cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical study of dense water outflows and halocline anticyclones in an arctic baroclinic slope current

[1] We examine the relation between the dense water migration from the shelf to the deep ocean and offshore generation of halocline anticyclones in a physical setting appropriate for an Arctic baroclinic current system, using a nonhydrostatic numerical ocean model. The model basin contains an outer shelf connected to the deep sea by a continental slope. The ocean is cyclical in the alongshore direction. Sea surface is frictional to account for the ice-exerted friction. A series of inflows and outflows is imposed on the shoreward side of the shelf to facilitate the release of dense waters into the basin. The distribution of inflow-outflow is sinusoidal in the alongshore direction. Inflow carries dense water into the basin while the outflow withdraws ambient shelf water from the shelf. The multiple sources produce an array of dense plumes entering the shelf. Seaward migration of dense plumes is examined with and without an offshore baroclinic current bounded to the left by the shelf. The baroclinic current, if present, is supported by slanted isopycnals rising toward the shelf break. Without the baroclinic current, downslope sinking plumes veer to the right and produce an undercurrent trapped by the continental slope. With the baroclinic current, convection along slanted isopycnals can divert dense plumes away from boundary trapping and produce intense subsurface anticyclones offshore. Initial meanders embedded in the baroclinic current can trigger instabilities and also produce subsurface anticyclones offshore. However, disturbances induced by sinking plumes and instabilities of offshore origin generally do not interact constructively to intensify subsurface anticyclones offshore.
The relation of millisecond delayed light emission to light-induced ion accumulations in chloroplasts.

Abstract Delayed fluorescence (delayed light emission) from chloroplasts is increased by ATP, ADP and, to a lesser extent, by ITP. However, neither phosphorylation nor ATP utilization seems to play any part in the phenomenon since the energy transfer inhibitor deoxyphlorizin, which is also an ATPase inhibitor, has no effect on the enhancement of delayed fluorescence. The enhancement of delayed fluorescence by these nucleotides is accompanied by an increase in the extent of proton uptake and n decrease in the nonphosphorylating (basal) electron transport. Uncouplers and ionophores such as imidazole, glycineamide, morpholine, methyl-amine, cyclohexylamine, atebrin, and gramicidin nearly abolish delayed fluorescence. However, ammonium salts are exceptional; they considerably enhance the emission although they also abolish phosphorylation and proton gradient formation. This enhancement of delayed fluorescence occurs only near or above pH 8 and seems to be specific for ammonia when relatively intact lamellae are employed. When particles prepared therefrom with digitonin are used, methylamine also enhances the delayed fluorescence. The enhancement by ammonium salts is correlated with the uptake of ammonium ions. Valinomycin, which is known to increase the permeability of membranes to ammonium ions, abolishes delayed fluorescence in the presence of ammonium salts. It is suggested that (a) ammonia uncoupling abolishes the pH component of the light-induced transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, but that (b) at higher pH's the electrical component of the gradient (the membrane potential) is not abolished and may even increase while (c) this increased membrane potential is responsible for enhancement of the delayed fluorescence. Gradients which contribute to delayed fluorescence are not necessarily capable of supporting phosphorylation. The requirements for phosphorylation seem more stringent than the requirements for delayed fluorescence and it may be that phosphorylation, unlike the delayed light emission, has an obligatory requirement for a pH gradient.
Effects of Sulfation Level on the Desulfation Behavior of Presulfated Pt-BaO/Al2O3 Lean NOx Trap Catalysts: A Combined H2 Temperature-Programmed Reaction, in Situ Sulfur K-Edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction Study

Desulfation by hydrogen of presulfated Pt (2 wt %)-BaO(20 wt %)/Al2O3 with various sulfur loading (S/Ba = 0.12, 0.31, and 0.62) were investigated by combining H2 temperature programmed reaction (TPRX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and synchrotron time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD) techniques. We find that the amount of H2S desorbed during the desulfation in the H2 TPRX experiments is not proportional to the amount of initial sulfur loading. The results of both in situ sulfur K-edge XANES and TR-XRD show that at low sulfur loadings, sulfates were transformed to a BaS phase and remained in the catalyst rather than being removed as H2S. On the other hand, when the deposited sulfur level exceeded a certain threshold (at least S/Ba = 0.31) sulfates were reduced to form H2S, and the relative amount of the residual sulfide species in the catalyst was much less than at low sulfur loading. Unlike samples with high sulfur loadin...
Propulsion generated by diffusion-driven flow

Few would expect the process of diffusion to generate useful work. But when a buoyant wedge-shaped object is placed in a fluid with a vertically stratified density gradient, the upward flow driven by diffusion can be translated into a measurable horizontal propulsion.
Corporate pension funding policy

