cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Out-of-pocket costs and insurance coverage for abortion in the United States.

Background: Since 1976, federal Medicaid has excluded abortion care except in a small number of circumstances; 17 states provide this coverage using state Medicaid dollars. Since 2010, federal and state restrictions on insurance coverage for abortion have increased. This paper describes payment for abortion care before new restrictions among a sample of women receiving first and second trimester abortions. Methods: Data are from the Turnaway Study, a study of women seeking abortion care at 30 facilities across the United States. Findings: Two thirds received financial assistance, with those with pregnancies at later gestations more likely to receive assistance. Seven percent received funding from private insurance, 34% state Medicaid, and 29% other organizations. Median out-of-pocket costs when private insurance or Medicaid paid were $18 and $0. Median out-of-pocket cost for women for whom insurance or Medicaid did not pay was $575. For more than half, out-of-pocket costs were equivalent to more than one-third of monthly personal income; this was closer to two thirds among those receiving later abortions. One quarter who had private insurance had their abortion covered through insurance. Among women possibly eligible for Medicaid based on income and residence, more than one third received Medicaid coverage for the abortion. More than half reported cost as a reason for delay in obtaining an abortion. In a multivariate analysis, living in a state where Medicaid for abortion was available, having Medicaid or private insurance, being at a lower gestational age, and higher income were associated with lower odds of reporting cost as a reason for delay. Conclusions: Out-of-pocket costs for abortion care are substantial for many women, especially at later gestations. There are significant gaps in public and private insurance coverage for abortion. Copyright 2014 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Perseveration of attention to conspecific odors and novel objects in castrated gerbils

Castrated male and female gerbils were tested for odor preference and for attention to conspecific odors and a novel object. Castrated gerbils housed with sham-operates preferred home odors, discriminated between two groups of male gerbils by olfactory cues, and perseverated in attention to odors of male gerbils and to a novel object. Similar perseveration to male conspecific odors was shown in gerbils given injections of L-DOPA (30 mg/kg). Combined treatment (castration and L-DOPA) resulted in additive effects on perseveration. This research challenges two general hypotheses of gonadal hormone function. The first, that changes in odor preference after castration are due to a loss in testicular androgen, is insufficient, because (1) female as well as male gerbils showed similar perseveration to odors, (2) there was a significant correlation between LH and duration of investigation of male conspecific odors, and (3) L-DOPA, the dopamine precurser, also caused perseveration to conspecific odors. The second, that gonadal hormones are responsible for persistence of attention, cannot be broadly generalized, because castration with resultant elevation of LH and regression of ventral glands resulted in perseveration of attention in male and female gerbils.
Adult and developing human cerebella exhibit different profiles of opioid binding sites.

Abstract The binding of [3H][ D -Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephaline (DAGO), [3H][ D -Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE), [3H]ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), and [3H][Met5]enkephalin (MET) was used to examine μ-,δ-,κ-, and η-receptors, respectively, in the developing (birth to postnatal day 19) and adult human cerebellum. Specific and saturable binding of all ligands was recorded in developing brains, and of [3H]DAGO, [3H]DPDPE, and [3H]EKC in adult cerebellum; all data fit a single homogeneous binding site for each ligand. However, the ontogenic profile of opioid receptor subtypes differed. δ- and κ-receptor capacities were 7.8- and 3.6-fold, respectively, greater in infant cerebellum than in adults. The η-receptor decreased over 7-fold in both binding affinity and capacity after day 2; by adulthood, the binding affinity was the same as in newborns but only one-half the binding capacity was recorded. The concentration of ζ-receptors was 20-fold greater in subjects 2–19 days of age than in newborns. These data demonstrate the presence, and distinct developmental profiles, opioid receptors in human cerebellum. Although the function of μ-,δ, and κ-receptors in human cerebellum are unclear, the growth-related ζ-receptor is present at a time of cell replication and differentiation but is not detected in mature cerebellum.
The Laakso-Taagepera Index in A Mean and Variance Framework:

The Laakso-Taagepera index (Laakso and Taagepera, 1979) has become the most commonly used measure to specify the ‘effective’number of political parties in a party system where parties vary substantially in their vote and/or seat shares. It is well known that the Laakso-Taagepera index is the inverse of the even more widely used Herfindahl-Hirschman index of concentration (Hirschman, 1945; Herfindahl, 1950; cf. Taagepera and Grofman, 1981). Drawing on little known work by Feld and Grofman (1977, 1980) on the so called ‘class-size paradox’, it can also be shown that both indices may be re-expressed as simple functions of a distribution's mean and variance. As far as we can judge, these latter relationships appear to be unknown in the party and electoral systems literatures. By expressing the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Laakso-Taagepera index in terms of means and variances we can see that each index has a ‘natural’ interpretation in terms of well known statistical parameters which allows their fundam...
Further Studies on the Neutral Lipid Content in the Feces of BALB/c Mice Infected with Echinostoma caproni as Determined by Silica Gel HPTLC-Densitometry

