cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INDOOR RADON: THE EFFECTS OF RISK COMMUNICATION

Effective risk communication requires an understanding of the audience's mental models of the underlying hazardous process. A method was developed for eliciting such mental models through structured, open-ended interviews. It was applied in interviews with 24 lay people asked to think about the risks from indoor radon. Results were used to design brochures intended to improve these mental models. In an experimental test, these brochures proved superior to a brochure currently in wide use.
An Empirical Analysis of Retirement and Marriage in Taiwan

This paper investigates the factors influencing changes in marriage following retirement in Taiwan. The data used are from the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged Elderly in Taiwan. The Weibull models are used to estimate the hazard rates of divorce or separation after retirement. The factors of unobserved heterogeneity are also examined for the influences of divorce or separation after retirement. The main empirical results find that Mainlanders, Aboriginals, people with better educational attainments, people with poor health or poor relationship with family have higher hazard rates of divorce or separation than others. In contrast, people with more children and persons with higher income have lower hazard rates of divorce or separation than others. After considering unobserved heterogeneity, most estimated coefficients on the marriage hazard regressors are larger in magnitude than the corresponding coefficients in the reference model.
Joint decoding of visual stimuli by IT neurons’ spike counts is not improved by simultaneous recording

Information about visual stimuli such as objects and faces is represented across populations of neurons of the inferior temporal cortex. Does recording from inferotemporal neurons simultaneously tell you more than recording from them sequentially? Equivalently, are neurons conditionally independent given a stimulus? To evaluate these issues, we recorded from two monkeys during a passive viewing task. Multiple neurons were simultaneously recorded on separate electrodes. From spike counts in 50-ms windows, we computed the mutual information between counts and images for each neuron individually and jointly with other simultaneously recorded neurons. To determine the significance of these values, we shuffled the stimulus labels (to test if there was significant information) or shuffled responses across trials involving the same image (to see if there was synergistic coding). We recorded from 127 pairs of neurons where each neuron individually was visually responsive. Depending on the time window, we found up to ∼ 90% of these pairs showed significant information about the visual stimulus. Shuffling across trials failed to show evidence for synergistic coding. In summary, if you were given two of our neuronal responses and asked to guess the stimulus which produced them you could not, in principle, do better with two simultaneously recorded spike counts than with any two spike counts selected randomly from trials of the same type.
Chiral SU(2)L × SU(2)R liquids: a theory of heavy nuclei and neutron stars

Abstract The global SU(2) L × SU(2) R symmetries of QCD probably imply the existence of a liquid phase consisting of protons, neutrons and pions. Drops of this “chiral liquid” at zero external pressure emerge as saturating (the baryon number grows roughly as the volume) nontopological solitons of the low energy non-linear chiral effective lagrangian theory of pions and nucleons, where the pions are the pseudo-Goldstone bosons resulting from the spontaneous breaking of SU(2) L − R by the QCD vacuum. Chiral perturbation theory of linear SU(2) L + R × non-linear SU(2) L − R gives us control of both the tree and quantum loop levels of the theory. A crucial role is played by explicit SU(2) L − R breaking terms whose origin lies in quark masses; an isosinglet combination of even numbers of pions carries the primary long-range attractive force. If non-linear chiral symmetry contains such saturating nontopological soliton field configurations, they would give a chiral-symmetric explanation for the existence of ordinary heavy nuclei, which are then to be regarded as just droplets of chiral liquid. This picture, reminiscent of the old liquid drop model of heavy nuclei, vastly simplifies the extraction of bulk nuclear properties from chiral symmetry; nucleons, treated as Fermi fluids inside a heavy nucleus, move within a huge coherent self-consistent classical pion field 〈π 2 〉 1 2 t~ 200–400 MeV . Neutron stars are then just great oceans of neutral chiral liquid held together by gravity. Quantum chiral liquids can have interesting macroscopic quantum properties such as the spontaneous breaking of parity with parity doubling; these may distinguish experimentally the chiral liquid theory of heavy nuclei and neutron stars from more conventional models.
Conductivity study of the microemulsion system sodium dodecyl sulfate-hexylamine-heptane-water

Abstract Conductivity measurements on this system are interpreted in terms of the percolation and effective medium theories. From this interpretation, the ratio of hexylamine to sodium dodecyl sulfate in the microemulsion droplet surfaces can be deduced. Following that determination it is possible to obtain approximate values for the radius of the water pools and the number and surface area of droplets per unit volume of the microemulsion system.
Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest

Abstract One hundred years of fire suppression in a mixed-conifer forest which evolved with frequent natural fires has shifted successional patterns, increased the density of small trees, produced an unnatural accumulation of ground fuels. Analysis of species composition, vegetation structure and age distribution in each of four forest types within the mixed-conifer zone of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, has documented a substantial increase in young, shade tolerant white fir in each type. The original dominant species have decreased in relative abundance in most cases. The sequioa type has been most affected by the fire suppression policy. Giant sequioa show poor reproduction in the absence of fire. The sequoia type also exhibits the greatest accumulation of ground fuels. The ponderosa pine, white fir and mixed forest types also show successional changes as well as significant accumulations of flammable ground fuels following a century of fire exclusion. The management implications of these findings are discussed.
Sequential Reactions with Amine‐Terminated Monolayers and Isolated Molecules on H/Si(111)

A simple method for preparing monolayers with terminal amine functionality is demonstrated. A gas-phase photochemical reaction of 1,3-diaminopropane with a H-terminated Si(111) surface results in the molecules covalently attaching to the surface, primarily through the formation of a Si--N bond. These monolayers are characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The reactivity of the terminal amine is confirmed by exposing the monolayer to benzaldehyde, resulting in the formation of an imine link and the grafting of phenyl rings onto the surface. For short irradiation times, this reaction leads to the formation of isolated amine groups on an otherwise pristine H-terminated surface. STM and HREELS studies of the benzaldehyde reaction on these low-coverage surfaces (less than 0.005 monolayers) indicate that the reaction is restricted to the reactive amine groups, leaving the remainder of the surface unaffected. This simple approach for a sequential coupling reaction is expected to facilitate attachment of more complex molecules (molecular switches, biomolecules) for single-molecule STM studies.
Dynamic deformation behavior of AlZnMgCu alloy matrix composites reinforced with 20 Vol.% SiC

Abstract The dynamic mechanical response and substructure evolution of underaged and overaged AlZnMgCu alloys with and without 20 vol.% SiC particles were investigated and compared to those following quasi-static compression. The hardening rates of the overaged composites and control alloys were found to be smaller than those of their underaged counterparts. Overaged composites and the control alloys showed more strain rate sensitive behavior than the underaged composites and alloys. The flow stress of the composites was found to decrease at total strains larger than 0.15 in the high-rate Hopkinson pressure bar tests. A more rapid decrease in stress in the underaged composites suggests that microstructural damage in the underaged condition is greater than that in the overaged condition tested at high strain rates. Cracks near the SiC/matrix interfaces were observed more frequently in the underaged Hopkinson pressure bar samples. The more frequent interface cracks in the underaged composites are thought to result from much slower relaxation of the stresses and strains built up at the interace due to much more difficult thermally activated deformation.
Influence of the corpus striatum upon electrical potentials of the liver

Abstract The effect of stimulation of the caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum, splanchnic nerve, or vagus nerve upon the liver was studied in cats using d-c potentials of the liver surface (LP) as an indicator. Stimulation of these areas or of the splanchnic nerve induced a gradual increase of the positive LP. The maximum (1–2 mv) was reached about 30 sec after the beginning of the reaction. The gradually declining curve returned to or close to the resting value about 30 to 60 sec later. Vagal stimulation usually produced a fluctuation of LP to the negative side. In control experiments, stimulation of the pole and basal parts of the frontal lobe, of the sigmoid gyri and of the dura did not significantly change LP. The effect of caudate stimulation upon the liver did not depend on the corticofugal fibers originating in the sigmoid gyri and frontal lobe, in contrast to the effect upon smooth muscles. The effect of stimulation of the caudate nucleus persisted after extensive homolateral lesions of the pallidum or of the amygdala, but it was no longer demonstrable after extensive combined lesions of these ganglia. It was distinctly decreased by large hypothalamic lesions on the side of the caudate stimulation and practically abolished by extensive bilateral lesions in the caudal hypothalamus. Transection of the spinal cord above the origin of the splanchnic nerves prevented or abolished the effect of stimulation of the caudate nucleus or the hypothalamus upon LP, whereas this reaction persisted after bilateral vagotomy. In aggreement with the assumption that the influence of the caudate nucleus and of the hypothalamus upon the liver is part of the central temperature regulation, it was found that the rise in LP was accompanied by an elevation of the liver temperature.
Resonance Raman spectral properties and stability of manganese protoporphyrin IX cytochrome b5.

