cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adiposity Is Not Equal in a Multi-Race/Ethnic Adolescent Population: NHANES 1999–2004

BMI is the preferred measure of adiposity in adolescents. Recent evidence suggests that in adults the relationship between BMI and adiposity can vary by age and race/ethnicity. We investigated the relationship between BMI and percent body fat (%BF) in a large multi-ethnic, nationally representative sample of US adolescents (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES, 1999-2004). BMI was calculated; %BF was derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data and compared to BMI among adolescents from three groups: non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and Mexican-American (MA). Fractional polynomials were used to model a new equation to estimate %BF from a given BMI. MA boys weighed significantly less than either NHW or NHB boys, while only NHB girls weighed significantly more than the other girls. Among the boys there were no differences in mean BMI, whereas %BF differed significantly between all three groups. For the girls, both BMI and %BF differed significantly the groups with MA girls having the highest %BF. The significant correlates for modeling %BF from BMI included gender, age, race/ethnicity, weight, [formula in text]: the final model explained 79% of the variance in %BF. NHB adolescents had significantly lower %BF for BMI and MA had higher than NHW. Our results indicate that BMI may not be an equivalent measure of %BF in a multi-ethnic population of US adolescents.
Effect of concurrent graft-versus-host reaction on tissue distribution and infectious titer of murine cytomegalovirus.

Infection with cytomegalovirus is a major concern following bone marrow transplantation. Previously, we have described a model whereby infection by MCMV concurrent with the injection of parental strain lymphoid cells into F1 recipient mice results in a severe graft-versus-host reaction (GvHR) when the donor and host differ at the class I MHC locus (i.e., class I MHC disparate GvHR). The present studies were performed to determine whether one consequence of this severe GvHR is the alteration of the tissue distribution and/or levels of infectious virus as compared to mice not undergoing GvHR. Using PCR to detect MCMV DNA, it was observed that the tissue distribution of virus 3 days after injection was identical in recipients of virus alone and of GvHR plus virus inocula. At two weeks post injection, virus was recovered from the salivary gland and pancreas in both groups. In contrast to recipients of MCMV alone, lung tissue from GvHR plus virus mice also contained viral DNA. Notably, these results were corroborated by the plaque assay. Moreover, salivary gland and pancreas from recipients of GvHR plus virus were found to contain higher titers of infectious virus. In total, the data demonstrate that, with the notable exception of the lung, the distribution of virus was not changed in the animals despite the presence of a concurrent severe GvHR. However, viral replication in infected tissues appeared less restricted in these recipients.
Tachykinin receptor subtype that mediates the increase in vascular permeability in guinea pig skin

Abstract To determine the tachykinin receptor subtype that mediates the increase in vascular permeability, we examined the rank order of potency of tachykinins for inducing plasma extravasation in guinea pig skin and the specificity of tachykinin-induced tachyphylaxis of the responses. Plasma extravasation of the skin induced by tachykinins was NK-1 (SP-P)-type response from the rank order of potency of mammalian and nonmammalian tachykinins. Tachyphylaxis of the vascular response was induced by intradermal preinjection of mammalian tachykinins and was tachykinin-specific. In substance P (SP) tachyphylaxis (where SP was preinjected), the response to SP, not to neurokinin A (NKA) or neurokinin B (NKB), was decreased. In NKA tachyphylaxis and NKB tachyphylaxis, the responce to NKA, not to SP or NKB, and the response to NKB, not to SP or NKA, were decreased, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the apparent NK-1-type response is mediated through three mammalian tachykinin receptors, NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3, which are specifically stimulated by their preferred agonist, SP, NKA, and NKB, respectively.
Focus tracking system for direct projection cameras.

A focus tracking system for direct wafer steppers has been tested and its operation simulated on computer to account for transducer fabrication limitations. The focus condition of the projection lens was determined by sensing the contrast level in the backprojected image of a test grating object mounted in a plane conjugate to the reticle plane. To permit continuous focus tracking, the test grating was illuminated with red light from a solid-state light emitting diode to prevent exposure of UV-sensitive photoresists. The contrast sensor consisted of a pair of large area silicon photodiodes with grating windows arranged so that the diodes viewed complementary space and bar projected fields of the test grating. The projection lens used in these tests was a 40× microscope objective having a numerical aperture of 0.95. The focus sensing range was found to be better than 1.6 μm, and the focus sensitivity was <0.1 μm.
Existence of Travelling Wave Solutions in a Tissue Interaction Model for Skin Pattern Formation

We study a tissue interaction model on skin pattern formation proposed by Cruywagen and Murray [J. Nonlin. Sci., 2 (1992), 217–240]. We prove rigorously that the model has travelling wave solutions for all sufficiently large wave speeds, which were found numerically by Cruywagen, Maini, and Murray [J. Math. Biol., 33 (1994), 193–210]. Our results also confirm the asymptotic expansions obtained for those solutions by formal perturbation analysis in the Cruywagen et al. article cited above.
Whither the U.S. National Ocean Policy Implementation Plan