Abstract High performance thin layer chromatography was used to determine neutral lipid profiles in the feces of BALB/c mice infected with adults of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). An approximate 25 worm burden per host induced changes in the neutral lipid profile of the mice at 3 to 10 weeks post infection (PI) relative to the uninfected controls. Infection caused a significant decrease (Student's t-test, P < 0.05) in the triacylglycerol fraction at 7 weeks PI relative to the uninfected controls. Neutral lipid profiles of feces may serve as an indicator of infection by intestinal trematodes in animals and humans.
Dopamine release in prefrontal cortex in response to β-amyloid activation of α7∗ nicotinic receptors

The levels of soluble beta amyloid (Aβ) are correlated with symptom severity in Alzheimer’s disease. Soluble Aβ has been shown to disrupt synaptic function and it has been proposed that accumulation of soluble Aβ triggers synapse loss over the course of the disease. Numerous studies indicate that soluble Aβ has multiple targets, one of which appears to be the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, particularly for Aβ concentrations of pM-nM. Moreover, pM-nM soluble Aβ was found to increase presynaptic Ca2+ levels, suggesting that it may have an impact on neurotransmitter release. In the present study, soluble Aβ was perfused into mouse prefrontal cortex and the effect on the release of dopamine outflow via microdialysis was assessed. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, Aβ1-42 at 100nM evoked the release of dopamine to ∼170% of basal levels. The Aβ1-42-evoked dopamine release was sensitive to antagonists of α7 nicotinic receptors and was absent in mice harboring a null mutation for the α7 nicotinic subunit, but was intact in mice harboring a null mutation for the β2 nicotinic subunit. The control peptide Aβ40-1 was without effect. In contrast, Aβ1-42 at 1-10pM caused a profound but slowly developing decrease in dopamine outflow. These results suggest that Aβ alters dopamine release in mouse prefrontal cortex, perhaps involving distinct targets as it accumulates during Alzheimer’s disease and leading to disruption of synaptic signaling. Section: Disease-Related Neuroscience
Methionine and cysteine kinetics at different intakes of cystine in healthy adult men

We investigated plasma methionine and cysteine kinetics in eight healthy adult men receiving for 6 d each of five L-amino acid diets supplying 13 mg methionine.kg-1.d-1 without cystine or 6.5 mg methionine.kg-1.d-1 plus 0, 5.2, 10.5, or 20.9 mg cystine.kg-1.d-1. On the morning of day 7, primed, constant intravenous infusions of L-[2H3-methyl, 1-13C]methionine and L-[3,3-2H]cysteine were given for 8 h (for the first 3 h subjects remained in a fasted state and for the next 5 h received small, equal meals at hourly intervals to achieve a fed state). Methionine and cysteine fluxes and rate of methionine oxidation were estimated from plasma methionine and cysteine labeling and 13C in expired air. Methionine oxidation declined (P < 0.05) with lowered methionine intake. Cysteine flux was similar across diets and dietary cystine did not affect tracer methionine oxidation. If there is a sparing effect of dietary cystine on the methionine requirement in adults, it probably takes place during the "first-pass" removal of these amino acids within the splanchnic region.
Gallium–Arsenide-Based Bipolar Cascade Lasers With Deep Quantum-Well Tunnel Junctions

Edge-emitting GaAs-based lasers were fabricated from metal-organic chemical vapor deposition-grown material containing two diode laser structures separated by a quantum-well tunnel junction (QWTJ). The QWTJ was comprised of a thin, high indium content InGaAs layer sandwiched between relatively low-doped p-type and n-type GaAs layers. Comparison of near-field data with predictions from a one-dimensional current spreading model and comparison of current-voltage characteristics for these two-stage or double-stage lasers (DSLs) with single-stage lasers (SSLs) shows that this type of reverse-biased QWTJ has a low effective resistivity. As a consequence, current spreading perpendicular to the laser length in the plane of the layers (lateral direction) is reduced leading to a relatively low threshold current density for the second stage. In addition, the differential quantum efficiency of these DSLs is nearly twice that of SSLs
The effect of buckwheat flowers and cahaba vetch extrafloral nectaries on fitness of the vine mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenotpera: Encyrtidae)

The effect of access to buckwheat flowers (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; Polygonales: Polygonaceae) or vetch extrafloral nectaries (Vicia sativa L. cv. ‘cahaba white’; Fabales: Fabaceae) on the fitness of Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenotpera: Encyrtidae) (a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus [Signoret]) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was determined in the laboratory. Female A. pseudococci provided with vetch survived 4 days longer compared with water only. Buckwheat had no effect on the average longevity of A. pseudococci. Anagyrus pseudococci offspring production increased by 132% and 152% when females were provided either vetch or buckwheat, respectively, when compared with water. There was no significant difference in parasitoid longevity or fecundity between plant species. Buckwheat increased the percentage of female A. pseudococci offspring by 15% and 19% when compared with water and vetch, respectively.
Interference channels with half duplex source cooperation

