cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A national evaluation of opioid prescribing and persistent use after ambulatory anorectal surgery.

Abstract Background Surgery is a common gateway to opioid-related morbidity. Ambulatory anorectal cases are common, with opioids widely prescribed, but there is limited data on their role in this crisis. We sought to determine prescribing trends, new persistent opioid use rates, and factors associated with new persistent opioid use after ambulatory anorectal procedures. Methods The Optum Clinformatics claims database was analyzed for opioid-naive adults undergoing outpatient hemorrhoid, fissure, or fistula procedures from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2017. The main outcome measure was the rate of new persistent opioid use after anorectal cases. Secondary outcomes were annual rates of perioperative opioid fills and the prescription size over time (oral morphine equivalents). Results A total of 23,426 cases were evaluated: 69.09% (n = 16,185) hemorrhoids, 24.29% (n = 5,690) fissures, and 6.45% (n = 1,512) fistulas. The annual rate of perioperative opioid fills decreased on average 1.2%/year, from 72% in 2010 to 66% in 2017 (P Conclusion Over 2% of ambulatory anorectal procedures develop new persistent opioid use. Despite small annual reductions in opioid prescriptions, there has been little change in the amount prescribed. This demonstrates a need to develop and disseminate best practices for anorectal surgery, focusing on eliminating unnecessary opioid prescribing.
"Trauma to the Eye"-A Low Fidelity Resident Teaching Module for Identifying and Treating a Retrobulbar Hematoma.

Introduction A retrobulbar hematoma (RH) is a serious time-dependent diagnosis due to its potential for permanent damage of the optic nerve, resulting in blindness. Emergency medicine (EM) physicia...
Community-Based Targeting Mechanisms for Social Safety Nets: A Critical Review

Abstract This paper interprets case studies and theory on community involvement in beneficiary selection and benefit delivery for social safety nets. Several considerations should be carefully balanced in assessing the advantages of using community groups as targeting agents. First, gains from utilizing local information and social capital may be eroded by costly rent-seeking. Second, the potential improvement in targeting criteria from incorporating local notions of deprivation must be tempered by the possibility of program capture by local elites, and by the possibility that local preferences are not pro-poor. Third, intended outcomes may be undermined by unforeseen strategic targeting by local communities in response to national funding and evaluation criteria, or by declines in political support.
A nodal transport method for coupled fast-thermal reactor analysis

Abstract For efficient core analyses of coupled fast-thermal reactors, a new deterministic method has been developed based on the variational nodal transport method of VARIANT. A new multigroup cross section generation procedure was devised by combining Monte Carlo lattice calculations for thermal assemblies and the two-step procedure of the MC2-3 code for fast assemblies. To reduce assembly homogenization errors in nodal transport calculations, a new nodal equivalence method was developed based on the partial current discontinuity factor (PCDF) and incorporated in VARIANT. A practical procedure to calculate PCDFs with fixed source supercell calculations was also devised. The performance of the proposed method was investigated using a test problem derived from the versatile coupled test reactor (VCTR) design. The new procedure produced multigroup cross sections accurately for all assemblies. VARIANT transport calculations with PCDFs produced accurate multiplication factor and power distribution compared to reference Serpent-2 Monte Carlo solutions.
Joint inventory and pricing control with lagged price responses

Abstract This paper studies the single stage, multiple period joint inventory and pricing planning problem with lagged price response. We prove that the optimal joint inventory and pricing policy takes the form of a state dependent list price base stock policy for the additive linear demand function with a first order auto-regressive distributed lag. Both the base stock level and the list price decisions are determined as functions of the effective price, which captures the current and past pricing impacts. Numerical studies are conducted to examine the impact of the lagged price response on the optimal decisions and the total profit.
On the Very Severe Logical, Epistemological, Methodological and Philosophical Deficiencies in J. Muth’s Concept of Rational Expectations

J. Muth’s 1961 article on rational expectations was written without any knowledge on Muth’s part about what a subjective theory of probability entails and is based on, or what an objective theory of probability entails and is based on. Muth’s disbelief, that the individual, subjective probability distributions of firms and consumers are distributed around an objective, true, probability distribution, is not supported by any acknowledged scholar who has written on the application of the theory of probability to conduct from either a subjectivist theory of probability perspective (Ramsey, de Finetti, Savage) or an objectivist theory of probability perspective (Venn, R. von Mises, H. Reichenbach, K Popper) in history. Muth’s confusions extend to his analysis of optimizing behavior at the level of the firm and consumer. His choice of exposition used expected utility maximization. Muth implicitly must have been using the Von Neumann-Morgenstern approach under risk, which was based on the application of the relative-limiting frequency interpretation of probability, which is an objective theory of probability. The use of expected utility directly conflicts with Muth’s initial claim that the probability distributions were subjective. Muth needed to have used the Ramsey-de Finetti-Savage Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) approach to support his claims about subjective probability distributions being used by individual consumers and producers. Savage’s principle of stable estimation then shows that, as a sufficient amount of relevant evidence becomes available over time, the individual, different subjective probability distributions will gradually converge toward one subjective, probability distribution. However, there is no such “thing” in the Subjectivist theory of probability as convergence to an objective, true probability distribution or a situation where the subjective probability distributions are distributed around a true, objective, probability distribution. R. Muth’s paper is incomprehensible, as well as being incoherent and contradictory. It is inconsistent with any known theory of objective or subjective probability.
Detection of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Steel Using Magnetic Measurements

