cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localized Parylene-C bonding with reactive multilayer foils

This paper describes a novel bonding technique using reactive multilayer Ni/Al foils as local heat sources to bond Parylene-C layers to another Parylene-C coating on a silicon wafer. Exothermic reactions in Ni/Al reactive multilayer foils were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry. XRD measurements showed that the dominant product after exothermic reaction was ordered B2 AlNi compound. The heat of reaction was calculated to be ?57.9?kJ?mol?1. A numerical model was developed to predict the temperature evolution in the parylene layers and silicon wafers during the bonding process. The simulation results revealed that localized heating occurred during the reactive foil joining process. Our experimental observation showed that the parylene layer was torn when the bond was forcefully broken, indicating a strong bond was achieved. Moreover, leakage test in isopropanol alcohol showed that reactive foil bonds can withstand liquid exposure. This study demonstrated the feasibility of reactive foil joining for broad applications in bio-microelectromechanical systems and microfluidic systems.
Toxicity-metabolism relationship of the photoisomers of certain chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide chemicals.

Photoaldrin, photodieldrin, and photoheptachlor are more toxic than their corresponding parent compounds (aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor) to freshwater invertebrates and vertebrates, and to adult houseflies. The increase in toxicity is very significant in the case of the amphipod,Gammarus (1.5–12 times), bluegill fry (3.6–5.7 times), mosquito larvae,Aedas (2.3–6 times), minnow fry (2.5 times), and the isopid,Asellus (2 times). The greatest increases occur with photodieldrin which is 12 and 5 times more toxic than dieldrin, respectively, toGammarus, and to blue-gill fry, and with photoaldrin which is 6 and 4 times more toxic than aldrin, respectively, to mosquito larvae and bluegill fry. The toxicities of the photoisomers of isodrin and chlordene are generally less than those of their parent compounds to all the organisms tested. The basis of the differences in toxicities of the chlorinated cyclodiene photoisomers appears to be related to their chemical structure which possibly affects their action at the site(s) of toxic action and/or detoxication. The acidic proton present at the secondary chloride in photoaldrin, photodieldrin, and photoheptachlor possibly is responsible for the formation of charge-transfer complexes between components of the nerve and the mixed-function oxidase; the latter enzyme apparently dehydrochlorinates these photo products to their corresponding, more toxic ketones. The absence of such protons in photoisodrin and photochlordene renders them incapable of forming such ketones. The inhibition of these reactions by sesamex in house flies increases the stability of the chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides and, thus, significantly affects their toxicity. The conversion of photoaldrin, photodieldrin, and photoheptachlor to more-toxic and lipophilic ketones warrants additional studies of their accumulation and subsequent concentration by the food chain.
Tiny Ionospheric Photometers on FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC: on-orbit performance

The Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) sensors aboard the Constellation Observing System for Meterology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC, also called FORMOSAT-3) spacecraft comprise a suite of six nadir-viewing ultraviolet photometers for characterizing the Earth's nightside ionosphere. The TIP instruments complement the ionospheric capabilities of the GPS occultation experiment (GOX) by characterizing horizontal ionospheric density gradients. These photometers target OI 135.6 nm emission produced by ionospheric O + +e recombination and measure ionospheric structure with a spatial resolution of 10-30 km. The TIP instrument design had to solve several design challenges in order to achieve its intended science and mission requirements within operational constraints imposed by the spacecraft and budget constraints. The photometers have a simple design which excludes OI 130.4 nm emission and achieves a sensitivity of approximately 500 counts/s/Rayleigh at 135.6nm. The satellites initially orbited in the same plane at 500 km, then over the course of 13 months they were individually raised to their final 800 km orbits in six planes separated by 24° in right ascension. These maneuvers provided opportunities for cross-calibration among the sensors, for multipass observations as the satellites orbit together early in the mission, and for observations at different spatial resolutions as the spacecraft operate at different altitudes. In this paper we evaluate on-orbit sensor performance of the TIP sensors, and discuss improvements for follow-on missions.
Redefining the roles of p38 and JNK signaling in cardiac hypertrophy: dichotomy between cultured myocytes and animal models

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways serve as pivotal transducers of diverse biologic functions including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 kinases constitute two important branches of the greater MAPK signaling cascade that function as specialized transducers of stress or injury responses, hence they are subclassified as stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs). In the myocardium, both p38 and JNK transduction cascades have been implicated in regulating the hypertrophic response, as well as cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Most reports proposing a pro-hypertrophic regulatory role for JNK and p38 signaling placed a heavy or exclusive reliance on culture-based models of cellular growth. More recently, a number of studies in genetically modified animal models have challenged the previously proposed role of JNK and p38 as pro-hypertrophic signaling effectors in the myocardium. This review will discuss an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the SAPKs (JNK and p38) do not positively regulate cardiac hypertrophy in vivo, but in fact may actually serve as negative regulators of this response in the adult heart. However, SAPK signaling is likely maladaptive, despite its putative anti-hypertrophic role in vivo, given the observation of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in gain-of-function transgenic models.
Synthesis and biological activity of DNA damaging agents that form decoy binding sites for the estrogen receptor

