cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adoption of websites by nonprofits and the impact on society

Abstract An analysis is done on a sample of 1691 nonprofit organizations from division 5 of the census. The adoption rate of websites and the choice of website type by size of the organization are examined. The overall rate of adoption is far less than expected. A resource allocation view among those who have a website suggests that small organizations appear to be using their resources suboptimally compared to the larger organizations. Possible explanations of this are offered. Based upon the findings concerning growth, an improved path for success and its implications for nonprofits are discussed.
WaterSense: water flow disaggregation using motion sensors

Smart water meters will soon provide real-time access to instantaneous water usage in many homes, and disaggregation is the problem of deciding how much of that usage is due to individual fixtures in the home. Existing disaggregation techniques require additional water sensing infrastructure and/or a manual characterization of each water fixture, which can be expensive and time consuming. In this paper, we describe a novel technique called WaterSense to perform fixture-level disaggregation using only a handful of inexpensive motion sensors. WaterSense automatically infers how many fixtures are in each room, and how much water each fixture uses. We evaluate the system using a 7-day in-situ evaluation in 2 diverse multi-resident homes with a total of 10 different water fixtures and 467 fixture events and observe that our approach achieves 86% classification accuracy in identifying individual water fixture events and 80--90% accuracy in determining the water consumption of individual water fixtures.
Size distribution of fine particulate emissions from a coal-fired power plant

Abstract Measurements were made of fine paniculate emissions from a coal-fired power plant. Using electrostatic mobility, thermal precipitation, impaction, and filtration collection techniques, fine particulates could be measured down to 0.04 μm dia. The sampling system used to precut large particles and dilute the sampling stream is discussed. Also, the effects on particulate emissions of a combustion modification to reduce NOx, is reported.
Prenatal exposure to methadone delays the development of striatal cholinergic neurons

The effect of prenatal exposure to methadone via maternal osmotic minipumps on the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) has been studied by light microscopy in the striatum of male and female rats. At postnatal day 10, rats of both sexes exhibit reduced intensity of ChAT-immunoreactive staining in striatal neurons in the methadone-treated group in comparison to either untreated or water-treated controls. Although the number and distribution of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons appear to be similar across all three groups, the size (cross-sectional area) of these neurons is significantly smaller in the methadone-treated animals. By postnatal day 22, there are no differences in the ChAT immunoreactivity of striatal neurons between the water-treated and methadone-treated animals. The size of these neurons in female animals of both treatment groups is significantly larger than those of male animals in the same groups at postnatal day 22. AChE histochemical staining is qualitatively similar between treatment groups in both age groups. Thus, prenatal exposure to methadone appears to produce a delay in the expression of ChAT in striatal neurons. It remains to be demonstrated whether these differences are a direct effect of methadone exposure or are a consequence of neonatal withdrawal.
Damus-Stansel-Kaye procedure: Technical modifications

The Damus-Stansel-Kaye procedure has been applied for the relief of outflow tract obstruction caused by a restrictive bulboventricular foramen or subaortic stenosis in patients with complex univentricular heart disease. The procedure may also be part of a biventricular repair of a Taussig-Bing transposition of the great arteries. This report details technical modifications of the procedure to ensure unobstructed blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and to maintain the integrity of the pulmonary and aortic valves.
Canonical Stiefel Quotient and its application to generic face recognition in illumination spaces

This paper presents a new paradigm for face recognition in illumination spaces when the identities of training subjects and test subjects do not overlap. Previous methods employ illumination models to create a projector from an illumination basis and perform single image classification. In contrast, we apply an illumination model to an image and create a set of illumination variants. For a gallery image, these variants are expressed as a point on a Stiefel manifold with an associated tangent plane. Two projections of the probe image illumination variants onto this tangent plane are defined and the ratio between these two projections, called the Canonical Stiefel Quotient (CSQ), is a measure of distance between images. We show that the proposed CSQ paradigm not only outperforms the traditional single image matching approach but also other variants of image set matching including a geodesic method. Furthermore, the proposed CSQ method is robust to the choice of training sets. Finally, our analyses reveal the benefits of using image set classification over single image matching.
Effect of Lipotropic Agents in a Diet Containing Pure Amino Acids in Place of Protein

SummaryRats fed an alipotropic diet in which a mixture of amino acids replaced protein developed fatty livers in spite of low food intake and emaciation. Methionine in adequate dosage exerted a lipotropic effect although there was still 10% of fat in the liver when the methionine constituted 2.4% of the diet. When 25 mg of choline chloride per day were fed the livers were essentially normal.
Present status of thymectomy in treatment of myasthenia gravis

