cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hauptvermutung according to Casson and Sullivan

Chapter II contains a proof, due to Casson and Sullivan, of the Hauptvermutung for a PL manifold M which satisfies: (1) M is either closed of dimension at least five, or bounded of dimension at least six; (2) each component of both M and ∂M is simply connected; (3) H 3(M; ℤ2) = 0.
The SANT domain: a unique histone-tail-binding module

Chromatin-remodelling complexes have an important role in all DNA-mediated processes and, although much is known about how these enzymes regulate chromosomal DNA accessibility, how they interact with their histone substrates has remained unclear. However, recent studies have indicated that the SANT domain has a central role in chromatin remodelling by functioning as a unique histone-interaction module that couples histone binding to enzyme catalysis.
National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis

This anthology examines national systems of technical innovation. An introductory chapter provides an overview of the principal topics in current discussion of industrial and technology policy. Innovation is defined as the processes by which firms master and put into practice product designs and manufacturing processes that are new to them. A wide range of factors, organizations, and policies influence the capabilities of a nation's firms to innovate. Technology and pure science are distinguished, and the social institutions that play a role in innovation are examined. These include industrial and government research laboratories, research universities, and industrial policy agencies. These institutions provide the core for the analyses of national innovation systems. Individual chapters are devoted to six large high-income countries (France, Italy, Japan, the U.S., the U.K., and West Germany), four smaller high-income countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, and Sweden), and five lower income countries (Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Korea, and Taiwan). Each chapter is a detailed description of each country's structure and behavior in the development of product and process technologies, and catalogues the innovation strategies of each country, covering topics including historical analysis of technological development, breakdown of industries, and investigation of these institutions in terms of R&D expenditures and their influence. Differences in the innovative patterns include size and resource endowments, national security considerations, and historical and social beliefs. Factors leading to effective innovative performance include strong core competencies, high-quality education and training, and stable and facilitative economic and trade policies. A final retrospective chapter compares and contrasts the various innovation systems. It assesses whether identifying an innovation system is useful, considers whether national institutions matter when commerce and technology are becoming transnational, and reflects on the future of national systems in such a world. (TNM)
Security Issues in Mobile Code Systems

In mobile code systems, programs or processes travel from host to host in order to accomplish their goals. Such systems violate some of the assumptions that underlie most existing computer security implementations. In order to make these new systems secure, we will have to deal with a number of issues that previous systems have been able to ignore or sidestep. This paper surveys the assumptions that mobile code systems violate (including the identification of programs with persons, and other assumptions that follow from that), the new security issues that arise, and some of the ways that these issues will be addressed.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis

Summary Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a perio-pathogenic bacteria that has long been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The mechanisms of its pathogenicity have been studied in humans and preclinical experimental models. Although different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans have differential virulence factor expression, A. actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), leukotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been most extensively studied in the context of modulating the host immune response. Following colonization and attachment in the oral cavity, A. actinomycetemcomitans employs CDT, leukotoxin, and LPS to evade host innate defense mechanisms and drive a pathophysiologic inflammatory response. This supra-physiologic immune response state perturbs normal periodontal tissue remodeling/turnover and ultimately has catabolic effects on periodontal tissue homeostasis. In this review, we have divided the host response into two systems: non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic. Non-hematopoietic barriers include epithelium and fibroblasts that initiate the innate immune host response. The hematopoietic system contains lymphoid and myeloid-derived cell lineages that are responsible for expanding the immune response and driving the pathophysiologic inflammatory state in the local periodontal microenvironment. Effector systems and signaling transduction pathways activated and utilized in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans will be discussed to further delineate immune cell mechanisms during A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. Finally, we will discuss the osteo-immunomodulatory effects induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans and dissect the catabolic disruption of balanced osteoclast–osteoblast-mediated bone remodeling, which subsequently leads to net alveolar bone loss.
A chimera of EBNA1 and the estrogen receptor activates transcription but not replication.

Abstract DNA replication from the plasmid origin of replication of Epstein-Barr virus requires one viral protein, EBNA1. This protein also acts as a transcriptional activator. Mutational analyses of EBNA1 have led to the conclusion that it supports transcription and DNA replication similarly. Such analyses have not probed the DNA-binding domain of EBNA1. To test whether domains of EBNA1 specifically required for either transcription or replication lie within its DNA-binding domain, we constructed a functional transcriptional activator by placing the EBNA1 DNA-binding domain in the context of the activation domains of the estrogen receptor. This hybrid protein did not support DNA replication, which indicates that the DNA-binding domain does not contain a replication-specific domain that can function along with heterologous transcriptional activating domains.
The Epoch of Galaxy Formation in Explosion Models