Abstract What policy should a corporation adopt concerning the funding of a defined-benefit pension plan and the investment of the assets held in trust for the plan? Until recently, pension plans did not have to be insured, and some risk could be borne by intended beneficiaries. Federal legislation has now mandated such coverage. This paper analyzes corporate policy under three conditions which correspond, roughly, to the earlier situation (‘uninsure’ loans), the current situation (‘partially insured’ loans), and the situation required by law to be implemented in the future (‘completely insured’ plans). We show that if insurance premiums are set correctly, corporate policy in this area may not matter; otherwise the optimal policy may simply be that which maximizes the difference between the value of the insurance and its cost.
Perceived risk associated with apparel purchasing in discount stores

Consumer discount store patronage preferences for apparel are investigated using the concept of perceived risk. Apparel items are assigned a type and level of risk: low social, low economic; high social, low economic; and high social, high economic. Females (N=222) responding to a mail survey rate their willingness to purchase each item in a discount store on a scale ofprefer to buy, may buy, ornever buy. Results suggest that consumer preference for purchasing in discount stores declines more sharply when economic risk increases than when social risk increases.
Electrowetting at the Nanoscale

Using molecular simulations of nanosized aqueous droplets on a model graphite surface, we demonstrate remarkable sensitivity of water contact angles to the applied electric field polarity and direction relative to the liquid/solid interface. The effect is explained by analyzing the influence of the field on interfacial hydrogen bonding in the nanodrop, which in turn affects the interfacial tensions. The observed anisotropy in droplet wetting is a new nanoscale phenomenon that has so far been elusive as, in current experimental setups, surface molecules represent a very low fraction of the total number affected by the field. Our findings may have important implications for the design of electrowetting techniques in fabrication and property tuning of nanomaterials.
Marginalized stakeholders and performative politics: dueling discourses in education policymaking

American urban education policy debates pivot around dueling lines of discourse on what ails inner-city youth; such students are portrayed as emblems of a largely African-American and Latino ‘culture of failure’, even as their voices remain largely absent from debates about them. In response, youth-led organizations attempt to forward youth as political stakeholders. I draw upon ethnographic data from two such organizations to examine the performative aspects of their campaign work. I focus on how they engaged in (1) counter-scripting, to imagine themselves as political stakeholders and substantively prepare themselves for their new roles, and in (2) counter-staging, to gain greater access to existing public stages and construct new, alternative spaces, for more deliberative interactions with policymakers. The strengths and weaknesses of these organizations' efforts have implications for other groups of marginalized stakeholders campaigning for policy reform, especially in their attempts to demonstrate lo...
AutoODC: Automated generation of Orthogonal Defect Classifications

Orthogonal Defect Classification (ODC), the most influential framework for software defect classification and analysis, provides valuable in-process feedback to system development and maintenance. Conducting ODC classification on existing organizational defect reports is human intensive and requires experts' knowledge of both ODC and system domains. This paper presents AutoODC, an approach and tool for automating ODC classification by casting it as a supervised text classification problem. Rather than merely apply the standard machine learning framework to this task, we seek to acquire a better ODC classification system by integrating experts' ODC experience and domain knowledge into the learning process via proposing a novel Relevance Annotation Framework. We evaluated AutoODC on an industrial defect report from the social network domain. AutoODC is a promising approach: not only does it leverage minimal human effort beyond the human annotations typically required by standard machine learning approaches, but it achieves an overall accuracy of 80.2% when using manual classifications as a basis of comparison.
CloudSat system engineering: techniques that point to a future success

Over the past three years the CloutSat Project, a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder mission to provide from space the first global survey of cloud profiles and cloud physical properties, has implemented a successful project system engineering approach. Techniques learned through heuristic reasoning of past project events and professional experience were applied along with select methods recently touted to increase effectiveness without compromising effiency.
Phenobarbital and cerebral blood flow during hypotension in newborn pigs.

ABSTRACT: Phenobarbital sodium (PhS) has been used in anticonvulsant concentrations in premature newborns in attempts to prevent peri- and intraventricular hemorrhages (PIVH). Its effectiveness in preventing PIVH in clinical situations is still uncertain; however, PhS has reduced PIVH after hypertension in newborn beagles, and it has lowered cerebral blood flow (CBF) during hypertension in newborn beagles and piglets. We hypothesized that PhS might reduce CBF during systemic hypotension. Twelve control and 12 PhS-treated piglets (1 to 2 d old) were used for microsphere determinations of CBF during 1) steady state; 2) 30 min after PhS (treatment group) or saline infusion (controls); and 3 and 4) during two levels of graded hypotension. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 61 ± 13 (SD) mm Hg (controls) and 57 ± 13 (SD) mm Hg (PhS) during steady state. Thirty min after the PhS or saline infusion, MABP and CBF remained unchanged in both groups. CBF during hypotension at MABP of 41 ±5 (SD) mm Hg was significantly higher in controls than was CBF at MABP of 39 ± 6 (SD) mm Hg in the PhS-treated group (p = 0.044); CBF in the two groups during the second hypotensive phase was not significantly different. However, LOWESS regression suggested that the CBF from the controls dropped as the arterial pressure decreased to less than 37 mm Hg, whereas PhS treatment lowered CBF during hemorrhagic hypotension compared with controls at blood pressures greater than 37 mm Hg but did not lower CBF further at lower systemic blood pressures. This suggests that PhS would not, by itself, cause ischemia at blood pressures near the lower limit of autoregulation.
Lifetime Buy Decisions with Multiple Obsolete Parts

