cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salvage of pseudoarthrosis after tibiotalar arthrodesis.

We retrospectively reviewed the treatment of a selected group of 23 patients with pseudoarthrosis after ankle arthrodesis who underwent revision arthrodesis at an average of 1.7 years (range, 0.3–17.0 years) after the initial, unsuccessful procedure. Fourteen patients underwent isolated revision tibiotalar arthrodesis, and 9 had an additional hindfoot arthrodesis (7 tibiotalocalcaneal, 2 pantalar) performed at the time of the procedure. Rigid internal fixation with screws was performed when possible, and, in patients with poor bone quality, an external fixator was used. Autogenous bone grafting was used in 14 patients where bone loss was present. Twenty-one of 23 patients had successful union (average, 14 weeks; range, 6–48 weeks). Two patients had persistent ankle nonunions; one was asymptomatic, and one had symptomatic subtalar arthritis. Two patients underwent successful arthrodesis but had persistent pain from reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Overall, 19 of 23 patients were satisfied with the surgery. We...
DISTRIBUTION AND REGULATION OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES LEVELS IN BRAIN, IN VIVO *

Levels of cyclic GMP in mouse cerebellum, in vivo were increased by oxotremorine, harmaline and amphetamine treatment and decreased by diazepam, atropine and reserpine. In addition, physical shaking and pentylenetetrazol seizures elevated cyclic GMP levels in cerebellum. Pentylenetetrazol also increased the levels of cyclic GMP in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus, whereas the other drugs and shaking only produced changes in cyclic GMP levels in some of these regions. The changes in cyclic GMP levels observed in regions of forebrain could not be predicted from the changes seen in cerebellum, i.e. some of the changes seen in forebrain were qualitatively similar, while others were qualitatively opposite to those observed in cerebellum. Cyclic AMP levels were more resistant than cyclic GMP to alterations by the above drugs and conditions; however levels of cyclic AMP were elevated by pentylenetetrazol seizures in all regions except striatum, and were slightly depressed by reserpine in hippocampus and thalamus, and by diazepam in striatum. These data demonstrate that drugs and conditions which are capable of altering cyclic GMP levels in cerebellum may not produce similar effects in other major regions of brain. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that changes in cyclic GMP levels in CNS reflect alterations of neuronal activity and may be independent of the processes leading to these alterations.
Towards recognizing person-object interactions using a single wrist wearable device

Activity recognition (AR) is an important part of context-aware applications. In this paper, we focus on an indirect AR method: by sensing the objects that a person is using. Objects that provide functional utility to their user, also indicate the type of activity that their user is doing. For example, the use of a hair dryer indicates that its user is grooming their hair. In this paper, we discuss an approach to sense the objects that the person interacts with, using only a single wearable device on the wrist of the person. Wearable devices typically have an IMU sensor, which can sense several aspects of the person's hand gestures, such as acceleration, and orientation. We collect a dataset of 17 different object interaction gestures using 5 participants in a test home. We evaluate the object gestures using supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches. Our study reveals that we can recognize object interactions with 83-91% accuracy in the supervised approach, and 58-66% accuracy in the unsupervised approach.
Talk and Tradition: Why the Least Interesting Components of Religion May Be the Most Evolutionarily Important

Many evolutionary explanations of religion tend to focus on the strange and exotic aspects of religion assumed to be the result of weird beliefs in things that do not exist. In contrast, we propose that religious behavior is distinguished from non-religious behavior by one of the most familiar and mundane of human behaviors: talk. Specifically, we suggest that it is the making, and communicating acceptance, of supernatural claims that distinguishes religious behavior. Given that talk is a form of communication aimed at influencing the behavior of others, we propose that proximate explanations of religion focus on the identifiable social effects of religious behavior. Given that the talk identified as religious was almost certainly transmitted from ancestors to descendants during recent human evolution, we suggest that ultimate explanations of religion focus on the consequences of traditional religious behavior transmitted through a multitude of generations. Our hypothesis is that religious traditions were perpetuated because they increased cooperation among co-descendants by communicating the willingness to accept the influence of each other and their common ancestors.
Pickin' Up Good Vibrations.

Although conformational change has long been recognized as critical to protein function, whether the same goes for equilibrium dynamical fluctuations has been the subject of myriad squabbles. There are those who rigidly deny any dynamical effects, those who claim fluctuations drive functional conformational change, and those who claim to have snared exquisitely evolved function-channeling vibrations (1–4).
Adaptive Skill Trajectories in Infants with Fragile X Syndrome Contrasted to Typical Controls and Infants at High Risk for Autism.

