cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Near Infrared Galaxy Atlas Using GRIM at Apache Point Observatory

The University of Chicago near infrared group delivered the Near Infrared Grism Spectrometer and Imager (GRIM) to Apache Point Observatory in June 1992. The instrument is discussed by Hereld, Rauscher, Harper, and Pernic (1990). A more complete discussion will appear in Hereld, Rauscher, Harper et al. (1994).
La question de l'État européen, le juriste et la ruse de la construction communautaire

La question de l’Etat europeen, au sens ou elle est posee par Jean-Marc Ferry, evoque pour le juriste celle d’une « constitution » pour l’Europe. Ces deux ques-tions ne sont toutefois pas identiques, ne serait-ce que parce qu’elles relevent de disciplines differentes. Quatre fils tissent la reflexion suggeree par l’auteur. D’une part, la distinction classique entre constitution materielle et constitution formelle est revisitee. D’autre part, le developpement de la Communaute de droit est repla-ce dans le contexte elargi des continuites et discontinuites qui ont partout caracte-rise les processus de transformation des Etats de droit en Etats sociaux.
Single Crystal Deformation Experiments for Validation of Dislocation Dynamics Simulations

A new experimental apparatus has been developed for performing compression deformation experiments on high-purity Mo single crystals. These experiments provide data that can validate 3-D dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations. The experiments are performed under conditions that allow unconstrained deformation; thus, a relatively uniform state of axial stress is maintained during deformation. In the following sections, we describe the new experimental apparatus and our results from experiments performed at ambient temperature at a strain rate of s{sup -1}. Validation criteria based on the Mo experiments may include comparing the stress-strain response using 3-D strain information, the predicted slip-system yield, and work-hardening behavior.
DUETTING AND CHORUS SINGING IN AFRICAN BIRDS

(1971). DUETTING AND CHORUS SINGING IN AFRICAN BIRDS. Ostrich: Vol. 42, No. sup1, pp. 125-146.
Network capacity under traffic symmetry: Wireline and wireless networks

The problem of designing near optimal strategies for multiple unicast traffic in wireline networks is wide open; however, channel symmetry or traffic symmetry can be leveraged to show that routing can achieve with a polylogarithmic approximation factor of the edge-cut bound. For the same problem, the edge-cut bound is known to only upper bound rates of routing flows and unlike the information theoretic cut-set bound, it does not upper bound (capacity-achieving) information rates with general strategies. In this paper, we demonstrate that under channel or traffic symmetry, the edge-cut bound upper-bounds general information rates, thus providing a capacity approximation result. The key technique is a combinatorial result relating edge-cut bounds to generalized network sharing bounds. Finally, we generalize the results to wireless networks via an intermediary class of combinatorial graphs known as polymatroidal networks-our main result is that a natural architecture separating the physical and networking layers is near optimal when the traffic is symmetric among source-destination pairs, even when the channel is asymmetric (due to asymmetric power constraints, or prior frequency allocation like frequency division duplexing). This result is complementary to an earlier work of two of the authors proving a similar result under channel symmetry.
Interaction of massless fermions with instantons

We develop a systematic method of calculating the massless fermion propagation function and fermion-induced effective action in the background gauge field of an arbitrary number of widely separated instantons and anti-instantons. The results exhibit a strongly non-local nature of instanton interactions with massless fermions. Using these results, we also demonstrate that the ordinary perturbation theory vacuum is not allowed in QCD with massless fermions, since the cluster decomposition for certain correlation functions is violated due to widely separated instanton-anti-instanton bound states. The underlying mechanism is identical to that in the Schwinger model.
Progesterone and autoimmune disease

Sexual dimorphism in human immune systems is most apparent in the female predominance of certain autoimmune diseases (ADs) like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Epidemiologic, observational and experimental evidence strongly suggest sex steroids are important modulators of genetic risk in human AD. In this regard, the roles of progesterone (Pg), an immunomodulatory female sex steroid, are poorly understood. Several lines of investigation indicate Pg and synthetic progestins impact risk of AD and immune-mediated injury in different ways depending on their concentrations and their engagement of various Pg receptors expressed in immune organs, immune cells or tissues targeted by immune attack. At low physiologic levels, Pg may enhance interferon-alpha (IFN-α) pathways important in SLE pathogenesis. Commonly used synthetic progestins may have the opposite effect. At pregnancy levels, Pg may suppress disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS) via inhibition of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 pathways and induction of anti-inflammatory molecules. Importantly, Pg's immunomodulatory effects differ from those of estrogens and androgens. An additional layer of complexity arises from apparent interdependence of sex hormone signaling pathways. Identifying mechanisms by which Pg and other sex steroids modulate risk of AD and immune-mediated injury will require clarification of their cellular and molecular targets in vivo. These future studies should be informed by recent genetic discoveries in human AD, particularly those revealing their sex-specific genetic associations.
EXTRACTING PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE FROM SOFTWARE SYSTEMS USING INDUCTIVE LEARNING IN THE PM SYSTEM

