cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement method for carrier concentration in TiO2 via the Mott-Schottky approach

Abstract In direct contrast to the way in which silicon is precisely doped for integrated circuit applications in order to optimize device performance, there is little nuanced understanding of the correlation between TiO 2 doping level, charge carrier concentration, and the operation of TiO 2 -based photocatalysts, dye-sensitized solar cells, and sensors. The present work outlines a rigorous methodology for the determination of free carrier concentration for doped metal oxide semiconductors such as TiO 2 that are not amenable to standard metrology methods. Undoped, Cr-, Mn-, and Nb-doped polycrystalline anatase TiO 2 are synthesized via atomic layer deposition (ALD) using Ti(OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ) 4 , H 2 O, Cr(C 5 H 7 O 2 ) 3 , Mn(DPM) 3 (DPM = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3, 5-heptanedionato), and Nb(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 5 as the source materials for Ti, O, Cr, Mn, and Nb, respectively. Chemical composition and crystallinity are investigated and a thorough “device-like” characterization of TiO 2 Schottky diodes is carried out to justify the subsequent extraction of carrier concentration values from capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements using the Mott–Schottky approach. The influence of factors such as substrate type, contact metal type, and surface and interface preparation are examined. Measurements of donor carrier concentration are obtained for undoped, Cr-, Mn-, and Nb-doped TiO 2 synthesized by ALD. Possible causes for the obtained carrier concentrations are discussed.
Calcium-Dependent Actions of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone on Pituitary Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Production and Gonadotropin Release

The effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on cGMP production and LH release in cultured rat pituitary cells are markedly dependent upon the extracellular calcium concentration. The absence of calcium from incubation media caused almost complete loss of the GnRH effects on cGMP production and LH release but did not change the stimulation of cAMP accumulation by GnRH in the pituitary of the adult male rat. In female rat pituitary cells, reduction of the extracellular calcium concentration increased the concentration of GnRH required to produce half-maximal LH release and decreased the maximal gonadotropin output but had no significant effect on basal LH release. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 stimulated LH release, and this action was dependent on extracellular calcium. Both GnRH and A23187 were found to have maximal effects when the calcium concentration was 0.6 mM, and their actions were not additive. The calcium antagonists, verapamil and lanthanum, caused concentration-dependent inhibit...
Analysis of two-dimensional freezing on the outside of a coolant-carrying tube

Abstract The solution methodology developed in the preceding paper has been amplified, adapted, and then employed to solve the conjugate phase change—convection problem which results when a coolant passes through a tube situated in a liquid phase-change medium. The axial temperature increase experienced by the coolant gives rise to two-dimensional freezing about the tube. In the first part of the paper, the procedures used to incorporate the coolant energy equation and the various boundary conditions into the solution methodology are described. A closed-form analytical solution is then derived to start the main numerical solutions. The numerical work was focused on gaseous coolants because they give rise to much larger axial variations than do liquid coolants. Results were obtained for the thickness of the frozen layer, the coolant bulk temperature, the tube wall temperature, and the energy extracted from the phase-change medium, with the coolant Stanton number, the Biot number, and the solid-phase Stefan numbers as parameters. Among the parameters, the results were not very sensitive to the Stanton and Stefan numbers but were quite responsive to the Biot number.
Clinical and Morphologic Factors Associated with Suture Anchor Refixation of Labral Tears in the Hip

The acetabular labrum is critical to hip function. Surgical options for treatment of a damaged labrum include removal, debridement, and refixation using suture anchors. The purpose of this study is to determine if certain patient demographic and osseous morphological factors result in increased labral damage requiring refixation. Data was collected prospectively from a consecutive series of 334 procedures performed from August 2010 to June 2011 for femoroacetabular impingement. Demographic data, including age, sex, and race, was collected from patient charts. Three-dimensional (3D) CT scans were reviewed to retrieve alpha angles, acetabular version, femoral version, and lateral center edge angle on the symptomatic hip. In 238 (71.3%) of the procedures, the labrum required refixation using suture anchors with a mean of 2.74 anchors being used. Of males, 78.8% required suture anchors and 62.3% of females required suture anchors. Among procedures requiring suture anchors, significantly more suture anchors were used in males (2.92) than females (2.47). Regression analysis showed a positive association between alpha angle, acetabular retroversion at 1 and 2 o’clock, and the number of suture anchors used. The mean alpha angle in the cohort that required suture anchors (63.1°) was significantly greater than the cohort that did not (59.4°). This study found femoral deformities to contribute more to labral damage than acetabular deformities and highlighted the importance of preoperative 3D CT scans. This study provides demographic and morphologic factors to review preoperatively to evaluate if extensive labral damage is present and if suture anchor refixation will be required.
Convergent synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled azulenic COX2 probes for cancer imaging

