cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extension of academic pediatric radiology to the community setting: experience in two sites.

Background. Children are better served by radiologists and technical personnel trained in the care of pediatric patients. However, a variety of obstacles may limit the access of children to dedicated pediatric imaging facilities.¶Objective. We designed and implemented two models for providing community-based imaging by academic pediatric radiologists.¶Materials and methods. The first site was an outpatient clinic staffed by physicians from the university-affiliated children's hospital. Imaging services included radiography, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound. The second site was a full-service community hospital radiology department staffed by a group practice, with pediatric imaging covered by the children's hospital radiologists. Facility, equipment, and protocol modifications were required to maintain quality standards. Success of these models was determined by volume statistics, referring physician/patient satisfaction surveys, and quality-assurance (QA) programs.¶Results. The outpatient satellite had a 48 % increase in total examinations from the first year to the second year and 87 % the third year. Pediatric examinations in the community hospital increased over 1000 % the first 7 months. Referring physicians reported increased diagnostic information and patient satisfaction compared to previous service. QA efforts revealed improved image quality when pediatric radiologists were present, but some continuing difficulties off-hours.¶Conclusion. We successfully implemented pediatric imaging programs in previously underserved communities. This resulted in increased pediatric radiologist supervision and interpretation of examinations performed on children and improved referring physician and patient satisfaction.
Optimal component sharing in a product family by simultaneous consideration of minimum description length and impact metric

The design of an architecture for a family of products is a challenging task. Traditionally, only a single product case is considered when optimization techniques are used to define the optimum clustering of the components, or in other words the module definition for the product. This article proposes a framework to analyse multiple products of a given family and achieve an optimal module definition considering component sharing across some or all the products. The optimal sharing decision process is implemented with a dual objective function: a ‘minimum description length’ representation of the overall product architecture, and the ‘impact metric’ description of the selected components to share. An illustration example is developed for three digital cameras of the same brand and the results reveal the recommended set of components to share across the family as well as the optimal architecture for each one of the products.
Erythrocyte Extracts Enhance Neurogenic Vasoconstriction of Dog Cerebral Arteries in vitro

Cerebral blood vessels of the dog have been shown to receive vasodilator and constrictor nerves. In isolated ring arterial preparations, neurogenic vasodilation was blocked while neurogenic vasoconstriction was potentiated by hemolysates isolated from hemolyzed erythrocytes. These results suggest that an overall increase in cerebral neurogenic vasoconstriction may occur in vivo following subarachnoid hemorrhage. The significance of this finding in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm is discussed.
Stabilization of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylethanolamine Liposomes with Hydrophilic Polymers Having Multiple “Sticky Feet”

The ability of three novel polymers to protect phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylserine (1:1) vesicles against calcium-induced destabilization (dye leakage) has been investigated. The polymers are a telechelic, hydrophobically terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a polymer of the macromonomer PEG8000−lysine-stearylamide, and a hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid). These polymers are predominantly hydrophilic but have multiple hydrophobic moieties which serve to anchor them in the lipid bilayers. Like singly anchored PEG, the two PEG-based polymers were able to provide effective stabilization at concentrations sufficient to produce a polymer “brush” on the liposome surface. Interestingly, the poly(acrylic acid) polymer did not provide full stabilization even at concentrations that should have produced brush coverage, possibly owing to a more expanded polymer conformation. The potential advantages of stabilization with polymers having multiple “sticky feet” are discussed.
The effects of monosex culture and stocking density on survival, growth and yield of redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in earthen ponds

Sexual dimorphism is apparent in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, with males typically being larger than females and possessing prominent claws with a distinctive red patch. An experiment was developed to determine if there were advantages to rearing male or female redclaw crayfish at two densities in monosex cultures as opposed to traditional stocking of mixed-sex populations. Juvenile redclaw crayfish (9.6 g average weight) were acquired from commercial suppliers in Mexico. Animals were individually hand-sexed and stocked into 0.02 ha ponds and maintained for 145 days. Treatments were males at densities of 4 or 6m �2 , females at 4 or 6 m �2 , or mixed-sex at 6 m �2 , used as a control. Each treatment had four replicates. The animals were offered a commercial shrimp diet. The ration was calculated assuming a weekly growth rate of 2 g and a feed conversion ratio of 1.5. At harvest male crayfish were significantly larger than females. In the male ponds, crayfish had a mean weight of 83.6 g while in the female ponds crayfish had a mean weight of 59.1 g. Survival and gross yields were not significantly different among the treatments. Average weight of crayfish in low-density culture (76.8 g) was significantly larger than average weight in highdensity (59.3 g) culture. © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Ontogenetic Development of Intestinal Nutrient Transporters