It is a goal of cancer chemotherapy to achieve the selective killing of tumor cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissues. We describe the design of selective toxins forming DNA adducts that attract the estrogen receptor (ER), a transcription factor that is overexpressed in many human breast and ovarian tumors. The compounds consist of 4-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-(2-chloroethyl)-aniline linked to 2-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-indole. The former moiety is a DNA damaging nitrogen mustard and the latter is a ligand for the ER. The connection between these groups was refined to permit DNA adducts formed by the mustard portion of the molecule to present the ligand domain so that it was able to interact efficiently with the ER. By using 16-mers containing specific DNA adducts, it was determined that monoadducts and putative intrastrand crosslinks were preferred targets for the ER over interstrand crosslinks. A series of structurally related 2-phenylindole mustards was prepared, some of which were selectively toxic to the ER-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7, as compared with the ER(−) negative line MDA-MB231. The ability both to bind to DNA and to interact significantly with the ER were essential to achieve selective lethality toward ER(+) cells. Compounds forming DNA adducts without the ability to bind receptor showed similar toxicities in the two cell lines. Several models could explain the selective toxicity of the mustard–phenylindole compounds toward ER(+) cells. The favored model suggests that a mustard–DNA adduct is shielded by the ER from DNA repair enzymes and hence cells possessing an abundance of the ER selectively retain the adduct and are killed.
Synthesis of a naphthylvinylpyridine derivative and its use for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase.

N-(10-carboxy)decamethylene-4(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium chloride, a derivative of the choline acetyltransferase (CAT) inhibitor naphthylvinylpyridine (NVP) was synthesized and used as a ligand for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase. The preparation of this inhibitor included the quaternization of naphthylvinylpyridine with 11-Br-undecanoic acid methyl ester to obtain N-(10-carbomethoxy)decamethylene-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide, followed by hydrolysis to free the carboxylic group. This inhibitor (C11-NVP+) had a potency comparable to that of N-methyl-4(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridinium iodide (C1-NVP+) which is the most potent derivative of NVP but which lacks a functional group for conjugation to Sepharose. The C11-NVP+ was then bound through the carboxylic group to aminoalkyl Sepharose by a carbodiimide promoted condensation reaction. Interaction of CAT with the inhibitor retarded its elution from a column of Sepharose-C11-NVP+ and permitted the purification of the enzyme to electrophoretic homogeneity starting from a preparation in which CAT represented about 20% of the total proteins. Conventional procedures of protein purification had previously been unsuccessful in isolating the enzyme in pure form. Inhibition studies showed that CAT could exhibit either a “high” or a “low” sensitivity to inhibition by naphthylvinylpyridine and its derivatives (I50 with C1-NVP+ = 0.57 μm or 5.2 μm). A direct relationship existed between the sensitivity of CAT to these inhibitors and the retention of the enzyme by the affinity column.
Getting remedial mathematics students to prefer homework with 20% and 40% more problems : An investigation of the strength of the interspersing procedure

High school students in remedial mathematics classes were exposed to three pairs of mathematics computation assignments. Three of the assignments served as control assignments and contained 15 target problems (i.e., three-digit by two-digit multiplication problems). Students were also exposed to three paired experimental assignments that contained either 15 (0% more), 18 (20% more), or 21 (40% more) equivalent target problems. Each experimental assignment was also lengthened by interspersing additional one-digit by one-digit problems following every third target problem. After exposure to each pair of assignments, students reported which of the two assignments (control or experimental) would require the most time and effort to finish, which was most difficult, and which assignment they would prefer to do for homework. Across all three assignment pairs, significantly more students rated the experimental assignment more favorably for time, effort, and difficulty and chose the experimental assignment for homework. These results extend previous research on interspersing additional brief tasks by showing that this procedure has sufficient strength to get students to prefer homework assignments with 20% and 40% more target problems. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Energy response of silicon surface-barrier particle detectors to slow heavy ions

Abstract The energy deposited in electronic excitations was measured for H, He, Li, N, Ne, Na, Ar, K, Rb, and Cs projectiles with initial velocities 0.3 v0
Heliocentric radial intensity profiles of galactic cosmic rays measured by the IMP, Voyager, and Pioneer spacecraft in solar 11-year modulation cycles of opposite magnetic polarity

