cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea: effect on diarrhoea morbidity, mortality and incidence of future episodes

Background Zinc supplementation for the treatment of diarrhoea has been shown to decrease the duration and severity of the diarrhoeal episode, diarrhoea hospitalization rates and, in some studies, all-cause mortality. Using multiple outcome measures, we sought to estimate the effect of zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea on diarrhoea mortality and subsequent pneumonia mortality. Methods We conducted a systematic review of efficacy and effectiveness studies. We used a standardized abstraction and grading format and performed meta-analyses for all outcomes with ≥2 data points. The estimated effect on diarrhoea mortality was determined by applying the standard Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group rules for multiple outcomes. Results We identified 13 studies for abstraction. Zinc supplementation decreased the proportion of diarrhoeal episodes which lasted beyond 7 days, risk of hospitalization, all-cause mortality and diarrhoea mortality. Using diarrhoea hospitalizations as the closest and most conservative possible proxy for diarrhoea mortality, zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea is estimated to decrease diarrhoea mortality by 23%. Conclusion Zinc is an effective therapy for diarrhoea and will decrease diarrhoea morbidity and mortality when introduced and scaled-up in low-income countries.
AI research activities at Saint Joseph's University

Research activities in artificial intelligence at Saint Joseph's University are described. There has been significant progress in both basic research and system implementation in the last few years. The software developed pertains to search pruning for problem solving, learning from examples (similarity-based learning as it is often called), and explanation-based generalization and self-improving game-playing programs. The work on similarity-based learning can support the automatic formation of expert rules. All of this work is based on the basic research. Activities in the areas of the theory of problem solving, learning algorithms, and software development are described. >
Tacit knowledge: philosophic roots and role in KM

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and clarify a central concept of knowledge management, tacit knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – The paper investigates the philosophical roots of the concept of tacit knowledge and compares its core elements with current uses of the concept in contemporary knowledge management research. Different interpretations of the concept are identified, analyzed and clarified. A more explanatory and useful interpretation is developed and applied to current issues in knowledge management. A new KM implementation model is described based on a fuller understanding of the tacit/explicit distinction.Findings – The main conclusion of the paper is that the concept of tacit knowledge as it appears in the literature is vague and ambiguous. This vagueness creates confusion that, in turn, makes developing and implementing KM strategies more difficult. However, by understanding the philosophic roots of the concept of tacit knowledge it becomes possible to develop a clearer ...
Large-Scale Applications

Biometric identifiers, systems, and databases are really put to the test when 1:many searches of large biometric databases are part of the enrollment policy or authentication protocol. In such identification problems, not only are low error rates desired, high 1:1 match rates are quite often also required.
Measuring Outcome in Professional Practice: Considerations in Selecting and Using Brief Outcome Instruments.

Despite external pressures (e.g., quality assurance, therapist accountability) to measure outcome in psychotherapy, less than a third of clinicians choose to monitor outcome. A growing body of evidence suggests that monitoring patient progress can enhance patient outcome, particularly for patients who are at risk of not responding to treatment. To facilitate the adoption of routine assessment of patient outcome, recommendations for selecting an appropriate outcome instrument are suggested. In addition, procedures for implementing routine assessment of outcome and the use of outcome results are discussed.
Ubiquitously transcribed genes use alternative polyadenylation to achieve tissue-specific expression

More than half of human genes use alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (ApA) to generate mRNA transcripts that differ in the lengths of their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), thus altering the post-transcriptional fate of the message and likely the protein output. The extent of 3' UTR variation across tissues and the functional role of ApA remain poorly understood. We developed a sequencing method called 3'-seq to quantitatively map the 3' ends of the transcriptome of diverse human tissues and isogenic transformation systems. We found that cell type-specific gene expression is accomplished by two complementary programs. Tissue-restricted genes tend to have single 3' UTRs, whereas a majority of ubiquitously transcribed genes generate multiple 3' UTRs. During transformation and differentiation, single-UTR genes change their mRNA abundance levels, while multi-UTR genes mostly change 3' UTR isoform ratios to achieve tissue specificity. However, both regulation programs target genes that function in the same pathways and processes that characterize the new cell type. Instead of finding global shifts in 3' UTR length during transformation and differentiation, we identify tissue-specific groups of multi-UTR genes that change their 3' UTR ratios; these changes in 3' UTR length are largely independent from changes in mRNA abundance. Finally, tissue-specific usage of ApA sites appears to be a mechanism for changing the landscape targetable by ubiquitously expressed microRNAs.
Competing with Free: The Impact of Movie Broadcasts on DVD Sales and Internet Piracy

