cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune Hepatitis and Overlap Syndromes: Diagnosis and Management

Abbreviations used in this paper: AASLD, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; AILD, autoimmune liver disease; ALF, acute liver failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AMA, antimitochondrial antibody; ANA, antinuclear antibody; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AZA, azathioprine; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; CSA, cyclosporine; CVS, cholestatic variant syndrome; DILI, drug-induced liver injury; EVR, everolimus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; IAIHG, International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group; IG, immunoglobulin; LKM, liver-kidney microsomal antibody; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; MA, mycophenolic acid; 6-MMP, 6methylmercaptopurine nucleotide; 6-MP, 6-mercaptopurine; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; OLT, orthotopic liver transplantation; OS, overlap syndrome; PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis; PG, practice guideline; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; RDC, research diagnostic criteria; RIT, rituximab; SDC, simplified diagnostic criteria; SIR, sirolimus; SLA/LP, soluble liver antigen/liver-pancreas; SMA, smooth muscle antibody; TAC, tacrolimus; 6-TGN, 6-thioguanine nucleotide; TPMT, thiopurine methyltransferase; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid; WD, Wilson disease.
Intestinal absorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the rodent: evidence for paracellular absorption

Experiments were performed to define the mechanism of intestinal absorption of dodecyl sulfate (DS), an amphipathic organic anion whose chemical structure resembles that of dodecanoate, a C12 fatty acid anion. With jejunal segments perfused in single-pass fashion in the anesthetized rat, steady-state absorption of DS was concentration dependent, with the apparent permeability constant (P(app)) ranging from 4 to 22 x 10(-5) cm/s. When DS concentration was held constant and net water absorption was induced by decreasing perfusate osmolality, DS absorption increased in direct proportion to water absorption, suggesting absorption by solvent drag via the paracellular route. However, DS absorption continued even when water secretion was induced by a hypertonic perfusate. Consequently, for all experiments, DS absorption could be empirically described as the sum of two terms: 1) absorption in the absence of water absorption (P(app) = 5.6 x 10(-5) cm/s) and 2) absorption induced by water movement [(delta P(app)/delta water absorption) = 0.2 x 10(-5) cm x s(-1) x microl segment(-1) x min(-1)]. In a polarized epithelial monolayer of renal epithelial cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells), DS was absorbed predominantly by a paracellular pathway, as the absorption rate increased threefold when paracellular junction pore size was increased by the addition of cytochalasin D. The calculated apparent radius was 2.9 A, indicating that the cross section of the molecule, not its length, determined the rate of absorption. It is concluded that absorption of DS in the intact animal occurs slowly and mostly via the paracellular route, because the fixed negative charge on the molecule retards rapid passive entry into the enterocyte, as occurs with protonated fatty acids. That absorption of DS persisted despite net water secretion suggests a low level of transcellular absorption across the jejunal enterocyte also occurs.
Radioisotopes applications in industry: an overview

Radioactive isotopes, particularly in the form of radiotracers and radioactive sealed sources, have been used over a broad spectrum of process industries for equipment and process troubleshooting, monitoring, control, inspection, optimisation and many other purposes. Radioisotope-based measurement techniques are best suited for multiphase flow systems encountered in industrial processes, since these systems are opaque and contain a large volume fraction of the dispersed phase. In this manuscript, some of these techniques and their applications are outlined and discussed.
Estimation of the correlation coefficient in a bivariate probit model using the method of moments

Abstract A consistent method of moments estimator is derived for the bivariate probit model when the regressors are multivariate normally distributed. In more familiar settings, the estimator is useful for exploratory work and provides a close starting point for the MLE.
Frequency-Dependent Element Mass Matrices

This paper considers some of the theoretical aspects of the formulation of frequency-dependent structural matrices. Two types of mass matrices are examined, the consistent mass matrix found by integrating frequency-dependent shape functions, and the mixed mass matrix found by integrating a frequency-dependent shape function against a static shape function. The coefficients in the power series expansion for the consistent mass matrix are found to be determinable from those in the expansion for the mixed mass matrix by multiplication by the appropriate constant. Both of the mass matrices are related in a similar manner to the coefficients in the frequency-dependent stiffness matrix expansion. A formulation is derived which allows one to calculate, using a shape function truncated at a given order, the mass matrix expansion truncated at twice that order. That is the terms for either of the two mass matrix expansions of order 2n are shown to be expressible using shape functions terms of order n . Finally, the terms in the matrix expansions are given by formulas which depend only on the values of the shape function terms at the boundary.
Polymer Chains and Baryons in a Strongly Coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma

Abstract Recently there was a significant change of views on physical properties and underlying dynamics of quark–gluon plasma at T = 170 – 350 MeV , produced in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. Instead of being a gas of q , g quasiparticles, a near-perfect liquid is observed. Also, precisely in this temperature interval, the interaction deduced from lattice studies is strong enough to support multiple binary bound states. This work is the first variational study of multibody bound states. We will consider: (i) “polymer chains” of the type q ¯ g g ⋯ g q ; (ii) baryons ( q q q ) ; (iii) closed (3-)chains of gluons ( g g g ) . We found that chains (i) form in exactly the same T range as binary states, with the same binding per bond. The binding and T-range for diquarks, baryons and closed 3-chains are also established.
Power and International Relations: The Rise of China and Its Effects

The study of international relations inevitably involves the study of power relations among major states. But “power” is a Protean term, and there are many types of such relationships. Some are denominated in relative terms and involve constant-sum conflicts among participants. Others take place in arenas in which variable-sum outcomes apply, and the amount of conflict is thereby reduced. But the most important point to understand is that the amount of power that a nation possesses does not dictate its policy or behavior. If sometimes nations act in accord with the amount of power they possess, sometimes they either fail to exert the power they have or seek to act more aggressively than their power would technically permit. In either case, discontinuities and sometimes instabilities flow from the over or underuse of power. Tensions particularly accumulate when an overuser confronts underusers, and no balance ensues. There are two main approaches to the role of power in international relations and both have difficulties. The first has been described as “defensive realism” and is characterized by the work of Kenneth Waltz.1 Waltz has offered a disarmingly simple insight into the regularities of international behavior in claiming that nations have a tendency to “balance” the power of other states. If they do not do so, they may suffer the consequences and may be eliminated from the system. The disposition of nations to “balance” against power, however, is only a tendency. It may or may not occur in concrete circumstances, and it may represent a delayed response to the aggressive behavior of other states. Defensive realism is like weather forecasting. Like weather forecasters, a theorist can predict a 30 percent chance of balancing (or rain) and be right regardless of what actually transpires. Defensive realism may be a useful way of conceptualizing some …
Electromechanical delay and reflex response in spastic cerebral palsy

Abstract Granata KP, Ikeda AJ, Abel MF. Electromechanical delay and reflex response in spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:888-94. Objective: Electromechanical delay (EMD) and reflex response in patients with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) were quantified and compared with those in normally developing individuals. It was hypothesized that the increased muscle stiffness associated with spasticity must make EMD shorter than the EMD of normally functioning muscles. Design: Electromechanical reflex behavior was assessed in a case-control study. Setting: Motion Analysis and Motor Performance Laboratory, University of Virginia, a tertiary clinical referral center and research facility. Participants: A volunteer sample of 12 children diagnosed with spastic CP and 12 age-matched, normally developing children recruited from the local community and clinical services. Results: EMD in the patients with spasticity was significantly shorter than in the normally developing subjects, 40.5msec and 54.7msec, respectively. The spastic group also had greater reflex activity, rate of force development, and antagonistic muscle activation. Knee flexion angle did not influence EMD in either group. Conclusions: Increased biomechanical stiffness in spastic muscle results in abnormally reduced EMD. Reciprocal excitation of antagonistic cocontraction was uniquely observed in the spastic group, but did not explain the reduced EMD. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medical and Rehabilitation
Coexistence of two steinernematid nematode species (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in the presence of two host species

Abstract Interactions between entomopathogenic nematode species with different foraging strategies were examined in the presence of two host species in soil. Based on differences in insect behavior and nematode pathogenicity, we hypothesized that black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), larvae would be more likely to serve as hosts for Steinernema carpocapsae or Steinernema riobravis , whereas masked chafer grubs, Cyclocephala hirta LeConte, would be more likely to serve as hosts for Steinernema glaseri . In the laboratory, the highest mortality of and nematode penetration in A. ipsilon were observed for S. carpocapsae followed by S. riobravis and S. glaseri . In C. hirta , substantial mortality and nematode penetration were only observed for S. glaseri . After combined applications of two nematode species, S. carpocapsae dominated over S. glaseri in A. ipsilon , whereas S. glaseri and S. riobravis shared the host resources. In C. hirta , S. glaseri outcompeted each of the other species. In the greenhouse, containers with turfgrass were inoculated with S. glaseri , S. carpocapsae , or S. riobravis , or combinations of S. glaseri with either S. carpocapsae or S. riobravis . Four days later, each container received seven A. ipsilon and nine C. hirta larvae, and new insects were added at 30-day intervals. The densities of infective juvenile nematodes were monitored over 150 days by taking soil samples from each container. In the single species treatments, numbers of S. carpocapsae and S. riobravis increased after 30 days, decreased thereafter and remained low. Steinernema glaseri numbers fluctuated between low and high densities. In the combination of S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae , both species were depressed compared with the single species treatment. In the combination of S. glaseri and S. riobravis , both species coexisted and showed parallel fluctuations but S. glaseri dominated numerically. Our observations indicate that two entomopathogenic nematode species may successfully coexist in an area by having different foraging strategies that separate nematode species spatially, exhibiting host specificity, and occupying a different niche. In the field, patchy distribution and alternate hosts may also support nematode coexistence.
Toll-Like Receptor-4 Mediates Vascular Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Diet-Induced Obesity

