cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modal logic and algebraic specifications

Abstract The established approaches to the semantics of algebraic (equational) specifications are based on a category-theoretic perspective. When possible interpretations are viewed as a category, the extreme points — the initial and final algebras — present themselves as natural candidates for the canonical interpretation. However, neither choice provides a satisfactory solution for incomplete specifications of abstract data types — the initial algebra is not abstract enough and the final algebra often does not exist. We argue that in much of the work on algebraic specifications, the categorical viewpoint is simply a convenient technical device to capture semantically the modalities of necessity and possibility. It is actually more natural to consider the semantic problem from the perspective of modal logic, gathering possible interpretations into a Kripke model. When necessity and possibility are added as modal operators in the logical language, a new candidate for the canonical interpretation — which we call the optimal algebra 1 — arises naturally. The optimal algebra turns out to be a natural generalization of the final algebra, and provides a satisfactory semantics in situations where the spirit of final algebra semantics is desired but a final algebra does not exist. Optimal semantics has a topological flavor. Our Kripke models are topological spaces in a natural way. In most (but not all) of the interesting cases, the Baire category theorem holds for the topology of a Kripke model, in which case the optimal semantics validates exactly those equational properties which hold in dense open subsets of the Kripke model. In analogy with many similar situations, we may regard these as properties that hold almost everywhere in the model.
Presentation of the 2009 Charles Schuchert Award of the Paleontological Society to Thomas D. Olszewski

It is my sincere pleasure and honor to introduce Tom Olszewski as winner of the 2009 Charles Schuchert Award. Tom has made significant and lasting scientific contributions over the last decade, addressing a wide range of important questions on the nature of time-averaging and the formation of death assemblages, the question of ecological stability, the mathematical framework of richness and evenness, and the stratigraphy of Carboniferous cyclothems. Growing up just outside Philadelphia, the son of Polish immigrants, Tom's path to the Schuchert Award was neither straight nor inevitable. Tom recalls reading books by Stephen J. Gould in high school. This certainly piqued his curiosity. But it was not until he attended Franklin & Marshall College that his love for paleontology began to flourish. Searching for a work-study job, Tom thankfully avoided cafeteria work, ending up instead in Roger Thomas' lab, where he helped to catalogue fossils that Franklin & Marshall had inherited from the Princeton University collection. Tom claims that it was working with fossils and with a paleontologist that cemented his interest and he became a major in the geology program. Tom began graduate work at the University of Chicago, but chose to leave after a year and a half to pursue a Master's degree at Kansas State University. Tom acknowledges that he did not feel he was scientifically mature enough to pursue independent research at that time. Nonetheless, the short …
Stimuli Associated with Pregnancy Prepare for Maternal Behavior in Rats

Cohabitation with pregnant females decreased the time required for reproductively naive female rats to become maternal with constant stimulation by pups. Experience with a companion's parturition did not add to experience related to her pregnancy. Exposure to pregnancy-related stimuli also increased nestbuilding as an initial response of virgins to pups. Social isolation for 9 days before exposure to pups decreased both contact with pups and cannibalism.
The chiral limit and phase structure of QCD with Wilson fermions

Abstract We study QCD with two flavours of Wilson fermions on an 83 × 4 lattice with emphasis on the approach to the chiral limit and its interplay with the finite temperature transition. We find that the point β ∗ c = 5.0 , k ∗ c = 0.175 represents, in the β -k plane, the intersection of the finite temperature transition and the chiral limit. For lower values of β it is possible to approach the chiral limit in the confined phase as k → kc, whereas at higher values of β the system undergoes a finite temperature deconfining transition at finite quark mass. The value of β ∗ c increases with lattice size. For example we also verify that it is possible to reach the unbroken chiral limit on an 84 lattice at β = 5.0.
HMGI/Y proteins: flexible regulators of transcription and chromatin structure.

