cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes: An Assessment of Preventive Bedtime Treatments

Objective: We assessed four putative bedtime treatments in the prevention of nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Research Design and Methods: Plasma glucose concentrations were measured every 15 min from 2200 h through 0700 h in 21 patients with type 1 diabetes (mean ± sd HbA1C = 7.1 ± 1.0%) on five occasions with, in random sequence, bedtime (2200 h) administration of 1) no treatment, 2) a snack, 3) the snack plus the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, 4) an uncooked cornstarch bar, or 5) the β2-adrenergic agonist terbutaline. Results: In the absence of a bedtime treatment, 27% of the measured nocturnal plasma glucose concentrations were less than 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/liter) in 12 patients; 16, 6, and 1% were less than 60, less than 50, and less than 40 mg/dl (3.3, 2.8, and 2.2 mmol/liter), respectively. Neither the snack (without or with acarbose) nor cornstarch raised the mean nadir nocturnal glucose concentration or reduced the number of low glucose levels or the number of patients with low levels...
The Role of Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Pulmonary Metastasectomy

Abstract Management of isolated metastatic deposits to the lungs and the role of surgical resection, specifically videoassisted thoracic surgery (VATS) techniques, have been controversial. The inability to perform a detailed bimanual palpation of the lung for occult lesions has been considered an inherent weakness in this approach. We have performed VATS resection for 205 patients with pulmonary metastatic disease and potentially curative VATS resection for 119 patients. VATS resection was successfully performed for all VATS diagnostic and therapeutic patients, with no perioperative deaths. Longitudinal follow-up demonstrated a mean survival of 20 months in the diagnostic group and 32 months in the therapeutic group. In the VATS therapeutic group, 44 (37%) patients remain free of disease at a mean follow-up of 37 months. Of the 69 recurrences, 6% were local, 25% were regional, and 67% were distant. In this review, the present role of VATS pulmonary metastasectomy will be examined.
Efficacy of intravascular volume resuscitation in dogs with acute cardiac tamponade.

Abstract Whether cardiac tamponade causes myocardial ischemia and whether volume resuscitation can improve coronary perfusion pressure and myocardial blood flow were studied by hemodynamic responses to three blood infusions of 15 ml/kg in dogs with left ventricular hypovolemia produced by cardiac tamponade (N = 10) or hemorrhage (N = 10). Coronary perfusion pressure decreased to 37 ± 2 mm Hg with tamponade and 39 ± 1 mm Hg with hemorrhage, causing significant blood flow decreases in both ventricles. Myocardial oxygen extraction increased significantly in both groups without affecting lactate extraction. Volume resuscitation after hemorrhage progressively restored hemodynamic variables to baseline values. Volume resuscitation after tamponade did not increase stroke volume, whereas it increased coronary sinus pressure to 19.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg ( p p
A closed form solution to a quadratic programming problem in complex variables

A special quadratic programming problem in complex variables is investigated for a closed form solution. Two different approaches are used. The first is a direct approach that leads to a family of solutions because of a singular matrix encountered in the solution process. The second is an indirect approach based on parametrizing the objective function. It leads to a solution which is a member in the above family and which is shown to be bounded.
Physics of water: Crystal-clear transition

Liquid–liquid phase separation is counted among the peculiar phenomena attributed to pure water, but rapid crystallization has rendered its existence hard to prove. Evidence of a 'naked' liquid–liquid transition in a system unencumbered by crystallization encourages us to keep searching.
Early intervention programs: an effective police accountability tool, or punishment of the productive?

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine one agency's experience with their early intervention program (EIP), exploring the specifics of the program as well as the characteristics of the officers who were identified by their EIP criteria.Design/methodology/approach – Using data from calendar year 2000 that were provided from the Internal Affairs Bureau of a large Southern police department, the characteristics of EIP and non‐EIP flagged officers, the classifying criteria examined, and the issue of productivity and opportunity investigated as they related to the classification criteria.Findings – EIP officers were more likely to be younger, male, and have fewer years of experience. Additionally, these officers made more arrests, filed more use of force reports, and used higher levels of force. All qualifications were based on the use of force. The findings highlighted the importance of considering the productivity of an officer along with the EIP criteria: opportunity (defined as the number of ...
The history of hemorrhoids

Abstract The methods of treating hemorrhoids have been remarkably similar in principle throughout the history of medicine. The surgical procedures employed by Hippocrates included the ligature operation, excision and cautery. These procedures have been carried through the ages with only minor alterations or variations but are the basis for all operations for hemorrhoids in use today. The fact that hemorrhoids are frequently mentioned in historical writings emphasizes the influence this affliction has had upon man throughout the ages.
A Time Lag Analysis of Temporal Relations between Motivation, Academic Achievement, and Two Cognitive Abilities.

