cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
En bloc right hemicolectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy for HNPCC with simultaneous mutations of MSH-2 and MSH-6.

Dear Editor: Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome) is a multisystemic disorder, affecting the colon and rectum in up to 70% of cases. It is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and the development of multiple neoplasms including colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, small bowel, and urinary tract tumors. HNPCC is the leading cause of hereditary colorectal cancers (CRC) with an incidence of 2–5%. The genetic defects associated with this disorder arise from errors in the mismatch repair genes (MMR). Currently, five different genetic mutations have been identified (hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6, hPMS1) that lead to accelerated carcinogenic transformation, some of which show distinct phenotypic features like inflammatory component or expansive growth. Herein, we describe the first case report of an HNPCC patient with simultaneous loss of expression of MSH-2 and MSH-6 genes in the setting of a T4N0 colon cancer invading the duodenum and the head of the pancreas. A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department of a tertiary referral center complaining of right-sided abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, skinny stools, and weight loss (20 lbs) for the past 6 weeks prior to admission. He had no significant past medical history. However, he reported that his father died at the age of 50 of colon cancer. Physical exam was significant for mild discomfort in the right upper quadrant. His stool guaiac test was positive for occult blood, but no frank blood was seen and no mass was palpated on rectal digital exam. Laboratory tests were significant for mild transaminitis and a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a 7.6-cm mass arising from the hepatic flexure of the right colon and extending into the second and third portion of the duodenum and pancreatic head. An upper and lower GI endoscopy with biopsy of the mass showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon. A subsequent PET scan showed no metastatic focus of fludeoxyglucose uptake. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy with an extended right hemicolectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy. No contraindication to resection was encountered in the exploratory phase. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged home on POD#14. Upon follow-up in the clinic 2 weeks later, he was eating a regular diet, having normal bowel movements, and was back to regular activities. The surgical specimen consisted of the resected colon, duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. Microscopic examination revealed a high grade (G3), poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the hepatic flexure, with mild to moderate lymphocytic invasion, infiltrating the full thickness of the colonic wall into the duodenum. The authors declare no conflict of interest and/or relationships with people or businesses that could influence or bias the outcome of this paper.
Dynasore Disrupts Trafficking of Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins

Dynasore, a small-molecule inhibitor of the GTPase activity of dynamin, inhibits the entry of several viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), but its impact on other steps in the viral life cycle has not been delineated. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that dynamin is required for viral protein trafficking and thus has pleiotropic inhibitory effects on HSV infection. Dynasore inhibited HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection of human epithelial and neuronal cells, including primary genital tract cells and human fetal neurons and astrocytes. Similar results were obtained when cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing dominant negative dynamin. Kinetic studies demonstrated that dynasore reduced the number of viral capsids reaching the nuclear pore if added at the time of viral entry and that, when added as late as 8 h postentry, dynasore blocked the transport of newly synthesized viral proteins from the nucleus to the cytosol. Proximity ligation assays demonstrated that treatment with dynasore prevented the colocalization of VP5 and dynamin. This resulted in a reduction in the number of viral capsids isolated from sucrose gradients. Fewer capsids were observed by electron microscopy in dynasore-treated cells than in control-treated cells. There were also reductions in infectious progeny released into culture supernatants and in cell-to-cell spread. Together, these findings suggest that targeting dynamin-HSV interactions may provide a new strategy for HSV treatment and prevention. IMPORTANCE HSV infections remain a global health problem associated with significant morbidity, particularly in neonates and immunocompromised hosts, highlighting the need for novel approaches to treatment and prevention. The current studies indicate that dynamin plays a role in multiple steps in the viral life cycle and provides a new target for antiviral therapy. Dynasore, a small-molecule inhibitor of dynamin, has pleiotropic effects on HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and impedes viral entry, trafficking of viral proteins, and capsid formation.
Mechanisms of Immunization with a Replication-Defective Mutant of Herpes Simplex Virus 1

Abstract We have investigated the mechanisms by which subcutaneous immunization of mice with a replication-defective mutant of herpes simplex virus 1 protects against infection of the eye and latent infection of the trigeminal ganglion following corneal challenge. First, we have shown that immunization reduces the number of trigeminal ganglion neurons in challenged animals that express the latency-associated transcript. This indicates that the reduction in the incidence of latent infection by challenge virus is likely due to immune mechanisms and not saturation of the potential sites of latent infection by the immunizing mutant virus itself. Second, the duration of protective immunity against acute infection, keratitis, and latent infection was similar in mice immunized with replication-defective or -competent virus; thus, the replication-defective mutant virus is able to induce durable immunity apparently without spread in the host. Third, although the mutant virus showed no evidence of replication in vivo, it was present in footpad tissue in an infectious form for several days. This surprising observation raises the possibility that continued infection events by input virus over an extended period of time may have a boosting effect on the developing immune response which could explain, at least in part, the capacity of these replication-defective mutant viruses to elicit a robust and durable immunity despite their inability to spread within the host.
The Marmousi experience; velocity model determination on a synthetic complex data set

