cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrametropolitan fiscal relations: Special taxing districts

Abstract This paper examines the intrametropolitan fiscal relations that result from the creation of certain special taxing districts (STDs). There are, in large metropolitan areas, a variety of special-purpose units of government, financed in varying proportions by tax levies, user charges, and intergovernmental grants. This study focuses on STDs which provide private (or club) goods that are income-elastic and are financed in large part by tax levies. Park districts are an example. Using the framework of the Tiebout model [15], this paper develops the argument that these STDs impede the Lindahl [10] optimality equilibrium results from occurring. Specifically, they create and perpetuate a fiscal redistribution beneficial to suburban residents. In the first section of this paper we develop a model that shows the role of this type of special taxing district in generating fiscal disparities among households. The second section tests the model using data that measure tax and benefits incidence and fiscal residuals in a region with several STDs. The final section suggests policies to achieve a Lindahl solution.
Martensitic transformation and invar effect in Fe-Ni-Co alloys

Abstract The martensitic transformation and invar effect in 63.48 Fe-30.55 Ni-5.72 Co-0.25C and 63.40 Fe-30.10 Ni-6.50 Co alloys have been investigated. The relative amounts of austenite and martensite phases in the microstructure can be adjusted by varying austenitizing temperature, deformation, cryogenic treatment and cooling rate. Because only the austenite phase exhibits the invar effect, the overall coefficient of thermal expansion of these alloys can be controlled by altering the relative proportion of the austenite and martensite phases. Cobalt increases the Curie temperature, decreases the coefficient of thermal expansion and stabilizes martensite, while carbon has the opposite effect. The alloys can be strengthened by deformation and cryogenic treatment. Carbon leads to solid solution and carbide strengthening.
Influence of Macroinvertebrate Drift and Light on the Activity and Movement of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout

Abstract Most studies of the diel pattern of trout foraging have focused on examining gut fullness at different times of the day. We used radiotelemetry coupled with stomach content and macroinvertebrate drift sampling to compare the diel activity of Colorado River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus with variation of invertebrate drift and light intensity on six dates during summer 1993 in the North Fork Little Snake River, Wyoming. The percentage of trout active was greater during midday than at night (medians, 100% versus 40%) and active fish had fewer transmitter signal strength fluctuations per minute during crepuscular periods than during the remainder of the day (medians, 8.8 versus 12.3). Light intensity and daytime macroinvertebrate drift rate were significantly correlated with trout activity but 24-h drift rates were not. Stomach samples collected in the afternoon weighed significantly more than samples collected in the morning. Despite declines in daytime drift rate and stream disch...
Russian Policy Toward the Commonwealth of Independent States: Recent Trends and Future Prospects

Moscow has made it abundantly clear that the Commonwealth of Independent States is a Russian sphere of influence where the role of other great powers must be minimized.
Atomic motion in enzymatic reaction coordinates

Atomic excursions of reactants in enzymatic catalytic sites can be estimated from high-resolution crystal structures of enzyme complexes with substrates, transition state analog inhibitors and products. Transition state structures, defined from kinetic isotope effect studies, are compared to crystallographic structures to validate the properties of the transition state analog. Atomic excursions in enzymatic catalytic sites can differ from those in solution and define the role of the enzymatic catalyst in directing atomic motion.
Urea transport across the cell membrane of skate erythrocytes

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of urea transport by the erythrocyte cell membrane of the little skate, Raja erinacea. Radioisotope tracer studies demonstrated that urea transport is bi-directional and is not saturable. Experiments using urea homologues and analogue indicated that urea transport was not subject to competitive inhibition. Phloretin and p-chloromercuric phenylsulfonic acid (pCMBS), two inhibitors of facilitated diffusion, did not block urea transport. All these studies support the hypothesis that urea traverses the membrane via simple diffusion. Therefore, we determined whether urea enters the cell through a channel/pore or through the lipid bilayer. Studies were done using a series of urea derivatives of different molecular size and lipid solubility. Two techniques which determined hemolysis time and extent of hemolysis indicated that despite differences in size, the limiting factor in the transport of urea (and its homologues and analogues) is lipid solubility. These studies suggest that urea is transported by simple diffusion through the lipid phase in the skate erythrocyte membrane. J. Exp. Zool. 277:275–282, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of a Clostridium perfringens genome-encoded putative N-acetylmuramoyl–l-alanine amidase as a potential antimicrobial to control the bacterium

