cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of serotonergic neurons in nucleus raphe magnus in opioid antinociception

It has been proposed that serotonergic neurons do not mediate opioid analgesia, based on the observation that the firing rates of serotonergic neurons are not modulated by antinociceptive treatments such as systemic opioids or periaqueductal gray (PAG) stimulation. However, several points need to be clarified regarding the data supporting this hypothesis. These include establishing whether anesthesia has influenced the results of these experiments, whether the serotonergic neurons recorded project to the dorsal horn, and whether presynaptic effects might allow opioids to change serotonin release without changing neuronal firing rate
Victims' Responses to traumatic life events: An unjust world or an uncaring world?

Although the psychological literature has generally equated deservingness and justice, victims' responses suggest the need to disentangle the two concepts. Victims usually feel their traumatic experience was undeserved but typically do not consider the outcome in terms of justice or fairness. Rather, their feelings about not deserving the victimization derive from a second type of moral judgment involving caring rather than justice. These two orientations are discussed in light of recent developments in work on moral reasoning. A framework for understanding the trauma of victimization is presented; the shattering of assumptions related to a caring world—in which people are protected from harm—is highlighted in this model. The crucialrole of social support and specific cognitive strategies used by victims in the aftermath of their victimization are discussed in terms of survivors' efforts to rebuild their assumptions about a caring world. Although concerns about justice are less common among survivors, an effort is made to discuss when these isues are most apt to arise.
Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Rectal Cancer

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is the treatment most likely to achieve prolonged survival in peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Yet the efficacy of HIPEC in rectal patients is controversial because of the retroperitoneal location of the primary tumor. Therefore, we reviewed our experience in patients with PC from a rectal primary tumor.
Campaign Strategies of Afro-Brazilian Politicians: A Preliminary Analysis

Racial politics in Brazil have changed dramatically: the nation-state that once denied racism now enacts racial policies for Afro-Brazil ians. The discourse of race has also changed: it is now common for the media to discuss Afro-Brazilians as a voting bloc. Using qualita tive methods, this article tests the hypothesis that Afro-Brazilian politicians seek a racial vote from the Afro-Brazilian electorate. Ana lyzing campaign advertisements from select candidates in Salvador and Sao Paulo, this study finds that most Afro-Brazilian politicians use racial cues, and interviews show that most Afro-Brazilian politi cians address racial issues during their campaigns. Not all of them seek racial votes, however: at the federal level, Afro-Brazilian politi cians believe that this strategy would not get them elected.Many use campaigns nevertheless to raise racial consciousness among the electorate.
Polarization and surface roughness

Polarization is indicative of small scale surface roughness and photometry indicates large scale surface roughness. These phenomenon are evident from measurements on natural and contrived surfaces. The original surface scattering research was based on laboratory simulation of the lunar surface from astronomical observations prior to the lunar landing. It was found that large scale irregularities on a surface causes shadowing to exert a major influence on the surface photometric scattering, as well as polarization. A dust coating on a coarse surface modifies the photometric as well as the polarimetric scattering function. The dust coating causes depolarization and generally increased surface brightness. Percent polarization is found to be inversely proportional to surface optical albedo. In remote sensing, the fine structure on targets is related to percent polarization. Polarized retroreflectance is found to be related to both coarse and fine structure of surfaces and valuable key to assessing contributing factors. Also, polarization can be used to advantage in military applications to distinguish targets from backgrounds.
Complex Actions of 2-Aminoethyldiphenyl Borate on Store-operated Calcium Entry

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is likely the most common mode of regulated influx of Ca2+ into cells. However, only a limited number of pharmacological agents have been shown to modulate this process. 2-Aminoethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB) is a widely used experimental tool that activates and then inhibits SOCE and the underlying calcium release-activated Ca2+ current (ICRAC). The mechanism by which depleted stores activates SOCE involves complex cellular movements of an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor, STIM1, which redistributes to puncta near the plasma membrane and, in some manner, activates plasma membrane channels comprising Orai1, -2, and -3 subunits. We show here that 2-APB blocks puncta formation of fluorescently tagged STIM1 in HEK293 cells. Accordingly, 2-APB also inhibited SOCE and ICRAC-like currents in cells co-expressing STIM1 with the CRAC channel subunit, Orai1, with similar potency. However, 2-APB inhibited STIM1 puncta formation less well in cells co-expressing Orai1, indicating that the inhibitory effects of 2-APB are not solely dependent upon STIM1 reversal. Further, 2-APB only partially inhibited SOCE and current in cells co-expressing STIM1 and Orai2 and activated sustained currents in HEK293 cells expressing Orai3 and STIM1. Interestingly, the Orai3-dependent currents activated by 2-APB showed large outward currents at potentials greater than +50 mV. Finally, Orai3, and to a lesser extent Orai1, could be directly activated by 2-APB, independently of internal Ca2+ stores and STIM1. These data reveal novel and complex actions of 2-APB effects on SOCE that can be attributed to effects on both STIM1 as well as Orai channel subunits.
Des méthodes et des hommes. La production sociale du savoir sur l’efficacité de la peine de mort