The motivation behind seismic data acquisition and processing is simple—to obtain a depth image of the earth—but performing this process correctly is extremely difficult. A number of well known processing tasks (such as static corrections, deconvolution, multiple elimination, velocity estimation, and migration) have to be executed, and each directly influences the final result. However, the success of the velocity estimation is paramount and critical, and large amounts of man/CPU hours are devoted to it.
Parallel Godunov smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) with improved treatment of Boundary Conditions and an application to granular flows

Abstract Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics has been successfully used for various fluid-dynamics problems, such as breaking-waves, flooding etc., since it was originally proposed. While the Lagrangian approach is naturally suitable for free-surface flows, enforcing boundary conditions and poor approximations in the presence of discontinuities in the solution are major difficulties with the method. In this paper we present an enhanced conservative Godunov SPH based on the work of Inutsuka [S. Inutsuka, Reformulation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics with Riemann solver, Journal of Computational Physics 179 (2002) 238–267] that accurately resolves discontinuities without the need to use artificial viscosity, preserves partition of unity everywhere in the domain, correctly and flexibly enforces necessary essential and frictional slip boundary conditions to approximately solve free-surface granular flows. The development is motivated by the need to improve upon depth averaged grid based models of large scale debris flows and avalanches often characterized as granular flows. Simple validation of the results is obtained by comparison to table-top experiments.
Evolutionary Ecology of the Marine Roseobacter Clade

SUMMARY Members of the Roseobacter clade are equipped with a tremendous diversity of metabolic capabilities, which in part explains their success in so many different marine habitats. Ideas on how this diversity evolved and is maintained are reviewed, focusing on recent evolutionary studies exploring the timing and mechanisms of Roseobacter ecological diversification.
Grating anomalies in porphyrin spectra

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented to show that porphyrin spectra are modified by grating anomalies to such an extent that interpretation is difficult. The anomalies appear in a definite wavelength region which depends on the optical properties of individual grating monochromators, and are associated with polarization effects. The presence of light-scattering material in the samples of any fluorescent compounds may induce the formation of grating anomalies in their fluorescence spectra. The anomalies may easily be mistaken for porphyrin peaks, especially in samples which contain light-scattering material such as those from geological sources.
Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Following Cardiovascular Surgery—Case Histories

Acute acalculous cholecystitis has been recognized with increasing frequency in recent years. The condition has been associated with trauma, burns, total parenteral nutrition, and unrelated surgical procedures. This report describes 3 patients who developed a particularly fulminant form of the disease following cardiovascular surgical procedures. Rapid deterioration and signs of impending cardiovascular collapse were characteristic of these patients; emergency sur gery was needed in each case. Tube cholecystostomy was performed in each case with no mortality. No patient required subsequent cholecystectomy during a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. It is concluded that the patient with cardiovascular disease may develop a more fulminant form of acute acalculous cholecystitis owing to the underlying vascular disease. Awareness of this condition and early surgical intervention with performance of tube cholecystostomy will decrease the mortality of this lethal process.
Particle emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: In situ optical and mass measurements

[1] Time-resolved optical properties of smoke particles from the controlled laboratory combustion of mid-latitude wildland fuels were determined for the first time using advanced techniques, including cavity ring-down/cavity enhanced detection (CRD/CED) for light extinction and two-wavelength photoacoustic detection for light absorption. This experiment clearly resolves the dependence of smoke properties on fuel and combustion phase. Intensive flaming combustion during ponderosa pine wood (PPW) burning produces particles with a low single scattering albedo of 0.32 and a specific mass extinction efficiency of 8.9 m2 g−1. Burning white pine needles (WPN) features a prolonged smoldering phase emitting particles that are not light-absorbing and appear much larger in size with an extinction efficiency ≈5 m2 g−1. A Mie scattering model was formulated, which estimates the black carbon fraction in the PPW and WPN smoke particles at 66% and 12%, respectively. These observations may refine the current radiative forcing estimates for biomass burning emissions.
The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search, planning, and purchases of international travel vacations

