cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarsening dynamics of binary liquids with active rotation

Active matter comprised of many self-driven units can exhibit emergent collective behaviors such as pattern formation and phase separation in both biological (e.g., mussel beds) and synthetic (e.g., colloidal swimmers) systems. While these behaviors are increasingly well understood for ensembles of linearly self-propelled “particles”, less is known about the collective behaviors of active rotating particles where energy input at the particle level gives rise to rotational particle motion. A recent simulation study revealed that active rotation can induce phase separation in mixtures of counter-rotating particles in 2D. In contrast to that of linearly self-propelled particles, the phase separation of counter-rotating fluids is accompanied by steady convective flows that originate at the fluid–fluid interface. Here, we investigate the influence of these flows on the coarsening dynamics of actively rotating binary liquids using a phenomenological, hydrodynamic model that combines a Cahn–Hilliard equation for the fluid composition with a Navier–Stokes equation for the fluid velocity. The effect of active rotation is introduced though an additional force within the Navier–Stokes equations that arises due to gradients in the concentrations of clockwise and counter-clockwise rotating particles. Depending on the strength of active rotation and that of frictional interactions with the stationary surroundings, we observe and explain new dynamical behaviors such as “active coarsening” via self-generated flows as well as the emergence of self-propelled “vortex doublets”. We confirm that many of the qualitative behaviors identified by the continuum model can also be found in discrete, particle-based simulations of actively rotating liquids. Our results highlight further opportunities for achieving complex dissipative structures in active materials subject to distributed actuation.
An X-ray/optical study of the geometry and dynamics of MACS J0140.0−0555, a massive post-collision cluster merger

We investigate the physical properties, geometry and dynamics of the massive cluster merger MACS J0140.0−0555 (z = 0.451) using X-ray and optical diagnostics. Featuring two galaxy overdensities separated by about 250 kpc in projection on the sky, and a single peak in the X-ray surface brightness distribution located between them, MACS J0140.0−0555 shows the tell-tale X-ray/optical morphology of a binary, post-collision merger. Our spectral analysis of the X-ray emission, as measured by our Chandra ACIS-I observation of the system, finds the intra-cluster medium to be close to isothermal (∼8.5 keV) with no clear signs of cool cores or shock fronts. Spectroscopic follow-up of galaxies in the field of MACS J0140.0−0555 yields a velocity dispersion of (nz = 66) and no significant evidence of bimodality or substructure along the line of sight. In addition, the difference in radial velocity between the brightest cluster galaxies of the two sub-clusters of 144 ± 25 km s−1 is small compared to typical collision velocities of several 1000 km s−1. A strongly lensed background galaxy at z = 0.873 (which features variable X-ray emission from an active nucleus) provides the main constraint on the mass distribution of the system. We measure M(<75 kpc) = (5.6 ± 0.5) × 1013 M⊙ for the north-western cluster component and a much less certain estimate of (1.5–3) × 1013 M⊙ for the south-eastern sub-cluster. These values are in good agreement with our X-ray mass estimates which yield a total mass of MACS J0140.0−0555 of M(<r500) ∼ (6.8–9.1) × 1014 M⊙. Although all optical and X-ray properties of MACS J0140.0−0555 are consistent with a well-advanced head-on merger proceeding along an axis close to the plane of the sky, the degeneracy between Hubble flow and peculiar velocity prevents us from obtaining a quantitative constraint on the inclination angle of the merger axis. The lack of pronounced substructure in the cluster gas distribution and the proximity of the two optical cluster cores both in projection and in radial velocity suggest that the merger is observed well after the primary collision and, possibly, after turnaround. A weak-lensing analysis of the mass distribution in MACS J0140.0−0555 has the potential of yielding constraints on the self-interaction cross-section of dark matter similar to those obtained for MACS J0025.4−1222, although the smaller projected separation of the two cluster components makes the measurement more challenging.
Analytic feature selection for support vector machines

Support vector machines (SVMs) rely on the inherent geometry of a data set to classify training data. Because of this, we believe SVMs are an excellent candidate to guide the development of an analytic feature selection algorithm, as opposed to the more commonly used heuristic methods. We propose a filter-based feature selection algorithm based on the inherent geometry of a feature set. Through observation, we identified six geometric properties that differ between optimal and suboptimal feature sets, and have statistically significant correlations to classifier performance. Our algorithm is based on logistic and linear regression models using these six geometric properties as predictor variables. The proposed algorithm achieves excellent results on high dimensional text data sets, with features that can be organized into a handful of feature types; for example, unigrams, bigrams or semantic structural features. We believe this algorithm is a novel and effective approach to solving the feature selection problem for linear SVMs.
Mesoscale modeling of phase transition dynamics of thermoresponsive polymers