For structural components which are exposed to cyclic stresses, fatigue damage could lead to a catastrophic failure. In nuclear pressure vessel systems where A533B steel is widely used as structural material, cyclic thermal expansions often create a low-cycle fatigue condition. The evaluation of fatigue damage therefore is critically important and nondestructive evaluation of fatigue damage is highly desirable from the viewpoint of both safer and longer operation lifetime.
Usability of Mobile Applications Supporting Training in Diagnostic Decision-Making by Radiologists

The objective of this study is to systematically review the usability of mobile applications currently available in radiology to support training in diagnostic decision-making. Two online stores with major market share (Google Play and iTunes) were searched. A multi-step review process was utilized by three usability investigators and five radiology experts to identify eligible applications and extract usability reviews. From 381 applications that were initially identified, user reviews of final 52 applications revealed 79 usability issues. Usability issues were categorized according to Nielsen’s heuristic usability evaluation principles (HE). The top three most frequent types of usability issues were: Naturalness (43), Simplicity (43), and Efficient Interactions (21). Examples of the most frequent usability issues were: lack of information, lack of labeling, and details about images. This study demonstrates the urgent need of usability test to provide evidence-based guidelines to help choose mobile applications that will yield educational and clinical benefits.
Purification and properties of glycerol dehydrase.

Abstract Glycerol dehydrase, a coenzyme B12-dependent enzyme, from Aerobacter aerogenes, has been purified to a stable, inactive, homogeneous complex with hydroxocobalamin. The inactive complex can be converted to the active holoenzyme by replacement of hydroxocobalamin with coenzyme B12 in the presence of Mg++ and SO3=. The molecular weight of the hydroxocobalamin apoenzyme complex is 188,000 and 1 mole of hydroxocobalamin is bound to 1 mole of the apoenzyme. There is a significant difference between the spectra of the dissociated and the protein-bound hydroxocobalamin. The greater stability of the protein hydroxocobalamin complex as compared to the apoenzyme was shown by various methods. Complete dissociation of the apoenzyme is caused by low pH, Na+, or EDTA, whereas the hydroxocobalamin apoenzyme complex does not dissociate under the same conditions. EDTA markedly inhibits the activity of the enzyme whereas other chelating agents have little or no inhibitory effect. Partial reversal of the inhibitory effect of EDTA is achieved by increased concentrations of glycerol or by adding an excess of either subunit, A or B. The experimental evidence suggests that the effect of EDTA on the apoenzyme does not involve a divalent cation.
Nitromethane. A novel substrate for D-amino acid oxidase.

Abstract d-Amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) catalyzes the oxidation of nitromethane by O2 in the presence or absence of light to give formaldehyde, nitrite, and H2O2 as final products. The anaerobic reduction of the enzyme by nitromethane yields a species (E'r) the spectrum of which resembles, but is not identical with, that of free reduced enzyme. E'r reacts rapidly with O2 to form fully oxidized enzyme. The enzyme remains in the oxidized state during turnover at pH 8.3 because the rate of oxidation of E'r by O2 is 6 x 104 times faster than the rate of formation of E'r. The following scheme accommodates the observed kinetics of turnover and of the half-reactions. Eo (k1[CH3NO2])/→ E'r (k2[O2])/→ Eo + H2O2 Whether nitrite and formaldehyde (or a precursor such as HO—CH2—NO2) are released in the first or second step has not been established. In addition to undergoing oxidative turnover, nitromethane slowly produces an irreversibly inactivated species of the enzyme with none of the spectral characteristics of oxidized enzyme. Nitromethane interacts with free FAD, but only in the presence of light, to give an oxidizable species having a spectrum resembling that of FADH2.
New ways of thinking about old crimes

Purpose – The objective of the paper is to describe how criminal prosecutors in the USA have expanded the reach of federal statutes punishing fraud and extortion to combat the influence of organized criminal groups in certain American labor unions and employee benefit plans from 1980 to 2006.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews newspaper accounts and published judicial decisions to explain how prosecutors have used fraud and extortion offenses in novel ways on a case‐by‐case basis to prosecute labor‐management corruption in the USA.Findings – Although the American federal prosecutor's arsenal is limited to statutory crimes, prosecutors are continually evolving new means of addressing corruption on a case‐specific basis in the best tradition of Anglo‐American common law. By diligently persuading trial judges, appellate courts, and the US Congress of the merit of looking at fraud and extortion in new ways, federal prosecutors have carried out the intent of the statutory laws which Congress enacte...
Histopathological evaluation of fatty and alcoholic liver diseases

