cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspergillosis of the orbit with immunosuppressive therapy

Abstract A case report of aspergillosis of the orbit in a 27-year-old renal transplant patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy is presented. The predominant clinical features were a slowly progressive, painful exophthalmos and fever of undetermined origin. Orbital biopsy established the diagnosis. The histopathologic characteristics of the infectious process changed from the time of biopsy to the time of autopsy, reflecting the patient's changing immunologic status.
Myelopathy secondary to neonatal bacterial meningitis

Myelopathy is an infrequently reported complication of bacterial meningitis. Four patients with neonatal meningitis and cervical myelopathy are reported. This complication may be more frequent than presumed and should be closely assessed during evaluation. The conditions of most previously reported survivors improved or resolved and the majority involved the cervical spinal cord.
Operational trends in Russian navigation satellite systems

Abstract While the Russian space programme is generally agreed to be in a parlous state because of financial constraints, there is evidence that Russian navigation satellite systems are less affected by this than would be expected. It is demonstrated that certain satellites have longer lives than believed in the West and can be retired, then reactivated as the need arises. A judicious policy of in-orbit storage, reactivation of retired satellites and on-orbit maintenance is ensuring that the Russian systems do not fall victim to the decline in launch rates.
Signaling in Muscle Contraction

Signaling pathways regulate contraction of striated (skeletal and cardiac) and smooth muscle. Although these are similar, there are striking differences in the pathways that can be attributed to the distinct functional roles of the different muscle types. Muscles contract in response to depolarization, activation of G-protein-coupled receptors and other stimuli. The actomyosin fibers responsible for contraction require an increase in the cytosolic levels of calcium, which signaling pathways induce by promoting influx from extracellular sources or release from intracellular stores. Rises in cytosolic calcium stimulate numerous downstream calcium-dependent signaling pathways, which can also regulate contraction. Alterations to the signaling pathways that initiate and sustain contraction and relaxation occur as a consequence of exercise and pathophysiological conditions.
Characteristics of flow instabilities from unstable stratification of density in channel shear layers at low Reynolds numbers

Abstract The instabilities which form due to globally unstable stratification of density in the shear layer which develops between two coincident streams of different velocity in a channel are described. A portion of the flow is contaminated with dye to visualize flow features. The channel employed is 1.59 cm thick, Reynolds numbers range from 10 0 –10 1 , and Richardson number ranges from 10 −3 –2×10 1 . A variety of flow features are evident in unstable, marginally stable and unstable flow domains, including streamwise vortices, hairpin vortices, spanwise structures, and localized turbulent motions. Spanwise and streamwise wave number variations in these structures are also described, along with the mixing onset boundary, and a scaling factor which accounts for the dependence of the mixing onset boundary on channel thickness.
Does Information Really Work

A challenge to assumptions behind communication programs to aid half the world's people living in rural poverty, mostly in the Third World.
Development of a More Efficient Defrost Control System for Heat Pumps

The purpose of this research project was to design a more efficient defrost control system for residential heat pumps. Defrost systems are used to melt the accumulated ice on evaporator coils of outdoor units. The purpose of the new control system is to prevent the initiation of defrost cycle when there is no substantial ice accumulation on the outdoor unit. Two of the envisioned ice accumulation sensing methods were (a). Increase in pressure loss across the evaporator coil and (b). Resistance change across two electrodes when ice bridges the electrodes. A differential pressure sensor was used to sense an increase in pressure loss across outdoor coil for this research project. Results indicate that, although maximum time interval of 90 minutes was used, about 55% of defrost cycles initiated were not necessary since there was no ice to melt. An ASYST based data acquisition system was used to monitor, measure and store key parameters. It is expected that with the new control system one can improve efficiency by about 3%. A similar project has been undertaken on a heat pump recently installed on our HVAC experimental unit as an undergraduate research project. Installation of temperature and humidity controlled enclosure, and thermocouples have been completed. Some results were reported here. If any additional progress is made, results of this project will be reported at the meeting.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Discrete-continuum hybrid model for gas-surface collisions: I. Trajectories with single, multiple collisions and capture

Abstract This paper presents a model and calculations for the scattering of atomic and molecular beams from solid surfaces. In this model, the solid is represented as an elastic continuum for the energy exchange processes and phonon propagation while the paniculate nature of the projectile as well as the corrugation due to the discreteness of the solid lattice are retained. This hybrid continuum/discrete representation of the solid is a suitable description for relaxation dynamics of adsorbates on surfaces and low energy collisions of gas particles with surfaces. The projectile-surface interaction is described in terms of compliance coefficients which are effective spring and damping constants for the solid. This makes the handling of the solid extremely practical. The full set of compliance coefficients for all possible surface forces and moments are given. As applications, trajectory calculations are presented using the parameters of the He + LiF system as well as models with deeper wells and softer solids. Although with the parameters of the He + LiF system only single collisions and elastic wave excitation are observed, the model calculations display additional interesting phenomena such as multiple collisions, resonances and capture of the projectile.
Continuous Self-Healing Life Cycle in Vascularized Structural Composites

