cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are consumers of Internet health information "cyberchondriacs"? Characteristics of 24,965 users of a depression screening site.

Background: The number of individuals looking for health information on the Internet continues to expand. The purpose of this study was to understand the prevalence of major depression among English-speaking individuals worldwide looking for information on depression online. Methods: An automated online Mood Screener website was created and advertised via Google AdWords, for 1 year. Participants (N = 24,965) completed a depression screening measure and received feedback based on their results. Participants were then invited to participate in a longitudinal mood screening study. Results: Of the 24,965 who completed the screening, 66.6% screened positive for current major depression, 44.4% indicated current suicidality, and 7.8% reported a recent (past 2 weeks) suicide attempt. Of those consenting to participate in the longitudinal study (n = 1,327 from 86 countries), 77.4% screened positive for past depression, 64.6% reported past suicidality, and 17.5% past suicide attempt. Yet, only 25% of those screening positive for current depression, and only 37.2% of those reporting a recent suicide attempt are in treatment. Conclusions: Many of the consumers of Internet health information may genuinely need treatment and are not "cyberchondriacs." Online screening, treatment, and prevention efforts may have the potential to serve many currently untreated clinically depressed and suicidal individuals. Depression and Anxiety 0:1-7, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Polyadic Concept Analysis

The framework and the basic results of Wille on triadic concept analysis, including his Basic Theorem of Triadic Concept Analysis, are here generalized to n-dimensional formal contexts.
Gene therapy I: principles and clinical applications

Gene therapy encompasses a recently developed group of pharmaceuticals in which the therapeutic agent consists of nucleic acid sequences – DNA, RNA, or some modification thereof – rather than a small molecule. The field arose in the 1980s in the wake of improvements in recombinant DNA technology, and in the midst of better comprehension of gene regulation and modulation processes that could be exploited to construct practical gene therapy systems. Most gene therapy vectors are viral in nature, with retroviruses, adenoviruses, and AAVs (adeno-associated viruses) dominating most protocols, and they have been applied to treat a wide variety of disease subtypes: inherited genetic disorders, cancer, protein aggregation diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases have all been considered in proposed modalities. Gene therapy offers the potential to treat disease with an unprecedented selectivity and therapeutic index, and to allow the flexible design of new pharmaceutical agents on a much more rapid scale than in most traditional schemes. However, technical obstacles related to vector delivery, adequate expression levels, and persistence of viral transgenic sequences continue to pose difficult challenges for clinical application. This article reviews the basic gene therapy principles, common vectors and disease targets, and clinical approaches to convey the current state of the field and its future directions. Keywords: gene therapy; gene replacement; cystic fibrosis; sickle-cell anemia; cancer; neoplastic disease; cancer vaccines; retrovirus; adenovirus; oncolytic viruses; angiogenesis; adeno-associated virus (AAV); herpesvirus; amplicon; Epstein–Barr virus (EBV); antisense RNA; RNAi; siRNA; gene correction; chimeraplasty; clinical trials
Tribute to Joseph Goldstein

Yale Law School Professor Joseph Goldstein, who recently passed away, was a personification of the teacher as moral provocateur. Though extremely proud of the thousands of students who came under his tutelage during his distinguished academic career, Professor Goldstein was never satisfied with what his students accomplished. He always wanted more, especially from those from whom more was possible. He was my mentor during my three years at Yale in the early 1960s, and I know that he was proud of the work I did under him. Yet he always pressed me: "Sharpen it." "Make it smarter." "Take it further." Until the final year of his life, he never told me that he was completely satisfied with anything I had written. Imagine how I felt when he finally praised one of my books without reservation. Somehow, I think he knew it would be the last of my works he would have an opportunity to appraise. It was my final grade for the lifelong course I took with him in law, social sciences, and life. Though Joseph Goldstein is not a household name in the general world of law, he was among the most influential lawyers in the last half of the twentieth century. His writings on the interface of law and the social sciences have had an enormous impact on other law teachers, on mental health professionals, on courts, and on legislatures. He has influenced both theory and practice. But his most enduring contribution has come through the thousands of lawyers whom he taught over the years. No student could fail to be influenced by Goldstein, whether they realized it or not at the time they were in his class. His influence was as subtle as his mind and sometimes as quiet as his voice, but it stayed with you. I know that over the years I have asked myself countless times, " What would Joe think about this issue?" or " How would Joe have approached this problem?" Sometimes I'd call and ask him. More often, I would just work it through in my own mind, employing the tools that Joe had given me. There was nothing that Joe did not challenge. He believed in no orthodoxy. He was a member of no intellectual club. He reflected no group perspective. He was just Joe Goldstein, as unique and individual a thinker
Uptake and metabolism of safingol in human neuroblastoma and leukemia cell lines