[1] We examine in this paper the heliocentric radial intensity profiles at heliolatitudes <35° of five energies/species of galactic cosmic rays as measured by IMP, Pioneer 10, and Voyagers 1 and 2 over several 11-year solar cycles of different solar magnetic polarity. At times of maximum solar modulation the radial profiles in each cycle are remarkably similar. At times of minimum solar modulation (maximum intensity) these radial profiles differ greatly in the negative and positive solar magnetic polarity cycles. At the positive polarity cycle intensity maximum in 1977 and 1997 these intensity profiles exhibit a strong radial dependence out to ∼15 AU, beyond which the intensity profile is nearly flat. Also in the positive polarity cycles the amplitude of the 11-year solar modulation cycle from maximum to minimum intensity decreases strongly with radius. At the negative polarity cycle intensity maximum in 1987 the radial intensity profiles at all energies are all consistent with a radial gradient which is ∼r−0.50±0.03, which when extrapolated to 85–95 AU gives intensities a factor ∼2–3 times higher at that distance than those in the positive cycles. The maximum extrapolated intensities of H and He nuclei at 85–95 AU in the negative polarity cycle in 1987 are comparable to the estimated interstellar intensities at rigidities above ∼1.5 GV, but at rigidities below ∼1 GV they are considerably less. This suggests that additional modulation is occurring in the heliosphere beyond 85–95 AU at these times. This rigidity-dependent outer heliospheric modulation would greatly affect all particles with rigidities below a few hundred megavolts. In the positive polarity cycles, because of the lower extrapolated intensities at 85–95 AU, this outer heliospheric modulation is larger by a factor of 2–3 at all rigidities. Remarkably, in the scenario described here, a cosmic ray detector fixed at ∼85 AU in the solar ecliptic plane would probably not even see a solar 11-year variation but instead see a very asymmetrical 22-year variation which would depend on the solar magnetic polarity. Current modulation models explain some of these features when they include a heliospheric termination shock embedded in a larger modulation region.
Cytochrome P-450 metabolic-intermediate complex formation from p-aminobenzoic acid esters and other arylamines.

Metabolism of a series of p-aminobenzoic acid esters by rat liver microsomal fractions resulted in the formation of cytochrome P-450 metabolic — intermediate complexes. With conditions that allowed complex formation to proceed to completion, about 20% of control rat cytochrome P-450 was sequestered as a complex. Phenobarbital, but not β-naphthoflavone induced additional cytochrome P-450, which with specific esters could be complexed to about 60%. For other esters, the induced cytochrome maximally complexed to about 20%, as was seen in uninduced rats. The two groups of p-aminobenzoic acid esters could not be readily delineated by lipid/water partition coefficients or steric factors.
Variable contact angle model for gas hydrate equilibrium in porous media

A new thermodynamic model is presented to determine gas hydrate equilibrium in sediments. Using variable contact angles between water and gas in pores, we obtain more accurate prediction of the equilibrium condition of gas hydrates in the sediment than previous studies that used a constant angle of zero. An empirical correlation between variable contact angles and gas solubility is determined in terms of experimental data and is used in the thermodynamic calculations. The new variable contact angle model can reduce the prediction error for equilibrium pressure by more than 50% compared to the Clark–Bishnoi model for temperatures > 274 K. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Predicting Short-Run Aggregate Adjustment to Policy Alternatives

SEVERAL speakers at last year's AFEA meeting underscored the need for production economists to work harder on real-world policy problems [1, 2, 6]. One prescription, offered by Cromarty, was "to construct an aggregative econometric model for agriculture which could be used to forecast changes in production, utilization, and prices of commodities or commodity groups" [2, p. 1488]. Our paper describes some experience with the approach which Cromarty suggested. In 1964, the Farm Production Economics Division of the Economic Research Service began to develop a "national model" of aggregate production response, to help answer policy questions asked by the Administration and Congress. The specific need was for a systematic framework that would provide timely, short-run estimates of production, resource use, income, and related variables under alternative government farm programs. Early experience with the national model made it clear that a team effort was needed if useful estimates were to be obtained before policy decisions were made. As a result, a research team was formed within FPED called the Aggregate Production Analysis Team (APAT). We believe that only by locating members of such a team in different producing regions of the country can we hope to add the human judgment that is needed throughout the analytical process. Thus, APAT consists of seven regional analysts and four analysts located in Washington, D.C.' The national model is the first component of a research "system" being developed by APAT. Since this system is an outgrowth of our experience with the national model, we present a description and evaluation of that experience before previewing the rest of the system.
A Constructivist Perspective for Integrating Spirituality into Counselor Training

Significant efforts have been made in recent years to integrate training in spirituality and religion into counselor training programs. This article highlights issues that may be encountered by some trainees and suggests that constructivist teaching principles be used to mitigate these concerns. The authors present recommendations and activities in the context of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (2009) Spiritual Competencies.
Chlorobis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)[N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-(1-phenylvinyl)amide]zirconium(IV)

