cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policy Imperatives for the International Economy and for Financial Markets in the Emerging World Order

The world economy today is swept by unprecedented rates of change, complexity, interconnectedness, and uncertainty. For the first time since the 1930s, issues of the international economy and financial markets are playing a pivotal role in discussions of foreign and domestic policy. However, even as the revolutionary trends in the international economy and in world finance are in the offing, it is important to realize that the problems of mankind are primarily economic and social, not financial or political. While the trends towards liberalization of economic policies and integration of financial markets might seem to point toward the ultimate triumph of the ‘magic of the market and free enterprise,’ a little reflection will reveal a number of undercurrents, dilemmas, and difficult choices waiting to be resolved. This article identifies the structural and human dimensions of these challenges in the form of thirteen Policy Imperatives aimed at the creation of modified versions of financial markets to make them more humane and less vulnerable to failure.
A prospective in silico analysis of interdisciplinary and interobserver spatial variability in post-operative target delineation of high-risk oral cavity cancers: Does physician specialty matter?

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the interdisciplinary agreement in identifying the post-operative tumor bed. Methods Three radiation oncologists (ROs), four surgeons, and three radiologists segmented post-operative tumor and nodal beds for three patients with oral cavity cancer. Specialty cohort composite contours were created by STAPLE algorithm implementation results for interspecialty comparison. Dice similarity coefficient and Hausdorff distance were utilized to compare spatial differentials between specialties. Results There were significant differences between disciplines in target delineation. There was unacceptable variation in Dice similarity coefficient for each observer and discipline when compared to the STAPLE contours. Within surgery and radiology disciplines, there was good consistency in volumes. ROs and radiologists have similar Dice similarity coefficient scores compared to surgeons. Conclusion There were significant interdisciplinary differences in perceptions of tissue-at-risk. Better communication and explicit description of at-risk areas between disciplines is required to ensure high-risk areas are adequately targeted.
Repatriation Adjustment Problems and the Successful Reintegration of Expatriates and Their Families

Many firms have not made special efforts for their repatriates despite growing evidence indicating high levels of dissatisfaction and high attrition rates because of problems encountered in repatriation adjustment. This paper discusses the nature of these problems and the reasons why such efforts are typically not made. It further describes a theoretical framework, combining adjustment and individual control theories, which can be used to analyze and integrate recent research. Based on this theoretical framework and recent research findings, recommendations are made for future research and for managing reintegration into the home culture and organization.
Parisian Drifters: Flânerie and Dérive

This chapter investigates and frames the urban walking of several Parisian drifters, including Charles Baudelaire, Guy Debord, and Michele Bernstein, as errant bodies. By reviewing the methods of their walking activities (flânerie and derive), as well as their political motivations, each one is demonstrated to be an errant body that utilizes movement through the city to actively resist and critique popular culture. A further claim is made that Bernstein’s proposal of derive is perhaps the most radical because of its thorough infusion into the everyday as an ontology of getting out-of-place.
Relational Predictors of Eating Issues in Female College Students.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relative contributions of peer teasing, relational aggression, and body image disturbance on subclinical maladaptive eating patterns among female college students. O...
Nanoscale Temperature Measurement Under Optical Illumination Using AlGaN:Er 3+ Photoluminescence Nanothermometry

In this chapter, we present working principle and experimental details of AlGaN:Er3+ nanothermometry technique based on Er3+ emission that offers nanoscale temperature measurement and thermal imaging of nanoparticles/nanostructures under optical illumination. A thin film of Al0.94Ga0.06N with embedded Er3+ ions is used as a thermal sensor for nanoscale temperature measurement and thermal imaging of optically excited gold nanostructures under far-field illumination. This thermal sensor film is based on relative photoluminescence intensities of energy transitions from thermally coupled 2H11/2 and the 4S3/2 energy levels to the 4I15/2 energy level of the Er3+ ions. The temperature profile around an optically excited nanostructure can be generated under imaging mode, and a dynamic measurement of temperature can also be performed using this thermal sensor film.
Session details: Workshops

