cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the Nuclear Membrane Involved in DNA Replication

In 1963 Jacob, Brenner and Cuzin proposed the replicon concept for bacterial DNA and on the basis of some later modifications suggested that the replicating point was attached to the bacterial cell membrane. Since basic mechanisms in prokaryotes have a certain probability of being similar to basic mechanisms in eukaryotes, I was interested in, examining the question of whether membrane attachment played a role in DNA replication in mammalian cells. We were primarily interested in whether DNA replication might be initiated at the nuclear membrane since a few autoradiographic studies had already suggested that replication could take place throughout the nucleus, implying that in mammalian cells the replication point did not always remain at the membrane. These previous studies, however, were mostly with 30 minute pulse labels. To examine this question human amnion cells were synchronized first with excess thymidine for 24 hours. The excess thymidine was then washed out and the cells allowed to pass through the S period for 10 hours and then further synchronized by exposure to amethopterin for 14 hours. The cultures were then exposed to tritiated thymidine for 10 minutes and after appropriate fixation electron microscope autoradiography performed.
Compatibility of mineral insulating oil with transformer construction materials

This study is focused on the determining the compatibility of mineral insulating oil with various transformer materials obtained from transformer manufacturers. For this study, traditional chemical methods, in accordance with the requirements of the IEC 60422 standard (See Table 3), were applied. The effects of the various transformer materials — such as epoxide, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) adhesives and an epoxy reinforcing bar on the oil's properties were determined. The findings were evaluated by means of the sensitivity of individual methods to any changes in the oil's properties caused by the transformer materials. Furthermore, the oil's properties were evaluated according to the requirements of the ASTM D3455-11 standard, and some tested materials were excluded. The aim of the study was to reveal which materials are most compatible with the oil. This insight could be of great interest to transformer manufacturers, as it was shown that some materials could considerably affect the oil's properties.
Description of the Computer Code BETA

The computer code BETA has been written to implement the solution of the magnetostatic equations discussed in the previous chapters. In this chapter an attempt is made to express the equations and parameters at least partially in the FORTRAN notation used in the code. This should help the user to understand and intercept the code whenever necessary. The equations were expressed in mathematical terms in the earlier chapters.
Panobinostat and Multiple Myeloma in 2018

FDA and EMA approval of panobinostat offers an additional therapeutic option for multiple myeloma; however, adoption of panobinostat has been limited by its adverse event profile. Trials are ongoing to optimize the dosing of panobinostat and to identify its best partners, in order to fully realize the potential of this drug class.
Reduced body weight or increased muscle quality: Which is more important for improving physical function following exercise and weight loss in overweight and obese older women?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relative contributions of changes in muscle quality and body composition to changes in lower-extremity physical function (LEPF) following a 6-month exercise and weight loss intervention in overweight and obese older women. Thirty-eight overweight and obese (BMI = 30.0 ± 4.4 kg/m2) older (age = 69.3 ± 4.1 y) women completed 6 months of multicomponent exercise (cardiorespiratory, resistance, balance and flexibility training) and weight loss (hypocaloric diet that reduced energy intake by ~500 kcal/d). Body composition was measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle quality (N-m/kg) was defined as maximal concentric isokinetic knee torque divided by upper-leg lean mass. The standardized scores of four objective measures of physical function were summed to yield a composite LEPF Z-score. At 6 months, there were significant reductions in body weight (−9.6 ± 3.5%, p
Poole and Pianta Woodlot, West Virginia, United States of America

The Poole and Pianta woodlot is a 194 ac (78.5 ha) forest located in the northern portion of West Virginia. It is a nonindustrial private woodlot, and is enrolled in the West Virginia Managed Timberland Program. A consulting forester developed a management plan that was designed to improve the long-term value of the timber resource while increasing the diversity of wildlife species and enhancing recreational opportunities. This multiple-use approach also addresses scenic and aesthetic qualities of the woodlot and water quality goals. This case study describes the goals and direction planned for each stand within the woodlot and the role that the prescribed actions play in addressing the desires of the landowners and in meeting the sustainability provisions of the Managed Timberland Program.
Current mechanical-testing devices as simulators of properties under dynamic movement

In order to produce analytical data — subsequently to be officially standardized and legally regulated —and ensure good laboratory repeatability and compliance with the requirements of the relevant regulations, machines are required that are capable of simulating the behaviour of a specified prostesis and providing indicative results to predict its behaviour when implanted.
Interviewing in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry

After being paged by the CL service receptionist that there was a consultation request for evaluation of suicidality and psychosis for Melinda Smith in 3W Room 302, the psychiatric consultant rushed into the four-bed room. Around the third bed, the curtains were drawn, and there seemed to be a procedure being performed. Another patient was snoring. Another patient seemed to be in the middle of her lunch but looked at the consultant curiously. The fourth patient with a nasogastric tube was surrounded by several visitors. The consultant looked around the room, and asked in a loud voice, “Which one of you is Melinda Smith?” One of the visitors of the fourth patient pointed to the woman with the nasogastric tube. The consultant approached the bed, and said, “I am doctor Jones, the psychiatrist. Your doctor tells me that you have hallucinations and delusions and want to kill yourself. Is that correct?”
Recombination-Dependent DNA Replication

For many years, homologous genetic recombination and DNA replication were studied in isolation from one another. However, beginning with studies of bacteriophages in the 1960s and 1970s, the possibility emerged that extensive DNA replication can sometimes be triggered by homologous recombination. More recently, scientists working with diverse organisms have shown that recombination-dependent DNA replication (RDR) is common and that this process provides an important back-up mechanism for completing DNA replication when replication forks fail. Mutational inactivation of certain proteins that are involved in RDR or related processes can lead to genome instability and a predisposition to cancer in higher organisms.
Towards predicting future transfer of learning

We present an automated detector that can predict a student's future performance on a transfer post-test, a post-test involving related but different skills than the skills studied in the tutoring system, within an Intelligent Tutoring System for College Genetics. We show that this detector predicts transfer better than Bayesian Knowledge Tracing, a measure of student learning in intelligent tutors that has been shown to predict performance on paper post-tests of the same skills studied in the intelligent tutor. We also find that this detector only needs limited amounts of student data (the first 20% of a student's data from a tutor lesson) in order to reach near-asymptotic predictive power.
Beyond the microscope: interpreting renal biopsy findings in the era of precision medicine

As rapid progress in science and biotechnology is affecting the practice of renal medicine, increasingly precise diagnostic assessment is needed to select the most effective therapeutic approach for individual patients. The kidney biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of renal disease, but the field of renal pathology is evolving, classification of renal parenchyma lesions and histopathological diagnostic criteria are undergoing more validation and updates, and new technologies and assays are sought to improve efficiency and accuracy of the diagnostic process. How new knowledge and scientific advances may potentially affect renal pathology is discussed.
CLINICAL CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY WITH DRUGS AIMED AT GENE REGULATORS

Clinically useful sulfhydryl (SH) inhibitors appear to show preferential toxicity against a variety of animal and human cancers, relative to normal tissues. Such preferential effects have been seen both in vivo and by in vitro sensitivity tests.1–9
Supporting aquatic habitat remediation in the Detroit River through numerical simulation

Abstract Successful habitat remediation begins with an understanding of the geomorphic processes (e.g., flow regime and sediment transport) that maintain desired habitats. Although field surveys can provide information on site conditions, field measurements are limited to spatial-temporal extents and resolutions that do not always meet the level of detail required to determine the best remediation design for the underling geomorphic processes at a given site. However, hydraulic models are capable of predicting flow characteristics at fine resolutions over large spatial extents and can be developed to supplement field surveys. Hydraulic models were used in conjunction with field surveys to guide the placement of three fish spawning habitats (reefs) in the Detroit River. Model predictions were used to identify reef placement minimizing flow disruptions that could encourage sediment deposition over the reefs. Following reef construction, we revisited the hydraulic models to evaluate their ability to predict the influence of reef design and placement on flow patterns and further examine the influence of the reefs on localized flow heterogeneity at a resolution relevant to fish (
A Perfect Proxy? The United States-Syrian Democratic Forces Partnership

The US blueprint for operations in Syria included a “by, with, and through” approach to working with local proxies to fight ISIS insurgents. The approach also formed the framework for the United States–Syrian Democratic Forces partnership. However, the US–SDF relationship was never stable and ultimately broke down. In this paper Dylan Maguire examines the inherent challenges in the US–SDF relationship, as well as potential improvements that could be made to the US proxy selection framework to ensure more effective and sustainable proxy relationships in the future. "A Perfect Proxy?" is the latest contribution to the Proxy War Project, which aims to develop new insights for resolving the wars that best the Arab world. PWP is jointly directed by Ariel Ahram (Virginia Tech) and Ranj Alaaldin (Brookings Doha Center) and funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Measurements of the nonlinear refractive index of AgGaSe2, GaSe, and ZnSe at 10 µm: erratum

We measure the four-wave mixing efficiency of dual-frequency, 300 ns, 10 µm CO2 laser pulses to determine the effective nonlinear refractive index of the quadratic nonlinear crystals GaSe, AgGaSe2, and ZnSe relative to GaAs. The effective nonlinear refractive index of GaSe and AgGaSe2 does not depend on the phase-matching conditions for second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. This suggests that these measurements are representative of the intrinsic Kerr index and usable for infrared applications.
The effects of osmolytes on in vitro kinesin-microtubule motility assays

