cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of oxygen in the galvanic interaction between polypyrrole and aluminum alloy

Abstract Conjugated polymers continue to be of interest as possible corrosion-control coatings for metal alloys. In this work, electrochemical interactions between polypyrrole (PPy) films and the aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (AA) were investigated by electrochemical polarization and galvanic coupling techniques in dilute Harrison's solution (0.35 wt% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.05 wt% NaCl). A two-compartment electrochemical cell was used for the galvanic coupling measurements which permitted assessment of the role of dissolved oxygen by segregating the PPy film and AA in individual compartments. Electroactive 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (BDA or Tiron) and electroinactive benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid, disodium salt (BDS) were used as dopants to study the mediating effect (if any) of BDA on the coupling behavior. The results indicate that oxygen reduction mediated by the PPy coating dominates the coupling interaction. The electrochemical polarization state of AA 2024-T3 in a pinhole simulating a PPy coating defect was characterized by the potential measured immediately after decoupling, by the anodic hydrogen evolution, and by galvanodynamic polarization. The results support the conclusion that the alloy in the coating defect was electrochemically active, not passive, during coupling with PPy. The anodic protection model commonly accepted for ferrous metals does not appear to apply to AA 2024-T3.
Management of patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder : the role of rituximab

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication of solid organ and bone marrow transplantations. Rituximab (Rituxan, Mabthera), a chimeric monoclonal antibody to the CD20 antigen on the surface of B-cell lymphocytes, has been used increasingly in the treatment of PTLD. Rituximab was initially approved for the treatment of low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas, but multiple case studies, retrospective analyses, and phase II trials demonstrate the benefit of rituximab in PTLD. This paper reviews the current data on rituximab and its promising role in the management of PTLD.
What's new and novel in obstetric anesthesia? Contributions from the 2003 scientific literature.

The pregnant patient Age; maternal disease; prophylactic antibiotics; gastroesophageal reflux; obesity; starvation; genotyping; coagulopathy; infection; substance abuse; altered drug responses in pregnancy; physiological changes of pregnancy. The fetus Fetal monitoring; intrauterine surgery. The newborn Breastfeeding; maternal infection, fever, and neonatal sepsis evaluation. Obstetric complications Embolic phenomena; hemorrhage; preeclampsia; preterm delivery. Obstetric management External cephalic version and cervical cerclage; elective cesarean delivery; fetal malpresentation; vaginal birth after cesarean delivery; termination of pregnancy. Obstetric anesthesia Analgesia for labor and delivery; anesthesia for cesarean delivery; anesthesia for short obstetric operations; complications of anesthesia. Miscellaneous Consent; ethics; history; labor support; websites/books/leaflets/journal announcements.
Reputation and Entry Deterrence under Short-Run Ownership of a Firm

Abstract This paper discusses the role of the changing ownership of a long-run firm facing a sequence of potential entrants to its market. When there is uncertainty about the firm's type (about its cost of taking an aggressive action) that is observed only by the current owner, it is shown that there exists an equilibrium in which each generation of owners takes the same aggressive action to deter entry regardless of the type. Under a natural refinement of equilibrium beliefs, the path induced by this pooling equilibrium is shown to be unique. The results sharply contrast with the case of long-run ownership where for the same discount factor, the firm's owner separates his actions depending on the type of the firm so that the high-coat firm allows entry every period while the low-cost firm plays aggressively every period. Consequently, the value of the high-cost firm is shown to be strictly higher under short-run ownership than under long-run ownership. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, L13.
Scientific visualization in high-speed network environments

In several cases, new visualization techniques have vastly increased the researcher's ability to analyze and comprehend data. Similarly, the role of networks in providing an efficient supercomputing environment have become more critical and continue to grow at a faster rate than the increase in the processing capabilities of supercomputers. A close relationship between scientific visualization and high-speed networks in providing an important link to support efficient supercomputing is identified. The two technologies are driven by the increasing complexities and volume of supercomputer data. The interaction of scientific visualization and high-speed networks in a Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation/visualization environment are given. Current capabilities supported by high speed networks, supercomputers, and high-performance graphics workstations at the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Facility (NAS) at NASA Ames Research Center are described. Applied research in providing a supercomputer visualization environment to support future computational requirements are summarized.
Microgenesis of surface completion in visual objects: Evidence for filling-out