We consider a class of models for the formation of large scale structure, in which each void is generated by a single giant explosion. The voids must form at a redshift 15–25, for several independent reasons. 1) Gas which is shock heated to a temperature ∼ 5 · 107°K can cool sufficiently to fragment and form galaxies only when Compton cooling is efficient. 2) The local velocity field is too chaotic unless the peculiar velocities of the expanding shells of galaxies are damped in the Hubble flow to less than ∼ 150 km s−1. 3) The redistribution of baryons onto shells excites growing modes in the velocity field of wavelength comparable to the size of the voids. We require the RMS peculiar velocity to exceed ∼ 500 km s−1. 4) If the voids form too early, then dark matter interior to the shells catches up with the shells, and galaxies and dark matter are no longer segregated.
Tissue Oxygenation and Skin Blood Flow in the Diabetic Foot: Responses to Cutaneous Warming:

We previously reported an unexpected statistically significant decline in the mean transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen (TcPO2) with cutaneous warming from 37 degrees C to 44 degrees C on the plantar diabetic foot, as opposed to the expected increase seen at the dorsal sites. To elucidate this relationship we compared changes with cutaneous warming in TcPO2 and skin circulation measured by laser Doppler flowmetry on the right plantar foot surface of 20 consecutive subjects. Neuropathy by monofilament testing was present in 55% of the cases. Right dorsal foot TcPO2 increased with cutaneous warming from 37 degrees C to 44 degrees by a mean change of +43.6+/-20.7 mmHg (+/- standard deviation) in 95% of the cases. In 42% of cases right plantar first metatarsal head TcPO2 fell with warming from 37 degrees C to 44 degrees C by a mean change of -10.7+/-7.6 mmHg. In the remaining 58% of cases right plantar first metatarsal head TcPO2 rose by 6.8+/-6.3 mmHg. In 95% of cases right plantar great toe laser Doppler perfusion units (LDPU) increased with warming from 36 degrees C to 44 degrees C by a mean change of +50.4+/-37.1. Blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry increased in 95% of the subjects with heating. The finding that blood flow was increased with warming contradicts the hypothesis that arterioles in the plantar great toe cannot vasodilate in response to thermal stimuli. This finding supports the hypothesis that the decline in TcPO2 with warming might be due to an increase in epidermal oxygen consumption that exceeds the increase in oxygen delivery due to increased blood flow. The pathological mechanisms behind microvascular dysfunction in skin microcirculation in the diabetic foot need further investigation.
PD/SOI CMOS Schmitt trigger circuits with controllable hysteresis

This paper presents an SOI circuit technique, which eliminates the uncontrollable floating-body-induce hysteretic component in the transfer characteristics of CMOS Schmitt triggers. This technique integrates a successive switching threshold shift mechanism with the systematic body contact scheme. The resulting design possesses improved noise immunity and well-defined hysteresis behavior, suitable for use as a low-noise receiver, waveform-reshaping circuit, or delay element in VLSI applications.
Dependencies of clathrate hydrate dissociation fugacities on the inverse temperature and inverse pore radius

Presented are simple explicit relations for the equilibrium fugacity of single-component (single-guest) gas hydrates as a function of temperature. It is shown how relations of the form ln f = α + β/T can be derived starting with a standard statistical-thermodynamic model based on the van der Waals−Platteeuw equation. In addition to this demonstration of the validity of empirical relations that have been previously presented in the literature for bulk hydrates, explicit relations of the form ln f = α + β/T + δ/rT (where r is the pore radius) are derived for hydrate formation in porous media. The validity of these explicit relations is established for both structure I and structure II hydrates involving hydrocarbons that have negligible water solubilities by comparison of predictions for bulk hydrates with experimental data. In addition to their ease of use, these relations explicitly show the role played by the standard model parameters in the prediction of hydrate equilibrium conditions.
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism

Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed in tissues and have distinct roles in TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5′-deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a key mechanism of TH regulation of metabolism. D2 is expressed in the hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle and is required for adaptive thermogenesis. The thyroid gland is regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition to TRH/TSH regulation by TH feedback, there is central modulation by nutritional signals, such as leptin, as well as peptides regulating appetite. The nutrient status of the cell provides feedback on TH signaling pathways through epigentic modification of histones. Integration of TH signaling with the adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, in liver, white fat, and BAT, but also centrally, in the hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The role of TH in regulating metabolic pathways has led to several new therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of the various TH signaling pathways in metabolism will improve our likelihood of identifying effective and selective targets.
Glucose-oxygen quotients across the hindlimb of fetal lambs.

