cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation and Growth of Intermetallics around Metallic Particles in Eutectic Sn-Ag Solder

Incorporation of metallic particulate reinforcements in eutectic Sn-Ag solder results in the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) along particulate/solder interfaces with different morphologies. For instance, “sunflower” and “blocky faceted” IMC shapes have been observed around Ni particle reinforcements incorporated in the eutectic Sn-Ag solder matrix. The time and temperature above solder liquidus during the heating stage of the reflow process has been found to play a significant role in determining the IMC morphology in these Ni particulate-reinforced solders. Similar studies were carried out with Cu and Ag particulate reinforcements using the same solder matrix. The amount of heat input caused no significant change in morphology of the IMCs formed around Cu and Ag particulate reinforcements. Also, the IMC morphology around Ni particles was sensitive to the Cu content in the solder, whether the Cu came from the substrate during reflow or it was already present within the solder.
Rare Gas Diffusion in Cesium Iodide: Use of Fission Recoil Doping Techniques

Diffusion of radioactive 133Xe in single crystals of CsI was measured using two techniques for introducing Xe: a homogeneous doping method in which 133Xe was introduced through the decay of homogeneously distributed 133I, and a recoil doping technique in which 133Xe was recoiled into the specimen from an external fissionable source. The results for both techniques were consistent with a classical diffusion model and with each other. The diffusion coefficient was given by: where D0= 0.57 ± 2.30 cm2/sec, and Q= 1.01 ± 0.04 ev. The results show that classical gas diffusion applies in simple systems under ideal conditions, in contrast to the complex behavior frequently observed in fission gas diffusion studies with nuclear reactor fuels. The results also show that the recoil doping method may be a valid technique for the study of rare gas diffusion in nonfissionable solids, and that diffusion does not appear to be enhanced along the fission fragment track.
Graph valence shells as molecular descriptors.

We have introduced a new simple structural descriptor for molecules that is based on the count of the valence shells for vertices in molecular graphs. The construction of the new descriptor is illustrated on 2,3-dimethylhexane and is reported for the 18 octane isomers. The relationship of the new descriptor to the path numbers of a graph is discussed. It can be seen that the path counts and the count of valence of neighbor shells are related for paths of length two (and shells of range two). There is no appreciable correlation between the count of the longer paths and the count of the corresponding neighbor valence shells at larger separations. Use of the neighbor valence shells as molecular descriptors is illustrated on the boiling point, the entropy, and the density of octanes. An intriguing situation is observed for regressions involving considered properties of n-octane isomers C8H18 in that the paths of length two, three, and four and the shells of the range two, three, and four give identical multiv...
Hatch of Blackheaded Fireworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Eggs and Prediction with Temperature-Driven Models

Egg hatch of blackheaded fireworm, Rhopobota naevana (H¨bner), was monitored in Wisconsin and British Columbia. In Wisconsin, hatch of overwintering eggs began during the last 2 wk of April, median hatch occurred during the first week of May, and hatch ended in late May. In British Columbia, hatch began in late March to early April, median hatch occurred in April, and hatch ended (except for one egg in both years that hatched in June) in late April in 1991 but extended into late May in 1992. Summer-generation eggs began hatching 2–7 d and completed hatch 6–15 d after oviposition in both regions. A linear spline model developed in Wisconsin predicted 50% hatch of overwintering eggs in Wisconsin to within ±5.5 d standard deviation. The model had extreme error in predicting hatch in British Columbia. A linear model predicted 50% hatch of summer-generation eggs in both Wisconsin and British Columbia to within ±1d standard deviation.
Internalization of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein by the Xenopus retinal pigment epithelium.

Xenopus rods and cones secrete into the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) a 124-kDa glycoprotein termed interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP; Hessler et al. [1996] J. Comp. Neurol. 367:329–341). IRBP is confined to the IPM, being too large to diffuse through the zonulae adherentes between adjacent photoreceptor and Muller cells. Despite this physical entrapment within the subretinal space, IRBP is rapidly cleared from the IPM by an unknown mechanism. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy were used to localize IRBP in intact and detached retina-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) eyecups. The effects of light, dark, and time of day on the compartmentalization of IRBP were characterized by quantitative Western blot analysis and by immunoprecipitation of IRBP labeled in vivo by intraocular injection of [35S]methionine. Immunohistochemistry showed that the apparent intercellular IRBP in both the RPE and the photoreceptors is resistant to saline extraction, in contrast to that in the IPM. In the RPE, IRBP was associated with matrix material within phagosomes and endosomes. The IPM, RPE, and retina contained 75%, 18%, and 7% of the total IRBP in the eye, respectively. The IPM and RPE contain 130 ± 14 pmoles and 34 ± 4 pmoles of IRBP, respectively. The amounts of IRBP in the RPE at middark and midlight were the same. Furthermore, the in vivo uptake of [35S]methionine-labeled IRBP was light independent. Our studies suggest that IRBP is not strictly confined to the subretinal space but rather that significant amounts are present intracellularly, particularly within the RPE, which does not synthesize IRBP. Furthermore, IRBP secreted by the photoreceptors is taken up from the IPM mainly through a light-independent endocytic pathway separate from outer segment phagocytosis. The role of RPE endocytosis should be explored in relation to the function of IRBP. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:331–342, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of clonidine in opiate withdrawal: A study of thirty patients