La recherche sur l’effet dissuasif des peines donne lieu a une impressionnante production quantitative, souvent indigeste et discordante. Une exploration des equipes qui travaillent sur la correlation executions-homicides permet d’identifier une « minorite bruyante » de recherches tres favorable a la peine de mort. Connaitre l’auteur d’un article dans ce domaine est un meilleur predicteur des correlations trouvees que le type de donnees utilisees. On decouvre alors un profil de l’auteur qui a une proportion importante de resultats favorables a la peine de mort : il s’agit d’un economiste americain qui ne se presente pas comme specialiste du crime et qui enseigne dans une faculte moins prestigieuse que celle ou il a soutenu sa these, alors que les sociologues et les economistes des facultes hautement classes ont tendance a trouver des resultats plus proches d’un effet « zero » de la peine de mort sur l’homicide.
Behavioral effects of erythrocyte aggregation

Abstract Microcirculatory observations and behavioral tests of discrimination and recent memory were made in rats before and after periods of erythrocyte aggregation. Some animals were treated with an antiadhesive drug prior to aggregation. This latter group had milder aggregation and suffered no behavioral losses. The group not treated with the antiadhesive agent had a marked sludge and performed poorly on tests of recent memory.
Nova-driven winds in globular clusters

Recent sensitive searches for H-alpha emission from ionized intracluster gas in globular clusters have set upper limits that conflict with theoretical predictions. It is suggested that nova outbursts heat the gas, producing winds that resolve this discrepancy. The incidence of novae in globular clusters, the conversion of kinetic energy of the nova shell to thermal energy of the intracluster gas, and the characteristics of the resultant winds are discussed. Calculated emission from the nova-driven models does not conflict with any observations to date. Some suggestions are made concerning the most promising approaches for future detection of intracluster gas on the basis of these models. The possible relationship of nova-driven winds to globular cluster X-ray sources is also considered.
Calcareous crust (caliche) profiles and early subaerial exposure of Carboniferous carbonates, northeastern Kentucky

Sequences of laminated limestones found within thin Carboniferous carbonate strata of northeastern Kentucky were studied to determine their origin and palaeo-environmental significance. These laminated zones are strikingly similar to Holocene and Pleistocene surficial calcareous crusts (caliche) profiles that occur in various parts of the world. Carboniferous laminated carbonates are associated with shallow marine carbonate units, palaeokarst, and overlying palaeosol zones. A typical laminated profile ranges in thickness from 1 to 2 m and contains brecciated, light olive-grey to brown micrite that lacks distinctive bedding. Structures and textures common in most profiles include: (1) calcareous and silicious laminae (laminae form diffuse, alternating light and dark bands that generally parallel bedding but often fill fractures and vugs within the rocks); (2) particles (allochems, and micrite and microspar fragments) coated by brown microcrystalline calcite; (3) brecciated texture; (4) circular to elliptical fossil moulds (occur in sinuous patterns and fill fractures within the rocks); (5) large and small scale fracture patterns. Subaerial weathering and vadose diagenesis of carbonate mud banks or islands is suggested as a mechanism for the formation of these Carboniferous calcareous crust profiles. These ‘crusts’ formed by a combination of solution (karsting), brecciation, and soil development that transformed an exposed marine biomicrite (‘host’ rock) into a porous subsoil rubble. Laminated ‘crusts’ and coated particles developed as the result of dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 and SiO3 from the soil and carbonate bedrock. Carboniferous laminated carbonates in northeastern Kentucky are often referred to as ‘algal limestones’ because of their superficial similarity to some modern and ancient algal structures. This study, however, reveals numerous characteristics that can only be explained by diagenesis in a subaerial environment.
Adrenocorticotropin secretagog release: stimulation by frustration and paradoxically by reward presentation.

Abstract Colchicine blockade of axonal transport from the paraventricular nucleus to the median eminence was used to indirectly infer adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretagog release in response to a reward presentation and the psychological stressor of frustration. After training rats to drink at the same time of day for 30 min for 2–3 weeks, basal arginine vasopressin (AVP), but not corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or oxytocin (OT), concentrations were elevated. The frustration of presenting empty water bottles resulted in increased corticosterone concentrations. Concordantly, CRF, AVP, and OT contents in the median eminence decreased compared to controls. All three secretagogs are thus apparently involved in the corticosterone response to frustration. As expected, water presentation decreased both ACTH and corticosterone. Paradoxically, however, CRF, AVP, and OT contents also decreased compared to controls. The discrepancy of ACTH and corticosterone concentrations declining despite release of secretagogs cannot be explained by decreased adrenal or pituitary sensitivities since both exogenous ACTH and CRF elevated corticosterone and ACTH, respectively, in rewarded rats. Secretagog release, therefore, may not always be associated with stimulation of ACTH release.
Estrogen Signaling and the Aging Brain: Context-Dependent Considerations for Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy

Recent clinical studies have spurred rigorous debate about the benefits of hormone therapy (HT) for postmenopausal women. Controversy first emerged based on a sharp increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease in participants of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies, suggesting that decades of empirical research in animal models was not necessarily applicable to humans. However, a reexamination of the data from the WHI studies suggests that the timing of HT might be a critical factor and that advanced age and/or length of estrogen deprivation might alter the body's ability to respond to estrogens. Dichotomous estrogenic effects are mediated primarily by the actions of two high-affinity estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER α & ER β ). The expression of the ERs can be overlapping or distinct, dependent upon brain region, sex, age, and exposure to hormone, and, during the time of menopause, there may be changes in receptor expression profiles, post-translational modifications, and protein:protein interactions that could lead to a completely different environment for E2 to exert its effects. In this review, factors affecting estrogen-signaling processes will be discussed with particular attention paid to the expression and transcriptional actions of ER β in brain regions that regulate cognition and affect.
Organizational Changes in the Memory of Young Children

Summy.-A set of 25 pictures of common objects classifiable either perceptually on the basis of five color categories or semantically on the basis of five categories of meaning were presented in a recall cask to 4and 5-yr.-old children. In one condition the items were presented sequentially, and in a second condition they were viewed simultaneously. Following free recall, half of the subjects received memory prompts based on the color categories and half received prompts based on the semantic categories. Four-yr.-olds displayed more color category clustering in free recall than 5-yr.-olds, but remembered fewer items with and without the aid of memory prompts. Five-yr.-olds showed a trend toward greater semantic clustering than 4-yr.-olds. Finally, more semantic clustering was observed following sequential than simultaneous item presentation, and semantic memory prompts evoked greater recall than color prompts. Developmental changes in organizational strategies were discussed.
Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction for high-resolution bioimepedance imaging through vector source reconstruction under the static field of MRI magnet

Purpose: Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is an imaging modality to reconstruct the electrical conductivity of biological tissue based on the acoustic measurements of Lorentz force induced tissue vibration. This study presents the feasibility of the authors' new MAT-MI system and vector source imaging algorithm to perform a complete reconstruction of the conductivity distribution of real biological tissues with ultrasound spatial resolution. Methods: In the present study, using ultrasound beamformation, imaging point spread functions are designed to reconstruct the induced vector source in the object which is used to estimate the object conductivity distribution. Both numerical studies and phantom experiments are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method. Also, through the numerical simulations, the full width half maximum of the imaging point spread function is calculated to estimate of the spatial resolution. The tissue phantom experiments are performed with a MAT-MI imaging system in the static field of a 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging magnet. Results: The image reconstruction through vector beamformation in the numerical and experimental studies gives a reliable estimate of the conductivity distribution in the object with a ∼1.5 mm spatial resolution corresponding to the imaging system frequency of 500 kHz ultrasound. In addition, the experiment results suggest that MAT-MI under high static magnetic field environment is able to reconstruct images of tissue-mimicking gel phantoms and real tissue samples with reliable conductivity contrast. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that MAT-MI is able to image the electrical conductivity properties of biological tissues with better than 2 mm spatial resolution at 500 kHz, and the imaging with MAT-MI under a high static magnetic field environment is able to provide improved imaging contrast for biological tissue conductivity reconstruction.
Variability among Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1 and 2 immunodominant surface glycoproteins

Summary Published genomic differences between Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1 (human-derived) and genotype 2 (animal and human-derived) isolates suggest that these may belong to two distinct species. This is of significant interest since genotype 1 isolates are associated with sporadic cases of human cryptosporidiosis in 30–40% of cases in contrast to 60–70% of cases caused by genotype 2. The lower genetic sequence similarity between genotype 1 and 2 surface glycoproteins (gp40/15) suggests that antigenic differences should also occur, a feature that was investigated in this study. Using immune and convalescent serum samples from gnotobiotic piglets previously inoculated with genotype 1 and 2 isolates, we demonstrated that C. parvum gp15 was immunodominant for both genotype 1 and 2 isolates. Lower genetic sequence similarity between genotype 1 and 2 Cpgp40/15 did correspond to gp15 protein differences as detected by Western blot. Moreover, we confirmed that gp15 contains epitopes that are also immunodominant. Deglycosylation of C. parvum proteins resulted in decreased ability of gp15, gp23 and gp900 to react with homologous polyclonal antibodies, suggesting that these proteins also express carbohydrate epitopes. Taken together, our data suggest that there is a high phenotypic variability between C. parvum genotype 1 and 2 isolates at the level of gp15. We contemplate that gp15 surface glycoprotein plays an important role in the biology of C. parvum as a potent inducer of immune response and a possible virulence factor.
Cosmetic Dermatologic Surgical Training in US Dermatology Residency Programs: Identifying and Overcoming Barriers