Abstract Background Adaptive behaviors are essential for optimal outcomes and independence in individuals with developmental disabilities. This study examined longitudinal trajectories of adaptive behavior in infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS), compared to typical development (TD) and infant siblings of children diagnosed with autism (ASIBs). Method Participants included 76 male infants (FXS = 25, ASIBs = 27, TD = 24) assessed up to 4 times between 6 and 24 months of age for a total of 215 assessments of adaptive behavior. A sample of 12 females with FXS was included for a comparative sex analysis. Results Results indicate that infant males with FXS displayed lower initial adaptive behavior across all domains that emerged by 9 months-of-age with slower growth rates than both comparison groups. A flat profile across the domains at 24 months was evident. Increased severity of autism symptoms was related to reduced adaptive skills at 24 months-of-age. Females with FXS displayed higher scores than males on the Socialization and Motor domains and equivalent scores on the Communication and Daily Living domains at 9 months-of-age with different rates of growth across domains. Conclusions This is the first study to provide evidence of etiological specificity in adaptive behavior profiles during infancy across two populations at high risk for ASD. These findings support targeted adaptive behavior interventions in young children with FXS beginning as early at 9 months of age to reduce identified deficits and the cascading impacts of these early impairments.
PREDICTORS OF EXERCISE CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) exhibit impaired left ventricular outflow resulting in compromised peak exercise capacity (EC). Importantly, severely reduced EC is directly related to increased morbidity and mortality in these patients. Therefore, we sought to determine
Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: Playing Chess, Not Checkers

Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) exhibit a complex state of immune dysfunction involving multiple mechanisms of local, regional, and systemic immunosuppression and tolerance. These pathways are now being identified and their relative contributions explored. Delineating how these pathways are interrelated is paramount to effectively implementing immunotherapy for GBM. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4059-61. ©2018 AACRSee related articles by Woroniecka et al., p. 4175 and Mohme et al., p. 4187.
Dietary oxalate and calcium oxalate stones: a theoretical or real concern?

Oxalate is the end product of several metabolic pathways in many life forms, including plants and humans. In humans and other animals, oxalate must be excreted because there is no biological need for oxalate. In humans, the ability to manage oxalate, which originates from both endogenous and exogenous sources, relies on control of its gastrointestinal absorption (in the case of exogenous oxalate), on the control of endogenous synthesis, and on renal oxalate handling. Because urinary oxalate excretion is a major cause of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, oxalate is of interest. Currently there are no pharmacologic agents designed to reduce oxalate biosynthesis, oxalate absorption, or renal oxalate excretion. While there are numerous nutrition-related strategies aimed at reducing high urine oxalate, there is debate about their effectiveness, largely due to lack of evidence in the biomedical literature.
Generation of p53 suppressor peptide from the fragment of p53 protein.

The p53 protein, encoded by a tumor suppressor gene, mediates growth arrest or apoptosis in response to a variety of stresses. p53-dependent apoptosis, occurring in several sensitive tissues after radiation or chemotherapy, is partially responsible for the side effects of cancer treatment, making p53 a potential target for therapeutic suppression. p53 function can be suppressed by the ectopic expression of p53-derived peptides, isolated earlier using functional selection of genetic suppressor elements (GSEs) from a library of randomly fragmented p53 cDNA (Ossovskaya et al. [1996]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 10309). The potent p53-suppressing GSE, GSE56, had been used to generate in an E. coli expression system a peptide with anti-p53 activity by fusion of the GSE-encoded sequence with penetratin, a 16-amino-acid-long peptide capable of efficient translocation through cell membranes. Fusion with penetratin does not affect the anti-p53 activity of retrovirus-transduced GSE56. The fused peptide was able to attenuate p53-mediated transactivation and apoptosis when added into culture media. Interestingly, GSE56-derived peptide with no penetratin also had accumulated in the cells and showed similar, though lower, anti-p53 activity. This study provides the rationale and methodological basis for efficient generation of biologically active peptides with therapeutic potential from GSEs isolated through functional selection.
Maximizing Social Welfare in the Presence of Markovian Agents

In the previous chapter, we proposed a MAL algorithm CMLeS that in a arbitrary repeated game, converges to following a NE joint-policy in self-play, achieves close to the best response with a high probability against a set of memory-bounded agents whose memory size is upper-bounded by a known value, and achieves close to the security value against any other set of agents which cannot be represented as being K max memory-bounded. CMLeS is the first MAL algorithm to achieve all of the above objectives.
Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy on Reduction of Recidivism Among Recently Incarcerated Homeless Women: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to compare the 6-month outcomes of a Dialectical Behavioral Therapy-Corrections Modified (DBT-CM) program versus a Health Promotion (HP) program on mitigating recidivism among 130 female parolees/probationers between baseline and 6-month follow-up. The effect of DBT-CM on reducing recidivism was greater among those who expressed a desire for help (risk ratio [RR] = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.16, 1.00]; p = .050) and among homeless female ex-offenders (HFOs) who were younger ( 35 (Model 3; RR = 0.40; 95% CI = [0.16, 1.00]; p = .050). Findings from this pilot study suggest that the DBT-CM intervention may be effective in reducing reincarceration rates among some HFOs during reentry. Larger RCTs are needed to validate our findings.
Alkylation and Peroxidation Injury from Chemically Reactive Metabolites

