cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE REPLICATING POOL OF VIRAL DNA IN CELLS INFECTED WITH PSEUDORABIES VIRUS.

Abstract Analysis by centrifugation in density gradients of cesium chloride revealed that not all of the pseudorabies virus DNA synthesized early in the infectious cycle replicates. Only 40% of the DNA synthesized during the first 4.5 hours after infection and 25% of the DNA made up to 7 hours replicates thereafter, despite continuing active DNA synthesis. The inability of most of the DNA to replicate is not due to its integration into mature virus particles. It may, however, be ascribed, in part, to the rapid development within the cell of a viral DNA-containing structure in which the DNA is insensitive to the action of deoxyribonuclease. It is suggested that this deoxycribonuclease-resistant form may be a precursor of mature virus.
Participation of Methyl Internal Rotation in the Vibrational Predissociation of the Aromatic van der Waals Complex p-Fluorotoluene-Ar

S 1 -S 0 fluorescence excitation and dispersed fluorescence spectra from p-fluorotoluene-Ar (pFT-Ar) formed in a supersonic expansion are used to characterize the vibrational predissociation (VP) from S 1 complex levels with 800, 1200 and 2000 cm −1 of vibrational energy. VP from the lower level occurs in at least 12 vibrational channels that involve only the three lowest energy pFT ring modes. VP from the higher levels is different, but those two levels are a matched pair with respect to their VP characteristics. They have almost identical channels and branching ratios, including a dominant channel producing free pFT in its zero point level. That channel requires conversion of as much as 1800 cm −1 of ring mode vibrational energy into translational and rotational energy. These behaviors appear to be unique among the aromatic van der Waals complexes so far studied, particularly with respect to the non-selective nature of the VP channels. Evidence pointing to the active participation of the methyl internal rotation in the VP dynamics is presented. Conjecture is offered about how this internal rotation contributes to the highly unusual VP characteristics
Chemically Treated Oat Hulls in Diets for Dairy Heifers and Wethers: Effects on Intake and Digestion

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of inclusion of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated oat hulls in diets on feed intake and nutrient digestion by wethers and growing heifers. In a pilot study with six wethers, we compared diets with untreated versus treated oat hulls containing 60% roughage and 40% concentrate (DM basis). Holstein heifers (n = 12) were used in three replications of a 4 x 4 Latin square design to compare diets containing 10% concentrate and 0 (control), 20.4 (low), 40.6 (medium), and 60.5% (high) treated oat hulls with the remainder being alfalfa haylage DM basis). Digestibilities of DM, NDF, and ADF were increased by at least 12 percentage units, and digestible nutrient intakes increased 73 g/d for wethers fed the treated oat hull diet versus the untreated diet. Intakes of DM by heifers were 8.9, 9.4, 9.6, and 9.2 kg/d for the control, low, medium, and high treated oat hull diets, respectively. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were increased by 7.1, 6.7, 24.5, and 10.5 percentage units, respectively, for the high oat hull versus control diet. Gains in BW ranged from .77 kg/d for heifers fed the high diet to 1.1 kg/d for those fed the medium diet. Heifers fed larger amounts of treated oat hulls had lower ruminal pH and ammonia N concentrations, higher molar percentage acetate, and greater acetate:propionate ratios than controls. Heifers fed diets containing treated oat hulls had higher digestible DM and fiber intakes than controls. Treated oat hulls have a place in diets of growing ruminants.
Alternating Direction and Semi-Explicit Difference Methods for Parabolic Partial Differential Equations

In previous papers [12], [13], [14] the author developed a difference analogue of the energy method for determining the stability of difference approximations to partial differential equations with variable coefficients. The purpose of this paper is to apply this method to establish the unconditional stability of two types of difference approximations to parabolic differential equations, the (implicit) alternating direction methods of DOUGLAS, PEACEMAN, and RACHFORD [3], [5], [15], and a new semi-explicit method. For the model problem, the first boundary value problem for the heat conduction equation in a rectangular domain, the unconditional stability of the alternating direction methods was proved in [3] and [3]. The proof consists in showing, with the aid of Fourier analysis, that the yon Neumann stability condition [4], [11] is always satisfied. It can be shown [1], however, that this method of proof cannot be extended beyond the model problem. With the aid of the energy method we prove that the results in E3] and [6] can be extended beyond the model problem. We first treat, as a typical case, the heat conduction equation in a cylindrical domain with an essentially arbitrary, bounded base. Then we indicate briefly the extension to parabolic equations with variable coefficients. The second type of difference method we term the semi-explicit method, because it is an explicit method only for certain orderings of the net points. The idea for this difference method comes from the observation that there is a formal correspondence between parabolic difference equations and iterative methods for solving elliptic difference equations; the semi-explicit method corresponds to the well known method of successive displacements [7]. The only other known example of an unconditionally stable explicit difference method is due to Do FORT and FRANKEL [6]. Their method, however, requires two lines of initial data to start the solution, while the semi-explicit method is self-starting. On the other hand, both of these methods involve a similar local truncation error, and they must be subjected to a mild mesh ratio condition in order to be consistent [11] with the differential equation being approximated. For other applications of the energy method to the stability problem for partial difference equations, see FRIEDRICHS [8], KREISS [9], LAX [10] and LEES
The Size of the Splenium of the Rat Corpus Callosum: Influence of Hormones, Sex Ratio, and Neonatal Cryoanesthesia

