cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re3: relay reliability reputation for anonymity systems

To conceal user identities, Tor, a popular anonymity system, forwards traffic through multiple relays. These relays, however, are often unreliable, leading to a degraded user experience. Worse yet, malicious relays may strategically introduce deliberate failures to increase their chance of compromising anonymity. In this paper we propose a reputation system that profiles the reliability of relays in an anonymity system based on users' past experience. A particular challenge is that an observed failure in an anonymous communication cannot be uniquely attributed to a single relay. This enables an attack where malicious relays can target a set of honest relays in order to drive down their reputation. Our system defends against this attack in two ways. Firstly, we use an adaptive exponentially-weighted moving average (EWMA) that ensures malicious relays adopting time-varying strategic behavior obtain low reputation scores over time. Secondly, we propose a filtering scheme based on the evaluated reputation score that can effectively discard relays involved in such attacks. We use probabilistic analysis, simulations, and real-world experiments to validate our reputation system. We show that the dominant strategy for an attacker is to not perform deliberate failures, but rather maintain a high quality of service. Our reputation system also significantly improves the reliability of path construction even in the absence of attacks. Finally, we show that the benefits of our reputation system can be realized with a moderate number of observations, making it feasible for individual clients to perform their own profiling, rather than relying on an external entity.
RONALD ESTABROOK'S EARLY GUIDANCE OF A POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW CONCERNING THE INTRICACIES OF STEROID METABOLISM BY CYTOCHROMES P450

Ronald Estabrook made his initial impact studying cytochrome P450 by demonstrating the oxidative metabolism function of this unique class of enzymes, which had an unusual spectral peak at 450 nm when reduced and in the presence of carbon monoxide. Utilizing a photochemical action spectrum, he demonstrated that a cytochrome P450 was responsible for steroid 21 hydroxylation catalyzed by microsomes prepared from adrenal cortex tissue. As a young postdoctoral student, I was given the unique opportunity to learn from a true pioneer in this field. Ron had a surprisingly small laboratory at that time that allowed me to closely interact with a great scientist to learn about the important role cytochrome P450 proteins play in a wide variety of different organisms catalyzing oxidative metabolism reactions essential to life and to provide organisms, with the means to defend against xenobiotics.
Comment: method games—a proposal for assessing and learning about methods

Eliason, Scott R. and Robin Stryker. 2009. “Goodness-of-fit Tests and Descriptive Measures in Fuzzy-set Analysis.” Sociological Methods and Research 38(1):102–46. Raftery, Adrian E. 1995. “Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research.” Pp. 111–63 in Sociological Methodology, vol. 25, edited by Peter V. Marsden. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Ragin, Charles C. 2008. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vaisey, Stephen. 2007. “Structure, Culture, and Community: The Search for Belonging in 50 Urban Communes.” American Sociological Review 72(6):851–73. Vaisey, Stephen. 2009. “QCA 3.0: The ‘Ragin Revolution’ Continues.” Contemporary Sociology 38(4):308–12.
Voided Midstream Urine Culture and Acute Cystitis in Premenopausal Women

Methods Women from 18 to 49 years of age with symptoms of cystitis provided specimens of midstream urine, after which we collected urine by means of a urethral catheter for culture (catheter urine). We compared microbial species and colony counts in the paired specimens. The primary outcome was a comparison of positive predictive values and negative predictive values of organisms grown in midstream urine, with the presence or absence of the organism in catheter urine used as the reference. Results The analysis of 236 episodes of cystitis in 226 women yielded 202 paired specimens of midstream urine and catheter urine that could be evaluated. Cultures were positive for uropathogens in 142 catheter specimens (70%), 4 of which had more than one uropathogen, and in 157 midstream specimens (78%). The presence of Escherichia coli in midstream urine was highly predictive of bladder bacteriuria even at very low counts, with a positive predictive value of 10 2 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of 93% (Spearman’s r = 0.944). In contrast, in midstream urine, enterococci (in 10% of cultures) and group B streptococci (in 12% of cultures) were not predictive of bladder bacteriuria at any colony count (Spearman’s r = 0.322 for enterococci and 0.272 for group B streptococci). Among 41 episodes in which enterococcus, group B streptococci, or both were found in midstream urine, E. coli grew from catheter urine cultures in 61%. Conclusions Cultures of voided midstream urine in healthy premenopausal women with acute uncomplicated cystitis accurately showed evidence of bladder E. coli but not of enterococci or group B streptococci, which are often isolated with E. coli but appear to rarely cause cystitis by themselves. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.)
Control of visual attention in mobile robots

