cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-optimal paths for a Dubins airplane

We consider finding a time-optimal trajectory for an airplane from some starting point and orientation to some final point and orientation. Our model extends the Dubins car by L.E. Dubins (1957) to have altitude, which leads to Dubins airplane. We assume that the system has independent bounded control over the altitude velocity as well as the turning rate in the plane. Through the use of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle, we characterize the time-optimal trajectories for the system. They are composed of turns with minimum radius, straight line segments, and pieces of planar elastica. One motivation for determining these elementary pieces is for use as motion primitives in modern planning and control algorithms that consider obstacles.
Construction of surface boundary conditions for regional climate modeling in China by using the remote sensing data

The continuing rise in atmospheric CO2 is considered as a main cause of the future changes in global climate. Predicted climate changes include an increase in mean annual air temperature and alterations in precipitation pattern and cloud cover. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 and climate changes are expected to influence the ecosystems. The regional climate models (RCMs) will likely remain primary tools for climate prediction in the foreseeable future. The importance of RCMs is increasing in addressing scientific problems associated with climate variability, changes, and impacts at regional scales. The RCMs have been also used in climate impact studies on ecosystems, especially in agricultural crops by generating climate scenarios for input to crop models. With a large volume of satellite remote sensing data of the earth terrestrial surface becoming available, precisely monitoring the dynamics of the land surface state variables for agricultural and land use management becomes possible6. With the effort to study the climate crop interactions we plan to use a CWRF model (a climate extension of the Weather Research and Forecasting model-WRF) developed by the Illinois State Water Survey to form the climate scenarios. The WRF model is based upon the most advanced supercomputing technologies and promises greater efficiency in computation and flexibility in new module incorporation. This extension inclusively incorporates all WRF functionalities for numerical weather predictions while enhancing the capability for climate applications. To represent the surface-atmosphere interactions the CWRF requires specification of surface boundary conditions (SBCs) over both land and oceans. A comprehensive set of SBCs based on best observational data is desired for CWRF general applications for all effective, dynamically coupled or uncoupled, combinations of the surface modules, as well as for any specific region of the world. This report followed the approach of Liang et al. presents a preliminary work to construct vegetative SBCs for the CWRF modeling effort in China domain by using remote sensing data from TM, AVHRR, MODIS which are freely available. The full list of the CWRF SBCs was defined by Liang.
Precision measurement: Relativity tested with a split electron.

Splitting and recombining an electron wave packet has been used to test relativity at a record sensitivity. The result heralds an era of precision measurements of relativity using quantum-information methods. See Letter p.592
A spreadsheet to construct power curves and clarify the meaning of the word equivalent in evaluating experiments with poultry

Persons conducting research trials often want to be able to declare that treatments, or particularly products, are equivalent (will provide indistinguishable results). However, all research trials can ever provide is the probability that the observed differences in an experiment were due to chance. Also, in trials in which variances are high and there are few replications, it is quite easy to declare no significant differences and equivalency. This paper describes a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that can be used to easily construct experimental power curves. Such curves predict the proportion of experiments that would yield a given level of significance as the difference between the 2 means increases. The spreadsheet uses the mean and variances from an experiment with the Norm.inv and Rand functions of Excel to simulate outcomes from identical experiments. An experiment that declared GMO and normal feed ingredients to be equivalent was used to illustrate the application of power curves. The experiment had 12 replicate pens of broilers per treatment. The outcomes of 90,000 simulated experiments, each with the same overall variance, but 0 through 8 percent differences in treatment means, were graphed. When the published experiment purported to show equivalence, really it showed that a significant difference in growth (P < 0.05) would be expected to be detected 50% of the time if the means were different by 3.1%; a difference of 4.6% in treatment means could be detected 80% of the time by such an experiment. This Excel spreadsheet enables such a power analysis to be conducted. Easy modifications of the spreadsheet can illustrate the influence of changing the variance or number of replications on the expected power of future experiments. The economic impact of small changes in performance is also discussed.
A rhetorical critical analysis of Father Coughlin's radio broadcast, November 20, 1938 or call it what you will . . . . it's still anti‐semitism!