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that plays a substantial role in non-foodborne human, animal, and avian diseases as well as human foodborne disease. Previously discovered C. perfringens bacteriophage lytic enzyme amino acid sequences were utilized to identify putative prophage lysins or autolysins by BLAST analyses encoded by the genomes of C. perfringens isolates. A predicted N-acetylmuramoyl–l-alanine amidase or MurNAc–LAA (also known as peptidoglycan aminohydrolase, NAMLA amidase, NAMLAA, amidase 3, and peptidoglycan amidase; EC 3.5.1.28) was identified that would hydrolyze the amide bond between N-acetylmuramoyl and l-amino acids in certain cell wall glycopeptides. The gene encoding this protein was subsequently cloned from genomic DNA of a C. perfringens isolate by polymerase chain reaction, and the gene product (PlyCpAmi) was expressed to determine if it could be utilized as an antimicrobial to control the bacterium. By spot assay, lytic zones were observed for the purified amidase and the E. coli expression host cellular lysate containing the amidase gene. Turbidity reduction and plate counts of C. perfringens cultures were significantly reduced by the expressed protein and observed morphologies for cells treated with the amidase appeared vacuolated, non-intact, and injured compared to the untreated cells. Among a variety of C. perfringens strains, there was little gene sequence heterogeneity that varied from 1 to 21 nucleotide differences. The results further demonstrate that it is possible to discover lytic proteins encoded in the genomes of bacteria that could be utilized to control bacterial pathogens.
Photodynamic Therapy Treatment of Early Oral and Laryngeal Cancers

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a nonsurgical, minimally invasive treatment that uses a light source to activate light-sensitive drugs or photosensitizers in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. PDT has been successfully employed to treat early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx preserving normal tissue and vital functions of speech and swallowing. Two hundred seventy-six patients with early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx were treated from 1990 to 2006. Cure rates with a single treatment for early laryngeal and oral cancers were 91% and 94%, respectively. PDT is an effective primary and alternative treatment modality for early oral cavity and laryngeal cancers.
Abstract 4657: Identification and validation of genetic determinants of DNA repair phenotype in genome-wide association study of lung cancer

DNA repair is essential in protecting the integrity of the genome. There is considerable inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity (DRC). We have reported that cellular DRC (measured in lymphocytes using the host-cell reactivation assay with a reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase [CAT] damaged by an activated tobacco carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide [BPDE]) modulates susceptibility to lung cancer. To identify genetic polymorphisms predictive of the repair phenotype, we used phenotype and genotype data in a population of 1,474 European ancestry individuals from a Texas lung cancer genome-wide association case-control study using Illumina 317K platform (317498 SNPs). This discovery phase was followed by replication testing of the top 20 SNPs in an independent set of an additional 1,364 European ancestry cases and controls, using Illumina Bead Array Platform. In addition, we performed a replication analysis of all SNPs with P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4657. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4657
Residential mobility and opportunities: Early impacts of the moving to opportunity demonstration program in Chicago

Abstract This article uses survey data from the Moving to Opportunity demonstration program in Chicago to explore changes for households moving from public housing. The focus is on two key areas: housing and neighborhood conditions, and labor force participation and employment of householders. The experimental design of the program allows the differences between comparison households, which moved with a regular Section 8 voucher, and experimental households, which moved to low‐poverty neighborhoods with housing counseling assistance, to be examined. The findings, based on interviews an average of 18 months after families moved, reveal dramatic improvements in neighborhood and housing conditions for all participating families; experimental families experienced even greater gains in terms of housing and especially neighborhood conditions. Labor force participation and employment increased for householders in both groups, likely fueled by the robust economy throughout much of the country and supporting simil...
Surgical management of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation failure at the primary site.

Nine patients have undergone transpalatal resection of recurrent nasopharynx cancer 10 to 56 months following a full course of external beam, irradiation. Seven patients were treated for cure, and two were treated palliatively because of nasal airway obstruction, recurrent epistaxis, and severe headaches. Of the patients treated for cure, five are living free of disease 6 to 48 months (mean, 22.2 months) after their surgery. Disease recurred in two patients at 5 and 7 months. Both underwent secondary procedures and are alive with disease at 25 months and 11 months, respectively. The mean hospital stay was 8.7 days (range, 2 to 30 days) for all patients. The average time to swallowing was 2 days (range, 1 to 3 days). Six patients required resection of their soft palate and a soft palate obturator; two patients had intact functioning soft palates without velopharyngeal insufficiency. Of the two patients treated for palliation, one patient died 1 year postoperatively and, although she received some benefit from the resection (diminished headaches), in retrospect, surgery was not worthwhile. The second patient is alive 3 years following her resection and remained symptom-free for 2 years.
Dynamical systems method for ill-posed equations with monotone operators

Abstract Consider an operator equation B(u) − f = 0 in a real Hilbert space. Let us call this equation ill-posed if the operator B′(u) is not boundedly invertible, and well-posed otherwise. The dynamical systems method (DSM) for solving this equation consists of a construction of a Cauchy problem, which has the following properties: (1) it has a global solution for an arbitrary initial data, (2) this solution tends to a limit as time tends to infinity, (3) the limit is the minimal-norm solution to the equation B(u) = f. A global convergence theorem is proved for DSM for equation B(u) − f = 0 with monotone C loc 2 operators B.
The Effects of Child Health on Marital Status and Family Structure