The gliding motility of microtubule filaments has been used to study the biophysical properties of kinesin motors, as well as being used in a variety of nanotechnological applications. While microtubules are generally stabilized in vitro with paclitaxel (Taxol®), osmolytes such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are also able to inhibit depolymerization over extended periods of time. High concentrations of TMAO have also been reported to reversibly inhibit kinesin motility of paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules. Here, we examined the effects of the osmolytes PEG, TMAO, and glycerol on stabilizing microtubules during gliding motility on kinesin-coated substrates. As previously observed, microtubule depolymerization was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by the addition of the different osmolytes. Kinesin-driven motility also exhibited concentration dependent effects with the addition of the osmolytes, specifically reducing the velocity, increasing rates of pinning, and altering trajectories of the microtubules. These data suggest that there is a delicate balance between the ability of osmolytes to stabilize microtubules without inhibiting motility. Overall, these findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of how osmolytes affect the dynamics of microtubules and kinesin motors, and their interactions in crowded environments.
Hybrid Energy Systems: Strategy for Industrial Decarbonization

Hybrid Energy Systems: Strategy for Industrial Decarbonization demonstrates how hybrid energy and processes can decarbonize energy industry needs for power and heating and cooling. It describes the role of hybrid energy and processes in nine major industry sectors and discusses how hybrid energy can offer sustainable solutions in each. Introduces the basics and examples of hybrid energy systems Examines hybrid energy and processes in coal, oil and gas, nuclear, building, vehicle, manufacturing and industrial processes, computing and portable electronic, district heating and cooling, and water sectors Shows that hybrid processes can improve efficiency and that hybrid energy can effectively insert renewable fuels in the energy industry Serves as a companion text to the author’s book Hybrid Power: Generation, Storage, and Grids Written for advanced students, researchers, and industry professionals involved in energy-related processes and plants, this book offers latest research and practical strategies for application of the innovative field of hybrid energy.
Tax Treatment of Coal

In the United States, as well as in other countries, governments have encouraged the use of coal through significant tax incentives. The coal industry has received preferential treatment that amounts to the transfer of billions of dollars. This chapter argues that continuing to incentivize coal constitutes a market failure – as the price of coal does not reflect its full cost to society. Tax policy can be used as a tool to correct market failure, but, in coal's case, tax policy exacerbates market failure by providing subsidies. The problem is less urgent than it was ten years ago, as the market failure for coal has been somewhat corrected by substitution with natural gas and renewable electricity generation. The chapter will begin with a discussion of coal’s changing position in world energy markets. After briefly addressing the social and environmental costs of coal, the chapter will explore the U.S. tax treatment of coal, including the theoretical basis for coal depletion, exploration and development costs, reclamation costs, and the tax credits for “refined” coal and clean-coal facilities. Finally, the chapter will consider whether the current U.S. tax treatment of coal is appropriate given climate change concerns and the dropping cost of renewable energy.
Persistence of Beliefs in an Investment Experiment

A number of behavioral finance theories posit that investors adhere to prior beliefs in spite of new information. This paper reports the results of an investment experiment which shows that subjects' inferences are biased by their prior beliefs in a manner that depends on investment outcomes. Specifically, survey responses and investment behavior indicate that subjects' perception of new information was more positively biased for their previously favored assets when incurring losses than gains. This asymmetric bias may help explain empirical patterns such as loser momentum and suggests modifications to models of belief persistence in markets.
Training for Lateral Acceleration

Tennis movement can be characterized by primarily short lateral bursts over typically 3-4 m initiated by a reactive decision step. Lateral acceleration depends on unilateral movement, or specifically, the outside leg to enhance ground reaction force (GRF). Few studies have been conducted for the development of lateral speed with emphasis on unilateral training. A simple one-leg test for unilateral strength is presented. Exercises for improving lateral acceleration are presented.
Modeling mortality risk effects of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: results from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File Data.

Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are among a wide range of tobacco products that are addictive and pose a significant health risk. In this study, we estimated smoking- and SLT use-related mortality hazard ratios (HRs) among U.S. adults by sex, age group, and cause of death, for nine mutually exclusive categories of smoking and/or SLT use. We used data from the public-use National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality with mortality follow-up through 2015. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate mortality HRs, adjusted by race/ethnicity, education, poverty level, body mass index, and tobacco-use status. With never users as reference group, HRs for smoking-related diseases for male exclusive current smokers aged 35–64 and 65+ were 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79–2.65), and 2.45 (95% CI: 2.14–2.79), respectively. Similar significant HR estimates were found for females and for all-cause mortality (ACM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) outcomes. HRs for exclusive current SLT users were only significant for males aged 35–64 for ACM (HR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.27–3.27) and OCM (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.50–5.25). HRs for users who switched from cigarettes to SLT products were significant for males aged 65+ for smoking-related diseases (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.47–2.88), SLT-related diseases (HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.36–2.89), and ACM (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.21–2.19). Male exclusive current SLT users aged 35–64 had a significant HR for ACM and OCM outcomes, suggesting that deaths not attributed to SLT use could be contributing to the ACM elevated HR for exclusive current SLT users.
Historical outcomes of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients requiring critical care

