cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high level descriptive language for the automatic generation of Fortran and Pascal code

The authors show that if a given software end product is developed in accordance with the principles of strongly typed data constructs and structured programming, then the translation of such a software system into other languages can be fully automated. For this purpose, an interactive computer-aided programming environment (CAPE) that supports a strongly typed, structured graphical descriptive language named CAPE was developed. Using this package, translation of CAPE programs to Fortran and Pascal languages is fully automatic. Furthermore, software development using this package enhances and simplifies programmer design methods and produces syntactically error-free Fortran and Pascal code. >
RESPONSE TO INJURY IN THE LENS EPITHELIUM OF THE BULLFROG (R. CATESBEIANA). II. SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF DNA SYNTHESIS AND MITOSIS.

Abstract The experiments described herein show that mitosis is a normal adjunct of the injury response in bullfrog lens epithelium. In lenses maintained in vivo mitotic activity starts at 64 hr after injury. A greater number of division figures is evident at 96 hr. When lenses are completely isolated from adjoining tissue at 93 1 2 hr and are then incubated for 2 1 2 hr, mitotic activity is virtually absent. This can be obviated if the posterior 1 4 – 1 3 of the globe is removed and the remainder is incubated with the lens in place. Hence, the dearth of mitotic activity which we previously reported can safely be imputed to the isolation procedure employed. We have also tried to determine whether or not the stimulus to DNA synthesis and mitosis in injured frog lenses is propagated as a wave. Tritiated thymidine has been injected into the anterior chamber of the eye according to three different experimental regimens. In no case could it be shown that cells nearer to the site of injury were caused to enter the synthetic stage prior to those situated further out. Taken together with evidence from an earlier study, we construe our data to mean that in the frog lens, the stimulus to DNA synthesis does not move outward from the injury in the manner of a wave. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Essentials of Structured Product Engineering

Structured products consist of packaging basic assets such as stocks, bonds, and currencies together with some derivatives. The final product obtained this way will, depending on the product, have—an enhanced return or improved credit quality, lower costs of asset liability management for the corporate sector, an enhanced scope of building the views held by clients, and principal protection in most cases. Every complex product has its own specialists, and it is more cost effective to buy products manufactured by these specialists. The same is true for financial products. Investors, corporates, and institutions need solutions for problems that they face in their lives. The packaging solutions for investors' and institutions' needs are called structured products. “Manufacturers,”—that is, the “structurers,” put these together and sell them to clients. Clients consist of investment funds, pension funds, insurance companies, and individuals. Clients may have views on the near or medium term behavior of equity prices, interest rates, or commodities. Structured products can be designed so that such clients can take positions according to their views in a convenient way.
A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study of the Flow Inside the Combustion Chamber of a Motored Rotary Engine

A numerical study was performed to investigate the unsteady, multidimensional flow inside the combustion chambers of an idealized, two-dimensional, rotary engine under motored conditions. The numerical study was based on the time-dependent, two-dimensional, density-weighted, ensemble-averaged conservation equations of mass, species, momentum, and total energy valid for two-component ideal gas mixtures. The ensemble-averaged conservation equations were closed by a K-epsilon model of turbulence. This K-epsilon model of turbulence was modified to account for some of the effects of compressibility, streamline curvature, low-Reynolds number, and preferential stress dissipation. Numerical solutions to the conservation equations were obtained by the highly efficient implicit-factored method of Beam and Warming. The grid system needed to obtain solutions were generated by an algebraic grid generation technique based on transfinite interpolation. Results of the numerical study are presented in graphical form illustrating the flow patterns during intake, compression, gaseous fuel injection, expansion, and exhaust.
Why Do Real Estate Master Limited Partnerships Seem to be Undervalued

This study investigates one reason why real estate master limited partnerships (MLPs) are undervalued. The study finds that parents of MLPs, generally, and parents of non-real estate MLPs experienc...
Fuzzy Logic or Lukasiewicz Logic: A Clarification

Pavelka [10] had shown in 1979 that the only natural way of formalizing fuzzy logic for truth-value in the unit interval [0,1] is by using Lukasiewicz's implication operator a→b = min{1, 1−a+b} or some isomorphic form of it A considerable number of other papers around the same time had attempted to formulate alternative definitions for a→b by giving intuitive justifications for them. There continues to be some confusion, however, even today about the right notion of fuzzy logic. Much of this has its origin in the use of improper “and” (“or”) and the “not” operations and a misunderstanding of some of the key differences between “proofs” or inferencing in fuzzy logic and those in Lukasiewicz's logic. We point out the need for defining the strong conjunction operator “⊗” in connection with fuzzy Modus-ponens rule and why we do not need the fuzzy Syllogism rule. We also point out the shortcomings of many of the alternative definitions of a→b, which indicate further support for Pavelka's result. We hope that these discussions help to clarify the misconceptions about fuzzy logic.
Sharpening our thinking about polar cap ionospheric patch morphology, research, and mitigation techniques

