cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemispherically asymmetric volcanic forcing of tropical hydroclimate duringthe last millennium

Abstract. Volcanic aerosols exert the most important natural radiative forcing of the last millennium. State-of-the-art paleoclimate simulations of this interval are typically forced with diverse spatial patterns of volcanic forcing, leading to different responses in tropical hydroclimate. Recently, theoretical considerations relating the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) position to the demands of global energy balance have emerged in the literature, allowing for a connection to be made between the paleoclimate simulations and recent developments in the understanding of ITCZ dynamics. These energetic considerations aid in explaining the well-known historical, paleoclimatic, and modeling evidence that the ITCZ migrates away from the hemisphere that is energetically deficient in response to asymmetric forcing. Here we use two separate general circulation model (GCM) suites of experiments for the last millennium to relate the ITCZ position to asymmetries in prescribed volcanic sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere and related asymmetric radiative forcing. We discuss the ITCZ shift in the context of atmospheric energetics and discuss the ramifications of transient ITCZ migrations for other sensitive indicators of changes in the tropical hydrologic cycle, including global streamflow. For the first time, we also offer insight into the large-scale fingerprint of water isotopologues in precipitation (δ18Op) in response to asymmetries in radiative forcing. The ITCZ shifts away from the hemisphere with greater volcanic forcing. Since the isotopic composition of precipitation in the ITCZ is relatively depleted compared to areas outside this zone, this meridional precipitation migration results in a large-scale enrichment (depletion) in the isotopic composition of tropical precipitation in regions the ITCZ moves away from (toward). Our results highlight the need for careful consideration of the spatial structure of volcanic forcing for interpreting volcanic signals in proxy records and therefore in evaluating the skill of Common Era climate model output.
Communicating Conservation Status: How Different Statistical Assessment Criteria Affect Perceptions of Extinction Risk

Although alternative forms of statistical and verbal information are routinely used to convey species' extinction risk to policymakers and the public, little is known about their effects on audience information processing and risk perceptions. To address this gap in literature, we report on an experiment that was designed to explore how perceptions of extinction risk differ as a function of five different assessment benchmarks (Criteria A-E) used by scientists to classify species within IUCN Red List risk levels (e.g., Critically Endangered, Vulnerable), as well as the role of key individual differences in these effects (e.g., rational and experiential thinking styles, environmental concern). Despite their normative equivalence within the IUCN classification system, results revealed divergent effects of specific assessment criteria: on average, describing extinction risk in terms of proportional population decline over time (Criterion A) and number of remaining individuals (Criterion D) evoked the highest level of perceived risk, whereas the single-event probability of a species becoming extinct (Criterion E) engendered the least perceived risk. Furthermore, participants scoring high in rationality (analytic thinking) were less prone to exhibit these biases compared to those low in rationality. Our findings suggest that despite their equivalence in the eyes of scientific experts, IUCN criteria are indeed capable of engendering different levels of risk perception among lay audiences, effects that carry direct and important implications for those tasked with communicating about conservation status to diverse publics.
Mitochondrial protein Fus1/Tusc2 in premature aging and age-related pathologies: critical roles of calcium and energy homeostasis

Decreased energy production and increased oxidative stress are considered to be major contributors to aging and aging-associated pathologies. The role of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis has also been highlighted as an important factor affecting different pathological conditions. Here, we present evidence that loss of a small mitochondrial protein Fus1 that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis results in premature aging, aging-associated pathologies, and decreased survival. We showed that Fus1KO mice develop multiple early aging signs including lordokyphosis, lack of vigor, inability to accumulate fat, reduced ability to tolerate stress, and premature death. Other prominent pathological changes included low sperm counts, compromised ability of adult stem cells to repopulate tissues, and chronic inflammation. At the molecular level, we demonstrated that mitochondria of Fus1 KO cells have low reserve respiratory capacity (the ability to produce extra energy during sudden energy demanding situations), and show significantly altered dynamics of cellular calcium response.Our recent studies on early hearing and memory loss in Fus1 KO mice combined with the new data presented here suggest that calcium and energy homeostasis controlled by Fus1 may be at the core of its aging-regulating activities. Thus, Fus1 protein and Fus1-dependent pathways and processes may represent new tools and targets for anti-aging strategies.
The Poisson Binomial Distribution and the Statistical Analysis of Binary Lying

In a one-step binary lying experiment, subjects privately observe a random device that indicates a low payoff with probability p or a high payoff with probability 1-p. Subjects are paid whatever they report, inducing some subjects to lie in order to receive the high payoff. Currently experimenters use the binomial distribution to analyze the experimental data. This paper presents an alternative methodology based on the Poisson binomial distribution rather than the binomial. I derive a closed-form expression for the conditional probability of lying given the number of low payoff reports. I then use the set of these probabilities to show that the number of reports of the low payoff is Poisson binomially distributed. Given the number of low reports, in addition to the conditional probability of lying, I use the Poisson binomial distribution to calculate the expected number of low reports, the probability that the low report occurred by chance, the expected number of liars and other quantities of interest..
Radiotherapy for Primary and Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Altered Fraction Regimens with External Beam and Brachytherapy

