cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment consonance and response profiles in agoraphobia: The role of individual differences in cognitive, behavioral and physiological treatments

Abstract The mediating role of individual differences, response profiles and treatment consonance in the outcome of agoraphobics undergoing cognitive, behavioral and physiological treatments was investigated. Severe and chronic agoraphobics (DSM-III) received either Paradoxical Intention, Graduated Exposure or Progressive Deep Muscle Relaxation Training consisting of 12 2-hr weekly sessions. An assessment battery was utilized consisting of ratings of severity, phobia, anxiety, depression and avoidance as well as direct measures of behavioral, cognitive and psychophysiological response systems which were evaluated at pre, mid, post and 3-month follow-up phases. Comparisons of Ss who were consonantly vs non-consonantly treated were conducted, based upon their initial response profiles. Significant differential treatment outcome and treatment × response profile interaction effects were observed. Hypotheses were confirmed regarding the predicted effects of consonant vs non-consonant Ss × treatment interactions. The short- and long-term implications of individual differences and treatment consonance in agoraphobia and anxiety disorders are discussed. Conceptual, methodological and clinical issues are highlighted with regard to both clinical intervention and future research.
Models of dispersion in a granular medium

Abstract Mathematical models are developed for dispersion problems within a saturated granular medium in a unidirectional flow field in which the concentration of the displacing fluid is considered to be a function of time. The medium is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and semi-infinite in areal extent. The effect of adsorbing and non-adsorbing granular media is taken into account. The models are useful for predicting the concentration of contaminants in representative field problems.
Structural geology of the Pelona Schist and Vincent thrust, San Gabriel Mountains, California

The Vincent thrust of the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, separates an upper plate that contains abundant granitic rocks from a lower plate composed of metagraywackes and metabasites (Pelona Schist). The Vincent thrust is part of a regional thrust system of Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary age (Vincent-Chocolate Mountain thrust). Several earlier workers have concluded that the upper plate was derived from the southwest, implying the former presence of continental rocks separated from North America by a marginal oceanic basin. Other workers consider that regional correlations indicate thrusting of the opposite sense. The Pelona Schist of the San Gabriel Mountains has undergone a complex structural history. The earliest recognized structures are tight, synmetamorphic isoclinal folds (style 1 folds). These folds are present throughout the entire 4 km of presently exposed section and do not become more appressed or more abundant near the thrust. Isoclinally refolded folds and sheath folds were observed at several localities. Textural observations indicate that the present schistosity of the Pelona Schist formed by the extreme flattening of crenulations developed in an earlier schistosity. This is evidence that the isoclinally refolded folds, although only infrequently noticed in the field, are actually widespread. The isoclinal folding was followed by the development of a macroscopic synform (Narrows Synform) and associated minor folds in the 700 m of Pelona Schist closest to the upper plate. These folds (style 2 folds) are more open than the style 1 folds and do not have a well-developed axial-planar schistosity. They are generally parallel in orientation to the style 1 folds. Both style 1 and style 2 folds are in turn parallel to tight folds in mylonitic rocks present at the base of the upper plate. It is believed that the three groups of folds are cogenetic and possibly were produced in a subduction zone. The sheath folds and other evidence of stretching parallel to fold axes might indicate that fold axes were rotated into the direction of thrusting. On the other hand, the parallelism of the early, isoclinal folds and the later, relatively open style 2 folds is evidence against rotation. Thus, the orientation of fold axes relative to the thrusting direction is not clear. Subsequent to metamorphism, the Pelona Schist and the mylonites were folded into a broad arch (style 3 folding). Uncertainty as to the orientation of the axes of style 1 and 2 folds relative to the thrusting direction, the presence of the style 3 folding, and recently described paleomagnetic evidence of large-scale rotation of crustal blocks in southern California make determination of thrusting direction impossible at the present time. Thus, no evidence was found either to support or to invalidate the marginal-basin model for the origin of the Pelona Schist.
A determination of the qq potential with very high statistics

Abstract The static q q potential is measured on a 163×10 lattice at β=6.0 with very high statistics. Using the Polyakov loop correlation function we find ʌ | √σ=(10.52±0.47)×10 −3 and α=0.2532±0.0090. The zero-momentum correlation function exhibits clearly a confining linear potential with a string tension ʌ| √σ=(11.20±0.14)×10 −3 .
Pectic Substances of Valencia Oranges at Different Stages of Maturitya

SUMMARY Seasonal changes in concentrations of pectic substances of the peel and pulp were followed by determining the total- and water-soluble pectic substances as an-hydrogalacturonic acid during growth and development under normal conditions. With the rapid development of fruit growth in the early part of the season, a tremendous initial increase occurred in the total- and water-soluble pectic materials followed‘by a gradual decrease through the remainder of the season. The percentage methylation of the pectic substances of Valencia orange peel rises rapidly to approximately an 80 per cent level and remains relatively constant during the rest of the season.
The orientation and electronic structure of 1,3-butadiene adsorbed and condensed on Ag(110): a NEXAFS study

