cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breaking wave characteristics on a plane beach

Abstract The determination of parameters describing a wave at the point of breaking is considered. The desired characteristics are the wave height, wave length, angle of wave crest with shoreline and water depth. The problem is solved for the simplified situation of a plane sloped beach by introducing a new hybrid approach which uses cnoidal wave height transformation and linear wave length transformation. The approach yields results which compare favorably with existing experimental data on breaker angle and breaker height.
DIAGNOSIS OF STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE

This article represents an overview of the evaluation and diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. Lower urinary tract anatomy in women is reviewed with particular attention to the salient features contributing to stress incontinence. Also discussed is the relevance of the distinction between anatomic incontinence and intrinsic sphincter deficiency in the classification of stress urinary incontinence. Various diagnostic techniques are described with emphasis on the importance of urodynamic evaluation in complex cases.
On Resource-Aware Message Verification in VANETs

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), the massive messages are periodically broadcasted by each node and need to be processed by each receiver. Due to their enormous quantity, message verification in this context threatens excessive resource consumption for VANET nodes. Thus, in this paper a novel Resource Aware Message Verification (RAMV) scheme is proposed to efficiently and securely verify the massive messages in VANETs. Streamlining the existing message verification schemes, RAMV keeps their resource consumption under control in face of massive messages exchanges. Meanwhile, it also ensures that the security requirements for message verification are all properly met, endorsed by both the theoretical analysis and simulation results.
A dynamic stiffness formulation for the analysis of secondary systems

Formulation of a frequency-domain substructure approach for the analysis of secondary systems is prcsented. The total system contemplated includes the primary structure, the secondary system, and the foundation medium, which is also treated as a substructure. A dynamic stiffness matrix in physical co-ordinates characterizes each one of the substructures. Elimination of the internal degrees of freedom of the primary structure prior to assembly of the equations for the coupled system is carried out with the aid of a truncated set of unconstrained normal modcs. Accounting for the residual static flexibility of the truncated modes obviates potential problems of rank deficiency resulting from modal truncation. The formulation contemplates an arbitrary multi-component scattered motion at the soil-structure interface and imposes no limitations on the configuration of the primary or the secondary system. Connectivity between the systems is treated as an arbitrary linear relation between selected co-ordinates in each substructure. This feature is shown to be useful for modelling the commonly encountered situation where secondary systems are attached to torsionally eccentric structures.
Transposon mutagenesis: Cloning of chromosomal DNA from the site of Tn916 insertion using polymerase chain reaction

A protocol that allows fast recovery and further analyses of chromosomal DNA adjacent to the Tn916 site of insertion is described. The procedure is based on single specific primer PCR amplification using restricted chromosomal DNA ligated into a suitable vector. Two primers, one Tn916-specific and the second vector-specific, allow amplification of the chromosomal DNA flanking the site of insertion.
MO‐D‐AUD B‐04: Parameter Optimization for Brachytherapy Robotic Needle Insertion and Seed Deposition

Purpose: To investigate influence of different needle insertion and seed deposition techniques for roboticbrachytherapy. To find optimal sets of low, normal and high translational and rotational velocities of the needle for decreasing insertion force, needle deflection and OR time, and increasing seed placement accuracy. Method and Materials: We have developed EUCLIDIAN — a fully automatic robotic prostate brachytherapy system. Robotic system parameters were optimized via preclinical experiments using two types of polyvinylchloride and tissue phantoms, cannula and stylet single‐axis force sensors, and six‐axis force‐torque sensor. Cannula sensor measures the force on the cannula during insertion, withdraw, and axial force exerted by tissue at rest. Stylet sensor measures the force while seed is expelled from the cartridge, during seed travel through the cannula, and at the moment when seed is deposited into tissue. Position of the needle tip and consequently deposition depth into the phantom was measured using optical encoders on the cannula and stylet motors. Cannula and stylet translational velocity range was 5–120 mm/s, and cannula rotation range was 0–30 rev/s. Force patterns were analyzed based on the experimental data. Results: According to the criteria for minimizing insertion force and OR time while maximizing seed deposition precision, it was found that best performances were achieved when cannula and stylet normal speed was 70 ± 10 mm/s and optimal high speed was 100 ± 10 mm/s. Optimal cannula rotation speed range was 15–25 rev/s. In order to avoid seed jam in the cartridge, optimal speed for pushing seed out of the cartridge was 2–5 mm/s. Conclusion: Optimal parameters were programmed in the EUCLIDIAN configuration files. Seed deposition techniques have significant influence on reduction of insertion force, needle deflection and seed deposition accuracy. Future investigation will be on adaptive parameter tuning for specific clinical encounters. Acknowledgement: Supported by NCI‐R01‐CA091763.
The Development and Evaluation of the Perceptions of Competence and Responsiveness Scale

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a new scale designed to capture perceptions of public agency competence and responsiveness. The initial version, consisting of 20 items, was administered to 134 graduate students. Following exploratory factor analysis, the final model consisted of 8 items and 2 factors: one representing competence and the other representing responsiveness. This model explained 50% of the variance. The measure demonstrated both convergent validity (r = −.219) and internal consistency (α = .81). This measure has the potential for applications in research projects involving perceptions relevant to support for various human service configurations.
An evidence-based communication skills training programme for oncology nurses improves patient-centred communication, enhancing empathy, reassurance and discussion of psychosocial needs

Commentary on: W Langewitz, L Heydrich, M Nubling, et al.. Swiss Cancer League communication skills training programme for oncology nurses: an evaluation.J Adv Nurs2010;66:2266–77.
Aging and Autism

In this article, I will review the available recent literature about the aging population with autism, a patient group that researchers know little about and a group that is experiencing a growing ...
An inductive evaluation of a public library GLBT collection

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the overall quality of the Louisville Free Public Library's gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender collection.Design/methodology/approach – The study implements an inductive check‐list method. Where other check‐lists compare a list to the collection, ignoring the number of items which do not appear on the list, an inductive method takes a sample of the entire collection, and compares it with several evaluative lists, demonstrating what percentage of the collection is not considered “desirable” by common evaluative lists.Findings – The results found that 31.9 percent of the LFPL's GLBT collection can be found in the evaluative lists used. Previous inductive evaluations suggest that this number indicates a quality core GLBT collection.Research limitations/implications – A sample collection was chosen using GLBT‐related subject headings; however, evidence shows that a portion of the actual GLBT collection (perhaps as much as 37.5 percent) lack appropriate s...
The Scope for Mortality Caused by Sea Lamprey

Abstract Subsequent to development of the lampricide program, sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus in Lake Michigan have demonstrated increased growth rates in parallel with expanded stocking rates of salmon and trout. Based on bioenergetics modeling of maximum and minimum growth and feeding rates, I estimated sea lamprey effects as the “scope for mortality,” which depends on host size and sea lamprey size, For small host fishes, sea lamprey-induced mortality may have increased approximately sixfold over the past two decades.
Stabilizing high-oxidation state cations

Abstract Cations of high electron affinity ( e.g. Xe + , ReF 6 + C 6 F 6 + , and highly oxidized graphite) require anions of high ionization potential for the salt containing the cation to be stable with respect to electron transfer from anion to cation. But even with anions of very high ionization potential (such as SbF 6 − ) transfer of F − to the cation may occur. Electron-oxidizer salts of O 2 + , KrF + , C 6 F 6 + can be exploited to generate thermodynamically unstable salts particularly if the counter anions are very weak fluorobases. Although hexafluorides such as IrF 6 and PtF 6 are powerful electron oxidizers their MF 6 − ions give up F − to strong acids such as ReF 6 + . Some recent fluoride-ion and electron affinity evaluations will be included in the survey.
Multimeric Lumbricus hemoglobin stabilization by alkali and alkaline earth cations

Abstract The role of monovalent and divalent cations on the structure-function relationships operative in the large extracellular hemoglobin, isolated from the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris , has been investigated. This study includes the effects of these cations on the rates of autoxidation, resistance to thermal unfolding, and the conversion of the methemoglobin form to the hemichrome state. At pH 7.0, the divalent cations, Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II), and Ba(II), were found to be more effective in reducing the rate of Lumbricus hemoglobin autoxidation than any of the monovalent cations studied. The order of effectiveness in decreasing the rate of autoxidation was Ba(II) = Ca(II) > Sr(II) > Mg(II). Resistance to thermal unfolding (25–60°C) for Lumbricus hemoglobin is increased in the presence of Ca(II) or Ba(II) ions. All of the monovalent cations appear to enhance thermal unfolding above 55°C. Reduced hemichrome formation is evident in the presence of Ca(II) or Ba(II) ions. Increased effectiveness of several of the divalent cations in reducing autoxidation, increasing resistance to thermal unfolding, and stabilization of the methemoglobin state is consistent with other investigations showing these cations prevent subunit dissociation of the Lumbricus hemoglobin molecule.
New semiempirical construction of the Slater-Koster parameters for group-IV semiconductors

New realistic semiempirical expressions for the two-center integrals and for the Slater-Koster parameters (SKP's) are constructed for group-IV semiconductors. These expressions provide the explicit dependences of the SKP's on the atomic characteristics, on dielectric constants in solids, and on interatomic separations. Contributions to the SKP's from the three-center and higher-order integrals are taken into account by three parameters. These expressions are valid for atomic separations as far as second-neighbor distances. The band structures of Si, Ge, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$ obtained using these new matrix elements are compared with other theoretical calculations and experimental optical spectra. A set of identities relating the eigenvalues at high-symmetry points under the second-neighbor approximation is also presented.
Inhibition by zinc of the binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes.

Abstract Zinc sulphate in the range of 10−4 to 2×10−5 M prevents the binding of C 1 to antigen antibody complexes, and the initation of the cascade of events in the classical complement pathway leading to cell lysis. Other heavy metals, Co++, Cd++, Cu++, or Mn++ were without effect in this concentration range. Zinc was ineffective when added after C 1 was bound and failed to displace C 1 which was already bound to antigen antibody complexes. The ability of zinc to regulate the binding of the zymogen or activated form of C 1 to antigen-antibody complexes represents a new method of controlling the initiation of the classical complement pathway.
Do not rush into operating and just observe actively if you are not sure about the diagnosis of appendicitis

The aim of this study was to determine whether the admission and active observation of children where the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is uncertain is a safe and effective way to improve the diagnostic accuracy of appendicitis and safely reduce the incidence of negative laparotomies without increasing complications. We performed a retrospective cohort study of children who presented with a complaint of right lower quadrant pain and were hospitalized with a diagnosis of appendicitis or suspected appendicitis from 1 January to 31 December 2007. A total of 569 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 9.5 ± 3.2 (range 1.1–17) years. The number of patients directly operated on with a diagnosis of appendicitis was 186 (32%) from the total of 575 while 389 patients (68%) were observed in the surgical ward as the examination and/or investigation findings were equivocal. Of the 383 patients admitted for observation, 173 (45%) were operated on with a suspicion of appendicitis after 14.4 ± 6.7 h while 210 (55%) were discharged after 1.1 ± 1.2 days as there seemed to have no surgical problem. Our total negative appendectomy rate was 4% (14/350) and total perforation rate was 37.4% (131/350). The patients operated on directly and those operated on after observation were similar, and there was no difference for the preoperative duration of symptom, histopathological diagnosis, postoperative complication rate, postoperative inpatient days and hospital charges. Total hospitalization duration was significantly longer and the hospital charges significantly higher in the negative appendectomy group. Both the features and results and the complication rates and costs of the group operated on after observation were the same as the directly operated on group. However, patients undergoing a negative appendectomy stayed as inpatients longer than only observation patients with higher treatment charges. We could therefore decrease the negative appendectomy rate, the associated cost and duration of hospitalization without causing extra complications if we observe and investigate patients with right lower quadrant pain with a doubtful diagnosis and did not operate on them directly.
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy Scale

A thorough psychometric evaluation of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSES; Taylor & Betz, 1983) is provided. The construct of career decision-making self-efficacy, stemming from Bandura's (1977) self-efficacy theory, is discussed. A summary of the initial construction and development of the scale is provided, followed by a comprehensive review of the results of various investigations on the reliability and validity of the CDMSES. An overall evaluation of the CDMSES's psychometric strengths and weaknesses is given. The article concludes with ideas for additional psychometric research of the CDMSES and discusses the usefulness of the scale in career counseling and career development research.
Joint Channel Estimation and Data Transmission: Achievable Rates

A formulation for a joint communication and estimation problem is proposed: simultaneous communication over a noisy channel and estimation of certain channel parameters are desired. We are interested in quantifying the tradeoff between the achievable rate and distortion in estimating the channel parameters. Two particular sample channels are considered and achievable rates for these channels are determined. First, the binary symmetric channel is examined; an achievable capacity-distortion tradeoff is derived for both joint and time-orthogonal protocols. For the flat fading, additive, white, Gaussian noise channel, a novel joint communication and estimation scheme using low correlation sequences is presented. It is observed that in most situations, joint communication and estimation performs better than a scheme where communication and estimation are performed individually, furthermore, the gains of joint communication and estimation over individual communication and estimation can be significant as the distortion tolerance increases. Finally, it is observed that even a slight tolerance to errors in the channel parameters close to the theoretical lower bounds yield significant improvements in the rate at which reliable communication is achievable.
Intelligent methodology for turbine engine diagnosis and health management

This paper presents applications of A.I. in turbine engines fault diagnosis and health management. Self-organizing map and back-propagation neural networks supported with fuzzy-logic decision-making tool were developed and integrated together as diagnostics software for turbine engines. Two different neural network architectures were trained and used. An unsupervised network (SOM) was used to cluster sensors data to distinct locations on a two dimensional map. A supervised neural network was used to identify features representing different fault signatures and abnormalities. A Fuzzy logic module was used as decision-making tool to resolve any uncertainty in the decision made by the neural networks. The developed diagnostics approach was validated by computer simulation using Matlab-Simulink model of an advanced model of turbine engine. The testing results presented in this paper showed that proposed diagnostics method is of great potential. However, further investigation is necessary using actual engine data for experimental validation of the current findings.
Kynureninase from neurospora: Occurrence of two activities☆

Abstract The induced enzyme kynureninase from N. crassa has been found to occur in two forms. These forms differ in kinetic properties, and in reaction to the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate. Uninduced cells produce only one form of the enzyme.
Swahili Cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean World, A.D. 600–1500

Coastal peoples who lived along the Eastern African seaboard in the first millennium A.D. onwards began converting to Islam in the mid-eighth century. Clearly rooted in and linked throughout to an indigenous regional Iron Age tradition, they created a marked difference between themselves and their regional neighbors through their active engagement with Islam and the expanding Indian Ocean world system. In this paper I explore three ways in which interrelated cultural norms—an aesthetic featuring imported ceramics, foods, and other items, Islamic practice, and a favoring of urban living—created and maintained this difference over many centuries. These qualities of their identity helped anchor those who became Swahili peoples as participants in the Indian Ocean system. Such characteristics also can be seen to have contributed to Swahili attractiveness as a place for ongoing small-scale settlement of Indian Ocean peoples on the African coast, and eventually, as a target for nineteenth-century Arab colonizers from the Persian Gulf. This paper examines the archaeology of these aspects of Swahili culture from its early centuries through ca. A.D. 1500.
Respiratory efficiency and metabolite partitioning as regulatory phenomena in yeasts

Abstract tStudies of metabolic regulation in yeasts have a long history. Yeasts have served as models for the regulation of fermentative metabolism. Yeasts differ in their partitioning of metabolism between respiration and fermentation, that is, between their use of oxygen and organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors. The respirative route is assumed to yield more ATP. Many yeasts carry out metabolism solely by the respirative route. Others show a predominantly fermentative metabolism, even when oxygen is freely available. Fermentation under aerobic conditions, that is, when respiration should be possible, was believed to result from repression of respiration by fermentation. This phenomenon is known as the Crabtree effect. However, recent work has shown that aerobic fermentation results from an inherently-limited respiratory capacity of some yeasts, rather than from a specific repression of respiration. Nevertheless, considerable enzymatic evidence exists that suggests that a Crabtree effect does indeed operate in some yeasts, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Because multiple electron transport systems are known to exist in yeasts, repression of the normal ATP-producing system can be accompanied by the induction of an alternate pathway. No decrease in the overall rate of oxygen utilization would be apparent. Repression would, however, affect the yield of ATP from oxidative metabolism. This effect should be detectable using a suitable analysis of growth energetics. To this end, a model has been developed and applied to a variety of yeasts in order to examine them for changes in respiratory efficiency indicative of a Crabtree effect. A Crabtree effect consistent with previous enzymatic findings was detected in S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum, but not in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. New regulatory classifications based on model findings are proposed and methods for independently verifying these findings are outlined.
A climate hypothesis describing the solar‐terrestrial system as a frequency domain with specific response characteristics

A climatological model of the earth-sun system based on an analogy to Planck's law of quantum mechanics is developed. The role of the diabatically important trace gases O3, H2O, and CO2 in the complex processes by which solar cycles affect tropospheric-stratospheric stability, and the value of the resonance concept in understanding these phenomena are examined. Consideration is given to climate complexity and the Laplace transform of the solar cycle, direct versus indirect solar signals, intense convection in coupled dynamics, the basic mechanisms of solar-terrestrial interaction, and the Planck's-law analog. The quantum approach, taking complexity into account, is shown to be more appropriate for evaluating the effects of anthropogenic modifications of the atmosphere (e.,g., increasing CO2) than the linear bulk-heating approaches usually applied.
Clinical Problems Posed by Multiresistant Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Pathogens

In this review I will briefly survey the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia as opportunistic pathogens. A common feature of these organisms is intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics. All of these organisms can be recovered from the environment, commonly cause device-related infections, are often resistant to disinfectants, and have the potential to spread from patient to patient via fomites or the hands of medical personnel. Newer clinical syndromes will be emphasized, including the increasing importance of P. aeruginosa infections in patients with AIDS, as well as the role of carbapenems in selecting for A. baumanii and S. maltophilia and the unique niche of B. cepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Benchmark Data for Noncovalent Interactions in HCOOH···Benzene Complexes and Their Use for Validation of Density Functionals.

We present benchmark energetic data for the HCOOH···benzene complexes. The benchmark data were determined by a composite approach based on CCSD(T) calculations. Final binding energies (kcal/mol) are in the range of 1.6−4.8 kcal/mol, and they were used as reference data to test density functionals in the literature. Among the tested local density functionals without empirical dispersion corrections, M06-L is the best performing functional, and M06-L/6-31+G(d,p) gives a mean unsigned error (MUE) of only 0.15 kcal/mol. PBEsol and SOGGA also show promising performance. The best local DFT-D methods are BLYP-D and PBEsol-D, and they give an MUE of 0.15 kcal/mol after removing basis set superposition errors by the counterpoise approach. Empirical dispersion corrections greatly improve the descriptions of noncovalent interactions in HCOOH···benzene dimers. The calculated benchmark data and intermolecular potential are useful for the parametrizations of new force fields and coarse-grained models for chemical speci...
Conceptions of Illness Causality in Hospitalized Children

Charting the developmental characteristics of children’s understanding of illness and health might make important contributions to the applied context of pediatric care. Earlier work has provided anecdotal descriptive information on children’s hospital experiences (Adams & Berman, 1965), examined correlates of child health attitudes and beliefs (Goochman, 1971; Mechanic, 1964), and compared mother-child conceptions of illness (Campbell, 1975), but little has been done to explore the stage-related development of illness concepts, paralleling earlier investigations of such concepts as life and consciousness (Piaget, 1929), prayer and religious identity (Elkind, 1962; 1967), and death (Childers & Wimmer, 1971; Koocher, 1973). The aim of the present study was to document the development of illness and health causality concepts in young hospitalized children (ages 4–9 years) whose stage of cognitive development may limit understanding of illness and treatment. It was hypothesized that developmental transitions would characterize children’s conceptions of illness and that these transitions would parallel other indices of cognitive growth such as conservation and decentration.
Facile coupling of synthetic peptides and peptide-polymer conjugates to cartilage via transglutaminase enzyme

Covalent attachment of synthetic and biological molecules to tissue surfaces can be used to enhance local drug delivery, reduce adhesions after surgery, and attach reconstructive biomaterials and tissue-engineered matrices to tissues. We present here a mild approach to coupling polymers to tissue surfaces through an enzyme catalyzed reaction between peptide modified polymer and native protein components of the tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), a Ca 2+ -dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between lysine and glutamine residues to form a e(g-glutaminyl) lysine isopeptide bond, was incubated with cartilage in the presence of lysine (FKG-NH2) and glutamine (GQQQLG-NH2) peptides as well as peptide functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of covalently bound PEG polymer at the tissue surface as well as to a depth of as much as 10mm below the surface. Collagen II, fibronectin, osteopontin and osteonectin were found to react with the peptides and peptide modified PEG in the presence of tTG in solution, suggesting these cartilage ECM components as being substrates in the tissue reaction. The results illustrate the use of tTG as a simple, effective and biologically compatible method of coupling synthetic and biological molecules to cartilage and other tissues containing ECM proteins that are substrates of tTG. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Distal tibiofibular bone-bridging in transtibial amputation.

Background: The creation of a bone bridge between the residual tibia and fibula is a controversial surgical technique used in the performance of transtibial amputation. Methods: Twenty consecutive patients who underwent a unilateral transtibial amputation, as a consequence of traumatic injury, had distal tibiofibular bone-bridging performed by a single surgeon. Eight completed the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ), a validated outcomes instrument designed to measure patient self-reported health-related quality of life after a lower-extremity amputation. Their responses were compared with those of a previously reported control group of nondiabetic patients who had undergone transtibial amputation with the use of a traditional technique and with those of a previously reported consecutive group of Brazilian patients, including twelve who were diabetic, who had undergone a similar bone-bridge procedure. Results: The scores in the American bone-bridge group were similar to those in the control group and not as good as those in the Brazilian bone-bridge group. The American bone-bridge and control groups scored lower in the Social Burden, Ambulation, Frustration, Sounds, Utility, and Well-Being domains of the PEQ. Conclusions: While many experts in the care of amputees believe that the distal tibiofibular bone-bridge technique improves patient functional outcomes, our small group of patients treated with this procedure did not appear to have better outcomes than a group of patients treated successfully with a standard surgical technique. More information is needed before the bone-bridge technique can be recommended as an important component of standard transtibial amputation surgery. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Of Snakes and Succor Learning Secure Attachment Associations With Novel Faces via Negative Stimulus Pairings

Integrating ideas from Mikulincer and Shaver’s (2003) process model of attachment and Nelson and Panksepp’s (1998) neurobiological theory of an integrated social emotion system, we predicted novel attachment-related learning effects. In two experiments, we tested for a unique form of conditioning based on the social regulation of emotion. Consistent with this theoretical integration, the results indicated that people develop more positive and less negative associations with faces of people who display genuine smiles if those faces have been implicitly paired with a distressing stimulus (e.g., a striking snake). These findings could have broad implications and should be of interest to researchers who study attachment, social and affective neuroscience, emotion, learning and memory, attitudes, and interpersonal relationships.
Network Energy Efficiency in the data center

Data center energy-use has been a leading topic in computing for more than a decade. In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a study to understand data center energy-use trends and recommended a systems-wide approach to achieving energy efficiency. In the same year the IEEE began work on Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE), which completed in 2010, producing another tool in the energy-efficiency solution set. While IEEE 802.3az™-2010 specifies EEE for twisted-pair copper and backplane interface, this paper examines the motivation for energy-efficient networking in data centers, the role Energy-Efficient Ethernet could have in making the data center network energy-proportional, and how EEE combined with optical networks may optimize network energy-use.
Error probability bounds for nuclear detection

A collection of static and mobile radiation sensors is tasked with deciding, within a fixed time interval, whether a moving target carries radioactive material. Formally, this is a problem of detecting weak time-inhomogeneous Poisson signals (target radiation) concealed in another Poisson signal (naturally occurring background radiation). Each sensor locally processes its observations to form a likelihood ratio, which is transmitted once-at the end of the decision interval-to a fusion center. The latter combines the transmitted information to optimally (in the Neyman-Pearson sense) decide whether the measurements contain a radiation signal, or just noise. We provide a set of analytically derived upper bounds for the probabilities of false alarm and missed detection, which are used to design threshold tests without the need for computationally intensive Monte Carlo simulations. These analytical bounds couple the physical quantities of interest to facilitate planning the motion of the mobile sensors for minimizing the probability of missed detection. The network reconfigures itself in response to the target motion, to allow more accurate collective decisions within the given time interval. The approach is illustrated in numerical simulations, and its effectiveness demonstrated in experiments that emulate the statistics of nuclear emissions using a pulsed laser.
A Community Nursing Center for the Health Promotion of Senior Citizens Based on the Neuman Systems Model

Abstract This article describes a community nursing center that provided clinical learning experiences for students from two schools of nursing. Work at the center was based on the Neuman systems model, which views the client as a system in interaction with environmental stressors. Nursing interventions focused on health promotion services for an underserved elderly population. The benefits of using the Neuman systems model for patient care, education, and research are outlined.
HIV-1 Directly Kills CD4+ T Cells by a Fas-independent Mechanism

The mechanism by which HIV-1 induces CD4+ T cell death is not known. A fundamental issue is whether HIV-1 primarily induces direct killing of infected cells or indirectly causes death of uninfected bystander cells. This question was studied using a reporter virus system in which infected cells are marked with the cell surface protein placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). Infection by HIV-PLAP of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cell lines leads to rapid depletion of CD4+ T cells and induction of apoptosis. The great majority of HIV-induced T cell death in vitro involves direct loss of infected cells rather than indirect effects on uninfected bystander cells. Because of its proposed role in HIV-induced cell death, we also examined the Fas (CD95/Apo1) pathway in killing of T cells by HIV-1. Infected PBMCs or CEM cells display no increase in surface Fas relative to uninfected cells. In addition, HIV-1 kills CEM and Jurkat T cells in the presence of a caspase inhibitor that completely blocks Fas-mediated apoptosis. HIV-1 also depletes CD4+ T cells in PBMCs from patients who have a genetically defective Fas pathway. These results suggest that HIV-1 induces direct apoptosis of infected cells and kills T cells by a Fas-independent mechanism.
Fast and reliable top-level simulation strategy for mixed-signal integrated circuits and its application to DC–DC converters

Top-level, transient, transistor-based simulations are a critical step in the product-development cycle of mixed-signal integrated circuits. These simulations are normally performed just before fabrication and unfortunately impose cumbersome bottlenecks in the design flow. Verification is an iterative process by nature, whereby each problem found requires another simulation to ensure a proper fix is in place, and because of the complexity of a large system, minor errors can cost days, increasing design time and time-to-market. A top-level transistor-based simulation strategy is proposed with minimal time overhead. The strategy is to start with a quick, all macro-model system simulation and gradually substitute one transistor-level sub-block at a time for each additional run. For optimal results, less computationally intensive blocks, which can be determined from a proposed set of screening simulations, are replaced first. The proposed strategy was tested and applied to a buck, current-mode switching regulator, and the results show that simulation overhead is least for linear analogue functions (e.g. op-amps) and worst for high-speed nonlinear circuits (e.g. signal generators). Nonlinear and bi-stable analogue blocks such as bandgap references take more time to simulate than op-amps and less than low frequency digital functions such as power-on-reset, which in turn are less intensive than ramp and pulse generators.
Labor Costs, Paternalism, and Loyalty in Southern Agriculture: A Constraint on the Growth of the Welfare State

We examine the role of southern legislators in resisting the early expansion of the welfare state in the 1930s. A desire to keep agricultural labor cheap and dependent on southern landlords motivated the resistance. Dependence promoted a loyal labor force and thereby reduced monitoring costs in the labor-intensive production of cotton. Federal and state welfare programs would have substituted for landlord paternalism and hence made labor less loyal. Evidence on the federal Old-Age and Unemployment Insurance systems and state Old-Age Pension and Mothers' Aid programs are found consistent with our hypothesis.
Strain hardening of polymer glasses: Effect of entanglement density, temperature, and rate

The strain hardening behavior of model polymer glasses is studied with sim- ulations over a wide range of entanglement densities, temperatures, strain rates, and chain lengths. Entangled polymers deform affinely at scales larger than the entangle- mentlengthasassumedinentropicnetworkmodelsofstrainhardening.Thedependence of strain hardening on strain and entanglement density is also consistent with these models,butthetemperaturedependencehastheoppositetrend.Thedependenceontem- perature,rate,and interaction strength can instead be understood as reflecting changes in the flow stress. Microscopic analysis of local rearrangements and the primitive paths betweenentanglementsisusedtotestmodelsofstrainhardening. ©2006WileyPeriodicals,
A Model for Studying Determinants of Intention To Participate in Continuing Professional Education

This article presents a theoretical model for a program of research into the determinants of a professional's intention to par ticipate in continuing education. This model is based on Fishbein's (4) general theoretical framework. The adapted framework con sists of three components. The first component is the professional's attitude toward participating in continuing education. This atti tude is taken to be dependent on what the professional believes will be the consequences of participating and what value the pro fessional places on these consequences. The second component is related to the professional's perception of what most people who are important to the professional think about his or her participa tion. It is also related to the importance the professional places on these perceived expectations. The third component is related to the professional's personal beliefs about whether he or she should participate and to the professional's motivation to comply with these personal beliefs. For each compone...
The current drive and heating systems for the ARIES-RS tokamak power plant

The ARIES-RS reversed-shear tokamak power plant was designed with /spl beta/=5% and a high bootstrap current fraction of 88%. Three RF current drive systems are required to maintain the plasma equilibrium. They are ICRF fast waves, high-frequency fast waves and lower hybrid waves for seed current drive in various regions of the plasma. Based on a set of top-level requirements, the three RF systems have been envisaged and their launchers fitted into a special blanket sector. Structural materials chosen for the RF in-vessel components do not appear to pose a waste disposal issue for the blanket lifetime. The RF system for mid-plasma current drive is a topic for future research.
User Perceptions of Aesthetic Visual Design Variables within the Informing Environment: A Web-Based Experiment

A person’s psychological and physiological characteristics influence both behavior and decisionmaking in the informing process, such that system designers should understand users to reduce biases and misinformation. Given the substantial influence that visual interfaces have on users, system designers can benefit from understanding both the visual and functional aspects of interface design. To address these issues, this study employs the visual system design (VSD) framework, which integrates a rich and varied collection of visual design variables and IS (Information Systems) variables. This study performs a visual web-based experiment with data collected from 105 participants, where results show that changes in aesthetic elements of interface design, specifically, visual value and color, do ripple across a transition zone between visual design and IS variables. Both participants with and without visual design training were able to perceive those changes as intended. This study provides preliminary support to the VSD framework. It also suggests that bias and randomness are reduced in the informing process if system interfaces are designed with mindful and skilled use of design and aesthetic elements.
Small Intestine of Artificially Reared Rat Pups: Effect of Caloric Intake and Dietary Composition on Growth and Disaccharidase Activities

When rats were fed a cow milk formula (CMF) from 12 to 16 days of age at a caloric intake sufficient to support a body weight gain equal to mother-fed (MF) rats, their small intestine outweighed that of MF rats by 40%. If the caloric intake was reduced by approximately 40%, artificially reared (AR) rats exhibited intestinal weights similar to MF rats, but their body weight was lower than MF rats. Sucrase specific activity was precociously increased in all AR rats; this increase was higher in rats with low caloric intake than rats with high caloric intake. Conversely, laclase specific activity was significantly decreased in the ileum of all AR rats. As compared to MF rats, the total laclase activily was significanlly lower only in rats with low caloric intake. When AR rats were fed a modified Ross Carbohydrate-Free formula (RCF) containing ihe same caloric density of protein, fai, and carbohydrale as ral milk, ihe inleslinal growlh and disaccharidase aclivities were the same as those of AR rats fed CMF. It is concluded that the weight gain of small intestine depends on ihe caloric inlake of AR rats and both CMF and RCF are nulrilionally equal in supporling inlestinal growlh. Changes in sucrase and laclase aclivilies in AR rals appear to have no relation lo composilional differences in CMF and RCF. J. Nulr. 113: 1496-1502, 1983.
P-type Mg-doped GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy using ammonia as the nitrogen source

The electrical and luminescent properties of Mg-doped GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using ammonia as the nitrogen source have been investigated. Due to their different growth environments, the Mg-doped GaN films grown by MBE using ammonia exhibited properties that were different from similar films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). It has been found that the introduction of positive charges during growth is important in the achievement of p-type Mg-doped GaN grown by MBE using ammonia. With the introduction of a moderate nitrogen plasma, we have achieved p-type Mg-doped GaN films with a hole density of 4×1017 cm−3 and a mobility of 15 cm2/V-s at room temperature.
Improving computational efficiency in activity scanning discrete-event simulation through dynamic sectoring

Many classes of simulation models require both arbitrary spatial and temporal precision and must address the complexities of a multitude of asynchronous pair-wise interactions occurring among a dynamic non-uniform distribution of numerous spatial components. Current discrete-event simulation methodologies do not adequately represent the spatial relationships present in many physical systems, additionally, alternative simulation strategies based on activity scanning methodologies, while potentially capable of providing the arbitrary precision required, typically offer the unacceptable computational complexities of O(N/sup 2/). A method to redress these issues is offered and discussed. The method presented dynamically sectors the trajectory space based on the number of spatial objects occupying a portion of the trajectory space (i.e. object space density). Additionally, the theoretical computational complexity associated with identifying spatial conflicts will be better than O(N/sup 2/) for a nonuniform distribution of N spatial objects. Preliminary data which supports theoretical arguments are offered.
TREE SWALLOW ENTANGLED ON TEDDY BEAR CHOLLA SPINES

Abstract Avian collisions with human-made objects are relatively common; however, documented avian collisions with naturally occurring objects are rare in scientific literature. On 22 April 2002, we observed a tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) entangled in the spines of a teddy bear cholla (Opuntia bigelovii) in the Tule Mountains, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. Two possible causes of this incident include the swallow flying into the teddy bear cholla, possibly being blown by a gust of wind, or being placed there by a loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicanus). Because of the flying abilities of swallows and documented diets of loggerhead shrikes, either would be unusual.
Industry Effects On The Abnormal Returns To Acquiring Firms

Jensen (1988) sketches some empirical predictions of the shareholder wealth effects of acquisitions in various industries. This study examines the acquisition rates, wealth effects, and subsequent rates of restructuring associated with acquisitions in these and other industries. The results show that the industries discussed by Jensen experience higher rates of acquisitions and subsequent restructuring and more significant wealth effects than other industries. The signs of the wealth effects are also consistent with Jensens predictions. Overall the findings provide some empirical support for the free cash flow theory. More detailed tests will be useful.
Implications for designing online oral health resources: a review of fifty-six websites.

We conducted a review of websites in oral health to identify content areas of our target interest and design features that support content and interface design. An interprofessional team evaluated fifty-six oral health websites originating from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and associations (28.6 percent), regional/state agencies (21.4 percent), federal government (19.6 percent), academia (19.6 percent), and commercial (10.7 percent) sources. A fifty-two item evaluation instrument covered content and web design features, including interface design, site context, use of visual resources, procedural skills, and assessment. Commercial sites incorporated the highest number of content areas (58.3 percent) and web design features (47.1 percent). While the majority of the reviewed sites covered content areas in anticipatory guidance, caries, and fluorides, materials in risk assessment, oral screening, cultural issues, and dental/medical interface were lacking. Many sites incorporated features to help users navigate the content and understand the context of the sites. Our review highlights a major gap in the use of visual resources for posting didactic information, demonstrating procedural skills, and assessing user knowledge. Finally, we recommend web design principles to improve online interactions with visual resources.
Cardiovascular risks associated with clarithromycin

A growing literature suggests these risks are not negligible Concerns about the cardiovascular risks of macrolide antibiotics surfaced in the 1980s, with case reports and clinical studies describing arrhythmias and QT prolongation with erythromycin.1 2 These concerns subsequently extended to azithromycin3 and clarithromycin,4 two other members of the macrolide class. For example, a large cohort study using Danish healthcare data showed, on average, a 76% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality with current use of clarithromycin compared with penicillin V among middle aged patients, translating into an adjusted absolute risk difference of 37 cardiac deaths per million courses.4 The authors acknowledged concerns about confounding by indication and residual confounding. However, in a randomised controlled trial without such problems, a two week course of clarithromycin increased the risk of cardiovascular death for three years, compared with placebo, among patients with stable coronary artery disease.5 The study by Wong and colleagues in this issue6 further characterises …