cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin Behavior in the Rotating Reference Frame

At any given point in time, the interaction of a classical magnetic moment with an external magnetic field is equivalent to an instantaneous rotation of the moment about the field. For a static field, the rotation is a constant precession about the field itself. This unit discusses the effect of adding a radiofrequency (RF) field perpendicular to a much larger constant field. The interest in the additional field stems from the need to generate a transverse component of the magnetization.
Non‐linear systems with control and state constraints

The tracking control problem for a class of non-linear systems with control and state constraints is considered. A predictive control approach is used to derive the constrained optimal control law. The unique structure of the controller allows a parameter to be continuously tuned on-line via the solution of a linear programming problem. The objective is to achieve the most effective control while avoiding control saturation and performance degradation for systems with bounded control. By a similar predictive technique, a class of state constraints are converted into additional control constraints. The control law then accurately enforces both the control and state constraints. An example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing Fabrication of Buried Oxide Channel Field Effect Transistors

In this paper we describe improved methods of fabrication for an oxide channel field effect transistor (OxFET) similar in architecture to a conventional FET. We demonstrate that a substrate treatment consisting of a low power oxygen ashing followed by annealing yields a strontium (A-site) terminated surface in single-crystal strontium titanate (STO). This surface termination of the substrate results in pulsed laser deposited cuprate-channel films of improved quality.
ESR observation of Frenkel defect production by post-irradiation electron-hole recombination in KC1

Abstract Experiments are described in which the creation of H centers is detected as a result of electrons recombining with Vk-type centers. The results are interpreted as evidence favoring the excitonic mechanism for radiation damage in alkali halides.
Integration of vision modules and labeling of surface discontinuities

It is assumed that a major goal of the early vision modules and their integration is to deliver a cartoon of the discontinuities in the scene and to label them in terms of their physical origin. The output of each of the vision modules is noisy, possibly sparse, and sometimes not unique. The authors suggest the use of a coupled Markov random field (MRF) at the output of each module (image cues)-stereo, motion, color, and texture-to achieve two goals: first, to counteract the noise and fill in sparse data, and secondly, to integrate the image within each MRF to find the module discontinuities and align them with the intensity edges. The authors outline a theory of how to label the discontinuities in terms of depth, orientation, albedo, illumination, and specular discontinuities. They present labeling results using a simple linear classifier operating on the output of the MRF associated with each vision module and coupled to the image data. The classifier has been trained on a small set of a mixture of synthetic and real data. >
Fabric Relationships Across the Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge Anticlinorium in Central Virginia

Study of planar and linear subfabrics across the Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge anticlinorium in central Virginia suggests distinct differences in the kinematic history of the core and flanks of the anticlinorium. The Precambrian basement complex gneisses in the core of the anticlinorium record the effects of penetrative deformation in the a direction. Maxima of mica cleavage poles form a complete girdle subnormal to the pronounced down-dip lineation of elongated minerals. Northeast-striking foliation produces well-defined maxima that have a poorly developed partial π-girdle. Piedmont rocks in the James River synclinorium, on the eastern limb of the Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge anticlinorium have an s-surface pattern somewhat similar to that of the basement gneisses, but with a better developed partial π-girdle. However, the lineation and mica cleavage pole patterns differ markedly from those in the basement. Lineation is predominantly crenulation in the older foliation and is either subhorizontal or steeply plunging. These lineations define a great circle girdle. A plot of poles to mica cleavage shows a partial π-girdle almost coincident with that of the s-poles, indicating mica growth in the bedding and axial plane cleavage. Crenulation lineations probably have resulted from intersections of younger cleavages having different strikes than the older foliations they cut. A plot of poles to bedding and cleavage parallel to bedding in the Chilhowee Group on the northwestern flank of the anticlinorium shows a well-defined great circle π-girdle. This girdle indicates that the folds are overturned northwestward and are cylindroidal. A later cross-cutting cleavage parallels the statistical axial plane of the s-pole π-girdle. The intersections of this late cleavage with bedding and cleavage parallel to it produce a subhorizontal northeast-bearing lineation. A diagram of poles to mica cleavages defines a subfabric characterized by a complete girdle similar to the s-pole π-girdle, but having a β pole bearing 17 degrees closer to due north. The Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge anticlinorium in central Virginia is similar to its extension in Maryland and Pennsylvania and possesses the same cleavage and foliation fan evident in the anticlinorium there. The anticlinorium in central Virginia, however, has fewer similarities with the Grandfather Mountain Window area southwestward in North Carolina. Like the rocks in the Window area, the Precambrian basement rocks in the anticlinorium are profoundly deformed cataclastically and have a pronounced cataclastic a lineation. Unlike the rocks in the Window area, those in the Piedmont part of the anticlinorium do not have a pronounced cataclastic fabric.
Chromosome Abnormalities in Lymphatic Leukaemia in Cattle

