cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of the acoustic wave equation with transform methods

Numerical methods are described for the simulation of wave phenomena with application to the modeling of seismic data. Two separate topics are studied. The first deals with the solution of the acoustic wave equation. The second topic treats wave phenomena whose direction of propagation is restricted within ±90 degrees from a given axis. In the numerical methods developed here, the wave field is advanced in time by using standard time differencing schemes. On the other hand, expressions including space derivative terms are computed by Fourier transform methods. This approach to computing derivatives minimizes truncation errors. Another benefit of transform methods becomes evident when attempting to restrict propagation to upward moving waves, e.g., to avoid multiple reflections. Constraints imposed on the direction of the wave propagation are accomplished most precisely in the wavenumber domain. The error analysis of the algorithms shows that truncation errors are due mainly to time discretization. Such er...
The Recent Spread of Cyperus entrerianus (Cyperaceae) in the Southeastern United States and its Invasive Potential in Bottomland Hardwood Forests

Cyperus entrerianus, a native of temperate South America, has become a tenacious weed in the southeastern United States. Herbarium and field studies re- vealed records of C. entrerianus from an additional 39 counties in the southeastern United States, increasing the number of counties where it is known by 118%. Vegetation sampling at two southeast Texas bottomland hardwood stands showed that C. entrerianus is capable of invading the understory of a mature forest with old- growth characteristics and that native herbaceous species richness and aerial cover are negatively correlated with increasing aerial cover of C. entrerianus. Life-history characteristics of C. entrerianus suggest it will continue to spread and could alter both herbaceous and woody plant dynamics in bottomland forests of the southeastern United States.
CONTROL OF HEAT RELEASE AND NO EMISSIONS IN A COMBUSTOR THROUGH MODULATION OF TRANSVERSE AIR-JETS

Abstract The effect of modulated air jets, introduced through the combustor shell, on the temperature distribution and nitric oxide emissions is investigated. Temperature and emissions measurements have been made at a number of forcing frequencies in the range of 100–850 Hz, blowing ratios in the range of 4–10 and equivalence ratios between 0.6 and 1.0. Open-loop flame response to forcing has also been acquired by recording pressure spectra. Results show that substantial reductions in nitric oxide emissions index (15–30%) can be obtained over a wide range of flow conditions with side-air jet forcing. In addition, forcing also alters the time averaged temperature field, with higher mean temperatures close to the dump plane, due to enhanced fuel-air mixing. The higher temperatures and volumetric heat release obtained with forcing can enable more compact combustor designs. The lower emissions are potentially linked to greater unsteadiness with forcing.
Multiple flows of control in migratable parallel programs

Many important parallel applications require multiple flows of control to run on a single processor. In this paper, we present a study of four flow-of-control mechanisms: processes, kernel threads, user-level threads and event-driven objects. Through experiments, we demonstrate the practical performance and limitations of these techniques on a variety of platforms. We also examine migration of these flows-of-control with focus on thread migration, which is critical for application-independent dynamic load balancing in parallel computing applications. Thread migration, however, is challenging due to the complexity of both user and system state involved. In this paper, we present several techniques to support migratable threads and compare the performance of these techniques.
Synaptic interactions in the cardiac ganglion of the spiny lobsterPanulirus interruptus

Synaptic interactions between neurons of the spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) cardiac ganglion have been investigated. All four small cells make synaptic contacts with all large cells (Fig. 1). The anterior four large cells all respond with similar synaptic depolarizations in response to a small cell impulse as follows: to cell 6–16.4 mV; to cell 7-3.1 mV; to cell 8-1.9 mV; and to cell 9-1.3 mV (Fig. 2). The average synaptic potentials measured in the soma of cell 5 are smaller: to cell 6-2.5 mV; to cell 7-1.5 mV; to cell 8-1.0 mV; and to cell 9-0.7 mV. Cell 1-4 PSP's due to cell 6 impulses antifacilitate strongly, while those from cells 7, 8 and 9 antifacilitate only weakly if at all. PSP's in cell 5 show neither facilitation nor antifacilitation. Cell 6 receives spike mediated input from some small cells (Fig. 7). Synaptic connections between cells 8 and 9 if they exist at all, are very weak (Fig. 6). The most important interactions between cells 8 and 9 are probably via electrotonic connections.
Electrochemically Fabricated Conducting Polymer Nanoframework Electrode Junctions That Function as Resistive Sensors

We have demonstrated a template-free, site-specific, and scalable electrochemical method for the fabrication of individually addressable conducting polymer nanoframework electrode junctions in a parallel-oriented array. These conducting polymer nanoframeworks, which are composed of numerous intercrossing conducting polymer nanowires that have uniform diameters ranging from 40 to 150 nm, can be used for the chemical sensing of HC1 and NH3 gases and organic vapors and for sensing pH values of aqueous solutions.
Effects of pulsed UV-light on peanut allergens in extracts and liquid peanut butter.

: Pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) light, a nonthermal technology, was used to treat both the peanut extracts and liquid peanut butter. The objective was to determine if such treatment would lead to a reduction in the allergenic properties of the peanut extract and butter. Peanut samples were PUV treated using a Xenon RS-3000C under the following conditions: 3 pulses/s, 14.6 cm from the central axis of the lamp, 4 min (extract) or 3 min (liquid peanut butter). After the treatment, the peanut samples were centrifuged and the supernatants analyzed by SDS-PAGE and competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA). For comparison, boiling treatments were also performed. SDS-PAGE showed that while boiling treatment had little effect on the peanut allergens, PUV-light-treated samples displayed a reduced solubility or level of peanut allergens (63 kDa). Solubility of another allergen (18 to 20 kDa) was unaffected. Insoluble aggregates formed were responsible for the reduced level of allergens in PUV-light-treated samples. ciELISA showed that untreated samples exhibited an IgE binding 7-fold higher than the PUV-treated samples. It was concluded that PUV light was effective in reducing IgE binding of peanut extracts and liquid peanut butter. The current study provides an approach to the development of a possibly less allergenic peanut product. However, the reduction in actual allergenicity needs to be confirmed by clinical studies.
Upstream pressure for systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation in dogs.

Systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation, important in perfusing potentially ischemic regions distal to pulmonary vascular obstructions, depends on driving pressure between an upstream site in intrathoracic systemic arterial network and pulmonary vascular bed. The reported increase of pulmonary infarctions in heart failure may be due to a reduction of this driving pressure. We measured upstream element for driving pressure for systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation by raising pulmonary venous pressure (Ppv) until the systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation ceased. We assumed that this was the same as upstream pressure when there was flow. Systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation was measured in left lower lobes (LLL) of 21 anesthetized open-chest dogs from volume of blood that overflowed from pump-perfused (90-110 ml/min) pulmonary vascular circuit of LLL and was corrected by any changes of LLL fluid volume (wt). Systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation upstream pressure was linearly related to systemic arterial pressure (slope = 0.24, R = 0.845). Increasing Ppv caused a progressive reduction of systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation, which stopped when Ppv was 44 +/- 6 cmH2O and pulmonary arterial pressure was 46 +/- 7 cmH2O. A further increase in Ppv reversed systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation with blood flowing back into the dog. When net systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation by the overflow and weight change technique was zero a small bidirectional flow (3.7 +/- 2.9 ml.min-1 X 100 g dry lobe wt-1) was detected by dispersion of tagged red blood cells that had been injected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preface to: The Economics of Intercollegiate Sports

Does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) exploit student athletes? Should athletes be paid? Does Title IX unfairly discriminate against men's sports? Are the salaries of head coaches excessive? Why is there so much cheating in college sports? Should the sports department be subsidized by the university? Why do universities place so much emphasis on athletics? The above are just some of the questions raised in this sports economics textbook specially designed to teach undergraduate students about the college sports industry. The book focuses on the unique cartel structure of the NCAA and its member institutions to shed light on the labor market for college athletes and coaches; the tension between athletics and academics; the finance of athletic departments; the role of the media and commercialization of college sports; race, gender, and legal issues; and the desirability and plausibility of reform. The book reinforces the economic analysis with a variety of examples of recent events and can be used as either a primary or secondary text.
All In: Teachers' and College Faculty's Roles in Recruiting Future Physical Educators.

A 10-year trend of nationwide decreases in teacher preparation enrollments has been notable in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. Many factors have been offered as an explanation for this drop, including the convenience of online options, a strained economy, political factors, and widespread “teacher bashing.” This article uses the acculturation phase of occupational socialization theory to examine how the physical education profession can effectively recruit prospective teachers. Actions are suggested for K–12 physical educators and PETE professors, both independently and in collaboration, that could foster young people's interest in the profession. The strategies physical educators could implement include engaging potential recruits in conversations about the physical education profession, providing teaching assistant opportunities, and setting up campus visits for students expressing interest in the profession. College/university faculty can also recruit undeclared students, nurture ...
A permanent heteroploid human cell line with type B glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

SummaryDet. 562 is a permanent heteroploid human cell line that is similar to HeLa and other heteroploid cell lines in morphology, growth, and virus susceptibility.It differs from similar permanent human cell lines in having G-6-PD type B isozyme. The implications of this finding are discussed. The importance of cell line monitoring is stressed.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADSORPTION EFFICIENCY OF THE VAPOR PHASE COMPONENTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE BY ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS

Among the factors which affect the adsorption efficiencies of the vapor phase components of cigarette smoke by activated carbon fibers (ACF), the effects of smoke temperature, TPM (Total Particulate Matter) and water vapor were evaluated. Even at the final puffing, namely 14th puff for a cigarette used, the smoke temperature was only 7°C higher than the ambient temperature. Therefore, it was recognized that the smoke temperature has practically no effect on the adsorption in the case of the cigarettes used in this work. The adsorption ability of ACFs for the vapor phase components, especially of those having narrow micropore radius, was extremely lowered by TPM. For ACFs having narrow micropores, even a slight difference in pore radius resulted in great difference in the adsorption efficiency. Among the components in the vapor phase, those having relatively high boiling points underwent more inhibition of adsorption than low boiling point components. It has been suggested, therefore, that ACFs behave as if their pore radii and specific surface areas become small. From the adsorption experiments of organic component vapor and water vapor, it was confirmed that the adsorbed amounts depend on pore radii rather than specific surface areas because there exist combinations for the maximum adsorption of smoke components. In the presence of water vapor, this combination indicated a considerable substitution of organic components by water. Water vapor had appreciable effects on the adsorption efficiency of ACFs.
A macro-level perspective on prison inmate deviance

A macro-level perspective for understanding differences in levels of inmate assaults and nonviolent offenses across US prisons is presented which emphasizes the greater relevance of population comp...
Mechanism of secretion from the adrenal medulla. I. A microquantitative immunologic assay for bovine adrenal catecholamine storage vesicle protein and its application to studies of the secretory process.

Rabbit antisera have been prepared against a protein contained within the catecholamine storage vesicles of cow adrenal glands. Although the vesicle protein appeared homogeneous by physical and chemical criteria, immunologic analysis showed the presence of small amounts of highly immunogenic contaminants representing less than 1% of the total protein. The major contaminant was shown to be dopamine-β-oxidase, and antibodies to this contaminant could be removed from the antisera by absorption with a dopamine-β-oxidase-containing fraction obtained from a DEAE-cellulose fractionation of a crude catecholamine storage vesicle lysate. The resultant purified antivesicle protein sera were used to measure the release of the vesicle protein during stimulation of isolated perfused adrenal glands. It was found that catecholamines and vesicle protein appeared in the perfusates in ratios very similar to that present in the whole gland.
Predictors of Poor Quality of Life 1 Year After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background Risk factors for poor quality of life (QOL) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remain poorly described. Objective To identify the frequency and predictors of poor QOL 1 year after SAH. Methods We studied 1-year QOL in a prospectively collected cohort of 1181 consecutively admitted SAH survivors between July 1996 and May 2013. Patient clinical, radiographic, surgical, and acute clinical course information was recorded. Reduced QOL (overall, physical, and psychosocial) at 1 year was assessed with the Sickness Impact Profile and defined as 2 SD below population-based normative Sickness Impact Profile values. Logistic regression leveraging multiple imputation to handle missing data was used to evaluate reduced QOL. Results Poor overall QOL was observed in 35% of patients. Multivariable analysis revealed that nonwhite ethnicity, high school education or less, history of depression, poor clinical grade (Hunt-Hess Grade ≥3), and delayed infarction were predictors of poor overall and psychosocial QOL. Poor physical QOL was additionally associated with older age, hydrocephalus, pneumonia, and sepsis. At 1 year, patients with poor QOL had increased difficulty concentrating, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and reduced activities of daily living. More than 91% of patients with poor QOL failed to fully return to work. These patients frequently received physical rehabilitation, but few received cognitive rehabilitation or emotional-behavioral support. Conclusion Reduced QOL affects as many as one-third of SAH survivors 1 year after SAH. Delayed infarction is the most important in-hospital modifiable factor that affects QOL. Increased attention to cognitive and emotional difficulties after hospital discharge may help patients achieve greater QOL.
Traditional Banking in the United States and Its Evolution as Bank Holding Companies

In order to understand the context in which shadow banking has evolved, the chapter commences with a discussion of traditional banking. The historical background of banking in the USA is initially set forth, followed by discussion of the Dodd-Frank Act that arose as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2009, including mention of the Volcker Rule and the Act’s requirements with respect to credit ratings agencies. Thereafter, the important development of bank holding companies created under the Bank Holding Act of 1956 is reviewed; this expanded substantially to meet global competition, The Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder provide extensive oversight, particularly with respect to banks that are very large and may pose a systemic threat to the financial stability of the United States.
Toward the usable recognition of individual benefits and costs in regulatory analysis and governance

Regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe have well-deserved reputations for fixating on the total benefits and costs of proposed and final regulatory actions, without doing any more than anecdotally mentioning the subpopulations and individuals who may bear disproportionate costs or reap disproportionate benefits. This is especially true on the “cost” side of the cost–benefit ledger, where analysts exert little effort to even inform decisionmakers and the public that the costs of regulations might be distributed either regressively or progressively. Many scholars and advocates have observed that regulation can increase the efficiency of markets, but caution about its untoward (or suboptimal) effects on equity. Here, we argue that without considering distributional information about costs and benefits, regulatory policies in fact can also cause violence to notions of efficiency, for two reasons: (i) society cannot hope to approach Pareto-efficient outcomes without identifying those who must lose so that others can gain more; and (ii) because the harm experienced by involuntary risks and by imposed regulatory costs is likely non-linear in its magnitude (at the individual level), efficiency is, in fact, a strong function of the shape of the distribution of these effects. This article reviews evidence about the distribution of regulatory costs and benefits, describes how agencies fail to incorporate readily available distributional information, and sketches a vision for how they could analyze costs and benefits to promote more efficient regulatory choices and outcomes.
Group Actions, Subgroups, Quotients, and Products

In musical creativity, actions are very important. They always deal with two components: the agent who acts in a determined way, and the object on which this action is being performed. Of course, not just any action can be performed on any object, so one has to specify agent/action as well as domain of objects that are suitable for a determined action. In this chapter we develop the formalism of group actions and provide introductory examples.
Integration of Plant Defense Traits with Biological Control of Arthropod Pests: Challenges and Opportunities

Crop plants exhibit a wide diversity of defensive traits and strategies to protect themselves from damage by herbivorous pests and disease. These defensive traits may be naturally occurring or artificially selected through crop breeding, including introduction via genetic engineering. While these traits can have obvious and direct impacts on herbivorous pests, many have profound effects on higher trophic levels, including the natural enemies of herbivores. Multi-trophic effects of host plant resistance have the potential to influence, both positively and negatively, biological control. Plant defense traits can influence both the numerical and functional responses of natural enemies; these interactions can be semiochemically-, plant toxin-, plant nutrient-, and/or physically-mediated. Case studies involving predators, parasitoids, and pathogens of crop pests will be presented and discussed. These diverse groups of natural enemies may respond differently to crop plant traits based on their own unique biology and the ecological niches they fill. Genetically modified crop plants that have been engineered to express transgenic products affecting herbivorous pests are an additional consideration. For the most part, transgenic plant incorporated protectant (PIP) traits are compatible with biological control due to their selective toxicity to targeted pests and relatively low non-target impacts, although transgenic crops may have indirect effects on higher trophic levels and arthropod communities mediated by lower host or prey number and/or quality. Host plant resistance and biological control are two of the key pillars of integrated pest management; their potential interactions, whether they are synergistic, complementary, or disruptive, are key in understanding and achieving sustainable and effective pest management.
Blood Management Strategies to Reduce Transfusions After Elective Lower-Extremity Joint Arthroplasty Surgeries: One Tertiary Care Hospital's Early Experience With an Alternative Payment Model-a Total Joint "Bundle".

Blood loss associated with lower-extremity total joint arthroplasty (TJA) often results in anemia and the need for red blood cell transfusions (RBCTs). This article reports on a quality improvement initiative aimed at improving blood management strategies in patients undergoing TJA. A multifaceted intervention (preoperative anemia assessment, use of tranexamic acid, discouragement of autologous preoperative blood collection, restrictive RBCT protocols) was implemented. The results were stratified into 3 intervention periods: 1, pre; 2, peri; and 3, post. Fractional logistic regression was used to describe differences between various intervention periods. During the study period, 2511 patients underwent TJA. Compared with the preintervention period, there was 81.8% decrease in total units of RBCT during the postintervention period. Using activity-based costing (~$1000/unit), the annualized saving in RBC expenditure was $480 000. A multidisciplinary approach can be successful and sustainable in reducing RBC...
Towards the sustainable climate change population movement: the Relocation Suitability Index

The accelerated climate change impacts may become a significant direct or indirect push factor of population displacement and migration from the vulnerability hotspots. If left to unfold organically without any management and assistance, this movement may result in resettlement to host destinations at high-risk to different hazards and/or insufficient absorption capacity. A timely dialogue on relocation as well as on strategic efforts to align the needs and dimensions of sending and receiving locations will be vital to ensure that the host communities do not exceed their carrying capacities to sustain the projected influx of people. Consequently, this paper presents the Relocation Suitability Index, a decision-support tool developed to assist in exploration of alternative host locations and their ability to assimilate the relocatees with different socio-economic and cultural needs. The said platform is user-driven and allows for active participation of stakeholders in the relocation planning process via m...
Semantic mapping of natural language input to database entries via convolutional neural networks

