cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ruminal ciliated protozoa in cattle fed finishing diets with or without supplemental fat.

Ruminal samples were collected at slaughter from 364 unfasted steers fed different finishing diets to obtain information on numbers and species distribution of ciliated protozoa in feedlot cattle. Total numbers of protozoa averaged 1.59 X 10(5)/g of ruminal contents. A total of 47 steers (12.9%) were defaunated, but 4.1% of the steers possessed numbers of protozoa greater than 10(6)/g. Entodinium species did not always dominate the protozoan populations; 41 faunated steers (11.2%) were devoid of entodinia, and 79 additional steers (21.7%) possessed populations dominated (greater than 50%) by other genera. Isotricha was the most commonly occurring genus supplanting Entodinium, but Polyplastron and Epidinium were frequently present in high concentrations. Tallow and soybean soapstock supplementation reduced (P less than .05) numbers of protozoa in steers consuming wheat diets. However, yellow grease supplementation did not affect numbers of protozoa in steers fed either sorghum or corn diets. Average ruminal pH was 6.20 on the wheat diet, 6.05 on the corn diet, and 5.69 and 6.23 for the two sorghum diets, respectively. We found no correlation between ruminal pH and numbers of protozoa on any diet. The presence of relatively high protozoan concentrations and few defaunated animals in feedlot cattle necessitates reevaluation of the role that ciliated protozoa play in ruminal metabolism of animals fed processed, high-concentrate diets.
Assessing scorm 2004 for its affordances in facilitating a simulation as a pedagogical model

This study assessed SCORM 2004 for its affordances facilitating the implementation of specific requirements representing a simulation-based model optimized for interoperability and reusability. The overarching assessment methodology consisted of a gap analysis. A specific set of requirements called the Simulations Requirements Framework (SIMREF) derived from an existing online simulation learning environment was developed as the criterion and the Run-time Environment (RTE) and Sequencing of the SCORM 2004 technical architecture were targeted as the condition. To achieve the gap analysis, 26 experienced SCORM developers employed in industry, government, standards/specifications entities, and academia were surveyed. Participants were asked to provide levels of agreement to indicator statements of the relevance of the SCORM 2004 technical architecture targets to the SIMREF requirements at both the individual and set levels. As such, data were collected and analyzed to determine the relevance of SCOs, functional or typed SCOs, extending SCORM 2004, extending Sequencing, relevance of SCO to SCO data sharing, and the utilization of a LMS thick client. Participants were also asked to describe alternate standards, specifications, technologies, and capabilities necessary to fulfill the requirements. The findings from the data analyses indicated that according to the SCORM development community gaps do exist in the implementation of the SIMREF with respect to SCORM 2004 technical architecture as well as in common implementation practice. These gaps occurred within the communication affordances in the RTE and in the data value/variable management and if-then logic within Sequencing. Gaps are also present in the common implementation practice of using SCOs purely for content presentation. One prominent implication is the need for persistent arbitrary SCO to SCO communication which could be accomplished through the inclusion of the IMS SSP specification. Also implied, are gaps in the field of instructional design in relation to designing SCORM-based solutions as well as gaps in the understanding of IT engineers and practitioners in relation to learning theories and practices. In respect to SCORM 2004 and simulations as a pedagogical model to produce more meaningful learning, the underlying behaviorist pedagogy inherent in its design needs to be revisited and in so doing the academic community needs to become more involved in its evolution.
Immunoinhibitory elements in human colostrum

Birth thrusts the mammalian neonate into an environment rich in antigenic stimulation. Because of the lack of exposure of the infant’s immune system to environmental antigens, the possibility exists that untoward responses to food and microbial antigens results in the development of hypersensitivity reactions. It is also possible that the ingestion of maternal lymphocytes could result in graft-versus-host reactivity. The presence of immunoregulatory factors in colostrum would modulate such unfavorable reactions. Further clarification of the nature of humoral factors, colostral cells, their immune reactivity and their effect on the immune response of other lymphocytes would give insight into the immunological consequences associated with breast feeding.
Research into Mathematical Problems Associated with CAD-to-CAD Transfer

Problemes mathematiques associes au transfert de donnees entre deux systemes de conception assistee
Representing “stuff” in visual cortex

Despite decades of study, we do not understand the fundamental processes by which our brain encodes and represents incoming visual information and uses it to guide perception and action. A wealth of evidence suggests that visual recognition is mediated by a series of areas in primate cortex known as the ventral stream, including V1 (primary visual cortex), V2, and V4 (Fig. 1A) (1). The earliest stages are to some extent understood; Hubel and Wiesel famously discovered, for example, that neurons in V1 respond selectively to the orientation and direction of a moving edge (2). However, a vast gulf remains between coding for a simple edge and representing the full richness of our visual world. David Hubel himself observed in 2012 that we still “have almost no examples of neural structures in which we know the difference between the information coming in and what is going out—what the structure is for. We have some idea of the answer for the retina, the lateral geniculate body, and the primary visual cortex, but that’s about it” (3). In PNAS, Okazawa et al. (4) make significant headway in this quest by uncovering and characterizing a unique form of neural selectivity in area V4.
A. Peräkylä, C. Antaki, S. Vehvilaninen and I. Leudar, Conversation Analysis and Psychotherapy

