cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The turnover of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and GABA labeled with [1-14C]acetate in caudate nucleus, thalamus and motor cortex (CAT)

Abstract Intravenously administered [1- 14 C]acetate was used to study the turnover of glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid in sensorimotor cortex, medial thalamus and head of the caudate nucleus of the cat. Within minutes after the administration of the tracer isotope, the radioactivity in the brain tissues was predominantly in these amino acids. At all time points, the specific activity of the glutamine was greater than that of its precursor, glutamic acid. The decay curves of the 4 amino acids in the 3 areas showed 2 exponentially decreasing half-lives, a fast one of approximately 11–18 min and a slow one of approximately 2.5–5.0 h. The data are consistent with the concept of compartmentation of amino acid metabolism in these regions of the brain.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome: A review of the pathophysiology and management

W henever irrigation fluid enters the intravascular space, dangerous complications can arise. This is best described as the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURF’) syndrome. The syndrome has also been reported after endometrial ablation (l-5) and ureteroscopic procedures with irrigating solutions (6-8). TURF’ syndrome may occur as quickly as 15 minutes after resection starts (9-ll), or up to 24 hours postoperatively (12). Of approximately 400,000 TURP procedures each year (13), 10% to 15% incur TURP syndrome (14,15) and the mortality is 0.2% to 0.8% (16,17). TURP syndrome affects many systems and manifests itself mainly through acute changes in intravascular volume and plasma solute concentrations (Figure 1). Despite this seemingly consistent etiology, TURP syndrome lacks a stereotypical presentation; therefore, its diagnosis is difficult (Table 1) (14,18-23). Further, recent work suggests that the conventional perioperative management of both TURP and the TURP syndrome may have to be revised.
Organ Cultures of Embryonic Rat Tongue Support Tongue and Gustatory Papilla Morphogenesis In Vitro Without Intact Sensory Ganglia

Taste buds on the mammalian tongue are confined to the epithelium of three types of gustatory papillae: the fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate. The gustatory papillae are composed of an epithelium that covers a broad connective tissue core, with extensive innervation to taste bud and nongustatory epithelial locations. Although the temporal sequence of gustatory papilla development is known for several species, factors that regulate initiation, growth, and maintenance of the papillae are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that sensory innervation is required for the initial formation and early morphogenesis of fungiform papillae in a patterned array. An organ culture of the embryonic rat tongue was developed to provide an in vitro system for studying mechanisms involved in fungiform papilla morphogenesis in patterns on the anterior tongue. Tongues were dissected from embryos at 13 days of gestation (E13), a time when the tongue has not yet fully formed and gustatory papillae have not yet appeared, and at 14 days of gestation (E14), when the tongue is well formed and papillae make their initial morphological appearance. Dissected tongues were maintained at the gas/liquid interface in standard organ culture dishes, fed with DMEM/F12 plus 2% B-27 supplement and 1% fetal bovine serum. After 1, 2, 3, or 6 days in culture, tongues were processed for scanning electron or light microscopy, or immunocytochemistry. Tongues cultured from E13 or E14 underwent extensive morphogenesis and growth in vitro. Furthermore, fungiform papillae developed on these tongues on a culture day equivalent to E15 in vivo; that is, after 2 days for cultures begun at E13 and 1 day for those begun at E14. Because E15 is the characteristic time for gustatory papilla formation in the intact embryo, results demonstrate that the cultured tongues retain important temporal information related to papilla development. In addition, fungiform papillae formed in the tongue cultures in the stereotypic pattern of rows. The papillae were large structures with epithelial and mesenchymal cell integrity, and an intact epithelial basement membrane was indicated with laminin immunoreactivity. The cultures demonstrate that gustatory papilla morphogenesis can progress in the absence of an intact sensory innervation. To exclude a potential developmental role for autonomic ganglion cells that are located in the posterior rat tongue, cultures consisting of only the anterior half of E14 tongues were established. Fungiform papilla development progressed in half tongues in a manner directly comparable to whole tongue cultures. Therefore, robust, reproducible development of fungiform papillae in patterns is supported in rat tongue cultures from E13 or E14, without inclusion of intact sensory or major, posterior tongue autonomic ganglia. This is direct evidence that papillae will form and develop further in vitro without sensory ganglion support. The data also provide the first detailed account of in vitro development of the entire embryonic tongue.
Frequency and field dependence dielectric properties of novel composites fabricated from (Sr1−xPbx)TiO3: Al2O3 component phases

Abstract Composites fabricated from (Sr 1− x Pb x )TiO 3 (SPT) and Al 2 O 3 are developed that show relative permittivity ∼100, tangent δ less than 0.005, and temperature coefficient of relative permittivity ∼700 ppm at a low frequency, 10 kHz over the range ∼150–40 °C. A dielectric tunability of ∼5% at 20 kV/cm field is maintained over the whole temperature range. X-ray diffraction reveals that after the fabrication, the second phase is not Al 2 O 3 but a composite of alternative phases in conjunction with SPT, which presumably contributes the tunability.
Is collapsing C1q nephropathy another MYH9-associated kidney disease? A case report.

