cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative cooling for solar cells

Standard solar cells heat up under sunlight, and the resulting increased temperature of the solar cell has adverse consequences on both its efficiency and its reliability. We introduce a general approach to radiatively lower the operating temperature of a solar cell through sky access, while maintaining its sunlight absorption. We present first an ideal scheme for the radiative cooling of solar cells. For an example case of a bare crystalline silicon solar cell, we show that the ideal scheme can passively lower the operating temperature by 18.3 K. We then show a microphotonic design based on realistic material properties, that approaches the performance of the ideal scheme. We also show that the radiative cooling effect is substantial, even in the presence of significant non-radiative heat change, and parasitic solar absorption in the cooling layer, provided that we design the cooling layer to be sufficiently thin.
Anatomy and pathomechanics of ring and small finger carpometacarpal joint injuries

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to detail the pathomechanics and pathoanatomy of fracture dislocations of the ring finger and small finger carpometacarpal (CMC) joint by duplicating the pathomechanics of the fist blow. Methods A custom-made jig was used to position 20 fresh-frozen cadaver upper extremities in forearm neutral rotation, 90° of elbow flexion, 20° of wrist extension, and 20° and 30° of flexion at the ring and small finger CMC joint, respectively. First 7.7 kg of weight were dropped from a height of 0.76 m to 1.1 m to axially load the ring and small metacarpal (MC) heads through a custom-made apparatus. Fluoroscopic examination before and after loading, and detailed dissection after loading, were used to identify any osseous and/or ligamentous injuries. Results The most common fractures were a dorsal capitate fracture and a middle MC dorsal base fracture. The most common combinations of fractures were the dorsal capitate and dorsal hamate fractures. Multiple fractures often were identified in a number of locations including dorsally: the capitate, hamate, and index through small metacarpal bases, and volarly: the hook of the hamate and the middle through the small MC bases. Conclusions The patterns of injuries encountered at the ring and small CMC joints can be explained by the direction and force of the applied load, position of the CMC joint at the time of loading, and the constraints imposed by specific CMC ligaments. A detailed analysis of the fracture patterns and associated ligament anatomy suggests that the typical ring and small carpometacarpal fracture dislocations are a more complex combination of fractures than identified by plain radiographs alone. The complexity of these injuries is greater than previously recognized and is most likely the result of a combination of axial load and shear stresses resulting in carpal fractures and ligament avulsions as well as fracture dislocations. This study suggests that computed tomography may be the preferred diagnostic imaging method for complete assessment of these injuries.
The dorsomedial cortical visual area: A third tier area in the occipital lobe of the owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus)

In the owl monkey, microelectrode mapping of Brodmann's area 19 indicates that this region contains part or all of at least 5 separate representations of the visual field, each of which adjoins the anterior border of V II and collectively are termed the third tier of cortical visual areas (V I is the first tier; V II is the second tier). Described in detail in this report is one of the third tier areas which is located on the dorsal surface and the adjacent medial wall of the occipital lobe and corresponds to a densely myelinated zone of cortex. In this dorsomedial area (DM), the representation of the horizontal meridian is partially split, and thus, like V II (see ref. 4) and the dorsolateral crescent5, DM is a second order transformation of the visual hemifield. In one abnormal owl monkey, a portion of the upper quadrant was represented twice in DM. This abnormal case may provide some clues as to how the normal pattern of visuotopic organization is established in the developing brain.
Computed Tomographic Lymphography of the Thoracic Duct by Mesenteric Lymph Node Injection

Objective— To document a novel technique to image the thoracic duct and its tributaries by contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) lymphography. Study Design— Clinical report. Animals— Dogs (n=6) idiopathic chylothorax. Methods— Ultrasonography was used to guide percutaneous injection of intestinal lymph nodes with nonionic iodinated contrast medium for preoperative CT lymphography of the thoracic duct in 6 dogs with chylothorax. Thoracic CT images were acquired immediately after contrast medium injection. All dogs had subtotal pericardectomy and thoracic duct ligation. Postoperative thoracic duct lymphography was performed in 3 dogs. Superficial cervical lymph node lymphography was performed in 2 dogs to determine cervical lymphatic contribution to thoracic effusions. Results— Preoperative thoracic duct lymphography using this technique was successful in delineating the cisterna chyli, thoracic duct, and associated lymphatic vessels in all dogs. Immediate postoperative lymphography performed in 2 dogs revealed successful duct ligation in 1 dog and persistent lymphatic leakage in the other. A 1-month postoperative thoracic duct lymphogram performed in 1 dog revealed unsuccessful ligation or recannulation of 1 of 3 redundant vessels seen preoperatively. Conclusion— Percutaneous CT lymphography results in excellent detection of the thoracic duct and abnormal thoracic duct drainage patterns both pre- and postoperatively. The contribution of superficial cervical lymph node drainage to reoccurrence of effusions can be evaluated. Clinical Relevance— Percutaneous CT lymphography using ultrasound-guided contrast medium injection should be considered as an alternative to conventional open abdominal approaches to radiographic or CT lymphography.
Flow Regulation Characteristics of Thin-Walled Compliant Tubes: Part II—Experimental Verification and Design of the Wave-Speed Flow Regulator

