cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of buffers to measure the pH of seawater

Abstract The pH of seawater can be measured in the field using potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. The use of pH standards or buffers is an important aspect of the calibration of both methods in a laboratory on a common concentration scale. The buffers can also be used to monitor the performance of pH meter and spectrophotometer during a cruise. A procedure is described for the determination of the pH of seawater, where the proton concentration is expressed as moles kg-H2O−1 using seawater buffers. The buffers are prepared in synthetic seawater in the laboratory by the methods outlined by Bates and coworkers. We have prepared four buffers (Bis, Tris, Morpholine and 2-Aminopyridine) that cover a pH range from 6.8 to 8.8. The emf values of the buffers were measured with a H2, Pt/AgCl, Ag electrode system after their preparation and bottling for use at sea. The measured emf values were found to be in good agreement (±0.05 mV) with the original measurements of Bates and coworkers from 0 to 45°C. The measured pH of these buffers are in good agreement (±0.001 pH units) with the values calculated from the equations of Dickson on the total pH scale based on Bates et al. Studies are underway to access the long term stability of these buffers. We have also used these buffers to calibrate systems used to make potentiometric and spectrophotometric measurements of pH on seawater relative to the H2, Pt/Ag, AgCl electrode from 5 to 45°C.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex

It is now recognized that patients infected by the virus linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can develop dementia symptoms as the initial and sometimes only symptomatology for AIDS. This appears to be a syndrome whose origin is independent of secondary non-viral infection or malignancy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in three patients with well documented AIDS dementia revealed high signal periventricular white matter lesions. In one case, large lesions were not apparent on computed tomography and gross inspection of the fixed brain prior to autopsy. In two cases in which serial in vivo MR studies were obtained, there was a progressive increase in lesion volume over a short (several months) period of observation. Periventricular white matter lesions may be an early sign accompanying AIDS dementia, and the degree of changes correlated well with the clinical picture in our patients.
A single-mode semiconductor diode laser operating in the strong optical feedback regime and tunable within the D1 line of the Cs atom

Abstract The importance of using the D 1 line of the Cs atom in atomic and optical physics experiments is clarified. The development of an external-cavity diode laser system suitable to excite the D 1 line of the Cs atom, which occurs at 895 nm, is presented. The laser is operated in the strong optical feedback regime. The effect of the feedback strength on the system performance is analyzed. Under the condition of strong optical feedback, a single-mode linewidth of ≈1.8 MHz, a continuous tuning range of ≈20 GHz (at the fixed angle of the grating), and a laser output power of ≈10 mW are demonstrated. Using the well-known values of the hyperfine splitting in the Cs atom, we determine the temperature and current tuning rates with an external cavity to be ≈31.5 GHz/°C and ≈0.9 GHz/mA, respectively. The laser is demonstrated to be tunable to any of the dipole-allowed hyperfine transitions within the D 1 line of the Cs atom. In addition this laser is suitable for incoherent optical pumping as required in lasing without population inversion experiments. The capability of using this laser in an electromagnetically induced transparency experiment is demonstrated.
Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.
Television and the Child: A Comprehensive Research Bibliography.

Based on work done for the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, the following bibliography is the work of Dr. John P. Murray who as research coordinato...
Prediction by Surveillance Cultures of Bacteremia among Neutropenic Patients Treated in a Protective Environment

One hundred seventy-five consecutive marrow transplant patients who were treated in a protective environment for at least two weeks were studied to determine the usefulness of bacteriologic surveillance cultures for the prediction of bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Bacteremia with these organisms occurred in 15 patients (9%), and all patients were colonized with the respective organism before bacteremia occurred. Bacterial colonization was associated with a 17- to 174-fold increase in the relative risk of bacteremia. Negative predictive values were high, but positive predictive values were low owing to the infrequent occurrence of bacteremia. Surveillance cultures also predicted antibiotic sensitivities for all but one organism causing bacteremia. Bacteriologic surveillance cultures in the protective environment are thus useful both for the identification of patients at higher risk of bacteremia with certain types of organisms and for the identification of those who may fail to respond to antibiotic therapy as a result of infection with resistant organisms.
The truth about ‘The truth about true blue’

