cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potato nutrient management in sustainable cropping systems

Sustainable nutrient management involves a set of management practices designed to conserve soil resources, to maintain or enhance productivity, and to help reduce growers’ reliance on chemical fertilizers. Sustainable nutrient management systems will most certainly rely heavily on the use of legume rotation crops and/or organic soil amendments. To realize the full benefit to the crop ecosystem, sustainable nutrient management programs will also likely require longer crop rotations with less frequent potato production. There is considerable research evidence indicating that these systems can maintain or increase productivity while having positive impacts on nutrient supply, soil physical properties, and soil conservation. However, their successful adoption and continued use on a large scale will require resolution of uncertainties related to economic risk associated with inconsistent nutrient availability in alternative nutrient management systems, potential environmental risks associated with excessive P applications in animal manures, and the potential for increased potato pest incidence resulting from manure application.
Total internal reflection STED microscopy

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy achieves diffraction-unlimited resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy well below 100 nm. As common for (single-lens) far-field microscopy techniques, the lateral resolution is better than the axial sectioning capabilities. Here we present the first implementation of total internal reflection (TIR) illumination into STED microscopy which limits fluorophore excitation to ~70 nm in the vicinity of the cover slip while simultaneously providing ~50 nm lateral resolution. We demonstrate the performance of this new microscope technique with fluorescent bead test samples as well as immuno-stained microtubules. Total internal reflection STED microscopy provides superior axial sectioning capabilities with the potential to reduce photo-bleaching and photo-damage in live cell imaging.
FACIES RELATIONSHIPS AND SEDIMENTATION IN LARGE RIFT LAKES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION: EXAMPLES FROM LAKES TURKANA AND TANGANYIKA

Abstract Two African lakes, Turkana and Tanganyika, illustrate a spectrum of sediments and facies architectures which can occur in large rift lacustrine basins. They demonstrate contrasts between sediments deposited in a semi-arid, moderately deep, mainly volcanic basin (Turkana) and a semi-humid, extremely deep basin without significant volcanism (Tanganyika). Turkana deposits are dominated by rapidly accumulating, organic-poor, terrigenous muds. Coarse-clastic input is in part limited by ponding in marginal subbasins due to volcanic barriers. Profundal coarse-clastic deposition is rare. Sediments contain little biogenic components except in the sediment-starved south basin. Sediments are also poor in cartonates. Tanganyika deposits are dominated by organic rich, biogenic muds. Steep fault-escarpments and uniform slopes along shelf platform and rift-axis lake margins promote the efficient transport of sands into profundal settings. Total clastic sediment supply into the basin is severely restricted by basin morphology with steep relief, backslopping, a limited drainage basin area and presettling in upstream Lake Kivu. Sediment ponding along margins is rare. Littoral carbonates are common; a consequence of low net clastic sedimentation rates. Many of the differences between facies in the two lakes can be explained by contrasts in basin margin slope and relief, volcanic activity, and climate between the two lakes. The results of this study suggest that lake deposits formed in Tanganyika-type rift basins are more appropriate exploration target for hydrocarbon exploration than those from Turkana-type basins.
Comparing Models for Early Warning Systems of Neglected Tropical Diseases

Background: Early warning systems (EWS) are management tools to predict the occurrence of epidemics of infectious diseases. While climate-based EWS have been developed for malaria, no standard protocol to evaluate and compare EWS has been proposed. Additionally, there are several neglected tropical diseases whose transmission is sensitive to environmental conditions, for which no EWS have been proposed, though they represent a large burden for the affected populations. Methodology/Principal Findings: In the present paper, an overview of the available linear and non-linear tools to predict seasonal time series of diseases is presented. Also, a general methodology to compare and evaluate models for prediction is presented and illustrated using American cutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, as an example. The comparison of the different models using the predictive R 2 for forecasts of ‘‘out-of-fit’’ data (data that has not been used to fit the models) shows that for the several linear and non-linear models tested, the best results were obtained for seasonal autoregressive (SAR) models that incorporate climatic covariates. An additional bootstrapping experiment shows that the relationship of the disease time series with the climatic covariates is strong and consistent for the SAR modeling approach. While the autoregressive part of the model is not significant, the exogenous forcing due to climate is always statistically significant. Prediction accuracy can vary from 50% to over 80% for disease burden at time scales of one year or shorter. Conclusions/Significance: This study illustrates a protocol for the development of EWS that includes three main steps: (i) the fitting of different models using several methodologies, (ii) the comparison of models based on the predictability of ‘‘out-of-fit’’ data, and (iii) the assessment of the robustness of the relationship between the disease and the variables in the model selected as best with an objective criterion.
Sympathomimetic amines: Potential clinical applications in ischemic heart disease