The splenium (posterior of the corpus callosum is sexually dimorphic in the 1⁄ 5) adult rat brain. In the present study we examined the role of developmental hormones and cryoanesthesia (which is normally used during the performance of neonatal hormone manip- ulations) on the gross size of the splenium in male and female rats. There was a sex difference in splenial size (male. female) among nonhormonally manipulated animals, p 5 .0007. While neonatal castration was ineffective in altering the size of the male splenium, testosterone in- jections in females were found to increase the size of the splenium relative to oil-injected females, p 5 .05. The effect of developmental testosterone was further observed: Sex ratio (males to females) of the litter correlated with splenial area in females, r5 .55, p 5 .03. Duration of cryoanesthesia negatively correlated with splenial area in males, r .81, p 5 .03, with a similar trend in females. q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Dev Psychobiol 33: 295- 303, 1998
Microgeographic adaptation and the spatial scale of evolution

Local adaptation has been a major focus of evolutionary ecologists working across diverse systems for decades. However, little of this research has explored variation at microgeographic scales because it has often been assumed that high rates of gene flow will prevent adaptive divergence at fine spatial scales. Here, we establish a quantitative definition of microgeographic adaptation based on Wright's dispersal neighborhood that standardizes dispersal abilities, enabling this measure to be compared across species. We use this definition to evaluate growing evidence of evolutionary divergence at fine spatial scales. We identify the main mechanisms known to facilitate this adaptation and highlight illustrative examples of microgeographic evolution in nature. Collectively, this evidence requires that we revisit our understanding of the spatial scale of adaptation and consider how microgeographic adaptation and its driving mechanisms can fundamentally alter ecological and evolutionary dynamics in nature.
Chemical Composition of C‐S‐H Gel Formed in the Hydration of Calcium Silicate Pastes

The chemical and physical compositions of C-S-H formed in paste hydration of C3S cured at 4°, 25°, and 65°C and of C2S and a C3S/C2S blend cured at 25°C were studied using quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis (QXDA), extraction, and thermal effluent gas analysis (TEGA) to determine the free CH content. The amount of CH determined by extraction is greater than or equal to that determined by QXDA. The difference between the two results increased with the H2O surface area of the paste, indicating the existence of adsorbed CH in the form of Ca2+ and (OH)− ions which cannot be measured by QXDA and suggesting that the extraction method is better for estimating the composition of C-S-H.
Approach to modeling and estimation for uncertain systems

Optimal modeling and optimal estimation are discussed for uncertain dynamic systems. Uncertainty of the system is assumed to be presented by multiple models, or a set of possible parameters, and their own probabilities. Optimal solutions are derived by minimizing cost functions of quadratic form. If the number of the multiple models is finite, the optimal nominal model and the optimal estimator can be realized by systems of finite order. In general, however, the order of these optimal solutions is much higher than that of each possible dynamic model. In order to make their implementation more practical, approximation by reduced-order models is necessary. These problems can be reduced to those of ordinary reduced-order modeling and reduced-order estimation, where some computation is necessary. Suboptimal reduced-order models and estimators that can be obtained with simple calculation are also investigated. Approaches developed recently, including the balanced realization model, the chained aggregation model, and the principal coordinate realization model are applied. These approaches are compared by using simple examples. In the examples, performance robustness obtained by the multiple model method is also illustrated.
LSPR Sensor Combining Sharp Resonance and Differential Optical Measurements

A new optical sensor based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in 2D arrays of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) combined with a differential optical measurement method is developed. LSPR substrates comprised of self-assembled, 2D arrays of AgNPs exhibit coherent plasmon coupling manifested as a sharp peak in the blue spectral region. A bottom-up approach was used to fabricate reproducible and cost-effective substrates with a figure of merit (FOM) of ~24. The LSPR shift was determined by measuring the difference between light extinction at two wavelengths selected on each side of the sharp peak. The sharpness of the coherent plasmon resonance together with the differential measurement method enabled a record sensing resolution in bulk for a LSPR sensor of ~4.8E-6 RIU.
Development and Therapeutic Implications of Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors

This Perspective provides an in depth look at the numerous disease states in which histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been implicated. The physiological pathways, protein-protein interactions, and non-histone substrates relating to different pathological conditions are discussed with regard to HDAC6. Furthermore, the compounds and methods used to modulate HDAC6 activity are profiled. The latter half of this Perspective analyzes reported HDAC6 selective inhibitors in terms of structure, potency, and selectivity over the other HDAC isoforms with the intent of providing a comprehensive overview of the molecular tools available. Potential obstacles and future directions of HDAC6 research are also presented.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Potential Biolubricants based on Ricinoleic Acid

The desire to replace petroleum-based materials with environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives has stimulated the development of vegetable oil-based materials as biolubricants. Our studies have focused on molecules that might be produced by biosynthesis of genetically altered oilseed plants with limited post-harvest modification. Various ricinoleate and 12-hydroxystearate esters and estolides were synthesized and their melting points and viscosities were documented. The antifriction and antiwear properties of some esters were evaluated with a microtribometer. The purities of all the products were >98–99% by gas chromatography. Some of these compounds showed melting points, viscosities, and lubricity suitable for uses as biolubricants. Various ricinoleate esters acylated at the 12 positions with short-chain acids were particularly promising.
Chemokine Receptor 7 (CCR7) Gene Expression Is Regulated by NF-κB and Activator Protein 1 (AP1) in Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck (SCCHN)

The chemokine receptor CCR7 is a seven-transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptor that facilitates leukocyte migration to regional lymph nodes. Aberrant CCR7 expression in a number of human malignancies has been linked to pro-survival, -invasive, and -metastatic pathways. We demonstrate here that up-regulation of CCR7 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) patient tumors correlates with lower survival because of metastatic disease. Because of this important oncogenic phenotype, we investigated the mechanisms that regulate CCR7 expression in these tumors. Interestingly, the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB has been associated with a more aggressive SCCHN phenotype. Immunohistochemical staining of a SCCHN tumor cohort (n = 47) strongly linked NF-κB staining and CCR7 expression in SCCHN. Thus, we investigated whether NF-κB contributes to metastatic disease by promoting CCR7 expression in SCCHN tumor cells. We characterized four novel, potential NF-κB binding sites in the 1000-bp promoter region upstream of the CCR7 gene, using luciferase, ChIP, and EMSA. However, NF-κB inhibition only resulted in partial reduction in CCR7 expression, prompting consideration of other co-regulators of CCR7. Indeed, cooperation between NF-κB and AP1 transcription factors, which are often co-activated, is crucial to the regulation of CCR7 mRNA expression in metastatic SCCHN cells. Thus, our findings support an important biological role for inflammatory NF-κB and AP1 in the regulation of CCR7 expression in metastatic SCCHN. As such, CCR7, NF-κB, and AP1 could be potentially useful therapeutic targets in controlling the progression and metastasis of SCCHN tumors.
Sequences of antigenic epitopes of streptokinase identified via random peptide libraries displayed on phage

Abstract Though streptokinase (SK) is widely used to treat humans with thrombotic disease, it is antigenic and anti-SK antibody causes allergic reactions and neutralizes SK’s therapeutic effects. To pinpoint the fine structure of two immunodominant, continuous epitopes in SK, we used unconstrained 15 and 6-mer random peptide libraries displayed on phage (theoretical complexity of 3.2 × 1019 and 0.64 × 108 unique sequences). The first epitope, recognized by both human Ab and murine monoclonal (m)Abs, was previously localized to the amino terminus of SK. Repeated panning and selection experiments against a 15-mer peptide phage library, using a representative mAb (A2.5) to this epitope, identified a dominant structural motif (GP[R/L]WL) corresponding to amino acids 3 to 7 of native SK, which was consistent with previous epitope mapping. These findings were further confirmed by: (1) the fact that a synthetic peptide spanning the epitope of A2.5 (AGPEWLL) specifically inhibited the binding of A2.5 to SK and (2) the finding that mAb 9D10, which competes with mAb A2.5 for binding to SK, independently selected, from a different random hexamer library, an epitope sequence spanning residues 4 to 9 that overlaps the A2.5 epitope. Similar studies of the second epitope in SK, which is immunodominant for murine but not human antibodies, identified a consensus sequence KS(K/L)P(F/Y) corresponding to amino acids 59 to 63 of SK; this was confirmed by epitope peptide binding experiments. This epitope is cleaved and destroyed when SK reacts with human but not murine plasminogen. Thus, pinpointing the sequences of antigenic epitopes of SK: (1) provides a potential explanation for species differences in SK’s antigenicity, (2) demonstrates the overlapping fine structure of epitopes recognized by competitive mAbs, (3) confirms previous epitope mapping studies and (4) has the potential to identify antigenic sequences that lead to allergic reactions in patients treated with SK.
Highly symmetric 2D rhombic nanoporous networks arising from low symmetry amphiphiles.

