cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Winter Conditions on the Age, Hatch Dates, and Growth of Juvenile Atlantic Menhaden in the Choptank River, Maryland

AbstractSince 1993, the Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus has experienced sustained low juvenile production (recruitment) in the Chesapeake Bay. We hypothesized that factors affecting wintertime larval growth in Atlantic Ocean shelf habitats carry over to juvenile growth and survival within the Chesapeake Bay. The effects of winter thermal conditions on the hatch dates and growth of larval and juvenile Atlantic Menhaden were examined using otolith increment analyses. During 2010–2013, truncated hatch date distributions for Atlantic Menhaden provided evidence of a winter recruitment bottleneck caused by cold temperatures. Hatch dates of surviving juveniles were skewed toward warmer months for years characterized by colder temperatures. Reduced larval growth rates, which were influenced by lower temperature and reduced food availability, carried over to juvenile growth rates for the same individuals. If larvae that are destined for ingress to the Chesapeake Bay predominately originate from early winter ...
Urban vacant land typology: A tool for managing urban vacant land

Abstract A typology of urban vacant land was developed, using Roanoke, Virginia, as the study area. A comprehensive literature review, field measurements and observations, including photographs, and quantitative based approach to assessing vacant land forest structure and values (i-Tree Eco sampling) were utilized, along with aerial photo interpretation, and ground-truthing methods, to identify and catalog vacant parcels of land.; The following types of urban vacant land were identified: post-industrial (3.34 km²), derelict (4.01 km²), unattended with vegetation (17.3 km²), natural (2.78 km²), and transportation-related (5.01 km²). Unattended with vegetation sites can be important resources that support urban ecosystem health; the most effective ecosystem benefits occur in natural sites based on their per-ha value. The redesign of post-industrial sites could build a city’s image, while transportation-related sites can contribute a green infrastructure network of open spaces across a city. This typological study could have significant implications for policy development, and for planners and designers seeking to utilize urban vacant land to the best advantage.
Immunologic and Virologic Outcomes of Obese and Nonobese Incarcerated Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection.

Background:Obesity is common among patients with HIV. The objective of this study was to characterize response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of obese incarcerated adults compared to a...
Interdental /s/ in Salvadoran Spanish:: Linguistic patterns and social meaning

Abstract This study provides a systematic account of the occurrence of interdental /s/ in Salvadoran Spanish and explores speakers’ attitudes toward its use. Specifically, it examines the linguistic, social, and stylistic contexts in which this understudied variant occurs, and it describes how the speakers construct meaning through it despite being a stigmatized variant. It was found that this variant is more likely to be observed in syllable-onset position both word-medially and initially. Additionally, it is more likely to be observed in casual style in the youngest and oldest age groups and it is less likely observed in the speech of professionals. There are indications that this variant is associated with an age-grading phenomena, which is also indicative of stable variation. The present work fills an almost a 30+ year old gap left by previous studies that only briefly touched upon this variant.
Resources for Student and Instructor

This part of the book brings together additional information for both student and instructor. We begin with a few suggestions for further reading or different ways in which you could pursue some of the themes of this book more deeply. Then a series of tables lists useful data about our Earth and about various environmental influences. These are followed by a list of the book’s illustrations (and their sources); by the bibliography, which contains all the references that are cited in the text; and finally by the index for the book.
Simulation and analysis of three-dimensional echo decorrelation imaging

A numerical model for pulse-echo ultrasound imaging [Mast, JASA 128:EL99-EL104, 2010] is extended to three-dimensional (3D) imaging of linear, weakly scattering continuum media by matrix array transducers. In this model, beam patterns for steered transmit and receive subapertures, calculated analytically under the Fresnel approximation, are combined with a 3D numerical tissue model to yield beamformed scan lines in a rectilinear or pyramidal configuration. Simulated scan lines are processed to yield both volumetric B-mode images and echo decorrelation images, comprising spatial maps of the normalized decorrelation between sequential pulse-echo image volumes. A method is demonstrated for construction and scan conversion of quantitative 3D echo decorrelation images such that, as for 2D echo decorrelation imaging [Hooi et al., JASA 137:585-597, 2015], the mapped echo decorrelation consistently estimates the local decoherence spectrum of the tissue reflectivity. Simulated 3D echo decorrelation images of rando...
AFRICA, EAST | Madagascar and Surrounding Islands

This article summarizes current research on the people of Madagascar, the possible causes of megafauna extinctions, and the development from early settlements to the Malagasy states at the time of European contact.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Programs Related to the Agricultural Use of Nitrates

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is embracing new principles and tools to meet the challenge of nitrate management. We are adopting the fundamental philosophy that less nitrate usage is better than more. In addition, we are using innovative tools, including wellhead protection as an alternative to treatment at the tap, geographic targeting, demonstration and education, and economic incentives and disincentives.
Sensitive uncooled thermal imager based on liquid crystal Fabry-Perot interferometer

