cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FDA Panel Votes Against Approval for Bivalirudin

The Cardiovascular and Renal Advisory Panel of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) met on October 22 and 23, 1998, to discuss guidelines for evaluation of drugs for heart failure and to consider the anticoagulant bivalirudin. Bivalirudin is a 20-amino-acid peptide that acts as a direct thrombin inhibitor and is active against bound and circulating thrombin. The discussion centered around 2 large multicenter trials (with identical designs) that compared the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin and …
Pulmonary metastasectomy for head and neck cancers

Background: Distant metastases from carcinomas that arise from the head and neck region are infrequent. The most common site is the lung. To evaluate the results of resection of pulmonary metastases for head and neck cancers, we reviewed our own cases of these metastases. Methods: Between November 1966 and March 1995, 83 patients with pulmonary metastases from head and neck cancers underwent 94 thoracic operations. All patients had obtained or had obtainable locoregional control of their primary head and neck cancers. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to analyze the prognostic factors for survival after metastasectomy. Results: Median age was 53 years (range, 17–77). Fifty-nine were male and 24 were female. Forty-one patients had squamous cell cancers, and 36 had glandular tumors that consisted mostly of thyroid and adenoid cystic carcinomas. The median disease-free interval from the time of treatment of the head and neck primary cancers to the development of pulmonary metastases was 27 months. Sixty-eight (82%) patients had complete resection. Overall operative mortality rate was 2%. Overall actuarial survival rate after metastasectomy was 50% at 5 years. Patients with glandular tumors had a 5-year survival rate of 64% compared with 34% for patients with squamous cell cancers. When the patients with glandular tumors were analyzed according to their histology, patients with adenoid cystic carcinomas had an 84% 5-year survival, but none remained disease-free. Patients with thyroid cancers fared similarly whether they were treated medically or surgically. On multivariate analysis, the adverse prognostic factors for patients with squamous cell cancers were incomplete resection, age greater than 50 years, and disease-free interval less than or equal to 2 years. Conclusions: Approximately 30% of patients with pulmonary metastases from squamous cell cancers of the head and neck who underwent complete resection of all their metastases can expect to achieve long-term survival. The role of pulmonary resection for patients with glandular tumors is unclear.
The globalization of pediatric trials: should we be worried?

In “Globalization of Pediatric Research: Analysis of Clinical Trials Completed for Pediatric Exclusivity,” Pasquali et al1 reported that 65% of the studies conducted for pediatric exclusivity took place in at least 1 non-US country, and 38% of trials enrolled patients in more than 1 site located in a developing/transition country, including more than one-third of infectious disease, cardiovascular, and allergy/immunology trials. The authors concluded that pharmaceutical companies may be using “developing” countries to both meet enrollment needs and avoid the regulatory requirements …
Intracellularly studied excitability changes in coronal-pericruciate neurons following low frequency stimulation of the corticobulbar tract

Abstract Direct intracellular measurements of excitability changes to injected current were made in 116 cortical neurons of awake cats following antidromic or orthodromic activation by repetitive, 1–6 Hz stimulation of the pes pedunculi. The predominant effect seen in antidromically activated cells was a transient decrease in excitability and input resistance. The predominant effect seen in orthodromically (transsynaptically) activated cells was a transient increase in excitability and input resistance. In the absence of accompanying change in rates of spontaneous spike activity, the above results suggest that adaptations supporting the changes in excitability and resistance occur locally to these cells.
COMMUNITY APPLICATIONS OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY: TRAINING LOW‐INCOME PROCTORS1

A community education system might be most effectively implemented in low-income communities if it were deliverable by neighborhood residents. A proctor training manual, designed to teach neighborhood residents how to administer standardized learning units to their peers, was analyzed in two experiments. The results of Experiment I showed that the percentage of occurrence of proctor behaviors increased after completion of the manual. Supplementary data suggest that specified proctor behaviors generalize to actual instructional situations. The results of Experiment II showed that the percentage of occurrence of trainee behaviors was higher when instructional packages were administered by trained proctors than when administered by untrained proctors. This study demonstrates an effective procedure for training low-income community residents to serve as proctors for a community education system.
Sporulation of Minchinia sp. (Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae) in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) from the Republic of Korea

SYNOPSIS. A haplosporidan parasite belonging to the genus Minchinia was found in 4 of 1,438 oysters, Crassostrea gigas, collected from the Republic of Korea. Multinucleated vegetative stages were present in the infected oysters. Spores found in one of these oysters were acid-fast and had operculate characteristics of the genus Minchinia.
A procedure to correlate color measuring systems using potato chip samples

