cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Neural Model of the Cortical Representation of Egocentric Distance

Neurons in the visual cortex of monkeys respond selectively to the disparity between the images in the two eyes. Recent recordings have shown that some of the disparity-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex and the posterior parietal cortex are modulated by the distance of fixation. A population of such gain-modulated, disparity-selective neurons forms a set of basis functions of horizontal disparity and distance of fixation that can be used as an intermediate representation for computing egocentric distance. This distributed representation is consistent with psychophysical studies of human depth perception; in contrast, neurons explicitly tuned to distance are not consistent with how we perceive distance. In a population model that includes noise in the firing rates of neurons, the perceived distance is shown to be the estimate of geometrical distance that minimizes the variance of the estimation.
Causes of Alcoholism: A Qualitative Study of Traditional Muscogee (Creek) Indians

Traditional Native American people are experiencing serious health, economic, and social problems resulting from alcoholism. Native Americans maintain a worldview of health and illness that conflicts with the dominant culture's approach to treatment. The purposes of this study were to describe the health beliefs of traditional Muscogee (Creek) Indians concerning the causes of illness and learn how these beliefs relate to alcoholism. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews of 55 traditional Muscogee (Creek) participants to learn traditional beliefs about illness and alcoholism. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results indicate that both illness and alcoholism are perceived as having natural and unnatural (supernatural) causes. A challenge facing nurses is how to provide culturally sensitive care when clients' and nurses' beliefs about the cause of alcoholism may be in conflict. The authors discuss preservation, accommodation, and repatterning of health care beliefs as a basis for planning culturally sensitive nursing care.
Critical Illness, Gastrointestinal Complications, and Medication Therapy during Enteral Feeding in Critically Ill Adult Patients:

Critically ill patients who are subjected to high stress or with severe injury can rapidly break down their body protein and energy stores. Unless adequate nutrition is provided, malnutrition and protein wasting may occur, which can negatively affect patient outcome. Enteral nutrition (EN) is the mainstay of nutrition support therapy in patients with a functional gastrointestinal (GI) tract who cannot take adequate oral nutrition. EN in critically ill patients provides the benefits of maintaining gut functionality, integrity, and immunity as well as decreasing infectious complications. However, the ability to provide timely and adequate EN to critically ill patients is often hindered by GI motility disorders and complications associated with EN. This paper reviews the GI complications and intolerances associated with EN in critically ill patients and provides recommendations for their prevention and treatment. It also addresses the role of commonly used medications in the intensive care unit and their imp...
Light-dependent PER-like proteins in the cephalic ganglia of an apterygote and a pterygote insect species

Antibodies targeted to a highly conserved tetradecapeptide region of the pivotal biological clock protein PER detect in the firebrat Thermobia domestica a 115-kDa protein and in the cockroach Periplaneta americana a 110-kDa protein that are present in the cytoplasm of a small set of brain cells. A similar cytoplasmic reaction occurs with antisera to the whole PER protein of Drosophila melanogaster, but these antisera also react with numerous cell nuclei. On western blots, they detect an 80-kDa antigen in T. domestica and 70- and 80-kDa antigens in P. americana. No indication of antigen translocation between cell nuclei and cytoplasm was found. Nuclear staining is maintained at a high constant level in T. domestica held at a 12:12 h light:dark photoperiod (LD) or in continuous light, but disappears rapidly in response to extended darkness. In P. americana under LD conditions, the number of immunoreactive nuclei and their staining intensity fluctuate in parallel, with maximal staining late in the day. The circadian changes are maintained in continuous light but all staining vanishes in continuous darkness. A 6-h light pulse in early night of an LD cycle induces maximal staining after about 10 h, suggesting that the effect of light on nuclear PER-like expression is indirect. The behaviour of nuclear antigens is opposite to that of the cytoplasmic PER-like proteins that persist in constant darkness and disappear in constant light. Under LD conditions, the cytoplasmic PER-like antigen cycles in T. domestica but remains at a steady level in P. americana. The sensitivity to photoregime suggests that both the nuclear and the cytoplasmic PER-like antigens are components of the biological clock.
Node-ejection chains for the vehicle routing problem: sequential and parallel algorithms

We present a Tabu search algorithm for the vehicle routing problem under capacity and distance restrictions. The neighborhood search is based on compound moves generated by a node-ejection chain process. During the course of the algorithm, two types of neighborhood structures are used and crossing infeasible solutions is allowed. Then, a parallel version of the algorithm which exploits the moves’ characteristics is described. Parallel processing is used to explore the solution space more extensively and to accelerate the search process. Tests are carried out on a SUNSparc workstation and the parallel algorithm uses a network of four of these machines. Numerical tests indicate that the sequential version of the algorithm is highly competitive with the best existing heuristics and that the parallel algorithm outperforms all of these algorithms.
Functional Stages in the Formation of Human Long-Term Motor Memory