Abstract Academics and marketers know relatively little about how national culture affects the way people plan and spend in the $448 billion international travel and tourism economy. From a matched sample of 1042 German and Japanese visitors to the US, this research explores the relationship between the cultural dimension of uncertainty (or risk) avoidance with information search, trip planning time horizons, travel party characteristics (e.g. size of group) and trip characteristics (e.g. length of stay). Results show that consumers from national cultures characterized by higher levels of uncertainty avoidance use information sources that are related to the channel (e.g., travel agent), instead of personal, destination marketing-related, or mass media sources; they also more frequently purchase prepackaged tours, travel in larger groups, and stay on average a shorter time and visit fewer number of destinations. Contrary to expectations, they do not spend more time making the decision to travel or making their airline reservations. Implications for future research and marketing practice (e.g., segmentation and standardization) are also discussed.
On the Timing of CEO Stock Option Awards

This study documents that the abnormal stock returns are negative before unscheduled executive option awards and positive afterward. The return pattern has intensified over time, suggesting that executives have gradually become more effective at timing awards to their advantage, and possibly explaining why the results in this study differ from those in past studies. Moreover, I document that the predicted returns are abnormally low before the awards and abnormally high afterward. Unless executives possess an extraordinary ability to forecast the future marketwide movements that drive these predicted returns, the results suggest that at least some of the awards are timed retroactively.
Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction Is Prevented by Deficiency of P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1

Endothelial dysfunction precedes atherosclerosis and represents an important link between obesity and cardiovascular events. Strategies designed to prevent endothelial dysfunction may therefore reduce the cardiovascular complications triggered by obesity. We tested the hypothesis that deficiency of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (Psgl-1) would improve the endothelial dysfunction associated with obesity. Psgl-1-deficient (Psgl-1−/−) and wild-type (Psgl-1+/+) mice were fed standard chow or a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (diet-induced obesity [DIO]) for 10 weeks. DIO increased mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue (mPVAT) macrophage content and vascular oxidative stress in Psgl-1+/+ mice but not in Psgl-1−/− mice. Pressure myography using mesenteric arteries demonstrated that relaxation responses to acetylcholine were significantly impaired in DIO Psgl-1+/+ mice, whereas DIO Psgl-1−/− mice were protected from endothelial dysfunction with similar relaxation responses to Psgl-1+/+ or Psgl-1−/− mice fed standard chow. The superoxide scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPOL) partially recovered impaired endothelial function induced by DIO. A neutralizing Psgl-1 antibody was also effective in preventing endothelial dysfunction and reducing mPVAT macrophage content induced by DIO. These results indicate that obesity in mice leads to PVAT inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that is prevented by Psgl-1 deficiency. Psgl-1 inhibition may be a useful treatment strategy for targeting vascular disease associated with obesity.
Pharmacogenetics of Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer

The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen has been used for more than three decades for the treatment, and more recently prevention, of breast cancer in women of all ages. The conversion of tamoxifen to active metabolites involves several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. CYP2D6 is the key enzyme responsible for the conversion of N-desmethyl tamoxifen to endoxifen. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene are not uncommon, and some alleles code for enzymes with reduced, null, or increased activity. Multiple studies suggest that women who carry one or two variant CYP2D6 alleles that encode enzymes with null or reduced activity may have an inferior breast cancer outcome when treated with tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting compared to women carrying two alleles encoding an enzyme with normal activity. Unfortunately, the data are not uniformly concordant, and definitive evidence that would change routine clinical practice is not yet available. CYP2D6 activity can also be reduced by concomitant use of drugs that inhibit the enzyme, including antidepressants used for psychiatric conditions or to relieve hot flashes, and these should be avoided in tamoxifen users whenever possible. Emerging data suggest that host factors may also predict interpatient variability in response to aromatase inhibitors.
Dispersion in layered porous media

Experimental data on directional dispersion coefficients in transversely isotropic media, a special case of anisotropic media, were determined in models consisting of alternating layers of sintered glass and unconsolidated glass beads. Values of appropriate parameters to relate the velocity to the directional dispersion coefficient were determined for a variety of permeabilities and angles. Sensitivity of these parameters with respect to angle was determined, and results are presented which will permit estimate of when this effect is significant.
Arterial stiffness and hypertension: a two-way street?