Microbolometers are the dominant technology for uncooled thermal imaging and recently devices based on a direct birefringence measurement of a 1 μm-thick liquid crystal (LC) transducer pixel have been shown to have comparable sensitivity to current microbolometers. A modified approach for increasing device sensitivity to the temperature-dependent indices of refeaction is use of an LC resonant cavity in an etalon structure. The measured quantity is the transmission of a visible wavelength through the etalon which requires no thermal contact with the IR absorbing cavity. In this paper a detailed device design is proposed for a LC resonant cavity between dielectric mirrors. The dielectric mirror materials beneath the cavity were chosen to be compatible with existing VLSI processing. The mirror materials above the cavity were chosen to have high transmittance for the 8-14 μm LWIR band and the visible probe wavelength. The performance of this design was evaluated numerically and is shown to yield 31% change in transmitted intensity over the 200 mK temperature range considered when pixel thickness is 470 nm. For comparison, a 1 μm-thick LC pixel based on direct birefringence measurement is expected to yield a 1.6% transmission change over the same range. The etalon device represents a 19x increase in sensitivity with thinner pixels – this leads to lower pixel thermal mass and faster thermal response times.
The influence of CO2 on the structure of confined asphaltenes in calcite nanopores

Abstract The effect of CO2 injection on the structure and transport properties of confined asphaltenes in 6 nm slit-shaped calcite nanopore was studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The difference between asphaltene behavior in confined and bulk fluids in the presence of CO2 were investigated. A higher number of CO2 molecules in confinement influenced the anisotropic distribution of the confined hydrocarbons by displacing the adsorbed hydrocarbons molecules away from the pore surface toward the center of the pore. The van der Waals and electrostatic affinity of toluene and asphaltene with calcite surface decreased with an increase in the CO2 mole fraction. Increase in the number of CO2 molecules in confinement enhanced the tendency of asphaltenes to form aggregates. Further, the diffusivities of hydrocarbons were influenced by the density of injected CO2 and were found to vary anisotropically in the calcite nanopores. The aggregation of asphaltenes in the absence of confinement is faster as opposed to being in confinement. The enhanced adsorption of CO2 to the pore surface reduces the concentration of CO2 in the center of the pore resulting in slower aggregation of asphaltenes in confinement. These results suggest that developing a fundamental understanding of asphaltene behavior in confinement is essential for developing more robust predictions of field-scale observations of asphaltene aggregation.
Financing in CDM Projects

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism defined in the Kyoto protocol that incentivizes parties to the protocol to fund sustainable development projects in countries that are not party to the protocol. We analyze a target contract financing structure for different CDM projects in order to see under what conditions the financing structure is efficient and to explore the contract's allocation of profit among the firms. In the two broad categories of CDM projects we consider, we find the optimal investment decision for the investor and for the overall system. We also analyze how the residual value of technology would affect the financing, target contract's efficiency and allocation of profit.
Debriefing Lab Content Using Active Learning

Labs in a large lecture course provide highly scaffolded programming exercises. Despite positive student feedback, some students were not achieving the learning goals. This project attempted to increase student's conceptual understanding using short active learning exercises. The first iteration of this project used two versions of active learning: present several multiple-choice questions about the lab material, then either provide a full debrief of all answers or a partial debrief of only the correct answer. The control group was the previous semester's course when no debriefing was done. Two research questions were evaluated. First, does debriefing enhance learning in a computer science course? We found that students performed significantly better on debriefed items compared to students that were not debriefed. These results were unaffected by individual student GPA as a predictor. Second, does level of depth of debriefing affect learning? We found no significant difference between full debrief and partial debrief groups. These results were replicated in a second trial that compared full, partial, and no debriefing. In the second iteration of the project, each of three sections were given a full debrief, partial debrief, or no debrief (only the correct answer was given with no explanation). The full debrief group and the partial debrief group used the Think-Pair-Share method: pairs of students discussed the questions and various answers; one pair was chosen at random to answer each question. The research question is, does the level of depth of the debriefing intervention among the three treatments affect learning?
The quality of prostate cancer applications available on smartphones.

e17786 Background: In 2012, our group opted to looks at prostate cancer directed applications available on smartphone application stores. We found that of 18 available applications, the majority of...
Assessment of the Value of Comorbidity Indices for Risk Adjustment in Colorectal Surgery Patients

