cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Litigation-Arbitration Dichotomy Meets the Class Action

Courts and commentators often conceive of litigation and arbitration as dichotomous regimes for civil dispute resolution. Two new decisions from the Supreme Court provide the occasion to rethink this conventional view. In Shady Grove v. Allstate Insurance, the Court acknowledges that a class action often alters dramatically the incidence of claiming but, for purposes of the Rules Enabling Act, the Court deems this effect to be merely “incidental.” In Stolt-Nielsen v. AnimalFeeds, however, the Court deems the use of class-wide arbitration to be such a “fundamental” change as to lie outside the authority of arbitrators in the face of contractual silence as to class treatment.This Article – for the annual Federal Courts, Practice & Procedure issue of the Notre Dame Law Review – urges a more synthetic understanding of litigation and arbitration. For all their differences, the Court’s accounts of class treatment under the Rules Enabling Act and the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) evidence a deep, but undertheorized, convergence. Shady Grove is the latest of the Court’s efforts to map the proper relationship between federal and state law under the Erie and Hanna doctrines. This Article explains how the Court’s arbitration jurisprudence has come to replicate key structural features of the Erie and Hanna doctrines in litigation. The Article then underscores the transnational dimensions of arbitration in our modern world of globalized commerce – one that frames in a new light the holding in Stolt-Nielsen within the context of the Court’s thinking about extraterritoriality and transnational recognition of judgments in litigation. The Article then turns to a case now before the Court – AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion – concerning an arbitration clause that would waive the opportunity for consumers to participate in either a class action or a class arbitration. The Article explains how the approach of the lower courts in Concepcion presents the Supreme Court with the counterpart, in the arbitration setting, to the mistaken application of state law rightly overturned in Shady Grove under the Hanna doctrine. Such a view nonetheless would afford ample latitude for contextual, Erie-like analysis of other arbitration clauses with class waivers tantamount to exculpatory clauses. The Article concludes by situating its synthetic conception of litigation and arbitration within ongoing debate over the proposed Arbitration Fairness Act.
α-Stable Limit Laws for Harmonic Mean Estimators of Marginal Likelihoods

The task of calculating marginal likelihoods arises in a wide array of statistical inference problems, including the evaluation of Bayes factors for model selection and hypothesis testing. Although Markov chain Monte Carlo methods have simplified many posterior calculations needed for practical Bayesian analysis, the evaluation of marginal likelihoods remains difficult. We consider the behavior of the wellknown harmonic mean estimator (Newton and Raftery, 1994) of the
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURES RELATED TO FORECASTING ERROR VARIANCE RATIOS

Differential geometrical structures (Riemannian metrics, pairs of dual affine connections, divergences and yokes) related to multi-step forecasting error variance ratios are introduced to a manifold of stochastic linear systems. They are generalized to nonstationary cases. The problem of approximating a given time series by a specific model is discussed. As examples, we use the established scheme to discuss the AR (1) approximations and the exponential smoothing of ARMA series for multi-step forecasting purpose. In the process, some interesting results about spectral density functions are derived and applied.
Interconversion Between Truncated Cartesian and Polar Expansions of Images

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for lossless conversion of data between Cartesian and polar coordinates, when the data is sampled from a 2-D real-valued function (a mapping: ) expressed as a particular kind of truncated expansion. We use Laguerre functions and the Fourier basis for the polar coordinate expression. Hermite functions are used for the Cartesian coordinate expression. A finite number of coefficients for the truncated expansion specifies the function in each coordinate system. We derive the relationship between the coefficients for the two coordinate systems. Based on this relationship, we propose an algorithm for lossless conversion between the two coordinate systems. Resampling can be used to evaluate a truncated expansion on the complementary coordinate system without computing a new set of coefficients. The resampled data is used to compute the new set of coefficients to avoid the numerical instability associated with direct conversion of the coefficients. In order to apply our algorithm to discrete image data, we propose a method to optimally fit a truncated expression to a given image. We also quantify the error that this filtering process can produce. Finally the algorithm is applied to solve the polar-Cartesian interpolation problem.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF THE CUTANEOUS DIPHTHEROIDS

Summary.— The cutaneous diphtheroids have very varied morphological and biochemical characters which make grouping for ecological studies difficult. Several schemes have been proposed and are discussed. For convenience, the organisms are divided into lipophilic and non-lipophilic diphtheroids, those producing porphyrins, those with some keratinolytic ability and the anaerobic diphtheroids.
Status of native fishes in the western United States and issues for fire and fuels management

