cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political journalists and Twitter: Influences on norms and practices

ABSTRACTThis study explores the ways in which Twitter has impacted the norms and practices of political reporters and editors who tweet. In-depth interviews with political journalists at US newspapers during the 2012 presidential campaign indicate that Twitter use has caused substantial changes to daily reporting practices, in part because Twitter is considered more consequential for their job than any other form of social media, including Facebook. Several themes emerged as to how the changes have helped and harmed their ability to report and write stories. However, participants do not use Twitter in ways that suggest a major shift in traditional journalistic norms, such as objectivity and gatekeeping.
Function, mechanism and regulation of bacterial ribonucleases

The maturation and degradation of RNA molecules are essential features of the mechanism of gene expression, and provide the two main points for post-transcriptional regulation. Cells employ a functionally diverse array of nucleases to carry out RNA maturation and turnover. Viruses also employ cellular ribonucleases, or even use their own in their reproductive cycles. Studies on bacterial ribonucleases, and in particular those from Escherichia coli, are providing insight into ribonuclease structure, mechanism, and regulation. Ongoing biochemical and genetic analyses are revealing that many ribonucleases are phylogenetically conserved, and exhibit overlapping functional roles and perhaps common catalytic mechanisms. This article reviews the salient features of bacterial ribonucleases, with a focus on those of E. coli, and in particular, ribonuclease III. RNase III participates in a number of RNA maturation and RNA decay pathways, and is regulated by phosphorylation in the T7 phage-infected cell. Plasmid and phage RNAs, in addition to cellular transcripts, are RNase III targets. RNase III orthologues occur in eukaryotic cells, and play key functional roles. As such, RNase III provides an important model with which to understand mechanisms of RNA maturation, RNA decay, and gene regulation.
Isolation and partial characterization of a non-thionein, zinc-binding protein from the liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)☆

Abstract 1. A Zn-binding protein (ZBP) was induced in the liver of Donaldson strain rainbow trout by 7 mg/kg i.p. injections of divalent Zn ions. ZBP synthesis was inhibited (74%) by cycloheximide. 2. ZBP had a minimum molecular weight of 16,900 and was composed of two subunits with apparent molecular weights of 9650 and 6050. 3. Purified ZBP contained 4% phenylalanine, 4% isoleucine, 5–6% leucine and 3.48% Zn. Each protein molecule bound nine Zn atoms and contained at least four sulfhydryl groups. 4. Molecular weight, two subunits and the presence of aromatic amino acids suggested that ZBP was not metallothionein.
The mental health needs of children and adolescents.

THE MENTAL HEALTH needs of children and adolescents cannot be met by any one discipline or specialty. As we examine the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP) position statement, it becomes clear that there is a vision shared by both advanced practice psychiatric nurses and pediatric nurse practitioners. The synergism between these two specialties holds the potential for increasing networks and resources; enhancing knowledge and skills; and having more innovation in clinical practice, research, and education related to the mental health of children and adolescents. Everyone gains in such a collaborative relationship —pediatric nurse practitioners, advanced practice psychiatric nurses, and most importantly, our clients. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) have provided care for children and their families for more than 40 years, especially in underserved communities. The PNP's role includes providing care with a holistic approach to children and their families,with emphasis in areas such as anticipatory guidance; growth and development; immunizations; early intervention; screening; prevention; and treatment of physical, mental, behavioral, and emotional disorders. In the last several years, particular attention has been given to the child and adolescent mental and behavioral health areas. As national chair of the Keep your Child Safe and Secure Program, Bernadette
The suitability of hemolyzed specimens for compatibility testing using automated technology

BACKGROUND: Blood banks have historically rejected hemolyzed specimens for ABO type and antibody screen based on concerns of artifactual interference with test performance or the detection of incompatibility. Samples from emergency departments (EDs) are commonly discarded due to hemolysis or mislabeling. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study investigated whether hemolysis produced via experimental mechanical stress has a threshold for introducing discrepancy in ABO-Rh typing and antibody screening using an automated gel testing system (ProVue, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.). RESULTS: Twenty-three samples from healthy subjects were shown to have threshold supernatant hemoglobin (Hb) levels producing discrepancy in the results for both ABO reverse type and antibody screen at 75 and 125 mg per dL, respectively. Above these levels of Hb, both tests became uninterpretable and reported as “no result determined.” Twenty of 31 positive antibody screens became uninterpretable after experimental hemolysis without any threshold supernatant Hb being evident, likely explained by the duration of specimen storage before experimental hemolysis. No false-positive or false-negative samples were observed in the antibody screen of the hemolyzed specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Properly collected hemolyzed specimens present an opportunity for ABO-Rh forward typing, and a significant proportion of such specimens give valid (concordant) results for reverse type and antibody screen. Our data, although device-specific, are adequate to suggest that sample discard and recollection due to hemolysis in blood bank specimens should be reconsidered with potential benefits for patient safety and efficiency.
Corrosion of Type 7075-T73 Aluminum in a 10% HNO 3 + Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Deoxidizer Solution

