cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Data Resource for Sulfuric Acid Reactivity of Organic Chemicals

We describe a dataset of the quantitative reactivity of organic chemicals with concentrated sulfuric acid. As well as being a key industrial chemical, sulfuric acid is of environmental and planetary importance. In the absence of measured reaction kinetics, the reaction rate of a chemical with sulfuric acid can be estimated from the reaction rate of structurally related chemicals. To allow an approximate prediction, we have collected 589 sets of kinetic data on the reaction of organic chemicals with sulfuric acid from 262 literature sources and used a functional group-based approach to build a model of how the functional groups would react in any sulfuric acid concentration from 60–100%, and between −20 °C and 100 °C. The data set provides the original reference data and kinetic measurements, parameters, intermediate computation steps, and a set of first-order rate constants for the functional groups across the range of conditions −20 °C–100 °C and 60–100% sulfuric acid. The dataset will be useful for a range of studies in chemistry and atmospheric sciences where the reaction rate of a chemical with sulfuric acid is needed but has not been measured.
Equation of State for Natural Almandine, Spessartine, Pyrope Garnet: Implications for Quartz-In-Garnet Elastic Geobarometry

The equation of state (EoS) of a natural almandine74spessartine13pyrope10grossular3 garnet of a typical composition found in metamorphic rocks in Earth’s crust was obtained using single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction under isothermal room temperature compression. A third-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS was fitted to P-V data and the results are compared with published EoS for iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium garnet compositional end-members. This comparison reveals that ideal solid solution mixing can reproduce the EoS for this intermediate composition of garnet. Additionally, this new EoS was used to calculate geobarometry on a garnet sample from the same rock, which was collected from the Albion Mountains of southern Idaho. Quartz-in-garnet elastic geobarometry was used to calculate pressures of quartz inclusion entrapment using alternative methods of garnet mixing and both the hydrostatic and Gruneisen tensor approaches. QuiG barometry pressures overlap within uncertainty when calculated using EoS for pure end-member almandine, the weighted averages of end-member EoS, and the EoS presented in this study. Gruneisen tensors produce apparent higher pressures relative to the hydrostatic method, but with large uncertainties.
A Good Prompt Is Worth Millions of Parameters? Low-resource Prompt-based Learning for Vision-Language Models.

Large pretrained vision-language (VL) models can learn a new task with a handful of examples or generalize to a new task without fine-tuning. However, these gigantic VL models are hard to deploy for real-world applications due to their impractically huge model size and slow inference speed. In this work, we propose FewVLM, a few-shot prompt-based learner on vision-language tasks. We pretrain a sequence-to-sequence Transformer model with both prefix language modeling (PrefixLM) and masked language modeling (MaskedLM), and introduce simple prompts to improve zero-shot and few-shot performance on VQA and image captioning. Experimental results on five VQA and captioning datasets show that \method\xspace outperforms Frozen which is 31 times larger than ours by 18.2% point on zero-shot VQAv2 and achieves comparable results to a 246$\times$ larger model, PICa. We observe that (1) prompts significantly affect zero-shot performance but marginally affect few-shot performance, (2) MaskedLM helps few-shot VQA tasks while PrefixLM boosts captioning performance, and (3) performance significantly increases when training set size is small.
Inspired oxygen: present, past, and future.

As earthlings, we take the oxygen in the air that we breathe for granted. Few people realize that this easy access to oxygen makes us unique in the whole universe. Nowhere else in our planetary system or in distant stars has stable oxygen ever been detected. However, the present plentiful supply of oxygen in our atmosphere was not always there. Long after the earth was formed some 4.5 billion years ago, the PO2 in the atmosphere was near zero, and it remained so for millions of years. But about 2 billion years ago, the PO2 dramatically increased to as high as 200 mmHg during the Great Oxygen Event, due to the activity of microorganisms, the cyanobacteria. Subsequently the oxygen level fell to the intermediate values that we have today. Here we also look to the future, for example, the next 50 years. This period will be special because it will include the beginnings of human space exploration, initially to the Moon and Mars. Neither of these has atmospheric oxygen. Nevertheless, plans to visit and live on both of these are developing rapidly. We consider the fascinating problems of how to how to ensure that sufficient oxygen will be available for groups of people . While it is interesting to discuss these issues now, we can expect that major advances will be made in the next few years.
OPBID: COMPETITIVE BIDDING STRATEGY MODEL

A discrete probabilistic model of strategy for competitive bidding in the construction industry is formulated and tested. The model is applied to actual past bidding data obtained from a construction contractor. This real-world application of the model verified the thesis that such a bidding strategy can assist contractors in increasing their profit from lump-sum contracts obtained by competitive bidding. A general computer program, OPBID (OPtimum BID), is developed that will enable the contractor to utilize this model.
Asymptotic Dynamics of Stochastic Lattice Differential Equations: A Review

This is an expository article on asymptotic dynamics of stochastic lattice differential equations. In particular, we investigate the long-term behavior of stochastic lattice differential equations, by using the concept of global random pullback attractor in the framework of random dynamical systems. General results on the existence of global compact random attractors are first provided for general random dynamical systems in weighted spaces of infinite sequences. They are then used to study the existence of global pullback random attractors for various types of stochastic lattice dynamical systems with white noise.
Proliferation of human peripheral lymphocytes. Characteristics of cells once stimulated or re-stimulated by concanavalin A.