The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence on the effect of child health on marital stability and family structure in an economic framework. We use the 1988 National Health Interview Survey's Child Health Supplement, with a sample of about 9,000 families, to test whether having an unhealthy child decreases the mother's chance of being married and whether it increases her chance of living in an extended family. Using two different measures of child health, we find that having an unhealthy child decreases the mother's likelihood of being married. Our results imply that children in poor health are more likely to face obstacles beyond their illness because they also are more likely to suffer the consequences of poverty and the poor schooling outcomes that result from being raised in a female-headed household. The only mitigating factor is that unhealthy white children are more likely than their healthy counterparts to be living in an extended family.
Ectopic parathyroid tissue in the hypopharyngeal mucosa (pyriform sinus).

Ectopic thyroid tissue was discovered in the mucosa of the pyriform sinus as an incidental finding in two patients who underwent laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. Reports of ectopic parathyroid tissue in the neck are summarized, and the relevance for the endocrine surgeon is discussed.
Palaeoecology and climate of the Amazon basin during the last glacial cycle

Our interpretation of the available palynological data from the Amazon basin is that they show a long history of continuous occupation by forest. We have thoroughly reviewed the accumulated data leading to this conclusion elsewhere, but briefly recapitulate the arguments here. One implication of this botanical reconstruction, if correct, is that interpretations of geomorphological features requiring an arid land surface for glacial age Amazonia require reassessment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mary Astell: England's first feminist literary critic

(1993). Mary Astell: England's first feminist literary critic. Women's Studies: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 231-242.
Molecular determinants of renal glucose reabsorption. Focus on “Glucose transport by human renal Na+/d-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2”

about 180 g of glucose are filtered daily in the glomeruli of the kidneys in a healthy normoglycemic subject, which is equivalent to approximately one third of the total energy consumed by the human body in a day. Most of the glucose entering the tubular system is reabsorbed along the nephron
TeV γ-rays and the largest masses and annihilation cross sections of neutralino dark matter

Motivated by the interpretation of the recent results on the TeV gamma radiation from the galactic center, including the new 2004 HESS data, as a by-product of dark matter particles annihilations, we address the question of the largest possible neutralino masses and pair-annihilation cross sections in supersymmetric models. Extending the parameter space of minimal models, such as the mSUGRA and the mAMSB scenarios, to general soft supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking Higgs masses gives access to the largest possible pair annihilation rates, corresponding to resonantly annihilating neutralinos with maximal gaugino-Higgsino mixing. Adopting a model-independent approach, we provide analytical and numerical upper limits for the neutralino pair annihilation cross section. A possible loophole is given by the occurrence of nonperturbative electroweak resonances, a case we also consider here. We then show that a thorough inclusion of QCD effects in gluino (co-)annihilations can, in extreme scenarios, make neutralinos with masses in the hundreds of TeV range, well beyond the $s$-wave unitarity bound, viable dark matter candidates. Finally, we outline the ranges of neutralino masses and cross sections for models thermally producing a WMAP relic abundance, thus providing reference values for ``best case'' indirect SUSY dark matter detection rates.
Study of the I/Q Imbalance Problem in Adaptive Beamforming Receivers

Adaptive beam formers employ an array of antennas to achieve maximum reception in a particular direction. The exploitation of spatial separation among user signals originating from different transmitters offers great potential for increased spectrum usage efficiency and system capacity. In this paper, we address the issue of Inphase/Quadrature phase (I/Q) imbalance in adaptive beam forming receivers, which is caused by nonidealities in the receivers' analog front-end. While most of the research on I/Q imbalance focuses on single-antenna receivers, the I/Q imbalance problem for multi-antenna systems received more attention in recent years due to the popularity of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) scheme. The presented study in this paper concludes that the I/Q imbalance problem in adaptive beam forming receivers may be mitigated via simply increasing the number of antennas, and the I/Q imbalance-induced interference can be considered a special type of co-channel interference. Our conclusion is confirmed by computer simulation results.
Isolated Lung Perfusion With Tumor Necrosis Factor: A Swine Model in Preparation of Human Trials