THE specific change in the chromosome complement reported by Gustavsson and Rockborn1 in three cases of overt leukaemia in cattle is extremely interesting, but care should be taken in identifying the chromosome changes with the neoplastic condition. This may not have been the intention of the authors, but it is an important distinction for the following reasons; (1) We have studied the chromosomes in more than twenty cases of lymphosarcoma (lymphatic leukaemia) in cattle, nine of which have been reported2, and in only two cases, one described by us2 and the other by Basrur et al.3, have similar chromosomal changes been observed; namely, an additional submetacentric chromosome and a minute chromosome in place of one of the small acrocentric chromosomes. (2) In the three cases reported by Gustavsson and Rock- born, all the mitoses from the peripheral blood leucocyte cultures showed the same chromosomal change. This would be unusual if the chromosomal change was associated with the neoplasia, because in our experience, even when chromosomal changes occur in the peripheral blood leucocytes of cattle with lymphosarcoma, a number of cells with apparently normal karyotypes are always present in cultures to which phytohaemagglutinin has been added. (3) The finding of the same chromosomal change in cells from the bone marrow and kidney of the foetus of one of the cows and in peripheral blood leucocytes of the three cows would seem to offer further evidence that the chromosomal change was generalized and not confined to the cells of the lymphatic system or associated with the neoplastic condition. Chromosomal analyses of other cells from the cows, for example, bone marrow cells and fibroblasts, in addition to the peripheral blood leucocytes, would have helped to throw light on the significance of the change in the chromosome complement and on the possibility that it may have been inherited.
Interstitial-Matrix’ Fluid-Fluxes In Vivo: Subatmospheric Pressure Reverses Hydration-Potential in Heat-Denatured Dermis

Interstitial flows modulate (a) the interchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and parenchyma; (b) paracrine and endocrine signals; and (c) fibroblast mechanical responses. Previously, we found that hydration potential (HP), a measure of the local forces that drive interstitial flows, increases in dermis heated ex vivo. Here, we measured HP in dermis heated in vivo to probe its effectinintact animals. Subatmospheric pressure, 125mmHg, was applied in vivo for 3 hours to heated (15 sec, 100°C) and control dermis obtained as by-products from unrelated studies as approved by the IRB. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the extent of collagen unfolding, and 1H magnetic resonance imaging to determine apparent diffusivity and anisotropy. HP was measured by osmotic stress, 3-219 mmHg, and influx/efflux trajectories were followed for ∼20 h to near equilibrium. The extent of unfolded collagen in vivo and ex vivo was 33 ± 3 and 34 ± 2 % of controls, respectively; apparent diffusion coefficients increased (10.1 ± 2 and 11.3 ± 1.5 versus 6.3 ± 3.7 x10−4 mm2/s), while fractional anisotropy decreased (0.289 ± 0.15 and 0.174 ± 0.07 versus 0.689 ± 0.27). These results suggest similar structural changes in both type-specimens. Mean HP of in-vivo denatured dermis decreased relative to the control and ex-vivo denatured explants: −15.2 ± 12.6 versus 30.9 ± 4.8 and 98 ± 7.4 mmHg, respectively (P-value < 0.05). After subatmospheric pressure, mean HP (48.1 ± 4.6 mm Hg) in in-vivo denatured dermis returned to baseline, while diffusivity decreased, and anisotropy increased. Lower HP values indicate excess fluid accumulation, consistent with suction forces developing in vivo upon denaturation; emerging convection-enhanced interstitial flows could explain the local edema (HP decrease) and its reversal (HP increase) by externally applied subatmospheric pressure.
Recovery and Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Surface Water, Using Ultrafiltration and Real-Time PCR

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157:H7) outbreaks have revealed the need for improved analytical techniques for environmental samples. Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly recognized as an effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. This study describes the application of hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating EHEC O157:H7 seeded into 40-liter samples of surface water, followed by an established culture/immunomagnetic-separation (IMS) method and a suite of real-time PCR assays. Three TaqMan assays were used to detect the stx1, stx2, and rfbE gene targets. The results from this study indicate that approximately 50 EHEC O157:H7 cells can be consistently recovered from a 40-liter surface water sample and detected by culture and real-time PCR. Centrifugation was investigated and shown to be a viable alternative to membrane filtration in the secondary culture/IMS step when water quality limits the volume of water that can be processed by a filter. Using multiple PCR assay sets to detect rfbE, stx1, and stx2 genes allowed for specific detection of EHEC O157:H7 from strains that do not possess all three genes. The reported sample collection and analysis procedure should be a sensitive and effective tool for detecting EHEC O157:H7 in response to outbreaks of disease associated with contaminated water.
Determination of the Stray Light Levels in a Dispersive Near-Infrared Spectrometer with Trichloromethane