Abstract About 20% of human blood lymphocytes will subsequently synthesize DNA after culturing with concanavalin A (conA) for 24 h. The stimulated cells go through one but only one round of DNA synthesis unless restimulated. We used the techniques of velocity sedimentation and auto-radiographic grain counts to demonstrate that stimulated cells do divide and return to a mitogen dependent, arrested G 1 state. Once-stimulated lymphocyte populations show the same time course for restimulation as do cultures which are being stimulated for the first time, but require at most one-fifth as much conA added to the medium in order to be maximally stimulated. We have shown by density transfer experiments that all of the progeny of cells which require up to 10 μg/ml of conA for the first DNA replication respond to 2 μg/ml with a second round of replication.
Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 NMR of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin 3 NMR of Human Thioredoxin 4 NMR of Escherichia coli Glutaredoxin 5 Acknowledgements 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Out of Reach: Place, Poverty, and the New American Welfare State

Sweeping changes in welfare programs since 1996 have transformed the way America cares for its poor. Today, for every dollar spent on cash welfare payments, some twenty dollars are spent on service programs targeted at the working poor--job training, adult education, child care, emergency assistance, mental health care, and other social services. This important book examines our current system and the crucial role that geography plays in the system's ability to offer help. Drawing on unique survey data from almost 1,500 faith-based and secular service organizations in three cities, Scott W. Allard examines which agencies are most accessible to poor populations and looks at the profound impact of unstable funding on assistance programs. Allard argues that the new system has become less equitable and reliable, and he concludes with practical policy recommendations that address some of the more pressing issues in improving the safety net.
Analysis and detection of faults in emitter coupled logic (ECL) devices

Bipolar Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) devices can be fabricated at very high densities and much lower power consumption. Analysis of faulty behavior in ECL devices exhibit stuck-at behavior and loss of complementarity. Delay faults as well as enhanced power supply current are also observed in ECL devices. A fault in ECL device manifesting as delay fault and exhibiting enhanced power supply current is shown. Detection of the above behavior under faults using logic monitoring requires careful and systematic generation of input vectors. Testing for delay faults is even more difficult. A power supply current monitor for detection of enhanced power supply current is presented.
Multiculturalism: The Range of Teacher Approaches

(1996). Multiculturalism: The Range of Teacher Approaches. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 85-89.
Altering the Athletic Training Curriculum: A Unique Perspective on Learning over Time.

Context: The cohort athletic training curriculum features a competency-based approach that allows the student to matriculate through the program in a systematic fashion. This method is desired as it allows for effi cient delivery and mastery of the educational content and associated clinical skills. The result may be an infl exible curriculum that can be unforgiving when unforeseen circumstances arise. Objective: To introduce a unique curricular design to the undergraduate athletic training setting that is more fl exible than the traditional curricular model. Background: Athletic training education has expanded and proliferated greatly since 1998. The high rate of growth resulted in programs that are similar in design. The curricular structure is based on competency-based categories whose subjects rely on each other so strongly that there is little fl exibility. This rigidity can create matriculation issues for students who are unable to proceed through the program at the required pace. Synthesis: Review of the current curricular model and accompanying literature indicates a desire for a new curricular model to provide fl exibility within the athletic training curriculum. Results: The Adaptive Athletic Training model provides a fl exible alternative to the cohort athletic training curriculum. This design uses a holistic and problem-based approach that is more closely associated with the entry-level workplace. Limitations include its ability to conform directly to the Commission onbetter Accreditation of Athletic Training Education competency matrix and the increased academic resources needed for implementation. Recommendations: Professional athletic training education programs should examine whether their current curricular model benefi ts their student population in the greatest extent. If room for improvement is identifi ed, then alternative curricular models should be explored. Conclusions: The Adaptive Athletic Training model provides a fl exible curricular option when examining alternative professional athletic training education program curriculums.
Sensor-efficient angle of arrival estimation for constrained signals

The problem of resolving constant-amplitude narrowband signals with an M sensor uniform linear array is investigated. Recent work has shown that proper use of the constant-amplitude constraint allows the parameters of as many as 2M-1 signals to be estimated. Even though algorithms for estimating these parameters have thus far required excessive computation, little research effort has been devoted to reducing the computation. A new algorithm is proposed that is promising because of its computational efficiency and speed. Examples are presented to illustrate this algorithm's performance. >
Optimization of time to initial vancomycin target trough improves clinical outcomes

