cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mariner 9 michelson interferometer.

The Michelson interferometer on Mariner 9 measures the thermal emission spectrum of Mars between 200 and 2000 per cm (between 5 and 50 microns) with a spectral resolution of 2.4 per cm in the apodized mode. A noise equivalent radiance of 0.5 x 10 to the minus 7th W/sq cm/ster/cm is deduced from data recorded in orbit around Mars. The Mariner interferometer deviates in design from the Nimbus 3 and 4 interferometers in several areas, notably, by a cesium iodide beam splitter and certain aspects of the digital information processing. Special attention has been given to the problem of external vibration. The instrument performance is demonstrated by calibration data and samples of Mars spectra.
Placement of Medeolaria farlowii in the Leotiomycetes, and comments on sampling within the class

Medeolaria farlowii, an ascomycetous parasite of Medeola virginiana, has been included as the only member of the family Medeolariaceae and order Medeolariales. Its assignment within the Ascomycota has been problematic due to the lack of distinctive ascomatal form and ascus morphology. Asci are formed in a loosely organized hymenium on hypertrophic portions of Medeola virginiana stems. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear 5.8S, large subunit, and small subunit rDNA gene sequences place M. farlowii in the Leotiomycetes with parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood analyses, but its position within this class remains unresolved. In general, limited taxon and gene sampling in the Leotiomycetes hampers placement of taxa within this class. A survey of available sequence data in the Leotiomycetes is given, and the implication for phylogenetic studies within the class is discussed. Medeolaria farlowii should be treated as a monotypic genus in the monotypic order Medeolariales, class Leotiomycetes.
RED TURN ARROW: AN INFORMATION-THEORETIC EVALUATION

An information‐theoretic statistical procedure for the analysis of categorical or qualitative variables or count data not necessarily arrayed in a multi‐way cross‐classification or contingency table is presented. This procedure can be used to provide a uniform approach to both statistical testing and estimation in various kinds of traffic studies. In particular, a statistical procedure is presented for analyzing counts of violations observed at various intersections during cycles of red left turn arrow or red ball signals. Data was collected at fifteen intersections of different types at different times of the day and located in different geographical locations.
Regulation of monocyte IL-12 production: Augmentation by lymphocyte contact and acute ethanol treatment, inhibition by elevated intracellular cAMP

IL-12, a monocyte-derived cytokine, is pivotal in activation of cellular immune response and inflammation. Both inflammatory response and cellular immunity are impaired by acute ethanol consumption. Here, we found that in vitro acute ethanol treatment (25-100 mM) results in a dose-dependent and significant increase of IL-12 in IFN-gamma (100 U/ml) plus Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; 1 microg/ml) stimulated monocytes and mononuclear cells but not in unstimulated cells from non-alcoholic blood donors. There was significantly greater IL-12 production in the MNC population compared to isolated Mphi (P < 0.001). Prevention of monocyte surface contact with either purified T lymphocytes or monocyte-depleted MNC resulted in a significant, 65+/-20%, decrease in IL-12 production regardless of IFN-gamma, SEB or ethanol stimulation suggesting that Mphi T-cell surface contact provides an additional signal for IL-12 production. In addition to cell surface contact, soluble mediators, particularly IL-10 and PGE2 may regulate IL-12 production. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, Indomethacin (10(-6)M), augmented both IL-12 and IL-10 levels in isolated monocytes and mononuclear cells whether induced by medium, SEB or SEB plus 25 mM ethanol suggesting that regulation of IL-12 production via the cyclooxygenase pathway is independent of IL-10. Finally, elevation of intracellular cAMP levels by dbcAMP treatment consistently inhibited IL-12 as well as IL-10 production in monocytes induced by IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma plus 25 mM ethanol. These data suggest that augmentation of monocyte IL-12 by acute ethanol is not mediated via the cAMP pathway.
Vision Following Extended Congenital Blindness

Animal studies suggest that early visual deprivation can cause permanent functional blindness. However, few human data on this issue exist. Given enough time for recovery, can a person gain visual skills after several years of congenital blindness? In India, we recently had an unusual opportunity to work with an individual whose case history sheds light on this question. S.R.D. was born blind, and remained so until age 12. She then underwent surgery for the removal of dense congenital cataracts. We evaluated her performance on an extensive battery of visual tasks 20 years after surgery. We found that although S.R.D.'s acuity is compromised, she is proficient on mid- and high-level visual tasks. These results suggest that the human brain retains an impressive capacity for visual learning well into late childhood. They have implications for current conceptions of cortical plasticity and provide an argument for treating congenital blindness even in older children.
Preservation of retinal structure in aged pigmented mice

