cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASYMMETRY IN HIGH-ENERGY p-n-p DOUBLE CHARGE-EXCHANGE SCATTERING

Asymmetries have been observed in double charge-exchange $p\ensuremath{-}n\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering from carbon and tantalum. High-energy protons striking a first target gave charge-exchange neutrons. These neutrons were collimated and allowed to strike a second target. The final proton fluxes to the right and left were then counted. The asymmetries are zero at small scattering angles, and increase with angle up to 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory system. The maximum asymmetry observed was 10.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1% for carbon with the first and second scattering angles equal to 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (lab). Evidence is given for a large $n\ensuremath{-}p$ charge-exchange polarization from carbon bombarded with 170-Mev neutrons.
The social viability and environmental sustainability of direct action land reform settlements in the Amazon

State-led agrarian reform (SLAR) settlements established in the Amazon in the 1970s led to environmental degradation and mixed socioeconomic outcomes. More recently, direct-action land reform (DALR) settlements have proliferated, which are leading to new forest clearing in the name of agrarian reform. The emergence of DALR begs questions about social and environmental outcomes in recent Amazon settlements. This paper compares DALR settlements in two different regions of the eastern Amazon: the South of Para and the Transamazon. Analysis of household survey data shows that DALR settlements in the two study areas differ substantially in terms of their histories of formation and regional contexts. However, social and environmental outcomes do not always differ among the two study areas, which in turn resemble older SLAR settlements.
A comparison of an interactive computer-based method with a conventional reading approach for learning pelvic anatomy.

Objective This study was undertaken to assess the impact of interactive, computer-based versus conventional, paper-based format in student, resident, and fellow learning and retention of anatomy knowledge. Study design Randomized longitudinal cohort design with scores repeated as pre-, post-, and follow-up tests. Subjects were randomly assigned to an anatomy module in computer-based (CD-ROM) format and 1 in paper-based format. A follow-up examination was administered 3 weeks after the posttest to evaluate retention of knowledge. Tests results were analyzed by using Student t tests and analysis of variance. Results Thirty-nine subjects completed all testing. Regardless of instructional method, pretest to posttest scores improved ( P P Conclusion Improvement and retention of anatomy knowledge was not significantly different when comparing a new CD-ROM interactive approach with a traditional paper-based method.
URINARY PROLACTIN: A NEW MARKER FOR THE RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULAR FUNCTION IN CHILDHOOD

The role of the kidney in the metabolism of prolactin (PRL) in humans has not yet been established, though previous rat model studies showed a 67 % contribution of kidney to PRL metabolic clearance rate. To investigate her urinary PRL (u-PRL) represents an index of renal proximal tubular function, a time-resolved fluoro-immuuno assay was developed. After dialyzation/concentration of urine samples, recovery rate of added PRL was (M ± SD) 97.0 ± 14.4 %, while intra- and inter-assay variations (CV %) were. 4 .2 ± 3.4 and 6.1 ± 4.3 %. Lower limit of assay was 0.25 ng/ml. Immuno cross-reactivity to GH was 0.0032 % at a maximal concentration of 300 ng/ml. Urine samples of 30 normo-prolactinemic subjects (M:9, F:21, age 14.6 ± 5.4 y) with renal disease and associated proteinuria were tested. u-PRL concentration range 4.2 to 12, 824 pg/ml (2.2-17, 330 ng/g CR). u-PRL concentrations were significantly correlated with urinary beta−2 microglobulin (r =0.86, p<0.001), and with serum BJN (r=0.46, p<0.001). Thus, u-PRL is proved to be an additional index of renal proximal tubular function.
The heat capacity of potassium pertechnetate from 10 to 310 K. Entropy and Gibbs energy. Entropy of the aqueous pertechnetate ion

The heat capacity of potassium pertechnetate was determined over the temperature range 10 to 310 K and the standard thermodynamic functions for the compound are tabulated. The standard thermodynamic functions at 298.15 K are Cp0 = 29.47 calth K−1 mol−1, S0 = 39.38 calth K−1 mol−1, {H0(T) − H0(0)}/T = 18.972 calth K−1 mol−1, and − {G0(T) − H0(0)}/T = 20.411 calth K− mol−1. Auxiliary data together with an estimated activity coefficient lead to S0(TcO4−, aq) = (47.2 ± 0.3) calth K−1 mol−1 for the standard entropy of the aqueous pertechnetate ion at 298.15 K.
Polo‐like Kinases and Chk2 at the Interface of DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathways and Mitotic Regulation