The Truth about “The Truth about True Blue” Jonathan Cohen, C. L. Hardin, and Brian P. McLaughlin ∗ Color, Variation, and Tye’s “Solutions” It can happen that a single surface S, viewed in normal conditions, looks pure blue (“true blue”) to observer John but looks blue tinged with green to a second observer, Jane, even though both are normal in the sense that they pass the standard psychophysical tests for color vision. Tye (2006a) ﬁnds this situation prima facie puzzling, and then oﬀers two diﬀerent “solutions” to the puzzle. 1 The ﬁrst is that at least one observer misrepresents S’s color because, though normal in the sense explained, she is not a Normal color observer: her color de- tection system is not operating in the current condition in the way that Mother Nature intended it to operate. His second solution involves the idea that Mother Nature designed our color detection systems to be reliable with respect to the detection of coarse-grained colors (e.g., blue, green, yellow, orange), but our capacity to represent the ﬁne-grained colors (e.g., true blue, blue tinged with green) is an undesigned spandrel. On this second solution, it is consistent with the variation between John and Jane that both represent the color of S in a way that complies with Mother Nature’s intentions: both represent S as exemplify- ing the coarse-grained color blue, and since (we may assume) S is in fact blue, both represent it veridically. Of course, they also represent ﬁne-grained colors of S, and, according to Tye, at most one of these representations is veridical (Tye says that only God knows which). But at the level of representation for which Mother Nature designed our color detection systems, both John and Jane (qua Normal observers) are reliable detectors. work is fully collaborative; the authors are listed alphabetically. Tye, Byrne and Hilbert (2006) are unbothered by the thought that Normal ob- servers can vary in their representation of the color of objects, and so don’t see that there is any puzzle that needs solving. According to them, all that is shown by such variation is that at most one of the Normal observers represents S’s color veridically. To the question ‘what makes it the case that one such representation is veridical at the expense of the others?’, they answer that the competing perceptual variants represent S in diﬀerent (and incompatible) ways, and that S is at most one of those ways. This response is ﬁne as far as it goes; unfortunately, that is not very far at all. Byrne and Hilbert have laid out the condition on a representation R of S’s color that, if satisﬁed, would make it the case that R is veridical. Thereby, they have provided terminology that allows us to pose in another form the question they purported to be answering (now the question is: ‘what makes it the case that one such representation satisﬁes the condition laid out by Byrne and Hilbert at the expense of others?’). They have, however, said nothing that could provide an answer to this question. 1 Unlike ∗ This
Model-based probability density function estimation

Noting that the probability density function of a continuous random variable has similar properties to a power spectral density, a new class of probability density function estimators is described. The specific model examined is the autoregressive model, although the extension to other time series models is evident. An example is given to illustrate the approach.
Lilith: Scalable execution of user code for distributed computing

Lilith is a general purpose tool to provide highly scalable, easy distribution of user code across a heterogeneous computing platform. Lilith's principal task is to span a heterogeneous tree of machines executing user-defined code in a scalable and secure fashion. Lilith will be used for controlling user processes as well as general system administrative tasks. Lilith is written in Java, taking advantage of Java's platform independence and intent to move code across networks. The design of Lilith provides hooks for experimenting with tree-spanning algorithms and security schemes. We present the Lilith Object model, security scheme, and implementation, and present timing results demonstrating Lilith's scalable behavior.
Outcomes of surgical repair of double-chambered right ventricle

Background We reviewed our experience with surgical repair of double-chambered right ventricle and long-term outcome. Methods From November 1970 to February 2008, repair of double-chambered right ventricle was performed in 61 patients (31 males). The median age was 13 years (interquartile range, 2 months to 64 years); 10 patients were infants (16%). Mean preoperative right ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient was 67 ± 37 mm Hg. An associated ventricular septal defect was present in 50 patients (82%). Results There were 2 (3%) early deaths due to persistence of low cardiac output postoperatively, despite complete relief of the right ventricular gradient. The overall mean postoperative gradient was 2 ± 4.5 mm Hg. Late follow-up was complete in 92% (mean, 7.4 ± 7.9 years; maximum, 37 years). Late survival was 90% at 10 years. There were 3 late deaths due to heart failure in 2 patients and sudden death in 1 patient, all occurring before 1997. No patients required reoperation for residual or recurrent right ventricular obstruction. Conclusions Surgical correction of double-chambered right ventricle results in excellent functional and hemodynamic long-term results, with complete relief of the right ventricular obstruction. The presence of a double-chambered right ventricle should be considered in anomalies with high or persistent right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Anemia and Severe Erythrocytic Morphologic Abnormalities in Two Young Patients