During times of chaos and confusion—like the late 1930s—people desperately search for answers. Rumors were coming out of Germany about Nazism, about Jewish persecution. Then came Kristallnacht, Nov...
The Asymmetric Market Valuation of Nonrecurring Items and Accounting Conservatism

This paper investigates the asymmetric market valuation of negative and positive nonrecurring items as explained by accounting conservatism. We argue that special items, also known as nonrecurring operating gains and losses, have asymmetric market valuations, as proxied for by the earning response coefficient (ERC). This paper has two main findings: (1) an asymmetry exists in the valuation of positive and negative special items; and (2) the asymmetry can be explained by the idea of accounting conservatism, which is the tendency that firms report economic losses on a timelier basis than economic gains. The above two findings are supported by our empirical tests, which show that negative special items are more value relevant (i.e. have a higher ERC) than positive ones due to the fact that nonrecurring losses are impounded in earnings much quicker than nonrecurring gains. Thus, negative and positive special items are not valued equally by investors - an asymmetry exists. Furthermore, as the level of conservatism increases within a firm, this asymmetry of market valuation becomes larger, signifying that the value relevance of negative special items increases at a rate greater than that of positive special items.
Television Viewing at Home: Distances and Visual Angles of Children and Adults

Television viewing distances, visual angles, and viewing angles were calculated for 217 children and 149 adults from 78 families. The data were obtained from time-lapse videotapes automatically recorded in the families' homes over 10-day periods. Viewing distance increases with age, and visual angle decreases with age. Viewers aged 17 years and younger viewed at an average distance of 225.3 em, at an average visual angle of 12.3 deg, and at an average viewing angle of 23.7 deg. Adult viewers watched TV at an average distance of 336.8 cm, an average visual angle of 6.6 deg, and at an average viewing angle of 23.3 deg. The best predictors of viewing location were (1) percentage of time the viewer watched TV from furniture, (2) room area, and (3) screen width.
EXAMINING MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND RECONSOLIDATION IN AN APPETITIVE PAVLOVIAN TASK

OF THESIS EXAMINING MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND RECONSOLIDATION IN AN APPETITIVE PAVLOVIAN TASK Memory plays an important role in defining how one behaves. The neurobiological mechanisms of memory have been studied extensively in animal models and the NMDA glutamate receptor has been identified to play an important role in the consolidation and reconsolidation of appetitive memories. Certain memories, depending on what was learned, can function differently and can be more difficult to disrupt based on a number of factors. Currently, no study has examined whether or not a rewardpredictive stimulus attributed with incentive value is more difficult to disrupt than a stimulus that functions as a general reward-predictor. To determine the role of the NMDA receptor on memory consolidation with different functioning reward-predictive stimuli rats underwent a Pavlovian conditioned approach, where a post-session NMDA receptor antagonist was administered daily. Furthermore, to determine the role of the NMDA receptor on memory reconsolidation, another set of rats were trained on a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, after training was complete rats were presented with a reward-predictive stimuli followed by an administration of a NMDA receptor antagonist and then re-tested.
Acute Limb Ischemia and Outcomes With Vorapaxar in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Results From the Trial to Assess the Effects of Vorapaxar in Preventing Heart Attack and Stroke in Patients With Atherosclerosis-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 50 (TRA2°P-TIMI 50).

Background Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at heightened risk of acute limb ischemia (ALI), a morbid event that may result in limb loss. We investigated the causes, sequelae, and predictors of ALI in a contemporary population with symptomatic PAD and whether protease-activated receptor 1 antagonism with vorapaxar reduced ALI overall and by type. Methods and results The Trial to Assess the Effects of Vorapaxar in Preventing Heart Attack and Stroke in Patients With Atherosclerosis-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 50 (TRA2°P-TIMI 50) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vorapaxar in stable patients, including 3787 with symptomatic PAD. ALI was a prespecified adjudicated end point using a formal definition. A total of 150 ALI events occurred in 108 patients during follow-up (placebo 3-year rate, 3.9%; 1.3% annualized). For patients with symptomatic PAD, previous peripheral revascularization, smoking, and the ankle-brachial index were predictive of ALI. The majority of ALI events occurred as a result of surgical graft thrombosis (56%), followed by native vessel in situ thrombosis (27%). Stent thrombosis and thromboembolism caused ALI in 13% and 5%, respectively. Amputation occurred in 17.6% presenting with ALI. Vorapaxar reduced first ALI events by 41% (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.86; P=0.006) and total ALI events by 41% (94 versus 56 events; risk ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.93; P=0.022). The efficacy of vorapaxar was consistent across types of ALI. Conclusions In selected patients with symptomatic PAD and without atrial fibrillation, ALI occurs at a rate of 1.3%/y, is most frequently caused by acute bypass graft thrombosis or in situ thrombosis of a diseased vessel, and often results in limb loss. Vorapaxar reduces ALI in patients with symptomatic PAD with consistency across type, including PAD resulting from surgical graft thrombosis and in-situ thrombosis. Clinical trial registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00526474.
Performance Assessments of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Nuclear Waste: Are they Necessary or Sufficient?

