cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated levels of arsenic in the sediments of an urban pond: sources, distribution and water quality impacts.

Abstract The discovery of significantly elevated levels of arsenic (As) in the sediments of Spy Pond motivated us to identify the principal As source and to investigate the extent of contamination within the pond. Spy Pond is located in Arlington (MA, USA), a residential and commercial town with no known history of As use by industry or agriculture. Spy Pond is a kettle-hole pond composed of two basins (north and south) separated by a shallow sill. Sediment cores from the two basins were analyzed for As content by instrumental neutron activation analysis and dated by measuring 210 Pb activity. The As concentration profiles for the north and south basins had maxima that dated to ∼1962 and ∼1956, respectively. These dates are consistent with records of arsenical herbicide use, which indicate that between 1960–1968 sodium arsenite (NaAsO 2 ) and arsenic oxide (As 2 O 3 ) were applied to the pond to control aquatic macrophytes. Estimates of As loadings to the two basins—∼410 kg (∼32 kg ha −1 ) to the north and ∼5800 kg (∼580 kg ha −1 ) to the south—are consistent with the range of application rates reported for other lakes treated with arsenical herbicides. To determine the extent of As contamination in the pond, 68 surface sediment samples were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Arsenic levels ranged from 1 to 2600 ppm in the north basin ( n =49) and from 120 to 1100 ppm in the south basin ( n =19). Background sediment-As levels for the area are 10–40 ppm. The highest concentrations of As in the sediments of Spy Pond are comparable to levels measured in lakes contaminated with chemical manufacturing and mining wastes. These results are discussed with respect to As remobilization and sediment treatment measures planned for the pond.
Men, Women, and Trade

This paper considers one aspect of the relationship between social organization and certain sorts of economic activity, using a particular setting, the internal market system in peasant societies (Mintz, 1959), as a frame of reference. The argument proceeds from the well-known fact that, in many of these market systems, much or even most of the distributive activity is carried on by women, and these women often engage in commerce more or less independently of the economic undertakings of their husbands. In such cases, husband and wife participate in distinguishably different risk structures, an arrangement having particular relevance to the nature of family life and culturally determined sex-role differentiation. Furthermore, since husbands and wives in such cases may carry on not only independent but also different economic pursuits, it would not be surprising if some of the attitudes related to the kind of economic activity also differed along sexual lines. Productive and distributive undertakings require different skills; probably they evoke different temperamental responses as well. One might claim that the tests of success for the middleman are different in character from the tests of success for the agricultural producer; those successful in one pursuit are not necessarily those most likely to succeed in the other. Of course this contention does not preclude some optimum combination of skills; many producers alsoengage successfully in intermediary and distributive activities, and some of the so-called underdeveloped world's most skilled traders began as agricultural producers (Bauer, 1957: 71; Bauer and Yamey, 1957: 104–5).
Resampling methods for the MTI coregistration product

Accurate coregistration of images from the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) is needed to properly align bands for spectral analysis and physical retrievals, such as water surface temperature, land-cover classification, or small target identification. After accounting for spacecraft motion, optical distortion, and geometrical perspective, the irregularly-spaced pixels in the images must be resampled to a common grid. What constitutes an optimal resampling depends, to some extent, on the needs of the user. A good resampling trades off radiometric fidelity, contrast preservation for small objects, and cartographic accuracy -- and achieves this compromise without unreasonable computational effort. The standard MTI coregistration product originally used a weighted-area approach to achieve this irregular resampling, which generally over-smoothes the imagery and reduces the contrast of small objects. Recently, other resampling methods have been implemented to improve the final coregistered image. These methods include nearest-neighbor resampling and a tunable, distance-weighted resampling. We will discuss the pros and cons of various resampling methods applied to MTI images, and show results of comparing the contrast of small objects before and after resampling.
Hide and secrete: Women's sexual magic in Belize

The study is an interpretive descnption of certain kinds of magic or dirt sorcery used by women in Belize (fonnerly British Honduras) to preserve mantal and common-law unions. Relations between the sexes are briefly described, pnmarily in economic terns, and suggestions are made as to the possible functions of the magical "methods of attachment," which may serve as stabllizing influences in a society where marriage is quite brittle. This paper is a descriptive analysis of certasn mwical practices associated with relations between the sexes in Belize (formerly British Honduras) which I uncovered while engaged in arlthropological field work there (funded by NIH grant MH 48830). These practices were occasionally mentioned in connection with the genesis of psychiatric disorder and indeed, after further inquiry, appeared to constitute a fairly important part of the cultural content of inter-sex behavior. The purpose of this report is to present a detailed description of a rather unique sexually-related belief and action system and to offer some possible explanations as to how this system is related to other aspects of socio-cultural organization, especially the position of women. To place this information in a larger perspective a few facts about Belize are in order. The absolute smallness of the country, both in area and population, has been an important factor in the development of the present society as are the location and economy. With a total area of 8666 miles and a population of 140,000 (1973 estimates), it is very small in scale. The ethnically diverse population is concentrated in the fotmer capitol, Belize City, with the remaining persons scattered in the surrounding rural areas. Located as Belize is on the cultural and geographic border between Latin America and the Caribbean, there is a blending of West Indian and Ibero-American life styles which gives the small colony a distinctive ambience and atmosphere. However, Belize has not prospered greatly in the past; and, due to social, political, geographic, and historical factors,
Language Development Among Immigrant Students from the Perspectives of Two Different Assimilated Instructors