Natural language processing research has made major advances with the concept of representing words, sentences, paragraphs, and even documents by embedded vector representations. We apply this idea to the problem of relating foods, as expressed in natural language meal descriptions, to corresponding database entries. We generate fixed-length embeddings for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food database entries, as well as vector-based representations of natural language meal descriptions, through a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that predicts whether or not a USDA food item is present in the meal description. We compute dot products between each token in a meal description and a USDA food entry. By ranking the network's predicted average dot product between each possible database food entry and a meal description, we show it is possible to directly predict the USDA foods mentioned in a meal without requiring intermediate steps that would be used in a conventional database access application. We report the performance of this model on a binary verification task of over 48k meal descriptions, and show that this approach, when integrated with a Markov model, substantially outperforms our previous best multistage approach involving a conditional random field tagger, probabilistic segmentation, and database lookup.
Examining the Concurrent Criterion-Related Validity of Direct Behavior Rating--Single Item Scales with Students with Social Competence Deficits.

A line of research has supported the development and validation of Direct Behavior Rating–Single Item Scales (DBR-SIS) for use in progress monitoring. Yet, this research was largely conducted withi...
Peer, social media, and alcohol marketing influences on college student drinking.

ABSTRACTObjective: To investigate how alcohol marketing and peers may promote college students' alcohol use through social media. Participants: College students (N = 682) aged 18 to 22 years from a...
Measurement of frictional drag force on superhydrophobic metallic surface

Material surfaces can be modified to become superhydrophobic using different techniques. Test equipment is necessary to assess the effectiveness of a superhydrophobic surface against frictional drag force. Because the frictional drag force is very small, especially for a sample size to be tested at a laboratory level, a traditional water channel system is not suitable. As a result, a new test setup was designed and fabricated to measure the reduction in the skin frictional drag force on such a superhydrophobic metallic surface. Two different types of sensors were considered. The first one was a spring-based displacement sensor and the other was a spring-less displacement sensor. The developed test setup can have the flow speed with a range of Reynolds numbers up to 70,000 with respect to the test specimen. In this range, the change in the frictional drag force was measured for superhydrophobic surfaces. A microscope was also used to check any change in the air film on the superhydrophobic surface as the flow speed was increased.
Was the Great Depression the Fault of Government and Unions? An Institutional/Keynesian Analysis

A growing number of economists blame the length and severity of the Great Depression on factors that rigidified wage rates, raised production costs, and interfered with flexible allocation of labor. The centerpiece of this critique is President Roosevelt‘s New Deal labor program, portrayed as creating a series of large negative supply shocks through encouragement of unions, minimum wages, unemployment insurance, and other anti-competitive industrial relations practices. This paper presents the other side of the story using a combination of institutional and Keynesian theory, drawn principally from the work of J.R. Commons and J.M. Keynes. Both - spending and - industrial relations' rationales for stable wages are developed; also developed is the positive economic case for the New Deal labor program. Attention is called to the long-neglected macroeconomic dimension of industrial relations.
The End of Market Failure

The question of the proper role of government in the marketplace is an old and fundamental one. In the search for objective standards by which such decisions can be made, public officials increasingly have turned to the concept of market failure. Use of the market-failure concept is widespread in academia, government, and the law. But market failure is a fatally flawed concept. A better conceptual framework for understanding issues of government intervention is one that takes transactions costs into account. The authors describe such a framework and demonstrate its applicability.
Prenatal Nutritional Status and Intellectual Development

Malnourished children do not achieve the same levels of intellectual development and ability as adequately nourished children (Barnes, 1976; Birch & Gussow, 1970; Birch, 1972; Cravioto, DeLicardie, & Birch, 1966; Kaplan, 1972; Kelin & Pertz, 1978; Latham & Cobos, 1971; Tizard, 1976; Winick, 1970a; Zeskind & Ramey, 1978, 1981). Many believe that the lowered levels of intellectual development observed in malnourished children are due to structural differences in the brain, such as fewer and smaller brain cells, that are the direct result of inadequate nutrition during critical periods of brain growth (Cravioto et al., 1966; Kaplan, 1972; Kelin & Pertz, 1978; Latham & Cobos, 1971; Winick, 1970b). This line of reasoning suggests that by preventing such structural differences, improved prenatal and childhood nutrition will substantially increase intellectual functioning in prenatally malnourished populations (Barrett, Radke-Yarrow, & Klein, 1982; Dalby, 1978; Graham, 1985; Kaplan, 1972; Kelin & Pertz, 1978).
The Determinants of Academic Performance: Evidence from a Cambodian University.