Measurement of potato chip color is extremely important to the potato processing industry. A procedure is described whereby finished chip samples were utilized for correlation of one spectrophotometric chip color measurement system with another. Calibration, standardization, sample preparation, randomization and prediction equation development procedures are described.
Tick Passage Results in Enhanced Attenuation of Babesia bovis

Serial blood passage of virulent Babesia bovis in splenectomized cattle results in attenuated derivatives that do not cause neurologic disease. Tick transmissibility can be lost with attenuation, but when retained, attenuated B. bovis can revert to virulence following tick passage. This study provides data showing that tick passage of the partially attenuated B. bovis T2Bo derivative strain further decreased virulence compared with intravenous inoculation of the same strain in infected animals. Ticks that acquired virulent or attenuated parasites by feeding on infected cattle were transmission fed on naive, splenectomized animals. While there was no significant difference between groups in the number of parasites in the midgut, hemolymph, or eggs of replete female ticks after acquisition feeding, animals infected with the attenuated parasites after tick transmission showed no clinical signs of babesiosis, unlike those receiving intravenous challenge with the same attenuated strain prior to tick passage. Additionally, there were significantly fewer parasites in blood and tissues of animals infected with tick-passaged attenuated parasites. Sequencing analysis of select B. bovis genes before and after tick passage showed significant differences in parasite genotypes in both peripheral blood and cerebral samples. These results provide evidence that not only is tick transmissibility retained by the attenuated T2Bo strain, but also it results in enhanced attenuation and is accompanied by expansion of parasite subpopulations during tick passage that may be associated with the change in disease phenotype.
Release of aggressive and capture behaviour in the antMyrmecia gulosa F. by exocrine products of the ant Camponotus

SYNOPSIS An account is given of the behaviour of workers of Myrmecia gulosa in the presence of formic acid and undecane (substances produced by its normal prey Camponotus). Comparative studies with three other species of Myrmecia are described.
The neurosurvival factor Humanin inhibits β-cell apoptosis via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and delays and ameliorates diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice

Pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis is important in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. We investigated whether Humanin, a recently described survival factor for neurons, could improve the survival of beta-cells and delay or treat diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) model. Humanin reduced apoptosis induced by serum starvation in NIT-1 cells and decreased apoptosis induced by cytokine treatment. Humanin induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation over a 24-hour time course. Specific inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 resulted in nullifying the protective effect of Humanin. Humanin normalized glucose tolerance in NOD mice treated for 6 weeks, and their pancreata revealed decreased lymphocyte infiltration and severity. In addition, Humanin delayed/prevented the onset of diabetes in NOD mice treated for 20 weeks. In summary, Humanin treatment decreases cytokine-induced apoptosis in beta-cells in vitro and improved glucose tolerance and onset of diabetes in NOD mice in vivo. This indicates that Humanin may be useful for islet protection and survival in a spectrum of diabetes-related therapeutics.
Efficient and Accurate Explicit Integration Algorithms with Application to Viscoplastic Models

Several explicit integration algorithms with self-adative time integration strategies are developed and investigated for efficiency and accuracy. These algorithms involve the Runge-Kutta second order, the lower Runge-Kutta method of orders one and two, and the exponential integration method. The algorithms are applied to viscoplastic models put forth by Freed and Verrilli and Bodner and Partom for thermal/mechanical loadings (including tensile, relaxation, and cyclic loadings). The large amount of computations performed showed that, for comparable accuracy, the efficiency of an integration algorithm depends significantly on the type of application (loading). However, in general, for the aforementioned loadings and viscoplastic models, the exponential integration algorithm with the proposed self-adaptive time integration strategy worked more (or comparably) efficiently and accurately than the other integration algorithms. Using this strategy for integrating viscoplastic models may lead to considerable savings in computer time (better efficiency) without adversely affecting the accuracy of the results. This conclusion should encourage the utilization of viscoplastic models in the stress analysis and design of structural components.
Bovine keratohyalin: anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, immunologic, and biochemical studies

Salt extraction studies showed that keratohyalin (KH) could be solubilized and extracted from fresh bovine hoof epidermis. The solubility of KH varied in relation to the molarity of the salt solution used for extraction. Using this information, the extracted KH was aggregated in vitro by dialyzing the high salt extract against distilled water. Histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunologic studies of the resultant particles or macroaggregates showed that the latter had the same properties and immunogenicity as the KH granule in situ and produced antibodies against it. Fractionation of the macroaggregates by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the macroaggregates were composed of sets of 20 polymers whose subunits or monomers had a molecular weight of 16,900. Amino acid analyses showed that the macroaggregates and the various fractionated polymers were similar and that the protein had 116 amino acid residues. Serine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, and histidine constituted 78% of all residues, and serine alone represented 27%. The molecular weight by amino acid analyses was 16,150 after correction for the 8% ribonucleic acid which appears to he complexed to the protein.
Reduced Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Cardiothoracic Surgery after Implementation of a Novel Clinical Decision Support Tool

