cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety Monitoring of mRNA Vaccines Administered During the Initial 6 Months of the U.S. COVID-19 Vaccination Program: Reports to Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) and v-safe

Background: In December 2020, two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines were authorized for use in the United States. Vaccine safety was monitored using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive surveillance system, and v-safe, an active surveillance system. Methods: VAERS and v-safe data during December 14, 2020-June 14, 2021 were analyzed. VAERS reports were categorized as non-serious, serious, or death; reporting rates were calculated. Rates of reported deaths were compared to expected mortality rates by age. Proportions of v-safe participants reporting local and systemic reactions or health impacts the week following doses 1 and 2 were determined. Findings: During the analytic period, 298,792,852 doses of mRNA vaccines were administered in the United States. VAERS processed 340,522 reports; 92.1% were non-serious; 6.6%, serious, non-death; and 1.3%, death. Over half of 7,914,583 v-safe participants self-reported local and systemic reactogenicity, more frequently after dose 2. Injection-site pain, fatigue, and headache were commonly reported during days 0-7 following vaccination. Reactogenicity was reported most frequently one day after vaccination; most reactions were mild. More reports of being unable to work or do normal activities occurred after dose 2 (32.1%) than dose 1 (11.9%); <1% of participants reported seeking medical care after vaccination. Rates of deaths reported to VAERS were lower than expected background rates by age group. Interpretation: Safety data from >298 million doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administered in the first 6 months of the U.S. vaccination program show the majority of reported adverse events were mild and short in duration.
Water and landscape dynamics in southern Burgundy: two and a half centuries of water management in an agricultural landscape

This interdisciplinary research project investigates changing patterns of water use in rural Burgundy, France over a 250-year timeframe. This rural landscape is undergoing rapid and major changes, partly driven by European Union policies that govern the environmental impacts of human activities. These policies reflect the power of governments to directly influence local landscapes, and many traditional water mills and ponds have disappeared while others have been repurposed. We seek to document these endangered features on the landscape and analyze their changing function. An integrated research design incorporating humanities, social sciences, and Earth sciences seeks to illuminate the factors involved in the changing use of local water resources, including mills and ponds. Advanced techniques including geographic information systems and geochemical analysis are combined with historical research including analysis of historical documents, cadastral records and oral history interviews of current land owners and farmers.
Using the Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse)

A genome browser is software that allows users to visualize DNA, protein, or other sequence features within the context of a reference sequence, such as a chromosome or contig. The Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse) is an open-source browser developed as part of the Generic Model Organism Database project (Stein et al., 2002). GBrowse can be configured to display genomic sequence features for any organism and is the browser used for the model organisms Drosophila melanogaster (Grumbling and Strelets, 2006) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Schwarz et al., 2006), among others. The software package can be downloaded from the Web and run on a Windows, Mac OS X, or Unix-type system. Version 1.64, as described in the original protocol, was released in November 2005, but the software is under active development and new versions are released about every six months. This update includes instructions on updating existing data sources with new files from NCBI.
Wolves, Lone and Pack: Ojibwe Treaty Rights and the Wisconsin Wolf Hunt

In 2012, Wisconsin authorized the first state hunt of gray wolves. Wisconsin’s interest in wolf depredation is legitimate: the growth in wolf population has exponentially increased human-wolf conflicts and state expense. Yet, Wisconsin shares these wolves; 83 percent of gray wolves reside on Ojibwe reservations or on territory ceded by the Ojibwe, where the Tribes still have resource rights. The Tribes vehemently oppose the wolf hunt. The Ojibwe maintain a strong cultural kinship with wolves and have traditionally prohibited wolf hunting. The Tribes named wolves a “tribally protected species,” asserting a right to protect all the wolves shared with Wisconsin. Historically, the Tribes and the State cooperatively managed shared resources. However, the State initiated the wolf hunt despite tribal protestations, instigating the first break from cooperative management in decades. Both sovereigns have legitimate and conflicting interests and appear to risk their first major treaty rights litigation in decades. This Comment analyzes the extent of each sovereign’s wolf rights in light of biological research and existing Indian law precedents. The first issue is the scope of the State’s obligation to respect the Tribes’ sovereign rights to protect and perpetuate reservation wolf packs. The second issue is the extent of the Tribes’ rights to protect ceded-territory wolves away from reservations. This Comment argues that the Tribes can protect and perpetuate reservation wolves as a component of inherent sovereignty. Wisconsin must implement a wolf policy that respects that sovereignty, including a hunt-free “buffer zone” of some wolf territory directly adjoining the reservation. However, the Tribes’ claim to protect all shared wolves is untenable, as tribal rights over wolves away from the reservation are much weaker. But the Tribes have rights correlated to those wolves and are entitled, at minimum, to a policy that ensures species survival; additionally, the Tribes can consider other options to protect wolves. Ultimately, this Comment proposes that both sovereigns can and should resolve this conflict through negotiation, continuing the tradition of cooperative management, and avoiding lengthy and expensive litigation.
A Faculty on the Move into the Community

Faculty at the University of Rochester School of Nursing initiated a curricular redesign to prepare students for the evolving demands of the health care job market and the changing nature of the nursing profession. The concept of the "Learning Community" serves as the metaphor for the new vision of clinical education: a set of collaborative and dynamic relationships of students, faculty, clinicians, health care consumers and institutional and community sites with the mutual responsibility for the education of students and the health of all partners. Students experience firsthand the new capabilities required of professionals in the new context of health care as more than illness care.
Hox genes and the global patterning of the somitic mesoderm.

