cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Ect Responsiveness and Subtypes of Tardive Dyskinesia in Bipolar Patients

Despite intensive research, the mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remain elusive. In addition, there are no known biological factors predicting ECT responsivenes in bipolar patients. A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between ECT responsiveness and tardive dyskinesia (TD), a common side effect of neuroleptic therapy, and its subtypes (i.e., orofacial and limb-axial dyskinesias) in a group of 18 bipolar patients. There was a significant difference in orofacial dyskinesia scores between ECT responders and non-responders (p < 0.005), while there was no significant association in scores of limb-axial dyskinesia between ECT responders and non-responders. These findings suggest an association between ECT responsiveness and the presence of orofacial dyskinesias in bipolar patient with TD and add further support to the notion that TD is a heterogenous disorder comprising at least two subtypes with distinct underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
Breaking Stress of Glass Determined from Dimensions of Fracture Mirrors

Relations previously have been shown between the size of the fracture mirror and the nominal breaking stress. In the present paper, this relation is derived analytically involving one unknown quantity which must be determined experimentally. This quantity is δm√ρ where δm is the intrinsic strength of the glass and the effective radius of the crack tip. Tests on glass rods indicated that the breaking stress could be determined from the radius of the fracture mirror. For 80% of the specimens the values obtained were within 8% of those obtained from the test loads.
EFFECTS OF PROPOSED PHYSICAL BALLAST TANK TREATMENTS ON AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE RESTING EGGS

Adaptations in aquatic invertebrate resting eggs that confer protection from natural catastrophic events also could confer protection from treatments applied to ballast water for biological invasion vector management. To evaluate the potential efficacy of physical ballast water treatment methods, the present study examined the acute toxicity of heat (flash and holding methods), ultraviolet (UV) radiation (254 nm), and deoxygenation (acute and chronic) on resting eggs of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia mendotae and the marine brine shrimp Artemia sp. Both D. mendotae and Artemia sp. were similarly sensitive to flash exposures of heat (100% mortality at 70 degrees C), but D. mendotae were much more sensitive to prolonged exposures. Exposure to 4,000 mJ/cm2 of UV radiation resulted in mortality rates of 59% in Artemia sp. and 91% in D. mendotae. Deoxygenation to an oxygen concentration of 1 mg/L was maximally toxic to both species. Deoxygenation suppressed hatching of D. mendotae resting eggs at oxygen concentrations of less than 5.5 mg/L and of Artemia sp. resting eggs at concentrations of less than 1 mg/L. Results suggest that UV radiation and deoxygenation are not viable treatment methods with respect to invertebrate resting eggs because of the impracticality of producing sufficient UV doses and the suppression of hatching at low oxygen concentrations. Results also suggest that the treatment temperatures required to kill resting eggs are much higher than those reported to be effective against other invertebrate life stages and species. The results, however, do not preclude the effectiveness of these treatments against other organisms or life stages. Nevertheless, if ballast tank treatment systems employing the tested methods are intended to include mitigation of viable resting eggs, then physical removal of large resting eggs and ephippia via filtration would be a necessary initial step.
‘Race’ and Ethnicity in Science, Medicine and Society

Human genome research has indeed re-ignited the sparks of long-standing discourse and debate on the definition, measurement and existence of human ‘races‘. On the one hand, this genome revolution is increasingly challenging the notion that the groups traditionally called races are truly and innately biologically distinct (Jorde and Wooding, 2004; Tishkoff and Kidd, 2004), yet, on the other, one could argue that it is facilitating the reification of race (Duster, 2005). While it is undeniable that the latter part of the twentieth century ushered in a scientific era brimming with new technology, new data and new terminology, many elements of the ‘race and biology’ controversy are not at all new and still it appears that a resolution is not yet within reach. One might ask: ‘Why?’ ‘How will current knowledge about human genetic variation inform the treatment of race and ethnicity in science, medicine, and society?’ ‘Is it even possible to come to consensus on some of the fundamental issues?’
Perioperative concerns for transplant recipients undergoing nontransplant surgery

At some time in a general surgeon's career it is likely that they will be asked to care for a surgical problem in a transplant recipient. In many instances, the treating surgeon may opt for transferring the patient to a transplant center more familiar with organ transplant recipients, but at other times transfer may not be the optimal option for the patient. This article is intended to touch on some of the more common situations that a general surgeon in community practice might encounter in dealing with organ transplant recipients, and highlight perioperative and in a few cases, intraoperative, concerns.
Effects of NIDDM on Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and Apolipoprotein(a) Size