Using metacontrast masking we examined the temporal dynamics of surface completion in object vision. By varying the stimulus onset asynchrony between the target object and the flanking mask(s), we obtained estimates of the time required for the entire surface contrast to fill out within the area delimited by the contours/edges of the target. The estimated speed of the filling-out process was 36.0 deg/s. Using existing estimates of cortical magnification, the computed filling-out speed in terms of cortical distance is .385 m/s, a value that approximates the estimated cortical filling-in speed and the speed of horizontal propagation in monkey V1. We discuss our results in relation to (1) prior findings of filling-in and filling-out phenomena, using surface completion in cortical space as the unifying principle, and (2) extant computational models of object vision.
Impacts of Gene Essentiality, Expression Pattern, and Gene Compactness on the Evolutionary Rate of Mammalian Proteins

Understanding the determinants of the rate of protein sequence evolution is of fundamental importance in evolutionary biology. Many recent studies have focused on the yeast because of the availability of many genome-wide expressional and functional data. Yeast studies revealed a predominant role of gene expression level and a minor role of gene essentiality in determining the rate of protein sequence evolution. Whether these rules apply to complex organisms such as mammals is unclear. Here we assemble a list of 1,138 essential and 2,341 nonessential mouse genes based on targeted gene deletion experiments and report a significant impact of gene essentiality on the rate of mammalian protein evolution. Gene expression level has virtually no effect, although tissue specificity in expression pattern has a strong influence. Unexpectedly, gene compactness, measured by average intron size and untranslated region length, has the greatest influence. Hence, the relative importance of the various factors in determining the rate of mammalian protein evolution is gene compactness > gene essentiality approximately tissue specificity > expression level. Our results suggest a considerable variation in rate determinants between unicellular organisms such as the yeast and multicellular organisms such as mammals.
An Integrated Framework for Gas Turbine Power Plant Operational Modeling and Optimization

The deregulation of the electric power market has introduced strong competition, and as a result, power plant operators strive to develop advanced operational strategies to maximize the profitability given the conditions of the dynamic electric power market. In the deregulated electric power market, the operational strategies should match the evolving electric power market, and be capable of performing an optimization that is specific to a unit operating in a complex environment. A profit based, lifecycle oriented, and unit specific approach is proposed for more effective gas turbine power plant operational optimization, and methodologies for this approach are developed. This paper outlines an integrated, generic environment for unit-specific gas turbine power plant operational modeling and optimization, while several other follow up papers address specific operational optimization problems. The procedure is implemented for a generic combined cycle power plant with single gas turbine with the results demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Oral contraceptives for endometriosis-associated pain.

i i Endometriosis is an intriguing and challenging condition, resenting in up to 71% of patients with pelvic pain and in p to 84% with infertility and pelvic pain. The disease rocess has now been described in prepubertal girls, thus dding to the challenge of understanding the disease proess. One would venture to guess there is not a single ynecologist in practice who has not been faced with the hallenge of managing endometriosis, both from the perpective of chronic pelvic pain, as well as from that of nfertility. For the practicing gynecologist, the true chalenge lies among the patients with infertility who suffer rom debilitating endometriosis-related pain but desire to onceive. A “tug of war” between the management of enometriosis-related pain symptoms and infertility presents a irect conflict, because most hormonal medications to conrol pain symptoms, such as oral contraceptive pills, prevent onception.
On bicubic transformation for the numerical evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals

Recently a bicubic transformation was introduced to numerically compute the Cauchy principal value (CPV) integrals. Numerical results show that this new method converges faster than the conventional Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule when the integrand contains different types of singularity. Assume η is the singular point of a CPV integral. The point η divides the interval [−1, 1] into two parts: [−1, η] and [η, 1]. The bicubic transformation maps the intervals [−1, η] and [η, 1] to the interval [−1, 1] with the following constraints: it maps the point η − ϵ to μn, and η + ϵ to −μn, where μn is the largest Gaussian point of an n-point Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule, and ϵ is a user-supplied constant. The n-point Gauss–Legendre quadruture rule is then applied. In contrast to ordinary expectation, further numerical experiment shows that smaller ϵ does not always produce better results. In this paper we are concerned with the selection of ϵ to yield rapid convergence of numerical integration when the bicubic transformation method is applied.
Effect of Molecularly Thin Lubricant on Roughness and Adhesion of Magnetic Disks Intended for Extremely High-Density Recording

