cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colobus monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human–wildlife conflicts

Summary 1. Approximately half of the remaining Zanzibar red colobus Procolobus kirkii, one of Africa's most endangered primates, reside permanently outside protected areas, many within agricultural areas. Consequently, conservation of this endangered species is strongly dependent on the development of effective management plans that address the potential human–wildlife conflicts in these agricultural areas. 2. There are a growing number of complaints about red colobus consumption of coconuts in the agricultural areas and requests by local farmers for compensation and/or removal of the colobus. Prior to taking actions that would hinder the conservation of this highly endangered species, it is necessary to quantify and compare the actual impact of the colobus on coconut harvest with that perceived by the farmers. 3. In this study we monitored five experimental and two control plots to quantify the potential impact of red colobus on coconut crops and to assess the ecological variables that may influence this impact. 4. We found that red colobus consumption of coconuts was highest in areas of high red colobus density and low availability of alternative red colobus food resources. Despite these correlations, red colobus feeding on immature coconuts did not appear to limit coconut harvest. On the contrary, red colobus consumption of coconuts was found to be positively correlated with harvest. This correlation is probably due to a pruning effect. 5. Based upon our findings that red colobus are having no significant negative impact on coconut harvest and are actually a source of tourist revenue to the region, we recommend no action be taken to remove colobus from the agricultural areas. 6. This study illustrates the importance of scientific documentation of perceived human–wildlife conflicts.
On the measurement of yield strength by spherical indentation

Over the past 10 years, a number of investigators have proposed methods to measure the yield strength of metals using instrumented indentation experiments performed with a sphere [Ma et al., J. Appl. Phys. 94 288 (2003); Cao and Lu, Acta Mater. 52 4023 (2004); Yu and Blanchard, J. Mater. Res. 11 2358 (1996); Field and Swain, J. Mater. Res. 10 101 (1995)]. Most of these proposed methods have yet to be rigorously verified experimentally. The objective of this work is to contribute to experimental verification by testing four contemporary models against their ability to accurately determine the yield strength of the aluminium alloy 6061-T6 using the smallest sphere commercially available. The four models selected for this review are those in the references mentioned above. The tensile and indentation samples were taken from the same 3.175-mm thick sheet and the surface of the indentation sample was given the best possible mechanical polishing. The indentation experiments were performed using a 90° diamond co...
Different kinds of axon terminals forming symmetric synapses with the cell bodies and initial axon segments of layer II/III pyramidal cells. III. Origins and frequency of occurrence of the terminals.

The cell bodies of the layer II/III pyramidal cells in rat visual cortex receive three morphologically distinct types of axon terminals. These axon terminals all form symmetric synapses and have been termed large, medium-sized, and dense axon terminals. The present study shows that each of these different kinds of axon terminals contains gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which suggests that they are inhibitory. From an analysis of the profiles of 50 cell bodies it is calculated that the average layer II/III pyramidal cell has 65 axosomatic synapses, of which 43 are formed by medium-sized terminals, 10 by large terminals/and 12 by dense terminals. Comparison of these different kinds of axon terminals with labelled axon terminals of known origin suggests that the medium-sized terminals are derived from smooth multipolar cells with unmyelinated axons, and that at least some of the dense terminals originate from bipolar cells that contain vasoactive intestinal polypeptides. The source of the large axon terminals is not known, but it is suggested that they originate from multipolar non-pyramidal cells with myelinated axons.
NiAl formation by annealing of infiltrated aluminium-nickel precursors

Samples fabricated by pressure-infiltration of nickel powders with molten aluminium were heat treated at 1200 °C under vacuum or argon isostatic pressure. Reaction and diffusion in the asinfiltrated samples, which contained nickel, aluminium and varying amounts of Ni2Al3 and Al3Ni, resulted in the formation of NiAl as a principal phase with nickel and Ni3Al as minor phases. All samples exhibited macroporosity due to the formation of an interconnected transient liquid phase during heat treatment. Vacuum-annealed samples also showed extensive Kirkendall porosity in the nickel phase, which was, however, pore-free in hot isostatically pressed samples due to compaction during reaction. Concentration profiles of aluminium in these nickel regions were measured and are in good agreement with predicted values.
Storage capacity of holo-interferograms.