Localized corrosion damage in Type 7075-T73 aluminum was investigated for a HNO3 + Fe2(SO4)3 deoxidizer solution which is frequently used for surface pretreatment prior to anodizing. The corrosion damage was quantified in the time domain using the electrochemical noise resistance (Rn) and in the frequency domain using the spectral noise impedance (Rsn). The Rsn was derived from an equivalent electrical circuit model that represented the corrosion cell implemented in the present study. These data are correlated to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations and corresponding statistical analysis based on digital image analysis of the corroded surfaces. Other data used to better understand the corrosion mechanisms include the open circuit potential (OCP) and coupling-current time records. Based on statistical analysis of the pit structures for 600 and 1200 s exposures, the best fit was achieved with a 3-paramater lognormal distribution. It was observed for the 1200 s exposure that a small population of pits continued to grow beyond a threshold critical size of 10 μm. In addition, significant grain boundary attack was observed after 1200 s exposure. These data are in good agreement with the electrochemical data. Specifically, the Rn was computed to be 295 and 96 Ω-cm2 for 600 and 1200 s exposures, respectively. The calculated value of Rsn, theoretically shown to be equal to Rn in the low frequency limit, was higher than Rn for a 1200 s exposure period. However, better agreement between the Rn and Rsn was found for frequencies above 0.01 Hz. Experimental results on the measurement performance for potassium chloride (KCl) saturated double-junction Ag/AgCl and single-junction Hg/Hg2Cl2 reference electrodes in the low-pH deoxidizer solution are also compared.
Wrong-site nerve blocks: 10 yr experience in a large multihospital health-care system

Introduction Although wrong-site surgery has garnered extensive scrutiny, the incidence of wrong-site blocks remains unknown. Our study thus sought to quantify the incidence of wrong-site blocks and examine some of their associated risk factors in our multihospital health-care system. Methods Using quality-improvement and billing data, we quantified the total number of blocks and wrong-site blocks occurring between July 1, 2002 and June 30, 2012 within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System. The incidence of wrong-site block was determined by block type, hospital, and type of service involved in performing the block. The incidence of wrong-site block was compared with that of wrong-site surgery. Fisher's exact tests were performed to determine associations between the incidence of wrong-site block and any of the aforementioned variables. A root-cause analysis was performed to determine the source of wrong-site blocks after the implementation of a timeout policy. Results Of the 85 915 patients receiving blocks, 70 441 received only unilateral blocks, yielding an overall incidence of wrong-site block of 1.28 (95% confidence interval 0.43–2.13) per 10 000 patients receiving unilateral blocks. The incidence of wrong-site block was highest with femoral blocks, and differed from the incidence of wrong-site surgery. All occurrences of wrong-site block after the implementation of the timeout policy involved policy violations. Conclusions Our study provides the first incidence data on wrong-site block in a large patient population and can help hospitals to develop policies based on these data. It is yet to be determined whether active intervention can eliminate this adverse event.
Trans Fat Survey and Its Implication on the Findings and Recommendations of the Pennsylvania Trans Fat Task Force

As evidence regarding the negative health implications of trans fats continues to mount, some states and municipalities have begun enacting legislation to ban or severely curtail their use. Before enacting similar legislation in Pennsylvania in 2007, the Commonwealth created the Pennsylvania Trans Fat Task Force—a panel of government officials; food manufacturing; foodservice and restaurant industry representatives; academic researchers; health advocates; and public education officials—to research the health effects of trans fats and recommend appropriate courses of legislative/policy actions. During the Task Force's first meeting, it decided that education, not legislation, was the route that Pennsylvania needed to follow. After making that decision, the Task Force decided to conduct a survey to assess Pennsylvania citizens' knowledge of trans fat and determine the content/scope of educational materials to be created. This article discusses the methodology/findings of that survey and the subsequent recom...
Pathway of gluconeogenesis from tagatose in rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Hepatocytes from fasted rats were incubated with a combination of substrate levels of fructose plus tagatose, and either [3-14C]fructose or [3-14C]tagatose. The 14C distribution in the glucose formed was identical, suggesting that tagatose and fructose are metabolized by identical pathways. When these sugars were incubated separately, the rate of gluconeogenesis from tagatose was about half that from fructose.
Technology Commercialization in the Innovation Economy [Guest editor's introduction]

The four articles in this special section focuses on ways in which venture capitalists bring their ideas or new products to the marketplace. Universities, capital venture firms, and corporations alike are increasingly organizing to more explicitly play to their own strengths when it comes to bringing new ideas to market. What launches in a university or garage or incubator now has a better chance than ever of making it to market. In today?s innovation economy?where technology, knowledge, and entrepreneurship are the coin of the realm?the conversation increasingly centers around startups, external partnering, licensing, angel and venture funding, research commercialization, accelerators, open innovation, and so on.
Hopelessness and Lack of Connectedness to Others as Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior across the Lifespan: Implications for Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment.