The high-Reynolds-number wave-speed flow limitation behavior of compliant tubes is verified experimentally and applied to the design of a flow regulator employing a collapsible tube as its active element. Criteria for the design of an inertia-dominated compliant-tube flow regulator are established and checked against findings of experiments
One step closer to gene therapy for hemoglobinopathies

Comment on Puthenveetil et al, page [3445][1] Investigators use gene therapy to express therapeutic levels of β-globin in primary erythroblasts from patients with β-thalassemia. Gene therapy offers a potential curative approach for sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia but has proven to be a
Remedial Baiting with Hexaflumuron in Above-Ground Stations To Control Structure-Infesting Populations of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Above-ground bait stations composed of reclosable plastic bags containing bait matrices impregnated with hexaflumuron were placed directly over active infestations of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Of the 5 colonies tested, 2 each of aerial colonies and ground-based colonies were eliminated. The population of 1 ground-based colony was reduced from >2,000,000 to 155,000 foragers. The results demonstrated the feasibility of introducing baits into active areas of infestation of subterranean termites. In addition to the in-ground baiting system, the above-ground bait station may offer another option for bait delivery to affect the structure-infesting populations of subterranean termites.
Clevidipine for Perioperative Blood Pressure Control in Infants and Children

Various pharmacologic agents have been used for perioperative BP control in pediatric patients, including sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, β-adrenergic antagonists, fenoldopam, and calcium channel antagonists. Of the calcium antagonists, the majority of the clinical experience remains with the dihydropyridine nicardipine. Clevidipine is a short-acting, intravenous calcium channel antagonist of the dihydropyridine class. It undergoes rapid metabolism by non-specific blood and tissue esterases with a half-life of less than 1 minute. As a dihydropyridine, its cellular and end-organ effects parallel those of nicardipine. The clevidipine trials in the adult population have demonstrated efficacy in rapidly controlling BP in various clinical scenarios with a favorable adverse effect profile similar to nicardipine. Data from large clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy of clevidipine in children is lacking. This manuscript aims to review the commonly used pharmacologic agents for perioperative BP control in children, discuss the role of calcium channel antagonists such as nicardipine, and outline the preliminary data regarding clevidipine in the pediatric population.
Liver and brain glucocorticoid receptor in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Down-regulation by dexamethasone

Total glucocorticoid binding sites were identified and quantitated in liver and brain of rainbow trout using an exchange method and [3H]dexamethasone as the ligand. Both tissues contained a predominantly cytosolic moiety that bound dexamethasone with high specificity. Binding was saturable, time dependent, and completely reversible. Scatchard analysis showed a linear relationship suggesting that receptors belong to a single class. Dexamethasone down-regulated both liver and brain receptors. Down-regulation was rapid (within hours) and dose dependent (ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg body weight). Dexamethasone-induced down-regulation was not a result of cytoplasm to nuclei translocation or due to increases in tissue concentrations of steroid. Dexamethasone administration resulted in a lowering of Bmax (82.3 +/- 2.5 to 20.6 +/- 10.5 fmol/mg protein) and an increase in Kd (15.6 +/- 0.2 to 44.3 +/- 5.0 nM) suggesting a conformational change in the receptor molecule as part of the mechanism. The brain and liver of the rainbow trout thus have glucocorticoid receptors similar to those described in the mammalian system. Further, these receptors are subjected to autologous regulation similar to their counterparts in other systems.
The absorption spectrum of cesium deuteride. The A1Σ state of CsH

Abstract An analysis of the visible absorption spectrum of CsD has shown that the vibrational numbering of the A1Σ state of CsH must be increased by 3. From this and previous reassignments of the A1Σ states of KH and RbH, it is now possible to exhibit the trends of the vibrational and rotational constants for the alkali metal hydrides.
The Trade Boards Act of 1909 and the Alleviation of Household Poverty

This article examines the effects of the 1909 Trade Boards Act on women's wage rates and income contributions to poor households. The Act established boards charged with setting minimum hourly wages in selected low-paid trades, and the majority of workers affected before the First World War were women. Many of the women whose wages were raised by the Act were the wives and daughters of low-skilled workers, while many others were sole earners who supported children or elderly parents. Our main finding is that the Trade Boards Act was effective in reducing household poverty rates among the women whose wages it would have increased.
Basilar trunk perforator artery aneurysms. Case report and literature review

