cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of suppressor T cells in culture—II. Modification by adriamycin☆

The present study was designed to examine the effects of Adriamycin treatment of spleen donor mice on the subsequent generation of the suppressor T cells induced in culture in the presence of fetal calf serum. When mice treated with Adriamycin (5 mg/kg; i.v.) 5 days before sacrifice were used as donors of the spleen cells, the suppressive activity which developed in culture was somewhat greater than that which developed with spleen cells from untreated mice; particularly in terms of suppression of PFC development. The suppressive activities of the cultured spleen cells from untreated and treated mice were equally sensitive to X-irradiation and anti-Thy 1.2 antibody plus complement treatment. When only those cells which were nonadherent to plastic were used in the suppressor generation culture, suppression did not develop until day 6 of culture. Again, cells from Adriamycin treated mice developed somewhat greater suppressive activity than that which developed with cells from untreated mice. The effects of Adriamycin treatment of the mice on the subsequent development of suppressive activity in culture was also dependent upon the day of drug administration. Finally, spleen cells from Adriamycin treated mice, also, developed somewhat greater suppressive activity in response to alloantigen but when used as the source of progenitor cytotoxic T cells they were less sensitive to suppression; particularly by alloantigen-induced suppressor cells. Possible correlation between Adriamycin induced modifications of both the development and function of suppressor T cells in culture and its reported modifications of CTL and phagocytic activities are discussed.
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON REFERENCE RANGE LEVELS IN THE U.S. POPULATION BY MEASUREMENT OF URINARY MONOHYDROXY METABOLITES

We developed a gas chromatography/ isotope dilution high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/ID-HRMS) method for measuring 18 PAH metabolites representing 8 parent PAHs in 3 mL of urine at low part-per-trillion levels. We applied this method to the analysis of urine specimens from approximately 2400 people who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 1999 and 2000 to determine levels for 14 PAH hydroxy metabolites of 7 parent compounds. Using this GC/ID-HRMS method, we found detectable concentrations for monohydroxy metabolite isomers of fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, and for chrysene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, and benz[a]anthracene. Some mono-hydroxy metabolite isomers of chrysene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, and benz[a]anthracene exhibitedlow detection frequencies which did not allow for geometric mean calculations. From our study, we established a reference range for the targeted PAHs in the general U.S. population.
Ultrashort and ultrabroadband silicon polarization beam splitter based on a bent directional coupler

A novel ultra-short polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on a bent directional coupler is proposed. The bent directional coupler has two bent optical waveguides with different core widths, which is designed to have phase-matching for TM polarization while there is a significant phase-mismatch for TE polarization. Therefore, the TM polarized light can be coupled from the narrow input waveguide to the adjacent wide waveguide while the TE polarization goes through the coupling region without significant coupling. An ultra-short (&#60;10µm-long) PBS is designed based on silicon-on-insulator nanowires and the length of the bent coupling region is as small as 4.5µm when choosing the gap width as 200nm (large enough to simplify the fabrication). The numerical simulations show that the present PBS has a good fabrication tolerance for the variation of the waveguide width (more than µ60nm) and a very broad band (∼200nm) for an extinction ratio of >10dB.
Low-loss and high-selectivity bandpass filter with harmonic suppression and piezoelectric transducer tuning

A low-loss and high-selectivity bandpass filter with harmonic suppression and piezoelectric transducer (PET) tuning is presented. At the 3.5 GHz passband, the insertion loss is 1.48 dB, and the transmission zeros at 3.05 and 4.08 GHz have rejection of 55 dB. The rejection at the 7 GHz second harmonic is 50 dB. A PET tunes the bandstop sections to obtain a tunable suppression (>45 dB) around the second harmonic from 5.35 to 7.8 GHz.
A combined analysis of genomewide linkage scans for body mass index from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program.

A combined analysis of genome scans for obesity was undertaken using the interim results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program. In this research project, four multicenter networks of investigators conducted eight individual studies. Data were available on 6,849 individuals from four ethnic groups (white, black, Mexican American, and Asian). The sample represents the largest single collection of genomewide scan data that has been analyzed for obesity and provides a test of the reproducibility of linkage analysis for a complex phenotype. Body mass index (BMI) was used as the measure of adiposity. Genomewide linkage analyses were first performed separately in each of the eight ethnic groups in the four networks, through use of the variancecomponent method. Only one region in the analyses of the individual studies showed significant linkage with BMI: 3q22.1 (LOD 3.45, for the GENOA network black sample). Six additional regions were found with an associated LOD 12, including 3p24.1, 7p15.2, 7q22.3, 14q24.3, 16q12.2, and 17p11.2. Among these findings, the linkage at 7p15.2, 7q22.3, and 17p11.2 has been reported elsewhere. A modified Fisher’s omnibus procedure was then used to combine the P values from each of the eight genome scans. A complimentary approach to the meta-analysis was undertaken, combining the average allele-sharing identity by descent ( ) for whites, blacks, and Mexican ˆ p Americans. Using this approach, we found strong linkage evidence for a quantitative-trait locus at 3q27 (marker D3S2427; LOD 3.40, ). The same location has been shown to be linked with obesity-related traits and P p .03 diabetes in at least two other studies. These results (1) confirm the previously reported obesity-susceptibility locus on chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and (2) demonstrate that combining samples from different studies can increase the power to detect common genes with a small-to-moderate effect, so long as the same gene has an effect in all samples considered.
Effects of pion exchange currents and short-range correlation on charge form factor of4He

