cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in colonic smooth muscle function in cats with idiopathic megacolon.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether colonic smooth muscle dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic megacolon in cats. DESIGN In vitro smooth muscle mechanical measurements. ANIMALS Colon from healthy cats and cats with idiopathic megacolon. PROCEDURE Colonic smooth muscle strips were suspended in physiologic buffer solution, attached to isometric force transducers, and contracted with acetylcholine (ACh; 10(-9) to 10(-4)M), substance P (SP; 10(-10) to 10(-6)M), cholecystokinin (CCK; 10(-11) to 10(-8)M), potassium chloride (KCl; 10 to 80 mM), or electrical field stimulation (EFS; 25 V, 1 to 30 Hz, 0.5-millisecond duration). Isometric stress responses were compared with those obtained from healthy controls. Colonic smooth muscle strips were also evaluated histologically for neuronal and smooth muscle cell morphology. RESULTS Passive isometric stress was not altered, but the active isometric stress responses of megacolon smooth muscle to ACh, SP, CCK, KCl, and EFS were significantly (P < 0.05) diminished, compared with healthy controls. Differences were observed in longitudinal and circular smooth muscle from proximal and distal portions of the colon. Histologic evaluation revealed few abnormalities of smooth muscle cells or of myenteric or submucosal plexus neurons. The contractile response of megacolon smooth muscle to EFS, and the inhibition of this response by tetrodotoxin, suggest that myenteric and submucosal plexus neurons in megacolon smooth muscle are functional. CONCLUSIONS Idiopathic megacolon is a generalized dysfunction of colonic smooth muscle in cats. The diminished isometric stress responses to receptor occupancy (ACh, SP, and CCK) and membrane depolarization (KCl) further suggest that the disorder involves disturbance in the activation of smooth muscle myofilaments.
Upper Extremity Catheter Angiography: Indications, Techniques, Anatomy, and Classic Cases

Catheter arteriography of the upper extremity has become an infrequent procedure in modern practice given the advancements in computed tomography/magnetic resonance angiography (CT/MRA). However, catheter angiography continues to have major diagnostic and interventional roles in certain pathophysiologic conditions. This article discusses the indications and techniques of upper extremity catheter angiography, and presents classic cases to demonstrate key anatomic, diagnostic, and interventional considerations.
Novel approaches toward inhibition of the Maillard reaction in vivo: Search, isolation and characterization of prokaryotic enzymes which degrade glycated substrates

The Maillard reaction has been associated with irreversible modifications of proteins and DNA in aging and age-related diseases. An important part of the damage results from the formation of Amadori products which act as precursors of protein crosslinks and a potent source of free radicals. Seeking to reverse the glycation reaction we have grown soil organisms onto glycated substrate as sole carbon source. From a Pseudomonas sp. we have isolated a novel protein of 45 kD molecular wt. which binds specifically to glycated amino acids. We have also detected and characterized a novel membrane-bound enzyme which degrades oxidatively glycated substrates. These observations, and observations by others, suggest that it should be feasible to deglycate enzymatically proteins and amino acids and thus investigate the specific role of the Maillard reaction in aging and diabetes.
Pulmonary Atresia With Aortopulmonary and Coronary Artery Collaterals: Precise Depiction by Low-Dose Computed Tomography

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] A 6-year-old female with tetralogy of Fallot whose echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization showed pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, aortopulmonary collaterals, and collaterals from the coronary arteries to the main pulmonary artery.
Explanation and Understanding: An Open Question?

My concern is the problem of the relation between scientific explanation and scientific understanding. What problem, you may ask. Didn’t Hempel solve that one in 1965 in his book Aspects of Scientific Explanation?1 Well, I’m not sure about that, as will be clear in a minute. But first I want to make some remarks on the importance of the problem.
Symmetry breaking charge transfer as a means to study electron transfer with no driving force

Symmetry breaking charge transfer (SBCT) is a process where a symmetrically disposed pair of identical chromophores forms a charge transfer excited state with the hole and electron on different chromophores, i.e. chr-chr + hν → chr+-chr-. Herein we explore this process in two dipyrrin-based bichromophoric systems. One of these bisdipyrrins involved a pair of BODIPY chromophores linked by a single bond at their meso-positions (compound 1) and the other involved two dipyrrin ligands coordinated in a tetrahedral geometry at the Zn2+ ion (compound 2). Both compounds show rapid SBCT in polar solvents and only dipyrrin based emission in nonpolar solvents, the latter arising from a dipyrrin localized excited sate (LE). By "tuning" the solvent polarity the equilibrium between the LE and SBCT states can be shifted to favor either state. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TA) was used to probe the kinetics of the charge transfer for 2 in solvents where the electron transfer is endergonic, exergonic and has a ΔG close to zero. Our TA derived rates were used to predict fluorescence efficiencies in each of the different solvent systems and showed a good correspondence to measured values. Detailed density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT were used to model the ground states as well as the LE and SBCT states of 1 and 2, in both polar and nonpolar media. The ground and LE excited states show small dipole moments, while the SBCT states show dipole moments of 16.4 and 20.3 D for 1 and 2, respectively.
Performing Revolutionary Populism: The Revolutionary Path Movement in Turkey