Abstract The need for a statutory framework to manage valuable marine resources in the United States is highlighted by problems such as fragmented ocean governance and increasing conflict over the use of ocean spaces. On July 19, 2010 President Obama signed Executive Order 13547 to create a National Ocean Policy (NOP) for the United States. A subsequent Implementation Plan, released in 2013, set up hundreds of actions to be accomplished between 2013 and 2025 to address economic, community, scientific and other issues. Progress implementing the NOP appears to have stalled. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the NOP and its Implementation Plan, and then discuss what needs to be done to bring the vision it set forth to fruition.
A Convenient Preparation of Protected 2′-0-Methylguanosine

Abstract Protected guanosine nucleosides can be converted directly to their 2′-0-methyl derivatives by methylation with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in the presence of stannous chloride. This procedure circumvents the need to use the potentially hazardous reagent, diazomethane.
P-1153 - The effectiveness of short- and long-term psychotherapy during a 7-year follow-up

Introduction The majority of studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy have reported results for relatively short follow-up times. Aims In this study the effectiveness of short- and long-term psychotherapy was compared during a very long follow-up. Methods A total of 326 psychiatric outpatients with mood or anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to solution-focused therapy (12 sessions), short-term psychodynamic (20 sessions) and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (240 sessions) in Helsinki Psychotherapy Study. The patients were followed from start of treatment and assessed 11 times during a 7-year follow-up. Symptom Check List (anxiety, depression, and general symptom scale), Work-subscale of the Social Adjustment Scale, and use of auxiliary treatment (psychotherapy, psychotropic medication, and psychiatric hospitalization) were used as outcome measures. Results A reduction in psychiatric symptoms and improvement in work ability and functional capacity was noted in all treatment groups. The short-term therapies were more effective than long-term psychotherapy during the first year, whereas the long-term therapy was more effective after 3 years of follow-up. No significant differences were observed between long- and short-term therapies during the 4 last years of follow-up.A total of 80% of the patients in the short-term therapy groups and 60% in the long-term therapy group used auxiliary treatment. Conclusions Short-term psychotherapy gives faster benefits than long-term psychotherapy, but in the long run no notable differences in symptoms or working ability are seen. Considerably auxiliary treatments are taken after the end of the intervention implying further need of treatment. These findings should be repeated in other populations.
Reversal of mineral ion homeostasis and soft-tissue calcification of klotho knockout mice by deletion of vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase

Changes in the expression of klotho, a β-glucuronidase, contribute to the development of features that resemble those of premature aging, as well as chronic renal failure. Klotho knockout mice have increased expression of the sodium/phosphate cotransporter (NaPi2a) and 1α-hydroxylase in their kidneys, along with increased serum levels of phosphate and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. These changes are associated with widespread soft-tissue calcifications, generalized tissue atrophy, and a shorter lifespan in the knockout mice. To determine the role of the increased vitamin D activities in klotho knockout animals, we generated klotho and 1α-hydroxylase double-knockout mice. These double mutants regained body weight and developed hypophosphatemia with a complete elimination of the soft-tissue and vascular calcifications that were routinely found in klotho knockout mice. The markedly increased serum fibroblast growth factor 23 and the abnormally low serum parathyroid hormone levels, typical of klotho knockout mice, were significantly reversed in the double-knockout animals. These in vivo studies suggest that vitamin D has a pathologic role in regulating abnormal mineral ion metabolism and soft-tissue anomalies of klotho-deficient mice.
A fully corrected fan beam OSEM algorithm for dirty emitters

Non-standard radionuclides used in PET imaging introduce additional factors into the imaging model that need to be properly accounted for in order to ensure quantitative accuracy. One of these factors is the emission of cascade gamma rays whereby additional photons of different energies are emitted concurrently with the two anti-parallel 511 keV gamma rays. The emission of these cascade gamma rays has no angular correlation to the emission of the two 511 keV photons. Thus the cascade gamma rays produce a background effect similar to that of random coincidences but with different statistics. We present a method for estimating the shape of the cascade distribution using an estimate of the activity distribution and attenuation map in a manner similar to the estimation of single scatter. The estimated cascade distribution and an estimate for the single scatter distribution are incorporated into a new OSEM algorithm to reconstruct an image that is corrected for cascade and scatter. The resulting image has the background effect removed and has better contrast than when reconstructed using the standard OSEM algorithm.
Calcium phosphorus metabolism in dialysis patients with and without mitral anular calcium