Abstract The mammalian HMGI/Y (HMGA) non-histone proteins participate in a wide variety of cellular processes including regulation of inducible gene transcription, integration of retroviruses into chromosomes and the induction of neoplastic transformation and promotion of metastatic progression of cancer cells. Recent advances have contributed greatly to our understanding of how the HMGI/Y proteins participate in the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological events. All members of the HMGI/Y family of ‘high mobility group’ proteins are characterized by the presence of multiple copies of a conserved DNA-binding peptide motif called the ‘AT hook’ that preferentially binds to the narrow minor groove of stretches of AT-rich sequence. The mammalian HMGI/Y proteins have little, if any, secondary structure in solution but assume distinct conformations when bound to substrates such as DNA or other proteins. Their intrinsic flexibility allows the HMGI/Y proteins to participate in specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions that induce both structural changes in chromatin substrates and the formation of stereospecific complexes called ‘enhanceosomes’ on the promoter/enhancer regions of genes whose transcription they regulate. The formation of such regulatory complexes is characterized by reciprocal inductions of conformational changes in both the HMGI/Y proteins themselves and in their interacting substrates. It may well be that the inherent flexibility of the HMGI/Y proteins, combined with their ability to undergo reversible disordered-to-ordered structural transitions, has been a significant factor in the evolutionary selection of these proteins for their functional role(s) in cells.
The Changing Role of mTOR Kinase in the Maintenance of Protein Synthesis during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase occurs in mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2), primarily differing by the substrate specificity factors raptor (in mTORC1) and rictor (in mTORC2). Both complexes are activated during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. mTORC1 phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein (4E-BP1) and p70S6 kinase (S6K) in uninfected cells, and this activity is lost upon raptor depletion. In infected cells, 4E-BP1 and S6K phosphorylation is maintained when raptor or rictor is depleted, suggesting that either mTOR complex can phosphorylate 4E-BP1 and S6K. Studies using the mTOR inhibitor Torin1 show that phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6K in infected cells depends on mTOR kinase. The total levels of 4E-BP1 and viral proteins representative of all temporal classes were lowered by Torin1 treatment and by raptor, but not rictor, depletion, suggesting that mTORC1 is involved in the production of all classes of HCMV proteins. We also show that Torin1 inhibition of mTOR kinase is rapid and most deleterious at early times of infection. While Torin1 treatment from the beginning of infection significantly inhibited translation of viral proteins, its addition at later time points had far less effect. Thus, with respect to mTOR's role in translational control, HCMV depends on it early in infection but can bypass it at later times of infection. Depletion of 4E-BP1 by use of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) did not rescue HCMV growth in Torin1-treated human fibroblasts as it has been shown to in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-infected 4E-BP1(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), suggesting that during HCMV infection mTOR kinase has additional roles other than phosphorylating and inactivating 4E-BP1. Overall, our data suggest a dynamic relationship between HCMV and mTOR kinase which changes during the course of infection.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSORY LEXICON FOR CONVENTIONAL MILK YOGURT IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT Ten trained panelists determined that 61 characteristics explained the flavor, aroma, texture, basic taste(s), feeling factors and appearance attributes inherent in 12 commercially produced yogurts formulated from bovine milk. When 12 yogurts were used to validate the sensory lexicon, differences (P < 0.05) existed in 37 of the original 61 characteristics. Yogurt brands were then differentiated based on these sensory attributes utilizing principal components analysis. This analysis revealed which attributes were most important in both explaining plain yogurt as well as allowed the clustering of different brands into groups based on taste, aroma, appearance and/or texture. Taste and texture characteristics were more effective at differentiating yogurt treatments than aroma and appearance. Even though taste and texture characteristics allowed trained panelists to identify, differentiate and categorize products, the yogurt could not be differentiated or categorized by fat percentage or source of milk (organic versus conventional). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS A sensory lexicon was developed that is effective in the characterization and differentiation of nonflavored yogurts. Flavor and texture attributes were effective at differentiating yogurts, but yogurt products could not be grouped together according to sensory descriptors based on fat percentage and milk source (organic versus conventional).
Obstetrical complications and trail making deficits discriminate schizophrenics from unaffected siblings and controls

Abstract Numerous studies have reported that both obstetrical complications (OCs) and deficits on the Trail Making Test show elevated prevalences in schizophrenics. Trail Making deficits have also been reported to be more common in schizophrenics' relatives than in controls, suggesting poor trail Making performance may be a behavioral indicator of a familial risk factor for schizophrenia. Few studies, however, have investigated how these two variables co-vary in samples of schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics. In this study, DSM-III-R diagnoses, OCs noted in birth records, and Trail Making performance were independently assessed in 30 subjects: 9 schizophrenics, 8 of their non-schizophrenic siblings, and 13 comparison subjects with neither a personal nor a family history of schizophrenia. Results supported two key predictions of a two-factor etiologic model of schizophrenia: (a) the combination of perinatal OCs and poor Trail Making performance discriminated schizophrenics extremely well from non-schizophrenics, including their own non-schizophrenic sibs, and (b) perinatal OCs and Trail Making errors manifested a significant inverse association among schizophrenics' non-schizophrenic sibs, but not among other subjects.
Firefighter fitness: Improving performance and preventing injuries and fatalities

Firefighting is dangerous work. Each year, approximately 80,000 firefighters are injured and about 100 firefighters lose their lives in the line of duty. Firefighters face multiple dangers in the course of their work; they encounter toxic fumes, dangerous products of combustion, high radiant heat loads, and a chaotic work environment. Despite the myriad dangers, the leading cause of line-of-duty death among firefighters is sudden cardiac event, accounting for approximately 45% of duty deaths. Firefighting requires high levels of aerobic fitness, anaerobic capacity, and muscular strength and endurance; however, data suggest that many firefighters do not possess high aerobic or anaerobic capacity. Furthermore, many firefighters are overweight and have one or more modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The safety of the public and the health and safety of firefighters would be enhanced if firefighters followed well-designed fitness programs to improve overall health and fitness.
Growth of copper-treated corn roots as affected by EDTA, IAA, succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide, vitamins and potassium