Abstract The rates of suicide attempts and death by suicide vary considerably over the lifespan, highlighting the influence of different contextual, risk, and protective factors at different points in development (Daniel & Goldston, 2009). Hopelessness and lack of connectedness to others are two factors that have been associated with increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors across the lifespan. The primary purposes of this paper are to describe how hopelessness and lack of connectedness to others may contribute to risk for suicidal behaviors, and to outline empirically supported cognitive-behavioral interventions for these difficulties at three developmental periods during which suicidal behavior is prevalent: (a) adolescence and young adulthood, (b) middle adulthood, and (c) older adulthood. This paper is not intended as an exhaustive review, but rather an overview of selected developmental issues related to hopelessness and lack of connectedness to others as risk factors for suicidal behavior. Special emphasis is given to clinical implications for cognitive-behavioral interventions, which are illustrated through case conceptualizations and examples at each developmental period.
SOME BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THYMUS LEUKEMIA ANTIGENS SOLUBILIZED FROM CELL MEMBRANES BY PAPAIN DIGESTION

Thymus leukemia (TL) alloantigenic activity was solubilized by papain proteolytic digestion from intact RADA1 tumor cells. If the cells were labeled with amino acids and fucose, the TL alloantigen could be isolated as a doubly labeled glycoprotein fragment by indirect precipitation from the papain digest. This TL glycoprotein fragment was approximately the same mol wt as the papain-digested H-2.4 alloantigen fragment as judged by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The carbohydrate chain of the TL glycoprotein obtained by exhaustive pronase digestion behaved as a glycopeptide of approximately 4,500 mol wt, as compared with the glycopeptide of the H-2.4 alloantigen that had a mol wt of about 3,500. Thus, the TL alloantigen can be solubilized by papain digestion as a glycoprotein fragment similar in mol wt to the H-2 alloantigen glycoprotein fragment. The carbohydrate chain of the TL glycoprotein is larger than the H-2 carbohydrate chain.
Thermoregulatory movement patterns of the lizard Podarcis carbonelli (Lacertilia: Lacertidae)

Abstract Using video cameras and motion detection software, we examined sequential positions of the lizard Podarcis carbonelli in a temperature gradient to look for patterns in spatial and temporal thermoregulatory movements. As lizards shuttled between warm and cool areas, their movements were typically slow; punctuated by bursts of speed. The animals were relatively inactive when heating, moved almost continually when cooling, and spent less time heating than cooling. Traditional modeling techniques proved unsuccessful, so we assessed the movement patterns with nonlinear dynamical techniques. The shuttling frequency, and the pattern of velocity changes, both met the qualitative attributes (self similarity, strange attractors, and noisy power spectra) and the quantitative criteria (positive Lyapunov exponent and capacity and/or correlation dimensions less than 5) that suggest deterministic chaos. These movement patterns appear regular, but at unpredictable times the patterns become disturbed before returning to regulation. There are both behavioral and physiological advantages to movements that follow a model of deterministic chaos control.
Phase I trial of irinotecan plus temozolomide in adults with recurrent malignant glioma.

BACKGROUND The authors determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of irinotecan (CPT-11), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, when administered with temozolomide among patients with recurrent malignant glioma (MG). METHODS Patients with MG at any recurrence received temozolomide (TMZ) at a dose of 200 mg/m2/day on Days 1–5 plus CPT-11 administered as a 90-minute intravenous infusion during Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5 of each 6-week cycle. Patients were stratified based on concurrent administration of CYP3A4-inducing anticonvulsants (enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs [EIAEDs]). The CPT-11 dose was escalated in successive cohorts of patients independently for each stratum. RESULTS CPT-11, at doses ranging from 40 mg/m2 to 375 mg/m2, was administered with TMZ to 107 patients. Ninety-one patients (85%) had recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 16 (15%) had recurrent anaplastic glioma. Sixty-eight patients (64%) were given EIAEDs. The MTD of CPT-11 for patients concurrently receiving and not receiving EIAEDs was 325 mg/m2 and 125 mg/m2, respectively. The DLTs were hematologic, gastrointestinal, and hepatic. Fifteen patients (14%) achieved either a radiographic complete (n = 5) or partial (n = 10) response across a wide range of CPT-11 dose levels. Patients with recurrent GBM who achieved radiographic response had a median time to disease progression of 54.9 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The current study built on preclinical observations designed to increase the clinical activity of topoisomerase I inhibitors. CPT-11, administered at full dose levels, was well tolerated in combination with TMZ. Furthermore, durable responses were observed in this recurrent population. Ongoing Phase II studies will evaluate the efficacy of this regimen and its application to other malignancies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Two progressive inhibitors of factor Xa in human blood.