Possible Answers: 1. Patient #1. Markedly decreased hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit; low MCV and MCH; decreased WBC count with decreased neutrophils and increased lymphocytes; markedly increased nucleated RBCs with marked reticulocytosis; markedly abnormal RBC morphology, including the presence of target cells; decreased RBC osmotic fragility [T1] and [I1]; and, hypergammaglobulinemia. Patient #2. Markedly decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit; low-normal MCV and MCH; increased WBC count with decreased neutrophils, increased bands; a few nucleated RBCs with marked reticulocytosis; and markedly abnormal RBC findings, including the presence of sickle cells [T2] and [I2]. 2. Microcytic-hypochromic anemia (Patient #1; low hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, and MCH) and normocyticnormochromic anemia (Patient #2; low hemoglobin and hematocrit with low-normal MCV and MCH). Moreover, both patients demonstrated pallor and parasternal systolic murmurs, findings consistent with anemia. Nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) were observed on the peripheral blood smear from both of these patients. Circulating nucleated RBCs are abnormal except in the neonatal period and often enter the circulation during periods of bone marrow stress caused by severe hemolysis. Both patients had an elevated reticulocyte count (reticulocytosis), which is a reliable indicator of accelerated erythropoiesis, especially when hemolysis is severe enough to produce anemia. White blood cell abnormalities: Patient # 1 had leukopenia and neutropenia. Common causes of non-neoplastic neutropenia include therapeutic drugs, such as analgesics and antibiotics, certain infections (our patient had a clinically undefined febrile illness), and autoimmune disease. Patient #2 had increased neutrophilic bands in the context of an increased WBC count. This is probably a non-specific finding, but it could be an indication of an early left-shift as seen Principal Laboratory Findings: Patient #1
The paradox of voluntary motherhood.

Soulevant le paradoxe de la reproduction, qui s'avere personnelle, volontaire et privee, d'une part, et qui concerne l'activite sociale et publique, d'autre part, l'A. montre que la revendication de l'autonomie en matiere de reproduction humaine s'apparente a la defense d'une liberte exclusivement biologique.
Commentary on "Challenges to demonstrating disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials".

The distinction between disease-modifying effects and symptomatic benefits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapeutic research carries significance for clinicians, patients and families, and the pharmaceutical industry. Complex trial designs have been proposed to allow definitive distinction, but these carry substantial methodologic difficulties. Utilization of biomarkers of disease state as secondary outcome measures may provide some evidence in support of a treatment effect on pathophysiology. However, if a therapeutic agent lacks any short-term symptomatic benefit but shows a conclusive effect on the rate of decline with longterm treatment, analysis of the primary cognitive and clinical data from a simple parallel group trial may be sufficient to indicate disease modification. The focus of most academic and pharmaceutical industry therapeutic research on AD is the development of interventions that will favorably alter the underlying pathophysiology. Dr. Jeffrey Cummings’ excellent and illuminating discussion of disease modification trial design issues [1] reviews the challenges that face investigators in the field. Cummings’ definition of a disease-modifying treatment as “a pharmacologic treatment that retards the underlying process of AD by intervening in the neurobiological processes that constitute the pathology and pathophysiology of the disease and lead to cell death or dysfunction” is reasonable, reflecting regulatory and research views. His discussion of the drug development process is based on the amyloid hypothesis, which, on the basis of very broad and strong evidence, is justifiably accepted by most investigators. But perhaps there is still room for a broader perspective. The minority view that questions the pivotal role of increased amyloid peptide generation has recently gained some strength. The most powerful argument in favor of the amyloid hypothesis has been that it is the only reasonable explanation for the observation that all genetic causes of AD, including the mutations of the amyloid precursor protein and presenilins 1 and 2 (now known to be components of the gamma secretase complex) directly increase generation of the amyloid peptide. But it has now been shown that some presenilins 1 mutations cause AD without increasing gamma secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein [2], suggesting a more complex pivotal mechanism. Those seeking disease-modifying therapies may be advised to remain open to alternative hypotheses and drug targets. In practice, the distinction between disease modification
Combined Daily Therapy with Intravenous Ganciclovir and Foscarnet for Patients with Recurrent Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

We treated seven patients (nine eyes) who had cytomegalovirus retinitis with daily intravenous ganciclovir plus foscarnet. All patients had demonstrated multiple progressions of retinitis on single-drug therapy, and some were intolerant to induction doses of one or both medications. Before combination therapy, the median number of progressions was five per patient. The mean interval between progressions was 11 weeks, and the mean interval before the final progression was four weeks. While taking combination therapy, two patients showed progression after 14 and 34 weeks. Two patients showed no progression after 17 and 36 weeks of follow-up. Three patients died after five, 14, and 23 weeks, respectively, without progression of retinitis. In every patient, the progression-free interval was longer during combination therapy than the previous progression-free interval during single-drug therapy. In no case was combination therapy stopped because of toxicity. Combination therapy was fairly well tolerated and appeared to prolong the interval to progression and to preserve vision in our patients.
Extracting structured data from Web pages (Poster)

