cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From elementary kinetics in perfectly stirred reactors to reduced kinetics utilizable in turbulent reactive flow simulations for combustion devices

This study addresses the protocol of tests for evaluating the performance of skeletal, reduced and highly-reduced chemical kinetics mechanisms for one-dimensional (1D) laminar flame simulations and the validity of these tests for turbulent flame applications. Taking n-heptane as an example fuel, it is first shown that there are apparent disagreements regarding the elementary-reaction chemical kinetics models which should be emulated by reduced kinetic mechanisms. Further it is also shown, expectably, that the functional relationship between mass fractions and temperature is different between 0D and 1D models, and it is different among 1D models having different molecular species-transport formulations. Having identified the retention of this functional relationship as pivotal in the success of highly-reduced reaction mechanisms to accurately simulate spatial configurations, it is demonstrated that the unity Lewis-number assumption biases this functional relationship such that the highly-reduced chemical kinetic mechanism LS2T 20-species mechanism (LS2T 20) used for 1D flame simulations fails to agree with the template but provides accurate predictions in conjunction with, for example, the mixture-average diffusion model at otherwise the same initial conditions as the unity-Lewis-number simulation. The LS2T 20 success extends to the cold-ignition regime. For rich conditions the mixture-average diffusion approximation is less acceptable, and if the transport model does not include the direct effect of the heavy species (which are all modeled in LS2T) on the light species (which are all computed in LS2T), moderate departures of the 1D predictions from the template are obtained around the peak OH mass fraction, whereas CO_2 is still excellently reproduced by LS2T 20. It is then conjectured that, independent of the reduction method, the more reduced is a kinetic mechanism, the more accurate the transport formulation should be to ensure the preservation of the species/temperature functional relationship; due to the extensive investigation necessary to evaluate this conjecture, this activity is relegated to future studies.
Taking a Shot at Immunization Adherence Group Visits for Vaccine-Averse Parents.

Introduction Decreased vaccination rates in children have played a role in the deaths of several children in the United States over the last decade. Interventions to date have been ineffective at changing vaccination patterns. No studies have evaluated a conciliatory patient-centered approach where parent concerns were acknowledged and addressed in a group setting. Methods Vaccine-averse parents with incompletely vaccinated children were recruited from a family medicine practice. These parents attended three group visit sessions centered on vaccine safety and efficacy. Pre and post surveys were given at each session. The children's vaccination records were examined in the year prior and the year following the groups. One year after the group visits, parents were interviewed about their attitudes toward vaccination. Results There were no significant attitude changes in parents attending the group visits. In the year following the visits, the percentage of recommended vaccines that children had received did not increase. Interviews with parents revealed a broad range of concerns about vaccines and a widespread desire for a longer-term study designed to address these concerns. Conclusions Surveys and vaccination records revealed no significant change in attitudes or behavior after three group visit sessions, consistent with other research on interventions with vaccine-averse parents. The phone interviews demonstrated a desire for further research into long-term effects of vaccines, with most parents stating that they would consider changing their beliefs if the research was free from commercial bias, addressed their concerns, and was extended out over a long period of time.
TBLT implementation and evaluation: A meta-analysis:

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is an empirically investigated pedagogy that has garnered attention from language programs across the globe. TBLT provides an alternative to traditional grammar ...
Film/Substrate Effects on Whisker Growth

The thickness of the deposited film has been thought to effect whisker growth. Since is it commonly agreed that compressive stress plays an important role in whisker formation, thicker Sn layers (~7 μm or greater) are thought to distribute the film stress over a larger volume, resulting in lower net stress values within the film.
Matrix Metalloproteinases: Mediators of Tumour-Host Cell Interactions

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of metalloendopeptidases that induce remodelling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and differentially cleave many soluble mediators that regulate cell physiology. Due to their matrix-degrading capabilities and elevated expression levels in both neoplastic and host cells in human cancer, MMPs have acquired considerable attention as targets for anti-cancer therapy. This chapter summarizes two decades of research examining MMP biochemistry and biology utilizing in vitro cell-based and biochemical analyses, more recent examination of their functional significance in de novo mouse models of human cancer development and results from human clinical trials where MMP inhibitors were evaluated for efficacy as anti-cancer therapeutics.
Wounds of the Colon and Rectum

In this chapter perforations of the large bowel secondary to trauma will be considered. Chapter 16, on perforations of the colon, should also be consulted. It is customary to divide traumatic wounds into two groups—those caused by perforating trauma and those caused by blunt trauma.
Some proposed relations among the domains of behavior analysis.

