cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-focusing in high-power optical fibers

Recently the use of "vortex" beams of high azimuthal mode number has been proposed as a way of increasing the maximum peak power through-put of optical fibers beyond the few MW allowed for Gaussian beams by self-focusing. We report a numerical investigation of these and other schemes using a beam propagation approach that includes a Kerr-type nonlinearity.
Radioautographic Evaluation of Changes Induced in the Rat Incisor by High-Speed Cavity Preparation

Rat incisors were evaluated radioautographically for metabolic changes induced by high-speed cavity preparation. Label uptake was reduced substantially in those odontoblasts whose processes had been cut; labeling also was diminished in all other areas of the pulp, especially in that area immediately adjacent to the cavity preparation.
Lymphocyte propionyl-CoA carboxylase and accumulation of odd-chain fatty acid in plasma and erythrocytes are useful indicators of marginal biotin deficiency☆

Background: Recent studies indicate marginal biotin deficiency is more common than previously thought. That conclusion’s validity rests on two indicators of biotin status that depend on renal function. Objective: Assessing the validity of two indicators of biotin status that do not depend upon renal function: 1) activity of the biotin-dependent enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) in lymphocytes and 2) accumulation of odd-chain fatty acids in the lipids of plasma and erythrocytes. Design: Marginal biotin deficiency was induced in 11 healthy adults by egg-white feeding for 28 days. Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected before commencing the diet and twice weekly thereafter. After depletion, biotin status was restored with a general diet with or without 80 μg/day or 328 nmol/day biotin supplement. Activity of PCC was determined by an optimized NaH 14CO3 incorporation assay. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Results: With time on the egg-white diet, lymphocyte PCC activity decreased significantly (P <0.0001); C15:0 and C17:0 content increased significantly in the lipids of plasma and erythrocytes (P <0.015). In eight of 11 subjects, lymphocyte PCC activity returned to normal within three weeks of resuming general diets with or without biotin supplement. With repletion, C15:0 and C17:0 in plasma lipids decreased (P <0.02), but odd-chain content of erythrocytes did not decrease significantly. Conclusions: Lymphocyte PCC activity is an early and sensitive indicator of marginal biotin deficiency. Odd-chain fatty acids accumulate in blood lipids more gradually during marginal deficiency and return to normal more gradually after biotin repletion.
PRESENCE OF SEVERAL PHENOLIC COMPONENTS IN FRUIT PROANTHOCYANIDINS.

Forsyth and Roberts1 reported that chromatographically homogeneous cacao proanthocyanidin dimer yielded epicathechin and a new leucocyanidin when heated with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and cyanidin when heated with stronger acid. Similar dimeric proanthocyanidins were isolated from Crataegus oxyacantha and Gleditschia triacanthos by Freudenberg and Weinges2–5. The astringent proanthocyanidins isolated from various fruit tissues, unlike the above dimers, were found to be highly polymerized and not chromatographically mobile. This was true of the originally isolated persimmon proanthocyanidin6,7 and of the more recently isolated persimmon8 and apple9 preparations. These purified preparations, which were not mobile on paper in any of the solvent systems tested, were, however, found to yield mobile phenolics without any accompanying anthocyanidins when heated with dilute hydrochloric acid. Under these conditions several chromatographically identified phenolics and a non-mobile but apparently less highly polymerized fraction were obtained. The original preparation, and the residue after dilute acid hydrolysis, which was insoluble in ethyl acetate, were found to yield identifiable anthocyanidins on heating with more concentrated hydrochloric acid. The results of these observations, which continued investigations previously reported on the mechanism of acid conversion of proanthocyanidins into their corresponding anthocyanidins10, are reported here.
Long-term response with everolimus for metastatic renal cell carcinoma refractory to sunitinib

A 70-year-old man with metastatic renal cell carcinoma developed progressive liver metastases after 8 weeks of treatment with the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sunitinib. He then participated in the phase III placebo-controlled clinical trial of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus, initially randomized to placebo (but had disease progression after 3 months) and crossed over to everolimus at time of unblinding. The patient had stable disease after 8 weeks (two cycles) of everolimus that was maintained until 28 months of therapy, at which time the patient had achieved a partial response. This case illustrates the potential for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, a malignancy with historically poor prognosis, to derive long-term benefit from everolimus when used in a manner consistent with its approved indication (after TKI therapy with sunitinib or sorafenib).
Physical Illness and Subscription to Ellis's Irrational Beliefs