Amy E. Taylor Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA Psychotherapy is a special kind of conversation resulting in psychological change. But how does this conversation produce change? What sort of conv...
Practical Variable-Arity Polymorphism

Just as some functions have uniform behavior over distinct types, other functions have uniform behavior over distinct arities. These variable-arity functions are widely used in scripting languages such as Scheme and Python. Statically typed languages also accommodate modest forms of variable-arity functions, but even ML and Haskell, languages with highly expressive type systems, cannot type check the wide variety of variable-arity functions found in untyped functional languages. Consequently, their standard libraries contain numerous copies of the same function definition with slightly different names. As part of the Typed Scheme project--an on-going effort to create an explicitly typed sister language for PLT Scheme--we have designed and implemented an expressive type system for variable-arity functions. Our practical validation in the context of our extensive code base confirms the usefulness of the enriched type system.
Quality of Life Changes and Health Care Charges Among Youth With Epilepsy

OBJECTIVE To examine differences in health care charges following a pediatric epilepsy diagnosis based on changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS Billing records were obtained for 171 youth [M (SD) age = 8.9 (4.1) years] newly diagnosed with epilepsy. Differences in health care charges among HRQOL groups (stable low, declining, improving, or stable high as determined by PedsQL(™) scores at diagnosis and 12 months after diagnosis) were examined. RESULTS Patients with persistently low or declining HRQOL incurred higher total health care charges in the year following diagnosis (g = .49, g = .81) than patients with stable high HRQOL after controlling for epilepsy etiology, seizure occurrence, and insurance type. These relationships remained consistent after excluding health care charges for behavioral medicine or neuropsychology services (g = .49, g = .80). CONCLUSIONS Monitoring HRQOL over time may identify youth with epilepsy at particular risk for higher health care charges.
The effect of area, separation, and dichoptic presentation on the perception of achromatic color

In a center-surround arrangement of two luminances, luminance ratio, area of the surrounding higher luminances, and separation of the two luminances were varied. Decreasing the area of the surrounding luminance caused the achromatic color in the center to be lighter, and a similar but smaller effect was caused by increasing separation up to approximately 30′ of visual angle; increasing separation beyond 30′ did not lighten the color further. At higher luminance ratios, which resulted in darker colors, the effect of decreasing the area of the surround became more pronounced. Dichoptic presentation of the surround and center luminances resulted in perception of achromatic colors in the center that depended on luminance ratios, in a manner similar to perception of binocularly presented luminances. Dichoptically produced colors were some-what lighter than those that resulted when center and surround were given to each eye
Computational modeling of damage evolution in unidirectional fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites

A finite element model for investigating damage evolution in brittle matrix composites was developed. This modeling is based on an axisymmetric unit cell composed of a fiber and its surrounding matrix. The unit cell was discretized into linearly elastic elements for the fiber and the matrix and cohesive elements which allow cracking in the matrix, fiber-matrix interface, and fiber. The cohesive elements failed according to critical stress and critical energy release rate criteria (in shear and/or in tension). The tension and shear aspects of failure were uncoupled. In order to obtain converged solutions for the axisymmetric composite unit cell problem, inertia and viscous damping were added to the formulation, and the resulting dynamic problem was solved implicitly using the Newmark Method. Parametric studies of the interface toughness and strength and the matrix toughness were performed. Details of the propagation of matrix cracks and the initiation of debonds were also observed.
Nonablative neonatal marrow transplantation attenuates functional and physical defects of β-glucuronidase deficiency

The toxicity of preparative regimens render neonatal bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for progressive childhood diseases a controversial treatment. Ablative BMT in neonatal mice with or without the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) show high morbidity and developmental disruption of both brain and bone structure. In this investigation, BMT was performed with a high dose of congenic, normal bone marrow into nonablated newborn mice. Recipients had lifelong, multilineage, peripheral blood chimerism with the donor β-glucuronidase-positive (GUS+) cells that was both well tolerated and therapeutic. Three daily injections of normal adult marrow increased the average life span by at least 6 months and corrected the functional breeding deficits typical of the MPS VII mice. Twelve months after injection, several structural features of femurs were more like that of normal mice than of untreated MPS VII mice. Periosteal circumference and bone cortical thickness were significantly improved in males and cortical density did not differ significantly from values in normal females. Significant reduction of lysosomal glycosaminoglycan storage corresponded directly with GUS enzyme activity and percentage of histochemically GUS+ cells in visceral organs and hematopoietic tissues such as thymus, spleen, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. By all criteria tested, BMT into neonatal MPS VII mice in the absence of any preparative regimen is a successful therapy.
Lung perforation complicating tube thoracostomy