We present a non-isothermal mesoscopic model for investigation of the phase transition dynamics of thermoresponsive polymers. Since this model conserves energy in the simulations, it is able to correctly capture not only the transient behavior of polymer precipitation from solvent, but also the energy variation associated with the phase transition process. Simulations provide dynamic details of the thermally induced phase transition and confirm two different mechanisms dominating the phase transition dynamics. A shift of endothermic peak with concentration is observed and the underlying mechanism is explored.
Impact of export destinations on firm performance

This paper evaluates the role of export destinations on productivity, employment, and wages of Turkish firms by comparing the performance of firms that export to low-income destinations and high-income destinations with firms that do not export. A combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods are employed on a rich set of firm observables, including sector, region, employment, total factor productivity (TFP), capital intensity, wages, support from government, ownership, and the research and development intensity of firms. Four sets of findings emerge from the analysis: i) Export entry has a positive causal effect on firm TFP and employment and this effect is strengthened as a firm continues to export. ii) In contrast, export entry has a moderate wage effect that emerges only with a lag. iii) Unlike exporting to high-income destinations, exporting to low-income destinations does not result in significantly higher firm TFP and wages. iv) The employment effect of exporting to low-income destinations is comparable to that of exporting to high-income destinations.
Information vs. disturbance in dimension D

We show that for Eve to get information in one basis about a state, she must cause errors in all bases that are mutually unbiased to that basis. Our result holds in any dimension. We also show that this result holds for all functions of messages that are encrypted with a key.
Biodiversity and national accounting

Biodiversity, a property of natural areas, provides a range of benefits to the economy including bioprospecting rents, knowledge and insurance, ecotourism fees, and ecosystem services. Many of these values can be broken out in the System of National Accounts, leading to better estimates of the economic losses when natural areas are degraded or destroyed. Developing countries harbor the great majority of biodiversity, and this diversity provides benefits, including knowledge and carbon sequestration, to the whole world. However, protecting biodiversity is particularly costly for developing countries: the opportunity cost of foregoing development of natural areas exceeds 1 percent of gross domestic product in 58 developing countries, versus only four OECD countries. The Global Environment Facility can offset these costs through grant finance, but annual Global Environment Facility finance and co-finance averages only 8 percent of the opportunity costs faced by low-income countries.
On the Formation of CO2 and Other Interstellar Ices

We investigate the formation and evolution of interstellar dust-grain ices under dark-cloud conditions, with a particular emphasis on CO{sub 2}. We use a three-phase model (gas/surface/mantle) to simulate the coupled gas-grain chemistry, allowing the distinction of the chemically active surface from the ice layers preserved in the mantle beneath. The model includes a treatment of the competition between barrier-mediated surface reactions and thermal-hopping processes. The results show excellent agreement with the observed behavior of CO{sub 2}, CO, and water ice in the interstellar medium. The reaction of the OH radical with CO is found to be efficient enough to account for CO{sub 2} ice production in dark clouds. At low visual extinctions, with dust temperatures {approx}>12 K, CO{sub 2} is formed by direct diffusion and reaction of CO with OH; we associate the resultant CO{sub 2}-rich ice with the observational polar CO{sub 2} signature. CH{sub 4} ice is well correlated with this component. At higher extinctions, with lower dust temperatures, CO is relatively immobile and thus abundant; however, the reaction of H and O atop a CO molecule allows OH and CO to meet rapidly enough to produce a CO:CO{sub 2} ratio in the range {approx}2-4, which we associate withmore » apolar signatures. We suggest that the observational apolar CO{sub 2}/CO ice signatures in dark clouds result from a strongly segregated CO:H{sub 2}O ice, in which CO{sub 2} resides almost exclusively within the CO component. Observed visual-extinction thresholds for CO{sub 2}, CO, and H{sub 2}O are well reproduced by depth-dependent models. Methanol formation is found to be strongly sensitive to dynamical timescales and dust temperatures.« less
Visual development of database applications

An exclusively visual approach to the development of database applications is introduced. Graphical tools and techniques are designed to represent all components of an application system, and all phases of the development process. Data, constraints, queries, transactions and programs are all expressed graphically. Analysis, design, maintenance, and even inference are done using graphical techniques. The visual approach is expected to be most appropriate for end users, and it is likely to encourage end user participation in application development. >
Synthesis and catalytic reactivity of D4-symmetric dinorbornabenzene-derived metallotetraarylporphyrins

The condensation of the resolved C2-symmetric benzaldehyde, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1:4,5:8-dimethanoanthracene-9-carboxyaldehyde, with pyrrole produced the first chiral tetraarylporphyrin 1 exhibiting D4-symmetry. The resolved benzaldehyde was synthesized in seven steps from p-benzoquinone and cyclopentadiene and included a resolution via diastereomeric ketals. A manganese chloride complex of porphyrin 1 was used as a catalyst for the asymmetric epoxidation of aromatic substituted alkenes in the presence of excess sodium hypochlorite in up to 7,200 turnovers and up to 76% e.e and >90% yield.
Periurethral prostatic duct carcinoma: clinical features and treatment results.

