cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Reintegrative Shaming and Restorative Justice Conferences: Focusing on Juvenile Offenders' Perceptions in Australian Reintegrative Shaming Experiments

This article examines the effectiveness of diversionary restorative justice (RJ) conferences through the eyes of juvenile offenders. In Australia, Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) are based on Braithwaite's theory of reintegrative shaming. Previous studies, although showing that RISE reported high levels of victim satisfaction and positive changes in the attitudes of offenders, also demonstrated that it has different outcomes for juvenile offenders depending on the type of offense with which they were charged. However, the effectiveness of RISE in terms of the offenders' perceptions has not been addressed, and the impact of the offenders' perceptions about RISE still remains under investigation. Using Australian data from RISE between 1995 and 1999, this article examines juvenile offenders' perceptions on preventing reoffending, repaying the victim and society, and the degree of repentance. The data were taken from interviews with juvenile offenders to measure their perceptions after the court or RISE processing. A comparison of standard court processing effects and RISE on juvenile offending, including property crime, shoplifting, and violent offenses, was undertaken. The results from this study were somewhat inconsistent with previous research. In this study, there was no significant relationship between RJ conference and the offenders' own perceptions on the prevention of future offending. However, it was found that there were treatment effects on repaying the victim, repaying society, and the degree of feeling repentance, and that younger offenders wanted to repay the victim/society and feel repentance.
¿Hacia una superación del «cleavage» regional? La nacionalización de los partidos políticos ecuatorianos desde el retorno a la democracia

This work analyses the evolution of Ecuadorian political parties’ territorial coverage since the return to democracy. It uses district-level electoral returns from between 1979 and 2013 for three different types of elections (presidential, national deputy, provincial deputy) to evaluate the territorial homogeneity of the parties in each period («static» nationalization) as well as the homogeneity of temporal change («dynamic» nationalization). Through use of electoral cartography, as well as mixed model statistical analysis, the results show a high level of volatility along both dimensions of nationalization for all parties, including the government’s ALianza pais. The analysis also reveals that widespread voter support for legislators from a single party is driven by presidential coattails rather than through developing deep roots in districts. The geographical analysis indicates that regionalism has persisted in Ecuadorian political parties since 1979 despite the success of Rafael Correa’s party at the polls.
Androgen Receptor Splice Variants Activate Androgen Receptor Target Genes and Support Aberrant Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Independent of Canonical Androgen Receptor Nuclear Localization Signal

Synthesis of truncated androgen receptor (AR) splice variants has emerged as an important mechanism of prostate cancer (PCa) resistance to AR-targeted therapy and progression to a lethal castration-resistant phenotype. However, the precise role of these factors at this stage of the disease is not clear due to loss of multiple COOH-terminal AR protein domains, including the canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the AR hinge region. Despite loss of this NLS, we show that diverse truncated AR variant species have a basal level of nuclear localization sufficient for ligand-independent transcriptional activity. Whereas full-length AR requires Hsp90 and importin-β for active nuclear translocation, basal nuclear localization of truncated AR variants is independent of these classical signals. For a subset of truncated AR variants, this basal level of nuclear import can be augmented by unique COOH-terminal sequences that reconstitute classical AR NLS activity. However, this property is separable from ligand-independent transcriptional activity. Therefore, the AR splice variant core consisting of the AR NH2-terminal domain and DNA binding domain is sufficient for nuclear localization and androgen-independent transcriptional activation of endogenous AR target genes. Indeed, we show that truncated AR variants with nuclear as well as nuclear/cytoplasmic localization patterns can drive androgen-independent growth of PCa cells. Together, our data demonstrate that diverse truncated AR species with varying efficiencies of nuclear localization can contribute to castration-resistant PCa pathology by driving persistent ligand-independent AR transcriptional activity.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Tiflamizole in Plasma

A sensitive, specific, high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the measurement of plasma tiflamizole levels. Acidic plasma samples were extracted with three volumes of ether. The ether extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile, washed with hexane, and the acetonitrile was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 0.5 mL of mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.007 M pH 3 sodium phosphate buffer (70:30, v/v) and then chromatographed on a octadecylsilane bonded microparticulate silica column. The assay is specific, precise, accurate, and can measure 10 ng of tiflamizole in 5 mL of plasma. The method was applied to human pharmacokinetic studies.
A Critical Test of Self‐Enhancement, Exposure, and Self‐Categorization Explanations for First‐ and Third‐Person Perceptions