We study the two-user interference channel where the source nodes may transmit and receive in half-duplex while the destinations only receive as usual. Depending on the sources, the channel can be in one of three modes: A) both sources transmit, B) source 1 transmits while source 2 receives, and C) source 2 transmits and source 1 receives. This allows a limited form of cooperation between the sources. In this paper, we focus on the corresponding symmetric linear deterministic channel and derive its sum capacity. We consider a scheme which, by operating in modes B and C, transforms mode A into a virtual two-user interference channel with rate-limited bit pipes between the two source nodes and from each source node to the destination node it causes interference to. For the virtual channel so created, we propose a generalization of the superposition coding scheme of Han-Kobayashi to take advantage of the bit pipes. Finally, we derive matching upperbounds to show that the performance of the composite scheme is indeed optimal for the original channel.
Corresponding decrease in neuronal markers signals progressive parvalbumin neuron loss in MAM schizophrenia model

Alteration in normal hippocampal (HPC) function attributed to reduced parvalbumin (PV) expression has been consistently reported in schizophrenia patients and in animal models of schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether there is an overall loss of interneurons as opposed to a reduction in activity-dependent PV content. Co-expression of PV and the constitutively expressed substance P (SP)-receptor protein has been utilized in other models to ascertain the degree of cell survival, as opposed to reduction in activity-dependent PV content, in the HPC. The present study measured the co-expression of PV and SP-receptors in the dentate and dorsal and ventral CA3 subregions of the HPC in the methylazoymethanol acetate (MAM) rat neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. In addition, these changes were compared at the post-natal day 27 (PND27) and post-natal day 240 (PND > 240) time points. Brains from PND27 and PND > 240 MAM ( n = 8) and saline (SAL, n = 8) treated offspring were immunohistochemically processed for the co-expression of PV and SP-receptors. The dorsal dentate, dorsal CA3 and ventral CA3 subregions of PND27 and PND > 240 MAM rats demonstrated significant reductions in PV but not SP-receptor expression, signifying a loss of PV-content. In contrast, in the ventral dentate the co-expression of PV and SP-receptors was significantly reduced only in PND > 240 MAM animals, suggesting a reduction in cell number. While MAM-induced reduction of PV content occurs in CA3 of dorsal and ventral HPC, the most substantial loss of interneuron number is localized to the ventral dentate of PND > 240 animals. The disparate loss of PV in HPC subregions likely impacts intra-HPC network activity in MAM rats.
Lab-on-a-chip sensor for measuring zinc in blood serum

This work describes the development of an electrochemical sensor for point-of-care measurement of zinc in blood serum. The sensor is based on the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and consists of a three-electrode system including bismuth working electrode, an on-chip Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a Au auxiliary electrode. The demonstrated sensor allowed rapid and accurate measurement of zinc in the physiological range (65∼95 µg/dL). Thus, the developed lab-on-a-chip sensor permits measurement of Zn in blood serum with reduced sample volumes (200 µL from a drop of blood from a finger prick) and reduced turnaround time (10∼20 min). Ultimately, this system will permit the quantification of Zn at the bedside of critically ill patients.
Tracking loose-limbed people

We pose the problem of 3D human tracking as one of inference in a graphical model. Unlike traditional kinematic tree representations, our model of the body is a collection of loosely-connected limbs. Conditional probabilities relating the 3D pose of connected limbs are learned from motion-captured training data. Similarly, we learn probabilistic models for the temporal evolution of each limb (forward and backward in time). Human pose and motion estimation is then solved with non-parametric belief propagation using a variation of particle filtering that can be applied over a general loopy graph. The loose-limbed model and decentralized graph structure facilitate the use of low-level visual cues. We adopt simple limb and head detectors to provide "bottom-up" information that is incorporated into the inference process at every time-step; these detectors permit automatic initialization and aid recovery from transient tracking failures. We illustrate the method by automatically tracking a walking person in video imagery using four calibrated cameras. Our experimental apparatus includes a marker-based motion capture system aligned with the coordinate frame of the calibrated cameras with which we quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of our 3D person tracker.
Cell cycle progression after cleavage failure: mammalian somatic cells do not possess a “tetraploidy checkpoint”

Failure of cells to cleave at the end of mitosis is dangerous to the organism because it immediately produces tetraploidy and centrosome amplification, which is thought to produce genetic imbalances. Using normal human and rat cells, we reexamined the basis for the attractive and increasingly accepted proposal that normal mammalian cells have a “tetraploidy checkpoint” that arrests binucleate cells in G1, thereby preventing their propagation. Using 10 μM cytochalasin to block cleavage, we confirm that most binucleate cells arrest in G1. However, when we use lower concentrations of cytochalasin, we find that binucleate cells undergo DNA synthesis and later proceed through mitosis in >80% of the cases for the hTERT-RPE1 human cell line, primary human fibroblasts, and the REF52 cell line. These observations provide a functional demonstration that the tetraploidy checkpoint does not exist in normal mammalian somatic cells.
Superconvergent patch recovery with equilibrium and conjoint interpolant enhancements