The authors describe a control system for a binocular image acquisition mechanism, for use in mobile robotic systems, which allows shifts in focus of attenuation to be made in a natural, device-independent manner. The control method is based on the modal control technique proposed by R.W. Brockett (Proc. IEEE Robotics Autom. Conf., 1988). The shifts are accomplished by altering the feedback gains applied to the visual feedback paths in the position and velocity control loops of the binocular camera system. By altering these gains, a feature-selection operation can be performed by which the saliency of a given feature is enhanced, while the saliency of other features is reduced. Two experiments performed with the system to demonstrate modal control of attention are discussed. >
Soft tissue growth of the oropharynx

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of bony and soft tissue growth of the oropharynx in a sample of healthy, orthodontically untreated children. The sample consisted of 16 males and 16 females with lateral cephalograms at 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years of age, for a total of 160 lateral cephalometric radiographs. All subjects were enrolled in the Broadbent Bolton Study1 and their radiographs were used to produce the Bolton Standard Templates.2 Each radiograph was traced by hand and the tracings were paired and averaged to create a standard template for pharyngeal tissues at each age. In addition, all 160 tracings were digitized and means and standard deviations were calculated for 29 hard and 7 soft tissue measurements. Four linear (Ar-H,S-H,Go-H, Gn-H) and three angular (N-S-H, SN-ArH,GoGn-H) measurements demonstrated that the hyoid bone descends and moves slightly anteriorly up to age 18. The soft palate (PNS-P) increased 1 mm in length and 0.5 mm in thickness every 3 years after ...
Modality comparison for small animal radiotherapy: A simulation study

Purpose: Small animal radiation therapy has advanced significantly in recent years. Whereas in the past dose was delivered using a single beam and a lead shield for sparing of healthy tissue, conformal doses can be now delivered using more complex dedicated small animal radiotherapy systems with image guidance. The goal of this paper is to investigate dose distributions for three small animal radiation treatment modalities. Methods: This paper presents a comparison of dose distributions generated by the three approaches—a single-field irradiator with a 200 kV beam and no image guidance, a small animal image-guided conformal system based on a modified microCT scanner with a 120 kV beam developed at Stanford University, and a dedicated conformal system, SARRP, using a 220 kV beam developed at Johns Hopkins University. The authors present a comparison of treatment plans for the three modalities using two cases: a mouse with a subcutaneous tumor and a mouse with a spontaneous lung tumor. A 5 Gy target dose was calculated using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo codes. Results: All treatment modalities generated similar dose distributions for the subcutaneous tumor case, with the highest mean dose to the ipsilateral lung and bones in the single-field plan (0.4 and 0.4 Gy)more » compared to the microCT (0.1 and 0.2 Gy) and SARRP (0.1 and 0.3 Gy) plans. The lung case demonstrated that due to the nine-beam arrangements in the conformal plans, the mean doses to the ipsilateral lung, spinal cord, and bones were significantly lower in the microCT plan (2.0, 0.4, and 1.9 Gy) and the SARRP plan (1.5, 0.5, and 1.8 Gy) than in single-field irradiator plan (4.5, 3.8, and 3.3 Gy). Similarly, the mean doses to the contralateral lung and the heart were lowest in the microCT plan (1.5 and 2.0 Gy), followed by the SARRP plan (1.7 and 2.2 Gy), and they were highest in the single-field plan (2.5 and 2.4 Gy). For both cases, dose uniformity was greatest in the single-field irradiator plan followed by the SARRP plan due to the sensitivity of the lower energy microCT beam to target heterogeneities and image noise. Conclusions: The two treatment planning examples demonstrate that modern small animal radiotherapy techniques employing image guidance, variable collimation, and multiple beam angles deliver superior dose distributions to small animal tumors as compared to conventional treatments using a single-field irradiator. For deep-seated mouse tumors, however, higher-energy conformal radiotherapy could result in higher doses to critical organs compared to lower-energy conformal radiotherapy. Treatment planning optimization for small animal radiotherapy should therefore be developed to take full advantage of the novel conformal systems.« less
On the Design of Single-Point Cable-Linked Moorings for Ocean Observatories