Abstract The effects on the retina of advancing age were studied in a pigmented mouse strain (C57BL/6J). The mice ranged in age from 65 days to 1000 days, an age well beyond the mean life span of the population (850 days). The thickness of the neuronal and plexiform layers and the planimetric density and size of the component neurons were assessed in both central (200–500 μm from the optic disc) and peripheral (within 200 μm of the retinal margin) areas. In addition, the overall size of the retina was determined by measuring its length along the horizontal meridian. Although retinas of albino rodents degenerate extensively during aging [10, 18, 31, 32, 40], in the retinas of pigmented mice neither the central nor the peripheral locus showed either marked thinning of the retinal layers or neuronal loss with advancing age. We suggest that the previous findings of severe retinal degeneration in albino rodents during aging can be attributed to their lack of pigment and that pigmented animals offer a more suitable animal model for normal retinal aging.
Enhanced projection slice theorem synthetic discriminant functions based on the Karhunen-Loeve transform with application to the protein structure identification in cryo-electron microscopic images

In this paper we utilize the Karhunen-Love Transform to the Projection-Slice Synthetic Discriminant Function Filters, KLTPSDF to reduce the data set that represents each of the training images and to emphasize the subtle differences in each of the training images. These differences are encoded into the PSDF in order to improve the filter sensitivity to the recognition and identification of protein images formed from a cryo-electron microscopic imaging process. The PSDF has been shown to improve the performance of the SDF on specific images in previous papers. The protein structures found in cryo-electron microscopic imaging represent a class of objects that have low resolution and contrast and subtle variation. This poses a challenge in design of filters to recognize these structures due to false targets that often have the very similar characteristics as the protein structures. The incorporation of the KLT in forming the filter provides an optimal method of decorrelating images prior to their incorporation into the filter. We present our method of filter synthesis and the results of the application of this modified filter to a protein structure recognition problem.
Poseidon's Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract In light of the accumulated evidence now published, the oft-denigrated suggestion that major earthquakes took place in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean areas during the late 13th and early 12th centuries bc must be reconsidered. A new study of earthquakes occurring in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean region during the 20th century, utilizing data recorded since the invention of seismic tracking devices, shows that this area is criss-crossed with major fault lines and that numerous temblors of magnitude 6·5 (enough to destroy modern buildings, let alone those of antiquity) occur frequently. It can be demonstrated that such major earthquakes often occur in groups, known as “sequences” or “storms”, in which one large quake is followed days, months, or even years later by others elsewhere on the now-weakened fault line. When a map of the areas in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean region affected (i.e. shaken) by 20th centuryad earthquakes of magnitude 6·5 and greater and with an intensity of VII or greater is overlaid on Robert Drews' map of sites destroyed in these same regions during the so-called “Catastrophe” near the end of the Late Bronze Age, it is readily apparent that virtually all of these LBA sites lie within the affected (“high-shaking”) areas. While the evidence is not conclusive, based on these new data we would suggest that an “earthquake storm” may have occurred in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean during the years 1225–1175bc . This “storm” may have interacted with the other forces at work in these areas c . 1200bc and merits consideration by archaeologists and prehistorians.
The role of protein kinase-C alpha in the activation of particulate guanylate cyclase by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in CaCo-2 cells.

Recent studies have implicated protein kinase-C (PKC) in the regulation of guanylate cyclase in several cell types. In view of prior experiments by our laboratory which have demonstrated that 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3] can activate PKC in CaCo-2 cells, it was of interest to determine whether this secosteroid influenced particulate guanylate cyclase and, if so, to determine which isoforms of PKC were involved. To address these issues, CaCo-2 cells were treated with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 or other agents (see below), and crude membranes prepared from these cells were assayed for guanylate cyclase activity. In several experiments, agents were added directly to isolated membranes, and guanylate cyclase activity was then assayed. These studies demonstrated that 1) the addition of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a known activator of PKC, to intact CaCo-2 cells stimulated particulate guanylate cyclase activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; ...
Bulk Upper Critical Field of Clean Type-II Superconductors: V and Nb

The bulk upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ of single crystals of Nb and V has been measured for various crystallographic orientations within the temperature range between the respective critical temperature and $T\ensuremath{\approx}0.06$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The normalized critical field averaged over all crystallographic directions $〈h(t)〉=\frac{〈{H}_{c2}(t)〉}{{(\ensuremath{-}\frac{d{H}_{c2}}{\mathrm{dt}})}_{t=1}}$, where $t=\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$, and the relative anisotropy of ${H}_{c2}$ for the two metals are found to be similar. The measurements support predictions of the Hohenberg-Werthamer calculation that attributes the observed anisotropy of ${H}_{c2}$ to the effects of an anisotropic Fermi surface. Some differences in the behavior of ${H}_{c2}(t)$ for the present samples can be understood qualitatively to arise from the effects of a shorter electron-collision time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for the less pure V specimen. At very low temperatures, ${H}_{c2}(0)\ensuremath{-}{H}_{c2}(t)$ for V does not follow a ${t}^{2}\mathrm{ln}(t)$ temperature dependence, previously observed for Nb, but can be characterized by an empirical formula ${t}^{2}\mathrm{ln}(t+\ensuremath{\alpha})$ in which the constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is conjectured to be inversely proportional to $\ensuremath{\tau}$.
Measurement and prediction of the strength of rubberized concrete