sharing the same DNA, express different subsets of those genes at a given time, and why each cell expresses different genes at different times. This problem is conspicuous for the ver­ tebrate gastrointestinal tract, which undergoes two dramatic developmental transitions associated with changing functional demands. At the first and more abrupt transition, coinciding with birth in mammals and hatching in birds, the gut assumes from the yolk sac or placenta the responsibility for extracting nutrients. At the second transition, coinciding with weaning in mammals and metamorphosis in amphibia, many species experience a marked change in diet. Ontogenetic development has been intensively studied for many gut func­ tions, such as secretion of enzymes and gastric acid (30-32, 41, 42). Less information has been available for intestinal nutrient transporters, but studies of their development are now proliferating. Our review begins by summariz­ ing patterns of prenatal and postnatal development for transporters of sugars, amino acids, peptides, bile salts, and vitamins. We then consider de­ velopmental changes in regionalization of transport along two axes: the length of the intestine, and the crypt/villus axis of the intestinal mucosa. After
Modelling Micelle Formation in Confined Geometries

We use numerical self consistent field calculations to determine the effect confinement has on the critical micelle concentration for diblock copolymers. Our studies show that increasing the confinement increases the free energy of micelle formation. As the confinement increases, the micelle undergoes a decrease in its size, until finally the entropic losses associated with packing the copolymer into a smaller micelle become too large and the micelle structure becomes unstable. Our results have important implications when diblock copolymers are used as compatibilizers in thin films, as our studies indicate that micelle formation will be suppressed in thin films.
Association between Body Composition and Frailty among Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients: A US Renal Data System Special Study

Studies of frailty among patients on hemodialysis have relied on definitions that substitute self-reported functioning for measures of physical performance and omit weight loss or substitute alternate criteria. We examined the association between body composition and a definition of frailty that includes measured physical performance and weight loss in a cross-sectional analysis of 638 adult patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis at 14 centers. Frailty was defined as having three of following characteristics: weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slow gait speed. We performed logistic regression with body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS)-derived estimates of intracellular water (ICW), fat mass, and extracellular water (ECW) as the main predictors, and age, sex, race, and comorbidity as covariates. Overall, 30% of participants were frail. Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.31 per 10 years; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.14 to 1.50), diabetes (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.40), higher fat mass (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.37), and higher ECW (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.47) associated with higher odds of frailty. Higher ICW associated with lower odds of frailty (OR, 0.80 per kg; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.87). The addition of BMI data did not change the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC; AUC=0.66 versus 0.66; P=0.71), but the addition of BIS data did change the AUC (AUC=0.72; P<0.001). Thus, individual components of body composition but not BMI associate strongly with frailty in this cohort of patients receiving hemodialysis.
Effects of Counseling on Grades and Retention

ABSTRACT Demographics of a counseling center are presented. The grades and retention rates of students who received counseling were compared to students in the general student population. Information was obtained on the effects of various counseling services and mental health problems on grades and retention. Results indicated that study skills training improved grades, but counseling and career counseling did not. Results also indicated that counseling has an effect on retention, having a differential effect on different groups.
Attenuated transforming growth factor beta signaling promotes metastasis in a model of HER2 mammary carcinogenesis

Introduction Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a major role in the regulation of tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. It is depended on the type II TGFβ receptor (TβRII) for signaling. Previously, we have shown that deletion of TβRII in mammary epithelial of MMTV-PyMT mice results in shortened tumor latency and increased lung metastases. However, active TGFβ signaling increased the number of circulating tumor cells and metastases in MMTV-Neu mice. In the current study, we describe a newly discovered connection between attenuated TGFβ signaling and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) signaling in mammary tumor progression.
Toward a Theory of the Public for Public Administration

In American public administration there is neither an extensive literature on the public nor an agreed-on conception of the public. Five conceptions on the public in public administration are offered, including the pluralist, public choice, legislative, client, and citizenship perspectives. Building on these five conceptions of the public, a set of requisites for a general theory of the public in public administration is offered.
Core self‐evaluations: a review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance

Over the past five years there has been a growing body of literature that examines the relationships among some of psychology’s most studied traits (Neuroticism, self-esteem, and locus of control). Core self-evaluation theory posits a conceptual and empirical relationship between these traits and job satisfaction. After briefly reviewing core selfevaluation theory, we examine the empirical evidence documenting a relationship between these traits and the two central criteria of interest to I/O psychologists—job satisfaction and job performance. We then examine the relationship between core self-evaluation traits and the Big Five personality traits. We conclude with a discussion of the contributions and limitations of core self-evaluation research and opportunities for future research. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In 1997, Judge, Locke, and Durham published a conceptual paper linking an integrative personality trait—termed core self-evaluations—to job satisfaction. In the five years since the publication of that paper, more than a dozen core self-evaluation studies have been conducted, addressing issues ranging from the construct validity of the trait to its role in explaining and predicting job satisfaction and job performance. Amir Erez, Ed Locke, Carl Thoresen, and the authors of this paper have conducted a focused program of research, which will be reviewed in this paper. We begin by reviewing the theoretical foundations of core self-evaluation research and summarizing empirical findings. Next, we discuss the construct validity of the trait and its relationship to the Big Five. We conclude with an appraisal of the state of this research literature and an agenda for future research.
Toward Pragmatic Criteria for Evaluating HRD Research