J. F. Patrick Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana , IL 61801 , USA K. R. Hart, Prof. S. R. White Aerospace Engineering Department Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana , IL 61801 , USA E-mail: swhite@illinois.edu Dr. C. E. Diesendruck, Prof. J. S. Moore Chemistry Department Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana , IL 61801 , USA B. P. Krull, Prof. N. R. Sottos Materials Science and Engineering Department Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana , IL 61801 , USA E-mail: n-sottos@illinois.edu
The New Orleans drinking water controversy. A statistical perspective.

Recently, reports released by the US Environmental Defense Fund and the Environmental Protection Agency regarding the presence of carcinogens in the New Orleans drinking water have created both controversy and fear in New Orleans. In this note, the Environmental Defense Fund's report is reviewed from a statistical perspective.
Homeobox gene HOXA9 inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B dependent activation of endothelium.

Abstract Cytokine-induced expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin, on activated endothelial cells (EC) plays an essential role in the development of inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis. Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is mainly responsible for the induced expression of these adhesion molecules in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms that maintain EC in a “basal” state and negatively regulate EC activation remain to be characterized. HOXA9 is a homeobox transcription factor expressed in EC and its expression is rapidly down-regulated in response to inflammatory signals. In the present study, we demonstrate that HOXA9 overexpression inhibits the induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. HOXA9 inhibits the adhesion molecule expression by inhibiting NF-κB dependent transcriptional activation of these promoters. HOXA9 inhibits EC activation downstream of NF-κB nuclear localization by interfering with NF-κB DNA binding, but not transactivation capacity. Trichostatin A (TSA) rescues HOXA9 mediated suppression of NF-κB activity, but HOXA9 interaction with p300 is not responsible for inhibition of EC activation. Thus, our results suggest involvement of HOXA9 in maintaining the “basal” state of EC and demonstrate that downregulation of HOXA9 is an essential event during EC activation in response to inflammatory signals.
Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders.

We measured 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and diurnal curve of the intraocular pressure in 166 white patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, normal-tension glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, and other optic nerve head disorders. Hourly average blood pressure data analyses showed a significant (P
In appreciation of Lawrence C. Katz, 1956-2005.

We thank the many friends and colleagues of Larry Katz who contributed their recollections, particularly Mark Konishi, Anthony LaMantia, Rich Lewis, Kim McAllister, Rich Mooney, Stuart Firestein, Chris Walsh, Richard Wassersug, and Torsten Wiesel.
Propafenone versus sotalol for suppression of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation

Because conventional antiarrhythmic therapy is often ineffective in maintaining sinus rhythm or is associated with adverse side effects in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), there is a clinical need to test newer agents. One hundred patients with AF who had unsuccessful therapy with 1.9 +/- 1.0 type IA antiarrhythmic agents were randomized to receive either propafenone (n = 50) or sotalol (n = 50). Patients were stratified into 4 groups based on AF pattern (chronic vs paroxysmal) and left atrial size (large [> or = 4.5 cm] vs small [< 4.5]). The proportion of patients remaining in sinus rhythm on each agent was calculated for each group by the Kaplan-Meier method. For patients randomized to propafenone, 46 +/- 8%, 41 +/- 8% and 30 +/- 8% remained in sinus rhythm at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively, after cardioversion. A similar proportion of patients treated with sotalol remained in sinus rhythm at follow-up (49 +/- 7%, 46 +/- 8% and 37 +/- 8% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively; p = NS). The proportion of patients remaining in sinus rhythm on propafenone and sotalol was not dependent on arrhythmia pattern or left atrial dimension. Except for constipation that occurred more frequently in patients treated with propafenone, adverse side effects were equally distributed between the 2 therapies. Two patients receiving sotalol died during follow-up. Propafenone and sotalol, 2 new antiarrhythmic agents, were found to be equally effective in maintaining sinus rhythm in 100 patients with recurrent AF. Response rates were not affected by arrhythmia pattern, left atrial size or unsuccessful prior drug therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analog specificity of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the central nervous system: possible clinical implications.