Vascular dysfunction is a major complication of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. The current studies were undertaken to determine whether inflammatory responses are activated in the vasculature of mice with diet-induced obesity, and if so, whether Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4), a key mediator of innate immunity, contributes to these responses. Mice lacking TLR4 (TLR4−/−) and wild-type (WT) controls were fed either a low fat (LF) control diet or a diet high in saturated fat (HF) for 8 weeks. In response to HF feeding, both genotypes displayed similar increases of body weight, body fat content, and serum insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) levels compared with mice on a LF diet. In lysates of thoracic aorta from WT mice maintained on a HF diet, markers of vascular inflammation both upstream (IKKβ activity) and downstream of the transcriptional regulator, NF-κB (ICAM protein and IL-6 mRNA expression), were increased and this effect was associated with cellular insulin resistance and impaired ins...
From concept to standard-of-care? Review of the clinical experience with automated external defibrillators

There is now both national and international acceptance of the "principle of early defibrillation," which contends that whoever arrives first at the scene of a cardiac arrest should have a defibrillator. The almost revolutionary technological event that permits widespread implementation of this principle has been the development of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). The simplicity, accuracy, and safety of these devices markedly expands the range of people who can deliver early defibrillation, which includes minimally trained emergency personnel, lay and community responders, and family members of high-risk patients. Even though AEDs now approach the status of "standard of care," the AED, as an example of a new technology, has not followed the classic technology paradigm: conceptualization, experimentation, dissemination, and standard of care. Instead, like many other technical innovations in emergency medicine, the development of AEDs proceeded simultaneously on many fronts, and implementation often occurred before confirmation of important subissues. AEDs may experience the life cycle of many new ideas: initial enthusiasm and widespread adoption, followed by disillusionment and rejection, and finally a mature, proper perspective. Careful implementation and continued evaluation may help emergency personnel avoid periods of disillusionment with AEDs and move steadily and uneventfully to a proper perspective.
Optimality properties and performance analysis of co-operative time-reversal communication in wireless sensor networks

The properties and performance of a technique, called time reversal, for co-operative communication on power-constrained wireless sensor networks are studied. A brief discussion of the optimality properties of this approach is presented, and performance is studied experimentally via a simulated indoor environment containing multiple wireless sensors. Using numerical simulation, the behaviour of the peak power received at a target sensor as a function of the number of co-operating transmitting sensors as well as the level of transmitted signal distortion and timing synchronisation errors, is studied. The simulation results demonstrate that, subject to some rather stringent synchronisation requirements, time reversal is an effective generalisation of beamforming that provides an efficient basis for co-operative communication on broadband multipath channels.
Empire, the Indian Diaspora, and the Place of the Universal

This essay argues that the experience of diaspora compels a constitutive reckoning with the conceptual category of the universal. Reflecting on Sunil Bhatia's American Karma and Radika Mohanram's Imperial White (which respectively deal with the contemporary Indian diaspora and the nineteenth-century "British diaspora"), the essay explores the extent to which the formulation of "white Britishness" in the colonies, as well as the self-representation of diasporic Indians both in Gandhi's time and in suburban Connecticut today, have variously hinged on the liberal ideal of the abstract universal subject and its role in positioning diasporic subjects. The essay explores how the reciprocal self-definitions that emerge in these different diasporas render the "universal" a more weighted term.
Standard industrial classification code index to the U.S. Bureau of the Census: Current industrial reports

Abstract A brief introduction precedes an index to an otherwise inaccessible governmental report series.
Chemistry: a catalytic knight's move.

The reactivity of inert hydrocarbons can be transformed by a catalytic double act. With the ability to manipulate the lengths of the resulting carbon chains, this development opens up fresh vistas.
Multiscale analysis of liquid lubrication trends from industrial machines to micro-electrical-mechanical systems.

An analytic multiscale expression is derived that yields conditions for effective liquid lubrication of oscillating contacts via surface flow over multiple time and length scales. The expression is a logistics function that depends on two quantities, the fraction of lubricant removed at each contact and a scaling parameter given by the logarithm of the ratio of the contact area to the product of the lubricant diffusion coefficient and the cycle time. For industrial machines the expression confirms the need for an oil mist. For magnetic disk drives, the expression predicts that existing lubricants are sufficient for next-generation data storage. For micro-electrical-mechanical systems, the expression predicts that a bound + mobile lubricant composed of tricresyl phosphate on an octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer will be effective only for temperatures greater than ∼200 K and up to ∼MHz oscillation frequencies.
A logit analysis of vehicle emissions using inspection and maintenance testing data