Previous research has demonstrated that the primate CNS has the ability to learn and store multiple and conflicting visuo-motor maps. Here we studied the ability of human subjects to learn to make reaching movements while interacting with one of two conflicting mechanical environments as produced by a robotic manipulandum. We demonstrate that two motor maps may be learned and retained, but only if the training sessions in the tasks are separated by an interval of ∼5 hr. If the interval is shorter, learning of the second map begins with an internal model appropriate for the first task and performance in the second task is significantly impaired. Analysis of the after-effects suggests that with a short temporal distance, learning of the second task leads to an unlearning of the internal model for the first. With the longer temporal distance, learning of the second task starts with an unbiased internal model, and performance approaches that of naives. Furthermore, the memory of the consolidated skill lasts for at least 5 months after training. These results argue for a distinct change in the state of resistance of motor memory (to disruption) within a few hours after acquisition. We suggest that motor practice results in memories that have at least two functional components: soon after completion of practice, one component fades while another is strengthened. A further experiment suggests that the hypothetical first stage is not merely a gateway to long-term memory, but also temporary storage for items of information, whether new or old, for use in the near-term. Our results raise the possibility that there are distinct neuronal mechanisms for representation of the two functional stages of motor memory.
Gallbladder paraganglioma: a case report with review of the literature.

Abstract We report a case of gallbladder paraganglioma that was discovered during nonrelated surgery. Retrospective study disclosed a family history of pheochromocytoma. The occurrence of gallbladder paraganglioma in the presence of family history of endocrine neoplasia supports that gallbladder paraganglioma may indeed occur as a part of the multiple endocrine neoplasm syndrome. Gallbladder paraganglioma is a rare tumor, and so far to our knowledge only 6 cases have been reported in the literature. Three cases were discovered incidentally during cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis, 2 presented with right upper quadrant pain, and 1 manifested with gastrointestinal bleeding. We herein review all reported cases of paraganglioma of gallbladder and biliary system.
The Effect of Promotions on Attendance at Major League Baseball Games

The determinants of attendance at professional sporting events come from a variety of team- specific, game-specific, and stadium-specific factors. Using data from the 2,431 major league baseball games played during the 2005 season, this study employs a multivariate regression model to determine the effect that the previously mentioned factors have on game attendance. The focus of the study is on the effect that promotions, such as product giveaways, have on attendance. The findings of this study indicate that having a promotion at a game increases attendance by about 1,532 fans. The findings also indicate that both the timing of a promotion and the type of promotion is important. Specifically, promotions held on weekends have a much smaller impact on attendance than promotions held during the week, with promotions held on Friday or Sunday having a particularly small effect. In terms of the type of promotion, this study finds that bobblehead giveaways have by far the largest impact on attendance and that several types of giveaways actually have no effect on attendance.
Moments of Freedom: Anthropology and Popular Culture.

Moments of Freedom: Anthropology and Popular Culture. Johannes Fabian. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998. 172 pp.
Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery

Our growing reliance on online services accessible on the Internet demands highly available systems that provide correct service without interruptions. Software bugs, operator mistakes, and malicious attacks are a major cause of service interruptions and they can cause arbitrary behavior, that is, Byzantine faults. This article describes a new replication algorithm, BFT, that can be used to build highly available systems that tolerate Byzantine faults. BFT can be used in practice to implement real services: it performs well, it is safe in asynchronous environments such as the Internet, it incorporates mechanisms to defend against Byzantine-faulty clients, and it recovers replicas proactively. The recovery mechanism allows the algorithm to tolerate any number of faults over the lifetime of the system provided fewer than 1/3 of the replicas become faulty within a small window of vulnerability. BFT has been implemented as a generic program library with a simple interface. We used the library to implement the first Byzantine-fault-tolerant NFS file system, BFS. The BFT library and BFS perform well because the library incorporates several important optimizations, the most important of which is the use of symmetric cryptography to authenticate messages. The performance results show that BFS performs 2p faster to 24p slower than production implementations of the NFS protocol that are not replicated. This supports our claim that the BFT library can be used to build practical systems that tolerate Byzantine faults.
High-gain two-wave mixing in a Ce-SBN photorefractive crystal: large modulation effect and dynamic properties