The stray light level in a dispersive near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer was determined at 1152, 1410, 1692, and 1861 nm with the sharp absorption bands of trichloromethane. The stray light level in the dispersive spectrometer was found to be a function of wavelength and was greatest at the lower and upper extremes of the free spectral range of the instrument. Stray light measurements with and without a blocking filter showed that the majority of the stray light in the instrument was due to the overlap of higher diffraction orders produced by the diffraction grating. A theoretical model to predict the stray light in the instrument was developed. When compared with the model, the measured stray light levels were found to be consistent with those expected if the primary source of stray light was due to the overlap of higher diffraction orders in the monochromator of the spectrometer. Measurements of absorbance as a function of pathlength were made with the four absorption bands of trichloromethane (1152, 1410, 1692, and 1861 nm). After correction for the results for stray light, the linear regression data for the absorbance vs. pathlength plots were determined and reported. The measured slopes should be useful in checking the photometric accuracy of NIR spectrometers over the wavelength range from 1100 to 1900 nm.
Some Steroid Hormone-like Effects of Menthol

Menthol or menthone, or both, like progesterone, have been shown to have the following biological activities: (i) an inhibitory action on liver and kidney aldehyde dehydrogenase activity which, under certain circumstances, is reflected in an increased rate of oxidation of D-galactose, and (ii) a stimulatory effect on the oxidation of D-galactose by two prepubertal congenitally galactosemic subjects.
Legal liability: A professional concern

Recent jurisprudence should direct the attention of social workers to two areas of possible legal liability in their professional activities. The ethical responsibility for keeping a client's communications confidential may be outweighed by the broader obligation to protect a victim from a client's violence by reporting threats to legal authorities. Damage action against physicians for failure to report suspected child abuse opened the door to civil liability to others who have a mandatory reporting responsibility.
Exploratory visualization of migration flows

Regional difference of the society creates movement of people across regions. Conventionally, an interregional migration data set is stored as an origin-destination (O-D) matrix, which has one row for each flow origin and one column for each destination. For example, interregional migration data within fifty states of United States generates a 50 by 50 O-D matrix, and an O- D matrix for county to county migration would have more than 3100 rows and columns. Studying these complex migration flow systems has always been challenging to scientists. This paper reports a methodology that combines scientific visualization, exploratory data analysis, dynamic graphics and projection pursuit methods to explore these migration flow systems. First, a complex migration flow data set is simplified by using a projection pursuit method. These less complex data are then represented in four graphic views: a migration flow view showing direction and magnitude of migration, a choropleth view showing characteristics of O-D regions, a statistical view of flow variables, and a statistical view of O-D attribute variables. These four views are linked by using a dynamic brushing technique, which enables the researcher to explore the relationships between the four views. These relationships can then be used as the basis for understanding the migration flow system.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High resolution (400 m) motion characterization of sea ice using ERS-1 SAR imagery

Abstract Using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from ERS-1, we render high resolution motion fields of sea ice using a multi-resolution processing system. The results are provided at a 400 m resolution, which is an order of magnitude greater than the standard SAR motion products (5–10 km). An error propagation experiment shows a standard deviation of 1.3% day − 1 for the noise in invariant shear resulting from position uncertainties and processing techniques. We use this noise level to determine a significant lower threshold when identifying shear zone discontinuities. As example, a 24-day sequence of images is processed using this system to examine the development and evolution of a shear zone. This evolution is in response to the topographic steering caused by ocean circulation and wind forcing along a continental shelf break. In addition, we adapt the Line Integral Convolution (LIC) to depict flow patterns present in the motion field. Collectively, these motion products provide valuable descriptions of the non-rigid dynamics taking place within the sea ice. Our goal is to complement the existing RADARSAT Geophysical Processing System (RGPS) motion products and aid in the validation and further development of the most progressive “lead-resolving” sea ice models currently available. This form of sea ice visualization is important for understanding air–ice–sea momentum transfer processes that transcend through small-scale to large-scale fracture events with application to ship navigation.
Status of space commercialization in the USA

Abstract This article considers the status of space commercialization in the USA and suggests that recent developments present a pessimistic picture. What progress there has been is in settling in for the long-run task of building the research base and infrastructure required for the realization of space-based commercial activities.
Cancer chemotherapy in the older patient : What the medical oncologist needs to know

This review explores the effectiveness and safety of cancer chemotherapy in older individuals and outlines potential guidelines for the management of these patients. Cancer chemotherapy appears less effective in three neoplasms of older individuals: acute myelogenous leukemia, large cell lymphoma, and coelomic carcinoma of the ovary. In the case of acute myelogenous leukemia, a higher prevalence of MDR-1 expression and involvement of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the neoplastic process contribute to chemotherapy resistance. Chemotherapy-related myelodepression, cardiotoxicity, and peripheral and central neurotoxicity are more common and more severe in older individuals. This toxicity results from the increased vulnerability of target organs and delayed excretion of renally excretable agents. The complications of chemotherapy may be ameliorated by modifying the doses of drugs according to the patient's creatinine clearance, by using antidotes to drug toxicity, and by the early diagnosis and timely management of therapeutic complications. A comprehensive assessment of the older person with cancer allows clinicians to predict the benefits and risks of cancer chemotherapy in individual circumstances. Cancer 1997; 80:1317-22. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
A response instruction by visual-field interaction: S-R compatibility effect or?

