cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Fluxes across Density Surfaces

Abstract When averaging the equations of motion, thermodynamics, and scalar conservation over turbulent fluctuations, we perform the process in several stages. First, an average is taken over the microscopic scales of turbulence, including the centimeter-scale band in which the dissipation of kinetic energy and temperature or density variance occurs. The eddy-correlation fluxes that arise in this stage are called microstructure fluxes. Next, the equations are transformed into coordinates relative to the microscopically averaged isopycnals. Finally, an average is taken, relative to these isopycnals, over macroscopic scales of eddy variability, which may include the mesoscale band of planetary motions. Average transport terms, analogous to conventional Reynolds transports in fixed-depth averages, arise also from the macroscopic eddies. This is not so for density, for which no counterparts of macroscopic Reynolds transports exist on constant density surfaces. Only microstructure flux divergence, which is syn...
Suppression of Planet Mode Response in Planetary Gear Dynamics Through Mesh Phasing

This work analytically derives design rules to suppress certain harmonics of planet mode response in planetary gear dynamics through mesh phasing. Planet modes are one of three categories of planetary gear vibration modes. In these modes, only the plantes deflect while the carrier, ring, and sun gears have no motion (Lin, J., and Parker, R. G., 1999, ASME J. Vib. Acoust., 121, pp. 316-321; J. Sound Vib, 233(5), pp. 921-928). The dynamic mesh forces are not explicitly modeled for this study; instead, the symmetry of planetary gear systems and gear tooth mesh periodicity are sufficient to establish rules to suppress planet modes. Thus, the conclusions are independent of the mesh modeling details, Planetary gear systems with equally spaced planets and with diametrically opposed planet pairs are examined. Suppression of degenerate mode response in purely rotational degree-of-freedom models achieved in the limit of infinite bearing stiffness is also investigated. The mesh phasing conclusions are verified by dynamic simulations of various planetary gears using a lumped-parameter analytical model and by comparisons to others' research.
Mise en Place–This Bud's for the Golgi

Selective cargo export from the endoplasmic reticulum is brought about by the budding of COPII vesicles. While the main structural components of the COPII coat have been identified and characterized, the regulatory event(s) promoting COPII vesicle biogenesis and cargo selection still remains largely unknown. New data by Glick and colleagues in the May issue of Developmental Cell suggest that Sec12 and COPII function may be downstream of important early events coordinated by transitional ER (tER) exit sites.
Novel runtime systems support for adaptive compositional modeling in PSEs

Complex problem solving environments (PSEs) rely on runtime systems support for adaptive composition and control of scientific computations. This paper presents a PSE runtime support solution through a novel combination of two technologies--Weaves, a source language independent parallel compositional framework that operates through reverse-analysis of compiled object files, and runtime recommender systems that aid in dynamic knowledge-based application composition. Domain-specific adaptivity is realized by recommendation of code modules, supported by a sophisticated checkpointing framework for runtime control. A core set of "adaptivity schemas" are provided as templates for adaptive composition of large-scale scientific computations. Implementation issues, motivating application contexts, and preliminary results are described.
Mixture representation of Linnik distribution revisited

Abstract Let Y α have a Linnik distribution, given by the characteristic function ψ ( t ) = (1 + | t | α ) −1 . We extend the result of Kotz and Ostrovskii (1996) and show that Y α admits two different representations, where 0 α α ′ ⩽ 2 and W has a “skewed” Cauchy distribution and is independent of a Linnik random variable Y α ′ . We then derive similar representations for Mittag-Leffler distribution.
Theory of the aluminum shock equation of state to 104 Mbar

Abstract A composite theoretical shock equation of state for aluminum is compared with experimental data, including new Soviet data to 4000 Mbar. Overall agreement is good, showing that current theoretical models of hot, dense matter are adequate. Significant electron shell structure effects are predicted by ionization equilibrium and self-consistent field models to occur in the 100 Mbar region, but better experimental precision is needed for testing the models here.
Inspection of power plant headers utilizing acoustic emission monitoring

Fossil power plant high energy, high temperature steam headers have been found to be susceptible to thermal fatigue assisted creep degradation. These mechanisms initiate and grow cracks in chrome molybdenum headers, from the bore hole edges and stub tube-to-header welds. Linking up of multiple cracks can lead to explosive expulsion of tubes and severe shorting of the header life. In order to extend the header life and operate safely, a better understanding of crack growth that may occur during specific plant operating conditions is needed. With that understanding, harsh operating conditions that may be causing excessive crack propagation and header damage can be curtailed. Acoustic emission monitoring of headers was performed to assist in identifying operating conditions that lead to header damage. This Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) sponsored program found acoustic emission activity levels correlated to identified crack growth and analytically calculated stresses. Utilizing these results, draft EPRI guidelines have been developed to aid electric utilities in performing acoustic emission monitoring on superheater headers.
Constructing Permutation Representations for Matrix Groups

