cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How much you know versus how well I know you: selecting a supplier for a technically innovative component

How do firms select a supplier for an innovative component? Three literatures speak to this question. Transaction cost economics focuses on the value of internalization, the literature on inter-firm relationships on the value of past relationships, and the firm capabilities literature on the value of superior capabilities. Choosing a supplier means choosing a bundle of these characteristics—internal vs. external, amount of prior transactions, and capabilities—but no study has integrated all three characteristics, making it impossible to understand the trade-offs involved either theoretically or managerially. I propose and test a model integrating all three factors, allowing us to understand the trade-offs involved. I find that when uncertainty is low, the decision is made primarily on the basis of differences in technical capabilities. As uncertainty increases, prior relationships and a supplier being internal take on greater positive significance relative to the importance of technical capabilities. At extreme levels of uncertainty, the value of internal supply relationships becomes very high and past relationships lose their significance. While adherents of each literature have criticized the others for what they omit, this model moves beyond this mutual recrimination by incorporating the key concerns of each literature, setting the stage for future research that draws upon the strength of each. The model provides guidance for any situation where a firm must chose a partner under uncertainty. Lastly, it addresses the strategic question of how companies should organize in the long run to access the capabilities needed for competitive success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of SFAS No. 131 on Information and Monitoring

We investigate the effect of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) new segment reporting standard on the information and monitoring environment. We compare hand-collected, restated SFAS 131 segment data for the final SFAS 14 fiscal year with the historical SFAS 14 data. We find that SFAS 131 increased the number of reported segments and provided more disaggregated information. Analysts and the market had access to a portion of the new segment information before it was made public, but analyst and market expectations were still altered by the mandated release of the new data. By increasing information disaggregation, the new standard induced firms to reveal previously “hidden” information about their diversification strategies. The newly revealed information affected market valuations and lead to changes in firm behavior consistent with improved monitoring following adoption of SFAS 131.
On Radio-bright Active Galactic Nuclei in a Complete Spectroscopic Redshift Survey

Analysis of the frequency and physical properties of galaxies with star formation and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in different environments in the local universe is a cornerstone for understanding structure formation and galaxy evolution. We have built a new multiwavelength catalog for galaxies in a complete redshift survey (the 15R Survey), gathering information on their Hα, R-band, radio, far-infrared, and X-ray emission, as well as their radio and optical morphologies, and developed a classification scheme to compare different selection methods and accurately select samples of radio-emitting galaxies with AGN and star-forming activity. While alternative classification schemes do not lead to major differences for star-forming galaxies, we show that spectroscopic and photometric classifications of AGNs lead to incomplete samples. In particular, a large population of AGN-containing galaxies with absorption-line spectra, and in many cases extended radio structures (jets, lobes), is missed in the standard Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich emission-line classification of active galaxies. This missed class of objects accounts for roughly half of the radio AGN population. Similarly, for X-ray-selected AGNs in our sample, we find that absorption-line AGNs account for half of the sample. Spectroscopically unremarkable, passive galaxies with AGN activity are not an exception, but the norm, and we show that although they exist in all environments, these systems preferentially reside in higher density regions. Because of the existence of this population, the fractional abundance of AGNs increases with increasing density, in contrast to the results based on emission-line AGNs extracted from the 15R, SDSS, and 2dF redshift surveys. Since emission-line radio AGNs are mostly associated with late-type galaxies and absorption-line radio AGNs with early-type galaxies, the trends found are connected to the well-known but poorly understood density-morphology relation.
Gaussian density fluctuations, mode coupling theory and all that

We consider a toy model for glassy dynamics of colloidal suspensions: a single Brownian particle diffusing among immobile obstacles. If Gaussian factorization of static density fluctuations is assumed, this model can be solved without factorization approximation for any dynamic correlation function. The solution differs from that obtained from the ideal mode coupling theory (MCT). The latter is equivalent to including only some positive-definite terms in an expression for the memory function. An approximate re-summation of the complete expression suggests that, under the assumption of Gaussian factorization of static fluctuations, mobile particle's motion is always diffusive. In contrast, MCT predicts that the mobile particle becomes localized at a high enough obstacle density. We discuss the implications of these results for models for glassy dynamics.
Postsynthetic Doping Control of Nanocrystal Thin Films: Balancing Space Charge to Improve Photovoltaic Efficiency