The authors present two experiences of assimilation, “melting-pot” and “salad-bowl” processes, their connections to the WASP framework of skin color, language, and religion, and their influences in the classroom. They focus on how fluency in the English language is the dominant assimilation factor for immigrant students and share their experiences of dealing with the issue of language in the classroom to assist immigrant students to become assimilated.
Field Testing of Protocols to Prevent the Spread of Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha during Fish Hatchery and Aquaculture Activities

Abstract The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, an introduced, aquatic bivalve species, causes changes in the ecology and negatively impacts the economic value of infected water bodies. Unfortunately, the spread of the zebra mussel can be facilitated by aquaculture activities. We field-tested the effectiveness of chemical treatment protocols established to prevent the spread of microscopic zebra mussel larvae (veligers) during fish stocking. We achieved more realistic exposure conditions by performing fish and veliger toxicity tests in aerated 750-L tanks on fish hatchery tanker trucks using the chemical treatments established in earlier laboratory work. Posttreatment survival was measured for veligers in the 750-L tanks, followed by an assessment of the survival of walleye Stizostedion vitreum and saugeye (sauger S. canadense × walleye) 5 d after stocking into 4,000-m2 fish ponds. A 1-h pretreatment of 750 mg/L KCl followed by a 2-hr treatment of 25 mg/L formalin was effective in killing veligers without...
Training parents to implement communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A systematic review

This review identifies procedures used to train parents to implement communication interventions to children with autism spectrum disorders. Systematic search procedures identified 11 studies that met predetermined inclusion criteria. Across studies, 60 parents were trained to implement Pivotal Response Training, Enhanced Milieu Teaching, Natural Language Paradigm, or Early Start Denver Model. The mean time spent training parents was 17 hours. Training procedures used most often included: (a) verbal instruction and/or instruction manuals, (b) in vivo practice, (c) role playing, (d) modeling by trainer, and (e) reviewing videos of intervention sessions. Improvements in parent ability to implement intervention and child communication were ubiquitous. However, a paucity of studies in which baseline parent behavior was measured, coupled with the absence of studies evaluating individual training procedures, precludes definitive statements regarding the most effective and efficient approach to parent training a...
Who is Citing Undergraduate Theses in Institutional Digital Repositories?: Implications for Scholarship and Information Literacy

Undergraduate theses are available through open access institutional repositories. Is undergraduate work being integrated into the larger body of academic research, and, if so, how? Institutional repositories containing undergraduate theses were selected and titles were searched using the forward citation feature in Google Scholar to determine if and where undergraduate scholarship is being cited. Results show that 24 percent of citations to senior theses were in peer-reviewed or refereed journals and 33 percent in dissertations and theses. This article addresses citation source and the potential value of undergraduate scholarship as well as the implications for information literacy instruction to senior thesis students.
Calcium Channel Engineering

High-voltage-activated calcium (CaV) channels convert electrical signals into Ca2+ ion influx to trigger biological responses in excitable cells. CaV channel dysfunction underlies many cardiovascular and neurological diseases, from cardiac arrhythmias to autism. Modulation of CaV channels by intracellular signaling proteins, Ca2+ ions and various small molecules is a powerful method to regulate physiology and is therapeutic for myriad disease conditions. I will discuss CaV channel engineering approaches that we have used to gain insights into the structure-function mechanisms of these vital proteins, to probe their physiological roles, and to develop novel genetically-encoded molecules that modulate their activity.
Contrast Medium Injected into Juvenile Bone Cysts to Analyze Interior Morphology and Guide Intracavity Corticosteroid Treatment

In connection with treating juvenile bone cysts with intracavital corticosteroid injections, the interior cyst anatomy was analyzed at cystography in 13 children aged 4 to 15 years. Only 4 children had a true unicameral cyst; the others had 2 or more cysts or had compartments with free or restricted communication to the main cyst. Cysts and compartments which had not been reached by steroids may continue to grow. Optimum treatment may therefore require injections at different sites guided by cystography. Neither conventional criteria of cyst activity nor repeated bone scintigraphy 3 months after treatment could predict whether the treatment would lead to final healing.
Thermodynamic Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions: Part 1. Excess Molar Volumes of Binary Mixtures Containing Chlorobenzene

