cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of trunk muscle fatigue on postural control of upright stance: A systematic review

Abstract Background Fatigability and postural control deficits are both serious concerns in a variety of chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Research has shown that muscle fatigue may adversely affect postural control. This is while the evidence on the relevance of fatigue to postural control has never been summarized nor critically appraised. Research question Is there sufficient and strong enough evidence to accept trunk muscle fatigue as a contributing factor to postural control alterations during upright standing posture?. Methods EMBASE, Scopus, ELSEVIER, PubMed, ProQuest, Google scholar and reference lists of the relevant articles were searched through April 2018. Studies having investigated the trunk muscle fatigue effect on postural control in asymptomatic individuals were included in the study. Only those studies having assessed postural control in terms of center of pressure driven variables were included. Results Twelve studies (218 asymptomatic participants) matched the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. Their results supported the hypothesis that fatigue has a significant effect on postural control in terms of the time domain variables. Sway velocity was consistently found to be affected by fatigue. The results were inconsistent in the frequency domain. The only study on the structural dynamics of center of pressure displacements also confirmed such a relationship. Significance The present review indicates that postural control is altered in asymptomatic individuals following trunk muscle fatigue. This may suggest that trunk muscle endurance training is crucial to address postural impairment in chronic spine musculoskeletal conditions.
National Quality of Life and Well-Being: 50 Years of Development and Well-Being Challenges and Progress

Thus far, we have documented major shifts that have occurred in quality of life and well-being worldwide from 1970 to the present. Along with selected estimates for the next 2 years, these data illustrate national trends in well-being by decade over the most recent 50-year period. The author has previously reported on interim trends for the period 1970–2020. These trends have been strongly positive and forward-oriented over the entire period covered by the earlier reports (Estes, 1976, 1988, 1998a, 1998b, 2007, 2010, 2012a, 2012b, 2015b, 2018). In recent years, and with other scholars working on the same period, national studies also have been undertaken on countries characterized by extensive histories of diversity-related social conflict that, in the case of North Africa and West Asia, has taken the form of religiously inspired acts of terrorism in both their own and other nations (el-Aswad, 2019; Sirgy, Estes, & Rahtz, 2018). Targets of the latter have been primarily major population and financial centers in Western nations (of Europe and North America) as well as the national capitals and centers of national defense and defense intelligence within these countries (Central Intelligence Agency, 2018). Though the number of acts of international terrorism has successfully been reduced in the last several years, even so, horrific acts of terrorism continue to take place in the countries of origin and their nearby neighbors, e.g., Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, among others.
Off-Target Editing by CRISPR-Guided DNA Base Editors

Base editing is a genome editing strategy that induces specific single-nucleotide changes within genomic DNA. Two major DNA base editors, cytosine base editors and adenine base editors, that consist of a Cas9 protein linked to a deaminase enzyme that catalyzes targeted base conversion directed by a single-guide RNA have been developed. This strategy has been used widely for precise genome editing because, unlike CRISPR-Cas nuclease-based genome editing systems, this strategy does not create double-strand DNA breaks that often result in high levels of undesirable indels. However, recent papers have reported that DNA base editors can cause substantial off-target editing in both genomic DNA and RNA. The off-target editing described in these studies is primarily independent of guide RNA and arises from the promiscuous reactivity of the deaminase enzymes used in DNA base editors. In this Perspective, we discuss the development of DNA base editors, the guide RNA-independent off-target activity reported in recent studies, and strategies that improve the selectivity of DNA base editors.
Strong headgroup interactions drive highly directional growth and unusual phase co-existence in self-assembled phenolic films

Self-assembled materials as surface coatings are used to confer functional properties to substrates, but such properties are highly dependent on molecular organization that can be controlled through tailoring the noncovalent interactions. For monomolecular films, it is well-known that strong, dipolar interactions can oppose line tension generating noncircular domain growth. While many surfactant films exhibit liquid crystalline arrangement of the alkyl chains, there are relatively few reports of crystalline headgroups. Here, we report the self-assembly of phenolic surfactants where the combination of hydrogen bonding and π-stacking leads to a herringbone arrangement of the headgroups, generating a molecular super-lattice that can be observed using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction; such an arrangement has been previously proposed for related phenolic systems but never experimentally observed. We also investigated using pH to modulate the intermolecular interactions and the response of the system in terms of molecular organization. The first hydroxyl deprotonation does not appear to impact the structure but has significant impact on the domain size and morphology. Higher pH generates both strong directional domain growth and a loss of the molecular lattice structure, attributed to a second deprotonation. In contrast, a shorter chain surfactant, lauryl gallate, forms a liquid expanded phase that can contract upon deprotonation. In the condensed phase, the deprotonation kinetics are unusually slow for which an internal charge re-organization is proposed. The slow kinetics leads to the co-existence of three distinct phases for a single component system over relatively long timescales and provides evidence of a liquid-mediated polymorphic transformation process in two-dimensional, soft-matter films. This work has implications for understanding the long-range ordering in aromatic self-assembled structures and the mechanisms underlying Langmuir monolayer polymorphism.
Cells and cell derivatives as drug carriers for targeted delivery