A retrospective review was conducted of 58 patients with periurethral prostatic duct carcinoma (PUPDC) seen at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between 1965 and 1977. The mean age at diagnosis was 70.2 years. Forty-five of 57 patients (79%) presented with symptoms of progressive prostatism, and 25 (44%) had gross hematuria. Eight patients (14%) presented in Stages A & B, 39 (67%) in Stage C and 11 (19%) in Stage D. Malignant cells were found in the urine in 9 of 10 patients. Hydronephrosis was present in 11 (20%). Eleven patients developed pulmonary metastases and 10 hepatic metastases; of 14 patients with osseous metastases, the lesions were osteolytic in 10 (71%). Serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase, and serum alkaline phosphatase enzymatic determinations were inconsistent in patients with this tumor. The overall 5-year survival rate was 36.9%. Stage A and B patients appeared to have a good prognosis; however the 5-year survival rate in Stage C was only 34.5%. Stage C patients treated initially with radiotherapy had better local control rates (13/17 = 76%) and better 5-year survival rates (58%) than those who did not receive this treatment (14% local control rate and 24% 5-year survival rate). The effect of hormonal manipulations on local control and on survival was variable. Of 12 patients failing locally after nonradiotherapeutic initial management, 10 (83%) were controlled locally with radiotherapy. Local recurrence occurred in 2 of 5 stage A patients who did not receive treatment other than their original simple prostatectomy (which had revealed their tumor). There is no evidence that this tumor is intrinsically radioresistant; yet treatment failures, both local and distant after radiotherapy, are more common and occur earlier with PUPDC than with acinar adenocarcinoma. None of the therapeutic modalities appeared very successful in averting distant failure. Because of its local and distant aggressiveness and because of the population it afflicts, PUPDC rarely is amenable to radical surgery. Radiotherapy becomes the treatment of choice for majority of patients and should be aggressive both in dose and irradiated volume. Cancer 42:2894–2902, 1978.
Growth of bulk single crystals of organic materials for nonlinear optical devices : an overview

Highly perfect single crystals of nonlinear optical organic materials are required for use in optical devices. An overview of the bulk crystal growth of these materials by melt, vapor, and solution processes is presented. Additionally, methods that may be used to purify starting materials, detect impurities at low levels, screen materials for crystal growth, and process grown crystals are discussed.
Are there genetic factors in suicide

There are generally considered to be five lines of evidence about the possibility that there may be genetic factors in suicide. This paper will review the clinical, Iowa-500, Amish, twin and adoption studies which provide evidence about this possibility.
The forgotten potts models

The q = 10 and q = 200 state Potts models coupled to 2 d gravity are investigated numerically and shown to have continuous phase transitions, contrary to their behavior on a regular lattice. Critical exponents are extracted and possible critical behavior for general q -state Potts models coupled to gravity is discussed.
Non-perturbative decoupling of heavy fermions

Abstract We show that heavy fermions decouple from the low energy physics also in non-perturbative instanton effects. Provided the heavy fermions are lighter than the symmetry breaking scale, all the instanton effects should be expressed as local operators in the effective Lagrangian. The effective theory itself doesn't admit instantons. We present the mechanism which suppresses instantons in the effective theory.
Graph-theoretical conditions for inscribability and Delaunay realizability

Abstract We present new graph-theoretical conditions for polyhedra of inscribable type and Delaunay triangulations. We establish several sufficient conditions of the following general form: if a polyhedron has a sufficiently rich collection of Hamiltonian subgraphs, then it is of inscribable type. These results have several consequences: • • All 4-connected polyhedra are of inscribable type. • • All simplicial polyhedra in which all vertex degrees are between 4 and 6, inclusive, are of inscribable type. • • All triangulations without chords or nonfacial triangles are realizable as combinatorially equivalent Delaunay triangulations. We also strengthen some earlier results about matchings in polyhedra of inscribable type. Specifically, we show that any nonbipartite polyhedron of inscribable type has a perfect matching containing any specified edge, and that any bipartite polyhedron of inscribable type has a perfect matching containing any two specified disjoint edges. We give examples showing that these results are best possible.
Vector meson radiation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract The (σ, ω) model in the mean-field approximation where the meson fields are treated classically, describes much of observed nuclear structure and has been employed to describe the nuclear equation of state up to the quark-gluon phase transition. The acceleration of the meson sources, for example, in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, should result in bremsstrahlung-like radiation of the meson fields. The many mesons emitted serve to justify the use of classical meson fields. The slowing of the nuclei during the collision is modeled here as a smooth transition from initial to final velocity. Under ultra-relativistic conditions, vector radiation dominates. The angular distribution of energy flux shows a characteristic shape. It appears that if the vector meson field couples to the conserved baryon current, independent of the baryonic degrees of freedom, this mechanism will contribute to the radiation seen in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The possible influence of the quark-gluon plasma is also considered.
Occlusion of grubbs' catalysts in active membranes of polydimethylsiloxane: catalysis in water and new functional group selectivities.