The title compound, [Zr(C5H5)2Cl(C20H24N)], is the second example of an enamido zirconocene to be crystallographically characterized. The geometry about nitro­gen is planar, but the orientation of the aryl and vinyl substituents indicates that the nitro­gen lone pair is not conjugated with their π-systems. These features are attributed to the steric bulk of the complex.
Possessor raising and the structure of VP

Abstract This paper investigates the Possessive Dative Construction (PDC) in Hebrew and Romance, and centers on the puzzling nature of the Possessor Dative (PD) — a semantic argument of the possessee which behaves like a syntactic argument of the verb. A variety of structural tests indicate that the possessee contains an empty category bound by the possessor, as previous researchers have concluded (Gueron, 1985; Borer and Grodzinsky, 1986); however, contrary to what the standard ‘thematic’ analysis of PDC maintains, it is argued that this is a genuine movement dependency. A case-driven possessor-raising account is developed, which explains the possessor-possessee co-occurrence restriction, and the interaction of PDC with extraction and control phenomena. The claim that PD raises to a specifier position projected by the verb further derives a significant cross-linguistic generalization — namely, that PDC is incompatible with non-agentive dyadic verbs. This generalization supersedes the ‘theme-affectedness’ condition, which is shown to be empirically false. The syntax of PDC proves a useful tool to probe into the structure of VP across various verb classes.
Synthesis of some substituted difluoronitroacetanilides and their reduction to substituted N-difluoronitroethylanilines

Abstract The synthesis of difluoronitroacetanilide and its p-methyl and m-methoxyl derivatives and their reduction by diborane in tetrahydrofuran to the corresponding N-difluoronitroethylanilines is described. Yields on the acetanilides ranged from 13 to 43% and on the anilines from 50 to 64%.
Technical note: Assessing the functional capacity of mitochondria isolated from lactating mammary tissue: Choose your chelating agent wisely

Previous work has indicated that respiratory activity of mitochondrial preparations prepared from lactating mammary tissue is often much lower than that of mitochondria isolated from other organs such as the liver. Initial studies in our own laboratory also found that mammary mitochondria prepared from lactating mice had much lower ATP synthesis activity than those isolated from liver tissue obtained from the same animals. In this paper, we describe an improved procedure for obtaining coupled mitochondria from the mammary tissue of lactating mice. Using a high-throughput assay for mitochondrial ATP synthesis, we demonstrated that mammary mitochondria, unlike liver mitochondria, are sensitive to the concentration of bovine serum albumin and to the choice of chelating agent used in the preparation and assay buffers. Mammary mitochondria prepared and assayed in buffers containing 1 mM ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N' tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and 0.4% bovine serum albumin have a similar ATP synthesis activity as liver mitochondria. In addition, we show that the chelating agent EDTA ablates the ATP synthesis capacity of mammary mitochondria through a mechanism that does not involve the release of cytochrome c. We also demonstrate that these improved isolation and assay procedures are both scalable and applicable to bovine mammary tissue, and we describe optimal conditions for cryopreservation and recovery of functionally active mitochondria. This work will facilitate future studies aimed at determining the importance of mammary mitochondria to milk production.
A Novel Case of L‐transposition with a Right‐dominant Double Aortic Arch

We describe a case of congenitally corrected transposition with a double aortic arch. This unique combination of lesions highlights the importance of a complete anatomic assessment prior to referral for surgery.
Images of Man and Social Control: Correlates and Consequences

Drawing on the theoretical writings of Stoll, Erickson and Friedson, the following report empirically examines how images of man and ideologies of deviance influence the ways in which individuals respond to deviant acts and deviant actors. The specific image of deviance dealt with in this research consists of expectations or beliefs about the perceived permanence of the deviant behavior and the extent to which the deviant is perceived to be incapable of change. This image of deviance is referred to in this report as the future behavior image of deviants (FBID). Experimental and survey data are used to provide information on both correlates and consequences of FBID. The consequences of FBID were operationalized in terms of both attitudinal and behavioral responses to shoplifting. In addition, since the shoplifting incidents were staged and involved the experimental manipulation of shoplifter's appearance (hippie vs. straight), the joint effects of reactions to shoplifting of appearance and acceptance of FB...
Jaw muscle activity in complete denture wearers—A longitudinal electromyographic study

EMG study of subjects wearing immediate complete upper and lower dentures revealed marked alterations in activity of the jaw closing muscles during the biting actions recorded. This finding suggests that changes in jaw and occlusal relationships due to resorption of residual ridges and settling of the dentures also affects jaw muscle activity. The relations between EMG and morphologic findings will be analyzed further in a separate article.
A longitudinal, replicated analysis of low achievement in reading at age 7

Abstract The question explored is whether initial success and failure in reading at age 7 can be explained statistically by use of variables gathered at earlier ages. Data gathered prospectively from birth to age 6 in the home are grouped in four predictor models. Reading performance is analyzed by multiple linear regression and schematized by the TSAR technique. The design includes replication of all models and analyses.
Commentary on an article by Benjamin Bruce, MD, et al.: "Are dropped osteoarticular bone fragments safely reimplantable in vivo?".