New techniques, both theoretical and practical, are presented for constructing permutation representations for computing with matrix groups defined over finite fields. The permutation representation is constructed on a conjugacy class of subgroups of prime order. We construct a base for the permutation representation, which in turn simplifies the computation of a strong generating set. In addition, we present an elementary test for checking the simplicity of the permutation image. The theory has been successfully tested on a representation of the sporadic simple groupLy, discovered by Lyons(1972). With noa prioriassumptions, we find a permutation representation of degree 9606125 on a conjugacy class of subgroups of order 3, find the order of the resulting permutation group, and verify simplicity. A Monte Carlo variation of the algorithm was used to achieve better space and time efficiency. The construction of the permutation representation required four CPU days on a SPARCserver 670MP with 64 MB. The permutation representation was used implicitly in the sense that the group element was stored as a matrix, and its permutation action on a “point” was determined using a pre-computed data structure. Thus, additional computations required little additional space. The algorithm has also been implemented using the MasPar MP-1 SIMD parallel computer and 8 SPARC-2's running under MPI. The results of those parallel experiments are briefly reviewed.
Binding of gonadotropins (GTH I and GTH II) to coho salmon gonadal membrane preparations

This study was designed to optimize binding conditions of salmon gonadotropins (GTH I and GTH II) to membrane preparations of salmon gonadal tissues. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) GTH I and GTH II were radioiodinated by lactoperoxidase method. Binding conditions were characterized using membrane preparations from coho salmon postovulatory ovaries. The optimal conditions for specific binding were the following: pH 7.5, 20–40 mM MgCl2, 15°C, ⩾ 24 hr incubation time. Specific binding of 125I-GTH I or 125I-GTH II can be displaced by (in order of relative potency from high to low) GTH I, GTH II, GTH I β-subunit, and GTH II β-subunit. GTH α-subunit did not displace labeled GTHs, but the mixture of α- and β-subunits. GTH but the mixture of α- and β-subunits was more potent than the β-subunits alone, indicating that recombination of subunits probably occurred. In membranes of postovulatory ovaries, the affinity of the receptor(s) for GTH I was higher, Kd = 0.87 ± 0.12 nM (mean ± SEM), than that for GTH II, Kd = 2.76 ± 0.33 nM; but the receptor density (capacity) was lower for GTH I (31.02 ± 3.72 fmol/mg protein) than that for GTH II (47.01 ± 4.77 fmol/mg protein). Specific binding for both GTH I and GTH II was also detected in membranes of ovaries and testes of immature coho salmon. These resuls suggest the presence of some shared and some separate binding sites for the two gonadotropins.
Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Roebling medal for 2004 to Frances R. “Joe” Boyd

Mr. President, Margo and family, distinguished guests, and fellow mineralogists: It is indeed a great honor to be the Roebling Medal citationist, but it is also with great sadness that Joe Boyd, the recipient, is not among us to celebrate the occasion and to personally receive MSA’s most prestigious award. In nominating Joe, I was joined by a distinguished group of scientists that included Doug Smith (Texas), Dean Presnall (Texas), Peter Nixon (Leeds), Nick Sobolev (Novosibersk), and jointly by Rick Carlson, Steve Shirey, and Yingwei Fei (Carnegie), all of whom had close associations with Joe, and all of whom commented at depth on Joe’s illustrious career. Joe’s excursion into the geosciences began at Harvard (1949–1953), with rugged fieldwork on the Yellowstone pyroclastics, and experimental studies in the equally rugged environment of George Kennedy’s laboratory. Fieldwork and tightly coupled petrochemistry, backed by experiment, were hallmarks of Joe’s career, and as recognizable as his distinctive handwriting, these were signatures to each of his creative contributions. Joe’s work with George Morey at the Geophysical Laboratory in the 1950s produced the first P-T stability curve for tremolite, and solid solutions among members of the amphibole mineral group were also explored. His experimental inventiveness are marvels to behold: He was possibly the first, in 1954, to couple a heating stage to an X-ray diffractometer to record mineral transformations in action; the Boyd and England high pressure (5 GPa), and high temperature (1750°C) press, in which diamond was synthesized in 1960, can still be seen, some now modified, in many laboratories around the world. This press has advanced both the science and the careers of many a noteworthy experimentalist; Joe was the driving force in automating electron …
Measurements of transition probabilities for spin-changing lines of atomic ions used in diagnostics of astrophysical plasmas