Abstract Sympathomimetic amines are useful in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease complicated by heart failure and shock. These agents influence the cardiovascular system by action on alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, and dopamine receptors. Recent evidence has demonstrated the existence of subtypes of the classic adrenergic and dopamine receptors that mediate distinct physiologic effects. The relative actions of sympathomimetic amines on these receptors differ substantially, resulting in considerable variation in their cardiac and peripheral vascular effects. Two classes of sympathomimetic amines are being intensively investigated at present: (1) compounds acting predominantly on beta 1 -adrenergic receptors (i.e., they increase cardiac contractile force with little or no peripheral vascular effects) and (2) compounds acting on both beta 1 -adrenergic and dopamine receptors. Orally active compounds of these two classes have been synthesized recently and are now under study for the treatment of patients with heart failure. Results of preliminary studies with such compounds are briefly reviewed.
Erratum to: Relations Among Self-concealment, Mindfulness, and Internalizing Problems

In the original version of the article, there are three errors. First, the description of the association between selfconcealment and internalizing problems in Abstract should be “High levels of self-concealment predicted higher levels of depression and anxiety above the effects of mindfulness, age, and ethnicity for both men and women, and high levels of self-concealment predicted higher levels of somatization for women”. Second, the description of associations among mindfulness, self-concealment, and internalizing problems in the second paragraph on page 5 (i.e., third paragraph in Result) should be, “These models support the hypothesis that lower levels of mindfulness and higher levels of selfconcealment predict significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety for both sexes and higher levels of somatization for women above the effects of each other and the covariates. Finally, the description of the association between selfconcealment and internalizing problems in the first paragraph on page 6 (i.e., first paragraph in Discussion) should be, “Also as expected, high levels of self-concealment predicted high levels of depression and anxiety above the effects of mindfulness, age, and ethnicity for both men and women, and high levels of self-concealment predicted higher levels of somatization for women”.
Evaluation of an acute focal epidural mass model to characterize the intracranial pressure-volume relationship in healthy Beagles.

Objective—To characterize the intracranial pressure-volume relationship (ICPVR) in dogs by use of an acute frontal-parietal mass lesion model. Animals—7 healthy adult female Beagles. Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. A fiberoptic intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor was inserted to a depth of 1 cm in the parenchyma of the right frontal-parietal region of the brain. A Foley balloon-tipped catheter was placed in the epidural space of the left frontal-parietal area through a separate 1-cm burr hole. Baseline measurements were obtained with the balloon deflated. The balloon was then inflated incrementally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution every 10 minutes until ICP exceeded mean arterial blood pressure. Nonlinear regression analysis with 2-factor and 3-factor exponential equations was used to characterize the ICPVR. Results—The mean baseline ICP was 11 mm Hg, with a 95% confidence interval of 2 to 20 mm Hg. The ICPVR was well characterized by 2-factor or 3-factor exponential equations for all dogs (R 2 > 0.93). Balloon volumes of > 1.2 mL were associated with ICP > 20 mm Hg. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Characterization of the ICPVR may provide clinically useful information regarding the safety of obtaining CSF from the atlanto-occipital space or implantation of brachytherapy catheters and for determining the need for decompressive craniectomy in dogs with acute intracranial disease. High ICP should be suspected in dogs that have an acute frontal-parietal mass lesion estimated to exceed 2% of the brain volume. (Am J Vet Res 2011;72:103–108)
Cell cycle imaging with quantitative differential interference contrast microscopy

We report a microscopic approach for determining cell cycle stages by measuring the nuclear optical path length (OPL) with quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. The approach is validated by the excellent agreement between the proportion of proliferating-to-quiescent cancerous breast epithelial cells obtained from DIC microscopy, and that from a standard immunofluorescence assay.
NASA to design supercomputer

NASA has selected two corporations to do system design studies for its Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator, a specialized supercomputer that will assist in developing and testing new aircraft designs and other flight vehicles and do general research in such fluid flow areas as meteorology, gas dynamics, and computational chemistry. The studies are expected to result in a new data processor which may be 40 times faster than existing supercomputers, with a high-speed memory 60 times the current generation of supercomputers. The new computer uses fluid flow equations to continuously calculate three-dimensional air flows at thousands of points simultaneously. The computer can therefore simulate wind tunnel testing conditions more cheaply than conventional model tests can. Computer simulation will complement wind tunnel tests by reducing the testing required for a new aircraft or flight vehicle design and by producing better designs.
Synthesis and characterization of novel vitamin B1 metal complexes

Abstract The reactions of thiamine hydrochloride with some transition metal salts have been studied. While the nitrates or chlorides of group 2B metals conveniently afford 1:1 (metal:ligand) complexes with this organic ligand, nitrates or chlorides of other metals form different type of complexes under the same experimental conditions. The formulation of the products isolated is M(Th)X 4 where M = Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and X = Cl. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, proton and carbon-13 NMR techniques.
A graph matching approach for labeling brain sulci using location, orientation, and shape

The human brain cortex is a highly convoluted sheet of gray matter composed of folds (gyri) and fissures (sulci). Sulci serve as important macroscopic landmarks to distinguish different functional areas of the brain. The exact segmentation and identification of sulci is critical for human brain mapping studies that aim at finding correspondences between structures and their function. In this paper, a sulcus identification algorithm is introduced using shape, orientation, location, and neighborhood information. Experimental results demonstrate that the method is efficient and accurate.
JAK kinases control IL-5 receptor ubiquitination, degradation, and internalization.

IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF are related he- matopoietic cytokines, which regulate the function of myeloid cells and are mediators of the allergic inflammatory response. These cytokines signal through heteromeric receptors containing a spe- cific chain and a shared signaling chain, c. Previous studies demonstrated that the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome degradation pathway was in- volved in signal termination of the c-sharing re- ceptors. In this study, the upstream molecular events leading to proteasome degradation of the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) were examined. By using biochemical and flow cytometric methods, we show that JAK kinase activity is required for c ubiquiti- nation and proteasome degradation but only par- tially required for IL-5R internalization. Further- more, we demonstrate the direct ubiquitination of the c cytoplasmic domain and identify lysine res- idues 566 and 603 as sites of c ubiquitination. Lastly, we show that ubiquitination of the c cyto- plasmic domain begins at the plasma membrane, increases after receptor internalization, and is de- graded by the proteasome after IL-5R internaliza- tion. We propose an updated working model of IL-5R down-regulation, whereby IL-5 ligation of its receptor activates JAK2/1 kinases, resulting in c tyrosine phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and IL-5R internalization. Once inside the cell, protea- somes degrade the c cytoplasmic domain, and the truncated receptor complex is terminally degraded in the lysosomes. These data establish a critical role for JAK kinases and the Ub/proteasome deg- radation pathway in IL-5R down-regulation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81: 000-000; 2007.
Metalated Nitriles: Stereodivergent Cation-Controlled Cyclizations

Stereodivergent cyclizations of gamma-hydroxy cyclohexanecarbonitriles are controlled simply through judicious choice of cation in the alkylmetal base. Deprotonating a series of cyclic gamma-hydroxy nitriles with i-PrMgBr generates C-magnesiated nitriles that cyclize under stereoelectronic control to cis-fused hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo [5.4.0] undecanes. An analogous deprotonation with BuLi triggers cyclization to trans-fused hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo [5.4.0] undecanes consistent with a sterically controlled electrophilic attack on an equatorial nitrile anion. Using cations to control the geometry of metalated nitriles provides a versatile, stereodivergent cyclization to cis- and trans-hydrindanes, decalins, and [5. 4. 0] undecanes, and reveals the key geometric requirements for intramolecular S(N)2 and S(N)2' displacements.
Aquaporin-5 Dependent Fluid Secretion in Airway Submucosal Glands

Fluid and macromolecule secretion by submucosal glands in mammalian airways is believed to play an important role in airway defense and surface liquid homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis. Immunocytochemistry revealed strong expression of aquaporin water channel AQP5 at the luminal membrane of serous epithelial cells in submucosal glands throughout the mouse nasopharynx and upper airways and AQP4 at the contralateral basolateral membrane in some glands. Novel methods were applied to measure secretion rates and composition of gland fluid in wild type mice and knockout mice lacking AQP4 or AQP5. In mice breathing through a tracheotomy, total gland fluid output was measured from the dilution of a volume marker present in the fluid-filled nasopharynx and upper trachea. Pilocarpine-stimulated fluid secretion was 4.3 +/- 0.4 microl/min in wild type mice, 4.9 +/- 0.9 microl/min in AQP4 null mice, and 1.9 +/- 0.3 microl/min in AQP5 null mice (p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained when secreted fluid was collected in the oil-filled nasopharyngeal cavity. Real-time video imaging of fluid droplets secreted from individual submucosal glands near the larynx in living mice showed a 57 +/- 4% reduced fluid secretion rate in AQP5 null mice. Analysis of secreted fluid showed a 2.3 +/- 0.2-fold increase in total protein in AQP5 null mice and a smaller increase in [Cl(-)], suggesting intact protein and salt secretion across a relatively water impermeable epithelial barrier. Submucosal gland morphology and density did not differ significantly in wild type versus AQP5 null mice. These results indicate that AQP5 facilitates fluid secretion in submucosal glands and that the luminal membrane of gland epithelial cells is the rate-limiting barrier to water movement. Modulation of gland AQP5 expression or function might provide a novel approach to treat hyperviscous gland secretions in cystic fibrosis and excessive fluid secretions in infectious or allergic bronchitis/rhinitis.
An Ultra-specific Avian Antibody to Phosphorylated Tau Protein Reveals a Unique Mechanism for Phosphoepitope Recognition

