cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lag selection and model specification testing in nonparametric autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic models

Abstract The aim of this paper is two-fold: for a nonparametric autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic model, to propose a lag selection procedure; and given a parametric form specified a priori, to develop a model specification test. Both methods are based on a new powerful test statistic developed to check the influence of a lag on the conditional mean function. The asymptotic properties of this test statistic are investigated under the null and local alternative hypotheses. Extensive simulation studies suggest that the proposed lag selection method and the model specification test outperform existing methods for nonlinear models.
Limitations and Unique Complications of Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

With the advent of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) nearly 30 years ago came the availability of potentially curative allografts for patients without living donors. Despite the successes of this therapy, significant limitations as well as unique and enhanced complications are seen as compared to both sibling and unrelated donor transplants, especially as this therapy migrated from children to adults. Nevertheless clearer demonstration as to the limits of UCBT as regards to minimum safe nucleated and stem cell dose and the importance of colony-forming unit growth in vitro is leading to a lower rate of non-engraftment, and the recognition of the consequences of delayed immune reconstitution has led to more effective, preemptive therapy for many infections. Along with the timely recognition and management of several unique UCBT complications such as pre-engraftment and cord colitis syndromes, these advances are leading to improved outcomes. With a lower non-relapse mortality afforded by these advances and enhanced engraftment using ex vivo expansion techniques should come the increased recognition that this form of allografting will continue to have advantages over other forms of HLA-mismatched allogeneic transplantation.
Role of the No-Food Stimulus Duration during Positive Automaintenance

4 pigeons were exposed to a sequence of alternating 2-component multiple schedules. Food was delivered in a 30-sec. component on a variable-time 30-sec. schedule, while the length of the alternate component, in which food was never delivered (no-food component) was systematically increased and then decreased. Key pecking was acquired only when the length of the no-food component was 30 sec. or greater. Increasing the length of the no-food component resulted in an increase in the mean total key pecks per session for 3 out of 4 Ss. Decreases in the length of the no-food component below 600 sec. decreased the frequency of key pecking for 1 S, while supportive evidence of this effect was obtained with 2. These results implicate the length of the no-food stimulus period as a critical parameter in the control of key pecking by stimulus contingent reinforcement.
Deoxypyrimidine Monophosphates Treatment for Thymidine Kinase 2 Deficiency (IN1-2.003)

OBJECTIVE: Autosomal recessive TK2 mutations have been associated with severe depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and devastating neuromuscular diseases in infants and children, and with mtDNA multiple deletions and progressive external ophtalmoplegia in adults. Similar to other mitochondrial disorders, only supportive treatments are available for TK2 deficiency. BACKGROUND: We generated a Tk2 knock-in mouse model that manifests a phenotype strikingly similar to the human infantile encephalomyopathy. We demonstrated that lack of Tk2 activity cause nucleotide pools unbalance with severe reductions of deoxypyrimidine triphosphates (dTTP and dCTP) in brain and liver, leading to reduction of mtDNA copy number. DESIGN/METHODS: To bypass Tk2 deficiency, we administered deoxypyrimidine monophosphates (dCMP+dTMP) to Tk2 H126N knock-in mice by oral gavage from postnatal day 4, when mutant mice are biochemically affected but phenotypically normal. RESULTS: Treatment with dCMP+dTMP, 200 mg/kg/day each, prolonged the lifespan of Tk2-/- mice (mean survival 34 days vs 13 days without treatment). Analysis of 13-day-old treated mutant mice showed normalization of mtDNA copy number as well as mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities and protein levels in all tissues analyzed. Treatment with dCMP+dTMP, 400 mg/kg/day, showed greater clinical and biochemical improvements than 200 mg/kg/day. No adverse effects were observed with both doses of dCMP+dTMP. CONCLUSIONS: Oral dCMP+dTMP supplementation is the first effective and safe treatment for TK2 deficiency in mice. This treatment can potentially be applied to patients. Disclosure: Dr. Garone has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garcia-Diaz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Emmanuele has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tadesse has nothing to disclose. Dr. Akman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tanji has nothing to disclose. Dr. Quinzii has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hirano has received personal compensation for activities with Athena Diagnostics. Dr. Hirano has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.
Cultivating Innovation in an Age of Accountability: Tech-Savvy Leadership.