The overall objectives of this research are to (i) develop azulene-based PET probes and (ii) image COX2 as a potential biomarker of breast cancer. Several lines of research have demonstrated that COX2 is overexpressed in breast cancer and that its presence correlates with poor prognoses. While other studies have reported that COX2 inhibition can be modulated and used beneficially as a chemopreventive strategy in cancer, no viable mechanism for achieving that approach has yet been developed. This shortfall could be circumvented through in vivo imaging of COX2 activity, particularly using sensitive imaging techniques such as PET. Toward that goal, our laboratory focuses on the development of novel 18F-labled COX2 probes. We began the synthesis of the probes by transforming tropolone into a lactone, which was subjected to an [8+2] cycloaddition reaction to yield 2-methylazulene as the core ring of the probe. After exploring numerous synthetic routes, the final target molecule and precursor PET compounds were prepared successfully using convergent synthesis. Conventional 18F labeling methods caused precursor decomposition, which prompted us to hypothesize that the acidic protons of the methylene moiety between the azulene and thiazole rings were readily abstracted by a strong base such as potassium carbonate. Ultimately, this caused the precursors to disintegrate. This observation was supported after successfully using an 18F labeling strategy that employed a much milder phosphate buffer. The 18F-labeled COX2 probe was tested in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model. The data obtained via successive whole-body PET/CT scans indicated probe accumulation and retention in the tumor. Overall, the probe was stable in vivo and no defluorination was observed. A biodistribution study and Western blot analysis corroborate with the imaging data. In conclusion, this novel COX2 PET probe was shown to be a promising agent for cancer imaging and deserves further investigation.
Evidence for increased renal tubule and parathyroid gland sensitivity to serum calcium in human idiopathic hypercalciuria.

Patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) have decreased renal calcium reabsorption, most marked in the postprandial state, but the mechanisms are unknown. We compared 29 subjects with IH and 17...
A Theory for the Superconducting Phases of UPt3

I discuss a phenomenological theory for the multiple superconducting phases of UPt3 that is based on an order parameter belonging to an orbital 2D representation of the hexagonal point group which is coupled to a weak symmetry breaking field. I show that (1) the existing H-T and P-T phase diagrams (including an apparent tetracritical point in the H-T plane for all field orientations), (2) the anisotropy of the upper critical field over the full temperature range, (3) the correlation between superconductivity and basal plane antiferromagnetism and (4) low-temperature power laws in the transport and thermodynamic properties can be explained qualitatively, and in many respects quantitatively, by an odd-parity, E2u order parameter with a pair spin projection of zero along the ĉ-axis. AFM ordering in the basal plane, which couples to the superconducting order parameter, acts as the symmetry breaking field that is responsible for both the apparent tetracritical point and the zero-field double transition.
Building Local Democracy: Evaluating the Impact of Decentralization in Kerala, India

Summary. — Historically, local rural governments in India have enjoyed very limited powers and citizens have been afforded very few opportunities to shape local development. In 1996, the state government of Kerala initiated the ‘‘People’s Campaign for Decentralized Planning’’ devolving new authority and resources to panchayats and mandating structures and processes designed to maximize the direct involvement of citizens in planning and budgeting. In both its scope and design, these reforms represent the most ambitious effort to build local institutions of participatory democratic governance ever undertaken in the subcontinent. This paper provides a detailed evaluation and analysis of the formative period of the reforms based on extensive survey data collected in 2002 from a sample of 72 randomly selected panchayats. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Faculty-Library Teamwork in Book Ordering

Faculty liaisons help to select books and other materials in many libraries, especially those without specialized bibliographers. To get the best results from a faculty liaison system, library staff must take into account the varied nature of academic collections and the uneven pricing of materials, respect departmental cultures and be willing to make adjustments for them, and frequently reassess and fine-tune the system. Using these principles, the College of Charleston has developed a liaison system that permits a range of practices. Two examples, the computer science collection and the English collection, illustrate this range: the former requires the most recent information available and uses relatively little faculty input; the latter seeks to balance primary and secondary materials and benefits from extensive faculty advice. In conclusion, the authors suggest how the institution might further improve its system in the next few years.
Union Status and Faculty Job Satisfaction: Contemporary Evidence from the 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty

This study tests the association between union status and job satisfaction using 8,000+ U.S. faculty at four-year public institutions surveyed in the 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty. The results from hierarchical linear models that included individual and institutional variables found that nonunion faculty reported significantly higher levels of satisfaction with their jobs' instructional and employment components. These results depended on whether faculty were nonunionized by choice, unavailability, or ineligibility. The most satisfied faculty are those at institutions that offer unionization but who have chosen not to join the union. The discussion focuses on possible causes linking unionization and satisfaction.
Anger control in response to verbal provocation: effects of stimulant medication for boys with ADHD.