TRH has rapid-onset (30 sec), slow-offset (1-12 days) clinical benefit in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders. This benefit is probably receptor-mediated and may have at least 2 components. To obtain a better understanding of the various responses to TRH of the spinal lower motor neurons (LMNs) in patients, and possibly to help guide selection of additional therapeutic agents, the authors utilized rat CNS (spinal-cord and brain membranes) to analyze the ability of certain molecules to inhibit specific binding of (/sup 3/H)methyl TRH ((/sup 3/H)MeTRH) to the TRH receptor. They found: a) lack of high-affinity binding of the TRH-analog DN-1417 by spinal-cord and brain TRH receptor, despite its known strong TRH-like action physiologically on LMNs; b) lack of high-affinity binding of the TRH-product cyclo(His-Pro) by spinal cord and brain TRH receptor despite its having some strong TRH-like physiologic actions on the CNS; and c) lack of any identifiable high-affinity receptor for cyclo(His-Pro) in spinal cord and brain. From these data the authors hypothesize that the acute transmitter-like action of DN-1417, TRH, and possibly other TRH-analogs and products on LMNs is via a non-TRH receptor, such as an amine or amino acid neurotransmitter receptor, e.g. a 5-hydroxytryptaminemore » receptor. They further postulate that the CNS TRH-receptor may modulate a trophic-like influence of TRH on LMNs.« less
Determination of the Dynamic Structures of Nacent Discoidal High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Bound to Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) and Paraoxonase 1 (PON1)

The relative levels of plasma cholesterol in different lipoproteins are the major indicator for CVD and related diseases. Nascent discoidal HDL particles, which are then converted to spherical mature HDL by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), are integral in reverse cholesterol transport. Detailed knowledge of HDL structure is key to understanding its molecular mechanisms, including how Paraoxynase 1 (PON1) associates with the phospholipid surface of HDL helping prevent oxidation. Despite public interest in HDL structure related function, their highly dynamic nature has prevented precise structural determinations for nearly half a century. Here, we used our recently developed individual particle electron tomography (IPET) technique to study each individual complex of HDL-LCAT. The 3D reconstructions show, i) LCAT associates with HDL along a proposed mobile region of the apoA-1 backbone (res ∼122-142), where both monomers overlap antiparallel along the discoidal edge of HDL; ii) PON1 interacts with HDL through its hydrophobic tail, which binds into the phospholipid surface, and loosely associates with apoA-1. The structure provides novel information for modeling nascent discoidal HDL and further reveals the first view of HDL structural dynamics in three-dimensions. This result will benefit public knowledge and pharmaceutical drug design to control plasma HDL cholesterol level.
Variational calculation of muonic molecule bound states with orbital momentum J = 1 and spatial parity λ = + 1

Abstract A variational calculation of the energy levels of six bound states of the mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes with orbital momentum J = 1 and spatial parity λ = + 1 has been carried out. About 900 basis functions were used in the calculation, which ensured that the binding energies could be determined to within 0.002 eV.
Establishment of a molecular genetic map of distal mouse chromosome 1: Further definition of a conserved linkage group syntenic with human chromosome 1q

A linkage map of distal mouse chromosome 1 was constructed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNAs from seven sets of recombinant inbred (RI) strains. The data obtained with seven probes on Southern hybridization combined with data from previous studies suggest the gene order Cfh, Pep-3/Ren-1,2, Ly-5, Lamb-2, At-3, Apoa-2/Ly-17, Spna-1. These results confirm and extend analyses of a large linkage group which includes genes present on a 20–30 cM span of mouse chromosome 1 and those localized to human chromosome 1q21–32. Moreover, the data indicate similar relative positions of human and mouse complement receptor-related genes REN, CD45, LAMB2, AT3, APOA2, and SPTA. These results suggest that mouse gene analyses may help in detailed mapping of human genes within such a syntenic group.
Semantic Search and NLP-Based Diagnostics

This study considers issues in semantic representation of written texts, especially in the context of entropy-based approach to natural language processing in biomedical applications. These issues lie at the intersection of Web search methodologies, ontology studies, lexicon studies, and natural language processing. The presented in the article entropy-based methodology is aimed at enhancing search techniques and diagnostics by capturing semantic properties of written texts. The range of possible applications ranges from forensic linguistics to psychological diagnostics and evaluation. The presented case study assumes that for texts written under atypical mental conditions, the level of relative text entropy may fall below a certain threshold and the distribution of entropy across the text may show unusual patterns, thus contributing to the semantic assessment of a subject's mental state. Further processing methods potentially contributing to psychological evaluation diagnosis and ontology-based search are discussed.
Effects of temperature on growth rate and behavior of Epeorus albertae (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) nymphs

