cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaginary Ethnicity: Jews and Russians in Russian Economical Mythology

At the first glance, the comparison of Jews and Russians in the Russian economical mythology suggests that in the early period (11th through 16th centuries), religion set a framework for their antinomy, whereas later (17th through 19th centuries), the role of religion was gradually reduced to mere form, filled up with economical substance. However, the picture gets more complicated if we take into account that even at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was still governed (and for the most part populated) by superstitious people, largely uninterested in economy. Although the form of the Russian nationalism (including anti-Semitism) was progressively adjusted to the Western patterns of economical mythology, its substance retained that symbiotic totality of religious and economical imagination, which was compatible with both Russian monarchy and Soviet socialism.
REACTIONS OF IODINE IN LIQUID AMMONIA

Abstract The products of the interaction of iodine and liquid ammonia at −75° are NH 4 I and NI 3 ·12NH 3 ; at −33·5° a (probably) less highly ammoniated NI 3 is the stable solid phase, while at 25° iodine oxidizes ammonia to elemental nitrogen. The reactions between NI 3 and liquid ammonia solutions of potassium amide and potassium at −33·5° have been shown to yield KI, N 2 and NH 3 , and KI and N 2 , respectively. These studies lead also to the conclusion that the products of the interaction of iodine and liquid ammonia over the range −75 to 25° do not include any simple ionic I n + species.
Job Satisfaction in the Fishery in Two Southeast Alaskan Towns

Job satisfaction provides us with a window to view the psycho-cultural adaptations of individuals in communities. In this case we are looking at three maritime occupations in two highly fishing-dependent communities in Southeast Alaska. A great deal of research has linked job satisfaction to individual attributes such as mental health and longevity; and social problems such as family violence, absenteeism, and job performance. Job satisfaction, in turn, is related to aspects of the occupation that can be impacted by changes resulting from development and/or management. The paper examines aspects of job satisfaction among commercial fishers, charter boat operators and fish plant workers in Petersburg and Craig, Southeast Alaska. Respondents were requested to rate 21 aspects of their present occupation in terms of their relative satisfaction. Analysis of the data resulted in a component structure very similar to that found among fishers in Nova Scotia, New England, and the Mid-Atlantic coast. Inclusion of non-commercial fishers in the sample gives this research a dimension that was missing in the earlier work. Interrelationships between job satisfaction data, aspects of the occupation (e.g., fishing type, crew size, etc.), and individual characteristics (e.g., age, years experience, fishing family origin, etc.) are examined and discussed in the paper in relationship to management and technological changes in the fishery. Overall, the paper provides an increment to our understanding of the theory of job satisfaction in the fishery.
Improved nondominant hand performance on a laparoscopic virtual reality simulator after playing the Nintendo Wii

Background Video games have been shown to improve eye-hand coordination, spatial visualization, manual dexterity, and rapid mental processing, which are important in the acquisition of laparoscopic skills. This study investigated the relationship between playing Nintendo® Wii™ and virtual reality (VR) laparoscopic surgery simulator performance. We hypothesized that playing the Wii would improve surgical skills performance on a VR laparoscopic simulator and hoped to elucidate which tasks, in particular, would be most beneficial for nondominant hand training.
Year in Review in Trauma Surgery

In the past few years, there have been many exciting advances in the broad discipline of trauma surgery. Recognizing time and space constraints and hoping to avoid duplicate coverage, this review will focus on selected topics not explicitly reviewed by other speakers in this conference. Specifically, we will discuss recent developments in crystalloid resuscitation, recombinant activated factor VII, ultrasound applications in trauma patients, anti-factor Xa levels in thromboprophylaxis, and intensive insulin therapy in trauma patients.
Relative deprivation and individual well-being: Low status and a feeling of relative deprivation are detrimental to health and happiness

People who are unable to maintain the same standard of living as others around them experience a sense of relative deprivation that has been shown to reduce feelings of well-being. Relative deprivation reflects conditions of worsening relative poverty despite striking reductions in absolute poverty. The effects of relative deprivation explain why average happiness has been stagnant over time despite sharp rises in income. Consumption taxes on status-seeking spending, along with official and traditional sanctions on excess consumption and redistributive policies may lessen the negative impact of relative deprivation on well-being.
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus: Plasticity-Induced Changes That Could Underlie Tinnitus

Purpose Tinnitus is the persistent perception of a subjective sound. Tinnitus is almost universally experienced in some forms. In most cases, recovery may occur in seconds, hours, or days. How does...
2‐C‐Methyl‐3,4‐O‐methyl­idene‐d‐arabinono‐1,5‐lactone

The relative stereochemistry at C-2 of the title compound, C7H10O5, was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the arabinonolactone, which adopts a boat conformation with a flagpole hydroxyl group. Its absolute configuration was determined by the use of d-erythronolactone as the starting material.
The FeLV-945 LTR confers a replicative advantage dependent on the presence of a tandem triplication.