[1] Since polar cap patches were discovered, their nature, physics, and impact on navigation and communication signals has been repeatedly addressed. Both terminology and inference of physical processes from diverse instruments have introduced confusion. Poleward moving auroral form is a morphological descriptor but cannot be equated to an island of high-density plasma. Particle precipitation produces low-density patches, but high-density patches derive from solar produced plasma. The challenge of patches is finding the dominant mechanism for chopping entering ionization into islands (∼100–1000 km in size). Velocity-dependent recombination physics is valid in principle but not relevant to patches formed in at least the European sector. Most patches are formed by transient magnetic reconnection events. While the plasma is at too high an altitude for the strong velocity shears to erode plasma densities, the shears become the dominant plasma structuring mechanism until the initial magnetic tension force is relaxed. Initial patch structuring is not by gradient drift as believed for decades but rather by the shear driven instability, impacting mitigation techniques. Large-scale shears, driven to 2–3 km/s, impact satellite drag through thermospheric heating. The study here is intended to sharpen understanding of patches for future research and development of techniques for mitigation of their effects on navigation and other systems dependent on receiving radio frequency signals from satellites and understanding reconnection driven impact on thermospheric density and satellite drag.
FORTE satellite constraints on ultrahigh energy cosmic particle fluxes

The FORTE (Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events) satellite records bursts of electromagnetic waves arising from near the Earth's surface in the radio frequency (rf) range of 30 to 300 MHz with a dual polarization antenna. We investigate the possible rf signature of ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray particles in the form of coherent Cherenkov radiation from cascades in ice. We calculate the sensitivity of the FORTE satellite to ultrahigh energy neutrino (UHE $\ensuremath{\nu})$ fluxes at different energies beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff. Some constraints on supersymmetry model parameters are also estimated due to the limits that FORTE sets on the UHE neutralino flux. The FORTE database consists of over 4 million recorded events to date, including in principle some events associated with UHE $\ensuremath{\nu}.$ We search for candidate FORTE events in the period from September 1997 to December 1999. The candidate production mechanism is via coherent VHF radiation from a UHE $\ensuremath{\nu}$ shower in the Greenland ice sheet. We demonstrate a high efficiency for selection against lightning and anthropogenic backgrounds. A single candidate out of several thousand raw triggers survives all cuts, and we set limits on the corresponding particle fluxes assuming this event represents our background level.
Use of serum antibody and lysozyme levels for diagnosis of leprosy and tuberculosis.

Active tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are difficult to diagnose early because there are few organisms to detect and the specific immune response does not distinguish between active and inactive disease. We developed an immunoassay for lysozyme to see whether serum lysozyme levels could be used to identify individuals with clinical leprosy or TB. The immunoassay for lysozyme proved superior to standard enzyme assays that were less sensitive and reliable. The lysozyme assay was compared with assays for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and M. leprae phenolic glycolipid-1. The sera tested were from Ethiopian leprosy (paucibacillary and multibacillary) and TB patients and from healthy Ethiopian and U.S. controls. The lysozyme assay was able to detect more of the individuals with TB (sensitivity, 100% for 19 patients) or leprosy (sensitivity, 86% for 36 patients) than either antibody assay. In particular, lysozyme levels were raised in a higher proportion of the paucibacillary leprosy patients (83% of 17), for whom the antibody assays were less sensitive; the LAM IgG and the phenolic glycolipid-1 IgM levels were raised in only 62 and 44% of 16 patients, respectively. The data suggest that lysozyme measurements may be useful in the diagnosis of mycobacterial infections and other chronic infectious granulomatoses.
Nonclassical MHC-Restricted Invariant Vα6 T Cells Are Critical for Efficient Early Innate Antiviral Immunity in the Amphibian Xenopus laevis

Nonclassical MHC class Ib–restricted invariant T (iT) cell subsets are attracting interest because of their potential to regulate immune responses against various pathogens. The biological relevance and evolutionary conservation of iT cells have recently been strengthened by the identification of iT cells (invariant Vα6 [iVα6]) restricted by the nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule XNC10 in the amphibian Xenopus laevis . These iVα6 T cells are functionally similar to mammalian CD1d-restricted invariant NKT cells. Using the amphibian pathogen frog virus 3 (FV3) in combination with XNC10 tetramers and RNA interference loss of function by transgenesis, we show that XNC10-restricted iVα6 T cells are critical for early antiviral immunity in adult X. laevis . Within hours following i.p. FV3 infection, iVα6 T cells were specifically recruited from the spleen into the peritoneum. XNC10 deficiency and concomitant lack of iVα6 T cells resulted in less effective antiviral and macrophage antimicrobial responses, which led to impaired viral clearance, increased viral dissemination, and more pronounced FV3-induced kidney damage. Together, these findings imply that X. laevis XNC10-restricted iVα6 T cells play important roles in the early anti-FV3 response and that, as has been suggested for mammalian invariant NKT cells, they may serve as immune regulators polarizing macrophage effector functions toward more effective antiviral states.
A Continuous-Time $\Delta \Sigma$ ADC Utilizing Time Information for Two Cycles of Excess Loop Delay Compensation

This brief presents a 120-MS/s continuous-time delta-sigma analog-to-digital conversion with a dual-slope-based time-interleaved quantizer in a 0.18- $\mu\mbox{m}$ complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process. Excess loop delay of two sample clocks is compensated using the time information made available through interleaved channel coupling. As a result, one full clock cycle is afforded to digital-to-analog conversion dynamic element matching (DEM) operation, allowing for a digitally synthesized DEM block.
Nanobiotechnology: silica breaks through in plants.