Conservation of native fishes and changing patterns in wildfire and fuels are defining challenges for managers of forested landscapes in the western United States. Many species and populations of native fishes have declined in recorded history and some now occur as isolated remnants of what once were larger more complex systems. Land management activities have been viewed as one cause of this problem. Fires also can have substantial effects on streams and riparian systems and may threaten the persistence of some populations of fish, particularly those that are small and isolated. Despite that, major new efforts to actively manage fires and fuels in forests throughout the region may be perceived as a threat rather than a benefit to conservation of native fishes and their habitats. The management of terrestrial and aquatic resources has often been contentious, divided among a variety of agencies with different goals and mandates. Management of forests, for example, has generally been viewed as an impact on aquatic systems. Implementation of the management-regulatory process has reinforced a uniform approach to mitigate the threats to aquatic species and habitats that may be influenced by management activities. The problems and opportunities, however, are not the same across the landscapes of interest. Attempts to streamline the regulatory process often search for generalized solutions that may oversimplify the complexity of natural systems. Significant questions regarding the influence of fire on aquatic ecosystems, changing fire regimes, and the effects of fire-related management remain unresolved and contribute to the uncertainty. We argue that management of forests and fishes can be viewed as part of the same problem, that of conservation and restoration of the natural processes that create diverse and productive ecosystems. We suggest that progress toward more integrated management of forests and native fishes will require at least three steps: (1) better integration and development of a common conceptual foundation and ecological goals; (2) attention to landscape and ecological context; and (3) recognition of uncertainty. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Detecting events with date and place information in unstructured text

Digital libraries of historical documents provide a wealth of information about past events, often in unstructured form. Once dates and place names are identified and disambiguated, using methods that can differ by genre, we examine collocations to detect events. Collocations can be ranked by several measures, which vary in effectiveness according to type of events, but the log-likelihood measure (-2 log l) offers a reasonable balance between frequently and infrequently mentioned events and between larger and smaller spatial and temporal ranges. Significant date-place collocations can be displayed on timelines and maps as an interface to digital libraries. More detailed displays can highlight key names and phrases associated with a given event.
Renal fibromuscular dysplasia

Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is a noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic vasculopathy that can affect renal arteries at various degrees with different severity. The etiology is still unknown, but there is a strong belief that a genetic disorder is the main cause for the pathogenesis of this disease. The main presentation is a sudden onset of recalcitrant hypertension at a young age, which is usually resistant to medical treatment. Once renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is suspected, several diagnostic tools are available to make an accurate diagnosis. The advent of minimally invasive interventions has revolutionized the options for treatment. This update should provide the clinician with a base understanding of available evidence for diagnosing and treating renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia.
A low cost, general purpose S-video, PAL/NTSC encoder

The device is used to encode red, green, and blue (RGB) color difference signals from a camera, computer graphics system, or some other originating generator into the established PAL or NTSC standards. In addition to the color composite video output, separate chrominance and luminance S-video signals are generated for improved display and video recording quality. All three outputs have 75- Omega drive capability and are available concurrently. The RGB inputs require 700 mV p-p for 100% color saturation and for 700 mV p-p at the 75- Omega video output loads. The device may be phase locked to an external 4.43-MHz or 3.58-MHz subcarrier source, driven from an external four times subcarrier frequency clock or free run from the internal four times subcarrier frequency crystal oscillator. The device was fabricated using a 2- mu m oxide isolated 4-GHz bipolar process, had 20 pins, and operated from a single 5-V supply. >
Optical nanontennas for enhancing nonlinearities, sensing, optical communications and energy harvesting

We discuss the use of plasmonic nanoantennas to drastically enhance and tailor the linear and nonlinear response of optical materials to realize novel optical nanodevices for optical communications and computing, energy harvesting and sensing applications. By translating some of the familiar concepts of radio-frequency antennas to the visible spectrum, we propose a variety of exciting designs to tailor the nanoscale interaction of nanoparticles with light, in order to realize nanodevices with linear and nonlinear properties not available in conventional optical materials and systems. We propose individual and collections of plasmonic nanoparticles that may realize the bridge between unconventional nanoscale optical processing and far-field propagation and radiation.
Modeling the Predictive Validity of SAT Mathematics Items Using Item Characteristics

There is much debate on the merits and pitfalls of standardized tests for college admission, with questions regarding the format (multiple-choice vs. constructed response), cognitive complexity, an...
The Hot Money Movement and the Private Exchange Pool Proposal of 1896