Although well-established criteria exist for evaluating the quality of research conducted using the Positivistic lens, and some criteria exist for judging research conducted using the Postmodernist lens, few criteria exist for judging research conducted using the Pragmatic lens. This is significant as mixed methods, complexity, and systems dynamics research belong to this lens, and a lack of criteria for judging quality may alternately contribute to either a shortage of Pragmatic research or a plethora of lower quality, uncritically evaluated Pragmatic research. The purpose of this article is to propose a theory-building process for Pragmatic research and to explore some possible criteria for evaluating the quality of Pragmatic research.
Adenosine deaminase phenotypes among sexual and parthenogenetic lizards in the genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae).

Electrophoresis of liver homogenates has revealed distinct adenosine deaminase (ADA) phenotypes in each of four sexual species belonging to the Cnemidophorus sexlineatus group. A fifth sexual species, C. tigris, shares one of these phenotypes with a species of the C. sexlineatus group, but is distinguished from this species by other genetic and biochemical characters. Hence, knowledge of ADA phenotypes permits discrimination among each of the five sexual species suspected of involvement in interspecific hybridizations leading to the origin of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus species. Combinations of two or three ADA phenotypes characteristic of sexual species are found in each parthenogenetic species studied. This finding supports the theory of hybrid origin of parthenogenetic species, while the combination of particular alleles in each parthenogenone permits the implication of specific sexual species in its origin.
Factors influencing law enforcement decisions to adopt an evidence-based robbery prevention program

Homicide is the leading cause of workplace death among small retail and service businesses in the United States. Evidence-based programs have been shown to reduce robbery and robbery-related crimes in small retail businesses; however, reaching small businesses with programs has been difficult. As small businesses typically have no corporate backing or trade affiliation, police departments have been identified as potential vehicles for program dissemination. A national sample of 300 law enforcement agencies was surveyed to identify facilitators and barriers to adoption and sustainability of an evidence-based program. The questionnaire was developed using behavioral theory concepts and administered via telephone. Preliminary findings suggest the primary facilitators to program adoption included organizational capacity factors such as staff buy-in, dedicated personnel and financial support. Competing responsibilities was the primary barrier identified by agencies. Agency size and program complexity were identified as potential predictors of program adoption. Identifying agency and program-specific characteristics that influence program adoption by law enforcement agencies will be valuable for marketing programs to agencies that have the infrastructure to support and sustain program dissemination. Understanding these factors will optimize the reach of evidence-based strategies to small businesses.
src64 and tec29 are required for microfilament contraction during Drosophila cellularization

Formation of the Drosophila cellular blastoderm involves both membrane invagination and cytoskeletal regulation. Mutations in src64 and tec29 reveal a novel role for these genes in controlling contraction of the actin-myosin microfilament ring during this process. Although membrane invagination still proceeds in mutant embryos, its depth is not uniform, and basal closure of the cells does not occur during late cellularization. Double-mutant analysis between scraps, a mutation in anillin that eliminates microfilament rings, and bottleneck suggests that microfilaments can still contract even though they are not organized into rings. However, the failure of rings to contract in the src64 bottleneck double mutant suggests that src64 is required for microfilament ring contraction even in the absence of Bottleneck protein. Our results suggest that src64-dependent microfilament ring contraction is resisted by Bottleneck to create tension and coordinate membrane invagination during early cellularization. The absence of Bottleneck during late cellularization allows src64-dependent microfilament ring constriction to drive basal closure.
Microphthalmia: A Signal Responsive Transcriptional Regulator in Development

