cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of chaotic interfacial stretching on bimolecular chemical reaction in helical-coil reactors

Abstract We investigate the yield of bimolecular chemical reaction between two initially separated reactants in a tubular reactor of different coiling geometries. Laminar and steady flow with high mass Peclet number, Pe, are assumed. Asymptotic approximations for slow reactions are obtained by studying the reaction at a thin interfacial boundary layer. For a straight tube it is found that the area-averaged product mass fraction at a given axial position z goes z 3 2 Λ(z) Pe− 1 2 , where Λ(z) is the length of the interface separating the two reactants. Coiling and flow kinematics have a strong effect on Λ(z). Regular mixing produced by secondary transverse flow in a helical coil stretches the interface linearly with z, yielding a z 5 2 dependence for hte product mass fraction. Further enhancement derived from chaotic mixing and stretching is possible in a coil with a coiling axis that is periodically changed in the flow direction. If the switching length exceeds a critical value, the folding and stretching of the chaotic action leads to an exponentially growing length that can be related to a positive Lyapunov exponent. Numerical solutions show that this enhancement by chaotic mixing also exists for fast reactions, and that the stretching effect can be overwhelmed by tight and uneven interfacial separation in a long, high-yield reactor when the reaction boundary layers begin to overlap or interact with the wall.
Alkali content of alpine ultramafic rocks

The lower limit of abundance of sodium and potassium in ultramafic rocks is less than the threshold amount detectable by conventional analytical methods. By a dilutionaddition modification of the flame-spectrophotometric method, sodium and potassium have been determined in 40 specimens of alpine ultramafic rocks. Samples represent six regions in the United States and one in Australia, and include dunite, peridotite, pyroxenite, and their variably serpentinized and metamorphosed derivatives. The median value found for Na2O is 0.004 per cent, and the range of Na2O is 0.001–0.19. The median value for K2O is 0.0034 per cent and the range is 0.001–0.031 per cent. Alkali concentrations are below 0.01 per cent Na2O in 28 samples and below 0.01 per cent K2O in 35. Derivation of basalt magma from upper-mantle material similar to such ultramafic rocks, as has been postulated, is precluded by the relative amounts of sodium and potassium, which are from 200 to 600 times more abundant in basalt than in the ultramafic rocks. Similar factors apply to a number of other elements. No reasonable process could produce such concentrations in, for example, tens of thousands of cubic miles of uniform tholeiitic basalt. The ultramafic rocks might have originated either as magmatic crystal precipitates or as mantle residues left after fusion and removal of basaltic magma. Injection of ultramafic rocks to exposed positions is tectonic rather than magmatic.
A framework for identifying carbon hotspots and forest management drivers

Spatial analyses of ecosystem system services that are directly relevant to both forest management decision making and conservation in the subtropics are rare. Also, frameworks that identify and map carbon stocks and corresponding forest management drivers using available regional, national, and international-level forest inventory datasets could provide insights into key forest structural characteristics and management practices that are optimal for carbon storage. To address this need we used publicly available USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and spatial analyses to develop a framework for mapping “carbon hotspots” (i.e. areas of significantly high tree and understory aboveground carbon stocks) across a range of forest types using the state of Florida, USA as an example. We also analyzed influential forest management variables (e.g. forest types, fire, hurricanes, tenure, management activities) using generalized linear mixed modeling to identify drivers associated with these hotspots. Most of the hotspots were located in the northern third of the state some in peri-urban areas, and there were no identifiable hotspots in South Florida. Forest silvicultural treatments (e.g. site preparation, thinning, logging, etc) were not significant predictors of hotspots. Forest types, site quality, and stand age were however significant predictors. Higher site quality and stand age increased the probability of forests being classified as a hotspot. Disturbance type and time since disturbance were not significant predictors in our analyses. This framework can use globally available forest inventory datasets to analyze and map ecosystems service provision areas and bioenergy supplies and identify forest management practices that optimize these services in forests.
The Relationship of Leisure Activities and Perceived Health of College Students

Abstract This exploratory study examines the relationship of general health and general leisure participation variables, as well as overall life satisfaction, among 525 college undergraduates. Additionally, the study looks at the relationship between specific types of leisure participation and their relationship with health variables, including social, physical, and emotional health. The sample was comprised of college undergraduates from three universities. Data were analyzed using zero order correlations and regression analyses. Overall, the data suggested that participation in leisure activities among college students is beneficial from a number of perspectives. Not only is participation associated with general contentment regarding the use of free time, but specific types of leisure activities are also associated with higher levels of perceived physical, mental, and social health. The implications for these findings are discussed, and a potential need for leisure education among college students is ad...
Underdiagnosis of Pediatric Obesity during Outpatient Preventive Care Visits