District and school leaders are uniquely poised to serve as collaborative, innovative leaders. However, the context of current challenges often detracts from implementation efforts. This case describes how district leadership works collaboratively with school administrators through targeted efforts related to professional development, articulation strategies, and identifying challenges and opportunities. Cultivating innovation requires a realization of likely dissonance as competing priorities, such as accountability pressure or leadership turnover, can distract from planned initiatives. Realistic decision-making processes are vital in ensuring collaborative leadership and reflection while embracing change efforts.
Two-phase injected and vapor-injected compression: Experimental results and mapping correlation for a R-407C scroll compressor

Abstract Vapor compression systems in hot climates tend to operate at higher pressure ratios, leading to increased discharge temperatures, higher irreversibilities during compression, lower specific enthalpies differences across the evaporator, and possibly a reduction in the compressor life due to the breakdown of the oil. To counter these effects, the use of economized, vapor injection compressors is proposed for vapor compression systems in high temperature climates. Such compressors are commercially available however an accurate method for mapping single-port injection compressors is unclear. This paper establishes compressor maps for a single-speed R-407C scroll compressor with two-phase injection and vapor-injected compression. A dimensionless-PI correlation for mapping the injection ratio, refrigerant discharge temperature, compressor power consumption, overall isentropic and volumetric efficiencies, and the heat loss ratio for these compressor maps and a variable speed R-410A compressor with vapor injection is presented. The mapping results are compared to the AHRI 10-coefficient polynomial and another proposed correlation.
Some characteristics of genital arousal and discharge in latency girls.

(1972). Some Characteristics of Genital Arousal and Discharge in Latency Girls. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 439-475.
CRT-100.92 Radial Hemostasis Study: A Randomized Comparison of Safeguard Radial and TR Band on Radial Artery Occlusion

Asymptomatic radial artery occlusion (RAO) is a major limitation of transradial catheterization (TRC). Two radial compression hemostatic devices are compared for their effect on RAO. During 2016 in a prospective, randomized, single-center, blinded trial, 320 patients were randomly treated with a TR
Monkeypox Virus Infections

Publisher Summary Monkeypox is an uncommon viral zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV), a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus . MPV is a large, complex, double-stranded DNA virus of the chordopoxvirus family. MPV is endemic in central and western Africa and is a classic zoonosis acquired through contact with infected rodents and squirrels. Observational studies of human monkeypox in central and western Africa have revealed that MPV infection has an incubation period of 10–14 days and a period of infectivity during the first week of rash. MPV enters the body through skin abrasions, the upper respiratory tract mucosa, or by ingestion. During primary viremia, the virus migrates to regional lymph nodes and then disseminates throughout the body. Vaccination with vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine) is highly protective (around 85%) against MPV infection. Post-exposure smallpox vaccination is indicated for persons who are at high risk of MPV infection, including those investigating animal or human monkeypox cases, health care workers caring for infected patients, and laboratory workers who handle specimens that may contain MPV.
BURNING VELOCITIES OF URANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM IN AIR

Measurements were made of the maximum burning temperatures and the propagation velocities along strips of uranium and zirconium foils and wires burning in air. Measurements were made using either a high-speed motion picture camera or a specially constructed two-slit electronic pyrometer. Burning temperatures and propagation velocities were measured as a function of both sample width and sample thickness. It was found that burning propagation velocities could be reasonably well described by a thermal propagation theory similar to one applied to flame propagation in gases. Variation of propagation rates with thickness and width of foil were correctly described by the theory. The results of the study are applicable to the combustion of isoiated pieces of uranium and zirconium scrap but not directly to the more complicated case of the combustion of large aggregates. Some of the additional factors involved in large aggregate fires are discussed. (auth)
Child Abuse; Head Injuries

Abusive head trauma produces the most long-term morbidity and mortality of all forms of child physical abuse and impacts up to 30 infants per 100 000 births. A great deal of the scientific and lay press has focused on the changes in understanding and the purported controversies surrounding this entity. At the same time, the evidence base for a probabilistic analysis of head injuries and related trauma promises to make the diagnosis more objective, nuanced, and accurate.
Thermodynamic Analogy of Mass Transport Processes in Porous Media

Abstract The paper gives a review of the foundations and justification of an analogy between thermodynamics and mass-transport processes. The stochastic theoretical models of porous media leading up to a general statistical treatment of the mechanics of flow through porous media are described. Then it is shown how the thermodynamic interpretation of large mechanical systems can also be applied to transport processes in general and flow through porous media in particular. Important corollaries bearing upon the stability conditions for displacement processes in porous media are reviewed. It is shown that, based on the theories available to-date, a “front” between displacing and displaced fluid is always unstable (i.e., it grows indefinitely).
Double-plasmon broadband response of engineered titanium silicon oxynitride

Titanium nitride is a CMOS-compatible alternative material to conventional metals for plasmonics and metamaterials applications. We demonstrate complete tunability at visible and near-infrared frequencies of the optical dispersion of titanium nitride nanolayers deposited on Si (100) substrates from metallic to dielectric behavior by alteration of reactive magnetron sputtering growth conditions and, via co-deposition, the addition of Si and/or O2 elemental components. The dielectric function and region of metallic character is found to be further modified by post-deposition vacuum annealing. We categorize this dispersion behavior as anomalous due to a distinctive line shape that allows for double-plasmon resonances, which we investigate analytically using Mie scattering theory.
Exploration of Local Sea Level Rise Planning Public Perceptions

