cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Host Fruit Volatiles from Domestic Apple (Malus domestica), Native Black Hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) and Introduced Ornamental Hawthorn (C. monogyna) Attractive to Rhagoletis pomonella Flies from the Western United States

The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, infests apple (Malus domestica) and hawthorn species (most notably the downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis) in the eastern USA. Evidence suggests that the fly was introduced into the western USA sometime in the last 60 years. In addition to apple, R. pomonella also infests two species of hawthorns in the western USA as major hosts: the native black hawthorn (C. douglasii) and the introduced ornamental English hawthorn, C. monogyna. Apple and downy hawthorn-origin flies in the eastern USA use volatile blends emitted from the surface of their respective ripening fruit to find and discriminate among host trees. To test whether the same is true for western flies, we used coupled gas chromatography and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and developed a 7-component apple fruit blend for western apple-origin flies, an 8-component black hawthorn fruit blend for flies infesting C. douglasii, and a 9-component ornamental hawthorn blend for flies from C. monogyna. Crataegus douglasii and C. monogyna-origin flies showed similar levels of upwind directed flight to their respective natal synthetic fruit blends in flight tunnel assays compared to whole fruit adsorbent extracts, indicating that the blends contain all the behaviorally relevant fruit volatiles to induce maximal response levels. The black and ornamental hawthorn blends shared four compounds in common including 3-methylbutan-1-ol, which appears to be a key volatile for R. pomonella populations in the eastern, southern, and western USA that show a preference for fruit from different Crataegus species. However, the blends also differed from one another and from domesticated apple in several respects that make it possible that western R. pomonella flies behaviorally discriminate among fruit volatiles and form ecologically differentiated host races, as is the case for eastern apple and hawthorn flies.
SU-C-17A-06: Motion Compensation in Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI

Purpose: To apply a newly developed shape-based registration scheme for motion compensation in MR urography and verify its efficacy in facilitating quantitative functional analysis. Methods: We have recently developed a shape-based registration scheme that is robust w.r.t. intensity inconsistency. In this study, we utilized this robust registration tool to estimate kidney motion during the MRU scans and compensate for such motion to facilitate the quantitative functional analysis. To validate the efficacy of this scheme, MRU analysis was performed on dataset acquired from sedated subjects to obtain ground-truth (motion-free) functional estimates. Physiologically sound motion was then simulated to synthesize image sequences influenced by respiratory motion. Quantitative assessment and comparison were performed amongst ground-truth, calculations without and with motion compensation for the following set of functional parameters: the contrast dynamic of the left and right cortex, medulla and aorta, the Patlak number and the globular filtration rate (GFR) based on the Patalk-Rutland model, and the Patlak differential renal function (pDRF). Results: Without motion compensation, the generated relative enhancement curves contained large fluctuations and the estimated GFR values were underestimated by 26% (75.4 ml/min) and 30% (95.3 ml/min) compared with the ground truth of 101.9ml/min and 134.3ml/min for the left and right kidney respectively. Such large errors could result in misleading diagnosis if a typical threshold of 90ml/min were used to determine renal function abnormality. Upon proposed motion compensation, the relative enhancement curves were much smoother and the GFR estimation errors for the left and right kidneys reduced to 0.4% and 1.6% respectively, demonstrating the advantage of the introduced motion compensation method. Conclusion: The developed motion compensation method has demonstrated its ability to facilitate quantitative MRU functional analysis, with improved accuracy of pharmacokinetic modeling and quantitative parameter estimations. Future work will consider incorporating more complex and realistic pharmacokinetic models into the MRU analysis.
Resonant absorption and emission from localized core-hole states in Al2O3 and SiO2

Abstract We have compared the Al L23 and Si L23 emission and reflection spectra of Al2O3 and SiO2 to obtain information on the nature of the excited states in the presence of the L23 holes. A 5 m Rowland spectrometer, using a 600 l/mm grating mounted in grazing incidence was used to detect both electron excited soft X-ray emission and near normal soft X-ray reflection. We report fine structure in the emission spectra above the L23 edges which coincides with structure in the reflection spectra. These features appear both in the bandgap and in the conduction band. Such features within the bandgap are typically identified as excitons, while those in the conduction band must be localized excited states. Therefore, measurements of ϵ2, for SiO2 and Al2O3 above the L23 edge should be interpreted in terms of localized excitations in the presence of a core hole, rather than interband transitions.
Calculation of a Two-Electron-One-Photon Transition Rate for Fe

The transition rate for a correlated two-electron jump into the doubly ionized $K$ shell of Fe followed by emission of only one photon has been calculated using many-body perturbation theory. The ratio of the rate for the usual one-electron-one-photon transition to that of the two-electron-one-photon transition was calculated to be 0.563\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ in the length approximation and 0.586\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ in the velocity approximation. These results compare favorably with the ratio of (0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ measured recently by W\"olfli et al.
Congressional Parties and the Mobilization of Leadership PAC Contributions

