cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Welded Tuffs and Flows in the Rhyolite Plateau of Yellowstone Park, Wyoming

The rhyohte plateau in Yellowstone Park is made up of flows and welded tuff with subsidiary rhyolite domes, basalt, and rhyolite-basalt mix-lava. The two most important units are the Yellowstone tuff, exposed over 600 square miles within the Park, and a group of younger flows, the Plateau flows, which cover 1000 square miles in the Madison, Central, and Pitchstone plateaus. The Plateau flows occupy a tectonic basin rimmed by Yellowstone tuff and older rocks in central and southwestern Yellowstone Park. Individual flows range up to 1000 feet in thickness and cover areas up to at least 100 square miles. Surficial features, including vent domes, are locally well preserved. Exposed portions of these flows are, for the most part, banded obsidian and perlite and breccias formed by incorporation of fragments of pumiceous crust in the moving flows. The Yellowstone tuff is welded to obsidian at its base and grades upward through indurated, lithoidal rhyolite to loose ash at the top of an uneroded section. Probably all the Yellowstone tuff was erupted in a single rapid series of eruptions from dispersed vents. Textural and structural evidence suggests that the Yellowstone tuff was emplaced as pyroclastic flows. A thermodynamic analysis of this type of eruption is given. Energy changes within the conduit and during emplacement are evaluated. The minimum temperature at which rhyolite glass will weld, determined experimentally, is approximately 600°C. The data of Tuttle and Bowen (1958) are used to fix the range of initial magma temperature. Welding in the Yellowstone tuff can be explained if the tuff was emplaced as pyroclastic flows and if the magma contained less than about 4 per cent H 2 O at the start of the eruption.
Molecular ferrokinetics in the rabbit

SUMMARY. Using urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it has been possible to distinguish the molecular forms of transferrin in rabbit serum. When 5yFe-labelled diferric transferrin is injected into normal, anaemic or hypertransfused, polycythae- mic rabbits, iron is removed from diferric transferrin in essentially pairwise fashion. Exchange of iron between transferrin and tissues was also studied using pre- dominantly monoferric transferrin labelled with jYFe or 1251, and with 1251-labelled apotransferrin. The return of iron from tissue stores to circulating transferrin occurs one atom at a time to either site of the protein and, possibly, in pairwise fashion as well. The rate of clearance of iron from diferric transferrin differs from that of monoferric transferrins, and the rates at which iron is returned to empty sites of transferrin also differ, so that serum iron is not a kinetically homogeneous pool in the rabbit. In recent years a variety of studies have established that the two iron-binding sites of transferrin reside in separate and separable regions of the molecule (Lineback-Zins & Brew, 1980) and differ in their susceptibility to attack by protons (Princiotto & Zapolski, 1975; Lestas, 19 76); the tightness with which they bind iron (Aisen et al, 19 78); the rates at which they release iron
Reaction and mass transport in two-phase reactors: Sulfonation of benzene

Abstract The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate two phase semibatch reactor operations by determining reaction kinetics and mass transfer characteristics, (2) to use parameters determined from the semibatch data to design a continuous two phase reactor system, and (3) to demonstrate the success of this design.
On the theory of amoeboid movements

It is shown how the application of the principle of maximum energy transformation, discussed in previous papers, leads to expressions which give the probability of occurrence of a pseudopod of a given size and duration in function of other physical constants of the amoeba.
A comparison of the gravimetric and x-ray fluorescence methods for the determination of sulfur in aqueous mixtures resembling seawater.

Abstract The use of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is described as a means of determination of total sulfur concentration of aqueous mixtures. The results of X-ray analyses of several types of solutions are compared to the results obtained by the gravimetric methods of barium sulfate precipitation. Sample pretreatment and handling were minimized by the X-ray method. Solutions containing sodium and chloride ion concentrations resembling those found in natural seawater were found to be especially amenable to total sulfur determination by X-ray fluorescence analysis.
Temporal patterning of neuronal activity during thermal and neurochemical stimulation of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus of the awake rabbit.

Abstract The use of firing rate as an integrative mechanism for thermoregulatory control has been well described. A temporal neuronal code may, however, also be important in thermoregulation. Recordings of POAH unit activity during normothermic and POAH cooling with and without the addition of norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) were examined for changes in the distribution of interspike intervals (ISI's) and coefficient of variation (CV). Cold-sensitive neurons underwent greater shifts in CV during POAH cooling when compared to warm- and thermal-insensitive units. Depending on the thermal state of the POAH, specific changes in the CV were promoted by NE, 5-HT, and PGE 2 . Interconversions between normal, gamma, truncated Poisson, and biomodal ISI distributions were occasionally observed. The ability of a neurotropic agent to change the CV independently of the mean interval is evidence for the theory that these compounds affect both temporal and spatial (firing rate) mechanisms of neuronal integration in the POAH.
Polyphonic instrument identification using independent subspace analysis