The superconvergent patch derivative recovery method of Zienkiewicz and Zhu is enhanced by adding the squares of the residuals of the equilibrium equation and natural boundary conditions. In addition, a new conjoint polynomial for interpolating the local patch stresses over the element which significantly improves the local projection scheme is presented. Results show that in the 4-node quadrilateral, the equilibrium and boundary condition residuals usually improve accuracy but not the rate of convergence, whereas in the 9-node quadrilateral, results are mixed. The conjoint polynomial always improves the accuracy of the derivative field within the element as compared to the standard nodal interpolation, particularly in 4-node quadrilaterals.
The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies

A transformation of basic political priorities may be taking place in Western Europe. I hypothesize: (1) that people have a variety of needs which are given high or low priority according to their degree of fulfillment: people act on behalf of their most important unsatisfied need, giving relatively little attention to needs already satisfied—except that (2) people tend to retain the value priorities adopted in their formative years throughout adult life. In contemporary Western Europe, needs for physical safety and economic security are relatively well satisfied for an unprecedentedly large share of the population. Younger, more affluent groups have been formed entirely under these conditions, and seem relatively likely to give top priority to fulfillment of needs which remain secondary to the older and less affluent majority of the population. Needs for belonging and intellectual and esthetic self-fulfillment (characterized as “post-bourgeois” values) may take top priorities among the former group. Survey data from six countries indicate that the value priorities of the more affluent postwar group do contrast with those of groups raised under conditions of lesser economic and physical security. National patterns of value priorities correspond to the given nation's economic history, moreover, suggesting that the age-group differences reflect the persistence of preadult experiences, rather than life cycle effects. The distinctive value priorities imply distinctive political behavior—being empirically linked with preferences for specific political issues and political parties in a predictable fashion. If the respective age cohorts retain their present value priorities, we would expect long-term shifts in the political goals and patterns of political partisanship prevailing in these societies.
Elastic-inelastic behavior of PET and nylon 66 monofilaments under lateral compression

Results of experiments on short lengths of nylon 66 and PET monofilament specimens, subjected to lateral compressive force between two parallel platens, are described. In the experimental procedure the change in the compressed diameter and the area of contact were determined as a function of the applied force. From these data elastic moduli in lateral compression were estimated. The load–deformation behavior beyond the elastic range exhibited a yield-like phenomenon. SEM examination of the deformed specimen suggest the possible modes of deformation in the post-yield behavior. It is inferred that the yield occurs due to concentration of deformation along the maximum shear planes. The deformed specimens also show specific forms of fracture initiation and growth.
Stochastic Model for the Browning-Bledsoe Pattern Recognition Scheme

A stochastic model is presented which gives the probabilities of successful recognition of the Browning-Bledsoe recognition scheme as a function of scheme parameters and pattern variability parameters. Also, procedures are given for estimating the variability parameters from data so that the model can be used to predict readability. The adequacy of the model is checked by comparing estimated readability with observed readability for two sets of data, one with high variability and one with low variability. The Browning-Bledsoe recognition scheme is also treated as a coding and decoding problem in which case the concepts of information theory are useful. Finally, brief mention is made of the connection between pattern recognition problems and classification problems in general, and the Browning-Bledsoe recognition scheme is compared and contrasted with other recognition schemes which make use of measurements on patterns.
Generating modules efficiently: Theorems from algebraic K-theory

Several of the fundamental theorems about algebraic K, and Kr are concerned with finding unimodular elements, that is, elements of a projective module which generate a free summand. In this paper we use the notion of a basic element (in the terminology of Swan [22]) to extend these theorems to the context of finitely generated modules. Our techniques allow a simplification and strengthening of existing results even in the projective case. Our main theorem, Theorem A, is an extension to the nonprojective case of a strong version of Serre’s famous theorem on free summands of projective modules. It has as its immediate consequences (in the projective case) Bass’s theorems about cancellation of modules and stable range of rings [ 1, Theorems 9.3 and 11.11 and the theorem of Forster and Swan on “the number of generators of a module.” In the non-projective case it implies a mild strengthening of Kronecker’s well-known result that every radical ideal in an n-dimensional noetherian ring is the radical of n + 1 elements. (If the ring is a polynomial ring, then n elements suffice [7]; this can be proved by methods similar to those of Theorem A.) Theorem A also contains the essential point of Bourbaki’s theorem [4, Theorem 4.61 that any torsion-free module over an integrally closed ring is an extension of an ideal by a free module. We also prove a theorem which gives an improvement of the Forster-Swan theorem already mentioned. The Forster-Swan theorem gives a bound (in terms of some local information) on the number of elements required to generate certain modules over a nice ring A. Our Theorem B says that, if g is the number of generators for a module M which the Forster-Swan theorem
Twin meiosis 2 spindles form after suppression of polar body 1 formation in oocytes of the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis.