We have studied two-wave mixing in a Ce-SBN crystal at different pump-to-signal ratios. A small-signal gain coefficient as high as 15.9 cm/sup -1/ at the 633 nm wavelength was obtained. We also observed the pseudo-periodical variation of the two-wave mixing signal with time at different pump-to-signal ratios. The variation is less significant and aperiodic at small pump-to-signal ratios. This time-variation property is a result of the competition between two-wave mixing, beam fanning, as well as modulation due to the Fabry-Perot cavity formed by the crystal surfaces. We have compared the experimental measurements with the theoretical calculation. There is a large discrepancy between the small-signal theory and experimental observations. An improved theory has been developed by taking into account the large-modulation effect. Although the large-signal theory agrees with the experimental results better than the small-signal theory, it still does not precisely describe the two-wave mixing process with the coexistence of various effects. >
The Utility of Vygotskian Behavioral Criteria in the Early Childhood Classroom: Learning from Non-compliance

Non-compliant behavior in young children is consistently an area of concern for the teachers and caregivers ofyoung children. These behaviors can disrupt learning, teaching and positive social interactions, increase referralsfor special services, discourage the teacher, and reduce positive interactions with family. Behaviors such asdefiance and non-compliance also present early childhood educators with difficult situations in their classrooms,are often considered indicators of hyperactivity, attachment or relationship disturbances, and a predictors of lateracademic and socio-emotional problems. Despite being a common concern on the part of both families andcaregivers, relatively few tools exist that give early childhood educators ways in which to analyze these difficultbehaviors. This study explores the strengths, limitations and utility of the behavioral categories created byVygotsky in the documentation and analysis of non-compliance in young children in the modern early childhoodclassroom.
Target-induced neurogenesis in the leech CNS involves efferent projections to the target

During a critical period in leech embryogenesis, the sex nerves that connect the 5th and 6th midbody ganglia (MG5 and MG6) to the primordium of the male sexual organ carry a spatially localized signal that induces the birth of several hundred neurons specific to these ganglia. We examined particular cellular elements (afferents, efferents, non-neuronal components) within these nerves as potential conveyors of the inductive signal. We show that axons of peripheral sensory neurons in the male genitalia travel along the sex nerves and into MG5 and MG6, but reach the CNS after the critical period has elapsed and cannot, therefore, be involved in the induction. Of the six sex nerves, four contain non-neuronal cells that span the entire distance between the male genitalia and the sex ganglia. However, when male genitalia were transplanted to ectopic locations close to MG6, induction occurred frequently but only in MG6, mediated by ectopic nerves that do not contain these cells. Thus, non-neuronal cells specific to the normal sex nerves are not necessary for induction. In addition, dye injections into the target during the critical period failed to reveal migrating cells in the sex nerves that could convey the inductive signal to the CNS. Finally, we show that 11 pairs of central neurons in each ganglion project to the male organ early during the critical period. In the adult, at least 3 additional pairs of neurons in MG6 also innervate this target. We conclude that the only components of the sex nerves that connect the sex ganglia to the target during the critical period that could be associated with induced central mitogenesis are the axons of central neurons that innervate the male genitalia.
Rotational Resonance in Biology

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Biological Applications 4 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Effects of acid-volatile sulfide on metal bioavailability and toxicity to midge (Chironomus tentans) larvae in black shale sediments.

—Metal bioavailability and toxicity to aquatic organisms are greatly affected by variables such as pH, hardness, organic matter, and sediment acid-volatile sulfide (AVS). Sediment AVS, which reduces metal bioavailability and toxicity by binding and immobilizing metals as insoluble sulfides, has been studied intensely in recent years. Few studies, however, have determined the spatial variability of AVS and its interaction with simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in sediments containing elevated concentrations of metals resulting from natural geochemical processes, such as weathering of black shales. We collected four sediment samples from each of four headwater bedrock streams in northcentral Arkansa (USA; three black shale-draining streams and one limestone-draining stream). We conducted 10-d acute whole-sediment toxicity tests using the midge Chironomus tentans and performed analyses for AVS, total metals, SEMs, and organic carbon. Most of the sediments from shale-draining streams had similar total metal and SEM concentrations but considerable differences in organic carbon and AVS. Zinc was the leading contributor to the SEM molar sum, averaging between 68 and 74%, whereas lead and cadmium contributed less than 3%. The AVS concentration was very low in all but two samples from one of the shale streams, and the sum of the SEM concentrations was in molar excess of AVS for all shale stream sediments. No significant differences in mean AVS concentrations between sediments collected from shale-draining or limestone-draining sites were noted (p > 0.05). Midge survival and growth in black shale-derived sediments were significantly less (p < 0.001) than that of limestone-derived sediments. On the whole, either SEM alone or SEM-AVS explained the total variation in midge survival and growth about equally well. However, survival and growth were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the two sediment samples that contained measurable AVS compared with the two sediments from the same stream that contained negligible AVS.
Horizontal and Declined Squats in Healthy Individuals: A Study of Kinematic and Muscle Patterns