Stimulus-response compatibility effects have been hypothesized to result from a correspondence between the spatial codes associated with the response hand and the stimulus location (i.e., the S-S interpretation of Wallace, 1971) or, alternatively, from a subject’s innate tendency to respond in the direction of the source of stimulation (i.e., the S-R interpretation of Craft & Simon, 1970). Two experiments were conducted to test these two positions. Patterns of response latencies were found that could not be adequately explained by either model.
Design considerations for variation tolerant multilevel CMOS/Nano memristor memory

With technology migration into nano and molecular scales several hybrid CMOS/nano logic and memory architectures have been proposed thus far that aim to achieve high device density with low power consumption. The discovery of the memristor has further enabled the realization of denser nanoscale logic and memory systems. This work describes the design of such a multilevel memristor memory (MLMM) system, and the design constraints imposed in the realization of such a memory. In particular, the limitations on load, bank size, number of bits achievable per device, placed by the required noise margin (NM) for accurately reading the data stored in a device are analyzed.
Edge-Length of Tetrahedra.

We begin by considering degenerate tetrahedra 8 with vertices a, b, c, d (not necessarily different from each other) lying in that order on some straight line in our space. The concept edge-length applies to these in the obvious way. The segment ab is covered three times, by ab, ac, and ad; similarly for cd. But bc is covered four times, by ad, ac, bd, and bc. Thus (with I ab I denoting the length of ab) we have the inequality
Two-dimensional components and hidden dependencies provide insight into ion channel gating mechanisms

Correlations between the durations of adjacent open and shut intervals recorded from ion channels contain information about the underlying gating mechanism. This study presents an additional approach to extracting the correlation information. Detailed correlation information is obtained directly from single-channel data and quantified in a manner that can provide insight into the connections among the states underlying the gating. The information is obtained independently of any specific kinetic scheme, except for the general assumption of Markov gating. The durations of adjacent open and shut intervals are binned into two-dimensional (2-D) dwell-time distributions. The 2-D (joint) distributions are fitted with sums of 2-D exponential components to determine the number of 2-D components, their volumes, and their open and closed time constants. The dependency of each 2-D component is calculated by comparing its observed volume to the volume that would be expected if open and shut intervals paired independently. The estimated component dependencies are then used to suggest gating mechanisms and to provide a powerful means of examining whether proposed gating mechanisms have the correct connections among states. The sensitivity of the 2-D method can identify hidden components and dependencies that can go undetected by previous correlation methods.
Differences between Gel-Derived Melts and Those Produced by Batch Melting

Properties of a system at equilibrium depend on pressure, temperature and composition. Thus for a melt produced by the sol-gel (SG) process to be different from an identical composition melted from batch (MB), both cannot be at equilibrium. Non equilibrium melts can be associated with structural differences or homogeneity differences. The former have been suggested for SG melts while the latter is always possible in MB melts. Appropriate relaxation times are presented for structural and heterogeneity relaxation. From this it is concluded that structural differences will not persist unless the SG melt is metastable with respect to the equilibrium melt. A method for testing this unlikely premise is proposed. Melts which are imperceptibly different from equilibrium may have non-equilibrium crystal embryo distributions that relax toward equilibrium with a time constant longer than that for structural relaxation. A difference in embryo and stable nuclei distribution will result in different crystallization kinetics.
Design evolution of the trinity college IGVC robot ALVIN

In this paper we discuss the design and evolution of Trinity College's ALVIN robot, an autonomous ground vehicle that has participated in the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) since 2000. The paper first discusses the Trinity Robot Study Team, which has been responsible for developing ALVIN. We then illustrate the four generations of ALVIN, focusing on improvements made as the result of performance shortcomings and outright failures. The discussion considers the robot's body design, drive system, sensors, navigation algorithms, and vision systems. We focus especially on the vision and navigation systems developed for Trinity's fourth-generation IGVC robot, ALVIN IV. The paper concludes with a plan for future work on ALVIN and with a discussion of educational outcomes resulting from the ALVIN project. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delayed extrusion of hydroxyapatite after transpetrosal reconstruction.