Extract: Glucose/oxygen quotients were determined across the hindlimbs of seven fetuses, for a total of five studies in fetuses of fed ewes and five studies in fetuses of fasted ewes. The glucose/oxygen quotient was found to be a function of the fetal arterial glucose concentration in mM, [a], described by the equation: glucose/oxygen quotient = - 0.047 + 1.46[a]. The dependence of glucose uptake by the fetal hindlimb upon arterial glucose concentration is the first demonstration of the effect of substrate availability on the metabolism of a fetal organ. Speculation: The demonstration of glucose/oxygen quotients of 1.0 or greater for fetal tissues at a time in gestation when the umbilical glucose/oxygen quotient is 0.4–0.5 suggests two possible explanations: (1) there may be substrate specificity for oxidative metabolism for each fetal organ, and (2) non-glucose substrates such as amino acids taken up by the umbilical circulation may be utilized by the fetal liver for gluconeogenesis.
Low-temperature heat capacity of cadmium fluoride

Heat-capacity measurements on a single-crystal Cd${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ have been made between 2 and 10 K. The results yield a Debye temperature of 332.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 K, in excellent agreement with that of 331.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 K calculated from elastic constants.
Estimating the Error in the Trapezoidal Rule

(1980). Estimating the Error in the Trapezoidal Rule. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 124-128.
Flux modulation conversion factors for infrared detector responsivity measurements.

Techniques for infrared detector responsivity measurements are analyzed, and optical flux modulation (chopping) conversion factors are derived.
Mechanical design of a 3-stage ADR for the Astro-H mission

Abstract The X-ray micro-calorimeter array in the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument on Astro-H will be cooled by a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). The ADR consists of two mechanically independent assemblies. When integrated with a mounting structure and the detector assembly, they form a self-contained unit that will be inserted into the top end of a liquid helium tank. The unique configuration requires many components and sub-assemblies to be thermally isolated from their structural mount. Normally in an ADR this is limited to suspending cold salt pills within their (much warmer) magnets, but in the case of SXS, it also involves one ADR stage being supported by, but thermally isolated from, the helium tank. This paper will describe the complex thermal and mechanical design of the SXS ADR, and summarize vibration and mechanical properties tests that have been performed to validate the design.
Stabilising single mode fibre couplers by using GEL glass

High optical quality silica gel glass, prepared from hydrolysis and polycondensation of an ethyl silicate solution, was used for the first time to stabilise single mode fibre couplers. The gel-stabilised couplers exhibit minimal temperature dependence, high coupling efficiency, and relatively low insertion loss.
Gestalt modeling of international tourism behavior: Applying dimensional qualitative research in constructing grounded theory

Conventional, dominant logic research methods include collecting and analyzing data to test hypotheses in a deductive theory using empirical positivistic methods. In contrast, grounded theory (i.e., building and revising propositional statements of relationships from questioning and observing informants in specific use contexts) constructs theory from data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). This article demonstrates the application of McCracken's (1988) long interview method to collect data for grounded theory construction. Both emic (self) and etic (researcher) interpretations of international visitor experiences focus on making sense of leisure travel thinking processes (including unconscious/conscious beliefs, attitudes, and choices) and tourist behavior. In this article, long interviews of Japanese tourists visiting Hawaii's Big Island enable mapping and comparing visitors' plans, motivations, choices, and consequences. The results demonstrate nuanced complexities of visitors' travel-related unconscious/ conscious thinking and behavior. Also, the findings uncover the emergence of a possible segment of visitors—the kyooiku tsuaa (education touring) segment for the State of Hawaii's largest island (i.e., Hawaii, also known as the Big Island). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MYSTs mark chromatin for chromosomal functions

The MYST family of lysine acetyltransferases has been intensely studied because of its broad conservation and biological significance. In humans, there are multiple correlations between the enzymes and development and disease. In model organisms, genetic and biochemical studies have been particularly productive because of mechanistic insights they provide in defining substrate specificity, the complexes through which the enzymes function, and the sites of their activity within the genome. Established and emerging data from yeast reveal roles for the three MYST enzymes in diverse chromosomal functions. In particular, recent studies help explain how MYST complexes coordinate with other modifiers, the histone variant H2A.Z, and remodeling complexes to demarcate silent and active chromosomal domains, facilitate transcription, and enable repair of DNA damage.
Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease and Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) in Four U.S. Wheat-Producing States: A Hypothesis-Generating Study

In this ecologic study I examined ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mortality in rural agricultural counties of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, in association with environmental exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides, using wheat acreage as a surrogate exposure. I collected data on agricultural land use and 1979-1998 mortality from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites, respectively. Counties were grouped based on percentage of land area dedicated to wheat farming. Poisson relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), comparing high- and medium- with low-wheat counties, were obtained for IHD, the subcategories acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary atherosclerosis (CAS), and diabetes, adjusting for sex, age, mortality cohort, and poverty index. Mortality from IHD was modestly increased (RR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12). Analyses of its two major forms were more revealing. Compared with low-wheat counties, mortality in high-wheat counties from AMI increased (RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14-1.26), and mortality from CAS decreased (RR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96). Mortality from AMI was more pronounced for those < 65 years of age (RR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.22-1.39). Mortality from type 2 diabetes increased (RR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24). These results suggest that the underlying cause of mortality from AMI and type 2 diabetes increased and the underlying cause of mortality from CAS decreased in counties where a large proportion of the land area is dedicated to spring and durum wheat farming. Firm conclusions on causal inference cannot be reached until more definitive studies have been conducted.
Long-range DNA interactions are specifically altered by locked nucleic acid-targeting of a CTCF binding site