We investigated the effects of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) on lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) and apolipoprotein(a) (apo[a]) in a population of Mexican-Americans. In plasma samples from 536 subjects, we measured Lp(a) concentrations, and we estimated apo(a) isoform sizes following immunostaining of plasma proteins resolved using sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. We identified 81 diabetic subjects who had 108 distinct apo(a) isoform bands. We then identified 81 nondiabetic subjects from the remainder who were closely matched for apo(a) phenotype (i.e., number and size of apo(a) isoform bands). As expected, the diabetic group had higher levels of glucose and insulin (both fasted and 2 h after glucose challenge) and triglycerides, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol when compared with the matching nondiabetic group. Moreover, the diabetic group also had significantly lower Lp(a) concentrations than the nondiabetic subjects (10.6 vs. 13.6 mg/dl, P = 0.045) using a paired Student's t test. To detect the effects of diabetes on apo(a) size, we identified by pedigree analysis the nondiabetic family members who possessed alleles identical to those in the diabetic group. When we compared the average sizes for each allele, we found that apo(a) isoforms averaged 4.1 kDa larger in diabetic subjects than the genetically identical apo(a) measured in nondiabetic subjects (P = 0.044, n = 36 alleles). In summary, we have detected significant effects of NIDDM both on Lp(a) concentrations and on apo(a) size.
Reconciling privacy preservation and intrusion detection in sensory data aggregation

When wireless sensors are deployed to monitor the working or life conditions of people, the data collected and processed by these sensors may reveal privacy of people. The actual content of sensory data should be concealed to preserve the privacy, but the data concealment feature may be abused by compromised sensors to modify or ill-process data without being caught. Hence, reconciling privacy preservation and intrusion detection, which apparently conflict with each other, is important. This paper studies this problem in the context of sensory data aggregation, a fundamental primitive for efficient operation of sensor networks. A scheme is proposed that can detect ill-performed aggregation without knowing the actual content of sensory data, and therefore allow sensory data to be kept concealed. The results show that, the actual content of raw and aggregated sensory data can be well concealed. Meanwhile, most of ill-performed aggregations can be detected; the ill-performed aggregations that can escape from being detected have only negligible impact on the final aggregation results.
Rapid classification of aerosols by single-laser-shot fluorescence spectra and elastic scattering patterns

A novel technique that detects single-shot UV laser-excited fluorescence spectra and large angle two-dimensional angular optical scattering (LATAOS) patterns from the same individual flowing aerosols have been developing for real-time, in-situ point aerosol sensor.
Triceps insufficiency after the treatment of deep infection following total elbow replacement

Treatment of an infected total elbow replacement (TER) is often successful in eradicating or suppressing the infection. However, the extensor mechanism may be compromised by both the infection and the surgery. The goal of this study was to assess triceps function in patients treated for deep infection complicating a TER. Between 1976 and 2007 a total of 217 TERs in 207 patients were treated for infection of a TER at our institution. Superficial infections and those that underwent resection arthroplasty were excluded, leaving 93 TERs. Triceps function was assessed by examination and a questionnaire. Outcome was measured using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Triceps weakness was identified in 51 TERs (49 patients, 55%). At a mean follow-up of five years (0.8 to 34), the extensor mechanism was intact in 13 patients, with the remaining 38 having bone or soft-tissue loss. The mean MEPS was 70 points (5 to 100), with a mean functional score of 18 (0 to 25) of a possible 25 points. Infection following TER can often be eradicated; however, triceps weakness occurs in more than half of the patients and may represent a major functional problem. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:82–7.
Antenna array analysis using spherical mode expansion

The use of spherical mode analysis is introduced as a useful method of enhancing the design of practical arrays by including the effect of mutual coupling in a manner that allows many antenna types to be considered for each array. A small array can be accounted for by using addition theorems for the spherical modes in such a fashion that scattering quantities can be studied on a modal basis. The example of short dipoles in a parallel array was used to indicate the analytic information that can be obtained and to provide a more accurate synthesis procedure. >
The Genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes Entomopoxvirus

The family Poxviridae contains two subfamilies: the Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects) and the Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates). Here we present the first characterization of the genome of an entomopoxvirus (EPV) which infects the North American migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes and other important orthopteran pests. The 236-kbp M. sanguinipes EPV (MsEPV) genome consists of a central coding region bounded by 7-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 267 open reading frames (ORFs), of which 107 exhibit similarity to previously described genes. The presence of genes not previously described in poxviruses, and in some cases in any other known virus, suggests significant viral adaptation to the arthropod host and the external environment. Genes predicting interactions with host cellular mechanisms include homologues of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein, stress response protein phosphatase 2C, extracellular matrixin metalloproteases, ubiquitin, calcium binding EF-hand protein, glycosyltransferase, and a triacylglyceride lipase. MsEPV genes with putative functions in prevention and repair of DNA damage include a complete base excision repair pathway (uracil DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase β, and an NAD+-dependent DNA ligase), a photoreactivation repair pathway (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase), a LINE-type reverse transcriptase, and a mutT homologue. The presence of these specific repair pathways may represent viral adaptation for repair of environmentally induced DNA damage. The absence of previously described poxvirus enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism and the presence of a novel thymidylate synthase homologue suggest that MsEPV is heavily reliant on host cell nucleotide pools and the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. MsEPV and lepidopteran genus B EPVs lack genome colinearity and exhibit a low level of amino acid identity among homologous genes (20 to 59%), perhaps reflecting a significant evolutionary distance between lepidopteran and orthopteran viruses. Divergence between MsEPV and the Chordopoxvirinae is indicated by the presence of only 49 identifiable chordopoxvirus homologues, low-level amino acid identity among these genes (20 to 48%), and the presence in MsEPV of 43 novel ORFs in five gene families. Genes common to both poxvirus subfamilies, which include those encoding enzymes involved in RNA transcription and modification, DNA replication, protein processing, virion assembly, and virion structural proteins, define the genetic core of the Poxviridae.
Development of optically pure pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates for carboxylesterases.