Objectives: To review the long-term results of hydroxyapatite closure of transpetrosal defects. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: One hundred seventy-seven patients were followed for more than 5 years. After surgical management by way of transpetrosal routes, hydroxyapatite was placed after medial wound closure with abdominal fat and before a three-layered lateral soft tissue closure. Results: Among this group of patients, three (1.7%) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks were encountered. None of these required re-operation. Delayed extrusion of hydroxyapatite with concomitant superficial wound infections have occurred in seven (4%) patients. All required operative re-intervention. Conclusions: Hydroxyapatite has proven to be an effective material in the closure of skull base defects. Nevertheless, delayed extrusion of this agent can occur, resulting in the potential for morbidity and the need for operative re-intervention.
Aging and the strategic control of the fixation offset effect

A study was conducted to examine potential age-related differences in the strategic control of exogenous and endogenous saccades within the context of the fixation offset effect (FOE; i.e., faster saccades when a fixation point is removed than when it is left on throughout a trial). Subjects were instructed to make rapid saccades either on the basis of a suddenly appearing peripheral visual stimulus (exogenous saccade) or in response to a tone (endogenous saccade). On half of the trials the fixation point was removed simultaneously with the occurrence of the cue stimulus. Subjects' preparatory set was varied by manipulating the proportion of saccades generated to a visual and auditory stimulus within a trial block. Young and old adults both produced FOEs, and the FOEs were strategically modulated by preparatory set. The data are discussed in terms of aging and oculomotor control.
d-Ribulose 5-Phosphate 3-Epimerase: Functional and Structural Relationships to Members of the Ribulose-Phosphate Binding (β/α)8-Barrel Superfamily†,‡

The “ribulose phosphate binding” superfamily defined by the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is considered the result of divergent evolution from a common (β/α)8-barrel ancesto...
Molecular evidence for multiple host-specific strains in the genus Rhinosporidium.

Rhinosporidiosis is a cutaneous and/or subcutaneous chronic disease of human and other animals caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi (2, 16-18). This granulomatous disease is characterized by the development of polyps primarily affecting the mucous membranes of the nostrils and the ocular conjunctivae of the infected hosts. Diagnosis is essentially based on the histological detection in tissues of R. seeberi's pathognomonic endosporulating sporangia in various stages of development. Rhinosporidiosis in not a life-threatening disease, and its treatment usually is limited to the surgical removal of the polyps (1, 4, 11). For the last 100 years, the taxonomic affinities of R. seeberi remained obscure, principally because this unique pathogen cannot be cultured. Thus, most of its epidemiological and taxonomical characteristics were not well understood. In 1999, a team from the United States and Sri Lanka (10) using molecular tools found that R. seeberi was phylogenetically related to a novel group of protistan microbes at the divergence between animals and fungi. This finding was soon corroborated by others (8). These microbes are presently classified in the protistal class Mesomycetozoeae. R. seeberi shares several characteristics with the other members of this class; all are aquatic microbes with spherical structures containing endospores. Most of them are unculturable and were, at one point, classified as members of the fungal or protistan kingdoms. The studies of Herr et al. (10) and later, those of Fredericks et al. (8), using the 18S SSU rRNA gene sequences of R. seeberi, showed that these regions were almost identical among mammalian hosts with rhinosporidiosis. Based on these data and those of other investigators, Rhinosporidium was considered likely to be a monotypic genus (13). Using phylogenetic analysis, we have studied the complete internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS1), 5.8S, and ITS2 sequences of eight humans, two swans, and a dog with rhinosporidiosis and have found that there are at least three well-supported groups represented by each species used in this study. This study raises the possibility that the genus Rhinosporidium may possess multiple host-specific strains.
Note on a Riegels-type integral

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer Klasse von Integralen, die bei der Untersuchung der Stromung um Ringflugel von elliptischem Querschnitt auftreten. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die fraglichen Integrale mittels Riegels'scher und vollstandiger elliptischer Integrale darstellen lassen, ferner werden Reihenentwicklung nach Potenzen des Moduls angegeben und Rekursionsformeln fur die numerische Berechnung der Integrale mitgeteilt.
Appetitive associative learning recruits a distinct network with cortical, striatal, and hypothalamic regions

