cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonproliferation Treaty and Peaceful Application of Nuclear Explosion

On January 18, 1968, the United States and the Soviet Union submitted to the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament a joint draft treaty to ban the spread of nuclear weapons. The draft provides that nuclear-weapon states will not assist non-nuclear-weapon states in manufacturing or acquiring "nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices." This would preclude the development of nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes by non-nuclear-weapon states. Some non-nuclear-weapon states have objected to these provisions because of their concern over their possible inability to benefit fully from peaceful applications of nuclear explosions. Therefore, the draft also provides that the parties to the treaty shall cooperate to "insure that potential benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will be made available through appropriate international procedures to non-nuclear-weapon states" party to the treaty and that such non-nuclear-weapons states may "obtain any such benefits on a bilateral basis or through an appropriate international body with adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon states." In terms of availability, experience, and general acceptability, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the most likely candidate to serve as a universal supplier of explosive devices and of technical assistance for peaceful applications of nuclear explosives. This Comment will explore the kinds of procedures that would be appropriate for dealing with peaceful uses of nuclear explosions in such a way as to further the purposes of the proposed nonproliferation treaty, and will examine the problems that would be faced by the IAEA in instituting and administering these procedures.
Specificity of nuclear protein binding to a CYP1A1 negative regulatory element.

Abstract Primary cultures of rat epidermal keratinocytes lose the ability to respond to chemicals with the induction of CYP1A1 gene expression after approximately 15 passages. This repression is mediated by a CT-rich direct repeat negative regulatory DNA (NeRD) element present in the upstream regulatory region of the CYP1A1 gene. Competitive gel retardation analysis using keratinocyte nuclear extracts and mutant NeRD oligonucleotides revealed the presence of two specific protein–NeRD complexes and revealed the specific nucleotides important for the formation of each complex. These studies demonstrate that these two factors bind to overlapping sites within the NeRD element. Nucleotide specificity of complex A formation is similar to that of previously identified nuclear silencing factors, while that of complex B appears to represent a unique CT-rich binding factor. These results suggest that repression of CYP1A1 gene expression in high passage keratinocytes may involve the interplay between at least two specific NeRD binding factors.
A stochastic axial dispersion model for tubular flow reactors

Abstract The continuous limit of a general random walk gives rise to the stochastic or Kolmogorov diffusion form of an axial dispersion model for tubular flow reactors. The resultant equation is different from the Kolmogorov diffusion equations available in the literature, in that it includes a term to account for the chemical reaction occurring in the reactor. A comparison has been made between the axial dispersion model for tubular flow reactors of the Kolmogorov diffusion form and that of the Fickian diffusion form. While the drift and dispersion or diffusion coefficients in the former are derived quantities having explicit physical significance, the dispersion or diffusion coefficient in the latter, strictly speaking, is a proportionality constant that needs to be determined empirically. The appropriate initial and boundary conditions are presented and discussed. Under the assumption that thermal energy is totally transported by flowing molecules or particles, the results obtained in this work may be applicable to thermal transport through the reactor operated adiabatically.
Reinventing the composition/literature course

Like people who keep returning to the same spot looking for a lost object, composition teachers sometimes retrace their steps, seeking the formulas for successful writing instruction. In both cases, those who go back without learning from their search show more hope than wisdom. Recently, a number of leaders in our profession have urged that we recombine literature and composition, arguing that the two disciplines complement each other. However, if we recombine them without incorporating the knowledge we have gained since most composition/ literature courses were phased out, we will show that we have forgotten the reasons for which we did phase them out, and that we do not learn from the part of our discipline which is a science and not an art. Having taught in a composition/literature program that was wisely dismantled, and having listened to the arguments for and against comp/lit, I am convinced that there is a possibility that we will join them in an unenlightened reinvention. On the other hand, I am also convinced that with the benefit of new knowledge, the result of recent research, we can design and teach comp/lit courses more productively than before, though not necessarily more productively than alternative writing courses. Therefore, I would like to suggest three ways in which a reinvented comp/lit course can really be a writing course and can, at the same time, retain the benefits of literary exposure. These suggestions involve the framing of topics, the use of class time for writing activity, and the creation of a functioning sense of audience. Before I present these three suggestions, I would like to summarize several principles of teaching comp/lit offered by three teachers-Hart, Slack, and Woodruff-back in the fifties. These principles are the soundest I know from the days when comp/lit was thriving, and we will show progress by incorporating them into our reinvention. The comp/lit program that I helped dismantle would have been more successful and survivable if it had followed them. First, easy to say but hard to practice, the teacher "must firmly resist the temptation to teach literature." The rationale for combining composition and literature is that they reinforce
Screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection among preterm infants born before the 34th gestational week in Finland