Long-range DNA interactions play an important role in gene expression. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily conserved 11-zinc-finger DNA binding protein, is intimately involved in gene regulation, helping to establish and maintain chromatin architecture and long-range DNA interactions. In order to study the effects of manipulating long range chromatin interactions in the regulation of the neurofibromatosis gene NF1, we targeted Zorro locked nucleic acids (Zorro LNA) to a single CTCF binding site at an NF1 locus in human fibroblast cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we determined that this Zorro LNA altered CTCF and RNA polymerase II binding at three separate and distinct regions in the NF1 gene. This change in protein binding was associated with changes in long-range DNA interactions at the NF1 locus and downregulation of NF1 gene expression. This study describes an efficient and convenient method to manipulate chromatin structure and alter gene expression that is regulated by long-range DNA interactions without changing the DNA sequence. The use of specific Zorro LNA probes may facilitate our efforts to understand the interactions between chromatin architecture and gene expression.
Benzilycholine mustard and spare receptors in guinea pig ileum

Abstract A comparison was made of muscarinic receptor occupancy by the irreversible antagonist benzilylcholine mustard (BCM) as determined from shifts in the dose-response curve to a muscurinic agonist and from 3 H-QNB binding to homogenates of BCM-treated tissue. Major discrepancies were found. A low concentration of BCM (3×10 −8 M/15 min.) produced a parallel dose-response curve shift corresponding to 98–99% receptor occupancy by BCN, whereas 3 H-QNB binding revealed only 48% receptor occupancy. Possible origins of this discrepancy are discussed. High concentrations of BCM (5×10 −5 M, min.) fail to completely alkylate all 3 H-QNB binding sites even though response is completely lost. Although significant (64%) recovery of response occurs after prolonged tissue washing (240 min.) this is not accompanied by an increase in 3 H-QNB binding. The small fraction (∼5%) of sites inaccessible to BCM and with reduced affinity for 3 H-QNB may represent a subpopulation of muscarinic receptors.
Centromere-Associated Female Meiotic Drive Entails Male Fitness Costs in Monkeyflowers

Female meiotic drive, in which paired chromosomes compete for access to the egg, is a potentially powerful but rarely documented evolutionary force. In interspecific monkeyflower (Mimulus) hybrids, a driving M. guttatus allele (D) exhibits a 98:2 transmission advantage via female meiosis. We show that extreme interspecific drive is most likely caused by divergence in centromere-associated repeat domains and document cytogenetic and functional polymorphism for drive within a population of M. guttatus. In conspecific crosses, D had a 58:42 transmission advantage over nondriving alternative alleles. However, individuals homozygous for the driving allele suffered reduced pollen viability. These fitness effects and molecular population genetic data suggest that balancing selection prevents the fixation or loss of D and that selfish chromosomal transmission may affect both individual fitness and population genetic load.
Impact of PECS tablet computer app on receptive identification of pictures given a verbal stimulus.

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this brief report was to determine the effect on receptive identification of photos of a tablet computer-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system with voice output.Methods: A multiple baseline single-case experimental design across vocabulary words was implemented. One participant, a preschool-aged boy with autism and little intelligible verbal language, was included in the study.Results: Although a functional relation between the intervention and the dependent variable was not established, the intervention did appear to result in mild improvement for two of the three vocabulary words selected.Conclusion: The authors recommend further investigations of the collateral impacts of AAC on skills other than expressive language.
Output factor constituents of a high-energy photon beam

Measurements designed to separate primary and various scatter components of central axis dose of the highest energy photon beam of the CGR Saturne 25 linear accelerator are described. This beam has an unusually large output variation with field size. The measurements are performed both in air and in a water phantom, with and without an aperture external to the collimator system. Results are presented in the form of relative output factors for different field sizes due to (i) flattening filter scatter, (ii) water phantom scatter, (iii) collimator backscatter into the monitor chamber, and (iv) collimator forward scatter onto the central axis. It is found that the flattening filter is the single largest scatter component, but that each of the other factors is significant in determining the output dose per monitor unit as a function of field size.
Can personality traits predict increases in manic and depressive symptoms