Although stimulant medication reduces hyperactive children's aggression in naturalistic settings, stimulant effects on anger control have not been demonstrated. We therefore assessed the role of methylphenidate in enhancing response to verbal provocation from familiar peers and from role-playing adults. Twenty-four boys with attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aged 6–12, received small-group cognitivebehavioral intervention in anger management skills. During posttraining assessments, the children were randomly assigned to placebo versus. 6 mg/kg of methylphenidate. In the peer provocations, methylphenidate enhanced self-control, decreased physical retaliation, and marginally increased the display of coping strategies. Medication and prompting were minimally beneficial in the delayed, adult-administered generalization assessments. Among the issues discussed are (a) differences between peer and adult provocation and (b) the roles of medication dosage and multimodality intervention for promoting socially competent behavior in children with ADHD.
Theory on nonlinear piezothermoelastic shell laminates

This paper is concerned with the mathematical modeling of a nonlinear laminated anisotropic piezoelectric structure in which geometric nonlinearity induced by large deformations is considered. A generic theory is proposed and its nonlinear thermo-electromechanical equations are derived based on the variational principle. Thermo-electromechanical couplings among the elastic, electric, and temperature fields are discussed, and nonlinear components identified. Applications of the nonlinear theory to other materials, continua, and linear cases are discussed.
The artificial sphincter for urinary continence.

UMMARY Artificial urinary sphincters were implanted in 30 incontinent children between four and 17 years of age. At follow-up for periods from three months to four years, 28 children are continent for at least three hours during the day and are dry at night. Two have had the device removed because of erosion and are still incontinent. 18 children empty their bladders completely, but 10 require clean intermittent catheterization to do so. None of the children has required revision of the device because of somatic growth. RESUME Sphincter artificiel, nouveaux progres de la restauration de la continence urinaire Des sphincters urinaires artificiels ont ete implantes chez 30 enfants (23 garcons et sept filles) âges de quatre a 17 ans et qui etaient incontinents urinaires. Le suivi va de trois mois a quatre ans: 28 enfants sont continents urinaires durant au moins trois heures de jour et sont propres de nuit, deux ont du subir une ablation du materiel en raison d'une erosion et sont a nouveau incontinents. 18 enfants vident leur vessie completement; 10 necessitent un sondage intermittent pour evacuation vesicale complete. La revision du materiel apres implantation pour cause de croissance somatique n'a jamais ete necessaire. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der kunstliche Sphinkter: Neue Entwicklungen bei der Wiederherstellung der Harnkontinenz Bei 30 Kindern (23 Jungen und sieben Madchen) im Alter von vier bis 17 Jahren, die harninkontinent waren, wurden kunstlich Sphinkter implantiert. 28 Kinder sind fur mindestens drei Stunden am Tag und wahrend der Nacht harnkontinent. Bei zwei Kindern muste der kunstliche Sphinkter wegen Erosionen wieder entfernt werden und sie sind daher inkontinent. 18 Kinder entleeren ihre Blase vollstandig; 10 brauchen intermittierende Katheterisierungen zur vollstandigen Blasenentleerung. Keines der Kinder hatte eine Sphinktererneuerung aufgrund des korperlichen Wachstums nach der Implantation notig. RESUMEN El esfinter artificial: nuevos desarrollos en la restauracion de la continencia urinaria Se implantaron esfinteres urinarios artificiales en 30 ninos (23 muchachos y siete ninas) de cuatro a 17 anos de edad, que tenian incontinencia urinaria. El seguimiento duro de tres meses a cuatro anos. 28 ninos son continentes para la orina durante por lo menos tres horas durante el dia y durante toda la noche. A dos se les tuvo que retirar el aparato por provocar erosiones y por ello son ahora incontinentes. 18 ninos vacian su vejiga completamente; 10 requieren sondaje intermitente para vaciar completamente la vejiga. Ninguno de los ninos requirio una revision del aparato por crecimiento somatico despues de la intervencion.
Epidermal growth factor receptor–targeted therapy with ZD1839: symptom improvement in non–small-cell lung cancer

Abstract Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common and frequently incurable disease. Patients with advanced Stage IIIB and Stage IV disease, although not candidates for curative resection, can benefit from receiving treatment (chemotherapy and radiation therapy) that prolongs survival, alleviates symptoms, and/or reduces complications. However, these therapies are often associated with significant adverse events. Treatments have recently been developed to selectively target cancer-specific molecules and signaling pathways. By acting preferentially on tumor cells, these drugs leave normal cells relatively undisturbed, thereby limiting toxic effects and preserving the patient's quality of life. ZD1839 is one of a new class of targeted anticancer agents known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors that has demonstrated activity in the treatment of NSCLC. In clinical trials, ZD1839 produced responses in patients with relapsed or refractory NSCLC, reduced disease-related symptoms, and was associated with an improvement in quality of life. Results from pivotal trials with single-agent ZD1839 are reviewed in this article, with an emphasis on its effects on quality of life and symptom improvement.
Studies with differentially labeled [11C]cocaine, [11C]norcocaine, [11C]benzoylecgonine, and [11C]- and 4'-[18F]fluorococaine to probe the extent to which [11C]cocaine metabolites contribute to PET images of the baboon brain.

