cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 79

Abstract Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass numer 79 (Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted energies and Jπ of levels in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in 79Cu and 79Zn. This evaluation represents a revision of earlier ones (82Si21, 75Ur03). No data are available for 79Ni, but calculations of %β−n and T1/2(g.s) using RPA method have been reported by 89Kr02. The half -life of 79Se has been quoted as ≤6.5×104 y since 1949 (work by 49PaZZ). But a recent analysis (93HeZW) suggests that the half-life maybe longer by a factor of 10. A remeasurement of this half-life would be desirable since this isotope is of importance in reactor-irradiated fuel composition.
Prioritized data synchronization for disruption tolerant networks

We consider the problem of synchronizing prioritized data on two distinct hosts in disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs). To this effect, we propose and analyze a new interactive protocol for priority-oriented synchronization, called P-CPI, that is especially efficient in terms of bandwidth usage. This middleware protocol has features that are particularly useful for DTN routing in constrained or tactical environments, including (i) communication and computational complexity primarily tied to the number of differences between the hosts rather than the amount of the data overall and (ii) a memoryless fast restart after interruption. We provide a novel analysis of this protocol, substantiating a high-probability performance bound and memoryless fast-restart in logarithmic time. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate improved delivery rate and reduced metadata and average delay in a DARPA-supported DTN routing application called RAPID.
RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF INHALED (INH) VS INTRA VENOUS (IV) STEROID IN VENTILATOR DEPENDENT PRETERM INFANTS. ▴ 1468

We have previously reported that IV steroid reduces the severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants (NEJM 1989; 320:1505). However, adverse effects have been reported. The INH route may maximize pulmonary effects while minimizing systemic effects but there have been no studies comparing INH to IV steroids. We are therefore comparing these two routes in preterm (≤ 30 weeks), VLBW (≤1500 grams) infants who are both ventilator (IMV ≥ 15) and oxygen (FiO2 ≥ 0.3) dependent at 12-21 d of age. From July 10, 1994 to December 1, 1995, 55 infants have been randomized to receive either a 42-day tapering course of IV dexamethasone(n=17), or one of two doses (400 μg daily, n=17; 800 μg daily, n=21) of INH beclomethasone. Baseline FiO2, ventilatory pressure (PIP-PEEP), and mean blood pressure were similar between groups. Baseline mean airway pressure was higher in the IV group, in which two infants required high frequency ventilation. Changes in airway pressures (cm H2O) and blood pressure(mm Hg) are shown below (data from the two INH groups are combined since results were similar): Table
Biotransformation of 9-β-d-arabinofurano-syladenine by rat and human erythrocytes

Studies were performed to test whether 9-/l-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) would accumulate in erythrocytes as a result of phosphorylation to the nucleotide level. When C3H)ara-A was incubated with whole blood from rat, monkey or man for 2 hr at 37", the drug rapidly equilibrated between erythrocytes and plasma but did not concentrate in the cells. Incubation of C3H)ara-A with rat and human erythrocyte lysates for 2 hr followed by chromato~aphic analysis showed that 2-5 per cent of ara-A was converted to nucleo- tides. In contrast, 10-35 per cent of ('YY)adenosine was converted to adenine nucteotides under the same conditions. Incubation of C3H)ara-A with human erythrocyte lysates for 18 hr resulted in a conversion of approx. 40 per cent of the labeled drug to nucleotides. Ad- ditional chromatography revealed, however, that the nucleotide fraction contained almost no arabinosyl nucleotides. Rather, 90 per cent of the label in the nucleotide fraction was identified as IMP. These results indicate that only a minor amount, if any, of ara-A was phosphorylated by erythrocyte enzymes to yield arabinosyl nucleotides. An alternative pathway converted much of the labeled drug to ribosyl nucleotides via the deamination of ara-A to ara-hypoxanthine, cleavage to hypoxanthine and conversion of the free hypoxan- thine to IMP.
Plasma medicine: The advent of the plasma kill - plasma heal paradigm

Low temperature plasmas in air or air-containing mixtures produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O, O 2 −, and OH and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as NO and NO 2 which exhibit strong oxidative properties and/or trigger signaling pathways in biological cells1. In such chemically reactive environment bacterial cells were found to die in minutes or even seconds. However, controlled low doses of low temperature plasma appear to cause little damage to living animal and plant tissues. For example, skin fibroblast cells are found to remain viable under plasma conditions that can be lethal to bacterial cells. The proliferation of fibroblasts is an important step in the wound healing process. Therefore, the ability of plasma to kill bacteria and to accelerate the proliferation of specific healthy tissue cells opened up the possibility to use plasma for the healing of wounds including chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers.
Solid‐state coextrusion of high‐density polyethylene. I. Effects of geometric factors

