cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computers as Gods

For ‘older’ readers of this book, the idea of a computer possessing sufficient intelligence to be at least the equal of a human was probably planted in their brains with their first viewing of HAL 9000 (Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer) in the 1968 movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. HAL goes into a relentless killing mode when it learns the spaceship crew intends to turn it off. For younger readers the movie inspiration for an equally malevolent view of computers was, perhaps, the vast artificial intelligence of Skynet, the Armageddon computer in the Terminator films. And for even younger readers, an evil interpretation of god-like computers has been reinforced with their realization in numerous video games, such as the initially friendly GLaDOS (Genetic Lifeform and Disk Operating System) in the Portal games, which slowly reveals its dark side to the player.
Traveling Together on the Information Superhighway: Conversations About Politics, Language, and Distance Learning

Distance learning is on the horizon. Modern communications, following its exponential trajectory through telephone, telegraph, radio, film, television and computer networks, continues to transform education. Technology assisted learning promises a higher quality product, at lower cost, to larger numbers of people. Universal public education, as it approaches the 21st century, is at the threshold of a quantum leap forward.
Nonpharmacologic Therapies in Patients with Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias: Catheter Ablation and Ventricular Tachycardia Surgery

This article discusses the role of electrophysiologically directed ventricular surgery and transcatheter ablation in the management of ventricular tachycardias.
The Second United States Computer Chess Championship (Chicago, 1971)

This chapter provides an overview of the second United States computer chess championship held at the Chicago Conrad Hilton Hotel, August 2–4, 1971. The three veterans were COKO III, SCHACH, and CHESS 3.5, an improved version of CHESS 3.0. The first evening of play saw CHESS 3.5 defeat MR. TURK when the latter ran into programming bugs that forced resignation on move 10. COKO III started off well by soundly trouncing CCCP, although the games lasted 50 moves. GENIE won over SCHACH on a time forfeit; it was in a winning position at the end. TECH gained a decisive victory over DAVID and established as a contender. In Round 2, CHESS 3.5 convincingly defeated TECH. Finally, SCHACH defeated trouble-ridden MR. TURK. In Round 3, GENIE and TECH had a play-off for second place, which was won by TECH.
Georama of Trash

espanolEn su dimension material, el suelo es el depositario de lo bueno y lo malo de la vida humana. La basura, por ejemplo, es una externalidad negativa que tambien llega al suelo, pero que es convenientemente depositada ‘lejos de la vista’. Este proyecto de Design Earth, sin embargo, plantea una estrategia opuesta: en una sociedad que reacciona solo ante la espectacularizacion fetichista, tal vez no sea descabellado plantear proyectos que transformen a la basura en espectaculo arquitectonico. EnglishIn its material dimension, the land receives both the positive and negative externalities of human life. Trash, for instance, is a negative externality that also reaches the ground, but that is conveniently placed ‘out of sight’. This project by Design Earth, however, proposes an opposite strategy: in a society that only reacts to fetishistic spectacularization, perhaps it is not unreasonable to think of projects that transform the trash into an architectural spectacle.
Cross-channel patterns of bed material transport in a poorly sorted sand-bed channel

Abstract Understanding of sediment transport comes largely from studies conducted on well-sorted sand-bed and poorly sorted gravel-bed channels. The aim of this study is to evaluate cross-channel patterns of transport rate and grain size in a poorly sorted sand-bed channel. Transport observations were collected from the San Antonio River using a Helley-Smith sampler during flows from 0.02 to 1.1 times bankfull capacity. Resulting transport rates and grain size distributions were pooled to describe eight sections across a channel transect that includes the lower bank and compared to local boundary material. Maximum transport rates are concentrated in the central zone of the streambed regardless of flow level, but gravels and coarse sands are conveyed preferentially on one side of the bed. Grain size distributions change relatively little with flow and approximate the local bed material supply. The size distributions associated with smaller transport rates near the channel margin become finer and more closely approximate the size characteristics of bank material at higher flows. Results extend patterns of differential routing of grain sizes to channel banks and establish the relative fluxes between the bed and bank environments. The small gravel content in poorly sorted sand beds requires further attention because it can contribute to cross-channel variation in sediment fluxes, limit the development of sandy bedforms, and influence the quality of streambed habitat.
Investigating high-temperature operation limitations in antimonide-based mid-infrared semiconductor lasers