The creative industries have frequently expressed concern that they can't compete with freely available copies of their content. Competing with free is particularly concerning for movie stu-dios, whose content may be more prone to single-use consumption than other industries such as music. This issue has gained renewed importance recently with the advent of new digital video recording and distribution technologies, and the widespread availability of Internet piracy.We examine competition between "free" and paid video content in two important contexts: the impact of legitimate free distribution in one channel on sales through paid channels, and the im-pact of illegitimate "free" distribution in pirated channels on sales through paid channels. We do this by studying the impact of movie broadcasts on DVD demand and the impact of piracy avail-ability at the time of broadcast on DVD demand for movies shown on over-the-air and cable television during an eight-month period in 2005-2006.With respect to the impact of movie broadcasts on sales, we find that movie broadcasts on over-the-air networks result in an increase in DVD sales at Amazon.com by an average of 118% in the week after over-the-air broadcast. With respect to the impact of piracy on sales, we use the tele-vision broadcast as an exogenous demand shock and find that the availability of pirated content at the time of broadcast has no effect on post-broadcast DVD sales gains. Together our results suggest that creative artists can use product differentiation and market seg-mentation strategies to compete with freely available copies of their content. Specifically, the post-broadcast increase in DVD sales suggests that giving away content in one channel can stimulate sales in a paid channel if the free content is sufficiently differentiated from its paid counterpart. Likewise, the example of post-broadcast piracy suggests that if free products appeal to a different customer segment than paid products do, the presence of free products need not harm paid sales.
Cross-layer framework with geodiverse routing in software-defined networking

We propose a cross-layer routing framework in the SDN (software-defined networking) domain to cope with regionally-correlated challenges. By taking advantage of the failure detection model, GeoDivRP calculates multiple geodiverse paths for resilient network communications. Coupled with the optimization model, it realizes the minimized delay-skew product when decoupling traffic onto multiple paths. We evaluate our framework using MPTCP (Multipath TCP) in the face of regionally-correlated failures and it presents better performance compared to the single path routing. We further demonstrate our web framework to automate the OpenFlow experiment by programmatically importing network topologies and execute challenge emulations using the user-provided challenge regions.
The influence of image characteristics on image recognition: a comparison of photographs and line drawings

Background: Photographs provide more information including colour, luminance, texture, and shading cues compared to line drawings. There is evidence that these additional cues facilitate image recognition in individuals with and without neurological deficits. Black-and-white line drawings and colour photographs are commonly used with individuals with aphasia in evaluation and treatment. Eye tracking provides an opportunity to assess the influence of these different image types on object recognition processes without relying on verbal responses.Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in object recognition of photographs and line drawings were observed using eye-tracking measures. Specific goals were to compare the influence of (a) image type of the same target image presented as colour photograph and black-and-white line drawing and (b) degree of colour diagnosticity (high-colour diagnostic natural objects and low-colour diagnostic human-made objects) in multiple-choice image d...
Questioning Authority: Why Boards Do Not Control Managers and How a Better Board Process Can Help

Few Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) believe their boards of directors understand the strategic factors that determine their corporation’s success. In fact, some long-term directors “confess that they don't really understand how their companies make money.” Yet broadly accepted theories of corporate governance, such as Stephen Bainbridge’s Director Primacy, are founded on the faulty premise that boards of directors have the actual authority to stop managers from behaving badly. These theories, as well as corporate law, wrongly assume that boards have practical authority over managers. This Article directly challenges that assumption and argues that managers, not boards, control corporate decision-making processes. The problem is that legal scholars and policymakers have ignored the connection between decision-making processes and practical authority. This Article is the first to identify and examine this relationship, which is essential to helping boards live up to their legislative mandates.This Article argues that an effective decision-making process is essential to securing a corporate board’s actual authority. Unless boards engage in such a process, regulators will continue to expect boards to perform tasks that exceed their capabilities. Organizational behavior theory, which can be found in business literature, but is frequently ignored in law, provides the attributes of an effective decision-making process. Analyzing the components of an effective process, and identifying which components are truly controlled by boards as opposed to managers, supplies a roadmap for what boards need in order to have both de facto and de jure authority in their corporations. This Article provides that original analysis.
Zero-determinant Strategies for Multi-player Multi-action Iterated Games

Zero-determinant (ZD) strategies that allow a player to unilaterally control the linear combinations of its own and other players’ expected rewards in iterated games have recently found wide applications. However, existing ZD strategies mainly focus on some specific scenarios with restrictions on the number of players or actions a player can take. Targeting wider applications and better performance, the ZD strategies along with corresponding existence conditions for general multi-player multi-action iterated games are developed in this work, including existing ones as special cases. In addition, an interesting fact that every player can have at most one master player (that can control the expected reward of the given player) is revealed.
Summary of AHRQ's comparative effectiveness review of treatment to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis: update of the 2007 report.