The intensities of ultraviolet, spin-changing, 'intersystem' lines of low-Z atomic ions are frequently used in determinations of electron densities and temperatures in astrophysical plasmas as well as in measurements of element abundances in the interstellar gas. The transition probabilities (A-values) of these lines, which are about five orders of magnitude weaker than allowed lines, have not been measured heretofore and various calculations produce A-values for these lines that differ by as much as 50 percent A radio-frequency ion trap has been used for the first measurements of transition probabilities for intersystem lines seen in astronomical spectra. The measurement procedure is discussed and results for Si III, O III, N II, and C III are reviewed and compared to calculated values. Discrepancies exist; these indicate that some of the calculated A-values may be less reliable than has been beleived and that revisions to the electron densities determined for some astrophysical plasmas may be required.
Beyond Susceptible and Resistant, Part II: Treatment of Infections Due to Gram-Negative Organisms Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases

The production of β-lactamase is the most common mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics among gram-negative bacteria. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are capable of hydrolyzing most penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and aztreonam, but their activity is suppressed in the presence of a β-lactamase inhibitor. Serious infections with ESBL-producing isolates are associated with high rates of mortality, making early detection and adequate medical management essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes. Much controversy has centered on the recommendations for testing and reporting of antibiotic susceptibility of potential ESBL-producing organisms. The latest version of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) susceptibility reporting guidelines, published in 2010, no longer advocates for phenotypic testing of ESBL-producing isolates. From newer studies demonstrating a correlation between organism minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and clinical outcome, along with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling demonstrating the importance of the MIC to achieving therapeutic targets, the CLSI has assigned lower susceptibility breakpoints for aztreonam and most cephalosporins. The new guidelines recommend using the lower MIC breakpoints to direct antibiotic selection. This article reviews the microbiology and epidemiology of ESBLs, the recent change in CLSI susceptibility reporting guidelines for ESBLs, and the clinical and PK/PD data supporting the relationship between in vitro susceptibility and clinical outcome. Finally, considerations for antimicrobial selection when treating patients with infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms from various sources are discussed.
Frequency domain relaxation of power system dynamics

A highly parallel frequency-domain waveform relaxation method is presented to solve transient dynamics of nonlinear systems. The method attempts to exploit parallelism offered by the frequency-domain matrix equations used to represent and solve the systems. A comparison with various other methods shows that this is a unique method in that it solves transient dynamics of nonlinear systems entirely in the frequency domain while being suitable for large-scale parallel computation. The method treats linear and nonlinear parts of the system individually. Linear blocks are easily solved in parallel in the frequency domain since superposition holds and each frequency can be handled independently of the other. Nonlinear blocks are approximated by polynomials and are solved in parallel using the describing function matrix technique. The frequency-domain-relaxation (FDR) has been used to solve for the transient response of two power system machine models. Results obtained by this method are compared to the results obtained by a conventional time-domain iteration method. It is observed that there is a reduction in the number of parallel steps required by the FDR method, which is dependent on the model and the ratio of data points required by the two methods to give solutions of comparable accuracy. >
Well-posed Inverse Eigenvalue Problems

Summary Inverse eigenvalue problems associated with self-adjoint differential equations of order two or higher are considered. The question of what kind of data are necessary and sufficient to insure the existence of a unique solution is examined. A method of solution for well-posed inverse eigenvalue problems is then presented. The implications of this analysis to the inverse problem for the Earth's spheroidal modes of vibration is also discussed. In this talk, I propose to present a partial survey of the mathematical literature on inverse eigenvalue problems, with an eye toward geophysical applications, and to state some new results which I obtained recently. Perhaps the inverse eigenvalue problem which is best known to geophysicists is that related to the normal modes of vibration of the Earth. It can be stated thus: assuming that the Earth is spherically symmetric and given the natural frequencies ,S, and ,T, of the spheroidal and torsional modes of vibration, can we deduce the density p(r) and the speed of propagation Vr Takeuchi & Saito 1972) and very little is known about inverse eigenvalue problems of order higher than two. In order to gain an understanding of inverse eigenvalue problems one should perhaps divorce oneself from a specific problem and investigate rather a sequence of problems of increasing complexity. If you allow me to adopt this attitude, then the first task would be a rough classification of eigenvalue problems. Without pretending to be exhaustive, let me divide eigenvalue problems into two classes depending upon whether they are associated with ordinary or partial differential equations, i.e. depending upon whether they are related to one-dimensional or multi-dimensional problems. The following Sturm-Liouville problem: u"+{n-q(x)}u = 0
The Subculture of Violence and Delinquency: Individual vs. School Context Effects