Performance assessments of geologic repositories for high-level nuclear waste will be used to determine regulatory compliance. The determination, that with a “reasonable expectation” regulatory limits are met, is based on the presumption that all of the relevant physical, chemical and biological processes have been modeled with enough accuracy to insure that a confident judgment of safety may be made. For the geologic disposal of high-level nuclear waste, this generally means that models must be capable of calculating radiation exposures to a specified population at distances of tens of kilometers for periods of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. A total system performance assessment will consist of a series of cascading models that are meant in toto to capture repository performance. There are numerous sources of uncertainty in these models: scenario uncertainty, conceptual model uncertainty and data uncertainty. These uncertainties will propagate through the analysis, and the uncertainty in the total system analysis must necessarily increase with time. For the highly-coupled, non-linear systems that are characteristic of many of the physical and chemical processes, one may anticipate emergent properties that cannot, in fact, be predicted. For all of these reasons, a performance assessment is not in and of itself a sufficient basis for determining the safety of a repository, but it remains a necessary part of the effort to develop a substantive understanding of a repository site.
For Every to There Is a fro: Interpreting Time, Rhythm, and Gesture in Play

This essay looks at the nexus of rhythm, gesture, and time to argue that play has a systematicity of its own, separate from that of games, which rarely comes to our attention. It constructs a genea...
Critical military studies, queer theory, and the possibilities of critique: the case of suicide and family caregiving in the US military

This paper explores the expansive possibilities for a critical military studies that approaches the mechanisms of war-making as coextensive with broader arrangements of social life, rather than as intersecting or overlapping with distinguishable social spheres, like gender. The potential here is both analytical and theoretical: analytical in that it opens up productive avenues of critique through which to explore, but not resolve, the contradictions that animate war-making and military life; theoretical in that war-making and military life offer spaces through which to consider deep questions of social theory – of, for example, the contours of a life worth living in liberal fantasies of the good life – that are amplified in this context, but that resonate well beyond it. In conversation with queer theory, the paper illustrates these possibilities by thinking through the ways that concern about soldier and veteran suicide is imbricated with heteronormative ideals of the family and practices of caregiving i...
Polarizer requirements for fiber gyroscopes with high-birefringent fiber and broadband sources

Optical polarization requirements were recognized early in the development of fiber-optic gyroscopes. The preferred position of the polarizer in the optical gyro circuit was given by Ulrich. 1 An analysis of the effect of an imperfect polarizer was carried out by Kintner,2 who showed that a phase bias results which is proportional to the polarizer amplitude extinction ratio. This phase bias causes an offset in the apparent rotation rate from its true value. Estimates of the required polarizer quality for specified gyroscope performance have been difficult to state largely due to the lack of a quantitative model. Experimental intensity extinction ratios reported for gyroscope polarizers range from 50 (Ref. 3) to 90 dB.4
SMALL-SCALE MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO WAVE AND CURRENT PARAMETERS OVER A BARRED BEACH

Small-scale morphology (< 5 m horizontal wavelength) was measured by combining CRAB surveys with bed elevations acquired from a 1 MHZ sonic altimeter mounted on the CRAB during the DUCK94 experiment in October 1994. Bedform plan views were recorded simultaneously using a 500 KHz side-scan sonar mounted on the CRAB. Waves and currents were measured at the same time. Three cases are examined in detail: mild waves and weak longshore currents resulting in wave ripples throughout the study area; narrow-band, normally incident waves with a strong rip current resulting in a planar bed except in the throat of the rip where megaripples were measured; and storm waves with strong longshore currents resulting in lunate and straight-crested mega-ripples in the trough of the barred beach. During these strong current days, bed shear stresses calculated from logarithmic velocity profiles are equated to a quadratic bottom shear stress formulation. The associated bed shear stress coefficients vary by more than an order of magnitude across the surf zone (0.0006- 0.012). Bottom roughness was obtained by calculating the wavenumber spectra of the bed. The bed shear stress coefficients are positively correlated with bottom roughness (linear correlation coefficient, 0.68). A higher linear correlation coefficient (0.80) is obtained by subtracting skin friction from the total bed shear stress.
Study on the Strategy of Small-medium Sized High-tech Enterprises of Private Management

This paper illustrates the concept of the small medium sized high tech enterprise of private management (SSHEPM) on three sides, and the important role that SSHEPM has played in the development of our native economy on diverse viewpoints, and analyzes the impact factors of the growth of SSHEPM on macro sides. This paper presents the strategy objectives of SSHEPM.
Case report: use of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression to distinguish between breast and ovarian cancer.