The study by Bruce and coauthors is elegant and well designed. Importantly, it represents a clinically relevant investigation into both the antimicrobial efficacy as well as the impact on chondrocyte viability of several decontamination techniques for dropped osteochondral fragments. In Phase I of the study, operating suite floors were swabbed and dropped fresh osteochondral fragments (n = 162) were cultured without disinfection to determine the microbiologic profile and the rate of contamination of dropped fragments. In Phase II, inoculated bone fragments (n = 340) were cleansed with 10% povidone-iodine, 4% chlorhexidine, 70% isopropyl alcohol/2% chlorhexidine gluconate, or 0.9% normal saline solution as decontamination solutions with either a five or a ten-minute “soak” followed by mechanical decontamination via either bulb syringe irrigation “rinse” or a physical “scrub” with a bristled sponge. Finally, in Phase III, articular chondrocyte viability of fragments (n = 101) was assessed following each of the various combinations of chemical and mechanical decontamination. The two most common organisms identified on culture of both the swabs and …
1-[4-(Hex­yl­oxy)phen­yl]pyridin-4(1H)-one monohydrate

Structure analysis of the title compound, C17H21NO2·H2O, containing a polar 4-pyridone moiety, demonstrates that bifurcated acceptor hydrogen bonds involving water mol­ecules as hydrogen-bonding donors and C=O groups as hydrogen-bonding acceptors form infinite one-dimensional mol­ecular chains.
Structure and sensory apparatus of oral remnants of the nasopalatine canals in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus L.).

Light microscopy of serially sectioned nasopalatine duct remnants in ventral rostral integument of four adult (2 ♂, 2 ♀) fin whales reveals: (1) a common structure in all, (2) blindly ending nasopalatine pits 4 to 9 mm deep, (3) solid epithelial duct remnants 12 to 15 mm long, (4) lack of chemoreceptor endings, and (5) an abundance of presumed mechanoreceptors, mostly of the Pacinian category on the adoral sides, but also including some thinly encapsulated and perivascular ones that extend into the abundant connective tissue papillae of the duct remnants. Comparative and evolutionary relations of these structures are discussed.
Labor Market Advancement for Young Men: How It Differs by Educational Attainment and Race/Ethnicity During the Initial Transition to Work

Using data from the 1990 U.S. Census and the 2006–2007 American Community Survey (ACS) and a synthetic cohort method, this article examines the labor market performance of young men during their initial transition to work and how it differs by educational attainment and race. The article looks at young men between the ages of 16 to 26 in 1990 who were no longer enrolled in school and men between the ages of 32–33 and 42–43 in the 2006–2007 period. Strong patterns in the results confirm conventional wisdom that economic and labor market outcomes are superior with increased levels of educational attainment. However, outcomes were more dramatic for those with college degrees than others (relative to those who dropped out of high school), confirming the disproportionate value of obtaining a college degree. Graduating from high school, going to community college, or receiving an associate's degree also improved outcomes. The data revealed that not acquiring a high school degree, especially for domestic-born ra...
Perception and immediate recall of normal and “compressed” auditory sequences

For a fixed presentation rate, the ratio of speech-to-pause time was varied in three experiments. Ss recalled seven-digit sequences or monitored for item or order information in addition to recall. Removing 33% of the speech and substituting pause time improved recall accuracy and monitoring reaction times. The data suggest that loss of order information in recall may result from cumulative perceptual delays when adequate pause time is unavailable.
Primitive Path Identification and Statistics in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Entangled Polymer Melts

To identify primitive paths, which are centerlines of confining tubes, two leading methods, namely total quadratic energy minimization and length minimization, are explored and compared in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of linear pearl-necklace polymer chains. Energy minimization leads to a slightly larger averaged length but much narrower contour length distribution around the average length than does length minimization. Applications of both methods to melts of linear polymers in MD simulations confirm a quadratic entropic potential governing the primitive path length distribution. However, length minimization leads to a prefactor of around 1.5, in agreement with the classical result of Doi and Edwards, while energy minimization gives a prefactor of around 3.0.
High dietary fat and the development of osteoarthritis in a rabbit model.