The amygdala, prefrontal cortex, striatum and other connected forebrain areas are important for reward-associated learning and subsequent behaviors. How these structurally and functionally dissociable regions are recruited during initial learning, however, is unclear. Recently, we showed amygdalar nuclei were differentially recruited across different stages of cue-food associations in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Here, we systematically examined Fos induction in the forebrain, including areas associated with the amygdala, during early (day 1) and late (day 10) training sessions of cue-food conditioning. During training, rats in the conditioned group received tone-food pairings, while controls received presentations of the tone alone in the conditioning chamber followed by food delivery in their home cage. We found that a small subset of telencephalic and hypothalamic regions were differentially recruited during the early and late stages of training, suggesting evidence of learning-induced plasticity. Initial tone-food pairings recruited solely the amygdala, while late tone-food pairings came to induce Fos in distinct areas within the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsal striatum, and the hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus). Furthermore, within the perifornical lateral hypothalamus, tone-food pairings selectively recruited neurons that produce the orexigenic neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin. These data show a functional map of the forebrain areas recruited by appetitive associative learning and dependent on experience. These selectively activated regions include interconnected prefrontal, striatal, and hypothalamic regions that form a discrete but distributed network that is well placed to simultaneously inform cortical (cognitive) processing and behavioral (motivational) control during cue-food learning.
Physico-thermal Stabilities of Dye Solids I—Heat Capacities of some Disperse and Vat Dyes

The application of differential scanning calorimetry to a number of pure disperse and vat dye solids to determine their molar heat capacities and to study the changes in this property with temperature is described. The method is used to detect possible solid-state transitions occurring in the dyes on heating. Premonitory positive deviations from linearity are observed with three disperse dyes at temperatures up to 30 deg C below transition or melting points. The results are discussed in terms of Frenkel and Schottky disorder, and the activation energy of this disorder is calculated. For the three vat dyes examined, the heat capacity passes through a maximum on heating. The subsequent decrease in heat capacity is possibly due to an increase in lattice order caused by localised sublimation in void spaces within the crystals.
Twins, disorders and other demons

Abstract Dramatic improvements in both the hardware and software used to perform X-ray crystallographic studies on single crystals have led to the publication of thousands of new structures each year. These improvements have also made it possible to successfully resolve a larger percentage of structural problems such as disorder and complicated twinning. Examples are included of twins that were first thought to be disorders structures with both twinning and disorder, and four-fold twinning.
Volatile components from the mandibular glands of the turtle ants, Cephalotes alfaroi and Cephalotes cristatus

GC–MS analysis of whole head extracts from the turtle ants, Cephalotes alfaroi and Cephalotes cristatus, showed that 4-heptanone and 4-heptanol were the major volatile components in the mandibular glands. 4-Heptanone and 4-heptanol have rarely been identified in mandibular gland secretions from other ant genera. Thus, these compounds may be chemotaxonomic markers for the genus Cephalotes, since they have been identified in the mandibular glands from all members of this genus that have been investigated to date. Minor components identified in the whole head extracts of these ants were 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-heptanone, 3-hexanol, 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acids, 2-methyl-4-heptanone, 2-phenylethanol and phenol. To our knowledge, this is the first time that 2-methyl-4-heptanone and phenol have been reported in the mandibular gland secretion from any Formicid.
Identification and characterization of a regulated promoter element in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene.

Abstract We have identified a 36-base-pair proximal element (-112 to -77 relative to the AUG translation initiation codon) in the epidermal growth factor receptor 5' region that functions as a promoter; mediates inductive responses to epidermal growth factor, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and cyclic AMP; and acts in an orientation-independent manner. This region functions as an enhancer when transferred to a heterologous promoter containing a TATA box. Mutations within the 36-base-pair region alter function as assayed by reporter gene expression in recipient cells. A protein has been identified that demonstrates appropriate binding specificity to mutant DNA sequences that correlates with promoter activity observed in vivo. On the basis of DNA binding characteristics and size, the identified protein appears distinct from several previously identified transcription factors known to bind to G+C-rich regions.
Gender, Class Aspirations, and Emerging Fields of Body Work in Urban India

If some research indicates that bodies are becoming central to the life projects of “new liberal Indian” women, public debates simultaneously reveal that their bodies are entangled in satisfying traditional and modern ideals of womanhood. There are few studies, though, that have looked into how women reconcile and make use of contradictory cultural signals surrounding their bodies that arise out of a rapidly changing gender and class structure. We draw upon both followers and critics of Bourdieu to show that bodily concerns and undertakings of 48 urban Indian women, and the ways in which they resist and embrace cultural demands on their bodies, vary by social class locations. The women in the study who were most keenly aware of “options” embedded in thin or fit bodies were the ones who could take advantage of new careers and styles of living that the global economy was bringing to their doorsteps. In contrast, women who saw limited prospects for social mobility were unconvinced of the symbolic value of a thin body and rejected appearance concerns on the ground that it interfered with their mothering responsibilities. We conclude that while the fit body has indeed emerged as an important site of self-making for the modern Indian woman, the degree to which she sees costs and benefits involved in the bodywork of losing weight depends on her class location.
High-performance fiber optic systems for damage detection and structural health monitoring