As initiators of chemical-induced tissue injury, alkylation and peroxidation reactions are often discussed as though they were mutually exclusive or competing adversaries for our love and affection, our hearts and souls. They are neither mutually exclusive nor competing hypotheses. In fact for some chemicals converted to radical metabolites, they might even be additive.
The impact of the Syrian war on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients (P3.338)

Objective: 1) study the effect of 5 years of war in Syria on the prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis 2) investigate the change in survival rates of multiple sclerosis patients before and during the war Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered one the most common neurological diseases in young adults. Incidence and prevalence of MS in Syria has not been previously studied Design/Methods: Review of medical records from the Ministry of Health registry to calculate MS prevalence, incidence, and survival rates before and during the Syrian war from January 2010 to December 2015. The Ministry of Health is the only provider of the immunomodulating medications of MS in Syria which provides a unified medical records for all MS patients across the country. Number of health care facility damaged during the war was obtained from the Ministry of Health as well. Diagnosis of MS was made depending on McDonald’s criteria Results: Prevalence of MS has increased during the war from 7.7 per 100,000 in 2010 to 8.9 per 100,000 in 2015. Incidence has decreased from 1.7 per 100,000 per year in 2010 to 0.9 per 100.000 per year in 2015. Female to male ratio has increased from 1.8 in 2010 to 3.4 in 2015. The average age at disease onset was 25.5 in males and 28.4 in females. About 33 hospital and 25 rehabilitation facility were damaged partially or completely during the war which resulted in a noticeable decrease in the survival rate after 30 years of disease onset from 44.6% to 18.4% Conclusions: Prevalence of MS has increased in Syria despite the decreased incidence during the last 5 years. Survival rates has also declined dramatically. These findings are due to limited accessibility to medical resources. As a result, many MS patients remain undiagnosed and patients who are diagnosed are less likely to survive Disclosure: Dr. Almallouhi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Almallouhi has nothing to disclose.
Efficient, Evolutionary Security Analysis of Interacting Android Apps

In parallel with the increasing popularity of mobile software, an alarming escalation in the number and sophistication of security threats is observed on mobile platforms, remarkably Android as the dominant platform. Such mobile software, further, evolves incrementally, and especially so when being maintained after it has been deployed. Yet, most security analysis techniques lack the ability to efficiently respond to incremental system changes. Instead, every time the system changes, the entire security analysis has to be repeated from scratch, making it too expensive for practical use, given the frequency with which apps are updated, installed, and removed in such volatile environments as the Android ecosystem. To address this limitation, we present a novel technique, dubbed FLAIR, for efficient, yet formally precise, security analysis of Android apps in response to incremental system changes. Leveraging the fact that the changes are likely to impact only a small fraction of the prior analysis results, FLAIR recomputes the analysis only where required, thereby greatly improving analysis performance without sacrificing the soundness and completeness thereof. Our experimental results using numerous bundles of real-world apps corroborate that FLAIR can provide an order of magnitude speedup over prior techniques.
Structural considerations for physical hydrogels based on polymer–nanoparticle interactions

Designing supramolecular hydrogels for complex translational applications requires the ability to engineer viscoelasticity and flow behaviour at the bulk scale as well as the network structure at the nano and micro scales. Here we examine supramolecular hydrogels formed by polymer–nanoparticle interactions between hydrophobically-modified biopolymers and polymeric nanoparticles. Crosslinking in these systems is driven by dynamic and multivalent interactions between the biopolymers and the nanoparticles. We demonstrate control over viscoelasticity and microstructure by altering the hydrophobicity of pendant groups along the polymer backbone. Increasing the pendant group hydrophobicity creates larger polymer corona heights and, once a critical interparticle distance is spanned, induces a jammed microstructure that reinforces bridging based crosslinking. These studies suggest that design considerations for polymer–nanoparticle hydrogels are analogous to those of jammed soft glasses and provide an engineering handle to tune microstructure and viscoelasticity through chemical modifications to the polymer backbone. These materials are expected to be useful for applications that require injection, spraying, and control over cargo release kinetics.
Fecal Bile Acid Testing in Assessing Patients With Chronic Unexplained Diarrhea: Implications for Healthcare Utilization.