Background Packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion can increase short- and long-term adverse outcomes and health care costs. We compared the transfusion practices in cardiothoracic surgery before and after implementation of a novel clinical decision support (CDS) tool. Study Design The transfusion CDS tool was implemented within computerized provider order entry of a multi-institutional urban hospital system in September 2012. Data were queried for 12 months pre-intervention and for another 12 months post-intervention to compare transfusion practices for all adult patients having isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or isolated surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Results The total number of patients undergoing either isolated CABG or isolated SAVR was 744 pre-intervention and 765 post-intervention (p = 0.84). There was no significant difference in age (64 ± 11.4 years vs 64.5 ± 11.2 years, p = 0.37) or sex (30.2% vs 32.2% female, p = 0.42) between the 2 groups. The number of postoperative transfusions (374 [50.3%] vs 312 [40.8%], p Conclusions Implementation of a transfusion CDS tool was associated with lower pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels, fewer transfusions, decreased infection rates, and decreased health care costs, without an increase in short-term mortality.
Comments on the effect of the ponderomotive potential in the above-threshold ionization processes

We discuss the effect of a laser field on the ionization potential of atoms and compare the ponderomotive-potential interpretation of the apparent threshold shift with experimental results of the above-threshold ionization of noble-gas atoms.
A Probabilistic Model for Creep-Fatigue Failure

Creep-fatigue damage has long been recognized as one of the principal damage mechanisms in high-temperature pressure vessel and piping systems. Here, the authors outline a method for incorporating the scatter observed in creep rupture times and fatigue cycles-to-failure into a probabilistic model for creep-fatigue failure. They do this within the context of the well-known damage fraction summation rule. Various numerical methods for calculating the probability of failure for given creep-fatigue loading cycles are discussed.
Hydration of halide and bromine negative ions in a supersonic jet expansion

Abstract The water cluster ions, X − (H 2 O) n , where X − = F − , Cl − , Br − , or I − and n = 1−24, are observed within a supersonic free jet expansion of moist argon buffer gas by an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. The relative intensities of these ions suggest the existence of special stabilities for certain large cluster ions containing 10 or more water molecules. The magnitudes of these special stabilities increase with decreasing size of the core ion so that they are most distinct for clusters of F − and not detectable for those of I − . Special stabilities are also observed for relatively large water clusters of bromine negative ion, Br − 2 (H 2 O) n .
Diagnosis of Naturally Occurring Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections in Ruminants Using Monoclonal Antibody-based Immunohistochemistry

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 spontaneous cases (39 bovine, nine ovine, two caprine) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection diagnosed by virus isolation were retrospecti...
Unrealistic vocational choice: A research model

Abstract Multimethod factor scores were derived from measures of ACT aptitude, ACT nonacademic achievement and the Omnibus Personality Inventory. A sample of 89 subjects whose freshman major was engineering and whose junior year major consisted of a variety of nonengineering subjects represented subjects who had made an unrealistic vocational choice as freshmen. The junior year majors of these subjects were classified by Holland's theory of vocational choice and the relationship between the factor scores and Holland categories was shown by the technique of spatial configuration. These data were employed to illustrate how counseling practice could be integrated with vocational theory.
At the frontiers of simple systems

Chemical Dynamics via Molecular Beam and Laser Techniques. By R.B. Bernstein. Oxford University Press: 1982. Pp. 262. Hbk £25, $49.50; pbk £10.95, $19.50.
Iron Nitride Films Formed in a R. F. Glow Discharge

Abstract Fe 2 N and Fe 3 N films were deposited in an r.f. glow discharge by introducing Fe(CO) 5 and NH 3 into the reactor. The iron nitride films thus formed exhibited sheet conductivities in the range of 10 2 –10 3 ohm −1 cm −1 . They exhibited microhardness ranging from 578 to 659 kg mm −2 on glass slides. The effects of the deposition temperature and the nature of the substrate material on the structure and composition of the films were investigated. An Fe 4 N layer was formed on iron substrates at 400°C in the plasma nitriding process using NH 3 as the gas source. The Fe 4 N layer exhibited a microhardness of 230 kg mm −2 . The effect of the temperature on the formation of the nitrided layer is discussed.
End-capillary loops in the heart: an explanation for discrete myocardial infarctions without border zones