S are pursuing a variety of semiconductor systems to generate mid-infrared (3-5 μm) laser radiation for applications in environmental monitoring, homeland security, and medical diagnostics through the development of efficient, portable chemical sensors, infrared countermeasures, and breath analyzers. Antimonide-based heterostructures that employ an indirect type-II quantum well configuration have proved to be a very promising approach in this wavelength range, with notable recent advances in interband cascade lasers. However, there remain challenges in this system in achieving excellent performance at high operating temperatures. To develop practical mid-infrared chemical sensors that operate at ambient temperatures with low power requirements, it is critically important to reduce the rate at which the lasing thresholds rise as a function of increasing temperature in these materials; at present characteristic temperatures plateau around 60 K. Recent results in optical pumping of type-II antimonide-based semiconductor lasers with W-shaped quantum wells will be presented, as will new projects employing electrically injected interband cascade lasers as well as semiconductor lasers with integrated graphene transparent contacts. These projects have a common theme designed to reveal the optoelectronic mechanisms that limit high temperature operation in antimonide-based type-II W lasers, with a particular focus on increasing the characteristic temperature of these materials and devices. Linda J. Olafsen, J Phys Chem Biophys 2013, 3:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.S1.002
Impact of Para-Nitroblebbistatin on Human Beta-Cardiac Myosin at the Molecular and Tissue Levels

Inherited cardiomyopathies are a common form of heart disease caused by mutations in sarcomeric proteins with beta cardiac myosin being one of the most frequently affected genes. Since the discovery of the first cardiomyopathy associated mutation in beta-cardiac myosin, a major goal has been to correlate the in vitro myosin motor properties with the contractile performance of cardiac muscle. Mutations that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are the most common form of the disease and are often associated with increased isometric force and hyper-contractility. Therefore, the development of drugs designed to decrease isometric force by reducing the duty ratio (the proportion of ATPase cycle time myosin spends bound to actin) has been proposed for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There is still no consensus about whether hypertrophic mutations in beta-cardiac myosin increase myofilament calcium sensitivity as is commonly found in troponin mutations. We examine the impact of a small molecule drug proposed to decrease duty ratio (para-Nitroblebbistatin) using purified human beta cardiac myosin motor assays and studies of permeabilized human cardiac muscle mechanics. We find that this drug reduces actin-activated ATPase and in vitro motility while not changing the ADP release rate constant. Thus, the reduction in the in vitro sliding velocity is likely due to a slowing of attachment rate. In muscle fiber studies we found that para-Nitroblebbistatin reduces steady-state force and calcium sensitivity but does not change maximum contractile velocity and the rate of force development. These results support a model in which the drug reduces the duty ratio without altering the kinetics of attached crossbridges. Thus, small molecule drugs that target the crossbridge attachment rate are an attractive strategy since they are capable of reducing the force generating capacity and calcium sensitivity without altering contractile velocity.
RISK STRATIFICATION WITH THE TIMI RISK SCORE FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND ELEVATED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

Background: Improved risk assessment for patients with diabetes and elevated CV risk is needed. The TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS 2°P) predicts a gradient of risk in patients with prior MI, including recent ACS. TRS 2°P has not been evaluated in diabetic patients without prior MI
Example of Test Research Information Necessary for Forensic Testimony

One of the greatest weaknesses of psychologists testifying is their own lack of knowledge about the tests they are using. For many of the tests still used today, there is not even a single accepted manual, let alone a relatively up to date summary of the literature on a test. The following is the summary of the LNNB which we use for such work (updating it as necessary). This represents the basic type of information which should be available on any test in court.
Refining the Society Islands cultural sequence: Colonisation phase and developmental phase coastal occupation on Mo'orea Island

The Society Islands are critical to chronology building in East Polynesia, as the archipelago served as a potential first landfall for voyagers moving out of the West Polynesia homeland. Yet determining the particulars of migration sequences and settlement chronology in the Society Islands, like the rest of East Polynesia, has been challenging. Here, we report on a dating and re-dating program of four coastal sites on the island of Moʻorea, Windward Society Islands, aimed at refining the archipelago's cultural chronology and its place within larger settlement trends for East Polynesia. We begin with a brief discussion of 1960s archaeological research in the Society Islands and the archipelago's role in the East Polynesian colonisation debate before turning to a discussion of the newly dated and re-dated Mo'orea coastal sites. Our new corpus of 14C dates provides evidence for two well-studied Mo'orea Island sites dating to the Colonisation Phase (GS-1 and ScMf-5). The earliest dated occupation of the ScMf-5 site contained an earth oven, diverse artefacts and dense faunal remains indicative of a permanent, and perhaps large, settlement along the north shore of Moʻorea. Results point to established Society Island populations from the 11th to 13th centuries AD, supporting both the Conservative Model of East Polynesian settlement and more inclusive synthetic models. Developmental Phase dates from ScMf-2 illustrate that new parts of the Moʻorea north shore were inhabited at this time, while other earlier coastal sites continued to be occupied, tentatively suggesting population increase. The re-dated M5 site, with its elaborate temples of the 'Oro cult style, fits well into accepted dates for the Classic Phase. Our re-dating program has not only allowed us to refine the Society Islands cultural sequence, but has permitted precise identification or confirmation of two sites dating to the Colonisation Phase.
Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies in WHIM syndrome immunodeficiency.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: WHIM syndrome is a rare combined primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4. It is the only Mendelian condition known to be caused by mutation of a chemokine or chemokine receptor. As such, it provides a scientific opportunity to understand chemokine-dependent immunoregulation in humans and a medical opportunity to develop mechanism-based treatment and cure strategies.Areas covered: This review covers the clinical features, genetics, immunopathogenesis and clinical management of WHIM syndrome. Clinical trials of targeted therapeutic agents and potential cure strategies are also included.Expert opinion: WHIM syndrome may be particularly amenable to mechanism-based therapeutics for three reasons: 1) CXCR4 has been validated as the molecular target in the disease by Mendelian genetics; 2) the biochemical abnormality is excessive CXCR4 signaling; and 3) antagonists selective for CXCR4 have been developed. Pler...
Alcohol and Ambivalence in Mexico and the Americas

