cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal screening for substance use by Peer Support Specialists in the Emergency Department is a pathway to buprenorphine treatment

Abstract Introduction Evidence suggests emergency department (ED)-initiated buprenorphine as efficacious in connecting ED patients to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) utilizing peer support specialists (PSS). However, there are no reports of implementation of ED-initiated buprenorphine in practice. Such information is crucial to support the adoption of ED-initiated buprenorphine. Methods In this quality improvement pilot study, a PSS screened ED patients over age 18 with the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use – 1 (TAPS-1). The PSS considered the patient a positive screen if the patient met the following criteria: risky weekly alcohol use, illicit drugs, or prescription drugs. For patients who screened positive, the PSS delivered a brief intervention and assessed interest in treatment. An ED clinician assessed patients who screened positive for heroin/opioid use and were interested in treatment for buprenorphine induction. Results From January through June 2019, 1037 patients were screened for risky substance use, and, of these, 238 (23%) screened positive. The distribution of primary substance used was: 51% alcohol, 26% cannabis, 7.5% cocaine, 7.5% heroin, and 3.3% prescription opioids. Of the 23 patients who screened positive for heroin/opioid use and requested treatment, seven were admitted to the hospital. Of the remaining 16 patients, 14 patients wanted buprenorphine treatment, seven were provided buprenorphine in the ED, and four of these attended their intake appointments for community-based MOUD treatment. Conclusion ED-initiated buprenorphine facilitated by a PSS is feasible and requires coordination and planning. Approaches to ED-initiated buprenorphine that screen only for opioid use will miss many patients interested in substance use treatment. 1
Domain specificity versus process specificity: The "social brain" during strategic interaction.

Are social brain responses domain specific, or do domain-general but socially prevalent cognitive processes drive activity in this network? In this issue of Neuron, Konovalov et al. (2021) address this by dissociating general sociality from reactivity, one defining feature of social interactions.
A Multiple-Case Study of Learners’ Engagement in Mobile Learning Applications

Although mobile learning applications play a crucial role in today’s education and can support learning, the low retention rate exhibited by these applications is a common challenge in mobile learning. Previous studies have investigated factors that impact learners’ engagement in learning activities and factors that affect customers’ engagement in mobile applications. However, these studies were conducted almost exclusively from educational and marketing perspectives. This study investigates learners’ engagement in mobile learning applications from a more comprehensive and integrated viewpoint. We analyzed learners’ reviews on five top-ranked lifelong learning applications (Udemy, LinkedIn Learning, Coursera, edX, and Skillshare). Inductive coding was used to identify critical factors impacting learners’ engagement in mobile learning applications, such as usability, availability of learning experiences, features to facilitate learning, interpersonal interaction, and incentives for completion. We further explored specific engagement strategies displayed in the analyzed applications through an analytical evaluation. Besides, this study expands Hew’s model of learners’ engagement and suggests new conceptual relationships between critical factors impacting learners’ engagement, self-determination theory, and learners’ engagement.
Multistatic post-track classification using a Target Strength function

The Specular-Cued Surveillance Web (SPECSweb) multistatic tracker effectively reduces false track rate through the use of two amplitude thresholds. A high threshold is used to identify the occurrence of high-strength specular detection cues for track initiation. A low threshold is used for selective extraction of additional detections for track extension forward and backward in time. This approach significantly reduces the node-to-fusion-center communication loading requirements as well as reducing the output false track rate. At the time of the specular-cued track initiation, a historical (back)-track is reconstructed and output. In some cases, there may still be false tracks at the tracker output. We demonstrate a post-tracking classification method based on the expected Target Strength (TS) function, which identifies and further reduces residual false tracks. Cylindrical targets exhibit aspect-dependent TS which produces variations in the SNR levels of detected echoes. The multistatic tracker output provides estimates of target heading and therefore also of target aspect angle. The level variations of contact-sets corresponding to track segments are correlated with the expected TS function to provide a classification score. The method is shown to have potential in reducing false tracks when applied to the PACsim simulated data sets of the Multistatic Tracking Working Group (MSTWG).
Effective Application of Simulated Annealing

First adapted as a solution approach for combinatorial optimization problems in the 1980s, simulated annealing and its variants continue to enjoy widespread application. The widespread application of SA is due to the relative ease of implementing its logic, its general nature and flexibility allowing use with little problem-specific tailoring (at least for alpha versions of an implementation), and its robust performance with respect to solution quality and running time on a wide array of problems. This article describes implementation details for various features of the simulated annealing algorithm, and then illustrates the development of annealing-based algorithms through the description of several applications. Keywords: simulated annealing; local search; metaheuristics; heuristic search
Industrial Experience with Product Line Approaches