Designer nanotubes based on mesoporous silica can now penetrate the thick cell walls of plants and deliver DNA and their activators. This opens the way to precisely manipulate gene expression in plants at the single-cell level.
An eight-mode Lorenz model of travelling waves in binary fluid convection

An eight-mode truncation of a model of binary fluid convection, allowing travelling wave solutions, is introduced. Qualitatively new dynamics is found, in much closer correspondence with recent experiment than a previous five-mode truncation that is restricted to standing waves.
Deformation- and temperature-responsive elastomer composites for smart device applications

the electrical behavior of conducting carbon whisker reinforced thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites was investigated. The carbon whiskers were produced by a catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVC) process. The electrical properties of the composite were characterized as a function of temperature and deformation. The electrical resistivity of the composite can be varied by uniaxial deformation and by temperature. The temperature-resistivity studies indicated that the resistivity of these composites were influenced by the glass transition temperature of the TPE. the resistivity v. 1/T curves exhibited two distinctive negative slopes that intersected at the Tg of the elastomer. This as correlated to the Tg of the rigid segments in the TPE as obtained by the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Further, uniaxial deformation studies at room temperature demonstrated that the resistivity increased exponentially with the deformation. Mechanical and electrical properties of the composites indicated that CCVD carbon whiskers can be used to improve the strength and electrical conductivity of TPEs. The change is resistivity (up to 5 orders of magnitude) of the composites with respect to deformation and/or temperature can find use in electromechanical and electrothermal applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Do motor and nonmotor symptoms in PD patients predict caregiver strain and depression

Our objective was to understand the impact of motor and nonmotor symptoms of patients with early and middle stage Parkinson's disease (PD) on their spouses' caregiver strain and depression. A sample of 219 spouse caregivers of PD patients participating in a clinical trial was evaluated for six dimensions of caregiver strain and depression using the Family Care Inventory. Motor and nonmotor (i.e., psychological) clinical symptoms collected from PD patients as part of the clinical trial protocol were used as predictors. Seven hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the contribution of the motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms in explaining variation in each of the seven caregiver-dependent variables. Clinical symptoms explained 9-16% of the variance in caregiver strain and 10% of depression. Motor symptoms explained 0-6% of the variance and nonmotor psychological symptoms explained 7-13% of the variance in caregiver strain. Comparing our findings with literature that is deemed clinically relevant for patient symptoms that predict caregiver strain, we concluded that PD patient symptoms are important predictors of caregiver strain and depression. Patient nonmotor psychological symptoms have a much greater impact on caregiver strain and depression than patient motor symptoms.
Teaching interpersonal social skills to poorly accepted students: Peer-pairing versus non-peer-pairing.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify students in the second, third, and fourth grades low in social status by means of a peer rating of acceptance, and to determine whether social skills intervention with these students would be more effective when delivered in the presence of high-social-status (HS) students with good social skills. Thirty-five students were identified as low-social-status (LS) students who were deficient in social skills. These LS students were assigned to one of three groups: intervention paired with HS peers, intervention without HS peers, or no social skills intervention (contact control group). Students were evaluated prior to and immediately following intervention on three measures: peer rating of acceptance, a test of social problem solving, and a teacher rating of behaviors,the Classroom Behavior Inventory. The results revealed little support for HS peer pairing but did support social skills intervention.
Effects of estrogen therapy on apolipoprotein E in type III hyperlipoproteinemia