The transcription factor Microphthalmia (Mi) is a helix-loop-helix protein which plays an essential role in the development and subsequent function of neural crest-derived melanocytes. Since its discovery as a mutant allele producing mice devoid of viable melanocytes, Mi has emerged as the gene whose mutation is responsible for the human pigmentation condition Waardenburg Syndrome IIa, as well as a variety of cellular defects involving retinal pigment epithelium, osteoclasts, and mast cells. As discussed here, Mi has recently been recognized to be targeted by several signaling pathways of importance to melanocytes, those activated by melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and Steel factor. While these two pathways profoundly modulate Mi activity, they do so via strikingly different mechanisms. The differences and similarities of these responses highlight the likely roles of Mi in influencing both pigmentation and proliferation/survival. These effects are also of significance in human melanoma, a tumor for which Mi appears to be an extremely sensitive and specific marker.
Distinguishing unfolding and functional conformational transitions of calmodulin using ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous moderator protein for calcium signaling in all eukaryotic cells. This small calcium-binding protein exhibits a broad range of structural transitions, including domain opening and folding–unfolding, that allow it to recognize a wide variety of binding partners in vivo. While the static structures of CaM associated with its various binding activities are fairly well-known, it has been challenging to examine the dynamics of transition between these structures in real-time, due to a lack of suitable spectroscopic probes of CaM structure. In this article, we examine the potential of ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy for clarifying the nature of structural transitions in CaM. We find that the UVRR spectral change (with 229 nm excitation) due to thermal unfolding of CaM is qualitatively different from that associated with opening of the C-terminal domain in response to Ca2+ binding. This spectral difference is entirely due to differences in tertiary contacts at the interdomain tyrosine residue Tyr138, toward which other spectroscopic methods are not sensitive. We conclude that UVRR is ideally suited to identifying the different types of structural transitions in CaM and other proteins with conformation-sensitive tyrosine residues, opening a path to time-resolved studies of CaM dynamics using Raman spectroscopy.
A CMOS bandgap reference without resistors

Bandgap references add the forward bias voltage across a pn diode with a voltage that is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) to produce an output that is insensitive to changes in temperature. The relative weighting of the voltages added is usually adjusted by trimming the ratio of two resistors. Although inexpensive resistors of suitable values are available in analog CMOS processes, the area of such resistors is increased in standard digital processes because silicide is often used to reduce the sheet resistance of the polysilicon and diffusion layers. As a result, the length and area of the required resistors is increased, increasing not only the cost, but also the susceptibility of the reference operation to substrate noise coupling. One way to overcome this problem is to use an extra mask to selectively block the silicide, but this mask also increases the cost. This paper presents a circuit solution to the above problem: a bandgap reference without resistors. It uses only MOS transistors biased in saturation or cutoff. The devices biased in saturation operate in strong inversion, for which accurate device models are usually available, simplifying the design process, especially in digital CMOS technologies.
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome Determinants of Endothelial Dysfunction in Whites and Blacks

Background— Insulin resistance is strongly associated with obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). The relative importance of these components in the determination of endotheli...
Functional CT perfusion imaging in predicting the extent of cerebral infarction from a 3-hour middle cerebral arterial occlusion in a primate stroke model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine whether cerebral perfusion functional CT (fCT), performed after endovascular middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, can be used to predict final cerebral infarction extent in a primate model. METHODS: fCT with bolus tracking was performed before and 30 and 150 minutes after 3-hour digital subtraction angiography (DSA)–guided endovascular MCA occlusion in five baboons. Parametric cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) maps were constructed by voxel-by-voxel gamma variate fitting and used to determine lesion sizes. Animals were sacrificed 48 hours after the occlusion, and ex vivo MR imaging was performed. Lesion sizes on fCT and MR images were compared. RESULTS: Hypoperfusion was clearly identified on all images obtained after MCA occlusion. Thirty and 150 minutes after occlusion onset, respectively, mean lesion sizes were 737 mm 2 ± 33 and 737 mm 2 ± 44 for CBF, 722 mm 2 ± 32 and 730 mm 2 ± 43 for CBV, and 819 mm 2 ± 14 and 847 mm 2 ± 11 for MTT. Mean outcome infarct size on MR images was 733 mm 2 ± 30. Measurements based on CBV and CBF ( R 2 = 0.97 and 0.96, P R 2 = 0.40, P > .5), were highly correlated with final lesion size. CONCLUSION: An endovascular approach to MCA occlusion provides a minimally invasive, reproducible animal model for controlled studies of cerebral ischemia and infarction. Derived cerebral perfusion maps closely predict the 48-hour infarct size after 3-hour MCA occlusion.
Automated and Agile Server Parameter Tuning with Learning and Control

Server parameter tuning in virtualized data centers is crucial to performance and availability of hosted Internet applications. It is challenging due to high dynamics and burstiness of workloads, multi-tier service architecture, and virtualized server infrastructure. In this paper, we investigate automated and agile server parameter tuning for maximizing effective throughput of multi-tier Internet applications. A recent study proposed a reinforcement learning based server parameter tuning approach for minimizing average response time of multi-tier applications. Reinforcement learning is a decision making process determining the parameter tuning direction based on trial-and-error, instead of quantitative values for agile parameter tuning. It relies on a predefined adjustment value for each tuning action. However it is nontrivial or even infeasible to find an optimal value under highly dynamic and bursty workloads. We design a neural fuzzy control based approach that combines the strengths of fast online learning and self-adaptive ness of neural networks and fuzzy control. Due to the model independence, it is robust to highly dynamic and bursty workloads. It is agile in server parameter tuning due to its quantitative control outputs. We implement the new approach on a test bed of virtualized HP Pro Liant blade servers hosting RUBiS benchmark applications. Experimental results demonstrate that the new approach significantly outperforms the reinforcement learning based approach for both improving effective system throughput and minimizing average response time.
MOCA: A multiprocessor on-line competitive algorithm for real-time system scheduling