Life-cycle mismatch occurs when the life cycles of parts end before the life cycles of the products in which those parts are used. Lifetime buys are one tactic for mitigating the effect of part obsolescence, where a quantity of parts is purchased for the remaining life of a product. We extend prior work that determines optimal lifetime buy quantities for one product with one obsolete part by providing an analytic solution and two simple heuristic policies for the optimal lifetime buy quantities when many parts become obsolete over a product's life cycle. We determine which of our two heuristics is most accurate for different product life cycles, which yields a metaheuristic with increased accuracy. That analysis also reveals critical perspectives in making lifetime buy decisions with nonstationary life-cycle demand patterns.
Improved outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis with aggressive passive immunization

Passive immunization with hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) is important to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation for chronic HBV cirrhosis. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) dosing regimens have been poorly defined, utilize numerous routes of administration, and result in a high rate of HBV relapse and mortality. Twenty-five of 27 (93%) patients transplanted (four retransplants) for chronic HBV cirrhosis show no evidence of recurrent HBV (range, 2-55 months). Anti-HBs titers necessary to minimize the risk of hepatitis B surface antigen detectability were >500 IU/L for days 0 to 7, >250 IU/L for days 8 to 90, and >100 IU/L thereafter. Pretransplant HBV E antigen (HBeAG)-positive patients required more HBIG to achieve these goals than HBeAG-negative individuals. The elimination of anti-HBs changed continually for the initial 3 posttransplant months. The anti-HBs half-life increased from 0.7 days to 14.1 days. Anti-HBs elimination was significantly different in HBeAG+ and HBeAG- patients for the first week, but was subsequently indistinguishable after week 1. After 3 months, the half-life was statistically less for HBeAG+ patients, but the difference did not influence the clinical treatment regimens. Quantitative hepatitis B DNA levels did not predict the amount of HBIG required. HBV recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation can be reduced by aggressive passive immunization. Pharmacokinetic analysis of anti-Hbs elimination can improve immunoglobulin therapy and prevent recurrence of clinical hepatitis.
ADOLESCENTS' SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND ACADEMIC ATTAINMENT.

High school students have high ambitions but do not always make choices that maximize their likelihood of educational success. This was the motivation for investigating the relationships between hi...
The inevitability of integrated communications

Abstract The concept and practice of integrated marketing and communications has been challenged by functional specialists and practitioners. Evidence presented shows integration being driven by technology, and, thus, an irresistible force. Advertising, as currently practiced, is based on a mass production model. The future is one-to-one marketing and communication, based on behavior more than attitudes and driven by databases and new electronic delivery systems. A “shift of information technology” model illustrating three types of marketing systems is presented. This provides a practical method for practitioners to identify their need for integrated marketing and communications and the speed with which the integration must occur.
Early osteolysis with Hylamer acetabular liners

We reviewed 78 patients with Hylamer acetabular liners (DePuy-Dupont Orthopedics, Warsaw, IN), with a mean follow-up of 3.8 years (range, 2-6 years), for signs of osteolysis secondary to polyethylene wear. Nine patients (11.5%) showed osteolysis greater than 1 cm2. One patient had a greater trochanter fracture through a lytic area, one patient required a revision at 4 years for severe acetabular and femoral lysis with lesser trochanter fracture, and a second patient is awaiting revision.
The generation of confidence intervals for steady state simulations through the application of spectral analysis

To generate a confidence interval on the steady state expectation of the output sequence from a simulation one must generate a “good” estimate of the variance of the sample mean. This is less than straight forward because, in general, such output sequences are serially correlated. However, the variance of the sample mean is very simply related to the spectral density of the sequence. For large sample sizes, it is approximately equal to the spectral density at zero frequency divided by the sample size. Although this relationship has been well known for many years and the subject of spectral estimation is a well developed one,the application of spectral estimation techniques to simulation confidence interval generation has a somewhat checkered history and may yet be surrounded by considerable confusion.This talk will attempt to put recent work into perspective with regard to the history of spectral approaches, other approaches and the basic issues of confidence interval generation. Broader issues such as sequential testing and run length control will also be discussed. The talk will assume no knowledge of spectral analysis.
Study on Application of Ethernet Passive Optical Network in Auxiliary Control System of Smart Substation

