cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of bone marrow. Functional interrelationships of vascular and hematopoietic compartments in experimental hemolytic anemia: An electron microscopic study†

In hematopoietic marrow, sinuses form a system of vessels running radially from the periphery toward the central longitudinal vein. Hematopoietic tissue, having the form of cords, lies between the sinuses. The wall of the vascular sinus of the marrow, in fullest development, is trilaminar. It consists of a lining cell, basement membrane and adventitial cell. It may, however, consist of lining cell alone. Occasionally, the wall is bilaminar, made up of lining cell and basement membrane, or lining cell and adventitial cell. The adventitial cell and lining cell are reticular cells and may exactly resemble one another. But often the adventitial cell, and occasionally, the lining cell of a sinus may be very voluminous and rarefied, extending among the hematopoietic cells. The mural reticular cells, particularly the adventitial cells, may be phagocytic. The adventitial cells, moreover, contain fat droplets, and may accumulate the unilocular fat deposit characteristic of a fatty marrow. Megakaryocytes lie outside the sinus discharging platelets through mural apertures. In places, fairly large segments of sinus wall may become attenuated, pierced by apertures and, perhaps, drop out, with the result that the sinus is enlarged. Normo-blasts, reticulocytes and myelocvtes enter the circulation by passing into a sinus. Three mechanisms are present: (1) They may pass through existing apertures or (2) create an aperture by pressing into a sinus wall. (3) A segment of wall may drop out setting heretofore extravascular cells into the circulation. Adventitial spurs or processes extend from the sinus into the perisinus tissue. These spurs are of the same structure as the sinus wall. The perisinus tissue, present as cords between sinuses, is typically filled with hematopoietic and other free cells. The adventitial processes, together with the reverse surface of the sinus walls, incompletely bound the intersinus hematopoietic cords. The intersinus space may thereby have the same contour as sinuses. They differ from sinuses in containing many hematopoietic cells and in being less completely bounded by wall. It is postulated that the sinuses and intersinal cords form a reciprocating system wherein portions may become vascular (sinal) or extravascular (cordal) depending upon the requirements for hematopoiesis, blood flow, blood storage and delivery of cells to the blood. The reciprocation is effected by the ready capacity of sinal walls and adventitial spurs to take form, change disposition and break down.
Protein Requirements of Layers Per Day and Phase Feeding

Abstract IN order to make a phase feeding system practical, it is necessary to know the laying hen’s daily requirement of protein during the various parts of her production cycle. Heywang et al. (1955) noted that the optimum level of protein for layers was 15.0%. Miller et al. (1957), on the other hand, obtained good egg production on Leghorn pullets kept in laying batteries when the experimental diets contained 12.5 to 13% dietary protein, regardless of the levels of energy used which were 640, 745, and 930 Calories of productive energy per pound. Egg weights did not vary too much in each of the experimental diets. However, none of these diets were very high in energy content. Hochreich et al. (1957) found no differences in egg size when the percent protein in the ration was either 15.7, 17.0, or 18.3. Smith (1967) found no differences in egg production at protein levels…
RACE AND INEQUITY1

Two experiments examined the effects of beneficiary-victim status and race on the reactions of fifth- and sixth-grade children to an inequitable allocation. In the first experiment, mixed-race dyads of black and white children were subjected to profitable or unprofitable inequity by black or white allocators. Following this, they were allowed to request portions of a second reward and were interviewed in order to assess inequity distress and their cognitive reactions to the experience of being a beneficiary or victim. Allocator's race was found to have a significant impact on the efforts of black victims to redistribute rewards and to be relevant to all children's perceptions of the inequity. Although neither subject's race nor beneficiary-victim status had a major impact on children's distributions, these factors did influence their interpretations of the initial allocation and the amount of distress experienced. The second experiment examined the impact of race of observer and participant on observers' perceptions of an inequitable allocation. The results of this study confirmed the pervasive and complex impact of racial identity on reactions to inequity, pointing to its influence even on persons who have nothing tangible to gain or lose by their ratings and allocations.
Enhanced ridge regressions

With a simple transformation, the ordinary least squares objective can yield a family of modified ridge regressions which outperforms the regular ridge model. These models have more stable coefficients and a higher quality of fit with the growing profile parameter. With an additional adjustment based on minimization of the residual variance, all the characteristics become even better: the coefficients of these regressions do not shrink to zero when the ridge parameter increases, the coefficient of multiple determination stays high, while bias and generalized cross-validation are low. In contrast to regular ridge regression, the modified ridge models yield robust solutions with various values of the ridge parameter, encompass interpretable coefficients, and good quality characteristics.
Ultraviolet and blue holographic lithography of ZnSe epilayers and heterostructures with feature size to 100 nm and below