Squats are frequently incorporated in physiotherapy programmes and performed in different ways. Accordingly, muscle and kinematic patterns also differ. The objective was to compare the kinematics and EMG patterns of the major muscles of knee and ankle joints during different squat exercises on horizontal (HP) and 25° decline (DP) boards. Seventeen healthy individuals performed squats on HP and DP with bilateral support and restriction of trunk movements in the sagittal plane. The knee and ankle angular displacements in the sagittal plane and the EMG activities of the major muscles of the lower limb in four subphases of movement were recorded and analyzed. For the descending phase of the HP squats, the angular excursion, as well as the initial and final positions, was smaller for the knee () but larger for the ankle (). For the ascending phase of the HP squats, the initial and final positions were larger for the ankle () and the final position was smaller for the knee (). All muscles remained activated and showed similarity between the tasks (), except for the tibialis anterior in both squat exercises (). The HP and DP squats produced different kinematics (knee and ankle joints) but did not modify the EMG strategy for both movement phases.
Defect analysis in crystals using X-ray topography

A brief review of X-ray topography--a nondestructive method for direct observation and characterization of defects in single crystals--is presented here. The origin and development of this characterization method and the different techniques derived from it are described. Emphasis is placed on synchrotron X-ray topography and its application in studying various crystal imperfections. Mechanisms of contrast formation on X-ray topographs are discussed, with emphasis on contrast associated with dislocations. Determination of Burgers vectors and line directions of dislocations from analysis of X-ray topographs is explained. Contrast from inclusions is illustrated, and their differentiation from dislocations is demonstrated with the aid of simulated topographs. Contrast arising from the deformation fields associated with cracks is also briefly covered.
Modeling cellular processes in 3D

Recent advances in photonic imaging and fluorescent protein technology offer unprecedented views of molecular space–time dynamics in living cells. At the same time, advances in computing hardware and software enable modeling of ever more complex systems, from global climate to cell division. As modeling and experiment become more closely integrated we must address the issue of modeling cellular processes in 3D. Here, we highlight recent advances related to 3D modeling in cell biology. While some processes require full 3D analysis, we suggest that others are more naturally described in 2D or 1D. Keeping the dimensionality as low as possible reduces computational time and makes models more intuitively comprehensible; however, the ability to test full 3D models will build greater confidence in models generally and remains an important emerging area of cell biological modeling.
Hyperintense signal abnormality in subarachnoid spaces and basal cisterns on MR images of children anesthetized with propofol: new fluid-attenuated inversion recovery finding.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging is the method of choice for pediatric neuroimaging. Sedation is often needed to suppress patient motion and ensure diagnostic image quality, and propofol is rapidly becoming the preferred anesthetic. The purpose of this study was to document a new finding on fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (fast-FLAIR) MR images of children anesthetized with propofol that can be mistaken for subarachnoid space pathologic abnormality. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 55 MR images of the brain for children who ranged in age from 1 week to 12 years. Forty-two patients received chloral hydrate, and 13 received propofol anesthetic. Multiplanar MR images were studied to detect the presence or absence of hyperintense signal (artifact) in the subarachnoid spaces and basal cisterns. The T1 values and null times of chloral hydrate, propofol, and CSF were determined in vitro at room temperature by using an inversion recovery pulse sequence at 1.5 T. RESULTS: The fast-FLAIR images of all 13 patients who received propofol had hyperintense signal abnormality. For 10 (77%) of 13 patients, this artifact was in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid spaces overlying the brain convexity. For three (23%) of 13 patients, this artifact was in the convexity region only. Two patients underwent follow-up MR imaging with a non-propofol anesthetic agent, and the artifact resolved. None of the images of the children who received chloral hydrate had this artifact. The Tl value of chloral hydrate was 0.2 s, of propofol was 1.86 s, and of CSF was 2.32 s at room temperature. CONCLUSION: The fast-FLAIR images of children anesthetized with propofol have artifactual hyperintense signal in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid spaces, and this artifact mimics disease of the subarachnoid space. The T1 value of propofol approaches that of CSF. Depending on the chosen null time, there may be incomplete nulling of signal coming from propofol. To account for this observation, other possible causes include increased CSF pulsation in children creating motion artifact, changes in arterial oxygen concentration intrinsic to propofol or related to the supplemental oxygen normally administered, or changes in CSF protein levels related to propofol binding to proteins for uptake into CSF.
Rod and cone inputs to bipolar cells in goldfish retina

