cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung cancer in octogenarians.

Background Lung cancer has progressively become a disease of older people, with the median age at diagnosis now exceeding 70 years. Octogenarians represent a rapidly growing proportion of patients diagnosed with lung cancer and can present distinct challenges. Nevertheless, current literature that has set the evidence-based standards of care in this disease does not include significant numbers of patients older than 80 years. Methods We have compiled and reviewed the available literature on the specific management and treatment of lung cancer in patients older than 80 years. Results Retrospective series suggest that surgery is safe and effective in treating early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in selected patients older than 80 years. There is minimal data to support the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in this group. In addition, no data exist on the use of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for locally advanced disease. In advanced or metastatic disease, similar to younger elderly populations, single-agent chemotherapy is feasible and seems to offer benefit in terms of symptoms and outcomes. Small cell lung cancer in this population is not well characterized, but small studies suggest symptom improvement and prolongation of survival with the use of chemotherapy. Conclusion Based on retrospective series, octogenarians with lung cancer can derive benefit from many of the treatment modalities used for younger patients including surgery for early-stage disease and single-agent chemotherapy for advanced disease. More elderly specific trials are needed to better refine treatment decisions and improve the care of lung cancer in this group.
Inhibition of tetanus toxin fragment C binding to ganglioside GT1b by monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes

Anti-tetanus toxoid monoclonal antibodies would be useful in exploring the relationship of tetanus toxin structure to its function. Tetanus toxin fragment C has been shown to be responsible for binding to neurons via gangliosides. Eleven new and two previously derived monoclonal antibodies specific for tetanus toxin fragment C were shown to recognize five different fragment C epitopes, two of which were overlapping. Three of these epitopes participate in the binding to ganglioside G(T1b). One epitope was defined by a monoclonal antibody that did not inhibit the interaction between fragment C and ganglioside. This antibody however, was blocked from binding to fragment C by antibodies that were able to inhibit the fragment C-ganglioside interaction.
A polarographic study of pyrimidines.

Summary Of 26 pyrimidines investigated, 10 have been found to reduce at the dropping mercury electrode. The number of electrons taking part in the reduction has been calculated for a number of cases. It is suggested that the reducible group in these compounds involves the Download : Download full-size image system. On the basis of an observed kinetic current it appears that 6-aminopyrimidine may tautomerize.
A Content Analysis of Recent Self-Help Books on Caregiving and Aging Parents

Abstract This research reports on a study of popular American self- help books on caregiving and aging parents published between 1993 and 1999. The authors of this study selected 35 books from an Internet search and rated the texts according to 10 criteria relating to: (a) the clarity of the book's purpose; (b) the author's profession; (c) the author's personal experience with caregiving; (d) title/content congruence; (e) problem solving strategies; (f) inclusion of a resource guide; (g) psychological/relationship issues; (h) health matters; (i) financial/legal information; and (j) housing issues. The raters were in agreement 97 percent of the time. They found the overall quality of this genre of popular books to be high.
Pigmentation of Boc-indanthrone in Organic Solvent/Photopolymer through a Thermal Process

This work explores a pigment converted from a latent pigment in organic solvent and photopolymer through a thermal process. Measurements by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that regeneration of the pigment from boc-indanthrone in the solvent or photopolymer could be achieved by heating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to characterize the regenerated pigments. As shown in the results, the recrystallized structure is similar to the structure of the parent pigment. Analysis using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) indicated that the particles of the re-formed pigment in the solvent were initially cubic, then aggregated into loose bars, and finally became firmly slated and flat for hydrogen-bonding and π−π stacking interactions. In addition, the morphology of the reproduced pigment was found to be cubic, as in the photopolymer.
The MUC1 extracellular domain subunit is found in nuclear speckles and associates with spliceosomes

MUC1 is a large transmembrane glycoprotein and oncogene expressed by epithelial cells and overexpressed and underglycosylated in cancer cells. The MUC1 cytoplasmic subunit (MUC1-C) can translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene expression. It is frequently assumed that the MUC1 extracellular subunit (MUC1-N) does not enter the nucleus. Based on an unexpected observation that MUC1 extracellular domain antibody produced an apparently nucleus-associated staining pattern in trophoblasts, we have tested the hypothesis that MUC1-N is expressed inside the nucleus. Three different antibodies were used to identify MUC1-N in normal epithelial cells and tissues as well as in several cancer cell lines. The results of immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analyses as well as subcellular fractionation, Western blotting, and siRNA/shRNA studies, confirm that MUC1-N is found within nuclei of all cell types examined. More detailed examination of its intranuclear distribution using a proximity ligation assay, subcellular fractionation, and immunoprecipitation suggests that MUC1-N is located in nuclear speckles (interchromatin granule clusters) and closely associates with the spliceosome protein U2AF65. Nuclear localization of MUC1-N was abolished when cells were treated with RNase A and nuclear localization was altered when cells were incubated with the transcription inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). While MUC1-N predominantly associated with speckles, MUC1-C was present in the nuclear matrix, nucleoli, and the nuclear periphery. In some nuclei, confocal microscopic analysis suggest that MUC1-C staining is located close to, but only partially overlaps, MUC1-N in speckles. However, only MUC1-N was found in isolated speckles by Western blotting. Also, MUC1-C and MUC1-N distributed differently during mitosis. These results suggest that MUC1-N translocates to the nucleus where it is expressed in nuclear speckles and that MUC1-N and MUC1-C have dissimilar intranuclear distribution patterns.
An Experimental Facility to Measure the Chemorheological Response of Inflated Elastomeric Membranes at High Temperature