The solid (crystalline) state coextrusion of two high-density polyethylenes (HDPE) having weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of 59,000 and 200,000 have been studied as a function of the geometrical arrangement and the volume fraction of the components. The extrusion rate increased nonlinearly with the volume fraction of the low-Mw, component. The rate was faster when the low-Mw, component was the core rather than the sheath in the initial cylindrical concentric billet. Thus the slow extrusion rate of high-Mw HDPE alone was increased up to ten times by coextrusion with a small fraction of the low-Mw, HDPE component in its center. Generally, the deformation flow profile changed gradually from a parabolic to a W-shaped pattern as the volume fraction of the high-Mw, component increased. However, the geometric arrangement of the two different Mw components also had a pronounced effect on the deformation. The deformation patterns showed that upon coextrusion the low- and high-Mw HDPE's were extruded at the same rate and extrusion draw ratio. The geometrical arrangement had no substantial effects on the tensile modulus and strength of the extrudates; i.e., they increased linearly with volume fraction of the high-Mw HDPE.
Basaltic Cone Suggests Constructional Origin of Some Guyots

A basaltic cinder cone was built beneath the waters of Mono Lake in Pleistocene time. This cone is now exposed. Its internal structure, external form, and petrography suggest that it was constructed with a flat top.
Scattering matrices for imaging layered media

A method for computing the optical properties of contoured layered media is presented. The wave equation is solved in the layers by invoking the Rayleigh hypothesis, and the solution is expressed as a scattering matrix that relates the Fourier components of the incoming fields to those of the outgoing fields. Images of layered structures produced by a given optical system can then be calculated by combining the scattering matrix representing the object with matrices that represent the illumination and projection optics and that include the effects of apertures and aberrations. The application of this method to partially coherent imaging is described.
A comparative evaluation of the estimators of the log Pearson type (LP) 3 distribution

Abstract The log Pearson type 3 (LP3) distribution, recommended by the U.S. Water Resources Council (USWRC) in 1967, and subsequently updated in 1975, 1977 and 1981 as the base method of flood frequency analysis in the United States, has been widely used in many parts of the world. However, the estimation procedure for the LP3 distribution recommended by the USWRC has been shown by many investigators to perform rather poorly. In this study several estimation methods for the LP3 distribution, some quite recent, are investigated. The performance of the various methods is then compared via Monte Carlo simulation with the objective of identifying the most robust estimator among them. It is found that besides the USWRC method, the methods based on maximum likelihood and entropy perform poorly. The method based on the moments in real space, and the relatively recent so-called method of mixed moments perform markedly superior to other methods in terms of both resistance and efficiency of estimation or robustness. Therefore, the USWRC guidelines are in need of revision.
Development of a cancer prevention‐detection clinic

Control of cancer through risk reduction and early detection has great potential. Roswell Park Memorial Institute's Prevention-Detection Center addresses a community need for health promotion, disease prevention, and cancer detection as well as providing opportunity for research on the efficacy of such a program. The Prevention-Detection Center offers a range of services including education, genetic counseling, risk assessment, counseling in smoking cessation and other means of risk reduction, and screening for cancer. It is also involved in evaluation of new technologies of cancer detection such as the ultrasonic examination of the breast. A community outreach program is aimed at attracting high-risk populations. In its first eighteen months of operation; the Prevention-Detection Center detected 24 confirmed cancers. The Center is used by approximately 60 persons each week. Interviews with persons using the clinic over a two-week period indicate that most are motivated to attend because a relative has had cancer or because of a belief in the importance of regular checkups. Client satisfaction with the clinic is high. Although many of the activities of the prevention-Detection Center have a research dimension, many of its activities and services are suited to the community ambulatory health care setting.
Re-evaluation of an Optimized Second Order Backward Difference (BDF2OPT) Scheme for Unsteady Flow Applications

Recent experience in the application of an optimized, second-order, backward-difference (BDF2OPT) temporal scheme is reported. The primary focus of the work is on obtaining accurate solutions of the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations over long periods of time for aerodynamic problems of interest. The baseline flow solver under consideration uses a particular BDF2OPT temporal scheme with a dual-timestepping algorithm for advancing the flow solutions in time. Numerical difficulties are encountered with this scheme when the flow code is run for a large number of time steps, a behavior not seen with the standard secondorder, backward-difference, temporal scheme. Based on a stability analysis, slight modifications to the BDF2OPT scheme are suggested. The performance and accuracy of this modified scheme is assessed by comparing the computational results with other numerical schemes and experimental data.
COMPARISON OF NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF ESTIMATING OXYGENATION IN INFANTS: TCO2 EAR OXIMETRY