Abstract Highly specific antibodies to phosphoepitopes are valuable tools to study phosphorylation in disease states, but their discovery is largely empirical, and the molecular mechanisms mediating phosphospecific binding are poorly understood. Here, we report the generation and characterization of extremely specific recombinant chicken antibodies to three phosphoepitopes on the Alzheimer disease-associated protein tau. Each antibody shows full specificity for a single phosphopeptide. The chimeric IgG pT231/pS235_1 exhibits a KD of 0.35 nm in 1:1 binding to its cognate phosphopeptide. This IgG is murine ortholog-cross-reactive, specifically recognizing the pathological form of tau in brain samples from Alzheimer patients and a mouse model of tauopathy. To better understand the underlying binding mechanisms allowing such remarkable specificity, we determined the structure of pT231/pS235_1 Fab in complex with its cognate phosphopeptide at 1.9 A resolution. The Fab fragment exhibits novel complementarity determining region (CDR) structures with a “bowl-like” conformation in CDR-H2 that tightly and specifically interacts with the phospho-Thr-231 phosphate group, as well as a long, disulfide-constrained CDR-H3 that mediates peptide recognition. This binding mechanism differs distinctly from either peptide- or hapten-specific antibodies described to date. Surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that pT231/pS235_1 binds a truly compound epitope, as neither phosphorylated Ser-235 nor free peptide shows any measurable binding affinity.
Drugging the Undruggable

We know what drives oncogenesis in many pediatric cancers, but designing drugs that target these pathways has been difficult. In pediatric neuroblastoma, for example, amplification and subsequent deregulation of the MYCN oncogene characterizes a highly aggressive and expansive subset of cancers. MYCN drives neuroblastoma development and progression, as shown in cell cultures and mouse models in which researchers have elucidated the downstream signaling networks that regulate oncogenic function. One downstream mediator is Aurora-A kinase, which binds to and stabilizes N-Myc, preventing its degradation. Although no clinically available small molecules directly target N-Myc, two Aurora-A allosteric inhibitors can distort Aurora-A’s conformation without inhibiting its kinase activity and so prevent its association with N-Myc. With this in mind, Brockmann and colleagues tested the effects of these Aurora-A inhibitors on N-Myc–driven neuroblastoma cell lines in order to define the inhibitors’ therapeutic potential. Using a variety of assays in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas, Brockmann et al. characterized the effects of MLN8054 and the clinical lead compound MLN8237 on Aurora-A/N-Myc complex formation. In their hands, both inhibitors decreased protein expression of N-Myc by specifically disrupting the Aurora-A/N-Myc complex. This intervention resulted in F-box/WD repeat–containing protein 7 (SCFFBW7)–mediated degradation of N-Myc and reduced cell viability. The drugs were effective in animals also. In tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)–MYCN mouse models of neuroblastoma, treatment with MLN8054 prolonged survival and caused striking tumor regression via disassociation of the Aurora-A/N-Myc complex. Subsequent degradation of N-Myc inhibited the transcription of prognostically significant N-Myc target genes. Overall, these studies demonstrate that MLN8054 and MLN8237 disrupt the Aurora-A/N-Myc complex in neuroblastomas, promoting N-Myc degradation and prolonging survival. The results indicate that Aurora-A is a potential therapeutic target in N-Myc–driven neuroblastomas, presenting an opportunity to further develop targeted therapies for childhood neuroblastomas. M. Brockmann et al ., Small molecule inhibitors of Aurora-A induce proteasomal degradation of N-Myc in childhood neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell 24 , 75 – 89 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/abstract/S1535-6108%2813%2900232-8
A pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography study of Clostridium botulinum and related organisms.

Low resolution pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography could differentiate the following groups of Clostridium botulinum and related organisms: (1) Cl. botulinum type A. proteolytic types B and F and Cl. sporogenes; (2) Cl. botulinum types C and D. and (3) Cl. botulinum type E and non-proteolytic types B and F. Toxin types A and B could be distinguished from type E and from type F.
Matching fixed rectangles in 2-dimension

Abstract For each element Xi,j(1 ⩽ i ⩽ M, 1 ⩽ j ⩽ T) in an M by T 2-dimensional random rectangular lattice, let the Xi,j's be independently, identically distributed and P{Xi,j = 1} = p ϵ (0, 1), P{Xi,j ≠ 1} = 1 − p. We find the probability, ifP{n, k vb M, T}, that there exists a smaller fixed (n by k) rectangle of all 1's in the M by T random rectangular lattice. Exact results for the special cases M = n,n + 1,n + 2 and approximations and upper bounds of the probability in the general case are given and evaluated.
Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background Among persons who receive solid organ transplants, liver transplant recipients have the highest incidence of invasive fungal infection; however, no antifungal prophylaxis has been proven to be effective. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting University-affiliated transplantation center. Patients 212 liver transplant recipients who received fluconazole (400 mg/d) or placebo until 10 weeks after transplantation. Measurements Fungal colonization, proven superficial or invasive fungal infection, drug-related side effects, and death. Results Fungal colonization increased in patients who received placebo (from 60% to 90%) but decreased in patients who received fluconazole (from 70% to 28%). Proven fungal infection occurred in 45 of 104 placebo recipients (43%) but in only 10 of 108 fluconazole recipients (9%) (P 0.2), fewer deaths related to invasive fungal infection were seen in the fluconazole group (2 of 108 patients [2%]) than in the placebo group (13 of 104 patients [13%]) (P = 0.003). Conclusions Prophylactic fluconazole after liver transplantation decreases fungal colonization, prevents superficial and invasive fungal infections, and has no appreciable hepatotoxicity. Although fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with fewer deaths from fungal infection, it does not improve overall survival. Patients receiving prophylactic fluconazole require close monitoring of serum cyclosporine levels to avoid neurologic toxicity.
Electro‐Optical Effects. III