The goal of this paper is to provide design criteria for moorings proposed for long-term ocean observatories that use electro-optical-mechanical (EOM) cables and to identify the parameters that affect their dynamics. The EOM cables are much stiffer than traditional mooring lines, and therefore, the moorings may experience higher loads under most environmental conditions if not designed properly. Two designs that provide geometric compliance yet keep all the cable in the water column are considered. One of the designs uses a single subsurface float (SSF) with an "S-tether" positioned above it. The other design uses distributed buoyancy to create an S-tether in the lower half of the mooring line. Both designs use an elastomeric snubber hose attached inline just below the buoy. The maximum tensions in the hose and at the anchor and Raoof's contact stress-slip parameter at critical locations are used to evaluate the designs. The present results show that the most important design parameter in terms of the maximum tensions is the length of the mooring, the most important parameters in terms of the bending fatigue damage is the length of the buoyant section and the distribution of cable floats, and the most important design parameter in terms of the dynamic motion of the cable is the length of the snubber hose. In the design with an SSF, it is shown that there exists an optimum S-tether length that minimizes the maximum tensions for a given SSF depth. The general rule of thumb that the S-tether be about twice the depth of the SSF breaks down when the SSF is placed near the surface. In general, the design with an SSF should be used if a small watch circle and small tension in the snubber are required. The design without an SSF is preferred if small overall tension along the length of the mooring is required, if the bending fatigue failure is of concern, and if a longer smooth section of the cable below the surface buoy for use with a profiler is required. In both designs, the snubber length should be at least 30 m so that the dynamic motion is kept reasonably small
Spatial Memory Guides Task Resumption

Previous research examining how people resume a task following an interruption has focused primarily on pure memory processes. In this paper, we focus on the perceptual processes underlying task resumption and show that spatial memory guides task resumption. In Experiment 1, fixation patterns suggest participants were able to resume remarkably close to where they were in the task prior to interruption. In Experiment 2, a spatial interruption disrupted resumption performance more than a nonspatial interrupting task. Together, these results implicate spatial memory as a mechanism for resumption.
Canards in a Surface Oxidation Reaction

Canards are periodic orbits for which the trajectory follows both the attracting and repelling parts of a slow manifold. They are associated with a dramatic change in the amplitude and period of a periodic orbit within a very narrow interval of a control parameter. It is shown numerically that canards occur in an appropriate parameter range in two- and three-dimensional models of the platinum-catalyzed oxidation of carbon monoxide. By smoothly connecting associated stable and unstable manifolds in an asymptotic limit, we predict parameter values at which such canards exist. The relationship between the canards and saddle-loop bifurcations for these models is also demonstrated. Excellent agreement is found between the numerical and analytical results.
Experiences with Inquiry-Based Learning in an Introductory Mechanics Course

Inquiry-based learning is an educational approach that allows the student to take ownership over the education process by self-identifying a problem and formulating their own solution. The application of this method of teaching was explored in an introductory mechanics course taken by both engineering and engineering technology students. Students were tasked with applying the principles of fundamental static equilibrium analysis to objects found in their normal surroundings. The deliverable for this assignment consisted of a photograph of an object they found to be in static equilibrium and a short description of how the state of the object could be described mathematically. Student submissions for this task exhibited a wide range of quality and imagination. Examples of student work are presented along with discussion of lessons learned and recommendations for the use of this method in the future. The overall student response to this task was positive and thus these efforts will be expanded.
A novel transposon, Tn6009, composed of a Tn916 element linked with a Staphylococcus aureus mer operon

Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize a novel conjugative transposon Tn6009 composed of a Tn916 linked to a Staphylococcus aureus mer operon in representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated in Nigeria and Portugal. Methods: Eighty-three Gram-positive and 34 Gram-negative bacteria were screened for the presence of the Tn6009 using DNA–DNA hybridization, PCR, hybridization of PCR products, sequencing and mating experiments by established procedures. Results: Forty-three oral and 23 urine Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates carried the Tn6009. Sequencing was performed to verify the direct linkage between the mer resistance genes and the tet(M) gene. A Nigerian Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from a urinary tract infection patient, and one commensal isolate from each of the other Tn6009-positive genera, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas sp., Enterococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. isolated from the oral and urine samples of healthy Portuguese children, were able to act as donors and conjugally transfer the Tn6009 to the Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 recipient, resulting in tetracycline- and mercury-resistant E. faecalis transconjugants. Conclusions: This study reports a novel non-composite conjugative transposon Tn6009 containing aT n916 element linked to an S. aureus mer operon carrying genes coding for inorganic mercury resistance (merA), an organic mercury resistance (merB), a regulatory protein (merR) and a mercury transporter (merT). This transposon was identified in 66 isolates from two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative genera and is the first transposon in the Tn916 family to carry the Gram-positive mer genes directly linked to the tet(M) gene.
General relativity derivation of beam rest-frame Hamiltonian

Analysis of particle interaction in the laboratory frame of storage rings is often complicated by the fact that particle, motion is relativistic, and that reference particle trajectory is curved. Rest frame of the reference particle is a convenient coordinate system to work with, within which particle motion is non-relativistic. We have derived the equations of motion in the beam rest frame from the general relativity formalism, and have successfully applied them to the analysis of crystalline beams.
The Water Channel Aquaporin 1 Is a Novel Molecular Target of Polychlorinated Biphenyls for in Utero Anomalies

