cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Has regulation of charitable foundations thrown the baby out with the bath water

Abstract Regulations to curb tax avoidance and evasion through charitable foundations have been in place since the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Newly-compiled longitudinal data makes it possible to estimate the effects of these regulations by comparing affected and unaffected foundations before and after the reform. Donations and entry dropped precipitously. Proxy variables suggest significant deterrence of abuses, but half of the decline in donations can be explained by the increased cost of running a foundation. The results highlight the potential for large reductions in the benefits of regulation when the cost of compliance affects externality-producing actions such as charitable giving.
Fine structure of the nucleus during spermiogenesis

Several investigators have reported microfibrils in chromosomes of various plants and animals. Fibrils about 100 A thick have been found in all chromosomes studied. Often these are associated in pairs and form fibrils 200–250 A thick. By dissolving calf thymus chromosomes isolated in saline-versene of pH 6.5 in water we have obtained a nucleoprotein in the form of fibrils about 100 A thick and identical in appearance to the fibrils found in sections through osmium fixed chromosomes. We assume therefore that the microfibrils making up the chromosomes represent the nucleoprotein. If calf thymus chromosomes are left in saline-versene of pH 8 before dissolving in water the non-histone protein autolyzes and is lost from the fibrous nucleoprotein. In electron micrographs the 100 A fibrils are now seen to consist of two 40 A fibrils which seem to correspond to the nucleohistone. — During spermiogenesis the non-histone protein generally disappears from the nucleus. Electronmicroscopic studies of spermiogenesis in a large number of species show that at this time the 100 A fibrils become visibly double, consisting of two 40 A fibrils. In sperm where dichroism and X-ray diffraction indicate orientation of DNA, these fibrils are oriented in the same way. No other structures are visible in the sperm nucleus and in the mature sperm these fibrils fill the nucleus solidly. We conclude that the microfibrils correspond to the DNA with associated basic protein and that the DNA molecule is arranged in the long axis of the microfibrils. Late in spermiogenesis the 40 A fibrils associate into large units. In some species progressively thicker bundles are formed which may be oriented in the long axis of the sperm or irregularly twisted through the nucleus.
Studies on the structure of rabbit muscle aldolase: II. Primary structure of peptide CnV and chemical evidence for the four-subunit structure of aldolase

Abstract The primary structure of fragment CnV, the smallest of peptides obtained by CNBr cleavage of aldolase, has been determined and the known sequence of amino acids around the substrate binding site extended to include a total of 41 residues. CnV, an 18 amino acid peptide with homoserine at the C -terminus, has been shown to exist in 2 electrophoretically distinct forms, one having homoserine γ-lactone at the C -terminus. Four moles of CnV were obtained from one mole of aldolase by quantitative analysis, confirming the 4-subunit structure of the enzyme.
From the Bevalac to Rhic: Recent Results and Future Perspectives

In the collisions of nuclei at extremely high energies the baryon and energy densities are expected to reach critical values where the quark constituents of the incident nucleons, bound in nuclei, form an extended volume of freely interacting quarks, antiquarks and gluons known as the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). After formation the system is expected to evolve dynamically from a pure plasma or mixed phase (of plasma and hadronic matter) through expansion, cooling, hadronization and freeze-out. To be able to establish that such a new, transient state of matter has been formed it will be necessary to identify and study QGP signatures and the space-time evolution of the collision process. This requires an understanding of the microscopic structure of hadronic interactions, at the level of quarks and gluons, at high temperatures and high densities.
A Moody View of The Law: Looking Back and Looking Ahead at Law and The Emotions

The current Symposium celebrates 3,400 years of law and emotion. How so? In Leviticus, Chapter 19 Verse 15, judges are instructed to judge rich and poor alike – interestingly, they are, separately, told not to favor the poor and not to favor the rich, but rather to do justice equally. Some interpreters read the prohibition on favoring the poor as trying to ensure that even positive emotions such as sympathy do not bias legal decision-making. Indeed, as this Chapter goes to press, the confirmation hearings for Judge Sonia Sotomayor are highlighting just such issues. Alternatively, we might say that we celebrate more than four centuries of law and emotion: In the late sixteenth century the common law began to recognize the offense of manslaughter, where a killing occurred in the course of a brawl or “chance [or chaunce] medley,” reflecting the passion or emotional state of those engaged in fighting (e.g., Brown 1963; Dressler 1982).1 We might also say that the psychological study of law and emotion is about 100 years old, harking back to the foundational legal psychological work of Hugo Munsterberg (1908) and his study of the biasing impact of emotion on memory and judgment, and of the clues that emotional reactions could give to a defendant’s guilt or innocence.
COURTS Proceedings, Incompetency and Dependency: Authorize the Photographing of Children Who Have Absconded and Subsequently Returned to the Custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice

The Act authorizes the photographing of every child who has absconded and subsequently returned to the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice.
Work and the Evolving Self: Theoretical and Clinical Considerations