Biggerstaff and Richter suggest that there are four fundamental subtasks associated with operationalizing the reuse process [1]. They are finding reusable components, understanding these components, modifying these components, and composing components. Each of these sub-problems can be re-expressed as a knowledge acquisition sub-problem relative to producing a new representation for the components that make them more suitable for future reuse. In this paper, we express the first two subtasks for the software reuse activity, as described by Biggerstaff and Richter, as a problem in Machine Learning. From this perspective, the goal of software reuse is to learn to recognize reusable software in terms of code structure, run-time behavior, and functional specification. The Partial Metrics (PM) System supports the acquisition of reusable software at three different levels of granularity: the system level, the procedural level, and the code segment level. Here, we describe how the system extracts procedural knowledge from an example Pascal software system that satisfies a set of structural, behavioral, and functional constraints. These constraints are extracted from a set of positive and negative examples using inductive learning techniques. The constraints are expressed quantitatively in terms of various quality models and metrics. The general characteristics of learned constraints that were extracted from a variety of applications libraries are discussed.
Long Carbon Nanotubes Grown on the Surface of Fibers for Hybrid Composites

Hybrid composite architectures employing traditional advanced composites and carbon nanotubes offer significant potential mechanical and multifunctional performance benefits. The architecture investigated here is composed of aligned fibers with carbon nanotubes grown radially on their surface. A novel process for rapidly growing dense, long, high-quality, aligned carbon-nanotube forests is employed. Two fundamental issues related to realizing hybrid composite architectures are investigated experimentally: wetting of the carbon nanotubes by thermoset polymers and retention of mechanical (stiffness and strength) properties of the fibers after the carbon-nanotube growth process. Wetting of carbon-nanotube forests by two commercial polymers (including a highly viscous epoxy) is demonstrated at rates conducive to creating a fully dispersed carbon-nanotube/matrix region around the fibers in a typical composite. Single-fiber tension tests indicate no mechanical degradation for alumina fibers undergoing the carbon-nanotube growth process. Results indicate that hybrid carbon-nanotube/composite architectures are feasible, and future work focuses on mechanical and multifunctional property characterization of other hybrid architectures and scaling to a continuous carbon-nanotube growth process.
Where the homeless children and youth come from: A study of the residential origins of the homeless in Miami-Dade County, Florida

Abstract This study investigates where homeless children and youth come from and identifies factors associated with the spatial distribution of the residential origins of homeless children and youth. Data was obtained through a point-in-time homelessness survey in Miami-Dade County, Florida in January 2005. The study identified 545 homeless children and youth in 219 homeless families whose residential origins in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Their residential origins are not heavily concentrated in poor neighborhoods, but are also located in less poor neighborhoods. The study reveals that domestic violence that is not confined strictly to neighborhoods of high poverty is the factor that explains the spatial distribution of the residential origins of homeless children and youth. This study also reveals that areas characterized by deprivation are strongly and positively significant in producing more homeless children and youth.
Active Control of Flutter in Compressible Flow and Its Aeroelastic Scaling

A new two-pronged approach suitable for the general aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic scaling of any aeroelastic cone guration is presented. The method produces aeroelastic scaling laws for general cone gurations, and it is particularly useful for situations involving active controls and smart-materials-based actuation. This approach is illustrated by applying it to a two-dimensional wing section in compressible e ow, combined with a trailing-edge control surface. Augmentedaerodynamicstatesarereconstructedusing a Kalman e lter, and linearoptimal control isused to design a full-statefeedback e uttersuppression controller. Constraints on actuator dee ection and rateare alsoconsidered.Inasecondexample,e uttersuppressionfora typicalcrosssectionwithaconventionaltrailing-edge control surface is compared with that obtained with piezoelectric actuation utilizing bend/twist coupling. Nomenclature [A] = system matrix [AH] = Hamiltonian system matrix a = nondimensional offset between elastic axis (EA) and midchord [B] = open-loop control matrix in state space b = airfoil semichord [C] = observation matrix, y(t) = [C]{x(t)} C(k) = Theodorsen’ s lift dee ciency function Ch, Cl, Cm = hinge moment, lift, and pitch moment coefe cients per unit span CP, ¯ CP = power coefe cient and its average value
Abstract 784A: Profiling pancreatic cancer metabolism and tumor microenvironment for therapy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Pancreatic cancers have one of the highest fatality rates among all cancers and their response to therapies is highly variable. We have recently shown that inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and glutaminase (GLS) through small drug-like molecules causes pancreatic tumor regression. These studies indicate that targeting the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is a promising new approach to pancreatic cancer therapy. In order to translate these metabolic inhibitors to the clinic, our goal is to characterize and enable targeted selection of patients based on predicted metabolic response. Although genetic mutations may ultimately be the prime causes of early stage cancer, they can also lead to changes in cancer metabolism which enable cancer cells to proliferate and survive even under the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived conditions often encountered in the tumor microenvironment. The biochemical changes in cancer cells, which determine their behavior in terms of growth, survival and mobility, represent a functional readout of responses to external agents. We hypothesize that the metabolites of tumors that are sensitive to metabolic inhibitors are measurably different from those of resistant ones. We can therefore propose these metabolites as potential functional predictors of response. The proposed research will also study the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment that can affect pancreatic cancer sensitivity to LDHA and GLS inhibition. The proposed experiments will use Metabolomics technology to trace the metabolic prototypes of pancreatic orthotopic xenografts to identify the metabolic signature of FX11 or BPTES-sensitive tumors as compared to resistant ones. For an analysis of the effects due to the tumor hypoxic microenvironment, we will use our innovative tool, the HypoxCR reporter system, which can simultaneously detect hypoxic cells and proliferating cells to define the effects of the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment on their sensitivity to metabolic inhibitors. This will be the first evaluation of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment in regards to how it affects the response of subfractions of pancreatic orthotopic xenograft tumor cells to metabolic inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 784A. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-784A
Immunohistochemical demonstration of enkephalin-containing nerve fibers in guinea pig and rat lungs.