A WIDESPREAD belief exists that those disequilibrating international capital flows known as "hot money movements" and the associated measures instituted to regulate transactions in foreign exchange were peculiar to the post-I914 era and especially to the epoch of the "Great Depression" that commenced after I929. It is felt that the "relative" stability of world economic and political conditions associated with the operation of the pre-I914 gold standard precluded "hot money" transfers and obviated the need to control the foreign exchange market.' The experience of the United States during the depression of the i890's vitiates the accuracy of this sweeping generalization. To be sure, these phenomena were largely unrecognized before the depression of the i930's, but they nevertheless existed. The purpose of this article is to examine one such pre-i93o hot money movement, the one that occurred during the American presidential election campaign of i896. The nomination of William Jennings Bryan as the Democratic candidate on a free silver platform at Chicago in July i896 gave impetus to a major disequilibrating outflow of short-term funds. This condition, in turn, led to an interesting effort to control the foreign exchange market. To facilitate the development of our analysis of this episode, it is necessary to present a brief description of the nature and the forms of hot money movements and government intervention in the foreign exchange market. Using differences in motivation as a basis for logical classification, Arthur Bloomfield has distinguished between two types of hot money movements.2 In the first form, flight capital, the desire to preserve the value of assets held both by domestic and foreign investors due to fear of present and future adverse internal and external political developments is the primary consideration. Speculative international
High density Cu-Cu interconnect bonding for 3-D integration

The demand for more complex and multifunctional microsystems with enhanced performance characteristics is driving the electronics industry toward the use of best-of-breed materials and device technologies. Three-dimensional (3-D) integration enables building such high performance microsystems through bonding and interconnection of individually optimized device layers. Bonding of device layers can be achieved through polymer bonding or metal-metal interconnect bonding with a number of metal-metal systems (e.g. Cu-Cu, Cu/Sn-Cu, etc.) currently under development. RTI has been investigating and characterizing Cu-Cu and Cu/Sn-Cu interconnect processes for high density area array applications, demonstrating bonding between pads less than 15 microns in diameter for large area array configurations. Cu and Cu/Sn bump fabrication processes were developed that provide well-controlled surface topography necessary for the formation of low resistance, high yielding, and reliable interconnects. In this paper, the effects of Cu interconnect bonding parameters (pressure and temperature) and thermal reliability testing (thermal cycling and aging) on electrical connectivity and mechanical strength are presented and compared to Cu/Sn-Cu interconnect bonding with an eye toward small pitch scaling and ease of assembly. The conditions for producing Cu-Cu bond strengths ≫ 110 MPa and electrical connectivity as high as 99.999% are described.
The Regime Dependence of Degree Day Forecast Technique, Skill, and Value

Abstract An investigation into the manner in which forecasters adjust their reliance on particular pieces of forecast information as the large-scale flow pattern evolves into different regimes, and the relationship between those adjustments and forecast skill and value is presented. For the cold season months (December–February) of the period 1 January 1973 through 31 December 1992, a total of three regime types (identified through cluster analysis) comprising 63% of the days were identified. A framework for investigating the weighting of pieces of forecast information, based upon multiple regression techniques, was applied to National Weather Service (NWS) degree day forecasts (constructed from the 12–24-h minimum and 24–36-h maximum temperature forecasts) for this period. It was determined that substantial changes in the usage of Model Output Statistics (MOS) by NWS forecasters have occurred with the advent of the improved numerical model guidance represented by the Limited Fine Mesh (LFM) MOS, and that...
Special Considerations for the Performing Voice: Perspective of the Laryngologist

One of the many tasks a laryngologist is assigned to is the care of the professional voice. When discussing professional voice users, it is natural to consider performing artists such as singers, a...
Maximally localized generalized Wannier functions for composite energy bands

We discuss a method for determining the optimally localized set of generalized Wannier functions associated with a set of Bloch bands in a crystalline solid. By ''generalized Wannier functions'' we mean a set of localized orthonormal orbitals spanning the same space as the specified set of Bloch bands. Although we minimize a functional that represents the total spread Sigma(n)(r(2))(n) - (r)(n)(2) of the Wannier functions in real space, our method proceeds directly from the Bloch functions as represented on a mesh of k points, and carries out the minimization in a space of unitary matrices U-mn((k)) describing the rotation among the Bloch bands at each k point. The method is thus suitable for use in connection with conventional electronic-structure codes. The procedure also returns the total electric polarization as well as the location of each Wannier center. Sample results for Si, GaAs, molecular C2H4, and LiCl will be presented.
Near optimum control of flexible robot arms on fixed paths