Abstract Illegally discarded piles of automobile tires are sources of potential hazards. Current disposal methods are wasteful and costly as they require either consumption of landfill space or continuous costly maintenance. A solution to the problem of scrap-tire disposal is the potential use of tire chips and crumb rubber as mineral aggregate substitutes in Portland cement concrete mixes. In this study, some of the engineering properties of rubberized concrete were examined and a neural network was developed to predict its compressive and tensile strengths. Rubberized concrete was found to possess good esthetics, acceptable workability, and a smaller unit weight than normal concrete. However, rubberized concrete did not perform as well as normal concrete under repeated freeze-thaw cycles. It exhibited lower compressive and tensile strength than that of normal concrete. Unlike normal concrete, rubberized concrete had the ability to absorb a large amount of plastic energy under compressive and tensile loads. It did not demonstrate the typical brittle failure, but rather a ductile, plastic failure mode. Test results were analyzed so that a model can be developed to predict the strength of rubberized concrete. Two neural network models were developed to predict the reduction in the compressive and tensile strength as a result of replacing mineral aggregate with rubber aggregate. A maximum difference of 9·2% between test results and model prediction was detected during the testing of the neural networks.
Effects of delaying fluid resuscitation on an injury to the systemic arterial vasculature.

. Objectives: To determine the effects of delaying fluid on the rate of hemorrhage and hemodynamic parameters in an injury involving the arterial system. Methods: Twenty-one adult, anesthetized sheep underwent left anterior thoracotomy and transection of the left internal mammary artery. A chest tube was inserted into the thoracic cavity to provide a continuous measurement of blood loss. The animals were randomly assigned to one of three resuscitation protocols: 1) no fluid resuscitation (NR), 2) standard fluid resuscitation (SR) begun 15 minutes after injury, or 3) delayed fluid resuscitation (DR) begun 30 minutes after injury. All of the animals in the two resuscitation groups received 60 mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution over 30 minutes. Blood loss and hemodynamic parameters were measured throughout the experiment. Results: Total hemorrhage volume (mean ± SD) at the end of the experiment was significantly lower (p = 0.006) in the NR group (1,499 ± 311 mL) than in the SR group (3,435 ± 721 mL) or the DR group (2,839 ± 1549 mL). Rate of hemorrhage followed changes in mean arterial pressure in all groups. Hemorrhage spontaneously ceased significantly sooner (p = 0.007) in the NR group (21 ± 14 minutes) and the DR group (20 ± 15 minutes) than in the SR group (54 ± 4 minutes). In the DR group, after initial cessation of hemorrhage, hemorrhage recurred in five of six animals (83%) with initiation of fluid resuscitation. Maximum oxygen (O2) delivery in each group after injury was as follows: 101 ± 34 mL O2/kg/min at 45 minutes in the DR group, 51 ± 20 mL O2/kg/min at 30 minutes in the SR group, and 35 ± 8 mL O2/kg/min at 60 minutes in the NR group. Conclusions: Rates of hemorrhage from an arterial injury are related to changes in mean arterial pressure. In this animal model, early aggressive fluid resuscitation in penetrating thoracic trauma exacerbates total hemorrhage volume. Despite resumption of hemorrhage from the site of injury, delaying fluid resuscitation results in the best hemodynamic parameters.
Rethinking NPC intelligence: a new reputation system

Creating more believable Non-Player Characters (NPCs) is a significant challenge for video game researchers and industry designers alike. While researchers explore a myriad of solutions, one somewhat forgotten solution area is NPC reputation systems. In this paper, we describe a redefined reputation system for NPC characters that allows for more realistic and dynamic social relationships. Our reputation system focuses on an agent's ability to remember and share observed behavior of other actors in the world. With this knowledge, NPCs can predict behavior of other actors, react according to their own subjective opinion, and exhibit more believable behavior to further immerse the player in the game world.
Modeling the evolution of a fresh sea surface anomaly produced by tropical rainfall

[1] The evolution of a rain-produced, fresh surface anomaly observed in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool was modeled by use of the Princeton Ocean Model with Mellor-Yamada turbulent closure. The simulation was forced by a wind stress of 0.12 N m−2 and surface cooling of 225 W m−2. Following spin-up, 34-mm average rainfall was applied over a small portion of the domain. When rainfall ceased, momentum was trapped in a 1-m, fresh surface layer, and turbulent mixing was inhibited below the layer. Seven hours later, the surface density anomaly was reduced by an order of magnitude, and the surface velocity anomaly in the direction of the wind was 0.15 m s−1. The simulations show upwelling at the upwind edge of the anomaly and downwelling at the downwind edge with maxima of 15 and 35 m d−1, respectively. The momentum balance for the velocity component in the direction of the wind indicated that local acceleration, horizontal advection, and vertical diffusion were in approximate balance except at the downwind edge of the anomaly, where pressure gradient terms were also important. The budget of turbulent kinetic energy showed that shear production plus buoyancy production (or destruction) was approximately balanced by dissipation in much of the anomaly; advection and vertical turbulent transport terms were significant at some depths at the edges. The strength of the surface density front at the downwind edge of the anomaly tended to increase with time relative to the front at the upwind edge.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Possible Influence on Cord Blood Mannose Binding Protein Concentrations at Term

Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Possible Influence on Cord Blood Mannose Binding Protein Concentrations at Term
Poised for survival: criticality, natural selection, and excitation-transcription coupling.

Abstract Neurologically-complex species utilize two intricately coupled information-processing systems to adapt to their social and natural environments. Action potentials (APs) facilitate rapid responses to the nearly continuous fluctuations in the animal's surroundings. By contrast, genetic encodings comprise a molecular memory of ancient adaptive responses expressed as cognitive, emotional, or behavioral phenotypes. The linking of the two systems via intracellular Ca 2+ networks which address transcription factors – e.g., cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) – is an appropriate focus for the biology of human behavior. Computational modeling utilizing Boolean networks (BNs) is a suitable qualitative method, requiring no kinetic information, for eliciting the systems’ architectural properties. In particular, BNs can reveal critical intracellular regimes of possible evolutionary significance. As a platform for future research, we propose that those networks sufficiently robust to attenuate damaging intracellular noise and deleterious mutations, yet sufficiently close to chaos to permit or amplify adaptive noise and favorable mutations, would be favored by natural selection. Critical regimes of this type would be, literally, “poised for survival”, and would stabilize and promote the survival of their correlated cultural phenotypes.
Air-breathing behaviour of the African anabantoid fish Ctenopoma muriei

Frequency of aerial respiration in Ctenopoma muriei increased as dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased; breathing behaviour was spatially synchronous, and there was no difference in air-breathing frequency between populations from a high- and low-DO site. Although C. muriei survived without access to the surface, its loss of buoyancy and equilibrium under these conditions suggested that it is a functionally obligatory air breather.
Adhesion and Subcritical Debonding of Polymer Interfaces for Microelectronic Packaging

Techniques are discussed for evaluating both critical interface adhesion values as well as the sub-critical debond behavior of polymer/silicon and polymer/polymer interfaces. Sub-critical debonding behavior is expected to be most relevant in predicting the in-service lifetime of microelectronic packages. Our research characterizes the debonding of a benzocyclobutene overlayer, as well as a technologically relevant epoxy underfill/polyimide/silicon interface system. Adhesion values are measured in a double cantilevered beam (DCB) and four-point bend fracture mechanics geometries by driving a stable debond along the relevant interfaces. The effect of temperature on subcritical debonding in an underfill/polyimide interface is described. Issues of crack path selection involving the selection of microstructurally weak paths in the layered system are considered.
The anxiogenic drug FG7142 increases self-injurious behavior in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Aims Self-injurious behavior (SIB), which is deliberate infliction of self-injury without suicidal intent, is a significant human health problem. SIB is not unique to humans but is also manifested in a small percentage of captive macaques, typically as self-directed biting. Although the onset and maintenance of SIB have been linked to increased anxiety in both humans and nonhuman primates, no previous studies have directly tested the anxiety-SIB hypothesis. Here, we determined whether rhesus monkeys increase their self-directed biting following a challenge with the anxiogenic compound N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG7142).
Magneto-optic phenomena in II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors: the Faraday and the Voigt effect

Abstract Pronounced magneto-optic effects — Faraday rotation and Voigt birefringence — characterize the II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors. The large sp-d exchange interaction and the antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic ions manifest themselves in the studies of these effects as a function of magnetic field, temperature and the concentration of the magnetic ions. Illustrative examples are presented.
Allelochemicals from palmer amaranth,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats

The presence of Palmer amaranth (AMAPA) residues in the soil reduced fresh weight accumulation in onions and carrots and markedly decreased seedling field establishment of carrots. Solid-phase separation techniques were used to isolate fractions containing water-soluble organic compounds from AMAPA residues and soil amended with such residues. At concentrations of 20-100 mg/liter most of the organic solids thus extracted were inactive in seed germination assays using onion, carrot, AMAPA, and tomato seeds. Extracts from the roots of AMAPA increased 72-hr germination percentages in carrot, AMAPA, and tomato. A time-study of AMAPA residue decomposition in soil showed an increase in extractable inhibitors of onion germination after 62 days but no other significant changes in the activity. The most active allelochemicals from AMAPA proved to be volatile compounds. Volatiles emitted by soil containing AMAPA residues and by the dried and partially rehydrated leaf and flower residues themselves reduced carrot and tomato seed germination to less than 7%. Freshly harvested aerial AMAPA inhibited only carrot seed. Germination of AMAPA and carrot seeds was retarded by exposure to volatiles from dried AMAPA residues. Residues from AMAPA grown in Texas and Louisiana exhibited comparable inhibitory activity after air-drying two weeks. Onion seeds were also inhibited by volatiles from AMAPA residues.
The mechanism of reverse phase liquid-solid chromatography