For extremely high-density recording using conventional technologies, the fly-height needs to decrease to less than ten nanometers. To allow such operation, disk and slider surfaces must become extremely smooth, down to root-mean-square (RMS) roughness values of a few angstroms. For super-smooth disks, molecularly thin lubricants are applied to improve tribological performance of head/disk interfaces. The focus of this study is to quantify the effect of lubricant thickness in terms of detailed roughness parameters and to evaluate the effect of roughness and molecularly thin lubricant on adhesion of magnetic disks intended for extremely high-density recording. Three identical ultra-low-flying disks have been fabricated from the same batch for this particular experiment. To investigate the effect of molecularly thin lubricants on disk roughness, super-smooth magnetic disks with increasing lubricant thickness have been measured and studied, using a primary roughness parameter set. It describes amplitude, spatial, hybrid, and functional aspects of surface roughness and is used to quantify the extremely smooth disk roughness as a function of lubricant thickness. It is found that in addition to simple amplitude parameters, hybrid and functional parameters also capture small features on the disk roughness and show distinct trends with increasing lubricant thickness. Subsequently, a continuum-based adhesion model that uses three parameters from the primary roughness parameter set, is used to predict how the varying thickness of molecularly thin lubricant and the resulting disk roughness affect intermolecular forces at ultra-low-flying head-disk interfaces. It is found that a thicker lubricant layer of 2 nm causes higher adhesion forces for ultra-low-flying-heights in the range of 1–3 nm
An engineering and economic evaluation of wet and dry pre-fractionation processes for dry-grind ethanol facilities.

An engineering–economic model was developed to compare the profitability of the wet fractionation process, a generic dry fractionation process, and the conventional dry grind process. Under market conditions as of January 2011, only fractionation processes generated a positive cash flow. Reduced unit manufacturing costs and increased ethanol production capacity were two major contributions. Corn and ethanol price sensitivity analysis showed that the wet fractionation process always outperformed a generic dry fractionation process at any scenario considered in this research. A generic dry fractionation process would provide better economic performance than the conventional dry grind process if corn price was low and ethanol price was high. All three processes would perform more resiliently if the DDGS price was determined by its composition.
Aligned kraft pulp fiber sheets for reinforcing mortar

In this research program, aligned pulp fiber sheets were used as reinforcement in cement-based matrices. Flexural testing results validate this reinforcement strategy by demonstrating that: (1) fiber sheet alignment does significantly affect mechanical behavior, indicating that fiber alignment is achieved by the production process, and (2) aligned fiber sheet composite exhibited significantly greater toughness than equivalent volumes of distributed fibers. Additional results indicate that the addition of the wet-strength additive Kymene facilitates the handling of fiber sheets, but has no effect on mechanical performance. Addition of fly ash to the fiber sheets also had no effect on composite behavior. Use of fibrillated (beaten) fibers and the introduction of perforations to the fiber sheets appeared to have no effect on flexural strength, while generally decreasing composite toughness. Increasing the fiber sheet basis weight (thickness) produced increases in toughness, with negligible changes in flexural strength. Reinforcement with multiple fiber sheets (total basis weight increasing) was shown to increase toughness, while layering with total basis weight remaining constant improved strength, but reduced toughness.
Cancer Pain Management in Adults: A Pharmacist's Perspective:

Many patients with cancer will go on to develop significant pain. This article will focus on the assessment and the pharmacologic treatment of cancer pain in adults, along with patient education and safety from the viewpoint of the pharmacist. Treatment modalities not included in this review are radiation therapy and surgery (such as a cingulotomy). Extensive, comprehensive guidelines on all aspects of cancer pain management have been published and are available (see references). Cancer pain management is an interdisciplinary process because of its multifactorial nature; it should involve physicians, nurses, pharmacists, chaplains, social workers, physical therapists, and psychologists. Pharmacists play key roles in equalanalgesia calculations and transitioning patients from one opioid to another, making recommendations in therapy, developing safety mechanisms to protect patients from errors, and providing education to patients on medication.
Chemokine-Directed Strategies to Attenuate Allograft Rejection

A key event during T cell-mediated rejection of allografts is the trafficking of donor antigen-primed effector T cells from the lymphoid tissue to the graft. This trafficking is mediated in part by chemokine produced in the graftengaging receptors on the T cells and other graftinfiltrating leukocytes. The presence of specific sets of chemokines and chemokine receptors is detectable in rejecting allografts. In animal models, allograft rejection is delayed when chemokine-chemokine receptor function is absent or antagonized but cellular infiltration and graft survival eventually occur, suggesting that T cells and other leukocytes use several trafficking mechanisms during rejection. The use of chemokines as footprints of rejection may be of considerable value as noninvasive biomarkers in transplantation.
SU-FF-T-405: Temporal Correlation in Monte Carlo Sampling to Evaluate Interplay Between Tumor and MLC Motion in IMRT

