cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Optical and Mechanical Properties of Innovative Multifunctional Thermochromic Asphalt Binders

AbstractConventional asphalt binder material strongly absorbs solar energy due to its black color. The consequent high surface temperature of asphalt pavement during the summer accelerates rutting, impairs long-term durability, and causes undesirable environmental impacts (i.e., heat island effects and volatile gas emissions). The black surface of asphalt also leads to high thermal emissivity and a fast rate of temperature drop under severe cold weather conditions. Thermochromic materials are substances that can reversibly change their colors in response to temperature variations. This study presents innovative, multifunctional thermochromic asphalt binder that is designed to modulate the surface temperature of asphalt pavement, i.e., to reduce the surface temperature of pavement during hot summers and to increase the surface temperature during cold winters. Optical measurements are conducted on the thermochromic asphalt binder, which is found to be more reflective than conventional asphalt binders, and t...
Reframing research on learning with technology: in search of the meaning of cognitive tools

Previous research and development with cognitive tools has been limited by an inadequate conceptualization of the complexity underlying their nature and affordances for supporting learning and performance. This paper provides a new perspective on cognitive tools through the lens of the theories of distributed cognition and expertise. The learner, tool, and activity form a joint learning system, and the expertise in the world should be reflected not only in the tool but also in the learning activity within which learners make use of the tool. This enhanced perspective is used to clarify the nature of cognitive tools and distinguish them from other types of computer tools used in learning contexts. We have classified cognitive tools considering how expertise is classified: domain-independent (general) cognitive tools, domain-generic cognitive tools, and domain-specific cognitive tools. The implications are presented in reference to research, development, and practice of cognitive tools. The capabilities of cognitive tools should be differentiated from those of the human, but regarded as part of the system of expertise. Cognitive tools should be accompanied by appropriate learning activities, and relevant learner performance should then be assessed in the context of tool use.
Cell measurements of the reduction potentials of gas-phase emanating from PbS/CaO/C at elevated temperatures

Measurements were made of the reduction potentials (CO/CO2 ratios) of the gas-phase emanating from the PbS/4CaO/4C mixtures reduced isothermally under a He or N2 atmosphere at elevated temperatures. A solid electrolyte (ZrO2 stabilized with CaO) galvanic cell was used for this purpose. Both uncatalyzed and catalyst-containing mixtures were studied. The catalyst used was 2.5 wt pet (K, Li, Na)2CO3 added directly to the mixture. It was observed that the reduction potential increased with temperature and that the catalyst-addition results in a marked enhancement of the CO/CO2 ratio. All other conditions being the same, reduction under He is associated with greater reduction potentials as compared to those under nitrogen atmosphere.
Interface temperature measurements in the fretting of a medium carbon steel

Abstract The temperature of a fretting interface between 4130 steel and constantan has been measured by monitoring the electrical potential of the interface. The measured maximum temperature rise was 18 K and the temperature rise varied little with a change in normal pressure from 7 to 14 MPa or a change in fretting interface area from 25.8 to 1.6 mm2. Fretting of annealed 4130 steel against the same material in the as-quenched condition (untempered martensite) produced plastic deformation of both surfaces but no microstructural evidence of phase transformation due to interface heating. Alternative explanations are suggested for evidence of high interface temperature in fretting cited by other investigators.
Ground water for oil-shale development, Piceance Basin, Colorado.

Vast deposits of oil shale are contained in the Piceance basin in northwestern Colorado. The basin may contain as much as 40 million acre-feet of stored water associated with these deposits, much of which may have to be drained for mining. Yet, most analyses of watersupply for oil-shale development have focused on surface water with only brief mention of ground water. This study used a synthetic streamflow model to investigate the effects of using conservative estimates of ground water on the required active storage capacity of a hypothetical reservoir on the White River. Results of the study indicate that use of ground water from mine drainage and/or auxiliary wells may have a significant impact on the size and timing of surface-water reservoirs. Thus, ground water may be an important source of supply, particularly during early development of an oil-shale industry. The study results strongly suggest that further investigations are needed on the physical availability of ground water as well as the institutional, legal and waterquality constraints on its use.
Correction of the Typical Cleft Hand

The correction of type II and III typical cleft hands can be complicated because each hand can contain a variation of congenital problems including syndactyly, camptodactyly, thumb hypoplasia, deficiency of the first web space, abnormal phalanges, maligned joints, and abnormal intrinsic muscles and extrinsic tendons. The most difficult problem is the index ray, which lies in a "no man's land" between the central cleft and the mobile thumb. Presented in this paper is a technique for correction and transposition of the index ray through a simple incision, which separates the glabrous from the dorsal skin surfaces. Skeletal alignment must be precise. Preservation of the adductor pollicis muscle, if present, is crucial to a functional pinch. Long-term problems such as persistent radial deviation of the index finger and unyielding flexion contractures can be avoided.
Oxidant air pollution effects on plants of Joshua Tree National Monument.

