cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS ON PROGRESSION OF LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY ATHEROMA BURDEN

Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via its production of reactive oxygen species. There have been multiple animal studies showing that XOR and reactive oxygen species have adverse effects on vascular physiology. Despite preclinical
External beam radiation for localized periocular amyloidosis: a case series.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of low dose external beam radiation therapy to halt progression of localized periocular light chain (AL) amyloidosis, a clonal plasma cell disorder.Methods: T...
CSI in the Classroom: Using Crime Solving Games to Teach Research and Evaluation

(2005). CSI in the Classroom: Using Crime Solving Games to Teach Research and Evaluation. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 118-121.
Influence of Microstructure, Strength and Adhesion on Au Electrodeposits

Electrodeposition is extremely effective for applying uniform thin metal coatings on a complex microdevices, which otherwise are inaccessible by other coating techniques. We are actively developing electrical contact coatings for Ni-based microsystem using the LIGA* microfabrication process 1, 2, Fig. 1. The requirements for the coating are high strength, wear resistance and good adhesion to the Ni substrate. The candidate coating that meets these criteria is electrodeposited Au coating (referred to here as Hard Au), plated from a commercial sulfite electrolyte with organic additive (Technigold 25E). In this study, we focus on the metallurgical factors that determine the strength of the Au coating material and influence adhesion of the Au coating to the Ni microsystem substrate.
Nonlinear Spin Waves in Magnetic Film Feedback Rings

Abstract Nonlinear spin waves have been an active and exciting research area. This chapter reviews recent studies on nonlinear spin waves in magnetic thin film-based active feedback rings. These studies not only advance the general understanding of nonlinear spin waves in magnetic systems but also provide significant implications for other feedback ring systems, such as fiber ring lasers and electromagnetic transmission line oscillators. The chapter consists of four main sections. Section II gives an introduction to spin waves, spin-wave nonlinearity, and magnetic film feedback rings. Section III reviews the self-generation of bright and dark spin-wave envelope solitons and the observation of symmetry-breaking nonlinear modes. Section IV describes the excitation of chaotic spin waves through different nonlinear processes as well as the tuning of the features of chaotic spin waves. Section V discusses two crossover effects in magnetic film feedback rings: soliton fractals and chaotic solitons.
Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis

Calcium and phosphorus are, respectively, the fifth and sixth most abundant elements in the body; both play vital roles in a multitude of physiologic systems. Because the great bulk of these elements is found in the skeleton, a large part of the discussion of calcium and phosphorus metabolism focuses on skeletal disorders, the impact of which falls heavily on young children. This article reviews the physiology of calcium and phosphorus, the skeletal and systemic consequences of disorders of vitamin D nutrition and metabolism, and the metabolic bone disease of prematurity.
Leptospira: Invasion, Pathogenesis and Persistence

Leptospirosis is a major public health problem and one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world. The disease is caused by the pathogenic spirochete Leptospira, which induces a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe Weil’s disease characterized by multi-organ failure leading to death. In spite of the fact that this disease has been studied for decades, little is understood regarding mechanisms of pathogenesis, which has hampered the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. Recently, development of tools for genetic manipulation as well as publication of genome sequences from both pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires have revealed novel insights into the biology and pathogenesis of this important agent. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying leptospiral invasion and persistence, and factors contributing to evasion of host immunity. The progress made in understanding host responses, particularly the role of innate immune receptors (Toll-like receptors {TLRs}) and cell mediated immune responses are discussed. The potential of Leptospira spp. virulence factors (outer membrane proteins and others) for development of subunit vaccines and the role of adjuvants/immunomoulators in their success are also discussed. Finally, we conclude by highlighting future work that needs to be done in order to better understand the pathogenesis of leptospirosis, thereby paving the way for the development of improved diagnostics and more effective vaccines.
Bone density correlates with clinical outcomes after ankle fracture fixation

Osteoporosis and decreased bone density are known to increase fracture incidence and severity. Although much is known regarding the effects of bone density on fracture risk and the treatment options for prevention of fragility fractures, whether bone quality alters clinical outcomes after fracture fixation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone quality correlates with clinical outcomes after fracture fixation. A prospective database of all operatively treated ankle fractures by a single surgeon from 2003 to 2013 was used to identify patients. All patients included in the study had preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging of the injured ankle and postoperative CT imaging of the contralateral ankle. Hounsfield unit (HU) measurement values were determined by placing an elliptical region of interest confined to the cancellous metaphyseal region of the distal tibia and fibula. The primary and secondary clinical outcomes included Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOS) and ankle range of motion (ROM). Included patients had at least 12 months of clinical outcome data. Sixty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Comparison of HU values from the injured and contralateral side demonstrated almost perfect agreement (ICC(2,1) = 0.938), suggesting that HU values can be accurately measured in the setting of a fracture. Increased HU values of the injured distal tibia and fibula significantly correlated with improved outcomes in four of five FAOS domains, including pain, activities of daily living, sports, and quality of life (beta = 0.285–0.344; P ≤ 0.05 for all). Range of motion outcomes did not significantly correlate with HU values. Our results suggest that decreased bone quality, as measured using preoperative CT, significantly correlates with inferior short-term clinical outcomes. These results have significant implications for integrating bone quality into treatment algorithms for fracture patients.
A path towards citizenship: The effects of early college high schools on criminal convictions and voting.