The practical storage capacity of a holographic medium can be found by finely comparing reconstructions from independent holograms of an information-dense object wave. With the help of two orthogonally polarized reference waves, a pair of volume holograms is recorded simultaneously at imprint densities as high as 4.1 × 1010 bits/cm3. As a consequence of polarization, the holograms are not mutually coherent, and the twin encodings of the object wave can be reconstructed separately. These are brought into fine registration interferometrically and then scanned by a CCD camera. Experiments on glass-mounted Agfa 8E56, a fine-grained silver halide emulsion designed for holography, are reported. When the object wave was moderately dense in information, grain noise was the main cause of the reconstruction errors. Emulsional plasticity was the more significant factor both when the object wave was optically sparse and when it was extremely dense. Plasticity noise limited the information that could be retrieved to 2.7 × 1010 bits/cm3, which is 2 orders of magnitude below the capacity suggested by the emulsion’s bandwidth and grain-noise figures alone.
Children’s Social and Academic Competence

AbstractInterpersonal problem-solving ability (IPS), assertiveness, and self-esteem were assessed for 128 boys and 113 girls in fourth to sixth grades and related to competence with peers, teachers, and academic subjects. A sub-packet factor analysis and a correlational analysis of children’s scores on IPS, assertiveness, and self-esteem revealed assertiveness as a distinct factor with considerable overlap between IPS and self-esteem. Significant positive correlations were found between each factor and grade point average, teacher ratings of comportment, and observations of classroom behavior, but not peer status. These results suggest further research in two areas: (a) the domain specificity of social competence, and (b) analysis of individual children’s profiles of skill deficits and strengths.
Peak widths of elementary first and second order desorption transients

Abstract Expressions for the peak widths of first and second order desorption transients are determined in terms of the parameters of the desorption equation. The expressions permit an accurate estimate of the activation energy of desorption, E , from the peak width and peak temperature obtained from a single desorption transient for situations in which the desorption energy and pre-exponential factor are independent of both temperature and coverage.
Darwin's contribution to neuropsychology in the twenty-first century.

Anyone who tries to understand human behavior without knowledge of prehuman organisms will build an edifice without a foundation.
Tunnel advance rate prediction based on geologic and engineering observations

Abstract Predicting the advance rate associated with the driving of any tunnel can obviously facilitate the planning and scheduling of maintenance, equipment, etc. The advance rate associated with the Straight Creek tunnel pilot bore was compared by a ‘step-wise regression’ analysis with engineering and geologic variables determined early in the course of tunnel driving. The variables significantly affecting advance rate and the number of observations necessary for predicting advance rate were determined. The model developed was found to be quite satisfactory as a predictor of the mean advance rate; however, the variance indicates an increase in inaccuracy as the model is used beyond the range for which it was developed. As developed, this model would be useful in predicting the completion dates for sections of the tunnel as well as the time required to complete the entire project.
Early Commitment: T Cell Progenitors in the Blood

Thymic lymphopoiesis depends on blood-borne, marrow-derived progenitors, but characterization of these cells, and their lineage potentials, has been difficult. In this issue, Krueger and von Boehmer (2007) show some blood cells that are already T lineage restricted, suggesting that T lineage commitment can occur prethymically.
Metformin inhibition of mTORC1 activation, DNA synthesis and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells: dependence on glucose concentration and role of AMPK

Metformin, a widely used anti-diabetic drug, is emerging as a potential anticancer agent but the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the potency of metformin induced AMPK activation, as shown by the phosphorylation of its substrates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) at Ser(79) and Raptor at Ser(792), was dramatically enhanced in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cultured in medium containing physiological concentrations of glucose (5 mM), as compared with parallel cultures in medium with glucose at 25 mM. In physiological glucose, metformin inhibited mTORC1 activation, DNA synthesis and proliferation of PDAC cells stimulated by crosstalk between G protein-coupled receptors and insulin/IGF signaling systems, at concentrations (0.05-0.1 mM) that were 10-100-fold lower than those used in most previous reports. Using siRNA-mediated knockdown of the α(1) and α(2) catalytic subunits of AMPK, we demonstrated that metformin, at low concentrations, inhibited DNA synthesis through an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Our results emphasize the importance of using medium containing physiological concentrations of glucose to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of action of metformin in pancreatic cancer cells and other cancer cell types.
Neutrino spectroscopy of supernova 1987A

Two of the four reported observations of neutrino bursts associated with supernova 1987A are consistent with each other and with the theoretical expectations of supernova neutrino luminosities. Testing a range of models for properties of the incident neutrino signal, together with calculation of interaction rates in the chlorine solar neutrino detector, helps to provide constraints on the mass and number of light neutrinos and raises the possibility of vacuum neutrino oscillations.
Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis in 11 Dogs with a History of Phenobarbital Administration (1995–2002)

The clinical records of 11 dogs with histologically confirmed superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) and a history of phenobarbital (PB) administration (SND/PB) were evaluated retrospectively (1995-2002). Historical, clinical, clinicopathologic, ultrasonographic, and pathologic findings were compared with those in dogs with SND without prior PB exposure (SND/No PB; n = 9) and with those dogs with PB-associated hepatotoxicity without skin disease (PB/hepatotoxicity). Dogs in the SND/PB group accounted for 44% of all histologically confirmed cases of SND that were evaluated at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1995 and 2002. Median age of dogs in the SND/PB group was 10 years, and median duration of PB therapy was 6 years. Mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was 239 U/L, and median duration of abnormally high ALT activity was 6.25 months before SND diagnosis. Plasma amino acid concentrations measured in 1 dog were severely decreased. Ultrasonographic findings of hypoechoic nodules with hyperechoic borders corresponded to pathologic findings of nodular areas of normal hepatic tissue surrounded by zones of collapsed parenchyma with vacuolated hepatocytes. Clinical, clinicopathologic, ultrasonographic, and pathologic features of SND/PB and SND/No PB were similar. PB-associated cirrhosis and overt hepatic failure were not features of SND/PB. Different pathogenic mechanisms might induce SND in dogs. Chronic administration of PB requires further examination as a potential risk factor for the development of SND.
Re-examining the overcapacity of the US lodging industry