This paper describes two systems that can monitor up to 64 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain gauges simultaneously and their use in structural health monitoring applications. One system directly tracks wavelength shifts and provides ~0.3 me sensitivity with data rates to 360 Hz. The second system uses an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer to convert wavelength to phase. It has a noise floor of ~5 ne/Hz1/2 and data rates to 10 kHz. The wavelength-based system was used in field tests on an all composite hull surface effects ship in the North Sea and on an Interstate highway bridge in New Mexico. The interferometric system has been used to demonstrate enhanced damage detection sensitivity in a series of laboratory experiments that rely on a novel data analysis approach based in nonlinear dynamics and state space analysis. The sensitivity of three of these novel damage detection methods is described.
Tungsten trioxide and inorganic salts as sample additives in carbon and hydrogen analysis

The efficacy of tungsten trioxide as a sample additive for elimination of interference by metals in carbon and hydrogen analysis has been reexamined with pure carbonates. Tungsten trioxide decomposes all alkali metal carbonates completely under ordinary combustion conditions. Alkaline earth metal carbonates either decompose without a sample additive (MgCO3, CaCO3) or are particularly stable (SrCO3, BaCO3). The decomposition of Sr and Ba carbonates with tungsten trioxide requires either a high (900°) combustion temperature or addition of an inorganic salt (e. g., NaCl or Na2SO4) to form a flux.
On the Zeroes of the Nth Partial Sum of the Exponential Series

(2005). On the Zeroes of the Nth Partial Sum of the Exponential Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 112, No. 10, pp. 891-909.
Impact of gestational age on the clinical presentation and surgical outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis.

This investigation tests the hypothesis that the clinical presentation and the outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) vary with gestational age (GA). All infants admitted to our center between October 1991 and September 2003 were evaluated weekly to identify confirmed cases of NEC. Based upon GA, these infants were divided into five groups: Extremely premature (EP, 23 to 26 weeks), very premature (VP, 27 to 29 weeks), moderately premature (MP, 30 to 34 weeks), near-term (NT, 35 to 36 weeks), and term (T, 37 to 42 weeks). A total of 202 infants developed NEC. The most common sign of NEC among EP infants was ileus (77%), followed by abdominal distention (71%), emesis (58%), pneumoperitoneum (54%), fixed intestinal loop (52%), gasless abdomen (42%) and bloody stools (17%). Intramural gas was detected in 100% of T but was present in only 29% of EP infants (P<0.0001). Similarly, portal venous gas was common in T but infrequent in the EP infants (47 vs 10%, P<0.0001). Despite a higher peritoneal drain insertion rate (31 vs 5%, P<0.001) and a higher mortality rate (33 vs 10%, P=0.05) in EP compared to T infants, other clinical outcomes were not different. The clinical presentation of NEC is different in EP compared to more mature infants; however, outcome among NEC survivors is similar across all GA. Reliance solely on observation of intramural or on portal venous gas in EP infants may lead to a delay or failure in the diagnosis.
Selective autophagy: Xenophagy

Xenophagy is an autophagic phenomenon that specifically involves pathogens and other non-host entities. Although the understanding of the relationship between autophagosomes and invading organisms has grown significantly in the past decade, the exact steps to confirm xenophagy has been not been thoroughly defined. Here we describe a methodical approach to confirming autophagy, its interaction with bacterial invasion, as well as the specific type of autophagic formation (i.e. autophagosome, autolysosome, phagolysosome). Further, we argue that xenophagy is not limited to pathogen interaction with autophagosome, but also non-microbial entities such as iron.
Oppression and resistance: the powerless and the future

Abstract Relations between rich and poor (across and within countries) appeared in some questions in Images; there were clear differences between what the powerful and the powerless hoped and expected from the future. This is compared with what actually happened and a deeper analysis is made of ‘power’ as an organizing concept. It turned out that the pessimism associated with powerlessness tended to make better predictions.
The gain, photon detection efficiency and excess noise factor of multi-pixel Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Abstract In this work we propose a method to characterize multi-pixel Geiger-mode (MPGM) avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and present systematic studies of new devices from three different manufacturers. The basic properties of MGPM APDs such as gain, photon detection efficiency, excess noise factor and noise, as well as their dependence on operating voltage have been measured. Spectral response was measured in the range 350–800 nm. It was shown that despite very good pixel-to-pixel gain uniformity, the excess noise factor of these APDs can be significantly greater than 1.
Modular clustering of protein-protein interaction networks

Identifying the modular structures in proteinprotein interaction networks is crucial to the understanding of the organization and function of biological systems. In this paper we introduce the concept of critical module in a network and propose an efficient algorithm to find all critical modules in a given network. Finally we tested the proposed algorithm on Yeast protein interaction data set.
Assessing motivation in children using a progressive ratio task

