cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodological Problems in Identifying Efficacious Psychotherapies

National discussions of health-care delivery systems have renewed the effort to identify empirically validated psychotherapies. Although the logic of efficacy studies in psychotherapy, which are used to empirically establish the efficacy of psychotherapy, is relatively simple, the validity of inferences from these studies are ambiguous and the focus on outcome obscures other important aspects of psychotherapy. Problems related to (a) common versus specific confounds, (b) difficulties in disproving the uniform efficacy supposition, and (c) hazards in standardizing treatments are discussed. These problems make developing criteria for establishing empirically validated treatments difficult; a currently proposed set of criteria for proving treatment efficacy is critiqued.Die in den USA gefuhrte Diskussion uber das System der Gesundheitsversorgung hat zur Erneuerung von Bemuhungen beigetragen, empirisch validierte Psychotherapien zu identifzieren. Obwohl die Logik von Effektivitatsstudien in der Psychotherapie...
Ways of Knowing

L'A. examine de maniere critique le point de vue de Hubbard (dans son article concernant la qualia en imagerie mentale, 1996) qui tente de repondre au mecontentement a l'egard des theories de la conscience du a leur inaptitude a cerner les aspects pertinents des experiences phenomenales. Les etats conscients ne peuvent etre experimentes que dans une perspective personnelle et les theories scientifiques ne peuvent rendre compte des experiences personnelles. L'A. veut montrer qu'il n'est pas necessaire, comme le soutient Hubbard, de passer d'une perspective subjective a une perspective objective pour elaborer une theorie de la conscience satisfaisante, mais que subjectivite et objectivite peuvent etre considerees comme des chemins differents pour atteindre la connaissance
Calculation of the nucleon F 2 structure function for a quark-diquark distribution using the meson cloud model in a light-cone frame

We calculate quark distribution functions and ${F}_{2}$ structure functions for protons and neutrons. The calculation is performed in the light-cone frame. The dressed nucleon is assumed to be a superposition of the bare nucleon plus virtual light-cone Fock states of baryon-meson pairs. The bare nucleon is assumed to be composed of a diquark and a quark. The initial distributions are evolved. The ${F}_{2}$ structure functions calculated from the evolved distributions are compared with NMC results. Also, the Gottfried sum rule is calculated and observed to be violated. However, the degree of violation is smaller than observation, an indication that the meson cloud model is not the only source of contribution to the Gottfried sum-rule violation.
The Significance or sampling and Understanding Hidden Populations

SUMMARY Discussed are issues related to the importance of sampling from hidden populations in research. These issues include the limitations of dependency on institutional samples in public health and social science. Specific examples are drawn from research into HIV/AIDS infection and risk behaviors and substance abuse. Discussed is the problem of developing knowledge that does not generalize to non-institutional populations. Possible future directions for research in hidden populations in the context of HIV/AIDS research are addressed.
A simulation-based robust biofuel facility location model for an integrated bio-energy logistics network

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose a simulation-based robust biofuel facility location model for solving an integrated bio-energy logistics network (IBLN) problem, where biomass yield is often uncertain or difficult to determine. Design/methodology/approach: The IBLN considered in this paper consists of four different facilities: farm or harvest site (HS), collection facility (CF), biorefinery (BR), and blending station (BS). Authors propose a mixed integer quadratic modeling approach to simultaneously determine the optimal CF and BR locations and corresponding biomass and bio-energy transportation plans. The authors randomly generate biomass yield of each HS and find the optimal locations of CFs and BRs for each generated biomass yield, and select the robust locations of CFs and BRs to show the effects of biomass yield uncertainty on the optimality of CF and BR locations. Case studies using data from the State of South Carolina in the United State are conducted to demonstrate the developed model’s capability to better handle the impact of uncertainty of biomass yield. Findings: The results illustrate that the robust location model for BRs and CFs works very well in terms of the total logistics costs. The proposed model would help decision-makers find the most robust locations for biorefineries and collection facilities, which usually require huge investments, and would assist potential investors in identifying the least cost or important facilities to invest in the biomass and bio-energy industry. Originality/value: An optimal biofuel facility location model is formulated for the case of deterministic biomass yield. To improve the robustness of the model for cases with probabilistic biomass yield, the model is evaluated by a simulation approach using case studies. The proposed model and robustness concept would be a very useful tool that helps potential biofuel investors minimize their investment risk.
Motivation to Learn and Diversity Training: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Although training programs are an important component in most companies' diversity initiatives, little theoretical guidance is available for their implementation. This article proposes a model based on the theory of planned behavior, which addresses the roles of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in motivation to learn from a diversity training program. The model suggests a number of hypotheses that could be tested to enhance our understanding of the motivation-to-learn construct. Additionally, the model provides practical advice for companies seeking to implement successful diversity training programs.
Selective attentional delays and attentional capture among simultaneous visual onset elements