Anthropogenic disturbances affect temperature in river systems. Temperature potentially affects life histories of macroinvertebrates and alters behavior and biological functions. Temperature preferences and tolerance ranges for key taxa are therefore critical for understanding impacts of human-induced changes to water temperatures on river ecosystems. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of water temperature on growth rate and behavior of Epeorus albertae (McDunnough) nymphs. Nymphs were collected from the Umatilla River in eastern Oregon, and exposed to temperatures of 18, 22, and 28°C. Nymphs held at 28°C exhibited increased growth rates compared with individuals held at 18 and 22°C. However, at 28°C the accumulation of nymphal tissues was not consistent with that of nymphs held in lower temperatures; ratios of head capsule width to total body length were significantly lower in individuals at 28°C compared with those held at the lower temperatures. This indicates that the nymphs held at the high temperature had longer total body length relative to the developmental stage, represented by head capsule width, when compared with insects in cooler temperatures. To examine the effect of water temperature on behavior, active drift of mayflies was examined in experimental chambers held at 12, 18, 22, and 28°C. The number of drifting insects observed was significantly higher at 28°C compared with 22, 18, and 12°C. These results indicate that temperature is a factor influencing growth and behavior of E. albertae and is likely to lead to limitations in habitat use of this mayfly.
Growth Factors and Wound Repair

Summary Unparalleled biotechnological advances and renewed interest in wound repair in the last few years have been major forces in the virtual explosion of knowledge concerning growth factors. This report will review growth factors in the context of wound repair, and will provide a perspective of this area of research. Chief among the objectives will be to cast aside certain misconceptions about the nomenclature of growth factors and their biologic activity. The report will review the available data suggesting a therapeutic role of growth factors in accelerating wound repair, as well as other applications that did not seem possible only a few years ago.
Polarization-Bound Quasi-Continuum States Are Responsible for the "Blue Tail" in the Optical Absorption Spectrum of the Aqueous Electron

The electronic absorption spectrum of the aqueous electron in bulk water has been simulated using long-range-corrected time-dependent density functional theory as well as mixed quantum/classical molecular dynamics based on a one-electron model in which electron-water polarization is treated self-consistently. Both methodologies suggest that the high-energy Lorentzian tail that is observed experimentally arises mostly from delocalized bound-state excitations of the electron rather than bound-to-continuum excitations, as is usually assumed. Excited states in the blue tail are bound only by polarization of the solvent electron density. These findings have potentially important ramifications for understanding electron localization in polar condensed media as well as biological radiation damage arising from dissociative electron attachment.
Silver Coated Foley Catheters – Initial Cost Is Not the Only Thing To Consider

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nearly 40% of healthcare associated infections (HAI) are urinary tract infections. Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) account for 90% of these infections. The hospitals' mission statement encouraged us to seek alternatives to improve quality. The hospital was willing to increase cost for a product initially to improve patient outcome, improve quality and save money. Also, due to an increase in the number of patients with latex allergies, the hospital wanted a latex free catheter. METHODS: Matched surveillance was conducted for baseline and product evaluation periods. CDC definitions were used for case definition. Numerator was CAUTI, denominator was device days in ICU, patient days in all other inpatient units. Patient population included all inpatients over the age of 18 with foley catheters who developed HAI - CAUTI. In 2004 the hospital wanted to improve CAUTI rates and switch to a latex free catheter. All current latex catheters were removed in June, product was converted to Dover silver, staff inserviced. Same methodology for data collection and data analysis was used for both time periods. Annual cost data was used as comparison for both products. RESULTS: The annual cost comparison of the two catheters was $37,023 for the non coated latex catheter, $65,725 for the silver coated catheter. The cost difference was $28,702. There were 34 CAUTI with the latex catheter compared to 12 with the silver coated catheter. If the average cost of a CAUTI was $1000 ,there would have to be 29 less CAUTI to see a flat savings on catheters alone. There were 22 less infections in the silver group, a cost saving of $22,000. There were 0 infections in the ICU group compared to 7 CAUTI before the catheter was switched, a $7000 savings. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the silver coated catheter resulted in more than a 50 % decrease in CAUTI. Other cost factors such as antibiotic usage to treat CAUTI, the number of patients who would have developed antibiotic resistant organisms requiring contact isolation and the cost associated with isolation, were not taken into account which would have made the cost savings higher. Cost factors are not always black and white. You need to look at all the benefits to the patient not just the bottom line. These factors are more difficult to measure. Inpatient Units HAI - CAUTI rate July 2003-June 2005 CAUTI rate Non silver catheter - July 2003- June 2004 Silver coated catheter - July 2004- June 2005 # of CAUTI 34 12 patient days 65613 65307 incidence ratios 0.51 0.18 HAI-CAUTI in ICU inpatients July 2003- June 2005 CAUTI Rate Non silver catheter - July 2003- June 2004 Silver coated catheter - July 2004- June 2005 # of infections 7 0 Device days 4593 5082 Incidence ratio 1.5 0
Introduction to Resilient Networks Minitrack

This minitrack focuses on enhancing the resilience of future electric power infrastructure. Advanced technologies will require sophisticated methods for understanding how they can be incorporated into increasingly complex and dynamic infrastructure. Issues of resiliency and secure interoperability of future grid systems, and the associated computational and communication challenges associated with the power system, are examined.
Growth, physiological and anatomical responses of two wheat genotypes to waterlogging and nutrient supply

