cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Approach to Investigate Low-Temperature Nanoscale Oxidation of Metals under UV Radiation

The oxidation of metals at low temperatures is important not only from a fundamental point of view but also from technological relevance. Recent research has demonstrated that the nanoscale oxidation of metals such as Zr can be significantly altered during photon radiation. While there have been some experimental results to this effect, there are still no quantitative models to explain the enhancement in oxidation and the resulting self-limiting oxide thickness in the presence of radiation. In this paper, we report a detailed theoretical and numerical study of UV light-enhanced low-temperature metal oxidation. This model takes into consideration oxygen adsorption and desorption at the oxide/gas interface, ionic currents within the growing oxides enhanced by the UV-induced high-field migration, as well as electronic tunnel current in the metal-oxide-oxygen systems. Compared to the low tunnel electronic current in natural oxidation (without UV light), the tunnel electronic current due to excitation in the UV-light-enhanced oxidation process is dramatically larger than the thermionic electron current, leading to an increased oxide thickness. In addition, the model is utilized to calculate the self-limiting oxide thickness as a function of temperature with and without UV radiation, including the effect of oxygen partial pressure. Our numerical calculations indicate trends consistent with reported experimental results.
Diacytosis of 125I-asialoorosomucoid by rat hepatocytesa. A non-lysosomal pathway insensitive to inhibition by inhibitors of ligand degradation

Abstract Diacytosis of 125I-asialoorosomucoid by rat hepatocytes was studied by preincubating the cells with the labelled ligand at 37°C for 30 min or 18°C for 2 h, washing free of cell surface receptor-bound tracer at 4°C and then reincubating at 37°C. The cells preloaded at 37°C released a maximum of 18% of the total intracellular ligand as undegraded molecules after 1 h of incubation with an apparent first-order rate constant of 0.018 min−1 ( t 1 2 = 39 min ). When the preloaded cells were incubated in the presence of 100 μg/ml unlabelled asialoorosomucoid or 5 mM ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, the amount of the released ligand increased to 32 and 37%, respectively, without apparent change in kinetics, indicating that these agents prevented rebinding of the released ligand. In the presence of 5 μM colchicine, 20 μM cytochalasin B, 20 μM chloroquine, 10 mM NH4Cl, 10 μM monensin or 20 μM leupeptin, degradation of the preloaded ligand was inhibited, whereas the release of the ligand was either slightly increased or unchanged. Similar effects of leupeptin, colchicine and asialoocrosomucoid were observed with cells preloaded at 18°C. These results indicate that diacytosis of 125I-asialoorosomucoid occurs from a prelysosomal compartment via a route insensitive to inhibition by the inhibitors of ligand degradation.
Quality of life in long-term cervical cancer survivors

Abstract Objectives To describe the quality of life (QOL) and long-term psychosocial sequelae of women of childbearing age diagnosed with cervical cancer 5–10 years earlier. Methods Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, 51 cervical cancer survivors and 50 age-matched controls completed a comprehensive QOL interview. Results Participants were predominantly married, non-Hispanic White, with a mean age at diagnosis of 37 years and a mean age at interview of 45 years. This disease-free sample enjoys a good QOL, with physical, social, and emotional functioning comparable to or better than comparative norms. However, certain psychological survivorship sequelae and reproductive concerns persist. Participants reporting good QOL were less likely to report ongoing coping efforts related to having had this illness and were more likely to report greater social support, greater sexual pleasure, and less cervical cancer-specific distress. In a multiple-regression model, cancer-specific distress, spiritual well-being, maladaptive coping, and reproductive concerns accounted for 72% of the variance in QOL scores. Fifty-nine percent of respondents expressed that they would likely participate in a counseling program today to discuss psychosocial issues raised by having had cervical cancer, and 69% stated that they would have attended a support group program during the initial treatment if it had been offered. Conclusions This information provides insight into the complex survivorship relationships between QOL and sequelae of cervical cancer for women diagnosed during childbearing years. Therefore, it is important for health care professionals to recognize that aspects of cancer survivorship continue to require attention and possible follow-up care.
Arthroscopic Reduction and Internal Fixation of an Inferior Glenoid Fracture With Scapular Extension (Ideberg V)

Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of glenoid fractures have been well described, especially for glenoid rim (Bankart) fractures, as well as for scapular body fractures with extensions into the articular surface. This approach has the advantage of decreasing comorbidities associated with a standard open approach, but it can be technically challenging and may not be amenable to all fracture patterns. Arthroscopic fixation of scapular fractures incorporating a transverse pattern along the inferior aspect of the glenoid is particularly challenging because of difficulty in accessing this space. We detail the use of a posteroinferior arthroscopic portal for fracture reduction and hardware placement in a scapular fracture with inferior glenoid involvement.
Solving for X: Kennan, Containment, and the Color Line

