cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in prey selection and foraging success associated with early‐life ontogeny and habitat use of American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)

Many fishes are planktivorous during early life and switch to piscivory or consume larger food items as ontogeny progresses. In contrast, paddlefish start as particulate feeders and later become filter feeders. Few studies have identified food items essential for paddlefish growth, survival and recruitment surrounding this ontogenetic diet shift. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) prey types consumed by paddlefish, (ii) variability in prey selection surrounding an ontogenetic diet shift and (iii) whether habitat affected paddlefish prey selection or foraging success. We analysed gut contents of 189 wild age-0 paddlefish from the middle Mississippi River (MMR) and also conducted a laboratory experiment to address these objectives. We found that paddlefish primarily foraged on benthic macroinvertebrates in the MMR, which differed from previous studies in lentic systems, suggesting young paddlefish prey selection may be labile depending on habitat (i.e., lotic versus lentic). Dominant prey of wild-caught and experimental age-0 paddlefish were caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), followed by hemipterans and amphipods. We found little evidence that habitat attributes affected foraging success, but the most common prey items consumed were associated with wing dike habitat and the upstream and downstream tips of alluvial islands. Our experimental study revealed that if provided a mixture of organisms, age-0 paddlefish will primarily consume macroinvertebrates while age-1 paddlefish will mainly filter zooplankton. Overall results suggest young paddlefish prey selection can be highly variable, but also heavily reliant on a narrow group of prey resources.
Infectivity of Celery Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Multiple Nucleocapsid Polyhedrosis Virus to Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The multiple nucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus ( M NPV) isolated from the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), has a relatively broad host range within the order Lepidoptera. Preliminary tests indicated that Af M NPV was infectious to the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker). The pathogenicity of Af M NPV to a laboratory colony of A. transitella was established. Af M NPV was infectious to A. transitella with an LC50 of 36 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/mm2 of diet surface. Histopathology showed that PIBs were concentrated in the midgut but also were found in the hypodermis, fat body, and tracheal matrix. Malpighian tubules and ganglia also showed evidence of infection. The virus did not cause any damaging effects to the survivors of a sublethal dose (LC50).
Reproduction in Stephens' Woodrat: The Wages of Folivory

The reproductive pattern of Stephens' woodrat ( Neotoma stephensi ) reflects strong selection for energy conservation. We hypothesize that the major selective force is this woodrat's dietary specialization on juniper foliage, a food rich in defensive, digestibility-reducing chemicals. Compared to most other rodents, and to other species of woodrats, Stephens' woodrat has small litters (usually a single young); each litter comprises a small percentage of the mother's weight (8%), young grow slowly and are weaned late, and there is broad temporal overlap of suckling and feeding on solid food. In addition, females attain reproductive maturity late (typically at some 10 months of age), commonly suffer severe weight losses during lactation, and many individuals recover this weight slowly after lactation. Most natality occurs in the period from March through May; of the females that live to reproduce, only 15% survive to reproduce a second season. Dietary selectivity—the use of foliage from specific trees with relatively low levels of defensive chemicals—is probably learned in the long pre-weaning period and may allow females to maximize milk production, growth rates and survival of her young, and, by minimizing lactation weight losses and the time necessary to regain weight, may shorten the interval between litters. Wide variation in reproductive performance among females may be associated with differences among den sites with respect to access to junipers with low levels of defensive compounds.
Effect of time and temperature upon survival of Escherichia coli in sodium chloride.

SummarySuspensions of E. coli in 4.6 M NaCl stored under conditions which preclude cell division undergo at first a rapid decline in viable cells, but as the storage interval is extended the death rate continuously decreases until eventually it becomes negligible. Cells that endure the period of rapid decline are able to maintain themselves in the saline for long periods. This resistance is not heritable. In fact, once the cells are removed from the saline their resistance to it is lost. Generally, the higher the storage temperature the better is survival. Also, holding suspensions at a relatively high temperature (+2° or − 9°C) prior to subsequent storage at a low temperature (−22°C) improves survival at the low temperature. These data suggest that the tolerance to 4.6 M NaCl is acquired while the cells reside in the saline and does not exist preformed in a segment of the original population. Two hypotheses have been offered to account for the adjustment to NaCl tolerance.
A Phase I Study of Unimolecular Pentavalent (Globo-H-GM2-sTn-TF-Tn) Immunization of Patients with Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer in First Remission.