Comorbidity indices (CIs) are widely used in retrospective studies. We investigated the value of commonly used CIs in risk adjustment for postoperative complications after colorectal surgery. Patients undergoing colectomy without stoma for colonic neoplasia at a single institution from 2009 to 2014 were included. Four CIs were calculated or obtained for each patient, using administrative data: Charlson–Deyo (CCI-D), Charlson–Romano (CCI-R), Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, and American Society of Anesthesiologists classification. Outcomes of interest in the 90-day postoperative period were any surgical complication, surgical site infection (SSI), Clavien–Dindo (CD) grade 3 or higher complication, anastomotic leak or abscess, and nonroutine discharge. Base models were created for each outcome based on significant bivariate associations. Logistic regression models were constructed for each outcome using base models alone, and each index as an additional covariate. Models were also compared using the DeLong and Clarke–Pearson method for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, with the CCI-D as the reference. Overall, 1813 patients were included. Postoperative complications were reported in 756 (42%) patients. Only 9% of patients had a CD grade 3 or higher complication, and 22.8% of patients developed an SSI. Multivariable modeling showed equivalent performance of the base model and the base model augmented by the CIs for all outcomes. The ROC curves for the four indices were also similar. The inclusion of CIs added little to the base models, and all CIs performed similarly well. Our study suggests that CIs do not adequately risk-adjust for complications after colorectal surgery.
Phacoemulsification in review: Optimization of cataract removal in an in vitro setting.

Phacoemulsification, initially used in the late 1960s, continues to be the standard of care for cataract removal. An animal model was developed so that, in a controlled research setting, all the various machines, handpieces, tips, and settings could be investigated. As a general rule, the higher power, vacuum, and aspiration settings lead to optimally efficient phacoemulsification. In addition, both new phacoemulsification platforms and newly developed devices have been shown to improve efficiency. As a result, we recommend that the integration of these recent developments should be considered in future investigations.
Abstract 1033: Axl-mediated activation of TBK1 drives epithelial plasticity in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by an activating mutation in KRAS. Direct inhibition of KRAS through pharmacological means remains a challenge; however, targeting key KRAS effectors has therapeutic potential. We investigated the contribution of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), a critical downstream effector of mutant active KRAS, to PDA progression. We report that higher levels of TBK1 mRNA are associated with poorer overall survival in human PDA patients and that TBK1 supports the growth and metastasis of KRAS-mutant PDA by driving an epithelial plasticity program in tumor cells that enhances invasive and metastatic capacity. Further, we identify that the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl induces TBK1 activity in a Ras-RalB-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that TBK1 is central to an Axl-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition in KRAS-mutant PDA and suggest that interruption of the Axl-TBK1 signaling cascade above or below KRAS has potential therapeutic efficacy in this recalcitrant disease. Citation Format: Emily N. Arner, Victoria H. Cruz, Wenting Du, Rolf Brekken. Axl-mediated activation of TBK1 drives epithelial plasticity in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1033.
Myxobacterial Response to Methyljasmonate Exposure Indicates Contribution to Plant Recruitment of Micropredators

Chemical exchanges between plants and microbes within rhizobiomes are critical to the development of community structure. Volatile root exudates such as the phytohormone methyljasmonate (MeJA) contribute to various plant stress responses and have been implicated to play a role in the maintenance of microbial communities. Myxobacteria are competent predators of plant pathogens and are generally considered beneficial to rhizobiomes. While plant recruitment of myxobacteria to stave off pathogens has been suggested, no involved chemical signaling processes are known. Herein we expose predatory myxobacteria to MeJA and employ untargeted mass spectrometry, motility assays, and RNA sequencing to monitor changes in features associated with predation such as specialized metabolism, swarm expansion, and production of lytic enzymes. From a panel of four myxobacteria, we observe the most robust metabolic response from plant-associated Archangium sp. strain Cb G35 with 10 μM MeJA impacting the production of at least 300 metabolites and inducing a ≥ fourfold change in transcription for 56 genes. We also observe that MeJA induces A. sp. motility supporting plant recruitment of a subset of the investigated micropredators. Provided the varying responses to MeJA exposure, our observations indicate that MeJA contributes to the recruitment of select predatory myxobacteria suggesting further efforts are required to explore the microbial impact of plant exudates associated with biotic stress.
PERK (Protein Kinase RNA-Like ER Kinase) Branch of the Unfolded Protein Response Confers Neuroprotection in Ischemic Stroke by Suppressing Protein Synthesis.

Background and Purpose— Ischemic stroke impairs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function, causes ER stress, and activates the unfolded protein response. The unfolded protein response consists of 3 branc...
Enhancing H2-permselectivity of high-flux hollow fiber membrane via in-situ layer-by-layer surface treatment

Abstract This manuscript presents the first application of a layer-by-layer (LbL) permselective all-polymer coating to a Torlon© polyamide imide (PAI) hollow fiber substrate to realize a new class of manufacturable, highly selective, composite polymer membrane for hydrogen separation from carbon dioxide and nitrogen light gases. Sub-micron, defect-free conformal coatings of [PEI10/PAA4] polymeric pair were successfully deposited on both PEI-functionalized and untreated hollow fiber substrates. Surface functionalization was found to provide twofold benefits of introducing a positively charged surface to aid LbL deposition while enhancing selective transport of hydrogen through the membrane achieving high selectivities of H2:CO2 (>200:1) and H2:N2 (>2000:1) at 40 Barrers of H2 permeability exceeding the Robeson upper bound for homogenous polymer films. The deposition of low-cost, water-based polymers and easy to fabricate LbL membranes on conventional hollow fiber has potential use at industrial scale for hydrogen separation.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Angular Velocity Control via Reinforcement Learning in Dimension Reduced Search Spaces