Many organizations realize that building multiple software products one product at a time is no longer viable. To retain market share in the global economy, they are pressured to introduce new products and add functionality to existing ones at a rapid pace. To address these demands, they have adopted an approach that uses software assets in the form of an architecture and components to modify, assemble, instantiate, or generate multiple products. These products, referred to as a software product line, share common features, but also provide variation points for mass customization.
A SECOND-ORDER DYNAMIC SUBGRID-SCALE STRESS MODEL

A second-order dynamic model based on the general relation between the subgrid-scale stress and the velocity gradient tensors was proposed. A priori test of the second-order model was made using moderate resolution direct numerical simulation date at high Reynolds number ( Taylor microscale Reynolds number R-lambda = 102 similar to 216) for homogeneous, isotropic forced flow, decaying flow, and homogeneous rotating flow. Numerical testing shows that the second-order dynamic model significantly improves the correlation coefficient when compared to the first-order dynamic models.
Cross‐Section Analysis

Cross-section analysis is defined. Keywords: linear regression; heteroskedasticity; time series data
The specific treatment of vaginal mycosis.

Abstract 1. 1. A new and specific therapy for vaginal mycosis is described, namely, the use of ricinoleic acid 3 per cent in a buffered acid jelly. 2. 2. This course of therapy in an uncorrected series produced 74 per cent of cures in the pregnant group and 90 per cent of cures in the nonpregnant group. 3. 3. This method of therapy is characterized by prompt relief of the pruritus, disappearance of the causative organism, and prevention of spread of infection to other skin surfaces. 4. 4. No ill effects or accidents have occurred over extended periods of treatment to either the mother or newborn. 5. 5. Use of this preparation affords a convenient and most satisfactory method of self-treatment for the patient. 6. 6. It is believed that the 3 per cent ricinoleic acid could be carried in suppositories or other suitable vehicles. 7. 7. The skin, mouth, and intestinal tract serve as ready foci for reinfection of the vagina.
Hand Radiographs in Russell-Silver Syndrome

Left-hand radiographs were analyzed for bone age of 15 patients with Russell-Silver syndrome. No single finding was pathognomonic. However, in children between 2 and 10 years of age, the concordance of significantly delayed maturation, clinodactyly, fifth middle or distal phalangeal hypoplasia, ivory epiphyses, and a second metacarpal pseudoepiphysis is suggestive and should prompt a search for the well-recognized clinical features of this condition.
The bright, newly discovered by Draconis system HD 80715

We report and discuss spectroscopy of the bright (V=Tm7), double-lined spectroscopic binary system HD 80715 (SAO 42826, Lallande 18397). This K3 dwarf was first reported as a spectroscopic binary with a composite spectrum by Adams (1913) on the basis of three spectra showing a velocity variation of 38 km/sec. Photometry carried out in the Geneva system by Rufener and Bartholdi (1982) showed the star to be a micro-variable and thus likely a chromospherically active system of the BY Dra or RS Cvn type. This suspicion was confirmed by spectroscopy with 0.25-0.5,~ resolution carried out by the authors using the coude' feed telescope and the coude' spectrograph with TI CCD detector at Kitt Peak National Observatory. We find the system to be composed of two nearly identical K dwarfs, I;)0th of which show variable I-~ emission and strong Ca I1 infra-red triplet emission reversals. This activity, the dwarf luminosity class, and a preliminary period of 3.8025 days thus leads us to classify the stars as a BY Draconis system. In the following paragraphs we will present a preliminary orbital solution for the system and illustrate and discuss the chromospheric H~ and IRT variability.
Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover

The perennial ice area was drastically reduced to 38% of its climatological average in 2007 but recovered slightly in 2008, 2009, and 2010 with the areas being 10%, 24%, and 11% higher than in 2007, respectively. However, trends in extent and area remained strongly negative at -12.2% and -13.5% decade (sup -1), respectively. The thick component of the perennial ice, called multiyear ice, as detected by satellite data during the winters of 1979-2011 was studied, and results reveal that the multiyear ice extent and area are declining at an even more rapid rate of -15.1% and -17.2% decade(sup -1), respectively, with a record low value in 2008 followed by higher values in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Such a high rate in the decline of the thick component of the Arctic ice cover means a reduction in the average ice thickness and an even more vulnerable perennial ice cover. The decline of the multiyear ice area from 2007 to 2008 was not as strong as that of the perennial ice area from 2006 to 2007, suggesting a strong role of second-year ice melt in the latter. The sea ice cover is shown to be strongly correlated with surface temperature, which is increasing at about 3 times the global average in the Arctic but appears weakly correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO), which controls the atmospheric circulation in the region. An 8-9-yr cycle is apparent in the multiyear ice record, which could explain, in part, the slight recovery in the last 3 yr.
Mode-coupling theory

In this set of lecture notes we review the mode-coupling theory of the glass transition from several perspectives. First, we derive mode-coupling equations for the description of density fluctuations from microscopic considerations with the use the Mori–Zwanzig projection operator technique. We also derive schematic mode-coupling equations of a similar form from a field-theoretic perspective. We review the successes and failures of mode-coupling theory, and discuss recent advances in the applications of the theory.
Surface and submarine pollination in the seagrass Zostera marina L.