Abstract The orientation of butadiene molecules at submonolayer coverage on Ag(110) has been investigated by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The polarization dependence of the C1s → π ∗ excitation was measured, and the integral intensity of this transition was used to determine that butadiene chemisorbs with its σ h plane parallel to the plane of the surface. By comparison of the energy of the C1s → σ ∗ shape resonance for the chemisorbed molecule to that of the gas phase and condensed multilayer the CC and C-C bond lengths were found to be identical to the gas phase values of 1.34 and 1.46 A, respectively. A polarization dependence of the π∗ resonances was also found in the condensed multilayer and is identified with ordering of the molecules such that the π orbitals are perpendicular to the surface.
Benign Mimickers of Prostate Adenocarcinoma on Needle Biopsy and Transurethral Resection

Prostate needle biopsy currently is the gold standard method for the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of prostate cancer. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis is crucial for pursuing proper patient management. This article discusses histologic mimickers of prostate carcinoma highlighting microscopic features that are helpful to reach a correct diagnosis and emphasizing potential diagnostic pitfalls.
Computer Algebra Implementation of Lie Transforms for Hamiltonian Systems: Application to the Nonlinear Stability of L4

Wir wenden die Methode der Lie-Transformationen, eine Perturbationsmethode fur Differentialgleichungen, auf eine allgemeine Klasse von Hamilton-Systemen an, wobei wir uns der Computer-Algebra bedienen. Dabei entwickeln wir (geschrieben in der Sprache der Koeffizienten im Ausgangssystem H) explizite Formeln zur Transformation des Systems in Birkhoffsche Normalform. Unter Anwendung eines Satzes von Arnold entwickeln wir explizite nichtlineare Stabilitatskriterien allein in der Sprache von H fur Systeme, bei denen die lineare Stabilitatsanalyse nicht schlussig ist. Nach der Bereitstellung zweier Beispiele wenden wir unsere Ergebnisse auf die nichtlineare Stabilitat von L4 an, bei dem es sich um einen Dreieckspunkt im Dreikorperproblem mit zirkularen Restriktionen handelt. In L4 mus man sich des Satzes von Arnold bedienen, weil es nicht moglich ist, eine Liapunov-Funktion zu finden. We apply the method of Lie Transforms, a perturbation method for differential equations, to a general class of Hamiltonian systems using computer algebra. In doing so, we develop explicit formulas (written in terms of coefficients in the original system H) for transforming the system into Birkhoff normal form. Using a theorem of Arnold, we develop explicit nonlinear stability criteria solely in terms of H for systems where the linear stability analysis is inconclusive. After providing two examples, we apply our results to the nonlinear stability of L4, a triangular point in the circular restricted three body problem. At L4, Arnold's theorem must be used since a Lyapunov function cannot be found.
Is poliomyelitis an auto-allergic disease triggered by virus?

Summary The neuropathology of poliomyelitis is reviewed and the reasons for the inflammatory response are examined. It is concluded that the response is due to the release of a previously sequestered self-antigen from virus infected or damaged cells. The inflammation is consistent with an auto-allergic response by lymphocytes senitised before the viral infection. A model for the mechanism of genetic susceptibility is proposed. Simultaneous infection with other enterovirus, the incubation period of paralytic poliomyelitis and the case and fatality rates with the Kolmer and Cutter vaccines are examined with this autoallergic model. Second attacks of poliomyelitis are reviewed and the reduced severity of the second attack is attributed to the action of blocking antibody. The model is examined with reference to ECHO, Coxsackie and other viral infections of the CNS. The use of blocking antibody as a therapeutic agent is considered.
Statistical software in APL: Bibliography

High quality, state-of-the-art statistical software is not yet widely available in APL. However, many individuals and groups have developed collections of functions and some have begun the distribution of workspaces. This bibliography lists many of the available publications using APL in statistics including Analysis of Variance, Data Analysis, Probability, Regression, Statistical Analysis, and Time Series Analysis. A panel discussion on statistical software in APL is scheduled for this meeting. The panelists will include some of the authors listed in the bibliography.
Proposed non-linear resonant brillouin scattering and reflection to detect phonoritons

Abstract The “phonoriton” is an elementary excitation constructed from an exciton-polariton and phonon in semiconductors under intense excitation near the exciton resonance. In this paper we describe its basic properties using a simple model. We propose two experiments: Non-Linear Resonant Brillouin Scattering and Non-Linear modulation reflectivity to determine the new phonoriton spectrum. Quantitative analysis shows that the phonoriton effects are expected to be measurable.
Parallel operation of two Brayton-cycle alternators with parasitic speed controllers