Abstract Joshua Tree National Monument (JOTR) is located about 100 km east of the Los Angeles Basin, site of the heaviest concentration of photochemical oxidant (O 3 ) air pollution in the US. This investigation was conducted to measure O 3 concentrations in JOTR and to determine the effects of O 3 on vegetation in the park. Potentially phytotoxic concentrations of O 3 were recorded in JOTR in 1984 and 1985, but peak concentration occurred at night, when most plant species would be less sensitive to O 3 . No O 3 effects were observed on permanent vegetation observation plots in JOTR in 1984 or 1985. Controlled exposures of native summer annual and woody perennial species to O 3 showed that most did not develop visible O 3 injury symptoms except at concentrations higher than those expected in the park. However, Rhus trilobata Nutt. was injured at 0·10 ppm O 3 , 4 h per day for 4 days. This species would be a useful bioindicator to assess the effects of O 3 on native desert plants.
Large scale molecular dynamics simulations of a 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) liquid crystalline model in the bulk and as a droplet

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations for 4- n -pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) with as many as 944 molecules are reported. The order- N fast multipole method (FMM) is used to treat the long-range interactions. For a droplet of 944 molecules, the simulation shows a correlation between the droplet shape and the nematic order and a strong surface effect; little nematic order is found in a 118 molecule droplet. Simulations of the bulk system result in similar order parameters for both the 118 and 944 molecular ensembles. Although the nematic–isotropic transition was not observed at temperatures as high as 400 K using the CHARMM force field, a modification of the force field using ab initio determined partial atomic charges lowers the order parameters.
The 1950 Joint Scientific Session: Pavlovians as the accusers and the accused

In 1950, Stalin and the Soviet Government prevailed upon the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences to organize the 1950 Joint Scientific Session for the purpose of formalizing the teachings of I. P. Pavlov. During the Session, some of Pavlov's erstwhile students—the Pavlovians—split into accusers and accused. The more prominent of the latter were denounced for deviating from the orthodox Pavlovian path, and urged to admit their mistakes, to work within the framework of Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity, and to avoid Western influence. Within this context, the travail of the prominent Pavlovian physiologist L. A. Orbeli is discussed. Contemporary Russian historians and scientists, evaluating the consequences of the 1950 Joint Scientific Session, point out its negative effects; namely, the general moral decline of Soviet physiologists pressured to accept a dogmatic ideology, the lowering of the quality of research in physiology, and the self-imposed exclusion of Soviet physiology from the worldwide scientific community. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
US intensity and nonreinforcement technique in eyelid conditioning

Forty-four Ss received 80 conditioning trials with 50% reinforcement. US intensity (1 vs 2 psi) and nonreinforcement technique (US-omit vs US-delay) were factorially manipulated. US-delay consisted of a 5000 msec ISI. Two independent criteria identified CRs. More CRs occurred after reinforced trials than after nonreinforced trials; US-delay produced better conditioning than US-omit. Although the two criteria yielded similar results, the importance of appropriate criteria in identifying the CR was recognized.
High refractive-index resists composed of anionic photoacid generator (PAG) bound polymers for 193 nm immersion lithography

The objective of to develop high refractive index (HRI) chemical amplified resists (CAR), which are composed of HRI photoacid generator (PAG) bound polymer resists, and incorporate HRI nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. Therefore, this new series of nanocomposite resists should be effective for 193 nm immersion lithography with high RI, to obtain feature sizes down to 32 nm or lower.
Correlation of noninvasive arterial compliance with anatomic pathology of atherosclerotic nonhuman primates

Abstract Fifteen cynomolgus monkeys were fed a control ( n = 3) or cholesterol-containing diet ( n = 12) for 26 months. An impedance plethysmograph and a calibrated volume plethysmograph were used to determine femoral arterial volume change, ΔV, from femoral arteries. Abdominal aorta pulse pressure was measured directly. The ratio of ΔV to pulse pressure, Δ P, defined femoral artery compliance. At necropsy, sections of pressure fixed common iliac, external iliac, femoral and carotid arteries were obtained for measurements. The site of the largest atherosclerotic lesion was chosen for histologic measurement. The percentage intima in arterial tissue (PIAT) was determined at the site of the largest atherosclerotic lesions in iliac arteries and averaged. Peak compliance was inversely correlated with the PIAT (Pearson correlation −0.39, P n = 21) which improved to r = −0.52, P n = 27) when the PIAT also included the carotid atherosclerosis. The correlation coefficients were comparable to those obtained for total plasma cholesterol concentration, and direct systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Peak compliance and α-cholesterol concentrations provided the best multiple linear regression fit for the prediction of PIAT.
Periodicity of death feigning by domestic fowl in response to simulated predation.