Revolution scholars have noted the utility of populist appeals for creating a broad-based revolutionary movement. Yet little is known about how activists enact populism in order to mobilize mass support for a revolutionary political project. This study addresses this need through a case study of the Revolutionary Path, a revolutionary socialist organization that attracted a large and diverse following in Turkey in the second half of the 1970s. The main argument of the study is that revolutionary populism entails non-discursive as well as discursive performances. In a receptive social and political climate, a populist discourse facilitates the formation of a broad revolutionary coalition, for it helps revolutionaries create a collective identity that can unify diverse social groups and demands against the regime. However, the mobilizational power of revolutionary populism ultimately rests on embodied performances that (1) dramatize the opposition between “the people” and its “enemies,” (2) demonstrate the moral and pragmatic legitimacy of revolutionaries as the representatives of “the people,” and (3) generate moral outrage against power holders. The analysis presented shows that Revolutionary Path activists accomplished these symbolic and affective tasks through three analytically distinct types of embodied performance: contentious, prefigurative, and lifestyle.
TEXTBOOKS AND TEMPLATES IN BYZANTINE STUDIES

Though the modern study of Byzantine civilisation and history dates back to the late 19 th century, the establishment of a definitive introductory textbook in the English language would be a slow process that would not culminate until the 1950’s. Due in part to the enormous chronological termini of Byzantine History, and major primary sources in at least five different languages, the number of introductory works is much smaller than in other historical disciplines. As a result, Byzantine history textbooks are still very closely welded to two initial templates established in 1892 and 1925. This article will briefly examine the initial templates laid down by the early authors of Byzantine textbooks. Following the examination of these templates, we will move chronologically through some of the main publications of the long 20 th century, concluding in the present day, gauging the impact of these works through scholarly reaction and publication information.
Indirect magnetic force microscopy

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based technique to map magnetic domains in a sample. MFM is widely used to characterize magnetic recording media, magnetic domain walls in materials, nanoparticles and more recently iron deposits in biological samples. However, conventional MFM requires multiple scans of the samples, suffers from various artifacts and is limited in its capability for multimodal imaging or imaging in a fluid environment. We propose a new modality, namely indirect magnetic force microscopy (ID-MFM), a technique that employs an ultrathin barrier between the probe and the sample. Using fluorescently conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, we demonstrate how ID-MFM can be achieved using commercially available silicon nitride windows, MFM probes and AFM equipment. The MFM signals obtained using ID-MFM were comparable to those obtained using conventional MFM. Further, samples prepared for ID-MFM were compatible with multi-modal imaging via fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Thus ID-MFM can serve as a high-throughput, multi-modal microscopy technique which can be especially attractive for detecting magnetism in nanoparticles and biological samples.
Is the Taxpayer Bill of Rights Enforceable

In 2016, Congress enacted a statutory Taxpayer Bill of Rights containing a list of ten rights but lacking an explicit remedy or enforcement mechanism. Are the rights listed therefore merely aspirational, or are some or all of them enforceable? It is worth noting that the statute does not say that these rights are unenforceable. Recently, taxpayers such as Facebook have begun to demand remedies for alleged violations of the rights listed in the statute, such as “the right to appeal a decision of the Internal Revenue Service in an independent forum.” This Essay argues that not only does the statutory text not provide a private right of action, U.S. Supreme Court case law does not permit such a right to be inferred. The Essay further argues that the history of the statute, which was largely the initiative of the National Taxpayer Advocate, supports the conclusion that there is no private right of action to enforce the statute. Rather, as the statute states, the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service is charged with ensuring that the listed taxpayer rights are protected.
Wearable thermoelectrics for personalized thermoregulation

Thermoregulation has substantial implications for energy consumption and human comfort and health. However, cooling technology has remained largely unchanged for more than a century and still relies on cooling the entire space regardless of the number of occupants. Personalized thermoregulation by thermoelectric devices (TEDs) can markedly reduce the cooling volume and meet individual cooling needs but has yet to be realized because of the lack of flexible TEDs with sustainable high cooling performance. Here, we demonstrate a wearable TED that can deliver more than 10°C cooling effect with a high coefficient of performance (COP > 1.5). Our TED is the first to achieve long-term active cooling with high flexibility, due to a novel design of double elastomer layers and high-ZT rigid TE pillars. Thermoregulation based on these devices may enable a shift from centralized cooling toward personalized cooling with the benefits of substantially lower energy consumption and improved human comfort.
Cardinal-indexed classifying spaces for families of subgroups of any topological group