Fatty liver disease (FLD) represents a common form of hepatic dysfunction among adults and children. Recognition of steatosis is usually straightforward but the differential diagnosis is broad. Macrovesicular steatosis may occur due to alcohol use or metabolic factors including obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Steatosis is, in some patients, accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation, ballooning hepatocyte degeneration or fibrosis, or both. The pathologist's recognition and interpretation of these features, when present, is critical for the classification and prognostication of the disease. Recent advances in the study of FLD have yielded new information for the surgical pathologist to guide the interpretation of steatosis in children and adults, and in patients with other forms of liver disease such as chronic viral hepatitis. This article details the current terminology for various forms of FLD, highlights the key histological features and reviews recent advances in the field.
The randomized management of term frank breech presentation: Vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section

A prospective study of the management of term frank breech presentation is currently ongoing at LAC-USC Medical Center. To date, 57 patients have been randomized to an elective cesarean section group and 70 to a vaginal delivery group. Of the 70 patients selected for vaginal delivery, 35 had one or more inadequate pelvic measurements by x-ray pelvimetry and were scheduled for indicated cesarean section. Of the remaining 35 patients in this group, 30 delivered vaginally without perinatal death. Two of the infants, however sustained brachial plexus injuries. Of the 57 patients scheduled, 55 underwent elective cesarean section. There were no maternal deaths, but 20 (36.4%) patients experienced morbidity and 5(9.1 per cent) patients experienced intraoperative complications. Based on the data accumulated to date, it seems reasonable to allow vaginal delivery in carefully selected cases of term frank breech presentation.
Synthetic H-R Diagrams as an Observational Test of Stellar Evolution Theory

Synthetic H-R diagrams are constructed from a grid of stellar models. These are compared directly with observations of young clusters in the LMC and SMC as a test of the models and as a means to determine the age, age dispersion, and composition of the clusters. Significant discrepancies between the observed and model H-R diagrams indicate the possible influences of convective overshoot, large AGB mass-loss rates, and the best value for the mixing length parameter.
Inactivation of presenilins causes pre-synaptic impairment prior to post-synaptic dysfunction

This work was supported by the National Institute of Health NS041783 (to J.S.). We would like to thank Xiaoyan Zou and Huailong Zhao for technical assistance. (NS041783 - National Institute of Health)
Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Aspects 2 General Features of Enterohepatic Circulation in Vertebrates 2.1 Anatomical Distribution 2.2 Overall Balance 2.3 Description Methods 2.4 Determinants of Composition and Distribution 2.5 Dynamic Aspects of Enterohepatic Circulation in Humans 2.6 Bile Acid Concentrations 2.7 Chemical Constituents 2.8 Bile Acid Biotransformations 2.9 Movements of Bile Acids in Enterohepatic Circulation 3 Application of General Principles in Humans 3.1 Cholic Acid and Deoxycholic Acid 3.2 Chenodeoxycholic Acid and Lithocholic Acid 4 Determinants of Steady-State Biliary Bile Acid Composition in Humans 4.1 Steroid Moiety 4.2 Amino Acid Moiety 5 Methods For Characterizing Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids 5.1 Bile Acid Pool Size 5.2 Bile Acid Biosynthesis or Input 5.3 Measurement of Bile Acid Fluxes 5.4 Regulation of Enterohepatic Circulation 6 Perturbations of Enterohepatic Circulation 6.1 Alterations in Input 6.2 Alterations in Interorgan Flow 6.3 Alterations in Transport 6.4 Alterations in Biotransformation 7 Epilogue: Comparison of Bile Acids and Conventional Drugs
Soft-tissue defects after spinal instrumentation in 5 children: risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes.

Object Wound-related complications following complex posterior spine procedures in children may result in the need for serial debridements and may place spinal instrumentation at risk. In this study, the authors review their experience with the management of soft-tissue defects from spinal instrumentation in 5 high-risk pediatric patients. The use of various rotational and transpositional flaps in the management of these complicated cases is discussed, as well as their outcomes. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 5 patients who returned to the Neuro-Spine service at Texas Children's Hospital for erosion of spinal instrumentation through the skin between September 1, 2007, and October 31, 2012. Patient demographics and clinical and operative data were recorded. Results Risk factors such as young age (1 case), poor nutritional status (1 case), multiple previous surgeries (3 cases), severe neurological deficits (2 cases), and history of radiation therapy for malignancy (2 cas...
Resonance Raman scattering and optical absorption of adrenodoxin and selena-adrenodoxin.