A semiconductor nanocrystal film is a unique class of nanocomposite, whose collective properties are determined by those of its constituents. Colloidal synthetic methods offer precise size control and finely tuned optical properties via quantum confinement, while recent improvements in charge transport through films have led to a variety of optoelectronic applications. However, understanding the role of defects and impurities in doping, crucial for optimizing device performance, has remained more elusive. In this perspective, we review recent progress in understanding and controlling the doping of semiconductor nanocrystal thin films, with a special focus on its relevance to photovoltaic applications. We highlight an array of postsynthetic techniques based on stoichiometric control, metal impurity incorporation, and electrochemical charging. We conclude with a review of the state of the art for nanocrystal photovoltaics, and propose the use of controlled doping and charge balance as a pathway to higher de...
Enantiocontrol and regiocontrol in lactam syntheses by intramolecular carbon-hydrogen insertion reactions of diazoacetamides catalyzed by chiral rhodium(II) carboxamides

Abstract Dirhodium(II) catalysts possessing chiral pyrrolidone or oxazolidinone ligands provide moderate enantiocontrol (up to 80% ee) in carbon-hydrogen insertion reactions of N -alkyl- N -( tert -butyl)diazoacetamides; substituents at the 2-position of the N -alkyl group control regioselectivity for β- and γ-lactam formation.
Observations of vortex structure in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/

The remnant magnetic flux distribution in a single crystal and a sintered polycrystal was examined using the magnetic particle decoration technique. The single crystal, which was heavily twinned, showed only local order in the flux lattice. This was probably due to lattice distortions caused by interaction between twin boundaries and fluxons. In the polycrystal, flux pinning effectiveness was seen to vary significantly between grains, depending on size and orientation. Grains with the c axis nearly perpendicular to the applied magnetic field were most effective at pinning flux. Some features of the decoration patterns implied that the flux distribution was influenced by more than just the grains at the sample surface.
Structural study of non-premixed tubular hydrocarbon flames

Tubular non-premixed flames are formed by a uniquely designed opposed tubular burner. Structural measurements of hydrocarbon flames are conducted using the laser-induced Raman scattering technique. Temperature and major species concentrations are recorded for flames produced by 30% CH{sub 4}/N{sub 2} and 15% C{sub 3}H{sub 8}/N{sub 2} burning against air. Numerical simulations of these flames with detailed chemistry show good agreement between the measured and simulated results. By comparing the numerical results of the tubular curved flames to those of the opposed-jet planar flames, it is shown that flame curvature towards the fuel stream strongly effects the temperature ({+-}80 K) of flames with low fuel Lewis number (15% H{sub 2}/N{sub 2}, Le{sub f} = 0.41). The effect of curvature on flames with high (15% C{sub 3}H{sub 8}/N{sub 2}, Le{sub f} = 1.51) and near-unity (30% CH{sub 4}/N{sub 2}, Le{sub f}{approx_equal}1) fuel Lewis numbers is much less. (author)
Increased T2 signal intensity in the distal clavicle: incidence and clinical implications.

Objective. The objectives of the current study were (1) to quantify the incidence of increased T2 signal in the distal clavicle and (2) to assess the clinical significance of this finding in patients with chronic acromioclavicular (AC) joint pain.
The submandibular triangle in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx

A 15-year retrospective analysis was carried out at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, reviewing the tumor staging and pathology data of 239 patients treated for carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx requiring laryngectomy alone, laryngectomy with neck dissection, or laryn-gopharyngectomy and neck dissection. Surgery was the primary treatment modality in 205 of the 239 cases, with the remaining 34 having surgery to treat radiation therapy failure. Primary tumors were located within the supraglottic region, the glottic region and, less commonly, the pyriform sinus. Ninety-five of the 239 patients either presented with or developed nodal metastases following initial treatment. Of these, only two had tumors within the lymph nodes of the submandibular triangle. This data corroborates impressions that tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx rarely metastasize to the submandibular triangle and that sparing this area during neck dissection for lesions of the larynx would seem justified.
The Theory and Practice of Myopic Management

Abstract This article reviews the theory and empirical evidence of myopic management as it pertains to marketing practice. It documents empirically the stock market's inability to properly value marketing and innovation activity in the face of the potential for myopic management. The author assesses the total financial consequences of myopic management (the practice of cutting marketing and research-and-development spending to inflate earnings) and finds that myopia has a long-term net negative impact on firm value. Myopic management is contrasted with accounting accruals-based earnings inflation, and the author shows that the real activities (i.e., myopic management), and not the accounting numbers manipulation, have the greater negative impact on future financial performance. These results are consistent across alternative abnormal return measures and alternative benchmarks. The author argues that shareholders, managers, and marketing researchers can play a role in limiting myopic management practices.
Rapidity correlations in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions

Abstract I present an analysis of two-particle rapidity correlations in O+Em and S+Em collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon, using a technique that gives maximal information without reusing data. The correlations are anomalously large, signalling large-scale deconfinement (involving ten charged pions on average). The shape of the correlation function is not well determined, and should be remeasured with higher statistics.
Surjectivity Criteria for p-adic Representations, Part I