For $G$ a topological group, existence theorems by Milnor (1956), Gelfand-Fuks (1968), and Segal (1975) of classifying spaces for principal $G$-bundles are generalized to $G$-spaces with torsion. Namely, any $G$-space approximately covered by tubes (a generalization of local trivialization) is the pullback of a universal space indexed by the orbit types of tubes and cardinality of the cover. For $G$ a Lie group, via a metric model we generalize the corresponding uniqueness theorem by Palais (1960) and Bredon (1972) for compact $G$. Namely, the $G$-homeomorphism types of proper $G$-spaces over a metric space correspond to stratified-homotopy classes of orbit classifying maps. The former existence result is enabled by Segal's clever but esoteric use of non-Hausdorff spaces. The latter uniqueness result is enabled by our own development of equivariant ANR theory for noncompact Lie $G$. Applications include the existence part of classification for unstructured fiber bundles with locally compact Hausdorff fiber and with locally connected base or fiber, as well as for equivariant principal bundles which in certain cases via other models is due to Lashof-May (1986) and to Luck-Uribe (2014). From a categorical perspective, our general model $E_\mathcal{F}^\kappa G$ is a final object inspired by the formulation of the Baum-Connes conjecture (1994).
Adoptive immunotherapy plus cryotherapy in murine model of metastatic colon cancer

2520 Background: Cryotherapy provides a known local treatment effect for cancer. Additionally, many reports suggest that preservation of tumor antigens in the cryoablation (cryo) treatment site may...
Special Populations in Psychiatric Emergency Services: The Geriatric Patient

This chapter focuses on the geriatric patient with mental illness in the emergency department. As the number of individuals over 65 years of age has increased worldwide, the number of geriatric patients with psychiatric concerns seen in the emergency room has also increased. This chapter discusses the specialized diagnoses that one must consider when evaluating individuals in this population, necessary accommodations for evaluation and treatment, and recommendations for improvements in care delivery for the geriatric patient in the psychiatric emergency arena.
Counterfactuals and Causal Structure

The structural account of causation derives inter alia from Herbert Simon’s work on causal order and was developed in Hoover’s Causality in Macroeconomics and earlier articles. A substantial reworking of its key scheme for the representation of causal relationships based on invariant parameterizations of systems of equations. This rich account easily connects to, enriches, and illuminates graphical or Bayes net approaches to causal representation and is able to handle modular, nonmodular, linear, and nonlinear causal systems. The representation is used to illuminate the mutual relationship between causal structure and counterfactuals, particularly addressing the role of counterfactuals in Woodward’s manipulationist account of causation and Cartwright’s attack on “impostor counterfactuals.”
The international normalised ratio predicts perioperative complications in revision total hip arthroplasty.

Background:Standard preoperative protocols in total joint arthroplasty utilise the international normalised ratio (INR) to determine patient coagulation profiles. However, the relevance of preopera...
The Coin of Love and Virtue: Academic Libraries and Value in a Global Pandemic

In September 2010, the Association of College and Research Libraries released The Value of Academic Libraries: A Comprehensive Research Review and Report. The spread of the novel coronavirus and the resulting global pandemic has raised questions about the concept of value in academic libraries. How is value attributed? How does value function? What does it mean to demonstrate or prove our value? We begin with an overview and analysis of ACRL’s Value of Academic Libraries Initiative. We then provide a description and timeline of the spread of COVID-19 and the reaction of both institutions of higher education, academic libraries, professional library organizations, and individual librarians. The pandemic has created a new category of workers - “essential workers” - who provide vital services, perform maintenance work, and labor to keep infrastructures intact. The role of carework and careworkers in the pandemic helps illuminate the situation of academic librarians within regimes of neoliberal austerity. Ultimately we argue that although the discourse of library value seeks to prove library value rationally and empirically, through a lot of quantitative data, capitalism, the economy, and value are fundamentally irrational. Academic library value must be claimed politically; misrecognizing the nature of the problem and relying on commonsense understandings of value and the economic, which is what the discourse of library value has done for the past decade, goes nowhere.
How Candidates’ Age and Gender Predict Voter Preference in a Hypothetical Election:

Are preferences for political candidates influenced by how old they appear to be? Amazon Mechanical Turk workers and undergraduate students were shown photos of 93 state legislators as candidates i...
The Timing of International Financial Market Bubbles

We employ a recursive econometric technique to identify and date multiple financial bubbles in five countries, the US, UK, France, Germany, and Japan. We identify multiple bubbles in each country except Germany for the period, 1973-March 2018. These bubbles are classified into three groups, each clustered around a significant financial event. The results show that if there is no synchronicity in the timing of bubbles, overall annualized returns are positive even after the bubbles burst. However, during the subprime mortgage crisis bubble, all nations experienced simultaneous, short bubbles with returns falling sharply in all countries. Thus, one can conclude that if bubbles do not coincide investors are better off riding out the bubble.
When apologies become meaningful: Perceptions of apologies in environmental justice communities