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is being used to treat numerous malignant and non-malignant medical conditions in pediatric patients, but frequently is associated with severe medical complications. We review the outcomes of HSCT patients who developed complications requiring pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) care. The earliest reported patient cohorts, who were transplanted prior to 1990, had high PICU mortality rates, exceeding 80%. Patients transplanted from the 1980s-1990s varied more widely in mortality rates, with mortalities of 56-88% reported for mechanically ventilated patients and rates of 44-50% reported for studies including both mechanically ventilated and non-mechanically ventilated patients in PICU. The patient group transplanted from the 1990s to the early 2000s had reported mortalities of 46-60%. For patients transplanted after 2000, mortality rates were reported ranging from 37-69%. Two centers reported a significant improvement in mortality over time at their centers, although other institutions did not find similar changes. Factors associated with increased mortality included the need for mechanical ventilation, pulmonary pathology as a cause for intubation, severity of lung disease, multiorgan failure, and severe graft versus host disease. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality scoring system has not been consistently predictive of mortality; the modified Oncological Pediatric Risk of Mortality system was more predictive of mortality in several studies. Overall, the mortality of pediatric HSCT patients requiring PICU care has decreased, but remains substantial. Further study is needed to define clinical factors that affect outcome, so that treatments might be modified to improve survival.
Larval Fishes in Relation to Water Masses of the Central North Pacific Transitional Areas, Including the Shelf Break of West-Central Alaska

Larval fishes and corresponding physical data were sampled along two transects from Seward, Alaska to Oahu, Hawaii in February 1991. The first transect was west along the shelf break (SH) off Kodiak Island, 57°38′ to 55°20′ N, between 149 and 156°W. The second transect, North Hawaii (NH), was south along 158°W from 54°40′N, at Shumigan Islands off the Alaskan Peninsula, to 22°00′ N, near the island of Oahu, Hawaii. No other cruise has specifically sampled fish larvae along a similar transect from Alaska to Hawaii in the winter. Myctophidae, Gonostomatidae and Sternoptychidae dominated our catches. A variety of methods have been used to assign faunal provinces and to define distribution of fishes, from descriptive to empirical to statistical to physical. The result is that zoogeographic zones in the North Pacific have been defined in several ways, depending on the taxa and area studied. The multiplicity of nomenclature complicates comparisons, however the difference may be a matter of semantics. We used Roden's (1991) salinity and temperature limits as an objective method for determining water mass boundaries and analyzing faunal provinces. The subtropical domain had the highest diversity, as expected; however, the subarctic front was a close second. Diversity was the lowest in the subarctic domain and the transition zone. The counter-intuitive low values of diversity and evenness in the transition zone are explained by the vertical distributions of fish in these water masses. When temperature divisions are used to calculate diversity, a true “transition zone” appears between 8 and 19°C. The “transition” of taxa apparently occurred north of the physically derived transition zone. This may be a situation unique to the relatively wide transition zone of February 1991. If not, then future analysis should include frontal zones as part of one large transition zone to reflect the broader subarctic-subtropical transition zone. Regardless of the label or the method used to assign faunal provinces, the distribution of larval fishes is regulated by water mass characteristics.
Digital imaging analysis to assess scar phenotype

In order to understand the link between the genetic background of patients and wound clinical outcomes, it is critical to have a reliable method to assess the phenotypic characteristics of healed wounds. In this study, we present a novel imaging method that provides reproducible, sensitive, and unbiased assessments of postsurgical scarring. We used this approach to investigate the possibility that genetic variants in orofacial clefting genes are associated with suboptimal healing. Red-green-blue digital images of postsurgical scars of 68 patients, following unilateral cleft lip repair, were captured using the 3dMD imaging system. Morphometric and colorimetric data of repaired regions of the philtrum and upper lip were acquired using ImageJ software, and the unaffected contralateral regions were used as patient-specific controls. Repeatability of the method was high with intraclass correlation coefficient score > 0.8. This method detected a very significant difference in all three colors, and for all patients, between the scarred and the contralateral unaffected philtrum (p ranging from 1.20(-05) to 1.95(-14) ). Physicians' clinical outcome ratings from the same images showed high interobserver variability (overall Pearson coefficient = 0.49) as well as low correlation with digital image analysis results. Finally, we identified genetic variants in TGFB3 and ARHGAP29 associated with suboptimal healing outcome.
Unmanned aerial vehicles: Communications challenges and future aerial networking