Abstract Isolated lung perfusion with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) potentially could deliver high doses of drag and avoid systemic toxicity in patients with unresectable lung cancer or metastases. We investigated the feasibility of isolated lung perfusion with TNF in a pig model. Eleven animals had left-sided isolated lung perfusion with no TNF (n = 3), 40 μg/kg TNF (n = 2), 80 μg/kg TNF (n = 3), and 40 μg/kg TNF at moderate (39.5 °C) hyperthermia (n = 3). Hemodynamic monitoring and measurement of systemic and pulmonary circuit TNF levels were performed. Surviving animals were electively sacrificed a minimum of 6 months after isolated lung perfusion. All sham-perfused pigs survived. Isolated lung perfusion elevated pulmonary artery pressure, decreased cardiac output, and had minimal effects on mean pressure (15 ± 0 versus 32 ± 8 mm Hg, 4,5 ± 1.1 versus 3.03 ± 0.03 L/min, 67 ± 11 versus 61 ± 2 mm Hg; before versus after 90 minutes of isolated lung perfusion). Both 40 μg/kg animals and 2 of the 3 hypeztheimic perfusion pigs survived, with 1 requiring pneumonectomy. Of the three 80 μg/kg animals, 1 survived, 1 died, and 1 required pneumonectomy. Survivors, compared with dying animals, had lower systemic/pulmonary TNF ratios and lower peak systemic TNF levels. All surviving pigs were electively sacrificed. These data justify phase I human protocols of isolated lung perfusion with TNF and hyperthermia; however, intraoperative leak rates must be monitored to ensure pulmonary isolation because systemic TNF levels may dictate treatment morbidity/mortality.
A reference-dependent regret model for deterministic tradeoff studies

Today's typical multi-criteria decision analysis is based on classical expected utility theory that assumes a mythical “Rational Individual” immune to psychological influences such as anticipated regret. It is therefore in conflict with rational individuals who trade off some benefits and forgo the alternative with the highest total classical utility for a more balanced alternative in order to reduce their levels of anticipated regret. This paper focuses on decision making under certainty. It presents a reference-dependent regret model (RDRM) in which the level of regret that an individual experiences depends on the absolute values rather than the differences of the utilities of the chosen and forgone alternatives. The RDRM best choice may differ from the conventional linear additive utility model, the analytic hierarchy process, and the regret theory of Bell and Loomes and Sugden. Examples are presented that indicate that RDRM is the better predictive descriptor for decision-making under certainty. RDRM satisfies transitivity of the alternatives under pairwise comparisons and models rank reversal consistent with observed reasonable choices under dynamic or distinct situations. Like regret theory, the RDRM utilities of all the alternatives under consideration are interrelated. For complex tradeoff studies, regret is incorporated as an element of a cost-utility-regret analysis that characterizes each alternative in terms of its monetary cost, an aggregate performance utility, and a regret value. This provides decision makers adequate information to compare the alternatives and depending on their values they may trade off some performance and/or cost to avoid high levels of regret. The result is a well-balanced alternative often preferred by reasonable decision-makers to the optimal choice of classical multi-attribute utility analysis. The model can readily be extended to incorporate rejoicing to suit decision makers who seek it. The approach is illustrated using a hypothetical but realistic aircraft selection problem. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 8: 119–137, 2005This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Effects of geometry and position of the metal delivery tube on ultrasonic gas atomization

Abstract The effects of the geometry and the position of the metal delivery tube on the pressure condition in the gas-metal interaction zone were studied. The measurements were performed under conditions which simulated ultrasonic gas atomization experiments, but at low gas atomization pressures (50–200 psig, 345–1380 kPa). Low gas atomization pressures are used in spray atomization and deposition processes such as liquid dynamic compaction (LDC), and Osprey. Depending on the experimental conditions, either underpressure or overpressure in the metal delivery tube was detected. The magnitude of the underpressures and overpressures was found to increase with the gas atomization pressure; the maximum pressure differences with respect to the atomization tank pressure were about 3 psi (21 kPa) when argon was used as an atomization gas with a pressure of 200 psig (1380 kPa). Underpressure or overpressure effects of such magnitude have a large effect on the metal flow rate during gas atomization. The large pressure differences measured in the present work result from using an atomizer with gas jet diameters larger than those used in previous investigations. Using a large ultrasonic atomizer, argon gas flow rates of about 5 kg/min can be obtained for atomization pressures of 200 psig (1380 kPa).
EXONUCLEOLYTIC PROOFREADING DURING REPLICATION OF REPETITIVE DNA

We are attempting to understand the processes required to accurately replicate the repetitive DNA sequences whose instability is associated with several human diseases. Here we test the hypothesis that the contribution of exonucleolytic proofreading to frameshift fidelity during replication of repetitive DNA sequences diminishes as the number of repeats in the sequence increases. The error rates of proofreading-proficient T7, T4, and Pyrococcus furiosis DNA polymerases are compared to their exonuclease-deficient derivatives, for +1 and −1 base errors in homopolymeric repeat sequences of three to eight base pairs. All three exonuclease-deficient polymerases produce frameshift errors during synthesis at rates that increase as a function of run length, suggesting the involvement of misaligned intermediates. Their wild-type counterparts are all much more accurate, suggesting that the majority of the intermediates are corrected by proofreading. However, the contribution of the exonuclease to fidelity decreases...
Life-threatening erythroderma: diagnosing and treating the “red man”

