cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling Onboard Detection of Events of Scientific Interest for the Europa Clipper Spacecraft

Data analysis and machine learning methods have great potential to aid in planetary exploration. Spacecraft often operate at great distances from the Earth, and the ability to autonomously detect features of interest onboard can enable content-sensitive downlink prioritization to increase mission science return. We describe algorithms that we designed to assist in three specific scientific investigations to be conducted during flybys of Jupiter's moon Europa: the detection of thermal anomalies, compositional anomalies, and plumes of icy matter from Europa's subsurface ocean. We also share the unique constraints imposed by the onboard computing environment and several lessons learned in our collaboration with planetary scientists and mission designers.
Challenges for Antenna Design at mm-Waves

mm-Wave frequency band is poised to be used in 5G as ample bandwidth is available in this band. Beam-steerable antennas are an essential requirement for 5G mm-Wave networks; they mitigate interference by channeling and focusing the antenna signal towards the desired direction. This ability is significant for mm-wave frequency applications such as cellular back-haul links where high path loss, diffraction, attenuation from obstacles, material penetrations and misalignment due to rain and wind storms are dominant. Currently, the design cost of smart beam-steering antennas is high and there is a need to drive the cost down. This paper encompasses challenges, comparative analysis, cost and limitations of various beam-steering techniques at mm-waves.
Comparing HbA1C by POC and HPLC.

Objective Point-of-care (POC) Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) testing is frequently used to assess glycemic control in diabetes management. Studies are lacking on the comparison of POC with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) when the POC HbA1C is ≥ 14%. Methods Retrospective chart review of children with T1DM at Rhode Island Hospital from 2007-2013. Primary objective was to delineate the range of HPLC HbA1C values when the POC is ≥ 14% and characterize these patients. Primary results There were 72 patients, 5-21 years old, with corresponding POC and HPLC tests. Nineteen children, mean age 16.1 years, had a POC HbA1C ≥ 14%. Their mean HPLC value was 14.1% (95% CI [13.4, 14.8]), with range 11.1-16.3 and standard deviation 1.4%. Conclusion There is wide variation when POC HbA1C values are ≥ 14%. We suggest routine central HbA1C testing when the POC is ≥ 14% for proper counseling and follow-up of glycemic control. Tracking relative changes in HbA1C at subsequent clinic visits is important as it allows clinicians to gauge whether or not interventions are effective. Additionally, knowledge that their HbA1C is trending down may provide positive reinforcement to adolescents.
The Welfare State and The Market Economy: The Austrian experience as a Social Market Economy (SME)

This paper concentrates on the recent development of the welfare state and social wage in Austria. Our empirical review is concerned with the net benefits or net social wage received by the Austrian working population. Net social wage is defined as the difference between the social benefits received and taxes paid by the working class. This measurement will enable us to find out whether the working population has received a net gain (or net social wage) and whether this net gain has expanded over time. The paper offers a study of the trends of the “social wage” in France in the last decades before the Great Recession. It addresses two major questions. The first question is whether the expansion of social expenditures has posed any drag on capital accumulation and economic growth in this country. The second question is whether the increasing ideological challenges from the right and the competitive pressures of globalization have led to the retrenchment of the French welfare states in recent decades.
Field assessment of a safe sleep instrument using smartphone technology.

Introduction: Sudden unexpected infant death is the leading cause of infant mortality with black: white infant mortality remaining at 2:1 for the last decade. Smartphone technology provides a convenient and accessible tool for injury prevention anticipatory guidance among at-risk communities. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of pregnant teen mothers who own a smartphone. During a 1-month postnatal home visit, a safe sleep environment survey was administered, infant sleep practices were observed, and mothers trained to take and submit standard infants’ sleep environment photographs. Photographs were independently assessed for inter-rater reliability (IRR) across five sleep safety domains (primary outcome): sleep location, surface, position, presence of soft items, and hazards near the sleep area. Expert and novice coders IRR was measured using Cohen’s kappa coefficient (K). Sleep safety correlation between photographs and observation, and parent report and observation was determined. Results: Sixteen (57.1%) mothers completed the home visit. Most parents reported infants sleeping supine (78.5) in parents’ bedroom (85.9%). Photographs demonstrated sleep position, soft items without the baby present, and hanging toys had perfect agreement across all three coder pairs. Safe sleep experts’ IRR demonstrated perfect agreement for sleep location, position, and soft items. While 83.8% of parents were observed putting their infants down to sleep on their back, 78.5% of parents reported doing the same and 82.4% of the photographs demonstrated supine infant sleep position. Conclusion: Using photographs, coders can reliably categorize some key infant sleep safety aspects, and photograph sleep safety is comparable to parent report and direct observation.
Ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos.