We conducted a phase I study in ovarian cancer patients to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a synthetic unimolecular pentavalent carbohydrate vaccine (Globo-H, GM2, sTn, TF, and Tn) supported on a peptide backbone, conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), and mixed with immunological adjuvant QS-21. Twenty-four advanced-stage, poor-risk, first-remission ovarian cancer patients were enrolled from January 2011–Septermber 2013. Three dose levels were planned (25, 50, 100 mcg) with three cohorts of six patients each, with an additional 6-patient expansion cohort at the MTD. ELISA serologic IgM and IgG responses for each antigen was defined as positive response if antibody titers were ≥1:80 over the respective patient’s pre-vaccination serum. The study would be considered positive if at least four of 12 patients treated at the MTD showed immune responses for at least three of the five antigens. Twenty-four patients (median age, 54 years [range, 36–68]) were included in the safety analysis. Histology was high-grade serous in 22 patients (92%); 18 had stage III and six stage IV disease. The vaccine was well-tolerated at all doses, with no DLTs. At the highest treated dose, IgG and/or IgM responses were recorded against ≥3 antigens in 9/12 patients (75%), ≥4 in 7/12 (58%), and 5 in 3/12 (25%). With a median follow-up of 19 months (range, 2–39), 20 patients (83%) recurred and six (25%) died. The unimolecular pentavalent vaccine construct was shown to be safe and immunogenic. Such a construct greatly simplifies regulatory requirements and manufacturing, facilitates scalability, and provides adaptability.
Dynamic modeling and property analysis on stepped double-arc gears

Due to the modeling complexity of double-arc gears via 3D software,the precise model is established using combined scanning technology based on gear surface equation and geometrical relationship among tooth profile parameters.As such,this method can provide technological support on the parametric solid modeling and design computational precision.In this respect,the stress and modal analyses are conducted using finite element method.Therein,this approach sets a theoretical basis on parametric design computation and structural analysis.
Cytologic Diagnosis of Lymphoproliferative Disorders by Morphology and Ancillary Techniques

The focus of the cytologist should be the well-being of the patient. The goal of a lymph node (LN) fine-needle aspiration (FNA) should be to provide a diagnosis and accompanying information sufficient to enable the clinical team to deliver the best care. The cornerstone of achieving this goal is good communication. To insure that the cytologist and clinical team are using the same language, current 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) terminology and diagnostic criteria must be used, and the report should state that WHO criteria are being used. For example, antiquated and/or vague terms should not be used (e.g., “malignant lymphoma” or “small cell lymphoma”). When possible, precise subtype diagnoses should be provided using exact WHO terminology. When the findings are insufficient for a WHO subtype diagnosis, a broader categorical diagnosis should be used, but as specific as possible (e.g., low-grade B-cell lymphoma). Lastly, when further studies are required, it should be stated explicitly (e.g., “For a more precise diagnosis, an excisional biopsy would be required.”).
Mapping Khwārazmian Connections in the History of Sufi Traditions

The history of Sufi traditions in Khwārazm reveals patterns of development that broadly correlate with patterns and alignments evident in the region’s social, political, and economic history; this is not unexpected, of course, but this correlation provides a convenient vantage point from which to explore Khwārazmian Sufi traditions, and it also lends significance to the literary and folkloric legacies of those traditions, which can illuminate aspects of Khwārazmian history for periods otherwise poorly represented in written sources. The present study offers a broad outline of Sufi activity in Khwārazm, from the 12th century to the 19th, noting the sometimes alternating, sometimes overlapping patterns of locally-rooted Sufi communities, deeply embedded in Khwārazmian social topography, and of regionally- and internationally-connected Sufi groups reflecting large-scale networks; in the latter case, particular attention is given to ‘mapping’ the links of Sufi communities based in Khwārazm with other groups – both in distinctive configurations of regional Central Asian frameworks (i.e., northern Khurāsān, Manghishlāq, the Syr Daryā valley, the Dasht-i Qipchāq), and in wider ‘global’ frameworks connecting Khwārazm with the broader Muslim world (the holy cities, Istanbul, Crimea, Kashmīr and India). Consideration of the initial phase of Sufi history in the region, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, is followed by a focus on the sparse but significant evidence on Khwārazmian Sufis of the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps the most poorly known era of Khwārazmian history in the Muslim era, and to the much richer source base for the flourishing of ‘Kubravī’ communities – in Khwārazm and in the regions closely connected with it – during the 16th century; the continuation of these patterns, but also the emergence of distinctively local Khwārazmian variants of other Sufi traditions (‘Yasavī’ and Naqshbandī), from the 17th century to the early 19th will also be addressed.
Interacting effects of genetic variation for seed dormancy and flowering time on phenology, life history, and fitness of experimental Arabidopsis thaliana populations over multiple generations in the field