This chapter describes altered fraction regimens used in the management of localized and metastatic soft tissue sarcomas. Rationale, disease outcomes, toxicity, and planning and delivery methodology are provided for stereotactic radiotherapy, interdigitated chemoradiation, intraoperative radiation therapy, and postoperative interstitial brachytherapy techniques.
FvSTR1 , a striatin orthologue in Fusarium virguliforme , is required for asexual development and virulence

The soil-borne fungus Fusarium virguliforme causes sudden death syndrome (SDS), one of the most devastating diseases of soybean in North and South America. Despite the importance of SDS, a clear understanding of the fungal pathogenicity factors that affect the development of this disease is still lacking. We have identified FvSTR1, a F. virguliforme gene, which encodes a protein similar to a family of striatin proteins previously reported to regulate signalling pathways, cell differentiation, conidiation, sexual development, and virulence in filamentous fungi. Striatins are multi-domain proteins that serve as scaffolding units in the striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex in fungi and animals. To address the function of a striatin homologue in F. virguliforme, FvSTR1 was disrupted and functionally characterized using a gene knock out strategy. The resulting Fvstr1 mutants were largely impaired in conidiation and pigmentation, and displayed defective conidia and conidiophore morphology compared to the wild-type and ectopic transformants. Greenhouse virulence assays revealed that the disruption of FvSTR1 resulted in complete loss of virulence in F. virguliforme. Microtome studies using fluorescence microscopy showed that the Fvstr1 mutants were defective in their ability to colonize the vascular system. The Fvstr1 mutants also showed a reduced transcript level of genes involved in asexual reproduction and in the production of secondary metabolites. These results suggest that FvSTR1 has a critical role in asexual development and virulence in F. virguliforme.
Depressive Symptoms and Drinking Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Drinking Motives and Protective Behavioral Strategies Among College Students

Background: College students with depressive symptoms tend to engage in more hazardous drinking and experience more alcohol-related consequences to cope with their symptoms. Given the perceived ten...
Isolated Multifont Arabic Character Recognition Using Fourier Descriptors

Optical Characters Recognition (OCR) has been an active subject of research since the early days of computers. Despite the age of the subject, it remains one of the most challenging and exciting areas of research in computer science. In recent years it has grown into a mature discipline, producing a huge body of work. Arabic character recognition has been one of the last major languages to receive attention. In this paper a simple and accurate method is proposed to recognize isolated Arabic characters using Fourier descriptors feature set and character’s dots information represented by number of dots and their position. Eight commonly used font styles in different font sizes were used in the test, first each font style is tested separately and found the recognition ratio is excellent, then a combination of font styles were tested; and it was found that as more font styles used the recognition ratio decrease.
Smoking cessation in pregnancy: a continuing challenge in the United States:

Despite significant population level declines, smoking during pregnancy remains a major public health issue in the United States (US). Approximately 360,000-500,000 smoke-exposed infants are born yearly, and prenatal smoking remains a leading modifiable cause of poor birth outcomes (e.g. birth < 37 gestational weeks, low birth weight, perinatal mortality). Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to be younger and from disadvantaged socioeconomic and racial and ethnic groups, with some US geographic regions reporting increased prenatal smoking rates since 2000. Such disparities in maternal prenatal smoking suggests some pregnant women face unique barriers to cessation. This paper reviews the current state and future direction of smoking cessation in pregnancy in the US. We briefly discuss the etiology of smoking addiction among women, the pathophysiology and effects of tobacco smoke exposure on pregnant women and their offspring, and the emerging issue of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Current population-based and individual smoking cessation interventions are reviewed in the context of pregnancy and barriers to cessation among US women. Finally, we consider interventions that are on the horizon and areas in need of further investigation.
Text without Context: On Bloom's Misreading of J

Eden for a piece he was preparing on the air war in Iraq and its affect on antiquities sites. I was impressed that he was checking out his story with someone who is supposed to know something about the Bible and about archaeological remains. And I was even more impressed when, after a forty-five-minute conversation about the imagery of paradisiacal gardens and the trans-historical complexities of early biblical traditions, he scratched the story. A consummate master of his own profession, he recognized that his interest in Eden meant stepping into the difficult terrain of another dis cipline; he wisely backed away. Not so Rosenberg and Bloom. They have been unwilling to recognize that the Bible is not user friendly. Though they would distance themselves from believers who hold that scripture is the revealed word of God, they share with the faithful the notion that the Bible is accessible to all who would leaf through its pages. Because biblical allusions, characters, and language are so much a part of contemporary western culture, it seems that the holy text itself is of this time. Well, in some ways it is. Yet it is also radically distant and other, a product of a time and a place so removed from our own world that we would suffer severe culture shock were we to
Platantheras of Unknown Alignment

