cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-field modeling of macroscopic freezing dynamics in a cylindrical vessel

Abstract Freezing is an essential step in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes for a long-term storage of therapeutic proteins. However, the process itself may affect the stability of proteins. Better understanding and quantification of freezing dynamics and the local environment from liquid solution to the frozen state would help to mitigate negative impacts on the protein products during freezing and subsequent manufacturing processes. We present a phase-field approach to resolve the relevant macroscopic transport phenomena including multi-phase flow, heat transfer, phase transition, and freeze concentration effects coupled with interfacial evolution in a cylindrical vessel. The theoretical formulation and modeling results show good agreement with experimental data.
Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective management strategy for massive pulmonary embolism patients.

Abstract Objective Treatment of massive pulmonary embolism (MPE) is controversial, with mortality rates ranging from 25% to 65%. Patients commonly present with profound shock or cardiac arrest. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is increasingly being used as a form of acute cardiopulmonary support in critically ill patients. We reviewed our institution's pulmonary embolism response team experience using VA-ECMO for patients presenting with advanced shock and/or cardiac arrest from MPE. Methods From March 2017 to July 2019 we retrospectively reviewed 17 consecutive patients at our institution with MPE who were placed on VA-ECMO for initial hemodynamic stabilization. Results The mean patient age and body mass index was 55.8 years and 31.8, respectively. Ten of 17 patients (59%) required cardiopulmonary resuscitation before or during VA-ECMO cannulation. All patients had evidence of profound shock with a mean initial lactate of 8.95 mmol/L, a mean pH of 7.10, and a mean serum creatinine of 1.78 mg/dL. Seventeen of 17 cannulations (100%) were performed percutaneously, with 41% (n = 7) of patients placed on VA-ECMO while awake and using local analgesia. Five of 17 patients (29%) required reperfusion cannulas, with 0% incidence of limb loss. Overall survival was 13 of 17 patients (76%), with causes of death resulting from anoxic brain injury (n = 2), septic shock (n = 1), and cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced hemorrhage from liver laceration (n = 1). In survivors, 12 of 13 patients (92%) were discharged without evidence of neurologic insult. The median duration of the VA-ECMO run for survivors was 86 hours (range, 45-218 hours). In survivors, the median length of time from ECMO cannulation to lactate clearance ( Conclusions VA-ECMO was effective at salvaging highly unstable patients with MPE. Survivors had rapid reversal of multiple organ failure with ECMO as their primary therapy. The majority of survivors required ECMO and anticoagulation alone for definitive therapy of their MPE.
Sources of polychlorinated biphenyls to Upper Hudson River sediment post-dredging

Abstract The Upper Hudson River (UHR) has been contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) since the 1940s due to the manufacture of capacitors at two plants near Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, NY by General Electric (GE). Dredging of portions of the UHR was conducted from 2009 to 2015 as a partial remedy for this contamination. In 2017, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation undertook a comprehensive post-dredging survey of sediment contamination in the UHR. Thousands of samples were collected, and 130 of these were analyzed for PCBs using EPA method 1668A. This data set was analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization. Six factors were observed. One factor resembled the dominant Aroclors used by GE with little alteration. Three factors represented different pathways and/or extents of microbial dechlorination. One factor resembled a mixture of microbial dechlorination products and a higher molecular weight Aroclor used by GE. The congener patterns of the dechlorination factors suggest that removal of chlorines at the ortho position does occur in the UHR sediment, in agreement with several laboratory studies showing that such ortho dechlorination is possible. This ortho dechlorination could theoretically lead to complete dechlorination of PCBs to biphenyl in UHR sediment. Only one factor was not attributable to GE. It represents inputs of PCBs from tributaries and urban areas and explains 1.7% of the PCB mass in the sediments. The small contribution from the non-GE PCB source suggests that recontamination of the sediment after dredging was minor.
Bio-Physical Modeling of Galvanic Human Body Communication in Electro-Quasistatic Regime

Human Body Communication (HBC) is an alternative to radio wave-based Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) because of its low-loss, wide bandwidth leading to enhanced energy efficiency. HBC also shows better performance in terms of physical security as most of the signal is confined within the body. To obtain optimum performance and usability, modeling of the body channel plays a vital role. Out of two HBC modalities, Galvanic HBC has the promise to provide lower loss compare to Capacitive HBC for shorter channel length. In this paper, we present the first lumped element based detailed model of Galvanic HBC channel which is used to explain the dependency of channel loss on the material property of skin, fat and muscle tissue layer along with electrode size, electrode separation, geometrical position of the electrodes and return path capacitance. The model considers the impedance of skin and muscle tissue layers and the effect of various coupling capacitances between the body and Tx/Rx electrodes to the Earth-ground. A 2D planner structure is simulated in HFSS to prove the validity of the proposed model. The effect of symmetry and asymmetry at the transmitter and receiver end are also explained using the model. The experimental results show that, due to the mismatch at the transmitter and receiver side, the loss increases gradually with channel length and saturates to a finite value as channel length becomes significantly longer compare to the transmitting or receiving electrode pair separation.
Demographic, Behavioral, and Proximal Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder in the US Military