(1996). Lung perforation complicating tube thoracostomy. Clinical Intensive Care: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 215-216.
Tensor Forces and the Ground-State Structure of Nuclei

Two-nucleon momentum distributions are calculated for the ground states of nuclei with mass number A {le} 8, using accurate variational Monte Carlo wave functions derived from a realistic Hamiltonian with two- and three-nucleon potentials. The momentum distribution of 'np' pairs is found to be much larger than that of 'pp' pairs for values of the relative momentum in the range (300--600) MeV/c and vanishing total momentum. This large difference, more than an order of magnitude, is seen in all nuclei considered, and has a universal character originating from the tensor components present in any realistic nucleon-nucleon potential. The correlations induced by the tensor force strongly influence the structure of 'np' pairs, which are known to be predominantly in deuteron-like states, while they are ineffective for 'pp' pairs, which are mostly in {sup 1}S{sub 0} states. These features should be easily observable in two-nucleon knock-out processes, for example in A(e,e{prime} np) and A(e,e{prime} pp) reactions.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN OUTBREAK OF INVASIVE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN A SURGICAL NICU. 1798

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is a frequent nosocomial pathogen in the ICU setting, often associated with water and ventilator circuits. Patient to patient spread is suspected but not well documented.
3D-QSAR of fungal quorum-sensing inhibiting analogs of farnesol

Thirty-four analogs with variable antifungal activity were selected to develop models for establishing three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR). Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative similarity indices analyses (CoMSIA) were conducted on the group of analogs to determine the structural requirements for selectivity and potency in inhibiting biofilm formation and fungal growth. The best CoMFA model predicted a q2 = 0.5 and an r2 = 0.991, and revealed that electrostatic properties play a significant role in potency and selectivity. The best CoMSIA model combined electrostatics, hydrogen bond acceptor and donor, and hydrophobic fields with a q2 = 0.664 r2 = 0.952, S = 0.099, and F = 139.892. The analyses of the contour maps from both models provide significant insight into the structural necessities for a potent compound. Therefore, manipulating various chemical properties of the substituted groups on the farnesol chain can be used to enhance the fungici...
Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with massive fetomaternal transfusion.

formity. As no undulating movements of the tongue were seen in this case, this finding may be more indicative of cleft palate . The ability to determine inner and outer orbital distances reliably has recently been established. This parameter is useful not only in assessment of gestational age but also in determining the presence of hypotelor ism or hypertelorism. In our patient both the inner and outer orbital distance were increased for gestational age. Inner and outer canthal distances correlate well with inner and outer orbital distances in the absence of primary telecanthus or other soft tissue abnormalities. At birth, these canthal measurements were markedly increased, confirming the diagnosis of hypertelorism. The reason for the association of median cleft face syndrome with severe hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis in this case in unclear. It is uncommon to find either hypertelorism or any other manifestation of the median cleft face syndrome associated with hydrocephalus. In this case, the severe hydrocephalus led us to a more detailed examination of the head and face. This experience emphasizes the dictum that whenever fetal hydrocephalus is diagnosed, a thorough examinaCommunications in brief 97
An approximate theory for geometrically nonlinear thin plates

An approximate theory of thin plates is developed that is based on an assumed displacement field, the strains described by a Taylor series in the normal distance from the middle surface, the exact strains of the middle surface, and the equations of equilibrium governing the exact configuration of the deformed middle surface. In this theory, the exact geometry of the deformed middle surface is used to derive the strains and equilibrium of plates. This theory reduces to some existing nonlinear theories through imposition of constraints. Application of this theory does not depend on the constitutive law because, the physical deformation measure is used. It can also be applied when the response, loading and geometry of the plate are asymmetric and when the vibration mode number is not small. Predictions of membrane forces in a rectangular plate and of the equilibrium solution in a rotating disk are sample problems.
The osmotic and activity coefficients of some solutes in deuterium oxide

Osmotic and activity coefficients are reported for 11 solutes in D 2 O at 25°C. Activity coefficients of lithium and sodium salts are somewhat larger in D 2 O than in H 2 O while those of caesium and silver salts are smaller. The activity coefficients of dextrose and sym -dimethylurea are surprisingly large in D 2 O. A comparison is made of the excess Gibbs free energies of the solutes in H 2 O and D 2 O, and the relation between excess thermodynamic quantities and the corresponding thermodynamic quantities for the transfer of a solute from one solvent to the other is noted.
Afro-Mestizo Speech from Costa Chica, Guerrero: From Cuaji to Cuijla