The Grubbs' first and second generation catalysts were occluded into cross-linked slabs of polydimethylsiloxane with volumes from 1 mm3 to 1 cm3 by swelling the polymer with catalyst and methylene chloride. Methylene chloride was evaporated under vacuum to yield occluded catalysts where their solvent was polydimethylsiloxane. These occluded catalysts were reacted with alkenes dissolved in H2O or H2O/MeOH mixtures that diffused into the polydimethylsiloxane to react by ring-closing metathesis and cross metathesis. Control experiments revealed that the catalysts remained occluded and metathesis did not occur in the solvent. Occlusion of these catalysts allowed commercially available Grubbs' catalysts to be used with H2O as the solvent while isolating the H2O sensitive ruthenium methylidene from exposure to H2O. Functional group selective experiments were carried out where the polydimethylsiloxane was an “active” membrane to exclude salts. Polydimethylsiloxane is a hydrophobic polymer, so the deprotonated sa...
On the age estimation of LBDS 53W091

The recent spectral analysis of LBDS 53W091 by Spinrad and his collaborators has suggested that this red galaxy at z = 1.552 is at least 3.5 Gyr old. This imposes an important constraint on cosmology, suggesting that this galaxy formed at z ≳ 6.5, assuming recent estimates of cosmological parameters. While their analysis was heavily focused on the use of some UV spectral breaks as age indicators, we have performed χ2 tests to the continuum of this galaxy using its UV spectrum and photometric data (R, J, H, and K: 2000-9000 A in rest frame). We have used the updated Yi models that are based on the Yale tracks. We find it extremely difficult to reproduce such large age estimates, under the assumption of the most probable input parameters. Using the same configuration as in Spinrad et al. (conventional solar abundance models), our analysis suggests an age of approximately 1.4-1.8 Gyr. We have improved our models over conventional ones by taking into account convective core overshoot in the stellar model calculations and realistic metallicity distributions in the galaxy population synthesis. Overshoot affects the visible continuum normalized to the UV and raises the photometry-based age estimates by 25%. The use of metallicity mixtures affects the whole spectrum and raises all continuum-based age estimates by up to a factor of 2. If the mean metallicity of the stars in this galaxy is assumed to be twice solar, the models including these two effects match the UV spectrum and photometric data of LBDS 53W091 near the age of 1.5-2.0 Gyr. Our results cannot be easily reconciled with that of Spinrad et al. The discrepancy between Spinrad et al.'s age estimate (based on the Jimenez models) and ours originates from the large difference in the model integrated spectrum: the Jimenez models are much bluer than the Yi models and the Bruzual & Charlot models. We propose to apply some viable tests to them for verification and search for the origin of the difference through a more thorough investigation. Considering the significance of the age estimates of distant galaxies as probes of cosmology, it would be an urgent task.
Mirror symmetry in three dimensional gauge theories

Abstract We discuss non-trivial fixed points of the renormalization group with dual descriptions in N = 4 gauge theories in three dimensions. This new duality acts as mirror symmetry, exchanging the Higgs and Coulomb branches of the theories. Quantum effects on the Coulomb branch arise classically on the Higgs branch of the dual theory. We present examples of dual theories whose Higgs/Coulomb branch are the ALE spaces and whose Coulomb/Higgs branches are the moduli space of instantons of the corresponding ADE gauge group. In particular, we show that in three dimensions small E8 instantons in string theory are described by a local quantum field theory.
CURRENT PHYSICS RESULTS FROM STAGGERED CHIRAL PERTURBATION THEORY

We review several results that have been obtained using lattice QCD with the staggered quark formulation. Our focus is on the quantities that have been calculated numerically with low statistical errors and have been extrapolated to the physical quark mass limit and continuum limit using staggered chiral perturbation theory. We limit our discussion to a brief introduction to staggered quarks, and applications of staggered chiral perturbation theory to the pion mass, decay constant, and heavy–light meson decay constants.
Regio- and Chemoselective N-C Bond Formation Via Carbon Dioxide: A New Source of the Methyl Group. Applications to N-Methylated Secondary and Tertiary Amines

Abstract Reductive carboxylation of a variety of secondary and primary amines to the corresponding N-methylated amines in the presence of various functional groups such as chlorosubstituents, carbon-carbon double bonds and phenolic hydroxyls is described.
European integration and asymmetry in the EMS

Abstract The empirical literature offers conflicting views of German dominance in the European Monetary System. We examine the validity of the German dominance hypothesis (GDH) by analyzing the responses of European central banks and money markets to monetary innovations originating both in Europe (European asymmetry) and abroad (international asymmetry). Our results reconcile the conflicting views in the literature. The GDH is confirmed when the analysis is conducted with intervention rates before German unification. Results support European asymmetry with short rates before 1990 but not international asymmetry. After 1990 the GDH is not supported by either set of rates.
Liquidity Provision and the Organizational Form of NYSE Specialist Firms