The third-person perception is the tendency for people to believe that others are more influenced by media content than themselves (W. P. Davison, 1983). The current study provides a critical test of self-enhancement, exposure, and self-categorization explanations for first- (i.e., self more influenced than others) and third-person perceptions. Male and female participants (N = 323) judged the extent to which pornography elicited“aroused and excited” (i.e., male normative) versus“repulsed and offended” (i.e., female normative) reactions in themselves relative to average men and women. Men perceived an average woman to be more repulsed and offended by pornography than themselves, and women perceived an average man to be more aroused and excited than themselves (i.e., large third-person perceptions). Further, men perceived themselves to be more aroused and excited by pornography than an average woman (independent of the degree to which pornography was judged as antisocial), and women perceived themselves to be more repulsed and offended than an average man (i.e., large first-person perceptions). There were relatively small effects for same sex comparisons independent of norm. The pattern and magnitude of first- and third-person perceptions are consistent with self-categorization theory, irreconcilable with the exposure hypothesis, and difficult to reconcile with the self-enhancement explanation.
Attitude and interlock angle estimation using split-field-of-view star tracker

An efficient Kalman filter based algorithm has been proposed for the spacecraft attitude estimation problem using a novel split-field-of-view star camera and three-axis rate gyros. The conventional spacecraft attitude algorithm has been modified for on-orbit estimation of interlock angles between the two fields of view of star camera, gyro axis, and the spacecraft body frame. Real time estimation of the interlock angles makes the attitude estimates more robust to thermal and environmental effects than in-ground estimation, and makes the overall system more tolerant of off-nominal structural, mechanical, and optical assembly anomalies.
Application of a metacognitive strategy to assessment, intervention, and consultation: A think-aloud technique

Abstract Research on metacognition is reviewed and suggestions are made for application of this knowledge by school psychologists in assessment, intervention, and consultation. Two empirical studies illustrate the application of a specific metacognitive strategy — the think-aloud procedure—to assessment and intervention. The first study showed that asking students to give reasons for responses improved performance on a test of reading comprehension. The second study showed that incorporating the think-aloud technique in remedial reading instruction resulted in substantial gains in reading comprehension.
Visualization of data

Data visualization has developed in several directions: theoretical; methodological; and in new application areas. Advances include the development of a grammar of graphics, deeper understanding of human perception and implications for graphical layout, and better approaches to visualizing multi-dimensional data and large data sets. Gene expression is a notable new application area for visualization of large data sets.
Role of the C Terminus of FtsK in Escherichia coli Chromosome Segregation

FtsK is essential for Escherichia coli cell division. We report that cells lacking the C terminus of FtsK are defective in chromosome segregation as well as septation, often exhibiting asymmetrically positioned nucleoids and large anucleate regions. Combining the corresponding truncated ftsK gene with a mukB null mutation resulted in a synthetic lethal phenotype. When the truncated ftsK was combined with a minCDE deletion, chains of minicells were generated, many of which contained DNA. These results suggest that the C terminus of FtsK has an important role in chromosome partitioning.
Simple bootstrap statistical inference using the SAS system

Nonparametric bootstrap statistical inference is a robust computer intensive method for generating estimates of statistical variability for which formulae are not known or asymptotic assumptions are not met. A SAS macro that implements simple nonparametric bootstrap statistical inference is presented with an example. The program code is easily generalized to any SAS procedure which includes a BY statement, and to cases of clustered data.
Fault grading the Intel 80486

The fault grading methodology used for developing test vectors for the 80486 microprocessor is described. The methodology included developing a simulation model for logic verification and tests for 100% toggle coverage at the RTL level, completing logic verification, developing the fault lists and optimizing them by fault collapsing, performing fault simulation on a sample of faults and in parallel simultaneously identifying/eliminating undetectable faults, performing fault simulations on complete fault lists for blocks which have high initial fault coverage, and developing new tests for blocks with low coverage. The practical issues and bottlenecks involved in quickly achieving a high fault coverage are identified. Built-in self-test features which provided a high initial fault coverage are highlighted. >
Pluripotent Stem Cells in Research and Treatment of Hemoglobinopathies