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will grow rapidly in the next decade. These remotely piloted or preprogrammed aircraft are envisioned for applications in numerous civil settings, including industrial monitoring, scientific data gathering, agriculture, public safety, and search and rescue. Many other applications — presently unforeseen — will inevitably also arise. These vehicles, also known as unmanned aerial systems (UAS), and by the unfortunate misnomer of "drones," must be integrated into the national airspace system in the United States, and into the airspace worldwide. A natural concern in the use of UAS is safety, and this has direct implications for the control and non-payload communication (CNPC) systems that must be used to operate UAS. Similarly, navigation and surveillance functions must be made more reliable and more accurate. Because of these factors, many UAS research, development, testing, and standardization efforts are underway by governments, industries, and academia. Despite the fact that piloted civil aircraft have been flying safely for decades, UAS CNPC presents distinct new challenges in the form of different flight profiles, e.g., low-elevation flights and more high-dynamic maneuvers; wider required bandwidths, e.g., for video; and different ground site characteristics such as locations in cluttered areas and lower elevation antennas. In this paper we first review our work for NASA on the characterization of the UAS air-ground channel, and our ongoing efforts in evaluation of radio technologies and UAS networking performance. We highlight related significant work in the area and identify the newest challenges in UAS communications and networking. The final part of the paper presents information on trends and opportunities in the vibrant field of UAS communications and networking.
An overview of the DIII-D long pulse neutral beam system

The four beamlines on the DIII-D tokamak have been upgraded to long pulse operation with the addition of eight 80 kV, 80 A, 5 sec long pulse sources. The eight sources have proven to be very reliable and have performed well. Up to 12 MW of H/sup 0/ has been injected into a plasma. Inertially cooled beam absorbers have proven capable of handling multi-second pulses. General performance characteristics and some recent long-pulse physics results are presented. 12 refs., 7 figs.
Secondary Data Analytics of Aquaporin Expression Levels in Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells

Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumor in adults in which recurrence has been attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells in a hypoxic microenvironment. On the basis of tumor formation in vivo and growth type in vitro, two published microarray gene expression profiling studies grouped nine glioblastoma stem-like (GS) cell lines into one of two groups: full (GSf) or restricted (GSr) stem-like phenotypes. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are water transport proteins that are highly expressed in primary glial-derived tumors. However, the expression levels of AQP1 and AQP4 have not been previously described in a panel of 92 glioma samples. Therefore, we designed secondary data analytics methods to determine the expression levels of AQP1 and AQP4 in GS cell lines and glioblastoma neurospheres. Our investigation also included a total of 2,566 expression levels from 28 Affymetrix microarray probe sets encoding 13 human aquaporins (AQP0–AQP12); CXCR4 (the receptor for stromal cell derived factor-1 [SDF-1], a potential glioma stem cell therapeutic target]); and PROM1 (gene encoding CD133, the widely used glioma stem cell marker). Interactive visual representation designs for integrating phenotypic features and expression levels revealed that inverse expression levels of AQP1 and AQP4 correlate with distinct phenotypes in a set of cell lines grouped into full and restricted stem-like phenotypes. Discriminant function analysis further revealed that AQP1 and AQP4 expression are better predictors for tumor formation and growth types in glioblastoma stem-like cells than are CXCR4 and PROM1. Future investigations are needed to characterize the molecular mechanisms for inverse expression levels of AQP1 and AQP4 in the glioblastoma stem-like neurospheres.
The Effect of Differences in Gene Frequency on Probability of Paternity

Knowledge of gene frequencies in populations is required for the calculation of probability of paternity. The question remains open as to the degree of accuracy of gene frequency estimates required to give accurate probability of paternity figures. This is of special concern in the HLA system, which has haplotype frequencies known to vary in populations. This paper presents computer simulation data comparing probability of paternity calculations using HLA data from California and North Carolina. Comparisons were made between geographic regions, and between blacks and whites within a geographic region. It was found that when the absolute probability of paternity is high, the average differences induced were small, but at lower probabilities the changes can be large. Differences were most pronounced between black and white populations. Examples of individual cases are given to illustrate the huge differences that can be induced in some cases by changing gene frequency.
Expression of v-src in embryonic neural retina alters cell adhesion, inhibits histogenesis, and prevents induction of glutamine synthetase.