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To estimate the diagnostic prevalence and incidence of gambling disorder among United States service members and to identify associated risk factors, including demographics, history of mental illness or substance misuse, and proximity to legalized gambling vicinities. METHODS Gambling disorder cases comprised active component Service members who received a pathological or problem gambling diagnosis between October 1, 2005 and September 30, 2015. There were 901 cases (392 incidents) during the study period. Controls were matched on the case military entrance date (N = 43,564). Geospatial distance between gambling venue and military treatment facilities were calculated, then multivariable logistic regression and survival analyses were conducted. RESULTS The 10-year prevalence of gambling disorder was 6.6 per 100,000. Men were 3.5 times more likely than women to receive a gambling disorder diagnosis. Other risk factors included age over 24, Asian or Black race, formerly married, and enlisted rank. The odds of gambling disorder increased with duration and proximity to gambling venues, ranging from 2.0 to 3.9. Service members with prior substance misuse or mental health conditions were 3.9 times and 6.3 times more likely to receive a disordered gambling diagnosis than those without substance misuse or mental illness history, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study reveal that proximity to gambling venues and slot machines on bases, as well as a history of substance misuse or mental disorders, are important risk factors for gambling disorder in the US military. Department of Defense screening policies that focus on high-risk populations are appropriate. (Am J Addict 2021;00:00-00).
Medical Care for Adolescent Males Who Have Sex with Males

This paper reviews the most recent literature describing the bio-psycho-social challenges that may be faced by adolescent males who have sex with males (AMSM) and outlines recommendations for screening, medical and psychosocial concerns, and prevention for this population. Emerging research has demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) disproportionately affect AMSM, which can impact lifelong psychosocial functioning. In addition, significant medical advances in HIV prevention should be incorporated into primary care for adolescents and young adults at risk for HIV. Pediatricians need to understand the psychological and physical health risks which may be unique to AMSM. Screening and referral for depression, anxiety, substance use, and/or high-risk sexual behavior is especially important for this sub-group of adolescents and young adults. For sexually active AMSM, HIV and STI screening (including screening of extragenital sites) should be performed regularly, and providers should encourage the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis for patients at risk for HIV.
BIA-ALCL and Textured Breast Implants: A Systematic Review of Evidence Supporting Surgical Risk Management Strategies.

Background Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a significant public health concern for women with breast implants. The increase in incidence rates underscores the need for improved methods for risk reduction and risk management. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review to assess surgical risk reduction techniques and analyze communication/informed consent practices in patients with textured implants. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted in PubMed (legacy), Embase (Embase.com), and Scopus with four search strategies including key terms centered around breast reconstruction and BIA-ALCL. Results A total of 571 articles were identified, of which 276 were included in the final review after duplicates were removed. After review, no articles were determined to fit the inclusion criteria of demonstrating data-driven evidence of BIA-ALCL risk reduction through surgical measures, demonstrating a significant lack of data on risk reduction for BIA-ALCL. Conclusions Risk management for BIA-ALCL is an evolving area requiring additional investigation. Although removal of textured devices in asymptomatic patients is not currently recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, variability in estimates of risk has led many patients to electively replace these implants in an effort to decrease their risk of developing BIA-ALCL. To date, however, there is no evidence supporting the concept that replacing textured implants with smooth implants reduces risk for this disease. This information should be used to aid in the informed consent process for patients presenting to discuss management of textured breast implants.
The Developmental Significance of Looks from Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence.