Abstract Raman spectra have been recorded for native and selenium substituted adrenodoxin in dilute solution. Adrenodoxin shows three bands at 397, 350 and 297 cm −1 , all polarized, which can be associated with the iron-sulfur core. Selenium substitution leaves the 350 cm −1 band essentially unshifted, but the other two bands disappear and are replaced by new bands at 355 and 263 cm −1 . The 350 cm −1 band is assigned to stretching of iron-sulfur (cysteine) bonds, while the 397 and 297 cm −1 bands are associated with vibrations of the labile sulfur atoms. The iron-selenium charge transfer bands were observed at 438 and 480 nm for the oxidized form and at 580 nm for the reduced form. The reduced selena-adrenodoxin displayed absorption maxima at 4, 450 and 5, 550 cm −1 , which can be assigned to the d-d transitions of high-spin ferrous ion. From this data and the reported g-values of electron paramagnetic resonance signals, the spin-orbit coupling constants were calculated to be 170 and 210 cm −1 for the respective d-d transitions.
13C NMR characterization of acetonitrile-hydroquinone clathrate

Abstract Proton-decoupled 13 C spectra of CH 3 CN-β-quinol clathrate generally confirm Mak and Lee's “distorted” X-ray structure. The single-crystal spectra give shielding anisotropics of 13 and 293 ppm for the CH 3 and CN groups, respectively. The CN triplet splittings yield an indirect spin-spin coupling anisotropy of ≈430 Hz.
The role of the interictal EEG in selecting candidates for resective epilepsy surgery

The interictal EEG is a noninvasive and useful test for selecting candidates for resective epilepsy surgery, although it has many pitfalls. It is an essential test for the most common drug-resistant epilepsy, mesial temporal sclerosis, and predicts good outcome when interictal epileptiform discharges are concordant with unilateral hippocampal atrophy or sclerosis, and predicts poor outcome when interictal epileptic discharges are discordant with the lesion. Its role in other types of epilepsy surgery, including nonlesional cases and corpus callosotomy, is less clear. Future research gathering large multicenter prospective data is needed to maximize the role of this classic neurophysiological test in the evaluation of candidates for epilepsy surgery.
Some effects of fluctuating offspring distributions on the survival of a gene

SUMMARY In this paper we study the fate of a gene that has just been introduced into a large population that is stationary in size. It is assumed that lines descended from two or more genes of this type develop independently of each other. But in contrast to the usual treatment of this subject, offspring distributions are not assumed to stay the same from generation to generation. Particular attention is paid to two cases: (a) cyclical fluctuation of the offspring distribution, (b) the case in which a new gene has an advantage which is gradually lost as time passes.
MEK1/2 inhibitors in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of ubiquitous eukaryotic signal transduction enzymes which link extracellular stimuli to intracellular gene expression pathways. While several three-tiered MAPK cascades have been elucidated in mammals, the prototypical pathway involves a network of proteins and kinases including the Rat sarcoma protein (Ras), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (Raf or MAP3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAP2K), and extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK or MAPK). This MAPK cascade (the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway) is a receptor tyrosine kinase mediated signaling pathway that regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell migration. There are multiple molecular mechanisms of interaction and activation between the upstream nodes of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade and other cell signaling pathways, all ultimately leading to the activation of the nuclear transcription factor ERK. Important downstream targets include MEK1/2, which comprise the final step leading to ERK transcription factor activation. While multiple conduits exist to activate ERK upstream of MEK, there is little redundancy downstream. Located at this pivotal intersection between a limited number of upstream activators and its exclusive downstream targets, MEK is an appealing molecular target of novel cancer therapies. MEK inhibitors are small molecules that inhibit MEK phosphorylation by binding to a pocket adjacent to the ATP binding site, decreasing both the amount of MEK activity, and the quantity of activated ERK in the cell. Unique allosteric noncompetitive binding sites of MEK inhibitors allow specific targeting of MEK enzymes and prevent cross-activation of other serine/threonine protein kinases through the conserved ATP binding site. This paper reviews the translational evidence in favor of MEK inhibitors in cancer, their role in gynecologic malignancies, and details regarding the status of the fourteen MEK inhibitors currently being clinically tested: trametinib, selumetinib, pimasertib, refametinib, PD-0325901, MEK162, TAK733, RO5126766, WX-554, RO4987655, cobimetinib, AZD8330, MSC2015103B, and ARRY-300.
Anxiety Syndromes and Symptoms Among Men With AIDS: A Longitudinal Controlled Study

This 2-year longitudinal study assessed prevalence of Axis I anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms and their relationship to manifestations of HIV illness in a sample of nonintravenous drug users. The sample included 173 homosexual men with HIV or AIDS (HIV + /AIDS) and 84 homosexual men negative for HIV or AIDS (HIV − ). Data were compared with national prevalence rates to provide a framework for interpretation. No significant differences were observed. However, compared with the general population, both HIV + /AIDS and HIV − men reported more anxiety symptoms and stress. For the HIV + /AIDS group there was a positive relationship between anxiety and HIV symptoms, fatigue, and physical limitations. No changes in rates or levels of anxiety were observed in those whose immunologic markers improved or worsened over the 2 years.
PREDICTED HEIGHT AND ADULT HEIGHT IN GIRLS WITH UNTREATED CONSTITUTIONAL TALL STATURE (CIS). A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TARGET HEIGHT (TH), BAYLEY-PINNEAU (BP), RQCHE-WAINER-THISSEN (RWT) AND TANNER-WHITEHOUSE (TW) METHODS OF HEIGHT PREDICTION