Abstract The presence and extent of periodicity in the manifestation of death feigning duration was assessed in 137 week-old White Leghorn chicks. Chicks were reared on an LD 12:12 regimen with light onset at 0800 hr. Each was tested only once at one of 13 clock hours spanning a 24 hr period. Death feigning duration varied significantly with clock hour of induction, being longest from 1300–1400 hr and briefest from 0600–1100 hr. Variability was also cyclic but was distributed bimodally, being greatest in the latter half of each L and D phase. There was no significant influence of management hour on death feigning duration. The adaptive significance of the periodicity for predator-prey interactions was discussed, as were methodological implications.
Fast-response light scattering measurements of aerosol suspension in a desert area.

Abstract Observations with a specially developed fast-response instrument for light scattering measurements show that aerosol suspension and resuspension by diurnal winds in desert areas occur in relatively concentrated puffs of dust of short duration (≤2 min). The frequency of these puffs appears to be related to the meteorological conditions of the area. On chance occasions dust devils were observed by the instrumentation, exhibiting aerosol characteristics appreciably different from those of diurnal wind-suspended particulates.
A new surface segregation technique for bulk diffusivity measurements

Abstract A new technique is presented for the determination of solute diffusivities from Auger measurements of the kinetics of free surface segregation. The technique utilizes the final, non-uniform bulk concentration of one surface segregation run as the initial condition of the next run and allows kinetic measurements at much higher temperatures than previously possible by surface segregation techniques. The technique is applied to the diffusion of phosphorus in iron from 947 to 1170 K. The activation energy Q for phosphorus diffusion in bcc iron is found to increase with decreasing temperature in the vicinity of the Curie temperature of iron (Tc = 1043 K). In ferromagnetic iron Q=380±30 kJ mol−1. In paramagnetic iron, Q=205±50 kJ mol−1, in excellent agreement with previously published results. The change in activation energy in the vicinity of the Curie temperature is consistent with the behavior found for self diffusion in iron
The Flex-Nest: The Accessory Dwelling Unit as Adaptable Housing for the Life Span

ABSTRACTAmerican families have dramatically changed over the past sixty years, but the single-family home that houses them has evolved very little. Demographics indicate that while household numbers have gotten smaller over the decades, house sizes have become considerably larger. There has been little diversity offered in housing types, with builders and consumers favoring the detached single-family home as the icon of American success. But overwhelming recessionary pressures on American housing since 2007 have taken a toll. The housing market collapse has led to many foreclosures and subsequent vacant single-family homes, while simultaneously creating a scarcity in the rental market. Rising unemployment has seen Generation Y college graduates flocking back to the nest of their parental homes, baby boomer parents wonder when their nest will become less crowded, and the elderly are desperately trying to remain in their homes. The stock of affordable US housing is shrinking, and little new construction is ...
Estimating HIV Incidence and the Correlates of Recent Infection in Venue-Sampled Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City

In a cross-sectional study, MSM aged ≥18 years were venue-sampled in New York City in 2008, interviewed, and tested for HIV using oral fluids. Participants who reported testing HIV negative at their last test in the previous 24 months were analyzed (n = 287 of 550 sampled). Those testing positive at the interview were defined as recently infected. HIV incidence was estimated using person-time at-risk methods and correlates of recent infection using proportional hazards regression. Thirty-two (11.1%) were recently infected. HIV incidence was 5.67/100 person-years at-risk. Independent correlates included: study recruitment in parks vs. bars, and in other venues vs. bars; black vs. non-black race/ethnicity; and reporting a last sex partner with a positive or unknown vs. negative HIV status. When assay-based methods are not feasible, cross-sectional HIV test results and self-reported HIV testing history and risk factor data can be used to estimate HIV incidence and the correlates of recent infection.
Monte Carlo study of Germanium n- and pMOSFETs

In this paper, we perform fullband Monte Carlo simulations of Ge bulk nand pMOSFETs and compare them with their Si counterparts. We consider transport in the presence of phonon, ionized impurity, surface roughness scattering, and impact ionization. Quantum confinement in the inversion layer is taken into account in the form of a modified potential. Germanium devices gave higher drive current when compared with Si devices for the device structures studied. Consistent with the arguments of Lundstrom, the performance enhancement of Ge MOSFETs lies between that which would be expected based on the higher mobility alone, and the much smaller advantage, if any, offered in the ballistic limit where transport is governed by thermal injection velocities from the source.
Selective suppression of in vitro electrographic seizures by low-dose tetrodotoxin: a novel anticonvulsant effect.