Despite serious health risks in humans and wild life, the underlying mechanisms that explain the gene-environment effects of chemical toxicants are largely unknown. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the most ubiquitous environmental toxicants worldwide, with reported epidemiological evidence for reproductive and neurocognitive anomalies in humans. Here, we show that Aroclor 1254, a mixture of structurally distinct PCBs, causes preterm birth in interleukin (IL)-10-/- mice at a dose that does not show any adverse effects in wild type mice, highlighting the significance of IL-10 as an anti-toxicant cytokine. Aroclor 1254-treated IL-10-/- mice demonstrated increased amniotic fluid, intrauterine growth restriction, and reduced litter size with postnatal neuromotor defects. Further, our results identify aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a potent effector of fluid volume regulation and angiogenic activity, as a novel placental target of PCBs. In vivo or in vitro exposure to Aroclor 1254 coupled with IL-10 deficiency significantly reduced the protein content of AQP1. Reduced uterine AQP1 levels were associated with defective spiral artery transformation. Importantly, recombinant IL-10 reversed PCB-induced in vivo and in vitro effects. These data demonstrate for the first time that the IL-10-AQP1 axis is a novel regulator of PCB-induced in utero effects.
Who am I? Narration and its contribution to self and identity

This article critically examines the recent turn to narratives as tools for identity construction and identity analysis. While self and sense of self will be used largely as synonyms, the attempt is made to draw up a distinction between self (sense of self) on one hand and identity on the other. Rather than starting with a definition of features and functions of self and identity, I propose to start from the identification of three practical challenges that self and identity formation processes are facing. These three challenges will be explicated in terms of dilemmatic spaces within which identity activities—and at their center: narrating—are “navigated.” They consist of: (i) a successful diachronic navigation between constancy and change, (ii) the establishment of a synchronic connection between sameness and difference (between self and other), and (iii) the management of agency between the double-arrow of a person-to-world versus a world-to-person direction of fit. While biographical approaches (big st...
Body Size and Risk of Breast Cancer

The relation between body size and breast cancer remains uncertain, particularly with regard to differences between pre- and postmenopausal women. The authors examined whether height, weight, body mass index, and weight change were associated with breast cancer risk among pre- and postmenopausal women. This population-based case-control study included women aged 20-74 years (n = 6,548) who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during 1988-1991 in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin. Similarly aged control women (n = 9,057) were selected at random from driver's license files and Health Care Financing Administration files. Height, weight, and information on other breast cancer risk factors were ascertained by telephone interview, and logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among premenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratio for the upper quintile group of height relative to the lowest was 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.76). The heaviest premenopausal women had a lower risk (odds ratio (OR) = 0.87, 95% CI 0.70-1.10). Among postmenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratios were higher for the upper quintile categories of both height (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.45) and weight (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.37-1.79). Weight gain since ages 18 and 35 years was associated with increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk, and risk was lower in women who had lost weight. These findings suggest that programs to avoid weight gain merit study as a means to reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
A Framework for Non-rigid Matching and Correspondence

Matching feature point sets lies at the core of many approaches to object recognition. We present a framework for non-rigid matching that begins with a skeleton module, affine point matching, and then integrates multiple features to improve correspondence and develops an object representation based on spatial regions to model local transformations. The algorithm for feature matching iteratively updates the transformation parameters and the correspondence solution, each in turn. The affine mapping is solved in closed form, which permits its use for data of any dimension. The correspondence is set via a method for two-way constraint satisfaction, called softassign, which has recently emerged from the neural network/statistical physics realm. The complexity of the non-rigid matching algorithm with multiple features is the same as that of the affine point matching algorithm. Results for synthetic and real world data are provided for point sets in 2D and 3D, and for 2D data with multiple types of features and parts.
The Evans Function for Boundary-Value Problems

Previously we gathered information about a point spectrum either perturbatively, as in Chapter 6, or in cases where the linear operator has special structure, as arises from symmetries (Chapter 4.2) and in Hamiltonian systems (Chapter 7). In this chapter we construct the Evans function, an analytic function of the spectral parameter with the property that its zeros correspond to eigenvalues with the order of the zero equal to the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue.
Autopsy Findings: Fire Deaths

Fire-related deaths represent a common type of unnatural death. Many fire deaths result from asphyxia, with elevated postmortem blood carbon monoxide levels. In some fire-related deaths, thermal injuries play a contributory or a major role. When a body is found in the setting of a fire, it is imperative to determine if the person was alive during the fire. Pathologists can frequently make such a determination based on autopsy findings and toxicological tests. Pathologists must also be aware of the postmortem changes/artifacts that can occur in burned bodies. This chapter provides an overview of the forensic investigation of fire-related deaths.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of Single Particle Microelectrodes Zinc Passivation in Alkaline Electrolytes