Five morphological types of bipolar cells which make synaptic contact with rods and cones are distinguished in the retina of adult goldfish (Carassius auratus) by characteristics readily observable in the light microscope. Cells were designated type a or type b according to whether their axons terminate in the distal part (sublamina a) or proximal part (sublamina b) of the inner plexoform layer, respectively. Analysis of serial semi-thin sections of Golgi-impregnated cells demonstrates that each subtype of bipolar contacts rods and a characteristic set of chromatic subtypes of cones: types a1 and b1 cells contact rods and red-sensitive cones, while types a2, b2 and b3 contact rods and red- and green-sensitive cones. Comparison with published descriptions of cells stained with Procion Yellow after intracellular recordings had been made suggests that type a cells should be off-center types and type b on-center. Furthermore, it is suggested that the receptive fields of cell types a1 and b1 should be non-color-coded, and those of a2, b2, and b3 color-coded.
Electrokinetic dissipation induced by seismic waves

When a fluid electrolyte moves relative to a solid, an electric field is generated that migrates ions and thus dissipates energy. This 9electrokinetic9 dissipation is theoretically compared to the viscous shear dissipation for fluid flow generated by a fixed time harmonic pressure gradient in a planar quartz duct. It is shown that, regardless of frequency, it is safe to ignore the electrokinetic losses when the electrolyte molarity is on the order of 0.1 M or greater. For low molarity electrolytes (10 (super -3) M), however, the electrokinetic losses do become significant compared to the viscous losses for flow in sufficiently tight pores. The ratio of electrokinetic dissipation D E to viscous dissipation D V is always a maximum when the electrokinetic radius (the duct half-width divided by the Debye length) is nearly equal 1.5. The maximum value of D E /D V does not exceed 0.5 for the NaCl, KCl, and quartz systems considered.The generated electric field pushes on the excess ions in the duct in a direction opposite to the applied pressure gradient, thus giving rise to an apparent viscosity enhancement. This enhancement is E /D V ratio. Indeed, the central effect of a large D E /D V ratio is that the amount of relative fluid flow is reduced, and thus, the amount of wave attenuation is reduced.
Analysis of the shear stress transferred from a partially electroded piezoelectric actuator to an elastic substrate

The shear stress distribution between a partially electroded thin piezoelectric film and a semi-infinite elastic substrate is analyzed. It is shown that the shear stress is governed by a pair of integro-differential equations. These equations are solved numerically using the concept of elements and the finite difference method. A few special cases are treated analytically. The behavior of the shear stress is examined. The developed approach and results are useful in analyzing and understanding the behaviors of piezoelectric actuators on an elastic structure.
National Retirement Risk Index (NRRI) Update Shows Half of Working-Age Americans Still Falling Short

The National Retirement Risk Index (NRRI) shows the share of working-age households who are at risk of being unable to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living in retirement. The Index is constructed using the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), a triennial survey of U.S. households that collects detailed financial and demographic information. For SCF households, the NRRI compares projected replacement rates—retirement income as a percentage of pre-retirement income—with target rates that would allow them to maintain their living standard and calculates the percentage of households at risk of falling short. The article begins by describing how the NRRI is constructed. The second section presents the NRRI in 2013, showing that 52% of households were at risk. The third section highlights the key levers and presents the results by age, income, and type of pension coverage. The fourth section discusses the stability of the NRRI despite numerous revisions and then explains why it provides a more dire outlook than the optimal savings literature. The final section concludes that the NRRI confirms that today’s workers face a major retirement income challenge, even if they work to age 65 and annuitize all of their financial assets.
Association between Time on Protease Inhibitors and the Incidence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus among U.S. Male Veterans

Protease inhibitors (PIs) have been shown to have anti-tumor activity in addition to their antiretroviral properties. We sought to assess the association between PI use and the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) in HIV-infected individuals. We performed a retrospective cohort study among male US veterans diagnosed with HIV who were diagnosed between 1985 and 2010, using the Veterans Affairs HIV Clinical Case Registry (CCR). We calculated hazards ratios associated with PI use (both as percent time on PI and as 12-month intervals of PI use), utilizing time-dependent Cox models. We adjusted for risk factors, including age, race, year of enrolment into CCR, recent and nadir CD4, and percent time undetectable HIV viral load. A total of 28, 886 HIV-infected men met inclusion criteria. Of these, 373 were newly diagnosed with SCCA during the study period. In multivariate analysis, increasing percent time on PIs was associated with an increased risk of SCCA (aHR 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03–1.10 per 10% increase in time on PI). Poor immunologic recovery and virologic control, a history of condylomata acuminata, and CCR enrolment in the late combined antiretroviral therapy era were also associated with increased SCCA risk. Increasing percent time on a PI-based combined antiretroviral therapy regimen may be associated with an increased risk of developing SCCA in HIV-infected male US veterans. Future studies, better accounting for HIV control and treatment compliance, are necessary to further clarify this association.
High-energy cosmic neutrino puzzle: a review