Abstract Building on a growing literature showing that early college high schools substantially improve educational outcomes, we investigate possible spillover impacts of this intervention on civic outcomes in North Carolina, which has early colleges in most of its 100 counties. We present both lottery and observational impacts on voting and criminal convictions. Our results suggest a modest increase in voting during early adulthood of about 4–5 percent, though lottery estimates do not rule out a null effect. For criminal convictions, lottery estimates are imprecise due to very low conviction rates, but observational evidence suggests a moderate decrease in convictions. We additionally identify stronger impacts on voting and conviction outcomes for key student subgroups, particularly black males and economically-disadvantaged white students. These results suggest that scaling up the early college program can improve youth civic outcomes and help to close key civic and political participation gaps.
EdgeStore: Leveraging Edge Devices for Mobile Storage Offloading

The recent growth in smart phone adoption coupled with social networking has lead to an increase in user generated content (UGC). The majority of UGC, captured in the form of images, videos, and audio clips, have significantly grown in size as a result of advancements in multimedia technology with higher definition phone cameras. Online clouds are generally the go-to solution in order to accommodate this increase in storage requirements. However, online clouds raise privacy concerns, are not fully automated, and do not adapt to different networking environments. We propose an edge based automated storage management system, EdgeStore, that utilizes user-owned devices at the edge, to automatically offload and retrieve files. EdgeStore determines file popularity based on the user's access patterns and offloads unpopular files. It accounts for different networking infrastructures, ranging from rural areas to metropolitan areas, in order to serve users in different environments. We implement and evaluate EdgeStore showing that users can offload up to 90% of storage to underutilized edge devices, and still have a high percentage of low latency access to offloaded files within 10 seconds.
A biased solid-phase radioimmunoassay for thyroxine (T4) using T4-125I presaturated antibodies

An assay for thyroxine (T4) is demonstrated using specific antibodies covalently coupled to controlled pore glass (CPG). In this assay immobilized antibodies saturated with labeled T4 are employed in a preloaded unit tube configuration. These complexes are stable for long periods of time when stored in buffer. This concept results in a highly reproducible and sensitive assay for T4 that requires a single pipetting step.
Coronary artery calcium: Biology and clinical relevance

Abstract Coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, has emerged as the most robust predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in the asymptomatic population; it is superior to all risk factor-based scores including the Pooled Cohort Equation in the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guidelines. It is most useful in reclassifying patients in the intermediate risk group to lower or higher risk categories and has been incorporated into guidelines as part of the decision-making process in selected circumstances. Progression of CAC on serial scanning is indicative of poorer outcomes.
Interoperability of Electronic Health Information and Care of Dialysis Patients in the United States.

Use of electronic health records (EHRs) is standard practice in the United States since adoption in clinics and hospitals was accelerated by passage of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act) in 2009. Under the aegis of the federal Office of the National
Hurricanes, Storm Surge, and Pine Forest Decline on a Low Limestone Island

Hurricanes are a frequent disturbance in the western Atlantic impacting coastal forest structure and persistence. This study addressed the hypothesis that periodic hurricane-associated winds and storm surges can interact with sea-level rise to cause the demise of coastal pine forests, based on the response of the Florida Keys’ last extensive tract of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa) following Hurricane Irma (September 2017). Irma’s winds reached Category 4 strength in the study area on Big Pine Key, and storm surge flooded the island’s low limestone surface with salt water for the third time in 20 years, including Hurricanes Georges in 1998 and Wilma in 2005. Total mortality was 32% and was concentrated in the largest trees. Broken and uprooted trees that died immediately were distributed randomly across the elevation gradient, but trees without major stem damage that succumbed later occupied lower elevations. The extensive salt water flooding at low elevations was likely an agent of the mortality of slash pine, a fresh water–dependent species. Mortality due to Hurricane Irma contributed to a 1998–2018 decline in pine tree density and biomass of 74% and 80%, respectively. These dynamics were characterized by pine recruitment that was minimal in comparison with the three hurricane-driven mortality episodes. The data suggest that the 6 cm sea-level rise over the period exacerbated storm surge mortality by ponding salt water over more of the land surface, and the resulting scarcity of mature trees contributed to recruitment failure. In effect, the population declined at each disturbance, sea-level rise magnified these losses, and the local resilience of the population, i.e., its capacity to recover, was exceeded.
Characterization of Dispersion and Ultrafine-particle Emission Factors Based on Near-roadway Monitoring Part II: Heavy Duty Vehicles