83 infants born before 34 weeks of gestation between 1989 and 1990 and cared for at a neonatal intensive care unit in Kuopio, Finland, were screened for congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, defined as a positive culture from the sample of urine taken on the first day after birth. Four infants were infected and excreted CMV in the urine. The overall incidence of CMV excretors was 4.8%. The incidence was 1/13 infants born before 28 weeks’ gestation and 3/70 infants born between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation. The 4 CMV excretors were followed up for 12–25 months. Two children had normal psychomotor and mental development but exhibited decreasing head growth during follow-up. The other 2 developed severe psychomotor retardation, retinopathy of prematurity, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly. The long-term morbidity was associated not only with congenital CMV infection but to prematurity as well. The incidence of congenital CMV excretors in this preterm population seemed to be higher than reported previou...
Azeotropic distillation as an enrichment strategy for determination of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract A wide variety of environmentally significant aromatic hydrocarbons have been found to undergo azeotropic distillation with glycerol and related hydroxylic azeotroping agents. This classical but previously neglected separation method is often quicker and more efficient than Soxhlet extraction for many sample types. In addition, many interfering substances typically encountered in environmental analyses such as large triglycerides do not form azeotropes and therefore are cleanly excluded from the analysis. Azeotropic distillation is much faster and often more complete than solvent extraction. Additionally, this approach significantly minimizes the use of organic solvents in the environmental laboratory while introducing only relatively benign materials such as glycerol.
Amantadine for traumatic brain injury: does it improve cognition and reduce agitation?

Summary Objective: To review the available literature pertaining to amantadine as therapy for improving cognition and reducing agitation following a non-penetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data sources: Clinical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (from 1966 to February 2004) and bibliographic searches. Key search terms included ‘amantadine’, ‘traumatic brain injury’, ‘cognition’, and ‘agitation’. Data synthesis: Amantadine is primarily used for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A. Its ability to improve mentation and motor function in patients with head injury remains questionable. An evaluation of five clinical trials, two case reports, and one case series is conducted focusing on the use of amantadine following TBI. Patients in clinical trials were assessed using a variety of neuropsychological tools aimed at, among other things, assessing cognition and agitation. Although individual patient results varied, the majority of patients studied showed improved neuropsychological test scores. Similar observations are noted in the case reports and case series. Improvement in cognition and reduced agitation seems to occur with post-injury amantadine therapy. Conclusions: Amantadine is a reasonable option for improving cognition and reducing agitation following a TBI but confirmatory evidence of the efficacy the drug is necessary.
Genetic counterselective procedure to isolate interspecific cell hybrids containing single human chromosomes: construction of cell hybrids and recombinant DNA libraries specific for human chromosomes 3 and 4.

Counterselection against genes on human chromosome 5 was applied to interspecific human-Chinese hamster cell hybrids which retained this and one additional human chromosome in order to generate cell hybrids retaining single, nonselected human chromosomes. Using this procedure, stable cell hybrids which retain human chromosome 3 exclusively or human chromosome 4 exclusively were isolated. Complete recombinant genomic DNA libraries were prepared from each hybrid using the λ cloning vector EMBL-4. These libraries represent sources of human DNA fragments derived specifically from chromosomes 3 and 4, respectively. Low-copy or unique human DNA fragments isolated from both libraries were analyzed to confirm their chromosomal origin and to determine the complexity of their hybridization patterns to total human DNA. These single human chromosome libraries represent a means to efficiently saturate chromosomes 3 and 4 with informative, polymorphic genetic markers. DNA fragments from the chromosome 4 library will be particularly useful in identifying additional genetic markers close to the Huntington's disease gene. The same genetic counterselective procedure can be utilized to derive several additional cell hybrids with single human chromosomes.
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis function following childbirth. An extended evaluation.