We appraise the status of high-energy neutrino astronomy and summarize the observations that define the 'IceCube puzzle.' The observations are closing in on the source candidates that may contribute to the observation. We highlight the potential of multi-messenger analysis to assist in the identification of the sources. We also give a brief overview of future search strategies that include the realistic possibility of constructing a next-generation detector larger by one order of magnitude in volume.
Analysts' Forecasts in 'Good-News' and 'Bad-News' Environments: Evidence of Economic Significance of the Differential Variance

There is compelling empirical evidence to suggest that good news about corporate performance comes out early but bad news comes out late. Regardless of the underlying reason for such differential timing, existence of such systematic behavior leads to three related questions that we seek to answer in this paper. First, would the existence of this differential timing fundamentally alter the information environment surrounding the main event (earnings announcement) in a way that the forecasts of earnings under a good-news and a bad-news environment would be associated with different levels of uncertainty exhibited by different forecast variances? Second, if earnings forecasts do have different variances under good-news and bad news environment, can these variances be exploited to construct an improved consensus earnings forecast? Finally, can we make ex-ante arbitrage profit based on portfolios constructed on variance of analysts' forecasts?
Results of a national survey of physicians' knowledge and application of prevention capabilities.

We used the Comprehensive Prevention Knowledge and Applications Survey Instrument to study health promotion and disease prevention activities of a national sample of 777 family physicians. The study demonstrated active counseling in some areas, such as smoking cessation, but lesser efforts in other aspects, including counseling about smokeless tobacco cessation, seat belt use, sunlight exposure, prevention of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and preconceptual counseling. Although respondents thought themselves prepared to counsel about prevention efforts, they reported limited success in changing patients' behavior. The physicians documented frequent application of many prevention techniques, and they noted much more frequent use of mammography than has been reported in prior studies. The survey results indicate the need for modification of medical education programs and for enhancement of ability to change behavior to reduce health risks. Language: en
Observation of the radiative decay eta'. -->. omega gamma. in the reaction. pi. /sup -/p. -->. pi. /sup +/. pi. /sup -/3. gamma. n

We have obtained 68 +- 9 events of the previously unseen radiative decay eta' ..-->.. ..omega gamma.. (..omega.. ..-->.. ..pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/..pi../sup 0/, ..pi../sup 0/ ..-->.. ..gamma gamma..) in a charged- and neutral-particle spectrometer. Simultaneously, 1505 events of the decay eta' ..-->.. eta..pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/(..nu.. ..-->.. ..gamma gamma..) were collected in the same apparatus, allowing a direct measurement of this branching ratio. We find (eta' ..-->.. ..omega gamma..)/(eta' ..-->.. eta..pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/) = (6.8 +- 1.3) % and use published data to derive (eta' ..-->.. rho..gamma..)/(eta' ..-->.. ..omega gamma..) = 9.9 +- 2.0, in excellent agreement with predictions based on vector meson dominance.
The Cold War Origins of Instrumental Democracy

This paper demonstrates how a unique frame of democracy emerged during and after World War II. Anti-totalitarianism, identified with anti-Communism, played a powerful role in divorcing democracy from notions such as the common good, the public, and the collective, and in equating it with market capitalism. Crucial to this process was the progressive undermining of the roots of the formation of collective political subjectivity, namely, people’s affective energy. That goal was pursued through the combination of the sanctification of individual self-interest and the management of that interest by technologies developed for war purposes. This process instrumentalized democracy such that democracy is understood to operate apart from people’s actual contributions.
The contribution of neuropsychology to psychiatry

Objective: Neuropsychological test data are applied with increasing frequency in research studies and clinical practice in psychiatry. This article addresses three popular assumptions about neuropsychological test data and describes the limitations and contributions of neuropsychological assessment ofpatients with psychiatric disorders. Method: All research articles I rom major journals in psychiatry and clinical psychology since 1 991 that focused on neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients were reviewed. Other journals and earlier studies were reviewed selectively. Results: Neuropsychological test data have made significant contributions to the development ofhypotheses about abnormal brain structure and function in patients with psychiatric disorders, yet many findings from neuropsychological assessments of psychiatric patients are misinterpreted. The extent to which neuropsychological test data in psychiatric populations can be interpreted to reflect abnormalities in brain structure and f unction is frequently exaggerated, as is the ability of neuropsychological measures to serve as specific cognitive probes in imaging studies ofphysiological activation. On the other hand, the utility ofneuropsychological test batteries as measures ofthe patterns ofcognitive strength and deficit in individuals with specific psychiatric disorders is frequently underestimated. � clusions: In addition to testing models of regional brain dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, neuropsychological tests can provide researchers in psychiatry with an improved understanding of the relation between central cognitive impairments and symptoms and serve to identify cognitive predictors of course of illness, and they may provide a method for discriminating among heterogeneous forms of some psychiatric disorders. Clinically, neuropsychological test data can be used to develop treatment strategies tailored for an individual’s specific cognitive strengths and deficits. (Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:6-15)
Pyridine-Functionalized Luminescent Organoboron Quinolate Block Copolymers as Versatile Building Blocks for Assembled Nanostructures