To test the hypothesis that accelerated metastatic calcification in the mitral anulus results from abnormalities in calcium phosphorus and parathyroid hormone, 10 patients with end-stage renal disease having echocardiographically proven mitral anular calcium (MAC) (Group I) and 20 patients without MAC (Group II) were evaluated over 12 consecutive months. Serum levels of total calcium, phosphorus, intact and carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone, serum ionized calcium, and total calcium-phosphorus product were compared for both groups. In addition, other variables such as sex, supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure, age, duration of hemodialysis, type of renal disease, and diabetes also were compared in both groups. Although both groups had elevated intact and carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone levels. Group I did not differ significantly from Group II. Total serum calcium levels were within normal limits in both groups and were not significantly different. However, the serum ionized calcium level was significantly higher in Group I with MAC versus Group II without MAC (p It is concluded that MAC in patients with chronic renal failure occurs in the setting of secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, it is found more often in patients with increased ionized calcium and serum phosphorus levels and significantly higher calcium-phosphorus product levels. In chronic renal failure, MAC does not appear to be the result of a degenerative process and high ventricular systolic pressure as has been previously described.
Using a self-service kiosk to identify behavioural health needs in a primary care clinic serving an urban, underserved population

Background Integration of behavioural health into primary care clinics is an established model of care and important approach to eliminating mental health disparities, but demands on provider time is a barrier to mental health screening. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a kiosk placed in a primary care clinic to screen for multiple mental health disorders. Methods Quality improvement initiative with Plan-Do-Study-Act implementation and time series monitoring of utilisation outcomes. Results A total of 281 screens were completed identifying positive screens for depression (30%) and bipolar disorder (17%). Post-traumatic stress disorder and concerning substance use were less common. Conclusions Development of health information technology to facilitate behavioural health assessment in primary care is a promising approach to integrated care and provides additional benefits of population health monitoring.
Density-dependent effects of an early season insect herbivore on a later developing insect herbivore.

Although most North American grasshopper species overwinter as eggs, some species hatch in late summer, overwinter as nymphs, and become adults in late spring. These species periodically reach outbreak densities, but it is unknown if they impact the population dynamics of later developing egg-overwintering grasshopper species. Two experiments were conducted in a northern mixed-grass prairie to examine the effects of herbivory by nymph-overwintering grasshoppers on survival of an egg-overwintering grasshopper, Ageneotettix deorum. When very high densities of nymph-overwintering grasshoppers reduced grass biomass by 80%, survival of A. deorum nymphs was significantly reduced. There was no effect of early season herbivory at a lower density of 16 /m2 on survival of A. deorum nymphs. The effects of early season herbivory appear consistent with exploitative competition. Although a strong reduction in peak grass biomass caused by early season herbivory negatively affected late season grass-feeding grasshopper densities, additional research is needed to examine the potential importance of early summer herbivory on population dynamics of later developing grasshoppers.
Accumulation of splenic B1a cells with potent antigen-presenting capability in NZM2410 lupus-prone mice

Objective. In order to shed light on the role of splenic B1 cells in disease pathogenesis in lupus-prone mice, this study was undertaken to determine how efficiently these cells can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and to ascertain which mnrine lupus susceptibility loci dictate the expansion of these cells. Methods. Spleens and peritoneal cavities (PerC) of NZM2410 lupus-prone mice, as well as of control B6 and New Zealand white mice, were examined for the prevalence, surface phenotype, and possible anatomic location of B1 cells. The antigen-presenting ability of fluorescence-sorted splenic Bla cells was assessed. Levels of B1 cells were examined in B6 mice congenic for 4 different lupus susceptibility intervals. Results. NZM2410 lupus mice showed an expansion of splenic and PerC Bla cells at all ages. These cells expressed high levels of B71, B72, CD24, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and had the functional capability to serve as APC. Among the lupus susceptibility intervals studied, Sle2, but not Skl, Sle3, or the H2 locus, affected the expansion of BI cells. Conclusion. These findings raise the possibility that the genetically determined expansion of splenic Bla cells in lupus-prone mice might contribute to disease
Theoretical and Practical Limits to Sensitivity in IEEE 802.15.4 Receivers

This paper addresses the performance limits of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard 2.4 GHz PHY for wireless personal area and sensor networks. As designers start considering the addition of power amplifiers to improve link margin, other methods that do not increase power significantly are of high value. Minimizing power consumption is the key goal of 802.15.4 systems, and improvements in sensitivity can be traded for power savings. The limits from communication theory are compared to the performance of common system topologies, and methods for improving system performance without significant cost are discussed and verified through simulation. Approximately 6.6 dB of sensitivity is shown to be commonly sacrificed, and 5.8 dB is recoverable without large increases in design complexity.
A ligand binding model of counterion condensation to finite length polyelectrolytes