A system which tries to identify the musical instruments playing concurrently in a mixture is investigated in this paper. The features used in classification are derived from independent subspace analysis (ISA) which somewhat decomposes each source, and the mixture, into its statistically "independent" components. Without re-grouping or actually separating the sources, they offer physiologically-motivated classification of instruments, assuming the decomposition is robust to the mixing process. The system is evaluated on two-tonal instrument mixtures from a set of five instruments and a phrase of a real song from CD
SHAPE EVOLUTION AND SPLITTING OF COHERENT PARTICLES UNDER APPLIED STRESSES

Abstract Morphological evolution and splitting of coherent precipitate particles under applied stresses were investigated using a diffuse-interface field kinetic approach. A particular example, γ ′ precipitates in Ni-based superalloys, was studied. In the absence of externally applied stress, a coherent γ ′ particle exhibits a cuboidal shape, as a result of the competition between anisotropic coherency strain energy and nearly isotropic specific interfacial energy. It was demonstrated that under a uniaxial applied constraint strain, growth of the γ ′ particle became tetragonal, resulting in a shape transformation from being cuboidal to tetragonal. As the magnitude of the applied strain was further increased, it is interesting to observe that the γ ′ particle became unstable and split into two or more parallel plates. The influences of stress magnitude, precipitate volume fraction, and interfacial energy on the splitting process are discussed.
Photon emission from a single-molecule source driven by an rf field

The behavior of a single molecule driven simultaneously by a laser and by an electric radio frequency field is investigated using a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian approach. Employing the renormalization group method for differential equations, we calculate the average waiting time for the first photon emission event to occur, and determine the conditions for the suppression and enhancement of photon emission. An abrupt transition from localizationlike behavior to delocalization behavior is found.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene silencing with small inhibitory RNA differentially modulates Ah-responsiveness in MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells

Sequence-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes can be used for gene silencing in mammalian cells and as mechanistic probes for determining gene function. Transfection of siRNAs for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) mRNAs in MCF-7 breast cancer cells resulted in a 60 to 80% decrease in levels of AhR and ARNT proteins in whole-cell extracts and decreased binding of nuclear extracts to 32P-labeled dioxin-responsive element. siRNA for the AhR also decreased 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced CYP1A1 protein, CYP1A1-dependent activity, and luciferase activity in cells transfected with an Ah-responsive construct. 17beta-estradiol (E2) induces proliferation of MCF-7 cells through enhanced G0/G1 --> S phase progression, and this response is inhibited in cells cotreated with E2 plus TCDD. The effects of TCDD on E2-induced cell-cycle progress were partially blocked in MCF-7 cells transfected with siRNA for AhR. The results also indicated that siRNA-dependent decreases in AhR protein in MCF-7 cells were accompanied by increased G0/G1 --> S phase progression, suggesting a growth-inhibitory role for the "endogenous" AhR. Surprisingly, TCDD alone induced G0/G1 --> S phase progression and exhibited estrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells transfected with siRNA for the AhR. In contrast, degradation of the AhR in HepG2 liver cancer cells resulted in decreased G0/G1 --> S phase progression, and this was accompanied by decreased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), and cdk4. In the absence of ligand, the AhR exhibits growth-inhibitory (MCF-7) and growth-promoting (HepG2) activity that is cell context-dependent.
Validity of two-component models for estimating body fat of black men

Commonly used two-component model conversion formulas that estimate relative body fat (%BF) from body density (Db) were cross-validated on a heterogeneous sample of black men (n = 30; age = 19–45 y...
Polyphenols: Planting the seeds of treatment for the metabolic syndrome

Greater understanding about the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and potential causes suggests that plant polyphenols might be useful as a treatment. Dietary excess energy can be stored in adipocytes, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and adipose-related hormones that cause vascular injury. Plant polyphenols, organic compounds found in numerous plant species and their fruits, are being actively studied as potential treatments for components of the metabolic syndrome. Individual polyphenols that have been examined include resveratrol, quercetin, epigallocathechin-3-gallate, and curcumin. Resveratrol lowers weight, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin resistance in rodents, and a human trial is currently underway. Quercetin decreases lipid and glucose levels in obese rats, and in a human investigation of subjects with the metabolic syndrome has lowered blood pressure without significant alteration of lipids. Epigallocathechin-3-gallate-induced weight loss has attenuated glucose levels and insulin resistance in rodents and improved hemoglobin A(1c) and lipid in human studies. Plant extracts also can be used. Grape seed and chokeberry extracts have decreased blood pressure and lipid levels in small human trials. Other human investigations have shown the beneficial effects of cocoa, coffee, carob, and Momordica charantia. Thus far, most studies have involved a small number of subjects and have been of short duration. Future studies should be designed to account for a disease process in which the pathogenic factors may take place for years before disease manifestations take place, the possibly limited bioavailability of polyphenols, and the potential need to provide combinations or modifications of polyphenols.
Progress in the Statistical Theory of Turbulence

