to problem-solving. It could also be the case load, the fact that the majority of defendants are already in jail when they plea bargain, the sentencing discount given in a plea versus a trial (for example, a plea might result in a 6 year sentence when a trial could result in 30 years), and also that most defendants do not have the education or financial wherewithal to push their attorneys to be more assertive on their behalf.
How do public companies adjust their board structures

Abstract We show that public companies frequently changed their board structures before implementation of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, with two-thirds of firms changing board size or independence during an average two-year period. Board changes were associated with changes in firm-specific fundamentals, but the rate of change toward predicted structures was negatively associated with the level of CEO influence. Companies changed board structures in either direction as underlying firm fundamentals changed, consistent with the pursuit of economically efficient board structures. However, board changes have become less frequent since the Sarbanes–Oxley Act was enacted. We provide some evidence that companies became less likely to decrease board independence when changes in fundamentals suggested they should, which may reflect a loss of economic efficiency.
Europeanization and the mechanics of economic policy adjustment

Europeanization, differentiated from European integration as the impact of European policies on national policies, practices, and politics, has had differing effects on EU member states, depending upon a number of independent variables. These include the constraints imposed by EU decisions in any given policy area, that is, whether the decisions demand that countries follow highly specified rules of implementation, less specified rules, suggested rules, or no rules at all. But adjustment also depends upon certain mediating factors, including countries' vulnerability to global as well as European economic pressures, their political institutional capacity to respond as necessary, the 'fit' of European policies with national policy legacies and preferences, and the discourses that influence policy preferences by changing perceptions of economic vulnerabilities and policies and thereby enhance capacity. Only by putting the decision constraints together with the mediating factors can we adequately explain coun...
Cointegration and forward and spot exchange rate regressions

Abstract We investigate the relationship between cointegration models of the current spot exchange rate, s t , and the current forward rate, f t , and cointegration models of the future spot rate, s t +1 , and f t and the implications of this relationship for tests of the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis (FRUH). We show that simple models of cointegration between s t and f t imply complicated models of cointegration between s t +1 and f t . Consequently, standard methods are often inappropriate for modeling the cointegrated behavior of ( s t +1 , f t )′ and we show that the use of such methods can lead to erroneous inferences regarding the FRUH.
Private Policing of Environmental Performance: Does it Further Public Goals?

Over the past two decades the role of private parties in the policing of environmental regulation has grown dramatically. In some cases the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has led this effort. In other situations, private parties have provided the impetus for new policing activities that are conducted independently from the EPA. Private policing can be beneficial when the increased involvement of the private sector either decreases the costs of achieving a particular level of environmental performance or increases environmental performance in a cost-effective manner. Private parties, however, could also divert regulated entities away from regulatory objectives. This Article explores the privatization of environmental enforcement by presenting six examples and highlighting their benefits and costs. Although the examples cited are not necessarily representative of all private policing, their mixed results regarding the effectiveness of private sector participation shows a need for careful evaluation of these initiatives. The Article concludes by making a case for a more deliberate approach to evaluating the role of the private sector in the enforcement of environmental regulation, and suggests that before responding to continuing calls to further privatize environmental regulation and enforcement it is first necessary to ensure that existing private participation is helping to achieve regulatory goals.
Who does (not) benefit from entrepreneurship programs

Research Summary We evaluate a technology entrepreneurship training program by comparing career decisions among applicants accepted into the program with unaccepted applicants who are program finalists. We find that program participation is associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent entrepreneurship but that this is not uniform across participants; the estimated relationship between program participation and subsequent entrepreneurial activity is disproportionately lower for applicants with ex-ante resources and capabilities in entrepreneurship, measured by prior entrepreneurship experience. Moreover, we only observe this reduced impact of the program on subsequent entrepreneurial activity for participants that have prior experience in founding a technology company as opposed to other forms of entrepreneurial activity. This suggests the program is more effective for individuals that have otherwise limited access to technology entrepreneurship opportunities. Managerial Summary Given the increasingly competitive landscape for entrepreneurship education programs, it is important to understand when and for whom they have the greatest impact. Using 5 years of data from a technology entrepreneurship training program, we show that individuals with a higher predisposition toward the type of entrepreneurship being taught by the program, measured by prior technology entrepreneurship experience, are less likely to benefit from training. Our findings imply that individuals who enter programs with the skill set being taught benefit less from the program at the margin, and that individuals without prior experience can be trained in entrepreneurship. These patterns have implications for entrepreneurial program strategy, individuals considering entry into entrepreneurial careers, and firms deciding whether to develop entrepreneurial capabilities in-house or acquiring them externally.
International Criminal Trials and the Disqualification of Judges on the Basis of Nationality