Abstract Although the deteriorating profitability of the US lodging industry has been repeatedly attributed to overcapacity, there has been little research on the causes of overcapacity. The authors suspect that this issue stems from the lack of a working definition of optimal capacity level. This study evaluates the optimum capacity of the US lodging industry based on the fundamental price theory, which posits that prices are determined through equilibrium. Results of the simultaneous equations model show that the industry has an incentive to maintain overcapacity because the outcomes of under-capacity are even less desirable. The uncertainty of demand further encourages overcapacity to some extent. Historical overcapacity cycles in the US lodging industry suggest that overcapacity seems to be an outcome of unexpected demand shocks, rather than the consequence of irrational overbuilding. Implications for the industry and suggestions for future research are presented along with the study findings.
Democratic Practice after the Revolution: The Case of Portugal and Beyond:

This article examines democratic practice after the revolution that brought an end to authoritarian dictatorship in Portugal in April 1974, taking the Portuguese case as an opportunity to theorize democratic practice and historical processes that shape its emergence. The argument stresses the distinctive features of democracy born in social revolution and the explanatory role of the partial inversion of social hierarchies and remaking of cultural repertoires in social revolutionary settings. The Portuguese case is compared to its larger neighbor, Spain, which moved from authoritarianism to democracy at roughly the same time following a process of change thoroughly unlike that of Portugal. Comparisons with other instances of postrevolutionary democracy and implications for more conventional democratic systems are also introduced. A central theme concerns the extent to which democracies attain the ideal of full political equality among citizens. This article asserts that democracies born in social revolutio...
Assembly of silent chromatin during thymocyte development

Epigenetic events that contribute to the assembly and maintenance of silent chromatin structures have been defined through genetic, molecular, and cytological studies in a variety of eukaryotic model organisms. However, the precise cascade of events responsible for converting a developmentally regulated gene from an active euchromatic state to a heritably silent heterochromatic state remains to be elucidated. To establish a molecular framework for studying this cascade, we examined the temporal order of events associated with silencing of the murine terminal transferase (Dntt) gene during thymocyte maturation. This article describes our findings in the context of current knowledge of gene silencing mechanisms.
Structure of Arylene-Bridged Polysilsesquioxane Xerogels and Aerogels

Arylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes are an interesting class of porous materials prepared by sol−gel processing of ethoxysilane monomers in which there are two or more trialkoxysilyl groups positioned about an arylene bridging group. The majority of these materials are highly porous with surface areas as high as 1880 m2/g. In an effort to understand the nature of porosity in these materials, small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering were employed to characterize phenylene-, biphenylene-, and terphenylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes. Phenylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane xerogels and aerogels were also compared to understand the effect of drying protocol on pore structure. The effect of catalyst concentration is also reported for the base-catalyzed system. In all cases studied here, we find evidence for domains in the nanometer range with distinct fractal character. We associate these domains with porosity rather than microphase separation of organic and inorganic moieties. The nature of this porosity depend...
Phased Array Coils for Upper Extremity MRA

A phased array coil was constructed for imaging the upper extremity vasculature for patients undergoing dialysis treatment. The phased array coil exhibits improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over the body coil and allows imaging of the entire upper extremity. SNR as a function of depth was measured on a homogeneous phantom with the arm coil and compared with the body coil. Near the coil there is an improvement of a factor of 7 and at a depth of approximately 6-7 cm, there is an improvement of factor 2. In vivo SNR measurements resulted in similar improvements. Images of the upper extremity vasculature of healthy volunteers were generated using 2D-time-of-flight (2DTOF) angiography. Blood flow velocity was assessed in a CINE-phase contrast study.
(Galen),+GALEN, Siegel RE: Galen on surgery of the pericardium: an early record of therapy based on anatomic and experimental studies.