Abstract In the United States, people of color from low income and working-class backgrounds are at disproportionate risk to pollution and other environmental stressors. These environmental justice communities (EJCs) can also experience increased risk when a natural disaster collides with a preexisting environmental risk. The current research is an exploratory field study that examines perceptions of environmental risk after a natural disaster and how meaningful a public apology would be in three communities. Residents (N = 161) in two EJCs and a community without documented risks reported their environmental concerns and perceptions of public apologies. Overall, EJC residents reported greater concern about chemical hazard exposure than did residents with decreased risk. Furthermore, chemical exposure concerns facilitated public apology meaningfulness within the EJCs, but not in the decreased risk community.
Superior Epigastric Vessels

Utilization of free flaps for the reconstruction of the abdomen and/or chest is one of the staples in reconstructive microsurgery. The superior epigastric artery and vein are often a forgotten source of available bloody supply that is overshadowed by its surrounding counterparts such as the internal mammary vessels and deep inferior epigastric vessels. When other vascular pedicles are unavailable for a multitude of reasons, the superior epigastric vessels may be an alternative recipient for revascularization of a microsurgical flap. This chapter describes the pertinent anatomy and exposure technique of the superior epigastric vessels for microvascular anastomosis.
Modeling physiological sources of heading bias from optic flow

Human heading perception from optic flow is accurate for directions close to the straight-ahead and systematic biases emerge in the periphery (Sun, Zhang, Alais, & Li, 2020; Cuturi & Macneilage, 2013). In pursuit of the underlying neural mechanisms, primate brain area MSTd has been a focus because of its causal link with heading perception (Gu, Deangelis, & Angelaki, 2012). Computational models generally explain heading sensitivity in individual MSTd neurons as a feedforward integration of motion signals from area MT that resemble full-field optic flow patterns consistent with the preferred heading direction (Mineault, Khawaja, Butts, & Pack, 2012; Britten, 2008). In the present simulation study, we quantified within the structure of this feedforward model how physiological properties of MT and MSTd shape heading signals. We found that known physiological tuning characteristics generally supported the accuracy of heading estimation, but not always. A weak-to-moderate overrepresentation of peripheral headings in MSTd garnered the highest accuracy and precision out of the models that we tested. The model also performed well when noise corrupted high proportions of the optic flow vectors. Such a peripheral MSTd model performed well when units possessed a range of receptive field sizes and were strongly direction tuned. Physiological biases in MT direction tuning toward the radial direction also supported heading estimation, but the tendency for MT preferred speed and receptive field size to scale with eccentricity did not. Our findings help elucidate the extent to which different physiological tuning properties influence the accuracy and precision of neural heading signals. Significance Statement Using vision to perceive direction of self-motion (heading) lies at the heart of our ability to effectively move through the world. Prior work has shown that monkey brain area MSTd is involved in heading perception. We simulated in a computational model how physiological tuning properties of areas MT and MSTd influence neural heading signals. We found that a neural representation of heading biased toward the periphery, in combination with other factors, best supported the accuracy and precision of heading estimates. We draw on existing models and known physiology to promote the broad applicability of our findings. Our analysis helps improve our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying heading perception.
Interactions Between the Major Filamentous Components of the Cytoskeleton

Implicit in current concepts of the organization of the cytoskeleton and the cytoplasmic matrix is the idea that the networks of the major filament systems are interconnected and interacting. Cooperation among the components of the cytoskeleton is clearly involved in many aspects of cell behavior, cellular and subcellular motility, and morphogenesis. Interactions, or their purposeful absence, may be viewed as a key aspect of the organization of the cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, however, compared to the staggering amount of morphological and biochemical information on the individual filament systems and their associated proteins, the development, maintenance, and control of interfilament interactions is relatively poorly understood. Some motile activities may require only interactions between fibers of the same type. For example, the movement of the axostyle of Saccinobaculus is exclusively microtubule-based and crossbridge-mediated, and extension of the acrosomal process of Thyone or Limulus sperm is dependent solely on actin filaments. Other events may depend on a cooperative interaction between different filaments. Linking the networks of different fiber classes has the advantage of extending the range of their properties and helping to construct more powerful and versatile “superstructures”. Thus, interactions between microtubular and actin-based networks could combine the flexural rigidity of the former with the potential for rapid changes in consistency ot the latter.
Comparative tubal occlusion: rigid and spring-loaded clips.