Abstract Excess molar volumes of binary chlorobenzene + 1,1-oxybisbutane, chlorobenzene + n-heptane, chlorobenze + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, chlorobenzene + cyclohexane and chlorobenzene + n-octane mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K. For the first three systems, V E m is negative throughout the entire concentration range. V E m is positive for the chlorobenzene + cyclohexane system, and both positive and negative for mixtures containing chlorobenzene and n-octane depending upon mole fraction composition.
“Fifty in five”: The prospects for merger in the electric utility industry

By analyzing four case studies of merger attempts between electric utilities, we conclude that there are not strong incentives for a wave of combinations in the industry. Potential synergy gains do not provide a strong motivation since they are likely already being captured through joint ventures and coordination agreements. Those that still exist would most likely be distributed to rate payers by regulatory decisions. Managerial incentives of the bidder are countered by the desire of target management to remain independent. Potential gains to the financial community from a wave of mergers are large, but the regulatory process provides a dampening of this otherwise strong incentive.
Neural network approach to object recognition and image partitioning within a resolution hierarchy

Object recognition is a complex task involving simultaneous problems in grouping, segmentation, and matching. Previous work involved an objective function formulation of the problem, resulting in a uniform method of addressing problems in object recognition that have heretofore been approached by heterogenous complex vision systems. The complexity of our objective functions resulted in numerous optimization failures, not unexpectedly. Here we propose to prime the system with estimates of the objects parameters at a coarse, more abstract, scale. We discuss how this might be done. These initial values are expected to bring the state of the system closer to good minima.
Development of a test battery to identify older drivers at risk for self-reported adverse driving events

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were (1) to develop a battery of tests that assessed a wide range of functional abilities relevant to driving yet could be performed in a clinician's office and (2) to determine which of these tests were most closely associated with self-reported adverse driving events. DESIGN: A cohort study. SETTING: An urban community. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were drawn from the Project Safety cohort, a probability sample of noninstitutionalized older persons in New Haven, Connecticut, initiated in 1989. The current study included surviving, active drivers in the cohort (N= 125). MEASURES: The test battery assessed visual, cognitive, and physical abilities potentially relevant to driving, and was administered in participants' homes by trained interviewers between October 1994 and July 1995. Outcome measures included the self-report of a crash, moving violation, or being stopped by police in any Project Safety interview since the inception of the cohort. Analyses compared performance on the elements of the test battery with participants' histories of adverse driving events. RESULTS: Of the 125 drivers, 50 (40%) had reported an adverse event in a mean period of 5.76 (±.25) years before the current interview. The elements of the test battery independently associated with a history of events, adjusting for driving frequency, included near visual acuity worse than 20/40 (adjusted odds ratio 11.90), limited neck rotation (OR 6.10), and poor performance on a test of visual attention, the number cancellation task (OR 3.00). The resulting regression equation yielded a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 55%, and an area under the curve of .75 by receiver operating characteristic analysis. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest it may be possible to identify individuals potentially at risk for self-reported adverse driving events using simple tests of functional ability. If validated, such an approach could be used to identify individuals who need a more detailed assessment of functional abilities to determine the severity and etiology of impairments, and their effect on driving performance, as well as possible interventions to correct or compensate for the impairments. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:562–568, 1998.
Collateral effects of parent training on family interactions.

Recent research suggests that using naturalistic teaching paradigms leads to therapeutic gains in clinic settings for children with autism and related disorders. More recent studies are demonstrating that implementing these strategies within a parent training format may produce collateral effects in other areas of family life. The present experiment assessed collateral effects of two very different parent training paradigms during unstructured dinnertime interactions in the family setting. One paradigm focused on teaching individual target behaviors (ITB) serially, and the other focused on a recently developed naturalistic paradigm that teaches the pivotal responses (PRT) of motivation and responsivity to multiple cues. Two groups of families were randomly assigned to each of the parent training conditions. Pretraining and post- parent- training videotapes of dinnertime interactions were scored in a random order across four interactional scales (level of happiness, interest, stress, and style of communication). Results obtained for the four interactional scales showed that the families in both conditions initially scored in the neutral range, and the ITB training paradigm produced no significant influence on the interactions from pretraining to posttraining. In contrast, however the PRT parent training paradigm resulted in the families showing positive interactions on all four scales, with the parent-child interactions rated as happier, the parents more interested in the interaction, the interaction less stressful, and the communication style as more positive.
Retransplantation after renal allograft loss due to noncompliance: Indications, outcome, and ethical concerns