Work and Its Satisfactions. Work and Adult Development. The Concept of Work Disturbance. Work Inhibition and Work Compulsion. Work Diffusion. Work Disillusionment and Disability. Work and the Treatment Process. Career Development in Individual Treatment. The Psychology of a Changing Workplace.
The Structure of Glycoproteins II. THE SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLYMORPHIC VARIANTS OF THE α1-ACID GLYCOPROTEIN OF HUMAN SERUM

Abstract Eight variants of the α1-acid glycoprotein of human serum were isolated by column zone electrophoresis in a denaturing, viscous buffer. Six of these monomers were analyzed and found to have similar molecular weights, to possess 11 or 12 oligosaccharide side chains, and to have the same amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. Eight variants were also observed when the protein thiol of the α1-acid glycoprotein was subjected to zone electrophoresis in a denaturing and reducing buffer. The data indicate that the electrophoretic differences between the variants is not a result of differences in the primary or tertiary structures.
A packaged MOS power device with an integral protection chip

A packaged MOS power device having a protective integrated circuit mounted on the gate lead of the package is described. The protective circuit prevents gate overvoltage and provides for rapid gate discharge during commutation, overtemperature, or overvoltage in the on-state. >
Preparation and properties of hydrogels based on PEG and isosorbide building blocks with phosphate linkages

Abstract Novel hydrogel polymers were prepared by the crosslinking reaction between polyethylene glycol monophosphate ester (PEGP) and isosorbide diglycidyl ether (IDE). The crosslinking reaction involved no solvents and occurred at room temperature without catalyst. Curing kinetics was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and chemorheometry. Because the three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel polymers were based on the phosphate linkages, the hydrogels exhibited characteristic degradable properties. Molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol moiety and molar ratios of IDE to PEGP were found to significantly influence swelling and degradation rates of the hydrogels. Results suggest that the obtained hydrogels are potential materials for drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Thiol/Disulfide Redox Status Is Oxidized in Plasma and Small Intestinal and Colonic Mucosa of Rats with Inadequate Sulfur Amino Acid Intake

Low molecular weight thiol/disulfide redox pools are dependent upon extracellular cysteine (Cys) availability. We determined whether dietary sulfur amino acid (SAA) deficiency induces oxidative stress in vivo, as determined by redox state of major thiol/disulfide couples in plasma [Cys/cystine (CySS)] and intestinal mucosa [glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG)]. Rats were fed isocaloric, isonitrogenous semipurified diets: either SAA-adequate (control), SAA-deficient, or SAA-supplemented, pair-fed to intake of the SAA-deficient group. Reference rats consumed standard rat food ad libitum. After 7 d, plasma and gut mucosal samples were analyzed for Cys, CySS, GSH and GSSG, and the redox potentials of Cys/CySS and GSH/GSSG were determined. Mean daily food intake in the pair-fed rats was similar (approximately one-half of reference-rat intake). Body weight decreased in all pair-fed groups, but rats fed the SAA-deficient diet lost significantly more body weight. Dietary SAA deficiency decreased GSH concentrations in both plasma and gut mucosa, increased plasma GSSG, and oxidized plasma and gut mucosal GSH/GSSG redox and plasma Cys/CySS redox. SAA supplementation resulted in a more reducing plasma Cys/CySS redox potential. Reference rats exhibited similar tissue and plasma GSH/GSSG redox as rats that ate semipurified SAA-adequate rat food, which provided similar net SAA intake. Our in vivo data show that inadequate dietary SAA intake oxidizes the thiol/disulfide redox status in rat-gut mucosa and plasma. Such oxidation of redox pools is associated with oxidative stress and the onset or progression of several pathological conditions. Thus, dietary SAA deficiency could contribute to the progression of disease by causing an oxidation of these components.
Non-uniformly poled Gaussian and Bessel function transducers

A technique has been developed to polarize piezoelectric ceramic elements with spatially nonuniform electric fields. Used as ultrasonic transducers, these piezoelectric elements then produce nonuniform sound-field profiles corresponding to the spatially nonuniform polarization strength poled into the element. Gaussian transducers and Bessel function transducers have been built using this technique. The Bessel function transducer, of particular interest in achieving diffractionless beams was made to produce an ultrasonic beam profile approximating that of the Bessel function J/sub 0/(r) both in amplitude and in phase out to the third zero. The beam profiles of these nonuniformly poled transducers were mapped out in a water-immersion tank with a point probe and compared with beam profiles calculated with a Gauss-Hermite model excellent agreement was obtained. Such transducers containing prescribed field profiles can be electroded and mounted in the same manner as conventional piston transducers. >
Monocular passive range sensing - using defocus information

Defocused monocular views of three-dimensional objects can be used to provide useful range information. In the sensing method presented in this paper two monocular views one highly defocused and the other well-focused are recorded and processed to yield multi-resolution estimates of range information. This method exploits all available a priori information relating to the topological and photometric properties of the object. Results of simulations using synthetic opaque objects are presented.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PGHS-2 inhibitors, NS-398 and DuP-697, attenuate the inhibition of PGHS-1 by aspirin and indomethacin without altering its activity