In a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial, clonidine caused a marked and significant reduction of objective signs and subjective symptoms of opiate withdrawal in thirty hospitalized opiate addicts. In an open trial of clonidine in opiate withdrawal, clonidine was found to suppress opiate withdrawal signs and symptoms, allowing all of the patients to detoxify successfully from chronic opiate addiction. Clonidine was demonstrated to reverse and suppress the signs, symptoms, and effects associated with opiate withdrawal. These data support a release from chronic opiate-induced noradrenergic inhibition producing noradrenergic hyperactivity as the pathophysiological substrate for opiate withdrawal. Clonidine replaces opiate-mediated inhibition with alpha-2 mediated inhibition of noradrenergic nuclei.
Nanoparticle heating: nanoscale to bulk effects of electromagnetically heated iron oxide and gold for biomedical applications

Biomedical applications of nanoparticle heating range in scale from molecular activation (i.e. molecular beacons, protein denaturation, lipid melting and drug release), cellular heating (i.e. nanophotolysis and membrane permeability control and rupture) to whole tumor heating (deep and superficial). This work will present a review on the heating of two classes of biologically compatible metallic nanoparticles: iron oxide and gold with particular focus on spatial and temporal scales of the heating event. The size range of nanoparticles under discussion will focus predominantly in the 10 - 200 nm diameter size range. Mechanisms of heating range from Neelian and Brownian relaxation due to magnetic susceptibility at 100s of kHz, optical absorption due to VIS and NIR lasers and "Joule" heating at higher frequency RF (13.56 MHz). The heat generation of individual nanoparticles and the thermal responses at nano-, micro-, and macroscales are presented. This review will also discuss how to estimate a specific absorption rate (SAR, W/g) based on individual nanoparticles heating in bulk samples. Experimental setups are designed to measure the SAR and the results are compared with theoretical predictions.
Effect of physical annealing on the dynamic mechanical properties of a high‐Tg amine‐cured epoxy system

Physical annealing of a fully cured amine/epoxy system has been investigated using the freely oscillating TBA torsion pendulum technique. The material densifies spontaneously during annealing in an attempt to reach equilibrium, thereby changing material behavior. The dynamic mechanical behavior of a film specimen (Tg = 174°C, 0.3 Hz) and of a glass braid composite specimen (Tg = 182°C, 0.9 Hz) was monitored during isothermal annealing at sub-Tg temperatures (ranging to 230°C below Tg); after annealing, the behavior was measured vs. temperature and compared with that of the unannealed state. Isothermally, the storage modulus (G′) of the film specimen and the relative rigidity (1/P2) of the composite specimen increased almost linearly with log time, whereas the logarithmic decrement (Δ) decreased with time. The isothermal rates of annealing were determined from the rates of changes in G′ and in 1/P2 for the film and composite specimens, respectively. In a wide temperature range between Tg and the secondary transition temperature, Tsec (≈ −30°C, 2.3 Hz by TBA), the isothermal rates of annealing at the same annealing time appeared to be the same. Thermomechanical spectra of the isothermally annealed material revealed a maximum deviation in thermomechanical behavior from the unannealed material in the vicinity of the annealing temperature. The effects of physical aging were the same for the film and composite specimens. Effects of sequential annealing at two isothermal temperatures on the thermomechanical behavior were also investigated; when the second temperature was higher than the first, the effect of only the high-temperature annealing was evident, whereas the effect of annealing at both temperatures was revealed when the second temperature was lower than the first. Results suggest that physical annealing at different temperatures involves different length scales of chain segment relaxation and that the effects of isothermal aging can be eliminated by heating to below Tg.
Reduction of N2 to ammonia and hydrazine utilizing H2 as the reductant

The trans-Fe(DMeOPrPE)2Cl2 complex (where DMeOPrPE = 1,2-bis(bis(methoxypropyl)phosphino)ethane) undergoes a series of reactions that involve the activation of both H2 and N2 to produce ammonia and hydrazine. A Leigh-type cycle was employed to achieve laboratory fixation of dinitrogen at room temperature and pressure utilizing H2 as the reductant.
The Economic Effects of Privatization: Evidence from a Russian Panel

By using new panel survey data for 1992–1996 for a sample of firms in St. Petersburg we present evidence on the incidence of, changes in, and the effects of ownership and control that have occurred since privatization. We find that ownership changes have been quite fast and are heterogeneous. Ownership by insiders remains very strong and the importance of managerial insider ownership is growing. At the same time, in many firms, ownership by outsiders assumes increasing significance. The links between ownership and control are found to be quite complex.
Relaxation effects on auger energies