Noncompliance is increasingly recognized as a major cause of renal allograft loss, but the results of retransplantation of such patients have never been described. At our center, 52 of 3525 kidney recipients between June 1, 1963 and December 31, 1993 lost their graft due to overt noncompliance. Of these, 14 (27%) underwent retransplantation after thorough interdisciplinary evaluation. All but 1 patient had returned to dialysis before retransplantation. Of the retransplanted grafts, 2 were lost (1 technical failure, 1 chronic rejection in a compliant patient); both recipients were retransplanted once again. Currently, all retransplanted patients are alive and have a functioning graft. We conclude that for selected patients with graft loss due to noncompliance excellent results can be achieved with retransplantation. However, the issue of retransplanting previously noncompliant patients in the face of a significant donor organ shortage requires public debate.
“Just Roll Your Mouse Over Me”: Designing Virtual Women for Customer Service on the Web

This paper explores the growing popularity of animated software agents as a rapidly evolving technology for supporting website users and particularly the tendency among designers to figure them as young women. While designers claim that animated/personified interfaces are more intuitive and natural than the traditional point-and-click interfaces that users encounter, this paper aims to show how virtual humans can enact familiar scripts about women's work, circumscribe the range of possible roles and personalities for women, invoke service to others as the primary context for women's work, and objectify women through a not-so-subtle process of linking technology-as-tool to the idea that women are tools, fetishized instruments to be used in the service of accomplishing users' goals. In conclusion, this study develops our field's tools for critiquing technical communication texts and interfaces by focusing attention on the implications of how technologies for interacting with website users are designed.
Prosody in context: a review

Prosody conveys information about the linguistic context of an utterance at every level of linguistic organisation, from the word up to the discourse context. Acoustic correlates of prosody cue this rich contextual information, but interpreting prosodic cues in terms of the lexical, syntactic and discourse information they encode also requires recognising prosodic variation due to speaker, language variety, speech style and other properties of the situational context. This review reveals the complex interaction among contextual factors that influence the phonological form and phonetic expression of prosody. Empirical challenges in prosodic transcription are discussed along with production evidence that reveals striking variability in the phonological encoding of prosody and in its phonetic expression. The review points to the need for a model of prosody that is robust to contextually driven variation affecting the production and perception of prosodic form.
From genes to mechanisms to therapies: Lessons to be learned from neurological disorders

The brain is an isolated metabolic preserve and small metabolic biases that may have no consequences for other cells may have an important role in many neurological conditions.
Energy transport to molten flowing polymer systems: II. Analysis of data and development of temperature profiles with axial length

Energy transport to molten, flowing polymer has been studied. Experimental temperature profiles were determined at various axial lengths. These data are both precise and reproducible. Viscous dissipation was found to be a significant factor in these systems. In addition, sizable thermal expansion cooling effects were noted. It was also shown that the effect of viscous dissipation on Nusselt number was a function of Graetz number. At high Graetz numbers viscous dissipation had a sizable effect that declined to negligible proportions at Graetz values of 7 or less. Prior theoretical treatment of temperature profile development is shown to be only qualitatively correct.
Quasienergy formalism for intense field multiphoton ionization of atoms induced by circularly polarized radiation

Abstract A practical non-perturbative approach is presented for multiphoton ionization of atoms induced by circularly polarized radiation. By use of co-ordinate rotation transformation and L 2 -discretization of the atomic continuum, the complex energy spectrum of a stationary quesienergy operator can be located and multiphoton ionization rates determined as a function of time and arbitrary photon intensity. The theory is applied to the two-photon ionization of the H atom in intense fields.
Estimated GFR vs creatinine clearance for drug dosing.

Stevens et al suggest that the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an acceptable substitute for estimated or measured creatinine clearance (CCr) as an index for adjusting drug doses in patients with chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. However, others have raised concerns that injudicious use of estimated GFR as a substitute for CCr could result in significant dosing errors and toxicity, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Further, their conclusion is not supported by results of 4 studies that showed that using the MDRD Study equation instead of CCr estimates led to recommendations for 30%60% higher doses of digoxin, amantadine, and various antimicrobials. Estimated GFR values have also been shown to overestimate CCr in patients with measured GFRs_60 mL/min/1.73 m (_1 mL/s/1.73 m), the population most likely to require dose modification.
Cochlear microphonic potential response of the dog to diuretic compounds.