An electrochemically sharpened W tip was used as a spear to capture and manipulate single, quasi-spherical particles of metallic Zn a few tens of micrometers in diameter, harvested from the anode of a commercial Zn/MnO 2 battery. This tactic made it possible to acquire in situ Raman spectra of Zn passive films formed by potential step techniques on individual Zn microparticles in 1 M KOH aqueous solutions using a shallow electrochemical cell placed directly beneath the objective of the Raman microscope. The results obtained were in good agreement with those reported earlier for Zn disk electrodes, a few millimeters in diameter, in alkaline electrolytes using the same Raman instrument without a microscope. More specifically, films formed by stepping the potential from -1.55 V to either -0.7 or -0.8 V vs. SCE, displayed a largely enhanced feature at ca. 565 cm - 1 ascribed to the E 1 longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes of ZnO, an effect associated with the presence of interstitial Zn and oxygen deficiencies in the lattice. In addition, significant amounts of crystalline ZnO could be detected only for passive films formed at the same two potentials after the electrodes had been microroughened by a single passivation-reduction step.
Ligand enhanced upconversion of near-infrared photons with nanocrystal light absorbers

We designed and synthesized a tetracene derivative 4-(tetracen-5-yl)benzoic acid (CPT) as a transmitter ligand used in PbS/PbSe nanocrystal (NC) sensitized upconversion of near infrared (NIR) photons. Under optimal conditions, comparing CPT functionalized NCs with unfunctionalized NCs as sensitizers, the upconversion quantum yield (QY) was enhanced 81 times for 2.9 nm PbS NCs from 0.021% to 1.7%, and 11 times for 2.5 nm PbSe NCs from 0.20% to 2.1%. The surface density of CPT controls the solubility of functionalized NCs and the upconversion QY. By increasing the concentration of CPT in the ligand exchange solution, the number of CPT ligand per NC increases. The upconversion QY is maximized at a transmitter density of 1.2 nm−2 for 2.9 nm PbS, and 0.32 nm−2 for 2.5 nm PbSe. Additional transmitter ligands inhibit photon upconversion due to triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) between two neighboring CPT molecules on the NC surface. 2.1% is the highest reported QY for TTA-based photon upconversion in the NIR with the use of earth-abundant materials.
Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer Simulations: Resolution Effects and Turbulence Modeling

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and high-fidelity, implicit large-eddy simulation (HFILES) were carried out for turbulent boundary layers at Mach 2.3 and 4.9. Transition to turbulence was promoted with an artificial body force trip. Two main projects were carried out in this work. First, the effects of spatial resolution on spectra and other flow statistics were examined for the baseline Mach 2.3 turbulent boundary layer flow. The finest grid in the spatial resolution study consisted of 3.3× 10 points, and maintained max(∆x+1 ,∆x + 2 ,∆x + 3 ) ≤ 1 everywhere. Examining velocity spectra in detail, HFILES was seen to converge seamlessly to DNS as the spatial resolution was increased. Further, turbulence statistics were found to be essentially independent of the domain width for values between two and eight times the maximum boundary layer thickness. Second, variations from the baseline flow conditions were considered, and the results compared to an algebraic model for the turbulent energy flux developed by R. Bowersox (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 633, pp. 61–70, 2009). An impressive match was obtained between the model and simulations, for a wide range of wall temperature and Mach number.
Review of Recent Developments in Composite Material for Aerospace Applications

Advanced materials are a key element in the development of modern aerospace vehicles and composites are one of the most promising types of such materials. They tend to be significantly lighter than their metal counterparts, while possessing impressive strength and performance characteristics. This paper describes recent work and developments in three major types of composite materials — polymer matrix composite (PMC), metal matrix composite (MMC), and ceramic matrix composite (CMC). Recent work in nanocomposites, which is particularly applicable to polymer matrix and metal matrix composites is also presented and discussed. In addition, some recent work in composite material damping is discussed and a modeling strategy for amplitude dependent damping is developing based upon heuristic modeling considerations and experimental testing results.© 2009 ASME
Embodied Nation: Sport, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern Laos

Creak asserts that ‘physical culture, particularly sport, is among the most important means of substantializing notions of the body, masculinity, and the nation in modern societies’ (12). Creak’s h...
Evaporative Deposition of Aluminum Single Crystals

The classic zone model for growth of evaporated deposits serves a starting point for selecting the process conditions to produce dense crystalline coatings. The columnar structure intrinsic to vapor deposits evolves from the nano-to-millimeter scale as the substrate temperature increases to the melting point. In this paper, the deposition conditions are reviewed for the evolution of a single crystal structure in metal coatings. Experimental results are presented for the electron-beam deposition of aluminum coatings up to 100 μm in thickness. The deposition of a single crystal occurs when the coating temperature exceeds 530 °C, i.e. 85% of the absolute melt point.
Single-arm Design Method for Multiple Aperture Imaging Telescopes