The structure and stability of cytochrome b5 reconstituted with manganese protoporphyrin IX instead of iron protoporphyrin IX has been investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy and stopped-flow visible spectroscopy. The resonance Raman spectrum of MnIII cytochrome b5 was consistent with a high-spin hexacoordinate MnIII protoporphyrin IX structure that converted to a high-spin pentacoordinate structure at higher laser power. The resonance Raman spectrum of MnII cytochrome b5 indicated a high-spin pentacoordinate structure which was independent of laser power. Studies of the binding of MnIII protoporphyrin IX to apocytochrome b5 indicated that the MnIII-containing porphyrin bound much less tightly to the protein than did heme. Although the second-order rate constant at 20 degrees C for the association of heme with apocytochrome b5 (4.5 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) was estimated to be only 1 order of magnitude higher than that with Mn protoporphyrin IX (3.3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), the dissociation of manganese substituted cytochrome b5 into the apoprotein and free Mn protoporphyrin IX occurs with a first-order rate constant of 1.2 x 10(-2) s(-1) at 20 degrees C while the dissociation of heme from cytochrome b5 at room temperature occurs 3 orders of magnitude more slowly with a first-order rate constant of 1.67 x 10(-5) s(-1) [Vergeres, G., Chen, D. Y., Wu, F.F., & Waskell, L. (1993) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 305, 231-241]. The equilibrium dissociation constant for manganese-substituted cytochrome b5 increased with temperature from 4 nM at 20 degrees C to 14 nM at 37 degrees C. These results suggest that, in the reconstituted cytochrome P450 metabolizing system, especially in studies done with low protein concentrations (0.1 microM), and at elevated temperatures (37 degrees C), as much as 30% of the manganese-substituted cytochrome b5 may dissociate to free Mn-protoporphyrin IX and apocytochrome b5.
Sexual Attraction and Trajectories of Mental Health and Substance Use During the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Previous research suggests that sexual minority youth have poorer health-related outcomes than their heterosexual peers. The purpose of this study is to determine whether sexual orientation disparities in mental health and substance use increase, decrease, or remain the same during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Data are from Waves 1-4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 8,322; 55% female). Respondents were in grades 7-12 at Wave 1 and aged 24-32 at Wave 4. Latent growth curve modeling is used to compare the mental health and substance use trajectories of youth who consistently report heterosexual attraction versus those who consistently report lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) attraction, those who report a transition to LGB attraction, and those who report a transition to heterosexual attraction. Among women and men, sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts persist, but do not increase, during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The same pattern is observed for disparities in smoking, heavy drinking, and marijuana use among women. Among men, disparities in substance use are only observed between those who report consistent heterosexual attraction and those who transition to heterosexual attraction. Disparities between these groups persist over time for heavy drinking and marijuana use but decrease over time for smoking. While this study finds evidence of numerous disparities in mental health and substance use outcomes during adolescence and young adulthood, particularly among young women, there is no indication that these disparities get larger over time.
Radiation coupled viscous flows

Abstract A general formulation and method for solving viscous, radiating, non-similar boundary-layer flows is developed and applied to both the stagnation region and a flat plate. The formulation and solutions provide for an emitting and absorbing gas including the entire range of optical thicknesses, from thin to thick. Results indicate the direct contribution of radiation to the net heat flux as well as the decrease of temperatures, their gradients and the related conductive heat transfer to the wall.
Perceptions and attitudes regarding marine reserves: a comparison of stakeholder groups in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

Abstract The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) developed a zoning plan as part of its overall management plan, fully implemented as of 1997. The plan created several closed areas or harvest refugia in which consumptive activities are prohibited. This research reports results of surveys that we conducted with members of three stakeholder groups in the Florida Keys: commercial fishers, dive operators, and members of local environmental groups. Surveys requested responses regarding the information sources individuals tapped when learning of the zoning plan and the FKNMS; their degree of public participation; their perceptions and acceptance of the zoning strategy and the process of its design; and the expected outcomes of the zoning strategy. Many responses show significant differences among the three groups. Fishers felt highly alienated from the process of zone designation and displayed a sense of anger and powerlessness with respect to what they considered to be an attempt to exclude their group from the harvest refugia. Dive operators demonstrated the highest levels of participation in the designation process, but were concerned that refugia regulations could limit their activities in the future. Members of environmental groups were the strongest supporters of the harvest refugia concept and the FKNMS. This research suggests numerous ways in which marine resource managers could improve their public outreach and information dissemination strategies when developing future harvest refugia and marine protected areas.
Development of a Fiber-Laser Based Detector for HgCl2

The performance of a real-time, non-invasive approach to monitoring HgCl2 emissions is evaluated. The calculated detection limit for HgCl2 in a flue-gas environment is 0.2 ppb for a signal integration time of 5 minutes.
Current modalities of accelerated partial breast irradiation

In selected patients with early stage breast cancer, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has emerged as an alternative treatment option to whole breast irradiation. The authors of this article review the available modalities, patient selection criteria and consensus guideline recommendations, and current controversies in APBI, and discuss why it has become an accepted therapy for suitably selected patients outside of clinical trials.
“They Arrested Me—And I Was the Victim”: Women’s Experiences With Getting Arrested in the Context of Domestic Violence

