cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical inquiry and the limitations of the common core state standards

Abstract Students’ written argumentation, including historical argumentation, is an important aspect of standardized assessments under the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). This mixed methods study explores the differences in students’ written argumentation when inquiry methods of instruction are employed and a rubric designed for CCSS standardized assessment is used in evaluation. Results indicate that inquiry methods do not necessarily improve students’ argumentative writing when scored on CCSS criteria, though qualitative analysis reveals considerable differences in the demonstration of historical thinking by students in the treatment group. Many of these differences were captured with additional quantitative evaluation using a disciplinary specific instrument, though concerns remain regarding the ability to capture student knowledge through purely quantitative means. Implications for further assessment, research and instruction are discussed.
SU-E-J-38: Improved DRR Image Quality Using Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Fiducial in Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT)

Purpose Fiducial-based imaging is often used in IGRT. Traditional gold fiducial marker often has substantial reconstruction artifacts. These artifacts Result in poor image quality of DRR for online kV-to-DRR matching. This study evaluated the image quality of PEEK in DRR in static and moving phantom. Methods CT scan of the Gold and PEEK fiducial (both 1×3 mm) was acquired in a 22 cm cylindrical phantom filled with water. Image artifacts was evaluated with maximum CT value deviated from water due to artifacts; volume of artifacts in 10×10 cm in the center slice; maximum length of streak artifacts from the fiducial. DRR resolution were measured using FWHM and FWTM. 4DCT of PEEK fiducial was acquired with the phantom moving sinusoidally in superior-inferior direction. Motion artifacts were assessed for various 4D phase angles. Results The maximum CT value deviation was −174 for Gold and −24 for PEEK. The volume of artifacts in a 10x10 cm 3 mm slice was 0.369 for Gold and 0.074 cm3 for PEEK. The maximum length of streak artifact was 80mm for Gold and 7 mm for PEEK. PEEK in DRR, FWHM was close to actual (1.0 mm for Gold and 1.1 mm for PEEK). FWTM was 1.8more » mm for Gold and 1.3 mm for PEEK in DRR. Barrel motion artifact of PEEK fiducial was noticeable for free-breathing scan. The apparent PEEK length due to residual motion was in close agreement with the calculated length (13 mm for 30–70 phase, 10 mm in 40–60 phase). Conclusion Streak artifacts on planning CT associated with use of gold fiducial can be significantly reduced by PEEK fiducial, while having adequate kV image contrast. DRR image resolution at FWTM was improved from 1.8 mm to 1.3 mm. Because of this improvement, we have been routinely use PEEK for liver IGRT.« less
EFFECT OF HEMATOCRIT ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW |[lpar]|CBF|[rpar]| IN LAMBS

In anemia and polycythemia the relative contributions of changes in arterial O2 content (CaO2) and blood viscosity are unclear. We studied this question in 9 unanesthetized lambs (<7 days of age). After initial measurements of arterial and sagittal sinus PO2, PCO2, CaO2, CBF (microsphere technique), cerebral O2 consumption (CMRO2), cerebral fractional oxygen extraction (E= CMRO2/CBFxCaO2) and the position of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (P50) were made (State 1), we performed an exchange transfusion with methemoglobin-containing adult sheep red cells. This changed hematocrit without changing CaO2. After exchange, the hematocrit increased from 20 to 40% while CaO2 changed from 8.8±0.2 (X±SEM) to 10.1±0.2 ml/100 ml. Repeat measurements were made in 1 hour (State 2). PCO2 and P50 did not change (paired t test). CBF fell (138.8±14.1 vs 102.4±5.4 ml/100g/min, p<0.02), and E rose in each experiment (0.51±0.01 vs 0.60±0.01, p<.001). CMRO2 was constant (6.2±0.5 vs 6.2±0.4 ml/100g/min). Viscosity rose from 1.7 to 3.7 centipoise (measured at a shear rate of 230/sec.). Four of these animals were given methylene blue to reduce methemoglobin and CaO2 rose to the value appropriate for the hematocrit. Measurements were repeated (State 3). The ratio (CBF1-CBF2)/(CBF1-CBF3) represents the proportion of the change in flow resulting from a change in viscosity. This ratio is 0.45. Thus changes in viscosity account for about half of the changes in CBF.
A Tool to Personalize the Ranking of the Documents Returned by an Internet Search Engine.

Internet search engines identify web pages that contain user-specified keywords, and then rank these pages according to their (heuristically assessed) relevance to the user’s query. In this paper, we investigated the possibility of evaluating this relevance by the similarity of the returned web page to web pages previously visited by the same user: these previously visited pages thus serve as positive training examples from which a machine-learning program induces an internal model of the user’s interests and preferences. We describe two different ways to represent this model. Our experiments indicate that this approach can indeed improve the ranking.
Acoustic Wave Induced Flows and Heat Transfer in Gases and Supercritical Fluids

Publisher Summary Acoustic waves in compressible media are generated by two kinds of sources: rapid heating of the media and mechanical vibration along a bounding/immersed solid wall. This chapter focuses on the recent computational and experimental work on interactions of acoustic waves with viscous and conducting fluids. It discusses high-intensity standing waves driven by wall vibration, the second-order steady acoustic streaming due to acoustic-boundary layer interactions, both experimentally and numerically. The compressible form of the Navier-Stokes equations, including the conservation of mass, momentum and energy, along with a state equation, to present a mathematical model and numberical methods have been used to describe the compressible behavior of the substance in question. To illustrate the behaviors of thermally induced acoustic waves generated by the rapid heating of a bounding solid wall in a closed cylindrical tube, an experiment is proposed that uses a resistance-capacitance (R-C) circuit to generate a rapid temperature increase in a thin nickel foil located at one end of the closed cylindrical tube. The thermally generated pressure (acoustic) waves are generated inside the tube, and undergo repeated reflections at the two ends of the tube and gradually decay. The measurement results are compared with the numerical results. The chapter also investigates experimentally the behaviors of thermally induced acoustic waves, in high pressure and supercritical carbon dioxide, generated by rapid heating of a bounding solid wall in a closed cylindrical tube, using a thin aluminum foil attached to one end of the cylinder that is heated by a resistance-capacitance (R-C) circuit, which is controlled by a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). It also discusses the effect of gravity on the propagation and decay of the acoustic waves.
Research Spotlight: New evidence could let supereruption off the hook

[1] It's a case of forensic analysis on the grandest scale: the possible near-extinction of the entire human race at the hands of one volcanic supereruption. The Younger Toba Tuff (YTT) eruption 74,000 years ago has been accused of blanketing the sky with sulfate aerosols and driving the world into a long-lasting winter. In a new study,Timmreck et al. have given the Sumatran volcano a climatological alibi. The authors used a global circulation model to simulate the YTT eruption, including for the first time an analysis of the small-scale interactions between sulfate particles. Sulfate particles in the upper atmosphere strongly reflect incoming solar radiation, which has a cooling effect on the Earth. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045464, 2010)
Carbon-11 labeled σ2 receptor ligands for imaging breast cancer

Four conformationally flexible benzamide analogs having a high affinity and outstanding selectivity for sigma(2) versus sigma(1) receptors were synthesized and radiolabeled with carbon-11 by reaction with [(11)C]methyl iodide. The four (11)C-labeled radiotracers were evaluated for their potential to image the proliferative status of breast tumors with positron emission tomography (PET). In vivo studies in female BALB/C mice bearing EMT-6 breast tumors showed that one radiotracer, (2-methoxy-(11)C)-N-(4-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl)-5-methylbenzamide ([(11)C]2), had a high tumor uptake and suitable tumor/background ratio for imaging purposes. Blocking studies were consistent with the labeling of sigma(2) receptors in vivo. A study comparing the in vivo properties of [(11)C]2 and (18)F-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxy-L-thymidine ([(18)F]FLT) indicated that [(11)C]2 had either similar (lung, fat) or better (blood, muscle) tumor/organ ratios than [(18)F]FLT in the tissues that are important for breast tumor imaging. Consequently, [(11)C]2 is a potential radiotracer for imaging the proliferative status of breast tumors in vivo with PET.
Yukawa models with staggered fermions in a expansion at strong Yukawa coupling

Abstract We apply a systematic 1 d expansion to Yukawa models with staggered fermions and radially frozen Higgs fields with a global G L × G R symmetry. We compute the critical line and the two-point functions to the first subleading order in 1 d . The expansion is systematic for Yukawa coupling of order d and thus applies to the strong Yukawa coupling region. There the features found in numerical simulations, most notably the rise of the fermion mass as the critical line is approached from the spontaneously broken phase, are reproduced.
The Laramie Project as a Homophobic Disruption: How the Play Impacts Pre-Service Teachers' Preparation to Create Anti-Homophobic Schools

ABSTRACT The Laramie Project is a play based on a collection of interviews with the community members of Laramie, Wyoming, where Mathew Shepard, a 21-year-old university student, was murdered. The idea for the play originated with a theatre group, The Tectonic Theater Project, which devoted 2 years to this project, conducting over 200 interviews. This article reports research findings using the play in teacher education courses as a homophobic disruption: A pedagogical interruptive strategy to shake up, shift, or destabilize heteronormativity and prepare pre-service teachers to create anti-homophobic schools. This study uses pre- and post-questionnaires with 89 pre-service teachers in four teacher education classes in Northern California.
Epitaxial Cu contacts on semiconducting diamond

Abstract In this study Cu films of 30 nm and 200 nm thickness have been grown on natural type IIb semiconducting diamond C(001) substrates by electron-beam evaporation at 500 °C in UHV. As evidenced by Rutherford backscattering/channeling techniques and in situ low-energy electron diffraction, the as-deposited layers were shown to be epitaxial, with χCu = 49%. In addition, the technique of atomic force microscopy has demonstrated island morphology, indicative of three-dimensional growth. Moreover, the Cu films displayed excellent adhesion properties with the underlying diamond substrate. Corresponding current-voltage (I–V) measurements conducted at room temperature have shown rectifying characteristics. In addition, a Schottky barrier height of ΦB ≈ 1.1eV has been determined from ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of potent antimalarials: Primaquine and chloroquine

C13 Nmr chemical shits of primaquine and chloroquine are reported. The signals are assigned on the basis of substituent effects on benzene shifts, intensities, multiplicities in SFORI) and the comparison with structurally related compounds.
GL331 inhibits HIF-1α expression in a lung cancer model

Abstract We have studied GL331’s anti-cancer mechanisms by studying their effect on the tumor-induced angiogenesis. Human lung adenocarcinoma CL1-5 cells were treated with GL331 and then maintained in serum-reduced, GL331-free medium for the preparation of condition mediums. These condition mediums were tested for their capability to induce in vitro angiogenesis, i.e., HUVEC tube formation and migration. We found that mediums generated from GL331-treated CL1-5 cells presented reduced ability of inducing in vitro angiogenesis. Western blot analyses showed that both VEGF and HIF-1α were down-regulated in GL331-treated CL1-5 cells. Northern blot and EMSA analyses showed that GL331 down-regulated HIF-1α expression without decreasing the stability of HIF-1α mRNA, and that GL331 decreased the binding of CL1-5-derived nuclear components to the promoter of HIF-1α gene. Therefore, our data showed that GL331 is a potent inhibitor of tumor-induced angiogenesis. The underlying mechanisms might involve at least the inhibition of HIF-1α expression, probably through transcriptional repression.
Myopathy with mitochondrial alterations in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and antimitochondrial antibodies

Objective. To describe a syndrome of severe progressive myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and gastrointestinal dysmotility in 2 patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and circulating anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies, and to review pertinent literature concerning this syndrome. Methods. Clinical, electrophysiologic, serologic, and pathologic studies of the 2 affected patients were conducted. Results. Skeletal muscle involvement was manifested by progressive weakness of the proximal muscles, marked diaphragmatic dysfunction with consequent hypoventilation and respiratory failure, and moderately elevated levels of muscle-associated enzymes. Serum from both patients contained antimitochondrial antibodies that reacted with components of the mitochondrial keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme complex. Results of electromyography were consistent with a myopathic process. The microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the skeletal muscles were distinct from those of typical myositis, and were notable for striking subsarcolemmal aggregation of abnormal mitochondria in the absence of significant inflammation. Conclusion. Severe skeletal muscle, cardiac, and gastrointestinal pathology with abnormalities of the muscle mitochondria develops in a subset of patients with mild PBC and antimitochondrial antibodies. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unclear, but may be related to the presence of the antimitochondrial autoantibodies.
Watermelon herniopathy—a newly described variant of gastric antral vascular ectasia associated with Barrett's esophagus

Watermelon herniopathy—a newly described variant of gastric antral vascular ectasia associated with Barrett's esophagus
Applications of geometric moment theory related to optimal portfolio management

In this article, we start with the brief description of the essence of geometric moment theory method for optimization of integrals due to Kemperman [1-3]. Then, we solve several new Moment problems with applications to stock market and financial mathematics. That is, we give methods for optimal allocation of funds over stocks and bonds at maximum return. More precisely, we present here the optimal portfolio management under optimal selection of securities so to maximize profit. The above are done within the models of optimal frontier and optimizing concavity.
Neutrophil-anti-microbial interaction in the established infection: effect on Staphylococcus aureus.

Summary Objectives To determine if differences in drug-related Staphylococcus aureus killing, associated in vivo with neutropenia, is neutrophil-related in vitro, and the mechanisms of this interaction. Methods To evaluate the influence of living neutrophils on drug– S. aureus interactions, cell wall enzymes, the PBPs, were isolated and their binding to five (beta lactam and other) antibiotics was evaluated following incubation (or not) with neutrophils. S. aureus killing by the test drugs was assayed in growth media of sterile filtered abscess fluid, either neutropenic infected or normal infected. At MBCs for the test isolate, each drug or saline control was incubated with S. aureus 10 6 and dilution-plated. Results Neutrophil incubation with S. aureus eliminated the S. aureus PBP-2 band in all Western blots irrespective of the drug used to tag the PBPs. Time-kill of S. aureus grown in neutropenic or normal abscess fluid showed greater kill by all drugs in neutropenic abscess fluid ( p =0.029 6h incubation). Killing difference between the media correlates with drug PBP-2 activity. Conclusions Drug activity against S. aureus in vitro is changed by neutrophil incubation. The neutrophil-induced loss of S. aureus PBP-2 drug binding suggests novel host-bacterial interaction that may impinge on drug treatment of S. aureus infections.
Genetics and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.
Effects of Cover Crops on the Movement and Fate of Soil-Applied (14C)-Fonofos in a Soil-Plant-Water Microcosm

The effects of com plants or a “lawn” of ryegrass on the movement and metabolism of soil-applied 14C-fonofos were studied in a microcosm which consisted of terrestrial and aquatic components. Artificial rain, applied to the fallow or plant covered soils, resulted in runoff that accumulated in aquaria containing lake bottom mud and aquatic organisms. The presence and the type of a cover crop had a considerable effect on the mobility and metabolism of soil-applied 14C-fonofos. The insecticide plus its metabolites were least persistent in systems with fallow soils and most persistent in those with ryegrass. Within the terrestrial soil, 14C-compounds moved downwards and also were trans located via the root systems into the leaves of com and ryegrass. Within the plant tops, 86% of the recovered benzene-soluble 14C-compounds were in the form of the detoxified methyl phenyl sulfone and 2% or less as fonofos. Due to rain, considerable runoff of soil and water had been deposited into all the aquaria, but the amounts of soil and 14C transported decreased drastically due to the presence and nature of cover crops. 14C-compounds transported were primarily associated with the runoff soil and most of these were later found in the soil-lake mud sediments. 14C-fonofos was the major constituent in soils and aquatic sediments, while the major metabolite recovered from both the terrestrial and aquatic portion of the microcosm was methyl phenyl sulfone, its amounts ranging from 13 to 92% of all benzene-soluble radiocarbon. Relatively small amounts of the insecticidal oxygen analogue of fonofos were recovered, the exception being in roots of corn and of ryegrass.
Silicon-on-insulator m.o.s.f.e.t.s fabricated on laser-annealed polysilicon on SiO2

N-channel-enhancement and light-depletion-mode m.o.s.f.e.t.s have been fabricated on laser-annealed 0.5 μm polysilicon films, deposited on 1 μm of SiO2 grown on single-crystal silicon substrates. Threshold voltages of 0.35–0.45 V and −0.5 – −0.7 V and surface mobilities of 170 cm2/Vs and 215 cm2/Vs were obtained on the enhancement and depletion devices, respectively. These results compare favourably with values realised in silicon-on-sapphire (s.o.s.) and bulk N-m.o.s. devices. In addition, the measured source-drain leakage currents match the best reported values for s.o.s. devices.
Percolation in Borosilicate Glass Matrix Composites Containing Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Segregated Networks. Part II: Examination of Electrical Behavior Using Impedance Spectroscopy

Glass nanocomposites, fabricated using borosilicate glass microspheres and antimony tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles, were previously reported to have formed segregated networks at the boundaries of the glass particles. This resulted in an electrically conducting composite at low volume fractions (~0.5–0.8 vol%) of ATO nanoparticles. The wide range of electrical response in these borosilicate glass composites containing networks of varying concentration of ATO was examined using impedance spectroscopy. The electrical resistance of these composites varied over a range of around 12 orders of magnitude and exhibited several different types of insulator and conductor behavior. The formation of the ATO network was identified and tracked by scanning electron microscopy images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) scans. Detailed impedance spectroscopy analysis using all of the dielectric functions (impedance, permittivity, electric modulus, and admittance) was found to be an excellent method for detecting the development of the network and the effect that processing variables can have on its formation and the overall electrical properties of the nanocomposites.
Structure and Meaning in Models of Breast and Cervical Cancer Risk Factors: A Comparison of Perceptions among Latinas, Anglo Women, and Physicians

This article reports on a study of perceptions of breast and cervical cancer risk factors among 27 U.S.-born Chicanas, 39 Mexican and 28 Salvadoran immigrants, 27 Anglo women, and 30 physicians in northern Orange County, California. In open-ended responses explaining why women might be at risk for both cancers, Latinas expressed two general themes: physical stress and trauma to the body, and behavior and lifestyle choices. Interviewees ranked the specific risk factors that they themselves mentioned. Cultural consensus of ranked data revealed that Mexican and Salvadoran immigrants had a model of cancer risks that was different from those of Anglo women and physicians. U.S.-born Chicanas were bicultural in their views, which overlapped with both Mexican women's and Anglo women's views, but less so with physicians' views. Comparing views about the two cancers revealed that general themes apply across both cancers, that Latina immigrants agreed less on the risk factors for cervical cancer than for breast cancer, and that there is a consistent pattern in the different ways Latinas, Anglos, and physicians perceive risk factors for both cancers.
Orbit design and perturbation analysis for Mars rover and sample return mission concepts

Mission options using out-of-orbit entry and Mars orbit rendezvous before earth return are discussed. The following major flight elements are required to conduct a Mars rover and sample return mission: the rover, the sample return orbiter, and the Mars ascent vehicle. The effects of perturbations on orbital motion are studied using Cowell's method and an averaging technique.
Determination of Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Tests in a Karst Aquifer

Specific capacity tests are useful for estimating transmissivity in aquifers that have few good-quality pump tests. In karst aquifers, this has been done by (1) correcting specific capacity for turbulent well loss and using analytical relationships between transmissivity and specific capacity, and (2) correcting specific capacity for well loss and deriving an empirical relationship between transmissivity and specific capacity. This study focuses on the uncertainties of estimating well loss and presents an empirical relationship between transmissivity and uncorrected specific capacity for a karst aquifer. Well loss is difficult to estimate without good-quality step-drawdown tests. Pipe-flow theory tends to underestimate well loss, and an empirical relationship between specific capacity and well-loss constant has a large prediction interval that leads to well loss exceeding measured drawdown. To overcome uncertainties of estimating well loss, transmissivity and uncorrected specific capacity were related for aquifer tests from the Edwards aquifer in Texas. The resulting best-fit line is T = 0.76(Sc)1.08 for T and Sc in m2 d–1 with a coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.89 and a 95-percent prediction interval spanning approximately 1.4 log cycles. Though the prediction interval is large, approximate but useful estimates of transmissivity can be determined because the relationship extends over five orders of magnitude from 1 to 100,000 m2 d-1. The relationship is applicable in at least one other karst aquifer and therefore may be useful for others.
Space‐Time of the Bororo of Brazil

Space-Time of the Bororo of Brazil. Stephen Michael Fabian. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992. xiii + 253pp. $39.95 (cloth). ISBNO-8130–1104–3.
The transepithelial voltage of the isolated anterior stomach of mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti): pharmacological characterization of the serotonin-stimulated cells.

SUMMARY The lumen-negative transepithelial voltage (Vte) of the isolated and perfused anterior stomach of mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti) was studied with a `semi-open9 preparation in which one end of the gut was ligated onto a perfusion pipette and the other end remained open to the bath. All experiments were performed with serotonin-stimulated preparations. Vte was abolished after addition of 2.5 mmol l-1 dinitrophenol and depended on the presence of Cl-. Na+ substitution experiments showed that a major part of Vte depended on the presence of this cation in the hemolymph side of the epithelium. Addition of 10 μmol l-1 concanamycin (78±6% inhibition) or 2.5 mmol l-1 ouabain (15±2% inhibition) to the bath partially inhibited Vte. DPC (0.5 mmol l-1) or DIDS (0.1 mmol l-1) reduced Vte when applied to the hemolymph side of the epithelium (to 49±8% or 78±3% of the control, respectively). When present on both sides of the epithelium, these inhibitors caused further Vte reductions (to 23±4% or 35±4% of the control, respectively). Hemolymph-side furosemide (0.1 mmol l-1) or BaCl2 (5 mmol l-1) reduced Vte by 13±3% or 23±4% of the control, respectively. When applied to the hemolymph side of the epithelium, amiloride (0.2 mmol l-1) significantly decreased Vte by 35±6% of the control, whereas the drug caused no further effect when it was subsequently also applied to the luminal side of the epithelium. The above results are the basis for an extended model for the cellular mechanisms of NaHCO3 secretion/HCl absorption involved in alkalization of the anterior stomach of mosquito larvae.
mTOR pathway in renal cell carcinoma

After decades of therapeutic nihilism in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, remarkable therapeutic strides have been made over the last few years. Early forays into molecularly targeted therapy for this difficult-to-treat disease were based around the inhibition of gene products of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor (i.e., VEGF). Recent data suggest that inhibition of mTOR results in clinical benefit in patients with poor prognostic features, and in preclinical models this therapeutic effect involves downregulation of HIF. Intriguingly, patients with nonclear cell histology appeared to obtain clinical benefit when treated with mTOR inhibitors. This review will highlight the mTOR pathway, its relevance to both clear cell and nonclear cell renal cell carcinoma, and its place in the host of quickly expanding treatment options.
Using Interval Alignment policies for efficient production control of supply chain systems

This paper discusses a class of Interval Alignment (IA) policies, which result in the development of a new methodology for detailed scheduling in supply chain management systems. In the past few decades, as the use of takt times and the Just-in-Time (JiT) philosophy in lean manufacturing have become prevalent, much effort has been put into removing variability from the flow of material in systems. It is shown that the proposed IA policies, by adding intermediate delays to the system, effectively smoothen flow of parts, improve performance, and decrease average Work-in-Process (WiP) and system lead times. Also discussed are applications of IA policies in work cell design in supply chain systems and the implementation of IA policies using kanban controls.
Use of Thermal Gravimetric Analysis in Sorption Studies I: Interaction of Selected Liquid Compounds with Nylon

Thirty-nine liquid compounds were studied as to their sorption by nylon. Each liquid was kept in contact with test samples of nylon until equilibrium was established, and then the amount of compound sorbed was determined in a thermogravimetric analysis instrument. The same instrument was then used to desorb the compound from the nylon at a specified rate of heating. The resulting thermogram permitted the evaluation of the activation energy of desorption. Twenty compounds were found to be significantly sorbed by nylon, while the remaining compounds were not significantly sorbed. It was apparent that compounds having hydrogen-bonding potential would interact with nylon in most instances. Several compounds not possessing hydrogen-bonding properties were also sorbed but to a much lesser extent. The size of the molecule in a homologous series also played a part in the extent of sorption and in the energy requirement for sorption. Thermal gravimetric analysis appears to be a practical method for conducting sorption studies when large numbers of compounds are to be studied or screened for a packaging application in a polymeric material.
Light-induced slow changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts: effects of magnesium and phenazine methosulfate.

Abstract We have investigated the possible relationships between the cation-induced and phenazine methosulfate (PMS)-induced fluorescence changes and their relation to light induced conformational changes of the thylakoid membrane. 1. In isolated chloroplasts, PMS markedly lowers the quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence (φ f ) when added either in the presence or the absence of dichloro-phenyldimethylurea (DCMU). In contrast, Mg 2+ causes an increase in φ f . However, these effects are absent in isolated chloroplasts fixed with glutaraldehyde that retain (to a large extent) the ability to pump protons, suggesting that structural alteration of the membrane—not the pH changes—is required for the observed changes in φ f . The PMS triggered decrease in φ f is not accompanied by any changes in the emission (spectral) characteristics of the two pigment systems, whereas room temperature emission spectra with Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ show that there is a relative increase of System II to System I fluorescence. 2. Washing isolated chloroplasts with 0.75 mM EDTA eliminates (to a large extent) the PMS-induced quenching and Mg 2+ -induced increase of φ f , and these effects are not recovered by the further addition of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. It is known that washing with EDTA removes the coupling factor, and thus, it seems that the coupling factor is (indirectly) involved in conformational change of thylakoid membranes leading to fluorescence yield changes. 3. In purified pigment System II particles, neither PMS nor Mg 2+ causes any change in φ f . Our data, taken together with those of the others, suggest that a structural modification of the thylakoid membranes (not macroscopic volume changes of the chloroplasts) containing both Photosystems I and II is necessary for the PMS-induced quenching and Mg 2+ -induced increase of φ f . These two effects can be explained with the assumption that the PMS effect is due to an increase in the rate of internal conversion ( k h ), whereas the Mg 2+ effect is due to a decrease in the rate of energy transfer ( k t ), between the two photosystems. 4. From the relative ratio of φ f with DCMU and DCMU plus Mg 2+ , we have calculated k t (the rate constant of energy transfer between Photosystems II and I to be 4.2·10 8 s −1 , and φ t (quantum yield of this transfer) to be 0.12.
The Persistence of Heresy: Paul of Tarsus, Ibn Saba, and Historical Narrative in Sunni Identity Formation>1

This article analyzes the way in which a distinctly Sunni Islamic identity establishes its internal and external borders at the intersection of the historical perceptions of Christianity and Judaism on the one hand and Shiism on the other. It is argued that community identity — performed here through the label of the Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Jamāa , literally “People of the Prophetic precedent and the community” — is constituted in large part by a grand historical narrative. Drawing upon narrative theory and concepts surrounding canon formation, it is argued that in addition to the arenas of law and theology, community memory as performed through the practice of historical narration is a critical lens through which to understand the nature of authority, identity, and power in Muslim sectarian discourse.
Highly robust biometric smart card design

An architecture of a highly reliable smart card is proposed. Dual on-chip biometric fingerprint sensors, implemented with different technologies, are integrated with the smart card architecture for increase security and reliability.
Transient Ischemic Attack — Proposal for a New Definition

The definition of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and the assumptions underlying the definition have been out of date for some time and are no longer consistent with current concepts of brain ische...
The Semantics of Web Services: An Examination in GIScience Applications

Web service is a technological solution for software interoperability that supports the seamless integration of diverse applications. In the vision of web service architecture, web services are described by the Web Service Description Language (WSDL), discovered through Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) and communicate by the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). Such a divination has never been fully accomplished yet. Although it was criticized that WSDL only has a syntactic definition of web services, but was not semantic, prior initiatives in semantic web services did not establish a correct methodology to resolve the problem. This paper examines the distinction and relationship between the syntactic and semantic definitions for web services that characterize different purposes in service computation. Further, this paper proposes that the semantics of web service are neutral and independent from the service interface definition, data types and platform. Such a conclusion can be a universal law in software engineering and service computing. Several use cases in the GIScience application are examined in this paper, while the formalization of geospatial services needs to be constructed by the GIScience community towards a comprehensive ontology of the conceptual definitions and relationships for geospatial computation. Advancements in semantic web services research will happen in domain science applications.
Dibutyltin Oxide Catalyzed Selective Sulfonylation of α-Chelatable Primary Alcohols

The reaction of substituted glycols with catalytic dibutyltin oxide, stoichiometric p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, and triethylamine in CH2Cl2 resulted in the complete and rapid sulfonylation at the primary alcohol. The α-heterosubstituted primary alcohol moiety appeared optimal for best results, supporting the intermediacy of a five-membered chelate. The role of the amine is discussed, in addition to catalyst requirements and solvent effects.
Electron-impact ionization of Mo +

The electron-impact direct ionization cross section for Mo{sup +} is calculated using both nonperturbative close-coupling and perturbative distorted-wave methods. When distorted-wave calculations for 4d{sup 5}{yields}4d{sup 4} direct ionization are added to distorted-wave calculations for 4p{yields}nl excitation-autoionization, the experimental measurements are found to be 60% lower than the theoretical predictions. Inclusion of nonperturbative three-body Coulomb effects, present in time-dependent close-coupling calculations, are found to reduce the distorted-wave 4d{sup 5}{yields}4d{sup 4} direct ionization cross section by 25%. This is by far the largest reduction yet seen when comparing the two methods for direct subshell ionization of an atomic positive ion in the ground state. However, when the close-coupling calculations for 4d{sup 5}{yields}4d{sup 4} direct ionization are added to distorted-wave calculations for 4p{yields}nl excitation-autoionization, the experimental measurements are still 45% lower than the theoretical predictions. Although we further investigate correlation effects in the initial target state and term-dependent potential effects in the ejected electron state in an attempt to understand the small magnitude of the experimental measurements, the discrepancy between theory and experiment remains unexplained.
Construction of Heterogeneous Conjoint Choice Designs: A New Approach

Extant research on choice designs in marketing focuses on the construction of efficient homogeneous designs where all respondents get the same design. Recently marketing scholars proposed the construction of efficient heterogeneous designs where different respondents or groups of respondents get different subdesigns, and demonstrated substantial efficiency gain when such heterogeneous designs are employed. A significant hurdle in the widespread adoption of heterogeneous designs is the high computation cost, even when the number of subdesigns contained in the heterogeneous design is restricted to be small. In this paper we propose a new approach for the construction of efficient heterogeneous choice designs. In contrast to extant approaches that are based on an exact design framework where it is computationally prohibitive to do an exhaustive search to find a globally optimal design, our proposed approach is based on the continuous design framework where well-established mathematical theories can be leveraged for quick identification of a globally optimal design. The proposed approach makes it feasible to generate a highly efficient choice design that is completely heterogeneous-a unique subdesign for each individual respondent in the choice experiment. The proposed approach is the first in the marketing literature to find a completely heterogeneous choice design with assured high global design efficiency using the continuous design framework. Results from simulation and empirical studies demonstrate superior performance of the proposed approach over extant approaches in constructing efficient heterogeneous choice designs. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2014.0897 .
Thermal expansion and index of refraction variation in barium fluoride

Abstract Divalent metal fluorides exhibit many anomalous properties as a result of their high anionic conductivity at temperatures characterized by a heat capacity peak at T c which occurs several hundred degrees below the melting temperature. Measurements of the thermal expansion and the temperature variation of the optical path length at 632.8 nm from 300 to 1300 K have been made on single-crystal BaF 2 . The linear thermal expansion coefficient obtained from these measurements is anomalously large near T c reflecting the influence of the Frenkel defect concentration. The temperature derivative of the index of refraction obtained from these measurements does not appear to be proportional to the thermal expansion coefficient as expected but does exhibit anomalous behavior near T c .
Maintaining censorship resistance in the iTrust network for publication, search and retrieval

This paper presents the architecture of the iTrust system together with algorithms for maintaining censorship resistance. In iTrust, metadata describing documents, and requests containing keywords, are distributed to randomly chosen nodes in the iTrust network. If a node receives a request containing keywords that match metadata it holds, it sends the URL of the matching document to the requesting node, which then retrieves the document from the source node. A novel detection algorithm estimates the proportion of operational nodes in the iTrust network, by comparing the empirical probabilities of the number of responses received for a node’s request with the analytical probabilities for a match, for various proportions of operational nodes. A novel defensive adaptation algorithm increases the number of nodes to which the requests are distributed, in order to maintain the same high probability of a match when some of the nodes are non-operational or malicious as when all of the nodes are operational. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the architecture and the algorithms for maintaining censorship resistance in the iTrust network.
A Theoretical study on the placement of microphone arrays for improving the localization accuracy of a fall

Falling is a common health problem for elderly. To address the problem, we are currently developing an acoustic fall detection system, FADE, which automatically detects a fall and reports to the caregiver. Of great importance of the fall detection system is a low false alarm rate that can be achieved by knowing where the acoustic signal comes from. The previous work showed the sound source localization can be determined by using an 8-microphone circular array, but the accuracy varies when placing the array at different positions. To further improve the localization accuracy, a second array can be added. In this paper we investigate the variations of localization accuracy of a fall signal when one or two arrays are placed at different positions in a room. The accuracy is evaluated by the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The CRLB aids the determination of the best theoretical placement of one or two arrays in a room for locating the sound source.
Comment on The Confusion of Is and Ought in Game Theoretic Contexts

Comment about Kadane, J. B., P. D. Larkey. 1983. The confusion of is and ought in game theoretic contexts. Management Sci.2912 1365-1379.
Anthocyanin in Red Tart Cherries as Related to Anaerobiosis and Scald

SUMMARY A study was made of some causes and anthocyanin changes associated with scald in red tart cherries. Scald is defined as the localized translocation of the red pigment from the skin to the flesh of the cherry. Cherries, bruised and held in 100% nitrogen, showed that migration of pigment from the skin to the flesh left light-pink scalded areas. When held in 100% oxygen, bruised cherries did not scald, but the skin became dark red, and the flesh, when peeled, revealed oxidative browning. The total amount of anthocyanin pigments in the bruised cherries, scalded and unscalded, was about the same as in fresh unbruised fruit, demonstrating that anthoeyanase does not participate in scald development. Analysis of volatiles emanating from scalded and unscalded cherries showed no differences, except from severely scalded fruit, which produced ethyl alcohol. Distribution of pigment was shown histologically in fresh unbruised cherries and in bruised cherries, scalded and unscalded.
Prospecting with neutrinos

One of the latest attempts to explore the interface between physics and geophysics is the extravagant scheme of Alvaro De Rujula, Sheldon Glashow, Robert Wilson, and Georges Charpak, to be published in Physics Reports. In what these theoretical and experimental physicists described recently as “our mad project” (Physics Today, August 1983), a high-energy neutrino beam is to be used as a geophysical prospecting tool. The beam would be able to look for oil, natural gas, and high-atomic-number metal ores, and it would be able to profile the vertical density distribution of the earth. De Rujula et al. come to this project from the world of big physics machines, so it is natural to expect that the “Geotron,” the field instrument to supply and focus the neutrino beam, is to be big also.
On sufficient dimension reduction for proportional censorship model with covariates

The requirement of constant censoring parameter @b in Koziol-Green (KG) model is too restrictive. When covariates are present, the conditional KG model (Veraverbekea and Cadarso-Suarez, 2000) which allows @b to be dependent on the covariates is more realistic. In this paper, using sufficient dimension reduction methods, we provide a model-free diagnostic tool to test if @b is a function of the covariates. Our method also allows us to conduct a model-free selection of the related covariates. A simulation study and a real data analysis are also included to illustrate our approach.
Isolation, purification, and probable structural configuration of N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate in human brain.

Abstract An acetylated dipeptide composed of equimolar quantities of aspartic acid and glutamic acid has been isolated in pure form from human brain by a combination of ion exchange and paper chromatographic techniques. Hydrazinolysis and acid hydrolysis studies indicate that the peptide is N -acetyl aspartyl glutamate. Preliminary synthesis studies suggest that the peptide may be of the alpha rather than the beta structural configuration.
Rotatory Power And Optical Modulation Of Liquid Crystals

Birefringence and rotatory power are two important parameters for optical modulation by liquid crystals. A new technique has been developed for birefringence measurements at any wavelength in the ultraviolet, visible or infrared spectral regions. The enhanced birefringence of some liquid crystals in the infrared region indicates that these materials will be useful for electro-optic applications in this region. Rotatory power of 90° twisted nematic liquid crystals was measured and found to be in very good agreement with theoretical calculations for a wide spectral range and for different liquid crystal thicknesses. A quantitative relationship between liquid crystal birefringence, wavelength and cell thickness was derived for use in the design of IR liquid crystal light valves with high contrast ratios and minimum response times.
Conversion of leukotrienes A4 to C4 in cell-free systems

A procedure for assaying leukotriene C4 synthase activity in cell-free extracts has been presented. Leukotriene A4 methyl ester was as active a substrate as leukotriene A4 (Na salt) for the synthesis. The methyl ester is the substrate of choice, because (1) it is more stable than the sodium salt, (2) it is not a substrate of epoxide hydrolase for leukotriene B4 synthesis, and (3) it gives a lower blank than an equimolar concentration of leukotriene A4. The enzyme activity in rat liver, guinea pig and human lungs, and human nasal polyp was chiefly membrane-bound, although the cytosol contained some activity.
Complex singularities of solutions of some 1D hydrodynamic models

Abstract We study the complex singularities of solutions of some classes of 1D hydrodynamic models. The method is based on the renormalization group theory. We derive the equation for the corresponding fixed point and study the spectrum of the linearized map near this point. This information allows to describe the initial condition for which blow ups at finite time can occur. We should stress that our solutions having blow ups are complex-valued.