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), like other naturally occurring retroviruses, is characterized by a high degree of genetic diversity. FeLV-945 is a natural isolate derived from non-B-cell non-T-cell lymphomas classified anatomically as multicentric. FeLV-945 exhibits a unique structural motif in the LTR composed of a 21-bp tandem triplication downstream of a single copy of enhancer. The unique FeLV-945 LTR is precisely conserved among eight independent multicentric lymphomas collected in a geographic cluster. Previous studies using reporter gene constructs predict that the FeLV-945 LTR would confer a replicative advantage on the virus that contains it, particularly in primitive hematopoietic cells. Such an advantage may account for the precise conservation of the unique LTR sequence. To test that prediction, a set of recombinant, infectious FeLVs was developed that are isogenic other than the presence of the FeLV-945 LTR or mutations of it. Replication assays show that the FeLV-945 LTR confers a distinct growth advantage in K-562, FEA, and 3201 cells and implicate the 21-bp triplication in that function. Replacement of two copies of the triplicated element with random sequence greatly diminished the replicative capacity, thus implicating the triplicated sequence itself in LTR function. The 21-bp triplication was shown to contain specific nuclear protein binding sites, which may account for the selective pressure to conserve the sequence.
Topical analgesic added to paraffin enhances paraffin bath treatment of individuals with hand osteoarthritis

Purpose. To compare treating patients with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis (OA) with paraffin baths only (PO) (100% wax) or paraffin baths 80% wax with 20% topical analgesic (PTA).Methods. Subjects met criteria of the American College of Rheumatology for classifying symptomatic hand OA and had a Dreiser's index score >5 points. Current and average pain at rest and with movement was assessed with visual analogue scales. Hand function was assessed by the functional index for hand OA (FIHOA).Results. Both groups had a significant reduction in their ‘current’ pain 15 min after the first and twelfth treatments compared to pre-treatment but there was no difference between groups (t = 0.10, p > 0.05). The PTA group had greater improvement over the 12 treatment sessions for their pain at rest (t = 2.92, p < 0.05) and with movement (t = 4.73, p < 0.05) than the PO group. The PTA group also showed greater improvement in their FIHOA following 12 treatments than the PO group (t = 3.52, p < 0.05).Conclusion. Our resul...
An investigation of the applicability of the Padé approximant method

Abstract We investigate by means of analysis and numerical examples the range of applicability of the Pade approximant method. We conclude that at least a subsequence of the [ N , N ] Pade approximants for f ( z ) converge uniformly to f ( z ) in any closed, connected set on the Riemann sphere containing the origin but not containing any of the singular points or points on suitable cuts of f ( z ). There are, however, certain types of singular points at which convergence does occur.
Inhibition of Hsp72-mediated protein refolding by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

A proteomic approach was applied to liver cytosol from rats fed a diet consisting of high fat and ethanol to identify 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)-modified proteins in vivo. Cytosolic Hsp72, the inducible variant of the Hsp70 heat shock protein family, was consistently among the proteins modified by 4-HNE. Despite 1.3-fold induction of Hsp72 in the livers of ethanol-fed animals, no increase in Hsp70-mediated luciferase refolding in isolated heptocytes was observed, suggesting inhibition of this process by 4-HNE. A 50% and 75% reduction in luciferase refolding efficiency was observed in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) supplemented with recombinant Hsp72 which had been modified in vitro with 10 and 100 microM 4-HNE, respectively. This observation was accompanied by a 25% and 50% decrease in substrate binding by the chaperone following the same treatment; however, no effect on complex formation between Hsp72 and its co-chaperone Hsp40 was observed. Trypsin digest and mass spectral analysis of Hsp72 treated with 10 and 100 microM 4-HNE consistently identified adduct formation at Cys267 in the ATPase domain of the chaperone. The role of this residue in the observed inhibition was demonstrated through the use of DnaK, a bacterial Hsp70 variant lacking Cys267. DnaK was resistant to 4-HNE inactivation. Additionally, Hsp72 was resistant to inactivation by the thiol-unreactive aldehyde malondialdehyde (MDA), further supporting a role for Cys in Hsp72 inhibition by 4-HNE. Finally, the affinity of Hsp72 for ATP was decreased 32% and 72% following treatment of the chaperone with 10 and 100 microM 4-HNE, respectively. In a model of chronic alcoholic liver injury, induction of Hsp72 was not accompanied by an increase in protein refolding ability. This is likely the result of 4-HNE modification of the Hsp72 ATPase domain.
A steam process for coal gasification