We examine the influence of NYSE specialist firm organizational form on the nature of liquidity provision. We compare closely held firms whose specialists provide liquidity with their own capital to widely held firms whose specialists provide liquidity with diffusely owned capital. We argue that specialists using their own capital have a greater incentive and ability to reduce adverse selection costs, but face a greater cost of capital. Differences in the proportion of spreads due to adverse selection costs, large trade frequency, the sensitivity between depth and spreads, and price stabilization support this argument. RECENT STUDIES BY CAO, CHOE, and Hatheway (1997) and Corwin (1999a) document differences across specialist firms in execution costs, trading halts due to order imbalances, and market stabilization. Why these differences in liquidity provision exist, however, is not well understood. We argue that differences in liquidity provision arise from differences in specialist firm organizational form; firms that make markets with capital supplied by their specialists (owner-specialist firms) offer economies with respect to asymmetric information costs, while firms that make markets with diffusely owned capital (employee-specialist firms) offer economies with respect to capital costs. Our empirical results support this argument. Since March 1997, the NYSE has allowed listing firms to choose which specialist firm handles their stock from a pool provided by the NYSE Allocations Committee (New York Stock Exchange (1997)). Like the choice of debt, dividend, or compensation policies, the choice of a specialist firm po
Improving immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope gp120 by glycan removal and immune complex formation

Background HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp120 is an important target for neutralizing antibody (Ab) responses against the virus. However, developing gp120 vaccines that elicit potent and broad neutralizing Abs has proven to be a formidable challenge. The envelope gp120 is highly glycosylated and carbohydrate moieties play an important role in modulation of immunobiological property of HIV-1 Env gp120. Previously, removal of a specific N-linked glycan at residue 448 by N to Q mutation (N448Q) has been found to enhance in vitro antigenicity of neutralizing epitopes in the V3 loop. In the present study we examined immunogenicity of mutant gp120 in mice.
The Geographic Concentration of Industry: Does Natural Advantage Explain Agglomeration?

Scholars in many fields of economics have become very interested in Silicon Valley-style agglomerations of individual industries (J. Vernon Henderson, 1988; Michael E. Porter, 1990; Paul Krugman, 1991). These agglomerations are striking features of the economic landscape and may provide insights into the nature of the increasing-returns technologies and spillovers that are thought by many to be behind endogenous growth and business cycles. In our previous work (Ellison and Glaeser, 1997), we noted that agglomerations may arise in two ways. In addition to explanations based on localized industry-specific spillovers, there is a simpler alternative: an industry will be agglomerated if firms locate in areas that have natural cost advantages. For example, the wine industry (the second most agglomerated industry in our study) is surely affected by the suitability of states' climates for growing grapes. If firms' location decisions are highly sensitive to cost differences (as found by Dennis Carlton [1983], Timothy J. Bartik [1985], and Henderson [1997], among others), then natural advantages may account for a substantial portion of observed geographic concentration. In this paper we use the term "natural advantage" fairly broadly. Some possible examples would be that none of the more than 100,000 shipbuilding workers in the U.S. in 1987 worked in Colorado, Montana, or North Dakota and that the highest concentration of aluminum production (which uses electricity intensively) is in Washington (which has the lowest electricity prices). We will also speak of the concentration of the rubber and plastic footwear industry in North Carolina, Florida, and Maine and its absence from Alaska and Michigan as possibly reflecting natural advantages in the labor market. The industry is an intensive user of unskilled labor and faces tremendous competition from imports; hence we would expect to see it locate in low-wage states. The simplest way to find effects of natural advantages on industry locations is to regress each industry's state-level employment on states' resource endowments as in Sukkoo Kim (1999). A problem with this approach, however, is that one can easily think of more potential advantages than there are states in the United States and fit each industry's employment distribution perfectly. We identify effects of natural advantages without overfitting by imposing cross-industry restrictions requiring the sensitivity of location decisions to the cost of a particular input to be related to the intensity with which the industry uses the input. Using such an approach to estimate the effects of natural advantage on the 1987 locations of four-digit manufacturing industries, we find that industry locations are related to resource and labor-market natural advantages. Our primary goal is to see how much of the geographic concentration of industries reported in Ellison and Glaeser (1997) can be I Discussants: Yannis loannides, Tufts University; Thomas Nechyba, Stanford University; Sukkoo Kim, Washington University-St. Louis.
Multiwavelet density estimation

Accurate density estimation methodologies play an integral role in a variety of scientific disciplines with applications including simulation models, decision support tools, and exploratory data analysis. In the past, histograms and kernel density estimators have been the predominant tools of choice, primarily due to their ease of use and mathematical simplicity. More recently, the use of wavelets for density estimation has gained in popularity due to their ability to approximate a large class of functions, including those with localized, abrupt variations. However, a well-known attribute of wavelet bases is that they cannot be simultaneously symmetric, orthogonal, and compactly supported. Multiwavelets-more general, vector-valued constructions of wavelets-overcome this disadvantage, making them natural choices for estimating density functions, many of which exhibit local symmetries around features such as a mode. We extend the methodology of wavelet density estimation to use multiwavelet bases and illustrate several empirical examples of multiwavelet density estimation.
Simulation of Quantum Circuits via Stabilizer Frames