The experimental paralleling characteristics of two 1200 Hz Brayton-cycle alternators are presented. Since the Brayton power conversion system uses electric speed controllers, the paralleling requirements are somewhat different from those for conventional ground-based systems. Results include the transient effects of synchronizing the two alternators with various phase-angle, voltage, and frequency differences. Based on these results, the effects of synchronizing differences can be defined, and adjustment requirements of the parasitic speed controllers during synchronizing can be established. Data indicate that parasitically loaded alternators are able to parallel over a wide range of synchronizing differences. However, equilibrium could not be reached in extreme cases where alternator load differences were great and, at the same time, the phase-angle error was large (150 deg or more).
Graph Mining of Networks from Genome Biology

We are developing an advanced toolkit for biological networks, using problems from genome biology to drive this work. We now share our experiences in graph analysis and visualization of microbial genome networks using a collection of new and existing graph mining tools and techniques. We address three key problems in genome biology: the organization of complete genome protein networks, feature extraction across chromosomes in microbial strains, and hierarchical structure of protein families and superfamilies.
Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions in the liver

The outcome of liver injury is dictated by the effectiveness of repair. Successful repair (i.e., regeneration) results in replacement of dead epithelial cells with healthy epithelial cells, and reconstructs normal hepatic structure and function. Liver regeneration is known to involve replication of surviving mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This review discusses recent evidence for other mechanisms that might also replace dead hepatic epithelial cells and repair liver damage, particularly during chronic injury. According to this theory, certain epithelial cells in developing livers and/or injured adult livers undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and move into the hepatic mesenchyme where they exhibit fibroblastic features. Some of these epithelia-derived mesenchymal cells, however, may be capable of undergoing subsequent mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), reverting to epithelial cells that ultimately become hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Although these concepts remain to be proven, the theory predicts that the balance between EMT and MET modulates the outcome of chronic liver injury. When EMT activity outstrips MET, repair is mainly fibrogenic, causing liver fibrosis. Conversely, predominance of MET favors more normal liver regeneration. In this review, we summarize evidence that certain resident liver cells are capable of EMTs in vitro and during chronic liver injury.
Exosomes in urine: Who would have thought…?

Normal urine contains thousands of proteins, largely due to the presence of 'exosomes,' tiny vesicles secreted into the urine by renal epithelial cells. These exosomes, demonstrated by Keller and colleagues to be also retrievable from amniotic fluid, offer great promise for future disease biomarker discovery studies.
ExTRACT-TIMI 25 in perspective: key lessons regarding enoxaparin as an adjunct to fibrinolytic therapy

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) for 48 h has been the traditional standard anticoagulant with fibrinolytics. The Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction (ExTRACT)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 25 trial prospectively studied the usefulness of enoxaparin and found that in patients treated with fibrinolysis, enoxaparin administered throughout the index hospitalization was superior to the standard 48-h UFH infusion. However, enoxaparin increased major bleeding. The data from this large trial were further analyzed across various subgroups and these results support the use of enoxaparin in a broad range of patients. The ExTRACT-TIMI 25 trial employed a novel dosing regimen for enoxaparin adjusted for age and renal function, which was designed to minimize bleeding risk while maintaining the beneficial effects of enoxaparin. Based on the evidence from this trial, the 2007 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction guidelines now preferentially recommend enoxaparin to be administered throughout the index hospitalization as per the dosing regimen used in ExTRACT-TIMI 25 in most patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy.
Affect or information? Labeling policy and consumer valuation of rBST free and organic characteristics of milk

Abstract Using a labeling policy framework, we answer the question of whether attitude has an impact on consumers’ valuation of rBST-free and organic characteristics of milk. We utilize 2 years of consumer survey data and a hedonic model to estimate marginal effects of attitude on consumer valuation of rBST-free and organic milk. Findings indicate that in 2001 milk value was impacted by attitude, regardless of whether attitude was measured using an opinion based or behavioral construct. In 2004 the contribution of attitude to value was insignificant. Implications for labeling policy are discussed.
Prebiotic organic matter - Possible pathways for synthesis in a geological context

Models for the accretion of the earth, core formation, differentiation of the planet into core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere, and prebiotic synthesis of organic materials are reviewed. The development of the Haldane-Oparin and Urey models is traced, and the effect of accretion time on the outgassing process and the composition of the consequent atmosphere is examined. Model prebiotic atmospheres are calculated, the extent of equilibration of the primitive atmosphere is studied and the evolution of the atmosphere prior to organic chemical evolution is reviewed. Finally, experimental progress in synthesis of biological monomers and polymers under presumed early earth conditions is covered.
Family Influences on College Students' Occupational Identity.