ABSTRACT This paper presents a comprehensive set of ultrafine particles (UFPs) emission factors (EFs) for heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) as a function of vehicle flow rate, speed, and mode of operation (free flow and congestion) using 664 measurements of UFPs, carbon dioxide (CO2), meteorology and traffic conditions near a major roadway (average daily traffic 300,000 day–1). 5-min samples were collected for 2 to 3 hour time period on 60 days between 2015 and 2018. The average traffic-induced concentration of UFPs was 11,300 pt cm–3 for free flow and 12,400 pt cm–3 for congestion. Results demonstrate that HDVs produce significantly more dispersion (30x) than light duty vehicles (LDVs). The additional dispersion from HDVs results in the minimum pollutant concentrations occurring at the highest vehicle flow rate. EFs for UFPs are determined using inverse modeling based on the calculated CO2 dispersion. This eliminates the need to rely on air-quality models to estimate dispersion. The EFs for HDVs range from 4 × 1014 to 20 × 1014 (pt km–1 veh–1). The variations in EFs are correlated with variations in vehicle flow rate and speed. The average UFP EFs for HDVs are significantly higher (3x) for congestion compared to free flow. UFP EFs for HDVs are more sensitive to speed in congestion compare to in free flow conditions. Thus, even a moderate increase in HDVs speed or mitigation of congestion will have a significant impact on lowering UFP concentrations.
Optical constants of polycrystalline Ni from 0.06 to 6.0 eV at 300 K

Using spectroscopic ellipsometry from 0.06 to 6.0 eV at room temperature, the authors determined the optical constants (complex dielectric function, refractive index, and optical conductivity) of bulk cold-rolled polycrystalline Ni. To reduce the thickness of surface overlayers, the sample was heated in ultrahigh vacuum at 750 K for 6 h and then kept in vacuum during measurements. The authors analyze the optical constants using three alternative but mutually exclusive methods: they write the dielectric function as a multiband sum or product of Drude and Lorentz oscillators or with a Drude model with a frequency-dependent scattering rate and plasma frequency. Below 1 eV, they find significant contributions from both d-intraband transitions and free carriers.Using spectroscopic ellipsometry from 0.06 to 6.0 eV at room temperature, the authors determined the optical constants (complex dielectric function, refractive index, and optical conductivity) of bulk cold-rolled polycrystalline Ni. To reduce the thickness of surface overlayers, the sample was heated in ultrahigh vacuum at 750 K for 6 h and then kept in vacuum during measurements. The authors analyze the optical constants using three alternative but mutually exclusive methods: they write the dielectric function as a multiband sum or product of Drude and Lorentz oscillators or with a Drude model with a frequency-dependent scattering rate and plasma frequency. Below 1 eV, they find significant contributions from both d-intraband transitions and free carriers.
Exposure and engagement with tobacco-related social media and associations with subsequent tobacco use among young adults: A longitudinal analysis.

Abstract Background This study examines whether self-reported exposure to cigarette, e-cigarette, cigar, and hookah advertising, and engagement with pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco social media, are associated with past 30-day tobacco use one-year later, among young adults. Methods Data were from two waves of the Marketing and Promotions Across Colleges in Texas study, a multi-wave study of two- and four-year Texas college students (N = 3947; M age = 23.3, SD = 2.3; 64% female; 35% white, 31% Hispanic, 19% Asian, 8% African-American/black, 7% multi-racial/other) from 24 urban-area schools. Multiple logistic regression examined longitudinal associations between recall of exposure and engagement at baseline (wave 6, spring 2017) and tobacco use at one-year follow-up (wave 7, spring 2018), accounting for baseline demographic characteristics and tobacco use. Results Self-reported exposure to and engagement with tobacco-related social media were significantly associated with past 30-day use of e-cigarettes, cigars, and hookah at one-year follow up; engagement was also associated with cigarette use. Controlling for other social media, exposure to any product advertising via Reddit increased risk for e-cigarette use (AOR = 1.92 [95% CI: 1.17–3.14]). Pinterest exposure increased risk for cigar use (2.92 [1.24–6.85]). Snapchat exposure increased risk for hookah use (2.94 [1.70–5.11]). Pro-tobacco engagement increased risk for future use of all products (1.77 [1.29–2.42]). Anti-tobacco engagement increased risk for use of cigars (1.59 [1.12–2.27]) and hookah (1.69 [1.27–2.25]). Conclusions Findings demonstrate that encountering tobacco-related social media is an important risk factor for future tobacco use among young people. Social media should be a focus of federal regulation, counter-marketing and health communication campaigns, and intervention.
CORC $^{\circledR}$ cable terminations with integrated Hall arrays for quench detection