The cell cycle controls processes of DNA replication and segregation of replicated DNA into two daughter cells. These processes are coordinated by multiple signaling pathways, which employ many protein kinases. The members of the family of Polo-like protein kinases are among these key cell cycle regulators. In response to DNA damage and inhibited DNA replication, DNA structure checkpoints delay cell cycle progression to provide cells with time for repair of damaged DNA and protect it from more severe damage. These effects are achieved by affecting key players of the basic cell cycle regulation of the cells with damaged DNA. This review is focused on the interplay between Chk2, a bona fide checkpoint protein kinase, and Polo-like kinases.
Fluorescence studies of phosphoribulokinase, a light-regulated, chloroplastic enzyme.

Abstract Recent characterization of spinach phosphoribulokinase has revealed that the homodimeric molecule contains only two tryptophans per 44-kDa subunit. We have performed steady-state and frequency domain studies of the intrinsic fluorescence of this protein. The fluorescence properties reflect contributions from both types of tryptophan residues. One of these appears to be relatively exposed to solvent and the quencher, acrylamide; fluoresce with a λ max of 345 nm; decay with a fluoresence lifetime of 6.3 ns; have a relatively red-shifted absorption spectrum; and have a certain degree of independent motional freedom, with respect to the protein. The other tryptophan residue appears to be more buried; fluoresce with λ max of 325 nm; have a lifetime of 1.7 ns; have a relatively blue-shifted absorption spectrum; and not to enjoy independent motional freedom. On comparison of phase-resolved spectral data and solute quenching data, we suggest that resonance energy transfer between the blue and red tryptophan residues may occur. We also describe the strategy of simultaneously fitting Stern-Volmer quenching data collected at two emission wavelengths.
The Relationship among Handedness, Sighting Dominance, and acuity Dominance in Elementary School Children

Abstract The present study was an attempt to clarify the relationship between handedness, sighting dominance, and eye-acuity in children. Ninety-four males and ninety-seven females between the ages of five and eleven were assessed on standardized measures of handedness, sighting dominance, and visual acuity. Right-handers were more likely to show right-sighting dominance, whereas left-handers had an equal chance of being right-sighted or left-sighted. acuity dominance was not consistently associated with handedness or sighting dominance. No effects for sex or age were found. It is suggested that further clarification of the function of various lateralized sensorimotor measures is needed before an understanding of how these measures may be related to cortical dominance is possible.
Joint optimization of lattice vector quantizer and entropy coder in subband coding

This paper presents an algorithm that jointly optimizes a lattice vector quantizer (LVQ) and an entropy coder in a subband coding at all ranges of bit rate. Estimation formulas for both entropy and distortion of lattice quantized subband images are derived. From these estimates, we then develop dynamic algorithm optimizing the LVQ and entropy coder together for a given entropy rate. Compared to previously reported min-max approaches, or approaches using asymptotic distortion bounds, the approach reported in this paper quickly designs a highly accurate optimal entropy- constrained LVQ at all range of bit rates. The corresponding wavelet-based image coder has better coding performance comparing with other subband coders that use entropy- constrained LVQ, especially at low bit rates.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis of (+)- and (-)-monanchorin.

The optically pure epoxy acetal was converted to the protected guanidino alcohol by reaction with NaN3 in DMF, hydrogenation of the azide, and reaction of the amine with MeSC(NBoc)NHBoc, AgNO3, and Et3N. Treatment of the protected guanidino alcohol with 9:1 CDCl3/TFA afforded monanchorin, whose absolute stereochemistry was assigned as shown.
Origin of spontaneous magnetization reversal in exchange biased heterostructures

The dependence of thermally induced spontaneous magnetization reversal on time-dependent cooling protocols implies that this reversal is energetically favored, contrary to the prediction of existing positive exchange bias models. Slow cooling through and long waiting near the N\'eel temperature of the antiferromagnet enhances the magnitude of the magnetization reversal. Further, cycling the temperature around the N\'eel temperature leads to a thermal training effect that causes the reversal magnitude to incrementally increase to a maximum value. An extended model of exchange bias that explicitly considers domain walls forming parallel to the interfaces in either the ferromagnet or antiferromagnet is shown to predict spontaneous reversal, the sign of exchange bias, and to allow a qualitative description of the associated dynamics.
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature

Performance-enhancing substances (PESs) have unfortunately become ubiquitous in numerous sports, often tarnishing the spirit of competition. Reported rates of PES use among athletes are variable and range from 5 to 31 %. More importantly, some of these substances pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of athletes. Common PESs include anabolic–androgenic steroids, human growth hormone, creatine, erythropoietin and blood doping, amphetamines and stimulants, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. With recent advances in technology, gene doping is also becoming more conceivable. Sports medicine physicians are often unfamiliar with these substances and thus do not routinely broach the topic of PESs with their patients. However, to effect positive change in the sports community, physicians must educate themselves about the physiology, performance benefits, adverse effects, and testing methods. In turn, physicians can then educate athletes at all levels and prevent the use of potentially dangerous PESs.
Metal transfer and wear in fine grinding

Abstract The transfer and wear characteristics of two widely used abrasive materials (A1 2 O 3 and SiC) are studied when grinding two difficult materials (AISI T15 tool steel and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy). A newly developed accelerated wear technique (cluster overcut flygrinding) is employed together with Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results suggest that when grinding steel the wear of SiC is primarily due to oxidation, while the wear of Al 2 O 3 is primarily due to metal build-up, resulting in microchipping. When a titanium alloy is being ground, both types of abrasive result in a microchipping type of wear, the rate of which decreases when the wheel speed is reduced.
Structure of amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The main emphasis of this paper is on the problem of molecular configuration within a single amorphous phase, although the physical properties of amorphous semiconductors are also strongly dependent on the spatial distribution of the constituent phases. Structural and thermal studies indicate a very high degree of local order in amorphous semiconductors; in particular, the coordination to nearest neighbors (NN) is close to that required by the chemical valences and the NN separations differ little from their ideal crystal values. There is still much disagreement on how the elements of local order are assembled in the overall structure. Recent model studies indicate that the relative smallness of the magnitudes of the configurational entropy of glasses is associated with the sharpness of the local order, however it occurs in the structure. Structural models for amorphous solids may be classified as follows: microcrystallite, amorphous cluster and continuous random (including random networks). The nature of these models and their application to the interpretation of experience on tetrahedrally coordinated systems are surveyed. The radial distribution functions and densities of fused silica, a-Si and a-Ge are in excellent accord with the predictions of the random network models as deduced from studies of actual models generated by hand or computer. An important problem for the further development of these models is, how much energy is associated with the bond distortions inherent in the random network. Neither the microcrystallite nor the amorphous cluster type of model have been developed to the point where they have as much predictive capabilities as do the random network models. Actually, in their present states, none of the ordered cluster models account satisfactorily for the diffraction results on a-Si and a-Ge. When amorphous semiconductors are formed by deposition, the driving free energy is usually so high that any of the amorphous structures considered would be permitted thermodynamically; therefore what structure actually appears will be determined primarily by kinetic factors. Recent model studies indicate that when deposition is controlled completely by short range interactions at the surface a continuous random type structure is always formed. In hard sphere packing the structure is of the dense random packed type; when the units bind directionally a random network structure is formed.
Accelerated Monte Carlo Simulation for Safety Analysis of the Advanced Airspace Concept

Safe separation of aircraft is a primary objective of any air traffic control system. An accelerated Monte Carlo approach was developed to assess the level of safety provided by a proposed next-generation air traffic control system. It combines features of fault tree and standard Monte Carlo methods. It runs more than one order of magnitude faster than the standard Monte Carlo method while providing risk estimates that only differ by about 10%. It also preserves component-level model fidelity that is difficult to maintain using the standard fault tree method. This balance of speed and fidelity allows sensitivity analysis to be completed in days instead of weeks or months with the standard Monte Carlo method. Results indicate that risk estimates are sensitive to transponder, pilot visual avoidance, and conflict detection failure probabilities.
Sharp Frontal Interfaces in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean in the Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool

Abstract During the TOGA COARE rich horizontal temperature and salinity variability of the near-surface layer of the ocean in the western Pacific warm pool was observed. High-resolution measurements were made by probes mounted on the bow of the vessel in an undisturbed region at ∼1.7-m depth during four COARE cruises of the R/V Moana Wave. The authors observed several tens of cases of periodic sharp frontal interfaces of width 1–100 m and separation 0.2–60 km. The sharp frontal interfaces were often found in frontal regions and on the periphery of freshwater puddles. Maneuvers of the ship were conducted to determine the spatial orientation of a sharp frontal interface. The interfaces revealed anisotropy with respect to the wind direction. They were most sharp when the wind stress had a component along the buoyant spreading of the front. A possible origin of the sharp frontal interfaces is discussed. These interfaces may develop by nonlinear evolution of long-wave disturbances on the near-surface pycnoclin...
Fluorimetric Analysis on Individual Nanoliter Sample Droplets

Fluorescence from rhodamine 6G molecules in 225-μm-diameter (6-nL) droplets of ethanol is measured as they fall through a 514.5-nm Ar-ion laser beam, which is operated at a power density of 250 W/cm2. The fluorescence, measured at 555 nm, is imaged onto the entrance slit of a monochromator and measured with a photomultiplier tube. The droplets are produced by repeatedly plunging a 190-μm glass stylus into and out of a sample solution. The frequency of droplet production (150 Hz) corresponds to a flow rate of about 50 μL/min. The present detection limit of 3.7 fg, or 7.8 amol of rhodamine 6G, is limited by stray light and dark-current fluctuations.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Decaying Stably Stratified Turbulence

Abstract A large-eddy simulation (LES) model is developed and employed to study the interactions among turbulent and internal gravity wave motions in a uniformly stratified fluid at oceanic space and time scales. The decay of a random initial energy spectrum is simulated in a triply periodic domain (L=10 m) by solving the full nonlinear, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations using pseudospectral techniques and a numerical resolution of 643 modes. The subgrid scale (SGS) fluxes are parameterized using the Smargorinsky SGS flux parameterization. Three experiments were performed with mean buoyancy frequencies (N) of 1, 3, and 10 cph for a period of 10 buoyancy times (Nt). The temporal evolution of the domain-averaged statistics is used to examine the nature of decaying stratified turbulence. Initially (0≤Nt≤2), energy levels rapidly decay as the spectral energy distributions evolve toward more isotropic forms. During this time, the buoyancy flux (BF) remains negative indicating a conversion of kinetic to...
Somatostatin biosynthesis by cerebral cortical cells in monolayer culture

We examined the ability of isolated rat cerebral cortical cells to synthesize and secrete immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS). Dispersed telencephalic cells (107) from rat embryos contain approximately 24 pg IRS. The IRS content of 107 cultured cells increased steadily to a level of 2800 pg by 20 days in vitro. The IRS content in the medium followed a parallel production curve and was, in general, 10% of the cellular content. The nature of this IRS was characterized by gel filtration. Bio-Gel P-10 chromatography resolved four discrete IRS peaks. The first peak had an apparent molecular weight of 11,500. The second peak, which comigrated with synthetic Somatostatin-28, had a molecular weight of 7,000. The third peak had a molecular weight of 1,800, and the fourth peak, which comigrated with Somatostatin-14, had a molecular weight less than 1,800. Incubation with [3H]phenylalanine (Phe) revealed that 3H was incorporated into each peak. Isolation of 3H-labeled peak 4 was carried out by double affinity column p...
An Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is a painful condition affecting many athletes. Anatomic and biomechanical factors combined with overuse can contribute to its genesis. Correction of gait disturbances, changes in footwear, use of tension night splints, and stretching of tight calf and plantar tissues have all be proven to relieve symptoms. Anti-inflammatory modalities, including medications, iontophoresis, and corticosteroid injection generally provide temporary improvement. Recent studies on the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy are conflicting. Injections with platelet-rich plasma or sclerotic agents are currently under investigation for use in this and other similar conditions. A small percentage of patients with refractory symptoms may benefit from surgical release of the plantar fascia. Diagnosis and correction of biomechanical factors leading to this condition should be a mainstay of treatment and may prevent recurrences.
Iodine sequestration using delafossites and layered hydroxides