2980 We reported that safingol (L-threo-dihydrosphingosine), the isomer of dihydrosphingosine, synergized multi-log fenretinide(4-HPR) cytotoxicity in a variety of types of solid tumor and leukemia cell lines in vitro. Safingol has a short plasma half-life in vivo. The mechanism of safingol synergistically increasing 4-HPR cytotoxicity is unknown. It has been reported that safingol inhibits protein kinase C activity, and DL-threo-dihydrosphingosine inhibits sphingosine kinase. As it has been mainly assayed in platelets, or cell extracts, or using short-term (minutes) drug exposure, its significance is unclear. To clarify the uptake and metabolism of safingol in human cancer/leukemia cells not only help us to understand the mechanism of safingol cytotoxicity, but also is a crucial step for design of an effective safingol administration strategy. Using tritium-labeled safingol as tracer, we studied the uptake and metabolism of safingol in human neuroblastoma cell line CHLA-90 and leukemia cell line MOLT-4. Safingol and its metabolites were analyzed by (high performance) thin-layer chromatography and liquid scintillation counting, cell viability were measured using DIMSCAN analysis. After 4 hrs incubation with 1 μM or 3 μM safingol, CHLA-90 cells uptake 59% and 38%, MOLT-4 cells uptake 72% and 59% of safingol, respectively. For the washout experiments, CHLA-90 or MOLT-4 cells were preincubated with 6 μM safingol for 2 hrs, then free safingol was washed away and fresh medium was added. Four hrs after washout, there was 50% and 70% free cellular safingol left in CHLA-90 cells and MOLT-4 cells, respectively. Twenty-four hrs after washout, only 15% and 21% free cellular safingol left in CHLA-90 cells and MOLT-4 cells, respectively. Lipids analysis showed that Safingol was N-acylated to form unsaturated L-threo-dihydroceramide and L-threo-dihydrosphingomyelin. No safingol-derived glucosylceramide was detected. Most of the cellular safingol was converted to L-threo-dihydrosphingomylelin in CHLA-90 cells, and to L-threo-dihydroceramide in MOLT-4 cells at 24 hrs after washout. Short chain L-threo-dihydroceramide (C2, C6 and C8) did not synergistically increase 4-HPR cytotoxicity in CHLA-90 and MOLT-4 cells. We conclude that 1). Safingol is uptoken very quickly by CHLA-90 and MOLT-4 cells; 2). High levels of free safingol exist in human cancer/leukemia cell for up to 4 hrs; 3). Most of safingol uptoken is converted to L-threo-sphingomyelin by CHLA-90 cells, and to L-threo-dihydroceramide by MOLT-4 cells; 4). No detectable glucosylceramide is formed from safingol; 5). Safingol cytotoxicity is decreased after converted to L-threo-dighydroceramide. This study has provided crucial information for design an effective strategy to administrate safingol for in vivo study, and for clarification of the mechanism of safingol synergizing 4-HPR cytotoxicity in human cancer/leukemia cells.
Home nocturnal supplemental nasogastric feedings in growth-retarded adolescents with Crohn's disease

Abstract We hypothesized that supplemental nutritional support delivered at home by nocturnal nasogastric feedings would result in accelerated growth in growth-retarded adolescents with Crohn's disease. Eight Tanner stage I adolescents with Crohn's disease, mean age 14 yr 5 mo, had a mean weight gain of 0.38 kg and height gain of 1.4 cm for the year before initiation of nasogastric feedings. All had been either asymptomatic or had only minimal symptoms in the year before the study, but were ingesting only 55%–80% of their daily required caloric intake. The subjects were taught to pass by themselves a nasogastric feeding tube, through which 1000–1500 ml of commercial, nonelemental isocaloric formula was infused during sleep to supplement their usual dietary intake. After 12 mo of nocturnal feedings, the subjects had a mean weight gain of 11.75 kg and a mean height gain of 6.98 cm. Six control subjects, matched for age and degree of growth and sexual retardation at the beginning of the study period, but who had refused the nasogastric feedings, had no change in weight and height during the same period of observation. We conclude that home nocturnal nasogastric feedings can achieve dramatic improvement in weight gain and linear growth in motivated adolescents with Crohn's disease and growth retardation.
Evolutionary Transitions in the Sexual Patterns of Fishes: Insights from a Phylogenetic Analysis of the Seabasses (Teleostei: Serranidae)

Abstract The evolution of hermaphroditism in fishes has intrigued scientists for over a century, but few have studied fine-scale evolutionary transitions between sexual patterns within the context of detailed hypotheses regarding phylogenetic relationships. Our phylogenetic reconstruction of sexual patterns in the seabasses (Teleostei: Serranidae) using a composite tree of 47 species is consistent with the hypothesis that protogyny is the ancestral condition in the family from which other sexual patterns evolved. Under this scenario, members of the Anthiinae retained protogynous hermaphroditism, as did the serranine genera Centropristis and Cheilidoperca. Gonochorism evolved once in the genus Paralabrax, and simultaneous hermaphroditism evolved once in the lineage that includes species of Hypoplectrus, Serranus, Serraniculus, and Diplectrum. Androdioecy evolved once within the genus Serranus and was derived from simultaneous hermaphroditism. Results from this study differ from previous hypotheses on the e...
Neurochemical and Neuroendocrine Effects of Ibogaine in Rats: Comparison to MK-801