A ligand binding model of counterion association in finite length polyelectrolytes is presented. This model introduces counterion condensation features into a binding formalism. It agrees well with the predictions of other finite length models and is consistent with experimental data on helix–coil melting transitions for short nucleic acid oligomers. This model uses a discrete charge distribution for the polyelectrolyte. An expression for the electrostatic self-energy of finite length polyelectrolytes is derived using the Euler–Maclaurin sum formula. This sum is shown to be accurate over a wide range of salt concentrations. This electrostatic term is used in an energy minimization analysis. The energy minimization is solved analytically using a Lagrange inversion formula. This general procedure gives a rapidly convergent series and requires no assumptions with regard to “limiting law” behavior. However, when used in the Manning minimization formalism [(1977) Biophysical Chemistry, 24, 2086], the volume of the condensed phase becomes unrealistically large at low ionic strength. The ligand binding model does not have a condensed phase volume as a parameter. It provides a single expression that agrees both with Manning's theory and with the theory of Ramanathan and Woodbury [(1982) Journal of Chemical Physics77, 4133] under the respective conditions of these theories.
The Role of Macrophages in Early Healing of a Tendon Graft in a Bone Tunnel

Background: Macrophages accumulate following tendon-to-bone repair and may contribute to the formation of a scartissue interface rather than to the reformation of a normal insertion site. We hypothesized that macrophage depletion may lead to improved insertion site regeneration, in a form of ‘‘scar-less’’ healing rather than reactive scar-tissue formation. Methods: One hundred and ninety-two Sprague-Dawley rats underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with use of a flexor tendon autograft and were divided into a control group (ninety-six rats) and a liposomal clodronateinjected group (ninety-six rats). Clodronate is a bisphosphonate that selectively induces macrophage apoptosis. Animals in the liposomal clodronate group received weekly intraperitoneal injections of liposomal clodronate (1.33 mL/ 100 g of body weight). Rats were killed at serial time points from three to forty-two days. Immunostaining identified macrophages and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) at the tendon-bone interface. Fibrous interface width, osteoid formation, and collagen fiber continuity were evaluated with use of histomorphometry. Serial fluorochrome labeling was used to measure mineral apposition rate. Additional rats were killed for biomechanical testing at seven, fourteen, twenty-eight, and forty-two days. Results: Liposomal clodronate significantly decreased macrophages and TGF-b accumulation at the tendon-bone interface (p < 0.05). Specimens from rats that received liposomal clodronate exhibited a significantly narrower fibrous tissue interface between tendon and bone at all time points compared with specimens from controls (p < 0.05). In specimens from the liposomal clodronate group, healing proceeded at an accelerated rate, characterized by enhanced collagen fiber continuity and a greater degree of interface remodeling between tendon and bone. There were significant increases in osteoid formation (p < 0.05) and mineral apposition rates (p < 0.05) among experimental specimens. At forty-two days, the specimens from the liposomal clodronate group had significantly greater increases than the control specimens with respect to load to failure (mean and standard deviation, 13.5 ± 4.2 N and 9.7 ± 3.9 N, respectively; p < 0.05) and stiffness (mean, 11.5 ± 5.0 N/mm and 7.5 ± 3.2 N/mm; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Macrophage depletion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction resulted in significantly improved morphologic and biomechanical properties at the healing tendon-bone interface, which we hypothesize are due to diminished macrophage-induced TGF-b production. Clinical Relevance: Techniques to modulate inflammation, and specifically macrophages, may improve tendon-bone healing and may enhance the structural integrity of healing tendon grafts.
A nanoplasmonic switch based on molecular machines

We aim to develop a molecular-machine-driven nanoplasmonic switch for its use in future nanophotonic integrated circuits (ICs) that have applications in optical communication, information processing, biological and chemical sensing. Experimental data show that an Au nanodisk array, coated with rotaxane molecular machines, switches its localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) reversibly when it is exposed to chemical oxidants and reductants. Conversely, bare Au nanodisks and disks coated with mechanically inert control compounds, do not display the same switching behavior. Along with calculations based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), these observations suggest that the nanoscale movements within surface-bound “molecular machines” can be used as the active components in plasmonic devices.
Interactions of developing neurons with the extracellular matrix

