cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TwinBee: Reliable Physical-Layer Cross-Technology Communication with Symbol-Level Coding

Cross-Technology Communication (CTC) is an enabling technology for efficient coexistence and effective cooperation among heterogeneous wireless devices by exchanging data frames directly without gateways. Recent advances in the physical-layer CTC achieve thousands of times faster speed than that of previous packet-level CTC techniques. However, physical-layer CTC still faces the challenge of inherent unreliability due to the imperfection of physical-layer signal emulation. Our work, named TwinBee, aims to recover the intrinsic errors of physical-layer CTC, by exploring chip-level error patterns. This is achieved interestingly without even observing the chip information and without any hardware modification. System evaluation shows that our key idea, namely symbol-level chip-combining decoding with soft mapping, significantly improves the Packet Reception Ratio (PRR) of the physical-layer CTC from 50%-60% to more than 99%. We also demonstrate the reliability of TwinBee in a data dissemination application over a network of 20 TelosB nodes, achieving over 40x reduction of data dissemination delay compared to Deluge.
Clinicians’ perceptions of usefulness of the PubMed4Hh mobile device application for clinical decision making at the point of care: a pilot study

Although evidence-based practice in healthcare has been facilitated by Internet access through wireless mobile devices, research on the effectiveness of clinical decision support for clinicians at the point of care is lacking. This study examined how evidence as abstracts and the bottom-line summaries, accessed with PubMed4Hh mobile devices, affected clinicians’ decision making at the point of care. Three iterative steps were taken to evaluate the usefulness of PubMed4Hh tools at the NIH Clinical Center. First, feasibility testing was conducted using data collected from a librarian. Next, usability testing was carried out by a postdoctoral research fellow shadowing clinicians during rounds for one month in the inpatient setting. Then, a pilot study was conducted from February, 2016 to January, 2017, with clinicians using a mobile version of PubMed4Hh. Invitations were sent via e-mail lists to clinicians (physicians, physician assistants and nurse practitioners) along with periodic reminders. Participants rated the usefulness of retrieved bottom-line summaries and abstracts and indicated their usefulness on a 7-point Likert scale. They also indicated location of use (office, rounds, etc.). Of the 166 responses collected in the feasibility phase, more than half of questions (57%, n = 94) were answerable by both the librarian using various resources and by the postdoctoral research fellow using PubMed4Hh. Sixty-six questions were collected during usability testing. More than half of questions (60.6%) were related to information about medication or treatment, while 21% were questions regarding diagnosis, and 12% were specific to disease entities. During the pilot study, participants reviewed 34 abstracts and 40 bottom-line summaries. The abstracts’ usefulness mean scores were higher (95% CI [6.12, 6.64) than the scores of the bottom-line summaries (95% CI [5.25, 6.10]). The most frequent reason given was that it confirmed current or tentative diagnostic or treatment plan. The bottom-line summaries were used more in the office (79.3%), and abstracts were used more at point of care (51.9%). Clinicians reported that retrieving relevant health information from biomedical literature using the PubMed4Hh was useful at the point of care and in the office.
PD-L1 binds to B7-1 only in cis on the same cell surface

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-mediated immunosuppression regulates peripheral tolerance and is often co-opted by tumors to evade immune attack. PD-L1 binds to PD-1 but also binds to B7-1 (CD80) to regulate T-cell function. The binding interaction of PD-L1 with B7-1 and its functional role need further investigation to understand differences between PD-1 and PD-L1 tumor immunotherapy. We examined the molecular orientation of PD-L1 binding to B7-1 using cell-to-cell binding assays, ELISA, and flow cytometry. As expected, PD-L1-transfected cells bound to PD-1-transfected cells, and B7-1 cells bound to CD28 or CTLA-4-transfected cells; however, PD-L1 cells did not bind to B7-1 cells. By ELISA and flow cytometry with purified proteins, we found PD-L1 and B7-1 had a strong binding interaction only when PD-L1 was flexible. Soluble PD-1 and B7-1 competed for binding to PD-L1. Binding of native PD-L1 and B7-1 in cis on the same cell surface was demonstrated with NanoBiT proximity assays. Thus, PD-L1-B7-1 interaction can occur in cis on the same cell but not in trans between two cells, which suggests a model in which PD-L1 can bend via its 11-amino acid, flexible stalk to bind to B7-1 in cis, in a manner that can competitively block the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 or of B7-1 to CD28. This binding orientation emphasizes the functional importance of coexpression of PD-L1 and B7-1 on the same cell. We found such coexpression on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. Our findings may help better utilize these pathways in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(8); 921-9. ©2018 AACR.
The 4-Epimerization and Decarboxylation of Uridine Diphosphate d-Glucuronic Acid by Extracts from Phaseolus aureus Seedlings