PURPOSE: Women undergoing Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) are frequently within reproductive years and eager to bear children. Management issues have been raised regarding the effects of pregnancy and delivery on the pouch, particularly with respect to obstetric care. Our experience is updated to search for delayed sequelae of pregnancy and delivery and to establish whether other factors have an adverse effect on pouch function. These results are also compared with the outcome of pregnancy and delivery in patients with ileostomy or Kock pouch. METHODS: Records of 43 women who had a successful pregnancy and delivery following IPAA were reviewed, including 8 women who had more than 1 pregnancy. RESULTS: Pregnancy was generally well tolerated, with complications being managed nonoperatively. Stool frequency (P<0.01), incontinence (P<0.01), and pad usage (P<0.05; sign rank test) were significantly increased during pregnancy, but prepregnancy function was restored following delivery. Vaginal delivery, multiple births, length of labor, and birth weight had no adverse permanent effect on subsequent pouch function. Longer follow-up after vaginal delivery (mean, 2.4 years) demonstrated no compromise of pouch function. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of pouch-related complications in patients with IPAA compares favorably with incidence in patients with ileostomy or Kock pouch. Operative rate for complications was 0 percent in IPAA patients compared with 9 percent in patients with ileostomy and 19 percent in patients with Kock pouch. The cesarean section rate was higher in patients with IPAA than in those with ileostomy or Kock pouch, and this may be caused by uncertainty about how to manage delivery in patients with IPAA. Pregnancy and childbirth are well tolerated in women with IPAA, with a lower complication rate and a higher cesarean section rate than women with ileostomy or Kock pouch. Type of delivery should be influenced by obstetric considerations, with vaginal delivery avoided in patients with a noncompliant, rigid perineum.
Synthesis of nucleotides by phosphotransferase from human tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. Several human tissues (prostate > liver > kidney > spleen) contain phosphotransferase capable of synthesizing nucleoside monophosphate by low-energy phosphate transfer to pyrimidines, purines as well as ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides. 2. 2. Phenyl phosphate. AMP, TMP, GMP and IMP were good phosphate donors while thymidine. deoxyadenosine and deoxyuridine are the most effectively utilized substrates. 3. 3. The phosphatransferase activity is present in all particulate fractions with most activity in microsomes. The enzyme is being purified from human tissues.
Use of Urea and Glycine Betaine To Quantify Coupled Folding and Probe the Burial of DNA Phosphates in Lac Repressor−Lac Operator Binding†

Thermodynamic analysis of urea-biopolymer interactions and effects of urea on folding of proteins and alpha-helical peptides shows that urea interacts primarily with polar amide surface. Urea is therefore predicted to be a quantitative probe of coupled folding, remodeling, and other large-scale changes in the amount of water-accessible polar amide surface in protein processes. A parallel analysis indicates that glycine betaine [N,N,N-trimethylglycine (GB)] can be used to detect burial or exposure of anionic (carboxylate, phosphate) biopolymer surface. To test these predictions, we have investigated the effects of these solutes (0-3 m) on the formation of 1:1 complexes between lac repressor (LacI) and its symmetric operator site (SymL) at a constant KCl molality. Urea reduces the binding constant K(TO) [initial slope dlnK(TO)/dm(urea) = -1.7 +/- 0.2], and GB increases K(TO) [initial slope dlnK(TO)/dm(GB) = 2.1 +/- 0.2]. For both solutes, this derivative decreases with an increase in solute concentration. Analysis of these initial slopes predicts that (1.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(3) A2 of polar amide surface and (4.5 +/- 1.0) x 10(2) A2 of anionic surface are buried in the association process. Analysis of published structural data, together with modeling of unfolded regions of free LacI as extended chains, indicates that 1.5 x 10(3) A2 of polar amide surface and 6.3 x 10(2) A2 of anionic surface are buried in complexation. Quantitative agreement between structural and thermodynamic results is obtained for amide surface (urea); for anionic surface (GB), the experimental value is approximately 70% of the structural value. For LacI-SymL binding, two-thirds of the structurally predicted change in amide surface (1.0 x 10(3) A2) occurs outside the protein-DNA interface in protein-protein interfaces formed by folding of the hinge helices and interactions of the DNA binding domain (DBD) with the core of the repressor. Since urea interacts principally with amide surface, it is particularly well-suited to detect and quantify the extent of coupled folding and other large-scale remodeling events in the steps of protein-nucleic acid interactions and other protein associations.
In vitro study of the effects of Nd:YAG laser probe parameters on bovine oral soft tissue excision.

Background and objectives Lasers are now used for intraoral, soft tissue procedures. The effects of Nd:YAG probes on cutting efficiency and temperature rise were evaluated in vitro. Study design/materials and methods Three hundred twenty-micron 400-microns, 500-microns, and 600-microns probes were used to ablate bovine gingiva, mucosa, and tongue at various power and frequency settings. Thermocouples positioned under the subjacent cortical bone measured temperature rise. Tissue samples were evaluated histologically. Results Mean pooled temperature rise was 1 degree C at 3 W and 1.4 degrees C at 5 W. Excision width ranged from 0..63 mm to 0.79 mm at tested settings, cutting depths from 0.19 mm to 0.49 mm, lateral and deep coagulation from 0.27 mm to 0.62 mm. Conclusion Temperature rise in bone was related to increased power. Cutting efficiency of laser probes was not significantly improved by increased power. Probes of 320 to 500 microns provided efficient cutting at 3 W and 5 W, thus reducing the potential for unacceptable temperature rise in bone.
A computational model for solving problems from the Raven's Progressive Matrices intelligence test using iconic visual representations