Abstract Localized injections of 50 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX) in rat hippocampal slices blocked stimulus train-evoked electrographic seizures (EGSs) for several hours. Responses to single stimuli were minimally altered during TTX block of the EGSs. This selective reduction of epileptiform activity could result from general blockade of action potentials in an anatomically distinct group of neurons in the slice. To test this hypothesis, we systematically mapped TTX injection sites in the hippocampal slice, and found that TTX injections that blocked EGSs were nearly always located in or invaded CA2/3 stratum radiatum and/or stratum lacunosum-moleculare. A high degree of recurrent activity in this region contributes to both epileptiform activity and responses to single stimuli; hence our selective inhibition of EGSs suggests a more pharmacologically specific anticonvulsant effect of TTX. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that low concentrations of TTX (5, 10, or 20 nM) in the perfusion medium blocked EGSs without decreasing the amplitude of extracellular responses to single stimuli. Polysynaptic activity and/or antidromic firing may be particularly vulnerable to TTX action on voltage-gated sodium channels, due to their lower the safety factor for action potential propagation. Selective reduction of this activity may disrupt the abnormal neuronal activity underlying EGSs.
Noise tolerance of frequency-locked dynamics

We study the effect of noise on systems having two competing frequencies. In a mode-locked state, random perturbations are effectively suppressed, while outside a locking interval relatively high levels of broadband noise are observed, a correspondence first noted in experiments on charge-density waves. This correspondence is a general phenomenon and can be understood by simple dynamical considerations, as illustrated by the noisy circle map. We compare our analytic results for the observed power spectrum with digital simulations, and suggest tests of the theory for future experiments.
Preparation of single crystals of monoclinic silver(I) sulfide

Abstract Monoclinic β-Ag 2 S was grown from supercritical H 2 S−(C 2 H 5 ) 3 N·HCl solutions. Clusters of small crystals grew in the low temperature end of a high pressure vessel at a pressure of 117.2 MPa at 180°C with a decreasing temperature gradient of 30°C.
Structure and Dynamic Behavior of Crowded Cis Vicinal [(N,N-Dimethylamino)cyclopentyl]trimethylammonium Salts and Related Compounds

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of [cis-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)cyclopentyl]trimethylammonium iodide (4a) and triflate (4b) in acetone-d6 and in CD3NO2 show inversion of the amine with rotation about the ring−N...
On the breaking of an embedded fibre in torsion

Abstract The torsion of an infinite elastic circular cylindrical fibre, containing a penny-shaped crack, and embedded in an infinite elastic matrix, is considered. Using integral transform techniques the problem is reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, provided the fibre remains unbroken. A solution to the Fredholm integral equation is obtained by iteration, and by direct numerical methods. Curves of the bond stress for various ratios of the crack radius to the radius of the fibre, and for different values of the elastic constants, are also given. Stress singularities of a fractional order are noted when the fibre is broken.
Loss of TRB3 alters dynamics of MLK3-JNK signaling and inhibits cytokine-activated pancreatic beta cell death.

Disabling cellular defense mechanisms is essential for induction of apoptosis. We have previously shown that cytokine-mediated activation of the MAP3K MLK3 stabilizes TRB3 protein levels to inhibit AKT and compromise beta cell survival. Here, we show that genetic deletion of TRB3 results in basal activation of AKT, preserves mitochondrial integrity, and confers resistance against cytokine-induced pancreatic beta cell death. Mechanistically, we find that TRB3 stabilizes MLK3, most likely by suppressing AKT-directed phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and proteasomal degradation of MLK3. Accordingly, TRB3−/− islets show a decrease in both the amplitude and duration of cytokine-stimulated MLK3 induction and JNK activation. It is well known that JNK signaling is facilitated by a feed forward loop of sequential kinase phosphorylation and is reinforced by a mutual stabilization of the module components. The failure of TRB3−/− islets to mount an optimal JNK activation response, coupled with the ability of TRB3 to engage and maintain steady state levels of MLK3, recasts TRB3 as an integral functional component of the JNK module in pancreatic beta cells.
Modal Analysis of Inclined Film Cooling Jet Flow

Thermal and hydrodynamic flow field over a flat surface cooled with a single round inclined film cooling jet and fed by a plenum chamber is numerically investigated using large eddy simulation (LES) and validated with published measurements. The calculations are done for a freestream Reynolds number Re = 16,000, density ratio of coolant to freestream fluid ρj/ρ∞=2.0, and blowing ratio BR=ρjV/ρ∞V=1.0. A short delivery tube with aspect ratio l/D=1.75 and 35 deg inclination is considered. The evolution of the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K-H), hairpin and counterrotating vortex pair (CVP) vortical structures are discussed to identify their origins. Modal analysis of the complete 3D flow and temperature field is carried out using a dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) technique. The modal frequencies are identified, and the specific modal contribution toward the cooling wall temperature fluctuation is estimated on the film cooling wall. The low and intermediate frequency modes associated with streamwise and hairpin flow structures are found to have the largest contribution (in-excess of 28%) toward the wall temperature (or cooling effectiveness) fluctuations. The high frequency Kelvin–Helmholtz mode contributes toward initial mixing in the region of film cooling hole away from the wall. The individual modal temperature fluctuations on the wall and their corresponding hydrodynamic flow structures are presented and discussed.
An analytical formalism to calculate phantom scatter factors for flattening filter free (FFF) mode photon beams