Author(s): Teyber, Reed; Marchevsky, Maxim; Prestemon, Soren; Weiss, Jeremy; van der Laan, Danko
Age demographics of subjects enrolled in interventional phase 3 multiple myeloma clinical trials

The mean and median ages of diagnosis of multiple myeloma range from 70 to 73 years old, with 63% of patients being over the age of 65. Phase 3 clinical trials are designed to study efficacy in the...
Comment on “Volumetric and acoustic approach for investigating molecular interactions of choline acetate ionic liquid in α,ω-alkanediols at different temperatures”

Abstract Errors were noted pertaining to the apparent molal volumes of choline acetate reported in the published paper by Kaur and coworkers. The authors' calculated numerical values are found to be inconsistent with the experimental densities reported in the paper. Calculated values determined as part of the commentary show considerable scatter and differ significantly from those reported by Kaur and coworkers.
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE AND EDUCATIONAL STUDIES

The current social and political climate presents the possibility of substantial reform in educational theory and practice. At the same time, continuing developments in epistemology and social theory are bringing into question some of our most basic and cherished assumptions about knowledge, certainty, and the legitimacy of social contexts within debates over claims to knowledge. These latter critiques offer the potential of wide-ranging transformations in education. This article explores these epistemologica 1 inquiries and their relevance for curriculum and teacher education, pointing out how it may be possible to take advantage of the current clamor for educational reform to revitalize both of these aspects of educational studies. The current state of education in the United States is in many ways uncomfortably chaotic. Jostled by recent reports decrying mediocrity in classrooms, a lack of discipline and standards in schools, a failure of students to master basic subjects, and so on, the educator lives in tempestuous and not very congenial environs (see, e.g., Adler, 1982; NCEE, 1983; Sizer, 1984). One of the specific charges growing out of such reports is that teachers and other educators have failed to provide the sort of vision necessary for a renewal of excellence in schools. It has also been claimed that too many courses of study are "soft," inclined toward "relevance" rather than "rigor" (Tomlinson, 1985). Again, educators have been accused of proffering programs not sufficiently grounded in the core disciplines which, the argument goes, form the center of truly educative experience (Adler, 1982; Gray, 1985). The current situation is not just the result of "external" challenges and critiques, however. We have expressed more than sporadic episodes not only of healthy self-criticism, but of self-flagellation as well. Thus, in the area of curriculum, for example, Joseph Schwab announced as early as 1969 that "the field of curriculum is moribund" (Schwab, 1969), a declaration echoed in 1976 and 1977 by Dwayne Huebner and William F. Pinar in successive addresses to the curriculum division of the American Educational Research Association (Huebner, 1976; Pinar, 1978). The subsequent attempt by Philip W. Jackson to deny the death of the curriculum field - on the dual grounds that the field was a nonentity in the first place, and that talk of
Getting real: heuristics in sociological knowledge

This article examines the connections among heuristics, the epistemological and ontological presuppositions that underlie theorizing, and substantive explanations in sociology. It develops and contrasts three heuristics: “doing as knowing” (DK), “categorizing as knowing” (CK), and “praxis as knowing” (PK). These are each composed of four dimensions: the theory of knowledge, the theory of reality, the theory of the growth of knowledge, and the theory of knowledge producers. The article then shows the importance of heuristics for empirical work by demonstrating how they shape explanations in the sociological subfield of the historical sociology of knowledge. The essay draws two main conclusions: it argues that PK offers a more useful basis for developing explanations in sociology than either of the two alternatives (DK and CK) that currently shape substantive work; furthermore, it claims that the exposition of heuristic assumptions is an important task for sociology.
Design and high-volume manufacture of low-cost molded IR aspheres for personal thermal imaging devices

The demand for infrared optical elements, particularly those made of chalcogenide materials, is rapidly increasing as thermal imaging becomes affordable to the consumer. The use of these materials in conjunction with established lens manufacturing techniques presents unique challenges relative to the cost sensitive nature of this new market. We explore the process from design to manufacture, and discuss the technical challenges involved. Additionally, facets of the development process including manufacturing logistics, packaging, supply chain management, and qualification are discussed.
Taxing Sugar Sweetened Beverages to Lower Childhood Obesity

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) contributes to multiple health problems including obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay, especially among children. Excise taxation has been proven efficacious in changing purchasing behaviors related to tobacco use with resulting improvements in public health outcomes. Similar taxes applied to SSBs are starting to take hold internationally and domestically. SSB taxes have been proposed in over 30 U.S. jurisdictions since 2009, but only Berkeley (CA) has passed and implemented one to date. Given empirical evidence of their effectiveness, governments should consider implementation of SSB excise taxes based on uniform definitions of SSBs and other factors.
Autoantibodies against nephrin elucidate a novel autoimmune phenomenon in proteinuric kidney disease