Met-enkephalin (Met-Enk) and Leu-enkephalin (Leu-Enk), the opioid peptides originally isolated from the brain, are believed to act as inhibitory neuromodulators at various synaptic sites. In this immunohistochemical study, we have investigated the localization and distribution of Met- and Leu-Enk immunoreactivities in airways and pulmonary vessels of guinea pigs and rats. Immunoreactivities to both peptides were found in nerve fibers and nerve terminals distributed mainly to the trachea and major bronchi, and were especially prevalent in the smooth muscle layer, in the lamina propria, and around tracheal and bronchial glands, but not in the epithelium. Few immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Enkephalin-immuno-reactive nerve fibers were also localized in the walls of pulmonary and bronchial vessels. Within airway microganglia, immunoreactivity was observed in a few nerve terminals, but not in ganglion cell bodies. Met- and Leu-Enk immunoreactive nerve fib...
Concanavalin a binds to purified prolyl hydroxylase and partially inhibits its enzymic activity

Abstract Prolyl hydroxylase [(EC 1.14.11.2; prolyl-glycyl peptide, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (4-hydroxylating)] was electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and the enzyme in the gels was shown to bind [acetyl- 3 H]concanavalin A. The enzyme-lectin complex was dissociated by treating the gel with methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, a sugar known to inhibit binding of concanavalin A to glycoproteins. Furthermore, prolyl hydroxylase activity was partially inhibited by concanavalin A when the enzyme was assayed in the absence of bovine serum albumin, a protein which enhances enzymic activity. The inhibition of enzyme activity was prevented by sugars known to react with concanavalin A.
Subitizing and counting depend on different attentional mechanisms: Evidence from visual enumeration in afterimages

Two experiments showed that, when selective eye movements were disabled by the presentation of stimuli in the form of afterimages, increased inspection time and facilitative stimulus configurations failed to increase the subitizing limit of 4 objects. Afterimages of two to eight dots induced by a photographic flashgun were shown to 3 adult subjects. For more than 4 objects, enumeration errors occurred at a rate of 20%–30%. Enumeration was effectively perfect for 2–4 linearly configured dots, with occasional errors surprisingly occurring in that range when dots appeared in groups of up to 3 items. No errors occurred in nonafterimage control conditions. Enumeration errors were attributed to failures of individuating dots to be counted due to the deactivation of selective eye movements in afterimages. A third experiment supported this interpretation by disabling eye movements with briefly presented stimuli and producing results much like those of the afterimage conditions.
Intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil.

Abstract In a series of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats fed orally, the LD-80 dosage of 5-FU was determined to be 15 mg/kg/day for 7 days. When this dosage was given to a series of rats nourished entirely parenterally by intravenous hyperalimentation, there was a lower incidence of gastrointestinal toxicity, and the mean survival rate was twice that obtained in the orally fed group. In a pilot series of 10 cachectic human beings with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon, who were treated simultaneously with 5-FU and intravenous hyperalimentation, the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly reduced, tolerance to 5-FU per unit time was doubled, and response rate (50% reduction in measurable tumor mass) was 40%, which is greater than that usually reported in comparable patients fed by mouth.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccination in Older Adults