Perforator artery aneurysms of the basilar trunk are rarely described in the literature. In addition to presenting our own case, we performed a PubMed search to comprehensively illustrate demographics, hemorrhage patterns, and treatment outcomes for these lesions. We found 12 patients with basilar perforator artery aneurysms. Mean patient age was 47.3, and there was a 3:1 male to female predominance. All patients had ruptured aneurysms, though all were clinically low or medium grade (I-III). Six patients had diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and six had prepontine and/or perimesencephalic hemorrhage patterns. All aneurysms arose off middle or rostral basilar perforator arteries; mean aneurysm size was 4.5 mm. All except one was partially thrombosed, and 4 out of 12 patients did not have their aneurysms detected on initial angiography (33%). Seven were treated surgically, two were coiled, and three were observed. At last follow-up, all were occluded, and 8 out of 12 patients were neurologically intact (67%). Of seven patients that were not treated with early intervention, one suffered a rebleed over a combined total of 37.3 months of observation. Two aneurysms amenable to coiling were occluded without complication. Three of seven patients treated surgically had transient complications, though five were neurologically intact at follow-up. Basilar perforator artery aneurysms may be sources of hemorrhage in diffuse or perimesencephalic/prepontine SAH. While endovascular coiling is an excellent option if parent vessel anatomy allows for catheterization, many are unamenable to endovascular treatment. Surgical obliteration via proximal occlusion or trapping is a safe and effective means of treating these aneurysms.
Enantiomer resolution of camazepam and its derivatives and enantioselective metabolism of camazepam by human liver microsomes.

Abstract Camazepam [3-(N,N-dimethyl)carbamoyloxy-7-chloro-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, CMZ] possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic properties. CMZ is clinically used as a racemate. Enantiomer resolution of CMZ and 11 of its derivatives was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 5 different chiral stationary phase (CSP) columns. Enantiomers of 10 compounds were resolved by at least one of the 5 CSP's tested. Enantiomers of two other compounds, which have either one or two hydroxymethyl groups at the carbamoyl nitrogen, were either not resolved or resolved with very low efficiency. However, enantiomers of the hydroxymethyl derivatives were resolved via base-catalyzed dehydroxymethylation. In vitro metabolism of racemic CMZ by human liver microsomes was found to be enantioselective. Major metabolites were isolated by normal-phase and reversed-phase HPLC and further characterized by ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism spectral analyses, and by chiral stationary phase HPLC analysis. Following an in vitro incubation of rac-CMZ, the unmetabolized CMZ was found to be enriched in (S)-CMZ, indicating that the R-enantiomer was enantioselectively metabolized. Metabolites were formed primarily by hydroxylation and demethylation of the methyl groups at the C3 side chain. All metabolites were found to be optically active, enriched in either the S-enantiomer or the R-enantiomer.
Voltage Gated Ion Channel Function: Gating, Conduction, and the Role of Water and Protons

Ion channels, which are found in every biological cell, regulate the concentration of electrolytes, and are responsible for multiple biological functions, including in particular the propagation of nerve impulses. The channels with the latter function are gated (opened) by a voltage signal, which allows Na+ into the cell and K+ out. These channels have several positively charged amino acids on a transmembrane domain of their voltage sensor, and it is generally considered, based primarily on two lines of experimental evidence, that these charges move with respect to the membrane to open the channel. At least three forms of motion, with greatly differing extents and mechanisms of motion, have been proposed. There is a “gating current”, a capacitative current preceding the channel opening, that corresponds to several charges (for one class of channel typically 12–13) crossing the membrane field, which may not require protein physically crossing a large fraction of the membrane. The coupling to the opening of the channel would in these models depend on the motion. The conduction itself is usually assumed to require the “gate” of the channel to be pulled apart to allow ions to enter as a section of the protein partially crosses the membrane, and a selectivity filter at the opposite end of the channel determines the ion which is allowed to pass through. We will here primarily consider K+ channels, although Na+ channels are similar. We propose that the mechanism of gating differs from that which is generally accepted, in that the positively charged residues need not move (there may be some motion, but not as gating current). Instead, protons may constitute the gating current, causing the gate to open; opening consists of only increasing the diameter at the gate from approximately 6 A to approximately 12 A. We propose in addition that the gate oscillates rather than simply opens, and the ion experiences a barrier to its motion across the channel that is tuned by the water present within the channel. Our own quantum calculations as well as numerous experiments of others are interpreted in terms of this hypothesis. It is also shown that the evidence that supports the motion of the sensor as the gating current can also be consistent with the hypothesis we present.
The lexicographic sum of Cohen-Macaulay and shellable ordered sets

We study the problem of determining when the lexicographic sum ? q?Q P q of a family of posets {P q/q?Q} over a posetQ is Cohen-Macaulay or shellable. Our main result, a characterization of when the lexicographic sum is Cohen-Macaulay, is proven using combinatorial methods introduced by Garsia. A similar characterization for when the lexicographic sum is CL (chainwise-lexicographically)-shellable, is derived using the recursive atom ordering method due to Bjorner and Wachs.
Influence of aging on vitamin A transport into the lymphatic circulation.

