cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Use of Three Cowside Tests for Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Early Postpartum Cows

The objective was to evaluate the performance of 3 cowside diagnostic tests for detection of subclinical ketosis, defined as a serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration >or=1400 micromol/L. On 16 d over a 5-mo period, samples of serum, milk, and urine were collected on a large dairy facility from cows of all parities between 2 and 15 DIM. The sample proportion of subclinical ketosis was 7.6% (n = 859 samples from 545 cows). The KetoCheck powder (Great States Animal Health, St. Joseph, MO) detecting acetoacetate in milk samples was very specific (99%) but poorly sensitive (41%). Respective sensitivities and specificities of the Ketostix strip detecting acetoacetate in urine samples (Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, IN) were 78 and 96% with a cut-off point of "small", or 49 and 99% with a cut-off of "moderate." The KetoTest strip (Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) using milk samples had a sensitivity and specificity of 73 and 96% with a cut-off of 100 micromol of BHBA/L or 27 and 99% with a cut-off of 200 micromol of BHBA/L. On average, use of the Ketostix at the "small" cut-off point or the KetoTest at 100 micromol/L would result in no more than 3 or 4 false positives per 100 cows screened, with prevalence levels ranging from 5 to 30%, whereas the number of false negatives would range from one false negative at 5% prevalence to 7 or 8 false negatives at 30% prevalence. Either the Ketostix or KetoTest strips would provide acceptable results for screening individual cows on commercial dairies to detect subclinical ketosis. Over this prevalence range, the KetoCheck powder test would have limited application as a screening test. Despite only one false positive per 100 animals screened, false negatives resulting from screening with the KetoCheck test would be too frequent, ranging from 3 false negatives at 5% prevalence to 18 at 30% prevalence in a population of 100 tested cows. Finally, given their relative imprecision, use of any of these individual cowside tests to estimate herd prevalence must be done cautiously, especially when only a small number of animals are sampled.
Intrapleural bupivacaine—technical considerations and intraoperative use

The authors evaluated the incidence and type of technical problems associated with blind insertion of intrapleural catheters placed in 21 anesthetized patients and then injected in a double-blind fashion with 0.5% bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) or isotonic saline. The patients' chests were then opened, catheter positions located, and the lungs inspected. Eleven of the catheters were located with the tips intrapleurally, three extrapleurally, and seven actually in lung tissue. Eight patients had holes in the lung surface. Three patients had a pneumothorax, two of which were under tension. Plasma bupivacaine levels reached maximal concentrations at about 20 minutes in those with intrapleurally placed catheters, but not until 60 minutes when the catheter had actually penetrated the lung. Significant variations in plasma bupivacaine levels were achieved when the catheter entered lung tissue, with potentially toxic levels in one patient. To evaluate intraoperative analgesic effects, all patients were given a standard anesthetic with isoflurane, oxygen, and a muscle relaxant. There was no significant difference in isoflurane requirement between the groups who had bupivacaine v saline injected into their intrapleural catheters before surgery. It is concluded that blind insertion of intrapleural catheters can be hazardous, especially if followed by positive-pressure ventilation. In addition, catheter placement in lung tissue, which was not uncommon, delays the time for peak plasma concentrations and may increase risk of toxicity. Intrapleural bupivacaine was not found to be a useful adjunct to general anesthesia during thoracotomies.
Loyalty in the Revolutionary War: General Robert Howe of North Carolina

(1991). Loyalty in the Revolutionary War: General Robert Howe of North Carolina. The Historian: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 721-742.
Testing for the Recurrent HOXB13 G84E Germline Mutation in Men with Clinical Indications for Prostate Biopsy

Purpose: The G84E variant of HOXB13 was recently found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer in a case control study. We estimated the prevalence of this mutation in a clinical population of men at risk for prostate cancer who were scheduled to undergo prostate biopsy.Materials and Methods: We prospectively collected clinical information and DNA samples from men who underwent diagnostic prostate biopsy between June 2005 and October 2011. We genotyped samples for HOXB13 G84E using the MassARRAY® system. We determined the prevalence of the G84E variant in the overall cohort, among patients with a positive family history and among men age 55 years or younger.Results: A total of 1,175 subjects underwent biopsy, of whom 948 had a DNA sample for analysis. The G84E variant was detected in 4 patients (prevalence 0.42%, 95% CI 0.12–1.08), of whom 3 had prostate cancer on biopsy. None of 301 patients with a positive family history (prevalence 0.00%, 95% CI 0.00–1.22) and 1 of 226 p...
Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dietary History in a High-Risk Population

To the Editor. We appreciate the soundness and validity of the article by Bogen et al1 and their interest in including a dietary survey in the context of well-child care. We submit the following comments to further stimulate research and discussion into the complex matter of nutritional assessment. Our study,2 largely quoted in this article, was based on a retrospective review of patient records. The data of interest came from a brief nutritional questionnaire that was part of a broader systematic review of health and psychosocial issues incorporated into all of the health supervision visits of the lead author (M.B.). Bogen's article, in contrast, was constructed as a prospective study in which the dietary data were obtained by a research …
Infantile and juvenile cerebral aneurysms.