F EW medical papers have had the catalytic effect of that published in 1939 by Blalock and associates 1 describing apparent success in the treatment of myasthenia gravis by removal of a tumor from the region of the thymus gland. The paper was most timely and is generally credited with introducing the era of frequent thymectomy which, after a feeble beginning in 1941, became fully established in 1942. The paper was timely because by 1939 neostigmine and sulfonamide therapy had been available for only a short time; furthermore, thoracic surgery only recently had attained relative maturity. As a consequence of these developments a number of well trained and experienced thoracic surgeons were available and anxious to perform thymectomy on patients who had myasthenia gravis, and physicians, particularly those who were serious students of myasthenia gravis, had been sufficiently impressed by the gradual accumulation of evidence since 1901 of a relationship between myasthenia gravis and the thymus gland that they were willing to make available to the thoracic surgeons certain of their patients who had this disease. Now, more than thirteen years after the era of frequent thymectomy began, the investigators who have attempted to determine the value of thymectomy do not present a united front with regard to its advisability in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Naturally this failure to agree creates confusion among those who look to these investigators for guidance. The consensus of those students of myasthenia gravis in the United States who have not participated directly in the study of large series of patients undergoing thymectomy apparently was reflected by Westerberg, 2 who stated in effect that thymectomy evidently is not of great value or it would not be so difficult to determine whether or not it is helpful. We believe that recently available data allow * From The Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota,
Self-Efficacy Beliefs and General Mental Ability in Mathematical Problem-Solving

Abstract Path analysis was used to test the influence of math self-efficacy and general mental ability on the math problem-solving performance of 329 high school students. A model that also included math anxiety, gender, and math level accounted for 60% of the variance in performance. Ability and self-efficacy had strong direct effects on performance. Ability also had a strong direct effect on self-efficacy, which mediated the indirect effect of ability and level on performance. Self-efficacy had a strong direct effect on anxiety, which had a weak direct effect on performance. Although girls and boys did not differ in self-efficacy, girls reported higher anxiety. Most students were overconfident about their math capability. Results support the hypothesized role of self-efficacy in Bandura′s (1986) social cognitive theory.
Sisters of the Heart Along the Way: The Power of the Female Mentoring Relationship

Women's mentoring relationships with other women can have powerful effects on professional development and enrich the lives of both mentor and protegee. Women psychology students and early career psychologists are tasked with integrating their personal and professional identities and overcoming gender-related barriers to professional growth and career success. Mentors provide assistance negotiating these and other challenges to the junior professional's development. The author shares her experience as a woman student and early career psychologist in the context of her relationship with her woman mentor. She discusses her reconciliation of stereotyped beliefs about being a woman and a professional psychologist; processes significantly influenced by powerful characteristics of her mentoring relationship such as supportive encouragement, modeling, transparency, and spiritual connectedness. The author then explores the link between the relational qualities in the mentoring relationship and an enhanced overall...
Time-temperature-dose rate superposition: A methodology for extrapolating accelerated radiation aging data to low dose rate conditions

Abstract Time-temperature superposition is an empirical approach which has been used in polymers for more than 30 years to make thermal aging predictions at experimentally inaccessible times. Given its historical success, we have expanded this approach to combined radiation-thermal environments, yielding an empirical time-temperature-dose rate shifting procedure. The procedure derives an isothermal curve for a given amount of material damage versus dose rate at a selected reference temperature by finding the Arrhenius activation energy which causes higher-temperature, dose-rate data to superpose when shifted to the reference temperature. The resulting superposed curve extends to much lower dose rates which, in effect, are experimentally inaccessible due to the long time periods which would be required. This procedure therefore allows meaningful predictions to be made for long-term, low dose rate, radiation aging conditions. We have successfully applied the time-temperature-dose rate superposition approach to four different materials. For two of these materials, extrapolated predictions based on the superposed data were found to be in excellent agreement with 12 year, low dose rate aging results. Additional confidence in the approach results from the observation that the empirically-derived activation energies for all four materials can be quantitatively rationalized.
Bioenergy Feedstocks at Low Risk for Invasion in the USA: a “White List” Approach

Proposed introductions of non-native bioenergy feedstocks have resulted in disagreements among industry, regulators, and environmental groups over unintended consequences, including invasion. Attempting to ban or “black list” known or high probability invasive species creates roadblocks without offering clear alternatives to industry representatives wishing to choose low invasion risk feedstocks. Therefore, a “white list” approach may offer a proactive policy solution for federal and state agencies seeking to incentivize the cultivation of promising new feedstocks without increasing the probability of non-native plant invasions in natural systems. We assessed 120 potential bioenergy feedstock taxa using weed risk assessment tools and generated a white list of 25 non-native taxa and 24 native taxa of low invasion risk in the continental USA. The list contains feedstocks that can be grown across various geographic regions in the USA and converted to a wide variety of fuel types. Although the white list is not exhaustive and will change over time as new plants are developed for bioenergy, the list and the methods used to create it should be immediately useful for breeders, regulators, and industry representatives as they seek to find common ground in selecting feedstocks.
Shope fibroma: electron microscopic structure of associated lamellae.