Ibogaine (IBO) is a naturally-occurring indole compound that is being evaluated as a potential medication for substance use disorders. Although the precise mechanism of IBO action is unclear, recent in vitro data show this drug displays properties similar to the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801. The purpose of the present work was to compare In Vivo neurobiological effects of IBO and MK-801 in rats. Groups of male rats (n = 6-8/group) were decapitated 30 and 60 min after receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) IBO (10 & 100 mg/kg), MK-801 (0.1 & 1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle. Trunk blood was collected for the analysis of plasma prolactin and corticosterone; brains were harvested and dissected for determination of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites. Both IBO and MK-801 increased corticosterone secretion, but only IBO elevated plasma prolactin. IBO produced dramatic reductions in tissue DA levels with concurrent increases in the metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). This profile of IBO-induced changes in DA transmission was observed in the striatum, olfactory tubercle, and hypothalamus. The effects of MK-801 on DA metabolism did not mimic IBO, as MK-801 tended to increase DA and its metabolites. Neither drug appreciably affected 5-HT systems. Our results suggest that the effects of IBO on neuroendocrine function and DA transmission are not due to MK-801-like properties of IBO. Thus, the In Vivo mechanism of IBO action cannot be explained simply on the basis of antagonism at NMDA receptors.
Simulation of the tropospheric distribution of carbon monoxide during the 1984 MAPS experiment

Abstract A global, three-dimensional tropospheric chemistry model was used to perform simulations of the tropospheric distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) coinciding with NASA's Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) experiment which took place during 5–13 October 1984. Archived meteorological data for September and October, 1984, were obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting and used to drive the offline chemical transport model simulations. Base-case CO emissions were generated by applying emission factors to compiled inventories for related or co-emitted trace species. Simulation results from September and October have been compared with a recent re-release of the 1984 MAPS data and with in situ correlative data taken during the MAPS mission. Because of unrealistically large spatial variability in N2O mixing ratios measured concurrently by MAPS, model results were also compared with an adjusted CO data set generated by assuming that errors in N2O measured mixing ratios were correlated with errors in the MAPS CO data. These comparisons, in conjunction with simulations probing model sensitivities, led to the conclusion that biomass burning CO emissions from central and southern Africa may have been larger during September and October, 1984, than our initial best estimate based on the CO2 emissions data of Hao et al. (1990. Fire in the Tropical Biota; Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges. Springer, Berlin, pp. 440–462; 1994. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, 495–503) . This result is in disagreement with recent estimates of biomass burning emissions from Africa ( Scholes et al., 1996, Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 23677–23682) which are smaller than previously thought for emissions from this region. Although unknown model deficiencies cannot be conclusively ruled out, model sensitivity studies indicate that increased CO emissions from central and southern Africa offer the best explanation for reducing observed differences between model results and MAPS data for this time period. Our results, in combination with a disparity in recent CO emission estimates from this region ( Scholes et al., 1996 ; Hao et al., 1996, Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 23577–23584), and in light of recent indications of highly variable biomass burning activities from the tropical western Pacific ( Folkins et al., 1997, Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 13291–13299), seem to suggest that biomass burning emissions exhibit significant year-to-year variability. This large variability of emissions sources makes the accurate simulation of specific time periods very difficult and suggests that biomass burning trace species inventories may have to be developed specifically for each simulated time period, employing satellite-derived information on fire coverage and flame intensity.
Les cellules souches épithéliales de la peau

710 3. Kirstetter P, Thomas M, Dierich A, et al. Ikaros is critical for B cell differentiation and function. Eur J Immunol 2002 ; 32 : 720-3. 4. Koipally J, Renold A, Kim J, et al. Repression by Ikaros and Aiolos is mediated through histone deacetylase complexes. EMBO J 1999 ; 18 : 3090-100. 5. Lopez-Nieva P, Santos J, Fernandez-Piqueras J. Defective expression of Notch1 and Notch2 in connection to alterations of c-Myc and Ikaros in gamma-radiation-induced mouse thymic lymphomas. Carcinogenesis 2004 ; 25 : 1299-304. 6. Karlsson A, Soderkvist P, Zhuang SM. Point mutations and deletions in the znfn1a1/ikaros gene in chemically induced murine lymphomas. Cancer Res 2002 ; 62 : 2650-3. 7. Shimada Y, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, et al. Radiation-associated loss of heterozygosity at the Znfn1a1 (Ikaros) locus on chromosome 11 in murine thymic lymphomas. Radiat Res 2000 ; 154 : 293-300. 8. Winandy S, Wu P, Georgopoulos K. A dominant mutation in the Ikaros gene leads to rapid development of leukemia and lymphoma. Cell 1995 ; 83 : 289-99. 9. Papathanasiou P, Perkins AC, Cobb BS, et al. Widespread failure of hematolymphoid differentiation caused by a recessive niche-filling allele of the Ikaros transcription factor. Immunity 2003 ; 19 : 131-44. 10. Beverly L, Capobianco AJ. Perturbation of Ikaros isoform selection by MLV integration is a cooperative event in Notch(IC)-induced T cell leukemogenesis. Cancer Cell 2003 ; 3 : 551-64. Signal Notch
WWW-Based Collaborative System for Integrated Design and Manufacturing