Vitamin A is a lipid soluble essential dietary micronutrient. Because aging individuals have elevated serum levels of vitamin A, we tested the intestinal absorptive capacity of the vitamin in aging rats by measuring the appearance rate of vitamin A in the lymphatic circulation as a measure of intestinal absorption. We infused the vitamin in a physiological concentration of 350 nM into the proximal jejunum of groups of Sprague-Dawley rats 2 to 23 months of age. Lymph was collected for 6 h and vitamin A radioactivity was measured. Lymph flow rate over 24 h ranged from 16 ± 3.1 ml in the oldest to 21.5 ± 2.4 ml in the youngest animals. Vitamin A transport into lymph was highest at 23 months of age reaching 7869 ± 154 pmol/6 h as compared to 6732 ± 106 pmol/h at 2 months (p < .01). The increase in vitamin A absorption with aging represented an increase from 35.6% of the infused vitamin at 2 months to 41.6% at 23 months of age. Because of the cumulative storage of vitamin A in the liver this increase in absorption and lymphatic appearance is of nutritional and metabolic significance. Increased lymphatic appearance of the vitamin could explain its higher absorption and serum levels in aging individuals.
Model for Radon Diffusion Through the Lunar Regolith

A model for radon diffusion through the lunar regolith is proposed in which the atom migrates by random walk. The regolith is represented by a system of randomly oriented baffles in which the mean distanced which the atom travels between two collisions takes on the role of a mean free path. The effective mean time between two collisions depends on two entities: the actual mean time-of-flight and the mean sticking time on grain surfaces for one collision. The latter depends strongly on the temperature and the heat of adsorption of radon on regolith materials. Bothd (mean free path) as well asQ (heat of adsorption) are either poorly known or unknown for the lunar regolith; hence these quantities are treated as free parameters. Because of the greatly different mean lifetimes against radioactive decay of219Rn,220Rn, and222Rn, the regolith acts as a powerful ‘filter’ for these species.222Rn escape is significant (32%) even ford = 1µ,Q = 7.0 kcal/mole and a regolith depth of 4 m. Calculations of radon escape from a 4 m thick regolith, usingd = 1, 10 and 80µ andQ = 4.0, 5.2 and 7.0 kcal/mole show that the222Rn/220Rn escape ratio can be as small as 7.7 and as large as, or larger than 47. The small value of 7.7 is of particular interest, because it is nearly equal to the escape ratio inferred by Turkevichet al. from their Surveyor 5 results.
Portrait of the ESL teacher: Survey data from elementary schools in Massachusetts

Abstract This paper reports the findings of a survey of randomly selected third‐grade English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers throughout the state of Massachusetts. The initial intent of this research was to determine what models of ESL instruction are most widely used in elementary schools throughout the state and what sorts of cooperating teachers would be available to mentor our preservice teachers. The survey data, however, also helped create a profile of elementary ESL specialists, including their professional preparation, job status, and perceptions of their role, and their suggestions for improving the delivery of ESL services. Implications for both schools and teacher preparation are included.
Police Officers and Their Alcohol Consumption Should We Be Concerned

Alcohol use by police officers in the United States is theorized to be double that of the general population, with 20% of those abusing alcohol. However, no known alcohol consumption study has been conducted within the United States. This study hoped to fill that void. Full time Mississippi officers from municipal, county, and state departments totaling 1,328, were asked to complete a 27-item questionnaire containing the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test instrument to determine alcohol use and risk. The researcher found no difference in use by Mississippi officers and the general public. Moreover, the researcher identified the officers most at risk for alcohol problems.
Spectroscopic transitions in a two-level atom and supersymmetry

Abstract The Jaynes-Cummings model for a two-level atom interacting an electromagnetic field is analyzed in terms of supersymmetry quantum mechanics. Supersymmetry arguments are utilized to calculate eigenvalues and eigenstates of the model and to discuss its correspondence to the classical model of Lorentz. Extension to arbitrary m -photon processes is discussed.
Nanogram determination of arsenic in biological reference materials by non-destructive Compton suppression neutron activation analysis

Non-destructive epithermal neutron activation analysis in conjunction with Compton suppression has been applied to determine arsenic in seven biological standard reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The accuracy is in excellent agreement with all the certified values and compilation results. For four of the materials detection limits between 1–4 ng/g were easily achieved while for three others they ranged from 18–50 ng/g. Overall analytical precision typically varied between 2–4% for five of the reference materials while for two other it was between 12–16%. These methods clearly demonstrate that through a judicious approach of anti-coincidence techniques, nanogram quantities of arsenic can be reliably determined without the need for labor intensive chemical separations.
Clickable Poly(ethylene glycol)‐Microsphere‐Based Cell Scaffolds

Clickable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives are used with two sequential aqueous two-phase systems to produce microsphere-based scaffolds for cell encapsulation. In the first step, sodium sulfate causes phase separation of the clickable PEG precursors and is followed by rapid geleation to form microspheres in the absence of organic solvent or surfactant. The microspheres are washed and then deswollen in dextran solutions in the presence of cells, producing tightly packed scaffolds that can be easily handled while also maintaining porosity. Endothelial cells included during microsphere scaffold formation show high viability. The clickable PEG-microsphere-based cell scaffolds open up new avenues for manipulating scaffold architecture as compared with simple bulk hydrogels.
Neurotrophic signaling in normal and degenerating rodent retinas.