Studies have been carried out to determine the ototoxic effects of diuretics in the dog. After baseline levels had been determined at peak frequencies for each animal, cochlear microphonic potentials (CMP) were followed for 4- to 6-hr periods following single or cumulative iv administration of the drugs. Studies assessing the ototoxicity of single and cumulative iv doses of ethacrynic acid in the dog demonstrated that a dose of 40 mg/kg produced a 100% reduction of the CMP within 15 min. This depression was followed by a slow recovery to 57% of predrug values within 3 hr without any additional appreciable recovery observed at 4 hr. The minimum effective diuretic dose in dogs is 0.05 mg/kg. Lower doses of ethacrynic acid produced correspondingly lower reductions in the CMP at a slower rate with supracompensatory recovery to levels 21% greater than predrug values occurring at 10 mg/kg. A 40 mg/kg iv dose of furosemide yielded approximately a 50% reduction of the CMP. This reduction of the CMP was still present after 4–6 hr. The minimum effective diuretic dose of furosemide in dogs is 0.5 mg/kg. The duration of the initial CMP reduction and recovery was quite rapid, occurring within 10–30 min. However, when recovery proceeded to values from 30% to 80% of the initial CMP, a secondary but variable reduction of the CMP occurred. Chlorothiazide, sorbitol and acetazolamide had no effect on CMP, while mannitol and ammonium chloride depressed the CMP to diuretics in dogs. This report is the result of such studies.
Social Class Segregation in Southern Metropolitan Areas

Although racial segregation within Southern urban areas has been much studied, little attention has been devoted to Southern communities' socioeconomic segregation prop erties. This article employs a residential differentiation index to examine this phenom enon. Findings suggest that socioeconomic segregation within the South approximates levels observed in national samples and is not attributable to racial segregation of blacks and whites of dissimilar attainment. Moreover, blacks and whites display equal levels of socioeconomic segregation. Finally, community socioeconomic segregation levels are related to selected attributes of Southern communities, including the configuration of ethnic and socioeconomic status groups present.
Size-dependent field-emission spectra from nanometer-size supported gold clusters.

The energy spectra of electrons field emitted from individual, supported Au clusters have been measured as a function of cluster size. Data are presented for clusters with nominal diameters in the range 1.3--3.2 nm. For the smallest clusters, the energy of the field-emitted electrons lies below the Fermi level of the substrate and fine structure in the energy distribution is observed. As the cluster size increases, the energy distribution shifts toward the Fermi level of the substrate and the fine structure disappears.
AN EXPLORATORY PROFILE OF PERSONAL HOME PAGES: CONTENT, DESIGN, METAPHORS

An exploratory sample of 114 personal home pages, drawn from a home page directory available on the World Wide Web (People Page Directory: http://www.peoplepage.com), was analysed to detect patterns and trends in home page content and design. Covered in the analysis were types of informational content included in the home pages; internal organisation and structure of the content, including type and number of hypertext links; miscellaneous content elements, such as ‘sign guestbook’ and number of hits to the page; and physical design features such as photos, motion and audio elements. Metaphors used in the design of the pages and degree of self‐revelation were also considered. The home pages displayed a great variety of content and of specific types of formatting within broader formatting approaches. While some content elements were quite popular, none of them — not even name — was found on all home pages. Nor did the pages evidence reliance on any single dominant metaphor, such as home page as ‘home’ in the sense of domicile. It appears that though certain features may be frequently found in it, the personal home page as a social institution is still very much under development.
Autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with extensive bone marrow necrosis

A patient with malignant lymphoma, large cell type and extensive bone marrow necrosis at presentation is reported. Bone marrow necrosis persisted even after a complete remission was induced with standard chemotherapy. Because of this adverse prognostic factor, circulating stem cells were collected and reinfused following a myeloablative regimen consisting of busulfan, etoposide and cyclophosphamide. The patient engrafted rapidly and a subsequent bone marrow examination was free of both lymphoma and necrosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported patient with extensive bone marrow necrosis in whom circulating progenitor cells were harvested and utilized successfully.
Kinetics of ethylmorphine N-demethylase at low substrate concentrations and its implications concerning the role of the stimulation of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity in mixed-function oxidase activity.

Abstract The 1:1 stoichiometry observed in previous studies between the stimulation of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and ethylmorphine N -demethylase would imply that the stimulation of reduction is the rate-limiting process in the N -demethylation. In the present study, we have found that double reciprocal plots of the N -demethylase activity of hepatic microsomes from male and female rats is linear for ethylmorphine concentrations from 2.5 μM to 2mM. Kinetic analysis suggests that these linear plots are not compatible with the stimulation of the reductase being the rate-limiting process.
The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis: A decision analysis