Physical appearance during the transition into adolescence matters for youths' socioemotional development. This study explored these implications by adding visual data to the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,049) to test how others' ratings of youths' looks (1 = very unattractive to 5 = very attractive) at the beginning (grade 3) and end (grade 9) of this transition shaped their emotional well-being, popularity/likability, and dating/sexual behavior. Results revealed recency effects of grade 9 looks on popularity/likability and dating/sexual behaviors and a lingering amplification effect of grade 3 looks on popularity/likability at the start of high school. Few associations were evident for emotional well-being. Thus, physical appearance offers an important lens for studying adolescent development.
Medical student implementation of a Global Health concentration: a unique bottom-up approach

U.S. medical students are pursuing an education and training in global health at increasing rates. Many medical schools have responded by establishing global health programs offering academic and experiential training to prepare interested students. Implementation of these programs often requires a significant investment of resources from medical schools. At the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, medical students, with support of faculty, addressed the deficit of global health education by creating a university-approved global health concentration. Through a grassroots effort, the students overcame the need for an initial institutional commitment by building partnerships across disciplines and institutions and capitalizing on their enthusiasm for a student directed program This paper highlights the development of the concentration, along with the students’ vision for their education in global health. The purpose of this article is two-fold: to demonstrate a student based model for bringing global health education to medical schools without an established program, and to emphasize to medical educators the importance of global health education in the training of future physicians.
Supply chain configuration of sustainable aviation fuel: Review, challenges, and pathways for including environmental and social benefits

Abstract The efficient configuration of supply chains is a current challenge for deploying sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), a key element of the decarbonization of the aviation industry. Despite advances in the modeling of biorefinery location siting, transportation network design, and co-products use, current supply chains and business models for renewable fuel production do not result in costs that are competitive with fossil fuels. Various elements for process efficiency enhancement, risk mitigation, total cost reduction, and profit maximization have been studied in supply chain design. In this work, we study the conceptual components needed for the design and analysis of supply chains. We emphasize the impact that monetization of environmental and social services could have on the overall viability of SAF production. The current state of the supply chain configuration of SAF is compared with other supply chain and value-chain strategies, mainly: (1) lean, used for staple commodities, (2) agile, intended for innovative products and services, (3) green, meant to reduce the environmental impacts, and (4) risk-adverse, used to minimize supply risk disruptions. A summary of models and simulation approaches used to synthesize and solve supply chain problems is included. Our review highlights the uniqueness of the supply chain for SAF and proposes ways to enrich the existing approach with methods used by other industries. The SAF business model could be improved by including ecosystem and social services to generate additional revenue. New strategies accounting for the dynamic interactions between the components of the supply chain of SAF, including services, are needed.
Design considerations for biphasic pulsed field generators used in portable magnetic sensor systems

Pulsed magnetic field generator systems are an integral part of several portable magnetic sensor systems. In this work design of field generators for portable magnetic resonance systems will be discussed. Generally, commercial field generator systems with sophisticated data acquisition and processing mechanisms are used for magnetic resonance applications. However, with the move towards portable diagnostics, a redesign of the pulsed field generator systems for improved portability is appropriate. Here, the design of different portable pulsed magnetic field generators are contrasted in purview of portable single-sided nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. The field generators rely on switching of inductors in the MHz frequency range and can consume varied amounts of currents on the basis of the switching device's bias conditions. The extension to biphasic operations will prove to be beneficial in terms of obtaining higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) and larger pulsed fields, essential parameters in most magnetic resonance measurements.
Univ. of Waterloo’s CATREE System

The University of Waterloo’s CATREE (Computer aided tree) system includes scheduling and data path synthesis.
Impact of interactive voice response technology on primary adherence to bisphosphonate therapy: a randomized controlled trial

Osteoporosis (weak bones) is a disorder that has high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization. Effective treatment is available for this disorder, but many patients choose not to start therapy. This is the first study showing an intervention that increases the initiation rates to medications for osteoporosis. One out of six patients prescribed an oral bisphosphonate does not initiate therapy, a phenomenon known as primary non-adherence. Reasons for bisphosphonate primary non-adherence have been identified, but not interventions that positively impact primary adherence rates. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of interactive voice response technology to improve oral bisphosphonate primary adherence. This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial conducted in January–December 2014 at Kaiser Permanente Colorado, an integrated healthcare system. Adults with a new oral bisphosphonate prescription for osteoporosis or osteopenia which was not purchased within 14–20 days of being ordered were included. There were 127 and 118 patients in the intervention group and control groups, respectively. The intervention group received an interactive voice response phone call followed by a letter 1 week later if primary non-adherence continued, whereas the control group did not receive any outreach. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who purchased their oral bisphosphonate within 25 days of randomization. There were 62/127 (48.8 %) intervention patients and 36/118 (30.5 %) control patients who purchased their bisphosphonate prescription within 25 days of randomization (OR = 2.17, 95 % CI 1.29–3.67). When adjusted for age, sex, history of bone mineral density scan and fracture, the odds ratio for intervention versus control group was 2.3 (95 % CI 1.34–3.94). An interactive voice response phone call and follow-up letter significantly improved primary adherence to oral bisphosphonate therapy. Such an intervention could be considered for improving primary adherence rates to other medication classes.
The Passeuse?, a response to Florence Martin's review