Importance The public and other medical specialties expect dermatologists who offer cosmetic dermatology services to provide competent care. There are numerous barriers to achieving cosmetic dermatology competency during residency. Many dermatology residents enter the workforce planning to provide cosmetic services. If a training gap exists, this may adversely affect patient safety. Objectives To identify resources available for hands-on cosmetic dermatology training in US dermatology residency training programs and to assess program director (PD) attitudes toward cosmetic dermatology training during residency and strategies, including discounted pricing, used by training programs to overcome barriers related to resident-performed cosmetic dermatology procedures. Design, Setting, and Participants An online survey in academic dermatology practices among PDs of US dermatology residency programs. Main Outcomes and Measures Frequency of cosmetic dermatology devices and injectables used for dermatology resident hands-on cosmetic dermatology training, categorizing PD attitudes toward cosmetic dermatology training during residency and describing residency-related discounted pricing models. Results Responses from PDs were received from 53 of 114 (46%) US dermatology residency programs. All but 3 programs (94%) offered hands-on cosmetic dermatology training using botulinum toxin, and 47 of 53 (89%) provided training with hyaluronic acid fillers. Pulsed dye lasers represented the most common laser use experienced by residents (41 of 52 [79%]), followed by Q-switched Nd:YAG (30 of 52 [58%]). Discounted procedures were offered by 32 of 53 (60%) programs, with botulinum toxin (30 of 32 [94%]) and fillers (27 of 32 [84%]) most prevalent and with vascular lasers (17 of 32 [53%]) and hair removal lasers (12 of 32 [38%]) less common. Various discounting methods were used. Only 20 of 53 (38%) PDs believed that cosmetic dermatology should be a necessary aspect of residency training; 14 of 52 (27%) PDs thought that residents should not be required to perform any cosmetic dermatology procedures. Conclusions and Relevance Although almost every program provides hands-on cosmetic dermatology training, there are barriers to training, including patient preferences, costs of procedures and products, and PD attitudes toward cosmetic dermatology training. To promote patient safety, procedural competency is imperative.
Immanent vitality: Reflections on the actualizing tendency

The actualizing tendency is a biopsychosocial construct rooted in the notion of the organism. An indispensable tenet of person-centered therapy, it straddles the natural sciences and the humanities, and can legitimately claim a place among contemporary multimodal scientific investigations, heirs to theories of nature that consistently refuted Darwinian and post-Darwinian evolutionary hypotheses. As a functional, verifiable notion, the actualizing tendency differs from the universalizing notion of the formative tendency. Different from the more confined notion of actualization of the self, it decenters the ego and points toward immanent vitality, a notion divorced from the totalizing claims of both scientism and mysticism and restored to its organismic/phenomenological roots.
Helix-stabilizing Interaction Between Tyrosine and Leucine or Valine when the Spacing is i,i + 4

A helix-stabilizing interaction between tyrosine and leucine or valine has been found in alanine-based peptide helices when the spacing is i, i + 4. Control peptides have identical compositions but an i, i + 3 spacing. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a helix-stabilizing interaction between two non-polar side-chains in an isolated helix. The results explain why, in an earlier study, leucine was found to have a helix propensity similar to that of alanine in an alanine-based peptide, whereas later work from another laboratory and our own has shown that alanine is markedly more helix-stabilizing than leucine in alanine-based peptides. The change in helix content resulting from the i, i + 4 Tyr-Leu interaction is comparable to the changes seen for other specific interactions between pairs of side-chains, such as ion-pair or Phe.His+ interactions.
MUTATIONS IN THE CONTACT REGION BETWEEN THE ALPHA AND BETA SUBUNITS OF TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHASE ALTER SUBUNIT INTERACTION AND INTERSUBUNIT COMMUNICATION

Interaction between the alpha and beta subunits of tryptophan synthase leads to mutual stabilization of the active conformations and to coordinated control of the activities of the two subunits. To elucidate the roles of specific residues in the interaction site between the alpha and beta subunits, mutant alpha and beta subunits were constructed, and the effects of mutation on subunit interaction and intersubunit communication were determined. Mutation of either alpha subunit Asp56 (alphaD56A) or beta subunit Lys167 (betaK167T), residues that interact in some crystal structures of the tryptophan synthase alpha2beta2 complex, decreases the ability of the alpha subunit to activate the beta subunit and alters the reaction and substrate specificity of the beta subunit. Partial conformational repair is provided by alpha-glycerol 3-phosphate, a ligand that binds to the alpha subunit, or by Cs+ or NH4+, ligands that bind to the beta subunit. Mutation of beta subunit Arg175 (betaR175A), a residue that interacts with alpha subunit Pro57 in some structures, has much smaller effects on activity but results in a 15-fold increase in the apparent Kd for dissociation of the alpha and beta subunits. Replacement of the single tryptophan in the beta subunit by phenylalanine (W177F) has only small effects on activity but increases the apparent subunit dissociation constant approximately 10-fold. The most important conclusions of this investigation are that interaction between alphaAsp56 and betaLys167 is important for intersubunit communication and that mutual stabilization of the active conformations of the two subunits is impaired by mutation of either residue.
Growth, Age and Size At Maturity of Tanner Crab, Chionoecetes Bairdi M. J. Rathbun, in the Northern Gulf of Alaska (Decapoda, Brachyura)