It has been previously demonstrated (1) that particulate preparations from Phase&s uureus (mung bean) seedlings are capable of catalyzing the formation of uridine diphosphate-ngalacturonic acid1 and a mixture of UDP-n-xylose and UDP-Larabinose from UDP-n-glucuronic acid. The results indicated that the preparations contained UDP-uranic acid 4-epimerase and UDP-uranic acid decarboxylase activities. However, the individual reactions involved were not investigated. The work reported in this paper shows that three enzyme systems are operative in the conversions: a UDP-n-galacturonic acid-4-epimerase, a UDP-n-glucuronic acid decarboxylase, and a UDP-L-arabinose-4-epimerase. The enzyme systems catalyzing these reactions have been partially separated and the equilibrium constants have been determined for the two epimerization reactions.
Description, Explanation, and Explanatory Depth in Developmental Biology

The last few decades have seen molecular genetics occupy an expanding role in developmental biology. Alexander Rosenberg has argued that developmental biology’s shift to articulating the molecular basis for organismic development represents the point at which developmental biology becomes an explanatory discipline. This essay is a critical response to Rosenberg’s view, one that works to show that developmental biology is rich with explanatory resources in the absence of molecular genetics. At the same time, the essay seeks to articulate, by way of an appeal to explanatory depth, the explanatory value molecular genetics often provides to developmental biology.
Putty-Putty, Putty-Clay or Humpty-Dumpty?

In investment theory, investments that can be reversed without penalty are referred to as putty-putty, while those with costs that are completely sunk are referred to as putty-clay. As we will note below, the universal service obligation (USO) may be a case of political economic irreversibility that, if ineptly managed, may lead to a complete unraveling of the viability of the affected sector. Our primary interest is the USO in the postal sector, but the default service obligation is also very much a part of other network industries, and we explore the issue in a more general framework, which provides insights for the deregulation of network industries more generally. Although deregulation is a relatively recent innovation it already has had profound effects on network industries. While its impact on the postal sector has been even more recent and its full effect has yet to be felt, this should be seen as an opportunity for the postal sector to learn from some of the lessons of the other industries. An understanding of the basis for and effects of deregulation generally is beneficial in determining the implications for the USO.
Radiation exposure of computed tomography and direct intracoronary angiography: risk has its reward.

A hallmark of noninvasive testing has been the identification of patients with coronary artery disease. Now, with multislice computed tomography (MSCT), information about coronary anatomy can be obtained without the need for catheterization. A major concern with the application of MSCT coronary angiography is the radiation exposure to the patient. Both MSCT and selective coronary angiography share the risks of procedure-related complications, such as allergic contrast reactions, and stochastic risks (i.e., cancer induction) of low-level radiation. There is a substantially higher radiation dose for MSCT angiography (effective dose [ED] 14 mSv) than for CCA (ED 6 mSv). These exposures yield lifetimes risks of 0.07% and 0.02%, respectively, of inducing a fatal cancer in the general (i.e., age- and gender-averaged) population. However, CCA poses additional serious risks associated with cardiac catheterization, yielding a non-radiogenic risk of mortality—excluding contrast reactions—of 0.11%. Combining the radiogenic and non-radiogenic risks (0.02% and 0.11%, respectively) yields a 0.13% overall risk of mortality from CCA—nearly two-fold higher than that for MSCT angiography (0.07%). If one were to use the lower, more age-appropriate risk factors for the older patient population in question, the radiogenic risks of both CCA and MSCT would be reduced by about one-half, further widening the overall safety ratio of MSCT relative to CCA. When weighing the relative risks of alternative medical procedures, therefore, it is imperative that one consider the overall risk of the respective procedures.
The impact of cocurricular community service on student learning and perceptions of poverty and homelessness

Efforts to combat homelessness are hampered by perceptions involving negative stereotypes. One method to change perceptions is university-based cocurricular community service that gives students di...
Vaginal Anatomy on MRI: New Information Obtained Using Distention.

Objectives To demonstrate and confirm the presence of three anatomic zones of the vagina (a superficial sphincteric zone; a central wedge shaped transition zone; and a deep, expanded forniceal zone) using pelvic magnetic resonance imaging with contrast distention of the vagina. Methods A total of 107 consecutive female pelvic magnetic resonance imaging scans using vaginal contrast distention were retrospectively reviewed. The images were observed for the three-zone configuration. Anteroposterior and transverse diameter measurements were taken in the proximal, mid, and distal sphincteric, transition, and forniceal zones. Means and standard deviations were calculated at each site. Adjacent sites were compared using paired t tests. Results The three-zone configuration was observed in all of the cases but one. Statistically significant increases and decreases of mean anteroposterior diameters occurred at all levels expected by visual observation. Conclusions The three-zone configuration of the distended vagina was confirmed by this study. The configuration of the vagina is more complex than has been reported previously. This configuration may facilitate parturition and may be useful in the design of intravaginal devices.
Think twice before prescribing certain drugs to children.