Abstract Objective To examine obesity diagnosis, obesity-related counseling, and laboratory testing rates among obese pediatric patients seen in US preventive outpatient visits and to determine patient, provider, and practice-level factors that are associated with obesity diagnosis. Methods By using 2005–2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data, outpatient preventive visits made by obese (body mass index ≥95%) 2- to 18-year-old patients were examined for frequencies of obesity diagnosis, diet, exercise, or weight reduction counseling, and glucose or cholesterol testing. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine whether patient-level (gender, age, race/ethnicity, insurance type) and provider/practice-level (geographic region, provider specialty, and practice setting) factors were associated with physician obesity diagnosis. Results Physicians documented an obesity diagnosis in 18% (95% confidence interval, 13–23) of visits made by 2- to 18-year-old patients with a body mass index ≥95%. Documentation of an obesity diagnosis was more likely for non-white patients (odds ratio 2.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–6.3). Physicians were more likely to provide obesity-related counseling (51% of visits) than to conduct laboratory testing (10% of visits) for obese pediatric patients. Conclusion Rates of documented obesity diagnosis, obesity-related counseling, and laboratory testing for comorbid conditions among obese pediatric patients seen in US outpatient preventive visits are suboptimal. Efforts should target enhanced obesity diagnosis as a first step toward improving pediatric obesity management.
Knowing about Knowing

: Studies of human patients reveal dissociations between perception and action; some patients have implicit knowledge for a given domain, but can't access this knowledge for action. Studies of human infant development reveal a similar dissociation, suggesting that the neural systems connecting action with perception are not formed until the early preschool years, perhaps later. These connections are fundamental to our knowledge, to what we know about what we know. In this chapter I discuss the evolution of this knowledge, and argue that the dissociations seen in patients and in infant development are also seen in normal adult nonhuman primates, especially in the domain of folk physics. This suggests that for some domains of knowledge, animals don't know what they know. The disconnect between perception and action leads, in some cases, to perseverative errors. These errors, in turn, provide the signature of a highly encapsulated, modular system.
Two-photon absorption and transient photothermal imaging of pigments in tissues

As a main pigment in skin tissues, melanin plays an important role in photo-protecting skin from UV radiation. However, melanogenesis may be altered due to disease or environmental factors; for example, sun exposure may cause damage and mutation of melanocytes and induce melanoma. Imaging pigmentation changes may provide invaluable information to catch the malignant transformation in its early stage and in turn improve the prognosis of patients. We have demonstrated previously that transmission mode, two-photon, one- or two-color absorption microscopy could provide remarkable contrast in imaging melanin in skin. In this report we demonstrate significantly improved sensitivity, so that we are now able to image in epi-mode (or back reflection) in two-photon absorption. This improvement makes possible for us to characterize the different types of pigmentation on the skin in vivo at virtually any location. Another finding is that we can also image transient photothermal dynamics due to the light absorption of melanin. By carefully choosing excitation and probe wavelengths, we might be able to image melanin in different structures under different micro-environments in skin, which could provide useful photochemical and photophysical insights in understanding how pigments are involved in photoprotection and photodamage of cells.
Dissociable contributions of the prefrontal and neocerebellar cortex to time perception.

We report a series a three psychophysical experiments designed to differentiate the contributions of the neocerebellar and prefrontal cortex to time perception. Comparison of patients with focal, unilateral neocerebellar or prefrontal lesions on temporal discrimination of 400-ms and 4-s intervals (Expt. 1) indicated that neocerebellar damage impaired timing in both millisecond and seconds ranges, whereas prefrontal damage resulted in deficits that were robust only at the longer duration. Patients with prefrontal lesions, however, also exhibited working memory deficits on a non-temporal task (Expt. 2), biases in point of subjective equality indicative of attentional deficits, and were disproportionately sensitive to strategic manipulations in a long-duration discrimination task (Expt. 3). In contrast, the pervasive timing deficits of cerebellar patients were relatively insensitive to strategic support and could not be readily explained by general deficits in working memory or attention. These findings support the hypothesis that neocerebellar regions subserve a central timing mechanism, whereas the prefrontal cortex subserves supportive functions associated with the acquisition, maintenance, monitoring and organization of temporal representations in working memory. Such functions serve to bridge the output of the central timing mechanism with behavior. Together, these regions appear to participate in a working memory system involved in discrimination of durations extending from a few milliseconds to many seconds.
Balance, Balance Confidence, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Persons With Chronic Stroke After Body Weight–Supported Treadmill Training