Separate perfusions of canine coronary arteries with colored silicone-rubber compound reveal that in the region where two microcirculations abut, capillaries derived from individual large vessels are discrete, with no interconnections. Terminal homologous capillaries from loops rather than anastomosing with heterologous capillaries. This anatomic arrangement may account for discrete myocardial infarctions without ischemic border zones.
The Venus Flytrap as a model for a biomimetic material with built-in sensors and actuators

Abstract In the present paper a model is presented for the dynamic response of a family (Droseraceae) of carnivorous plants such as the Venus Flytrap ( Dionaea Muscipula Ellis ) and the Waterwheel Plant ( Aldrovanda Vesiculosa ) to external dynamic disturbances. The goal of the present investigation is to apply such modelling to the molecular design of biomimetic materials with sensors and actuators. In modelling the dynamic response of such plants (or their flowers, to be exact) to external disturbances it is worth noting that these plants are capable of trapping and capturing their prey, usually small insects and flies, by the stimulation of a number of built-in trigger hairs or whisker-type sensors, which may be electro-elastic. The trapping and capturing action is quite muscular in the sense that, for example in the case of the Venus Flytrap, the flower, which is in the form of twin-lobed leaf blades closes quite quickly, upon stimulation of its trigger hairs, to trap the prey. These petals or valves are normally held ajar like an open spring trap. A victim entering the compass of the valves trips a trigger mechanism, whereupon the valves snap together with often surprising speed like a pair of jaws, and the victim is securely held within. The Venus Flytrap and Waterwheel Plant are closely related, though the former is terrestrial while the latter is aquatic. They belong to the same family as the Sundews (Droseraceae). The purpose of the present paper is to present a model for such intelligent structures with built-in sensors and muscular actuators in the hope of being able to fabricate similar intelligent materials (biomimetics) and intelligent structures for practical applications. Another remarkable property of the Venus Flytrap is that it is indeed possible to spring the trap without touching the trigger hairs — by repeated rubbing or scratching of the surface of the lobes for example — but the insect always does so by touching one or more trigger hairs. Based on a number of experimental observations in our laboratory we present a model for sensing and actuation of the Venus Flytrap. Our model is based on redistribution of ions and in particular Ca 2+ and H + ions in the tissue volumes. Generation of action potential simulation of trigger whiskers creates an ionic membrane type depolarization wave that propagates throughout the flower tissues.
Modeling the uniaxial rate and temperature dependent behavior of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers

Strain rate and temperature dependent constitutive equations are proposed for polymer materials based on existing isotropic formulations of viscoplasticity. The proposed formulations are capable of simulating some of the important features of deformation behavior of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. The materials model is based on the assumption that the evolution of flow stress is dependent on the rate of deformation, temperature, and an appropriate set of internal variables. The proposed theory is capable of modeling yielding, strain softening, and the orientation hardening exhibited by amorphous polymers. It is also possible to model the initial viscoplastic and subsequent nonlinear hardening behavior shown by semicrystalline polymers at large strains. Uniaxial tensile tests with uniform and hourglass specimens are made at temperatures ranging from 23 to 100°C and under various crosshead speeds. Both amorphous polycarbonate and semicrystalline polypropylene sheet materials are tested to characterize the stress and strain behavior of these materials and to determine their appropriate material constants. Load relaxation experiments are also conducted to obtain the necessary material constants describing the rate and temperature dependent flow stress behavior of polypropylene. Simulation results compare favorably against experimental data for these polymer materials.
Residential demand for liquid petroleum gas

Abstract This is the first micro-based study of residential demand for liquid petroleum gas (LPG). The data are from DOE's Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Results are compared with elasticity estimates derived from the same data set for the three other main residential fuels. LPG has a price elasticity for space and water heating combined of −1.3. Income elasticity is 0.207.
Responses of fibroblasts to anchorage of dorsal extracellular matrix receptors

Fibroblasts in 2D cultures differ dramatically in behavior from those in the 3D environment of a multicellular organism. However, the basis of this disparity is unknown. A key difference is the spatial arrangement of anchored extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors to the ventral surface in 2D cultures and throughout the entire surface in 3D cultures. Therefore, we asked whether changing the topography of ECM receptor anchorage alone could invoke a morphological response. By using polyacrylamide-based substrates to present anchored fibronectin or collagen on dorsal cell surfaces, we found that well spread fibroblasts in 2D cultures quickly changed into a bipolar or stellate morphology similar to fibroblasts in vivo. Cells in this environment lacked lamellipodia and large actin bundles and formed small focal adhesions only near focused sites of protrusion. These responses depend on substrate rigidity, calcium ion, and, likely, the calcium-dependent protease calpain. We suggest that fibroblasts respond to both spatial distribution and mechanical input of anchored ECM receptors. Changes in cell shape may in turn affect diverse cellular activities, including gene expression, growth, and differentiation, as shown in numerous previous studies.
A Study on TingBao Yang's Architectural Thoughts: Aiming at the Regionalism Concept