Summary Major alleles for seed dormancy and flowering time are well studied, and can interact to influence seasonal timing and fitness within generations. However, little is known about how this interaction controls phenology, life history, and population fitness across multiple generations in natural seasonal environments. To examine how seed dormancy and flowering time shape annual plant life cycles over multiple generations, we established naturally dispersing populations of recombinant inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana segregating early and late alleles for seed dormancy and flowering time in a field experiment. We recorded seasonal phenology and fitness of each genotype over 2 yr and several generations. Strong seed dormancy suppressed mid-summer germination in both early- and late-flowering genetic backgrounds. Strong dormancy and late-flowering genotypes were both necessary to confer a winter annual life history; other genotypes were rapid-cycling. Strong dormancy increased within-season fecundity in an early-flowering background, but decreased it in a late-flowering background. However, there were no detectable differences among genotypes in population growth rates. Seasonal phenology, life history, and cohort fitness over multiple generations depend strongly upon interacting genetic variation for dormancy and flowering. However, similar population growth rates across generations suggest that different life cycle genotypes can coexist in natural populations.
Measures of organizational characteristics associated with adoption and/or implementation of innovations: A systematic review

This paper identifies and describes measures of constructs relevant to the adoption or implementation of innovations (i.e., new policies, programs or practices) at the organizational-level. This work is intended to advance the field of dissemination and implementation research by aiding scientists in the identification of existing measures and highlighting methodological issues that require additional attention. We searched for published studies (1973–2013) in 11 bibliographic databases for quantitative, empirical studies that presented outcome data related to adoption and/or implementation of an innovation. Included studies had to assess latent constructs related to the “inner setting” of the organization, as defined by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Of the 76 studies included, most (86%) were cross sectional and nearly half (49%) were conducted in health care settings. Nearly half (46%) involved implementation of evidence-based or “best practice” strategies; roughly a quarter (26%) examined use of new technologies. Primary outcomes most often assessed were innovation implementation (57%) and adoption (34%); while 4% of included studies assessed both outcomes. There was wide variability in conceptual and operational definitions of organizational constructs. The two most frequently assessed constructs included “organizational climate” and “readiness for implementation.” More than half (55%) of the studies did not articulate an organizational theory or conceptual framework guiding the inquiry; about a third (34%) referenced Diffusion of Innovations theory. Overall, only 46% of articles reported psychometric properties of measures assessing latent organizational characteristics. Of these, 94% (33/35) described reliability and 71% (25/35) reported on validity. The lack of clarity associated with construct definitions, inconsistent use of theory, absence of standardized reporting criteria for implementation research, and the fact that few measures have demonstrated reliability or validity were among the limitations highlighted in our review. Given these findings, we recommend that increased attention be devoted toward the development or refinement of measures using common psychometric standards. In addition, there is a need for measure development and testing across diverse settings, among diverse population samples, and for a variety of types of innovations.
Scope of the Problem of Nutrition and Cancer

About 70–90% of cancer is thought to be environmentally related, with about 40–60% attributed to lifestyle or dietary practices. About 10–30% is thought to be related to tobacco smoking. It is not possible to give a precise upper limit to the sum of attributable risks, which may be more than 100%, for the total cancer burden in a community. However, in many cases the degree to which a factor might contribute to the total cancer incidence can be estimated in the sense that if the factor is absent, the proportion of all related cancers would not occur. For example, tobacco smoking is responsible for about 85% of the lung cancer in most populations.
Intermediate electron transport in Porphyridium: EPR studies

EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) is a form of spectroscopy in which the measuring beam has a wavelength of 3 cm., and thus has no effect on living matter. Photosynthetic organisms, or their chloroplasts or chromatophores, become paramagnetic when illuminated with visible light. What this means is diagrammed in Figure 1; paramagnetism is due to unpaired electrons. It is one of the first detectable events after the absorption of a photon. If enough electrons are unpaired (or there are enough free radicals of a given species), one sees an absorption Open image in new window Fig. 1 A schematic representation of the transition between the diamagnetic state of material and the paramagnetic state. The arrows represent electrons. peak at a given ration of magnetic field and microwave frequency which is expressed as a so=-called g-value and is analogous to wavelength in light spectroscopy.
Effective laboratory Evaluation of Thyroid Status

This article focuses on recent developments in thyroid-related laboratory tests, including analytical methods, clinical utility, and limitations of TSH, FT4, T4, FT3/T3, thyroglobulin, and thyroid autoantibodies and the effective use of these tests in the diagnosis of various forms of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, and the management of patients undergoing T4 replacement, T4 suppression, or antithyroid drug therapy.
Protein Glycosylation in Higher Plants: Recent Developments