The possibility of reverse phase adsorption on natural diamond having a surface similar to the inert bonded hydrocarbon phases routinly used in liquid chromatography is investigated. The column exhibited an HETP of 0.66 mm.
The Duality of Clusters and Statistical Interactions

We contend that clusters of cases co-constitute statistical interactions among variables. Interactions among variables imply clusters of cases within which statistical effects differ. Regression coefficients may be productively viewed as sums across clusters of cases, and in this sense regression coefficients may be said to be “composed” of clusters of cases. We explicate a four-step procedure that discovers interaction effects based on clusters of cases in the data matrix, hence aiding in inductive model specification. We illustrate with two examples. One is a reanalysis of data from a published study of the effect of social welfare policy extensiveness on poverty rates across 15 countries. The second uses General Social Survey data to predict four different dimensions of ego-network homophily. We find support for our contention that clusters of the rows of a data matrix may be exploited to discover statistical interactions among variables that improve model fit.
Detecting user-visible failures in AJAX web applications by analyzing users' interaction behaviors

Web applications can suffer from poor reliability, and AJAX technology makes Web sites even more error-prone. Failures of a Web application, particularly user-visible failures, impact users' satisfaction and may drive users away from using the Web site. Conventional testing techniques are inadequate for improving AJAX applications' reliability, and application providers commonly rely on fast failure detection, which is challenging. In this paper, we present a novel technique for automatically detecting user-visible failures in AJAX applications. Our technique trains a Bayesian model to analyze users' interaction behaviors to infer whether such user responses are related to user-visible failures. We implemented our technique in a tool called SIRANA. We performed a case study using a commercial AJAX application with seeded bugs, and collected users' interaction data during 14 one-hour sessions. We evaluated our technique using SIRANA applied to the collected data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique: It not only detected all seeded bugs, but also detected four real, previously-unknown bugs.
HORMONAL AND NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE RAT TESTIS

STUDIES on the rat testis have included weight changes, spermatogenic activity and histochemical investigations. However, little attention has been directed toward the biochemical estimation of testis glycogen, lipid and nitrogen. The rat testis consists of approximately 85% water and 15% solids. The testis solids of adult rats are 65–70% protein (Addis, Poo and Lew, 1936; Aschkenasy and Dray, 1953; Leathern and Glasser, 1953) and approximately 30% lipid (Leathern and Wolf, 1955). Fresh testis tissue has yielded detectable glycogen (Leonard, 1952; Wolf, 1954). Testis protein is decreased by hypophysectomy and estrogen administration (Leathern and Glasser, 1953; Leathern, 1954; Greenberg and Leathern, 1954). However, fasting or feeding a protein free diet for 30 days does not deplete the adult rat testis of protein (Addis, Poo and Lew, 1936; Leathern, 1954). Nevertheless, maturation of the reproductive system is influenced by nutrition. In view of the paucity of information on the major components of the i...
Moisture and dynamical interactions maintaining decoupled Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in the presence of a humidity inversion

Abstract. Observations suggest that processes maintaining subtropical and Arctic stratocumulus differ, due to the different environments in which they occur. For example, specific humidity inversions (specific humidity increasing with height) are frequently observed to occur near cloud top coincident with temperature inversions in the Arctic, while they do not occur in the subtropics. In this study we use nested LES simulations of decoupled Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus (AMPS) clouds observed during the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Indirect and SemiDirect Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) to analyze budgets of water components, potential temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy. These analyses quantify the processes that maintain decoupled AMPS, including the role of humidity inversions. Key structural features include a shallow upper entrainment zone at cloud top that is located within the temperature and humidity inversions, a mixed layer driven by cloud-top cooling that extends from the base of the upper entrainment zone to below cloud base, and a lower entrainment zone at the base of the mixed layer. The surface layer below the lower entrainment zone is decoupled from the cloud mixed-layer system. Budget results show that cloud liquid water is maintained in the upper entrainment zone near cloud top (within a temperature and humidity inversion) due to a down gradient transport of water vapor by turbulent fluxes into the cloud layer from above and direct condensation forced by radiative cooling. Liquid water is generated in the updraft portions of the mixed-layer eddies below cloud top by buoyant destabilization. These processes cause at least 20% of the cloud liquid water to extend into the inversion. The redistribution of water vapor from the top of the humidity inversion to its base maintains the cloud layer, while the mixed layer-entrainment zone system is continually losing total water. In this decoupled system, the humidity inversion is the only source of water vapor for the cloud system, since water vapor from the surface layer is not efficiently transported into the mixed layer. Sedimentation of ice is the dominant sink of moisture from the mixed layer.
Eigenstates of N excitons and one hole