In radiation therapy,tumor motion due to normal breathing displacements can smear out dose distributions. An additional problem in MLC‐based IMRT is that the phase relationship between the patient's breathing and each MLC segment differs between fractions. For courses lasting only a few fractions, it is necessary to also evaluate the MLC‐tumor interplay effects. However, calculating such effects requires precise values of quantities, such as, the starting breathing phase (τ0), machine's dose rate (DR), interbeam delay (τg) and intersegment delay (τs). Though it may be infeasible to perform time‐dependent calculations for specific deliveries, we can estimate the interplay effect by assuming typical timings involved. In this work, we extend the Monte Carlo Superposition dose engine to analyze interplay effects. The algorithm starts by randomly sampling a beam and field segment. For the segment sampled, the time elapsed until that point is calculated by using typical values of DR, τg, and τs. This time is then correlated with the tumor trajectory, and the isocenter is shifted accordingly. Photons are them sampled from the head and propagated through the collimator and the phantom. Energy is deposited by kernels issued from the photon interaction sites. Different fractions were simulated by using different τ0. We analyzed the interplay effect by comparing correlated simulations with uncorrelated simulations (infinite fraction average). It was found that the interplay effect varies strongly with the dose rate, number of fractions, type of leaf sequencing (close‐in vs. sliding window) and the direction of motion with respect to MLC's. More complex dependencies occur with MU efficiency and segment numbers. The correlated time Monte Carlo sampling method provides a way to ensure that the dose received by the patient will not deviate significantly from the more predictable ensemble average for the chosen treatment dose rate and the number of fractions.
Amino acids at the nucleating site in mineralizing elastic tissue.

Previous studies have implicated ferric ion bound to matrix sulfhydryl as the nucleating species inducing the deposition of hydroxyapatite in elastic tissuein vitro. In this study it was assumed that formation of a mineral phase would block the access of proteolytic enzymes to those regions of the matrix involved in nucleation and binding of mineral, while nonessential portions of the matrix would be removed. Mineral was found to be concentrated in the residue after proteolysis. The cysteine content as determined by cysteic acid of the residue left after elastase treatment of calcified “elastin” was five times that of the residue from uncalcified elastin. The cysteine content of the residue protected by mineral was highest during the nucleation phase. Fe3+ was also found to be concentrated in the calcified residue after digestion. The data indicated that one mole of iron was bound per mole of cysteine sulfhydryl. It is postulated that iron bound to matrix cysteine is at the nucleation site in elastic tissue.
How and When to Use MR Imaging of the Female Pelvic Floor

Magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvic floor has become a routine part of the evaluation of prolapse in a select group of patients, specifically those who present with multi-compartment damage, have failed previous surgery, or have other medical conditions that prohibit a good physical examination. It is also an excellent tool in patients of childbearing age, as there is no radiation exposure to the pelvis. Rapidly acquired T2-weighted images are obtained in the sagittal plane at rest and at maximal strain to identify organ prolapse. Following this, high-resolution axial T2-weighted images are performed to identify muscle tears. Using these images, all three compartments of the pelvic floor can be evaluated simultaneously and a plan can be made for optimal surgical repair.
The Contact Between Rough Surfaces With Longitudinal Texture—Part I: Average Contact Pressure and Real Contact Area

This paper describes a model to study the contact between two purely longitudinally rough surfaces based on theparabolic indentor problem in elasticity. Rough surfaces are characterized with three parameters: rms roughness, autocorrelation length, and bearing area. Problems encountered by conventional roughness models are treated here. It is shown that the average contact pressure and real contact area obtained from this model agree very well with a computationally more intensive model developed by Lee (1989), up to the bulk yielding pressure
Bounds on smooth matrix coefficients on L 2 -spaces

Let G be a semisimple Lie group with a finite number of connected components and a finite center. Let K be a maximal compact subgroup. Let X be a smooth G-space equipped with a G-invariant measure. In this paper, we give upper bounds for K-finite and $${\mathfrak k}$$ -smooth matrix coefficients of the regular representation L 2(X) under an assumption about $${{\rm supp}(L^2(X)) \cap \hat G_K}$$ . Furthermore, we show that this bound holds for unitary representations that are weakly contained in L 2(X). Our result generalizes a result of Cowling–Haagerup–Howe (J Reine Angew Math 387:97–110, 1988). As an example, we discuss the matrix coefficients of the O(p, q) representation $${L^2(\mathbb{R}^{p+q})}$$ .
Marital Satisfaction Among San Francisco Chinese-Americans

This study investigates variables that predict marital satisfaction in a group of San Francisco Chinese-Americans. Using Campbell, Converse and Rodgers' model of satisfaction as a framework (1976), 41% of the variance of marital satisfaction is accounted for with objective demographics and subjective assessments of mar riage components derived from the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale items. Chinese-Americans are generally satisfied with their marriage, with men reporting higher satisfaction levels than women. Agreement on life aims and moral behaviour emerges as the most important predictor of marital quality. In addition, for men, agreement in relating to in-laws and friends is also found to be a significant predictor of marriage satisfaction.
Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo-German Emigrants, c.1000–c.1300