Outcomes data for the efficacy of interventions designed to decrease the time to initial target vancomycin troughs are sparse. A vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) program was initiated to reduce the time to initial target troughs and to examine the impact on clinical outcomes. Single-center, pre- and post-intervention observational study in a 250 bed teaching facility. Adult inpatients treated with physician-guided, vancomycin therapy (historical control, CTRL) were compared to high trough, pharmacist-guided vancomycin therapy (TDM). Nephrotoxicity analyses were conducted to the ensure safety of the TDM. Clinical outcome analysis was limited to patients with normal renal function and culture-confirmed gram positive infections and a pre-defined MRSA subset. 340 patients met initial inclusion criteria for the nephrotoxicity analysis (TDM, n = 173; CTRL, n = 167). Acute kidney injury occurrence was similar between the CTRL (n = 20) and TDM (n = 23) groups (p = 0.7). Further exclusions yielded 145 patients with gram positive infections for clinical outcomes evaluation (TDM, n = 66; CTRL, n = 75). The time to initial target trough was shorter in the TDM group (3 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001). Patients in the TDM group discharged from the hospital more rapidly, 7 vs. 14 days (Hazards Ratio (HR), 1.41; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.08–1.83; p = 0.01), reached clinical stability faster, 4 vs. 8 days (HR, 1.51; 95% CI 1.08–2.11; p = 0.02), and had shorter courses of vancomycin, 4 vs. 7 days (HR, 1.5; 95% CI 1.15–1.95; p = 0.003). In the MRSA infection subset (TDM, n = 36; CTRL, n = 35), patients in the TDM group discharged from the hospital more rapidly, 7 vs. 16 days (HR, 1.89; 95% CI 1.08–3.3; p = 0.03), reached clinical stability faster, 4 vs. 6 days (HR, 2.69; 95% CI 1.27–5.7; p = 0.01), and had shorter courses of vancomycin, 5 vs. 8 days (HR, 2.52; 95% CI 1.38–4.6; p = 0.003). Attaining initial target troughs in <5 days versus ≥5 days was associated with improved clinical outcomes. All cause in-hospital mortality, and vancomycin treatment failure occurred at comparable rates between groups. Interventions designed to decrease the time to reach initial target vancomycin troughs can improve clinical outcomes in gram positive infections, and in particular MRSA infections.
Students with learning problems at risk in middle school: stress, social support, and adjustment

This study compared the stress, social support, and adjustment of 40 students with learning problems due to learning disabilities or mild mental retardation, and 396 general education students with...
Analysis of the GaInP/GaAs/1-eV/Ge cell and related structures for terrestrial concentrator application

We analyze the potential of the GaInP/GaAs/1-eV/Ge four-junction solar cell to improve on the efficiency of the state-of-the-art GaInP/GaAs/Ge benchmark. We emphasize the following factors: (1) The newly proposed terrestrial concentrator spectrum has a lower ratio of red to blue light than does the AM1.5 direct spectrum. (2) Standard two-layer antireflection coatings do not provide near-zero reflectance over the full spectral range of interest for these devices. (3) Increasing temperature lowers the junction bandgaps, redistributing light to the top junctions. (4) GaInNAs junctions used to date for the 1-eV junction have quantum efficiencies less than /spl sim/75%. These factors all limit the device current, adversely affecting the four-junction efficiency. We discuss strategies for ameliorating this problem, including going to alternate structures such as a GaInP/GaAs/0.9-eV three-junction device.
Heart Rate Response During Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome in Women With Congenital Heart Disease

Background— Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is often used to evaluate exercise capacity in adults with congenital heart disease including women who are considering pregnancy. The relationship between cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters and pregnancy outcome has not been defined. Methods and Results— We conducted a multicenter retrospective observational study of women with congenital heart disease who had undergone cardiopulmonary exercise testing within 2 years of pregnancy or during the first trimester. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables included peak oxygen consumption and measures of chronotropic response: peak heart rate, percentage of maximum age predicted heart rate, heart rate reserve (peak heart rate−resting heart rate), and chronotropic index [(peak heart rate−resting heart rate)/(220−age−resting heart rate)]. We identified 89 pregnancies in 83 women. There were 4 spontaneous abortions and 1 termination. One or more adverse cardiac events occurred in 18%; congestive heart failure in 14%, and sustained arrhythmia in 7%. Peak heart rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.53, 0.94]; P =0.02), percentage of maximum age predicted heart rate (OR 0.93; 95% CI [0.88, 0.98]; P =0.01), and chronotropic index (OR 0.65; 95% CI [0.47, 0.90]; P =0.01) were associated with a cardiac event. Neonatal events occurred in 20%. Peak heart rate (OR 0.75; 95% CI [0.58, 0.98]; P =0.04), percentage of maximum age predicted heart rate (OR 0.94; 95% CI [0.89, 0.99]; P =0.02), heart rate reserve (OR 0.8; 95% CI [0.64, 0.99]; P =0.04), and chronotropic index (OR 0.73; 95% CI [0.54, 0.98]; P =0.04) correlated with a neonatal event. Peak oxygen consumption was not associated with an adverse pregnancy outcome. Conclusions— Abnormal chronotropic response correlates with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with congenital heart disease and should be considered in refining risk stratification schemes.
Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness

Aim To explore biogeographic patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in Maine, USA using techniques that would describe local and spatial correlations with the environment. Location Maine, USA. Methods We delineated the ranges within Maine (86,156 km2) of 275 species using literature and expert review. Ranges were combined into species richness maps, and compared to geomorphology, climate, and woody plant distributions. Methods were adapted that compared richness of all vertebrate classes to each environmental correlate, rather than assessing a single explanatory theory. We partitioned variation in species richness into components using tree and multiple linear regression. Methods were used that allowed for useful comparisons between tree and linear regression results. For both methods we partitioned variation into broad-scale (spatially autocorrelated) and fine-scale (spatially uncorrelated) explained and unexplained components. By partitioning variance, and using both tree and linear regression in analyses, we explored the degree of variation in species richness for each vertebrate group that could be explained by the relative contribution of each environmental variable. Results In tree regression, climate variation explained richness better (92% of mean deviance explained for all species) than woody plant variation (87%) and geomorphology (86%). Reptiles were highly correlated with environmental variation (93%), followed by mammals, amphibians, and birds (each with 84-82% deviance explained). In multiple linear regression, climate was most closely associated with total vertebrate richness (78%), followed by woody plants (67%) and geomorphology (56%). Again, reptiles were closely correlated with the environment (95%), followed by mammals (73%), amphibians (63%) and birds (57%). Main conclusions Comparing variation explained using tree and multiple linear regression quantified the importance of nonlinear relationships and local interactions between species richness and environmental variation, identifying the importance of linear relationships between reptiles and the environment, and nonlinear relationships between birds and woody plants, for example. Conservation planners should capture climatic variation in broad-scale designs; temperatures may shift during climate change, but the underlying correlations between the environment and species richness will presumably remain.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TWO ROTORS CONNECTED BY RIGID MECHANICAL COUPLING WITH PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT

Abstract The effect of parallel misalignment on the lateral and torsional responses of two rotating shafts (Jeffcott rotors) is examined with theoretical and numerical analysis. The general equations of motion are derived and given in dimensionless form to represent the general case. The equations of motion revealed that parallel misalignment couples the translation and angular deflections through the stiffness matrix and the force vector. The non-linear equations are solved numerically using a combination of Newmark and Newton–Raphson methods to determine the dimensionless frequency and transient responses in terms of misalignment magnitude. The numerical results show that the system natural frequencies are excited at transient condition due to the presence of pure parallel misalignment. At steady state condition, the 1×-rotational speed excitation is present in the translation and angular directions, which indicates that parallel misalignment can be a source of both torsional and lateral excitations.
Sodium butyrate activates human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat--directed expression.

Summary To study the effect of sodium butyrate on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) — directed expression, we constructed a chimeric plasmid (pLTR-CAT) in which the LTR sequences derived from a molecular clone of HIV were fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. We used transient expression assays in transfected tissue culture cells to monitor the activity of the LTR. The expression of the pLTR-CAT plasmid was activated when the cells were exposed to butyrate after transfection. The magnitude of butyrate-induced increase was linear up to an 8 mM concentration and was different with regard to the target promoters used. Recombinant plasmids linked to marker genes may be useful models for studying the effects on HIV of various agents of chemical and biological origin.
Receptors and cyclic nucleotides in secretion and action of parathyroid hormone.

It is now clear that a number of peptide and amine hormones act through activation of adenylate cyclase in particular target tissues. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) * accumulated can regulate a variety of cell functions including ion transport, secretion of other hormones including steroids, proteins, peptides, neurotransmitters, or other biologically active molecules. In this report we will review the actions of cyclic nucleotides in the secretion and action of parathyroid hormone. The development [9] of an isolated parathyroid cell preparation has allowed correlation between the effects of calcium, catecholamines, and diverse possible secretagogues on cyclic nueleotide accumulation and hormone secretion of a uniform preparation of cells from parathyroid tissue. Isolated bovine parathyroid cells are virtually indistinguishable by electron microscopy (Fig. 1) from cells in parathyroid tissue slices studied by Capen [10]. Work from the laboratories of Sherwood [1, 6] and Williams [19, 25] in vitro, as well as studies by Fischer et al. [13] in vivo, have indicated that catecholamines as well as calcium can influence parathyroid hormone secretion rates. Moreover, addition of catecholamines to parathyroid gland slices causes an increase in cyclic AMP accumulation [1]. Isolated parathyroid gland cells respond similarly to catecholamines with increased accumulation of cyclic AMP as well as increased secretion of parathyroid hormone into the medium (Fig. 2). Since these preparations are free of fat cells it is possible to attribute both cAMP accumulation and hormone secretion to the same cell type. Isoproterenol is the most effective of the eatecholamines tested with halfmaximal responsiveness in the range of 10 -7 . Epinephrine is less effective but in turn is more active than norepinephrine. This is an order of potency expected for
Dealing with difference: heritage, commensurability and public formation in northern New Mexico