Platanthera flava is pollinated primarily by unidentified mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Central partitions divide the opening to the nectar spur in half and may represent an adaptation to restrict pollen acquisition. Pollinaria are attached to the proboscis. Small moths may act as secondary pollinators. Platanthera chorisiana includes autogamous, geitonogamous, and outcrossing populations. Insect pollination and outcrossing are thus far known only in Japan. Examined North American plants are exclusively autogamous, perhaps as a result of intense competition for pollinators or harsh weather conditions and restricted pollinator activity.
All Washed Up

A 22-year-old man with a history of homozygous factor (F)V deficiency (Owren’s disease) is admitted for an elective right knee arthroscopy. Coagulation laboratory studies show prothrombin time (PT) 18.6 s and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 55.1 s. A type and screen (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] anticoagulant) sample is submitted to the blood bank along with a request for three units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for preoperative transfusion.
Discontinuation of Anti-Fungal Prophylaxis in Lung Transplant Recipients: Why Does It Happen

Purpose The objective of this study was to review the reasons lung transplant recipients discontinue antifungal prophylaxis, as documented by treating physicians. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who received a single or double lung transplant at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 2002 to 2010 examining the type of antifungal medication and reasons for discontinuation. Lung transplant recipients at our institution receive triazole therapy, voriconazole or itraconazole, for prevention of invasive fungal infections. Results We identified 102 patients who underwent lung transplant at Mayo Clinic from 2002 to 2010; 11 patients died within 6 months of transplant and were excluded. Of the 91 patients who survived longer than 6 months post lung transplant: 86 received itraconazole, 44 received voriconazole, and 37 received both (Table 1). A significantly higher proportion of patients discontinued voriconazole than itraconazole [31 out of 44 (70.5%) versus 41 out of 86 (47.6%), p=0.01]. Side effects (gastrointestinal intolerance, hepatitis, and fluorosis) were the most common reason for discontinuing voriconazole [20/44 (45.5)] compared to one of the least common reasons itraconazole was discontinued [6/86 (8.4), p Conclusion Itraconazole was discontinued prior to the prophylactic end point significantly less often than voriconazole and appeared to be better tolerated; although, several patients were diagnosed with an invasive fungal infection while on itraconazole prophylaxis.
In-Hospital Diagnosis of Tricuspid Papillary Muscle Rupture in an Asymptomatic Patient after Blunt Chest Trauma

Tricuspid papillary muscle rupture after blunt chest trauma is an infrequent injury that often remains undiagnosed until patients become symptomatic months to years after the trauma occurred. It is imperative to diagnose patients early with this condition in order to optimize chances of successful recovery and avoidance of sequelae of long-term tricuspid regurgitation such as atrial fibrillation and right heart failure. Here we describe a case of a 58-year-old man involved in a motocross accident suffering amongst other injuries extensive bilateral rib fractures, hemopneumothoraces, and asymptomatic anterior tricuspid papillary muscle rupture. In addition, a review of the literature and an approach for the workup of trauma patients at risk for blunt cardiac injury are provided.
The instructional effect of coding (color and black and white) on information acquisition and retrieval

Color, because of its omnipresent characteristics and increasing application in graphic displays, continues to be of interest to researchers. The authors, utilizing professionally designed and produced stimulus materials, found color coding to be an important instructional variable in improving student information acquisition under specific conditions.
Children's Voice Problems: The Frog in Your Classroom.

Children's voice disorders can interfere with their ability to interact successfully in the classroom. Moreover, vocal dysfunction can signal the underlying presence of chronic or incipient illness...
Neuroanatomy of creative achievement.

Abstract Very few studies have investigated neuroanatomical correlates of “everyday” creative achievement in cohorts of normal subjects. In previous research, we first showed that scores on the Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ) were associated with lower cortical thickness within the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus (LOFG), and increased thickness of the right angular gyrus (AG) (Jung et al., 2010). Newer studies found the CAQ to be associated with decreased volume of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Chen, et al., 2014), and that artistic and scientific creativity was associated with increased and decreased volumes within the executive control network and salience network (Shi et al., 2017). We desired to replicate and extend our previous study in a larger cohort (N = 248), comprised of subjects studying and working in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Subjects were youn (Range = 16–32; Mean age = 21.8; s.d. = 3.5) all of whom were administered the CAQ from which we derived artistic and scientific creativity factors. All subjects underwent structural MRI on a 3 T scanner from which cortical thickness, area, and volume measures were obtained using FreeSurfer. Our results showed mostly cortical thinning in relation to total, scientific, and artistic creative achievement encompassing many regions involved in the cognitive control network (CCN) and default mode network (DMN).
Interaction of Salmonella enterica with Bovine Epithelial Cells Demonstrates Serovar-Specific Association and Invasion Patterns.