The present article examines the nature of and relations among the domains of behavior analysis. It first proposes a set of annotated, descriptive criteria to aid in distinguishing the experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, and service delivery. It then argues that the experimental analysis of behavior lies at one end of a continuum of behavior-analytic activity, with applied behavior analysis in the middle, service delivery at the other end, and the theoretical-philosophical-conceptual position known as “radical behaviorism” informing the three domains on the continuum. Finally, it argues that clarifying the distinctions among the domains of behavior analysis will help the behavior-analytic community to focus its efforts in training programs and overall support of behavior analysis.
Thinking Outside the Diagnostic Box: Risk Factors for Cognitive–Communication Impairment

Purpose Diagnosing and treating individuals with cognitive–communication disorders can be challenging. It may seem easier to diagnose the disorder if it is associated with a clear event or diagnosi...
Cone-beam computed tomography guidance with navigational overlay for percutaneous lung nodule biopsy

Cone-beam CT is increasingly used in pediatric interventional radiology procedures. However, the feasibility or safety of using this mode of imaging guidance for percutaneous lung nodule biopsy in children has not been assessed. To retrospectively evaluate safety and diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous lung nodule biopsy in people treated at a pediatric hospital using cone-beam CT with navigational overlay. Thirty-six consecutive patients from two large tertiary-care children’s hospitals with lung nodules of 48 mm or smaller underwent percutaneous lung nodule biopsy using cone-beam CT with navigational overlay. We evaluated patient demographics, pre- and post-biopsy diagnoses, number of biopsy passes, complications, radiation exposure and technical success. Percutaneous lung nodule biopsy was performed for 37 nodules in 36 patients (23 males, 13 females, median age 15.5 years, range 8 months to 23 years). One patient underwent biopsy of two nodules at a single procedure. Median patient weight was 55 kg (range 8–97 kg). Pre-biopsy diagnoses included metastatic sarcoma or other solid tumor (n=11), leukemia/lymphoma (n=13), infection (n=10), chronic granulomatous disease (n=2) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD; n=1). Mean number of passes was 5 (range 2–15). Mean pre-procedure international normalized ratio (INR) was 1.1 and platelet count 193 × 109/L. Diagnostic specimens were obtained in 32 of 36 patients (89%). Thirteen complications were encountered in 12 patients (33% of cohort), including 9 pneumothoraces (4 requiring chest tubes); 1 hemothorax, which required a chest tube; and 3 self-limited pulmonary hemorrhages. Mean and median radiation doses were as follows: fluoroscopy time 3 min and 2.4 min, dose-area product (DAP) (recorded in 31 patients) 23,402 Gy·cm2 and 12,453 Gy·cm2, and air kerma 88 mGy and 58 mGy. Percutaneous lung nodule needle biopsy can be performed accurately using cone-beam CT with navigational overlay.
Dendrochronological investigation of the Knob Creek Cabin at President Abraham Lincoln's Boyhood Home, Hodgenville, Kentucky, USA

Abstract The Boyhood Home at Knob Creek is part of the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in Hodgenville, Kentucky. Here, a replica cabin constructed in the 1930s by Chester and Hattie Howard is meant to represent the home where President Abraham Lincoln formed his earliest memories. According to oral histories, this replica, the Knob Creek Cabin, was constructed using timbers salvaged from a cabin found elsewhere on the Knob Creek Farm, believed to have been the home of Lincoln's childhood friend, Austin Gollaher. Therefore, the cabin is believed to be contemporary with Lincoln's childhood at Knob Creek (early 1800s), and represents what the original Lincoln family cabin may have looked like, despite the disappearance of the original Lincoln cabin during the late 1800s. To determine whether the Knob Creek Cabin truly dates to Lincoln's childhood, we extracted core samples from logs in the cabin and compared the tree-ring patterns to an absolutely-dated reference chronology from Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. We dated the oak chronology from the Knob Creek Cabin to the period 1712–1861 (r = 0.57, n = 150 years, t = 8.44, p
New Insight on 2-Naphthylmethyl (NAP) Ether as a Protecting Group in Carbohydrate Synthesis: A Divergent Approach Toward a High-Mannose Type Oligosaccharide Library.

A new method for the selective cleavage of 2-naphthylmethyl ether utilizing 10—20 molar excess of HF/Py is revealed and applied to a divergent approach towards the generation of an oligosaccharide library.
Persistence of Excitation in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces, Positive Limit Sets, and Smooth Manifolds.

This paper studies the relationship between the positive limit sets of continuous semiflows and the newly introduced definition of persistently excited (PE) sets and associated subspaces of reproducing kernel Hilbert (RKH) spaces. It is shown that if the RKH space contains a rich collection of cut-off functions, persistently excited sets are contained as subsets of the positive limit set of the semiflow. The paper demonstrates how the new PE condition can be used to guarantee convergence of function estimates in the RKH space embedding method for adaptive estimation. In particular, the paper is applied to uncertain ODE systems with positive limit sets given by certain types of smooth manifolds, and it establishes convergence of adaptive function estimates over the manifolds.
A CNN-LSTM neural network for recognition of puffing in smoking episodes using wearable sensors