Abstract Codeine, tramadol, and hydrocodone have been associated with morbidity and death in children, secondary to respiratory depression. The aim of this paper is to increase awareness of this issue and to encourage clinicians to prescribe safer alternatives such as morphine, ibuprofen, or paracetamol.
Highly Valley-Polarized Singlet and Triplet Interlayer Excitons in van der Waals Heterostructure

Two-dimensional semiconductors feature valleytronics phenomena due to locking of the spin and momentum valley of the electrons. However, the valley polarization is intrinsically limited in monolayer crystals by the fast intervalley electron-hole exchange. Heterobilayer crystals have been shown to have a longer exciton lifetime and valley depolarization time. Yet most reported valley polarization was low; the valley selection rules and mechanisms of valley depolarization remain controversial. Here, we show that nearly pure valley polarizations are achievable in high-quality heterostructures with precise momentum-valley alignment. Together with time-resolved and temperature dependence measurements, we furthermore identify both singlet and brightened triplet interlayer excitons with opposite valley polarizations, which originate from direct band-gap transitions and are localized at the ${H}_{h}^{h}$ atomic registry---corresponding to the band minima of the heterostructure. Our results also reveal ultrafast interlayer electron transfer and strongly suppressed interlayer exciton valley depolarization. Our results pave the way for using semiconductor heterobilayers to control valley selection rules for valleytronic applications.
UFO_Tracker: Visualizing UFO sightings

analyzing geospatial and temporal observations are common tasks for many application domains. In this paper, we introduce UFO_Tracker, a visual analytic tool for analyzing unidentified flying object sightings from the National UFO Reporting Center. The goal here is to give the user a higher level view of where different types of sightings occur, to investigate whether sightings are increasing or decreasing over time, to discover the connections between different events which might happen at different geographic areas, and to quickly identify typical incidents at a given period of time without reading the whole sightings through topic modelling. Multiple visualization and data mining techniques are combined to make sense the increasingly large UFO reports which get updated hourly. The usefulness of the application is evaluated through a case study where anon-expert in ufology can find some typical interesting sightings. Our application can also be able to detect some misleading events such as missile launch or fireworks on a specific day through keywords and topic extraction. One limitation of our application is the data which is not up-to-date when new sightings are posted since the application pulled and processed data locally. Our initial application targets UFO sighting reports. However, we believe our approach has wider applications in other research domains, such as analyzing text corpus obtained from social media.
Editorial to open a debate: VOSTOK 2018: are Russian armed forces experimenting with mission-command?

The press, analysts, and officials took close notice of the Russian strategic-level field-exercise (FTX) organized in mid-September 2018. Of note was its immense geographic size. It ranged from the...
Photophysics Modulation in Photoswitchable Metal–Organic Frameworks

In this Review, we showcase the upsurge in the development and fundamental photophysical studies of more than 100 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as versatile stimuli-responsive platforms. The goal is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the field of photoresponsive MOFs while delving into the underlying photophysical properties of various classes of photochromic molecules including diarylethene, azobenzene, and spiropyran as well as naphthalenediimide and viologen derivatives integrated inside a MOF matrix as part of a framework backbone, as a ligand side group, or as a guest. In particular, the geometrical constraints, photoisomerization rates, and electronic structures of photochromic molecules integrated inside a rigid MOF scaffold are discussed. Thus, this Review reflects on the challenges and opportunities of using photoswitchable MOFs in next-generation multifunctional stimuli-responsive materials while highlighting their use in optoelectronics, erasable inks, or as the next generation of sensing devices.
The pediatric surgery match by the numbers: Defining the successful application