In order to investigate the responses of plant genotypes to waterlogging and nutrient supply, physiological, morphological, and anatomical features were determined for two genotypes of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), «Bayles» and «Savannah». Plants were grown in a growth chamber and fertilized with half-strength or full-strength Hoagland's solution during 17 d of waterlogging. Waterlogging reduced leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, shoot nitrogen content, shoot and root growth for both Bayles and Savannah; however, there were more adverse effects on Bayles than on Savannah
Method for characterization of loss-in-weight feeder equipment

Abstract This paper presents a method for evaluating the steady state performance of loss-in-weight powder feeding equipment and then demonstrates the use of the method in evaluating the performance of a K-Tron KT35 loss-in-weight feeder for three pharmaceutical grade powders. The method describes in detail the experimental setup, the procedure used in collecting feedstream data, and the filtering and subsequent analysis that is needed to determine differences in the steady state feeding performance. The data stream is shown to be a complex data set that can be simplified, after applying a suggested filtering and analysis algorithm, to two quantities (average feedrate and relative standard deviation) that can be used for comparison of different feeding treatments (powder, feeder tooling, and setpoint). Through analysis of variance (ANOVA), the significance of various tooling on optimizing feeder performance can be evaluated.
Well-being among older adults with OA: direct and mediated patterns of control beliefs, optimism and pessimism

Objectives: To assess the contribution of important psychological resources (i.e. optimism, pessimism, control beliefs) to the psychological well-being of older adults with Osteoarthritis (OA); to assess the direct and mediated association of these psychosocial resources to outcomes (depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and self-esteem). These objectives are important because OA is a significant stressor, treatments are limited, and psychological functioning is at risk for those coping with the condition, even compared to other chronic illnesses. Method: A cross-sectional survey of 160 community-dwelling older adults with OA (81% women). Participants were not randomly selected, but nonetheless reflected the demographic makeup of the selection area. Results: Ordinary least squares regression analyses using the PROCESS macro revealed that optimism and pessimism were associated with higher depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem indirectly through constraints beliefs. The analysis of life satisfaction s...
Dynamic buckling of axisymmetric spherical caps with initial imperfections

Abstract Dynamic buckling loads are obtained for axisymmetric spherical caps with initial imperfections. Two types of loading are considered, namely, step loading with infinite duration and right triangular pulse. Solutions of perfect spherical caps under step loading are in excellent agreement with previous findings. Results show that initial imperfections do indeed have the effect of reducing the buckling capacity for both dynamic and static responses, although they are affected in a different manner. From the solutions obtained for triangular pulse situations, it is revealed that pulse duration has a very significant impact on the magnitude of the dynamic buckling load. When comparing these solutions with those of step loading, it is concluded that the step loading with infinite duration is the limiting case of a triangular pulse, and that the step loading provides the most severe loading situation for dynamic analysis.
Rapid analysis of base-pair substitutions induced by mutagenic drugs through their oxygen radical or epoxide derivatives

Abstract Among the drugs that induce base-pair substitution mutations in the Salmonella reversion assay are the nitric oxide (NO)-delivery drug, diethylamine NONOate (DeaNO), and the ovarian cancer chemotherapeutic drug, treosulphan (TE). The present study compared the mutation spectra generated by DeaNO and TE in the hisG46 strains, TA1535 and TA100, the hisG428 strain, TA102, and the six Ames II™ 7000 series strains. Using these strains, it was feasible to conduct rapid analysis of the type and magnitude of induced mutation without resorting to DNA amplification and sequencing. A putative hydrolysis product of TE, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) were included in the study to allow for further comparisons between epoxide-induced damage and that induced by the hydroxyl radical. TE (0.93 μmole/pl) induced 16.8-fold-over-background reversion or a mutagenicity ratio (MR) of 16.8 in TA1535. The response was weaker in TA100 (MR of 3), and negative in strain TA102. Only two Ames II™ strains demonstrated sensitivity to TE, and they were TA7004 (CG:AT) and TA7005 (GC:AT). Like TE, DeaNO (33 μmole/pl) was mutagenic in TA1535 (MR of 24.6), TA100 (MR of 5.3), TA7004 (MR of 13.7), and TA7005 (MR of 7.7), and non-mutagenic in TA102. These results showed a preferential sensitivity to reversion of the CCC target in TA100 and TA1535, and a lack of sensitivity to reversion of the TAA target in TA102. In addition, they elucidated the selectivity of the Ames II™ strains, with AT targets showing little or no sensitivity to reversion. The TE-epoxide derivative DEB was mutagenic in TA1535 and TA7004, but in contrast to TE, DEB was mutagenic in TA102. Interestingly, TA102 was reverted by DEB and H 2 O 2 but not by TE or DeaNO. This study showed that analysis of mutations is achievable using the battery of strains listed above. The fact that DNA damage can be detected by reversion at specific bases offers a tool for understanding the mechanisms through which drugs may exert their DNA and cellular damage.
The Role of Transportation in Evacuation and Reentry: A Survey of Practice