A detailed assessment of smoking behavior under free-living conditions is a key challenge for health behavior research. A number of methods using wearable sensors and puff topography devices have been developed for smoking and individual puff detection. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for automatic detection of puffs in smoking episodes by using a combination of Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography and Inertial Measurement Unit sensors. The detection of puffs was performed by using a deep network containing convolutional and recurrent neural networks. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) were utilized to automate feature learning from raw sensor streams. Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network layers were utilized to obtain the temporal dynamics of sensor signals and classify sequence of time segmented sensor streams. An evaluation was performed by using a large, challenging dataset containing 467 smoking events from 40 participants under free-living conditions. The proposed approach achieved an F1-score of 78% in leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. The results suggest that CNN-LSTM based neural network architecture sufficiently detect puffing episodes in free-living condition. The proposed model be used as a detection tool for smoking cessation programs and scientific research.
Inflammatory muscle disease – An update

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of inflammatory myopathies whose common feature is immune-mediated muscle injury. There are distinct subgroups including dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), inclusion body myositis, and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Antisynthetase syndrome is also emerging as a distinct subgroup with its unique muscle histopathological characteristic of perifascicular necrosis. While the newly updated EULAR/ACR Classification Criteria for IIM have brought advancements in diagnosis and the exclusion of mimickers, the use of only one autoantibody in the derivation of the schema limits its use. Similarly, while the advent of multiple novel therapeutics in the treatment of myositis has been exciting, it has also highlighted the scarcity of validated outcome measures. The purpose of our review is to highlight the updated classification criteria of myositis, newly reported clinical phenotypes associated with myositis autoantibodies, the measurement of outcomes, and emerging treatments in the field.
Surface Analytical Techniques for Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion. A Review

Abstract : Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) has received increasing attention from engineers, materials scientists, and corrosion specialists. In field and laboratory studies, basic surface analytical examinations must be correlated to knowledge of the overall corroding system in order to conclude the presence of MIC. Preliminary observations and microbiological, chemical, microscopic, and metallurgical techniques are discussed. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), Biofilms, Surface analysis, Biofouling, Biodeterioration.
Chapter 21 – Driver Fatigue

Publisher Summary Fatigue in the context of driving is considered a psychological/mental type of fatigue characterized by subjective feelings of a disinclination to continue driving, sleepiness, weariness, and reduced motivation. Subjective sleepiness, a symptom of fatigue, is defined by the feelings and physical symptoms related to the desire or need to sleep, such as yawning, head nodding, and eye drooping, during this transitional period between wake and sleep. Physiologically, fatigue produces changes in brain activity and a reduction in heart rate and eye movements. Driver fatigue can result in cognitive and psychomotor performance impairments such as increased weaving and reaction time, which can lead to crashes. Unfortunately, because of the variability in driver susceptibility to fatigue and how symptoms of fatigue can vary among individuals, there are no firm numbers or standard measurements when trying to objectively define fatigue. There are multiple causes to driver fatigue. Environmental factors such as trip duration, time of day, and roadway/weather conditions can impact fatigue. This is considered task-related fatigue. The quality and quantity of sleep will also impact driver fatigue. This is considered sleep-related fatigue and also known as “drowsy driving.” Task-related and sleep-related driver fatigue can interact and compound the feelings of fatigue and the subsequent performance decrements. Driver fatigue is a hazard to which any driver is potentially susceptible, and it is especially dangerous because drivers do not view it as a hazardous condition and often do not realize how sleepy or fatigued they are.
A brief history of veterinary vaccines

Abstract: The history of vaccination in the West began with the introduction of variolation to Western Europe and North America. The hazards of variolation led to Jenner’s discovery of vaccination and attempts to apply this to other animal diseases such as cattle plague. Eventually Louis Pasteur discovered how to apply vaccination to fowl cholera, swine erysipelas, and rabies. The development of many vaccines against animal diseases followed. As human vaccine technology developed, so too did animal vaccines, resulting in the control of many, but not all, animal infectious diseases. The most recent and significant triumph of applied animal vaccination has been the global eradication of rinderpest.
Erythropoietin signaling in osteoblasts is required for normal bone formation and for bone loss during erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis.

Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates erythropoiesis by binding to erythropoietin receptor (Epor) on erythroid progenitor cells. Epor is also expressed on bone forming osteoblasts and bone loss accompanies EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis in mice. Mice with Epor restricted to erythroid tissue exhibit reduced bone and increased marrow adipocytes; in contrast, transgenic mice (Tg) with osteoblastic-specific deletion of Epor exhibit reduced trabecular bone with age without change in marrow adipocytes. By 12 weeks, male Tg mice had 22.2% and female Tg mice had 29.6% reduced trabecular bone volume (BV) compared to controls. EPO administration (1200 U/kg) for 10 days reduced trabecular bone in control mice but not in Tg mice. There were no differences in numbers of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and marrow adipocytes in Tg mice, suggesting independence of EPO signaling in mature osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and adipocytes. Female Tg mice had increased number of dying osteocytes and male Tg mice had a trend for more empty lacunae. Osteogenic cultures from Tg mice had reduced differentiation and mineralization with reduced Alpl and Runx2 transcripts. In conclusion, endogenous EPO-Epor signaling in osteoblasts is important in bone remodeling, particularly trabecular bone and endogenous Epor expression in osteoblasts is required for bone loss accompanying EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis.
Congress and Treasury's Federal Income Tax COVID-19 Initiatives