Judges who sit on the International Criminal Court ("ICC') and other international criminal tribunals ("ICTs') are nationals of particular states and are elected to serve largely on the basis of their nationality. Since the advent of the Nuremberg Tribunal, however, ICTs have perpetuated the notion that national identity is irrelevant to a judge's performance of his or her duties. This Article will contend that judges at the ICC and other ICTs should not preside over trials concerning crimes allegedly committed by or against their fellow nationals. Judges should also consider recusing themselves from cases that strongly implicate the interests of their home nations. Other international tribunals prohibit judges from adjudicating cases involving their home nations or otherwise control for national bias in judging. Judges at the ICC and other ICTs undoubtedly strive to be independent and impartial, but they cannot be expected to act as representatives of the international community and its values in cases where they will be under psychological and economic pressure to rule in accordance with domestic * Associate Professor of Law, Texas AM M.A. (2003), New York University; B.A. (2001), Columbia University. I would like to thank Jeffrey Dunoff, Meg DeGuzman, Jean Galbraith, Anil Kalhan, Jaya Ramji-Nogales, Pammela Saunders, Carlos Vazquez, and David Zaring for their comments on this
The Role of the Judge in Non-Class Settlements

This commentary argues that judges lack the authority, as a general matter, to approve or reject non-class settlements. While judges overseeing mass litigation can set the stage for settlement by instituting phased discovery, scheduling bellwether trials, and other methods, they should respect the line between facilitation of settlement and control over settlement terms. The paper was presented in response to Judge Alvin Hellerstein’s and his special masters' account of their handling of the September 11 clean-up litigation.
Does SOX 404 Have Teeth? Consequences of the Failure to Report Existing Internal Control Weaknesses

ABSTRACT: We examine various penalties that could serve as enforcement mechanisms for Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Section 404. We focus on firms with restatements, some of which had previously reported their control weaknesses as required and some of which acknowledged them only after announcing their restatement. We find no evidence that penalties are more likely for firms, managers, or auditors that fail to report existing control weaknesses. Instead, class action lawsuits, management turnover, and auditor turnover are all more likely in the wake of a restatement when control weaknesses had previously been reported. We find similar, although weaker, evidence for Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sanctions. These results are consistent with disclosure of control weaknesses making it difficult for management to plausibly claim later that they were unaware of the underlying conditions that led to restatements. The results also suggest that the public and private enforcement mechanisms surrounding SOX 404 a...
Untitled: A Study Of Formal and Informal Property Rights in Urban Ecuador*

We explore the substitutability of formal and informal property rights using new survey data from Ecuador, where households have both formal and informal claims to urban residential property. We develop a model of property transactions that distinguishes between transferable and non-transferable claims, and show how this distinction affects the interpretation of hedonic price regressions. The unconditional effect of title is to raise properties’ value by 23.5%. However, we also find that informal property rights can substitute effectively for formal property rights, and suggest that titling programmes should be targeted at young disorganised communities if they are to benefit the recipients.
Can Taxes on Cars and on Gasoline Mimic an Unavailable Tax on Emissions

Abstract An emissions tax is efficient, but measurement of every car's emissions would be inaccurate and expensive. With identical consumers, we demonstrate the same efficiency for: an emissions tax; a gas tax that depends on fuel type, engine size, and pollution control equipment (PCE); a vehicle tax that depends on mileage; or a combination of uniform tax rates on gasoline and engine size with a subsidy to PCE. With heterogeneous consumers, efficiency can be obtained by a vehicle-specific gas tax or mileage-specific vehicle tax, but not by flat rates. We characterize second-best uniform tax rates on gasoline and on car characteristics.
The Effect of Newspaper Entry and Exit on Electoral Politics