Effects of short-range correlation (SRC) and meson exchange currents (MEC) on elastic charge form factor of4He have been investigated. The one-pion exchange approximation is employed in the nonrelativistic limit. Form factors are calculated with SRC and MEC for a wide range of momentum transfer (up toq2=100 fm−2). It is noticed that SRC produces the first minimum and second maximum in good agreement with the experimental data. The inclusion of MEC does not improve the fit if not appreciably worsens it. However, the MEC does produce the second minimum and third maximum which SRC alone does not.
Detection of Fever with Infrared Thermometry: A Feasibility Study

Fever is a remarkably sensitive indicator of infectious disease. The thermometer in clinical use today is basically that developed over a century ago, measuring heat conducted from skin or mucous membranes to an adjacent probe. In dealing with immunosuppressed granulocytopenic patients, the need was realized for an instrument by which temperature might be determined without a probe contact. Infrared pyrometers have been used in industry to record the temperature of mechanical objects at a distance. We tested the feasibility of using such an instrument to detect fever in humans. In a controlled and blinded fashion, infrared measurements from the eyes, axillae, and areas below the ear lobes (E spot) of 140 febrile and afebrile patients were compared with rectal temperatures recorded by a standard thermometer. The eye and E spot provided the most accurate readings. Infrared measurements of the right eye identified 57 (95%) of 60 febrile and 72 (90%) of 80 afebrile patients correctly. Overall, 92% of all patients were correctly categorized by use of the infrared thermometer at this site. We conclude that this approach is feasible and, with further technical developments, may be applicable for routine clinical use.
A bad submatrix is easy to find

A {0, 1}-matrix is a consecutive 1's matrix, abbreviated C1M, if there exists a path P such that the vertices of P are indexed on the rows of M and the columns of M are the incidence vectors of the vertex-sets of subpaths of P. In this paper, given a “special” r × c non-C1M having n 1's, an O(r + c + n) time algorithm is presented to find a “minimal” submatrix that is also a non-C1M. The motivation for finding such a “bad” submatrix comes from generating suitable cuts while solving traveling salesman problems using a cuttingplane method. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myelination in cerebellar slice cultures: Development of a system amenable to biochemical analysis

Myelin deposition and maintenance are critical to proper function of the mammalian nervous system. Previous investigations of myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) were hampered by the lack of an in vitro system that can faithfully reproduce in vivo events yet is amenable to biochemical investigation. We have developed a procedure, based on organotypic cultures, which permits efficient preparation of large numbers of cerebellar slice cultures that can be easily manipulated. Cultures have been examined to document myelination biochemically (by incorporation of [35S]sulfate into sulfolipids), immunohistochemically (by labeling the myelin components myelin basic protein and galactocerebroside), and morphologically (by both light and electron microscopy). We tested the effects of biologically active peptides and antibodies on myelination in the thin slices. The results indicate that the cultures provide an in vitro system that can be used to examine specific cellular events that occur during CNS myelination.
Variation in the Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Results from the Americans' Changing Lives Study

This study examines the association between race and depressive symptoms over a 16‐year study period. The analysis is based on the responses of 3,485 African-American and White respondents from four waves of the Americans' Changing Lives Panel Study. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify latent trajectory classes based on the reported levels of depressive symptoms over 16 years. Four latent trajectory classes were identified: two “high-risk” groups and two “low-risk” groups. Findings show the heterogeneity among and within racial groups in their trajectories of depressive symptoms and the distinct demographic and social relationship predictors for symptom trajectories.
Expressing object-oriented concepts in Fortran 90

Fortran 90 is a modern, powerful language with features that support important new programming concepts, including those used in object-oriented programming. This paper briefly summarizes how to express the concepts of data encapsulation, function overloading, classes, objects, inheritance, and dynamic dispatching.
Review Article: What Does It Mean to be "Black" and "Holy"?

(2008). Review Article: What Does It Mean to be 'Black' and 'Holy'? Black Theology: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 119-131.
Combinatorial Approaches and Conjectures for 2-Divisibility Problems Concerning Domino Tilings of Polyominoes

We give the first complete combinatorial proof of the fact that the number of domino tilings of the 2n×2n square grid is of the form 2^n(2k + 1)^2, thus settling a question raised by John, Sachs, and Zernitz. The proof lends itself naturally to some interesting generalizations, and leads to a number of new conjectures.
Analysis of an Active Thermal Protection System for High-Altitude Flight

Thermal protection system based on radiation cooling for high altitude cruising hypersonic flight, achieving zero net mass transfer
IV tissue plasminogen activator use in acute stroke: What are neurologists thinking?