Ethernet passive optical network is a new optical access network technology characterized by low cost, high bandwidth, little electromagnetic interference, strong scalability, and powerful compatibility. The auxiliary control system of smart substation includes video surveillance system that carries large data volume but raises low real-time requirement. Constructing the auxiliary control system in the station with Ethernet passive optical network can effectively solve the problem of export bandwidth allocation without using a switch, thus greatly saving the investment in network construction and the costs for life-cycle maintenance. It is therefore regarded as an efficient new networking scheme for the auxiliary control system of smart substation. This paper analyzes the feasibility of applying Ethernet passive optical network technology in the auxiliary control system of smart substation, proposes a program to construct a 220kV smart substation using Ethernet passive optical network, and conducts an economic comparison, in an attempt to provide a new solution for the data transmission of the auxiliary control system of smart substation.
Simulation of nano-mechanical measurement of mass accretion in biological systems

Nano-mechanical resonators operating in liquid have been used to measure the change in the mass of a cell attached to the resonator as it grows. As the cell accretes mass, the natural frequency of the system changes, which can be measured experimentally. The current work extends methods previously developed for simulation of an atomic force microscope operating in liquid to study this phenomena. A silicon cantilever with a 10 micron width, an 800 nanometer thickness, and a length of 30 microns was selected as a baseline configuration. The change in resonant frequency as the system accretes mass was determined through simulation. The results show that the change in natural frequency as mass accretes on the resonator is predictable through simulation. The length and material of the cantilever were changed. The results show that shorter cantilevers, made from materials with higher elastic moduli, will be more accurate in this application.
Thermal conductivity predictions of composites containing percolated networks of uniform cylindrical inclusions

Abstract A theoretical approach is introduced that enables the prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of a composite containing a thermally insulating matrix and percolated networks of highly-conducting cylindrical inclusions. This theory is applicable for all inclusion sizes but is applied here for nanocomposites. The theory is based on first determining the effective thermal conductivity of a percolated inclusion backbone, followed by the introduction of spherical matrix regions within the backbone. The methodology presented here provides a prediction of the percolation threshold that is in good agreement with other studies, a simple expression to estimate the composite thermal conductivity where conduction through the matrix is ignored, and a straightforward iterative methodology for predicting the composite thermal conductivity when matrix conduction is included. In addition, the method provides a means to estimate the inclusion thermal conductivity, inclusion-inclusion contact conductance, and the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) based on macroscopic experimental measurements of the composite thermal conductivity for various inclusion volume fractions. Application of the method to existing carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphite nanofiber (GNF) composite experimental measurements provides predictions of these three parameters with some agreement with other studies, where more robustness is seen in predicting interfacial resistances than inclusion thermal conductivity.
REINAS: A Real-Time System for Managing Environmental Data

Managing scientific data is a challenging task, and many of the problems it presents have yet to be adequately solved. The Real-time Environmental Information Network and Analysis System (REINAS) is an operational solution to the problem of collecting and distributing environmental data in a real-time context, as well as supporting data acquisition, retrieval, visualization and long-term data maintenance. The system is built around one or more databases and has been developed to support both real-time and retrospective regional scale environmental science. Continuous real-time data is acquired from dispersed sensors and input to a logically integrated but physically distributed system. The database engine provides a powerful structure to handle data management, but current database technology can have difficulty meeting the performance requirements that a large real-time environmental system demands. The REINAS architecture and current status is described in detail, including the challenges that were addressed in the construction of an operational system which includes a regional wireless instrumentation network comprised of over 200 instrument platforms and 1500 sensor streams producing real-time data of interest to thousands of users.
Tables to Facilitate Fitting Tadikamalla and Johnson's LB Distributions

This paper is concerned with estimating the parameters of Tadikamalla-Johnson's LB distribution using the first four moments. Tables of the parameters of the LB distribution are given for selected values of skewness (0.0(0.05) 1.0(0.1)2.0) and corresponding available values of kurtosis at intervals of 0.2. The construction and use of these tables is explained with a numerical example.
Prolactin receptor concentrations in the skin of mink during the winter fur growth cycle.