Dairy cows are known reservoirs of Salmonella enterica and human salmonellosis has been attributed to the consumption of contaminated dairy and beef products as well as poultry meat and eggs. Altho...
A closer look at Hispanics with follicular lymphoma in a majority-minority community.

e20047Background: Follicular Lymphoma (FL) is the most common type of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is most commonly diagnosed in non-Hispanics (NH) and is well characterized in this population...
Photography as Theft: Potential history: unlearning imperialism, by Ariella Aisha Azoulay, London, Verso, 2019, 656 pp.; Photography and Its shadow, by Hagi Kenaan, Redwood City, CA, Stanford University Press, 248 pp.

Ariella Aisha Azoulay’s Potential History: Unlearning Imperialism, is a long, passionately written account of the looting spree that created modernity. The book reads as though it were composed by ...
The Supreme Court's Attack on Habeas Corpus in DHS v Thuraissigiam

The Supreme Court's June 2020 opinion in Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam unjustifiably reopens settled questions about the Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and endangers everyone -- U.S. citizens and noncitizens alike.
Do News Releases Help Investors Disaggregate Earnings? An Examination of Information Lost Through Earnings Aggregation

This paper examines how news items released throughout the previous quarter help investors predict and understand earnings. It focuses on how earnings aggregates transactions and how this aggregation may lead to information loss. Through the disclosure of these news items that reveal these underlying transactions, the market may be able to predict future earnings surprises more accurately. Using a novel database that allows identification of these news-items for firms, I find that these news-items decrease the reaction to earnings surprise in the earnings announcement window (-1, +1) and decrease post-earnings announcement drift (+2, +60). These results suggest that transactional-level news may help investors understand earnings through disaggregation. Moreover, this paper compares the effect of these news releases to that of Form 8-Ks and 10- Qs/10-Ks. While Form 8-Ks similarly reduce investors’ reaction to earnings in the short-term window, they are ineffective in reducing the mispricing over the longer window.
Path Regularization: A Convexity and Sparsity Inducing Regularization for Parallel ReLU Networks

Despite several attempts, the fundamental mechanisms behind the success of deep neural networks still remain elusive. To this end, we introduce a novel analytic framework to unveil hidden convexity in training deep neural networks. We consider a parallel architecture with multiple ReLU sub-networks, which includes many standard deep architectures and ResNets as its special cases. We then show that the training problem with path regularization can be cast as a single convex optimization problem in a high-dimensional space. We further prove that the equivalent convex program is regularized via a group sparsity inducing norm. Thus, a path regularized parallel architecture with ReLU sub-networks can be viewed as a parsimonious feature selection method in high-dimensions. More importantly, we show that the computational complexity required to globally optimize the equivalent convex problem is polynomial-time with respect to the number of data samples and feature dimension. Therefore, we prove exact polynomial-time trainability for path regularized deep ReLU networks with global optimality guarantees. We also provide several numerical experiments corroborating our theory.
Weather and land cover create a predictable “stress-scape” for a winter-adapted bird

Variability in temperature and snow cover are characteristics of high-latitude environments that impose significant pressures on overwintering species. To cope with increased energetic demands and decreased resources, species occupying seasonal environments often seek out refugia that buffer them from inclement conditions. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) roosting in the thermally stable microhabitat beneath deep snow are buffered from negative effects of cold temperatures on physiological stress (glucocorticoid hormone levels). Despite physiological advantages of accessing warmer refugia during winter, it is unknown how land cover and winter climate promote the occurrence of such refugia over space and time. Analogous to the landscape of fear, which mediates how prey navigate spatial variation in predation risk, mapping a landscape of stress, or stress-scape, may identify hotspots where metabolic challenges persist. We assayed droppings for fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) collected from radio-tagged ruffed grouse over three winters and developed a spatial model of FCM concentrations across the extent of our study area, thus quantifying a stress-scape. FCMs increased with shallower snow depths, less dense snow, colder ambient temperatures, and more open habitat. However, despite considerable spatiotemporal variation in snow depth, snow density, and temperature, the regions across the landscape where grouse had elevated FCM levels were consistent and predictable across years. Stress-scapes offer a new tool for understanding and quantifying indirect effects of stressors and can identify areas of the landscape where there may be consistent hotspots of stress that are the result of multiple ecological and environmental challenges.
Molecular Medical Genetics

Mode of inheritance is important for predicting clinical status of individuals carrying mutations and for risk assessment of family members of a patient affected with a genetic disease. Modes include: Autosomal recessive (AR) Autosomal dominant (AD) X-linked Mitochondrial
Aqua-di-μ2-chloro-bis­(diethyl­enetri­amine)­dicopper(II) dichloride