We prove general surjectivity criteria for p-adic representations. In particular, we classify all adjoint and simply connected group schemes G over the Witt ring W(k) of a finite field k such that the reduction epimorphism \(G(W_2(k))\twoheadrightarrow G(k)\) has a section.
Testing the Implicit-Explicit Model of Racialized Political Communication

The Implicit-Explicit (IE) model of racial priming posits that implicitly racial messages will be more effective than explicitly racial ones in priming racial predispositions in opinion formation. Is the Implicit-Explicit model supported by existing data? In "Racial Priming Revived," Mendelberg responds to our analysis of a pair of experiments in which we found that "that implicit appeals are no more effective than explicit ones in priming racial resentment in opinion formation." In this note we demonstrate that the concerns raised about our experiments are unfounded. Further, we show that the existing work supporting the IE model suffers from serious limitations of experimental design and implementation. Cumulatively, we find that the evidence questioning the IE model is far stronger than the evidence that supports it.
Relevance of ion-channeling for direct DM detection

The channeling of the recoiling nucleus in crystalline detectors after a WIMP collision would produce a larger scintillation or ionization signal in direct detection experiments than otherwise expected. I present estimates of the importance of this effect for the total direct detection rate and the daily modulation of the signal using analytic models produced in the 1960's and 70's to describe the effects of channeling and blocking in crystals.
Polarization phenomena in multiphoton ionization of atoms

The theory of multiphoton ionization for an atomic system of arbitrary complexity is developed using a density matrix formalism. An expression is obtained which determines the differential N-photon ionization cross section as a function of the polarization states of the target atom and the incident radiation. The parameters which characterize the photoelectron angular distribution are related to the general reduced matrix elements for the N-photon transition. Two-photon ionization of unpolarized atoms is treated as an illustration of the use of the theory. The dependence of the multiphoton ionization cross section on the polarization state of the incident radiation, which has been observed in two- and three-photon ionization of Cs, is accounted for by the theory. Finally, the photoelectron spin polarization produced by the multiphoton ionization of unpolarized atoms, like the analogous polarization resulting from single-photon ionization, is found to depend on the circular polarization of the incident radiation.
Conceptual design of the TPF-O SC buses

The Terrestrial Planet Finder - Occulter (TPF-O) mission has two Spacecraft (SC) buses, one for a formation-flying occulter and the other for a space telescope. These buses supply the utilities (support structures, propulsion, attitude control, power, communications, etc) required by the payloads: a deployable shade for the occulter and a telescope with instruments for the space telescope. Significant requirements for the occulter SC bus are to provide the large delta V required for the slewing maneuvers of the occulter and communications for formation flying. The TPF-O telescope SC bus shares some key features of the one for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in that both support space telescopes designed to observe in the visible to near infrared range of wavelengths with comparable primary mirror apertures (2.4 m for HST, 2.4 - 4.0 m for TPF-O). Significant differences from HST are that 1) the TPF-O telescope is expected to have a Wide Field Camera (WFC) that will have a Field of View (FOV) large enough to provide fine guidance, 2) TPF-O is designed to operate in an orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrange 2 (SEL2) point which requires TPF-O (unlike HST) to have a propulsion system, and 3) the velocity required for reaching SEL2 and the limited capabilities of affordable launch vehicles require both TPF-O elements to have compact, low-mass designs. Additionally, it is possible that TPF-O may utilize a modular design derived from that of HST to allow robotic servicing in the SEL2 orbit.
Superparticles in D>11

Abstract Actions for two-superparticle system in (10,2) dimensions and three-superparticle systems in (11,3) dimensions are constructed. These actions have worldline bosonic and fermionic local symmetries, and target space global supersymmety generalizing the reparametrization, κ -symmetry and Poincare supersymmetry of the usual superparticle. With the second particle, or the second and third particles on-shell, they describe a superparticle propagating in the background of a second superparticle in (10,2) dimensions, or two other superparticles in (11,3) dimensions. Symmetries of the action are shown to exist in presence of super Yang-Mills background as well.
Recent progress in understanding the eruptions of classical novae

Dramatic progress has occurred in the last two decades in understanding the physical processes and events leading up to, and transpiring during the eruption of a classical nova. The mechanism whereby a white dwarf accreting hydrogen-rich matter from a low-mass main-sequence companion produces a nova eruption has been understood since 1970. The mass-transferring binary stellar configuration leads inexorably to thermonuclear runaways detected at distances of megaparsecs. Summarized here are the efforts of many researchers in understanding the physical processes which generate nova eruptions; the effects upon nova eruptions of different binary-system parameters (e.g., chemical composition or mass of the white dwarf, different mass accretion rates); the possible metamorphosis from dwarf to classical novae and back again; and observational diagnostics of novae, including x ray and gamma ray emission, and the characteristics and distributions of novae in globular clusters and in extragalactic systems. While the thermonuclear-runaway model remains the successful cornerstone of nova simulation, it is now clear that a wide variety of physical processes, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, will be needed to explain the rich spectrum of behavior observed in erupting novae.
The Search for Main Sequence Binary Stars in Galactic Globular Clusters