This essay reviews the following works: Divided Spirits: Tequila, Mezcal, and the Politics of Production. By Sarah Bowen. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015. Pp. xvii + 260. $29.95 paper. ISBN: 9780520281059. Alcohol in Latin America: A Social and Cultural History. Edited by Gretchen Pierce and Aurea Toxqui. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2014. Pp. vii + 306. $60.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780816530762. Alcohol and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. By Deborah Toner. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. Pp. vi + 346. $30.00 paper. ISBN: 9780803274327.
Impact of age on the anatomy of the pediatric pterygopalatine fossa and its relationship to the suprazygomatic maxillary nerve block.

Abstract Objectives The suprazygomatic maxillary nerve block is associated with improved post-operative pain management after select craniofacial surgical procedures. This study's objective is to better define the impact of pediatric facial skeletal growth on techniques for accessing the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF). Methods Pediatric patients with prior thin-slice maxillofacial computed tomography imaging were identified in an institutional radiology database. Aquarius image-processing software (Ver. 4.4.11, TeraRecon, Inc., Foster City, CA) was used to measure from the suprazygomatic skin to the greater wing of the sphenoid where the needle is then re-oriented in an anterior and inferior trajectory allowing it to advance into the PPF. Results A total of 90 patients ranging from 0 to ≤18 years of age were included in the study. The mean distance from the suprazygomatic skin to the foramen rotundum in patients 0 to ≤12 months of age and >13 to ≤18 years of age was 38.6 (SD ± 4.7) and 47.1 (SD ± 3.2) mm, respectively (p 13 to ≤18 years of age group at 12.4 (SD ± 1.9) and 12.1 (SD ± 3.2) degrees, respectively. These data reveal that patients in the oldest compared to the youngest pediatric age groups require significantly greater needle insertion, yet the angles of needle re-orientation are clinically similar between these two pediatric age groups varying by up to only 3°. Conclusion As expected, the distance from the skin to the foramen rotundum increases significantly with age; however, the angles of re-orientation with respect to the original needle entry site demonstrated up to only 3° of variability between the youngest and oldest age groups evaluated in this pediatric cohort.
Predictors of outcome in patients with hematologic malignancies admitted to the intensive care unit.

Abstract Purpose Several studies showed conflicting results about prognosis and predictors of outcome of critically ill patients with hematological malignancies (HM). The aim of this study is to determine the hospital outcome of critically ill patients with HM and the factors predicting the outcome. Methods and materials All patients with HM admitted to MICU at a tertiary academic medical center were enrolled. Clinical data upon admission and during ICU stay were collected. Hospital, ICU, and 6 months outcomes were documented. Results There were 130 HM patients during the study period. Acute Leukemia was the most common malignancy (31.5%) followed by Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (28.5%). About 12.5% patients had autologous HSCT and 51.5% had allogeneic HSCT. Sepsis was the most common ICU diagnosis (25.9%). ICU mortality and hospital mortality were 24.8% and 45.3%, respectively. Six months mortality (available on 80% of patients) was 56.7%. Hospital mortality was higher among mechanically ventilated patients (75%). Using multivariate analysis, only mechanical ventilation (OR of 19.0, CI: 3.1–117.4, P: 0.001) and allogeneic HSCT (OR of 10.9, CI: 1.8–66.9, P: 0.01) predicted hospital mortality. Conclusion Overall hospital outcome of critically ill patients with HM is improving. However those who require mechanical ventilation or underwent allogeneic HSCT continue to have poor outcome.
An examination of accuracy and bias in perceptions of a partner's motives for health behaviour regulation.