Reaction of CuCl2(H2O)2 with diethyl­enetri­amine (henceforth dien) in a 1:1 ratio has led to the formation of a non-centrosymmetric di-μ-chloro bibridged binuclear CuII species in which a water mol­ecule is coordinated axially to one of the CuII ions. [Cu2Cl2(C4H13N3)2(H2O)] contains dinuclear [(dien)2Cu2Cl2(H2O)]2+ cations and chloride ions. Both CuII ions in the dimer have a primary coordination sphere that is approximately planar, consisting of one dien mol­ecule and one chloride ion. These monomeric units are linked via semicoordinate Cu—Cl bonds to form dinuclear units. One CuII ion has a 4+1 coordination geometry while the second expands to a 4+2 geometry by the incorporation of a water mol­ecule. The dinuclear cation has crystallographic reflection symmetry, the mirror plane containing the central Cu2Cl2 unit and the central N atom of each dien ligand.
Influence of Riparian Seepage Zones on Nitrate Variability in Two Agricultural Headwater Streams

Riparian seeps have been recognized for their contributions to stream flow in headwater catchments, but there is limited data on how seeps affect stream water quality. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of seeps on the variability of stream NO3-N concentrations in FD36 and RS, two agricultural catchments in Pennsylvania. Stream samples were collected at 10-m intervals over reaches of 550 (FD36) and 490 m (RS) on 21 occasions between April 2009 and January 2012. Semi-variogram analysis was used to quantify longitudinal patterns in stream NO3-N concentration. Seep water was collected at 14 sites in FD36 and 7 in RS, but the number of flowing seeps depended on antecedent conditions. Seep NO3-N concentrations were variable (0.1-29.5 mg/l) and were often greater downslope of cropped fields compared to other land uses. During base flow, longitudinal variability in stream NO3-N concentrations increased as the number of flowing seeps increased. The influence of seeps on the variability of stream NO3-N concentrations was less during storm flow compared to the variability of base flow NO3-N concentrations. However, 24 h after a storm in FD36, an increase in the number of flowing seeps and decreasing streamflow resulted in the greatest longitudinal variability in stream NO3-N concentrations recorded. Results indicate seeps are important areas of NO3-N delivery to streams where targeted adoption of mitigation measures may substantially improve stream water quality.
Analytical approaches for monitoring exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate agents through analysis of protein adducts.

Appropriate treatment of a poisoned patient requires knowing the identity of the poison. This review summarizes the methods for identifying poisoning by organophosphorus and carbamate poisons. Mass spectrometry methods identify the poison from the adducts they form with proteins in blood. The most sensitive method uses potassium fluoride to release the organophosphorus agent from its covalent binding to serine 198 of human butyrylcholinesterase. The released poison is identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The drawback of this method is that it does not detect exposure to agents such as soman, because butyrylcholinesterase adducts with these agents age to a non-reactivatable form. A method that detects both aged and non-aged organophosphylated adducts as well as carbamate adducts is one that digests butyrylcholinesterase with a protease and analyzes the modified peptide by mass spectrometry. This method does not distinguish between poisons that have the same mass after reaction with butyrylcholinesterase – for example, between exposure to chlorpyrifos oxon and paraoxon. Albumin forms a stable, covalent bond with organophosphates on tyrosine 411. The rate of reaction with albumin is much slower than with butyrylcholinesterase, but albumin adducts persist for a longer time in the circulation; they do not age; and they do not release the organophosphate when a patient is treated with an oxime. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of stochastic systems under Markovian switching

Abstract The problem of state feedback stabilization of discrete-time stochastic processes under Markovian switching is considered. The jump Markovian switching is modeled by a discrete-time Markov chain, and the noise or stochastic environmental disturbance is modeled by a sequence of identically independently normally distributed random variables. Necessary and sufficient conditions based on linear matrix inequalities (LMI’s) for stochastic stability is obtained. The proposed control law for this stochastic stabilization result depends on the mode of the system as well as the environmental disturbances. The robustness results of such stability concepts against all admissible uncertainties are also investigated. An example is given to demonstrate the obtained results.
Continuous and discrete frames on Julia sets

Abstract A frame is an overcomplete family of vectors in a Hilbert space in which the orthogonality condition is relaxed. The Julia set is the chaotic regime of a rational function. In this note, we label frames of an abstract Hilbert space by elements of the Julia set of a rational function.
Calculation of the field-emission current from a surface using the Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian method

We have developed a method for calculating the field-emission current from a clean or adsorbate-covered metal surface using the transfer Hamiltonian method of Bardeen. The present formalism can be incorporated in accurate atomistic electronic structure methods, and so is capable of addressing system specific band structure effects, adsorbate-induced resonances, and is amenable to accurate treatments of the exchange-correlation potential close to as well as far from the metal surface. It therefore goes beyond the conventional Fowler-Nordheim treatment of field emission from a metal surface. We illustrate the utility of our method by calculating the field-emission current from a model jellium surface, using a local-density approximation exchange-correlation potential, modified to include the correct $\ensuremath{\sim}1/4x$ asymptotic behavior in the vacuum region. We find that the Fowler-Nordheim behavior can be recovered in the limit of low fields; in the limit of high fields, where the details of the self-consistent effective potential in the neighborhood of the surface become important, meaningful deviations from the Fowler-Nordheim current result.
Navier-Stokes Solutions with Finite Rate Ablation for Planetary Mission Earth Reentries