Abstract Background : There has been limited research investigating personality traits as predictors of manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar individuals. The present study investigated the relation between personality traits and the course of bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to identify specific personality traits that predict the course of manic and depressive symptoms experienced by bipolar individuals. Methods : The sample consisted of 39 participants with bipolar I disorder assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Personality was assessed using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Bech–Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale were used to assess symptom severity on a monthly basis. Results : Consistent with previous research on unipolar depression, high Neuroticism predicted increases in depressive symptoms across time while controlling for baseline symptoms. Additionally, high Conscientiousness, particularly the Achievement Striving facet, predicted increases in manic symptoms across time. Limitations : The current study was limited by the small number of participants, the reliance on a shortened version of a self-report personality measure, and the potential state-dependency of the personality measures. Conclusions : Specific personality traits may assist in predicting bipolar symptoms across time. Further studies are needed to tease apart the state-dependency of personality.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF JARLSBERG TYPE AND EDAM CHEESES AS INFLUENCED BY MATURATION

This study investigated the microstructure of a Jarlsberg type (Vallegret) and Edam cheeses as impacted by maturation. Microstructure was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Vallegret and Edam cheeses were matured for eleven and six months respectively at 4C. Matured Vallegret cheese showed the presence of fibrous structures whereas the one week immature Vallegret cheese did not. Immature (one week) Vallegret and Edam cheeses both showed the presence of tiny porous structures and fine cracks which reduced significantly as the cheeses matured. Protein layers at the fat-protein interface were absent in one week immature Vallegret and Edam cheeses. However, protein layers were observed in both cheeses on maturation. Maturation markedly affected the microstructures of these cheeses. Le Vallegret est un fromage de type Jarlsberg fabrique a la fromagerie de l'Universite d'etat du Mississippi. L'Edam est lui, le fromage le plus vendu. La microstructure des fromage, influencee par leur composition, determine leur texture. Dans cet article, les microstructures, observees en microscopie electronique a transmission, de l'Edam et du Vallegret sont etudies, en fonction de leur maturation, a savoir, 11 ou 6 mois a 4°C.
Contrasting Effects of IRS-1 Versus IRS-2 Gene Disruption on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Vivo

To examine the impact of homozygous genetic disruption of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 (IRS-1(-/-)) or IRS-2 (IRS-2(-/-)) on basal and insulin-stimulated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in vivo, we infused 18-h fasted mice (wild-type (WT), IRS-1(-/-), and IRS-2(-/-)) with [3-(3)H]glucose and [(2)H(5)]glycerol and assessed rates of glucose and glycerol turnover under basal (0-90 min) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (90-210 min; 5 mm glucose, and 5 milliunits of insulin.kg(-)(1).min(-)(1)) conditions. Both IRS-1(-)(/-) and IRS-2(-)(/-) mice were insulin-resistant as reflected by markedly impaired insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose utilization compared with WT mice. Insulin resistance in the IRS-1(-)(/-) mice could be ascribed mainly to decreased insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose metabolism. In contrast, IRS-2(-)(/-) mice displayed multiple defects in insulin-mediated carbohydrate metabolism as reflected by (i) decreased peripheral glucose utilization, (ii) decreased suppression of endogenous glucose production, and (iii) decreased hepatic glycogen synthesis. Additionally, IRS-2(-)(/-) mice also showed marked insulin resistance in adipose tissue as reflected by reduced suppression of plasma free fatty acid concentrations and glycerol turnover during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. These data suggest important tissue-specific roles for IRS-1 and IRS-2 in mediating the effect of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in vivo in mice. IRS-1 appears to have its major role in muscle, whereas IRS-2 appears to impact on liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
A Compact RF MEMS Metal-Contact Switch and Switching Networks

A compact RF MEMS metal-contact switch based on a tethered cantilever topology and orthogonal anchors is presented. The switch is a “medium-force” design capable of achieving a simulated contact force of 0.38–0.72 mN for actuation voltages of 90–100 V and a simulated restoring force of 0.46 mN in a 120 $\,\times\,$ 160 $\mu {\rm m}^{2}$ area. The pull-in and release voltages are 75 V and 70 V, respectively. In the down-state position, the switch resistance is 1–2 $\Omega $ with a Au/Ru hybrid contact. In the up-state, the capacitance is 16 fF, resulting in an isolation of 20 dB at 10 GHz and 9 dB at 40 GHz for an SPST configuration. For a series/shunt configuration, the switch achieves an isolation of 55 dB at 10 GHz and 35 dB at 40 GHz. Compact SP4T and SP6T switching networks are also implemented. The SP4T is 850 $\,\times\,$ 530 $\mu {\rm m}^{2}$ (850 $\,\times\,$ 650 $\mu {\rm m}^{2}$ with bias pads); the SP6T is 850 $\,\times\,$ 730 $\mu {\rm m}^{2}$ (850 $\,\times\,$ 855 $\mu {\rm m}^{2}$ with bias pads). Both designs achieve an isolation of $\sim 36~{\rm dB}$ and an insertion loss of $ at 3 GHz.
Rhodospirillum rubrum: utilization of condensed corn solubles for poly‐(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) production