An exploratory series of tests has been carried out comparing rigid tantalum and spring-loaded clips designed for tubal occlusion. Sows of proven fertility were used in all experiments. Five control animals were used five animals underwent tantalum clip application and five animals underwent spring-loaded clip application. Three control animals became pregnant and three sows with tantalum clips became pregnant while none of the sows with spring clips became pregnant. Patency of the tubal lumen was maintained with the rigid clips but was eliminated with spring clips. A laparoscope designed to apply the spring clips under local anesthetic is described and implications regarding reported clinical trials and future human investigation are discussed.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Mechanisms of elimination reactions—XXVII: The reactions of 1-arylethyldimethylsulfonium bromides with sodium ethoxide in ethanol

Abstract Treatment of 1-phenylethyldimethylsulfonium bromide 1 with sodium ethoxide in ethanol at 35° affords four products by five reaction paths: styrene 2 by E2 and α'-β mechanisms, ethyl 1-phenylethyl ether 3 and methyl 1-phenylethyl sulfide 4 by the S N 2 mechanism, and methyl o -ethylbenzyl sulfide 5 by a Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement. Isotope effects of 5.9 and 3.5 for E2 and α'-β reactions were estimated by comparing the deuterium content of methyl sulfide from β-d 3 , and α-d 7 (all α-positions exchanged) sulfonium salt. Product analyses on products from the unsubstituted, p -methyl, p -fluoro, p -bromo and m -chloro sulfonium salts were combined with overall rates to calculate partial rates for the formation of each product. These partial rates were fitted to the Hammett equation to give values for each product as follows: 2 , 0.95±0.19; 3 , −0.63±0.41; 4 , 0.95±0.11; 5 , 4.84±0.38. The mechanistic implications of the results are discussed.
Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with net currents

Recent work concerning magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence with net electric currents is reviewed. Most of the problems considered derive from those encountered in toroidal confinement devices. In the presence of net currents and externally imposed dc magnetic fields, the standard symmetries of “homogeneous turbulence” theory do not apply, and spatially periodic boundary conditions may not be invoked. The turbulence which results tends to be less than fully developed, and its properties are not controlled by Reynolds-like numbers alone. Its description requires occasional departures from the strict MHD framework. Recognizable structures are plentiful in unstable regimes, and include paired helical vortices and helical distortions of the current channel; these may be “large scale” or “small scale”, depending upon the value of the on-axis Hartmann number at which the pinch ratio is raised above its critical value. Plasma rotation, due to departures from strict charge neutrality, may be used to suppress this MHD activity. Unsolved problems in microscopic plasma kinetic theory add uncertainty to the macroscopic MHD predictions, particularly in connection with the viscous stress tensor.
Geography is Destiny: Disparate Insurance Coverage for Cancer Clinical Trials Demands a Federal Mandate

This article explores how private policies routinely exclude coverage of experimental cancer treatments, whether it is in society's interest for them to do so, what can be done to require policies to include such coverage, and how such treatments can be policed. Through a review of state mandates regarding experimental cancer treatments this article argues that a patient's geography should not dictate their treatment destiny, and that a federal mandate is needed to ensure that all cancer patients, and society, are able to benefit from experimental cancer treatments.
The effects of nitroglycerin on myocardial blood flow in man

Abstract Myocardial blood flow was measured using 84Rb, given as a bolus, and a double coincidence counting system. Twenty-four normal subjects and 24 patients with coronary heart disease were studied. The tests revealed that under control conditions, values for myocardial blood flow are reproducible within 2.1 per cent. Myocardial blood flow and coronary flow fraction in normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease increased after sublingually administered nitroglycerin. The increase was statistically significant in both groups at 45 seconds; however, a significant increase was noticeable at 90 seconds in arteriosclerotic patients only. The hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin included a decrease in arterial systolic pressure, mean arterial pressure and left ventricular work. The data demonstrate an early increase in nutritional blood flow after nitroglycerin, thus suggesting a redistribution of blood flow within the heart muscle. The early direct cardiac action, together with the observed prolonged peripheral hemodynamic effects of the drug, may well explain its beneficial action.
The functional genomic response of developing embryonic submandibular glands to NF-kappaB inhibition