Pyrethroids are now the world's most extensively used insecticides. One of the common metabolic routes of pyrethroid insecticides in living systems is hydrolysis by carboxylesterases, and this hydrolysis may be stereospecific since most pyrethroid insecticides have chiral centers. In previous studies, pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates have been shown to be hydrolyzed in a fashion similar to actual pyrethroids. It is important to synthesize the stereoisomers of pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates to study the stereointeraction between carboxylesterases and these substrates. In this study, an effective synthetic method for preparing optically enriched (R)- and (S)-α-2-hydroxy-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)acetonitrile was developed. With this alcohol, an efficient synthetic route for preparation of optically pure cypermethrin and fenvalerate analogues was provided. Identification of these stereoisomers was determined based on GC, HPLC, 1H NMR, and X-ray crystallography. In addition, stereointeraction between carboxylesterases and chiral fluorescent substrates indicated that (i) stereospecificity of recombinant mouse liver carboxylesterases (NCBI accession nos. BAC36707 and NM_133960) varied significantly (up to 300-fold difference) with different stereoisomers of cypermethrin and fenvalerate analogues; (ii) on the basis of Vmax, the sensitivity of this analytical method, using a single stereoisomer of cypermethrin analogues instead of a mixture of eight stereosiomers, could be enhanced by 4−6 times for detection of these carboxylesterases; and (iii) possible usage of these carboxylesterases for chiral synthesis is discussed.
A Model of Consumer Learning for Service Quality and Usage

Abstract In many services (e.g., the wireless service industry), consumers choose a service plan according to their expected consumption. In such situations, consumers experience two forms of uncertainty. First, they may be uncertain about the quality of their service provider and can learn about it after repeated use of the service. Second, they may be uncertain about their own usage of minutes and learn about it after observing their actual consumption. The authors propose a model to capture this dual learning process while accounting for the nonlinearity of the pricing scheme used in wireless services. The results show that both quality learning and quantity learning are important. The authors conduct several policy experiments to capture the effects of consumer learning, pricing, and service quality on customer lifetime value (CLV). They find that consumer learning can result in a win–win situation for both consumers and firm; consumers leave less minutes on the table, and the firm experiences an incr...
Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) resistance to spinosad

Susceptibility to spinosad (Success®/Tracer®) of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) from the southern USA and Southeast Asia was determined through exposure of second- and third-instar larvae to dipped cotton leaves. LC50 estimates of susceptibility of second- and third-instar larvae of field populations ranged from 0.279 to 6.14 and 0.589 to 14.0 mg spinosad litre−1, respectively. A Thailand population was 22- and 24-fold less susceptible than the six other US field populations evaluated, and 85- and 58-fold less susceptible than a reference laboratory population, respectively. From these results, we initiated experiments to test the hypothesis that the Thailand population was resistant to spinosad. F1 crosses between the resistant Thailand population and a susceptible reference strain yielded individuals that were 22-fold less sensitive to spinosad than the susceptible parent. This same resistant strain exhibited significantly greater survivorship on plants treated with spinosad in the field. Lastly, selection of an Arizona population resulted in a significant reduction in susceptibility to spinosad, further substantiating the hypothesis of a genetic basis for resistance to spinosad. These findings indicate a vulnerability of this new insecticide to resistance development in beet armyworm and should serve as a warning against excessive use of it. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimicrobial Peptides for Use in Oyster Aquaculture: Effect on Pathogens, Commensals, and Eukaryotic Expression Systems