Abstract Dysfunction of podocytes, cells critical for glomerular filtration, underlies proteinuria and kidney failure. Genetic forms of proteinuric kidney disease can be caused by mutations in several podocyte genes, including nephrin, a critical component of the kidney filter. In contrast, the etiology of acquired acute-onset nephrotic syndrome has remained elusive. Here we identify autoantibodies against nephrin in serum and glomeruli of a subset of adults and children with non-congenital acute nephrotic syndrome. Our findings align with published experimental animal studies and elucidate a novel autoimmune phenomenon in proteinuric kidney disease interfering with glomerular filter integrity.
Approximate Query Processing for Big Data in Heterogeneous Databases

Big Data analytics is used in decision making. It involves heavy computation to obtain exact answers. To alleviate this problem, approximate query processing (AQP) was adopted, which provides approximate results with error bounds. The AQP models which have been proposed are supported only by a single database. In an organization, big data is stored in multiple databases that have different data models. This research aims to provide AQP as a middleware solution using query optimization for heterogeneous databases.
Addressing the Human Rights Violation of Food Adulteration in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has grappled with the issue of adulterated food for several decades. This deeply rooted practice—a gross violation of various human rights—has still not been resolved in the country. This project design memo will first provide a brief context of this issue, along with a general definition of food adulteration through the lens of human rights norms. It will then discuss key drivers of food adulteration in Bangladesh and offer recommendations on how to address the complex dynamics of this public health crisis through policy change, research and media advocacy.
Online Dating: Predictive Model and Application

Problem Definition: This paper studies the problem of predicting users' interactions in an online dating platform. Data in this setting can be viewed as a multi-mode tensor, where each slice of the tensor arises from a specific type of interaction data between users (e.g., one user seeks more information about the other user, sends a message, etc.). The problem we solve is to fill in missing entries in such a tensor, called tensor recovery. Academic/Practical Relevance: While online dating has seen rapid growth in recent years, it has received relatively little attention from operations researchers. To understand users' interaction decisions in the online dating setting, we collaborate with a major online dating platform and analyze extensive data that include over 30 million interactions among approximately 243 thousand users. Our study makes contributions to both academic literature and practice by developing an accurate prediction model and generating insights into how various user attributes affect their decisions to interact with others. Methodology: We develop a machine learning model based on collaborative filtering that leverages recent advances in the field of tensor recovery and interpretable tree-based models. Results: We estimate the probability of seeking more information, sending a message, or accepting a message between any arbitrary pair of heterosexual users. The accuracy of our model in predicting interactions is by far superior to the benchmarks that use either the user attributes data or the user interaction data alone. Among individual attributes, average attractiveness scores and profile completion scores affect users' decisions the most, followed by height, user-specified preferences, age, and so on. Our result indicates that the effects of individual attributes often vary across gender and different types of user decisions. Managerial Implications: Online dating platforms can use our predictive model to improve their recommendation systems (e.g., by selecting a set of users that lead to the highest probabilities of matching or other revenue-generating interactions). Our results also enhance our understanding of how various individual attributes affect users' decisions to interact with others in online dating. Our approach has broad applicability to other online platforms where data for user attributes and interactions are available for prediction.
The in vitro micronucleus assay using imaging flow cytometry and deep learning

The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is a well-established assay for quantification of DNA damage, and is required by regulatory bodies worldwide to screen chemicals for genetic toxicity. The MN assay is performed in two variations: scoring MN in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cells or directly in unblocked mononucleated cells. Several methods have been developed to score the MN assay, including manual and automated microscopy, and conventional flow cytometry, each with advantages and limitations. Previously, we applied imaging flow cytometry (IFC) using the ImageStream® to develop a rapid and automated MN assay based on high throughput image capture and feature-based image analysis in the IDEAS® software. However, the analysis strategy required rigorous optimization across chemicals and cell lines. To overcome the complexity and rigidity of feature-based image analysis, in this study we used the Amnis® AI software to develop a deep-learning method based on convolutional neural networks to score IFC data in both the cytokinesis-blocked and unblocked versions of the MN assay. We show that the use of the Amnis AI software to score imagery acquired using the ImageStream® compares well to manual microscopy and outperforms IDEAS® feature-based analysis, facilitating full automation of the MN assay.
Closing the Loop on Cognitive Radar for Spectrum Sharing