We use new data on entries and exits of US daily newspapers from 1869 to 2004 to estimate effects on political participation, party vote shares, and electoral competitiveness. Our identification strategy exploits the precise timing of these events and allows for the possibility of confounding trends. We find that newspapers have a robust positive effect on political participation, with one additional newspaper increasing both presidential and congressional turnout by approximately 0:3 percentage points. Newspaper competition is not a key driver of turnout: our effect is driven mainly by the first newspaper in a market, and the effect of a second or third paper is significantly smaller. The effect on presidential turnout diminishes after the introduction of radio and television, while the estimated effect on congressional turnout remains similar up to recent years. We find no evidence that partisan newspapers affect party vote shares, with confidence intervals that rule out even moderate-sized effects. We find no clear evidence that newspapers systematically help or hurt incumbents.
Learning on the Job? Employee Mobility in the Asset Management Industry

We present a new mechanism by which prior employment can influence transitions to other firms. We propose that some employees divert effort toward unproductive activities to learn about their own fitness for alternative employment. Based on the results of this costly learning experience, or "experiment," some employees will transition into other firms or launch their own ventures, whereas others will remain at the incumbent firm. We develop a theoretical model to explicate these propositions and test them using four data sets from the mutual fund and hedge fund industries. We find evidence that managers who engage in excessive risk taking at mutual funds are subsequently more likely to join or start hedge funds, although there is little evidence that this risk taking is intended to signal quality to outside observers. Taken together, our findings suggest that learning about one's own fitness for alternative employment, through experimentation on the job, is an important mechanism for enabling employee mobility. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Import Competition, Employment Risk, and the Job‐Search Outcomes of Trade‐Displaced Manufacturing Workers

This study examines the underlying relationships that exist among import competition, employment risk, and worker earnings. In addition, we consider how such competitiveness and risk experienced on a prior job will affect, under both equilibrium and disequilibrium interpretations of the labor market, alternative postdisplacement job-search outcomes. Econometric models of predisplacement earnings and postdisplacement outcomes (jobless duration, reemployment, and earnings) provide insights on these relationships and in turn on the comparative job-search success of trade-displaced and “other” displaced workers.
Reference-Dependent Preferences and Overbidding in Private and Common Value Auctions

This paper proposes a model of reference dependent preferences to explain overbidding in private and common value auctions. It is assumed that the reference point is proportional to the value of the object and that losses are weighed more heavily than gains in the utility function. Equilibrium bidding strategies are derived for first- and second-price private and common value auctions. I find that this model fits the data of all experiments analyzed, both private and common value, better in terms of the Bayesian Information Criterion than a standard risk neutral model; moreover, it explains overbidding in all private value and some common value auctions better than other alternative models. These results suggest that reference dependence, among other factors, might play a role in the widespread tendency of subjects to overbid in most experimental auctions.
Capital immobility and the reach for yield

Abstract I build a model in which financial intermediation slows down capital flows. Investors optimally learn from intermediary performance to allocate capital toward profitable intermediaries. Intermediaries reach for yield—i.e., they invest in high-tail-risk assets—in an attempt to drive flows and reduce liquidation risk. Intermediaries with strong opportunities face a trade-off between choosing a portfolio that maximizes profitability, and choosing one that maximizes the speed at which capital flows. In equilibrium, reaching for yield is stronger among intermediaries with weak opportunities, resulting in a reduction in the informativeness of performance; investors thus take longer to learn, and capital flows become less responsive to performance. Capital becomes slow-moving because the reach for yield dampens learning. The model predicts capital immobility to be stronger when tail risk is high; when tail risk is under priced; and in asset classes with large cross-sectional variation in tail-risk exposures.
A Dynamic and stochastic analysis of fertilizer use in swidden agriculture

The number of times a crop can be harvested on a cleared parcel of forest land (CPFL) before this land must be fallowed is dependent on the decision to use or not to use fertilizers to enhance soil fertility. As such, we first construct a theoretical model of fertilizer use by a swidden cultivator when this cultivator can choose whether or not to enhance soil fertility by using fertilizers. Second, we analyze two different policies (fertilizer use and no fertilizer use) for overseeing the problem of soil fertility deterioration on the CPFL. Finally, we identify a particular likelihood function and we show that whether the problem of soil fertility impairment is best addressed with a fertilizer use policy or with a no fertilizer use policy depends essentially on this likelihood function.
Contract Law and the Hand Formula