Abstract For over a century, researchers have focused on how to optimize drug delivery. Systemic administration means that the drug becomes dilute and has the potential to diffuse to all tissues, which is only until the immune system steps in and rapidly clears it from blood circulation. Drug carriers are the solution for amplifying the intended effect and diminishing side effects. With drug carriers, tissue-specific drug delivery and controlled drug release is possible. Thus far, both synthetic and non-synthetic carriers exist. However, due to the numerous limitations of synthetic carriers, science has begun to concentrate on using live cells and cell-derivatives as drug carriers. The most problematic shortcomings of synthetic carriers are their limited biocompatibility and biodegradability. Most synthetic carriers are cytotoxic or induce immune responses. Moreover, synthetic carriers typically depend on passive diffusion and risk phagocytosis, further reducing their impact. On the other hand, live-cell carriers and their derivatives usually have a targeting mechanism and drug release is controlled, increasing the efficiency with which a drug accumulates and acts on a tissue. Still, both types of carriers face similar problems, including achieving high loading capacity, maintaining drug quality, efficiently accumulating in the target tissue, and minimizing side effects. This review aims to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of each popular cell or cell-derived carrier and to spotlight novel solutions.
Mental health in head and neck cancer

Acknowledging the health behaviors that lead to HNC, as well as the highly impactful location and functional changes from the cancer and treatment, has led to increasing interest in MH in HNC. The distressing aspects of HNC affect patients, their caregivers, and their physicians alike. MH must be a priority from diagnosis through to the end of these patients’ lives. Here we have summarized the known elements of MH in HNC. We have determined that health behaviors, such as tobacco use, alcohol use, and high-risk sexual behaviors that lead to heighten HPV infection risk, play a long-lasting and complex role with distress levels in HNC. Psychiatric illness is one aspect of psychosocial distress that can more easily be studied due to existing clinical frameworks from which to begin investigation, though other elements of distress are more difficult to identify and quantify. We have highlighted advances in stress management for improving MH in these patients, most notably cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions. This summary has led to the conclusion that the best is yet to come, with the open opportunities to define the mental health challenges in the landscape of HNC, to generate effective and validated treatments, and to pair treatments with patients and their caregivers.
There Is a Silencer on the Gun

The interplay between two basic aspects of human behavior is examined: our need to connect with others and our almost instantaneous need to divide others into “us” and “them.” The impact of being p...
When and where should there be dedicated lanes under mixed traffic of automated and human-driven vehicles for system-level benefits?

Abstract Automated vehicle (AV) technology is rapidly moving towards reality and will be mature within the next decade. However, the physical, institutional, and legal infrastructure for enabling widespread adoption of this technology are still lagging significantly. The focus of this research is on developing a decision framework for optimal upgrading of the road network for mixed AV and conventional (NAV) traffic. Given that AVs will undoubtedly share a large segment of the current road network with conventional traffic for the foreseeable future, how the network can be retrofitted to optimize flow of all traffic is a critical issue. Of particular interest are questions regarding when and where the provision of dedicated lanes for AVs can offer benefits for all traffic, and at what level of AV adoption this investment becomes cost-effective. Answers to these questions are critical for planning the future transportation system. We use the term autonomous vehicle to indicate that they can not only drive without human interference using sensing technology but can also communicate with other vehicles and road infrastructure. While the technology is progressing rapidly, planning infrastructure investments and enhancements to optimally harness the benefits of AV technology capabilities merits serious attention. Specifically, the use of dedicated lanes to accommodate AVs so that they may platoon is an important consideration from a policy as well as planning perspective. The proposed study investigates this issue to determine when and where dedicated AV lanes would provide the maximum benefit to all traffic and make such infrastructure investments cost effective.
Wildfire affects circulating hormone levels and the expression of male sexual plumage in a tropical songbird