Since the implementation of mandatory and pro-arrest policies, there has been a sharp increase in the number of women arrested for violence against intimate partners; many of these women are also victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Through questionnaires and interviews, this study uncovers the experience of getting arrested from the perspective of women who were both victims of IPV and arrested in IPV-related incidents. Women reported that their arrest was unexpected, led to multiple losses and collateral consequences, and served as a turning point in their relationships. Findings support emergency intervention services that include alternatives to arrest for women experiencing IPV.
Development of lagrangian hydrocode modelling for debris impact damage prediction

Abstract Work on improving the Lawrence Livermore DYNA3D code to allow it to accurately model hypervelocity impact is presented. The unmodified version of DYNA3D was tested, results showed that improvements were required in three main areas: material modelling, the element erosion criterion, the ability to model debris cloud formed by a thin plate impact. The SESAME Equation of State has been implemented to improve the material modelling. To improve the element erosion criterion two different criterion have been implemented and tested. The first is based on total element deformation and shows improved results for semi-infinite and thin plate targets. The second is intended to delete an element when it becomes numerically inaccurate. Initial results show the limitation of the Lagrangian finite element approach and that further improvement is required.
Hyperinsulinemia in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: the role of tumor necrosis factor-α

We sought to determine the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2–4. Data were collected on 43 subjects, aged 6–21 years with mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = 47 ml/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area. Patients were grouped by body mass index (BMI) as either non-lean (>85th percentile) or lean (≤85th percentile). Fourteen (33%) subjects had hyperinsulinemia, and seven (16%) had elevated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Non-lean subjects had a higher serum insulin level (21.0 μU/ml vs 13.4 μU/ml, P < 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (4.9 vs 3.2, P < 0.001) than lean subjects had. The prevalence of hyperinsulinemia was higher in non-lean patients (40%) than in lean patients (29%) but was not statistically significant. High HOMA-IR was present in six (40%) non-lean subjects and in one lean subject (P < 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated that serum insulin level was significantly associated with BMI, leptin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Stepwise regression determined that increased BMI (P = 0.003) and TNF-α (P = 0.01) independently predicted higher insulin level in the whole cohort. Separate analysis for lean subjects showed no significant associations between serum insulin level and BMI; TNF-α was the only independent predictor of serum insulin (β = 1.11, P = 0.01). We conclude that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are frequent in pediatric CKD. In lean patients inflammation appears to be an important determinant of serum insulin level.
Exercise caution: Over-exercise is associated with suicidality among individuals with disordered eating

We conducted four studies to examine the relationship between over-exercise and suicidality. Study 1 investigated whether over-exercise predicted suicidal behavior after controlling for other eating disorder behaviors in a patient sample of 204 women (144 with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) Bulimia Nervosa [BN]). Study 2 tested the prospective association between over-exercise and acquired capability for suicide (ACS) in a sample of 171 college students followed for 3–4 weeks. Study 3 investigated whether pain insensitivity accounted for the relationship between over-exercise and ACS in a new sample of 467 college students. Study 4 tested whether ACS accounted for the relationship between over-exercise and suicidal behavior in a sample of 512 college students. In Study 1, after controlling for key covariates, over-exercise was the only disordered eating variable that maintained a significant relationship with suicidal behavior. In Study 2, Time 1 over-exercise was the only disordered eating behavior that was associated with Time 2 ACS. In Study 3, pain insensitivity accounted for the relationship between over-exercise and ACS. In Study 4, ACS accounted for the relationship between over-exercise and suicidal behavior. Over-exercise appears to be associated with suicidal behavior, an association accounted for by pain insensitivity and the acquired capability for suicide; notably, this association was found across a series of four studies with different populations.
Assessment of Structure Dependent Narrative Features in Modeled Contexts: African American and European American Children

The purpose of this study was to describe similarities and differences in structure-dependent features of narratives produced by 132 typically developing African American (AA) and European American (EA) children in a modeled elicitation context, across three age groups. Participants included 132 AA and EA children matched for gender, age, and geographic region. Children were divided into young, middle, and older elementary age groups. After listening to a model narrative and answering questions about it, children were asked to generate their own narrative. Narratives were analyzed for story grammar (macrostructure), organizational style (topic centered and topic associating), dialect and cohesion (microstructure). Differences in narratives varied by age and gender but not ethnicity with the exception of the use of overt planning. EA children were more likely than AA children to include a plan in their story across all age groups. Developmental changes in narration are described for children ranging in age from 6;0 to 11;9. The use of African American English (AAE) was not associated with differences in the cohesiveness of narratives. The modeled elicitation context holds promise as a reliable way to examine narration for school-age children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
Identification of the Common Antigenic Determinant Shared by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes 35A and 20 Capsular Polysaccharides — Structural Analysis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 35A Capsular Polysaccharide