The production of triploid shellfish has proven beneficial to the aquaculture industry since triploid organisms have reduced gonadal development, resulting in improved product quality and growth characteristics (1). Triploidization has been achieved for several molluscan species (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). In contrast, little is known about the effects of ploidy manipulation in decapod crustaceans. Triploidy has been induced in Penaeus chinensis and other penaeid shrimp using heat shock or cold shock, cytochalasin B, and 6-dimethylaminopurine (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Triploidy was induced by suppression of polar body 2 in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannemei using cold shock, but resulted in poor survival for unknown reasons (11). One difficulty of ploidy manipulation in L. vannemei is the rapid sequence of meiotic events, since the polar bodies are produced at 8 and 15 min post-spawning at 28°C (12). In addition, the actual behavior of chromosomes and spindles was not addressed. Here I report that in the penaeoidean shrimp Sicyonia ingentis, inhibition of polar body 2 resulted in embryos that failed to undergo embryonic cleavage, while inhibition of polar body 1 produced oocytes with "twin" meiosis 2 spindles followed by the simultaneous formation of two "second" polar bodies.
Combative cache efficacy techniques: Cache replacement in the context of independent prefetching in last level cache

The "memory wall" in CPU design refers to increasing divergence in performance growth between processors and memory. Prefetching and cache replacement were developed to overcome this, but there are few evaluations of the two techniques being used together. We contribute to this space by evaluating modern replacement policies in the context of a stride-N prefetcher. In exposing combative behavior between modern policies and the prefetcher, we hope to inform future design choices regarding such integration. Further, we present a means to either recoup or surpass performance gains seen in isolation for policies that exhibit conflict.
Experimental Results on the Native Language Identification Shared Task

We present a system for automatically identifying the native language of a writer. We experiment with a large set of features and train them on a corpus of 9,900 essays written in English by speakers of 11 different languages. our system achieved an accuracy of 43% on the test data, improved to 63% with improved feature normalization. In this paper, we present the features used in our system, describe our experiments and provide an analysis of our results.
Who Shops at Factory Outlets and Why?: An Exploratory Study

In the last decade, factory outlets have grown at over ten percent per year and have become an attractive distribution channel for manufacturers. However, there is little academic research on factory outlets. In this study, the patronage behavior of outlet mall shoppers is investigated. Data are collected from 182 shoppers at a factory outlet mall in northeastern United States. Four different reasons for shopping at outlet malls are identified using factor analysis—price/value, merchandise, recreational, and time saving and deal seeking reasons. The relationship between these four reasons for shopping at outlet malls and eighteen variables representing attitude toward shopping, shopping behaviour patterns, importance of outlet mall attributes, and demographics is studied. Using canonical correlation analysis, three types of outlet mall shoppers are identified—recreational shoppers, serious economic shoppers, and time conscious deal prone shoppers. Based upon the findings, implications for retailers and di...
MID-HOLOCENE CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE NORTH COAST OF PERU AND ECUADOR

Incised pebbles found at the mid-Holocene, Middle Preceramic period Ostra Base Camp site on the Peruvian north coast demonstrate long-distance links to coastal Ecuador, 700 km to the north. The artifacts belong to a northwestern Andean pebble-figurine tradition associated with the tropical coast. Environmental indicators at the Ostra site show a warm-water lagoonal environment, unlike the modern cold-water conditions of northwestern Peru but similar to modern Ecuador. The Ostra site dates between ca. 5500 and 6250 B.P. (3550 and 4300 B.C.), during a hiatus in the coastal Ecuadorian record, so the link to Ecuador provides the earliest evidence of long-distance cultural interaction between these regions. Until contemporary sites are found in Ecuador, the Ostra Base Camp site provides our only example for this time of tropical coastal cultures of the northwestern Andean interaction sphere.
Deficient serum opsonic activity for macrophage function in newborn infants.

SummaryCirculating serum opsonic or phagocytosis promoting activity relative to Kupffer cell function was deficient on a group comparison basis in newborn infants (1–9 days old) as compared to that manifested by serum from healthy adult controls. This early pattern of opsonin levels in the newborn was not significantly affected by sex or race, although a tendency for lower opsonin activity to be exhibited by serum from newborn males was noted. These findings suggest that hypo-opsonemia in the newborn infant may mediate altered R.E. function and increased susceptibility to systemic infection.
Complement Titer of the Blood in Allergic Conditions

ConclusionThe amount of complement present in the blood of allergic patients of this series (18 cases) was similar to that in the control sera from persons coming to the general medical clinic.
PHYSIOLOGY OF AMNIOTIC FLUID VOLUME REGULATION