Summary Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with obesity, although this relationship remains unclear. Proposed etiologies of OA in obesity include mechanical loading of malaligned joints and possible toxicity of dietary fat. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that increased dietary fat worsens OA in both malaligned and normal joints, detected by biochemical and histological cartilage markers. Method 83 New Zealand white rabbits were divided among two conditions related to OA: bowing of the knee and a 14%kcal vs 47.8%kcal fat diet. Rabbit weights and knee angles were compared throughout the experiment. At 28 and 38 weeks, intra-articular forces were measured, animals sacrificed, and knee cartilage examined for histological changes, glycosaminoglycan content, 35S uptake, and aggrecanase-1 expression. Results There were no differences in animal weights or intra-articular forces between the two diets. Despite increased fat content in their diet, animals on the 47.8%kcal fat diet did not gain excess weight. Representative histology showed atypical shearing of articular cartilage among animals on the high fat diet. Animals on the 47.8%kcal fat diet had suppression of protein synthesis compared to the 14%kcal fat diet: lower glycosaminoglycan content and aggrecanase-1 expression in all knee compartments at both times, and lower 35S uptake at 38 weeks. Conclusion These results suggest dietary fat, independent of animal weight, results in altered chondrocyte function. Increased dietary fat was associated with changes in rabbit cartilage in vivo and appears to be a risk factor for the development of OA.
Demonstration of charge-coupled devices in fully depleted SOI

This paper discusses on demonstration of charge-coupled devices in fully depleted SOI. CCDs implemented in FDSOI are expected to operate up to higher speeds than conventional bulk surface-channel CCDs. While FDSOI CCDs retain the high linearity and charge storage density of surface-channel CCDs, the buried oxide (BOX) layer allows strong fringing electric fields to penetrate beneath the gates and accelerate the transfer of charge from gate to gate. The simulation results illustrate the speed improvement with increasing BOX thickness. The improvement saturates when the BOX thickness becomes comparable to the gate length.
A 6-30GHz Image-rejection Distributed Resistive MMIC Mixer in a Low Cost Surface Mount Package

A wideband image-rejection distributed resistive mixer configuration has been demonstrated. A 6-30GHz image-rejection mixer has been integrated onto a single GaAs MMIC chip and then packaged into a low cost 5×5mm surface mount (SMT) package. The completed mixer showed −10dB typical conversion gain with 15dB image-rejection ratio over the band.
Big Little Icons

Computer icons are small artificial images designed to be perceived with minimal ambiguity by the human visual system. In order to make them easier to perceive by visually impaired people, we propose a solution to the superresolution problem for color bitmap icons in a manner that exploits the unique characteristics of this medium versus that of generic low resolution natural imagery. We propose an MRF-based solution that incorporates local models of luminance and color perception which lays the basis for a snake-based vectorization of the icon and demonstrates encouraging performance on a diverse set of icons.
Transient stability constrained optimal power flow

This paper presents the formulation of a transient stability constrained optimal power flow problem. The Taylor series expansion of differential equations method and the value of rotor angles with respect to a center of inertia frame of reference have been used to model the transient stability constraint. The MATLAB optimization toolbox has been used to implement the method. Results on the IEEE 39-bus system show that it is possible to provide a transiently stable dispatch which could prevent a power system from being transiently unstable following a fault.
Ryanodine receptors contribute to bile acid-induced pathological calcium signaling and pancreatitis in mice.

Biliary pancreatitis is the most common etiology for acute pancreatitis, yet its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Ca2+ signals generated within the pancreatic acinar cell initiate the ...
Resolving poor pellet quality and maintaining amino acid digestibility in commercial turkey diet feed manufacture

SUMMARY Commercial turkey feed manufacturing often requires high throughput and high levels of fat, resulting in poor pellet quality. Many mills use low mixer-added fat (MAF) to improve ingredient binding and pellet quality, but this technique may decrease feed nutrient digestibility. Two experiments were conducted to determine the best feed manufacture technique (MTECH) to maximize pellet quality and maintain amino acid digestibility of commercial-type turkey diets. Experiment 1 was a 3-binder (binder 1, binder 2, or natural binder) × 2 MTECH [1% MAF + 38.1-mm die (MTECH1) or 3% MAF + 44.9-mm die (MTECH2)] factorial design that used commercial-type turkey starter diets manufactured at West Virginia University’s pilot feed mill. In experiment 1, both binders improved pellet quality. Employing MTECH2 decreased pellet quality (minimally; ~5% modified pellet durability index) and pellet mill electrical energy usage (~15%). Diets that contained binder 1, the marginally better binder, and natural binder used at each MTECH were chosen to test amino acid digestibility using the standardized digestibility assay with cecectomized roosters in experiment 2. The inclusion of binder 1 improved the digestibility of several tested amino acids. There was a binder × MTECH interaction, in that when binder was removed from diets manufactured utilizing MTECH1, the digestibility of some amino acids decreased, whereas MTECH2 maintained high amino acid digestibility regardless of binder.
Expression and regulation of transcript for the novel transmembrane protein Tmem182 in the adipocyte and muscle lineage