Two non-invasive methods of estimating arterial oxygenation in newborn infants were compared: ear oximetry (Hewlett-Packard 47201A) and transcutaneous oximetry(TCO2) (Roche 5301). 33 infants ranging in weight from 870 to 4000 gm, age from 6 hours to 28 days were studied. In one group of 15 infants, TCO2 was compared with simultaneously determined PaO2 sampled from a temporal or umbilical artery. These values were highly correlated (r=.75, p<.001, Syx=15.5). In a group of 18 infants SaO2, PaO2, and saturation by ear oximetry were determined simultaneously. Correlation between these values was also high (r=.84,p<.001, Syx=8.2). Deviation of non-invasively determined values for oxygenation vs values obtained by direct arterial sampling did not depend on systolic pressure, pH, or length of time the sensor was applied to the subject. Similar results were found in a group of 6 infants where both non-invasive methods were used together. While the ear oximeter gives more precise data and exhibits a less “damped” signal than TCO2, it is more difficult to maintain contact between sensor and subject for long periods of time and is therefore less practical in its present form for use in neonates. Both methods are accurate and practical, and are clinically useful in (1)unstable patients during the onset or recovery from illness, and (2) patients with apnea who lack an umbilical artery catheter.
Influences of Previous Calcium and Phosphorus Intake and Plant Phosphorus on the Requirement of Developing Turkeys for Calcium and Phosphorus

Abstract ESTABLISHED calcium and phosphorus requirements for turkey poults from 0–8 weeks vary considerably among investigators (Wilcox et al., 1953). After reviewing the literature on phosphorus requirement, Almquist (1954) concluded that 0.6% readily available phosphorus was needed by the poult. Blaylock et al. (1961) reported that 0.8% calcium and 0.8% total phosphorus were adequate for maximum growth from 0–8 weeks, while Formica et al. (1961) reported that 0.65% total phosphorus and 0.8% calcium produced normal growth. These results suggest that the calcium and phosphorus requirements of turkey poults from 0–8 weeks are lower than those recommended by the National Research Council (1960). Nelson et al. (1961) suggested that requirements for calcium and phosphorus for developing turkeys were lower than those recommended by the National Research Council (1960). A level of 0.6% for both calcium and total phosphorus was found to be adequate for optimum growth of turkeys from…
DISPLACEMENT AND FINITE-STRAIN FIELDS IN A SPHERE SUBJECTED TO LARGE DEFORMATIONS

Abstract As part of an extensive investigation on experimental methods to determine displacements, strains and stresses in large deformation problems, this paper presents the three-dimensional solution for displacements and strains for the case of a solid sphere diametrically loaded to several levels of loads. A polyurethane rubber was used to make the sphere, and grids and moire gratings printed on a meridian plane, were used to measure displacements. Strains were obtained by photographical differentiation of the field of displacements. The solution for infinitesimal strains is compared to a previous solution by one of the authors. The maximum applied vertical displacement reduced the diameter of the sphere by 27 per cent. Results are presented in terms of Eulerian strains, in the Eulerian description and in terms of natural strains. The largest Eulerian strain recorded is 0.50, the smallest is of the order of 0.001. Stress distributions will be given in another paper.
Measurement of the Bubbly Flow Beneath Partial Attached Cavities Using Electrical Impedance Probes

Surface electrical impedance probes are used to examine the bubbly flow beneath and in the closure region of partial attached cavities. A series of electrodes were mounted flush to the surface of a cavitating hydrofoil to detect the presence of liquid or vapor through changes in the impedance of the local fluid medium. Signals from the electrical probes were used to determine the near-surface gas-phase velocity and the shedding frequency of the gas phase. The impedance technique is shown to have the potential to measure advection velocities within a partial cavity, and the frequency content of the signal is used to determine the dynamics of the vapor shedding process
Phospholipid-gold nanorod composites.

Phospholipids comprise an enormous range of chemical structures that provide much of the functionality associated with cellular membranes. We have developed a simple method for incorporating phospholipids onto the surfaces of anisotropic gold nanorods as a stepping-stone for creating responsive and multifunctional nanocomposites. In this report, we demonstrate how phospholipids can be used to control the self-assembly of gold nanorods into agglomerate architectures ranging from open “end-to-end” networks to densely packed “side-to-side” arrays. The results indicate that lipid−gold nanorod assembly is governed by the tuning of electrostatic interactions within the phospholipid layers as well as by how the phospholipid layers organize themselves around anisotropic nanorod surfaces.
A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications

The sub-grid-scale parameterization of clouds is one of the weakest aspects of weather and climate modeling today, and the explicit simulation of clouds will be one of the next major achievements in numerical weather prediction. Research cloud models have been in development over the last 45 years and they continue to be an important tool for investigating clouds, cloud-systems, and other small-scale atmospheric dynamics. The latest generation are now being used for weather prediction. The Advanced Research WRF (ARW) model, representative of this generation and of a class of models using explicit time-splitting integration techniques to efficiently integrate the Euler equations, is described in this paper. It is the first fully compressible conservative-form nonhydrostatic atmospheric model suitable for both research and weather prediction applications. Results are presented demonstrating its ability to resolve strongly nonlinear small-scale phenomena, clouds, and cloud systems. Kinetic energy spectra and other statistics show that the model is simulating small scales in numerical weather prediction applications, while necessarily removing energy at the gridscale but minimizing artificial dissipation at the resolved scales. Filtering requirements for atmospheric models and filters used in the ARW model are discussed.
Group theoretical selection rules for electron-impact spectroscopy☆

Simple group theoretical principles are applied to the consideration of electron scattering off atoms and diatomic and polyatomic molecules. This approach is also used to estimate relative strengths of electron-impact-induced transitions of diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
Turbulent flow of a suspension into a channel

Abstract An investigation of the hydrodynamics of a suspension ((10 μ magnesia in air) over the inlet of a channel formed by two flat plates was made for various flow velocities, plate gap widths, and mass flow ratios of solids to air. The study was undertaken to further the understanding of the aerodynamics of air pollution control equipment. Experiments were carried out in a 12-in. × 12-in. section wind tunnel with flow velocities up to 120 f.p.s., plate gap widths of 1 4 , 1 and 2 in. and mass flow ratios up to 0.1 lb. particles/lb. air. Primary measurements included the determination of the particle and air velocities, the particulate mass flow and density distributions, and the particle size distribution as influenced by the flow response. It was found that earlier methods of correlation based on the momentum integral method were valid, and that predictions of the boundary layer parameters of lamimar motion could be extended to turbulent motion. Turbulent motion exists in most of the air pollution control equipment. The nature of the developing turbulent boundary layer for dilute suspensions is such that the density of particles is higher at the wall than at the core due to the presence of charge on the particles (induced by surface contacts). Further, a particle slip velocity brought about by the lack of particle-to-particle collisions in the suspension was observed at the wall, analogous to rarefied gas motions. It was concluded that similarity laws for the scaling of equipment for air pollution control should include the momentum transfer number and the electroviscous number in addition to the Reynold.; Number. The electroviscous number is especially important when particles possess large charge-to-mass ratios.
Cancellous bone osseointegration is enhanced by in vivo loading.

Biophysical stimuli may be an effective therapy to counteract age-related changes in bone structure that affect the primary stability of implants used in joint replacement or fracture fixation. The influence of controlled mechanical loading on osseointegration was investigated using an in vivo device implanted in the distal lateral femur of 12 male rabbits. Compressive loads (1 MPa, 1 Hz, 50 cycles/day, 4 weeks) were applied to a porous titanium foam implant and the underlying cancellous bone. The contralateral limbs served as nonloaded controls. Backscattered electron imaging indicated that the amount of bone ingrowth was significantly greater in the loaded limb than in the nonloaded control limb, whereas the amount of underlying cancellous periprosthetic bone was similar. No significant difference in the mineral apposition rate of the bone ingrowth or periprosthetic bone was measured in the loaded compared to the control limb. Histological analysis demonstrated newly formed woven bone in direct appositi...
Linear diffusion-wave channel routing using a discrete Hayami convolution method

Summary The convolution of an input with a response function has been widely used in hydrology as a means to solve various problems analytically. Due to the high computation demand in solving the functions using numerical integration, it is often advantageous to use the discrete convolution instead of the integration of the continuous functions. This approach greatly reduces the amount of the computational work; however, it increases the possibility for mass balance errors. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of the kernel function for the Hayami convolution solution to the linear diffusion-wave channel routing with distributed lateral inflow. We propose two ways of selection of the discrete kernel function values: using the exact point values or using the center-averaged values. Through a hypothetical example and the applications to Asotin Creek, WA and the Clearwater River, ID, we showed that when the point kernel function values were used in the discrete Hayami convolution (DHC) solution, the mass balance error of channel routing is dependent on the number of time steps on the rising limb of the Hayami kernel function. The mass balance error is negligible when there are more than 1.8 time steps on the rising limb of the kernel function. The fewer time steps on the rising limb, the greater risk of high mass balance errors. When the average kernel function values are used for the DHC solution, however, the mass balance is always maintained, since the integration of the discrete kernel function is always unity.
Hospital discharge after ambulatory knee arthroscopy: A comparison of epidural 2-chloroprocaine versus lidocaine.