Traditionally, observers have characterized leadership political action committees (LPACs) as tools used by political entrepreneurs to build personal coalitions supporting their power and policy goals. We argue that political context — namely, competition for control of the House and the advancement structures created by the parties — shapes the way House members use LPAC contributions to advance their careers. As congressional parties have become more oriented towards attaining majority status since the GOP takeover in 1995, LPAC contributions should have shifted towards helping the party win majority status rather than building individual coalitions. We use rare events logit to estimate the probability of incumbent to candidate contributions in the 1990, 1998 and 2004 election cycles. Our evidence shows that Democratic, but not Republican, LPAC contributions have generally become more party-centred as party margins have tightened.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION OF DIHYDROTACHYSTEROL AND CALCIFEROL TO RATS1

Dihydrotachysterol (Antitetanic preparation 10) an irradiation product of ergosterol, has been used for many years as a substitute for parathyroid extract in human therapy. Its use has been based on its ability to maintain near normal serum calcium levels in cases of hypoparathyroidism without producing the toxic effects or refractoriness after prolonged administration which often accompanies the use of parathyroid extract (MacBryde, 1938). However, the “calcemic principle” of dihydrotachysterol has been reported to be relatively non-specific for the various derivatives of irradiated ergosterol and has also been studied rather extensively for Vitamin D2 (Calciferol). McLean (1941) reviewed thoroughly the clinical uses of these two drugs in regard to their “calcemic activities” and came to the conclusion that both drugs were equally effective though calciferol required a dose approximately double that of dihydrotachysterol. In a more recent report (McLean, 1953), he has specified calciferol as the therapy ...
Concept learning embedded in a freshman engineering project on energy scavenging

This paper describes a freshman engineering hands-on project where students design and build a vibrating system that is used to perform energy scavenging experiments. By working on this project students become familiar with important engineering concepts, such as signal amplitude and frequency, in a simple manner. They also gain experience and an appreciation of standard engineering design practices. The pre- and post-processing survey shows that students increase their basic understanding of basic engineering concepts. In their reflection papers most students expressed a great deal of satisfaction with the project. A common concern stated in those papers was the large amount of time dedicated to successfully complete the various required tasks.
Does a Positive Bias Relate to Social Behavior in Children With ADHD

Abstract This study examines whether positively biased self-perceptions relate to social behaviors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as compared to control children. The social behaviors of children with ADHD ( n = 87) were examined relative to control children (CTL; n = 38) during a laboratory-based dyadic social interaction task. Children with ADHD were subgrouped into those with a positive illusory bias (PIB) in their self-perceptions (ADHD + PIB) versus those without such a bias (ADHD – PIB). Using a behavioral coding system adapted for this study, ADHD + PIB, ADHD – PIB, and CTL participants were compared on objectively coded social behaviors occurring within the context of the social interaction task. Whereas both ADHD groups displayed more disruptive behavior than controls, only the ADHD + PIB group displayed less prosocial behavior and less effortful behavior. This study breaks new ground by examining positively biased self-perceptions as they relate to social behavior in children with ADHD and provides promising new insight into the social problems experienced by these children.
Hydroelectric plant capability curves

This paper discusses the preparation and use of plant capability curves for conventional hydroelectric projects. The curves relate the turbine performance curves to actual field conditions so that one can tell at a glance the capability and the corresponding discharge of the plant.
Solar activity and the 11-year modulation of cosmic rays

The cosmic-ray intensity during the 18th and 19th solar cycles is examined in the light of Gnevyshev's suggestion of the presence of two maxima in each solar cycle. The 18th solar cycle (1944–54) has two prominent and widely separated cosmic-ray minima corresponding in phase with the two maxima in Bartel's Ap index. For the 19th solar cycle the existence of two minima is less prominent than for the 18th solar cycle. The maximum at higher solar latitudes is more effective in reducing cosmic-ray intensity than the maximum at the lower latitudes. Ap, however, has a larger maximum during the lower latitude solar maximum. A relation between Ap and cosmic-ray intensity is obtained. This relationship is shown to be consistent with Parker's solar-wind theory of the modulation of cosmic rays.
Enkephalin antinociception in mice is mediated by δ1- and δ2-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, respectively