Publisher Summary The nature of the information that distinguishes the behavior of somites at different axial levels (such as neck versus trunk) is understood with far less detail. This chapter reviews the data that relate to the translation of local information into global patterning of the somitic mesoderm derivatives. The types of morphological variation are reviewed that are seen among vertebrate taxa that result from evolutionary changes in global patterning in the mesoderm. The aspects of local, or primary patterning within individual somites are described that are apparently universal within vertebrates. The morphological fate of the somitic mesoderm is also reviewed that are determined by classic experiments on model systems that indicate which somites contribute to which adult structures. Finally, experimental and comparative studies are presented that have investigated molecular genetic factors that may control global patterning. These factors provide a means of understanding intrinsic proximal events in the evolution of animal form.
Local measured telephone service in the USA: A quantitative analysis

Abstract The USA has steadfastly held to a flat rate for local telephone service, whereas most other countries are characterized by a user-sensitive (measured service) system of pricing. Economic theory suggests some method of measured service pricing more accurately reflects the true costs of local service. This article seeks to determine how many US consumers could be induced to switch to measured service pricing, and using ordinary least squares, derives a model of the demand for measured service. The factors are identified that will induce the US population to move towards a measured service rate structure. The findings indicate that consumers are quite responsive to both relative price (between a local flat rate and a measured service rate) and advertising.
Hymenolepis microstoma: Interference microscopy of embryonic lateral hooks: II. Structure and reaction to 2-mercaptoethanol

Abstract The lateral hooks of Hymenolepis microstoma (Dujardin, 1845) embryos are heterogeneous bipartite structures in the configuration of concentric ellipses. A technique utilizing interference photomicroscopy is described whereby the reaction of the individual parts (designated core and sheath) can be studied during exposure to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Two major differences exist between the hook core and sheath. First, the core is less dense than the sheath. Second, there is a marked difference in reactivity upon exposure to 2-ME between the core and the sheath. This difference in reactivity reflects a difference in the chemistry of the two parts. The sheath is probably richer in disulfide bonds than the core.
SOMETIMES THE HORSE WILL DRINK AND SOMETIMES IT WON’T: MONETIZING THE RECOVERIES FROM THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE GREAT RECESSION

Despite the extraordinary and unprecedented actions taken by the Federal Reserve from 2008 to 2012, the economy was unable to mount a strong economic recovery because banks were not lending the $1.6 trillion in excess reserves that the Fed had created. The economy was caught in a predicament reminiscent of the 1930s. Back then, in the face of near-zero interest rates and credit-crunch conditions that rivaled or exceeded in severity those in 2008-12, the recovery was comparatively robust. What made that 1930s recovery so unique was that it was at least partly fueled by rapid money supply growth, which resulted not from bank lending but from an inflow of gold. This paper, in an effort to better understand both periods, reviews Fed policy in recent years, looks back at how money fueled the recovery in the 1930s, and examines what really caused the money supply to grow in the 1930s. It concludes that in times of near-zero interest rate conditions, it may be how and where money is injected into the economy that determines the efficacy of monetary policy and potential strength of the economic recovery.
Abstract 16017: Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Increased Risk for Myocardial Infarction in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent and poses a significant public health burden on the aging population. We hypothesized that AF independently predicts myocardial infarction (MI) in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Methods: AF was evaluated longitudinally in participants free of cardiovascular disease at baseline in the CHS. Participants were followed for a mean (standard deviation, SD) 12.7 (5.8) years for development of fatal or nonfatal MI. Cox regression models were utilized to assess the associations of time-updated AF and MI in fully adjusted models and models with gender interaction. Results: Of the 5888 participants in the CHS, 4158 met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age was 72.3 (5.4) years old (38.3% male, 14.3% African-American). Eighty-two had prevalent AF; 1005 developed incident AF during follow up (AF group, n=1087). To avoid bias, participants diagnosed with AF at the same time as their MI were not included in the AF group. Baseline total cholesterol (212.4 [38.6] mg/dL), systolic blood pressure (SBP, 136.1 [21.4] mmHg), and diabetes mellitus prevalence (13.6%) were similar between groups. AF updated as a time-varying exposure was associated with a higher risk of MI: hazard ratio (HR) 1.61, [95% CI 1.32-1.96], after adjusting for age, gender, race, SBP, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, fasting glucose, education, alcohol use, C-reactive protein, body-mass index, diabetes, anti-arrhythmic use, and time-updated use of aspirin, anti-hypertensive and lipid medications. Women were at higher risk (HR 2.00 [95% CI 1.53-2.62]) than men (HR 1.33 [95% CI 0.99-1.77]) (p for interaction=0.02). Conclusion: In a large cohort study with over a decade of follow-up, AF was associated with an increased risk for MI. This association was more pronounced in women.
Incorporation and turnover of fatty acids in Escherichia coli membrane phospholipids