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great promise for research and treatment of hemoglobinopathies. In principle, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells could be derived from a blood sample, genetically corrected to repair the disease-causing mutation, differentiated into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and returned to the patient to provide a cure through autologous gene and cell therapy. However, there are many challenges at each step of this complex treatment paradigm. Gene repair is currently inefficient in stem cells, but use of zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases appear to be a major advance. To date, no successful protocol exists for differentiating PSCs into definitive HSCs. PSCs can be directly differentiated into primitive red blood cells, but not yet in sufficient numbers to enable treating patients, and the cost of clinical scale differentiation is prohibitively expensive with current differentiation methods and efficiencies. Here we review the progress, promise, and remaining hurdles in realizing the potential of PSCs for cell therapy.
Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha (SGTA), a candidate gene for polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenic, complex common genetic disease. Multiple pathways are involved in its pathogenesis, including the androgen signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathway. Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha (SGTA) is a putative member of the androgen receptor-chaperone-co-chaperone complex, and may play a role in androgen signaling as a cochaperone. Polymorphisms in the SGTA gene have not been evaluated for a role in PCOS. METHODS: Women with and without PCOS (287 cases, 187 controls) were genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SGTA. SNPs and haplotypes were determined and tested for association with PCOS and component traits of PCOS. RESULTS: For SNP rs1640262, homozygotes for the minor allele were protected against PCOS (P = 0.009). Haplotype 1 (G-A-T) was associated with increased risk of PCOS (P = 0.015). In women with PCOS, haplotype 2 (A-G-C) was associated with increased insulin resistance (P = 0.013), consequently resulting in increased insulin secretion (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents genetic evidence suggesting a potential role of SGTA in the pathogenesis of PCOS. SGTA may provide a connection between multiple pathways in PCOS.
A Waveform Diversity Method for Optimizing 3-D Power Depositions Generated by Ultrasound Phased Arrays

A waveform-diversity-based approach for 3-D tumor heating is compared to spot scanning for hyperthermia applications. The waveform diversity method determines the excitation signals applied to the phased array elements and produces a beam pattern that closely matches the desired power distribution. The optimization algorithm solves the covariance matrix of the excitation signals through semidefinite programming subject to a series of quadratic cost functions and constraints on the control points. A numerical example simulates a 1444-element spherical-section phased array that delivers heat to a 3-cm-diameter spherical tumor located 12 cm from the array aperture, and the results show that waveform diversity combined with mode scanning increases the heated volume within the tumor while simultaneously decreasing normal tissue heating. Whereas standard single focus and multiple focus methods are often associated with unwanted intervening tissue heating, the waveform diversity method combined with mode scanning shifts energy away from intervening tissues where hotspots otherwise accumulate to improve temperature localization in deep-seated tumors.
Reproductive success of syntopic nesting barn swallows and cave swallows in northeastern Texas

Abstract Cave swallows (Petrochelidon fulva) have undergone a dramatic range expansion in the southwestern United States. In south Texas, this has coincided with a concurrent decline in culvert-nesting barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), leading some authors to suggest that colonizing cave swallows negatively impact barn swallows. Here we compare the reproduction of syntopic nesting barn and cave swallows in culverts and under bridges at the northeastern edge of the expanding cave swallow distribution. Cave swallows in northeastern Texas had reproductive success comparable to natural populations further south. Syntopic nesting barn swallows had much-reduced reproductive success when compared with results of studies in this area prior to colonization by cave swallows. Though cave swallows had higher fledging success, this trend was only significant for culvert-nesting birds. Barn swallows nesting under bridges did better than their counterparts in culverts, possibly because of structural differences and their...
Chronic Disease Management

Chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and kidney disease account for seven of the top ten causes of death and account for billions of dollars of health-care expenditures annually in the United States (Center for Disease Control, 2005; Weingarten et al., 2002). In 2007, 11% of the US population suffered from the number one killer in the United States diagnosed heart disease (National Center for Health Statistics, 2008; 2009). The cost of medical management of heart disease alone is staggering, in 2006 it accounted for 43% of all Medicare expenditures and 1–2% of total US health care (Foote, 2003; Stewart, 2005; Thorn et al., 2006). The management of chronic disease (CD) strains the psychological well-being of chronically diseased individuals and their families (Levy et al., 2007; de Ridder et al., 2008), particularly with problems such as heart disease where psychological factors such as stress, social isolation, anxiety, depression, and type A behavior have a role in disease progression, and management of the disease requires stressful caregiving and case management skills from unprepared family members (Hemingway and Marmot, 1999; Rozanski et al., 1999).
The Enemy of Good?: Making the Most of Highly Sensitive Troponin Assays⁎

“Be not simply good; be good for something.” —Henry David Thoreau, 1848 ([1][1]) Troponin assays are getting better, so much so, in fact, that we as clinicians need to similarly evolve in our understanding of how we can use them most effectively. I have observed medical house staff cast off
Deep Crustal Communities of the Juan de Fuca Ridge Are Governed by Mineralogy