The occupational identity statuses of 232 college students were analyzed by examining their family emotional environment and the identity control processes that drive career decision making. Results of multivariate analysis showed that each family differentiation construct, family tolerance for connectedness, and separateness explained significant variance in the achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion of occupational identity statuses. Additionally, this study provides a foundation for career counseling intervention in which adolescents struggling with occupational issues may benefit from career interventions that respond not only to the nature of their decisions but also to the family dynamics present during their decision-making process.
Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding Among an Internet Panel of U.S. Males Aged 21–44

Lack of familial support, particularly from fathers or partners, has been identified by the U.S. Surgeon General as a barrier to breastfeeding. Although partners have been identified as an important source of breastfeeding support, research on U.S. men's knowledge about and attitudes towards breastfeeding is limited. An internet panel survey of 502 U.S. males aged 21-44 years was conducted. It included the 17-item Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS), a series of questions assessing prior exposure to breastfeeding and demographic questions. Frequencies, proportions and means were calculated and analysis of variance used to test differences in the mean IIFAS scale score across demographic groups. A multiple linear regression model was used to identify predictors of IIFAS score. The sample was largely white, non-Hispanic (65.7%), college educated (44.4%) and married (47%). The mean IIFAS score was 57 (SD = 8.13; range 25-84). In the adjusted regression model, being white, non-Hispanic, having a college education, having siblings who were breastfed and observing ten or more different women breastfeeding were significantly associated with higher IIFAS scores. In a sample of U.S. men of reproductive age, breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes as measured by the IIFAS are neutral. Race, education, and exposure to breastfeeding are important predictors of breastfeeding attitudes in males as measured by the IIFAS.
Pollination dynamics in Epilobium canum (Onagraceae): consequences for gametophytic selection

Several hand-pollination experiments have shown that pollen tube competition leads to gametophytic selection, and thus affects genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the next generation. This study is one of the first to quantify natural levels of pollen tube competition. In a population of Epilobium canum, I measured both the amount of pollen deposited on stigmas and the timing of deposition. Approximately 20 tetrads were required for full seed set within fruits. Hummingbirds deposited >20 tetrads at 50-70% of the flowers examined, often in a single load. When pollen arrived in 2 loads, a portion of the ovules within each ovary was probably sired by competing pollen from the second load. Competition may be relatively weak unless at least 30 tetrads compete for ovules. About 20% of the flowers received >30 tetrads in the first load, and 13% acquired > 30 tetrads in 2 loads. The frequency and intensity of pollen tube competition varied among plants. In some styles, 80% of the pollen tubes were excluded from access to ovules, but in others no competition occurred. Further studies of pollination rates and progeny fitness are needed before we can assess the role of pollen tube competition in natural populations. Potential effects of gametophytic selection are discussed.
Pilot study for predicting appropriate use of air medical helicopters. Part 1: Interfacility transports.

Abstract Introduction: Appropriate use of rotor-wing aircraft is an important issue to the emergency transport industry. The purpose of this pilot study was to test criteria for their ability to accurately identify patients for whom interfacility helicopter transport is appropriate. Methods: Flight data collected from 219 flights included measures of physiological status, interventions, and need for timely care. Appropriate and inappropriate flights were compared using chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests. Logistic regression was used to evaluate how well information at critical decision points distinguishes between appropriate and inappropriate flights. Results: Statistical difference occurred between appropriate and inappropriate flights for the variables of preflight cardiac status, preflight interventions, preflight total score, flight crew vital signs, flight crew cardiac status, flight crew interventions, flight crew total score, need for surgical intervention, and need for complex critical care. No statistical difference existed between appropriate and inappropriate flights for the variables of preflight vital signs, preflight neurologic status, and flight crew neurologic status. Logistic regression models showed that coefficients for preflight total score, flight crew interventions, flight crew total score, need for surgical intervention, and need for complex critical care were significant. All other coefficients were not significant. Patients requiring emergent surgical intervention were more than four times likely to be considered an appropriate use of the aircraft, and patients requiring complex critical care were almost eight times more likely to be considered an appropriate use of the aircraft. Odds ratios for preflight and flight crew total scores revealed an increase in the likelihood of appropriateness as the total score values increased. Conclusion: Development of a gold standard to determine appropriate use of the aircraft and measurable criteria on which to base that decision is important. The instrument used in this pilot study now must be revised given statistical findings and input from the emergency transport industry.
The Full Price of Truth

Some ideas gain currency as soon as there is a linguistic medium of exchange. Truth is one such. Its role in our intellectual economy is much like that of money in the real one. Canonical warrants to make assertions are like gold bars. Truth-claims are like paper money: promises to produce gold bars on demand. Jim Edwards's helpful analysis of the root of my disagreement with Crispin Wright (see Wright 1992, ch.1; Tennant 1994; and Edwards 1997) prompts me to warn against proliferating derivatives in the anti-realist exchange. To be sure, we must not sell truth short; but we should not short-change the truth-teller either. In S 1 of this note Edwards's criticisms are countered; then in ?2 an argument advanced for the view that Wright's notion of superassertability (once it is properly explicated) has no role to play in the anti-realist's account of empirical discourse.
Modulation of Ovarian Adenylate Cyclase Response to Gonadotropins Following Luteinization of the Rat Ovary