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Vaccination in older adults is intended to prevent S pneumoniae infections, yet little information is available regarding its efficacy in this patient population. Objective The aim of this article was to review the current literature to determine the efficacy and tolerability of S pneumoniae vaccination in older adults. Methods PubMed (1950–present) and EMBASE (1974–present) were searched using the search terms Streptococcus pneumoniae immunization, pneumococcus immunization, pneumococcus vaccine , and aged . Additional articles were identified from the reference lists of included studies. Studies were included if they reported information in older (55– S pneumoniae , estimates of vaccine coverage, recommendations for vaccination, tolerability, and efficacy and/or effectiveness of vaccination against S pneumoniae. Results Six randomized controlled trials and 18 observational studies that evaluated the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in older and elderly adults were reviewed. Findings from evaluations of efficacy, as measured by clinical outcomes and immunogenicity, in older adults have been conflicting, with some subsets of prospective, well-controlled studies finding little benefit, whereas findings from several retrospective studies have suggested significant benefit. This discord may have been a result of the limited power of the prospective subanalyses to detect significant differences. Conclusions In light of the potential clinical benefit and few reports of serious adverse events, vaccination in older adults is likely warranted. Prospective, well-controlled studies are needed to better quantitatively evaluate the benefit of pneumococcal vaccine in older adults.
Dialysis costs: results of a diverse sample study.

Dialysis costs: Results of a diverse sample study. A study of dialysis costs in five major dialysis centers throughout the United States was conducted in 1973. When available, home, home training, limited care, satellite and in-hospital-full-care dialysis were included. The study's objective was to determine the cost per dialysis for each separate dialysis modality. All costs associated with the dialysis procedure were included. Using a uniform methodology, costs were collected on four care levels which vary significantly from each other in the use of direct labor. They are as follows: home, home care training, limited care and full care. Costs were also segregated into five expenditure categories: personnel, supplies, travel, equipment and other. The study was designed to show the range of costs in five "representative" centers throughout the country, but not to provide statistical "average" of dialysis costs. Cost per dialysis ranged from $33 to 66 for the home patient group, $100 to 116 for limited care, $144 to 172 for in-hospital and $146 to 259 for the home training units.
C. elegans detects pathogen-induced translational inhibition to activate immune signaling.

Summary Pathogens commonly disrupt host cell processes or cause damage, but the surveillance mechanisms used by animals to monitor these attacks are poorly understood. Upon infection with pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the nematode C. elegans upregulates infection response gene irg-1 using the zip-2 bZIP transcription factor. Here we show that P. aeruginosa infection inhibits mRNA translation in the intestine via the endocytosed translation inhibitor Exotoxin A, which leads to an increase in ZIP-2 protein levels. In the absence of infection we find that the zip-2/irg-1 pathway is upregulated following disruption of several core host processes, including inhibition of mRNA translation. ZIP-2 induction is conferred by a conserved upstream open reading frame in zip-2 that could derepress ZIP-2 translation upon infection. Thus, translational inhibition, a common pathogenic strategy, can trigger activation of an immune surveillance pathway to provide host defense.
Peripheral catecholamines and memory: Characteristics of syrosingopine-induced amnesia

Abstract The effect of syrosingopine on retention of a passive avoidance trial in mice was investigated. The drug given in doses of 2.5, 4.0 or 6.0 mg/kg 2 hr before training, but not when given 24 or 0.5 hr before or immediately after training, resulted in amnesia 7 days later. Dopamine or norepinephrine administered systemically 15 min before to 10 min after training was able to block the syrosingopine-induced amnesia. The role of peripheral catecholamines in memory formation was discussed.
Kohler's Rule and the Transverse Magnetoresistance of Very Dilute Cu Mn, Cu Fe, and Cu Co Alloys

The transverse magnetoresistance has been measured at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in polycrystalline alloys of Cu containing Co, Fe, or Mn, three solutes of respectively increasing magnetism. The solute concentrations are in the range 9-4000 at. ppm. Deviations from Kohler's rule in the low-field condition confirm the relative anisotropies of the solute potential scattering previously obtained from the Hall effect, and incidentally lead to a value of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{B}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}}$ of 0.9 for Co in Cu. The dependence upon solute concentration of the negative magnetoresistance in the CuMn alloys (23-271 ppm) shows an unexplained property: It is concentration independent and in agreement with previous work for the more concentrated samples, but becomes dependent upon concentration below about 70 ppm where no previous measurements exist. The importance of sample size effects in such measurements upon very dilute alloys is illustrated.
Phosphodiesterase 2A is a major negative regulator of iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse alveolar macrophages