This article explores the relationship among heritage, commensurability, and public formation in liberal political philosophy and social scientific analysis, both of which are products of European modernity. Liberal multiculturalism highlights commensurable forms of difference that are equivalent, comparable, and subordinate to shared humanity and imposes rules such as secularism and rationalism to manage difference publicly. A liberal conception of heritage can therefore help to unite groups and maintain a democratic public sphere, but it can also be homogenising and colonialist. A tension between similarity and difference also exists in the social scientific study of heritage. I use an analytical definition of heritage to examine three sites in northern New Mexico (a historical monument, a cultural centre, and a museum) within a single framework, but doing so obscures the incommensurable differences between them. This is more than just an analytical problem. Western social science shares liberalism's un...
Using Co-Occurrence and Segmentation to Learn Feature-Based Object Models from Video

A number of recent systems for unsupervised feature- based learning of object models take advantage of cooccurrence: broadly, they search for clusters of discriminative features that tend to coincide across multiple still images or video frames. An intuition behind these efforts is that regularly co-occurring image features are likely to refer to physical traits of the same object, while features that do not often co-occur are more likely to belong to different objects. In this paper we discuss a refinement to these techniques in which multiple segmentations establish meaningful contexts for co-occurrence, or limit the spatial regions in which two features are deemed to co-occur. This approach can reduce the variety of image data necessary for model learning and simplify the incorporation of less discriminative features into the model.
Environmentally Conscious Product Design: A Collaborative Internet‐based Modeling Approach

Summary This paper proposes a computer-based method for providing product designers with real-time environmental impact assessment. In this concurrent modeling approach, environmental experts build life-cycle models, define their interfaces, and publish them as distributed objects on the Internet. Traditional designers integrating these objects into their design models have access to the impact assessment methods provided by the environmental expert. In this paradigm, the focus shifts from providing techniques that let non-expert designers perform life-cycle impact assessments to tools that facilitate timely communication and information transfer between designers and appropriate environmental experts. Establishing real-time communication between the product design models and the environmental life-cycle models is the primary focus of this paper. Methods for establishing and maintaining the interaction between life-cycle and product design models are described. A beverage container design example illustrates how this collaborative approach can use environmental and traditional design goals to determine effective tradeoffs between design alternatives.
EFFECT OF CUT AND FIELD-HOLDING CONDITIONS OF ACTIVITY OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE AND TEXTURE IN FRESH ASPARAGUS SPEARS

Asparagus spears were cut to lengths of 14 cm (all green) and 17.8 cm (including butt) and held either in the shade or exposed to sun in the field for 0, 9, and 24 hr and analyzed for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and shear-press firmness. Both shear-press value and PAL activity increased on a fresh-weight basis during post-harvest holding regardless of cut or holding condition. However, markedly higher shear values and PAL activities were found in both spears cut “all green” and those held in the sun.
The conceptual structure of sex role stereotypes in college students

This study investigated sex stereotypes as natural language categories. Ten years ago, sex stereotypes were found to have a core-peripheral structure similar to that of the nonevaluative categories studies by Rosch (1973). Changes and stability in these conceptions were studied by having 56 female and 56 male undergraduate students rate 217 adjectives on Likert scales according to how well each adjective represented their own view of typical Men or Women. Mean ratings were analyzed to reveal a structure of core, peripheral, and nonmembers for Men and for Women. As was the case ten years ago, core traits reflected dimensions of “niceness-nurturance” for Women and “potency-strength” for Men. Female students also viewed Women as “competent,” while male students also viewed Women as “socially effective.” Adjectives that constituted the core for one category were generally placed in the periphery for the other category. As compared to ten years ago, the peripheries of the categories were expanded and showed a greater degree of overlap. College students' conceptions of Men and Women are best characterized as overlapping rather than as bipolar opposites. The formation of sex stereotype categories was discussed in terms of cognitive and social learning processes.
Absorption spectrophotometric study of CfCl3 at pressures up to 35 GPa

Abstract Diamond anvil cells have been used for absorption spectrophotometric studies of both PuBr, -type, orthorhombic and UCl3-type, hexagonal CfCl3 as a function of pressure, up to 35 GPa. It was observed that the latter crystallographic form of CfCl3 irreversibly transformed to that of the former on the application of pressure between 22 and 30 GPa. A discussion of the spectral changes that are observed as a function of the applied pressure is given along with a description of possible mechanisms by which the phase transformation can occur.
Optical resolution of DL-aspartic acid copper complex by the use of biopolymers.