Abstract Combs SA, Dugan EL, Passmore M, Riesner C, Whipker D, Yingling E, Curtis AB. Balance, balance confidence, and health-related quality of life in persons with chronic stroke after body weight–supported treadmill training. Objectives To examine changes in balance, balance confidence, and health-related quality of life immediately and 6 months after body weight–supported treadmill training (BWSTT) for persons with chronic stroke (primary objective) and to determine whether changes in gait speed after BWSTT were associated with changes in these dimensions of health (secondary objective). Design Prospective pre-/posttest pilot study with 6 months retention. Setting University research laboratory settings. Participants A convenience sample of participants (N=19; at least 6mo poststroke; able to ambulate 0.4–0.8m/s) were recruited. Intervention BWSTT was provided for 24 sessions over 8 weeks with 20 minutes of total walking each session. Main Outcome Measures Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), comfortable 10-m walk test (CWT), and fast 10-m walk test (FWT). Proportions of participants who achieved minimal detectable changes (MDCs) were examined for all measures. Results Statistically significant improvements were found from pre- to posttest for BBS, ABC, SIS mobility, SIS stroke recovery, and CWT scores ( P P Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that effects of BWSTT may transfer beyond gait to positively influence balance, balance confidence, and health-related quality of life. However, for most participants, BWSTT was not sufficient to induce improvements in balance and balance confidence beyond measurement error or long-term retention of enhanced perceptions of quality of life.
On the Inconsistencies Related to Prediction of Flow into an Enclosing Hood Obstructed by a Worker

The recirculating flow structures formed in the wake of a worker standing in front of an enclosing fume hood were numerically investigated. Two- and three-dimensional, unsteady, laminar/turbulent computations were performed for a Reynolds number (Re) range of 1.0 × 103 − 1.0 × 105. The standard k − ϵ, Renormalization group (RNG) k − ϵ, and Shear Stress Transport (SST) k − ω models were used in Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) computations, and the results were compared with each other and also with the previous predictions reported in the literature. Numerical issues regarding the grid convergence and the inadequacies of turbulence models that may come into play at low Reynolds numbers were addressed. On the whole, SST k − ω model was found to be promising for qualitatively accurate prediction of both steady and unsteady recirculatory flow patterns in the wake of the worker. On the other hand, the standard and RNG k − ϵ models failed in prediction of anticipated unsteadiness at low Reynold...
Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism

In Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender and the new racism, Patricia Hill Collins uses her background in sociology, critical theory and feminism to challenge the idea of monolithic iden...
Remixing the Civil War: Meditations on the Sesquicentennial. Thomas J. Brown, editor. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.

Remixing the Civil War: Meditations on the Sesquicentennial. Thomas J. Brown, editor. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.In the afterward to Remixing the Civil War, Kirk Savage cleverly notes that "when it becomes possible for some people to argue that Martin Luther King, Jr., would have defended the Confederate flag flying over South Carolina's state house and for others to argue that Robert E. Lee would have opposed it, we know that we have reached a point where memory and history are almost impossible to untwine, where the counterfactual and the factual have become hopelessly confused" (182). Savage's thoughts are an apt summary of the book, as this collection of essays edited by Thomas J. Brown orients itself toward this confusion. The collection's goal is to make known other "forms of interpretation circulating in contemporary American culture" (16) regarding the Civil War in the hopes of opening up new avenues of scholarly inquiry. These other forms of interpretation concern themselves primarily with two themes repeated throughout: first, "the individualization of historical meaning" (10) amidst the fragmentation of historical memory and, secondly, the exploration of "formerly rigid social categories" (13) made fluid. Remixing accomplishes the impressive balance of avoiding the old historians' conceit that the past (unlike the present) is simple enough to understand, while also providing constructive interpretations for students o/that past.Remixing styles itself as a "meditation" on the sesquicentennial, and surveys the wide variety of remembrances and manifestations of the Civil War in popular culture. The products of professional scholars are purposefully excluded due to academia's institutional commitment "to the importance of the Civil War in a way that precludes survey alongside other representations" (15). Scholarly research, though not the focus of the book, is still present in the shaping of many of the contributors' interpretive lenses. Various scholars are either explicitly engaged with - or cast a long shadow over - the collection, among them David Blight (Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001) and Robert Bellah ("Civil Religion in America," 1967).The conscious decision to focus on non-academic representations of the Civil War makes for a refreshing volume for scholars awash in a sea of sesquicentennial publications. The move allows the assembled scholars to sacrifice depth for breadth in a stimulating and constructive fashion. …
Proximate distribution of a-points of meromorphic functions

The most important problem in the theory of entire functions is exploring the relation between the growth of an entire function and the distribution of its apoints. The classical investigation dealt with the connection between the rate of growth of M(r,f) and the function N(r,a). The growth scale was further refined by introducing as comparison functions, monotone functions that grow more slowly than any of the iterated log arithms.
Laser guiding of electron beams in the advanced test acceleration

The recently demonstrated technique of laser guiding has been used to propagate successfully a 10-kA relativistic electron beam 95 m through the Advanced Test Accelerator and postaccelerator beamline. The maximum transverse displacement of the beam at the end of the Advanced Test Accelerator was 1 mm while the maximum beam breakup amplitude was 0.1 mm. The use of laser guiding constitutes a breakthrough in accelerator technology in that it is able to reduce greatly or even suppress the beam breakup instability, which is the most serious obstacle to high-current beam transport in linear induction accelerators.
Prediction of Bubble Diameter at Detachment from a Wall Orifice in Liquid Cross Flow Under Reduced and Normal Gravity Conditions