The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) if the skin of mink might be a target organ for prolactin (PRL) by establishing if PRL binding sites (receptors) exist in the cell membranes of skin, and 2) if PRL receptor concentrations change during onset and progression of the winter fur growth cycle. Skin was collected on October 6, 1992 for characterization of PRL receptors and from July through December 1992 (N = 3 mink/month) to evaluate possible changes in PRL receptor concentrations during the fur growth cycle. PRL receptors were quantified using125I- oPRL in a validated radioreceptor assay. Scatchard analysis of saturation data revealed a single class of high-affinity (Kd=5.21 × 10−11±. 84M), low capacity (Bmax= 27.03 ± 3.37 fmoles/mg) binding sites. Only oPRL (40% displacement) and to a lesser extent oGH (3% displacement) inhibited the binding of125I-oPRL to mink skin cell membranes. No inhibition of125I-oPRL binding to membranes occurred in the presence of a 500-fold excess of bTSH of oLH, indicating that the receptors were hormone specific. Concentrations of125I-oPRL receptors during the onset and development of winter fur growth (July through November) exhibited no significant change. However, following completion of the winter fur growth cycle (December 1) PRL receptor concentration was significantly higher than all preceding months. The greater binding observed at that time may reflect a change in tissue sensitivity, in preparation for growth of the summer pelage. These data suggest to us that the skin of mink is a target organ for PRL and are consistent with the hypothesis that part of the affects of PRL on fur growth occur directly at the level of the skin. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BehSys Anal: An artificially intelligent hypermedia resource library for descriptive behavioral research

The advancement of computer technologies, particularly the development of hypertext and interactive video, has presented to the academic community a new and effective tool for teaching and learning. An application of these technologies led to the concept of a hypermedia resource library—a set of integrated interactive computer modules that allow the user to browse and study topically specific content in a unique way. Such modules electronically present textual, graphic, and real-time video materials that instruct and quiz the user, offer a means for computer-based laboratory experimentation and data analysis, and provide statistical evaluation of the user’s progress. This paper will focus on the technology of computer-based hypermedia and the specific concept within this context of the artificially intelligent hypermedia resource library.
Cross‐cultural equity sensitivity: a test of differences between the United States and Japan

Purpose – This study aims to examine the cross‐cultural differences in equity sensitivity between the USA and Japan.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 390 Americans and 202 Japanese were surveyed to determine their equity sensitivities and how each group would likely respond to under‐payment scenarios.Findings – The findings support the notion that the Japanese are in fact more entitled in their equity orientation than Americans. Furthermore, the Japanese were also significantly more likely to respond with overt actions to reduce their feelings of inequity.Research limitations/implications – Foremost among these limitations is the fact that the situation presented to the subjects was hypothetical rather than real. Since it would be considered unethical to manipulate subjects in real work settings a first person scenario approach was utilized consistent with other equity theory literature. While the scenario was easily identifiable by the student subjects, it is unknown if the findings from this res...
Humor appreciation and issue involvement

Female undergraduate students who were personally involved with the issue of women’s rights were exposed to one of four experimental conditions. In Condition 1 (relevant humor), S listened to a tape recording of humorous monologues in which women were the brunt of the jokes. Tape 2 (nonrelevant humor) presented humorous monologues not involving women. Tapes 3 and 4 presented nonhumorous material. Respectively, these were a relevant tape in which selections from a handbook of women’s rights were read and a nonrelevant tape presenting a recording of the poem For Whom the Bell Tolls. A behavioral measure of change in personal involvement with the relevant issue and subjective evaluations of the recordings and own emotions show that Ss appreciated the relevant humor but evidently did not experience decreased involvement with the theme of women’s rights. Indeed, the relevant humor seemed to have the opposite effect of intensifying S’s commitment to the theme. These findings suggest that intellectual appreciation of humor can occur in the absence of emotional or cognitive reinterpretation of the material. Furthermore, they support the notion that simple distraction may be the key variable operating to reduce issue involvement following humor.
Direct Ramsey theorem for structures involving relations and functions

We prove the direct structural Ramsey theorem for structures with relations as well as functions. The result extends the theorem of Abramson and Harrington and of Nesetril and Rodl.
Diel cycles in dissolved barium, lead, iron, vanadium, and nitrite in a stream draining a former zinc smelter site near Hegeler, Illinois