The proper balance between epithelial cell proliferation, quiescence, and apoptosis during development is mediated by the specific temporal and spatial appearance of transcription factors, growth factors, cytokines, caspases, etc. Since our prior studies suggest the importance of transcription factor NF-κB during embryonic submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development, we attempted to delineate the emergent dynamics of a cognate signaling network by studying the molecular patterns and phenotypic outcomes of interrupted NF-κB signaling in embryonic SMG explants. SN50-mediated inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation in E15 SMG explants cultured for 2 days results in a highly significant increase in apoptosis and decrease in cell proliferation. Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) analyses of transcriptomic and proteomic assays identify specific transcripts and proteins with altered expression that best discriminate control from SN50-treated SMGs. These include PCNA, GR, BMP1, BMP3b, Chk1, Caspase 6, E2F1, c-Raf, ERK1/2 and JNK-1, as well as several others of lesser importance. Increased expression of signaling pathway components is not necessarily probative of pathway activity; however, as confirmation we found a significant increase in activated (phosphorylated/cleaved) ERK 1/2, Caspase 3, and PARP in SN50-treated explants. This increased activity of proapoptotic (caspase3/PARP) and compensatory antiapoptotic (ERK1/2) pathways is consistent with the dramatic cell death seen in SN50-treated SMGs. Our morphological and functional genomic analyses indicate that the primary and secondary effects of NF-κB-mediated transcription are critical to embryonic SMG developmental homeostasis. Relative to understanding complex genetic networks and organogenesis, our results illustrate the importance of evaluating the gene, protein, and activated protein expression of multiple components from multiple pathways within broad functional categories.
The use of error tags in ARTFL's Encyclopédie: does good error identification lead to good error correction?

Many corpora which are prime candidates for automatic error correction, such as the output of OCR software, and electronic texts incorporating markup tags, include information on which portions of the text are most likely to contain errors.This paper describes how the error markup tag is being incorporated in the spell-checking of an electronic version of Diderot's Encyclopedie, and evaluates whether the presence of this tag has significantly aided in correcting the errors which it marks. Although the usefulness of error tagging may vary from project to project, even as the precise way in which the tagging is done varies, error tagging does not necessarily confer any benefit in attempting to correct a given word. It may, of course, nevertheless be useful in marking errors to be fixed manually at a later stage of processing the text.
Awaiting the Heavenly Country: The Civil War and America's Culture of Death

Review of: "Awaiting the Heavenly Country: The Civil War and America's Culture of Death," by Mark S. Schantz.
Design of PON Using VQ-Based Fiber Optimization

The rapid development of broadband technologies has already set the stage for next generation access networks with optical fibers proliferating from the long haul backbone into the local area networks (LANs). However, the bottleneck of bandwidth availability still remains at the end-user. Passive optical network (PON) has the potential to solve this “last mile problem”. In this paper we have investigated into the major research issues regarding the deployment of the PON technology. An estimate of effective bandwidth consumption by residential and business users is obtained to maximize the bandwidth utilization. A new vector quantization (VQ) based location determination algorithm is formulated to determine the optimal location of splitters, thus minimizing the fiber layout cost. Inherent drawbacks of the standard ranging scheme is also discussed. Simulation results corroborate the maximization of bandwidth utilization, minimization of fiber layout cost and points out the necessity of an efficient ranging scheme to reduce the ranging overhead time.
ON THE EFFECTIVE MODULI OF SOLIDS WITH CAVITIES AND CRACKS

Elementary expressions for the effective elastic moduli of solids containing cavities or both cracks and cavities are constructed. They are based on the observation that the presence of cavities raises, in a simple way, the average stress in the solid phase (provided boundary conditions are in tractions) and thus changes the stress environment for both cavities and cracks. 1. On the Effective Moduli of Solids with Cracks. The results of Kachanov [1,2] show that the approximation of non-interacting cracks remains accurate at high crack densities. The underlying reason is that introduction of cracks does not change the average stress in a solid (if boundary conditions are in tractions). Therefore, the competing interaction effects of shielding and amplification, on average, cancel each other, provided locations of crack centers
Safety-skills training in supported employment: a survey of current practices

Many employees may be working in environments with potential risks and may not know how to respond appropriately to these risks, therefore the need for safety-skills training is critical. However, limited information is available on the extent to which supported employees receive such training. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the type of safety-skills training provided to a sample of supported employees. The findings revealed that the majority of employees received training, but the content and format of the training varied. The results are discussed in terms of providing appropriate safety-skills training to supported employees.
Effects of surface ligands on energetic disorder and charge transport of P3HT:CdSe hybrid solar cells

In this work, the effects of surface ligands of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals on energetic disorder and charge transport of poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):cadmium selenide (P3HT:CdSe) hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells were studied. Photo-induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) was employed to quantitatively characterize the trap state energies in P3HT:CdSe hybrid solar cells from pyridine (Py) and tert-butylthiol (tBT) treated CdSe nanocrystals. A data processing workflow to extract the trap emission spectra was implemented in the form of solving an inverse problem with regularization techniques. We observed significant differences in the trap state distribution in P3HT:CdSe(tBT) compared to P3HT:CdSe(Py) solar cells, and we found that devices based on P3HT:CdSe(Py) had deeper level trap states. Additionally, transient photoconductivity measurements were performed on P3HT:CdSe solar cells for the purpose of examining the effects of ligands on charge transport. The results were self-consistent with PICTS analysis in that P3HT:CdSe(tBT) devices exhibited a greater than three-fold enhancement in carrier mobility relative to P3HT:CdSe(Py) devices, which we attributed to a decreased depth of trap states.
Restriction of neuroblastoma to the prostate gland in transgenic mice.