Abstract Corn roots were treated for 1 hr in a modified Hoagland's solution containing 8 mg/l Cu 2+ and either simultaneously or subsequently with various substances, in order to test theories of copper toxicity to roots. Post treatment with IAA, niacin amide, thiamin, or sucrose had no effect on subsequent growth. Addition of excess KCl and succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (an inhibitor of ethylene production) to the copper solution doubled average growth and increased recovery from 27 to 87%. A rinse with EDTA resulted in resumption of normal growth rates and 100% recovery if performed 1 hr after Cu treatment, but this effect was gradually lost in the following 6 to 12 hr. Copper toxicity was increasingly severe as pH of the Cu treating medium increased. Results are not consistent with any theory tested, but they do suggest there is an initial phase of copper-stress which lasts 3–6 hr, followed by plant reaction that results in irreversible cessation of growth.
Dynamic formation of microenvironments at the myotendinous junction correlates with muscle fiber morphogenesis in zebrafish

Muscle development involves the specification and morphogenesis of muscle fibers that attach to tendons. After attachment, muscles and tendons then function as an integrated unit to transduce force to the skeletal system and stabilize joints. The attachment site is the myotendinous junction, or MTJ, and is the primary site of force transmission. We find that attachment of fast-twitch myofibers to the MTJ correlates with the formation of novel microenvironments within the MTJ. The expression or activation of two proteins involved in anchoring the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, Focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and β-dystroglycan is up-regulated. Conversely, the extracellular matrix protein Fibronectin (Fn) is down-regulated. This degradation of Fn as fast-twitch fibers attach to the MTJ results in Fn protein defining a novel microenvironment within the MTJ adjacent to slow-twitch, but not fast-twitch, muscle. Interestingly, however, Fak, laminin, Fn and β-dystroglycan concentrate at the MTJ in mutants that do not have slow-twitch fibers. Taken together, these data elucidate novel and dynamic microenvironments within the MTJ and indicate that MTJ morphogenesis is spatially and temporally complex.
Is Idaho Making Progress After 2 Years of Budget Restrictions

This report discusses Idaho's budget and appropriation decisions for FY 2012 and whether the state has made any progress to return back to the initial FY 2009 spending levels which were approved before Idaho's economic and General Fund revenue problems began. It briefly describes Idaho's people, politics, and budgeting process. It then considers the state economy and its General Fund reve- nues. Finally, it examines budget recommendations and legislative actions for FY 2012 and impacts of these decisions. The state's progress to return to the earlier levels has been mixed.
Permeability and permittivity extraction issues for non-Foster and active metamaterials

Although a variety of methods have been proposed for the extraction of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials, certain underlying passivity constraints and assumptions would not be suitable for non-Foster metamaterials that incorporate active devices and power sources. Moreover, recent arguments suggest that a common passivity constraint in extraction methods does not resolve solution branch ambiguities. To address these issues, the fundamental principles of parameter extraction are revisited for the case of active materials where passivity cannot be assumed. The analysis follows along the lines of Nicolson-Ross-Weir approaches, where parameters are extracted from measured two-port S-parameters. It is shown that a convergence constraint for active materials requires that the magnitude of the product of the transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient must be less than unity. This allows metamaterials with gain, and simulation results are provided for a slab of active material that exhibits gain and satisfies the constraint.
Circulating Vitamins in Alzheimer's Dementia as Compared with Other Dementias

Blood levels of 12 vitamins were compared in 55 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 58 control subjects (10 intellectually alert, 12 depressed, 28 multi-infarct dementias, 8 with other specific dementias). No significant differences in vitamin blood levels were found between the Alzheimer's disease group and the control groups either individually or in total. Conventional parenteral vitamin treatment of seven patients with vitamin deficits did not benefit their cognitive state. Conventional vitamin malnutrition did not seem to contribute to the disability in these subjects.
Blinded by the light.

If gamma-ray bursts released their energy uniformly in all directions they would be the most powerful events in the Universe. Astronomers are trying to see past the glare to determine the true energy.
When Are Nonanonymous Players Negligible

We examine games played by a single large player and a large number of opponents who are small, but not anonymous. If the play of the small players is observed with noise, and if the number of actions the large player controls is bounded as the number of small players grows, the equilibrium set converges to that of the game where there is a continuum of small players. This paper extends previous work on the negligibility of small players by dropping the assumption that small players' actions are “anonymous.” That is, we allow each small player's actions to be observed separately, instead of supposing that the small players' actions are only observed through their effect on an aggregate statistic.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, C73.
IS THE AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT OPITZ GBBB SYNDROME PART OF THE DIGEORGE/VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME WITH DELETIONS OF CHROMOSOME AREA 22Q11.2 ?