Natural disturbances like drought and wildfires are expected to increase in prevalence, so understanding how organisms are affected is a key goal for conservationists and biologists alike. While many studies have illustrated long-term effects of perturbations on survival and reproduction, little is known of short-term effects to physiology and sexual signal expression. Ornamental traits have been proposed as reliable indicators of environmental health, yet studies are lacking in the context of natural disturbances. Here we present short-term responses of male Red-backed Fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus) to wildfire near the onset of the typical breeding season. Males of this species are characterized by plastic expression of sexual plumage phenotypes in their first breeding season. Using two populations with Fairywren captures before and after separate wildfires we illustrate that wildfire suppressed molt into ornamented plumage, including in third year males that typically show little plasticity in ornamentation. Baseline plasma corticosterone was elevated in males sampled after fire, but condition (furcular fat stores) was unaffected. Although testosterone levels did not decrease following fire, we found a positive correlation between testosterone and plumage ornamentation. In addition, males molting in ornamental plumage had higher circulating levels of testosterone than males molting in unornamented plumage following fire. Collectively, these findings suggest that wildfires inhibit or greatly delay acquisition of ornamentation in young males without exerting obvious effects on condition, but rather through subtle effects on testosterone and corticosterone circulation. This natural experiment also reveals that expression of alternative male reproductive phenotypes in this species is sensitive to environmental conditions and more plastic than previously assumed.
Debt Relief Reforms are not Enough to Alter the Relations of Inequality and Harm Reproduction: The Case of Educational Debt and the Need for Structural Reconstruction.

In the contemporary age of financialization, more and more citizens of the world are living in debt bondage and finding themselves subject to those financial institutions that are endangering the global political economy. At this turning point in global capitalism, even if the “one percent” provided “clean slates” for the debtors of the world, which has occurred many times in human history, the current economic polarization will continue to intensify so long as the contradictions of unsustainable capital accumulation are not resolved. In order to avoid a futuristic neo-serfdom, where people are not tied to the land, but are free to live wherever, though they are unable to make ends meet anywhere, structural reconstructions of our political economies are necessary. Using higher education and the student-loan debt crisis in the United States as its focus, this article makes the case for student relief rather than for student distress, especially for marginalized consumers. This investigation is not about state-financial criminality per se. More appropriately, it is about social harm in the tradition of zemiology.
ABLJ Chronological Bibliography 1998-2018

The American Business Law Journal (ABLJ) is published quarterly on behalf of the Academy of Legal Studies in Business (ALSB). The ABLJ “explores the whole range of topics related to business and corporate law and is an essential resource for students, professors and all professionals in the field. The work of those scholars who have given so freely and tirelessly of their time and energies to make this journal possible are honored here. We believe this unannotated bibliography of Articles published in the American Business Law Journal (ABLJ) over the twenty year period 1998 to 2018 contributes to greater access, understanding, and usability of this valuable resource by scholars and practitioners alike.
Book Review: The Military Commander’s Necessity: The Law of Armed Conflict and Its Limits, by Sigrid Redse Johansen.

This book review of The Military Commander’s Necessity: The Law of Armed Conflict and Its Limits, addresses the author's treatment of the concept of military necessity and the function it serves within the law of armed conflict, particularly in light of the commander's discretion and the Rendulic Rule. Johansen demonstrates that military necessity undergirds many of the core concepts of IHL—including the principles of distinction and proportionality, the prohibition on superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering, the special protections accorded to certain classes of person and property, and the imperative to undertake precautions in attack, but only if feasible—all of which receive careful treatment in dedicated chapters in the book. The review concludes that, in many respects, the book’s title undersells Johansen’s contribution, which amounts to a comprehensive treatment of much of the law of war through the lens of military necessity—one half of the grand, but delicate, balance between military exigencies and humanitarian concerns that undergirds all of IHL. It also identifies some vexing areas within the law of armed conflict where necessity operates.
The impact of pulmonary artery catheter use in cardiac surgery.

Abstract Objective Pulmonary artery catheterization provides continuous monitoring of hemodynamic parameters that may aid in the perioperative management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, prior data suggest that pulmonary artery catheterization has limited benefit in intensive care and surgical settings. Thus, this study sought to determine the impact of pulmonary artery catheter insertion on short-term postoperative outcomes in a large, contemporaneous cohort of patients undergoing open cardiac surgery compared with standard central venous pressure monitoring. Methods This was an observational study of open cardiac surgeries from 2010 to 2018. Patients with pulmonary artery catheter insertion were identified and matched against patients without pulmonary artery catheter insertion via 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity matching. Multivariable analysis was performed to assess the impact of pulmonary artery catheterization on operative mortality in the overall cohort, as well as recent heart failure, mitral valve disease, and tricuspid insufficiency subgroups. Results Of the 11,820 patients undergoing (Society of Thoracic Surgeons indexed) coronary or valvular surgery, 4605 (39.0%) had pulmonary artery catheter insertion. Propensity score matching yielded 3519 evenly balanced pairs. Compared with central venous pressure monitoring, pulmonary artery catheter use was not associated with improved operative mortality in the overall cohort or in the recent heart failure, mitral valve disease, or tricuspid insufficiency subgroups. Intensive care unit length of stay was longer (P .05). Conclusions These findings suggest that pulmonary artery catheterization may have limited benefit in cardiac surgery.
Inferring patient transfer networks between healthcare facilities