This paper aims to analyze the regionalism concepts in Tingbao Yang's architectural thought on the Regionalism Concept. Firstly, this study examined Tingbao Yang's career to make clear what has influenced his architectural thought. Secondly, this study analyzed his most important works to find if any regionalism concepts available by each time. Finally, we summarized the transition of the regionalism concepts in Tingbao Yang's architectural thought. As a result of these analyses, this paper reveals that at least four regionalism factors, which are climate, landform, regional material and architectural tradition, are considered in his works. Furthermore, he has even created a special design technique on them. Due to the analysis above, we find Tingbao Yang's immigration to Chongqing in 1937 played a significant role on his transformed design thinking.
Robotic surgery in pituitary tumors

Abstract In April 2002, working with a team of neurosurgeons and the help of the robotic arm (Automatic Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning or AESOP 3000) with voice recognition, we performed endoscopic transnasal hypophysectomies in 7 cases of pituitary tumors. We modified the technique we previously reported. The main modifications in the technique were the position of the robot in relation to the patient, a more oblique position of the arm, the application of a microdebrider, a zoom lens with voice recognition, and computer-aided surgery (Brain Laboratory). All of these combined saved time and gave us flexibility during the procedure.
Distribution neutral abatement policy in a model of trade and environment

The Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) states that with weak environmental policies a country can create comparative advantage in the polluting sector. This paper formulates a 3-good-3-factor model where the abatement input is a pure intermediate good. In our model, the PHH as well as the neoclassical trade theorems are valid only when environmental policies are distribution neutral. Inspired by the US Clean Air Act, we develop and estimate a dynamic panel model. We find that US environmental policies are consistent with distribution neutrality. Our results indicate that lowering abatement standards in all industries is the only way the US can become a pollution haven. In the context of our model, the PHH has damaging implications for the world environment.
Evaluation of River Load Estimation Methods for Total Phosphorus

Abstract Accurate estimates of pollutant loadings to the Great Lakes are required for trend detection, model development, and planning. On many major rivers, infrequent sampling of most pollutants makes these estimates difficult. However, most large rivers have complete daily flow records available from the U.S. Geological Survey. A number of different estimation methods have been developed to use these data in conjunction with available concentration data to calculate pollutant loadings. Several of these methods have been evaluated in this paper for a typical major tributary. Intensive measurements of pollutant loadings to Lake Michigan from the Grand River in 1976–1977 were conducted by USEPA, Region V. Daily concentrations of several chemical parameters, including total phosphorus, were determined. This information, together with daily river flow rates from USGS, provide an excellent data set for testing various load estimation methods. Ten different methods were tested using 680 randomly generated 25-sample subsets of the daily total phosphorus data set. The methods tested included several simple calculation schemes, as well as flowconcentration correlations and the stratified ratio estimator. The latter method is shown to be at least slightly better than the others for these data and for this type of sampling, including when sampling is concentrated during periods of high flow.
Differential effects of carbamazepine and lithium on sensitization and kindling

Abstract o 1. Lithium carbonate appears to inhibit the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization while it does not inhibit the development of amygdala kindling. Lithium chloride did not inhibit kindled seizures. 2. Carbamazepine does not inhibit cocaine-induced motor activity or the development of behavioral sensitization in the rat. 3. Carbamazepine is highly effective in blocking completed amygdala-kindled seizures, but does not block their development in the rat. 4. Lithium carbonate and carbamazepine, two drugs of use in the prophylactic treatment of affective illness, appear to have differential effects on sensitization and kindling.
Diffusion rates in face-centered cubic copper-zinc alloys during torsional deformation

Abstract Chemical diffusion rates were obtained in a 13 at.% zinc-87 at.% copper alloy as a function of torsional strain rate by measuring the rate of loss of the highly volatile zinc during vacuum heating. High purity, randomly orientated single crystals were strained at constant rates in the range 809-549°C under vacua ⪕ 10 −5 torr . Strain rates in the range 1.4 × 10−5 sec−1 to 598 × 10−5 sec−1, and strains up to 16.1 were employed. At the higher temperatures mean diffusion penetrations of the order of 10–100 μ were achieved, while at the lower temperatures the penetrations were of the order of 1–20 μ. Changes in specimen structure were observed by X-ray and metallographic methods. Diffusion anneals at zero strain rate were carried out in order to test the validity of the experimental technique. It was found that: 1. (1) the weight loss technique employed was sufficiently reliable for the purposes at hand; 2. (2) in no case was any detectable enhancement of true bulk diffusion found as a result of the deformation; 3. (3) at sufficiently large strains recrystallization occurred leading to large amounts of intercrystalline cracking. The cracking led to apparent enhanced diffusion according to the weight loss technique used because of rapid short-circuiting loss of the volatile zinc along the cracks.
Abstract IA17: The stem cell factor LIN28 in pediatric cancer