Many Web sites contain a large collection of "structured" Web pages. These pages encode data from an underlying structured source, and are typically generated dynamically. Our goal is to automatically extract structured data from a collection of pages described above, without any human input like manually generated rules or training sets. Extracting structured data gives us greater querying power over the data and is useful in information integration systems. Our approach consists of two stages. In the first stage, the unknown template used to create the pages is deduced. In the second stage, the deduced template is used to extract the values. We focus on the first stage since it is more challenging. The full version contains formal definition of high occurrence correlation and our algorithm. We evaluated our approach by considering 9 real collections of pages.
Synthesis of 2‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐morpholinomethyl‐4‐keto‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrothionaphthene

The title compound was prepared and evaluated for central nervous system, cardiovascular, autonomic, endocrine, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and metabolic activities. No significant activity was noted.
Na+/K+-ATPase as a signal transducer

Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase as an energy transducing ion pump has been studied extensively since its discovery in 1957. Although early findings suggested a role for Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in regulation of cell growth and expression of various genes, only in recent years the mechanisms through which this plasma membrane enzyme communicates with the nucleus have been studied. This research, carried out mostly on cardiac myocytes, shows that in addition to pumping ions, Na(+)/K+-ATPase interacts with neighboring membrane proteins and organized cytosolic cascades of signaling proteins to send messages to the intracellular organelles. The signaling pathways that are rapidly elicited by the interaction of ouabain with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and are independent of changes in intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations, include activation of Src kinase, transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by Src, activation of Ras and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria. In cardiac myocytes, the resulting downstream events include the induction of some early response proto-oncogenes, activation of the transcription factors, activator protein-1 and nuclear factor kappa-B, regulation of a number of cardiac growth-related genes, and stimulation of protein synthesis and myocyte hypertrophy. For these downstream events, the induced reactive oxygen species and rise in intracellular Ca(2+) are essential second messengers. In cells other than cardiac myocytes, the proximal pathways linked to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase through protein-protein interactions are similar to those reported in myocytes, but the downstream events and consequences may be significantly different. The likely extracellular physiological stimuli for the signal transducing function of Na+/K+-ATPase are the endogenous ouabain-like hormones, and changes in extracellular K+ concentration.
Gene Expression Differences Among Primates are Associated With Changes in a Histone Epigenetic Modification

Changes in gene regulation are thought to play an important role in speciation and adaptation, especially in primates. However, we still know relatively little about the mechanisms underlying regulatory evolution. In particular, the extent to which epigenetic modifications underlie gene expression differences between primates is not yet known. Our study focuses on an epigenetic histone modification, H3K4me3, which is thought to promote transcription. To investigate the contribution of H3K4me3 to regulatory differences between species, we collected gene expression data and identified H3K4me3-associated genomic regions in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques, using three cell lines from each species. We found strong evidence for conservation of H3K4me3 localization in primates. Moreover, regardless of species, H3K4me3 is consistently enriched near annotated transcription start sites (TSS), and highly expressed genes are more likely than lowly expressed genes to have the histone modification near their TSS. Interestingly, we observed an enrichment of interspecies differences in H3K4me3 at the TSS of genes that are differentially expressed between species. We estimate that as much as 7% of gene expression differences between the LCLs of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques may be explained, at least in part, by changes in the status of H3K4me3 histone modifications. Our results suggest a modest, yet important role for epigenetic changes in gene expression differences between primates.
Flashbacks and schizophrenia

Three cases of schizophrenia (DSM-III-R) (l), whilst responding to treatment, exhibit a group of symptoms which had the essential features of “flashbacks”, as described in relation to psychedelic drugs, though there was no evidence of psychedelic drug misuse. Symptoms were characterised by memory flashes of the original psychotic experience, followed immediately by very brief re-experiencing of earlier symptoms, including visual perceptual changes in clear consciousness and full insight. Symptoms were less clear, less severe, but more distressing, than the original episodes. Symptoms were triggered by stress/anxiety, and relieved by an anxiolytic. The association of flashbacks with schizophrenia is discussed.
Organic Mental Disorders

Organic mental disorders (OMD’s) comprise a group of Psychopathologic conditions which result from dysfunction of the brain. For this diagnosis to be applied, brain dysfunction should be documented by laboratory and physical examination (e.g., electroencephalograms, x-rays, etc.) and/or by a history which indicates that an organic factor (i.e., drugs or head trauma) are involved. Many persons erroneously believe that OMD’s are conditions generally restricted to elderly or drug intoxicated patients. But, in actuality, brain dysfunction also occurs in connection with many physical illnesses, and indeed, can be the first sign of a developing medical problem. Because of the high incidence and medical significance of these disorders, it is important that you develop expertise in diagnosing and treating them.
Daylight Performance of Perimeter Office Façades utilizing Semi-transparent Photovoltaic Windows: A Simulation Study