Bubble formation and detachment is an integral part of the two-phase flow science. The objective of the present work is to theoretically investigate the effects of liquid cross-flow velocity, gas flow rate embodied in the momentum flux force, and orifice diameter on bubble formation in a wall-bubble injection configuration. A two-dimensional one-stage theoretical model based on a global force balance on the bubble evolving from a wall orifice in a cross liquid flow is presented in this work. In this model, relevant forces acting on the evolving bubble are expressed in terms of the bubble center of mass coordinates and solved simultaneously. Relevant forces in low gravity included the momentum flux, shear-lift, surface tension, drag and inertia forces. Under normal gravity conditions, the buoyancy force, which is dominant under such conditions, can be added to the force balance. Two detachment criteria were applicable depending on the gas to liquid momentum force ratio. For low ratios, the time when the bubble acceleration in the direction of the detachment angle is greater or equal to zero is calculated from the bubble x and y coordinates. This time is taken as the time at which all the detaching forces that are acting on the bubble are greater or equal to the attaching forces. For high gas to liquid momentum force ratios, the time at which the y coordinate less the bubble radius equals zero is calculated. The bubble diameter is evaluated at this time as the diameter at detachment from the fact that the bubble volume is simply given by the product of the gas flow rate and time elapsed. Comparison of the model s predictions was also made with predictions from a two-dimensional normal gravity model based on Kumar-Kuloor formulation and such a comparison is presented in this work.
Intraoperative Assessment of Bowel Viability

Viability of ischemic bowel was assessed in 30 dogs after mesenteric arterial ligation in a 40-cm length of ileum. Viability was evaluated using two gross features, color and peristalsis, and four objective methods including bowel wall surface oximetry (pO2), Doppler ultrasound, quantitative fluorescein fluorimetry, and myoelectric activity measured by a strain gauge probe. Each parameter was measured at 2-cm intervals within the 40-cm ischemic segment before resection and anastomosis was performed. There were seven fatal anastomotic leaks, all due to further bowel necrosis. Survival did not correlate with bowel color, presence of peristalsis, bowel wall pO2 Doppler ultrasound, or the myoelectric parameters. However, fluorescein fluorimetry was predictive of long-term viability. These results suggest that quantitative fluorescein fluorimetry may be a useful adjunct in intraoperative bowel viability assessment.
Iceberg calving as a primary source of regional‐scale glacier‐generated seismicity in the St. Elias Mountains, Alaska

[1] Since the installation of the Alaska Regional Seismic Network in the 1970s, data analysts have noted nontectonic seismic events thought to be related to glacier dynamics. While loose associations with the glaciers of the St. Elias Mountains have been made, no detailed study of the source locations has been undertaken. We performed a two-step investigation surrounding these events, beginning with manual locations that guided an automated detection and event sifting routine. Results from the manual investigation highlight characteristics of the seismic waveforms including single-peaked (narrowband) spectra, emergent onsets, lack of distinct phase arrivals, and a predominant cluster of locations near the calving termini of several neighboring tidewater glaciers. Through these locations, comparison with previous work, analyses of waveform characteristics, frequency-magnitude statistics and temporal patterns in seismicity, we suggest calving as a source for the seismicity. Statistical properties and time series analysis of the event catalog suggest a scale-invariant process that has no single or simple forcing. These results support the idea that calving is often a response to short-lived or localized stress perturbations. Our results demonstrate the utility of passive seismic instrumentation to monitor relative changes in the rate and magnitude of iceberg calving at tidewater glaciers that may be volatile or susceptible to ensuing rapid retreat, especially when existing seismic infrastructure can be used.
Necrotizing fasciitis: A clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients

We studied the clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic findings from 14 patients with necrotizing fasciitis; also tissue obtained at autopsy was available from six patients. In all cases, material cultured was positive for multiple organisms, including Clostridia and fungi; organisms were identified by histochemical staining of tissue sections in 12 of 14 cases. The histologic pattern comprised edema, necrosis, and inflammation of skin, subcutaneous fat, and fascial tissue. Hyalin necrosis of sweat glands was observed in five patients. Thrombosis of vessels at all levels was a prominent feature, suggesting that study of coagulation factors may be important. Diagnosis may be confirmed by the histologic picture; however, microbiologic material is essential to guide therapy.
Cohesive-length scales for damage and toughening mechanisms