Galen’s account of 2 cases of pericardial disease and its therapy will first be discussed; then his conclusions about some basic problems of blood flow; and finally, his unwillingness to identify the heart or any other part of the body with the soul. Galen gave a very accurate and detailed account of the structure of the pericardium.l” He regarded the mechanical protection of the heart by the pericardium during its movements between the lungs, ribs and breastbone as its main purpose, “a marvelous work of nature”. In the treatise “The Commentaries on the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato”,4 Galen (129200 A.D.) described a young boy’s illness, which we would consider to be chronic purulent, possibly tuberculous, pericarditis. Galen wrote that the heart of this patient ‘was visible and palpable through a large opening in the diseased anterior chest wall. Faced with this unusual situation, Galen had the daring idea that the decayed parts of the breastbone and pericardium could be sur‘gically removed without endangering the life and mind of the patient. Although many physicians and laymen considered the heart the seat of the soul, Galen was convinced otherwise and believed that he could subject the tissues around the heart to surgical procedures without undue risk to life. The following is my translation from the first chapter of his treatise” :
Perceptual discrimination of computer generated and photographic faces

Abstract Modern day computer graphics are capable of generating highly photorealistic images resulting in challenging legal situations. For example, as a result of a 2002 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, computer generated child pornography is protected speech, while pornographic photographs depicting an actual child remains illegal. The ability to distinguish between protected and illegal material assumes that law enforcement agents, attorneys, jurors, and judges can reliably distinguish between computer generated and photographic imagery. We describe a series of psychophysical experiments that used images of varying resolution, JPEG compression, and color to explore the ability of observers to distinguish computer generated from photographic images of people. The results allow us to assign a probability that an image that is judged to be a photograph is, in fact, a photograph.
Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency.

Purpose of the review The purpose of this review is to describe a new combined primary immunodeficiency disease, previously known as autosomal recessive hyper-IgE syndrome, whose molecular basis was discovered in 2009.
Life Cycle Completion of Parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis (Apicomplexa: Lecudinidae) in Non-Native Host Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Ascogregarina taiwanensis (Lien and Levine), a protist gut parasite of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is not known to complete its life cycle within the potential competitor species, Ochlerotatus japonicus (Theobald). In a laboratory cross infection study we demonstrated that A. taiwanensis completed its life cycle within Oc. japonicus and remained infectious. We also sampled cohabitating mosquito larvae in Mercer County, NJ, and based on ribosomal DNA sequence data, we determined that Oc. japonicus cohabitating with Ae. albopictus can become infected with A. taiwanensis.
On the Secrecy Capacity of Fading Cognitive Wireless Networks

In this paper, we compute the primary exclusive region (PER) and the secrecy capacity at a primary receiver in a fading cognitive radio network. We consider Rayleigh fading and log-normal shadowing. We also study the effect of secrecy capacity on the PER. We show that log-normal shadowing and Rayleigh fading can degrade the PER by about 40% and the secrecy capacity by about 70%.
Insect repellents from vetiver oil: I. zizanal and epizizanal

Abstract On the basis of spectral data and partial syntheses, structure 1 and 2 are established for zizanal and epizizanal, two new insect-repelling aldehydes isolated from Javanese vetiver oil (Vetiveria zizanoides).
Discharge independence with minimally invasive lobectomy.

Abstract Background The effects of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) pulmonary lobectomy on after-hospital care are not well known. Methods In a retrospective case-control study, 20 consecutive VATS cases were matched to 38 standard thoracotomies (open cases). Results Ages were 73.8 ± 7.8 years with no initial differences between the groups. No hospital deaths occurred. Excluding 2 VATS and 6 open outliers, VATS cases had fewer hospital days (4.6 ± 1.9 vs. 6.4 ± 2.2, P P = 0.01), and prolonged pain complaints (28% vs. 56%, P = 0.05). Transfer to care facilities or home nursing support was needed for 63% of open patients and only 20% of VATS patients ( P = 0.015). Less personal care (10% vs. 21%), wound/medical care (0% vs. 13%), occupational/physical therapy (5% vs. 13%), or other home support (5% vs. 18%) was needed for VATS patients. Conclusions In older populations, more independence and fewer resources after discharge favor VATS lobectomy over standard thoracotomy.
Interactions Among Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus and Different Potyviruses and Potyvirus Strains Infecting Sweetpotato in the United States

Kokkinos, C. D., and Clark, C. A. 2006. Interactions among Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus and different potyviruses and potyvirus strains infecting sweetpotato in the United States. Plant Dis. 90:1347-1352. Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) is the most serious viral disease of sweetpotato globally. This disease is caused by the synergistic interaction between the aphid-transmitted potyvirus Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and the whitefly-transmitted crinivirus Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV). In sweetpotato, titers of SPFMV have been shown to be significantly enhanced when co-infecting with SPCSV. In this study, the effect of SPCSV on titers of different potyviruses and potyvirus strains infecting sweetpotato in the United States was investigated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No significant difference was observed in titers of the russet crack strain of SPFMV (SPFMVRC), Ipomoea vein mosaic virus (IVMV), and Sweet potato virus G (SPVG) between single and mixed infections. Titers of all potyviruses and potyvirus strains evaluated were enhanced in the presence of SPCSV, suggesting that a conserved mechanism may underlie these interactions. Titers of the common strain of SPFMV (SPFMV-C), which did not cause SPVD-like symptoms when co-infecting with SPCSV, were also significantly enhanced in the presence of SPCSV. Furthermore, titers of SPCSV were found to be lower in treatments involving pairwise infections compared with plants infected by SPCSV alone. The degree of potyvirus titer enhancement did not correspond to the severity of symptoms observed in certain treatments involving pairwise infections.
Wnt1 and wnt10b function redundantly at the zebrafish midbrain–hindbrain boundary