Novel luminescent boron quinolate block copolymers with pyridine functionalities were prepared via RAFT polymerization and employed as building blocks for assembled nanostructures. In selective solvents, the block copolymers self-assembled into vesicles, spherical and extended branched aggregates. Quaternization reactions were performed to modify the solubility of the block copolymers and to prepare a cross-linked polymeric gel. As polymeric Lewis bases, the pyridine-functionalized block copolymers are able to form supramolecular complexes with metal ions and Lewis acids. Coordination to ZnCl2 in chloroform led to spherical micelles or larger aggregates. The supramolecular coassembly of PS-b-PBQPy-1 and zinc meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) in cyclohexane as a selective solvent for PS resulted in extended branched structures with controllable emission properties. Energy transfer from the boron chromophores to the ZnTPP moieties was observed in these supramolecular complexes.
Impaired Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Inflammation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

We compared apoptosis, cellular oxidative stress, and inflammation of cultured endothelial cells treated with sera from 130 subjects with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and 36 control subjects with high burden of co-morbid conditions and cardiovascular risk factors. Secondly, we compared circulating inflammatory, antioxidant capacity, and vascular biomarkers between the groups. The groups were not significantly different (p>0.05) on apoptosis, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity, and nuclear factor k-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Circulating tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (p=0.016) and interleukin-8 (p=0.006) were higher in the PAD group, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) (p=0.023) was lower. PAD does not impair the endothelium beyond that which already occurs from co-morbid conditions and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with claudication. However, subjects with PAD have lower circulating VEGF-A than controls, and higher circulating inflammatory parameters of TNFα and IL-8.
A Novel Approach to Coherent Combining of Fiber Lasers

Coherent combining of fiber lasers has recently gained significant attention. A novel method is presented for beam shaping far field intensity distributions of coherently combined fiber arrays.
A quantitative study on changes of malignant tumors death spectrum for population in Fujian Province

Objective To explore the main influence factors on the changes of malignant tumors death spectrum during 1973-1975 and 2010-2011 in Fujian Province and to offer the proposal for future disease control and prevention. Methods The mortalities of malignant tumors were quantitatively decomposed to calculate the proportion of contribution of demographic and non-demographic factors to the malignant tumors mortalities. Results The crude mortalities(157.78/105) of malignant tumors in Fujian Province during 2010-2011 were higher than those(91.37/105) during 1973-1975, while the age-standardized mortalities during 2010-2011were lower than those during 1973-1975. The rank of gastric cancer mortality decreased from the 1st to the 3rd while the rank of esophageal cancer mortality declined from the 2rd to the 4th. The rank of liver cancer mortality elevated from the3rd to the 1st, while the rank of lung cancer ascended from the 5th to the 2rd. The demographic factors contributed to the increase of some malignant mortalities. However, non-demographic factors reduced the mortalities of other four malignant tumors, except for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, leukemia and bladder cancer. Conclusion Lung cancer, liver cancer,gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer would become the key points in malignant tumors control and prevention in Fujian Province.
Communication and control in outsourced IS development projects: Mapping to COBIT domains

Abstract Internal control over information technology (IT control) in complex outsourced information system development (ISD) projects is an ambiguous and sensitive issue. In this study we bring together Information Systems and Accounting perspectives to investigate how internal controls are incorporated into existing communication practices in outsourced ISD projects. The paper proposes that tools used for client-vendor communication are capable of supporting some of the IT control functions governed by the COBIT framework. In addition, it analyzes the influence of project complexity on the performance of communication tools as informal IT controls. Perceptual field data for the analysis were collected from project managers through an online survey instrument. The findings suggest that control objectives and types of project complexity are each supported by different communication tools. The level of support varies across communication tools categories and control objectives. Early analysis of a project's complexity can help with selection of communication tools which reinforce project support of control objectives while improving communication between client and vendor.
FACTORS AFFECTING IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF BACOPA MONNIERA