We solve for the eigenstates and energy eigenvalues of $N$ immobile Frenkel excitons (a relatively trivial proposition) and of $N$ such excitons plus one hole (which for large $N$ can only be done in one dimension). We also guess that a charged globule, consisting of $N$ excitons and $O(N)$ holes, can be stable if, in any number of dimensions, ${m}_{h}^{*}$ for holes is much larger than ${m}_{e}^{*}$ for electrons.
Merging quantum optics and quantum many-body atomic systems

A system joining the problems of quantum optics and quantum gases - ultracold atoms trapped in an optical lattice inside a cavity - is considered. Thus, the quantum natures of both the light and atomic motion play equally important roles in the process [1–4]. This is in striking contrast to the majority of theoretical and experimental problems on ultracold gases, where the role of light is reduced to a classical auxiliary tool for trapping and manipulating intriguing atomic states.
Facilitating Students' Global Perspectives: Collaborating with International Partners Using Web 2.0 Technologies.

Abstract This research was designed to explore the impact of a wiki-based international collaboration project on pre-service teachers' 1) cultural competencies, 2) comfort using technology, including Web 2.0 tools, to interact and collaborate with unknown colleagues, and 3) perceptions of ideas for using technology, including Web 2.0 tools, in their future classrooms. Survey results showed significant changes in cultural competency and perceived ideas for using technology from pre- to post-semester while interview data provided support for, and greater insights into, survey results. Furthermore, students' perceived comfort for participating in Web 2.0-based international collaborations was the best predictor of changes in cultural competency. Implications for the integration of international collaborations into on-campus courses, using Web 2.0 technologies, are discussed.
Extracardiac applications of MR blood pool contrast agent in children

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography has significantly reduced the need for diagnostic conventional angiography and is preferred over CT angiography in children because of its lack of ionizing radiation. The availability of gadofosveset trisodium (the only clinically approved blood pool MR contrast agent) has led to an increase in applications of MR for vascular imaging and an improvement in diagnostic quality of MR angiography. Gadofosveset is a gadolinium-based contrast agent that binds reversibly to albumin, resulting in increased paramagnetic effect and longer intravascular residence. This allows for high-resolution arterial and venous MR angiography, assessment of flow characteristics of vascular malformations, dynamic vascular imaging, and multi-station imaging with a single low-dose gadolinium contrast injection. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to facilitate understanding of the kinetics and safety profile of gadofosveset trisodium, discuss technical aspects of imaging, and illustrate advantages and extracardiac applications in pediatric body imaging.
Olanzapine Penetration into Brain is Greater in Transgenic Abcb1a P-glycoprotein-Deficient Mice than FVB1 (Wild-Type) Animals

The transmembrane energy-dependent efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) limits a range of drugs from penetrating cells and deposits them into the extracellular space. P-gp is highly expressed in several normal tissues, including the luminal surface of capillary endothelial cells in the brain of humans. In this study, we tested whether olanzapine distribution to tissues highly expressing P-gp or devoid of this transporter was similar in Abcb1a (-/-) mice lacking P-gp and control animals. At 1 h following the intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 microg olanzapine/g mouse, olanzapine concentrations were statistically and significantly higher in brain (three-fold), liver (2.6-fold), and kidney (1.8-fold) of Abcb1a (-/-) mice than those of the control FVB Abcb1a (+/+) mice, and not statistically different in plasma, spleen, or penile tissue. Similar differences were also found for the ratios of organ:plasma and organ:spleen between the two groups. This is the first report that the presence of the Abcb1a gene is an important factor controlling brain access to olanzapine. The finding that the brain penetration of olanzapine is limited by P-gp implies that the highly prevalent functional polymorphisms of ABCB1 in humans may be a factor contributing to variability in dose requirements for this antipsychotic drug.
Reliability of children's reports of depressive symptomatology.

The use of self-report measures for the assessment of depression in children has gained wide popularity as a component in the evaluation of children's mental health and well-being. However, the extent to which children are reliable and consistent reporters of their depressive symptoms is sometimes called into question. This study examined the test-retest reliability of children's reports of depressive symptomatology on the Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS; Reynolds, 1989a). The sample consisted of 220 children, in grades 3 through 6, representing a cross-section of ethnic groups. Children were tested twice, with a 4-week interval between testings. Results showed a high degree of stability in children's responses to the RCDS, with a test-retest reliability coefficient of .85 for the total sample, and a mean difference between testings of less than 2 points. Test-retest reliability coefficients were also computed for males and females, for each grade, and for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian children. Overall, the results lend strong support for the reliability and stability of children's self-reported depressive symptomatology as assessed by the RCDS.
“Cut and paste” enters the computer age