This paper presents the potential impact of semi-transparent photovoltaic windows on the daylighting performance of commercial building facades. The performance of three facade configurations is examined, integrating Si-based, opaque spaced cells and transparent thin film technologies. Simulation results suggest that a semi-transparent photovoltaic module with visible effective transmittance of 30%, integrated as the outer glass layer of a double-glazed window, provides sufficient daylight within the perimeter zone throughout the year, with sDA300lx/50%=1 and DGI=5%. Moreover, a three-section facade configuration integrating Si-based spaced PV cells on the upper section and thin film PV on the middle section of the facade has the potential to maximize daylight utilization and the view to the outdoors.
Immigrant Activism: Narratives of the “H‐4 Life” by Indian Women on YouTube

H-4 immigrants, when mentioned in news about high-skilled immigration, often have to reckon with the problematic institutional description of their status as “dependents.” Using online media to produce and circulate new texts for understanding what it means to be an H-4 immigrant is an act of documentation for and by those who are culturally and politically undocumented in mainstream U.S. culture. This article considers 2 YouTube videos by Indian women on the H-4 “dependent” visa and argues that these online media texts represent what L. Lowe (1996) has called “immigrant acts” (pp. 8–9). The YouTube videos not only represent and make visible the H-4 subject but, importantly, do so while foregrounding creative storytelling and personal narratives of the H-4 experience.
Scalable role & organization based access control and its administration

In Role Based Access Control (RBAC), roles are typically created based on job functions inside an organization. Traditional RBAC does not scale up well for modeling security policies spanning multiple organizations. To solve this problem, a family of extended RBAC models called Role and Organization Based Access Control (ROBAC) models and its administrative models are proposed and formalized in this dissertation. Two examples are used to motivate and demonstrate the usefulness of ROBAC. Comparison between ROBAC and other RBAC extensions are given. I show that ROBAC can significantly reduce the administrative complexities of applications involving a large number of similar organizational units. The applicability and expressive power of ROBAC are discussed. By showing that any given ROBAC model can be modeled by a RBAC model and vice versa, I prove that the expressive power of ROBAC is equal to that of traditional RBAC. A comprehensive role and organization based administrative model called AROBAC07 is developed. It has five sub-models dealing with various administrative tasks in ROBAC. I show that the AROBAC07 model provides an intuitive and controlled way to decentralize administrative tasks in ROBAC based systems. A concept called application compartment (ACom) in ROBAC is introduced and its usage in ROBAC is discussed. AROBAC07 scales up very well for ROBAC based systems involving many organizational units. Two ROBAC variants, manifold ROBAC (ROBACM) and pseudo ROBAC (ROBACP), are presented and formalized. Their corresponding administrative models are also proposed. The usefulness of manifold ROBAC is demonstrated in secure collaboration via a ROBACM based secure collaboration schema which avoids many problems resulted from role-mapping, role-translation, or role exporting. The usefulness of pseudo ROBAC is demonstrated in a web based on-demand movie service case study.
THE RITUAL OF KAPPAROT

This paper explores the history and development of the Jewish ritual of kapparot; it has traditionally been performed during the high holy days (between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur: between the Jewish New Year and the Day of Atonement) and traditionally on the eve of Yom Kippur.
Mediators of maternal recognition of pregnancy in mammals.

Maternal recognition of pregnancy results from signaling between the conceptus (embryo and its associated membranes) and the maternal system (1). These signals ensure maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the corpus luteum (CL), which would otherwise regress at the end of the estrous of menstrual cycle. The CL produces progesterone, the hormone of pregnancy, which is required to stimulate and maintain endometrial functions that are permissive to early embryonic development, implantation, placentation, and successful fetal and placental development. The terms luteotrophic, luteal protective, antiluteolytic, and luteolytic will be defined before mechanisms for maternal recognition of pregnancy are discussed. A luteotrophic signal, e.g., chorionic gonadotrophin (CG), is produced by primate conceptuses, and appears to act directly on the CL, via receptors for luteinizing hormone, to ensure maintenance of its structural and functional integrity. It is important to keep in mind that the ovarian ...
Influence of Assumed Groundwater Depth on Mapping Liquefaction Potential