RESUMENEl espanol afromestizo de Costa Chica, Guerrero: De Cuaji a CuijlaLa presencia africana en Mexico se remonta al inicio de la conquista espanola, aunque anos mas tarde los esclavos africanos llegaron a ser importados en numerosas cantidades para servir en distintas actividades y regiones del pais. Mientras que la mayoria de los descendientes se asimilo a la poblacion mexicana mayoritaria, algunos mantienen todavia su comunidad en el municipio de Cuajinicuilapa y la Costa Chica del estado de Guerrero. Este articulo trata del origen de los afromexicanos de Costa Chica. Compara ademas los elementos del habla regional recogidos por Aguirre Beltran en su obra de 1958 titulada Cuijla con datos recogidos in situ en 1991-1992. Se presenta un analisis de los rasgos mas sobresalientes de la comunidad y se anotan semejanzas, actualmente decadentes, con el habla africanoide atestiguada historicamente en Mexico y todavia corriente en otros paises hispanohablantes. Se concluye que la introduccion exitosa de la education publica acoplada con la ubicuidad de los medios masivos de comunicacion han reducido o eliminado las caracteristicas del habla mas distintivamente regionales. Se concluye que el pueblo guerrerense de casi 25,000 habitantes muestra una marcada tendencia a la nivelacion linguistica que se observa en comunidades de mayor tamano, aunque se documentan numerosos casos de ultracorreccion. Se recogen tambien impresiones personales y actitudes linguisticas de los sujetos informates. Del habla africanoide original solamente quedan vestigios y memorias que estân destinados a desaparecer.RESUMOLa lingvaĵo de la afrikanidoj en Costa Chica en Guerrero: de Cuaji al CuijlaAfrikanoj alvenis al Meksikio per la hispana konkero kaj estis de tiam alportitaj grandnombre por labori kiel sklavoj en diversaj partoj de la lando. Dum la plej multaj el iliaj idoj sorbigis en la generalan meksikan logantaron, en la distrikto Cuajinicuilapa kaj la Costa Chica en Guerrero, iuj ankorau estas facile identigeblaj kiel aparta etno. Ci tiu artikoio priskribas la historion de la afrikanoj en Meksikio kaj la Costa Chica kaj komparas trajtojn de la regiona lingvajo priskribitajn'en la libro Cuijla de Aguirre Beltran de 1958 kun faktoj observitaj surloke en 1991-1992. Estas notitaj la nuntempe forfadantaj similecoj kun historie dokumentita afrikecigita lingvajo en Meksikio, kiuj parte ankorau ekzistas en aliaj hispanlingvaj landoj. Konklude la autoro konstatas, ke la sukcesa enkonduko de publika edukado kune kun la ciea ceesto de la amaskomunikiloj reduktis au forigis la pli evidentajn regionajn trajtojn de la lingvajo.
The Current Environment in Orphan Drug Development

Pharmaceutical development over the past two decades has shown a substantial increase in the number of drugs available to treat rare (“orphan”) diseases, largely due to the passage of the Orphan Drug Act. This article provides an overview of orphan diseases and conditions; the Orphan Drug Act; the Food and Drug Administration’s Office of Orphan Products Development, which administers the Orphan Drug Act; the changing nature of rare disease treatment; and designing clinical trials to investigate rare diseases. The success of the Orphan Drug Act is far greater than anticipated; to date 242 orphan drugs have been approved. The Orphan Drug Act continues to encourage manufacturers to develop treatments to help more than 11 million patients in the United States who suffer from rare diseases.
A model for surface flow in cartilage.

Abstract The creep behavior of articular cartilage in joints when loaded in compression depends on the availability of a path for flow between the cartilage surfaces. Normal waviness in surface contour seen in unloaded cartilage which persists to some extent during compression can provide a meandering path for fluid flow along the loaded surface. An idealized model can be used to determine when this surface flow becomes less favourable than a flow predominantly parallel but entirely within the cartilage. The model also estimates the pressure of liquid in this film in comparison to the deep tissue liquid pressure.
Plastid transcripts in chloroplasts and chromoplasts of Capsicum annuum

Plastids from red and green fruits of the bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L., var. Emerald Giant, were examined for the presence of chromoplast-specific transcripts. Plastid DNA fragments produced by the restriction endonuclease PvuII were individually cut into small pieces, resolved on agarose gels, blotted, and probed with labelled cDNAs prepared from total chloroplast or chromoplast RNA. Although many chloroplast transcripts were detected at high levels in the red fruits, we saw no consistent evidence of chromoplast-specific transcripts. In order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, chromoplast cDNA probes were absorbed with an excess of chloroplast RNAs. We also examined in greater detail regions of the plastid genome thought to contain unidentified open reading frames. None of the Southern blots provided unambiguous evidence of chromoplast-specific transcripts. Taken together with other data, these results make it unlikely, but do not exclude the possibility that plastid genes contribute to chromoplast development.
Systematic relationships among pocket gopher chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) inferred from electrophoretic data