An experimental facility for measuring the time-dependent deformation of an inflated elastomer membrane at elevated temperatures is presented. The facility controls the temperature and inflation volume of a membrane specimen and measures the pressure and deformation field. The finite deformation field is determined by comparing the configuration of the inflated membrane to the initially flat reference configuration, determined by photogrammetry of an array of dots printed on the surface of the membrane. The facility provides an effective method to investigate the changes in mechanical properties due to scission and cross-linking in the context of a simple elastomeric structure that has a distribution of multi-axial deformation states.
Consistency of emission order in free recall

Phenomena of clustering and subjective organization in free recall were incorporated within an associative explanatory framework. Both are defined by consistency of recall orders. Recall-order consistency was assumed to reflect the organization S imposes upon material he is required to memorize. Contiguity of experience (“thinking” about items together during the experiment) was proposed as the dominant force underlying the consistency in recall order. According to the contiguity principle, items experienced together will be recalled together. The major determinants of specific contiguity relations identified were the arrangement of items during study trials by E , the arrangement of items during test trials by S , and modifications of prior input and output orders which result from rehearsal and mediating activities on the part of S .
The EcoRaft project: a multi-device interactive graphical exhibit for learning about restoration ecology

The EcoRaft Project, an interactive installation designed to help children learn about restoration ecology, allows participants to engage physically with animated agents via a natural and intuitive interface. This physical engagement occurs when the agents transfer seamlessly from stationary computers to mobile devices, on which the agents are realized as quasi-physical manifestations. Utilizing tablet PCs to act simultaneously as objects in the physical world and as mobile virtual spaces, the system incorporates embodied mobile agents that increase levels of engagement. The project has been publicly shown at several venues, where over 2000 participants interacted with the system. This paper presents initial evaluation results based on interviews with participants indicating that the embodied, physical interaction in this installation leads to participant engagement and collaboration, and enhanced educational effectiveness.
Benefits and Risks of Social Business: Are Companies Considering E-Discovery?

Using social media in business, referred to as social business, is exploding. In reviewing past research according to brand-driving efforts for products, customers, employees, and business partners, we find a focus on benefits, with little attention to risks. Seemingly disregarded in the IS literature is the risk of electronic discovery resulting from legal actions. We categorize and exemplify risks, while analyzing the legal risk. We conclude by providing recommendations for practice and directions for future research.
Angular correlations in the decay of 233Pa to 233U

Abstract Gamma-gamma angular correlations have been measured for five cascades in the decay of 233 Pa to 233 U. E2/M1 multipole mixing ratios were deduced for five gamma transitions, based on the observed correlations, conversion coefficients, and model dependent calculations based on branching ratios. Nilsson-model calculations including Coriolis mixing give good agreement with the deduced values.
Progression of emergency medicine resident productivity

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the progression in productivity of emergency medicine (EM) residents by post-graduate year, as measured by hourly work in relative value units (RVUs).Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at an Accreditation Council for Graduate MedicalEducation (ACGME)-accredited EM residency with a postgraduate year (PGY) 1-2-3 conﬁguration. A queryof an electronic billing database composed of more than 230,000 visits from academic years July 2003 toDecember 2006, representing at least four classes at each PGY level, was conducted. The main outcomewas change in productivity in RVUs generated per hour, compared by resident PGY level. This measureencompasses not only volume of patients seen but also patient acuity in terms of evaluation and manage-ment services and procedures provided and supported by documentation adequate for coding. Descriptivestatistics and Tukey’s test were used for data analysis.Results: Over the three-year study period, 70 EM residents were assessed at various levels of training. Pro-ductivity, as measured by mean RVUs generated per hour, was 2.51 (95% conﬁdence interval [CI] = 2.20 to2.82) for PGY-1 residents, 3.51 (95% CI = 3.12 to 3.90) for PGY-2 residents, and 3.61 (95% CI = 3.41 to 3.80)for PGY-3 residents (p < 0.001). Patient acuity (RVUs generated per patient) increased 5%–8% with eachPGY progression: 3.05 (95% CI = 2.96 to 3.13) for PGY-1, 3.20 (95% CI = 3.09 to 3.31) for PGY-2, and 3.46(95% CI = 3.42 to 3.50) for PGY-3 (p < 0.001). There was a statistically signiﬁcant increase in productivity(p < 0.001) and acuity (p = 0.03) from PGY-1 to PGY-2, with acuity also increasing between PGY-2 andPGY-3 (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Hourly work productivity and acuity increased with experience within this ACGME-accredited EM residency. The progression in workload and acuity by PGY is measurable and commensu-rate with the graduated level of responsibility desired in an EM program.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2007; 14:790–794 a 2007 by the Society for Academic EmergencyMedicineKeywords: productivity, relative value scale, emergency medicine, residency and internship
Surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy not associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A study of 98 cases (1996–2000)