: The psychostimulant drug of abuse, cocaine (benzoylecgonine methyl ester), is rapidly metabolized by cleavage of its two ester groups, to give benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester, and by N-demethylation, to give N-norcocaine (NC). The recent use of [N-methyl-11CH3]cocaine to image brain cocaine binding sites with positron emission tomography (PET) raises the question of whether PET images partially reflect the distribution and kinetics of labeled cocaine metabolites. We prepared [O-metty/-11CH3]cocaine by methylation of the sodium salt of BE with [11C]CH3l, and showed that PET baboon brain scans, as well as regional brain kinetics and plasma time-activity curves corrected for the presence of labeled metabolites, are nearly identical to those seen with [N-methyl-11CH3]cocaine. This strongly suggests that 11C metabolites do not significantly affect PET images, because the metabolite pattern is different for the two labeled forms of cocaine. In particular, nearly half the 11C in blood plasma at 30 min was [11C]CO2 when [N-methy/-11CH3]cocaine was administered, whereas [11C]CO2 was not formed from [O-methy/-11CH3]cocaine. Only a trace of [11C]NC was detected in plasma after [O-methyl-11CH3]cocaine administration. Nearly identical brain PET data were also obtained when 4′-[N-methy/-11CH3]fluorococaine and 4′-[18F]fluoro-cocaine (prepared by nucleophilic aromatic substitution from [18F]fluoride-and 4′-nitrococaine) were compared with [N-methy/-11CH3]cocaine. In vitro assays with rat brain membranes showed that cocaine and 4′-fluoroco-caine were equipotent at the dopamine reuptake site, but that 4′-fluorococaine was about 100 times more potent at the 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake site. The studies with positron-emitting 4′-fluorococaines thus support the lack of significance of labeled metabolites or of binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake sites to PET images taken with [N-methy/-11CH3]cocaine. [11C]NC prepared by O-methylation of norbenzoylecgonine gave PET images with preferential uptake in striatum, but slower clearance from all brain regions than [O-methy/-11CH3]cocaine. [11C]BE prepared by N-methylation of norbenzoylecgonine did not show brain uptake.
The Epidemilogy of Fibromyalgia

Objectives: To review current estimates of fibromyalgia prevalence in the clinic and community from studies recently published or in progress. Results: Data from 9 studies are available, two of which have been previously published. Studies which use reliable ascertainment methods and criteria [emphasizing tender points and pain] tend to show community prevalence to be about 2-4%. Prevalence in children is 6.2%. Greater than 90% of cases in adults occur in women, 67% in girls. Psychological and socio-demographic characteristics are associated with fibromyalgia symptoms and diagnosis. Cases in the community resemble cases seen in the clinic. Conclusion: Fibromyalgia is common in the community [2-4%] both in adults and children. Cases are similar to those seen in the clinic.
Programmable delay line for radar testing

We have fabricated a programmable fiber optic delay line operating in the 1550 nm band capable of providing a total delay of 1 ms in increments of 83.6 ns for RF signals up to 2.5 GHz. Electromechanical switches with 6 ms switching time are employed for programming the delay line. To overcome the switching speed limitation, we used a dual parallel delay line. Signal selection is via a high speed RF switch. For radar test application, the approach enables continuous tracking (to within a range cell of 42 ft) of a moving target with negligible loss of data. Three erbium-doped fiber optical amplifiers excited by a single 1480 nm pump laser are used to compensate for losses in each of the delay lines.
NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR NONCONTACT AND MICROSCALE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

This work describes the development of a sensitive optical technique for noncontact and microscale temperature measurements for solid materials and devices. It employs a differential scheme to measure very small reflectivity changes due to temperature variations and then deduces the temperature through the material's reflectivity-temperature correlations. Its application and validation for temperature measurements are examined for pure silicon wafers in the temperature range from 20°C to 220°C. This technique has a much higher temperature sensitivity and spatial resolution than conventional pyrometry.
Phospholipids of larval and adult Taenia taeniaeformis

Abstract The phospholipids of Taenia taeniaeformis and its larval form, Cysticercus fasciolaris have been compared by Chromatographic, electrophoretic and colorimetric methods. Water-soluble hydrolytic products from the two sources are the same and have been identified as ethanolamine, serine, choline, glycerol and sphingosine. The adult form, however, contains proportionately more phospholipid than does the larval form. The only qualitative difference between the phospholipids of T. taeniaeformis and C. fasciolaris is the electrophoretic behavior of the lecithin fractions. T. taeniaeformis phospholipids contained significantly more cephalin than lecithin and, contrary to the findings of Salisbury and Anderson (1939) , the present study indicates equal proportions of lecithin and cephalin in the phospholipids of C. fasciolaris .
Block Copolymers by the Combination of Cationic and Anionic Polymerizations for Biomedical Applications