Background and Objectives This prospective, randomized, double-blind study compares the efficacy of epidural 2-chloroprocaine and lidocaine for attaining hospital discharge criteria after ambulatory knee arthroscopy. We hypothesized that 2-chloroprocaine would facilitate earlier discharge than lidocaine. Methods American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II patients were randomized to receive equipotent doses of epidural 3% 2-chloroprocaine or 1.5% lidocaine, both without epinephrine. Time to block resolution and discharge were compared between groups, along with the need for epidural reinjection, surgical times, and postoperative back pain. Results Twenty-seven patients completed the study, 13 in the 2-chloroprocaine group and 14 in the lidocaine group. The 2-chloroprocaine group was ready for discharge significantly earlier than the lidocaine group (130 ± 17 min [range, 105 to 160] v 191 ± 32 min [range 144 to 251]; P Conclusions Epidural 3% 2-chloroprocaine without epinephrine is an advantageous choice for ambulatory knee arthroscopy. It enables readiness for discharge an hour sooner than 1.5% lidocaine, requires fewer reinjection interventions, and may reduce delayed discharge secondary to prolonged time to void. This clinical study shows the superiority of epidural 3% 2-chloroprocaine over 1.5% lidocaine for expediting hospital discharge after ambulatory surgery.
How long should it take to evaluate seats subjectively

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the optimum time in an 8 h work day for evaluating the comfort rating of chairs. Twelve female subjects were assigned the task of evaluating three types of chairs. The evaluation was conducted using the 11 point general comfort rating scale, which was administered to the subjects at 12 different times in an 8 h work day. The results showed that the comfort rating obtained at the end of the third hour of work was not significantly different from that obtained at the end of 8 h of work. Thus, we can conclude that comfort ratings obtained at the end of 3 h of work should be used for the subjective evaluation of a chair for a typical work day, as it saves time and ensures the selection of ergonomically appropriate seating which in turn could reduce the risk of CTDs. Relevance to industry Improper seating has been the major risk factor for the occurrence of low back and upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders in the office environment. Appropriate evaluation and selection of seats could reduce this risk.
Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. XV. The presence of virus-associated membrane antigen(s) on Lucké tumor cells.

Virus-specific antigens were detected in Lucke turnor cells by indirect immunofluorescence using antiserum prepared against Lucke herpesvirus. Intracellular fluorescence, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, was observed only in acetone:methanol-fixed tumor cells that contained herpesvirus detected by electron microscopy. The number of positive cells correlated well with the number of cells containing virus. In contrast, both virus-containing and virus-free cells exhibited membrane fluorescence when viable unfixed tumor cells were tested. A striking reduction in the number of membrane fluorescent cells was observed with an increase in the length of time that tumor cells were in primary culture. No reaction was observed with a variety of normal R. pipiens cells. Absorption of the antiserum with normal frog kidney tissue had no effect on the number of positive cells whereas absorption with virus-free tumor reduced the reaction; absorption with virus-containing tumor eliminated it. These findings provide the first demonstration that the Lucke herpesvirus genome resident in virus-free tumor cells expresses a virus-associated membrane antigen(s).
Using genetic algorithms to generate Steiner triple systems

Steiner systems, particularly triple systems, are usually generated by mathematicians using techniques from the theory of groups and quasi-groups. When pencil-and-paper enumeration becomes infeasible, mathematicians have used computers to carry out exhaustive searches. This paper presents some results of using genetic algorithms, which do not use exhaustive search, to generate Steiner systems. A specialized mutation operator was effective in generating Steiner triple systems. Future research will focus on improving the genetic algorithm to generate higher order Steiner systems whose existence is not currently known.
Influence of water on conditions in the inductively coupled argon plasma

Abstract Aqueous media are used almost universally for sample introduction in both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) and in inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). In the process of aqueous sample introduction a substantial mass of water is introduced into the plasma as a combined aerosol/vapor mixture. In the present studies, the masses of water present as aerosol and vapor were controlled, in order to examine their separate influence on the key plasma properties of electron density ne and ionization temperature Tion. Water loading in the plasma was indeed found to have a major influence on ne and Tion, and plots of these parameters as a function of water loading are presented. Plasma viewing height and operating power were also found to be important variables in influencing the way in which water interacts with the plasma. The implications of water loading on background emission and noise level are also considered.
Infectivity and recovery of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S from adult female cockroaches (Periplaneta americana).