OBJECTIVE Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius) are popular pets and can be affected by a range of ocular disorders. Our objective was to report ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos and to establish reference ranges for commonly performed ocular diagnostic tests. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six healthy male geckos aged 1 year old (n = 4) and >2 years old (n = 22). PROCEDURES All animals underwent ophthalmic examination, corneal esthesiometry, modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), rebound tonometry, conjunctival bacterial aerobic and fungal culture, and measurement of ocular dimensions. Student's t test was used to compare values of corneal esthesiometry, tonometry and mSTT between groups. Multiple correlations were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS All animals had a normal ocular examination. Tear production as measured with a mSTT (mean ± SD) technique was 3.1 ± 1.3 mm/min and tonometry values (mean ± SD) were 8.2 ± 1.7 mm Hg. Corneal touch threshold (median, range) was 4.4 cm, 2.5-5.0. Younger animals had a significantly increased corneal sensitivity compared to older animals (P = .0383). Results of culture showed no growth for fungal organism in any animals. Conjunctival bacterial isolation rates were low, with only 7/26 samples positive for nine bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS Leopard geckos are amenable to ophthalmic examination and ocular diagnostic database testing with minimal manual restraint.
An Enjoyable Journey of Research Collaboration with Elbert A. Walker

I look back at an enjoyable journey of research collaboration with Elbert A. Walker at New Mexico State University during 1981–2010. These include statistics (change point hazard rate models), decision theory (with belief functions), conditional events (and logics for intelligent systems), control theory (fuzzy and neural), and fuzzy logics.
Proteasome mapping reveals sexual dimorphism in tissue-specific sensitivity to protein aggregations

Defects in the proteasome can result in pathological proteinopathies. However, the pathogenic role of sex- and tissue-specific sensitivity to proteotoxic stress remains elusive. Here, we map the proteasome activity across nine tissues, in male and female mice, and demonstrate strong sexual dimorphism in proteasome activity, where females have significantly higher activity in several tissues. Further, we report drastic differences in proteasome activity among tissues, independently of proteasome concentration, which are exacerbated under stress conditions. Sexual dimorphism in proteasome activity is confirmed in a SOD1 ALS mouse model, in which the spinal cord, a tissue with comparatively low proteasome activity, is severely affected. Our results offer mechanistic insight into tissue-specific sensitivities to proteostasis stress and into sex differences in the progression of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
Promoting an Outcomes-Based Treatment Milieu for Juvenile Sexual Offenders: A Guided Approach to Assessment

This article is designed for mental health counselors working with juvenile sexual offenders and focuses on the use of an integrated array of standardized assessment instruments in the treatment of this population. A sequential guide is included to aid the counselor in the identification of salient treatment issues and to promote an effective and comprehensive service utilization process and an outcomes-based treatment environment. Specific assessment instruments designed to measure general risk factors, mental health disorders, substance abuse, and family functioning are discussed. A case illustration is provided to demonstrate the use of assessment instruments in the treatment process.
Surgeon and patient perceptions of cure in advanced gastrointestinal malignancies: Are we on the same page?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Effective communication is essential to complex shared decision making and is associated with improved recovery and pain control. However, patients and surgeons often have disparate expectations of treatment efficacy and perceptions of cure for advanced malignancies. This study measures correlation of patient and surgeon expectations with perceptions of cure. METHODS Our prospective study surveying surgeon-patient dyads before and after surgical consultation was performed for advanced abdominal malignancy between July and November 2017 at a single NCI designated cancer center using electronic questionnaires. RESULTS Patients and surgeons' own opinions regarding surgical candidacy (Q1), chance at cure (Q2), and life expectancy (Q3) did not measurably change from pre- to postvisit survey as evidenced by unchanged response concordance (patients Q1 P = .82; Q2 P = .81; and Q3 P = .53; surgeon responses Q1: P = .17; Q2: P = .32; and Q3: P = .50). Patient and surgeon perception of likelihood of cure and of estimated life expectancy remained discordant in pre- and postvisit surveys (Q2: P = .006 and Q3: P = .03). CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the stark differences between patient and surgeon perceptions of cure and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers. These results prove that a larger scale study using this electronic questionnaire is feasible and important to better understand these differences and enhance shared decision making.
Solid State NMR Spectra of Tall Fescue Seed

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been shown to be an invaluable tool in many fields of science for the non-destructive chemical analysis of samples. Solid-state NMR (SSNMR) with the use of magic angle spinning (MAS) has extended this powerful technique to samples that are not in solution. MAS utilizes fast mechanical rotation about an axis, at an angle of 54° 44’ with the external magnetic field. This technique has currently been used to analyze the chemical content and organization in a variety of biological materials.(1–6)
Travel distance and overall survival in hepatocellular cancer care.