The differentiation and morphogenesis of neural tissues involves a diversity of interactions between neural cells and their environment. Many potentially important interactions occur with the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex association of extracellular glycoproteins organized into aggregates and polymers. In this article, we discuss recent findings on neuronal interactions with the ECM and their roles in neural cell migration and neurite growth. First, we examine the expression and putative functions of the molecules of the neural ECM. Second, we discuss cell surface molecules that mediate neural interactions with ECM components. Last, we address proteoglycans (PGs), a diverse class of glycoproteins, present both as ECM components and as cell surface molecules, which may mediate neural interactions with their environment. The best-understood cellular interactions with the ECM are adhesive, mediated by binding between specific cell surface molecules and cell binding domains of ECM components (Strittmater and Fishman, 199 1; Damsky and Werb, 1992). Cellsubstratum adhesion is necessary for major cell movements of neuron morphogenesis, that is, the migrations of neural cells and their precursors and the migratory behavior ofgrowth cones at the extending tips of axons and dendrites. As cells move, adhesive molecules at the surface of the leading edge of a migrating cell or growth cone bind to ligands on other cell surfaces or ECM components. These bonds stabilize filopodia and lamellipodia, and, in some cases, provide anchorage against which cytoskeletal filaments, associated with the plasma membrane, exert forces to pull the cell or growth cone forward. Thus, ECM has been primarily viewed as an adhesive substratum to provide traction for migrating cells and to stabilize the position and, perhaps, the state of differentiation of nonmotile cells. However, the interactions between neural cells and the ECM are not longer regarded as only adhesive or mechanical. Two points are now clear. First, some of these interactions are definitely not adhesive, but, rather, they may even be antiadhesive (Chiquet-Ehrismann, 199 1). Second, evidence has accumulated to indicate that the cell surface molecules that mediate cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions (immunoglobulin superfamily, cad
A Verifiable, Control Flow Aware Constraint Analyzer for Bounds Check Elimination

The Java platform requires that out-of-bounds array accesses produce runtime exceptions. In general, this requires a dynamic bounds check each time an array element is accessed. However, if it can be proven that the array index is within the bounds of the array, the check can be eliminated. We present a new algorithm based on extended Static Single Assignment (eSSA) form that builds a constraint system representing control flow qualified, linear constraints among program variables derived from program statements. Our system then derives relationships among variables, and provides a verifiable proof of its conclusions. This proof can be verified by a runtime system to minimize the analysis's performance impact. Our system simultaneously considers both control flow and data flow when analyzing the constraint system, handles general linear inequalities instead of simple difference constraints, and provides verifiable proofs for its claims. We present experimental results demonstrating that this method eliminates more bounds checks, and when combined with runtime verification, results in a lower runtime cost than prior work. Our algorithm improves benchmark performance by up to nearly 10% over the baseline SafeTSA system.
Studies in the Cleomaceae VI: A New Genus and Sixteen New Combinations for the Flora Mesoamericana

New combinations are made for 16 mostly Mesoamerican Cleomaceae previously included in the genus Cleome L., s.l., and one species transferred from Gynandropsis DC. These are now considered to belong in the genera Andinocleome Iltis & Cochrane, which is newly described herein, Mitostylis Raf., Physostemon Mart. & Zucc., Podandrogyne Ducke, and Tarenaya Raf., as follows: A. lechleri (Eichler in Mart.) Iltis & Cochrane, A. magnifica (Briq.) Iltis & Cochrane, A. pilosa (Benth.) Iltis & Cochrane, M. macrorhiza (C. Wright in Sauvalle) Iltis, M. procumbens subsp. obtusa (Britton) Iltis, M. procumbens subsp. wrightii (Urb.) Iltis, M. procumbens subsp. wrightii var. arenaria (Urb.) Cochrane, Physostemon humilis (Rose) Iltis, P. lanceolatum Mart. subsp. oaxacensis (Iltis) Iltis, P. lanceolatum subsp. paraguensis (Iltis) Iltis, P. stenophyllum (Klotzsch in Urb.) Iltis, Podandrogyne pulcherrima (Standl.) Cochrane, T. costaricensis (Iltis) Iltis, T. longipes (Lamb. ex DC.) Iltis, and T. parviflora (Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Iltis. Typifications are newly provided for Cleome pilosa var. costaricensis Donn. Sm. (lectotype), C. applanata Posada-Ar. (neotype), C. humilis Rose [≡ Physostemon humilis (Rose) Iltis] (lectotype), and C. stenophylla Klotzsch in Urb. [≡ Physostemon stenophyllum (Klotzsch in Urb.) Iltis] (lectotype).
Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations

Forest soil respiration is the sum of heterotrophic (microbes, soil fauna) and auto- trophic (root) respiration. The contribution of each group needs to be understood to evaluate implications of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. Three primary methods have been used to distinguish hetero- versus autotrophic soil respiration including: integration of components contributing to in situ forest soil CO2 efflux (i.e., litter, roots, soil), comparison of soils with and without root exclusion, and application of stable or radioactive isotope methods. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages, but isotope based methods provide quantitative answers with the least amount of disturbance to the soil and roots. Pub- lished data from all methods indicate that root/rhizosphere respiration can account for as little as 10 percent to greater than 90 percent of total in situ soil respiration depending on vegetation type and season of the year. Studies which have integrated percent root contribution to total soil respiration throughout an entire year or growing season show mean values of 45.8 and 60.4 percent for forest and nonforest vegetation, respectively. Such average annual values must be extrapolated with caution, however, because the root contribution to total soil respiration is commonly higher during the growing season and lower during the dormant periods of the year. Abbreviations: TScer -t otal soil CO 2 efflux rate; f - fractional root contribution to TS cer; RC - root contribution to TScer
Developing a Hypothetical Multi-Dimensional Learning Progression for the Nature of Matter.