We have employed short‐wavelength holographic laser lithography and reactive ion etching to define wire and dot‐like patterns in ZnSe thin epitaxial films and heterostructures with spatial feature size to better than 100 nm. Photoluminescence measurements suggest that surface damage from etching may be much less severe than in III‐V semiconductors.
Theory and Design of Progressive and Ordinary Universal Windings

Using as a basis the previous papers by Simon on the subject of progressive and ordinary universal coils, their theory is extended to improve the accuracy by taking additional factors into account. The present paper offers a more thorough treatment of the subject by deriving accurate results, and by employing theoretical expressions to replace previously required empirical rules. In addition, due to a certain convenient change of definition, equations are derived for practical use which are considerably simpler and, at the same time, more accurate than those given by Simon. It is shown that the proper number of throws of wire per coil revolution is a function of the coefficient of friction between the surface of the coil form and the insulation of the wire. To avoid confusion, the symbols used by Simon are also used here, and for the sake of completeness and a minimum of cross reference, the entire analysis is presented, including the derivation of formulas for the rate of progression and the gear ratio. A brief description of the geometry of the winding is included, and, finally, a section is devoted to an outline and discussion of practical design procedure.
The effect of calcitonin on food intake in diabetic mice

The characteristic hyperphagia of the genetically obese diabetic (C57Bl/Ks-db+/db+) mouse (db/db) is thought to be due to defect in the satiety circuitry with a secondary overproduction of a circulating satiety factor to which they are insensitive. Recent studies have suggested that calcitonin may be a potent hormonal mediator of the satiety reflex. In this study it was shown that db/db mice were eight fold more sensitive to calcitonin than their heterozygote littermate controls. Mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were ten-fold more sensitive to calcitonin than their littermate controls. These results show that diabetes increases the sensitivity to the satiety effects of calcitonin.
Introduction Bolivia under Morales National Agenda, Regional Challenges, and the Struggle for Hegemony

On January 22,2010, Evo Morales began his second term in office as the first president eligible to serve consecutive terms under the new constitution approved in a 2009 referendum. His first electoral victory in 2005 had made him Bolivia's first indigenous president and represented a watershed in Bolivian politics, ending a peculiar form of Andean apartheid. Even though the majority indigenous people1?who are estimated to account for from 60 to 70 percent of the country's population?had finally gained the right to vote after the 1952 Revolution, they were still socially and culturally subordinate and largely excluded from formal participation in government. As discussed by Postero (2010) in the previous issue, Morales's Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism?MAS) merged indigenous activism with opposition to neoliberalism from socialist and populist sectors in support of an "indigenous nationalist" agenda advocating indigenous rights and eco nomic and popular democracy. Having spent much of his first term consolidating political power, Morales entered office in 2010 controlling the majority of the new "Plurinational Legislative Assembly" This issue, the second to examine Bolivia under Morales, analyzes the country's historic struggle focusing on the new phase heralded by his inauguration in 2006.2 Dominant classes do not give up privi lege without a fight, and Morales's first term was marked by their struggle to maintain their power. Opposition came largely from the old dominant politi cal classes represented by conservatives centered in the Media Luna (Half Moon), the country's four eastern departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni, and Pando (Figure 1).
A Platform-Independent Method for Detecting Errors in Metagenomic Sequencing Data: DRISEE

We provide a novel method, DRISEE (duplicate read inferred sequencing error estimation), to assess sequencing quality (alternatively referred to as “noise” or “error”) within and/or between sequencing samples. DRISEE provides positional error estimates that can be used to inform read trimming within a sample. It also provides global (whole sample) error estimates that can be used to identify samples with high or varying levels of sequencing error that may confound downstream analyses, particularly in the case of studies that utilize data from multiple sequencing samples. For shotgun metagenomic data, we believe that DRISEE provides estimates of sequencing error that are more accurate and less constrained by technical limitations than existing methods that rely on reference genomes or the use of scores (e.g. Phred). Here, DRISEE is applied to (non amplicon) data sets from both the 454 and Illumina platforms. The DRISEE error estimate is obtained by analyzing sets of artifactual duplicate reads (ADRs), a known by-product of both sequencing platforms. We present DRISEE as an open-source, platform-independent method to assess sequencing error in shotgun metagenomic data, and utilize it to discover previously uncharacterized error in de novo sequence data from the 454 and Illumina sequencing platforms.
The Effects of Multiple Identities on Psychological Well-Being

The authors propose that the effects of multiple identities on psychological well-being depend on the number of identities, importance of those identities, and relationship between them. Specifically, this model predicts that when identities are highly important, having many versus few identities leads to greater psychological well-being if the identities are in harmony with each other-providing resources and expecting similar behaviors-but leads to lower psychological well-being if the identities conflict with each other-depleting resources and expecting incompatible behaviors. However, when identities are less important, neither the number of identities nor identity harmony should affect well-being. The authors further propose that emotions corresponding to self-perceptions of actual/ought self-discrepancies mediate these effects. Results supported this model. The authors discuss implications of this model for well-being in the context of the increasing social complexity of modern life.
Fundamental Limit of Sample Generalized Eigenvalue Based Detection of Signals in Noise Using Relatively Few Signal-Bearing and Noise-Only Samples