Abstract Diel variations in the concentrations of a number of constituents have the potential to substantially affect the appropriate sampling regimen in acidic streams. Samples taken once during the course of the day cannot adequately reflect diel variations in water quality and may result in an inaccurate understanding of biogeochemical processes, ecological conditions, and of the threat posed by the water to human health and the associated wildlife. Surface water and groundwater affected by acid drainage were sampled every 60 to 90 min over a 48-hour period at a former zinc smelter known as the Hegeler Zinc Superfund Site, near Hegeler, Illinois. Diel variations related to water quality in the aquifer were not observed in groundwater. Diel variations were observed in the temperature, pH, and concentration of dissolved oxygen, nitrite, barium, iron, lead, vanadium, and possibly uranium in surface water. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, barium, lead, and uranium generally attained maximum values during the afternoon and minimum values during the night. Iron, vanadium, and pH generally attained minimum values during the afternoon and maximum values during the night. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were affected by the intensity of photosynthetic activity and respiration, which are dependent upon insolation. Nitrite, an intermediary in many nitrogen reactions, may have been formed by the oxidation of ammonium by dissolved oxygen and converted to other nitrogen species as part of the decomposition of organic matter. The timing of the pH cycles was distinctly different from the cycles found in Midwestern alkaline streams and likely was the result of the photoreduction of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ and variations in the intensity of precipitation of hydrous ferric oxide minerals. Diel cycles of iron and vanadium also were primarily the result of variations in the intensity of precipitation of hydrous ferric oxide minerals. The diel variation in the concentrations of lead, uranium, and barium may have been affected by competition with Fe + 2 for sorption sites on hydrous ferric oxide minerals.
Redox Isotherms for Vanadia Supported on Zirconia

Redox isotherms were measured for zirconia-supported vanadia between 10−2 and 10−28 atm at 748 K for two vanadia loadings, 2.9 and 5.8 V/nm2, corresponding to isolated VO4 species and monolayer, polymeric vanadates. The catalyst with isolated VO4 species, which is expected to have predominantly V–O–Zr linkages, had a redox isotherm that showed a well-defined step corresponding to one oxygen per V. By contrast, the redox isotherm for the catalyst with polymeric vanadates changed more gradually with $$ \hbox{P}_{{\rm O}_2} $$ and the change in the oxygen stoichiometry corresponded to 0.85 O/V. Comparison of these results to the redox isotherms for bulk vanadates suggests that oxidation of the isolated vanadates proceeds by a direct transition from V+3 ↔ V+5, while transitions from V+3 ↔ V+4 and V+4 ↔ V+5 are possible with the polyvanadates. Rate measurements for methanol and propane oxidation over the two supported vanadia catalysts and several bulk vanadates showed that specific rates for each reaction were similar on all of the samples, suggesting that that the V–O bond strength does not affect the rate determining step of these reactions.
The keratocan gene is expressed in both ocular and non-ocular tissues during early chick development

Extracellular matrix (ECM) keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) are core proteins with sulfated polylactosamine side chains (KS). The KSPG core protein keratocan gene (Kera) is expressed almost exclusively in adult vertebrate cornea, but its embryonic expression is little known. Embryonic chick in situ hybridization reveals Kera mRNA expression in corneal endothelium from embryonic day (E) 4.5, Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) 25, in stromal keratocytes from E6.5, HH30, and in iris distal surface cells from E8, HH34. As highly sulfated, antibody I22-positive KS increases extracellularly from posterior to anterior across the stroma, nerves enter and populate only anterior stroma and epithelium. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrate that developmentally regulated Kera mRNA expression initiates in midbrain and dorsolateral mesenchyme at E1, HH7, then spreads caudally in hindbrain and cranial and trunk mesenchyme flanking the neural tube through E2, HH20. Cranial expression extends ventrally through the developing head, and concentrates in mesenchyme surrounding eye anterior regions and cranial ganglia, and in subepidermal pharyngeal arch mesenchyme by E3.5, HH22. Kera expression in the trunk at E3.5, HH22 and E4.5, HH25, is strong in dorsolateral subepidermal, sclerotomal and nephrogenic mesenchymes, but absent in neural tube, dorsal root ganglia, nerve outgrowths, notochord, heart and gut. Early limb buds express Kera mRNA throughout their mesenchyme, then in restricted proximal and distal mesenchymes. I22-positive KS appears only in notochord in E3.5, HH22 and E4.5, HH25, embryos. Results suggest the hypothesis that keratocan, or keratocan with minimally sulfated KS chains, may play a role in structuring ECM for early embryonic cell and neuronal migrations.
Inference of modules associated to eQTLs

Cataloging the association of transcripts to genetic variants in recent years holds the promise for functional dissection of regulatory structure of human transcription. Here, we present a novel approach, which aims at elucidating the joint relationships between transcripts and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This entails detection and analysis of modules of transcripts, each weakly associated to a single genetic variant, together exposing a high-confidence association signal between the module and this ‘main’ SNP. To explore how transcripts in a module are related to causative loci for that module, we represent such dependencies by a graphical model. We applied our method to the existing data on genetics of gene expression in the liver. The modules are significantly more, larger and denser than found in permuted data. Quantification of the confidence in a module as a likelihood score, allows us to detect transcripts that do not reach genome-wide significance level. Topological analysis of each module identifies novel insights regarding the flow of causality between the main SNP and transcripts. We observe similar annotations of modules from two sources of information: the enrichment of a module in gene subsets and locus annotation of the genetic variants. This and further phenotypic analysis provide a validation for our methodology.
Non-linearity and heterogeneity in modeling of population dynamics