Research has shown a generally positive correlation between a person's propensity for illness and certain psychosocial variables. This study investigated the relationship between age, sex, and degree of subscription to each of Ellis's 10 irrational beliefs and frequency and type of illness. Participants were 122 adults who were assessed on the Irrational Beliefs Test and an illness questionnaire. Participants' scores on both instruments were analyzed using a canonical correlation analysis. There was a statistically significant relationship between participants' sex, age, and subscription to irrational beliefs, and frequency and type of physical illness. Specifically, the authors found that the older the participant, and more often for women, higher need for approval, higher need for competency and achievement, lower need to find perfect solutions to problems, and to a lesser extent, higher dependency on stronger persons were correlated with a greater number of organ systems affected by illness, a greater number of chronic illnesses, and to a lesser extent, a greater total frequency of illness. Conversely, the younger the participant, and more often for men, lower need for approval from others, lower need for competency and achievement, higher need to find perfect solutions to problems, and to a lesser extent, lower dependency on others were correlated with a fewer number of organ systems affected by illness, fewer chronic illnesses, and to a lesser extent, a lower total frequency of illness. Implications of these findings for counselors are discussed.
A hetero-core structured fiber optic pH sensor

Abstract Novel spectroscopic sensor based on a hetero-core structured fiber optic is described in this paper. The hetero-core structured fiber optic consists of multi mode fibers and a short piece of single mode fiber which was inserted in the multi mode fibers. Phenol red and/or cresol red as pH sensitive dyes were immobilized on the surface of the hetero-core portion by using sol–gel method, and the pH change detection was performed by immersing the hetero-core portion into the solution. In the case that the cresol-red immobilized fiber was immersed in the alkaline and/or acidic solution, the peak wavelength of the propagating loss spectra were about 575 and 545 nm, respectively. These propagating loss spectra were similar to that of the absorbance spectra of the dye solution. In the propagating loss spectra of phenol-red immobilized fiber, these spectra were similar to that of the dye solution. The colorimetric change of the dye in the support matrix was reversible, and the response time of the sensor was within 30 s.
Relation of observer agreement to accuracy according to a two-receiver signal detection model of diagnosis.

A long-standing problem of medical diagnosis is why rates of observer disagreement are so high. To study this question a model of test interpretation is defined which accounts for disagreement when observers use identical diagnostic strategies. Test subjects are assigned to one of two disease classes on the basis of two parameters: the test score and A, the diagnostic certainty, a parameter analogous to signal-to-noise ratio. The rate of disagreement and the mean error rate of independent ideal observers are derived as a function of diagnostic strategy. It follows from the model that: 1) Maximization of the ratio of disagreement to error defines an optimal diagnostic strategy with advantages over maximum likelihood and Bayes diagnostic strategies. 2) Disagreement exceeds error if the sensitivity and specificity of in dependent observers exceed one-half for all A. 3) The ratio of disagreement to error can be no greater than two if test interpretation is dichotomous but can approach infinity for tricho tomo...
Role of haptic cues in motor learning

We introduced haptic cues to the serial reaction time (SRT) task alongside the standard visual cues to explore the relative contributions of haptic and visual cues to motor memory and perceptual memory. Motor learning is a complex process that likely depends on the availability of haptic sensory feedback. Motor learning is also often an implicit process, wherein the learner is not even aware that learning is taking place. The SRT task was devised to study implicit learning. Reaction times (RTs) are reduced with practice even in the absence of explicit learning about a sequence embedded in a train of cues. We adopted an SRT protocol developed by Willingham in 1999 to determine whether haptic cues contribute differently than visual cues to the balance of motor and perceptual learning. Experimental results involving 32 participants showed that sequence learning occurs implicitly with haptic stimuli to much the same extent as visual stimuli. Also, it was revealed that the dependence on motor memory (as opposed to perceptual memory) was greater in the group responding to haptic cues than the group responding to visual cues. Comparing the dependence on motor versus perceptual memory, the haptic group reached marginal significance (p=.09), whereas the visual group difference was not significant (p=.23).
Strength Reduction Factors for High-Aspect-Ratio OSB Cold-Formed Steel Frame Shear Walls

AbstractDesign provisions for cold-formed steel (CFS) light frame shear walls with wall height-to-width/length ratios (aspect ratios) greater than 2∶1, and less than 4∶1, requires a reduction in nominal strength based on the wall aspect ratio. This reduction is attributed to increased wall flexibility. The current strength reduction is not supported by existing data and it is not justified given building code lateral displacement limits and the availability of expressions to estimate wall displacement. Additionally, a significant underestimation of nominal or peak strength is not helpful where capacity-based design is adopted. In this paper, the results of an experimental program that included 11-mm oriented strand board (OSB) sheathed CFS shear walls with aspect ratios between 2∶3 and 8∶1 are presented, and a conservative, more consistent and less severe strength reduction expression is offered—an expression that facilitates more sustainable design and meets the intention of the current standards of engi...
Robust speaker identification in noisy environments using noise adaptive speaker models