Research Findings: The present study employed a time lag design to assess temporal relationships between motivation, academic achievement, and cognitive development. Eighty-one children from 2 preschool programs were measured twice, with an 11-week time lag, on 2 measures of motivation (marble drop task, bean bag toss task), 2 measures of cognitive development (seriation task, oddity principle task), and 2 measures of academic achievement from the Woodcock–Johnson III (Letter–Word Identification Scale, Applied Problems Scale). There were significant correlations between all of these variables. One clear-cut temporal relationship was found: Prior motivation predicted later academic achievement, but not vice versa. There was also some evidence of temporal relations between motivation and cognitive development, and between cognitive development and academic achievement, but the evidence for these relations was not as conclusive. Practice or Policy: It appears that at the preschool level, maintaining children...
Depositories and repositories: changing models of library storage in the USA

Purpose – To identify the issues faced by shared library storage facilities involving collection ownership, services, and governance.Design/methodology/approach – Literature‐based review describing the operations of shared library storage facilities in the USA.Findings – There are 50 or more library storage facilities in the USA (including separate compact shelving buildings or wings), with others in various stages of planning and construction. Most of the existing facilities are operated by individual academic libraries for their own collections, but increasing numbers of shared facilities are being planned and built. As more and more US academic libraries operate or share storage facilities, they face issues involving collection ownership, services, and governance within their own constituencies. These shared facilities can form the infrastructure for the evolving international network of print repositories.Originality/value – Provides models for operating shared library storage facilities and outlines ...
Hyperestrogenism: a relevant risk factor for the development of cancer from endometriosis.

Abstract Objective. Endometriosis is extremely common in developed countries. Obesity is a major health concern and may cause hyperestrogenism. Hormonal replacement, particularly unopposed estrogens after hysterectomy, is becoming popular. Because endometriosis is ectopic endometrium, hyperestrogenism (either endogenous or exogenous) may cause hyperplasia or transformation into cancer. This study was conducted to describe the main clinical and pathologic features of malignancies in endometriosis and define the treatment and outcome and to compare patients who had cancer arising in endometriosis with patients who had endometriosis but no cancer. Methods. Patients who had tumors from endometriosis diagnosed from 1986 to 1997 were analyzed retrospectively. Each patient was matched with two control patients (endometriosis without cancer) treated during the same study interval. Clinical and epidemiologic variables were compared to identify risk factors for the development of cancer. Result. We identified 31 patients with cancer developing from endometriosis. Fifteen women were obese, 9 had a history of endometriosis, and 9 were taking unopposed estrogen. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type (16 patients). When the patients with cancer were compared with controls, no significantly higher risk for the development of cancer was found with prolonged use of unopposed estrogens or with higher body mass index, but a trend was observed. When obesity and use of unopposed estrogens were considered together, the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.05). Conclusion. Hyperestrogenism, either endogenous or exogenous, is a significant risk factor for the development of cancer from endometriosis. The prevalences of endometriosis, obesity, and use of hormonal replacement therapy in women in developed countries are increasing, and this trend justifies the assumption that cancer developing in endometriosis might become more common in the future.
Mental health utilization among older Veterans with coexisting depression and dementia

Objective:We compared mental health service utilization among older, depressed Veterans (60 years or older) with and without coexisting dementia.Methods:This retrospective study examined data from the 2010 Veterans Health Administration National Patient Care Database outpatient treatment files of Veterans with a newly recognized diagnosis of depression (N = 177,710).Results:Approximately 48.84% with coexisting depression and dementia and 32.00% with depression only received mental health services within 12 months of diagnosis (p < .0001). Veterans with coexisting depression and dementia were more likely to receive medication-management appointments (33.40% vs 20.62%), individual therapy (13.39% vs 10.91%), and family therapy (3.77% vs 1.19%) than depressed Veterans without dementia.Conclusion:In general, Veterans with recently diagnosed depression are significantly underusing Veterans Affairs mental health treatment services. Those Veterans who have comorbid dementia are more likely than those with just d...
Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy for Centrally Located Early Stage or Isolated Parenchymal Recurrences of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: How to Fly in a “No Fly Zone”