Visual discrimination and detection responses to a single stimulus presented simultaneously with noise stimuli are slower and less accurate than are responses to a single stimulus presented alone. This occurs even though the location of the relevant stimulus (target) is known or visually indicated with stimuli onset. Results showed that noise elements delay focal attending and processing of a target. Furthermore, precuing the target location reduces, and can eliminate, target processing delays. Processing delays were not due to response competition or to random attentional capture by noise. It is suggested that simultaneous stimuli are perceived initially as a single object, and delays in processing a single stimulus are due to difficulties in perceptually segregating this stimulus from noise. Precuing is assumed to facilitate this segregation process.
On condition numbers and the distance to the nearest III-posted problem

The condition number of a problem measures the sensitivity of the answer to small changes in the input. We call the problem ill-posed if its condition number is infinite. It turns out that for many problems of numerical analysis, there is a simple relationship between the condition number of a problem and the shortest distance from that problem to an ill-posed one: the shortest distance is proportional to the reciprocal of the condition number (or bounded by the reciprocal of the condition number). This is true for matrix inversion, computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors, finding zeros of polynomials, and pole assignment in linear control systems. In this paper we explain this phenomenon by showing that in all these cases, the condition number κ satisfies one or both of the diffrential inequalitiesm·κ2≤∥Dκ∥≤M·κ2, where ‖Dκ‖ is the norm of the gradient of κ. The lower bound on ‖Dκ‖ leads to an upper bound 1/mκ(x) on the distance. fromx to the nearest ill-posed problem, and the upper bound on ‖Dκ‖ leads to a lower bound 1/(Mκ(X)) on the distance. The attraction of this approach is that it uses local information (the gradient of a condition number) to answer a global question: how far away is the nearest ill-posed problem? The above differential inequalities also have a simple interpretation: they imply that computing the condition number of a problem is approximately as hard as computing the solution of the problem itself. In addition to deriving many of the best known bounds for matrix inversion, eigendecompositions and polynomial zero finding, we derive new bounds on the distance to the nearest polynomial with multiple zeros and a new perturbation result on pole assignment.
Activity Level as a Dimension of Temperament in Toddlers: Its Relevance for the Organismic Specificity Hypothesis.

The objective of the present study was to follow up on hypotheses derived from earlier research on activity level as a possible mediator between environment and development. Of particular theoretical interest was the organismic specificity hypothesis, which states that early experiences differentially influence development because the impact of the environment is mediated by individual differences in the organism. Subjects were 52 15-month-old toddlers who were observed in their homes 6 times over a 4-week period. Measures of the caretaker's attention-focusing behaviors were aggregated across 4 of the visits. Measures of the child's home environment and exploratory ability were also obtained. ANOVA analyses indicated a significant interaction between activity level and intensity of stimulation in predicting both exploratory competence and total exploration. The findings provided clear support for the organismic specificity hypothesis. Implications of the results for clinical work and future research on activity level and individual differences are discussed.
Innervation-Zone Width in Disease and its Changes with Fatigue

This study was designed to measure the average size of the motor unit functional innervation zone (FINZONE) in healthy and in diseased muscles, intramuscularly, in fatigue-inducing maximal voluntary contractions. The bicipital EMG interference patterns of 188 subjects (32 healthy, 83 neuropathic, 28 myasthenic, 13 myotonic, and 32 myopathic) were recorded with coaxial needle electrodes. From them, the FINZONE size criterion was computed, repeatedly, each 5.84 s to complete fatigue. The data display showed that the FINZONE size diminished with fatigue. Over all groups, this decrement was significant at p = 0.00001. Separately, only the normals and the neuropathic groups reached significance. Measured by the FINZONE size, the five groups divided into two significantly different clusters: (a) the {myopathic/myasthenic} cluster with large FINZONE sizes and (b) the {normal/neuropathic/myotonic} cluster with smaller ones. Several explanations for these findings were entertained. Also, as significant group differences were found, these results may prove helpful, complementing other variables, in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Both issues (FINZONE diagnostic value and FINZONE size decrement with fatigue) deserve additional study.
A nonparametric multiple imputation approach for data with missing covariate values with application to colorectal adenoma data