The specific polysaccharide antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 35A was shown, by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR methods and chemical analyses, to be a high-molecular-mass polymer composed of D-galactose, D-glucose, mannitol, and phosphate (3:1:1:1). The pentasaccharide repeating unit is polymerized through phosphate diester linkages to give the structure, [formula in text] O-Acetyl substituents are present at positions 5 and 6 of the 3)-beta-D-Galf residue and at position 2 of the 6)-beta-D-Galf residue. The capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae serotypes 20 and 35A both contain the disaccharide unit -->3)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1--> which is the probable structural determinant responsible for the serological cross reactivity of the two polysaccharides.
Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate: The Role of Openness

This paper examines whether the effects of monetary police on the exchange rate depend on the openness of the economy. Theoretically, openness can be shown to have an ambiguous effect on the ability of money to influence the exchange rate, so the issue has to be resolved empirically. Using annual data from the 1953-1990 period for a panel of 37 countries, the empirical results indicate that the effects of monetary policy on the exchange rate are negatively affected by the economy’ s openness. Therefore, the more open the economy, the smaller the (short-run) depreciation effects of a given increase in the money growth rate (in the long run, relative PPP applies). This finding is robust to a number to different specifications. [E52, F41]
The role of alcohols in pheromone biosynthesis by two noctuid moths that use acetate pheromone components

Primary alcohols varying in chain length from C13 to C16, and in number, position, and geometric configuration of double bonds, were applied in dimethyl sulfoxide to the surface of the female sex pheromone glands of Heliothis subflexa (Gn.) and Hydraecia micacea (Esper). Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of extracts of the treated glands indicated that the alcohols were converted to the corresponding aldehydes by H. subflexa females and to the acetates by H. micacea females. Conversions of the alcohols showed no preferences for molecular weight, number, position, or geometry of the double bonds in either species. Application of the acetates of the primary alcohols to the gland surface of H. subflexa females resulted in the production of both the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes, while neither alcohols nor aldheydes were produced when acetates were applied to the glands of H. micacea. In addition, application of the acetates to the gland surface of Heliothis virescens (F.) resulted in the production of both the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes. However, no evidence was found to indicate that acetates are ever produced by the pheromone gland of females of H. virescens.
Amplification of the rat M2 muscarinic receptor gene by the polymerase chain reaction: functional expression of the M2 muscarinic receptor.

A selective amplification of the coding sequence of the rat M2 muscarinic receptor gene was achieved by the polymerase chain reaction. The error rate of this amplification system under conditions specified was 1 nucleotide substitution in 841 base pairs. In vitro expression of this gene in murine fibroblasts (B82) via the eukaryotic expression vector, pHβAPr-1-neo, resulted in high level expression of specific [3H] (-)MQNB binding in transfected B82 cell lines. One of these clones, M2LKB2-2, showed a stable expression of [3H](-)MQNB binding with a Kd value of 265 pM and a Bmax value of 411±50 fmol/106 cells. Cardiac selective muscarinic antagonists such as himbacine and AF-DX 116 show high affinities for this binding site in the M2LKB2-2 cells. The rank order of potency of several antagonists in inhibiting [3H](-)MQNB binding in these cells conformed to the characteristics of an M2 type muscarinic receptor. Carbachol showed a single affinity state for the receptors in the M2LKB2-2 cells with a Ki value of 2.0 μM. This receptor appeared to be inversely coupled to adenylate cyclase via a pertussis toxin sensitive G-protein. Carbachol also had a slight stimulatory effect on the hydrolysis of inositol lipids. The polymerase chain reaction proves highly effective in cloning genes from genomic material, as demonstrated by the first in vitro functional expression of the rat M2 type muscarinic receptor.
A preliminary study of assimilating numerical weather prediction data into computational fluid dynamics models for wind prediction

The goal of this effort is to combine the strengths of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to produce locale-specific flow patterns that could be used for micrositing wind power plants. We do this in two ways: (1) we use the mesoscale model data as inflow for the CFD model and (2) we assimilate vertical profiles of mesoscale model output into the CFD model as a body force. We study the impact of this technique with a case study in the rolling topography of central Pennsylvania. We compare wind profiles between the mesoscale model alone, the CFD model alone, and the fully assimilated mesoscale/CFD solution. In addition, we examine the impact of the mesoscale assimilation into the CFD model on the fine-scale flow structure. This preliminary approach of combining techniques in NWP and CFD through data assimilation provides a unique assessment of the utility of specific locations for wind power production as well as for improving simulations for other purposes.
Fine structure of the phylogenetically important marine algaRhodogorgon carriebowensis (Rhodophyta, Batrachospermales?)