White adipose tissue is not only an energy storage organ; it also functions as an endocrine organ. The coordination and integration of numerous gene expression events is required to establish and maintain the adipocyte phenotype. We previously observed a 45-fold upregulation for a transcript encoding a novel predicted transmembrane protein, Tmem182, upon brown preadipocyte to adipocyte conversion. Here we use real-time PCR analysis to further characterize Tmem182 transcript expression in the adipocyte lineage. Analysis across a panel of 10 murine tissues revealed highest Tmem182 transcript expression in white adipose tissues (WAT), with 10-fold to 20-fold higher levels than in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Tmem182 transcript expression is ~3-fold upregulated in BAT of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice vs. wild type C57BL/6. Analysis of three in vitro models of white adipogenesis indicates markedly enriched expression of Tmem182 transcript in adipocytes vs. preadipocytes. Compared to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, a 157-fold higher level of Tmem182 transcript is detected at 3 day post-induction of adipogenesis and an ~2500-fold higher level in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. TNFα treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes resulted in a ~90% decrease in Tmem182 transcript level. As skeletal muscle and heart were also found to express Tmem182 transcript, we assessed expression in C2C12 myogenesis and observed a ~770-fold upregulation upon conversion of myoblasts to myocytes. WAT is the most prominent site of Tmem182 transcript expression and levels of transcript for Tmem182 are altered in adipose tissues of ob/ob mice and upon exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. The dramatic upregulation of Tmem182 transcript during in vitro adipogenesis and myogenesis suggests Tmem182 may function in intracellular pathways important in these two cell types.
Automated vision-based selection and placement of single cells in microwell array formats

A robotic manipulation system for automated selection and transfer of individual living cells of interest to analysis locations is presented. The system is the first in a series of operational components comprising an integrated system for the analysis of cell expression and metabolism at the single cell level. In our approach, we begin with a commonly used cell transfer technique, which uses glass capillary micropipettes to aspirate and release cells. Using a vision-based feedback closed-loop control process, two individual three-axis robotic stages are used to position the micropipette tip in proximity to the cell of interest. The cell is aspirated and the tip is moved to a target location, where the cell is then dispensed. For our initial application, the target location for living cells of interest is a microwell containing sensors that measure metabolic parameters. The system, when complete with fully integrated functionality, will offer a robust and flexible technology for cell selection and manipulation. Applications for this technology include precise tools for multi-parameter analysis of single cells, cell patterning, tissue engineering, and cell surgery.
Detection of platelet sensitivity to inhibitors of COX-1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 using a whole blood microfluidic flow assay

Abstract Background Microfluidic devices recreate the hemodynamic conditions of thrombosis. Methods Whole blood inhibited with PPACK was treated ex vivo with inhibitors and perfused over collagen for 300 s (wall shear rate = 200 s- 1) using a microfluidic flow assay. Platelet accumulation was measured in the presence of COX-1 inhibitor (aspirin, ASA), P2Y1 inhibitor (MRS 2179), P2Y12 inhibitor (2MeSAMP) or combined P2Y1 and P2Y12 inhibitors. Results High dose ASA (500 μM), 2MeSAMP (100 μM), MRS 2179 (10 μM), or combined 2MeSAMP and MRS 2179 decreased total platelet accumulation by 27.5%, 75.6%, 77.7%, and 87.9% (p Conclusions Microfluidic devices can detect platelet sensitivity to antiplatelet agents. The R-value can serve as a self-normalized metric of platelet function for a single blood sample.
Transient Wave Propagation in Multilayered Viscoelastic Media: Theory, Numerical Computation, and Validation

This paper extends the classical problem of transient wave propagation in multilayered solids to transient wave propagation in multilayered viscoelastic solids. Laplace and Hankel transforms and the transfer-matrix approach are used in the formulation together with the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle in linear viscoelasticity. The derived formula provides a theoretical basis to allow effective and efficient numerical algorithms to be developed. MATLAB is used to develop a computer program DYNALAYER T that implements the theory developed. The numerical results are compared with the existing data available in literature and those obtained from finite element analysis using ANSYS. Excellent agreement has been observed from comprehensive comparisons, which verifies the validity of the theory, algorithm, and computer program developed in this study. The conclusion and findings of this study may result in a number of engineering applications, such as nondestructive evaluation of highway and airport pavements, petroleum exploration, countermine technology, geophysical inversion, structural health monitoring, and vehicle weigh-in-motion systems. DOI: 10.1115/1.2839906
The assessment of pain in children.