Abstract Using Rous sarcoma virus as the vector, v-src or c-src genes were introduced into 6-day chicken embryo retina tissue in organ culture and their effects on retina development were investigated. Overexpression of c-src in many of the cells had no noticeable effect on retina development. In contrast, infection with v-src resulted in abnormal histogenesis and inhibition of differentiation. Although only a portion of the cells in infected tissue expressed the oncogene and displayed the transformation phenotype, the other cells were also hindered from becoming normally positioned and organized. Therefore, presence of oncogene-transformed cells within the tissue hindered organization and development of adjacent nontransformed cells. Failure of normal cell relationships impeded induction by cortisol of glutamine synthetase in Muller glia, which requires contact associations of the glia cells with neurons. The transformed cells tended to assemble into chaotic clusters, suggesting that their adhesiveness and contact affinities had become altered. This was confirmed by aggregation experiments with dissociated cells which showed that adhesiveness of transformed cells was greatly reduced and that they had lost the ability to cohere with nontransformed cells. In binary mixtures of transformed and nontransformed cells, the two sorted out into separate aggregates. Transformed cells formed loose clusters devoid of tissue architecture; aggregates of nontransformed cells became organized into retinotypic structures, and glutamine synthetase was inducible. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms of cell adhesion and cell affinities are a key target of v-src activity in infected cells and that modification of the cell surface may be a leading factor in other cellular changes characteristic of the v-src transformation phenotype.
“They Kicked Him Out”: Teachers’ Student Stories as Counterstories

This article focuses on teachers’ identity construction in the context of a “failing” inner-city high school. Framing teachers’ student stories as narrative resources for solving both the practical and identity problems that confront them in an underresourced, inner-city school, the article argues that these stories can serve as counterstories that refute larger narratives that implicate their identities as teachers. The article offers new avenues for understanding the interrelationships between teachers’ stories, work, and identity construction.
Thermolabile H-2Kb Molecules Expressed by Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing-Deficient RMA-S Cells Are Occupied by Low-Affinity Peptides

RMA-S cells do not express functional TAP, yet they express MHC class I molecules at the cell surface, especially at reduced temperatures (26 degrees C). It is generally assumed that such class I molecules are "empty," devoid of any associated peptide. A radiochemical approach was used to label class I-associated peptides and to determine the extent to which Kb molecules in RMA-S cells are associated with peptides. These studies revealed that at 26 degrees C Kb molecules in RMA-S cells are occupied with self-peptides. Such peptides stably associate with Kb at 26 degrees C but easily dissociate from them at 37 degrees C, suggesting low-affinity interactions between Kb and the associated peptides. At 26 degrees C, at least some of these Kb molecules are stably expressed in a peptide-receptive state on the cell surface, whereas at 37 degrees C they are short lived and are only transiently capable of binding and presenting exogenously supplied OVA 257-264 peptide for presentation to CD8+ Kb-restricted T lymphocytes. Thus contrary to current models of class I assembly in TAP-deficient RMA-S cells, the presumably "empty" molecules are in fact associated with peptides at 26 degrees C. Together, our data support the existence of an alternative mechanism of peptide binding and display by MHC class I molecules in TAP-deficient cells that could explain their ability to present Ag.
Increasing the CDMA reverse link voice-data capacity using a per rate class interference method with optimal spatial combining

The voice Erlang capacity is analyzed in a multi-antenna combined voice-data CDMA reverse link (RL). The influence of two different spatial combining techniques: optimal combining (OC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) on the voice Erlangs is evaluated when a single scheduled high data rate (HDR) data channel is shared by users desiring HDR services. The impact of randomly arriving data users on the voice Erlangs is also analyzed. A per rate class rise over thermal metric is defined and used with OC spatial combining. At large HDR values, increases in the voice Erlangs are illustrated when using OC vs. MRC.
Universal Total Wrist Implant: experience with a carpal component fixed with three screws.

Abstract The Universal Wrist Implant was used to treat 31 patients (37 wrists), who had symptoms indicating pancarpal arthritis of the wrist, diagnosed as total wrist arthroplasty. Their mean age was 58.1 years. Follow-up ranged from 48 to 120 months with a mean of 79.4 months (6.7 years). The carpal component of the Universal Total Wrist is fixed to the carpus by titanium screws. Unlike other total wrist prostheses, the primary fixation of the carpal component is in the capitate and not in the third metacarpal. Intercarpal fusion provides a solid bony support for the carpal plate and results in improved longevity. Articular surface of the radial component is inclined 20°, similar to the articular surface of the radius. Components can be inserted with or without cement. In three patients, the prosthesis had to be removed due to infection and persistent dislocation. Of the remaining 34 wrists, 30 (88%) achieved excellent pain relief. Complications occurred in 12 cases (32%). Of these 12 complications 9 (75%) resolved with appropriate treatment. The most common complication with this nonconstrained prosthesis was dislocation. The Universal Total Wrist Implant provides a predictable option to preserve motion and relieve pain when managing wrist joint arthritis.
Epigenetic regulation of HIV-1 latency in astrocytes

HIV infiltrates the brain at early times postinfection and remains latent within astrocytes and macrophages. Because astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain, we evaluated epigenetic regulation of HIV latency in astrocytes. We have shown that class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) and a lysine-specific histone methyltransferase, SU(VAR)3-9, play a significant role in silencing of HIV transcription in astrocytes. Our studies add to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that astrocytes are a reservoir for HIV.
Survival from early, intermediate, and late stages of HIV infection