Abstract Many states use vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs to identify high polluting vehicles and ensure that they operate in accordance with standards. While I/M programs are generally regarded as a valuable means to curb urban air pollution, they have been often criticized for their cost-ineffectiveness. One criticism has been centered on the blanket approach that requires all vehicles within the program boundaries to participate regardless of their emission conditions. This paper explores the basis for a selective sampling of vehicles most likely to be pollution violators. Using I/M testing data from Portland, Oregon, it estimates logit equations for the likelihood of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission violations given a set of vehicle characteristics. The results indicate that vehicle age, engine size, and odometer reading all play a significant role in determining the probability of emission test failure.
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia in a patient with the 9p- syndrome

We describe a newborn infant with 9p- syndrome and nonketotic hyperglycinemia. This unusual occurrence may not have been coincidental and suggests that there may be a gene for nonketotic hyperglycinemia located on the short arm of chromosome 9.
Autoantibody production in lpr/lpr gld/gld mice reflects accumulation of CD4+ effector cells that are resistant to regulatory T cell activity.

Abstract In Fas/FasL-deficient mice anti-chromatin Ab production is T cell dependent and is not apparent until after 10 weeks of age. Early control of anti-chromatin antibodies may be due to the counterbalancing influence of Treg cells. Here we show that Treg cells block lpr/lpr gld/gld Th cells from providing help to anti-chromatin B cells in an in vivo transfer system. Interestingly, the percentage and absolute numbers of Foxp3 + Treg cells is elevated in BALB/c- lpr/lpr gld/gld mice and increases with age compared to BALB/c mice. The majority of Foxp3 expression is found in the B220 − CD4 + T cell population, and Foxp3-expressing cells are localized in the splenic PALS (periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath). Strikingly, although the lack of functional Fas/FasL does not affect the ability of Treg cells to block Th cell proliferation, Treg cells can block the IFN-γ differentiation of Th cells from BALB/c or young BALB- lpr/lpr gld/gld mice but not of pre-existing Th1 cells from older BALB/c- lpr/lpr gld/gld mice. Thus, we suggest autoantibody production is not caused by the lack of Treg cells but by a defect in activation-induced cell death that leads to the accumulation of T effector cells that are resistant to regulatory T cell activity.
The modulo 2 structure of rank 3 permutation modules for odd characteristic symplectic groups

This paper studies the permutation representation of the symplectic group Sp(2m,Fq), where q is odd, on the 1-spaces of its natural module. The complete submodule lattice for the modulo l reduction of this permutation module is known for all odd primes l not dividing q. In this paper we determine the complete submodule lattice for the mod2 reduction. Similar results are then obtained for the orthogonal group O(5,Fq).
A classic hydrodynamic analysis of larval settlement.

![Graphic][1] Per R. Jonsson writes about D. J. Crisp's 1955 publication on the behaviour of barnacle cyprids in relation to water movement over a surface. Dennis Crisp began his academic education in Cambridge, where he studied natural sciences with a broad coverage in physics, chemistry
Radial distribution of the flow velocity, efficiency and concentration in a wide HPLC column

The use of optical fibers in a fluorescence-detection scheme permits the accurate determination of the radial distribution of the transit time, the column efficiency, and the analyte concentration at the exit of a chromatographic axial-compression column (50 mmID). The results obtained demonstrate that the column is not homogeneous, but suggest a nearly cylindrical distribution of the packing density. The average velocity close to the column wall is 7% lower than along its axis and the HETP 25% higher. The lack of homogeneity of the column packing is another source of band broadening not taken into account in chromatography so far. It causes the apparent HETP derived from the conventional elution chromatogram recorded on the bulk eluent to be larger than the local HETP and the band profile to be unsymmetrical with a slight tail reminiscent of kinetic tailing.
Nonmodal and unstable normal mode baroclinic growth as a function of horizontal scale

Abstract Linear, quasi-geostrophic, Cartesian, spectral models based on Grotjahn (1980) are solved as initial-value problems. The basic-state wind flow includes realistic vertical shear in the form of an upper-level jet but no horizontal shear. Two archetype initial vertical structures are selected. One structure, labeled “connected”, develops strong nonmodal growth (NG). The other structure, labeled “separated”, is intended to approximate better conditions prior to observed cyclogenesis. NG is deduced from growth rates of common growth measures: amplitude, total energy, potential enstrophy, and their components. Significant NG may occur, usually early on, before a solution asymptotes to the most unstable normal mode. This study focuses on how the relative amounts of NG and unstable normal mode growth vary for different scales in both horizontal dimensions. The peak NG in most growth measures is greatest for wavelengths much smaller than the most unstable normal mode wavelength. The peak NG occurs earlier as wavelength decreases consistent with relative phase speed and distance arguments applied to constituent eigenmodes coming into favorable superposition. The peak NG is much less at all wavelengths for a separated trough than a connected initial condition (IC), except for the boundary contribution to potential enstrophy. Also, the connected IC has peak NG at shorter wavelengths than the separated IC. The peak NG occurs at a shorter wavelength for amplitude than for total energy. The connected and separated ICs are shown with the horizontal structure of a square wave and for a wave having initially localized structure along the meridional axis but allowed to evolve in that dimension. The main differences are initially localized waves develop larger meridional scale and commensurately larger growth rates. When the meridional structure is allowed to evolve, transient horizontal tilts appear leading most commonly to zonal mean convergence of eddy momentum. Phase speed differences between the main eigenmodes comprising the total solution primarily explain this result.
Talking about daily emotional events: Psychological well-being moderates the intensity–disclosure link