LIN28, a developmental regulator originally identified as a heterochronic mutant in C. elegans , functions as an RNA binding protein that regulates protein expression through effects on mRNA translation and through control of processing of the let-7 family of tumor suppressor microRNAs. Lin28 has two paralogs, Lin28A and Lin28B, and studies have revealed a role for these factors in a wide array of biological phenotypes including organismal growth and metabolism, sexual maturation, and oncogenesis. LIN28/let-7 act antagonistically to regulate the balance of self-renewal and differentiation in embryonic stem cells, and LIN28 is one of the factors shown to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency. In pediatric cancers, high level expression of LIN28 is a consistent marker of germ cell tumor, frequently observed in neuroblastoma and hepatoblastoma, and activated by chromosomal translocation in Wilms tumor. Thus, the stem cell factor LIN28 is commonly dysregulated in pediatric tumors and may represent a novel therapeutic target. Citation Format: George Q. Daley. The stem cell factor LIN28 in pediatric cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
Malate dehydrogenase in leaf peroxisomes.

Abstract The technique of isopycnic centrifugation of leaf homogenates has allowed a separation of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes according to their respective densities. Chlorophyll, cytochrome c oxidase, and glycolate oxidase, respectively, were used as markers for these organeles. Malate dehydrogenase ( l -malate; NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) showed peaks of activity in the mitochondrial and peroxisomal fractions. The peroxisomal enzyme as assayed by following reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidation had a broad pH optimum from 6.4 to 7.4 and was speciic for NADH. The peroxisomal and mitochondrial forms of malate dehydrogenase were differentiated by their kinetic and electrophoretic behavior. The mitochondrial from had a K m (oxalacetate) of 5.7 · 10 −6 M and was inhibited by oxalacetate concentrations above 7 · 10 −5 M. The peroxisomal form had a k m (oxalacetate) of 1.4 · 10 −5 M and was inhibited by oxalacetate concentrations in excess of 2 · 10 −4 M. The supernatant malate dehydrogenase showed kinetic characteristics intermediate to those of the peroxisomal and mitochondrial forms. Starch-gel electrophoresis of the supernatant fraction showed the presence of both the peroxisoml and mitochondrial forms together with another isozyme.
Nitric oxide synthase is absent in only a subset of cases of pyloric stenosis.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to study nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry in the pyloric muscle and establish the role of nitric oxide in pyloric stenosis. Methods: Pyloric muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from 20 patients with pyloric stenosis during pyloromyotomy. Ten control specimens without pyloric disease were obtained from autopsy performed less than 4 hours after death on age-matched babies who died of other causes. Tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde immediately. A monoclonal antibody against the neuronal form of NOS (bNOS) was used for immunohistochemistry. Results: Immunohistochemistry showed activity of bNOS in the control specimens and some pyloric stenosis specimens. This shows that NOS is present in the pylorus in normal cases as well as in a few cases of pyloric stenosis. Conclusions: NOS deficiency leading to lack of locally available nitric oxide causes a failure of smooth muscle relaxation. This may account for the cause of pyloric stenosis in infants. However, this study shows that this is true probably only in a subset of cases. The etiology of pyloric stenosis may still be multifactorial. Further investigations are required regarding the etiology of pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 36:616-619. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
PROPERTIES OF LEUCITE-GLASS COMPOSITES PREPARED BY A COPRECIPITATION PROCESS

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of changes in composition and thermal history on some properties of potential leucite-glass composites made by a coprecipitation process. Four compositions from the K 2 O–Al 2 O 3 −SiO 2 system were investigated for differences in phases, density, thermal expansion, and strength. Strength, density, and thermal expansion increased with increasing leucite content. Strengths of up to 140 MPa were obtained with air-fired specimens. Composites with different thermal expansion coefficients could be obtained by altering SiO 2 content in a predictable way. Leucite-glass composites offer potential for improved dental porcelains.
V-Gate GaN HEMTs With Engineered Buffer for Normally Off Operation

We propose and demonstrate V-gate GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with engineered buffers for normally off operation. By incorporating an AlGaN buffer under the GaN channel, net negative polarization charges are generated under the channel. These negative charges shift the threshold voltage of the GaN HEMT toward positive and therefore favor the realization of normally off operation. Using the engineered-buffer design coupled with our deep-recess V-gate structure, true normally off operation with reduced dc-RF dispersion was achieved.
Should prone positioning be routinely used for lung protection during mechanical ventilation