A nearest neighbor-based multiple imputation approach is proposed to recover missing covariate information using the predictive covariates while estimating the association between the outcome and the covariates. To conduct the imputation, two working models are fitted to define an imputing set. This approach is expected to be robust to the underlying distribution of the data. We show in simulation and demonstrate on a colorectal data set that the proposed approach can improve efficiency and reduce bias in a situation with missing at random compared to the complete case analysis and the modified inverse probability weighted method.
Linking integrin to IP3 signaling is important for ovulation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Signals from germ and myoepithelial sheath cells initiate ovulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. The coordinated dilation and contraction of spermatheca lead to subsequent fertilization of oocyte. Either the dominant negative mutant pat-3 β integrin or disruption of talin expression block ovulation [Cram, E.J., Clark, S.G. and Schwarzbauer, J.E. (2003) Talin loss-of-function uncovers roles in cell contractility and migration in C. elegans. J. Cell. Sci. 116, 3871–3878; Lee, M., Cram, E.J., Shen, B. and Schwarzbauer, J.E. (2001) Role of β pat-3 integrins in development and function of Caenorhabditis elegans muscles and gonads. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 36404–36410], suggesting that the interaction between the cell and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is also important for ovulation. Here, we report that integrin plays an essential role in fertility via IP3 signaling. Sterility caused by RNAi of pat-3 and ECM molecules was suppressed by increased IP3 signaling. Our data suggest that the cell–ECM interaction controls ovulation via IP3 signaling.
A decisions query language (DQL): high-level abstraction for mathematical programming over databases

The demonstrated, high-level decisions query language DQL combines the decision optimization capability of mathematical programming and the data manipulation capability of traditional database query languages. DQL benefits application developers in two aspects. First, it avoids a conceptual impedance mismatch between mathematical programming and data access and makes decision optimization functionality readily accessible to database programmers with no prior experience in operations research. Second, a tight integration provides unique opportunities for more efficient evaluation as compared to a loosely coupled system. This demonstration uses an emergency response scenario to illustrate the power of the language and its implementation.
In vivo detection of myelin phospholipids in multiple sclerosis with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.

The goal of this study was to investigate myelin phospholipids in vivo in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter by evaluating the spectral broad component from phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data. The phospholipid broad component was reduced nearly 35% (p <001) in both lesions and in normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis subjects compared to control subjects, suggesting reduced myelin phospholipid concentration or altered relaxation times.
Quantitative multimodality imaging in cancer research and therapy

Advances in hardware and software have enabled the realization of clinically feasible, quantitative multimodality imaging of tissue pathophysiology. Earlier efforts relating to multimodality imaging of cancer have focused on the integration of anatomical and functional characteristics, such as PET-CT and single-photon emission CT (SPECT-CT), whereas more-recent advances and applications have involved the integration of multiple quantitative, functional measurements (for example, multiple PET tracers, varied MRI contrast mechanisms, and PET-MRI), thereby providing a more-comprehensive characterization of the tumour phenotype. The enormous amount of complementary quantitative data generated by such studies is beginning to offer unique insights into opportunities to optimize care for individual patients. Although important technical optimization and improved biological interpretation of multimodality imaging findings are needed, this approach can already be applied informatively in clinical trials of cancer therapeutics using existing tools. These concepts are discussed herein.
Cross‐resistance spectrum in pyrethroid‐resistant Culex quinquefasciatus

Strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, selected with biopermethrin [(1R)-trans-permethrin] or with (1R)-cis-permethrin, were examined in the larval stage for crossresistance to 30 pyrethroids, DDT, dieldrin, temephos, propoxur, and two organotin compounds. The (1R)-trans-Permethrin-R strain [resistance factor (RF) = 4100-fold] and the (1R)-cis-Permethrin-R strain (RF= 450-fold) of C. quinquefasciutus were cross-resistant to all pyrethroids tested [RF= 12-fold for an allethrin isomer to about 6000-fold for (RS,RS)-fenvalerate] as well as to DDT (RF= about 2000-fold). However, they were not significantly Cross-resistant to dieldrin, temephos, propoxur, and the two organotin compounds. Changes in the alcohol moiety, structural isomerism, and susceptibility of the cyclopropane C-3 side chain to oxidative attack are important factors in determining the level of cross-resistance to various pyrethroids. Limited synergism of the pyrethroids by S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate and piperonyl butoxide (PB), and of DDT by chlorfenethol and PB, suggested that some non-metabolic mechanism, such as kdr, may be an important component of resistance to pyrethroids as well as to DDT in this mosquito.
Active all-pass network

A simple method of designing an all-pass network is presented. Final realisation incorporates a single nonideal current-controlled current source, which in most applications can be replaced by a single-transistor circuit.
Aesthetic incision for neck dissection.