Introduction Bile acid (BA) diarrhea is the cause in ∼26% of chronic unexplained (nonbloody) diarrhea (CUD) based on SeHCAT testing. To assess fecal BA excretion and healthcare utilization in patients with CUD. Methods In a retrospective review of 1,071 consecutive patients with CUD who completed 48-hour fecal BA testing, we analyzed the symptoms, diagnostic tests performed, and final diagnoses. Results After 135 patients were excluded because of mucosal diseases, increased BA excretion was identified in 476 (51%) of the 936 patients with CUD: 29% with selective increase in primary BA and 22% with increased total BA excretion (35% with normal primary BA excretion). There were no differences in demographics, clinical symptoms, or history of cholecystectomy in patients with elevated total or selective primary fecal BA excretion compared with patients with normal excretion. Before the 48-hour fecal BA excretion test was performed, patients completed on average 1.2 transaxial imaging, 2.6 endoscopic procedures, and 1.6 miscellaneous tests/person. Less than 10% of these tests identified the etiology of CUD. Total fecal BAs >3,033 µmol/48 hour or primary BAs >25% had a 93% negative predictive value to exclude mucosal disease. Among patients with increased fecal BA excretion, >70% reported diarrhea improved with BA sequestrant compared with 26% with normal fecal BA excretion. Patients with selective elevation in primary fecal BAs were 3.1 times (95% confidence interval, 1.5-6.63) more likely to respond to BA sequestrant therapy compared with those with elevated total fecal BAs. Discussion Increased fecal BA excretion is frequent (51%) in patients with CUD. Early 48-hour fecal BA evaluation has the potential to decrease healthcare utilization in CUD.
ADflow: An Open-Source Computational Fluid Dynamics Solver for Aerodynamic and Multidisciplinary Optimization

Computational fluid dynamics through the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations with turbulence models has become commonplace. However, simply solving these equations is not sufficient to be able ...
Exact simulation for multivariate Itô diffusions

We provide the first generic exact simulation algorithm for multivariate diffusions. Current exact sampling algorithms for diffusions require the existence of a transformation which can be used to reduce the sampling problem to the case of a constant diffusion matrix and a drift which is the gradient of some function. Such a transformation, called the Lamperti transformation, can be applied in general only in one dimension. So, completely different ideas are required for the exact sampling of generic multivariate diffusions. The development of these ideas is the main contribution of this paper. Our strategy combines techniques borrowed from the theory of rough paths, on the one hand, and multilevel Monte Carlo on the other.
Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world's horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
The effect of increased minimum wage on child externalizing behaviors

Abstract The Family Stress Model (FSM) has been used to show the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and child externalizing behaviors and suggests that interventions promoting economic security may be a promising approach to reduce child externalizing behavior. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study from 2002 to 2010 we examined the effect of minimum wage laws on child externalizing behaviors through a difference in difference in differences (DDD) study design. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) using the rule breaking, attention problems, and violence subscales. DDD analyses suggest a $1 increase in the minimum wage was associated with a 2% reduction in violent behaviors (β = −1.90, 95%CI[−3.12, −0.68], p = 0.003) for the most vulnerable families headed by a primary caregiver with less than a high school education. The study results suggest that increases in the minimum wage are associated with reductions in the most severe and costly externalizing behaviors among children. Study results contribute to a growing body of literature showing that increased family incomes have positive impacts on child development, and that minimum wage policy is potentially an effective mechanism for the primary prevention of violence.
SOCIAL SERVICES Juvenile Justice Services: Create Administrative Agency

The Act provides for the creation of the Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council to create standards, to administer and coordinate juvenile services and funds, and to develop, through community initiative, community based programs for delinquent youths. July 1, 1987
Cytomorphology of epithelial cells of Fallopian tubes obtained by aspiration from operative specimens

Abstract Since it is probable that normal cells of the Fallopian tubes reach the vagina and appear in preparations of the vaginal smear, it is very important that these cells be carefully described. Unless they are recognizable, the presence of such cells may indeed result in errors of diagnosis. In this study, aspiration preparations have been made from Fallopian tubes removed at the time of hysterectomy carried out for various pathologic conditions. On the basis of the material so obtained, nine classes of cells or cellular materials have been categorized and described, related to the various phases of the menstrual cycle and to associated conditions found in the uterus.
Modal Analysis and SHM Investigation of CX-100 Wind Turbine Blade