Abstract Background/Purpose : The appropriate role for ultrasonography (US) as a replacement for the upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) in vomiting infants remains undefined. The authors have used decision analysis techniques to determine whether the use of ultrasonography as an initial screen in vomiting infants is cost effective when compared with the UGI as the only study. Methods : Two diagnostic strategies were compared: 1) UGI alone and 2) ultrasonography followed by an UGI series in 50% of cases when ultrasonography scan was negative for pyloric stenosis. The test sensitivity (US, 0.9; UGI, 1.0) and test specificity (US, 1.0; UGI, 1.0) and the incidence of pyloric stenosis among vomiting infants presenting to the community pediatrician (0.30) or after a negative examination by an experienced examiner (0.02 to 0.18) were obtained from a review of the literature. The relative charges for ultrasonography and UGI were obtained from a national survey from which the cost ratio of US to UGI was estimated to range from 0.67 to 1.81 with a median of 1.06. Results : Under these baseline assumptions, UGI only was the preferred strategy. The results of the decision analysis were sensitive to, or dependent on, assumptions made regarding the incidence of pyloric stenosis, the US to UGI cost ratio, the sensitivity of the US, and the proportion of patients that proceed to UGI when the US scand was negative for pyloric stenosis. When at least 50% of patients whose US scand was negative for pyloric stenosis proceeded to a UGI, UGI remained the preferred strategy for all cost ratios examined (0.6 to 1.7). Even when no patients proceeded to UGI, the cost ratio of US to UGI had to be less than 0.7 under the typical incidence (0.30) of pyloric stenosis among vomiting infants presenting to the community pediatrician for US to be cost effective. Finally, only UGI was indicated when an olive was not appreciated by an experienced examiner. Conclusion : Under assumptions that fit most clinically relevant circumstances, the UGI as the initial study is the most cost-effective radiological diagnostic test in the evaluation of the vomiting infant.
Premeability of Descemet's membrane to water

Water permeability of Descemet's membrane can be calculated from the time sequence of corneal thickening. Permeabilities are calculated from data obtained in three different ways: (1) when an enucleated eye is cooled to 4°C; (2) when an in vivo eye is scraped free of endothelium and Descemet's membrane; and (3) when an excised cornea is allowed to thicken under controlled swelling pressure conditions. The calculation is based on the theory of water imbibition by swelling membranes. The calculated permeability of Descemet's membrane is reasonable in view of the structure of that membrane.
Age- associated diseases and conditions: Implications for decreasing late life morbidity

We discuss two types of age-associated diseases; aging-dependent such as Alzheimer's disease and congestive heart failure which increase logarithmically with age, versus age-dependent such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which occur at proscribed ages, and then occurrence of new cases ceases or diminishes with further aging. Prevention strategies with both types emphasize postponement or delay of onset. The non-fatal aging-dependent diseases and conditions are an accumulating burden as we age, and increase overall morbidity in late years. These include Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, loss of vision and hearing, incontinence, osteoporosis and hip fracture, osteoarthritis and depression. With mortality postponed, we will be living for many years at old and vulnerable ages. Life's quality will be reasonable for most. Still, increasing the chance that all will experience this desirable outcome requires pursuing the means to delay the onset of the physical and social events which we categorize as the non-fatal aging-dependent diseases and conditions. We must recognize that each added year occurs at the tip of an exponential curve where risk is maximal.
Right atrial thrombus attached to the defibrillator lead

A 35-year-old woman with a 1-year history of dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy presented with dyspnea, which had developed 2 days earlier. She had received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 6 months before presentation for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death, and had since been treated at home with furosemide (60 mg twice daily), lisinopril (2.5 mg once daily) and continuous dobutamine infusion (5 μg/kg/min delivered via a peripherally inserted central catheter line). Physical examination at presentation demonstrated right basilar crackles and a summation gallop. The results of electrocardiography and cardiac biomarker tests were unremarkable. Chest radiography revealed a small, right pleural effusion. (A) Transthoracic echocardiography—performed in the parasternal short axis view at the aortic valve level—demonstrated an echogenic mass in the right atrium that was consistent with either a thrombus or myxoma. (B) Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography revealed a heterogeneous right atrial mass attached to the defibrillator lead. (C) Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed an ellipsoid 3 × 3 × 4 cm mass—consistent with a thrombus—that occupied most of the superior right atrium, and had a mobile 2.5 cm portion extending towards the right atrial appendage. (D, E and Supplementary video file) Surgical removal of the right atrial thrombus was performed via a median sternotomy and the defibrillator lead was extracted. Coagulation studies revealed that the patient was heterozygous for the Arg506Gln mutation at exon 10 of the gene encoding coagulation factor V (the Factor V Leiden mutation), but was otherwise normal. She had a full and uneventful recovery. Abbreviations: AV, aortic valve; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RAA, right atrial appendage; RV, right ventricle. A B
Association of stereotypes about physicians to health care satisfaction, help-seeking behavior, and adherence to treatment