Abstract A hitherto-neglected relaxation-energy effect in the Auger process was found, and an approximate theory for calculating it was developed. The effect ranges from about 6 eV in neon to about 150 eV in fermium. Theoretical KLILI energies show excellent agreement with experiment. The relaxation term is large enough to affect seriously the analysis of unknown Auger spectra. It appears to have very wide application to Auger spectroscopy.
Cell Culture Bioassay to Evaluate Allelochemical Toxicity to Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

An insect tissue culture bioassay was developed with an established cell line (BCIRL-HV-AM1) of Heliothis virescens (F.). This bioassay substantially reduced the time, material, and experimental error involved in toxicity evaluations compared with larvalfeeding studies with artificial diets. LD50’S of seven terpenes from the cotton plant ( Gossypium spp.) were determined in the tissue culture bioassay. Various levels of toxicity were observed. Gossypol, hemigossypolone. and heliocides H1, H2 and H3 had LD50’S of 10 to 16 μg/ml. For caryophyllene oxide and caryophyllene, LD50’S were 53 μg/ml and 221 μg/ml, respectively. Comparison of these values with ED50’s obtained in larval-feeding studies validate the cell bioassayas an effective in vitro assay for relative toxicity. Twelve other terpenes of unknown toxicity to H. virescens also were evaluated.
Lateral control of a backward driven front-steering vehicle

Abstract This paper addresses control of the lateral position and orientation of a backward driven front steering vehicle. The low speed associated with backward driving eliminates some challenges but introduces others in lateral control design. While slip angles are small and can be neglected, other small angle approximations can no longer be made. The curvature of the desired path can be very sharp requiring large steering angles. Two control strategies based on a nonlinear kinematic model of the vehicle are developed. One controller is based on input-state feedback linearization with no associated internal dynamics. The other controller incorporates preview and is based on input–output linearization with stable internal dynamics. A major portion of the paper concentrates on experimental implementation of the two controllers using an instrumented Navistar truck. The experimental performance on straight and circular paths as well as on transient curved paths is studied. Good experimental performance is obtained with a spacing accuracy better than 40 cm being achieved in the worst case transient paths. The use of preview turns out to be important with the preview-incorporating controller providing superior performance.
Supporting the Social Lives of Adolescents Who Are Blind: Research to Practice

Abstract Seven adolescents who are blind and seven of their parents were interviewed about the adolescents’ social lives. Adolescent and parent perspectives are reviewed, followed by implications for teachers to support the social connections of students who are blind.
Undergraduate and graduate education in women's health care: reconsidering faculty, setting, and content.

Abstract To formulate a curriculum for women's health, a new paradigm of scholarship, integration of disciplines, and teaching context must occur.
Measurement of Laser-Plasma Electron Density with a Soft X-ray Laser Deflectometer

A soft x-ray laser (wavelength λ = 15.5 nanometers) was used to create a moire deflectogram of a high-density, laser-produced plasma. The use of deflectometry at this short wavelength permits measurement of the density spatial profile in a long-scalelength (3 millimeters), high-density plasma. A peak density of 3.2 x 1021 per cubic centimeter was recorded.
Non-negative matrix factorization for parameter estimation in hidden Markov models

Hidden Markov models are well-known in analysis of random processes, which exhibit temporal or spatial structure and have been successfully applied to a wide variety of applications such as but not limited to speech recognition, musical scores, handwriting, and bio-informatics. We present a novel algorithm for estimating the parameters of a hidden Markov model through the application of a non-negative matrix factorization to the joint probability distribution of two consecutive observations. We start with the discrete observation model and extend the results to the continuous observation model through a non-parametric approach of kernel density estimation. For both the cases, we present results on a toy example and compare the performance with the Baum-Welch algorithm.
TH-A-19A-10: Fast Four Dimensional Monte Carlo Dose Computations for Proton Therapy of Lung Cancer

Purpose: To develop and validate a fast and accurate four dimensional (4D) Monte Carlo (MC) dose computation system for proton therapy of lung cancer and other thoracic and abdominal malignancies in which the delivered dose distributions can be affected by respiratory motion of the patient. Methods: A 4D computer tomography (CT) scan for a lung cancer patient treated with protons in our clinic was used to create a time dependent patient model using our in-house, MCNPX-based Monte Carlo system (“MC2”). The beam line configurations for two passively scattered proton beams used in the actual treatment were extracted from the clinical treatment plan and a set of input files was created automatically using MC 2. A full MC simulation of the beam line was computed using MCNPX and a set of phase space files for each beam was collected at the distal surface of the range compensator. The particles from these phase space files were transported through the 10 voxelized patient models corresponding to the 10 phases of the breathing cycle in the 4DCT, using MCNPX and an accelerated (fast) MC code called “FDC”, developed by us and which is based on the track repeating algorithm. The accuracy of the fast algorithm was assessed by comparing the two time dependent dose distributions. Results: The error of less than 1% in 100% of the voxels in all phases of the breathing cycle was achieved using this method with a speedup of more than 1000 times. Conclusion: The proposed method, which uses full MC to simulate the beam line and the accelerated MC code FDC for the time consuming particle transport inside the complex, time dependent, geometry of the patient shows excellent accuracy together with an extraordinary speed.
Caribbean and Latin American Folk Medicine and Its Influence in the United States