Abstract Background Our objective was to assess the relationship between overall survival (OS) and distance travelled to the treating facility for patients undergoing liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma and to determine whether this relationship was dependent upon the structural factors of the treating facility. Methods Using National Cancer Database, we focused on extremes of travel: Local ( Results We included 6860 patients. After correction for confounding, distance travelled was not associated with OS (p = 0.444). However, Travel patients treated at high-volume, academic centers had worse OS compared to Local patients (HR 1.54, 95%CI 1.07–2.21); this association was not seen for patients treated at low volume, academic centers (p = 0.708) high volume non-academic centers (p = 0.174) or low volume non-academic centers (p = 515). Conclusion For those patients treated at high-volume, academic centers, living far from the facility was associated with worse OS. The reasons for this association should be investigated further.
Adult-like neural representation of species-specific songs in the auditory forebrain of zebra finch nestlings.

Encoding of conspecific signals during development can reinforce species barriers as well as set the stage for learning and production of species-typical vocalizations. In altricial songbirds, the development of the auditory system is not complete at hatching, so it is unknown the degree to which recently hatched young can process auditory signals like birdsong. We measured in vivo extracellular responses to song stimuli in a zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) secondary auditory forebrain region, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM). We recorded from three age groups between 13 days post-hatch and adult to identify possible shifts in stimulus encoding that occur before the opening of the sensitive period of song motor learning. We did not find differences in putative cell type composition, firing rate, response strength, and selectivity across ages. Across ages narrow-spiking units had higher firing rates, response strength, accuracy, and trial-by-trial reliability along with lower selectivity than broad-spiking units. In addition, we showed that stimulus-specific adaptation, a characteristic of adult NCM, was also present in nestlings and fledglings. These results indicate that most features of secondary auditory processing are already adult-like shortly after hatching. Furthermore, we showed that selectivity for species-specific stimuli is similar across all ages, with the greatest fidelity in temporal coding in response to conspecific song and domesticated Bengalese finch song, and reduced fidelity in response to owl finch song, a more ecologically relevant heterospecific, and white noise. Our study provides the first evidence that the electrophysiological properties of higher-order auditory neurons are already mature in nestling songbirds.
The CS-Ed podcast season 2

The CS-Ed Podcast is a podcast about computer science education created and hosted by Kristin Stephens-Martinez from Duke University. Season 2's theme is, "Where should we go from here?" The year 2020 has caused so much disruption and calls for change. But what should those changes be? This season aims to provide some food for thought as our host and guests discuss a major topic and then get concrete on what can be done now, within a year, and within the next five years.
Larval thermal characteristics of multiple ixodid ticks.

Abstract Temperature limits the geographic ranges of several tick species. Little is known about the thermal characteristics of these pests outside of a few studies on survival related to thermal tolerance. In this study, thermal tolerance limits, thermal preference, and the impact of temperature on activity levels and metabolic rate were examined in larvae for six species of ixodid ticks. Tolerance of low temperatures ranged from −15 to −24 °C with Dermacentor andersoni surviving the lowest temperatures. High temperature survival ranged from 41 to 47 °C, with Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato having the highest upper lethal limit. Ixodes scapularis showed the lowest survival at both low and high temperatures. Thermal preference temperatures were tested from 0 to 41 °C. The majority of species preferred temperatures between 17 and 22 °C, while Dermacentor variabilis preferred significantly lower temperatures, near 12 °C. Overall activity was measured across a range of temperatures from 10 to 60 °C, and most tick species had the greatest activity near 30 °C. Metabolic rate was the greatest between 30 and 40 °C for all tick species and was relatively stable from 5 to 20 °C. The optimal temperature for tick larvae is likely near the thermal preference for each species, where oxygen consumption is low and activity occurs that will balance questing and conservation of nutrient reserves. In summary, tick species vary greatly in their thermal characteristics, and our results will be critical to predict distribution of these ectoparasites with changing climates.
A diverse planetary trio around a naked-eye star

Observations from the brand-new CHEOPS mission reveal a third long-period transiting planet around the naked-eye star ν2 Lupi. Precise measurements of the masses and radii of planets around this star show a diversity of planetary compositions possibly ranging from bare rock to a significant volatile atmosphere.
A contemporary reassessment of the US surgical workforce through 2050 predicts continued shortages and increased productivity demands.

Abstract Background We aimed to predict practicing surgeon workforce size across ten specialties to provide an up-to-date, national perspective on future surgical workforce shortages or surpluses. Methods Twenty-one years of AMA Masterfile data (1997–2017) were used to predict surgeons practicing from 2030 to 2050. Published ratios of surgeons/100,000 population were used to estimate the number of surgeons needed. MGMA median wRVU/surgeon by specialty (2017) was used to determine wRVU demand and capacity based on projected and needed number of surgeons. Results By 2030, surgeon shortages across nine specialties: Cardiothoracic, Otolaryngology, General Surgery, Obstetrics-Gynecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Plastics, Urology, and Vascular, are estimated to increase clinical workload by 10–50% additional wRVU. By 2050, shortages in eight specialties are estimated to increase clinical workload by 7–61% additional wRVU. Conclusions If historical trends continue, a majority of surgical specialties are estimated to experience workforce deficits, increasing clinical demands substantially.
Antibody Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus in the Preclinical Period of Rheumatoid Arthritis Suggest the Presence of Increased Viral Reactivation Cycles.