Stroke remains among the top 4 causes of death in the United States and, despite advances in inpatient care and rehabilitation, the leading cause of severe disability. Furthermore, despite being a proven effective therapy, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) use remains dramatically low, used in ∼2% of all stroke patients in a community setting.1 In this issue of Neurology ®, Shamy and Jaigobin2 address the use of tPA in appropriate clinical settings and neurologists' rationale for their decisions. Given the mortality and morbidity associated with stroke, the data for substantial benefit with tPA use, and US Food and Drug Administration approval, the limited use of tPA raises ethical and legal concerns.
P22 coat protein structures reveal a novel mechanism for capsid maturation: stability without auxiliary proteins or chemical crosslinks.

Summary Viral capsid assembly and stability in tailed, dsDNA phage and Herpesviridae are achieved by various means including chemical crosslinks (unique to HK97), or auxiliary proteins (lambda, T4, ϕ29, and herpesviruses). All these viruses have coat proteins (CP) with a conserved, HK97-like core structure. We used a combination of trypsin digestion, gold labeling, cryo-electron microscopy, 3D image reconstruction, and comparative modeling to derive two independent, pseudoatomic models of bacteriophage P22 CP: before and after maturation. P22 capsid stabilization results from intersubunit interactions among N-terminal helices and an extensive "P loop," which obviate the need for crosslinks or auxiliary proteins. P22 CP also has a telokin-like Ig domain that likely stabilizes the monomer fold so that assembly may proceed via individual subunit addition rather than via preformed capsomers as occurs in HK97. Hence, the P22 CP structure may be a paradigm for understanding how monomers assemble in viruses like ϕ29 and HSV-1.
10A-3 Intravascular Photoacoustic Imaging with Gold Nanoparticles

Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging can image atherosclerotic plaques inside the artery by utilizing the differences in optical absorption between various tissue types. Combined intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and IVPA imaging has the potential to visualize both the structure and composition of plaques. However, the molecular or cellular specific components of the plaques can be further enhanced by introducing plasmonic nanoparticles as molecularly targeted contrast agents. To demonstrate that IVPA imaging with optical contrast agents is possible, we performed IVUS and IVPA imaging of a vessel phantom containing murine macrophages with gold nanoparticles inside the cells. Several controls including gold nanoparticles suspended in gelatin and macrophages without nanoparticles were also imaged The results of our study suggest that IVPA is capable of imaging using gold nanoparticles as contrast agents. In addition, spectroscopic IVPA imaging can be used to distinguish aggregated nanoparticles from other tissue components and non- aggregated nanoparticles thus further enhancing the contrast of targeted components in the artery.
Importance of Different Pathways of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux

The removal of excess free cholesterol from cells by HDL or its apolipoproteins is important for maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis. This process is most likely compromised in the atherosclerotic lesion because the development of atherosclerosis is associated with low HDL cholesterol. Multiple mechanisms for efflux of cell cholesterol exist. Efflux of free cholesterol via aqueous diffusion occurs with all cell types but is inefficient. Efflux of cholesterol is accelerated when scavenger receptor class-B type I (SR-BI) is present in the cell plasma membrane. Both diffusion-mediated and SR-BI–mediated efflux occur to phospholipid-containing acceptors (ie, HDL and lipidated apolipoproteins); in both cases, the flux of cholesterol is bidirectional, with the direction of net flux depending on the cholesterol gradient. The ATP-binding cassette transporter AI (ABCA1) mediates efflux of both cellular cholesterol and phospholipid. In contrast to SR-BI–mediated flux, efflux via ABCA1 is unidirectional, oc...
Treatment Effects of a Modular Intervention for Early-Onset Child Behavior Problems on Family Contextual Outcomes.

The overall aim of this multi-informant study was to examine pre–post treatment changes, and maintenance at 3-year follow-up, for multiple dimensions of the family context, for a modular intervention that has previously demonstrated significant clinical improvements in child behavior and maintenance of these effects. Family outcomes included parenting practices (i.e., positive parenting, harsh/inconsistent parenting, psychological/physical aggression), parent functioning (i.e., symptoms of psychopathology, self-efficacy), and family functioning (i.e., family adaptability/cohesion, social support, negative life events). The sample comprised 139 families with children ages 6 to11 who participated in a modular treatment protocol for early-onset oppositional-defiant disorder or conduct disorder that has already been associated with improved child behavior outcomes, delivered in a nonrandomized comparison of research clinic and community settings. Improvement from pre- to post-treatment included indicators of ...
ASSEMBLY AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE PRIMARY CELL WALL IN PLANTS