Abstract A gasification process has been studied using steam as a reactant as well as a heat source to generate hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane by using carbon in coal as a reducing agent. Economical operation (60–70% efficiency based on the heating value of coal) can be maintained by using a large excess in steam at 1300 C level (more than 4 mole of H2O to 1 mole C). This steam is produced by burning a fraction of the product gas in a pebble-heater system. A high percentage of H2 can be produced in the product gas without the need for shift conversion. Depending on the reactor pressure and temperature, other components of varying percentages are CO, CH4 with CO2 and H2S removed by absorption; excess H2O is removed by condensation. Heat removed in condensation is recovered in steam heating and feed water heating. Ash is removed in the reactors and fines in the condensate as condensation nuclei. Large excess steam converts all sulfur to H2S with final removal as raw sulfur. Charcoal and Illinois No. 6 coal were gasified in our laboratory facility at pressures up to 10 atm. Steam was heated in an electric arc heater to simulate the pebble heaters in the prototype. All flyash and tar was removed with the condensate.
Thermoluminescence and activation energies in Al2O3, MgO and LiF (TLD-100)

Thermoluminescent characteristics of Al2O3 and MgO single crystal samples obtained from several sources have been determined after X-ray and ultra-violet irradiation. The glow peak spectrum above room temperature, the emission spectrum, the impurity content and distribution and the activation parameters for the observed glow peaks are reported. Czochralski-grown Al2O3 samples indicate a major glow peak, the position of which shifts to lower temperatures with increasing dose, an observation with interesting implications in thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry. MgO also has characteristics which could be useful in dosimetry, especially in the ultra-violet region. Activation parameter comparisons are made for the observed glow peaks in Al2O3 and MgO and in LiF (TLD-100). After considering a number of theoretical and experimental problems and uncertainties, it is concluded that determinations of activation parameters are less meaningful than observations of other thermoluminescent characteristics in the understanding of thermoluminescent behaviour.
Non-surgical recovery of bovine eggs

Abstract An improved, non-surgical technique for recovering bovine eggs is described using modified Foley catheters. Egg recovery rates per attempt were, 36 51 (71%), for normal, unsuperovulated donors and 4 38 (11%), for unsuperovulated donors with known fertility problems. For superovulated donors, eggs were collected in 24 26 attempts (92%) averaging 6.9 per recovery.
Densification of Ceramics by Gas Overpressure Sintering

The use of various gas pressure sintering (GPS) techniques for densifying ceramics are reviewed for both oxides and non-oxides. Variations of the process are discussed with respect to process parameters selected, process sequence, and microstructural development. Theoretical considerations underlying the technique are presented. GPS and hot isostatic pressing are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each are briefly discussed.
Cation transport alteration associated with plasmid-determined resistance to cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus

Plasmid-determined resistance to cadmium has only been found with plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance to cadmium was associated with a lower accumulation of Cd(2+) ions by the plasmid-bearing resistant cells. Cadmium accumulation by susceptible cells was energy dependent and had those characteristics usually associated with a transmembrane active transport system. There was a specific interrelationship between cadmium accumulation and manganese accumulation and retention. Cd(2+) inhibited the uptake of Mn(2+) and accelerated the loss of intracellular Mn(2+) by the susceptible cells, but was without effect on Mn(2+) transport in resistant S. aureus cells. Under similar conditions, there was no differential effect of Cd(2+) on Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), or Rb(+) accumulation or exchange between the susceptible and the resistant strains.
Nosological comparisons of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in a clinical facility : comparison with the 1988 national health interview survey results

The purpose of this study was to compare DSM-III-R and proposed formulations of DSM-IV diagnoses of alcohol use disorders in a clinical sample with the same assessment methods used in a large national survey previously reported. Issues included the number of symptoms required for abuse and dependence diagnoses, the effects of requiring evidence of physiological dependence to make the dependence diagnosis (Option 1 vs. Option 2), whether to require a duration criterion, and the concept of alcohol abuse. The diagnostic criteria proposed in the 1991 DSM-IV options book were the criteria investigated in this study. Concordance between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV was closest when the form of DSM-IV used was most similar to DSM-III-R. The duration criterion had much less effect on a dependence diagnosis in this clinical sample than in the general population. DSM-IV Option 2 for alcohol dependence excluded a number of cases from the dependence diagnosis who received such a diagnosis under DSM-III-R and DSM-IV Option 1. Abuse continued to function as a residual category, especially noticeable under increasingly restrictive definitions of dependence, and was rare in both the clinical and general population sample. Implications of the findings for research and other purposes are discussed.
A systems view of genetics in chronic kidney disease

A tight interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors define the onset and the rate of progression of chronic renal disease. We are seeing a rapid expansion of information about genetic loci associated with kidney function and complex renal disease. However, discovering the functional links that bridge the gap from genetic risk loci to disease phenotype is one of the main challenges ahead. Risk loci are currently assigned to a putative context using the functional annotation of the closest genes via a guilt-by-proximity approach. These approaches can be extended by strategies integrating genetic risk loci with kidney-specific, genome-wide gene expression. Risk loci-associated transcripts can be assigned a putative disease-specific function using gene expression coregulation networks. Ultimately, genotype–phenotype dependencies postulated from these associative approaches in humans need to be tested via genetic modification in model organisms. In this review, we survey strategies that employ human tissue–specific expression and the use of model organisms to identify and validate the functional relationship between genotype and phenotype in renal disease. Strategies to unravel how genetic risk and environmental factors orchestrate renal disease manifestation can be the first steps toward a more integrated, holistic approach urgently needed for chronic renal diseases.
Focus on colon cancer.