OBJECTIVES This study assessed accuracy and bias in people's perceptions of their romantic partner's adoption of short-term (avoid conflict) and long-term (later health) motives for interpersonally regulating their health behaviours. DESIGN A cross-sectional Web-based survey of 114 cohabiting romantic couples (N = 228 individuals) living in the United States. METHODS Romantic partners separately completed measures of their short-term and long-term motives for self-regulation and partner regulation of health behaviours, as well as their perceptions of partner regulation of their own health behaviours. Dyadic path analyses were conducted using the truth and bias model of judgement. RESULTS Targets of interpersonal regulation perceived their romantic partner's short-term and long-term motives for influencing their (the target's) health behaviour with significant accuracy. However, targets' perceptions of their partner's motives simultaneously contained about the same amount of projection of the target's own short- and long-term motives for self-regulation. There was no similarity between the target's motives for self-regulation and their partner's motives for interpersonal regulation. Targets also tended to underestimate their partner's long-term motives for interpersonal regulation. CONCLUSIONS Although people are somewhat accurate in their perceptions of their romantic partner's motives for attempting to influence their health behaviours, their perceptions are also contaminated by biases. This suggests that people's judgements about their partner's motives could be substantially improved. Statement of contribution What is known about this subject? Romantic partners use social influence tactics to improve each other's health behaviours. People who perceive their partner's influence attempts positively often make healthy changes. Misperceptions of a partner's motives for influence attempts may have health and relationship implications. What does this study add? People are aware of whether partner influence attempts are motivated by convenience or concern. People also project their own motives for self-regulating health behaviours onto their partner.
Apportionment Examples: An Application of Decimal Ordering.

3. The integer portions of the exact quota column of table 1 (plus single seats for Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming) dis tribute 411 of the 435 House seats. Thus, 24 seats remain. Using Hamilton's meth od, these seats are to be apportioned by rank ordering the fractional parts of the exact quotas, as is done in table 1. 4. Since 24 additional House seats are to be apportioned, Hamilton's method would give them to the first 24 states as listed in table 1. The final number of representatives from each state would then be the number reported in the "Ham ilton" column of table 1.
Multilevel Modeling with Stat-JR SAAs: A Software Review.

Given the natural hierarchical structure in school-setting data, multilevel modeling (MLM) has been widely employed in education research using a number of different statistical software packages. ...
Mechanistic Insights into Specific G Protein Interactions with Adenosine Receptors Revealed by Accelerated Molecular Simulations

Abstract Coupling between G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the G proteins is a key step in cellular signaling. Despite extensive experimental and computational studies, the mechanism of specific GPCR-G protein coupling remains poorly understood. This has greatly hindered effective drug design of GPCRs that are primary targets of ~1/3 of currently marketed drugs. Here, we have employed all-atom molecular simulations using a robust Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) method to decipher the mechanism of the GPCR-G protein interactions. Adenosine receptors (ARs) were used as model systems based on very recently determined cryo-EM structures of the A1AR and A2AAR coupled with the Gi and Gs proteins, respectively. Changing the Gi protein to the Gs led to increased fluctuations in the A1AR and agonist adenosine (ADO), while agonist 5’-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) binding in the A2AAR could be still stabilized upon changing the Gs protein to the Gi. Free energy calculations identified one stable low-energy conformation for each of the ADO-A1AR-Gi and NECA-A2AAR-Gs complexes as in the cryo-EM structures, similarly for the NECA-A2AAR-Gi complex. In contrast, the ADO agonist and Gs protein sampled multiple conformations in the ADO-A1AR-Gs system. GaMD simulations thus indicated that the ADO-bound A1AR preferred to couple with the Gi protein to the Gs, while the A2AAR could couple with both the Gs and Gi proteins, being highly consistent with experimental findings of the ARs. More importantly, detailed analysis of the atomic simulations showed that the specific AR-G protein coupling resulted from remarkably complementary residue interactions at the protein interface, involving mainly the receptor transmembrane 6 helix and the Gα α5 helix and α4-β6 loop. In summary, the GaMD simulations have provided unprecedented insights into the dynamic mechanism of specific GPCR-G protein interactions at an atomistic level, which is expected to facilitate future drug design efforts of the GPCRs.
Recent emergence and extinction of the protection of telomeres 1c gene in Arabidopsis thaliana

Duplicate POT1 genes must rapidly diverge or be inactivated. Protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) encodes a conserved telomere binding protein implicated in both chromosome end protection and telomere length maintenance. Most organisms harbor a single POT1 gene, but in the few lineages where the POT1 family has expanded, the duplicate genes have diversified. Arabidopsis thaliana bears three POT1-like loci, POT1a, POT1b and POT1c. POT1a retains the ancestral function of telomerase regulation, while POT1b is implicated in chromosome end protection. Here we examine the function and evolution of the third POT1 paralog, POT1c. POT1c is a new gene, unique to A. thaliana, and was derived from a duplication event involving the POT1a locus and a neighboring gene encoding ribosomal protein S17. The duplicate S17 locus (dS17) is highly conserved across A. thaliana accessions, while POT1c is highly divergent, harboring multiple deletions within the gene body and two transposable elements within the promoter. The POT1c locus is transcribed at very low to non-detectable levels under standard growth conditions. In addition, no discernable molecular or developmental defects are associated with plants bearing a CRISPR mutation in the POT1c locus. However, forced expression of POT1c leads to decreased telomerase enzyme activity and shortened telomeres. Evolutionary reconstruction indicates that transposons invaded the POT1c promoter soon after the locus was formed, permanently silencing the gene. Altogether, these findings argue that POT1 dosage is critically important for viability and duplicate gene copies are retained only upon functional divergence.
Establishment and Endorsement