Florence Martin 'Passage to 'Franco-Asia': _East-West Encounters_ by Sylvie Blum-Reid' _Film-Philosophy_, vol. 9 no. 13, March 2005
Segmenting 3D Branching Tubular Structures Using Cores

Blood vessels and other anatomic objects in the human body can be described as trees of branching tubes. The focus of this paper is the extraction of the branching geometry in 3D, as well as the extraction of the tubes themselves via skeletons computed as cores. Cores are height ridges of a graded measure of medial strength called medialness, which measures how much a given location resembles the middle of an object as indicated by image intensities. The methods presented in this paper are evaluated on synthetic images of branching tubular objects as well as on blood vessels in head MR angiogram data. Results show impressive resistance to noise and the ability to detect branches spanning a variety of widths and branching angles.
Properties of photorefractive index perturbations in periodically poled photovoltaic media

Summary form only given. We present a model of the steady-state electric space-charge field in periodically poled photovoltaic media for beam propagation perpendicular to the polar axis. We show theoretically that periodically poled ferroelectric crystals are resistant to photorefractive beam degradation when the beam size is significantly larger that the period of domain reversal.
Paratyphoid Blamed On Ulster: A Nursing Odyssey

SUMMARY The aim of the Modicum mission from the United States was to determine the fate of the Western World, the Second Front and the Manhattan Project plans for development of atomic weapons. The Modicum mission was appointed in March 1942 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President and Commander-in-Chief of the US forces. The journey via the Anglican Cathedral in Bermuda, to Gander, to London, to Ulster was eventful. There was a clay-pigeon shooting contest in Gander. Generals Marshall, Eisenhower, Clark and Averell Harriman were outshot by their pilot. In Ulster, an escorting US sergeant killed a Londonderry bus driver with three shots. At a house party requested by King George VI and General Marshall, at Ashbrook, Ardmore, near Londonderry, it is alleged Averell Harriman was poisoned with Salmonella schottmulleri. He was delirious and ‘gravely ill’ for three weeks at 3 Grosvenor Square next to the American Embassy. He subsequently married his “other nurse”, Pamela. Ambassador Pamela Churchill Harriman, a long-time ardent supporter of the Clintons, died in February 1997 following a stroke.
Organoids as Models for Neoplastic Transformation

Cancer models strive to recapitulate the incredible diversity inherent in human tumors. A key challenge in accurate tumor modeling lies in capturing the panoply of homo- and heterotypic cellular interactions within the context of a three-dimensional tissue microenvironment. To address this challenge, researchers have developed organotypic cancer models (organoids) that combine the 3D architecture of in vivo tissues with the experimental facility of 2D cell lines. Here we address the benefits and drawbacks of these systems, as well as their most recent advances. In particular, we focus on the application of such models to the discovery of novel cancer drivers, the study of tumor biology, and the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer.
Firm Characteristics And Seasoned Equity Issuance Method: Private Placement Versus Public Offering

This study compares characteristics of firms using the private placement method of issuing common stock with those using the public offering method. Results show that private placement firms are smaller in size, have more growth opportunities, and have less financial slack than public offering firms. Their issuance decisions are likely to be driven by their needs for external capital, rather than motivated by overvaluation of their stocks. These findings are consistent with the information hypothesis, which states that undervalued firms with favorable prospects and little financial slack use the private placement method to resolve the information asymmetry problem when seeking external equity capital.
Ray traversal of octree point clouds on the GPU

We propose an efficient iterative algorithm for ray traversal of an octree on current GPU hardware. From an initial mesh or volume dataset, we construct a balanced octree where each vertex is assigned a leaf node at the lowest possible depth. Interior nodes are averaged from these values, defining levels of detail. We transfer this compact octree to the GPU, and employ our traversal algorithm to render these particles. This yields interactive performance for moderately large (multi-million point) datasets, and renders coarser levels of detail at significantly faster rates. This algorithm is note-worthy in its simple GPU implementation and relative scalability.
Integration of a standardized pharmacogenomic platform for clinical decision support at Boston Children's Hospital.