Preface Part I. The Historical Background, Anglo-German Foundations and the City of Cologne: 1. The London guildhall and Cologne's rise to dominance in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 2. The rise of the Hansa towns and the decline of Cologne's dominance in the thirteenth century 3. Anglo-German currency exchange: Cologne and English sterling Part II. Anglo-German Family, Property and Inheritance Ties: 4. The formation of individual and family identity in medieval Cologne: property and surnames 5. Anglicus in Colonia: the social, economic and legal status of the English in Cologne during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 6. Cologne families with English connections: the Zudendorps 7. Cologners in England Part III. Anglo-German Religious and Cultural Life: 8. Confraternities, expatriate monks, pious legends and pilgrims 9. Clerics, canon law, crusaders and culture Conclusion: a reappraisal of the Anglo-German nexus Appendices I-IV Bibliography.
Experimental analysis of distortion of magnetoencephalography signals by the skull.

Abstract Objectives : Magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals are, on theoretical grounds, thought to be relatively undistorted by the skull in contrast to electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This assumption was experimentally tested in an animal preparation with a brain similar to the human brain in many respects. Methods : Possible skull effects on MEG were evaluated directly using an in vivo porcine preparation, by measuring the somatic evoked magnetic field (SEF) above the skull with and without the skull under, otherwise, the same condition. Results : The SEF was virtually undistorted by the skull with no obvious visible change in its waveform and amplitude under these two conditions. However, there was some small, but significant attenuation when the skull was removed, the distortion being greater for deeper sources. Conclusion : Our results are consistent with a theoretical expectation that the skull should be virtually `transparent' to the magnetic fields for shallow sources, but less so for fields generated by deeper sources.
Amino acids and hydrocarbons ∼3,800-Myr old in the Isua Rocks, southwestern Greenland

The Isua supracrustal belt consists of metamorphic rocks, including metamorphosed sediments, and are the oldest known rocks on Earth. It has been postulated1,2 that hydrocarbons recently detected in these rocks are remnants of organisms that lived ∼3,800 Myr ago. This popular interpretation is inconsistent with the high-temperature history of the Isua rocks. Various types of hydrocarbons were liberated from these rocks after repeated solvent extraction by matrix dissolution or pyrolysis. However, the Isua rocks have been metamorphosed to the upper greenschist or amphibolite facies (400–600 °C); the metamorphic episodes lasted >106 yr. Consequently, it is very important that the origins of the key organic constituents be established. In the study reported here both hydrocarbons and amino acids were detected in Isua rock samples. In addition to the common biological amino acids, geologically unstable amino acids and biologically uncommon ones were detected (such as sarcosine). The extent of amino acid racemization suggests the apparent continuous diffusion of biochemicals into the Isua rocks from encrusting lichens since the end of the last ice age. Also, the cold-temperature history (which retards racemization) suggests that the amino acids may be modern to a few tens of thousands of years old. n-Alkanes lacked odd/even carbon chain preference which may indicate some antiquity. However, the hydrocarbons also resemble a recent petroleum distillate fraction. Laboratory experiments, supported by kinetic and thermodynamic calculations, show that amino acids and aromatic and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including pristane, could not have survived the known metamorphic history of the Isua rocks.
Chronic Recrudescent Rabies in a Cat

SummaryIn an attempt to induce nonfa-tal rabies infection, five cats and five skunks were inoculated intraperitoneally with low-passage rabies virus. Three of the skunks died of acute fulminant rabies. Only one of the cats showed any evidence of illness. The affected cat developed hind limb paresis, coarse tremors, and irritability 11 days after inoculation of the virus and survived the apparent infection with nondisabling sequelae. High rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers were found in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid several weeks after the onset of illness and declined subsequently, as is common in abortive rabies encephalitis. However, after the 16th week, RVNA titers in both fluids again rose, and in the ensuing year and a half very high levels of antibodies were achieved. At about 120 weeks, the clinical condition worsened, and 6 weeks later the cat was sacrificed. At necropsy, lesions found in the central nervous system were not those of classical acute rabies, but consisted of an ext...
Stochastic models for horizontal gene transfer : Taking a random walk through tree space

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in evolution across all domains of life with important biological and medical implications. I propose a simple class of stochastic models to examine HGT using multiple orthologous gene alignments. The models function in a hierarchical phylogenetic framework. The top level of the hierarchy is based on a random walk process in “tree space” that allows for the development of a joint probabilistic distribution over multiple gene trees and an unknown, but estimable species tree. I consider two general forms of random walks. The first form is derived from the subtree prune and regraft (SPR) operator that mirrors the observed effects that HGT has on inferred trees. The second form is based on walks over complete graphs and offers numerically tractable solutions for an increasing number of taxa. The bottom level of the hierarchy utilizes standard phylogenetic models to reconstruct gene trees given multiple gene alignments conditional on the random walk process. I develop a well-mixing Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to fit the models in a Bayesian framework. I demonstrate the flexibility of these stochastic models to test competing ideas about HGT by examining the complexity hypothesis. Using 144 orthologous gene alignments from six prokaryotes previously collected and analyzed, Bayesian model selection finds support for (1) the SPR model over the alternative form, (2) the 16S rRNA reconstruction as the most likely species tree, and (3) increased HGT of operational genes compared to informational genes.
Motivation and the nontraditional adult student