We describe a computational model for solving problems from Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), a family of standardized intelligence tests. Existing computational models for solving RPM problems generally reason over amodal propositional representations of test inputs. However, there is considerable evidence that humans can also apply imagery-based reasoning strategies to RPM problems, in which processes rooted in perception operate over modal representations of test inputs. In this paper, we present the ''affine model,'' a computational model that simulates modal reasoning by using iconic visual representations together with affine and set transformations over these representations to solve a given RPM problem. Various configurations of the affine model successfully solve between 33 and 38 of the 60 problems on the Standard Progressive Matrices, which matches levels of performance for typically developing 9- to 11-year-old children. This suggests that, for at least a sizeable subset of RPM problems, it is not always necessary to extract amodal symbols in order to arrive at the correct answer, and iconic visual representations constitute a sufficient form of representation to successfully solve these problems. We intend for the affine model to serve as a complementary computational account to existing propositional models, which together may provide an integrated, dual-process account of human problem solving on the RPM.
Controversies in the local management of invasive and non-invasive breast cancer

Abstract Since the recent acceptance of partial mastectomy (lumpectomy or segmentectomy) as equivalent to mastectomy for survival, design of the local management of breast cancers has centered around concerns of local recurrence. There has been wide acceptance of the tumorectomy or lumpectomy approach by most authors in North America, while in Italy, following the Milan trials, there has been a preference for a segmental or quadrantectomy approach. The latter preferentially includes more ductal tissue toward and distant from the nipple and has shown a local recurrence rate less than 50% as great as that seen with lumpectomy. Radiotherapy dosages and techniques are of concern as well, if extensive ductal carcinoma in situ is a determinant of local recurrence, and if DCIS spreads preferentially along ducts in a radial fashion, then the extent of DCIS is most likely to be preferentially arrayed toward the nipple as well as in tissue on the other side of a tumor mass away from the nipple — such has been our knowledge of the ramifications of the ductal tree, in a radial fashion around the nipple. Acceptable cosmesis after a segmentai approach to excision may be more difficult to obtain, but has been acceptable in some groups of patients. We may soon see a situation in which the operation is tailored to the specifics of an individual patient. The size of a resection, based on an even margin around a tumor mass (lumpectomy) or the number of degrees subtended by the arc representing the peripheral aspect of a segmental excision will depend on the size of the dominant lesion being resected, the size of the breast and any available data concerning the likely extent of the lesion, with DCIS having a special concern.
Insomnia with Sleep Apnea: A New Syndrome

A new clinical syndrome, sleep apnea associated with insomnia, has been characterized. Repeated episodes of apnea occur during sleep. Onset of respiration is associated with general arousal and often complete awakening, with a resultant loss of sleep. An important clinical implication is that patients complaining only of insomnia may be suffering from this syndrome.
Nuisance and Odor Issues in Broiler Production: A Case Study

Abstract Recent expansion of the broiler industry in Texas resulted in an opportunity to experience and mitigate a number of nuisance and odor issues related to broiler production. For the sake of this discussion, the participants in these issues are divided into 3 groups: the poultry industry; the nonpoultry citizenry; and government, regulatory, and educational agencies. Establishment of a broiler complex in an area with little exposure to commercial poultry production resulted in a concerned nonpoultry citizenry. This was often exacerbated by misinformation, external influences, and poor communications, resulting in a less-than-optimum level of trust between the nonpoultry citizenry and the poultry industry. Early in the process, the poultry industry attempted to provide information and open communication with the nonpoultry citizenry; however, establishment of bias within the nonpoultry citizenry eroded trust and cooperation to the point that effective communication was difficult. Throughout this period, government, regulatory, and educational agencies were involved in investigations of complaints, facilitation of communication, and development of policy. Over a 2-yr period these activities resulted in a special legislative appropriation to investigate odor and nuisance issues related to broiler production. This investigation and other agency activities resulted in the development of regulatory policy that required all broiler producers to develop comprehensive nutrient management plans. Although these plans are primarily concerned with water quality and environmental issues, the nonpoultry citizenry was willing to accept this step as a means to assure that poultry facilities would be operated in compliance with best management practices. As a result, the poultry industry now had specific policy and guidelines for dealing with environmental issues, and the nonpoultry citizenry had assurance that the broiler operations would be held to a standard of operation. At this time, the level of communication and trust between all parties is greatly improved.
Androgen ablation in addition to radiation therapy for prostate cancer: Is there true benefit?