Purpose We extended our previous experience with stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR; 50 Gy in 4 fractions) for centrally located non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); explored the use of 70 Gy in 10 fractions for cases in which dose-volume constraints could not be met with the previous regimen; and suggested modified dose-volume constraints. Methods and Materials Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT)-based volumetric image-guided SABR was used for 100 patients with biopsy-proven, central T1-T2N0M0 (n=81) or isolated parenchymal recurrence of NSCLC (n=19). All disease was staged with positron emission tomography/CT; all tumors were within 2 cm of the bronchial tree, trachea, major vessels, esophagus, heart, pericardium, brachial plexus, or vertebral body. Endpoints were toxicity, overall survival (OS), local and regional control, and distant metastasis. Results At a median follow-up time of 30.6 months, median OS time was 55.6 months, and the 3-year OS rate was 70.5%. Three-year cumulative actuarial local, regional, and distant control rates were 96.5%, 87.9%, and 77.2%, respectively. The most common toxicities were chest-wall pain (18% grade 1, 13% grade 2) and radiation pneumonitis (11% grade 2 and 1% grade 3). No patient experienced grade 4 or 5 toxicity. Among the 82 patients receiving 50 Gy in 4 fractions, multivariate analyses showed mean total lung dose >6 Gy, V 20 >12%, or ipsilateral lung V 30 >15% to independently predict radiation pneumonitis; and 3 of 9 patients with brachial plexus D max >35 Gy experienced brachial neuropathy versus none of 73 patients with brachial D max P =.001). Other toxicities were analyzed and new dose-volume constraints are proposed. Conclusions SABR for centrally located lesions produces clinical outcomes similar to those for peripheral lesions when normal tissue constraints are respected.
Survival analysis and risk factors for mortality in transplantation and staged surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Abstract OBJECTIVES We compared survival in treatment strategies and determined risk factors for one-year mortality for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) using intention-to-treat analysis. BACKGROUND Staged revision of the native heart and transplantation as treatments for HLHS have been compared in treatment-received analyses, which can bias results. METHODS Data on 231 infants with HLHS, born between 1989 and 1994 and intended for surgery, were collected from four pediatric cardiac surgical centers. Status at last contact for survival analysis and mortality at one year for risk factor analysis were the outcome measures. RESULTS Survival curves showed improved survival for patients intended for transplantation over patients intended for staged surgery. One-year survival was 61% for transplantation and 42% for staged surgery (p CONCLUSIONS Transplantation produced significantly higher survival at all ages up to seven years. Patients with atresia of one or both valves do poorly in staged surgery and have significantly higher survival with transplantation. This information may be useful in directing patients to the better strategy for them.
GH51 Arabinofuranosidase and Its Role in the Methylglucuronoarabinoxylan Utilization System in Paenibacillus sp. Strain JDR-2

Methylglucuronoarabinoxylan (MeGAXn) from agricultural residues and energy crops is a significant yet underutilized biomass resource for production of biofuels and chemicals. Mild thermochemical pretreatment of bagasse yields MeGAXn requiring saccharifying enzymes for conversion to fermentable sugars. A xylanolytic bacterium, Paenibacillus sp. strain JDR-2, produces an extracellular cell-associated GH10 endoxylanse (XynA1) which efficiently depolymerizes methylglucuronoxylan (MeGXn) from hardwoods coupled with assimilation of oligosaccharides for further processing by intracellular GH67 α-glucuronidase, GH10 endoxylanase, and GH43 β-xylosidase. This process has been ascribed to genes that comprise a xylan utilization regulon that encodes XynA1 and includes a gene cluster encoding transcriptional regulators, ABC transporters, and intracellular enzymes that convert assimilated oligosaccharides to fermentable sugars. Here we show that Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 utilized MeGAXn without accumulation of oligosaccharides in the medium. The Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 growth rate on MeGAXn was 3.1-fold greater than that on oligosaccharides generated from MeGAXn by XynA1. Candidate genes encoding GH51 arabinofuranosidases with potential roles were identified. Following growth on MeGAXn, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR identified a cluster of genes encoding a GH51 arabinofuranosidase (AbfB) and transcriptional regulators which were coordinately expressed along with the genes comprising the xylan utilization regulon. The action of XynA1 on MeGAXn generated arabinoxylobiose, arabinoxylotriose, xylobiose, xylotriose, and methylglucuronoxylotriose. Recombinant AbfB processed arabinoxylooligosaccharides to xylooligosaccharides and arabinose. MeGAXn processing by Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 may be achieved by extracellular depolymerization by XynA1 coupled to assimilation of oligosaccharides and further processing by intracellular enzymes, including AbfB. Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 provides a GH10/GH67 system complemented with genes encoding intracellular GH51 arabinofuranosidases for efficient utilization of MeGAXn.
Crystallographic data for lysozyme from the egg white of the Embden goose.

Abstract Two crystal forms of lysozyme from the egg white of the embden goose (Anser anser) have been obtained, both of which are suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The monoclinic form has space group P21 with cell dimensions a = 38.3 A , b = 65.7 A , c = 45.2 a , β = 116 ° and the triclinic form (space group P1) has cell dimensions of a = 39.9 A , b = 42.2 A , c = 57.9 A and α = 98.8 °, β = 102.5 °, γ = 90.5 °.
Triple gauge boson decay of heavy Higgs bosons

Abstract The decay of heavy Higgs scalars into three gauge boson final states (e.g., W+W−Z) is examined. We find that such final states can have significant ( ⪆0.03% ) branching ratios for Higgs masses ⪆750 GeV . Such final states may provide an additional signal and probe (but with very low rate) for Higgs production at the SSC and provide information on the trilinear gauge couplings.
Introduction to developmental robotics