C1q nephropathy is a rare kidney disease that can present with nephrotic syndrome and typically has the histologic phenotype of either minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Disagreement exists about whether it is a distinct immune complex–mediated glomerulopathy or it resides in the spectrum of FSGS-minimal change disease. Two African American patients with C1q nephropathy histologically presenting as the collapsing variant of FSGS (collapsing C1q nephropathy) and rapid loss of kidney function were genotyped for polymorphisms in the non–muscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9). Both cases were homozygous for the MYH9 E1 risk haplotype, the variant strongly associated with idiopathic FSGS, collapsing FSGS in human immunodeficiency virus–associated nephropathy, and focal global glomerulosclerosis (historically attributed to hypertensive nephrosclerosis). Collapsing C1q nephropathy with rapid progression to end-stage renal disease appears to reside in the MYH9-associated disease spectrum.
Sexual Utterances and Common Life

The essay discusses sexual activity as forms of communication that are constitutive of social practices. In this context, marriage is understood as a representative practice of the church, nothing more and nothing less. The essay draws on Thomas Nagel's essay, ‘Sexual Perversion’, and Robert Solomon'ls ‘Sexual Paradigms’ for its account of sexual communication. For its critical perspective, it frames questions about sex with Herbert McCabe's account of bodily utterances as ‘ways of entering into social life’
Effect of magnetic annealing on the τ-phase of MnAl thin films

Abstract The effect of magnetic field annealing on the metastable τ-phase of MnAl films produced by DC sputtering has been investigated. As deposited films were nearly amorphous. Post-deposition annealing of films produced significant amounts of τ-phase in the thickness range of 2000–5000 A. Post-deposition annealing in a magnetic field increased values of M S , in some cases by up to 5×, as compared to samples annealed in zero field.
Seasonal sex allocation by Common Grackles? Revisiting a foundational study

Despite the general importance of replication in science, relatively few behavioral ecology studies are repeated. Here we repeat the seminal 1977 research of H. F. Howe, who found that the proportion of male nestlings at hatching in nests of Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) increased as the breeding season progressed. Howe interpreted this pattern as an adaptive response to changing food conditions that favored greater production of daughters (the sex less expensive to rear) when food was scarce and sons when food was more abundant. Using DNA-based sexing and larger samples, we found no evidence of nonrandom seasonal sex allocation and no evidence that sons were more vulnerable to starvation than daughters. These patterns also prevailed among renesting efforts late in the season, when starvation was extreme. Although there is no way to exclude the possibility that grackles employed different sex allocation tactics in the two studies, similarities in weather, habitat, nesting phenology, and starvation rates make it seem unlikely that ecological differences between our study and Howe's explain the disparate results, whereas failure of assumptions that Howe was unable to test seems more plausible.
An Experimental Study of the Mechanical Response of Frozen Biological Tissues at Cryogenic Temperatures

An experimental study of the mechanical response of frozen soft biological tissues to applied compressive stresses is presented. This study is related to the mechanical stresses that develop due to the contraction of frozen tissues in cryopreservation as well as in cryosurgical procedures. The main concept in this study is that the stresses associated with the constrained contraction of the frozen tissue, i.e., due to temperature variations within the frozen tissue, can be simulated by an external mechanical load which is applied to the frozen tissue while the tissue is maintained at a uniform temperature. A new apparatus for measuring compressive stresses and strains of frozen biological tissues in cryogenic temperature range is presented. A new technique for processing the fresh biological tissue into a cylindrical frozen sample for mechanical testing is introduced. Results of compression tests on rabbit liver, kidney, and brain are presented and are compared with available data from the literature on sea ice and single ice crystals. An unusual response of frozen biological tissues to compressive stress was observed: after the initial, roughly linear elastic portion there was a series of sudden stress drops at constant strain, each followed by a linear increase of stress with strain to the next drop. This phenomenon, which is attributed to the accumulation of microcracks, broadly resembles plastic deformation, and thus provides some support for simple mechanical models invoked in theoretical studies.
Preparation and properties of high-Tc superconducting oxide-silver composites by oxidation of a ductile alloy precursor

Abstract We have prepared alloys of metallic Y, Ba, Cu, and Ag and oxidized these precurors to form superconducting oxide - silver composites. The alloy precursors are ductile, and the superconducting oxides have high transition temperatures.
Nonparametric methods for detecting treatment effects in repeated-measures designs