he incision for a neck dissection should allow adequate ccess to allow good nodal harvest with minimal morbidity. nother concern is aesthetics. Patients with head and neck ancer have extensive operations, and scarring from the surgial wounds contributes to morbidity. We describe an incision hat gives adequate access, is aesthetically satisfactory, and oes not compromise the yield of lymph nodes. Since the first neck dissection by Crile in 1906 many inciions have been described to access the neck,1 but not all urgeons have placed an emphasis on access alongside aeshetics of the scar. An incision that is placed in a low skin rease in the neck and extends to the mastoid process latrally and crosses the midline by 2–3 cm below the thyroid artilage to the opposite side (Figs. 1 and 2) provides good ccess with an acceptable aesthetic outcome, and heals with inimal contracture of the scar. Extension across the midline bviates the need for a vertical incision superiorly to access he contralateral level Ia neck. Access to the lateral neck and evel Vb can be improved by a vertical extension towards the lavicle, or by a separate horizontal incision just above the lavicle. The remaining dissection is done using the standard ethod. To evaluate both aesthetics and access, we retrospectively tudied 18 consecutive patients with follow up of more than wo months. Information about intraoperative difficulties in ccess was retrieved from case notes, and pathology results ere used to look at nodal yield. The validated “patient bserver scar assessment scale” was used for evaluation.2–4 We found no cases of wound breakdown or infection. The ean observer scale total score was 14.9/60 compared with 0/60 on the patient scale. No records suggested any difficulty n accessing all levels of the neck through the incision. The ddition of a vertical incision either superiorly or inferiorly
Spatial Statistic Interpolation of Morphological Factors for Terrain Development

This research applies geostatistical interpolation methods to estimate the spatial relationships between landform features and their formation factors. The spatial relation of azimuth elongation of limestone pinnacles and orientation of faults and fractures in Stone Forest Park, China were analyzed. The mean of the estimated values of azimuth elongations of the limestone pinnacles is 333.47°, and that of cokriging with compressive faults and fractures is 333.30°. The spatial alignment or co-regionalization of orientations of limestone pinnacles and compressive faults and fractures indicates that kriging and cokriging are effective methods for predicting the spatial distributions of landforms and their impact factors.
Cante Hondo: Charles Mingus, Nat Hentoff, and Jazz Racism1

Turning to the work of bassist and composer Charles Mingus and critic and record producer Nat Hentoff, I examine challenges to the liberal discourse of postwar jazz culture. Both were vocal critics...
Molecular/cell engineering approach to autocrine ligand control of cell function

Tissue engineering, along with other modern cell- and tissue-based health care technologies, depends on successful regulation of cell function by molecular means, including pharmacological agents, materials, and genetics. This regulation is generally mediated by cell receptor/ligand interactions providing primary targets for molecular intervention. While regulatory ligands may often be exogenous in nature, in the categories of endocrine and paracrine hormone systems, they are being increasingly appreciated as crucial in local control of cell and tissue function. Improvements in design of health care technologies involving autocrine ligand interactions with cell receptors should benefit from increased qualitative and quantitative understanding of the kinetic and transport processes governing these interactions. In this symposium paper we offer a concise overview of our recent efforts combining molecular cell biology and engineering approaches to increase the understanding of how molecular and cellular parameters may be manipulated for improved control of cell and tissue function regulated by autocrine ligands.
Nodulation and root growth of forage legumes sown into tall fescue swards

Establishing forage legumes into endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae Schreb.) pastures is problematic, especially in well-established stands. A oversowing field experiment determined if this problem was because of poor nodulation. Four renovation techniques, clipped sward (treatment A), herbicided + rye seeding in the previous autumn (treatment B), herbicided in the autumn and spring (treatment C) and herbicided to suppress the sward (treatment D), were investigated to determine their effect on nodulation and root growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) at 16, 22 and 29 d after sowing the legumes. A pot experiment was also conducted under optimal growth conditions and using the same soil to determine the nodulation and root growth potentials of these legume species. At adequate rhizobial populations (>6 · 10 4 cfu g )1 soil), substantial nodulation of all species occurred by 29 d after sowing in treatments C and D, whereas nodulation of clovers was usually reduced in treatment A. Total root lengths for all sampling dates, species and treatments were severely restricted, especially under treatment A. A general correspondence of nodulation with root growth was observed for all species, with high correlations (r ‡ 0AE85) between these variables for all legume species and treatments, suggesting that soil moisture, and possibly competition for light, were the limiting factors. These results demonstrate that weak stands of forage legumes, typically found when sown into tall fescue swards, are probably not because of inadequate nodulation. Rather, inhibition of root growth by detrimental physical/chemical conditions or allocation of limited photosynthate to shoots instead of roots is suggested.
Natural Convection on Both Sides of a Vertical Wall Separating Fluids at Different Temperatures

This paper describes an analytical study of laminar natural convection on both sides of a vertical conducting wall of finite height separating two semi-infinite fluid reservoirs of different temperatures. The countercurrent boundary layer flow formed on the two sides is illustrated via representative streamlines, temperature and heat flux distributions. The net heat transfer between reservoirs is reported for the general case in which the wall thermal resistance is not negligible relative to the overall reservoir-to-reservoir thermal resistance.
Amatoria turpis in amatoria honesta: l'Historia de duobus amantibus di Enea Silvio Piccolomini

(2010). Amatoria turpis in amatoria honesta: l'Historia de duobus amantibus di Enea Silvio Piccolomini. The Italianist: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 325-351.
Another Remembered Present