PDE2A is a dual-function PDE that is stimulated by cGMP to hydrolyze cAMP preferentially. In a two-hit model of ALI, we found previously that PDE2A decreased lung cAMP, up-regulated lung iNOS, and exacerbated ALI. Recent data suggest that macrophage iNOS expression contributes to ALI but later, promotes lung-injury resolution. However, macrophage iNOS is increased by cAMP, suggesting that PDE2A could negatively regulate macrophage iNOS expression. To test this, we examined the effects of manipulating PDE2A expression and function on LPS-induced iNOS expression in a mouse AM cell line (MH-S) and primary mouse AMs. In MH-S cells, LPS (100 ng/ml) increased PDE2A expression by 15% at 15 min and 50% at 6 h before decreasing at 24 h and 48 h. iNOS expression appeared at 6 h and remained increased 48 h post-LPS. Compared with control Ad, Ad.PDE2A-shRNA enhanced LPS-induced iNOS expression further by fourfold, an effect mimicked by the PDE2A inhibitor BAY 60–7550. Adenoviral PDE2A overexpression or treatment with ANP decreased LPS-induced iNOS expression. ANP-induced inhibition of iNOS was lost by knocking down PDE2A and was not mimicked by 8-pCPT-cGMP, a cGMP analog that does not stimulate PDE2A activity. Finally, we found that in primary AMs from LPS-treated mice, PDE2A knockdown also increased iNOS expression, consistent with the MH-S cell data. We conclude that increased AM PDE2A is an important negative regulator of macrophage iNOS expression.
Impurity ion flow and temperature measured in a detached divertor with externally applied non-axisymmetric fields on DIII-D

Externally applied non-axisymmetric magnetic fields are shown to have little effect on the impurity ion flow velocity and temperature as measured by the multichord divertor spectrometer in the DIII-D divertor for both attached and detached conditions. These experiments were performed in H-mode plasmas with the grad-B drift toward the target plates, with and without n = 3 resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs). The flow velocity in the divertor is shown to change by as much as 30% when deuterium gas puffing is used to create detachment of the divertor plasma. No measurable changes in the C III flow were observed in response to the RMP fields for the conditions used in this work. Images of the C III emission are used along with divertor Thomson scattering to show that the local electron and C III temperatures are equilibrated for the conditions shown.
Covert thermal barcodes based on phase change nanoparticles

An unmet need is to develop covert barcodes that can be used to track-trace objects, and authenticate documents. This paper describes a new nanoparticle-based covert barcode system, in which a selected panel of solid-to-liquid phase change nanoparticles with discrete and sharp melting peaks is added in a variety of objects such as explosive derivative, drug, polymer, and ink. This method has high labeling capacity owing to the small sizes of nanoparticles, sharp melting peaks, and large scan range of thermal analysis. The thermal barcode can enhance forensic investigation by its technical readiness, structural covertness, and robustness.
Quantitative evaluation of the kinect skeleton tracker for physical rehabilitation exercises

Using video game technology in physical rehabilitation has shown many positive results in the past few years. The release of the Microsoft Kinect has presented many new opportunities for development in physical rehabilitation technologies. However, there have been questions about the Kinect's accuracy in actual experimentation. In this paper, we compare skeleton data obtained by a Kinect to that obtained by a VICON system in order to determine the accuracy of the Kinect while a tracked subject is moving their arm around. This is the first steps towards a much larger physical rehabilitation system.
Neurotoxicants: Emerging issues and policy options

Neurotoxicants are increasingly seen as significant public health hazards, the resolution of which is influenced by science as well as economics, politics, and emotions. Three topical issues are presented to illustrate the application or abuse of scientific data in the political arena and to suggest appropriate responsibilities of scientists beyond the generation of data. The examples include regulation of occupation-related neurotoxic exposure, transfer of neurotoxic pollutants among environmental media, and export of neurotoxic hazards to Third World countries. These examples illustrate the variety of ways in which neurotoxicants impinge on policy questions--from international trade, through ecosystem effects, to personal occupational health and safety.
Restriction of maternal food intake inhibits fatty acid activation in developing rat hearts

We studied the effect of restricting the diet of pregnant and lactating rats on the β-oxidation of fatty acids by the developing heart in suckling pups. Control pregnant rats were fed a stock diet ad libitum. For the experimental group, food was restricted to half of the control intake on the seventh day of pregnancy and continued through lactation. The pups on the restricted diet were significantly smaller than the controls. At postnatal days 5, 14 and 21, the β-oxidation of [1-14C] palmitate by heart homogenates was determined in the presence of ATP, carnitine and CoA. At day 21, the production of14CO2 was 60% lower in the group on the restricted diet. Consequently, the possibility of inhibiting activation or intramitochondrial transport of fatty acids by heart mitochondria was studied in vitro using [1-14C] palmitate, [1-14C] palmitoyl CoA and [1-14C] palmitoyl carnitine. With [1-14C]-palmitate, the rate of14CO2 produced was 2464±317 cpm/mg protein/min for the control and 1682±91 for the restricted diet group. With [1-14C] palmitoyl CoA and [1-14C] palmitoyl carnitine, the oxidation rate of the experimental group was similar to control values, showing clearly that the inhibition of oxidation was from a problem with activation. A significant decrease in palmitoyl CoA synthetase activity in the heart homogenates and mitochondria of the diet-restricted pups took place.
Buckling-load interaction in tailored composite plates