Internationally, there has been considerable literature on the predictors of academic performance in higher education. However, the empirical findings are still limited in Cambodia; therefore, this...
Being Mindful: A Long-term Investigation of an Interdisciplinary Course in Mindfulness:

BackgroundBurnout and work-related stress in health-care professionals (HCPs) is a growing concern to the optimal functioning of the health-care system. Mindfulness-based interventions may be well-...
Spine Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases

The neuroimaging evaluation of patients with myelopathy is a fundamental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) application, although it can be one of the more challenging examinations from a technical, interpretative, and differential diagnostic standpoint. The common pathologic lesions responsible for producing myelopathic symptoms in patients include intrinsic and extrinsic compressive, neoplastic, and inflammatory processes. This article focuses on spinal inflammatory diseases, and will review the MRI interpretative and clinicopathologic features of several important disease entities that produce a spine inflection and intrinsic inflammatory myelopathy.
Perspectives on Research, Technology, Policy, and Human Resources for Improved Management of Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas Resources and Responses to Oil Spills

This chapter considers a series of research, technology, policy, and human resource-relevant recommendations aimed at identifying ultra-deep wellsite locations that may be problematic for risk of an oil spill, as well as enhancing prevention, preparedness, response, and subsequent injury assessment associated with ultra-deep oil spills. While various groups have offered research and process improvement recommendations, numbering in the high hundreds, this chapter focuses on 20 key research gaps and 4 policy changes that would improve outcomes for ultra-deep oil spill prevention and response. Recommended policy changes include (1) inclusion of site-specific risk assessments as an element of lease sale identification and approval, (2) collection of environmental baselines (both broadscale and installation-specific) and ongoing monitoring of oil contaminants, (3) improved transparency and data sharing for oil facility management and accidental releases, and (4) more formal international engagement in siting, oil spill preparedness, response, and impact assessment.
Application of Organometallic Catalysts in API Synthesis

Inherent creativity in synthetic organic chemists is hallucinogenic and found to have potential to impact global healthcare industry incredibly by executing contemporary organometallic strategies to manufacture the products of varied interest. Application of organometallics in chemical industry has intensely perfected the manufacturing of the materials right from trade goods to very personalized medicines without generating significant amount of waste. In pursuit of drug development, two types of challenges are encountered. The first one is related to design of the molecules, and the second is related to the manufacturing of these at commercial scale. Contemporary organometallics in the context of drug development and process research have advanced the toolbox of enabling technologies for addressing these challenges posed during drug development.
Containment and Division

Language matters. It’s as much about the words we use, as it is about what those words reveal about how we think. This is because a language is a culturally transmitted system (Tomasello, 2014). No speaker can ever possess, or even know, the entire code that makes up the system. Instead, speakers have access to the parts that they use the most. Even then, there can be a lot of variation between speakers. There is a good deal of variation between languages, too. Different languages conceptualise the world in different ways. For an English speaker, time moves horizontally from left to right; for a Chinese speaker, time moves vertically from the top down (Boroditsky, 2000). Wherever we look, time is always associated with space. It seems we can’t even think about time without also thinking about space.
The Mechanism of Action of Luteinizing Hormone on Steroidogenesis in the Corpus Luteum in Vitro

The interest of our laboratory for sometime, has been centered around the subject of ovarian steroidogenesis and its control by tropic hormones . I would like to present here some of the results we have obtained on one aspect of our work, namely, the study of the hormonal control of steroidogenesis in the corpus luteum. Historically the earliest demonstration of a hormonal influence on steroidogenesis in the corpus luteum was carried out using the rat, and it was found that prolactin was the luteotrop-ic agent in this animal (1). Subsequently it has become increasingly clear that prolactin is probably not luteotropic in several other species, such as the pig, the rabbit, the cow, and the human. In regard to the cow, there is considerable evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies to suggest that luteinizing hormone (LH) is the luteotropic hormone which regulates steroidogenesis in the corpus luteum (2).
Minimally Invasive Parafascicular Surgery (MIPS) for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Compared to Medical Management: A Case Series Comparison for a Single Institution.