Colon cancer stands as a paradigm for our understanding of the molecular basis of human cancer. Much work remains to be done in discovering genes that contribute to such basic disease phenotypes as chromosomal instability and metastatic spread, and in translating the advances in understanding the molecular biology of colon cancer into new clinical tools for prevention, early diagnosis, and better treatments of this disease.
A logically distributed approach for structuring office systems

An object-oriented office model is presented. It uses the object taxonomy of Booch featuring object classes based on calling patterns. Our model is motivated by that of Woo and Lochovsky, but has a number of differences, especially in the definition of the object classes and in the treatment of nested objects. An office application, setting a meeting among office workers, is defined in terms the office model.
Comparative Studies on Chitosan and Polylactic-co-glycolic Acid Incorporated Nanoparticles of Low Molecular Weight Heparin

This study was performed to test the feasibility of chitosan and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) incorporated nanoparticles as sustained-release carriers for the delivery of negatively charged low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was used to evaluate the interactions between chitosan and LMWH. The shifts, intensity, and broadening of the characteristic peaks for the functional groups in the FTIR spectra indicated that strong interactions occur between the positively charged chitosans and the negatively charged LMWHs. Three types of LMWH nanoparticles (NP-1, NP-2, and NP-3) were prepared using chitosan with or without PLGA: NP-1 nanoparticles were formed by polyelectrolyte complexation after single mixing, NP-2 nanoparticles were prepared by polyelectrolyte complexation after single emulsion–diffusion–evaporation, and NP-3 nanoparticles were optimized by double emulsion–diffusion–evaporation. NP-3 nanoparticles of LMWH prepared by the emulsion–diffusion–evaporation method showed significant differences in particle morphology, size, zeta potential, and drug release profile compared to NP-1 nanoparticles formed by polyelectrolyte complexation. Another ionic complex of LMWH with chitosan-incorporated PLGA nanoparticles (NP-2) showed lower drug entrapment efficiency than that of NP-1 and NP-3. The drug release rate of NP-3 was slower than the release rates of NP-1 and NP-2, although particle morphology of NP-3 was similar to that of NP-2. Cell viability was not adversely affected when cells were treated with all three types of nanoparticles. The data presented in this study demonstrate that nanoparticles formulated with chitosan–PLGA could be a safe sustained-release carrier for the delivery of LMWH.
Side-to-side weight-bearing asymmetry in subjects with low back pain.

SUMMARY. The purpose of this project was to determine if subjects with low back pain (LBP) exhibit greater side-to-side weight-bearing (WB) asymmetry compared to healthy control subjects without LBP. This study utilized an observational double cohort design and consisted of 35 subjects with LBP and 31 healthy control subjects. Sideto-side WB asymmetry was calculated as the average of the absolute value of the difference between the right and left lower extremity from three trials. The percentage of the average side-to-side WB asymmetry relative to the total body weight was calculated to normalize expected differences in magnitude of asymmetry based on a subject’s total body weight. An 11-point numeric pain rating scale was used to represent the subject’s current level of pain. Patients with LBP demonstrated significantly greater normalized side-to-side WB asymmetry than healthy control subjects (8.8% vs. 3.6%, respectively, Po0.001). In patients with LBP, higher magnitudes of side-to-side WB asymmetry were significantly associated with increased pain (r = 0.39, P = 0.021). In conclusion patients with LBP exhibited increased side-to-side WB asymmetry compared to healthy control subjects without LBP. This asymmetry was associated with increased levels of pain. This finding is relevant for planning future studies that will attempt to provide evidence for the construct validity of manipulation by determining if side-to-side WB asymmetry normalizes after a manipulation intervention and if this improvement is associated with improvements in pain and function.
Structural Organization of the RNA Polymerase-Promoter Open Complex

Abstract We have used systematic site-specific protein–DNA photocrosslinking to define interactions between bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) and promoter DNA in the catalytically competent RNAP-promoter open complex (RP o ). We have mapped more than 100 distinct crosslinks between individual segments of RNAP subunits and individual phosphates of promoter DNA. The results provide a comprehensive description of protein–DNA interactions in RP o , permit construction of a detailed model for the structure of RP o , and permit analysis of effects of a transcriptional activator on the structure of RP o .
The Relationship Between Visual Analysis and Five Statistical Analyses in a Simple AB Single-Case Research Design:

This study explored some practical issues for single-case researchers who rely on visual analysis of graphed data, but who also may consider supplemental use of promising statistical analysis techniques. The study sought to answer three major questions: (a) What is a typical range of effect sizes from these analytic techniques for data from “effective interventions”? (b) How closely do results from these same analytic techniques concur with visual-analysis-based judgments of effective interventions? and (c) What role does autocorrelation play in interpretation of these analytic results? To answer these questions, five analytic techniques were compared with the judgments of 45 doctoral students and faculty, who rated intervention effectiveness from visual analysis of 35 fabricated AB design graphs. Implications for researchers and practitioners using single-case designs are discussed.
Control Scheme for High-Efficiency High-Performance Two-Stage Power Converters

This paper presents a variable bus voltage adaptive control scheme for two-stage power converters. Conventional two-stage converters utilize either a fixed DC bus voltage or a variable but predetermined DC bus voltage, which do not necessarily result in an optimum operation with optimum bus voltages under variable conditions. The presented adaptive bus voltage controller maintains optimum bus voltage under variable conditions and results in improved efficiency. In this paper, the two-stage DC-DC power converters with intermediate DC bus voltages are reviewed, the proposed adaptive controller is discussed and analyzed, efficiency simulation results and closed loop simulation results are presented and experimental work is discussed.
Cardiovascular pharmacogenomics: current status and future directions

Drugs are widely used and highly effective in the treatment of heart disease. Nevertheless, in some instances, even drugs effective in a population display lack of efficacy or adverse drug reactions in individual patients, often in an apparently unpredictable fashion. This review summarizes the genomic factors now known to influence variability in responses to widely used cardiovascular drugs such as clopidogrel, warfarin, heparin and statins. Genomic approaches being used to discover new pathways in common cardiovascular diseases and thus potential new targets for drug development are described. Finally, the way in which this new information is likely to be used in an electronic medical record environment is discussed.
Precise determination of earth's center of mass using measurements from the Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System (GPS) data from a worldwide geodetic experiment were collected during a 3-week period early in 1991. Geocentric station coordinates were estimated using the GPS data, thus defining a dynamically determined reference frame origin which should coincide with the earth center of mass, or geocenter. The 3-week GPS average geocenter estimates agree to 7-13 cm with geocenter estimates determined from satellite laser ranging, a well-established technique. The RMS of daily GPS geocenter estimates were 4 cm for x and y, and 30 cm for z.
Implications of disaccharides in sticky-cotton processing: honeydew contamination.

Trimethylsilyl derivatives of the water-surfactant-soluble components of cotton fibers were analyzed by gas chromatog raphy. Substantial quantities of sucrose and turanose were found on localized areas of some very sticky cottons from the San Joaquin Valley of California. These localized areas of high sugar contamination were primarily responsible for the stickiness of these cottons. The contamination is believed to be honeydew secretions from aphids and/or whiteflies.
Suboptimal Design for Large Scale, Multimodule Systems

We present a general procedure for determining computationally tractable suboptimal designs, associated upper and lower bounds on the optimal expected cost function, and a procedure for determining a suboptimal design which improves these bounds for an important class of large scale, stochastic decision processes. This class, called the multimodule Markov decision process, is distinguished by the characteristic that each element of the vector state process has dynamics that operate independently of the other elements. The general suboptimal design procedure is based on the solution of a subglobal optimization problem for each module, where for each subglobal problem it is assumed that only restricted state information from the composite system is available to its associated module-decision maker. The computational implications of this suboptimal design approach are analyzed. A multi-component replacement example illustrates this suboptimal design procedure, its associated bounds, and a suboptimal procedure which improves these bounds.
Dynamic Pricing, Production, and Channel Coordination with Stochastic Learning

We consider a decentralized two-period supply chain in which a manufacturer produces a product with benefits of cost learning, and sells it through a retailer facing a price-dependent demand. The manufacturer's second-period production cost declines linearly in the first-period production, but with a random learning rate. The manufacturer may or may not have the inventory carryover option. We formulate the resulting problems as two-period Stackelberg games and obtain their feedback equilibrium solutions explicitly. We then examine the impact of mean learning rate and learning rate variability on the pricing strategies of the channel members, on the manufacturer's production decisions, and on the retailer's procurement decisions. We show that as the mean learning rate or the learning rate variability increases, the traditional double marginalization problem becomes more severe, leading to greater efficiency loss in the channel. We obtain revenue sharing contracts that can coordinate the dynamic supply chain. In particular, when the manufacturer may hold inventory, we identify two major drivers for inventory carryover: market growth and learning rate variability. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of our results by examining a model in which cost learning takes place continuously
The Use of En Bloc Infant Kidneys for Adult Kidney Transplants