Within the last few years, very rapid progress has been made in the investigation of the biosynthesis of the most common type of glycoproteins, i.e., those having an N-glycosidic link between the oligosaccharide(s) and the amide nitrogen of asparagine residues on the protein. Pathways that involve the use of glycolipid intermediates have been delineated, and new, unexpected, phenomena such as oligosaccharide processing have been discovered. In this chapter, we shall review developments in this area with respect to higher plants, concentrating on the transfer of sugars to protein rather than on details of the synthesis of glycolipid precursors. An excellent review on the formation of lipid-linked sugars in plants and their functions in glycoprotein synthesis was recently published by Elbein (1980). The reader interested in the synthesis of O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides of plant glycoproteins is referred to papers by Karr (1972) on the glycosylation of extensin and Soliday and Kolattukudy (1979) on the glycosylation of fungal cutinase as examples. We shall also exclude from this chapter the protein-linked carbohydrates proposed as primers or intermediates in polysaccharide synthesis. The existence, structure, and functioning of these are still controversial issues, and evidence is limited [for example, their consideration with respect to cellulose synthesis will be found in the paper by Hopp et al. (1978) and for starch synthesis in the paper by Lavintman et al., (1974)].
Treatment and Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal-Amphotericin B Patients with Systemic Fungal Infections

Opportunistic infections occur frequently in immunocompromised patients and in patients with cancer.1–3 In this latter group, systemic mycoses are one of the most frequent causes of infection-related morbidity and mortality.4–6 Intensive chemotherapy, the prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics, and inherent defects in host immunity related to the underlying disease are among the major predisposing factors for opportunistic infections in general.7–8 Early histologic diagnosis of systemic mycoses is often difficult in patients with hematologic malignancies due to thrombocytopenia. Delays in histologic and cultural diagnoses lead to delays in initiation of therapy. Antifungal therapy begins when empirically prompted by persistent fever in neutropenic patients in spite of the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. 9–10 The drug of choice for most fungal infections is Amphotericin B (AmpB, Fungizone®) which is particularly effective in non-neutropenic patients and often ineffective in the neutropenic patient.11,12
Sexual Minorities in the Maghreb

Maghrebian culture going as far back as the classical age of Arabic literature is rich with representations of sexual minorities, and a number of studies in the social sciences examine its importance in Maghrebian societies, even though the latter are often lacking in case studies or field work. Since the 1950s, literature and films in French and Arabic have seen a renewed interest in sexual diversity. And like the several studies on sexuality in the social sciences written since the 1970s, contemporary cultural production has often rewritten the history of sexuality to understand the present. In short, literary and other cultural texts can also be of interest to social and behavioral scientists interested in the Maghreb.
On Militancy, Self-reflection, and the Role of the Researcher

ABSTRACTThis paper began in response to Ibrahim Steyn's work on Abahlali baseMjondolo Western Cape, (AbM-WC) – a Cape Town-based social movement I was involved with for a few years. An initial desi...
Inexperienced participating auditors and the internal information asymmetry of multinational corporations

Many U.S. corporations operate internationally. For instance, S&P 500 firms generate approximately 29 percent of their sales in foreign markets (Brzenk 2018). Multinational corporations (MNCs) rely on information about their operations to allocate resources. This information is dispersed within the firm, which could lead to internal information asymmetry (IIA) between executives and divisional managers. Meanwhile, audits of MNCs are challenging and parts of these audits are sometimes outsourced to local foreign auditors who have no experience serving as opinion-issuing auditors for U.S. issuers. We examine whether involving such auditors affects MNCs’ internal information environments. We find that, relative to a matched control sample, SEC issuers employing inexperienced auditors have higher IIA and lower internal capital allocation efficiency. Together, the associations we document extend prior literature by providing some evidence that audit quality matters not only to a firm’s external financial statement users but also its internal users.
Systematic Review of Symptom Assessment Measures for Use in Measurement-Based Care of Bipolar Disorders.

Objective:Utilization of measurement-based care (MBC) for bipolar disorders is limited, in part because of uncertainty regarding the utility of available measures. The aim of this study was to synt...
Abstract TP362: Door to Needle Time Improves With Implementation of an Alteplase Alert Within the Existing Code Stroke Process in a Primary Stroke Center Emergency Department

Background and Purpose: A Primary Stroke Center Emergency Department (ED) identified the need to decrease Door to Needle Time (DNT) for intravenous administration of Alteplase in order to align wit...
The effects of transmuscular quadratus lumborum blocks on postoperative pain in arthroscopic hip surgery: a cohort analysis.