The hFSH- and hLH-sensitive adenylate cyclase activities of immature and luteinized rat ovaries were studied. Both immature and luteinized ovaries contain an enzyme activity highly responsive to gonadotropin stimulation. Satisfactory response of the ovarian adenylate cyclase activity obtained under optimal conditions required gentle homogenization of ovarian tissues. The enzyme activity of the immature ovaries was highly sensitive to hFSH (5- to 7-fold over the basal activity). The stimulation cannot be attributed to hLH contamination, since hFSH had a larger stimulatory effect than hLH in immature ovaries and the apparent Km for both hFSH and hLH were about the same. The adenylate cyclase of the heavily luteinized ovaries was found more responsive to hLH after luteinization by PMSG-hCG injection. hLH caused an average 6-fold increase in enzyme activity. On the other hand, the adenylate cyclase of the luteinized ovaries lost its response to FSH. The hFSH-stimulated activity observed could be attributed to...
Atomix excitation during the impact of ions and clusters

As we feel more confident in our ability to make realistic simulations of ion-solid interactions with molecular dynamics, we shall try to include within the calculations more than just the Newtonian equations of motion. One obvious new frontier is the inclusion of atomic excitation effects, which may be first introduced by semiclassical approximations in which known or estimated excitation and decay probabilities are included. In this paper I shall provide a brief description of what we have achieved already, what sorts of improvements we have in mind for the immediate future, and which experiments should be done to provide stringent tests of our models.
Surface Conductivity and Disjoining Pressure of Common Black Films Stabilized with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

We have conducted simultaneous measurements of the disjoining pressure and the film conductance for sodium dodecyl sulfate- (SDS-) stabilized foam films in aqueous electrolyte solutions and over a range of film thicknesses. The disjoining pressure ascertains the repulsive forces within the film while the conductance gauges the possible changes in mobilities and concentrations of the ions within the thin-film region, relative to their bulk values. The disjoining pressure is measured using a modified version of the porous-glass-plate technique. To permit electrical measurements in the same apparatus, a novel film holder was designed in which the film is formed in the annular region between two concentric, porous stainless steel disks. The inner and outer disks serve as electrodes, and they constrain the current to flow radially through the film. To avoid electroosmosis, the film conductance is obtained using AC impedance spectroscopy. New data are reported for the disjoining pressure, conductance, and film thickness of 0.002-M SDS foam films with and without added sodium nitrate. Film conductances exhibit a decrease with decreasing film thickness, which suggests a decrease in the mobility of the film ions relative to their bulk values, even for films as thick as 40 nm. Surface-charge densities are estimated from the conductance data and are consistent with available surface tension data. However, the surface-charge densities estimated from the disjoining-pressure data are more than an order of magnitude smaller than the values estimated from conductance and surface-tension data. Improvements in both experimental precision and theory are needed to overcome this discrepancy.
Increasing client involvement in evaluation: A team approach

This case study describes an effective team effort and offers perspectives on the short- and long-term impacts of the approach.
Understanding web documents: finding pagelets for transformation using structural patterns

Understanding a web document and the sections inside the document is very important for web transformation and information retrieval from web pages. Detecting pagelets, which are small features located inside a web page, in order to understand a web document's structure is a difficult problem. Current work on pagelet detection focuses only on finding the location of the pagelet without regard to its functionality. We describe a method to detect both the location and functionality of pagelets using HTML element patterns. For each pagelet type, an HTML element pattern is created and matched to a web page. Sections of the web page that matches the patterns are marked as pagelet candidates. We test this technique on multiple popular web pages from the news and e-commerce genres. We find that this method adequately recalls various pagelets from the web page.
Effect of exercise, hypoxia, and epinephrine on lysosomes and plasma enzymes.

Abstract In order to study the possible relation of hepatic lysosomal stability and enzyme release from the liver during stress, rats were sacrificed after swimming exercise, hypoxia, and epinephrine injections. Each of the stresses caused a decrease in hepatic lysosomal stability, an increase in plasma ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), a liver specific enzyme, and increases in plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT). With exercise, the decrease in lysosomal stability and the increase in OCT were first seen at one hour. The OCT increase preceded the lysosomal changes after hypoxia and followed the lysosomal changes after epinephrine injection. Prednisolone reduced the lysosomal and CPK (but not the OCT and AAT) changes with exercise, but had no effect with hypoxia or epinephrine injections. Adrenalectomy delayed the lysosomal changes and eliminated the increase in OCT after hypoxia and epinephrine. The varying time sequence of hepatic lysosomal changes and enzyme release with these stresses suggests that these two phenomena are not causally related.
Dissociative responses in the immediate aftermath of the Oakland/Berkeley firestorm

This study examined relationships between dissociative symptoms experienced in the immediate aftermath of the Oakland/Berkeley firestorm and contact with the fire, life events, demographic variables, and actions taken after learning about the fire. One hundred eighty-seven participants completed self-report measures about their experiences during and immediately following the fire. Dissociative symptoms were significantly related to contact with the fire, sex, and stressful life events. Also, dissociative symptoms were significantly related to engaging in certain activities, such as trying to get closer to the fire and going into blocked-off areas and crossing police barricades. These results suggest that dissociative symptoms may merit special attention in intervention focusing on the immediate aftermath of disaster.
Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color.