Abstract Background: No series have described the surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy in patients with conditions other than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods: Medical records and microscopic slides were reviewed from 98 non-HCM patients undergoing septal myectomy at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1996 to 2000. Concurrently, 204 other patients had myectomy for HCM. Results: The study group (65 women, 33 men) ranged in age from 1.5 to 92 years (mean, 61). Seventy underwent surgery for aortic stenosis (Group 1), 25 for congenital subaortic stenosis (Group 2) and 3 for other conditions (Group 3). Group 1 patients were older than Group 2 patients (72 vs. 26 years; P P =.02) and disarray (19%); interstitial fibrosis (92%), inflammation (10%) and amyloidosis (7%, all prealbumin type, all Group 1, >80 years old); arterial thickening (18%) and dysplasia (12%), and dilated venules (6%); and endocardial fibrosis (74%) (64% in Group 1 vs. 100% in Group 2; P =.0001) and chronic inflammation (17%). Conclusions: Of 302 patients undergoing subaortic septal myectomy, 32% had conditions other than HCM. Myocyte disarray was present in 19% of patients without HCM (and was absent in 21% of HCM patients in a companion study). Thus, disarray alone cannot be used reliably to include or exclude a diagnosis of HCM in small surgical specimens. Because amyloid was found unexpectedly in seven elderly patients, we recommend routine amyloid staining on surgical myectomy tissue from patients ≥65 years old.
Assessing cumulative impacts to elk and mule deer in the Salmon River Basin, Idaho

Abstract Elk (Cervus elaphus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) within the Salmon River Basin are managed by resource agencies to ensure long-term annual returns. These species have similar requirements for forage and cover and are subject to many of the same perturbations from road building, logging, and hydroelectric development. Hence, elk and mule deer are often managed as one, or management objectives are expressed solely in terms of elk. Because of this, the two species are considered together in this cumulative impact analysis. A method was developed to estimate potential cumulative impacts of multiple hydroelectric development on known and potential use areas. Five habitat components were assessed: permanent habitat loss, loss of forest cover (where limiting), loss of special areas, migration blockage, and road or travel disturbance. Impact levels from 0 (none) to 4 (high) were assigned for each development and for each habitat component based on the impacts anticipated and the estimated value of the site to elk and mule deer. Resource agencies past and future plans, aerial photography, maps, and site visits were used. Impacts were considered additive for all but the migration blockage component, which was adjusted for potential synergism between developments. The method helped distinguish potentially harmful from relatively benign development scenarios.
Computational techniques and validation of 3-dimensional viscous/turbulent codes for internal flows*

Computational techniques and codes developed for the prediction of three-dimensional turbulent flows in internal configurations and rotor passages are described. Detailed calibration and validation of the flow fields in 90° curved ducts, cascades, end-wall flows and turbomachinery rotors are presented. Interpretation and comments on accuracy, level of agreement with various turbulence models and limitations of the codes are described. The single pass space-marching code is found to be efficient for curved duct and two-dimensional cascade flows. Multipass space-marching, time-marching and zonal methods are found to be accurate for complex situations. The efficiency and accuracy of a zonal technique, with considerable saving in computational time, is demonstrated.
Reactions of alcohols: VI. Dehydration of primary alkanols to ethers in a flow system over supported nickel catalysts in the presence of hydrogen. Effect of supports

Abstract Catalysts composed of 6% nickel deposited on silica, Cab-O-Sil, and alumina were found to be very effective for the conversion of primary alkanols to ethers at 160–190 ° in a flow system and in the presence of hydrogen. Nickel on magnesia, under similar conditions, had no catalytic activity. The effect of varying concentrations of nickel on Cab-O-Sil were investigated as catalysts for the conversion of butanol to dibutyl ether. Catalysts containing 7 to 37% nickel were found to be the most active and selective for this reaction. At 190 °, alumina as such was inert towards the conversion of neopentyl alcohol; however, in the presence of 6% nickel on alumina, 23% of the alcohol reacted and the product of the reaction contained 69% of dineopentyl ether and 2% of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane. Nickel on Cab-O-Sil was found to be the most effective catalyst for the formation of ethers. The mechanism of dehydration is discussed.
Data Collection in Sensor Networks via the Novel Fast Markov Decision Process Framework