Summary The limited ability of human blood to inactivate human factor Xa was found to be markedly increased in human plasma and serum intensively absorbed by aluminium hydroxide. Using gel-filtration analysis on Sephadex G-200 it was demonstrated that the activity brought about by adsorption resides in the macro-globulin fraction. This fraction, as obtained from nonabsorbed plasma or serum, has low antifactor-Xa activity; it represents a progressive inhibitor of this enzyme, additional to antithrombin III. The increase of inhibitory activity due to adsorption is probably based on removal of a substance associated with macroglobulin in vivo, and on uncovering new binding sites for factor Xa. Whereas antithrombin III and the antifactor Xa of lower molecular size are probably represented by a single protease inhibitor which may be potentiated by heparin, the macroglobular anti-factor Xa is not closely related to antithrombin activity and is unaffected by heparin.
Clothing and Thermoregulation During Exercise

Exercise increases heat production. During exercise in both warm and cold conditions, the major dilemma is the dissipation of the heat produced from muscular activity. The use of clothing generally represents a layer of insulation and as such imposes a barrier to heat transfer and evaporation from the skin surface. In warm environments, additional clothing increases thermal insulation causing more rapid increases in temperature during exercise and imposes a barrier to sweat evaporation. However, clothing can serve a protective function by reducing radiant heat gain and thermal stress. Recent research suggests that neither the inclusion of modest amounts of clothing nor the clothing fabric alter thermoregulation or thermal comfort during exercise in warm conditions. In the cold, most reports do not support an effect of clothing fabric on thermoregulation; however, there are reports demonstrating an effect. Clothing construction does alter thermoregulation during and following exercise in the cold, where fishnet construction offers greater heat dissipation. Future research should include conditions that more closely mimic outdoor conditions, where high work rates, large airflow and high relative humidity can significantly impact thermoregulation.
Abuse-deterrent and tamper-resistant opioids: how valuable are novel formulations in thwarting non-medical use?

Introduction: In recent years, attention has been given to the development of abuse-deterrent and tamper-resistant opioid formulations in light of concern over the growing misuse and abuse of opioids prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain. Areas covered: This critical review discusses abuse-deterrent and tamper-resistant formulations, which may help to overcome concerns of misuse in using opioids for pain management. The role and utility of these novel formulations in clinical practice are outlined, as well as the risks and benefits associated with formulations that are currently available or under development. Expert opinion: Numerous concerns with the integration of these formulations into clinical practice remain, as no product is intended or capable of addressing all types of misuse or abuse. As a result, these formulations should not necessarily be considered preferred agents once available in clinical practice. Moreover, before initiating therapy with abuse-deterrent and tamper-resistant formu...
Tyr-W-MIF-1-induced conditioned place preference

Based on the evidence that Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly NH2 (Tyr-W-MIF-1) produced dose-dependent, mu-opiate agonistic/antagonistic effects, we investigated whether Tyr-W-MIF- exhibited similar properties in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. To examine the opiate agonistic effects on CPP, rats were conditioned with alternating ICV injections of saline and Tyr-W-MIF-1 (0 or 200 microg). This procedure resulted in Tyr-W-MIF-1-induced CPP. To examine the opiate antagonistic properties of low doses of Tyr-W-MIF-1, morphine-induced CPP was challenged with Tyr-W-MIF-1 (0, 25, 50, or 100 microg). Morphine-induced CPP was not affected by Tyr-W-MIF-1 at these doses. These findings show that in the CPP test Tyr-W-MIF-1 produced opiate agonistic effects at the high dose and was without opiate antagonistic properties at lower doses.
The Dicer-TRBP Interface Structure and Implications for Strand Selection During Microrna Biogenesis

Central to the human microRNA (miRNA) pathway of gene regulation is the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is composed of an Argonaute protein bound to a guide strand of single stranded RNA that grants specificity via complementarity to the gene target. The assembly of this ribonucleoprotein depends on the RISC-loading complex (RLC), which comprises the endoribonuclease Dicer, a dsRNA binding protein such as TRBP, and an Argonaute protein.We currently lack mechanistic details regarding the role of TRBP and its homologs in the process of RISC loading. TRBP is known to increase the stability of Dicer and promote interactions between the three protein components of the RLC. An additional hypothesized role for TRBP is to act as a chaperone that shuttles an RNA duplex from Dicer to Argonaute, potentially taking part in the process of strand selection that determines which arm of the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) will be loaded into the RISC to become the guide strand and thus which genes will be targeted.TRBP contains two canonical dsRNA binding domains (dsRBDs) known to bind dsRNA tightly, and a third non-canonical dsRBD that binds instead to Dicer. We used NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that these three domains do not interact with each other. Using X-ray crystallography, we have determined the structure of the Dicer-TRBP interface, revealing where and how TRBP is anchored in the context of the RLC. Subsequent cellular experiments disrupted this Dicer-TRBP interaction to examine the effects of an absent TRBP on the miRNA processing pathway. Together these results shed light on TRBP's role in the poorly understood processes of RISC-loading and strand selection.
The oxygen geochemical cycle: dynamics and stability