Prone positioning has been known for decades to improve oxygenation in animals with acute lung injury and in most patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The mechanisms of this improvement include a more uniform pleural-pressure gradient, a smaller volume of lung compressed by the heart, and more uniform and better-matched ventilation and perfusion. Prone positioning has an established niche as an intervention to improve gas exchange in patients with severe hypoxemia refractory to standard ventilatory manipulations. Because the lung may be more uniformly recruited and the stress of mechanical ventilation better distributed, prone positioning has also been proposed as a form of lung-protective ventilation. However, several randomized trials have failed to show improvements in clinical outcomes of ARDS patients, other than consistently better oxygenation. Because each of these trials had design problems or early termination, prone positioning remains a rescue therapy for patients with acute lung injury or ARDS.
Measuring the Predictive Capability of Computational Models: Principles and Methods, Issues and Illustrations

It is critically important, for the sake of credible computational predictions, that model-validation experiments be designed, conducted, and analyzed in ways that provide for measuring predictive capability. I first develop a conceptual framework for designing and conducting a suite of physical experiments and calculations (ranging from phenomenological to integral levels), then analyzing the results first to (statistically) measure predictive capability in the experimental situations then to provide a basis for inferring the uncertainty of a computational-model prediction of system or component performance in an application environment or configuration that cannot or will not be tested. Several attendant issues are discussed in general, then illustrated via a simple linear model and a shock physics example. The primary messages I wish to convey are: (1) The only way to measure predictive capability is via suites of experiments and corresponding computations in testable environments and configurations; (2) Any measurement of predictive capability is a function of experimental data and hence is statistical in nature; (3) A critical inferential link is required to connect observed prediction errors in experimental contexts to bounds on prediction errors in untested applications. Such a connection may require extrapolating both the computational model and the observed extra-model variability (the prediction errors: nature minus model); (4) Model validation is not binary. Passing a validation test does not mean that the model can be used as a surrogate for nature; (5) Model validation experiments should be designed and conducted in ways that permit a realistic estimate of prediction errors, or extra-model variability, in application environments; (6) Code uncertainty-propagation analyses do not (and cannot) characterize prediction error (nature vs. computational prediction); (7) There are trade-offs between model complexity and the ability to measure a computer model's predictive capability that need to be addressed in any particular application; and (8) Adequate quantification of predictive capability, even in greatly simplified situations, can require a substantial number of model-validation experiments.
Nonlinear synthetic wideband waveforms

Radars commonly use wide bandwidth pulses to attain high range resolution. However, when such wideband pulses are unavailable (or otherwise undesirable), high range resolution can still be achieved by coherently combining a sequence of narrowband pulses spanning the desired bandwidth. Collectively, such narrowband pulse sequences are said to compose a "synthetic wideband waveform" (specific variants are also known by the names "stepped frequency waveform", "frequency jump burst" and "frequency jump train"). Prior publications and reports have examined synthetic wideband waveforms that distribute energy uniformly over the frequency band. Such waveforms require heavy spectral weighting, highly overlapped pulses and/or nonperiodic pulses to control the range sidelobes and grating lobes; unfortunately, undesirable attributes are associated with each of these. We formulate synthetic waveforms that distribute energy nonuniformly over the desired frequency band. These new waveforms are shown to offer improved performance (i.e., lower range sidelobes, higher gain, higher range resolution and/or reduced grating lobes) when compared with traditional approaches.
Developments and experience in digital turbine control

Experience with analog turbine electrohydraulic governor (EHG) systems has led to the development of triplex modular redundant architectures to achieve high availabilities. Subsequent developments with digital systems have continued with this philosophy but have expanded the range of control functions, improved operator interfaces, and resulted in reduced costs. An overview is given of the experience with digital EHG systems. >
Paneth and goblet cell renewal in mouse duodenal crypts