In this article, Thompson principally focuses on the business tax provisions of the CARES Act. The article is based on a chapter in a published special supplement (titled “The Deal Lawyer’s Weapons in the War on COVID- 19”) to Thompson’s Mergers, Acquisitions and Tender Offers: Law and Strategies — Corporate, Securities, Taxation, Antitrust, Cross Border (updated semi-annually).
Differing thermal sensitivities of physiological processes alter ATP allocation.

Changes in environmental temperature impact rate processes at all levels of biological organization. Yet, the thermal sensitivity of specific physiological processes that impact allocation of the ATP pool within a species is less well understood. In this study of developmental stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, thermal sensitivities were measured for growth, survivorship, protein synthesis, respiration, and transport of amino acids and ions. At warmer temperatures, larvae grew faster but suffered increased mortality. An analysis of temperature sensitivity (Q10 values) revealed that protein synthesis, the major ATP-consuming process in larvae of C. gigas, is more sensitive to temperature change (Q10 value of 2.9±0.18) than is metabolic rate (Q10 of 2.0±0.15). Ion transport by Na+/K+-ATPase measured in vivo has a Q10 value of 2.1±0.09. The corresponding value for glycine transport is 2.4±0.23. Differing thermal responses for protein synthesis and respiration result in a disproportional increase in the allocation of available ATP to protein synthesis with rising temperature. A bioenergetic model is presented illustrating how changes in growth and temperature impact allocation of the ATP pool. Over an environmentally relevant temperature range for this species, the proportion of the ATP pool allocated to protein synthesis increases from 35% to 65%. The greater energy demand to support protein synthesis with increasing temperature will compromise energy availability to support other essential physiological processes. Defining the tradeoffs of ATP demand will provide insights into understanding the adaptive capacity of organisms to respond to various scenarios of environmental change.
Lawful Performance and the Representational Politics of Queer African Refugees in Documentary Film

This article explores lawful performance in documentary film representation of queer African refugees. Lawful performance is a framework I develop to identify a performative structure in which cult...
Postmodern Language Pedagogy

Language pedagogy has been influenced by postmodern theories. The pedagogy of the English language classroom has become the site for reflecting, playing, exploring other identities, choosing, subverting, opting out, creating, criticising, resisting, welcoming ambiguity, dealing with ambiguity, accepting uncertainties, surfing technological sources et al. Of all of them, asking questions in the postmodern class is an essential, inevitable teaching and learning tool. It is taken for granted that modern teachers raise questions and grant permission to students to raise questions as well. While teachers are absolutely convinced that the raising of questions is a legitimate pedagogical activity, they also imagine that allowing students to raise questions is a matter of charity. This paper argues that teachers ought to raise questions of different types and functions so that they can minimize teacher talk time and allow learners to use time for language production through comprehension. It also argues that students ought to raise questions so that they can develop strategies to approach language in a focussed manner. It does include learner autonomy that aims at maximizing the potentials of independent learners.
Mortality Before and After Border Wall Construction Along the US-Mexico Border, 1990-2017.

Objectives. To evaluate changes in mortality in US counties along the US–Mexico border in which there was substantial new border wall construction after the Secure Fence Act of 2006 relative to bor...
Addenda ad Linguistica XXVIII

At the end of my comments to Frau's Dizionario (p. 146) I remarked that there is practically nothing Celtic in the sources to the stems of the names there cited in -ic( i)u-. It was an oversight on my part that i neglected to add at the end of that paragraph what is probably obvious to any reader: The bases of the stems in these praedial names, with the unsurprising exception of those in B-, could easily be good and well known Latin; this does not of course mean that their possessors were native Romans. Their society was however strongly acculturated, or else it was characterized by such pretentions. The suffix may well properly have been *-k(i)o- added to stems in -i-, which might also be thematized.
Pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in plasma and subcutaneous fluid following oral administration of cefpodoxime proxetil in male beagle dogs