The increasing need for cadaveric kidneys has caused the criteria for acceptable donor kidneys to include younger and older donors. Researchers have been studying the use of infant kidneys as a source for adult transplant. When used as a pair, infant kidneys transplanted into an adult have been found to filter an adult volume of blood. Sonographers will be asked to evaluate this type of transplant. Understanding the specific features of the transplant will aid in that process.
Integrated Microelectromechanical Gyroscopes

Microelectromechanical ~MEMS! gyroscopes have wide-ranging applications including automotive and consumer electronics markets. Among them, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible MEMS gyroscopes enable integration of signal condition- ing circuitry, multiaxis integration, small size, and low cost. This paper reviews various designs and fabrication processes for integrated MEMS gyroscopes and compares their performance. Operational principles and design issues of MEMS vibratory gyroscopes are also addressed.
QUANTIFYING TAPHONOMIC BIAS IN MOLLUSCAN DEATH ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE UPPER CHESAPEAKE BAY: PATTERNS OF SHELL DAMAGE

This study focuses on two main questions: (1) what types of shell damage occur in the death assemblage of upper Chesapeake Bay benthic mollusks; and (2) how does shell damage differ according to intrinsic factors such as life habit, shell mineralogy, and shell organic content. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors, ranging from the environment to shell composition, interact to influence the quality of fossil preservation. Our understanding of how extrinsic factors affect shell-damage profiles has improved dramatically with the development of taphofacies models, but the role that intrinsic factors play is still poorly understood. Molluscan death-assemblage material was obtained via box coring, identified, and assigned taphonomic damage states. The most common forms of shell damage were disarticulation, fine-scale surface alteration (FSA), periostracum loss, edge modification, and fragmentation. Four patterns were documented consistently across habitat types when shell damage was examined according to life habit and shell composition. Infaunal specimens exhibit significantly more severe damage due to internal FSA than epifaunal specimens. Calcitic specimens experience higher levels of external encrustation than noncalcitic specimens. Specimens with high levels of shell organics experience significantly more fragmentation and edge modification than specimens with low levels of shell organic content. The direction and degree to which other damage variables differ among intrinsic categories vary according to the variable assessed or the habitat type sampled. In the northern sites (i.e., deeper water), all the variables that recorded differential damage according to shell-organic content recorded greater damage in specimens with high shell organic content, suggesting that the latter may be experiencing selective removal from the death assemblage.
Influence of temperature on the functional response of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

The functional response of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) parasitizing 4th-instar Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) on wheat was estimated over a range of temperatures and host densities. A functional response equation was used in which a quadratic component that included temperature was substituted for handling time. The instantaneous search rate increased with increasing temperatures. The maximum rate of parasitization was 13 larvae/24 h at 30°C and 35°C. Handling time was lowest at 30°C and highest at 20°C. The ability of A. calandrae to find and parasitize R. dominica over a broad range of temperatures makes it a good candidate for natural control of stored grain pests.
Dynamic nature of a wheat centromere with a functional gene

Centromeric regions of higher eukaryotes are comprised mainly of tandem and non-tandem repeat sequences with variable copy number, spacing, order and orientation; are heterochromatic in nature, and are believed to be devoid of actively transcribing genes. Here, we report an actively transcribing wheat homolog of HSP70 gene that maps in the functional wheat centromere, and copy number of which seems to change in response to centromeric breaks. The HSP70 gene physically maps on the short arm of chromosomes 1A and 1D of Chinese Spring (CS) and 1R of rye. Whereas, on chromosome 1B in both ‘CS’ and Pavon background, the gene maps in the functional centromere as evident from its presence in both cytologically confirmed true ditelosomic lines Dt1BS and Dt1BL. Sequence comparison of 11 ESTs showed three sequence patterns suggesting that all three homoeologous copies of the gene are expressing. The cDNA-single stranded conformation polymorphism analysis confirmed expression of the ‘CS’ 1B copy of the gene. Observed in two independently developed Dt1BL lines, the 1B copy number of the gene showed three to fivefold increase in response to chromosomal breaks around the centromere. Putative gene duplications seem to involve large chromosomal segments as only one of the ten restriction enzymes used for DNA gel-blot analysis showed unique extra fragment band in the Dt1BL line. Further investigations are warranted to uncover the nature and mechanism of these duplications.
Antibodies to the Desmoglein 1 Precursor Proprotein but Not to the Mature Cell Surface Protein Cloned from Individuals without Pemphigus