This paper presents the analysis and modification of near optimum trajectories for robotic manipulators moving along pre-defined paths. Modifications of trajectories are done such that the vibrations due to flexibility of arms and other components of the manipulator are minimized. Ultimately, the productivity of robotic manipulators depends on the speed of the task execution. Higher productivity requires higher speed of operation and in turn better control and trajectory generation algorithms. Today trajectory generation algorithms do not consider the dynamic characteristics of the manipulators. In order to utilize the available capability in the optimum manner the trajectory generation algorithms need to consider the dynamics of the manipulator, actuator constraints, nature of the task, and flexibility of arms and compliance of the joint connections. In the search for an optimal trajectory that will meet all of the above requirements while optimizing some criterion, some simplifying assumptions have to be made and/or some of the requirements have to be kept out of the formulation so that the defined problem can be solved or some feasible solutions obtained. Once the simplified problem is solved, one may consider modifying the original solution in such a way that the excluded requirements are also satisfied to some extent. In this paper the minimum time control solution of a two link flexible arm with actuator constraints is presented. We solved the minimum time problem with no constraints on the flexible modes and show the time improvement due to the use of light-weight arms. The objective is to modify the trajectory, such that flexible vibrations are bounded while changing the solution from the previous one as little as possible. Practical ways of trajectory modifications for flexible arms are discussed.
Big data technologies circa 2012

The growth of the World Wide Web has led to an astronomical amount of data being generated. More recently, the amount of user-generated content has seen tremendous expansion thanks to social media like Facebook and Twitter. Enterprises, researchers, and even governments consider this data to be an invaluable source of insight into people's behavior, creating a race to analyze as much data as possible. This race has driven virtually everyone, ranging from Web companies to brick and mortar businesses, into a "Big Data" frenzy. On the systems side, traditional relational databases have proven to be un-scalable, too expensive, too rigid, and/or too heavy-weight for dealing with current Big Data problems. As a result, there has been an explosion in the number of systems being developed, both within industry as well as in academia, to manage massive amounts of data.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Psychodynamic Practice

That people engage in self-fulfilling prophecies is not new. What is not generally known, however, is how pervasive this phenomenon is. This chapter will focus on the identification and exploration of this process in experimental, natural, and clinical settings. A synergistic relationship between research and practice, with fantasy-created realities as a conceptual bridge, will be demonstrated. It will become clear that people in all walks of life, normal and pathological, use their own fantasies and hypotheses to create social realities.
Using blocked fractional factorial designs to construct discrete choice experiments for healthcare studies

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are increasingly used for studying and quantifying subjects preferences in a wide variety of healthcare applications. They provide a rich source of data to assess real-life decision-making processes, which involve trade-offs between desirable characteristics pertaining to health and healthcare and identification of key attributes affecting healthcare. The choice of the design for a DCE is critical because it determines which attributes' effects and their interactions are identifiable. We apply blocked fractional factorial designs to construct DCEs and address some identification issues by utilizing the known structure of blocked fractional factorial designs. Our design techniques can be applied to several situations including DCEs where attributes have different number of levels. We demonstrate our design methodology using two healthcare studies to evaluate (i) asthma patients' preferences for symptom-based outcome measures and (ii) patient preference for breast screening services. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract 5031: miR-21 targets TGF-β Pathway in breast cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs (∼22 nt), which regulate the stability and translation of coding mRNAs. miRNA dysregulation is observed in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. Our previous studies, by miRNA expression profiling using archived FFPE tissues, identified a set of miRNAs that are differentially expressed during breast cancer progression. Using ANOVA test, we identified 8 clusters of miRNAs, which discrete the normal and disease lesions, such as ADH, DCIS and IDC. miR-21 has been well documented as an oncogene, while miR-200c/b are reported as biomarkers for primary hepatocellular carcinoma, and miR-200c as an independent prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. Our study shows that miR-21 consistently expresses high level in pre-cancerous lesions, i.e. ADH and DCIS, which indicates that miR-21 plays an important role in breast cancer initiation and progression. However, the exact mechanism is not clear. To test the effects of miR-21 inhibition in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells, we transfected anti-miR-21 oligos and scrambled oligo mocks into human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 (ER+) and Hs578T (ER-). We observed a significantly increased expression of MSH2 and SMAD7, when miR-21 was knocked down by 60%-80%. Both MSH2 and SMAD7 are key players in TGF-β signaling pathway, which is well known for its anti-mitogenic function during tumor initiation. These findings help establish miR-21 as an important oncogene that targets a network of TGF-β in breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5031. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5031
Epilogue: Mythicization Avatarization Incarnationism

Certain events lend themselves to immortalization. These events so capture the human imagination that they alter a people’s way of looking at the totality of its experience, illuminate all other events, and bring about new orientations of thought. These events have a paradigmatic quality for they fuse the unique with the ultimate and the universal. The community preserves the event in legend or song and utilizes it as a vehicle for expressing its own self-understanding and for inculcating its youth in its values and ethos.
Prevalence and correlates of simultaneous heroin and methamphetamine injection in two parallel cohorts of PWID in San Diego, CA, and Tijuana, BC, Mexico