The fine structure of the recently described red algaRhodogorgon carriebowensis J. Norris et Bucher was studied by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy to aid in the ordinal placement of this unusual alga. Most significant in this context were findings that pit plugs had two-layered plug caps, the outer layer of which formed a large dome and was composed of glycoprotein. Cap membranes appeared to be absent. Medullary cells were remarkable in having extremely thick, layered cell walls, whose inward deposition left little room for cytoplasm. Medullary filaments branched little except near the base of the cortex. The assimilatory filaments that made up most of the cortex contained almost all the pigmentation and starch reserves of the thallus. These filaments terminated in either slender apical cells with smooth cell walls or bulbous apical cells bearing spinulose projections. Two types of elongated cells were found in the cortex, those with calcified cell walls and those surrounded by multiple, spreading layers of wall material. Neither cell type was pigmented. The latter type sometimes supported normal assimilatory cells.
State Research and Development Tax Credits: The Historical Emergence of a Distinctive Economic Policy Instrument

By 2010, all but 12 U.S. states had adopted some form of research and development tax credits. The forces driving the rapid rise and spread of this policy remain unclear. This event history analysi...
The comparative results of partial excision of the pancreas with the scalpel, actual cautery and electrical high frequency knife

there is considerabIe advantage in the method of excision by means of the Percy cautery. Dr. Percy, in his discussion of this articIe, emphasized the vaIue of actua1 cautery resection of the pancreas in overcoming the usuahy immediate hemorrhage as we11 as postoperative infection, both of which are possibIe when using the pIain knife. He aIso points to another great advantage in the use of the cautery, nameIy, the prevention of postoperative pancreatic secretion from flooding the beId. He states
A structural model for postpartum responses to the somatic and cognitive items on the Beck Depression Inventory

A distinction can be drawn between those items on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) that reflect mainly cognitive and emotional symptoms and those that reflect somatic symptoms. Responses to the BDI were obtained from women at 3, 6, 9, and 24 weeks postpartum. The covariances of cognitive and somatic symptom scores across the four time points were closely fit by a structural equations model referred to as the simplex. The modeling indicates that earlier cognitive scores directly predict later somatic scores but that early somatic scores do not directly predict later cognitive scores. Other data confirm the results.
Correlation between specific plasmids and delta-endotoxin production in Bacillus thuringiensis.

Abstract Five strains of Bacillus thuringiensis that produce crystalline δ-endotoxin were used as parental strains in an effort to isolate acrystalliferous (Cry−) mutants: HD-2 (B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, flagellar serotype 1); HD-1 and HD-73 (both var. kurstaki, serotype 3ab); HD-4 (var. alesti, serotype 3a); and HD-8 (var. galleriae, serotype 5ab). The parental strains contain complex plasmid arrays that have been previously characterized ( Gonzalez and Carlton, 1980 ). The plasmid patterns of both Cry− and Cry+ variants were analyzed and compared to the parental strains using a modified Eckhardt (1978) lysate-electrophoresis method. Most Cry− mutants derived from strain HD-2 were found to exhibit a distinctive colony morphology which facilitated their isolation. Loss of crystal production was associated with loss of a 75-Md plasmid. A 50-Md plasmid of strain HD-73 was lost in the Cry− mutants. Crystal production in strain HD-4 appears to be associated with a plasmid about 105 Md in size; in strain HD-1, a smaller plasmid (29 Md in size) seems to be involved. In strain HD-8, a large plasmid (~130 Md in size) is implicated in crystal production. Direct bioassay of several of the mutant strains has confirmed the loss of δ-endotoxin activity in the acrystalliferous isolates. The evidence obtained supports the notion of a relationship between specific extrachromosomal DNA elements and δ-endotoxin production in B. thuringiensis, and suggests that in each strain only a single plasmid is involved, although the size of the implicated plasmid varies from one strain to another.
Enabling real-time interference alignment: promises and challenges

As its name suggests, "interference alignment" is a class of transmission schemes that aligns multiple sources of interference to minimize its impact, thus aiming to maximize rate in an interference network. To our knowledge, this paper presents the first real-time implementation of interference alignment. Other implementation in the literature are either done offline or assume a backchannel between participating nodes to perform alignment. On the other hand, this paper presents a blind interference alignment scheme, one that does not require channel state information at the transmitters or the knowledge of other transmitters data or the knowledge of data between receivers and functions in real-time.
Laying a foundation for laser-plasma modeling for the national ignition facility

Three multi-dimensional plasma simulation models for simulating parametric instabilities occurring in laser-produced plasmas are presented. These models are based on a common framework, henceforth referred to as reduced-description, in which the electromagnetic field is represented by three separate temporal envelopes in order to model parametric instabilities with high-frequency and low-frequency daughter waves. Because the temporal envelope representation is used, the explicit dependence on the laser time scale is removed from the simulations models. The time step of the simulation is then restricted by either the electron timescale or the ion timescale, depending on whether parametric instabilities that result in high-frequency daughter waves are important. These simulation models are the basic building blocks of a comprehensive, ongoing model development program at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and have been implemented in multi-dimension on the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) parallel computer. Test simulations of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), the Langmuir decay instability (LDI), and the interaction thereof, are presented.
Reactive Optical Information Processing. II: Factors Affecting the Applicability and Efficiency of the Method

The efficiency with which information may be recovered from a phase object is shown to be greater when the object is inserted into a laser cavity than when it is illuminated passively by the same laser. The parameters of both the laser and object which affect this efficiency are discussed. Examples of information processed in coherent, as well as in partially coherent, light are presented.
Nonmotorized scooters: A source of significant morbidity in children

BACKGROUND: Nonmotorized scooters have increased rapidly in popularity over the past year. However, the morbidity associated with this new type of recreational vehicle is poorly defined. This study examined the pattern of miniature scooter-related injuries sustained in children admitted to a level 1 pediatric trauma center. METHODS: The records of all children admitted to the authors' institution after a scooter-related injury between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2001 were reviewed. Information regarding patient demographics, mechanism of injury, type of injury sustained, and hospital course was prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, 27 children were admitted with scooter-related injures. The average age of the patients was 9.1 +/- 1.9 years, and 63% were boys. The average Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 7.9 +/- 6. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall. However, 26% of the patients were involved in a scooter collision with a motor vehicle. Injuries to the head occurred most frequently, followed by extremity injuries. Only 10 of the children (37%) were wearing a helmet at the time of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Scooters are an increasingly popular form of recreational vehicle among children. However, they can result in serious injury, particularly to the head and extremities. The authors recommend that all children riding scooters wear protective equipment and avoid riding in areas that have moving motor vehicles.
10Be concentrations and the long-term fate of particle-reactive nuclides in five soil profiles from California

Concentration-depth profiles of cosmic-ray-produced 10Be (t1/2 = 1.5m.y.) have been measured by accelerator-mass spectrometry in five soil profiles. These measurements were made in an effort (1) to understand the retentivity of soil surfaces for particle-reactive tracers depositing from the atmosphere on time scales of 104–106 years, and (2) to explore the application of 10Be as a chronometer of geomorphic surface age. The profiles sampled are from two wave-cut terraces located near Mendocino, California, a table mountain top and an alluvial fan, both located near Friant, California. The ages of the Mendocino terraces are inferred to be (1–5) × 105 years based on amino-stratigraphic correlations and models of terrace evolution; those of the table mountain top and alluvial fan are 9.5 × 106 years and 6.0 × 105 years, respectively, based on K-Ar analyses. All the surfaces sampled are nearly flat and exhibit few erosional features. In addition to 10Be we measured 210Pb, 239,240Pu and 7Be to ascertain the retentivity of the soils for particle-reactive nuclides and to assess the present-day delivery rate of nuclides from the atmosphere. The 7Be inventory is 4.0 dpm/cm2 similar to those observed at nearby locations. The inventories of 210Pb and Pu isotopes conform to those predicted from model calculations and suggest that the soil surfaces sampled retain the entire burden of particle-reactive nuclides delivered to them over short time scales, ∼ 100 years. The 10Be concentrations in the sample range between (0.2 and 7) × 108 atoms/g soil and show strong correlations with leachable Fe and/or Al. The inventory of 10Be in the soil domain sampled is 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than that expected from the geological age of the surface and an average delivery rate of 10Be from the atmosphere, 5.2 × 105 atoms/cm2 yr. The low inventory of 10Be is attributed to its loss from the soil domain sampled by solution transport. Based on a simple ☐-model type calculation with a first-order removal process for 10Be, the residence time of 10Be in the soil domains sampled is determined to be of the order of 104 years. The low residence time of 10Be in the soil domains sampled requires that it be found either deeper in the regolith or in ground waters. In either case, the application of 10Be as a chronometer of geomorphic surface age is severely constrained. However, the study of 10Be in soils provides the only entry into the long-term (104–106 years) behavior of particle-reactive nuclides in soils and, hence, could be important for understanding the behavior of analogous nuclides introduced into soils by natural and anthropogenic processes.
Critical issues in high cycle fatigue

High cycle fatigue (HCF) failures in materials used in rotating components of gas turbine engines have often been found to be attributable to fatigue loading on materials which have sustained damage from other sources. Damage can be present in the form of initial material or manufacturing defects, or can develop during service operation. Three major sources of in-service damage have been identified which can alter the HCF resistance individually or in conjunction with one another: low cycle fatigue (LCF), foreign object damage (FOD), and fretting. Methodologies for treating such damage in establishing material allowables are considered. Some recent results on the effects of damage on the Haigh (Goodman) diagram and a discussion of the life management aspects of HCF are presented.
A theory of atom size difference induced short-range order☆