This paper presents the dynamic characterization of a CX-100 wind turbine blade using modal testing. Obtaining a thorough dynamic characterization of turbine blades is important because they are complex structures, making them very difficult to accurately model without supplementing with experimental data. The results of this dynamic characterization can be used to validate a numerical model and understand the effect of structural damage on the performance of the blades. Also covered is an exploration into Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques employed on the blade surface to detect changes in the blade dynamic properties. SHM design parameters such as traveling distance of the wave were examined. Results obtained during modal and SHM testing will provide a baseline for future work in blade damage detection and mitigation.
An entropy method for induced drag minimization

A fundamentally new approach to the aircraft minimum induced drag problem is presented. The method, a 'viscous lifting line', is based on the minimum entropy production principle and does not require the planar wake assumption. An approximate, closed form solution is obtained for several wing configurations including a comparison of wing extension, winglets, and in-plane wing sweep, with and without a constraint on wing-root bending moment. Like the classical lifting-line theory, this theory predicts that induced drag is proportional to the square of the lift coefficient and inversely proportioinal to the wing aspect ratio. Unlike the classical theory, it predicts that induced drag is Reynolds number dependent and that the optimum spanwise circulation distribution is non-elliptic.
Tutorial on Technology Transfer and Survey Design and Data Collection for Measuring Internet and Intranet Existence, Usage, and Impact (Survey-2000) in Acute Care Hospitals in the United States

This paper provides a tutorial of technology transfer for management information systems in health care. Additionally it describes the process for a national survey of acute care hospitals using a random sample of 813 hospitals. The purpose of the survey was to measure the levels of Internet and Intranet existence and usage in acute care hospitals. The depth of the survey includes e-commerce for both business to business and with customers. The relationships with systems approaches, user involvement, user satisfaction and decision-making will be studied. Changes with results of a prior survey conducted in 1997 can be studied and enabling and inhabiting factors identified. This information will provide benchmarks for hospitals to plan their network technology position and to set goals.
Energy-Denominated Currencies as a Viable Pathway for Sustainable Societal Transitions

An energy-based system of exchange that combines the commodity and credit-clearing characteristics of currency can be adopted in parallel to or in place of fiat currencies in order to facilitate a sustainable societal transition. The universal adoption of fiat currencies and of the fractional reserve banking system coincided with access and ability to utilize energy-dense fossil fuels. Their combined effect allowed for unprecedented rates of economic expansion but the synergy of this combination switched from positive to negative due to the depletion of economically recoverable fossil fuels thus setting the stage for persistent systemic crises. An energy credit system concept that realigns the economic system to the thermodynamic limits of the physical world is described and a transition to an energy currency is postulated. The ability of energy currency to support sustainability objectives is shown to be more comprehensive than existing policy options based on a framework of sustainability principles including a debt as future consumption commitment constraint. An energy currency generally reflects the economic value-added of current activities but also addresses instances of undervalued energy services like the merit order effect for renewables.
‘Taxonomy’ of Electron Glasses

We report measurements of the real and imaginary parts of the AC conductivity in the quantum limit, ħω > k B T of insulating nominally uncompensated n-type silicon. The observed frequency dependence shows evidence for a crossover from interacting Coulomb glass-like behavior at lower energies to non-interacting Fermi glass-like behavior at higher energies across a broad doping range. The crossover is sharper than predicted and cannot be described by any existing theories. Despite this, the measured crossover energy can be compared to the theoretically predicted Coulomb interaction energy and reasonable estimates of the localization length obtained from it. Based on a comparison with the amorphous semiconductor NbSi, we obtain a general classification scheme for electrodynamics of electron glasses.
Improved radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol

We report a simplified radioimmunoassay procedure for determination of plasma cortisol. The method offers the advantage that tracer, antibody, and assay buffer are added in a single step with the use of semi-automated equipment. Thus, critical pipetting procedures are minimized, and assay time is reduced to 4 h. No prior extraction or chromatographic purification of cortisol is required. The procedure is simple, reliable, and accurate. For either between-assay or within-assay determinations, the coefficients of variation are about 6%. Our results compare well with those obtained from a procedure that included extraction and chromatographic purification of cortisol in several plasma samples. Conditions for optimizing the assay are also discussed.
Counselor Attitudes Toward Contingency Management for Substance Use Disorder: Effectiveness, Acceptability, and Endorsement of Incentives for Treatment Attendance and Abstinence