This paper attempts to provide a few guidelines of use to the nurse in assessing the pain experience in children inasmuch as there still exists a paucity of literature on the assessment and management of pain in children. The study of pain is of great relevance to the pediatric nurse, who must understand the different variables that affect the perception and expression of pain in children in order to be able to intervene appropriately. Information pertinent to the assessment of pain using developmental, psychologic, and cultural variables has here been presented. In addition, assessment tools that have been developed and tested on children have been listed and discussed. The intent is to sensitize pediatric nurses to the variables involved in the care of children in pain and to encourage them to examine the multitude of research questions that need answering. Only when these questions have been answered scientifically can we begin to solve some of the mysteries of pain in children.
Changes in photosynthetic attributes in response to copper depletion in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L)

Abstract Various characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus of sugar beet were investigated with respect to changes in leaf copper content due to copper depletion. Copper deficiency inhibited whole chain electron transport or photosystem (PS) I or PS II electron transport measured separately. The minimal copper requirement was found to be 0.95 natom/cm2 for whole chain electron transport and 0.75 natom/cm2 for PS I or PS II electron transport. The minimum copper requirement to maintain normal contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and plastoquinone was 0.5 natom Cu/cm2.
3-D-Printed Air-Core Inductors for High-Frequency Power Converters

This paper presents the design, modeling, and characterization of 3-D-printed air-core inductors for high-frequency power electronics circuits. The use of 3-D modeling techniques to make passive components extends the design flexibility and addresses some of the fabrication limitations of traditional processes. Recent work [1] – [9] has demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating air-core inductors in high-frequency ( $>$ 10 MHz) switching power converters. These implementations have used discrete wire wound solenoids and toroids, and planar components that use printed circuit board traces or microfabrication techniques to make air-core inductors. However, realizations of such components have limitations in performance and applicability including open paths conducive to the flow of leakage fields, and difficulties in achieving optimal cross section to minimize loss. Along with the current effort of involving 3-D printing technology to make inductors [10] , [11] , we propose the use of 3-D printing and casting/plating techniques as a simple and accessible alternative that adds flexibility and functionality to the air-core inductor design for high-frequency power conversion at moderate to high-power (e.g., tens to thousands of watts) and high-voltage (greater than 100 V) levels. In this paper, we present several examples of air-core inductors realized using 3-D printing and casting/plating techniques to give an idea of the geometries that are possible to design. Moreover, we show that some of these designs can lead to improved electrical performance. This paper also describes the tools used by the authors to design, fabricate, and characterize the electromagnetic performance of the air-core inductors. The software used to generate the 3-D scaffolds for the inductors are freely available and easily accessible. Readers are encouraged to explore more possibilities of geometries that can lead to better performance with the ease of manufacturing. As progress in additive manufacturing continues, we envision 3-D printing of a complete scaffold structure that after plating (or casting) will contain all resonant passive components of an RF switching converter. Toward this goal, we present a 70-W prototype 27.12-MHz resonant inverter that incorporates some of the 3-D-printed components developed for this paper.
The effects of a secondary task on forward and backward walking in Parkinson's disease.

Background People with Parkinson disease (PD) often fall while multi-tasking or walking backward, unavoidable activities in daily living. Dual tasks involving cognitive demand during gait and unfamiliar motor skills like backward walking could identify those with fall risk, but dual tasking while walking backward has not been examined in those with PD, those who experience Freezing of Gait (FOG), or healthy older controls.
The Perspectives of Fieldwork Educators Regarding Level II Fieldwork Students

ABSTRACT Ten occupational therapists employed in pediatric and adult rehabilitation settings participated in focus groups to discuss their perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks in working with occupational therapy students. Participants identified professional values, opportunities for continued professional development, recruitment of future employees, and pride in learning experiences available as incentives for working with students. Fieldwork educators who had supervised students lacking foundational communication, problem-solving, and clinical skills were cautious about accepting future Level II students. Time constraints and lack of preparation for the educator role were perceived as barriers to working with students. Fieldwork educators expected the academic institution to provide efficient support, including training for the educator role, information regarding the expectations of the academic program, and ongoing communication over the fieldwork experience. Strategies for strengthening the ties between academic programs and fieldwork sites were explored.
Pilot Testing of the Pediatric Screening Inventory in the Primary Care Setting

Objective: The present study was a preliminary evaluation of a parental self-report questionnaire appropriate for the pediatric primary care setting (The Pediatric Screening Inventory; PSI). The PSI assesses three domains: parenting skills, child behavior problems, and behaviors related to medical compliance. Methods: Piloting of the PSI involved a randomized block design that assigned pediatric primary care providers (n=214 visits) to either utilize the PSI (experimental condition) or conduct assessment as usual (control condition). Three hypotheses comparing the control and experimental conditions were tested. Results: The PSI was found to statistically significantly improve rates of detection and intervention of targeted problem domains in the pediatric primary care setting, while not having any observed adverse effects on either parent or provider satisfaction. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that screening and providing effective and efficient behavioral interventions in the pediatric primary care setting can lead to positive outcomes.
Broadening Student Perspectives On Marketing Research Ethics: Development And Applications Of A Teaching Module

This paper describes an ethics module developed by the author to engage marketing research students during the fall semester, when they are bombarded by political polls. The module matches ethically questionable polling practices to similarly troubling practices in marketing research. The goals are to show that ethical principles are not topic- or context-bound and to broaden students’ perspectives on ethics, in general.