Abstract Two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of marine origin, tachyplesin from the Japanese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, and pleurocidin-amide from the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, were tested for their potential effectiveness in disease treatment in oyster aquaculture. Tachyplesin had a greater antimicrobial effect than pleurocidin-amide against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitor concentrations in the range of 0.625 to 5 μg mL−1. Tachyplesin (50 μg mL−1) was also more effective than pleurocidin-amide (250 μg mL−1) against the oyster protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, reducing its viability to 9% versus 22% in vitro. Both peptides were unaffected by variations in pH and salinity that would be encountered in marine culture conditions. Candidate algal and yeast for expression and feed-based delivery of recombinant AMPs were largely unaffected by tachyplesin and pleurocidin at concentrations that inhibited bacterial growth but were sens...
Electron Spin Resonance Evidence for a Localized EP (E’δ-Like) Defect Structure

We report the first observation of a hydrogen complexed EP (E’δ) center. Comparing EP/H and E’γ/H electron spin resonance spectra, we provide the first strong evidence that EP (E’δ) centers do not have a delocalized structure.
Cohesive Behaviors of Multiagent Systems With Information Flow Constraints

Bacteria, bees, and birds often work together in groups to find food. A group of mobile wheeled robots can be designed to coordinate their activities to achieve a goal. Networked cooperative uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs) are being developed for commercial and military applications. In order for such multiagent systems to succeed it is often critical that they can both maintain cohesive behaviors and appropriately respond to environmental stimuli. In this paper, we characterize cohesiveness of discrete-time multiagent systems as a boundedness or stability property of the agents' position trajectories and use a Lyapunov approach to develop conditions under which local agent actions will lead to cohesive group behaviors even in the presence of i) an interagent "sensing topology" that constrains information flow, where by "information flow," we mean the sensing of positions and velocities of agents, ii) a random but bounded delay and "noise" in sensing other agents' positions and velocities, and iii) noise in sensing a resource profile that represents an environmental stimulus and quantifies the goal of the multiagent system. Simulations are used to illustrate the ideas for multivehicle systems and to make connections to synchronization of coupled oscillators
Understanding pathophysiologic mechanisms in severe sepsis using an ensemble of neutrophil kinetic based systemic inflammation model

Objectives: Disease management is becoming increasingly important in our current society, especially considering the growing population of older and immune compromised people. The development of early warning monitors for sepsis/inflammation could be a valuable tool for supporting the clinical care of critically ill patients. Several complex biological processes are involved in sepsis and inflammation, making it a challenging task to quantify infection and inflammation processes in real time. This study aimed at exploring the usefulness of data-based modeling methods to quantify the dynamics of biomarkers (3 cytokines and 4 acute-phase proteins) before and after infection by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia in pigs as a first step in developing an early warning monitor for sepsis and inflammation processes in the intensive care. Methods: In total, 22 pigs were infected. Blood samples were taken, with a sampling interval of 2 hours. The cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and the acute-phase proteins, C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, major acute-phase protein, and serum-amyloid A were analyzed resulting in 7 blood biomarker time series for every pig. To obtain detailed descriptions of the response characteristics to infection, dynamic models were calculated for all biomarkers. Results: Based on the first analysis, 4 biomarkers, namely, Creactive protein, serum-amyloid A, pig–major acute-phase protein, and IL-6, were selected as being most useful for the monitoring. Especially, the response characteristics of IL-6 seem most promising. Significant differences in the dynamics of IL-6 were found between surviving and nonsurviving animals after infection (P = .009). For all biomarkers, model orders and model structures varied between the individual pigs, and thus, the model parameters seemed to be linked with the pigs as individuals stressing the need for individualized monitoring systems. Conclusions: Models as developed in our study could be the first steps toward the development of an objective individualized method for a sensor-based early detection of sepsis and inflammation and early prediction of disease outcome in pigs and later in humans.
The Flux OSKit: a substrate for kernel and language research

Implementing new operating systems is tedious, costly, and often impractical except for large projects. The Flux OSKit addresses this problem in a novel way by providing clean, well-documented OS components designed to be reused in a wide variety of other environments, rather than defining a new OS structure. The OSKit uses unconventional techniques to maximize its usefulness, such as intentionally exposing implementation details and platform-specific facilities. Further, the OSKit demonstrates a technique that allows unmodified code from existing mature operating systems to beincorporated quickly and updated regularly, by wrapping it with a small amount of carefully designed “glue” code to isolate it s dependencies and export well-defined interfaces. The OSKit uses this technique to incorporate over 230,000 lines of stable code including device drivers, file systems, and network protocols. Ourexperience demonstrates that this approach to component software structure and reuse has a surprisingly large impact in the OS implementation domain. Four real-world examples show how the OSKit is catalyzing research and development in operating systems and programming languages.
Role of the Cerebellum and the Vestibular Apparatus in Regulation of Orthostatic Reflexes in the Cat