Highly symmetric 2D nanoporous molecular networks containing rhombic voids are demonstrated to be accessible from low symmetry amphiphilic molecules. The amide amphiphiles overcome the barrier to symmetry generation in the two-dimensional crystal through forming an aggregate as a building block. This aggregate consists of three inequivalent amphiphiles that assemble to create 3- and 6-fold rotation axes through hydrogen bonding. In the 6-fold rotation axis, an unusual hydrogen bonding network, supported by high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images and computation, is observed. This network formed by amide groups significantly contributes to constructing the rhombic nanoporous network, whereas carboxylic acid amphiphiles do not adopt this nanoporous network due to a geometric difference of hydrogen bonding. This investigation demonstrates that a high symmetry pattern is achievable without correlation with molecular symmetry through the proper combination of noncovalent interactions of simp...
Effect of preoperative vitreous status on visual outcomes following vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane repair

Abstract Objective: To determine the correlation between clinically observed posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and both surgical status of the hyaloid and the visual outcome following epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery. Design: Retrospective chart review. Participants: One hundred and nine eyes of 109 consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy and repair of idiopathic ERM between January 2006 and September 2008. Methods: Preoperative exam notes from selected charts were reviewed for the presence or absence of a PVD. Operative notes were queried to whether the hyaloid was attached or detached at the onset of surgery. The postoperative visual acuity (VA) was correlated with the intraoperative status of the hyaloid. Preoperative observation of PVD was correlated with the hyaloid status at the time of vitrectomy. Results: Hyaloid status did not impact postoperative VA. Eyes with an attached hyaloid at the onset of surgery had an average postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/60 and eyes with PVDs found during surgery had an average BCVA of 20/60 +1 ( p = 0.66). Of the 109 patients, 72 had a preoperative fundoscopic examination whose results positively correlated with the intraoperative status of the hyaloid. Conclusions: Having an attached hyaloid did not have a significant impact on postoperative visual outcomes in eyes undergoing ERM when compared with outcomes for eyes having a detached hyaloids prior to surgery. Detection of a PVD on preoperative fundoscopic examination was highly sensitive for a «true« PVD, i.e., actual detachment of the posterior hyaloid membrane as confirmed during surgery.
The Usefulness of the Bock Model for Scoring with Information from Incorrect Responses

AbstractThis study indicates that in the context of pass/fail decisions, the use of the Bock multinominal latent trait model for moderate-length tests does not produce decisions that differ substantially from those based on the raw scores. Nor does the Bock model provide pass/fail decisions that are more valid than those based on raw scores when an external criterion such as teacher judgment is used. On the other hand, for very short tests the pass/fail decisions based on the Bock model may differ somewhat from those decisions based on the raw scores. Thus, for very short tests, the ability tapped by the Bock model appears to differ from the one implied by the raw scores. Moreover, the Bock pass/fail decisions appear to relate less strongly to an outside criterion such as teacher judgment than those based on the raw scores.
Neurobiological correlates of learning disabilities.

Most investigator now agree on the existence of abnormalities of brain function in children with learning disabilities with or without hyperactivity. However, attempts to define the neurobiological substrates have been hindered by many factors. On the clinical level, learning disability is not a monolithic entity but an operational term used to define a number of specific conditions. The only common feature is difficulty with school performance in the face of normal intelligence. Until homogeneous subgroups can be defined, there is no good reason to suspect a single, discrete biological marker. Neuropathological studies are limited to 2 cases. Attempts to visualize the brain by computerized tomography have provided limited but inconsistent evidence of variations from normal hemispheric widths and asymmetries. Neurophysiological studies have succeeded in separating learning disabled children from normal controls by the application of discriminant analysis and other statistical techniques. Computer-assisted analysis of brain bioelectrical activity has sharpened these tools. Unfortunately, the techniques have not been able to narrow the focus to single, discrete cerebral areas; rather, they have shown dysfunction in widely separated but probably interconnected regions. The only neurochemical studies available have been performed on hyperactive childŕen rather than on patients with uncomplicated learning disabilities. A hypothesis that the underlying pathophysiology involves dopamine depletion has the most support and provides an explanation for some of the therapeutic effects of psychostimulant drugs. Problems are the focus on motor aspects of hyperactivity rather than the attention deficit and heavy dependence on the use of clinical rating scales. The biochemical analyses and conclusions would be more powerful if better psychophysiological markers could be developed, including such factors as attentiveness, distractability, vigilance, attention span, and reaction time. The results of physical and neurological examinations as well as of clinical genetic studies also point toward a biological basis for learning disabilities. These clinical tools help to sharpen our focus but still provide insufficient specificity. Productive search will require close collaboration between neuropsychologists and investigators using the quantitative tools of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry.
Geography and Regional Planning

(1935). Geography and Regional Planning. Journal of Geography: Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 267-277.
The curcuminoid CLEFMA selectively induces cell death in H441 lung adenocarcinoma cells via oxidative stress