Abstract The first and possibly only major rise of atmospheric oxygen, from p O 2 ≤ 0.1% PAL (the present atmospheric level) to p O 2 ≥ 10% PAL, appears to have occurred sometime before 2 Ga ago, although the exact time of and the cause(s) for the rise have been hotly debated. Equally important questions on the atmospheric oxygen concern its stability, especially the mechanisms regulating the atmospheric p O 2 level and the causes and magnitude of p O 2 variations since the first major rise of atmospheric oxygen. Previous efforts to model the p O 2 variation during the Phanerozoic time have typically relied on secondary information, such as the carbon and sulfur isotopic records of sedimentary rocks, and on simple dynamics of the geochemical cycles of O, C, S, and P based on box-type models. As a result, many kinetic questions about the variation and stability of atmospheric oxygen could not have been answered. Here we quantitatively evaluate the dynamics and stability of atmospheric O 2 and CO 2 , using recent experimental data, field observations, and a new model for the C-O coupled geochemical cycles. We examine the change with time in the fluxes of various compounds (O 2 , CO 2 , phosphate, organic C, carbonate C, C-bearing reduced volcanic gases, and C-free reduced volcanic gases) among the various reservoirs (atmosphere, soil, surface ocean, deep ocean, the lower crust and mantle, and upper crust) under a variety of scenarios. Our model does not assume steady-state fluxes for any of the reservoirs. Rather, the model incorporates the kinetic experimental data on oxidation of coal, a proxy for kerogen, the dynamics of soil formation and erosion, the kinetics of decomposition of organic matter in the Oceans by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, the equilibrium ocean-atmosphere carbonate model, the observed relationships among the organic burial flux, dissolved O 2 content of deep ocean, and sedimentation rates, and the three-box model ocean. The important parameters that strongly influence the dynamics of atmospheric O 2 , are found to be (a) the total area of soil formation on Earth; (b) the average soil depth; (c) the average rate of physical erosion of soils, which is linked to the average rate of accumulation of clastic sediments in the oceans; (d) the composition and flux of volcanic gas; and (e) the level of atmospheric CO 2 . We develop kinetic equations linking these parameters to the production and consumption fluxes of atmospheric oxygen and also to stable p O 2 values. Considering the likely ranges of variations in these parameters in geologic history, we suggest that the atmospheric p O 2 level is likely to have stayed within a very narrow range of 0.6–2 PAL and that the entire ocean, except for local euxinic basins, is likely to have been basically oxygenated since the first major rise of atmospheric oxygen more than 2 Ga ago.
Alterations in cellular retinol metabolism contribute to differential retinoid responsiveness in normal human mammary epithelial cells versus breast cancer cells.

The present study was undertaken to compare ROH growth responsiveness between normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), estrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells, and assess whether this responsiveness is correlated with differences in ROH metabolism, particularly RA synthesis. HMECs were markedly more growth sensitive to a physiological dose of ROH than breast cancer cells, exhibiting a significant decrease in cell number by 48 h and >70% decrease by 144 h. In comparison, numbers of MCF-7s were only decreased 32% by 144 h. MDA-MB-231 cells were not affected. However, HMECs and MCF-7 cells displayed similar growth responsiveness to 1 μM RA, while MDA-MB-231 cells were minimally affected. Although the initial rates and extent of ROH uptake were comparable among cell types, ROH levels in HMECs progressively decreased to 20% of the peak by 24 h and ≤10% by 72 h. In contrast, ROH levels in the cancer cells remained relatively constant through 48 h. The decrease in HMEC ROH was attributable to greater metabolism as evidenced by rapid and predominant retinyl ester formation. HMECs also produced ∼5 times more RA from ROH than MCF-7s and ∼10 times more than MDA MB-231 cells. Our results demonstrate that normal HMECs are markedly more responsive to the growth inhibitory effects of ROH than breast cancer cells, and that this responsiveness is associated with greater ROH metabolism including greater RA synthesis. These data suggest that altered ROH metabolism may be a factor in breast cancer progression.
Abstract 1945: A novel self assembled taxane nanoparticles for breast cancer chemotherapy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed form of cancer and a second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States, with an estimated 207,090 new cases and 39,840 deaths since the beginning of 2010. Taxane-based chemotherapeutic agents are extensively used as a treatment for breast cancer and have shown important clinical benefits in both adjuvant and metastatic settings. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is hampered by limitations such as poor water solubility, narrow therapeutic indices and significant off-target toxicities which limit its dose escalations and treatment frequency. Also, current drug delivery strategies often suffer from constraints such as lower potency, low loading, non-biocompatibility/ non-biodegradability and uncontrolled release of the drug. Clearly, there is an urgent need for a paradigm shift in the strategies for the development of drug delivery vehicles for breast cancer management. We propose a novel approach in the design of nanomedicine where an active molecule can self-assemble into a nanoparticle resulting in increased loading, improved antitumor outcome and reduced off-target side effects. Different taxane analogs were attached to cholesterol using an acid labile linker. The self assembly of taxane-cholesterol conjugate was facilitated by phosphatidylcholine and DSPE-PEG to form well defined nano-sized particles. The loading of 10-15 μg/μL of drugs was obtained and sustained release of drugs was observed at pH 5.5 over 48h. In a preliminary cell viability studies, the taxane nanoparticles showed comparable efficacy to drug alone. Next, in order to achieve tumor specific homing of the nanoparticles, we plan to incorporate multiple copies of iRGD peptide on the nanoparticle surface that will bind to αvβ3 integrins overexpressed on the endothelium of tumor vessels and help in effective internalization of nanoparticles. The optimum density of peptides on the nanoparticle surface will be achieved by conjugating the peptide to DSPE-PEG. We believe that this study will not only uncover a novel and most effective nanotechnology-based approach for breast cancer treatment but will also eventually lead to an improvement in the quality of life of patients at minimum cost. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1945. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1945
Determination of Chenodiol Bioequivalence Using an Immobilized Multi-Enzyme Bioluminescence Technique