BACKGROUND: In 2007, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(AHRQ) published a systematic review on the comparative effectiveness of treatments for osteoporosis. The review included studies on the benefits and risks of medications and therapies used to prevent fractures in postmenopausal women and men with low bone density (osteopenia) orosteoporosis. Factors that may affect adherence to treatment, and monitoring for the identification of those most likely to benefit from treatment were also included in this review. AHRQ published an updated review in March 2012 that summarized the benefits and risks of osteoporosis medications in treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, including bisphosphonates (aledronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid), parathyroid hormone, teriparatide, calcitonin, estrogens (for prevention in postmenopausal women), selective estrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene), and denosumab (approved by the FDA in 2010). In addition, dietary and supplemental calcium and vi...
Determinants of Human African Trypanosomiasis Elimination via Paratransgenesis

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, has historically infected hundreds of thousands of individuals annually in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the last decade, concerted control efforts have reduced reported cases to below 10,000 annually, bringing complete elimination within reach. A potential technology to eliminate HAT involves rendering the flies resistant to trypanosome infection. This approach can be achieved through the introduction of transgenic Sodalis symbiotic bacteria that have been modified to produce a trypanocide, and propagated via Wolbachia symbionts, which confer a reproductive advantage to the paratransgenic tsetse. However, the population dynamics of these symbionts within tsetse flies have not yet been evaluated. Specifically, the key factors that determine the effectiveness of paratransgenesis have yet to be quantified. To identify the impact of these determinants on T.b. gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense transmission, we developed a mathematical model of trypanosome transmission that incorporates tsetse and symbiont population dynamics. We found that fecundity and mortality penalties associated with Wolbachia or recombinant Sodalis colonization, probabilities of vertical transmission, and tsetse migration rates are fundamental to the feasibility of HAT elimination. For example, we determined that HAT elimination could be sustained over 25 years when Wolbachia colonization minimally impacted fecundity or mortality, and when the probability of recombinant Sodalis vertical transmission exceeded 99.9%. We also found that for a narrow range of recombinant Sodalis vertical transmission probability (99.9-90.6% for T.b. gambiense and 99.9-85.8% for T.b. rhodesiense), cumulative HAT incidence was reduced between 30% and 1% for T.b. gambiense and between 21% and 3% for T.b. rhodesiense, although elimination was not predicted. Our findings indicate that fitness and mortality penalties associated with paratransgenic symbionts, as well as tsetse migration rates, are instrumental to HAT elimination, and should be a key focus in the development of paratransgenic symbionts.
Predictors of Academic Self-Concept of Older Adults

This study examined the predictors of the academic self-concept of 130 older adults (50 to 68 yr.). The Levenson Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale, the Gregorc Style Delineator, and the Drummond Academic Self-concept Scale and a demographic data sheet were completed by the adults. In stepwise regression, age and enrollment status plus learning style variables accounted for 11.5% and 4.5% of the variance, and the three locus of control scales for 33.1%. How older learners tend to feel about themselves and their world influences their perception of their academic environment more than their preferred modality of learning.
Adaptation and cognitive testing of physical activity measures for use with young, school-aged children and their parents

Increasing physical activity is one way to address the public health concern of childhood obesity. Physical activity measures for use with young, school-aged children are limited. This study adapted two existing activity measures for young children, specifically self-efficacy and 7-day recall of physical activity. Through expert review and cognitive testing, the scales were adapted for use with young, school-aged children (ages 7–9). This article describes how the measures were adapted to insure comprehension of the child self-report measures. Reliability analyses provide support for their use in this population [Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76 for the self-efficacy scale; moderate correlation between parent report and child report of child physical activity over the past week (rho = 0.52, P < 0.01]. Suggestions are offered for researchers interested in using similar methods when designing and adapting physical activity measures for new populations.
Clinical Experience with Tixocortol Pivalate