Abstract Multilocus starch-gel electrophoresis was used to obtain electrophoretic data for maximum parsimony, phenetic, and component analysis of systematic relationships among 14 species of pocket gopher chewing lice and two outgroup species. Pocket gopher lice studied included taxa representing seven of the 25 species complexes in Geomydoecus , and two of the four species complexes of Thomomydoecus . In pairwise comparisons, 12 of the 14 pocket gopher lice were characterized by two or more fixed genetic differences, and each nominal species possessed at least one fixed difference. These electrophoretic results are consistent with previous morphological analysis of species-level taxonomy. A maximum-parsimony analysis of the electrophoretic data yielded 80 trees, each with a length of 78 steps and a consistency index of 0.83. The strict consensus tree and the UPGMA phenogram of genetic distances indicate that five species of lice from Central American pocket gophers ( Orthogeomys ) form a clade distinct from lice hosted by North American pocket gophers ( Geomys, Thomomys , and Cratogeomys ). Other louse clades receiving reasonable support in bootstrap parsimony analysis include: ( Thomomydoecus wardi , Th. minor ; ( Geomydoecus scleritus, G. mobilensis ); ( G. panamensis, G. setzeri ); and ( G. cherriei, G. costaricensis ). The systematic results of this electrophoretic study are generally consistent with the boundaries of louse species complexes described previously.
Inverse thermographic characterization of optically unresolvable through cracks in thin metal plates

Abstract The present research explores the feasibility of a novel non-contact means for the detection and characterization of small scale, open crack-like defects within thin metal plate components. The approach employs inexpensive infrared (IR) digital camera technology (e.g. ≈$5000US) and sophisticated numerical and algorithmic means as part of an inverse solution framework aimed at inferring the nature (i.e. presence, size, orientation, etc.) of micro-scale defects that are below the optical resolution capability of the IR imaging system. The current work explores a technique for inferring the presence and character of optically unresolvable flaws penetrating metallic plate components (i.e. through cracks).
Initial urinary epinephrine and cortisol levels predict acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims

Summary Background Previous research examining biological correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children has suggested that children with chronic PTSD have altered levels of catecholamines and cortisol compared to similarly traumatized children who do not meet diagnostic criteria. The present study extended these findings by examining whether urinary hormone levels collected soon after a trauma were related to subsequent acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims. Methods Initial 12-h urine samples were collected from 82 children aged 8–18 admitted to a Level 1 trauma center. Collection was begun immediately upon admission, and samples were assayed for levels of catecholamines and cortisol. PTSD and depressive symptomatology were assessed 6 weeks following the accident. Results Initial urinary cortisol levels were significantly correlated with subsequent acute PTSD symptoms (r=0.31). After removing the variance associated with demographic variables and depressive symptoms, urinary cortisol and epinephrine levels continued to predict a significant percentage (7–10%) of the variance in 6-week PTSD symptoms. Examination of boys and girls separately suggested that significance was primarily driven by the strength of the relationships between hormone levels and acute PTSD symptoms in boys. Conclusions The present findings suggest that high initial urinary cortisol and epinephrine levels immediately following a traumatic event may be associated with increased risk for the development of subsequent acute PTSD symptoms, especially in boys.
Self-Adapting Reliability in Distributed Software Systems

Developing modern distributed software systems is difficult in part because they have little control over the environments in which they execute. For example, hardware and software resources on which these systems rely may fail or become compromised and malicious. Redundancy can help manage such failures and compromises, but when faced with dynamic, unpredictable resources and attackers, the system reliability can still fluctuate greatly. Empowering the system with self-adaptive and self-managing reliability facilities can significantly improve the quality of the software system and reduce reliance on the developer predicting all possible failure conditions. We present iterative redundancy, a novel approach to improving software system reliability by automatically injecting redundancy into the system’s deployment. Iterative redundancy self-adapts in three ways: (1) by automatically detecting when the resource reliability drops, (2) by identifying unlucky parts of the computation that happen to deploy on disproportionately many compromised resources, and (3) by not relying on a priori estimates of resource reliability. Further, iterative redundancy is theoretically optimal in its resource use: Given a set of resources, iterative redundancy guarantees to use those resources to produce the most reliable version of that software system possible; likewise, given a desired increase in the system’s reliability, iterative redundancy guarantees achieving that reliability using the least resources possible. Iterative redundancy handles even the Byzantine threat model, in which compromised resources collude to attack the system. We evaluate iterative redundancy in three ways. First, we formally prove its self-adaptation, efficiency, and optimality properties. Second, we simulate it at scale using discrete event simulation. Finally, we modify the existing, open-source, volunteer-computing BOINC software system and deploy it on the globally-distributed PlanetLab testbed network to empirically evaluate that iterative redundancy is self-adaptive and more efficient than existing techniques.
Longitudinal Evaluation of a Scale-Up Model for Teaching Mathematics with Trajectories and Technologies.