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Service (CPS) at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) was established to use genomic information to make pediatric medications safer. Nearly one-quarter of outpatients are prescribed one or more drugs with genetic information in the FDA label [1]. However, there are still important barriers that must be overcome for routine pharmacogenomic (PGx) clinical use: (1) identification of clinically significant variants, (2) knowledge of variant genotype prior to prescribing medication, and (3) integration with current electronic health record (EHR) systems. To tackle these challenges at BCH, the CPS decided to standardize thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) testing hospital-wide. TPMT is best known for its role in the catalyzing the S-methylation of the thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. Approximately 13% of Caucasians and African Americans are heterozygous and have reduced TPMT activity, while approximately 0.3% are completely deficient. Defects in the TPMT gene can lead to decreased methylation and excessive levels of the toxic thioguanine nucleotides, particularly with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, and are at risk for bone marrow suppression. Although the FDA drug label recommends testing for TPMT deficiency prior to dosing and the PharmGKB CPIC group published a guideline [2] with a recommended dosing strategy and interpretation, testing is not universal because these guidelines are difficult to translate into a clinical decision support (CDS) system and integrate with the EHRs. We developed models and specifications to execute PGx CDS rules based on a patient's genotype. Rules are modeled at four levels of abstraction: (1) unstructured (narrative), (2) semi-structured, (3) structured, and (4) executable. As genomic sequencing becomes routine, standardized methods to interpret the data and make clinical decisions are paramount. In conjunction with the BCH DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, we streamlined the TPMT testing process to fit into the usual clinical routine (including ordering, testing in-house and return of results to the clinician). We consolidated all genetic sequencing testing into a single clinical workflow (blood to report) that is run, analyzed and interpreted in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certified laboratory using the codified CDS rules. The interpretation reports are generated automatically directly from the genotype calls and then manually reviewed for accuracy. Once cleared by the laboratory director, the reports are uploaded into the EHR (Cerner). Specialty flow sheets enable providers to easily view the allele status and interpretation report. We intend to expand the PGx platform to include additional drug/gene pairs.
Hemolysis as a Factor in Clinical Chemistry and Hematology of the Dog

SUMMARY Serum biochemical, hemostatic, and hematologic analytes were determined by four laboratories on dogserum or plasmas containing increasing amounts of hemolysate. From the results of testing interferographs were prepared to aid in decision making and to enhance visualization of the effects of hemolysis on the determination of the analytes. Hemolysis consistently interfered with the analysis of creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipase, and albumin, all of which appeared to increase with increasing hemolysis. The results of testing for the remainder of the biochemical, hemostatic, and hematologic analytes varied greatly among analyzers or methods, rarely in a predictable manner, indicating that each laboratory should evaluate the effects of hemolysis on each analyzer and for each method used, in order to make informed decisions on the use of hemolyzed, but irreplaceable, samples.
Iron deficiency anemia in postmenopausal women

In 90 postmenopausal women aged 55 or older residing in health care facilities, a survey was made of hemoglobin levels and food habits that reflected their consumption of iron-rich foods. The reasons for inadequate dietary intakes of iron are discussed. There is need for better understanding of iron metabolism. Recommendations are made for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in postmenopausal women and for achievement of the highest possible level of health as affected by the intake of iron and related nutritional factors.
Obesity and the risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia: is this another example of the neoplastic effects of increased body fat?

Obesity and the risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia: is this another example of the neoplastic effects of increased body fat?
Mitochondrial DNA transcription regulation and nucleoid organization

Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process depending on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription regulation to tightly coordinate mitochondrial levels and the cell’s energy demand. The energy requirements for a cell to support its metabolic function can change in response to varying physiological conditions, such as, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, mitochondrial transcription regulation is constantly being modulated in order to establish efficient mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and proper cellular function. The aim of this article is to review the function of major protein factors that are directly involved in the process of mtDNA transcription regulation, as well as, the importance of mitochondrial nucleoid structure and its influence on mtDNA segregation and transcription regulation. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the molecular mode of action of transcription factors comprising the mitochondrial transcriptional machinery, as well as the action of nuclear receptors on regulatory regions of the mtDNA.
Rapid radioisotopic analysis of glucose synthesis from lactate in primary hepatocyte cultures

Abstract A rapid radiochemical technique for studying glucose formation from [U- 14 C]lactate is described. The procedure is more specific than other ion-exchange methods and unlike earlier techniques, it is not subject to interference by glycogenolysis (1–3). The method is particularly well adapted to study short-term, hormone-mediated effects on gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocyte cultures. The high efficiency of glucose recovery and lactate separation allows utilization of small tissue samples (40 of these can be processed in 2–3 h). This is advantageous in primary cultures where only a few hundred thousand cells may be available per culture dish.
Drug effects on distress-evoked behavior in mice: Methodology and drug class comparisons