Elastic artery stiffening, an age-related process, can be accelerated in the presence of hypertension. Hypertension may produce arterial stiffening by both functional and structural mechanisms.1 Acute and potentially reversible stiffening of the thoracic aorta and its branches occurs with an increase in arterial blood pressure (BP). Young adult hypertensive subjects have a “downstream” increase in resistance at the level of the arterioles, causing an “upstream” increase in transmural pressure at the level of the central elastic arteries; this causes weight-bearing elastic lamellae of the large arteries to stretch and become stiffer. Elevated BP over time can lead to vascular remodeling, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia—structural changes that produce intrinsic arterial stiffening. This form of hypertension in young adults typically presents with elevated diastolic BP in the subtypes of systolic–diastolic or isolated diastolic hypertension. In contrast, isolated systolic hypertension of the elderly, associated with increased systolic BP and decreased diastolic BP, typically presents with widened pulse pressure (PP) as a marker of increased arterial stiffness.1,2 The arterial stiffness seen in elderly persons with isolated systolic hypertension is characterized by fissuring and fracturing of the elastin protein, collagen proliferation, and calcium deposition, frequently associated with a widened and torturous aorta.1 As large arteries dilate, wall tension and pulsatile stresses increase and exacerbate artery wall degeneration, thus initiating a positive feedback whereby increased hypertension leads to further degeneration,1 The Framingham Heart2 study showed that untreated hypertension may accelerate the rate of large artery stiffness and thus perpetuate a vicious cycle of accelerated hypertension and further increases in large artery stiffness. Middle-aged and elderly persons with untreated hypertension were more likely to present with an age-related marked increase in systolic BP and decrease in diastolic BP as compared with their normotensive counterparts.2 These finding were confirmed by Benetos et al, …
Population Genetic Structure of an Edaphic Beetle (Ptiliidae) Among Late Successional Reserves within the Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion, California

The Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of northern California is one of the most diverse temperate coniferous forests. A network of “late successional reserves” (LSRs) has been established to maintain characteristics of late successional forest and to promote late successional characteristics in younger stands. Also, an important goal of conservation management is the maintenance of genetic diversity of ecologically important species. However, this management strategy has not yet been implemented among the LSRs. This study examined the level of genetic diversity among populations of a soil-inhabiting beetle, Acrotrichis xanthocera (Matthews) (Ptiliidae), within the LSR network. Using a partial DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene, a total of 31 haplotypes were identified for 117 individuals. Genetic fixation indices and phylogenetic and nested clade analyses all suggest moderate gene flow among five LSR and five non-LSR populations. In addition, haplotype diversity was high and the occurrence of unique haplotypes was common for most populations, which suggests current or past isolation of some populations. These results suggest the LSR network maintains considerable genetic variation for this beetle. However, the genetic variation was not equally distributed among the LSRs. Thus, to facilitate gene flow throughout the ecoregion, it is suggested that future LSRs should reduce gaps among the current LSRs.
How Do Investors Value IT? An Empirical Investigation of the Value Relevance of IT Capability and IT Spending Across Industries.

ABSTRACT: Drawing on the resource-based theory of the firm and using Ohlson’s (1995) residual income valuation framework, this paper investigates the relationships between IT capability and IT spending, and market value. We also assess whether these relationships differ based on the industry type (i.e., high-tech). Using publicly available ratings, and after controlling for firm-specific determinants as well as industry fixed-effects, we find that IT capability is value relevant (i.e., the stock market values of firms with superior IT capability are both economically and statistically higher than the values of a control sample), whereas the level of IT spending did not explain variation in market values. The results are shown to hold using two unique archival data sets representing the immediate pre-Internet (1992–1994) and the post-Internet commercialization (1999–2006) eras and are remarkably robust to variations in the control sample, sampling method, and model specifications. Consistent with these res...
Toward an etiology of media use motivations: the role of temperament in media use

Despite the potential of the uses and gratifications paradigm to explain the etiology of media uses and effects, most research to date has ignored the issue of etiology and has focused on creating motivation typologies. Recent advances in bio-behavioral research provide a new way to address the question of etiology. A survey of 285 adults showed that the biologically rooted individual difference behavior variable of temperament was a consistent and moderately strong causal factor in forming television use motivations. Distinct patterns of relationships between temperament and all television use gratifications were found, supporting the uses and gratifications paradigm. Particularly potent predictors of television use motivations were negative mood, low task orientation, and behavioral rigidity. These results point out the importance of future bio-behavioral etiological media uses and effects research.
Residual spatial vision in the monkey after removal of striate and preoccipital cortex

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate the angular velocity of moving stimuli and to reach accurately toward lighted targets. They were able to recover good performance of these tasks after large bilateral lesions that removed, in successive stages, all of striate cortex and almost all of areas OA, OB, and TEO of prreoccipital cortex.
Ten myths concerning ecosystem approaches to marine resource management