Objective Patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) demonstrate altered immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but the presence and role(s) of EBV have not been fully explored in the preclinical period. We hypothesized that EBV infection, as evidenced by an altered anti-EBV antibody response, could either play an important role in driving the development or be a result of expanded RA-related autoimmunity. Methods 83 subjects with RA based on 1987 ACR criteria and 83 matched controls were evaluated. Subject and matched control sera from the pre and post- RA diagnosis periods were tested for 5 anti-EBV antibodies (EBNA-1-IgG, VCA-IgG, EA-IgG, VCA-IgA, and EA-IgA), 7 RA-related autoantibodies (RF-neph, RF-IgA, RF-IgM, RF-IgG, CCP2, CCP3, CCP3.1), 22 cytokine/chemokine, 36 individual APCAs, and CMV-IgG antibodies. Random forest classification, mixed and joint mixed modelling were used to determine differences in anti-EBV antibodies between RA cases and controls. Results Random Forest analysis identified preclinical EBV antibodies that differentiate RA subjects from controls. Specifically, EA-IgG antibody levels are higher in RA cases (0.82 ± 0.72) compared to controls (0.49 ± 0.28). Elevations in EA-IgG levels significantly correlated with increasing RF-IgM levels in future RA cases (p = 0.007) but not in controls (p = 0.150). CMV-IgG antibody levels did not differ between groups. Conclusion Subjects who eventually develop classified RA demonstrate elevated EA-IgG antibody levels in the preclinical period, which suggests the presence of increased EBV re-activation cycles. A combination of RF and EBV reactivation may play an important role in the development of RA.
Type I interferon activates MHC class I-dressed CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells to promote protective anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immunity.

Summary Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) assume varied functional states that impact anti-tumor immunity. To delineate the DC states associated with productive anti-tumor T cell immunity, we compared spontaneously regressing and progressing tumors. Tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell responses in Batf3−/− mice lacking type 1 DCs (DC1s) were lost in progressor tumors but preserved in regressor tumors. Transcriptional profiling of intra-tumoral DCs within regressor tumors revealed an activation state of CD11b+ conventional DCs (DC2s) characterized by expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) (ISG+ DCs). ISG+ DC-activated CD8+ T cells ex vivo comparably to DC1. Unlike cross-presenting DC1, ISG+ DCs acquired and presented intact tumor-derived peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) complexes. Constitutive type I IFN production by regressor tumors drove the ISG+ DC state, and activation of MHC class I-dressed ISG+ DCs by exogenous IFN-β rescued anti-tumor immunity against progressor tumors in Batf3−/− mice. The ISG+ DC gene signature is detectable in human tumors. Engaging this functional DC state may present an approach for the treatment of human disease.
The Property Tax Exemption in Pennsylvania: The Saga Continues

This case study briefly traces the evolution and current status of Pennsylvania’s property tax exemption debate. Over the past 30 years court cases and legislative initiatives in Pennsylvania have resulted in dramatic swings of power back and forth between nonprofits and their host taxing jurisdictions, generating confusion and growing acrimony among key stakeholders. As of this writing, a proposed Constitutional Amendment is working its way through the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The amendment seeks to give the legislature, not the courts, exclusive jurisdiction to define what constitutes a purely public charity. The case study concludes with some thoughts on overarching principles that should be considered in the debate.
The Importance of Communicating Previous Medical Histories

This case illustrates the need to communicate and educate athletes about the risks of neglecting to identify medical histories that may contribute to their assumption of unnecessary health conditions, including death.
The development of eye alignment, convergence, and sensory binocularity in young infants.