Aims: This study sought to develop a less expensive medium for growth of the polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum from the ethanol production coproduct, condensed corn solubles (CCS). Methods and Results: Small-scale trials using R. rubrum were performed in aerated or anaerobic stoppered serum bottles filled with media. The CCS (240 g l−1) achieved a maximum cell density and growth rate comparable with the defined supplemented malate-ammonium medium (mSMN) or tryptic soy broth. Microaerophilic solubles medium cultures exhibited significantly higher maximum cell densities and growth rates than did strictly anaerobic cultures; while illumination, nickel or biotin addition had no effect. Growth of R. rubrum in a pH controlled bioreactor was significantly better in CCS (240 g l−1) than in mSMN medium and supported production of 0·36% (cell dry weight) poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-hydroxyvalerate) after 24 h. Conclusions: A CCS medium was devised that supported R. rubrum growth for biopolymer production as effective as the defined medium. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates that a more economical medium can be developed for biopolymer production using a low value coproduct from ethanol production. The impact is that this inexpensive solubles medium may make it more economical to produce the biopolymer on a commercial scale.
Coated vesicles in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Coated vesicles have been found in vegetative and aggregation-stage amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. Coated pits in the plasma membrane can be visualized by electron microscopy of both thin-sectioned cells and negatively stained preparations of sheared membranes. The organelle dimensions are similar to those described in other organisms. Morphometry of thin-sectioned amoebae indicates that there are about 340 coated vesicles per cell during aggregation.
Early focused attention predicts outcome for children born prematurely.

ABSTRACT.There is evidence that early focused, but not casual, attention to objects reflects concurrent regulation of attention and active learning. Because attentional abilities are of particular relevance in preterm infants, we evaluated whether early focused attention would be a better predictor
Few neocortial and thalamic morphological changes after a neonatal frontal cortical ablation contrast with the effects of a similar lesion in fetal cats.

Abstract To further understand the neuroanatomical consequences following perinatal brain injury, quantitative morphometric analysis was performed on the brain of cats receiving a unilateral frontal cortical ablation between postnatal days (P) 9 and P 14 and intact control cats. In all cats, the volume of the neocortex and thalamus was measured bilaterally and that of the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VBc) was measured ipsilaterally. In addition, using stereology, the neuronal and glial (presumably) cell packing densities (CPD) and the total number of neurons and glial cells (TCN) were measured in the ipsilateral VBc. The neuronal and glial cell coss-sectional areas (CSA) were also measured in the ipsilateral VBc. The mean ipsilateral and contralateral neocortex volumes were similar between the two animal groups. There was a statistically significant 14% and 13% reduction in mean ipsilateral and contralateral thalamic volumes, respectively for the lesioned animals, while the VBc shrank by 16% relative to intact controls. The mean neuronal and glial CPD were similar between the two groups. The mean neuronal TCN was reduced by 10% in the neonatal-lesioned cats, while the mean glial TCN was reduced by 31% in the same animals, however neither value reached significance. Lastly, the mean CSA of neurons and glial cells showed a tendency to be smaller in the lesioned cats by 8% and 9%, respectively. These results: (a) indicate that the neonatal lesion caused only minor morphological brain alterations and this sharply contrasts with the marked changes previously reported in cats with a similar lesion sustained prenatally; (b) suggest that the enhanced behavioral recovery and/or sparing reported for the present cats compared to fetal-lesioned animals is at least partially due to the morphological sparing reported here; (c) together with previous findings in fetal cats, support the hypothesis that the morphological changes after a neonatal neocortical lesion are qualitatively different and may depend on different mechanisms as compared to those occurring after similar damage sustained prenatally.
Salt effects on caffeine solubility, distribution, and self-association.

In this investigation, salt effects on monomeric solubility and distribution are separated from self-association for caffeine. For self-associating compounds, the Setschenow equation is inadequate because it does not separate salt effects into their different contributions. Solubilities of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine were determined in water and salt solutions at 25°C. Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine solubilities decreased with added Na2SO4 or NaCl (i.e., salting-out) and increased with added NaClO4 or NaSCN (i.e., salting-in). Caffeine distribution coefficients (DW/O) also decreased with added Na2SO4 or NaCl and increased with added NaClO4 or NaSCN. To separate salt–caffeine effects from salt effects on caffeine self-interaction, salting parameters (ks) were calculated from DW/O at infinite dilution instead of solubilities with the Setschenow equation. Caffeine ks values were smaller than the Setschenow constants (K) indicating that, for caffeine, K is not simply a salting-in/out parameter. Distribution data were used to characterize caffeine self-association using either a dimerization model (kd, dimerization constant) or an isodesmic model (kiso, stepwise association constant). Caffeine self-association constants (kd or kiso) decreased with NaClO4 or NaSCN and increased with Na2SO4 or NaCl. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:1000–1008, 2002
Reinvestigation of the Use of Patterson Maps to Extrapolate Data to Higher Resolution