We study competitive on-line scheduling in multiprocessor real-time environments. In our model, every task has a deadline and a value that it obtains only if it completes by its deadline. A task can be assigned to any processor, all of which are equally powerful. The problem is to design an on-line scheduling algorithm (i.e., one in which the scheduler has no knowledge of a task until it is released) with worst case guarantees as to the total value obtained by the system. We study systems with two or more processors. We present an inherent limit on the best competitive guarantee that any on-line parallel real-time scheduler can give. Then we present a competitive algorithm that achieves a worst case guarantee which is within a small factor from the best possible guarantee in many cases. The models are a distributed system having a centralized scheduler as well as a shared memory multiprocessor. >
Dead Dads: Thawing an Heir from the Freezer

In Dead Dads: Thawing an Heir from the Freezer the author examines the difficult legal problems created by the growing practice of using the cryopreserved gametes of deceased persons to conceive a posthumous child. The law has long recognized the legal parental status of a man whose fetus is in utero in his wife's pregnancy at the time of the father's death, but developments in reproductive science has now made it possible to conceive a child after either a parents' death. This has been made more complicated by the use of assisted reproduction by unmarried persons, its growing use by same-sex couples and the developing marketplace for stored sperm, eggs and embryos. The science of preserving sperm or embryos by cryopreservation is a fact, and research is improving the preservation of eggs as well. However, the law has been slow to deal with the post-death conception of a child. An optional section of the Uniform Parentage Act, the new A.B.A. Model Act Governing Assisted Reproductive Technology (2008) and new additions to the Uniform Probate Code (2008) signal an attempt to change this, but except for a California statute and minor efforts by other jurisdictions, states have not attempted to deal with this by statute. Instead, the courts have had to struggle with the issued in the context of social security rights, disputes over the ownership of cryopreserved embryos, or the interpretation of gratuitous transfer instruments. The author argues that there is no legitimate reason for treating posthumous children differently from other children, although recognizing that legislatures should enact laws to deal with issues such as efficiency in timely estate distribution.This article was drafted before and does not examine the recently proposed amendments to the Uniform Probate Code dealing with posthumous reproduction and which if enacted by the states would comply with the author's urging support for uniform legislation on the subject.
Finite-frequency effects in global surface-wave tomography

SUMMARY We compare traditional ray-theoretical surface-wave tomography with finite-frequency tomography, using 3-D Born sensitivity kernels for long-period, fundamental-mode dispersion measurements. The 3-D kernels preserve sidelobes beyond the first Fresnel zone, and fully account for the directional dependence of surface-wave scattering, and the effects of timedomain tapering and seismic source radiation. Tomographic inversions of Love and Rayleigh phase-delay measurements and synthetic checkerboard tests show that (1) small-scale S-wave velocity anomalies are better resolved using finite-frequency sensitivity kernels, especially in the lowermost upper mantle; (2) the resulting upper-mantle heterogeneities are generally stronger in amplitude than those recovered using ray theory and (3) finite-frequency tomographic models fit long-period dispersion data better than ray-theoretical models of comparable roughness. We also examine the reliability of 2-D, phase-velocity sensitivity kernels in global surface-wave tomography, and show that phase-velocity kernels based upon a forwardscattering approximation or previously adopted geometrical simplifications do not reliably account for finite-frequency wave-propagation effects. 3-D sensitivity kernels with full consideration of directional-dependent seismic scattering are the preferred method of inverting long-period dispersion data. Finally, we derive 2-D boundary sensitivity kernels for lateral variations in crustal thickness, and show that finite-frequency crustal effects are not negligible in long-period surface-wave dispersion studies, especially for paths along continent‐ocean boundaries. Unfortunately, we also show that, in global studies, linear perturbation theory is not sufficiently accurate to make reliable crustal corrections, due to the large difference in thickness between oceanic and continental crust.
Psychologists’ Authenticity: Implications for Work in Professional and Therapeutic Settings

Psychologists engage in a multitude of social roles of varying degrees of emotionality, subjectivity, and objectivity because of the nature of their profession as well as their unique backgrounds t...
System modeling of a DOI-capable half-ring PET insert device for breast cancer imaging