Several types of insult cause up-regulation of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in the retina resulting in decreased photoreceptor cell death from subsequent injury. This phenomenon is more prominent in rats than in mice and neurotrophic factors are more efficacious in rats than mice. If up-regulation of neurotrophic factor receptors on photoreceptor cells early in the course of degenerations contributes to neurotrophic factor survival-promoting activity, it may also increase the ability to detect neurotrophic factor-induced signaling in photoreceptors, particularly in rats. In this study, these hypotheses were investigated by performing immunohistochemical staining for the phosphorylated form of extracellular receptor kinase (pERK) or c-fos after intravitreous injection of neurotrophic factors in wild type rats or mice, or those with inherited retinal degenerations. In both rats and mice either early or late in the course of degeneration, or in wild type animals, intravitreous injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, or fibroblast growth factor-2 caused immunostaining for pERK and c-fos in cells of the inner retina, particularly Muller cells, but not in photoreceptors. These data add to the mounting evidence suggesting that neurotrophic factors act indirectly through Muller cells to promote photoreceptor survival.
The Relation Between Averroes' Middle and long commentaries on the De Anima

La ou on peut dater les commentaires d'Averroes sur Aristote, le Commentaire Moyen d'une oeuvre donnee peut etre considere comme anterieur au Commentaire Long. En accompagnement de sa belle edition du Commentaire Moyen d'Averroes sur le De anima, A. Ivry a soutenu que dans ce cas-ci les choses sont inversees et que le Commentaire Moyen du De anima est une version abregee et revisee du Commentaire Long de la meme œuvre. Ivry developpe sa these avec le plus de details dans Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 5. La, il soutient que deux passages dans le Commentaire Moyen du De anima se rapportent nominalement au Commentaire Long, qu'un troisieme passage fait allusion au Commentaire Long, et que dans d'autres passages le Commentaire Moyen et le Commentaire Long utilisent une phraseologie semblable et qu'on peut considerer que le premier a ete la version abregee du second. Le present article repond a cette these de la maniere suivante: les deux passages dans le Commentaire Moyen qui semblent selon d'Ivry se rapporter explicitement au Commentaire Long peuvent vraisemblablement etre compris comme des references a l'interieur du Commentaire Moyen lui-meme. Le passage qu'il comprend comme faisant allusion au Commentaire Long ne fait pas reellement allusion a cette œuvre, mais constitue une reference non-equivoque a une section ulterieure du Commentaire Moyen. Il n'y a rien qui justifie le fait de regarder les passages dans le Commentaire Moyen cites par Ivry et utilisant une phraseologie semblable a celle du Commentaire Long comme des emprunts faits a ce dernier. Au cours de son argumentation, Ivry mentionne la position d'Averroes sur la nature de l'intellect materiel de l'homme, question qui a donne a Averroes le plus de peine dans ses commentaires sur le De anima d'Aristote et qui, depuis lors, a le plus intrigue ceux qui etudient Averroes. Le present article souligne que sur le sujet de l'intellect materiel de l'ho
Group Well‐Being: Morale from a Positive Psychology Perspective

What makes life most worth living? The simplest summary of findings from the new field of positive psychology is that other people matter. It is within groups that we live, work, love, and play, and groups should therefore be a primary focus of researchers interested in health and well-being. In the present article, we propose morale as an important indicator of group well-being. We survey what is known about overall morale across a variety of groups: its meaning, measurement, enabling factors, and putative consequences. We sketch a future research agenda that would examine morale in multidimensional terms at both the individual and group levels and would pay particular attention to the positive outcomes associated with morale. Qu’est-ce qui fait que la vie vaut le plus la peine d’etre vecue? Reduire a leur plus simple expression les resultats de ce nouveau domaine qu’est la psychologie positive revient a mentionner l’importance d’autrui. C’est dans des groupes que nous vivons, travaillons, aimons et jouons, et les groupes devraient donc etre une preoccupation premiere pour les chercheurs concernes par la sante et le bien-etre. Dans cet article, on avance l’idee que le moral est un indicateur majeur du bien-etre des groupes. On recense ce qui est connu sur le moral en general dans divers types de groupes: sa signification, sa mesure, ses antecedents et ses consequences supposees. On esquisse un futur programme de recherche qui apprehenderait le moral de facon multidimensionnelle aux niveaux a la fois individuel et groupal et accorderait une attention particuliere aux retombees positives relevant du moral.
Studies on the in Vitro formation of infectious DNA-protein aggregates from SV40 components