The theory of electro‐optical effects developed in previous papers is applied to the study of the reflection‐refraction of an electromagnetic wave at the interface between two isotropic centrosymmetric materials to which a static electric field is applied. The theory is developed initially for an arbitrary angle of incidence and arbitrary direction of the static field. Detailed implications are obtained in the case when the static field is normal to the interface and when it is parallel to the interface and in the plane formed by the normal to the interface and the direction of propagation.
Preparation of Al-Fe-V-Si Nanocrystalline Powders by Double Mechanical Alloying

A new synthesis technique, namely double mechanical alloying (DMA), has been developed to prepare Al-Fe-V-Si nanocrystalline powders, and during the DMA, XRD result indicate that a transformation from α-Al 13 (Fe,V) 3 Si + fcc-Al phase to quasicrystalline + fcc-Al phase was observed.
Exotic Plant Communities Shift Water-Use Timing in a Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem

Semiarid areas in the US have realized extensive and persistent exotic plant invasions. Exotics may succeed in arid regions by extracting soil water at different times or from different depths than native plants, but little data is available to test this hypothesis. Using estimates of root mass, gravimetric soil water, soil-water potential, and stable isotope ratios in soil and plant tissues, we determined water-use patterns of exotic and native plant species in exotic- and native-dominated communities in Washington State, USA. Exotic and native communities both extracted 12 ± 2 cm of water from the top 120 cm of soil during the growing season. Exotic communities, however, shifted the timing of water use by extracting surface (0–15 cm) soil water early in the growing season (i.e., April to May) before native plants were active, and by extracting deep (0–120 cm) soil water late in the growing season (i.e., June to July) after natives had undergone seasonal senescence. We found that δ 18O values of water in exotic annuals (e.g., −11.8 ± 0.4 ‰ for Bromus tectorum L.) were similar to δ 18O values of surface soil water (e.g., −13.3 ± 1.4 ‰ at −15 cm) suggesting that transpiration by these species explained early season, surface water use in exotic communities. We also found that δ 18O values of water in taprooted exotics (e.g., −17.4 ± 0.3 ‰ for Centaurea diffusa Lam.) were similar to δ 18O values of deep soil water (e.g., −18.4 ± 0.1 ‰ at −120 cm) suggesting that transpiration by these species explained late season, deep water use. The combination of early-season, shallow water-use by exotic winter-actives and late-season, deep water-use by taprooted perennials potentially explains how exotic communities resist establishment of native species that largely extracted soil water only in the middle of the growing season (i.e., May to June). Early season irrigation or the planting of natives with established root systems may allow native plant restoration.
Computer simulation of defects in ammonium perchlorate

Abstract The electrical conductance of ammonium perchlorate has been theoretically investigated by a computer simulation technique using a polarizable point-ion model. The cohesive energy of the crystal was obtained from a Born-Harber cycle calculation. The Born-Mayer repulsive parameter was obtained from the crystal binding energy. The relaxation of approximately 50 ions was accounted for by exact calculation of the repulsive, electrostatic, and polarization energies. Twenty-one defect calculations were performed in all. Based on these calculations, a novel turnstile mechanism involving slow synchronous rotations of the perchlorate ions to allow passage of ammonium ions is proposed for vacancy migration, which accounts for the high-temperature electrical conductance. The energy of formation of a Schottky defect pair was calculated to be 1.66 eV, and the activation energy for migration of a vacancy was found to be 4.53 eV.
Glycans pattern the phase behaviour of lipid membranes

The exterior surface of cell membranes in eukaryotes is surrounded by glycans. It is now found that the spatial configuration of these polysaccharide molecules controls the phase behaviour of multiphase lipid membranes—either by stabilizing ordered lipid domains or by suppressing macroscopic lipid phase separation—and that this glycan-induced patterning is thermally reversible.
STATE ATLASES: FUNDING SOURCES AND THEMATIC CONTENT∗

Is the thematic content of state atlases influenced by the primary sources of atlas funding, private or public? Maps portraying economic conditions, the physical environment, and population dominated state atlases produced between 1970 and 1986, accounting for over 80% of all thematic content. Funding sources effected modest differences in content. Publicly funded state atlases devoted more attention to introductory, physical, and cultural topics, and privately funded state atlases emphasized population, industrial, and agricultural themes.
Information storage and retrieval systems on mainframes and minicomputers: a comparison of text retrieval packages available in the UK