(1980). Caribbean and Latin American Folk Medicine and Its Influence in the United States. Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 57-75.
Rational design of a chalcogenopyrylium-based surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering nanoprobe with attomolar sensitivity

Raman imaging offers great potential in biomedical imaging due to the combination of specificity and sensitivity. Here, the authors show nanoparticles functionalized with a chalcogenopyrylium reporter molecule, giving bright probes with low limits of detection for in vivo imaging.
Oxidation, ignition, and combustion of Al·I2 composite powders

Abstract Materials combining high energy density of metals with the biocidal activity of halogens are of interest for applications aiming to inactivate harmful aerosolized microorganisms by combined thermal and chemical effects. This effort develops nanocomposite Al-halogen materials to replace pure Al as a fuel additive in energetic formulations. Cryogenic milling of elemental aluminum and iodine is used to prepare powder-like composite materials for laboratory tests. In such materials, iodine is stabilized in aluminum matrix and is released when the materials are heated and ignited. Al·I 2 composite powders with the iodine concentration from 10 to 30 wt.% were prepared. Iodine release by and oxidation of such materials were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis. Ignition temperatures of the prepared powders were determined at the heating rates of 1000–22,000 K/s using an electrically heated filament. Composite powders ignite at lower temperatures compared to pure Al powders. Combustion characteristics of the prepared materials were investigated using a constant volume explosion test for aerosolized powders and laser ignition test for individual particles. In both combustion experiments pure Al served as a reference. Higher combustion rate and greater total pressure were observed for the aerosolized clouds of composite powders with 15 and 20 wt.% of iodine. For individual particles, the burn times were slightly longer and flame temperatures were slightly lower compared to those of pure aluminum. Both overall iodine concentration and its stability in the composite powders affected their ignition and combustion characteristics.
F0 contour prediction with a deep belief network-Gaussian process hybrid model

In this work we look at using non-parametric, exemplar-based regression for the prediction of prosodic contour targets from textual features in a speech synthesis system. We investigate the performance of Gaussian Process regression on this task when the covariance kernel operates on a variety of input feature spaces. In particular, we consider non-linear features extracted via Deep Belief Networks. We motivate the use of this hybrid model by considering the initial deep-layer model as a feature extractor that can summarize high-level structure from the raw inputs to improve the regression of an exemplar-based model in the second part of the approach. By looking at both objective metrics and perceptual listening tests, we evaluate these proposals against each other, and against the standard clustering-tree techniques implemented in parametric synthesis for the prediction of prosodic targets.
Moon–magnetosphere interactions: a tutorial

The interactions between the Galilean satellites and the plasma of the Jovian magnetosphere, acting on spatial scales from that of ion gyroradii to that of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), change the plasma momentum, temperature, and phase space distribution functions and generate strong electrical currents. In the immediate vicinity of the moons, these currents are often highly structured, possibly because of varying ionospheric conductivity and possibly because of non-uniform pickup rates. Ion pickup changes the velocity space distribution of energetic particles, f(v), where v is velocity. Distributions become more anisotropic and can become unstable to wave generation. That there would be interesting plasma responses near Io was fully anticipated, but one of the surprises of Galileo's mission was the range of effects observed at all of the Galilean satellites. Electron beams and an assortment of MHD and plasma waves develop in the regions around the moons, although each interaction region is different. Coupling of the plasma near the moons to the Jovian ionosphere creates auroral footprints and, in the case of Io, produces a leading trail in the ionosphere that extends almost half way around Jupiter. The energy source driving the auroral signatures is not fully understood but must require field aligned electric fields that accelerate elections at the feet of the flux tubes of Io and Europa, bodies that interact directly with the incident plasma, and at the foot of the flux tube of Ganymede, a body that is shielded from direct interaction with the background plasma by its magnetospheric cavity.
A Forum on Privatization With Comments on the Relevant Literature Found in Armed Forces & Society

These comments introduce a partial literature review of privatization as has appeared in our journal as well as four articles that represent some of the work of social scientists, military and agency personnel, private contractors, and others who participated in a forum on privatization held at St. Mary’s College in Maryland in 2008. The forum is a program of their Center for the Study of Democracy and The Patuxent Partnership. The 2008 conference was entitled ‘‘The Privatization of National Defense.’’
Administration of comfort medication at end of life in neonates: effects of weight.