Abstract Wnt signals have been shown to be involved in multiple steps of vertebrate neural patterning, yet the relative contributions of individual Wnts to the process of brain regionalization is poorly understood. Wnt1 has been shown in the mouse to be required for the formation of the midbrain and the anterior hindbrain, but this function of wnt1 has not been explored in other model systems. Further, wnt1 is part of a Wnt cluster conserved in all vertebrates comprising wnt1 and wnt10b, yet the function of wnt10b during embryogenesis has not been explored. Here, we report that in zebrafish wnt10b is expressed in a pattern overlapping extensively with that of wnt1. We have generated a deficiency allele for these closely linked loci and performed morpholino antisense oligo knockdown to show that wnt1 and wnt10b provide partially redundant functions in the formation of the midbrain–hindbrain boundary (MHB). When both loci are deleted, the expression of pax2.1, en2, and her5 is lost in the ventral portion of the MHB beginning at the 8-somite stage. However, wnt1 and wnt10b are not required for the maintenance of fgf8, en3, wnt8b, or wnt3a expression. Embryos homozygous for the wnt1–wnt10b deficiency display a mild MHB phenotype, but are sensitized to reductions in either Pax2.1 or Fgf8; that is, in combination with mutant alleles of either of these loci, the morphological MHB is lost. Thus, wnt1 and wnt10b are required to maintain threshold levels of Pax2.1 and Fgf8 at the MHB.
“Extended length” endoscopic harvest of the great saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting

The endoscopically harvested vein from thigh usually falls short by half to one length in patients requiring multiple conduits. Increased risk of complications precludes routine endoscopic vein harvest from the leg and an extra incision for open technique is often required thereby nullifying the sole purpose of the former. We employed the endoscope to harvest this extra length of vein from the upper half of the leg with little or no extra risk. From January 2006 to September 2006 we endoscopically harvested the vein in thigh as well as the leg using the same entry point incision over the medial epicondyle in 40 cases. The only exclusion criterion for the study was a superficial location and subcutaneous visibility of the vein in the leg. We made 3 incisions in each patient of average size 2.5 cm. Five patients required conversion to the open technique. The average harvest time was 59 minutes. Average length of the conduit was 48 cms. Complications included 1 minor wound infection, 1 case of superificial wound dehiscence, 1 haematoma requiring aspiration and minor erythema at the incision site in 2 patients. Most common complication observed was ecchymosis in 6 patients (5 high; 3 leg). None of the patient developed lymphoedema and none required re-hospitalization for vein harvest related wound complications. “Extended endoscopic vein harvest” and avoidance of the open incision was possible in most patients with no additional risk and that the procedure could be routinely employed in patients requiring multiple conduits.
Comparing time trends in a two-arm longitudinal study with an ordinal categorical response

A within-subject monotonicity index is proposed to summarize the fol-lowup for each subject in a longitudinal study where the response is required to be only ordinal. The individual measures can be weighted to detect different trend behaviors of interest. Asymptotically normal tests for single group alternatives or for comparing the means of two groups are derived and illustrated with clinical data.
Reversal by citrovorum factor of methotrexate-induced suppression of cell-mediated and humoral immune response in mouse model systems.

Abstract C 3 H/HeHa mice were immunized (day 0) with 5 × 10 8 sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or 3 × 10 7 EL-4 lymphoma cells (i.p.), and C57B1/6J mice were immunized (day 0) with 3 × 10 7 P815 mastocytoma cells (i.p.). Methotrexate (MTX, 100 mg/kg) was given i.p. on day +2, with or without citrovorum factor (CF) at equimolar dose. In the absence of CF in C57B1/6J mice, the complementindependent cellular cytotoxicity (CICC) response did not recover in 18 days from MTX suppression to levels seen in immunized controls, while in C 3 H mice, with EL-4 as antigen, the response equalled that of controls by day 18 and was similar to or greater than that of controls through day 28; in both cases the serum antibody response returned to control levels by day 20. In both mouse strains, CF produced immediate recovery of the responses measured. In contrast, with SRBC as antigen, while the MTX suppression of complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC) in the absence of CF recovered by day 7, the CICC response recovered much more slowly. CF administration produced a rapid (day 4) return of CDCC activity to control levels, but only a partial restoration of CICC activity by day 6. In conclusion, the kinetics of recovery of the CICC and CDCC responses and of CF rescue of MTX-induced immunosuppression were dependent on mouse strain and on immunogens used, as well as on the type of response measured. Thus, selectivity of MTX action is indicated.
Antibody Mediated Transduction of Therapeutic Proteins into Living Cells