In today's competitive business environment, a product development is the result of a team effort involving a multi-disciplinary group of designers, manufacturers, even supplier and customer representatives. Effective collaboration among various groups is impor tant for reducing cost and product development time. Hence, the aim of our study is to develop a WWW-based collaborative system for integrated design and manufacturing. The proposed system is composed of three modules—collaboration, design, and manufacturing. This paper focuses on its collaboration module and the design module. Its manufacturing module is discussed in References [1] and [2]. The collaboration module is WWW-based platform-independent and provides a virtual collaborative environment for a part designer to perform on-line communication with customers and manufacturers via the Internet. All participants in the collaborative environment can view, and manipulate the solid model of the design part as well as discuss their concerns on-line...
Behavioral effects of aluminum ingestion on animal and human subjects

Abnormally high brain aluminum concentrations have been detected in hemodialysis patients who died of an unexplained encephalopathy. As a result, this study was undertaken to examine whether the ingestion of aluminum produces behavioral aberrations in non-dialysed human subjects and rats with ostensibly normal renal function. Rats were fed AlCl3 by intubation in varying doses, and tests measuring learning ability, visual temporal acuity, motor coordination and activity were administered. It was found that orally ingested aluminum is absorbed by rats and deposited in the brain. High brain aluminum levels are associated with rapid general activity, decreased ability to maintain roto-rod activity, and increased sensitivity to flicker. Behavioral tests were also given to elderly human subjects and performance correlated with serum aluminum level. High serum levels of aluminum in elderly humans are associated with impaired visuo-motor coordination, poor long-term memory, and increased sensitivity to flicker.
A modified iterative sandwich method for determination of near-solidus partial melt compositions. II. Application to determination of near-solidus melt compositions of carbonated peridotite

We performed modified iterative sandwich experiments (MISE) to determine the composition of carbonatitic melt generated near the solidus of natural, fertile peridotite + CO2 at 1,200–1,245°C and 6.6 GPa. Six iterations were performed with natural peridotite (MixKLB-1: Mg# = 89.7) and ∼10 wt% added carbonate to achieve the equilibrium carbonatite composition. Compositions of melts and coexisting minerals converged to a constant composition after the fourth iteration, with the silicate mineral compositions matching those expected at the solidus of carbonated peridotite at 6.6 GPa and 1,230°C, as determined from a sub-solidus experiment with MixKLB-1 peridotite. Partial melts expected from a carbonated lherzolite at a melt fraction of 0.01–0.05% at 6.6 GPa have the composition of sodic iron-bearing dolomitic carbonatite, with molar Ca/(Ca + Mg) of 0.413 ± 0.001, Ca# [100 × molar Ca/(Ca + Mg + Fe*)] of 37.1 ± 0.1, and Mg# of 83.7 ± 0.6. SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 concentrations are 4.1 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.1, and 0.30 ± 0.02 wt%, whereas the Na2O concentration is 4.0 ± 0.2 wt%. Comparison of our results with other iterative sandwich experiments at lower pressures indicate that near-solidus carbonatite derived from mantle lherzolite become less calcic with increasing pressure. Thus carbonatitic melt percolating through the deep mantle must dissolve cpx from surrounding peridotite and precipitate opx. Significant FeO* and Na2O concentrations in near solidus carbonatitic partial melt likely account for the ∼150°C lower solidus temperature of natural carbonated peridotite compared to the solidus of synthetic peridotite in the system CMAS + CO2. The experiments demonstrate that the MISE method can determine the composition of partial melts at very low melt fraction after a small number of iterations.
Feedback Regulation of Transcriptional Termination by the Mammalian Circadian Clock PERIOD Complex

Eukaryotic circadian clocks are built on transcriptional feedback loops. In mammals, the PERIOD (PER) and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) proteins accumulate, form a large nuclear complex (PER complex), and repress their own transcription. We found that mouse PER complexes included RNA helicases DDX5 and DHX9, active RNA polymerase II large subunit, Per and Cry pre-mRNAs, and SETX, a helicase that promotes transcriptional termination. During circadian negative feedback, RNA polymerase II accumulated near termination sites on Per and Cry genes but not on control genes. Recruitment of PER complexes to the elongating polymerase at Per and Cry termination sites inhibited SETX action, impeding RNA polymerase II release and thereby repressing transcriptional reinitiation. Circadian clock negative feedback thus includes direct control of transcriptional termination.
A new function for activated protein C: activated protein C prevents inhibition of plasminogen activators by releasate from mononuclear leukocytes--platelet suspensions stimulated by phorbol diester.

Abstract Mononuclear leukocytes release an inhibitor of plasminogen activators. Mononuclear leukocyte mixtures (400 to 1,000/mm3) lysed fibrin (8.3 uM) clots in the presence of plasminogen (0.58 uM). Anti-urokinase IgG (0.16 uM) inhibited this fibrinolysis. 2-Deoxyglucose (5 mM) and oligomycin (2.3 uM) also inhibited fibrinolysis. Incubation of mononuclear leukocytes (3,200/ul) with phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate (20 nM) for ten minutes at 37°C aggregated the monocyte and platelet components and inhibited fibrinolysis. The releasate from these stimulated cells in dilutions ranging from undiluted to 1:16 inhibited urokinase (1.6 pM) and tissue plasminogen activator (1.4 pM). This releasate did not inhibit plasmin (2.5 nM). Incubation of this releasate with activated protein C (33 nM to 333 nM) for ten minutes at 37°C before addition of either urokinase, or tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen completely prevented this inhibition. Thrombin, factor Xa, DIP-activated protein C had no affect on this inhibition. We conclude that activated protein C facilitates fibrinolysis by preventing inhibition of plasminogen activators. This may be a mechanism by which activated protein C increases fibrinolytic activity in vivo .
Distributing security-mediated PKI