Contract law is largely about negligence. Through the use of a “reason to know” or “reason to believe” standard in many of the black letter rules in the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, contract liability can often be traced to a party’s failure to exercise reasonable care. The Restatement, however, fails to adequately explain when a person has reason to know or reason to believe something. In other words, despite being largely about careless behavior, contract law fails to adequately explain the standard of care expected of parties. Importantly, though, the Restatement at least makes clear that a person might have reason to know or reason to believe something even when a reasonable person would believe the probability of the fact’s existence (or future existence) is less than 50%, as long as the probability is sufficiently substantial. The Restatement does not, however, provide much guidance on when the probability should be considered sufficiently substantial. This Article proposes that negligence law’s Hand formula be applied to make this determination.
“Lost Our Lease”: Issue Attention and Partisan Defection in the 2008 Presidential Election

This article advances a bounded rationality approach to account for a fundamental challenge in the study of voting behavior; finding a model that allows voters to be driven by both affective partisan attachments and rational issue considerations. Voters choose candidates they feel will perform best on the issues, but on the issues about which they care most, and on the issues as they see them. Party identification acts as the crucial bound on individual rationality, canalizing attention to issues either owned by or successfully leased by their own party and biasing expectations of issue handling. My empirical analysis of the 2008 presidential election shows the recession was a powerful predictor of defection, but rather than valence—was the economy better or worse—what mattered was the level of importance an individual placed on the economy.
A Gruesome Problem for the Curve-Fitting Solution

This paper is a response to Forster and Sober's [1994] solution to the curve-fitting problem. If their solution is correct, it will provide us with a solution to the New Riddle of Induction as well as provide a basis for choosing realism over conventionalism. Examining this solution is also important as Forster and Sober incorporate it in much of their other philosophical work (see Forster [1995a, b, 1994] and Sober [1996, 1995, 1993]). I argue that Forster and Sober's solution is subject precisely to the problem they seek to solve. They provide a method of choosing among hypotheses but only at the cost of requiring that we have a method of choosing between different ways of conceptualizing the world. Thus the solution raises a new problem-the world-fitting problem. 1 Hypothesis choice and Akaike's theorem 2 A 'Gruesome' problem
Against global governance in the WTO

In “Global Governance and the WTO,” Professor Andrew Guzman has done an impressive job of articulating a vision of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that many international lawyers share.1 In this vision, the WTO’s mission should be expanded beyond its present task of facilitating tariff reductions and preventing covert protectionism. Rather, the WTO should take on substantive authority in a wide variety of non-trade areas, including the environment, labor, human rights, and public health. Unlike many people who share this vision, Guzman takes the time to describe how it might best be accomplished. He advocates specialized WTO departments and periodic “Mega-Rounds” in which members make cross-issue regulatory bargains. Unless members agreed otherwise, these regulatory bargains would be subject to the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The availability of the dispute settlement system is a major element of Guzman’s proposal.2 Guzman argues that the mechanism could serve as an important credibility-enhancing device that would encourage members to make beneacial cross-issue bargains. While Guzman believes that members should be free to avoid the application of the DSU to their new bargains if they wish, the unavailability of the mechanism as an enforcement device would rob Guzman’s proposal of much of its force. In the absence of the DSU, one might as well seek out international fora other than the WTO for the harmonization of global rules. As its title suggests, Guzman’s article is ultimately a call for world government by the WTO. In this necessarily brief response, we describe some of
Sinking Costs to Force or Deter Settlement

This article develops a simple but general model of suit and settlement given symmetric information. Plaintiffs and defendants can choose when and to what extent they sink litigation costs through the use of retainers and detailed pleading. I demonstrate sharp asymmetries in the ability of plaintiffs and defendants to use sunk costs strategically to obtain or deter nuisance-value settlements. The model accounts for the roles of the merits, litigation costs, and bargaining power; incorporates complaints and answers for which parties’ investments in pleading detail are endogenously determined; permits strategic default by the defendant; and nests several existing models of negative-expected-value litigation as special cases. It generates testable, counterintuitive, empirical predictions, and facilitates normative analysis. For example, the model predicts that plausibility pleading standards will have modest effects in deterring low-merit suits but may be harmful to plaintiffs and defendants settling stronger cases. (JEL K41)
Capital markets research in accounting

Abstract I review empirical research on the relation between capital markets and financial statements. The principal sources of demand for capital markets research in accounting are fundamental analysis and valuation, tests of market efficiency, and the role of accounting numbers in contracts and the political process. The capital markets research topics of current interest to researchers include tests of market efficiency with respect to accounting information, fundamental analysis, and value relevance of financial reporting. Evidence from research on these topics is likely to be helpful in capital market investment decisions, accounting standard setting, and corporate financial disclosure decisions.
Judicial Capacity and the Substance of Constitutional Law

Courts can decide only a small fraction of constitutional issues generated by the American government. This is widely acknowledged. But why do courts have such limited capacity? And how does this limitation affect the substance of constitutional law? This Essay advances a twofold thesis. First, constraints on judicial capacity derive from a combination of the hierarchical structure of the judiciary and broadly held judicial norms. Second, in certain important constitutional domains, these constraints create strong pressure on courts to adopt hard-edged categorical rules, defer to the political process, or both. The argument is mostly positive but has significant normative implications. In particular, the constraints of judicial capacity suggest a new and previously unexplored justification for courts to defer many constitutional questions to the political process. Capacity constraints also help to explain the reluctance of courts to challenge political majorities, diminishing though not eliminating the countermajoritarian difficulty. For these reasons and others, judicial capacity deserves a central place on the agenda of constitutional theory.
Use of Knowledge Management Systems and the Impact on the Acquisition of Explicit Knowledge.

ABSTRACT: In an era where knowledge is increasingly seen as an organization's most valuable asset, many firms have implemented knowledge‐management systems (KMS) in an effort to capture, store, and disseminate knowledge across the firm. Concerns have been raised, however, about the potential dependency of users on KMS and the related potential for decreases in knowledge acquisition and expertise development (Cole 1998; Alavi and Leidner 2001b; O'Leary 2002a). The purpose of this study, which is exploratory in nature, is to investigate whether using KMS embedded with explicit knowledge impacts novice decision makers' judgment performance and knowledge acquisition differently than using traditional reference materials (e.g., manuals, textbooks) to research and solve a problem. An experimental methodology is used to study the relative performance and explicit knowledge acquisition of 188 participants partitioned into two groups using either a KMS or traditional reference materials in problem solving. The stu...
Adversarial Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Adaptive Moving Target Defense

Moving target defense (MTD) is a proactive defense approach that aims to thwart attacks by continuously changing the attack surface of a system (e.g., changing host or network configurations), thereby increasing the adversary’s uncertainty and attack cost. To maximize the impact of MTD, a defender must strategically choose when and what changes to make, taking into account both the characteristics of its system as well as the adversary’s observed activities. Finding an optimal strategy for MTD presents a significant challenge, especially when facing a resourceful and determined adversary who may respond to the defender’s actions. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent partially-observable Markov Decision Process model of MTD and formulate a two-player general-sum game between the adversary and the defender. To solve this game, we propose a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework based on the double oracle algorithm. Finally, we provide experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in finding optimal policies.
Faithfulness of top local cohomology modules in domains

We study the conditions under which the highest nonvanishing local cohomology module of a domain $R$ with support in an ideal $I$ is faithful over $R$, i.e., which guarantee that $H^c_I(R)$ is faithful, where $c$ is the cohomological dimension of $I$. In particular, we prove that this is true for the case of positive prime characteristic when $c$ is the number of generators of $I$.
Experiments on creativity and work design

Creative jobs make up an increasingly large part of the economy. While contextual factors of work design have been shown to affect job performance in various settings, their impact on creative tasks is understudied. This study uses a controlled laboratory experiment to understand the impact of time constraints and goal setting on creativity. I find that reducing task constraints by making time constraints ambiguous increases the creativity of ideas without undermining their quantity, relative to the baseline. I also find that a nonbinding quantity‐oriented goal increases the quantity of ideas without reducing creative quality. Likewise, a nonbinding creativity‐oriented goal increases the creativity of ideas without decreasing the number of ideas. Results indicate that work design is an important factor when developing strategies for cultivating creativity, and managers have several tools at their disposal.
Hepatocyte-specific Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) deletion decreases resting energy expenditure by disrupting lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis.

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is required for hepatocyte differentiation and regulates expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism including those that control VLDL secretion and gluconeogenesis. Whereas previous studies have focused on specific genes regulated by HNF4α in metabolism, its overall role in whole body energy utilization has not been studied. In this study, we used indirect calorimetry to determine the effect of hepatocyte-specific HNF4α deletion (HNF4α-KO) in mice on whole body energy expenditure (EE) and substrate utilization in fed, fasted, and high fat diet (HFD) conditions. HNF4α-KO had reduced resting EE during fed conditions and higher rates of carbohydrate oxidation with fasting. HNF4α-KO mice exhibited decreased body mass caused by fat mass depletion despite no change in energy intake and evidence of positive energy balance. HNF4α-KO mice were able to upregulate lipid oxidation during HFD suggesting that their metabolic flexibility was intact. However, only hepatocyte specific HNF4α-KO mice exhibited significant reduction in basal metabolic rate and spontaneous activity during HFD. Consistent with previous studies, hepatic gene expression in HNF4α-KO supports decreased gluconeogenesis and decreased VLDL export and hepatic Beta-oxidation in HNF4α-KO livers across all feeding conditions. Together, our data suggest deletion of hepatic HNF4α increases dependence on dietary carbohydrates and endogenous lipids for energy during fed and fasted conditions by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic lipid export, and intestinal lipid absorption resulting in decreased whole body energy expenditure. These data clarify the role of hepatic HNF4α on systemic metabolism and energy homeostasis.
Reputation Concerns and Slow-Moving Capital

We analyze fund managers’ reputation concerns in an equilibrium model, in which we tie together a number of seemingly unrelated phenomena. The model shows that because of reputation concerns, hedge fund managers, especially those with an average reputation, prefer strategies with negatively skewed return distributions. One subtle consequence of this preference is that capital sometimes appears slow moving, leaving profitable investment opportunities unexploited, yet other times appears fast moving, causing large capital relocation and price fluctuations in the absence of fundamental news. More broadly, the analysis demonstrates a limitation of market discipline: fund managers may distort their investments precisely because of market discipline.
The Li–F–H ternary system at high pressures

Evolutionary crystal structure prediction searches have been employed to explore the ternary Li–F–H system at 300 GPa. Metastable phases were uncovered within the static lattice approximation, with LiF3H2, LiF2H, Li3F4H, LiF4H4, Li2F3H, and LiF3H lying within 50 meV/atom of the 0 K convex hull. All of these phases contain HnFn+1− (n = 1, 2) anions and Li+ cations. Other structural motifs such as LiF slabs, H3+ molecules, and Fδ− ions are present in some of the low enthalpy Li–F–H structures. The bonding within the HnFn+1− molecules, which may be bent or linear, symmetric or asymmetric, is analyzed. The five phases closest to the hull are insulators, while LiF3H is metallic and predicted to have a vanishingly small superconducting critical temperature. Li3F4H is predicted to be stable at zero pressure. This study lays the foundation for future investigations of the role of temperature and anharmonicity on the stability and properties of compounds and alloys in the Li–F–H ternary system.
Actuation of cylindrical nematic elastomer balloons

Nematic elastomers are programmable soft materials that display large, reversible, and predictable deformation under an external stimulus such as a change in temperature or light. While much of the work in the field has focused on actuation from flat sheets, recent advances in 3D printing and other methods of directed synthesis have motivated the study of actuation of curved shells. Snap-through buckling has been a topic of particular interest. In this work, we present theoretical calculations to motivate another mode of actuation that combines programmable soft materials as well as instabilities associated with large deformation. Specifically, we analyze the deformation of a cylindrical shell of a patterned nematic elastomer under pressure, show that it can undergo an enormous change of volume with changing temperature and suggest its application as a pump with extremely high ejection fraction.
Finite time blowup of 2D Boussinesq and 3D Euler equations with $C^{1,\alpha}$ velocity and boundary

Inspired by the numerical evidence of a potential 3D Euler singularity by Luo-Hou [30, 31] and the recent breakthrough by Elgindi [11] on the singularity formation of the 3D Euler equation without swirl with $$C^{1,\alpha }$$ initial data for the velocity, we prove the finite time singularity for the 2D Boussinesq and the 3D axisymmetric Euler equations in the presence of boundary with $$C^{1,\alpha }$$ initial data for the velocity (and density in the case of Boussinesq equations). Our finite time blowup solution for the 3D Euler equations and the singular solution considered in [30, 31] share many essential features, including the symmetry properties of the solution, the flow structure, and the sign of the solution in each quadrant, except that we use $$C^{1,\alpha }$$ initial data for the velocity field. We use a dynamic rescaling formulation and follow the general framework of analysis developed by Elgindi in [11]. We also use some strategy proposed in our recent joint work with Huang in [7] and adopt several methods of analysis in [11] to establish the linear and nonlinear stability of an approximate self-similar profile. The nonlinear stability enables us to prove that the solution of the 3D Euler equations or the 2D Boussinesq equations with $$C^{1,\alpha }$$ initial data will develop a finite time singularity. Moreover, the velocity field has finite energy before the singularity time.
Mechanochemical induction of wrinkling morphogenesis on elastic shells

Morphogenetic dynamics of tissue sheets require coordinated cell shape changes regulated by global patterning of mechanical forces. Inspired by such biological phenomena, we propose a minimal mechanochemical model based on the notion that cell shape changes are induced by diffusible biomolecules that influence tissue contractility in a concentration-dependent manner – and whose concentration is in turn affected by the macroscopic tissue shape. We perform computational simulations of thin shell elastic dynamics to reveal propagating chemical and three-dimensional deformation patterns arising due to a sequence of buckling instabilities. Depending on the concentration threshold that actuates cell shape change, we find qualitatively different patterns. The mechanochemically coupled patterning dynamics are distinct from those driven by purely mechanical or purely chemical factors, and emerge even without diffusion. Using numerical simulations and theoretical arguments, we analyze the elastic instabilities that result from our model and provide simple scaling laws to identify wrinkling morphologies.
Sparse Recovery for Orthogonal Polynomial Transforms.

In this paper we consider the following sparse recovery problem. We have query access to a vector $\vx \in \R^N$ such that $\vhx = \vF \vx$ is $k$-sparse (or nearly $k$-sparse) for some orthogonal transform $\vF$. The goal is to output an approximation (in an $\ell_2$ sense) to $\vhx$ in sublinear time. This problem has been well-studied in the special case that $\vF$ is the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and a long line of work has resulted in sparse Fast Fourier Transforms that run in time $O(k \cdot \mathrm{polylog} N)$. However, for transforms $\vF$ other than the DFT (or closely related transforms like the Discrete Cosine Transform), the question is much less settled. In this paper we give sublinear-time algorithms---running in time $\poly(k \log(N))$---for solving the sparse recovery problem for orthogonal transforms $\vF$ that arise from orthogonal polynomials. More precisely, our algorithm works for any $\vF$ that is an orthogonal polynomial transform derived from Jacobi polynomials. The Jacobi polynomials are a large class of classical orthogonal polynomials (and include Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials as special cases), and show up extensively in applications like numerical analysis and signal processing. One caveat of our work is that we require an assumption on the sparsity structure of the sparse vector, although we note that vectors with random support have this property with high probability. Our approach is to give a very general reduction from the $k$-sparse sparse recovery problem to the $1$-sparse sparse recovery problem that holds for any flat orthogonal polynomial transform; then we solve this one-sparse recovery problem for transforms derived from Jacobi polynomials.
Beyond Law Enforcement: Camreta v. Greene, Child Protection Investigations, and the Need to Reform the Fourth Amendment Special Needs Doctrine

The Fourth Amendment “special needs” doctrine distinguishes between searches and seizures that serve the “normal need for law enforcement” and those that serve some other “special need,” excusing non-law enforcement searches and seizures from the warrant and probable cause requirements. The Supreme Court has never justified drawing this bright line exclusively around law enforcement searches and seizures but not those that threaten important non-criminal constitutional rights. Child protection investigations illustrate the problem: Millions of times each year, state child protection authorities search families’ homes, and seize children for interviews about alleged maltreatment. Only a minority of these investigations involve an investigation of suspected crimes, so most fall on the “special needs” side of the line. This result undervalues the consequences of child protection investigations on children – a severe infringement of their right to family integrity – and on parents, who can suffer the loss of their children and the stigma of a child abuse or neglect charge. This article proposes a new approach to the special needs doctrine: the doctrine should distinguish between searches and seizures that implicate fundamental constitutional rights and those that do not. It breaks new ground in identifying a theoretical value to such a bright line – it gives governments incentives to interfere with liberty less by seeking alternative means to achieve their goals. To realize this value most effectively, the line must be drawn to value all fundamental constitutional rights, not only those connected to the criminal justice system. In child protection, it would push states to choose less liberty-infringing models of providing assistance to vulnerable families – which the empirical record shows would serve children and the child protection system’s goals more effectively.
#BoomerRemover: COVID-19, ageism, and the intergenerational twitter response