The Constitution’s Establishment Clause prohibits government from adopting any official policy “respecting an establishment of religion.” The modern Supreme Court has interpreted this provision as, in some circumstances, forbidding government from making even hortatory endorsements of religion that are not, in any legal sense, coercive. The Court’s holdings to this effect have provoked dissenting opinions from some of its members, most notably Justice Scalia, who generally took the position that the Establishment Clause prohibits only official acts backed by threat of penalty, such as using public funds for the support of religious institutions. Yet the Court has never fully embraced Justice Scalia’s view, and academics, too, have overwhelmingly sided against him. Nevertheless, this Article argues that Scalia’s interpretation of the Establishment Clause is substantially correct, save for a minor concession the Justice made to the opposing camp that seems to have little historical basis. I begin by presenting a thorough historical account of the Establishment Clause’s meaning. I contribute to existing literature by considering not only Framing-era, but also Reconstruction-era, historical evidence—including some sources that, so far as I am aware, have been overlooked in prior scholarship on this issue; as well as by attempting to respond more thoroughly than have other commentators to Akhil Amar’s especially forceful critique of Scalia’s view. Next, I consider whether the existing Establishment Clause precedent that is inconsistent with original meaning deserves stare decisis treatment, and then suggest some changes to existing Establishment-Clause doctrine that I think would bring the law closer to the original meaning of the relevant constitutional language. Finally, I conclude with some reflections on my arguments’ practical implications.
Endoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy in the United States-Mexico border: A cross sectional study

Endoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy in the United States-Mexico border: A cross sectional study
Implementing Low-Diameter On-Chip Networks for Manycore Processors Using a Tiled Physical Design Methodology

Manycore processors are now integrating up to 1000 simple cores into a single die, yet these processors still rely on high-diameter mesh on-chip networks (OCNs) without complex flow-control nor custom circuits due to three reasons: (1) manycores require simple, low-area routers; (2) manycores usually use standard-cell-based design; and (3) manycores use a tiled physical design methodology. In this paper, we explore mesh and torus topologies with internal concentration and/or ruche channels that require low area overhead and can be implemented using a traditional standard-cell-based tiled physical design methodology. We use a combination of analytical and RTL modeling along with layout-level results for both hard macros and a 3×3mm 256terminal OCN in a 14-nm technology for twelve topologies. Critically, the networks we study use a tiled physical design methodology meaning they: (1) tile a homogeneous hard macro across the chip; (2) implement chip top-level routing between hard macros via short wires to neighboring macros; and (3) use timing closure for the hard macro to quickly close timing at the chip top-level. Our results suggest that a concentration factor of four and a ruche factor of two in a 2D-mesh topology can reduce latency by over 2× at similar area and bisection bandwidth for both small and large messages compared to a 2D-mesh baseline.
Constraining the nonanalytic terms in the isospin-asymmetry expansion of the nuclear equation of state

We examine the properties of the isospin-asymmetry expansion of the nuclear equation of state from chiral two- and three-body forces. We focus on extracting the high-order symmetry energy coefficients that consist of both normal terms (occurring with even powers of the isospin asymmetry) as well as terms involving the logarithm of the isospin asymmetry that are formally nonanalytic around the expansion point of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter. These coefficients are extracted from numerically precise perturbation theory calculations of the equation of state coupled with a new set of finite difference formulas that achieve stability by explicitly removing the effects of higher-order terms in the expansion. We consider contributions to the symmetry energy coefficients from both two- and three-body interactions. It is found that the coefficients of the logarithmic terms are generically larger in magnitude than those of the normal terms from second-order perturbation theory diagrams, but overall the normal terms give larger contributions to the ground state energy. The high-order isospin-asymmetry terms are especially relevant at large densities where they affect the proton fraction in $\ensuremath{\beta}$-equilibrium matter, and in particular we find that at twice saturation density they can reduce the proton fraction by up to 0.02.
Highlighting Similarities between Political Parties Reduced Perceived Disagreement on Global Warming

This paper explores how an alternative media narrative of general partisan agreement can spill over onto individuals’ perceptions of how much partisan groups agree on specific issues. Consistent wi...
Accessibility Challenges of Video Conferencing Technology

This paper discusses some of the accessibility challenges posed by current video conferencing technology with a specific focus on the Deaf community. There is a long way to go in making this technology fully accessible and inclusive for those with accessibility needs. The current state of the art is examined and areas of possible technological improvement discussed. Also discussed is the need to integrate into the technology cognitive aspects that force a correct and inclusive mental model by those participants without accessibility needs that are sometimes oblivious to or don’t know how to overcome their own challenges participating in a diverse group using this software. While we realize the needs and methods of participation by different communities will not be exactly the same, we hope to push development in a direction that is more inclusive and more equitable. We consider how these ideas apply to the educational community and beyond.
On Norms of Completely Positive Maps