The fundamental notion of statistical mean values in fluid mechanics was first introduced by Reynolds. His most important contributions were the definition of the mean values for the so-called Reynolds' stresses and the recognition of the analogy between the transfer of momentum, heat and matter in the turbulent motion. In the decades following Reynolds' discoveries, the turbulence theory was directed toward finding semi-empirical laws for the mean motion by methods loaned from the kinetic theory of gases. Prandtl's ideas on momentum transfer and Taylor's suggestions concerning vorticity transfer belonged to the most important contributions of this period. I believe that my formulation of the problem by the application of the similarity principle has the merit to be more general and independent of the methods of the kinetic theory of gases. This theory led to the discovery of the logarithmic law of velocity distribution in shear motion for the case of homologous turbulence.
Conservatism and Liberalism in College Students.

The main purpose of this study was to examine, in this time of political turmoil, how those who call themselves conservative differ from those who call themselves liberal in terms of attitudes and personality traits. Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1960) defines a conservative as "tending to preserve established traditions or institutions and to resist or oppose any changes in these." A liberal, on the other hand, is defined as favoring reform, open-minded to ideas that challenge tradition. A series of attitudes were measured, using Ratter's Internal-External Control Scale (1966) (I-E scale), an index of how much control a person feels he has over outcome of events, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SD; 1964), a measure of need for social approval. From the definitions above, it was predicted that conservatives would be more in favor of individuals and not the federal government providing bomb shelters, of stricter discipline of children and of individuals supporting themselves in college; liberals would be more in favor of racial integration of neighborhoods, of women making careers for themselves, of social welfare, and of halting the nuclear arms race. The patterning of the I-E scale and the MC-SD scale scores could not be predicted for liberals and conservatives. The two attitude scales were administered to 100 students in an abnormal psychology class, 84 of whom were males. A rating scale given earlier had identified 50 liberals and 50 conservatives. When mean scores1 were compared by t tests, conservatives differed from liberals in the predicted direction on attitudes, excluding undergraduates getting married and having financial support in college. Conservatives were significantly higher than liberals on the MC-SD scale. As all differences were at the .05 level, there seem to be consistent attitudinal and personality trait differences berween liberals and conservatives who are college age students. Whether this is age-related and dependent upon parental attitudes and characteristics should be investigated. Understanding the meaning of the observed differences, e.g., social approval may indicate that conservatives are more interested in presenting favorable social pictures of themselves, requires further research.
Mechanistic Insights Into Diabetes Mellitus and Oxidative Stress

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant healthcare concern worldwide that affects more than 165 million individuals leading to cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and widespread disease of both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The incidence of undiagnosed diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose levels raises future concerns in regards to the financial and patient care resources that will be necessary to care for patients with DM. Interestingly, disease of the nervous system can become one of the most debilitating complications and affect sensitive cognitive regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus that modulates memory function, resulting in significant functional impairment and dementia. Oxidative stress forms the foundation for the induction of multiple cellular pathways that can ultimately lead to both the onset and subsequent complications of DM. In particular, novel pathways that involve metabotropic receptor signaling, protein-tyrosine phosphatases, Wnt proteins, Akt, GSK-3β, and forkhead transcription factors may be responsible for the onset and progression of complications form DM. Further knowledge acquired in understanding the complexity of DM and its ability to impair cellular systems throughout the body will foster new strategies for the treatment of DM and its complications.
Beyond Border Security: Feminist Approaches to Human Trafficking

International human trafficking—sometimes referred to as modern-day slavery—has increasingly come to be seen as a security threat. The question remains as to what kind of threat human trafficking poses. Traditional security approaches to international human trafficking call for analysis of trafficking as a threat to the state and to state control of borders. Traditional security analyses of trafficking therefore emphasize border security, migration controls, and international law enforcement cooperation. Feminist analyses of human trafficking challenge the traditional security framework, prioritizing the security of trafficked persons and recognizing the manner in which victims are threatened by both traffickers and the state itself. I argue that feminist approaches to human trafficking are essential for understanding and combating the phenomenon. Feminists identify the ethical and pragmatic grounds for broadening the analytical focus from states to people. Feminists' most important contribution, however,...
Conditions for Network-Element-Value Solvability