Binary stars should be present in relatively large numbers in globular clusters (GCs). While individual binary systems have been previously observed, until now, no large population had been detected in a dense GC. As part of this thesis, we developed a new technique to determine the fraction of main-sequence stars which are binaries. We analyzed the redward spread of the main-sequence ridge-line of the post-core-collapse GC NGC~6752. These data, obtained with post-refurbishment HST data, indicate that in the inner core-radius, the 3-σ lower and upper limits on the binary fraction are 15% and 38%, respectively. The region outside the core has a 3-σ upper limit on the binary fraction of 16%, and is consistent with no binaries. This rapid change in binary fraction is clear evidence of mass segregation operating within the inner 3 core-radii. We also find that the binary fraction increases at fainter magnitudes; mass segregation would also account for such behavior. We discuss the likely effects on the cluster's luminosity function (LF). In particular, we find that if the contribution of binaries to the LF was not removed, the apparent number of low mass stars would be over-estimated. I also examined the time-series data and discovered that one of the blue stragglers in NGC~6752 is an SX Phe pulsator. Its pulsation mass is 1-1.2 M⊙, consistent with the mass of the best fit stellar models from the Yale Isochrones, and also consistent with any of the blue straggler formation scenarios. No contact or eclipsing binaries were unambiguously detected. However, many low-amplitude variable candidates were observed at the limit of our ability to detect variability. The putative period of these candidate objects is consistent with these objects being produced via tidal capture events. In a time-series study of NGC~6397, we found a contact binary. This W~UMa system probably has a mass greater than that of main sequence turn-off stars implying that when this system coalesces due to angular momentum loss, it will become a blue straggler star. The frequency of W~UMas in this cluster is not statistically different from that of other GCs where ~0.1% of the main-sequence stars are contact binarie.
Production, trade, prices, exchange rates and equilibration in large experimental economies

We study market equilibration in laboratory economies that are larger and more complex than any that have been studied experimentally to date. Complexity is derived from the fact that the economies are “international” in economic structure with multiple input, output, and foreign exchange markets in operation. The economies have twenty-one markets and due to the fact that they have roughly fifty agents, the economies are characterized by several hundred equations. In spite of the complexity and interdependence of the economy, the results demonstrate the substantial power of the general equilibrium model of perfect competition to predict the direction of movement of market-level variables. Empirical patterns in the convergence process are explored and described.
Colloidal suspensions of template-removed zeolite nanocrystals

Colloidal suspensions of template-removed zeolite nanocrystals were prepared by using an organic polymer network as a temporary barrier during calcination to prevent zeolite nanocrystal aggregation.
Chiral synthons via chloroperoxidase catalysis

Abstract Recent experiments from several laboratories have shown that chloroperoxidase is able to catalyze a broad spectrum of stereoselective hydroxylation, sulfoxidation and epoxidation reactions. Our laboratory has investigated the substrate specificity of chloroperoxidase for chiral epoxidation of mono- and disubstituted alkenes. Chloroperoxidase is able to efficiently utilize alkenes having chain lengths of nine or fewer carbon atoms except for monosubstituted olefins which often function as reversible suicide inhibitors of the enzyme. Excellent substrates are created by cis-1-methyl and 2-methyl substitutions on the olefinic double bond. Kinetic, enantioselectivity and epoxide yield data have been obtained on a series of brominated and unbrominated methallyl alkenes and substituted styrenes. The results indicate that methallyl alkenes and styrenes can function as good substrates. Km values for the methallyl substrates are in the millimolar range and the Vmax's reach turnovers of 200 per min. Hammett plot data are consistent with the formation of a radical as opposed to a carbocation intermediate in the rate determining step in the epoxidation of substituted styrenes. Many of the epoxide products derived from chloroperoxidase catalysis can serve as chiral synthons for drug and natural product synthesis.
Exploring the BWCA (Bino-Wino co-annihilation) scenario for neutralino dark matter

In supersymmetric models with non-universal gaugino masses, it is possible to have opposite-sign SU(2) and U(1) gaugino mass terms. In these models, the gaugino eigenstates experience little mixing so that the lightest SUSY particle remains either pure bino or pure wino. The neutralino relic density can only be brought into accord with the WMAP measured value when bino-wino co-annihilation (BWCA) acts to enhance the dark matter annihilation rate. We map out parameter space regions and mass spectra which are characteristic of the BWCA scenario. Direct and indirect dark matter detection rates are shown to be typically very low. At collider experiments, the BWCA scenario is typified by a small mass gap mtilde Z2-mtilde Z1 ~ 20-80 GeV, so that tree level two body decays of tilde Z2 are not allowed. However, in this case the second lightest neutralino has an enhanced loop decay branching fraction to photons. While the photonic neutralino decay signature looks difficult to extract at the Fermilab Tevatron, it should lead to distinctive events at the CERN LHC and at a linear e+e- collider.
The Space-Distribution of the Photo-Electrons Ejected by X-Rays