COX, P. A., LAUSHMAN, R. H. & RUCKLESHAUS, M. H., 1992. Surface and submarine pollination in the seagrass Zostera marina L. Hydrophilous plants can be divided into three ecological categories depending upon whether their pollen is transported above, on, or under the water surface. A mixed mode of submarine and surface hydrophilous pollination occurs in the seagrass Zostera marina L. In the surface mode of pollination, pollen rafts or ‘search vehicles’ which superficially resemble snowflakes, form at low tide and are transported on the surface of the sea by winds and water currents. Some of the search vehicles collide with the floating female stigmas, effecting pollination. In the submarine mode of pollination, small pollen masses resembling whisk brooms travel beneath the surface of the water. Although we failed to observe a submarine pollination event, SEM analysis of stigmas from subtidal populations confirms that submarine pollination does occur in Z. marina. However, observations of stigmas positioned at and below the surface of the water show surface pollination to be highly efficient. Electrophoretic evaluation of both subtidal and intertidal populations indicates significant genetic variation between populations. Given the high flux rates of surface-borne pollen and pollen viability in excess of 5 h, it is likely that surface-borne pollen is a major source of gene flow in Zostera marina populations.
Structure- and fluid-borne acoustic power sources induced by turbulent flow in 90° piping elbows

Abstract The structure- and fluid-borne vibro-acoustic power spectra induced by turbulent fluid flow over the walls of a continuous 90° piping elbow are computed. Although the actual power input to the piping by the wall pressure fluctuations is distributed throughout the elbow, equivalent total power inputs to various structural wavetypes (bending, torsion, axial) and fluid (plane-waves) at the inlet and discharge of the elbow are computed. The powers at the elbow “ports” are suitable inputs to wave- and statistically-based models of larger piping systems that include the elbow. Calculations for several flow and structural parameters, including pipe wall thickness, flow speed, and flow Reynolds number are shown. The power spectra are scaled on flow and structural–acoustic parameters so that levels for conditions other than those considered in the paper may be estimated, subject to geometric similarity constraints (elbow radius/pipe diameter). The approach for computing the powers (called CHAMP – combined hydroacoustic modeling programs), which links computational fluid dynamics, finite element and boundary element modeling, and efficient random analysis techniques, is general, and may be applied to other piping system components excited by turbulent fluid flow, such as U-bends and T-sections.
American Agriculture's Capacity to Meet Future Demands

N EMBARKING upon a topic that is full of uncertainties, the only thing I am sure of is that agriculture's capacity to produce is an important subject to many people. Consumers, shell-shocked by the rise of food prices of the past two years and facing the consequences of a bad drought, would like to know if relief is ever in sight. Concern about inflation of prices in general-not just food-is high; stability of food prices seems a necessary if far from sufficient condition for getting it under control. Faced by prospects of heavy outlays for imports, especially for oil, the nation hopes that high exports of farm products will help to balance its international account. Persons and agencies concerned about sources of food for hungry people in poor countries turn inevitably to the United States, already by far the leading net exporter of food and one of the most promising sources of export expansion. Farmers would like to know future output in order to form better judgments about prospective economic conditions in their industry. Production or capacity figures by themselves are not very meaningful. What one wants to know is how potential production compares with amounts likely to be demanded at specified prices. Consideration of possible demands, however, makes an already complex problem especially difficult, for great uncertainty attaches to demands to be made on American agriculture as well as to agriculture's capacity to produce. Especially for a paper that must be listened to rather than read, it seems necessary to simplify the analysis rather severely. One way to simplify is to focus upon a date sufficiently far in the future so that agriculture's production could be markedly different from its present level. The date should not be so remote, however, that we have no useful ideas about demands to be made on agriculture or about the determinants of farm output. I have chosen 1985 as a convenient target date. Another way to simplify is to choose two contrasting situations that seem enlightening about the many outcomes that might possibly develop. I shall try now to be explicit about the two benchmark situations to which I intend to give special attention.
Light and electron microscope studies of cell sorting in combinations of chick embryo neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium

A recent hypothesis, proposed by A. S. G. Curtis, asserts that the formation of homogeneous tissues within heterotypic aggregates occurs during the initial phases of cellular aggregation rather than by a process of cell sorting in mixed aggregates. The present studies of the early stages of aggregation of mixed suspensions of dissociated chick embryo pigmented retinal epithelial and neural retinal cells do not support Curtis' hypothesis. The early aggregates formed from these mixed cell suspensions are disordered mixtures of the two cell types. Establishment of homogeneous neural retinal and pigmented retinal epithelial tissues occurs much later in the aggregates. The hypothesis of Moscona that the process of formation of type-specific tissues in mixed aggregates requires a specificity of cell adhesion was examined by attempting to demonstrate cell contact specificity at the electron microscope level in heterotypic aggregates undergoing cell sorting. Specificity of cell contact was not observed. Instead, fine structural studies of cell contact interactions demonstrate that pigmented retinal epithelial cells have broad areas of cell contact and specialized contact junctions with neural retinal cells within the aggregates.
A NEURAL NETWORK MODEL TO SIMULATE A CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT

The most prominent area where the potential of neural networks is under study is that of engineering applications, such as pattern recognition and speech processing. Another interesting direction which is proposed in the present paper is that of neural networks designed to simulate the interaction of an individual with the external (varying) environment. The simple example presented here consists of a kind of conditioning experiment: a synthetic "organism" (provided with some "sensor" and "motor" neurons which are connected via a neural network) is free to move in a world where it has to find the food for its survival, and is naturally rewarded on the basis of the amount of food it is able to find. The whole training scheme results therefore in a sort of population selection, which finally produces skilled individuals (or networks) able to elaborate relatively subtle search strategies. It is remarkable that the learning scheme produces a differentiation of the task which each neuron performs: some of them behave as "clocks" which resonate at given frequencies (regardless of the external world), while some others are responsible for the interaction with the environment and detect the presence of food.
Conflit ostéoméniscal : intérêt de sa sémiologie IRM dans l’identification d’une lésion méniscale instable. À propos de 13 cas

Resume Objectif Le conflit osteomeniscal (COM), associe : douleur localisee de l’interligne femorotibial medial, languette meniscale deplacee, depression de la lame sous-chondrale en regard et hypersignal de l’os sous-chondral en IRM. L’IRM est l’examen de reference dans l’identification des lesions meniscales, mais il est peu performant dans l’identification des languettes deplacees. La confirmation que l’association semiologique IRM d’une deformation de l’os sous-chondral et d’un hypersignal T2 est liee a l’existence d’une lesion meniscale instable, en renforcerait la valeur diagnostique et l’interet dans la decision therapeutique. L’objectif de ce travail est de faire la preuve de ce lien. Materiel Une etude de dossiers IRM et une serie prospective observationnelle sans laxite, arthrose ou extrusion ayant beneficie d’une arthroscopie a but therapeutique. Resultats Treize dossiers presentent en IRM des images de COM medial : dix hommes, trois femmes ; âge moyen 46, IMC 26, angle AKH moyen a 177. Une languette meniscale repliee n’est identifiable avec certitude que trois fois sur dix en IRM. En arthroscopie, il existait dans tous les cas une languette instable ; quatre fois il a ete mis en evidence une deformation du cartilage en regard de la languette meniscale. La meniscectomie partielle a apporte dans tous les cas une nette amelioration clinique. Discussion Les signes directs IRM de lesion meniscale instable sont peu sensibles. Les signes osseux, indirects ont ete peu etudies. Un lien entre le seul hypersignal et une lesion meniscale a ete demontre. Notre serie confirme que l’association semiologique : IRM hypersignal T2 et deformation de la plaque sous-chondrale en regard de la silhouette meniscale est tres predictive d’une lesion meniscale instable, indication d’un traitement chirurgical. Les observations de deformation cartilagineuse suggerent que la deformation de la plaque sous-chondrale en regard de la lesion meniscale est liee a une hyperpression par effet de surepaisseur. Niveau de preuve III (etude de cohorte).
A Comparative Study of DES and URANS for Flow Prediction in a Two-Pass Internal Cooling Duct

The capabilities of the detached eddy simulation (DES) and the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) versions of the 1988 k-ω model in predicting the turbulent flow field in a two-pass internal cooling duct with normal ribs is presented. The flow is dominated by the separation and reattachment of shear layers; unsteady vorticity induced secondary flows and strong streamline curvature. The techniques are evaluated in predicting the developing flow at the entrance to the duct and downstream of the 180 deg bend, fully developed regime in the first pass, and in the 180 deg bend. Results of mean flow quantities, secondary flows, and the average friction factor are compared to experiments and large-eddy simulations (LES)
Intensity Dynamics in Semiconductor Laser Arrays

The dynamics of a five-emitter semiconductor laser array is studied theoretically with steady-state, oscillatory, and chaotic behaviors achieved. This provides a design tool for achieving oscillations whose frequency is related to injection current.
Comparing surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy from colloidal gold nanoparticles and nanocages