Abstract The intensity of distressing events predicts people’s disclosure of those events at between-person and within-person levels. Depression symptoms seem to attenuate the within-person relation, but past research has not taken a multidimensional view of depression as a moderator. The authors tested whether two constructs related to depression-general psychological well-being and life satisfaction-account for depression’s moderating effects. In a daily diary study, college students (N = 116) rated the intensity of the day’s most unpleasant event and their disclosure of the event each day for 14 days. Participants completed measures of disclosure tendencies, depression symptoms, well-being, and life satisfaction prior to the diary portion of the study. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed moderating effects of disclosure tendencies and depression on the within-person intensity–disclosure relation. However, when psychological well-being and life satisfaction were entered, depression was no longer a significant moderator, but well-being was. Psychological well-being therefore determines the expression of individual differences in the disclosure of daily emotional events.
Binding of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide to soluble guanylate cyclase as observed with Resonance raman spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectra have been recorded for the ferrous heme of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the only receptor known thus far for .NO. On the basis of the frequencies of porphyrin core sensitive vibrations in the high frequency region of the Raman spectrum, we conclude that the ferrous heme is five-coordinate, high spin, when no exogenous ligands are present. We assign a prominent vibration that occurs at 204 cm-1 in the reduced enzyme to the heme Fe(2+)-proximal histidine stretching vibration. In the .NO bound form of the enzyme, the heme Fe2+ retains a five-coordinate geometry. Assuming that .NO binds to the distal side of the heme, this observation indicates that the weak Fe-His bond breaks when .NO binds. Two isotope-sensitive vibrations are observed in the .NO bound enzyme, one at 1677 cm-1, attributed to the N-O stretching vibration, and one at 525 cm-1, attributed to the Fe-NO stretching vibration. When CO is bound to the ferrous heme, the heme ligation is six-coordinate. From this, we conclude that the Fe-His bond is still intact and that, if cleavage of the Fe-proximal ligand bond is necessary for complete activation of sGC, then CO should only weakly activate the enzyme, which has been shown to be the case. In the carbonmonoxy enzyme, the Fe-CO stretching vibration is observed at 472 cm-1 and the Fe-C-O bending vibration is detected at 562 cm-1. These frequencies are the lowest yet observed for the Fe-CO stretching and Fe-C-O bending modes in heme proteins or model systems with imidazole as the proximal ligand and suggest that there is significant negative polarity in the distal pocket. The negative polarity and the low frequency of the Fe-His stretching vibration may account for the very low O2 affinity of sGC.
Morphology of the pupal heart, adult heart, and associated tissues in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

The early pupal heart of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has recently been the subject of intense physiological and molecular work, yet it has not been well described, nor has it been compared with the heart of the adult fly. In the work reported here, the hearts of adults and early pupae of D. melanogaster were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The hearts of adults and early pupae both consist of a tube of circular striated muscle one cell in thickness. The alary muscles, which suspend the heart, are more delicate in the adult compared to the early pupa. The pericardial cells in both early pupae and adults are connected to the heart by connective tissue radiating from the alary muscles or dorsal diaphragm. We confirm that four major changes occur in the heart during metamorphosis: 1) a conical chamber is formed de novo in the first and second abdominal segments; 2) the adult heart curves to conform to the contour of the abdomen; 3) a layer of longitudinal striated muscle appears on the ventral surface of the heart; 4) a fourth pair of ostia is added to the three already present in the early pupa; and note additionally that 5) the ostia appear as simple openings in the heart of the early pupa but are valve-like in the adult. J. Morphol. 240:225–235, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antimicrobial therapy. Cost-benefit considerations.