ASYMMETRIC adsorption of organic compounds on bio-polymers such as polysaccharides1–7, wool8,9 and casein9 has been reported, but the resulting optical activities of these were usually very low and the capacity for adsorption was very small. On the other hand, several studies of optical resolution by preferential crystallization have been reported (reviewed in ref. 10). Recently, DL-aspartic acid copper complex11, DL-aspartic acid, DL-glutamic acid, DL-asparagine and DL-glutamine12 have been resolved almost completely by the preferential crystallization method in our laboratory.
Prolonged survival of skin allografts in mallards

Skin allografts were exchanged between 25 males and 25 female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) within 2 days after hatching. Of the 42 ducks that survived and whose grafts healed, 14% rejected rapidly before the grafts became feathered, 20% rejected between 3-6 weeks, and one duck rejected when he was 10 weeks old. Twenty-seven of the 42 ducks (64%) retained their grafts for at least 5 months. The results demonstrate that, in mallards, neither inbreeding nor any treatment of the host is necessary for prolonged survival of skin allografts made shortly after hatching.
On the relationship between reliability and linear quadratic optimal control

The linear quadratic optimal control method is used today to solve many complex systems problems. As system complexity increases, and as linear quadratic optimal control is used in more demanding situations, the extension of the design methodology to cover system failures, robustness and reliability is of crucial importance. This paper documents is the progress toward a theory which incorporates reliability in the performance index; a linear quadratic control problem is formulated which accounts for system effectiveness and gives an offline Procedure for comparing two linear quadratic control systems on the basis of both reliability and performance.
1418 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF EARLY ONSET HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN BREAST FED VERSUS BOTTLE FED INFANTS

We performed a 9 month retrospective study on 1351 full term healthy neonates (874 breast fed; 477 bottle fed) to compare the incidence of early onset hyperbilirubinemia (EOH) (defined as serum bilirubin >8 mg/dl within 48 hours after birth and/or >12 mg/dl after 49 hours but before 7 days). Excluded from the study were prematures ( 0.5). EOH was found in 293 (34%) breast fed and 109 (23%) bottle fed infants, (p 15 mg/dl) was found in 40 (5%) breast fed and 4 (1%) bottle fed infants (p < 0.001). We have found a significantly greater incidence of EOH in breast fed as compared with bottle fed infants. Possible etiologies include dehydration and/or inadequate nutrition while the breast milk supply is coming in, or contributory factors in the breast milk itself. Breast fed infants should be carefully monitored for EOH in the first seven days of life.
Optimum receiver for pattern recognition with multiplicative, additive, and nonoverlapping background noise

ABSTRACT In this paper we design an optimum receiver to detect a pattern or a reference signal. We designa receiver which detects the signal distorted by a multiplicative noise on the signal itself, as wellas by additive noise and by non-overlapping scene noise. We use hypothesis testing to determinethe location of a target buried in multiplicative, additive, and non-overlapping background noise.We also consider the case when the statistics of the multiplicative noise are not available. Whenadditive noise is present, the usual maximum likelihood estimation method gives rise to nonlinearsystem of equations. We present a a vectorial data fitting method to estimate the unknown param-eters. Using computer simulations we show that, for the images tested here, the optimum receiverperforms better than some of the existing receivers.Key words: Optimum receivers, hypothesis testing, pattern recognition. 1. INTRODUCTION In this paper we describe algorithms to detect and locate a pattern or a reference image in a noisy
Paleozoic and Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Northern Gros Ventre Mountains and Mount Leidy Highlands, Teton County, Wyoming

The northern Gros Ventre Mountains and Mount Leidy Highlands area is in western Wyoming south of Yellowstone National Park. This area was a shelf zone bordering a deeper part of the Rocky Mountain geosyncline during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Therefore, the sediments deposited were relatively thin as compared with those on the west and southwest. The rocks range from pre-Cambrian to Tertiary in age, with all of the systems present, excepting possibly the Silurian. The Paleozoic strata are about 3,5O0 feet thick, and the Mesozoic about 12,000 feet.
Long-Term Neuroprotection by Benzodiazepine: Full Versus Partial Agonists After Transient Cerebral Ischemia in the Gerbil