We investigate three emerging topics essential for the development of cognitive radar (CR) for spectrum sharing: the response time (RT) of the CR, the autonomous regulation of the perception-action cycle (PAC), and the regulation of cognition. The RT measures the latency of all algorithms/hardware and is examined with respect to enabling capabilities of software-defined systems for rapid flexibility and responsiveness. The autonomous regulation of the PAC determines “how fast the CR can interact with the environment” as well as “how fast the CR should interact with the environment.” The regulation of the PAC is explored with respect to pulse-to-pulse waveform agility to coexist successfully with dynamic radio frequency emitters in the ambient electromagnetic environment (EME) and the consequence of modifying the waveform within the coherent processing interval. Finally, the regulation of cognition determines how to select a particular CR technique appropriately for a given dynamic environment. This selection requires a high level, or metadecision process to identify the appropriate CR technique as the EME changes over time and we therefore concentrate discussion on the newly emerging topic for radar called metacognitive radar. The exploration of these three topics include a review of past and current research with discussion of possible future research.
Using Open Resources to Teach Mycology

This article discusses a variety of open resources that can be used to teach mycology. Many schools may not routinely teach a mycology class – and if they do, students might not want to invest in a textbook. Options for resale are probably much smaller than with a class in which more students routinely enroll. This article is important in showing both students and faculty how much information about fungi is available online. Some websites are transient, so the reader must carefully check them before use. The sites selected cover most topics that are typically covered in a mycology class. However, depending on faculty emphasis, not all of the information presented in the article may be relevant. These resources should enable faculty to achieve the major teaching objectives in a mycology class, enabling students to gain an appreciation of the diversity of fungi and a basic understanding of their biology, ecology, genetics, morphology, and taxonomy.
Research on the Detection and Analysis Technology in Web Application Attacks Logs

In order to improve the security protection ability and service quality of web application system, this paper focused on the analysis of attack types and characteristics of typical web application and studied the identification and detection technology of attacks logs with eigenvalue and semantic analysis. Finally, a multi-source aggregation analysis technology architecture of attacks logs for web application is proposed. Based on association analysis strategy, this architecture can effectively identify the attack behavior, predict the attack situation, and effectively improve the ability in resisting external threats of web application.
Adaptor Proteins: Inter-Organelle Traffic Controllers

The complex biochemical activities that take place within the cell require a precise spatiotemporal organization of its components. This dynamic intracellular order is generated and maintained by a transport system based on membrane-bound carriers that pinch off from a donor and deliver cargoes into a target compartment. The crucial task of selecting the cargoes to be transported from one compartment to another is the responsibility of the protein machinery that coats the cytosolic side of the carriers until they bud off. These coats contain specialized components known as ‘adaptors’ that interpret cargo destination information and include them or not into the nascent transport carrier. This article reviews several families of adaptors and summarizes their function, specificity, and cellular/organism relevance.
Composition of plume-influenced mid-ocean ridge lavas and glasses from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, Galápagos Spreading Center, and Gulf of Aden

[1] The global mid-ocean ridge system is peppered with localities where mantle plumes impinge on oceanic spreading centers. Here, we present new, high resolution and high precision data for 40 trace elements in 573 samples of variably plume-influenced mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the Easter Microplate and Salas y Gomez seamounts, the Galapagos spreading center, and the Gulf of Aden, in addition to previously unpublished major element and isotopic data for these regions. Included in the data set are the unconventional trace elements Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Tl, which are not commonly reported by most geochemical studies. We show variations in the ratios Mo/Ce, Cd/Dy, Sn/Sm, Sb/Ce, W/U, and Rb/Tl, which are expected not to fractionate significantly during melting or crystallization, as a function of proximity to plume-related features on these ridges. The Cd/Dy and Sn/Sm ratios show little variation with plume proximity, although higher Cd/Dy may signal increases in the role of garnet in the mantle source beneath some plumes. Globally, the Rb/Tl ratio closely approximates the La/SmN ratio, and thus provides a sensitive tracer of enriched mantle domains. The W/U ratio is not elevated at plume centers, but we find significant enrichments in W/U, and to a lesser extent the Mo/Ce and Sb/Ce ratios, at mid-ocean ridges proximal to plumes. Such enrichments may provide evidence of far-field entrainment of lower mantle material that has interacted with the core by deeply-rooted, upwelling mantle plumes.
Factors impacting student perceptions of computing and CIS majors

Students entering university arrive with predefined perceptions about computing, about CIS majors, and about the role of technology in academia and society. Understanding the sociological and experiential factors which influence these perceptions can help CIS faculty devise programs and content more likely to be successful in attracting majors. This paper will discuss a multi-campus study intended to elicit the factors which impact students' perceptions of computing and CIS majors. The results suggest that differences in perceptions persist between genders, and that parental and K-12 efforts to stress computing may be having unintended effects.
Effect of large voltage modulations on electrodes under charge-transfer control

The experimental test of the validity of a mathematical treatment of the effect of large a-c voltage modulations on the behavior of electrodes under charge-transfer control was carried out for the case of the hydrogen evolution reaction. A frequency analysis of the resulting current showed that both d-c and a-c components of the faradaic current were in quantitative agreement with the predictions of the mathematical model. Deviations from the calculated values, which were observed in certain conditions (particularly at higher frequencies), were explained as the effect of the ohmic-drop error. 7 refs.
Physiological characterization and functional heterogeneity of narrow-field mammalian amacrine cells.