Search space dimension reduction strategies are studied for reinforcement learning based angular velocity control of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles. Reinforcement learning approximates the value function iteratively over the state-action space, which is 6-dimensional in the case of multirotor angular velocity control. An inverse-dynamics approach is applied to reduce the 6-dimensional state-action space to a 3-dimensional state-only search space while estimating the uncertain model parameters. The search space dimension is further reduced when the state variables are only allowed to vary following either a motion camouflage strategy or a hyperbolic tangent path. Simulation results show that the modified reinforcement learning algorithms can be implemented in real time for multirotor angular velocity control.
Libraries of Uniform Magnetic Multicore Nanoparticles with Tunable Dimensions for Biomedical and Photonic Applications

Multicore iron oxide nanoparticles, also known as colloidal nanocrystal clusters, are magnetic materials with diverse applications in biomedicine and photonics. Here, we examine how both of their characteristic dimensional features, the primary particle and sub-micron colloid diameters, influence their magnetic properties and performance in two different applications. The characterization of these basic size-dependent properties is enabled by a synthetic strategy that provides independent control over both the primary nanocrystal and cluster dimensions. Over a wide range of conditions, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that the oriented attachment of smaller nanocrystals results in their crystallographic alignment throughout the entire superstructure. We apply a sulfonated polymer with high charge density to prevent cluster aggregation and conjugate molecular dyes to particle surfaces so as to visualize their collection using handheld magnets. These libraries of colloidal clusters, indexed both by primary nanocrystal dimension (dp) and overall cluster diameter (Dc), form magnetic photonic crystals with relatively weak size-dependent properties. In contrast, their performance as MRI T2 contrast agents is highly sensitive to cluster diameter, not primary particle size, and is optimized for materials of 50 nm diameter (r2 = 364 mM-1 s-1). These results exemplify the relevance of dimensional control in developing applications for these versatile materials.
Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.) control with soil-active herbicides in no-till fallow

The benefits of no-till fallow, which include reduced soil erosion, improved soil health, and increased stored soil water, are in jeopardy because of the widespread development of glyphosate resistance in Russian thistle. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of soil-active, residual herbicides for Russian thistle control in no-till fallow. The combinations of sulfentrazone + carfentrazone and flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin alone were each applied in late fall, late winter, and split-applied in late fall and late winter at three sites: Adams, OR, in 2017–2018; Lind, WA, in 2018–2019; and Ralston, WA, in 2019–2020. All treatments provided good to excellent control of the initial flush of Russian thistle when assessed in mid-May, except the late-fall application of metribuzin at all three sites, and the late-fall application of sulfentrazone + carfentrazone at Adams. Cumulative Russian thistle densities, evaluated monthly throughout the fallow season, were lowest for the sulfentrazone + carfentrazone treatments, except for the late-fall application at Adams. However, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone and metribuzin provided greater control of tumble mustard and prickly lettuce than did sulfentrazone + carfentazone. Sulfentrazone + carfentrazone, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin can all be used for Russian thistle control in fallow. To reduce the risk for crop injury to subsequently planted winter wheat, a late-fall application of sulfentrazone + carfentrazone may be the preferred treatment in low-rainfall regions where winter wheat–fallow is commonly practiced. A late-winter application may be preferred in higher rainfall regions where a 3-year rotation (e.g., winter wheat–spring wheat–fallow) is common. Flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone should be considered if other broadleaf weeds, such as tumble mustard or prickly lettuce, are of concern. The use of these soil-applied herbicides will reduce the need for the frequent application of glyphosate for Russian thistle control in no-till fallow.
Oxidation of Mo-Si-B Alloys and Coatings in a Water Vapor Environment

For high temperature applications associated with power generation, materials are often subjected to a combustion environment containing water vapor. Under this condition, alloys that develop protective oxide surface layer in a dry air environment exhibit a significant reduction in effectiveness. Oxide scales such as Cr2O3, SiO2, B2O3 and Al2O3 react with water vapor at high temperature to generate volatile species that result in an increase in oxidation attack. Upon oxidation of Mo-Si-B alloys the resulting borosilica scale provides some protection that depends on the B/Si ratio, but the scale suffers accelerated attack in a water vapor environment. After a pack cementation co-deposition of (B + Si) an enhanced resistance to water vapor attack is observed that is related to the incorporation of alumina in the borosilica during pack cementation. An analysis of the water vapor exposure at 1300 °C reveals an estimated coating lifetime of about 82,000 h.
On-Line Appendix for Family Connections in Motorsports: The Case of Formula One