The use of probabilistic mixture densities for text-independent speaker identification in a noisy telephone channel environment is investigated. Two techniques for noise compensation are considered. In the first approach, a background noise model is integrated directly into the model for speech. In the second approach, noise preprocessing techniques are used to compensate noisy observations before passing them along to the speaker identification on conversational utterances collected over long-distance telephone channels from ten speakers. The integrated noise model was noted for having a noise suppression characteristic that arises naturally from the statistical model, which is important if one wishes to avoid the ad hoc fine tuning of thresholds required in the noise processing approach implemented. >
Antipsychotic Dose Study in the Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients

The purpose of the study is to find the minimal effective dose range of antipsychotics in schizophrenic population at the Milwaukee County Institution. 213 definite schizophrenic cases per DSM III criteria were chosen for the study (134 acute adult inpatients and 79 adult outpatients). All antipsychotic medication dosages were converted to the equivalent doses of thiothixene. The smallest effective dose was chosen as the minimal dose of the medication for each patient. The overall results show 14 % of the cases were drug resistant and 86 % were drug responsive. Among the acute adult services a higher percentage of paranoid schizophrenic patients needed high doses of antipsychotics (>40mg thiothixene) to stabilize their acute symptoms. But a higher percentage of nonparanoid patients needed low doses of medications (<40mg). Among the outpatients, the lower doses of medications were needed to maintain their improvement (<40mg). Most of them needed only <20mg thiothixene equivalent doses of antipsychotics. The psychiatrists can use each patient' past medication history to estimate the patient's minimal dose.
Breaking Walther's Law: ABSTRACT

Walther's law of facies cannot be meaningfully applied to explain major facies transitions in the Helderberg Group of New York. Correct application of the law requires that superimposed facies accumulated conformably, that is "only those facies and facies areas can be superimposed primarily which can be observed beside each other at the present time." Application of the law to the Helderberg Group fails on the conformable constraint. The Helderberg Group consists entirely of punctuated aggradational cycles (PACs), shallowing-upward cycles (1-5 m thick) separated by isochronous surfaces of marked facies discontinuity. The facies changes across these surfaces indicate that they were produced by abrupt relative sea level rises. Analysis of facies within any pair of successiv PACs indicates that each sea level rise disrupted the environmental spectrum associated with the deposition of the underlying PAC and established a disconnected new environmental pattern in which deposition of the overlying PAC was initiated. Therefore, facies changes analogous to those occurring across PAC boundaries cannot be found in contiguous modern environments. It is possible to meet Walther's strict criterion of conformity, and thus correctly apply his law, only for vertical facies transitions within PACs. The law cannot be applied to thicker rock sequences such as the Helderberg Group, represented by several formations and major facies, because they consist entirely of PACs and thus contain many paleo-environmental discontinuities. We conclude that stratigraphers, as a conseque ce of assuming the paradigm of stratigraphic gradualism, have failed to recognize the significance of these discontinuities and therefore have been breaking Walther's law. One of the consequences of adopting a new paradigm of episodic accumulation may be that stratigraphers will apply Walther's law in the manner that Walther apparently intended, as an actualistic rule for interpreting conformable vertical sequences. End_of_Article - Last_Page 234------------
Power-law tail probabilities of drainage areas in river basins

We examine the appearance of power-law behavior in rooted tree graphs in the context of river networks. It has long been observed that the tails of statistical distributions of upstream areas in river networks, measured above every link, obey a power-law relationship over a range of scales. We examine this behavior by considering a subset of all links, defined as those links which drain complete Strahler basins, where the Strahler order defines a discrete measure of scale, for self-similar networks with both deterministic and random topologies. We find an excellent power-law structure in the tail probabilities for complete Strahler basin areas, over many ranges of scale. We show analytically that the tail probabilities converge to a power law under the assumptions of (1) simple scaling of the distributions of complete Strahler basin areas and (2) application of Horton's law of stream numbers. The convergence to a power law does not occur for all underlying distributions, but for a large class of statistical distributions which have specific limiting properties. For example, underlying distributions which are exponential and gamma distributed, while not power-law scaling, produce power laws in the tail probabilities when rescaled and sampled according to Horton's law of stream numbers. The power-law exponent is given by the expression phi=ln(R(b))/ln(R(A)), where R(b) is the bifurcation ratio and R(A) is the Horton area ratio. It is commonly observed that R(b) approximately equal R(A) in many river basins, implying that the tail probability exponent for complete Strahler basins is close to 1.0.
Self-hypnosis: Behavioral and phenomenological comparisons with heterohypnosis