The Transmuscular Quadratus Lumborum block (TQLB) is one of the newest blocks and has been used as an effective analgesic option for various surgeries. However, it is still uncertain whether the TQLB provides beneficial analgesic outcomes for hip arthroscopic surgeries. Therefore, we aimed to investigate effects of the preoperative TQLB on postoperative pain levels and perioperative opioid consumption in patients who underwent outpatient arthroscopic hip surgery. In this retrospective cohort study, patients who underwent arthroscopic hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) between June 1, 2017 and December 1, 2017 were included. All patients received general anesthesia for surgery. Two groups of patients were compared: (1) patients who received a preoperative TQLB, (2) patients who did not receive a TQLB. Seventy procedures (68 patients) were included in the study. Of these, 15 procedures (15 patients) received a preoperative TQLB (TQLB group) in addition to general anesthesia, whereas the other 55 procedures (54 patients) received general anesthesia only (control group). Highest pain scores in the PACU were similar in the TQLB (6.2) group versus the control group (5.6) (95% CI $$-$$ 2.08 to 0.99, p = 0.484). Pain scores decreased over time in both groups and there were no statistical differences in mean values or absolute risk differences between study groups (95% CI $$-$$ 0.19 to 0.33, P = 0.596). In addition, there were no significant differences in perioperative opioid consumption, length of PACU stay, or the need for a rescue block in the PACU between the two groups. The present study did not find the preoperative TQLB to be an effective analgesic technique for patients who underwent arthroscopic hip surgery for FAI. A randomized clinical trial may further validate these results.
Potential Impacts of Future Urbanization and Sea Level Rise on Florida's Natural Resources

As urban development continues to encroach into natural systems, these ecosystems experience increasing degradation to their form and function. Losses in biodiversity and ecosystem function are fur...
8 – The Sclera

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the sclera as a thin, spherically shaped connective tissue contiguous with the cornea at the limbus. The stromal lamellae from the cornea, on crossing through the limbus, increasingly interweave. Individual collagen fibrils of each lamella also change from their uniform 30 nm diameter and 60 nm center-to-center spacing in the cornea to a wide variety of diameters and irregular spacing in the sclera. The swelling pressure versus hydration curve of the sclera is very different from that of the stroma. This difference is attributable to the lower GAG content of the sclera. The hydration of the sclera is about 2 gm water/gm dry material near the limbus, and the corresponding swelling pressure is 10 to 17 mmHg. The corneal stroma and sclera provide the strength of the tough outer tunic of the eye. This strength allows the eye to be an inflated spheroid that is very resistant to external impact. The soft cellular linings of both cornea and sclera have little or no mechanical strength themselves.
NEURONAL GUIDANCE AND PATHFINDING IN THE DEVELOPING SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM OF INSECTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the agenda of developmental neurobiology of insects, which is to establish the lineage and life histories of peripheral and central neurons and to explore their capacities for specificity and plasticity in making connections during development and regeneration. As descriptive knowledge of the behavior of neurons accumulates, it becomes possible to explain the extraordinary properties of growing neurons—properties that enable them to make appropriate cellular contacts before they contribute information to the functional unity of the organism and to make at least some sorts of adjustment in the light of experience. The chapter presents the past and the present as pointers to the future of a central theme in insect developmental neurobiology—the pathfinding behavior of sensory neurons. The chapter also discusses the applicability of current theories of pattern formation to the development of the insect nervous system.
Lasers in Periodontal and Peri-implant Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities

Lasers are increasingly being applied as a monotherapy or adjunct to surgical and nonsurgical therapy in the treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Numerous clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of lasers in periodontal therapy as well as critical and systematic reviews of this research have been reported in the literature. The therapeutic goals of using lasers, or specific laser wavelengths, as a monotherapy or adjunct to traditional therapies, include root surface debridement and detoxification, reduction in specific or overall subgingival bacterial composition, subgingival curettage, suppression of inflammation, biostimulation, and periodontal regeneration. Low-level lasers have been used in conjunction with photosensitizers, such as toluidine blue, which adhere to the bacterial membrane, to induce a photochemical cytotoxic reaction intended to eradicate periodontopathic bacteria (i.e., antimicrobial photodynamic therapy). The conclusions of current systematic reviews are inconsistent, reflecting, in part, inconsistencies in clinical protocols, therapeutic and biological endpoints, procedural heterogeneity, and inadequate description of interventions. Nevertheless, systematic reviews conclude that clinical outcomes of laser treatment are similar or slightly better than reference nonsurgical or surgical therapies; however, any differential benefits remain short term. Moreover, there is limited human histologic evidence that is consistent with the potential for periodontal regeneration following laser-assisted therapy in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis. To capitalize on cellular and molecular changes incurred by laser interactions with hard and soft tissues of the periodontium and peri-implant tissues, laser treatment protocols should be refined to optimize lasers as a tool in our dental armamentarium. There is much promise for improved treatment outcomes with inclusion of dental lasers in the treatment of periodontal and peri-implant disease.
Deterministic Shuffling Networks to Implement Stochastic Circuits in Parallel