Developmental robotics is a broad, new discipline that lies at the intersections of psychology, biology, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. This new field was inspired by the fact that most complex and intelligent biological organisms (as opposed to artificial ones) undergo an extended period of development before reaching their adult form and adult abilities. This new rubric captures the essential features of many related, previous research agendas, including embodied cognition, evolutionary robotics and machine learning. Although developmental robotics combines many of these previous efforts, it also has fundamental differences that separate it in a number of interesting ways. To appreciate these differences, it is useful to reflect on the history of robotics and AI. Since the inception of AI in the 1950s, its practitioners have been striving to create intelligent machines. There have been some notable successes in restricted domains, such as game playing. However, the vision of creating general-purpose, human-like intelligence has not yet been achieved. To date, there have been three primary approaches to trying to create intelligent robots: direct programming; supervised machine learning; and evolutionary adaptation (Weng et al. 2001). In direct programming, a human engineer analyses the problem domain, determines a solution and then implements the solution in a program. Here the intelligence resides solely in the human engineer, the robot is merely acting out the pre-programmed commands. Robots created by direct programming tend to be brittle and fail in new situations not anticipated by the human engineer. In supervised learning, a human engineer creates a series of training situations describing how the robot should respond to particular sensory inputs. The robot learns to mimic the training data and typically makes useful generalizations that apply to novel situations that were never seen during training. This is an improvement over direct programming in that the robot, rather than the human engineer, determines how to solve the problem, and the robot can go beyond what it was initially exposed to, leading to more robust behaviour. However,
A comparison of fluconazole with ketoconazole, itraconazole, and clotrimazole in the treatment of patients with pityriasis versicolor

Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial recurring mycotic infection frequently encountered in tropical countries. The challenge for clinicians is selecting an antifungal therapy that produces long-lasting cure, good patient compliance, and a low incidence of adverse effects. Three open-label, randomized, comparative multicenter studies were conducted in South America to assess the efficacy and safety of fluconazole (two 300-mg doses given 1 week apart, and, if necessary, a third dose given 1 week later) with those of ketoconazole (200 mg daily for 10 or 14 days), itraconazole (200 mg daily for 7 days), or clotrimazole 1% cream (two applications daily for 21 days) in the treatment of patients with mycologically proven pityriasis versicolor. Clinical signs and symptoms of skin infection and microscopic examination and cultures of lesion scrapings were assessed at baseline and on days 14, 30 (or 37 for patients who received the third fluconazole dose), and 60. Safety was assessed on days 7, 14, 30 (or 37 for patients who received the third fluconazole dose), and 60. A total of 388 patients received study drug: 194 in the three fluconazole groups and 194 in the ketoconazole, itraconazole, and clotrimazole comparator groups. The combined clinical response rate (cure plus improvement) at early follow-up (day 14) in the fluconazole treatment groups was 91.2%, a response that was maintained at the day 60 evaluation. Similar clinical response rates were found among patients treated with the comparator drugs. Although the eradication rate at day 14 was significantly lower in the fluconazole group (39.1%) than in the itraconazole group (56.5%), no significant differences in eradication rate between fluconazole and each of the comparator drugs were found at later follow-up assessments (days 30 and 60). The highest rate of reinfection (15.3%) was found in itraconazole-treated patients at day 60. The incidence of adverse events was low in all treatment groups, and no clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were reported. The results of these studies indicate that fluconazole administered as two or three weekly 300-mg doses to patients with pityriasis versicolor was well tolerated and at least as effective as accepted regimens employing ketoconazole, itraconazole, and topical clotrimazole. This fluconazole regimen represents an attractive alternative to prolonged daily oral or topical therapy.
Asynchronous Nano-Electronics: Preliminary Investigation

This paper is a preliminary investigation in implementing asynchronous QDI logic in molecular nano-electronics, taking into account the restricted geometry, the lack of control on transistor strengths, the high timing variations. We show that the main building blocks of QDI logic can be successfully implemented; we illustrate the approach with the layout of an adder stage. The proposed techniques to improve the reliability of QDI apply to nano-CMOS as well.
An Online Approach to Physical Design Tuning

There has been considerable work on automated physical design tuning for database systems. Existing solutions require offline invocations of the tuning tool and depend on DBAs identifying representative workloads manually. In this work, we propose an alternative approach to the physical design problem. Specifically we design algorithms that are always-on and continuously modify the current physical design reacting to changes in the query workload. Our techniques have low overhead and take into account storage constraints, update statements, and the cost to create temporary physical structures.
AKT Controls Human First Trimester Trophoblast Cell Sensitivity to FAS-Mediated Apoptosis by Regulating XIAP Expression