Abstract While toughening and damage might seem to be two contradictory concepts for the mechanics of crack growth, they are actually the same phenomena perceived from two different vantage points. Similarly, the concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic toughening, defined in terms of whether a toughening mechanism occurs behind or ahead of a crack, depend on the definition of a crack tip that, in the absence of a singularity, can be somewhat arbitrary. Cohesive-zone models provide useful numerical tools for rationalizing these different concepts and, here, we use them to show how different perspectives of toughening and damage can be understood. The concept of a cohesive length, defined in terms of an effective modulus and the magnitudes of the local tractions and displacements (or work done), can be generalized so that it can be used at any load before failure, and at any point along the interface. We show that this general concept allows multiple damage and toughening mechanisms, each with its own characteristic cohesive length, to be described and tracked in terms of a single traction–separation law. In general, the onset of damage corresponds to an increase in cohesive length. This tends to weaken a material unless compensated for by a sufficiently high increment of additional toughness. The ratio between the cohesive length of a particular damage/toughening mechanism and any relevant geometrical length determines whether the mechanism needs to be included in the cohesive-zone formulation. Furthermore, it appears that diffuse damage and crack jumping between interfaces may be induced when the cohesive length of a damage mechanism is large compared to a micro-structural length. It is speculated that this may be of some relevance to the design of hierarchical materials.
The Ubiquitin System, an Immense Realm

Among the functions of intracellular proteolysis are the elimination of misfolded or otherwise abnormal proteins; the maintenance of amino acid pools in cells affected by stresses, such as starvation; and the generation of protein fragments that act as hormones, antigens, or other effectors. Many intracellular proteins are either conditionally or constitutively short-lived, with in vivo half-lives that can be as brief as a few minutes. In some cases, a proteolytic pathway targets and destroys a protein cotranslationally, i.e., an emerging polypeptide chain can be degraded while it is still a ribosome-associated peptidyl-tRNA (1, 2). The regulated and processive degradation of intracellular proteins is carried out largely by the ubiquitin (Ub)- proteasome system (Ub system), in conjunction with molecular chaperones, autophagy, and lysosomal proteolysis. Other mediators of intracellular protein degradation include proteases such as caspases, calpains, and separases. These and other nonprocessive proteases can function as “upstream” components of the Ub system, generating protein fragments that are targeted and degraded to short peptides by Ub-mediated pathways. Proteins that are damaged, misfolded, or otherwise abnormal are often recognized as such and selectively destroyed by the Ub system. Physiologically important exceptions include conformationally perturbed proteins and/or their aggregates that are harmful but cannot be efficaciously repaired or removed. The resulting proteotoxicity underlies both aging and specific diseases, including neurodegeneration.
Delays in recognition of and Care-seeking response to prolonged labor in Bangladesh

Abstract Maternal death, in which prolonged labor is the third leading cause, accounts for 20% of deaths among women in Bangladesh. This study describes the process of recognition and response to symptoms during potential prolonged labor among 17 women in three sites in Bangladesh. In October–December 2008, integrated illness history interviews were conducted with women and confirmed and/or supplemented by family and/or birth attendants present during labor. Interviews elicited participants’ recognition of symptoms and care-seeking reactions and recorded responses in time-by-event matrices. Interviews were conducted in Bangla, recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. The most frequent and usually first action was to seek care from untrained attendants at home, then from professional attendants outside the home. Care-seeking outside the home occurred a median of 19 h after perceived labor onset. Delays in care-seeking arose for reasons related to: (1) confusion over the onset of labor, (2) power processes inhibiting women’s disclosure of labor symptoms, (3) the practice of “waiting for delivery,” and (4) preferences for home delivery. Strategies to encourage lay recognition of and response to prolonged labor should consider women’s misinterpretation and non-disclosure of labor pain, health beliefs surrounding the labor process, and fears of medical intervention.
Structure direction of II-VI semiconductor quantum dot binary nanoparticle superlattices by tuning radius ratio.

We report a nanoparticle radius ratio dependent study of the formation of binary nanoparticle superlattices (BNSLs) of CdTe and CdSe quantum dots. While keeping all other parameters identical in the system, the effective nanoparticle radius ratio, γeff, was tuned to allow the formation of five different BNSL structures, AlB2, cub-NaZn13, ico-NaZn13, CaCu5, and MgZn2. For each structure, γeff is located close to a local maximum of its space-filling factor, based on a model for space filling principles. We demonstrate the ability to select specific BNSLs based solely on γeff, highlighting the role of entropic forces as a driver for self-assembly.
The mediating role of trauma-related symptoms in the relationship between sexual victimization and physical health symptomatology in undergraduate women.