Measurement of the bioequivalence of formulations of chenodiol, a bile acid which is used for gallstone dissolution, is difficult because its high first-pass clearance results in low plasma levels after ingestion of usual dosages. To solve this problem, a new method was developed to determine the bioequivalence of several chenodiol formulations. The method included the following steps: (1) isolation of all bile acids from serum by adsorption to a hydrophobic resin, (2) elution of bile acids from the resin by methanol, (3) separation of the unconjugated bile acid fraction by an ion-exchange procedure, and (4) bioluminescence measurement of the unconjugated 7α-hydroxy bile acids using Sepharose beads containing co-immobilized 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, diaphorase, and luciferase. The isolation method gave complete recovery, and the bioluminescence procedure was simple, rapid, and sensitive. The peak level of systemic chenodiol occurred 1 to 2 h following oral ingestion and ranged from 4 to 8 μ.M. This method appears superior to previously reported methods for determining the bioequivalence of chenodiol preparations. In principle, the method is suitable for measurement of the bioequivalence of other bile acids provided the appropriate hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is available.
Designing the optimum configurations of circular and spherical product specifications for multiple quality characteristics

As an integral part of tolerance design in the context of design for six sigma, determining optimal product specifications has become the focus of increased activity, as manufacturing industries strive to increase productivity and improve the quality of their products. Although a number of research papers have been reported in the research community, there is room for improvement. Most existing research papers consider determining optimal specification limits for a single quality characteristic. In this paper, we develop the modeling and optimization procedures for optimum circular and spherical configurations by considering multiple quality characteristics. The concepts of multivariate quality loss function and truncated distribution are incorporated. This has never been adequately addressed, nor has been appropriately applied in industry. A numerical example is shown and comparison studies are made.
Do SSRIs play a role in decreasing bone mineral density

Osteoporosis is expected to increase as our population pyramid shifts toward old age. It is associated with increased risk of fractures, leading to complications of limitation of ambulation, loss of independence, and chronic pain. Depression is also a common occurrence in the elderly population. Currently, up to 35% of residents in long term care may experience either major depression or clinically significant depressive symptoms. Selective serotonin receptor inhibitors constitute 62% of all antidepressant drug prescribing. Recently, serotonin transporters have been described in bone, raising the question of whether medications that block serotonin reuptake could affect bone metabolism and ultimately affect osteoporosis-related fractures. Current evidence suggests that depression, particularly in the setting of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors use, should be considered as an addition to the list of risk factors prompting clinicians to evaluate bone health status.
Local feature analysis: a general statistical theory for object representation

Low-dimensional representations of sensory signals are key to solving many of the computational problems encountered in high-level vision. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used in the pa...
Optical Bonding Using Silica Nanoparticle Sol−Gel Chemistry

A simple method is described to bond optical components using silica nanoparticle sol-gel chemistry. The silica nanoparticles polymerize into highly branched networks that link the surfaces together. The nanoparticle mediated bonding has several advantages to currently used optical joining technologies. The bonding is a room-temperature process and does not require any clean room facilities. The bonded interface has a high mechanical strength and low scattering. The bonding is resistant to organic solvents on silylation with hydrophobic surface groups. This method achieves 100% successful bonding rates between soda-lime glass slides. The bond-setting time can be tailored to allow time for precision optical alignment.
Error-prone replication for better or worse