Abstract Male transgenic mice that carry a construct containing 5'-flanking sequences of the gp91-phox gene linked to the early region of the simian virus 40 (SV40) genome reproducibly develop tumors arising from the prostate gland. As gp91-phox is expressed exclusively in terminally differentiating hematopoietic cells of the myelomonocytic lineage, the induction of tumors arising from the prostate gland was unexpected. These lesions appear to be due to a novel transcription signal that was generated during the construction of the transgene. Surprisingly, the histopathological and biochemical properties of the tumor are diagnostic of neuroblastoma rather than of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland. Tumors produce SV40 T antigen and isoforms of neural cell adhesion molecule characteristic of neuronal cells, and they occur in a testosterone-independent manner. Microscopic examination of prostate glands from young transgenic mice reveals the presence of small lesions arising outside of the prostate gland epithelium, which is consistent with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma and further distinguishes this tumor from prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate gland tumors occur in all male animals of susceptible lines carrying the gp91-phox promoter/SV40 early-region transgene. However, variability in the time at which gross tumors appear and the presence of cells expressing T antigen prior to tumorigenesis suggest that somatic events in addition to T-antigen production are required for the development of a malignancy. The extraordinary restriction of the site of tumorigenesis in these animals indicates the presence in the prostate gland of a novel, tissue-specific neuroectodermal cell of origin. These transgenic animals provide a model system for the study of neuroectodermal malignancies.
Improving Secondary Stroke Prevention Following Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Practice Improvement Project. (P4.287)

OBJECTIVE: The intent of this practice improvement project was to assess performance in implementing measures for secondary stroke prevention. BACKGROUND: In the US, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the fourth leading cause of death and makes enormous contributions to healthcare costs. The AHA/ASA guidelines cite 25% of the 795,000 AIS cases/year are recurrent strokes. This highlights the importance of targeting treatable risk factors for secondary prevention. As part of a practice improvement project, goals for secondary stroke prevention were assessed in AIS patients. DESIGN/METHODS: Eight AIS patients were evaluated in Neurology Clinic between October 2012 and August 2013, 1.5-4 months following hospitalization. The age ranged from 42-86years. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at discharge ranged from 0-16. A questionnaire was administered during follow-up visits and results compared retrospectively to the electronic medical record. RESULTS: All stroke patients were placed on either antiplatelet or anticoagulation medications. Most patients (7/8) were compliant. Most (3/4) patients with hyperlipidemia were compliant with lipid-lowering and oral anti-hyperglycemic medications. Despite satisfactory medication compliance, most patients did not know what was meant by goal LDL (5/8). Similar results were found for hemoglobin A1C. While all patients were given discharge information about stroke, only 4 of 8 patients were given information regarding smoking cessation, separate from instructions provided by our interdisciplinary team. While 5of 8 patients report some daily activity, only 2 of 8 patients reported healthy eating habits, enrollment in an exercise or nutrition program. Data collection is ongoing. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive lifestyle modification and risk factor management are cornerstones of stroke prevention. Questionnaires and checklist based systems are powerful tools to quickly gather information and assess patient participation in healthcare. In individualized stroke clinics, it is a practical tool to monitor goals of secondary stroke prevention. Further data can clarify if additional instruments like multidisciplinary stroke clinics incorporating nutrition, physical therapy and stroke counseling services will improve outcomes, compliance and reduce stroke recurrence. Disclosure: Dr. Harriott has nothing to disclose.
Treatment of sudden cardiac death. Current understandings from randomized trials and future research directions.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) occurs in ≈300 000 individuals each year in the United States.1 This represents about half of the deaths caused by cardiovascular disease,2 which in turn represents almost half of all deaths in the United State annually. Because of this, SCD is recognized as an important public health problem, and substantial research has been directed at its prevention. This research has been directed at primary and secondary prevention of diseases that cause fatal arrhythmias as well as at treatment of the arrhythmias. Central to this research have been a number of randomized trials in patients known to be at risk for SCD. Taken together, the studies that have been reported and those that will be reported in the near future will paint a coherent picture of the role of the currently available modalities for SCD prevention. It is timely to review the available data and define future research directions. ### β-Blockers Historically, the β-blockers were the first family of drugs shown to help prevent SCD. Their ability to reduce ventricular arrhythmias3 4 led to studies in the early 1980s of their usefulness in the prevention of SCD in survivors of myocardial infarction. Among the important studies demonstrating the usefulness of β-blockers in the prevention of SCD is the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT), which was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that tested whether the administration of propranolol in patients with a history of at least one myocardial infarction could reduce subsequent mortality.5 A total of 3837 patients were randomized to receive propranolol (180 or 200 mg/d) or placebo. The trial was stopped 9 months before planned termination because of the significant improvement in total mortality in the β-blocker treatment group. Total mortality at 25.1 months was 7.2% in the propranolol-treated patients and 9.8% in the …
Special Issue Article: Preparing for the 21st Century: The Status of Quantitative Literacy in the United States