Protein therapy refers to the direct delivery of therapeutic proteins to cells and tissues with the goal of ameliorating or modifying a disease process. Current techniques for delivering proteins across cell membranes include taking advantage of receptor-mediated endocytosis or using protein transduction domains that penetrate directly into cells. The most commonly used protein transduction domains are small cell-penetrating peptides derived from such proteins as the HIV-1 Tat protein. A novel protein transduction domain developed as the single chain fragment (Fv) of a murine anti-DNA autoantibody, mAb 3E10, has recently been developed and used to deliver biologically active proteins to living cells in vitro. This review will provide a brief overview of the development of the Fv fragment and provide a summary of recent studies using Fv to deliver therapeutic peptides and proteins (such as a C-terminal p53 peptide, C-terminal p53 antibody fragment, full-length p53, and micro-dystrophin) to cells.
The Prevalence of Wasting, but Not Stunting, Has Improved in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is one of the nutritionally vulnerable countries of the world. The objectives of this paper were to determine the current prevalence of undernutrition among children using data from the latest national survey and to compare the findings with those from the previous national survey in 1997. In 2002 with cooperation from UNICEF and the World Food Program (WFP), the government of the DPRK conducted a survey of 6000 households with children < 7 y old using multiple-stage sampling methods. Data were collected for sociodemographic variables, use of WFP food aid, and anthropometric measures of the youngest child in the household. The prevalence of stunting (height for age Z-score less than -2.0) in all children was 39.4% (40.2 and 38.5% for boys and girls, respectively). The prevalence of wasting (weight for height Z-score less than -2.0) was 8.2% in all children (9.1 and 7.3% for boys and girls, respectively). Although the prevalence of wasting has decreased from 1997 (16.5%) to 2002 (8.2%), the prevalence of stunting has not changed between those years, 38.2 vs. 39.4%. Thus, we conclude that acute undernutrition is decreasing in the DPRK, but chronic undernutrition that results in stunting is still highly prevalent. Continued surveillance of nutritional status of children in the DPRK is warranted given the continued state of undernutrition in that country.
Structuring variability by negotiating its measure

Although variability and structure are often considered as antonyms in many everyday settings, a mathematically disciplined view contradicts this opposition. To initiate fifth- (10 years old) and sixth-grade (11 years old) students in this disciplinary view, we engaged students in practices of modeling data. These practices included inventing and revising data displays, inventing and revising measures of centre and variability, and inventing and revising models of chance to account for variability. Here we focus on prospective correspondences between students’ invented measures (statistics) of variability and those favoured by the discipline. We suggest that inventing measures positions students to transform their vision of variability from mere difference to more structured forms, some of which coordinate centre and spread. By tracing interactions among an inventor, her classmates, and the teacher, we trace how structuring variability and constituting its measure cooriginated during the course of negotiations about the meaning of the measure. Consideration of the coherency, transparency and generalisability of a statistic, all of which are valued by the discipline of statistics, emerged during the course of invention.
Similarity type of solutions of the turbulent boundary layer equations for momentum and energy part I: An analysis of some existing solutions

The law of the wall, the law of the wake, and the velocity defect law have been proposed as similarity types of solutions of the turbulent boundary layer momentum equation. Spalding proposed an approximation of the same type as the solution of the energy equation. This study shows these laws to be derivable from a small-perturbation type of solution of the general boundary layer equations for turbulent flow. The limiting conditions where each can be expected to be valid are clearly demonstrated. In particular, the law of the wall is shown to be the zeroth-order solution of the momentum equations when the solution is expressed in the form of a small-perturbation expansion. The first-order perturbation is shown to generate a relationship similar to Coles' law of the wake. Likewise, Spalding's approximation is shown to be the zeroth-order small-perturbation type of solution of the energy equation.
Credibility of PR practitioners: The impact of professional journalism background on trustworthiness, expertness, and homophily evaluations