The detection problem in statistical signal processing can be succinctly formulated: given m (possibly) signal bearing, n -dimensional signal-plus-noise snapshot vectors (samples) and N statistically independent n-dimensional noise-only snapshot vectors, can one reliably infer the presence of a signal? This problem arises in the context of applications as diverse as radar, sonar, wireless communications, bioinformatics, and machine learning and is the critical first step in the subsequent signal parameter estimation phase. The signal detection problem can be naturally posed in terms of the sample generalized eigenvalues. The sample generalized eigenvalues correspond to the eigenvalues of the matrix formed by ?whitening? the signal-plus-noise sample covariance matrix with the noise-only sample covariance matrix. In this paper, we prove a fundamental asymptotic limit of sample generalized eigenvalue-based detection of signals in arbitrarily colored noise when there are relatively few signal bearing and noise-only samples. Specifically, we show why when the (eigen) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is below a critical value, that is a simple function of n , m, and N, then reliable signal detection, in an asymptotic sense, is not possible. If, however, the eigen-SNR is above this critical value then a simple, new random matrix theory-based algorithm, which we present here, will reliably detect the signal even at SNRs close to the critical value. Numerical simulations highlight the accuracy of our analytical prediction, permit us to extend our heuristic definition of the effective number of identifiable signals in colored noise and display the dramatic improvement in performance relative to the classical estimator by Zhao We discuss implications of our result for the detection of weak and/or closely spaced signals in sensor array processing, abrupt change detection in sensor networks, and clustering methodologies in machine learning.
Physical activity, disability, and quality of life in older adults

The United States is undergoing a transformative shift in the demographic composition of adults. Indeed, there is an emergent and staggering rate of growth in the percentage of adults aged 65 years or older and this has been termed the Graying of America. The proportion of the population aged 65 years or older is projected to increase from 12.4% in 2000 to 19.6% in 2030. 1 This reflects a twofold increase in the number of persons aged 65 years or older from nearly 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030. 1 One of the fastest growing segments of the United States population is those aged 80 years or older. The number of persons in this age group is expected to more than double from 9.3 million in 2000 to 19.5 million in 2030. 1 The growing percentage and number of older adults is expected to be accompanied by a considerable burden on the public health system, and the medical and social services. 1 This burden is associated with a disproportionate rate of chronic disease conditions among older adults (eg, cancers, diabetes, and stroke) that will represent a primary source of health care services and costs. Of further importance, aging and chronic disease conditions are primary correlates of disablement and compromised quality of life (QOL), and this underscores the importance of identifying factors that might promote healthy aging (ie, optimal mental and physical well-being and function in older adults).
Structural differences between the two human complement C4 isotypes affect the humoral immune response.

An animal model has been used to address the question of the biological importance of the known structural difference between the two isotypes of human C4, i.e., C4A and C4B. Guinea pigs deficient in C4 were reconstituted transiently with either human C4A or C4B protein and immunized with the bacteriophage phi X174. Results from this study showed that C4A-reconstituted animals made a secondary response, i.e., switch from IgM to IgG; whereas the C4B-reconstituted animals did not.
Work in progress - an integrated engineering communications curriculum for the 21st century

This paper presents an innovative engineering communications curriculum sequence that addresses the written, oral, and visual communication demands of the emerging workplace. Preliminary results show that the curriculum effectively prepares students for workplace communication, while limiting demands on engineering faculty time and class resources
Resolute efforts to cure hepatitis C: Understanding patients’ reasons for completing antiviral treatment

Antiviral treatment for hepatitis C is usually difficult, demanding, and debilitating and has long offered modest prospects of successful cure. Most people who may need treatment have faced stigma of an illness associated with drug and alcohol misuse and thus may be deemed poor candidates for treatment, while completing a course of treatment typically calls for resolve and responsibility. Patients’ efforts and their reasons for completing treatment have received scant attention in hepatitis C clinical policy discourse that instead focuses on problems of adherence and patients’ expected failures. Thus, we conducted qualitative interviews with patients who had recently undertaken treatment to explore their reasons for completing antiviral treatment. Analysis of their narrative accounts identified four principal reasons: cure the infection, avoid a bad end, demonstrate the virtue of perseverance through a personal trial, and achieve personal rehabilitation. Their reasons reflect moral rationales that mark the social discredit ascribed to the infection and may represent efforts to restore creditable social membership. Their reasons may also reflect the selection processes that render some of the infected as good candidates for treatment, while excluding others. Explication of the moral context of treatment may identify opportunities to support patients’ efforts in completing treatment, as well as illuminate the choices people with hepatitis C make about engaging in care.
Control of Growth and Morphology of a Crystal Surface by Induced Spatio-Temporal Oscillations of Surface Temperature