Ce travail comporte une estimation de la croissance, de l'âge en fonction de la taille, et de la taille a la maturite sexuelle chez le crabe Chionoecetes bairdi, d'apres les modes observes dans la distribution des frequences de tailles et la mesure de croissance a la mue. La croissance par mue decroit apres la maturite sexuelle des mâles, a une taille moyenne de 110-115 mm pour la largeur de la carapace. Les femelles effectuent une mue terminale a la maturite, a une taille moyenne de 83 mm de largeur de carapace. La croissance est moindre, de facon significative, pour les femelles, a leur mue de maturite que pour les mâles de meme taille (α = 0,05). Cette etude a montre qu'il n'y avait pas de differences significatives dans la croissance par mue (α = 0,025) d'une annee a l'autre. La relation croissance-âge proposee indiquerait que les femelles ont leur mue de maturite vers l'âge de cinq ans, tandis que les mâles atteignent la maturite vers six ans. Les pecheries portent seulement sur les mâles qui ont de 6 a 8 ans au moins. Les plus grands mâles peches commercialement n'ont probablement guere plus de 12 a 15 ans.
Molecular Simulation Study of the Structure of High Density Polymer Brushes in Good Solvent

Molecular dynamics simulations are presented of coarse-grained, polar, polymer brushes in a good polar solvent at high grafting densities. Chain extension is heavily influenced by temperature, stre...
Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy

Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy. Deborah Sick. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1999. xii. 169 pp., tables, figures, glossary, notes, bibliography, index.
Serum skatole detection using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.

Skatole-spiked boar serum was used to evaluate the degradation of skatole during frozen storage and to evaluate gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for measuring serum skatole. Tubes of serum spiked with 1 ppm skatole which had been stored in a freezer (-15°C) for 4 months and tubes of fresh spiked serum (1 ppm skatole) were utilized. No differences (P > 0·05) between GC and HPLC determination in sensitivity and skatole recovery were observed. Measurements of skatole by GC and HPLC were highly correlated (r = 0·93). Both GC and HPLC revealed no difference (P > 0·05) between fresh spiked serum and stored spiked serum samples.
Orientational and Vibrational Relaxation Dynamics of Perylene and 1-Methylperylene in n-Alcohols: Probing the Balance between van der Waals and Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions

We report on the rotational diffusion and vibrational population relaxation dynamics of perylene and 1-methylperylene in the primary normal alcohols methanol through n-decanol. The rotational diffu...
Hatch, Larval Development, and Adult Longevity of Four Lepidopterous Species After Thermal Treatment of Eggs

Eggs, 12–24 hours old, of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.); the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were exposed to several temperatures to determine the effect of thermal treatment on egg hatch, subsequent larval development, and adult longevity. Exposure of eggs to temperatures at or above 46.1° C for 30 minutes prevented hatching of both the Heliothis species and reduced the hatch of beet armyworm and pink bollworm. A temperature of 43.3° C did not influence hatchability of the Heliothis species eggs exposed for 1 hour or pink bollworm and beet armyworm eggs exposed for 4 hours. Larval development and adult longevity were similar to that of the untreated check after eggs of the 4 species were exposed to 43.3 °±2.2° C for as long as 2 hours.
Understanding the Motivational Contingencies of Team Leadership

Despite increased research on team leadership, little is known about the conditions under which coaching versus directive forms of team leadership are more effective, or the processes through which team leadership styles influence team outcomes. In the present study, the authors found that coaching leadership was more effective than directive leadership when the team leader was highly charismatic and less effective than directive leadership when the team leader lacked charisma. Directive leadership was more effective than coaching leadership when team members were high in self-efficacy and less effective than coaching leadership when team members lacked self-efficacy. The moderating effects of leader charisma and team member self-efficacy were mediated through motivational pathways involving team member effort.
Deriving common malware behavior through graph clustering

Detection of malicious software (malware) continues to be a problem as hackers devise new ways to evade available methods. The proliferation of malware and malware variants requires new advanced methods to detect them. This paper proposes a method to construct a common behavioral graph representing the execution behavior of a family of malware instances. The method generates one common behavioral graph by clustering a set of individual behavioral graphs, which represent kernel objects and their attributes based on system call traces. The resulting common behavioral graph has a common path, called HotPath, which is observed in all the malware instances in the same family. The proposed method shows high detection rates and false positive rates close to 0%. The derived common behavioral graph is highly scalable regardless of new instances added. It is also robust against system call attacks.
Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex

Abstract The adult mammalian neocortex consists of numerous ‘areas' distinguished from one another largely on the basis of distinctions in cytoarchitecture and connections. The developing neocortex, though, lacks many of these area-specific distinctions, and is more uniform across its extent. This less differentiated structure, here termed the ‘protocortex', undergoes considerable modification after neurogenesis which results in the emergence of well-defined neocortical areas. To what extent, then, are neocortical areas predetermined? This issue is considered in the context of recent findings on the generation of the neocortex and its subsequent parcellation into distinct areas.
DNA ploidy measurements in prostate cancer: Differences between image analysis and flow cytometry and clinical implications

The relationship between DNA ploidy and prognostic parameters has been established in prostate cancer. However, comparison of various techniques used for DNA ploidy analysis has not been sufficiently addressed in prostate carcinoma. In the present study, grossly identified discrete carcinoma foci from 48 consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens were analyzed by flow cytometry and image analysis using both imprints and tissue sections. Correlations with other prognostically important pathological findings such as grade, size, extracapsular extension, positive surgical margin, and seminal vesicle and lymph node involvement were done. Image analysis detected 26 (54.2%) nondiploid tumors compared to 15 (31.3%) nondiploid tumors by flow cytometry. No significant differences were demonstrated between imprints and tissue sections. DNA ploidy status showed a good correlation with most other pathological findings listed above. In conclusion, DNA ploidy status determination gives clinically useful information which correlates well with the other useful pathological parameters of prognostic importance. Image analysis may be more sensitive than flow cytometry in detecting nondiploid populations. Tissue sections appear to be as reliable as imprints when properly controlled. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Investigation of Racial Bias in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised

Step-down hierarchical multiple regression procedures were employed to investigate whether or not the PPVT-R is racially biased in predicting the scores of white and black subjects on the WISC-R for 75 adolescent subjects. The multiple regression equation slopes for blacks and whites were not significantly different, but intercepts for blacks and whites were significantly different. The results indicate that the PPVT-R is valid for blacks and whites in predicting WISC-R scores.
Comparative water relations of five species of spiders from different habitats

Abstract 1. 1. Water contents, desiccation rates and desiccation tolerances were obtained for five species of spiders from different habitats: Achaearanea tepidariorum , dry terrestrial; Dolomedes scriptus , semiaquatic; Oxyopes salticus , herb-layer; Pardosa lapidicina , ground-layer; Trochosa pratensis , ground-layer. 2. 2. Interspecific differences were found in water content. No trend corre-lated with habitat was evident. 3. 3. Log regressions of rate of water loss on weight for all species indicate that the dehydration rate in part is a function of size. 4. 4. Mean rates of water loss for species of similar size seem to be adapted to the species apparent habits and habitats. 5. 5. Body size and desiccation rate do not influence critical activity point (CAP) values; they may be genetically controlled. 6. 6. CAP values of A. tepidarirum and D. scriptus correlate well with the moisture characteristics of their habitats.
Simplified analysis of surface acoustic wave one-port resonators

Many modern surface acoustic wave resonators consist of two grating reflectors with a reflective transducer in between. It is shown that this behaves as a single resonant cavity, in which the transducer reflections give rise to a frequency-dependent variation of the cavity length. A simple approximate formula for the resonator admittance is deduced.
Absorption-detected magnetic-resonance studies of photoexcitations in conjugated-polymer/C60 composites.

Photoexcitations in poly[2-methoxy-5-(${2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and composites of MEH-PPV and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (MEH-PPV/${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$) were studied by photoinduced absorption and absorption-detected magnetic-resonance spectroscopies. We report direct evidence that the prominent triplet photoexcitations in pristine MEH-PPV are effectively quenched in MEH-PPV/${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. In contrast, the dominant photoexcitations in MEH-PPV/${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ are spin-1/2 excitations: polarons on the polymer chains; and polarons on the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$). \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Distribution, morphology, and biochemical genetics of Coryphaenoïdes armatus and C. yaquinae (Pisces: Macrouridae) in the central and eastern North Pacific

Abstract A morphological and electrophoretic analysis of Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector) and C. yaquinae Iwamoto and Stein was made because their morphological similarity has led to their confusion by previous workers and generated uncertainty about their specific distinctness. The results show that C. armatus and C. yaquinae are closely related but distinct species and are distinguihable by differences in the number and arrangement of premaxillary and mandibular rows of teeth, and by fixed differences in electromorphs at five presumptive gene loci: Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Sod, Gdh, and Gpi-A. The respective distribution in the central and eastern North Pacific are also distinct. C. armatus ranges mostly along the continental rise and slope of western North America between about 2000 and 4300 m, whereas C. yaquinae ranges mostly in the North Pacific basin to at least 5825 m and co-occurs with C. armatus between about 3400 and 4300 m on the continental rise. The distributions are explained by suggesting that C. yaquinae is adapted for life beneath the North Pacific central gyre by virtue of a reduced metabolic rate relative to C. armatus.
Optimization of pre-amorphization and dopant implant conditions for advanced annealing