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the metabolism of phospholipid acyl moieties including their initial incorporation into phospholipid, metabolic turnover, resynthesis via the acylation of lysophospholipids, and the assimilation of exogenous fatty acids into membrane phospholipids. The only established metabolic cycle for the turnover of membrane phospholipid acyl moieties is the 2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine (2-acyl-GPE) cycle. This cycle involves the removal of 1-position acyl moieties from PtdEtn and their replacement by 2-acyl-GPE acyltransferase. The rate of acyl group turnover is low, amounting to only 3–5% of the PtdEtn pool per generation. Thus, detection of acyl group turnover in pulse-chase metabolic labeling experiments is technically challenging due to the large amount of PtdEtn in the cell. Although this low rate of turnover may seem insignificant, it may play an essential metabolic role when considered in view of the synthesis of membrane protein components that are three to four orders of magnitude less abundant.
Medical Applications of Microbial Enzymes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of microbial enzymes in various medical applications. Enzymes taken orally are useful because of their activity in the digestive tract or because of their action on some other part of the body after their absorption from the small intestine. Blood coagulation system is the most complicated system and involves many enzyme-catalyzed steps. The chapter focuses on the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, the major component of the clot because the major problem in the cardiovascular system is the formation of blood clots in the arteries and veins and smaller blood vessels of the body. Microbial enzymes are used in the treatment of infection, inflammation, and burns. Microbial enzymes used to treat infection are commonly administered in conjunction with other agents such as antibiotics. The chapter also describes how microbial enzymes are involved in the treatment of cancer. Because of their high specificity and rapid action, enzymes are especially useful for quantitative chemical assay in clinical laboratories. Microbial enzymes are useful in the production of corticosteroids from inert precursors.
MCUR1, CCDC90A, Is a Regulator of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter

MCU is the pore-forming subunit of the mitochondrial inner membrane Ca2+ uniporter ion channel that mediates Ca2+ uptake into the matrix to regulate metabolism, cell death, and cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling. We previously identified MCUR1 (Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Regulator 1) as an important regulator of MCU activity and showed that MCUR1 biochemically interacted with MCU (Mallilankaraman et al., 2012). MCUR1 regulated MCU-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake driven by the inner membrane voltage (ψm) generated by the electron transport chain, and MCUR1 knockdown abrogated Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria in intact and permeabilized cells, and disrupted oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).
Whites Are Granted the American Identity More Swiftly than Asians

The present research strives to identify one possible mechanism accounting for the American = White effect. In three experiments, a sequential priming task was used to examine the influence of Asian or White faces on the categorization of American or foreign landmarks. Process dissociation analyses revealed a stronger automatic tendency to respond “American” after White faces than after Asian faces when executive control failed (Experiments 1–3). This effect was not moderated by a manipulation of processing time (Experiment 2); it was, however, eradicated after completion of a training phase counteracting the American = White linkage (Experiment 3). The findings suggest that the pervasive propensity to equate American with White operates as an automatic accessibility bias.
Identifying Students With Specific Learning Disabilities: School Psychologists’ Acceptability of the Discrepancy Model Versus Response to Intervention

A national sample of 496 practicing school psychologists and members of the National Association of School Psychologists were surveyed to assess levels of acceptability for the IQ-achievement (IQ-A...
Some Unknown Descriptions of the Medici Palace in 1459

On April 17, 1459, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Count of Pavia and the eldest son of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, arrived in Florence for a stay of just over two weeks. The stated purpose of his visit was to meet Pope Pius II, due to pass through Florence on his way from Rome to Mantua, and to provide the pontiff with sufficient escort for his difficult journey through the Romagna. The visit also created an opportunity for the fifteen-year-old Galeazzo Maria to meet Cosimo de’ Medici and the Signoria of Florence and thus add luster to the alliance between Florence and the Sforza, which had already contributed to the establishment of the Sforza as dukes of Milan and was to be a decisive factor in Italian diplomacy until the end of the fifteenth century.
Determination of the absolute chemiluminescence cross section and photon yield for the Ca(4s4p 3P) + N2O reaction

Abstract A novel method for determining absolute chemiluminescence cross sections without knowledge of the absolute detection sensitivity is described for reactions involving electronically excited reactants. A study of the Ca(4s4p 3 P) + N 2 O reaction under single-collision conditions is presented, and photon yield of 10 ± 3% is determined with the help of a measured beam attenuation cross section.
Recurrent urinary tract infection With persistent wolfhan duct masquerading as duplicated urethra