We are pleased to introduce the Workshop Program for the 38th Annual SIGIR Conference. We received 14 workshop proposals, each of which was peer-reviewed by three members of the Workshops PC. After discussion of all submissions in the Workshops PC, as well as with the PC Chairs of the technical program, 7 workshops were accepted (50% acceptance rate). We sought to include topics that covered the breadth of expertise in the SIGIR community, would appeal to a diverse range of SIGIR attendees, and would push the state-of-the-art in IR research. We greatly appreciate all authors who submitted a proposal for consideration and all reviewers for their help in selecting which proposals to include in the program. Finally, we are grateful to Microsoft Research for providing workshop fee waivers for thirty-five students. This year's workshops include new explorations of established topics such as temporal information retrieval, personalization, and question answering. The Workshop on Temporal, Social and Spatially-aware Information Access (#TAIA2015), now in its fourth year at SIGIR, explores the relationship between temporal information access and other data sources. Similarly, the Workshop on Social Personalization & Search (SPS2015) studies the opportunities for improved personalization provided by social data. The Web Question Answering Workshop studies next generation QA systems that go beyond simple factoid questions. In addition to these familiar topics, you will find workshops investigating entirely new subareas of information retrieval. The Workshop on Reproducibility, Inexplicability, and Generalizability of Results (RIGOR) focuses on testing the robustness of existing results in information retrieval. The Workshop on Privacy-Preserving Information Retrieval, which is in its second year, draws together researchers from the privacy and retrieval communities to improve the sensitivity of information retrieval research to user privacy concerns. The Graph Search Workshop studies information retrieval in highly structured information spaces, bringing some of the research topics from industry into a public academic venue. Last but not least, the Workshop on Neuro- Physiological Methods in Information Retrieval Research covers topics on the novel use of physiological data for information retrieval. We believe this year's workshop program reflects the diversity of information retrieval research and are excited for the new directions it will enable and inspire. We hope you find this program interesting and thought-provoking.
Mental Abnormalities in Sexually Violent Predator Evaluations: Ethical Use of Paraphilic Disorder Diagnoses

Forensic psychologists and psychiatrists are regularly called upon to conduct sexually violent predator (SVP) evaluations. Commonly, the DSM-5 diagnostic category of paraphilic disorders is used to...
Institutional Repositories and Usage: Thoughts on Realized and Potential Value

Column description. The Future Voices in Public Services column is a forum for graduate students in library and information science programs to discuss key issues in academic library public service...
Ground deposition of radionuclides in French Polynesia resulting from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at Mururoa and Fangataufa atolls.

Abstract This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive estimation of the ground deposition density of radionuclides in French Polynesia resulting from the 41 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests that were conducted between 1966 and 1974 at Mururoa and Fangataufa. For each test, the deposition density at the time of arrival of fallout was estimated for 33 radionuclides either from measurements of total ground deposition or from measurements of total beta-concentration in filtered air and exposure rate at different locations in French Polynesia. The results of the measurements were mainly taken from reports that were recently de-classified by the French Ministry of Defense. The highest total deposition densities in inhabited islands and atolls occurred in Gambier: 6.1 × 107 Bq m−2 after test Aldebaran conducted on 2 July 1966 and 9.2 × 106 Bq m−2 after test Phoebe conducted on 8 August 1971. Next was Tureia with deposition densities of 1.6 × 107 Bq m−2 after test Arcturus of 2 July 1967 and 1.2 × 107 Bq m−2 after test Encelade of 12 June 1971. In Tahiti, the most populated island in French Polynesia, major fallout occurred after tests Centaure of 17 July 1974 (3.4 × 106 Bq m−2), Sirius of 4 October 1966 (4.4 × 105 Bq m−2) and Arcturus of 2 July 1967 (1.1 × 105 Bq m−2); these three tests contributed about 94% to the total deposition density of radioactive fallout in Tahiti from all 41 tests and around 85% of the 131I deposition density. The results of this study are being used to reconstruct the radiation dose to the thyroid gland for the 950 subjects of a case-control study of thyroid cancer among French Polynesians exposed as children and adolescents to fallout from the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1966–1974.
Toward Practical and Accurate Touch-Based Image Guidance for Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Partial nephrectomy involves removing a tumor while sparing surrounding healthy kidney tissue. Compared to total kidney removal, partial nephrectomy improves outcomes for patients but is underutilized because it is challenging to accomplish minimally invasively, requiring accurate spatial awareness of unseen subsurface anatomy. Image guidance can enhance spatial awareness by displaying a 3D model of anatomical relationships derived from medical imaging information. It has been qualitatively suggested that the da Vinci robot is well suited to facilitate image guidance through touch-based registration. In this paper we validate and advance this concept toward real-world use in several important ways. First, we contribute the first quantitative accuracy evaluation of touch-based registration with the da Vinci. Next, we demonstrate real-time, touch-based registration and display of medical images for the first time. Lastly, we perform the first experiments validating use of touch-based image guidance to improve a surgeon’s ability to localize subsurface anatomical features in a geometrically realistic phantom.
Capturing uncertainty in fatigue life data

Life data are investigated across a wide range of scientific disciplines and collected mainly through planned experiments with the main objective of predicting performance in service conditions. Fatigue life data are based on time, as measured in cycles, until complete fracture of a material in response to a cyclical loading. Fatigue life data have large variation, or dispersion, which is often overlooked or not rigorously investigated when developing predictive life models for the material. This research develops a statistical model of dispersion in fatigue life data which can then be used to augment deterministic life models yielding probabilistic life models. A predictive life model is developed using failure-time regression methods, to investigate the dispersion model. The predictive life and dispersion models are investigated as a dual-response function.
Synthesis and vinyl benzene copolymerization of novel trisubstituted ethylenes: 15. Halogen and methoxy ring-substituted isopropyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates

Condensation of isopropyl cyanoacetate and substituted benzoic aldehydes resulted in formation of novel isopropyl esters of 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, RPhCH = C(CN)CO2CH(CH3)2 (where R is 2...
Effect of Resident Physicians in a Supervisory Role on Efficiency in the Emergency Department.