We have developed a new type of PET insert system that, when integrated into a whole-body PET scanner, offers the possibility of imaging the breast and chest wall region with higher resolution and sensitivity than a whole-body PET scanner alone. The focus of this paper is to describe a system model that can be used within a fully 3D iterative reconstruction algorithm to accurately model the measured data. We have modeled the most important components of the system matrix, including the spatially-variant geometric factor, inter-crystal penetration, and body attenuation. Due to the irregular sampling of the insert system, we compute the system matrix using the native detector geometry. Based on subdividing each detector volume into subvolumes, we show that this approach can model DOI crystals and non-DOI crystals under a common framework. We present some of our first results using data acquired by the physical PET insert system. More detailed modeling or normalization strategies will need to be employed to obtain the most benefit from the reconstruction algorithm.
Role of the Radiologist-Defendant at Trial1,2

Full cooperation of the radiologist-defendant is essential at trial. He or she should plan on being present in the courtroom for every day of evidence, from the time of opening statements until closing arguments. The radiologist-defendant must arrange coverage for all clinical, academic, and administrative activities so as to be totally committed to the judicial proceedings. Absence of the defendant inevitably suggests to jurors that the radiologist is not sufficiently concerned about the case, because of either arrogance or guilt. Moreover, the radiologist plays a major role in assisting defense counsel in both cross-examination of plaintiff witnesses and in the direct examination of witnesses for the defense.
Content Analysis of Select YouTube Postings: Comparisons of Reactions to the Sandy Hook and Aurora Shootings and Hurricane Sandy

Abstract This study details an innovative and methodical content analysis of 2,207 YouTube comments from four different YouTube videos (e.g., breaking news or memorials) related to the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School and Aurora theater mass shootings and the catastrophic Hurricane Sandy. As expected, YouTube comments associated with the Sandy Hook shootings (particularly those from a memorial video) were especially likely to feature compassion and grief with lessened hostility. This study highlights differing online contexts by which individuals show grief and related emotions following man-made and natural calamities and how—even in an online environment—powerful situational contexts greatly guide behavior.
Forward rasterization

We describe forward rasterization, a class of rendering algorithms designed for small polygonal primitives. The primitive is efficiently rasterized by interpolation between its vertices. The interpolation factors are chosen to guarantee that each pixel covered by the primitive receives at least one sample which avoids holes. The location of the samples is recorded with subpixel accuracy using a pair of offsets which are then used to reconstruct/resample the output image. Offset reconstruction has good static and temporal antialiasing properties. We present two forward rasterization algorithms, one that renders quadrilaterals and is suitable for scenes modeled with depth images like in image-based rendering by 3D warping, and one that renders triangles and is suitable for scenes modeled conventionally. When compared to conventional rasterization, forward rasterization is more efficient for small primitives and has better temporal antialiasing properties.
Structure Automata

By modifying the acceptability conditions in finite automata, a new and equivalent variant—the "structure automaton"— is obtained. The collection SR(Σ) of sets of tapes on Σ definable by deterministic structure-automata forms, however, a proper subset of the collection of regular sets. The structure and closure properties of SR(Σ) are analyzed in detail, using a natural topology on Σ*, in which the closed sets are the reverse ultimately definite sets. A set of tapes V is in SR(Σ) iff it is a finite union of regular "convex" sets. SR(Σ) is closed under Boolean operations, but not-closed under product, star, or transpose operations. In fact, SR(Σ) is exactly the Boolean closure of the regular closed sets. The "sigture" of a set is also defined and it is shown that a regular V is in SR(Σ) iff it has finite signature. Decision problems are also treated.
Visual Monitoring Trap for European Apple Sawfly

Field observations of Hoplocampa testudinea Klug, a pest of developing apple fruit, indicated that the adults were attracted to apple blossoms where they fed on pollen and where females oviposited. Spectrophotometric analysis of apple blossom parts showed a negligible amount of reflection in the UV (300–400 nm) but a large amount in the remainder of the insect visible spectrum (400–650 nm). In field tests, non-UV-reflecting white sticky-coated rectangles captured more adults than any other surfaces tested including: yellow, red, orange, black, green, and blue enamels; various day-light fluorescent hues; various UV-reflecting white pigments; aluminum foil; and clear Plexiglas®. We conclude that the most preferred white rectangle could be utilized effectively to trap and monitor adults in apple orchards.
Tensile behavior and flow stress anisotropy of accumulative roll bonded Cu-Nb nanolaminates