Abstract Sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the limiting distribution of a test proposed by Agresti and Pendergast (1986) to detect treatment effects in repeated-measures designs. The test, which is appropriate for either the original or aligned data, is related to one proposed by Koch (1969) and to the rank-transformation statistic. Using Pitman asymptotic-relative-efficiency comparisons, situations are presented where these tests are more efficient than their standard parametric and nonparametric competitors. The problem of detecting ordered alternatives in repeated-measures designs is also considered. A rank transformation analog of Page's (1963) L is shown to be generally more efficient in the Pitman sense than the standard competitors when the number of treatments is not too large.
Uniaxial crystal interferometer: principles and forecasted applications to imaging astrometry

We propose a new approach to imaging astrometry, the uniaxial crystal interferometer (UCI). It uses the extremely sensitive dependence of the polarization phase change on the incident angle in uniaxial crystals. This is further combined with very sensitive polarization measurements. The polarization-coding is used for a fine-scale angle determination, and is simultaneously combined with a crude measurement through a standard telescope. Further, achromatic anamorphic prisms will amplify five to tenfold the resolution which is estimated to reach the scale ratio of large interferometers. Because the fine angular information is superimposed on the light at an early stage the optical system tolerances are relieved to the level of a standard low-weight optical imaging system. We also suggest solutions to make the system achromatic. Overall the system may cover sky segments of the order of fractions of a degree square and reach a resolution of tens of μas, even for faint stars.
On nonlocal elasticity

Abstract Via the vehicles of global balance laws and the second law of thermodynamics, a theory of nonlocal elasticity is presented. Constitutive equations are obtained for the nonlinear theory, first through the use of a localized Clausius-Duhem inequality and second through a variational statement of Gibbsian global thermodynamics.
A Controlled Trial of Bupropion Added to Nicotine Patch and Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation in Adults With Unipolar Depressive Disorders

Although there is a strong relationship between depression and smoking, most nicotine dependence treatment trials exclude depressed smokers. Our objective was to determine if bupropion improves abstinence rates and abstinence-associated depressive symptoms when added to transdermal nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in smokers with unipolar depressive disorder (UDD). Adult smokers with current (n=90) or past (n=109) UDD were randomly assigned to receive bupropion or placebo added to NRT and CBT for 13 weeks. In the primary analysis, with dropouts considered smokers, 36% (35/97) of those on bupropion and 31% (32/102) on placebo attained biochemically-validated 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at end of treatment (NS). Because of a high drop out rate (50%) and a significant difference in abstinence status at dropout by treatment group, a traditional intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis with last observation carried forward imputation of abstinence status was performed. In this secondary analysis, 56% (54/97) of those on bupropion and 41% (42/102) on placebo met criteria for abstinence at end of trial, Chi2=4.18, p=0.04. NRT usage and absence of a co-morbid anxiety disorder predicted abstinence. Abstinence was associated with increased depressive symptoms, regardless of bupropion treatment. Thus, in the primary analysis, bupropion neither increased the efficacy of intensive group CBT and NRT for smoking cessation in smokers with UDD nor prevented abstinence-associated depressive symptoms. Bupropion appeared to provide an advantage for smoking cessation for those who remained in the trial. The dropout rate was high and was characterized by higher prevalence of current comorbid anxiety disorder. Given the high abstinence rate achieved with CBT plus NRT, a ceiling effect related to the high level of intervention received by all subjects may have prevented an adequate test of bupropion.
Adipose Tissue Collagen VI in Obesity

Objectives: Basic science studies show that the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue, mainly represented by collagen VI, is dysfunctional in obesity and contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized in humans that increased collagen VI α3-subunit (COL6A3) mRNA is associated with adipose tissue macrophage chemotaxis and inflammation and that weight gain is accompanied by changes in the expression of COL6A3. Research Design and Methods: Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from a cross-sectional study (n = 109), an overfeeding study (n = 9), and a pioglitazone treatment study (n = 14). Adipose tissue gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and adipocyte sizing by fixation with osmium and Coulter counting. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and visceral adipose tissue by computed tomography. Patients with high or low COL6A3 mRNA were compared by one-way ANOVA. Results: In humans, immunohistochemistry revealed tha...
Central and peripheral fusiform aneurysms six years after left atrial myxoma resection