We investigate the data collection problem in sensor networks. The network consists of a number of stationary sensors deployed at different sites for sensing and storing data locally. A mobile element moves from site to site to collect data from the sensors periodically. There are different costs associated with the mobile element moving from one site to another, and different rewards for obtaining data at different sensors. Furthermore, the costs and the rewards are assumed to change abruptly. The goal is to find a “fast” optimal movement pattern/policy of the mobile element that optimizes for the costs and rewards in non-stationary environments. We formulate and solve this problem using a novel optimization framework called fast Markov decision process (FMDP). The proposed FMDP framework extends the classical Markov decision process theory by incorporating the notion of mixing time that allows for the trade-off between the optimality and the convergence rate to the optimality of a policy. Theoretical and simulation results are provided to verify the proposed approach.
Successful in vivo tumor visualization using fluorescence laparoscopy in a mouse model of disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

Surgery for rhabdomyosarcoma is challenging due to a lack of clear delineation between tumor and surrounding tissue. Mutilating surgery can be necessary in difficult tumor localizations. Therefore, novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo tumor detection of RMS using fluorescence laparoscopy and to analyze the efficacy of hypericin-induced photodynamic therapy in a mouse model. Seventeen NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rγnull-mice were divided into four groups. In group 1, mCherry-expressing tumor cells and in group 2–4 non-transfected tumor cells were xenotransplanted. Three weeks later, one fluorochrome per group (ICG, ICG-cetuximab, hypericin) was injected. Fluorescence laparoscopy was carried out and tumors were resected using fluorescence guidance. In the hypericin group, photodynamic therapy was performed using blue light and apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL test. A clear discrimination between healthy and tumor tissue was feasible by fluorescending properties with mCherry expressing tumor cells and after injection of hypericin. No fluorescence was detected in mice injected with ICG and ICG-labeled cetuximab. Hypericin photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis of tumor cells after exposure to blue light. Intraoperative photodynamic diagnosis was feasible using mCherry-transfected tumor cells or hypericin. Additionally, intraoperative photodynamic therapy was possible and effective.
USE OF THE WAGNER APPARATUS TO LENGTHEN THE ANTEBRACHIUM OF A GROWING DOG

A six-month-old male golden retriever was presented with a shortened radius and ulna and valgus deformity of the carpus secondary to premature closure of the distal radial and ulnar physes. Osteotomies of the radius and ulna were performed and the antebrachium was lengthened over eight weeks using a Wagner apparatus. This external fixation distractor is used in humans for limb-lengthening procedures. In this case, it was used to correct the angular deformity and to lengthen the limb.
A Canine CNGB3 Channelopathy Suggests that Changes in Calcium Homeostasis Result in Progressive Loss of Cone Function

Canine day-blindness, a model for human achromatopsia, is associated with loss of cone function due either to the deletion or a missense Asp (D) 262 to Asn (N) mutation in CNGB3. Asp 262 resides in an acidic motif in the S2 transmembrane helix conserved in all CNG channel subunits and members of the Shaker K+ superfamily. Tetrameric cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are formed from CNGA3 and CNGB3 subunits and transduce light information in cone photoreceptor outer segments. In canine day-blindness, the CNGB3-D262N mutation leads to loss of cone function between 4 and ∼10 weeks suggesting progressive physiological changes. We investigated the missense mutation using the human CNGB3, previously used in gene therapy to restore cone function in young dogs (Hum Mol Genet 2010 19: 2581). Canine CNGA3 was co-expressed with hCNGB3; the most significant functional difference between homomeric and heteromeric currents was an ∼10 fold increase in PCa/PNa in heteromeric channels. Co-expression of cCNGA3 with hCNGB3-D262N (canine numbering) result in the absence of functional heteromeric channels with evidence of some homomeric CNGA3 channels. We suggest that alterations in calcium homeostasis associated with the missense mutation in CNGB3 contribute to the loss of cone function. We generated mutations in the Asp residues in CNGA3 channels. We investigated substitutions in the three Asp residues in S2 and all mutations examined resulted in the loss of channel function underscoring the essential role for these residues in channel function. Studies in voltage-gated channels show electrostatic interactions between the acidic residues in S2 and residues in S3 and S4 transmembrane domains. Our future experiments will explore the role of these acidic residues in intra-subunit helical interactions using mutagenesis and molecular modeling.
Crystals of an ATPase fragment of bovine clathrin uncoating ATPase.