Previous research suggests that posttraumatic stress symptomatology is a partial mediator of the relationship between sexual assault history in adolescence/adulthood and physical health symptomatology (e.g., Eadie, Runtz, & Spencer-Rodgers, 2008). The current study assessed a broader, more inclusive potential mediator, trauma-related symptoms in the relationship between sexual victimization history (including both childhood and adolescent/adulthood sexual victimizations) and physical health symptomatology in a college sample. Participants were 970 young women (M = 18.69, SD = 1.01), who identified mostly as Caucasian (86.7%), from 2 universities who completed a survey packet. Path analysis results provide evidence for trauma-related symptoms as a mediator in the relationship between adolescent/adulthood sexual assault and physical health symptomatology, χ(2) (1, N = 970) = 1.55, p = .21; comparative fit index = 1.00; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.99; root mean square error of approximation = .02, 90% confidence interval [.00, .09], Bollen-Stine bootstrap statistic, p = .29. Childhood sexual abuse was not related to physical health symptomatology, but did predict trauma-related symptoms. Implications of these findings suggest that college health services would benefit from targeted integration of psychiatric and medical services for sexual assault survivors given the overlap of psychological and physical symptoms. Language: en
Maximum likelihood estimation for single server queues from waiting time data

Maximum likelihood estimators for the parameters of a GI/G/1 queue are derived based on the information on waiting times {W t },t=1,...,n, ofn successive customers. The consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimators are established. A simulation study of the M/M/1 and M/E k /1 queues is presented.
When public and private intermingle … Reflections on (re)production.

As I read the opening paragraph of the manuscript, my heart begins to race. I feel dizzy. My ears are pounding. I feel an odd warm sensation that starts at the crown of my head and seeps all the wa...
Diffusion correlation factors and atomic displacements for the vacancy mechanism

At low vacancy concentrations in crystals the motion of an atom due to the vacancy mechanism is a correlated walk during the sequence of atomic jumps arising from an encounter of a specific atom and a specific vacancy. It is shown that the diffusion correlation factor and the atomic displacement probability of the correlated walk of an atom in a cubic crystal may be simply obtained from some well known functions of random walk theory.
Using Initialized Hindcasts to Assess Simulations of 1970-2009 Equatorial Pacific SST, Zonal Wind Stress, and Surface Flux Trends

AbstractInitialized decadal hindcasts are used to assess simulations of 1970–2009 equatorial Pacific SST, zonal wind stress, and surface flux trends. Initialized hindcasts are useful to assess how well the models simulate observed trends, as well as how simulations of observed trends (due primarily to natural variability) differ from ensemble-mean forecasted trends (due to the response to an increase in external forcing). All models forecast a statistically significant warming trend in both the warm-pool and cold-tongue regions. However, while the warm-pool warming trend is within the observed estimates, the cold-tongue warming trend is an order of magnitude larger than an ENSO residual estimated using SST instrumental reconstructions. Multimodel ensemble means formed using forecasts 6–10 years from initialization with 40 ensemble members do not produce an unambiguous zonal SST gradient response to an increase in external forcing. Systematic biases are identified in forecasts of surface fluxes. For exampl...
Stimulation by Artificial Lighting of Calcium Absorption in Elderly Human Subjects

VITAMIN D, the “sunshine vitamin”, is produced in the skin when ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the pro-vitamin 7-dehydrocholesterol1. The endogenous vitamin, together with dietary vitamin D, is then apparently converted in the liver to 25-OH vitamin D, and this active metabolite facilitates the intestinal absorption of calcium and the uptake and release of calcium by the skeleton2,3.
Action Research for Second Language Teachers: Going Beyond Teacher Research

In this paper the A. outlines the history of action research, and distinguishes between two kinds of action research, both of considerable importance and utility to the second language (SL) field. He then discusses action research reports, which may have been a source of some concerns expressed as to the quality action research. Although action research reports may take forms different from those of orthodox research, the A. suggests that they are of interest and potential benefit to both the regular SL teacher and profession as a whole.
On k-ordered graphs

Ng and Schultz [J Graph Theory 1 (1997), 45–57] introduced the idea of cycle orderability. For a positive integer k, a graph G is k-ordered if for every ordered sequence of k vertices, there is a cycle that encounters the vertices of the sequence in the given order. If the cycle is also a Hamiltonian cycle, then G is said to be k-ordered Hamiltonian. We give sum of degree conditions for nonadjacent vertices and neighborhood union conditions that imply a graph is k-ordered Hamiltonian. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 35: 69–82, 2000 The first author was supported by the fund for the promotion of research at the Technion. The second author was supported by NSERC.
Erratum: “A fast, angle-dependent, analytical model of CsI detector response for optimization of 3D x-ray breast imaging systems” [Med. Phys. 37, 2593–2605 (2010)]†

We would like to correct an omission in Table ​Table22 and a typographical error in Eq. A34 of our 2010 paper describing an analytical model for calculating CsI detector responses.1 In the original publication, the units were not included for the coefficients provided in Table ​Table2.2. The corrected table is provided below. In addition, there was a sign error in Eq. A34. The correct equation is provided below. We hope these corrections will help readers to reproduce the point response functions presented in the paper and we regret the error. Table 2 Best-fit coefficient values for a 25 keV monochromatic beam, 150 μm thick CsI screen, and angles in the range of 0°–45°. These coefficients should be valid for any detector location as long as the same screen model applies. ...
Evidence for Differential Signaling in Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells Adherent to Laminin Isoforms