Author(s): Kraut, Aaron S.; Sheehy, Lauren; Schnapp, Benjamin H.; Patterson, Brian | Abstract: Introduction: While patient throughput and emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) are recognized as important metrics in the delivery of efficient care, they must be balanced with the educational mission of academic centers. Prior studies examining the impact of learners on throughput and LOS when staffing directly with attending physicians have yielded mixed results. Herein we sought to examine the impact of a staffing model involving a supervisory resident “pre-attending” (PAT) on ED throughput and LOS, as this model offers a valuable educational experience for residents, but may do so at the expense of operational efficiency.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 26,702 unique patient encounters at a university-affiliated community ED between July 1, 2017–January 1,2019. The experimental group was comprised of patients seen primarily by midlevel providers, who staffed with a PAT, who subsequently staffed with an attending physician. The control group was comprised of patients seen by midlevel providers and staffed directly with attendings without a PAT. We used a parametric hazard model to analyze the effect of the presence of a PAT on service time, controlling for potential confounders including timing of presentation and patient demographics.Results: The presence of a PAT is associated with a statistically significant increase in service time of five minutes (p = 0.006). Holding other variables equal, predicted service time in the experimental group was 173 minutes (95% confidence interval (CI), 171-176), while that for controls was 168 minutes (95% CI, 165-171).Conclusion: The presence of a PAT is associated with a statistically significant increase in service time, but the magnitude (five minutes) is likely operationally insignificant. The negligible increase in service time is offset by the benefit to residents’ training. The results of this study may be helpful for residency programs considering the addition of a PAT shift structure.
An examination of diversification on bank profitability and insolvency risk in 28 financially liberalized markets

Abstract We seek to resolve the conflicts in the literature by examining the relationship between traditional and non-traditional banking profits, other determinants of bank profitability and the risk-return relationship of banks’ diversification into off-balance sheet activities for a group of commercial banks in twenty-eight countries for the period before and after the financial crisis. Our main finding is that there is a generally inverse relationship between traditional and nontraditional incomes. While noninterest income share enhances bank profits there is a significant negative effect of diversification into off-balance sheet activities on risk-adjusted profits in the period following the global financial crisis. These results have important implications on regulatory and business policies.
Incident Response and Recovery

The cyber analyst in the cyber-physical response and recovery will provide necessary support in the analysis and development of response and recovery action plans to protect the sector entity or infrastructure property, business needs, and the environment after an incident has occurred and then continue this effort in stabilizing the incident. Response and recovery efforts are focused on ensuring that the sector entity or infrastructure is able to effectively respond to any threats with an emphasis on economy, environment, and safety.
Comparison of mastectomy and breast reconstruction outcomes using low thermal dissection versus traditional electrocautery: a blinded randomized trial

PlasmaBlade® is a thermal dissection device that may allow for improved perfusion of the mastectomy flap by limiting thermal injury. In this study we aim to compare the mastectomy flap perfusion using PlasmaBlade® versus traditional electrocautery. Patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction were recruited. The right and left breasts of each patient were randomized to dissection with PlasmaBlade® or standard electrocautery. Randomization was performed using random sequences on the day of surgery and was blinded to the plastic surgeon. Mastectomy flap perfusion was assessed following completion of the mastectomy using intra-operative fluoroscopy and plastic surgeon review. Surgical site drainage and pain score were measured. Sign tests were employed to assess differences in perfusion and Wilcoxon paired test for the secondary outcomes. Twenty patients were enrolled in the study with median age of 40.5 years and median BMI of 26 kg/m2. In 18 patients (90%), perfusion was assessed to be better on the side of the PlasmaBlade® dissection. Median daily drainage over a 7-day period was 51 cc (IQR 35–61) on the PlasmaBlade® side and 44 cc (IQR 31–61) on the control side. Median pain score on the PlasmaBlade® side was 4.0 (IQR 2.3–5.9) and 4.4 (IQR 2.9–6) on the control side. No skin necrosis was noted in either groups. Use of PlasmaBlade® appears to be a safe and reliable technique to perform mastectomy and breast reconstruction with equivalent outcomes to traditional electrocautery. Although, mastectomy skin flap perfusion was rated better intra-operatively for the PlasmaBlade® group, both cohorts had comparable outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03711916 Level of Evidence: I (Randomized trial).
Diversity Informatics: Reducing Racial and Gender Bias with Virtual Agents