This document provides additional information about the data used in the study “Family Connections in Motorsports: The Case of Formula One,” and contains robustness checks on the main results, focusing on whether particular periods of Formula One racing are overly influential.
Multivariate Long And Short Term LSTM-Based Network for Traffic Forecasting Under Interference: Experiments During COVID-19

Due to COVID-19, work-from-home policy and travel restrictions were taken to decelerate the virus spreading. While these policies successfully eliminated the transmission of COVID-19, original traffic patterns have been completely disrupted, including considerable reductions in travel time and vehicle miles traveled. The impacted traffic patterns from the unexpected event brings challenges to the U.S. Department of Transportation and transportation planners. With fluctuated traffic conditions, it is difficult for transportation agencies to learn representative traffic patterns from short-term historical data. Therefore, we proposed a multivariate long and short-term LSTM-based model (var LS-LSTM) for network-wide traffic forecasting under interference. We considered multiple spatial and temporal features to evaluate network-wide traffic performance and forecast the influenced travel behaviors. Multi-dimensional spatial-temporal features were fused into long-term and short-term historical matrices and fed into the model, which enabled the model to accommodate intervention from unexpected events. Thorough experiments were conducted using loop detector data in the Greater Seattle Area from 2020 to early 2021 and achieved reliable prediction performance in both robustness as well as accuracy. The proposed model showed competitiveness against other state-of-art algorithms in all experiment time frames, from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19-relieving period. This study would benefit government agencies and the general public in making sustainable policies and future resilience plans for post-pandemic smart cities.
Foreword to the Digital Edition (2011) of Philip Selznick's Leadership in Administration

Leadership in Administration is a classic. For over half a century, it has been taught to business and sociology students. This foreword to the digital re-issue Quid Pro, LLC, stresses its relevance to political science and psychology students as well. For all, it stresses the links which Philip Selznick draws between leadership and commitment. Leadership in Administrationis a wonderfully written (and brilliantly analyzed, of course) meditation on commitment in theory and practice.
Treasury Yields and Corporate Bond Yield Spreads : An Empirical Analysis

This paper empirically examines the relation between the Treasury term structure and spreads of investment grade corporate bond yields over Treasuries. I find that noncallable bond yield spreads fall when the level of the Treasury term structure rises. The extent of this decline depends on the initial credit quality of the bond; the decline is small for Aaa-rated bonds and large for Baa-rated bonds. The role of the business cycle in generating this pattern is explored, as is the link between yield spreads and default risk. I also argue that yield spreads based on commonly-used bond yield indexes are contaminated in two important ways. The first is that they are "refreshed" indexes, which hold credit ratings constant over time; the second is that they usually are constructed with both callable and noncallable bonds. The impact of both of these problems is examined.
Native defects and impurities in GaN

Applying state-of-the-art first-principles, calculations we study atomic geometry, electronic structure, and energetics for all native defects and for several donor impurities (O, C, Si) and GaN. An analysis of these results gives direct insight into the defect concentrations and the solubility of impurities with respect to the growth conditions (temperature, chemical potentials) and into possible mechanisms for passivation and compensation. Particularly, we discuss in detail the role of the nitrogen vacancy, which is commonly assumed to be the source for the “auto-doping” of GaN. Our results show that GaN has distinctively different defect properties compared to more “traditional” semiconductors such as Si, GaAs or ZnSe. This is explained in terms of the large mismatch in the atomic radii of Ga and N.
Synthesis of self-resetting stage logic pipelines

In this paper, a methodology to synthesize SRSL pipelines has been presented. The synthesis of SRSL pipelines is formulated as an integer programming (IP) problem subject to area and timing constraints for which an exact procedure is proposed. Currently, the proposed solution is being implemented and tested on a set of benchmark circuits. Also, fast heuristics are being developed to synthesize large gate netlists into SRSL pipelines.
Heavy-ion beam dynamics in the Rare Isotope Accelerator Facility

Recently the possibility of simultaneously accelerating particles with a range of charge-to-mass ratios (-20%) to the same energy was proposed and demonstrated for a superconducting (SC) linac. This development has two immediate applications: 1) acceleration of heavy ions that are limited by ion-source intensities in a high-power medium energy linac such as the driver linac for the proposed Rare-Isotope Accelerator (RIA) Facility and 2) substantial intensity enhancement of secondary radioactive beams in post-accelerators.
Equivalence of catadioptric projections and mappings of the sphere

In this paper we demonstrate that all single viewpoint catadioptric projections are equivalent to the composition of central projection to the sphere followed by a point projection from the sphere to an image plane. Special cases of this equivalence are parabolic projection, for which the second map is a stereographic projection, and perspective projection, for which the second map is central projection. We also show that two projections are dual by the mapping which takes conics to their foci. The foci of line images are points of another, dual, catadiotpric projection; and vice versa, points in the image-are foci of lines in the dual projection. They are dual because the mapping preserves incidence relationships. Finally we show some applications of the theory presented above. We present a general algorithm for calibration of a catadioptric system with lines in a single view.
HIV-associated psoriasis.