Tixocortol pivalate, the 21-thiol derivative of hydrocortisone. is a newly synthesized steroid with topical anti-inflammatory properties but is devoid of systemic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activities and toxicity. The mechanism of action appears to be similar to that of other corticosteroids with regard to steroid binding sites and prostaglandin biosynthesis, however. the disassociation between local and systemic effects is due to a 'first pass' liver metabolism and rapid transformation with in red blood cells. ln both open and controlled studies in patients with acute or recurrent distal colitis, clinical efficacy has been noted at doses of 250 mg to 1000 mg in 100 ml solution without an effect on scrum cortisol levels or blood chemistries. Tixocortol pivalate has consistently shown to be as effective as systemically absorbed steroids for the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis with out the undesirable effects associated with currently available steroid preparations.
Attitudes toward Dying and Death: A Study Building on Durkheim's Suicide Typology

Robert Fulton, prime mover the Sociology of Dying and Death movement since the 1950s to the present, has had a seminal impact on the development of the field, as a discipline, and upon those who have conducted research and educated others. For me, Professor Fulton has been an inspiration and a source of scholarly knowledge from my very first beginnings of study within the field of dying and death. He has been a mentor, friend, scholarly director, and object of esteem to me. He has been a hero as a scholar and giant within the field. It is a great privilege to write an essay in his honor.
Behavioral change and consistency across contexts

Abstract The degree to which behavior changes across situations is often conflated with the cross-situational consistency of individual differences. The current study assesses the extent of behavioral change and consistency, the relationship between them, and variables associated with behaviors’ differing patterns of change and consistency. Two hundred fifty-six participants were observed in three different, three-person interactions. In line with previous research, behaviors showed a great deal of both change and consistency. Behavioral change across situations was unrelated to the degree to which individual differences in these same behaviors were maintained, demonstrating that behavioral consistency does not imply lack of situational adaptation. Behaviors rated as relatively broad and as relatively automatic showed more consistency; behaviors rated as relatively controlled showed more change.
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTARY VOLUME OF THE MULTIPLE-CONTINUUM MODEL FOR COMPLEX POROUS MEDIA

Fractured rocks and naturally fractured vuggy Carbonate reservoirs are classified as complex porous media, characterized by complex pore systems, the size of which can range from nanometers or micrometers of micropores to tens of centimeters for large fractures and solution vugs. Due to the poor approximation in single-continuum model and the inability to describe the complex geometry of the surface bounding the void spaces at the microscopic level, multiple-continuum approach has to be adopted for transport phenomena analysis for most practical problems. The concept of representative elementary volume for multiple-continuum model is quantified. Multiple-continuum approach can be adopted for the complex porous media only if a representative elementary volume of multiple-continuum model can be defined in the field-scale domain. Porosity and permeability are selected as relevant state variables for the demonstration. The relationship between the representative elementary volume of multiple-continuum model and that of single-continuum model is investigated. A method to estibilish multiple-continuum model for the complex porous media is also presented.
Diagnosis and Management of Ethmoid Cerebrospinal Rhinorrhea

In most instances of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea, the dural defect occurs at or near the region of the ethmoid roof. The skills of the otolaryngologist are of primary importance in the diagnosis and management of this condition. In almost all cases, the dura can be repaired exclusively by an extracranial approach.
Treatment of traumatic arthritis in children.

SUMMARY Although alternatives do exist for the treatment of traumatic arthritis in children, all efforts should be directed to treat the initial condition to avoid its progression to arthritis. Once arthritis is established, then follow the axiom, “treat patients, not x-rays.” If despite all attempts at conservative treatment, a surgical option is necessary, then attention must be given to potential future growth, joint stability, and alignment, pain relief, and anticipated postoperative range of motion. All cases must be individualized because, unfortunately, none of the alternatives available is capable of guaranteeing a “normal” end result.
Testicular Seminoma Metastatic to the Prostate

AbstractA 43-year-old man had clinically manifest prostatic involvement by a metastatic testicular seminoma. The signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this entity, as well as a hypothesis regarding its development, are discussed.
Rickettsia and Coxiella

The efficient application and characterization of DNA from pathology, clinical, vector, and animal reservoir samples require molecular assays comparable in sensitivity to current TaqMan, SYBR Green, and nested PCR assays. The feasibility of this approach has already been demonstrated in characterizing Rickettsia in samples from Arizona, California, and Mexico, confirming the identity of a new eschar-associated infection caused by R . rickettsii 364D and evaluating C . burnetii in environmental and clinical samples associated with natural outbreaks. The fundamental problem in applying these methods in forensic situations remains in that it is unknown what portion of the population of these agents in nature is represented by the spectrum of available isolates and samples that have been characterized to date. The generation of genome sequences for additional strains of R . rickettsia , R . prowazekii , and C . burnetii are needed to further evaluate strain variability and provide novel targets for detecting and differentiating strains and isolates. Current sequencing efforts have shown low genetic variation among the genomes of R . prowazekii , more variability among R . rickettsii strains, and a high degree of variation among the genomes of C . burnetii isolates. This may necessitate different strategies for the evaluation of these agents, with the differentiation of strains of a low variability agent such as R . prowazekii potentially requiring the more sensitive level of SNP assay discrimination. Alternatively, for C . burnetii , the high level of genome variability may simplify the development of assays that provide for differentiation of known strains, but such assays may be unable to differentiate novel strains with unique genome sequences or genomic rearrangements.
Siegel’s Theorem and Integral Points