A point of care biosensor capable of detecting biomarkers in a low concentration in blood samples can have a great impact on the healthcare community. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is one potential means of monitoring analytes at low concentrations. Toward a continuing effort to use SERS for point of care biosensing, in this paper spherical gold colloid and nanocages are analyzed and compared to determine which substrate has better utility. Gold colloid is and has been a popular substrate used in SERS. However, for biosensing its use can be problematic since aggregates must be formed typically using salt, which are time dependent, fall out of solution, and generally do not provide good reproducibility. Thus, in this work, nanocages are analyzed and compared as an alternative to using gold colloid for quantifiable SERS biosensing. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transverse electron microscope (TEM) images are depicted for each material along with their extinction coefficients, aggregation properties, and SERS spectrum both with and without salt added. Overall, nanocages are shown to provide equivalent SERS enhancement without the need for salt induced aggregation and hence have the potential to be a better substrate for reproducible SERS biosensing.
Framing the world news: The Times of India in changing times

How did the dramatic transformation in the international political environment that occurred in 1990–1991 affect the selection of the international news by the Times of India? This article reports a content analysis of every 10th front page of the newspaper between 1985 and 1993 and supplements the data with an analysis of editorial commentary. A fairly even pattern of distribution between domestic and international events was found over the period. Geographical proximity and cultural/historical ties were important determinants of the amount of news coverage; that is, South Asia as a region consistently received more attention than any other region. The United States received far more attention than any other single country, more than twice that of the Soviet Union/ Russia. The content analysis revealed only a modest change in the international news coverage after 1991. Economic issues were discussed a bit more often, but there was little change in the geographical priorities. News attention did not becom...
Colleges and universities: survival in the information age

Abstract Coping with information technology (IT) planning is one of the more important, expensive, time-consuming and potentially disastrous exercises an academic institution can undertake. Those institutions that are successful in establishing administrative and academic frameworks within which rapid technological change and adaptation can occur will survive and those who stubbornly adhere to archaic styles of management and decision-making will not. IT strategies, priorities and plans must be driven by and integrated with on-going academic planning. Cross-department/unit collaboration must be encouraged and facilitated by university resources and processes. Long-range planning and identification of reasonable and attainable goals requires a leadership and governance structure in which all major stakeholders participate in setting information technology strategies, priorities, plans, standards and performance measures. A successful technology funding strategy must ensure budgeting for adequate network facilities, including assets and the people and processes to support them. Accompanying these administrative procedures should be an open dialogue on the issues brought about by apparent conflicts between University wide standardization of basic policy, procedures and technologies and the pedagogical and research initiatives which address unique collegiate or departmental needs. Network capabilities should be integrated, timely, accurate, secure and easily accessible to all who need it.
The voltage-dependent anion channel is a receptor for plasminogen kringle 5 on human endothelial cells.

Abstract Human plasminogen contains structural domains that are termed kringles. Proteolytic cleavage of plasminogen yields kringles 1–3 or 4 and kringle 5 (K5), which regulate endothelial cell proliferation. The receptor for kringles 1–3 or 4 has been identified as cell surface-associated ATP synthase; however, the receptor for K5 is not known. Sequence homology exists between the plasminogen activator streptokinase and the human voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC); however, a functional relationship between these proteins has not been reported. A streptokinase binding site for K5 is located between residues Tyr252–Lys283, which is homologous to the primary sequence of VDAC residues Tyr224–Lys255. Antibodies against these sequences react with VDAC and detect this protein on the plasma membrane of human endothelial cells. K5 binds with high affinity (Kd of 28 nm) to endothelial cells, and binding is inhibited by these antibodies. Purified VDAC binds to K5 but only when reconstituted into liposomes. K5 also interferes with mechanisms controlling the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ via its interaction with VDAC. K5 binding to endothelial cells also induces a decrease in intracellular pH and hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. These studies suggest that VDAC is a receptor for K5.
Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa

I. Introduction, 549. — II. Economic policies: the socialist development model, 551. — III. Origins of socialist attitudes, 554. — IV. The Guinea experience, 556. — V. The inapplicability of the Socialist model, 560. — VI. Conclusion, 571.
Animal health surveillance applications: The interaction of science and management