Non-technical summary Retina is the first neural station of the visual system, and visual images falling onto the retina are encoded and processed by three layers of neurons. Amacyine cells are a major class of third-order retinal neurons that serve important visual functions, including shape recognition, motion detection and directional selectivity. Here we show for the first time a systematic examination of light-evoked electrical responses, cell morphology and relative rod/cone inputs of the narrow-field amacrine cells in the mouse retina. Results from this study provide a functional description of how retinal neurons are interconnected and how visual information is processed in the retinal synaptic network. Abstract Light-evoked responses of 106 morphologically identified narrow-field amacrine cells (ACs) were studied in dark-adapted mouse retinal slices. Forty-five cells exhibit AIIAC morphology, 55% of which show characteristic AIIAC physiological properties (AIIAC1s) and the remaining 45% display different physiological responses, suggesting that AIIACs are functionally heterogeneous. Moreover, we found that 42 cells exhibit morphology that resembles the seven morphological types of glycine-positive ACs (GlyAC1–7) reported in the rat retina, and for the first time assigned light response and function properties to these morphological types of glycinergic ACs in the mouse retina. In addition, five narrow-field ACs exhibited morphology resembling that of the GlyAC5 or GlyAC7 but with different physiological responses (GlyAC5# and GlyAC7#). Therefore, the eight morphological types of narrow-field ACs exhibit 12 classes of physiological responses. Furthermore, we found ACs whose physiological responses were indistinguishable from those of GlyAC3 or GlyAC4s but with different morphology (GlyAC3* or GlyAC4*). These observations suggest that although the majority of narrow-field mammalian ACs forms discrete functional groups that correlate with their morphology, a significant number of these cells with similar morphology do not display the same light responses, and some with similar light responses do not exhibit the same morphology.
Isolation of seven respiratory viruses in shell vials: A practical and highly sensitive method

The isolation of respiratory viruses in shell vials was compared with isolation in tube cultures in order to determine the sensitivity of the former, rapid method. Twenty of 21 influenza virus and 15 of 15 parainfluenza virus isolates were recovered in shell vials. One hundred twenty-seven of 138 respiratory syncytial virus isolates were detected in shell vials, but only 10 of 21 adenovirus isolates were positive by the rapid method. Shell vials are very effective for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections, except for those caused by adenovirus.
Natural communication with machines-progress and challenge

Summary form only given, as follows. In less than one life-time, the technologies of electronic communication and computing have emerged, advanced and coalesced. Initially, the fields developed separately, constituting recognized independent disciplines. Great scientific effort went into each, with results that have fueled manifold multiplication of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Now, on the threshold of the 21st Century, the merging capabilities of communication and computing surpass most of the unfettered dreams of the mid 1900s, but the benefits are not easy for humans to reap. More and more, a central focus is on natural communication with machines-using modalities that are comfortable for humans-sight, sound and touch. An ideal is communication replicating that between humans, but for the foreseeable future, this complete ideal may remain on the horizon. Nevertheless, machine comprehension of human-generated information in the visible, auditory and tactile domains is advancing apace, as is the ability of the machine to generate responses in the same domains. Just as the mouse and icon-based software liberated computer users from the many tyrannies of the keyboard, natural voice communication, gesture recognition and automatic scene processing will lead to enhanced freedom and greater utility in communication and computing. This report draws a brief perspective on this outlook.
STIL from the users perspective

The author discusses the strong motivations for a standard test language. The capabilities of the Standard Test Interface Language (STIL) are examined and compared with other test standards which go too far into additional aspects of test.
Courageous conversations about race, class, and gender: voices and lessons from the field

The purpose of this paper is to present a qualitative secondary analysis of two empirical studies that focused on the leadership practices of female practitioners at the secondary level engaging in discourse and practices to disrupt educational inequities. The guiding research question is, “How do school leaders engage in courageous conversations to: (1) transform beliefs and practices concerning educational inequities, and; (2) engender equity to enhance learning for all students?” Building on Singleton and Linton’s (2006) framework on courageous conversations, this study examines how some school leaders break the silence and interrogate educational inequities to improve schools. Findings explicate how conversations amongst practitioners can be the impetus for transformative actions, which in turn, lead to the educational achievement of all students. The voices of participants are magnified and lessons from the field are forwarded.
Interleukin 1 secretion is not required for human macrophage support of T-cell proliferation☆