Constructing accurate patient transfer networks between hospitals is critical for understanding the spread of healthcare associated infections through statistical and mathematical modeling, and for determining optimal screening and treatment strategies. The Healthcare Cost & Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases (SID) provide valuable information on patient transfers from publicly obtainable claims databases, yet often give an incomplete picture due to missingness of patient tracking identifiers. We designed a novel imputation algorithm that enabled us to estimate the true number of patient transfers between each pair of hospitals in a state over a specified time period and age group in the presence of these missing identifiers. We then validated the algorithm’s performance through a series of simulation experiments using the HCUP SID, and finally tested the algorithm on multiple states’ genuine data. Our proposed method significantly reduced the total mean squared error in predicting the true number of transfers amongst hospitals for all simulation experiments, and it also yielded epidemic simulations that more closely approximated those corresponding to the true patient transfer network.
The Making of Mike Kelley’s The Wages of Sin’s Exhibition Copy: Replication as a Means of Preservation

With the arrival of the digital age and technology, creation of art and its replication reached a whole new pinnacle. Increasingly, conservators find themselves dealing with editions, copies, and r...
Chapter 22. Anti-aging Drugs

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the development of antiaging drugs. Aging processes are increasingly being thought of as originating at the cellular or subcellular level, even though there is no general agreement as to the nature of these processes. The most attractive general hypothesis of aging is that senescence is primarily a cellular information loss phenomenon originating at the molecular level, and that dyshomeostasis of other kinds through loss of neuronal, endocrine, and immunological information is of a secondary nature. Changes in neurons and in cells in the microvascular system are the main cause of aging in mammals. The marked increase in life-span of rats on restricted caloric intake has been explained on the basis of continued high level of stress hormone secretion due to strengthened chalone action. The diversity of regulatory functions performed by the hypothalamus has led to the suggestion that age-dependent changes in the hypothalamus are responsible for the functional and metabolic changes associated with aging. Aging may affect protein synthesis, either at the DNA level by mutation, single strand breaks or other structural changes, or at subsequent stages. Decreased immunological surveillance may originate in the thymus-dependent segment of the immune system, and the latter, in turn, may be dependent on exhaustion of the Hayflick limit in thymus cells and dependent tissues.
The painful labral repair

There are a significant number of patients with unsatisfactory outcomes following primary labral repair. Treatment of such patients can be challenging given the fact that multiple factors can contribute to failure of the primary repair, including ongoing shoulder pathology. Evaluation should begin with a thorough history and physical examination. Diagnostic workup should be initiated with more current imaging, consisting of at least plain films followed by MRI. Then, a meticulous analysis can be performed as to whether preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative factors contributed to failure. Preoperative factors that contribute to a poor outcome following primary labral repair are an incorrect or incomplete diagnosis and/or inability to meet patient expectations. Intraoperative factors contributing to a poor outcome are morbidity of portal placement, inadequate, insufficient, or improper anchor placement; failure to address capsular pathology; or failure to address glenoid bony deficiency. Postoperative factors include infection, stiffness, failure of the primary repair to heal, and glenohumeral articular cartilage damage. Finally, after all of the above information has been analyzed, an appropriate treatment plan can be devised for the patient.
Cardiologists' and emergency physicians' perspectives on and knowledge of reperfusion guidelines pertaining to ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.

We sought to determine U.S. physicians' knowledge and perspectives regarding the 2004 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for management of patients who have ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We invited 45,998 physicians from the American Medical Association's roster to take an Internet survey of U.S. cardiologists and emergency physicians who were hospital-based or who had hospital-admitting privileges. To represent individual and combined populations, data were weighted on the basis of years in practice, sex, and geographic region. Of 505 cardiologists and 509 emergency physicians who completed the survey, 90% worked in an urban or suburban setting and 82% at hospitals with a cardiac catheterization laboratory. Sampling error was ±3.4%. Most respondents (61%) believed that overall myocardial infarction treatment needed a “great deal” or “fair amount” of improvement; 24% were “somewhat” or “not at all” familiar with the guidelines. Although 84% knew the recommended STEMI treatments for a patient who presents within 3 hours of symptom onset without contraindications to reperfusion or delay to invasive treatment, only 11% knew that there is no preferred approach. If percutaneous coronary intervention proved impossible within 90 minutes of presentation, 21% reported that eligible patients—assuming early presentation, confirmed STEMI diagnosis, and no high-risk STEMI or contraindications to fibrinolysis—would “rarely” or “never” receive guideline-recommended fibrinolysis. Many cardiologists and emergency physicians are unfamiliar with the guidelines and with the uncertainty that surrounds therapeutic approaches, which suggests the need for increased education on effective treatments to expedite myocardial reperfusion in STEMI.
Exaggerated Delayed Hypersensitivity to Mosquito Bites in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