The flow stress, ductility, and in-plane anisotropy are evaluated for bulk accumulative roll bonded copper-niobium nanolaminates with layer thicknesses ranging from 1.8 μm to 15 nm. Uniaxial tensile tests conducted parallel to the rolling direction and transverse direction demonstrate that ductility generally decreases with decreasing layer thickness; however, at 30 nm, both high strengths (1200 MPa) and significant ductility (8%) are achieved. The yield strength increases monotonically with decreasing layer thickness, consistent with the Hall-Petch relationship, and significant in-plane flow stress anisotropy is observed. Taylor polycrystal modeling is used to demonstrate that crystallographic texture is responsible for the in-plane anisotropy and that the effects of texture dominate even at nanoscale layer thicknesses.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN THE MANAKINS (AVES: PIPRIDAE)

Phylogenetic analyses of lekking, lek spatial organization, and cooperative and coordinated lek display in the manakins (Aves: Pipridae) demonstrate that variation in social behavior in the group has a strong, phylogenetic component. Two of the three classes of social behavior examined also show significant phylogenetic constraints. Current adaptive plasticity models are insufficient to explain the phylogenetic variation in these behaviors in the manakins. These findings support the conclusion that vertebrate reproductive social behavior has an evolutionary history, and that it is not determined solely by adaptive individual plasticity to current conditions. The evolution of social behavior, particularly through sexual selection, can have historical consequences that can limit subsequent behavioral adaptation.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in a Microchannel with Vortex-Generators

Experiments were conducted to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of water flowing through a rectangular silicon microchannel with vortex generators. The vortex-generators were periodically mounted in array of cubes in the flow direction, resulting in self-sustained oscillations and vortex shedding from the bars. The microchannel used in the present consisted of 7 rows and 21 columns (147 bars) with a channel height of 505 μm. Within a Reynolds number range of 50-500, experimental results of Nusselt numbers and friction factors at different heat flux and inlet temperature were studied and presented. It was found that the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number were non-linear. Significant heat transfer increase with the increase of Reynolds number occurred only after Reynolds number was larger than 200.
Structure–property relationships of a bio‐based reactive diluent in a bio‐based epoxy resin

The monofunctional glycidyl ether of eugenol (GE) was used as a reactive diluent for the diglycidyl ether of diphenolate n-pentyl ester (DGEDP-Pe). Viscosities of GE and DGEDP-Pe are 25 mPa s and 11 Pa s, respectively. Compositions GE/DGEDP-Pe epoxy resins with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 wt % GE were analyzed for viscosity reductions and, subsequently, cured with isophorone diamine. The glassy modulus of cured GE/DGEDP-Pe epoxy resins remained between 2000 and 3000 MPa. The glass transition temperature decreased linearly, from 92 °C for neat DGEDP-Pe, with progressively higher loadings of GE to 53 °C at the highest GE loading of 30 wt %. The thermal stability decreased as GE loading increased with a maximum of 30 °C loss in the onset of degradation at 5 wt % mass loss. The role of GE as a reactive diluent is discussed and a range of loadings was determined to be suitable for a vacuum infusion epoxy resin system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43635.
A New Conclusion from the Planck's Law

A new conclusion is deduced from the Planck's Law, that is, for a blackbody in arbitrary temperature, there is always a wavelength λ_δ at which the radiance's derivative to temperature T is the maximum, and λ_δT=2 410.3 μm·K. This conclusion is very useful for the selection of wave-band in the design of single wave-band radiation thermometer.
Ureteric Stone Extraction by a New Double-Balloon Catheter: an Experimental Study

AbstractAn atraumatic double-ballooned catheter was designed to extract endoscopically ureteral calculi of relatively large size (1 to 1.5cm.) arrested at any level of the ureter. This reduces the need for ureterolithotomy, eliminates the problems of stone basket manipulations, and reduces the need for prolonged waiting for spontaneous migration of stones.
Expressive Query Construction through Direct Manipulation of Nested Relational Results

Despite extensive research on visual query systems, the standard way to interact with relational databases remains to be through SQL queries and tailored form interfaces. We consider three requirements to be essential to a successful alternative: (1) query specification through direct manipulation of results, (2) the ability to view and modify any part of the current query without departing from the direct manipulation interface, and (3) SQL-like expressiveness. This paper presents the first visual query system to meet all three requirements in a single design. By directly manipulating nested relational results, and using spreadsheet idioms such as formulas and filters, the user can express a relationally complete set of query operators plus calculation, aggregation, outer joins, sorting, and nesting, while always remaining able to track and modify the state of the complete query. Our prototype gives the user an experience of responsive, incremental query building while pushing all actual query processing to the database layer. We evaluate our system with formative and controlled user studies on 28 spreadsheet users; the controlled study shows our system significantly outperforming Microsoft Access on the System Usability Scale.
Use of feeding tubes in the care of long-term care residents.