SYNOPSIS Hemocoelomic injection of 5,800–8,000 cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S per female cockroach resulted in lethargy of the insects within 24 hr and death within 72 hr. Ciliates could be recovered 24–48 hr after injection of these amounts of ciliates. Inoculation of smaller numbers of cells resulted in no apparent ill effects to the insects and ciliates could not be recovered. After recovery from cockroaches and reestablishment in axenic culture, the ciliates were rounded and contained large numbers of lipid droplets which decreased on continued cultivation. The ciliates underwent a sequence of morphologic alterations involving a decrease in length and width to form ovoid cells, an approach to the pyriform shapes (but smaller than normal size), an elongation to an abnormal length/width ratio, and then, after 6 days in culture, a return to the normal shape with usual dimensions.
Syndecan-1 Expression on Malignant Cells from the Blood and Marrow of Patients with Plasma Cell Proliferative Disorders and B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Syndecan-1 is a low-affinity receptor for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). In this study, we used flow cytometry to examine expression of syndecan-1 on monoclonal cells from the blood (n = 37) and marrow (n = 81) of patients with plasma cell (PC) proliferative disorders (PCPD) and blood cells from patients (n = 39) with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). The marrow CD38+CD45- and CD38+CD45+ PC were syndecan-1 positive in all patients with PCPD and there was no difference between patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) vs multiple myeloma or cases with vs without bone lesions. In 38% of cases, syndecan-1 expression on the PC was heterogeneous with > or =25% of PC syndecan-1 negative. We found similar syndecan-1 expression on blood and marrow PC in the 36 cases with paired samples. CLL cells were syndecan-1 negative in 97% (38/39) of the cases. Syndecan-1 is a useful marker to detect malignant plasma cells in the blood or marrow; however, it is not helpful in distinguishing MGUS from active myeloma. In addition, syndecan-1 is present on the less mature (CD45+) PC, and there is heterogeneity of expression within and between patients. The relevance of the bFGF bound to myeloma cells via syndecan-1 remains to be elucidated.
Dynamics of continuous commensalistic cultures—II. Numerical results for steady-state multiplicity regions and transient behaviour in-the-large

Abstract The multiplicity and stability characteristics of commensalistic cultures grown in a continuous stirred tank biological reactor have been analysed in detail in Part I. Several numerical examples are presented in this paper to illustrate the important features of the static and dynamic behaviour in these systems. The illustrations provided here pertain to several special cases of the work reported earlier in Part I and supplement its findings adequately. Further, these examples show that the significant two-way interaction between the host and commensal populations in systems with competition leads to the occurrence of oscillatory states in some situations even when the yield coefficients are constant and the maintenance requirement is negligible.
Challenges in supporting self-regulation in distance education environments

This article considers the application of selected components of self-regulated learning (SRL; Zimmerman 2000) to student-content interaction in online learning and distance education (DE). In particular we discuss how, when interacting with electronically enhanced text, students must carefully employ self-regulated learning strategies that include planning, goal setting, self-monitoring processes, and calibration judgments. Because the student is often learning independently in DE courses, and because of the potential for non-linear navigation through online learning materials, we argue that the careful deployment of SRL skills is especially critical for successful outcomes. Consequently we discuss examples of how the demands of student-content interactions put students with self-regulation difficulties at risk of failure. We highlight research on learners who have poor SRL skills, inadequate calibration capabilities, and low executive functions in order to highlight areas of particular difficulty and areas in which support might be most beneficial. We conclude with the recognition that while support strategies can be derived from the research literature, there is a great need for research that addresses questions about student-content interaction in DE course settings specifically, and pertains to the increasingly diverse group of learners who take these courses.
Climate: A Primary Control of Sedimentation in the Peru-Chile Trench

The Peru-Chile Trench and the Andes present perhaps the greatest relief known on earth. It seems, however, that climate, rather than continental relief, rate of uplift, or structure, was the major control over the rate of sedimentation. The climate factor should be given greater consideration in interpreting the sediments of geosynclines.
Fractionation of atmospheric acid and base components within storm events by precipitation scavenging processes.

Abstract Concentrations of ions in storm rainwater in Texas have been monitored for each 0·254 mm increment of precipitation. The changes in concentrations have been analyzed to investigate the role of differential rates of scavenging of particulate matter of differing particle size, and especially the major acid and base components. The empirical trend at the onset of rainfall is a chemical fractionation of acids and bases with correspondingly wide pH variations. These results are confirmed by model calculations, which show a significant preferential scavenging of calcium relative to sulfate in the first 10 mm of rainfall, resulting in fractionation of bases and acids from their atmospheric concentrations. Previous studies, using Target Transformation Factor Analysis of ion concentrations in storm precipitation and regional ambient aerosol data, statistically determined the average source for acidic secondary species and alkaline particulate matter. Two types of crustal sources were identified as western and eastern soil dust. In this study, an alternate physical explanation for these two soil dust factors is offered. As a storm progresses, the elements in the local soil dust are fractionated as a result of their differential rates of precipitation scavenging, enriching species predominantly in the fine particle size and depleting elements predominantly in the coarse particle size. This fractionation process results in a single source having different elemental ratios at the beginning and at the end of a rain event. For Austin, Dallas, and Tyler, Texas, the soil dust previously identified as being from eastern sources could, instead, be a fractionated form of the western soil source.
Surface membrane redistribution and stabilization of concanavalin A-specific receptors following Yaba tumor poxvirus infection.