Abstract Despite research demonstrating its effectiveness, use of contingency management (CM) in substance use disorder treatment has been limited. Given the vital role that counselors play as arbiters in the use of therapies, examination of their attitudes can provide insight into how further use of CM might be effectively promoted. In this paper, we examine 731 counselors' attitudes toward the effectiveness and acceptability of CM in treatment, as well as their specific attitudes toward both unspecified and tangible incentives for treatment attendance and abstinence. Compared to cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and community reinforcement approach, counselors rated CM as the least effective and least acceptable psychosocial intervention. Exposure through the use of CM in a counselor's employing organization was positively associated with perceptions of acceptability, agreement that incentives have a positive effect on the client–counselor relationship, and endorsement of tangible incentives for abstinence. Endorsement of tangible incentives for treatment attendance was significantly greater among counselors with more years in the treatment field, and counselors who held at least a master's degree. Counselors' adaptability or openness to innovations was also positively associated with attitudes toward CM. Further, female counselors and counselors with a greater 12-step philosophy were less likely to endorse the use of incentives. A highlight of our study is that it offers the first specific assessment of the impact of “Promoting Awareness of Motivational Incentives” (PAMI), a Web-based tool based on findings of CM protocols tested within the Clinical Trials Network (CTN), on counselors employed outside the CTN. We found that 10% of counselors had accessed PAMI, and those who had accessed PAMI were more likely to report a higher degree of perceived effectiveness of CM than those who had not. This study lays the groundwork for vital research on the impact of multiple Web-based educational strategies. Given the barriers to CM adoption, identifying predictors of positive attitudes among counselors can help diffuse CM into routine clinical practice.
Metabolism of orally administered [3H]ergocalciferol and [3H]cholecalciferol by dairy calves.

Concentrations of ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and their metabolites in plasma were determined after a single oral dose of (/sup 3/H)ergocalciferol or (/sup 3/H)cholecalciferol was given to 95- to 105-kg Jersey bull calves. One group (three calves) was given 365 muCi of (/sup 3/H)ergocalciferol (1.2 Ci/mmol) per calf, and the other group (three calves) was given 365 muCi of (/sup 3/H)cholecalciferol (1.2 Ci/mmol) per calf. Fourteen blood samples were taken from each calf during the 3 weeks after administration. Total plasma radioactivity was highest at 80 hours in both groups (8400 dpm/ml and 4600 dpm/ml in the (/sup 3/H)cholecalciferol- and (/sup 3/H)ergocalciferol-treated calves, respectively). For determination of the time-dependent appearance and disappearance of plasma vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites, the plasma /sup 3/H-labeled steroids were extracted and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. In both groups, (/sup 3/H)vitamin D peaked at 24-48 hours and was the predominant radioactive form in plasma 10-15 hours after dosing. After 15 hours, 25-(/sup 3/H)hydroxyvitamin D became the predominant labeled metabolite, reaching its maximal concentration between 48 and 96 hours. Concentrations of 25-(/sup 3/H)hydroxycholecalciferol were about twice those of 25-(/sup 3/H)hydroxyergocalciferol. The appearance/disappearance profile of 25,26-(/sup 3/H)dihydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25(/sup 3/H)hydroxycholecalciferol resembled that of 25-(/sup 3/H)hydroxycholecalciferol.
PS2-04: Knowledge of Heart Attack and Stroke Symptomology: A Cross-sectional Comparison of Rural and Non-rural US Adults

Background/Aims In the US heart disease is the number one cause of death and stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Early treatment, received within three-hours after a heart attack or a stroke, is critical to lowering the risk of disability and/or death. Understanding the symptoms and signs of heart attacks and strokes are important not only in saving lives, but also in preserving quality of life. Findings from recent research have yielded that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors are higher in rural populations, suggesting that adults living in rural locales may be at higher risk for heart attack and/or stroke. Knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptomology as well as calling 911 as the appropriate first response to suspected heart attack or stroke are essential first steps in seeking care. This study sought to examine the knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptoms among rural adults in comparison to non-rural adults living in the US.
Laser-triggered Repetitive Fluorescein Anglography

Liposome-encapsulated fluorescent dye has been altered to allow full fundus angiography after a single laser shot. By exposing the retinal arteries to laser energy where they emerge at the optic disc nerve head, dye release is elicited simultaneously in all four quadrants of the retina, without choroidal fluorescence, allowing visualization of the retinal microcirculation. Because the quantity of dye release is limited, recirculation does not increase background fluorescence. The procedure can be repeated many times without delay with consistent results. Increasing the laser spot size to 1.5 mm allows consistent dye release at energy densities from 0.5 J/cm2 to 3.4 J/cm2. This refinement will allow direct comparison in primates of this technique and conventional fluorescein angiography. The laser energy delivered to the retina is below suggested levels that may be tolerated by the optic nerve.
Structural Studies of [Ru(1,8-naphthyridine) 4 ] 2+ and [Ru(1,5-cyclooctadiene)(1,8-naphthyridine) 2 ] 2+ as their Tetraphenylborate Salts