George F. Kennan is renowned as the author of the containment doctrine and subsequently as a critic of American Cold War policy. But other elements of his thought, which have been neglected, are integral to a reconsideration of his stature. He distrusted democracy and proposed ways to limit its expression, discounted movements for human rights in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, believed Hispanics posed a threat to the United States, and often argued against the national liberation aspirations in the Third World (which he considered largely irrelevant to Great Power diplomacy). He failed to grasp the connection between the U.S. civil rights movement and foreign policy. These weaknesses limited his usefulness as a policy adviser and still cloud his legacy as America’s “conscience.”
3d colon segment and endoscope motion reconstruction from colonoscopy video

This dissertation addresses the problem of reconstruction of the 3D structure of colon segments and the 3D motion of an endoscope from colonoscopy images. Colonoscopy is currently the preferred screening modality for early colorectal cancer (CRC) detection, claiming about 50,000 annual deaths in the US. During colonoscopy, the endoscopist performs diagnosis and/or treatment based on images of the interior of the human colon taken by the camera at the tip of the endoscope. The reconstruction of the virtual colon and the endoscope motion from colonoscopy images has the potential to (1) improve endoscopist's understanding of the colon structure of the patient and the endoscopist's navigation technique at the time of colonoscopy; (2) determine the estimated area and location of the colon mucosa uninspected by the endoscopist; domain experts estimated that as much as 95% of the colon mucosa should be inspected; and (3) bridge the gap between virtual colonoscopy and optical colonoscopy. Besides our previous work, we found no other techniques that address the same problem in the literature. We propose a set of new algorithms and evaluate them using images inside an Olympus synthetic colon as well as colonoscopy images from real colonoscopy procedures. Edges of colon fold contours are first detected and processed to generate the wire frame of the reconstructed virtual colon. We propose a colon fold contour estimation algorithm using a single colonoscopy image. We introduce Depth-from-Intensity—the depth and shape estimation of colon folds using brightness intensity of pixels. We introduce an algorithm to estimate the amount of protrusion and width of colon folds and interpolate the folds and the colon wall to connect the folds in 3D space. We present our new method for reconstructing the virtual colon from sequential colonoscopy images and deriving corresponding camera motions. We discuss two quality metrics derived using the information from the reconstruction: spiral score and percentage of areas uninspected. Spiral score is found strongly correlated with the ground truth visualization quality on 159 colonoscopy videos. The percentage of areas uninspected metric is of great interest to domain experts. Broader impact: The proposed work has potential to improve the amount of the colon mucosa inspected in clinical practice; thereby, potentially increasing the protective effect of colonoscopy against CRC. The technology may change the way colonoscopy is performed in routine practice and may be used for training new endoscopists. Finally, the algorithm design will add to existing knowledge in endoscopy video processing and may be beneficial for other endoscopy procedures.
Detached Eddy Simulation of Flap Side-Edge Flow

Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) of flap side-edge flow was performed with a wing and half-span flap configuration used in previous experimental and numerical studies. The focus of the study is the unsteady flow features responsible for the production of far-field noise. The simulation was performed at a Reynolds number (based on the main wing chord) of 3.7 million. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations were performed as a precursor to the DES. The results of these precursor simulations match previous experimental and RANS results closely. Although the present DES simulations have not reached statistical stationary yet, some unsteady features of the developing flap side-edge flowfield are presented. In the final paper it is expected that statistically stationary results will be presented including comparisons of surface pressure spectra with experimental data.
Meningeal Worm in Central Iowa Goat Herds

Aberrant migration of the deer meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, is a commonly recognized cause of neurologic disease in South American camelids but is less frequently considered in other small ruminant species. After an unusually cool and wet summer season, central Iowa goat herds serviced by Iowa State University’s Veterinary Field Services have been increasingly affected by P. tenuis, with clinical cases presenting as early as August. Most caprine cases present with progressive neurologic deficits, starting with hind-end weakness and ataxia which may lead to complete paresis and death. Both sporadic cases and herd outbreaks involving as much as 15% of the herd have been observed. These cases involve a range of ages from older pre-weaned kids (4-6 months) to mature animals. Herds browsing wooded areas with a high deer density appear to be especially at risk. Field diagnosis is based on exposure history, clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and response to treatment. Treatment protocols include extra-label high-dose, extended course fenbendazole, anti-inflammatories, and supportive care along with single dose ivermectin for control of immature larvae. Ambulatory animals generally respond to treatment but may retain residual neurologic deficits; prognosis for downer animals is poor. Control effort may include restricting access to high-risk browse or grazing sites, exclusion of deer and mollusks, and chemoprophylaxis.
Olive-backed Pipit, Anthus hodgsoni, new for Turkey