Abstract We used a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a research-based model for scaling up educational interventions, focusing on the persistence of effects with and without a follow-through intervention. The instantiation of the Technology-enhanced, Research-based, Instruction, Assessment, and professional Development (TRIAD) model emphasized teaching early mathematics for understanding via learning trajectories and technology. The TRIAD implementation began in 42 schools in two city districts serving low-resource communities, randomly assigned to three conditions. In pre-kindergarten, the 2 experimental interventions were identical, but 1 included follow-through in the kindergarten year, including knowledge of the pre-K intervention and ways to build upon that knowledge using learning trajectories. Intent-to-treat analyses showed that students in both the follow-through condition (g = .33) and non-follow-through condition (g = .22) scored statistically significantly higher than c...
Cell surface changes in diabetic rats. Studies of lectin binding to liver cell plasma membranes.

Abstract We have previously reported changes in the chemical composition of cell surface membranes in diabetic rats (Chandramoulis, V. and Carter (1975) Diabetes 24, 257–262 [1]). To examine the possible implications of these changes for cell surface structures, we have measured the binding of labeled lectins and desialylated glycoproteins to plasma membranes prepared from the livers of streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats. Lectins were chosen which have affinities for different carbohydrate moieties. The binding of ricin and concanavalin A to liver cell membranes from the diabetic rats was significantly reduced, but no change in the binding of wheat germ agglutinin was noted. Binding of desialylated thyroxine-binding globulin, previously shown to be dependent on membrane sialic acid residues, was strikingly reduced in liver membranes from diabetic rats. These results strongly suggest that insulin deficiency leads to generalized changes in cell surface glycoproteins, at least in this animal model of diabetes.
Public Financing of Headquarter Hotels in the United States

Abstract The past decade has seen a dramatic shift toward public sector financing of large hotels in the United States. This dialectic analysis examines trends in public participation in hotel development and examines why governments are investing in these projects. It looks at the different types of public participation and considers the market implications of these subsidies on private sector hotel development. The case is made that there is a need for accountability and more thorough review of these public investments. The paper proposes various ways that this can be achieved and discusses barriers to such reforms.
CLONAL GROWTH OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELL CULTURES.

Abstract 1. 1. Measurements were made of the means and the range of growth rates of colonies derived from single cell suspensions prepared from fresh human foreskin. With the standard growth medium, there was a lag of 3 days and an average generation time for all colonies of 30 hours. Wide variation was present in the growth rates of individual colonies. No heritable component in growth rates of individual primary colonies could be discerned by a comparison of mean growth rate of daughter colonies with that of the respective parent colony. 2. 2. The efficiency of plating of single cell suspensions of human foreskin tissue varied from 10 −2 to 10 −6 colonies per inoculated cell, depending on the source of the serum component of the growth medium. The average efficiency of plating of primary colonies when subcultured was 59 per cent. 3. 3. Starting with fresh tissue inocula and one colony-forming cell per plate, a single clone could be grown in a Petri dish, and by subculture a cell strain derived. 4. 4. The growth rate of a primary culture was not significantly different when grown in human antiserum directed against the ABO antigens present on the erythrocyte of the tissue donor as compared to growth in an antiserum directed against an antigen not present on the donor erythrocytes. 5. 5. The advantages of the use of single cell methods in primary cultures intended for genetic study are discussed.
Review of Tolvaptan for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by bilateral renal cysts, kidney pain, hypertension, and progressive loss of renal function. It is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease and the most common inherited kidney disease in the United States. Despite its prevalence, disease-modifying treatment options do not currently exist. Tolvaptan is an orally active, selective arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist already in use for hyponatremia. Tolvaptan exhibits dose-proportional pharmacokinetics with a half-life of ~12 hours. Metabolism occurs through the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme, and tolvaptan is a substrate for P-glycoprotein, resulting in numerous drug interactions. Recent research has highlighted the beneficial effect of tolvaptan on delaying the progression of ADPKD, which is the focus of this review. Pharmacologic, preclinical, and phase II and III clinical trial studies have demonstrated that tolvaptan is an effective treatment option that targets underlying pathogenic mechanisms of ADPKD. Tolvaptan delays the increase in total kidney volume (surrogate marker for disease progression), slows the decline in renal function, and reduces kidney pain. However, tolvaptan has significant adverse effects including aquaretic effects (polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia) and elevation of aminotransferase enzyme concentrations with the potential for acute liver failure. Appropriate patient selection is critical to optimize long-term benefits while minimizing adverse effects and hepatotoxic risk factors. Overall, tolvaptan is the first pharmacotherapeutic intervention to demonstrate significant benefit in the treatment of ADPKD, but practitioners and regulatory agencies must carefully weigh the risks versus benefits. Additional research should focus on incidence and risk factors of liver injury, cost-effectiveness, clinical management of drug-drug interactions, and long-term disease outcomes.
Prolonged hyperinsulinemia reduces plasma fatty acid levels in the major lipid groups in fetal sheep