CLEFMA or 4-[3,5-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene-4-oxo-piperidine-1-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid] is a curcuminoid being developed as an anticancer drug. We recently reported that it potently inhibits proliferation of various cancer cells. In this project, we investigated the effect of CLEFMA on gene expression profile in H441 lung adenocarcinoma cells, and studied its mechanism of action. In microarray data, we observed a deregulation of genes involved in redox and glutamate metabolism. Based on the affected ontologies, we hypothesized that antiproliferative activity of CLEFMA could be a result of the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We tested this hypothesis by determining the levels of glutathione (GSH) and ROS in H441 cells treated with CLEFMA. We observed a rapid depletion of intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio. Using a cell-permeable fluorogenic substrate, we found that CLEFMA significantly induced ROS in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Flow-cytometry with a mitochondria-selective fluorescent reporter of ROS indicated that the CLEFMA-induced ROS was of mitochondrial origin. In contrast to the cancer cells, the normal lung fibroblasts (CCL-151) did not show any increase in ROS and were resistant to CLEFMA-induced cell death. Furthermore, the addition of antioxidants, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and N-acetylcysteine, rescued cancer cells from CLEFMA-induced cell death. Gene expression pathway analysis suggested that a transcription factor regulator Nrf2 is a pivotal molecule in the CLEFMA-induced deregulation of redox pathways. The immunoblotting of Nrf2 showed that CLEFMA treatment resulted in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a time-dependent fashion. Based on these results, we conclude that induction of ROS is critical for the antiproliferative activity of CLEFMA and the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response fails to salvage H441 cells.
Understanding War, Visualizing Peace: Children Draw What They Know

The current study focuses on data collected from children in the United States shortly after the Yugoslavia-NATO conflict. Fifty-six children in two Midwestern states were asked to draw a picture of peace and a picture of war. Two major themes, peace as interpersonal interactions and peace as negative peace, emerged from the qualitative analysis of the children's peace drawings and their accompanying verbal statements. Five themes were identified in the analysis of the war drawings and descriptions: war as activity, war as group conflict, death as a consequence of war, negative emotions related to war, and war as fantasy. Calculating t-tests for paired samples revealed that children included significantly more objects and more figures in their war drawings than in their peace drawings. However, there were no significant differences between the peace and war drawings regarding the number of colors or the percentage of space used. Developmental features of children's drawings are discussed and implications ...
Signaling for NKT cell development the SAP–FynT connection

New studies demonstrate a critical role for the adaptor protein SAP (SLAM-associated protein) during NKT cell development. By connecting homotypic SLAM family receptor interactions with the FynT Src kinase, SAP may integrate a set of long-standing yet seemingly disparate observations characterizing NKT cell development. In fact, SAP-dependent signaling may underlie the development of multiple unconventional T cell lineages whose thymic selection relies on homotypic interactions between hematopoietic cells.
A mechanism for creating scientific application services on-demand from workflows

Service oriented computing is a paradigm for accessing, integrating and coordinating loosely coupled software systems in a standardized way and has gained attention in the recent years within the scientific community. It is increasingly being employed by large scientific collaborations to "wrap" applications as Web services i.e. to create an additional "Web services layer" on top of existing scientific applications. This enables scientists to easily compose, monitor and run complex workflows consisting of scientific applications that are not only developed and managed by a distributed team of application developers but also run on a distributed set of heterogeneous resources. However, one of the biggest challenges for large scientific collaborations lies in keeping all the Web services persistent so that they can be accessed from scientific workflows whenever needed. In this paper, we discuss the architecture and implementation of a mechanism by which we can create the Web services on-demand, in the event that they are unavailable during the execution of a scientific workflow and thus obviate the need to keep them persistent.
Developmental Expression of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Subunits in Human White and Gray Matter: Potential Mechanism of Increased Vulnerability in the Immature Brain

The pathophysiology of perinatal brain injury is multifactorial and involves hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and inflammation. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are present on neurons and glia in immature rodents, and NMDAR antagonists are protective in HI models. To enhance clinical translation of rodent data, we examined protein expression of 6 NMDAR subunits in postmortem human brains without injury from 20 postconceptional weeks through adulthood and in cases of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). We hypothesized that the developing brain is intrinsically vulnerable to excitotoxicity via maturation-specific NMDAR levels and subunit composition. In normal white matter, NR1 and NR2B levels were highest in the preterm period compared with adult. In gray matter, NR2A and NR3A expression were highest near term. NR2A was significantly elevated in PVL white matter, with reduced NR1 and NR3A in gray matter compared with uninjured controls. These data suggest increased NMDAR-mediated vulnerability during early brain development due to an overall upregulation of individual receptors subunits, in particular, the presence of highly calcium permeable NR2B-containing and magnesium-insensitive NR3A NMDARs. These data improve understanding of molecular diversity and heterogeneity of NMDAR subunit expression in human brain development and supports an intrinsic prenatal vulnerability to glutamate-mediated injury; validating NMDAR subunit-specific targeted therapies for PVL.
Homogenization of a Darcy–Stokes system modeling vuggy porous media