Abstract Background Pediatric surgery remains the most competitive general surgery subspecialty. The authors suspected significant inflation in academic metrics since the last published paper. This study aimed to identify factors associated with applicant success in the match. Methods After IRB approval, all applications to a single accredited pediatric surgery fellowship program were reviewed for match years 2014–2018. Matched and unmatched applicants were compared in an unadjusted and adjusted analysis. Results This training program received 414 of 425 total applications (97%). Match results were available for 388 (94%). Matched applicants were more likely to train in programs with pediatric surgery fellowships (64% vs. 28%) and to have dedicated research time (55% vs. 21%; all p Conclusions The likelihood of matching into a pediatric surgery fellowship was related to the type of residency attended, dedicated research time, ABSITE scores, and number of publications. Overall, the total number of publications reported by all applicants increased. Type of Study Retrospective Comparative Study. Level of Evidence Level III.
Supply and Distribution of Vascular Access Physicians in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Because functioning permanent vascular access (arteriovenous fistula [AVF] or arteriovenous graft [AVG]) is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes for those on hemodialysis, the supply of physicians placing vascular access is key. We investigated whether area-level demographic and healthcare market attributes were associated with the distribution and supply of AVF/AVG access physicians in the United States. Methods A nationwide registry of physicians placing AVFs/AVGs in 2015 was created using data from the United States Renal Data System and the American Physician Association’s Physician Masterfile. We linked the registry information to the Area Health Resource File to assess the supply of AVF/AVG access physicians and their professional attributes by hospital referral region (HRR). Bivariate analysis and Poisson regression were performed to examine the relationship between AVF/AVG access physician supply and demographic, socioeconomic, and health resource conditions of HRRs. The setting included all 50 states. The main outcome was supply of AVF/AVG access physicians, defined as the number of physicians performing AVF and/or AVG placement per 1000 prevalent patients with ESKD. Results The majority of vascular access physicians were aged 45–64 (average age, 51.6), male (91%), trained in the United States (76%), and registered in a surgical specialty (74%). The supply of physicians varied substantially across HRRs. The supply was higher in HRRs with a higher percentage white population (β=0.44; SEM=0.14; P=0.002), lower unemployment rates (β=−10.74; SEM=3.41; P=0.002), and greater supply of primary care physicians (β=0.18; SEM=0.05; P=0.001) and nephrologists (β=15.89; SEM=1.22; P Conclusions Geographic variation was observed in the supply of vascular access physicians. Higher supply of such specialist physicians in socially and economically advantaged areas may explain disparities in vascular access and outcomes in the United States and should be the subject of further study and improvement.
Selecting the Right Evidence to Inform Compensation and Benefits Decisions

It is important that managers make well-informed, evidence-based decisions about employee compensation and benefits. As a field, evidence-based management recognizes four primary sources of sound e...
Meralgia paresthetica treated by injection, decompression, and neurectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain and operative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE Meralgia paresthetica is caused by entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) and often presents with pain. Multiple treatment options targeting the LFCN can be pursued to treat the pain should conservative measures fail, with the most common options being injection, neurolysis, and neurectomy. However, their efficacy in causing pain relief and their clinical outcomes have yet to be directly compared. The aim of this study was to interrogate the contemporary literature and quantitatively define how these options compare. METHODS The electronic databases Ovid Embase, PubMed, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Library were interrogated from inception to May 2020 following the PRISMA guidelines. Candidate articles were screened against prespecified criteria. Outcome data were abstracted and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis of proportions. RESULTS There were 25 articles that satisfied all criteria, reporting outcomes for a total of 670 meralgia paresthetica patients, with 78 (12%) treated by injection, 496 (74%) by neurolysis, and 96 (14%) by neurectomy. The incidence of complete pain relief was 85% (95% CI 71%-96%) after neurectomy, 63% (95% CI 56%-71%) after neurolysis, and 22% (95% CI 13%-33%) after injection, which were all statistically different (p < 0.01). The incidence of revision procedures was 12% (95% CI 4%-22%) after neurolysis and 0% (95% CI 0%-2%) after neurectomy, which were significantly lower than 81% (95% CI 64%-94%) after injection (p < 0.01). The incidences of treatment complications were statistically comparable across all three treatments, ranging from 0% to 5% (p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS There are multiple treatment options to target pain in meralgia paresthetica. The incidence of complete pain relief appears to be the greatest among the 3 interventions after neurectomy, accompanied by the lowest incidence of revision procedures. These findings should help inform patient preference and expectations. Greater exploration of the anatomical rationale for incomplete pain relief after surgical intervention will assist in optimizing further surgical treatment for meralgia paresthetica.
DenVar: Density-based Variation analysis of multiplex imaging data

Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) and multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) platforms have become increasingly popular for studying complex single-cell biology in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of cancer subjects. Studying the intensity of the proteins that regulate important cell-functions, often known as functional markers, in the TME becomes extremely crucial for subject-specific assessment of risks, such as risk of recurrence and risk of death. The conventional approach requires selection of two thresholds, one to define the cells of the TME as positive or negative for a particular functional marker, and the other to classify the subjects based on the proportion of the positive cells. The selection of the thresholds has a large impact on the results and an arbitrary selection can lead to an incomprehensible conclusion. In light of this problem, we present a threshold-free distance between the subjects based on the probability densities of the functional markers. The distance can be used to classify the subjects into meaningful groups or can be used in a linear mixed model setup for testing association with clinical outcomes. The method gets rid of the subjectivity bias of the thresholding-based approach, enabling an easier but interpretable analysis of these types of data. With the proposed method, we analyze a lung cancer dataset from an mIHC platform, finding the difference in the density of functional marker HLA-DR to be significantly associated with the overall survival. The approach is also applied on an MIBI triple-negative breast cancer dataset to analyze effects of multiple functional markers. Finally, we demonstrate the reliability of our method through extensive simulation studies.
An Empirical Investigation of Multi-bridge Multilingual NMT models.