Abstract An ectopic ureter, which presented on the perineum immediately below the urethral meatus and communicated with the bladder, served as a nidus for relapsing Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary infections in a forty-nine-year-old woman. The structure between the bladder and perineum simulated a double urethra and probably represented a persistent Wolfean duct.
Potential biofouling of spacecraft propellant systems due to contaminated deionized water

Deionized (DI) water, with a density close to hydrazine, is used to fill spacecraft propellant tanks for mechanical testing during ground operations, after which is it removed and the tanks dried for use with anhydrous hydrazine. Pure nitrogen is used as a pressurant during storage and during water fill and drain operations. Since DI water systems are notorious for contamination by slime-forming bacteria, DI water intended for use in New Horizons and STEREO hydrazine tanks at APL was assessed for microorganism content using the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method. Results show that some growth occurred during storage of DI water in propellant tanks, however not at the logarithmic rate associated with well-nourished bacteria. Ralstonia and Burkholderia were present in DI water on-loaded however only Ralstonia was present in off-loaded water. One possible source of nutrients during water storage in propellant tanks is organic material originating from the EPDM (EPR per AF-E-332) expulsion diaphragm. This paper will demonstrate potential for bio-fouling of spacecraft propulsion systems due to growth of slime-forming bacteria and will suggest that specifications controlling microorganism content should be imposed on water used for spacecraft ground testing.
Thinking beyond the shown: implicit inferences in evidence and argument

Visual representations are especially well suited to the construction of implicit meanings. Like advocates in other fields, lawyers use visual displays to prompt cognitive and emotional associations of which viewers may not be aware, and which, consequently, they are less likely to evaluate critically. The authors review some of the psychological and rhetorical effects of visual representations in general, discuss several examples of how legal visual displays encourage audiences to draw implicit inferences, and argue for the importance of heightened visual literacy in improving our ability to understand the meanings and implications of visual advocacy within the legal system.
Activation energies for creep of cadmium, indium, and tin

Abstract It is shown that the total plastic strain for high temperature creep of cadmium, indium and tin under constant load is a function of t·e − Δ RT , where t = time under stress, ΔH = activation energy for creep, R = gas constant and T = absolute temperature. The activation energies for these metals were found to be 21,000, 16,500 and 21,000 calories per mole, respectively.
Rook theory III. Rook polynomials and the chromatic structure of graphs

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between the rook vector of a general board and the chromatic structure of an associated set of graphs. We prove that every rook vector is a chromatic vector. We give algebraic relations between the factorial polynomials of two boards and their union and sum, and the chromatic polynomials of two graphs and their union and sum.
Severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection.

RESULTS: Binary(0-6vs7-10)and3-level(negative0-3,intermediate 4-6, or BV 7-10) categorizations were not associated with time to STI; however, women with the highest Nugent scores (9-10) had a 2.1-fold increased risk of STI (95% confidence interval, 1.05‐4.28), compared with women with normalflora. CONCLUSION: Nugent score 8 is associated with incident STI. More accurate classification of BV will allow clinicians to identify those women who are at greatest risk of STI.
Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is more profitable than open repair based on contribution margin per day.

Background Earlier studies have reported that endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (EAAA) repair yields lower total profit margins than open AAA (OAAA) repair. This study compared EAAA versus OAAA based on contribution margin per day, which may better measure profitability of new clinical technologies. Contribution margin equals revenue less variable direct costs (VDCs). VDCs capture incremental resources tied directly to individual patients' activity (eg, invoice price of endograft device, nursing labor). Overhead costs factor into total margin, but not contribution margin. Methods The University of Michigan Health System's cost accounting system was used to extract fiscal year 2002-2003 information on revenue, total margin, contribution margin, and duration of stay for Medicare patients with principal diagnosis of AAA (ICD-9 code 441.4). Results OAAA had revenues of $37,137 per case versus $28,960 for EAAA, similar VDCs per case, and thus higher contribution margin per case ($24,404 for OAAA vs $13,911 for EAAA, P P P Conclusions On the basis of contribution margin per day, EAAA repair dominates OAAA repair. The shorter duration of stay with EAAA allows higher throughput, fuller overhead amortization, better use of scarce inpatient beds, and higher health system profits. Surgeons must understand overhead allocation to devices, especially when new technologies cut duration of stay markedly.
C-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP-(107-111) and (107-139), and the N-terminal PTHrP-(1-40) fragment stimulate membrane-associated protein kinase C activity in rat spleen lymphocytes

Membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) activity in lymphocytes freshly isolated from rat spleen was stimulated by the C-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein fragments, PTHrP-(107-111) and PTHrP-(107-139), at concentrations from 10(-3) to 10(4) pM. By contrast, the same concentrations of PTHrP-(120-139), without the 107-111 TRSAW (-Thr-Arg-Ser-Ala-Trp-) sequence of the other C terminal fragments, did not stimulate spleen lymphocyte PKC. Low concentrations of the N-terminal PTHrP-(1-40) fragment also stimulated membrane-associated PKC activity in the spleen lymphocytes. These results suggest that PTHrP might be an important physiological regulator of the immune response.
The Chemical Composition and Antigenic Properties of Fractions of the Smooth and RoughStrains of Staphylococcus Aureus

In order to further determine the significance of the differences found in the smooth form and its variants, 3 studies were undertaken. In the first it was shown, by an analysis of the agglutinins produced by the smooth, rough and gonidial strains, that each possessed a distinct antigenic mosaic;3 in the second study the presence of a specific soluble carbohydrate was demonstrated in both the smooth strain and its rough variant.4 The third and present study was made to determine the change in structure of the bacterial proteins during dissociation and its influence on the variation of antigenic reactions of the organism.
Extending partial tournaments

Let A be a (0,1,*)-matrix with main diagonal all 0's and such that if a"i","j=1 or * then a"j","i=* or 0. Under what conditions on the row sums, and or column sums, of A is it possible to change the *'s to 0's or 1's and obtain a tournament matrix (the adjacency matrix of a tournament) with a specified score sequence? We answer this question in the case of regular and nearly regular tournaments. The result we give is best possible in the sense that no relaxation of any condition will always yield a matrix that can be so extended.
767-3 Reverse Polarity Biphasic Defibrillation with Three Biphasic Waveforms Using a Unipolar Defibrillation System

In ten dogs we assessed the impact on defibrillation success of reverse polarity biphasic shocks, using the CPI, Medtronic and Ventritex biphasic waveforms delivered through a right ventricular (RV) coil/CAN system. In each animal the three biphasic waveforms were tested in random order. Similarly with each waveform the defibrillation threshold (DFT) achieved using the standard and reverse polarity were randomly determined. A 5 cm long coil with 426 mm 2 surface area was advanced in the RV through the jugular vein and the 80 cm 2 defibrillator can was placed in the subcutaneous tissue of the left superior chest wall. Shocks were delivered between the RV coil as cathode and the CAN as anode (standard polarity) and vice versa (reverse polarity). Triplicate defibrillation thresholds were obtained with each biphasic waveform. DFT values are shown below: CPI Medtronic Ventritex DFT Standard (J) 70 ± 2.2 8.3 ± 3.5 93 ± 4.3 DFT Reverse (J) 4.6 ± 1.2 5.2 ± 2.5 6.7 ± 3.7 CPI Standard vs Reverse p l 0.01; Medtronic Standard vs Reverse p l 0.01; Ventritex Standard vs Reverse p l 001 Conclusion When defibrillation shocks are delivered through a single right ventricular lead/defibrillator can system reverse polarity provides better defibrillation efficacy regardless of the biphasic waveform used.
The City of Niebla: From Urban Setting to Urban Itinerary in Unamuno's ‘Nivola’

The article seeks to look at this novel from a different, unexplored, but key perspective in Unamuno's life and work: his interest in, and practice of walking. When considering Niebla with the critical tools provided by a ‘peripatetic’ tradition, we are able to better understand some of its main features, even those already established by its numerous commentators. The fact that many transcendent philosophical questions inhabit a text as whimsical, fast and superficial as the human mind interacting, on the move, with its changing urban environment is another one of the paradoxes so frequently provided by the peripatetic mind of its creator, but one that has so far escaped many of its commentators. This analysis proposes important connections between the novel and Unamuno's travel writing and seeks to open a new line of critical inquiry into the peripatetic in his work and, more broadly, in Hispanic letters.
Angular correlations in single-top-quark and Wjj production at next-to-leading order

I demonstrate that the correlated angular distributions of final-state particles in both single-top-quark production and the dominant $Wjj$ backgrounds can be reliably predicted. Using these fully correlated angular distributions, I propose a set of cuts that can improve the single-top-quark discovery significance by 25%, and the signal to background ratio by a factor of 3 with very little theoretical uncertainty. Up to a subtlety in $t$-channel single-top-quark production, leading-order matrix elements are shown to be sufficient to reproduce the next-to-leading order correlated distributions.
Mindfulness and Eating: An Experiment Examining the Effect of Mindful Raisin Eating on the Enjoyment of Sampled Food

The present research examined whether mindful eating creates more willingness to sample foods that are typically not enjoyed and whether there is higher enjoyment in eating these foods. Participants were randomly assigned to a mindful raisin-eating task condition, a nonmindful raisin-eating task (control) condition, or a no-task baseline condition. All participants were offered anchovies, wasabi peas, and prunes to sample, after which they indicated what food they sampled and rated their enjoyment of each sampled food. Of the 411 total participants, 238 participants sampled at least one item of food. Samplers in the mindful raisin-eating task condition indicated higher levels of enjoyment of the sampled food than did samplers in either the nonmindful raisin-eating control condition or the no-task baseline condition. However, mindful eating had no effect on the likelihood of sampling food. Implications for the application of a mindful eating exercise in enhancing eating experiences, health concerns related to food, food neophobia, and picky eating are discussed.
Measurement of chain transfer constants to polymer using oligomers and model compounds : Chain transfer to poly[11-(4'-cyanophenyl-4-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate] in radical polymerization