This report has reviewed the clinical histories of 8 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who manifested a marked delayed hypersensitivity type of local skin reaction to insect bites, and mosquito antigen and were capable of reacting normally to other delayed hypersensitivity antigens. We have suggested that this abnormality may represent another example of altered immunologic responsiveness in this disease, consistent with the notion that the lymphocyte is of prime importance for the development of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity.
Studies on compartmentation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolated rat hapatocytes

Abstract The existence of metabolically distinct pools of S- adenosyl-L-methionine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated. Utilizing a relatively long labeling period with [methyl-14C]methionine, a metabolically ‘stable’ pool was labeled. A subsequent short labeling with [methyl-3H]methionine selectively labeled a putative metabolically ‘labile’ pool. The existence of these distinguishable pools was ascertained by following the 3H and 14C label disappearance in S- adenosyl-L-methionine during the chase-period in label-free media containing cycloleycine to prevent futher synthesis of S- adenosyl-L-methionine . In both yeast and hepatocytes, the 3 H 14 C ratio in S- adenosyl-L-methionine decreased sharply. The individual 3H and 14C decrease in S- adenosyl-L-methionine showed t 1 2 values of 3 and 8 min for yeast and 4 and 18 min for hepatocytes. The results strongly indicate that at least two metabolically distinct S- adenosyl-L-methionine pools actually do exist in both systems. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the ‘labile’ pool exist in the cytosol for both yeast and hepatocytes while the ‘stable’ pool exists in the vacuolar and the mitochondrial fraction for the yeast and hepatocytes respectively. The S- adenosyl-L-methionine pools were also studied in normal yeast under anaerobic chase condition and petite mutant yeast. Sharply contrasting with aerobically chased normal yeast, both showed closely parallel 3H and 14C decreases in S- adenosyl-L-methionine .
Technology Transfer: A Contextual Approach

A corporation views effective technology transfer as a necessary element for successful operations. Politicians and Government agencies view technology transfer as critical to a competitive domestic economy. This paper compares and contrasts the technology transfer motives and methods of a corporation and a Government research and technology agency to analyze differences. The analysis reveals that the context, or environment, and the motives of the particular organizational level both reflect the method of technology transfer employed. Motives are not necessarily homogenous across organization levels. Therefore, the successful implementation of technology transfer depends upon creating an environment that will capitalize on the motives that exist at each level, and taking an approach that reflects those motives. The Government approach is to broadcast available technology, whereas that of the corporation is to control its release by targeting recipients. For more effective technology transfer, the Government approach should be augmented by a second stage that considers the individual employee's motivation. Therefore, on the basis of the findings, a two-stage approach to successful Government technology transfer is recommended.
Differentiability and analyticity of queues in light traffic

Several methods have been proposed to approximate performance measures of queueing systems based on their light traffic derivatives, e,g., the MacLaurin expansion, the Pade approximation, and interpolation with heavy traffic limits. To apply these methods, it requires that the performance measures he differentiable and analytic when the arrival rates equal to zero. In this paper, we study these issues for the GI/GI/1 queue. We present conditions under which the mean steady-state system time of a job is differentiable and analytical when the arrival rate to the queue equals to zero. >
Development and evaluation of a mosaic approach in the WRF‐Noah framework

[1] The current Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Noah modeling framework considers only the dominant land cover type within each grid cell, which here is referred to as the “dominant” approach. In order to assess the impact of subgrid-scale variability in land cover composition, a mosaic/tiling approach (hereafter the “mosaic” approach) is implemented into the coupled WRF-Noah modeling system. In the mosaic approach, a certain number (N) of tiles, each representing a land cover category, is considered within each grid cell. WRF simulations of a clear sky day and a rainfall period over a heterogeneous urban/suburban setting show that the two approaches generate differences in the surface energy balance, land surface temperature, near-surface states, boundary layer growth, as well as rainfall distribution. Evaluation against a variety of observational data (including surface flux measurements, the MODIS land surface temperature product, and radar rainfall estimates) indicates that, compared to the dominant approach, the mosaic approach has a better performance. In addition, WRF-simulated results with the mosaic approach are less sensitive to the spatial resolution of the grid: Larger differences are observed in simulations of different resolutions with the dominant approach. The effect of increasing the number of tiles (N) on the WRF-simulated results is also examined. When N increases from 1 (i.e., the dominant approach) to 15, changes in the ground heat flux, sensible heat flux, surface temperature, and 2 m air temperature are more significant during nighttime. Changes in the 2 m specific humidity are more significant during daytime, and changes in the boundary layer height are most prominent during the morning and afternoon transitional periods.
Cyclins in the cell cycle: an overview.