Although there are fairly wide variations AFV normally undergoes characteristic changes across gestation in which it increases from 10-20 ml at 10 weeks gestation to average 800 ml at 24 weeks. Little change occurs from then until near term when AFV begins to decrease, and large decreases can occur in postterm pregnancies. Across gestation, 95% of AFVs are within the range of 1/2.57-2.57 times the gestational mean volume and 99% are within the range of 1/3.40-3.40 times the gestational mean. Although there are six pathways in which fluid and solutes can enter and/or leave the amniotic sac, there are only four primary pathways that contribute to AFV during late gestation. These include fetal urine and lung fluid secretion as the two primary sources of fluid, with fetal swallowing and intramembranous absorption as the two primary routes of amniotic water clearance. The intramembranous pathway also appears to be a primary source of amniotic solutes (e.g., sodium and chloride). Although fetal hypoxia has been widely believed to cause oligohydramnios, fetal hypoxic hypoxia and anemic hypoxia both appear to be associated with an increased AFV and polyhydramnios rather than oligohydramnios. It is speculated that the oligohydramnios associated with fetal hypoxia is caused by placental dysfunction in addition to the hypoxia.
Bureaucracy and Bi-partisanship in Taxation: The Mellon Plan Revisited

One of the most durable stereotypes of recent American history is that of the 1920s as “a conservative Republican interlude between the progressive Democratic administrations of Wilson and Roosevelt.” An important feature of this stereotype is the “Mellon plan” for tax reform. Professor Murray demonstrates that there was remarkable unanimity among Republicans and Democrats on the policy issues addressed by the “Mellon plan,” and finds continuity, rather than contrast, between the tax plans of the Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge administrations. As Secretaries of the Treasury came and went between 1918 and 1921, staff assistants cultivated the plan which Mellon later adopted.
DEER, HOWIE AND ZUSSMAN ROCK-FORMING MINERALS, SHEET SILICATES: MICAS, volume 3A, 2nd edition.By M.E. Fleet, The Geological Society, London, 2003, 758 pp, $209.00

The publication in 1962–1963 of the five-volume review by Deer, Howie, and Zussman (DHZ) entitled Rock-Forming Minerals was a true milestone in mineralogy, both because it coincided with the acceleration of research in the earth sciences and because the authors considered mineralogy in the context of the larger picture of geochemistry. In these volumes, the understanding of a mineral and its structure was emphasized vs. using determinative properties for identification. Thus, a more complete picture was being presented when compared to the traditional mineralogy texts, such as Dana’s Textbook of Mineralogy or Berry and Mason’s Mineralogy . The 1962–1963 edition became a resource for workers not only in mineralogy, but also in allied fields such as petrology, materials science, ceramics, agronomy, and many others. For example, by correlating the results from many different fields, the importance of systematic studies to determine the effects of temperature, pressure, and composition on crystal structures (and physical properties!) became apparent. In addition, mineral chemists using the newly developed techniques in the 1960s and 1970s, such as electron microprobe analysis, found that reference to the compilations in DHZ of mineral compositions allowed for easy determination of a mineral’s identity. The DHZ volumes were in serious need of updating even within the first decade after they were published because of the enormous expansion of knowledge in mineralogy. The first revised …
Impact of Middle versus Inferior Total Turbinectomy on Nasal Aerodynamics.

ObjectivesThis computational study aims to (1) use virtual surgery to theoretically investigate the maximum possible change in nasal aerodynamics after turbinate surgery, (2) quantify the relative ...
Deratization effect with the methods of combining health education and environment management

Objective To explore comprehensive rat control measures of health education and environment management. Methods The study was carried out in three neighboring villages,Zhangzhuang Cun,Nanchen Zhuang and Luzhuang Cun in the outskirts of Dezhou city. The natural and economical situations are similar among these villages.Zhangzhuang Cun was set as experimental village,farmers here were trained with knowledge of health education and environment management for rat control,and 0. 05% bromadiolone bait was applied in March and October every year.Luzhuang Cun was set as chemical control village with the application of bait only. Nanchen Zhuang was set as the blank control without any treatment. Plate with lattice powder method( 400) was used for the deratization effect effect assessment. Results The rat density could be controlled at a low level( 0. 5%- 1. 73%) in the experimental village. In the chemical control village,the rat density could be controlled in a low level only in a short period after the chemical application,while the other month were maintained at high levels. In the blank control village,annual rat density exceeds the national standard 3- 4 times. From July to December,the rat density were 11. 24%,12. 24%,11. 02%,12. 34%,13. 01%,11. 45%. Statistical analysis showed that,there were very significant differences among the three villages( χ2= 18. 985,P 0. 01). Conclusion The comprehensive rat control measures with health education and environment management could effectively control the density of rat.
Status and Development Trend of Foreign Marine Radars

As a necessary ship borne navigation electronic equipment,marine radar is important for ship safety. In this paper,the technology status of foreign marine radars is reviewed,followed by the discussion of their development trends. By applying some new radar technologies into marine radar,both the reliability of the system and the target detection performance in rain or sea clutter can be greatly enhanced. Compared with the existing magnetron pulse radar systems,marine radar will be developed into a solid-state,multi-band and multi-functional ship borne navigation system.
Abstract C06: Examining reasons for breast cancer disparities in African American women in Duval County, FL