None of the theories which have heretofore been proposed to account for the apparent emission of x-ray electrons from the atom over a wide range of angles instead of in one definite direction is entirely satisfactory. Since the scattering of the electrons which takes place in neighboring atoms has not been completely eliminated in any of the experimental work, the Rutherford theory of nuclear scattering is applied to the problem. This theory together with the assumption that the electrons all start out from the parent-atom in the same direction can be made to explain in a satisfactory way all the details of the observed space-distribution. It gives the amount of the spread quantitatively; it gives the form of the distribution curves; it explains the difference between the lateral and longitudinal distributions; it explains the dependence of the amount of the spread upon the nature of the atoms from which the electrons are ejected and the frequency of the x-rays which do the ejecting; and it accounts for the disagreement among various observers regarding this dependence.Incidentally it is pointed out that the scattering of 17 kv electrons by hydrogen nuclei is many times greater than can be accounted for on the classical theory.
Mean Element Propagations Using Numerical Averaging

The long-term evolution characteristics and stability of an orbit are well characterized using a mean element propagation of the perturbed two body variational equations of motion. The averaging process eliminates short period terms leaving only secular and long period effects. In this study, a non-traditional approach is taken that averages the variational equations using adaptive numerical techniques and then numerically integrating the resulting equations of motion. Doing this avoids the Fourier series expansions and truncations required by the traditional analytic methods. The resultant numerical techniques can be easily adapted to propagations at most solar system bodies.
Principles and Demonstrations of Quantum Information Processing by NMR Spectroscopy

This paper surveys our recent research on quantum information processing by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We begin with a geometric introduction to the NMR of an ensemble of indistinguishable spins, and then show how this geometric interpretation is contained within an algebra of multispin product operators. This algebra is used throughout the rest of the paper to demonstrate that it provides a facile framework within which to study quantum information processing more generally. The implementation of quantum algorithms by NMR depends upon the availability of special kinds of mixed states, called pseudo-pure states, and we consider a number of different methods for preparing these states, along with analyses of how they scale with the number of spins. The quantum-mechanical nature of processes involving such macroscopic pseudo-pure states also is a matter of debate, and in order to discuss this issue in concrete terms we present the results of NMR experiments which constitute a macroscopic analogue Hardy's paradox. Finally, a detailed product operator description is given of recent NMR experiments which demonstrate a three-bit quantum error correcting code, using field gradients to implement a precisely-known decoherence model.
Environmental Quality, Medical Care Demand and Environmental Tax Interactions

Assuming that improvements in environmental quality lead to lower demand for medical care, it has been shown that general-equilibrium interactions with the tax-distorted labor market reduce the benefits from such improvements, and thus lower the second-best optimal environmental tax. This paper provides some insights on how the link between environmental quality, individual’s health capital, and the demand for medical care affects the analysis of pollution taxes. The paper develops structural conditions under which improvements in environmental quality decrease/increase the demand for medical care and discusses their implications for environmental tax interactions.
Simple Demonstration of Visible Evanescent-Wave Enhancement with Far-Field Detection

We demonstrate the fabrication of a simple metamaterial-diffraction grating device that both amplifies and converts evanescent waves into propagating ones while operating in the visible and being probed in a simple total internal reflection configuration.
Infinitely generated Lawson homology groups on some rational projective varieties

We construct rational projective 4-dimensional varieties with the property that certain Lawson homology groups tensored with Q are infinite dimensional Q-vector spaces. More generally, for each pair of integers p and k, with k > 0, p > 0, we find a projective variety Y such that LpH 2p+k (Y) is infinitely generated. We also construct two singular rational projective 3-dimensional varieties Y and Y' with the same homeomorphism type but different Lawson homology groups; specifically, L 1 H 3 (Y) is not isomorphic to L 1 H 3 (Y') even up to torsion.
Nuclear localization of unoccupied oestrogen receptors.