Great strides have been made in the search to understand the origins of neoplasia in cells of the immune system. Within the last decade a large number of oncogenes have been identified and characterized. Their nucleotide and amino acid sequences are known, as well as mutations that make them transforming. Even the physiological properties and certain aspects of function are known for some of them. Nonetheless, it is not known exactly how they transform cells. Since the common feature of transformation is unregulated proliferation, it may be possible to explain the actions of many oncogenes by defining their interactions with the gene products that drive the cell division cycle. Progress in this regard has been impeded by a lack of understanding of the biochemistry of cell division. Recently, some of the molecular components required for cell cycle in several systems have been described, and in each case, control has been shown to center on the activity of heterodimeric complexes containing a protein serine/threonine kinase and a regulatory subunit called a cyclin. Both the kinases and their cyclins are members of multigene families. The kinases each contain the amino acid motif “PSTAIRE” as well as a moderate overall sequence similarity to the CDC2 gene product from Schizosaccharomyces pombe [1]. As many as eight distinct kinases have been identified [2]. The two kinases that have been studied most thoroughly are active during different phases of the cell cycle.
STUDIES OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN PREMATURE INFANTS

A study of the acid base balance of arterial blood in 92 premature infants, aged 1 to 65 days and 1.1 kg. to 2.3 kg. in weight, has been presented. The temporal artery blood was analyzed for pH, plasma CO2 content, chloride, total protein, total base. Alveolar carbon dioxide tension (pCO2) and "R" were calculated. Acid base analyses on the femoral artery blood of 16 adolescent well boys were used as controls. The study reveals the following salient facts: There is a wide variation in the blood chemical findings between normal, well premature infants. In addition, repeat determinations upon the same infants revealed a more labile blood chemical picture than is found in older infants or adults. No premature infant had all fractions of the acid base balance within the adult normal range. The mean values for pH, CO2 content and protein were reduced in premature infants, while the mean values for total base, chloride, phosphate and "R" were elevated as compared to the values for the adult controls. The mean value for carbon dioxide tension was normal. Sixty-seven per cent of the premature infants had the chemical findings of an uncompensated metabolic acidosis; 13% had a normal pH and CO2 content; 10% had a respiratory acidosis, 7% had a respiratory alkalosis and 3% were unclassified. There was no statistical correlation of acid base values to birth weight or age or weight at the time of chemical sampling. There was no difference of acid base values in infants who had been transfused by blood or plasma and those infants who had never been given blood or plasma transfusions. By clinical examination alone, the nature of the acid base variations could not be anticipated in what we generally consider as well premature infants. There was no correlation between the variations of the acid base disturbance and the prognosis for life in these babies. The fact that most premature infants have an increased hydrogen ion concentration and an unstable acid base balance may be additional reasons why premature babies so easily develop severe acidosis when any stress occurs, whether it is improper feeding, infection, etc. The cause of the acidosis in premature infants has not been established. The theory that premature infants have a partial anaerobic metabolism with a decreased production of carbon dioxide is tenable but not established.
Effect of Demographics on Excretion of Key Urinary Factors Related to Kidney Stone Risk

Objective To investigate the effect of demographics including age and sex on excretion of 4 key urinary factors (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], oxalate and uric acid [UA]) related to kidney stone risk. Methods Twenty-four–hour urine samples were collected from non-Hispanic white sibships in Rochester, MN. Height, weight, blood pressure, serum creatinine, and cystatin C were measured. Diet was assessed using the Viocare food frequency questionnaire. Effects of demographics and dietary elements on urinary excretions were evaluated in univariate, multivariate, and interaction models that included age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Results Samples were available from 709 individuals. In multivariate models, sex was a significant predictor of all 4 urinary factors, age was significant for all but UA excretion, and serum creatinine was significant only for Ca and Mg excretion (P Conclusion Age and sex influence excretion of key urinary factors related to kidney stone risk and should be taken into account when evaluating kidney stone patients.
Private life of an integrating sphere: the radiant homogeneity of the Descent Imager–Spectral Radiometer calibration sphere

Perturbations to an integrating sphere's radiant uniformity by a protruding optical system are mapped. A sphere provides the Descent Imager-Spectral Radiometer sensor head (DISR SH), a practical platform for many of its subsystems' calibrations, but the resulting nonuniformity threatens the goal of accurate radiometry. An apparatus with a nearly identical shape is built to measure the radiance variations. The radiance field is found to be very homogeneous (0-2% variations) over two-thirds of the sphere's surface area, with larger excursions near the SH, away from active fields of view. This provides an accurate platform to transfer absolute calibrations.
An hypothesis to account for a basic distinction between rods and cones.