The classification of Opitz GBBB syndrome has been associated with the deletion of the DiGeorge chromosome region on human chromosome 22q11.2. The broad phenotype involved in this deletion syndrome is usually referred to as the DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome. The clinical description of the patient will influence the diagnosis of the syndrome. More exact descriptions are necessary in order to locate the gene(s) for these disorders. 13 refs.
Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride are not confined to mammalian tissue: evidence for direct effects of ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on ruminal fermentation and proteolysis. In Exp. 1, in vitro gas and VFA production was measured in flasks incubated with 0, 0.226, 2.26, 22.6, and 226.0 mg of RAC/L of buffered ruminal fluid. Ractopamine hydrochloride had a quadratic effect on in vitro gas production (P 0.50). In Exp. 2, IVDMD was measured with tubes incubated with 0, 0.226, 2.26, or 22.6 mg of RAC/L of buffered ruminal fluid with 4 substrate combinations: corn, corn plus soybean meal, corn plus urea, and corn plus soybean meal plus urea. Dry matter disappearance was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 h of fermentation. There was an interaction between RAC and substrate (P < 0.01), with more degradable forms of nitrogen eliciting greater IVDMD from RAC. Significant main effects also were detected for RAC, substrate, and hour (P < 0.001). In Exp. 3, AA and ammonia were measured in tubes treated with 0 or 2.26 mg of RAC/L of buffered ruminal fluid. Tubes were incubated for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, or 240 min. There were decreases in ammonia and AA concentrations with RAC (P < 0.001). Experiment 4 used 16 ruminally fistulated Holstein steers in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors consisted of grain processing method (steam-flaked or dry-rolled corn), concentration of dried distillers grains (DG) with solubles (0 or 25% DG, DM basis), and concentration of RAC (0 or 200 mg/d). Ruminal ammonia concentrations were less when RAC was fed in combination with dry-rolled corn, but not when RAC was fed in conjunction with steam-flaked corn (grain processing x RAC, P < 0.01). Addition of RAC, steam-flaked corn, and DG all resulted in reduced ruminal ammonia concentrations (P < 0.01). Amino acid concentrations were decreased when RAC was added to diets with DG but were unchanged in diets without added DG (DG x RAC, P < 0.05). Changes in ruminal ammonia and AA concentrations with RAC supplementation are dependent on grain processing and the addition of DG to finishing diets. Results from these studies suggest that RAC affects fermentation by ruminal microflora. Effects of the interactions between RAC and protein source, grain processing, and DG on proteolysis could have important implications when formulating diets for cattle supplemented with RAC.
Experimental determination and mathematical model of the transient incorporation of cholesterol in the arterial wall

Experimental data of the radial incorporation of labeled cholesterol [14C-4] into the artery wall is regressed against a mathematical model that predicts macromolecular transport in this biological system. Data is obtained using excised canine carotid arteries that are perfused in vitro under pulsatile hemodynamic conditions for 2 hr. Vessels are exposed to either normotensive hemodynamics, hypertensive hemodynamics, or simulations in which the rate of flow or vessel compliance is deliberately altered. Several arteries are studied under normotensive conditions following balloon catheter deendothelialization. Transmural concentration profiles of [14C-4] activity are determined by microcryotomy of longitudinal sections of perfused vessels. Nonlinear Marquardt regression on 12 experimental cases yields parameter estimates of effective diffusivity, D and solute filtration velocity, V. Results of this experimental investigation support our hypothesis that hemodynamics and the endothelial lining influence wall flux in intact vessels. Exposure to altered (vs normotensive) hemodynamics is associated with increased incorporation of labeled cholesterol. A similar observation is made for deendothelialized vessels (e.g. a greater accumulation of label and a rise in convective flux). Based upon our companion measurements of vessel wall forces and endothelial cellular morphology accompanying hemodynamic simulations, we suggest that hemodynamically induced alterations to endothelial structures lead to the increased permeability, convection and incorporation that we observe in this work.
Staple aneurysmorrhaphy to salvage autogenous arteriovenous fistulas with aneurysm-related complications