No one motivational theory has ever been widely accepted by adult educators. At present there is a profusion of complex motivational theories which attempt to explain human behavior and individual action. This article overviews three basic types of motivational theories found in the literature today and combines these into a conceptual scheme which can be used by the adult educator. The scheme provides a more thorough understanding of the overlapping motivational theory types allowing learning experiences to be based upon a more consistent set of assumptions and propositions regarding the nature of these nontraditional students and the teaching/learning process.
Magnetic phase transition of ultrathin Fe films on Ag(111).

High-quality, single-crystalline films of Fe(110)/Ag(111) were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy in the range of \ensuremath{\sim}1\char21{}3 monolayers of Fe, and investigated in situ by means of the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect. The magnetization exhibits a second-order phase transition at the thickness-dependent Curie temperature. The value of the critical exponent \ensuremath{\beta} of 0.137\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 is in good agreement with that of the two-dimensional Ising model.
Lymphatic vessels clean up your arteries

Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the pathway by which cholesterol accumulated in peripheral tissues, including the artery wall, is transported to the liver for excretion. There is strong evidence suggesting that interventions that increase macrophage cholesterol efflux and RCT would be antiatherogenic. In this issue of the JCI, Martel et al. investigate the contribution of lymphatic vasculature to RCT. Their results support the concept that the lymphatic vessel route is critical for RCT from atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, strategies to improve lymphatic transport might be useful for treating atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Progress on SIM Lite Brassboard Interferometer Integration and Test

Main brassboard Michelson interferometer components have been recently developed for the future flight phase implementations of SIM Lite mission. These brassboard components include two fine steering mirrors, pathlength modulation and cyclic averaging optics and astrometric beam combiner assembly. Field-independent performance tests will be performed in a vacuum chamber using two siderostats in retro-reflecting positions and a white light stimulus. The brightness and color dependence of the angle and fringe tracking performance will be measured. The performance of filtering algorithms will be tested in a simulated spacecraft attitude control system perturbation. To demonstrate capability of a dim star observation, the angle and fringe tracking CCD sensors are cooled to -110 C using a cold diode heat pipe system. The new feed-forward control (angle and path-length) algorithms for the dim star observation will be tested as well. In this paper, we will report the recent progress toward the integration and performance tests of the brassboard interferometer.
Inverse feigenbaum bifurcations in hamiltonian systems

Wo present cases of Feigenbaum sequences of infinite bifurcations followed by inverse sequences in a Hamiltonian system representing a rotating galaxy. It seems that the reversal of the Feigenbaum sequences is a general property of rotating dynamical systems. Then we see how such infinite sequences are generated.
Adolescent knowledge of bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis

Abstract Objective : To determine if adolescents with congenital heart disease have adequate knowledge of bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis. Design : Forty-eight adolescents attending a congenital heart disease summer camp were asked to complete an eight-question survey to assess their knowledge of heart disease, endocarditis, and endocarditis prophylaxis. Result : Forty-five of 48 (94%) completed the questionnaire. Thirty-one (69%) knew the name of their heart disease. Two correctly defined endocarditis. None knew measures which could prevent endocarditis. Although 36 (80%) knew they needed to take "a medicine" prior to dental procedures, only 18 (40%) knew that an antibiotic was needed. There were significant gender differences for knowledge of antibiotics and for knowledge of current medications. However, patient gender and regular use of cardiac medications did not correlate significantly with knowledge of endocarditis or bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis. Conclusion : Whereas most adolescents know the names of their heart lesions and current medications, knowledge of endocarditis and bacterial endocarditis prevention and prophylaxis is inadequate.
Ganglion cell and hair cell loss in Coturnix quail associated with aging

Abstract Hair cells and ganglion cells were examined in young adult (3 month old) and senescent (3 to 6 year old) quail ( Coturnix coturnix ). Following sacrifice the basilar papillae, along with the ganglia, were fixed, embedded in plastic and sectioned serially at 100 μm intervals from basal to apical tip. Hair cells and ganglion cells were counted from three micron thick sections at each interval. Hair cell number remained constant between age groups (less than 10% loss even in the oldest group). Ganglion cell number, on the other hand, was considerably reduced in the senescent birds (20–60% loss). These results are similar to quantitative results in senescent mammals and suggest that ganglion cell loss may be a generalized response to aging.
The Royal Society of London's History of Trades Programme: An Early Episode in Applied Science