Over the past decade a wealth of new information has become available on the role played by transportation in the planning and management of evacuations. To assess the current state of practice on the role of transportation in evacuation and reentry, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program recently sponsored a project to review the practices associated with this topic. The goal of the study was to collect and document information to summarize the current state of the practice in evacuation planning and control as well as to highlight practices that were deemed to be particularly effective or innovative. This article expands upon the findings of the practice survey portion of the NCHRP study. Among the significant findings presented here is the extent to which transportation systems and agencies now play an active role in evacuation planning and operations. Although transportation agencies are not “in charge” of evacuations, they are able to respond when needed because they bring specialized know...
Myths about elder restraint.

Ms. Sarah Dye, a 92-year-old woman with moderate cognitive impairment and multiple chronic illnesses, resides in a nursing home. This morning, as is routine, Ms. Day was awakened early, changed and fed breakfast, bathed, dressed, placed in a wheel chair, secured with a vest restraint and wheeled to the common lounge. She was not alone: of the 30 residents present, 12 others were also tied to their chairs.
Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Modular Proteins in the Nervous System

This work was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation to J. M. F., A. F. O., and P. E. M.
Comparative Marketing: A Review of the Literature:

Progress has been slow in developing explanations of how the marketing systems of different nations operate and interact to supply the goods and services that people consume. A review of the litera...
The Norman Conquest and the English Language

Accompanying the news article “From heofonum to heavens” by Y. Bhattacharjee in the Special Section on the Evolution of Language (27 Feb., p. [1326][1]) is a photograph of a page from an Old English manuscript. The caption states that the photo is of a “poem, written in 937 C.E. about a battle…” In fact, the photograph shows a page describing the events of 1086, 20 years after the Norman Conquest of England. The manuscript shown is indeed written in Old English, and the “hand” is a very clear example of late Old English writing. The Norman Conquest, a defining event in the development of the English language, is not mentioned in the article. As every school child used to learn, William, Duke of Normandy, defeated Harold, King of the Anglo-Saxons, at the battle of Hastings in 1066. When William had himself crowned King of England, Norman French became the language of court and castle, and English was left to the lesser folk to speak. In the long run, the gain was immense. English speakers, however grudgingly at first, began to borrow—and reshape—the French words they needed, not only for their commerce with Europe but also for dealings among themselves. In this way, English began to develop the flexibility that has helped take it to its present position among the languages of the world. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5662.1326
Integration of UTR processes into MPU IC manufacturing flows

Low-k1 imaging, high-NA optics, pattern collapse, and the absorption of resist materials in 157-nm and EUV lithographies are driving down the thickness of the photoresist layer in integrated circuit fabrication processes. Although devices and test structures have been successfully fabricated with resist films thinner than 160 nm on various levels, the fabrication of working devices with high yield using ultrathin resist (UTR) integrations on multiple device layers has yet to be demonstrated. In the present work, gates have been patterned with 140-nm thick resist films with 10-15 defects per wafer, none of which are specific to the UTR process. Similar UTR gates were also patterned over 80-nm steps with no defects associated with the topography. The UTR NMOS transistors in this work have 10 pA/micrometers leakage and 400 (mu) A/micrometers drive currents, but the PMOS transistors do not perform as well. The line-edge roughness (LER) is 5-8 nm 3(sigma) depending upon exposure mask (binary vs. PSM) and substrate. Etching into 100 nm of crystalline Si reduces the LER to 4-7 nm 3(sigma) . The power spectral densities of the roughness have a Lorentzian shape, and most of the roughness occurs over length scales larger than 100 nm. Contact chains with electrical characteristics comparable to standard processes were fabricated with 120-nm thick resist films. Polysilicon as thick as 150 nm was etched successfully with 80-nm thick resist films and hardmasks.
Effects of Endotracheal Intubation and Surfactant on a 3-Channel Neonatal Electroencephalogram