Intuition tells us that perceptual experience—the seamless flow of conscious images of vision, sound, touch, and so forth—reflects the external world. Accordingly, information flow along the brain's sensory pathways has been thought to follow a caudo-rostral direction, away from the ports of entry, toward integrative cortices in the anterior parts of the frontal and temporal lobes. However, this view of a unidirectional, “bottom-up” processing cascade is challenged by findings which suggest that there is also information transfer in the opposite, “top-down” direction, from association areas toward early sensory cortices. A particularly intriguing observation is that while the initial bottom-up activation sweep along the sensory pathways can accomplish stimulus processing of considerable complexity and yield certain automated behaviors, conscious awareness of a sensory object appears to depend on top-down signals ( 1 – 3 ), as observed in the visual ( 4 ), auditory ( 5 ), and somatosensory ( 6 ) systems. Why is this the case?
Effects of Age and Hearing Impairment on the Ability to Benefit from Temporal and Spectral Modulation

Objectives At poor signal-to-noise ratios, speech understanding may depend upon the ability to combine speech fragments that are distributed across time and frequency. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of development and hearing impairment on this ability.
The role of perceived speaker identity in F0 normalization of vowels

In the experiments reported here, perceived speaker identity was controlled by manipulating the fundamental frequency (F0) range of carrier phrases in which speech tokens were embedded. In the first experiment, words from two "hood"-"hud" continua were synthesized with different F0. The words were then embedded in synthetic carrier phrases with intonation contours which reduced perceived speaker identity differences for test items with different F0. The results indicated that when perceived speaker identity differences were reduced, the effect of F0 on vowel identification was also reduced. Experiment 2 indicated that when items presented in carrier phrases are matched for speaker identity and F0 with items in isolation, there is no effect for presentation in a carrier phrase. Experiment 3 involved the presentation of vowels from the "hood"-"hud" continuum in two different intonational contexts which were judged to have been produced by different speakers, even though the F0 of the test word was identical in the two contexts. There was a shift in identification as a result of the intonational context which was interpreted as evidence for the role of perceived identity in vowel normalization. Overall, the experiments suggest that perceived speaker identity is a better predictor of vowel normalization effects than is intrinsic F0. This indicates that the role of F0 in vowel normalization is mediated through perceived speaker identity.
The Stratification Puzzle: An Active-Learning Exercise in Hard Work and Success:

Dans cet article, l'A decrit et evalue un exercice d'apprentissage actif visant a la comprehension par les etudiants de sociologie de la stratification sociale. Le but de l'exercice est de faire prendre conscience aux etudiants americains que l'ideologie de la meritocratie ne suffit pas a la reussite sociale et professionnelle
Engaging New Partners in Transportation Research: Integrating the Publishing, Archiving, and Indexing of Technical Literature into the Research Process

Over the past several decades a variety of federal and state programs have invested in transportation research. The U.S. Department of Transportation annually invests approximately $180 million in State Planning and Research (SPR) and university transportation centers (UTCs). This investment generates an extensive portfolio of gray literature (i.e., patents, governmental or scientific research group technical reports, white papers, or preprints) that is not yet uniformly cataloged or accessible, despite the best efforts of the National Technical Information Service, TRB, and the National Transportation Library. This paper reports on a review of the publishing and archiving practices for transportation research technical reports, summarizes best practices, and recommends that UTC and SPR research programs seek and strengthen partnerships with libraries to facilitate the improved production, stewardship, and dissemination of research reports. This paper describes an open access program in Indiana that has d...
Redescription of the Marine Nematode Pandolaimus latilaimus (Allgén, 1929), Its Synonyms and Relationships to the Oncholaimidae

Jensen, P. (Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark). Redescription of the marine nematode Pandolaimus latilaimus (Allgen, 1929), its synonyms and relationships to the Oncholaimidae. Zool. Scr. 5 (6): 257–263, 1976.—A redescription of Pandolaimus latilaimus (Allgen, 1929) from the North Sea (Belgian Coast and German Bight) and the Oresund (Denmark) is given. Pandolaimus Allgen, 1929 is synonymized with Allgenia Strand, 1934, Filipjeviella Allgen, 1935 and Metapelagonema Sergeeva, 1972. Pandolaimus latilaimus is considered synonymous with Allgenia kornoeensis (Allgen, 1929) and Filipjeviella liscosa Allgen, 1935. Pandolaimus is transferred from Lin-homoeidae (Monhysterida) to Anoplostomatidae (Enoplida). The genus is most closely related to Anophstoma Butschli, 1874 (cephalic sense organs 6 — 6 — 4, buccal cavity consisting of three plates, oesophageal glands opening behind the buccal cavity and caudal glands in front of the anus) and gives further evidence that the Anoplostomatidae have a position outside the Oncholaimoidea among the more basic Tripyloidea. —Thalassogenus Andrassy, 1973 described as member of Pelagonema-tidae from freshwater, does not belong to Oncholaimoidea.
Lentic Molds of Northern Lake Winnebago