PURPOSE To examine whether a relationship exists between a neonate's weight and the neonate's receipt of comfort medication between four hours prior to elective ventilator withdrawal and death. It was hypothesized that the greater the neonate's weight, the more likely the neonate was to receive comfort medication at end of life. DESIGN A retrospective chart review. SAMPLE One hundred seventy-one neonates in a midwestern Level III NICU who died after withdrawal of ventilatory support. RESULTS Of the 171 neonates in the sample, 27.5 percent (n = 47) did not receive comfort medication within the designated time frame; neonates who weighed < 800 g were significantly less likely to receive comfort medication than were their heavier cohorts. CONCLUSION In this sample, smaller neonates were given comfort medication less often while they were dying than were their larger counterparts.
Putting Stereotype Content in Context: Image Theory and Interethnic Stereotypes:

Two studies apply intergroup image theory to better understand divergent interethnic images and to highlight the important role of intergroup context and perceived intergroup relations in shaping the content of social stereotypes. Image theory hypothesizes that specific interethnic stereotypes arise from specific patterns of perceived intergroup competition, relative power, and relative cultural status. Results from surveying Black, White, and Native Americans' appraisals of intergroup relations and reported outgroup stereotypes in various intergroup contexts suggest that the content of outgroup stereotypes varies systematically as a function of the perceived state of intergroup relations and the intergroup context in which these groups are situated. The data reported from both studies establish the importance of examining social stereotypes from a functional perspective in the context of intergroup relations.
Behavior therapy and the philosophy of science

G. T. Wilson (1997) describes how behavior therapy altered the field of psychotherapy by dominating controlled outcome research in Europe and in the United States, and by relating clinical science to clinical practice. Wilson maintains that behavior therapy has grown with continued scientific advances in experimental psychology, and concludes that the relation between behavior therapy and scientific formulations has, in fact, contributed to behavior therapy's record of success. In this commentary, we expand upon Wilson's points by relating the success of the behavior therapy movement with features of the evolutionary and problem-focused philosophy of science espoused by Laudan (1977) . We conclude that behavior therapy's commitment to maximize problem-solving effectiveness accounts for its success in the domain of clinical science.
'Fail Better': Pascal and the Good Uses of Failure

AbstractThis article proposes a new approach to the Pensees of Blaise Pascal by focusing on the notion of failure. It shows how failure lies at the core of Pascal's apologetic project in the Pensees and suggests that Pascal urges the reader to confront and reinterpret his own inevitable failure. The article identifies two models of secular failure in the Pensees, arguing for their importance for readers of Pascal today, and especially for answering the thorny question of what it would mean for a secular reader to take Pascal seriously when he speaks of 'la misere de l'homme sans Dieu'.
A specific electroencephalographic correlate of convulsive equivalent disorders in children

Summary A study of a series of 550 patients showing the electroencephalographic pattern known as 14 and 6 per second positive spikes has shown that this pattern is a particular correlate of convulsive equivalent disorders in children and provides objective laboratory evidence to support such a diagnosis. The high incidence of paroxysmal attacks of headache, abdominal pain, and behavioral and autonomic disturbances in patients with the 14 and 6 per second positive spike pattern may be considered the basis of definition for a specific electroclinical syndrome. This syndrome has its greatest incidence between the ages of 4 and 15 years but may occur at any time of life. The prognosis in children is favorable for spontaneous remission of symptoms with increasing age, and good therapeutic response to anticonvulsant drug therapy is usually the case.
THE TEACHING OF HYGIENE.

Your committee submits that the future of the Section is brighter now than at any time in the past and that fundamental contributions to public health administration can be mnade, if the Section will wisely extend its activities beyond the nurturing of registration, classification and tabulation. Our aim should be to, make future vital statisticians responsible counselors and advisors to their execu-tives, and to ease the present burden of registration and tabulation technique. That will depend upon the initiative, vision and scholarship of the Section's. officers.
Waiting Times for Fusion Depend on the Number of Snares at the Fusion Site