The association of age and sex on the performance of a progressive ratio task was studied in 847 children, ages 4-14 years. Variations of this task have been used extensively with animals and to a lesser extent with humans to study factors that affect aspects of motivation. The participants in this study were required to press a response lever for nickel reinforcers during a 10 min period. One response was required to earn the first nickel and each subsequent nickel required an additional 10 more responses. Older children had a significantly higher breakpoint than younger children. This appeared to be mostly the result of older children having significantly shorter inter-response times than younger children. In addition, boys had significantly higher breakpoints than girls, especially at older ages. The results of this study illustrate that both age and sex influence the performance of this task and thus suggest that age and sex influence aspects of motivation in children. Further, characterization of performance of this task by humans facilitates comparisons with animal models and, thus, enhances its translational utility.
REVIEWING THE ‘TASC’ (TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES TO STREET CRIME) EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT The Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC) program provides an effective bridge between two separate institutions: the criminal justice system and the drug treatment community. The justice system's legal sanctions reflect concerns for public safety and punishment, whereas treatment emphasizes therapeutic intervention as a means for altering drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors. TASC identifies, assesses, and refers drug-involved offenders to community treatment services as an alternative or supplement to existing justice system sanctions and procedures. In the more than 100 jurisdictions where TASC currently operates, it serves as a court diversion mechanism or a supplement to probation supervision. After referral to community-based treatment, TASC monitors the client's progress and compliance, including expectations for abstinence, employment, and improved personal and social functioning. It then reports treatment results back to the referring justice system agency. Clients who violate ...
Total knee replacement in previous recipients of fresh osteochondral allograft transplants

Background: Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a treatment option for young patients with osteochondral lesions of the knee. The present study evaluated the surgical complexity of, and the prevalence of complications related to, total knee arthroplasty in patients who had had a previous osteochondral graft transplantation. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on thirty-three consecutive patients (thirty-five knees) who underwent total knee arthroplasty from 1974 to 2000 after having had a previous transplantation of a fresh osteochondral allograft into the same knee. The mean duration of follow-up was ninety-two months. Perioperative data were analyzed with regard to etiology, preoperative impairment, intraoperative technical complications, early and late postoperative complications, and postoperative functional and subjective outcomes. The Knee Society clinical rating system was used for clinical evaluation beginning in 1990. Results: Four knees required additional techniques for exposure. Three knees required stemmed components, one knee required a tibial augment, and two knees required morselized grafts. The mean Knee Society objective score (available for eighteen knees) improved from 34.7 preoperatively to 87.9 at the time of the latest follow-up, and the mean Knee Society function score improved from 45 to 82. The mean range of motion of all knees improved from 85° to 105°. Six of the thirty-five knees underwent revision total knee arthroplasty because of aseptic loosening, with two knees being revised within two years after the index total knee arthroplasty. Conclusions: Total knee arthroplasty after previous fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation provides improvements in knee function and range of motion, with manageable technical difficulties. Compared with routine total knee arthroplasty, an increased rate of early revision can be expected. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Structure−Reactivity Relationships for β-Galactosidase (Escherichia coli, lac Z). 4. Mechanism for Reaction of Nucleophiles with the Galactosyl-Enzyme Intermediates of E461G and E461Q β-Galactosidases†

Second-order rate constants for transfer of the β-d-galactopyranosyl group from the galactosyl−enzyme intermediates of the galactosyl transfer reactions catalyzed by E461G and E461Q β-galactosidases to anionic nucleophiles have been determined. The second-order rate constant for reaction of the galactosylated E461G enzyme with azide ion is 4900 M-1 s-1. By contrast, there is no detectable reaction of the galactosylated wild type enzyme with azide ion (Richard et al., 1995b), and the E461G mutation leads to a large decrease in the second-order rate constant kcat/Km for catalysis of cleavage of β-d-galactopyranosyl azide, which is the microscopic reverse of the reaction of azide ion with the galactosyl−enzyme intermediate. These data show that the E461G mutation causes a more than 8000-fold increase in the equilibrium constant for transfer of the β-d-galactopyranosyl group from β-galactosidase to azide ion. We propose that this change represents the requirement for the coupling of galactosyl transfer from t...
Temperature dependence of rate coefficients for thermal electron attachment reactions of CH3Br, CF3Br, and CF3I

Abstract Rate coefficients for electron attachment reactions of CH 3 Br, CF 3 Br and CF 3 I have been measured as a function of temperature. Absolute rate coefficients were obtained at 293 K for SF 6 , CH 3 Br, CF 3 Br and CF 3 I; in units of cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 the values are 2.2 × 10 −7 for SF 6 ; 6.3 × 10 −12 for CH 3 Br; 1.2 × 10 −8 for CF 3 Br; and 2.2 × 10 −7 for CF 3 I. Rate coefficients are reported for CH 3 Br, CF 3 Br and CF 3 I at 293, 615, and 777 K from relative rate measurements by using SF 6 as a reference compound. Mass spectral analysis of product negative ions confirmed a dissociative attachment mechanism.