Job advertisements in white male-dominated organizations are often biased in ways that discourage female and minority candidates from applying. We explored the use of a female African American virtual agent who provides a first-person reaction to a biased job advertisement, providing an impassioned, vivid description of her feelings about the advertisement, the position, and the organization offering the job, and how the position---as described---would impact her life were she to take the job. We evaluate the impact interactions with this agent have on the effort study participants invest in editing the job advertisement following their interaction with the agent, compared to reading a page of standard educational text on diversity in hiring. Participants who interacted with the agent spent significantly more effort correcting the job ad, as measured both by the number of edit operations and the number of biased phrases removed, compared to participants in the control condition. Implications and a future research agenda for increasing diversity using virtual agents are presented.
Logical Design of Optimal Digital Networks by Integer Programming

Logical design of an “optimal” digital network has been one of the most important objectives of switching theory. Optimality of a network is the minimization of the number of gates, interconnections, levels, or whatever the designer wants to minimize, under restrictions on a network such as fan-in and fan-out restrictions. In practice, only a limited number of inputs can be connected to any switching gate, and the output of the gate can be connected, as inputs, to only a limited number of switching gates. So, if we do not impose fan-in and fan-out restrictions,* logical design is practically meaningless. However, there are no general design methods known in switching theory which can take into consideration the arbitrary restrictions which are important from an engineering viewpoint. These methods are useful only under very special types of restrictions. For example, the minimization of a prime implicant expression discussed in textbooks on switching theory yields an optimal network only when a network is to be realized with AND and OR gates exactly in two levels, without fan-in and fan-out restrictions. If fan-in and fan-out restrictions are imposed, if more than two levels are allowed, or if gates other than AND and OR (for example, NOR gates) are to be used, the minimization of a prime implicant expression does not always yield a network of the minimum number of gates. There are other design methods usable only under specific restrictions. But no efficient design method has been known for designing optimal networks with arbitrary types of gates under arbitrary network restrictions, except the exhaustive method, i.e., a method which exhausts all conceivable networks and chooses a best one. The exhaustive method is very time-consuming, as Hellerman found in his pioneering work (16).
Control of robotic mobility-on-demand systems

In this paper we present queueing-theoretical methods for the modeling, analysis, and control of autonomous mobility-on-demand MOD systems wherein robotic, self-driving vehicles transport customers within an urban environment and rebalance themselves to ensure acceptable quality of service throughout the network. We first cast an autonomous MOD system within a closed Jackson network model with passenger loss. It is shown that an optimal rebalancing algorithm minimizing the number of autonomously rebalancing vehicles while keeping vehicle availabilities balanced throughout the network can be found by solving a linear program. The theoretical insights are used to design a robust, real-time rebalancing algorithm, which is applied to a case study of New York City and implemented on an eight-vehicle mobile robot testbed. The case study of New York shows that the current taxi demand in Manhattan can be met with about 8,000 robotic vehicles roughly 70% of the size of the current taxi fleet operating in Manhattan. Finally, we extend our queueing-theoretical setup to include congestion effects, and study the impact of autonomously rebalancing vehicles on overall congestion. Using a simple heuristic algorithm, we show that additional congestion due to autonomous rebalancing can be effectively avoided on a road network. Collectively, this paper provides a rigorous approach to the problem of system-wide coordination of autonomously driving vehicles, and provides one of the first characterizations of the sustainability benefits of robotic transportation networks.
Geography among the sciences

Speech at the inauguration ceremony of the new building of the Department of Geography of the University of Helsinki.
Links Between Microscopic Neurons and Mesoscopic Neural Assemblies

Further progress in mesoscopic brain dynamics can be expected in both directions, downardly into cell biology and upwardly into macroscopic brain theories and their cognitive applications.
Stochastic reserve changes and expansion of bank credit: The case of additional risks

Abstract In this paper we examine the effects of introducing additional risks to the Orr-Mellon-Cooper model on the asymptotic behavior of bank credit expansion, and derive monetary policy implications therefrom. Our model of additional risks corrects a loss of generality existing in the Orr-Mellon-Cooper model. It shows that the local solution for optimal credit expansion is the global solution, regardless of the parameters of the reserve loss functions, when the default risk is introduced. The analysis further points out necessary conditions to determine the direction of credit changes caused by a monetary injection under uncertainty.
Enlargement and vacuolization of the cytoplasm in contact cells of resistant and susceptible tomato plants following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Iycopersici, race 1*