Growing plant cells are shaped by an extensible wall that is a complex amalgam of cellulose microfibrils bonded noncovalently to a matrix of hemicelluloses, pectins, and structural proteins. Cellulose is synthesized by complexes in the plasma membrane and is extruded as a self-assembling microfibril, whereas the matrix polymers are secreted by the Golgi apparatus and become integrated into the wall network by poorly understood mechanisms. The growing wall is under high tensile stress from cell turgor and is able to enlarge by a combination of stress relaxation and polymer creep. A pH-dependent mechanism of wall loosening, known as acid growth, is characteristic of growing walls and is mediated by a group of unusual wall proteins called expansins. Expansins appear to disrupt the noncovalent bonding of matrix hemicelluloses to the microfibril, thereby allowing the wall to yield to the mechanical forces generated by cell turgor. Other wall enzymes, such as (1-->4) beta-glucanases and pectinases, may make the wall more responsive to expansin-mediated wall creep whereas pectin methylesterases and peroxidases may alter the wall so as to make it resistant to expansin-mediated creep.
Some aspects of dust-plasma interactions in the cosmic environment

A brief, critical review of dust-plasma interactions in the cosmic environment is presented, with emphasis on certain results. Both single-particle (e.g., gravitoelectrodynamics) and collective (e.g., appearance of new wave models) effects are discussed and some areas in which further research is needed are pointed out. The pressing need for laboratory studies, both to provide the necessary data for the theoretical studies and to test the predictions of these theories, is emphasized. >
FORAGING AND TERRITORY ECONOMICS OF SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC PURPLE-THROATED CARIBS (EULAMPIS JUGULARIS) ON THREE HELICONIA MORPHS

Abstract We observed territorial Purple-throated Caribs (Eulampis jugularis) on three Heliconia morphs (H. caribaea and the red-green and green morphs of H. bihai) on the island of St. Lucia, West Indies, to examine how calculated costs and benefits compared with observed patterns of Heliconia use. Across the three years of our study, H. caribaea territories defended by Purple-throated Carib males were significantly smaller in area and had higher densities of flowers than red-green H. bihai territories, and both kinds of Heliconia territories defended by males were smaller and had higher densities of flowers than the green H. bihai territory maintained by a female. In the period (0630 to 1400 hours) during which birds maintained territories, total maintenance costs were more than met by energy obtained from territories, but only 2 of 13 territories provided sufficient nectar to meet birds' energy requirements for 24 h. Birds supplemented their energy intake from Heliconia territories by foraging at flower...
Cutting too deep? Assessing the impact of a shorter surgery clerkship on students' clinical skills and knowledge.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare the performance of students completing an 8-week versus a 6-week surgery clerkship on an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) clinical science surgery examination. Methods One hundred fifteen students from the 8-week clerkship and 99 from the 6-week clerkship were included. Performance on a summative OSCE was assessed using behaviorally anchored checklists. NBME exams were graded using the NBME's standard scaled scores. Results were compared using 2-tailed, independent-samples, unequal-variance t tests. Results Mean OSCE scores for the 8-week and 6-week curricula were not statistically different. Mean NBME scores also did not statistically differ. Six-week students performed significantly better in the specific OSCE subdomains of blood pressure, orthostatic blood pressure, rectal exam, and fecal occult blood test. Conclusions Overall OSCE and NBME exam performance did not differ between 8-week and 6-week surgery clerkship students.
Cancer symptom clusters: old concept but new data.

Individuals with cancer have multiple symptoms, which frequently co-occur. A nonrandom distribution of symptoms suggests a common mechanism. Symptom clusters (SCs) were considered part of various syndromes in the early years of medicine. The SC concept in clinical medicine is old. Symptom clusters were commonly described in the psychology/psychiatry and neurology literature. Symptom cluster may be defined either clinically or statistically. Statistically derived clusters can differ from clinically defined clusters. The clinical importance of statistically derived clusters is unclear. Pain-insomnia-fatigue and pain-depression-fatigue are commonly recognized clinical clusters. Nausea-vomiting and anxiety-depression are also statistically observed clusters. The longitudinal stability of clusters is unknown. Certain SCs, appear to have a greater adverse influence on outcomes (such as performance status and survival) than others. Comorbidities probably influence symptoms at different levels, but their effect o...
Control of liquid flow distribution utilizing EHD conduction pumping mechanism

A maldistribution of liquid flow in parallel evaporators may cause local hot areas, leading to dry-out of branch lines and resulting in a nonoptimum performance. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping shows its potential as an active control method of the flow distribution. The EHD conduction pumping is associated with the heterocharge layers of finite thickness in the vicinity of the electrodes, which are based on the process of dissociation of the neutral electrolytic species and recombination of the generated ions. This paper presents the successful control of liquid flow distribution between two branch lines utilizing an EHD conduction pump at total mass flux levels of 100 and 200 kg/m/sup 2//spl middot/s.
A fatal intoxication involving carbamazepine, desipramine, and ethylene glycol