Phantom Scatter Factors, Sp in the Khan formalism (Khan et al 1980 J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 6 745–51) describe medium-induced changes in photon-beam intensity as a function of size of the beam. According to the British Journal of Radiology, Supplement 25, megavoltage phantom scatter factors are invariant as a function of photon-beam energy. However, during the commissioning of an accelerator with flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams (Varian TrueBeamTM 6-MV FFF and 10-MV FFF), differences were noted in phantom scatter between the filtered beams and FFF-mode beams. The purpose of this work was to evaluate this difference and provide an analytical formalism to explain the phantom scatter differences between FFF-mode and the filtered mode. An analytical formalism was devised to demonstrate the source of phantom scatter differences between the filtered and the FFF-mode beams. The reason for the differences in the phantom scatter factors between the filtered and the FFF-mode beams is hypothesized to be the non-uniform beam profiles of the FFF-mode beams. The analytical formalism proposed here is based on this idea, taking the product of the filtered phantom scatter factors and the ratio of the off-axis ratio between the FFF-mode and the filtered beams. All measurements were performed using a Varian TrueBeamTM linear accelerator with photon energies of 6-MV and 10-MV in both filtered and FFF-modes. For all measurements, a PTW Farmer type chamber and a Scanditronix CC04 cylindrical ionization were used. The in-water measurements were made at depth dose maximum and 100 cm source-to-axis distance. The in-air measurements were done at 100 cm source-to-axis distance with appropriate build-up cap. From these measurements, the phantom scatter factors were derived for the filtered beams and the FFF-mode beams for both energies to be evaluated against the phantoms scatter factors calculated using the proposed algorithm. For 6-MV, the difference between the measured and the calculated FFF-mode phantom scatter factors ranged from −0.34% to 0.73%. The average per cent difference was −0.17% (1σ = 0.25%). For 10-MV, the difference ranged from −0.19% to 0.24%. The average per cent difference was −0.17% (1σ = 0.13%). An analytical formalism was presented to calculate the phantom scatter factors for FFF-mode beams using filtered phantom scatter factors as a basis. The overall differences between measurements and calculations were within ±0.5% for 6-MV and ±0.25% for 10-MV.
Patternable gel electrolyte infiltrated into all-solid porous Li-ion electrodes

Gel electrolyte based on 1M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate, polyethyleneglycol diacrylate oligomer, and 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) is infiltrated into porous sintered LiCoO 2 electrodes and cured in situ. The associated batteries function well, which is consistent with microscopy observations indicating that the gel electrolyte penetrates the electrode well and wets to the electrode particles. Trimethyl silyl acrylate is used to functionalize glass substrates and will cross link with polyethyleneglycol diacrylate during curing to promote bonding between the substrate and the gel electrolyte. The functionalization can localize adhesion allowing the electrolyte to easily release from unfunctionalized glass, which can be used as a mold.
Kähler-Einstein metrics with positive scalar curvature

In this paper, we prove that the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics implies the stability of the underlying Kahler manifold in a suitable sense. In particular, this disproves a long-standing conjecture that a compact Kahler manifold admits Kahler-Einstein metrics if it has positive first Chern class and no nontrivial holomorphic vector fields. We will also establish an analytic criterion for the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics. Our arguments also yield that the analytic criterion is satisfied on stable Kahler manifolds, provided that the partial C 0-estimate posed in [T6] is true.
MetaTracker: integration and abstraction of 3D motion tracking data from multiple hardware systems

Motion tracking has long been one of the primary challenges in mixed reality (MR), augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). Military and defense training can provide particularly difficult challenges for motion tracking, such as in the case of Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) and other dismounted, close quarters simulations. These simulations can take place across multiple rooms, with many fast-moving objects that need to be tracked with a high degree of accuracy and low latency. Many tracking technologies exist, such as optical, inertial, ultrasonic, and magnetic. Some tracking systems even combine these technologies to complement each other. However, there are no systems that provide a high-resolution, flexible, wide-area solution that is resistant to occlusion. While frameworks exist that simplify the use of tracking systems and other input devices, none allow data from multiple tracking systems to be combined, as if from a single system. In this paper, we introduce a method for compensating for the weaknesses of individual tracking systems by combining data from multiple sources and presenting it as a single tracking system. Individual tracked objects are identified by name, and their data is provided to simulation applications through a server program. This allows tracked objects to transition seamlessly from the area of one tracking system to another. Furthermore, it abstracts away the individual drivers, APIs, and data formats for each system, providing a simplified API that can be used to receive data from any of the available tracking systems. Finally, when single-piece tracking systems are used, those systems can themselves be tracked, allowing for real-time adjustment of the trackable area. This allows simulation operators to leverage limited resources in more effective ways, improving the quality of training.
Semi-transitive graphs