ABSTRACTVolcanic ocean crust contains a global chemosynthetic microbial ecosystem that impacts ocean productivity, seawater chemistry and geochemical cycling. We examined the mineralogical effect on community structure in the aquifer ecosystem by using a four-year in situ colonization experiment with igneous minerals and glasses in Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Microbial community analysis and scanning electron microscopy revealed that olivine phases and iron-bearing minerals bore communities that were distinct from iron-poor phases. Communities were dominated by Archaeoglobaceae, Clostridia, Thermosipho, Desulforudis and OP1 lineages. Our results suggest that mineralogy determines microbial composition in the subseafloor aquifer ecosystem.
Racial and Ethnic Diversity of Participants in Research Supporting Evidence-Based Practices for Learners With Autism Spectrum Disorder:

Selection of a special education evidence-based practice (EBP) requires developing an understanding of what interventions work as well as for whom they are effective. This review examined participant characteristics in the EBP literature for learners with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) identified by the National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders. Results indicated very limited representation of diverse participants in the entire body of research, and when reported, White youth represented a large majority of study participants. This work is an attempt to begin to better understand the extent that various contextual factors are reported in a body of literature used to identify EBPs. Implications for ASD research are discussed along with recommendations for future research.
Continuing Education Improves Professional Satisfaction and Productivity

Despite their high degree of technical sophistication, medical technologists continue to have a low level of job satisfaction and poor self-image among health care professionals. In our highly specialized Clinical Immunology Laboratory, technologies, procedures, and protocols change rapidly, necessitating a strong continuing education program. To improve interest in continuing education and job satisfaction, we designed a new program that required active participation by all members of the laboratory staff, from director to bench technologists. Each medical technologist selected a topic of current interest relevant to the laboratory, chose a faculty member for assistance in organizing the material, researched the topic, and presented a seminar to the rest of the laboratory staff. Although this required extra work, both inside and outside of the laboratory, the results were remarkable. Not only was the staff educated about such topics in clinical immunology as flow cytometry, OKT3 therapy of acute kidney transplant rejection, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody and antigen testing, but motivation improved. Aware of the effort needed to prepare a seminar, staff members were attentive and supportive during the presentations. Technologists had the opportunity to add new accomplishments to their resumes, and several persons wrote articles for the clinical laboratory newsletter or provided diagrams that became permanent illustrations in the procedure manuals. Increased productivity and efficiency observed in the laboratory proved unexpected benefits of this continuing education program. Individually, each technologist came away from his or her presentation with a sense of accomplishment. With the increased responsibility of these presentations, each technologist found professional growth, which resulted in increased job satisfaction.
Genetically Modified Foods: The Creation of Trust and Access to Global Markets

For no modern commercial industry is public trust more critical?and more lacking?than for agricultural biotechnology. Researchers are on the threshold of using genetic engineering to usher in what the Rockefeller Foundation has called a "doubly green" revolution that modifies basic grains to make them more productive, more nutritious, and better suited to address the problems of world hunger and malnutrition. Yet, rather than inspire confidence, the industry with the ability to realize the fruits of these discoveries has sown the seeds of suspicion. The seed companies that dominate modern agribusiness?Monsanto, Dupont, Dow Chemical and Novartis?stand accused in the court of public opinion of indifference to public safety and consumer rights in the quest to dominate global agricul ture. In a December 1999 landmark class action, Monsanto2 and its "co conspirators" also stand accused in civil court of forcing genetically modified (GM) seeds onto the domestic market at fixed prices without the adequate evaluation of potential risks to human health and the environment.3 The anti-trust case unites the two halves of the growing distrust of agribusi ness: the seed companies' misuse of their aggregation of power over the food supply to impose their own terms on a global market, and farmer and consumer fear of the potential risk posed to the environment and human health by genetically altered crops. This combination of suspicion about GM products in their industry intentions and uncertainty about safety has resulted in a European moratorium on GM seeds and foods and a domestic
A Simplified Method for Making Lubricating Oil Emulsions1

A method is described by which stock emulsions of paraffin oils used in spraying are made without heat and without the use of potash fish-oil so p. Freshly made bordeaux mixture or copperas-lime mixture, calcium caseinate, saponin and other substances were used as emulsifying agents in the place of soap. The oil, water and emulsifying agent were placed together in a container and pumped twice under fairly high pressure. The emulsions made in this way were used successfully on a large scale. They gave as good results against San Jose scale as the emulsions made with potash fish-oil soap, and were cheaper and easier to prepare. These emulsions did not break down in the presence of hard water or water contaminated with lime or lime-sulphur.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Photovoltaic Systems Using Adaptive Extremum Seeking Control Based on Sliding Layer

How to ensure a photovoltaic array to track the maximum power point and operate stably has always been one of the important issues in the field of photovoltaic power generation.To address this issue,a new maximum power point tracking(MPPT)method is proposed by using an adaptive parameter adjusting method and extremum seeking control based on the sliding layer.Firstly,the stability of the MPPT method using the extremum seeking control based on the sliding layer is proved.Secondly,to overcome the chattering phenomenon caused by high frequency switching,a sliding layer function with lower frequency and lower noise is introduced to substitute for the traditional simple switching function.On this basis,an adaptive adjusting method for control parameters is further presented to achieve higher control quality while avoiding complicated manual parameter adjustment.Simulation results show the effectiveness and validity of the strategy proposed.
Bilateral Reduction Mammaplasty as an Oncoplastic Technique for the Management of Early-Stage Breast Cancer in Women with Macromastia.