Central nervous system embolisation of left atrial myxoma is well documented.1 The most common neurological sequel is acute cerebral ischaemia secondary to vessel occlusion by tumour.2 Delayed neurological complications are much less common and may result from tumour recurrence with embolisation, progressive vascular stenosis, aneurysm formation with subsequent rupture, or parenchymal metastasis.2 We report the occurrence of multiple myxomatous aneurysms in a patient six years after resection of a left atrial myxoma who was experiencing transient ischaemic attacks in the same distribution as the largest aneurysms. These lesions included bilateral fusiform aneurysms of the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries. A 60 year old woman had a two week history of progressive occipital headache, intermittent visual changes, right facial pain, and imbalance. On examination, she had mild left upper and lower extremity weakness and mild cerebellar asymmetry. The patient reported a history of left atrial myxoma resection six years before presentation. Atherosclerotic risk factors included remote tobacco use and raised serum cholesterol. Pertinent drug treatment included fluvastatin and clopidogrel. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain suggested aneurysms of the superior cerebellar arteries or posterior cerebral arteries. The MRI also revealed areas of previous infarction in multiple vascular distributions including the left superior cerebellar artery and both posterior cerebral arteries. Digital subtraction angiography showed large irregular fusiform aneurysms of the proximal superior cerebellar arteries (fig …
Unseen worlds: looking through the lens of childhood

by Kate Adams, London, Jessica Kingsley, 2010, 176 pp., £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84905-051-7 In considering our pedagogy, parenting, and practice of psychology, it is remarkable that we still...
Residential segregation of West Indians in the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area: the roles of race and ethnicity.

To assess the relative roles of race and ethnicity in shaping patterns of residential segregation this article utilizes indices of segregation and a geographic mapping strategy to examine the residential patterns of West Indian blacks in the greater New York City area. The socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods occupied by West Indian blacks are also examined and compared to those of areas occupied by African Americans. The results indicate that on one hand West Indians are largely denied access to residential areas occupied predominantly by whites and are confined to areas of large black concentrations. On the other hand West Indians appear to have carved out somewhat separate residential enclaves within these largely black areas.... (EXCERPT)
A unique late-replicating XY to autosome translocation in Peromyscus melanophrys.

We report on the characterization of the Peromyscus melanophrys karyotype and sex chromosome system. Classic studies reported the sex chromosome system of this species may be as complex as an X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y1Y2 and provided conflicting identification of the X chromosome. Using Peromyscus maniculatus chromosome paints, we have positively identified the sex chromosomes and clarified the sex determining system that once perplexed Peromyscus researchers. The sex chromosomes are characterized by a unique autosomal translocation of DNA shared between both the X and Y chromosomes. The translocated material is late replicating and heterochromatic yet retains the active chromatin conformation. Thus, autosomal regions derived from translocations involving repeat-rich material may retain some epigenetic marks specific to the sex chromosomes despite loss of epigenetic silencing activity.
Phase synchronization control of complex networks of Lagrangian systems on adaptive digraphs

This paper presents a formation control and synchronization method that utilizes adaptive network topologies for a class of complex dynamical networks comprised of a large number of highly-nonlinear Euler-Lagrange (EL) systems. A time-varying and switching network topology, constructed by the adaptive graph Laplacian matrix, relaxes the standard requirement of consensus stability, even permitting exponential synchronization on an unbalanced digraph or a weakly connected digraph that can sporadically lose connectivity. The time-varying graph Laplacian matrix is adapted by an adaptive control scheme based on relative positions and errors of synchronization and tracking. The adaptive graph Laplacian is integrated with a phase synchronization controller that synchronizes the relative motions of EL systems moving in elliptical orbits, thereby yielding a smaller synchronization error than an uncoupled tracking control law in the presence of bounded disturbances and modeling errors. An example of reconfiguring hundreds of spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit shows the effectiveness of the proposed phase synchronization controller for a large number of complex EL systems moving in periodic elliptical orbits.
Essential role of protein kinase G and decreased cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in NO-induced inhibition of rat aortic smooth muscle cell motility.

Hyperinsulinemia is a major risk factor for the development of vascular disease. We have reported that insulin increases the motility of vascular smooth muscle cells via a hydrogen peroxide-mediate...
Technique to Measure Surface-Fouling Tendencies of Steepwater from Corn Wet Milling

ABSTRACT Surface-fouling tendencies of raw light steepwater (LSW) and membrane-filtered light steepwater (FSW) from corn wet-milling were studied using an annular fouling probe. The probe contained a heated surface to simulate the surface temperature of an evaporator. The heated region caused a fraction of solids in the steepwater to adhere to the surface, thus fouling the probe over time. FSW samples were prepared by filtering LSW using a microfiltration membrane with a nominal pore size of 0.1 μm. Fouling tendencies of both samples were established at an initial probe wall temperature of 99°C. Batches (30 L) were circulated through the fouling probe until the inner surface temperature of the probe reached 200°C. Temperature and power supplied to the probe were measured over time and used to calculate fouling resistance and rate of fouling. Measurement of maximum fouling resistance and fouling rate had a coefficient of variation (COV) of 5.1 and 7.4%, respectively. Maximum fouling resistances attained ov...
When does acute pain become chronic