Primary cerebral aneurysms (i.e., of noninflammatory or nontraumatic etiology) are rare in the pediatric age group. Twelve cases of intracranial aneurysms occurring in infancy, childhood, and adolescence are presented and discussed. These aneurysms are different from the classic so-called berry aneurysms seen in adults. This group can be said to constitute a separate and novel entity.
Bispectral magnitude and phase recovery using a wide bandwidth acousto-optical processor

A hybrid optical/digital processor has been developed that computes both the magnitude and phase of the bispectrum for wide bandwidth RF signals. The overall optical architecture is that of a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer which contains three acousto-optic modulators and appropriate transforming lenses. The intensity distribution in the output plane of the interferometer contains an interference term which represents the real part of the bispectrum multiplied by a spatial carrier (the interference fringes). To isolate the bispectrum information, the output image is digitized and digitally filtered. The imaginary part of the bispectrum is obtained by Hilbert transforming the real part, and the bispectrum magnitude and phase are then computed. We demonstrate the performance of the processor with three different test signal sets where the signals have a bandwidth of either 6 MHz or 12 MHz. The test results illustrate the successful recovery of magnitude and phase information for the bispectrum of quadratically related signals.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The carotenoid content of milk fat.

Summary The average carotenoid content of the commercial, bottled market milk in New York State was 3.4 mg. per liter of melted fat in winter and 10.1 in summer. The corresponding values for average Holstein milk from the Cornell herd was 3.49 and 5.78; for Jersey milk 5.87 and 10.5 and for Guernsey milk 8.50 and 16.4. Bottled market milk ranged from 1.51 to 7.26 in winter and from 4.85 to 24.6 in summer. Individual variations within the same breed are much larger than the variations among average values for the different breeds. Individual samples of Holstein milk in June ranged from 2.72 to 10.6, and Guernsey milk from 10.4 to 20.8.
Variable binding affinities of listeriolysin O peptides for the H-2Kd class I molecule

Previously we used the peptide-binding motif for the murine class I major histocompatibility complex molecule H-2Kd to identify a nonamer peptide of the Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin (LLO) protein that was recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in association with H-2Kd. Eleven nonamer peptides contained in the LLO sequence were synthesized and one, LLO 91-99, proved to be a CTL target. Using peptide binding competition assays with H-2Kd-restricted CTL, we show that 3 out of the 11 LLO peptides, including the CTL epitope, have a high binding affinity for H-2Kd; 2 of 11 peptides have approximately 10-fold lower affinity, while the remaining 6 peptides have no or very low affinity for H-2Kd. Single residue changes were made in the LLO 91-99 peptide and two other LLO peptides to identify non-anchor amino acids that might interfere with peptide binding. In addition, we used the LLO peptides which bound well to H-2Kd to attempt to restimulate a secondary CTL response from L. monocytogenes-primed spleen cells. Only LLO 91-99 was able to induce such a response. Thus only a fraction of nonamer peptides which fit the original binding motif have a high affinity for the H-2Kd class I molecule, and only a fraction of these serve as CTL epitopes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINING THE FEASIBLE SET

How should we define the feasible set? Even when individuals agree on facts and values, as traditionally construed, different views on feasibility may suffice to produce very different policy conclusions. Focusing on the difficulties in the feasibility concept may help us resolve some policy disagreements, or at least identify the sources of those disagreements. Feasibility is most plausibly a matter of degree rather than of kind. Normative economic reasoning therefore faces a fuzzy social budget constraint. Iterative reasoning about feasibility and desirability may help us overcome these problems.
Scramble competition polygyny in thirteen-lined ground squirrels: the relative contributions of overt conflict and competitive mate searching

The scramble competition polygyny of male thirteen-lined ground squirrels involves overt conflict and sperm competition as well as competitive mate searching. The overt conflict component of intrasexual competition occurs sporadically: males sometimes are able to mate in the complete absence of competitors, while on other occasions up to five other males may be present. We examined the immediate effects of conflict on male mating behavior, and found that it increases the time spent in pursuit of an estrous female, reduces the efficiency of copulating, but carries only a small risk of exclusion from mating. In contrast to some other sciurid species, dominance appears to be a poor predictor of the mating success of male thirteen-lined ground squirrels. However, skill at locating females is very important. Because overt conflict seldom results in exclusion from mating opportunities, and because females of this species accept multiple mates, success in copulating conforms closely with success in mate searching: the sheer number of estrous females located is a consistently strong predictor of male mating success. Furthermore, individual differences in mate location ability seem to generate levels of variance in male copulatory success that are comparable to those of more combative species.
Commentary: Pediatric Obesity: Systems Science Strategies for Prevention