Objective: Lumpectomy may result in contour deformities or breast asymmetry in women with breast cancer and macromastia. This study investigates the use of bilateral reduction mammaplasty, with the tumor and margins included within the reduction specimen. Methods: Twenty-four patients who underwent lumpectomy with immediate bilateral reduction mammaplasty for unilateral breast cancer were included. Patient medical records were reviewed for demographic, oncological, and surgical characteristics. Results: Mean patient age was 57 years, and mean body mass index was 32.2 kg/m2. Mean tumor size was 1.7 cm. All tumor margins were free of neoplastic involvement. No difference was noted between the ipsilateral and contralateral resection weights (P = .81). Adjuvant radiation therapy was delivered to 21 patients (88%). There were no significant differences in postoperative total (P = .36), major (P = .44), or minor (P = .71) complications between the tumor and nontumor sides. Only 1 patient required additional revision surgery following the initial lumpectomy with bilateral reduction mammaplasty. Conclusion: Lumpectomy with bilateral reduction mammaplasty did not compromise surgical margins. Lumpectomy with bilateral reduction mammaplasty may allow for adequate surgical treatment of breast cancer while avoiding significant breast asymmetry in women with macromastia.
Anreize zur Bildung strategischer Allianzen

Zentrales Merkmal strategischer Allianzen ist die Beeinflussung des Wettbewerbsverhaltens in Oligopolmarkten. Dieser Effekt kann sich sowohl durch die strategische Gestaltung von Vertragen als auch beim koordinierten Einsatz anderer strategischer Instrumente ergeben. In diesem Kapitel wird untersucht, unter welchen Umstanden dieser Einflus auf den Wettbewerb fur die Allianzpartner vorteilhaft ist, und die Unternehmen somit einen Anreiz zur Bildung einer strategischen Allianz besitzen.
Myth and Metaphor

This chapter diverges from the pattern of close examination of John Hick’s positions, to study in depth a matter related to our analysis of Hick. The area of inquiry is myth and metaphor. In chapter 2 we examined Hick’s interpretation of religious language, particularly of the language of myth and metaphor. Since each of these elements is critical to his understanding of scripture, and since his Christology evolves from that understanding, which influences his soteriology, which in turn affects his interpretation of the relationship between Christianity and the other world religions, it is important to come to terms with the nature of myth and metaphor. The understanding that is historically delineated here presents a different analysis and appreciation of myth and metaphor than that which Hick proposes. For we shall argue for an interpretation of metaphor as irreducible. This thesis that metaphor is irreducible respects the nature of myth and metaphor in tradition and affirms the mythic and metaphoric nature of the Hebrew and Christian scriptures. The theory contends that metaphor can never be reduced to the literal sense. Metaphor, precisely as metaphor, is disclosive of truth. This interpretation of metaphor stands in opposition to Hick’s interpretation, but it offers a more accurate understanding of the Christian scriptures and of the nature of language itself.
Personally Speaking … Kierkegaardian Postmodernism and the Messiness of Religious Existence

In this essay I consider the possible impact of thinking phenomenologically about faith in a postmodern/post-secular age. Following Merold Westphal’s encouragement that philosophy of religion shoul...
A modeling and simulation framework for evaluation of intrusion detection systems