Since the discovery of the inducible form of prostaglandin (PG) H synthase (PGHS), PGHS-2, considerable effort has been made to design selective inhibitors of this isozyme. N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl) methanesulfonamide (NS-398) and 5-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylsulfonyl) thiophene (DuP-697) have been shown to interact reversibly with PGHS-1, while irreversibly inhibiting PGHS-2 in a time-dependent manner. In the present study we have tested the effects of DuP-697 and NS-398 on the activity of PGHS-1 and further explored the interactions between these agents and the inhibition of PGHS-1 by aspirin, indomethacin and ibuprofen. Three independent experimental systems, namely bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), human fibroblasts and ram seminal vesicle microsomes were used to investigate the effects of DuP-697 and NS-398 on PGHS-1. The results show that DuP-697 and NS-398, at concentrations ranges which do not inhibit PGHS-1 activity, significantly attenuated the inhibition of PGHS-1 that was caused by aspirin and indomethacin. The same concentrations of DuP-697 and NS-398 did not affect the inhibition of PGHS-1 that was induced by the competitive reversible inhibitors ibuprofen and naproxen. Similar effects of DuP-697 and NS-393 were obtained with ram seminal vesicle microsomes. These results suggest that PGHS-2 inhibitors DuP-697 and NS-398 possibly interact with PGHS-1 at a site different from the enzyme's catalytic site, thus causing attenuation of PGHS-1 inhibition by aspirin and indomethacin without altering PGHS-1 basal activity or the ibuprofen-induced inhibition.
Fully-polymeric NEM relay for flexible, transparent, ultra-low power electronics and sensors

A fully-polymeric nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) relay based on a conductive polymer, Poly(3,4-Ethylenedi oxythiophene):Polystyrene-Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and dielectric polymers is proposed for the first time to enable flexible, transparent, ultralow-power electronics and sensors, and the first functional prototype fabricated using a five-mask low-thermal-budget process is demonstrated. The prototype shows zero off-state leakage current, abrupt on/off switching, complementary switching behavior, and relatively high on/off current ratio. Exploiting the water-absorption behavior of the polymers, the potential use of the relay as a biochemical sensor is also demonstrated.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy levels in domestic dog hair.

A B S T R A C T To assess the level of mtDNA sequence heteroplasmy in dog hair, we sequenced a 612 base pair fragment of the hypervariable region 1 (HVI) in 576 hairs from six dogs representing a range of age, sex, breed, and hair color. Blood and buccal samples were collected from each dog for reference. Three instances of sequence heteroplasmy were observed at nucleotide positions 15627 (G/A), 15628 (T/C) and 15639 (G/A) in two hairs from different dogs. An HVI sequence heteroplasmy frequency of 0.0034 was obtained. The Probability of Identity (PI) value, or probability that two random, unrelated dog hairs share an HVI sequence, and the Power of Discrimination (PD), or probability that two random unrelated dog hairs have different HVI sequences, were determined from the 88 HVI haplotypes represented in the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory database (n = 1006) and found to be 0.086 and 0.914, respectively.
Early inflammatory and metabolic changes in association with AGTR1 polymorphisms in prehypertensive subjects.

Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality is directly related to blood pressure, even for blood pressure as low as 115/75 mm Hg.1 Given increased disease risk even in subjects with “high-normal” blood pressures, the Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) in 2003 created a prehypertension category for persons with blood pressures ranging from systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120–139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from 80 to 89 mm Hg.2 Many of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that play a role in hypertension may already be deranged in prehypertensive subjects,3 including inflammatory pathways that result in elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)4 and interleukin-6 (IL-6),5 as well as metabolic pathways that result in elevated glucose and insulin levels.6 However, conclusions are often confounded due to obesity and presence of the metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. Undoubtedly, hypertension is influenced by heredity with family history highly predictive of future hypertension. Large genome-wide association studies have revealed principally minor associations7 perhaps not surprising in light of a number of challenges including the definition of hypertension used.8 Despite the continuum of disease and cardiovascular risk with blood pressure, few studies have investigated genetic influences in prehypertensive subjects. Candidate genes from the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) pathway, which play a primary role in vascular tone, hypertension, and sodium and water excretion, have been implicated as contributors to genetic hypertension. In particular, the angiotensin II receptor type-1 gene (AGTR1)9 has been frequently studied given that its gene product is the primary receptor for angiotensin II, especially in the heart and the kidney. AGTR1, a G-protein coupled receptor, is the target of pharmacologic intervention and has been studied in a number of medical conditions including heart failure10 and stroke.11 The A1166C polymorphism in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the gene, which affects receptor expression,12 has been extensively investigated in hypertension,13 but there is also evidence that it influences the metabolic syndrome.14 Hypertension has previously been associated with inflammation and metabolic changes as well as common AGTR1 genetic polymorphisms. The aim of our study was to determine whether such changes and genetic polymorphisms are noted in young prehypertensive subjects, who do not yet have evidence of diabetes or cardiovascular disease.
Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual

Rosen, Jay. (1994). Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 11(4), 363–388.
Conjunctival melanoma: is it increasing in the United States?

Abstract Purpose While the incidence of cutaneous melanoma has been found to have increased over time, the evidence for conjunctival melanoma is not as clear. We applied a large cancer registry database to determine whether any changes had occurred in the incidence of conjunctival melanoma. Design Descriptive epidemiologic analysis. Methods Using population-based registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), we identified 206 newly diagnosed patients with conjunctival melanoma from 1973 to 1999. For analysis purposes, we calculated age-adjusted incidence rates and described temporal changes, using joinpoint regression model. Results Overall estimated biannual percent change (EBAPC) was 5.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3, 8.8; P .05). In white men, the incidence rate increased 295% within the 27 years. Our analysis also showed a significant upward trend in the age group aged 60 years or more (EBAPC = 7.6; 95% CI = 3.9, 11.3; P Conclusions Substantial temporal changes in the incidence of conjunctival melanoma have occurred in the United States in recent years. The changing incidence patterns coincide with those seen in cutaneous melanoma, suggesting a possible link to a sunlight-related etiology.
Silica nanoparticle layer-by-layer assembly on gold.

Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of silica nanoparticles is investigated as a means of controlling the surface wetting properties of gold electroplated onto 316 L stainless-steel substrates while maintaining a low electrical surface contact resistance. The strong polyelectrolyte acrylamide/β-methacryl-oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium copolymer is used as the cationic binder. The impact of silica nanoparticle zeta (ζ) potential for a range of −37.1 to 5.9 mV in the thickness, wettability, and contact resistance of the final LBL-assembled coatings is presented. The ζ potential is varied by altering both the pH and alcohol (ethanol) content of the silica suspensions and polymer suspension, consistent with the predictions of the Debye−Huckel equation. Nanoparticle adsorption is found to occur rapidly, with surface coverage equilibration obtained after only 1 min and uptake that is nearly linear with respect to the number of bilayers deposited. An increase in the absolute value of the (negative) ζ potential in the sil...
A phase I trial of alfimeprase for peripheral arterial thrombolysis.

PURPOSE To evaluate the safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and thrombolytic activity of alfimeprase, a novel direct-acting thrombolytic agent, in patients with chronic peripheral arterial occlusion (PAO). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, single-dose, dose-escalation study, 20 patients with worsening symptoms of lower extremity ischemia within 6 months of enrollment were treated with alfimeprase in five escalating dose cohorts (0.025 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 0.5 mg/kg) by means of intraarterial and sometimes intrathrombic pulsed infusion. The primary endpoint was safety assessed by adverse event rates. Additional safety assessments included vital sign monitoring, serum chemistry testing, hematologic testing, and coagulation testing for 28 days after the procedure, as well asα2-macroglobulin and antialfimeprase antibody testing for as long as 3 months after treatment. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated with use of an assay that measures free and α2-macroglobulin–bound (ie, total) alfimeprase. RESULTS No patient experienced a hemorrhagic adverse event. Mean plasminogen and fibrinogen concentrations were not substantially altered by treatment. Three transient treatment-related adverse events were reported in the same patient: one incidence each of increased blood fibrinogen level, skin rash, and headache. All three adverse events were graded as mild. The pharmacokinetic profile of alfimeprase suggested that the half-life for total alfimeprase ranges from 11 to 54 minutes (median, 25 min) in patients with PAO. The serumα2-macroglobulin concentrations decreased transiently in a dose response–like manner between 12 and 24 hours and returned to within normal limits approximately 14 days after alfimeprase exposure. CONCLUSIONS Alfimeprase in doses as high as 0.5 mg/kg was generally well-tolerated in patients with chronic PAO. No bleeding complications were noted. The stable fibrinogen concentrations suggest that the activity of alfimeprase may be limited to the target thrombus. Alfimeprase holds the potential to achieve dissolution of thrombus with a diminished risk of hemorrhage.
Selective Area Mass Transport Regrowth of Gallium Nitride

Selective area mass transport regrowth of GaN was performed on wafers with etched wells and SiO2 mask. The samples were annealed in NH3 and H2 flow, with no gallium precursor. At 1060°C, only little mass transport occured, but the sidewall morphology changed, depending on crystallographic orientation. At 1160°C, the sidewalls grew out about 1 µm in 1 min, independent of orientation. The technique can potentially be performed in an annealing chamber, providing a low cost regrowth process. A promising application is ohmic contact regrowth to high composition AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors.
EQUATING SUBSCORES USING TOTAL SCALED SCORES AS AN ANCHOR

Because the demand for subscores is ever increasing, this study examined two different approaches for equating subscores: (a) equating a subscore on the new form to the same subscore in the old form using internal common items as the anchor to conduct the equating, and (b) equating a subscore on the new form to the same subscore in the old form using equated total scores as the anchor to conduct the equating. Equated total scores can be used as an anchor to equate the subscores because the total equated scores are comparable across both the new and the old forms. Data from 2 tests (Tests X and Y) were used to conduct the study, and results showed that when the number of internal common items was large (approximately 50% of the total subscore), then using common items to equate the subscores was preferable. However, when the number of common items was small (approximately 25% of the total subscore, which is common practice), then using total scaled scores (TSS) to equate the subscores was preferable. Using raw subscores (not equating) resulted in a considerable amount of bias for both tests.
Nothing about protein structure classification makes sense except in the light of evolution

In this, the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species, it is fitting to revisit the classification of protein structures from an evolutionary perspective. Existing classifications use homologous sequence relationships, but knowing that structure is much more conserved that sequence creates an iterative loop from which structures can be further classified beyond that of the domain, thereby teasing out distant evolutionary relationships. The desired classification scheme is then one in which a fold is merely semantics and structure can be classified as either ancestral or derived.
Location of neurons projecting to the hypophysial stalk--median eminence in ring doves (Streptopelia roseogrisea).

The median eminence/pituitary stalk represents the final common pathway for fibers from neurons that project to the pituitary gland. We have used the lipophilic fluorescent tracer 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) to determine the location of neurons projecting to the median eminence/pituitary stalk in ring doves. The tracer can be precisely applied to fixed tissue, in areas to which it is otherwise difficult to gain access. Follwwing application of DiI to the median eminence/pituitary stalk, labeled neurons were detected in six distinct regions: the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, in and ventral to the lateral forebrain bundle, preoptic area, and lateral septum. Labeled fibers branched extensively in the diencephalon, particularly along the third ventricle and in the septal-preoptic area. Sparse fiber labeling occurred caudal to the tuberal hypothalamus, even though these regions were close to the application site of the tracer. Labeled cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting cells were seen in the paraventricular region of the third ventricle. The results indicate that the avian neuronal system that projects to the median eminence and neural lobe occurs in diffuse clusters largely along the midline region of the hypothalamic septal-preoptic area. The paucity of fiber staining caudal to the tuberal hypothalamic region indicates that cells of these regions do not project to the median eminence/pituitary.
Developmental differences in structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between childhood and adulthood:

The current paper utilizes a bifactor modeling approach to evaluate the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood and assess developmental continuity of ADHD structure between childhood and adulthood. The study compared traditional one-factor, two-factor, three-factor, and second-order factor models of ADHD with a bifactor model of ADHD. Developmental differences in ADHD structure were examined using an extension of the bifactor model: a two-group model comparing children and adults. Participants were 406 adults (49% male; 145 of 406 with ADHD), (18 to 37) years old, and 548 children (58% male; 302 of 548 with ADHD), 6 to 18 years old. A bifactor model of ADHD exhibited the best fit in adults and children compared to traditional models, suggesting continuity in the ADHD latent construct across development. However, significant differences in the factor loadings were evident between children and adults in the two-group bifactor model, suggesting changes in the relative importance of particular symptoms over time. Namely, hyperactivity symptoms appear to decline in importance relative to the ADHD phenotype between childhood and adulthood.
Accuracy of Medicare reimbursement for cardiac arrest

Diagnosis related group (DRG) 129 consists exclusively of discharges having a principal diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 427.5 (cardiac arrest). It excludes patients with more specific diagnoses (eg, myocardial infarction and arrhythmia) or patients admitted for a different reason and who subsequently experience cardiac arrest. This study used a one-stage sample design to select all DRG 129 discharges from random hospitals, stratified by their annual number of DRG 129 bills. Using blinded techniques, medical records specialists reabstracted the International Classification of Diseases codes for 857 medical records. For the bills that were not coded DRG 129 on reabstraction, physicians classified the incorrect bills by clinical situation and reason for error. Diagnosis related group 129 had significantly higher rates of coding errors and upcoding than other DRGs. Of discharges erroneously billed to DRG 129, 42.1% of the patients entered the hospital for heart disease other than cardiac arrest and 55.2% died after entering the hospital for other diseases. Attending physicians need to distinguish between the "immediate cause" of death for the death certificate and the "principal diagnosis" for reimbursement purposes.
Managerial strategies for dealing with difficult subordinates

This study focused upon managers’ choice of, and satisfaction with, conflict management strategies in disputes with difficult subordinates. The four strategies discovered, in descending order of frequency, were: forcing, collaboration, minimal coping, and structural strategies. Managers’ satisfaction with the outcomes associated with these strategies reflected an absolute inverse ratio to the frequency of their reported use. The authors call for research leading to the development of alternative strategies for managing conflict with difficult subordinates.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Pb(II)-bromide complexes

Abstract The electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of Pb 4 Br 11 3− in acetonitrile solution is reported. Pb 4 Br 11 3− is formed in situ by the reaction of lead(II) and bromide ions with ECL generated upon sweep to positive potentials using tri- n -propylamine (TPrA) as an oxidative–reductive coreactant. An ECL efficiency ( φ ecl ) of 0.0079 was obtained compared to Ir(ppy) 3 (ppy=2-phenylpyridine; φ ecl =1). The ECL intensity peaks at a potential corresponding to oxidation of TPrA and Pb 4 Br 11 3− indicating that emission is from the lead-bromide cluster.
Hγ and Hδ Absorption Features in Stars and Stellar Populations

The Hγ and Hδ absorption features are measured in a sample of 455 (out of an original 460) Lick/IDS stars with pseudo-equivalent width indices. For each Balmer feature, two definitions, involving a narrow (~20 A) and a wide (~40 A) central bandpass, are measured. These four new Balmer indices augment 21 indices previously determined by Worthey et al., and polynomial fitting functions that give index strengths as a function of stellar temperature, gravity, and [Fe/H] are provided. The new indices are folded into models for the integrated light of stellar populations, and predictions are given for single-burst stellar populations of a variety of ages and metallicities. Contrary to our initial hopes, the indices cannot break a degeneracy between burst age and burst strength in post-starburst objects, but they are successful mean-age indicators when used with sensitive metallicity indicators. An appendix gives data, advice, and examples of how to transform new spectra to the 25-index Lick/IDS system.
Characterization of the Nucleotide Binding Properties and ATPase Activity of Recombinant Hamster BiP Purified from Bacteria

HSP70 family proteins bind ATP and hydrolyze it, but the precise role of these activities in their in vivo chaperoning function has not been determined. In this report, we characterized wild-type hamster BiP isolated from bacteria in terms of its ATP binding and ATPase activities. Recombinant BiP behaved essentially the same as endogenous BiP in terms of oligomeric status, protease digestion patterns, and ATPase properties. By engineering a Factor Xa cleavable site following the His tag which was used for affinity purification, we demonstrated that the six histidines had no effect on either the structural or ATPase properties of recombinant BiP. We also found that bacteria-synthesized BiP had a tightly bound ADP that was resistant to dialysis. Removal of the bound nucleotide allowed us to directly measure the binding affinity of ATP and ADP to BiP (Kd of 0.2 μM for ATP and 0.29 μM for ADP) by equilibrium dialysis. Careful characterization of wild-type BiP will allow us to use this system to characterize BiP ATP binding site mutants that can be used to probe the role of ATP binding and ATPase activity in BiP functions.
Adaptive MPEG-2 video data hiding scheme

We have investigated adaptive mechanisms for high-volume transform-domain data hiding in MPEG-2 video which can be tuned to sustain varying levels of compression attacks. The data is hidden in the uncompressed domain by scalar quantization index modulation (QIM) on a selected set of low-frequency discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients. We propose an adaptive hiding scheme where the embedding rate is varied according to the type of frame and the reference quantization parameter (decided according to MPEG-2 rate control scheme) for that frame. For a 1.5 Mbps video and a frame-rate of 25 frames/sec, we are able to embed almost 7500 bits/sec. Also, the adaptive scheme hides 20% more data and incurs significantly less frame errors (frames for which the embedded data is not fully recovered) than the non-adaptive scheme. Our embedding scheme incurs insertions and deletions at the decoder which may cause de-synchronization and decoding failure. This problem is solved by the use of powerful turbo-like codes and erasures at the encoder. The channel capacity estimate gives an idea of the minimum code redundancy factor required for reliable decoding of hidden data transmitted through the channel. To that end, we have modeled the MPEG-2 video channel using the transition probability matrices given by the data hiding procedure, using which we compute the (hiding scheme dependent) channel capacity.
The dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the summer season

This study examines the dynamical characteristics of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) life cycle for the summer season. The diagnostic techniques, which use NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data, include composites of the 300 hPa stream function, a projection analysis with each term in the stream-function tendency equation, and composites of potential temperature on the 2 PVU potential-vorticity surface. For both phases, the NAO life cycles take about two weeks to complete. The NAO anomalies are found to be driven by both high-frequency (period 10 days) transient eddy vorticity fluxes. The decay of the NAO is accomplished by both low-frequency transient eddy vorticity fluxes and horizontal divergence. The breaking of synoptic-scale waves is found to play a crucial role during the summer NAO life cycle. For the positive NAO phase, the southern centre of action of the dipole arises from anticyclonic wave-breaking, and the northern centre of action from anticyclonic wave-breaking followed by trough intensification. For the negative NAO phase, both centres of action develop from cyclonic wave-breaking. These characteristics are very similar to those for the NAO life cycle during the winter season, the primary differences being the weaker anomalies, shorter zonal and meridional scales, and less intense wave-breaking of the summer NAO. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Remote Optical Techniques For Liquid Flow And Temperature Measurement For Spacelab Experiments

Three nonintrusive measurement techniques for Spacelab experiments are investigated. In the photochromic dye technique, a small amount of dye is dissolved in a low viscosity silicone oil and dye streaks are produced upon exposure to a UV source; the movement of the streaks reveals the flow. A laser Doppler dual-scatter system is being developed for low flow speed measurement; an accuracy of a few percent has been demonstrated for flows of a few millimeters per second. A double-grid schlieren system is being developed for temperature measurement; the optical arrangement is such that an image of a Ronchi ruling is superposed on the original ruling, giving a uniform gray field of view.
Differential Habitat Use and Niche Partitioning by Pseudomonas Species in Human Homes

Many species of Pseudomonas have the ability to use a variety of resources and habitats, and as a result Pseudomonas are often characterized as having broad fundamental niches. We questioned whether actual habitat use by Pseudomonas species is equally broad. To do this, we sampled extensively to describe the biogeography of Pseudomonas within the human home, which presents a wide variety of habitats for microbes that live in close proximity to humans but are not part of the human flora, and for microbes that are opportunistic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From 960 samples taken in 20 homes, we obtained 163 Pseudomonas isolates. The most prevalent based on identification using the SepsiTest BLAST analysis of 16S rRNA (http://www.sepsitest-blast.de) were Pseudomonas monteilii (42 isolates), Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas fulva, and P. aeruginosa (approximately 25 each). Of these, all but P. fulva differed in recovery rates among evaluated habitat types (drains, soils, water, internal vertebrate sites, vertebrate skin, inanimate surfaces, and garbage/compost) and all four species also differed in recovery rates among subcategories of habitat types (e.g., types of soils or drains). We also found that at both levels of habitat resolution, each of these six most common species (the four above plus Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans) were over- or under-represented in some habitats relative to their contributions to the total Pseudomonas collected across all habitats. This pattern is consistent with niche partitioning. These results suggest that, whereas Pseudomonas are often characterized as generalists with broad fundamental niches, these species in fact have more restricted realized niches. Furthermore, niche partitioning driven by competition among Pseudomonas species may be contributing to the observed variability in habitat use by Pseudomonas in this system.
Dimethyl ether chemical ionization mass spectrometry of trichothecene biotoxins

Dimethyl ether (DME) chemical ionization mass spectrometry with introduction by direct exposure desorption has been utilized for the characterization of a group of 23 structurally diverse biologically active trichothecene toxins. Both proton adducts and a variety of fragment-molecule adduct ions, notably methoxmethylene adducts [M + CH3OCH2]+, resulting from ion-molecule reactions with the reagent gas, were observed. Fragmentation pathways of the proton adducts were documented by collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. CID studies of the prominent methoxymethylene adduct ions were also made and were contrasted with those of the corresponding adducts derived from DME-d6 as reagent gas.
Cancer Prevention Interdisciplinary Education Program at Purdue University: Overview and Preliminary Results

Cancer prevention is a broad field that crosses many disciplines; therefore, educational efforts to enhance cancer prevention research focused on interdisciplinary approaches to the field are greatly needed. In order to hasten progress in cancer prevention research, the Cancer Prevention Internship Program (CPIP) at Purdue University was designed to develop and test an interdisciplinary curriculum for undergraduate and graduate students. The hypothesis was that course curriculum specific to introducing interdisciplinary concepts in cancer prevention would increase student interest in and ability to pursue advanced educational opportunities (e.g., graduate school, medical school). Preliminary results from the evaluation of the first year which included ten undergraduate and five graduate students suggested that participation in CPIP is a positive professional development experience, leading to a significant increase in understanding of interdisciplinary research in cancer prevention. In its first year, the CPIP project has created a successful model for interdisciplinary education in cancer prevention research.
Grindability determination of torrefied biomass materials using the Hybrid Work index

Abstract The grindability of torrefied biomass materials is a difficult parameter to evaluate due to its inhomogeneous character and non-uniform morphology. However, it is necessary to develop a grinding test that is representative of the wide ranging character of biomass and torrefied biomass materials. Previous research has shown that Resistance to Impact Milling (RIM) can be linearly correlated to thermally driven weight loss in biomass. In particular, the RIM equipment was found to supply the right energy level to physically break down structurally deficient biomass materials while leaving the un-touched material relatively intact [1] , [2] , [3] . However, the RIM procedure was not designed to extract the comminution energy. Alternatively, the Bond Work Index (BWI) procedure was developed to accurately assess the grinding energy of brittle materials [4] , [5] . However, the milling energy is too low to be effective for biomass comminution. In this research, the BWI procedure was utilized with the ball–mill approach in the RIM test to evaluate torrefied biomass materials. The hybridized procedure has been shown to be both highly correlated to energy consumption and sensitive to degree of torrefaction. The proposed Hybrid Work Index (HWI) is certainly useful for assessing torrefaction in a laboratory environment, but it may also be correlated to grinding energy at industrial scales.
Mouse p150Glued (dynactin 1) cDNA sequence and evaluation as a candidate for the neuromuscular disease mutation mnd2.

Abstract p150Glued(Dynactin 1) is a component of the dynactin complex that is essential for retrograde axonal transport in neurons. The mouse p150GluedcDNA was isolated from mouse brain by RT-PCR. The complete sequence of the full length mouse cDNA was determined, including 19 bp of 5′ UTR, 3843 bp of coding sequence, and 162 bp of 3′ UTR. The predicted protein has a molecular mass of 142 kDa and exhibits 95% amino acid sequence identity to the predicted amino acid sequence of human p150Glued(DCTN1). The mouseDctn1gene was previously mapped in the central region of mouse chromosome 6, close to the neuromuscular disease genemnd2.Northern blot analysis, complete sequencing of the cDNA, Western blot, and functional tests of the protein did not detect any abnormalities of p150Gluedinmnd2mice.
On the microphysical state of the surface of Triton

The microphysical processes involved in the pressureless sintering of particulate materials and the physical conditions likely to prevail on Triton are examined in order to investigate the processes leading to the frost metamorphism on Triton. It is argued that the presence of a well-annealed transparent nitrogen layer offers a natural explanation for most of what is seen on the surface of Triton; results of observations suggest that such a layer can form on Triton at 37 K on a seasonal time scale (about 100 earth years), provided the initial grain diameter is less than 1 micron. Grains up to 10 microns are allowed if grain growth does not hinder densification.
A TECHNIQUE FOR COUNTING CHROMOSOMES OF ARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES, AND CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SIX FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATE SPECIES'

A technique is presented to stain, squash, and enumerate thecate dinoflagellate chromosomes using a cellulose incubation and propionocarmine stain. Chromosome numbers for six freshwater armored dinoflagellates (Peridinium cinctum (O.F.M.) Ehrenberg, P. inconspicuum Lemm., P. limbatum (Stokes) Lemm., P. volzii Lemm., P. willei Huit.-Kaas, and Peridiniopsis polonicum (Wolosz.) Bourrelly) range from 41 (P. inconspicuum) to 210 (P. cinctum). Evidence is
Employing Professional Identities: Case Study of a High School Principal in a Reform Setting.

A problematic trend in the nature of work in educational settings has been the declining emphasis on a professional orientation to work and a growing emphasis on more technocratic approaches. This international trend has led to increased attention on skills and competencies and lessened attention to values, beliefs, motivations, energy, and identities. This article, based on a case study of a high school leader in a reform setting, identifies the professional identities negotiated by the leader with various constituencies and how these identities are used to build trust and gain political capital in order to achieve reform.
Deep-sea bathymetry north of Point Barrow

Abstract Favorable ice conditions in 1951 and 1957 allowed echo-sounding across the continental slope and into the deep basin north of Pt. Barrow, where a relatively smooth sea-floor between 2000 and 2100 fm deep was found. North-northwest of Pt. Barrow lies a continental borderland area containing a detached ridge 100 miles long with a steep (23°) southeast flank.
Nonlinear Spectral Unmixing With a Linear Mixture of Intimate Mixtures Model

We present a new model for nonlinear spectral mixing observed in hyperspectral imagery and demonstrate how this model can be used for unmixing and obtaining abundance maps. The model is based on the idea that a single pixel can contain several spatially segregated areas containing different mineral mixtures and fuses Hapke's radiative transfer model for intimate mineral mixtures with the traditional linear mixing model. The resulting model allows great flexibility for generating spectra, provides abundance coefficients in terms of total relative ground cover for each endmember, and can be reduced to several other nonlinear mixing models by an appropriate choice of the parameters. Experiments on laboratory mineral mixtures and real hyperspectral imagery show reduced reconstruction errors and more accurate abundance coefficients compared with the linear mixing model or the recently introduced multimixture pixel model. Moreover, the reconstruction error improvement can be used as a per-pixel measure of the size of the intimate mixing component.
Electrochemical size discrimination of gold nanoparticles attached to glass/indium-tin-oxide electrodes by oxidation in bromide-containing electrolyte.

Here we describe the electrochemical oxidation of an assembly of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) attached to glass/indium−tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes as a function of particle size. We synthesized Au NP arrays with NP diameters ranging from 8 to 250 nm by electrodeposition of Au from HAuCl4 in H2SO4 at potentials of −0.2 to 0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl using chronocoulometry to keep the amount of Au deposited constant. The average Au NP size increased with increasing deposition potential. The chemical reduction of HAuCl4 by NaBH4 in trisodium citrate solution led to 4 nm average diameter Au NPs, which we chemisorbed to the glass/ITO electrode. Linear sweep voltammograms (LSVs) obtained on the glass/ITO/Au NP (4 to 250 nm) electrodes (with a constant coverage of Au in terms of Au atoms per cm2) from 0.5 to 1.1 V in 0.01 M potassium bromide plus 0.1 M HClO4 showed a positive shift in oxidation potential from 734 ± 1 mV to 913 ± 19 mV with increasing Au NP diameter. The shift agrees qualitatively with that predicted by a...