Abstract The concept of stiffness tailoring is investigated for improved buckling resistance of rectangular composite plates subject to general in-plane combined loading. The tailoring approach involves the piecewise-uniform redistribution of a portion of the given material with given orientations to create beneficial stiffness distributions across the planform of the plate. The resulting local nonuniformities in thickness and in membrane and bending stiffnesses combine to change the buckling response of the plate. Finite element models are used to calculate the prebuckling stress distribution and the buckling loads. The weight and average membrane shear stiffness are essentially unaffected by the tailoring. Optimum tailoring geometries are determined for a wide range of shear and transverse tension and compression loadings combined with longitudinal compression loading. Maximum improvements in the buckling loads of over 700% are shown possible with tailoring for some loading combinations compared with uniform plates. In general, the benefit of tailoring is greatest with low shear loads and high transverse tensile loads.
Strange associations: Elizabeth Bowen and the language of exclusion

Since The Last September was first published in 1929, the novel's style has been a major source of controversy amongst Elizabeth Bowen's critics, many of whom align the work with reactionary feeling among the Anglo-Irish community in early 1920s Ireland. This longstanding view ignores, I think, a complex but critically overlooked aspect not only of The Last September but also of Bowen's many opinions about the novel form: the author's fascination with the language of exclusion. In this essay I argue that Bowen's use of literary devices in The Last September that rely on exclusion – including ellipses, euphemism, rumour, overheard conversation, narrative digression, and lying – dramatise the ways in which war disorients figurative language and, in so doing, subverts and transforms the apparently stable metaphors through which the Anglo-Irish sought to reconcile events occurring in September 1920, that fitful last September of the Republic's colonial ties to England, with their historical role as settler-co...
Supported capillary membrane sampling-gas chromatography on a valve with a pulsed discharge photoionization detector

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a simple miniaturized approach to gas chromatography termed supported capillary membrane sampling-gas chromatography on a valve (SCMS-GCOV). The prototype instrument uses a pulsed discharge photoionization detector (PDPID) as the GC detector. Two different analyzers were constructed. The first used a bench scale SCMS-GC. The second was a miniaturized SCMS-GCOV analyzer. The SCMS-GCOV analyzer was used to monitor the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THM4) in drinking water. Details are given for the construction of the SCMS-GC-PDPID and the SCMS-GCOV-PDPID analyzers. The results of method detection limit, accuracy and precision studies are reported for analysis of THM4 and are compared to other methods of THM4 analysis. Side-by-side comparison studies are conducted between the SCMS-GCOV and USEPA 502.2 with promising results.
Lolita Revisited: Reading Azar Nafisi's Reading Lolita in Tehran: a Memoir in Books

One of the, if not the, most notorious book on the subject of father–daughter incest published in the twentieth century is Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita. Nabokov's provocative tale is told from the per...
Displacement of a three-dimensional immiscible droplet in a duct

The displacement of a three-dimensional immiscible droplet subject to gravitational forces in a duct is studied with the lattice Boltzmann method. The effects of the contact angle and capillary number (the ratio of viscous to surface forces) on droplet dynamics are investigated. It is found that there exists a critical capillary number for a droplet with a given contact angle. When the actual capillary number is smaller than the critical value, the droplet moves along the wall and reaches a steady state. When the capillary number is greater than the critical value, one or more small droplets pinch off from the wall or from the rest of the droplet, depending on the contact angle and the specific value of the capillary number. As the downstream part of the droplet is pinching off, a bottleneck forms and its area continues decreasing until reaching zero. The general trend found in a previous two-dimensional study that the critical capillary number decreases as the contact angle increases is confirmed. It is shown that at a fixed capillary number above the critical value, increasing the contact angle results in a larger first-detached portion. At a fixed contact angle, increasing the capillary number results in an increase of the size of the first detached droplet for , where the wetted length and wetted area vary in the opposite direction and the shape of the interface between the wall and the droplet is distorted severely from the original round shape.
Nitric oxide and the cerebral vascular function.

The presence of a cholinergic vasodilator innervation to cerebral circulation is well established. Despite its high endogenous concentration in cerebral blood vessels, acetylcholine (ACh) is not the transmitter for vasodilation. This finding has led to the discovery that nitric oxide (NO), which is coreleased with ACh and neural peptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the respective cholinergic-nitrergic (nitric oxidergic) nerves and the VIPergic-nitrergic nerves, is the primary transmitter in relaxing smooth muscle. ACh and VIP act presynaptically to inhibit and facilitate, respectively, the release of NO. Release of NO from cerebral vascular endothelial cells is also well established. A similar system for recyclingL-citrulline toL-arginine for synthesizing more NO has been demonstrated in both cerebral perivascular nerves and endothelial cells. Neuronal and endothelial NO appears to play an important role in controlling cerebral vascular tone and circulation in health and disease.
Solution 1H, 15N NMR spectroscopic characterization of substrate-bound, cyanide-inhibited human heme oxygenase: water occupation of the distal cavity.