If C is an affine curve defined over a ring R finitely generated over Z, and if its genus is ≧ 1, then C has only a finite number of points in R. This is the central result of the chapter. We shall also give a relative formulation of it for a curve defined over a ring which is a finitely generated algebra over an arbitrary field k of characteristic 0. In that case, the presence of infinitely many points in R implies that the curve actually comes from a curve defined over the constant field and that its points are of a special nature (excluding possibly a finite number).
PERUVIAN IMMIGRANT PARADOX: EXPLORING DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING CULTURES AND MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM

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Distributions and Differential Equations

In this chapter the theory developed in the previous chapters starts to be used for the study of ordinary and partial differential equations. The interpretation of differential equations in a nonclassical sense is justified and discussed. Sobolev spaces are introduced. The concept of fundamental solution of a differential operator is presented, and its significance is discussed. Exact expressions for fundamental solutions are derived for a number of important partial differential operators.
The Sage of Baltimore, A Life of H.L. Mencken

On a blazing hot Sunday afternoon in 1925, Henry Louis Mencken sat at his typewriter in a hotel room in Dayton, Tennessee, stripped to his underwear. While he pecked away in his usual manner, he paused occasionally only to light up another Uncle Willie cigar and to roar with laughter at his own writing. The dispatch he wrote to the Baltimore Evening Sun was inarguably some of his best work. Mencken's dispatch told in flowing prose of a visit he and a female journalist took to a Holy Roller revival in the hills outside of Dayton, where "the old-time religion was genuinely on tap." The dispatch, later edited and published as "The Hills of Zion," would be one of Mencken's most reprinted essays. 1
Chronic ethanol consumption alters intestinal microbiota composition (MUC9P.746)

It is well known that chronic alcohol consumption leads to organ damage and increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. Ethanol exposure in the intestinal lumen alters tight junction proteins leading to disruption of the epithelial barrier. Increased permeability in turn leads to translocation of gut-derived endotoxins causing inflammatory responses in the liver that contribute to alcoholic liver disease. Recent studies have shown that gut mucosa homeostasis is also modulated by the microbiome. Disruptions in the gut microbiome have been described for many diseases including IBD, diabetes and colon cancer. In order to gain a better understanding of the dose-dependent effects of ethanol on the gut microbiome, we performed ribosomal RNA sequencing to determine the differentially expressed bacteria in the small and large intestine in a rhesus macaque model of voluntary ethanol self-administration. In the colon we observed a 2-fold increase in heavy drinkers compared to nondrinkers in the phylum Bacteroidetes that subsequently results in a decrease in Firmicutes, the phylum containing most beneficial lactic acid bacteria. In the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon we found a 3-fold decrease in the commensal species Lactobacillus intestinalis and a 2-fold increase in the potential pathogenic species Prevotella copri in heavy drinkers compared to nondrinkers. These studies are likely to reveal mechanisms of ethanol-related gut dysregulation and related inflammation.
Benchmarks for LAN performance evaluation

A technique for quickly benchmarking the performance of local area networks (LANs) is presented. Programs which model both intermittent and constant network activity are given.
Hӧlderlin and Heidegger: Which God Will Save Us?

In his later work, Girard put his uniquely inflected Christian form of apocalyptic in opposition to Heidegger’s non-Christian form. Central to his opposition is his questioning that Heidegger’s chthonic view of the Holy can be extracted from the poetry of the great German Romantic Friedrich Hӧlderlin whom Girard regards as a major Christian poet. In addition, while Girard acknowledges Heidegger’s desire to dissociate himself from Nietzsche’s death of God, he is convinced that in the final analysis Heidegger essentially repeats Nietzsche’s Dionysian form of the sacred which is an economy of violence and sacrifice.
On the empirical inaccessibility of higher-level modality and its significance for cosmological fine-tuning