Ecosystem approaches to marine resource management (EAM) offer comprehensive decision making based on rationalization of currently fragmented ocean policies and their implementation. However, despite the apparent utility in addressing these problems, EAM has also been criticized as being nonspecific, immature, invalid as a basis for decision making, and not fully supported by science. While it is commonly perceived that a paradigm shift in governance and science institutions awaits implementation to address these criticisms, in fact, ecosystem considerations are being incorporated more frequently, employing existing authorities as the basis for mitigation of sectoral impacts and for resource allocation. Management ‘best practices’ for EAM are emerging based on these experiences. Ten common criticisms of EAM, which I believe to be myths propagated primarily to maintain the status quo among sectoral interests, are discussed. Accelerated evolution of EAM will occur as science better articulates feedbacks, cumulative ecological effects and economic consequences framing policy choices, and more formal ‘‘rules of engagement’’ among sectors (e.g., fishing, coastal development, water quality, and energy) are negotiated. These operating procedures would be established under informal arrangements, in national law, and by international agreement. The management paradigm for marine resources is shifting and EAM will eventually be considered redundant with established practice. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The NF-κB Family of Transcription Factors and Its Regulation

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) consists of a family of transcription factors that play critical roles in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Inducible NF-κB activation depends on phosphorylation-induced proteosomal degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB proteins (IκBs), which retain inactive NF-κB dimers in the cytosol in unstimulated cells. The majority of the diverse signaling pathways that lead to NF-κB activation converge on the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which is responsible for IκB phosphorylation and is essential for signal transduction to NF-κB. Additional regulation of NF-κB activity is achieved through various post-translational modifications of the core components of the NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition to cytosolic modifications of IKK and IκB proteins, as well as other pathway-specific mediators, the transcription factors are themselves extensively modified. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in unraveling the elaborate regulatory networks that control the NF-κB response. This has made the NF-κB pathway a paradigm for understanding general principles of signal transduction and gene regulation.
Perceptual narrowing in novice divers.

Task load and type of underwater exposure effects on response time to signal light in visual periphery of novice divers
Jet-Impact Nebulization for Sample Introduction in Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry.

A novel, simple device for the production of liquid aerosol has been constructed and evaluated. In operation of this device, a sample solution is forced under pneumatic or mechanical pressure through an orifice of 25-60 micrometers in diameter. The resulting high-velocity stream of solution is directed onto a solid surface, thereby generating a fine aerosol. Details of nebulizer construction and operation are discussed and factors affecting nebulizer performance are examined. The utility of this nebulizer as a sample-introduction device for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry is explored. When coupled with an ICP, the jet-impact nebulizer compares favorably with a conventional pneumatic nebulizer in terms of precision, linearity, detection limits, and efficiency. Moreover, aerosol production is independent of any gas flow, making the device potentially useful in low-gas-flow plasmas. However, clogging of the nebulizer orifice with particulate matter can be a problem unless solutions are pre-filtered.
An assessment of dynamic subgrid-scale sea-surface roughness models

Covered by waves with various lengths, the mobile sea surface represents a great challenge to the large-eddy simulation (LES) of atmospheric boundary layer flow over the ocean surface. In this study, we report recent developments and tests of dynamic modeling approaches for the subgrid-scale (SGS) sea-surface roughness for LES. In the model, introduced originally in Yang et al. (J. Fluid Mech., in press, 2013), the SGS roughness is quantified by an integral of the SGS wave spectrum, \(\sigma_{\eta}^{\Delta}\), weighted based on the wind-wave kinematics, with an unknown model coefficient αw as pre-factor. The coefficient αw is determined dynamically based on the basic constraint that the total surface drag force must be independent of the LES filter scale. The weighted integral \(\sigma_{\eta}^{\Delta}\) represents the effective amplitude of the SGS waves, for which five candidate models are reviewed. Following the computational tests presented in Yang et al. (J. Fluid Mech., in press, 2013), in this study the performance of the dynamic SGS sea-surface roughness models is assessed by a theoretical approach, in which the roughness model is coupled with the critical-layer theory of wind–wave interaction. This theoretical approach mimics the averaged behavior of the LES. Meanwhile, its low computation cost allows the assessment of the model performance over a wide range of parameters. The test results indicate that the dynamic modeling approach can reliably model the roughness length of the SGS waves without ad-hoc prescription of the model parameter αw. Also, we confirm that to model \(\sigma_{\eta}^{\Delta}\), an expression based on the kinematics of wind–wave relative motion achieves the best performance among the five candidate models considered.
Mechanical properties of high strength aluminum alloys formed by pulsed laser deposition

Very high-strength alloys of A1(O) have been formed using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system to deposit from alternating targets of A1 and A1{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Ion beam analysis and transmission electron microscopy show that the deposited material is uniform in composition with up to 33 at. % O and has a highly refined microstructure consisting of a fine, uniform dispersion of {approximately}1 nm diameter {gamma}-A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} precipitates. Ultra-low-load indentation testing combined with finite-element modeling is used to determine the mechanical properties of the layers. Yield stresses as high as 5.1 GPa have been measured in these materials, greatly exceeding the strengths of aerospace Al alloys (-0.5 GPa) and even high strength steels. The key to the properties of these materials is the dispersion of small, hard precipitates spaced only a few Burgers vectors apart; dislocations are apparently unable to cut through and must bow around them.
Subtypes of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Southeast Asia

The prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) subtypes in Thais, Cambodians, and Vietnamese were compared with the prevalences in Americans residing in Southeast Asia. HBs Ag was found with approximately equal frequency in Thai (43 percent) and American (39 percent) patients with hepatitis. However, higher prevalences of HBs Ag were found in asympotomatic Thais (9.5 percent), Cambodians (11.9 percent), and Vietnamese (14.3 percent) than in asymptomatic Americans (0.7 percent). Among asymptomatic Thais, the ratio of HBs Ag/adr to HBs Ag/adw was approximately 10:1, with one exception: adw was not detected in a rural population of northern Thailand. The y determinant was not found in Thais. In contrast, both d and y determinants were found in Americans. These observations conform to a geographic pattern, with ad as the predominant combination in the Far East. In Southeast Asia determinants w and r are more useful epidemiologic markers than y and d.
Cognition and Renewal: Comparing CEO and Organizational Effects on Incumbent Adaptation to Technical Change

We investigate the conditions under which managerial cognition affects the timing of incumbent entry into a radical new technological market. We address this question using a longitudinal study of communications technology firms entering the fiber-optics product market. Using a hazard rate model, we investigate the relevance of cognition based on the direction of CEO attention. We find that attention toward the emerging technology and the affected industry is associated with faster entry, and attention to existing technologies is associated with slower progress. Second, we assess the extent to which the effect of cognition is dependent upon the levels of relevant organizational factors and find that CEO attention to the emerging technology may amplify the effects of industry orientation. Managerial cognition is important in understanding organizational outcomes, and considering both the direction of cognition and its interaction with organizational factors provides a more nuanced view of entry behavior. T...
Diagnosis, health beliefs, and risk of HIV infection in psychiatric patients.

Objective: The study examined behavioral and cognitive factors that may place mentally ill persons at increased risk of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: Sixty-one patients consecutively admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit of a public general hospital completed questionnaires focused on their knowledge about AIDS and their sexual practices. They also participated in a structured interview to assess how their beliefs about health related to changes in health behaviors. Responses of the psychiatric patients, of whom 54.5 percent were men and 61.5 percent were black, were categorized by diagnosis (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and depression) and were compared with responses of a control group of 32 patients with no identified psychiatric disorder who had been treated in the hospital's medical emergency room. Results: Trends in the data suggested that the psychiatric patients were more likely than the control subjects to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. Psyc...
Clocking in on Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population in the U.S. and has created a massive health care burden. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to specific changes in the retina, including the loss of pericytes, basement membrane thickening, and impaired endothelial cell function. However, the biological explanation of these cellular events remains unclear. Eventually, these changes lead to the formation of microaneurysms, the breakdown of the tight junctions in the retinal vasculature, subsequent extravasation of fluid, and vision loss. DR often progresses to a more deleterious proliferative phenotype due to profound ischemia with neovascularization of the retina and vitreous hemorrhage. Given this substantial clinical problem, many researchers are focused on resolving molecular mechanisms in DR pathogenesis to identify potential new therapeutic targets. Although a significant cache of data has amassed in studies linking DR to proinflammatory mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A, oxidative stress, and abnormal glycosylation, there is growing excitement over the recent discovery linking circadian dysfunction and diabetes and the implications of this biology in the eye.
Orbital inclination of Iapetus and the rotation of the Laplacian plane

This paper explores the possibility that the orbit of Iapetus, with its relatively large inclination but small eccentricity, was generated by a rapid dispersal of a gaseous circumplanetary disk, assumed to be the progenitor of the satellite system. The orientation of the local Laplacian plane is shown to be a sensitive function of the disk's structure. Modification of the disk on a time scale comparable to the precession of the orbit's nodal line can produce a large inclination from one that is initially zero, while leaving the eccentricity unchanged. This time scale is of the same order of magnitude as the viscous evolution time scale for a fully turbulent disk. Hence, Iapetus need not be a captured satellite to account for its curious orbital signature.
Application of a Multiscale Particle Scheme to High Altitude Rocket Exhaust Flows