A fatal intoxication involving multiple substances including carbamazepine (CBZ), desipramine (DI), and ethylene glycol (EG), in which the blood CBZ concentration was higher than any previously reported in the literature is presented. Each compound, as well as the 10,11-epoxide metabolite of carbamazepine (CBZ-EP), was quantified in blood (CBZ, 79 mg/L; CBZ-EP, 11 mg/L; DI, 4.2 mg/L; EG, 3.6 g/L), bile (CBZ, 69 mg/L; CBZ-EP, 13 mg/L; DI, 23 mg/L; EG, 4.8 g/L), urine (CBZ, 6.5 mg/L; CBZ-EP, 5.7 mg/L; DI, 30 mg/L; EG, 3.3 g/L), stomach contents (CBZ, 280 mg; DI, 49 mg; EG, 2.8 g), liver (CBZ, 75 mg/kg; CBZ-EP, 11 mg/kg; DI, 49 mg/kg; EG, 2.0 g/kg), and kidney (CBZ, 41 mg/kg; CBZ-EP, 11 mg/kg; DI, 23 mg/kg; EG, 1.9 g/kg) using the following analytical techniques: high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for CBZ and CBZ-EP, gas-liquid chromatography with mass selective detection for DI and gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection for EG. Language: en
Peramivir: An Intravenous Neuraminidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of 2009 H1N1 Influenza

Objective:To review the efficacy and safety of peramivir, an unapproved neuraminidase inhibitor recently granted an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of 2009 H1N1 influenza in select patients.Data Sources:Literature was accessed via MEDLINE (1950–April 2010) using the search terms peramivir, BCX-1812, RWJ 270201, influenza H1N1, swine influenza, and neuraminidase inhibitors. The manufacturer of peramivir, BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, was contacted for unpublished data and information presented at recent scientific meetings. Information was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and FDA Web sites. The mandatory requirements for the EUA for peramivir were also consulted.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Available English-language literature was reviewed and selected based on relevance, as was information from the CDC, FDA, and the drug manufacturer.Data Synthesis:The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic has necessitated the selec...
Prevalence of Non-Glandular Gastric Ulcers in Horses Involved in a University Riding Program

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of gastric ulcers in horses involved in a university riding program. Researchers examined 80 riding horses engaged in hunt seat lessons, stock seat lessons, polo, and training (breeds included Morgans, Quarter Horses including crosses, Thoroughbreds, and other lineage). Gastroscopic examination was performed to determine the presence of gastric ulcers. Non-glandular ulcers present were scored using an accepted scoring system. Descriptive characteristics such as age, sex, breed, housing, use, and prior medication of horses were recorded. Nine (11%) of the horses had non-glandular ulcerations. Age and sex had a significant (P < .05) effect on non-glandular ulcers in this population. Horses that were 2 to 6 or 18 to 23 years of age and mares were most affected by non-glandular gastric ulcers. Non-glandular ulcer occurrence was lower in this population than in any previous studies focused on elite, heavy-use performance horses, show horses, racehorses, and recreational horses. Horses used predominantly in their home environment may suffer from a lower occurrence of non-glandular gastric ulcers than previously studied populations such as racing and show horses despite the frequency and intensity of their activities.
Glacial Outwash Loess as a Climatic Indicator

Abstract The exact climatic provenance of glacial loess is uncertain. Evidence from the upper Mississippi Valley suggests that the bulk of the loess was deposited during waning glacial conditions, whereas data from the Lower Valley indicate that deposition occurred primarily during waxing glacial times. The burial of vertebrate fossils suggests that loess deposition may have been a product of brief, but intense climatic episodes that might have occurred during either waning or waxing glacial times.
Return and Liquidity Response to SEC Investigation Announcements

This study measures the impact government enforcement actions have on investor confidence by examining changes in market quality in the firms investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission for fraud. The market quality measures we test include returns, price volatility, spreads, and Amihud’s (2002) illiquidity measure. We find that returns improve and price volatility reduces during an SEC investigation. However, spreads widen and illiquidity significantly increases after controlling for the known determinants of liquidity. Our work highlights some of the benefits and costs of having an active regulator of the US securities market.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Intersections of Race, Gender, and Class in the Wake of a National Crisis: The State of Black Boys and Men Post-Ferguson

This introduction to the special issue will ground our understanding of the current state of Black boys and men in America, nearly 2 years after the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. Each of these articles represents the voices of scholars whose influences add clarity to the experiences and aftermath of traumatic events that threaten the safety and well-being of Black boys and men. Collectively, these articles showcase various research methods; address individual, family, and community issues; and demonstrate how race, gender, and class influence how the assorted levels of society interact with Black males. This special issue is an important contribution to raising awareness of and enacting social change for Black boys and men in our nation.
Improved Switching Response of VO2 Devices Deposited on Silicon Nitride Membranes