Information provided by the vendors of nine text based package systems is presented in a standard format. Features which are now generally accepted as ‘necessary’ are identified, and the areas of difference between the various package systems are discussed. Criteria are proposed for package selection by prospective users. The packages are ADP/3RIP, ASSASSIN 6, BASIS, CAIRS, DECO, DOCU/MASTER, INFOText, SEARCH and STATUS.
Linear suppression of intercarrier interference in time-varying OFDM systems: From the viewpoint of multiuser detection

Intercarrier interference (ICI) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which causes substantial performance degradation in time-varying fading channels, is analyzed. An equivalent spreading code formulation is derived based on the analogy of OFDM and code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. Techniques as linear multiuser detection in CDMA systems are applied to suppress the ICI in OFDM systems. The performance of linear detection, measured using multiuser efficiency and asymptotic multiuser efficiency, is analyzed given the assumption of perfect channel state information (CSI), which serves as an upper bound for the performance of practical systems. For systems without CSI, time domain and frequency domain channel estimation based linear detectors are proposed. The performance gains and robustness of a linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) filter over a traditional filter (TF) and matched filter (MF) in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime are demonstrated with numerical simulation results.
On the nonlinear charge density wave conductivity of TaS3

Abstract The conductivity of the charge-density-wave semiconductor TaS 3 is shown to consist of temperature dependent ohmic, and field dependent but temperature independent, contributions at temperatures below the Peierls transition T P = 215 K. The field dependent conductivity can be described by a tunneling formalism proposed by Bardeen.
The Tensile Core: Theological Pedagogy in a New Context

Older, second-career and non-traditional students in seminaries present challenges for theological curricula and teaching in situations where theological study and the actual practice of ministry are no longer sequential but simultaneous. The author proposes a threefold response to these challenges, combining scholarly excellence and compassionate pedagogy with an eye toward seamless integration of study, formation, and life. The axis connecting past and future within this trinity is compassionate pedagogy: an approach to teaching in which passionate mutual participation yields creative contextualizing of academics and practice, guiding students toward a comprehension of their lives and work as the central arena of theological inquiry.
Gate Oxide Integrity as Affected by Hf Last Wafer Treatments and Passivating Techniques

As device performance requirements increase, device features become smaller and films become thinner. The resultant sensitivity to defect density is such that controlling the condition of wafer surfaces prior to primary process steps becomes more and more critical. Wafer cleaning technologies of the past may not be optimum in providing needed device characteristics and reliability of tomorrow's semiconductors. In this paper, we compare the currently used RCA wafer clean chemistries to newer HF last, vapor dry technologies which use direct displacement of liquids to minimize contaminants. Subsequent passivation of these hydrophobic wafer surfaces is accomplished by various methods of oxidation including chemical treatments and RTP processing. Data collected from I-V, SIMS and DEFECT DENSITY testing will be included in the presentation.
Variational calculation of the effective emissivity for a random bed

Abstract Rigorous variational upper bounds are formulated for the effective emissivity of an isothermal semi-infinite slab with an arbitrary void-solid distribution. Explicit calculations are given for a model pore structure, a semi-infinite slab cut from a bed of randomly placed freely overlapping solid spheres all of the same radius. The variational effective emissivity increases linearly with the void fraction, and the slope of this increase depends on the particle surface emissivity. The variational upper bound and a recently obtained lower, truncated multiple scattering summation bound provide a rigorous squeeze on the effective emissivity curves, which tightens with decreasing void fraction. These reciprocal bounds are compared with cell model and two-flux bed emissivities as well as available experimental data.
A Comparison of the Hairiness and Diameter of Ring and Open-End Yarns

This paper presents a comparison between the hairiness and diameter of open-end and ring yams spun from various polyester/cotton blends. The yarn hairiness and diameter were measured using an optical technique. The study covered the effects of blend ratio, yarn count, and twist on the hairiness and diameter of open-end and ring yams. The results show that the yams spun on the BD 200 machine had a diameter roughly 10% larger than correspond ing ring yams. The open-end yarns were also found to be less hairy than ring yams, but the hairiness was found to have a higher coefficient of variation.
MAGNETIC FORCE MICROMANIPULATION SYSTEMS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Manipulation systems using magnetic field gradients have the ability to apply a large range of forces noninvasively to a specific target. Depending on the requirements of a given experiment, the systems may be as simple as a single electromagnet for unidirectional manipulation or as complex as a high-frequency three-dimensional manipulator with force feedback. Here, we discuss the motivation for developing such systems, theory and design considerations, and give examples of the broad range of manipulators that has been put to use. In addition, we discuss a variety of applications demonstrating the range of experiments for which such a system is applicable.
A C. elegans LSD1 Demethylase Contributes to Germline Immortality by Reprogramming Epigenetic Memory