Background/Purpose: Cancer registry data suggests that Duval County (greater Jacksonville, FL) has the highest breast cancer mortality rate for African American (AA) women in the southeastern US. Recent research revealed that race, residence, and insurance were associated with significantly poorer breast cancer outcomes in this area. Therefore we conducted a series of focus groups with AA breast cancer survivors from the urban core of Jacksonville, FL to directly address the disparities observed in our quantitative data. Methods: A series of focus groups were conducted to obtain qualitative data topics that included: breast cancer beliefs; delays to diagnosis and treatment; disparities; and health behaviors. Results: A total of 56 AA breast cancer survivors living in the urban core, with either Medicaid or who were uninsured, participated in the focus groups. Mean age was 62 years, with an average of 3.4 years since diagnosis. Only 21% of women were employed. Participants reported their mean time to see a doctor initially for their breast cancer was 39 days, and mean time to first treatment was 178 days. Participants responded that fear, financial limitations, and personal beliefs played the biggest roles in delays to diagnosis and treatment. Participants responded that poor health behaviors, genetics, lack of education, and personal beliefs accounted for both causing breast cancer, and the disparities observed in breast cancer mortality, and felt that environmental factors from living in the urban core also contribute. Conclusions: Our findings highlight several areas for potential intervention to reduce disparities in breast cancer. Citation Format: Sarah Osian, Monica Albertie, David Monticalvo, Steven Ames, Laila Samiian, Gerardo Colon-Otero. Examining reasons for breast cancer disparities in African American women in Duval County, FL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C06.
Ribosomal small subunit domains radiate from a central core.

The domain architecture of a large RNA can help explain and/or predict folding, function, biogenesis and evolution. We offer a formal and general definition of an RNA domain and use that definition to experimentally characterize the rRNA of the ribosomal small subunit. Here the rRNA comprising a domain is compact, with a self-contained system of molecular interactions. A given rRNA helix or stem-loop must be allocated uniquely to a single domain. Local changes such as mutations can give domain-wide effects. Helices within a domain have interdependent orientations, stabilities and interactions. With these criteria we identify a core domain (domain A) of small subunit rRNA. Domain A acts as a hub, linking the four peripheral domains and imposing orientational and positional restraints on the other domains. Experimental characterization of isolated domain A, and mutations and truncations of it, by methods including selective 2′OH acylation analyzed by primer extension and circular dichroism spectroscopy are consistent with our architectural model. The results support the utility of the concept of an RNA domain. Domain A, which exhibits structural similarity to tRNA, appears to be an essential core of the small ribosomal subunit.
Memories of an altruist who denied the importance of altruism

I consider Gordon Tullock as a scholar who influenced the work of many others both through his own scholarship and in his role as journal editor, and as someone who regularly encouraged younger scholars.
A note on the relation between G- and Q-theories for first countability and sequentiality (short communication)

Abstract First countability and quasi-first countability are shown to coincide even without the introduction of zero-valued points for the former property. But fuzzy sequentiality provides an example of non-coincidence of membership-based theory with Q-theory.
Marianela (1878): la apertura de (a) la visión como ceguera metafórica

Este texto enfoca la problematica, en una novela de Benito Perez Galdos, del tema de la ceguera, aun cuando este texto, a partir de la critica predominante, ha sido analizado como manifestacion literaria dentro del concepto de lo realista-naturalista. Lo que presenta este ensayo es una relectura desde un nuevo enfoque de lo que significan ceguera y vision, con el objetivo de abordar diversas entradas de interpretacion textual.
Effects of array size on preschoolers’ preference and engagement: A behavioral translation of choice overload.

Recent social psychology and consumer behavior research has suggested that an abundance of options in choice contexts can have detrimental effects on decision making—a phenomenon termed choice overload. This investigation sought to use behavior analytic procedures to examine the effects of numerous
Who Chooses STEM Careers? Using A Relative Cognitive Strength and Interest Model to Predict Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Career aspirations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are formulated in adolescence, making the high school years a critical time period for identifying the cognitive and motivational factors that increase the likelihood of future STEM employment. While past research has mainly focused on absolute cognitive ability levels in math and verbal domains, the current study tested whether relative cognitive strengths and interests in math, science, and verbal domains in high school were more accurate predictors of STEM career decisions. Data were drawn from a national longitudinal study in the United States (N = 1762; 48 % female; the first wave during ninth grade and the last wave at age 33). Results revealed that in the high-verbal/high-math/high-science ability group, individuals with higher science task values and lower orientation toward altruism were more likely to select STEM occupations. In the low-verbal/moderate-math/moderate-science ability group, individuals with higher math ability and higher math task values were more likely to select STEM occupations. The findings suggest that youth with asymmetrical cognitive ability profiles are more likely to select careers that utilize their cognitive strengths rather than their weaknesses, while symmetrical cognitive ability profiles may grant youth more flexibility in their options, allowing their interests and values to guide their career decisions.
Rapid Desensitization of the Patients With Aspirin Hypersensitivity and Coronary Artery Disease.