This study deals with rapid early cytoplasmic responses that occur in contact parenchyma cells that lie immediately adjacent to vascular infections. Earlier studies have shown that such contact cells in tomato and cotton respond to vascular infections by the deposition of apposition wall layers and the synthesis of stress metabolites several hours to several days after inoculation. These responses appear to be part of a complex system of defence. The studies reported here demonstrated that pronounced cytoplasmic changes, which seemingly enable subsequent morphological changes, could be detected 60–90 min after inoculation. The changes included, first, an increased cytoplasmic width (plasmalemma to vacuolar membrane) on the side of the cell proximal to the infection, and later, increased cytoplasmic width on the distal side. No changes in the numbers and/or distribution of mitochondria were detected during this early period. The cytoplasmic response was found to be more rapid and greater in a resistant than in a near-isogenic, susceptible cultivar of tomato. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm was a conspicuous feature associated with this apparent cytoplasm distension.
Never Saw It Coming

This is a book that will be of interest to scholars of U.S. religion and culture and to scholars of emerging adulthood. It would be useful i undergraduate sociology courses in U.S. religion, in sociology of religion, or sociology of c lture. It would be useful in graduate courses in these areas, as well, but only if coupled with other sources on emerging adulthood and religious commitment in the United States, so that students could assess for themselves the interpretive arguments about the implications of the patterns of belief and behavior that Smith describes so evocatively.
Large Time Behavior of¶Schrödinger Heat Kernels and Applications

We obtain global in time and qualitatively sharp bounds for the heat kernel G of the Schrodinger operator −Δ +V. The potential V satisfies V(x)∼±C/d(x) b near infinity with b∈ (0, 2). When V≥ 0 our result can be described as follows: G is bounded from above and below by the multiples of standard Gaussians with a weight function. If b>2 then the weight is bounded between two positive {\it constants}; if b=2, the weight is bounded between two positive functions of t, d(x) and d(y), which have polynomial decay; if b 2 or b<0. An application to a semilinear elliptic problem is also given.
Band structure parameters of the nitrides: The origin of the small band gap of InN

Using the full‐potential linear augmented plane waves (FLAPW) method and adding Christensen’s gaussian potential to the standard Kohn‐Sham equations that allows to correct the band gap in the local density approximation (LDA), we study the chemical trends of the band gap variation in III–V semiconductors and predict that the band gap for InN is 0.8 (±0.1 eV), which is much smaller than previous experimental value of 1.9 eV. The unusually small band gap of InN, that is even smaller than the band gap of InP, is explained in terms of the high electronegativity of nitrogen and consequently the small band gap deformation potential of InN. To understand the possible origin of the measured large band gap, we have calculated the absorption coefficients and effective masses of wurtzite InN and compared the results to the one of GaN. We show that, due to the non‐parabolicity of the bands, using the standard linear interpolation scheme as in the experiments, the derived apparent band gap depends on the choice of the scale used in the measurements. The difference between the apparent band gap and the true band gap could be as large as 0.4 eV for InN, overestimating the true band gap. From the calculated effective masses we have calculated the Moss‐Burstein shift of the band gap as a function of the carrier density. We find that due to the Moss‐Burstein shift, the apparent band gap of InN can reach to 2.0 eV if the electron density in the conduction band is in the order of 1020. Our observations are consistent with recent experiments, where a low band gap of 0.8 eV in InN is reported. This establishes the low value for the band gap in InN.
Adding Constraints – A (Seemingly Counterintuitive but) Useful Heuristic in Solving Difficult Problems

Intuitively, the more constraints we impose on a problem, the more difficult it is to solve it. However, in practice, difficult-to-solve problems sometimes get solved when we impose additional constraints and thus, make the problems seemingly more complex. In this methodological paper, we explain this seemingly counter-intuitive phenomenon, and we show that, dues to this explanation, additional constraints can serve as a useful heuristic in solving difficult problems.
Verifying functional correctness of C programs with VCC

VCC [2] is an industrial-strength verification environment for low-level concurrent systems code written in C. VCC takes a program (annotated with function contracts, state assertions, and type invariants) and attempts to prove the correctness of these annotations. VCC's verification methodology [4] allows global two-state invariants that restrict update of shared state and enforces simple, semantic conditions sufficient for checking those global invariants modularly. VCC works by translating C, via Boogie [1] intermediate verification language, to verification conditions handled by the Z3 [5] SMT solver. The environment includes tools for monitoring proof attempts and constructing partial counterexample executions for failed proofs and has been used to verify functional correctness of tens of thousands of lines of Microsoft's Hyper-V virtualization platform and of SYSGOs embedded real-time operating system PikeOS. In this talk, I am going to showcase various tools that come with VCC: the verifier itself, VCC Visual Studio plugin, and Boogie Verification Debugger. I am going to cover the basics of VCC's verification methodology on various examples: concurrency primitives, lock-free data-structures, and recursive data-structures. The sources and binaries of VCC are available for non-commercial use at http://vcc.codeplex.com/. A tutorial [3] is also provided. VCC can be also tried online at http://rise4fun.com/Vcc.
Ultrastructure of the swim bladder of the goldfish, Carassius auratus.