Author(s): Meacham, Meredith C; Armenta, Richard; Garfein, Richard; Cuevas-Mota, Jazmine; Moreno-Zuniga, Patricia Gonzalez; Strathdee, Steffanie
Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Chuanshan District of Suining,Sichuan Province,2004-2008

Objective To analyze the epidemiological feature on pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Chuanshan district during 2004-2008 and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of pulmonary TB.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence and distribution of TB in the district during this period.Results A total of 3 508 cases of pulmonary TB were reported with average annual incidence rate of 105.75 /105 and average annual death rate of 0.06/105.The regional distribution of the cases had no significant difference,the seasonality of the incidence was not obvious and the cases mainly occurred among the young adults.There were more male cases than female cases.Farmers were the mostly affected population.Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of pulmonary TB in Chuanshan district,especially among the farmers,and apply modern TB control technique to control the TB epidemic.
Dynamic Evolution Mechanism for C~4ISR Simulation System

Concerned with C4ISR simulation system,the consistence of the system was especially emphasized by researching on dynamic depend relationship based on transaction.First of all,the dynamic depend relationship based on transactions was obtained by static analysis to keep the consistency of the transaction of evolution system.Second,a dynamic configuration platform was provided to manage the dynamic evolution options and resume the state of the system.Third,a model of C4ISR simulation system based on agent was proposed,and the C4ISR simulation system based on the model supporting dynamic evolution was developed and the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were showed through a set of experiments.
Dexamethasone increases heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein content of glomerular epithelial cells.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) has been identified as an important determinant of glomerular permselectivity. We have previously reported that glomerular epithelial cells in culture synthesize HSPG, suggesting that in vivo these cells contribute to the HSPG present in the glomerular basement membrane. In this study we examined the effects of dexamethasone on the metabolism of HSPG core protein in cultured glomerular epithelial cells. Dexamethasone caused a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in the HSPG core protein content of the cells. This effect was not seen with an equimolar concentration of aldosterone, indicating it was selective for dexamethasone. Dexamethasone caused a significant inhibition in 3H-leucine incorporation into de novo synthesized proteins at concentrations that caused maximum increment in the HSPG core protein content. These findings support the interpretation that HSPG core protein is a selective target for dexamethasone. Actinomycin-D completely abrogated the dexamethasone effect on HSPG core protein content, implying that enhanced transcription may be the major mechanism underlying the dexamethasone-induced increment in HSPG core protein content. Our findings suggest that glucocorticoids have important effects on the metabolism of the core protein moiety of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Furthermore, these data imply that the glucocorticoid-induced amelioration of proteinuria could involve metabolic effects on the local determinants of glomerular permselectivity (e.g., HSPG) in addition to their well-known systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
A new approach to reference statistics

Techniques destinees a ameliorer la tenue de statistiques par le bibliothecaire charge de renseigner les utilisateurs a la bibliotheque universitaire de Louisiane
Multiplexed Molecular Diagnostics for Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, and Central Nervous System Infections

The development and implementation of highly multiplexed molecular diagnostic tests have allowed clinical microbiology laboratories to more rapidly and sensitively detect a variety of pathogens directly in clinical specimens. Current US Food and Drug Administration-approved multiplex panels target multiple different organisms simultaneously and can identify the most common pathogens implicated in respiratory viral, gastrointestinal, or central nervous system infections. This review summarizes the test characteristics of available assays, highlights the advantages and limitations of multiplex technology for infectious diseases, and discusses potential utilization of these new tests in clinical practice.
Does prenatal stress alter the developing connectome

Human neurodevelopment requires the organization of neural elements into complex structural and functional networks called the connectome. Emerging data suggest that prenatal exposure to maternal stress plays a role in the wiring, or miswiring, of the developing connectome. Stress-related symptoms are common in women during pregnancy and are risk factors for neurobehavioral disorders ranging from autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and addiction, to major depression and schizophrenia. This review focuses on structural and functional connectivity imaging to assess the impact of changes in women's stress-based physiology on the dynamic development of the human connectome in the fetal brain.
Forensic characterization of RF devices

We present a framework for forensic identification of RF devices using specially designed probe signals. This framework applies to a broad range of devices. Probe signals, device models, feature selection and classifier design are described, and experimental results are given to verify our approach.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma of T-Cell Phenotype: A Rare Variant of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treated with CNS Directed Therapy