Stochastic computing (SC) in recent years has been defined as a digital computation approach that operates on streams of random bits that represent probability values. SC can perform complex tasks with much smaller hardware footprints compared with conventional binary methods, but previous methods on SC circuits operated on serial bit streams, which leads to high-latency implementations. This article presents a significant improvement over previous work; it provides a deterministic parallel bit shuffling network that can use a simple deterministic thermometer encoding of data, resulting in zero random fluctuation and high accuracy, yet keeping the output bit-stream length constant. We use core “stochastic” logic circuits that do not employ constant coefficients, making them significantly smaller than traditional stochastic logic that use a significant amount of resources to generate such coefficients. Our experiments show that compared with previous SC methods, our method has up to $3\times $ smaller mean absolute error, and better area $\times $ delay and power efficiency. Compared with conventional binary methods, our method is better in terms of area $\times $ delay at 8-bit resolution. It shows better power efficiency ( $40\times $ , $18\times $ , and $8\times $ Gops/W at 8-, 10-, and 12-bit resolutions) compared with conventional binary.
Ice and Its Formation

Ice formation is ubiquitous in nature, and plays a pivotal role in natural processes such as cloud formation and precipitation. Its occurrence in biological organisms is, however, usually problematic, and the main function of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) is to prevent freezing of organisms that inhabit at subzero temperatures. Understanding the physical processes that impact ice formation is, therefore, a prerequisite to elucidating how AFPs function in biological cells and organisms. The primary focus of this chapter is to provide a basic overview of ice and its formation. In particular, the structure of ice and its polymorphism, the thermodynamics and kinetics of ice formation from pure water and aqueous solutions, and the processes that result in the formation of amorphous glassy water will be discussed in detail.
Putting bodies on the line: notes on hegemony, vulnerability, and witnessing

In directing our attention to the political work of performance, and to how re-signifying dominant tools related to ethnicity and race might lead to their undoing, the contributors to this special ...
Public Notification Campaigns in Mass Litigation: The Dalkon Shield Case

A major issue in many mass litigation cases is how to notify interested parties of their right to file claims against the alleged defendant(s), a problem that arises not only in class action cases, but also in actions consolidated through the multidistrict litigation procedure in the federal courts and in cases in which a defendant has filed for protection under the federal bankruptcy act. In this paper I discuss some of the general issues involved in notification, and report on a pair of surveys that provide some insight into how a large scale public notification campaign worked in the Dalkon Shield litigation. The evidence from the surveys suggests that the notification campaign served to activate a largely preexisting awareness of the alleged hazards of the Shield rather than to educate the public concerning the existence of those hazards. These findings raise questions about how a public notification campaign modeled after that used in the this case might work if the level of public awareness was very...
Post-COVID-19: Rising from the Ashes

This article details how a predictive risk model, combined with financial and legal deal structure and negotiation processes, will produce high-quality projects and secure cash flow, and can result in significant performance improvement of both margin and bottom-line earnings for private equity portfolio companies TOPICS: Private equity, risk management Key Findings ▪ Portfolio margin improvement: Evidence shows that by scaling predictive analytics and harnessing data, a team of operational risk professionals can improve portfolio margins to the point where <1% operational losses on billion-dollar portfolios are achievable, resulting in direct portfolio margin improvement ▪ Accelerated earnings: Private equity firms can quickly implement a five-part strategy for operational risk management focused on the sales and delivery life cycle to accelerate earnings and create compounding growth annually across their portfolio companies ▪ 99%+ earnings capture: By pairing an intelligent risk-sensing model with active deal and project intervention at the critical moment, it is possible to capture more than 99% of the revenue each year and drive it directly back into the business, positively impacting the value creation cycle
Tapping Home Equity: Income and Spending Trends Around Cash-Out Refinances and HELOCs

Approximately two thirds of American families own a home and for most homeowners, their house is also their most important source of wealth. Homeowners are currently sitting on historically high levels of home equity and the potential withdrawal of this home equity has important implications for consumption at the macroeconomic and household levels. In this report, we examine the extent to which liquidating home equity boosts consumption, as well as how income dynamics around equity extraction may play a role in influencing households’ decision to draw from this source of wealth. Using loan-level servicing data from Chase mortgage customers combined with corresponding Chase deposit account data from 2012 to 2018, we create a sample of more than 50,000 homeowners who either obtained a cash-out refinance or drew on a home equity line of credit (HELOC). We find that for homeowners who cash-out refinanced, most refinanced into a lower interest rate but a higher monthly payment because of a larger loan balance. Also, after controlling for secular trends, homeowners who obtained a cash-out refinance had no change in income whereas homeowners who extracted equity via a HELOC experienced declining income. For both groups, consumption spiked considerably as soon as the liquidated equity flowed into the bank account but quickly settled to steady state-levels at a higher level, 5 percent and 7 percent above baseline for HELOCs and cash-out refinances, respectively. After one year, cash-out refinance homeowners spent 33 percent of their total equity extracted while those with a HELOC spent 47 percent overall. For both sample groups, these marginal propensities to consume (MPCs) were highest for younger homeowners and those with higher loan-to-values (LTVs). Taken together, these findings have important implications for macroeconomic and housing policies.
High-Density Component Integration in Fabrics with Thin Flex Interposers