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are deployed by organizations as a measure of preventing intruders from stealing important organization files or from damaging the system. Traditionally these systems are developed for detecting intrusions on various levels such as network packets, program execution and system object permissions. The development of these IDSs takes a long time, which may range from months to years depending on the type of the system being protected and the type of detection mechanisms used. This dissertation attempts to address such design issues in the IDS community for improving the detection rates and reducing the false positives through the modeling and simulation approach. During the design of an IDS, attack and detection models are built to identify and understand the philosophy of system design vs. possible system vulnerabilities. To improve the quality of these models so that they provide coverage for a comprehensive set of scenarios, it is necessary that these models are tested before implementation. The first part of this dissertation addresses this problem by providing a platform for modeling and simulation of various attack scenarios. This is done by developing attack and detection libraries for common intrusions and testing them with a large number of scenarios. This assures that these models after development will be able to perform well and provide a wide coverage. Another advantage of modeling and simulation is that the detection rates can be improved in the design phase itself. In recent years, as the use of graphical user interface (GUI) based systems has increased, most of the operating systems and software applications including recent IDSs have been developed to support GUI environment and thus are more behavior oriented. The existing publicly available datasets are still based on command line or system level activities. To be able to evaluate the capabilities of existing IDSs and to design and develop new ones, one has to consider training and testing these systems with GUI based data. This issue is addressed in this dissertation by providing a GUI dataset generation tool. This tool can generate extensive sets of data based on customizable behavioral profiles of users. The overall goal of this dissertation is to address the important issues related to IDS evaluation such as modeling and simulation of attacks and detection mechanisms, generation of training and testing data, GUI based profiling and provide practical solutions to demonstrate the feasibility of these approaches. These solutions, once used in mainstream IDS evaluation community, will provide improved performance and better coverage for the next generation GUI based systems. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) originally meant a disorder of early-onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and did not include older patients with “senile dementia.” In fact, the first patient reported with the neuropathology of AD, Auguste Deter (1850–1906), appeared to have the onset of symptoms in her late 40’s, before being diagnosed with dementia at age 511. Her symptoms included memory loss, confusion, language impairment, and unpredictable, agitated, aggressive, and paranoid behavior, and, on autopsy, she had what we now recognize as the characteristic neuropathological markers of AD, extracellular amyloid-positive neuritic plaques and intracellular tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). With the observation of similar neuropathology associated with cognitive decline in all age groups, investigators subsequently broadened the diagnosis of AD to include the much more common late-onset AD (LOAD)2. In recent years, the main focus of interest and research has been on LOAD; however, like Auguste Deter, patients with EOAD remain an important and impactful subgroup of patients with this disorder. EOAD is the most common early-onset neurodegenerative dementia. The few epidemiological studies on EOAD indicate that the vast majority are non-familial, making up about 4–6% of all AD 3, with an annual incidence rate of about 6.3/100,000 4 and a prevalence rate of about 24.2/100,000 in the 45–64 year age group 5, or between 220,000 and 640,000 Americans 6. These incidence and prevalence rates of EOAD rise exponentially as patients approach age 65 7. Unfortunately, EOAD is often atypical and missed, resulting in about a 1.6 year average delay in diagnosis compared to older patients 8. Yet, from 1999 to 2010, mortality reports show that EOAD accounted for a large number of premature deaths among US adults aged 40–64 with many years of potential life lost as well as losses in productivity 9. EOAD vs. LOAD EOAD is not just LOAD occurring at an arbitrarily younger age cut-off; EOAD differs from LOAD in many respects (See Table 1). EOAD differs from LOAD in the greater extent of evaluation required for diagnosis 10, the increased impact of dementia risk factors such as lower cardiovascular fitness and cognitive fitness 11, and the potentially increased consequence of traumatic brain injury the lower the age of onset of dementia12. There are psychosocial problems specific to early-onset dementia 13–17, such as the effects of unexpected loss of independence, grief with a sense of an “out-of-step” decline in midlife, difficulty juggling ongoing responsibilities, and relatively preserved insight with associated depression and anxiety. Given that autosomal dominant familial AD tends to be of early onset, there are subgroups of EOAD with higher rates of neurological symptoms than LOAD and a greater risk for the development of AD among relatives 18,19. In contrast, compared to LOAD, EOAD patients have decreased overall comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and circulatory disorders 18. TABLE 1 Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Lobbying, political connections and emergency lending by the Federal Reserve

This paper tests whether the political connections of banks were important in explaining participation in the Federal Reserve’s emergency lending programs during the recent financial crisis. Our multivariate tests show that banks that were politically connected—either through lobbying efforts or employment of politically connected individuals—were substantially more likely to participate in the Federal Reserve’s emergency loan programs. In economic terms, participation in these programs was 28–36% more likely for banks that were politically connected than for banks that were not politically connected. In our final set of tests, we attempt to identify a proper explanation for this peculiar relationship. While a broad literature speaks of the moral hazard associated with receiving bailouts, we test whether another type of moral hazard exists in the period preceding the bailout. In particular, we argue that, to the extent that political connections act as synthetic insurance, banks may have engaged in more risky behavior that lead them to the Fed’s emergency lending facilities. Tests seem to confirm this explanation.
A New Methodology for Model Free Optimization of L-Lysine Biosynthesis

Abstract Economic viability of lysine, a process intensive in its use of raw materials, is dependent upon how efficiently these materials are used. This paper discusses the lysine optimization problem in fed-batch culture through optimization of initial media composition and control of nutrient feed rate. Previous strategies for solving these problems are discussed and their limitations are identified. An analytical approach based on metabolic flux balancing is suggested for optimizing intial media composition. Additionally, a new methodology for controlling the feed rate is proposed.
Different Fusion Approaches for Single-level Lumbar Spondylolysis Have Similar Perioperative Outcomes.