A 44,000 Mr amino-terminal, clathrin-independent ATPase fragment of the bovine clathrin uncoating ATPase has been crystallized in a form suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 145.3 A, b = 65.0 A, c = 46.9 A, with one protein molecule per asymmetric unit (1 A = 0.1 nm).
Lessons for successful participatory watershed modeling: A perspective from modeling practitioners

Participatory modeling is the process of incorporating stakeholders, often including the public, and decision makers into an otherwise purely analytic modeling process to support decisions involving complex natural resources questions. Participatory modeling is particularly compatible with the rising focus on integrated water resources management, which incorporates systems theory and aims to protect and improve water resources while considering economic and social concerns in the community. In this article, we present a series of lessons based on experience working with stakeholder groups to develop watershed and water quality models to address water resource issues in Maryland, Vermont, Utah, and Virginia. We believe these lessons in participatory modeling, discussed from our perspective as scientists and modelers engaged in applied watershed issues, can help to achieve successful participatory modeling efforts elsewhere. The lessons relate to stakeholder engagement, modeling tools, model development and calibration, scenario testing, and applying results to management decisions.
Emotional Abuse and Mental Injury: A Critique of the Concepts and a Recommendation for Practice

The imperative to include emotional abuse and neglect in state child abuse reporting statutes has been burdened with inadequate definitions of mental injury and inconclusive studies of etiology. Confusion has been increased by legal standards that require the reporting of injury in situations where observable injury often does not occur. Research on the effects of deviant parenting on the psychological and physical state of the child is reviewed in an attempt to delineate reliably occurring, objectifiable injury. With the exception of psychosocial dwarfism, no objective abnormal physical or psychological syndrome has been reliably demonstrated in the child whom most would term emotionally abused or neglected. An approach to the problem is suggested and a legal position is recommended. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 21, 2:171–177, 1982.
Cyclosporine inhibits endotoxin-induced vasodilation of isolated rat resistance arterioles.

Background An isolated arteriole fails to dilate in response to endotoxin unless a segment of aorta is included in the perfusion system. The unknown substance released by the aorta after exposure to endotoxin is dependent upon the NF-κB pathway and induces inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the arteriole. The purpose of this study was to determine if cyclosporine A (CSA) that inhibits both NF-κB and iNOS would prevent the vasodilatory response to endotoxin. Materials and methods Rats were injected with either 10 mg/kg of CSA or oil vehicle followed by the removal of a cremaster muscle. The feeding arteriole was isolated from the cremaster and mounted on micropipettes and pressurized to 70 mmHg in a superfused tissue bath. After an hour equilibration to develop spontaneous tone, a 1 cm segment of aorta was placed in the superfusion system upstream from the arteriole and Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin was added to the buffer at a concentration of 2.5 μg/mL (ET) or continued infusion of buffer alone. Internal diameters of cannulated arterioles were measured with videomicroscopy and videocalipers for an additional hour. Results Arterioles downstream from an aorta exposed to vehicle but not endotoxin developed 22.8 ± 3.7% tone that remained unchanged over the following hour. Arterioles exposed to endotoxin started with 22.5 ± 2.8% spontaneous tone and this fell over the following hour to 11.8 ± 3.6%, P Conclusions Pre-treatment of the aortic segment with CSA resulted in the development of increased tone in the downstream arteriole and completely blocked the vasodilatory response to endotoxin. These results suggest that CSA or a similar compound may be useful in the treatment of septic shock.
Effect of first dimension phase selectivity in online comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC).

In this study, we examined the effect of first dimension column selectivity in reversed phase (RP) online comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC). The second dimension was always a carbon clad metal oxide reversed phase material. The hydrophobic subtraction model (HSM) and the related phase selective triangles were used to guide the selection of six different RP first dimension columns. Various kinds of samples were investigated and thus two different elution conditions were needed to cause full elution from the first dimension columns. We compared LC × LC chromatograms, contours plots, and fcoverage plots by measuring peak capacities, peak numbers, relative spatial coverage, correlation values, etc. The major finding of this study is that the carbon phase due to its rather different selectivity from other reversed phases is reasonably orthogonal to a variety of common types of bonded reversed phases. Thus quite surprisingly the six different first dimension stationary phases all showed generally similar separation patterns when paired to the second dimension carbon phase. This result greatly simplifies the task of choosing the correct pair of phases for RP × RP.
The plasma polymerization of vinyl monomers. II. A detailed study of the plasma polymerization of styrene

A study has been made on the plasma polymerization of styrene monomer in a cold, low-power, inductively coupled RF plasma. Styrene monomer yielded an insoluble, crosslinked film which was slightly colored. A kinetic study is reported for styrene. The effects of power level, bleed rate of monomer, pressure, and reactor geometry on the rate of polymer formation are reported. A mechanism is postulated for plasma polymerization. It was found that the initiation step was the rate controlling step and that the reaction followed a cationic polymerization scheme. Both crosslinking and discoloration of the polymers occur at the time of polymerization and are not a result of exposure of the reacted polymer to the plasma. The polymerization was shown to take place in the bulk phase as well as on the reaction wall surfaces.
Intron disruption of the annexin IV gene reveals novel transcripts.