A 43-year-old man with an established diagnosis of advanced HIV infection presented with severe psoriasis aff ecting the entire body (fi gure, A). He had not taken antiretroviral treatment for several months and had failed to keep several scheduled appointments. The discomfort of his skin ailment resulted in his return to the hospital. Laboratory examination revealed a CD4+ lymphocyte cell count of 4 cells per μL, CD8+ lymphocyte cell count of 564 cells per μL, CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 0·02, and viral load of 8000 copies per μL. While in the hospital the patient was treated with steroids and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with efavirenz and lamivudine-zidovudine. The patient’s psoriasis improved markedly over the course of the next 5 days (fi gure, B). During the next year the patient had two admissions to the hospital with similar symptoms and was given the same treatment with excellent results. The prevalence of psoriasis in patients with HIV is approximately 5–6% and is no higher than in the general population. However, patients with HIV infection often present with more severe clinical manifestations of psoriasis than the non-HIV population and treatment is usually diffi cult. Some patients with HIV-associated psoriasis have pre-existing psoriasis, whereas others develop it with the progression to AIDS. Pre-existing psoriasis can undergo severe exacerbation in HIV infection, and psoriasis reportedly becomes more severe with progression of immunodefi ciency. Because the psoriasis is mediated by activated T cells, the association of HIV infection and psoriasis appears paradoxical. It has been postulated that immunodysregulation resulting from HIV infection could trigger psoriasis. Treatment of HIV infection with HAART partly corrects the immune defect caused by chronic HIV infection. This case emphasises the importance of strict adherence to HAART in patients with coexisting HIV infection and psoriasis. It is paradoxical that, although drugs that target T lymphocytes are eff ective in psoriasis, the condition is exacerbated by HIV infection.
A computational micromechanics constitutive model for the unloading behavior of paper

Abstract In this study, a computational micromechanics material model for the unloading behavior of paper and other nonwoven materials is presented. The asymptotic fiber and bond (AFB) model for paper elastic–plastic behavior [Sinha, S.K., Perkins, R.W., 1995. Micromechanics constitutive model for use in finite element analysis, In: Proceedings of the 1995, Joint ASME Applied Mechanics and Materials Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Jun 28–30, 1995] has been extended to model the unloading process through a computational algorithm and implemented using the UMAT subroutine in ABAQUS finite element code. For every unloading increment, the material model assumes elastic unloading with a slope equal to the initial elastic modulus. The Jacobian matrix of the constitutive model is updated at every unloading increment by applying the incremental form of AFB model for a planar element with an elastic fiber and bond condition. A uniaxial tensile and a biaxial Mullen burst loading–unloading experiments were carried out for a paperboard sample and simulated using the model. The stress–strain curve and residual strain for the uniaxial loading were in good agreement with experimental results. The finite element model of the burst test with the AFB unloading material model predicted the general shape of the pressure versus deflection curve. However, the model over predicted the residual deflection by more than 50%. The loading portion of the pressure–deflection curve had a significant offset from experimental curves, and the nonlinearity in the unloading curve towards the end was not predicted. The discrepancies with experimental results are attributed to the burst test itself, model parameter estimation inadequacies, boundary conditions used in the FEA, and neglecting time-dependant effects. Nevertheless, the model can be useful in parametric studies relating microstructure to unloading behavior in structural problems.
Remanent Magnetization of Ancient Bricks

IT has recently been suggested that, in the values of remanent magnetization of clay bricks fired in ancient times, there exists evidence of a secular decrease in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field1,2. It has been further suggested that the effect of such a change in magnetic field on the intensity of cosmic radiation incident upon the Earth would tend to falsify radiocarbon dating procedures based on an assumed constant intensity of cosmic radiation3.
Analysis of acoustic-wave detection sensitivity using Bragg-regime diffraction gratings

The application of slanted Bragg-regime diffraction gratings as wave mixers to detect weak acoustic waves is analyzed. The expression for the amplitude-modulated output intensity is given, and the signal-to-noise ratio in the shot-noise limit is obtained. The minimum detectable acoustic grating strength is shown to be of the order of 10−7 rad/Hz1/2.
Epithelial Adhesion in Yeast Species: Correlation with Surface Expression of the Integrin Analog