We describe efforts toward the development of a hypothetical learning progression (HLP) for the growth of grade 7-14 students' models of the structure, behavior and properties of matter, as it relates to nanoscale science and engineering (NSE). This multi-dimensional HLP, based on empirical research and standards documents, describes how students need to incorporate and connect ideas within and across their models of atomic structure, the electrical forces that govern interactions at the nano-, molecular, and atomic scales, and information in the Periodic Table to explain a broad range of phenomena. We developed a progression from empirical data that characterizes how students currently develop their knowledge as part of the development and refinement of the HLP. We find that most students are currently at low levels in the progression, and do not perceive the connections across strands in the progression that are important for conceptual understanding. We suggest potential instructional strategies that may help students build organized and integrated knowledge structures to consolidate their understanding, ready them for new ideas in science, and help them construct understanding of emerging disciplines such as NSE, as well as traditional science disciplines. 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 687-715, 2010
The Cultural Ambiance of Contemporary Psychoanalysis: A View from Heidegger's Study of Hölderlin's Hymn, “The Ister”

Abstract This article introduces the reader to an alternative method of gathering the truth about the ambiance of our contemporary world, the surround in which both the patient and psychoanalyst are immersed. It introduces the method of Heidegger and illustrates it by his published work on Holderlin's poem “The Ister.” This method, which Heidegger calls “poetizing” will be unfamiliar to most scientists but it has achieved great influence in continental philosophy, psychotherapy, and psychoanalysis. It reveals the mode of Being that we are all currently immersed in, the spirit of technicity. Psychoanalysts must become aware of the immersion in this sprit of technicity both of themselves and their patients, as well as the immersion of their contemporary culture in it, and of the effect this has on both the psychotherapist's countertransference and the patient's and psychotherapist's notion of what constitutes mental health and the goals of psychoanalysis. Emphasis is placed on the value of intuition, reveri...
Mitigating Material Hardship: The Strategies Low-Income Families Employ to Reduce the Consequences of Poverty*

Despite decades of research, little is known about the contours of material hardship and how the social processes underlying specific domains of hardship are similar and different. We use qualitative interview data to examine five different domains of material hardship: housing, bill-paying, food, medical, and clothing hardships. While mothers use social program participation, reliance on social networks, and individual strategies to mitigate hardships, the dominance of these strategies and their specific applications differ across hardship domains. These results complement recent research that identifies each domain of hardship as unique and suggest that domain-specific hardship mitigation approaches are necessary.
Impacts of FFW on nutrition in rural Kenya

Abstract Assessing the impacts of Food-for-Work (FFW) on human capital formation depends on understanding the specific nutritional contributions of FFW to the overall diet of FFW participant households. However, empirical studies in this area are very scant. This paper is an attempt to fill such gap. The primary objectives are to measure the magnitude of the FFW contribution to participants' nutritional status. Primary data collected from a random sample of 300 farm-households in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya are used. A linear programming model is used to estimate the shadow prices of nutrients. These prices are then entered into an econometric model of consumer demand for nutrients in order to estimate own and cross-price elasticities for each nutrient component. The results indicate that FFW significantly improves the nutritional status of FFW participant households. More specifically, participants experienced an implicit income gain, which resulted in a significant nutritional improvement. The poorest FFW participant households exhibited even higher nutritional gains (32.46%) than those participants from relatively higher income groups. FFW participant households showed a 90% higher propensity to spend on nutrients than the non-FFW participants. The findings of this study are expected to assist in the design of future ‘targeted’ food aid projects.
Traditional Male Ideology and Service System Involvement Among Drug-Involved Men Who Perpetrate Intimate Partner Violence: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which drug-involved men who perpetrate male-to-female intimate partner violence (IPV) are engaged with various formal service systems as well as whether adherence to traditional male ideologies—thought to drive perpetration of male-to-female IPV—affects help-seeking behavior. This study also seeks to redress a gap in the research literature stemming from the general reliance on batterers intervention programs to acquire samples of IPV perpetrators. A sample of 126 men receiving methadone maintenance treatment who reported perpetrating IPV against a female partner participated in this longitudinal study. A large majority (88%) of participants reported use of additional services beyond methadone treatment (e.g., medical, employment/ vocational, etc.). Using generalized linear modeling, we found that greater endorsement of traditional male ideologies significantly predicted lower subsequent service utilization overall, except for legal services, for which...
Rating Class Participation: The Prof/Peer Method:

To reduce the subjectivity of class participation grades, a method was devised that combined forced-distribution peer ratings with professor grades. In seven seminar courses, correlations between p...
Abstract 529: Cbfa1 (Runx2) is a Mediator of Aortic Stiffness and Hypertension in a Murine Model of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Accelerated arterial stiffening is a complication of diabetes mellitus and associated with the development of hypertension. Arterial stiffening results from extensive extracellular matrix remodeling (elastin breakdown, collagen accumulation). The osteogenic transcription factor Cbfa1 (Runx2) has been identified as a mediator of aortic calcification and regulator of matrix protein expression. However, its impact on aortic stiffness is unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the temporal relation between aortic stiffening and the development of arterial hypertension in a murine model of diabetes mellitus type 2. Moreover we aimed to investigate the role of Cbfa1 as potential mediator diabetic aortic stiffening. Serial ex vivo mechanical testing of the thoracic aorta and volume-pressure recording (VPR) based tail-cuff blood pressure measurements revealed that aortic stiffening precedes blood (pulse) pressure elevations in diabetic db/db mice. Vascular stiffening was accompanied by increased medial collagen deposition Picrosirius Red staining). qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed enhanced expression of Cbfa1 and target genes (Col1a1, Col1a2, FN1, Spp1) in db/db mice compared to controls. Moreover, overexpression of Cbfa1 in vascular smooth muscle (Cbfa1-smTg mice) results in increased medial collagen deposition, aortic stiffness and augmented pulse pressure. Interestingly, Cbfa1-smTg mice did not exhibit enhanced vascular calcification (by von Kossa and Alizarin Red staining). In conclusion we demonstrated that aortic stiffening precedes the onset of hypertension in db/db mice and identified Cbfa1 as mediator of aortic stiffening - presumably via pro-fibrotic mechanisms.
THE IMPACT OF EJECTION FRACTION ON FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE: INSIGHTS FROM THE FAME (FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE VERSUS ANGIOGRAPHY FOR MULTIVESSEL EVALUATION) TRIAL

Fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) significantly improves outcomes compared with angio-guided PCI in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. However, there is a theoretical concern that patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF
Association Between Students’ Dental Admission Test Scores and Performance on Comprehensive Clinical Exams

This study examined the association between Dental Admission Test (DAT) scores and the comprehensive exams conducted at Harvard School of Dental Medicine. The authors hypothesized that students who scored high on the DAT would also perform well on the comprehensive examinations. Sixty-six students from the graduating classes of 2005 and 2006 were included. The outcome variable of interest was the final composite grade obtained by the students in the three comprehensive examinations. The main independent variable of interest was the individual component scores on the DAT. Multivariable logistic regression analysis using the maximum likelihood methods was used to examine the association between comprehensive exam grades and DAT scores. Effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity were adjusted in the regression models. On the first comprehensive examination, seventeen students obtained an Honors grade, while thirteen did so on the second comprehensive examination and fifteen on the third comprehensive examination. None of the DAT component scores were significantly associated with Honors grades on the first comprehensive examination. On the second comprehensive examination, quantitative reasoning scores (OR=2.48, 95 percent CI=1.09–5.68, p=0.03) and total science scores (OR=14.17, 95 percent CI=1.89–106.80, p=0.01) were significantly associated with Honors grades. Reading comprehension score was associated with increased odds of obtaining Honors grade on the third comprehensive examination (OR=1.81, 95 percent CI=1.13–2.92, p=0.01). Students who scored well on the quantitative reasoning, total science, and reading comprehension sections of the DAT had higher odds of receiving an Honors grade on the second and third comprehensive examinations. These factors may be associated with the problem-solving/critical thinking components in the school’s PBL curriculum.
Egg Production of the Citrus Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Lemon and Mandarin Orange

The suitability of lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Burm. cv. Lisbon, for egg production by the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), was compared with that of mandarin orange, Citrus unshiu Markovitch cv. Satsuma in the field and laboratory over a 15-mo period. The two plant species were most suitable during the spring (April–June), when mites generally are most abundant in the field, and did not differ significantly in suitability during this time. In laboratory experiments, the suitability of both species declined during the summer and fall, but mandarin declined most. Thus, lemon was the most suitable host except during the spring. Mandarin foliage was generally richer in soluble protein and free amino acid concentrations throughout the study. Variation in quantities of soluble protein and free amino acids was weakly and inconsistently related to variation in egg production between species and within species over time. Variation in egg production was not associated with the greater number of leaf flushes on lemon. Differences in host suitability among citrus species may play only a minor role in variation in the status of the citrus red mite as a pest among different citrus-growing regions.
Regulation of the in vitro anamnestic antibody response by cyclic AMP