In this paper, we present an extensive investigation of multi-bridge, many-to-many multilingual NMT models (MB-M2M) ie., models trained on non-English language pairs in addition to English-centric language pairs. In addition to validating previous work which shows that MB-M2M models can overcome zeroshot translation problems, our analysis reveals the following results about multibridge models: (1) it is possible to extract a reasonable amount of parallel corpora between non-English languages for low-resource languages (2) with limited non-English centric data, MB-M2M models are competitive with or outperform pivot models, (3) MB-M2M models can outperform English-Any models and perform at par with Any-English models, so a single multilingual NMT system can serve all translation directions.
System Design Considerations and Device Overview

The primary objective of the engineering describe in this book is the realization of an MEMS gas turbine driven electric generator producing tens of watts of electric power. The same device with reduced electrical power extraction could produce tens a grams of thrust to propel very small air vehicles massing a few hundred grams. As a part of this effort, several MEMS engine subsystems were engineered and tested as stand alone devices, including: air-turbine driven generators, a motor driven gas compressor, combustion chambers, and turbochargers. Although challenging, useful, and complete in themselves, these devices and the requisite microfabrication technologies were engineered as part of the gas turbine engine’s research and development program. The device design space, materials, and fabrication approaches were thus constrained to be consistent with the requirements of the gas turbine and within the bounds of realizable fabrication techniques. In this chapter, we describe the overall system design of the gas turbine and its subsidiary devices, presenting an overview of the MEMS devices and technologies which underlie them. The point of view presented in this chapter is that of a device designer rather than those described in greater detail in subsequent chapters. We start by reviewing the thermodynamics of a gas turbine, briefly describe the relevant mechanics considerations – including materials, fluids, and dynamics – which shape design space, and then consider individual MEMS devices.
Predicting Runoff in Semiarid Woodlands: Evaluation of the WEPP Model

Dramatic environmental changes, either from changing climate or land use, or both, will strongly affect erosion processes in semiarid environments. Forecasting the extent and magnitude of these effects will require models in which we have some degree of confidence — or, at the very least, the limitations of which we fully understand. Validating these models, therefore, is critical. In this study, we evaluate the runoff prediction capabilities of the WEPP model, applied to a semiarid pinyon-juniper woodland of the southwestern United States. The model’s parameters were drawn from detailed site characterisation data, including data from rainfall simulation studies (the rainfall line studies involved four 30m2 plots, two of which were undisturbed; later, the four plots and a nearby 2000 m2 hillslope were instrumented to gather data on naturally occurring runoff). WEPP was quite successful at simulating naturally occurring runoff from the disturbed plots, but underpredicted runoff from the undisturbed plots by nearly a factor of three. This was a surprising result, given the quantity of detailed information from the plots used as input for the model. One possibility is that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil — which can vary over time depending on surface soil conditions and, perhaps, rainfall characteristics — was different during the studies of naturally occurring runoff than during the rainfall simulation experiments. With respect to runoff from the hillslope, WEPP’s estimates were high; actual measured runoff was considerably lower than that from the plots, presumably because of the greater opportunity for storage and subsequent infiltration on the hillslope — a scale effect that the model’s design does not take into account. These results point to the need for caution in applying models to scales significantly different from those for which their parameters were developed.
The effect of visual search strategy and overlays on visual inspection of castings

In the domain of inspecting particularly the casting industry there is currently a great deal of subjectivity in the visual inspection of castings. This subjectivity results in high rates of miss and false alarm outcomes among workers inspecting castings. These events lead to costly rework and end user rejection of product. Due to this, there is much interest in improving the inspection methods to detect anomalies. This research involves using various methods including search pattern training, as well as visual overlays, to augment the way inspectors inspect the casting. This is then compared to a control group. The results show the experimental groups that received search pattern training were superior to the standard training/control group. However, the group that utilizes an overlay was not superior to the control group despite the similar raster training, indicating the overlay methods used is distracting to the user.
Negotiation of Personal Service Contracts

THIS PAPER will discuss only contracts for the employment of talent, viz., -actors, writers, directors and producers, since all other employment is covered by collective bargaining contracts. Before considering any individual contract however, it is essential to read the particular guild contract relating thereto.' When the contract is for an actor to appear in one picture for a salary of less than $25,000, the Screen Actors Guild enforces the use of a printed form of contract which it has approved and which cannot be modified except for the benefit of the actor. This contract is very favorable to the actor, so this is no hardship to one negotiating an employment agreement in behalf of an actor. It is to be noted that the $25,000 relates to cash compensation paid during production and if the actor is to receive cash plus a deferment or cash plus a percentage of receipts or net profits, in computing whether the compensation is $25,000, only the cash may be considered. For example, if an actor is to receive $20,000 in cash, $30,000 as deferred compensation to be paid after the cash negative cost of the picture is recovered, and 10% of the net profits, under the interpretation of the Screen Actors Guild, this is still a contract for less than $25,000. In using the Screen Actors Guild minimum contract form about the only important matter to negotiate will be the screen and advertising credit to be afforded the actor.
Cystic fibrosis and physical activity: Is there a significant difference to healthy individuals?