A formulation of finite rate ablation surface boundary conditions, including oxidation, nitridation, and sublimation of carbonaceous material with pyrolysis gas injection, based on surface species mass conservation, has been developed. These surface boundary conditions are discretized and integrated with a Navier-Stokes solver. This numerical procedure can predict aerothermal heating, chemical species concentration, and carbonaceous material ablation rates over the heat-shield surface of reentry space vehicles. Two finite rate gas-surface interaction models, based on the work of Park and of Zhluktov and Abe, are considered. Three test cases are studied. The stream conditions of these test cases are typical for Earth reentry from a planetary mission with both oxygen and nitrogen fully or partially dissociated inside the shock layer. Predictions from both gas-surface interaction models are compared with those obtained by using chemical equilibrium ablation tables. Stagnation point convective heat fluxes predicted by using Park's finite rate model are usually below those obtained from chemical equilibrium tables and Zhluktov and Abe's model. Recession predictions from Zhluktov and Abe's model are usually lower than those obtained from Park's model and from chemical equilibrium tables. The effect of species mass diffusion on the predicted ablation rate is also examined.
Renal cyst puncture and abscess formation

Percutaneous needle puncture and aspiration of suspected cystic renal masses may provide accurate diagnosis in selected cases. However, renal cyst puncture is not a totally innocuous procedure and certain complications may be encountered. Report is made of 2 cases of renal cyst puncture followed by abscess formation, necessitating surgical intervention. An improved technique involving surgical preparation of the operative area and utilization of double-needle method of cyst puncture is advocated.
Human TBP Bending of DNA Measured at the Single Molecule Level

TATA binding protein (TBP) binds to DNA and bends it as a critical step of eukaryotic transcription. Human TBP induces an ∼100° bend in the DNA helix. To help elucidate the role of DNA architecture in transcription, we developed a single-molecule, optical-trapping assay to study the TBP-induced bending of DNA. We hypothesized that DNA bending would lead to an apparent shortening of the DNA. The predicted signal size is small (∼5 nm at 1 pN) and expected to decrease with increasing force. Moreover, the dynamics of TBP are slow, with a measured off-rate of ∼10−2 s−1 at physiological salt conditions. To detect these small, infrequent events, we developed an actively stabilized optical trapping instrument. We achieved high spatiotemporal resolution [0.56 nm (Δf = 0.01-1 Hz) over 200 s] at low force (1 pN) by developing a vertical optical trapping assay using short DNA tethers (92 nm) along with small beads (330 nm dia.). Detection of distinct TBP and TATA-box dependent signals required DNA molecules engineered to contain only one consensus TATA-box with no TATA-box like sequences in the flanking DNA. Significant nonspecific binding to the glass surfaces was minimized by covalently attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the glass. With these experimental procedures, we directly observed individual bending and unbending events. The TBP-dependent DNA conformational changes were dynamic on the timescale of tens of seconds at a [TBP] ≈ 20 nM and a force of 1 pN. The change in DNA extension (∼5 nm) agreed well with theoretical predictions at 1 pN, but, unlike the simplest theory, showed little change in magnitude as the force was decreased. We expect that this assay will be broadly useful for studying DNA-protein interactions at high spatiotemporal resolution.
Modeling of an Asymmetric Turbulent Near Wake Using the Interaction Hypothesis

A MATHEMATICAL model for a turbulent near wake has been developed within the framework of the interaction hypothesis. The near wake behind an airfoil is treated as a complex turbulent flow consisting of two neighboring shear layers with distinct but overlapping shear stress profiles of opposite signs. The present model utilizes the mean momentum and continuity equations together with two shear stress transport equations derived from the turbulent kinetic energy equation. By relating the shear stresses to the local turbulence quantities, closure for the governing system of equations is achieved without the use of an eddy viscosity or mixing length. The shear stress is therefore no longer required to vanish at the velocity extremum. The model has been compared to the symmetric wake data of Chevray and Kovasznay and the asymmetric cascade wake data of Raj and Lakshminarayana. The agreement between the data and theory is acceptable with the former case superior to the latter. .
Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish avian type I and type III collagens: isolation, characterization and immunolocalization in various tissues.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies were prepared that were specific for chicken type I and type III collagens. The specificity of these antibodies was determined by ELISA, inhibition ELISA, and immunoblot assays. The results showed that the monoclonal antibodies were specific for their respective antigens without significant cross reactivity to other types of collagen. An analysis of the location of the epitopes by rotary shadowing showed that a monoclonal antibody for type I collagen (called DD4) recognized type I procollagen close to the large globular domain at the carboxyl terminus of the molecule. A monoclonal antibody for type III collagen (called 3B2) recognized both the intact type III molecule and also the TC A fragment of type III collagen after mammalian collagenase digestion. The epitope was located approximately one-fifth of the distance from the amino-terminus of the intact molecule. The monoclonal antibodies were used for immunolocalization of type I and type III collagens in cryosections of heart, aorta, kidney, liver, thymus, skin, gizzard and myotendinous junction. In heart, aorta, kidney, liver, thymus and skin, type I and III collagens were colocalized in the connective tissue of each organ. In contrast, gizzard and myotendinous junction showed distinctly different staining patterns for the distribution of type I and type III collagen. The two monoclonal antibodies reported here are potentially useful reagents to study fibril formation involving type I and type III collagens.
Documentation of Intimate Partner Violence in Women Veterans’ Medical Records: An In-Depth Analysis