The present research consists of three studies examining the role of patients' stereotypes about health care providers in the health care decision process. Study 1 examined the association of stereotypes to health care satisfaction and help-seeking behavior among a low-income clinic sample; Study 2 examined the relationship of stereotypes to satisfaction and adherence to treatment among low-income individuals living with HIV; and Study 3 examined the association of stereotypes to satisfaction and help-seeking among a sample of homeless individuals. Overall findings indicate that individuals who held more negative stereotypes about physicians sought care less often when sick, were less satisfied with the care that they did obtain, and were less likely to adhere to physician recommendations for treatment. Moreover, African Americans, but not Whites, with more positive stereotypes reported better adherence in Study 2 and were more satisfied with their health care in Study 3. Our findings point to the need to better understand the role of patients' beliefs about health care in predicting health care satisfaction and health behaviors.
Multiple argentaffin tumors (carcinoids) of the rectum.

Abstract A case of multiple argentaffin tumors (carcinoids) occurring in the rectum is reported from an autopsy case. The wall, for approximately 15 cm. was infiltrated with nodules varying in diameter from a few millimeters to 1.0 centimeter. The surface over these tumors was not ulcerated and there was no evidence of metastases. Apparently this is the fourteenth case of an argentaffin tumor occurring in the rectum to be reported, and the first case in which the nodules are multiplied.
Hyaluronidase activity in embryonic chick heart muscle and cushion tissues and cells

Hyaluronidase activity was compared in embryonic chick cardiac cushion and noncushion segments, as well as in cultures of mesenchyme derived from cardiac cushion endocardium (cushion tissue-enriched cultures) and in cultures of myocardial cells at stages critical to heart valve and septum development. Enzyme levels were higher in both heart tissue regions at periods of active cushion tissue mesenchyme migration than after migration ceases, and higher in the cushion region than in the noncushion region at both periods. Hyaluronidase was measured in cells and medium in both types of cultures, with five times greater activity found in the myocardial cultures. The cardiac hyaluronidase from cells and medium of both culture types had an estimated molecular weight of 41,000 to 44,000 and degraded hyaluronate and, to a lesser degree, chondroitin sulfate, at an acidic pH optimum. Ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated that in both culture types, a proportion of the secreted enzyme was more acidic than that found in the cell layer. These studies indicate the potential for hyaluronate degradation by the major cell types present in the developing heart at early stages and that the enzyme responsible is probably a lysosomal enzyme. Therefore, hyaluronate internalization is a likely requirement for degradation, and thus, the turnover of hyaluronate in developing heart valves is more complex than the extracellular degradative process suggested by histochemical data.
Aerosol growth studies — IV. Phase transformation of mixed salt aerosols in a moist atmosphere

Abstract The phase transformation and subsequent droplet growth of the mixed salt aerosols NaCl—KCl and (NH4)2SO4—H2SO4 were investigated in a continuous-flow apparatus at 25 and 30°C as a function of relative humidity. Monodisperse salt aerosols (d = ≈ 0.5 μm, og = 1.07–1.13) were prepared and mixed with N2 carrier gas at controlled humidities. The particle-size distribution of the aerosol before and after growth by water vapor condensation was continuously monitored with an optical particle counter. It was found that mixed salt aerosols were characterized by stage-wise growth when the relative humidity in the atmosphere was increased. The onset of growth took place at a specific deliquescence humidity determined by the water activity at the eutonic composition. Thus, mixed NaCl—KCl aerosols deliquesce at 73.8 ± 0.5% r.h. regardless of initial compositions. For sulfate aerosols containing 0.75 to 0.95 mole fraction (NH4)2SO4 (the balance being H2SO4), the onset of growth occurs at 69.0 ± 0.5% r.h.. In the composition range of 0.5 to 0.75, a deliquescence humidity of 39.0 ± 0.5% is noted. Below 0.5 mole fraction, however, the mixed-sulfate aerosols are expected to exhibit hygroscopic properties on the basis of thermodynamic considerations.
“My Way or Mom’s Way?” The Bilingual and Bicultural Self in Hong Kong Chinese Children and Adolescents

This study examined the relation of language to the development of a cultural self. Bilingual children ages 8-14 from Hong Kong (N = 125) were interviewed in either English or Chinese. They recalled autobiographical events and described themselves, and indicated their agreement with Chinese interdependent versus Western independent values. Children interviewed in English provided more elaborate and self-focused self-descriptions and memory accounts and endorsed more strongly Western values, compared with children interviewed in Chinese. Furthermore, the endorsement of a cultural belief system mediated the effect of language on self-concept, which, in turn, mediated the effect of language on autobiographical memory. These findings offer new insight into the dynamic relations between language, culture, and the self.
Synthetic cyclohexenyl chalcone natural products possess cytotoxic activities against prostate cancer cells and inhibit cysteine cathepsins in vitro.