Aspirin remains the bedrock of antiplatelet treatment strategies for secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Moreover, it is the only widely used drug of its class, a cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor.1 In a systematic review to appraise the hazards inherent to aspirin withdrawal or noncompliance in patients treated for secondary prevention of CAD, for acute CAD, before or shortly after coronary artery bypass grafting, and for drug-eluting stenting, aspirin nonadherence/withdrawal was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of major adverse cardiac events, which was magnified to ≈90-fold higher risk in patients with intracoronary stents.2 Therefore, lifelong uninterrupted low-dose aspirin treatment has been widely implemented in patients undergoing coronary stenting and is a class 1 recommendation in the Guidelines in the latter patients.3 However, aspirin hypersensitivity that occurs in 0.5 to 1.9% of general population and more in patients with CAD (1.5%–2.6%) may strongly influence compliance to aspirin therapy and may increase the risk of recurrent ischemic event occurrence.4 See Article by Rossini et al The underlying mechanism of aspirin hypersensitivity may be pharmacological (anaphylactoid) where inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 occurs, leading to overproduction of proinflammatory leukotrienes and underproduction of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. The latter may lead to respiratory and cutaneous reactions comprising aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, urticaria, angioedema, or systemic reactions. The second mechanism may be immunologic/allergic (anaphylactic) and mediated by drug-specific IgE production against aspirin.5,6 Identification and characterization of aspirin hypersensitivity pose a great challenge because (1) there are no specific readily available laboratory tests to identify aspirin hypersensitivity, (2) patients may present with the same symptoms irrespective of the mechanism, and (3) some patients may have a pharmacological-mediated reaction …
PROTON AND HYDRIDE TRANSFERS IN SOLUTION : HYBRID QM/MM FREE ENERGY PERTURBATION STUDY

A hybrid quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy perturbation (FEP) method is implemented in the context of molecular dynamics (MD). The semiempirical quantum mechanical (QM) Hamiltonian (Austin Model 1) represents solute molecules, and the molecular mechanical (MM) CHARMM force field describes the water solvent. The QM/MM FEP method is used to calculate the free energy changes in aqueous solution for (1) a proton transfer from methanol to imidazole and (2) a hydride transfer from methoxide to nicotinamide. The QM/MM interaction energies between the solute and solvent are calibrated to emulate the solute-solvent interaction energies determined at the Hartee-Fock 6-31G(d) level of ab initio theory. The free energy changes for the proton and hydride transfers are calculated to be 15.1 and -6.3 kcal/mol, respectively, which compare favorably with the corresponding experimental values of 12.9 and -7. 4 kcal/mol. An estimate of the reliability of the calculations is obtained through the computation of the forward (15.1 and -6.3 kcal/ mol) and backward (-14.1 and 9.1 kcal/mol) free energy changes. The reasonable correspondence between these two independent calculations suggests that adequate phase space sampling is obtained along the reaction pathways chosen to transform the proton and hydride systems between their respective reactantmore » and product states. 28 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs.« less
Pressure Ulcer Risk Evaluation in Critical Patients: Clinical and Social Characteristics.

Background Pressure ulcers increase hospital stays and treatment costs due to their complications. Therefore, recognizing factors that contribute to pressure ulcer risk are important to patient safety. Objective To evaluate the association between the scores of the Waterlow, Braden, and Norton scales and clinical and social characteristics in critically ill patients. Method A cross-sectional study of 78 patients in an adult intensive care unit of a university hospital in Northeastern Brazil was conducted from July to December 2015. Data included social and clinical information and the risk factors of the Braden, Norton and Waterlow scales. Data were analysed by the descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Most of the participants were female, adults and elderly people with brown skin colour, low education levels and insufficient income. Most of them showed a high risk for developing pressure ulcers using the three evaluated scales. Age, smoking status, diabetes and hypertension were associated with scores on the Waterlow, Braden and Norton scales. Conclusion Age, use of the tobacco, diabetes and hypertension were associated with the risk of pressure ulcers in ICU patients.
On the Whitney Extension-Interpolation-Alignment problem for almost isometries with small distortion in $\Bbb R^D$

Let $D\geq 2$, $S\subset \mathbb R^D$ be finite and let $\phi:S\to \mathbb R^D$ with $\phi$ a small distortion on $S$. We solve the Whitney extension-interpolation-alignment problem of how to understand when $\phi$ can be extended to a function $\Phi:\mathbb R^D\to \mathbb R^D$ which is a smooth small distortion on $\mathbb R^D$. Our main results are in addition to Whitney extensions, results on interpolation and alignment of data in $\mathbb R^D$ and complement those of [14,15,20].
Clinical Reasoning: A 50-year-old woman with SLE and a tumefactive lesion.

A 50-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine presented to the emergency department for evaluation of numbness and weakness of the left hand that began 12 hours earlier.