The offspring of women with poorly controlled diabetes have increased total body fat. Experimental fetal hyperinsulinemia has previously been associated with increased fat accumulation in rhesus monkey fetuses and increased lipid content and lipogenesis in rat fetuses. We hypothesized that prolonged fetal hyperinsulinemia would alter plasma total fatty acids and the individual fatty acids in each major lipid group. Fatty acids determined by gas-liquid chromatography were measured in the arterial blood of 12 chronically catheterized fetal sheep after 10 to 12 days of insulin (n = 7) or placebo (n = 5) infusion. Plasma concentrations of insulin were 412 +/- 63 microU/ml and 9 +/- 3 microU/ml (mean +/- SE) in the insulin- and placebo-treated fetal sheep, respectively. Prolonged fetal hyperinsulinemia was associated with lower circulating total fatty acid levels in each lipid class except cholesterol esters. Although the precursor of arachidonic acid, 18:2 (linoleic acid), was not decreased in any lipid class, insulin infusion was associated with reduced arachidonic acid in each lipid class. We conclude that prolonged fetal hyperinsulinemia decreases circulating total fatty acid and the individual fatty acids in each of the major lipid classes, except for the cholesterol esters. We speculate that these reductions in circulating fatty acids represent an insulin-mediated increase in tissue deposition.
Model-Driven Data Layout Selection for Improving Read Performance

Performance of reading scientific data from a parallel file system depends on the organization of data on physical storage devices. Data is often immutable after producers of data, such as large-scale simulations, experiments, and observations, write the data to the parallel file system. As a result, read performance of data analysis tasks is often slow when the read pattern does not conform with the original organization of the data. For example, reading small noncontiguous chunks of data from a large array is many times slower than reading the same size of contiguous chunks of data. Towards improving the data read performance during analysis phase, we are developing the Scientific Data Services (SDS) framework for automatically reorganizing previously written data to conform with the known read patterns. In this paper, we introduce a model-driven strategy for selecting the data layouts that benefit the performance of different read patterns. We have developed a parallel I/O model based on the striping parameters on Lustre file system and the block-level striping on RAID-based disks within an Object Storage Target (OST) of Lustre. We have applied the model to reorganize large 3D array datasets on a Cray XE6 platform and achieved 9X to 128X improvement in accessing the reorganized data compared to reading the data in its original layout.
Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations

Toward the end of the Pleistocene, North America lost some 35 genera of mammals. It has long been assumed that all or virtually all of the extinctions occurred between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, but detailed analyses of the radiocarbon chronology provide little support for this assumption, which seems to have been widely accepted because of the kinds of explanations felt most likely to account for the extinctions in the first place. Approaches that attribute the losses to human predation depend almost entirely on the assumed synchroneity between the extinctions and the onset of large mammal hunting by North American peoples. The fact that only two of the extinct genera have been found in a convincing kill context presents an overwhelming problem for this approach. Climatic models, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly precise and account for a wide variety of apparently synchronous biogeographic events. While a role for human activities in the extinction of some taxa is fully possible, there can be little doubt that the underlying cause of the extinctions lies in massive climatic change.
Analysis of gene induction and arrest site transcription in yeast with mutations in the transcription elongation machinery.

In vitro, transcript elongation by RNA polymerase II is impeded by DNA sequences, DNA-bound proteins, and small ligands. Transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS) assists RNA polymerase II to transcribe through these obstacles. There is however, little direct evidence that SII-responsive arrest sites function in living cells nor that SII facilitates readthrough in vivo. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking elongation factor SII and/or containing a point mutation in the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, which slows the enzyme's RNA elongation rate, grow slowly and have defects in mRNA metabolism, particularly in the presence of nucleotide-depleting drugs. Here we have examined transcriptional induction in strains lacking SII or containing the slow polymerase mutation. Both mutants and a combined double mutant were defective in induction of GAL1 and ENA1. This was not due to an increase in mRNA degradation and was independent of any drug treatment, although treatment with the nucleotide-depleting drug 6-azauracil exacerbated the effect preferentially in the mutants. These data are consistent with mutants in the Elongator complex, which show slow inductive responses. When a potent in vitroarrest site was transcribed in these strains, there was no perceptible effect upon mRNA accumulation. These data suggest that an alternative elongation surveillance mechanism exists in vivo to overcome arrest.
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Ceria Nanoparticles Using Static T-mixers

Abstract Ceria nanoparticles are of interest owing to their interesting properties like photo-absorption and ability to absorb oxygen. Several batch synthesis routes exist however these methods often lack particle size control, result in agglomeration and typically require high temperature processing. In this paper, a continuous flow microchannel synthesis method based on precipitation is demonstrated with a static T-mixer, showing improved control over agglomeration through the manipulation of flow parameters. Three flow rates were chosen representing different mixing modes and computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to visualize flow conditions. The nanoparticles were characterized for composition, size and size distribution using transmission electron microscopy, wave dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The engulfment flow condition, corresponding to the highest Reynolds number in this study, gave the narrowest particle size distribution (15.0±4.7 nm) and best compositional uniformity.
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the maxillary sinus: CT and MR findings in six cases.