Device or component integration in textiles is critical to achieve heterogeneous electronic functions. These functions include sensing, power supply (which includes harvesting, storage, conversion and low-impedance delivery), wireless communication and photonics. Pre-packaged devices or components are fabricated in rigid cases or chips that create several incompatibilities with the textiles in terms of pitch, wiring density, mechanical compliance at interfaces and associated reliability issues. In order to address this challenge, a novel approach is proposed and demonstrated in this paper to enable scalable and reliability electronics integration in textiles. The key innovation to realize this approach is in the embedding of thin chips in flexible interposers, followed by fan-out interconnections to other system components inside the textiles. Chip-on-flex or chip-in-flex are demonstrated with high-density copper semi-additive patterning techniques. The flex terminations are extended into the textiles with flexible silver-elastomer adhesives that are encapsulated with water-resistant elastomers. Initial process demonstration is shown for chip-flex-fabric integration.
The politics of regulatory design: evidence from state-level energy regulations in the United States

Many governments face the predicament of how best to allocate resources between economic development and environmental protection. This article explores the relationships between political influenc...
BET protein inhibition regulates macrophage chromatin accessibility and microbiota-dependent colitis

Introduction: In colitis, macrophage functionality is altered compared to homeostatic conditions. Loss of IL-10 signaling results in an inappropriate and chronic inflammatory response to bacterial stimulation. It remains unknown if inhibition of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins alters usage of DNA regulatory elements responsible for driving inflammatory gene expression. We determined if the BET inhibitor, (+)-JQ1, could suppress inflammatory activation of macrophages in Il10-/- mice. Methods: We performed ATAC-seq and RNA-seq on Il10-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) cultured in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and with or without treatment with (+)-JQ1 and evaluated changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Germ-free Il10-/- mice were treated with (+)-JQ1, colonized with fecal slurries and underwent histological and molecular evaluation 14-days post colonization. Results: Treatment with (+)-JQ1 suppressed LPS-induced changes in chromatin at distal regulatory elements associated with inflammatory genes, particularly in regions that contain motifs for AP-1 and IRF transcription factors. This resulted in the attenuation of inflammatory gene expression. Treatment with (+)-JQ1 in vivo reduced severity of colitis as compared with vehicle-treated mice. Conclusion: We identified the mechanism of action associated with a new class of compounds that may mitigate aberrant macrophage responses to bacteria in colitis.
Instrumentation for Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields: Equipment, Calibrations and Selected Applications Part I — Radiofrequency Fields

Determination of radiofrequency electromagnetic field expo-, sure is necessary in both biological effects research work concerned with electromagnetic field effects and the assessment of possible hazards to exposed individuals. The situations include laboratory exposure of animals and human exposures in both the work place and non-occupational settings for determining compliance with applicable safety standards. Because of the common complications introduced by the environment such as multipath reflections and absorption caused by intervening attenuative media, resort is often made to a direct measurement of the ambient fields in lieu of the often impossible task of accurate mathematical computation.
AraC protein contacts asymmetric sites in the Escherichia coli araFGH promoter

AraC protein regulates the transcription of arabinose transport and catabolic operons in Escherichia coli through interaction with specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of the operons. The interaction of AraC protein with two binding sites in the araFGH promoter was determined and compared to previously studied AraC binding sites in the araBAD promoter. Methylation and ethylation interference assays show that AraC protein binds along one side of the DNA to four adjacent major groove regions at each of the araFG1 and araFG2 sites. Mutations within any of the four regions of araFG1 greatly reduce protein binding in vitro. The promoter function in vivo is also greatly reduced, indicating that all four regions of the binding site are required. The chemical interference and genetic data, combined with the consensus sequence for AraC protein binding to ara promoters, support a binding motif in which two directly repeated units each span two adjacent turns of the DNA helix. The function of the two AraC binding sites was also examined. The proximal araFG1 site is required for promoter activation, whereas the distal araFG2 site has only a slight effect on the promoter activity.
Gene delivery in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

As a promising strategy to aid or replace tissue/ organ transplantation, gene delivery has been used for regenerative medicine applications to create or restore nor- mal function at the cell and tissue levels. Gene delivery has been successfully performed ex vivo and in vivo in these applications. Excellent proliferation capabilities and differen- tiation potentials render certain cells as excellent candidates for ex vivo gene delivery for regenerative medicine applica- tions, which is why multipotent and pluripotent cells have been intensely studied in this vein. In this review, gene deliv- ery is discussed in detail, along with its applications to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A definition of a stem cell is compared to a definition of a stem property, and both provide the foundation for an in-depth look at gene delivery investigations from a germ lineage angle. V C 2014
A generic tolerance analysis model with illustrations for TAB bonding