The concept of network-element-value solvability is introduced and its importance in the establishment of methods of automatic trouble-shooting of electronic equipment is pointed out. First, a set of definitions is given which enables an objective discussion to be made of network solvability of arbitrary passive, linear, lumped parameter networks with respect to a restricted set of external terminals (available and partly available). Next, a relation is obtained connecting the number of available and partly available terminals of a network with the number of admittance functions determining the measurable behavior of the network. Theorems A, B and C then give solvability conditions for purely resistive networks. It is shown that the theory developed can be extended to include networks with internal energy sources (Theorem D). A general necessary condition for network-element-value solvability is then obtained (Theorems E and F). Finally, examples are given showing applications and limitations of the theorems obtained.
Affectively charged: decision making in teenage suicide attempters

m T he article by Bridge and colleagues 1 in this issue of the Journal examines vulnerability to adolescent suicidal behavior through the lens of the Iowa Gambling Task. The IGT is among a newer generation of empirically operationalized neuropsychological tasks that are advancing our understanding of cognitiveemotional styles and how they may link basic neurobiological processes to psychopathology. The study found that, compared with demographically matched psychiatric controls, adolescents with a history of attempted suicide showed impaired learning from experience on the IGT; furthermore, this difference in impaired decision making persisted even after controlling for affective disorder, current medication, hostility, and impulsivity. This study stands as an exemplar of newer dimensional paradigms that shed light on underlying pathogenic mechanisms—and that cut across categorical diagnostic boundaries. Each era’s understanding of maladies such as adolescent suicidality reflects its prevalent theoretical models and available investigative methodologies. Brent recently summarized the impressive progress made over the past 30 years in the empirical understanding of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. This progress reflected important developments in psychiatry and child psychiatry as a whole. In addition to the DSM’s standardization of a categorical approach, the development of reliable diagnostic assessments and sophisticated epidemiologic methods made possible a rich body of psychological postmortem, case control, and population studies that demonstrated the major role played by mood, conduct, and substance-abuse disorders and of Axis II cluster B traits in the occurrence of suicidal behavior. Large-scale epidemiologic studies also have shown the overlap between suicidal behavior and other health risk behaviors (fightc
Determination of Hydrogen in CVD Diamond by Notched Neutron Spectrum Technique and Ftir

The hydrogen content of free-standing polycrystalline CVD diamond samples was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements and was quantified by a notched neutron spectrum technique. The latter measures the total bonded and unbonded hydrogen. The concentration of total hydrogen in these samples was of the same order of magnitude. The FTIR measurements, which are sensitive to the bonded hydrogen, indicated different hydrogen to diamond peak ratios.
Control of energy transfer to cdte nanowires via conjugated polymer orientation

Nanoscale organic-inorganic hybrid materials were prepared from two highly fluorescent building blocks: CdTe nanowires (NWs) as an energy acceptor, and a rigid rod-like and water soluble poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) as a donor. The PPE was covalently bonded to the CdTe by traditional amide chemistry. Two different orientations, parallel and perpendicular, of PPE to CdTe NW were achieved by manipulating the density of PPE at the NW surface through controlling the molar ratio of PPE and the NW during the chemical tethering. Strong dependence of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) on the orientation was observed. While efficient FRET was observed when the orientation of the donor PPE and the acceptor CdTe NW is parallel, essentially no FRET was observed from the perpendicularly oriented PPE-tethered CdTe NW system. Optical and transmission electron microscopy experiments as well as Monte Carlo simulation consistently suggest that entropy change during the tethering is a crucial factor for the determination of the orientation of PPE at the NW surface.
Residence Probability and Population Size of Red Knots During Spring Stopover in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States

Abstract Weekly counts of western Atlantic red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) at their Delaware Bay migration stopover site have suggested a major decline since the 1980s. We estimated red knot spring passage population size in the New Jersey Coast–Delaware Bay region (DENJ; 2004 and 2006) and Virginia (VA; 2006 and 2007), USA, by correcting weekly aerial counts for mean daily residence probability between counts in a Monte-Carlo simulation. We used daily telemetry relocations in mark–resight models to estimate mean daily residence probability. Average daily residence probability was approximately 1.0 in mid-May, 0.96–0.97 in the week of 22 May, and 0.64–0.77 after May 28 in DENJ in 2004 and 2006 and in VA in 2006. Average daily residency was approximately 0.88 in VA in 2007 from 22 May to 5 June. No birds moved from VA to DENJ in 2006 and only 2 birds (5.5%) moved in 2007. Stopover population sizes (±SE) in DENJ were 17,108 ± 1,322 in 2004 and 19,555 ± 831 in 2006, and in VA were 7,224 ± 389 in 2006 and 8...
A Modified Fuzzy K-means Clustering using Expectation Maximization

K-means is a popular clustering algorithm that requires a huge initial set to start the clustering. K-means is an unsupervised clustering method which does not guarantee convergence. Numerous improvements to K-means have been done to make its performance better. Expectation Maximization is a statistical technique for maximum likelihood estimation using mixture models. It searches for a local maxima and generally converges very well. The proposed algorithm combines these two algorithms to generate optimum clusters which do not require a huge value of K and each cluster attains a more natural shape and guarantee convergence. The paper compares the new method with Fuzzy K-means on benchmark iris data.
Magnetostatic waves-based integrated optic device modules and applications to communications and signal processings