The contribution of the fastigial nucleus and the vestibular nerves (eighth cranial nerves) to the orthostatic reflexes in anesthetized, paralyzed cats was studied. Bilateral lesions of the rostral fastigial nucleus resulted in impairment of the reflex changes in blood pressure, femoral arterial flow, and resistance evoked by head-up tilting to 30 deg or 60 deg. The rostral fastigial nucleus, which might be triggered by the vestibular apparatus, appears to participate in concert with the baroreceptors in the initiation and possibly the maintenance of the orthostatic reflexes.
Adjunctive use of eptifibatide for complication management during elective neuroendovascular procedures

Objective A rare complication of neuroendovascular procedures is acute thromboembolism. In the setting of intraprocedural or periprocedural embolism, thrombolytics present a potentially useful therapeutic strategy. A series of patients in whom eptifibatide (a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor) was used in the treatment of iatrogenic thromboembolic events occurring during elective neuroendovascular procedures is described. Methods Consecutive cases between May 2009 and July 2011 in which eptifibatide was administered were identified and individually reviewed for inclusion in this study (n=12). All study patients received a uniform, weight based bolus dose of 180 μg/kg of eptifibatide administered either intra-arterially through the guide catheter or intravenously. Eptifibatide infusion (2 μg/kg/min) for 24 h after bolus dose administration was continued at the discretion of the surgeon. Procedural details are described and illustrative cases presented. Results Three major categories of thromboembolic events were isolated in the course of review of study cases: acute focal neurological decline and no radiographic findings of flow limitation (eight patients), radiographic findings with or without symptoms (two patients) and persistent particulate debris during flow reversal as part of a carotid revascularization procedure (two patients). Following eptifibatide administration, no patient experienced hemorrhagic complications, and neurologic improvement to baseline level was noted in 10 of 12 patients. Conclusion Eptifibatide may be an effective therapeutic strategy in the event of thromboembolism during elective neuroendovascular procedures.
Multitone signals with low crest factor

Using some results from the recent mathematics literature, we show how to generate signals with perfect low-pass or bandpass spectra which have very low crest factors (under 6 dB). An application to multitone frequency response testing is given.
TEXT AND TRADITION IN CONTEMPORARY JEWISH BIOETHICS

Modern Jewish ethics may be defined as the effort to develop positions on contemporary moral problems continuous with the values and norms expressed in the Jewish religious tradition. As such, doing Jewish ethics involves two distinct, but related, projects. Jewish ethicists must provide a means, first for identifying values and norms within the Jewish tradition, and then for applying them to contemporary problems.1 Jewish ethicists can choose among various ways of doing this, and in this essay I will explore some of these options. Using issues in medical ethics as a basis for comparison, I will illustrate the differences among three basic models for doing modern Jewish ethics. I contend that the differences among these approaches derive from a more fundamental difference in the way Jewish ethicists understand the very nature of their tradition. All modern Jewish ethicists have a theory, explicitly or implicitly, of what their tradition is and how to continue it; it is this theory which guides their interpretation of classical Jewish sources and so defines their positions on contemporary problems in bioethics. While I focus here on issues in biomedical ethics, it should be noted that the basic methodological differences I will highlight are in no way unique to this sort of moral problem.
Incidence and Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Injury in Ballet: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Most published studies on injuries in the ballet dancer focus on the lower extremity. The rigors of this activity require special training and care. By understanding prevalence and injury pattern to the musculoskeletal system, targeted prevention and treatment for this population can be developed. PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in ballet. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A systematic review registered with PROSPERO was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Level 1 through 4 evidence studies reporting incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in male and female ballet dancers were included, with the numbers and types of injuries extracted from each. Injury rates were recorded and calculated based on professional status, sex, and nature of injury. Incidence was defined as number of injuries sustained over a specific time. Prevalence was defined as proportion of subjects with an injury at a given point in time. RESULTS: The studies analyzed reported injury incidence or prevalence in more than 1365 amateur and 900 professional dancers. The mean age was 16.2 years among amateur and 27.0 years among professional dancers. The incidence of injury among amateur dancers was 0.99 and 1.09 injuries per 1000 dance hours in males and females, respectively; 75% of injuries were overuse, with similar rates among males and females. In professional dancers, the incidence of injury was 1.06 and 1.46 injuries per 1000 dance hours in males and females, respectively, and 64% of female injuries were overuse, compared with 50% in males (P CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of injury among amateur and professional ballet dancers is 0.97 and 1.24 injuries per 1000 dance hours, respectively. The majority are overuse in both amateur and professional dancers, with amateur ballet dancers showing a higher proportion of overuse injuries than professionals (P Language: en
Computation of Standardized Residuals for MARSS Models