Sea level rise (SLR) is a potentially destructive phenomenon to coastal communities, despite uncertainties surrounding its extent, timing, and impacts. Forces driving SLR include climate change and geologic factors, globally and locally. Information available to communities preparing for SLR will likely never be perfect, given the difficulty of planning through uncertain global projections and assessing local conditions. Communities will need to develop SLR plans despite uncertainties, balancing factors such as determining the scope of a plan, assessing funding options, and identifying conflict resolution methods. This study describes a survey assessing the range of public preferences on these three planning factors. Key findings include that public engagement may be effective for overcoming local conflict, that too much focus on government intervention could be divisive, and that there are a wide variety of palatable methods to fund planning and implementation of those plans. This research informs local planning to reduce SLR risks.
From Ius Sanguinis to Ius Agendi: insights from a Hongkonger Ethnolanguaging as Korean

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the complexities of crossing into, and passing as a member of, a national imaginary that conceives of itself through a myth of ethnic homogeneity, or ius sanguinis (‘rig...
Tolerance of woody nursery stock to classic (chlorimuron) and harmony (thiameturon).

Abstract Classic and Harmony applied at rates ranging from 0.009 kg ai/ha (0.008 lb ai/A) to 0.067 kg/ha (0.06 lb/A) provided excellent preemergence and postemergence control of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5 weeks after application to container-grown nursery plants. Classic at 0.034 kg/ha (0.03 lb/A) and 0.067 kg/ha (0.06 lb/A) reduced yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) growth by 50 to 77% 5 weeks after preemergence or postemergence treatments. Harmony did not affect yellow nutsedge from either type of application. ‘Seagreen’ juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.), ‘Blue Pacific’ juniper (Juniperus conferta Parl.) and ‘Bennetts Compacta’ holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) tolerated all rates of Classic and Harmony. ‘Girard's Rose’ (Rhododendron kaempferi Planch.) and ‘Coral Bells’ azale(Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch.), and redtip photinia (Photinia × Fraseri Dress) were initially injured by these herbicides, but outgrew the foliar damage.
Climate Change and Tourism in English-Language Newspaper Publications:

Tourism is one of the sectors of the economy that is most dependent on climate, creating multiple vulnerabilities and new opportunities arising with changing climate. Even though the links between ...
Three-Dimensional Nuclear Assessment for the Chamber of Z-Pinch Power Plant

Detailed three-dimensional nuclear analyses have been carried out for the chamber of a power plant concept that utilizes the Z-Pinch driven inertial confinement technology with a target yield of 3 GJ and repetition rate of 0.1 Hz per chamber. The elliptical chamber concept was modeled with the double-layered Recyclable Transmission Lines (RTL). Thick liquid jets are utilized to breed tritium, absorb energy, and shield the chamber wall. Two liquid breeder options were considered; the molten salt Flibe and the LiPb eutectic (Li 17 Pb 83 ). The chamber wall is made of the low activation ferritic steel alloy F82H. While both breeders have the potential for achieving tritium self-sufficiency, the thermal power is ∼6.5% higher with LiPb. However, a 55% thicker jet zone is required with LiPb to provide adequate chamber wall shielding. A thicker chamber wall is required with LiPb to reduce the nuclear energy leakage below 1%. The chamber wall does not need replacement except for the top part around the jet nozzles. Helium production in the chamber wall protected by LiPb is much lower than that with Flibe. Rewelding is possible only in the lower part of chamber wall below the pool.
A Selective and Brain Penetrant p38αMAPK Inhibitor Candidate for Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders That Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction

The p38αMAPK is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a key node in the intracellular signaling networks that transduce and amplify stress signals into physiological changes. A preponderance of preclinical data and clinical observations established p38αMAPK as a brain drug discovery target involved in neuroinflammatory responses and synaptic dysfunction in multiple degenerative and neuropsychiatric brain disorders. We summarize the discovery of highly selective, brain-penetrant, small molecule p38αMAPK inhibitors that are efficacious in diverse animal models of neurologic disorders. A crystallography and pharmacoinformatic approach to fragment expansion enabled the discovery of an efficacious hit. The addition of secondary pharmacology screens to refinement delivered lead compounds with improved selectivity, appropriate pharmacodynamics, and efficacy. Safety considerations and additional secondary pharmacology screens drove optimization that delivered the drug candidate MW01-18-150SRM (MW150), currently in early stage clinical trials.
Letter writing instruction for children: Case-sensitive letter frequencies in children’s handwriting workbooks