Epigenetic information undergoes extensive reprogramming in the germline between generations. This reprogramming may be essential to establish a developmental ground state in the zygote. We show that mutants in spr-5, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the H3K4me2 demethylase LSD1/KDM1, exhibit progressive sterility over many generations. This sterility correlates with the misregulation of spermatogenesis-expressed genes and transgenerational accumulation of the histone modification dimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me2). This suggests that H3K4me2 can serve as a stable epigenetic memory, and that erasure of H3K4me2 by LSD/KDM1 in the germline prevents the inappropriate transmission of this epigenetic memory from one generation to the next. Thus, our results provide direct mechanistic insights into the processes that are required for epigenetic reprogramming between generations.
Bridging the Science and Practice of Clinical Supervision: Some Discoveries, Some Misconceptions

This article attempts to bridge the science and practice of clinical supervision by summarizing 28 years of research and supervisory experiences. Seven myths about clinical supervision are debunked by empirical data and discoveries: Supervision theory is accurate, supervisees are anxious, recording sessions is in appropriate, supervisors do not need to monitor supervisees' in-session behavior, supervision is about using the right theory or techniques, supervisors are well trained, and supervisors protect supervisees and clients from harm. Suggestions are offered to build a stronger bridge between supervision research and practice. Some dos and don'ts are identified from my experience as a supervision practitioner and researcher.
The use of single exponential orbitals in one‐center molecular orbital calculations

Single-exponential Slater type orbitals of the form psi/sub 1/ = (1 + L/sub 1/(r,theta) + L/sub 2/(r,theta) + ... + L/sub n/(r,theta)) exp (-..cap alpha..r) are examined for their potential use as one-center molecular orbitals. These are then to be used as molecular fragments in a LCMO study. The system examined is HeH/sup + +/ with calculated energies and dipole moments being compared to the exact values. These functions behave best in the region of chemical interest (the bonding region) and thus demonstrate a possible usefulness in LCMO calculations and in the field of one-electron diatomics.
Pharmacokinetics of trimethylamine in rats, including the effects of a synthetic diet.

1. The pharmacokinetic profile of trimethylamine (TMA) was examined in the male Wistar rat and the effects of a synthetic diet on TMA pharmacokinetics were also evaluated. 2. The concentrations of TMA and its N-oxide in blood were analysed by a sensitive headspace gas chromatographic assay. 3. The pharmacokinetics of TMA were essentially linear for intravenous (i.v.) bolus doses of 10-40 mg kg(-1). Over the range of administered i.v. doses, the concentrations of TMA in blood declined approximately monoexponentially with half-lives of 2.03-2.48 h. The Vd of TMA ranged from 3.2 to 4.39 l kg(-1) and clearance ranged from 18.78 to 23.92 ml min(-1) kg(-1). The peak concentration of TMA in blood occurred at 1 h after oral administration of a 20 mg kg(-1) dose and the bioavailability for the oral dose averaged 81%. 4. Peak concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in blood were attained at 0.73 and 1 h after i.v and oral administration of TMA (20 mg kg(-1)), respectively. 5. Feeding the male Wistar rat with a synthetic diet resulted in a twofold decrease in the clearance of TMA. Furthermore, the concentration of TMAO in blood after i.v. administration of TMA peaked at 1.25 h in rat placed on the synthetic diet as opposed to 0.75 h in rat placed on normal laboratory rat chow. The altered pharmacokinetic profile of TMA and its N-oxide suggest a diminished drug-elimination capacity in rat placed on the synthetic diet. 6. Dietary modulation of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity may explain the effects of diet on the pharmacokinetics of TMA and its N-oxide.
Upper extremity fasciotomy : Sufficiency of clinical assessment and relationship to persistent functional deficit

The authors analyzed 11 upper extremity fasciotomies performed for specific clinical indications following trauma and evaluated the reliability of the clinical diagnosis and causes of postsurgical reduced functional recovery. Tissue-pressure measurements were not used in this study. Types of injury in 11 study patients included: four (36%) gunshot, three (27%) blunt, three (27%) intravascular drug injections, and one (9%) shotgun. Average time from injury to fasciotomy was 9.25 (range: 2 to 18) hours. After follow-up evaluation at 6 weeks to 3 months, four (36%) patients had full functional recovery of the limb; 7 (64%) had diminished function. Two patients required amputation: one after a shotgun injury complicated by sepsis and another in a drug-abuse patient with pressure necrosis secondary to an extended period of prehospital unconsciousness. Diagnosis of upper extremity compartment syndrome was reliably made by using specific and accepted clinical criteria. Despite early fasciotomy, significant morbi...
Examining Dose of Diabetes Group Medical Visits and Characteristics of the Uninsured

Type 2 diabetes is a significant problem for the uninsured. Diabetes Group Medical Visits (DGMVs) have been reported to improve outcomes. However, it is not known if the increased workload of the health care team to treat and educate patients at multiple visits has an impact on patient functioning and well-being. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of dose of DGMVs on biophysical outcomes of care in uninsured persons with diabetes. No significant correlations were found between number of DGMVs attended and biophysical outcomes of care. However, the majority of patients attended two or less DGMVs in 1 year. Dose of DGMVs did not impact outcomes and may not be enough to assure attendance. Involving patients to construct patient-centered interventions may decrease the treatment burden faced by both patients and providers. In addition, such interventions should be aimed at understanding reasons for low attendance, particularly in rural impoverished adults.
Caseinolytic and Glyoprotein Hydrolase Activity of Streptococcus mutans