This report shows how to compute the variance of the joint conditional model and state residuals for multivariate autoregressive Gaussian state-space (MARSS) models. The MARSS model can be written: x(t)=Bx(t-1)+u+w(t), y(t)=Zx(t)+a+v(t), where w(t) and v(t) are multivariate normal error-terms with variance-covariance matrices Q and R respectively. The joint conditional residuals are the w(t) and v(t) conditioned on a set of, possibly incomplete, data y. Harvey, Koopman and Penzer (1998) show a recursive algorithm for these residuals. I show the equation for the residuals using the conditional variances of the states and the conditional covariance between unobserved data and states. This allows one to compute the variance of un-observed residuals, which could be useful for leave-one-out cross-validation tests. I also show how to modify the Harvey et al algorithm in the case of missing values and how to modify it to return the non-normalized conditional residuals.
An introduction to Minkowski geometries

The fundamental ideas of Minkowski geometries are presented. Learning about Minkowski geometries can sharpen our students’ understanding of concepts such as distance measurement. Many of its ideas are important and accessible to undergraduate students. Following a brief overview, distance and orthogonality in Minkowski geometries are thoroughly discussed and many illustrative examples and applications are supplied. Suggestions for further study of these geometries are given. Indeed, Minkowski geometries are an excellent source of topics for undergraduate research and independent study.
Factors Affecting Critical Shear Stress of Scour of Cohesive Soil Beds

Nearly 60% of bridge failures in the United States are caused by scour. When water flows in a channel, there is a critical value of riverbed shear stress; below this value, scour will not take place. This critical shear stress is an important parameter in scour prediction. However, a standard method to estimate the critical shear stress does not exist. From a study of 33 erosion function–apparatus (EFA) curves derived for cohesive soils, a method is proposed to estimate the critical shear stress using a hyperbola to fit the data, with some constraints. The intercept of the hyperbola on the shear stress axis is the critical shear stress. The ability to use Shelby tubes for EFA testing allows for careful control of properties when cohesive soils are being reconstituted. The hyperbolic approach was used to determine the critical shear stress for four samples of the same soil consolidated to different consolidation stresses. It was observed that the critical shear stress increased with decreasing water conten...
Survey on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 6 cases with SFTSV infection

Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 6 cases with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV) infection of Lishui County in 2011,so as to provide reference for making prevention and control measures.Methods: Investigating cases by uniform diagnostic criteria and epidemiological questionnaire of the ministry of health.Results: The incidence rate of disease was 1.42 per 100 thousand,the mortality rate was 0.24 per 100 thousand.The clinical manifestations including fever(6 cases),fatigue(6 cases),loss of appetite(6 cases),muscular stiffness(5 cases) and diarrhea(5 cases),and nausea(4 cases).Laboratory results including thrombocytopenia and leucopenia(6 cases),elevated AST(6 cases),CPK(6 cases),LDH(6 cases),a-HBDH(5 cases),CK-MB(5 cases) and Cystatin(5 cases).All cases were elderly people from Qiuling Town,and occurred between April to July.There was premorbid history of tick bites in some cases.Conclusions: The clinical symptoms of SFTSV cases were atypical in the early onset.Regional and highly sporadic features were observed.The residents of the hilly area of life,production had a higher risk of infection.
Entombed Epigraphy and Commemorative Culture in Early Medieval China: A History of Early Muzhiming

Until the last two decades, Muzhiming 墓誌銘 (entombed epitaph inscription) were long dismissed as less-than-reliable historical sources, compared to, say, dynastic histories, collected works, archaeo...
Mononuclear phagocyte receptors in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and their role in hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic disease of the newborn does not develop in rhesus monkeys because placentally-transferred maternal antibodies do not induce immune clearance of the newborn's erythrocytes. In an in vitro RBC adherence assay, rhesus peripheral blood monocytes did not bind newborn's RBC which had been coated in utero or in vitro with maternal antibodies. Nevertheless, rhesus phagocytes possess receptors that are specific for the Fc portion of IgC and for the C3b. Using purified human IgG subclasses as inhibitors of RBC adherence, rhesus Fc receptors preferentially bind IgG1 and IgG3. Thus, it may be that maternal antibodies are non-opsonic because they belong to IgG subclasses that do not bind effectively to rhesus Fc receptors. Also, RBC adherence appears to be controlled by the level of antibody coating which in turn is determined by avidity of the antibodies and by the number of RBC membrane determinants. The failure of maternal antibodies to opsonize the newborn's RBC and thus cause hemolytic disease is very likely due to the low avidity of antibodies and to the weak expression of blood group determinants on the membranes of these RBC.
Legal Issues: Love It or Hate It: Native Advertising on the Internet