The color properties (CIE Lab, hue, and chroma) of 90 red grapefruit juices were studied by tristimulus reflectance measurement for two growing seasons. Juices were prepared from six red grapefruit cultivars including Ruby Red, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Ray Ruby, Flame, and Marsh Red grown in Florida. Very wide varietal and seasonal variations on juice color were observed, and most notably, CIE a values varied widely from -1.41 to 9.06 (CV = 82.6%). Lycopene is the major colored pigment in red cultivars with lesser amounts of beta-carotene as determined by HPLC on a carotenoid C(30) column with gradient elution using MeOH and MTBE. The highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.963) found between CIE a values and lycopene contents in juices from all cultivars combined suggest the possibility that the CIE a value would be a good indicator for pigmentation in red grapefruit juice.
Hypotension induced by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs.

Abstract The mechanism of the hypotensive response produced by inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme was studied in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. A recently developed potent inhibitor of the converting enzyme, SQ 14,225 (D-3-mercapto-2-methyl propanoyl-L-proline), administered i.v. to intact dogs resulted in a rapid marked decrease in blood pressure. In nephrectomized dogs, SQ 14,225 retained significant hypotensive activity, although the absolute magnitude of the decreases in blood pressure were less than had been observed in dogs with intact kidneys. SQ 14,225 also lowered blood pressure when administered to intact dogs in which angiotensin II receptors had been blocked with the receptor antagonist Sar 1 , Ala 8 -angiotensin II. This apparent ability of SQ 14,225 to decrease blood pressure in the absence of a functional renin angiotensin system was shared by a structurally dissimilar, nonapeptide, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20,881 (Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro). SQ 20,881 also produced significant decreases in blood pressure in nephrectomized dogs. These findings indicate that the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, SQ 14,225 and SQ 20,881 may lower blood pressure in anesthetized normotensive dogs via a mechanism unrelated to either the renin angiotensin system or the renal kinin system.
The Democracy Cluster Classification Index

Utilizing hierarchical cluster analysis, a new measure of democracy, the DCC index, is proposed and constructed from five popular indices of democracy (Freedom House, Polity IV, Vanahanen’s index of democratization, Cheibub et al.’s index of democracy and dictatorship, and the Cingranelli-Richards index of electoral self-determination). The DCC was used to classify the regime types for twenty-four countries in the Americas and thirty-nine countries in Europe over a thirty-year period. The results indicated that democracy is a latent class variable. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were conducted for the five existing democracy indices as well as the newly proposed Unified Democracy Scores index and a predicted DCC score. This analysis revealed significant problems with existing measures. Overall, the predicted DCC index attained the highest level of accuracy although one other index achieved high levels of accuracy in identifying nondemocracies.
Strong Consistency of the Maximum Product of Spacings Estimates with Applications in Nonparametrics and in Estimation of Unimodal Densities

Distributions with unimodal densities are among the most commonly used in practice. However, for many unimodal distribution families the likelihood functions may be unbounded, thereby leading to inconsistent estimates. The maximum product of spacings (MPS) method, introduced by Cheng and Amin and independently by Ranneby, has been known to give consistent and asymptotically normal estimators in many parametric situations where the maximum likelihood method fails. In this paper, strong consistency theorems for the MPS method are obtained under general conditions which are comparable to the conditions of Bahadur and Wang for the maximum likelihood method. The consistency theorems obtained here apply to both parametric models and some nonparametric models. In particular, in any unimodal distribution family the asymptotic MPS estimator of the underlying unimodal density is shown to be universally L1 consistent without any further conditions (in parametric or nonparametric settings).
Molecular host siloxane thin films for surface acoustic wave chemical sensors

Cyclodextrin siloxane coatings on surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have been studied as sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The in-situ formation of cyclodextrin siloxane multilayer thin films efficiently yield uniform coatings on SAW devices. The incorporation of molecular host reagents (cyclodextins and their derivatives) into thin films greatly enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of SAW sensors. The identification of VOCs based on SAW sensor arrays is discussed.
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Iron-Pyrylium Complexes

The syntheses and characterization of three cationic iron-pyrylium complexes (2 + , [2-OMe-3-Fp-5,6-Ph 2 (C 5 HO)] + ; 3 + , [2-OMe-3-Fp-6-Ph(C 5 H 2 O)] + ; 4 + , [2-OMe-3-Fp'-6-Ph (C 5 H 2 O)] + ) that result from the sequential addition of methyl propiolate and PhC≡CR (R = Ph, H) to FpBF 4 (Fp = η 5 -C 5 H 5 (CO) 2 Fe) or Fp'PF 6 (Fp' = η 5 -(C 5 H 4 Me)(CO) 2 Fe) are presented. The initially formed cationic Fp-methyl propiolate complex is shown to convert into a complicated mixture that includes the corresponding vinylidene and alkynyl complexes. The iron-pyrylium complexes have been characterized by 1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, FAB-MS, electrochemical, and fiber-optic-IR and ESR spectroelectrochemical techniques. These metal-pyrylium complexes undergo electron transfer at the pyrylium ring rather than at the metal center. The subsequent chemistry of the neutral species 2., 3., and 4. is strongly influenced by the nature of the substituents on the ring. The sterically protected complex 2 + undergoes chemically and electrochemically reversible reductions. The complexes 3 + and 4 + undergo dimerization reactions after reduction presumably through the 4-position of the pyrylium ring.
Explain the Brain: Websites to Help Scientists Teach Neuroscience to the General Public