ABSTRACT Autocrine expression of polypeptide growth factors may be important in the growth regulation of cancer cells. Different growth factor activities have been identified in a variety of tumors. This article describes a case of malignant ascites in a patient recently treated for breast cancer. The use of growth factor mRNA expression as a factor to differentiate between breast and ovarian origins of cancer cells contained in malignant ascites was examined. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and transforming growth factor α mRNA was examined by ribonuclease protection assay. The tumor cells expressed IGF-II and transforming growth factor α , but not IGF-I mRNA. This pattern of growth factor expression is compatible with a breast cancer primary of the malignant cells contained in the ascites fluid. Therefore, IGF-I mRNA expression may be useful in distinguishing between adenocarcinomas of breast or ovarian origins.
Increased detection of elevated TSH using immunoradiometric assay.

Les auteurs ont compare les resultats des dosages effectues chez 2099 malades a l'aide d'une methode radioimmunometrique tres sensible a ceux obtenus chez 1789 malades par dosage radio-immunologique et ont detecte un pourcentage plus eleve de malades presentant un taux eleve de thyrotropine avec la premiere methode
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation in brain slices: stimulation by batrachotoxin, ouabain, veratridine, and potassium ions.

The formation of cyclic adenosine 39,59-monophosphate- 14 C from endogenous ATP- 14 C is greatly stimulated on incubation of cerebral cortex slices with depolarizing agents such as batrachotoxin, veratridine, ouabain, and potassium ion. In slices of cerebral cortex, batrachotoxin is the most potent known stimulant (ED 50 = 1 x 10 -7 M) of cyclic 39,59-AMP- 14 C formation. Stimulation of cyclic 39,59-AMP- 14 C formation by depolarizing agents requires calcium ions and is inhibited by theophylline. Stimulation of cyclic 39,59-AMP- 14 C formation by histamine, in contrast, does not require calcium ions and is not inhibited by theophylline. The results suggest a relationship among depolarization, transmitter release, and cyclic 39,59-AMP formation in brain.
Notch Signaling in Aortic Valve Development and Disease

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common type of cardiac malformation with an estimated prevalence of 1 % in the population. BAV results in significant morbidity usually during adulthood due to its association with aortic valve calcification and ascending aortic aneurysms. Mutations in the signaling and transcriptional regulator, NOTCH1, are a cause of bicuspid aortic valve in non-syndromic autosomal dominant human pedigrees. The Notch signaling pathway is critical for multiple cellular processes during both development and disease and is expressed in the developing and adult aortic valve consistent with the cardiac phenotypes identified in affected family members. Recent work has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the link between Notch1 signaling and the development of BAV and valve calcification. Using in vitro approaches, loss of Notch signaling has been shown to contribute to aortic valve calcification via Runx2-, Sox9-, and Bmp2-dependent mechanisms. In addition, Notch1 signaling has been shown to be responsive to nitric oxide signaling during this disease process. A new highly penetrant mouse model of aortic valve disease using Notch1 haploinsufficient mice that are backcrossed in an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3)-null background was generated. Notch1 and Nos3 compound mutant mice (Notch1+/-;Nos3-/-) display a nearly 100 % incidence of aortic valve malformations, most commonly BAV. The aortic valves of adult mutant mice are thickened and have associated stenosis and regurgitation. Based upon the initial discovery of NOTCH1 mutations in humans with aortic valve disease, subsequent studies have provided significant molecular insights into BAV-associated diseases.
Status of personal health requirement for graduation at institutions of higher education in the United States

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the proportion of higher education institutions in the United States that require a personal health course (PHC) for graduation and to describe the nature of such requirements. Participants: This study included a random sample of public and private institutions of higher education (IHE) with undergraduate programs within the United States (N = 310). Data were collected between September 2014 and May 2015. Methods: University catalogs were accessed from the institutions' public Web sites to determine whether a PHC was offered, and whether it was exclusively or optionally required for graduation. Results: The majority (55.8%) of the sample offered at least 1 PHC, with only 10% exclusively requiring the course and an additional 10% optionally required the course. Conclusions: Although the utility of undergraduate students completing a PHC is clear, the majority of institutions do not require such a course for degree conferral.
A two-fluid model for black-hole accretion flows: particle acceleration and disc structure

Hot, tenuous advection-dominated accretion flows around black holes are ideal sites for the Fermi acceleration of relativistic particles at standing shock waves in the accretion disc. Previous work has demonstrated that the shock-acceleration process can be efficient enough to power the observed, strong outflows in radio-loud active galaxies such as M87. However, the dynamical effect (back-reaction) on the flow, exerted by the pressure of the relativistic particles, has not been previously considered, and this effect can have a significant influence on the disc structure. We reexamine the problem by developing a new, two-fluid model for the structure of the accretion disc that includes the dynamical effect of the relativistic particle pressure, combined with the pressure of the background (thermal) gas. The new model is analogous to the two-fluid model of cosmic ray acceleration in supernova-driven shock waves. As part of the model, we also develop a new set of shock jump conditions, which are solved along with the hydrodynamic conservation equations to determine the structure of the accretion disc. The solutions include the formation of a mildly relativistic outflow (jet) at the shock radius, driven by the relativistic particles accelerated in the disc. One of our main conclusions is that in the context of the new two-fluid accretion model, global smooth (shock-free) solutions do not exist, and the disc must always contain a standing shock wave, at least in the inviscid case considered here.
Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults.

The diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia include difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep 3 or more nights per week for at least 3 months with accompanying distress or daytime dysfunction.1 Chronic insomnia occurs in 6% to 10% of the population and is more common in women and older adults.2- 4 Chronic insomnia leads to problems with cognition, mood, and fatigue.2 Treatment options for chronic insomnia include behavioral therapy, CBT-I, or pharmacotherapy. Behavioral therapy includes education regarding sleep hygiene and interventions such as stimulus control, sleep restriction, and relaxation training. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia combines cognitive therapy with interventions such as sleep restriction, relaxation training, and stimulus control. This treatment typically requires 5 to 8 sessions and requires patients to maintain sleep logs.
Comparative cost-analysis of two different chronic care facilities for end-stage renal disease patients.

Objective: To investigate the cost and quality of life associated with the first specialized chronic care facility for disabled dialysis patients. Design: A case controlled study in dialysis patients admitted to a specialized chronic dialysis unit (RCDU). Setting: The study compares the cost of care in a specialized chronic care facility with that of a tertiary hospital. Patients: All dialysis patients with severe chronic disability, resident in Greater Toronto, who were unable to be discharged into the community and who were admitted to the RCDU in the first year of the program. Interventions: Chronic care and rehabilitation services in a specialized dialysis unit. Outcome measures: Costs are expressed as $Cdn per patient year. Quality of life scores were measured using SIP and SF-36 questionnaires. Results: The data show a saving of $37 022 Cdn over the 618 day study period with care in the RCDU compared with that of a tertiary hospital. Quality of life measures show no difference in scores. Conclusions: We conclude that this preliminary report confirms a cost benefit of a specialized chronic care dialysis unit.
KSD: An Ontology-Driven Yet Semantically Transparent Application Development Tool

To come up with a semantic web application, it requires skills from two major backgrounds: (a) domain experts to model and populate a semantic knowledge base; and (b) application developers to understand the domain ontology and then build an interface for end users. Learning and using such tools is an overhead and slows down the development process. To address these problems, our paper proposes KSD - Knowledge Serializer and De-serializer tool, that takes an ontology as an input and represents it in a structured form (like JSON, XML) while preserving the underlying semantic information. This format is adaptable to the changes in the underlying ontology and can be used to create user interface, web services and other application modules.
Understanding Trauma and Supporting Resilience with LGBT People of Color

In this chapter, the author describes how minority stress influences the lives of LGBT people of color, particularly how these influences shape the patient-provider interaction. In doing so, there is an emphasis on theoretical frameworks healthcare providers may use to frame their work with LGBT people of color, such as the structural competency, multicultural, social justice, and resilience theories. Recommendations for applying these theories to work with LGBT people of color patients are provided.
Increasing floodplain connectivity through urban stream restoration increases nutrient and sediment retention

Abstract Stream restoration practices frequently aim to increase connectivity between the stream channel and its floodplain to improve channel stability and enhance water quality through sediment trapping and nutrient retention. To measure the effectiveness of restoration and to understand the drivers of these functional responses, we monitored five restored urban streams that represent a range of channel morphology and restoration ages. High and low elevation floodplain plots were established in triplicate in each stream to capture variation in floodplain connectivity. We measured ecosystem geomorphic and soil attributes, sediment and nutrient loading, and rates of soil nutrient biogeochemistry processes (denitrification; N and P mineralization) then used boosted regression trees (BRT) to identify controls on sedimentation and nutrient processing. Local channel and floodplain morphology and position within the river network controlled connectivity with increased sedimentation at sites downstream of impaired reaches and at floodplain plots near the stream channel and at low elevations. We observed that nitrogen loading (both dissolved and particulate) was positively correlated with denitrification and N mineralization and dissolved phosphate loading positively influenced P mineralization; however, none of these input rates or transformations differed between floodplain elevation categories. Instead, continuous gradients of connectivity were observed rather than categorical shifts between inset and high floodplains. Organic matter and nutrient content in floodplain soils increased with the time since restoration, which highlights the importance of recovery time after construction that is needed for restored systems to increase ecosystem functions. Our results highlight the importance of restoring floodplains downstream of sources of impairment and building them at lower elevations so they flood frequently, not just during bankfull events. This integrated approach has the greatest potential for increasing trapping of sediment, nutrients, and associated pollutants in restored streams and thereby improving water quality in urban watersheds.
p38 MAPK inhibits nonsense-mediated RNA decay in response to persistent DNA damage in noncycling cells