A hybrid particle scheme for simulation of compressible gas flows involving a wide range of characteristic length scales and Knudsen number (Kn) regimes is extended for application to gas mixtures. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is utilized in high Kn regions where continuum flow simulation techniques are inaccurate, and a recently developed low diffusion (LD) particle method based on DSMC is employed in low Kn regions where DSMC is prohibitively expensive. A series of expressions are presented for determination of transport coefficients in a mixture, and a new model for diffusive mass transport in the LD method is proposed. This mass diffusion model is evaluated through a comparison with other numerical results for a one dimensional self diffusion test case, and good overall agreement is observed. To demonstrate capabilities of the newly modified LDDSMC algorithm, a large scale hybrid LD-DSMC simulation is performed for the exhaust and atmospheric flow around a generic sounding rocket at an altitude of 100 km. The influence of mass diffusion is investigated, and an additional simulation is carried out for a similar flow involving stage separation.
On Multiple UAV Routing with Stochastic Targets: Performance Bounds and Algorithms

In this paper we consider the following problem. A number of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), modeled as vehicles moving at constant speed along paths of bounded curvature, must visit stochastically-generated targets in a convex, compact region of the plane. Targets are generated according to a spatio-temporal Poisson process, uniformly in the region. It is desired to minimize the expected waiting time between the appearance of a target, and the time it is visited. We present partially centralized algorithms for UAV routing, assigning regions of responsibility to each vehicle, and compare their performance with respect to asymptotic performance bounds, in the light and heavy load limits. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
A division inhibitor and a topological specificity factor coded for by the minicell locus determine proper placement of the division septum in E. coli

The E. coli minicell locus (minB) was shown to code for three gene products (MinC, MinD, and MinE) whose coordinate action is required for proper placement of the division spetum. Studies of the phenotypic effects of expression of the three genes, alone and in all possible combinations, indicated the following: cell poles contain potential division sites that will support additional septation events unless specifically inactivated; the minC and minD gene products act in concert to form a nonspecific inhibitor of septation that is capable of blocking cell division at all potential division sites; and the minE gene codes for a topological specificity factor that, in wild-type cells, prevents the division inhibitor from acting at internal division sites while permitting it to block septation at polar sites.
Induced Follicular Atresia in Rhesus Monkeys: Strength-Duration Relationships of the Estrogen Stimulus*

We have demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) administered to monkeys for 24 or 48 h from day 6 of the menstrual cycle results consistently in degeneration of the preovulatory follicle. The present experiments were conducted to determine the strength-duration characteristics of this effect and to evaluate the occurrence of partial atresia together with subsequent effects on luteal function. Square wave increments in circulating amounts of estrogen were achieved by varying the number and size of Silastic capsules containing E2. Treatments included 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 10 capsules placed sc for 6, 12, or 24 h. Forty-six menstrual cycles were studied in 33 animals. Increments in serum concentrations of estrogen approximating 300–400 pg/ml and sustained for 24 h or those greater than 600 pg/ml for only 6 h were maximally effective, while 300–400 pg/ml for 12 h or 100 pg/ml for 24 h were almost as effective. Increments less than about 60 pg/ml were essentially ineffective in inducing atresia. After induced atresia,...
Lead and mercury levels in vegetation from strip-mined areas in eastern Ohio.

Coal has been strip mined in 27 of Ohio's eastern counties; in 9 of these counties surface mining affected more than 5% of the land area. Although a limited amount of farming is being done on this land, the largest part of it seems destined to be utilized for wildlife and wildlife-associated recreation. The quantity and kinds of vegetation on strip-mined land frequently are different from that on nearby unmined sites. There was, therefore, reason to question whether nutritive levels of plant tissues also might differ from those of undisturbed lands. Accordingly, the authors examined the effects of strip mining on the nutritive quality of vegetation (LINDSAY 1974). They also wished to measure the concentrations of lead and mercury in vegetation on stripped areas and to evaluate these findings as they relate to the suitability of such vegetation as food for wildlife. Levels of mercury and lead in vegetation are presented here.
On the Relevancy of Modigliani and Miller to Banking: A Parable and Some Observations

Discussions of bank capital regulation are often clouded by fundamental misunderstandings about how the insights presented over 50 years ago by Modigliani and Miller (M&M) relate to bank funding and the cost of bank equity. The claim is often made that banks are special and that the M&M insights do not apply in the banking context. This claim is misleading and false. The M&M insights, when properly interpreted, do apply to this discussion. These insights show that any analysis of capital regulation must be focused on how capital regulation rules affect the various frictions associated with funding and how this affects the social costs and benefits associated with the funding of banks. This short paper presents a parable that explains the relevance of M&M to banks and makes several observations about the errors and incorrect arguments that result when M&M insights are not properly recognized.
Mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression: Implications for sunscreen design