King and Ruskai asked whether the norm of a completely positive map acting between Schatten classes of operators is equal to that of its restriction to the real subspace of self-adjoint operators. Proofs have been promptly supplied by Watrous and Audenaert. Here we provide one more proof, in fact of a slightly more general fact, under the (slightly weaker) assumption of 2-positivity. The argument is elementary and self-contained.
Regulation of Extracellular Protease Production in Bacillus cereus T: Characterization of Mutants Producing Altered Amounts of Protease

Twenty-nine mutants of Bacillus cereus T were selected on casein agar for their inability to produce large amounts of extracellular protease. They all formed spores, and 27 were also auxotrophs for purines or pyrimidines. Upon reversion to prototrophy, a large fraction regained the capacity to produce protease. Conversely, reversion to normal protease production resulted in loss of the purine or pyrimidine requirement in a large fraction of the revertants. One spontaneous low-protease-producing pyrimidine auxotroph studied in detail grew as well as the wild type and produced spores which were identical to those produced by the wild type on the basis of heat resistance, dipicolinic acid content, density, and appearance in the electron microscope. The rate of protein turnover in the mutant was the same as the wild type. The mutant did grow poorly, however, when casein was the principal carbon source. A mutant excreting 5 to 10 times as much protease as the wild type was isolated as a secondary mutation from the hypoproducer discussed above. Loss of the pyrimidine requirement in this case did not alter the regulation of protease production. Although the secondary mutant grew somewhat faster in most media than the wild type, the final cell yield was lower. The spores of this mutant appeared to have excess coat on the basis of both electron microscopic and chemical studies. There appear to be closely related but distinct catabolic controls for both extracellular protease and spore formation. These controls can be dissociated as for the hypoproducers but can also appear integrated as for the hyperprotease producer.
A Survey of Industrial Box Handling

An analysis was made of videotapes showing more than 2000 different box-handling tasks, performed by workers in nine factories. Sagittally symmetric lifting and lowering tasks were the exception ra...
Learning in Knowledge Based System, a Possibilistic Approach

Let us now make the final conclusions concerning the learning process by examples based on the concepts of a possibility distribution function and a rough set. As was shown the interpretation JS has the power of reducing the uncertainty whether an element belongs or does not belong to a concept to be learned. This is an improvement over the interpretation MS which can not provide any information for elements in the boundary. It can be observed that the computed function GS gets closer to the interpretation JS as the number of the learned concepts grows larger. The measure of learning defined by us reflects the effect of arranging the set of concepts to be learned into a particular sequence. The optimization method that we have outlined can be used to improve the learning process.
Exodus: COMMENTARY PART I. ISRAEL IN EGYPT – EXODUS 1–15:21

THE OPPRESSION – EXODUS 1 NRSV 1 These are the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob, each with his household: 2 Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, 3 Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, 4 Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. 5 The total number of people born to Jacob was seventy. Joseph was already in Egypt. 6 Then Joseph died, and all his brothers, and that whole generation. 7 But the Israelites were fruitful and prolific; they multiplied and grew exceedingly strong, so that the land was filled with them. 8 Now a new king arose over Egypt, who did not know Joseph. 9 He said to his people, “Look, the Israelite people are more numerous and more powerful than we. 10 Come, let us deal shrewdly with them, or they will increase and, in the event of war, join our enemies and fight against us and escape from the land.” 11 Therefore they set taskmasters over them to oppress them with forced labor. They built supply cities, Pithom and Rameses, for Pharaoh. 12 But the more they were oppressed, the more they multiplied and spread, so that the Egyptians came to dread the Israelites. 13 The Egyptians became ruthless in imposing tasks on the Israelites, 14 and made their lives bitter with hard service in mortar and brick and in every kind of field labor. They were ruthless in all the tasks that they imposed on them.
Effect of long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on arterial oxygen saturation in patients with mild to moderate heart failure.