Abstract In a study of behavioral and phenomenological differences between auto- and heterohypnosis, standard autohypnotic and hetero-hypnotic experiences were administered to 48 college students (25 males, 23 females). Total scores of behavioral and phenomenological responses were compared for each experience. The phenomenological scores were also factor analyzed for each type of hypnosis. Behavioral total scores were comparable. Inexperienced Ss were as able to hypnotize themselves as to be hypnotized by another. Scores on “challenge” items were also comparable, whereas items suggesting positive actions showed greater variability. Factor analyses showed that the subjective experiences were generally similar. Heterohypnosis evoked more feelings of unawareness, passivity, and loss of control. Self-hypnosis elicited more feelings of time distortion, disorientation, active direction, and trance variability. The relationship between hypnotic mode and order effects was discussed in terms of Ruch's (1975) faci...
Internal Conversion of Gamma-Radiation in the L Shell

The nonrelativistic calculations of the internal conversion of electric multipole radiation which have been made for the $K$ shell are extended to the $L$ shell. Numerical values of the conversion coefficient for both the $K$ and $L$ shells are given and curves showing the ratio of the $K$ conversion to the $L$ conversion for different energies and atomic number are presented. This latter ratio is quite sensitive to the multipole order and varies between \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 and 10 in the range in which the calculations are valid. A simple relativistic formula for the conversion of magnetic multipole radiation is given. In Section 5 we summarize selection rules and give applications of the formulas to experiments.
The Effect of Inspired Carbon Dioxide on Subjective Estimates of Exertion during Exercise

The purpose of this experiment was to study perceived exertion during running and cycling in normocapnia and in two conditions of hypercapnia. Subjects performed differing exercise tasks and intensities (running at 48, 8 and 11-2 km h-1 and cycling at 300, 600, 900, 00 kpm/min) in three experimental conditions: breathing air, breathing air+1,75% carbon dioxide and breathing air + 3.50% carbon dioxide. In n single session, subjects either ran for 5 min at each 5 min at each intensity, with all measurements made during the fifth minute of exercise Inspiring small amounts of CO2 produced significant increases in ventilation at all running speeds and cycling intensities. Small systematic differences in perceived exertion ratings were found between conditions at all speeds and intensities except 300 kpm/min. None of the differences between the individual perceived exertion means wore statistically significant, with the exception of the comparison between air and air+ 3.50% carbon dioxide at ll 2kmh_1. It was c...
Applying no-fault compensation criteria to obstetric malpractice claims.

Objective: To determine in obstetric malpractice cases the incidence of adverse events (AE), defined in the litigation literature as an injury caused by medical management, and to determine the proportion of cases that would meet no-fault criteria.Methods: In a retrospective cohort design, all neonatal outcome claims (n = 47) occurring between January 1992 and December 1993 were reviewed from carriers in Massachusetts, Colorado, and Utah. Two obstetricians determined whether an AE occurred, as defined above. The cases were then reevaluated according to Swedish Compensatory Event (SCE) criteria, which compensate AEs due to avoidable or substandard care, and to Florida Neurological Injury Compensation Association (NICA) criteria, which compensate neurologic injury following peripartum oxygen deprivation or mechanical injury.Results: An AE occurred in only 23/47 claims, representing 49% (95% CI 34-64%). SCE criteria were met in all 23 of the cases with an AE. NICA criteria were met in 9/23, or 39% (95% CI 19-61%), of the cases with an AE. Neither SCE nor NICA criteria were satisfied in any of the 24 cases without an AE. There were strong relationships between an occurrence of an adverse event and fulfilling criteria for SCE (P <.001) and NICA (P <.001).Conclusion: Neonatal injury caused by medical management occurs in less than half of the obstetric malpractice claims. No-fault compensation criteria can be successfully applied to claims, and both the SCE and NICA methods are specific in avoiding compensation to claims without an AE. The SCE criteria are more sensitive than the NICA criteria for compensating AEs. Applying the SCE system to claims would result in a larger proportion of claims successfully meeting no-fault criteria than using the NICA system.
The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in intact human amnion tissue by interleukin-4

Infection is a major cause of preterm labor. Amniotic fluid from women in preterm labor associated with intrauterine infection contains increased concentrations of cytokines. The mechanism underlying this association may be a cytokine-mediated stimulation of amnion cell prostaglandin production. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid is regulated by the enzyme cyclooxygenase which exists in two forms; the constitutive form (COX-1) and the other mitogen inducible (COX-2). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) on cyclooxygenase activity and PGE2 production in amnion. Amnion tissue was taken at caesarean section from term women not in labor and immediately incubated for 2 hours in media containing concentrations of IL-4 ranging from 1 to 100 ng/ml. An increase in both COX-2 enzyme and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was observed for all concentrations of IL-4 greater than 25 ng/ml (P < 0.05, n = 8). No change in COX-1 was observed. Our data suggest that the cytokine IL-4 may be involved in the pathogenesis of premature labor by inducing COX-2 in amnion tissue resulting in increased production of PGE2 and subsequent myometrial activity.
A study of conditions for dislocation nucleation in coarser-than-atomistic scale models

Abstract We perform atomistic simulations of dislocation nucleation in defect free crystals in 2 and 3 dimensions during indentation with circular (2D) or spherical (3D) indenters. The kinematic structure of the theory of Field Dislocation Mechanics (FDM) is shown to allow the identification of a local feature of the atomistic velocity field in these simulations as indicative of dislocation nucleation. It predicts the precise location of the incipient spatially distributed dislocation field, as shown for the cases of the Embedded Atom Method potential for Al and the Lennard–Jones pair potential. We demonstrate the accuracy of this analysis for two crystallographic orientations in 2D and one in 3D. Apart from the accuracy in predicting the location of dislocation nucleation, the FDM based analysis also demonstrates superior performance than existing nucleation criteria in not persisting in time beyond the nucleation event, as well as differentiating between phase boundary/shear band and dislocation nucleation. Our analysis is meant to facilitate the modeling of dislocation nucleation in coarser-than-atomistic scale models of the mechanics of materials.
On the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Equatorial Front

Abstract This paper presents surface meteorological data and boundary layer profiles from a single meridional transect across the equator along 125°W collected during the Pan American Climate Study mooring cruise in September of 1998. These observations are unique because they occurred at the start of a cold event in the eastern tropical Pacific when the SST gradients along the equatorial front were near their climatological maximum. In addition to the anomalous cold conditions encountered near the equator, an added benefit of this limited study is the relatively high station resolution across the front. The meridional minimum in SST, and center of the cold tongue, was 20.9°C and occurred at 0.4°N. An equatorial front was located to the north where SST increased linearly to 25.5°C at 2.0°N. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was stable over the cold tongue. An unstable ABL developed over the warm side of the front in less than 55 km. The unstable ABL was found at two more stations over the warm side of ...
Heat loss in air of an Antarctic marine mammal, the Weddell seal

The conflicting needs of homeostasis in air versus water complicate our understanding of thermoregulation in marine mammals. Large-scale modeling efforts directed at predicting the energetic impact of changing sea ice conditions on polar ecosystems require a better understanding of thermoregulation in air of free-ranging animals. We utilized infrared imaging as an indirect approach to determine surface temperatures of dry, hauled-out Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii, n = 35) of varying age and body condition during the Antarctic summer. The study groups provided a fivefold range in body mass and a threefold range in blubber depth. Surface temperature (T s) did not vary by body region (head, shoulder, axilla, torso, hip, flippers). Average seal T s (mean 13.9 ± 11.2 °C) was best described through a combination of the physical traits of body mass and environmental variables of ambient temperature T air, and wind speed. Additional factors of ice temperature (T ice), relative humidity and cloud cover did not improve the model. Heat transfer model estimates suggested that radiation contributed 56.6 ± 7.7 % of total heat loss. Convection and conduction accounted for the remaining 15.7 ± 12.3 and 27.7 ± 9.3 %, respectively. Heat loss by radiation was primarily influenced by body mass and wind speed, whereas convective heat loss was influenced primarily by blubber depth and wind speed. Conductive heat loss was modeled largely as a function of physical traits of mass and blubber depth rather than any environmental covariates, and therefore was substantially higher in animals in leaner condition.
Intrinsic lethality of chloride-channel-directed insecticides and convulsants in mammals.

The intrinsic lethality of a series of chloride-channel-directed convulsants and insecticides was determined by intracerebral injection into mice. The toxicities of the cyclodiene insecticides and picrotoxinin were potentiated by intracerebral injection, when compared to their reported intraperitoneal LD50s. In contrast, the toxicities of lindane, abamectin, and the bicyclic convulsants TBPS and a TBOB analog were approximately the same by either route of administration. These results suggest that the brain is the primary target site for the cyclodienes and picrotoxinin, while the peripheral nervous system may be relatively more important in the toxic action of lindane, abamectin, and bicyclic convulsants such as TBPS. With the exception of picrotoxinin, these compounds showed, overall, a good correlation between acute intracerebral toxicity and potency for inhibiting GABA-dependent chloride uptake. The evidence that multiple chloride-channel subtypes serve as targets for these compounds and the potential impact this had on the results of these studies are discussed.
Anesthesia for aortic reconstruction in a child with PHACE syndrome

PHACE syndrome is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by the association of large cutaneous hemangiomas and the cardiac and cerebral vascular anomalies. We report a 6-year-old female with PHACE syndrome presented with left facial hemangiomas, cystic lesion in the cerebral posterior fossa, coarctation of the aorta, aplasia of the left vertebral artery and stenosis of the left internal carotid artery. Surgical repair of the aorta with left heart bypass under beating heart was scheduled. We monitored regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) with infrared spectroscopy in order to detect cerebral hypoperfusion. A decrease of rSO2 ipsilateral to the cerebrovascular anomalies occurred during anastomosis of the aorta, which was treated by reducing the flow rate of left heart bypass and by increasing the inhalational oxygen concentration. As children with PHACE syndrome are frequently accompanied with cerebrovascular anomalies and at a risk of cerebral hypoperfusion, prevention of cerebral hypoperfusion is crucially important during general anesthesia.
Hypersensitivity responses in monkeys. IV. Sensitization to human serum and nonacceptance of reagin

Abstract Monkeys immunized with human serum without adjuvant developed high titers of skin reactivity but no precipitins. When skin sensitivity to serum developed, most of the animals failed to accept reagins. The nonacceptors had antibodies which combined with human serum to form antigen-antibody skin-reacting complexes, blocked reagin attachment, produced reverse passive transfer reactions in sites preinjected with human serum, and gave histamine release from human leukocytes or normal monkey leukocytes pretreated with human serum. Passive transfer of these antibodies to normal monkeys was questionable. Such actively immunized monkeys had no greater skin reaction than normal monkeys with myeloma IgE. Serum from sensitized monkeys which still accepted reagins did not disclose similar antibodies. Monkeys immunized with myeloma IgE in complete Freund's adjuvant produced good precipitin titers, no immediate but delayed Arthus-type skin reactions, and they lost their ability to accept reagins. These findings indicate that loss of reagin acceptance is probably due to sensitivity to IgE, that the antibody to human IgE in the monkey is probably not in monkey IgE, and that myeloma IgE and normal human IgE may possess some dissimilar as well as common determinants.
An osteopathic approach to the renal and urinary system

This article reviews the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the renal and urinary systems. The clinically relevant interactions and contributions with the musculoskeletal system of interest and use to the osteopathic family physician will be discussed, and an osteopathic manipulative approach to the renal and urinary systems will be explored.
Evaluation of the Financial Impact of Ketorolac Tromethamine Therapy in Hospitalized Patients

Abstract This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the resource utilization and cost consequences of ketorolac tromethamine in postoperative pain management in a variety of clinical circumstances. All patients were treated at LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, a 520-bed teaching hospital. A long-term archive of clinical and financial data from a computerized hospital information system was searched for patients with specified primary International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification discharge diagnoses treated from June 1, 1990, to July 1, 1992, who received ketorolac (n = 229). These patients were matched with cohort patients (n = 821) treated from July 1, 1989, to May 31, 1990, who did not receive keterolac. The archive contained information on ketorolac exposure as well as concurrent drug therapy and adverse drug events that had been prospectively evaluated during hospitalization throughout the study and cohort periods. Detailed costs were available for each patient. The study examined attributable differences in lengths of stay and total costs using linear regression modeling. We found a statistically significant attributable decreased length of stay for ketorolac patients of 1.15 days. Case patients also had reduced usage of narcotic drugs (4.39 fewer doses than cohorts and 15.6 hours shorter duration of narcotics than cohorts), reduced use of antiemetic and antipruritic medications, and reduced numbers of adverse events. Linear regression modeling showed that ketorolac use was significantly related to reduced cost using inflation-adjusted dollars. We believe that ketorolac has significant cost advantages over opiate analgesics because of its narcotic-sparing effects. Advantages of ketorolac use include reduced rates of adverse drug events, reduced lengths of stay, especially for orthopedic surgery, and reduced overall hospital costs for diagnosis-related groups associated with cholecystectomy.
The Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Valence State on Reactive Oxygen Species and Toxicity.

Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles, which are used in a variety of products including solar cells, gas sensors, and catalysts, are expected to increase in industrial use. This will subsequently lead to additional occupational exposures, making toxicology screenings crucial. Previous toxicology studies have presented conflicting results as to the extent of CeO2 toxicity, which is hypothesized to be due to the ability of Ce to exist in both a +3 and +4 valence state. Thus, to study whether valence state and oxygen vacancy concentration are important in CeO2 toxicity, CeO2 nanoparticles were doped with gadolinium to adjust the cation (Ce, Gd) and anion (O) defect states. The hypothesis that doping would increase toxicity and decrease antioxidant abilities as a result of increased oxygen vacancies and inhibition of +3 to +4 transition was tested. Differences in toxicity and reactivity based on valence state were determined in RLE-6TN rat alveolar epithelial and NR8383 rat alveolar macrophage cells using enhanced dark field microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and annexin V/propidium iodide cell viability stain. Results from EPR indicated that as doping increased, antioxidant potential decreased. Alternatively, doping had no effect on toxicity at 24 h. The present results imply that as doping increases, thus subsequently increasing the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio, antioxidant potential decreases, suggesting that differences in reactivity of CeO2 are due to the ability of Ce to transition between the two valence states and the presence of increased oxygen vacancies, rather than dependent on a specific valence state. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12011-015-0297-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Comb-push ultrasound shear elastography of breast masses: initial results show promise.

Purpose or Objective To evaluate the performance of Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) for classification of breast masses.
The reinforcement of weakened pulpless teeth

Abstract 1. Pulpless teeth which have been weakened structurally by caries and endodontic procedures need the support of a post-core casting for reinforcement. 2. The casting should be designed to guard against horizontal, as well as longitudinal, fractures of pulpless teeth. 3. The post-core casting is superior to the post-crown in providing this reinforcement because the tooth is independent of any structure to be placed upon it. 4. A method has been described, which utilizes the temporary acrylic resin splint, for the construction of cast post-core for anterior and posterior pulpless teeth directly in the mouth. 5. Two or more post-core castings may be constructed in one operation if the pulpless teeth are in the same quadrant.
Pharmacodynamic Interactions with Exercise and Beta-Blocker Medications

It is recommended that all individuals who have high blood pressure should also participate in a regular exercise program to help control their blood pressure and decrease their risk for cardiovascular disease. Most of these individuals will also be on medications, and many will be on a medication from the class of antihypertensives called beta-blockers. Research has shown that a pharmacodynamic drug-exercise interaction exists when beta-blockers and exercise are taken together. Hemodynamic changes occur with this interaction, causing a decrease in exercising heart rate and cardiac output. Clinically, this results in patients feeling fatigued and that their ability to exercise is more difficult, which can result in poor exercise adherence. Health care professionals should routinely talk with their patients who are taking beta-blocker therapy about what to expect when the 2 treatments are taken together. This article provides background information about this drug-exercise interaction and several points of...
Infants with colic: Their childhood characteristics

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare 40 six- to eight-year-old children, 20 with prospectively ascertained infantile colic and a matched sample of 20 without colic, on characteristics of emotional regulation and on parent stress. Children completed tests of cognitive ability, and mothers completed childhood behavioral questionnaires and a parenting stress assessment. Children with colic had maternal ratings suggestive of more difficulty with emotional regulation than their noncolic matches and displayed a more impulsive cognitive style. However, the mean scores of both groups were in the normal range. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Automated tracing of I/O stack

Efficient execution of parallel scientific applications requires high-performance storage systems designed to meet their I/O requirements. Most high-performance I/O intensive applications access multiple layers of the storage stack during their disk operations. A typical I/O request from these applications may include accesses to high-level libraries such as MPI I/O, executing on clustered parallel file systems like PVFS2, which are in turn supported by native file systems like Linux. In order to design and implement parallel applications that exercise this I/O stack, it is important to understand the flow of I/O calls through the entire storage system. Such understanding helps in identifying the potential performance and power bottlenecks in different layers of the storage hierarchy. To trace the execution of the I/O calls and to understand the complex interactions of multiple user-libraries and file systems, we propose an automatic code instrumentation technique, which enables us to collect detailed statistics of the I/O stack. Our proposed I/O tracing tool traces the flow of I/O calls across different layers of an I/O stack, and can be configured to work with different file systems and user-libraries. It also analyzes the collected information to generate output in terms of different user-specified metrics of interest.
Federalist No. 70: Is the President Too Powerful?

Federalist No. 70 sets the stage for a powerful chief executive through its emphasis on energy in the executive. This essay reviews the challenges of holding this energy accountable in a republican form of government and concludes that recent presidents have stretched their authorities beyond even the most aggressive defense of the concept. Comparing presidents Abraham Lincoln and George W. Bush, the author concludes that the founders never intended to give any president authority to suspend the law during emergencies. His appendix to Federalist No. 70 is designed to both restate and reset the debate about just how far presidents may go in pursuit of national goals.
A Multiple Security Domain Model of a Drive-by-Wire System

Traditional security models partition the security universe into two distinct and completely separate worlds: us and them. This partition is absolute and complete. More complex situations are most commonly treated as sets of increasingly more secure domains. This view is too simplistic for cyber-physical systems. Absolute divisions are conceptually clean, but they do not reflect the real world. Security partitions often overlap, frequently provide for the high level to have complete access to the low level, and are more complex than an impervious wall. We present a model that handles situations where the security domains are complex or the threat space is ill defined. To demonstrate our method, we examine a 'drive by wire' system from both the traditional view and in light of the modern reality. This paper examines the system from the viewpoint of the driver with special emphasis on the driver's inability to determine who, or what, is actually in control of the automobile during critical situations.
Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans

Background Since meat products represent a major source of protein in the Western diet, findings on whether meat intake significantly contributes to the burden of fatal disease have important clinical and public health implications. Objective The objective was to examine whether a very low meat intake (less than weekly) contributes to greater longevity. Design We reviewed data from 6 prospective cohort studies and report new findings on the life expectancy of long-term vegetarians from the Adventist Health Study. Results Our review of the 6 studies found the following trends: 1) a very low meat intake was associated with a significant decrease in risk of death in 4 studies, a nonsignificant decrease in risk of death in the fifth study, and virtually no association in the sixth study; 2) 2 of the studies in which a low meat intake significantly decreased mortality risk also indicated that a longer duration (>/= 2 decades) of adherence to this diet contributed to a significant decrease in mortality risk and a significant 3.6-y (95% CI: 1.4, 5.8 y) increase in life expectancy; and 3) the protective effect of a very low meat intake seems to attenuate after the ninth decade. Some of the variation in the survival advantage in vegetarians may have been due to marked differences between studies in adjustment for confounders, the definition of vegetarian, measurement error, age distribution, the healthy volunteer effect, and intake of specific plant foods by the vegetarians. Conclusion Current prospective cohort data from adults in North America and Europe raise the possibility that a lifestyle pattern that includes a very low meat intake is associated with greater longevity.
Immunocytochemical observations on the distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis lesions.

To study the distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in human nervous tissue and in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, we used paraffin sections and our modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Sections of MS lesions also were treated with antiserum to basic protein (BP) and with histological stains for axons and myelin sheaths. In tissue from normal developing central nervous system, oligodendroglia, their processes, and newly formed myelin sheaths were intensely stained by MAG antiserum. In adults, MAG was found in periaxonal regions of myelinated fibers of the central and peripheral nervous system. The most striking finding in MS lesions was the extension of decreased MAG immunostaining into white matter that appeared normal when treated with BP antiserum or luxol fast blue. In acute early MS lesions the decrease in MAG immunostaining extended far beyond the margin of acute demyelination, where the BP staining of degenerating sheaths often was increased. In chronic inactive plaques, this decrease in periaxonal MAG immunostaining was limited to relatively few fibers in a thin rim around each lesion. These observations suggest that in MS, immunoreactivity of periaxonal MAG is altered before myelin breakdown begins. Early in degeneration, myelin sheaths and their fragments often were more intensely stained by BP antiserum than normal sheaths; later the staining intensity decreased. In shadow plaques, BP antiserum stained some oligodendroglia. Their appearance and location among thinly myelinated axons suggested that these oligondendroglia were forming new sheaths around previously demyelinated axons.
A superfamily of voltage-gated sodium channels in bacteria.

NaChBac, a six-α-helical transmembrane-spanning protein cloned from Bacillus halodurans, is the first functionally characterized bacterial voltage-gated Na+-selective channel (Ren, D., Navarro, B., Xu, H., Yue, L., Shi, Q., and Clapham, D. E. (2001) Science 294, 2372-2375). As a highly expressing ion channel protein, NaChBac is an ideal candidate for high resolution structural determination and structure-function studies. The biological role of NaChBac, however, is still unknown. In this report, another 11 structurally related bacterial proteins are described. Two of these functionally expressed as voltage-dependent Na+ channels (NaVPZ from Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens and NaVSP from Silicibacter pomeroyi). NaVPZ and NaVSP share ∼40% amino acid sequence identity with NaChBac. When expressed in mammalian cell lines, both NaVPZ and NaVSP were Na+-selective and voltage-dependent. However, their kinetics and voltage dependence differ significantly. These single six-α-helical transmembrane-spanning subunits constitute a widely distributed superfamily (NaVBac) of channels in bacteria, implying a fundamental prokaryotic function. The degree of sequence homology (22-54%) is optimal for future comparisons of NaVBac structure and function of similarity and dissimilarity among NaVBac proteins. Thus, the NaVBac superfamily is fertile ground for crystallographic, electrophysiological, and microbiological studies.
Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography of stable isotopes

Here we report on the development of a new molecular imaging technique using inelastic scattering of fast neutrons. Earlier studies demonstrated a significant difference in trace element concentrations between benign and malignant tissue for several cancers including breast, lung, and colon. Unfortunately, the measurement techniques were not compatible with living organisms and this discovery did not translate into diagnostic techniques. Recently we have developed a tomographic approach to measuring the trace element concentrations using neutrons to stimulate characteristic gamma emission from atomic nuclei in the body. Spatial projections of the emitted energy spectra allow tomographic image reconstruction of the elemental concentrations. In preliminary experiments, spectra have been acquired using a 7.5MeV neutron beam incident on several multielement phantoms. These experiments demonstrate our ability to determine the presence of Oxygen, Carbon, Copper, Iron, and Calcium. We describe the experimental technique and present acquired spectra.