The PIK3/AKT pathway plays an important role in both the inhibition of the apoptotic cascade and the promotion of cell growth and proliferation. Multiple apoptosis-related targets of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PIK3) and protein kinase B (AKT) have been identified, including the antiapoptotic protein XIAP. By phosphorylating XIAP, AKT was previously shown to prevent the ubiquitinization and degradation of XIAP. First-trimester trophoblast cells express high levels of XIAP, which protects them from certain apoptotic stimuli. In this study, we determine that the inhibition of the PIK3/AKT pathway induces XIAP inactivation and the activation of caspase 3 in first-trimester trophoblast cells. Using a specific AKT inhibitor and a XIAP mutant construct, which mimics the AKT phosphorylated form of XIAP, we also demonstrate that these effects are dependent on the phosphorylation of XIAP by AKT. Finally, we show that the selective inhibition of AKT renders normally resistant first-trimester trophoblast cells sensitive to FAS-mediated apoptosis by regulating XIAP expression. Our findings may provide a link between AKT, XIAP, and the regulation of the FAS apoptotic cascade in first-trimester trophoblast cells and contribute to our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms mediating normal trophoblast physiology during pregnancy.
Eddy Diffusivity and Instrument Resolution in Relation to Plant Height

Eddy diffusivities were computed from Bowen ratio-energy balance data for nine surfaces ranging from 0.5 to 30 m in height and with different aerodynamic roughnesses. The eddy diffusivities increased with plant height, surface roughness and instability. The respective midday eddy diffusivities for alfalfa, saltcedar and Douglas fir were 0.08, 0.8 and 8m2 s−1, when the evaporation rates ranged from 800 to 900 W m−2 over alfalfa and saltcedar and 250 to 350 W m−2 over Douglas fir. The accompanying temperature gradients were about 2.0, 0.20 and 0.03 °C m−1 while the vapor pressure gradients were about 0.4, 0.05 and 0.002 kPa m−1. These observations illustrate that increased data recording resolution is required for Bowen ratio analyses over aerodynamically rough surfaces. Temperature gradient measurements to 1 part in 100 will require a resolution of 0.02 °C over alfalfa, and 0.0003 °C over the rough canopy of Douglas fir. If one uses resistance thermometers with an output of 2 mV °C−1 the effective recording resolution should be at least 0.02 mV over alfalfa, and 0.0006 mV over vegetation as rough as the Douglas-fir stand.
Elastic Green's function for a damaged interface in anisotropic materials

We present the derivation of the elastic Green’s function for an anisotropic bimaterial in a state of plane strain. A Fourier transform method is used to calculate the Green’s function. A discontinuity in displacement is permitted across the interface between the two solids. This provides a useful functional form for parameterizing damage along an interface. We show several examples for the form of the displacement discontinuity and calculate the displacement Green’s function for each. The Green’s function derived here is applicable to a variety of interface problems between two different anisotropic solids or for two similar solids at different orientations.
Interaction of the yeast DExH-box RNA helicase Prp22p with the 3' splice site during the second step of nuclear pre-mRNA splicing

Using site-specific incorporation of the photochemical cross-linking reagent 4-thiouridine, we demonstrate the previously unknown association of two proteins with yeast 3′ splice sites. One of these is an unidentified ~122 kDa protein that cross-links to 3′ splice sites during formation of the pre-spliceosome. The other factor is the DExH-box RNA helicase, Prp22p. With substrates functional in the second step of splicing, only very weak cross-linking of Prp22p to intron sequences at the 3′ splice site is observed. In contrast, substrates blocked at the second step exhibit strong cross-linking of Prp22 to intron sequences at the 3′ splice site, but not to adjacent exon sequences. In vitro reconstitution experiments also show that the association of Prp22p with intron sequences at the 3′ splice site is dependent on Prp16p and does not persist when release of mature mRNA from the spliceosome is blocked. Taken together, these results suggest that the 3′ splice site of yeast introns is contacted much earlier than previously envisioned by a protein of ~120 kDa, and that a transient association of Prp22p with the 3′ splice site occurs between the first and second catalytic steps.
A method of assessing the sensitivity of the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to an unobserved confounder.

Observational studies, including the case-control design frequently used in epidemiology, are subject to a number of biases and possible confounding factors. Failure to adjust with them may lead to an erroneous conclusion about the existence of a causal relationship between exposure and disease. The Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel (CMH) test is widely used to measure the strength of the association between an exposure and disease or response, after stratifying on the observed covariates. Thus, observed confounders are accounted for in the analysis. In practice, there may be causal variables that are unknown or difficult to obtain. Hence, they are not incorporated into the analysis. Sensitivity analysis enables investigators to assess the robustness of the findings. A method for assessing the sensitivity of the CMH test to an omitted confounder is presented here. The technique is illustrated by re-examining two datasets: one concerns the effect of maternal hypertension as a risk factor for low birth weight infants and the other focuses on the risk of allopurinol on having a rash. The computer code performing the sensitivity analysis is provided in appendix A.
Flame Sheet Model for Stagnation Point Flows

Stagnation point flow flame sheet model, showing density-viscosity product variation for injection rate effect on velocity profile
Early Perceptual Learning