Increased public awareness of neuroscience often results in requests to neuroscientists to share their knowledge with lay audiences. This Feature showcases Internet-based resources to help neuroscientists explain their work to the general public and K–12 audiences.
Development of z-pinch laser diagnostics at the Zebra generator

The 50 TW Leopard laser coupled with the 1-MA Zebra generator was used for the development of new diagnostics for z-pinch plasmas. Two plasma diagnostics are presented: an x-ray broadband backlighting for z-pinch absorption spectroscopy and parametric two-plasmon decay of the laser beam in dense z-pinch plasma. The implementation of the new diagnostics on the Zebra generator and the first results are discussed. The absorption spectroscopy is based on backlighting the z-pinch plasma with broadband x-ray radiation from the Sm laser plasma. The absorption spectroscopy can deliver data about the electron temperature and density of z-pinch plasma at the non-radiative stage. The parametric two-plasmon decay of intensive laser radiation generates 3/2ω and 1/2ω harmonics. These harmonics can be used to derive the temperature of the z-pinch plasma with the electron density near the quarter of critical plasma density [1]. Ultraviolet (UV) laser probing diagnostics at the wavelength of 266 nm have been developed for the investigation of the 1-MA Z-pinch plasma. The smaller absorption and refraction in dense plasma at the wavelength of 266 nm allows for a deeper penetration into the dense Z-pinch plasma. These features allow for the observation of fine details in the Z-pinch plasma at the implosion and stagnation phases. A shadowgraphy channel with a spatial resolution of 4 µm was tested. An electron density N e >5·1019 cm-3 was measured directly in the stagnated Z-pinch with interferometry at 266 nm. Further development of laser probing diagnostics includes a UV Faraday rotation diagnostic and two-frame UV shadowgraphy. UV laser probing diagnostics give the opportunity to investigate the micro structures and current distribution in the stagnated Z-pinch.
Dates, nodes and character conflict: addressing the Lissamphibian origin problem

Synopsis Extant amphibians consist of Salientia (frogs), Caudata (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). The mutual relationships of these groups are controversial, with either Batrachia (Salientia + Caudata) or Procera (Gymnophiona + Caudata) as emerging clades in recent molecular and morphological analyses. The monophyly of amphibians as a whole is supported by independent data, but their origins and affinities with early tetrapods are debated. A new cladistic analysis of early tetrapods retrieves Temnospondyli (the most species‐rich group of early tetrapods) as the closest relatives of crown group amphibians. One temnospondyl group, the Dissorophoidea, forms a series of consecutive outgroups to crown amphibians. In particular, the Lower Permian amphibamid Doleserpeton is the most derived plesion on the amphibian stem. The Albanerpetontidae, a group of salamander‐like tetrapods ranging from the Jurassic to the Pliocene, are placed as stem Gymnophiona. The shortest trees support the Batrachia hypoth...
Evaluation of Cut-Off Saw Exposure Control Methods for Respirable Dust and Crystalline Silica in Roadway Construction

Dust reduction equipment adapted for single-person operation was evaluated for gas-powered, commercially available cut-off saws during concrete curb cutting. Cutting was performed without dust control and with two individual exposure control methods: wet suppression and local exhaust ventilation (LEV). The wet suppression system comprised a two-nozzle spray system and a 13.3-L hand-pressurized water supply system with an optimum mean flow rate of 0.83 L/min for 16 min of cutting. The LEV system consisted of a spring-loaded guard, an 18.9-L collection bag, and a centrifugal fan with an estimated exhaust rate of 91 ft3/min. Task-based, personal filter samples were obtained for four saw operators during cutting durations of 4 to 16 min on five job sites. Seventeen filter samples were collected without dust control, 14 with wet suppression, and 12 with LEV, yielding a geometric mean respirable dust concentration of 16.4 mg/m3, 3.60 mg/m3, and 4.40 mg/m3, respectively. A dust reduction of 78.0% for wet suppres...
Object detection and amplitude estimation based on maximum a posteriori reconstructions

We report on the behavior of the linear maximum a posteriori (MAP) tomographic reconstruction technique as a function of the assumed rms noise {sigma}{sub n} in the measurements, which specifies the degree of confidence in the measurement data. The unconstrained MAP reconstructions are evaluated on the basis of the performance of two related tasks; object detection and amplitude estimation. It is found that the detectability of medium-sized discs remains constant up to relatively large {sigma}{sub n} before slowly diminishing. However, the amplitudes of the discs estimated from the MAP reconstructions increasingly deviate from their actual values as {sigma}{sub n} increases.
The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. IV. Oxidation rates of the respiratory carriers of mung bean mitochondria in the presence of cyanide.