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma confined to the craniospinal axis and/or eyes, without evidence of systemic spread. Almost all PCNSL’s are classified as large B-cell lymphoma. A rare variant of PCNSL includes lymphomas of the T-cell phenotype. Until the publication of a large retrospective series of patients (pts) (n = 45) with T-cell PCNSL (Shenkier TN, et al. J Clin Oncol2005;23:2233–2239),only case reports of T-PCNSL and literature reviews were available. The large retrospective series reported that ECOG Performance Status (PS) (0 or 1 versus 2, 3 or 4) at diagnosis was significantly associated with better outcome (Log rank P
How to Image Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

A 45-year-old woman with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) was admitted for evaluation of palpitations and lightheadedness. She underwent a Blalock–Taussig shunt in infancy followed by patch closure of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) and a transannualar right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) patch at age 7 years. She was asymptomatic and without exercise limitations during the next 3 decades. A pediatric cardiologist followed her annually until college, but she did not establish cardiac care afterward. She presented at age 38 years with a nonproductive cough and fatigue. On review of systems, she noted gradual decline in her exercise capacity. On physical examination, her vital signs were normal, and she appeared comfortable. The pulse in the right arm was diminished and was normal in the left arm. Well-healed right thoracotomy and median sternotomy scars were noted. The jugular venous pressure was normal, and her lungs were clear. Cardiovascular examination revealed a right ventricular (RV) heave, normal S1, single S2, right-sided S3, and a grade 2 decrescendo diastolic murmur at the left lower sternal border. The liver was not enlarged and she did not have ascites. An ECG revealed normal sinus rhythm with complete right bundle branch block and a QRS duration of 178 ms (Figure 1). A 24-hour Holter monitor noted sinus rhythm with occasional isolated premature ventricular beats. A chest radiograph showed cardiomegaly with enlargement of the right heart structures (Figure 2). An exercise stress test showed moderately depressed peak workload (136 W, 62% predicted) and peak oxygen consumption (20.3 mL kg−1 min−1, 65% predicted) with low-grade ventricular ectopy. An echocardiogram revealed a dilated RV, severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR; Figure 3), mild tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with an estimated RV systolic pressure of 30 mm Hg above right atrial pressure, and a maximum instantaneous Doppler gradient across the RVOT …
An 18S rRNA Workflow for Characterizing Protists in Sewage, with a Focus on Zoonotic Trichomonads

Microbial eukaryotes (protists) are important components of terrestrial and aquatic environments, as well as animal and human microbiomes. Their relationships with metazoa range from mutualistic to parasitic and zoonotic (i.e., transmissible between humans and animals). Despite their ecological importance, our knowledge of protists in urban environments lags behind that of bacteria, largely due to a lack of experimentally validated high-throughput protocols that produce accurate estimates of protist diversity while minimizing non-protist DNA representation. We optimized protocols for detecting zoonotic protists in raw sewage samples, with a focus on trichomonad taxa. First, we investigated the utility of two commonly used variable regions of the 18S rRNA marker gene, V4 and V9, by amplifying and Sanger sequencing 23 different eukaryotic species, including 16 protist species such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, Toxoplasma gondii, and species of trichomonad. Next, we optimized wet-lab methods for sample processing and Illumina sequencing of both regions from raw sewage collected from a private apartment building in New York City. Our results show that both regions are effective at identifying several zoonotic protists that may be present in sewage. A combination of small extractions (1 mL volumes) performed on the same day as sample collection, and the incorporation of a vertebrate blocking primer, is ideal to detect protist taxa of interest and combat the effects of metazoan DNA. We expect that the robust, standardized methods presented in our workflow will be applicable to investigations of protists in other environmental samples, and will help facilitate large-scale investigations of protistan diversity.
Bringing Craft Back: A Netnographic Study of Etsy as an Online Marketplace Community

With over 800,000 sellers and total sales reaching $80 million, Etsy has experienced tremendous success since its introduction in 2005 (Hall, 2013). Bringing artists, crafters, collectors, and consumers together around handmade and vintage products as well as supplies, Etsy has developed into an online marketplace centered on the crafting community. Previous research on consumption communities has primarily examined communities formed through interest in brands (Cova, 1997; Muniz & O’Guinn, 2001).
Simultaneous Auctions of Imperfect Substitute Goods by Sellers of Different Reputations