Abstract Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is characterized by the accumulation in plasma of an abnormal cholesterol-enriched lipoprotein ( VLDL-Chol VLDL-TG ratio > 0.42 , VLDL-Chol/total TG ratio > 0.30) that floats in the Sf 12–100 range and migrates as β-VLDL on lipoprotein electrophoresis. Type III patients have increased levels of apolipoprotein E and the apoE-III subspecies is deficient, while apoE-I and apoE-II are increased. The role of the apoE abnormalities in the production of abnormal lipoprotein compositions is unknown. Since estrogens exert a hypolipidemic effect, correct the VLDL composition, and improve rates of remnant removal in type III HLP, we investigated whether the administration of estrogen would also correct the apoE-III deficiency. Three type III subjects (two females, one male) were given ethinyl estradiol 1 μg/kg/day for 6–8 wk and fasting plasmas were tested at 2-wk intervals. Lipoprotein lipids were determined chemically, apoA-I, apoC-II, and apoC-III by radioimmunoassay, and the subspecies of apoC and apoE in VLDL by analytic gel isoelectric focusing (IEF). In the women total TG, total Chol, VLDL-Chol, and LDL-Chol decreased whereas HDL-Chol and apoA-I increased. The abnormal lipid ratios reverted to normal and the broad beta lipoprotein decreased or disappeared. Furthermore, the apoE/apoC area ratio (by IEF) in apoVLDL decreased in response to estrogen. This occurred because of a decrease in apoE levels in VLDL. Despite these changes, the apoE-III deficiency remained. In contrast to the females, the male type III exhibited a progressive hyperlipidemia. By the 8th wk, total-TG had risen to 2387 mg/dl. His apoE/apoC area ratio in apoVLDL increased because of an increase in apoE levels in VLDL. Despite the great increases in lipid levels, the relative proportions of the apoE subspecies and apoE deficiency remained unaltered. The dissociation between apoE composition and lipoprotein physiology suggests either that apoE plays no important role in the pathophysiology of the dysbetalipoproteinemia and hyperlipoproteinemia, or if apoE does play an important role in the untreated patient, treatment bypasses any “metabolic blocks” due to the apoE abnormalities.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium for n-octane + ethylbenzene at 200 Torr

Abstract The vapor-liquid equilibrium for n -octane + ethylbenzene has been determined at 200 Torr. The results are very different from literature values.
Multi-sensor data fusion for remote sensing of post-eruptive deformation and depositional features at Redoubt Volcano

Abstract Monitoring volcanic activity by remote sensing is an essential component of volcanology. Remote sensing includes a variety of different sensing methods and instruments that collect data across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. This study presents an overview of the improvements that are available to remote sensing imaging with multi-sensor and multi-temporal data fusion of optical and radar data, using Redoubt Volcano and related 2009 Drift River lahar deposits as a target area. From ALOS-PRISM data, high resolution DEMs were produced and used to generate elevation change maps of Redoubt Volcano and the Drift River, and to estimate the volcano's dome volume; these DEMs were then fused with ALOS-PALSAR radar images to produce differential interferograms demonstrating the effect of high-resolution DEMs on surface deformation measurements from interferometric radar data; and finally, multi-temporal InSAR coherence data were used to plot the boundaries of lahar flows at the distal end of the Drift River with high accuracy. These techniques demonstrate: (1) how the fusion of data from multiple sensors acquired at multiple temporal intervals can substantially increase the accuracy and precision of remote sensing measurements compared to those from one sensor alone; (2) how data fusion techniques can improve remote sensing change detection in areas otherwise ill-suited for single sensor observations; and (3) how data subject to temporal decorrelation may be used for boundary mapping with high accuracy. In addition to volcanic deformation, these methods can be applied to a number of disciplines, and will become more essential as the number of earth observing satellites increase.
Management of lymphoceles after renal transplantation: laparoscopic versus open drainage.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Laparoscopic surgery has become widely accepted for the treatment of lymphoceles following kidney transplantation. In this single center study we retrospectively reviewed our results of the surgical management of post-transplant lymphoceles, assessing indication and outcome of laparoscopic versus open drainage.Materials and Methods: The records of 60 patients who underwent surgical treatment for a symptomatic lymphocele following kidney transplantation or combined kidney/pancreas transplantation were retrospectively reviewed.Results: Between 1995 and 2002, 1,836 patients received a kidney transplant at the University of California San Francisco. In 60 patients (3.3%) a symptomatic lymphocele developed and either laparoscopic (20) or open drainage (40) was completed. The conversion rate from laparoscopic to open drainage was 16.5%. The most common indications for open lymphocele drainage were noninfectious wound complications (13 patients) and a high risk of vessel or ureter injury (8) due...
Facial structures of schatten p-Norms

In this note, we study the facial structure of the closed unit ball Bn of a unitarily invariant norm on n-by-n matrices In particular, we characterize all the extreme points of Bn Furthermore, if the unitarily invariant norm is indeed a Schatten p-norm. then all the proper closed faces of Bn will be described explicitly.
Hexavalent chromium causes the oxidation of thioredoxin in human bronchial epithelial cells