This paper presents the model for pattern formation in the course of thermodynamically stable and unstable crystal growth from vapor phase, which is inuenced by rapid spatio- temporal variations of substrate andlm temperature. In the model, such variations result from the interference heating of a substrate by weak pulsed laser beams. In the thermo- dynamically stable case the surface relaxational dynamics is inuenced by surface diusion mass transport from hot to cold regions of a substrate; this leads to accumulation of mass in cold regions and depletion in hot regions. In the thermodynamically unstable case the underlying faceting (spinodal) instability coupled to diusion mass uxes from hot to cold regions leads to formation of pyramidal surface structures. The scale of stationary coarsened structure increases as the separation distance of the adjacent interference fringes decreases (relative to the intrinsic faceting wave length, which is determined by the balance between the corner regularization energies and the surface energy anisotropy). On the other hand, the coarsening rates decrease with decreasing the separation distance, at least at particu- lar typical deposition strength. The deposition strength and the separation distance of the interference fringes determine the transient and stationary pattern shape. By eectively redistributing adatoms on a substrate through the enhanced, spatially inhomogeneous diu- sion, the interference heating mechanism delays, for large separation distances, the onset of spatiotemporal chaos as the growth rate increases.
Dynamics of silicon metabolism and silicon isotopic discrimination in a marine diatomas a function of pCO2

Opal accumulation rates in sediments have been used as a proxy for carbon flux, but there is poor understanding of the factors that regulate the Si quota of diatoms. Natural variation in silicon isotopes ( d 30 Si) in diatom frustules recovered from sediment cores are an alternative to opal mass for reconstructing diatom Si use and potential C export over geological timescales. Understanding the physiological factors that may influence the Si quota and the d 30 Si isotopic signal is vital for interpreting biogenic silica as a paleoproxy. We investigated the influence of pCO2 on the Si quota, fluxes across the cell membrane, and frustule dissolution in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii and determined the effect that pCO2 has on the isotopic fractionation of Si. We found that our Si flux estimates mass balance and, for the first time, describe the Si budget of a diatom. The Si quota rose in cells grown with low pCO2 (100 ppm) compared with controls (370 ppm), and the increased quota was the result of greater retention of Si (i.e., lower losses of Si through efflux and dissolution). The ratio of efflux : influx decreased twofold as pCO2 decreased from 750 to 100 ppm. The efflux of silicon is shown to significantly bias measurements of silica dissolution rates determined by isotope dilution, but no effect on the Si isotopic enrichment factor ( «) was observed. The latter effect suggests that silicon isotopic discrimination in diatoms is set by the Si transport step rather than by the polymerization step. This observation supports the use of the d 30 Si signal of biogenic silica as an indicator of the percentage utilization of silicic acid.
Synthese heterocyclisch substituierter 4-Piperidinyl-1,4-dihydropyridine durch Ringschlußreaktion an einer N-Acylthioamid- und N-Acylisothioamid-Seitenkette†

Synthesis of Heterocyclically Substituted-4-Piperidinyl-1,4-dihydropyridines by Ring Closure Reactions at a N-Acylthioamide- or at a N-Acylisothioamide-Side-Group A series of 4-(2′-methylenepiperidin-4′-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridines [5–7 and 9–11] with a heterocyclic substituent at the methylene group is prepared by reaction of the nonsubstituted compound 1 with benzoylisothiocyanate or ethoxycarbonylisothiocyanate to the N-benzoylthioamide 2 or the N-ethoxycarbonylthioamide 3, transformation of 2 into the isothioamide 4 by S-methylation, and subsequent ring closure of 2, 3 or 4 with hydrazine, methylhydrazine, phenylhydrazine, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,2- and 1,3-diaminopropane, o-diaminobenzene and o-aminophenol.
Cisplatin-induced enhancement of radioresponse in a murine mammary carcinoma: Test of a role for apoptosis

Programmed cell death or apoptosis has recently been recognized as an important mode of cell death in the response of tumor cells to cytotoxic treatments associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy (RT). We previously showed that both cisplatin and radiation induced substantial apoptosis in the murine mammary tumor MCA-4 when administered as single agents in vivo. Moreover, the levels of apoptosis correlated with tumor response measured as tumor growth delay. In the current study a role for apoptosis in a combined treatment with cisplatin and radiation was evaluated. Mice bearing MCA-4 tumors were irradiated at different times following an injection with cisplatin, and tumor growth delay was assessed. Apoptosis was scored from histological sections of the tumors. The results showed that whereas the cisplatin sensitized the MCA-4 tumor to a subsequent irradiation in terms of the growth delay, the apoptotic index never rose above the maximum level characteristic of either agent when used singly. Thus, there was no indication that cisplatin sensitized the tumor cells to radiation-induced apoptosis. We conclude that apoptosis is not the only important mechanism for cell killing in tumors following cytotoxic treatment and that tumor response is a complex composite of many different factors. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ethnographic traits in the writing of Mary Breckinridge