Abstract Monkey kidney cells productively infected with Yaba tumor poxvirus clearly exhibit plasma membrane alterations when treated with both fluorescein-labeled and unlabeled concanavalin A. The concanavalin A-mediated cytoagglutination reaction for Yaba-infected Jinet and CV-1 cells increased linearly from 12 to 16 h post-infection, reaching a maximum by 24–28 h. Treatment of either Yaba-infected CV-1 or Jinet cells with methyl- D -glucopyranoside before or after addition of concanavalin A completely blocked or reversed the cytoagglutination response. Trypsin treatment of uninfected CV-1 or Jinet cells enhanced concanavalin A-mediated cytoagglutination properties. Conversely, trypsin treatment of Yaba-infected Jinet cells resulted in a reduced cytoagglutination response. Increasing temperature and lectin concentration enhance concanavalin A-mediated cytoagglutination for uninfected, trypsin-treated and Yaba-infected CV-1 cells. Cytosine arabinoside has little or no effect on the Yaba-induced cell cytoagglutination reaction while cycloheximide blocks the cytoagglutination response if added prior to 12 h post-infection. Fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A binding studies have revealed that at 4°C, Yaba-infected CV-1 cells display a predominantly ‘patchy’ pattern of topological fluorescence, while trypsin-treated and uninfected CV-1 cells at 4°C display a uniform pattern of fluorescence binding. Patchy fluorescence, indicative of concanavalin A-susceptible, receptor-site clustering on the surface membrane, was reduced 50% if Yaba-infected CV-1 cells were treated with glutaraldehyde (2.5%) before addition of fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A at 4°C. Similar pre-fixation of trypsin-treated CV-1 cells resulted in uniform, fluorescent labelling patterns at all assay temperatures.
Relationship between hemodynamics and atherosclerosis in aortic arches of apolipoprotein E-null mice on 129S6/SvEvTac and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds.

Abstract Objective We investigated the relationships between hemodynamics and differential plaque development at the aortic arch of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-null mice on 129S6/SvEvTac (129) and C57BL/6J (B6) genetic backgrounds. Methods Mean flow velocities at the ascending and descending aorta (mVAA and mVDA) were measured by Doppler ultrasound in wild type and apoE-null male mice at 3 and 9 months of age. Following dissection of the aortic arches, anatomical parameters and plaque areas were evaluated. Results Arch plaques were five times bigger in 129-apoE than in B6-apoE mice at 3 months, and twice as large at 9 months. The geometric differences, namely larger vessel diameter in the B6 strain and broader inner curvature of the aortic arch in the 129 strain, were exaggerated in 9-month-old apoE-null mice. Cardiac output and heart rate under anesthesia were significantly higher in the B6 strain than in the 129 strain. The values of mVAA were similar in the two strains, while mVDA was lower in the 129 strain. However, there was a 129-apoE-specific reduction of flow velocities with age, and both mVAA and mVDA were significantly lower in 129-apoE than in B6-apoE mice at 9 months. The mean relative wall shear stress (rWSS) over the aortic arch in 129-apoE and B6-apoE mice were not different, but animals with lower mean rWSS had larger arch plaques within each strain. Conclusions The plaque formation in the arch of apoE-null mice is accompanied by strain-dependent changes in both arch geometry and hemodynamics. While arch plaque sizes negatively correlate with mean rWSS, additional factors are necessary to account for the strain differences in arch plaque development.
The Dynamics of Accumulating Ferrofluid Aggregates

The physics of steady and pulsatile flows laden with superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a square channel accumulating under the influence of a 0.5 Tesla permanent magnet are studied by means of focused shadowgraphs. The accumulation physics of these nanoscale particles is explored as functions of the flow type (steady and unsteady) and accumulation type (injected from the top of channel versus bottom of channel). Ferrofluid is accumulated by the steady injection of a streakline that enters the test section upstream of the magnet, where an aggregate forms. The interfacial phenomena resulting from the interaction of the ferrofluid with the bulk flow is resolved using shadowgraph imaging, where a digital camera captures the side view of the aggregate. Ferrofluid aggregate physics is examined both visually in the raw frames as well as by post-processing to determine the aggregate size evolution in time and couple that bulk information with interfacial behavior using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The shadowgraphs show that the aggregate exhibits different regimes based on bulk flow Reynolds number, which is varied between 100 and 1000, based on the mean flow rate. The aggregate exhibits stable behavior at low Reynolds numbers, where it stretches as it grows and minimal decay of the aggregate occurs. At moderate Reynolds numbers above 400, inertial forces dominate the dynamics, and aggregates do not attain the same size and height as in low Reynolds number cases. Therefore, the interaction of the aggregate with the bulk flow is diminished. The accumulation of ferrofluids is positively impacted by increased magnetic field gradients for some Reynolds numbers, while very high or low magnetic field gradients result in smaller, unstable aggregates. This work is the first to study the accumulation of ferrofluid aggregates over such a large parameter space, which reveals many physics that were previously unexplored in ferrohydrodynamics.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Hindered rotation in an “exploded” biphenyl