Pharmacological evidence for the existence of δ-opioid receptor subtypes has been reported. This study was conducted to determine which type of δ-opioid receptors was involved supraspinally and spinally when antinociception was induced by the natural enkephalins, [Leu5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin. In the mouse tail flick assay, the antinociceptive ED50 values of both intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered [Leu5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin (together with the peptidase inhibitors, bestatin and thiorphan) were significantly increased by 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX), a selective δ1-opioid receptor antagonist but not by naltriben, a selective δ2-opioid receptor antagonist. On the other hand, when the enkephalins were administered intrathecally (i.t.), the antinociceptive ED50 values of both enkephalins were significantly raised by naltriben but not by BNTX. β-Endorphin-induced (i.c.v.) antinociception was antagonized by naltriben administered i.t. or s.c. but not by BNTX administered i.t. or s.c. Different δ-opioid receptor subtypes appeared to be involved in supraspinal (δ1) and spinal (δ2) antinociception induced by endogenous δ-opioid receptor agonists, [Leu5] and [Met5]enkephalin. The antinociception produced by i.c.v. administered β-endorphin has been attributed to the release of [Met5]enkephalin in the spinal cord and its antagonism by naltriben support the finding that enkephalins interact with δ2-opioid receptors in the spinal cord to mediate antinociception. β-Endorphin may be interacting at receptors other than δ1-or δ2-opioid receptors in the brain, perhaps the putative e receptors, to mediate their effects because neither i.c.v. administered BNTX nor naltriben inhibited its activity.
Phreatic eruption clouds: the activity of la Soufrière de Guadeloupe, F.W.I., August — October, 1976

From August to October, 1976, La Soufriere de Guadeloupe was observed, and recorded with an automated sequence camera and numerous handheld cameras. During the period of observation, the nature of volcanic activity ranged from mild steam emission to moderately energetic phreatic eruptions. Background fumarolic activity (steam emission) was characterized by the emission of generally tephra-free steam clouds 50 to 150 m above the summit. The clouds rose buoyantly above the vent and were blown downwind at prevailing wind velocities. Phreatic eruptions were well-documented on September 22, October 2, and October 4. In the latter two eruptions, small bursts of tephra-laden steam erupted at intervals of 30 to 45 min, and rose from 350 to 500 m above the summit. In the largest observed eruption, that of October 2, the steam and tephra cloud rose to a maximum height of 600 to 650 m in 20 min. A white vapor cloud and a medium gray, tephra-laden cloud were erupted simultaneously from the summit vent and both were surrounded by a vapor collar: the clouds were thoroughly mixed within 1 km downwind of the summit. The concurrent growth of clouds from separate vents (summit and flank) implies a common source. Simultaneous eruption of tephra-free and tephra-laden clouds from the same vent is puzzling and implies: (i) lateral changes in the degree of alteration of dome rocks along the elongate vent, hence erodability of the dome lavas, or (ii) differences in the gas velocities. These «mixed» clouds moved westward, downwind and downslope as a density current, along the watersheds of the R. Noire and R. des Peres with an approximate velocity of 10 to 25 m/sec. Upon reaching the sea the clouds continued to move forward, but at a decreased velocity, and spread laterally, having left behind the restrictions of valley walls. A thin gray veneer of moist tephra, ranging from several cm thick near the dome to less than 1 mm thick several km downwind, was deposited along a narrow corridor southwest of the summit. Tephra from the phreatic eruptions consisted mostly of hydrothermally altered lithic, mineral, and glass fragments derived from dome lavas; no fresh (juvenile) pyroclasts were present in the tephra. Absence of juvenile tephra at La Soufriere supports the view that activity was due to groundwater circulating in a vapor-dominated geothermal system, probably driven by a shallow heat source. At La Soufriere, most vapor-dominated systems are located in elevated areas of groundwater recharge where groundwater movement is downward and outward. The sporadic phreatic eruptions may be related to the rate of recharge of meteoric waters within the dome, the decrease in pore pressure during fortnightly tidal minimums or both. Whatever the triggering mechanism, vapor-dominated fluids eroded vent walls during phreatic eruptions and carried out fine-grained, hydrothermally altered, pre-existing dome material as tephra.
The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model with Implicit Contracts

In a world with multiplicative production uncertainty and implicit labor contracts, we show that the Rybczynski theorem retains its validity; therefore the quantity version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem survives as well. We also show that the Stolper-Samuelson theorem may not hold. A small increase in the price of the capital-intensive good may benefit labor. We derive a strong version of the factor price equalization theorem that shows free trade tends to equalize sector-specific unemployment rates and sector-specific factor prices across countries. Finally, we relate trade patterns to international differences in the degree of risk aversion.
Quinone-amine polyurethanes: new coupling agents for the steel-epoxy system

A new series of quinone-amine polyurethanes (QAPs) were synthesized using toluene diisocyanate, polytetrahydrofuran, and an amine-quinone monomer (AQM1). The AQM1 was synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, NMR). The QAP synthesis involved a two-step process and yielded block copolymers. These polymers were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis methods (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) and gel permeation chromatography. Steel coupons were treated with dilute solutions of the QAPs and analyzed using surface spectroscopic techniques (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection spectroscopy). These tests indicate that the polymer shows chemical interactions with the steel surface. The QAPs were tested for their efficiency as polymeric coupling agents to enhance the adhesion of steel to epoxy. The coupling agent treated epoxy–steel torsional joints were tested in shear. They demonstrated 10–15% dry strength improvement when compared to steel–epoxy controls. The QAPs can serve as very effective coupling agents for the steel–epoxy system. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1338–1350, 2000
Development Principles for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Integrating Cognitive Theory into the Development of Computer-Based Instruction.