Animal health surveillance is an ever-evolving activity, since health- and risk-related policy and management decisions need to be backed by the best available scientific evidence and methodology. International organizations, trade partners, politicians, media and the public expect fast, understandable, up-to-date presentation and valid interpretation of animal disease data to support and document proper animal health management - in crises as well as in routine control applications. The delivery and application of surveillance information need to be further developed and optimized, and epidemiologists, risk managers, administrators and policy makers need to work together in order to secure progress. Promising new developments in areas such as risk-based surveillance, spatial presentation and analysis, and genomic epidemiology will be mentioned. Limitations and areas in need of further progress will be underlined, such as the general lack of a wide and open exchange of international animal disease surveillance data. During my more than 30 year career as a professor of Veterinary Epidemiology I had the good fortune of working in challenging environments with different eminent colleagues in different countries on a variety of animal health surveillance issues. My career change from professor to Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO) - "from science to application" - was caused by my desire to see for myself if and how well epidemiology would actually work to solve real-life problems as I had been telling my students for years that it would. Fortunately it worked for me! The job of a CVO is not that different from that of a professor of Veterinary Epidemiology; the underlying professional principles are the same. Every day I had to work from science, and base decisions and discussions on documented evidence - although sometimes the evidence was incomplete or data were simply lacking. A basic understanding of surveillance methodology is very useful for a CVO, since it provides a sound working platform not only for dealing with immediate questions when new or emerging disease situations arise, but also for more long-term activities, such as policy development, contingency planning and trade negotiations. Animal health issues, which emerged during my eight years as a CVO in Denmark from 1999 to 2007, will be used as examples, including BSE, FMD, HPAI and Trichinella testing. Emphasis will be placed on how science-based surveillance methodology and tools were developed, applied and documented.
Multifocal ERG findings in carriers of X-linked retinoschisis

Purpose To determine whether retinal dysfunction in obligate carriers of X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) could be observed in local electroretinographic responses obtained with the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). Methods Nine obligate carriers of XLRS (mean age, 46.2 years) were examined for the study. Examination of each carrier included an ocular examination and mfERG testing. For the mfERG, we used a 103-scaled hexagonal stimulus array that subtended a retinal area of approximately 40° in diameter. The amplitudes and implicit times in each location for the mfERG were compared with the corresponding values determined for a group of 34 normally-sighted, age-similar control subjects. Results Mapping of 103 local electroretinographic response amplitudes and implicit times within a central 40° area with the mfERG showed regions of reduced mfERG amplitudes and delayed implicit times in two of nine carriers. Conclusions The mfERG demonstrated areas of retinal dysfunction in two carriers of XLRS. When present, retinal dysfunction was evident in the presence of a normal-appearing fundus. Multifocal ERG testing can be useful for identifying some carriers of XLRS.
Driving simulator sickness: An evidence-based review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Guided by the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (2nd edition; American Occupational Therapy Association, 2008), we conducted an evidence-based review on simulator sickness (SS). METHOD: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, SafetyLit, Google Scholar, and recently published literature. We used the American Academy of Neurology's classification criteria to extract data from 10 studies and assign each a level of 1-4, with "1" indicating the highest level of evidence. We grouped studies that addressed SS into client factors, context and environment factors, and activity demands. RESULTS: Client factors (i.e., older clients [>70 yr; Level B], women [Level B]) and context/environment factors (e.g., refresh rates, scenario design and duration, simulator configuration, and calibration; Level B) probably increase the rates of SS, whereas activity demands (vection, speed of driving, and postural instability; Level C) possibly contribute to SS. CONCLUSION: We classified factors contributing to SS and identified the need for randomized trials to identify causes of SS. Language: en
299 A NEW SYNDROME OF SHORT STATURE DUE TO BIOLOGICALLY INACTIVE BUT IMMUNOREACTIVE GROWTH HORMONE

299 A NEW SYNDROME OF SHORT STATURE DUE TO BIOLOGICALLY INACTIVE BUT IMMUNOREACTIVE GROWTH HORMONE
Knowing in the Strong Sense

Professor Norman Malcolm has defended what he calls “the strong sense” of “know.”1 It is one of the propositional senses; i.e. what is said to be known, in this sense, is an item of information rather than a person, a poem, a physical object, or a skill. According to Malcolm, this sense of “know” is important and useful. Philosophers have had it “in mind when they have spoken of ‘perfect’ ‘metaphysical’ or ‘strict’ certainty” (KC, 70). Moreover, laymen use it when they profess to know such obvious truths as “2 + 2 = 4” or “This is an ink-bottle” (said while peering at and poking an ink-bottle). Nevertheless, in spite of his opinion that it is important, Malcolm has not given a detailed analysis of the strong sense of “know.” Thus we may be justified in studying it, first to determine exactly what it is, and then to evaluate it. I do not, of course, wish to suggest that Malcolm necessarily would accept my account of the strong sense as an accurate explication of his opinions. However, in its descriptive aspects my analysis seems compatible with his written statements.
Transition Assessment in Rural Aneas

This article describes some of the current transition issues facing teachers and educational diagnosticians who work in rural settings. Three major barriers to successful assessment and programming are discussed: financial factors, human factors, and visibility. Finally, seven suggestions are offered that may help individuals seeking to implement a transition assessment and programming component in a rural district.
Prudence probability premium