In the past 3 decades, obesity has become a major public health problem with negative consequences that extend from individual health to the economics of the U.S. health care system (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012; Trasande & Elbel, 2012). The epidemic has spread to children. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index [BMI] >95th percentile) is 18.2% among children and adolescents, aged 6–19 years, with even higher rates among African American and Hispanic children (25.7% and 22.9%, respectively), far exceeding the Healthy People 2010 obesity goal of 5% (Ogden et al., 2012; National Center for Health Statistics, 2012). Patterns of obesity begin early in life; prevalence rates are 9.7% among children of age <2 years and 12.1% among 2–5-year-old children (Ogden et al., 2012). Again, rates are higher among Hispanic and African American children, illustrating that the disparities associated with obesity are well in place by toddlerhood. Although health care providers, including pediatric psychologists, have been extremely concerned about pediatric obesity and have launched multiple strategies aimed at either prevention or treatment, the effects have been minimal, with no solid evidence of sustainable programs to ensure that the country can return to healthier patterns of weight gain among children and meet national goals (Zenzen & Kridli, 2009).
Photodegradation of strong copper‐complexing ligands in organic‐rich estuarine waters

Exposure to solar radiation substantially decreased the strong copper-complexing capacity of samples collected from the organic-rich Cape Fear estuary, North Carolina. Samples exposed to natural sunlight for 1‐2 d experienced a loss of strong Cu ligand (modeled at fixed K9CuL 5 10 13.5 ) ranging from 15‐33%, and .90% using long-term exposures under controlled conditions with a Xe arc solar simulator light (14 d summer sunlight). Pseudo firstorder rate constants of strong Cu ligand photodegradation averaged 0.28 d 21 for two separate Cape Fear samples exposed to simulated solar radiation, much higher than corresponding dissolved organic carbon photooxidation rate constants (,0.01 d 21 ). Degradation rates measured in solar simulator experiments predicted ligand concentrations in separate samples exposed to natural sunlight within 30% after rates were normalized to the ultraviolet (UV) light absorption coefficient at 300 nm. UV light is not solely responsible for photodegradation because exposure to photosynthetically active radiation also decreased strong Cu ligand levels, but with a smaller rate constant (0.06 d 21 ). Although photodegradation appears to be a relatively minor sink within the Cape Fear estuary because of a shallow light penetration depth (,2% of water column) and short residence times (,1 week), strong Cu ligand levels in optically clearer South Atlantic Bight (SAB) surface waters are likely to be substantially reduced by photodegradation. Ligand degradation may be especially important to Cu-sensitive ecosystems where large increases in bioavailable and potentially toxic levels of free Cu 21 ions are possible.
Reversion of Frameshift Mutations by Mutator Genes in Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli mutator genes mutU4, mutS3, and mut-25 (a possible allele of mutL), previously known to induce transitional base changes, increased significantly the frequencies of reversion of lacZ frameshift mutations. mutT1, previously shown to induce only the transversion of adenine-thymine to cytosine-guanine, had no effect on the reversion of lacZ frameshift mutations. With mutator genes other than mutT1, small increases were found in the frequencies of reversion of trpA frameshift mutations.
Effects of Simian Virus 40 Large and Small Tumor Antigens on Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling: Small Tumor Antigen Mediates Hypophosphorylation of eIF4E-Binding Protein 1 Late in Infection

We report that late in a simian virus 40 (SV40) infection in CV-1 cells, there are significant decreases in phosphorylations of two mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling effectors, the eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP1) and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K). The hypophosphorylation of 4E-BP1 results in 4E-BP1 binding to eIF4E, leading to the inhibition of cap-dependent translation. The dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 is specifically mediated by SV40 small t antigen and requires the protein phosphatase 2A binding domain but not an active DnaJ domain. Serum-starved primary African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells also showed decreased phosphorylations of mTOR, 4E-BP1, and p70S6K at late times in infection (48 h postinfection [hpi]). However, at earlier times (12 and 24 hpi), in AGMK cells, phosphorylated p70S6K was moderately increased, correlating with a significant increase in phosphorylation of the p70S6K substrate, ribosomal protein S6. Hyperphosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at early times could not be determined, since hyperphosphorylated 4E-BP1 was present in mock-infected AGMK cells. Elevated levels of phosphorylated eIF4G, a third mTOR effector, were detected in both CV-1 and AGMK cells at all times after infection, indicating that eIF4G phosphorylation was induced throughout the infection and unaffected by small t antigen. The data suggest that during SV40 lytic infection in monkey cells, the phosphorylations of p70S6K, S6, and eIF4G are increased early in the infection (12 and 24 hpi), but late in the infection (48 hpi), the phosphorylations of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 are dramatically decreased by a mechanism mediated, at least in part, by small t antigen.
Why Do People Engage in Corruption? The Case of Estonia