Prostate cancer patients may now be identified as having a high risk of failing single-modality treatment based on pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, and palpable stage. In particular, a PSA greater than 20 ng/mL portends a biochemical failure rate of 50% to 80% when radiation therapy, surgery, or androgen ablation is administered individually. A number of randomized trials as well as retrospective data show that failure rates are significantly reduced by combining androgen ablation and radiation. The improved results, however, are complicated by the ability to salvage radiation alone-treated patients with androgen ablation and the possibility of less effective salvage (or no effective salvage in the case of permanent androgen ablation) for patients treated with androgen ablation plus radiation. Thus, survival, which is obscured by high rates of intercurrent deaths in this elderly population, is the most important end point in such studies. Two randomized trials, one from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and one from the European Organization for Research on Treatment for Cancer (EORTC), of radiation therapy plus adjuvant (as opposed to neoadjuvant) androgen ablation have reported survival gains over radiation therapy alone. In contrast, one neoadjuvant trial from the RTOG failed to show a survival benefit when androgen ablation was added to radiation therapy. In this study, however, androgen ablation was administered for only 4 to 5 months, which may be insufficient. The weight of the evidence to date indicates a true benefit with androgen ablation plus radiation therapy over radiation therapy alone. There are clearly many unanswered questions concerning the optimal timing of androgen ablation and radiation therapy (neoadjuvant versus adjuvant), length of time that androgen ablation should be administered (6 months versus 3 years versus permanent), type of androgen ablation (total androgen ablation or not), and appropriate patient population (definition of high risk). The planned future clinical trials will address many of these issues; however, the full potential of this approach requires an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved.
Heterogeneity Influence on Electric Field Induced Piezoelectric Microfracture

Spatial variations in piezoelectric material properties can influence localized residual stresses under electro-mechanical loading, which has been shown to contribute to microfractures (Jiang, Q., Subbarao, E.C. and Cross, L.E. 1994. ''Grain Size Dependence of Electric Fatigue Behavior of Hot Pressed PLZT Ferroelectric Ceramics,'' Acta Metall. Mater., 42(11):3687–3694; Lynch, C.S. 1998. ''Fracture of Ferroelectric and Relaxor Electro-ceramics: Influences of Electric Field,'' Acta Mater., 46(2):599–608; Wang, Z., Jiang, Q., White, G.S. and Richardson, A.K. 1998. ''Processing Flaws in PZT Transducer Rings,'' Smart Mater. Struct., 7:867–873). The effect of residual stress on piezoelectric microfracture has been modeled by introducing a crack at the edge of a piezoelectric elliptic inclusion with dissimilar piezoelectric matrix material properties. Piezoelectric weight functions were used to assess changes in intensity factors and energy release rates when an inclusion is present. The shape of the elliptic in...
SQUIDs from Physics to Brain Research

Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUlDs) can be utilized to construct extremely sensitive magnetometers for brain research. Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) arrays of hundreds of individual SQUID sensors are now in use in over 80 laboratories worldwide. This paper describes the development of four multi-channel MEG arrays of increasing complexity and power at the Low Temperature Laboratory (LTL) under the guidance of Academician Olli Lounasmaa. TWe impact of the availability of these multi-channel MEG arrays on our capacity to characterize the dynamics of both normal and abnormal brain activity is discussed through examples drawn from research conducted at LTL.
A compact microchip atomic clock based on all-optical interrogation of ultra-cold trapped Rb atoms

We propose a compact atomic clock that uses all-optical interrogation of ultra-cold Rb atoms that are magnetically trapped near the surface of an atom microchip. The interrogation scheme, which combines electromagnetically induced transparency with Ramsey’s method of separated oscillatory fields, can achieve an atomic shot-noise-level performance better than \(10^{-13}/\sqrt{\tau}\) for 106 atoms. A two-color Mach–Zehnder interferometer can detect a 100-pW probe beam at the optical shot-noise level using conventional photodetectors. This measurement scheme is nondestructive and therefore can be used to increase the operational duty cycle by reusing the trapped atoms for multiple clock cycles. Numerical calculations of the density matrix equations are used to identify realistic operating parameters at which AC Stark shifts are eliminated. By considering fluctuations in these parameters, we estimate that AC Stark shifts can be canceled to a level better than 2×10−14. An overview of the apparatus is presented with estimates of cycle time and power consumption.
Characterization of the isomeric dialkylbarbituric acids formed by the reaction of barbiturates with diazoalkanes.

The reaction of barbituric acids with diazoalkanes (diazomethane and diazoethane) gives the N,N′-dialkylbarbituric acids as the major products. Gas chromatograms of the reaction products show up to four additional peaks. These have been shown by mass and proton magnetic resonance spectrometry to be produced by the two isomeric N,O-dialkylbarbituric acids (1,4- and 1,2-dialkylbarbituric acids) and the two O,O′-dialkyl isomers.
Operating on placental support: The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure

While treating eight fetuses with predictable airway obstruction, the authors developed a systematic approach, the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure, to secure the airway during delivery. Six patients had their trachea plugged or clipped in utero for treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and two patients had prenatally diagnosed cystic hygroma of the neck and oropharynx. The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure was performed by using high doses of inhaled halogenated agents to facilitate uterine relaxation during cesarean section, securing the fetal airway while feto-placental circulation remained intact, and then dividing the umbilical cord. A variety of procedures were performed during the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure including bronchoscopy, orotracheal intubation, tracheostomy, tracheostomy with retrograde orotracheal intubation, tracheoplasty, removal of internal tracheal plug, removal of external tracheal clip, central line placement, and instillation of surfactant. There were minimal maternal or fetal complications during the procedure. This approach requires the coordinated efforts of pediatric surgeons, obstetricians, anesthesiologists, sonographers, and neonatologists. The combination of intensive maternal-fetal monitoring, cesarean section with maximal uterine relaxation, and maintenance of intact feto-placental circulation provides a controlled environment for securing the airway in babies with prenatally diagnosed airway obstruction.
Effect of pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate on metabolism of glucose by perfused rat heart.

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of pH, pCO 2 and bicarbonate on metabolism of [ 14 C 6 ]glucose in the isolated perfused rat heart were studied. 2. 2. With an alkaline extracellular pH, glucose uptake, lactate production and glycogen breakdown increased, and oxidation of exogenous glucose remained constant. These findings are compatible with enhancement of phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity. 3. 3. At an acid extracellular pH, glucose uptake and lactate production decreased, glycogen levels were unchanged, and 14 CO 2 production was unchanged until pH fell below 7.0, at which time 14 CO 2 decreased. 4. 4. Glucose uptake, lactate production, 14 CO 2 production and glycogen levels were similar in hearts perfused at pH 7.50 with either a bicarbonate buffer or 30 mM Tris.
Symptom management and adjustment of patients with multiple sclerosis: a 4-year longitudinal intervention study.

The researchers studied the effectiveness of a nursing intervention in promoting adjustment and symptom management in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). This was a 4-year longitudinal study to determine whether the 4-week intensive outpatient program was effective in increasing adjustment to MS and if the treatment effect would last over time. A sample of27 individuals with MS participated in the study. Treatment participants had significant improvements in symptom management at the 4-yearfollow up. This improvement was attribut-able to significant improvements in sleep and fatigue levels. Although adjustment and self-efficacy scores improved in the treatment group over time, this improvement was not superior to the control group. This was anticipated because the behavioral changes would precede improvement in adjustment to life following the diagnosis of MS.
Data Visualization on the OceanMotion Surface Currents Website

The NASA-sponsored OceanMotion web site (http://www.oceanmotion.org) highlights the science and significance of ocean surface currents. This paper focuses on educational and technical issues related to the lessons/investigations that are posted at the web site and that are intended for use in high school classrooms. These lessons blend the use of data and computer models into student investigations. The data products are colored images, time series graphs and data tables for use in a data calculator. Skills developed using data to discover patterns and relationships for model-building will serve students in other courses as well as areas of later life.
Comparative disappearance of dioxathion, malathion, oxydemetonmethyl and dialifor from Florida citrus leaf and fruit surfaces.

Surface residue disappearance rates of dioxathion, malathion, oxydemetonmethyl, and dialifor were the same for fruit and leaves, and they increase with temperature. Disappearance rates were in the order of malathion ⩾ Oxydemetonmethyl ≫ dialifor ⩾ dioxathion. Malaoxon was present in relatively constant amounts under dry, cool, clear conditions but was not detected under wet, hot, cloudy conditions.
Scanning electron microscopy of developing photoreceptors in the chick retina

Photoreceptor morphogenesis in the sensory retina of chicks of 2 to 20 days incubation age was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At 9.5 days spherical inner segments extend into the subretinal space (optic ventricle). They are randomly arranged with chiefly smooth surfaces and contain centrioles, polyribosomes and microtubules. Microvilli project primarily from Muller cells. By the twelfth day immature ellipsoid and myoid regions have formed. Microvilli are abundant on the lateral surfaces of inner segments and extend over the entire spherical surface by the fifteenth day. Occasional cilia with surrounding depressions at their bases were also observed. Inner segments are more symmetrically arranged due to close proximity of photoreceptor cells. Inner segments elongate during the sixteenth day; many display a transitional ovoid form. Microvilli become less numerous but some persist as calycal processes. By the eighteenth day, conical shaped outer segments appear. Thereafter, all photoreceptor cells are comparable to those in the mature retina. Abundant microvilli on the external surface of the sensory retina suggest a supportive role in supplying adequate nutrition to the sensory retina during morphogenesis. The establishment and continual development of the ellipsoid and myoid appear to be primarily responsible for the elongation of photoreceptor cells.
Group transfer polymerization and its use in water based pigment dispersants and emulsion stabilizers