The security-mediated approach to PKI offers several advantages, such as instant revocation and compatibility with standard RSA tools. In this paper, we present a design and prototype that addresses its trust and scalability problems. We use trusted computing platforms linked with peer-to-peer networks to create a network of trustworthy mediators and improve availability. We use threshold cryptography to build a back-up and migration technique which allows recovery from a mediator crashing while also avoiding having all mediators share all secrets. We then use strong forward secrecy with this migration, to mitigate the damage should a crashed mediator actually be compromised.
Thermo-Viscoelastic Response of Graphite/Epoxy Composites

The thermo-viscoelastic behavior of composite material is studied analytically using a special finite-element formulation. Numerical results on stress and deformation histories are obtained for both unnotched and notched graphite/epoxy composites subjected to mechanical and thermal spectrum loads. The results indicate that time-dependent effects are important in composites with matrix-dominated layup orientations. Such effects also strongly depend on the specific environment condition and load spectrum applied.
Variable effects of soman on macromolecular secretion by ferret trachea

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the anticholinesterase agent, soman, on macromolecular secretion by ferret trachea, in vitro. We mounted pieces of ferret trachea in Ussing-type chambers. Secreted sulfated macromolecules were radiolabeled by adding 500 microCi of 35SO4 to the submucosal medium and incubating for 17 hr. Soman added to the submucosal side produced a concentration-dependent increase in radiolabeled macromolecular release with a maximal secretory response (mean +/- SD) of 202 +/- 125% (n = 8) relative to the basal secretion rate at a concentration of 10(-7) M. The addition of either 10(-6) M pralidoxime (acetylcholinesterase reactivator) or 10(-6) M atropine blocked the response to 10(-7) M soman. At soman concentrations greater than 10(-7) M, secretion rate decreased and was not significantly different from basal secretion. Additional experiments utilizing acetylcholine and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, suggest that inhibition of secretion by high concentrations of soman may be due to a secondary antagonistic effect of soman on muscarinic receptors.
Theory of the Urbach Rule

The two-vibrational-mode model proposed by Toyozawa and Mahr to account for the Urbach rule is considered both in the semiclassical approximation and in the full quantum theory. The semiclassical line shape accounts for both the exponential Urbach tail and the central Gaussian region of the absorption band. Quantum modifications make the semiclassical line shape incorrect for an excited state stable to odd-parity lattice distortions. The quantum line shape for an unstable excited state is shown to be qualitatively similar to the semiclassical line shape. In particular the two line shapes agree at high temperatures, but differ quantitatively at low temperatures. It is suggested that the hypotehsis of an unstable excited state is consistent with recent experimental results on intrinsic luminescence in alkali halides.
Mutagenic spectrum of butadiene-derived N1-deoxyinosine adducts and N6,N6-deoxyadenosine intrastrand cross-links in mammalian cells

Reactive metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, including 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (BDO), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (BDO2), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (BDE), form both stable and unstable base adducts in DNA and have been implicated in producing genotoxic effects in rodents and human cells. N1 deoxyadenosine adducts are unstable and can undergo either hydrolytic deamination to yield N1 deoxyinosine adducts or Dimroth rearrangement to yield N6 adducts. The dominant point mutation observed at AT sites in both in vivo and in vitro mutagenesis studies using BD and its epoxides has been A → T transversions followed by A → G transitions. To understand which of the butadiene adducts are responsible for mutations at AT sites, the present study focuses on the N1 deoxyinosine adduct at C2 of BDO and N6,N6-deoxyadenosine intrastrand cross-links derived from BDO2. These lesions were incorporated site-specifically and stereospecifically into oligodeoxynucleotides which were engineered into mammalian shuttle vectors for replication byp...
A new design of carbon fiber microelectrode for in vivo voltammetry using fused silica

Voltammetric probes were constructed from stainless steel and fused silica tubing sheathing carbon fibers. Electrochemical tests were carried out to compare these electrodes with commercially available glass-sealed IVEC-5 electrodes. Electrodes of both types displayed a similar declining baseline and calculated coefficients of stabilization (tangent of baseline during a stable period). There were no significant differences in sensitivity between the two designs of electrodes to norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). All tested electrodes showed linear current responses to increasing concentrations of NE and DA. Fused silica (FS type) electrodes are suitable for electrochemical measurements (in vivo voltammetry) and display characteristics similar to those of commercially available IVEC-5 glass-sealed carbon fiber microelectrodes. Manufacture of FS type electrodes in a biochemical laboratory is easy and does not require any special equipment (such as a micropipette puller) or glass-handling skills. An additional fused silica tube can be glued to the electrode for microinjections. The electrodes are very robust, easy to handle and can be mounted on the arms of standard stereotaxic instruments. The electrodes can be made long enough to reach the deepest parts of brain of large animals.
Strain and sex differences in repeated ethanol treatment-induced motor activity in quasi-congenic mice