Abstract Molds were isolated from 14 widely distributed sites in Northern Lake Winnebago, a lake within the Fox-Wolf River System of central Wisconsin, an important tributary to Lake Michigan at Green Bay. Physicochemical determinations (D.O., pH, temperature) were also recorded. Among 70 species of molds identified, the most frequently occurring were Cladosporium cladosporoides, C. herbarum and Rabenhorstia sp. There appears to be a uniform density of molds with respect to surface, mid-depth, and bottom. There were differences, however, with respect to seasonal samplings. The highest number of species was isolated in June, while the lowest number was isolated in March. A trapping of aquatic saprolegniaceous fungi was not attempted in this survey.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Two Groups of Hispanic Americans with Differing Dietary Habits

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if Hispanic Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs), who typically eat a diet lower in fat, saturated fat and protein, and higher in complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber than the usual omnivorous diet, exhibit lower risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes compared to Hispanic Catholic omnivores.Methods: Anthropometric characteristics, dietary intake, blood pressure, serum lipids, glucose and insulin, as well as plasma ascorbic acid and vitamin E concentrations, were measured in two groups of Hispanic study participants residing in Denver, Colorado: 74 SDA study participants (x age: 42±1.5 y) and 45 Catholic participants (x age: 44±2.2 y).Results: The SDAs reported lower dietary intakes of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol and higher relative intakes of carbohydrate and dietary fiber compared to their Catholic counterparts. The SDAs exhibited significantly lower body mass index (BMI=27.2±0.6) and waist-to-hip ratios (WHR=0.84±0...
FGF Signaling in Prostate Tumorigenesis—New Insights into Epithelial-Stromal Interactions

Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are believed to play critical roles during organogenesis and carcinogenesis via signaling between epithelial and stromal compartments. Two new studies in this issue of Cancer Cell underscore the importance of FGF signaling in mediating epithelial-stromal interactions during prostate carcinogenesis. These papers show that deregulated FGF signaling in mouse models of prostate cancer leads to cancer progression and promotes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, suggesting that FGF receptor inhibitors may have therapeutic value for prostate cancer treatment.
A “Fertilizer Revolution”? A Critical Response to Pomeranz's Theory of “Geographic Luck”

The adoption of beancake, a new commercial fertilizer, marked a significant technological advance in Jiangnan agriculture in the late Ming. The popularity of beancake was a result of two developments: the severe fertilizer shortage in Jiangnan and the importation of Manchurian bean products during the Qing. However, recent studies by Kenneth Pomeranz and Li Bozhong exaggerate the volume of imports from Manchuria by ten to twenty-five times. They also ignore the limited time frame of the importation of beancake, for it was mainly concentrated in three or four decades during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In fact, though Manchuria had a great potential to produce sufficient beancake to relieve the chronic fertilizer shortage in Jiangnan, this potential remained largely unrealized before foreign countries became involved in the trade. The nineteenth-century agricultural stagnancy in Jiangnan did not result from the absence of the kind of “geographic luck” enjoyed by England, as Pomeranz ...
Effect of reducing hypothalamic ghrelin receptor gene expression on energy balance

Central and peripheral injections of fghrelin potently stimulates food intake via its receptor, GHSR1a expressed in the brain. In this study, we explored the role of GHSR1a in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) by reducing their gene expression using the RNA interference (RNAi). pSUPER plasmids inserted with sh (short hairpin)-GHSR1a were injected into the PVN to reduce its expression. The transfected rats were monitored daily for their food intake and body weight throughout the experimental period lasting 8 days. We found that knockdown of GHSR1a did not affect daily food intake but significantly reduced body weight and blood ghrelin levels. This suggests that the central ghrelin system could selectively regulate body weight without affecting energy intake.
Influence of Parent-Adolescent Communication About Anabolic Steroids on Adolescent Athletes' Willingness to Try Performance-Enhancing Substances.

Background: Performance-enhancing substances are used by adolescent athletes to help improve performance. Anabolic steroids (AS) are performance-enhancing substances that pose significant health problems when used by adolescents. Objectives: Objectives were to: (1) examine the extent to which parents and adolescents discuss AS and (2) test whether parent–adolescent communication about AS can generalize to, and influence, decisions to use other types of performance-enhancing substances. Method: Adolescent athletes (n = 244) completed an anonymous questionnaire that assessed the extent to which the adolescents discussed with their parents the performance outcomes and protective factors associated with AS, their intentions to use AS, and their willingness to try a newly developed, potentially illegal performance-enhancing substance. Data were collected during 2009–2010. Results: Adolescents reported relatively low levels of communication with their parents about anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Communicat...
Environmental regulation, public safety and national security: case study of the response management plan program