Kumar, V., Madabushi, R., Lucchesi, M. B. B., Derendorf, H. Pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in plasma and subcutaneous fluid following oral administration of cefpodoxime proxetil in male beagle dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 130–135. Pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in plasma (total concentration) and subcutaneous fluid (free concentration using microdialysis) was investigated in dogs following single oral administration of prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil (equivalent to 5 and 10 mg/kg of cefpodoxime). In a cross over study design, six dogs per dose were utilized after a 1 week washout period. Plasma, microdialysate, and urine samples were collected upto 24 h and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The average maximum concentration (Cmax) of cefpodoxime in plasma was 13.66 (±6.30) and 27.14 (±4.56) μg/mL with elimination half-life (t1/2) of 3.01 (±0.49) and 4.72 (±1.46) h following 5 and 10 mg/kg dose, respectively. The respective average area under the curve (AUC0–∞) was 82.94 (±30.17) and 107.71 (±30.79) μg·h/mL. Cefpodoxime was readily distributed to skin and average free Cmax in subcutaneous fluid was 1.70 (±0.55) and 3.06 (±0.93) μg/mL at the two doses. Urinary excretion (unchanged cefpodoxime) was the major elimination route. Comparison of subcutaneous fluid concentrations using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices of fT>MIC indicated that at 10 mg/kg dose; cefpodoxime would yield good therapeutic outcome in skin infections for bacteria with MIC50 upto 0.5 μg/mL while higher doses (or more frequent dosing) may be needed for bacteria with higher MICs. High urine concentrations suggested cefpodoxime use for urinary infections in dogs.
Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication.

The status of brain antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in mice intoxicated with KCN were correlated with lipid peroxidation in brain membranes. KCN (7 mg/kg, s.c.) rapidly increased conjugated dienes in brain lipids, with peak levels observed 30 min after cyanide treatment. At 60 min post cyanide, conjugated diene levels were only slightly elevated above controls. Temporal changes in activity of most antioxidant enzymes corresponded with the observed time course of cyanide-induced membrane lipid peroxidation. Thirty minutes after KCN, brain catalase (CA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly reduced (percent inhibition compared to control: CA 44%, GPX 30%, and GR 41%). At 60 min, CA and GPX enzyme activity returned to control levels, whereas GR was elevated 34% above control activity. Superoxide dismutase was not significantly inhibited 30 min after KCN, but declined to 71% of control activity at 60 min. Brain levels of reduced glutathione declined 42% below control 30 min after cyanide and returned to within 9.4% of control at 60 min. At 30 and 60 min after cyanide, oxidize glutathione levels were not significantly changed from control levels. These studies suggest that membrane lipid peroxidation and subsequent membrane dysfunction observed in cyanide intoxication is related in part to a compromised antioxidant defense.
A microimmunofluorescent assay to detect human granulocyte antigens and antibodies

Granulocyte antibodies are important in the pathogenesis of neonatal granulocytopenia, in some varieties of idiopathic granulocytopenia, and in transfusion reactions, particularly since the development of leukocyte transfusion therapy for granulocytopenic patients. Previous assays for the detection of granulocyte-specific antigens and antibodies were cumbersome, complex, and unreliable. Thus we have now described a new microimmunofluorescent method to assay human granulocyte antigens and their antibodies. This sensitive and reliable technique allows for the preservation of human granulocyte antigenicity for at least 24 hours. The granulocyte-specific antigens of a Caucasian population, residing in metropolitan New York, were studied by this microimmunofluorescent method. We report the distribution of granulocyte-specific antigens in this population, together with the corresponding gene frequency. This microimmunofluorescent test should improve our understanding of antigenic systems restricted to single cell populations.
Mediated Perceptions: Contributions of Phenomenological Film Theory to Understanding the Interactive Video Experience

We draw upon phenomenological film theory and phenomenological studies of technological mediation to explore the perceptual, expressive, intentional and interpretive dimensions of the interactive video experience. Surrealist and phenomenological film theory can provide insights into the perceptual and communicative dimensions of the film/video experience, complementing current semiotic explorations of hypertext. The phenomenological notion of iintentionality is used to explain the convergence of both filmmaker's and spectator's perceptions onto the world as referenced by the filmmaker, enabling and mediating intersubjective understanding. Both the filmmaker's and the spectator's perceptions are brought into engagement through the technological mediation of camera and computer and through the linguistic and cultural mediation of narration.
Constructing a Jacobite: the Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Carnwath