The B6.C quasi-congenic Recombinant QTL Introgression (RQI) strains of the b4i5 series have similar genetic background, but differ in about 5% of their genome from the C57BL/6ByJ (B6) background strain because they carry short chromosome segments introgressed from the BALB/cJ (C) donor strain. These RQI strains were derived from mouse lines selectively bred for high activity of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH/MES), therefore genetic variation in dopamine system-related behaviours, such as ethanol-induced motor activity, can be expected. Males and females of 17 RQI and two progenitor strains were tested for initial motor activity for 15 min after a habituating injection of saline, which was followed by an i.p. injection of saline or ethanol (2 g/kg) and an additional test of motor activity for 30 min. This procedure was repeated during 4 subsequent days. In all strains, the first-day ethanol treatment showed an inhibitory effect. With repetition of the treatment the inhibitory effect decreased, and a stimulatory effect could be observed with significant strain- and sex-dependent variation. Females exhibited higher activity in the saline group than males, and reached an equilibrium of inhibition and stimulation sooner than males with repetition of the ethanol treatment. The highest (> 25-fold) difference in activity after repeated ethanol treatment was detected between females of the two strains B6.Cb4i5-Alpha4/Vad and B6.Cb4i5-Beta13/Vad. These results firstly suggest that females are more sensitive to repeated ethanol exposure than males, secondly they support the observations that ethanol has both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on motor activity, which are affected by sex, genotype, and repetition of treatment, and thirdly offer new quasi-congenic animal models with highly different responses to ethanol allowing one to more quickly move to gene detection.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RELAXED INTERSTATE SPEED LIMITS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY

Abstract In April 1987, the federal government enacted the Federal Highway Bill which, among its other provisions, permitted states to increase speed limits on rural sections of their interstate highways. Forty states have responded to the enabling legislation by raising their speed limits which has fueled an ongoing debate regarding the highway safety effects of higher speed limits. Contributing to the discussion, this paper reports the results of annual cross-section–time series analyses of highway safety in California, which raised speed limits in May 1987. Based upon a 9-year sample from 1981 to 1989, the higher speed limits are found to have no system-wide effects on total, fatal, injury-related, or property damage accidents. Redistribution effects, however, were identified in that counties with 65 mph highways experienced a significant increase in each accident category.
Building a Foundation for Interprofessional-Education (IPE) between Dietetic Students and Dental Hygiene Students at East Tennessee State University (ETSU)

Building a Foundation for Interprofessional-Education (IPE) Between Dietetic Students and Dental Hygiene Students at East Tennessee State University (ETSU) by Monique Richard Nutrition education is an integral part of dental education as well as a variety of other healthcare professions, but interprofessional education (IPE) between the fields of dietetics and dental hygiene is limited. The purpose of this pilot study was to define areas of opportunity to establish a foundation for the implementation of complimentary curriculum between the dietetics and dental hygiene programs at ETSU. A 76-question survey was developed and administered to dietetic interns (n=26), dental hygiene students (n=49), dietetic faculty (n=23), and dental hygiene faculty (n=19) at ETSU and Baylor College of Dentistry at Texas A&M Health Science Center. Data analysis reveals a knowledge proficiency deficit in dental hygiene students related to nutrition and oral health as well as significant findings in perceived roles of the ‘other’ profession. The potential for interdisciplinary education and training between dietetic and dental hygiene students at ETSU is promising, potentially leading to improved patient care.
Thermodynamic measurements of the cis and trans effects in alkylcobalt(III) chelates

Abstract Thermodynamic parameters for bonding a sixth ligand to a number of five coordinate alkylcobalt(III) complexes have been measured. The enthalpies of adduct formation demonstrate the magnitudes of the ground state trans and cis effects in these systems. Substantial differences in the enthalpies of axial bond formation are caused by changes in both the trans and cis ligands. Unusual behavior is observed when tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydrothiophene are the entering ligands. Comparison of the equilibrium constants for these two bases indicates that the cobalt center prefers the more polarizable sulfur donor. On the other hand, the enthalpy measurements show that the metal ligand bond formed is stronger with the oxygen donor. This unusual behavior has been previously observed for the binding of these two bases to methylcobaloxime.
Cell growth and the regulation of prostaglandin synthesis

Abstract Prostaglandin (PG) synthesis was determined in human embryo lung fibroblasts (HELF) during active, slowed and nongrowing phases. Bradykinin and ascorbic acid were used to induce PG synthesis. The cells were also exposed to arachidonic acid, a PG precursor. During active growth, PGE2 synthesis in response to stimulation by either bradykinin or ascorbic acid was low. As growth slowed the cellular response changed. During quiescence bradykinin and ascorbic acid stimulated PG production markedly while the conversion of free arachidonic acid to PGE2 also increased markedly. This change in response by quiescent cells was not due to an increase in cell density. When growing and quiescent cells at the same cell density were compared, the growing cells showed very little response to bradykinin while the quiescent cells were very responsive. The change in response was also not due to any differences in arachidonic acid concentrations in the culture medium during growth and non-growth.
Discrete Hartley transform