A progress report on wideband magnetooptic interactions between guided-optical waves and magnetostatic waves, the resulting device modules, and applications to communications and signal processing is given. First, the technique for realization of GHz-bandwidth magnetooptic Bragg cells with electronically tunable center frequency (from 2.0 to over 11.0 GHz) and their applications to wideband light-beam scanning and switching, and RF spectral analysis are described. The design, fabrication, and performance characteristics of ion-milled waveguide lenses and the resulting magnetostatic wave-based integrated-optic device modules are then presented. >
A Proactive Scaling Platform Design Method Using Modularity for Product Variations

To be competitive in the current business environment, a company or engineering firm must be able to produce new products or designs in the marketplace with better quality and greater customization than both their national and international competitors. These business entities must also be able to accomplish this at a more strenuous pace than their competitors to capture the largest market share. In this chapter, a scaling, small product, p roactive p latform design method using m odularity (PPM) for product variations is presented to assist the company or firm in achieving the highest competitive result. In Chap. 30, we also present a case study to demonstrate how this method can be effectively instituted in a proactive product design. Even though this method and case study are directed to small product family development, any product family design with commonality can benefit from using these ideas to improve the design process.
The binomial symptom index for the evaluation of temporal association between cardiorespiratory symptoms and gastroesophageal reflux in neonates

Abstract Introduction The evaluation of symptom association between gastroesophageal reflux and cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants remains unclear. This paper describes a conservative approach to decision-making of anti-reflux surgery through symptom association analysis. Methods Forty-three neonates with potentially reflux-related cardiorespiratory symptoms underwent synchronized esophageal impedance-pH and cardiorespiratory monitoring. Three indices were considered to evaluate symptom association, the symptom index (SI), the symptom sensitivity index (SSI) and the symptom association probability (SAP). A conservative strategy was adopted regarding the decision of anti-reflux surgery, and therefore, patients were scheduled for laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication if the three indices showed a positive assessment of symptom association. Retrospectively, these indices and the binomial symptom index (BSI) were contrasted against the decision of anti-reflux surgery using different windows of association. Results Thirteen patients showed positive symptom association but only two underwent anti-reflux surgery. The SI and the SSI showed an increasing trend with the width of the window of association. The SAP was affected randomly by slightly altering the windowing parameters. The BSI showed the best performance with the two-minute window (κ = 0.78). Conclusions The pathology under study is known to improve with maturity. However, the severity of cardiorespiratory symptoms may threaten the neonate's life and therefore, on some occasions, invasive treatments must be considered to protect life. The BSI provides a good prediction of a combination of positive SI, SSI and SAP, which may improve clinical decisions. However, further clinical studies are required to prove the BSI as an optimal predictor of clinical outcomes.
After performing stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients at low risk for coronary artery disease, does addition of rest diagnostic imaging change the diagnosis?

1866 Objectives To estimate the proportion of subjects (without a history of coronary artery disease, without typical chest pain, and Methods In 171 retrospective chart reviews, 50 subjects met inclusion criteria. Subsequently, pharmaceutical induced Tc-99m MPS (Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy) was performed. 4 ABNM certified physicians were randomly assigned 12-13 patients. They first read the pharmaceutical induced stress only Tc-99m MPS images for their set of patients. Then they read the rest+stress images, for the same patients. Images were in random order without identifiers. Results were classified as Normal, Equivocal or Abnormal. For all readers, 2 normal, 2 equivocal and 2 abnormal diagnostic images were inserted into the rests+stress set to prevent recollection bias. Results Gender was associated with a significant change in results (p Conclusions In our study, 95.2% (95% CI, 76.2-99.9%) of
Superconducting fibers from anhydrous metal carboxylates

A variety of anhydrous Y, Ba and Cu carboxylates were synthesized and screened for utility as spinnable precursors to 123 superconducting fibers. Simple extrusion studies demonstrate that THF solutions of mixtures of Y, Ba and Cu isobutyrates with some Ba 2-ethyl- hexanoate can be used to form 70 μm dia. precursor fibers. Following a curing at 150°C for 24–48 h, pyrolysis of these fibers in air to 900°C, with controlled heating rates, gives dense, flexible ceramic fibers 15–20 μm in dia. These fibers have the appropriate orthorhombic phase. Flux exclusion measurements indicate the fibers are superconducting; but ΔTc is not optimal.
Abscisic acid accumulation in leaves of two contrasting hybrid poplar clones affected by nitrogen fertilization plus cyclic flooding and soil drying