George Lockhart of Carnwath is best known for his bitter denunciation of the AngloScottish Union in his Memoirs concerning the affairs of Scotland, first published in I714. There Lockhart appears as a wholly Jacobite narrator and moralist, passionately inveighing against the iniquity of his peers. ret we know that his background was not cutfrom the same cloth as that of his more stereotypical Jacobite contemporaries. Not for him the brooding presence of a Cavalier ancestor 'martyred' while fighting alongside Montrose or ancient traditions of loyalty to the Stuarts. Rather, like many Scotsmen after him, he was converted to Jacobitism in the course of the political crisis gripping early eighteenth-century Scotland. From the point of view of the historian studying the dynamics ofpolitical commitment thefact that Lockhartfalls into this category is a godsend. Uniquely among his Jacobite peers, in the Memoirs and in his many surviving letters, as well as the correspondence and accounts of affairs penned by contemporaries, Lockhart has left the historian a substantial amount of evidence to work on. This article will explore the social and intellectual background to George Lockhart's adherence to the Stuart cause,focusing in particular on the interplay of socialforces that shaped his childhood and teenageyears, before going on to trace the key features of his understanding ofpolitics and society. Lockhart was not a natural convert to _acobitism, and the fact that he and many like him moved in that direction merits close analysis. By better understanding why a man like Lockhart embraced the exiled Stuarts we can gain a more general insight into the revival of the Jacobite cause in Scotland in the early eighteenth century. Shortly after the Hanoverian succession in August I 7 I 4 a book entitled Memoirs concerning the affairs of Scotland appeared for the first time in print. It was an immediate sensation. Jonathan Swift, who had been shown one of the manuscript copies that had been circulating for some months, observed to a friend: 'I saw two sheets of the beginning which was treason every line.'1 And indeed the book was a forthrightly hostile, clearly eyewitness account of the * I am indebted to Dr Donna Bohanan of Auburn University, DrJohn Robertson of St Hugh's College, Oxford, and Professor Lois Schwoerer of the Folger Library, for their sage advice oin early drafts of this article (of which a short version was presented at the Eighteenth-Century Scottish Studies Society Conference at Aberdeen in July and the Southern Conference on British Studies' meeting in New Orleans in October I995), and to Kevin Kragenbrink and Dwayne Waldrup of Auburn University for several illuminating discussions of Lockhart's theological position relative to orthodox Episcopalianism. I hope in due course to expand the analysis of Lockhart's mind advanced below into a full-fledged biographic case-study of the Scottish Jacobite mnentalite. 1 H. Williams (ed.), The correspondence of J_onathan Swift (5 vols., Oxford, I963), II, 58.
Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents with Cushing’s Syndrome before and after Surgical Cure

Approximately half of children and adolescents with Cushing's syndrome develop hypertension. To examine the role of hypercortisolism in the pathogenesis of hypertension in young patients and to establish its reversibility, we studied 31 hypertensive children and adolescents with Cushing's syndrome (systolic, diastolic, and/or mean blood pressure more than 2 SD U for age and sex) from a total of 63 patients before, and for a period of 1 yr after surgical cure. Preoperatively, 93.5%, 42%, and 45% of these patients presented with an increase of the systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, respectively. The systolic blood pressure remained increased in 30.7%, 15.8%, and 5.5% of patients at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgical cure, respectively. The diastolic and mean blood pressure completely normalized by 3 months after surgical cure. A significant, positive correlation was observed between the systolic blood pressure and the duration of the disease, but no correlation was seen with the 24-h urinary free cortisol values and/or the patients' body mass indices. The lack of correlation between 24-h urinary free cortisol values and blood pressure suggests that hypercortisolism influences blood pressure through multiple pathways. The positive correlation between the systolic blood pressure and the duration of the disease points towards the deleterious effects of prolonged hypercortisolism and the significance of early diagnosis and treatment. The fact that the blood pressure normalized within a year from the correction of hypercortisolism suggests that, as a rule, young patients with hypercortisolism do not develop essential hypertension.
Is the 'Greatness Syndrome' Eroding?

Missile defenses and the terrorist attacks have led to a remarkable change in Putin's political strategy and Russian foreign policy. A new axis in Russian politics, centered on Russia's very perception of itself, has emerged.
A three-dimensional stochastic model of the behavior of radionuclides in forests III. Cs-137 uptake and release by vegetation

Abstract Using a three-dimensional stochastic model of radionuclide behavior in forests described in Part I, this work simulates the long-term behavior of Cs-137 in forest vegetation. The stochastic model assumes the behavior of Cs-137 in forest vegetation to follow a Markov process with state transitions driven by the processes and mechanisms affecting radiocesium uptake, translocation, and release. To develop this random walk model, the primary processes and mechanisms driving the uptake, translocation and release by vascular plants, saprophytic fungi, symbiotic fungi, lichen, and moss are described. It is assumed that the driving force behind the uptake of Cs-137 by vegetation is the demand of the plant for potassium (i.e., a biological analogue of radiocesium). The model is then tested using the base line scenario presented in Part I in which Cs-137 is deposited into a coniferous forest ecosystem.
Treatment of Pyoderma Gangrenosum With Cyclosporine

• Background and Design.— Pyoderma gangrenosum is a chronic inflammatory ulcerative skin disease of unknown origin, often associated with various diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory arthritis, monoclonal gammopathies, hepatitis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment of associated systemic disorders may improve the ulcers, but lesions may be recalcitrant and persist for months to years. Therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum includes high-dose systemic corticosteroids, sulfa drugs such as sulfasalazine, clofazimine, and immunosuppressive agents such as mercaptopurine and azathioprine; these drugs are sometimes ineffective. Results.— We present a series of 11 patients with pyoderma gangrenosum, with a wide range of underlying diseases, whose ulcers were refractory to usual therapy and who were treated with low-dose cyclosporine. Ten of the 11 patients cleared rapidly and completely with cyclosporine therapy. Conclusions.— Cyclosporine should be seriously considered as a primary form of treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum. ( Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1060-1064)
Bidirectional alloreactivity: A proposed microchimerism-based solution to the NIMA paradox.