The ability of diazepam, a benzodiazepine full agonist, and imidazenil, a benzodiazepine partial agonist, to protect hippocampal area CA1 neurons from death for at least 35 days after cerebral ischemia was investigated. Diazepam (10 mg/kg) administered to gerbils 30 and 90 minutes after forebrain ischemia produced significant protection of hippocampal area CA1 pyramidal neurons 7 days later. In gerbils surviving for 35 days, diazepam produced the same degree of neuroprotection (70% +/- 30%) in the hippocampus compared with 7 days after ischemia. The therapeutic window for diazepam was short; there was no significant neuroprotection when the administration of diazepam was delayed to 4 hours after ischemia. The neuroprotective dose of diazepam also produced hypothermia (approximately 32 degrees C) for several hours after injection. To assess the role of hypothermia in neuroprotection by diazepam, hypothermia depth and duration was simulated using a cold-water spray in separate gerbils. Seven days after ischemia, neuroprotection by hypothermia was similar to that produced by diazepam. However, 35 days after ischemia, there was no significant protection by hypothermia, suggesting that hypothermia does not play a significant role in long-term diazepam neuroprotection. Imidazenil (3 mg/kg), which produced only minimal hypothermia, protected area CA1 of hippocampus to the same degree as that by diazepam 7 days after ischemia. At 35 days after ischemia, significant protection remained, but it was considerably reduced compared with 7 days. Like diazepam, the therapeutic window for imidazenil was short. Imidazenil neuroprotection was lost when the drug was administered as early as 2 hours after ischemia. The ability of ischemia to produce deficits in working memory and of benzodiazepines to prevent the deficits also was investigated. Gerbils trained on an eight-arm radial maze before ischemia demonstrated a significant increase in the number of working errors 1 month after ischemia. The ischemia-induced deficits in working memory were completely prevented by diazepam but not by imidazenil. There was a significant, but weak, negative correlation between the degree of CA1 pyramidal cell survival and the number of working errors in both the diazepam and imidazenil groups. Thus, if given early enough during reperfusion, both benzodiazepine full and partial agonists are neuroprotective for at least 35 days, but the lack of sedating side effects of imidazenil must be weighed against its reduced efficacy.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nucleation in the Freezing of Molten Potassium Iodide Clusters

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to study the effects of cluster size and temperature on the nucleation rate in potassium iodide clusters in the temperature range of 400−580 K. The clusters (KI)108, (KI)256, and (KI)500 were studied. The rate at which nuclei materialized per unit volume appeared to decrease with increasing cluster size. This size dependence could be accounted for by the agency of three roughly equal factors, namely, the Laplace pressure, the larger coefficients of diffusion for the smaller clusters, and the area-to-volume ratio. The latter factor arises because nucleation invariably occurs at the surface rather than in the interior of the clusters. Sizes of critical nuclei obtained by direct counting of ordered molecules were considerably larger than predicted by the classical nucleation theory unless the outer layer of ordered molecules was subtracted from the total count. The rationale for such a subtraction is that the outer layer corresponds to the ordered liquid l...
Estimation of Diffusion Coefficients and Molecular Weights of Interacting Colloids from Dissolution-Rate Data

Based on dissolution-rate theory, diffusion coefficients for the salicylamide-micelle species were calculated from dissolution and solubility data obtained in micellar solutions of sodium taurodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate at 20°. The calculated values were in good agreement with those determined experimentally using a diffusion cell and silver membrane. By assuming that the solubilized drug does not interfere with the organization of the micelle, the Stokes-Einstein equation was employed to estimate the molecular weight of the micelle. Excellent agreement was found between values calculated from dissolution data and those determined directly by ultracentrifugation or light scattering.
The relative intranuclear positions of barr bodies in XXX non-transformed human fibroblasts

The extent to which chromosomes exist in an ordered three-dimensional arrangement within the interphase nucleus remains unknown. As a means of tackling this issue we have developed simple statistical methods to test whether the positions of any intranuclear markers are mutually correlated. Applying these methods to non-transformed XXX human fibroblasts as a test case, we have examined the relative nuclear locations of the two Barr bodies in 2C cells of this type. Our results show that while individual Barr bodies have a highly non-random intranuclear distribution, segregating preferentially at the nuclear periphery in a plane parallel to the plane of cell growth (i.e., the substrate surface) and bisecting the nucleus, no evidence was found of any significant correlation between the positions of the two Barr bodies within a given nucleus.
A Simplified Technique for the Production of Heart Failure in the Dog by Rapid Ventricular Pacing

ABSTRACT Prolonged rapid ventricular pacing (VP) in dogs produces low output heart failure (HF) characterized by cardiomegaly, ascites, and elevated plasma renin and norepinephrine levels. Commercially available pacemaker generators bave a protective circuit that prevents Pacing at rapid rates. Previously, investigators have had to use either external temporary pacemakers or customized generators to pace at rates >130 beats per minute (bpm). The authors have developed a simple method to perform rapid VP by gluing magnets on Medtronic WI generators, which allows programming in a temporary mode to sustain rates up to 400 bpm. Our results using 10 generators in 55 dogs demonstrates that HF is produced in all dogs when VP is maintained at 250 bpm for an average of 28 days. Technical difficulties during our early experience with this technique included magnets becoming unglued, loss of capture, and wound complications requiring generator removal. Thus, our method reuses commercially available generators to rapidly pace the ventricles and induce HF.
Epidemic fronts in complex networks with metapopulation structure.

Infection dynamics have been studied extensively on complex networks, yielding insight into the effects of heterogeneity in contact patterns on disease spread. Somewhat separately, metapopulations have provided a paradigm for modeling systems with spatially extended and ``patchy'' organization. In this paper we expand on the use of multitype networks for combining these paradigms, such that simple contagion models can include complexity in the agent interactions and multiscale structure. Using a generalization of the Miller-Volz mean-field approximation for susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) dynamics on multitype networks, we study the special case of epidemic fronts propagating on a one-dimensional lattice of interconnected networks---representing a simple chain of coupled population centers---as a necessary first step in understanding how macroscale disease spread depends on microscale topology. Applying the formalism of front propagation into unstable states, we derive the effective transport coefficients of the linear spreading: asymptotic speed, characteristic wavelength, and diffusion coefficient for the leading edge of the pulled fronts, and analyze their dependence on the underlying graph structure. We also derive the epidemic threshold for the system and study the front profile for various network configurations.
Non-neurogenic mechanism for reserpine-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla of neonatal rats: possible modulation by opiate receptors.