We derive a macroscopic model for single-phase, incompressible, viscous fluid flow in a porous medium with small cavities called vugs. We model the vuggy medium on the microscopic scale using Stokes equations within the vugular inclusions, Darcy's law within the porous rock, and a Beavers–Joseph–Saffman boundary condition on the interface between the two regions. We assume periodicity of the medium and obtain uniform energy estimates independent of the period. Through a two-scale homogenization limit as the period tends to zero, we obtain a macroscopic Darcy's law governing the medium on larger scales. We also develop some needed generalizations of the two-scale convergence theory needed for our bimodal medium, including a two-scale convergence result on the Darcy–Stokes interface. The macroscopic Darcy permeability is computable from the solution of a cell problem. An analytic solution to this problem in a simple geometry suggests that: (1) flow along vug channels is primarily Poiseuille with a small perturbation related to the Beavers–Joseph slip, and (2) flow that alternates from vug to matrix behaves as if the vugs have infinite permeability.
Pediatric hospital and intensive care unit capacity in regional disasters: expanding capacity by altering standards of care.

BACKGROUND. Federal planners have suggested that one strategy to accommodate disaster surges of 500 inpatients per million population would involve altering standards of care. No data are available indicating the extent of alterations necessary to meet disaster surge targets. OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to, in a Monte Carlo simulation study, determine the probability that specified numbers of children could be accommodated for PICU and non-ICU hospital care in a disaster by a set of strategies involving altered standards of care. METHODS. Simulated daily vacancies at each hospital in New York City were generated as the difference between peak capacity and daily occupancy (generated randomly from a normal distribution on the basis of empirical data for each hospital). Simulations were repeated 1000 times. Capacity for new patients was explored for normal standards of care, for expansion of capacity by a discretionary 20% increase in vacancies by altering admission and discharge criteria, and for more strictly reduced standards of care to double or quadruple admissions for each vacancy. Resources were considered to reliably serve specified numbers of patients if that number could be accommodated with a probability of 90%. RESULTS. Providing normal standards of care, hospitals in New York City would reliably accommodate 250 children per million age-specific population. Hypothetical strict reductions in standards of care would reliably permit hospital care of 500 children per million, even if the disaster reduced hospital resources by 40%. On the basis of historical experience that as many as 30% of disaster casualties may be critically ill or injured, existing pediatric intensive care beds will typically be insufficient, even with modified standards of care. CONCLUSIONS. Extending resources by hypothetical alterations of standards of care would usually satisfy targets for hospital surge capacity, but ICU capacity would remain inadequate for large disasters. Language: en
Noncoeliac enteropathy: the differential diagnosis of villous atrophy in contemporary clinical practice.

Summary Background Duodenal villous atrophy (DVA) is a key diagnostic finding in coeliac disease (CD). However, the differential diagnosis for this finding is broad. Aim To identify conditions causing noncoeliac enteropathy (NCE) with villous atrophy and methods to differentiate between CD and NCE in clinical practice. Methods Through record review we identified patients with DVA due to conditions other than CD. Patient demographics, clinical features and relevant investigations were compared with CD patients. Rates of CD misdiagnosis, and response to treatments were recorded. Results Thirty cases of NCE were identified with ten different aetiologies. Unspecified immune-mediated enteropathy was the most common aetiology; affecting 10 patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in NCE than those in CD patients (P < 0.01). Twenty of the 24 NCE patients tested were HLA-DQ2/DQ8 negative. Twenty-six NCE patients were negative for IgA tissue transglutaminase (tTG) (P = 0.0001). Intraepithelial lymphocytosis was absent in 10 (33.3%) patients. Twenty-one NCE patients initially misdiagnosed with CD and one with gluten intolerance were prescribed a gluten free diet (GFD). Fifteen of 22 had repeat biopsy and none showed histological improvement. Conclusions Although coeliac disease is the most common cause of DVA, noncoeliac enteropathy is not rare and may easily be mistaken for coeliac disease. Noncoeliac enteropathy is suggested by a normal initial tTG (87%), lack of intraepithelial lymphocytosis on biopsy, and lack of histological response to a gluten free diet. Subjective response to gluten free diet has poor predictive value for coeliac disease. Noncoeliac enteropathy can often be confirmed by negative HLA-DQ2/DQ8 testing and targeted investigations can ascertain a definitive aetiology in most cases.
Ripple-Free Sampling of Current Signals in Drives with Carrier-based PWM Patterns

This paper investigated the possibility of detecting the instantaneous fundamental component of current signals in electrical drives by sampling the current at the carrier's peak/valley (midpoints of zero vectors V0 and V7) in carrier-based PWM pulse patterns. PWM pattern that does not employ zero vectors or employs only one zero vector was also investigated. The observation can be extended to any carrier-based PWM patterns in which the time sequencing of the selected vectors are symmetrical in each carrier period. The conclusion was verified from both simulation and experiment.
Have You Made Plans for that Big Day? Predicting Intentions to Engage in Funeral Planning