Abstract As CMOS device dimensions shrink toward the 45 nm technology node, the junction depth of the source/drain extensions must decrease to 7–12 nm in order to minimize short channel effects. Simultaneously, the desire for high transistor drive currents and fast device performance leads to the requirement of a maximum PMOS extension sheet resistance of 830 Ω/□. In order to meet the junction depth requirement, advanced annealing techniques with maximum temperature dwell times of about 1 ms are being developed and assessed, since they enable dopant activation with minimal diffusion from the as-implanted dopant profile. Nevertheless, achieving low sheet resistances with junctions formed by these advanced anneals is a challenge. Pre-amorphization with Ge + ions is commonly used to reduce the as-implanted junction depth by minimizing channeling, but the pre-amorphization implant conditions influence the junction sheet resistance along with the dopant implant conditions. This paper will discuss an optimization study of pre-amorphization and dopant implant conditions with advanced annealing for PMOS source/drain extension formation. The energy and dose of Ge + pre-amorphization implants and B + dopant implants were varied to find the minimum sheet resistance and junction depth. The optimal implant conditions for advanced anneal are found to be different from those previously reported for spike anneal. Two types of dopant activation mechanisms will be discussed to explain the different sets of optimum conditions. In addition, the boron diffusion appears to be controlled by the Ge peak position, which can be used to improve profile abruptness. These mechanisms together appear to provide the knobs that enable formation of p + –n junctions satisfying the ITRS 45 nm requirements.
Inhibition by Cystine of Lecithinase (α-Toxin) Production in Clostridium welchii (perfringens) BP6K.

THE highest yields of lecithinase per ml. of medium in cultures of Clostridium welchii were reported by Logan et al. 1. In the course of investigations of factors present in this medium which increase toxin production, we have encountered specific instances of the inhibition of the production of lecithinase.
Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Images of the HH 7/11 Outflow in NGC 1333

We present near-infrared images in H2 at 2.12 μm of the HH 7/11 outflow and its driving source SVS 13 taken with the Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS2 camera, as well as archival Hα and [S II] optical images obtained with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2). The Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer high angular resolution observations confirm the nature of a small-scale jet arising from SVS 13 and resolve a structure in the HH 7 working surface that could correspond to Mach disk H2 emission. The H2 jet has a length of 430 AU (at a distance of 350 pc) and an aspect ratio of 2.2 and morphologically resembles the well-known DG Tau optical microjet. The kinematical age of the jet (~10 yr) coincides with the time since the last outburst from SVS 13. If we interpret the observed H2 flux density with molecular shock models of 20-30 km s-1, then the jet has a density as high as 105 cm-3. The presence of this small jet warns that contamination by H2 emission from an outflow in studies searching for H2 in circumstellar disks is possible. At the working surface, the smooth H2 morphology of the HH 7 bow shock indicates that the magnetic field is strong, playing a major role in stabilizing this structure. The H2 flux density of the Mach disk, when compared with that of the bow shock, suggests that its emission is produced by molecular shocks of less than 20 km s-1. The WFPC2 optical images display several of the global features already inferred from ground-based observations, like the filamentary structure in HH 8 and HH 10, which suggests a strong interaction of the outflow with its cavity. The H2 jet is not detected in [S II] or Hα; however, there is a small clump at ~5 '' northeast of SVS 13 that could be depicting the presence of either a different outburst event or the north edge of the outflow cavity.
Estimation of discretization errors in contact pressure measurements.

Abstract Contact pressure measurements in total knee replacements are often made using a discrete sensor such as the Tekscan K-Scan sensor. However, no method currently exists for predicting the magnitude of sensor discretization errors in contact force, peak pressure, average pressure, and contact area, making it difficult to evaluate the accuracy of such measurements. This study identifies a non-dimensional area variable, defined as the ratio of the number of perimeter elements to the total number of elements with pressure, which can be used to predict these errors. The variable was evaluated by simulating discrete pressure sensors subjected to Hertzian and uniform pressure distributions with two different calibration procedures. The simulations systematically varied the size of the sensor elements, the contact ellipse aspect ratio, and the ellipse's location on the sensor grid. In addition, contact pressure measurements made with a K-Scan sensor on four different total knee designs were used to evaluate the magnitude of discretization errors under practical conditions. The simulations predicted a strong power law relationship ( r 2 >0.89) between worst-case discretization errors and the proposed non-dimensional area variable. In the total knee experiments, predicted discretization errors were on the order of 1–4% for contact force and peak pressure and 3–9% for average pressure and contact area. These errors are comparable to those arising from inserting a sensor into the joint space or truncating pressures with pressure sensitive film. The reported power law regression coefficients provide a simple way to estimate the accuracy of experimental measurements made with discrete pressure sensors when the contact patch is approximately elliptical.
Reverse sediment transport induced by amplitude-modulated waves