Children’s ability to write letters automatically has been linked to academic achievement. Despite the importance of handwriting, handwriting instruction is often neglected and teachers use inconsistent practices to teach handwriting. Specifically, the frequency that children are presented opportunities to write individual block letters in handwriting workbooks has not been studied. Here, we provide the first case-sensitive letter frequency norms of handwriting workbooks for the English alphabet. We created these case-sensitive letter frequency norms by analyzing a corpus of 11 handwriting workbooks containing 31,164 letter requests. The results suggest that children’s handwriting workbooks may not be optimally designed to promote letter writing automaticity across the letters of the English alphabet. In particular, we found that not all letters are represented equally in workbooks (p < .001). Lowercase letters (n = 24,899) were more prevalent than uppercase letters (n = 6265) and varied by letter. Furthermore, children’s opportunities for writing letters in workbooks were related to letter frequencies in children’s picture books (.938 for lowercase, .638 for uppercase). The fact that a letter occurs less frequently than another one in the English language, however, does not mean that the development of automaticity in writing that letter is any less important. By not providing children with roughly equivalent amounts of practice with all letters of the alphabet, designers of children’s handwriting workbooks may have inadvertently provided children with too little practice with low frequency letters. Future research should more directly address how letter frequency influences the development of handwriting automaticity.
Best Practices in Global Mental Health: An Exploratory Study of Recommendations for Psychologists.

Recommendations for best practice are useful in guiding the ethical and effective practice of psychology. Global mental health, which works to improve mental health treatment and access on a worldw...
BOLD Decoding of Individual Pain Anticipation Biases During Uncertainty

Abstract A prominent model of pain as a predictive cue posits that anticipation shapes pain transmission and ultimately pain experience. Consistent with this model, the neural mechanisms underlying pain anticipation have the power to modulate pain experience thus understanding pain predictions, particularly during uncertainty, may allow us to ascertain measures indicative of intrinsic anticipation biases. Understanding such biases moves way to precision pain management, as it can guide the individualized treatment. To examine individual pain anticipation biases, we applied machine-learning-based neural decoding to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired during a pain-anticipation paradigm to identify individualized neural activation patterns differentiating two certain anticipatory conditions, which we then used to decode that individual’s uncertain anticipatory condition. We showed that neural patterns representative of the individualized response during certain anticipatory conditions were differentiable with high accuracy and, across individuals, most commonly involved neural activation patterns within anterior short gyrus of the insula and the nucleus accumbens. Using unsupervised clustering of individualized decodings of anticipatory responses during uncertain conditions, we identified three distinct response profiles representing subjects who, in uncertain situations, consistently anticipated high-pain (i.e., negative bias), subjects who consistently anticipated low-pain (i.e., positive bias), and subjects whose decoded anticipation responses were depended on the intensity of the preceding pain stimulus. The individualized decoded pain anticipation biases during uncertainty were independent of existence or type of diagnosed psychopathology, were stable over one year timespan and were related to underlying insula anatomy. Our results suggest that anticipation behaviors may be intrinsic, stable, and specific to each individual. Understanding individual differences in the neurobiology of pain anticipation has the potential to greatly improve the clinical pain management.
Occlusion of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Anastomosis-Associated Aneurysms Following Contralateral High-Flow Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass in a Patient with Impaired Cerebrovascular Reserve.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass anastomosis-associated aneurysms are rare sequelae of cerebral revascularization surgery. Although treatment paradigms are not well defined, clipping, trapping with revision bypass, and donor vessel ligation represent the most common microsurgical approaches. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 53-yr-old male presented with cognitive decline, left extremity weakness, and left visual field blurriness. Computed tomographic angiography of head/neck demonstrated bilateral cervical internal carotid artery occlusion and magnetic resonance imaging of brain showed a small right parieto-occipital lobe infarct. The patient's symptoms worsened despite aggressive medical management. Therefore, a right superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass was performed for flow augmentation. Follow-up digital subtraction angiography (DSA) approximately 1 yr after surgery noted 2 new aneurysms adjacent to the patent STA-MCA anastomosis. Perfusion imaging at that time showed persistently reduced blood flow in the left cerebral hemisphere. A left STA-MCA bypass was performed, and intraoperative blood flow measurements showed this to be a high-flow bypass. Follow-up DSA 4 mo later demonstrated involution of the right STA-MCA bypass and occlusion of the anastomosis-associated aneurysms with increased perfusion of the right cerebral hemisphere via collateral blood flow from the patent high-flow left STA-MCA bypass. At 7 mo following left STA-MCA bypass, the patient's neurological examination remained stable and perfusion imaging showed improved blood flow in the left cerebral hemisphere. CONCLUSION We present a unique case in which a high-flow left EC-IC bypass with robust contralateral collateral blood flow was associated with subsequent occlusion of a right EC-IC bypass and 2 anastomosis-associated aneurysms in a patient with bilateral impaired cerebrovascular reserve.
Statewide Seasonal Variations of Infections Within the Intensive Care Unit Among the Trauma Population.