Abstract A number of cyclohexenyl chalcone Diels–Alder natural products possess promising biological properties including strong cytotoxicity in various human cancer cells. Herein, we show that natural products in this class including panduratin A and nicolaioidesin C inhibit cysteine cathepsins as indicated by protease profiling assays and cell-free cathepsin L enzyme assays. Owing to the critical roles of cathepsins in the biology of human tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis, these findings should pave the way for development of novel antitumor agents for use in clinical settings.
The lattice automorphisms of the dominance ordering

In this paper it is shown that the lattice L"n of partitions of n under the dominance ordering is totally asymmetric, except for the cases n = 6 and 7 where the automorphism group is Z"2 x Z"2. As a consequence, partition conjugation is the only antiautomorphism of L"n if n 6, 7.
The changing role of surgery for sclerosing cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic disease that may ultimately progress to hepatic parenchymal dysfunction and death from premature liver failure. Symptomatic patients should undergo radiological evaluation to exclude secondary causes of cholangitis and to evaluate the extent and location of biliary ductal disease. A percutaneous liver biopsy is advisable in any patient with clinical or biochemical evidence of cirrhosis. Patients with diffuse ductal involvement should initially receive medical treatment, preferably in a center conducting prospective clinical trials. Liver transplantation should be considered the initial procedure in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients with diffuse ductal involvement, complications of cirrhosis or deteriorating liver function. Nontransplant procedures should be restricted to symptomatic patients with a dominant extrahepatic stricture. In properly selected patients, effective and durable palliation of symptoms can be anticipated with biliary enteric drainage. Many currently available techniques obviate the need for long-term transanastomotic stenting, thus minimizing the risk of recurrent cholangitis and the need for repeated tube changes. These patients may also be candidates for percutaneous or endoscopic balloon cholangioplasty. Liver transplantation should also be considered in patients with a dominant stricture and histologic evidence of biliary cirrhosis or hepatic deterioration following a nontransplant procedure.
Potential for polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule-mediated neuroplasticity within the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system of the ewe.

The GnRH neurosecretory system undergoes marked structural and functional changes throughout life. The initial goal of this study was to examine the neuroanatomical relationship between GnRH neurons and a glycoprotein implicated in neuroplasticity, the polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). Using dual label immunocytochemistry in conjunction with confocal microscopy, we determined that fibers, terminals, and perikarya of GnRH neurons in adult ovariectomized ewes are intimately associated with PSA-NCAM. In the preoptic area, intense PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity was evident around the periphery of GnRH cell bodies. The second goal of this study was to determine whether PSA-NCAM expression associated with GnRH neurons varies in conjunction with seasonal changes in the activity of the GnRH neurosecretory system in ovariectomized ewes treated with constant release implants of estradiol. During the breeding season when reproductive neuroendocrine activity was enhanced, the expression of P...
The extent of informed consent.

During an urgent aneurysmectomy to treat impending rupture in an 86-year-old man, C. Atlas, a medical student, applied too much pressure when retracting the bowel, or the retractor was improperly padded, which created a 4-cm tear in the splenic hilum. The repair was complex but was completed satisfactorily, and the spleen was salvaged. The patient's elderly wife is very upset by her husband's sudden illness. Among their adult children, one is a dermatologist and another is an attorney. Which is the best course of action to take?.
Surficial geology and geophysical investigations of the Capers Inlet, South Carolina (USA) 7.5-Minute Quadrangle

Surficial geology and geophysical investigations of the Capers Inlet, South Carolina (USA) 7.5-Minute Quadrangle is a compilation of geological and geophysical data collected in the Caper's Inlet Quadrangle, situated along the central coastline of South Carolina, USA. The 1:24,000 scale map area encompasses marine environments in the shallow nearshore and offshore (constituting approximately 80% of the study area) and terrestrial barrier island and Pleistocene upland environments (20% of the study area). The geologic map was compiled by overlaying existing topographic maps with data from high-resolution sidescan sonar, subbottom profiler, and GPR surveys supplemented with surficial sediment grabs and vibracore samples. These data were collected in 2009 and early 2010 for an MSc thesis project conducted through the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences at the College of Charleston, South Carolina. The resulting maps illustrate the spatial variability of surficial seafloor geology in the area,...
Firo-B Interpersonal Compatibility: A Suggested Modification.

The Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Behavior (FIRO-B) scale is a measure of three discrete interpersonal behav iors: inclusion, control and affection. A mathematical schema has been...