The previously reported [Ru(naph)4]2+ complex (naph = 1,8-naphthyridine) has been prepared by a simplified route using [RuCl2(1,5-COD)] x (COD = cyclooctadiene) as starting material and isolated as its tetraphenylborate salt. The salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 13.6531(3) A, b = 12.5389(4) A, c = 20.0349(5) A, β = 96.5884(15)o, V = 3407.22(16) A, D calc = 1.300 at 150(1) K. The dication has crystallographically imposed inversion symmetry. Although the iron analogue has been found to have a coordination number of eight, the ruthenium complex is only six-coordinate, which is achieved by the presence of two monodentate and two bidentate 1,8-naphthyridine ligands. The observation of a higher coordination number for Fe(II) vs. Ru(II) can be explained by the high spin nature of the iron complex. A byproduct complex, [Ru(1,5-COD)(naph)2][B(C6H5)4]2, could also be synthesized, isolated pure, and structurally characterized. The organometallic complex possesses an 18 electron configuration by virtue of the dicationic metal center being coordinated by the diene ligand and all four nitrogen lone pairs. This salt crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$ {\text{P}}\bar{1} $$ with a = 12.9538(3) A, b = 14.9485(3) A, c = 17.4291(3) A, α = 69.0649(11)o, β = 78.3211(9)o, γ = 78.5629(10)o, V = 3057.50(11) A3, D calc = 1.293 at 150(1) K. The [Ru(1,8-naphthyridine)4]2+ ion has been shown to have a coordination number of six, as opposed to the eight-coordinate [Fe(1,8-naphthyridine)4]2+.
Migration and Employment Among the Civilian Spouses of Military Personnel

Objectives. This article attempts to directly observe the effect of being a tied migrant on the economic status of the civilian husbands and wives of military personnel in order to confirm whether previously observed trailing-wife effects are consistent with being a tied migrant. Methods. A sample of the civilian husbands of women in the military and the civilian wives of men in the military are drawn from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1990 U.S. Census. Ordinal logit models of labor-market status and tobit models of hours worked are estimated, which include a migrant status variable. Results. Migration is associated with a 10 percent decline in employment among all civilian wives and a four-hour decline in hours worked per week among civilian wives who remain employed. Migration is associated with a statistically insignificant but very similar 6 percent drop in employment among all civilian men and a five-hour decline in hours worked per week among civilian men who remain employed. Conclusions. The results provide solid evidence that being a tied migrant, irrespective of gender, is disruptive to both labor-market status and hours worked. Thus, the assumption that wives are harmed because of their disproportionate status as tied migrants is supported. Decades of family migration research have consistently found that the economic status of married women declines with migration. The bulk of evidence indicates that this trailing-wife effect is not consistent with economic theory, suggesting that gender-based family roles may play a leading role (see Cooke, 2003). Although the term ‘‘trailing wife’’ has a patriarchal and deterministic tone, it accurately reflects the evidence: the negative effect of moving on the economic status of married women apparently occurs because the family gives a disproportionate weight to the husband’s employment prospects when making the decision to move. thus, family migration research has assumed that migration reduces married women’s economic status because they are ‘‘tied migrants.’’ However, no study has directly identified a sample of tied migrants and documented the effect of moving on them because secondary data sources do not report which spouse
Enhancement of resident education in sonography using high-speed PACS/ATM image transmission: work in progress

Transmission of high quality images between hospitals would be of value by exposing residents at individual institutions to a greater mix of disease processes. This problem is particularly serious in ultrasound where individual hospitals may not perform the entire range of examinations. We undertook this study to assess the effectiveness of image transmission via a PACS/ATM global network in improving ultrasound education among residents at affiliated hospitals. Image management was performed by AGFA PACS; global network was Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Selected cases from the two hospitals (OB/GYN cases at one, vascular at the other) were transmitted. Readout/teaching sessions included cases performed at base hospital and those received via network. Evaluation forms were collected from participants at both institutions. No image degradation occurred with transmission. Residents' exposure to ultrasound cases increased at the two hospitals. The system was considered an excellent teaching tool by all faculty and residents surveyed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Association Between Childhood Physical Abuse, Exposure to Parental Violence, and Alcohol Problems in Adulthood

This article examines the association of exposure to parental violence during childhood and childhood physical abuse with the development of alcohol-related problems in adulthood among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. A multistage area household probability sample of White, Black, and Hispanic couples (married or cohabiting), 18 or older, in the U.S. household population was interviewed in 1995. Analyses show an association between childhood physical abuse and exposure to parental violence and alcohol problems among White, Black, and Hispanic females and Hispanic males and an association between parental violence and alcohol problems among Black males. In sum, childhood physical abuse and exposure to parental violence are associated with the development of alcohol-related problems in adulthood. However, this association is ethnic and gender specific. Therefore, these violence-related experiences during childhood and adolescence have both immediate and long-term health consequences and should be addressed by...
Short-exposure imaging and short-term laser beam spread in a turbulent atmosphere