Polyisobutylene based block copolymers have attracted significant interest for biomedical applications. Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS) has been used as a drug (Paclitaxel, PTx) eluting coating for the TAXUS stent. By changing the polarity of the end segments modulation of drug release has been achieved. In this paper, two new synthetic routes are reported for the synthesis of polyisobutylene (PIB) based block copolymers containing poly(methyl methacrylates) end blocks by the combination of living cationic and anionic polymerizations. In the first approach the PIB chain-ends were converted to macroanions that efficiently initiated the polymerization of methacrylates in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at -78°C to afford poly(isobutylene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PIB-b-PMMA). PIB-b-PMMA could also be synthesized by a coupling reaction between living poly(methacrylate) anion and bromoallyl end-functional PIB.
On the analytic calculation of critical size for alpha prime precipitation in FeCr

We present a calculation of the critical sizes and nucleation rates for the nucleation ofa 0 precipitates in an FeCr alloy. Our work combines the calculation of the FeCr free energy surface using molecular dynamics simulations with recently published data [1] for the interfacial free energies between the a and a 0 phases in FeCr to obtain thermodynamic and kinetic data on the nucleation in this system. The results are made available as a set of fitting functions and their parameters. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Low-chromium ferritic martensitic steels are promising candidates for structural materials in Gen-IV nuclear reactors due to their good swelling resistance and mechanical properties. Pure iron chromium (FeCr) alloys are studied as a model system for the complex steels. At the temperatures of interest for nuclear applications (i.e. below � 700 K), the FeCr systems show a miscibility gap in the bcc solid solution phase that becomes heterogeneous, with an aphase (Fe rich solid solution) and an a 0 -phase (Cr rich solid solution).
Improving the Sensitivity of FAB Tandem Mass Spectrometry for PAH-DNA Adducts

Abstract The mass spectrometric detection limits for guanine, adenine, and an adeninddimethylbenthracene adduct were greatly improved by converting the materials to pentafluorobenzyl derivatives, as well as by doing coaxial continuous flow-FAB (coaxial cf-Fast Atom Bombardment). The lowest detection limit (approximately 10 pg) was achieved when the derivatized sample was introduced by coaxial cf-FAB and the determination was by fill-scan mass spectrometry. The lowest detection limit achieved by tandem mass spectrometry was 50 pg obtained after derivatization, coaxial cf-FAB introduction and detection with an extended mass range array.
The Humidity and Temperature Sensitivity of Clear-Air Radars in the Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract A top-down/bottom-up diffusion Model is used to evaluate the relative contributions of humidity temperature, and their cross correlation to the radar refractive index structure function paramer Cn2 in the cloud-free, convective planetary boundary layer (PBL). Profiles of Cn2 can be measured continuously in the clear air with Doppler radars. Extraction of information about PBL dynamical parameters is more straightforward if Cn2 is dominated by either moisture (Cq2) or temperature (CT2). In the lower part of the PBL the surface Bowen ratio β0 determines this dominance. In the upper part of the PBL the inversion Bowen ratio β1 is the primary determining factor. The model suggests that humidity accounts for at least 75% of Cn2 over tropical and midlatitude oceans. Polar oceans, where β0 often exceeds 0.5, may not be dominated by either temperature or moisture. Over land β0 can easily vary from 0.1 to 10. Geographical regions with β0 5 wil...
Theory and scope of exact representation extraction from feed-forward networks

An algorithm to extract representations from feed-forward threshold networks is outlined. The representation is based on polytopic decision regions in the input space - and is exact not an approximation. Using this exact representation we explore scope questions, such as when and where do networks form artifacts, or what can we tell about network generalization from its representation. The exact nature of the algorithm also lends itself to theoretical questions about representation extraction in general, such as what is the relationship between factors such as input dimensionality, number of hidden units, number of hidden layers, and how the network output is interpreted to the potential complexity of the network's function.
Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of pilomyxoid astrocytoma

Abstract Objective: Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a recently identified pediatric low-grade neoplasm that was previously classified as pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), yet demonstrates unique histological features and more aggressive behavior. These tumors have been shown to have significantly shorter progression-free and overall survival probability than classical low-grade astrocytomas, as well as a high rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination. This paper describes the radiographic features of PMA. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained for ten PMAs. Radiographic characteristics of the tumor were recorded in each case. All tissue samples were independently reviewed for confirmation of pathologic diagnosis. Results: All tumors appeared well-circumscribed with no evidence of peritumoral edema or parenchymal infiltration on MRI. All tumors except one originated from the midline of the neuroaxis. Specifically, five tumors (50.0%) were located in the hypothalamic region, two (20.0%) were...
Head and neck myiasis, cutaneous malignancy, and infection: a case series and review of the literature.