In pemphigus foliaceus (PF), autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) cause blisters. Using Ab phage display, we have cloned mAbs from a PF patient. These mAbs, like those from a previous patient, were directed against mature Dsg1 (matDsg1) on the cell surface of keratinocytes and precursor Dsg1 (preDsg1) in the cytoplasm. To determine whether individuals without pemphigus have B cell tolerance to Dsg1, we cloned mAbs from two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and a healthy person. We found mAbs against preDsg1, but not matDsg1. All but 1 of the 23 anti-preDsg1 mAbs from PF patients and those without PF used the VH3-09 (or closely related VH3-20) H chain gene, whereas no PF anti-matDsg1 used these genes. V H cDNA encoding anti-preDsg1 had significantly fewer somatic mutations than did anti-matDsg1 cDNA, consistent with chronic Ag-driven hypermutation of the latter compared with the former. These data indicate that individuals without PF do not have B cell tolerance to preDsg1 and that loss of tolerance to matDsg1 is not due to epitope shifting of anti-preDsg1 B cells (because of different V H gene usage). However, presentation of peptides from Dsg1 by preDsg1-specific B cells may be one step in developing autoimmunity in PF.
Capital depreciation, shadow prices, and financial asset values

Abstract Financial asset values (Tobin's Q) provide one solution to the problem of unobserved shadow prices encountered in applied work with dynamic models of the firm. Sufficient condition for the implementation of this solution include that capital depreciate at a geometric rate. Employing the technique of Kamien and Muller (1976) and a theorem of Cauchy, this study develops the relations between general depreciation patterns, financial asset values, and shadow prices, and explores the extent to which the geometric depreciation assumption can be relaxed.
Neighborhood signatures for searching P2P networks

Overlay networks have received a lot of attention due to the recent widespread use of peer-to-peer (P2P) applications such as SETI, Napster, Gnutella, and Morpheus. Through replications at numerous peers, digital content can be distributed or exchanged with high resilience and availability. However, existing P2P applications incur excessive overhead on network traffic. For example, Gnutella, which broadcasts queries to search shared content, suffers from an overwhelming volume of query and reply messages. In this paper, we investigate the issues of trading-off storage space at peers to reduce network overhead. We propose to use signatures for directing searches along selected network paths, and introduce three schemes, namely complete-neighborhood signature (CN), partial-neighborhood superimposed signature (PN-S), and partial-neighborhood appended signature (PN-A), to facilitate efficient searching of shared content in P2P networks. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposal with existing P2P content search methods, including Gnutella, Random Walk, and Local Index. Results show that PN-A gives much better performance at a small storage cost.
Computers in activation analysis and gamma-ray spectroscopy

Seventy-three papers are included under the following session headings: analytical and mathematical methods for data analysis; software systems for ..gamma..-ray and x-ray spectrometry; ..gamma..-ray spectra treatment, peak evaluation; least squares; IAEA intercomparison of methods for processing spectra; computer and calculator utilization in spectrometer systems; and applications in safeguards, fuel scanning, and environmental monitoring. Separate abstracts were prepared for 72 of those papers. (DLC)
Efficient resource allocation and power saving in multi-tiered systems

In this paper, we present Fastrack, a parameter-free algorithm for dynamic resource provisioning that uses simple statistics to promptly distill information about changes in workload burstiness. This information, coupled with the application's end-to-end response times and system bottleneck characteristics, guide resource allocation that shows to be very effective under a broad variety of burstiness profiles and bottleneck scenarios.
Improving the validity and generalizability of studies with underserved U.S. populations expanding the research paradigm.

The gap in cancer incidence and mortality between ethnic minority groups and European Americans in the U.S. is significant and growing. Compared with a drop in incidence and mortality rates in the U.S. since 1992, the rates for ethnic minority groups have increased or stayed the same. A major transformation in the predominantly deductive social and behavioral research paradigm in cancer is required to reduce these disparities in cancer outcomes and improve the quality of life for ethnic minority populations with cancer. This article highlights the fundamental changes that are required to transform the prevalent paradigm for social and behavioral research in cancer care from a monocultural, Eurocentric framework to a multicultural one. Use of the expanded framework would enhance the scientific rigor, validity, generalizability, applicability, and acceptability of multicultural behavioral research. The strategies developed from such research would have a greater likelihood of success in providing optimal cancer care for underserved populations and reduce the disparities in cancer outcomes between U.S. ethnic minority populations and the white population. Examples from the cancer literature are used to illustrate each of the seven steps of the expanded paradigm.
Hemangiomas of Infancy: Treatment of Ulceration in the Head and Neck

Ulceration is a common complication of hemangiomas of infancy and presents a therapeutic dilemma for the head and neck–facial plastic surgeon. Multiple therapies are available, further complicating...
Risk and farm operator labour supply

This study uses a large increase in US Federal crop insurance subsidies as a natural experiment to identify the importance of risk for farm operator labour supply. Subsidy increases induced greater crop insurance coverage, which in turn reduced farmers’ financial risks. Crop insurance participation data are merged with farm-level Census of Agriculture data from 1992 and 1997 to compare how individuals’ off-farm labour supply changed in response to the policy-induced change in insurance coverage. The empirical approach controls for unobserved heterogeneity and accounts for the censored nature of the data. It is found that greater insurance coverage reduces the off-farm labour supply of operators who produced at least $100 000 of output, and increased the labour supply of small-farm operators who produced less than $25 000 of output.
Pyloromyotomy: randomized control trial of laparoscopic vs open technique