Abstract Annexin IV (AIV), a Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding protein, is expressed in many epithelia. Annexin IV modifies membrane bilayers by increasing rigidity, reducing water and H+ permeability, promoting vesicle aggregation, and regulating ion conductances, all in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We have characterized a mouse in which a gene trap has been inserted into the first intron of annexin IV. Processing of the primary transcript is disrupted. Northern blot and immunoblot data indicated that annexin IV expression was eliminated in many but not all tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis, however, demonstrated that annexin IV expression was eliminated in some cell types, but was unaltered in others. 5′-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis of intestinal and kidney RNA revealed three transcripts, AIVa, AIVb, and AIVc. AIVa is widely distributed. AIVb is expressed only in the digestive tract. AIVc expression is very restricted. A selected number of epithelial cells of unique morphology demonstrate high concentrations. All three transcripts produce an identical annexin IV protein. The different tissue and cell-specific expression profiles of the three transcripts suggest that regulation of both the annexin IV gene expression and the cellular role of the protein are complex. The AIVa–/– mouse may become a valuable model to further study transcription and the physiological role of annexin IV.
Breathing and bending fluctuations in DNA modeled by an open‐base‐pair kink coupled to axial compression

We develop a model designed to show that flexibility in the DNA molecule can arise from relatively improbable transient opening of base pairs. The axial direction changes at the site of an open base pair. The region between open base pairs is a double helix of hydrogen-bonded base pairs with a slightly decreased rise per residue and a slightly increased helical winding angle. An analysis of the model yields several testable predictions. For example, we predict probability 0.026 for a base pair to be open at 25°C, a value close to that measured by hydrogen-exchange experiments. Other predictions involve matters like the variation of persistence length with ionic strength and temperature, the variation of helical winding angle with temperature, and the kinetics of heat denaturation. An additional result of the analysis is an explanation of the high degree of local stiffness of the DNA molecule. Strong resistance to bending fluctuations is provided from two sources: increased polyelectrolyte repulsion among phosphate groups in the axially compressed stacks between open base pairs and the tendency of stacking forces to oppose opening of a base pair. Stacking forces, however, also support compression of the stacks between open base pairs, so that the net effect of stacking forces on elastic bending of DNA is small relative to the polyelectrolyte effect. If the ionic charges on the phosphate groups were absent, DNA would spontaneously fold, driven by the entropy gained when about 1% of its base pairs open.
Efficient modeling of postbuckling delamination growth in composite laminates using plate elements

Under compression, delaminated composite plates may undergo postbuckling that can lead to delamination growth. The use of three-dimensional finite elements for the calculation of the strain energy release rate at the delamination front is computationally expensive. The Mindlin plate finite element is used to perform the postbuckling analysis and to compute the strain energy release rate at the delamination front with the aid of the crack closure method. Comparison of the present strain energy release rate calculation with the existing three-dimensional result indicates that the present method is efficient and accurate. For stationary delamination cracks, the effects of stacking sequence and shape of delamination are examined. A procedure of determining delamination front location for a propagating delamination is presented. Delamination growth initiated from embedded and edge delaminations is investigated using this procedure.
A COMPUTER BASED STATEWIDE PERINATAL NETWORK

We have developed a statewide network (PAM/NET) using a large mainframe, time-sharing computer which provides perinatal and follow-up databases and flexible report generation along with an on-line forum for 20 widely separated tertiary care perinatal units in Michigan. The data bases manage discharge summary information from neonatal special care units (about 5000 infants per year)and from visits to Developmental Assessment(follow-up) Clinic. Each unit manages and controls its own data system. However, pooling and sharing of data is facilitated since all of the sites in the network share the same hardware and software. The system converts the data entered into prosaic summary letters which serve as hospital discharge summaries and as dictated letters to referring physicians. The cost is substantially less than that of summaries generated in the traditional way. The users are provided with a simple but powerful interactive query language which allows the local participants to analyze their own data and to conduct their own research. In addition, the users of the data system are enrolled in an electronic forum which is used to address the technical problems they encounter and to provide a medium for exchange of ideas among the participants. This forum is an on-line conferencing program which allows for public announcements, open on-going discussion and private message transmission. Users with little prior computer experience have become able to use the system after a one-day training session.
Verification of a one-dimensional finite element method for modeling blood flow in the cardiovascular system incorporating a viscoelastic wall model

In this study we present the implementation and verification of a space-time finite element method for solving the nonlinear one-dimensional (1-D) equations of blood flow incorporating a viscoelastic arterial wall model. The viscoelastic model used is based on the generalized Maxwell model and thin-walled tube theory assumptions. Verification of the implementation was conducted using two different methods: (1) the analytic solution to the linearized 1-D equations of blood flow and (2) the Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS). MMS enables verification for conditions such as tapered vessel geometries with spatially varying wall properties which cannot be verified with the analytic solution. RMS error values for all variables of interest (blood flow rate, pressure and vessel cross-sectional area) were calculated for simulations that utilized different mesh and time step sizes. The error values decreased with each mesh and time step size refinement. A theoretical analysis of numerical dissipation was also carried out for the linearized 1-D equations of blood flow. Dissipation in simulations due to different time step sizes matched theoretical estimations for given frequencies. This dissipation analysis can provide one way to estimate mesh and time step sizes to control numerical dissipation in the nonlinear simulations. The presence of wall viscoelasticity in all simulations is clearly seen in the hysteresis (pressure-area) loops.
Monolithic magnetoelectric heterostructure with enhanced ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties and tunable magnetic properties