Strategie de traitement par antimicrobiens: etude de la relation entre l'efficacite et le cout pour un meilleur usage des medicaments. Interet des equivalents medicamenteux, des associations medicamenteuses, des formes retards, du choix de la voie d'administration
Formation of grindelane dimers by microbial transformation

Abstract The material balance for the biotransformation of grindelic acid by Aspergillus niger was determined along with the isolation of two novel dimers identified as methyl-8α-hydroxy-grindelate-7β- O -7′β-ether hydrate and methyl-3β-acetoxy-8α-hydroxy-grindelate-7β- O -7′β-ether hydrate. Also identified were the known 19-hydroxy-grindelic acid and the novel 6α,17-dihydroxy-grindelic acid. All compounds were isolated as their methyl ester acetate derivatives. The known 3β-hydroxy-7α,8α-epoxy grindelic acid was the sole product formed when 3β-hydroxy-grindelic acid was used as the substrate for biotransformation.
What does dystrophin do in normal muscle

Received 15 April 1991 Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one of the most common inherited human diseases. Certain facts, however, are now abundantly clear about ifs origin. The gene is located af the Xp21 locus and is subject fo numerous mutations including point mutations, rearrangements, insertions, and deletions (reviewed by Hoffman & Kunkel, 1989). The gene occupies roughly 0.1% of the entire human genome, spanning 2.5 x 106 base pairs. Dystrophin, the product of the gene, is normally expressed af ifs highest levels in skeletal muscle and is absent or reduced in those afflicted with the disease (Hoffman et
Use of the home VCR to facilitate transfer of fluency

Many stuttering clients experience difficulty in transferring fluency observed during treatment back into the home environment. Several explanations for this regression to a priori levels of stuttering are offered. Use of video recording during treatment and subsequent viewing by parents or spouses at home are suggested. Two clinical examples describe how video cassette recorder technology can be employed to facilitate transfer of fluency in suttering clients. It is not uncommon for a stuttering client, who has demonstrated good progress establishing fluency in therapy, to encounter considerable difficulty when attempting to transfer the fluency skills back into the home environment. Some adults who have enjoyed improved fluency at work may fail to achieve similar levels of fluency with their spouse at home. School-age stutterers may be reading aloud more fluently and speaking much better with teachers and classmates, yet maintain near original levels of stuttering behaviors at home with parents. It is ironic that the people who the client is closest to frequently are the last ones to see and hear any real progress. Occasionally, spouses or parents may express their concerns or doubts about the benefits of treatment. Such negative statements may undermind the client’s confidence and have deleterious effects on treatment. Sometimes even innocent inquiries about how much time therapy is taking can cause a client to question himself or herself and effect a setback. In most cases, support from the home environment is necessary for transfer of fluency. In cases where parents report little or no improvement in fluency at home, we have found the use of home video cassette playback machines to be of tremendous value. Two examples of our use of the video cassette recording (VCR) instrumentation are reported. Our first use of the client’s home VCR unit occurred quite by accident. As a 13-year-old stuttering
Why a separate computer facility for computer science education? Experiences at the UW computer sciences teaching laboratory

The University of Washington has supported a dedicated computer facility for its graduate program in Computer Science since 1969; this facility is separated from the central University Computer Center. We have accumulated a reasonable amount of experience in using this laboratory for research and teaching. It is the purpose of this paper to describe our activities and experiences, and how they have affected our graduate program. Our main conclusion is that the separate facility is a tremendous resource from the points of view of our students, the faculty, and the potential employers of our graduates, and well worth the additional cost.
Misfit dislocations and the alignment of epitaxial islands

Abstract Moire fringes in electron images of three-dimensional islands on a substrate are often misaligned. In the past this misalignment has been assumed to be due to rotation of the islands away from the epitaxial orientation. It is suggested that an alternative explanation is possible: misaligned fringes can result from discrete changes in misfit strain which accompany the generation of individual misfit dislocations. The misalignment of fringes predicted on this model agrees with observations made on deposits of copper on nickel.
FREE AMINO ACIDS IN TETRAHYMENIDAE.

SYNOPSIS. Free amino acids in extracts of a number of tetrahymenid genera, species and strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis were separated by a combination of paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9 and descending paper chromatography with lutidine as solvent. Ethanol extracts of ciliates cultured at temperatures of either 15°, 25° or 35°C were used. Relative evaluation of ninhydrin spot intensity was made for T. pyriformis strains WH52, UM226, hybrids No. 25, No. 76, PR, HS and N. Extracts from 15° and 25°C cultures of T. limacis, T. setifera HZ1, T. vorax V2, Glaucoma chattoni A and Colpidium campylum C were analyzed in the same way. Seventeen spots were usually found on all chromatograms indicating the presence of the substances alanine, arginine, aspartic acid/asparagine, cysteine/cystine, glutamic acid/glutamine, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine, tyrosine and valine. No cysteic acid was demonstrable. Cysteine/cystine, histidine, phenylalanine and taurine generally occur in relatively low concentrations or appear to be absent. Those ranked as generally abundant include aspartic acid/asparagine, arginine, serine and threonine. Spot intensities for the remainder of those listed above indicate they were very abundant in most samples. FAA analyses have now been made by us, including those in a previous report, on tetrahymenid ciliates belonging to 3 genera (Colpidium, Glaucoma and Tetrahymena), on 4 species of Tetrahymena (limacis, setifera, vorax and pyriformis) and on 11 strains of T. pyriformis. Although extracts have been compared from ciliates grown at temperatures of 10°, 15°, 25° and 35°C, no striking differences in the qualitative or quantitative composition of the known amino acids in these patterns were observed. It was not possible to establish correlations with serotypes, and no features that might serve as useful taxonomic criteria were observed.
A partial equilibrium model to characterize the precipitation of ferric ion during the leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric sulfate