The striated lamellae associated with Shope fibroma virus infection are made up of disk-shaped units ∼ 10 nm in diameter and ∼ 4 nm thick. Unstriated lamellae are made up of oval units varying in size and not clearly resolved but of the order of 7 nm in diameter. The lamellae on cross section are separated from one another by a space containing an irregular dense line. Similar lamellae have been seen in fowl pox of turkey origin, swine pox, ectromelia, rabbit myxoma, and canary pox.
Phase Equilibria in the System CaO‐Iron Oxide‐SiO2, in Air

Phase equilibrium relations in the liquidus temperature region of the system CaO-iron oxide-SiO2 in air were determined, using the quenching technique. The results are illustrated by means of a projection of the liquidus surface onto the composition triangle CaO-Fe2O3-SiO2. A supplementary diagram is presented in order to indicate true compositions of liquids at liquidus temperatures. Data obtained in the present investigation are combined with literature data to construct diagrams showing stability relations among crystalline phases at subsolidus temperatures. A diagram is also presented to show phase relations along the join CaO SiO2-2CaO Fe2O3.
POR QUÉ DEBERÍAN TRANSFORMARSE LAS HUMANIDADES

El mundo academico aleman, entendido como un sistema universitario en el sentido serio de la palabra es, sin duda alguna, de los mejores del mundo. De entre los cientos de instituciones de educacion superior existentes en Alemania, cada una financiada, disenada y transformada casi exclusivamente por los 16 estados federales (la Constitucion alemana de 1949 prohibe casi toda forma de intervencion procedente del gobierno federal en esta esfera), casi no hay ninguna –si es que la hay– que no tenga una oferta educativa solida.
General modular robot architecture and configuration design

Adaptability is the measure of system ability to cope with change or uncertainty. A modular robot system (MRS) has high adaptability since it can produce a large number of configuration variations, and each of them can fulfil a specific task optimally. High adaptability makes a modular robot system very competitive in today's even-changing environment. One of design issues of an MRS is configuration design, which is to determine a configuration for a specified task from all possible configurations under given system architecture. Configuration design methodologies relate closely to system architecture since system architecture determines design variables. Nevertheless, a general architecture can possess all the features that can produce new types of design variables, and configuration design methodology based on this general architecture is applicable to configuration design of any specified architecture. In this paper, both general architecture and configuration design methodology are studied.
Applying Behavioral Economics to Changing Health Behavior: The Case of Weight-Loss Management

Despite documented short-term success, dieting has a very low success rates, most dieters regain their weight back within three to five years (IOM, 2003). Relapse, temporary loss of control, and return to old behavior is common in dieting. This paper presents some insights from a behavioral economics perspective to explain why people fail to stick to their goal for eating healthy diet in order to lose weight. Knowing why people fail to maintain a desired healthy behavior over time will go some way towards avoiding relapse. Know the why makes it much easier to handle the how when we need to. A better understanding of changing preferences could also shed light on the proper role of health promotion policy. Behavioral economics identifies a number of circumstances in which people seem to behave inconsistently. Identifying these conditions provide an understanding of what factors make it harder for dieters to resist attractive food, and will help dieters to resist temptation. A recent review of studies on the effectiveness of weight-maintenance strategies conclude that programs that incorporate continued skills in problem solving and coping with challenges, and techniques for sustaining behavior change lower the rate of relapse (IOM, 2004). The research summarized in this paper can be seen in the light of this overall goal.
Acid secretion from an esophageal inlet patch demonstrated by ambulatory pH monitoring

Heterotopic gastric mucosa may occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the upper esophagus. The capability of this ectopic mucosa to secrete acid has been suggested in different reports. We report for the first time a case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus complicated by a stricture with secretion of acid demonstrated by prolonged ambulatory pH monitoring. Lansoprazole, 30 mg twice daily, produced symptom resolution, and repeat ambulatory pH showed complete acid suppression in the proximal esophagus.
A 5-GHZ Low-Power Series-Coupled BiCMOS Quadrature VCO With Wide Tuning Range

This letter presents a novel quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (QVCO) implemented in a 47-GHz SiGe BiCMOS technology. The QVCO is a serially coupled LC VCO that utilizes SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors for oscillation and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors for coupling. The SiGe BiCMOS QVCO prototype achieves about 14.6% tuning range from 4.3 to 5GHz. The phase noise of the QVCO is measured as -114.3 dBc/Hz at 2-MHz offset. The 5-GHz QVCO core consumes 6-mA current from a 3.3-V power supply and occupies 0.88mm2 area
Environmental science and engineering applications of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites

Compared with cellulose, the primary component of the paper we use every day, nanocellulose has a much smaller diameter (typically <10 nm) that renders it many unique properties. Amongst many others, these properties include high mechanical strength, large surface area and low visual light scattering. Nanocellulose can be obtained by disintegration of plant cellulose pulp or by the action of specific types of bacteria. Once produced, nanocellulose can be used to make transparent films, fibers, hydrogels, or aerogels that exhibit extraordinary mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. Each of these substrates is a suitable template or carrier for inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), thus enabling production of nanocomposites that possess properties of the two constituents. In this review, we focus on the preparation of nanocellulose, nanocellulose films, and nanocellulose papers, and introduce nanocellulose-based nanocomposites and their environmental applications.
Dephosphorylation of Iqg1 by Cdc14 regulates cytokinesis in budding yeast

Cytokinesis separates cells by contraction of a ring composed of filamentous actin (F-actin) and type II myosin. Iqg1, an IQGAP family member, is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for assembly and contraction of the actomyosin ring. Lo- calization of F-actin to the ring occurs only after anaphase and is mediated by the calponin homology domain (CHD) of Iqg1, but the regulatory mechanisms that temporally restrict ac- tin ring assembly are not well defined. We tested the hypothesis that dephosphorylation of four perfect cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) sites flanking the CHD promotes actin ring forma - tion, using site-specific alanine mutants. Cells expressing the nonphosphorylatable iqg1-4A allele formed actin rings before anaphase and exhibited defects in myosin contraction and cytokinesis. The Cdc14 phosphatase is required for normal cytokinesis and acts on specific Cdk phosphorylation sites. Overexpression of Cdc14 resulted in premature actin ring assem- bly, whereas inhibition of Cdc14 function prevented actin ring formation. Cdc14 associated with Iqg1, dependent on several CHD-flanking Cdk sites, and efficiently dephosphorylated these sites in vitro. Of importance, the iqg1-4A mutant rescued the inability of cdc14-1 cells to form actin rings. Our data support a model in which dephosphorylation of Cdk sites around the Iqg1 CHD by Cdc14 is both necessary and sufficient to promote actin ring formation. Temporal control of actin ring assembly by Cdk and Cdc14 may help to ensure that cytokine- sis onset occurs after nuclear division is complete.
An assessment of multilisp: lessons from experience

Multilisp is a parallel programming language derived from the Scheme dialect of Lisp by addition of thefuture construct. It has been implemented on Concert, a 32-processor shared-memory multiprocessor. A statistics-gathering feature of Concert Multilisp producesparallelism profiles showing the number of processors busy with computing or overhead, as a function of time. Experience gained using parallelism profiles and other measurement tools on several application programs has revealed three basic ways in whichfuture generates concurrency. These ways are illustrated on two example programs: the Lisp mapping functionmapcar and the partitioning routine from Quicksort. Experience with Multilisp programming exposes issues relating to side effects, error and exception handling, low-level operations for explicit manipulation of futures and tasks, and speculative computing, which are also discussed. The basic outlines of Multilisp are now fairly clear and have stood the test of being used for several applications, but further language design work is especially needed in the areas of speculative computing and exception handling.
Continuous cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli: Existence of an optimum dilution rate for maximum plasmid and gene product concentration.

Growth yield factors, plasmid stability, cellular plasmid content, and cloned gene product activity for Escherichia coli HB101 containing plasmid pDM246 were measured at several dilution rates in continuous culture. Cell mass yield per mass of glucose consumed declined with increasing dilution rate. There was no evidence of plasmid segregational instability in any experiments, none of which employed selective medium. Plasmid content per cell varied with population-specific growth rate as observed in earlier batch experiments with the same strain. Plasmid content declined with increasing specific growth rate following indication of a maximum number of plasmids per cell at specific growth rates of ca. 0.3 h−1. Cloned gene product (β-lactamase) activity exhibited a sharp maximum with respect to dilution rate in continuous culture. Qualitatively different results were observed in previous experiments in batch cultivation in which specific growth rate changes were effected by altering medium composition.
When Overall Survival Fails to Confirm Event-Free Survival, Should the Latter Be Used to Set the Standard of Care?