Abstract Complete SV40 virions, disrupted in vitro at pH 10.6, were reassociated by HCl neutralization into a heterogeneous group of DNA-protein aggregates. These contained lower, varying ratios of DNA:protein than control virions. After “reassociation” a portion of the DNA was sensitive to DNase treatment. This treatment led to a loss of the infectivity which had been found in the reassociated aggregates. Nucleic acid is not essential for physical reassociation since aggregates reconstituted from disrupted complete virions had varying amounts of DNA and further aggregates were readily assembled from disrupted empty shells. Disruption by the relatively mild conditions used indicates that the capsid is held in its conformation in part by noncovalent linkage. The rapid reassociation as well as the absence of low molecular weight protein after disruption suggests that there is not a total breakdown by the disruption procedure used. The nucleic acid is probably bound to the capsomeres by noncovalent linkages since disruption does lead to loss of a large amount of the DNA. The rapid in vitro reconstitution of disrupted empty particles to protein aggregates similar to native empty shells strongly suggests that orientation of capsomeres into a tertiary conformation is fairly specific when unencumbered by the presence of DNA. Successful attempts were made to synthesize infectious aggregates in vitro using disrupted [ 14 C]amino acid-labeled empty shells and [ 3 H]thymidine-labeled SV40 nucleoprotein complex obtained from infected cells 25 hr postinfection.
Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of acupuncture anesthesia: observations based on a visit to the People’s Republic of China

Acupuncture anesthesia in dentistry in the People’s Republic of China, neurobiologic research on acupuncture anesthesia, and possible mechanisms of action of acupuncture anesthesia are discussed in this report by a member of a study group that visited China in 1974. It is the responsibility of the ADA scientific councils to provide the membership with the latest concepts in the various aspects of clinical care. Recently, the Council on Dental Research issued a second precautionary position statement on the use of acupuncture for obtaining anesthesia. The Council report (JADA 89:905 Oct 1974) concluded that the use of acupuncture at the present time is premature, difficult to justify, and is to be discouraged until more definitive information has been obtained through laboratory and clinical investigations. This position was reiterated in the December issue of THE JOURNAL (91:1253 Dec 1975). Dr. Dubner’s firsthand account lends credence to the Council’s report. Dr. Dubner was a member of an Acupuncture Anesthesia Study Group that visited the People’s Republic of China, during the period May 1–22, 1974.
Endoscopic treatment of bladder outlet obstruction in men after pancreas transplantation.

AbstractPurpose: Diabetic cystopathy comprises a spectrum of voiding dysfunction. The usual clinical manifestations are impaired bladder sensation and detrusor contractility. Diabetic cystopathy is present in as many as 43 to 85% of patients undergoing pancreas transplantation. We evaluated endoscopic management of bladder outlet obstruction for adjuvant treatment of urological complications after pancreas transplantation.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 10 men with recurrent urological complications, including bladder leak, urinary tract infection, the dysuria/urethritis syndrome and reflux nephropathy, after pancreas transplantation. Evaluation consisted of peak flow rate, post-void residual and written questionnaires in all cases, and preoperative urodynamics in 2. All patients had signs and symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction at post-transplant presentation and underwent bladder neck incision, direct visual internal urethrotomy, limited transurethral resection of the bladder neck or transurethra...
Absence of self-diffusion in directed percolation lattices

Abstract Self-diffusion in directed percolation lattices is investigated theoretically. It becomes evident that perfect trapping of a particle by dead ends causes an exponential decay of a probability distribution function and vanishment of a self-diffusion coefficient except at p =1, where p is a percolation probability. The trapping rate in d -dimensional hypercubic lattices is calculated exactly and that on the backbone of percolation clusters in a square lattice is obtained on the basis of a real-space renormalization group method.
Modeling the pharyngeal anatomical effects on breathing resistance and aerodynamically generated sound

The objective of this study was to systematically assess the effects of pharyngeal anatomical details on breathing resistance and acoustic characteristics by means of computational modeling. A physiologically realistic nose-throat airway was reconstructed from medical images. Individual airway anatomy such as the uvula, pharynx, and larynx was then isolated for examination by gradually simplifying this image-based model geometry. Large eddy simulations with the FW-H acoustics model were used to simulate airflows and acoustic sound generation with constant flow inhalations in rigid-walled airway geometries. Results showed that pharyngeal anatomical details exerted a significant impact on breathing resistance and energy distribution of acoustic sound. The uvula constriction induced considerably increased levels of pressure drop and acoustic power in the pharynx, which could start and worsen snoring symptoms. Each source anatomy was observed to generate a unique spectrum with signature peak frequencies and energy distribution. Moreover, severe pharyngeal airway narrowing led to an upward shift of sound energy in the high-frequency range. Results indicated that computational aeroacoustic modeling appeared to be a practical tool to study breathing-related disorders. Specifically, high-frequency acoustic signals might disclose additional clues to the mechanism of apneic snoring and should be included in future acoustic studies.
Three-Dimensional Discrete Element Simulation of Asphalt Concrete Subjected to Haversine. Loading An Application of the Frequency-Temperature Superposition Technique