Abstract Group transfer polymerization (GTP) can be used to make AB diblock acrylic polymers. It provides excellent control of the structure of these polymers. With a hydrophilic B block, these polymers have been used to prepare water based emulsions, pigment dispersions, and slurries. These systems have property advantages over emulsions and dispersions made with conventional stabilizers. These advantages include increased stability, smaller particle sizes, lower viscosities, and less moisture sensitivity. The structure of the AB diblock polymer affects the properties of both the pigment dispersion and the emulsion particle. The composition, size and ratio of each block affect the overall quality. For aqueous systems, a balance of hydrophobic ‘A’ blocks and very hydrophilic ‘B’ blocks is needed for optimum properties. The hydrophobic ‘A’ blocks, which are homo or copolymers of methacrylate monomers (such as butyl or ethylhexyl methacrylate), are surface active and can associate with either pigment or emulsion polymer surfaces. The hydrophilic ‘B’ blocks, which are neutralized acid or amine containing copolymers, provide both ionic as well as steric stabilization in water-borne systems.
INTERACTION OF ACRIDINE DRUGS WITH DNA AND NUCLEOTIDES

— At high phosphate-to-drug ratios acridine drugs intercalate between hydrogen bonded DNA base pairs causing significant changes in the physico-chemical properties of DNA. The determination of the nature of the strong (or primary) interaction between acridine drugs and DNA is of great importance for elucidating the mode of the biological action of the drugs. Nanosecond measurements have revealed a fast depolarization of the fluorescence of proflavine, one of the most extensively studied acridines, bound to DNA. The electronic structure of the complex, however, is not substantially altered during the lifetime of the excited singlet electronic state of the drug. Guanine has been shown to be responsible for the quenching of the proflavine fluorescence upon binding to DNA. A temperature-jump relaxation study has demonstrated a rather external complexation of this drug with the G-C base pairs; this complex, whose formation occurs in the strong binding region, is distinct from the weak electrostatic complex. The findings that the binding ability of a series of acridines correlates with their basicity and that the drug–binding behavior of methylated DNA is significantly different from that of DNA suggested that specific forces may be also involved in the drug–DNA binding in addition to hydrophobic forces. Recent experiments employing molecular complexes of acridines with nucleotides as model systems have provided strong support for the specificity of the drug-DNA interaction. Hydrogen bonding between the drug and reactive groups of the DNA bases that do not contribute directly to the stability of the helix may be involved in that interaction. The stoichiometry of the proflavine-guanosine 5′-phosphate complex is 1:1. Its association constant increases from 310 M-1 when proflavine is in its ground electronic state, to 1550 M-1, when proflavine is in its first excited singlet state. Thus, light absorbed by the drug alters its reactivity which, in turn, results in an appreciable increase in its ability to bind to the nucleotide. In view of the proposed importance of the drug–base interaction in explaining the mutagenic properties of acridine drugs and, in particular, of the proposed involvement of the G-C base pairs, this finding emphasizes the possible importance of drug photoexcitation in acridine mutagenesis; it also contributes to the elucidation of photodynamic action. X-ray diffraction studies have recently provided very interesting demonstrations of strong binding of 9-aminoacridine and of the phenanthridine drug ethidium bromide to adenine-uracil base pairs in the crystalline phase. The ability of photoexcited acridine drugs to inactivate viruses has been recently used for therapeutic purposes. The carcinogenic risk involved, however, is still under investigation.
Negotiating the Financial Concerns of Stepfamilies: Directions for Family Counselors:

This article integrates developmental schema and the tenets of positive psychology toward addressing “money issues” for stepfamilies. As stepfamilies represent the fastest growing demographic in family configurations, family counselors must be knowledgeable regarding normative stepfamily issues and familiar with techniques to support family development and enhancement. This article offers attention to the initial three areas of family demographics, positive psychology, and stepfamily developmental schema as foundations for the suggested practices.
Modern warfare as a significant form of zoogeomorphic disturbance upon the landscape

Abstract The damage exerted by warfare on the physical landscape is one, of many, anthropogenic impacts upon the environment. Bombturbation is a term that describes the impacts of explosive munitions upon the landscape. Bombturbation, like many other forms of zoogeomorphology, is a disruptive force, capable of moving large amounts of sediments, and denuding landscapes to the point where changes in micro and mesotopography have long-term implications. The long term implication of bombturbative actions depends on the type and duration of explosive device that rendered the disturbance, and the geographic context of the landscape disturbed; i.e. cultural and physical factors. Recovery from bombturbative activity, in the context of this research, is measured by vegetative regrowth and soil development in cratered disturbances. A comparison and contrast between the two battlefields of Verdun, France and Khe Sanh, Vietnam show that bombturbative actions have significantly altered the topography at each location, thus influencing surface runoff and processes of soil development. Principals of the Runge pedogenic model, or the energy of water moving through the soil profile, best explain how the varying climate and parent material at each location influence post disturbance soil development rates. Whereas the data collected at Verdun suggest that explosive munitions have put that landscape on diverging path of development, thus rendering it much different post-disturbance landscape, Khe Sanh displays much different recovery patterns. Preliminary research at Khe Sanh indicates that reforestation and soil development following disturbance are not so much influenced by bombturbative patterns as land use activities in the area of study.
Putting your best face forward:The impact of customer mood on salesperson evaluation