National guidelines for identifying and addressing intimate partner violence (IPV) in the health care setting recommend that health care practitioners screen for IPV experiences and document disclosure and response in patients’ medical records. Women veterans are a growing population with particular risk of lifetime IPV victimization, yet we know little about how IPV presents and is addressed within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The purpose of this study was to examine documentation of women veterans’ disclosed experiences of IPV victimization in electronic medical records to identify how IPV presents in the VHA and to compare IPV screening, assessment, and response at a VHA medical center to nationally recognized best practices. We reviewed medical records for a five-year period (2005 to 2009) of 533 women veteran patients receiving care at an urban Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center and analyzed documentation of IPV disclosure and clinician response for patients with any documentation of I...
A Student Whisperer's Challenge: Complex Learner Dispositions and the Relational Nature of Teaching

One of the challenges of teacher educators is instructing students who possess complex dispositions or experience troubling times while under our auspices. Research supports common knowledge that student dispositions interplay with social identity formation and learning (specifically, situated cognition). This study examined learner dispositions and explored the identifying characteristics, skills, and the processes necessary to operate as a “Student Whisperer” to support students. Themes have been identified that generate a relational connection that can affect complex student dispositions: responsiveness over reaction (builds trust), affirmations over criticisms (builds student authority), questions before assumptions (generates dialogue, diminishes judgment), walk the talk (models), invite challenges (levels the field, invites cohesiveness), probe with compassionate questions (demonstrates care), and act on unconditional acceptance (demonstrates support).
XML QUERY BY EXAMPLE

XML's tree structure provides a rich background for complicated structural searches. In this paper we present a new system, called XML Query by Example (XML QBE) that allows the user to query XML documents exploiting their inherent tree structure. We present some interesting queries and describe the underlying query processing algorithms. We also describe the system's architecture and report its implementation status. Finally we conclude the paper by pointing out some future work.
Changes in brain dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin associated with convulsions induced by pinealectomy in the gerbil

In three separate experiments, adult male gerbils 10 weeks of age were pinealectomized (PX), observed for convulsions, and sacrificed at various intervals after PX. Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in selected brain parts were determined by fluorometric procedures. No changes in DA were observed. Serotonin levels were shown to be elevated in sham-operated and PX animals, possibly due to stress phenomena associated with anesthesia or surgical procedures. Norepinephrine was significantly depressed over control and sham-operated animals by 1 hour after surgery with a post-operative duration of at least 12 hours. Results in this study did not indicate whether the decreased NE was the cause or an effect of the PX-induced convulsive activity.
Inter-relationship between rearfoot and midfoot frontal plane motion during walking

Abstract Background Because of the complex nature of foot motion during locomotion, the relationship between the rearfoot and midfoot warrants additional investigation. Objective Explore the relationship between frontal plane motion of the rearfoot and midfoot during the stance phase of walking. Method Using an electromagnetic motion analysis system, the frontal plane motion of the rearfoot and midfoot of 153 individuals (55 men, 98 women) were collected. The resulting motion patterns for each segment of the foot were then correlated to determine if all subjects exhibited the same relationship between the two segments. Those subjects with a statistically significant negative correlation between the rearfoot and midfoot were then compared on eight rearfoot variables with the group of subjects with a statistically significant positive correlation. Results The mean correlation between the rearfoot and midfoot segments was found to be −.307 with a standard deviation of .094. Counter-rotation between the rearfoot and midfoot segments was not seen in 18.9% of the subjects. Conclusions This study indicates that a significant group of individuals do not demonstrate the typical counter-rotation pattern of motion between the rearfoot and midfoot during walking. Possible reasons for and the likely clinical implications of this atypical motion pattern are discussed.
The Education of Amour-Propre