In this paper, we first consider graphs allowing symmetry groups which act transitively on edges but not on darts (directed edges). We see that there are two ways in which this can happen and we introduce the terms bi-transitive and semi-transitive to describe them. We examine the elementary implications of each condition and consider families of examples; primary among these are the semi-transitive spider-graphs PS(k,N;r) and MPS(k,N;r). We show how a product operation can be used to produce larger graphs of each type from smaller ones. We introduce the alternet of a directed graph. This links the two conditions, for each alternet of a semi-transitive graph (if it has more than one) is a bi-transitive graph. We show how the alternets can be used to understand the structure of a semi-transitive graph, and that the action of the group on the set of alternets can be an interesting structure in its own right. We use alternets to define the attachment number of the graph, and the important special cases of tightly attached and loosely attached graphs. In the case of tightly attached graphs, we show an addressing scheme to describe the graph with coordinates. Finally, we use the addressing scheme to complete the classification of tightly attached semi-transitive graphs of degree 4 begun by Marusic and Praeger. This classification shows that nearly all such graphs are spider-graphs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 45: 1–27, 2004
Collinear quantum dynamical study of surprisal theory

Abstract Product vibrational state populations are computed as a function of a reaction coordinate for the collinear H + H 2 exchange reaction. Several different prior distributions are used in surprisal analysis. Results are incompatible with the microcanonical prior distribution, if linear surprisal is used as a criterion.
A recurrent dynamic neural network for noisy signal representation

Abstract This paper presents a new recurrent dynamic neural network approach to solve noisy signal representation and processing problems. Essentially, the neural network solves, in a systematic way, for the sets of representation coefficients required to model a given signal in terms of basis elementary signals. The network converges by seeking the minimum energy states. The perceived advantages over traditional approaches are in robustness of computation and ability to handle time-varying noisy signals.
Isoconfigurational elastic constants and liquid fragility of a bulk metallic glass forming alloy.

Samples of Zr46.25Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 were isothermally annealed and quenched near the glass transition temperature and studied by the pulse-echo overlap technique. The shear modulus G of the samples shows a strong reversible dependence on annealing temperatures and, thus, on the specific configurational potential energy of the equilibrium liquid. The low-T dependence of G of the configurationally frozen glasses shows linear temperature dependence as expected by Debye-Gruneisen theory. The T dependence of G in the liquid state is directly related to the viscosity and fragility of the liquid.
Dentistry in health care facilities: the public health viewpoint

Dental services must be included as an important part of a balanced and integrated network of health services for all persons.
FEEDBACK BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL HOST SELECTION BEHAVIOR AND POPULATION DYNAMICS IN AN ERUPTIVE HERBIVORE

We examined the role of population density in host selection behavior of an eruptive insect herbivore, the spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis. We conducted field and laboratory experiments on spruce beetles from 29 endemic and eruptive populations in Alaska and Utah, USA, and Yukon, Canada. Beetles from both population phases colonized trees that had been felled to remove host defenses. However, only beetles from eruptive populations colonized defended, healthy trees. A series of laboratory assays using host-based media amended with varying concentrations of phytochemicals identified several factors affecting population-dependent responses to hosts. First, beetles were repelled by high concentrations of the predominant spruce monoterpene, alpha-pinene, but intermediate concentrations elicited entry and gallery construction. Second, heritability assays suggested high genetic variance of host selection behavior within populations, and between-population differences persisted following rearing in a common environment. Third, beetles from eruptive populations were less likely to enter medium amended with phytochemicals and constructed shorter galleries, which disagreed with our prediction and seemingly contradicted the field observations. However, fourth, beetle avoidance of high concentrations of alpha-pinene decreased with the addition of other beetles, and this effect was more pronounced among beetles from eruptive populations than among those from endemic populations. This interaction broadened the host range of eruptive beetles. We propose that such density-dependent behaviors can maintain heterogeneity among population phases and contribute to positive feedback in herbivore population dynamics. A conceptual model suggests how heritable and environmentally induced variation in host selection behavior can affect bimodal equilibria and numerical thresholds in eruptive species.
Comments and corrections to "Dominating sets and neighbor elimination-based broadcasting algorithms in wireless networks"

The paper by I. Stojmenovic et al. (2002) generated a lot of interest among researchers in ad hoc networks. A number of researchers questioned, through their articles, or directly to the first author, the correctness of the described procedure, and the correctness of the claim that the procedure does not need any communication exchange between nodes, in addition to "hello" messages needed to learn information about neighboring nodes. This correspondence completes the article by providing the actual dominating set definitions used in the procedure (from which zero communication overhead follows easily), the correct procedure (the published one has few misprints at key places), and the proof that the new definitions and procedure indeed define connected dominating sets.
Imaging of lung transplantation.