The consumption or purchase of a funeral-related product will become a reality for most Americans. A number of consumerist groups and government agencies are making attempts to inform consumers abo...
Modeling self-thinning of unthinned Lake States red pine stands using nonlinear simultaneous differential equations

Forest management demands thorough knowledge of ecological systems. Tree interaction dynamics are one component of these ecological systems. Developing growth models which incorporate ecological "laws" such as the self-thinning rule can lead to better understanding of the laws, to better understanding of what is still unknown, and to what is in need of refinement. To this end a system of simultaneous differential equations incorporating logical, linked hypotheses regarding growth and mortality is proposed and fit to data from red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in the Lake States (Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin). Using this modeling framework it appears that stand initiation history has a large impact on the level of the self-thinning boundary for red pine growing in the Lake States. Stands with initially high density exhibited lower self-thinning boundaries than stands with lower densities. Site quality (as measured by site index) chiefly affected the rate at which stand dynamics progress. Hig...
A Population Genetic Hidden Markov Model for Detecting Genomic Regions Under Selection

Recently, hidden Markov models have been applied to numerous problems in genomics. Here, we introduce an explicit population genetics hidden Markov model (popGenHMM) that uses single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency data to identify genomic regions that have experienced recent selection. Our popGenHMM assumes that SNP frequencies are emitted independently following diffusion approximation expectations but that neighboring SNP frequencies are partially correlated by selective state. We give results from the training and application of our popGenHMM to a set of early release data from the Drosophila Population Genomics Project (dpgp.org) that consists of approximately 7.8 Mb of resequencing from 32 North American Drosophila melanogaster lines. These results demonstrate the potential utility of our model, making predictions based on the site frequency spectrum (SFS) for regions of the genome that represent selected elements.
In-plane free vibration of supported/free parabolic cables

The free-vibration analysis of parabolic cables fixed at the lower end and free to move in the horizontal direction at the upper end is performed. The dynamic stiffness of such cables is zero at the natural frequencies and this property is used to obtain the governing frequency equation. Double-frequency points at which two consecutive natural frequencies are identical occur for specific values of stiffness parameters. Expressions for the natural modes of vibration and for the contribution of the extensional and inextensional cable resistances to the modal potential energy are given.
Associations Between Breastfeeding Practices and Young Children's Language and Motor Skill Development

OBJECTIVES. We examined the associations of breastfeeding initiation and duration with language and motor skill development in a nationally representative sample of US children aged 10 to 71 months. METHODS. Using cross-sectional data on 22399 children from the 2003 National Survey of Children9s Health, we examined relationships between breastfeeding practices and children9s language and motor skills development. Outcomes were based on each mother9s response to questions regarding her level of concern (a lot, a little, not at all) about her child9s development of expressive language, receptive language, fine motor skills, and gross motor skills. Breastfeeding data were based on mothers9 recall. Methods of variance estimation were applied and multivariate polynomial regression modeling was done to estimate the effects of breastfeeding initiation and duration on children9s development after adjustment for confounders. RESULTS. Mean age of the sample was 2.79 years; 67% were non-Hispanic white, 16% were Hispanic, and 9% were non-Hispanic black. Approximately 17% of mothers reported concerns about their child9s expressive language development; ∼10% had receptive language concerns; ∼6% had concerns about fine motor skills; and 5% reported general motor skills concerns. Multivariate analysis revealed that mothers who initiated breastfeeding were less likely than mothers of never-breastfed children to be concerned a lot about their child9s expressive and receptive language development and fine and general motor skills. Mothers of children breastfed 3 to 5.9 months were less likely than mothers of never-breastfed children to be concerned a lot about their child9s expressive and receptive language and fine and general motor skills. CONCLUSIONS. As with all cross-sectional data, results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings suggest breastfeeding may protect against delays in young children9s language and motor skill development. Fewer concerns about language and motor skill development were evident for children breastfed ≥3 months, and concerns generally decreased as breastfeeding continued ≥9 months.
Materials, Processes, and Performance of High-Wiring Density Buildup Substrate With Ultralow-Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Flip-chip bonding on organic sequential buildup substrate technology has been an essential part of semiconductor packaging. In the quest for an ever higher semiconductor performance, there has been a rapidly increasing need for a finer pitch area array of flip-chip joints. However, the pitch has been limited by packaging technology. An advanced buildup substrate for fine pitch flip-chip bonding has been developed to satisfy the requirements for the most advanced semiconductor devices. The advanced substrate features a low-coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 3 ppm°C, a fine pattern of 8 μm in line width and spacing, micro-vias of 25 μm in diameter, and plated through-holes of 100 μm in pitch. These features accommodate the density of a chip I/O of 104 cm-2, which is about ten times greater than that achieved in current organic packaging, and enable significant size reduction of semiconductor chips and the associated packages. The low-CTE significantly reduces the strain in the solder joints during the reflow process and ensures the solder joint reliability. This paper describes recent progress in the development of the advanced substrate technology as well as the technical difficulties.
RTG-dependent mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling is regulated by MKS1 and is linked to formation of yeast prion [URE3].