A solution NMR spectroscopic study of the cyanide-inhibited, substrate-bound complex of uniformly 15N-labeled human heme oxygenase, hHO, has led to characterization of the active site with respect to the nature and identity of strong hydrogen bonds and the occupation of ordered water molecules within both the hydrogen bonding network and an aromatic cluster on the distal side. {1H−15N}-HSQC spectra confirm the functionalities of several key donors in particularly robust H-bonds, and {1H−15N}HSQC-NOESY spectra lead to the identification of three additional robust H-bonds, as well as the detection of two more relatively strong H-bonds whose identities could not be established. The 3D NMR experiments provided only a modest, but important, extension of assignments because of the loss of key TOCSY cross-peaks due to the line broadening from a dynamic heterogeneity in the active site. Steady-state NOEs upon saturating the water signal locate nine ordered water molecules in the immediate vicinity of the H-bond d...
Quantifying adhesive penetration in adhesive/dentin interface using confocal Raman microspectroscopy.

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) provides an important and novel means of analyzing the chemical composition of the adhesive/dentin (a/d) interface. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantitative determination of the degree of adhesive penetration at the a/d interface using CRM. Three commercial dentin adhesive systems [Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (SBMP+), Single Bond (SB), and Primer Bond NT (PBNT)] based on the total etch and "wet" bonding technique were examined in this study. Human dentin specimens treated with these adhesives were analyzed with CRM mapping across the a/d interface. Also, Raman spectra were collected on model mixtures of adhesive and type I collagen, and the ratios of the relative intensities of the Raman bands corresponding to adhesive and collagen were used for the construction of calibration curves. By comparing the Raman band ratios of interface specimens to the calibration curves, the percent of adhesive as a function of spatial position across the a/d interface was determined. The results show that there is a gradual decrease in penetration as a function of position for all three adhesive systems while the adhesive concentration gradient decreases in the order of SBMP+ > SB > PBNT. These differences in penetration of the three adhesives at the a/d interface also are discussed relative to the composition and phase segregation in adhesives. Additionally, our results indicate that confocal Raman microspectroscopy is a reliable in situ analytical technique for simple and rapid quantitative determination of adhesive penetration at its interface with prepared dentin.
Dynamical mechanisms for African monsoon changes during the mid‐Holocene

[1] During the mid-Holocene, about 6 ka BP, the African monsoon was stronger and extended farther north than in present-day climate associated with differences in orbital parameters affecting insolation. Earlier research suggests that land surface vegetation interaction and atmosphere-ocean coupling may be important to the northward extension of the Holocene monsoon rainfall, but different climate models produce different results in terms of rainfall distribution. This study examines the dynamical mechanisms that modulate the orbital forcing effect on the African monsoon convection. A series of simulations with 6 ka BP orbital parameters, modified land surface albedo that mimics grassland extending over North Africa, and alterations of the model dynamics are used. It is found that the “ventilation mechanism” (inflow of low moist static energy air from oceanic or poleward regions) is a key process in setting the northern rainfall boundary for the African monsoon. In particular, advection and diffusion of less moist air oppose the increase of moisture that would be required to meet the increased convective instability criteria set by the warmer tropospheric air above the continent. While changes in heat fluxes into the atmospheric column favor convection in principle, the ventilation mechanism limits the poleward extent of the region that can actually convect.
An Entropy-based Scheme for Automatic Target Recognition

Often the performance of a classification system is reported in terms of classification accuracy. In an environment with objects unknown to the classification system, classification accuracy may provide unrealistic expectations. In this paper we contrast classification and label accuracy in a challenging classification environment. A statistical-based method is used to identify records not represented in the template library used by the classifier and three different information theory-based methods are used to identify label records likely to be misidentified. These methods are applied to an automatic target recognition (ATR) problem, using features drawn from high-range resolution profiles generated from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. An optimization framework is used to select the optimal classification system choices based on the measurement of evaluation. The choices selected by the framework when classification or label accuracy is the optimization focus are contrasted.
From Navigation to Negotiation: An Examination of the Lived Experiences of Black Gay Male Alumni of Historically Black Colleges and Universities

This research presents an examination of Black gay men and their lived experiences while undergraduates at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Based on 10 in-depth interviews with self-identified Black gay men, the author presents four emergent themes, which reveal the complex ways in which Black gay men navigate and negotiate the intersections of their multiple identities as related to race, sexual orientation, and gender at HBCUs. The findings of this research have implications for larger discussions of community, Black masculinity, and gay identity in predominantly Black and non-Black contexts.
Choice behavior in a discrete-trial concurrent VI-VR: A test of maximizing theories of matching