From first principles a generic model which can be applied to a variety of problems associated with placement errors, which are not limited to overlapping features alone is generated. The same model with minor changes is used to predict what the tolerances on a die and bond stage should be, such that the die edge does not interfere with the edges of the cavity of the bond stage when it is placed in the stage. The model is verified with actual data, and proves to be quite accurate. >
Examining the theoretical inspirations of a management guru

This manuscript discusses the contributions of Peter F. Drucker and the seminal influences on his logic made by the Austrian School of Economics. According to our research, Drucker focused on four critical elements of the Austrian School: an interdisciplinary approach and philosophical sophistication; the vision of market competition as an endless dynamic process (creative destruction, entrepreneurship); the firm as a social entity and as a depository of knowledge; and the role of the government. The research also suggests that Peter Drucker's prolific legacy has significantly influenced modern management theory and practice through its grounding in Austrian School logic.
Retransmission-based error control for interactive video applications over the Internet

Retransmission has been known ineffective for interactive video transmission over the Internet. The paper challenges this view by presenting several retransmission-based error control schemes that can be used for interactive video applications. In particular, the schemes do not require any artificial extension of control time and play-out delays, and thus are suitable for interactive applications. They take advantage of the motion prediction loop employed in most motion compensation-based codecs. By correcting errors in a reference frame caused by earlier packet loss, the schemes prevent error propagation. Since a reference frame is arranged to be referenced for the construction of the current image much later than the display time of the reference frame, the delay in repairing lost packets can be effectively masked out. Internet video transmission experiments reveal the superior error resilience of the schemes.
Minimally Invasive Treatments and Procedures for Ageing Skin

Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, 8th edition. Edited by DA Burns, SM Breathnach, NH Cox and CEM Griffiths. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing, ISBN: 978-1-4051-6169-5. Introduction Over the last century there has been a dramatic increase in the ageing population in most developed countries. For example, it is expected that one in five Americans will be aged 65 years or older by the year 2030 (source 2000 USA census), a trend similar to that in most developed countries. Increased social pressure to look younger has led to great demand for effective cosmetic treatments for skin and facial rejuvenation. In particular, there has been an increase in what have been termed non-invasive and minimallyinvasive cosmetic treatments, that is treatments that avoid surgery and involve surface skin treatment such as lasers or peels, or a variety of injections [1]. Currently, most of those seeking these treatments are women, but an increasing number of men are considering rejuvenation treatments, and it is important for the practising dermatologist to be aware of the treatment options.
Is there still a role for surgery in bleeding portal hypertension

Bleeding associated with portal hypertension, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Surgery was originally the only treatment; however, over the past few decades, several new prophylactic and treatment options have evolved which call into question the role of the surgeon in the future management and treatment of bleeding portal hypertension.
Copper(I) Complexes with Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene: Role of Ancillary Ligands in Determining π Back-Bonding Interactions

We present syntheses and structures of Cu(I) complexes with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene (BTMSA) that demonstrate the role of the ancillary ligands in the copper coordination sphere. The bonding interaction between the Cu(I) ion and the coordinated alkyne is influenced by the ancillary ligand. The ligands in this study are the bidentate ligands 1 and 2, which form monomeric, trigonal planar Cu(I) complexes with olefins and alkynes. In these complexes, the ancillary ligands vary from a hard β-diketone 1 to a softer β-diketimine 2. Earlier studies of Cu(I)−acetylene complexes have shown the Cu(I) ion to be a poor π back-bonding ion, but the results here demonstrate that the degree of back-bonding is strongly influenced by the ancillary ligands. Although ligands 1 and 2 provide very similar geometries about the Cu(I) ion, the interaction with the coordinated BTMSA is considerably different. The degree of π back-bonding for the complex with the β-diketimine ligand is indicated by the spectroscopic properties ...
Anthropology and Education: Issues from the Issues.

I am the first editor of AEQ to serve the two three-year terms allowed by the bylaws of the Council on Anthropology and Education. As I depart I offer a few thoughts relating the last six years of AEQ to their context: the past and future of anthropology and education. The remarks are offered as an opportunity for the reader to evaluate whatever my biases may have been. Beginning with an overview of our heritage from anthropology, I review the development of anthropology and education in order to relate what we have published to the core issues of the field. At the end I offer some thoughts on the issue of public policy. ANTHROPOLOGY, EDUCATION, THEORY, HISTORY, POLICY.