Abstract This paper details fabrication of Pb(Zr 0.6 Ti 0.4 )O 3 (PZT) layer on Metglas (MG) foils—a magnetoelectric monolithic herterostructure with reduced fatigue and enhanced ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. Polarization–electric field measurements revealed reduced fatigue for PZT–MG monoliths due to reduced clamping: remnant polarization (2 P r ) increased from 24 µC/cm 2 to 91 µC/cm 2 after the first 5×10 5 cycles. In comparison, PZT on SrTiO 3 (STO) exhibited a monotonous decrease in P r . Piezoelectric measurements demonstrated a d 33 value two times larger for PZT/MG than PZT/STO. Finally, magnetic hysteresis loop measurements showed a dramatic increase of the saturation magnetic field for PZT/MG, due to elastic strain at the interface.
Purification and properties of a galacto- and gluco-oligosaccharide-producing β-glycosidase from Rhodotorula minuta IFO879

Abstract A β-glycosidase with strong transglycosylation activity was solubilized from the cell wall fraction of Rhodotorula minuta IFO879 by a cell wall lytic enzyme, Usukizyme, and was purified to homogeneity with a yield of 53% by DEAE-Toyopearl, Butyl-Toyopearl, p -aminobenzyl 1-thio-β- d -galactopyranoside agarose and Con A agarose column chromatography. The native enzyme is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 144,000 and is composed of two subunits with molecular weights of about 72,000. Its isoelectric point was estimated to be 4.8 by polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing. The optimal temperature for enzyme activity is 70°C. It is stable at temperatures up to 55°C for 1 h. The optimal pH range is 4.7 to 5.2, and stability was maintained between pH 3.0 and 7.0. The purified β-glycosidase was found to be active toward β- d -fucopyranoside and α- l -arabinopyranoside as well as β- d -galactopyranoside and β- d -glucopyranoside. The K m values measured for lactose, cellobiose, o -nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside and p -nitrophenyl-β- d -glucopyranoside are 2.4, 11.1, 6.2 and 1.2 mM, respectively, and V max values for these substrates are 63.6, 270.6, 34.4 and 20.7 μmol/min per mg protein, respectively. In addition, this enzyme exhibits strong transglycosylation activities, producing 78 mg/ml galacto-oligosaccharide or 68 mg/ml gluco-oligosaccharide from 200 mg/ml lactose or cellobiose, respectively.
Class II MHC molecules and antigen enter the same vesicles during internalization by resting B lymphocytes.

Abstract Efficient presentation of Ag by a B cell to a T cell requires that Ag bind to the Ag receptor (Ig) on the B cell, after which it is internalized into an acid compartment where it is modified and returned to the cell surface in the context of class II MHC molecules. It remains uncertain whether processed Ag binds to class II which has been internalized and recycled with Ag, or to nascent class II inside the cell. To determine if cell surface class II enters the same vesicles as Ag, or is excluded during internalization of Ag which is bound to the B cell receptor, 5- and 16-nm gold particles were labeled with anti-class II and anti-Ig, respectively. Cells were incubated at 37 °C and internalization of these particles was observed using electron microscopy. By 10 min, 60–75% of the B cell sections contained vesicles with gold particles inside them. Between 40 and 64% of these vesicles had both 5- and 16-nm particles. Maximum internalization occurred by 30–60 min, and by 2 hr the number of small and large particles on the B cell surface became constant or increased, respectively. Both kinds of particles moved from electron-lucent to electron-dense vesicles as the incubation time increased, although a portion of the anti-class II particles remained in electron-lucent vesicles. These data clearly show that labeled, cell surface class II is not selectively excluded from Ag-containing vesicles during Ag internalization. Thus, cointernalization of Ag and class II may represent a mechanism by which processed Ag meets class II.
Pulse-pair concept in the design of a microprocessor-based programmer for solid-state NMR

Abstract A versatile stand-alone pulse programmer is described. Sequences of essentially unlimited complexity, subject to a timing restriction discussed in the text, are programmed in software. Time intervals are software specified and digitally derived with 1-μsec resolution. Simplicity, low cost (⪅$200), and speed of implementation were prime criteria in the design.
Formation of stacking faults and their correlation with flux pinning and critical current density in Sm-doped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ films

A correlation between flux-pinning characteristics and stacking faults (SFs) formed by Sm substitution on Y and Ba sites was found in Sm-doped YBa${}_{2}$Cu${}_{3}$O${}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ films. It was confirmed that 223-type-SFs, ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$Ba${}_{2}$Cu${}_{3}$O${}_{x}$, composed of extra Y and O planes aligned parallel to the $\mathit{ab}$-planes formed via Sm substitution on the Y site and increased in number with increasing Sm doping on the Ba site. The number density of 223 SFs is correlated strongly with the enhancement in $\mathit{ab}$-plane-correlated flux pinning, resulting in a sharpening of the $H$||$\mathit{ab}$ peak in the plot of critical current density versus magnetic field orientation.
The effect of US preexposure on conditioned taste aversion: lack of postconditioning recovery of the aversion.