Groundwater depth is a critical parameter in assessing regional liquefaction potential. Uncertainties associated with groundwater depth are usually pervasive because of natural variability and spatial separation between data points. These uncertainties often lead to erroneous or doubtful assessments of liquefaction potential. In an attempt to provide more credible estimates of liquefaction potential across a sizable urban area, this study sought to estimate the threshold groundwater depths that could be expected to trigger liquefaction in the St. Louis, MO, metro area, which was damaged by the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes. We used liquefaction potential indexes (LPIs) > 5 and > 15 as the thresholds for moderate and severe liquefaction risks, respectively. The threshold groundwater depth for triggering liquefaction was evaluated using standard penetration test data and a scenario involving an M7.5 earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 0.20 g. The threshold groundwater depths then were geostatistically contoured and compared with accepted groundwater level scenarios to map the corresponding liquefaction risk. This study revealed that Holocene alluvium in East St. Louis generally exhibits deeper threshold groundwater depths than do the mean groundwater levels and appears to be more prone to liquefaction.
Cognitively Engaging Activity Is Associated with Greater Cortical and Subcortical Volumes.

As the population ages and dementia becomes a growing healthcare concern, it is increasingly important to identify targets for intervention to delay or attenuate cognitive decline. Research has shown that the most successful interventions aim at altering lifestyle factors. Thus, this study examined how involvement in physical, cognitive, and social activity is related to brain structure in older adults. Sixty-five adults (mean age = 71.4 years, standard deviation = 8.9) received the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS), a questionnaire that polls everyday activities in which older adults may be involved, and also underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Stepwise regression with backwards selection was used to predict weekly time spent in either social, cognitive, light physical, or heavy physical activity from the volume of one of the cortical or subcortical regions of interest (corrected by intracranial volume) as well as age, education, and gender as control variables. Regressions revealed that more time spent in cognitive activity was associated with greater volumes of all brain regions studied: total cortex (β = .289, p = .014), frontal (β = .276, p = .019), parietal (β = .305, p = .009), temporal (β = .275, p = .020), and occipital (β = .256, p = .030) lobes, and thalamus (β = .310, p = .010), caudate (β = .233, p = .049), hippocampus (β = .286, p = .017), and amygdala (β = .336, p = .004). These effects remained even after accounting for the positive association between cognitive activity and education. No other activity variable was associated with brain volumes. Results indicate that time spent in cognitively engaging activity is associated with greater cortical and subcortical brain volume. Findings suggest that interventions aimed at increasing levels of cognitive activity may delay cognitive consequences of aging and decrease the risk of developing dementia.
Logical Foundations of Preference Queries.

The notion of preference plays an increasing role in today’s information systems. In particular, preferences are used to specify which query answers are the best from the user’s point of view. In this article, we discuss the work done over the last 10 years in the context of preference queries to relational database systems. We focus on preferences that are specified logically. We show how such preferences can be embedded into relational query languages. By separating the preferences from the query, preferencespecific query evaluation and optimization techniques can be formulated and preference modification studied. We conclude with an outline of future prospects for preference research.
E-117 innovative approaches for percutaneous access to difficult dural arteriovenous fisutlas: a case series

Background Cavernous carotid arteriovenous fistulas (CCFs) are a relatively rare but fairly well documented intracranial vascular pathology. The most frequently utilized approach to treatment is endovascular embolization, via either transvenous or transarterial approaches, in order to close the venous outflow or limit the arterial inflow. The adopted standard algorithm to these options is to first attempt mapping a venous tract for catheterization. Frequently, the morphology of the venous drainage is in-sufficient for catheterization. Trans-arterial embolization is typically reserved for these instances given the well documented risks, including cranial nerve injury which approaches a 10% overall risk of complication. A third and less commonly used alternative for treating these difficult CCFs involves direct percutaneous access to the fistula. There are few published case reports documenting this direct access method, including our previous work describing a case in which we treated a clival dural arteriovenous fistula via direct access through the foramen ovale. Since our prior reporting, we have compiled a case series of percutaneous direct access to difficult CCFs from both foramen ovale and transorbital approaches. Purpose The goal of this case series is to describe, with graphic illustrations, the appropriate techniques for treating difficult CCFs with direct percutaneous access, specifically using a transforaminal approach through the foramen ovale and transorbital approach. Methods We intend to describe the pearls and pitfalls of percutaneous access, specifically with regards to the risks and benefits of this technique, as well as de-scribing the ideal situations, which may make one approach more optimal than an-other. We also intend to provide anatomic illustrations demonstrating fluoroscopic, 3D, and graphic representations of the pertinent adjacent anatomic structures and proper landmarks for employing this technique. Results Our series of patients treated with percutaneous direct access demonstrated long-term fistula occlusion and resolution of clinical symptoms. There was no elevated rate of complication or bleeding in our cohort. Conclusion Successful occlusion of dural arteriovenous fistulas using percutaneous access provides a salient alternative for difficult CCFs if performed correctly and with respect to anatomical hazards. Disclosures J. Van Rompaey: None. R. Darflinger: None. K. Chao: None. L. Feng: None.
Solid-Segment Sculptures