Inflammatory pseudotumor is a chronic inflammatory lesion of unknown origin. The purpose of this study was to analyze the CT and MR findings in six cases of inflammatory pseudotumor of the maxillary sinus in order to determine if there were any imaging findings that distinguish this lesion from the more common type of pseudotumor that occurs in the orbit.Six patients with pseudotumor of the maxillary sinus were identified retrospectively. The diagnosis was based on biopsy specimens. Their CT scans and MR images were studied by two radiologists to identify specifically the presence of soft-tissue disease and the presence and type of any bone involvement.CT and MR images showed some degree of involvement of the bony wall in all cases. All patients had a soft-tissue mass with mild enhancement on CT scans and intermediate signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images.Our experience shows that inflammatory pseudotumor of the maxillary sinus causes bone changes on CT and MR images, findings that mimic ...
Isolation and characterization of a major cross-reactive grass group I allergenic determinant.

Abstract A series of peptides has been isolated from the Group I (GpI) allergen from five species of grasses currently under study in this laboratory. These peptides were generated by performing a limited tryptic digestion on each extensively reduced and alkylated Gpl allergen and fractionating the digest by molecular sieve, ion-exchange and HPLC reverse-phase chromatography. Material in the elution profiles was assayed with a monoclonal antibody known to cross-react with all GpI allergens in this study. In addition, this particular monoclonal antibody has been previously shown to inhibit the ability of human IgE to bind to these GpI allergens. The peptides identified and isolated in this way were found to be highly homologous to one another.
Note on a triple resonance in ferromagnetic conductors

Abstract We have performed an independent calculation of the dispersion of a coupled phonon-magnon-helicon mode in a ferromagnetic conductor. Our results lead us to question whether the triple resonance will occur in a region where it can be observed.
The Minds of Peace and intergroup dialogue: two complementary approaches to peace

Numerous intergroup practices have engaged Palestinians and Israelis with the hope of peacemaking and peacebuilding. As many have noted, this work has yet to achieve the desired conflict reduction and sustainable peace in the region. One important grassroots effort in building peace is a small-scale Israeli–Palestinian public negotiating assembly called the Minds of Peace Experiment. Another conflict resolution effort is intergroup dialogue, a sustained facilitated group experience designed to provide a safe space for participants to address divisive issues. This article compares and contrasts these two peacebuilding methods and how they inform each other to be used in tandem to secure a peaceful resolution to the conflict.
On the inter-dependency between lateral diffusion and vertical diffusion in the atmospheric surface layer

In this note we examine a widely used assumption that lateral diffusion and vertical diffusion are independent. Both the analysis of field measurement data and numerical simulation of Lagrangian stochastic modeling do not support the assumption.
The American Academic Profession: Transformation in Contemporary Higher Education, Joseph C. Hermanowicz, Editor

This article is a review of Joseph C. Hermanowicz, ed., The American Academic Profession: Transformation in Contemporary Higher Education (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011)
Monitoring sewage networks for sanitary sewer overflows

Sanitary sewer overflows (SSO) are becoming of increasing concern to utilities and regulators. The number and severity of SSOs can be reduced by the detection–correction of ongoing events. A methodology is presented to locate meters to maximize the likelihood of detecting system blockages and SSO disruptions. The problem is solved using a set-covering approach and allows the trade-off between the number of detections and the cost of gages to be easily assessed. To introduce blockages and analyze system hydraulics, a full hydraulic model for the sewer system is applied. A system in Pima County Arizona is used as a case study.
Measures of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Loss from Dairy Production Systems

In dairy production systems, tradeoffs can occur between fertilizer N applications and crop N use, feed N consumption and manure N excretion, and environmental impacts. This paper examines (i) how stocking rates affect N imports and management on dairy farms, N use efficiency (NUE; i.e., the amount of applied N incorporated into product N), and N loss; (ii) how reductions in fertilizer N and feed N may affect crop and milk production, NUE, and N loss; and (iii) why tradeoffs in N use outcomes should be considered when attempting to enhance overall NUE and reduce N loss. The Integrated Farm Simulation Model simulations of two representative dairy farm types and analyses of regional studies, long-term field experiments, and cow nutrition trials were used to demonstrate that (i) stocking rate affects cropping patterns, fertilizer and feed imports, and N loss; (ii) although fertilizer N reductions of 20 kg N ha may reduce slightly the crude protein (CP) content of corn silage (which would require purchase of additional CP supplements), this practice should not affect long-term corn yield but would reduce nitrate (NO) and nitrous oxide (NO) losses by 13 to 38%; (iii) dietary CP could be reduced on many dairy farms, which would not affect milk production but would reduce ammonia (NH) and NO emissions by 15 to 43%; and (iv) greater recognition of the tradeoffs in N use and N loss are needed to provide a better understanding of the potentials to enhance overall NUE and reduce environmental N loss from dairy production systems.