According to the current model of steroid hormone action oestrogen is thought to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm of target cells1,2 and the oestrogen–receptor complex is then translocated into the nucleus2–4. This model is based on evidence obtained in homogenized cell preparations in which free receptor is associated with the cytosol, whereas steroid-bound receptor is associated with the nuclear fraction. Some data suggest, however, that the unfilled receptor may reside in the nucleus, and that cytosolic localization represents an extraction artefact. We have now reinvestigated the subcellular distribution of unfilled oestrogen receptor using cytochalasin B-induced enucleation to obtain cytoplast and nucleoplast fractions from receptor-containing GH3 cells derived from rat pituitary tumours. We found that cytoplasts prepared from GH3 cells contain little oestrogen-binding activity and that most of the unfilled oestrogen receptors are associated with the nuclear fraction. We therefore suggest that the standard model is in error and that the unoccupied receptor is nuclear in the intact cell.
Enantioselective Rhodium Enolate Protonations. A New Methodology for the Synthesis of β2-Amino Acids

Rhodium-catalyzed conjugate addition of an aryl boronic acid to α-methylamino acrylates followed by enantioselective protonation of the oxa-π-allylrhodium intermediate provides access to aryl-subst...
The Effect of Postpartum Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle exercise in the prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence. A prospective comparison design of 99 matched pairs (n=198) of mothers, a training group and a control group, was used. Eight weeks postpartum the training group attended an 8-week intensive pelvic floor muscle exercise course, training in groups led by a physical therapist for 45 minutes once a week. In addition they were asked to exercise at home at least three times per week. The control group followed the ordinary written postpartum instructions from the hospital. Pelvic floor muscle strength was measured pretreatment at the eighth, and post-treatment at the 16th week after delivery, using a vaginal balloon catheter connected to a pressure transducer. Vaginal palpation and observation of inward movement of the balloon catheter during contraction were used to test the ability to perform correct the pelvic floor muscle contraction. Urinary leakage was registered by interview, specially designed instruments to measure how women perceive SUI, and a standardized pad test. At baseline (8 weeks postpartum) there was no significant difference in the number of women with urinary incontinence in the training group compared to the control group. At 16 weeks postpartum, after the 8-week treatment period, there was a significant (P<0.01) difference in favor of the training group. In addition, a significantly greater improvement in pelvic floor muscle strength between test 1 and test 2 was found in the training group compared to the control group. The results show that a specially designed postpartum pelvic floor muscle exercise course is effective in increasing pelvic floor muscle strength and reducing urinary incontinence in the immediate postpartum period.
Growth and Migration of Solids in Evolving Protostellar Disks. I. Methods and Analytical Tests

This series of papers investigates the early stages of planet formation by modeling the evolution of the gas and solid content of protostellar disks from the early T Tauri phase until complete dispersal of the gas. In this first paper, I present a new set of simplified equations modeling the growth and migration of various species of grains in a gaseous protostellar disk evolving as a result of the combined effects of viscous accretion and photoevaporation from the central star. Using the assumption that the grain-size distribution function always maintains a power-law structure approximating the average outcome of the exact coagulation/shattering equation, the model focuses on the calculation of the growth rate of the largest grains only. The coupled evolution equations for the maximum grain size, the surface density of the gas, and the surface density of solids are then presented and solved self-consistently using a standard -->1 + 1 dimensional formalism. I show that the global evolution of solids is controlled by a leaky reservoir of small grains at large radii, and propose an empirically derived evolution equation for the total mass of solids, which can be used to estimate the total heavy-element retention efficiency in the planet formation paradigm. Detailed comparisons with SED observations are presented in a following paper.
An all-pressure fluid drop model applied to a binary mixture: heptane in nitrogen

Abstract The differences between subcritical liquid drop and supercritical fluid drop behavior are shown to be a direct consequence of the length scales near the fluid drop boundary. Under subcritical, evaporative high emission rate conditions, a film layer is present in the inner part of the drop surface which contributes to the unique determination of the boundary conditions; it is this film layer in conjunction with evaporation which gives to the solution its convective–diffusive character. In contrast, under supercritical conditions the boundary conditions contain a degree of arbitrariness due to the absence of a physical surface, and the solution has then a purely diffusive character. Results from simulations of a free fluid drop under no-gravity conditions are compared to microgravity experimental data from suspended, large drop experiments at high, low and intermediary temperatures and in a range of pressures encompassing the sub- and supercritical regime. Despite the difference between the conditions of the simulations and the experiments, the time rate of variation of the drop diameter square is remarkably well predicted in the linear curve regime. Consistent with the optical measurements, in the simulations the drop diameter is determined from the location of the maximum density gradient. Detailed time-wise comparisons between simulations and data show that this location is very well predicted at 0.1 MPa. As the pressure increases, the data and simulations agreement becomes good to fair, and the possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Simulations are further conducted for a small drop, such as that encountered in practical applications, over a wide range of specified, constant far field pressures. Additionally, a transient pressure simulation crossing the critical point is also conducted. Results from these simulations are analyzed and major differences between the sub- and supercritical behavior are explained. In particular, it is shown that the classical calculation of the Lewis number gives erroneous results at supercritical conditions, and that an effective Lewis number previously defined gives correct estimates of the length scales for heat and mass transfer at all pressures.
Preparation of high purity beryllium foils