The half-time for oxidation of cytochrome b557 in mitochondria from etiolated mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) hypocotyls is 5.8 milliseconds at 24 Celsius in the absence or presence of 0.3 mm KCN, when the oxidation is carried out by injecting a small amount of oxygenated medium into a suspension of mitochondria made anaerobic in the presence of succinate plus malonate. Since oxygen is consumed by the alternate, cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway of these mitochondria, cycles of oxidation and reduction can be obtained with the oxygen pulses when cyanide is present. Reduced cytochromes (a + a3) also become oxidized at nearly the uninhibited rate under these conditions, a3 completely and a partially. The half-time for oxidation of c547 is also unaffected by 0.3 mm KCN, but c549 has a half-time equal to that of c547 in the presence of KCN, compared to the shorter one observed in the absence of inhibitor. The maximum extent of oxidation of the cytochromes c is about 70% in the presence of 0.3 mm KCN; this oxidation is rapidly followed by an extensive reduction which is synchronous with the reduction of cytochrome a observed under the same conditions. In the presence of cyanide, it appears likely that the cytochromes c and b557 are oxidized by cytochrome oxidase in oxygen pulse experiments, rather than by the alternate oxidase. The oxidation of cytochrome b553 is partially inhibited by KCN, but complete oxidation is attained in the aerobic steady state with excess oxygen. If the oxygen pulse experiment is carried out in the presence of sufficient malonate so that entry of reducing equivalents into the respiratory chain occurs at a rate negligible compared to inter-carrier electron transport, the half-time for flavoprotein oxidation is unaffected by 0.3 mm KCN while that for ubiquinone oxidation is but 2-fold larger. The observed net oxidation rate of these two carriers in mung bean mitochondria is more sensitive to the entry rate of reducing equivalents, as set by succinate concentration and malonate to succinate ratio, then it is in skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) mitochondria. These observations are interpreted in terms of a respiratory carrier Y, placed between flavoprotein plus ubiquinone and the cytochromes, which is the fork in the split respiratory pathway to the two terminal oxidases and which has lower electron transport capacity in mung bean mitochondria than in skunk cabbage mitochondria.
Indications and outcomes of endoscopic CO2 laser cricopharyngeal myotomy.

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe indications, management, and outcomes of endoscopic CO2 laser cricopharyngeal myotomy (CPM).
Long‐Range Resonant Energy Transfer for Enhanced Exciton Harvesting for Organic Solar Cells

Exciton harvesting is of fundamental importance for the efficient operation of organic photovoltaic devices. The quantum efficiencies of many organic and hybrid organic-inorganic devices are still limited by low exciton harvesting efficiencies. This problem is most apparent in planar heterostructures that suffer from a direct tradeoff between light absorption and exciton harvesting. The bulk heterojunction concept [1,2] was designed to alleviate the problem of limited exciton migration by intimately blending the donor and acceptor phases on the nanometer length scale. In some polymer/fullerene systems, such as poly(2-methoxy,5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4phenylenevinylene) (MDMO-PPV)/(6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), time resolved spectroscopy shows the photoinduced formation of the radical anions and cations on femtosecond timescales. [3] This ultrafast formation of the polaron signature is only possible if every exciton is formed on a polymer chain segment that is immediately adjacent to one or more fullerene molecules. However, in other systems, very large domains prevail and, consequently, exciton harvesting is inefficient. [4] This has made the fabrication of efficient devices incorporating new materials difficult because each new material leads to a new morphology with its own characteristic length scale. The ordered bulk heterojunction architecture is intended to alleviate these issues by using a pre-patterned nanostructured scaffold [5–7] that has been engineered to have both straight pathways to the electrodes to ensure efficient carrier collection, and controlled domain size to ensure efficient exciton harvesting. Recently, chain alignment has been shown to be promoted for regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (RR-P3HT) in straight nanopores of anodic alumina leading to a 20-fold increase in hole-mobility in these structures. [8] For solar cell applications, higher mobilities reduce the effects of space charge [9] and increase the probability of separating the geminate pair formed immediately after exciton dissociation. [10–13] While the ordered bulk heterojunction architecture shows promise, existing structures have domains too large [14,15] for efficient exciton harvesting with singlet diffusion lengths only ca. 3–8 nm. [16–18] At this time, few alternatives other than nanostructuring have been proposed to increase exciton harvesting. Triplet excitons have been shown to have large diffusion lengths due to their long lifetimes, [18–20] but except in a few examples [21,22] this usually comes at the expense of a loss in energy of 0.4–0.8 eV associated with intersystem crossing between the photoexcited singlet to the first excited triplet. [23–25]