Persistent DNA damage induces profound alterations in gene expression that, in turn, influence tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis, and cancer treatment outcome. However, the underlying mechanism for gene expression reprogramming induced by persistent DNA damage remains poorly understood. Here, using a highly effective bioluminescence-based reporter system and other tools, we report that persistent DNA damage inhibits nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD), an RNA surveillance and gene-regulatory pathway, in noncycling cells. NMD suppression by persistent DNA damage required the activity of the p38α MAPK. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), an NMD target and a key stress-inducible transcription factor, was stabilized in a p38α- and NMD-dependent manner following persistent DNA damage. Our results reveal a novel p38α-dependent pathway that regulates NMD activity in response to persistent DNA damage, which, in turn, controls ATF3 expression in affected cells.
The Development of Neuronal Polarity: A Retrospective View.

In 1988, Carlos Dotti, Chris Sullivan, and I published a paper on the establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture, which continues to be frequently cited 30 years later (Dotti et al., 1988). By following individual neurons from the time of plating until they had formed well developed axonal and dendritic arbors, we identified the five stages of development that lead to the mature expression of neuronal polarity. We were surprised to find that, before axon formation, the cells pass through a multipolar phase, in which several, apparently identical short neurites undergo periods of extension and retraction. Then one of these neurites begins a period of prolonged growth, becoming the definitive axon; the remaining neurites subsequently become dendrites. This observation suggested that any of the initial neurites were capable of becoming axons, a hypothesis confirmed by later work. In this Progressions article, I will try to recall the circumstances that led to this work, recapture some of the challenges we faced in conducting these experiments, and consider why some of today9s neuroscientists still find this paper relevant.
Widespread Lichtheimia Infection in a Patient with Extensive Burns: Opportunities for Novel Antifungal Agents

The Mucorales fungi-formerly classified as the zygomycetes-are environmentally ubiquitous fungi, but generally rare causes of clinical infections. In the immunocompromised host, however, they can cause invasive, rapidly spreading infections that confer a high risk of morbidity and mortality, often despite surgical and antifungal therapy. Patients with extensive burn injuries are particularly susceptible to skin and soft-tissue infections with these organisms. Here, we present a case of Lichtheimia infection in a patient with extensive full-thickness burns that required significant and repeated surgical debridement successfully treated with isavuconazole and adjunctive topical amphotericin B washes. We also review the available literature on contemporary antifungal treatment for Lichtheimia species and related Mucorales fungi.
A Preface to "Gutstein Generalized—A Philosophical Debate"

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has taken a very firm stand on the issue of equity in mathematics education. Not only is equity incorporated in the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989) and Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000), equity is the first plank of NCTM’s legislative platform. That plank is listed below: The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics— • Supports the right of every child to be taught by a highly qualified teacher of mathematics, one who is knowledgeable in content, who understands how students learn, and who uses appropriate instructional methods. • Expects every child to have the opportunity to receive a strong mathematics education required for an economically secure future. • Believes that no single test should limit future opportunities of students to learn mathematics. • Expects every school to be a safe and supportive learning environment for students to learn mathematics (NCTMc, 2004). The plank is prefaced by “One who is mathematically literate can analyze data, reason, and solve problems by applying mathematical concepts and skills.”
Chronic Papaverine Treatment: The Effect of Repeated Injections on the Simian Erectile Response and Penile Tissue

To investigate the effect of chronic papaverine treatment, seven monkeys underwent repeated intracavernous injections for one year. One monkey died after 56 injections; the others received a total of 100 each. The strength and duration of erection were recorded after each injection, and the erectile tissue was examined histologically at the end of the study. Over the long term, papaverine maintains its erection-inducing capability, but it does cause pathologic changes in the erectile tissue: minimal to marked fibrosis at the injection site and hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the non-injected area of the corpus.
Psychoanalytic Sociological Theories and Emotions