Abstract A technique is described for the preparation of beryllium foils by vapor deposition. The high-purity, pin-hole free foils are vacuum tight and suitable for many X-ray analysis applications. The beryllium is evaporated from an electron beam heated crucible source onto a heated substrate. Substrate temperatures of 725–975 K are necessary to obtain the desired mechanical properties of the foils. At these temperatures, contamination of the foils by diffusion of the substrate material into the beryllium can be a significant problem, as impurity levels of more than several hundred parts per million are detrimental to the X-ray transparency of the windows. This impurity problem is minimized by proper selection and preparation of the substrate. A clean deposition apparatus and the use of pure source material are necessary to preserve elemental integrity of the vapor-deposited foils.
Cytosol to Lysosome Transport of Intracellular Antigens During Immune Surveillance

The delivery of intracellular substrates such as misfolded proteins and damaged organelles from the cytosol to the lysosome for degradation is crucial for cell survival. Multiple transport pathways including bulk autophagy (microautophagy and macroautophagy) and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) have been identified to efficiently facilitate this transit of macromolecules from the cytoplasm to acidic vacuolar organelles. While autophagy plays a role in the general housekeeping of cells, it also functions in more specialized processes such as development and differentiation, responses to physiological stress and immunity. The presentation of both exogenous and endogenous antigens (Ag) by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to CD4+ T lymphocytes is critical for the induction of tolerance to self Ag as well as the development of immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumors. Here, we discuss the class II-mediated presentation of several endogenous Ag, dependent on either macroautophagy or CMA for their transport from the cytosol to endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Thus, the various pathways of autophagy as routes of cytoplasmic Ag delivery to lysosomes have significant implications for the MHC class II-mediated immune response to intracellular pathogens and cancer.
Social Life and Civic Education in the Rio de Janeiro City Jail

This article reconstructs the social ecology of the Brazilian capital city's principal Detention Center (Casa de Detencao) at the beginning of the country's First Republic (1889–1930). Most of the persons in Rio's city jail at this time were only detained for a relatively brief period and without any formal charges. This detention center's manuscript entry logs, annual ministerial reports, administrative correspondence, and published prison diaries and journalistic accounts reveal this institution as a living theater that dramatizes the gap between legal code and real-life juridical practice more powerfully than perhaps any other institution in modern, urban Brazil. The criminal justice system provided the primary interface between the state and nonelite members of Rio society. During their time in the Casa de Detencao before being acquitted, transferred to a different penal facility, or deported, an astonishingly heterogeneous group of detainees interacted with each other and with agents of the state. Ultimately, I argue, detainees' experiences in the city jail provided them with a civic education of sorts; in this setting, inmates—and indirectly their families and associates outside the jail—learned not only how to navigate the criminal justice system but also, more generally, the informal and formal rules that governed their society. Going beyond the assumption that the incarcerated were socially "dead," this article seeks to contribute an understanding of the social ripple effects of informal judicial and policing procedures in urbanizing, post-abolition Brazil in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Nitroso Diels–Alder (NDA) reaction as an efficient tool for the functionalization of diene-containing natural products

This review describes the use of nitroso Diels–Alder reactions for the functionalization of complex diene-containing natural products in order to generate libraries of compounds with potential biological activity. The application of this methodology to the structural modification of a series of natural products (thebaine, steroidal dienes, rapamycin, leucomycin, colchicine, isocolchicine and piperine) is discussed using relevant examples from the literature from 1973 onwards. The biological activity of the resulting compounds is also discussed. Additional comments are provided that evaluate the methodology as a useful tool in organic, bioorganic and medicinal chemistry.
COORDINATION AND BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF ARYL-APPENDED TRIS(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)AMINE LIGANDS

Aryl-appended tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligands are a relatively new class of chelate ligands in coordination and synthetic bioinorganic chemistry. As outlined herein, to date, coordination complexes of such ligands have been prepared and characterized for first row metal ions from groups 7–12. These studies revealed key coordination properties for this family of ligands. Aryl-appended tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligands have been recently employed in synthetic, biologically relevant metal complexes that exhibit: 1) arene hydroxylation reactivity relevant to non-heme iron-containing containing enzymes that hydroxylate aromatic amino acids; and 2) structural and reactivity properties relevant to Ni(II)-containing acireductone dioxygenase, urease, and glyoxalase I enzymes.
What Do Sovereign Spreads Say About Expected Defaults and Devaluations? An Application to the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