Methodologic studies were undertaken to establish the optimal conditions of continuous foot shock stimulation (3 min at 0.08 mA) for investigating drug effects on distress-evoked behavior, e.g., vocalizing, leaping, running, fighting and recovery latencies. The drugs subsequently studied under these conditions (imipramine, methamphetamine, methadone, perphenazine, pentobarbital, ethyl alcohol and chlordiazepoxide) could be distinguished and classified from the profiles of action obtained. Greatest overall reduction of the distress-evoked behaviors in diminishing order were produced by perphenazine, methadone, ethyl alcohol and chlordiazepoxide. Methadone most selectively reduced leaping responses; perphenazine most selectively prolonged recovery time latencies. None of the agents reduced fighting at doses that did not also modify the other modes of responding.
The African American Experience in Physical Education and Kinesiology: Plight, Pitfalls, and Possibilities.

In this paper, we offer discourse on the historical plight and contemporary experiences of African American faculty in Kinesiology and Physical Education (KPE) programs at predominantly White institutions (PWI) of higher education. First, we discuss the historical plight of African American KPE professionals. Second, we discuss the current demographics and status of African American faculty in the academe. Third, we elaborate on the experiences of African American faculty in KPE programs, particularly at PW-IHE. Fourth, we identify some common issues and pitfalls to avoid in recruiting, hiring, retaining, tenuring, and promoting African American faculty. Lastly, we offer recommendations to increase the presence and improve the experiences of African Americans in KPE programs.
Launching mathematical research without a formal mandate: The role of university-affiliated journals in Britain, 1837¿1870

For much of the 19th century, the systems of higher education in Britain provided no formal mandate for students to conduct research. This article explores the conditions facing junior mathematicians who wanted to launch research in this environment and the university-affiliated mathematical journals that provided encouragement and direction for their research.
Beat-by-Beat Stroke Volume from Aortic-Pulse-Pressure Analysis

A formulation for determining stroke volume from arterial pressure is presented which differs from previous methods in both scope of application and theoretical basis. The formulation is specifically applicable in the presence of large successive beat-to-beat variations which occur with premature contractions and other arrhythmias. Its derivation is based upon Windkessel theory, as are most others, but special emphasis is placed upon analysis of diastolic pressure (when arterial dynamics most nearly approach characteristics assumed in Windkessel theory). The formulation contains no ad hoc parameters although mean peripheral vascular resistance must be known and redetermined when changes in resistance occur. Results from eight animal experiments are presented which indicate that this formulation predicts stroke volume to about ten-percent (10-percent) error over successive beat-to-beat changes of severalfold during episodes of mechanically induced beats and during control, isoproterenol, and angiotensin administration.
Do children require hospitalization after immediate posttraumatic seizures

Abstract Study objective We determine whether children with immediate posttraumatic seizures require hospitalization for observation of possible neurologic complications. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study of children younger than 18 years with blunt head trauma resulting in immediate posttraumatic seizures. Patients were examined by faculty emergency physicians and underwent cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning. Children were divided into 2 cohorts according to the presence or absence of traumatic brain injury on cranial CT scan, with the a priori assumption that children with posttraumatic seizures who have abnormal cranial CT scan results require hospitalization. The outcomes of interest were neurologic complications (including further seizure activity or neurologic deficits) or the necessity for neurosurgical intervention. Medical records of hospitalized patients were reviewed, and patients discharged from the emergency department (ED) were contacted by telephone approximately 1 week after hospital discharge to identify those who developed short-term neurologic complications. Results Sixty-three children with a median age of 7 years (interquartile range 3 to 14 years) had posttraumatic seizures, and all but 1 child underwent cranial CT imaging. Ten (16%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8% to 27%) patients had traumatic brain injuries on CT scan, and all were hospitalized. Three of these 10 patients underwent craniotomy, and 2 patients had further seizure activity. Fifty-two patients had normal cranial CT scan results, and 20 patients were hospitalized for observation. Telephone follow-up was obtained in 31 of the 32 patients with normal CT scan results who were discharged from the ED. None of the 52 patients (0%; 95% CI 0% to 5.6%) with normal cranial CT scan results had further seizure activity or required neurosurgical interventions. Conclusion Children with normal neurologic examination results and normal cranial CT scan results after immediate posttraumatic seizures are at low risk for further short-term complications that require immediate hospitalization. These children may be considered for discharge home from the ED.
Aldosterone receptor antagonists in the medical management of chronic heart failure.