A partial equilibrium model has been developed and used to characterize the conditions under which precipitation of ferric ion occurs during the dump leaching of chalcopyrite ores. The precipitates which have been considered include amorphous Fe(OH)3, α-FeOOH (goethite), and Na+, K+, Ag+, Pb2+, and H3O+ jarosites. Solution of the model equations makes possible the determination of the concentrations of the solution species during leaching of the mineral. The concentration product for Fe(OH)3 (am) and α-FeOOH was calculated for changing solution concentrations and compared with the solubility product constants to determine when precipitation would be expected thermodynamically. The K+, Na+, Ag+, and Pb2+ concentrations that would be necessary to satisfy the solubility product constants for the corresponding jarosites were calculated for various initial concentrations and varying amounts of O2 consumption.
Tests for Comparing Dependent Correlations Revisited: A Monte Carlo Study.

Abstract A Monte Carlo evaluation of 4 test statistics for comparing dependent zero-order correlations was conducted. In particular, the power and Type I error rates of Hotelling's t; Williams' t; Olkin's z; and Meng, Rosenthal, and Rubin's Z were evaluated for sample sizes of 20, 50, 100, and 300 under 3 different population distributions (normal, uniform, and exponential). For the power analyses, 3 different magnitudes of discrepancy or effect sizes between ρy, x1 , and ρy, x2 were examined (values of .1, .3, and .6). Likewise, for the Type I error rate analyses, 3 different magnitudes of the predictor-criterion correlations were evaluated (ρy, x1 = ρy, x2 = .1, .4, and .7). All of the analyses were conducted at 3 different levels of predictor intercorrelation (ρx1, x2 = .1, .3, and .6). The results indicated that the choice as to which test statistic is optimal, in terms of power and Type I error rate, depends not only on sample size and population distribution but also on (a) the predictor intercorrel...
Bis(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-κ2N,N′)silver(I) perchlorate

At 93 K, in the structure of a new polymorph of [AgL2]+(ClO4)− (L = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) or [Ag(C12H6N2O2)2]ClO4, there is a complete formula unit in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angle between the two phendione ligands is 36.7 (2)°. The geometry about the Ag atom is distorted tetra­hedral. There are short contacts between the perchlorate anion and the phendione ligands [O⋯C = 2.845 (5) A], as well as unusual and different O—C—C—O torsion angles for the two phendione ligands [−21.9 (7) and −5.0 (7)°], which reflects the fact that in this polymorph there is no crystallographically imposed symmetry in the cation.
Mast Cells Can Secrete Vascular Permeability Factor/ Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor and Exhibit Enhanced Release after Immunoglobulin E–dependent Upregulation of Fcε Receptor I Expression

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VPF/VEGF) can both potently enhance vascular permeability and induce proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. We report here that mouse or human mast cells can produce and secrete VPF/VEGF. Mouse mast cells release VPF/VEGF upon stimulation through Fce receptor I (FceRI) or c-kit, or after challenge with the protein kinase C activator, phorbol myristate acetate, or the calcium ionophore, A23187; such mast cells can rapidly release VPF/VEGF, apparently from a preformed pool, and can then sustain release by secreting newly synthesized protein. Notably, the FceRI-dependent secretion of VPF/VEGF by either mouse or human mast cells can be significantly increased in cells which have undergone upregulation of FceRI surface expression by a 4-d preincubation with immunoglobulin E. These findings establish that at least one cell type, the mast cell, can be stimulated to secrete VPF/VEGF upon immunologically specific activation via a member of the multichain immune recognition receptor family. Our observations also identify a new mechanism by which mast cells can contribute to enhanced vascular permeability and/or angiogenesis, in both allergic diseases and other settings.
Concurrent error detection for group look-ahead binary adders

This paper presents an evaluation of the relative merits of two schemes for performing concurrent error detection in group look-ahead adders. One of the schemes is a residue mod 3 check and the other is a parity prediction check. The Boolean statements that define the operation of group look-ahead adders, concurrent error detection and the Boolean difference serve as background for interpreting the results of the study. The Boolean difference is a tool for calculating the "coverage" of elements in a logical network by error-checking schemes. Some weaknesses in prior studies of coverage calculation are brought to light. Tables showingt he number of circuit elements in the various portions of adder and error-checking circuits are given. It is shown that the residue mod 3 check adder is not economical unless the addition operands are already provided with the mod 3 check bits. Thus, a worthwhile comparison of the checking schemes should not proceed without considering the overall data flow checking strategy. In machine organizations with three or more data transfer checks, the parity-checked adder seems to offer a cost advantage.
Geographic information systems: real world applications for computer science