The discrete Hartley transform (DHT) resembles the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) but is free from two characteristics of the DFT that are sometimes computationally undesirable. The inverse DHT is identical with the direct transform, and so it is not necessary to keep track of the +i and −i versions as with the DFT. Also, the DHT has real rather than complex values and thus does not require provision for complex arithmetic or separately managed storage for real and imaginary parts. Nevertheless, the DFT is directly obtainable from the DHT by a simple additive operation. In most image-processing applications the convolution of two data sequences f1 and f2 is given by DHT of [(DHT of f1) × (DHT of f2)], which is a rather simpler algorithm than the DFT permits, especially if images are. to be manipulated in two dimensions. It permits faster computing. Since the speed of the fast Fourier transform depends on the number of multiplications, and since one complex multiplication equals four real multiplications, a fast Hartley transform also promises to speed up Fourier-transform calculations. The name discrete Hartley transform is proposed because the DHT bears the same relation to an integral transform described by Hartley [ HartleyR. V. L., Proc. IRE30, 144 ( 1942)] as the DFT bears to the Fourier transform.
Detection of Target Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Antigen in Orange Juice and Popular Carbonated Beverages Using Antibody‐Dependent Antigen‐Capture Assays

There is a critical need for qualitative and quantitative methodologies that provide the rapid and accurate detection of food contaminants in complex food matrices. However, the sensitivity of the assay can be affected when antigen-capture is applied to certain foods or beverages that are extremely acidic. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of orange juice and popular carbonated soft drink upon the fidelity of antibody-based antigen-capture assays and to develop simple approaches that could rescue assay performance without the introduction of additional or extensive extraction procedures. We examined the effects of orange juice and a variety of popular carbonated soft drink beverages upon a quantitative Interleukin-2 (IL-2) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay system and a lateral flow device (LFD) adapted for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in foods. Alterations in the performance and sensitivity of the assay were directly attributable to the food matrix, and alterations in pH were especially critical. The results demonstrate that approaches such as an alteration of pH and the use of milk as a blocking agent, either singly or in combination, will partially rescue ELISA performance. The same approaches permit lateral flow to efficiently detect antigen.
Mathematical approaches to comparative linguistics

The inference of the evolutionary history of a set of languages is a complex problem. Although some languages are known to be related through descent from common ancestral languages, for other languages determining whether such a relationship holds is itself a difficult problem. In this paper we report on new methods, developed by linguists Johanna Nichols (University of California, Berkeley), Donald Ringe and Ann Taylor (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and me, for answering some of the most difficult questions in this domain. These methods and the results of the analyses based on these methods were presented in November 1995 at the Symposium on the Frontiers of Science held by the National Academy of Sciences.
Minimum dominating cycles in 2-trees

We consider the class of 2-trees and present a linear time algorithm for finding minimum dominating cycles of such graphs. We stress the use of a particular representation of these graphs called a recursive representation, and some linear operations on directed trees associated with these graphs.
Increased resistance of rough copper surfaces at terahertz frequencies

We find that the surface resistance of smooth copper exceeds that predicted by classical electromagnetic theory. We have fabricated copper surfaces with controlled roughness and grain size. We will present measurements of the reflectivity of these copper surfaces and compare these results to theoretical predictions for the THz resistance of surfaces.
Simulated uterine contractions facilitate fetal and newborn respiratory behavior in rats

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that sensory and nonsensory factors associated. with birth stimulate respiratory behavior in the fetal and newborn rat. Late gestation (Day 21) rat fetuses were externalized from the uterus with intact umbilical connections to the dam and exposed to stimuli normally associated with labor and delivery. Onset and maintenance of respiratory movements were monitored. In the first experiment, rat fetuses were exposed to either: (i) simulated uterine contractions; (ii) cooling (26°C); (iii) umbilical cord occlusion; or (iv) air heated to intrauterine temperature (37.5°C). Subjects were videotaped for 1 h, and respiratory movements counted during tape review. Fetuses in each group showed some respiratory behavior although compression significantly elevated respiratory rate compared to other experimental conditions. All subjects in each group were respiring after 1 h, except for pups that received umbilical cord occlusion. The 100% attrition rate of the cord occlusion-alone group was reversed by combining cord occlusion with compression, or with compression and cooling, but not by combining cord occlusion with cooling. Simulated birth pups (i.e., those exposed to compression, cooling and umbilical cord occlusion) and normal, vaginally delivered pups breathed at identical rates and showed a similar pattern of postpartum breathing. These results suggest that mechanical stimulation of the fetus associated with uterine contractions plays a critical role in the maintenance of continuous respiration at birth. Possible mechanisms for the facilitative effects of compression on perinatal breathing are discussed.
Radiative, collisional, and predissociative effects in CH laser-induced-fluorescence flame thermometry.