Generic quantum-circuit simulation appears intractable for conventional computers and may be unnecessary because useful quantum circuits exhibit significant structure that can be exploited during simulation. For example, Gottesman and Knill identified an important subclass, called stabilizer circuits , which can be simulated efficiently using group-theory techniques and insights from quantum physics. Realistic circuits enriched with quantum error-correcting codes and fault-tolerant procedures are dominated by stabilizer subcircuits and contain a relatively small number of non-Clifford components. Therefore, we develop new data structures and algorithms that facilitate parallel simulation of such circuits. Stabilizer frames offer more compact storage than previous approaches but require more sophisticated bookkeeping. Our implementation, called ${\tt Quipu}$ , simulates certain quantum arithmetic circuits (e.g., reversible ripple-carry adders) in polynomial time and space for equal superpositions of $n$ -qubits. On such instances, known linear-algebraic simulation techniques, such as the (state-of-the-art) BDD-based simulator ${\tt QuIDDPro}$ , take exponential time. We simulate quantum Fourier transform and quantum fault-tolerant circuits using ${\tt Quipu}$ , and the results demonstrate that our stabilizer-based technique empirically outperforms ${\tt QuIDDPro}$ in all cases. While previous high-performance, structure-aware simulations of quantum circuits were difficult to parallellize, we demonstrate that ${\tt Quipu}$ can be parallelized with a nontrivial computational speedup.
Field sensitivity to L p variations of a scatterer

For the problem of diraction of harmonic scalar waves by a lossless periodic slab scatterer, we analyze eld sensitivity with respect to the material coecients of the slab. The governing equation is the Helmholtz equation, which describes acoustic or electromagnetic elds. The main theorem establishes the variational (Fr echet) derivative of the scattered eld measured in the H 1 (root-mean-square-gradient) norm as a function of the material coecients measured in an L p (p-power integral) norm, with 2 < p < 1, as long as these coecients are bounded above and below by positive constants and do not admit resonance. The derivative is Lipschitz continuous. We also establish the variational derivative of the transmitted energy with respect to the material coecients in L p .
A numerical test of the continuum index theorem on the lattice

Abstract The overlap formalism of chiral fermions provides a tool to measure the index, Q , of the chiral Dirac operator in a fixed gauge field background on the lattice. This enables a numerical measurement of the probability distribution, p ( Q ), in Yang-Mills theories. We have obtained an estimate for p ( Q ) in pure SU(2) gauge theory by measuring Q on 140 independent gauge field configurations generated on a 12 4 lattice using the standard single plaquette Wilson action at a coupling of β = 2.4. This distribution is in good agreement with a recent measurement [8] of the distribution of the topological charge on the same lattice using the same coupling and the same lattice gauge action. In particular we find 〈 Q 2 〉 = 3.3(4) to be compared with 〈 Q 2 〉 = 3.9(5) found in [8]. The good agreement between the two distributions is an indication that the continuum index theorem can be carried over in a probabilistic sense on to the lattice.
A triangular finite element with first-derivative continuity applied to fusion MHD applications

We describe properties of the reduced quintic triangular finite element. The expansion used in the element will represent a complete quartic polynomial in two dimensions, and thus the error will be of order h5 if the solution is sufficiently smooth. The quintic terms are constrained to enforce C1 continuity across element boundaries, allowing their use with partial differential equations involving derivatives up to fourth order. There are only three unknowns per node in the global problem, which leads to lower rank matrices when compared with other high-order methods with similar accuracy but lower order continuity. The integrations to form the matrix elements are all done in closed form, even for the nonlinear terms. The element is shown to be well suited for elliptic problems, anisotropic diffusion, the Grad-Shafranov-Schluter equation, and the time-dependent MHD or extended MHD equations. The element is also well suited for 3D calculations when the third (angular) dimension is represented as a Fourier series.
Economic Exchange Rate Exposure of U.S.‐Based MNCs Operating in Europe

This study focuses on the economic exchange rate exposure of 168 U.S.-based multinational corporations (MNCs) with foreign operations primarily in Europe. The sampling plan and other refinements may improve the estimation of exposure and detection of relevant determinants. Operating characteristics that represent economic exposure are evaluated for their ability, to explain cross-sectional differences in exposure. More specifically, the degree of imbalance, which is a proxy for matching cash inflows and outflows, and proportion of export sales are able to explain differential exposure. Furthermore, shifts in the degree of imbalance and proportion of export sales are found to significantly explain shifts in exposure.
An Expanding Shell and Synchrotron Jet in RS Ophiuchi