Abstract Autoradiographic studies indicate that outer segment disc formation continues throughout life in rods but not in cones. The outer segments of developing rods in amphibia are cone-shaped. The following hypothesis accounts for these observations. The first discs formed at the base of the outer segment are small. Progressively larger discs subsequently displace the smaller ones away from the base, producing a conical outer segment. At this stage of development, disc formation in cones is arrested. In rods, disc formation continues, disc diameter becomes stabilized, and the old discs are shed, thereby producing a cylindrical outer segment.
Covariant and contravariant points of view in topology with applications to function spaces

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a way of viewing of basic topology which unifies quite a few results and concepts previously seemed not related (quotient maps, product topology, subspace topology, separation axioms, topologies on function spaces, dimension, metrizability). The basic idea is that in order to investigate an unknown space X , one either maps known spaces to X or maps X to known spaces. Mapping known spaces to X leads to covariant functors. Therefore, it will be part of what we call the covariant point of view. Mapping X to known spaces leads to contravariant functors. It will be part of what we call the contravariant point of view. The covariant approach is an abstraction of the well known methodology of the homotopy theory: to investigate properties of CW complexes one computes their homotopy groups, i.e., one considers maps from spheres to CW complexes. Once some CW complexes are well understood, one can map them to a space X in order to detect its topological properties. The dual to covariant approach, the contravariant approach, is an abstraction of the well known methodology of the shape theory: to investigate topological properties of space X one maps X to CW complexes. It is explained in the paper that many notions/results can be better understood as analyzed from either covariant or contravariant points of view. Particular attention is given to function spaces. It is shown that the three main topologies on function spaces (the basic covariant topology, the compact-open topology, the pointwise convergence topology) can be introduced in the same manner: they are covariantly induced by functions f:S→Map(X,Y) so that adj X (f)|S×K is continuous for (a) K=X (the basic covariant topology), (b) any locally compact K in X (the compact-open topology), (c) any finite subset K of X (the pointwise convergence topology). By applying the concept of adjointness of functors, two new topologies on the product X×Y are introduced. The PC-product X× PC Y arises as a left adjoint to the pointwise convergence topology, and the CO-product X× CO Y arises as a left adjoint to the compact-open topology.
PAIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION AND X-RAY ABSORPTION SIGNATURES OF ROTATIONAL AND RADIAL LOCAL DISTORTIONS IN A MODEL SYSTEM WITH AVERAGE LONG-RANGE ORDER

The signatures of local distortions in three-dimensional crystalline structures are studied by calculating extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra and pair distribution functions (PDF) from a binary system with several different concentrations of randomly distributed radial, rotational, or buckling static distortions. The PDF and EXAFS are examined to determine if unique signatures for the different distortions can be obtained. It is shown how the complementarity of the PDF and EXAFS data can be used to effectively separate the radial from the rotational local distortions.
Symmetry control of chemical reactions: Applications to the Berry pseudorotation of five-coordinate transition metal complexes

A symmetry analysis of the Berry pseudorotation of trigonal bipyramidal transition metal complexes is presented. Predictions are made regarding which electronic configurations are allowed to undergo pseudorotation and which configurations are symmetry forbidden. A comparison to reported fluxional five-coordinate complexes shows that the predictions are consistent with experimental observations.
Model predictive control of diffusion-reaction processes