This study uses survey data for 2004 on the general public (N = 788) and public officials (N = 791) in the young post-communist democracy of Estonia to examine individual-level determinants of corruption. The results indicate that both public officials and citizens are more likely to engage in corruption when they do not define corruption as wrong, and when they perceive that corrupt behavior is widespread among their peers. This social learning effect becomes statistically insignificant for those citizens who are extorted. The results provide no support for the most common argument on corruption and compliance–that people are more likely to engage in corruption when they are distrustful of their fellow citizens or of government.
Development of a tactile vest

This research is focused on the development of a torso-based haptic display that can be used to present navigational cues to a human operator. The requirements for this display are that it can be worn on a mobile operator, is light weight and robust. Two tactile vests are being developed to meet these objectives, one based on small electric motors and the other on contractile shape-memory alloy (SMA) fibers. Four electromechanical actuators were evaluated for use in the vest and a small vibration motor was selected for the initial prototype. A 3/spl times/3 array was fabricated for psychophysical testing and positioned on the lower back. High accuracy in perceiving the direction of factor activation was achieved by all subjects in this task. A factor array based on SMA actuators was fabricated and tested and results indicate that this low-bandwidth device can generate tactile inputs on the torso that are perceptible.
What Do Real Estate Brokers Do: An Examination of Excess Returns in the Housing Market.

This paper explores the effect of real estate brokerage-firm and agent characteristics on the prices received by home sellers. It develops a model for assessing the impact of firm and agent characteristics on the prices received by sellers in a multiple listing service (MLS). Empirical estimates of the model reveal no evidence that some brokers are able to obtain higher prices for the homes they sell than are others. This finding is consistent with the idea of an efficient information flow in the MLS market, where firms and individuals do not possess special advantages because information is shared within the MLS among agents, firms, sellers, and buyers.
Triple Multiplicities for sl (r + 1) and the Spectrum of the Exterior Algebra of the Adjoint Representation

A new combinatorial expression is given for the dimension of the space of invariants in the tensor product of three irreducible finite dimensional sl(r + 1)-modules (we call this dimension the triple multiplicity). This expression exhibits a lot of symmetries that are not clear from the classical expression given by the Littlewood–Richardson rule. In our approach the triple multiplicity is given as the number of integral points of the section of a certain “universal” polyhedral convex cone by a plane determined by three highest weights. This allows us to study triple multiplicities using ideas from linear programming. As an application of this method, we prove a conjecture of B. Kostant that describes all irreducible constituents of the exterior algebra of the adjoint sl(r + 1)-module.
An anisotropic magnetic effect in insulating solids

Abstract An anisotropic magnetic effect in insulating non-magnetic solids, previously thought to be associated with dislocations in crystalline structures, is shown to be present in several homogeneous, amorphous, insulating solids. It is structure independent and its origin is unknown.
Inhaled corticosteroids in asthma management.

Asthma is a disorder of the lower airways, characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation, the pathogenesis of which is yet to be fully understood. Regardless of its triggers, asthma's hallmark is a state of inflammation that, when uncontrolled, results in persistence of symptoms. Inhaled corticosteroids are established as the mainstay of asthma therapy. This paper examines what is currently available among this class of drugs, features of the ideal inhaled corticosteroid, the delivery systems, dose-response relationships, adverse effects, combination with long-acting β agonists, equipotent doses among the different types, and several special scenarios that involve the apparent incomplete or lack of response to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids among certain subgroups of patients, such as smokers and obese individuals, and we will discuss the scientific basis of such resistance and suggest alternative approaches to therapy.
Mode conversion losses in SOI photonic wire based racetrack resonators

We found that in low loss SOI sub-micron photonic wire racetrack resonators, when the air gap between the resonator and access waveguide is < 120 nm, the mode conversion losses in the coupling region dominate bending and propagation losses.
Expansions and Contractions in a Tandem Repeat Induced by Double-Strand Break Repair

Repair of a double-strand break (DSB) in yeast can induce very frequent expansions and contractions in a tandem array of 375-bp repeats. These results strongly suggest that DSB repair can be a major source of amplification of tandemly repeated sequences. Most of the DSB repair events are not associated with crossover. Rearrangements appear in 50% of these repaired recipient molecules. In contrast, the donor template nearly always remains unchanged. Among the rare crossover events, similar rearrangements are found. These results cannot readily be explained by the gap repair model of Szostak et al. (J. W. Szostak, T. L. Orr-Weaver, R. J. Rothstein, and F. W. Stahl, Cell 33:25‐35, 1983) but can be explained by synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) models that allow for crossover. Support for SDSA models is provided by a demonstration that a single DSB repair event can use two donor templates located on two different chromosomes. Tandem repeat instability is implicated in several human genetic diseases. The best-documented examples of deleterious rearrangements in tandem repeats are the massive amplifications of microsatellite DNA, known to be responsible for a dozen diseases, including fragile X syndrome and Huntington’s disease (for reviews, see references 62 and 74). Rearrange
Application of Photoacoustic Calorimetry to the Photofragmentation of Cr(CO)6