This article articulates and operationalizes a framework for investigating the level of quantitative literacy in the United States. Quantitative literacy is defined in terms of mathematical content knowledge, mathematical reasoning, understanding of the social impact and utility of mathematics, understanding the nature and historical development of mathematics, and mathematical disposition-Data from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study are used to document the level of quantitative literacy in the US. Results suggest that, although students in the US seem to possess an awareness of the usefulness of mathematics and have positive dispositions toward mathematics, they fall short in their understanding of the nature of mathematics and an ability to apply their content knowledge to everyday situations. Suggestions for curriculum and instruction that align with the framework for promoting quantitative literacy are offered.
Klippel‐Trenauny Syndrome and Cutaneous Carcinomas

A patient with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome who developed basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas on the limb affected by the vascular malformation, is reported. The nature of this association is discussed.
A novel feature selection technique for highly imbalanced data

Two challenges often encountered in data mining are the presence of excessive features in a data set and unequal numbers of examples in the two classes in a binary classification problem. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to feature selection for imbalanced data in the context of software quality engineering. This technique consists of a repetitive process of data sampling followed by feature ranking and finally aggregating the results generated during the repetitive process. This repetitive feature selection method is compared with two other approaches: one uses a filter-based feature ranking technique alone on the original data, while the other uses the data sampling and feature ranking techniques together only once. The empirical validation is carried out on two groups of software data sets. The results demonstrate that our proposed repetitive feature selection method performs on average significantly better than the other two approaches, especially when the data set is highly imbalanced.
Exercise prevents diabetes-induced impairment in superficial buffer barrier in porcine coronary smooth muscle

In healthy coronary smooth muscle cells, the superficial sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) buffers rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels. In diabetic dyslipidemia, basal Ca2+ levels are increased, yet Ca2+ i...
Ibuprofen-Induced Hemolytic Anemia

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a rare condition with an incidence of 1 per million of the population. We report the case of a 36-year-old female who presented to the emergency department complaining of shortness of breath and dark colored urine. Physical examination was significant for pale mucous membranes. The patient reported using ibuprofen for a few days prior to presentation. Complete blood count performed before starting ibuprofen revealed normal platelets and hemoglobin values. On admission, the patient had evidence of hemolytic anemia with hemoglobin of 4.9 g/dL, hematocrit of 14.2%, lactate dehydrogenase 435 IU/L, and reticulocytosis 23.2%. Further testing ruled out autoimmune disease, lymphoma, and leukemia as etiologies for the patient’s new onset hemolytic anemia. Ibuprofen was immediately stopped with a gradual hematologic recovery within 3 days.
Resource allocation and supervisory control architecture for intelligent behavior generation

In earlier research the Center for Self-Organizing and Intelligent Systems (CSOIS) at Utah State University (USU) was funded by the US Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command's (TACOM) Intelligent Mobility Program to develop and demonstrate enhanced mobility concepts for unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). As part of our research, we presented the use of a grammar-based approach to enabling intelligent behaviors in autonomous robotic vehicles. With the growth of the number of available resources on the robot, the variety of the generated behaviors and the need for parallel execution of multiple behaviors to achieve reaction also grew. As continuation of our past efforts, in this paper, we discuss the parallel execution of behaviors and the management of utilized resources. In our approach, available resources are wrapped with a layer (termed services) that synchronizes and serializes access to the underlying resources. The controlling agents (called behavior generating agents) generate behaviors to be executed via these services. The agents are prioritized and then, based on their priority and the availability of requested services, the Control Supervisor decides on a winner for the grant of access to services. Though the architecture is applicable to a variety of autonomous vehicles, we discuss its application on T4, a mid-sized autonomous vehicle developed for security applications.
Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des Vitamins B12: Reaktionen des Cobaltatoms in Corrin‐Derivaten und Vitamin‐B12‐Modellverbindungen

Untersuchungen der Organometall-Reaktionen von Vitamin B12 und Vitamin-B12-Modellverbindungen schaffen die Grundlagen zum Verstandnis der Wirkungsweise der Corrin-Coenzyme und erweitern unsere Kenntnisse uber Eigenschaften und Reaktionen von Organocobalt-Verbindungen. In diesem Aufsatz wird uber die wichtigsten nichtenzymatischen Reaktionen des Cobaltatoms im Vitamin B12 und in Modellverbindungen vom Typ der Cobaloxime berichtet.