In the First Discourse, Rousseau complains that modern morals encourage us to think of ourselves in an impersonal and hygienic manner, and to present ourselves in public space as dimensionless members of society. Submission to modern morals encourages conformism, Rousseau argues, and conformism precludes us from having selves of the sort upon which moral freedom depends. In this paper, I argue that Rousseau’s vision of the redemptive promise of amour-propre should be understood in light of his concern to reverse the existential catastrophe of conformism and to precipitate a social climate more hospitable to self-creation. This concern informs the moral purpose of Rousseau’s austerely republican societies, and it determines the role of amour-propre in animating the best citizens. Recent interpretive trends give too little scope to the indicated concern. In consequence, they obscure one of the richest dimensions of Rousseau’s social theory.
Induction of Bone Tumours in Rats and Hamsters with Murine Sarcoma Virus and their Cell-free Transmission

FOLLOWING the isolation of murine sarcoma virus (MSV) by Harvey1 and Moloney2, a number of reports have described the behaviour in vitro and in vivo of these two viruses (murine sarcoma virus-Harvey (MSV-H) and murine sarcoma virus-Moloney (MSV-M)).
Response of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings to simulated acid rain and ozone—2. Effect on throughfall chemistry and nutrients in the leaves

Abstract Each week 1-year-old yellow-poplar seedlings grown in a greenhouse were fumigated with 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 μl/l ozone (O 3 ) for 8 hr on 3 consecutive days and treated once with 1.25 cm simulated acid rain of pH 5.5, 4.0, and 3.0. Effects of O 3 and acid rain on throughfall chemistry after 16 weeks of treatment and on mineral elements in the foliage of seedlings harvested on 1 September were determined. Except for K, the concentration of elements detected in throughfall (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn) grew with increasing acidity of the rain solution. Foliar leaching of mineral elements by pH 3.0 rain was increased by high levels O 3 . The concentration of most elements in yellow-poplar leaves was affected by O 3 or rain acidity. Rains of high acidity ( 3 treatment increased the concentration of Mn, Fe, and Zn. The concentration of Mn showed the greatest response to treatment with O 3 or acid rain.
Cooperative exciton spectra in molecular crystals

Abstract It is shown that the singlet exciton spectrum in the crystal is coupled with that of the two-particle excitations (singlet, triplet excitons, magnons, triplet exciton-magnon). Splitting on the excitation spectrum occurs when the composite energy of the two-particle excitations is close to that of the singlet exciton.
Oral koilocytic dysplasia associated with squamous cell carcinoma

Oral koilocytic dysplasia (KD), described in 1996 as an entity of unknown biologic potential, exhibits histologic features of both human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and oral epithelial dysplasia. Histologic features of HPV infection include koilocytosis, acanthosis, multinucleated keratinocytes, and atypical mitoses. HPV 6/11 may be present in KD, but high-risk HPV types, including HPV 16/18/31/33, were consistently found in cases shown to be HPV-positive in the original study. We report 2 cases of oral KD found to be in continuity with squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). A 41-year-old nonsmoking male dentist with a negative history for regular alcohol intake presented with a 2.7-cm lateral tongue leukoplakia. Clinical impression was oral appliance related traumatic hyperkeratosis. Diagnosis on biopsy was epithelial dysplasia, mild, with features of HPV (KD). SCC was found at reexcision, and a lateral neck lymph node was positive for metastases. The biopsy specimen was positive for HPV DNA using PCR. Sequencing for HPV subtype identification was unsuccessful, interpreted to be owing to infection with multiple HPV subtypes. A second case of KD with histologic transition to SCC was identified in a 64-year-old male, also as a lateral tongue leukoplakia (2.5 cm). Social history was positive for smoking (2.5 packs/day) and daily alcohol intake. Clinical impression was epithelial dysplasia without appreciable lymphadenopathy. Biopsy revealed SCC in transition from KD. The biopsy specimen was positive for HPV 16 DNA (PCR and DNA sequencing). Definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the role of HPV in the pathogenesis of these SCCs. However, the intimate associations of SCC with lesions fulfilling the histologic and microbiologic criteria for oral KD document the potential for KD to be associated with oral cancer.
Low-Density Nozzle Flow by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo and Continuum Methods

Two different approaches, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method based on molecular gasdynamics, and a finite-volume approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations, which are based on continuum gasdynamics, are employed in the analysis of a low-density gas flow in a small converging-diverging nozzle. The fluid experiences various kinds of flow regimes including continuum, slip, transition, and free-molecular. Results from the two numerical methods are compared with Rothe's experimental data, in which density and rotational temperature variations along the centerline and at various locations inside a low-density nozzle were measured by the electron-beam fluorescence technique. The continuum approach showed good agreement with the experimental data as far as density is concerned. The results from the DSMC method showed good agreement with the experimental data, both in the density and the rotational temperature. It is also shown that the simulation parameters, such as the gas/surface interaction model, the energy exchange model between rotational and translational modes, and the viscosity-temperature exponent, have substantial effects on the results of the DSMC method.