Mary Breckinridge, founder of The Frontier Nursing Service, employed ethnographic methodologies--participant observation, interviewing and fieldwork--as foundation efforts toward construction of highly responsive health-service systems, developed under circumstances of duress, e.g. after World War I and pre-industrial Appalachia. In culturally representing the Appalachian, she drew upon two vast resources, her first-hand field experience as well as her considerable rhetorical skill. She narrated and described an enormity of selected 'realities' of Appalachian life with immediacy of detail and nonpatronizing sensitivity for 'insider' perspectives. In an era of transition with few indigenous cultural writers, Breckinridge capitalized on her family heritage in Appalachia, which further underscored the intimacy and authenticity of her accounts. As portrayed in her autobiography, crosscultural encounters of one kind and time or another supplied an infrastructure of longstanding meaning throughout her life. The final and lasting impression is that, in both skills and orientation, Breckinridge's were essentially those of the ethnographer.
Strategies for Developing a Community of Practice: Nine Years of Lessons Learned in a Hybrid Technology Education Master's Program.

Between 2000 and 2009, 243 students in 11 cohort groups participated in the Internet-Based Masters in Educational Technology (iMet) Program. iMet is a hybrid masters program in education with an emphasis in educational technology. Students in the program work collaboratively in a problem-based approach to the integration of technology into instruction. The program completion rates are higher than other online programs and even higher than traditional face-to-face masters programs. In addition, program graduates go on to become successful educational technology leaders. A key to the program’s success is the use of a community of practice model for its participants. An analysis of 78 student course reflections and 92 post-program surveys revealed that the community building strategies used in the program were instrumental in enhancing students’ experiences and boosting program completion rates. This article describes the key strategies used to develop and maintain a successful hybrid community of practice.
The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors

Abstract Context Advance provision of emergency contraception (EC) may increase timely access and improve effectiveness, but the impact on adolescent sexual and contraceptive behaviors is not known. Objective To determine whether adolescents given advance EC have higher sexual and contraceptive risk-taking behaviors compared to those obtaining it on an as-needed basis. Design and setting Randomized trial conducted at urban, hospital-based adolescent clinic in Pittsburgh, PA, from June 1997 to June 2002. Participants 301 predominantly minority, low-income, sexually active adolescent women, age 15–20 years, not using long-acting contraception. Interventions Advance EC vs instruction on how to get emergency contraception. Outcome measures Self-reported unprotected intercourse and use of condoms, EC, and hormonal contraception ascertained by monthly 10-minute telephone interviews for 6 months post-enrollment. Reported timing of EC use after unprotected intercourse. Results At both 1- and 6-month followup interviews, there were no differences between advance EC and control groups in reported unprotected intercourse within the past month or at last intercourse. At 6 months, more advance EC participants reported condom use in the past month compared to control group participants (77% vs 62%, P = 0.02), but not at last intercourse (advance EC 83% vs control 78%, P = 0.34). There were no significant differences by group in hormonal contraception use reported by advance EC or control groups in the past month (44% vs 53%, P = 0.19) or at last intercourse (48% vs 58%, P = 0.20). At the first followup, the advance group reported nearly twice as much EC use as the control group (15% vs 8%, P = 0.05) but not at the final followup (8% vs 6%, P = 0.54). Advance EC group participants began their EC significantly sooner (11.4 hours vs 21.8 hours, P = 0.005). Conclusions Providing advance EC to adolescents is not associated with more unprotected intercourse or less condom or hormonal contraception use. In the first month after enrollment, adolescents provided with advance EC were nearly twice as likely to use it and began EC sooner, when it is known to be more effective.
A Remotely Operated Motorized Burrow Probe to Investigate Carnivore Neonates

We describe a miniaturized infrared camera mounted on a remotely operated platform (burrow probe system) that we developed to investigate spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) cubs while still in their natal dens. In conjunction with the burrow probe system, we used a hook system to retrieve carcasses from within burrows. To test the utility of these systems, we compared results obtained using the burrow probe and hook to results obtained from intensive above-ground monitoring alone. With the probe, we documented births and litter sizes at significantly younger ages than with above-ground monitoring. The probe was instrumental in detecting cubs that died prior to emergence from the natal den. Retrieval of carcasses allowed collection of genetic samples and data on sex and cause of death. Thus, the burrow probe and hook systems can provide scientists and managers with empirical data on productivity and neonatal mortality of carnivores in the wild; data essential to accurately monitor and model population trends.
Comparison of Mortality Associated with Vancomycin-Resistant and Vancomycin-Susceptible Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections: A Meta-analysis