The NIMA paradox is the observation that in transplants of allogeneic kidneys or hematopoietic stem cells, siblings benefit from re-exposure to non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA), whereas re-exposure to a transplant from mother herself, theoretically the ideal “NIMA” donor, does not yield clinical results superior to a father-donated allograft. Recent observations of bidirectional alloreactivity in kidney and cord blood transplantation offer a possible solution to this paradox. If correct, the proposed solution points the way to clinical applications of microchimerism in solid organ and hematopoetic transplants.
High-temperature steam-oxidation behavior of Zr-1Nb cladding alloy E110

Abstract Oxidation experiments were conducted at 1000–1200 °C in flowing steam with samples of as-received Zr-1Nb alloy E110 tubing and/or polished E110 tubing. The purpose was to determine the oxidation behavior of this alloy under postulated loss-of-coolant accident conditions in light water reactors. The as-received E110 tubing exhibited a high degree of susceptibility to nodular oxidation and breakaway oxidation at relatively low test times, as compared to other cladding alloys. The nodules grew much more rapidly at 1000 °C than 1100 °C, as did the associated hydrogen uptake. The oxidation behavior was strongly affected by the surface condition of the materials. Polishing to ≈0.1 μm roughness (the roughness of the as-received tubing was ≈0.4 μm) delayed breakaway oxidation. Polishing also removed surface impurities. For polished samples oxidized at 1100 °C, no significant nodular oxidation appeared up to 1000 s. For polished samples oxidized at 1000 °C, hydrogen uptake >100 wppm was delayed from ≈300 s to >900 s. Weight-gain coefficients were determined for pre-breakaway oxidation of polished-only and machined-and-polished E110 tubing samples: 0.162 (mg/cm 2 )/s 0.5 at 1000 °C and 0.613 (mg/cm 2 )/s 0.5 at 1100 °C.
Detection of polyatomic molecules using infrared degenerate four-wave mixing

Degenerate four-wave mixing detection of methane and acetylene is demonstrated using rotational-vibrational transitions for resonance enhancement. High resolution spectra (<0.007 cm−1) of methane and acetylene, near 3000 and 3300 cm−1 respectively, have been acquired using a single-longitudinal-mode optical parametric oscillator. These experiments suggest that infrared degenerate four-wave mixing provides a new diagnostic capability for the sensitive detection of polyatomic molecules with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Light: Conjuring photons out of thin air

Last month, it seems, photons were squeezed out of empty space. Could we be about to illuminate the dark energy that permeates the universe?
Effects of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) deficiency on CNS structure and function in the myelin-deficient CAII-deficient double mutant mouse.

In the choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) supports the transport of bicarbonate ions, sodium ions, and water from blood to the CSF, and in the myelin sheath CAII supports compaction of myelin by stimulating cotransport of ions and water out from between the myelin membranes. In view of the latter, it is surprising that mutant mice deficient in CAII (Car-2n) have compact myelin. Since myelin basic protein also takes part in myelin compaction, we bred double CAII-deficient, myelin-deficient (MId) mutant mice, in which the adults would have some compact myelin sheaths and a partial deficiency in myelin basic protein, with a view to examining oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in the double mutant. Like the parent MId strain, the double mutants displayed tremors and seizures; however, the onset of seizures was delayed significantly in the double mutants, and the lifespan increased by several months. Like the brains of Car-2n mutants, those of double mutants (MldCar-2n) were deficient in mRNA and protein for CAII and showed upregulation of a different isozyme, CAIV. In the double mutants, oligodendrocytes were reduced in number, and the myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes were swollen. The partial protection against seizures, which CAII deficiency conferred, suggests that acidosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of the Car-2n and MldCar-2n mice, due to absence of CAII from the choroid plexus, may downregulate the activity of NMDA receptors. The swelling of myelin and oligodendrocytes only in the MldCar-2n suggests that CAIV activity is not sufficient for maintaining compact myelin when the myelin is partly deficient in myelin basic protein and severely deficient in CAII. The findings provide the first direct evidence for a role of carbonic anhydrase II in the compaction of myelin membranes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carpoglyphus nidicolus - a new species of Carpoglyphidae (Acarina: Astigmata) inhabiting the nests of swallows

Abstract A new species of Carpoglyphidae, Carpoglyphus nidicolous, (Acarina : Astigmata) is established based on specimens collected from the nests of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot) and barn swallows (Hirundo rustica Linnaeus) in Oregon, U.S.A.
Amorphous materials for micrometer and submicrometer bubble domain technology

A review and critique is made of those material and processing issues that pertain to the implementation of micrometer and submicrometer bubble devices on amorphous films. Adequate reproducibility and uniformity have been achieved in ternary amorphous films prepared by rf sputtering and their magnetic characteristics are very similar to those of analogous garnet films. Factors that may limit application to the amorphous films include defects and dielectric breakdown in insulating layers, sensitivity to annealing, and larger, but not prohibitive, coercivities. A salient problem common to both garnet and amorphous materials is attainment of sufficiently large values of Q to ensure stable device operation.
Hydrocortisone modulates the effect of estradiol on endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in human endothelial cells.