Objective To evaluate the effects of surfactant administration on the neonatal brain using 3-channel neonatal electroencephalography (EEG). Study design A prospective cohort of 30 infants had scalp electrodes placed to record brain waves using 3-channel EEG (Fp1-O1, C3-C4, and Fp2-O2). Sixty-second EEG epochs were collected from a 10-minute medication-free baseline, during premedication for endotracheal intubation, at surfactant administration, and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after surfactant administration for amplitude comparisons. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were monitored continuously. Blood pressure and transcutaneous carbon dioxide were recorded every 5 minutes. Results Eighteen of 29 infants (62%) exhibited brain wave suppression on EEG after surfactant administration (P ≤ .008). Four of those 18 infants did not receive premedication. Nine infants exhibited evidence of EEG suppression during endotracheal intubation, all of whom received premedication before intubation. Five infants had EEG suppression during endotracheal suctioning. Oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure were not independent predictors of brain wave suppression. Conclusion Eighteen of 29 intubated infants (62%) had evidence of brain wave suppression on raw EEG after surfactant administration. Nine patients had evidence of brief EEG suppression with endotracheal intubation alone, a finding not previously reported in neonates. Intubation and surfactant administration have the potential to alter cerebral function in neonates.
The effect of deep venous thrombosis on short-term outcomes and cost of care after head and neck cancer surgery.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has targeted deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE) as preventable “never events” and has discontinued reimbursement for these conditions following selected orthopedic procedures. We sought to determine the relationship between DVT/PE and in-hospital mortality, postoperative complications, length of stay, and costs in head and neck cancer (HNCA) surgery. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: Discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 93,663 patients who underwent an ablative procedure for a malignant oral cavity, laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal neoplasm in 2003 to 2008 were analyzed using cross-tabulations and multivariate regression modeling. Results: DVT/PE was diagnosed in 1,860 cases (2%) and was significantly associated with major surgical procedures (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; P = .048) and advanced comorbidity (OR, 1.7; P = .034). After controlling for all other variables, no association was found between a diagnosis of DVT/PE and obesity, weight loss, age, chronic cardiac disease, paralysis, and smoking in this HNCA surgical population. DVT/PE was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality (OR, 3.1; P = .001), postoperative surgical complications (OR, 2.1; P < .001), acute medical complications (OR, 1.9; P < .001), and was associated with significantly increased length of hospitalization and hospital-related costs. Conclusions: DVT/PE is uncommon in HNCA patients but is associated with increased mortality, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and hospital-related costs. The lack of correlation with known modifiable variables suggests that despite advances in targeted prophylaxis, patients with advanced disease and comorbidity remain at increased risk. Caution must be used in the institution of reforms that threaten to inadequately reimburse the provision of care in vulnerable populations. Laryngoscope, 2012
Lipoma arborescens: Comparison of typical and atypical disease presentations

Aim To determine whether the aetiology differed between typical cases of lipoma arborescens with unilateral knee involvement and atypical cases involving joints other than the knee, polyarticular disease, and disease outside of the knee joint. Materials and methods Cases of lipoma arborescens involving the knee joint were evaluated for the distribution of the disease and severity of degenerative arthritis. Joints other than the knee were evaluated for the presence and severity of degenerative arthritis, and the distribution was classified as either intra-articular, extra-articular, or both. Clinical history was reviewed for patient age at presentation, a history of inflammatory arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and known steroid use. Fisher's exact test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between typical and atypical presentations of the disease. Results Lipoma arborescens was identified in 45 joints in 39 patients. Twenty-eight patients were classified as "typical" and 11 patients had "atypical" disease. There was no significant difference in age at presentation, presence of degenerative arthritis, or known inflammatory arthritis when comparing typical and atypical presentations of the disease. Conclusion Twenty-eight percent of patients in the present study had atypical presentation of lipoma arborescens with multifocal lipoma arborescens or disease in joints other than the knee. There was no significant difference in age at presentation, presence of degenerative arthritis, or known inflammatory arthritis when comparing typical and atypical presentations of the disease. Of the 39 patients, only three had no evidence of degenerative arthritis, which suggests that many cases of lipoma arborescens are secondary to chronic reactive change in association with degenerative arthritis.
A potential donor gene for the bm1 gene conversion event in the C57BL mouse

The mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC; H–2 complex in mouse) is a large multigene complex which encodes cell-surface antigens involved in the cellular immune response to foreign antigens1. Class I polypeptides expressed at the H–2K and H–2D (Fig. 1) loci of numerous mouse strains exhibit an unusually high degree of genetic polymorphism, which is assumed to be related to their function as primary recognition elements in the immune response. We suggested that this H–2 polymorphism may arise by gene conversion-like events between non-allelic class I genes. This is supported by our recent comparison of the DNA sequences of the normal H–2Kb gene sequence, from the C57BL/10 mouse, and a mutant2,3 form of this gene called H–2Kbm1 (ref. 4): the mutant allele differs from the H–2Kb gene in seven bases out of a region of 13 bases in exon 3 of the class I gene (which encodes α2 (C1) the second highly polymorphic protein domain), suggesting that this region of new sequence had been introduced into the H–2Kb sequence following unequal pairing of two class I genes in the genome of the C57BL mouse. Schulze et al. have obtained similar results5. Here we report work identifying a potential donor gene in our library of 26 class I genes cloned from the C57BL/10 mouse.
Constructive shell representations for freeform surfaces and solids