Bhatt and Quinn (2011) present a compelling case that human learning is early in two very different, but interacting, senses. Learning is developmentally early in that even infants show strikingly robust adaptation to the structures present in their world. Learning is also early in an information processing sense because infants’ adapt their perceptual encodings and organizations at an early stage of neural processing. Both senses of ‘‘early’’ speak to the importance of learning because they imply that learners are adapting their representations of their environment in a way that affects all ‘‘down-stream’’ processing. Developmentally speaking, the learning that an infant enacts serves as the groundwork for all subsequent learning. In terms of information processing, adapting early-stage sensory and perceptual processes in turn affects all subsequent cognitive processes. There is evidence from neuroscience that interactions with an environment do cause early changes to primary
Temporal Variation in Adolescent Suicide Attempts

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between adolescent suicide attempts and temporal cycles in a multiethnic population. Medical records at two hospitals in the state of Hawaii were reviewed for all adolescents (ages 12-18) admitted for suicide attempts during the years 1987-1991. Results showed 296 adolescents attempted suicide, and as hypothesized, temporal factors were associated with the attempts. A significant increase in attempts was found during the afternoon/evening and on Mondays and Tuesdays, transition points between home and school. The results are discussed and implications for delivery and temporal theory development considered.
Deaf Children's Engagement in an Educational Video in American Sign Language

Over time, children's educational television has successfully modified programming to incorporate research-based strategies to facilitate learning and engagement during viewing. However, research has been limited on whether these same strategies would work with preschool deaf children viewing videos in American Sign Language. In a descriptive study, engagement behaviors of 25 preschool deaf children during multiple viewings of an educational video in ASL were examined. The video incorporated research-based interactive strategies to facilitate engagement while targeting vocabulary through ASL, fingerspelling, and English print. Each of 3 viewing sessions was recorded; videos were transcribed and coded for frequency of children's movements, pointing, fingerspelling, and signing. Behaviors were analyzed for frequency within and across multiple viewings and by level of signing skills. It was found that each of these engagement behaviors occurred frequently throughout viewings and increased across multiple viewings regardless of a child's age or signing skills.
Loss of Resistance to Ingestion and Phagocytic Killing by O(-) and K(-) Mutants of a Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli O75:K5 Strain

To determine the importance of the O75 O antigen and the K5 capsular antigen in resistance to phagocytosis and phagocytic killing, we used previously described O75− and K5− mutants from an O75+ K5+ wild-type uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain in phagocytosis assays with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. At a 10-to-1 ratio of bacteria to phagocytes and in the presence of 10% serum, the parental strain GR-12 was resistant to both PMNs and monocytes over a 2-h incubation period. The O75− and K5− mutants were similar in sensitivity to killing by both PMNs and monocytes, decreasing in viability by 80% in the first hour. Yet, a significant difference in killing between the O75− and K5− mutants was observed in the first 15 min of incubation. The K5− mutant decreased in numbers by almost 60%, while the O75− mutant increased in numbers similarly to GR-12 in the first 15 min. The difference in killing was found not to be due to the rate of opsonization. To further determine the mechanism of resistance, a fluorescence assay was used to differentiate attached and internalized bacteria. The K5 capsule hindered the association of both the wild-type strain and the O75− mutant in the initial incubation time with PMNs. In conclusion, both the K5 capsule and O75 O antigen play crucial roles in resistance to phagocytosis over time.
Efficient amplification of a broad-band optical signal through stimulated Kerr scattering in a CS/sub 2/ liquid-core fiber system

Based on the mechanism of stimulated Kerr scattering of anisotropic molecules in a transparent liquid, a broad-band ( approximately 200 AA) ASE (amplified spontaneous emission) signal from a pulsed dye laser amplifier can be significantly amplified by passing through a 2.5 m long CS/sub 2/ liquid-core hollow fiber system. This system is pumped by ultrashort laser pulses with a pulse duration of 4 or 0.5 ps. The measured amplification factor of the ASE signal after passing through the fiber system can be up to 5*10/sup 4/ in the case of 4 ps pump laser pulses, and 4*10/sup 5/ in the case of 0.5 ps pump pulses. The gain saturation and spatially cascaded effect of the stimulated scattering processes become predominant when the pump intensity level is very high (I/sub 0/>or=3 approximately 4 GW/cm/sup 2/). >
Endoscopic Repair of Isolated Anterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures

BackgroundRecently developed endoscopic brow-lifting techniques and instrumentation are being used for treatment of anterior table frontal sinus fractures. Potential endoscopic treatment options in...
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT MOTIVATIONS: Understanding Why Some Do and Some Don’t

This research explores what motivates citizens to participate on local government boards, committees, councils and commissions. We find that the everyday citizen’s definition of civic engagement includes more than service on government boards, committees, councils, and commissions. Participation in charitable and religious organizations is also identified as civic engagement. Personal affiliations are as motivating as the expectation of building social capital. Non-participants, on the other hand, suggest that they do not participate because they dislike the way elected officials behave and want to avoid a similar experience. Participants have positive, yet pragmatic, perceptions of the outcomes of civic engagement. The ability to generalize the results from this study is limited by the sampling strategy employed and number of respondents. In the conclusions we identify future research areas that can overcome the explorative nature of the study and hypothesize which can be confirmed in a follow on study with a larger and representative sampling.
Radical archaeology and middle-range methodology