VO2films were deposited on sapphire, ITO glass and 200 nm thick silicon nitride membranes by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). The electrical and optical properties have been investigated. Joule heating devices fabricated on silicon nitride membranes switches from semiconductor phase to metal phase by applying a constant voltage across two metal contacts. Compared to the devices fabricated on the normal substrates, such as sapphire, silicon or glasses, the switching speed of the devices on membrane is an order of magnitude faster. Decreasing the area and thickness of VO2 on top of thinner membranes allows kHz bandwidth to be achieved.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Meanings of Work as Related to Disability Inclination: Another Look at the Sick Role Concept

(1971). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Meanings of Work as Related to Disability Inclination: Another Look at the Sick Role Concept. Sociological Focus: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 88-98.
Abstract 515: Serotonin Relaxes the Superior Mesenteric Vein: Implications for Blood Pressure Control

Serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) reduces blood pressure of the conscious rat when administered chronically (one week). 5-HT does not directly relax isolated arteries, and microsphere experiments in 5-HT-infused rats suggested that 5-HT increased flow to the splanchnic bed. We hypothesized that 5-HT increased splanchnic flow because of direct venous relaxation, and not indirect removal of arterial sympathetic tone. Surgical removal of sympathetic innervation of the splanchnic circulation did not alter the ability of 5-HT to lower blood pressure, allowing us to focus on the venous vasculature. Real time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western analyses supported the predominant expression of the 5-HT2B and 5-HT7 receptor in the superior mesenteric vein. The superior mesenteric vein was mounted in tissue baths for measurement of isometric contraction. 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of the endothelin-1 (ET-1) contracted vein. The threshold of 5-HT-induced venous relaxation was significantly lower than for 5-HT-induced venous contraction (1 nM vs 1 μM, respectively). A series of serotonergic agonists was tested, and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT; mixed 5-HT1, 5-HT7 receptor agonist) and 5-HT were most potent in causing relaxation. Consistent with these findings, the 5-HT7 receptor antagonists, SB 266970 and LY215840, but not the 5-HT2B receptor antagonist LY272015 abolished 5-CT-induced relaxation of the isolated superior mesenteric vein (figure). These studies support the ability of 5-HT to directly relax veins, thereby increasing venous capacitance with a concomitant fall in blood pressure. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Representation in Language and Mind

Language and states of mind are both considered to ‘represent’ because they can be about things other than themselves. A theory of representation should explain how representation in language and mind is possible, and it should explain how linguistic objects and mental states have the particular meanings that they have. This article examines mind-based and language-based theories. The former construe mental representation as basic and analyze linguistic representation in terms of it. The latter construe linguistic representation as basic and mental representation as derivative.
Rapid Response to Treatment of Multiple Myeloma Detected with FDG PET Scanning in Multiple Myeloma - Early Results from Total Therapy III.

Abstract Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning can rapidly detect and quantify changes in tumor metabolism. We present early results from the first 47 patients enrolled in Total Therapy III for multiple myeloma using PET scanning and correlating with serum M protein. Since we have previously demonstrated that diffuse uptake patterns do not have prognostic significance, we have limited our assessment of these 47 patients to those with one or more PET-defined focal lesions (FL) at baseline who have had at least one follow-up PET scan (25 patients). Of this group of 25, 10 have had a second follow-up scan. These whole body PET scans were performed at baseline and at time points corresponding to immediately after two cycles of VDT-PACE, landmarks LMK1 and LMK2. Patients with complete resolution of FL on PET are considered to be in PET-CR. We find that 17/25 (68%) had a decrease in number of FL from baseline to LMK1 and 8/10 (80%) had a decrease in number of FL from baseline to LMK2. In addition, 6/25 (24%) were in PET-CR by LMK1 and 3/10 (30%) in PET-CR by LMK2. Similarly, a decrease in serum M-protein was seen in 16/25 (64%) from baseline to LMK1 and in 8/10 (80%) from baseline to LMK2. At baseline, 10 patients had serum M protein levels of 0.01 g/dl or less. Of these, 8 (80%) had PET-defined focal lesions, demonstrating PET's ability to monitor tumor metabolism in the face of hypo- or non-secretory disease. Of these, 7 have been enrolled sufficient time to have a second PET scan, with 6/7 (86%) demonstrating a continuing decrease in number of FL in response to treatment. At baseline, PET detected 5 of 47 patients with extramedullary disease (EMD), a finding of severe adverse prognostic significance at baseline. Of these patients, all had FL at baseline PET and all had decreasing number of FL on first follow-up PET scan (two have had a second follow-up scan, one improving and one PET-CR). One of these patients with EMD is nonsecretory. From these data, we conclude that functional imaging with PET scanning offers important and unique information about early tumor response that improves patient management by demonstrating rapid change in response to treatment that not only parallels serum M-protein response but which also is reliable in hypo- or non-secretory disease as well as in detection and monitoring of extramedullary tumor, an ominous condition that is particularly difficult to detect in the hypo- or non-secretory patient.
Association Between Parental Barriers to Accessing a Usual Source of Care and Children's Receipt of Preventive Services.