Most people have a love-hate relationship with advertising in general and Internet advertising in particular. More often than not we hate the interruption presented by the advertising, whether it is the commercial break in our TV show, the pages that we need to skip through to get to the magazine article, the pop-up we have to click out of on a web page, or the preliminary video ad before our YouTube selection. On the other hand we love (or at least acknowledge and tolerate) that advertising supports the content being provided by the TV show, magazine article, web page or YouTube video. Advertisers are, of course, aware of this consumer ambivalence and take steps to encourage consumers to be more welcoming of their advertising. Obviously, if the advertising is clever and engaging, it can go a long way toward being welcoming – as witnessed every year during the Super Bowl. If the advertising is relevant to the consumer, it can also be more welcomed than irrelevant advertising. A more controversial technique is to make the advertising seem less like an advertisement and more like content that blends in with other content provided by the medium. In the television world, this type of advertising takes of the form of “Infomercials”, in print mediums, it has been labeled as “Advertorials”. Now this form of advertising is gaining ground in the internet world as “Native advertising”
CrY2H-seq: a massively multiplexed assay for deep-coverage interactome mapping

Broad-scale protein-protein interaction mapping is a major challenge given the cost, time, and sensitivity constraints of existing technologies. Here, we present a massively multiplexed yeast two-hybrid method, CrY2H-seq, which uses a Cre recombinase interaction reporter to intracellularly fuse the coding sequences of two interacting proteins and next-generation DNA sequencing to identify these interactions en masse. We applied CrY2H-seq to investigate sparsely annotated Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors interactions. By performing ten independent screens testing a total of 36 million binary interaction combinations, and uncovering a network of 8,577 interactions among 1,453 transcription factors, we demonstrate CrY2H-seq's improved screening capacity, efficiency, and sensitivity over those of existing technologies. The deep-coverage network resource we call AtTFIN-1 recapitulates one-third of previously reported interactions derived from diverse methods, expands the number of known plant transcription factor interactions by three-fold, and reveals previously unknown family-specific interaction module associations with plant reproductive development, root architecture, and circadian coordination.
Mechanisms of Resistance to ABL Kinase Inhibition in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and the Development of Next Generation ABL Kinase Inhibitors

Chronic myeloid leukemia is increasingly viewed as a chronic illness; most patients have a life expectancy close to that of the general population. Despite progress made using BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), drug resistance via BCR-ABL1-dependent and BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms continues to be an issue. BCR-ABL1-dependent resistance is primarily mediated through oncoprotein kinase domain mutations and usually results in overt resistance to TKIs. However, BCR-ABL1-independent resistance in the setting of effective BCR-ABL1 inhibition is recognized as a major contributor to minimal residual disease. Efforts to eradicate persistent leukemic stem cells have focused on combination therapy.
Laboratory-Scale Investigation of Sorption Kinetics of Methane/Ethane Mixtures in Shale

Natural gas produced from shales is composed primarily of methane (CH4), accounting for up to 87–96 mol %. In addition to CH4, shale gas contains a host of secondary components, including nitrogen (N2), helium (He), and hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). CH4 and the other hydrocarbons are thought to be stored in the adsorbed state in the micropores and mesopores of the shale, and as free gas in the (natural) fracture networks. Although convective transport and diffusive transport account for the short-term behavior during shale gas production, desorption is thought to dominate the long-term dynamics of shale gas production. The key objective of this study, therefore, is to investigate the sorption kinetics of methane/ethane mixtures in gas shales. Specifically, we study here the adsorption/desorption behavior of pure CH4 and C2H6, and their mixtures in a whole shale sample (cube) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The choice of ethane is because it is, typically, the second larges...
Introduction: Francisco de Vitoria and the Origins of the Modern Global Order

This Introduction seeks to demonstrate how the various contributions to the volume relate to one another. It seeks, also, to locate them in the context of Francisco de Vitoria’s attempt to create a new supra-national juridical order. This, although it was clearly intended to offer some degree of legitimacy for the Spanish occupation of the Americas, was also conceived as a “law of nations” that, while grounded ultimately upon natural law, would be, in essence, a positive law derived from the presumed consensus of a hypothetical international community.
Hypoalbuminemia Is Associated With Septic Revisions After Primary Surgery and Postoperative Infection After Revision Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database review. OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the relationship between hypoalbuminemia and body mass index (BMI); (2) the association between malnutrition and revision spine surgery for septic reasons; and (3) the association between malnutrition and infection after aseptic revision spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although malnutrition has been suggested to increase the risk of infection after spine surgery, evidence supporting this hypothesis is conflicting. METHODS Patients undergoing revision spine surgery were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) from 2006 to 2014. Hypoalbuminemia (albumin < 3.5 g/dL) was used as a surrogate marker of malnutrition. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the association of hypoalbuminemia with septic versus aseptic revision spine surgery. The association between hypoalbuminemia and deep infection postoperatively within 30 days of aseptic revision surgeries was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 3136 patients who underwent revision spine surgery were identified; 2922 (93.2%) underwent surgery for aseptic reasons, and 214 (6.8%) for septic reasons. Hypoalbuminemia was present in all BMI groups including obese patients, though it was highest in underweight patients (22.4%). Patients who underwent surgery for septic reasons had a higher rate of hypoalbuminemia than those undergoing surgery for aseptic reasons (49.1% vs. 8.5%, P < 0.001) with nine times the odds of having hypoalbuminemia (adjusted odds ratio, OR = 9.17, P < 0.001). Of the 2922 patients undergoing revision spine surgery for aseptic reasons, hypoalbuminemia was independently associated with acute deep infection within 30 days of surgery (adjusted OR = 2.85, P = 0.019). CONCLUSION Malnutrition is more common in revision spine surgery for septic reasons when compared with aseptic revision surgery. Acute postoperative infection following aseptic revision surgery is also more common in patients with malnutrition. Further study, in the form of prospective trials, will help to increase our understanding of the effects of malnutrition in spine surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Political Possibilities: Lessons from the Undocumented Youth Movement for Resistance to the Trump Administration