PURPOSE To measure and compare the development of ocular alignment, sensory binocularity, and convergence in infants during the first 5 months of life. METHODS Healthy infants were tested between 2 and 21 weeks of age. Ocular alignment was measured by the Hirschberg test; convergence was determined by visual examination as an illuminated toy approached an infant's face; and sensory binocularity was measured by preferential looking for fusible versus rivalrous gratings. In experiment 1 we compared the proportion of infants at different ages demonstrating orthotropic ocular alignment with those showing convergence. In experiment 2, we compared the age of onset of convergence to that of sensory binocularity. RESULTS Experiment 1: Most infants were orthotropic during the first month, and almost all of the others showed small amounts of exotropia. None of the infants showed accurate convergence until 6 weeks of age. By 4 months of age virtually all were orthotropic and had good convergence. Experiment 2: The onset of sensory binocular fusion occurred at 12.8 +/- 3.3 weeks. Full convergence did not occur until 13.7 +/- 3.2 weeks, although the first signs of convergence occurred slightly earlier. For individual infants there was a high correlation between the age of onset of sensory binocularity and convergence, and both onsets occurred earlier in girls than in boys. CONCLUSIONS Ocular alignment did not require the development of binocularity mechanisms, and the development of binocularity mechanisms did not await the onset of good ocular alignment. The relatively sudden onset of binocularity, both sensory (preference for fusion and stereopsis) and motor (convergence) at about 3 months of age and the high correlation between these measures indicate a common causal mechanism that probably involves refinements in striate cortex circuitry.
Domain Names, Globalization, and Internet Governance

A form of property peculiar to the digital age, the domain name presents questions of particular appropriateness to this Symposium. At first blush, how we allocate rights over the exclusive right to use McDonalds.com may seem, to the uninitiated, trivial compared to other more ostensible digital age issues.1 This attitude, of course, underestimates the stakes involved in fashioning a reliable and stable domain name system. Indeed, it is hardly an understatement to say that the ultimate administration and management of the system will determine in large part the nature and health of digital commerce and global communications. The burgeoning conflicts over domain names reveal how the Internet has raised thorny?perhaps intractable?problems for the law of intellectual property. It has not only played havoc with the law of copyright, but also has engendered a number of confounding issues in the law of trademark. Some of the issues can be simply characterized as ordinary incidents of trademark infringement moved to cyberspace; others, like the domain name issue, result from digital age particularity.2 One thing is clear?electronic commerce, and for that matter, all communications over the Internet, occupy an increasingly larger part of the world economy. With its ever expanding importance for
HMM-Based Segmentation and Recognition of Human Activities from Video Sequences

Recognizing human activities from image sequences is an active area of research in computer vision. Most of the previous work on activity recognition focuses on recognition from video clips that show only single activities. There are few published algorithms for segmenting and recognizing complex activities that are composed of more than one single activity. In this paper, we present a novel HMM-based approach that uses threshold and voting to automatically and effectively segment and recognize complex activities. Experiments on a database of video clips of different activities show that our method is effective
A System for Drawing Graphs with Geometric Symmetry

This demonstration presents a computer system to generate symmetric drawings of certain classes of planar graphs.
The role of fundamental biological research in developing future biomass technologies

Abstract Promptly implemented long-term programmes of fundamental biological research are essential for the innovative, economic and timely exploitation of biomass in the future using biotechnologies. In the light of a seriously deficient data base of biological information, a series of high priority research areas relating to both plant biomass productivity and microbial conversion are presented. It is recognised that the biological research must be integrated with engineering, agricultural, economic, forestry and environmental interests to provide workable systems.
Interferometric spectrometer for the infrared.

An interferometric spectrometer of the Fabry-Perot type has been built for the infrared spectral region and its resolving power has been tested on the 10-μ band of NH3. The interferometer has two sets of plates. One set of plates is closely spaced to isolate a free spectral range for the other set, which is more widely spaced to achieve the final resolution. Wavelength scanning is achieved by a synchronized mechanical separation of both sets of plates. The interferometer plates are figured rocksalt crystal plates coated with evaporated multilayers of tellurium and sodium chloride.
The combination of CRISPR-MVLST and PFGE provides increased discriminatory power for differentiating human clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis. Rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required to track specific strains of S. Enteritidis during outbreaks of human salmonellosis. By exploiting the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs), we previously developed a powerful sequence-based subtyping approach, designated CRISPR-MVLST. To substantiate the applicability of CRISPR-MVLST, we analyzed a broad set of S. Enteritidis isolates collected over a six-year period. Among 141 isolates we defined 22 Enteritidis Sequence Types (ESTs), the majority of which were novel. Notably, strains exhibiting the common PFGE pattern, JEGX01.0004 (characteristic of ∼40% of S. Enteritidis isolates in the United States), were separated into twelve distinct sequence types. Conversely, isolates of EST4, the most predominant EST we observed, comprised eight different PFGE patterns. Importantly, we showed that some genotypes that were previously associated with the food supply chain at the farm level have now been identified in clinical samples. CRISPR sequence data shows subtle but distinct differences among different alleles of S. Enteritidis, suggesting that evolution of these loci occurs vertically, as opposed to previously reported evolution by spacer acquisition in other bacteria.
Initial Heats of H2S Adsorption on Activated Carbons: Effect of Surface Features

The sorption of hydrogen sulfide was studied on activated carbons of various origins by means of inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution. The conditions of the experiment were dry and anaerobic. Prior to the experiments the surface of some carbon samples was oxidized using either nitric acid or ammonium persulfate. Then the structural parameters of carbons were evaluated from the sorption of nitrogen. From the IGC experiments at various temperatures, heats of adsorption were calculated. The results showed that the heat of H2S adsorption under dry anaerobic conditions does not depend on surface chemistry. The dependence of the heat of adsorption on the characteristic energy of nitrogen adsorption calculated from the Dubinin–Raduskevich equation was found. This correlation can be used to predict the heat of H2S adsorption based on the results obtained from nitrogen adsorption.
Detecting the Majorana fermion surface state of 3He-B through spin relaxation.