Although the CS preexposure effect in CTA was once viewed exclusively as an acquisition failure, recent studies have suggested that the latent inhibition phenomenon is the result of retrieval impairment. This interpretive challenge is based on the unexpected finding that recovery of the aversion occurs over a long retention interval following conditioning (Kraemer, Lariviere, & Spear, Animal Learning and Behavior, 16, 185–190, 1988; Bakner, Strohen, Nordeen, & Riccio, Physiology & Behavior, 50, 1269–1272, 1991). This study examined whether a similar recovery occurs after US prexposure. Following preexposure to the US (LiCl), rats received a sucrose—illness pairing and were subsequently tested after either short or long training-to-test intervals. In contrast to the findings with the CS preexposure effect, US-preexposed subjects did not show a spontaneous increase in CTA following the long retention interval.
Lung cancer screening in the elderly

The National Lung Screening Trial found a 20% decrease in lung cancer-specific mortality using low-dose computed tomography to screen individuals with a 30 pack-year history of smoking, aged 55–75 years. Increasing age is an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Thus, elderly patients stand to benefit the most from low-dose computed tomography screening. Based upon the peak age of lung cancer diagnosis, currently 71 years, screening until at least the age of 79 years will continue to provide benefit to the healthy elderly who have largely outlived their birth cohort. Consideration for low-dose computed tomography in older elderly individuals should be based upon functional status and reserve on a case-by-case basis. These adaptations are contained within the 2012 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines.
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide as a serologic marker and potential pathogenic factor in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are associated with pauci-immune small-vessel vasculitis and crescentic glomerulonephritis. Cathelicidin LL37 is the human member of a family of antimicrobial peptides that are released from activated neutrophils and monocytes at sites of acute inflammation. Zhang and colleagues evaluated serum levels of cathelicidin LL37 and interferon-alpha in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and glomerulonephritis. Increased levels of cathelicidin LL37 and interferon-alpha were associated with AAV patients, particularly those with glomerular crescent formation. Cathelicidin LL37 may also be involved in the pathogenesis of AAV and thus could be a target for novel therapy. Cathelicidin LL37 is a promising new biomarker for active AAV, including aggressive crescentic glomerulonephritis, and may prove to be both a prognostic marker and a guide for treatment.
Methionine and Protein Requirements of Turkeys 8 to 16 Weeks of Age

Abstract Turkeys of medium size strains were fed nine diets varying in protein and added methionine content from 8 to 12 and from 12 to 16 weeks of age. Four experiments with a 3 × 3 factorial design were conducted for each age period. Changing the protein content from 18 to 21% and from 21 to 24% during the 8- to 12-week period increased body weight gain by 11.2 and 5.1%, respectively. Changing the protein content from 15 to 18% and from 18to 21% during the 12-to 16-week period increased body weight gains by 16.7 and 5.4%, respectively. Added methionine at the .2 and .4% levels increased body weight gains by 10.3 and 11.7% from 8 to 12 weeks and 3.5 to 2.3% from 12 to 16 weeks, respectively. The total sulfur amino acid requirements of Medium White turkeys during the 8- to 12- and 12- to 16-week periods were about .93 and .75%, respectively. Using data from the current and previous studies (Potter and Shelton, 1979), we calculated multiple regression analyses of percentage increase in body weight gains (Y) of males or females during 2-week periods from increasing the dietary protein content by 3% on percent protein (X1) in the diet and average age (X2) of the turkeys. From these regressions, the protein requirement of Medium White turkeys is about 30.3% at one day of age and decreases .61 and .78 percentage units per week for males and females, respectively.
Computerized Health Assessment and Education for Adolescent HIV and STD Prevention in Health Care Settings and Schools

This report summarizes a number of computer applications from a decade of experience with computerized adolescent health assessments and automated health education in a large health maintenance organization, military adolescent clinics, detention facilities, health fairs, and public schools. Feedback from over 5,000 adolescents is given for patient responses to and acceptance of computerized health assessments and preferences for automated health education modalities, including multimedia. Implications of the computerized approach to assessment of adolescent health risk behaviors and the provision of automated health education and HIV/STD prevention are considered in terms of efficiency, reliability, and access to health screening and educational services.
Isolated perfusion of thymus.

Abstract A method for prolonged perfusion of isolated thymus from adult rat or newborn puppy is described. The gland releases cells, consumes glucose and shows histologie viability after 10 days of perfusion. Isolated perfused thymus may be used to study the problems of allogeneic inhibition against implanted tumor, thymic humoral factors, and cell shedding and cohesion.