Background Whether vancomycin resistance is independently associated with mortality among patients with enterococcal bloodstream infection (BSI) is controversial. To address this issue, we performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis. Methods Data sources were studies identified using the MEDLINE database (for articles from 1988 through March 2003), the Cochrane Library (for articles published up to March 2003), and bibliographies of identified articles. Inclusion criteria were that the study assessed mortality after enterococcal BSI, compared mortality after vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) BSI with that after vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) BSI, and adjusted for severity of illness. Study exclusion criteria were as follows: no report of the adjusted measure of effect (adjusted odds ratio [OR], adjusted hazard ratio, or adjusted relative risk) of vancomycin resistance on mortality available and/or its adjusted 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Data in the tables, figures, or text were independently extracted by 2 of the authors. Individual weights were calculated using the 95% CI of the adjusted measures of effect performing both fixed-effect and random-effects models. Results Nine studies were eligible (11 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 2 were excluded), with a total of 1614 enterococcal BSI episodes (683 VRE episodes and 931 VSE episodes). Patients with bacteremia caused by VRE were more likely to die than were those with VSE bacteremia (summary OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.9-3.4). Conclusions Vancomycin resistance is independently associated with increased mortality among patients with enterococcal bloodstream infection.
It Takes a Village: Taking Greater Advantage of Our Scholarly Diversity

As I suspect is true for most media studies scholars, there are many things on my “wish list” for our field: a greater appreciation of the political relevance of what, at least in most quantitative studies of political communication, is too quickly dismissed as “mere” entertainment or popular culture; a more sophisticated conceptualization of politics and power within cultural studies approaches to media; a more critical sensibility to how we approach our research; a greater emphasis on the larger economic, cultural, political, and technological environments within which communication occurs; more comparative and global research; a better understanding of how new media technologies are fundamentally changing communicative relationships; more research that finds its way into larger public, policy maker, and advocacy discourse about the role of the media in a democratic society; and so on. Disciplines Communication This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/330
“You're Only Young Once”: Things College Students Report Doing Now Before It Is Too Late

This exploratory study examined the extent to which emerging adult college students report engaging in behaviors now because they feel they will lose those opportunities later in life. Students at a large Midwestern U.S. university (N = 248) reported how often they do or try something because they will not be able to do it later as an adult and listed examples of those activities. A majority of students (76%) listed at least one such behavior. Analysis of the listed behaviors uncovered 8 thematic categories: (a) travel/adventure, (b) social events, (c) alcohol/tobacco/drug use, (d) relationships, (e) carefree lifestyle, (f) sports/action, (g) academic/career, and (h) independence/ personal expression. Implications for studies of emerging adulthood development and risk-taking are discussed.
Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Parent Emotion Socialization and Children's Emotion Regulation Abilities

Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is a traumatic life event. Almost 50 percent of IPV-exposed children show subsequent post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and they are at increased risk for depression. We examined maternal emotion socialization and children's emotion regulation as a pathway that may protect IPV-exposed children from developing PTSS and depression. Fifty-eight female survivors of IPV and their 6- to 12-year-old children participated. RESULTS showed no direct relations between maternal emotion socialization and child adjustment. However, several indirect effects were observed. Higher mother awareness and acceptance of sadness and awareness of fear predicted better child sadness and fear regulation, respectively, which in turn was related to fewer child PTSS. Similar indirect pathways were found with child depression. In addition, mothers' acceptance and coaching of anger was associated with better child anger regulation, which related to fewer depression symptoms. Implications for prevention and intervention with high-risk families are discussed. Language: en
“Sometimes, I think I might say too much”: Dark Secrets and the Performance of Inflammatory Bowel Disease*

This study examines the dramaturgical embodiment of chronically ill bodies managing “fecal matters” (Weinberg and Williams 2005) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) support groups. Data were derived from my reflections as a person with IBD, a year of participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with support group members. I first uncover the boundaries of the private body (Cahill 2006). Secondly, I focus on the entrenchment of IBD within the stigma of fecal matters. Lastly, I explore the disparate ways that support group members harnessed language to protect their embodied selves from symbolic fecal contamination, from a “soiled self.”
Risk of Clostridium Difficile Infection in Leukemia and Lymphoma Patients