Introduction: Exercise and habitual physical activity are important components in the care of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Regular exercise and physical activity improve physical fitness, exercise tolerance, quality of life and reduce the rate of lung function decline. Aim: To compare habitual physical activity between CF patients and healthy age matched controls and to investigate possible predictors for reduced physical activity in CF patients. Methods: 66 patients with CF (3-44 yrs) and 65 healthy controls (3-55 yrs) were asked to wear an accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M) on their right hip for 9 days during daytime, at min. 10h/day. Physical activity was classified in 5 categories from low (cat. 1) to very strenuous (cat 5) activity. Results: In general there was no difference in physical activity between CF-Patients and healthy controls. However, young CF patients (3-9yrs) spent less time with strenuous and very strenuous activity than age-matched controls (p= 0.007 and 0.022). Boys with CF had reduced times with activity cat. 4 and 5 (p= 0.047 and 0.002) and girls with CF spent less time in cat. 3 and 4 (p= 0.005 and 0.013) compared to their counterparts. Activity categories 2-5 were all correlated to FEV1%pred in the CF patients. Conclusions: Overall we found no significant differences in the physical activity of patients with CF compared to healthy controls, which is very encouraging. However, healthy small children spend more time with strenuous and very strenuous physical activity than the children with CF. This may be due to overprotection by the parents and underlines the importance to continuously motivate the children to participate in sports activities.
Family Policy Matters: How Policymaking Affects Families and What Professionals Can Do

Contents: T. Ooms, Foreword. T.J. Corbett, Foreword. Preface: The Floating Opera of Family Policy. Preface to Reluctant Students of Family Policy. Part I: The Rationale for Family Policymaking. Do We Need a Family Perspective in Policymaking? Is Policymaking Focused More on Families or Individuals? Are Professionals Adequately Trained in Family Science, Theory, and Methodology? What Is Family Policy? What Is a Family Perspective in Policymaking? Do Families Matter and What Is Their Value in Policymaking? Are Family Issues a Legitimate Focus of Policymaking? Part II: Applying a Family Perspective to Current Policy Issues. D. Riley, K. Bogenschneider, Do We Know What Good Parenting Is? Can Public Policy Promote It? W.J. Doherty, J.R. Anderson, Can a Family-Focused Approach Benefit Health Care? What Current Policies and Proposals Are Changing the Political Landscape for Families? Part III: Using Theory and Practice to Move Controversial Policies Forward. How Can We Bridge the Controversy and Move Family Policies Forward? The Theory of Paradox. K. Bogenschneider, T. Corbett, What Can We Learn From the Roots of American Social Policy About Building Enduring Family Policies in the 21st Century? What Can We Learn From the Past About Methods for Moving Family Policy Forward in the Future? Part IV: Strategies for Getting Involved in Family Policymaking. What Roles Can Family Professionals Play to Build Family Policy? Which Approach Is Best for Getting Involved in Family Policy: Advocacy or Education? K. Bogenschneider, J.R. Olson, J. Mills, K.D. Linney, How Can We Connect Research With State Policymaking? Lessons From the Wisconsin Family Impact Seminars. How Can Professionals Team Up With Communities to Influence Local Policymaking? Guidelines From Wisconsin Youth Futures. Is It Time to Take Family Policy Seriously? Appendices.
Effects of amphotericin B in vitro on perfect and imperfect strains of Allescheria boydii.

Abstract The inhibitory effects of amphotericin B on Allescheria boydii vary with the strain studied. In general, most isolates of the fungus are not susceptible to concentrations within the range of human tolerance. This is particularly true of perfect forms, although this relationship is lacking for some isolates. There is no correlation between the isolation history of a strain and its amphotericin B sensitivity. Susceptibility was found to be absolute in some isolates, whereas resistance could be increased in others through repeated exposure to higher increments of drug. In high concentrations, the antibiotic is uniformly cidal for the spores of certain isolates. This finding was also true for some conidia of “resistant” strains, although the action was fungistatic on other spores in the same population.
Recognition responses in pathogen/non-host and race/cultivar interactions involving soybean (Glycine max) and Pseudomonas syringae pathovars