ne of the most difficult decisions faced by a family caring for a disabled elder is whether or not to place a gastric feeding tube. Recent high-profile media coverage of the Terry Schiavo case has brought this issue into the public arena. Prior to the early 1990s, placement of a feeding tube for direct delivery of nutrition into the stomach, or “enteral feeding,” was a surgical procedure requiring general anesthesia and the operating room. During the 1990s, the procedure became simplified, using percutaneous techniques either performed in the endoscopy suite or by interventional radiology. These procedures could be performed using conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Feeding could be initiated within 24 hours. The ease of the procedure was greater, and the immediate complication rate was reduced. Patients who were too ill for the procedure now received enteral feeding. Previously, enteral feeding was often performed through long-term naso-gastric tubes. These tubes frequently clogged or fell out, and were associated with significant patient discomfort. Coincident with the greater ease of gastrostomy tube insertion, the number of tube insertions rose dramatically, almost doubling during the 1990s even after adjustment for the increasing age of the population. Use of feeding tubes was even greater in the southeast, and this rise has continued as increasing numbers of tubes are being placed on an outpatient basis. 1
Introduction: SuperWhoLock Fandom: Fandoms Crossed

This introduction to Crossing Fandoms describes SuperWhoLock—a fan-created amalgam of the television series Supernatural, Doctor Who, and Sherlock—as a symbol of contemporary digital fandom. Fans have created SuperWhoLock from the characters and narratives of the three cult texts. The consequences of today’s mainstreaming of fandom means that fan work is more popular than ever. Yet, even as these three shows’ universes create unique canon ideas, they still must stay tethered to the original text(s) in specific and meaningful ways. Thus, SuperWhoLock is not just a fan text; it is also a particular practice from which we are able to discern fan work in the digital age.
Fullerene Derivatives Strongly Inhibit HIV-1 Replication by Affecting Virus Maturation without Impairing Protease Activity

Three compounds (1, 2, and 3) previously reported to inhibit HIV-1 replication and/or in vitro activity of reverse transcriptase were studied, but only fullerene derivatives 1 and 2 showed strong antiviral activity on the replication of HIV-1 in human CD4(+) T cells. However, these compounds did not inhibit infection by single-round infection vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped viruses, indicating no effect on the early steps of the viral life cycle. In contrast, analysis of single-round infection VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 produced in the presence of compound 1 or 2 showed a complete lack of infectivity in human CD4(+) T cells, suggesting that the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle were affected. Quantification of virion-associated viral RNA and p24 indicates that RNA packaging and viral production were unremarkable in these viruses. However, Gag and Gag-Pol processing was affected, as evidenced by immunoblot analysis with an anti-p24 antibody and the measurement of virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity, ratifying the effect of the fullerene derivatives on virion maturation of the HIV-1 life cycle. Surprisingly, fullerenes 1 and 2 did not inhibit HIV-1 protease in an in vitro assay at the doses that potently blocked viral infectivity, suggesting a protease-independent mechanism of action. Highlighting the potential therapeutic relevance of fullerene derivatives, these compounds block infection by HIV-1 resistant to protease and maturation inhibitors.
Water Technology Innovation

Chapter 6 ended with the somewhat wintry observation that regional circumstances in Himalayan Asia, including asymmetrical power configurations, persistent animosities and distrust, competing national security agendas, and unsettled international political conditions, while not precluding efforts aimed at cooperative regional management of water resources would certainly act to impose severe handicaps upon them. Fortunately, none of these circumstances rules out the possibility that there exists an alternative and potentially smoother path to water security, namely that of innovative water technologies. Such technologies are nowadays both diverse in kind and abundant in number. Naturally, each has its variously motivated protagonists; and each, of course, has its vocal critics. We undertake our assessment of them blinded neither by excessive skepticism nor by unbridled enthusiasm. On the contrary, we understand our task to be the objective and informed assessment of the practical suitability and likelihood of successful adoption in the countries of Himalayan Asia of an array of technological fixes. We begin the discussion with an examination of what many must imagine to be the simplest and most obvious of all the fixes — desalination of sea water.
III–V/Si Vernier-Ring Comb Lasers (VRCLs)

We present a novel reconfigurable comb laser design that enables channel sparing, and demonstrate its functionality in a III–V/Si external cavity configuration. The laser is comprised of a single shared tunable Si ring mirror Vernier-paired with an array of tunable channel ring filters each coupled to their respective reflective semiconductor optical amplifier. This comb laser is not only tunable, capable of shifting all comb lines together, but it is flexible, able to change the spacing of channels in the comb within a fixed grid defined by the ring mirror. This flexibility results in features not previously demonstrated in a comb, such as mixed channel spacing and channel sparing capability. This is a practical candidate for flexible, scalable wavelength division multiplexed links targeting the next generation of data centers for the cloud.