PREDICTED HEIGHT AND ADULT HEIGHT IN GIRLS WITH UNTREATED CONSTITUTIONAL TALL STATURE (CIS). A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TARGET HEIGHT (TH), BAYLEY-PINNEAU (BP), RQCHE-WAINER-THISSEN (RWT) AND TANNER-WHITEHOUSE (TW) METHODS OF HEIGHT PREDICTION
Axiomatizations of floating point arithmetics

We present a universal scheme for axiomatizing floating point ariththmetic. The schema can be used to axiomatize any floating point arithmetic. It consists of a labeled graph with vertices describing some arithmetical properties and edges containing appropriate axioms. The language of floating point arithmetic is developed gradually in this scheme. The scheme can provide a vehicle for studying and implementing various versions of floating point arithmetic.
Why join? Women’s Auxiliary to the American Dental Association

To make the public more aware that the dentist is an Integral part of the health team along with the physician and health agencies is one of the obligations of the Women’s Auxiliary. The Auxiliary is devoting more time assisting the American Dental Association in its programs, and it is playing an important part in educating the public in better oral health. Affiliation of all state auxiliaries with the Women’s Auxiliary to the American Dental Association is urged.
Neuropathologies of the self and the right hemisphere: a window into productive personal pathologies.

The neuropathologies of the self (NPS; Figure ​Figure1)1) is a proposed broad grouping of various syndromes in which the common factors are that a demonstrable focal brain lesion(s) or dementia causes an alteration in the patient's personal identity or personal relationships between the self and the world. The NPS may include many conditions (some of which are highlighted in the Figure ​Figure1)1) but some of the better known are the delusional misidentification syndromes (DMS; Capgras and Fregoli syndromes, DMS for the mirror image); somatoparaphrenia; and phantom boarder syndrome (Feinberg, 2001, 2009a,b, 2010, 2011a; Feinberg et al., 1999; Feinberg and Keenan, 2005). Figure 1 Based upon Feinberg (2010, 2011a); Vaillant (1977, 1992, 1993) and Cramer (1991, 2006). On the left is a hierarchical four-tiered model of representative factors contributing to some of the neuropathologies of the self. Some cognitive (level 1) deficits ...
Vibrational spectra and normal coordinate analysis of methyl thionitrite and isotopic analogs

Abstract The observed gas-phase IR frequencies for forty-four fundamentals of methyl thionitrite (CH 3 SNO) and its d 3 -, 13 C-, and 15 N-substituted analogs have been used to calculate a nineteen-parameter symmetry valence force field. The final refinement resulted in an average error of less than 4 cm −1 (~0.5%) between the calculated and observed frequencies for the four isotopomers. Contrary to earlier reports, relative intensities, isotopic frequency shifts, as well as the calculated potential-energy distribution, all support the assignment of v (CS) to a higher frequency than that of v (SN). For the normal molecule, v (CS) is observed as a weak band at 735 cm −1 ; by contrast, v (SN) absorbs strongly at 646 cm −1 . The NO stretching fundamental occurs at 1535 cm −1 in the gas-phase spectrum of the unsubstituted molecule but shifts to 1507 cm −1 when 15 N replaces the normal isotope. The five fundamental bands associated with the skeletal vibrations of CH 3 SNO are compared with the analogous absorptions in the spectra of CF 3 SNO and CH 3 ONO.
Developmental Antecedents and Social and Academic Consequences of Stereotype-Consciousness in Middle Childhood

The present study, which included 124 children ages 5-11, examined developmental antecedents and social and academic consequences of stereotype-consciousness, defined as awareness of others' stereotypes. Greater age and more frequent parent-reported racial socialization practices were associated with greater likelihood of stereotype-consciousness. Children who knew of broadly held stereotypes more often explained hypothetical negative interracial encounters between White actors and Black targets as discriminatory. In addition, among African American and Latino children who knew about broadly held stereotypes, diagnostic testing conditions led to stereotype threat effects on a standardized working memory task. Findings are discussed in terms of the contribution to our understanding of children's developing thinking about and response to stereotypes and related phenomena.
Unacceptable Mannerisms: Gender Anxieties, Homosexual Activism, and Swish in the United States, 1945-1965

This article analyzes gender anxieties in the post-World War II McCarthy-era gay rights movement known as the "homophile movement" in the United States. Using survey data gathered by these pioneering gay rights organizations as well as letters written to ONE magazine (the first gay magazine in the U.S., 1953-1967), "Unacceptable Mannerisms" demonstrates that homophile movement leaders worried about the negative social impact of stereotypical iconic representations of effeminate male homosexuals while rank-and-file homophiles worried about specific threats to their livelihoods caused by the visibility of effeminate male homosexuals. The homophile movement thus boldly challenged prevailing conceptualizations about sexuality during the 1950s yet simultaneously reinforced the hegemonic masculinity characteristic of broader postwar American gender patterns. Homophile anxieties regarding "swishy" behavior underscore a paradox about homosexual visibility in the 1950s. The homophile movement sought to create a positive collective homosexual image modeled on an idealized middle-class white-collar worker. At the same time, the movement discouraged individual visible markers of homosexual identity such as effeminacy. This paradox is partly explained by the increasingly middle-class character of gay identity after World War II; this trend reflects a broader shift toward middle-class identity in American society during these years.
Surface Soil Physical Properties After Twelve Years of Dryland No-Till Management