The chain transfer constant to polymer (CP) for poly[11-(4‘-cyanophenyl-4‘ ‘-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate] was measured directly by the Mayo method by following the decrease in molecular weight at low monomer conversion by gel permeation chromatography of poly(methyl acrylate) generated in the presence of increasing amounts of 11-(4‘-cyanophenyl-4‘ ‘-phenoxy)undecyl propionate (CP = (6.62 ± 0.476) × 10-3) and 11-(4‘-cyanophenyl-4‘ ‘-phenoxy)undecyl isobutyrate (CP = (4.27 ± 0.858) × 10-3) as model compounds that mimic one repeat unit of the polymer and oligo[11-(4‘-cyanophenyl-4‘ ‘-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate] with nine repeat units (CP = (5.54 ± 0.608) × 10-3) synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The mean chain transfer constant, CP = 5.48 × 10-3, was used to calculate the extent of branching (ρ) in poly[11-(4‘-cyanophenyl-4‘ ‘-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate] (DPn = 37) synthesized by conventional radical polymerization: ρ = 0.0042−0.020 at 72−99% conversion, which corresponds to one branch per 6.4−1...
Heat loss and blood flow during hyperthermia in normal canine brain I: Empirical study and analysis

The effects of blood flow and thermal conduction during microwave hyperthermia were investigated in normal canine brain. Heating was accomplished with an external microstrip spiral antenna and temperature measurements were made using a multichannel fluoroptic thermometry system. In order to determine cooling rates, temperature measurements made during cooling were fitted with a model consisting of a constant value and an exponential term. Data from experiments in both perfused and non-perfused brains could be fitted with this simple model. The resulting cooling rates indicated that heat loss by conduction is comparable to that by blood flow. In another series of experiments, temperature measurements were made during several 1 min cooling intervals in which the power was shut off intermittently during a 35 min heating episode. Results were consistent with a 2-3-fold increase in blood flow rate which occurred gradually throughout the course of heating. Parameters that affect the determination of cooling rates are discussed in terms of the bioheat transfer equation. These investigations demonstrate that a simple heat sink model provides a good representation of the cooling data for the thermal distributions obtained.
Biometrically, How Identical Are Identical Twins?

One of the most formidable challenges facing biometric systems is discriminating between monozygotic or identical twins. Research indicates that identical twins' lifestyle choices and distinct experiences increase facial differentiation as they age.
Refining the Phenotype of Borderline Personality Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria and Beyond

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by affective instability, interpersonal dysfunction, identity disturbance, impulsivity, and self-injury (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Despite the significant societal burden, subjective distress, and poor outcomes associated with BPD, the phenotype is not well understood relative to other forms of psychopathology (New, Triebwasser, & Charney, 2008). Improving the construct validity of BPD has been impeded, in part, by the considerable heterogeneity reflected in theoretical conceptualizations (Kernberg, 1975), as well as the DSM diagnostic criteria, which encompass diverse cognitive, behavioral, and affective features. The DSM-IV defines nine criteria for BPD, five of which must be present for a diagnosis, resulting in 256 possible combinations that can yield a BPD diagnosis. The heterogeneity of the construct has impeded efforts to clarify the etiology of the disorder as well as possible biomarkers and endophenotypes (Gottesman & Gould, 2003). Heterogeneity among patients diagnosed with BPD has also posed challenges to developing coherent treatment strategies and identifying mechanisms of effective treatment (Lynch, Trost, Salsman, & Linehan, 2007), although there is growing evidence for the efficacy of several psychosocial treatments (Clarkin, Levy, Lenzenweger, & Kernberg, 2007). Despite problems with heterogeneity, data from family, twin, longitudinal, and biological research suggest that BPD is a meaningful clinical construct that should be refined rather than discarded (for a review, see Paris, 2007). Two primary statistical approaches to parsing heterogeneity within BPD have been explored in several studies: variable-centered and person-centered analyses (Clifton & Pilkonis, 2007). Variable-centered approaches identify trait dimensions that characterize BPD, whereas person-centered approaches identify homogeneous subgroups of individuals with BPD. Both approaches have yielded important information about the phenotype, although hybrid models that integrate these approaches may provide the greatest insight (Muthen, 2006), and an important goal here is to highlight their utility for describing heterogeneity within BPD.
Generation by self re-fusion of bovine3×murine2 heterohybridomas secreting virus-neutralizing bovine monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD

Abstract Seventy-eight heterohybridomas (HH) stably secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies (BomAb) to Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) were produced by fusing lymph node cells from a BHV1 hyperimmunized calf with 3 types of non-secreting fusion partners. Seven were generated through fusion with the murine × murine (murine2) hybridoma SP2/0, 3 through fusion with bovine–murine2 HH previously generated using cells from the same calf, and 68 through fusion with bovine2-murine2 HH previously generated by sequential fusions using cells from the same calf. The chromosome number of example HH increased with increasing numbers of input fusions. A variety of indirect fluorescent antibody assay patterns was observed using the BomAb, suggesting diverse antigen specificity. Three bovine3–murine2 HH secreted IgG1 BomAb neutralizing BHV1 without complement, and were chosen for further characterization. SDS-PAGE of detergent-solubilized BHV1 proteins bound to the 3 neutralizing BomAb demonstrated their individual specificities for BHV1 envelope glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD, the major neutralization targets for BHV1. The 3 HH stably secreted the BomAb in culture for over one year, and pilot-scale production of the BomAb was accomplished by in vivo and in vitro methods. A cocktail of the 3 BomAb was administered intravenously (i.v.) to a 6-month-old calf and its serum neutralization activity decreased with a half-life consistent with non-immune clearance, suggesting that BomAb may be useful for passive immune treatment of disease in cattle. Rabbits were passively protected by i.v. injection with each of the anti-gB and anti-gD BomAb when challenged i.v. with BHV1 24 h later. Self re-fusion was shown to be advantageous for efficiently producing HH stably secreting host monoclonal antibodies. The BomAb described should prove useful in studies of the host immune response to BHV1, as reagents, and as sources of bovine immunoglobulin sequences.
Chimeric Hemagglutinin Influenza Virus Vaccine Constructs Elicit Broadly Protective Stalk-Specific Antibodies

Current influenza virus vaccine strategies stimulate immune responses toward the globular head domain of the hemagglutinin protein in order to inhibit key steps of the virus life cycle. Because this domain is highly variable across strains, new vaccine formulations are required in most years. Here we demonstrate a novel vaccine strategy that generates immunity to the highly conserved stalk domain by using chimeric hemagglutinin constructs that express unique head and stalk combinations. By repeatedly immunizing mice with constructs that expressed the same stalk but an irrelevant head, we specifically stimulated a stalk-directed response that provided broad-based heterologous and heterosubtypic immunity in mice. Notably, our vaccination scheme provides a universal vaccine approach that protects against challenge with an H5 subtype virus. Furthermore, through in vivo studies using passively transferred antibodies or depletion of CD8+ T cells, we demonstrated the critical role that humoral mechanisms of immunity play in the protection observed. The present data suggest that a vaccine strategy based on the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin protein could be used in humans to broadly protect against a variety of influenza virus subtypes.
Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate in Cell Growth and Cell Deatha

Recent evidence suggests that branching pathways of sphingolipid metabolism may mediate either apoptotic or mitogenic responses depending on the cell type and the nature of the stimulus. While ceramide has been shown to be an important regulatory component of apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha and Fas ligand, sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP), a further metabolite of ceramide, has been implicated as a second messenger in cellular proliferation and survival induced by platelet-derived growth factor, nerve growth factor, and serum. SPP protects cells from apoptosis resulting from elevations of ceramide. Inflammatory cytokines stimulate sphingomyelinase, but not ceramidase, leading to accumulation of ceramide, whereas growth signals also leading to accumulation of ceramide, whereas growth signals also stimulate ceramidase and sphingosine kinase leading to increased SPP levels. We propose that the dynamic balance between levels of sphingolipid metabolites, ceramide, and SPP, and consequent regulation of different family members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK versus ERK), is an important factor that determines whether a cell survives or dies.
Catheter induced temperature artifacts in ultrasound hyperthermia.

Temperature artifacts were evaluated at 72 different sensor locations in 10 different tumour sites heated by use of planar ultrasound transducers operated at 1 and 3 MHz. Thermometry was carried out by single-and multisensor thermocouple probes inserted into 19-and 16-gauge polyurethane catheters, respectively. Nearly all catheters were oriented approximately perpendicular to the ultrasound beam. The artifacts were determined by backward extrapolation of the thermal decay 30–60 s after the power was turned off. The effective blood flow and specific absorption rate (SAR) at the sensor locations were determined from the rate of decay and the steady-state temperature. The sample mean steady-state temperature, effective blood flow, and SAR were 41.4°C, 17.5 ml/100 g/min, and 46.3 W/kg, respectively. The most frequent artifact was in the range 0–0.2°C and the mean artifact was 0.6°C. Less than 15% of the artifacts were above 1°C. The magnitude of the artifact correlates with the SAR of ultrasonic power, the ef...
Prevalence of Diagnosed Cancer According to Duration of Diagnosed Diabetes and Current Insulin Use Among U.S. Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes: Findings from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed cancer according to duration of diagnosed diabetes and current insulin use among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from 25,964 adults aged ≥18 years with diagnosed diabetes who participated in the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that the greater the duration of diagnosed diabetes, the higher the prevalence of diagnosed cancers ( P CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there is an increased burden of diagnosed cancer among adults with a longer duration of diagnosed diabetes and among type 2 diabetic adults who currently used insulin.
Monoclonal antibody binding to a receptor on nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) increases the expression of proto-oncogene kinases and protein kinase C.