This article describes a basic development model for an intelligent tutoring system (ITS): the interface, the student model, the expert model, and the pedagogical model. Because ITSs are a byproduct of research in cognitive science, we use this model to illustrate the possibilities for more extensive integration of cognitive learning theories into computer-based instruction (CBI). Two examples of CBI designed from this perspective are included to illustrate the possibilities of the model and to suggest that the dichotomy between CBI and ITSs need not be perpetuated.
Fish Harvest Resulting from Mechanical Control of Hydrilla

Abstract Mechanical harvesting of the submersed weed hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle, in Orange Lake, Florida entangled fish in the cut vegetation resulting in their disposal with the weeds on shore. Three block-net samples in dense hydrilla indicated fish standing crops (mean ± SD) of 205,000 ± 35,000 fish/hectare and 460 ± 30 kg/hectare. The estimated loss of fish to mechanical harvesting represented 32% of fish numbers and 18% of fish biomass. Fish most susceptible to mechanical removal with hydrilla were juvenile sportfish and smaller species. The monetary replacement value of the fish lost was estimated at over $6,000/hectare.
Reconceptualizing the psychiatric head nurse role

The increasing complexity and specialization of psychiatric services mandate changes in the management of people and the delivery of health care. These changes have occurred simultaneous with significant progress in the discipline of psychiatric nursing and its evolvement into expanding areas of clinical expertise, higher levels of education, and growing sophistication in research. Such significant changes require that the role of the psychiatric head nurse be reexamined and reformulated to facilitate its alignment with the current realities of the health care environment. Important considerations in redesigning the psychiatric head nurse role are identified, and an actualization of the new role in one inpatient setting is described.
Throughput improvement of incremental redundancy LDPC coded MIMO V-BLAST system

In this paper, we present ensembles of incremental redundancy low-density parity-check (IR-LDPC) codes to improve the throughput performance of hybrid forward error correction (FEC)/automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes in a vertical Bell lab layered space-time (V-BLAST) system. These ensembles are designed to have good error rate performance at short block lengths, which result in higher throughput performance. The throughput simulations in various fading conditions show that these ensembles outperform a conventional random punctured ensemble by 3 dB Eb/N0 at a throughput region of 0.8. To reduce the traffic of feedback channels, we consider using an adaptive code selection algorithm. In these adaptive hybrid FEC/ARQ schemes, the number of negative acknowledgement signals for retransmission is greatly reduced at operating SNR ranges without any significant throughput loss.
The biopsychosocial model and quality of life in persons with active epilepsy.

Abstract Background Despite a long recognized need in the field of the importance of the psychological and social factors in persons with epilepsy (PWE), the medical community has continued to focus primarily on seizures and their treatment (the biological–biomedical model). From the biopsychosocial perspective, a person's lived experience needs to be incorporated into the understanding of quality of life. While the biopsychosocial model has gained prominence over the years, it has not been studied much in epilepsy. Methods The study sample included 1720 PWE from the 2003 and the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Data were analyzed using set correlation, as it allows for the examination of the relative contribution of sets of independent variables (biological, psychological, and social domains) and a set of dependent variables (quality of life) of interest, defined as self-rated health status, self-rated mental health status, and life satisfaction. Results Results provide strong evidence that the full biopsychosocial model explained a significantly larger amount of variance in quality of life (R2 = 55.0%) compared with the biological–biomedical model alone (R2 = 24.8%). When the individual domains of the biopsychosocial model were controlled for, the psychological (R2 = 24.6%) and social (R2 = 18.5%) domains still explained a greater amount of the variance in quality of life compared with the biological–biomedical model (R2 = 14.3%). Conclusions While seizure freedom will continue to be an important treatment goal in epilepsy, the psychological and social domains are an important consideration for both interventional programs and clinical research designed to improve quality of life in PWE. Better integration of social workers and psychologists into routine care may help address these disparities.
A role for computer science in user services