Objective Aneurysm-related complications could lead to loss of a functioning arteriovenous fistula (AVF). We report our midterm and long-term results with the staple aneurysmorrhaphy technique to repair and preserve aneurysmal AVFs. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our surgical treatment of patients with aneurysmal autogenous AVF complicated by skin erosion, bleeding, infection, pain, and difficulty with needle access from 2007 through 2014. We identified 52 patients, 40 (77%) of whom underwent repair with the staple aneurysmorrhaphy technique. The operation involved mobilizing the entire aneurysmal segments. A TA (Covidien, Norwalk, Conn) or Endo GIA (Covidien, Mansfield, Mass) stapler was used to resect the redundant aneurysm wall to create a 6- to 8-mm-diameter conduit. A subcutaneous skin flap was created after excising compromised skin. The remodeled vein was repositioned underneath the subcutaneous flap, with the staple line rotated laterally to avoid needle puncture. Results We attempted staple aneurysmorrhaphy in 40 patients with complicated AVF aneurysms, of which 38 repairs (95%) were successful. Median patient age was 66 years (range, 29-88 years). Median AVF age was 63 months (range, 12-136 months). Median follow-up was 20 months (range, 5-81 months). At 1 year, primary patency was 67%, assisted primary patency was 88%, and secondary patency was 91%. At 2 years, primary patency was 59%, assisted primary patency was 84%, and secondary patency was 91%. At 3 years, primary patency was 46%, assisted primary patency was 69%, and secondary patency was 85%. Surgery was performed under local-regional anesthesia in 28 patients (70%) and under general anesthesia in the remaining 12 (30%). Proximal venous outflow stenoses were detected in 19 of 40 AVFs (48%) preoperatively and in 11 of 38 AVFs (29%) postoperatively. Aneurysm recurrence occurred in two repaired AVFs. Conclusions Our experience with staple aneurysmorrhaphy shows that it is an effective, safe, and durable procedure to preserve a functioning autogenous AVF with complicated aneurysmal degeneration. Key principles are to reduce the vein to normal adjacent diameter and to provide healthy skin coverage. The remodeled AVF has a low aneurysm recurrence rate and maintains the beneficial properties of superior patency and low infection. It is important to aggressively monitor for and treat proximal outflow venous stenoses to prevent aneurysm recurrence. The surgery can be done safely under local anesthesia in selected patients.
Selective neuropathy and preserved vascular responses in the diabetic Charcot foot.

Charcot arthropathy is a disabling complication of diabetic neuropathy. It is however, unclear why it occurs in only a small number of neuropathic patients. We have studied 12 diabetic patients (10 insulin-dependent) with an acute Charcot arthropathy, and compared their neuropathy and vascular responsiveness with 12 diabetic patients (10 insulin-dependent) with recurrent neuropathic foot ulceration, 12 diabetic control subjects (9 insulin-dependent) and 10 normal non-diabetic subjects. The Charcot arthropathy patients demonstrated a preservation of warm perception, 6 (5.5) °C, but complete loss of peripheral cold perception, 10 (0) °C, p<0.001 (median (interquartile range)). This contrasted with the ulcerated neuropathy patients, who had equally severe impairment of both warm and cold sensory thresholds, 10 (0.5) °C vs 10 (1) °C, respectively, the diabetic control subjects who were able to detect a 2 (1.3) °C warm stimulus and 3 (3.5) °C cold stimulus and the normal subjects, whose warm threshold was 2 (1) °C and cold was 2 (1) °C. Light touch perception at the foot was preserved in the Charcot patients 4 (4) g vs 100 (50) g, p<0.0002, in the ulcerated neuropathy patients. Vibration perception at the great toe and cardiovascular autonomic function tests (heart rate variability, Valsalva ratio and postural systolic blood pressure fall) were abnormal in both the Charcot patients and ulcerated neuropathy group, with no differences seen between the two groups. Peak skin blood flow at the great toe in response to local heating was preserved in the Charcot arthropathy patients, 63.36 (28.72) flow units when compared to the diabetic and normal subjects, 62.72 (47) flow units and 76.3 (33.92) flow units, respectively and much greater than in the ulcerated neuropathy patients 28.94 (37.39) flow units, p<0.0002. The diabetic patients developing Charcot arthropathy thus have a neuropathy and vascular responsiveness which distinguishes them from diabetic subjects developing neuropathic ulceration. This may be important in the pathogenesis of the Charcot foot.
Effect of iodination on ligand binding by protein 315; Designation of a highly reactive light chain tyrosine as a contact residue

Protein 315 from the mouse plasmacytoma, MOPC-315, has been affinity labeled by Goetzl & Metzger (1970), using the reagent m-nitrobenzenediazoniumfluoroborate (MNBDF).‡ Haimovichet al. (1970) affinity labeled protein 315 with N-bromoacetyl-N'-dinitrophenylethylenediamine (BADE). In both cases, tyrosine 34 of the light chain (Tyr34L) was the residue modified. Roholtet al. (1974) using the paired-label technique, reported an aberrant-ratio peptide derived from the heavy chain. In this communication, we report studies which indicate the existence of a tyrosine residue on the light chain of protein 315 which is a contact amino acid in the binding site. and which is very reactive toward iodination. Thus, preparations of protein 315 which have been iodinated to a level of about 12 I atoms per molecule of protein, show a 20-fold reduction in their affinity constant for the hapten e, N-dinitrophenyl-l-lysine. This reduction in binding constant is completely prevented if the iodination is carried out in the presence of the hapten e-N-dinitrophenylaminocaproate. Furthermore, a preparation of protein 315, iodinated to the level of about five I atoms per molecule protein in the presence of protecting hapten, showed a greatly diminished incorporation of iodine on the light chain, as compared to protein 315 iodinated to the same level in the absence of hapten. These results, taken together with the recent model proposed by Dweket al. (1977), suggest that Tyr34L is the residue which is rapidly iodinated and that it is a contact amino acid in the hapten binding site of protein 315.
Photoreversal and “dark repair” of mutations to prototrophy induced by ultraviolet light in photoreactivable and non-photoreactivable strains of Escherichia coli