Abstract Previous work with tobacco and bacteria which cause a hypersensitive response (HR) indicated that the K + /H + response (increase in extracellular pH and K + ) and active oxygen production are associated with early events leading to a HR. This study demonstrates that these early responses also occur in soybean upon recognition of pathogen of other host species as well as incompatible races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea , a pathogen of soybean. Pathogens of other host species stimulated the K + /H + response in leaf disc and cell suspension assays in all soybean cultivars tested. These pathogens also stimulated the active oxygen response in cell suspension assays as observed using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Races of P. syringae pv. glycinea stimulated these responses in incompatible interactions which lead to early cell death as monitored by Evans Blue. However, the race/cultivar compatibility under the leaf disc or cell suspension assay conditions differed in some cases from that observed in intact leaves. In all cases, the K + /H + and active oxygen responses preceded hypersensitive cell death by several hours. This study extends our previous findings from tobacco studies in that in soybean these early responses occur upon recognition of bacteria which induce an HR not only in pathogen/non-host interactions hut also race/cultivar interactions.
Novel Sol‐Gel Synthesis and Characterization of High‐Surfacearea Pt‐Ru Catalysts as Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

A novel complexation based sol-gel process has been developed to synthesize Pt-50at.% Ru based anode catalysts possessing high specific surface area with good catalytic activity. A homogeneous amorphous gel was successfully synthesized by complexing platinum(II) acetylacetonate and ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) used as a complexing agent. Phase pure Pt(Ru) solid solution of nominal composition Pt-50at.% Ru, possessing high specific surface area (∼75m 2 /g-140m 2 /g) were successfully produced by controlled removal of carbonaceous species generated from the as-prepared precursor. The controlled removal of carbon related species has been successfully performed by controlled thermal treatment of the precursor using controlled oxidizing atmospheres such as 1% O 2 balanced with ultrahigh purity (UHP) argon. It has been identified that the nanocrystalline Pt(Ru) solid solution of nominal composition Pt-50at.% Ru possessing good chemical homogeneity with less amount of non-conducting carbon reveals an excellent catalytic activity, demonstrating the potential of the novel sol-gel process for synthesizing high-performance catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.
Restrictions of congruences generated by finite canonical string-rewriting systems

Let Σ1 be a subalphabet of Σ2. and let R1 and R2 be finite string-rewriting systems on Σ1 and Σ2, respectively. If the congruence \(\overset * \longleftrightarrow\)R1 and the congruence \(\overset * \longleftrightarrow\)R2 generated by R2 coincide on Σ1*, then R1 can be seen as representing the restriction of the system R2 to the subalphabet Σ1. Is this property decidable ? This question is investigated for several classes of finite canonical string-rewriting systems.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Consumer Narratives for Destination Marketing

Using tourists’ stories to promote destinations is believed to be an innovative approach in destination marketing. This study conceptualizes and investigates the effectiveness of such an approach. This study supports the underlying premise of introducing narrative in marketing, that is, the narrative reasoning that human beings possess with which they can retrieve information better through a story. Furthermore, it is argued that the increased knowledge of a destination will have a stronger effect on the intention to visit a destination if the audiences can identify themselves with the story characters. Several managerial implications are also discussed.
Rapid and Highly Informative Diagnostic Assay for H5N1 Influenza Viruses

A highly discriminative and information-rich diagnostic assay for H5N1 avian influenza would meet immediate patient care needs and provide valuable information for public health interventions, e.g., tracking of new and more dangerous variants by geographic area as well as avian-to-human or human-to-human transmission. In the present study, we have designed a rapid assay based on multilocus nucleic acid sequencing that focuses on the biologically significant regions of the H5N1 hemagglutinin gene. This allows the prediction of viral strain, clade, receptor binding properties, low- or high-pathogenicity cleavage site and glycosylation status. H5 HA genes were selected from nine known high-pathogenicity avian influenza subtype H5N1 viruses, based on their diversity in biologically significant regions of hemagglutinin and/or their ability to cause infection in humans. We devised a consensus pre-programmed pyrosequencing strategy, which may be used as a faster, more accurate alternative to de novo sequencing. The available data suggest that the assay described here is a reliable, rapid, information-rich and cost-effective approach for definitive diagnosis of H5N1 avian influenza. Knowledge of the predicted functional sequences of the HA will enhance H5N1 avian influenza surveillance efforts.
The Diagnostic Function of Socratic Definitions

The ethical doctrines of Plato’s earlier dialogues1 are often quite aptly described as “intellectualist,” but it is not always recognized that this label can convey two distinct, though equally correct, ascriptions. On the one hand, it could be taken to point to the distinctive “Socratic” method on display in these works, which can plausibly be seen as an adaptation of Eleatic rationalistic methodology for the purposes of Socrates’ own ethical investigations. As such, the intellectualist characterization records Socrates’ unwavering affirmation of the power of the human intellect to deliver ethical truths, including, most importantly, truths about the nature of human virtue.
Online Determination of the LHC Luminous Region with the ATLAS High-Level Trigger