Structured programming, structured Walk-through, design languages, pseudocode processors, etc., are just a few of the buzz words that are floating around today in computer science. But just how relevant are these concepts in supporting the variety of expertise and different levels of sophistication of computer users that exist in an academic environment. On one hand we have users who only want results and don't care how dirty their programs are, just as long as they work. On the other hand, we have faculty who wish to have their students use programs in undergraduate courses and therefore they are very conscious of the programs reliability and ease of use. We believe that students majoring in computer science, when properly trained, can do a tremendous job improving user services.Through an NSF CAUSE grant, our Department of Mathematics and Computer Science became directly involved in user services. Simply stated, we see three types of user support:1. Passive - This is simply saying that the equipment is here, if you want to use it, go ahead, and good luck;2. Reactive - The computer system is here, if you want to use it, give us a call and we will give you a hand;3. Active - The system is here and it has lots of capabilities, let's go out and do things to make it easier for people to use our system and let's make an active effort to make people aware of what we can do for them.We hope that no one in user services performs the passive role. Although we might all like to think of ourselves as being active, the fact is that we do spend a good deal of our efforts reacting to the requests of others. But what kinds of things can we do to become more active in our support for others? Here we describe some of the things we have done to take advantage of the training of some of our computer science majors. Our results are not all tremendous successes, but we do feel that we have made some progress and we do have some ideas on how we can continue with this approach in our attempts to improve user services.
Formulation and evaluation of a particulate oral breast cancer vaccine

Breast cancer being the most fatal form of cancer for female population, justifies exploration of immunotherapy as an alternative treatment. Here, we have formulated and evaluated an oral microparticulate breast cancer vaccine to provide a new line of therapy. The whole cell lysate of 4T07 murine breast cancer cells was incorporated in an aqueous polymer matrix and spray dried to formulate an enteric protected vaccine microparticle. These particles were characterized in vitro and then administered orally to female Balb/c mice in successive boosters. Serum antibody titers during the study were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Postvaccination animals were challenged with live 4T07 cells, and tumor growth was monitored. Flow cytometry studies were performed to analyze the role of T cells. Results show that the vaccine microparticles were 1-4 µm in volume diameter and neutral in charge. The particles were protected enterically and had sustained-release profile. Serum antibody titers of vaccinated animals increased significantly after boosters compared with controls (p < 0.05). Tumor challenge studies revealed that vaccinated animals developed significantly smaller tumors (p < 0.05). Significantly higher numbers of CD4(+) cells occurred in vaccinated animals (p < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that the particulate oral breast cancer vaccine was effective in providing protective immune response in the murine model.
High temperature embrittlement of NI and Ni-Cr alloys by trace elements

The effects of Sb, Sn, and Zr additions on the creep properties of Ni and Ni + 20 pct Cr are reported. Antimony and tin additions (~1 wt pct) induce extensive grain boundary cavitation in nickel, while smaller antimony additions had little effect on Ni + 20 pct Cr. Addition of 0.11 pct Zr to Ni + 20 pct Cr greatly inhibited grain boundary cavitation and reduced its Coble creep rate. Auger electron spectroscopy of cavitated specimens provided direct evidence of impurity segregation to cavity surfaces. Residual sulfur segregated most strongly, and was observed on cavity surfaces in all cavitated specimens. Tin segregated somewhat less intensely than sulfur, and antimony segregated only slightly. Segregation of antimony and sulfur to uncavitated portions of Ni + 1 pct Sb grain boundaries was also observed. These results are discussed in terms of segregation effects on energetic and transport properties of the grain boundaries and cavity surfaces.
Effects of ovariectomy and steroid replacement on hypothalamic lhrh content in aging female rats

To examine the role of age on the hypothalamic LHRH response to ovariectomy (ovx) and steroid replacement, young cycling (3-4 months) and old constant estrous (18-20 months) rats were ovariectomized. Two weeks later, rats were treated for 5 days with estradiol benzoate (E, 5 micrograms/kg), progesterone (P, 10 mg/kg), E + P (5 micrograms E + 10 mg/kg) or corn oil, after which time they were killed for determination of hypothalamic LHRH content. The young and old ovx rats had similar levels of LHRH in the medial basal (MBH) and anterior (AH) hypothalamus, but E treatment was only effective in increasing MBH-LHRH content in the young animals. There was no significant effect of P alone or in combination with E. In the second experiment, similar results were seen using a single dose of E (1 microgram/rat) in young and old ovx rats. In addition, the radioimmunoassay of LHRH using two different antibodies binding to different portions of LHRH gave similar results in young and old rats, suggesting that the LHRH peptide was being processed similarly in the two age groups. In conclusion, it appears that hypothalamic LHRH content of young and old ovx rats does not differ with age despite a marked attenuation of serum LH levels with age. The hypothalamus from old rats, however, is less responsive to steroid stimulation of LHRH content.
Syncope and other vasovagal reactions at interval insertion of Lippes loop D--who is most vulnerable?