An important function of the RTG signaling pathway is maintenance of intracellular glutamate supplies in yeast cells with dysfunctional mitochondria. Herein, we report that MKS1 is a negative regulator of the RTG pathway, acting between Rtg2p, a proximal sensor of mitochondrial function, and the bHLH transcription factors Rtg1p and Rtg3p. In mks1 cells, RTG target gene expression is constitutive, bypassing the requirement for Rtg2p, and is no longer repressible by glutamate. We show further that Mks1p is a phosphoprotein whose phosphorylation pattern parallels that of Rtg3p in response to activation of the RTG pathway, and that Mks1p is in a complex with Rtg2p. MKS1 was previously implicated in the formation of [URE3], an inactive prion form of a negative regulator of the nitrogen catabolite repression pathway, Ure2p. rtg mutations induce [URE3] and can do so independently of MKS1. We find that glutamate suppresses [URE3] formation, suggesting that the Mks1p effect on the formation of [URE3] can occur indirectly via regulation of the RTG pathway.
Eddy Current Probe Design and Matched Filtering for Optimum Flaw Detection

Eddy current signals obtained from variations in the probe liftoff are in general much larger in amplitude than the useful flaw signals. Small flaw signals can, however, be detected in the presence of liftoff noise if a large enough phase angle exists between them. Figure 1(a) shows how this phase discrimination can help in liftoff noise suppression. Here, the oscilloscope traces the complex impedance of the probe. The impedance plane has been rotated so that the liftoff noise lies entirely in the horizontal channel. Now if we choose to look only at the signal in the vertical channel of the scope, or the Q channel (in phase quadrature with liftoff), there will be no liftoff noise. This, however, is not a very realistic picture. Figure 1(b) is obtained when we try to detect much smaller flaws (in this case a closed crack of 20 mils in aluminum). We see that the trace of the liftoff noise has a curvature and that there are also fluctuations along the Q channel axis. Both of these effects eventually limit the detectability of small flaws. Since this contribution of liftoff to the Q channel is in practice larger than circuit noise, we define the detection figure of merit for an EC probe as $$D = \frac{{(\Delta {Z_f})\sin \beta }}{{{{(\Delta {Z_{\ell O}})}_Q}}}.$$ (1)
Feminist Relational Advocacy: Processes and Outcomes From the Perspective of Low-Income Women With Depression

This article describes a qualitative study of how low-income women who are struggling with symptoms of depression experience feminist relational advocacy, a new model that is informed by feminist, multicultural, and community psychology theories. Using qualitative content analysis of participant interviews, the authors describe the processes and outcomes of feminist relational advocacy from participants' perspectives; they also consider how emergent themes fit with principles of the model, including the importance of women's narratives, the inseparability of emotional and practical support, the centrality of the advocacy relationship, and oppression as a source of emotional distress. The article concludes with a discussion of the practice and research implications of the study, highlighting the possibilities of feminist relational advocacy as a new tool for counseling psychologists and the lessons for advocacy models in general.
Preparation and characterization of biaxially oriented films from polybutylene terephthalate based thermoplastic elastomer block copolymers

Film casting and biaxial stretching of a series of polyester thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) were studied. Biaxial orientation in the stretched films was characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and birefringence measurements. Biaxial orientation factors were determined. The X-ray diffraction and birefringence clearly indicated the development of planar biaxial orientation in the stretched films with biaxial stretching. The phenyl groups in the stretched PBT and TPE films gradually became more parallel to the film surfaces with increasing biaxial orientation. The lower the PBT content in the stretched TPE films, the lower the planar biaxial orientation achieved. The β form of crystalline PBT was found only in the stretched PBT films, but not in the TPE films.
Commentary—The measurement of obesity

(1972). Commentary—The measurement of obesity. Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 333-335.
Pathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis : a disorder of T-cell function

Clinical observations suggest that lipoid nephrosis is produced by a systemic abnormality of T-cell function resulting in the secretion of a circulating chemical mediator toxic to an immunologically innocent glomerular basement membrane. The lack of evidence of a humoral antibody response, remission induced by measles which modifies cell-mediated immunity, the therapeutic benefits of steroids and cyclophosphamide which also abate cell-mediated responses, and the occurrence of this syndrome in Hodgkin's disease support this hypothesis. The susceptibility of untreated patients to pneumococcal infections may be of primary or secondary pathogenetic importance. Taken together, the data suggest that this syndrome is a clinical expression of a self-limited primary immune-deficiency disease.