Abstract The Olive-backed Pipit, Anthus hodgsoni, was recorded in the Kizilirmak Delta on 13 April 1992 for the first time in Turkey.
Hydrodynamic description of an unmagnetized plasma with multiple ion species. II. Two and three ion species plasmas

Paper I [A. N. Simakov and K. Molvig, Phys. Plasmas 23, 032115 (2016)] obtained a fluid description for an unmagnetized collisional plasma with multiple ion species. To evaluate collisional plasma transport fluxes, required for such a description, two linear systems of equations need to be solved to obtain corresponding transport coefficients. In general, this should be done numerically. Herein, the general formalism is used to obtain analytical expressions for such fluxes for several specific cases of interest: a deuterium-tritium plasma; a plasma containing two ion species with strongly disparate masses, which agrees with previously obtained results; and a three ion species plasma made of deuterium, tritium, and gold. These results can be used for understanding the behavior of the aforementioned plasmas, or for verifying a code implementation of the general multi-ion formalism.
Parameter Estimation using Genetic Algorithms for Air Traffic Management Simulation Scenario Generation

An optimal parameter estimation technique using nested genetic algorithms is presented for estimating flight planning cost functions from observed flight plans. An outer-loop is described that estimates flight plan cost function parameters for input to an inner-loop flight plan optimization given the estimated cost function. These estimated cost functions are designed to be suitable for the generation of optimal flight plans for use in simulations. Optimal flight planning necessitates tailoring of aircraft performance data to ensure suitability for flight plan optimization. A method is provided to tailor aircraft performance data for this type of optimization. Initial results indicate that observed flight plan data can easily be matched in one dimension (route, altitude or speed), but that further refinement of the outer-loop objective function is required to match observations in all dimensions.
The Microstructure of Copper Films Deposited by E-Beam Evaporation onto Thin Polyimide Films

Copper was deposited by electron beam evaporation onto both freshly cleaved bare and polyimide-coated (001) NaCl at substrate temperatures of 20°, 100°, 200° and 300°C at rates of 2 and 20,Asec −1 . For all substrate temperatures and deposition rates investigated, the Volmer-Weber mode of film growth was observed for copper both on polyimide and on NaCl. Comparisons of film growth on the two substrates for a constant substrate temperature revealed differences in film thickness at which copper became continuous or formed a completely coalesced film. It was found that copper grown on polyimide formed continuous and completely coalesced films at smaller film thicknesses than on NaCI. However once a completely coalesced film was obtained, grain growth in the copper films proceeded more rapidly on NaC1 substrates than on polyimide substrates.
Lymphocyte transformation and radioallergosorbent tests in drug hypersensitivity.

An in-vitro lymphocyte transformation test was performed on 252 patients, some of whom were suspected to Have hypersensitivities to antibiotics, aspirin, methyldopa, allopurinol, or halothane. Overall, the proportion of patients with clinically documented drug reactions who had positive tests was higher than the corresponding proportion of patients without such reactions. When results from individual drugs were compared, however, significant differences were found only with respect to antibiotics and aspirin. Extent of lymphocytic transformation did not correlate with severity or form of hypersensitivity. A radioallergosorbent test for penicillin-binding IgG and IgE was done on plasmas, of 63 patients whose lymphocytes were tested against penicillin in the lymphocytic transformation test. The radioallergosorbent test and the lymphocyte transformation test results did not correlate, but levels of penicillin- binding IgG and IgE showed significant correlation. A greater number of patients with clinical hypersensitivity to penicillin had positive results by both the lymphocyte transformation test and the radioallergosorbent test than by either test alone. The clinical relevances of these tests are discussed.
Diagnostic criteria for iron deficiency in coexistent iron and vitamin B12 deficiency.

Total iron-binding capacity, serum iron, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were used to detect iron deficiency in 44 partially gastrectomized patients known to be deficient in vitamin B12. An abnormally high total iron-binding capacity was the most frequent peripheral blood abnormality and was found in iron-deficient patients although serum iron and transferrin saturation were normal.
CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 19-2016. A 65-Year-Old Man with End-Stage Renal Disease and a Pruritic Rash.

A 65-year-old man with end-stage renal disease and a history of syphilis presented with a leg injury and a diffuse pruritic rash. A recent serologic test had been positive for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
Data Collection in Long-Run or Short-Run Format?