Exfoliative erythroderma, or diffuse erythema and scaling of the skin, may be the morphologic presentation of a variety of cutaneous and systemic diseases. Establishing the diagnosis of the underlying disease is often difficult and, not uncommonly, erythroderma is classified as idiopathic. Several cases are presented to demonstrate the diversity of presentation of this disease. Laboratory findings are typically unhelpful in establishing the etiology of erythroderma. Clinical data combined with multiple skin biopsies over time are necessary. Systemic complications of erythroderma include infection, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, thermoregulatory disturbance, high output cardiac failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The initial approach to the management of erythroderma of any etiology includes attention to nutrition, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and the institution of gentle local skin care measures. Oatmeal baths and wet dressings to weeping or crusted sites should be followed by application of bland emollients and low-potency topical corticosteroids. Systemic dermatologic therapy may be required to maintain improvement achieved with local measures or to control erythroderma refractory to local measures. The prognosis of erythroderma is dependent on the underlying etiology.
Through the Looking Glass: Our Autoethnographic Journey Through Research Mind-Fields

Two curriculum professors team taught naturalistic inquiry in an education college where research is the domain of a “service” department. Within the seminar, participants were challenged and transformed. Within the college, pillars of traditional research cracked. Conflicting streams of criticism, support, and imposition emerged, as grievances were filed and emails were requisitioned. Legalized bullying abounded. However, students continued to request their classes, and traditional pillars continue to crack. This article explores core questions such as the following: Who has the right to teach research? What constitutes legitimate research? What roles do narrative and imposition play in knowing and being known? Using a performative format, with Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass as literary and methodological tools, the authors attempt to include readers in their arduous and sometimes comical journeys through the academic adolescence of Wonderland and back again ...
Reactions of infants to their parents' voices

The amount of vocal reaction of four-month-old infants to the actual voices of their parents was compared with their reaction to the voices of same-sex strangers. Results showed that infants discriminated both of the parents' voices from that of a stranger, but whereas the mother's voice was associated with a nonsignificant increase in infant vocalization, the father's voice was associated with a significant suppression of vocalization. Over-all, girls showed greater discrimination between the voices than did boys. These results suggest important differences in the infant's response to voices during the prelanguage period.
An Expert System for Regulatory Review of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundment Dikes

The design and implementation of a microcomputer-based expert system (ES) to assist the regulatory review of hazardous waste surface impoundment dikes is discussed. DIKE(2.0) employs a “goal-dominated” ES shell architecture linked with a battery of external diagnostic algorithm programs to overcome many of the difficulties inherent to regulatory review and microcomputer applications. The system assists reviewers in interpreting the required design information, applies relatively sophisticated engineering analyses to seek possible design flaws, and assists in the interpretation of all automated computations. Because the application to hazardous waste surface impoundment dikes is rather specialized, this paper focuses on elements of the ES implementation of general applicability to other problems of automated environmental review.
MR and CT imaging of ethanol-treated liver tumors in an animal model.

Abstract To characterize the radiographic appearance of liver lesions over time following ethanol injection, seven New Zealand white rabbits underwent surgical implantation of small fragments of VX-2 carcinoma within the liver. Upon reaching 1 cm in diameter, a tumor nodule was directly injected with absolute ethanol. Another nodule in the same animal was injected with saline as a control. Imaging was performed 6–24 days after the injections by high resolution CT and MRI, and correlation obtained with the pathologic specimens. Long TR spin-echo MR sequences were found to characterize the ethanol-treated regions of liver most accurately. Liver tissue infarcted by alcohol could be differentiated from tumor and necrosis by virtue of its short T2 relaxation value. There were no distinguishing features by other imaging techniques between the ethanol-treated and control tumor nodules. Peripheral contrast enhancement was demonstrated in both, corresponding to fibrous tissue around the ethanolinjected regions, and to viable tumor in the case of controls.
Involuntary memory chaining versus event cueing: Which is a better indicator of autobiographical memory organisation?

Involuntary memory chains are spontaneous recollections of the past that occur in a sequence. Much like semantic memory priming, this memory phenomenon has provided some insights into the nature of associations in autobiographical memory. The event-cueing procedure (a laboratory-based memory sequencing task) has also provided some insights into the nature of autobiographical memory organisation. However, while both of these memory-sequencing phenomena have exhibited the same types of memory associations (conceptual associations and general-event or temporal associations), both have also produced discrepant results with respect to the relative proportions of such associations. This study investigated the possibility that the results from event cueing are artefacts of various memory production responses. Using a number of different approaches we demonstrated that these memory production responses cause overestimates of general-event association. We conclude that for this reason, the data from involuntary me...
Tumor Margin Detection Using Quantitative NIRF Molecular Imaging Targeting EpCAM Validated by Far Red Gene Reporter iRFP