Study Objective. To evaluate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on continuous pulse oximetry recordings of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). Design. Open-label study. Setting. Cardiology clinics at two large teaching hospitals. Patients. Eight patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class (NYHA FC) II-III heart failure. Interventions. Patients were studied after an ACE inhibitor washout (baseline, B), and after 3 months following resumption of therapy (ACEI). Measurements and Main Results. Monitoring times for B and ACEI were approximately 22 hours. Reduction trends were observed for number (190 ± 170 vs 125 ± 67 B vs ACEI), magnitude (8.2 ± 1.4% vs 7.5 ± 1.8%), and duration (2.45 ± 2.8 vs 1.35 ± 0.8 min) of desaturations/monitoring period, and for nadir SpO2/desaturation (88.1 ± 1.5% vs 89.9 ± 3.3%). The B desaturation index [(cumulative desaturation time/monitoring period time) × 100, a measure of hypoxic stress or burden] decreased from 19.4 ± 8.1% to 11.9 ± 8.1% at ACEI (p=0.024). Conclusion. Long-term ACE inhibitor therapy improves the profile of SpO2 values over time in patients with NYHA FC II-III heart failure.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathological entity.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma (ALK+ LBCL) represents a distinct subtype of mature B-cell neoplasms in the most recent WHO classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. It has a characteristic immunoblastic/plasmablastic morphology, a distinct immunophenotypic profile and recurrent cytogenetic/molecular genetic abnormalities, and has been reported in both the adult and pediatric populations. With the advent of new ALK inhibitors for possible targeted therapy clinical trials, it is important to recognize this new entity, particularly in the pediatric population because the prognosis is worse than the more common ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Though rare, awareness of its existence will avoid potential misdiagnosis and facilitate appropriate management.
The Power of Mindful Learning

* Introduction * When Practice Makes Perfect * Creative Distraction * The Myth of Delayed Gratification * 1066 What? or The Hazards of Rote Memory * A New Look at Forgetting * Mindfulness and Intelligence * The Illusion of Right Answers
Regional translog production functions with capital and labor inputs differentiated by educational attainment: The Case of Japanese Industry, 1968–1977

Abstract This study attempts to answer whether the substitution between capital and educated and less-educated labor is different in the developed and less developed regions of Japan. Aggregate data for all Japanese industry on output, capital and the two kinds of labor, was used to estimate a translog production function for each of the two regions and for four years 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977. The results show: substitution elasticities are different for the two regions, a consistent labor index cannot be constructed, and one should reject the hypothesis of constant-returns-to-scale.
Teaching Strategies: “What If I Don't Speak It?” Classroom Strategies to Nurture Students' Heritage Languages

Is it an asset or a burden to be bilingual? Although bilingualism is appreciated by many people worldwide, immigrant families often struggle with the maintenance of their heritage language 1 (HL) a...
Comparative analysis and integrative classification of NCI60 cell lines and primary tumors using gene expression profiling data

NCI60 cell lines are derived from cancers of 9 tissue origins and have been invaluable in vitro models for cancer research and anti-cancer drug screen. Although extensive studies have been carried out to assess the molecular features of NCI60 cell lines related to cancer and their sensitivities to more than 100,000 chemical compounds, it remains unclear if and how well these cell lines represent or model their tumor tissues of origin. Identification and confirmation of correct origins of NCI60 cell lines are critical to their usage as model systems and to translate in vitro studies into clinical potentials. Here we report a direct comparison between NCI60 cell lines and primary tumors by analyzing global gene expression profiles. Comparative analysis suggested that 51 of 59 cell lines we analyzed represent their presumed tumors of origin. Taking advantage of available clinical information of primary tumor samples used to generate gene expression profiling data, we further classified those cell lines with the correct origins into different subtypes of cancer or different stages in cancer development. For example, 6 of 7 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines were classified as lung adenocarcinomas and all of them were classified into late stages in tumor progression. Taken together, we developed and applied a novel approach for systematic comparative analysis and integrative classification of NCI60 cell lines and primary tumors. Our results could provide guidance to the selection of appropriate cell lines for cancer research and pharmaceutical compound screenings. Moreover, this gene expression profile based approach can be generally applied to evaluate experimental model systems such as cell lines and animal models for human diseases.
First Order Differential Equations

Many problems of science and engineering require the description of some measurable quantity (position, temperature, population, concentration, electric current, etc.) as a function of time. Frequently, the scientific laws governing such quantities are best expressed as equations that involve the rate at which that quantity changes over time. Such laws give rise to differential equations.
Transcutaneous energy and information transfer for biomedical implants

Summary form only received as follows. Systems delivering energy and information to implanted devices via magnetic induction provide an alternative to the use of percutaneous wire leads for long-term medical implants. Design tradeoffs are governed by the conflicting demands of energy transfer efficiency, communication bandwidth, insensitivity to changes in coil coupling variation, and concerns about patient quality-of-life. Systems range in size from that of the waist-encircling transformer developed for energizing ventricular assist devices, to miniature encapsulated systems intended for intramuscular implantation via hypodermic. Information transfer bandwidth may be considerable, as in the case of the cochlear prosthesis. In high-energy transfer applications, selection of operating frequency involves tradeoffs between tissue thermal and electronic switching losses which tend to increase with frequency and losses in the tuned-circuits driving a coil which are inversely related to frequency. These systems have been in regular use since at least the time of the transcutaneously recharged pacemaker, and new applications continue to be developed. >
Abdul Rasheed and Toru Yoshikawa (Eds.), The Convergence of Corporate Governance: Promise and Prospects, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2012, ISBN 9780230297463, 296 pp.