Relatively few sociologists analyzing emotions have sought to draw from the legacy of Freud and more recent work in the psychoanalytic tradition. This neglect is somewhat surprising in light of the fact that Freud, more than any other figure in the early twentieth century, drew attention to emotional dynamics. True, many of his constantly evolving ideas have not been supported by subsequent research and practice, but the general argument that humans activate defense mechanisms to protect ego in the face of negative emotions is certainly correct in its essentials. Yet, sociologists tend to adopt gestalt ideas about cognitive consistency and balance rather than repression and other defense mechanisms when explaining human emotional dynamics, and as a result, sociological theories miss a set of important leads in understanding emotions. Still, in going back to Freud (1900, 1923, 1938), we need to be selective in what we adopt and reject in his approach.
Intraoral Radiography and Implant Restoration

One of the most useful tools available for implant dentistry is radiography, from initial assessment all the way through to long-term health monitoring of the peri-implant tissues. The restorative dentist frequently uses intraoral radiography to conduct evaluations on implant component fit and the bone related to the implant. However, limitations exist arising from the way radiographs are made as well as how they are interpreted. Clinically significant factors will be discussed in this chapter, as well as ways to improve the diagnostic value of intraoral radiographs.
Cardiac myocyte microtissue aggregates broadcast local field potentials

Abstract Muscle tissue has been exploited as a living biopotential amplifier to facilitate transduction of peripheral nerve signals into prosthetic control in patients with limb amputation. Here we sought to address the question of whether microscopically small volumes of muscle tissue could effectively broadcast field potentials to electrodes not immediately in contact with that tissue. Cardiac myocytes were grown as three-dimensional aggregates containing 105 cells comprising a volume of approximately 0.065 mm3 (~500 μm in diameter) atop multi-electrode arrays. In addition to the expected spontaneous contraction potentials detected using electrodes in direct contact with the myocytes, potentials could also be detected on distant electrodes not contacting the aggregates. Specifically, while both dissociated and aggregated cardiac myocyte cultures generated spontaneous contractions that could easily be recorded from underlying multi-electrode arrays, only aggregated myocyte cultures generated signals detectable several millimeters away by the electrode grid floating in media. This confirmed the ability of micro-volumes of aggregated muscle tissue to broadcast readily detectible signals. The amplitude of the potentials generated by the aggregates decreased exponentially with distance. The aggregates were sensitive to pharmacologic modification with isoproterenol increasing contraction rate. Simultaneous recordings with electrodes in physical contact to the aggregate and with electrodes several millimeters away revealed that the aggregates function as amplifiers and low-pass filters. This study lays the groundwork for forging myocyte aggregates as “living amplifiers” for long-term neural recording in brain-computer interfaces to treat neurological disease and injury.
Microglandular Adenosis and Associated Invasive Carcinoma

Context.— Microglandular adenosis is a rare borderline neoplastic lesion of the breast composed of haphazardly located small, round tubules with a single cell layer interspersed within breast strom...
Emerging Factors Implicated in Fibrotic Organ–Associated Thrombosis: The Case of Two Organs

Thrombosis is at the heart of cardiovascular complications observed in specific diseases. A heightened thrombosis risk above that in general population in diseases such as myelofibrosis and chronic kidney disease implicates disease-specific mediators of thrombosis. This relative lack of information regarding the mechanisms of thrombosis in specific organ pathologies hitherto has remained limited. Evolving literature implicates some soluble factors in the blood of patients with discrete disorders, inflicting fundamental changes in the components of thrombosis. In this era of precision medicine, integrating these disease-specific factors in a comprehensive thrombotic risk assessment of patients is imperative in guiding therapeutic decisions. A complex network of mechanisms regulates each organ pathology and resultant thrombotic phenotypes. This review surveys different effectors of thrombogenicity associated with two pathologically fibrotic organs used as model systems, the bone marrow and kidney, as well as focuses attention to a common inducer of fibrosis and thrombosis, lysyl oxidase.
Self-Heating Effects on Hot Carrier Degradation and its Impact on Ring-Oscillator Reliability

This paper discusses the impact of self-heating (SH) on ring-oscillator (RO) reliability and its correlation to hot carrier (HC) degradation. We show that HC degradation modulation due to SH is only significant for logic PFETs at highly accelerated conditions. We show that these SH effects on HC are greatly reduced at moderate acceleration. By stressing the ROs at extreme conditions, we show that the SH impact on HC does not affect RO degradation.
Purified Cannabidiol for Treatment of Refractory Epilepsies in Pediatric Patients with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy.