Under the Community Right–to–Know provisions of the Clean Air Act and SARA, industrial and municipal sites that handle materials that could potentially result in emergency air releases were compelled to produce RMPs or Response Management Plans. These plans were to provide local response agencies and host communities with information on what to do in case of serious releases. These data were to be web published and available to the general public. Concerns were voiced by the Federal Bureau of Investigation about the implications for access of this information by terrorist groups and individuals. A classic conflict of public policy imperatives arose from conflicting missions of the agencies and their client bodies including the industries and communities in which the RMPs were produced. This paper will look at these conflicts in authorities, the stated positions of the involved agencies, the impacts of the change in Presidential administrations and potential pathways for resolving the conflicts through legal, political and social mechanisms.
Approximate nonlinear model predictive control of a gasoline engine with EGR

With the goal of minimizing fuel consumption and torque tracking error, while also avoiding knock and misfire, a traditional engine controller may be conservative since it does not consider transient behavior. In this paper, an approximate nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is presented for use on a gasoline engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). In the NMPC framework, a nonlinear dynamic model of the engine is used to train a state feedback controller, while also considering the constraints. The resulting controller is implemented as look-up tables that are fast to compute in real time. An unscented Kalman filter is used for state estimation. Testing on a benchmark engine simulator shows a significant performance improvement over the baseline controller.
Targeting Pyk2 to β1-Integrin–Containing Focal Contacts Rescues Fibronectin-Stimulated Signaling and Haptotactic Motility Defects of Focal Adhesion Kinase–Null Cells

Focal adhesion kinase–null (FAK−/−) fibroblasts exhibit morphological and motility defects that are reversed by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) reexpression. The FAK-related kinase, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), is expressed in FAK−/− cells, yet it exhibits a perinuclear distribution and does not functionally substitute for FAK. Chimeric Pyk2/FAK proteins were created and expressed in FAK−/− cells to determine the impact of Pyk2 localization to focal contacts. Whereas an FAK/Pyk2 COOH-terminal (CT) domain chimera was perinuclear distributed, stable expression of a Pyk2 chimera with the FAK-CT domain (Pyk2/FAK-CT) localized to focal contact sites and enhanced fibronectin (FN)-stimulated haptotactic cell migration equal to FAK-reconstituted cells. Disruption of paxillin binding to the FAK-CT domain (S-1034) inhibited Pyk2/FAK-CT localization to focal contacts and its capacity to promote cell motility. Paxillin binding to the FAK-CT was necessary but not sufficient to mediate the indirect association of FAK or Pyk2/FAK-CT with a β1-integrin–containing complex. Both FAK and Pyk2/FAK-CT but not Pyk2/FAK-CT S-1034 reconstituted FAK−/− cells, exhibit elevated FN-stimulated extracellular signal–regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) kinase activation. FN-stimulated FAK or Pyk2/FAK-CT activation enhanced both the extent and duration of FN-stimulated ERK2 activity which was necessary for cell motility. Transient overexpression of the FAK-CT but not FAK-CT S-1034 domain inhibited both FN-stimulated ERK2 and JNK activation as well as FN-stimulated motility of Pyk2/FAK-CT reconstituted cells. These gain-of-function studies show that the NH2-terminal and kinase domains of Pyk2 can functionally substitute for FAK in promoting FN-stimulated signaling and motility events when localized to β-integrin–containing focal contact sites via interactions mediated by the FAK-CT domain.
Arteriovenous Malformations: Extracranial

Arteriovenous malformation is a fast-flow vascular anomaly characterized by the shunting of blood from the arterial to venous circulation. Although it is most commonly observed as an isolated lesion, certain arteriovenous malformations are part of inherited syndromes. This vascular anomaly can cause bleeding, ulceration, congestive heart failure, destruction of structures, and/or disfigurement. Treatment consists of embolization and/or resection. Arteriovenous malformation should be treated in a vascular anomalies center by a multidisciplinary team.
Guns, Adolescents, and Mental Illness

“Connor” is a 16-year-old high school sophomore who lives in a middle-class neighborhood in an exurb of a large urban area. He lives with his father and mother (a police officer and a legal secretary, respectively) and his 11-year-old sister. Connor’s parents are seeking a psychiatric evaluation at the suggestion of his school guidance counselor because Connor has had a noticeable decline in both academic and social functioning over the past 6 months. Connor had always been an average student, stronger in writing than in math or science, but his grades have dropped to the point where failing the current school year is a real possibility. Additionally, Connor has missed many classes and has been found sleeping in the school library on numerous occasions. He has changed from a typical adolescent boy with some social awkwardness who had a reasonable number of friends and interests to an isolated, disheveled, and angry loner.
Kernel Uncorrelated and Regularized Discriminant Analysis: A Theoretical and Computational Study