Background Infections within intensive care unit (ICU) are a persistent problem among the critically ill. Viral pneumonias have already been established as having a season variations. We attempt to evaluate the seasonal variations of pneumonia among the traumatically injured and the critically ill. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study among traumatized patients admitted from 1997 to 2017 to an ICU within the state of Florida was performed who were diagnosed with pneumonia. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders. Time periods were divided into seasons: summer, winter, spring, and fall. A subset analysis of geriatric patients (>65 years) was also performed. Results A total of 869 553 patients were identified. The most common viral infection was influenza with adenovirus the least. The most common bacterial pneumonia was Staphylococcus aureus with Bordetella pertussis the least. Pneumonias had a seasonal variation. Compared to summer, winter had a higher likelihood of pneumonia overall (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1.13). This was seen in the spring (AOR 1.04) but not in fall (AOR 1.00). Viral infections were more pronounced (AOR 3.79) in all other seasons, while bacterial showed increased likelihood during winter (AOR 1.05). In geriatrics, pneumonia was again more likely in the winter (AOR 1.22) with both viral and bacterial infections being more pronounced during winter (AOR 4.79, AOR 1.09). Discussion Pneumonias are seen more frequently within the ICU during the winter for the traumatized patient. This held true with the critically ill geriatric population as well. This effect was observed in both viral and bacterial pneumonias.
Topological Information Content and Expressiveness of Function Models in Mechanical Design

In this paper, two approaches for computing the topological information content of function models in mechanical engineering design are developed and compared. Previously, a Metric for computing information content of functions and flows within function models metric for computing information content of functions and flows within function models was proposed. Here, this metric is evolved to include the information contained in the connections between flows and functions in a function model. The first approach is based on uniform unconditional probability of a flow connecting any two functions within the model. The second approach is based on additional knowledge that the functions and flows in a model have limited compatibility, thereby, reducing the choices for origin and destination functions for each flow. This additional knowledge is represented using a new graphical representation supported by syntactic grammar rules. Both approaches are then applied to an example function model. Comparison between the approaches shows that the inclusion of this additional knowledge increases the expressiveness by reducing the uncertainty associated with function models.
When it's needed most: a blueprint for resident creative writing workshops during inpatient rotations.

Narrative Medicine may mitigate physician burnout by increasing empathy and self-compassion, and by encouraging physicians to deeply connect with patient stories/experiences. However, Narrative Medicine has been difficult to implement on hectic inpatient teaching services that are often the most emotionally taxing for residents. To evaluate programmatic and learner outcomes of a novel narrative medicine curriculum implementation during inpatient medicine rotations for medical residents. Programmatic outcomes included implementation lessons. Learner outcomes included preliminary understanding of impact on feelings of burnout. Additionally, we developed a generalizable narrative medicine framework for program implementation across institutions. We developed and implemented a monthly 45-min Narrative Medicine workshop on Stanford’s busiest and emotionally-demanding inpatient rotation (medical oncology). Using the Physician Wellbeing Inventory (PWBI, range 1–7; 3–4 = high burnout risk; ≥4, high burnout), we anonymously assessed resident burnout during pre-implementation control year (2017–2018, weeks 1 and 4), and implementation year (2018–2019, weeks 1 and 4). We interviewed program directors and facilitators regarding curriculum implementation challenges/facilitators. Residents highly rated the narrative medicine curriculum, and the residency program renewed the course for 3 additional years. We identified success factors for programmatic success including time neutrality, control of session, learning climate, building trust, staff partnership, and facilitators training. During control year, resident burnout was initially high (n = 16; mean PBWI = 3.0, SD: 1.1) and increased by the final week (n = 15; PBWI = 3.4, SD: 1.6). During implementation year, resident burnout was initially similar (n = 13; PBWI = 3.1, SD: 1.9) but did not rise as much by rotation end (n = 24; PBWI = 3.3, SD: 1.6). Implementation was underpowered to detect small effect sizes. Based on our our experience and literature review, we propose an educational competency framework potentially helpful to facilitate inpatient narrative medicine workshops, as a blueprint for other institutions. Inpatient Narrative Medicine is feasible to implement during a challenging inpatient rotation and may have important short-term effects in mitigating burnout rise, with more study needed. We share teaching tools and propose a competency framework which may be useful to support development of inpatient narrative medicine curricula across institutions.
Synthesis and prostaglandin E2-induced secretion of surfactant phospholipid by isolated gastric mucous cells.