Objectives:Preventive health services are important for child development, and parents play a key role in facilitating access to services. This study examined how parents’ reasons for not having a ...
Association of Increasing Nasal Tip Projection With Lip Position in Primary Rhinoplasty.

ImportanceThe effects of rhinoplasty maneuvers on adjacent facial features are an important component in preoperative planning and patient counseling. Tip projection modifications are commonly perf...
Ultrasonication Assisted Production of Biodiesel from Sunflower Oil by Using CuO: Mg Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst

Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, biodegradable, eco-friendly and alternative fuel used in the diesel engine. The present work was carried out at constant operational conditions such as methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, catalyst concentration 0.25%, 30 minute reaction time and the reaction temperature at 60°C. Biodiesel was synthesized by transesterification of sunflower oil (SFO) with methanol, using CuO: Mgas nanocatalyst. This nanocatalyst was prepared by quick precipitation method. The biodiesel yield of 71.78% was achieved under reaction condition. The presence of methyl ester groups at the produced biodiesel was confirmed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The FAME conversion yield up to 82.83 % could be obtained under the operating conditions.
Effect of Environmental Toxins on Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Abstract Infertility is a problem that plagues up to 15% of couples with half of the cases being due to the male partner. Exposure to specific chemicals may impair spermatogonial stem cells, which are the foundation of the spermatogenesis complex. The objective of this work was to systematically review the literature from 1982 until now to summarize the known environmental toxins and their in vitro or in vivo effects on spermatogonial cells. Multiple studies have been performed on environmental toxins, such as pesticides, herbicides, metals, cleaning agents, and plasticizers in various species. However, the lack of studies on human spermatogonial stem cells emphasizes the requirement of new toxicology models in this field.
Modeling and Hopf Bifurcation Analysis of Benign Worms with Quarantine Strategy

Since the Morris worm occurred in 1988, malwares have threatened the network persistently. With rapid development of the Internet, network security issues become increasingly serious. Recently, the benign worms become a new active countermeasure to deal with the worm threat. In this paper, we propose a compositive-hybrid benign worm propagation model with quarantine strategy. Usually, quarantine strategy will lead to a time delay, and the worm propagation system will be unstable and out of control with the time delay increases. Then the existence condition and the stability of the positive equilibrium are derived. Through our derivation and analysis, the threshold \( \tau_{0} \) of Hopf bifurcation is obtained. The system will be stable when time delay \( \tau < \tau_{0} \). In addition, numerical experiments are performed and the effect of benign worms is displayed by comparing with the model that do not include benign worms. Furthermore, simulation experiments are carried out to verify our conclusions.
Differences in common psychoacoustical tasks by sex, menstrual cycle, and race

The psychoacoustical literature contains multiple reports about small differences in performance depending upon the sex and phase of the menstrual cycle of the subjects. In an attempt to verify these past reports, a large-scale study was implemented. After extensive training, the performance of about 75 listeners was measured on seven common psychoacoustical tasks. For most tasks, the signal was a 3.0-kHz tone. The initial data analyses failed to confirm some past outcomes. Additional analyses, incorporating the limited information available about the racial background of the listeners, did confirm some of the past reports, with the direction and magnitude of the differences often diverging for the White and Non-White listeners. Sex differences and race differences interacted for six of the seven tasks studied. These interactions suggest that racial background needs to be considered when making generalizations about human auditory performance, and when considering failures of reproducibility across studies. Menstrual differences were small, but generally larger for Whites than Non-Whites. Hormonal effects may be responsible for the sex and cycle differences that do exist, and differences in intra-cochlear melanocytes may account for the race differences.
Teacher Professionalization Programs

This chapter provides an overview of teacher professionalization programs in Peru. Peruvian teachers have consistently exhibited extreme conservatism in matters of professional development. Rather than being concerned with professional skills and organizations, teachers have most frequently stressed their membership in social-class linked groups and in the government bureaucracy. Their energy has not been invested in the professional sphere, but in the area of politics and vested interests. For example, Teachers spend a great deal of time traveling to and from the Ministry of Education in Lima. There, contacts are made and maintained, political debts are paid and incurred, and almost all decisions, both large and small, are made. With this essentially political rather than professional orientation, Peruvian teachers are reflecting the basic values and accepted behaviors of the social and educational systems of which the teachers are successful products. It was not until the passage of the 15215 law offered financial incentives for a variety of in-service and professional activities that a strong movement for teacher professionalization began in earnest. The chapter also explains the aims, programs, problems, and achievements of four Peruvian teacher-centered programs active during the past two decades, or longer.
Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopies

The analysis of alloys, powders, and dried solutions by atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometry (AAS and AFS) using sputtering cells for atomization is receiving wider notice in the literature as the advantages of these methods come to be appreciated. For example, compared with emission spectrometry, these methods have higher spectral resolution and fewer spectral interferences. Rapid multielement AAS analyses are now practical because of recent technological advances. With recent developments, sensitivities approach and in some cases exceed flame and graphite furnace methods, and improvements are continuing.
Abstract 1458: TRPM2 modulates neuroblastoma cell survival through Pyk2, CREB and MCU activation