The theory of short-exposure (SE) imaging and short-term (ST) beam spread is developed based on the Markov approximation for wave propagation in turbulence and Feymnan path-integral formalism. The theory is not restricted by the weak scintillation conditions, and takes into account diffraction and geometric properties ofthe beam and imaging system. We obtain approximations for the ST beam and SE image structure functions, which are free from the drawbacks ofthe classical SE theory. The SE case modulation transfer function (MiT) has a two-scale shape with larger scale extending up to the diffraction cutoff. We show that the imaging system can be optimized to maintain the highest contrast for the given spatial frequency. The initial beam size and its focusing can be optimized in terms ofthe maximum on-axis intensity and minimum beam size. These effects have no analogy for the long-term cases.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Drug testers versus nontesters: Human resources managers’ perceptions and organizational characteristics

Survey responses from 134 human resources managers (50 from drug testing and 84 from nontesting organizations) indicated that representatives from drug testing organizations were no less likely than their counterparts from nontesting organizations to know that drug tests cannot assess performance impairment. However, awareness of this limitation of drug testing was associated with greater perceptions of testing as invasive of privacy and unsound for dealing with drug use in the workplace. The prevalence of drug testing was related to organizational size and industry type, but unrelated to perceptions of employee’s drug use. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
In vitro studies on basal and stimulated prolactin release by rat anterior pituitary: a possible role for calmodulin.

The mechanism by which PRL is released from mammotrophs is a calcium-dependent process. Although calcium seems to function as a second messenger, its regulatory mechanism in PRL release has not been clarified. The binding of calcium to calmodulin and the activation of calmodulin-dependent enzymes have been suggested to be important steps during stimulus-secretion coupling in various cells. In the present work we investigated the in vitro effect of penfluridol, a potent neuroleptic that also possesses the ability to inhibit calmodulin's biological activity, on basal and stimulated PRL release. The effect of pimozide and haloperidol on basal PRL release was also investigated. Penfluridol, pimozide, and haloperidol inhibited basal PRL secretion in a dose-related manner, with the EC50 ranging from 0.5–1 μM for penfluridol to 1–2 pM for pimozide and more than 3 μM for haloperidol. These concentrations are similar to those necessary for the inactivation of calmodulin-dependent enzymes in vitro. Ionophore A-2318...
The role of phosphorus in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter

The reaction of elemental phosphorus and H atoms to form PH3 was observed and should be a major factor in the recycling of PH3 in the stratosphere of Jupiter. The formation of PH3 in this manner should predominate at high altitudes where, due to the very low temperatures, reactions that require higher activation energies than these atom reactions cannot occur. At lower altitudes, in the troposphere, the rapid formation of H atoms from the strong absorption of light by NH3 will contribute to phosphine production also in this same manner. Recent experiments have also shown that elemental phosphorus reacts readily with aqueous ammonia to form PH3. This reaction may also be important in the recycling of PH3 in the upper troposphere of Jupiter if water-ammonia clouds, as had been previously thought, exist. Considerations of the coloration of the Great Red Spot have been made based upon the nature of the phosphorus obtained by decomposition of the phosphine.
New pentafluorothio(SF5)fluoropolymers

Abstract New fluorinated polymers containing the pentafluorothio group have been prepared from SF5Br and the appropriate fluoroolefin under reaction temperatures of 90±5°C and autogeneous pressures of up to 90 atmosphere for periods of four days to two weeks. With ethylene, FCH2CH2Br and SF5CH2CH2Br were formed. A new monomer addition product, SF5CF2CF2Br, is also reported for the first time.
Cooling and Rewarming for Brain Ischemia or Injury: Theoretical Analysis

A three-dimensional model is developed in this study to examine the transient and steady state temperature distribution in the brain during selective brain cooling (SBC) and subsequent rewarming. Selective brain cooling is induced through either wearing a cooling helmet or packing the head with ice. The ischemic region of the brain is simulated through reducing the blood perfusion rate to 20% of its normal value. The geometric and thermal properties and physiological characteristics for each layer, as well as the arterial blood temperature, are used as the input to the Pennes bioheat equation. Our data suggest that rapid cooling of the brain gray matter can be achieved by SBC on the head surface (26 min for adults versus 15 min for infants). Suboptimal thermal contact between the head surface and the coolant in most commercially available cooling helmets is suspected to be the main reason for delayed cooling in SBC as compared to the ice packing. The study has also demonstrated that the simulated 3 °C/h passive rewarming rate by exposing the head to room temperature after removing the source of cooling may be too rapid. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2003: 8710+e, 8719La, 8719Pp, 8719Uv