Methodologies for learning about the past are currently at issue within archaeology. This paper considers learning from the standpoint of a ‘radical’ archaeology. One strand of a radical archaeology's approach to learning–a Marxist strand–is discussed, and its main methodological challenge identified. This challenge is the development of middle-range frameworks for recognizing what Binford and others term ‘ambiguity’ – unexpected variation in the archaeological record from which fresh insights about the past can be produced. Concepts and ideas for constructing appropriate middle-ranges for a radical archaeology are discussed.
Functional Nanomaterials: Energy and Sensing

Sponsored by the Nanomaterials Committee, this special topic has a unique combination of short review papers and research papers on some recent advances for using functional nanomaterials for energy conversion/storage and optical/electric/magnetic signal sensing. The invited paper from Zhu’s group is an extension of their talk ‘‘One-Dimensional Nanostructures for Wearable Devices’’ presented at the TMS 2015 Annual Meeting & Exhibition (TMS2015). The paper reviews nanomaterial-enabled dry electrodes for electrophysiological sensing, particularly on electrocardiography (ECG). It starts with an overview of two different commercial electrodes (i.e., pre-gelled wet electrode and dry electrode), their electrode–skin interface models and the source of noise. The overview shows that dry electrodes have certain advantages over the wet ones, such as the elimination of signal degradation caused by dehydration of the gel. The overview also points out that (1) flexible dry electrodes are needed to form intimate contact with skin surface so that the movement of electrodes and motion artifacts can be suppressed and reduced, and (2) the nanomaterials-based electrode could be the solution. The paper then presents a comprehensive review on recent developments of dry ECG electrodes made of various nanomaterials, including metallic nanowires, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and graphene. Their fabrication processes and performances are discussed. The paper concludes that nanomaterials-enabled dry ECG electrodes are attractive candidates for long-term ECG sensing, and calls for more studies in this field. The invited paper from Zhao’s team is a recap of their talk ‘‘Detecting Bacteria by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy’’ at TMS2015. This paper reports how surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) contributes to food safety by detecting the low levels of pathogenic microorganisms that may exist in foods. In particular, vegetables and fruits are vulnerable to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms since they are natural vehicles of pathogens from cultivation to delivery. Therefore, to detect a small amount of harmful microorganisms is a very important, but challenging task for food safety. Compared with traditional Raman spectroscopy, SERS exploits novel metal nanostructures to enhance the sensitivity. In this study, the authors demonstrate that the limit of detection (LOD) of Salmonella Poona from cantaloupe cubes can be as low as 100 CFU/ml in less than 4 h by performing SERS measurements on vancomycin-coated silver nanorod (VAN AgNR) substrates. It is claimed that such a small LOD has not previously been reported for label-free, intrinsic SERS detection using real food samples. This result suggests that the SERS detection technique based on AgNR is a powerful platform for a rapid, simple, and inexpensive means of pathogenic bacteria detection, which will be very useful in securing the safety of fresh foods.
Notes on Boletes. XI.

C. SUBFAMILY XEROCOMOIDEAE Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Bres. subsp. albomycelinus Sing., Xerocomus badius (Fr.) Kuihner ex Gilb., X. chrysenteron (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel., X. illudens (Pk.) Sing., and X. subtomentosus (L. ex Fr.) Quel. D. SUBFAMILY BOLETOIDEAE Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr. subsp. clavipes Pk., B. griseus Frost subsp. griseus, B. luridus Schaeff. ex Fr., B. pallidus Frost, B. rubellus Krombh. subsp. fraternus (Pk.) Sing., B. speciosus Frost, B. subvelutipes Pk., B. vermiculosus Pk., Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst., 564
XFROG Retrieval of Extremely Complex Pulses

We test the polarization-gating cross-correlation frequency-resolved-optical-gating (PG XFROG) algorithm for retrieving extremely complex pulses with time-bandwidth products of ~1000.
Pyrogenic inputs of anthropogenic Pb and Hg to sediments of the Hood Canal, Washington, in the 20th century: source evidence from stable Pb isotopes and PAH signatures.

Combustion-derived PAHs and stable Pb isotopic signatures (206Pb/207Pb) in sedimentary records assisted in reconstructing the sources of atmospheric inputs of anthropogenic Pb and Hg to the Hood Ca...
A Follow-up Research on Physical Health Status of Students of Art Colleges

Through documents study and mathematical statistics methods,analyess four years'physical condition of fine art's students in China art institute and studies the physical condition of four years.A conclusion has been drawn that is in terms of physical condition,there are remarkable differences between the students and other students of the same age.When students have PE lessons,their body function and quality index are stably and significantly improved to a high level.For high-graders who don't have PE lessons,their body function and quality index drop obviously except body shape index.So we put forward some suggestions on the reform of physical education in universities aiming at promoting physical quality of the students in the universities.
The Inspiration of "Frerch Societe Generale Event" to Bank Risk Control

"French SG Event" reveals problems in bank risk control system,professional integrity of employees,and use of financial tools.The article analyses from both the inside and outside of the bank to find out the reasons of the problems in bank management and puts forward countermeasures,so as to enhance the bank management of risk control.
Ammonia entry along rat proximal tubule in vivo: effects of luminal pH and flow rate.