Objective. —To estimate expected survival time among homosexual men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by (1) the calendar period before (1985-1988) and after (1989-1993) the widespread availability of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treatments with antiretroviral and prophylactic interventions, and (2) stage of HIV disease. Design. —A prospective cohort study. A group of HIV-1—infected homosexual men were followed from July 1985 through June 1993 and evaluated every 6 months for the presence of clinical symptoms and measurement of the CD4 cell count. To measure the effectiveness of AIDS therapies in this nonrandomized study, we used 2 calendar periods as proxy measures of relative intensity of exposure to antiretroviral therapy. Stage of infection was defined by CD4 cell count and presence of HIV-related clinical symptoms or AIDS. Setting and Study Participants. —Homosexual men infected with HIV-1 from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Main Outcome Measure. —Survival time based on stage of HIV infection. Results. —The percentage of HIV-1—infected individuals free of AIDS and clinical symptoms at baseline who survived 2.5 years according to baseline CD4 cell counts of 0 to 0.100, 0.101 to 0.200, and 0.201 to 0.350× 109/L was 22%, 53%, and 83%, respectively, for the 1985-1988 calendar period, compared with 54%, 71%, and 91%, respectively, for men in the 1989-1993 calendar period. Among men free of AIDS with CD4 cell counts of greater than 0.350× 109/L, the relative hazard of mortality was 1.6 to 2.3 times higher for those with clinical symptoms compared with those free of clinical symptoms. Conclusions. —Survival of AIDS-free HIV-1—infected individuals with CD4 cell counts of less than 0.350× 109/L has improved since antiretroviral and HIV prophylactic treatments have become available, but the long-term prognosis remains poor. (JAMA. 1996;275:1329-1334)
Interpretation of eddy-correlation measurements of particulate deposition and aerosol flux

Abstract Eddy correlation measurement of aerosol particle fluxes has recently become feasible with the advent of fast response particle measurement devices such as multichannel spectrometers based on optical scattering, nephelometers and electrical charge devices. Preliminary work in this area has identified several problems in data interpretation. Those investigated in this paper are: (1) particle equilibrium with ambient relative humidity, (2) errors caused by humidity fluctuations, (3) errors caused by horizontal wind fluctuations and (4) statistical validity of the data. Consideration of evaporation response time indicates that particles with radius less than roughly 1.0 μm are continually in equilibrium, but that when the environment is nearly saturated, equilibrium is a strong function of relative humidity. Errors in the vertical particle flux caused by humidity fluctuations are shown to be proportional to the saturation ratio flux, w′S′. Over the ocean, this can lead to an apparent upward particle flux near the surface which when characterized by a dry deposition velocity, vd, is on the order of c 1 2 d u ∗ . An analysis of the statistical properties of particle-covariance averages indicates that the minimum uncertainty in dry deposition velocity is of the order of σw/trN where σ2w is the vertical variance and N the total number of particles used to obtain vd.
The Effect of Elevated Temperatures on the Failure of Unfired Pressure Vessels

The effect of elevated temperatures on the failure of pressure vessels constructed of mild steel was studied both analytically and numerically. This structural response issue is relevant to Homeland Security and tanks that are subjected to elevated temperatures from fires that result from blast or impact loading. Elevated temperature conditions may also be encountered during accidental fires, for example rural LPG tanks exposed to forest fires. For the analysis conducted, the material was assumed to behave in an elastic-plastic manner with linear hardening. The thermal loading for the results presented was based upon information relevant to a LPG (propane) vessel exposed to an external fire. Two-phase fluid conditions exist inside the vessel and, due to vapor/liquid stratification, the liquid occupies the lower region of the vessel whereas the vapor occupies the upper region of the tank. Due to the comparatively large thermal mass associated with the liquid phase, there can be a significant temperature gradient in the fluid and the wall between the lower regions of the tank and the upper regions occupied by the vapor. Results from the analyses indicate, as expected, that the pressure required to reach a fully plastic condition (tank failure) throughout the wall decreased almost linearly with increasing temperature. It was, however, somewhat surprising to find that the temperature gradient from the outside (hot) wall to the inside (cold) wall had little effect on the pressure required to reach the tank failure. Also considered in this study was the effect of tank wall thickness. A recent decision by ASME to decrease the design margin on its unfired pressure vessels from 4 to 1 to 3.5 to 1 allows the wall thickness on these vessels to be reduced by 12%. As discussed herein, results from analytical models indicate that this reduction in wall thickness will reduce the pressure required for tank failure by 0.6 MPa (∼90 psi). Results from the numerical model indicate that, when a two-dimensional temperature gradient is imposed on the wall adjacent to the liquid/vapor interface, a large thermal stress is induced that may increase the possibility for a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion), however more research is needed to confirm this possibilit. Results also indicate that wall thickness, in this case, has little effect on the wall reaching a fully plastic condition (assuming the internal tank vessel pressure to be at relief valve set pressure).© 2003 ASME
Noncovalently Functionalized Block Copolymers Possessing Both Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Coordination Centers