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation present in sunlight is immune-suppressive. Recently we showed that solar-simulated UV radiation (UVA þ UVB; 295-400 nm), applied after immunization, suppressed immunological memory and the elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the common opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans. Further, we found that wavelengths in the UVA region of the solar spectrum (320-400 nm), devoid of UVB, were equally effective in activating immune suppression as UVA þ UVB radiation. Here we report on the mechanisms involved. No immune suppression was found in UV-irradiated mice injected with monoclonal anti-interleukin (IL)-10 antibody, or mice exposed to solar-simulated UV radiation and injected with recombinant IL-12. Antigen-specific suppressor T cells were found in the spleens of mice exposed to UVA þ UVB radiation. Applying liposomes containing bacteriophage T4N5 to the skin of mice exposed to solar-simulated UVA þ UVB radiation or mice exposed to UVA radiation blocked immune suppression, demonstrating an essential role for UV-induced DNA damage in the suppression of established immune reactions. These findings indicate that UV radiation activates similar immunological pathways to suppress the induction of, or the elicitation of, the immune response.
ANALYSIS OF CARBON-BEARING MATERIALS FOR USE AS FIRST WALL ARMOR IN THE HIGH AVERAGE POWER LASER (HAPL) CHAMBER

The characterization of lifetime-component capabilities of various chamber armors is a critical path to the development of the High Average Power Laser (HAPL) reactor design. Previous studies have examined tungsten as an armor material to protect the low-activation ferritic steel first wall from x-ray and ion damage. Carbon-bearing materials are of interest as candidate armor materials due to their desirable thermal and mechanical properties. This analysis examines and compares several carbon-bearing materials: silicon carbide, graphite, engineered graphitic materials and carbon nanotube composites. The transient thermal response of these materials was simulated with the BUCKY 1-D radiation hydrodynamics code utilizing the standardized HAPL x-ray and ion threat spectra. Evacuated and buffer gas filled bare-walled configurations were simulated.
PREDATOR-INDUCED SHELL DIMORPHISM IN THE ACORN BARNACLE CHTHAMALUS ANISOPOMA.

Field experiments were conducted in order to determine the nature of shell dimorphism in the acorn barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma and the adaptive significance of the atypical form. The typical morph has the conical shape which is characteristic of acorn barnacles, while the atypical morph appears bent over, with the rim of its aperture oriented perpendicular to its base. The experiments showed that: 1) the bent-over morphology is an environmentally-induced de- velopmental response to the presence of a carnivorous gastropod (Acanthina angelica) and 2) that "bents" are more resistant than "conics" to specialized predation by this snail. The results also showed that predation by A. angelica is patchy and heaviest in the near vicinity of cracks and crevices, which it uses as refuges during periods of tidal inundation. Because predation is patchy and bents are less fecund and grow slower than conics, the conditional developmental strategy is likely to be favored over strict genetical control of shell morphology.
Influence of Zircaloy cladding composition on hydride formation during aqueous hydrogen charging

Abstract Although hydrogen uptake in Zirconium (Zr) based claddings has been a topic of many studies, hydrogen uptake as a function of alloy composition has received little attention. In this work, commercial Zr-based cladding alloys (Zircaloy-2, Zircaloy-4 and ZIRLO™), differing in composition but with similar initial textures, grain sizes, and surface roughness, were aqueously charged with hydrogen for 100, 300, and 1000 s at nominally 90 °C to produce hydride layers of varying thicknesses. Transmission electron microscope characterization following aqueous charging showed hydride phase and orientation relationship were identical in all three alloys. However, elastic recoil detection measurements confirmed that surface hydride layers in Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 were an order of magnitude thicker relative to ZIRLO™.
IR measuring technology for solid propellant plume

IR measuring system was developed aiming at the demand of low characteristic signal propellants. The system was used for measuring several formula propellant plumes.This system mainly consists of dectection unit,light-circuit system,signal treatment unit,and self-calibrated black bady,etc., with the measuring accuracy higher than 4%,and good operational property, the system can be used to accurately characterize IR measuring level of solid propellant plume.
Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Primates

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current perspectives and understanding of reproductive function in human and nonhuman primates, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function across the lifespan; pregnancy and lactation; sexual behavior and its hormonal underpinnings; and seasonal, social, and energetic influences on reproduction. Descriptive data on reproductive patterns are available for several hundred primate species and subspecies studied in the wild and/or in captivity. Primates are morphologically generalized mammals that are distinguished by their large brains, advanced cognitive abilities, flexible behavior, sophisticated social systems, and long lives. Although primate species exhibit marked diversity in morphology, ecology, life-history parameters, and social organization, they share a reproductive profile characterized by low fecundity and extensive investment in each infant, associated with delayed reproductive maturation, long gestations, small litters, large neonates, long lactational periods, and slow postnatal growth.