This article examines the subculture of violence thesis using data on young males (N = 2,213) across 87 high schools. Aggregate analyses show that values reflecting a subculture of violence have substantial effects on the level of interpersonal violence among high school boys. Contextual analyses suggest that the school subculture of violence operates through a social control process. A contextual measure of school values regarding violence has a direct effect on interpersonal violence, controlling for individuals' commitment to these values. These results contradict the usual explanation of how the subculture of violence affects violent behavior. Further, evidence implying that values regarding violence predict other forms of delinquency suggests that the results may reflect a subculture of delinquency rather than a subculture of violence. Finally, young males are most likely to engage in delinquency when they go to schools where academics are valued, controlling for their own academic values.
Fair-value accounting: A cautionary tale from Enron

Abstract The FASB’s 2004 Exposure Draft, Fair-Value Measurements, would have companies determine fair values by reference to market prices on the same assets (level 1), similar assets (level 2) and, where these prices are not available or appropriate, present value and other internally generated estimated values (level 3). Enron extensively used level three estimates and, in some instances, level 2 estimates, for its external and internal reporting. A description of it’s use and misuse of fair-value accounting should provide some insights into the problems that auditors and financial statement users might face when companies use level 2 and, more importantly, level 3 fair valuations. Enron first used level 3 fair-value accounting for energy contracts, then for trading activities generally and undertakings designated as “merchant” investments. Simultaneously, these fair values were used to evaluate and compensate senior employees. Enron’s accountants (with Andersen’s approval) used accounting devices to report cash flow from operations rather than financing and to otherwise cover up fair-value overstatements and losses on projects undertaken by managers whose compensation was based on fair values. Based on a chronologically ordered analysis of its activities and investments, I believe that Enron’s use of fair-value accounting is substantially responsible for its demise.
Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: clinical and immunologic evidence of desensitization.

Background There are no treatments currently available for peanut allergy. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a novel approach to the treatment of peanut allergy. Objective We sought to investigate the safety, clinical effectiveness, and immunologic changes with SLIT in children with peanut allergy. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study subjects underwent 6 months of dose escalation and 6 months of maintenance dosing followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. Results Eighteen children aged 1 to 11 years completed 12 months of dosing and the food challenge. Dosing side effects were primarily oropharyngeal and uncommonly required treatment. During the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, the treatment group safely ingested 20 times more peanut protein than the placebo group (median, 1,710 vs 85 mg; P = .011). Mechanistic studies demonstrated a decrease in skin prick test wheal size ( P = .020) and decreased basophil responsiveness after stimulation with 10 −2 μg/mL ( P = .009) and 10 −3 μg/mL ( P = .009) of peanut. Peanut-specific IgE levels increased over the initial 4 months ( P = .002) and then steadily decreased over the remaining 8 months ( P = .003), whereas peanut-specific IgG4 levels increased during the 12 months ( P = .014). Lastly, IL-5 levels decreased after 12 months ( P = .015). No statistically significant changes were found in IL-13 levels, the percentage of regulatory T cells, or IL-10 and IFN-γ production. Conclusion Peanut SLIT is able to safely induce clinical desensitization in children with peanut allergy, with evidence of immunologic changes suggesting a significant change in the allergic response. Further study is required to determine whether continued peanut SLIT is able to induce long-term immune tolerance.
Reducing The Growth Of Medicare Spending: Geographic Versus Patient-Based Strategies

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the potential of two alternative approaches for reducing the rate of growth in Medicare spending. One strategy would focus on reducing the expenditures of high-spendin...
Analytical Expression for the Impedance Response for a Lithium-Ion Cell

ing the reaction kinetics, double-layer charging, and charge and mass transport processes in solid and solution phases. 13 This work presents a comprehensive analytical model for a cell sandwich consisting of dual-insertion porous electrodes. The model accounts for the reaction kinetics and double-layer adsorption at the interface, potential distribution in the porous electrode and the solution phase, and mass transport in the solution electrolyte phase and solid insertion electrodes phase. The general form of the analytical expression developed in this work can be used to predict the impedance response of various rechargeable battery systems employing porous insertion electrodes. The expression can also be used to estimate parameters from full-cell/half-cell experimental impedance data obtained on insertion electrode systems.
Analysis of slanted air-gap structure of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor with brushless field excitation

This paper introduces a new air-gap structure, the slanted air-gap, for increasing the speed limit of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for application in a hybrid electric vehicle. This unique slanted air-gap is intended to maximize the ratio of the back-emf of a machine that is controllable by brushless field excitation (BFE). The BFE structure offers high torque per ampere per core length at low speed and weakened flux at high speed. Although the irregularly shaped air-gap reduces the air-gap flux, it also makes a flux barrier along the d-axis flux path and decreases the d-axis inductance. Therefore, the reluctance torque of the machine increases to compensate for the decreased permanent magnet torque; as a result, the machine achieves a higher ratio of the magnitude of controllable back-emf without losing the high torque capability resulting from the BFE.
Female and Male Returnees: Glimpses of Two Distinct Populations.