Abstract The study of population growth reveals that the behaviors that follow the power law appear in numerous biological, demographical, ecological, physical and other contexts. Parabolic models appear to be realistic approximations of real-life replicator systems, while hyperbolic models were successfully applied to problems of global demography and appear relevant in quasispecies and hypercycle modeling. Nevertheless, it is not always clear why non-exponential growth is observed empirically and what possible origins of the non-exponential models are. In this paper the power equation is considered within the frameworks of inhomogeneous population models; it is proven that any power equation describes the total population size of a frequency-dependent model with Gamma-distributed Malthusian parameter. Additionally, any super-exponential equation describes the dynamics of inhomogeneous Malthusian density-dependent population model. All statistical characteristics of the underlying inhomogeneous models are computed explicitly. The results of this analysis show that population heterogeneity can be a reasonable explanation for power law accurately describing total population growth.
The Xenopus laevis homologue to the neuronal cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk5) is expressed in embryos by gastrulation

Abstract Phosphorylation of the neuronal cytoskeletal proteins NF-H, NF-M and tau is important for normal axonal development, and is involved in axonal injury and neurodegenerative diseases. In mammalian neurons, one kinase that phosphorylates these axonal cytoskeletal proteins is cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5). Cdk5 is a member of the family of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), whose other family members regulate mitosis. Unlike the other cdks, cdk5 is abundant in differentiated neurons. Embryos of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis have proved useful for studying other cyclin-dependent kinases, neurofilament proteins and tau during development. As a first step in studying the role of cdk5 and its effects on neurofilaments during Xenopus neural development, four cDNA clones were isolated by screening a frog brain cDNA library at lowered stringency with a cDNA probe to rat cdk5. The frog cdk5 clones encoded a protein of 292 amino acids that was 97% identical to rat cdk5. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the Xenopus cdk5 transcript, like that of mammals, was expressed in differentiated post-mitotic neurons. The high degree of sequence homology and shared neuronal expression suggests that the role of cdk5 in neurons is highly conserved between mammals and amphibians. Northern blot analysis indicated that during Xenopus development, cdk5 mRNA was first expressed between the midblastula transition and gastrulation, which both occur long before neuronal differentiation. These stages mark the transition from synchronous to asynchronous cell division and are the earliest stages of zygotic gene expression. This early expression of Xenopus cdk5 mkRNA implies a role for cdk5 during embryogenesis that is separate from its role as a axonal cytoskeletal protein kinase. These observations provide the foundation for exploiting X. laevis embryos to study the role of cdk5 both in the early stages of axonal differentiation and also in early embryogenesis.
Self-control skills for preventing smoking.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of self-control skills intervention to prevent smoking with middle school subjects. Informed and consenting subjects were pretested, then by school were randomly divided into three conditions: experimental, placebo, and test-only control. Experimental condition subjects received self-control skills intervention covering self-instruction, self-reinforcement, problem solving, and interpersonal communication. Placebo condition subjects received a discussion-oriented intervention employing health education methods to prevent smoking. Results at 15-month follow-up indicated that self-control and placebo condition subjects, relative to control condition subjects, improved more on measures of health knowledge and nonsmoking intentions. Self-control skills subjects had better 15-month follow-up scores than subjects in the other two conditions on measures of communication, self-instruction, self-praise, cigarette refusals, and noncompliance to smoke. Self- control condition subjects reported less weekly cigarette smoking compared with placebo and control condition subjects at final follow-up.
Health care utilization among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Health care utilization among patients with chronic kidney disease. Background Higher hospitalization rates among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients impose a substantial burden on the U.S. health care system. Early identification of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and determination of factors associated with increased morbidity may lead to appropriate interventions to attenuate the complications of CKD and possibly reduce future resource utilization. Methods This retrospective cohort study of CKD patients in an outpatient nephrology clinic was performed to identify risk factors for hospitalization. The study population consisted of adults with elevated serum creatinine (females ≥1.5 mg/dL, males ≥2.0 mg/dL). Hospitalizations, hospital days and outpatient nephrology visits were examined. Results Among the 259 patients, 123 (47%) were hospitalized during a median follow-up of 11.4 months. The number of hospitalizations and hospital days per patient-year at risk were 0.96 and 6.6, respectively. Cardiovascular disease/hypertension accounted for the majority of hospitalizations. In a multivariate regression analysis, older age (RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00, 1.03) and presence of cardiac disease (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.19, 3.07) were associated with higher risk of hospitalization while higher serum albumin (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.35, 0.95) and higher hematocrit (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87, 0.97) were associated with lower risk of hospitalization. Higher serum albumin (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21, 0.55), higher hematocrit (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81, 0.93) and use of ACE-inhibitors (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47, 0.84) were associated with lower risk of subsequent hospital days. Erythropoietin (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11, 1.82) use was associated with higher risk of outpatient nephrology visits. Conclusion Certain potentially modifiable factors appear to be associated with increased resource utilization. It is hypothesized that attention to these factors may lead to improved outcomes in this patient population, which could result in reduced utilization.
Left atrial index is a predictor of exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Background Left atrial (LA) enlargement is related to diastolic dysfunction and mitral regurgitation (MR), both of which are common in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This study investigates the association between LA size and exercise capacity in patients with HCM. Methods All HCM patients who underwent a treadmill test with direct measurement of oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and a standard transthoracic echocardiography within 30 days in the years 2001-2003 were identified. Patients with significant comorbidities were excluded. Exercise capacity was defined as percentage of predicted peak VO 2 . Clinical and echocardiographic parameters were compared with those of a group of normal subjects. Results Compared with normal subjects, HCM patients had increased left atrial (LA) volume index (36 vs 21 mL/m 2 ; P P r = −.20; P = .06) but was an independent predictor of exercise capacity in a multivariate linear analysis, together with body mass index, heart rate at rest, and left ventricular end-systolic diameter. Including the parameters E/e′ ratio or moderate or severe MR did not add incremental value to the model. Conclusion LA volume index, reflecting the combined influences of MR and diastolic dysfunction, was independently associated with objective measures of exercise capacity in patients with isolated HCM.
THE LINK BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE MARRIAGE RATE: BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA, 1980-1999