Objective. We compared the safety and effectiveness of minimally invasive parafascicular surgery (MIPS) as a frontline treatment for spontaneous supratentorial ICH to medical management. Patients. The sample consisted of 17 patients who underwent MIPS from January 2014 to December 2016 and a comparison group of 23 patients who were medically managed from June 2012 to December 2013. All had an International Classification of Disease (ICD) diagnosis of 431 and were treated at Grady Memorial Hospital, an urban, public, safety-net hospital. Methods. The primary endpoint was risk of inpatient mortality. Secondary endpoints were rates of inpatient infection and favorable discharge status, defined as discharge to home or rehabilitation facility. Demographics and pre- and postclinical outcomes were compared using - tests, the Mann–Whitney test, and chi-squared tests for continuous, ordinal and categorical measures, respectively. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the time to inpatient death. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine treatment effects on secondary outcomes. We also conducted exploratory subgroup analyses which compared MIPS to two medical management subgroups: those who had surgery during their hospitalization and those that did not. Results. Two patients (12%) died in the MIPS group compared to three (12%) in the medical management group. MIPS did not increase the risk of inpatient mortality relative to medical management. Rates of inpatient infection did not differ significantly between the two groups; eight MIPS patients (47%) and 13 medically managed patients (50%) contracted infections. MIPS significantly increased the likelihood of favorable discharge status (odds ratio (OR) 1.77; 95% CI, 1.12–21.9) compared to medical management. No outcome measures were significantly different between MIPS and the medical management subgroup without surgery, while rates of favorable discharge were higher among the MIPS patients compared to the medical management group with surgery. Conclusions. These data suggest that MIPS, as a frontline treatment for spontaneous ICH, versus medical management for spontaneous ICH warrants further investigation.
Microfabrication Challenges for Silicon-based Large Area (>500 mm 2 ) 3D-manifolded Embedded Microcooler Devices for High Heat Flux Removal

3D Manifolded embedded Micro-Coolers (3DMMC) devices are becoming increasingly attractive and thereby, sought after active cooling solutions for high power density electronic components and devices. 3D-MMCs have shown the potential to effectively cool extreme levels of heat flux, characteristic of high- power density electronics and microprocessors. Despite numerous studies that have experimentally demonstrated promising performance of small area (25 mm2) micro-coolers, the challenges associated with fabrication of large area (>500 mm2) have not been adequately discussed or documented. This study discusses in details, a well validated, repeatable and reliable process flow for making 3D-MMC devices of sizes ranging from 10 mm2 to 1000 mm2 hotspot area via Silicon wafer microprocessing. Specifically, this study delves deep into the high aspect ratio (>10) anisotropic Silicon etching that is characteristic of such microfluidic devices. Additionally, we have provided insight into process development in Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) by discussing several issues that are frequently encountered during this deep Si etching step, namely, formation of black Si by photoresist micro-masking, high surface roughness resulting from deep etching and etch rate drop off. We have demonstrated the importance of tweaking etching and passivation cycle times during etching, by showing that merely 10% change in cycle times can eliminate these problems completely - this information is widely valuable to the Silicon microfabrication community. This study aims to document and disseminate a reliable high aspect ratio deep Si etching recipe that can be used to fabricate high performance large area microcooler devices, and will hopefully act as a starting point for fabrication efforts and new recipe development.
Second-Generation Androgen-Targeted Agents

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed solid organ cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States (American Urologic Association. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: 2018 guideline amendment. American Urologic Association and Education, Inc., 2018). The National Cancer Institute estimated approximately 161,360 men were diagnosed with the disease in 2017, of which 26,730 were expected to die as a result (Food and Drug Administration [news release]. FDA approves new treatment for a certain type of prostate cancer using novel clinical trial endpoint. FDA, 2018). That number rose to approximately 165,000 diagnoses and close to 30,000 deaths in 2018 (American Urologic Association. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: 2018 guideline amendment. American Urologic Association and Education, Inc., 2018). With such a significant increase in the number of therapeutic agents available, clinical decision-making has become more complex as providers are presented with a multitude of treatment options and various sequencing of these agents for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (American Urologic Association. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: 2018 guideline amendment. American Urologic Association and Education, Inc., 2018).
A physics-based approach to modeling real-fuel combustion chemistry – VII. Relationship between speciation measurement and reaction model accuracy