Lipids, particularly surface-active phospholipids, have been proposed to provide an important protective barrier in the gastric mucosa. The predominant surface-active phospholipid in the pulmonary surfactant complex is dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. To determine whether the gastric epithelium synthesizes and secretes this phospholipid, primary cultures of canine gastric mucous cells isolated by counterflow elutriation were studied. During the 24-hour period of culture, the gastric mucous cells incorporated 3H-choline into phosphatidylcholine, with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine representing 13.8% ± 0.6% of the phosphatidylcholine synthesized. When mucous cell preparations with greater chief cell contamination were studied, they incorporated significantly less precursor into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Administration of prostaglandin E2, a cytoprotective agent, to the cultured mucous cells for 1 hour led to a significant increase in phosphatidylcholine release, reaching a maximum of 120.4% ± 4.2% (P
Transnational Perspectives Regarding the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

Most first-year civil procedure books introduce the student early on to the differences between the civil law and common law systems. Professors have to avoid overstating the distinction. The traditional mantra that the civil law is “inquisitorial” and the common law is “adversarial” is no longer accurate. Today it is not possible to speak simply of these stereotypes as either dominant or distinct approaches to procedure in many countries. The two systems have increasingly influenced each other, and have, in turn, been influenced by other systems and traditions. Thus, it is necessary, early in the course when the civil versus common law distinction is made, to refer to transnational legal perspectives.The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which govern the structure of American civil proceedings, reflect distinctive American features like notice pleading, single-event trials with live testimony, broad discovery, a central role for counsel, liberal joinder and aggregation devices, and promotion of settlement. Civil law procedure differs on these points, and the differences can help students to appreciate, or question, the policies reflected in the Federal Rules. The American Law Institute, in conjunction with the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), has issued Principles and Rules of Transnational Civil Procedure which attempt to identify fundamental principles for transnational commercial litigation. Relevant portions of these rules are examined in this article. Reference to the principles underlying these rules can aid in students’ understanding of the workings of civil procedure.
Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification Franz Kafka's Solution to Illegal Immigration

In last summer's debate over immigration reform, Congress treated a national electronic employment eligibility verification (EEV) system as a matter of near consensus. Intended to strengthen internal enforcement of the immigration laws, electronic EEV is an Internet-based employee vetting system that the federal government would require every employer to use.Broad immigration reform failed before Congress thoroughly considered national EEV, but the lines of debate have been drawn. Advocates in Congress will try to attach a nationwide worker registration system to any immigration bill Congress considers, and the Bush administration recently announced steps to promote such a system.A mandatory national EEV system would have substantial costs yet still fail to prevent illegal immigration. It would deny a sizable percentage of law-abiding American citizens the ability to work legally. Deemed ineligible by a database, millions each year would go pleading to the Department of Homeland Security and the Social Security Administration for the right to work. By increasing the value of committing identity fraud, EEV would cause that crime's rates to rise.Creating an accurate EEV system would require a national identification (ID) system, costing about $20 billion to create and hundreds of millions more per year to operate. Even if it were free, the country should reject a national ID system. It would cause law-abiding American citizens to lose more of their privacy as government records about them grew and were converted to untold new purposes. "Mission creep" all but guarantees that the federal government would use an EEV system to extend federal regulatory control over Americans' lives even further.
Gibbs ensembles for incompatible dependency networks.

In most statistical applications, the Gibbs sampler is the method of choice for inference regarding conditionally specified distributions that are compatible. Compatibility ensures that a unique Gibbs distribution exists. For machine learning of complex models such as dependency networks, the conditional models are sometimes incompatible. In this paper, we review an ensemble approach using the Gibbs sampler as the base procedure. A Gibbs ensemble consists of many joint distributions resulting from different scan orders of the same conditional model, and the solution is a weighted sum of the ensemble. The algorithm is scalable and can handle large data sets of high dimensionality. The proposed approach provides joint distributions that conform with the conditional specifications better than the solutions obtained by linear programming and by a fixed-scan Gibbs sampler alone. Owing to incompatibility, the invariant distribution of a Gibbs sampler is scan-order dependent. A Gibbs ensemble is the collection of joint distributions estimated from the Gibbs samples of different scan orders. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:478–485. doi: 10.1002/wics.1273 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Occult ovarian tumors in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy.