Abstract Background There is a paucity of literature on wound myiasis of the head and neck originating in the United States. To our knowledge, only three reports during the past 20 years exist in the literature. Even less common is a case of recurrent myiasis, with only one report published from India during the 1970s. There is often a preconceived notion that larvae are noninvasive and “only eat dead tissue.” This mentality must be corrected; invasive larvae exist, there are unique myiasis-related infections, and serious complications can occur. We review the literature and describe recent cases of head and neck myiasis treated at our institution in upstate New York. Case Reports Four cases, all initially presenting to the emergency department, were identified. Each case was superimposed on cutaneous malignancy and all patients presented with leukocytosis and positive blood or wound cultures. In the case of the recurrent myiasis, initial treatment was external beam radiation therapy for the malignancy, which had the added benefit of eradicating the larvae. Treatment for the other cases was limited to antibiotics and supportive care for medical comorbidities. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Serious complications can develop from head and neck myiasis and, in our experience, an underlying malignancy should be suspected. Proper management is critical and should include, at a minimum, empiric antibiotics, tetanus prophylaxis, biopsy of the surrounding tissue, and reporting to the appropriate health agency. Additional management can include bedside debridement, pharmacologic antiparasitics, and treatment of the underlying disorder.
Using an Activities-Based Approach to Teach Science to Students with Disabilities:

Reports have called upon our nation's schools to make science literacy a reality for all students, including those with disabilities. Although educators, parents, and administrators have recognized the importance of science education for students with disabilities, recent research has indicated that many of them receive very little instruction in science—or none. When teachers employ instructional adaptations based on effective practices, students with disabilities can learn and master science content in the general education curriculum. This article provides educators with guidelines for enhancing their science instruction for students with disabilities by adapting, implementing, and assessing the effectiveness of an activities-based approach.
Racial and Social Class Prevalence of Psychopathology among School-Age Youth in the United States:

This article assesses the relative base rates of common forms of youth psychopathology among Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and rarer minorities and across social classes as defined by paren...
Satisfaction with Family Life in the Military

Using the 1985 DoD Worldwide Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel, the impact of satisfaction with the environment for families on overall satisfaction with the military as a way of life was examined separately for married officers and enlisted members across four household patterns: (1) married to a military spouse with no children, (2) married to a military spouse with children, (3) married to a civilian spouse with no children, and (4) married to a civilian spouse with children. Sixteen additional subdomains of satisfaction concerning issues particular to the military way of life were used as control variables in examining this relationship, as well as the gender and pay grade of the member. The results suggested that satisfaction with the environment for families in the military was a significant predictor of overall satisfaction for only five of the eight sample subgroups. In these cases, the results supported the major prediction of the study: the more satisfaction members have with the environm...
Transabdominal and transvaginal sonography of pelvic masses

Abstract Determination of the type of pelvic mass by pelvic sonography was improved significantly when a transvaginal study was performed after transabdominal sonography. Of 34 patients who underwent both studies, transvaginal sonography (TVS) was considered to add diagnostic information in 24 (70%); transabdominal sonography (TAS) was better than TVS in 4 (12%); TVS was equivalent to TAS in 5 (15%), and neither were acurate in 1 (3%). It is concluded that the use of transvaginal sonography as an adjunct to TAS is warranted for evaluating most pelvic masses; especially those confined to the true pelvis.
Readiness and Stages of Change in Addiction Treatment

Understanding the role of personal motivation in addiction treatment changed with the advent of the Transtheoretical Model of intentional behavior change, a better understanding of relapse, and a s...
Rational constructivism, statistical inference, and core cognition

I make two points in this commentary on Carey (2009). (1) It may be too soon to conclude that core cognition is innate. Recent advances in computational cognitive science and developmental psychology suggest possible mechanisms for developing inductive biases. (2) There is another possible answer to Fodor's challenge —if concepts are merely mental tokens, then cognitive scientists should spend their time on developing a theory of belief fixation instead. Susan Carey's book, The Origin of Concepts (2009), is deep, comprehensive, and provocative. She articulates a view of the starting point of the human infant's conceptual apparatus and its subsequent development through middle childhood. Carey reviews much of her enormously influential research from the last few decades. She also reviews much of the literature on core cognition that focuses on revealing early competences in human infants in a number of core domains such as object cognition, number sense, causality, and agency. Carey takes on both the British empiricists' and Piaget's theory of development - on both counts, I completely agree with her. Carey also takes on Fodor's challenge to cognitive science about learning, by discussing in detail her profound and groundbreaking work on conceptual change in childhood. I make two points in this
Effect of tooth cleaning procedures on gingival sulcus depth

The effect of tooth cleaning procedures on the gingival sulcus has been investigated. Clinically healthy gingivae from thirty-two maxillary anterior teeth of eight individuals served as experimental sites. Measurements were obtained from zinc-oxide eugenol impressions of the sulcular area. Subsequent to periods of tooth-brushing, the presence of a gingival sulcus could generally be demonstrated. This was observed for the Roll as well as for the Bass method of brushing. Following no-brushing periods, during which chlorhexidine plaque control was exercised, a reduction in sulcus depths and often a disappearance of the sulcus was noted. It is suggested that the presence of a gingival sulcus may be the consequence of mechanical agitation from toothbrushing.
Phase of second-harmonic light self-generated in a glass fiber.