Abstract Amplitude-modulated waves can induce bedload and suspended-load transports of sediment in the reverse direction of the wave propagation. The reverse transport rate is mainly controlled by the magnitude of the bottom orbital velocity. The mechanism is most effective in transporting silts and fine sands offshore, but not clays. The sorting characteristic may be amplified when non-uniform size sediments are present in the sea bed. The mechanism provides a feasible explanation for two shelf sedimentation patterns difficult to understand using conventional seaward sediment-transport models.
Capillary gas chromatographic-electron capture detection of coca-leaf-related impurities in illicit cocaine: 2,4-diphenylcyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic acids, 1,4-diphenylcyclobutane-2,3-dicarboxylic acids and their alkaloidal precursors, the truxillines

Abstract A method has been developed that allows for the detection of the eleven stereoisomers of diphenylcyclobutanedicarboxylic acid in illicit cocaine samples, including χ-, γ-, and e-truxillic acids and β- and δ-truxinic acids. These, and other carboxylic acids, were also detected as ester moieties of alkaloidal impurities in illicit cocaine as well as in alkaloids of the South American coca leaf, e.g., α- and β-truxilline. After lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the acidic and basic extracts of a prepared sample, the reduced species were derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride in the presence ofpyridine.The heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of the reduced diphenylcyclobutanedicarboxylic compounds were easily detected on-column at low picogram levels using a moderately polar fused-silica capillary column in the splitless mode and interfaced with a 63Ni electron-capture detector.
Optoelectronics: a deep-level LED.

Future high-speed communications devices will require efficient long-wavelength emitters that are compatible with integrated circuits. The development of a 1.5 μm GaAs LED is an important step forward.
Central discoid corneal dystrophy.

Purpose. To present a small kindred with a unique dominantly inherited corneal stromal dystrophy. Methods. A 31-year-old man was noted to have bilateral, symmetric, central discoid corneal stromal opacification. We performed bilateral penetrating keratoplasties for decreased visual acuity, glare, and photophobia. Results. Light microscopy revealed multiple extracellular vacuoles, concentrated in the anterior one-half of the central corneal stroma. Material within the vacuoles demonstrated intense reactivity with alcian blue and colloidal iron stains, consistent with glycosaminoglycan deposition. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated nonmembrane-bound vacuoles in the stroma that contained a faintly osmiophilic matrix and black circular profiles. Immunohistochemical analysis of the vacuolar deposits revealed that chondroitin sulfate was the primary glycosaminoglycan present. A clinical and serologic evaluation revealed no evidence of a systemic storage disorder. Genetic analysis did not reveal a mutation in the coding region of the CHST6 gene. Conclusions. Given these unique clinical and histopathologic findings as well as nearly identical clinical findings in the patient's father and one of four brothers, the authors believe that this represents a previously unreported, dominantly inherited corneal stromal dystrophy.
Comparative genomic analysis of NAC transcriptional factors to dissect the regulatory mechanisms for cell wall biosynthesis

NAC domain transcription factors are important transcriptional regulators involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed several classes of NAC transcriptional factors crucial for controlling secondary cell wall biosynthesis. These transcriptional factors mainly include three classes, SND, NST and VND. Despite progress, most current analysis is carried out in the model plant Arabidopsis. Moreover, many downstream genes regulated by these transcriptional factors are still not clear. In order to identify the key homologue genes across species and discover the network controlling cell wall biosynthesis, we carried out comparative genome analysis of NST, VND and SND genes across 19 higher plant species along with computational modelling of genes regulated or co-regulated with these transcriptional factors. The comparative genome analysis revealed that evolutionarily the secondary-wall-associated NAC domain transcription factors first appeared in Selaginella moellendorffii. In fact, among the three groups, only VND genes appeared in S. moellendorffii, which is evolutionarily earlier than the other two groups. The Arabidopsis and rice gene expression analysis showed specific patterns of the secondary cell wall-associated NAC genes (SND, NST and VND). Most of them were preferentially expressed in the stem, especially the second internodes. Furthermore, comprehensive co-regulatory network analysis revealed that the SND and MYB genes were co-regulated, which indicated the coordinative function of these transcriptional factors in modulating cell wall biosynthesis. In addition, the co-regulatory network analysis revealed many novel genes and pathways that could be involved in cell wall biosynthesis and its regulation. The gene ontology analysis also indicated that processes like carbohydrate synthesis, transport and stress response, are coordinately regulated toward cell wall biosynthesis. Overall, we provided a new insight into the evolution and the gene regulatory network of a subgroup of the NAC gene family controlling cell wall composition through bioinformatics data mining and bench validation. Our work might benefit to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying the regulation network of secondary cell wall biosynthesis.