Cuttings of hybrid Populus clones Tristis and Eugenei growing in pots in a greenhouse were treated with nitrogen fertilizer at two rates and subjected to repeated soil flooding or drying. Periodically, gas exchange measurements and radioimmunoassays, to determine abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations, were made on recently mature leaves.In both clones, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were depressed five days after flooding, but leaf ABA concentrations remained relatively constant. In contrast, an initial, 9-day period of soil drying resulted in substantial ABA accumulation in leaves, which closely correlated with declines in photosynthesis and conductance. A second soil drying cycle of up to 9 days was less effective in modifying gas exchange and leaf ABA concentrations. High-N supply stimulated leaf ABA production as the soil dried. On the resumption of watering, gas exchange in Tristis recovered fully and rapidly and leaf ABA concentrations quickly returned to control values, whereas gas exchange in Eugenei recovered slowly and leaf ABA concentrations remained high for longer.Gas exchange in Eugenei was unaffected by soil drying until leaf ABA concentrations exceeded 100 ng g(dw) (-1), whereas Tristis showed a reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis at leaf ABA concentrations of only 10 ng g(dw) (-1). A rise in internal CO(2) concentrations was associated with increased leaf ABA concentrations in Tristis, but not in Eugenei. Clonal differences in the relationship between gas exchange and leaf ABA concentration suggest contrasting physiological strategies for survival under prolonged drying conditions.
Ferroelectricity in an ising chain magnet.

We report discovery of collinear-magnetism-driven ferroelectricity in the Ising chain magnet ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ ($x\ensuremath{\approx}0.96$). Neutron diffraction shows that ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ ions alternating along the chains exhibit an up-up-down-down ($\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$) magnetic order. The ferroelectricity results from the inversion symmetry breaking in the $\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ spin chain with an alternating charge order. Unlike in spiral magnetoelectrics where antisymmetric exchange coupling is active, the symmetry breaking in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}(\mathrm{Co},\mathrm{Mn}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ occurs through exchange striction associated with symmetric superexchange.
Effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons on ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver nuclei and hamster embryo cells.

Polycyclic hydrocarbons induce the microsomal enzyme aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[ a ]pyrene) hydroxylase in the livers of intact rats and in hamster embryo cells. In vivo , methylcholanthrene causes an increased incorporation of precursors into nuclear RNA and an increased RNA polymerase activity in hepatic nuclei. Gel electrophoresis of RNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nuclei has shown that the synthesis of all sizes of RNA is enhanced by the methylcholanthrene treatment in vivo . Hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized rats previously treated with hydrocarbons fail to exhibit an increase in RNA polymerase activity, although they manifest an increase in the level of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Double-labeling techniques and acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no detectable change in the pattern of RNA synthesized during enzyme induction in cell culture. The latter studies and those carried out in vivo with adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats suggest that the methylcholanthrene-induced gross changes in liver nuclear RNA metabolism in vivo are not requirements for microsomal enzyme induction, and that the induction-specific RNA synthesis, indicated as a requirement by our other studies, is of small magnitude.
Rationale for antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, especially when there are coexistent risk factors. Detection of these coexistent risk factors allows identification of high risk patients who are most likely to benefit from prophylactic antithrombotic agents. Recent studies have demonstrated that both warfarin and aspirin can reduce stroke risk. Clarification of the risks versus benefits of these therapeutic alternatives is an ongoing process.
Anthocyanins, total phenolics, ORAC and moisture content of wild and cultivated dark-fruited Aronia species

Total phenolics, anthocyanins and ORACFL values from a large number of wild and cultivated genotypes of dark-fruited Aronia melanocarpa (diploid and tetraploid), Aronia prunifolia and Aronia mitschurinii were quantified and characterized in two consecutive years. The A. prunifolia taxonomic group had the highest total phenolic content. The diploid A. melanocarpa group had the highest ORACFL values and A. mitschurinii the lowest values. Anthocyanin content was highest in the diploid A. melanocarpa group and also in the A. mitschurinii group in 2011. Anthocyanin content was lowest for the A. prunifolia group. Accessions UC009, UC047 and UC082 had elevated amounts of cyanidin-3-galactoside and reduced cyanidin-3-arabinoside, suggesting they have altered anthocyanin metabolism compared to most accessions. Polyphenol content for the same genotypes varied significantly between years, especially for wild germplasm. Wild Aronia genotypes represent a significant source of fruit biochemical diversity and have substantial potential for use directly in nutraceutical fruit production or in plant breeding programs.
Planning and Learning under Uncertainty: Theory and Practice

This talk will describe recent progress on modeling, planning, learning, and control of autonomous systems operating in dynamic environments, with an emphasis on addressing the challenges faced on various timescales. For example, autonomous robotic agents need to plan/execute safe paths and avoid imminent collisions given noisy sensory information (short timescale), learn how to interact with other agents (possibly humans) with intents that are not known (medium timescale), and perform complex cooperative tasks given imperfect models and knowledge of the environment and teammate actions (long timescale). These tasks are often constrained to be done using onboard computation and perception, which can add significant complexity to the system. The talk will highlight several recently developed solutions to these challenges that have been implemented to demonstrate high-speed agile flight of a quadrotor in unknown, cluttered environments, autonomous navigation of a ground vehicle in complex indoor environments alongside pedestrians, and real-time cooperative multiagent planning with an onboard deep learning-based perception system.
Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Queen-Rearing Success