Several sculptures and designs illustrate an algorithmic technique for creating solid three-dimensional structures from an arrangement of line segments in space. Given a set of line segments, specified as a position in 3-dimensional space for each endpoint, a novel algorithm creates a volume-enclosing solid model of the segments. In this solid model, a prismatoid-like strut represents each segment. The method is very efficient with polygons and produces attractive lucid models in which the sides of the “prismatoids” are oriented in directions relevant to the structure. The algorithm is applicable to a wide range of structures to be realized by 3D printing techniques.
Shock index, pediatric age-adjusted (SIPA) is more accurate than age-adjusted hypotension for trauma team activation.

Background We demonstrated previously that shock index, pediatric age-adjusted identifies severely injured children accurately after blunt trauma. We hypothesized that an increased shock index, pediatric age-adjusted would identify more accurately injured children requiring the highest trauma team activation than age-adjusted hypotension. Methods We reviewed all children age 4–16 admitted after blunt trauma with an injury severity score ≥15 from January 2007–June 2013. Criteria used as indicators of need for activation of the trauma team included blood transfusion, emergency operation, or endotracheal intubation within 24 hours of admission. Shock index, pediatric age-adjusted represents maximum normal shock index based on age. Cutoffs included shock index >1.22 (ages 4–6), >1.0 (7–12), and >0.9 (13–16). Age-adjusted cutoffs for hypotension were as follows: systolic blood pressure Results A total of 559 children were included; 21% underwent operation, 37% endotracheal intubation, and 14% transfusion. Hypotension alone predicted poorly the need for operation (13%), endotracheal intubation (17%), or transfusion (22%). Operation (30%), endotracheal intubation (40%), and blood transfusion (53%) were more likely in children with an increased shock index, pediatric age-adjusted; 25 children required all three interventions, 3 (12%) were hypotensive at presentation, 15 (60%) had an increased shock index, pediatric age-adjusted (P Conclusion An increased shock index, pediatric age-adjusted is superior to age-adjusted hypotension to identify injured children likely to require emergency operation, endotracheal intubation, or early blood transfusion.
Metastates in Disordered Mean-Field Models II : The Superstates

We continue to investigate the size dependence of disordered mean-field models with finite local spin space in more detail, illustrating the concept of “superstates” as recently proposed by Bovier and Gayrard. We discuss various notions of convergence for the behavior of the paths (t→μ[tN](η))t∈(0, 1] in the thermodynamic limit N↑∞. Here μn(η) is the Gibbs measure in the finite volume {1,..., n} and η is the disorder variable. In particular we prove refined convergence statements in our concrete examples, the Hopfield model with finitely many patterns (having continuous paths) and the Curie–Weiss random-field Ising model (having singular paths).
Book reviewEyes of Democracy: The Media and Elections, Isaac E. Khaquli, Manoah Esipisu, Commonwealth Secretariat, London (2009), 124 pp

Since the advent of the mass media, the citizenry have become ever more cognizant of the pervasive influence of the media on public opinion and agenda. Not as easily discernible are the responsibil...
Self-heating impact on TDDB in bulk FinFET devices: Uniform vs Non-uniform Stress

Self-heating is a growing concern for thin-body devices. In this paper, we discuss the impact of self-heating on TDDB using uniform and non-uniform gate dielectric stress. We show lifetime reduction with increasing drain voltages consistent with elevated temperature stress. It is also shown that the power law dependence to gate voltage is preserved at different drain voltages. Due to limited self-heating during nominal device operation TDDB lifetime is not reduced for CMOS circuits.
Active metasurface sensors for high sensitivity detection of the concentration and mid-infrared spectral fingerprints of biomolecules

We report biosensors based on tunable graphene plasmonic metasurfaces that enable high sensitivity detection of both the concentration and mid-infrared spectral fingerprints of human antibody immunoglobulin (IgG).
Contributions of academic laboratories to the discovery and development of chemical biology tools.