Abstract Addition of N 6 , O 2 ′-dibutyryl cAMP (DbcAMP) to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed rabbit lymph node cells for 1 hr, followed by its removal and the addition of KLH, had no effect on the subsequent antibody response, whereas addition of KLH for 1 hr followed by DbcAMP resulted in a 100% enhancement of antibody synthesis. Addition of cholera enterotoxin (CT), which rapidly and irreversibly binds to lymphocytes and activates adenylate cyclase, either before or after the addition of antigen, elevated the antibody response by 100%. These results suggested that some antigen-induced event(s) may be required for DbcAMP to exert its enhancing effects on the antibody response. The effect of KLH on the uptake of DbcAMP by KLH-primed lymph node cells was investigated. One and one hundred micrograms of KLH, which induce optimal and supraoptimal antibody synthesis, respectively, promoted maximal uptake of DbcAMP. This induced uptake was first detectable about 12 hr after addition of KLH, and it peaked during 24–48 hr of culture. DbcAMP uptake induced by a brief exposure of KLH (0–1 hr) was equivalent to that observed with long-term KLH addition (0–24 hr). KLH-induced DbcAMP uptake required KLH-reactive lymphocytes and represented active transport. Antibody to rabbit T lymphocytes inhibited this antigen-induced uptake. The mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) (T cells) and goat anti-rabbit Fab' (anti-Fab') (B cells) also stimulated DbcAMP uptake, as did human serum albumin (HSA) and myoglobulin (Mb) when added to homologously primed cells, indicating the generality of the phenomenon. [ 3 H]DbcAMP entered the cells as di- or monobutyryl cAMP with about 40% metabolized to 5′AMP. This uptake could be competitively inhibited by other adenine or guanine nucleotides and nucleosides.
Nizatidine versus placebo in gastroesophageal reflux disease

In a randomized, multicenter trial, nizatidine 150 mg or 300 mg, or placebo, was administered twice daily for six weeks to 515 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Gelusil antacid tablets were taken as needed for pain. Significantly superior rates of endoscopically proven complete healing (normal-appearing mucosa) versus placebo occurred after three weeks with nizatidine 150 mg, and after six weeks with nizatidine 300 mg. Six-week healing rates were 38.5% for nizatidine 300 mg, 41.1% for nizatidine 150 mg, and 25.8% for placebo. The nizatidine 150 mg treatment group had significantly greater improvement in daytime and nighttime heartburn severity after one day of therapy versus placebo. Twice-daily administration of nizatidine 150 mg or 300 mg provides prompt relief from the major symptom of GERD, heartburn, and complete healing of esophagitis is seen in many patients.
Hypertension Lowering Study on L-nitro-arginine Hypertension Model Rats by Monascus Administration

The purpose of the Study was to investigate the effect of monascus on lowering hypertension and the changes ofplasma endothelin (ET) value and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)value in L-nitro-arginine(L-NNA)hypertension modelrats. There were 20 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups:control group(group C)8 cases,L-NNA hypertension group(groupL)6 cases and L-NNA+monascus group(group L+M)6 cases. The results showed ET and ET/CGRP were increased markedlyin L-NNA hypertension model rats(p0.05), while CGRP showed no significant difference between group C and group L(p=0.8342).ET was reduced remarkably in L+M group(p0.001).Therefore,increasing ET and ET/CGRP might lead to thehypertension of rats. Monascus could lower hypertension by reducing blood ET value.
Blood transfusion and red cell survival in dizygotic cattle twins.

SUMMARY In six pairs of dizygotic cattle twins in which red cell mosaicism gave evidence that there had been foetal anastomosis, it was shown that the red blood cells of one of each pair were still well tolerated in the other after eight to ten weekly transfusions. A seventh pair was non-anastomosed, and the donor red cells were not well tolerated. In an eighth pair in spite of good evidence of foetal anastomosis tolerance was not complete.
Future in Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine

Over the last few decades, arthroscopy has become the gold standard for the surgical management of most joint diseases, with innumerable investigations performed around the world in order to improve this technology. In the same period, advances in imaging and noninvasive modalities have improved the ability to diagnose and treat sports injuries. Likewise, enhanced understanding of the structure and function of musculoskeletal tissues has increasingly allowed surgeons to individualize the treatment for a patient. Additional advances in technology offer the possibility of quantifying what were previously subjective clinical exam findings, while the identification of disease biomarkers will enable earlier recognition and treatment of damaged tissue. In the event that injury does occur, the application of biologics in the context of arthroscopic surgery may improve healing and facilitate recovery. Despite the promising future of arthroscopy and technology in sports medicine, rigorous research is required before implementing any novel approach in order to protect the patient and maximize outcomes.
Building Brain Models

In this chapter, the address based codes are used to build models of simple brains. This include cortical modules, thalamus, midbrain and others. A simple brain model is shown as an example with full details on its construction.