Focusing an intense laser beam and its second harmonic into a glass fiber transforms the fiber into a frequency doubler. We measure the temporal evolution of both the amplitude and the phase of the second-harmonic light produced by a germanium-doped fiber and so determine the initial phase of the second-harmonic light to be Deltatheta= -71 degrees +/- 3 degrees . We demonstrate that the fiber-produced green light can exceed the seeding green light even if these two beams are 90 degrees out of phase. We also show that cross-phase modulation in the fiber can limit the maximum useful interaction length and consequently the ultimate efficiency of second-harmonic generation in fibers.
Map Drawing in Tonga, Polynesia: Accessing Mental Representations of Space:

On the island of Vava'u in the northern archipelago of the Kingdom of Tonga, Poly- nesia, the author asked informants to draw a map of their village and later of the island they live on. Combining the drawing strategies used and the representational distortions inferred from the maps, the author arrived at hypotheses about how men- tal representations of spatial relationships are habitually organized in Tongan minds. The drawing tasks are described in detail.
Correlation of Multi-scale Modeling and Experimental Results for the Elastic Modulus of Trabecular Bone

Trabecular bone is a porous nanocomposite material with a hierarchical structure. In this study, a multi-scale modeling approach, addressing scales spanning from the nanometer (collagen-mineral) to mesoscale (trabecular bone) levels, was developed to determine the elastic moduli of trabecular bone. Then, the predicted modeling results were compared with experimental data obtained by compression testing of bovine femur trabecular bone samples loaded in two different directions; parallel to the femur neck axis and perpendicular to that. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography techniques were employed to characterize the structure and composition of the samples at different length scales and provide the inputs needed for the modeling. To obtain more insights on the structure of bone, especially on the interaction of its main constituents (collagen and mineral phases), trabecular bone samples were deproteinized or demineralized and, afterwards, tested mechanically in compression. The experimental observations were used, in turn, to fine-tune the multi-scale model of bone as an interpenetrating composite material. Good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental results for elastic moduli of untreated, deproteinized, and demineralized trabecular bones.
Asynchronous bilateral renal venous thrombosis with subsequent development of cystic kidneys.

Abstract Objective To discuss a case of asynchronous bilateral renal venous thrombosis with a review of current literature. Case A premature fraternal twin male was delivered via Cesarean section to a mother with a history of pre-eclampsia. He was initially diagnosed with a left renal venous thrombosis (RVT) but subsequently developed right RVT. Only intravenous fluids and supportive care were provided. Anticoagulation was withheld because of MRI findings of multiple areas of intracerebral bleeding. His serum creatinine concentration stabilized at 0.7 mg/dL, but follow-up renal ultrasound studies showed bilateral anechoic corticomedullary cysts. He also developed hypertension. Discussion Renal venous thrombosis usually occurs in neonates. Multiple clinical conditions are associated with RVT, two of which exist in this case. Recent work has focused on genetic prothrombotic risk factors, one of which our patient exhibits. Controversy exists over management, i.e. whether or not to initiate anticoagulation or antithrombotic therapy to decrease the development of renal atrophy, renal failure and hypertension. Conclusions This unusual case of asynchronous bilateral renal venous thrombosis recovered in the short term without antithrombotic therapy. Substantial insult early in life is reflected in the progressive worsening of his renal function, ultrasound findings and hypertension, highlighting the need for long-term vigilant observation of these patients.
A timing driven N-way chip and multi-chip partitioner

With the growing complexity of integrated circuits and the advent of new technologies and new generations of packaging technologies, an essential physical design tool is a flexible physical partitioner. We therefore present a timing driven n-way chip and multi-chip partitioner which we call Tomus. The partitioner enables an automatic layout package to (1) divide and conquer the physical design process of field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits or mixed macro/standard cell circuits and (2) physically partition a circuit onto n chips for a multichip package. Using a two-phased natural and adaptive clustering method, the annealing-based N-way partitioner executes four to 22 times faster with improved partitioning results. The placement results for industrial FPGAs were improved by 90% over the only available industrial placement tool. Our partitioner outperformed an industrial FPGA partitioner by 95% in MCM partitioning.
Evidence on “What Works”: An Argument for Extended-Term Mixed-Method (ETMM) Evaluation Designs:

Federal policy tools for gathering evidence on “What Works” in education, such as the What Works Clearinghouse’s (WWC) standards, emphasize randomized field trials as the preferred method for generating scientific evidence on the effectiveness of educational programs. This article argues instead for extended-term mixed-method (ETMM) designs. Emphasizing the need to consider temporal factors in gaining thorough understandings of programs as they take hold in organizational or community settings, the article asserts that formal study of contextual and site-specific variables with multiple research methods is a necessary prerequisite to designing sound field experiments for making generalized causal inferences. A theoretical rationale and five guiding principles for ETMM designs are presented, with suggested revisions to the WWC’s standards.
The Vanderbilt School-Based Counseling Program: An Interagency, Primary-Care Model Of Mental Health Services