Study Design.Retrospective cohort studyObjective.The aim of this study was to compare perioperative adverse events for patients with lumbar spondylolysis treated with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), posterior spinal fusion (PSF), combined anterior and posterior fusion (AP fusion), or
Modeling and Analysis of Passive Switching Crossbar Arrays

Emerging technologies have enabled efficient, high-speed realizations of ultra-dense crossbar arrays, driving the need for better insight in the transient operation of such systems. Previous work focused mostly on the effect of line resistance and its impact on steady-state response. In this paper, we develop a compact $RC$ framework that includes the effects of parasitics. We use memristors as an exemplar device where interconnect parasitics (resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance) are extracted using ANSYS Q3D extractor for 5- and 50- $nm$ feature sizes. A model for the crossbar is presented, considering the stray and coupling capacitive parasitics of the crossbar. The derived model is based on state-space representation and provides more insight into the behavior of crossbar arrays containing either linear or nonlinear switching devices. The framework provides a closed-form solution to evaluate Elmore delay, as well as the steady-state response of the system. Signal delay is evaluated and compared for both grounded and floating interconnect inputs and verified against HSPICE, showing a perfect match.
Two-photon in vivo flow cytometry using a fiber probe

We have demonstrated the use of a double-clad fiber probe to conduct two-photon excited flow cytometry in vitro and in vivo. We conducted two-channel detection to measure fluorescence at two distinct wavelengths simultaneously. Because the scattering and absorption problems from whole blood were circumvented by the fiber probe, the detected signal strength from the cells were found to be similar in PBS and in whole blood. We achieved the same detection efficiency of the membrane-binding lipophilic dye DiD labeled cells in PBS and in whole blood. High detection efficiency of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells in whole blood was demonstrated. DiD-labeled untransfected and GFP-transfected cells were injected into live mice and the circulation dynamics of the externally injected cells were monitored. The detection efficiency of GFP-expressing cells in vivo was consistent with that observed in whole blood.
Postural time-to-contact as a precursor of visually induced motion sickness.

The postural instability theory of motion sickness predicts that subjective symptoms of motion sickness will be preceded by unstable control of posture. In previous studies, this prediction has been confirmed with measures of the spatial magnitude and the temporal dynamics of postural activity. In the present study, we examine whether precursors of visually induced motion sickness might exist in postural time-to-contact, a measure of postural activity that is related to the risk of falling. Standing participants were exposed to oscillating visual motion stimuli in a standard laboratory protocol. Both before and during exposure to visual motion stimuli, we monitored the kinematics of the body’s center of pressure. We predicted that postural activity would differ between participants who reported motion sickness and those who did not, and that these differences would exist before participants experienced subjective symptoms of motion sickness. During exposure to visual motion stimuli, the multifractality of sway differed between the Well and Sick groups. Postural time-to-contact differed between the Well and Sick groups during exposure to visual motion stimuli, but also before exposure to any motion stimuli. The results provide a qualitatively new type of support for the postural instability theory of motion sickness.
The Non-Redelegation Doctrine

In United States v. Booker, the Court remedied a constitutional defect in the federal sentencing scheme by rendering advisory the then-binding sentencing guidelines promulgated by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. One important but overlooked consequence of this decision is that it redelegated the power to set sentencing policy from the Sentencing Commission to federal judges. District courts now may sentence based on their own policy views instead of being bound by the policy determinations rendered by the Commission.This Essay argues that, when faced with a decision that implicates a delegation, the courts should not redelegate unless authorized by Congress to do so. The proposed non-redelegation doctrine rests on both constitutional and practical grounds. Constitutionally, because delegation defines how Congress chooses to perform its core function of setting policy, judicial redelegation raises substantial separation of powers concerns. Practically, judicial redelegation is bound to affect the substantive policies that are adopted because the policies that the agent adopts depend on the agent’s unique characteristics and preferences. Although this Essay uses Booker to illustrate the need for the presumption, the presumption would apply equally to the myriad contexts in which Congress delegates its power to make policy and courts have the opportunity to alter that delegation.
Using a Cognitive/Metacognitive Task Model to Analyze Students Learning Behaviors