This paper discusses the development and delivery of an upper level computer science elective course in geographic information systems (GIS). GIS applications span numerous and diverse fields, but it is computer science that holds the key to the understanding and development of the underlying spatial database and programming for custom applications. Here the authors discuss the benefits and challenges of a GIS course for students, faculty, and researchers.
Conformational stability, structural parameters, vibrational spectra, and ab initio calculations of isopropyl- and tertiary-butylisothiocyanate

Abstract Variable temperature (−60 to −100 °C) studies of the infrared spectra (3200–400 cm−1) of isopropylisothiocyanate, (CH3)2CHNCS, dissolved in liquefied xenon, have been carried out. Additionally the infrared spectra of the gas and solid have been recorded for both isopropylisothiocyanate and tertiary-butylisothiocyanate, (CH3)3CNCS, from 3200 to 100 cm−1. The analyses of these spectral data for the isopropyl molecule and the Raman spectrum of the liquid indicated one stable conformer (trans) in the annealed solid but in the fluid phases most of the molecules have energies above the barriers of the two predicted bound vibrational states i.e., trans and gauche forms. The MP2(full) ab initio calculations, employing a variety of basis sets with and without diffuse functions, have been used to predict the conformational stabilities with the trans conformer, the most stable form, for isopropylisothiocyanate and the second most stable form is predicted to be either the skew or gauche conformer depending in some cases on whether diffuse functions are used. However, even when the energy values indicate the skew form more stable than the gauche rotamer, one imaginary frequency indicates the skew form is a first-order saddle point. These results should be contrasted with the microwave data where the experimental B + C value was previously interpreted to indicate the skew conformer as the most stable form. For t-butylisothiocyanate the staggered conformer is the more stable form with the eclipsed conformer a transition state with a barrier of ∼50 cm−1 so there is nearly free internal rotation of the NCS moiety. For both molecules, the structural parameters, dipole moments, conformational stability, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities have been predicted from ab initio calculations and complete vibrational assignments are proposed. The r0 structural parameters are estimated by combing the MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) predicted values for the CH parameters with some adjustments to the heavy atom distances. These experimental and theoretical results are compared to the corresponding quantities of some similar molecules.
The ABLE ACE wavefront sensor

A low noise, high resolution Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was included in the ABLE-ACE instrument suite to obtain direct high resolution phase measurements of the 0.53 micrometers pulsed laser beam propagated through high altitude atmospheric turbulence. The wavefront sensor employed a Fired geometry using a lenslet array which provided approximately 17 sub-apertures across the pupil. The lenslets focused the light in each sub-aperture onto a 21 by 21 array of pixels in the camera focal plane with 8 pixels in the camera focal plane with 8 pixels across the central lobe of the diffraction limited spot. The goal of the experiment was to measure the effects of the turbulence in the free atmosphere on propagation, but the wavefront sensor also detected the aberrations induced by the aircraft boundary layer and the receiver aircraft internal beam path. Data analysis methods used to extract the desired atmospheric contribution to the phase measurements from the data corrupted by non-atmospheric aberrations are described. Approaches which were used included a reconstruction of the phase as a linear combination of Zernike polynomials coupled with optical estimator sand computation of structure functions of the sub-aperture slopes. The theoretical basis for the data analysis techniques is presented. Results are described, and comparisons with theory and simulations are shown. Estimates of average turbulence strength along the propagation path from the wavefront sensor showed good agreement with other sensor. The Zernike spectra calculated from the wavefront sensor data were consistent with the standard Kolmogorov model of turbulence.
Genital sex pheromones of ixodid ticks: 1. Evidence of occurrence in anterior reproductive tract of American dog tick,Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae).

The occurrence of a genital sex pheromone in the anterior reproductive tract of partially fed femaleDermacentor variabilis was demonstrated by extraction and bioassay. A new type of bioassay, the “neutered” female assay, was developed to test the potency of extracts or chemically defined fractions to stimulate males to copulate. Electrophysiological tests confirmed the ability of males to detect the pheromone with sensilla on their cheliceral digits. Males of bothD. variabilis andD. andersoni exhibited neuronal excitation when stimulated with extracts of theD. variabilis reproductive tissues. The pheromone, which is soluble in methanol, was fractionated and found to contain at least two fractions that stimulated copulation by sexually excited males. Evidently, the pheromone is a mixture of two or more compounds. Histologic, ultrastructural, and histochemical studies suggest the vestibular vagina as the site of genital sex pheromone occurrence, presumably from secretions of the surrounding lobular accessory gland. The identity of the compounds that comprise the pheromone remains unknown.