Background: Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. The prevelance of C. difficile infection (CDI) has been poorly investigated in patients with hematologic malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma. Purpose: To evaluate the clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence, severity, recurrence, developing sepsis and 30-days mortality among hospitalized patients with Leukemia and lymphoma. Methods: IRB approved retrospective case control study. 2020 patients were admitted for >48 hours in our institution between July 2007 and December 2013 with CDI, and had adequate follow up. CDI was defined as more than 3 episodes of loose stools in less than 24 hrs with a positive CD stool toxin assay. Recurrent CDI (RCDI) defined as readmission for recurrent diarrhea with 2nd positive stool test 15 days following complete resolution of previous diarrheal episode and cessation of CDI treatment. Computerized medical records to investigate demographics, laboratory blood work, Carlson Co-morbidity index, and medication used. Patients were divided into leukemia lymphoma group and control group. Group-1 included all patients with Leukemia lymphoma; AML, CML, ALL CML. Univariate predictors of CDI and multiple logistic regressions were used to assess whether patients with leukemia lymphoma had higher incidence of severity, recurrence and mortality. Controlling for Age, Serum Albumin, modified Carlson Co-morbidity index (CCI), PPI, antibiotics, and CDI treatment. Results: 2020 patients had been identified; in group-1 19 out of 95 patients (25%) had RCDI. In the control group, 364 out of 1655 patients (18%) had RCDI (p=0.614). 30-days mortality 7 out of 95 patients died within group-1 versus 157 out of 1924 in control group (p=0.799). Criteria for sepsis was fulfilled in 37 out of 95 in group-1 versus 482 out of 1924 in control group (p=0.003) Conclusion: We conclude that hospitalized patient with Leukemia and lymphoma had higher incidence of developing sepsis from CDI. There was no difference in the incidence of recurrence and 30-days mortality between patients with Leukemia lymphoma than control group. Physicians should have high suspicious for CDI in Leukemia lymphoma patients. Depend on this study we suggest early diagnosis and starting second line stronger treatment may help in decrease the incidence of CDI related sepsis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Tratamiento del trauma perineal complejo. Revisión de la literatura

Resumen El trauma perineal, aunque poco comun, no es un evento raro. Puede presentarse con una amplia variedad de patrones de lesion y por esta razon necesita de una precisa evaluacion diagnostica y de tratamientos adecuados. Las lesiones traumaticas del perine pueden presentarse de manera aislada o asociarse a lesiones de otros organos pelvicos, abdominales o de miembros inferiores. Por esta razon es importante conocer no solo la anatomia del perine y sus organos sino tambien la relevancia del estado hemodinamico del paciente en el tratamiento de estas lesiones, de acuerdo con los protocolos de tratamiento del paciente politraumatizado. El proposito de esta revision es describir las caracteristicas de las lesiones traumaticas perineales, su presentacion clinica y su tratamiento basado en la evidencia mas reciente, para intentar definir lineas de diagnostico y tratamiento especificas tanto en los pacientes en situacion de inestabilidad como de estabilidad hemodinamica.
Preparation, structural characterization, and thermochemistry of an isolable 4-arylphenoxyl radical.

The preparation and full characterization of the 4-(nitrophenyl)phenoxyl radical, 2,6-di-tbutyl-4-(4′-nitrophenyl) phenoxyl radical (tBu2NPArO•) is described. This is a rare example of an isolable and crystallographically characterized phenoxyl radical and is the only example in which the parent phenol is also crystallographically well-defined. Analysis of EPR spectra indicates some spin delocalization onto the secondary aromatic ring and nitro group. Equilibrium studies show that the corresponding phenol has an O–H bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) of 77.8 ± 0.5 kcal mol–1 in MeCN (77.5 ± 0.5 kcal mol–1 in toluene). This value is higher than related isolated phenoxyl radicals, making this a useful reagent for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) studies. Additional thermochemical and spectroscopic parameters are also discussed.
Entropy-driven one-step formation of Phi29 pRNA 3WJ from three RNA fragments.

The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology necessitates creation of functional RNA nanoparticles but has been limited by particle instability. It has been shown that the three-way junction of bacteriophage phi29 motor pRNA has unusual stability and can self-assemble from three fragments with high efficiency. It is generally believed that RNA and DNA folding is energy landscape-dependent, and the folding of RNA is driven by enthalpy. Here we examine the thermodynamic characteristics of the 3WJ components as 2′-fluoro RNA, DNA, and RNA. It was seen that the three fragments existed either in 3WJ complex or as monomers, with the intermediate of dimers almost undetectable. It seems that the three fragments can lead to the formation of the 3WJ complex efficiently within a rapid time. A low dissociation constant (apparent KD) of 11.4 nM was determined for RNA, inclusion of 2′-F pyrimidines strengthened the KD to 4.5 nM, and substitution of DNA weakened it to 47.7 nM. The ΔG°37, were −36, −28, and −15 kcal/mol for ...
Legal Briefs: Infant With Interrupted Aortic Arch Sends Many Signals Before Discharge