The article reviews the book "The Convergence of Corporate Governance: Promise and Prospects" edited by Abdul Rasheed and Toru Yoshikawa.
The activities of host and graft glial cells following retinal transplantation into the lesioned adult rat eye: developmental expression of glial markers.

Abstract We have studied the time course of the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100 developmentally regulated proteins in host and graft tissue after transplantation of rat E15 retina to retinal lesion sites of adult rat hosts. Host Muller cell reactivity (GFAP staining) appeared in the peripheral retina 4.5 h after the lesion apparently in response to axotomy of the retinal ganglion cells, and then spread out in a declining wave over the whole dorsoventral extent of the retina within 1 day. From 2 days after transplantation, host glial cells appeared to migrate into the graft along the open host/graft interface, graft surfaces and blood vessels (at 8 days). Intrinsic graft glia cells (mostly Muller cells) developed approximately according to a normal time-table, but became partially reactive at 3 weeks and completely reactive at 5 weeks after transplantation. However, this reactivity seemed to have no effect on the formation of retinal laminae. Bipolar graft Muller cells were found most frequently in graft rosettes, forming an external limiting membrane around receptor inner segments, but no continuous inner limiting membrane on the vitreal surface. This was probably due to the disruption of the inner limiting membrane during transplantation, the lack or scarcity of ganglion cells or the random distribution of astrocytes in the graft.
Epidemiology of hydatidiform mole during early gestation

Different methodologic approaches have resulted in a wide variability in the reported incidence of hydatidiform mole in the United States. We studied the epidemiology of hydatidiform mole among 84,318 women obtaining legal abortions in the United States during the period 1975 to 1978. Our estimated rate of 7.5 hydatidiform moles per 10,000 pregnancies was similar to most reported rates for the United States. The rate was significantly higher for women 14 years or younger and those 45 years or older. Race, number of previous pregnancies, and number of previous spontaneous abortions were not found to significantly affect the risk of having the disease. The incidence was slightly (but not significantly) higher for women obtaining abortions during the first trimester than for those obtaining abortions during later gestation. This study minimizes the errors encountered in estimating the total number of pregnancies and the number of hydatidiform moles at later stages of gestation. Hydatidiform mole, although relatively the number of hydatidiform moles at later stages of gestation. Hydatidiform mole, although relatively uncommon, represents a complication of pregnancy that is of public health importance.
Effects of subunit cross-linking on the properties of crotoxin

Crotoxin was cross-linked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. Cross-linked crotoxin had the expected amino-terminal amino acids, amino acid composition, behavior on SDS-PAGE and an 80% reduction of reactable lysine residues. It was also non-toxic, had reduced immunological cross-reactivity toward both poly- and monoclonal antibodies raised to the basic subunit of crotoxin and had lost greater than 95% of its phospholipase activity. Loss of toxicity is due to either subunit cross-linking or the modification of essential residues.
A phase II study to assess the efficacy of amifostine for submandibular/sublingual salivary sparing during the treatment of head and neck cancer with intensity modulated radiation therapy for parotid salivary sparing

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) allows for relative parotid salivary gland sparing for patients undergoing treatment for head and neck squamous cell cancer, but is less reliable for sparing the submandibular glands. Cytoprotection with amifostine (Ethyol; Medimmune Inc, Gaithersburg, MD) has been shown to decrease rates of acute and late xerostomia in patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck squamous cell cancer. The addition of amifostine to IMRT may augment parotid salivary sparing, and add submandibular/sublingual, and minor salivary gland sparing resulting in greater salivary flow rates and a more physiologic saliva. Eligible patients include those slated to receive definitive IMRT for early oropharynx cancer or postoperative RT, both without chemotherapy, for more advanced cancers. These include T1, T2 and favorable T3 (favorable, exophytic), N0-2b (small volume) M0 oropharynx cancers who are to receive bilateral neck RT. Postoperative patients with nodal metastases, T3 and T4 primaries, perineural invasion, and lymphovascular invasion will be eligible. Patients will receive 30 to 33 fractions. Clinical target volume (CTV) 1 will receive 60 to 66 Gy, CTV2 will receive 60 Gy, and CTV3 will receive 54 to 57 Gy. The mean dose goal for the parotid gland is 25 Gy. Patients will receive fixed-dose amifostine 500 mg subcutaneously 30 to 60 minutes before each radiation fraction. Subjective xerostomia questionnaires will be administered. Whole mouth and individual major salivary gland stimulated and unstimulated saliva will be collected before and after therapy at 6 weeks, 6 and 12 months. Xerostomia outcomes will be correlated with salivary dose volume histogram data. Accrual has not yet begun. The results of this study will give an indication of the objective and subjective benefit of combined IMRT physical parotid salivary sparing and amifostine chemical cytoprotection for combined salivary gland sparing and reduction in the rate of xerostomia in patients undergoing IMRT for head and neck squamous cell cancer.