In the design of wide-field interferometric imaging telescopes, the causes of image degradation are relatively simple. Intelligent optimization of a single arm of the system can be used to improve the combined system's performance.
Polygamy: Not 'Big Love' But Significant Harm

In this article, we analyze the British Columbia Supreme Court decision, Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada, 2011 BCSC 1588, which decisively found that polygamy as practiced by The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS) constitutes a crime of harm. We focus on polygamy in the FLDS religion; to that end, we incorporate and analyze religious scripture, court testimony, interviews conducted with former FLDS members and relevant scholarship. In exploring the relationship between polygamy and the FLDS culture, we also examine child brides and lost boys; the former constitutes statutory rape and the latter is child endangerment and abandonment in the name of religious extremism. We concur with the British Columbia Supreme Court decision that polygamy constitutes a crime of harm, and in that vein we call on law enforcement officials, prosecutors and courts to recognize their responsibility to protect crimes victims. Polygamy is not abstract, but it is a concrete crime with clear consequences for those forced to participate in it.
On the Eco-tourism——Take the Shandong Province Linyi City as the case

Eco-tourism is a rapidly developing new form of tourism and it is also currently a hot topic of the tourism industry.The traditional sense of the tourism focused on economic benefits and social benefits that the tourism industry brought about,and eco-tourism attach great importance to the short-term and long-term harm caused by the tourism industry,more emphasis on the coordination of economic benefits,social and ecological benefits.Firstly,the article makes the conclusion that eco-tourism is a major highlight of the Linyi City tourism industry through the analysis of inherent ecological advantages in Linyi City,and developing tourism industry in Linyi City is a breakthrough and the best selection of choice.Secondly,the article analyzes the problems that restrict the development of eco-tourism in Linyi City from the view of internal factors and external factors.Finally,on the basis of previous studies,the article brings forth feasibile strategy corresponding to the questions that existed in the process of eco-tourism developing in Linyi City,in hope to offer some advice to the development of eco-tourism in Linyi City,promote the ecological Linyi tourism development vigorously,and achieve man-nature sustainable development.
Prediction of Epidemiological Tendency of Bacillary Dysentery in Nanning by ARIMA Model

Objective To predict the epidemiological tendency of bacillary dysentery from 2011 to 2013 by autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model.Methods Data of bacillary dysentery in Nanning from 2004 to 2010 was used to set up ARIMA prediction model by SPSS13.0.And data from 2004 to 2010 was used to validate model and predict precision.Results ARIMA(1,0,1)(0,0,0)12 model could be used to predict epidemiological tendency of bacillary dysentery in Nanning.Incidence of bacillary dysentery from 2011 to 2013 in Nanning was steady compared with the situation in 2010.Conclusion ARIMA model can be used to make a short-term prediction of bacillary dysentery.
Treating impulsivity for cocaine and food in female and male rats by repurposing therapeutics

Aims: The ability to engage in recreation drug use requires one to forgo drug use until an appropriate time and place. For instance, many problem users are prone to consume drugs throughout the day, including at work. Treating such compulsions is an important component in treating individuals with drug abuse problems. Methods: The present research modeled impulsive choice for cocaine and food in rats. Specifically female and male rats were given a choice between a larger-later and smaller-sooner alternative. In some conditions, choices were between amounts of food (1 or 3 food pellets) and in others, doses of cocaine (.3mg/kg or .9mg/kg infusions of cocaine). In both conditions, once preference for the large alternativewas established, delays to the large alternativewere introduced and increased each session in ascending order (7.5, 15, 30, 60 sec). Following establishment of a delay gradient (large preference decreased across delay), rats were treated with Progesterone (.05mg/kg), Atomoxetine (1.5mg/kg) or together as a combination treatment to determine how they altered impulsivity for food and cocaine. Results: Rats’ preference for the large alternative decreased with increases in large-alternative delay to form a delay gradient. When choosing between doses of cocaine, treatment with Atomoxetine and Progesterone decreased impulsivity (increased large alternative preference relative to baseline) compared to vehicle control in female rats. However, when choosing between amounts of food, neither treatment altered impulsive choice compared to baseline. Conclusions:The initial findings suggest that bothProgesterone and Atomoxetine reduce impulsivity for cocaine, but not impulsivity for food. A mechanism thought to the effect is that these treatments reduce the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine; follow-up studies employing a progressive ratio schedule were conducted to examine this possibility. These findings suggest the treatments employed could serve as an effect component in the treatment of cocaine addiction. Financial Support: Research was supported by NIH grants P50 DA033942-02 (MEC) and T32-DA007097-32.
Plants, humans, and culture: An edible model of consuming behavior