Abstract Neonatal rats do not have functional splanchnic nerve connections to the adrenal medulla until approximately one week of postnatal age, yet they are able to respond to some drugs or stresses by releasing adrenal catecholamines. Reserpine (5 mg/kg s.c.) resulted in significant loss (20–40%) of neonatal catecholamines within 4 h; unlike the acute effects of reserpine in the adult, depletion was not prevented by pretreatment with a nicotinic blocking agent, demonstrating that the effect in the neonate is non-neurogenic. Depletion did not result simply from inhibition of catecholamine storage by reserpine, but rather, the non-neurogenic depletion represented net movement of the amines from the storage granules into the extracellular space, as evaluated by the subcellular distribution of catecholamines. These results suggest that the non-neurogenic mechanism represents release of catecholamines. The immature response mechanism disappeared by 11 days of age and was replaced by a completely neurogenic release, demonstrating that the special mechanism is lost within several days of the onset of functional innervation of the adrenal. Experiments also were carried out to test whether endogenous opioids and/or opiate receptors are involved in the non-neurogenic mechanism. Naloxone (5 mg/kg s.c.) potentiated the depletion of catecholamines by reserpine, while methadone (2.5 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited the non-neurogenic response. In contrast, no potentiation of release by naloxone or inhibition by methadone was seen in adult rats. Thus, opiate receptors may modulate only the immature secretory mechanism.
Chromium sorption by phlogopite and biotite in acidic solutions at 25°C: Insights from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy

Large single crystals of biotite and near endmember phlogopite were reacted with acidic Cr(VI)-and Cr(III)-bearing solutions, at 24–27°C and 1 atm. After reaction of the micas with Cr(VI) solutions, XPS analyses of biotite and phlogopite edges indicated little or no chromium on phlogopite but elevated concentrations of chromium on biotite. The binding energies for Cr2p are consistent with a Cr(III) species. XPS and SEM of biotites reacted with Cr(VI) solutions indicate that chromium is strongly sorbed by the edges of mica books relative to the basal plane. In fact, much of the chromium associated with the basal plane is sorbed by steps and micron-sized biotite flakes, or, in other words, by layer edges. TEM and SEM of biotite basal planes and edges show no Cr-rich precipitates. After reaction of the micas with a Cr(III) solution at pH = 3, XPS shows similar concentrations of a Cr(III) species on both biotite and phlogopite, and on the edges and basal planes. These results stand in strong contrast to the results from Cr(VI) solutions. XPS indicates that near-surface iron in biotite is more oxidized after reaction with Cr(VI)-bearing relative to Cr(III)-bearing solutions. A comparison of biotites and phlogopites from the Cr(VI) and Cr(III) experiments provides convincing evidence for coupled sorption and reduction of Cr(VI)aq at the biotite edge-fluid interface. Experiments with additions of potassium and sodium perchlorate confirm the importance of potassium in the heterogeneous coupled cation-electron transfer reaction. Initial observations indicate that biotite concentrated Cr(III) more strongly in Cr(VI) solutions than in the Cr(III) solution, at pH = 3 and ionic strength ≈ 10−3 M, despite the fact that there were orders-of-magnitude more Cr(III)aq in the Cr(III) solution than in the Cr(VI) solutions.
Esterification of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol by rat liver microsomes

The properties of an enzyme in rat liver microsomes was described that catalyzed the formation of 25-hydroxycholesteryl ester in the presence of labeled sterol and oleoyl-CoA. The reaction was similar in several respects to that of cholesteryl ester formation by acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. Trypsin pretreatment of microsomes inhibited the esterification of both sterols and a similar dose-dependent inhibition was produced by addition of progesterone and several androgens. Microsomes with an enhanced cholesterol content resulting from in vivo treatment with ethinyl estradiol showed increased esterifying activity towards both cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. Esterification of endogenous microsomal cholesterol was increased by the addition of 25-hydroxycholesterol, concomitant with 25-hydroxycholesteryl ester formation. To assess the relationship between the association of sterols with membranes and sterol ester formation, microsomes were preincubated with either sterol, reisolated by ultracentrifugation in a density gradient and then analyzed chemically or enzymatically. Cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol both associated with microsomes and the added sterol was subsequently esterified. Maximal esterification was only partially dependent on the amount bound. Progesterone, which inhibited sterol esterification, did not bind to microsomes and no inhibition was observed in reisolated microsomes, indicating that the inhibition produced by progesterone was reversible.