Linear and kernel discriminant analyses are popular approaches for supervised dimensionality reduction. Uncorrelated and regularized discriminant analyses have been proposed to overcome the singularity problem encountered by classical discriminant analysis. In this paper, we study the properties of kernel uncorrelated and regularized discriminant analyses, called KUDA and KRDA, respectively. In particular, we show that under a mild condition, both linear and kernel uncorrelated discriminant analysis project samples in the same class to a common vector in the dimensionality-reduced space. This implies that uncorrelated discriminant analysis may suffer from the overfitting problem if there are a large number of samples in each class. We show that as the regularization parameter in KRDA tends to zero, KRDA approaches KUDA. This shows that KUDA is a special case of KRDA and that regularization can be applied to overcome the overfitting problem in uncorrelated discriminant analysis. As the performance of KRDA depends on the value of the regularization parameter, we show that the matrix computations involved in KRDA can be simplified, so that a large number of candidate values can be cross-validated efficiently. Finally, we conduct experiments to evaluate the proposed theories and algorithms.
HOMOLYTIC ALKYLATIONS OF 3, 6-DICHLOROPYRIDAZINE

(1988). HOMOLYTIC ALKYLATIONS OF 3, 6-DICHLOROPYRIDAZINE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 117-121.
Thrombus-free, human endothelial surface in the midregion of a Dacron vascular graft in the splanchnic venous circuit—Observations after nine months of implantation

The addition of an endothelial cell lining to a prosthetic vascular graft may reduce the thrombogenicity of the blood-contacting surface. An endothelialized mesoatrial graft was implanted in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by a primary inferior vena caval leiomyosarcoma. During the initial surgery a Dacron vascular graft was preclotted with plasma and then lined with microvascular endothelial cells derived from the patient's subcutaneous adipose tissue. The patient did well initially but 9 months later required resection of a mechanical stricture of the graft that occurred as it passed beneath the costochondral junction. Grossly, the luminal surface of the resected graft was free of thrombus, with a smooth, glistening, white surface. Light microscopy demonstrated a surface layer of cells morphologically consistent with an endothelial cell monolayer, a subendothelial layer composed of extracellular matrix and spindle-shaped cells, and granulation tissue around the Dacron fabric. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy confirmed the presence of vascular endothelium on the luminal surface. This report documents the successful achievement of a human endothelial cell monolayer that persisted for 9 months in the midportion of a Dacron vascular graft.
Three Dimensional Superresolution Fluorescence Microscopy Reveals Protein Stratification in Focal Adhesions

Focal Adhesions (FA) are dynamic structures consisting of large numbers (>150) of different proteins that mechanically link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite the central role of FA in cell migration and the wealth of biochemical and cell biological data on FA proteins, it remains virtually unknown how these proteins are organized within FA. Based on the differential dynamics of distinct FA proteins we previously observed using fluorescent speckle microscopy, we hypothesized that FA proteins may be organized into stratified layers within FA that serve as dissipative elements in a “molecular clutch” to form a regulatable, force-transducing link between the actin cytoskeleton and the ECM. To test this hypothesis, we employed a 3-dimensional superresolution fluorescence microscopy technique, interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (iPALM), to determine sub-20 nm z-axis localizations of several key structural components of FA labeled with photoactivatable fluorescent proteins and expressed in U2OS cells plated on a fibronectin-coated substrate. Within FA, we found that the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, marked by Farnesylated tdEosFP, was localized at ∼20-30 nm from the substrate, in agreement with previous electron miocroscopic analyses. Talin and vinculin, putative force transducing elements of FA, were observed within distinct planes parallel to the substrate, with the highest densities at ∼35, and ∼50 nm above the substrate, respectively. Actin appeared with the highest density at ∼90 nm above the substrate plane, and was largely excluded from area adjacent to plasma membrane up to a height of ∼50 nm. iPALM reveals for the first time the organization of specific proteins within the nanoscale core of the FA. The protein stratifications in FA provide a structural context for the mechanosensing and mechanotransducing functions of FA.
A monomial‐based method for solving systems of non‐linear algebraic equations

A monomial-based method for solving systems of algebraic non-linear equations is presented. The method uses the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality to construct a system of monomial equations that approximates the system of non-linear equations. A change of variables transforms the monomial system into a system of linear equations, which is readily solved. Special properties of the monomial method are identified and their significance is discussed. Invariance properties of the monomial method produce a built-in, self-adjusting scaling of the variables and equilibration of the equations of the linear system. Other special properties can lead to useful bounds on, and invariances of, the conditioning of the linear system. An invariance to uniform scaling is responsible for extremely rapid convergence to the equation surfaces in the initial iterations. An invariance to multiplication of the algebraic equations by a certain class of functions leads to a useful insensitivity to form of the algebraic system. Insensitivity of the monomial method to solutions with negative components avoids meaningless solutiuons of the algebraic system that appear as undesirable by-products of the formulation. A practical engineering design problem is solved to demonstrate the special properties of the monomial method.