The Majorana fermion, which can be useful for topological quantum computation, has eluded detection. $^{3}\mathrm{He}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}B$, recently shown to be a time-reversal invariant topological superfluid, has a gapless Majorana fermion surface state. We show here that an electron spin relaxation experiment can detect this surface state---its Majorana nature through the Zeeman field direction dependence of the relaxation time $1/{T}_{1}\ensuremath{\propto}{sin﻿}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between the field and the surface normal. We propose an experimental setup where an electron inside a nanobubble is injected below the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ liquid surface.
Synthesis of the p‐nitrophenyl ester of acridine‐2‐acetic acid

The title compound, 8, which is expected to serve as a fluorescent substrate for α-chymotrypsin, was prepared by esterification of acridine-2-acetic acid, 4, whose synthesis was achieved by two routes. One began with 4-aminophenylacetic acid and proceeded through the acridanone-2-acetic acid, 3, in 49% yield overall. The other began with 4-aminoacetophenone and proceeded through 2-acetylacridanone, 6, in 3% yield overall.
Fatty Tissue Tumors of the Breast

Tumors of fatty tissue in the breast, including lipoma, fat necrosis, and xanthoma, although unusual, are nevertheless important and should be recognized. The scarcity of discussions in the literature on this subject can be attributed to the relatively infrequent occurrence of these lesions. Of approximately 3,000 breast tumors collected in this laboratory, only 58 cases could be classified as fatty tissue tumors (Table I). Lipoma There were 24 cases of lipoma of the breast in this series. These tumors arise from lipoblasts, which are themselves derived from mesenchymal cells. They begin as small single lobules of fat about a blood vessel and grow with varying degrees of rapidity. They occur wherever adipose tissue is found and for this reason are occasionally seen in the breast. The exact etiology is still a matter of discussion.
Are U.S. CEOs Overpaid

Executive Overview Critics of U.S. corporate governance claim that public company (a) CEOs are overpaid, (b) CEOs are not paid for performance, and (c) boards do a poor job of compensating and monitoring CEOs. In this paper, I argue that the critics are wrong. While corporate governance and CEO pay are not perfect, a great deal of evidence suggests that CEO pay is largely determined by market forces. CEOs have been affected by the same forces that have increased income inequality. They have not done better than several similar groups. (In fact, average CEO pay declined in real terms from 2000 to 2006.) CEOs are strongly paid for performance. And boards do monitor CEOs. CEO tenures are lower than they have been since tenures began to be measured in the 1970s; CEO turnover is more closely tied to stock performance than it has been since turnover began to be studied in the 1970s. Increased transparency for CEO pay (required by the SEC), increased shareholder activism, and the increased prevalence of majority...
Microspectrophotometry of Hæmosiderin Granules

THE chief forms of storage iron in the human body are ferritin and haemosiderin1. Ferritin was first identified by Laufberger (1937) as an unusual iron-containing protein. Chemical analysis, electron microscopy, and immunochemical studies have shown that the ferritin moiety consists of a homogeneous and immunologically distinct protein matrix (apoferritin) with varying numbers of ferric hydroxide micelles interspersed in the interstices2.
Genetic and biochemical properties of revertants at the rudimentary locus in Drosophila melanogaster

The rudimentary (r) locus of Drosophila melanogaster encodes the first three enzymes for the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines: carbamyl phosphate synthase (CPSase), aspartyl transcarbamylase (ATCase), and dihydroorotase (DHOase). Revertants of leaky r mutants deficient in CPSase have been recovered. Of those examined, most (28/30) appear to result from reversion of the original mutation or a second site mutation in the mutant gene: They map to the r locus, have levels of CPSase and Km's for glutamine similar to wild type, and have comparatively little change in ATCase and DHOase activity. Two of the revertants appear to involve regulatory mutations that lead to an increase in defective CPSase molecules: They map to the r locus, have Km's for glutamine like that of the CPSase in the progenitor stock, and lead to relatively small increases in CPSase activity that are roughly parallelled by inregulatory in ATCase and DHOase. The recovery of these putative regulatory mutations increasing the activity of the three enzymes supports the conclusion that the three activities are part of a trifunctional polypeptide or that their genes are transcribed together as parts of a multicistronic transcript.
High‐energy nearshore processes