Abstract Prudence probability premium is defined in the risk apportionment model (Eeckhoudt and Schlesinger, 2006). For an increase in downside risk, we show sufficient conditions for comparing the probability premiums between two individuals when the apportioned risk is small and large.
Differential Infrared Optical Mammography

A differential optical mammography technique is discussed. The imaging modality uses infrared trans-illumination to image breast tissue. Preliminary imaging data demonstrate potential use in screening for breast cancer.
FOOD ACCEPTABILITY RESEARCH: COMPARATIVE UTILITY OF THREE TYPES OF DATA FROM SCHOOL CHILDREN

Acceptabilly of school-served food items was assessed by three methods: a five-point hedonic scale (HED); a five-point scale on which students estimated the amount they had eaten (AMT); and weighed plate waste. Reliability of HED scale was highlv sienificant: reliability of AMT scale was significant for all but one item. AMT scores. had closer relationship to food consumption than did HED scores. A statistical model was constructed for predicting food consumption from ratings; it was possible to obtain an indication of consumption by elementary students from either scale. Application of methods is discussed. Use of student ratings for predicting consumption by elementary students seemed feasible in test-retest situations.
Calculation of the magnetic field due to a bioelectric current dipole in an ellipsoid

The bioelectric current dipole model is important both theoretically and computationally in the study of electrical activity in the brain and stomach due to the resemblance of the shape of these two organs to an ellipsoid. To calculate the magnetic field B due to a dipole in an ellipsoid, one must evaluate truncated series expansions involving ellipsoidal harmonics \( \mathbb{E}_n^m \), which are products of Lame functions. In this article, we extend a strictly analytic model (G. Dassios and F. Kariotou, J. Math. Phys. 44 (2003), 220–241), where B was computed from an ellipsoidal harmonic expansion of order 2. The present derivations show how the field can be evaluated to arbitrary order using numerical procedures for evaluating the roots of Lame polynomials of degree 5 or higher. This can be accomplished using an optimization technique for solving nonlinear systems of equations, which allows one to acquire an understanding of the truncation error associated with the harmonic series expansion used for the calculation.
LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neurologic, psychologic, and academic status of children who had GBS. Patients were identified by chart review of the records at CHP and Magee-Womens Hospital for the period 1965-1980. Fifty-one children (26 girls and 25 boys) who developed GBS between 1 day and 6 months of life formed the study population. Infants with early onset GBS sepsis with shock were excluded. Survivors were 3 to 18 years old at the time of their follow-up evaluations. Nine children died, two were institutionalized, 13 were assessed by phone interview and one was lost to follow-up. Twenty-six children and 16 siblings were comprehensively evaluated with physical and neurological examinations, hearing tests, and tests of intellectual and behavioral function. Of the total population, 7 children (14%) had major neurological sequelae (spastic quadraplegia, profound mental retardation, heniparesis or deafness). Five children developed acute hydrocephalus; two were doing well after shunt placement. When ten study children (without major neurologic sequelae) and close-in-age sibling controls were compared, mean full-scale IQs on WISC-R/WPPSI were 107 in the study group and III in the controls. Of importance, 26 children appeared to be functioning normally or comparably to their sibling in all respects. There was no apparent relationship between outcome and age at onset, birthweight or CSF pleocytosis.
Design and validation of a multi-electrode bioimpedance system for enhancing spatial resolution of cellular impedance studies

This paper reports the design and evaluation of a multi-electrode design that improves upon the statistical significance and spatial resolution of cellular impedance data measured using commercial electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) systems. By evaluating cellular impedance using eight independent sensing electrodes, position-dependent impedance measurements can be recorded across the device and compare commonly used equivalent circuit and mathematical models for extraction of cell parameters. Data from the 8-electrode device was compared to data taken from commercial electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system by deriving a relationship between equivalent circuit and mathematically modelled parameters. The impedance systems were evaluated and compared by investigating the effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a well-established chemotherapeutic agent, on ovarian cancer cells. Impedance spectroscopy, a non-destructive, label-free technique, was used to continuously measure the frequency-dependent cellular properties, without adversely affecting the cells. The importance of multiple measurements within a cell culture was demonstrated; and the data illustrated that the non-uniform response of cells within a culture required redundant measurements in order to obtain statistically significant data, especially for drug discovery applications. Also, a correlation between equivalent circuit modelling and mathematically modelled parameters was derived, allowing data to be compared across different modelling techniques.
Creating a reusable GUI component