In this paper we propose that cosmological fine-tuning arguments, when levied in support of the existence of Intelligent Designers or Multiverses, are much less interesting than they are thought to be. Our skepticism results from tracking the distinction between merely epistemic or logical possibilities on one hand and nonepistemic possibilities, such as either nomological or metaphysical possibilities, on the other. We find that fine-tuning arguments readily conflate epistemic or logical possibilities with nonepistemic possibilities and we think that this leads to treating the search for an explanation of fine-tuning as analogous to standard empirical theorizing about first-order nomological matters, when in fact the two investigational enterprises are profoundly different. Similar conflation occurs when fine-tuning arguments do not carefully distinguish between different interpretations of probabilities within the arguments. Finally, these arguments often rely on spatial analogies, which are often misleading precisely in that they encourage the conflation of epistemic and nonepistemic possibility. When we pay attention to the distinctions between merely epistemic versus nonepistemic modalities and probabilities, the extant arguments in favor of intelligent designers or multiverses, or even for the nonepistemic improbability of fine-tuning, consist of empirically unconstrained (beyond what is entailed by facts about the actual universe) speculation concerning relevant nonepistemic modal facts.
Paid Family and Childbearing Leave Policies at Top US Medical Schools.

Author(s): Riano, Nicholas S; Linos, Eleni; Accurso, Erin C; Sung, Dawn; Linos, Elizabeth; Simard, Julia F; Mangurian, Christina
Social Learning, Social Disorganization, and Psychological Risk Factors for Criminal Gangs in a British Youth Context

Using longitudinal data from a British longitudinal cohort study (ALSPAC), the current study examines “developmental domains” from individual, peer, and community risk factors. Using four logistic ...
Perspectives of Social Workers and Clients on Treatment Outcome

An in-depth study of clients and social workers in a family service agency revealed striking differences in their perceptions, especially in regard to satisfaction with outcome and assessment of cl...
Corrigendum to "Configuration interactions of class 11: An error in Cowan's atomic structure theory" [Comput. Phys. Commun. 215 (2017) 47-48]

Abstract The article in CPC 215 (2017) 47 suggested a wrong solution for the treatment of error in calculation of configuration interactions in Rydberg series. This error is corrected here.
Hadron Masses and Screening from Anti–de Sitter Space Wilson Loops

We show that in strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills conformal theory the binding energy of a heavy and a light quark is independent of the strength of the coupling constant. As a consequence we are able to show that in the presence of light quarks the analog of the QCD string can snap and color charges are screened. The resulting neutral mesons interact with each other only via pion exchange and we estimate the masses of those states.
Ecology and Poverty in Watershed Management

As population growth expands throughout the globe, there is an increasing demand on watershed systems for goods and services that are vital to the survival of human population and ecosystems. These goods and services are innumerable and include food, timber, genetic resources, medicines, water purification, flood control, coastline stabilization, carbon sequestration, waste treatment, biodiversity conservation, soil generation, disease regulation, maintenance of air quality, and esthetic and cultural benefits (Ayensu et al. 1999). Due to impacts to watershed systems, many parts of the world are facing increasing economic and environmental problems. Poverty, unemployment, access to fresh water, poor sanitation, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of habitat are some of the difficulties societies are facing today.
Dosage of Radiopharmaceuticals and Internal Dosimetry

Radiopharmaceuticals are widely used for diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. Although radiation therapy uses damage to living tissue to the advantage of the patient, this damage, however, is a limitation for the diagnostic application. Radiation dosages for specific indications are optimized based on thorough studies performed on animals and through clinical trials on human subjects prior to approval for clinical applications. Proper dosages are derived through careful study of pharmacokinetics, the physical characteristics of the radionuclide, metabolism of the subject, and the pharmacodynamics of the radiopharmaceutical in animal and human subjects. The chemical- and radiotoxicities and adverse reactions are well understood before an optimal and safe dosage is recommended. Doses are typically scaled by weight, or total body surface area, and reduced for children. The recommended dosage for a specific indication and route of administration are stated by the drug manufacturers in the package insert, and are readily available online.
Dosage Form Considerations in Clinical Trials Involving Elderly Patients

We are in the era of drug delivery systems. Indeed, the potential impact—favorable or unfavorable—of the dosage form on drug delivery is beginning to be appreciated by most members of the medical community. Even the lay public has been educated in the rudiments of pharmaceutics. Among other things, they are asked to choose an antacid based on its acid-neutralizing capacity, to comprehend the benefits of enteric-coated aspirin tablets, and to realize that they can depend on a patch placed behind the ear or on the chest to provide their medicine. Major pharmaceutical companies have recently formed novel drug delivery research groups charged with the task of creating unique methods of drug administration for new and old drugs, ostensibly to achieve more effective therapy with fewer and less severe side effects, but not inconsequently to provide for patent extension or a competitive marketing advantage.
Assessment of Vocal Cord Function and Voice Disorders