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] species such as chromates are cytotoxic. Inhalational exposure is a primary concern in many Cr-related industries and their immediate environments, and bronchial epithelial cells are directly exposed to inhaled Cr(VI). Chromates are readily taken up by cells and are reduced to reactive Cr species which may also result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The thioredoxin (Trx) system has a key role in the maintenance of cellular thiol redox balance and is essential for cell survival. Cells normally maintain the cytosolic (Trx1) and mitochondrial (Trx2) thioredoxins largely in the reduced state. Redox Western blots were used to assess the redox status of the thioredoxins in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) incubated with soluble Na2CrO4 or insoluble ZnCrO4 for different periods of time. Both chromates caused a dose- and time-dependent oxidation of Trx2 and Trx1. Trx2 was more susceptible in that it could all be converted to the oxidized form, whereas a small amount of reduced Trx1 remained even after prolonged treatment with higher Cr concentrations. Only one of the dithiols, presumably the active site, of Trx1 was oxidized by Cr(VI). Cr(VI) did not cause significant GSH depletion or oxidation indicating that Trx oxidation does not result from a general oxidation of cellular thiols. With purified Trx and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in vitro, Cr(VI) also resulted in Trx oxidation. It was determined that purified TrxR has pronounced Cr(VI) reducing activity, so competition for electron flow from TrxR might impair its ability to reduce Trx. The in vitro data also suggested some direct redox interaction between Cr(VI) and Trx. The ability of Cr(VI) to cause Trx oxidation in cells could contribute to its cytotoxic effects, and could have important implications for cell survival, redox-sensitive cell signaling, and the cells' tolerance of other oxidant insults.
Effect of exogenous iron on the viability of pathogenicNaegleria fowleri in serum

WhenNaegleria fowleri (Lee) was incubated in newborn calf and human serum an amebicidal effect was observed. Heat inactivation of both sera resulted in the recovery of viable amebae after incubation in these sera. Exogenous iron added to non-heat inactivated calf serum improved viability slightly but was without effect when added to human serum not heat inactivated. Exogenous iron greatly enhanced growth and/or viability in heat inactivated calf serum. Viability of amebae also was considerably enhanced in human serum which was heat inactivated when pH was lowered in conjunction with iron supplements.
Chronic heart failure slows late sodium current in human and canine ventricular myocytes: implications for repolarization variability.

Background: Late Na+ current (INaL) in human and dog hearts has been implicated in abnormal repolarization associated with heart failure (HF). HF slows inactivation gating of late Na+ channels, which could contribute to these abnormalities. Aims: To test how altered gating affects INaL time course, Na+ influx, and action potential (AP) repolarization. Methods: INaL and AP were measured by patch clamp in left ventricular cardiomyocytes from normal and failing hearts of humans and dogs. Canine HF was induced by coronary microembolization. Results: INaL decay was slower and INaL density was greater in failing hearts than in normal hearts at 24 °C (human hearts: τ659±16 vs. 529±21ms; n=16 and 4 hearts, respectively; mean±SEM; p<0.002; dog hearts: 561±13 vs. 420±17ms; and 0.307±0.014 vs. 0.235±0.019pA/pF; n=25 and 14 hearts, respectively; p<0.005) and at 37°C this difference tended to increase. These INaL changes resulted in much greater (53.6%) total Na+ influx in failing cardiomyocytes. INaL was sensitive to cadmium but not to cyanide and exhibited low sensitivity to saxitoxin (IC50=62nM) or tetrodotoxin (IC50=1.2 μM), tested in dogs. A 50% INaL inhibition by toxins or passing current opposite to INaL, decreased beat-to-beat AP variability and eliminated early afterdepolarizations in failing cardiomyocytes. Conclusions: Chronic HF leads to larger and slower INaL generated mainly by the cardiac-type Na+ channel isoform, contributing to larger Na+ influx and AP duration variability. Interventions designed to reduce/normalize INaL represent a potential cardioprotective mechanism in HF via reduction of related Na+ and Ca2+ overload and improvement of repolarization.
Sociology and the second Darwinian revolution: A metatheoretical analysis

Sociologists tend to eschew biological explanations of human social behavior. Accordingly, when evolutionary biologists began to apply neo-Darwinian theory to the study of human social behavior, the reactions of sociologists typically ranged from indifference to overt hostility. Since the mid-1960s, however, neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory has stimulated a “second Darwinian revolution” in traditional social scientific conceptions of human nature and social behavior, even while most sociologists remain largely uninformed about neo-Darwinian theory and research. This article traces sociology's long-standing isolation from the life sciences, especially evolutionary biology, to divergence in the metatheoretical assumptions that typify conventional sociological thought versus contemporary evolutionary biology. We conclude with a discussion of the recent emergence of a nascent “evolutionary sociology” that integrates sociobiological reasoning with contemporary sociological thought.
Mesospheric clouds and the duality of gravity waves

Mesospheric clouds, also known as noctilucent clouds and polar mesospheric clouds, are the highest clouds in the Earth's atmosphere. They occur at an average altitude of 83 km, approximately ten times higher than cirrus clouds, in the atmospheric region known as the mesosphere. At most a few kilometers thick, mesospheric clouds are comprised of ice water and generally form in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar regions during their respective summer months—typically from about 3–5 weeks before summer solstice to 7–9 weeks afterward. Ground-based observations indicate that the occurrence frequency of mesospheric clouds has been increasing over the past ∼100 years. In addition, mesospheric cloud displays have been observed as far equatorward as 42° in the summers of 1999, 2000, and 2001 over the Rocky Mountain states.
What Category Theory Tells Us About Information Fusion

Category theory allows information fusion to be defined properly. Key to the definition of information fusion is the notion of the output under fusion being superior in some way to the output of simple classification systems alone. The definition therefore relies upon the construction of natural transformation suitable to the researcher. This paper discusses the meaning of such constructions.
Outcomes after adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in elderly NSCLC patients with T4 disease.