Wide-field surgical excision reduces the chance of residual disease, but can also lead to disfigurement and devastating morbidities when resection is close to critical structures. We hypothesize that near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging can enable accurate detection of tumor margins for image-guided resection. An orthotopic model of human prostate cancer (PCa) was used to assess primary tumor margins using a NIRF-labeled antibody against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). PCa cells stably expressing far red fluorescent gene reporter, iRFP, enabled colocalization with NIRF signals for direct assessment of tumor margins. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, far red fluorescence was validated against standard pathology of primary and metastatic lesions with >96 % accuracy. Primary tumor margins were more accurately detected by quantitative NIRF imaging using the EpCAM-targeting antibody as compared to a NIRF-labeled isotype control antibody. NIRF molecular imaging may enable real-time and accurate assessment of tumor margins.
Relative growth and shape of the locomotor skeleton in lesser apes

Abstract This study addresses the question of whether the siamang can be accurately described as an overgrown or peramorphic version of the gibbon in terms of its locomotor skeleton. Lesser ape relative growth and skeletal design are also placed in a broader comparative context of all extant hominoids. With respect to thelar-gibbon and the siamang, the answer to this question is clearly negative;lar-gibbon ontogenetic trajectories do a poor job of predicting siamang body shape. Although there are some similarities in postnatal relative growth between the two, transpositional differences are most common. Siamang andlar-gibbon never overlap in overall shape regardless of size/age. This finding may be related to the highly derived position of thelar-gibbons relative to the evolutionary affinities of other lesser apes. The possibility cannot be ruled out that other gibbons such asHylobates hoolock, H. concolor and possiblyH. klossi are ontogenetically scaled-down (truncated) versions of the siamang. When all hominoids are considered together, patterns of relative growth in the postcranium appear to be much more closely related to locomotor function than to phylogenetic affinities.
Design Procedure for Wide Bandwidth Acousto-Optic Modulator

In this paper, we give the design equations and a procedure for the complete specification of the design parameters for a wide bandwidth acousto-optic modulator (AOM). Although the modulating medium, transducer material, and bonding agents determine the modulator performance, we concentrate here on the question of how to design an AOM, given specifications on its minimum modulation bandwidth, diffraction efficiency, and the maximum ellipticity of the output beam.
Tilting and distortion of CaSnO 3 perovskite to 7 GPa determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction

The structural changes of CaSnO3, a GdFeO3-type perovskite, have been investigated to 7 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell at room temperature using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Significant changes are observed in both the octahedral Sn–O bond lengths and tilt angles between the SnO6 octahedra. The octahedral (SnO6) site shows anisotropic compression and consequently the distortion of SnO6 increases with pressure. Increased pressure also results in a decrease of both of the inter-octahedral angles, ∠Sn–O1–Sn and ∠Sn–O2–Sn, indicating that octahedral tilting increases with increasing pressure, chiefly equivalent to rotation of the SnO6 octahedra about the pseudocubic p axis. The distortion in the CaO12 and SnO6 sites, along with the octahedral SnO6 tilting, is attributed to the SnO6 site being less compressible than the CaO12 site.
Detergent solubility defines an alternative itinerary for a subpopulation of PDGF β receptors

Current models of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) β receptor itinerary are based upon the properties of receptors recovered from nonionic detergent-solubilized cellular extracts. Comparing several commonly used cell extraction procedures, we have determined that up to 50% of immunoreactive PDGF β receptors reside in a Triton X-100 insoluble pool in a wide distribution of cultured cell lines, including Balb/c-3T3, NIH 3T3, and Swiss fibroblasts, primary murine and human fibroblasts, and primary human glial cells. Many properties of Triton insoluble receptors are distinct from the well-characterized PDGF β receptors, including (1) delayed arrival of newly synthesized receptors into the Triton insoluble fraction, (2) prolonged half-life in the presence of PDGF, (3) increased abundance with increasing cell density, (4) inaccessibility to modification by extracellular compartment enzymes, (5) cofractionation with cytoskeletal proteins, and (6) a higher basal tyrosine phosphorylation state. PDGF stimulates accumulation of tyrosine phosphorylated PDGF β receptors in the Triton X-100 insoluble fraction. Cell surface PDGF β receptors modified by enzymatic desialylation redistribute to the insoluble fraction. These findings distinguish the itinerary of a large subpopulation of PDGF β receptors from those characterized previously. Receptors in this fraction represent a long-lived tyrosine phosphorylated population that may effect responses for extended periods following ligand activation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Preactive and Interactive Decision-Making Tendencies of Less and More Experienced Preservice Teachers.