Syncope and other vasovagal reactions occasionally occur at or immediately after IUD insertion. This analysis, using an international data set comprised of interval insertions of Lippes Loop D, found that women who are primiparous (as compared to those who are multiparous), and/or those who want more children are at higher risk for vasovagal reactions and deserve more careful counseling and gentler cervical manipulation. Moderate to severe pelvic pain at insertion is closely associated with the development of vasovagal reaction. Measures to alleviate or prevent pain at insertion could reduce the incidence of vasovagal reactions.
An umpolung of aryl and vinyl halides using tris-(trimethylsilyl)aluminum an approach to meta- and para-bridged aromatics

Abstract Nickel and palladium catalysts effect the chemoselective and stereo-controlled umpolung of aryl and vinyl halides to trimethylsilyl derivatives; this reaction permits a regioselective approach to cyclophanes.
Keeping Mind in Mind: Reflection and Mentalization in the Service-Learning Classroom

Service-learning is the integration of community service into a classroom curriculum. Facilitator-led “reflection” encourages students to examine their experiences. This article describes dissertation research in which the researcher/facilitator in a high school service-learning reflection class utilizes mentalization theory in reflection sessions to help students become more aware of their own mental states, and to reflect on the mental states of others.
Cross Section for Energy Transfer Between Two Moving Particles

The classical cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}$, for producing a specified energy transfer $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ in the collision of two particles 1,2 having arbitrary masses and velocities ${\mathbf{v}}_{1}$,${\mathbf{v}}_{2}$ in the laboratory system, is derived. The effective average (for fixed speeds ${v}_{1}$,${v}_{2}$) of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}$ over all directions of the particle velocities ${\mathbf{v}}_{1}$ and/or ${\mathbf{v}}_{2}$ is then computed. These results are required in the classical calculations of atomic-collision cross sections via the procedures recently proposed by Gryzinski. The method will yield the average of any function $F(v,V,cos\ensuremath{\theta})$ over all directions of the particle velocities, where v=${\mathbf{v}}_{1}$-${\mathbf{v}}_{2}$, V is the velocity of the center of mass, and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between v and V.
Kinetics: Gaussian statistics in granular gases

A kinetic theory1,2 of granular media, analogous to that described by Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics for molecular gases and liquids3,4, has long been sought in the quest for a continuum theory. Here we present results from a two-layer, vertically vibrated granular system, in which an oscillating plate drives a horizontal layer of heavy grains, which in turn drives an overlying horizontal layer of lighter grains. In the second layer, but not in the first, we find that the velocity distributions are gaussian — a result that is observed for a wide variety of driving and density parameters, indicating that the second layer's behaviour is much more gas-like than was previously seen in driven granular media. This similarity to molecular gases brings a kinetic theory of granular media a step closer.
The opioidergic-alcohol link : implications for treatment.

Preclinical and clinical data implicate the endogenous opioid system in alcohol dependence. In vitro studies show that rodent pituitary and hypothalamic tissue responds to acute exposure to alcohol by releasing β-endorphins. In vivo studies suggest differential activity of endogenous opioid receptors in rodents with high and low alcohol preference. Similarly, humans with a family history of alcohol dependence also show a heightened endorphin response to an acute challenge of alcohol compared with those with no family history of alcohol dependence. The effects of opioid agonists and antagonists on rodent and human alcohol consumption further support the opioid-alcohol link. In rodents and humans, small doses of opioid agonists increase alcohol consumption, while pretreatment with large doses decreases consumption. The opioid antagonist naltrexone decreases rodent alcohol consumption, particularly in low doses under acute and intermittent schedules. Most clinical trials in patients with alcohol dependence support modest therapeutic effects of naltrexone in decreasing alcohol consumption. Efforts to identify subgroups of alcohol-dependent patients responsive to naltrexone, as well as psychosocial and pharmacological augmentation strategies, may further improve the clinical usefulness of the drug.
Avalanches, hydrodynamics, and discharge events in models of sandpiles

Motivated by recent studies of Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381 (1987); Phys. Rev. A 38, 364 (1988)], we study self-organized criticality in models of ``running'' sandpiles. Our analysis reveals rich temporal structures in the flow of sand: at very short time scales, the flow is dominated by single avalanches. These avalanches overlap at intermediate time scales; their interactions lead to 1/f noise in the flow. We show that scaling in this region is a consequence of conservation laws and is exhibited in many examples of driven-diffusion equations for transport. At very long time scales, the sandpiles exhibit system-wide discharge events. These events also obey scaling and are found to be anticorrelated. We derive the ${\mathit{f}}^{1/2}$ mean-field power spectrum for these events and show that a threshold instability of the model, coupled with some stochasticity, is the underlying origin of the long-time anticorrelation.
Impact of relational coordination on job satisfaction and quality outcomes: a study of nursing homes