TO THE EDITOR: We suggest that the far-reaching conclusion based on a landmark phase III trial concerning high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) should be reconsidered, given the major statistical error in the recent update. 1 The initial report in 1999 prompted the worldwide adoption of myeloablative therapy with autologous stemcell transplantation (ASCT) as the standard of care for patients with HR-NB in first remission. Now, 15 years later, we learn that this intervention made no statistically significant difference in overall survival (OS) when tested in a randomized fashion (P .39 by log rank; P.08 at 5 years). 1 OS stands out as the gold standard for evaluation of treatment efficacy, the acid test for US Food and Drug Administration drug approval, and the driving force for advances in cancer therapeutics. 2 OS is 100% accurate for event and time; it takes into account both safety(toxiccomplications)andefficacy.Event-freesurvival(EFS)isa surrogateendpointthatallowsanearlierassessmentofresults,butits validity requires confirmation, either through correlation with OS or by meta-analysis. 2-4 Unless improvement in quality of life can be documented, delaying asymptomatic events without prolonging survival is not clinically meaningful. 3 In short, a surrogate end point should be used with caution as the basis to establish standard of care. In this landmark study, 1 why did OS fail to show significance, whileEFSdid?Thisdiscrepancypointstothewelcomepossibilitythat,
EXACT p-ADIC ORDERS FOR DIFFERENCES OF MOTZKIN NUMBERS

For any prime p, we establish congruences modulo pn+1 for the difference of the pn+1th and pnth Motzkin numbers and determine the p-adic order of the difference. The results confirm recent conjectures on the order. The applied techniques involve the use of congruences for the differences of certain Catalan numbers and binomial coefficients, congruential identities for sums of Catalan numbers, central binomial and trinomial coefficients, infinite incongruent disjoint covering systems and the solution of congruential recurrences.
Helping adolescents who have disabilities negotiate transitions to adulthood

Adolescents who have disabilities face unique challenges as they progress through the transitions necessary to achieve optimum functioning in adulthood. These youths often need professional assistance to successfully negotiate these important transitions. Our article describes processes for collaborating with these adolescents, their families, and other professionals to facilitate successful transitions to a more healthy, productive, and satisfying adulthood.
Visual Search for Complex Targets

With the use of available data, search time and stimulus processing rate for a multidimensional target in an array of such stimuli were analyzed with respect to number of displayed stimuli and total stimulus information. The major findings were that search time decreases and stimulus processing rate increases as the number of dimensions in a multidimensional target increases, and that the rate of processing increases as a function of total stimulus information. A model of total stimulus information which assumes sequential processing of dimensions in order of increasing features or levels was found to fit the data.
Some basic properties of the pay-offs defined by closed-loop strategies†

Let x =f(x, μ, v) be the kinematic equation of a two-person, zero-sum differential game where (μ, v) is of class C(m) on the playing space. It is shown that, whenever f(x, μ, v) is not tangent to the terminal surface ϕ there exists a neighbourhood of ϕ in which every point y can he uniquely represented as γ(τ,y0) where γ is a solution to the kinematic equations, y0is in ϕif, and τ is the time until the path originating at y meets ya. This representation yields two functions W(y ; μ, v), the pay-off at y resulting from (μ, v), and T(y ;μ, v), the terminating time from y. It is shown that these functions are of class C(m); and their gradients satisfy the same adjoint equation but with different initial transversality conditions, even when (μ, v) are not optimal. These results are then extended to a carefully defined class of discontinuous strategies, those containing a ’ transition surface ’ or ’ discontinuity manifold ’. Lastly, those results arc used to give a condition for closed-loop optimality in optim...
Absorption and chlorophyll a fluorescence characteristics of tris-treated and sonicated chloroplasts

Abstract An attempt was made here to examine the three-light-reactions scheme of photosynthesis presented by Knaff and Arnon challenging the conventional Z-scheme. Tris-treated, sonicated chloroplasts ( T 20 S 2 ) — as used by the earlier workers — were prepared and their absorption, fluorescence action and emission spectra at 77° K were measured. This was done to test whether this treatment causes preferential loss of pigments of pigment system (PS) I; the latter could have led to an action spectrum of cytochrome b559 photooxidation matching that of PS II in Knaff and Arnon's work, and thus to their scheme. Results of room temperature absorption spectra, difference absorption spectra of normal minus T 20 S 2 chloroplasts, the ratios of chlorophyll a (Chl a ) fluorescence intensity at 735 nm to that at 685 nm (F735/F685) at 77° K of both particles, and action spectra of Chl a fluorescence (F760) of thick samples, indicated that, indeed, there is a preferential loss of long wavelength forms of Chl a relative to other forms of Chl a in T 20 S 2 particles. Thus, it is likely that system IIa (according to Knaff and Arnon's terminology) may simply be system I without the Chl a 690–700 (Chl a forms with “red” bands at 690–700 nm); this would make system I look like system II.
ECG Screening of Special Populations

Scenario: At 35 years old, all commercial pilots are required by the Federal Aviation Administration to have an annual exam. Specifically, pilots must have a baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) at 35 and then an annual ECG after 40 years of age. You are scheduled on a flight to Reno, Nevada and this is your 52-year-old male pilot’s resting 12-lead ECG. Are you worried? A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler addresses electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation for clinical practice. To send an eLetter or to contribute to an online discussion about this article, visit www.ajcconline.org and click “Respond to This Article” on either the full-text or PDF view of the article. We welcome letters regarding this feature.
Controlling surface porosity and release from hydrogels using a colloidal particle coating