Abstract The HyChem ( hy brid chem istry) approach has been proposed recently for modeling high-temperature combustion of real, multicomponent fuels. The approach combines lumped reaction steps for fuel thermal and oxidative pyrolysis with detailed chemistry for oxidation of the resulting pyrolysis products. The 14 independent model parameters in the lumped reaction steps are determined by matching the time histories of key pyrolysis products of the fuel, obtained notably from the Stanford shock tube and laser diagnostics facilities, and from flow reactor experiments. The prediction accuracy of HyChem model depends on the availability of the speciation data and their accuracy. In the present work, we carry out comprehensive Monte Carlo analysis of model predictions with respect to species measurement using the Jet A HyChem model as the test case. We assess the impact of the measured fuel pyrolysis products, including ethylene (C2H4), methane (CH4), propene (C3H6), iso-butene (i-C4H8), 1-butene (1-C4H8), benzene (C6H6), and toluene (C7H8) on HyChem predictions using ignition delay time and laminar flame speed as test cases. The results show that the speciation data are necessary to obtain reliable predictions for the laminar flame speed and ignition delay time at and above 1200 K. Additional measurement targets (e.g., CO and CH2O) are proposed for future HyChem model development, especially in improving model predictions for ignition delay time.
A modified deferred acceptance algorithm for conditionally lexicographic-substitutable preferences

Abstract We study a class of preferences that generalize substitutable ones and allows complementarities in a college admissions model. We show that a stable matching exists under this class of preferences by using an algorithm which we call the Conditional Deferred Acceptance Algorithm. Furthermore, we show that the algorithm is strategy-proof for the student side if we assume in addition a law of aggregate demand adapted to our setting.
HPAC: evaluating approximate computing techniques on HPC OpenMP applications

As we approach the limits of Moore's law, researchers are exploring new paradigms for future high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Approximate computing has gained traction by promising to deliver substantial computing power. However, due to the stringent accuracy requirements of HPC scientific applications, the broad adoption of approximate computing methods in HPC requires an in-depth understanding of the application's amenability to approximations. We develop HPAC, a framework with compiler and runtime support for code annotation and transformation, and accuracy vs. performance trade-off analysis of OpenMP HPC applications. We use HPAC to perform an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of approximate computing techniques when applied to HPC applications. The results reveal possible performance gains of approximation and its interplay with parallel execution. For instance, in the LULESH proxy application approximation provides substantial performance gains due to the reduction of memory accesses. However, in the leukocyte benchmark approximation induces load imbalance in the parallel execution and thus limiting the performance gains.
Shakespeare and the Power of Performance: Stage and Page in the Elizabethan Theatre

Introduction 1. 'Moralize two meanings' in one play: contrariety on the Tudor stage 2. Performance, game, and representation in Richard III 3. Mingling vice and 'worthiness' in King John 4. Clowning: agencies between voice and pen 5. Clowning at the frontiers of representation 6. Cross-dressing and performance in disguise 7. Personation and playing: 'secretly open' role-playing 8. Character/actor: the deep matrix 9. Character: depth, dialogue, page 10. King Lear: representations on stage and page.
The Natural Limits of Segregation and Re-­Integraton: Race, Space, and Voting in the New South Africa

Racial segregation results from economic, political, and social forces. We propose a new channel: natural geography may have an enabling effect on segregation. Natural physical barriers may enable states, or citizens of powerful in-groups, to partition urban and suburban spaces by race. We study the South African context, in which the fall of Apartheid in 1994 allowed for a rapid influx of black South Africans into previously exclusively white urban areas. We show that the presence of natural physical barriers enabled sustained segregation, differentially retarding the re-integration of diversity into former racial enclaves. We then explore the political consequences of sustained segregation by considering the effect of changes in the white share of the population on political behavior. We find that sustaining segregation leads whites-only areas to become less likely to vote for a non-white party, evidence in favor of recent theories that see racial contact as a positive force.
Lower Extremity Arterial Reconstruction in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Principles of Treatment

Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease is one of the most significant factors contributing to nonhealing ulceration, tissue loss, and the need for extremity amputation in the diabetic population. The most important principle in treating foot ischemia in these patients is recognizing that the cause is macrovascular disease of lower extremity arteries due to atherosclerosis. Knowledge of the appropriate evaluation and management of limb ischemia is of paramount importance in efforts toward limb salvage. Noninvasive testing and diagnostic arteriography play an important role in patient evaluation. Options for revascularization include endovascular techniques and surgical bypass. Revascularization planning is highly individualized and takes into consideration patient comorbidities and characteristics of the occlusive lesions.
An overview of biodegradable polymers and biodegradation of polymers

It is now widely recognized that, along with the importance of synthetic polymers possessing long-term stability, there is also a need for polymers that break down in a controlled manner. Biodegradable macromolecules can be tailored specifically for controlled degradation under the inherent environmental stress in biological systems either unaided or by enzyme-assisted mechanisms. Medical applications of these materials have led to significant developments, such as the controlled release of drugs, fertilizers and pesticides, absorbable surgical implants, skin grafts and bone plates. Many studies of the mechanisms of biodegradation of synthetic polymers were motivated by this and will be initially discussed. Recent interest in polymer waste management of packaging materials has and incentive to the research and will be discussed in a later section.