This article develops a relational perspective on the coordination of work. Existing theory suggests that relational forms of coordination should improve performance in settings that are highly interdependent, uncertain and time-constrained. Going beyond previous work, we argue that relational coordination should also improve job satisfaction by helping employees to accomplish their work more effectively and by serving as a source of positive connection at work. Using a cross-sectional sample of nursing aides and residents in 15 nursing homes, we investigate the impact of relational coordination on quality outcomes and job satisfaction.
Bipolar optical modulation and demodulation using dual-mode fiber and a fast diffusion-driven photodetector

A bipolar fiber-optic signal processing and photodetection concept which combines a dual-mode optical fiber with a fast diffusion-driven photodetector is demonstrated. A discussion of the concept is given, and the results of a simple experiment are given. Various permutations of the ideas described can permit different kinds of coherent and incoherent optical-signal processing and optical control of pulsed photodetection. >
Uridine, phenylalanine and glucosamine incorporation into Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in a defined media and in threonine deficient media.

Abstract 1. 1. Uridine incorporation was suppressed in threonine deficient Tetrahymena. 2. 2. Recovery of the capacity to incorporate uridine upon restoring threonine to the growth media was slower than observed for amino acid recovery. 3. 3. Macromolecular synthesis in the heavy cellular particles such as nuclei and mitochondria was several times greater than in the soluble cytoplasmic fractions. 4. 4. Glucosamine as well as phenylalanine incorporation occurred predominantly in the heavy fractions initially. 5. 5. Microsomes, microsomal membrane and microsomal supernatant were not extensively labelled by uridine, phenylalanine and glucosamine at short time intervals. 6. 6. Heavy cellular particles play a pivotal role in protein and macromolecular biosynthesis in Tetrahymena. 7. 7. Labelling pattern indicates that cytoplasmic fractions and cytoplasmic membranes are labelled before surface membrane. 8. 8. Available data indicate that macromolecular biosynthesis occurs in the heavy particles and is transported to the surface and cell surface membrane.
Premature or Just Small? Training Guatemalan Birth Attendants to Weigh and Assess Gestational Age of Newborns: An Analysis of Outcomes

We describe Guatemalan birth attendants’ identification of vulnerable newborns, their evaluation of gestational age and anthropometry, and the validity of the Capurro and New Ballard newborn gestational age assessment methods. We interviewed 49 birth attendants and trained 10 of these women to assess 63 newborns. The Capurro and Ballard methods were correlated (Spearman rho = .75, p < .001) and showed agreement (Bland-Altman plot, difference and bias, −0.33 ± 1.3 weeks). Prematurity was estimated at 27% (Ballard) and 24% (Capurro); low birth weight (LBW) was 30%. Capurro provided a simplified, equivalent estimate of gestational age compared with New Ballard that could be used by birth attendants.
Effect of maturity, storage temperature, and storage time on greening of potato tubers

Significant differences occurred in the greening of potato tubers among six varieties tested. The degree of greening was influenced by maturity, storage temperature, and length of time in storage. The response to greening of all clones tested was in the same direction but the degree of greening differed. Tubers which were harvested early greened less than those harvested at maturity. However, tubers held at 70 F for one month after harvest greened less than on the normal harvest date. Tubers stored at low temperature, 40 F, greened more than those stored at 55 F or 70 F. Tubers greened less after 4 months' storage than those stored for 2 months.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 136

Abstract The 1961 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 136 has been revised according to experimental data received before September 1, 1973. Selected experimental data, discussions for J π -assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. Additional data now detail the decays of 136 Te, 136 Pm, and 136 Nd, and the level structure for 136 Xe, 136 Ba, 136 Ce, 136 Pr, and 136 Nd are improved significantly. The low-lying levels in 136 Ba are very well established. Additional information on the higher excitations in 136 Ba is needed, possibly through more definitive 135 Ba(n,γ) 136 Ba experiments. The relative positions of the isomers in 136 I and the details of the level structure for 136 La and 136 Cs are still unknown. Areas of continuing experimental interest are the decays of 136m I, 136 Nd, 136 Pm, and the quasirotational levels of 136 Ce and 136 Nd. The level structure of 136 Xe( 136 Pr) will be subject to major additions (complete revision) in the near future. These new decay data were not included in this evaluation because of their preliminary nature.
Student and Faculty Guide to Improved Technical Writing

Good writing skills are essential for civil engineers to communicate effectively with clients, contractors, regulators, and the public. Technical reports and papers should present information clearly and concisely. Civil engineering students should be urged to sharpen writing skills through regular, frequent practice in all technical undergraduate classes. This paper is presented as a writing aid and motivational tool for civil engineering faculty and students. It is vitally important that all faculty provide ample opportunity and motivation for students to practice writing. Examples of poorly written passages from student reports and discussions of ways to improve them are included in this paper. Also included are tables and appendices of helpful comments. This paper is not meant to replace all the excellent references available on English grammar and technical writing but to supplement them. The examples and discussions in this paper should illustrate, and help eliminate, those errors frequently observed in civil engineering reports.
Time dependent electrical skin model: For the testing of electrocutaneous stimulating electrodes