Epithelial adhesion and expression of the integrin analog, a putative candidal adhesion, were correlated for 33 clinical and laboratory isolates of Candida albicans, other Candida species, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On flow cytometry with saturating concentrations of the monoclonal antibody OKM1, surface fluorescence was highest for C. albicans at 67.8% +/- 1.7% and significantly reduced for Candida tropicalis (32.0% +/- 2.6%), Candida parapsilosis (18.3% +/- 2.4%), Candida glabrata (3.3% +/- 0.8%), Candida lusitaniae (2.9% +/- 1.0%), Candida krusei (0.7% +/- 0.1%), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1.7% +/- 0.2%) (P < .006 for all other species vs. C. albicans). Adhesion to a human epithelial cell line was highest for C. albicans at 49.8% +/- 3.5%, lower for C. tropicalis (44.7% +/- 4.6%), and incrementally reduced for all other species (< 25%) (P < .012). The correlation between integrin expression and epithelial adhesion was highly significant (P = .0066; r2 = .8). Surface expression of the integrin analog predicts epithelial adhesion for yeast species isolated in opportunistic infections.
Small-angle scattering in two-dimensional electron gases.

Mobilities and quantum lifetimes have been measured in a selection of two-dimensional (2D) electron gases with spacer layers between 1.5 and 40 nm and mobilities up to 180 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/V s. Dingle plots (used to determine the quantum lifetime) were sometimes nonlinear, clearly indicating inhomogeneities in the 2D electron gases. For samples with good Dingle plots, the quantum lifetimes were roughly 10 times longer than is predicted by conventional calculations. The discrepancy is attributed to the treatment in these calculations of the small-angle-scattering events associated with the remote ionized donors. A modified calculation in which correlations between the small-angle-scattering events are considered provides better agreement with experiment for both the quantum lifetimes and the mobilities.
Commentary on “Increasing Minority Participation in Clinical Research”: A White Paper from The Endocrine Society

Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical research limits the applicability of trial results to diverse subpopulations. Recognizing an ongoing need to increase participation by minorities, The Endocrine Society established a task force of thought leaders from all stakeholder groups—the pharmaceutical industry, federal agencies, academia, and community groups—to develop a white paper outlining recommendations for meeting this need. The primary goal is to ensure that clinical research supporting the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products and the validity of biomarkers used to design therapeutic strategies is based on statistically powered data derived from minority subpopulations. To realize…
Imaging the Distribution of Melanin in Human Skin Lesions with Pump-Probe Microscopy

Melanoma diagnosis poses tremendous challenges in dermatopathology; recent studies show discordance rates in pathology as high as one in seven[1], and the severe consequences of missing a melanoma diagnosis has increased the number of biopsies taken and lowered the threshold for diagnosis of early melanoma[2]. This leads to unknown but likely significant societal costs and morbidity from associated unnecessary treatments.
DNA sequence determinants for binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin-responsive enhancer.

We have utilized gel retardation analysis and DNA mutagenesis to examine the specific interaction of transformed guinea pig hepatic cytosolic TCDD.AhR complex with a dioxin-responsive element (DRE). Sequence alignment of the mouse CYPIA1 upstream DREs has identified a common invariant "core" consensus sequence of TNGCGTG flanked by several variable nucleotides. Competitive gel retardation analysis using a series of DRE oligonucleotides containing single or multiple base substitutions has allowed identification of those nucleotides important for TCDD.AhR.DRE complex formation. A putative TCDD.AhR DNA-binding consensus sequence of GCGTGNNA/TNNNC/G has been derived. The four core nucleotides, CGTG, appear to be critical for TCDD-inducible protein-DNA complex formation since their substitution decreased AhR binding affinity by 100-800-fold; the remaining conserved bases are also important, albeit to a lesser degree (3-5-fold). The 5'-ward thymine, present in the invariant core sequence of all the DREs identified to date, appears not to be involved in DNA binding of the AhR. The results obtained here indicate that although the primary interaction of the TCDD.AhR complex with the DRE occurs with the conserved "core" sequence, nucleotides flanking the core also contribute to the specificity of DRE binding.
Decreasing age at prostate cancer diagnosis over successive generations in prostate cancer families.

BACKGROUND The decline in age at prostate cancer diagnosis over the past decade is partially attributable to prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening. We examined age at diagnosis over successive generations within prostate cancer families. METHODS Families with at least two affected men were selected from the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project. The 1,345 individuals from 489 families were grouped into three generations. RESULTS Risk of prostate cancer diagnosis at a given age was estimated to increase 1.31 (95% CI: 1.13–1.51) times from one generation to the next. Among men diagnosed prior to the PSA era, inferences were similar (hazard ratio = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.97–1.68). No maternal versus paternal disease transmission effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS Age at prostate cancer diagnosis was observed to decrease over successive generations in families from an ongoing familial prostate cancer study. This finding, if confirmed, may have important implications for familial prostate cancer risk assessment. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Yukawa couplings for Calabi-Yau string compactification