Abstract The purpose of this study mas to describe the planning and interactive thoughts and decisions of less and more experienced preservice teachers (PTs). Twelve PTs, 6 less and 6 more experienced, planned, taught, and reviewed two lessons in lacrosse. While planning, the PTs were instructed to think aloud and verbalize their thoughts. After teaching, the PTs viewed six segments of their videotaped lessons and, following each segment, were presented with a set of questions, given orally. The verbal reports from the think aloud and stimulated recall sessions were audiotaped and transcribed. Descriptive analysis revealed that mare experienced PTs made more information requests and decisions while planning than did less experienced PTs. During instruction, all subjects tended to teach from their plan when lessons were perceived to be progressing as planned. When lessons were perceived as not progressing as planned, the more experienced PTs tended to make lesson adjustments whereas the less experienced PT...
Optical Imaging of Calcium Transients in Neurons and Pharyngeal Muscle of C. elegans

Electrophysiology and optical indicators have been used in vertebrate systems to investigate excitable cell firing and calcium transients, but both techniques have been difficult to apply in organisms with powerful reverse genetics. To overcome this limitation, we expressed cameleon proteins, genetically encoded calcium indicators, in the pharyngeal muscle of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans. In intact transgenic animals expressing cameleons, fluorescence ratio changes accompanied muscular contraction, verifying detection of calcium transients. By comparing the magnitude and duration of calcium influx in wild-type and mutant animals, we were able to determine the effects of calcium channel proteins on pharyngeal calcium transients. We also successfully used cameleons to detect electrically evoked calcium transients in individual C. elegans neurons. This technique therefore should have broad applications in analyzing the regulation of excitable cell activity in genetically tractable organisms.
Long-term complications of iris-claw phakic intraocular lens implantation in Weill-Marchesani syndrome.

Purpose: This study was designed to report the long-term complications of iris-claw phakic intraocular lens implantation in a patient with Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 26-year-old man with a history of glaucoma had bilateral phakic lens implantation for high myopia 10 years previously. Two years later, the left implant dislocated and was repositioned. Slit-lamp examination of both eyes revealed phakic implants of the iris-claw variety. There were moderate iridocorneal adhesions in the areas in which the lens haptics pinched the iris in both eyes and moderate epithelial and stromal edema over the temporal one-third of the left cornea. The crystalline lenses were clear with 3+ phacodonesis OU. Dilated fundus examinations revealed bilateral severe optic nerve cupping. Crystalline lens diameters were measured at 7.5 mm in the right eye and 8 mm in the left. Anterior chamber depths were 2.63 mm OD and 2.40 mm OS. Specular microscopy revealed central endothelial cell counts of 113 and 587 cells/mm 2 OD and OS, respectively. Axial lengths were 23.3 mm OD and 25 mm OS. Gonioscopic examination revealed bilateral angle closure with marked peripheral anterior synechiae. Based on our findings of short stature, shortened and thickened fingers, relatively normal axial length, microspherophakia, high myopia, and glaucoma, we diagnosed the patient with Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Conclusion: Iris claw-lens phakic lenses may be an effective surgical alternative to correct high myopia in select patients; however, it may produce long-term complications in eyes with specific features.
Aneuploidy and Drug Resistance in Pathogenic Fungi

Genomic imbalance resulting from aneuploidy is detrimental to the proliferation of cells in conditions suitable for normal growth and differentiation [1], [2]. However, there is growing evidence that aneuploidy confers a significant growth advantage when cells undergo severe genetic or environmental perturbations [3]–[6]. For example, aneuploidy restored the ability to proliferate in yeast cells that carried an irreversible disruption in the key cytokinetic machinery [7], enabled them to overcome nutrient limitations [8], facilitated resistance to antifungal drugs in pathogenic fungi, and increased their virulence [4], [9], [10]–[12]. This review focuses on the emergence of aneuploidy that enables pathogenic fungi to resist antifungal drugs.
Real time, noninvasive imaging and quantitation of the accumulation of ligand-targeted drugs into receptor-expressing solid tumors

Targeted therapies are emerging as a preferred strategy for treatment of cancer and other diseases. To evaluate the effect of high affinity receptors on the rate and extent of tumor penetration of receptor-targeted drugs, we have characterized the kinetics of folate-rhodamine uptake by folate receptor (FR)-expressing tumors in live mice. Folate-rhodamine was selected to model receptor-targeted drugs, because (i) it has high affinity (K(d) = 10(-9) M) for FR-rich tumors, (ii) its uptake can be monitored in vivo by multiphoton microscopy, and (iii) five folate-targeted drugs of similar size are currently undergoing clinical trials. We demonstrate that (1) folate-rhodamine saturates tumor FR in or =50 min, and (3) a "binding site barrier" may retard, but does not prevent, penetration of the ligand-targeted drug. We conclude that low molecular weight ligand-targeted drugs have appropriate pharmacokinetic properties for tumor-selective delivery.
Aerodynamic Stability of a Coasting Vehicle Rapidly Ascending through the Atmosphere

This paper presents an analysis of the aerodynamic stability of a coasting vehicle exiting the atmosphere at high speeds. With the assumption of linear theory and constant aerodynamic coefficients, an approximate solution and an exact solution to the equations of motion are obtained. Attention is focused upon the approximate solution since the exact solution involves confluent hypergeometric functions with complex coefficients that are not readily tractable. The approximate solution is compared with six-degree-of-freedom computer results.
Performance metrics of an optical spectral imaging system for intra-operative assessment of breast tumor margins