Laser-induced fluorescence of the CH radical is used to determine the flame-front temperature of an 8-Torr premixed CH4/O2 flame. The A2Δ–X2Π (0, 0) and B2Σ- - X2Π (0, 0) bands give values of 1960 ± 60 and 1920 ± 70 K, respectively. This is an improvement over a previous study that found discrepancies up to 20% between these bands. New rotational-level-dependent transition probabilities are the main reason for this improvement. The weaker off-diagonal bands A–X (0, 1) and B–X (0, 1) yield temperatures of 1930 ± 90 and 1830 ± 100 K, respectively. The influence of rotational transfer on the predissociated levels that have N′ > 14 in B2Σ-, v′ = 0 was investigated with fluorescence scans and a statistical power-gap law model of the relaxation; deviations up to 8% in temperature can occur because of this process.
Infection after rotator cuff repair

Sixteen patients (15 men and 1 woman) were treated for infection complicating rotator cuff repair during the period 1975 through 1994. Eight of the 16 patients had their initial procedure performed elsewhere. The remaining 8 procedures were performed at our institution with the known incidence of this complication being 0.27%. In addition to intravenous antibiotic therapy, an average of 3.5 (range 2 to 8) operative procedures were required to eradicate the infections. Micro-organisms cultured were Propionibacter in 6, coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 4, Staphylococcus aureus in 4, Peptostreptococcus magnus in 1, and both Propionibacter and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 1. The deltoid was restored in all patients; the rotator cuff was reparable in 11. In the 12 shoulders with greater than 1 year of follow-up (average 51 months, range 14 to 165 months), active elevation averaged 110 degrees and external rotation 50 degrees. Four patients had no pain, 4 had minimal pain, and the remaining 4 had moderate pain. Satisfactory final results, which were determined by the patients' opinion or with the use of either the University of California, Los Angeles score or the modified Neer system, were obtained in 5 (42%) of the shoulders.
Effect of stress on non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.

Non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (non-O157 STEC) strains have emerged as important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Non-O157 STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 have been declared as adulterants in beef by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. While documentation is limited, treatments including heat and acid that have been shown to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 will likely also destroy non-O157 STEC; however, non-O157 STEC strains show variability in their responses to stress. It has been shown that non-O157 STEC may survive in fermented sausages and cheeses, and treatments such as high pressure may be necessary to eliminate non-O157 STEC from these products. The mechanisms used by non-O157 STEC to resist acid environments are similar to those used by O157:H7 strains and include the acid tolerance response, the oxidative system, and the glutamate and arginine decarboxylase systems. However, one study demonstrated that some non-O157 STEC strains ...
The I 131-irradiated rat thyroid: its altered response to various stimuli and the changes induced in its iodine metabolism.

MANY reports dealing with the effects of I131 irradiation on the thyroid gland have appeared (1-13). Most of these were concerned with his- tological changes in the gland and with its altered response to various k stimuli. The present investigation was undertaken primarily to study the effects of I131 irradiation on the iodide-concentrating mechanism of the thyroid and on the nature and distribution of the iodine compounds formed by the gland. At the same time we also investigated the response of the I131 irradiated rat thyroid to the following stimuli: 1) the feeding of propylthiouracil (PTU); 2) the injection of thyrotropic hormone (TSH); and 3) lowered environmental temperature. The radiation dosage to the thyroid was estimated from in vivo measurements of uptake and release of I131 by the gland. Histological effects of I131 irradiation on the thyroid are also reported here.
Subcellular distributions and properties of rat liver phosphodiesterases.

Abstract The enzyme hydrolyzing p -nitrophenyl-5′-phosphothymidine most rapidly at pH 5.2 (acid phosphodiesterase I) has been shown to be lysosomal in rat liver, and it has been differentiated from the enzyme hydrolyzing the same substrate most rapidly at pH 9.6 (alkaline phosphodiesterase I) by their subcellular distributions and properties. The lysosomal enzymes were chromatographed on DEAE- and CM-cellulose. Lysosomal acid phosphodiesterase I had a K m of 0.4 m m p -nitrophenyl-5'-phosphothymidine and was unaffected by Mg ++ , Ca ++ , EDTA, dithiothreitol, and Triton X-100. Enzymes hydrolyzing bis-( p -nitrophenyl)-P (phosphodiesterases IV) were present in the lysosomes and cell sap of rat liver; the pH optima of these enzymes were pH 5.2 and 6.6, respectively. The lysosomal enzyme had a K m of 0.10 m m bis-( p -nitrophenyl)-P and was unaffected by Mg ++ , Ca ++ , and dithiothreitol. It is suggested that acid pyrophosphatase was responsible for most of the lysosomal phosphodiesterase activity at pH 5.2.
Vasopressin Biosynthesis. III. In Vitro Studies

Under appropriate conditions, the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex, removed intact from guinea pigs, incorporated 36S-cysteine or 3H-tyrosine into vasopressin and tissue proteins. The appearance of labeled hormone was time-dependent, required an energy source and was inhibited by puromycin. Whereas slices of hypothalamicmedian eminence (HME) tissue could also carry out the incorporation of isotopic amino acids into vasopressin in vitro, the distal portion of the neuron (infundibular stem and process) could not do so. As in the case of in vivo isotope experiments, the appearance of labeled hormone in vitro was preceded by a lag period. This lag period appears to be a unique characteristic of vasopressin biosynthesis. Slices of HME taken from guinea pigs deprived of water for 4 days prior to sacrifice incorporated 2–5 times more label into vasopressin than slices of HME taken from animals which had free access to water. (Endocrinology 75: 934, 1964)