Abstract The interaction between hydrocortisone and estradiol on the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Following incubation in medium containing dextran-coated-charcoal-stripped serum (DCC-stripped medium) for 4 days, incubation of HUVECs with 0.1 nM estradiol for 24 hr in the absence of hydrocortisone increased levels of eNOS mRNA measured by ribonuclease protection assay above control (0 nM estradiol). 2 μM hydrocortisone applied for 24 hr preceding and during estradiol application inhibited the estradiol-elicited increase in eNOS mRNA levels, reducing mRNA levels from 134% ± 14% of control to 85% ± 5% of control. Significant (ANOVA, p
A basic study design for expedited safety signal evaluation based on electronic healthcare data

Active drug safety monitoring based on longitudinal electronic healthcare databases (a Sentinel System), as outlined in recent FDA-commissioned reports, consists of several interlocked processes, including signal generation, signal strengthening, and signal evaluation. Once a signal of a potential drug safety issue is generated, signal strengthening and signal evaluation have to follow in short sequence in order to quickly provide as much information about the triggering drug-event association as possible. This paper proposes a basic study design based on the incident user cohort design for expedited signal evaluation in longitudinal healthcare databases. It will not resolve all methodological issues nor will it fit all study questions arising within the framework of a Sentinel System. It should rather be seen as a guidance that will fit the majority of situations and serve as a starting point for adaptations to specific studies. Such an approach will expedite and structure the process of study development and highlight specific assumptions, which is particularly valuable in a Sentinel System where signals are by definition preliminary and evaluation of signals is time critical.
Impact of critical care physician workforce for intensive care unit physician staffing.

The Society for Critical Care Medicine has advocated for intensivist lead multi-disciplinary critical care for our 30 years; growing evidence supports their assertion. It is estimated that if intensive care unit (ICU) physician staffing (IPS) was implemented in non-rural United States hospitals, 53,
Heat of hydration of fly ash as a predictive tool

A test procedure based on heat of hydration was developed to assess more accurately the reactivity and behaviour of fly ash for utilization. The technique uses a Dewar flask or a modified oxygen bomb calorimeter to determine the temperature change and rate of change after the addition of water to fly ash. X-ray diffraction is performed on the hydrated material after the hydration test to follow mineralogical changes due to the hydration process. A study of coal ash samples is under way to determine whether correlations exist between the temperature change and results from empirical tests, such as those of the ASTM, used to determine properties of ash for engineering applications. A protocol has been developed for an improved classification scheme for coal ash.
Logos: the power of the word in IT support

Too many people focus on the "technical" part of "technical support." This means that we have support staff who are highly trained in software, hardware, specs and certs, who can give highly detailed descriptions of problems and resolutions, both in writing and in person. What gets lost, however, is the focus on the communication itself, and how their words and phrases are perceived by the end-users themselves. This paper/presentation will focus on the importance of "soft skills," namely how phrasing, intonation, levity (or lack thereof), and simple choice of words can make the difference when announcing interruptions, documenting changes, and generally supporting customers. This paper and presentation will be useful to people directly interacting with end-users, either in technical support, documentation, or training.
Leukocytosis in peritoneal lavage effluent after selected abdominal organ injury in an experimental model

Elevation of the corrected leukocyte count (Cwbc) in peritoneal lavage effluent has been reported by us in association with colon perforation. We have extended this study in order to investigate systematically the nature of the stimuli to, and the timing, magnitude, and consistency of, this response in the presence of other occult abdominal injuries associated with trauma. This has been done by subjecting an anesthetized canine model to a variety of isolated intra-abdominal injuries and then measuring sequential peritoneal lavage leukocyte counts up to six hours after injury. A rising lavage leukocyte count gave Cwbc-positive lavages in 94% of animals with jejunal, ileal, and colonic wounds by six hours. In animals with isolated peritoneal penetration alone, or simple liver or spleen wounds, an elevated Cwbc count was unusual. In stomach, gallbladder, and urinary bladder perforation, a positive lavage was an inconsistent finding. Peritoneal lavage leukocyte counts corrected on the basis of red cell count can enhance the accuracy and utility of lavage for abdominal trauma, especially when gastrointestinal perforation is present as an isolated injury, by detecting an early peritoneal inflammatory response which appears independently from simple hemorrhage.