A pharmaceutical grade formulation of cannabidiol (CBD) has been approved for the treatment of Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; however, this formulation is not yet available to patients outside the USA. In addition, CBD is thought to have broad anti-seizure properties that may be beneficial for other types of intractable epilepsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of artisanal medical CBD oil in patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) at the tertiary epilepsy center of Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital in Rome, Italy. This was a single-center, prospective, open-label study. Patients aged from 1 to 18 years with DEE and seizures refractory to appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and other alternative treatments (i.e., vagal nerve stimulator and ketogenic diet) were included. Crystalline extract CBD powder (98–99% pure) in an oil artisanal formulation was added to the baseline AED regimen at a dosage of 2–5 mg/kg/day divided for twice-daily administration, then up-titrated until intolerance or a maximum dosage of 25 mg/kg/day was reached. Patients were treated for at least 6 months. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of CBD treatment were assessed through the evaluation of seizure frequency and reports of adverse effects. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study (41.4% male). The mean duration of exposure to artisanal CBD was 11.2 months [range 6–25 months; standard deviation (SD) ± 4.4 months]. Mean age at study enrollment was 9.3 years (range 1.9–16.3 years; SD ± 4.7 years). Eleven out of 29 patients (37.9%) had a ≥ 50% improvement in seizure frequency; one patient became seizure free. None of the patients reported worsening seizure frequency; however, 18 patients (62.1%) experienced no beneficial effect regarding seizure frequency. Adverse effects were reported in seven patients (24.14%), most commonly somnolence, decreased appetite and diarrhea. Adverse events were mild and transient, and no dose modification of CBD or other AEDs was required. These data suggest that CBD may have beneficial effects in patients with DEE and an acceptable safety profile. Placebo-controlled randomized trials should be conducted to formally assess the safety and efficacy of CBD in patients with DEE.
Adjuvant hysterectomy following primary chemoradiation for stage IB2 and IIA2 cervical cancer: a retrospective comparison of complications for open versus minimally invasive surgery.

Adjuvant hysterectomy following chemoradiation for bulky, early stage cervical cancer has been shown to decrease local relapse rate. The objective of this study is to compare complications and recurrences between minimally invasive and open adjuvant hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer. Patients were identified who had undergone adjuvant hysterectomy following chemoradiation for 2009 FIGO stage IB2 and IIA2 cervical cancer from August 2006 to June 2018. Demographic information, treatment course, complications, recurrence data were retrospectively extracted from the medical record. Frequency of complications was compared with Fisher exact test or chi-square test as appropriate and inverse probability of treatment propensity score weighting was used to calculate the disease-free survival. Fifty-four patients met inclusion criteria with a median follow up time of 60.4 months (interquartile range 28.0–98.1 months). There were 24 (44%) open versus 30 (56%) minimally invasive hysterectomies performed. The overall grade 2 or worse complication rate was 43%. There were 8 (27%) patients with complications in the minimally invasive group compared to 4 (17%) in the open group (OR 1.82 (95% CI 0.5–7.0)). There were 9 vaginal cuff defects, dehiscences and/or fistulas in the minimally invasive group compared to 3 in the open group (OR 3.0 (95% CI 0.8–11.2)). There was no statistically significant difference between disease free survival and overall survival among the two groups, however there was a trend towards decreased disease-free survival in the minimally invasive group. Among women undergoing adjuvant hysterectomy following chemoradiation for bulky, early stage cervical cancer, there was no difference in complication rates between an open or minimally invasive surgical approach. However, the overall complication rate was high, including a high rate of vaginal cuff defect, dehiscence and/or fistulas. Our findings suggest that an adjuvant hysterectomy should be reserved for patients in which chemoradiation is not anticipated to successfully treat the primary tumor and, if performed, an open approach should be considered.
Disparities influencing rates of urgent/emergent surgery for diverticulitis in the state of Florida.

Abstract Background Patients with diverticulitis have a 20% risk of requiring urgent/emergent treatment. Since morbidity and mortality rates differ between elective and urgent/emergent care, understanding associated disparities is critical. We compared factors associated with treatment setting for diverticulitis and evaluated disparities regarding access to Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) and development of complications. Methods The Florida Inpatient Discharge Dataset was queried for patients diagnosed with diverticulitis. Three multivariate models were utilized: 1) elective vs urgent/emergent surgery, 2) MIS vs open and 3) presence of complications. Results The analysis included 12,654 patients. Factors associated with increased odds of urgent/emergent care included being uninsured or covered by Medicaid, African American, obese, or more comorbid. MIS was associated with reduced odds of complications. Patients treated by high-volume or colorectal surgeons had increased odds of receiving MIS. Conclusions Patients were more likely to receive MIS if they were treated by a colorectal surgeon, or a high-volume surgeon (colorectal, or general surgeon). Additionally, patients that were older, had increased comorbidities, or did not have health insurance were less likely to receive MIS.
Fragmented QRS - Its significance.

Abstract Fragment QRS (fQRS) complex is a myocardial conduction abnormality that indicates myocardial scar. It is defined as additional notches in the QRS complex. Though initially fQRS was defined in the setting of normal QRS duration (