This paper studies settings where a number of sellers of different reputations for honesty simultaneously offer sealed-bid, second-price, single-unit auctions for imperfect substitute goods to unit-demand buyers. Among other applications, these settings can serve as an abstraction of large scale decentralized Internet auction marketplaces, such as eBay. I characterize the form of the bidding equilibria and derive expressions for the corresponding allocative efficiency and expected seller revenue. When bidders are restricted to submit at most one bid there exists a unique Bayes-Nash equilibrium that has the following form: Auctions are ranked according to their expected valuation, taking into account both the quality of the good and the seller's reputation. Buyers self-separate into a finite number of zones, according to their types. Buyers whose types fall in the k-th zone randomize between the top k auctions, assigning increasingly higher probability to selecting lower auctions. In such equilibria auction revenue is an increasing convex function of seller reputation. Allowing unit-demand bidders to place an arbitrary number of bids induces complex mixed strategy profiles where bidders place positive bids in all available auctions. The probabilistic nature of the bidding equilibria introduces allocative inefficiencies that are most severe when the number of bidders is roughly equal to the number of sellers.
Chapter VII: Section b: Polysaccharides: (Excluding Glycuronans, Bacterial Polysaccharides and Mucopolysaccharides)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nomenclature and various physical methods for examining polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are named systematically by substituting “an” for the “ose” suffix of the glycose or monosaccharide unit. Glycose denotes any sugar; hence, glycan is synonymous with polysaccharide. The composition, if known, is inserted parenthetically after the name. Polysaccharides are carbohydrate high polymers, macromolecules whose molecular weights may range from a few thousand to several millions. Some are essentially linear chains of monosaccharide units, while others are highly branched. The physical characteristics of such structures, while resembling in many ways those of high polymers in general, are, however, influenced by the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups along the polymer chain. The two principal biological groups of polysaccharides, the skeletal and the reserve food polysaccharides, exhibit notable differences in their general physical properties. Polysaccharides whose molecules are essentially linear in structure can be distinguished from highly branched molecules by studying the film-forming ability of the material.
Numerics of the stability exponent and eigenvalue abscissas of a matrix delay system

The author presents a method for determining the stability exponent and eigenvalue abscissas of a linear delay system. The method is based on examining the endpoint values of the solution to a functional equation occurring in the Lyapunov theory of delay equations. The question of existence of the solution to this functional equation is examined in more detail than in the previous delay systems literature. Numerical examples are given, including one in which we show that the decay rate of a feedback system can be improved by delay feedback.
Effect of Thermal Annealing in Ammonia on the Properties of InGaN Nanowires with Different Indium Concentrations

The utility of an annealing procedure in ammonia ambient is investigated for improving the optical characteristics of InxGa1–xN nanowires (0.07 ≤ x ≤ 0.42) grown on c-Al2O3 using a halide chemical vapor deposition method. Morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy confirm that the nanowire morphology is retained after annealing in ammonia at temperatures up to 800 °C. However, significant indium etching and composition inhomogeneities are observed for higher indium composition nanowires (x = 0.28, 0.42), as measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. Structural analyses, using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, indicate that this is a result of the greater thermal instability of higher indium composition nanowires. The effect of these structural changes on the optical quality of InGaN nanowires is examined using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. Annealing in ammoni...
An Application of Expert Systems and Parallel Processing to ATC Planning Problems

Operations in the terminal area airspace around major airports are usually the bottleneck in attempting to increase A TC capacities. To improve the safety and efficiency of future high density terminal area ATC operations, it is desirable to introduce automated interactive planning tools to assist the ATC managers and controllers. In major terminal areas, there may be more than one airport and probably several runways simultaneously in operation. Their geometric layouts are always different, and even in one terminal area the operational procedures and traffic paths will change over time. It would be expensive to develop a special set of planning tools for every terminal area, and to adapt them quickly to various changes in operational procedures from one year to the next. Because operational situations are changing dynamically as aircraft arrive for both landings and takeoffs, it is clear that these planning tools must be capable of quick response in safely re-planning all operations. This suggests that the software technology called “Expert Systems” and the hardware software technologies of Parallel Processing might play a role in the development of these advanced ATC planning tools.
COMPARISON OF THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL SEICHES ON THE PLANKTON POPULATION OF SELECTED LAKES

A computer model with a physical subroutine that simulated the oscillations and currents of internal seiches was applied to selected lakes with field observations and to Windermere (north basin) throughout its theoretical annual cycle. A single pattern of organism behavior was superimposed on the physical characteristics. In general, the effect of the internal seiche on the plankton distribution: 1) decreased for internal seiche periods below 11 hr or above 28 hr; 2) maximized at periods near 12 hr and 24 hr; and 3) yielded complex patterns for periods intermediate between 12 hr and 24 hr. The variable effect of internal seiche period on plankton distribution arose from the phase interactions with planktonic diurnal vertical migrations (T = 24 hr).
Morphological and Functional Development of the Skin

The physiology of human skin has been amply investigated for the assessment of pathologic processes, with the skin of the adult standing in the forefront of interest. In contrast, while the anatomy of fetal and infantile skin is relatively well understood, there is only fragmentary knowledge of its physiology. Changes taking place in neonatal skin vary over a wide physiologic range, presumably as the expression of the ended intrauterine life, the stress of birth, the adaptation period, or the attainment of postnatal stability.
Meteorological Drivers and Large-Scale Climate Forcing of West Antarctic Surface Melt