In this chapter, a critical question is raised for the empirical finance of corporate event studies. That is, what kind of data set should one apply? Should the short-run data set such as daily returns (or even high-frequency data) be applied? Or, should one try with the longer horizon data? A painful browse through all related literature shows that it is easy to find that there is no definite rule applied to this issue. One question often asked is whether the short-run returns contain more updated information or, the longer horizon data that may provide more insightful views since the impacts of corporate events may be persistent over time.
Parent and Clinician Perspectives on Sustained Behavior Change after a Prenatal Obesity Program: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Background: Infants of obese women are at a high risk for development of obesity. Prenatal interventions targeting gestational weight gain among obese women have not demonstrated consistent benefits for infant growth trajectories. Methods: To better understand why such programs may not influence infant growth, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 mothers who participated in a prenatal nutrition intervention for women with BMI 30 kg/m2 or greater, and with 19 clinicians (13 pediatric, 6 obstetrical). Interviews were transcribed and coded with themes emerging inductively from the data, using a grounded theory approach. Results: Mothers were interviewed a mean of 18 months postpartum and reported successful postnatal maintenance of behaviors that were relevant to the family food environment (Theme 1). Ambivalence around the importance of postnatal behavior maintenance (Theme 2) and enhanced postnatal healthcare (Theme 3) emerged as explanations for the failure of prenatal in...
A comparative study on the dynamics of tensegrity-membrane systems based on multiple models

Abstract This article investigates the modeling and dynamics of tensegrity-membrane systems. As extensions of tensegrity systems, tensegrity-membrane systems are composed of membranes, bars, and tendons. Significant system complexity and coupling between system components indicate that the behavior of the whole system needs to be investigated. For this purpose a complex nonlinear finite element model is developed to describe system dynamics. Numerical analysis results given by this nonlinear finite element model are compared with the results given by two other models based on different modeling assumptions and of lower complexity. Observations related to key dynamical properties and the influence of modeling assumptions are discussed in detail.
Trabajo y políticas culturales sobre el tiempo libre: Santiago de Chile, década de 1930

Este articulo analiza las politicas culturales sobre el tiempo libre en Chile durante la decada de 1930. Se senala que la progresiva reduccion de la jornada de trabajo abrio el debate sobre la promocion de instancias de recreacion para los trabajadores, discusiones internacionales en que confluyeron intereses muy diversos de intelectuales, funcionarios publicos, empresarios y trabajadores. Se abordan en particular las acciones promovidas por el Estado en torno al Departamento de Extension Cultural creado en 1932 y otras instituciones de su tipo.
Placental Proteomics Reveal Insights into Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.

Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) describe many of the well-known neurodevelopmental deficits afflicting children exposed to alcohol in utero. The effects of alcohol on the maternal–fetal interface, especially the placenta, have been less explored. We herein hypothesized that chronic binge alcohol exposure during pregnancy significantly alters the placental protein profile in a rat FASD model. Methods Pregnant rats were orogastrically treated daily with alcohol (4.5 g/kg, gestational day [GD] 5 to 10; 6.0 g/kg, GD 11 to 19) or 50% maltose dextrin (isocalorically matched pair-fed controls). On GD 20, placentae were collected, flash-frozen, and stored until tissues were homogenized. Protein lysates were denatured, reduced, captured on a 10-kDa spin filter, and digested. Peptides were eluted, reconstituted, and analyzed by a Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. Results Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis identified 2,285 placental proteins based on normalized spectral counts and 2,000 proteins by intensity-based absolute quantification. Forty-five placental proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) altered by gestational alcohol exposure by both quantification approaches. These included proteins directly related to alcohol metabolism; specific isoforms of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase were up-regulated in the alcohol group. Ingenuity analysis identified ethanol degradation as the most significantly altered canonical pathway in placenta, and fetal/organ development as most altered function, with increased risk for metabolic, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiological roles of the significantly altered proteins were related to early pregnancy adaptations, implantation, gestational diseases, fetal organ development, neurodevelopment, and immune functions. Conclusions We conclude that the placenta is a valuable organ not only to understand FASD etiology but it may also serve as a diagnostic tool to identify novel biomarkers for detecting the outcome of fetal alcohol exposure. Placental MS analysis can offer sophisticated insights into identifying alcohol metabolism-related enzymes and regulators of fetal development.
Leukocyte telomere length and cardiovascular disease in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Abstract Background and aims In European descent populations, shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality, while longer LTL has been associated with greater left ventricular hypertrophy. We evaluated the relationship of LTL with subclinical cardiovascular disease indices and incident clinical events and mortality in African Americans (AAs). Methods Analyses were restricted to 2518 participants of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) with LTL measured by Southern blot in baseline blood samples. Results Adjusting for established CVD risk factors, longer LTL was significantly associated with lower prevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) (odds ratio (OR) = 0.810) per 1 kb increase in LTL; (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.656, 0.9998), p=0.0498). Longer LTL was also associated with higher ankle brachial index (ABI) (β = 0.023; (95% CI 0.004, 0.042), p=0.017) when comparing the highest to the lowest LTL quartile. There were no significant associations between LTL and abdominal aortic calcification, carotid intima-media thickness, or left ventricular mass. After a median follow-up of 9 years, longer LTL was associated with lower risk of incident ischemic stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 0.69 (95% CI 0.48, 0.99), p=0.044) and total mortality (HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.67, 0.97), p=0.026) in age and sex adjusted models, but these associations were no longer significant in fully adjusted models. Conclusions Among a community-based cohort of AAs, longer LTL was nominally associated with lower odds of CAC and increased ABI, indicative of decreased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease. These findings do not offer strong support for LTL as an independent biomarker of CVD risk in AAs.
Sex Differences in Trauma-Related Psychopathology: a Critical Review of Neuroimaging Literature (2014–2017)

Sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of trauma-related psychopathology have long been documented. Multiple underlying mechanisms have been examined, both psychosocial and biological. Among the most promising biological mechanisms are neural substrates of trauma-related psychopathology that have been uncovered in recent years. Neuroimaging studies of sex-related heterogeneity published over the past 3 years (2014–2017) demonstrate an interaction between sex and type, timing, and load of trauma exposure. These studies suggest that, for males, early trauma exposure may involve a loss of gray matter in the limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus, and an over-activity and increased connectivity of salience hubs, and particularly dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). For females, however, early trauma exposure may involve overactive and possibly an enlarged amygdala, as well as decreased connectivity of salience hubs such as the dACC. Underlying mechanisms may include interaction with several endocrine systems and result in differential neural response to naturally occurring and added endocrine ligands, as well as sex-specific genetic and epigenetic risk and resilience factors. This complex interaction between multiple biological systems may be associated with sex-specific behavioral patterns, in turn associated with trauma-related psychopathology. While substantial number of published studies present preliminary evidence for neural mechanisms of sex-specific posttraumatic responses, there is a paucity of research directly designed to examine sex as a biological factor in trauma-related psychopathology. Specific foci for future studies aiming to bridge current gaps in the literature are discussed.
Emergency department visits among patients with left ventricular assist devices

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly implanted to support patients with end-stage heart failure. These patients are at high risk for complications, many of which necessitate emergency care. While rehospitalization rates have been described, there is little data regarding emergency department (ED) visits. We hypothesize that ED visits are frequent and often require admission after LVAD implantation. We performed a retrospective review of patients in our health-care system followed by the advanced heart failure service for LVAD management after implantation between January 2011 and July 2015. We accounted for all ED visits in our system through February 2016, 7 months after the last implantation included. Clinically relevant demographic variables and ED visit details were recorded and analyzed to describe this population. We identified 81 patients with complete data, among whom there were 283 visits (3.49 visits/patient), occurring at a rate of approximately 7.3 ED visits per patient per year alive with LVAD. The most common reason for an ED visit is a complication related to bleeding (18% of visits), followed by chest pain (14%) and dizziness or syncope (13%). Thirty-six percent of patients were discharged from the ED without hospital admission. A growing populace with implanted LVADs represents an important population within emergency medicine. They are at risk for significant complications and frequently present to the ED. While many of these visits may be managed without hospital admission, this specialized patient group represents a potential area for improvement in provider education.
Endoscopic ultrasound for rectal cancer staging: A population-based study of utilization, impact on treatment patterns, and survival.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Optimal rectal cancer (RC) outcomes depend on accurate locoregional staging. The study sought to describe the impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) on RC treatment patterns and survival. METHODS Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database, the study identified patients with RC between 2005 and 2007. The study excluded patients with stage IV disease, those not enrolled in Medicare parts A and B, those enrolled in managed care, and those staged with pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (because of low numbers). The study then compared outcomes between patients who received EUS and computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis (CTAP) to those staged with CTAP alone after propensity score matching. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2007, we identified 3,408 nonmetastatic RC patients. Compared with patients staged with CTAP alone, those who received EUS and CTAP were younger (median age: 75 vs 76 years, P < 0.0001), more likely men (57.6% vs 48.7%, P < 0.0001), with a lower Charlson comorbidity index (P < 0.0001). Predictors of EUS included socioeconomic status (highest vs lowest) (odds ratio [OR] 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-2.5), care by a gastroenterologist (OR 1.713, 95% CI 1.38-2.13), and care in a teaching hospital (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.35-2.08). Receipt of neoadjuvant chemoradiation was higher in EUS-staged patients (50.3% vs 16.0%, P < 0.0001). EUS-staged patients had longer overall survival compared with those staged with CTAP alone (60 vs 57 months), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.24). CONCLUSION Endoscopic ultrasound in RC staging is associated with higher utilization of neoadjuvant chemoradiation without a significant difference in overall survival.
Threshold B̄B Factories