Precise genome duplication requires accurate copying by DNA polymerases and the elimination of occasional mistakes by proofreading exonucleases and mismatch repair enzymes. The commonly held belief that 'if something is worth doing, then it's worth doing well' normally applies to DNA replication and repair, however, there are exceptions. This review describes elements that are crucial to cell fitness, evolution and survival in the recently discovered error-prone DNA polymerases. Large numbers of errant DNA polymerases, spanning microorganisms to humans, are used to rescue stalled replication forks by copying damaged DNA and even undamaged DNA to generate 'purposeful' mutations that generate genetic diversity in times of stress. Here we focus on low-fidelity polymerases from bacteria, comparing Escherichia coli, archeabacteria and those most recently discovered in Gram-positive Bacilli, Streptococcus, pathogenic Mycobacterium and intein-containing cyanobacteria.
Microstructure of glasses: Does it really matter?

Abstract The important microstructural features of glasses - phase separation structures, stones, cord, striae, knot, ream and seed - are discussed from the perspective of their effects on the processing and properties of glasses. Also considered are the effects of melt history on the properties of glasses and a number of applications involving the control of two-phase structures in glasses. It is suggested that further attention be directed to applying our present knowledge of phase separation phenomena to the development of novel products and processes, and also to the development of improved models for the glassy state.
Scale Management and Remote Sensor Synergy in Forest Monitoring

Quickened remote sensing-assisted data-to-decision pathways in forest monitoring and other applications are fragmented with respect to the treatment of spatial scale. While definitions, terminology, and fundamental scale questions are fairly stable, common practices of dealing with the effects of spatial scale in such applications as forest monitoring have remained stagnant for decades. Recent studies are searching for ways to efficiently manage scale so that remote sensing-derived information factors such as reliability and economy may be maximized. Development and research in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence-assisted spatial data processing, high-throughput computing, automated geometric correction, and object-oriented image analysis can be positioned so as to facilitate significantly improved worldwide forest remote sensor synergy. The potential impact of research in automated spatial scale management to this end suggests that it should be computationally integrated with forest remote sensing applications.
Effect of Soy Protein on Calves’ Intestinal Absorptive Ability and Morphology Determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Neonatal calves were fed whole milk (control) or one of three milk replacers with one-third of the total protein supplied by casein, Promocaf (a commercial soy protein concentrate), or an experimental soy flour. Xylose absorption was studied at 3 and 8 wk after a 12-h fast. Urine was collected for 5 h, and jugular blood was sampled at 0, 2.5, and 5 h after administration of xylose. Urinary excretions of xylose at 8 wk were 3.4, 5.3, 7.8, and 21.3% of xylose administered, respectively, for calves fed Promocaf, soy flour, casein, and milk. Increases in plasma xylose 2.5 h after administration were 7.7, 21.3, 31.8, and 46.5 mg/dl. Calves were sacrificed at 12 or 14 wk and duodenal tissues sampled for scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs revealed normal intestinal morphology with long, round, tapering villi when milk was fed. Casein feeding produced shorter, broader villi than did feeding whole milk. Abnormalities included absence of villi and short, blunted, convoluted villi on mucosal surfaces of calves fed soy proteins. Reduced surface area for intestinal absorption probably resulted from villous atrophy in calves with abnormal mucosae. Impairment of absorptive ability appears to be associated with morphological changes in intestinal structure.
Casimir effect as a sum over modes in dissipative systems

The aim of this paper is to show that within the open-system framework the sum-over-modes approach of Casimir leads to the Lifshitz formula for the Casimir free energy. A general result applicable to arbitrary geometries is obtained through the use of Ford, Lewis, and O'Connell's remarkable formula. Additionally, we address the possibility of obtaining the Casimir energy as a sum over complex ``modes.'' We show in this case that the standard sum-over-modes formula must be suitably generalized to avert unphysical complex energies. Finally, we apply our results to several standard examples.
Role of Ca2+ in maintenance of rabbit myocardial cell membrane structural and functional integrity.

Abstract The structure and function of the sarcolemma's superficial layers and the sarcolemma's dependence upon [Ca] 0 was studied in the isolated arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum. Perfusion of tissue for 20 min with 0 Ca ( m ) solution produced a distinctive separation of membrane superficial laminae. These separations were found to be irreversible and associated with an increased cellular 45 Ca content and irreversible contracture when normal [Ca] 0 was reperfused. Perfusion with 50 μ m Ca produced no alteration of membrane structure, contractile function or 45 Ca uptake. 0 Ca perfusion resulted in a 14% mean cellular 42 K loss and this appeared to be independent of superficial membrane separations. Mg supplements in 0 Ca perfusate resulted in membrane separations and contracture intermediate to those of 0 Ca without supplements and 50 μ m Ca; Mg supplements completely protected against cellular K loss. Zero [Ca]-induced separation of superficial laminae correlates with increased Ca permeability and suggests that this membrane region is involved in the control of contractile Ca. Ca ion is also essential for control of K permeability, probably in the lipid bilayer. The importance of the presence of [Ca] 0 to the normal structure and function of these membrane sites is emphasized.
Towards More Effective Intervention in Natural Helping Networks