PURPOSE: To review the findings at prophylactic oophorectomy of a series of women who presented to a familial breast and ovarian cancer clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from medical charts, operative notes, and pathology reports were collected on women who had undergone prophylactic oophorectomies because of the elevated risk of ovarian cancer. Because only a subset of patients underwent BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing, each patient’s risk of hereditary predisposition was calculated using the Berry-Parmigiani model and family history data. RESULTS: From June 1989 to December 1998, 50 women seen at our clinic underwent prophylactic oophorectomy, 33 of whom had a calculated risk of carrying a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation greater than 25%. Among this group, four incidental tumors were found (four of 33, or 12%); one tumor was noted at the time of surgery and three were noted only in the final pathology. Two patients had microscopic, poorly differentiated serous adenocarcinomas in multiple sites on both ovarie...
Regional climate impact of aerosols emitted by transportation modes and potential effects of policies on demand and emissions

The transportation system is one of the main sectors with significant climate impact. In the U.S. it is the second main emitter of carbon dioxide. Its impact in terms of emission of carbon dioxide is well recognized. But a number of aerosol species have a non-negligible impact. The radiative forcing due to these species needs to be quantified. A radiative transfer code is used. Remote sensing data is retrieved to characterize different regions. The radiative forcing efficiency for black carbon are 396 ± 200 W/m2/AOD for the ground mode and 531 ± 190 W/m2/AOD for the air transportation, under clear sky conditions. The radiative forcing due to contrail is 0.14 ± 0.06 W/m2 per percent coverage. Based on the forcing from the different species emitted by each mode of transportation, policies may be envisioned. These policies may affect demand and emissions of different modes of transportation. Demand and fleet models are used to quantify these interdependencies. Depending on the fuel price of each mode, mode shifts and overall demand reduction occur, and more fuel efficient vehicles are introduced in the fleet at a faster rate. With the introduction of more fuel efficient vehicles, the effect of fuel price on demand is attenuated. An increase in fuel price of 50 cents per gallon, scaled based on the radiative forcing of each mode, results in up to 5% reduction in emissions and 6% reduction in radiative forcing. With technologies, significant reduction in climate impact may be achieved.
Book Review: Disability in Local and Global Worlds

Authors: Benedicte Ingstad & Susan Reynolds Whyte (Eds.) Reviewer : Michael Stein Publisher : University of California Press, 2007 Paperback, ISBN: 978-0-520-24617-1, 324 pages Cost: Paperback, $21.95 USD
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a patient with postural tachycardia syndrome

A patient with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy while undergoing elective surgery. Based on experimental data, we hypothesize that POTS may have predisposed our patient to this disorder and suggest possible modifications in management.
Collateral circulation of the head and neck in living dogs.

Abstract 1. 1. In living animals with normal blood flow, vessel tone, and blood pressure, Renografin gives an accurate picture of the distribution of the external carotid artery. 2. 2. After unilateral ligation of the external carotid artery in living dogs, the ipsilateral internal carotid artery was the source of collateral circulation. There was a reversal in the direction of blood flow in the external carotid artery at a point distal to the site of ligation. 3. 3. Following unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery, the opposite intact external carotid artery failed to act as the source of collateral circulation. This would seem to rule out the common belief that unilateral ligation of the external carotid artery is compensated for by anastomoses with the opposite intact external carotid artery.
The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope Far-Ultraviolet Spectral Atlas of Wolf-Rayet Stars

During the 1995 March, 16 day Astro-2 mission of the Astro Space Shuttle observatory, we obtained far-UV spectra of the four WN stars WR 6 (WN5), WR 134 (WN6), WR 24 (WN7+a), and WR 40 (WN8) with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT). These data, extending from 820 to 1840 A at a resolution of ~3 A, form the basis for the first systematic exploration of Wolf-Rayet star spectra from 1150 A to the Lyman limit. We identify the prominent emission lines in this spectral region and discuss their changes along the WN sequence. The spectrum of HD 5980, a former WN3 + WN4.5 SMC binary recently recognized as a luminous blue variable, is classified WN6/WN8 in the UV using the WN sequence. A previously unpublished spectrum of WR 48 (WC6 + O9.5 I), obtained with HUT during the 1990 December Astro-1 mission, allows for a comparison of the WN sequence with one WC spectrum.
High heat applications for Elix 300® modified rigid PVC in injection moulding, extrusion, calandering and blow moulding

Etude en fonction de la valeur de K du PVC des proprietes de melanges de PVC avec des resines ELIX 300 constituees d'un terpolymere styrene choc-anhydride maleique: amelioration de la resistance a la deformation thermique et de la resistance au choc, conservation de la resistance chimique et des caracteristiques d'inflammabilite
In Vivo Thyroxine Release in Day-Old Cockerels in Response to Acute Stimulation by Mammalian and Avian Pituitary Hormones

Thyroxine (T4) level in the blood of newly hatched cockerels were measured at different times after the injection of bovine thyrotropin. A linear response to increasing doses of mammalian thyrotropin was seen when a two-injection protocol was used with a fifteen-hour interval between injections. Blood T4 levels peaked 5 hr after the second injection and declined thereafter. This response was shown to be highly specific for thyrotropin from both mammalian and avian sources; gonadotropins, prolactin, and growth hormone had negligible activity, although the last two hormones were able to synergise with thyrotropin under certain circumstances to augment the response. Experiments conducted at different times of day indicated that diurnal fluctuations in the response of the thyroid to exogenous thyrotropins may exist. As a result, animals were injected and bled at the same time of day in all subsequent experiments. Under these circumstances, in vivo thyroxine release in cockerels appears to be precise, simple, and sensitive bioassay for thyrotropin. This bioassay can be used to demonstrate that thyrotropin purified from ostrich pituitaries is distinct from gonadotropin and active in an avian species.
Energetic Particle Abundances as Probes of an Interplanetary Shock Wave