In the seventeenth century, craftsmen made most consumer products—dyed clothing, industrial chemicals, leather goods and all other household and industrial products. By the nineteenth century, the master craftsman with his apprentices had disappeared and the factory provided industrial and consumer products. The Royal Society of London’s history of trades programme was an integral part of the process which took knowledge from the craftsman and put it into the factory owners’ control. The Royal Society’s history of trades programme began in 1660 when members, excited with the new science of Galileo and the programme and promise of Francis Bacon, began the project they thought would revolutionize industry. Bacon had suggested that scholars write descriptions of trades called ‘histories of trades’ which he thought would benefit industry and provide information for the new science of the seventeenth century. Society members hoped that following Bacon’s recommendations, they could change industry as radically as Copernicus and Kepler had changed astronomy. Unfortunately, their revolution failed in the seventeenth century. Although Newton was able to bring the sciences of astronomy and mechanics to their modern forms, the makers of the applied science revolution eventually found Bacon’s programme inadequate. In 1660, however, when the Royal Society was formed, members had every reason to believe their programme would succeed, and for about two and a half decades they tried to implement Bacon’s plan. Bacon’s programme called for complete descriptions of trades, called ‘histories’, and while the Society’s scholars wrote few complete histories, they collected and published many partial accounts.
Heat conduction in solids with random external temperatures and/or random internal heat generation

Abstract Several problems are studied in the theory of heat conduction in solids in which the internally generated heat and/or the surrounding temperature are stochastic functions of position and time. For linear systems subjected to random disturbances which form a Gaussian process, it is sufficient to determine the mean and mean square value of the temperature field to fix its complete statistics. This procedure is carried through for the several problems considered. It is found that the convergence problems for the infinite series for the mean square temperature (under white noise disturbance) are much less severe than those encountered in random vibration theory where the governing partial differential equations are of hyperbolic type rather than parabolic as in heat conduction. Numerical calculations are carried out with a digital computer in some cases. Some comments on the problem of the earth's temperature are made.
Effect of Chronic Ethanol Exposure on Myocardial Phosphoinositide Turnover

The effect of chronic ethanol consumption (2 months) on atrial contractility and the myocardial phosphoinositide signaling system was examined in rat heart. Two months of ethanol consumption was not associated with changes in heart weight-to-body weight ratios; however, developed twitch tension was significantly lower in the ethanol atria compared with the control atria. Cytosolic and membrane-associated phospholipase C activity in atrial and ventricular tissue was measured and ethanol consumption was only associated with changes in ventricular cytosolic phospholipase C activity. When examining alpha(1)-adrenergic stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in [3H]inositol radiolabeled left atria, no differences in phenylephrine (10 microM)-stimulated inositol monophosphate, inositol bisphosphate, inositol trisphosphate, and inositol tetrakisphosphate were found between groups before or at various times after the addition of phenylephrine. It is concluded that short-term ethanol consumption is associated with depressed contractile function, but not the development of hypertrophy or changes in alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover.
UV-killed Staphylococcus aureus enhances adhesion and differentiation of osteoblasts on bone-associated biomaterials.

Titanium alloys (Ti) are the preferred material for orthopaedic applications. However, very often, these metallic implants loosen over a long period and mandate revision surgery. For implant success, osteoblasts must adhere to the implant surface and deposit a mineralized extracellular matrix. Here, we utilized UV-killed Staphylococcus aureus as a novel osteoconductive coating for Ti surfaces. S. aureus expresses surface adhesins capable of binding to bone and biomaterials directly. Furthermore, interaction of S. aureus with osteoblasts activates growth factor-related pathways that potentiate osteogenesis. While UV-killed S. aureus cells retain their bone-adhesive ability, they do not stimulate significant immune modulator expression. All of the above properties were utilized for a novel implant coating so as to promote osteoblast recruitment and subsequent cell functions on the bone-implant interface. In the present study, osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and mineralized extracellular matrix synthesis were measured on Ti surfaces coated with fibronectin with and without UV-killed bacteria. Osteoblast adhesion was enhanced on Ti alloy surfaces coated with bacteria compared to uncoated surfaces while cell proliferation was sustained comparably on both surfaces. Osteoblast markers such as collagen, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation were increased on Ti alloy coated with bacteria compared to uncoated surfaces.
Orbital aspergillosis producing an orbital apex syndrome and enophthalmos

An atypical presentation of orbital aspergillosis producing an orbital apex syndrome and enophthalmos is described. the most frequent presentation of orbital aspergillosis is proptosis and associated sinus disease.
Rate of ingestion by mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) as a factor in the effectiveness of a bacterial stomach toxin.