Abstract This study demonstrates that a professional journalism background contributes to the credibility evaluations of public relations practitioners in regards to expertness and the capability to meet journalistic values and expectations. However, having a professional journalism background does not necessarily render public relations practitioners any more trustworthy than not having such credentials.
PSA surge/flare-up in patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer during the initial phase of chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND Docetaxel-based chemotherapy has shown great promise for the treatment of CRPC and is considered the current standard of care. PSA is mainly used as marker to monitor the treatment response. Several articles were published reporting an initial PSA surge/flare-up after starting chemotherapy. The cause and the impact of this phenomenon are discussed controversially. The intention of this review is to define the significance of initial PSA surge/flare-up and to increase awareness to this phenomenon in the urological community. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in different data bases using various key words. Relevant articles and references between 1999 and 2009 were reviewed and analyzed for data on the association between chemotherapy and initial PSA surge/flare. RESULTS The incidence of a PSA surge/flare-up ranges according to the reported studies between 7.6% and 13.6%. A PSA surge/flare-up was reported up to 404% from baseline PSA level followed by PSA response. The median duration of a PSA surge/flare-up is 2–3 weeks and can last up to 6–8 weeks. However, the occurrence of a PSA surge/flare-up did not impact outcome and survival negatively compared to patients with an immediate PSA response. CONCLUSIONS A considerable portion of CRPC patients experience an initial PSA surge/flare-up under systemic chemotherapy. The definitions used for PSA surge/flare-up differ slightly in the literature. This issue needs to be solved since it might impact defining treatment response. As a PSA surge/flare-up did not impact outcome and survival negatively, chemotherapy should be continued according to the literature addressing specifically the phenomenon of a PSA surge/flare-up for a minimum of 8 weeks or 3 rounds of a 3-weekly cycle chemotherapy regimen before further decisions are made about efficacy. However, Scher et al. recommended a 12-week period drug exposure based on their results on PSA progression-free survival and overall survival. This dilemma needs to be addressed in further data analysis in order to establish a general rule regarding when to stop chemotherapy. Physicians should be aware of this effect to avoid inadequate early discontinuation of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanisms of a PSA surge/flare-up are still elusive and need further clarification. Prostate 69: 1802–1807, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pendulum models of ponytail motion during walking and running

Abstract Steady-state motions of a woman's ponytail during level, straight, walking and running are examined. Based on reported data, formulas have been developed for the relationship of the forward speed to the frequencies of vertical and sideways motion of the head, and of the form of that motion. The ponytail is modeled as a compound pendulum or a multi-bar pendulum with 2, 3, or 5 rigid bars. Motions in the vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of progression are analyzed. Rotational springs and dashpots are placed at the joints, and aerodynamic damping (air drag) is included. Attention is focused on the variation of the amplitudes of the bars as the woman's walking speed and then running speed increase. An example of three-dimensional motions of a spherical-pendulum model also is included. Experiments were conducted on a double pendulum with parabolic applied motion at the top. The damping is modeled by rotational friction (i.e., a constant resisting moment at the top and internal joints), and the numerical results agree well with the test data.
An Evaluation of Web Conferencing in Online Teacher Preparation

More and more colleges and universities are utilizing web-based instruction to meet the educational needs of teachers seeking certification in special education, and effective course design strategies for using this technology are needed. In this article we present results form a survey of 54 teachers who evaluated 6 design considerations for using web conferencing in an on-line introductory methods course in the area of emotional/behavioral disorders. The design considerations were class and team size, learning activities, instructor's role, feedback from classmates and instructors, building a sense of community, and technical support. We found that web conferencing was perceived as a very effective delivery format for offering coursework and other professional development experiences to mid-career changers and teachers on limited licenses.
p53–Mdm2—the affair that never ends

The p53-Mdm2 paradigm represents the best-studied relationship between a tumor suppressor gene which functions as a transcription factor and an oncogene, which functions primarily as an E3 protein ligase. The intimate relationship between these two partners has expanded to include almost every cellular biological system - from development, to growth control and programmed cell death. The affair between Mdm2 and p53 is closely controlled by a complex array of post-translational modifications, which in turn dictates the stability and activity of p53 and Mdm2. Functional diversity depends on the association with a large subset of partner proteins, which dictates the type of activity and corresponding selectivity. Here we summarize the current understanding of post-translational modifications and their effect on conformation-based functional relationship between Mdm2 and p53, as it pertains to their diverse cellular biological functions.
Aeroelastic characteristics of a highly flexible aircraft

This paper describes an aeroelastic analysis performed on a human-powered aircraft. The structural characteristics of this aircraft (namely, very flexible wings, high aspect ratio, and low wing loadings) are typical of proposed high-altitude long-endurance aircraft. Because of these unique features, the aircraft exhibits uncommon aeroelastic characteristics. The structural dynamics of the airplane are obtained from a finite element model. In an assumed mode approach, a subset of the natural mode shapes is used to calculate the quasisteady and unsteady generalized modal forces using a two-dimensional strip model, which includes unsteady drag and leading-edge suction forces. The aeroelastic model predicts the airplane to be stable (at both sea level and high altitude), except for a mildly unstable phugoid mode. The results indicate that unsteady aerodynamics are significant for this type of aircraft and that the flexibility of the aircraft must be included to correctly model the dynamics for control purposes. A final conclusion is that the aircraft dynamics are highly dependent on the flight conditions (flight speed and altitude). d,D e J k,K Nomenclature = area of span station i • parasite drag coefficient = slope of lift curve = aerodynamic moment about the aerodynamic center at zero angle of attack = half chord (ct/2) at span station i - damping, damping matrix = Oswald's efficiency factor
Optimal Finite Thrust Orbit Transfers with Large Numbers of Burns