The postoperative management of elderly patients with T4, N0–1, M0 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of adjuvant chemotherapy with survival and toxicity among these patients. Using surveillance, epidemiology and end results registry data linked to Medicare claims, we identified 389 elderly patients with resected T4, N0–1, M0 NSCLC diagnosed between 1992 and 2007. We compared survival of patients treated with and without platinum-based chemotherapy using a Cox regression adjusting for propensity scores for chemotherapy use and use of radiotherapy. We used logistic regression to assess the risk of adverse events in patients receiving chemotherapy. No benefit was noted in overall survival with adjuvant chemotherapy after PS adjustment for both N0 (hazard ratio 0.78, 95 % confidence interval 0.50–1.23) and N1 (hazard ratio 1.01, 95 % confidence interval 0.67–1.53) cancers. Patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy experienced severe adverse events more frequently than patients who did not receive chemotherapy. Use of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with T4, N0–1, M0 NSCLC was not associated with a survival advantage and was associated with higher rates of severe toxicity.
Smoking behavior and health beliefs of pregnant adolescents: An educational diagnosis

Abstract No empirical evidence is available on the health beliefs and smoking behavior of pregnant adolescents. In response to this need, 100 pregnant adolescents attending three urban public health clinics were interviewed. Fifteen percent were smokers. Most of the patients had favorable health beliefs about nonsmoking during pregnancy. Analysis revealed that the nonsmoking pregnant adolescents had more favorable health beliefs than smokers. Approximately 75% of the smokers said they would participate in a clinic cessation program. Information from this study was used to develop special smoking cessation intervention.
Clinicopathoiogic description of myocarditis

Histologic evidence of myocarditis was demonstrated in 35 of 348 patients submitted to endomyocardial biopsy over 5 years. Analysis of the histologic findings and clinical course of these patients resulted in a new clinicopathologic classification of myocarditis in which four distinct subgroups are identified. Patients with fulminant myocarditis become acutely ill after a distinct viral prodrome, have severe cardiovascular compromise, multiple foci of active myocarditis by histologic study and ventricular dysfunction that either resolves spontaneously or results in death. Patients with acute, chronic active and chronic persistent myocarditis have a less distinct onset of illness. Patients with acute myocarditis present with established ventricular dysfunction and may respond to immunosuppressive therapy or their condition may progress to dilated cardiomyopathy. Those with chronic active myocarditis initially respond to immunosuppressive therapy, but they have clinical and histologic relapses and develop ventricular dysfunction associated with chronic inflammatory changes including giant cells on histologic study. Chronic persistent myocarditis is characterized by a persistent histologic infiltrate, often with foci of myocyte necrosis but without ventricular dysfunction despite other cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain or palpitation.
Theory and experiments in SmartNav rover navigation

This paper describes theoretical and experimental results using the SmartNav rule-free fuzzy rover navigation system. SmartNav divides the terrain perceived by the rover into a number of circular sectors, and evaluates each sector using goal and safety preference factors to differentiate between preferred and unpreferred terrain sectors. The goal-preference factor is used to make sector evaluation based on the sector orientation relative to the designated goal position. The safety-preference factors are used to make sector evaluations on the basis of the sector local and regional terrain hazards. Three methods are developed to blend the three sector evaluations in order to find the effective preference factor for each sector. Two sector selection methods are then described in which the sector preference factors are used to find the heading command for the rover. The rover speed command is also computed based on the goal distance and safety-preference factor of the chosen sector. The above navigation steps are continuously repeated throughout the rover motion. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the navigational capabilities of SmartNav using a commercial Pioneer 2AT rover traversing a simulated Martian terrain at the JPL Mini Mars Yard.
Iron(III) nitrilotriacetate and iron(III) iminodiacetate, their X-ray crystallographic structures and chemical properties

Mononuclear iron(III) nitrilotriacetato dichloride, [Fe(nta)Cl2] 2 , and iron(III) bis-iminodiacetato, [Fe(ida)2] , complexes were formed in py, from which they were isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The iron/nta complex is the structurally simplest of the reported solid state iron/nta complexes, and is catalytic for the air oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keynes’ Legacy of Half‐Truths

The policy prescriptions of Keynes’ General Theory, published 50 years ago, continue to afflict the British economy with persistent inflation and unemployment Harold Lydall (right), Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of East Angha, demonstrates how Keynes simply ignored the real-world pressures which falsify his teachings
Evaluation of a Role for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets and Osteomalacia