Abstract Purpose Open pyloromyotomy remains as the criterion standard treatment for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with the laparoscopic approach rapidly gaining adoption. We present a prospective, randomized trial between the 2 approaches. Methods After institutional review board approval, 98 patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were consecutively randomized to either open or laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. Postoperative and hospital course were evaluated by review of the hospital records and long-term follow-up with scripted telephone survey using Likert scales. The length of operating room time, surgical procedure, postoperative stay, time to refeeding, and complications were evaluated. Secondary outcomes of cosmetic results and parental satisfaction were determined. Results Ninety-eight patients were enrolled during a 4-year period. There were no significant differences between 2 groups on all primary outcomes. There were 3 complications in the open group—a wound dehiscence, a surgical site infection, and a gastric serosal tear—and 2 complications in the laparoscopic group—mucosal perforation and a suture granuloma. In long-term follow-up on 72 patients (56 months), parents described significant cosmetic results with laparoscopic approach. Conclusions There was no difference in operating time, hospital stay, or refeeding patterns between open and laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. The complication rates were similar between the 2 methods. However, long-term cosmetic results were significantly superior in the laparoscopic group.
Reconfigured Bodies: The Problem of Ownership

This essay explores issues of ownership as one particularly potent site of struggle in the biotechnological arena. The article begins with the concept of ownership, followed by a discussion of the problem with conceptualizing the body as property. The author then maps the terrain of ownership, using the cadaver market, the organ trade, the market for replenishable human biological materials, and the market for genetic materials as examples. Two landmark legal cases (Diamond v. Chakarbarty and Moore v. Regents of the University of California) illustrate the limitations of traditional discourse on the body and the increasing urgency with which relations of power and agency play out in the biotechnology arena. New configurations of the body emerging in the biotechnology arena indicate that communication scholarship needs new conceptual tools in order to address what it means to be/have a body.
On l∞ stability and performance of spatiotemporally varying systems

A characterization of stability for spatiotemporally varying systems based on input–output description of the plant and controller is presented. The overall controller is generated by a collection of controllers indexed in space and time, which are based on frozen spatially and temporally invariant descriptions of the plant. In particular, we consider the case where these frozen controllers are not necessarily adjusted for every instance in space and time, and hence are used for some fixed window in time and space. It is shown that the actual spatiotemporally varying system can be stabilized using frozen in space and time controllers, provided the variations in the spatiotemporal dynamics are small enough. We also show that the l∞ to l∞ performance of such systems cannot be much worse than that of the frozen spatially and temporally invariant systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute Coronary Syndromes: Diagnosis and Management, Part II

At the most severe end of the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes is ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which usually occurs when a fibrin-rich thrombus completely occludes an epicardial coronary artery. The diagnosis of STEMI is based on clinical characteristics and persistent ST-segment elevation as demonstrated by 12-lead electrocardiography. Patients with STEMI should undergo rapid assessment for reperfusion therapy, and a reperfusion strategy should be implemented promptly after the patient's contact with the health care system. Two methods are currently available for establishing timely coronary reperfusion: primary percutaneous coronary intervention and fibrinolytic therapy. Percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred method but is not always available. Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants are critical adjuncts to reperfusion. This article summarizes the current evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of STEMI. This summary is followed by a brief discussion of the role of noninvasive stress testing in the assessment of patients with acute coronary syndrome and their selection for coronary revascularization.
The State of Ventricular Assist Device Therapy Today

Despite advances in most cardiovascular care, heart failure remains a predominant problem in industrialized nations, with significant mortality, morbidity, and associated costs. The development of left ventricular assist devices, first as a bridge to transplant and then as destination therapy, has significantly improved survival and quality of life of patients with end-stage heart failure. Initial durable ventricular assist devices were large pulsatile devices, but later models have become much smaller, more effective, and more durable as continuous-flow pumps, both axial and centrifugal flow. While these devices have some risk of complications and current models require anticoagulation, patients’ overall quality of life and survival have been significantly affected in a positive way. As patient survival has improved, the growth of implantation and care of LVAD patients has created a paradigm of “hub and spoke ” model for transplant centers and non-transplant open heart centers to improve access and care to patient for left ventricular assist devices.
Oblique Flying Wing Studies

In 1968, as mentioned in Chapter 1, there were 97 thousand aircraft arrivals and departures at Kennedy International Airport providing air travel for nearly 8 million passengers. By 1993, 15 million international passengers used Kennedy, but this required only 92 thousand arrivals and departures. The introduction of the Boeing 747, DC 10 and other large aircraft, starting in 1970, made this possible. Kennedy, and many other airports, are near their capacity. This, in part, is the motivation for large transport studies. One aircraft is naturally suited to being large and to flying supersonic: the Oblique Flying Wing (OFW). This aircraft represents a radical departure from past configurations.