ABSTRACT Limited by the current computing power, it is impossible to simulate a full scale asphalt pavement with a three-dimensional (3D) microstructure-based discrete element (DE) model, when the time-dependent behaviors of the materials are considered. Researchers currently focus on modeling the microstructure of asphalt mixture materials and have not attempted pavement modeling. In addition, existing studies are limited to modeling asphalt mixtures without considering the time-dependent properties. In this paper, 3D DE models of asphalt mixtures under dynamic loads were developed with the assistance of X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT). The time-dependent model was considered in the simulations. To shorten the computation, a frequency-temperature superposition technique was employed. X-ray CT images were used to reconstruct the microstructure of asphalt concrete, while a time-dependent model was built by taking into consideration micro-scale interactions within the models. Through this study, it was...
Trp2 peptide vaccine adjuvanted with (R)-DOTAP inhibits tumor growth in an advanced melanoma model

Previously we have shown cationic lipid (R)-DOTAP as the immunologically active enantiomer of the DOTAP racemic mixture, initiating complete tumor regression in an exogenous antigen model (murine cervical cancer model). Here, we investigate the use of (R)-DOTAP as an efficacious adjuvant delivering an endogenous antigen in an aggressive murine solid tumor melanoma model. (R)-DOTAP/Trp2 peptide complexes showed decreasing size and charge with increasing peptide concentration, taking a rod shape at highest concentrations. The particles were stable for 2 weeks at 4 °C. A dose of 75 nmol of Trp2 (formulated in (R)-DOTAP) was able to show statistically significant tumor growth delay compared to lower doses of 5 and 25 nmol, which were no different than untreated tumors. (R)-DOTAP/Trp2 (75 nmol) treated mice also showed increased T cell IFN-γ secretion after restimulation with Trp2, as well as CTL activity in vivo. This vaccination group also showed the highest population of functionally active tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, indicated by IFN-γ secretion after restimulation with Trp2. Thus, (R)-DOTAP has shown the ability to break tolerance as an adjuvant. Its activity to enhance immunogenicity of other tumor associated antigens should be studied further.
Effects of increased arterial pressure and positive inotropic agents on the severity of myocardial ischemia in the acutely depressed heart.

Abstract Recently it has been established that factors that affect myocardial oxygen consumption also influence the magnitude and extent of ischemic injury. In the nonfailing heart when mean arterial pressure was increased, the extent of ischemic injury decreased and, after isoproterenol or digitalis administration, ischemic injury increased. However, agents such as digitalis and catecholamines can have differing effects on myocardial oxygen consumption, depending on the initial contractile state and heart size. Moreover, since many patients with acute myocardial infarction have an associated depression of left ventricular function, the relevance of the earlier findings to the failing heart must be considered. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of systemic arterial hypertension, digitalis and isoproterenol on the extent of myocardial ischemic injury after acute pharmacologic depression of the dog heart. Following cardiac depression in 22 experiments, when mean arterial pressure was increased from 110 to 145 mm Hg, mean S-T segment elevation increased from 3.6 to 4.7 mv ( P P
Principaling: Images and roles

Images are powerful. They shape behavior. Advertising, politics, and television document the potency of the pictures we have in our heads. The principalship is no exception. Embedded in the origins and history of the post, images of what a principal should be have competed for attention from each generation of would-be administrators. Principal as Bureaucrat and Principal as Instructional Supervisor are dominant images that have fueled debate over the nature of the position over the last century.
Moxifloxacin and Cholesterol Combined Treatment of Pneumococcal Keratitis

Purpose: Compare the efficacy of treatment of pneumococcal keratitis with cholesterol, moxifloxacin, or a mixture of the two (moxifloxacin/cholesterol).Materials and Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were injected intrastromally with 106 colony-forming units (CFU) of a clinical keratitis strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Eyes were examined before and after treatment of topical drops every 2 hr from 25 to 47 hr post-infection (PI). Corneas were harvested to quantitate bacterial CFU, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured at 48 hr PI. Eyes were extracted for histology. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for each compound.Results: Eyes treated with moxifloxacin/cholesterol had a significantly lower mean slit lamp examination (SLE) score than eyes treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), moxifloxacin alone, or cholesterol alone (P ≤ 0.02). A significantly lower log10 CFU was recovered from corneas treated with moxifloxacin/cholesterol and moxifloxacin alone as compared t...
A priorievaluation of large eddy simulation subgrid-scale scalar flux models in isotropic passive-scalar and anisotropic buoyancy-driven homogeneous turbulence