Although a defect in renal transport of phosphate seems well established as the primary abnormality underlying the pathogenesis of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia, several observations indicate that renal phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemia cannot solely account for the spectrum of abnormalities characteristic of this disease. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the potential role of abnormal vitamin D metabolism in the pathogenesis of this disorder and the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) therapy on both the biochemical abnormalities characteristic of this disease and the osteomalacia. Four untreated patients, ages 14-30 yr, had normocalcemia (9.22+/-0.06 mg/dl); hypophosphatemia (2.25+/-0.11 mg/dl); a decreased renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate per liter of glomerular filtrate (2.12+/-0.09 mg/dl); normal serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration; negative phosphate balance; and bone biopsy evidence of osteomalacia. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) concentration was 33.9+/-7.2 ng/ml and, despite hypophosphatemia, the serum level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) was not increased, but was normal at 30.3+/-2.8 pg/ml. These data suggested that abnormal homeostasis of vitamin D metabolism might be a second defect central to the phenotypic expression of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. This hypothesis was supported by evaluation of the long-term response to pharmacological amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) therapy in three subjects. The treatment regimen resulted in elevation of the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels to values in the supraphysiological range. Moreover, the serum phosphate and renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate per liter of glomerular filtrate increased towards normal whereas the phosphate balance became markedly positive. Most importantly, however, repeat bone biopsies revealed that therapy had positively affected the osteomalacic component of the disease, resulting in normalization of the mineralization front activity. Indeed, a central role for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in the mineralization of the osteomalacic bone is suggested by the linear relationship between the serum level of this active vitamin D metabolite and the mineralization front activity. We, therefore, suggest that a relative deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a factor in the pathogenesis of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia and may modulate the phenotypic expression of this disease.
The heat shock genes: A family of highly conserved genes with a superbly complex expression pattern

The heat shock genes (hsp genes) are a family of truly ubiquitous genes which have been highly conserved throughout evolution. The protein products of these genes, the heat shock proteins (hsps) are thought to play a protective role in cells (although this may not be their only function). The genes and their products have been the subjects of intense research both at the cellular and molecular levels over the past few years. This review deals with the conservation of the heat shock response and with the expression of the hsp genes under different conditions: they are usually activated as a group by different forms of stress, but can be expressed individually or in subsets at different stages during normal development and the expression of one of them is evoked by the products of different transforming genes. Experimental approaches which have provided information or which have led to hypotheses regarding the molecular details of the mechanisms regulating the expression of the genes are discussed.
Sphere Packings, VI. Tame Graphs and Linear Programs

This paper is the sixth and final part in a series of papers devoted to the proof of the Kepler conjecture, which asserts that no packing of congruent balls in three dimensions has density greater than the face-centered cubic packing. In a previous paper in this series, a continuous function f on a compact space is defined, certain points in the domain are conjectured to give the global maxima, and the relation between this conjecture and the Kepler conjecture is established. In this paper we consider the set of all points in the domain for which the value of f is at least the conjectured maximum. To each such point, we attach a planar graph. It is proved that each such graph must be isomorphic to a tame graph, of which there are only finitely many up to isomorphism. Linear programming methods are then used to eliminate all possibilities, except for three special cases treated in earlier papers: pentahedral prisms, the face-centered cubic packing, and the hexagonal-close packing. The results of this paper rely on long computer calculations.
The ant larvae of the subfamily Formicinae.

This article serves as the introduction and the conclusion to the authors' studies on the larvae of the Myrmicinae which have appeared in 17 articles in 7 periodicals during the past quarter-century, and which have treated of 202 species in 73 genera, representing 18 of the 21 tribes. The larvae of the Myrmicinae are so heterogeneous that no characterization can be given for the subfamily as a whole. As with their respective adults, larvae of some genera have retained a rather unspecialized structure and others are among the most specialized ant larvae, while the majority fall between these two extremes. Beyond this, there is little concordance between adult taxonomy and larval “taxonomy.” Six of the tribes were inadequately represented in the material available, six could be characterized with some degree of satisfaction, and six could not be characterized at all. Despite some discordances at the generic level, the genus was found to be the most suitable unit for classifying ant larvae. Body shape (especially profile) was found the safest character for separating genera, with mandible shape second, and anchor-tipped hairs third. The profiles of myrmicine larvae were generalized into 22 types, and mandible shapes into 30 types, all of which are described and illustrated. A key to some 55 genera is based on larval profile, mandible shape, anchor-tipped hairs, and certain minor characters. The hypothetical larva of the hypothetical ancestor of the subfamily is described; the larva of Pogonomyrmex approximates this description most closely. The most specialized larvae are those of the Attini (fungus-growers) and the Crematogastrini.
A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous prochlorperazine versus subcutaneous sumatriptan in acute migraine therapy in the emergency department.