A 3,330-g, 40-6/7-week-gestation male infant was delivered by a 35-year-old gravida 1 para 0 woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy. The infant was born via cesarean section because of failure to descend. Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The infant was sent to the normal nursery where the findings were normal until 4 hours after birth, when the axillary temperature was noted to be 96.8°F (36°C). The nurse did not notify the physician about the low temperature, but placed the infant under the radiant warmer. After he reached a normal temperature under the radiant warmer, the nurse brought the infant to the mother. The following temperature readings were low, and the mother complained that the infant's feet were cold and he was not feeding. The nurses reassured her and said it was “first-time mom anxiety.” The nurse put many layers of blankets, a hat, and socks, as well as allowed ʻskin to skin' contact with the mother in an attempt to bring his temperature to normal. Intermittently he was placed under the radiant warmer. The plaintiff neonatologist pointed out that the physician should have been informed about the first low-temperature reading. The nurses explained in their depositions that only if there are 3 low temperature readings or 3 hours of low temperatures would they be required to inform the physician. The plaintiff neonatologist said that the range of normal axillary temperatures was 97.7°F to 99.3°F (36.5°C–37.4°C) with a newborn in an open crib with appropriate clothing. If a newborn’s temperature was lower or higher than this range, a physician needed to be notified. Furthermore, he pointed out that the radiant warmer will always bring the temperature to the desired level regardless of the infant's temperature, because it uses a feedback mechanism. He added that a …
Abnormal Adrenal Responses to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Hyperandrogenic Women

The plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone (D), androstenedione (A), pregnenolone (Δ 5 P), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-Δ 5 P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), 11-deoxycortisol (S), and cortisol (F) were measured before, and 30 and 60 minutes after, a bolus intravenous injection of 25 units of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in nine normal women and in fifteen patients with a variety of manifestations of androgen excess. Patients with androgen excess demonstrated significantly higher mean baseline levels of T, D, A, Δ 5 P, 17-Δ 5 P, and 17-P. After a bolus intravenous injection of 25 units of ACTH, higher-than-normal increments were noted for the following steroids: Δ 5 P (one patient), 17-Δ 5 P (one patient), D (two patients), P (one patient), 17-P (two patients), and S (two patients). Following ACTH injections, the ratios of increments in plasma steroid pairs were computed to estimate the efficiency of several adrenal enzymes, and evidence suggesting partial deficiency of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Δ 4-5 isomerase (five patients) and 11β-hydroxylase (five patients) was found. In addition, 6 of the 15 patients with androgen excess exhibited an abnormally high increment in D relative to the increment in F. The data show that apparent abnormalities in adrenal steroid biosynthesis are a frequent occurrence in patients with hyperandrogenism.
Design, clinical translation and immunological response of biomaterials in regenerative medicine

The field of regenerative medicine aims to replace tissues lost as a consequence of disease, trauma or congenital abnormalities. Biomaterials serve as scaffolds for regenerative medicine to deliver cells, provide biological signals and physical support, and mobilize endogenous cells to repair tissues. Sophisticated chemistries are used to synthesize materials that mimic and modulate native tissue microenvironments, to replace form and to elucidate structure–function relationships of cell–material interactions. The therapeutic relevance of these biomaterial properties can only be studied after clinical translation, whereby key parameters for efficacy can be defined and then used for future design. In this Review, we present the development and translation of biomaterials for two tissue engineering targets, cartilage and cornea, both of which lack the ability to self-repair. Finally, looking to the future, we discuss the role of the immune system in regeneration and the potential for biomaterial scaffolds to modulate immune signalling to create a pro-regenerative environment. The clinical translation of biomaterials for tissue engineering reveals their therapeutic performance and relevance, and thus enables the improvement of biomaterials design. In this Review, the design and translation of biomaterials, particularly cartilage and cornea repair, and a new understanding of the interaction between biomaterials and the host immune system are discussed.
Dynamic adjustment of ethanol demand to crude oil prices: implications for mandated ethanol usage

This paper examines the dynamic behavior of ethanol blenders with a focus on the substitution possibilities between ethanol and crude oil in the fuel blending sector. The estimation results of the dynamic linear logit model reveal that the dynamic adjustment in the input demand system is very sluggish. In addition, the estimation results show that an increase in gasoline output no longer raises the share of ethanol after imposing the mandated percentage standard for ethanol. The estimated price elasticities of input demand offer statistical evidence that ethanol demand is less responsive to crude oil prices in the post-ethanol-mandate period than in the pre-ethanol-mandate period. The decompositions of cross-price elasticities strongly support that the reduced elasticities of ethanol demand with respect to the price of crude oil are more attributable to the mandated percentage standard for ethanol rather than the relative price of ethanol to crude oil.
Integrating social identity theory in access control

Real world identities are multifaceted. Besides the traditional form of identities, a person can gain access through the membership of a social group or relationship to other known individuals. Social identity theories support relationship as being identity of individuals. This paper goes beyond the boundaries of the technical research, identifies the relevant findings of the social science research and incorporates them in an access control model to provide constrained access to the contents and services. In this regard semantic technologies are exploited to represent the access control model. The paper provides a thorough evaluation of the proposed model comparing with the prominent access control models.