The benefits of aldosterone receptor antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone) for patients with heart failure were shown in 2 recent randomized controlled trials. Some of the proposed mechanisms of action of aldosterone antagonists are (1) inhibition of myocardial and vascular remodeling, (2) blood pressure reduction, (3) decreased collagen deposition, (4) decreased myocardial stiffness, (5) prevention of hypokalemia and arrhythmia, (6) modulation of nitric oxide synthesis, and (7) immunomodulation. Like many hormone receptors, the aldosterone receptor can be either nuclear or membrane bound. Most of the activities of the aldosterone receptor are subserved by the nuclear receptors and often lead to alterations in gene transcription. Although these agents are well tolerated in carefully selected patient populations that meet the inclusion criteria of large clinical trials, their use in unselected elderly patients with heart failure and multiple comorbidities has been associated with a significant risk of hyper-kalemia and renal failure. Although no convincing data exist to predict which individual patients will respond to aldosterone inhibition, patients with more severe heart failure and those with acute myocardial infarction with concomitant heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction are most likely to respond. Theoretically, aldosterone receptor antagonists may also be beneficial in patients with more mild to moderate systolic heart failure or even in those with diastolic heart failure, although direct evidence is still lacking.
Analysis of surfactant mixtures

A scheme has been presented for the separation of active ingredients from built detergent compositions and subsequent analysis of active components. Active components investigated are those commonly encountered in practice. Data obtained are in good agreement with expected values. The main difficulty encountered was the characterization of a fatty alcohol-EO sulfate which gave higher than expected values for its analyzed content. It was also difficult completely to characterize this fatty alcohol-EO sulfate.
On the use of sodars to study stably stratified flow influenced by terrain

Abstract The use of sodars in the study of stably stratified flows influenced by terrain is reviewed. We start with the equations of motion governing flow over inclined slopes and describe the relation between acoustic backscatter and local Richardson number. We then discuss sodar observations taken over the east Antarctic ice sheet and in a variety of complex terrain studies. These diverse observations reveal the influence of waves at periods from minutes to hours, the effects of ambient winds aiding and opposing drainage flows, complex phenomena in basin topography, and the breakup of the valley inversions with the onset of solar insolation.
Statistical optics and radiance measurement in the diffraction limit

This paper attempts to bridge the gap between measurements of radiance and their interpretation in terms of an accessible formalism in regimes where diffraction effects cannot be neglected. Using highly sophisticated infrared cameras, experiments were performed on blackbody sources whose dimensions and distances from a radiometer were specifically chosen for the appearance of partial coherence. The results are in good agreement with theoretical expressions.
The role of concrescent conversation in the performing stage of work groups

Purpose – To provide an alternative paradigm to traditional group development research in understanding how group performance is constructed through conversation by its members.Design/methodology/approach – In this qualitative field study, empirical data was collected on the performing stage of two work groups. Searle's speech act categories were used to analyze the conversation of group members. Using grounded theory a model is inductively constructed by examining the individual communication pieces (i.e. speech acts) and putting those pieces back together into a coherent frame.Findings – This study proposes that during the performing stage of work group talk, a unique type of describable verbal behavior, termed concrescent conversation, is present which enables group member's ability to “contribute to task success” – being a more productive group.Practical implications – How productive groups are is a highly relevant issue to managers in complex organizations. In the new workplace, groups are the primar...
Subgrid combustion modeling of 3-D premixed flames in the thin-reaction-zone regime

Abstract Large eddy simulation (LES) is used to investigate three-dimensional (3D) lean premixed turbulent methane–air flames in the thin-reaction-zone regime. In this regime, the Kolmogorov scale is smaller than the preheat zone thickness, but larger than the reaction zone thickness. Past numerical studies of similar flames were primarily direct numerical simulation either in two-dimensions or using the artificially thickened flame approach in 3D. For an LES the effect of small (unresolved) scales on the scalar field must be, modeled accurately to capture the correct flame structure. A subgrid combustion model based on the linear-eddy-mixing (LEM) model is used within an LES framework (called LEM–LES hereafter) to capture the 3D flame-structure of the highly stretched premixed flames. A finite-rate, one-step methane–air chemistry with a non-unity Lewis number formulation is used in this study. The simulated flame structure resembles flames experimentally studied in the thin-reaction-zone regime. Even though the preheat zone is broadened by the penetration of small eddies, the chemical reaction zone remains thin and localized. This feature is captured properly in the current LEM–LES approach. The flame structure and other statistics such as the flame area evolution, curvature, and strain-rate statistics computed using the LEM–LES are also in good agreement with the past DNS studies.
Fabrication of subwavelength grating based optical nano-hairs using ALD nano-patterning