Photolysis of Cr(CO)6 in cyclohexane yields solvated pentacarbonyl species within 25 ps. Using high-speed photoacoustic calorimetry, we have determined the heat of reaction for this photofragmentation, directly measuring the energy required to break a single metal–carbonyl bond followed by solvation of the fragments. The energy required to photochemically dissociate a single CO in cyclohexane exceeds the gas phase average bond dissociation energy by at least 11 kcal/mol. However, the determined heat of reaction agrees well with the activation energies derived from thermal decomposition kinetics.
Intra- and Intercrystalline Oxygen Isotope Variations in Minerals from Basalts and Peridotites

Igneous phenocrysts commonly exhibit zoning in major and trace element composition, reflecting (and potentially constraining) the differentiation and/or mixing histories of their parent melts. To date, little work has been done characterizing zonation of oxygen isotopes in minerals from mafic and ultramafic rocks. We present 259 ion probe (CAMECA ims-1280) measurements of δ^(18)O in 34 natural magmatic and mantle olivines and pyroxenes from five hand samples from diverse igneous environments. We compare δ^(18)O variations with zonation in other elements [especially P; analyzed by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and nano-secondary ionization mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS)]. There is generally a close (average within ~0·1–0·2 ‰) agreement between average δ^(18)O values of olivines measured by SIMS (standardized against San Carlos olivine) and independently known values for bulk separates from the same samples measured by laser fluorination. These data demonstrate that current ion microprobe techniques are not only precise but also accurate enough for study of sub-per-mil oxygen isotope variations in silicates (within ~0·2 ‰), provided samples are prepared and analyzed following strict guidelines. All but one of the 34 studied grains are homogeneous in δ^(18)O within a small multiple of analytical precision [estimated ±0·2‰, 1σ for most data; poorer for a subset of measurements made on small (~5 µm) spots]. This population of isotopically homogeneous grains includes some with oscillatory micrometer-scale P banding. The lack of δ^(18)O variations suggests that whatever factors lead to this common mode of trace element zonation have no detectable effect on melt–crystal partitioning of oxygen isotopes. Large (2‰) oxygen isotope variations are observed in one olivine glomerocryst from Mauna Kea, Hawaii. This glomerocryst contains P-rich domains that are either equant or skeletal or feathery in outline, and these P-rich domains are systematically low in δ^(18)O compared with adjacent, later-grown, P-poor olivine. This unusual oxygen isotope zonation pattern might reflect a kinetic fractionation during nucleation and growth of the cores of some olivine phenocrysts. We tested this hypothesis through measurements of δ^(18)O distributions in synthetic olivines grown at a range of rates and exhibiting diverse patterns of P zoning. These synthetic olivines are homogeneous in δ^(18)O, within the limits of our analyses (± 0·3–0·4‰ in this case) and show no connection between P zonation and oxygen isotope heterogeneity. We therefore think it more plausible that unusual O isotope zonation in the Mauna Kea glomerocryst reflects addition of a low-δ^(18)O component to some Hawaiian magmas just before nucleation of olivine. More generally, this study demonstrates the utility of modern SIMS techniques for in situ study of the subtle (~1‰ range) oxygen isotope variations characteristic of common mafic and ultramafic rocks.
Risk factors in HIV-associated diarrhoeal disease: the role of drinking water, medication and immune status

SUMMARY In a cross-sectional survey of 226 HIV-infected men, we examined the occurrence of diarrhoea and its relationship to drinking water consumption patterns, risk behaviours, immune status and medication use. Diarrhoea was reported by 47% of the respondents. Neither drinking boiled nor filtered water was significantly associated with diarrhoea (OR fl 0‐ 5[ 0‐2, 1‐6], 1‐2 [0‐6, 2‐5] respectively), whereas those that drank bottled water were at risk for diarrhoea (OR fl 3‐ 0[ 1‐1, 7‐8]). Overall, 47% always or often used at least one water treatment. Of the 37% who were very concerned about drinking water, 62% had diarrhoea, 70% always or often used at least one water treatment. An increase in CD4 count was protective only for those with a low risk of diarrhoea associated with medication (OR fl 0‐ 6[ 0‐5, 0‐9]). A 30% attributable risk to diarrhoea was estimated for those with high medication risk compared to those with low medication risk. The significant association between concern with drinking water and diarrhoea as well as between concern with drinking water and water treatment suggests awareness that drinking water is a potential transmission pathway for diarrhoeal disease. At the same time we found that a significant portion of diarrhoea was associated with other sources not related to drinking water such as medication usage.
“Ask for Bread, not Peace” Reactions of Romanian Workers and Peasants to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956