We report high-resolution radio imaging of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) during the first month of the 2006 outburst, using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Observations made on days 20.8 and 26.8 of the outburst show a synchrotron-emitting partial shell that is much brighter to the east than to the west. Assuming that the broad component of the infrared lines corresponds to the outermost part of the shell seen by the VLBA, the distance to the source is 2.45 ± 0.4 kpc. The circular shape and spectral indices of the shell emission challenge simple models for the radio structure immediately after the outburst. The second epoch also shows an additional, resolved, synchrotron-emitting component well to the east of the shell. Its inferred velocity is comparable to the escape speed from the surface of a high-mass white dwarf. This component was not seen in the first epoch. Its appearance may be related to the outflow reaching the edge of the nebula created by the red giant wind, which had been refilling the void left by the last outburst in 1985. This eastern component is likely related to the jets previously seen in this and other symbiotic stars, and it represents the earliest clear detection of such a jet, as well as the best case yet for synchrotron emission from a white dwarf jet.
VECTOR MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS FROM THE IMAGING VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPH

First, we describe a general procedure to produce high-quality vector magnetograms using the Imaging Vector Magnetograph (IVM) at Mees Solar Observatory. Two IVM effects are newly discussed and taken into account: (1) the central wavelength of the Fabry–P´ erot is found to drift with time as a result of undiagnosed thermal or mechanical instabilities in the instrument; (2) the StokesV-sign convention built into the IVM is found to be opposite to the conventional definition used in the study of radiative transfer of polarized radiation. At the spatial resolution 2 �� × 2 �� , the Stokes Q, U, V uncertainty reaches ∼ 1 × 10 −3 to 5 × 10 −4 in time-averaged data over 1 hr in the quiet Sun. When vector magnetic fields are inferred from the time-averaged Stokes spectral images of FeI 6302.5 A, the resulting uncertainties are on the order of 10 G for the longitudinal fields (B� ), 40 G for the transverse field strength (B⊥) and ∼ 9 ◦ for the magnetic azimuth (φ). The magnetic field inversion used in this work is the “Triplet” code, which was developed and implemented in the IVM software package by the late B. J. LaBonte. The inversion code is described in detail in the Appendix. Second, we solve for the absolute value of the vertical electric current density, |Jz|, accounting for the above IVM problems, for two different active regions. One is a single sunspot region (NOAA 10001 observed on 2002 June 20) while the other is a more complex, quadrupolar region (NOAA10030 observed on 2002 July 15). We use a calculation that does not require disambiguation of 180 ◦ in the transverse field directions. The |Jz| uncertainty is on the order of ∼ 7. 0m A m −2 . The vertical current density increases with increasing vertical magnetic field. The rate of increase is about 1–2 times as large in the quadrupolar NOAA 10030 region as in the simple NOAA 10001, and it is more spatially variable over NOAA 10030 than over NOAA 10001.
Dose intensity and hematologic toxicity in older cancer patients receiving systemic chemotherapy

BACKGROUND. This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate patient and treatment characteristics that contribute to hematologic toxicity in older cancer patients. METHODS. A nationwide study of 115 community oncology practices was conducted between 2002 and 2005 with data collected on 976 patients who had received chemotherapy for common malignancies, including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, genitourinary cancer, and lymphoma. Primary outcomes included severe neutropenia (SN) and febrile neutropenia (FN). Secondary outcomes included delivered relative dose intensity (RDI) <85%, dose delays ≥15% days, and reductions ≥15%. RESULTS. Approximately 50% of both patients with early-stage disease and patients with advanced-stage disease received an actual RDI 80 years). Increasing age was associated with lower actual RDI (P = .030) and averaged 87.5% across all elderly age groups. A decreasing trend in SN or FN events occurred with increasing age (P for trend = .039), with the majority of initial neutropenic events occurring in Cycle 1 for all age groups. Among the patients who received an actual RDI ≥85%, there was no significant difference in SN or FN by age group or disease stage. Independent risk factors for the development of SN or FN included cancer type, planned RDI ≥85%, body surface area ≤2m2, anthracycline- or platinum-based regimens, previous chemotherapy, elevated blood urea nitrogen, and alkaline phosphatase. Neutropenic complications decreased significantly with primary colony-stimulating factor (CSF) prophylaxis (coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.260; c-statistic = 0.782). CONCLUSIONS. Among cancer patients aged ≥70 years, 50% of whom received relatively full-dose chemotherapy, increasing age alone did not increase the risk of hematologic toxicity. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Spin qubit relaxation in a moving quantum dot

Long-range quantum communication for spin qubits is an important open problem. Here we study decoherence of an electron spin qubit that is being transported in a moving quantum dot. We focus on spin decoherence due to spin-orbit interaction and a random electric potential. We find that at the lowest order, the motion induces longitudinal spin relaxation, with a rate linear in the dot velocity. Our calculated spin relaxation time ranges from sub $\ensuremath{\mu}$s in GaAs to above ms in Si, making this relaxation a significant decoherence channel. Our results also give clear indications on how to reduce the decoherence effect of electron motion.
Poloidal Pressure Gradients, Divertor Detachment and Marfes

Because the radiation power density from a marfe scales approximately as the square of its plasma pressure, and since increased radiation would aid divertor detachment for high power tokamaks, this paper identifies regions that might permit locally increased plasma pressure in steady state. The magnetic and dynamic (flow) constraints of magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) are examined for self-consistent locally increased pressure equilibria, in both the magnetically open tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL) and the closed surfaces just inside the last closed flux surface. In most tokamak geometries it is difficult to recycle particles at a sufficient rate to sustain high pressure marfes, but they might be possible near a divertor X-point.
Liver choline oxidase activity in man and in several species of animals.