Study objective Intravenous (IV) prochlorperazine with diphenhydramine is superior to subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, after providing written informed consent, patients presenting to the ED with a chief complaint of migraine received a 500-mL bolus of IV saline solution and either 10 mg prochlorperazine with 12.5 mg diphenhydramine IV plus saline solution placebo subcutaneously or saline solution placebo IV plus 6 mg sumatriptan subcutaneously. Pain intensity was assessed with 100-mm visual analog scales (visual analog scale at baseline and every 20 minutes for 80 minutes). The primary outcome was change in pain intensity from baseline to 80 minutes or time of ED discharge if subjects remained in the ED for fewer than 80 minutes after treatment. Sedation and nausea were assessed every 20 minutes with visual analog scale scales, and subjects were contacted within 72 hours to assess headache recurrence. Results Sixty-eight subjects entered the trial, with complete data for 66 subjects. Baseline pain scores were similar for the prochlorperazine/diphenhydramine and sumatriptan groups (76 versus 71 mm). Mean reductions in pain intensity at 80 minutes or time of ED discharge were 73 mm for the prochlorperazine/diphenhydramine group and 50 mm for those receiving sumatriptan (mean difference 23 mm; 95% confidence interval 11 to 36 mm). Sedation, nausea, and headache recurrence rates were similar. Conclusion IV prochlorperazine with diphenhydramine is superior to subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine.
Prolonged cardiac arrest: a revised model of porcine ventricular fibrillation.

Promising basic science findings in cardiac resuscitation often do not translate into improved outcomes when studied in humans.1—15 In over three decades since the advance cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines were first published, there have been no randomized controlled clinical trials demonstrating a beneficial effect for any recommended ACLS drug treatments.16,17 One reason for this disparity could be that the drugs are simply ineffective in human cardiac arrest. Another equally plausible explanation, however, is that the current animal models used to screen resuscitation medications do not adequately reflect the outof-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) clinical trial environment. Two recent studies support this assertion.18,19 The first of these was a comprehensive literature review of human OHCA clinical trials covering the years from 1990 to 2005. Of 632 citations identified, 248 papers were reviewed in detail. Seventeen articles contained sufficient informa-
EFFECT OF UNCOUPLING NO/CGMP PATHWAYS ON CARBACHOL- AND CCK-STIMULATED CA2+ ENTRY AND AMYLASE SECRETION FROM THE RAT PANCREAS

Nitric oxide (NO) production reportedly regulates guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) formation and Ca2+ influx in pancreatic acini. We have investigated the functional roles of the NO/cGMP messenger system in rat pancreatic acini. In dispersed acini, the levels of amylase secretion, cytosolic [Ca2+]([Ca2+]i), NO synthase, and cGMP were measured. The NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 0.01–100 μM) had no effect on amylase secretion induced by various concentrations of carbachol, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or the high affinity CCK agonist, JMV-180. Similarly, L-NAME up to 100 μM did not affect the changes in Ca2+ spiking evoked by these secretagogues; nor was Ca2+ entry, refilling or oscillation altered by L-NAME. Sub- and supramaximal concentrations of these secretagogues did not change NO synthase activities compared with basal levels. While sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, caused a 9.4-fold increase in cGMP levels compared with basal levels, carbachol, CCK-8 and JMV-180 had no effect. In addition, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY 83583 (10 nM to 10 μM) altered neither amylase secretion nor Ca2+ signaling induced by these secretagogues. These findings indicate that the stimulatory action of carbachol or CCK-8 is not mediated by NO or cGMP. To investigate whether cGMP stimulates pancreatic secretion we showed that both SNP and a cell-permeant cGMP analog at 0.1–1 mM stimulated amylase secretion and Ca2+ transients to a level equal to 10–15% and 13–24%, respectively, of those observed with maximal concentrations of secretagogues. The guanylate cyclase activator guanylin (1–10 μM), which increased cGMP levels 2.4-fold compared with basal levels, elicited a small amount of amylase secretion and a small Ca2+ transient. In conclusion, exogenous NO is capable of increasing endogenous cGMP, which results in a modest increase in the [Ca2+]i transient and pancreatic amylase secretion. However, the NO/cGMP system does not appear to be involved significantly in the mediation of Ca2+ signaling and amylase secretion stimulated by carbachol and CCK-8.
Results of the sensory profile in children with suspected childhood apraxia of speech

Speech-sound disorders are common in preschool-age children, and are characterized by difficulty in the planning and production of speech sounds and their combination into words and sentences. The objective of this study was to review and compare the results of the Sensory Profile () in children with a specific type of speech-sound disorder, childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), and to explore the relationship between sensory processing and sound-production deficits. Participants were identified prospectively through an interdisciplinary apraxia clinic at a tertiary care pediatric hospital, and results of the Sensory Profile were compiled and reviewed. Thirty-eight children aged 3 to 10 years with suspected CAS were evaluated from July 2003 to July 2005. The results of the Sensory Profile indicated a difference for these children in several factor clusters when compared to typical peers from the normative population of the Sensory Profile. These findings imply that children with suspected CAS may present wit...