In contrast to restless students in Bucharest, Cluj, Iasi, Timis oara, and other cities, who tried to organize rallies calling for government reforms in the fall of 1956 but failed, Romanian workers and peasants expressed their feelings about the revolution in nearby Hungary by going on feverish shopping sprees; stockpiling food staples; writing anonymous leaflets and graffiti; spreading rumors; and engaging in arson, vandalism, and physical brawls. The Hungarian crisis aroused in some citizens fears of a World War III, for others a war over Transylvania, and for still others a Hungarian-style revolt in Romania. A survey of published Securitate reports written between 26 October and 23 November 1956 shows that the three most frequent oral comments recorded were those complaining about the economy, those predicting that “what happened in Hungary will happen in Romania,” and those asking “why was the Soviet intervention necessary?” The economic complaints outnumbered the other two types of comments. Politic...
News Framing as a Multiparadigmatic Research Program: A Response to Entman

A large and growing body of mass media research centers on the concept of “framing.” This article responds to Entman's (1993) call for the establishment of a paradigm of news framing research, drawing on work in the sociology of knowledge to argue that news framing research operates according to principles of a Lakatosian research program (Lakatos, 1974) in which researchers employ and refine specific theories to generate findings in particular studies about a common core of irrefutable conjectures. In the metatheory developed here, the research program is inclusive of 3 paradigmatic outlooks, called cognitive, constructionist, and critical, that provide researchers with specific images with which to examine the interaction of media frames and individual- or social-level reality. Thus, contra Entman (1993), I argue that there is not, nor should there be, a single “mended” paradigm of framing research. The research program has benefited the communication discipline by encouraging researchers to use specific theories to progressively explicate a complex process.
Observations of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) off the coast of Utila, Honduras

Local dive shop operators and fishermen report that rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) are frequently encountered off the coast of Utila, Honduras, (16°05'46.5"N 86°55'47.8"W). Our observations suggest that at least some of these animals may constitute a resident population, although the extent of the resident group's home range has not been determined. Twenty-eight rough-toothed dolphins were identified using photo-identification techniques, 15 of which were re-sighted on two or more occasions. The 12 animals that were re-sighted four or more times were typically seen together, suggesting that they constitute a stable social group. At least one of these dolphins is an adult male, and his continued presence in this social group may reflect a social structure for rough-toothed dolphins that differs from that described for other dolphin species. Social interactions often involved tactile behaviours such as pectoral fin rubbing and side rubbing. The observed dolphins sometimes expressed interest in the research vessel and other boats by approaching, and on separate occasions examined a hydrophone and slow moving propeller visually and echoically. Overall, our behavioural observations suggest: (1) synchronous behaviours and ‘tight’ groupings are common while rough-toothed dolphins are travelling; (2) tactile contact is an important aspect of social interactions for rough-toothed dolphins; (3) cooperative behaviour occurs during play; and (4) rough-toothed dolphins are curious.
Sampling volume probed by frequency-domain photon migration measurements

Using probability distribution analysis to describe the propagation of multiply-scattered light in scattering media such as tissues, the volume sampled by NIR techniques was assessed analytically and then compared to experimental measurements of frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM).
Sidney David Markman, The Horse in Greek Art

(1944). Sidney David Markman, The Horse in Greek Art. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 202-204.
Simultaneous whole-body time-of-flight 18F-FDG PET/MRI: A pilot study comparing SUVmax with PET/CT and assessment of MR image quality

PurposeThe recent introduction of hybrid PET/MRI scanners in clinical practice has shown promising initial results for several clinical scenarios. However, the first generation of combined PET/MRI lacks time-of-flight (TOF) technology. Here we report the results of the first patients to be scanned o
Effect of chromium, cadmium and lead on serum cholesterol of rats.

SummaryMale rats on a diet and environment controlled as to trace metals were given 5 ppm. cadmium, chromium and lead in drinking water for 10 to 12 months. Lead and cadmium appeared to lower serum cholesterol levels significantly; chromium was without demonstrable effect. Hepatic levels were apparently unchanged.
A fatal infection in the opossum due to Mycobacterium intracellulare.

a baboon by Weissfeiler et al. [11]. In a subsequent report Karassova et al. [12] cited the isolation of 50 atypical strains from 33 nontuberculous monkeys. From England, Soltys and Wise [13] described an organism from the wood pigeon that they suggested was either an atypical strain of Mycobacterium avium or a new species related to it. Recently Ferguson et al. [14] described the isolation of Battey bacillus (Runyon III or Mycobacterium intracellulare) from a Florida wood duck. This report describes the isolation of M. intracellulare from an opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana), which was the second to die of mycobacterial disease since the establishment of a small colony of these animals at the National Institutes of Health in late summer of 1964. The
Decisions and Caregiving End of Life Among Blacks From the Perspective of Informal Caregivers and Decision Makers

This focus group study describes end-of-life caregiving and decision making among blacks from the perspective of the informal caregivers and decision makers. The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use framed the study. Five focus groups with a total of 53 informal caregivers/decision makers were conducted. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used for the data analysis. Findings are presented under the themes of end of life caregiving and decision making roles, dynamics and process, and beliefs and values. The common thread of care giving and decision-making within relationship and six subthemes were identified. Findings also suggest the need for support and inclusion of designated informal caregivers and decision-makers in the advance care planning process early in the disease trajectory.
Characterization of Shape Differences Among ICP Pulses Predicts Outcome of External Ventricular Drainage Weaning Trial