Both the laminin composition of the basement membrane and the keratin intermediate filament composition of the epithelial cell differs between cornea and conjunctiva, suggesting that at least some aspects of ocular surface epithelial cell differentiation may be regulated by extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of β1 integrin in intracellular signaling pathways in human conjunctival epithelial cells adherent to laminin. In addition, the purpose was to compare the phosphorylation kinetics of signaling intermediates in cells adherent to different laminin isoforms. Cell adhesion assays, integrin clustering experiments, and integrin function blocking experiments demonstrated that β1 but not β4 integrin mediated human conjunctival epithelial cell adhesion to placental laminin isoforms (laminin-10/11) and induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation. Western blot analysis of cell lysates adherent to placental laminin showed that the tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas and FAK was maximally above constitutive levels after 60 min. In cells adherent to EHS laminin (laminin-1), the tyrosine phosphorylation kinetics of tensin, p130Cas, FAK and unknown proteins of 138 kDa and 110 kDa were similar, and peaked above constitutive levels after 30 min. Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 70 kDa protein was induced by cell adhesion to EHS laminin after 5 min, and phosphorylation peaked at 15 min. In contrast, the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 70 kDa protein was undetected in cells adherent to placental laminin. Erk-1 phosphorylation and activation was not differentially modulated by conjunctival epithelial cell adhesion to laminins. However, phosphorylation and activation kinetics of Erk-2 in cells adherent to placental laminin was similar to that observed for FAK and p130Cas. Erk-2 phosphorylation and activation was essentially undetectable in cells adherent to EHS laminin. These observations suggest that human conjunctival epithelial cell adhesion to different laminin isoforms activates different intracellular signaling pathways, and provides support for the hypothesis that extracellular matrix molecules can modulate ocular surface epithelial cell differentiation via alternate signaling pathways.
Cardiopulmonary Responses to Exercise in Chronic Airflow Obstruction: Effects of Inhaled Atropine Sulfate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled atropine sulfate on the exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in patients with chronic airflow obstruction (CAO). Eighteen patients underwent duplicate incremental (15 watts/min) maximal cycle ergometer exercise tests 60 minutes after either inhaled atropine (0.075 mg/kg) or placebo, in double blind randomized fashion on consecutive days. Bronchodilator medications were withheld before each study. Spirograms were obtained before and 60 minutes after each aerosol treatment. Atropine increased the FEV1 by 25 percent, from 1.37 +/- 0.49 to 1.71 +/- 0.52 L (p less than 0.001), as compared to placebo. Although the ventilation at exhaustion (VEmax) increased significantly (from 52.3 +/- 11.5 to 55.9 +/- 10.0 L/min, P less than 0.05) after atropine, the increase in the mean maximum work load (95 +/- 28 vs 101 +/- 19 watts) did not achieve significance. The drug resulted in a significant decrease in oxygen consumption at all equivalent workloads greater than "0" watts (unloaded cycling), presumably because the improvement in airway mechanics decreased the oxygen cost of ventilation. Atropine-induced increases in FEV1 did not result in a significant group mean increase in maximum exercise capacity, but the drug did result in a lower oxygen cost of performing work in patients with CAO.
BIBO stability of adaptive normalized lattice IIR system

An approach to deriving adaptive algorithms is presented. It is shown that the time-varying normalized lattice feedback model, under a very simple condition, is uniformly exponentially stable and thus bounded input/bounded output (BIBO) stable. Applications of this result to adaptive IIR (infinite impulse response) signal processing are then discussed. Simulation results are presented. >
Proteomic analysis of the response of Escherichia coli to short-chain fatty acids.

Abstract Given their simple and easy-to-manipulate chemical structures, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are valuable feedstocks for many industrial applications. While the microbial production of SCFAs by engineered Escherichia coli has been demonstrated recently, productivity and yields are limited by their antimicrobial properties. In this work, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of E. coli under octanoic acid stress (15 mM) and identified the underlying mechanisms of SCFA toxicity. Out of a total of 33 spots differentially expressed at a p-value ≤ 0.05, nine differentially expressed proteins involved in transport and structural roles (OmpF, HPr, and FliC), oxidative stress (SodA, SodB, and TrxA), protein synthesis (PPiB and RpsA) and metabolic functions (HPr, PflB) were selected for further investigation. Our studies suggest that membrane damage and oxidative stress are the main routes of inhibition by SCFAs in E. coli. The outer membrane porin OmpF had the greatest impact on SCFA tolerance. Intracellular pH analysis on ompF mutants grown under octanoic acid stress indicated that this porin facilitates transport of SCFAs into the cell. The same response was observed under hexanoic acid stress, further supporting the role of OmpF in response to the presence of SCFAs. Furthermore, analysis of membrane protein expression revealed that other outer membrane porins are also involved in the response of E. coli to SCFAs. Biological significance This work covers the first known proteomic analysis to assess the inhibitory effect of SCFAs in E. coli. SCFAs are molecules of great interest in the industry, but their microbial production is limited by their antimicrobial properties. This work allowed identification of differentially expressed proteins in response to SCFA stress and demonstrated the relevance of short- and medium-chain FA transport across the cell membrane via outer membrane porins, providing valuable insights on the toxicity mechanism of SCFAs in E. coli. These results could also benefit future engineering efforts by guiding the design and construction of industrial strains that produce SCFAs with increased tolerance and productivity.
Nuclear quadrupole coupling constants and spontaneous polarization in ferroelectrics

Abstract The relationship between spontaneous polarization and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in ferroelectrics is investigated. For atoms that do not change their bonding states at the ferroelectric transition, it is found that the quadrupole coupling constants should be linear functions of spontaneous polarization unless the atoms are at sites of inversion symmetry. If the atoms are at sites of inversion symmetry, the relationship becomes quadratic. The quadratic relationship is demonstrated experimentally for sodium nitrite.
Thermal Model for Lithium Ion Battery Pack with Mixed Parallel and Series Configuration

In this work, a mathematical thermal model for lithium ion battery pack with specific configuration was developed by coupling the single particle model and energy balance equation with basic circuit constraints. The temperature variation at different parts of the battery pack was considered in charge/discharge operations, and the dependency of cell parameters on temperature were taken into account. The model was validated by comparing the simulated current, voltage, and temperature profiles with experimental data. Case studies such as battery balancing and circuit interruption were also performed and discussed. VC 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3624836] All rights reserved.
Differential expression of novel naturally occurring splice variants of PTEN and their functional consequences in Cowden syndrome and sporadic breast cancer

PTEN, a dual-phosphatase tumor suppressor, is inactivated in Cowden syndrome (CS), characterized by high risk of breast and thyroid cancer, and in variety of sporadic cancers. Despite the importance of alternative splicing, very limited information on its role in PTEN and associated cancers is available. We identified eight novel PTEN splice variants (SVs) that retained intron 3 regions (3a, 3b, 3c); intron 5 regions (5a, 5b, 5c); excluded part of exon 5 (DelE5) or all of exon 6 (DelE6), respectively. Analysis of SVs in 12 sporadic breast cancers revealed full-length (FL)-PTEN transcript reduction in 10; SVs 3b, 3c and 5c not expressed in 7, 6 and 4, respectively, and under-expressed in the rest. In contrast, SV-5b was over-expressed in breast cancers. PTEN SV analysis in 16 CS/CS-like patients and eight controls revealed that SV-5a is under-expressed and SV-3a over-expressed in the germline of CS/CS-like individuals when compared with controls. Although SV-5a expression decreased P-Akt level and cyclin D1 promoter activity, SVs 5b and 5c increased cyclin D1 promoter activity. Thus, SV-5a behaving like FL-PTEN corroborates our observation that SV-5a is under-expressed in CS when compared with controls. Similarly, SV-5b functionally counters PTEN's action and is over-expressed in sporadic breast cancers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that expression of these SVs is under the regulation of p53. Our observations suggest that differential expression of PTEN and its SVs could play a role in the pathogenesis of sporadic breast cancers and CS, and may lend a novel way of making a rapid molecular diagnosis of CS without mutation analysis.
The effect of the Web on undergraduate citation behavior: A 2000 update

This paper provides a 2000 update to the 1996–1999 citation analysis of undergraduate term papers by Philip M. Davis and Suzanne A. Cohen.1 The total number of bibliographic citations continued to grow from a median of ten in 1996 to thirteen in 2000. However, this growth is entirely explained by the addition of traditionally nonscholarly materials (Web and newspaper citations). A significant improvement in the accuracy of Internet citations was found when term papers were submitted electronically. In 2000, the first year of electronic submissions, 65 percent of the citations pointed directly to the cited document, up from 55 percent in 1999. Internet citations aged six months in both 1999 and 2000 bibliographies were still irretrievable anywhere on the Internet 16 percent of the time. If more scholarly citations in term papers are to be seen, professors must provide clear expectations in their class assignments. Students should be required to submit an electronic copy of their paper so that Internet citations can be scrutinized for accuracy and plagiarism.
Nutrition Modulation of Cachexia/Proteolysis

Cachexia represents progressive wasting of muscle and adipose tissue and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although anorexia usually accompanies cachexia, cachexia rarely responds to increased food intake alone. Our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms responsible for cachexia remains incomplete. However, most states of cachexia are associated with underlying inflammatory processes and/or cancer. These processes activate protein degradation and lipolytic pathways, resulting in tissue loss. In this article, we briefly review the pathophysiology of cachexia and discuss the role of specific nutrient supplements for the treatment of cachexia. The branched chain amino acid leucine, the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, glutamine, omega-3 long chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, and polyphenols have demonstrated some efficacy in animal and/or human studies. Optimal treatment for cachexia is likely aimed at maximizing muscle and adipose synthesis while minimizing degradation.