The evaluation of laryngeal function and voice is a multidisciplinary examination composed of a careful and directed history, perceptual analysis of the voice, and physical examination of the larynx using indirect and direct laryngoscopy. There are additional diagnostic testings that can be performed which include aerodynamic measurements, objective acoustic measures of voice, and videostroboscopy. Over the past decade, there has been an expansion of voice-specific clinics which are generally composed of laryngologists and speech and language therapists. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the fundamental components of the laryngeal examination including laryngoscopy and stroboscopy as well as discuss common voice disorders.
Fast, Ring-Based Design of 3-D Stacked DRAM

As computer memory increases in size and processors continue to get faster, the memory subsystem becomes a bottleneck to system performance. To mitigate the relatively slow dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chip speeds, a new generation of 3-D stacked DRAM is being developed, with lower power consumption and higher bandwidth. This paper proposes the use of 3-D ring-based data fabrics for fast data transfer between the chips in the 3-D stacked DRAM. The ring-based data fabric uses a fast standing wave oscillator to clock its transactions. With a fast clocking scheme and multiple channels sharing the same bus, more channels are utilized while significantly reducing the number of through-silicon vias. Our memory architecture using a ring-based scheme (MARS) can effectively trade off power, throughput, and latency to improve the system performance for different application spaces. Experimental results show that our ring-based data fabric can reduce read latencies and power consumption. MARS variants can deliver better latency (up to $\sim 4\times $ ), power (up to $\sim 8\times $ ), and performance per watt (up to $\sim 8\times $ ) over high bandwidth memory. We also compare our approach with Wide I/O, which is designed for power-constrained systems. MARS variants provide better latency (up to $\sim 8\times $ ) with similar performance per watt.
Data-Driven Network Intelligence for Anomaly Detection

Data-driven network intelligence will offer a robust, efficient, and effective computing system for anomaly detection in cyber security applications. In this article, we first summarize the current development and challenges of network intelligence for anomaly detection. Based on the current development, we propose a data-driven intelligence system for network anomaly detection. With the support of extended computing, storage, and other resources to the network edge, fog computing is incorporated into the design of the system. The proposed system consists of three major components: fog enabled infrastructure, fog enabled artificial intelligence (AI) engine, and threat intelligence. Fog enabled infrastructure provides efficient and effective computing resources for parallel computing and data storage. The fog enabled AI engine produces optimal learning models for threat detection, and enables efficient model update both locally and globally. Threat intelligence offers real-time network monitoring and cyber threat detection. We demonstrate that the proposed data-driven network intelligence system achieves high detection accuracy and provides efficient computational performance.
On the joint distributions of the largest and smallest latent roots of two random matrices (noncentral case)

The joint distributions of the largest and smallest roots of certain random matrices are useful in the application of some test procedures in multivariate analysis. In the null case, Sugiyama (1970) derived the joint density of the largest and smallest roots of the central Wishart matrix. Waikar (1971) derived an alternate expression (which is better from the point of view of computing than that given by Sugiyama) and also derived the joint density of the largest and smallest roots of the MANOVA matrix in the null case. In the present paper, the author has derived the exact expressions for the joint nonnull density of the largest and smallest roots of (i) S1 S2-1 matrix, where S1 and S2 are independently distributed Wishart matrices and (ii) Wishart matrix. The expressions for the above densities are in terms of zonal polynomials.
Inhibition of interleukin-1 by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist prevents graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Dysregulation of inflammatory monokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has been noted in both clinical and experimental GVHD. We present evidence that interleukin-1 (IL-1), another inflammatory monokine, is an important mediator of GVHD. Expression of the gene for IL-1 alpha as well as the gene for TNF alpha is increased in the skin of mice with GVHD. Inhibition of IL-1 function by the in vivo administration of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) reduces the immunosuppression and mortality of GVHD without impairing the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells. GVHD thus appears to be a systemic inflammatory process in which monokines, especially IL-1, appear to be important mediators. Inhibition of IL-1 by IL-1ra represents a novel approach to the understanding and control of GVHD.
Theoretical Study of Alkali-Metal Hydrides at High Pressures: A Case of NaH Supported by Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) Experiments at 1 and 2 GPa.