The idea of using suitably modified Patterson maps for the purpose of extrapolating X-ray diffraction amplitudes to higher resolution is not new. It was first proposed by Karle and Hauptman [1] in 1964 as a means of refining E-values to obtain values which were more consistent with the point atom approximation upon which direct methods probability relationships are based. What K&H proposed is that one could compute a sharpened, origin-removed Patterson function using |E|2-1 as coefficients, and then modify the density to remove unexpected negative regions, as well as peaks which represented vectors which would place molecules closer than a van der Waals contact to proper symmetry elements such as rotation axes, inversion centers and mirror planes. When one back transformed the modified map, one not only obtained refined estimates for the observed |E|2-1 amplitudes, but also obtained values for terms which were not included in the original map. Each cycle of refinement included calculation, modification, and back transformation of the map, and renormalization of the extrapolated ||E|2-1|> values to fit the expected distribution, and insure that negative IEI2 values were reset to zero as their smallest possible value. One must also eliminate reflections corresponding to space group extinctions, as the modified Patterson will not respect this constraint. Only one subsequent publication [2] appears to have used this Patterson refinement scheme to improve the ‘accuracy’ of the measured E-values to solve a structure.
THREE MODELS OF THE VIBRATING ULNA

Evaluation of the ability of three models of the ulna to predict ulnar resonant frequency. The ulna is considered to be a uniform cylindrical tube made of homogeneous isotropic material. In model I the tube is attached at each end to rigid supports by hinges, in model II the tube is attached to rigid supports by springs rather than hinges, while model III is the same as model II except for the addition of a spring-mass system simulating an accelerometer strapped to the wrist. It is found that all three models exhibit comparable effectiveness in predicting the allowed cyclic vibration frequency, although model I is marginally better than models II or III in predicting this parameter. All three models also yield relatively realistic values for Young's modulus. In terms of results, therefore, there is no clear choice between the models. However, owing to greater costs incurred with models II and III, it is concluded that model I is the most useful, even though it is the least 'realistic' of the three models evaluated.-
Fault-tolerant clock synchronization techniques for avionics systems

This paper examines six provably correct fault-tolerant clock synchronization algorithms. These algorithms are all presented in the same notation to enable easier comprehension and comparison. The advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques are examined and issues related to the implementation of these algorithms are discussed. The paper argues for the use of such algorithms in life-critical applications.
Factors affecting the accuracy of prediction models limit the comparison of rival prediction models when applied to separate data sets.

Two scenarios frequently appear in medical research when new medical prediction results are presented. In the first, a new marker is claimed to have higher prediction accuracy (eg, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) than other markers evaluated in different data sets. In the second scenario, a new prediction model is argued to have higher predictive accuracy than do other predictionmodels, also evaluated in different data sets. These scenarios share the issue that predictive accuracies are being calculated and compared in different data sets. In other words, the predictions from the rival markers or rival prediction models are not head to head—not paired in the same neutral data set. These accuracy comparisons across data sets cause problems with interpretation. The problem with looking at the accuracy of one marker (or model) applied to one data set with another marker (or model) applied to another data set is that multiple issues are being varied besides just the marker of interest. Variations across the data set can affect the accuracy found [()TD$FIG]
Gender, psychopathology, and institutional behavior: A comparison of male and female mentally ill prison inmates

Abstract A limited number of studies have examined the relationship between mental disorder and disruptiveness in correctional institutions. The focus of such studies, however, has generally been male populations. This study compares patterns of institutional misconduct across categories of mental health status in both male and female inmate populations. While the results did not find a “disturbed-disruptive” pattern in male populations, a strong and independent relationship between mental illness and behavior was observed in female inmate populations. Data also suggest that race further interacts with both gender and pathology to increase the likelihood of maladaptive behavior in prison.
TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS IN HAMSTER FETUS DURING ORGANOGENESIS AND ALTERATION BY RETINOIC ACID TREATMENT