The effects of sublethal pesticide exposure on queen emergence and immunity were measured. Queen-rearing colonies were fed pollen with chlorpyrifos (CPF) alone (pollen-1) and with CPF and the fungicide Pristine® (pollen-2). Fewer queens emerged when larvae were reared in colonies fed pollen-1 or pollen-2 than when larvae were reared in outside colonies without contaminated pollen. Larvae grafted from and reared in colonies fed pollen-2 had the lowest rate of queen emergence. Deformed wing virus (DWV) and black queen cell virus were found in nurse bees from colonies fed pollen-1 or pollen-2 and in outside colonies. The viruses also were detected in queen larvae. However, we did not detect virus in emerged queens grafted from and reared in outside colonies. In contrast, DWV was found in all emerged queens grafted from colonies fed pollen-1 or pollen-2 and reared either in outside hives or those fed pollen-1 or pollen-2. The results suggest that sublethal exposure of CPF alone but especially when Pristine® is added reduces queen emergence possibly due to compromised immunity in developing queens.
Pluperfect in discourse: When and why do we go back in time?

Abstract Contra traditional Reichenbach (1947) analysis of tense and aspect, a mere temporal precedence relation does not license a simple past-pluperfect sequence in discourse, and the use of the pluperfect is constrained by further discourse-semantic rules. This paper delineates those discourse-semantic constraints based on a quantitative analysis of naturally occurring narrative corpus examples, and formalizes them in Discourse Representation Theory [DRT] ( Kamp and Reyle, 1993 ). We argue based on the corpus study that, contrary to the common assumption, the pluperfect does not invariably refer to a result or consequent state or ambiguous between aspectual and preterit meaning. Instead, the result state implication derives from the aspectual class of the main predicate. We further argue that the relationship between the anaphoric pluperfect sentence, which forms background and builds a side-structure of ancillary time line ( Hopper, 1979 , Reinhart, 1984 ), and its antecedent simple past event sentence, which forms foreground and propels the main narrative time forward, can be best explained by the normative-modal background of the discourse.
Implementation of a Novel Conference Series on Clinical Practice Variations Provides an Opportunity for Constructive Discussion of Faculty Practice Patterns: Do as We Say? … or Do as We Do?

Background Although evidence-based medicine (EBM) is routinely used to guide management in the emergency department, there is still considerable variation in clinical practice. Trainees may not fully appreciate the reasons for these clinical practice variations (CPVs) and may find it frustrating when they encounter them. We used areas of CPV among our faculty as the basis for resident educational sessions and assessed the perceived utility of these sessions. Methods Topics were identified when residents noticed significant variability among the faculty in their management of particular clinical presentations. Sessions were conducted by facilitator-led reviews of EBM guidelines, by faculty panel discussions of their management rationale where EBM guidelines are not available, or by pro-con debates. Residents were surveyed after the initial sessions to assess the utility of this series and changes in their understanding of CPV. Results There was a 72% response rate. The percentage of residents who were frustrated with CPV decreased from 64% to 35%; the percentage who felt that the presence of CPV enhanced their learning increased from 19% to 48%. Sixty-five percent felt that the educational series contributed to decreased frustration, 77% felt that the sessions helped them understand why CPV occurs, and 93% felt that they helped their overall learning. Conclusion Explicit discussion and exploration of CPV in an educational setting can provide multiple benefits. Trainees may gain a better understanding of why CPV occurs and of the rationale behind practice variations. Faculty may benefit from analyzing CPV to determine whether these truly represent the "art of medicine."
Dynamic Insurance Decision-Making for Rare Events: The Role of Emotions

This paper describes the results of a web-based experiment that uses respondents’ stated preferences for purchasing insurance for low-probability, high-consequence events where the probability of a loss and its consequences are stable over time. We contrast the predictions of a model of insurance choice based on expected utility [E(U)] maximisation with those of an alternative behavioural model. The majority of subjects reported insurance purchasing behaviour consistent with expected utility theory; however, a sizeable number of uninsured individuals decided to purchase insurance after learning that they had suffered a loss whereby they responded that their prior choice to be uninsured made them unhappy. In this sense, the study shows that a loss coupled with self-reported emotions linked to the loss is likely to play an important role in convincing some uninsured persons to buy coverage. In contrast, insured individuals who did not suffer a loss rarely dropped coverage.
Abstract 15775: Impact of Month of the Year and Weekend Admissions on Inpatient Mortality and Cost Burden for Congestive Heart Failure in 2013

Background: Seasonal variation occurs in all cardiovascular events, including Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) hospitalizations. Worldwide data suggests a temporal periodicity of hospitalization regarding heart failure with peaks during winter months. We aim to assess the impact of monthly, seasonal, and weekend admissions of CHF hospitalizations. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study using the 2013 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of adult patients hospitalized with CHF as the admitting diagnosis. Our outcomes included inpatient mortality and hospital charges; adjusted for age and gender. Results: We included a total of 880,819 patients admitted with CHF. The probability of inpatient mortality increased 12% during the months of October to March in comparison with patients admitted during April to September (OR:1.12; p Conclusion: There is higher inpatient mortality during fall and winter as well as hospital charges. January and December were the months with higher mortality among patient admitted for CHF. Inpatient mortality was not affected by weekend admissions.
The Use of Parenteral Testosterone Therapy in Genital Reconstructive Surgery

AbstractPreviously, testosterone cream has been used for penile enlargement before genital surgery. The results not only were inconsistent but the absorption was variable. Therefore, we elected to study the use of parenteral testosterone as an adjunct before reconstructive surgery.In 44 patients with hypospadias (36), epispadias (5) or urethral fistulas (3) 2mg. per kg. testosterone enanthate were given intramuscularly 5 and 2 weeks before reconstructive surgery. Testosterone caused a mean increase in penile length of 2.7cm. and in circumference of 2.3cm. as well as local vascularity in all patients. In addition to surgical results the potential side effects of testosterone treatment were monitored 3 months to 1 year postoperatively. Basal testosterone levels were obtained in patients before and during therapy, and postoperatively. In addition, side effects, such as increased bone age and excessive pubic hair, were not a problem.The use of preoperative testosterone significantly contributed to the success...
Spatial Resolution with Time-and-Polarization-Resolved Acoustic Microscopy

Spatial resolution is an important factor in ultrasonic materials characterization. Scanning acoustic microscopy [1–2] has proved to be a useful tool for materials evaluation with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Point-focus-beam (PFB) acoustic microscopy has high spatial resolution and is often used to produce images as well as to probe material inhomogeneity. However, a disadvantage of the PFB technique lies in its insensitivity to material anisotropy. In contrast, line-focus-beam (LFB) acoustic microscopy can provide a directional ultrasonic velocity measurement and is employed for characterization of anisotropic materials [3–5]. But the LFB technique, with its unidirectional spatial resolution, is generally incapable of producing images, and is therefore disadvantageous for probing inhomogeneous materials. In response to this need, a variety of lens designs [6–9] in acoustic microscopy have been proposed for measuring materials, which are both inhomogeneous and anisotropic.
Immunofluorescence Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Patients Suspected of Having Inflammatory Heart Disease

In a previously published study, we showed that immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy can help to distiguish myocarditis from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy [1]. However, since the previous study was relatively small, consisting only of 79 patients, an evaluation of differing patterns of IF staining as well as serial changes in patients biopsied on several occasions were not reported. We now report our findings in an expanded series of 286 endomyocardial biopsies (208 patients) which were prospectively examined by light and IF microscopy. Our findings suggest that IF microscopy is a complementary technique which serves to define better the presence and type of inflammatory heart disease found in such patients.
The Potential for Narrative Correctives to Combat Misinformation

Misinformation can influence personal and societal decisions in detrimental ways. Not only is misinformation challenging to correct, but even when individuals accept corrective information, misinformation can continue to influence attitudes: a phenomenon known as belief echoes, affective perseverance, or the continued influence effect. Two controlled experiments tested the efficacy of narrative-based correctives to reduce this affective residual in the context of misinformation about organic tobacco. Study 1 (N = 385) tested within-narrative corrective endings, embedded in four discrete emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and fear). Study 2 (N = 586) tested the utility of a narrative with a negative, emotional corrective ending (fear and anger). Results provide some evidence that narrative correctives, with or without emotional endings, can be effective at reducing misinformed beliefs and intentions, but narratives consisting of emotional corrective endings are better at correcting attitudes than a simple corrective. Implications for misinformation scholarship and corrective message design are discussed.
Feeding behavior and prey ofNeoscona arabesca [Araneae: Araneidae] andTetragnatha laboriosa [Aranea: Tetragnathidae] in soybean fields

During observations in soybean fields, 136Neoscona arabesca (Walckenaer) and 46Tetragnatha laboriosaHentz were collected with prey. Significantly different prey compositions were recorded, withN. arabesca utilizing a large number ofColeoptera whileT. laboriosa captured primarilyHemiptera-Homoptera. Neoscona arabesca was observed to feed primarily in the evening following web construction, whileT. laboriosa fed predominantly in the morning. Although both of these species captured relatively large numbers of homopterans, most of their prey were species which are not considered to be pests in soybean.