SNARE proteins mediate membrane fusion in fundamental cellular processes such as exocytosis. Formation of SNAREpin complexes, from vesicle associated v-SNAREs and target-membrane associated t-SNAREs, is thought to trigger fusion. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear and widely varying SNARE requirements for fusion are reported, 2-15 in vivo and 1-11 in vitro. Here we mathematically modeled the collective behavior of SNAREpins at the fusion site. The SNAREpins organize into a ring, as indicated by experiment, and steric interactions between SNAREpins expand the ring and pull membranes together, while the membranes repel one another through hydration and electrostatic forces. The net effect is a high pressure at the intermembrane contact point, sufficient to fuse the membranes should it exceed the measured pressure threshold for fusion [Wong et al., Biophys J, 1999]. Monte Carlo simulations showed that this pressure fluctuates considerably: with fewer SNAREpins, the mean pressure was lower, the probability of super-fusion pressure sharply reduced, and the waiting time for fusion increased. Thus, consistent with experiment, any number of SNAREpins can drive fusion, but the waiting time is strongly dependent on that number. For example, for a typical membrane composition, fast fusion of 50nm vesicles is predicted to require 11 SNAREpins, but 4 SNAREpins also achieve fusion ∼50 times more slowly. We also find that waiting times increase for larger vesicles and for longer SNARE linker domains, in qualitative agreement with studies reporting lower fusion activity with elongated linkers. Our results suggest that fully zippered SNAREs work in concert to trigger fusion, by generating high local pressures that destabilize membranes into fusion pores. This naturally explains the widely reported variations in SNARE requirements for fusion.
Trajectories of Math and Reading Achievement in Low Achieving Children in Elementary School: Effects of Early and Later Retention in Grade

This study investigated the effects of retention or promotion in 1st grade on growth trajectories in mathematics and reading achievement over the elementary school years (Grades 1-5). From a large multiethnic sample ( n = 784) of children who were below the median in literacy at school entrance, 363 children who were either promoted ( n = 251) or retained ( n = 112) in 1st grade could be successfully matched on 72 background variables. Achievement was measured annually using Woodcock-Johnson W scores; scores of retained children were shifted back 1 year to permit same-grade comparisons. Using longitudinal growth curve analysis, trajectories of math and reading scores for promoted and retained children were compared. Retained children received a 1-year boost in achievement; this boost fully dissipated by the end of elementary school. The pattern of subsequent retention in Grades 2, 3, and 4 and placement in special education of the sample during the elementary school years are also described and their effects are explored. Policy implications for interventions for low-achieving children are considered.
Patterned Interactions in Complex Systems: Implications for Exploration

Scholars who view organizational, social, and technological systems as sets of interdependent decisions have increasingly used simulation models from the biological and physical sciences to examine system behavior. These models shed light on an enduring managerial question: How much exploration is necessary to discover a good configuration of decisions? The models suggest that, as interactions across decisions intensify and local optima proliferate, broader exploration is required. The models typically assume, however, that the interactions among decisions are distributed randomly. Contrary to this assumption, recent empirical studies of real organizational, social, and technological systems show that interactions among decisions are highly patterned. Patterns such as centralization, small-world connections, power-law distributions, hierarchy, and preferential attachment are common. We embed such patterns into an NK simulation model and obtain dramatic results: Holding fixed the total number of interactions among decisions, a shift in the pattern of interaction can alter the number of local optima by more than an order of magnitude. Thus, the long-run value of broader exploration is significantly greater in the face of some interaction patterns than in the face of others. We develop simple, intuitive rules of thumb that allow a decision maker to examine two interaction patterns and determine which warrants greater investment in broad exploration. We also find that, holding fixed the interaction pattern, an increase in the number of interactions raises the number of local optima regardless of the pattern. This validates prior comparative static results with respect to the number of interactions, but highlights an important implicit assumption in earlier work---that the underlying interaction pattern remains constant as interactions become more numerous.
Differentiating primary progressive aphasias in a brief sample of connected speech

Objective: A brief speech expression protocol that can be administered and scored without special training would aid in the differential diagnosis of the 3 principal forms of primary progressive aphasia (PPA): nonfluent/agrammatic PPA, logopenic variant PPA, and semantic variant PPA. Methods: We used a picture-description task to elicit a short speech sample, and we evaluated impairments in speech-sound production, speech rate, lexical retrieval, and grammaticality. We compared the results with those obtained by a longer, previously validated protocol and further validated performance with multimodal imaging to assess the neuroanatomical basis of the deficits. Results: We found different patterns of impaired grammar in each PPA variant, and additional language production features were impaired in each: nonfluent/agrammatic PPA was characterized by speech-sound errors; logopenic variant PPA by dysfluencies (false starts and hesitations); and semantic variant PPA by poor retrieval of nouns. Strong correlations were found between this brief speech sample and a lengthier narrative speech sample. A composite measure of grammaticality and other measures of speech production were correlated with distinct regions of gray matter atrophy and reduced white matter fractional anisotropy in each PPA variant. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that large-scale networks are required for fluent, grammatical expression; that these networks can be selectively disrupted in PPA syndromes; and that quantitative analysis of a brief speech sample can reveal the corresponding distinct speech characteristics.
Inter-species normalization of gene mentions with GNAT