The first human lung transplantation was performed in 1963 but was unsuccessful. When cyclosporine was introduced in the early 1980s, the era of solid organ transplantation began. The first long-term success with human single lung transplantation, which was modeled on the concepts established for heart–lung transplantation at Stanford University, occurred in 1983 at the Toronto General Hospital. In 1986, the technique for double lung transplantation was successfully developed. The field of lung transplantation has evolved dramatically in the past 16 years. 2 , 15 , 21 , 26 , 32 , 37 , 50 , 52 , 53 , 70 , 72 One-year survival after lung transplantation is now 80% to 90% and 5-year survival is approximately 50%. 21 The operative mortality rate is less than 10%. Lung transplantation is now an accepted treatment for a large number of end-stage pulmonary diseases, including, but not limited to, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and primary pulmonary hypertension. Several factors have led to the ultimate success of lung transplantation, including (1) improved recipient assessment and selection, (2) improved intensive care unit care, (3) better understanding of the mechanism of rejection and refinements in immunosuppressive regimens, (4) improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infections, (5) improved surgical techniques to overcome problems of airway ischemia, and (6) development of effective rehabilitation programs. Major challenges remain, however. 18 , 19 The major obstacle to the growth of lung transplant programs is the limited supply of suitable donors. Only 20% to 30% of multi-organ donors have lungs that are suitable for transplantation because of the high incidence of complications such as aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, and the pulmonary edema associated with donor brain death. More recently, the harvest of lower lobes from two living donors for double lung transplant has been performed successfully by several groups, thereby shortening the wait for a suitable donor. 67 The development of obliterative bronchiolitis in up to 50% of long-term survivors remains another major challenge. Obliterative bronchiolitis is the major factor affecting long-term survival and quality of life. 32 , 35 Several complications pertain specifically to lung transplant recipients, including airway ischemia, reperfusion edema, infections, acute rejection, obliterative bronchiolitis and other postoperative problems related to surgical technique and immunosuppressive therapy. Imaging procedures play an important role in the diagnosis and management of these problems. This article focuses on the imaging appearance of these complications. *
Comparison of microarray image analysis software

Microarray is very useful and vastly growing technology that helps in analyzing genetic data. Because of the advancement in this field there is lot of genetic data being produced everyday and these data are needed to be interpreted and analyzed properly to get accurate results. With the advancement in computer technologies and software, we now analyze microarray slides by computers. There are many open sources as well as commercially available software that help us to analyze microarray images. Microarray image analysis can be divided into three stages-Addressing or Gridding of spots, Segmentation and finally Background and Foreground Intensity Extraction. This paper tries to compare few of the available microarray image analysis software on the basis of the above mentioned techniques used and also on the efficiency and ease of use of these software.
Susceptibility of Larval Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Dengue Virus

Mosquitoes vertically transmit many arthropod borne viruses, and as a consequence arboviruses are often present within the larval environment. We tested the hypothesis that Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) larvae were susceptible to dengue virus through two infection methods: exposure to dengue in the larval growth environment via viral supernatant, and exposure to infected tissue culture along with viral supernatant. In addition to investigating for the first time the susceptibility of larval Ae. albopictus to dengue virus, we analyzed the infection rate and viral titer of infected pools of Ae. aegypti when exposed to multiple serotypes of dengue. We found that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae were susceptible to the three dengue virus serotypes to which they were exposed regardless of the exposure method and that there were significant differences between the serotypes in infection titer and infection rate. The finding that larval Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are susceptible to dengue indicates that dengue might be able to spread among larvae within the larval habitat potentially contributing to the persistence of dengue in the environment.
Anselm's Definition of Freedom

In the philosophical world Anselm is known almost exclusively for the work in his two earliest writings, the Monologion and Proslogion, which, of course, includes his celebrated ontological argument for the existence of God. It is unfortunate that the rest of his work is not more widely known, for he makes some important contributions to western thought in later treatises that are virtually unknown to present-day philosophers and theologians. One such contribution is his concept of freedom, which he explains and defends primarily in De Libertate Arbitrii (hereafter DLA), written somewhere between 1085 and 1090. Anselm's concept of freedom is important for a number of reasons. First, he argues for a definition of freedom which is significantly different from others found in the history of western thought. Second, in his investigation of freedom he makes use of a methodological procedure which in certain respects has striking similarities (though there are also important differences) to certain analytic techniques well-known today. And finally, the single definition that Anselm provides is intended to include in its compass two major and seemingly different senses of ‘freedom’.
In memoriam: Owesei Temkin (1902-2002).