Water is the principle limiting factor in dryland cropping systems. Surface soil physical properties influence infiltration and cropping systems under no-till management may affect these properties through residue addition. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine how cropping intensity and topographic position affect soil bulk density, porosity, sorptivity, and aggregate stability in the surface 2.5 cm of soils at three eastern Colorado sites; and (ii) to relate these properties to crop residue returned to the soil surface. No-till cropping systems had been in place on three slope positions, at three sites, for 12 yr prior to this study. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (WCF) and continuous cropping (CC) systems were compared with wheat-fallow (WF) on summit and toeslope positions at two sites (Sterling and Stratton), and at the third site (Walsh) wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow (WSF) replaced WCF. Cropping systems (CC and WCF or WSF) that returned more crop residue decreased bulk density and increased total and effective porosities compared with WF. Site and slope positions that produced more crop residue also improved these properties. However, sorptivity developed no significant differences as a result of cropping system. Macroaggregates made up a higher percentage of total aggregates in CC and WCF or WSF compared with WF in proportion to residue added and were also a function of clay content of the soil at different sites and slope positions. These factors enhance the potential for greater infiltration and hence greater water availability for crops.
Noise in bipolar junction transistors at high injection levels

Abstract It is shown herein that the expression for the noise equivalent saturated diode current IEQ at the output of the common-base configuration, input a.c. open circuited, at medium and high-injection levels is identical in form to that used at low-injection levels, but for different reasons. Until the present, this fact has not been theoretically demonstrated. Experimental results verify this theoretical prediction.
FINE‐TUNING THE CHANNELS

The product life cycle has been a widely recognized tool for studying overall market behavior and estimating growth potential. Its most common application has been in the decision whether to expand manufacturing capacities. The product life cycle can also be used as a tool for evaluating and enhancing channels of distribution.
Inhibition of histone deacetylases triggers pharmacologic preconditioning effects against myocardial ischemic injury

Objectives Recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in the control of hypertrophic responses in the heart. However, it remains unknown whether inhibition of HDACs plays a role in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesize that HDAC inhibition triggers preconditioning-like effects against I/R injury. Methods and results Isolated mouse hearts were perfused with 3 cycles of 5-minute infusion and 5-minute washout of 50 nM of trichostatin A (TSA), a potent inhibitor of HDACs to mimic early pharmacologic preconditioning. This was followed by 30 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. In addition, mice were treated with saline or TSA (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) to investigate delayed pharmacologic preconditioning. Twenty-four hours later, the hearts were subjected to I/R. Ventricular function and infarct size were measured, and HDAC 3, 4 and 5 were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. HDAC and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activities were determined. TSA produced marked improvements in post-ischemic ventricular function recovery and a reduction in infarct size in both early and delayed preconditioning. Cardioprotection elicited by TSA was abrogated by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38. HDAC 3, 4 and 5 proteins were detected in mouse myocardium. TSA treatments resulted in a significant inhibition of HDAC activity. HDAC inhibition caused a dramatic increase in phosphorylation of p38 and p38 activity. Notably, HDAC inhibition also resulted in remarkable acetylation of p38 at lysine residues. Conclusion These results suggest that inhibition of HDACs triggers pharmacologic preconditioning to protect the ischemic heart, which involves p38 activation.
Raman Spectra of Bismuth Germanium Oxide and Bismuth Silicon Oxide

Raman spectra of single crystals of bismuth germanium oxide (${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$) and bismuth silicon oxide (${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Si${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$) are studied at 300, 77, and 15 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These crystals are isomorphous, exhibit optical activity, and belong to the cubic space group ${T}^{3}(I23)$. On the basis of one formula unit per primitive cell, a group-theoretical analysis predicts $8A$ (totally symmetric), $8E$ (doubly degenerate), and $24F$ (triply degenerate) zone-center optical phonons, without taking into account the LO-TO splitting of the polar $F$ modes. Phonons belonging to all three symmetries are Raman active. The most detailed spectra with well-resolved lines are observed in both crystals at 15 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The spectrum of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ at 15 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K consists of a total of 36 lines which lie in the region 40-720 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A total of 43 lines in the region 40-850 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are observed in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Si${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ at 15 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The polarization of the Raman lines in both crystals is studied at 15 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for the following two crystalline orientations: one with {100} faces and the other with (100), (011), and ($0\overline{1}1$) faces. Both right-angle and back-scattering geometries were used in polarization studies, and all the observed lines have been classified according to the irreducible representations of the point group $T$. Some of the $F$ modes in each crystal show LO-TO splitting. With plane-polarized radiation incident along [100] and scattered along [010] or [011], the intensity oscillations of prominent lines of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ are studied as a function of the angle between the electric vector of the incident radiation and the scattering plane. The observed intensity oscillations for the lines studied in this manner lead to symmetry assignments which are in agreement with those determined from polarization studies. In view of the fact that there exist tightly bound groups of $M{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ units in these crystals, where $M\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{Ge}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{Si}$, a possible approach towards correlating some of the observed lines as originating from the normal modes of the $M{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ unit is suggested.
Blockade of ganglionic transmission during synaptogenesis decreases α-bungarotoxin binding in the chick ciliary ganglion and iris