Motivation: Text mining in the biomedical domain aims at helping researchers to access information contained in scientific publications in a faster, easier and more complete way. One step towards this aim is the recognition of named entities and their subsequent normalization to database identifiers. Normalization helps to link objects of potential interest, such as genes, to detailed information not contained in a publication; it is also key for integrating different knowledge sources. From an information retrieval perspective, normalization facilitates indexing and querying. Gene mention normalization (GN) is particularly challenging given the high ambiguity of gene names: they refer to orthologous or entirely different genes, are named after phenotypes and other biomedical terms, or they resemble common English words. Results: We present the first publicly available system, GNAT, reported to handle inter-species GN. Our method uses extensive background knowledge on genes to resolve ambiguous names to EntrezGene identifiers. It performs comparably to single-species approaches proposed by us and others. On a benchmark set derived from BioCreative 1 and 2 data that contains genes from 13 species, GNAT achieves an F-measure of 81.4% (90.8% precision at 73.8% recall). For the single-species task, we report an F-measure of 85.4% on human genes. Availability: A web-frontend is available at http://cbioc.eas.asu.edu/gnat/. GNAT will also be available within the BioCreative MetaService project, see http://bcms.bioinfo.cnio.es. Contact: joerg.hakenberg@asu.edu Supplementary information: The test data set, lexica, and links to external data are available at http://cbioc.eas.asu.edu/gnat/
An experimental low power density rectenna

Describes the design and performance of a 2.45-GHz rectenna that absorbs small amounts (milliwatts) of microwave power at incident power density levels that are 10000 times lower than those normally used and then, after a microwave impedance step up of 50, converts it into DC power at useful voltage levels. Several applications are discussed, including a transponder in a communications or sensor system in which the interrogating transmitter also supplies power to the transponder. >
Perspectives on the mesenchymal origin of metastatic cancer

Emerging evidence suggests that many metastatic cancers arise from cells of the myeloid/macrophage lineage regardless of the primary tissue of origin. A myeloid origin of metastatic cancer stands apart from origins involving clonal evolution or epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that numerous human cancers express multiple properties of macrophages including phagocytosis, fusogenicity, and gene/protein expression. It is unlikely that the macrophage properties expressed in metastatic cancers arise from sporadic random mutations in epithelial cells, but rather from damage to an already existing mesenchymal cell, e.g., a myeloid/macrophage-type cell. Such cells would naturally embody the capacity to express the multiple behaviors of metastatic cells. The view of metastasis as a myeloid/macrophage disease will impact future cancer research and anti-metastatic therapies.
Understanding intra-neighborhood patterns in PM2.5 and PM10 using mobile monitoring in Braddock, PA

Braddock, Pennsylvania is home to the Edgar Thomson Steel Works (ETSW), one of the few remaining active steel mills in the Pittsburgh region. An economically distressed area, Braddock exceeds average annual (>15 μg/m3) and daily (>35 μg/m3) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter (PM2.5). A mobile air monitoring study was designed and implemented in morning and afternoon hours in the summer and winter (2010–2011) to explore the within-neighborhood spatial and temporal (within-day and between-day) variability in PM2.5 and PM10. Both pollutants displayed spatial variation between stops, and substantial temporal variation within and across study days. For summer morning sampling runs, site-specific mean PM2.5 ranged from 30.0 (SD = 3.3) to 55.1 (SD = 13.0) μg/m3. Mean PM10 ranged from 30.4 (SD = 2.5) to 69.7 (SD = 51.2) μg/m3, respectively. During summer months, afternoon concentrations were significantly lower than morning for both PM2.5 and PM10, potentially owing to morning subsidence inversions. Winter concentrations were lower than summer, on average, and showed lesser diurnal variation. Temperature, wind speed, and wind direction predicted significant variability in PM2.5 and PM10 in multiple linear regression models. Data reveals significant morning versus afternoon variability and spatial variability in both PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations within Braddock. Information obtained on peak concentration periods, and the combined effects of industry, traffic, and elevation in this region informed the design of a larger stationary monitoring network.
A general minimax result for relative entropy

Suppose nature picks a probability measure P/sub /spl theta// on a complete separable metric space X at random from a measurable set P/sub /spl Theta//={P/spl theta/:/spl theta//spl isin//spl Theta/}. Then, without knowing /spl theta/, a statistician picks a measure Q on S. Finally, the statistician suffers a loss D(P/sub 0//spl par/Q), the relative entropy between P/sub /spl theta// and Q. We show that the minimax and maximin values of this game are always equal, and there is always a minimax strategy in the closure of the set of all Bayes strategies. This generalizes previous results of Gallager(1979), and Davisson and Leon-Garcia (1980).
Airflow Pathway Development as Affected by Soil Moisture Variability in Heterogeneous Soils