The roles of luminal pH and flow rate in determining ammonia entry along the rat proximal tubule were examined using in vivo microperfusion. With perfusion rate constant at 15 nl/min, perfusate bicarbonate concentration was varied. Collected fluid ammonia concentration correlated with collected fluid bicarbonate concentration, consistent with nonionic diffusion (r = 0.726; P less than 0.001). Hence ammonia entry was dependent on luminal pH. With perfusate bicarbonate constant at 5 or 25 mM, perfusion rate was varied. In all groups, there was little change in collected fluid ammonia concentration with flow rate. Thus ammonia entry was also highly dependent on flow rate. With paired collections using a 25 mM bicarbonate perfusate, collected fluid bicarbonate was higher at a 30 nl/min perfusion rate than at 15 nl/min (16.8+/- 1.1 vs. 10.3+/- 1.1 mM), whereas total ammonia concentrations were similar (0.54+/- 0.1 and 0.55+/- 0.1). Thus the NH3 concentration was higher at 30 than at 15 nl/min (6.1+/- 1.2 vs. 3.4+/- 0.5 microM; P less than 0.025), a result not predicted by simple nonionic diffusion. Thus these studies demonstrate the importance of nonionic diffusion in determining ammonia entry along the proximal tubule. However, the results also demonstrate that flow rate importantly determines ammonia entry in vivo in a manner not predicted by simple nonionic diffusion of NH3. This augmentation of ammonia entry with increasing flow rate may involve flow-dependent alterations in ammonia synthesis or transport of NH+4.
Delicious but Malicious

This case discusses the synergistic pharmacodynamic interaction between the mineralocorticoid activity of licorice, and the diuretic effects of hydrochlorothiazide, each contributing to the development of hypokalemia.
Some New Observations on Yield Surfaces

This paper presents the results of experiments in which two thinwalled tubes of commercially pure aluminium in the annealed condition were loaded in combined tension and torsion in the plastic region at elevated temperatures. In the first test prestressing was in torsion but of a cyclic nature. In the other test prestressing included a path reversal in tension. It is shown that the hardening law introduced previously [3] is such that prestressing towards the origin of the stress space produces an increase in the width of the yield curve in the prestressing direction. It is also shown that a locus of zero deformation of yield surfaces can be postulated.
Neuroprotective levels of IGF-1 exacerbate epileptogenesis after brain injury.

Exogenous Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is neuroprotective in animal models of brain injury, and has been considered as a potential therapeutic. Akt-mTOR and MAPK are downstream targets of IGF-1 signaling that are activated after brain injury. However, both brain injury and mTOR are linked to epilepsy, raising the possibility that IGF-1 may be epileptogenic. Here, we considered the role of IGF-1 in development of epilepsy after brain injury, using the organotypic hippocampal culture model of post-traumatic epileptogenesis. We found that IGF-1 was neuroprotective within a few days of injury but that long-term IGF-1 treatment was pro-epileptic. Pro-epileptic effects of IGF-1 were mediated by Akt-mTOR signaling. We also found that IGF-1 – mediated increase in epileptic activity led to neurotoxicity. The dualistic nature of effects of IGF-1 treatment demonstrates that anabolic enhancement through IGF-1 activation of mTOR cascade can be beneficial or harmful depending on the stage of the disease. Our findings suggest that epilepsy risk may need to be considered in the design of neuroprotective treatments for brain injury.
CT in Acute Meningitis

The role of CT in the acute management of bacterial meningitis in 30 children was evaluated at the Department of Pediatrics, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, England.
The Working Alliance in Psychiatric Care: Agreement Communication and Trust in Action

The physician-patient working alliance has been associated with improved patient satisfaction and adherence. However, up until now there has only been a patient form with which to assess the working alliance in medicine. The current study presents the provider form of the physician-patient working alliance, along with psychometric evidence and support. Participants were 106 psychiatrists (61 men and 45 women). They were selected from a database of providers in the Northeast of the U.S. and were asked to complete a mailed survey and to return it in stamped addressed envelope. We found evidence that the provider form is reliable and valid, and that the providers' ratings' of the working alliance were closely and significantly associated with their satisfaction with the treatment and with ratings of treatment outcome. The provider form of the physician-patient working alliance appears to be a reliable and valid measure of the working alliance. Providers' ratings of the working alliance can now be assessed and examined along with patients' ratings of the working alliance. Use of the measures may inform the relationship in medical treatment and advance the quality of care provided to patients.
Teacher perspectives on indicators of adolescent social and emotional problems.

Teachers are a primary source of referral to mental health services for children and adolescents. However, studies find that students identified by teachers differ from those identified by standard...