Botanicals are often present in abundant quantities in historic sites, so it is important to exploit the interpretive potential of these data. Understanding how a household chooses and prepares plants to consume, medicate, intoxicate, and beautify can give insight into how that household makes consumer choices. The model presented here lays the analytical framework by which floral data can be fully integrated into historical archaeology. The model accommodates the uniqueness of floral data because the variables which set parameters on consumer choices of plant products are not always the same as those for other classes of artifacts. The ultimate goal of the model is to provide linkages between botanical artifacts and consumer behavior that will be recognizable in the archaeological record.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Denitrification within Depressional Wetlands of the Southeastern US Coastal Plain in an Agricultural Landscape

Carolina Bays are depressional wetlands on the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. These wetlands are often the recipient of nutrient runoff from adjacent agricultural lands and there is potential for production of greenhouse gases during nitrification and denitrification processes occurring in the wetland sediments. Because of their saturated conditions, Carolina Bays may improve regional water quality through denitrification of soil nitrate. Three small bays in South Carolina were selected for denitrification and greenhouse gas analysis. A transect of four points was sampled within each Carolina Bay in May, July, September, and November over a two year period. Gas emissions were measured in-situ using a photoacoustic gas analyzer and soil samples were brought back to the lab for denitrification enzyme activity and microbial analysis. Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) averaged 1.8 mg m−2 d−1, with a median of 0.47 (with a range of below detectable limits to 9.414 mg m−2 d−1). Many measurement events of N2O were below detection and did not vary within the bays. The carbon dioxide emissions from Carolina Bays averaged 15.8 g m−2 d−1 and were largely controlled by temperature. Denitrification enzyme activity had a larger response to nitrate additions further into the bays. Gram + bacteria were also greater deeper into the bays, while Gram- and fungal populations were greater at the field/wetland interface. Manure application had some minor effects on DEA within the bays, but did not appear to increase gas emissions over the period measured.
Effects of a temperature control device on nutrients, POM and plankton in the tailwaters below Shasta Lake, California

A temperature control device (TCD) was installed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation on Shasta Dam, California, in March 1997 for controlling downstream river temperatures. Temperature modification was required to aid recovery of the endangered winter run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Sacramento River, and to minimize loss of generating capacity as a result of releasing deeper, colder water through low level outlet works to meet downstream temperature criteria. This study began two years prior to operation of the TCD, to compare pre- and post-operational changes on downstream tailwaters, including nutrients, particulate organic matter (POM) and plankton. During epilimnetic withdrawals from January to mid-June, and mid-level withdrawals through August, operation of the TCD was associated with decreases in dissolved nitrate–nitrate concentrations, localized increases in small particulate organic matter (SPOM) at Shasta tailwaters, increases of bacillariophyta (<25 μm size fraction), and increases in copepod biomass. These changes can potentially influence the food base of the river and therefore fish production in the Upper Sacramento River, including the chinook salmon.
Transnational migration and the commodification of eldercare in urban Ghana

ABSTRACTOver the past 20 years, organizations to provide commercial nursing services, mainly to the sick and debilitated elderly, have sprung up in Accra, Ghana. This article assesses the degree to which transnational migration has generated social changes in ageing at the level of everyday practices. It argues that a range of social actors differently involved in transnational migration has created and sustained a market for home nursing agencies in Ghana through diverse processes involving the imagination of care work abroad, complex negotiations between the elderly at home and their anxious children abroad, increased financial resources among the middle class and the evaluations of western eldercare services by return and current migrants. These dynamics illustrate the complexity of the role of transnational migration in generating social change and highlight the significance of the needs of local families and the role of the imagination in shaping social remittances from abroad.
Abdominal Pain in the Post-menopausal Female: Is Ovarian Torsion in the Differential?

Abstract Background Ovarian torsion is often thought of as a disease process of reproductive-aged women; however, it is also seen in the extremes of age. In post-menopausal women, it can be both a challenge to diagnose and associated with increased morbidity. Case Report We present a case of a 68-year-old woman with sudden onset of lower abdominal pain 6 h before arrival at the emergency department (ED). She was diagnosed with ovarian torsion, secondary to an ovarian mass, and underwent a full malignancy evaluation. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Given the higher risk of malignancy in post-menopausal women, ovarian mass–related torsion is an uncommon but important cause of acute-onset lower abdominal pain. Due to the lower prevalence of ovarian torsion in the post-menopausal group, delayed or missed diagnosis is common and may increase associated morbidity. This morbidity is due to the increased likelihood of malignancy and complications of associated medical and surgical treatment of the mass. This report highlights the increased malignancy risk, difficulty with diagnosing torsion in the post-menopausal age group, and the rationale for different management strategies when compared to premenopausal women.
Designing artificial 2D crystals with site and size controlled quantum dots