Skin resistance changes dynamically during the time course of an external electrical stimulation. An embedded system was developed to provide a dynamic impedance in response to external stimulations. A microprocessor adjusts the series resistance component of an impedance based on a preprogrammed function. This skin impedance model is useful for testing devices involving electrocutaneous stimulation or functional electrical stimulation.
Pre-eruptive reheating during magma mixing at Quizapu volcano and the implications for the explosiveness of silicic arc volcanoes

Effusive-explosive transitions are observed in volcanoes erupting water-rich magmas that lack mineralogical evidence of degassing, suggesting that gas loss occurred rapidly and ascent was fast despite the high viscosity of rhyodacitic to rhyolitic melts. Here, we show that pre-eruptive heating of water-rich, silicic magma by mixing with hot recharge in subvolcanic chambers controls the effusive-explosive transition. Volcan Quizapu (Chile) emitted a 5 km3 mingled dacite-andesite lava flow in A.D. 1846–1847 that was ∼130 °C hotter than the 5 km3 of the same dacite that lead to a Plinian eruption in A.D. 1932. We explain the suppression of explosive fragmentation in the 1846–1847 lavas by enhanced syneruptive magma degassing as a consequence of late reheating following mixing with andesite recharge. Higher magma temperatures led to the transitioning into effusive eruptive behavior by significantly accelerating volatile diffusion and lowering melt viscosity, which facilitated bubble nucleation, growth, and coalescence, while also inhibiting brittle fragmentation. Thus, recharge by mafic magmas in subvolcanic magma chambers may reduce the risk of explosive eruptions in cases where heat can be efficiently transferred to cold, volatile-rich silicic magmas.
Indexicality and spectatorship in digital media: waking life as hybrid digital artifact

This essay explores changes in concepts of realism and spectatorship in the digital age. With digital technology, images no longer bear witness to reality in the same way envisioned by theorists such as Andre Bazin, and a new model of spectatorship must follow this loss of indexicality. The digital rotoscoping technique employed in Richard Linklater's /Waking Life/demonstrates this split between reality and image, in part by preserving the real beneath an entirely created artistic surface.
Prolonged indomethacin therapy for the prevention of recurrences of patent ductus arteriosus

We tested the hypothesis that prolonged maintenance indomethacin therapy would allow more effective closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and thereby decrease the recurrence rate. Thirty-nine low birthweight neonates ( p p
Oscillation Periods of Neutron Stars

Effect of three-body nuclear potential and two neutron-neutron potentials on radial oscillation periods of neutron stars
An application of survival and frailty analysis to the study of taxi-out time: A case of New York Kennedy Airport

This study uses survival models to evaluate how selected operational factors affect the duration of aircraft taxi-out times at John F. Kennedy Airport, New York. Frailty models help assess whether fixed or random effects are likely to explain differences between two summers, 2006 and 2007. The hourly departure records for summer are censored when operations occurred below the airport's ceiling and visibility minima, that is, in instrument meteorological conditions. Cox regression models showed that block delay and the percent of airport utilized capacity are most likely to increase the risk of longer taxi-out times in instrument meteorological conditions compared with other factors such as departure delays, arrival delays and the volume of departures. Frailty analysis reveals that taxi-out times are not significantly affected by either fixed or random effects.
Non-standard posynomial geometric programs

Non-standard posynomial geometric programs are non-linear programs that can be transformed into posynomial geometric programs. In this paper, new classes of nonstandard geometric programs are introduced. We focus on minimax posynomial programs and fractional posynomial programs. A complete duality theory is developed for each class.
New results in incommensurate crystals: Kink diffusion and long‐period lock‐in phases

Two new results for incommensurate phases of crystals are discussed: the experimental observation of a q2 dependence of the inverse relaxation time observed in the hypersonic regime via near-forward Brillouin scattering experiments, tentatively interpreted as kink diffusion, and the theoretical demonstration that long-period lock-in phases observed in crystals which are simultaneously ferroelectric in their incommensurate phases are stabilized by the spontaneous polarization field. This theory explains the observed limits of incommensurate wave vector in BaMnF4 as a function of temperature: 2a*/5 = 0.399a*–0.389a* = 5a*/13, where the 2/5 value is the low-temperature limit and the 5/13 value is the high-temperature limit. It also explains one mechanism for stabilizing the 2/5 phase at lower temperatures than are permitted in the ANNNI (axial next-nearest neighbour Ising) model of Yamada and Hamaya in the absence of a spontaneous polarization field.