Fiscal constrains which are promoting a retreat from social welfare programming place increasing responsibility for care on natural helping networks of family and friends. Research hsa identified several characteristics of informal networks which are associated with support such as density, reciprocity, homogeneity, and multiplexity. Professional interventions have also responded to the potential supports available in networks. Professional practice concentrates primarily on self-help groups and the use of key persons in networks. There is, however, little correspondence between research findings and professional approaches to intervention. Little has been done to determine the possible impact of formal service provision on the dynamics of informal networks. More effective intervention in informal networks must consider the limitations of current practice, the development of assessment instruments, and the changes in network structures and processes over time.
Oxidative Stress in Chronic Liver Disease: Relationship Between Peripheral and Hepatic Measurements

Introduction Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. Investigators often measure markers of oxidative stress in peripheral veins as a reflection of hepatic oxidative stress as it is not always feasible to measure oxidative stress in liver tissue. However, it is unknown whether markers of oxidative stress measured from peripheral sites accurately reflect hepatic tissue oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of oxidative stress marker among hepatic tissue, hepatic and peripheral veins and urine.
Bony adaptation after expansion with light-to-moderate continuous forces.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biologic response of dentoalveolar bone to archwire expansion with light-to-moderate continuous forces. Methods With a split-mouth experimental design, the maxillary right second premolars of 7 adult male dogs were expanded for 9 weeks using passive self-ligating brackets (Damon Q; Ormco, Orange, Calif) and 2 sequential archwires (0.016 × 0.022-in copper-nickel-titanium alloy, followed by 0.019 × 0.025-in copper-nickel-titanium alloy). Intraoral and radiographic measurements were made to evaluate tooth movements and tipping associated with expansion; archwire forces were measured using a force gauge. Microcomputed tomography was used to compare buccal bone height, total tooth height, total root height, and buccal bone thickness. Bone formation was evaluated histologically using tetracycline and calcein fluorescent labels and hematoxylin and eosin stains. Results Buccal expansion was produced by forces between 73 and 178 g. Compared with the control side, which showed no tooth movement, the experimental second premolars were expanded by 3.5 ± 0.9 mm and tipped by 15.8°. Buccal bone thickness was significantly thinner (about 0.2 mm) in the coronal aspects and significantly thicker (about 0.9 mm) in the apical aspects over the mesial roots. The tipping and expansion significantly ( P Conclusions Buccal expansion with light-to-moderate continuous forces produced 3.5 mm of tooth movement, uncontrolled tipping, and bone dehiscence, but no root resorption. Bone formation on the periosteal surfaces of cortical bone indicates that apposition is possible on the leading edge of tooth movements.
Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Over the Lifespan: A Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE —It has been argued that the relationship between depression and diabetes is bi-directional, but this hypothesis has not been explicitly tested. This systematic review examines the bi-directional prospective relationships between depression and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A search was conducted using Medline for publications from 1950 through 2007. Reviewers assessed the eligibility of each report by exposure/outcome measurement and study design. Only comparative prospective studies of depression and type 2 diabetes that excluded prevalent cases of depression (for diabetes predicting depression) or diabetes (for depression predicting diabetes) were included. Two sets of pooled risk estimates were calculated using random effects: depression predicting type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes predicting depression. RESULTS —Of 42 full-text publications reviewed, 13 met eligibility for depression predicting onset of diabetes, representing 6,916 incident cases. Seven met criteria for diabetes predicting onset of depression, representing 6,414 incident cases. The pooled relative risk (RR) for incident depression associated with baseline diabetes was 1.15 (95% CI 1.02–1.30). The RR for incident diabetes associated with baseline depression was 1.60 (1.37–1.88). CONCLUSIONS —Depression is associated with a 60% increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is associated with only modest increased risk of depression. Future research should focus on identifying mechanisms linking these conditions.
Soft materials in neuroengineering for hard problems in neuroscience

We describe recent advances in soft electronic interface technologies for neuroscience research. Here, low modulus materials and/or compliant mechanical structures enable modes of soft, conformal integration and minimally invasive operation that would be difficult or impossible to achieve using conventional approaches. We begin by summarizing progress in electrodes and associated electronics for signal amplification and multiplexed readout. Examples in large-area, surface conformal electrode arrays and flexible, multifunctional depth-penetrating probes illustrate the power of these concepts. A concluding section highlights areas of opportunity in the further development and application of these technologies.