Ordered arrays of quantum dots in two-dimensional (2D) materials would make promising optical materials, but their assembly could prove challenging. Here we demonstrate a scalable, site and size controlled fabrication of quantum dots in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and quantum dot arrays with nanometer-scale spatial density by focused electron beam irradiation induced local 2H to 1T phase change in MoS2. By designing the quantum dots in a 2D superlattice, we show that new energy bands form where the new band gap can be controlled by the size and pitch of the quantum dots in the superlattice. The band gap can be tuned from 1.81 eV to 1.42 eV without loss of its photoluminescence performance, which provides new directions for fabricating lasers with designed wavelengths. Our work constitutes a photoresist-free, top-down method to create large-area quantum dot arrays with nanometer-scale spatial density that allow the quantum dots to interfere with each other and create artificial crystals. This technique opens up new pathways for fabricating light emitting devices with 2D materials at desired wavelengths. This demonstration can also enable the assembly of large scale quantum information systems and open up new avenues for the design of artificial 2D materials.
Discharge location technology in handover test of UHV GIS

Discharge location is an important issue and technical guarantee for AC withstand voltage test which is the key test in the handover test of extra-high voltage (UHV) equipment. In order to ensure the smoothly processing of the equipment defect inspection as well as the elimination of hidden fault, the discharge location technique in AC withstand voltage test of 1100kV Gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear (GIS) is studied in this paper. Firstly, the process of UHV withstand voltage test is introduced. Then concerning the characteristics of the discharge in the withstand voltage test, the feature and applicability of the existing discharge location method is analyzed. A technique for accurate discharge location by considering comprehensive multi information is proposed. Finally, an actual discharge location cases is discussed, which proves that the location based on the signal strength and the oscillation duration has good accuracy. Since summary and analysis of UHV on field case is an important experience and reference source, this research provides some reference to the subsequent UHV project construction and the equipment manufacturers.
A Critique of the Counter-Warrant as a Negative Strategy

This article responds to the essay by Paulsen and Rhodes in the Spring 1979 JAFA. The proposed negative strategy of the “counter-warrant” is criticized on the grounds that it inaccurately reflects ...
Application of Electrochemical Techniques on Study of Effect of Nano-ZnO in Conductive Polyaniline Containing Zinc-Rich Primer

Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on anticorrosion performance has been studied in conductive polyaniline containing zinc-rich primer in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and localized electrochemical Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET). The results showed that the addition of nano-zinc oxide particles in conductive polyaniline containing zinc-rich primer made the reaction of zinc more stable and slower, further increasing the effective cathodic protection period. EIS and SVET results confirmed that three performance evolution stages were obtained for zinc-rich primer being immersed in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution.
Study of titanium nitride underlayer properties and its influence on tungsten growth

The changes in tungsten (W) film growth and resistance are studied using different titanium nitride (TiN) underlayer films. Different precursors and processes used for TiN deposition affect the W growth and film properties. It is important to monitor the changes in incoming TiN resistance as a part of W process qualification. This enables maintaining W process stability and reducing fab downtime due to false fails.
The Pronephric Glomus and Vasculature

Publisher Summary For studies of kidney development, the pronephros offers a relevant model system that is amenable to both genetic and embryological approaches. Although there are clear differences in organ morphology among the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros at the cellular level, many parallels exist that can be exploited to expand the understanding of nephrogenesis. Similarities in gene expression and function also suggest that studies of the pronephros have predictive value for studies of nephrogenesis in higher vertebrates. The current developmental model systems most likely to yield further insights into pronephric development are the frog, Xenopus laevis, the zebrafish, and the chick. Transplantation and explant cultures are also likely to reveal the sources and identities of molecules that regulate pronephric cell differentiation. X. tropicalis, a diploid with a reasonably short generation time, also offers the possibility of combining the rich embryology of X. laevis with the forward genetics approach to studies of gene function.
Behavioral and Stimulus Correlates of Vomeronasal Functioning in Reptiles: Feeding, Grouping, Sex, and Tongue Use

Whatever the reason for the general neglect, until recently, of the vomeronasal organ (VNO), its associated structures, and the behavioral significance of the system, we are now beginning to understand its widespread function in reptiles. Studies of the system are hindered, however, by a lack of anatomical, neurological, and neurophysiological information. But a start has been made and the primary purpose of this paper will be to review recent advances in our knowledge of the function of the reptilian vomeronasal system and to present some new data and speculation. Rather complete reviews are available (Burghardt, 1970a; Madison, 1977) that cover early experimental studies on the role of the chemical senses in reptile behavior.