AbstractUnderstanding the drivers of surface melting in West Antarctica is crucial for understanding future ice loss and global sea level rise. This study identifies atmospheric drivers of surface ...
Locating Transcriptional Control Regions: Deletion Analysis

This very brief chapter describes one technique that is used to determine the location of promoters, enhancers, or repressors within genes. Although brief, it was placed at this position in the book to serve as a bridge between the fundamentals of genes presented in Chapter 4 , agarose gels, and genetic engineering.
Antecedents, development, adoption, and application of Duchenne's trocar for histopathologic studies of neuromuscular disorders in the nineteenth century.

Duchenne de Boulogne was one of the founders of clinical neurology. His name has been eponymically linked to the most common form of muscular dystrophy, originally described by him as pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis or myo-sclerotic paralysis. Obtaining muscle biopsy specimens was essential to gain insight about the etiopathogenensis of the disease. Duchenne invented a novel instrument: l'emporte-piece histologique, also known as "Duchenne's trocar," to perform muscle biopsies. Following Duchenne's design and instructions, a Parisian company, Charriere, constructed the first instrument probably in 1864. That instrument was essential for Duchenne's description of the histopathological abnormalities typical of pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis. The innovative needle-biopsy technique enabled physicians to analyze the spectrum of pathological changes at varying stages of different neuromuscular diseases. Duchenne's trocar was a forerunner of several types of modern muscle-biopsy needles. His invention was instrumental in the development of the disciplines of muscle pathology and clinical myology.
Brachiating Robot Analysis and Design

A robot with the ability to brachiate could prove to be very useful in reducing the number of work related accidents due to falling from high altitudes or maintenance of high voltage towers. It could also help a company’s bottom line by reducing the number of workers required to accomplish a task. In addition, it can be used to scale lattice structures for inspection. Inspired by nature, gibbons prove to have the best pendulum like motion and power to weight ratio. In this paper, we investigate the mechanics of gibbons and try to simplify its dynamics by a mechanical system. A simple way to characterize the motion of a gibbon is a two-bar linkage controlled by one motor. It has proven that this mechanism can achieve a good power to weight ratio and can approach the desired motion. By exploiting this motion, the device can create its own momentum to swing, and utilizing a system of grippers to grab and release members, will have the ability to navigate any structure. Furthermore, outfitting these robots with inspection tools such as cameras could allow the inspection of transmission towers and bridges safer, easier, and quicker. The hands-on approach of a mechanism like this could also accomplish tasks that may prove to be too dangerous or difficult for drones to accomplish.
Taking control of regulations: how international advocacy NGOs shape the regulatory environments of their target countries

A wave of legislative and regulatory crackdown on international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) has constricted the legal environment for foreign advocacy groups interested in influencing domestic and global policy. Although the legal space for advocacy is shrinking, many INGOs have continued their work and found creative ways to adapt to these restrictions, sometimes even reshaping the regulatory environments of their target countries in their favor. In this article, I explore what enables INGOs to cope with and reshape their regulatory environments. I bridge international relations and interest group studies to examine the interaction between INGO resource configurations and institutional arrangements. I argue that the interaction between resources and institutions provide organizations with ‘programmatic flexibility’ that enables them to adjust their strategies without changing their core mission. I illustrate this argument with case studies of Article 19 and AMERA International, and demonstrate how organizations with high programmatic flexibility can navigate regulations and shape policy in their target country, while those without this flexibility are shut out of policy discussions and often the target country itself. I conclude by exploring how the interaction between internal characteristics and institutional environments shapes and constrains the effects of interest groups in global governance.
Plantation Cosmopolitanism in Mary Robinson’s Angelina: A Novel and Charlotte Smith’s “The Story of Henrietta”

ABSTRACTThis article examines the ways in which slave owners appropriated a superficial manifestation of the cosmopolitan ethos for their own ends in Mary Robinson’s Angelina: A Novel (1796) and Ch...
Analyzing the Frequency and Content of Read Aloud Articles Published in Selected Journals across the K-8 Curriculum

This article reports research results from an analyzsis of frequency and content of read aloud articles published between 2011 and 2015 in selected, national, peer-reviewed journals across the K-8 curriculum. An introduction describes the problem, purpose, and limitations of the study. It provides a review of research on reading aloud at home, in school, across the curriculum, and across grade bands. It also identifies research questions, discusses frequency and content analysis as research methodologies, and describes data sources, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures, followed by a presentation of results.