We usually model freeform surfaces (mathematically, 2D r-sets embedded in 3D Euclidean space E/sup 3/) as a finite union of patches represented in the traditional parametric or the recently developed algebraic forms. The article introduces a new representation scheme for freeform surfaces called constructive shell representation (CSR), that draws on recent research on algebraic patches. CSRs of surfaces that constitute boundaries of solids are very useful for solid modeling. They represent thick shells derived from freeform surfaces and provide a means to compute exact CSG representations of freeform solids. >
Strong nonlinear modal interaction in shallow suspended cables with oscillating ends

Abstract This paper examines essentially nonlinear regimes of the stretching-bending interactions in suspended cables with horizontally vibrating ends. Using a special nonlinear transformation of coordinates in the configuration space, the Lagrange function of the cable is written in terms of physical coordinates such as stretching and bending-swinging which possess different time scales. The transformed system is considered as a quasi-linear one with respect to the fast varying stretching generalized coordinate. The relatively slow bending-swinging component of the motion is described by strongly nonlinear equations on an ‘unstretched manifold’. It has been shown that the stretching natural frequency strongly depends on the bending position of the cable. As a result, the cable performs a chaos-like stretching-bending interaction around the resonance region, i.e. when the frequency of shaking is equal to the natural frequency of stretching computed for an undeformed position of the cable. Outside the resonance region the motion has a regular character.
Quality of Care in Elder Emergency Department Patients With Pneumonia: A Prospective Cohort Study

The goals of the study were to assess the relationship between age and processes of care in emergency department (ED) patients admitted with pneumonia and to identify independent predictors of failure to meet recommended quality care measures. This was a prospective cohort study of a pre-existing database undertaken at a university hospital ED in the Midwest. ED patients ≥18 years of age requiring admission for pneumonia, with no documented use of antibiotics in the 24 hours prior to ED presentation were included. Compliance with Pneumonia National Quality Measures was assessed including ED antibiotic administration, antibiotics within 4 hours, oxygenation assessment, and obtaining of blood cultures. Odds ratios were calculated for elders and non-elders. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of process failure. One thousand, three hundred seventy patients met inclusion criteria, of which 560 were aged ≥65 years. In multiple variable logistic regression analysis, age ≥65 years was independently associated with receiving antibiotics in the ED (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03, 95% CI 1.28–3.21) and assessment of oxygenation (OR = 2.10, 95% CI, 1.18–3.32). Age had no significant impact on odds of receiving antibiotics within four hours of presentation (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.84–1.43) or having blood cultures drawn (OR 1.02, 95%CI 0.78–1.32). Certain other patient characteristics were also independently associated with process failure. Elderly patients admitted from the ED with pneumonia are more likely to receive antibiotics while in the ED and to have oxygenation assessed in the ED than younger patients. The independent association of certain patient characteristics with process failure provides an opportunity to further increase compliance with recommended quality measures in admitted patients diagnosed with pneumonia.
A review of pond zooplankton production and fertilization for the culture of larval and fingerling striped bass

Abstract Successful culture of the planktivorous fry of warmwater fish species such as striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) depends heavily upon the composition and density of zooplankton established in rearing ponds during the 4–6-week culture period. The paper reviews the growth, reproduction, and succession patterns of zooplankton in ponds, organic and inorganic pond fertilization, and predator—prey relationships as they relate to the culture of striped bass fingerlings. Based upon this information, a pond management strategy is proposed using combinations of organic and liquid inorganic fertilizers and crustacean zooplankton inoculation to develop and maintain the zooplankton forage base in striped bass rearing ponds.
Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— To review advances in endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Methods— Data from primate studies, randomized studies of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, and nonrandomized and randomized studies of endovascular therapy were reviewed. Results— Clinical trial data demonstrate the superiority of endovascular treatment with thrombolytic medication or mechanical methods to reopen arteries compared with control patients from the PROACT II Trial treated with heparin alone. However, these same clinical trials, as well as preclinical primate models, indicate that recanalization, whether by endovascular approaches or standard-dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, is unlikely to improve clinical outcome after a certain time point. Although the threshold beyond which reperfusion has no or little benefit has yet to be conclusively defined, accumulated data to this point indicate an overall threshold of ≈6 to 7 hours. In addition, although the risk ...
Pure Nickel Fixed Points for Contact Thermometry Calibrations

A robust fixed point using pure nickel contained in an alumina crucible has been developed for thermocouple calibrations. It was observed that a deep supercool often caused the freezing plateau to be short and have a large slope. A procedure for realizing the pure nickel fixed points was developed that reserved a small amount of nickel in the solid state to act as a seed for nucleation of the freeze. This procedure was found to allow freezing plateaus that were suitably long and flat to make them useful for calibrating thermocouples. Using a calibrated Pt/Pd thermocouple, the freezing temperature of nickel was determined to be \(1455.22\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) with a \((k = 2)\) uncertainty of \(0.8\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\).