Proliferation of Paneth and goblet cells of mouse duodenal crypts was studied by high resolution light microscope radioautography. In one group of mice, blood levels of thymidine-3H were sustained for up to 12 hr by repeated injections of isotope to facilitate identification of proliferating cells. In these animals, many goblet cell nuclei incorporated thymidine-3H whereas only 1 of 6261 tabulated Paneth cells was labeled. Cells intermediate in structure between undifferentiated and goblet cells and between undifferentiated and Paneth cells were identified and their light and electron microscopic features are described. A significant number of these "intermediate" cells incorporated thymidine-3H into their nuclei. Another group of mice received a single injection of thymidine-3H. These animals were killed 4 hr to 29 days after isotope administration. Goblet cells and intermediate cells with labeled nuclei were identified 4 hr after thymidine-3H but could not be seen after 15 days. In contrast, Paneth cells with labeled nuclei were not observed until 24 hr after thymidine-3H but were still present at 29 days, long after labeled undifferentiated, goblet, and intermediate cells had disappeared. We conclude that differentiated Paneth cells in mouse duodenum do not normally proliferate, but, instead, arise by differentiation from undifferentiated crypt cells or from intermediate cells. Moreover, once formed, Paneth cells persist in crypts for a prolonged period. In contrast, intermediate cells and crypt goblet cells proliferate actively and are less stable cell populations than differentiated Paneth cells. The precise function of the intermediate cells is not known, but they may represent transition forms between undifferentiated cells and the more matrure secretory cells. Damage of crypt epithelial cells, thought to be due to radiation effects, was evident in both groups of mice.
The small population of PIG-A mutant cells in myelodysplastic syndromes do not arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

Background Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria harbor clonal glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient cells arising from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell acquiring a PIG-A mutation. Many patients with aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes also harbor small populations of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient cells. Patients with aplastic anemia often evolve into paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; however, myelodysplastic syndromes seldom evolve into paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Here, we investigate the origin and clonality of small glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient cell populations in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.Design and Methods We used peripheral blood flow cytometry to identify glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient blood cells, a proaerolysin-resistant colony forming cell assay to select glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient progenitor cells, a novel T-lymphocyte enrichment culture assay with proaerolysin selection to expand glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient T lymphocytes, and PIG-A gene sequencing assays to identify and analyze PIG-A mutations in patients with aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.Results Twelve of 15 aplastic anemia patients were found to harbor a small population of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient granulocytes; 11 of them were found to harbor a small population of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient erythrocytes, 10 patients were detected to harbor glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient T lymphocytes, and 3 of them were detected only after T-lymphocyte enrichment in proaerolysin selection. PIG-A mutation analyses on 3 patients showed that all of them harbored a matching PIG-A mutation between CFU-GM and enriched T lymphocytes. Two of 26 myelodysplastic syndromes were found to harbor small populations of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient granulocytes and erythrocytes transiently. Bone marrow derived CD34+ cells from 4 patients grew proaerolysin-resistant colony forming cells bearing PIG-A mutations. No glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient T lymphocytes were detected in myelodysplastic syndrome patients.Conclusions In contrast to aplastic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, where PIG-A mutations arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficient cells in myelodysplastic syndromes appear to arise from more committed progenitors.
Variability of Natural Dust Erosion from a Coal Pile

AbstractA study of fugitive dust emissions from a pile of crushed coal revealed that, in addition to dust being emitted into the atmosphere during periods of pile-management (human) activity, it is also emitted during periods without human activity. This “natural” emission in itself is not surprising given past work on wind erosion of particulate matter from aggregate piles. However, hourly downwind measurements of fine particle (PM10) mass concentrations at two sites revealed that excessive dust was present in the air even when wind speeds were below the erosion threshold estimated from nearby wind speed measurements and regulatory guidance on coal pile aerodynamic characteristics. During periods of natural emissions with higher wind speeds, downwind concentrations were strongly associated with µ2—the squared excess of 1-min maximum wind speed above the erosion threshold—consistent with previous work on wind erosion potential. However, 88% of hourly concentrations coincided with lower winds for which win...
The use of genetically engineered bacteria to control frost on strawberries and potatoes. Whatever happened to all of that research

The identification of biological ice nucleating agents and their importance in frost induction and prevention is discussed. The discussion also includes information about the researchers who did the work, their original investigations, and struggles with government agencies to introduce their products. The original research was initiated independently by a group of atmospheric scientists in Wyoming and a group of plant pathologists in Wisconsin. They both discovered that ice does not form randomly but is initiated on a nucleating site which is associated with particular bacterial species, especially Pseudomonas syringae. From this original discovery has come commercial products that are used to prevent frost (Frostban TM [the generic name for bacteria that lack the genes coding for the ability to form ice crystals on the leaves of crop plants (Oei, H.L., 1999. Genes and Politics: The Recombinant DNA Debate. Chatelaine Press, Burke, VA)] and Blightban 1 ), manufacture snow (Snomax 1 ), reduce the incidence of fire blight (Blightban 1 ), and as an aid for food concentration and texturing. The moral and ethical questions encountered by the scientists
Small Group Consensus: Stability of Group Support of The Decision, Task Process, and Group Relationships

Previous small group research makes no attempt to develop a comprehensive and valid instrument measuring small group consensus. The purpose of this investigation is to develop and test an encompass...