The 1980-99 period in Argentina was characterized by an extraordinary increase in unemployment rate, for both male and females, and an increase in women labor force participation. At the same time, especially since 1 990, the marriage rate shows a remarkable decrease. This phenomenon has been more evident among the young population and most of the substitution was away from marriage and toward consensual union and single. For instance, the percentage of married women between the ages of 17 and 29 decreased from 37% in 1980 to 16% in 1999. On the other hand, the percentage of single women and women in consensual union increased from 54% and 5% to 68% and 14% respectively. These changes are remarkable, specially taking into account thatAigentina introduced the "divorce law" in 1987, which decreased the cost of marriage engagement. One tempting explanation to the decrease in marriage rate could be based on changes in "social rules" or preferences among the young population. For example, one of the most important newspapers in Argentina said: "The specialists see in this crisis of marriage a denunciation of the social institutions of the modernity, "the stereotype of the perfect family, the idea that one gets married to have children immediately, the conjugal fidelity that, in most cases, was a lie because it was not fulfilled", enumerates Loyacono, president of the Argentine Society of Family Therapy. And in every denunciation there is an attempt of transformation, wishes to change the rules of the game." 16/12/01, Clarin. This article evaluates two possible explanations: the first hypothesis is that a change in social rules or values, or in some unobservable factor, was the driving force behind this phenomena, and the second is that declining labor market opportunities for young people resulted in a reduction in the gains of marriage, therefore a decline in the marriage rate. In order to evaluate these explanations, we estimate a multi-logit model for young women marriage decision using micro-data from Area Metropolitana and Gran Buenos Aires, for the 1 9801 999 period.
Biases and Lags in Book Value and Their Effects on the Ability of the Book-to-Market Ratio to Predict Book Return on Equity

We distinguish two sources of variation in the book-to-market ratio (BTM) -- bias and lags -- with different implications for future book return on equity (ROE). We hypothesize that the bias and lag components of the BTM both have negative implications for future ROE, but the bias component's implications persist while the lag component's implications decay over the period that the firm's currently unrecognized economic gains or losses are recognized. We forecast ROE over horizons from one to five years and the terminal value in the discounted residual income valuation model at a five-year horizon, and find results generally consistent with our hypotheses. We also predict and find that the association between the bias (but not the lag) component and future ROE is less negative for higher growth firms.
The role of affective reactions in enhancing the recall of public service announcements

Mass media investigations of public service announcements (PSAs) have failed to fully examine how affective reactions generated by television programs influence individuals’ learning of PSA‐based content. This study used the mood‐congruency hypothesis to examine the following question: Do emotional reactions generated by televised programs influence individuals’ encoding and learning of PSA‐based content? This question was explored by conducting two experiments. Success of the mood manipulations and recall of PSAs were assessed through the use of self‐report measures. The results of the main experimental study failed to support the theoretical hypotheses of the research. However, the research did demonstrate that the negative PSAs were better recalled than the positive PSAs across the positive, negative, and neutral program conditions. The results also indicated that, overall, female respondents recalled more information than male respondents. Limitations of this research and implications for future resea...