The transition from acute to chronic pain appears to occur in discrete pathophysiological and histopathological steps. Stimuli initiating a nociceptive response vary, but receptors and endogenous defence mechanisms in the periphery interact in a similar manner regardless of the insult. Chemical, mechanical, and thermal receptors, along with leucocytes and macrophages, determine the intensity, location, and duration of noxious events. Noxious stimuli are transduced to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where amino acid and peptide transmitters activate second-order neurones. Spinal neurones then transmit signals to the brain. The resultant actions by the individual involve sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and modulatory processes in an attempt to limit or stop the painful process. Under normal conditions, noxious stimuli diminish as healing progresses and pain sensation lessens until minimal or no pain is detected. Persistent, intense pain, however, activates secondary mechanisms both at the periphery and within the central nervous system that cause allodynia, hyperalgesia, and hyperpathia that can diminish normal functioning. These changes begin in the periphery with upregulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and interleukin-1β-sensitizing first-order neurones, which eventually sensitize second-order spinal neurones by activating N-methyl-d-aspartic acid channels and signalling microglia to alter neuronal cytoarchitecture. Throughout these processes, prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, ion-specific channels, and scavenger cells all play a key role in the transformation of acute to chronic pain. A better understanding of the interplay among these substances will assist in the development of agents designed to ameliorate or reverse chronic pain.
A measure of near-surface fluid motions that predicts air-water gas transfer in a wide range of conditions

[1] Air-water gas transfer impacts many important biogeochemical processes, yet current understandings involve large uncertainty. This arises because the process depends on a complex interaction between molecular diffusion and fluid motions that has not been adequately characterized. Here we show the first experimental support for a mechanistic model that relates near-surface motions to gas transfer coefficients over a range of wind conditions, including those leading to breaking wavelets. We find that the square root of the root mean square surface-velocity divergence varies linearly with both the gas transfer coefficient, as predicted by theory, as well as with mean square surface slope. Besides advancing the understanding of the mechanisms governing air-water gas transfer, these results suggest easy-to-measure parameters that could, with further investigation, provide gas transfer coefficients in field settings.
Determination of solid fraction–temperature relation and latent heat using full scale casting experiments: application to corrosion resistant steels and nickel based alloys

Casting simulation results are only useful to a foundry if they reflect reality, which requires accurate material datasets for the alloys being simulated. Material datasets include property data such as density, specific heat and thermal conductivity as functions of temperature, as well as latent heat of solidification and a solid fraction–temperature relation. Unfortunately, there are a significant number of commonly used metal alloys for which no reliable material data are available. The present study focuses on five such corrosion resistant alloys: superaustenitic stainless steel CN3MN, duplex stainless steels CD3MN and CD4MCuN and nickel based alloys CW6MC and N3M. Initial alloy material datasets are generated using thermodynamic simulation software. Comparisons of temperatures measured in full scale sand castings made from these alloys with temperatures predicted in computer simulations revealed that these initial datasets are inadequate. Therefore, an iterative method is developed to adjust the datasets (in particular the solid fraction–temperature relation and latent heat) in order to match measured and predicted temperatures and cooling rates. Uncertainties in the simulation are effectively eliminated through parametric studies. Although more tedious, the present iterative method to determine the solid fraction–temperature relation and latent heat is believed to be more accurate than traditional cooling curve analysis using small experimental castings.
Grelling's revenge

The heterological paradox of Kurt Grelling is often mentioned but seldom critically examined in the history of symbolic logic.' The paradox is that heterologicality, the property of not being truly predicated of itself, is itself heterological if and only if it is not heterological. The paradox is sometimes thought to make a compelling argument for the need to stratify logical syntax into a hierarchy of types, as Russell and Whitehead argue (1927), in order to avoid formal syntactical inconsistency in similar paradoxes.2 I maintain in what follows that type theory, although it appears tailor-made to solve the problem, does not actually forestall Grelling's paradox, but that the paradox remains derivable in spite of rigorously enforced type restrictions. The paradox for that reason is even more urgently addressed in order to avoid antinomy in anything like a classical inferential framework. Accordingly, I conclude by proposing an alternative, non-type-theoretical solution to Grelling's paradox that preserves logical integrity in a bivalent semantics.
Protein-Mediated Synthesis of Uniform Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanocrystals**