This paper presents new theoretical results that are used to construct a new algorithm for the computation of fuel-optimal multiple-burn orbit transfers of low and medium thrust. Intuitively, one might want to think of an optimal multiple-burn transfer problem not as one large trajectory problem but as a sequence of optimal one-burn transfers between intermediate orbits that are optimally chosen. For spherical-body gravity, a strong relationship isshown to exist between these two problems. Theoretical results areused to transform thetraditional set of necessary conditions to an equivalent set of conditions. Based on these results, a new numerical method that iteratively computes optimal orbit transfers is presented. Numerical results for an 11-burn transfer are presented to demonstrate the new algorithm.
'Campaigns against "Blackness"': Criminality, Incivility, and Election to Executive Office

‘Campaigns against “Blackness”’ focuses on the 2008 Democratic presidential primary waged by BarackObamaandthe2006MassachusettsgubernatorialracerunbyDevalPatrick.Itexploresracial bias expressed against and by African-American males seeking high office. In these campaigns, the convergence of racial uplift and multicultural democracy manifests in mandates against blackness rep resented as criminality and political incivility. Historically, US anti-black anima forged tropes of ‘criminality’ and ‘incivility’ that demonized blacks as unsuitable for full citizenship. Today, the new blackcandidatessuccessfullydeflectthesetropes,inpart,byredeployingthemagainstnon -elites,and anti-racist discourse and activism.
Adducts of bis(2,4-pentanediono)-copper (II) with pyridine bases: Stability constants and heats of reaction

Abstract Co-ordination equilibria involving bis(2,4-pentanediono)-copper (II) and eight pyridine bases have examined spectrophotometrically at 20, 35 and 50°C. The heats of reaction, in benzene solution, for these same systems have also been determined in a solution calorimeter. The complexes formed are relatively weak ones and show no obvious correlation of stability constant with the electron releasing or withdrawing nature of the substituents. The heats of formation decrease in a nearly regular fashion as the electron withdrawing power of the substituents increases but reaches a nearly steady value for the most powerful of these groups. From this evidence and related data in the literature, it is suggested that correlation of ligand base strength and complex stability will not be found in very weak complexes. For these materials, solvation and steric effects will be of considerable relative importance and may overpower weak electronic effects.
Supporting Metacognition in Online, Professional Graduate Courses

This paper presents a model for metacognitive learning evaluation in a community of inquiry and discusses how it may be used to incentivize effective learning in online graduate courses. We identify patterns of behavior and peer-learner interactions that indicate social engagement in community model building, based on an extensive, qualitative analysis of online course discussions and student interaction data. We explore how metacognitive learning develops through socially-situated knowledge construction and demonstrate how community interactions result in deep learning. An extrinsic reward structure is suggested, in the form of a grading rubric that appears to encourage students to experiment with behaviors that provide the intrinsic rewards of metacognitive learning.
Metabolic studies on human fibrinogen gamma/gamma' chain heterogeneity.

Human fibrinogen chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose resolves into two components containing 85% (peak 1) and 15% (peak 2) of the total fibrinogen. Peak 1 and peak 2 differ only in the composition of their γ chains, with peak 1 containing only one type of γ chain and peak 2 containing equal amounts of γ chain and a second chain, called γ′. In an effort to explain the difference in the amount of peak 1 compared to peak 2, metabolic studies were performed with radiolabeled peak 1 and peak 2 in two normal subjects. Autologous peak 1 and peak 2 fibrinogen were pooled separately, rechromatographed, labeled with 131I and 125I, respectively, and injected simultaneously. The half-lives and fractional catabolic rates of peak 1 and peak 2 in the two normal subjects were almost identical. To determine whether one peak might be a metabolic product of the other, plasma or fibrinogen samples purified from plasma obtained 2 and 6 days after infusion of the radiolabeled proteins were chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. 131I radioactivity eluted only in peak 1 and 125I radioactivity eluted exclusively in peak 2. These studies demonstrate that the difference in concentration between peak 1 and peak 2 is not due to a difference in their catabolic rates and that there is no metabolic interconversion between these two peaks. Our data, together with recent evidence, suggest that the γ/γ′ heterogeneity originates from a postsynthetic modification of the fibrinogen molecule prior to its secretion into the peripheral circulation.
A study of experimental trauma to the distal femoral epiphysis in rabbits. II.

1. Three types of experimental trauma to an epiphysis were carried out in rabbits. 2. A small part of the central portion of the epiphysis can be damaged and result in only mild or moderate growth interference. 3. When the entire peripheral portion of an epiphysis is damaged, marked growth limitation and deformity can be expected. 4. Extensive damage to or destruction of the central area of an epiphysis will result in a most marked interference in growth, but with less deformity. 5. It is noted that an osteocartilaginous exostosis may result when a patch of epiphyseal cartilage cells is displaced outside the shaft of the bone. 6. Extreme care to avoid damage to an epiphysis should be taken when bone surgery is necessary in children.