Abstract A photoreactivable variant ( strain H r 30- R ), obtained from a radiation-resistant, argenine-requiring derivative ( strain H r 30 ) of Harm 's non-photoreactivable ( phr − ) mutants of Escherichia coli B, is compared with its parent strain. The photoreversibility of UV-induced mutations to prototrophy is found to be about the same in the two strains. Since the phr − strain lacks the ability to split thymine dimers produced by UV in its DNA, but photreverses these mutations to the same extent as does the phr + strain, it is concluded that the UV lesions leading to prototrophy are not thymine dimers. In experiments varying the time of exposure to photoreversing light, it is found that the efficiency of photoreversal of UV-induced prototrophy is considerably greater in the phr + strain than in the phr − strain. This is interpreted as evidence that the photoreversal of preprototrophic damage is hindered by the presence of thymine dimers in the DNA. The efficiency of photoreversal of these mutations is also found to decrease with increasing UV dose in the phr − strain, lending further support to the conclusion that photoreversal of UV-induced prototrophy becomes less efficient as the number of thymine dimers in the DNA increases. In an experiment involving three successive exposures to UV, each followed by an incubation to allow “dark repair” of prototrophy induced by the preceding dose installment, the rate of “dark repair” is also found to decrease as thymine dimers accumulate in the DNA. These findings are interpreted as evidence that the UV damage leading to prototrophy is produced directly in DNA, and not in low-molecular-weight precursors of nucleic acid synthesis. Several mechanisms whereby thymine dimers might affect the efficiency of repair of the other UV lesions in the DNA are proposed. The possibility is discussed that photoreversal, photoprotection and “dark repair” may all be the same mechanism, insofar as UV-induced prototrophy is concerned, with the photoreversing or photoprotecting light acting indirectly, through the production of a delay in protein synthesis, thereby creating the conditions necessary for “dark repair”. It is further proposed that three classes of UV effects (UV killing in E. coli B, UV-induced prototrophy and UV induction of prophage), which share many pre- and post-irradiation responses, may all originate through the same kind of UV lesion, not the thymine dimer, associated with the detachment of integrated episomes.
Unimolecular fragmentation pathways of methanol, ammonia, and water neutral clusters

Abstract The gas phase fragmentation pathways of small neutral clusters of water, ammonia and methanol were investigated with a supersonic molecular beam as a sampling system for a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The relative intensities of the monomer fragment ions were monitored as a function of pressure in the energy range 21–73 eV using electron impact ionization. Increases in the relative intensities of the monomer fragment ions with pressure are attributed to fragmentation of the neutral clusters. The observed fragmentation processes indicate that the cluster fragment ions possess considerable internal energy. The degree of duster fragmentation is shown to decrease in the order of methanol &>; ammonia &>; water. The fragmentation products of the neutral clusters are also compared with those from gas phase monomers and pure molecular solids.
A transgenic mouse model with an inducible skin blistering disease phenotype

One of the current limitations of gene transfer protocols involving mammalian genomes is the lack of spatial and temporal control over the desired gene manipulation. Starting from a human keratin gene showing a complex regulation as a template, we identified regulatory sequences that confer inducible gene expression in a subpopulation of keratinocytes in stratified epithelia of adult transgenic mice. We used this cassette to produce transgenic mice with an inducible skin blistering phenotype mimicking a form of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, a keratin gene disorder. Upon induction by topical application of a phorbol ester, the mutant keratin transgene product accumulates in the differentiating layers of epidermis, leading to keratinocyte lysis after application of mechanical trauma. This mouse model will allow for a better understanding of the complex relationship between keratin mutation, keratinocyte cytoarchitecture, and hypersensitivity to trauma. The development of an inducible expression vector showing an exquisite cellular specificity has important implications for manipulating genes in a spatially and temporally controlled fashion in transgenic mice, and for the design of gene therapy strategies using skin as a tissue source for the controlled delivery of foreign substances.
Selenium Fractionation and Speciation in a Wetland System

Selenium fractionation and speciation in Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge (Montana), a wetland system containing moderate levels of selenium, were studied to determine the biogeochemical processes of selenium in wetlands. Results showed that selenate was a major selenium species of dissolved selenium in drainage water. It decreased substantially through the pond system as the relative percentages of organic selenium and selenite increased. Elemental selenium and selenium associated with organic materials were the major fractions in sediments, accounting for a mean of 46% and 33% of total selenium, respectively. Concentrations of soluble selenium and adsorbed selenium were relatively low, respectively accounting for a mean of 5% and 13%. Within the soluble and adsorbed fraction of selenium in sediment, selenate and organic selenium were the major selenium species. Selenium associated with oxides was very low (less than 4%). In this wetland environment, microbial reduction of selenate to elemental selen...
DEFORMATION OF Nb--W SINGLE CRYSTALS: ATHERMAL SOLID SOLUTION STRENGTHENING.