External ventricular drains (EVD) are widely used to manage intracranial pressure (ICP) and hydrocephalus for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. After days of use, a decision is made to remove the EVD or replace it with a shunt, involving EVD weaning and CT imaging to observe ventricular size and clinical status. This practice may lead to prolonged hospital stay, extra radiation exposure, and neurological insult due to ICP elevation. This study aims to apply a validated morphological clustering analysis of ICP pulse (MOCAIP) algorithm to detect signatures from the pulse waveform to differentiate an intact CSF circulatory system from an abnormal one during EVD weaning. We performed a retrospective study with 50 aSAH patients with reported weaning trial admitted to our institution between 03/2013 and 08/2014. By reviewing clinical notes and pre/post-brain imaging results, 32 patients were determined as having passed the weaning trial and 18 patients as having failed the trial. MOCAIP algorithm was applied to ICP signals to form a series of artifact-free dominant pulses. Finally, pulses with similar mean ICP were identified, and amplitude, Euclidean, and geodesic inter-pulse distances were calculated in a 4-h moving window. While the traditional measure of mean ICP failed to differentiate the two groups of patients, the proposed amplitude and morphological inter-pulse measures presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.004). Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed their usability to predict the outcome of the EVD weaning trial (AUC 0.85, p < 0.001). Patients with an impaired CSF system showed a larger mean and variability of inter-pulse distances, indicating frequent changes on the morphology of pulses. This technique may provide a method to rapidly determine if patients will need placement of a shunt or can simply have the EVD removed.
Relative Binding Free Energies of Adenine and Guanine to Damaged and Undamaged DNA in Human DNA Polymerase η: Clues for Fidelity and Overall Efficiency

Human DNA polymerase η (Pol η) plays an essential protective role against skin cancer caused by cyclobutane thymine–thymine dimers (TTDs), a frequent form of DNA damage arising from exposure to the sun. This enzyme rescues stalled replication forks at the TTDs by inserting bases opposite these DNA defects. Herein we calculate binding free energies for a free deoxyribose nucleotide triphosphate, dATP or dGTP, to Pol η complexed with undamaged or damaged DNA. The calculations indicate that the binding of dATP to the enzyme–DNA complex is thermodynamically favored for TTD-containing DNA over undamaged DNA, most likely because of more extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions between the TTD and the enzyme that hold the TTD more rigidly in place. The calculations also illustrate that dATP binding is thermodynamically favored over dGTP binding at both thymine positions of the TTD, most likely due to more persistent and stable hydrogen-bonding interactions between the TTD and dATP than between the TTD and dGTP. T...
Comparative study of nitrite determination method of workplace air

[Objective]To compare the 2 methods of headspace gas chromatography and ion chromatography for determination of nitrite in the air.[Methods]The sensitivity,accuracy,precision between headspace gas chromatography and ion chromatography were compare.The samples were divided into 2 groups,and then determined by headspace gas chromatography and ion chromatography,respectively according to the different requirement of the 2 methods.Finally,the results were compared.[Results] The measurement range of headspace gas chromatography was 0.56-20.0 μg/ml,the detection limit was 0.50 μg/ml;the RSD was 0.77%-2.27%,the recovery rate was 95.2%-99.1%;while the measurement range of ion chromatography was 0.50-30.0 μg/ml and the detection limit was 0.50 μg/ml,the RSD was 0.38%-1.03%,the recovery rate was 97.0%-101.0%.The values of the 2 method were in the range of the marked value;There was no statistical difference for t test between the sample results of 2 methods.[Conclusion]The analytical performance for headspace gas chromatography is basically consistent with ion chromatography.The two methods are satisfactory to the determination of nitrite in the air,and are suitable for batch sample analysis with characteristics of simple sample preparation,rapid,high sensitivity and less interference.
Reaffirming Our Commitment to Serve

Introduction to the August 2011 issue of Virtual Mentor on the topic of caring for the underserved.
A quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus prevented anogenital diseases in young women.