The swim bladder of the cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) is a two-chambered organ connected to the esophagus by a pneumatic duct. The anterior chamber is lined by a single type of squamous epithelial cell. Two types of epithelial cells are present in the posterior chamber. Flattened cells with differences in the electron density of the cytoplasm line most of the chamber. Darker cells generally contain large amounts of glycogen. Cuboidal epithelial cells also occur in the posterior chamber. A glandular layer external to the muscularis in the posterior chamber is composed of large cells containing little glycogen, an extensive Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria with single large granules. Capillaries and nerves are present in large numbers in this layer. Blood vessels form micro-retia mirabilia in the submuscular layer external to the glandular layer. Vessels are of two distinct types with wide lumina and flattened endothelium characterizing the venous vessels. Arterial vessels have smaller lumina, thick endothelial cells with prominent pinocytotic vesicles, and surrounding pericytes. Collagen is present in three forms in this swim bladder — large tactoids in the tunica externa of the anterior chamber, smaller tactoids in the lamina propria of the posterior chamber, and small fibrils in all other areas.
Diagnosing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition with a variety of clinical manifestations and potentially serious complications. This article reviews available methods for diagnosing GERD. A clinical history of the classic symptoms of GERD, heartburn or acid regurgitation, is sensitive enough to establish the diagnosis in patients without other complications. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the best way to evaluate suspected complications of GERD, but endoscopic findings are insensitive for the presence of pathological reflux, and therefore they cannot reliably exclude GERD. The "gold standard" study for confirming or excluding the presence of abnormal gastroesophageal reflux is the 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring test, and this study should be used for the evaluation of refractory symptoms and extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. A formal acid-suppression test is helpful in the evaluation of the atypical GERD symptom of noncardiac chest pain. Optimal use of currently available tests for GERD may allow for more efficient diagnosis and better characterization of the pathological manifestations associated with GERD.
Seafloor environments in the Long Island Sound estuarine system

Abstract Four categories of modern seafloor sedimentary environments have been identified and mapped across the large, glaciated, topographically complex Long Island Sound estuary by means of an extensive regional set of sidescan sonographs, bottom samples, and video-camera observations and supplemental marine-geologic and modeled physical-oceanographic data. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition contain sediments which range from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands and appear on the sonographs either as patterns with isolated reflections (caused by outcrops of glacial drift and bedrock) or as patterns of strong backscatter (caused by coarse lag deposits). Areas of erosion or nondeposition were found across the rugged seafloor at the eastern entrance of the Sound and atop bathymetric highs and within constricted depressions in other parts of the basin. (2) Environments of bedload transport contain mostly coarse-to-fine sand with only small amounts of mud and are depicted by sonograph patterns of sand ribbons and sand waves. Areas of bedload transport were found primarily in the eastern Sound where bottom currents have sculptured the surface of a Holocene marine delta and are moving these sediments toward the WSW into the estuary. (3) Environments of sediment sorting and reworking comprise variable amounts of fine sand and mud and are characterized either by patterns of moderate backscatter or by patterns with patches of moderate-to-weak backscatter that reflect a combination of erosion and deposition. Areas of sediment sorting and reworking were found around the periphery of the zone of bedload transport in the eastern Sound and along the southern nearshore margin. They also are located atop low knolls, on the flanks of shoal complexes, and within segments of the axial depression in the western Sound. (4) Environments of deposition are blanketed by muds and muddy fine sands that produce patterns of uniformly weak backscatter. Depositional areas occupy broad areas of the basin floor in the western part of the Sound. The regional distribution of seafloor environments reflects fundamental differences in marine-geologic conditions between the eastern and western parts of the Sound. In the funnel-shaped eastern part, a gradient of strong tidal currents coupled with the net nontidal (estuarine) bottom drift produce a westward progression of environments ranging from erosion or nondeposition at the narrow entrance to the Sound, through an extensive area of bedload transport, to a peripheral zone of sediment sorting. In the generally broader western part of the Sound, a weak tidal-current regime combined with the production of particle aggregates by biologic or chemical processes, cause large areas of deposition that are locally interrupted by a patchy distribution of various other environments where the bottom currents are enhanced by and interact with the seafloor topography.
A photoisomerization-coupled asymmetric Stetter reaction: application to the total synthesis of three diastereomers of (−)-cephalimysin A