A protocol is developed for multiple shoot induction in Bacopa monniera which had highly medicinal properties. Effects of various factors on micropropagation of Bacopa monniera were also studied during this work. Addition of BAP at 1.0 mg/l in MS medium was stimulated proliferation of shoots from the axillary buds. Shoot elongation and reduced callus formation were promoted by the low concentration of activated charcoal (0.2%), shoot elongation also induced by low concentration of NaCl (0.2%), shoot elongation and proliferation were promoted by the combination of cytokinins i.e. BAP (1.0 mg/l) and KN (0.5 mg/l). NAA proved to be more effective than IBA in inducing higher number of roots per shoot. The plantlet raised in vitro acclimatized in green house and were successfully grown in natural environment with 80% survival rate. The present investigation showed that direct regeneration of Bacopa monniera by micropropagation technique as a complementary tool for breeding and other applications.
Intravital Multiphoton Endoscopy

When a patient has symptoms that could be indicative of cancer a clinical oncologist will perform a series of tests to reach an accurate diagnosis. The gold standard method for reaching a final diagnosis frequently involves locating and extracting tissue biopsies, which are then processed and studied at the cellular level by a pathologist. From this procedure a pathology report will be compiled that contains the diagnosis of the cancer type and grade. Deep penetration, low-resolution, imaging tests (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging MRI) scans, computed tomography (CT) scans, Ultrasound, etc.) can track the extent and spread of disease and serve as an initial screen for disease in tissues that are not easily accessed using conventional biopsy or optical imaging techniques (e.g. periphery lung, pancreas, small intestine). However, to date, these low resolution imaging tests have not been able to be used as stand alone diagnostic tests because they lack the ability to visualize disease at the cellular level and thus have been unable to match the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis based upon biopsied tissue processed into histopathology slides. Finally, by compiling the data obtained from all these tests, the oncologist can determine the stage of the cancer (i.e., the severity or extent of the cancer) and use this information to provide the patient with a prognosis and course of treatment.
Synchronous Machine Modelling by Parameter Estimation

Summary An iterative algorithm based on the weighted-least-squares and maximum likelihood estimation is described to determine any set of parameter data for a hypothesised model structure of a system. A state-space model for a salient-pole synchronous machine with damper winding at sudden short-circuit is presented in terms of IEEE standard parameters. A weighted-least-squares and maximum likelihood estimator is then constructed to directly determine X d , X d ' , X d " , X l , X q , X q " , R a , T do ' , X do " and T qo " by repeatedly processing the observed armature and field current data of a sudden short-circuit test. The simulation results show that all parameters are simultaneously and readily identified in a few iterations with high accuracy. The effects of input noise, short-circuit resistance and the application of an alternative test method on the estimation are also investigated.
Aligning the Curriculums for College Success: High School and College Library Collaborations

In today’s highly competitive global economy, City University of New York (CUNY) graduates need strong critical thinking skills. More New York City students than ever before are applying to college...
Allergen Control at Home

Food allergen controls in a home environment take many forms which often vary between households. Numerous factors such as personal and family philosophy as well as the age, maturity level, and other medical conditions of individual members, play an important role in the decision-making process with respect to the introduction or absence of food allergens in the residence. This chapter highlights key points to consider when developing a customized allergen control plan for the home with an emphasis on label review, entry points, cross-contact controls, communication, education/training, and emergency care plans.
Pain and Pain-Related Impairment in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis

The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) was utilized in a sample of adult outpatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to assess their perception of pain and its psychosocial consequences. Subsequently, the data were compared to the ratings of pain and pain-related impairment in these patients as perceived by two nurses from the CF treatment team, as well as to a quantitative measure of illness severity. The results of these comparisons demonstrate that the majority of adult outpatients with CF reported experiencing lower levels of pain and pain-related impairment than expected, although the male patients tend to report experiencing significantly less impact in these domains than do the female patients. Additionally, the nurses do not underestimate the degree to which patients, especially males, experience pain and pain-related interference from chronic illness. Finally, there was no significant relationship between patients' self-report of pain severity or pain-related interference and an objective measure of disease severity.
Using supervised clustering to enhance classifiers

This paper centers on a novel data mining technique we term supervised clustering. Unlike traditional clustering, supervised clustering is applied to classified examples and has the goal of identifying class-uniform clusters that have a high probability density. This paper focuses on how data mining techniques in general, and classification techniques in particular, can benefit from knowledge obtained through supervised clustering. We discuss how better nearest neighbor classifiers can be constructed with the knowledge generated by supervised clustering, and provide experimental evidence that they are more efficient and more accurate than a traditional 1-nearest-neighbor classifier. Finally, we demonstrate how supervised clustering can be used to enhance simple classifiers.
Describing the Spectrum of Patient Reported Outcomes after Radical Prostatectomy: Providing Information to Improve Patient Counseling and Shared Decision Making

Purpose:Preoperative counseling incorporating the best case, the worst case and the most likely outcome scenarios aid patient decision making. This information is not readily available for prostate...