We examine the unique abundance variations of Fe/O and He/H in solar energetic particles from a W09 event of 2001 April 10, that have leaked through the flank of an interplanetary shock launched from W04 on April 9. Shock waves from both events reach the Wind spacecraft on April 11. During the second event, both Fe/O and He/H begin at low values and rise to maxima near the time of passage of the shock waves, indicating greater scattering for the species with the highest rigidity at a given velocity. Strong modulation of Fe/O suggests preferential scattering and trapping of Fe by the wave spectrum near and behind the intermediate shock. A significant factor may be the residual proton-generated waves from the very hard proton spectrum accelerated by the early shock wave prior to the onset of the second event. Thus, ion abundances from the later event probe the residual wave spectrum at the earlier shock.
Potential inhibitors of colon carcinogenesis

This paper deals with two categories of inhibitory processes which diminish the neoplastic effects of chemical carcinogens on the host. The first involves a group of antioxidants. Intake of these compounds by the host will inhibit the neoplastic response to a substantial variety of chemical carcinogens. Included are BHA and BHT, two antioxidants extensively used as food additives. The second relates to the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Induction of increased activity of this system protects against a diverse group of chemical carcinogens. The nature and quantity of diet consumed are of considerable importance in determing the activity of at least certain reactions of the mixed-function oxidase system metabolizing chemical carcinogens in the small intestine. In terms of interpreting epidemiological data, as well as in determining elements in the environment of benefit to the host, it is important to take into account inhibitors and inhibitory systems of chemical carcinogenesis.
Thermohydrodynamic analysis of fluid film bearings for cryogenic applications

A thermohydrodynamic analysis and computer program for prediction of the static and dynamic force response of hydrostatic journal bearings, annular seals, or damping bearings, and fixed arc-pad bearings are presented. The study includes the most important flow characteristics found in cryogenic fluid film bearings such as flow turbulence, fluid inertia, liquid compressibility, and thermal effects. Numerical results detail a comparison of the static performance and dynamic force coefficients for a six-recess hydrostatic bearing and a damping bearingseal for the Space Shuttle Main Engine high-pressure oxidizer turbopump. The calculations indicate that turbulent-flow, externally pressurized bearings support the expected loads with moderate journal center eccentricities and with force coefficients of relevant magnitude for this critical application.
The molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae: A phenotypic perspective

The African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is undergoing speciation, being split into the M and S molecular forms. Speciation is the main process promoting biological diversity, thus, new vector species might complicate disease transmission. Genetic differentiation between the molecular forms has been extensively studied, but phenotypic differences between them, the evolutionary forces that generated divergence, and the mechanisms that maintain their genetic isolation have only recently been addressed. Here, we review recent studies suggesting that selection mediated by larval predation and competition promoted divergence between temporary and permanent freshwater habitats. These differences explain the sharp discontinuity in distribution of the molecular forms between rice fields and surrounding savanna, but they can also explain the concurrent cline between humid and arid environments due to the dependence on permanent habitats in the latter. Although less pronounced, differences in adult body size, reproductive output, and longevity also suggest that the molecular forms have adapted to distinct niches. Reproductive isolation between the molecular forms is achieved by spatial swarm segregation, although within-swarm mate recognition appears to play a role in certain locations. The implications of these results to disease transmission and control are discussed and many of the gaps in our understanding are highlighted.
A fatigue damage model for the cement–bone interface

Loss of fixation at the cement-bone interface can contribute to clinical loosening of cemented total hip replacements. In this study, the fatigue damage response was determined for cement-bone constructs subjected to shear fatigue loading. A typical three-phase fatigue response was observed with substantial early damage, followed by a long constant damage rate region and a final abrupt increase in damage to fracture. All of the damage resulted from creep (permanent) deformation during fatigue loading and there was no loss in cyclic stiffness. Using a Von Mises equivalent stress/strain concept, a general damage model was developed to describe the fatigue creep response of the cement-bone interface under either shear or tensile fatigue loading. Time to failure was highly correlated (r2=0.971) with equivalent creep strain rate and moderately related (r2=0.428) with equivalent initial strain for the two loading regimes. The equivalent creep strain at failure (0.052+/-0.018) was found to be independent of the applied equivalent stress. A combination of the creep damage model (to describe the damage process) with a constant final equivalent strain (as a failure criteria) could be used to assess the cement-bone failure response of cemented implant systems.