Abstract An elastic model of binary solid solution is extended to include short-range order (SRO) strain relaxation. It is shown that typically about half of the atom dilation and strain energy can be relaxed by SRO. The calculation predicts that SRO should reduce deviations from Vegard's law and this is found in the Cu-Au system. The equilibrium degree of SRO due to strain energy relaxation is also calculated. An effective interchange energy due to elastic strain, ws, is defined and evaluated for Cu3Au as Nws = −840 cal/mole. This is comparable to the experimental estimates for this alloy.
How the ribosome hands the A-site tRNA to the P site during EF-G–catalyzed translocation

Coupled translocation of messenger RNA and transfer RNA (tRNA) through the ribosome, a process catalyzed by elongation factor EF-G, is a crucial step in protein synthesis. The crystal structure of a bacterial translocation complex describes the binding states of two tRNAs trapped in mid-translocation. The deacylated P-site tRNA has moved into a partly translocated pe/E chimeric hybrid state. The anticodon stem-loop of the A-site tRNA is captured in transition toward the 30S P site, while its 3' acceptor end contacts both the A and P loops of the 50S subunit, forming an ap/ap chimeric hybrid state. The structure shows how features of ribosomal RNA rearrange to hand off the A-site tRNA to the P site, revealing an active role for ribosomal RNA in the translocation process.
Morphometrics of sexual dimorphism in an arrhenotokous mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti (Acari: Mesostigmata).

Diploid Ornithonyssus bacoti females from an inbred laboratory colony are more variable in more external morphological characters than haploid males maintained under identical colony conditions. Prejudiced selection of characters or use of a small sample size can provide data suggesting greater variability in males. When large numbers of characters on many mite specimens are compared by F-tests of variances, coefficients of variation, generalized variances (determinant of variance-covariance matrices) and tests of homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices, general phenotypic variation is greater in females. The agreement between univariate and multivariate tests allows additional confidence in the conclusion (tables 2–7).
Modeling trap assisted recombination in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Despite the evidences on the significance of TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface states on the performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC), no previous model has incorporated interfacial trap-assisted charge transfer processes to model recombination rate in DSSCs. A new charge transport model for DSSC is presented in this paper based on physics of electron capture, electron emission, oxidation and reduction processes mediated by the deep interfacial trap states. The model suggests that recombination in DSSC is due to trapping of conduction band electrons by deep defect states followed by reduction process at the interface. The model has been investigated through simulated quantum efficiency, dark and illuminated IV characteristics. The simulated results based on this model are in good accord with the experimental results.
Meta-Analysis, Moderators, and Treatment Effectiveness: The Importance of Digging Deeper for Evidence of Program Integrity

Meta-analyses of the correctional treatment literature have become increasingly common in recent years. These studies generally indicate that well-crafted treatment programs substantially reduce rates of recidivism. Nevertheless, a key issue that has emerged concerns the relative absence of detailed information on treatment program characteristics from published reports and articles that can be used in moderator analyses (i.e., which types of program characteristics “matter” with regard to the magnitude of treatment effects). In this article, we argue that meta-analysts need to go beyond what can be found in such printed reports and to instead investigate more systematically the treatment programs themselves for additional information. If so, a richer and more policy-relevant body of literature can emerge concerning “what works” in offender treatment.
A study on perception of mobile video with surrounding contextual influences

Contemporary users have been viewing video contents via mobile devices from virtually anywhere and at any time. One common experience these mobile users feel is the significant difference in visual perception when viewing context changes, e.g. from indoor to outdoor. Conventional video quality assessment (VQA) defined under ITU-T recommendations outlines a set of evaluation condi-tions that need to be strictly followed. These conditions, including viewing distance, room illumination, display brightness and chro-maticity of background are historically tuned to simulate the living room television viewing scenario. In this paper, we first present a set of contextual factors that are unique for mobile video and are substantially different from conventional living room evaluation conditions. We design and perform a series of subjective tests to evaluate the influence of these contextual factors that frequently encountered in the case of mobile video. These evaluation results show that (1) perceptual quality is highly correlated with the con-text factors; (2) with the presence of the contextual visual interfer-ence, the viewers shall spot less video signal distortion and have lower expectations on the quality of mobile video. We then pro-pose a VQA model based on the Just Noticeable Distortion (JND) theory and we prove that this model is able to provide context aware prediction of perceived mobile video quality. Finally, we also discuss its application of this VQA model in the design of video transmission systems.