Abstract Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a soluble factor secreted by stimulated monocytes (Mo) and animal macrophages (Mx). We have previously demonstrated that human Mo cultured in vitro for 1–6 days transform to Mx, and retain their ability to support concanavalin A (Con A)-driven T-cell proliferation. We have also shown that, paradoxically, these Mx do not secrete IL-1, when stimulated by endotoxin (LPS). In this study we examined two alternative hypotheses: T cells plus mitogen induce Mx IL-1 production, and human Mx deliver a second signal to T cells via a non-IL-1 mechanism. IL-1 was assayed in a mouse CD-1 thymocyte system without concanavalin A. Mo Mx were cultured with T cells at low (2 × 104/200 μl) or high (1 × 105/200 μl) concentrations for 2 or 4 days, in the presence of Con A. Six hours prior to quantitation of proliferation, 50 μl of supernatant was removed and assayed for IL-1. As expected both Mo and Mx enhanced T-cell proliferation eight- to tenfold. Mo secreted large amounts of IL-1; there was no demonstrable IL-1 activity present in supernatants from cultures containing either T cells and Mx, or Mx alone. Similar results were obtained by preincubating the cells (Mo, Mx, and T cells) with Con A for 12 hr and removing Con A prior to a 36-hr coculture. We examined the possibility that a small amount of IL-1 may be able to support Con A-stimulated T-cell proliferation and yet may not induce thymocyte proliferation. The highest dilutions of Mo supernatant (1:125) which supported T-cell proliferation also caused a fivefold increase in thymocyte proliferation. Supernatants from Mx failed to stimulate thymocyte proliferation or support Con A-driven T-cell proliferation. However, Mo and Mx lysates contain II-1 activity. We conclude that human Mx support Con A-induced T-cell proliferation in the absence of IL-1 secretion. Mx may support T-cell proliferation by cell-bound IL-1 or by a non-IL-1 mechanism.
Higgs Boson Searches with ATLAS

Strategies of searches for the Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC are discussed using data from 2010 and 2011. A summary of the sensitivity of ATLAS to discover a Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson is shown for the following decay channels: H → γ γ , H → W W → l + ν l − ν ¯ , H → W W → l ν q q ¯ , H → Z Z ( ⁎ ) → l + l − l + l − , H → Z Z ( ⁎ ) → l + l − q q ¯ . Some prospects for the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM) Higgs searches in the H → τ + τ − channel are also included with as well as search for a generic scalar at low mass in the vicinity of the ϒ resonance, decaying to a pair of muons. Limits are given at the 95% confidence level (CL) on the production cross section relative to the Standard Model and to the MSSM predictions.
The development of the ERRC food process simulator

Abstract A simulator was developed for food processing. The simulator links mathematical models for the variouis unit operations encountered in a food process. The models are based on theoretical considerations or in many cases are semi-empirical and developed using laboratory and pilot plant data. The program was written in Fortran using potato processing as a prototype. Models for such critical unit operations as hot water blanching, water cooling, steam cooking, drum drying, and deep fat frying were developed. The models were also adapted for use in real-time computer programs to control processed potato color and degree of cook of potatoes. This paper documents the integration and validation of the models developed.
Theoretical evaluation of experimental characterization of metal-insulator-metal structures

Abstract The fractional change in the temperature dependent current density and the “logarithmic conductivity” as functions of applied bias are examined for a model thin-film metal-insulator-metal heterojunction. We examine the peaks in these curves for correlation between their respective locations and with the metal-insulator work function in order to assess the value of these methods of characterizing a thin-film heterojunction. The insulator model consists of a square barrier in which are inbedded a number of square wells. The metallic electrodes are treated as Bohr-Sommerfeld metals. Within this model we are able to specify all the relevant phenomenological parameters and compare them with the parameters deduced from model calculation of the “logarithimc conductivity” and the fractional change in the temperature dependent current density. We conclude that these methods of experimental characterization of metal-insulator-metal structures may be ambiguous, inaccurate, or both for thin insulating films but may be reasonably useful for thicker (> 10 unit cells) films provided that elastic tunneling is the dominant current carrying mechanism.
Using the physical dimensions of the semicircular canal as a probe to evaluate inner ear function in fishes

Abstract 1. 1. The inner ear of the butterfly tuna (Gasterochisma melampus) has a specialised anatomy in which the endolymphatic sac, including the sagitta and asteriscus otoliths, has been lost but the lapillus otolith has been retained. The relation (Jones and Spells statistic) between semi-circular canal bore, radius of canal curvature and ampulla volume indicates that the butterfly tuna has retained the acuity of vestibular function common to all teleosts, especially tunas. 2. 2. The inner ear of the walking catfish (Clarias fuscus) has values of the Jones and Spells statistic indicating a similarity in function to other terrestrial vertebrates as might be expected from the swaying “gait” and rigid “neck” of the walking catfish. 3. 3. The inner ear of the channel catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) and the loricated catfish (Hypostomus sp.) give values of the Jones and Spells statistic that were more typical of fishes.