Part-reflection, part-qualitative analysis, the author draws on ten years of qualitative and ethnographic research on undocumented young people in order to make sense of the political possibilities in this moment. I posit there is much to be learned from these undocumented young activists and their struggle as we consider how to respond to the Trump administration. In this article, I use my own background as an activist as an entry point and highlight three lessons from the undocumented youth movement using examples from my ethnographic fieldwork to illustrate these lessons. I then discuss the movement's relevance for possibilities of resistance in the age of Trump.
56 Manipulation and reduction of paediatric forearm fractures using Es-ketamine in a paediatric emergency department – a 5 year study

Background Forearm fractures are the most common paediatric injury presenting to A+E.1,2 Literature supports safe and effective treatment of these injuries in A+E using a variety of sedation methods, including ketamine.3,4 The Paediatric Orthopaedic Trauma Snapshot (POTS) study showed that only 35% of A+Es nationally allow manipulation of these injuries in the department. Methods A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all patients presenting with fractures of the forearm between January 2012 to December 2016 who were treated with reduction and manipulation in the Alder Hey A+E department using Es-ketamine. Pre and post manipulation radiographs were reviewed, and fracture angulation measured pre and post reduction. Results A total of 151 patients were included with an average age of 8.5 years. 3 Salter Harris Type I, 16 Salter Harris Type II, 54 metaphyseal fractures, 44 distal third diaphyseal, 31 middle third diaphyseal and 3 proximal third diaphyseal were noted. 3 patients were lost to follow up after initial post reduction films. 11 patients required operative intervention following initial reduction. At one week follow up a further 5 patients were deemed to be of an unacceptable position requiring definitive operative management. No fractures slipped beyond 1 st week post procedure. A successful reduction, with improvement in lateral angulation, was achieved in 90% (133/148) of patients. The average pre-reduction lateral angulation was 23.7 degrees, post reduction was 4.6 and at final review was 0.3 degrees. At final follow up average 32 days all patients had clinical and radiological union. Discussion Es-Ketamine has been established as a safe method of sedation in paediatrics. Es-Ketamine allows same day discharge thus improving patient journey and leading to about £63 000 savings annually. Conclusions With adequate and appropriate training, the majority of simple radius and ulna fractures can be reduced and definitively treated safely and effectively using Es-ketamine in the emergency department. This technique has significant benefits in terms of resource management and finance whilst maintaining optimum patient care.
Civil Citation: Diversion or Net Widening?

Objectives:The primary objective of this study is to assess potential variation across Florida’s counties of their implementation of civil citation and the outcomes associated with that implementation.Methods:Interrupted time-series analysis is used to determine whether the trends in juvenile arrests and the total delinquent population referred to the juvenile justice system (either through arrests or through civil citation) were significantly affected by the implementation of civil citation in each county.Results:There were immediate and gradual diversion effects of the civil citation program in a number of Florida’s counties. As a result, there is evidence of successful implementation with a few cases of net widening.Conclusions:While there was variation between counties in their implementation of civil citation, overall, Florida’s civil citation program was found to provide a diversion from arrest rather than a net-widening outcome. The study concludes with the identification of county-specific factors...
The New Testament Teaching on the Role Relationship of Male and Female with Special Reference to the Teaching/Ruling Functions in the Church:

In considering the ministry of men and women in the church, three biblical truths must be held in correlation: (a) Men and women are equal as image bearers and, therefore, in their standing in and ...
The Keys to Rule Them All: Sustainable Development of Orbital Resources

Space is getting crowded. Since the launch of Sputnik 1957, some 4600 space missions have launched from the Earth’s surface, less than 40% of which are still operational. The ever-increasing amount of orbital debris poses a threat to valuable space assets. New space situational awareness capabilities due to come online in the near future will appear to increase the number of orbiting objects by an order of magnitude. The apparent increase has the potential to bring greater public attention to the orbital debris problem, which makes now the ideal time for action. The solution proposed in this paper is an ‘International Clean Up Station.’ It would require the active participation of major space powers in order to mollify anti-satellite weapon concerns.