Block copolymers containing both hydrogen bonding and metal coordination sites have been synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization and subsequently functionalized using noncovalent interactions. The resulting block copolymers can be viewed as “universal polymer backbones”, as a wide variety of polymers with varying functionalities can be prepared by altering the noncovalent functionalization strategy of the same polymer backbone. The effect of degree of polymerization, block copolymerization, block copolymer composition, and metal coordination on the hydrogen bonding interaction has been investigated. In general, none of these variables have a profound effect on the strength of the hydrogen bonding interactions along the polymer backbones, suggesting that the metal coordination and hydrogen bonding are orthogonal to each other in block copolymers. Finally, the effect of the noncovalent functionalization on the thermal properties of the polymers was investigated. We found that the noncovalent f...
Neutrophil‐mediated damage to human gingival epithelial cells

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory gingivitis and periodontitis. To further study the role of PMNs in mediating gingival injury, we cocultured these cells in vitro with monolayers of human gingival epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the epithelial cells were homogeneous and SDS-PAGE/immunoblot analysis identified the presence of keratins K3, K13 and the K6/16 pair which authenticated the oral origin of the cells. Injury to the gingival cells was determined by scanning electron microscopy and measurement of cell detachment and cytolysis. Unstimulated PMNs produced minimal lysis or detachment, but PMNs stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate produced marked epithelial cell detachment without lysis, which was time- and PMN-dose-dependent. Supernatants of activated PMNs were similarly effective, indicating that the mediator was a stable soluble substance. Elastase and cathepsin G, two neutral proteases of PMN origin, produced time- and concentration-dependent detachment of gingival epithelial cells, suggesting that these enzymes may mediate this form of injury. In other studies, gingival epithelial cells were exposed to PMN myeloperoxidase (MPO), chloride and glucose plus glucose oxidase (GO) as a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generating system. The toxic oxygen species produced by this system caused lysis of the epithelial targets which was dependent on the duration of incubation and the concentrations of MPO and GO. Azide, an inhibitor of MPO, and catalase, a scavenger of H2O2, inhibited the lytic activity of this system. Scanning electron micrographs of gingival epithelial cells cocultured with activated PMNs showed lifting of the cells from the plating surface, while target cells attacked by the MPO system revealed extensive damage of cell membranes. These studies indicate that activated PMNs cause nonlytic detachment injury to gingival epithelial cells which may be mediated by digestion of their extracellular matrix by granule neutral proteases. Furthermore, PMN MPO is capable of generating toxic oxygen species which can lyse these epithelial cells. Collectively, these actions could have profound adverse effects on the function and integrity of the gingival epithelium.
Acrylamide concentration affects the relative position of VP7 gene of serotype G2 strains as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Background During the course of development and characterization of various rotavirus reassortants, we found that the relative position of the gene encoding neutralization and protective antigen VP7 of certain rotavirus strains in a PAGE gel was influenced by the concentration of acrylamide. Objectives We investigated systematically various factors that affected the relative position of the rotavirus VP7 gene in a PAGE gel. Study design We analyzed dsRNAs of selected rotavirus strains bearing G1, G2, G3 or G9 specificity by PAGE at varying concentrations of acrylamide. Results We demonstrated that the relative position of the VP7 gene of three G2 strains varied depending upon the concentration of acrylamide in a PAGE gel, which occurred not only in a homologous G2 virus gene background but also in a heterologous G3 virus gene background; and the VP7 gene bearing G1, G3, G4 or G9 specificity did not display this phenomenon when the PAGE running conditions were varied. Conclusions The concentration of acrylamide in a PAGE gel was the major factor that influenced the relative position of the VP7 gene of G2 rotavirus strains (i.e., VP7 gene coding assignment by PAGE).
The Per2 Negative Feedback Loop Sets the Period in the Mammalian Circadian Clock Mechanism

Processes that repeat in time, such as the cell cycle, the circadian rhythm, and seasonal variations, are prevalent in biology. Mathematical models can represent our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms, and numerical methods can then facilitate analysis, which forms the foundation for a more integrated understanding as well as for design and intervention. Here, the intracellular molecular network responsible for the mammalian circadian clock system was studied. A new formulation of detailed sensitivity analysis is introduced and applied to elucidate the influence of individual rate processes, represented through their parameters, on network functional characteristics. One of four negative feedback loops in the model, the Per2 loop, was uniquely identified as most responsible for setting the period of oscillation; none of the other feedback loops were found to play as substantial a role. The analysis further suggested that the activity of the kinases CK1δ and CK1ɛ were well placed within the network such that they could be instrumental in implementing short-term adjustments to the period in the circadian clock system. The numerical results reported here are supported by previously published experimental data.