Abstract Rats were trained on a discrete-trial procedure in which one alternative (VR) was correlated with a constant probability of reinforcement while the other was correlated with a VI schedule which ran during the intertrial intervals and held the scheduled reinforcer until they were obtained by the next VI response. Relative reinforcement rate was varied in series of conditions in which the VR schedule was varied and in series in which the VI was varied. Choice behavior was described well by the generalized matching law, although moderate undermatching occurred for all subjects. Contrary to the predictions of molar maximizing (optimality) theories, there was no consistent bias in favor of the ratio alternative, and the sensitivity to reinforcement allocation was not systematically affected by whether the ratio or interval schedule was varied. The results were also contrary to momentary maximizing accounts, as there was no correspondence between the probability of a changeover to the VI behavior and the time since the last response to the VI alternative. Neither variety of maximizing theory appears to provide a general explanation of matching in concurrent schedules.
Bitransgenesis with β2‐Adrenergic Receptors or Adenylyl Cyclase Fails to Improve β1‐Adrenergic Receptor Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathic effects of beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) signaling are primarily due to the beta(1)AR subtype. beta(1)/beta(2)AR and beta(1)/adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) bitransgenic mice were created to test the hypothesis that beta(2)AR or AC5 co-overexpression has beneficial effects in beta(1)AR-mediated cardiomyopathy. In young mice, beta(1)/beta(2) hearts had a greater increase in basal and isoproterenol-stimulated contractility compared to beta(1)/AC5 and beta(1)AR hearts. By 6 months, beta(1)AR and beta(1)/beta(2) hearts retained elevated basal contractility but were unresponsive to agonist. In contrast, beta(1)/AC5 hearts maintained a small degree of agonist responsiveness, which may be due to a lack of beta(1)AR downregulation that was noted in beta(1)- and beta(1)/beta(2) hearts. However, by 9 -months, beta(1), beta(1)/beta(2), and beta(1)/AC5 mice had all developed severely depressed fractional shortening in vivo and little response to agonist. p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) was minimally activated by beta(1)AR, but was markedly enhanced in the bitransgenics. Akt activation was only found with the bitransgenics. The small increase in cystosolic second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), indicative of apoptosis in 9-month beta(1)AR hearts, was suppressed in beta(1)/AC5, but not in beta(1)/beta(2), hearts. Taken together, the unique signaling effects of enhanced beta(2)AR and AC5, which have the potential to afford benefit in heart failure, failed to salvage ventricular function in beta(1)AR-mediated cardiomyopathy.
Design and Control of a Three-Axis Serial-Kinematic High-Bandwidth Nanopositioner

The development of a high-performance three-axis serial-kinematic nanopositioning stage is presented. The stage is designed for high-bandwidth applications that include video-rate scanning probe microscopy and high-throughput probe-based nanofabrication. Specifically, the positioner employs vertically stiff, double-hinged serial flexures for guiding the motion of the sample platform to minimize parasitic motion (runout) and off-axis effects compared to previous designs. Finite element analysis (FEA) predicts the dominant resonances along the fast ( x-axis) and slow (y-axis) scanning axes at 25.9 and 6.0 kHz, respectively. The measured dominant resonances of the prototype stage in the fast and slow scanning directions are 24.2 and 6.0 kHz, respectively, which are in good agreement with the FEA predictions. In the z-direction, the measured dominant resonance is approximately 70 kHz. The lateral and vertical positioning ranges are approximately 9 μm × 9 μm and 1 μm, respectively. Four approaches to control the lateral motion of the stage are evaluated for precision tracking at high-scan rates: (1) open-loop smooth inputs; (2) PID feedback; (3) discrete-time repetitive control implemented using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware; and (4) model-based feed forward control. The stage is integrated with a commercial scan-by-probe atomic force microscope (AFM) and imaging and tracking results up to a line rate of 7 kHz are presented. At this line rate, 70 frames/s atomic force microscope video (100 × 100 pixels resolution) can be achieved.
Loss of responsiveness to melatonin in the aging mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus

Abstract Melatonin modulates circadian rhythms via the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). One of the most robust assays for SCN melatonin receptor activation in mice is the inhibition of PACAP-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor Ca2+/cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). To assess the effect of aging on responsiveness to melatonin, SCN slices from mice of different ages were prepared and treated with PACAP alone or PACAP plus melatonin. CREB phosphorylation state was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In SCN slices from young (2–4-month-old) mice, melatonin reduced the level of phospho-CREB immunoreactivity following PACAP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In SCN slices from aged mice (19–22 months of age), PACAP alone induced comparable levels of phospho-CREB, but melatonin treatment failed to inhibit the PACAP-induced CREB phosphorylation. The results indicate an age-related loss of sensitivity to melatonin in the SCN. The findings are discussed in the context of the impact of endogenous and exogenous melatonin on sleep in elderly humans.