Recent studies suggest that coating microcapsules by a shell composed of impenetrable colloidal particles (thereby forming 'colloidosomes') can be used to control surface porosity, and therefore, permeability. The voids between the particles in the coating define the size of the surface pores available for transport. However, to date, data demonstrating this selectivity has been largely qualitative. In this paper we examine, quantitatively, the effect of a surface coating (shell), composed of colloidal particles, on release from hydrogels. We find that the presence of a colloidal shell does indeed reduce the rate of transport of three model molecules: Aspirin, caffeine, and FITC-dextran with MW of approximately 3000-5000. Contrary to expectation, however, we find that for all three molecules the reduction in transport rate is largely independent of the dimensions of the particles composing the shell, despite differences that range over three orders of magnitude. In the case of the small molecules, caffeine and aspirin, the colloidal shell reduces the effective diffusion coefficient by a factor of 3. In the case of dextran, the suppression in the release rate due to the colloidal shell was much larger. These results are explained using a simple diffusion model that accounts for the volume fraction and diameter of the colloidal particles in the shell, and the size of the diffusing molecules.
Irregular plurals in Brazilian Portuguese: An exemplar model approach

This paper discusses a group of Brazilian Portuguese plurals that end with the nasal diphthong [–ao] in their singular form. When pluralized, these words can take three plural forms: [–oes], [–aos], or [–aes]. Each of these words has an etymological source that defines which morpheme should be applied to the plural form. However, in some cases, a different plural form is used instead of the etymological one. A set of psycholinguistic experiments was carried out with Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The goal was to analyze whether token or type frequency affects the choice of plural form for these words. The results show an interaction between type and token frequency, in the sense that type frequency serves as the basis for analogy, and token frequency can determine which words will be affected by the variation.
Serum Laboratory Values Following Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Urological Surgery

Purpose: Presentation of complications following laparoscopic surgery can be different from corresponding open surgical complications. While leukopenia has been identified as a common finding in patients with unrecognized bowel injury following laparoscopy, to our knowledge no study has determined if leukopenia or other serum abnormalities are unique to patients with laparoscopic complications. We present an analysis of postoperative laboratory values from patients after uncomplicated urological laparoscopic surgery.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 50 adult patients who had previously undergone uncomplicated laparoscopic urological procedures was performed. Exclusion criteria were preexisting hematological, immune, liver or pancreatic disorders. Common serum laboratory values were measured on postoperative day 1.Results: All values for bilirubin were within normal limits. Of patients undergoing a right side renal procedure, 10 of 16 (63%) had a postoperative increase in liver function test...
Restoration of skilled locomotion by sprouting corticospinal axons induced by co-deletion of PTEN and SOCS3

The limited rewiring of the corticospinal tract (CST) only partially compensates the lost functions after stroke, brain trauma and spinal cord injury. Therefore it is important to develop new therapies to enhance the compensatory circuitry mediated by spared CST axons. Here by using a unilateral pyramidotomy model, we find that deletion of cortical suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of cytokine-activated pathway, promotes sprouting of uninjured CST axons to the denervated spinal cord. A likely trigger of such sprouting is ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) expressed in local spinal neurons. Such sprouting can be further enhanced by deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) negative regulator, resulting in significant recovery of skilled locomotion. Ablation of the corticospinal neurons with sprouting axons abolishes the improved behavioural performance. Furthermore, by optogenetics-based specific CST stimulation, we show a direct limb motor control by sprouting CST axons, providing direct evidence for the reformation of a functional circuit.
Robust Trading Mechanisms with Budget Surplus and Partial Trade

In a bilateral bargaining problem with private values, Hagerty and Rogerson (J Econ Theory 42(1):94–107, 1987) showed that essentially all dominant strategy incentive compatible, ex post individually rational, and budget balanced mechanisms are posted-price mechanisms, where a price is drawn from a distribution, and trade occurs if both players benefit from trading at this price. In this paper, we demonstrate a feasible bargaining mechanism that yields more ex ante gains from trade than any posted-price (budget balanced) mechanism.
Relationship Between Standing Posture and Stability

Background and Purpose. This study determined whether persons with stability impairments have postural aberrations. We investigated whole-body posture and its relationship to center-of-gravity (COG) stability. Subjects. Data from 27 subjects with vestibular hypofunction and 26 subjects without vestibular impairment were analyzed. Method. An optoelectronic full-body system measured kinematics. Force plates measured ground reaction forces while subjects stood with their feet 30 cm apart and eyes open and with their feet together and eyes closed. Results. The subjects with vestibular hypofunction demonstrated less stability than the subjects without impairment, but there were no postural differences. Subjects with vestibular hypofunction had more weight on the left lower extremity during standing with feet apart. In all subjects in both groups, during standing with feet apart, the COG was anterior to the ankle, knee, back, and shoulder and posterior to the hip and neck. Subjects had an anterior pelvic tilt, extended trunk and head, right laterally flexed trunk and pelvis, and flexed knees. With their feet together, subjects increased their anterior pelvic tilt; trunk, head, and knee flexion; and anterior COG position. Conclusion and Discussion. Posture and stability had a low correlation. Subjects with bilateral vestibular hypofunction did not demonstrate a forward head or backward trunk lean, as has been reported anecdotally. Changing from standing with feet apart to feet together increased whole-body movement patterns to control standing stability.
'Now, We're Our Own Government' - Introduction to Poverty in Common

After the Second World War, the idea that local community action was indispensable for the alleviation of poverty was broadly embraced by US policymakers, social scientists, international development specialists, and grassroots activists. Governmental efforts to mobilize community action in the name of democracy served as a volatile condition of possibility for poor people and dispossessed groups negotiating the tension between calls for self-help and demands for self-determination in the era of the Cold War and global decolonization. In Poverty in Common, Alyosha Goldstein suggests new ways to think about the relationship among liberalism, government, and inequality in the United States. He does so by analyzing historical dynamics including Progressive-era reform as a precursor to community development during the Cold War, the ways that the language of "underdevelopment" articulated ideas about poverty and foreignness, the use of poverty as a crucible of interest group politics, and radical groups' critical reframing of community action in anticolonial terms. During the mid-twentieth century, approaches to poverty in the United States were linked to the racialized and gendered negotiation of boundaries — between the foreign and the domestic, empire and nation, violence and order, and dependency and autonomy.
9—Reflections on a Katana – The Japanese Pursuit of Performative Mastery

One moon shows in every pool; in every pool, the one moon. (Zen Saying)1Thirty spokes converge on a hub/but it’s the emptiness/that makes the wheel work/pots are fashioned from clay/but it’s the ho...
2D superconductivity: Electric tuning of many-body states.

Charge carriers in strongly correlated electron systems can be manipulated electrically in a device made of atomically thin materials.
Building appropriate trust in human-­‐robot teams

Future robotic systems are expected to transition from tools to teammates , characterized by increasingly autonomous, intelligent robots interacting with humans in a more naturalistic manner, approaching a relationship more akin to human–human teamwork. Given the impact of trust observed in other systems, trust in the robot team member will likely be critical to effective and safe performance. Our thesis for this paper is that trust in a robot team member must be appropriately calibrated rather than simply maximized. We describe how the human team member’s understanding of the system contributes to trust in human-robot teaming, by evoking mental model theory. We discuss how mental models are related to physical and behavioral characteristics of the robot, on the one hand, and affective and behavioral outcomes, such as trust and system use/disuse/misuse, on the other. We expand upon our discussion by providing recommendations for best practices in human-robot team research and design and other systems using artificial intelligence.
PPAR functional activation in cancer cell lines with several agent classes.

Fifth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, Nov 12-15, 2006 A84 We have been involved in the translational investigation of PPAR gamma activating strategies for malignant and premalignant conditions. This is a promising strategy because the thiazolidine drugs are quite non-toxic and in common use as FDA approved agents for type 2 diabetes. We currently review our experiments with several tumor types and several agent classes We employed oral cancer, prostate cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and cervical cancer cell lines for the experiments. We utilized several non-steroidal agents (ibuprofen, sulindac, indomethacin), endogenous activators (J2 series prostaglandin), retinoids (( and 13 cis RA, 4 HPR) and thiazolidinediones (Troglitazone, Ciglitazone, Pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) for the experiments. PPAR Reporter gene assays were performed with a 3 x PPRE construct. MTT assays were performed for cell proliferation experiments. We found that in this system, the non-steroidals were weak functional activators and after their study in head and neck cancer cell lines they were not used. Deoxy Prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone were the strongest activators. The thiazolidinedione agents were next in activation potential along with the retinoids. All activations were strongest within ½ log of the reported EC 50s for the agents. All cell lines tested had some level of functional activation. The agents were all significantly antiproliferative on MTT assay. We conclude that PPAR gamma activating strategies are reasonable to pursue in malignancy and premalignant conditions, but that the non-steroidal agents, in our hands, were not effective activators. \
Treatment of Experimental Chronic Osteomyelitis Due to Staphylococcus aureus with Vancomycin and Rifampin

Vancomycin was used alone and in combination with rifampin in the treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Treatment with 60 mg of vancomycin/kg of body weight twice a day for 28 days was ineffective in sterilizing infected rabbit bones. Rifampin (40 mg/kg) injected once a day for 28 days sterilized 57% of infected rabbit bones. Treatment with a combination of vancomycin and rifampin for either 14 or 28 days was significantly more effective than either drug used alone, sterilizing 84% and 90%, respectively, of the infected bones of treated animals. A possible explanation for the failure of vancomycin when used alone may be that its in vitro activity against the infecting strain of S. aureus (as measured by minimal inhibitory concentrations or minimal bactericidal concentrations) was substantially less under anaerobic conditions (that is, at partial pressures of oxygen analogous to those in osteomyelitic bones) than under aerobic conditons. In previous studies using an experimental model of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis, antibiotic therapy in which rifampin was combined with an aminoglycoside or with cephalothin was significantly more effective than single-drug therapy [1]. However, the optimal treatment for this disease remains enigmatic, and further studies are clearly indicated. Vancomycin is an effective antistaphylococcal agent [2-4] and has potential attractiveness in the treatment of a chronic infectious disease-such as osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus-because it can be administered less frequently than many other antimicrobial agents while maintaining comparable effectiveness. Rifampin has a unique ability to kill intraleukocytic bacteria [5], has already proved ef
Insensible Perspiration and Keratinization Process

ConclusionsHyperproduction of keratin in the epidermis causes an increase of insensible perspination. It seems probable that physiologically, too, one part of the insensible perspiration is contributed by the keratinization process in consequence to the dehydration of Malpighian cells.
Cervical Spinal Fracture and Other Diagnoses Associated With Mortality in Hospitalized Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients

Author(s): Wysham, Katherine D; Murray, Sara G; Hills, Nancy; Yelin, Edward; Gensler, Lianne S | Abstract: ObjectiveLittle data exist regarding mortality in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We assessed diagnoses associated with in-hospital mortality in AS using a population-based inpatient data set.MethodsData were abstracted from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2007 and 2011. We identified AS admissions using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 720.0. In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between top diagnoses and in-hospital mortality. We performed a secondary analysis from the same years in all patients (with and without AS) with cervical spine (C-spine) fracture to determine whether AS was an independent risk factor for mortality.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2011, we identified 12,484 admissions and 267 deaths in AS patients. C-spine fracture with spinal cord injury and sepsis had the highest odds of death, with odds ratios (ORs) of 13.43 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 8.00-22.55, P l 0.0001) and 7.63 (95% CI 5.62-10.36, P l 0.0001), respectively. In the same time period, there were 53,606 C-spine fracture admissions, of which 408 were coded with AS. Among all C-spine fracture hospitalizations, an AS diagnosis was associated with inpatient death (OR 1.61 [95% CI 1.16-2.22], P = 0.004).ConclusionIn AS patients admitted to the hospital, C-spine fracture is a leading cause of in-hospital mortality. Other diagnoses associated with mortality include sepsis, pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, and comorbid illnesses. Among all hospitalizations with C-spine fracture, AS was associated with increased odds of death. C-spine fracture-associated mortality warrants further study to elucidate risk factors in order to prevent such devastating fractures in AS patients.
Regional brain stiffness changes across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an MRI-based technique to noninvasively measure tissue stiffness. Currently well established for clinical use in the liver, MRE is increasingly being investigated to measure brain stiffness as a novel biomarker of a variety of neurological diseases. The purpose of this work was to apply a recently developed MRE pipeline to measure regional brain stiffness changes in human subjects across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum, and to gain insights into the biological processes underlying those stiffness changes by correlating stiffness with existing biomarkers of AD. The results indicate that stiffness changes occur mostly in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, in accordance with the known topography of AD pathology. Furthermore, stiffness in those areas correlates with existing imaging biomarkers of AD including hippocampal volumes and amyloid PET. Additional analysis revealed preliminary but significant evidence that the relationship between brain stiffness and AD severity is nonlinear and non-monotonic. Given that similar relationships have been observed in functional MRI experiments, we used task-free fMRI data to test the hypothesis that brain stiffness was sensitive to structural changes associated with altered functional connectivity. The analysis revealed that brain stiffness is significantly and positively correlated with default mode network connectivity. Therefore, brain stiffness as measured by MRE has potential to provide new and essential insights into the temporal dynamics of AD, as well as the relationship between functional and structural plasticity as it relates to AD pathophysiology.
The Role of Community Norms and Government in East Asian Rural-Inclusive Development and Institutional Building

The purpose of the conference of which this volume is the record was to examine the ‘Institutional Foundation of East Asian Economic Development’. On this broad subject, many different issues were discussed from various perspectives. Since institution-related issues have started to attract the earnest attention of economists only recently, it is no wonder that we did not reach consensus conclusions at the conference and that many important research questions and puzzles remained unanswered. In this concluding General Comments I discuss and comment on a very limited number of issues from my own (possibly biased) perspective rather than try to be comprehensive, synthetic and neutral. The topics that I choose are the following three: (1) rural-inclusive development; (2) the rural-originated community norms; and (3) the role of government in economic development and institutional building.