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin subfamily member 2 (TRPM2) is highly expressed in many cancers including neuroblastoma. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is calcium-sensitive non-receptor tyrosine kinase which enhances cell survival and is activated by calcium influx through TRPM2. Pyk2 also modulates mitochondrial calcium uptake through phosphorylation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), impacting mitochondrial function, and through its effects on CREB, which regulates transcription of MCU. The purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanisms by which TRPM2 regulates cancer cell survival in order to develop new therapeutic strategies based on inhibition of TRPM2. Two models of TRPM2 inhibition were utilized: 1) reducing TRPM2 function in SH-SY5Y cells by expression of the dominant negative construct TRPM2-S, a short isoform of TRPM2, and 2) depletion of TRPM2 expression with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Treatment with Doxorubicin (Doxo) was used as a model of oxidative stress. Doxorubicin reduced growth of cells in which TRPM2 was inhibited significantly more than control cells. Inhibition of TRPM2 also reduced Pyk2 and CREB expression and activation. Using shRNA technology we showed that Pyk2 mediated reduced expression and activation of CREB and activation of STAT3 in TRPM2 expressing cells. Fractionation experiments showed that depletion of TRPM2 reduced phosphorylation of whole cell and mitochondrial Src and Pyk2 and expression of mitochondrial CREB and MCU. Src has an important role in Pyk2 phosphorylation. In TRPM2 depleted cells, mitochondrial Ca uptake was significantly reduced since both peak mitochondrial calcium uniporter currents and amount of calcium transported (current-time integral) measured in mitoplasts were lower. Wt Pyk2 but not the phospho-deficient mutant Y402F and wt TRPM2 but not the TRPM2 Ca-impermeant mutant E960D, restored viability after Doxo treatment of SH-SY5Y cells in which TRPM2 was inhibited. In conclusion, these results suggest that TRPM2 inhibition leads to reduced viability in neuroblastoma through the Src-Pyk2-CREB-MCU pathway, which plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics. Citation Format: Iwona Malgorzata Hirschler-Laszkiewicz, Shu-jen Chen, Lei Bao, JuFang Wang, Xue-Qian Zhang, Santhanam Shanmughapriya, Kerry Keefer, Muniswamy Madesh, Joseph Y. Cheung, Barbara A. Miller. TRPM2 modulates neuroblastoma cell survival through Pyk2, CREB and MCU activation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1458.
Five Ways Speech-Language Pathologists Can Positively Impact Children With Dyslexia

Purpose The purpose of this epilogue is to offer five ways speech-language pathologists can positively impact children with dyslexia, drawing from and expanding on the articles presented in this cl...
Refuse Quantities and Frequency of Service

The determination of significant changes (if any) in the quantities of refuse from Wards 17 and 25, City of Chicago, as a result of initiation in 1966 of twice-a-week pickup service in approximately one-third of the living units serviced is studied A method for making comparisons based on information from similar neighborhoods and identical time periods was developed and used in the analysis. For Ward 25, the average quantity of refuse collected for twice-a-week pickup service was approximately one-third greater than that for once-a-week service. For Ward 17, the gain in the quantity of refuse per living unit per week was equal to approximately 60%.
Organizational Obliviousness: Entrenched Resistance to Gender Integration in the Military

Exploring efforts to integrate women into combat forces in the military, we investigate how resistance to equity becomes entrenched, ultimately excluding women from being full participants in the workplace. Based on focus groups and surveys with members of Special Operations, we found most of the resistance is rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that are often bolstered through organizational policies and practices. The subtlety of these practices often renders them invisible. We refer to this invisibility as organizational obliviousness. Obliviousness exists at the individual level, it becomes reinforced at the cultural level, and, in turn, cultural practices are entrenched institutionally by policies. Organizational obliviousness may not be malicious or done to actively exclude or harm, but the end result is that it does both. Throughout this Element we trace the ways that organizational obliviousness shapes individuals, culture, and institutional practices throughout the organization.
Prototyping canvas: Design tool for planning purposeful prototypes

While prototypes are critical to the creation of successful products and innovative solutions, building a prototype is characterized by large sunk costs and a plethora of unknowns. The versatility and effectiveness of prototypes paired with the ambiguous nature of developing a prototype can lead to wasted resources. Recent studies support this claim, demonstrating that under certain circumstances, designers often prototype without a clear purpose, building prototypes as a function of the design process rather than as a function of the design. These findings motivated the creation of the Prototyping Canvas, a tool to aid designers in planning for purposeful prototypes by identifying critical assumptions and questions to guide development. Business and engineering design literature influenced the development of the canvas, which was first tested with a client project in the SUTD-MIT International Design Centre (IDC). The feedback and insights from the design team guided revisions to the canvas. The updated canvas was then validated with 55 professionals during a design project sprint. The purpose of this paper is to present the Prototyping Canvas as a valid and effective design tool.