This investigation examines the response of customers to a salesperson whose feelings ostensibly differ from those that customers are personally experiencing. When customers in a bad mood encounter a salesperson who appears to be happy, they feel even worse than they otherwise would. These feelings, in turn, decrease their evaluations of the products the salesperson is promoting. Finally, unhappy customers tend to avoid a happy salesperson unless the decision is sufficiently important that they are motivated to ignore the effects of their bad mood.
XAS investigation of the nickel active site structure in Escherichia coli glyoxalase I.

Escherichia coli glyoxalase I (GlxI) is the first example of an isomerase that is maximally activated by Ni2+. In contrast with GlxI enzymes from other sources that are Zn enzymes, E. coli GlxI is not active with Zn bound. Structural details from X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses are reported for the active site Ni center and the Zn-substituted enzyme. The available data regarding the structure of the active Ni site are consistent with a six-coordinate Ni(Glu)2(His)2(OH2)2 site in the enzyme.
Analysis of prioritized crossbar multiprocessor systems

Abstract This paper analyzes the performance of crossbar multiprocessor systems under the assumption that processors are organized in a priority hierarchy. A basic model is derived for estimating the probability of acceptance of a memory request for each individual processor with a different priority. Improvements are made by using an adjusted memory request rate. Analytical results are validated by comparison with simulation data for configurations up to 64 X 64 with request rate ⩽ 1. Finally, it is shown that the effective memory bandwidth can be calculated accurately from acceptance probabilities of individual processors.
Studies on mitochondria: II. The structure of mitochondria in relation to enzymatic activity

Abstract Mitochondria are visualized as composite structures, in part of which the integrated enzyme systems are concentrated. The behavior of mitochondria in deionized water and in salt solutions is compatible with a gel-like structure and does not require the presence of a semipermeable membrane.
P.2.6 Comparison of 6MWD and person-reported functional measures in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy aged 4–12 years

30-m change in walking ability by 6MWT may not always be clinically meaningful from a quality of life perspective. Differing changes in ability may contribute to patient-reported function at differing levels of ability. We describe correlation between measures, 1-year change in measures, and correlation of 1-year changes between measures for 6MWT, PedsQL and POSNA PODCI in 24 4–12 y.o. ambulatory DMD and 36 typical controls, and determine if minimal clinically-importand differences (MCID) of HrQOL measures contribute to different estimates of walking distance change at differing levels of ability. PedsQL total/physical function and PODCI global, transfer/mobility and sports/physical function demonstrated significant differences between DMD and controls (p At lower levels of function, smaller increases 6-min walk distance result in meaningful change in quality of life. At higher levels of function, larger increases may be necessary to achieve the same QoL effect.
On the viscoelastic properties of the anteromedial bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament

The nonlinear viscoelastic properties of the anteromedial (AM) bundle of porcine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were characterized by using a new analytical approach based on the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory. Stress relaxation and cyclic tensile tests were performed. Using the solution derived from this approach, we curve-fitted data from the stress relaxation test to determine the viscoelastic coefficients for the ligament bundles. The coefficients were verified by comparison of the predicted and the experimental results from the cyclic tensile test. The ACL AM bundle exhibited significant stress relaxation with time; a reduction of more than 50% of the peak value occurred during the 2-h experiment. Also, the reduced relaxation function for the ACL AM bundle was not a linear function of logarithmic time, as is commonly assumed for many soft tissues. The new approach, which takes into account the finite strain rate of the ramp function used in the stress relaxation test, provides an accurate description of this nonlinear stress relaxation behavior.
Explicating the Buddha’s Final Illness in the Context of his Other Ailments: the Making and Unmaking of some Jātaka Tales

The Buddha’s final illness, brought on by his last meal prior to his death, was traditionally seen as one of a set of ailments suffered by him at various points during his lifetime. This paper looks at different Buddhist explications of the causes of these ailments and applies them to the episode of the Buddha’s final illness. In both instances, three explanatory strategies are detected: the first stresses the causative importance of the Buddha’s own negative karmic deeds in past lives; the second looks to the negative deeds and karma of others than the Buddha; the third offers non-karmic explanations. The first two engendered two rather different kinds of j?taka stories; the last did not involve any j?takas but highlighted various kinds of ‘natural’ explanations.