This article outlines two general approaches to disentangle expected defaults and anticipated devaluations from distressed sovereign spreads. The first uses affine term structure models and uncovered interest rate parity to extract a schedule between risk-neutral devaluation odds and exchange rates across the term structure. The second is a discounted expected value model that produces simultaneous estimates of risk-neutral default and devaluation odds, as well as recovery and exchange rates. When applied to the European sovereign debt crisis, both methods suggest that investors’ conviction about the longevity of the European Monetary Union unmoored in mid-2010 and subsequently persisted. This currency dimension poses investment and policy implications that are distinct from, and perhaps much more ominous than, those that stem from default concerns alone.
Is income smoothing ethical

Income smoothing is an active manipulation of earnings toward a predetermined target. Some smoothing devices can affect cash flow. The author discusses current income-smoothing strategies and tackles the issue of whether they are ethical. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Silver Lining of Rust Belt Manufacturing Decline

Abstract Between 1969 and 1996 manufacturing employment declined by 32.9% in the Rust Belt, leading to severe dislocations in cities specialized in manufacturing. However, one silver lining of reduced manufacturing activity is improved environmental quality. This paper exploits a unique merger of air quality and county manufacturing data to quantify manufacturing's pollution intensity by industry and then uses these estimates to judge which Rust Belt cities experienced large environmental improvements. It uses valuation estimates to assess the economic magnitude of the pollution reduction.
Differential gene expression in the nucleus accumbens with ethanol self-administration in inbred alcohol-preferring rats

Abstract The current study examined the effects of operant ethanol (EtOH) self-administration on gene expression kin the nucleus accumbens (ACB) and amygdala (AMYG) of inbred alcohol-preferring (iP) rats. Rats self-trained on a standard two-lever operant paradigm to administer either water–water, EtOH (15% v/v)–water, or saccharin (SAC; 0.0125% g/v)–water. Animals were killed 24 h after the last operant session, and the ACB and AMYG dissected; RNA was extracted and purified for microarray analysis. For the ACB, there were 513 significant differences at the p
A Mid-infrared Imaging Survey of Proto-Planetary Nebula Candidates

We present the data from a mid-infrared (MIR) imaging survey of 66 proto-planetary nebula candidates using two MIR cameras (MIRAC2 and Berkcam) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility and the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. The goal of this survey is to determine the size, flux, and morphology of the MIR emission regions, which sample the inner regions of the circumstellar dust shells of proto-planetary nebulae. We imaged these proto-planetary nebulae with narrowband filters(Δλ/λ~10%) at wavelengths of notable dust features. With our typical angular resolution of 1'', we resolve 17 sources, find 48 objects unresolved, and do not detect one source. For several sources we checked optical and infrared associations and positions of the sources. In table format, we list the size and flux measurements for all of the detected objects and show figures of all of the resolved sources. The proto-planetary nebula candidate sample includes, in addition to the predominant proto-planetary nebulae, extreme asymptotic giant branch stars, young planetary nebulae, a supergiant, and a luminous blue variable. We find that dust shells that are cooler (T~150 K) and brighter in the infrared are more easily resolved. Eleven of the seventeen resolved sources are extended and fall into one of two types of MIR morphological classes: core/elliptical or toroidal. Core/elliptical structures show unresolved cores with lower surface brightness elliptical nebulae. Toroidal structures show limb-brightened peaks suggesting equatorial density enhancements. We argue that core/ellipticals have denser dust shells than toroidals.
Static and Vibration Analyses of General Wing Structures Using Equivalent-Plate Models

An efficient method, using equivalent plate model, is developed for studying the static and vibration analyses of general built-up wing structures composed of skins, spars, and ribs. The model includes the transverse shear effects by treating the built-up wing as a plate following the Reissner-Mindlin theory, the so-called First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). The Ritz method is used with the Legendre polynomials being employed as the trial functions. This is in contrast to previous equivalent plate model methods which have used simple polynomials, known to be prone to numerical ill-conditioning, as the trial functions. The present developments are evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained using MSC/NASTRAN, for a set of examples. These examples are: (i) free-vibration analysis of a clamped trapezoidal plate with (a) uniform thickness, and (b) non-uniform thickness varying as an airfoil, (ii) free-vibration and static analyses (including skin stress distribution) of a general built-up wing, and (iii) free-vibration and static analyses of a swept-back box wing. The results obtained by the present equivalent plate model are in good agreement with those obtained by the finite element method.
Dinuclear metal complexes and ligands: stabilities and catalytic effects

Abstract Two new dinucleating macrocyclic ligands, 1 and 2, were designed and synthesized in our laboratory. Two phenolate donor groups were built into the macrocycles to increase the binding affinity for Fe(III). The stabilities of the iron(III) complexes of 1 and 2 are shown. These ligands were also found to complex iron(II) in the same manner, with the two Fe(II) ions bridged by the two phenolate oxygens. The stability constants of the Fe(II) chelates of 1 and 2 are also shown. The Fe(II) complexes were found to catalyze the oxidation of hydrocarbons, such as adamantane, by molecular oxygen.