A description is given of two ways in which technical writers can use computers to cut and paste more efficiently. The first method, retrieving information from online databases, is really just a more efficient way of doing something that has been done before. The second method, using `model components' to generate customized information from descriptions stored online, is new. It enables technical writers to create and tailor information as it is being included in a draft and significantly affects the way technical writers do their job.
Morphometric analysis of brain images with reduced number of statistical tests: A study on the gender-related differentiation of the corpus callosum

Objective: We evaluate the feasibility of applying dynamic recursive partitioning (DRP), an image analysis technique, to perform morphometric analysis. We apply DRP to detect and characterize discriminative morphometric characteristics between anatomical brain structures from different groups of subjects. Our method reduces the number of statistical tests, commonly required by pixel-wise statistics, alleviating the effect of the multiple comparison problem. Methods and Materials: The main idea of DRP is to partition the two-dimensional (2D) image adaptively into progressively smaller subregions until statistically significant discriminative regions are detected. The partitioning process is guided by statistical tests applied on groups of pixels. By performing statistical tests on groups of pixels rather than on individual pixels, the number of statistical tests is effectively reduced. This reduction of statistical tests restricts the effect of the multiple comparison problem (i.e., type-I error). We demonstrate an application of DRP for detecting gender-related morphometric differentiation of the corpus callosum. DRP was applied to template deformation fields computed from registered magnetic resonance images of the corpus callosum to detect regions of significant expansion or contraction between female and male subjects. Results: DRP was able to detect regions comparable to those of pixel-wise analysis, while reducing the number of required statistical tests up to almost 50%. The detected regions were in agreement with findings previously reported in the literature. Statistically significant discriminative morphological variability was detected in the posterior corpus callosum region, the isthmus and the anterior corpus callosum. In addition, by operating on groups of pixels, DRP appears to be less prone to detecting spatially diffused and isolated outlier pixels as significant. Conclusion: DRP can be a viable approach for detecting discriminative morphometric characteristics among groups of subjects, having the potential to alleviate the multiple comparisons' effect by significantly reducing the number of required statistical tests.
A New CFD-Perturbation Model for the Rotordynamics of Incompressible Flow Seals

A new, quasi-three-dimensional perturbation model is developed for the computation of rotordynamic forces for all incompressible flow seals with an axisymmetric geometry. The model assumes a small circular whirl motion of the rotor around the stator center. By avoiding the complicated perturbation coordinate transformation, the perturbation solution directly accounts for the disturbance of the wall shear stresses that are caused by the whirl motion of the rotor. The primary advantage of the present model is that it can immediately be applied to any radial-clearance seal of axisymmetric geometry without ad hoc adjustments. It was found from computations that include the upstream chamber that the magnitude of the first-order variables at the seal inlet are much larger and abruptly changing than was previously assumed.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Automated vs. conventional tractography in multiple sclerosis: Variability and correlation with disability

Abstract Diffusion-tensor-imaging fiber tractography enables interrogation of brain white matter tracts that subserve different functions. However, tract reconstruction can be labor and time intensive and can yield variable results that may reduce the power to link imaging abnormalities with disability. Automated segmentation of these tracts would help make tract-specific imaging clinically useful, but implementation of such segmentation is problematic in the presence of diseases that alter brain structure. In this work, we investigated an automated tract-probability-mapping scheme and applied it to multiple sclerosis, comparing the results to those derived from conventional tractography. We found that the automated method has consistently lower scan-rescan variability (typically 0.7–1.5% vs. up to 3% for conventional tractography) and avoids problems related to tractography failures within and around lesions. In the corpus callosum, optic radiation, and corticospinal tract, tract-specific MRI indices calculated by the two methods were moderately to strongly correlated, though systematic, tract-specific differences were present. In these tracts, the two methods also yielded similar correlation coefficients relating tract-specific MRI indices to clinical disability scores. In the optic tract, the automated method failed. With judicious application, therefore, the automated method may be useful for studies that investigate the relationship between imaging findings and clinical outcomes in disease.
Volcano deformation and eruption forecasting

Recent advances in Global Positioning System (GPS), tilt and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) have greatly increased the availability of volcano deformation data. These measurements, combined with appropriate source models, can be used to estimate magma chamber depth, and to provide information on chamber shape and volume change. However, kinematic models cannot constrain magma chamber volume, and provide no predictive
Cytokines of the Lung