Understanding how lateral airflow pathways develop in the unsaturated zone is important to address problems dealing with intrusion of contaminants in the form of vapor into buildings and subsurface structures. One of the key factors that contribute to the formation of these vapor pathways is the spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture saturation. The soil moisture in the unsaturated zone is expected to be affected by the mass and temperature boundary conditions at the land surface. We performed highly controlled laboratory experiments in an intermediate-scale test tank to improve the basic understanding of the factors that contribute to development of such pathways. The tank was packed with different test sands in a layered configuration and the precipitation and thermal boundary conditions were controlled at the soil surface. A numerical model based on the COMSOL Multiphysics software was validated using the experimental data. This model was used to obtain insights into how the degree of subsurface heterogeneity affects air pathway development. The results showed that (i) soil moisture variations created by precipitation could significantly affect the development of dynamic airflow pathways, (ii) thermal flux at the soil surface does not significantly affect soil moisture deep in the formation and hence has a negligible effect on airflow pathways, and (iii) the capping effect created by water accumulating at soil layer interfaces results in more air of subsurface origin entering the building. Further study is needed, however, to examine the validity of these findings under more realistic soil and climate conditions.
The Role of Cardiac Risk Factor Burden in Diagnosing Acute Coronary Syndromes in the Emergency Department Setting

Study objective We seek to determine whether cardiac risk factor burden (defined as the number of conventional cardiac risk factors present) is useful for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department (ED) setting. Methods This was a post hoc analysis of the Internet Tracking Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (i*trACS) registry, which had 17,713 ED visits for suspected acute coronary syndromes. First visit for US patients who were not cocaine or amphetamine users, who did not leave against medical advice, and for whom ECG and demographic data were complete were included. Acute coronary syndrome was defined by 30-day revascularization, diagnostic-related group codes, or death within 30 days, with positive cardiac biomarkers at index hospitalization. Cardiac risk factors were diabetes, hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and family history of coronary artery disease. Cardiac risk factor burden was defined as the number of risk factors present. Because multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age modified the relationship between cardiac risk factor burden and acute coronary syndromes, a stratified analysis was performed for 3 age categories: younger than 40, 40 to 65, and older than 65 years. Positive likelihood ratios and negative likelihood ratios with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each total risk factor cutoff. Results Of 10,806 eligible patients, 871 (8.1%) had acute coronary syndromes. In patients younger than 40 years, having no risk factors had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.17 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.66), and having 4 or more risk factors had a positive likelihood ratio of 7.39 (95% CI 3.09 to 17.67). In patients between 40 and 65 years of age, having no risk factors had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.53 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.71), and having 4 or more risk factors had a positive likelihood ratio of 2.13 (95% CI 1.66 to 2.73). In patients older than 65 years, having no risk factors had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.96 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.23), and having 4 or more risk factors had a positive likelihood ratio of 1.09 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.62). Conclusion Cardiac risk factor burden has limited clinical value in diagnosing acute coronary syndromes in the ED setting, especially in patients older than 40 years.
339 Gastroparesis Is Common Following Lung Transplantation and May Be Ameliorated by Botox Injection of the Pylorus

Purpose: To look at the incidence of gastroparesis post-lung transplantation using an objective measure and the response to treatment with Botox injection of the pylorus. Methods and Materials: We instituted in our clinical protocol that all patients undergo a gastric emptying study preand postlung transplantation when possible. Patients with delayed gastric emptying post-lung transplantation were treated with endoscopic pyloric injection of 100 international units of botulinum toxin-A with 25 units injected submucosally in each quadrant of the pylorus. A subsequent gastric emptying study was performed after Botox injection to assess for a response.This data was then reviewed in a retrospective manner. Results: 35 patients underwent lung transplantation between July 2009 and October 2010.Pre-transplant gastric emptying could be assessed in 31 patients,of these.Post-transplant 31 studies were adequate for evaluation. 15 patients developed new delay in gastric emptying post -transplant (15/31 48.4%). Of the patients with delayed gastric emptying posttransplant,7 underwent endoscopic injection of the pylorus with Botox.Of these,3 had normalization of gastric emptying times (43%),1 had improved emptying,1 was delayed but had symptomatic improvement.2 patients remained delayed, one of whom is asymptomatic.5 out of 7 patients treated with Botox had a favorable improvement (71.4%). Conclusions: To our knowledge,this is the first report on the incidence of gastroparesis post lung transplantation using an objective measure and also the first report on use of pyloric injection of Botox for gastroparesis in lung transplant recipients.The incidence of delayed gastric emptying for solids after lung transplantation as measured by nuclear imaging appears to be 48%. Botox appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of gastroparesis after lung transplantation. We achieved a success rate (mproved gastric emptying by nuclear medicine imaging or symptomatic improvement) of 70% in patients treated with nndoscopic pyloric injection of Botox.
Industry Effects and Strategic Management Research

Adequate controls for potential industry effects have not been used in many strategic management studies. Similarly, strategy researchers have not consistently used adequate conceptualizations of industrial environments in the design of their empirical work. Findings derived from research with such design and execution deficiencies may result in misleading interpretations. Forty of the most frequently cited empirical strategy studies published between 1980 and 1988 are identified and analyzed. The results of this analysis indicate how researchers have approached the phenomenon of industry effects in the conduct of strategic management research. Methods for controlling for industry effects and the implications of the arguments presented herein for future research and theory building are discussed in thefinal sections of the paper.