We review the requirements of BB Factories to facilitate the observation of rare B decays and the study of CP violation. Two advances are required over present colliding beam machines: (1) much higher luminosity, (2) collisions that increase the reconstruction efficiency and facilitate proper time measurements. The latter requirement can likelly be met by using asymmetric colliding beams (either circular or linear). The limitations on achievable luminosity in circular machines likely limits the maximum luminosity to 1033cm-2sec-1 (SIN Machine). Linear collider BB Factories offer the possiblitiy of greater luminosity but are still in the R&D stage. Examples of BB Factory designs at UCLA and Frascati are described.
Does the ADA Discriminate Against Deaf People

As an unfunded federal mandate, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires public and private entities to ensure disability accommodations without providing state funding to pay for these accommodations. Disability accommodations under the ADA can take many forms, including audio description of a museum exhibit, designated parking for people with disabilities, or accessible toilet stalls. For each of these examples, once it is established or installed, the accommodation is available to serve the needs of numerous disabled individuals. Individualized service accommodations for disability accessibility emerge only once the individual with the disability makes the request. For example, a deaf job candidate requests communication access for a job interview. The request for the accommodation is individual-dependent, and in the case of signed language interpreting, individual-specific and not fungible. Given that the unfunded mandate of the ADA does not directly provide a mechanism to alleviate expenses related to providing service accommodations to individuals, which can serve as a deterrent to inclusive practices, the question arises as to whether the ADA discriminates against individuals who require ongoing service accommodations.
In-hospital perforation risk in acute appendicitis: Age matters.

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding how quickly an adult with appendicitis requires surgery to prevent perforation, and recent literature on antibiotic use as definitive treatment has complicated this question further. Since perforation is associated with worse outcomes, particularly in the elderly, efforts to prevent this complication are warranted. We studied risk factors for in-hospital perforation in patients diagnosed by admission CT with non-perforated acute appendicitis. Methods We evaluated baseline demographics, symptom duration, and time from admission to antibiotics and surgery. Outcome measure was perforation diagnosed intra-operatively by attending surgeon. Results Of 700 patients, 84 (12%) sustained in-hospital perforation; time from admission to operation or antibiotics were not associated. Duration of symptoms >24 h (aOR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.33–3.72, p Conclusion Time to operation and antibiotic timing were not associated with in-hospital perforation in a general adult population. However, these findings suggest a possible benefit to expedient surgery in older patients.
Composite Modular Power Delivery Architecture for Next-Gen 48V Data Center Applications

This paper presents a smart Composite Modular Power Delivery Architecture (COMPDA). One example for this architecture is applied in DC-DC 48V to 12V data center circuit shown here. COMPDA has many good features, such as voltage clamping for all devices, low total device stress under wide range ratio. It also has good modular characteristics. Each device has the same voltage and current stress. The principle operation is that all modular cells are connected in-series to share input high voltage and in-parallel to pump output high current, which can easily achieve ultra-high power density and high efficiency. Zero current switching (ZCS) can be applied in the proposed converter. A 4X unregulated DC-DC COMPDA with ZCS is studied for data center application. Finally, a GaN based prototype is built and tested to verify the theoretical analysis. The proposed converter can achieve the peak efficiency at 98.55% under ultra-high switching frequency 253 kHz. Furthermore, another GaN based high-density 6X boost COMPDA based prototype is also presented here. The peak efficiency can achieve 98.9% at 4kW power rating.
Proteomic Analysis of Plasma-Derived Exosomes in Defining Their Role as Biomarkers of Disease Progression, Response to Therapy and Outcome.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as an intercellular communication system that plays an important role in health and becomes dysfunctional in disease [...]
Resource utilisation in paediatric patients with secundum atrial septal defects

BACKGROUND There is variation in care of secundum atrial septal defects. Defects 3 mm are often followed clinically and may require closure. Variation in how these lesions are monitored may result in over-utilisation of routine studies and higher than necessary patient charges. PURPOSE To determine utilisation patterns for patients with secundum atrial septal defects diagnosed within the first year of life and compare to locally developed optimal utilisation standard to assess charge savings. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of patients with secundum atrial septal defects diagnosed within the first year of life. Patients with co-existing cardiac lesions were excluded. Total number of clinic visits, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms were recorded. Total charge was calculated based on our standard institutional charges. Patients were stratified based on lesion and provider type and then compared to "optimal utilisation" using analysis of variance statistical analysis. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients were included, 40 had patent foramen ovale (or atrial septal defect <3 mm), 43 had atrial septal defects not requiring intervention and 14 had atrial septal defects requiring intervention. There was a statistically significant difference in mean charge above optimal for these lesions of $1033, $2885, and $5722 (p < 0.02), respectively. There was statistically significant variation of charge among types of provider as well. Average charge savings per patient would be $2530 with total charge savings of $242,472 if the optimal utilisation pathway was followed. CONCLUSION Using optimal utilisation and decreasing variation could save the patient significant unnecessary charges.
Indoor and Outdoor Pyrethroid Air Concentrations