Retinoic acid receptors alpha, beta and gamma (RAR alpha, beta, gamma) mRNAs from whole 8- to 15-day-old hamster fetuses were characterized and quantitated by Northern blots and solution hybridization using riboprobes from cloned hamster RAR cDNAs, derived from 12-day fetal hamster library. Two RAR alpha transcripts of approximately 3.1 and approximately 3.5 kb, one transcript of RAR beta approximately 2.8 kb and one transcript of RAR gamma approximately 3.1 kb were observed. The relative abundance levels of these transcripts were RAR gamma > beta > alpha. RAR beta and gamma levels peaked at day 11, increasing approximately 4-fold (beta) and approximately 2.5-fold (gamma) above their initial values at day 8. RAR alpha did not change appreciably and peaked on day 14 at 1.7 x of its lowest level at day 9. Regulation patterns of the three RARs diverged between days 8 and 9 and 13 and 14 postcoitum (p.c.) and coordinately increased between days 9 and 13 and decreased between days 14 and 15 p.c. In 12-day-old conceptuses exposed to all-trans-retinoic acid, RAR alpha did not increase significantly, but RAR beta increased 12-fold at 4 hr and RAR gamma 2-fold at 1 hr after the maternal treatments.
Self-control progressive relaxation training as an alternative nonpharmacological treatment for essential hypertension: therapeutic effects in the natural environment.

Abstract Two clients with 3 and 5 1 2 yr history of essential hypertension were successfully treated using self-control progressive relaxation training (PRT). Blood pressure was self-recorded twice daily in the natural environment by each client. The natural environment blood pressures of both clients declined during treatment and stabilized within the normotensive range. Blood pressure reductions were maintained at six months follow-up for one client and two months for the other.
Effect of Low Temperature on the Induction of Imaginal Differentiation of Dauer Pupa of the Silkworm

IN lepidopterous insects (in which diapause occurs in the pupal stage), the pupal brain is activated by treatment by low temperature1–5. It has not yet been established, however, whether artificially diapausing, brainless pupae (dauer pupae) are activated by low temperature. Therefore, this question has been investigated by chilling dauer pupae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
The Ciliate Paramecium Shows Higher Motility in Non-Uniform Chemical Landscapes

We study the motility behavior of the unicellular protozoan Paramecium tetraurelia in a microfluidic device that can be prepared with a landscape of attracting or repelling chemicals. We investigate the spatial distribution of the positions of the individuals at different time points with methods from spatial statistics and Poisson random point fields. This makes quantitative the informal notion of “uniform distribution” (or lack thereof). Our device is characterized by the absence of large systematic biases due to gravitation and fluid flow. It has the potential to be applied to the study of other aquatic chemosensitive organisms as well. This may result in better diagnostic devices for environmental pollutants.
Effects of neutron and gamma radiation on lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Radiation induced deterioration in the performance of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can result in functional failures of electronic devices in modern electronic systems. The stability of the Li-ion battery under a radiation environment is of crucial importance. In this work, the surface morphology of the cathode material of a commercial Li-ion battery before and after neutron and gamma ray irradiation was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found growth in the particle size of the cathode material in the range of 36–45% as a result of the irradiation. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed a disordering of the crystal structure occurring in the post-irradiation sample. All of these led to a 8.4% capacity loss of the battery for the maximum received irradiation dose (2.744 Mrad) at post-irradiation. The effects of the radiation on the Li-ion battery are discussed in this paper.
Side Shear Setup. II: Results From Florida Test Piles

This paper analyzes the results of a driven pile side shear setup (SSS) test program performed at the University of Florida and described in a companion paper. All pile segments showed SSS, with similar magnitudes in both cohesionless and cohesive soils, and irrespective of depth. Horizontal effective stresses increased after driving, but then stabilized as induced pore pressures dissipated. SSS continued long after pore pressure dissipation due to other aging effects. Pile load tests in all soil types, and standard penetration tests with torque measurement (SPT-T) in cohesive soils, confirmed the approximate semilog-linear time versus SSS behavior and the usefulness of the setup factor A . Staged (repeated) tests significantly increased SPT-T measurements, suggesting a reduction factor of 0.4 for SSS results measured by staged testing. We believe that engineers can now include SSS in routine design, using a minimum setup factor A=0.1 for soils similar to those tested, or higher if supported by dynamic or...
Evaluating Modes of Variability in Climate Models

Climate models are an essential tool for studying and predicting climate change. Their usefulness, however, depends on how realistically they simulate the statistics of present-day climate, including its variability, among other factors.
Wernicke's encephalopathy: beyond alcoholism.

Background A 17-year-old pregnant woman presented to hospital at 19 weeks' gestation with an 8-week history of hyperemesis gravidarum, 16.8 kg of weight loss, and new-onset weakness, dizziness and blurred vision. Examination of the patient showed confusion, papilledema, ophthalmoparesis, nystagmus, reduced hearing and truncal ataxia. Investigations Physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, fetal ultrasound, brain MRI, magnetic resonance angiography, magnetic resonance venography and cerebrospinal-fluid analysis. Diagnosis Wernicke's encephalopathy, hyperemesis gravidarum and fetal loss. Management Intravenous thiamine repletion and elimination of deficiency risk factors.