The athermal component of the flow stress of single crystals of niobium and four substitutional solid solution strengthened Nb-W alloys (1, 3, 6, and 15 at. pct) has been measured. The magnitude of the athermal stress was obtained by the method utilizing the temperature dependence of the flow stress and by a stress relaxation method. The agreement between these two methods is good. Athermal strengthening is a linear function of concentration over most of the composition range. No current athermal hardening theory is completely consistent with the experimental results.
The relationship between surgical changes in dentofacial morphology and changes in maximum bite force.

Abstract Purpose: This study determined whether patients with greater surgical changes, and presumably greater normalization of their skeletal morphology, showed greater increases in their maximum voluntary bite forces after orthognathic surgery. Patients and Methods: A total of 104 adult patients (32 males and 72 females) treated with 1 of 8 different orthognathic surgical procedures were examined. Patients' presurgical and postsurgical morphologic and biomechanical measurements were taken from lateral cephalograms. Measurements known to be related to maximum bite force were used in the analysis. Patients' presurgical and postsurgical maximum bite forces were measured at 8 tooth positions (ie, right and left incisors, canines, premolars and molars). Results: Presurgical and postsurgical morphology and biomechanics variables were strongly correlated with each other, suggesting that orthognathic surgery produced relatively little change in patients' overall craniofacial form. Maximum voluntary bite forces were primarily correlated with variables relating to jaw size—both before and after surgery. No correlations were noted between the increases in maximum voluntary bite forces and surgically produced changes in skeletal morphology and the biomechanics variables. Conclusions: Factors other than surgically produced changes in skeletal morphology are responsible for increases in maximum voluntary bite force after orthognathic surgery. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
The Influence of the PDO on Winter Precipitation During High- and Low-Index ENSO Conditions in the Eastern United States

It is well established that, when high-index ENSO (El Nino and La Nina) and the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) are in the same (different) phase, the impact of the ENSO phase on winter precipita...
Carbohydrate Quantity and Quality in Relation to Body Mass Index

The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States since approximately 1980 is temporally associated with an increase in carbohydrate intake, with no appreciable change in absolute intake of fat. Despite speculation that both carbohydrate quantity and quality have contributed significantly to excess weight gain, the relationship between carbohydrate intake and body mass index (BMI) is controversial. A review of relevant literature indicates that most epidemiologic studies show an inverse relationship between carbohydrate intake and BMI, even when controlling for potential confounders. These observational studies are supported by results from a number of dietary intervention studies wherein modest reductions in body weight were observed with an ad libitum, low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet without emphasis on energy restriction or weight loss. With few exceptions, high glycemic load is associated with lower BMI, even when adjusted for total energy intake. Data on the association between glycemic index and BMI are not as consistent, with more studies showing either no association or an inverse relationship, rather than a positive relationship. Whole-grain intake is generally inversely associated with BMI; refined grain intake is not. Because overall dietary quality tends to be higher for high-carbohydrate diets, a low-fat dietary strategy with emphasis on fiber-rich carbohydrates, particularly cereal fiber, may be beneficial for health and weight control.
Calculation of number and free energy of the conformers of linear alkanes with medium and long chains. Implications for catalysis

A method for calculating the number of rotamers of a linear alkane and of the number of rotamers with a given number of gauche conformations along the chain as a function of the total number of atoms in the chain, using general equations, is presented. A graphical method for generating individual rotamers was applied to the homologs up to decane, which has 1134 rotamers. The steric energies calculated by molecular mechanics (MM2 force field) were used as measures of the heat of formation for the coiled conformations relative to the anti conformer for each molecule, whereas the statistical entropy differences were calculated for classes of coiled rotamers grouped by the number of gauche bonds and steric energy. The free energy values calculated from these components show that already at 400 K hexane exists preferentially in conformations containing gauche bonds. For larger chains the free energy advantage for the coiled chains increases very steeply. The implications for the question of reactions of linear alkanes occurring on the surface or inside the channels of small- and medium-pore zeolites are briefly examined.
Identification of nano-scale films for THz sensing

There is a continued interest in the terahertz (THz) spectral range due to potential applications in spectroscopy and imaging. Real-time imaging in this spectral range has been demonstrated using microbolometer technology with external illumination provided by quantum cascade laser based THz sources. To achieve high sensitivity, it is necessary to develop microbolometer pixels using enhanced THz absorbing materials. Metal films with thicknesses less than the skin depth for THz frequencies can efficiently absorb THz radiation. However, both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that the maximum THz absorption of the metal films is limited to 50%. Recent experiments carried out using a series of Cr and Ni films with different thicknesses showed that absorption up to the maximum value of 50% can be obtained in a broad range of THz frequencies. A further increase in absorption requires the use of resonant structures. These metamaterial structures consist of an Al ground plane, a SiO 2 dielectric layer, and a patterned Al layer. Nearly 100% absorption at a specific THz frequency is observed, which strongly depends on the structural parameters. In this paper, the progress in the use of thin metal films and metamaterial structures as THz absorbers will be described.
Schistosoma mansoni:The Developmental Regulation and Immunolocalization of Antioxidant Enzymes

Antioxidant enzymes from S. mansoni, cytosolic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (CT-SOD), signal-peptide-containing SOD (SP-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione transferase (GST) were compared for their relative levels of transcript expression throughout development in a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. All of the antioxidant enzymes exhibited a similar pattern of developmental regulation. Adult worms have the highest level of specific mRNA compared with larval stages. GST shows the highest level of expression, being approximately 10-fold more abundant than CT-SOD and SP-SOD and 100-fold more abundant than GPX. This order of expression was nearly consistent for all the developmental stages studied. To localize the antioxidant enzymes, immunofluorescence staining was performed on 3-hr schistosomula and adult worms. GPX, SP-SOD, and CT-SOD were all found to be associated with the adult tegument and gut epithelium. SP-SOD was also associated with organelle and cell membranes of parenchymal cells and interestingly with the spines of adult worms. Schistosomula, on the other hand, showed little immunofluorescence. These studies further demonstrate the developmental regulation of antioxidant enzymes and localize them to the host-parasite interface, supporting the notion that they have a role in allowing adult worms to evade immune attack.
FDTD simulation of a microstrip phased array with a coaxial feed

In the paper, the authors present a novel approach for analysing microstrip patch antennas using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. Specific attention is paid to the issue of modelling the coaxial feed line, using a voltage source with a lumped resistance type of internal impedance. The results of the simulation are found to be in close agreement with those derived by using the method of moments (MoM). The analysis is then extended to the case of planar arrays of microstrip patch antennas. The active element pattern of the patch antenna is first extracted by using the FDTD, which is later used to predict the performance of the planar array. The paper also examines the numerical superefficiency and accuracy of the technique, and discusses its computational complexity.
Revisiting Sabath's “Larger Avian Eggs” from the Gobi Cretaceous

In 1991, Sabath described “larger avian eggs” from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot and Djadokhta Formations of Mongolia. These were later included in the ootaxon Gobioolithus major. Here we recognize the larger avian eggs of Sabath as a distinct ootaxon, Styloolithus sabathi, oogen. et oosp. nov. These eggs differ from those of Gobioolithus in being larger (70 by 32 mm) and more elongate. Microscopically, the shell bears a third layer (possible external zone) thicker than the mammillary layer and nearly as thick as the second layer (possible squamatic zone); the continuous layer (including layers two and three) to mammillary layer thickness ratio is 3.1:1. Within the clutch, the tightly spaced eggs stand with their long axes steeply inclined. Adult remains are associated with two clutches, suggesting an incubation mode similar to that of troodontid maniraptorans, where adults sat atop largely buried eggs. S. sabathi provides evidence that relative egg size in Mesozoic non-ornithuromorph birds had increased markedly from the non-avian theropod condition in oviraptorids and troodontids, but had not yet reached the modern egg-adult proportions of Neornithes. Sediment-bound upright eggs appear common to Enantiornithes and more basal avians, suggesting that like non-avian theropods, these birds lacked chalazae, the chords of albumen allowing egg rotation in modern birds. Absence of this simple structure may have restricted these basal birds to ground nesting in areas with appropriate substrates and not permitted the type of nesting diversity found in Neornithes. Neornithes are the only Mesozoic clade of Dinosauria to nest completely free of sediment; this may have played a crucial role in their surviving the K-Pg mass extinction event.
DISCUSSION ON A REACTOR OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

Abstract The topic of this note is the reactor optimization problem in [1]. The location of several local optima, with values close to the global optimum, is identified. This suggests that this problem may serve as a testbed for global optimization algorithms.
Thoracoscopic Repair of Tracheoesophageal Fistula in a Septuagenarian

We report the case of a 79-year-old female with clinical and radiographic evidence of congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. Past medical history included recurrent pneumonia and episodic cough with food or fluid intake. She exhibited Ohno's sign during the dysphagia evaluation. A video swallow study demonstrated evidence of aspiration. Esophagogram and bronchoscopy identified the fistulous tract. Repair of the anomaly was performed using a minimally invasive thoracoscopic approach. In our experience, excellent visualization and magnification of the anatomic field with use of thoracoscopy allowed for relative ease of dissection and resection of the tract with minimal postoperative morbidity.
The role of polymers in detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood, known to be responsible for cancer metastasis, have been widely investigated as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of metastatic cancer. In many of the studies, polymers have been commonly used to enable or enhance separation of CTCs; however, existing reviews do not focus on the role that has been played by polymers in the CTC detection field. In this review, we systematically classify the roles of polymers in representative CTC detection mechanisms, such as physical property-based filtration, separation in solution, and surface capture. This review highlights recent advances in the CTC detection through incorporation of polymers, which is a highly promising way to achieve clinically significant detection of rare CTCs.
Classification of dual model gauge algebras

Abstract A complete classification of infinite graded algebras containing a Virasoro subalgebra and additional generators transforming with conformal spin 1 2 , 1, or 3 2 is derived.