As many as 20-70% of patients undergoing breast conserving surgery require repeat surgeries due to a close or positive surgical margin diagnosed post-operatively [1]. Currently there are no widely accepted tools for intra-operative margin assessment which is a significant unmet clinical need. Our group has developed a first-generation optical visible spectral imaging platform to image the molecular composition of breast tumor margins and has tested it clinically in 48 patients in a previously published study [2]. The goal of this paper is to report on the performance metrics of the system and compare it to clinical criteria for intra-operative tumor margin assessment. The system was found to have an average signal to noise ratio (SNR) >100 and <15% error in the extraction of optical properties indicating that there is sufficient SNR to leverage the differences in optical properties between negative and close/positive margins. The probe had a sensing depth of 0.5-2.2 mm over the wavelength range of 450-600 nm which is consistent with the pathologic criterion for clear margins of 0-2 mm. There was <1% cross-talk between adjacent channels of the multi-channel probe which shows that multiple sites can be measured simultaneously with negligible cross-talk between adjacent sites. Lastly, the system and measurement procedure were found to be reproducible when evaluated with repeated measures, with a low coefficient of variation (<0.11). The only aspect of the system not optimized for intra-operative use was the imaging time. The manuscript includes a discussion of how the speed of the system can be improved to work within the time constraints of an intra-operative setting.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of anal cancer: toxicity and clinical outcome.

Purpose: To assess survival, local control, and toxicity of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Methods and Materials: Seventeen patients were treated with nine-field IMRT plans. Thirteen received concurrent 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C, whereas 1 patient received 5-fluorouracil alone. Seven patients were planned with three-dimensional anteroposterior/posterior-anterior (AP/PA) fields for dosimetric comparison to IMRT. Results: Compared with AP/PA, IMRT reduced the mean and threshold doses to small bowel, bladder, and genitalia. Treatment was well tolerated, with no Grade ≥3 acute nonhematologic toxicity. There were no treatment breaks attributable to gastrointestinal or skin toxicity. Of patients who received mitomycin C, 38% experienced Grade 4 hematologic toxicity. IMRT did not afford bone marrow sparing, possibly resulting from the clinical decision to prescribe 45 Gy to the whole pelvis in most patients, vs. the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group–recommended 30.6 Gy whole pelvic dose. Three of 17 patients, who did not achieve a complete response, proceeded to an abdominoperineal resection and colostomy. At a median follow-up of 20.3 months, there were no other local failures. Two-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and colostomy-free survival are: 91%, 65%, and 82% respectively. Conclusions: In this hypothesis-generating analysis, the acute toxicity and clinical outcome with IMRT in the treatment of anal cancer is encouraging. Compared with historical controls, local control is not compromised despite efforts to increase conformality and reduce normal structure dose.
Drift hole structure and dynamics with turbulence driven flows

The role of turbulence driven flows in describing drift hole structure and dynamics is discussed. Turbulence driven flows enter the plasma medium response and alter drift hole structures by changing the screening length of the drift hole potential. Specifically, turbulence driven flows shift the drift hole potential radially, and absorb drift hole energy via the hole-flow resonance. It is shown that the absorption shifts the phase of a momentum flux, and so enables the irreversible coupling of drift holes to turbulence driven flows. We show that drift holes and turbulence driven flows are dynamically coupled, and self-regulate each other, so that a stationary state can be achieved with non-zero turbulence driven flows. As an application, a bound on the fluctuation amplitude in the coupled system is derived. The bound is obtained by requiring that the resultant zonal flow velocity should be smaller than the critical flow velocity for the drift hole potential to be self-bound (i.e., the velocity that the sc...
Negative ion chemical ionization mass spectral NICIMS) studies. reactions of metal Schiff base complexes with methane: gas mixtures

Abstract The gaseous negative ion reactions of four and five coordinate cobaltII), nickelII), and copperII) Schiff base complexes with gas mixtures have been studied. The gas mixtures contain methane ∼90%) and about 10% of the gases O2 NO, CO, and PF3. Intense parent negative ions were formed by second. ary electron capture processes under moderate chemical ionization conditions. It was observed that the gitseous parent negative ion reacts with the added gas molecule to form the addition product MLX− where X = O2, NO, CO, or PF3, L = Schiff base ligand, and M = NiII) or CoII The abundance of the MLX− secondary ion was greatest in CH4−O2 mixtures. The relative abundance of MLX− for the other gas mixtures varied approximately in the manner MLNO− > MLCO− > MLPF−3. For CuL systems, no MLX− ions were detected. The significant aspects of these results are presented and discussed. Comparisons of the reactivity of these compounds in solution and in the solid state with the gas phase reactions are discussed.
Asymmetric Time Constants

Time constants for population density rise and decay are often unequal. Asymmetric time constants result from: ground state depletion, up conversion, and amplified spontaneous emission. All these effects were modeled and Tm :germanate experiments support model.