Abstract Recently, we have described string theories based on N = 2 superconformal theories. It was argued that all such string theories correspond to string propagation on Calabi-Yau manifolds. We compute here the Yukawa couplings for massless particles in the representation 27 of E 6 (generations), in some examples, and show that the quasi-topological result of the field-theory approximation holds exactly. This is a non-trivial quantitative agreement which further supports the geometric interpretation of these string theories, as well as giving an explicit demonstration of the quasi-topological nature of these couplings.
The Effect of Caloric Load and Nutrient Composition On Induction of Small Intestinal Satiety in Dogs

Abstract Geoghegan, J. G., C. A. Cheng, D. C. Lawson and T. N. Pappas. The effect of caloric load and nutrient composition on induction of small intestinal satiety in dogs. Physiol Behav 62(1) 39–42, 1997.—The influence of caloric load and nutrient composition on small intestinal satiety was investigated in six dogs with chronic esophageal fistulas. Dogs received small bowel infusion of a mixed nutrient liquid meal, a fat, carbohydrate, and a protein solution over two hours. Each infusion was given over a range of caloric densities which represented between 0 to 20% of the total 24 h caloric requirement for each animal. Satiety was measured by sham feeding at the end of the infusion. Infusion of 0.25 cal/ml (equivalent to 5% of the 24 h caloric requirement) of a liquid mixed nutrient meal (Isocal®) significantly suppressed sham feeding (volume sham fed: control 265 ± 28 ml/min; Isocal 0.25 cal/ml 218 ± 52 ml/min, p
Effluent Fees, AN Alternative System for Achieving Water Quality: a Case Study

This paper reports the findings of a case study of the relative costs of a uniform standards system and an effluent fee system of water quality control. A 30-mile stretch of the Black Warrior River in Alabama is considered. The analysis demonstrates that the dischargers could reduce total pollution abatement costs by 33 percent under the suggested effluent fee system.
Firm factors that influence internationalisation and subsequent financial performance of fashion retailers

Purpose – Grounded in the Uppsala model, the purpose of this paper is to investigate specific firm factors of fashion service retailers, which include: product category offering, firm experience (limited vs extensive) and firm size (small vs large) and examines how variations in these firm characteristics produce significant differences on three aspects of internationalisation activities; scale and scope of internationalisation, market choice (geographic and cultural distance), and financial performance (international sales and profit), and whether market choice produces differences on financial performance. Design/methodology/approach – Secondary sources were utilised to empirically investigate retailers (n=118). Information regarding product category offering, year of establishment, number of employees, countries entered, international sales, and profit were collected from retailer web sites, press releases, and annual reports. Findings – There were significant differences between product category offer...
Synthesis and Properties of 5-Chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline-Substituted Azacrown Ethers: A New Family of Highly Metal Ion-Selective Lariat Ethers

New 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (CHQ)-substituted aza-18-crown-6 (4), diaza-18-crown-6 (1), diaza-21-crown-7 (2), and diaza-24-crown-8 (3) ligands, where CHQ was attached through the 7-position, and aza-18-crown-6 (11) and diaza-18-crown-6 (10) macrocycles, where CHQ was attached through the 2-position, were prepared. Thermodynamic quantities for complexation of these CHQ-substituted macrocycles with alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal ions were determined in absolute methanol at 25.0 degrees C by calorimetric titration. Two isomers, 1 and 10, which are different only in the attachment positions of the CHQ to the parent macroring, exhibit remarkable differences in their affinities toward the metal ions. Compound 1 forms very stable complexes with Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+) (log K = 6.82, 5.31, 10.1, and 11.4, respectively), but not with the alkali metal ions. Ligand 10 displays strong complexation with K(+) and Ba(2+) (log K = 6.61 and 12.2, respectively) but not with Mg(2+) or Cu(2+). The new macrocycles and their complexes have been characterized by means of UV-visible and (1)H NMR spectra and X-ray crystallography. New peaks in the UV spectrum of the Mg(2+)-1 complex could allow an analytical determination of Mg(2+) in very dilute solutions in the presence of other alkali and alkaline earth metal cations. (1)H NMR spectral and X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that ligand 10 forms a cryptate-like structure when coordinated with K(+) and Ba(2+), which induces an efficient overlap of the two hydroxyquinoline rings. Such overlapping forms a pseudo second macroring that results in a significant increase in both complex stability and cation selectivity.
Addressing the Research/Practice Divide in Teacher Education

Educational scholars often describe a research/practice divide. Similarly, students in teacher education programs often struggle to navigate the differences between university coursework and expectations they face in field-based placements. This self-study analyzes one researcher's attempt to address the research/practice divide from the position of a teacher educator. Teaching in a university-based mathematics methods course during the academic year and an elementary classroom during the summer recess provided opportunities to make connections between research and practice. This article examines the effects this study had on the researcher's instruction at the university level. Specifically, the article suggests ways for teacher educators to reconnect with classroom practice in an effort to remain relevant in the quickly changing world of P–12 education. In addition, the study suggests ways for teacher education programs to connect methods courses to authentic field-based experiences to help future teach...