Abstract During stable-beams operations of the LHC, the ATLAS High Level Trigger (HLT) offers the fastest and most precise online measurement available of the position, size and orientation of the luminous region at the interaction point. Taking advantage of the high rate of triggered events, a dedicated algorithm is executed on the HLT processor farm of several hundred nodes that uses tracks registered in the silicon detectors to reconstruct event vertices. The distribution of these vertices is aggregated across the farm and its shape is extracted through ﬁts every 60 seconds. A correction is applied online to adjust for the intrinsic vertex resolution by examining the apparent separation of split vertices. The location, widths and tilts of the luminosity distribution are fed back to the LHC operators in real time. The transverse luminous centroid mirrors variations in the IP orbit, while its position along the beam axis is sensitive to the relative RF phase of the two beams. The time evolution of the luminous width tracks the emittance growth over the course of a ﬁll. Beginning in 2011, the HLT beam spot measurement also started reconstructing the parameters of each individual ﬁlled bunch. This gives rise to a study of single-bunch distributions and opens a window to understanding dynamical features such as beam-beam effects. We describe how the measurement is performed and discuss the results and observations of the luminous region parameters and their time evolution during the high luminosity running in 2011.
Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty and other surgery for snoring

Educational objectives: To understand the mechanisms behind snoring and become familiar with appropriate techniques of evaluating these patients and be introduced to several techniques to eliminate snoring, including nasal surgery, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, and laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty.
The political appeal of austerity

Mark Blyth’s book makes a very compelling case that austerity is a ‘dangerous idea’. Instead of focusing on the book’s central argument, this article reflects on why austerity policies keep coming back. It argues that the power of austerity is ideological in a complementary yet somewhat broader sense than envisioned in the book. Austerity is not only a conservative way of thinking, or ‘blueprint’, it is also an excuse for decision makers to avoid thinking, and it typically aims at many goals, not all of them politically conservative. The eurozone crisis is offered as an illustration.
Seasonal changes in a lizard pituitary: Immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural morphometry of lactotropes, corticotropes, and gonadotropes.

Pituitary glands of adult male lizards (Anolis carolinensis) were studied in an effort to monitor seasonal cytologic changes quantitatively. Cells were identified immunocytochemically and on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics. Electron micrographs of the anterior pars distalis (containing lactotropes, corticotropes, and gonadotropes) of lizards collected in spring and fall were analyzed morphometrically. Lactotropes are the most numerous cell type in this area and occupy the largest volume. They are closely followed by corticotropes. Neither kind of cell undergoes a marked seasonal change in number or size or in the percent of the analyzed volume they occupy. Morphometric and ultrastructural criteria indicate an increased level of activity in all three kinds of secretory cells in the spring, although changes are relatively modest in corticotropes and lactotropes. Gonadotropes occupy less than half the volume of either of the other secretory cells in the analyzed area, but undergo considerable seasonal modification. They are larger (> 40%) and more numerous (20%) in the spring, and show an increase in biosynthetic organelles at this time. Although the density of secretion granules may be reduced in the enlarged spring gonadotropes, the number of granules per cell may not be altered seasonally. Seasonal changes in the three cell types analyzed are moderate in contrast to the cytologic modifications described in pituitary cells following castration or other experimental procedures. Necrotic cells appear to be a normal component of the pituitary gland of Anolis carolinensis throughout the year.
Collegiate Recovery Programs.

More than ever, people are seeking substance use disorder treatment during the adolescent and young adult stages of development. Developmentally, many of these young adults new to recovery are in the process of making career decisions that may require attendance at a college or university. However, the collegiate environment is not conducive to a recovery lifestyle. Since the 1980s, several colleges and universities have implemented Collegiate Recovery Programs, offering students “safe havens” where they can obtain support from other students in recovery and from staff while they pursue a college education. The collegiate recovery programs have been successful at graduating students and supporting their recovery. Today, there are more than 75 collegiate recovery programs already established or in the process of development, serving more than 500 students across the United States. Although the various programs offer different types of services, each one seems to be having some type of success based on the ...
Remodeling of nuclear architecture during the cell cycle in Drosophila embryos.

Little is known about what determines the nuclear matrix or how its reorganization is regulated during mitosis. In this study we report on a monoclonal antibody, mAb2A, which identifies a novel nuclear structure in Drosophila embryos which forms a diffuse meshwork at interphase but which undergoes a striking reorganization into a spindle-like structure during pro- and metaphase. Double labelings with α-tubulin and mAb2A antibodies demonstrate that the microtubules of the mitotic apparatus co-localize with this mAb2A labeled structure during metaphase, suggesting it may serve a role in microtubule spindle assembly and/or function during nuclear division. That the mAb2A-labeled nuclear structure is essential for cell division and/or maintenance of nuclear integrity was directly demonstrated by microinjection of mAb2A into early syncytial embryos which resulted in a disintegration of nuclear morphology and perturbation of mitosis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.