Pressure-induced effects in alkali hydrides are investigated using a plane-wave density functional theory method. For the first time, we have measured the inelastic neutrons scattering (INS) spectr...
A hybrid data analytics approach for high-performance concrete compressive strength prediction

Contrary to the popular belief cited in the literature, the proposed data analytics technique shows that multiple linear regression (MLR) can achieve as high a predictive power as some of the black...
A review of failure modes and fracture analysis of aircraft composite materials

Abstract Composite material-based structures have become increasingly common for aircraft construction. While a large number of researches focused on the understanding of composite materials and structures’ behavior under a variety of scenarios to determine their performance when being exposed to flight loads, it is also critical to consider how these materials fail and fracture, especially in an aircraft accident. In this study, tension, compression, bend, impact, and fatigue fracture analysis of composite laminates and sandwich structures are reviewed, and the failure modes and characteristics of adhesively and mechanically fastened joints are analyzed. Furthermore, aircraft accidents in which composite materials failed are described to highlight the significance of the understanding of composite materials failure modes and fracture analysis on the overall aircraft accident investigation process. Thus, the presented study has a twofold purpose. To provide an all-encompassing review of current research in the area of composite material failure modes and fracture analysis, as well as presenting exemplary cases of aircraft accidents in which the composite material failure modes and fracture analysis body of knowledge has been practically applied. Three overarching themes were observed during the study. First, the complexity of composite material fracture analysis when compared to metallic material fracture analysis. Second, the relationship and dependency between fractographic features of composite materials and the composite structure itself and the failure mode. Lastly, the study and further investigation of composite material failures are found to be critical for aircraft accident investigations. The results from this review can be applied to identify areas of future development concerning composite material failure modes and fracture analysis, especially with applications to material analysis during aircraft accident investigations.
Galectin-3 Expression in High-Risk HPV-Positive and Negative Head & Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Regional Lymph Node Metastases.

Despite higher stages at presentation, patients with high-risk (HR) HPV-related (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) have better survival rates compared to those with non-HPV-related (HPV−) disease. However, significant comorbidity and the number of patients who suffer failed treatment, recurrent disease, late metastasis, and death are increasing along with the incidence of HPV+ HNSCC. A cytotoxic T-cell-dependent immune response is required to clear these antigenic cancers. This provides a unique opportunity to employ immune modulators in therapy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a lectin and glycoprotein involved in numerous immunosuppressive functions. Inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation for various diseases. Gal-3 expression was evaluated in HR-HPV+ and HPV− HNSCCs and regional lymph node metastases by tissue microarray. HR-HPV+ cases were more likely to be Gal-3-positive (Gal+) [50% (14/28)] than HPV− cases [18% (9/50), p = 0.004]. No difference in the number of Gal+ cases was identified between primary [30% (16/53)] and metastatic [28% (7/25)] cancers (p = 1); 53% (9/17) of primary HPV+ cancers were Gal+ and 45% (5/11) of metastatic HPV+ cancers were Gal+ (p = 1). Nineteen percent (7/36) of primary HPV− cancers were Gal+ and 14% (2/14) of metastatic HPV− cancers were Gal+ (p = 1). Gal-3 positivity was observed in a subset of HNSCC, suggesting a potential role for therapeutic inhibition in this tumor type. The significantly higher rates of expression seen in HR-HPV+ versus HPV− HNSCC suggest particular promise in the setting of HPV infection. The relatively consistent Gal-3 expression rates observed between metastatic and primary tumors argues against progressive Gal-3 expression in metastasis.
Multiservice Loss Systems

A loss system is a collection of resources to which calls, each with an associated holding time and class, arrive at random instances (see Figure 1.1). An arriving call either is admitted into the system or is blocked and lost; if the call is admitted, it remains in the system for the duration of its holding time. The admittance decision is based on the call’s class and the system’s state.
“Disabled or Not, People Just Want to Feel Welcome”: Stories of Belonging from College Students with Intellectual Disability

As part of a larger storytelling project with college students belonging to minoritized social groups, nine young adults from an inclusive college program for students with intellectual disability (ID) participated in narrative interviews. All were invited to tell stories about campus incidents of microaggression and microaffirmation related to their disability. They also were invited to tell stories about other social identities they claimed. Stories were analyzed thematically and for correspondence with findings from previous studies involving other social identity groups. Students told a variety of stories about interpersonal incidents on campus that made them feel respected or disrespected. They also shared stories of institutional encounters that influenced their sense of acceptance at the university. Although they told more stories about microaffirmations, they were not immune to microaggressions. However, many of the students’ microaffirmation stories placed importance on not being perceived as different rather than a clear affirmation of disability identity. Students’ stories have implications for fostering a campus climate where students with ID are respected and included and where ableism is addressed in substantial ways.