Pyrethroids are used throughout the world in agricultural settings and inside and outside of residences to control pests. This has resulted in their increase in air concentration leading to inhalation, and to a lesser extent dermal, exposures to applicators, their families, and the general public. Applicators need to wear appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE) to avoid high exposures during or after spraying of crops. The various uses of the pyrethroids and pyrethrins are regulated and education often mandated to minimize potential exposures. Outdoor levels are predominantly influenced by agricultural applications which can result in drift of the pesticides to the surrounding residential communities. Drift contributions decrease with distance from application and depend upon wind conditions, temperature, and precipitation. Only a limited number of studies have directly measured pyrethroid air concentrations due to the effort involved. Rather, air concentrations and the resulting exposure estimates rely on mathematical modeling to predict the transport and distribution of pyrethroids and on biomarker measurements to determine uptake in individuals. Urinary metabolites are the most common biomarkers. However, most of the metabolites are not specific to individual pyrethroids; rather, they provide evidence that an individual or population were exposed to one or more pyrethroid pesticide. Recently, silicone bracelets have been deployed to evaluate relative personal inhalation exposures to pyrethroids as part of a scan for multiple semi-volatile organic compounds. When pyrethroids are sprayed indoors, they are absorbed onto surfaces and by house dust. The absorbed pyrethroids subsequently equilibrate with the indoor air and are distributed throughout the home resulting in multiple exposures over an extended time period. Inhalation of pyrethroids usually contributes only a small portion (<10%) of the total exposure in the general population, with ingestion of foods grown or stored with pesticides to increase crop yield having the largest contribution. Inhalation exposures can be significant though following the use pesticide application devices that release larger amounts into the air or if individuals enter a treated area without adequate ventilation or prior to the pyrethroid air concentration declining sufficiently.
A High Recall Classifier for Selecting Articles for MEDLINE Indexing

MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine's premier bibliographic database for biomedical literature. A highly valuable feature of the database is that each record is manually indexed with a controlled vocabulary called MeSH. Most MEDLINE journals are indexed cover-to-cover, but there are about 200 selectively indexed journals for which only articles related to biomedicine and life sciences are indexed. In recent years, the selection process has become an increasing burden for indexing staff, and this paper presents a machine learning based system that offers very significant time savings by semi-automating the task. At the core of the system is a high recall classifier for the identification of journal articles that are in-scope for MEDLINE. The system is shown to reduce the number of articles requiring manual review by 54%, equivalent to approximately 40,000 articles per year.
Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Intact and Resected Brain Metastases

The indications for stereotactic radiosurgery are increasing for patients with both intact and resected brain metastases. Radiosurgery in a single fraction may be limited by concern for central nervous system toxicity and inferior local control, particularly for larger lesions. Hypofractionated radiosurgery, over two to five fractions, is frequently used as an alternative treatment that may improve tumor control and adverse event outcomes compared to single-fraction radiosurgery due to size and/or location. In this chapter, we review the rationale and radiobiology of hypofractionated radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. We review the accumulating clinical experience thus far with various hypofractionated radiosurgery regimens and highlight areas of uncertainty and future study.
Managed Grazing on California Annual Rangelands in the Context of State Climate Policy

Abstract Approximately one third of California is grazed by livestock, with most forage produced on annual rangelands, the common term for rangelands with a significant annual herbaceous component. Given the state's interest in mitigating climate change and growing public attention on grazing systems that enhance carbon sequestration, we investigate the impact of grazing management on soil carbon cycling on California annual rangelands, drawing on soil science, rangeland management, and policy analysis literature. We conclude that using managed grazing for augmenting soil organic carbon on California annual rangelands presents significant challenges. Challenges include the heterogeneity, biogeochemical characteristics, and nonequilibrium nature of California's Mediterranean region, where ecological site conditions, soil type and texture, and climate moderate carbon sequestration. Enduring unknowns in the science underlying soil carbon and the dearth of relevant California-based studies further obscure the potential climate change mitigation effects of grazing systems. Given this, grazing management on California annual rangelands should not be prioritized as a climate change mitigation strategy, unless it is for the purposes of data collection and research. Alternative climate change mitigation opportunities on these landscapes include preventing rangeland conversion and enhancing soil carbon stocks through the suite of range management practices known to augment soil organic carbon or prevent erosion, including marginal cropland restoration, riparian restoration, organic amendments, and silvopasture. In this review, we argue that single-purpose management is generally not fitting for the diverse portfolio of social-ecological services produced on California's vast and varied rangelands. When assessing the value of grazing systems for augmenting soil organic carbon, policymakers, landowners, and other decision makers should consider the potential impacts on the numerous ecosystem services supported by the landscape. The multidisciplinary method presented in this review provides a critical framework for evaluating the appropriateness of working lands carbon policies as Natural Climate Solutions for climate change mitigation are developed in California and other geographies.
Studies of polarization dependent magnetic resonances in rubidium vapor for light ellipticity measurement and vector magnetometry applications

We report our investigations on the dependence of magnetic resonance spectrum on the light ellipticity and the polarization angle. A rubidium vapor cell with octade-cyltrichlorosilane (OTS) antirelaxation coating has been used in our experiment to produce narrow linewidth magnetic resonances. We show that excitation using elliptically polarized light can simultaneously produce the alignment and orientation resonances in a Bell-Bloom interaction geometry. We have developed a theoretical model to calculate the resonance spectrum using light with a varying degree of ellipticity. Amplitudes of the alignment and orientation resonances show a strong dependence on the light ellipticity. Our study shows that the duty cycle of light modulation can effectively control the amplitude variations of the alignment and orientation resonances with light ellipticity. We propose that the difference between the alignment and orientation resonance amplitudes can be used for in situ measurement of the light
Association of Preeclampsia With Incident Stroke in Later Life Among Women in the Framingham Heart Study

Importance Contemporary research suggests an association between preeclampsia and later-life stroke among women. To our knowledge, no research to date has accounted for the time-varying nature of shared risk factors for preeclampsia and later-life stroke incidence. Objective To assess the relative risk of incident stroke in later life among women with and without a history of preeclampsia after accounting for time-varying covariates. Design, setting, and participants This population-based cohort study was a secondary analysis of data from the Framingham Heart Study, which was conducted from 1948 to 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were stroke free at enrollment and had a minimum of 3 study visits and 1 pregnancy before menopause, hysterectomy, or age 45 years. Data on vascular risk factors, history of preeclampsia, and stroke incidence were collected biannually. Participants were followed up until incident stroke or censorship from the study. Marginal structural models were used to evaluate the relative risk of incident stroke among participants with and without a history of preeclampsia after accounting for time-varying covariates. Data were analyzed from May 2019 to December 2020. Exposures Presence or absence of preeclampsia among women with 1 or more pregnancies. Main outcomes and measures Incident stroke in later life. Results A total of 1435 women (mean [SD] age, 44.4 [7.7] years at the beginning of the study; 100% White) with 41 422 person-years of follow-up were included in the analytic sample. Of those, 169 women had a history of preeclampsia, and 231 women experienced strokes during follow-up. At baseline, women with preeclampsia were more likely to be younger, to be receiving cholesterol-lowering medications, to have lower cholesterol and higher diastolic blood pressure, and to currently smoke. The association between preeclampsia and stroke in the marginal structural model was only evident when adjustment was made for all vascular risk factors over the life course, which indicated that women with a history of preeclampsia had a higher risk of stroke in later life compared with women without a history of preeclampsia (relative risk, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.24-11.60). Conclusions and relevance The findings of this cohort study suggest that preeclampsia may be a risk factor for later-life stroke among women after adjustment for time-varying vascular and demographic factors. Future research is warranted to fully explore the mediation of this association by midlife vascular risk factors.
Calculating the Topological Resilience of Supply Chain Networks Using Quantum Hopfield Neural Networks

A quantum computing approach is presented for implementing a quantum version of a Hopfield Neural Network which is then used for solving the Minimum Vertex Cover (MVC) problem. A bijection maps the Minimum Vertex Cover of a graph to a stable pattern of the Quantum Hopfield Neural Network. The proposed algorithm reached a 100% accuracy in finding the minimum vertex cover for a testing dataset of graphs. The use of the Quantum HNN and quantum principles such as superposition enables the usage of potentially exponential power and speed up in solving NP-complete graph problems such as the MVC.
MADILIS, the Microsoft Access-Based Digital Library System

The ASU Libraries' staff had considerable experience creating digital library systems to satisfy the needs of a major university library. These systems were designed to be high performance, large scale systems, capable of supporting very large, multimedia databases, accessible to large numbers of simultaneous users. Using this experience, the staff set out to design a digital library system that could satisfy the needs of small libraries. A small digital library system cannot be simply a scaled back version of a large system. The primary factors driving the design of a small system are cost, scalability and technical support. The resulting digital library system, named MADILIS, is designed to satisfy all of the criteria for a fully functional digital library system, while also meeting the cost, scalability and technical support needs of small libraries.