(2004). In Memoriam: Owesei Temkin (1902–2002) Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 218-222.
Transferring Power in the Family Business

Should a family business stay in the family? The question is really academic, since families appear to be in business to stay. But, when the management moves from one generation to the next, the transition is often far from orderly. In addition, as the company develops, there is a need for a management style that goes beyond survival thinking, and entrepreneurs tend not to be reorganizes. In fact, while a sometimes bitter power struggle is peaking, the fortunes of the company may be sliding downhill. In other cases, power struggles are part of a healthy transition. According to these authors, family and company transitions will be more productive when they are simultaneous. The eternal problem involves the older generation's making use of the flexibility and new ideas of the succeeding generation. Third party involvement may help to prevent irreparable family rifts and company stagnation. Dialogues between all the parties–family managers, relatives, employees, and outsiders–can also help.
Theory and Design of OTA-C Oscillators with Native Amplitude Limiting

An analog sinusoidal oscillator usually involves some form of amplitude-limiting mechanism. We examine operational-transconductance-amplifier (OTA) nonlinearity as a choice for amplitude limiting and develop a general theory for its use in OTA-capacitor (OTA-C) oscillators. We facilitate our theoretical discussion with an illustrative design example that we fabricated and tested.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE OF RECENT CHANGE IN THE NORTHERN HIGH-LATITUDE ENVIRONMENT

Studies from a variety of disciplines documentrecentchange in the northern high-latitude environment.Prompted by predictions of an amplified response oftheArctic to enhanced greenhouse forcing, we present asynthesis of these observations. Pronounced winter andspring warming over northern continents since about 1970ispartly compensated by cooling over the northern NorthAtlantic. Warming is also evident over the centralArcticOcean. There is a downward tendency in sea ice extent,attended by warming and increased areal extent of theArctic Ocean's Atlantic layer. Negative snow coveranomalies have dominated over both continents sincethelate 1980s and terrestrial precipitation has increasedsince 1900. Small Arctic glaciers have exhibitedgenerally negative mass balances. While permafrost haswarmed in Alaska and Russia, it has cooled in easternCanada. There is evidence of increased plant growth,attended by greater shrub abundance and northwardmigration of the tree line. Evidence also suggeststhatthe tundra has changed from a net sink to a net sourceofatmospheric carbon dioxide.Taken together, these results paint a reasonablycoherent picture of change, but their interpretationassignals of enhanced greenhouse warming is open todebate.Many of the environmental records are either short,areof uncertain quality, or provide limited spatialcoverage. The recent high-latitude warming is also nolarger than the interdecadal temperature range duringthis century. Nevertheless, the general patterns ofchange broadly agree with model predictions. Roughlyhalfof the pronounced recent rise in Northern Hemispherewinter temperatures reflects shifts in atmosphericcirculation. However, such changes are notinconsistentwith anthropogenic forcing and include generallypositive phases of the North Atlantic and ArcticOscillations and extratropical responses to theEl-NinoSouthern Oscillation. An anthropogenic effect is alsosuggested from interpretation of the paleoclimaterecord,which indicates that the 20th century Arctic is thewarmest of the past 400 years.
Opportunistic traffic scheduling over multiple network paths

Multipath routing enables a network's traffic to be split among two or more possibly disjoint paths in order to reduce latency, improve throughput, and balance traffic loads. Yet, once the control plane establishes multiple routes, a policy is needed for efficiently splitting traffic among the selected paths. In this paper, we introduce opportunistic multipath scheduling (OMS), a technique for exploiting short term variations in path quality to minimize delay, while simultaneously ensuring that the splitting rules dictated by the routing protocol are satisfied. In particular, OMS uses measured path conditions on time scales of up to several seconds to opportunistically favor low-latency high-throughput paths. Consequently, OMS ensures that over longer time scales relevant for traffic management policies, traffic is split according to the ratios determined by the routing protocol. We develop a model of OMS and derive an asymptotic lower bound on the performance of OMS as a function of path conditions (mean, variance, and Hurst parameter) for self-similar traffic. An example finding from the model is that long-time-scale traffic fluctuations represented by a larger Hurst parameter improve the performance gain of OMS vs. round-robin scheduling, even under paths that are statistically identical. Finally, we use an extensive simulation-based performance study to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical model, explore the impact of OMS on TCP throughput, and study the impact of factors such as delayed measurements