After the sonic rupture of Streptococcus mutans cells, two fractions were obtained. The soluble cell contents hydrolyzed casein but not porcine gastric glycoprotein. The cell-debris fraction showed proteolytic activity on both casein and gastric glycoprotein. Glycoprotein hydrolase activity also was demonstrated in the medium from which the cells were harvested.
A 4.7T/11.1T NMR compliant wirelessly programmable implant for bio-artificial pancreas in vivo monitoring

This paper presents the design, implementation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements of a wireless, magnetic compliant, implant that increases the signal sensitivity of NMR images by 3.8dB and 2.6dB in 4.7T and 11.1T magnetic field strengths respectively. The device supports sustained reliable operation through a strongly coupled resonance wireless powering scheme in addition to improving high-resolution image SNR up to 73% within the region of interest.
VARIATION IN THERMAL TOLERANCE AMONG THREE MISSISSIPPI RIVER POPULATIONS OF THE ZEBRA MUSSEL, DREISSENA POLYMORPHA

Abstract To investigate the occurrence of thermal adaptation in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, inhabiting the lower reaches of the Mississippi River, we compared lethal heat-tolerance among three populations (mussels collected at Lake Pepin, MN; Alton, IL; and Baton Rouge, LA). We determined time-to-death at 32°C for 160 individuals per site, for mussels collected at a water temperature of 15°C and then maintained in the laboratory for about 8 wk under uniform conditions. Both shell length and condition index significantly affected survival time and were included as covariates in the analysis for interpopulation differences in heat-tolerance. Zebra mussels from our southernmost location had a higher heat-tolerance than those from the two northern locations. This difference in heat-tolerance among sites may indicate adaptation to local temperature regimes. In addition, in a comparison of heat tolerance within populations, we separated mussels into size classes (where larger mussels have been expos...
Society and Economy in Mexico

Society and Economy in Mexico. James W. Wilkie (editor). Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1990. 163 pp. $37.50 (cloth). ISBN0–87903–250–2.
Role of aerial photos in compiling a long-term remote sensing data set

Long-term data sets are important in the fields of ecology, hydrology, rangeland science, and geography. Remote sensing is an especially important component of such studies when spatial and temporal capabilities are important considerations. In many cases, satellite remote sensing is not adequate because of resolution or length of observation drawbacks. However, aerial photography, which extends back into the mid 1930s, is often overlooked. In order to find relevant imagery, considerable effort needs to be expended because the aerial photos over a particular study area can be scattered in a large number of archives across the country. Once the photos are assembled, digital scanning, proper documentation, storage, and a searchable data base are necessary to make easy and effective use of the aerial photos. The aerial photo data are of immense value to researchers, natural resource managers, students, and the general public.
Effects of Ammonium and Non-Ammonium Salt Additions on Methane Oxidation by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Maine Forest Soils

Additions of ammonium and non-ammonium salts inhibit atmospheric methane consumption by soil at salt concentrations that do not significantly affect the soil water potential. The response of soils to non-ammonium salts has previously raised questions about the mechanism of ammonium inhibition. Results presented here show that inhibition of methane consumption by non-ammonium salts can be explained in part by ion-exchange reactions: cations desorb ammonium, with the level of desorption varying as a function of both the cation and anion added; differential desorption results in differential inhibition levels. Differences in the extent of inhibition among ammonium salts can also be explained in part by the effects of anions on ammonium exchange. In contrast, only minimal effects of cations and anions are observed in liquid cultures of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. The comparable level of inhibition by equinormal concentrations of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 and the insensitivity of salt inhibition to increasing methane concentrations (from 10 to 100 ppm) are of particular interest, since both of these patterns are in contrast to results for soils. The greater inhibition of methane consumption for NH4Cl than (NH4)2SO4 in soils can be attributed to increased ammonium adsorption by sulfate; increasing inhibition by non-ammonium salts with increasing methane concentrations can be attributed to desorbed ammonium and a physiological mechanism proposed previously for pure cultures.
Post-CMP Cleaning of Copper/Hydrophobic Low-k Dielectric Films

The requirements for copper post-CMP cleaning include slurry particle removal, organic residue removal, metal contamination reduction, water mark elimination, copper corrosion prevention, and low-k surface change minimization. The difficulty in meeting some of these requirements varies with the CMP consumables (e.g. slurry, pad, etc.) used. Over the past ten years, the most significant factor driving changes in copper post-CMP cleaning is low-k surface hydrophobicity. A highly hydrophobic ultra low-k surface provides a significant challenge not only to wafer drying, but also to wafer cleaning and rinsing. In this paper, state-of-the-art post-CMP cleaning of Cu/ultra low-k dielectric films is presented.