Parabolic partial differential equations naturally arise as an adequate representation of a large class of spatially distributed systems, such as diffusion-reaction processes, where the interplay between diffusive and reaction forces introduces complexity in the characterization of the system, for the purpose of process parameter identification and subsequent control. In this work we introduce a model predictive control (MPC) framework for the control of input and state constrained parabolic partial differential equation (PDEs) systems. Model predictive control (MPC) is one of the most popular control formulations among chemical engineers, manly due to its ability to account for the actuator (input) constraints that inevitably exist due to finite actuator power and its ability to handle state constraints within an optimal control setting. In controller synthesis, the initially parabolic partial differential equation of the diffusion reaction type is transformed by the Galerkin method into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that capture the dominant dynamics of the PDE system. Systems obtained in such a way (ODEs) are used as the basis for the synthesis of the MPC controller that explicitly accounts for the input and state constraints. Namely, the modified MPC formulation includes a penalty term that is directly added to the objective function and through the appropriate structure of the controller state constraints accounts for the infinite dimensional nature of the state of the PDE system. The MPC controller design method is successively applied to control of the diffusion-reaction process described by linear parabolic PDE, by demonstrating stabilization of the non-dimensional temperature profile around a spatially uniform unstable steady-state under satisfaction of the input (actuator) constraints and allowable non-dimensional temperature (state) constraints.
Orchestrating the orchestrators: chemokines in control of T cell traffic

The understanding of how chemokines orchestrate the trafficking and activity of immune cells has increased considerably. So far, over 50 chemokines and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified. Detailed analyses have demonstrated the function of chemokine receptors on T cell subsets, the temporal and spatial expression patterns of chemokines in vivo and the phenotypes of animals genetically deficient in one component or several components of the chemokine-chemokine receptor system. New microscopy modalities for studying the influence of chemokines on the migratory activity of T cells in the lymph node have also brought new insights. Here we review such advances with particular emphasis on control of the migration of T cell subsets in lymph nodes and in peripheral tissues in homeostasis and inflammation.
Sexual Touching and Difficulties with Sexual Arousal and Orgasm Among U.S. Older Adults

Little is known about the non-genitally-focused sexual behavior of those experiencing sexual difficulties. The objective of this study was to review the theory supporting a link between sexual touching and difficulties with sexual arousal and orgasm, and to examine associations between these constructs among older adults in the United States. The data were from the 2005–2006 National Social Life Health and Aging Project, which surveyed 3,005 community-dwelling men and women ages 57–85 years. The 1,352 participants who had had sex in the past year reported on their frequency of sexual touching and whether there had been a period of several months or more in the past year when they were unable to climax, had trouble getting or maintaining an erection (men) or had trouble lubricating (women). Women also reported how often they felt sexually aroused during partner sex in the last 12 months. The odds of being unable to climax were greater by 2.4 times (95% CI 1.2–4.8) among men and 2.8 times (95% CI 1.4–5.5) among women who sometimes, rarely or never engaged in sexual touching, compared to those who always engaged in sexual touching, controlling for demographic factors and physical health. These results were attenuated but persisted after controlling for emotional relationship satisfaction and psychological factors. Similar results were obtained for erectile difficulties among men and subjective arousal difficulties among women, but not lubrication difficulties among women. Infrequent sexual touching is associated with arousal and orgasm difficulties among older adults in the United States.
Katrina and the Banshee's Wail: The Racialization of Class Exploitation

In this article, the authors examine Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath on the people of New Orleans from a historical materialist perspective. In their analysis, the authors discuss Katrina in relation to capitalism's overall devastating consequences for the ecosphere as well as the global division of labor and its racialized social relations. They further suggest that the racialization of Hurricane Katrina needs to be situated within the disciplinary practices of capital and its process of valorization through unsustainable capital-fueled growth and development, overproduction, resource depletion, and ecosystem destabilization and destruction.
PWA AND THE LATTICE

The valuable role which lattice simulations of quarks and gluons can play in providing insights from QCD relevant for partial wave analyses of hadronic scattering processes is discussed.
‘Because they can do the work’: women farmers in sustainable agriculture in Pennsylvania, USA

Women throughout the West are up to three times more likely to be the operator of a farm in sustainable agricultural models than in productivist models. When women assume the role of farmer they transgress traditional gender identities on farms, which dictate that women are ‘farmwives’ and men are ‘farmers’; these gender identities intersect with spaces in the agricultural community to imply appropriate behavior for women as farmwives. This research demonstrates that the sustainable agriculture community provides spaces that promote and are compatible with women's identities as farmers. Feminist analyses of space and agriculture suggest that productivist agricultural models marginalize women from spaces of knowledge, while sustainable agriculture provides spaces of empowerment for women farmers. The fieldwork for this project involved a purposive survey, in‐depth interviews and participant observation with twenty women farmers over an 18‐month period in the sustainable agriculture community of Central Pen...
Nonlinear boundary value problems in Hilbert spaces

Abstract In this paper we examine nonlinear two point boundary value problems, with Sturm-Liouville type boundary conditions, in a Hilbert Space. Our technique involves using the Topological Transversality Theorem of A. Granas which relies on the notions of an essential map and a priori bounds on solutions. We obtain existence results for a wide class of problems with our nonlinear term satisfying a Bernstein-Nagumo growth condition.