The problem of shoreline erosion has become a matter of much interest in the recent press. To some extent this interest has been driven by the slow rise in sea level that has lent an air of inevitabilty to matters. However, the discussions certainly become more focused by the approach of a major storm or hurricane: for instance, the 1985 scare associated with Hurricane Gloria. In fact, it is these major events that dominate the episodic erosion history of an area, and so it is on the basis of knowledge of these events that decisions are made on the development and management of our shorelines. Unfortunately, both our understanding of the fundamental processes and the extent to which our knowledge is transmitted to coastal planners is less than we might hope.
Sequestration of 45Ca2+ by mitochondria from rabbit heart, liver, and kidney after doxorubicin or digoxin/doxorubicin treatment.

Abstract Doxorubicin, an antibiotic of the anthracycline group, has proven effective in treating a variety of malignant disorders. However, its use has been limited due to the cardiotoxic side effects which include myocardial necrosis that is characterized by mitochondrial calcification. The present studies were conducted to determine if treatment of rabbits with doxorubicin (an anthracycline) would affect the ability of mitochondria isolated from heart, liver, and kidney to retain 45Ca2+. Increases in mitochondrial retention of 45Ca2+ by all of the tissues studied were observed, although only that from the heart showed a significant increase. The changes in 45Ca2+ retention and morphology (i.e., increased mitochondrial swelling and intra-mitochondrial calcium phosphate crystals) of heart mitochondria from doxorubicin-treated rabbits suggest that this anthracycline directly or indirectly affects mitochondrial flux of calcium. That liver and kidney (as compared to heart) mitochondria are relatively insensitive to the effects of doxorubicin suggests a chemical difference in the mitochondria isolated from these tissues. Digoxin/doxorubicin treatment of rabbits, however, leads to a decrease in mitochondrial retention of 45CA2+, except for hear tissue, which again was significantly increased over the control.2 The effects of this treatment on the Na + K + activated ATPase of the heart, and on the accumulation of doxorubicin by the heart, were not significantly different from the control, suggesting that digoxin and doxorubicin do not compete for the same binding site.
p38 activation through Toll-like receptors modulates IFN-γ-induced expression of the Tap-1 gene only in macrophages

Although interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces the transporter associated with antigen processing (Tap)-1 expression in macrophages, cooperation with lipopolysaccharide signaling through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) accelerates the kinetics and increases the overall levels of this gene. In this report, we show that peptidoglycan signaling through TLR2 and bacterial CpG DNA signaling through TLR9 are functionally equivalent at synergizing with IFN-gamma in regulating Tap-1 expression in macrophages. Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is necessary for this response, which correlates with increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 on serine 727. Activation of p38, however, is not sufficient, as this signaling event does not affect the response to IFN-gamma in HeLa cells. The cooperation between these different signaling pathways also requires membrane fluidity. These data suggest that macrophages possess an ability to coordinate the signaling between the IFN-gamma and TLR receptors.
How States Implement Alternate Assessments for Students with Disabilities Recommendations for National Policy

The IDEA Amendments of 1997 mandate inclusion of students with disabilities in accountability systems. By 2001 professionals in many states had begun to develop alternate assessments to focus on students' performance relative to general education performance criteria. The purpose of this study was to examine how alternate assessments have been defined and aligned with state general education standards and to identify the methods that have been used to score the assessments. An analysis of states' documents revealed a variety of alignment and scoring methods. In most states, either assessments were linked to state general education standards or those standards were extended to include alternate assessments. Academic domains were measured in most states, but some states measured only functional skills. Most states used some form of rubric to score the alternate assessments, typically measuring mastery, progress, or level of independence. The article concludes with recommendations for enhancing national poli...
An experimental study of teachers’ verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students’ affective and cognitive learning

Previous research involving few experiments generally claims that higher nonverbal and verbal immediacy by teachers increases students’ affective and cognitive learning. In this study, experimental manipulation of combinations of nonverbal and verbal immediacy allowed us to more precisely test these causal links in relation to recall, learning loss, and affective learning. Obtained effects strengthened previous research associating teacher nonverbal immediacy with enhanced cognitive and affective learning outcomes. However, higher verbal immediacy in the experimental manipulations, when combined with higher and lower nonverbal immediacy, was not observed to produce greater cognitive learning. Correlations among recall, learning loss, and affective learning measures were significant, but the cognitive measures were not strongly associated.
Metabolic Acidosis in a Pediatric Patient Receiving Topiramate

Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that is labeled for the management of several seizure types in children >2 years of age. With the exception of cognitive dysfunction, nephrolithiasis, weight loss, and paresthesia, adverse effects in children are similar to other those noted with other anticonvulsants. We describe a 33-month-old child with complex partial seizures and secondary generalization who received topiramate 45 mg orally twice daily (6.2 mg/kg/d) for approximately 4 weeks before admission. He developed asymptomatic metabolic acidosis that was evidenced by a decrease in HCO(3) (-), which was unresponsive to treatment with sodium bicarbonate. The child was weaned off topiramate and the metabolic acidosis resolved 48 hours after its discontinuation.
How many species

Simpson's query (Evol., 1952) as to the number of species during earth's history is addressed once again. Some possible mechanistic contraints are put on the problem to distinguish the effects on species evolution from punctuate forces (geological selection pressure generated by buoyancy and tectonic processes) and from near continuous point mutation forces (selection pressure put on the gene pool from the local environment). That is, the long time scaling rate for the life process (its appearance and disappearance) perhaps can be accounted for feasibly by rather straightforward geophysical-geochemical processes.
Gold(III) and Platinum(II) Polypyridyl Double Salts and a General Metathesis Route to Metallophilic Interactions

Nine new double-salt compounds have been prepared and six crystal structures are reported that demonstrate a general metathesis route to double-salt compounds with metallophilic interactions. The compounds contain [Pt(terpy)X]+ or [Au(bpy)X2]+ cations, AuIII or AuI anions such as [AuBr4]- or [AuCl2]-, and are prepared in water and recrystallized from organic solvents. In all crystallographically characterized cases, there exist metallophilic interactions between cations and anions, demonstrating the power of this general route. In most cases, there exists an unbroken chain of metallophilic interactions through the crystal, forming single-atom-wide wires.
A Preclinical Large Animal Model of Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of the Sodium–Iodide Symporter for Radioiodide Imaging and Therapy of Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer

The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is primarily a thyroid protein, providing for the accumulation of iodide for biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Native NIS expression has made possible the use of radioactive iodide to image and treat thyroid disease successfully. The current study, using adult male beagle dogs, was carried out in preparation for a Phase I clinical trial of adenovirus-mediated NIS gene (approved symbol SLC5A5) therapy for prostate cancer. Direct intraprostatic injection of virus (Ad5/CMV/NS) was followed by iv injection of 3 mCi 123I and serial image acquisition. The dogs were then given a therapeutic dose of 131I (116 mCi/m2) and observed for 7 days. SPECT/CT fusion imaging revealed clear images of the NIS-transduced prostates. Dosimetry calculations revealed an average absorbed dose to the prostate of 23 +/- 42 cGy/mCi 131I, with acceptably low radiation doses to other organs. This study demonstrated the successful introduction of localized NIS expression in the prostate gland of dogs, with no vector-related toxicity observed. None of the animals experienced any surgical complications, and serum chemistry panels showed no significant change following therapy. The results presented provide further evidence of the safety and efficacy of NIS as a therapeutic gene and support translation of this work into the clinical setting.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can be activated in situ by using in vivo activants plus F(ab')2 bispecific antibodies

In vitro-activated T lymphocytes can be retargeted with anti-CD3 x anti-tumor bispecific antibodies (BsAb) to kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to examine the systemic and intra-tumor effects of in vivo T-cell activation with BsAb, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and beta-glucan in combination with BsAb as a retargeting agent. CL-62 melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously into C3H/ HeN mice. Mice were subsequently treated with BsAb alone or with SEB or beta-glucan plus BsAb. Fresh splenocytes, lymph-node cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for their proliferative response using incorporation of 3H-thymidine, and for their ability to lyse CL-62 cells in the presence or absence of BsAb in 4-hr 51Chromium release assays. Toxicity of treatments was assessed in a D-galactosamine model. BsAb, alone or combined with beta-glucan, had essentially no effect on systemic T-cell cytotoxicity, and essentially no effect on systemic proliferation, unless exogenous IL-2 was provided. At the tumor site, BsAb alone, BsAb plus beta-glucan, and SEB plus BsAb all significantly increased BsAb-mediated TIL cytotoxicity. In contrast to the TIL-limited effects of BsAb and of BsAb plus beta-glucan, SEB plus BsAb markedly increased both systemic and intra-tumor T-lymphocyte activation. Toxicity correlated with measures of systemic activation, with limited effects from BsAb alone and from beta-glucan plus BsAb, and with marked lethality from SEB plus BsAb. Overall, these results suggest moderate intra-tumor activation of TIL, but no measurable systemic activation after in vivo treatment with BsAb or beta-glucan plus BsAb. SEB plus BsAb results in complete T-cell activation in both systemic and intra-tumor compartments, but at the expense of increased systemic toxicity. In conclusion, TIL can be activated in situ with different combinations of in vivo activants. In vivo-activated TIL can be retargeted with bispecific antibodies to lyse tumor cells, and may be an alternative to ex vivo T-cell activation and adoptive transfer therapy.