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of passive (non-buoyant) and active (buoyant) scalar homogeneous turbulence is carried out using a standard pseudo-spectral numerical method. The flow settings simulated include stationary forced and decaying passive-scalar turbulence, as well as decaying anisotropic active-scalar turbulence. The Schmidt number is unity in all cases. The results are compared with, and are found to be in very good agreement with, previous similar DNS studies. The well-validated DNS data are divided into 19 sets, and are employed to study different large eddy simulation (LES) subgrid-scale (SGS) models for the SGS scalar flux. The models examined include three eddy-viscosity-type models (Smagorinsky, Vreman and Sigma with a constant SGS Schmidt number), a Dynamic Structure model and two versions of the Gradient (Gradient and Modulated Gradient) model. The models are investigated with respect to their ability to predict the orientation, and the magnitude, of the SGS scalar flux. Eddy-viscosi...
Psychotherapies and Lasting Change

"Given the entrenched and chronic nature of borderline personality disorder, long-term follow-up is central for establishing the significance of these treatments."
A seismic and gravity profile across the Arctic Ocean Basin

Abstract Gravity and seismic profiles were obtained from ice island ARLIS-II as it drifted across the central Arctic Basin and out into the Greenland Sea. The drift track begins over the Fletcher Abyssal Plain (Makarov Basin) and crosses the Lomonosov Ridge, Pole Abyssal Plain (Fram Basin), Morris Jessup Rise and ends on the edge of the Lena Trough. Hyperbolic reflectors are observed in the Fletcher Abyssal Plain that are interpreted as buried volcanic structures. Up to 1 km of seismic penetration of largely undisturbed sediments were obtained over the Lomonosov Ridge, which is also undercompensated with a + 50 mGal gravity high. This evidence supports the hypotheses of the ridge's origin as a former sliver of the Eurasian continental margin translated into the Arctic Basin by spreading along the Nansen Ridge axis. Fram Basin contains thick sequences of turbidite deposits. Deep reflecting horizons under the Morris Jessup Rise are interpreted as bedded sequences of rhyolitic lava and tuffs.
Diabetic painful neuropathy: current and future treatment options.

Diabetic painful neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common causes of neuropathic pain. The management of DPN consists of excluding other causes of painful peripheral neuropathy, maximising diabetic control and using medications to alleviate pain. The precise relationship between glycaemic control and the development and severity of DPN remains controversial. In this context, drugs such as aldose reductase inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, lipid-lowering agents and α-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) may have a useful role to play. There is also evidence that a successful pancreatic transplant may improve symptoms over time, but the mainstay of management continues to be symptomatic control of pain with drugs. Evidence from placebo-controlled studies has shown that opioids, antiepileptic and antidepressant drugs together with capsaicin are effective for alleviating DPN. Tramadol and oxycodone have been shown to be effective in studies of limited duration but their adverse effects, such as constipation and physical dependency, may limit their usefulness as a first-line treatment for DPN. Of the antidepressant drugs, the tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to be effective for alleviating DPN. These medications are widely used but their anticholinergic and sedative properties may not be well tolerated by patients. There is also good evidence that the serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drugs venlafaxine and duloxetine are effective for treating DPN. However, venlafaxine may cause cardiac dysrhythmias, and patients using this medication require careful cardiac monitoring. Duloxetine appears to be less cardiotoxic and is licensed in the US and EU for alleviating DPN. The gabapentinoid group of drugs, gabapentin and pregabalin, appear to be the most evidence-based of the antiepileptic drugs for treating DPN. Large placebo-controlled studies have been performed with both of these agents. For many patients, it is still unclear what advantages pregabalin has over gabapentin for DPN. Until better evidence emerges, the potential availability of less expensive generic formulations of gabapentin, together with greater experience with its use, favour gabapentin as the main antiepileptic drug for alleviating DPN. Topiramate, lamotrigine, sodium valproate and oxcarbazepine have been shown to be effective in smaller studies but do not have the same evidence base as the gabapentinoid group of drugs. Of the newer antiepileptic drugs, lacosamide appears to be the most promising for alleviating DPN. Capsaicin has the best evidence base of all the topical agents, but local anaesthetic patches may also have a useful therapeutic role. It is not possible to nominate a single drug as the first-line treatment for DPN and there is evidence that a low-dose combination of two or more drugs rather than a single agent may provide better symptomatic relief with fewer adverse effects. Further studies are necessary to clarify the best combination(s) of treatment for DPN.
Quadratic Modified Fermat Transforms for fast convolution and adaptive filtering

Previously it was shown that the Modified Fermat Number Transform (MFNT) reduces computational requirements for an adaptive filter architecture based on convolution achieved by FNT block processing (FNTBP). The work of this paper extends the MFNT to a Quadratic MFNT (QMFNT) by introducing Left-angle circular convolution and interpreting the result as a quadratic representation of the convolution output obtained by combining the Left-angle and Right-angle circular convolutions. The resulting computational complexity is similar to the MFNT but provides a significant reduction of the dynamic range constraints on the input sequences. This results in an adaptive filter architecture that has increased computational efficiency and potentially lower power requirements when used to realize nano-scale adaptive filters.