Communication between cells determines the steady-state composition of the lung in health and becomes a critical determinant of outcome in pathologic processes resulting in anatomic remodeling. This review presents the evolving concepts of the biology of cytokines (also known as peptide growth factors or biological response modifiers) in maintaining normal tissue growth and homeostasis. How these extracellular signaling proteins are involved in such pathologic disorders as spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and the evolution and recovery from acute lung injury is also discussed. During the past decade the cytokines have come to the fore as important multifunctional mediators of cell behavior and cell-cell communication. A wide range of cellular responses are influenced or triggered when cytokines interact with cells. These include mitosis, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, cytoskeleton arrangement, immunomodulation, and extracellular matrix production. Cytokines influence cell behavior by binding to specific high affinity surface receptors on target cells. These receptors are linked in turn at the cell membrane to a complex array of intracellular signaling pathways. Individual cytokines may inhibit as well as promote cellular functions such as mitosis and thereby play a critical role in homeostasis of normal tissue elements. Hence, cytokines are intimately involved in normal tissue homeostasis as well as in processes eventuating in growth and remodeling. All cells produce and secrete cytokines at some time during their life. Each cytokine is capable of modulating more than one cellular function. Although produced by a variety of cell types, the triggers that induce a specific cytokine to be produced differ between cells. Many of the cytokines share regions of homologous nucleic acid sequences, suggesting that they are members of larger gene families. Given that tissues and cells are exposed to complex cytokine mixtures rather than to individual cytokines, recent attention has turned to understanding how cytokines interact. The combined effects of cytokine mixtures have proved to be both complex and unpredictable based on knowledge of the separate actions of the individual cytokines involved. In studies of the role of cytokines in lung disease, early research attention has focused on those cytokines released by alveolar macrophages (the so-called macrophage-derived growth factors). However, structural cells as well as immune effector cells of the lung are capable of cytokine production and release. The cytokines receiving the most attention to date in relation to pulmonary diseases include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), and, most recently, interleukin-6 (IL-6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Co-condensation synthesis and adsorption properties of cage-like mesoporous silicas with imidazole groups

Abstract Two cubic cage-like mesoporous silicas, SBA-16 (Im3m) and FDU-1 (Fm3m), with different concentrations of imidazole groups were synthesized by co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and N -(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide)- block -poly(propylene oxide)- block -poly(ethylene oxide) (EO 106 PO 70 EO 106 ) and poly(ethylene oxide)- block -poly(butylene oxide)- block -poly(ethylene oxide) (EO 39 BO 47 EO 39 ) triblock copolymers, respectively, under low acidic conditions and with addition of sodium chloride. The polymeric templates used were removed via extraction with acidified ethanolic solution. The organosilicas studied were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, powder X-Ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and elemental analysis. The amount of incorporated imidazole groups gradually increased with increasing concentration of N -(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole in the synthesis gel. This incorporation was slightly better for FDU-1, which has larger mesopores and mesopore entrances than those in SBA-16. The interplanar d-spacing, total pore volume, pore diameter and specific surface area tended to systematically decrease with increasing loadings of organic ligands. This work reveals that an enlargement of pore openings in the cage-like organosilicas studied can be achieved by controlling time of their hydrothermal treatment. In addition, it was shown that their calcination in air at 550 °C caused a complete removal of organic species but this process did not lead to the disappearance of structural ordering in the resulting silica.
Doxorubicin-induced hypotension in the beagle dog.

Rapid intravenous administration of doxorubicin (0.18–3.0 mg/kg) lowered systemic arterial pressure in anesthesized beagle dogs. The threshold hypotensive dose was between 0.375 and 0.75 mg/kg; doses of 1.5–3.0 mg/kg produced up to 75% depression of arterial pressure for periods of 15 to >30 min. Respiratory difficulty was also present at these doses. When doxorubicin (1.5 mg/kg) was given repeatedly, the magnitude of the hypotensive response decreased with each succeeding dose. Pretreatment with either atropine (1.0 mg/kg) ordl-propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) did not alter the fall in arterial pressure due to doxorubicin administration. In contrast, the response was almost completely eliminated when compound 48/80 (1 mg/kg) was given 1 h prior to doxorubicin (1.5 mg/kg). Also, the intensity and duration of the hypotensive response was decreased by pretreatment with the H1 histamine blocker tripelennamine (6 mg/kg), while the response was almost completely eliminated in animals pretreated with a combination of tripelennamine (6 mg/kg) and the H2 histamine blocker cimetidine (15 mg/kg). Significant increases in plasma histamine were detected immediately after the injection of doxorubicin (1.5 mg/kg).
Histologic analysis of the hyperplastic maxillary anterior frenum

Fifteen biopsy specimens from hyperplastic maxillary anterior freni were examined histologically by three investigators, and tissue components were subjectively rated on a predesigned scoring sheet. The presence of calcification and ossification associated with high levels of inflammatory infiltrates and reactive connective tissue confirm the fact that surgical excision of the hyperplastic frenum is warranted.
Disc‐Based Audio‐Video Technology

Purpose – An introduction to disc‐based audio‐video technologiesDesign/methodology/approach – Description of the basic disc‐based audio‐video technologies.Findings – Provides the baseline for types of disc‐based audio‐video technology such as holographic video disc (HVD), BluRay, HD DVD, DVD‐Audio and others.Originality/value – This paper is useful for information management professionals who seek greater understanding of the basics disc storage medium.