The first cases of hindered rotation around the triple bond in simple diphenylacetylenes were observed, including that in chiral 2,2′-bis(trimethylsilyl)-6,6′-bis(dimethylthexylsilyl)diphenylacetylene.
Tourism and Cultural Change in Small-Scale Societies

As tourism increases in small, unindustrialized societies, it is increasingly important to understand its impacts and the primary process by which it produces cultural change. Gaining insight into how tourism leads to major cultural changes (which are often deleterious) will assist applied anthropologists, indigenous governmental departments, and perhaps even tourism agencies themselves in minimizing the damage that touristic activities create. Fieldwork on Yap Island and case study reviews indicate that tourism can increase indigenous jobs, foreign exchange reserves, cultural preservation, and education. Deleterious touristic impacts involve human displacement, subsistence disruptions, social conflict, loss of autonomy, dependency, crime, and other disturbances of the host culture. Analysis suggests that the impacts of tourism are magnified when tourists alter their hosts' economic base, particularly the indigenous land utilization and tenure relationships. Therefore, negative touristic impacts can be mo...
The lability of a bovine Theileria species.

Abstract A parasite, isolated from a steer that had undergone a clinical theileriasis episode 8 months previously, behaved like Theileria mutans. Further passages, with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, resulted in changes which made the parasite indistinguishable from T. parva, the cause of East Coast Fever. Support is thus given for the suggestion that some of the bovine Theileria species may be strains of a single species with differing mean speeds of replication.
Relating surgical volume to outcomes in hepatic surgery

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Hibernation “trigger” from hibernating woodchucks (Marmota monax) induces physiological alterations and opiate-like responses in the primate (Macacca mulatta)

Abstract 1. 1. Hibernation “trigger” (HT) from the blood of hibernating wood-chucks infused peripherally, or into the cerebral ventricle of the conscious monkey induces hypotherma, aphagia, bradycardia, reduction of creatine clearance, lower urine flow, and opiate -like behavioural modification. 2. 2. Naloxone and naltrexone, opiate antagonists, either reverse or retard these alterations. 3. 3. The “trigger” (HT) appears to be an endogenous opioid-like peptide unique to the hibernator and capable of inducing hibernation. 4. 4. Receptor sites in the brain of the primate (a non-hibernator) do respond to the “trigger” molecule and as a result, depression of physiology and behaviour occur.
Diagnosis of dysplasia in upper gastro-intestinal tract biopsies through digital microscopy

Background: Whole slide digital imaging (WSDI) offers an alternative to glass slides for diagnostic interpretation. While prior work has concentrated on the use of whole slide digital imaging for routine diagnostic cases, this study focuses on diagnostic interpretation of digital images for a highly challenging area, upper gastro-intestinal (GI) dysplasia. The aim of this study is to study the accuracy and efficiency of WSDI in the diagnosis of upper GI tract dysplasia. Materials and Methods: Forty-two hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained slides representing negative, indefinite, low grade and high grade dysplasia were selected and scanned at 20x (Aperio XT). Four attending GI pathologists reviewed the WSDI, then glass slides, with at least 3-4 weeks between each media; glass slides were re-reviewed 16-18 months later. Results: Intraobserver variability for three clinically relevant categories (negative, indefinite/low grade, high grade) was wider for WSDI to glass (kappa range 0.36-0.78) than glass to glass (kappa range 0.58-0.75). In comparison to glass slide review, WSDI review required more time and was associated with an unexpected trend toward downgrading dysplasia. Conclusions: Our results suggest: (1) upper GI dysplasia can be diagnosed using WSDI with similar intraobserver reproducibility as for glass slides; however, this is not true for all pathologists; (2) pathologists may have a tendency to downgrade dysplasia in digital images; and (3) pathologists who use WSDI for interpretation of GI dysplasia cases may benefit from regular, on-going, re-review of paired digital and glass images to ensure the most accurate utilization of digital technology, at least in the early stages of implementation.