To study the impact of ingestion rate on the effectiveness of the stomach toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis , fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles albimanus , and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were exposed to a series of toxin suspensions at larval densities ranging from 0.15 to 2.4 individuals per ml water. Toxin was dosed as weight per larva; consequently, toxin concentration increased with increasing larval density. Because filtration rates of individual larvae are not influenced by larval density, it was hypothesized that the toxin particles are ingested by larvae at a speed relative to particle concentration. With increasing larval density, increasing toxin concentrations were necessary to elicit equal levels of mortality. Based on regression analysis of the dosage-mortality correlation, toxin amounts inducing 50% mortality in groups at various densities were calculated. The average amount of toxin per larva inducing this level of mortality decreased by 62–63% ( An. quadrimaculatus ), 43–64% ( An. albimanus ), and 34–44% ( Ae. aegypti ) when larval density increased from 0.15 to 1.2 individuals per ml water. This effect was independent of toxin formulation and also was present when density was varied without surface crowding of larvae. Previously documented species-specific differences in susceptibility of test species were significant at low larval densities ( 1.2 individuals per ml water). We conclude that the relative tolerance of Anopheles larvae to suspensions of the bacterial toxin is a result of their low filtration rates. In Cx. quinquefasciatus , toxin effectiveness did not change with larval density, possibly due to feeding inhibition caused by the bacterial agent.
How accurate is the Kubelka-Munk theory of diffuse reflection? A quantitative answer

The (heuristic) Kubelka-Munk theory of diffuse reflectance and transmittance of a film on a substrate, which is widely used because it gives simple analytic results, is compared to the rigorous radiative transfer model of Chandrasekhar. The rigorous model has to be numerically solved, thus is less intuitive. The Kubelka-Munk theory uses an absorption coefficient and scatter coefficient as inputs, similar to the rigorous model of Chandrasekhar. The relationship between these two sets of coefficients is addressed. It is shown that the Kubelka-Munk theory is remarkably accurate if one uses the proper albedo parameter.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of β3 Integrin Provides a Binding Site for Pyk2

Integrins expressed on leukocytes possess the ability to maintain themselves in a non-adhesive state, thus preventing unwarranted adhesion and uncontrolled inflammation. Leukocyte adhesion is regulated through the modulation of integrin receptors such as alpha(V)beta(3). Firm adhesion to the extracellular matrix and directed cellular motility requires the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The ability of beta(3) to recruit signaling and scaffolding molecules to propagate alpha(V)beta(3) -mediated signals is regulated in part by the phosphorylation of the beta(3) cytoplasmic tail. The identities of integrin-associated signaling molecules within alpha(V)beta(3) podosomes and in particular the proximal binding partners of the beta(3) cytoplasmic tail are not completely known. Here we show that alpha(V)beta(3) ligation induces Pyk2-Tyr-402 phosphorylation and its association with the beta(3) cytoplasmic tail in a beta(3)-Tyr-747 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Pyk2 binding to the beta(3) cytoplasmic tail is direct and dependent upon Pyk2-Tyr-402 and beta(3) -Tyr-747 phosphorylations. These data identify Pyk2 as a phosphorylated beta(3) binding partner, providing a potential structural and signaling platform to achieve alpha(V)beta(3) -mediated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton.
Aerosol hygroscopic properties as measured by lidar and comparison with in situ measurements

[1] We demonstrate the ability of a single-wavelength backscatter lidar to provide information on the uptake of water vapor by aerosol in a well-mixed, cloud-capped, boundary layer. Aerosol hydration has important consequences for the effect of aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget. A vertically pointing, airborne lidar is used to measure vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter beneath a stratocumulus cloud deck. In situ aircraft thermodynamic measurements are used to derive simultaneous profiles of relative humidity (RH) under the assumption that the boundary layer is well mixed. The change in backscatter is derived as a function of relative humidity over the range ∼85% RH to ∼98.5% RH. In situ measurements of the aerosol size distribution and composition are used to calculate the expected enhancement in backscatter due to equilibrium uptake of water vapor. Comparison between lidar backscatter enhancement as a function of RH and that derived from the in situ aerosol size distribution and composition measurements shows good agreement. Conditional sampling on strong updrafts/downdrafts indicates that aerosol backscatter tends to be higher in downdrafts than it is in updrafts for the same RH range. This is consistent with the concept of inertia of the larger hydrated particles to growth/evaporation at short timescales but may also be due to a bias in the way that lidar-derived cloud base is interpreted in updrafts versus downdrafts. Calculations of enhancement in total scatter due to water vapor uptake with enhancement in backscatter suggest that the effects agree to within ∼20% of one another for RH 95%.