Abstract Teleost nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) initiate various cell triggering responses following receptor-target cell interactions. A putative receptor protein on NCC may alternatively initiate signalling processes following crosslinkage by homologous anti-receptor mab 5C6. In the present study, we demonstrated that binding to this receptor by mab 5C6 produced increased levels of expression of cytoplasmic src family proto-oncogene kinases lck, fyn and src. The phosphorylated isoforms of each kinase were approximately the same molecular weight (p60). Unlike their mammalian T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell counterparts, NCC p56lck did not autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues. This was determined by a lack of Western blot reactivity of teleost p56lck with anti-phosphotyrosine specific antibodies PT-66 or 4G10. Additional evidence for this lack of tyrosine phosphorylation was shown by experiments treating mab 5C6 activated NCC with sodium orthovanadate. This protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor did not affect levels of p56lck autophosphorylation. Mab 5C6 activated NCC were also examined to determine if levels of protein kinase C (PKC) expression were affected during triggering responses. Maximum increased PKC levels occurred 5–10 min following binding. The NCC receptor-activated PKC consisted of a 60,000 Mr isoform and a 30,000 Mr homologue equivalent to the mammalian PKC catalytic subunit. Not all kinases examined, however, were affected by mab 5C6 binding. Levels of expression of c-myc and cdc2p34 did not change following NCC activation. This is the first study of NK-like cells in cold-blooded vertebrates regarding the expression of these vital intermediary transducing kinases. These enzymes are linked to NCC receptor stimulation and their phosphorylation apparently must precede PLC activation and other downstream biochemical events.
Net photosynthesis, root respiration, and regrowth of Bouteloua gracilis following simulated grazing

Net photosynthesis (PN), root respiration (RR), and regrowth of Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. were examined in the laboratory over a 10-day period following clipping to a 4-cm height to simulate grazing by large herbivores. Net photosynthesis rates of tissue remaining immediately following defoliation were only about 40% as great as preclipping rates. Three days after clipping, PN rates of defoliated plants had increased to values about 21% greater (per unit leaf area) than those of unclipped controls and remained at that level through Day 10. No statistically significant changes in RR occurred following defoliation. Biomass of unclipped plants nearly doubled during the 10-day study period, while that of defoliated plants increased 67%. Over half the new growth of defoliated plants was allocated to new leaf blades and only 18% to new roots, while only 33% of the new growth of control plants was allocated to new leaf blades but 29% went to new roots. As a consequence of increased PN rates and increased carbon allocation to synthesis of additional photosynthetic tissue following defoliation, net CO2 uptake per plant increased from 9% to 80% of that of the controls from Day 0 through Day 10.
Improving the Microdialysis Procedure for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Biological Samples

Significant advances in the area of microdialysis which allowed more effective handling of small volumes (microliters) of samples, more efficient desalting and enhanced mass spectrometric detection sensitivity are described. The previously reported on-line coupling of microdialysis with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry has been found to be highly effective; however, direct coupling requires relatively high sample flow rates (∽2 μl min-1) to obtain a stable ESI current compared with the flow rates of newer ESI sources (e.g. ‘microspray,’ 10–100 nl min-1). To circumvent this major limitation imposed by the dimensions of currently available materials, the microdialysis procedure was modified to an off-line mode in order to avoid excessive sample consumption. A more than tenfold decrease in sample consumption was achieved using the off-line modevsthe on-line mode, which resulted in a similar quality spectrum. In addition, several other aspects of the microdialysis approach were altered to improve its performance further: (i) an increase in dialysis temperature was found to increase the desalting efficiency greatly and therefore improve the spectrum quality; (ii) the addition of piperidine and imidazole to the dialysis buffer solution resulted in a reduction of charge states and a further increase in detection sensitivity for DNA and (iii) use of low concentrations (0–2.5 mM NH4OAc) of dialysis buffer shifted the DNA negative ions to higher charge states and produced a nearly tenfold increase in detection sensitivity and a slightly decreased desalting efficiency. Protocols for desalting different samples using microdialysis are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Porous Electrode Theory on Metal Hydride Electrodes in Alkaline Solution

Porous electrode theory was applied to estimate the exchange current density, the polarization resistance, and symmetry factor for LaNi 4.27 Sn 0.24 hydride electrode in alkaline solution. The exchange current density, polarization resistance, and symmetry factor were determined from polarization curves which were obtained at low overpotentials.