This study investigated the effects of college participation on the behavior and interpersonal relationships of female and male adult students. The data indicate that female and male returnees are subject to differential modification by the college experience.
Suggestions from Workers: Schemes and Problems

I. Purposes, methods, history of schemes, 617. — II. Beginnings of statistical study; comparative table, 620. — Varying standards of adoption and payment, 621. — Factors of depression, recidivism, sex, occupation, 624. — III. Problems of payment, 628. — IV. Collectivism and "non-financial incentives," 632. — V. Indicators of quality of suggestions: per cent adopted, subject-matter, curves of payments, assessed values in relation to wage-bill, patents, 635. — VI. Function of promoting interest and competence of workers, 641.
Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling.

Conditions such as acidosis, uremia, and sepsis are characterized by insulin resistance and muscle wasting, but whether the insulin resistance associated with these disorders contributes to muscle atrophy is unclear. We examined this question in db/db mice with increased blood glucose despite high levels of plasma insulin. Compared with control littermate mice, the weights of different muscles in db/db mice and the cross-sectional areas of muscles were smaller. In muscle of db/db mice, protein degradation and activities of the major proteolytic systems, caspase-3 and the proteasome, were increased. We examined signals that could activate muscle proteolysis and found low values of both phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) activity and phosphorylated Akt that were related to phosphorylation of serine 307 of insulin receptor substrate-1. To assess how changes in circulating insulin and glucose affect muscle protein, we treated db/db mice with rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone improved indices of insulin resistanc...
Population, Political, and Judicial Pressures on the Texas Criminal Justice System

In the early 1970s, the Texas prison population fluctuated between 16,000 and 18,000 inmates. By 1981, it had risen to over 30,000, and by 1990, even with stringent population caps in place, it was just under 50,000 (table 2.1).
Transient solutions for three‐dimensional lid‐driven cavity flows by a least‐squares finite element method

SUMMARY A time-accurate least-squares finite element method is used to simulate three-dimensional flows in a cubic cavity with a uniform moving top. The time- accurate solutions are obtained by the Crank-Nicolson method for time integration and Newton linearization for the convective terms with extensive linearization steps. A matrix-free algorithm of the Jacobi conjugate gradient method is used to solve the symmetric, positive definite linear system of equations. To show that the least-squares finite element method with the Jacobi conjugate gradient technique has promising potential to provide implicit, fully coupled and time-accurate solutions to large-scale three-dimensional fluid flows, we present results for three-dimensional lid-driven flows in a cubic cavity for Reynolds numbers up to 3200.
PACEMAKERS IN NITELLA : III. ELECTRICAL ALTERNANS.

An electrical impulse traveling along a Nitella cell may produce a complete or a partial response. The two kinds of response may occur in regular alternation. The partial response varies greatly and may be so far reduced as to appear as a local thickening in the upstroke of the action curve, usually accompanied by a more or less pronounced hump. In consequence a considerable variety of action curves is produced. The observations show that different regions of the cell may react differently.
Oxalate nephropathy: A three-dimensional view

A 59 year-old woman with chronic renal disease presented in renal failure with a creatinine of 4.1 mg %. She had had a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass performed 10 years earlier. A diagnosis of oxalate nephropathy was made on renal biopsy. Oxalate nephropathy is a known complication of gastric bypass. Calcium and oxalate in the intestine form calcium oxalate complexes that are then excreted. In the setting of fat malabsorption/enteric hyperoxaluria, enteric free fatty acids are elevated and bind calcium within the intestinal lumen, inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate. The increased amount of soluble free oxalate is absorbed by the colonic mucosa, and this is enhanced by free fatty acids and bile salts. The absorbed oxalate is excreted by the kidney and then deposited in the renal parenchyma forming stones. The renal biopsy from this patient was serially sectioned at ~ 2 microns. The oxalate deposited in a small area was then characterized in three dimensions using custom software (https://slide-atlas.org) to align serial sections of whole slide images. The segmented oxalate crystals were then rendered into a three-dimensional construct.
Rates of substance use of american Indian students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades living on or near reservations: update, 2009-2012

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the similarities and differences between substance use rates for American Indian (AI) young people and young people nationally can better inform prevention and treatment efforts. We compared substance use rates for a large sample of AI students living on or near reservations for the years 2009-2012 with national prevalence rates from Monitoring the Future (MTF). METHODS: We identified and sampled schools on or near AI reservations by region; 1,399 students in sampled schools were administered the American Drug and Alcohol Survey. We computed lifetime, annual, and last-month prevalence measures by grade and compared them with MTF results for the same time period. RESULTS: Prevalence rates for AI students were significantly higher than national rates for nearly all substances, especially for 8th graders. Rates of marijuana use were very high, with lifetime use higher than 50% for all grade groups. Other findings of interest included higher binge drinking rates and OxyContin(®) use for AI students. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study demonstrate that adolescent substance use is still a major problem among reservation-based AI adolescent students, especially 8th graders, where prevalence rates were sometimes dramatically higher than MTF rates. Given the high rates of substance use-related problems on reservations, such as academic failure, delinquency, violent criminal behavior, suicidality, and alcohol-related mortality, the costs to members of this population and to society will continue to be much too high until a comprehensive understanding of the root causes of substance use are established. Language: en
Federal Representation: The Design or the Thirty-Fifth Federalist Paper

Today, as originally, the principal difficulty that confronts students of the American regime is the necessity of discovering solutions to the problems of a diverse citizenry, solutions which will simultaneously reaffirm the attachment of the citizen to the principles of popular government. The great difficulty resides in the fact that the readiest solutions of interested struggles always tend toward the absolutization of majority rule, or the conversion of a transient majority into a permanent ruling class. Hence, to the agrarian who wins by numbers today it will always seem prudent to provide for the preservation of his way of life tomorrow. But that process creates permanent minorities as well. And it is precisely the arrival of such permanent distinctions of class that spell the end of popular government.
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: Its Association with Seronegative Inflammatory Disease:

Idiopathic inflammation and rupture of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) has received much attention in the recent literature. In this report of the presentation of PTT dysfunction as a manifestation of seronegative inflammatory disease, we describe the clinical and laboratory features of 76 patients with inflammation and/or rupture of the PTT. Analysis of all patients identified two discrete groups. Group A patients were younger (mean age 39 years) and had multiple manifestations of inflammation at other sites of ligament and tendon attachments (enthesopathy). Other features of a systemic inflammatory disorder such as oral ulcers, conjunctivitis, colitis, and especially psoriasis were common in the latter patients and their families. Group B consisted predominantly of elderly patients (mean age 64 years) with isolated dysfunction of the PTT. These two groups differed widely in the manner of clinical presentation, demographic data, family history, HLA data, and surgical pathology. These distinctions suggest different pathogeneses for posterior tibial tendinitis. Group A demonstrated local manifestations of a systemic inflammatory disease, whereas group B exhibited the effects of mechanical trauma and degeneration.
Diagnostic Considerations and Clinical End Points for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease seen in clinical practice. It is associated with an increased risk of liver-, cardiac-, and cancer-related mortality. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the phenotype that typically progresses to cirrhosis and is associated with increased cardiac events. The presence of NAFLD can be suspected from elevated liver enzymes without an obvious cause or from imaging studies that demonstrate the presence of hepatic steatosis. A key question in the assessment of NAFLD is to estimate the risk of development of clinically meaningful outcomes. These include an assessment of cardiovascular risk, cancer risk, and the risk of progression to cirrhosis. Elevated ALT, multiple features of the metabolic syndrome, and histological evidence of inflammation and ballooning and some degree of fibrosis are all risk factors for progression. Those who have these features should be considered for treatment. The therapeutics for NASH include both lifestyle modification to include a healthy diet, optimizing body weight via diet and exercise, and pharmacological treatment for those with aggressive NASH. Currently, a liver biopsy is the best way to assess histological response to treatment. However, there is an intense effort to evaluate response to treatment using noninvasive measures. The best end points for those with early-stage disease are histological regression of steatohepatitis, while those with advanced disease should have a decreased risk of outcomes. This chapter summarizes the diagnostic approach to NASH and the best ways to assess outcomes of treatment for NASH.
Application of Simulation Technology of Virtual Prototype Used in Design of Coal Mine Full Hydraulic Drilling Rig

Virtual prototyping technology has been more and more important in product development,based on the concept of virtual prototype,as a example of coal mine fully hydraulic drilling,elaborated characteristics of rig design,drilling performance often through underground experiments to verify,experiment cycle and cost to reduced using virtual prototype simulation synchronization process.First the 3D model has been established,then the analysis software used to motion and the hydraulic system simulation,by loading different loads for design verification,and the prospect of application of the virtual prototyping technology.
Research on international linkages of corn futures market around world:empirical analysis based on China,America and Japan

International linkages of futures market are mainly reflected by the price interactions of the same futures contract from different countries' futures exchange.This article examines the international linkage among Chinese,American and Japanese corn futures market by using cointegration test,vector error correction model,variance decomposition and impulse responses function analysis methods,etc.The results suggest there is the long-run equilibrium relationship between DCE and CBOT futures markets.The variance value of CBOT,DCE,TGE respective is 40.529%,32.903% and 26.568%.For the world corn futures markets,the CBOT futures market plays more important role than DCE and TGE's in the influence and pricing.In order to establish International Pricing Centre of bulk commodity,our should make six strategies such as rationalization and diversification for investor's structure.
Nature of taurodehydrocholic acid uptake in rat hepatocytes.

We studied uptake into isolated rat hepatocytes of the bile acid analogue taurodehydrocholate (TDHC) over a concentration range of 2.5-4,000 microM. Uptake was mainly by a saturable sodium-dependent process with a Km of approximately 50 microM and a Vmax of 0.036 nmol.s-1.mg protein-1. A lesser sodium-independent process was evident but was linear in the range studied. Both processes were inhibited by incubation at 37 degrees C under nitrogen in the presence of 3 mM sodium cyanide or by incubation at 0 degrees C. A single transport site was suggested by the Eadie-Hofstee plot of TDHC uptake from 2.5 to 750 microM. TDHC was a weak competitive inhibitor of taurocholic acid (TCA) uptake (Ki = 236 microM) but was not itself taken up by the TCA transport site. TCA exhibited moderately potent mixed inhibition of TDHC uptake. Uptake of both compounds was strongly inhibited by bromosulfophthalein (BSP) and Rose Bengal, whereas 0.5 mM alanine uptake was not affected. BSP exhibited a complex pattern of inhibition of TDHC uptake: mixed partial inhibition. Degree of inhibition of both TDHC and TCA uptake did not increase as BSP concentrations were increased from 50 to 100 microM. BSP did not exert its inhibitory effects by alteration of membrane potential or sodium gradients; 50 microM BSP changed membrane potential less than 10% and sodium gradient not at all. The data indicate that despite close structural analogy between TDHC and TCA, the two compounds are taken up by different sodium-dependent mechanisms. Nonetheless, the similar qualitative and quantitative effects of BSP on their uptakes suggests the mechanisms are related.
National Institutes of Health in the Tropics

Presented as the Charles Franklin Craig Lecture at the 46th annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 12/10/97. Varmus described some of NIH's recent initiatives in global health, especially malaria control, and reflected on the connections between political conditions and health. Later, as president of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, he would become more deeply involved in global health efforts through work with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime in isolated hearts: protection during reperfusion after global ischemia.

The cardiac effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on electrical and mechanical function, rhythm, oxygen utilization, and coronary flow responsiveness, particularly during severe ischemia and reperfusion, have not been studied. After perfusing hearts at 55 mm Hg, coronary perfusion was interrupted for 30 minutes and was then reestablished at the control perfusion pressure for 40 minutes. Hearts were divided into four groups (n = 10 each) treated with 0, 3, 5, or 10 mmol/L of 2,3-butanedione monoxime added to the perfusate for 10 minutes before and during ischemia and for the first 10 minutes of reperfusion. An additional nonischemic group served as a time control. Variables monitored were heart rate, atrioventricular conduction time, cardiac rhythm, isovolumetric systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure, maximum rate of left ventricular pressure change, coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and the ratio of oxygen delivery to myocardial oxygen consumption. Before ischemia, 2,3-butanedione monoxime significantly decreased isovolumetric left ventricular systolic pressure and increased the ratio of oxygen delivery to myocardial oxygen consumption in a dose-dependent manner, with only slight changes in heart rate and atrioventricular time with 10 mmol/L of 2,3-butanedione monoxime. After 40 minutes of reperfusion, isovolumetric left ventricular systolic pressure recovered to 81 ± 5 % and 83 ± 2% of the initial control values for the 5 and 10 mmol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime groups. This was significantly greater than the recovery for the 0 and 3 mmol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime groups, 59 ± 3% and 63 ± 4%, respectively. Similarly, the duration of ventricular fibrillation and of tachycardia was significantly lower, coronary flow reserve was better preserved, and myocardial oxygen consumption was greater with reperfusion in the 5 and 10 mmol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime groups than in the 0 mmol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime group. This study shows that relatively low concentrations of 2,3-butanedione monoxime, given before global ischemia and early during reperfusion of isolated hearts, can protect against dysrhythmias and improve return of myocardial and vascular function.
Placental TLR/NLR expression signatures are altered with gestational age and inflammation.

Objective: To quantify changes in placental expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) gene with (1) advancing gestational age (GA) and ...
Real-time AFM diagrams on your Macintosh

An algorithm is presented for the calculation of stable AFM mineral assemblages in the KFMASH system based on an internally consistent thermodynamic data set and the petrogenetic grid derived from this data set. The P-T stability of each divariant (three-phase) AFM assemblage is determined from the bounding KFASH, KMASH, and KFMASH reactions. Macintosh regions (enclosed areas defined by a sequence of x-y points) are created for each divariant region. The Macintosh toolbox routine “PtInRgn” (point-in-region) is used to determine whether a user-specified P and T falls within the stability limit of each assemblage, and the compositions of minerals in the stable assemblages are calculated and plotted. Implementation of the algorithm is coded in FORTRAN as a module for program Gibbs (Spear and Menard, 1989). Users can calculate individual AFM diagrams at any P-T condition within the limits of the P-T grid, and sequences of AFM diagrams along any P-T path. Diagrams can be saved as PICT images for creating animations. The internally consistent thermodynamic data sets of Holland and Powell (1998) and Spear and Cheney (unpublished) are supported. The algorithm and its implementation provide a useful tool for researchers to explore the implications of a petrogenetic grid and to compare predictions of different thermodynamic data sets. Comparison of natural samples with predictions from the grid can be made if appropriate projections of the natural data into the KFMASH system are made. Results are also useful to students learning to understand petrogenetic grids and the progressive metamorphism of pelitic mineral assemblages.
Dielectric relaxation in mixtures of some nitriles

Dielectric constant and loss have been measured at 10, 3, 2, and 1 cm at 30°C for pure acetonitrile, pure propionitrile, mixtures of acetonitrile and benzonitrile and propionitrile and benzonitrile. Also measured are the benzene solutions of acetonitrile and propionitrile at the same wavelengths over the temperature region 24 to 70°C. The far-infrared spectra between 10–150 cm−1 of dilute benzene solutions of both the nitriles have also been investigated. The static dielectric constant has also been measured in all cases. A single relaxation time has been found for pure acetonitrile whereas the dielectric data of pure propionitrile indicate an unsymmetrical distribution of relaxation times. The dielectric data of the binary mixtures of acetonitrile and benzonitrile have been analyzed in terms of two partly superimposed Debye regions, whereas that of propionitrile and benzonitrile have been interpreted in terms of three partly overlapping Debye regions. The far-infrared absorption of propionitrile is similar to the one reported for acetonitrile in the literature. The contributions of the far-infrared absorptions to the microwave data were discussed. The thermodynamic quantities for each relaxation process have been estimated.
Value chain for next-generation biofuels: resilience and sustainability of the product life cycle

Multiple factors including climate change, price uncertainties, and geopolitical instability have prompted many industries to investigate the feasibility of replacing traditional petroleum-based fuels with biofuel alternatives. However, to make this transition successful, these new biofuels must be environmentally sustainable and the necessary support infrastructure must be in place to make the production, distribution, and storage of these biofuels technologically feasible and cost effective. Developing a value chain, spanning from feedstock production to distribution to end users, requires garnering buy-in from multiple stakeholders by demonstrating environmental, economic, and social benefits and incentives. Two critical factors are the environmental benefits achieved from the use of the biofuel technology and the degree of resilience of the value chain to emergent conditions to ensure steady supply to consumers. Moreover, different biofuel pathways have different costs, benefits, and risks which must be compared. In this paper, we describe how environmental sustainability can be modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA) and how the resilience of value chain initiatives can be modeled using a scenario-based decision model. We then describe how sustainability and resilience assessments can be integrated in an iterative, anticipatory LCA framework. These assessments can be used as the basis for a business case for various investments, as well as a means for promoting responsible innovations, with the aviation industry used as a case study.
A Writing Retreat at the Intersection of WAC and Civic Engagement

Partnerships between writing across the curriculum (WAC) and civic engagement (CE) programs are not given much attention but these partnerships improve each program significantly. CE programs can borrow models from WAC for professional development and obtain support for specific kinds of writing assignments; WAC programs can find among CE instructors a willing audience for critiquing the structural oppression inherent in literacy and for valuing dialectical, linguistic, and genre diversity. This snapshot focuses on a faculty writing retreat that emerged out of a WAC/CE partnership and demonstrates how such partnerships can open the door for critical WAC pedagogy.
Structure and function of DHHC protein S-acyltransferases

It has been estimated that 10% of the human genome encodes proteins that are fatty acylated at cysteine residues. The vast majority of these proteins are modified by members of the DHHC protein family, which carry out their enzymatic function on the cytoplasmic face of cell membranes. The biomedical importance of DHHC proteins is underscored by their association with human disease; unique and essential roles for DHHC proteins have been uncovered using DHHC-deficient mouse models. Accordingly, there is great interest in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie DHHC protein function. In this review, we present recent insights into the structure and function of DHHC enzymes.
Synthesis of Two New Glycophanes Comprised of Thioglucose Molecules Linked by Hydrocarbons

Preparation of two new glycophanes is reported. These compounds arecomprised of two glucose molecules linked by hydrocarbon units at the 1,1′ and 3, 3′ or 3, 3′ and 6, 6′ positions. Thecrystal structure of one of the glycophanes is also described.