Abstract The role of normal synaptic activity in the biochemical development of the nervous system has been examined in the chick embryo. Chlorisondamine, a ganglionic blocking drug, was administered in ovo during the period of synaptogenesis in the parasympathetic ciliary ganglion. Following treatment with chlorisondamine, nicotinic binding sites (as measured with [ 125 I]α-bungarotoxin) were significantly reduced in both the ganglion and its end organ, the striated iris muscle. While the number of [ 125 I]α-bungarotoxin binding sites eventually approached control levels in the iris, binding in the ciliary ganglion remained below normal values through hatching.
Exploring relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior among diverse groups of young adults

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that North American-based measures of self-esteem, which measure individualistic positive self-regard, may be less applicable to Eastern cultures. In the present exploratory study, we examined how different conceptualizations of self-esteem, as measured by the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Collective Self-esteem (CSE) Scale, predicted drinking behavior among three groups of American college students (N=326) with varying ethnicities: White, Korean, and Chinese/Taiwanese. Hierarchical negative binomial regression was employed to evaluate these relations. Ethnic identity was controlled for in all analyses. Findings indicated that while global self-esteem was positively associated with drinking for the whole sample, ethnicity moderated this relationship such that global self-esteem was related to drinking for White participants but not for their Chinese/Taiwanese counterparts. In addition, while CSE did not associate with drinking for the whole sample, effects emerged for specific ethnicities. Specifically, private CSE was associated with less drinking for Korean and Chinese/Taiwanese participants. Depending on specific Asian ethnicity, public CSE served as a risk (Korean participants) or a protective factor (Chinese/Taiwanese participants) for drinking. Findings suggest that above and beyond ethnic identity, differential relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior may exist among White, Korean, and Chinese/Taiwanese young adults. Intervention and prevention programs should develop strategies to help Chinese/Taiwanese and Korean American young adults cultivate protective factors within domains of CSE.
Early recognition and aggressive treatment of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia

Abstract Twelve patients with gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia are presented. Reflux produced recurrent stricture, failure to thrive, repeated pneumonitis, and in one patient, respiratory arrest and nearly death. Treatment consists of positional therapy or fundoplication operation both of which seem less successful in this combination of lesions than with GER and a normal esophagus. There was one death as a late postoperative complication of fundoplication.
Undulator radiation carrying spin and orbital angular momentum

We show that the radiation from a helical undulator not only carries spin angular momentum (circular polarization) but also orbital angular momentum. This exotic property of the undulator radiation may be useful in coherent X-ray imaging and scattering experiments and to probe electronic transitions in matter by orbital dichroism spectroscopy. Also, we present that a new magnet configuration, similar to the structure of Figure-8 undulator or the PERA undulator, may generate right- and left-hand circularly polarized off-axis radiation simultaneously.
The development of Meissner corpuscles in primate digital skin.

Abstract Digital skin from fetal and neonatal primates was examined using light and electron microscopic techniques to document the development of the Meissner corpuscle. Generation of the receptor was initiated early in the third trimester by fine neurites which left the superficial dermal nerve plexus, ascended the dermal papillac and entered the basal epidermis. As maturation of the Meissner corpuscle continued, the axons were confined to the apex of the dermal papilla, where they were oriented parallel to the surface of the skin and terminated among cytoplasmic extensions of presumptive lamellar cells. During late fetal life the complexity of the lamellar cell stacking increased and the lamellar cell bodies were found solely at the base of the receptor. Numerous axon terminals were evident between the cytoplasmic lamellae. The appearance of the neonatal Meissner corpuscle was indistinguishable from that of the adult, indicating that the complete cycle of development is concluded before birth.
Amyrisins A-C, O-prenylated flavonoids from Amyris madrensis.

Three new O-prenylated flavonoids, amyrisins A–C (1–3), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Amyris madrensis, along with the known compound polygamain (4). The structures of 1–3 were elucidated on the basis of the analysis of spectroscopic data interpretation. Amyrisins B (2) and C (3) showed moderate cytotoxicity against PC-3 and DU 145 prostate cancer cells with IC50 values of 17.5 and 23 μM, respectively, while amyrisin A (1) did not show any cytotoxicity at the highest concentration tested, 50 μM. Polygamain (4) exhibited potent antiproliferative and microtubule-depolymerizing activities.
Glycosylation-mediated phenylpropanoid partitioning in Populus tremuloides cell cultures