Adapting to learners’ needs and providing useful, individualized feedback to help them succeed has been a hallmark of most intelligent tutoring systems. More recently, to promote deep learning and critical thinking skills in STEM disciplines, researchers have begun developing open-ended learning environments that present learners with complex problems and a set of tools for learning and problem solving. To be successful in such environments, learners must employ a variety of cognitive skills and metacognitive strategies. This paper discusses a framework that combines a theory-driven, top-down approach with a bottom-up, pattern-discovery approach for analyzing learning activity data in these environments. Combining these approaches allows for more complex qualitative and quantitative interpretation of a student’s cognitive and metacognitive abilities. The results of this analysis provide a foundation for developing performance- and behavior-based learner models in conjunction with adaptive scaffolding mechanisms to promote effective, personalized learning experiences.
Comparison of the Mutagenic Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Chemicals in Normal and DNA-Repair-Deficient Human Cells in Culture

Interest in the development of valid short-term tests that can provide information useful for assessing environmental agents for their potential risks to the human population has increased greatly during the past decade. Because it is not feasible to conduct experiments on man himself, emphasis is necessarily placed on findings drawn from epidemiological studies carried out in retrospect. Insights into human risk are also obtained from experimental studies carried out with mammals. Within the past ten years, methods have been developed and refined for using mammalian cells in culture, including diploid human cells, to assay the mutagenic and the carcinogenic effect of environmental agents and to examine the mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
Predictive Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and accounts for more than 250,000 cases in the USA alone. Although a poster child for predictive markers and targeted therapies, progress in treatment for this cancer has been slow. This is particularly true for new predictive biomarkers, and the number of routinely assessed predictive markers is restricted to estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptors. Proliferation plays an important role in prognostication of ER+ tumors; however, its role in prediction is uncertain. Cell cycle (CDK4/CDK6) inhibitors such as palbociclib/ribociclib have been demonstrated to have a place in the management of ER+ cancers. HER2 positivity predicts for response to a number of anti-HER2 targeted therapies. Patients with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations respond well to PARP inhibitor (PARPi; e.g., olaparib) therapy. The role of PARPi in other types of breast cancer remains to be established. The high prevalence of breast cancer and failure of standard of care therapies have resulted in intense focus on developing novel therapies including targeted therapies. A number of agents have been tried either in combination with endocrine therapy and/ or chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer.
Duration of Symptom Relief and Early Trajectory of Adverse Events for Oral Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective Despite an extensive body of research on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in osteoarthritis, the duration of their efficacy and timeline of adverse event (AE) onset have been understudied. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses from 2 to 26 weeks to characterize the efficacy and AE trajectories of oral NSAIDs in knee osteoarthritis. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database from inception to May 2018. Randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy and/or safety of Federal Drug Administration-approved NSAIDs in knee osteoarthritis patients were included. Two independent reviewers assessed quality and extracted data. We calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results We included 72 randomized controlled trials (26,424 participants). NSAIDs demonstrated moderate, statistically significant effects on pain that peaked at 2 weeks (SMD -0.43 [95% CI -0.48, -0.38]), but the magnitude of the effects decreased over time. The results for function were similar. The incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) AEs was significantly higher in NSAID users than placebo users as early as 4 weeks (RR 1.38 [95% CI 1.21, 1.57]). The incidence of cardiovascular (CV) AEs in NSAID users was not significantly different from placebo. Most GI and CV AEs were transient and of minor severity. Conclusion NSAIDs produced significant pain and function improvements that peaked at 2 weeks but decreased over time. The incidence of minor GI and CV AEs consistently rose, reaching significance as early as 4 weeks. Clinicians should weigh the durability of efficacy with the early onset of minor AEs along with patient tolerability and preferences when formulating an NSAID regimen.
Kidneyville: Organ Exchange at the Margins

Along with sentiment and horror, romance emerges as a third genre with a structuring force in organ exchange. Chapter 6 finds recurring romantic tropes of hope and mobility across fictional and reported accounts of illegal organ sale. From the seller’s hope for movement out of poverty, to the broker’s transport of the organ across borders, to the recipient’s travel to sites of transplant tourism, each of these players enters this market with a belief in change. These linked motivations offer a series of dark yet romantic scripts by which we normalize even illegal organ trade.
Parallel machine replacement with shipping decisions

Abstract In this research, the Parallel Machine Replacement Problem is adapted to include shipping decisions between demand sites. The formulation arises from an application in the construction industry, where the shipping of assets is vital. The benefit of including shipping decisions with replacement analysis is presented in a numerical example where heavy machinery is considered. The formulation is shown to significantly increase in computational complexity as the number of demand sites increases, and therefore an efficient heuristic algorithm is presented to solve large-size problems. Managerial implications are derived from sensitivity analysis on the shipping cost-per-mile, and economic impact is discussed. It is shown that the optimal solution does not change even when shipping cost inflates significantly.