The academic setting provides an environment that may foster success in the discovery of certain types of small molecule tools while proving less suitable in others. For example, small molecule probes for poorly understood systems, those that exploit a specific resident expertise, and those whose commercial return is not apparent are ideally suited to be pursued in a university setting. In this review, we highlight five projects that emanated from academic research groups and generated valuable tool compounds that have been used to interrogate biological phenomena: reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensors, GPR30 agonists and antagonists, selective CB2 agonists, Hsp70 modulators, and β-amyloid PET imaging agents. By taking advantage of the unique expertise resident in university settings and the ability to pursue novel projects that may have great scientific value but with limited or no immediate commercial value, probes from academic research groups continue to provide useful tools and generate a long-term r...
A Novel Architecture of Large Hybrid Cache With Reduced Energy

Energy becomes an inevitable challenge when using a large die-stacking dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cache. Although emerging spin-transfer-torque-RAM (STT-RAM) technology can efficiently reduce the static energy of large cache, it cannot completely replace DRAM cache due to the high write energy of STT-RAM. Recently, researchers have observed that there are many redundant bits written in the row buffer and futile bits written back to STT-RAM cells, which do not change the cells’ value but still cost high write energy. In this paper, we first design a large hybrid cache architecture with the DRAM region and the STT-RAM region to reduce the high static energy of DRAM cache. The selective write back to row buffer and selective write back to cell array optimizations are proposed to reduce high write energy of the STT-RAM region by removing the unnecessary bit-writes. Furthermore, we propose reuse distance-oriented data movement to reduce write operations in the STT-RAM region. Finally, we propose a novel tag design for the hybrid cache by moving all tag arrays to the STT-RAM region. The SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks show an average 28.3% energy reduction and 6.7% performance improvement for the write optimizations and 7.3% energy savings and 27.5% instructions per cycle speedups for the proposed tag design.
Who Is Teaching International Law? Can We Use Experiential Learning to Teach International Law?

John Gamble and Annelize Nienaber both bring a wealth of information and experience to the challenge of getting international law taught in our universities and schools of law. As educators and practitioners, we can see the importance of international law to world order and the many opportunities globalization gives us to illustrate its relevance. But we know that international law is often perceived both by students and many faculty alike as too distant from daily work and events to make it a priority. This perception can be underscored by the mode of teaching which may make the subject appear esoteric and disconnected to daily activity.
The Effect of Myopic Behavior on Stock Market Risk Perception

We investigate whether myopic behavior influences respondents’ risk perception of future stock market returns. Using the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, we find that investors who are myopic (follow the stock market “very closely” or “somewhat closely”) are more likely to be in a higher subjective probability group that believes the market for blue chip stocks will drop by 20 percent or more next year. In addition, we find that older cohorts have a more accurate perception of future stock market returns compared to younger cohorts. Financial planning implications are provided.
Prejean, Sister Helen

Sister Helen Prejean is a Catholic nun known best for her book Dead Man Walking that recounted her experiences as the spiritual advisor to Patrick Sonnier, a death row prisoner in Louisiana. She has spent her adult life working as a nun in Louisiana. Since 1982, her work has primarily focused on working with death row prisoners, abolition of the death penalty, and the families of murder victims. Keywords: capital punishment; reform movements; social justice
A Diagnostic Human Workload Assessment Algorithm for Human-Robot Teams

High-stress environments, such as a NASA Control Room, require optimal task performance, as a single mistake may cause monetary loss or the loss of human life. Robots can partner with humans in a collaborative or supervisory paradigm. Such teaming paradigms require the robot to appropriately interact with the human without decreasing either»s task performance. Workload is directly correlated with task performance; thus, a robot may use a human»s workload state to modify its interactions with the human. A diagnostic workload assessment algorithm that accurately estimates workload using results from two evaluations, one peer-based and one supervisory-based, is presented.
High‐level, constitutive expression of the mgtC gene confers increased thermotolerance on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

We found that mutations that increased the transcription of the mgtCBR (Mg2+ transport-related) operon conferred increased thermotolerance on this organism. The 5' leader of the mgtCBR mRNA contains two short open reading frames (ORFs), mgtM and mgtP, whose translation regulates the expression of the mgtCBR operon by a mechanism that is similar to attenuation in amino acid biosynthetic operons. We obtained two types of mutations that resulted in elevated transcription of the operon: defects in the mgtM ribosome-binding site, impairing the translation of this ORF and deletions encompassing the stop codon of mgtM that extend the translation of this ORF across a downstream Rho termination site. These mgtM mutations give further insights into the mechanism of the transcriptional control of the mgtCBR operon that we discuss in this work. We show that the increased thermotolerance requires elevated expression of the mgtC gene, but functional mgtB and mgtR, which respectively encode an Mg2+ transporter and a regulatory protein, are dispensable for this response. MgtC has been shown to have complex functions, including a requirement for virulence, flagella-independent motility and synthesis of cellulose and we now found that it has a role in the regulation of thermotolerance.