Phenylpropanoid-derived phenolic glycosides (PGs) and condensed tannins (CTs) comprise large, multi-purpose non-structural carbon sinks in Populus. A negative correlation between PG and CT concentrations has been observed in several studies. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship is not known. Populus cell cultures produce CTs but not PGs under normal conditions. Feeding salicyl alcohol resulted in accumulation of salicins, the simplest PG, in the cells, but not higher-order PGs. Salicin accrual reflected the stimulation of a glycosylation response which altered a number of metabolic activities. We utilized this suspension cell feeding system as a model for analyzing the possible role of glycosylation in regulating the metabolic competition between PG formation, CT synthesis and growth. Cells accumulated salicins in a dose-dependent manner following salicyl alcohol feeding. Higher feeding levels led to a decrease in cellular CT concentrations (at 5 or 10 mM), and a negative effect on cell growth (at 10 mM). The competition between salicin and CT formation was reciprocal, and depended on the metabolic status of the cells. We analyzed gene expression changes between controls and cells fed with 5 mM salicyl alcohol for 48 hr, a time point when salicin accumulation was near maximum and CT synthesis was reduced, with no effect on growth. Several stress-responsive genes were up-regulated, suggestive of a general stress response in the fed cells. Salicyl alcohol feeding also induced expression of genes associated with sucrose catabolism, glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and most of the flavonoid pathway genes were reduced, consistent with down-regulated CT synthesis. Exogenous salicyl alcohol was readily glycosylated in Populus cell cultures, a process that altered sugar utilization and phenolic partitioning in the cells. Using this system, we identified candidate genes for glycosyltransferases that may mediate the glycosylation, and for transporters that mediate the subcellular compartmentalization of sugars and phenolic glycosides. The suspension cells appear to represent a facile system for dissecting the regulation of phenolic carbon partitioning, and in turn, its effects on growth in Populus.
Rabbit bone marrow suppressor cells block the production or release of a soluble bone marrow growth factor

Fc gamma-receptor (Fc gamma R)-bearing cells from normal rabbit bone marrow suppressed the constitutive proliferation rates of the remaining, Fc gamma R-, cells. In the absence of the suppressive influences of Fc gamma R+ cells, cells in the Fc gamma R- population spontaneously elaborated a soluble growth factor (GF) which induced the proliferation of unseparated bone marrow cells. To examine regulation by Fc gamma R+ bone marrow cells, graded numbers of the Fc gamma R+ cells were mixed with constant numbers of the FcR- cells. At 24 hr, supernates were collected and tested for GF activity. The Fc gamma R+ suppressor cells efficiently and in a dose-dependent fashion blocked GF production or release. The GF was nondialyzable and relatively heat stable. Supernates with GF activity also had colony-stimulating factor activity, but were negative in assays modified from murine interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-2 assays. Regulation of GF production or release represents a new function for bone marrow suppressor cells.
Improved Outcomes Using Tacrolimus/Sirolimus for Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis with a Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimen for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant as treatment of Myelofibrosis

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens is a potentially curative treatment for patients (patients) with myelofibrosis (MF), as we and others have reported. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and other complications has limited the success of this approach. As part of an ongoing prospective research study at City of Hope, a combination of tacrolimus/sirolimus ± methotrexate (MTX) for GVHD prophylaxis has become the standard treatment for our allogeneic HCT patients. In this report, we present results for 23 consecutive patients, including extended follow up for 9 patients previously reported who received cyclosporine (CsA)/mycophenolate moffetil (MMF)±MTX, and the current series of 14 patients who received tacrolimus/sirolimus±MTX, and evaluate the impact of the GVHD prophylaxis regimen on the outcomes. Median follow-up for alive patients was 29.0 months (9.5-97.0). The estimated 2-year overall survival (OS) for the CsA/MMF cohort was 55.6% (confidence interval 36.0, 71.3), and for the tacrolimus/sirolimus cohort it was 92.9% (63.3, 98.8) (P=.047). The probability of grade III or IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) was 60% for the CsA/MMF patients, and 10% for the tacrolimus/sirolimus group (P=.0102). No significant differences were seen for grade II to IV aGVHD in the 2 groups. We conclude that the combination of tacrolimus/sirolimus±MTX for GVHD prophylaxis in the setting of RIC HCT for MF appears to reduce the incidence of severe aGVHD and NRM, and leads to improved OS compared to CSA/MMF±MTX.
Research Note: Calcium Digestibility Studies Utilizing Acid-Insoluble Ash Measurements

Laying hens were individually fed diets providing daily calcium intakes ranging from 2.0 to 4.5 g from two sources of limestone. Silica (washed sand) was added to the diets as filler for hens with less than 4.5 g of daily calcium intake. The calcium digestibility data were obtained both by the total collection (TC) method and b y using acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as an indicator. Source effect was not significant (P greater than .7) within each method tested, and data were pooled for analysis. The calcium digestibility values obtained by the TC method for hens with intake of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 g daily were 59.16, 57.31, 54.29, 50.99, 44.63, and 41.76%, respectively. The AIA method consistently yielded higher digestibility values: 73.0, 65.36, 61.78, 54.19, 45.76, and 42.0%. The differences in calcium digestibility values between the two methods were linearly related to the levels of silica consumption (P less than .05).