In this report, the rationale, development, implementation, and evaluation of a school-based mental health services program for high-risk children with serious emotional and behavioral problems is described. The unmet needs of the target population and how a collaborative, primary care model of service delivery addresses the shortcomings of traditional mental health services is detailed. Finally, policy and future research directions are discussed.
RTDD: A Real-Time Communication Protocol for Directed Diffusion

In this paper, we propose Real-Time Directed Diffusion (RTDD), a real-time communication protocol for directed diffusion. Using the mechanisms provided by directed diffusion, we implement a prioritized scheduling policy over diffusion. With just a few extensions, RTDD significantly enhances the directed diffusion protocol, allowing time-critical flows to delivery more packets on time. We also propose two new scheduling policies which do not require location knowledge. We simulate RTDD in ns-2 and compare its performance to standard directed diffusion. Results show that RTDD delivers significantly more packets on time than directed diffusion alone.
Modeling the Magnitudes and Directions of Regional Metamorphic Fluid Flow in Collisional Orogens

We present two-dimensional numerical models that simulate fluid flow in an orogenic overthrust setting in the absence of magmatism. The modeling is intended to test hypotheses regarding the direction of regional fluid flow in the middle and deep crust, including upward, convective, sub-horizontal, up-temperature, and downtemperature flow regimes. Several geological factors that have received relatively little attention in previous numerical models of regional metamorphic fluid flow are considered: (1) retrograde hydration metamorphic reactions; (2) anisotropy and spatial heterogeneity in crustal permeability structure; (3) temporal evolution of permeability as a result of porosity production and consumption during metamorphic reactions; (4) heat of metamorphic reactions. Our results suggest that the typical fluid flow pattern in overthrust settings is towards the surface, in the direction of decreasing temperature. The flow is mainly driven by metamorphic dehydration reactions; the integrated fluxes in the deep crust below 20 km are of the order of 10 3 m 3 /m 2 over 30 Myr for a background permeability of 10 ^19 m 2 . At higher crustal permeability, the buoyancy flux generally exceeds the metamorphic flux and large-scale fluid circulation becomes possible.Transient upward flow in the up-temperature direction is observed during the first 1^3 Myr of the model evolution within the thrust core that undergoes retrograde hydration; this flow is the result of the initially inverted geotherm in the thickened crustal section. Downward fluid infiltration caused by metamorphic hydration may occur in the flanks of the model orogen, but the integrated fluxes in these areas are only � 10 m 3 /m 2 . Hydration-driven downward flow may also develop in the core of the orogen at late stages of exhumation. Low-permeability layers lead to sub-horizontal (but down-temperature) flow over distances corresponding to the lateral dimensions of such layers. Heterogeneities in permeability structure, as well as porosity^permeability variations produced by metamorphic reactions, result in focusing of fluid flow and locally elevated fluid fluxes (up to 10 4 m 3 /m 2 ). These fluxes are large enough to produce significant chemical and isotopic metasomatism, but are not sufficient to significantly affect the temperature distribution in the model orogen. However, metamorphic hydration and dehydration reactions are found to exert considerable control on the regional thermal structure. We conclude that convective, downward, or uptemperature fluid flow is probably very limited during amagmatic prograde metamorphism of the middle and lower crust, even in the presence of permeability anisotropy, high-permeability channels, or low-permeability barriers.
Explaining Smart Growth Applications: Lessons Learned from the US Capital Region

The counties of the US Capital Region represent unique case studies of urban areas that face tremendous development pressures resulting from their proximity to Washington, DC. They cross two states...
Comparing gravitational waves from nonprecessing and precessing black hole binaries in the corotating frame

Previous analytic and numerical calculations suggest that, at each instant, the emission from a precessing black-hole binary closely resembles the emission from a nonprecessing analog. In this paper we quantitatively explore the validity and limitations of that correspondence, extracting the radiation from a large collection of 224 generic black-hole binary merger simulations both in the simulation frame and in a corotating frame that tracks precession. To a first approximation, the corotating-frame waveforms resemble nonprecessing analogs, based on similarity over a band-limited frequency interval defined using a fiducial detector (here, advanced LIGO) and the source's total mass $M$. By restricting attention to masses $M\ensuremath{\in}100$, $1000{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, we ensure that our comparisons are sensitive only to our simulated late-time inspiral, merger, and ringdown signals. In this mass region, every one of our precessing simulations can be fit by some physically similar member of the IMRPhenomB phenomenological waveform family to better than 95%; most fit significantly better. The best-fit parameters at low and high mass correspond to natural physical limits: the pre-merger orbit and post-merger perturbed black hole. Our results suggest that physically motivated synthetic signals can be derived by viewing radiation from suitable nonprecessing binaries in a suitable nonintertial reference frame. While a good first approximation, precessing systems have degrees of freedom (i.e., the transverse spins) which a nonprecessing simulation cannot reproduce. We quantify the extent to which these missing degrees of freedom limit the utility of synthetic precessing signals for detection and parameter estimation.