Abstract Choline oxidase activity was investigated in the livers of rats, mice, chickens, dogs, hamsters, rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys, and human beings. Marked species differences were observed. In animals the rat has the highest activity while the guinea pig has the lowest activity. Choline oxidase activity in livers from human biopsy and autopsy material was lower than in any species studied. A possible correlation between the level of hepatic choline oxidase in each species and the ease of induction of choline-deficient fatty liver is discussed.
Chiral operator product algebra hidden in certain fractional quantum Hall wave functions

Abstract In this paper we study the conditions under which an N-electron wave function for a fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state can be viewed as an N-point correlation function in a conformal field theory (CFT). Several concrete examples are presented to illustrate, when these conditions are satisfied, how to “derive” or “uncover” a relevant operator algebra in the associated CFT from the FQH wave functions. Besides the known pfaffian state, the states studied here include three d-wave paired states, one for spinless electrons and two for spin - 1 2 electrons (one of them is the Haldane-Rezayi state). It is suggested that the non-abelian topological order hidden in these states can be characterized by their associated chiral operator product algebra, from which one may infer the quantum numbers of quasiparticles and calculate their wave functions.
Deposition and Characterization of In-Situ Boron Doped Polycrystalline Silicon Films for Microelectromechanical Systems Applications

In an effort to develop thick, p-type polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) films for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications, in-situ boron-doped polysilicon films were deposited by a single-step APCVD process at susceptor temperatures ranging from 700°C to 955°C. The process produces boron-doped films at a deposition rate of 73 nm/min at 955°C. Spreading resistance measurements show that the boron doping level is constant at 2 × 1019 /cm3 throughout the thickness of the films. Doped films deposited at the low temperatures exhibit compressive stress as high as 666 Mpa; however films deposited at 955°C exhibited stress as low as 130 MPa. TEM and XRD show that the microstructure strongly depends on the deposition conditions. Surface micromachined, singly clamped cantilevers and strain gauges were successfully fabricated and used to characterize the residual stress of 5.0 µm-thick doped films deposited at a susceptor temperature of 955°C.
The solar wind mass flux

One of the unexplained observations of the solar wind at 1 AU is the relative constancy of the solar wind mass flux. Calculations using a radiative energy balance model with a thermally driven wind suggest that this near constancy of the mass (particle) flux is due to two factors: (1) the role of inward conduction and radiation in cooling the corona, and (2) the finding that the particle flux is proportional to the gas pressure in the outer corona and beyond, where the solar wind flow becomes radial.
Anodic Oxidation of Telluride Ions in Aqueous Base: A Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode Study

The anodic oxidation of telluride ions was studied in using mainly hydrodynamic voltammetry. Thermodynamic (Pourbaix) analyses predicted stepwise oxidation of Te2− to , Te0, , and finally . Consistent with this expectation, was detected as a intermediate product at the ring, both in the forward , and in the reverse electron transfer directions. Studies with authentic samples of in revealed that this species could be collected at the ring both in the oxidative (−0.80V vs. SCE) and in the reduction (−1.20V) modes. Consequently, comparison of the ring response at −0.80V and −1.20V with the disk current profiles in provided further confirmation for the electrochemical generation of the intermediate. Finally, further oxidation of Te0 to and was detected via cyclic and hydrodynamic voltammetry.
Classical hadrodynamics: A new approach to ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We discuss a new approach to ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions based on classical hadrodynamics for extended nucleons, corresponding to nucleons of finite size interacting with massive meson fields. This new theory provides a natural covariant microscopic approach that includes automatically spacetime nonlocality and retardation, nonequilibrium phenomena, interactions among all nucleons and particle production. In the current version of our theory, we consider N extended unexcited nucleons interacting with massive neutral scalar (σ) and neutral vector (ω) meson fields. The resulting classical relativistic many-body equations of motion are solved numerically without further approximation for soft nucleon-nucleon collisions at p lab = 14.6, 30, 60, 100 and 200 GeV/ c to yield the transverse momentum imparted to the nucleons. For the future development of the theory, the isovector pseudoscalar ( π + , π − , π 0 ), isovector scalar ( δ + , δ − , δ 0 ), isovector vector ( ϱ + , ϱ − , ϱ 0 ) and neutral pseudoscalar (η) meson fields that are known to be important from nucleon-nucleon scattering experiments should be incorporated. In addition, the effects of quantum uncertainty on the equations of motion should be included by use of techniques analogous to those used by Moniz and Sharp for nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics.