cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monosubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from two-step one-pot deprotection/click additions of trimethylsilylacetylene

Abstract Two-step one-pot reaction conditions have been developed for synthesizing 1-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles. This transformation involves the base-catalyzed deprotection of trimethylsilylacetylene followed by Cu-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition under aqueous reaction conditions. Utilization of potassium carbonate as the base and methanol as the alcoholic aqueous co-solvent resulted in optimal yields of the desired products. The reaction conditions were found to be successful for both alkyl and aryl azide reactants, including analogs with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functionality. This procedure stands as a simple and regioselective means by which to prepare 1-substituted-1,2,3-triazole compounds directly from azide precursors.
Dirac operators on non-compact orbifolds

Abstract In this paper we prove that Dirac operators on non-compact almost complex, complete orbifolds which are sufficiently regular at infinity, admit a unique extension. Additonally, we prove a generalized orbifold Stokes’/Divergence theorem.
Innovative Technologies for Education and Learning: Education and Knowledge-Oriented Applications of Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and More

A number of new communications technologies have emerged in recent years that have been largely regarded and intended for personal and recreational use. However, these â€œconversational technologiesâ€ and â€œconstructivist learning tools,â€ coupled with the power and reach of the Internet, have made them viable choices for both educational learning and knowledge-oriented applications. The technologies given attention in this article include instant messaging (IM), Weblogs (blogs), wikis, and podcasts. A discussion of the technologies and uses, underlying educational and cognitive psychology theories, and also applications for education and the management of knowledge, are examined in detail. The implications for education, as well as areas for future research are also explored.
Stress-Strain Equations for Some Near-Eutectic Tin-Lead Solders

This paper presents the evaluation of the stress-strain behavior, as a function of strain-rate, for three tin-lead solders at room temperature. This behavior is critically needed for reliability analysis of printed circuit boards (PCB) since handbooks list minimal mechanical properties for the eutectic solder used in PCBs. Furthermore, most handbook data are for stable eutectic microstructure whereas PCB solder has a metastable microstructure. All three materials were purchased as “eutectics.” However, chemical analysis, volume fraction determination, and microhardness tests show some major variations between the three materials. Two of the materials have a eutectic composition, and one does not. The true stress-strain equations of one eutectic and the one noneutectic material are determined from compressive tests at engineering strain-rates between 0.0002/s and 0.2/s. The second eutectic material is evaluated using tensile tests with strain-rates between 0.00017/s and 0.042/s. The materials appear to exhibit linear elastic behavior only at extremely small strains, i.e., less than 0.0005. However, this “elastic” behavior showed considerable variation, and depended upon the strain rate. In both tension and compression the eutectic alloy exhibits nonlinear plastic behavior, i.e., strain-softening followed by strain-hardening, which depends upon the strain rate. A quadratic equation σy = σy (e/e0 ) + A(e/e0 )e + B(e/e0 )e2 fit to the data gives correlation coefficients R2 > 0.91. The coefficients σy (e/e0 ), A(e/e0 ), B(e/e0 ) are fitted functions of the normalized engineering strain rate e/e0 . Replicated experiments are used at each strain-rate so that a measure of the statistical variation could be estimated. Measures of error associated with the regression analysis are also obtained so that an estimate of the total error in the stress-strain relations can be made.
Cross-National Differences in the Rise in Earnings Inequality: Market and Institutional Factors

This paper uses data from the Luxembourg Income Study to explore the role of differences in supply shifts in explaining cross-national differences in the rise in earnings inequality. Changes in returns to age and education are estimated for eight countries using a common specification of earnings functions across years and countries. We find that the small overall increase in earnings inequality in many countries reflects large but offsetting changes in returns to skill and changes in inequality within age education cells. Furthermore, these differences in returns to skill can largely be explained by differences in supply shifts.
Load-Balancing Schemes for High-Throughput Distributed Fault-Tolerant Servers

Clusters of workstations, connected by a fast network, are emerging as a viable architecture for building high-throughput fault-tolerant servers. This type of architecture is more scalable and more cost-effective than a tightly coupled multiprocessor and may achieve as good a throughput. Two of the most important issues that a designer of such clustered servers must consider in order for the system to meet its fault-tolerance and throughput goals are the load-balancing scheme and the fault-tolerance scheme that the system will use. This paper explores several combinations of such fault-tolerance and load-balancing schemes and compares their impact on the maximum throughout achievable by the system, and on its survivability. In particular, we show that a fault-tolerance scheme may have an effect on the throughput of the system, while a load-balancing scheme may affect the ability of the system to override failures. We study the scalability of the different schemes under different loads and failure conditions. Our simulations take into consideration the overhead of each scheme, the network contention, and the resource loads.
Leaders and Followers: Perspectives on the Nordic Model and the Economics of Innovation

Abstract What kinds of social and economic systems are most conducive to innovation? We formulate a simple model in which countries can close the gap with the technological leader, but where the cost of doing so may be so high that the country chooses to remain laggards. Observed disparities in productivity may be the result of a recognition that the cost of closing the gap exceeds benefit and there may therefore exist an international equilibrium in which there are leaders and followers. Even if it is granted that the United States is the leader and Scandinavia are followers, there are theoretical grounds for arguing that the Nordic model may in fact be better for innovation, suggesting that if the US adopted some of the Nordic institutions, innovations would be higher, and societal welfare would be improved even more.
Unitary local systems, multiplier ideals, and polynomial periodicity of Hodge numbers

Abstract The space of unitary local systems of rank one on the complement of an arbitrary divisor in a complex projective algebraic variety can be described in terms of parabolic line bundles. We show that multiplier ideals provide natural stratifications of this space. We prove a structure theorem for these stratifications in terms of complex tori and convex rational polytopes, generalizing to the quasi-projective case results of Green–Lazarsfeld and Simpson. As an application we show the polynomial periodicity of Hodge numbers h q , 0 of congruence covers in any dimension, generalizing results of E. Hironaka and Sakuma. We extend the structure theorem and polynomial periodicity to the setting of cohomology of unitary local systems. In particular, we obtain a generalization of the polynomial periodicity of Betti numbers of unbranched congruence covers due to Sarnak–Adams. We derive a geometric characterization of finite abelian covers, which recovers the classic one and the one of Pardini. We use this, for example, to prove a conjecture of Libgober about Hodge numbers of abelian covers.
Trade Creation and Diversion Effects of Europe's Regional Liberalization Agreements

After a short review of recent developments in gravity modeling and an overview of the liberalization agreements in Europe, this paper measures the trade creation and diversion effects of major European agreements based on the results of a correctly specified triple-indexed gravity model with bilateral fixed effects. Discussion of the resulting trade creation and diversion focuses on the role of partner and non-partner country characteristics including size and relative factor endowments, as well as date, reciprocity, industry coverage, and rate of liberalization characteristics of the agreement.
Indwelling urinary catheters in the elderly. Relation of “catheter life” to formation of encrustations in patients with and without blocked catheters

In order to define the natural history of indwelling urinary catheters in the elderly, 50 patients aged 65 years or older were followed. Their catheters had been in place for a mean of 33.2 days. When removed, 40.4 percent were blocked or showed poor flow. After the catheters were changed, the 14-day "catheter life" was 78 percent. About half the population had blocked catheters. They had a 14-day "catheter life" of only 31.8 percent (p = less than 0.01). Patients with blocked catheters ("blockers") excreted more alkaline urine, calcium, protein, and mucin than patients without blocked catheters ("nonblockers"), but urea-splitting bacteria were no more frequent. The mortality was not significantly different. Flow of water through catheters was closely related to extent of encrustations. Encrustations formed uniformly throughout the catheter lumen except when the tip was obstructed. The distribution and number of species of microorganisms (three and a half per specimen) were virtually identical in catheter and bladder urine, but the counts in the catheter urine were more frequently greater than 100,000 cfu/ml (p = less than 0.01). Patients with blocked catheters appear to be metabolically different from patients without blocked catheters and should have their catheters changed at seven to 10 days to avoid obstruction.
Timing of Tracheotomy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Although tracheotomy* is commonly employed for long-term airway access in ventilator-dependent patients, it is remarkable that no clear consensus exists regarding the ideal time to convert patients from translaryngeal intubation. Indeed, despite nearly 4,000 yr of medical application, consensus does not even exist whether tracheotomy is a valuable technique with distinct patient advantages or a risky procedure that warrants delayed application or avoidance whenever possible. These varying perceptions at least partly derive from limitations of the available literature pertaining to airway management. First, comparative outcome studies of intubation techniques in ventilated patients are exceedingly complex and difficult to perform, requiring analysis of multiple endpoints with post-discharge follow-up in heterogeneous populations with disparate causes of respiratory failure. Resultant compromises in study design frequently result in selection bias, insufficient sample size, lack of appropriate controls, and retrospective design. Second, most investigations of airway cannulation compare risks of tracheotomy with the risks of prolonged intubation in an attempt to determine which intervention has the least complications. Analyses that weigh the likely benefits of tracheotomy compared with its risks in an individual patient are rarely pursued. And third, literature reviews of airway access for mechanical ventilation commonly convey observations and conclusions from clinical investigations without providing critical analysis of study design limitations. Historically, the advent of respiratory critical care in the 1960s promoted early application of tracheotomy to minimize laryngeal injury from the stiff translaryngeal tubes then available. Introduction of improved tube materials and a decline in the incidence of laryngeal complications created an option in the 1970s to delay tracheotomy in favor of prolonged translaryngeal intubation. During the subsequent 20 yr, clinical investigations emphasized risk analyses to determine at what time during the course of mechanical ventilation complications of prolonging translaryngeal intubation superseded those of performing a tracheotomy. Quantitation of perioperative surgical complications is one of the more important risks in determining the role of tracheotomy
Engineering system co-design with limited plant redesign

Rather than designing engineering systems from the ground up, engineers often redesign strategic portions of existing systems to accommodate emerging needs. In the redesign of mechatronic systems, engineers typically seek to meet the requirements of a new application via control redesign only, but this is often insufficient and physical system (plant) design changes must be explored. Here, an integrated approach is presented for the redesign of mechatronic systems involving partial plant redesign that avoids costly complete redesign. Candidate plant modifications are identified using sensitivity analysis, and then an optimization problem is solved that minimizes redesign cost while satisfying system requirements. This formal methodology for Plant-Limited Co-Design (PLCD) is demonstrated using a robotic manipulator design problem. The PLCD result costs significantly less than the full redesign, and parametric studies illustrate the tradeoff between redesign cost and performance. It is shown that the propos...
Light and Electron Microscopy of the Spermogonial Stage of Gymnoconia peckiana, One of the Causes of Orange Rust of Rubus

Hyphae of Gymnoconia peckiana (Howe in Peck) Trotter spread from infected Rubus argutus Link. stems into leaf primordia where they proliferated in an intercellular fashion as leaves differentiated. Hyphae were septate, and each compartment appeared to contain a single nucleus. Hyphae gave rise to numerous haustoria that resembled the mono- karyotic haustoria of other rust fungi. Hyphae located immediately adjacent to the upper and lower leaf epidermis gave rise to spermogonial initials. Each initial consisted of a small group of tightly packed hyphae that developed in an intercel- lular space adjacent to the epidermis. As an initial enlarged, the proliferating hyphae pushed their way between, as well as into, epidermal cells. Invaded epidermal cells soon died. A layer of spermatiophores then developed within each young spermogonium and appeared to push the epidermal cell wall material and leaf cuticle covering the spermogonium out from the leaf surface. Once mature, spermatiophores gave rise to a succession of uninucleate spermatia that emerged from the tip of each spermatiophore. Spermatia initially accumulated beneath the layer of epidermal cell wall material and cu- ticle that covered the developing spermogonium and appeared to push this layer further out from the leaf surface until it ruptured. A few receptive hyphae were observed in mature spermogonia.
Some mathematical tools for linguistic probabilities

Abstract We propose and develop, in this paper, some concepts and techniques useful for the theory of linguistic probabilisies introduced by L.A. Zadeh. These probabilities are expressed in linguistic rather than numerical terms. The mathematical framework for this study is based upon the possibility theory. We formulate first the problem of optimization under elastic constraints which is not only important for mathematical programming but will be served to justify the extension of possibility measure to linguistic variables. Next, in connection with translation rules in natural languages we study some transformations of fuzzy sets using a relation between random sets and fuzzy sets. Finally, we point out some differences between random variables and fuzzy variables, and present the mathematical notion of possibility, in the setting of set-functions, as a special case of Choquet capacities.
Are Generation X’ers Different than Late Boomers? Family and Earnings Trends among Recent Cohorts of Women at Young Adulthood

This article examines emerging trends in childbearing, marital status, and earnings for U.S. women over young adulthood across recent birth cohorts spanning the late baby boom and Generation X. We use a unique dataset that matches the 1990, 1996, and 2004 fertility and marital history modules of the Survey of Income and Program Participation with Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings records derived from survey respondents’ own tax records. While there have been some cohort-level changes, we find little empirical evidence of large-scale shifts in the family and earnings histories of young adult women born toward the end of Generation X, particularly college graduates, relative to their late baby-boom counterparts at the same stage of the life course. The broader implications of our findings and directions for further research are discussed.
A new approach to seismic data integration during reservoir characterization using optimal non‐parametric transformations

We propose a two-stage approach to integrating seismic data into reservoir characterization. First, we use a non-parametric approach to calibrate the seismic and well data through an optimal transformation to obtain the maximal correlation between two data sets. These optimal transformations are totally data-driven and do not assume any a priori functional relationship. Next, cokriging or stochastic cosimulation is carried out in the transformed space to generate conditional realizations of reservoir properties. The proposed approach allows for non-linearity between reservoir properties and seismic attributes and exploits the secondary data to its fullest potential. Furthermore, cokriging or cosimulation is considerably simplified when carried in conjunction with the optimal transformations because of a significant reduction in the variance function calculations particularly when multiple seismic attributes are involved. The proposed approach has been applied to synthetic as well as field examples. The synthetic examples involve reproducing a pre-generated primary data set using sparse primary and multiple dense secondary data sets. A comparison with traditional kriging and cokriging is also presented to illustrate the superiority of our proposed approach. The field example uses 3-D seismic and well log data from a 2 mi{sup 2} area of the Stratton gas field in South Texas --more » a fluvial reservoir system. Using multiple seismic attributes in conjunction with well data, we estimate pore-footage distribution for a selected zone in the middle Frio formation.« less
Can the Tully-Fisher Relation Be the Result of Initial Conditions?

We use Monte Carlo realizations of halo formation histories and a spherical accretion model to calculate the expected scatter in the velocity dispersions of galactic halos of a given mass due to differences in their formation times. Assuming that the rotational velocity of a spiral galaxy is determined by the velocity dispersion of its halo and that its luminosity is related to its total baryonic mass, this scatter translates to a minimum intrinsic scatter in the Tully-Fisher relation. For popular cosmological models we find that the scatter due to variations in formation histories is by itself greater than allowed by observations. Unless halos of spiral galaxies formed at high redshift (z ≳ 1) and did not later accrete any significant amount of mass, the TullyFisher relation is not likely to be the direct result of cosmological initial conditions but rather a consequence of a subsequent feedback process.
Optical Stark Splitting of Rotational Raman Transitions

We report the observation of rotational state splitting in molecular nitrogen induced by a nonresonant optical field. The splittings are observed in high resolution inverse Raman spectra obtained during irradiation of the molecules by a pulsed 1.06 μm laser field. The magnitudes and signs of the Stark shifts are in agreement with predictions from polarizability theory for perturbing optical frequencies far from resonance with the molecular transitions.
Bayesian Models and Decision Algorithms for Complex Early Phase Clinical Trials.

An early phase clinical trial is the first step in evaluating the effects in humans of a potential new anti-disease agent or combination of agents. Usually called “phase I” or “phase I/II” trials, these experiments typically have the nominal scientific goal of determining an acceptable dose, most often based on adverse event probabilities. This arose from a tradition of phase I trials to evaluate cytotoxic agents for treating cancer, although some methods may be applied in other medical settings, such as treatment of stroke or immunological diseases. Most modern statistical designs for early phase trials include model-based, outcome-adaptive decision rules that choose doses for successive patient cohorts based on data from previous patients in the trial. Such designs have seen limited use in clinical practice, however, due to their complexity, the requirement of intensive, computer-based data monitoring, and the medical community’s resistance to change. Still, many actual applications of model-based outcome-adaptive designs have been remarkably successful in terms of both patient benefit and scientific outcome. In this paper, I will review several Bayesian early phase trial designs that were tailored to accommodate specific complexities of the treatment regime and patient outcomes in particular clinical settings.
Isomorphism of graphs of bounded valence can be tested in polynomial time

Suppose we are given a set of generators for a group G of permutations of a colored set A. The color automorphism problem for G involves finding generators for the subgroup of G which stabilizes the color classes. It is shown that testing isomorphism of graphs of bounded valance is polynomial-time reducible to the color automorphism problem for groups with composition factors of bounded order. The algorithm for the latter problem involves three divide-and-conquer maneuvers. The problem is solved sequentially on the G-orbits. An orbit is broken into a minimal system of imprimitivity blocks. At that point, the hypothesis on G guarantees the presence of a subgroup P of “small” index which acts a p-group on the blocks. Divide-and-conquer is then used on the group, trading the problem on G for a small number of similar problems on P. In the trivalent case p = 2, P = G and the analysis requires only elementary notions. For higher valence, the justification requires some new observations about primitive permutation groups.
Epoxidation of alkenes by dimethyldioxirane: Evidence for a spiro transition state

Abstract The relative reactivity series for the epoxidation of alkenes by dimethyldioxirane showed the reaction to be unexpectedly sensitive to steric factors; cis compounds were ∼8 times as reactive as the trans isomers.
Evidence for some pentadentate coordination in ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetato-N,N'-di-3-propionatonickelate(II)

The 1H and 13C contact shifted NMR spectra of the nickel(Il) complex of EDDDA are reported as a function of temperature. The data indicate that the ligand acts as a hexadentate coordinator at least 98% of the time at room temperature with the six-membered propionate rings occupying the in-plane sites and the acetates occupying the out-of-plane sites. The acetate rings are almost planar with a time averaged puckering angle of approximately 7°. Puckering of the ethylenediamine ring is approximately the same as in EDTA and the propionate ring puckering is comparable to that in 1,3-diamines. The amount of pentadentate form of the ligand increases at high temperatures, reaching 22% pentadentate at 100 °C. ΔH and ΔS for the hexadentate ⇄ pentadentate equilibrium are +13 ± 8 kJ mol−1 and +17 ± 1 J mol−1 K−1 respectively. The conversion from hexadentate to pentadentate form involves removal of one of the out-of-plane acetates. No evidence for uncoordinated propionate was observed at any temperature.
Coupled Bending-Torsion Flutter in Cascades

A method is presented for determining the aeroelastic stability boundaries of a cascade with aerodynamic, inertial, and structural coupling between the bending and torsional degrees of freedom. A computer program has been written to systematically investigate the effect of this coupling on cascade stability over a wide range of design parameters. Results presented illustrate that the bending-torsion interaction has a pronounced effect on the cascade flutter boundary, despite no appreciable tendency toward frequency coalescence as flutter is approached. The analysis also indicates that bending flutter is possible even in the absence of finite mean lift.
Comparison of clinical estimation of fetal weight at the beginning and end of labor

Abstract Objective To compare the accuracy of clinically estimated fetal weight (EFW) obtained at the beginning and end of labor. Methods The clinical EFWs obtained by obstetricians at the beginning (initial EFW) and end (repeat EFW) of labor were compared to determine the accuracy of the estimates in 138 women with term pregnancies. Results The initial clinical EFW was changed by obstetricians in 65% of patients over the course of their labor. There was a 66% chance that the repeat EFW was more accurate than the initial EFW (P = 0.003). This increased to 78% when the difference between the initial and repeat EFW was more than 300 g (P = 0.04). Duration and speed of labor, and change in fetal station were not correlated with a lower, higher, or more accurate EFW. Conclusion The improved accuracy of a clinical EFW obtained at the end of labor is important for management decisions, such as whether to attempt operative vaginal delivery.
Policy, technology, and management strategies for achieving sustainable agricultural intensification

Considerable agreement exists among researchers, development practitioners, and policymakers regarding the goals of sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI). They include: achieving agricultural productivity growth, household food security, and improved rural livelihoods and employment, while simultaneously mitigating environmental degradation. However, the multiplicity of these objectives, as well as the choice of approaches to achieving them and the site- and context-specificity of specific technological and institutional interventions, assures that the research and policy challenges to achieving SAI will remain considerable. This article summarizes the contributions of the articles in this Special Issue in four areas of the literature. First, labor market constraints, the labor intensity of specific agricultural technologies and practices, and labor's substitutability, or complementarity, with other inputs are shown to widely influence their viability and related input efficiencies. Second, the articles identify specific tradeoffs and synergistic relationships that arise in the attainment of these multiple goals stemming from technologies, management practices, and policies introduced under specific agroclimatic, market, and institutional conditions. Third, these papers contribute to the literature on agricultural technology adoption by furnishing additional empirical evidence on the determinants and effects of investment behavior and adoption of specific technologies and management practices. Finally, the articles in this Special Issue emphasize that there is no single policy nor technological, management, or institutional innovation that unambiguously promotes SAI. Preferred policies must be contextualized and sensitive to initial biophysical, market, and institutional conditions.
GRADED LEVEL ZERO INTEGRABLE REPRESENTATIONS OF AFFINE LIE ALGEBRAS

We study the structure of the category of integrable level zero representations with finite dimensional weight spaces of affine Lie algebras. We show that this category possesses a weaker version of the finite length property, namely that an indecomposable object has finitely many simple constituents which are non-trivial as modules over the corresponding loop algebra. Moreover, any object in this category is a direct sum of indecomposables only finitely many of which are non-trivial. We obtain a parametrization of blocks in this category.
Off-Beam Gamma-Ray Pulsars and Unidentified EGRET Sources in the Gould Belt

We investigate whether gamma-ray pulsars viewed at a large angle to the neutron star magnetic pole could contribute to the new population of Galactic unidentified EGRET sources associated with the Gould Belt. The faint, soft nature of these sources is distinctly different from both the properties of unidentified EGRET sources along the Galactic plane and the properties of the known gamma-ray pulsars. We explore the possibility, within the polar cap model, that some of these sources are emission from pulsars seen at lines of sight that miss both the bright gamma-ray cone beams and the radio beam. The off-beam gamma rays come from high-altitude curvature emission of primary particles, are radiated over a large solid angle and have a much softer spectrum than that of the main beams. We estimate that the relative detectability of such off-beam emission is about a factor of 4-5 higher than that of the on-beam emission. At least some of the radio-quiet Gould Belt sources detected by EGRET could therefore be such off-beam gamma-ray pulsars. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope should be able to detect pulsations in most of these sources.
Dishonesty and charitable behavior

We examine in the laboratory how having the opportunity to donate to a charity in the future affects the likelihood of engaging in dishonest behavior in the present. We also examine how charitable donations are affected by past ethical choices. First, subjects self-report their performance on a task, which provides them with an opportunity for undetected cheating. In the second stage they can donate some of the money earned in the first stage to a charity. Only subjects in the treatment group know about the opportunity to donate in the second stage. We find that more subjects cheat if they know they can donate some of the money to charity. We also find that subjects in treatment end up donating less to charity and that both honest and dishonest subjects donate less in treatment. We propose a new hypothesis that explains these results: past violations of social norms numb one’s conscience, leading to more antisocial behavior.
Natural Convection in Enclosed Spaces—A Review of Application to Solar Energy Collection

A useful solar-thermal converter requires effective control of heat losses from the hot absorber to the cooler surroundings. Based upon the theory and some experimental measurements it is shown that the spacing between the tilted hot solar absorber and successive glass covers should be in the range 4 to 8 cm to assure minimum gap conductance. Poor choice of spacing can significantly affect thermal conversion efficiency, particularly when the efficiency is low or when selective black absorbers are used. Recommended data for gap Nusselt number are presented as a function of the Rayleigh number for the high aspect ratios of interest in solar collector designs. It is also shown that a rectangular cell structure placed over a solar absorber is an effective device to suppress natural convection, if designed with the proper cell spacing d, height to spacing ratio L/d and width to spacing ratio W/d needed to give a cell Rayleigh number less than the critical value.
Formulating advanced 4 centistoke gas turbine oils - a feasibility study

A formulation study has been carried out to assess the feasibility of developing advanced gas turbine lubricants in the (4 cSt) viscosity range intermediate between current MIL-L-7808 and MIL-L-23699 lubricants. Using additive technology developed on advanced MIL-L-2 7502 oils the authors have formulated several 4 cSt polyol ester base stocks. Eight of the blends thus far tested have shown good to acceptable performance in the Erdco Bearing Rig Test run under MIL-L-27502 conditions. Various other key targets of a proposed new specification have been met or closely approached.
The game chromatic number of random graphs

Given a graph G and an integer k, two players take turns coloring the vertices of G one by one using k colors so that neighboring vertices get different colors. The first player wins iff at the end of the game all the vertices of G are colored. The game chromatic number χg(G) is the minimum k for which the first player has a winning strategy. In this study, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of this parameter for a random graph Gn,p. We show that with high probability, the game chromatic number of Gn,p is at least twice its chromatic number but, up to a multiplicative constant, has the same order of magnitude. We also study the game chromatic number of random bipartite graphs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
N-(carbobenzyloxy)isatin: A slow binding α-keto lactam inhibitor of α-chymotrypsin

Abstract The N-carbobenzyloxy derivative of 2,3-dioxindole (N-Cbz-isatin) (1) has been synthesized and shown to be a slow binding inhibitor of chymotrypsin. Compound 1 does not inhibit porcine pancreatic elastase. The N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative of 2,3-dioxindole (2) is a weak inhibitor of chymotrypsin and does not inhibit porcine pancreatic elastase.
The influence of instructor gender on learning and instructor ratings

This paper uses two large databases to determine if students of a given gender learn more from instructors of the same gender and if instructors of a given gender receive higher ratings from students of the same gender compared to students of the opposite gender. The Indiana University (IU) data set was collected over a six-year period from the fall of 1984 to the spring of 1990 for associate instructors teaching introductory microeconomics and macroeconomics courses. A subset of the data collected in norming the third edition of the Test of Understanding College Economics is the TUCE III data set. The results of this study do not lend support for a positive gender-match role model effect concerning student learning and instructor ratings. This effect appeared only in the IU micro data set but did not appear on a consistent yearly basis. The effect did not appear at all in the IU macro data or either of the TUCE III data sets.
Partial masslessness of higher spins in (A)dS

Massive spin s ⩾ 3/2 fields can become partially massless in cosmological backgrounds. In the plane spanned by m^2 and Λ, there are lines where new gauge invariances permit intermediate sets of higher helicities, rather than the usual flat space extremes of all 2s + 1 massive or just 2 massless helicities. These gauge lines divide the (m2,Λ) plane into unitarily allowed or forbidden intermediate regions where all 2s + 1 massive helicities propagate but lower helicity states can have negative norms. We derive these consequences for s = 3/2,2 by studying both their canonical (anti)commutators and the transmutation of massive constraints to partially massless Bianchi identities. For s = 2, a Hamiltonian analysis exhibits the absence of zero helicity modes in the partially massless sector. For s =5/2,3 we derive Bianchi identities and their accompanying gauge invariances for the various partially massless theories with propagating helicities (±5/2,±3/2) and (±3,±2), (±3,±2,±1), respectively. Of these, only the s = 3 models are unitary. To these ends, we also provide the half integer generalization of the integer spin wave operators of Lichnerowicz. Partial masslessness applies to all higher spins in (A)dS as seen by their degree of freedom counts. Finally a derivation of massive d = 4 constraints by dimensional reduction from their d = 5 massless Bianchi identity ancestors is given.
Entropy of hydrophobic hydration: a new statistical mechanical formulation

Abstract A statistical mechanical formulation is presented for the entropy of solution of simple molecules in water. The formulation is based on the Green-Wallace expansion for the entropy in terms of multiparticle correlation functions, which is derived here for rigid polyatomic fluids and for mixtures. With a factorization assumption for the solute-water correlation function we have been able to separate the translational and orientational contributions to the entropy of solution. This approach is applied to an infinitely dilute solution of methane in water. The required correlation functions are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The orientational contribution, which is due directly to the orientational asymmetry of water-water interactions, is found to be comparable to the translational contribution. We find that the large entropies and heat capacities of hydrophobic hydration can be accounted for by solute-water correlations alone and that large perturbations in water structure are not required to explain hydrophobic behavior.
Neutron environment in d + Li facilities

Thick target neutron yields from the d + Li reaction are calculated using simple models that agree well with measured values. The models are used to infer the neutron environment in d + Li facilities such as the FMIT facility.
Neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomies performed by residents at a Veterans Administration Hospital.

Abstract Purpose To assess the initial efficacy of neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomies performed by residents at a teaching institution and to evaluate the associated complications over an extended follow-up. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA. Methods This retrospective noncomparative case review comprised 212 pseudophakic eyes having Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomies from April 1992 through March 1995. Evaluated were postoperative changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations, and complications related to the procedure. Results In all 212 eyes, Snellen visual acuity was obtained at least 1 week after the capsulotomy. The BCVA in 96 eyes (45.3%) improved by 3 or more lines, in 43 (20.3%) by 2 lines, and in 51 (24.1%) by 1 line. Nineteen eyes (9.0%) did not improve by 1 or more lines, and 3 eyes (1.4%) had decreased Snellen acuity. All but 4 eyes with less than 1 line of improvement had underlying ocular pathology or a previous incomplete capsulotomy. For evaluation of postoperative complications, long-term follow-up was available for 133 of 212 eyes (62.7%). The mean follow-up for this group was 3.18 years. Postoperative complications were found in 14 of these eyes (10.5%). Nine (6.8%) had a rise in IOP greater than 10 mm Hg after the capsulotomy. One eye (0.8%) developed a persistent iritis, 2 (1.5%) had vitreous prolapse into the anterior chamber, and 2 (1.5%) developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Conclusion Postoperative Snellen acuity results and complication rates compare favorably with those in previous studies. The results indicate that Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomies performed by residents with attending supervision are safe, effective, and carry a low associated complication rate over a long follow-up.
How an Effective "Cosmological Constant" May Affect a Minimum Scale Factor, to Avoid a Cosmological Singularity (Breakdown of the First Singularity Theorem)

We once again reference Theorem6.1.2of the book by Ellis, Maartens, and MacCallum in order to argue that if there is a non zero initial scale factor, that there is a partial breakdown of the Fundamental Singularity theorem which is due to the Raychaudhuri equation. Afterwards, we review a construction of what could happen if we put in what Ellis, Maartens, and MacCallum call the measured effective cosmological constant and substitute Λ→Λeffective in the Friedman equation. i.e. there are two ways to look at the problem, i.e. after Λ→Λeffective, set ΛVac as equal to zero, and have the left over as scaled to background cosmological temperature, as was postulated by Park (2002) or else have ΛVac as proportional to ΛVac～1038GeV2 which then would imply using what we call a 5-dimensional contribution to Λ as proportional to Λ≈Λ5D～-const/Tβ. We find that both these models do not work for generating an initial singularity. Λ removal as a non zero cosmological constant is most easily dealt with by a Bianchi I universe version of the generalized Friedman equation. The Bianchi I universe case almost allows for use of Theorem 6.1.2. But this Bianchi 1 Universe model almost in fidelity with Theorem 6.1.2 requires a constant non zero shear for initial fluid flow at the start of inflation which we think is highly unlikely.
Presenting generalized Schur algebras in types B, C, D

Abstract We give explicit presentations by generators and relations of certain generalized Schur algebras (associated with tensor powers of the natural representation) in types B , C , D . This extends previous results in type A obtained by two of the authors. The presentation is compatible with the Serre presentation of the corresponding universal enveloping algebra. In types C , D this gives a presentation of the corresponding classical Schur algebra (the image of the representation on a tensor power) since the classical Schur algebra coincides with the generalized Schur algebra in those types. This coincidence between the generalized and classical Schur algebra fails in type B , in general.
Depolarization of Laser Light Backscattered by Artificial Clouds

Abstract An apparatus is described which measures the linear depolarization ratios of vertically polarized laser light (6328 A) backscattered by mixed phase particle clouds grown in a laboratory cold chamber. Variations in linear depolarization ratios during the phase transitions of undercooled clouds seeded by dry ice and silver iodide agents have been monitored by simultaneously measuring the returned signal intensities in the parallel and orthogonal planes of polarization. The experimental results yield linear depolarization ratio values of approximately 3% for pure water clouds (3 to 10 μm diameter droplets), to 50 ± 2.5% for pure ice crystal clouds (5 to nearly 200 μm maximum dimensions) for particle concentrations up to ∼104 particles cm−3. The values for mixed particle clouds were found to be related to the ratio of ice to water particle concentrations. Variations in linear depolarization ratios with the elevation angle of the laser receiver system have amounted to only a few percent of the average...
Surface modification using MeV ion beams

Electronic excitation induced by MeV/amu ion beams in a variety of materials has been employed successfully for a number of applications. The examples that will be presented are: modification of the surface reflectivities of optical material; sputter-erosion of dielectrics; and enhancement of the adhesion of thin film coatings. All of these effects arise from the loss energy by the ion beam to electrons in the target material; the mechanisms involved are at best qualitatively understood. This paper will stress not only the exploitation of such high energy bombardment techniques but will also briefly review attempts to expose the underlying causes.
CP violating Yukawa couplings in the Skyrme model and the neutron electric dipole moment

Abstract We argue that the large- N c behaviour of the Yukawa couplings in the Skyrme model involves issues more subtle than the vanishing of linear fluctuations needed for classical stability of the skyrmion. The chiral fluctuations about the skyrmion must be quantized in order to reach a conclusion. An improved quantization procedure allows us to confront this question directly. The pion-nucleon coupling constants g πNN (CP conserving) and g πNN (CP violating) are calculated in the large- N c , three-flavour Skyrme model by direct evaluation of the leading matrix elements appearing in the LSZ reduction formula. We find that g π N N ∼ N c 3 2 , but that, at most g π N N ∼ m π 2 N c −1 2 . These results show that the leading contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment in large- N c Skyrme model is the direct one ( D n ∼ N c m π 2 ), rather than the pion loop contribution.
On the sampling and recovery of bandlimited functions via scattered translates of the Gaussian

Let @l be a positive number, and let (x"j:[email protected]?Z)@?R be a fixed Riesz-basis sequence, namely, (x"j) is strictly increasing, and the set of functions {[email protected][email protected]?e^i^x^"^j^t:[email protected]?Z} is a Riesz basis (i.e., unconditional basis) for L"2[[email protected],@p]. Given a function [email protected]?L"2(R) whose Fourier transform is zero almost everywhere outside the interval [[email protected],@p], there is a unique sequence (a"j:[email protected]?Z) in @?"2(Z), depending on @l and f, such that the function I"@l(f)(x)@[email protected][email protected]?Za"je^-^@l^(^x^-^x^"^j^)^^^2,[email protected]?R, is continuous and square integrable on (-~,~), and satisfies the interpolatory conditions I"@l(f)(x"j)=f(x"j), [email protected]?Z. It is shown that I"@l(f) converges to f in L"2(R), and also uniformly on R, as @l->0^+. In addition, the fundamental functions for the univariate interpolation process are defined, and some of their basic properties, including their exponential decay for large argument, are established. It is further shown that the associated interpolation operators are bounded on @?"p(Z) for every [email protected]?[1,~].
HOT SUBDWARF STARS AMONG THE OBJECTS REJECTED FROM THE PG CATALOG: A FIRST ASSESSMENT USING GALEX PHOTOMETRY

The hot subdwarf (sd) stars in the Palomar Green (PG) catalog of ultraviolet excess (UVX) objects play a key role in investigations of the frequency and types of binary companions and the distribution of orbital periods. These are important for establishing whether and by which channels the sd stars arise from interactions in close binary systems. It has been suggested that the list of PG sd stars is biased by the exclusion of many stars in binaries, whose spectra show the Ca I1 K line in absorption. A total of 1125 objects that were photometrically selected as candidates were ultimately rejected from the final PG catalog using this K-line criterion. We study 88 of these 'PG-Rejects' (PGRs), to assess whether there are significant numbers of unrecognized sd stars in binaries among the PGR objects. The presence of a sd should cause a large UVX, compared with the cool K-line star. We assemble GALEX, Johnson V, and 2MASS photometry and compare the colors of these PGR objects with those of known sd stars, cool single stars, and hot+cool binaries. Sixteen PGRs were detected in both the far- and near-ultraviolet GALEX passbands. Eleven of these, plus the 72 cases with only an upper limit in the far-ultraviolet band, are interpreted as single cool stars, appropriately rejected by the PG spectroscopy. Of the remaining five stars, three are consistent with being sd stars paired with a cool main sequence companion, while two may be single stars or composite systems of another type. We discuss the implications of these findings for the 1125 PGR objects as a whole. An enlarged study is desirable to increase confidence in these first results and to identify individual sd+cool binaries or other composites for follow-up study. The GALEX AIS data have sufficient sensitivity to carry out this larger study.
Alkynes as Equivalents of α-Diazo Ketones in Generating α-Oxo Metal Carbenes: A Gold-Catalyzed Expedient Synthesis of Dihydrofuran-3-ones

An expedient and reliable method for accessing reactive α-oxo gold carbenes via gold-catalyzed intermolecular oxidation of terminal alkynes has been developed. Significantly, this method offers a safe and economical alternative to the strategies based on diazo substrates. Its synthetic potential is demonstrated by expedient preparation of dihydrofuran-3-ones containing a broad range of functional groups.