Source Citation Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1928-43. 17494926
Functional atlas of the awake rat brain: A neuroimaging study of rat brain specialization and integration

Connectivity-based parcellation approaches present an innovative method to segregate the brain into functionally specialized regions. These approaches have significantly advanced our understanding of the human brain organization. However, parallel progress in animal research is sparse. Using resting-state fMRI data and a novel, data-driven parcellation method, we have obtained robust functional parcellations of the rat brain. These functional parcellations reveal the regional specialization of the rat brain, which exhibited high within-parcel homogeneity and high reproducibility across animals. Graph analysis of the whole-brain network constructed based on these functional parcels indicates that the rat brain has a topological organization similar to humans, characterized by both segregation and integration. Our study also provides compelling evidence that the cingulate cortex is a functional hub region conserved from rodents to humans. Together, this study has characterized the rat brain specialization and integration, and has significantly advanced our understanding of the rat brain organization. In addition, it is valuable for studies of comparative functional neuroanatomy in mammalian brains.
Practicability of mitochondrial heteroplasmy detection through an Illumina genotyping array

Abstract Motivation High-throughput genomic data often contain unexpected information that can be mined for alternative applications. Despite the rise of high-throughput sequencing, Illumina genotyping arrays remain a driving force in large scale genetic and epidemiology studies. By processing and analyzing genotyping data of over 100,000 samples genotyped on Illumina genotyping arrays, we discovered evidence that indicates that mitochondrial heteroplasmy can be estimated from the fluorescence intensity data of the array. To verify our hypothesis, we conducted a sequencing validation study. Result Mitochondrial DNA targeted sequencing was performed on three samples that had been genotyped using the Illumina exome genotyping array. In each sample chosen, one heteroplasmy target was identified from the genotyping array, and sequencing data verified all three putative heteroplasmic sites. The estimated heteroplasmy level difference between that estimated from the genotyping fluorescence intensity and that directly measured from sequencing was 3.2% on average. Our analysis showed that an Illumina genotyping array can accurately and reliably estimate high-level heteroplasmy (> 40%); however, intensity data from a genotyping array is not suitable for estimating low level heteroplasmy (
Information About Authors on the Internet: Sixteen Great Web Sites

The Internet has the ability to provide the librarian with timely information on a wide variety of specialized topics that are useful in both acquisitions and collection development. Specifically, the Internet has a multitude of sources providing information about authors; it can play a role when trying to develop a specific collection, learn about new authors or catch up on those already established. This study discusses sixteen of the best websites currently available that provide information about authors or have compiled sources of such information. These sites fall into two categories: eight (8) provide information about authors within their own pages and eight (8) sites contain collections of links to sites with author information.
Neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgical resection for previously explored pancreatic cancer patients is associated with improved survival

Background: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are frequently referred to tertiary centers after unsuccessful attempted resections at other institutions. The outcome of these patients who are ultimately resected is not well understood. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with PDAC who underwent re-exploration between 1995 and 2013 at a single high volume tertiary care institution. We aimed to evaluate the association of neoadjuvant therapy prior to re-exploration on pathologic findings and clinical outcome in previously explored patients with PDAC. Results: Between 1995 and 2013, 50 of the 2,062 patients who were surgically explored underwent pancreatic resection following a previous exploration where they were deemed unresectable. The most common reason for unresectability at initial operation was vascular invasion (80%) and a presumed R2 resection. Thirty-seven (74%) patients received neoadjuvant therapy. Neoadjuvant therapy was associated with improved TNM stage (P=0.002), fewer positive lymph nodes (0 vs. 2, P=0.025), and improved median survival (24 vs. 13 months, P=0.044). Compared to R2 resected patients with PDAC who had not previously been explored, re-explored patients had significantly lower pathologic T and N stages (P vs. 10 months, P Conclusions: Patients with PDAC deemed unresectable may warrant re-exploration. Treatment with neoadjuvant therapy between operations is associated with improved pathological stage and survival. In this highly selected group of patients, successful resection is associated with improved survival compared to R2 resections.
Iceberg calving of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica: Full-Stokes modeling combined with linear elastic fracture mechanics

Abstract. Thwaites Glacier (TG), West Antarctica, has been losing mass and retreating rapidly in the past few decades. Here, we present a study of its calving dynamics combining a two-dimensional flow-band full-Stokes (FS) model of its viscous flow with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory to model crevasse propagation and ice fracturing. We compare the results with those obtained with the higher-order (HO) and the shallow-shelf approximation (SSA) models coupled with LEFM. We find that FS/LEFM produces surface and bottom crevasses that are consistent with the distribution of depth and width of surface and bottom crevasses observed by NASA's Operation IceBridge radar depth sounder and laser altimeter, whereas HO/LEFM and SSA/LEFM do not generate crevasses that are consistent with observations. We attribute the difference to the nonhydrostatic condition of ice near the grounding line, which facilitates crevasse formation and is accounted for by the FS model but not by the HO or SSA models. We find that calving is enhanced when pre-existing surface crevasses are present, when the ice shelf is shortened or when the ice shelf front is undercut. The role of undercutting depends on the timescale of calving events. It is more prominent for glaciers with rapid calving rates than for glaciers with slow calving rates. Glaciers extending into a shorter ice shelf are more vulnerable to calving than glaciers developing a long ice shelf, especially as the ice front retreats close to the grounding line region, which leads to a positive feedback to calving events. We conclude that the FS/LEFM combination yields substantial improvements in capturing the stress field near the grounding line of a glacier for constraining crevasse formation and iceberg calving.