Application development of a large number of graphical user interface (GUI) screens and reports requires a labor-intensive process. In the typical scenario, a GUI developer drags each component, such as the textfield, label, and error messages, on each of the new GUI screens or reports. They then set the component properties and perhaps write any validation routines for input data. Using the proposed Observation Panel Bean (OPB), the developer drags only one component per field, and the OPB dynamically builds the GUI components with consistent properties and links the observation field to the needed validation routine. With little development effort these fields are simply selected from the data dictionary and placed on the GUI. The proposed OPB uses Fowler's observation pattern as a high-level abstraction representing attributes observed about information in the application domain. The panel collaborates with the observation pattern to set the label, error message, and properties of the various components. Yoder's validator pattern collaborates with the observation pattern and the data dictionary to validate the observations. The proposed OPB decreases GUI development time, adds adaptability to GUI design, and increases consistency in GUI component presentation.
Effects of teat dipping on intramammary infections by staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Effects on intramammary infections in herds 1) either not teat dipping or postmilking teat dipping with either 2) linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, 3) chlorhexidine, or 4) iodophor containing products were determined. Duplicate quarter foremilk samples were collected once from all lactating cows in 16 herds, four for each practice. Mean percentage of quarters infected with Staphylococcus species other than Staph. aureus was 11.0 in herds not teat dipping and 7.2 in herds teat dipping. Prevalence of Staphylococcus species intramammary infections in herds teat dipping with linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was comparable to herds not teat dipping and greater than in herds using chlorhexidine and iodophor. The predominant Staphylococcus species in herds not teat dipping was Staph. epidermidis (37.1%). Staphylococcus hyicus constituted 48.5% of total Staphylococcus species intramammary infections in herds teat dipping and 12.4% in herds not teat dipping. Differences were not observed among SCC for quarters infected with different Staphylococcus species. Application of germicidal teat dips appeared to have selectively altered both prevalence and distribution of Staphylococcus species intramammary infections.
Accuracy of Weight Perception Among Urban Early Adolescents with Uncontrolled Asthma and Their Caregivers

Background Obesity is associated with poor asthma outcomes; weight loss improves such outcomes. Inaccurate recognition of obesity may impede weight control.
Diet Quality of Overweight and Obese Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005

Little research has been conducted to examine diet quality of overweight and obese adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005), of overweight and obese adults with IDD. Data were obtained from community-dwelling overweight individuals. 3-day food records were administered and completed with assistance by staff or family members and then reviewed by a dietitian. All records were analyzed and HEI-2005 was calculated using NDSR output. 178 records were analyzed from 70 subjects (28 male, 42 female; mean age 33.9 ± 11.5 years). The mean energy intake was 1928 ± 891 kcals, and the mean total HEI-2005 score was 46.7 ± 11.5. Participants scored the lowest in total fruits, whole grains, dark green and orange vegetables, non-hydrogenated vegetable oils, and sodium. Both male and female participants had diets deficient in fiber, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, and potassium. Additionally men were deficient in vitamin K, and women were deficient in calcium. Overweight and obese adults with IDD had a lower HEI-2005 score compared to the general population and are at an increased risk of poor diet quality and nutritional deficiencies that could contribute to the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other health complications.
Molecular Chemistry of Organic Aerosols Through the Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Understanding the molecular composition and fundamental chemical transformations of organic aerosols (OA) during their formation and aging is both a major challenge and the area of great uncertainty in atmospheric research. Particularly, little is known about fundamental relationship between the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of OA, their atmospheric history, evolution, and the impact on the environment. Ambient soft-ionization methods combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis provide detailed information on the molecular content of OA that is pivotal for improving the understanding of their complex composition, multi-phase aging chemistry, direct (light absorption and scattering) and indirect (aerosol-cloud interactions) effects on atmospheric radiation and climate, health effects. The HR-MS methods can detect thousands of individual OA constituents at once, provide their elemental formulae from accurate mass measurements and structural information based on tandem mass spectrometry. Integration with additional analytical tools, such as chromatography and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, makes it possible to further separate OA compounds by their polarity and ability to absorb solar radiation. The goal of this perspective is to describe contemporary HR-MS methods, review recent applications in field and laboratory studies of OA, and explain how the information obtained from HR-MS methods can be translated into an improved understanding of OA chemistry.
Intramedullary tuberculoma mimicking primary CNS lymphoma

The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has been on the rise in the setting of immunodeficiency syndromes such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Its diagnosis has been facilitated by the advent of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) PCR assay. The reported high sensitivity and specificity of this assay has made it the cornerstone of diagnosis of PCNSL, replacing more traditional methods such as an open CNS biopsy. Here, we have described a patient with a known history of C3 AIDS presenting with lower extremity weakness and eventual myelopathy who was later diagnosed as having intramedullary PCNSL after detection of EBV DNA in his CSF. After failing to respond to radiotherapy, he underwent a spinal cord biopsy revealing intramedullary tuberculoma. This case illustrates the risk of misdiagnosis with this assay and the importance of histological confirmation of a pathological lesion prior to implementation of therapy.