The total synthesis of 8-epi, 8,9-epi, and 9-epi-(−)-cephalimysin A is described. Our catalytic enantioselective synthesis takes advantage of a novel tandem photoisomerization/Stetter reaction. The approach provides rapid access to the desired spirofuranone lactam core in good yield and excellent enantioselectivity. A late stage oxidation strategy allows for flexible access to three of the four diastereomers of cephalimysin A. Access to the epimers provides further support for the correction of the initially proposed relative stereochemistry of cephalimysin A.
Dynamic server provisioning to minimize cost in an IaaS cloud

Cloud computing holds the exciting potential of elastically scaling computation to match time-varying demand, thus eliminating the need to provision for peak demand to satisfy response-time requirements. Moreover, cloud vendors often offer several commitment levels for their machine instances (e.g., users can choose to pay an upfront premium for the discounted hourly usage price). Because cost is a major concern that may limit the cloud adoption, two key challenges are to determine (a) the number of machines to provision and (b) the commitment level at which the machine instances should be acquired, to minimize cost while satisfying response-time targets. This paper address the above two challenges in an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud. Our simulations with real Web server load traces reveal that our techniques offer a cost reduction between 13% and 29% (21% on average) under Amazon EC2 pricing models.
Observations on organic carbon utilization by photosynthetic marine microalgae

Organic carbon utilization was studied in 13 species of axenic unicellular marine algae. The compounds tested were 15 sugars, 19 acids, and 16 alcohols. Heterotrophy occurred in only three chlorophyte strains with acetate and ethanol; one strain with glucose. Mixotrophy was observed with the following compounds: glyceraldehyde, 1 species; acetate, 4 species; glycolic acid, 5 species; pyruvic acid, 9 species; caproic acid, 3 species; lactic acid, 1 species; ethanol, 3 species; glycerol, 9 species. Some ecological implications are discussed.
The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled Eugene H. Pool, Fourth Surgeon-in-Chief 1933–1935 Followed by Philip D. Wilson, Fifth Surgeon-in-Chief 1935

In 1933, for the second time in the history of the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled (R & C), a general surgeon, Eugene Hillhouse Pool, MD, was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief by the Board of Managers of the New York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled. R & C (whose name was changed to the Hospital for Special Surgery in 1940), then the oldest orthopaedic hospital in the country, was losing ground as the leading orthopaedic center in the nation. The R & C Board charged Dr. Pool with the task of recruiting the nation’s best orthopaedic surgeon to become the next Surgeon-in-Chief. Phillip D. Wilson, MD, from the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and the Harvard Medical School was selected and agreed to accept this challenge. He joined the staff of the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in the spring of 1934 as Director of Surgery and replaced Dr. Pool as Surgeon-in-Chief the next year. It was the time of the Great Depression, which added a heavy financial toll to the daily operations of the hospital. With a clear and courageous vision, Dr. Wilson reorganized the hospital, its staff responsibilities, professional education and care of patients. He established orthopaedic fellowships to support young orthopaedic surgeons interested in conducting research and assisted them with the initiation of their new practices. Recognizing that the treatment of crippling conditions and hernia were becoming separate specialties, one of his first decisions was to restructure the Hernia Department to become the General Surgery Department. His World War I experiences in Europe helped develop his expertise in the fields of fractures, war trauma and amputations, providing a broad foundation in musculoskeletal diseases that was to be beneficial to him in his future role as the leader of R & C.
An electrical resistance switching network with fixed resistors

Abstract A network of 72 fixed value resistors is presented in a parallel series configuration. Each resistor has an accompanying switch which can connect or disconnect the resistor from the network. The question is then which of the 72 switches should be switched on or off to meet a specified total network resistance value. This 72 variable nonlinear zero-one programming problem is solved using a new solution technique called multi-stage Monte Carlo optimization, after appropriate transformations have boon made.
Photoluminescence at high exciton densities in cuprous oxide

Abstract A nitrogen-laser-pumped dye laser has been used to create high densities of excitons by pumping directly the 1S yellow exciton band in Cu 2 O. An effective exciton temperature has been inferred from a detailed fit to the shape of the phonon-assisted exciton luminescence. A power-dependent exciton temperature as high as 65K is obtained for a bath temperature of 20K; however, Stokes-anti-Stokes ratios indicate a Γ − 12 optic phonon temperature rise of less than 17K during the exciton lifetime. We attribute the increase in exciton temperature to faster equilibration due to exciton-exciton scattering and infer an exciton-exciton scattering rate of ∼10 11 sec −1 at the highest pump powers.
Fermi surface of paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic chromium