This paper introduces a novel concept for fabrication of subwavelength grating based beam shaping elements. The optical nano-hair structures are made from high-κ dielectrics using nano-patterning techniques and an atomic layer deposition tool.
Flux-Selected Titanyl Phthalocyanine Monolayer Architecture on Ag (111)

The adsorption and molecular architecture of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) monolayer films on Ag (111) have been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. Depending on deposition flux, TiOPc selectively forms three distinct ordered monolayer structures. At lower (<0.1 ML/min) fluxes, molecules assemble into a well-ordered (2√13 × 2√13)R13.9°honeycomb phase comprised of interlocked molecular pairs. This pairing effectively reduces the repulsion between the intrinsic molecular dipole and enhances the attraction between aromatic rings. At intermediate (0.2 ML/min) fluxes, molecules form a metastable (√21 × √21)R10.9° hexagonal phase of uniformly tilted TiOPc. At higher (0.4 ML/min) fluxes, a misfit dislocation triangular network appears, consisting of uniformly sized TiOPc domains. Molecular models for the three distinct monolayer films are developed. We describe how local electrostatic intermolecular interactions stabilize kinetically accessible structures, driving phase selection.
Lonely at the Top The Effect of Power on Information Flow in the Dyad

The effect of power- versus nonpower-oriented roles on the exchange of personal information was explored. It was predicted that the form of this exchange would be governed by the role context of the interaction rather than by obligations to reciprocate disclosure. To test this, subject pairs were assigned to a position power, information power, or no power condition in anticipation of a game matrix task. Subjects then chose disclosure topics for themselves and their partners and self-disclosed on these topics, in a pregame getting-acquainted session. Results indicated that high-power subjects offered and requested less intimate information than their low-power counterparts within the position power condition only. However, power-oriented roles did not impinge on actual self-disclosures. These findings point to the existence of role-governed strategies of information exchange, and suggest that reciprocity phenomena based on a principle of equal exchange may be limited to particular relationship contexts.
UNCOUPLING ACTION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AS A BASIS FOR THE INHIBITION OF ION ACCUMULATION.

SUTCLIFFE1 has reported that the bacteriostat chloram-phenicol at concentrations of 2 g/l. effectively stops ion accumulation by tissue slices of red beet root and carrot root. Respiration and protoplasmic streaming were unaffected. The concentration of chloramphenicol required was much higher than that needed for inhibition of protein synthesis in most bacteria (2,000 versus about 10 mg/ml.), but the necessity for high concentrations in plant and animal systems is commonly observed2. Sutcliffe assumed that chloramphenicol was acting as a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis, as in bacteria, and interpreted the results as evidence for a close relationship between the process of protein synthesis and salt accumulation as suggested by Steward3. Jacoby and Sutcliffe4 later showed chloramphenicol to inhibit uptake of carbon-14-labelled glutamic acid, glycine and proline, by carrot tissue. The incorporation of the amino-acids into protein was inhibited in short-term experiments, but glycine and proline incorporation was not affected in long-term (24 h) experiments. Net protein synthesis was inhibited.
Cytogenetic characterization of the human prostate cancer cell line P69SV40T and its novel tumorigenic sublines M2182 and M15

Abstract Cytogenetic studies of a SV40T antigen immortalized human prostate epithelial cell line (P69SV40T) and its increasingly tumorigenic tumor sublines, designated M2182 and M15, were done with GTG-banding and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The parental line and each of the two sublines were near-diploid and contained several consistent abnormalities. Two structural chromosome anomalies were noted in all three lines; a der(7)t(5;20;7) and a der(5)t(5;9). Abnormalities that were acquired and retained in the tumor sublines after in vivo and/or in vitro selection included a der(1)t(1;8), der(3)t(3;14), der(20)t(7;20), and der(X)t(X;11). Findings unique to subline M2182 were a der(11)t(5;11) and −14. Those unique to M15 were a der(16)t(16;19) and −Y. Chromosome imbalances resulting from numerical and/or structural abnormalities in the tumor sublines involved several chromosome regions that have previously been implicated in human prostate cancer, such as loss of Xp, Y, 3p (M2182 and M15), 16q (M15), and gains for 5q (M2182) and 8q (M2182 and M15). Collectively, the characterization of these lines should assist with the localization of chromosome regions, and possibly genes, that are important in the development and progression of human prostate cancer.
The social significance of engineering

Civilization grows as a consequence or community contacts among human beings, which contacts are largely made possible by engineering. The relation of engineering to society and social adjustment is one of inseparability, and although much progress has been made through historic time in the improvement of living conditions, further opportunities for improvement are outlined in this article by a noted engineer.