Magnetite nanocrystals are synthesized in the presence of a recombinant Mms6 protein thought to be involved in the biomineralization of bacterial magnetite magnetosomes, the mammalian iron-storage protein, ferritin, and two proteins not known to bind iron, lipocalin (Lcn2) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). To mimic the conditions at which magnetite nanocrystals are formed in magnetotactic bacteria, magnetite synthesis is performed in a polymeric gel to slow down the diffusion rates of the reagents. Recombinant Mms6 facilitates formation of ca. 30 nm single-domain, uniform magnetite nanocrystals in solution, as verified by using transmission electron microscopy analysis and magnetization measurements. The nanocrystals formed in the presence of ferritin, Lcn2, and BSA, do not exhibit the uniform sizes and shapes observed for those produced in the presence of Mms6. Mms6-derived magnetite nanoparticles show the largest magnetization values above the blocking temperature, as well as the largest magnetic susceptibility compared to those of the nanomaterials synthesized with other proteins. The latter is indicative of a substantial effective magnetic moment per particle, which is consistent with the presence of magnetite with a well-defined crystalline structure. The combination of electron microscopy analysis and magnetic measurements confirms our hypothesis that Mms6 promotes the shape-selective formation of uniform superparamagnetic nanocrystals. This provides a unique bioinspired route for synthesis of uniform magnetite nanocrystals.
Analysis of high-performance clock networks with RLC and transmission line effects

Interconnect has come to be a dominant factor in on-chip signal propagation, skew and jitter. As frequencies increase, more accurate modeling of the wires is necessary in order to properly estimate clock propagation. However, most wire models for clock network synthesis are based on Elmore delay, a simple first-order RC model. In this work, we analyze the discrepancies between RC, RLC and transmission line models on both skew and jitter of clock trees and grids. From our experiments, the difference in skew can be as great as 45% of the clock period for transmission lines and 7.5% for the RLC model. We argue that a deeper investigation into accurately modeling long interconnect should become a higher priority in clock network synthesis
Altered gene expression profile in the kidney of vitamin D receptor knockout mice.

The kidney is a primary target organ of the vitamin D endocrine system, and both vitamin D-deficiency and vitamin D receptor (VDR) ablation lead to impaired renal functions. As an initial step to understand the molecular basis underlying the renal dysfunctions resulted from VDR inactivation, we used DNA microarray technology to search for changes in the gene expression profile in the kidney of VDR knockout mice. Three independent DNA microarray experiments were performed using Affymetrix GeneChips, which included two replicate comparisons between VDR null and wild-type littermates, and a third comparison between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated and vehicle-treated wild-type mice. Based on the assumption that VDR inactivation and vitamin D stimulation cause opposite changes in the expression of vitamin D target genes, we identified 95 genes that displayed the same changes in the two VDR-null/wild-type comparisons but an opposite change in the third assay, of which 28 genes were up-regulated and 67 were down-regulated in VDR null mice. These genes can be divided into several functional categories involved in vitamin D and steroid metabolism, calcium metabolism and signaling, volume and electrolyte homeostasis, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, cell adhesion, metabolism, immune response, and other functions. These data provide a basis for further investigations into the molecular bases underlying the physiological abnormalities associated with VDR- and vitamin D-deficiency. J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 709–719, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laser photosublimation of compound semiconductors

Interaction between semiconductor and incident bandgap radiation takes place via electron-hole pair generation. The photogenerated charge carriers may thermalize on a rapid time scale, thereby converting the photon energy into heat and ultimately leading to various thermal processes, including sublimation. Alternatively, nonthermal effects may become dominant if the interaction of charge pairs with the lattice phonons is slower than other charge related processes. The visible-laser sublimation of CdTe, HgCdTe, CdS, and GaAs was studied. A dynamic light guiding was identified with an active feedback mechanism and is connected to the observation of 0.4-micrometer-wide single-mode guiding structures during deep etching. The incipient stages of sublimation were studied by mass spectrometry and are discussed in relation to diffusion mechanisms in the solid state.
Phenological asynchrony between herbivorous insects and their hosts: signal of climate change or pre-existing adaptive strategy?

Climate change alters phenological relations between interacting species. We might expect the historical baseline, or starting-point, for such effects to be precise synchrony between the season at which a consumer most requires food and the time when its resources are most available. We synthesize evidence that synchrony was not the historical condition in two insect–plant interactions involving Edith's checkerspot butterfly ( Euphydryas editha ), the winter moth ( Operophtera brumata ) and their host plants. Initial observations of phenological mismatch in both systems were made prior to the onset of anthropogenically driven climate change. Neither species can detect the phenology of its host plants with precision. In both species, evolution of life history has involved compromise between maximizing fecundity and minimizing mortality, with the outcome being superficially maladaptive strategies in which many, or even most, individuals die of starvation through poor synchrony with their host plants. Where phenological asynchrony or mismatch with resources forms the starting point for effects of anthropogenic global warming, consumers are particularly vulnerable to impacts that exacerbate the mismatch. This vulnerability likely contributed to extinction of a well-studied metapopulation of Edith's checkerspot, and to the skewed geographical pattern of population extinctions underlying a northward and upward range shift in this species.
Reliability assessment of integrated residential distribution and PHEV systems using Monte Carlo simulation

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an increasingly attractive response to the future transportation challenges because of their potential economic and environmental benefits. When integrating PHEVs into the distribution system, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of PHEVs on distribution system reliability from the perspective of system adequacy. This paper develops a probabilistic reliability model for integrated distribution and PHEV systems. A comprehensive and time sequential Monte Carlo simulation method is applied to generate the artificial operation history for each component of a residential distribution system, and a complete simulation procedure considering the PHEVs integration is proposed. The IEEE-34 feeder system is utilized as the residential distribution network in case studies, and simulation results are presented and discussed.
Global Dialogues, Paradigmatic Shifts, and Complexity: Emergent Contours of Theory and Praxis in Telecommunications Policy

Dear Reader, The essay below began as an introspective piece after a year in residence (1997± 1998) at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington DC. CSIS is one of the largest foreign policy think-tanks in Washington, with a centrist political philosophy and largely inhabited by former government of® cials (mainly drawn from the State Department, the Pentagon and Defense Department, the Executive Of® ces of the President, and various of® ces of the intelligence community). Having spent the past 20 years wandering the nexus of media history, international studies, and telecommunication policy this was a rare opportunity to both observe and occasionally participate in policy formation as practiced beyond the actual agencies of governance. In so doing, I became (and somewhat remain) a very minor member of a small and lively community with a vast range of opinions and ideologies who share a deep dedication toward trying to build a better world. I learned their old worldview of policy formation, based on a history of habits and actions shaped around the contours of the twentieth century and especially the Cold War, was disappearing before their eyes at an incredibly rapid rate. I learned that the disappearance of this old worldview was spurring a rich and diverse dialogue about the world that is arriving. The only constant in that dialogue was the need for new ways of thinking Ð about everything. While there was lively and occasionally contentious debate about the implementation of praxis, or policy formation, the ultimate questions for discussion often centered around questions of theory. I found, to my great surprise that more than a few participants (but far less than a majority) had more than passing familiarity with a vast range of late twentieth-century theorists. On occasion, the retired intelligence agency of® cial would suggest we think about issues rhizomatically. A career diplomat would muse on the difference between authenticity and simulation. Someone with a star or two on his shoulder would compare the netrocentric with the nomad. A lifelong wonk would return to the of® ce talking about his recent interviews with teenage hackers. Once, when I mentioned speeds and
Information‐Based Decision Making in Logistics Management

In today's progressive business environment, it is an accepted fact in many firms that the effective management of logistics activities is a prerequisite to overall cost efficiency, and the ability to assure the competitive pricing of products and services. Also, there is a growing tendency among corporate executives to view logistics capabilities as being among the key ways in which the firm can differentiate its products and services from those of its competitors.
Sleep in the older adult: Implications for nurses (CE)

Normal aging is accompanied by sleep pattern changes that may result in daytime sleepiness and affect the quality of life in older adults. These changes also can signal more serious sleep problems, which become more prevalent with aging. More than half of adults older than 65 living at home and about two-thirds of those in long-term care facilities have some difficulties with sleep. It is important for nurses to understand the normal changes in sleep that accompany aging and be able to differentiate them from the symptoms of serious sleep disorders to ensure holistic care for older adults.
Orphan Care in Malawi: Current Practices

HIV and AIDS has moved rapidly throughout sub-Saharan Africa, dramatically adding to the crisis of orphaned children on the continent. Knowledge of African responses to their problem is needed so that interventions from the global community are culturally appropriate. An assessment of 73 programs caring for over 100,000 vulnerable and orphaned children in Malawi was conducted. A cross section of programs throughout the country was visited. Three primary care strategies were found: community-based orphan care, institutional and residential care, and self-care. The model of care preferred by Africans is community based because this keeps a child in a family environment in their own village and tribe. By listening to the people of Africa, the worldwide community can learn how to work with them as they care for millions of orphaned children.
Review: Accounting for Prematurity in Developmental Assessment and the Use of Age-Adjusted Scores

Objective This review summarizes the literature to date concerning age adjustment in developmental assessment and illustrates relevant issues for clinicians and researchers in this area. Methods Pubmed, Medline, Premedline, and PsycInfo databases were used to search the following terms: assessment, prematurity, age adjustment, and adjusted age. Additional sources were obtained through the references listed in the primary articles. Results Differences in clinical opinions persist with regard to whether, what type, and how long age adjustments are to be made for premature infants. Research is inconclusive regarding the most appropriate method for accounting for prematurity. Conclusions Previous data may no longer describe the current population of premature infants. Current research is needed to inform developmental assessment practices for this population. Meanwhile, clinicians should remain aware of the issues regarding whether and how to adjust for prematurity. The authors recommend a multifaceted approach to clinical decision making and provide suggestions for future research.
Age‐Dependent Sex Effects on Outcomes After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Background Sex has been linked to differential outcomes for cardiovascular disease in adults. We examined potential sex differences in outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed data from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (1982–2007) by using logistic regression to evaluate the effects of sex on 30-day within-hospital mortality after pediatric (<18 years old) cardiac operations and its interaction with age, risk category, z-score for weight, and surgical year for the whole cohort. Of 76 312 operations, 55% were in boys. Unadjusted mortality was similar for boys and girls (5.2% versus 5.0%, P =0.313), but boys were more likely to have cardiac surgery as a neonate and to have more complex operations. After adjustment, the overall test of any association between postsurgical mortality and sex was significant ( P =0.002), but the overall test of any interaction was not ( P =0.503). However, a potential age-dependent sex effect on postsurgical mortality was observed among infants subjected to high-risk operations, with girls doing worse during the first 6 months of life. Conclusions Patient sex has a significant effect on mortality after pediatric cardiac operations, with an increased risk of death in early infancy for girls after high-risk cardiac operations. This age-dependent relationship supports a sex-related biological effect on postoperative cardiovascular stress.
The relationship between neuropsychological functioning and HAART adherence in HIV-positive adults: a systematic review

Combination antiretroviral therapy has helped extend the lives of persons infected with HIV; however, the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens depends, in part, on the consistency with which the medications are taken. In this paper, we review 11 empirical studies conducted in Western developed nations that utilized psychometrically valid neuropsychological measures to examine the relationship between cognitive functioning and HAART adherence. In general, impaired neuropsychological functioning—particularly within the domains of executive functioning and problem solving, learning and memory, attention and working memory, and global cognitive functioning—was associated with lower medication adherence across studies. However, inconsistent operationalizations of neuropsychological impairment and medication adherence employed in these studies, as well as the paucity of longitudinal data to support temporal relationships, may attenuate these conclusions. We conclude with a set of research recommendations that may help to improve the rigor of future studies and clarify questions left unanswered due to methodological limitations of existing studies.
Modifications to the Rapid Update Cycle Land Surface Model (RUC LSM) Available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model

AbstractThe land surface model (LSM) described in this manuscript was originally developed as part of the NOAA Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model development effort; with ongoing modifications, it is now used as an option for the WRF community model. The RUC model and its WRF-based NOAA successor, the Rapid Refresh (RAP), are hourly updated and have an emphasis on short-range, near-surface forecasts including aviation-impact variables and preconvective environment. Therefore, coupling to this LSM (hereafter the RUC LSM) has been critical to provide more accurate lower boundary conditions. This paper describes changes made to the RUC LSM since earlier descriptions, including extension from six to nine levels, improved snow treatment, and new land-use data from MODIS.The RUC LSM became operational at the NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) as part of the RUC from 1998–2012 and as part of the RAP from 2012 through the present. The simple treatments of basic land surface processes in the RUC...
The Suicidal Child and Adolescent

Suicide prevention is an important area of expertise for all professionals working in psychiatric institutional settings. Children and adolescents in psychiatric hospitals and residential treatment centers are at greater risk for suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, it is unfortunate when suicidal behavior occurs in these institutional settings because keeping youngsters safe is one of their main purposes. The purpose of this chapter is to review knowledge of youth suicidal behavior and issues relevant to working with a suicidal child in psychiatric institutional settings, whether they be hospitals or residential treatment centers. It will also focus on the differences between institutional treatment settings.
Commercial Speech, Drugs, Promotion and a Tailored Television Advertisement Moratorium

The commercial speech doctrine has already had a major impact on drug regulation. This article examines the justification in two areas for limiting the information that drug companies provide to consumers or doctors about drugs with a high risk potential. The paper will first discuss the constitutionality of a tailored safety moratorium on television advertisements for drugs with a high risk potential. The article will then examine the constitutionality of imposing limitations on the ability of a drug manufacturer to initiate giving or mailing to doctors reprints of medical journal articles that discuss new but unapproved uses for drugs. The Obama Administration objects only to "promotional" distributions under a narrow test. While the constitutionality of restrictions is a contentious issue, this paper maintains that the safety risks to the public rightly deserve great weight under the commercial speech doctrine.