A linear‐combination‐of‐Gaussian‐orbitals band calculation is performed to determine the Fermi surface of paramagnetic chromium. This Fermi surface is compared with experimentally determined dimensions including those of antiferromagnetic chromium. By introducing a spin density wave it is possible to modify this band structure in a way which is consistent with both optical data and Fermi surface data from the low temperature antiferromagnetic structure of chromium.
Sedimentation rate as determined by 226Ra activity in marine barite

Abstract In recently formed marine barite (BaSO 4) separated from two equatorial Pacific cores 226Ra activity exceeds that of its parent 230Th by at least an order of magnitude, indicating radium uptake during barite precipitation. The decay of 226Ra with depth, in these samples, is exponential implying that no radium exchange with porewaters occurs after burial. Thus, barite behaves as a closed system below the sediment mixed layer. The absence of 226Ra exs activity in barite samples older than ∼8000 years, the lack of any detectable 228Th, 228Ra, and 224Ra in any of the barite samples analyzed, and the unaltered crystal size and habit with depth in the sediment, further support this conclusion. Hence, assuming that oceanic Ra/Ba ratio has not changed throughout the Holocene, the decay of unsupported 226Ra permits dating of marine barite and estimating sedimentation rates. Holocene sedimentation rates calculated using the decay of 226Ra exs in barite are consistent with 14C and δ 18O derived sedimentation rates of 2–3 cm/kyr for the same cores. The method could be extendible to carbonate-poor Holocene sediments.
Hypocapnic constriction in rabbit basilar artery in vitro: triggering by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine monoacetate and dependence on endothelin-1 and alkalosis

This study tested whether hypocapnic constriction of the rabbit basilar artery in vitro can be triggered by a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, and whether the resulting constriction is (1) due to the alkaline pH associated with hypocapnia, and (2) endothelin-1 mediated. Hypocapnic (25 mM NaHCO(3); pH 7.76; pCO(2) 14.2) or isocapnic alkaline solution (50 mM NaHCO(3); pH 7.73; pCO(2) 35.0) rarely altered basal tension. N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine monoacetate (L-NMMA; 0.1 mM) challenge in hypocapnic or isocapnic alkaline solution resulted in near maximal tension that was maintained for 2-2.5 h even following L-NMMA washout. L-NMMA challenge in normal solution (25 mM NaHCO(3); pH 7. 42; pCO(2) 36.9) also induced near maximal tension, although the tension was maintained for only 25 min (mean). Ac-D-Bhg-L-Leu-Asp-L-Ile-L-Ile-L-Trp (PD145065), homopiperidinyl-CO-Leu-D-Trp(CHO)-D-Trp (BQ610), and N-cis-2, 6-dimethyl-piperidinocarbonyl L-gamma-MeLeu-D-Trp (COOCH(3))-Nle (BQ788; 1-3 microM), endothelin ET(A)/ET(B), endothelin ET(A), and endothelin ET(B) receptor antagonists, respectively, completely relaxed the tension that resulted from L-NMMA challenge in hypocapnic or isocapnic alkaline solution. These results demonstrate that constriction due to hypocapnia in vitro can be triggered by an NO synthase inhibitor and is endothelin-1 mediated. Additionally, alkaline pH in the absence of decreased pCO(2) is sufficient to elicit the constriction.
Efficient genotyping of individuals using overlapping pool sequencing and imputation

Next generation sequencing technologies are rapidly decreasing the cost of obtaining genetic information. The cost for utilizing one of these technologies consists of a sample preparation step and a sequencing step of the prepared sample. The dramatic increase in the efficiency of the sequencing technology makes the costs of the sequencing step negligible for small target regions. Thus the main remaining cost is the sample preparation step. Using overlapping sequencing pools where samples are mixed together into pools which are prepared and sequenced together has been shown to reduce the cost significantly for collecting information on genetic variants which only occur in a few of the samples. These methods utilize ideas from compressed sensing. In this paper, we extend this approach to utilize additional information from reference genetic variation datasets which provide the correlation structure between genetic variants. Utilizing this information, we can significantly increase the efficiency of overlapping pool sequencing.
Methane production and solids destruction in an anaerobic solid waste reactor due to post-reactor caustic and heat treatment.

This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of caustic and heat treatment of sludge from a dry anaerobic reactor (DAR) with respect to increased methane production and solids destruction. The DAR was operated semi-continuously at 55 °C on sized-reduced municipal solid waste at a solids retention time of 15 days. A respirometer was employed to monitor the extent and rate of methane production from anaerobic biodegradation of DAR sludge that was treated with caustic and heat. Results indicate that caustic and heat treatment at 50 °C and 175 °C increased methane production by 22% and 52%, respectively. Also, volatile solids destruction increased from 46% to 58% and 83%, respectively. Based on these results, economic analysis for a full-scale 10 5 kg/d facility suggests that annual project revenue for 50 °C and 175 °C treatment is estimated at $21,000 and $445,000, respectively.