Early reports of COVID-19 often inaccurately presented the virus as a serious concern only among older adults. On the social media platform of Twitter, #BoomerRemover originated as a hashtag intended to express the age-related disparities of COVID-19. This study used a content analysis to examine tweets over a two-week period in March 2020 that used #BoomerRemover to discuss COVID-19 among older adults. A total of 1875 tweets were analyzed. Salient themes include: (1) There's a Real Intergenerational Divide, (2) Young People are Affected Too, (3) It's Being Used for Political Gain, and (4) #BoomerRemover is Simply Disrespectful. Findings suggest that many of the tweets employing #BoomerRemover were grounded in either personal or political ageism. In addition, a significant portion of tweeters used #BoomerRemover to defend older adults and speak out against ageism. This study highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing the growing intergenerational divide on social media, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Classical and overconvergent modular forms

The purpose of this article is to use rigid analysis to clarify the relation between classical modular forms and Katz’s overconvergent forms. In particular, we prove a conjecture of F. Gouvea [G, Conj. 3] which asserts that every overconvergent p-adic modular form of sufficiently small slope is classical. More precisely, let p > 3 be a prime, K a complete subfield of Cp, N be a positive integer such that (N, p) = 1 and k an integer. Katz [K-pMF] has defined the spaceMk(Γ1(N)) of overconvergent p-adic modular forms of level Γ1(N) and weight k over K (see §2) and there is a natural map from weight k modular forms of level Γ1(Np) with trivial character at p to Mk(Γ1(N)). We will call these modular forms classical modular forms. In addition, there is an operator U on these forms (see [G-ApM, Chapt. II §3]) such that if F is an overconvergent modular form with q-expansion F (q) = ∑ n≥0 anq n then UF (q) = ∑
Laurent series of holomorphic functions smooth up to the boundary

It is shown that the Laurent series of a holomorphic function smooth up to the boundary on a Reinhardt domain in $${\mathbb {C}}^n$$ converges unconditionally to the function in the Frechet topology of the space of functions smooth up to the boundary.
Interface Junctions in QCD${}_4$

We study 3+1 dimensional $SU(N)$ Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) with $N_f$ degenerate quarks that have a spatially varying complex mass. It leads to a network of interfaces connected by interface junctions. We use anomaly inflow to constrain these defects. Based on the chiral Lagrangian and the conjectures on the interfaces, characterized by a spatially varying $\theta$-parameter, we propose a low-energy description of such networks of interfaces. Interestingly, we observe that the operators in the effective field theories on the junctions can carry baryon charges, and their spin and isospin representations coincide with baryons. We also study defects, characterized by spatially varying coupling constants, in 2+1 dimensional Chern-Simons-matter theories and in a 3+1 dimensional real scalar theory.
Performance-Scalable Array Architectures for Modular Multiplication

Modular multiplication is a fundamental operation in numerous public-key cryptosystems including the RSA method. Increasing popularity of internet e-commerce and other security applications translate into a demand for a scalable performance hardware design framework. Previous scalable hardware methodologies either were not systolic and thus involved performance-degrading, full-word-length broadcasts or were not scalable beyond linear array size. In this paper, these limitations are overcome with the introduction of three classes of scalable-performance modular multiplication architectures based on systolic arrays. Very high clock rates are feasible, since the cells composing the architectures are of bit-level complexity. Architectural methods based on both binary and high-radix modular multiplication are derived. All techniques are constructed to allow additional flexibility for the impact of interconnect delay within the design environment.
Re-orienting the Statement of Cash Flows Around Cash Flows to Equity Holders

This paper argues that the Statement of Cash Flows should be re‐oriented around the concept of Cash Flows to Equity Holders. This re‐orientation seems attractive for conceptual and internal consistency reasons. The Income Statement and the Balance Sheet are already oriented around reporting the residual claim of equity holders. Thus, re‐orienting the Statement of Cash Flows around Cash Flows to Equity Holders naturally aligns it with the other two principal financial statements. The change also has considerable practical appeal for major users of financial reporting, especially investors who are interested in equity cash flows for forecasting and valuation. Finally, the proposed change is unusually easy to implement, essentially limited to different presentation of already existing information.