The objective of this document is to report on early success for sequestering {sup 129}I. Sorption coefficients (K{sub d}) for I{sup -} and IO{sub 3}{sup -} onto delafossites, spinels and layered metal hydroxides were measured in order to compare their applicability for sequestering {sup 129}I. The studies were performed using a dilute fluid composition representative of groundwater indigenous to the Yucca mountain area. Delafossites generally exhibited relatively poor sorption coefficients (< 10{sup 1.7} mL/g). In contrast, the composition of the layered hydroxides significantly affects their ability to sorb I. Cu/Al and Cu/Cr layered hydroxide samples exhibit K{sub d}'s greater than 10{sup 3} mL/g for both I{sup -} and IO{sub 3}{sup -}.
Assessment of pregnancy in the late-gestation mare using digital infrared thermography.

The objective of this study was to investigate use of digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) to determine whether surface temperature gradient differences exist between pregnant and nonpregnant mares as a noncontact method to determine pregnancy status. On the day measurements were collected, each pregnant mare (n = 10; beginning at 292.4 ± 1.4 d of gestation) was paired with a nonpregnant mare (n = 17). Ambient temperature, DITI measurements (left and right flank, wither temperatures [i.e., animal surface control] and background temperature), and rectal temperatures were obtained every 7 d for 5 wk before parturition and for 3 wk after parturition. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in temperature of the left and right side within groups; therefore, data were pooled. Pregnant mares had a higher (P 0.10) between pregnant and nonpregnant mares. In conclusion, late-gestation mares had higher flank temperatures than those of nonpregnant mares, regardless of environmental conditions, however discriminating abilities were greater when ambient temperature was lower. We inferred that DITI may have value in confirming mid- to late-gestation pregnancies in some species by noncontact means, as observed in the mare.
Flowfield and Mixing of an Underexpanded Jet

Flowfield and schlieren flow visualization were used to study the growth rate and mixing characteristics of a self-excited underexpanded jet. The underexpanded jet was excited at three characteristic frequencies that correspond to the initial instability, a preferred mode, and a subpreferred mode. The spreading rate and turbulent flow characteristics resulting from the three excitation frequencies were compared with the unforced baseline case. Axial and radial mean and fluctuating velocity components in the flow along with time-averaged schlieren images indicated that the growth rate and turbulence level in the jet near field could be controlled independently by exciting the jet at the different characteristic modes of the jet. The effects of forcing on mixing and spreading rates were minimal in the jet far field. The forced underexpanded jet exhibited characteristics that are strikingly similar to those obtained earlier in subsonic jets
Best Linear Unbiased Estimation of Missing Observations in an Economic Time Series

Abstract The best linear unbiased estimator which we proposed previously for interpolating, distributing, and extrapolating a time series by related series is applied to the estimation of missing observations. Under special assumptions, the problem reduces to the one treated in Doran [2]. Our estimator is compared with his and is shown to be more efficient.
A mounting and alignment approach for Constellation-X mirror segments

The four Constellation-X Spectroscopy X-ray Telescopes require four sets of 2,600 thin mirror segments be supported with minimum deformation and aligned with arc-second level accuracy. We have developed a support and alignment system that minimizes segment deformation and allows the mirror segments to be made confocal. This system relies upon a set of five mirror support points at each of the forward and aft ends of each segment. The support points are radially adjustable so as to be able to modify the segment cone angles, thereby correcting any focal length errors. Additional adjustments enable correction of segment centration and tilts to correct co-alignment errors and minimize comatic aberration. The support and alignment system is described and results are presented. Included are data demonstrating minimal levels of figure distortion. Results are compared with error budget allocations.
A MAPS based vertex detector for the STAR experiment at RHIC

Abstract The STAR experiment at RHIC is in the process of upgrading the inner detector region of the experiment to improve the vertex resolution. We describe the current design of a MAPS based vertex detector, which is the innermost and highest resolution detector of the set of three planned upgrade detectors. This detector will enable the identification of decay vertices displaced from the interaction vertex by 100–150 μm and extend the capabilities of the STAR detector in the heavy flavor domain. We present selected detector design characteristics and prototyping results, which help to validate the design in preparation for the construction of the detector.
Carbon Metabolism and Transport in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas

Colonization of the land by plants some 400 million years ago was associated with the colonization of their primitive roots by soil-borne filamentous fungi ([Nicolson, 1975][1];[Simon et al., 1993][2]; [Taylor et al., 1995][3]). Today, 90% to 95% of land plants still maintain some type of
Interdomain Interactions Underlying Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels are multimeric proteins that activate in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotide to intracellular domains. Here, an intramolecular protein-protein interaction between the amino-terminal domain and the carboxyl-terminal ligand-binding domain of the rat olfactory CNG channel was shown to exert an autoexcitatory effect on channel activation. Calcium-calmodulin, which modulates CNG channel activity during odorant adaptation, blocked this interaction. A specific deletion within the amino-terminal domain disrupted the interdomain interaction in vitro and altered the gating properties and calmodulin sensitivity of expressed channels. Thus, the amino-terminal domain may promote channel opening by directly interacting with the carboxyl-terminal gating machinery; calmodulin regulates channel activity by targeting this interaction.
Positive spatial autocorrelation, mixture distributions, and geospatial data histograms

Researchers commonly construct histograms as a first step in representing and visualizing their geospatial data. Because of the presence of spatial autocorrelation in these data, these graphs usually fail to closely align with any of the several hundred existing ideal frequency distributions. The purpose of this paper is to address how positive spatial autocorrelation — the most frequently encountered in practice — can distort histograms constructed with geospatial data. Following the auto-normal parameter specification employed in WinBUGS for Bayesian analysis, this paper summarizes results for normal, Poisson, and binomial random variables (RVs) — three of the most commonly employed ones by geospatial scientists — in terms of mixture distributions. A spatial filter description of positive spatial autocorrelation is shown to approximate a normal distribution in its initial form, a gamma distribution when exponentiated, and a beta distribution when embedded in a logistic equation. In turn, these conceptualizations allow: the mean for a normal distribution to be distributed as a normal random variable (RV) with a zero mean and a specific variance; the mean for a Poisson distribution to be distributed as a gamma RV with specific parameters (i.e., a negative binomial distribution); and, the probability for a binomial distribution to be distributed as a beta RV with specific parameters (i.e., a beta-binomial distribution). Results allow impacts of positive spatial autocorrelation on histograms to be better understood. A methodology is outlined for recovering the underlying unautocorrelated frequency distributions.
Antimonypentafluoroorthotellurates: Sb(OTeF5)3, Sb(OTeF5)5 and salts of Sb(OTeF5)6−

Abstract Antimony(III)pentafluoroorthotellurate has been synthesized from SbF 3 and B(OTeF 5 ) 3 . Contrary to a previous report it is a low melting, sublimable solid (mp = 28°, bp (0.1 torr) = 68°, 19 F - NMR: AB 4 spinsystem δ (A) = −42.7, δ (B) = −38.1, J (AB) = 186 Hz). It reacts with F 2 , Cl 2 and Br 2 to give SbF 2 (OTeF 5 ) 3 , SbCl 4 + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − and SbBr 4 + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − respectively. Interaction of Xe(OTeF 5 ) 2 and Sb(OTeF 5 ) 3 yields Sb(OTeF 5 ) 5 , which is unstable at room temperature. Salts containing the new anion Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − have been synthesized either from Sb(OTeF 5 ) 5 and a corresponding pentafluoroorthotellurate e.g. Sb(OTeF 5 ) 5 + NMe 4 + OTeF 5 − = NMe 4 + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − , or from SbCl 4 Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − and an appropriate chloride SbCl 4 + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − + NOCl = SbCl 5 + NO + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − , or oxidatively, using a mixture of Xe(OTeF 5 ) 2 and Sb(OTeF 5 ) 5 , e.g. C 6 F 6 + 1 2 Xe(OTeF 5 ) 2 + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 5 = C 6 F 6 + Sb(OTeF 5 ) 6 − + 1 2 Xe.
Chlorothalonil: lack of genotoxic potential.

Based upon analyses using a number of validated structure-activity relationship models, it is concluded that the carcinogenicity in rodents of chlorothalonil is not due to a genotoxic mechanism.
Capsaicin reduces substance P immunoreactivity in the lateral nucleus of the solitary tract and nodose ganglion

The effects of the neonatal administration of capsaicin on substance P (SP) immunoreactivity of the vagal sensory ganglion (nodose ganglion) and the CNS site of termination of vagal afferents (nucleus of the solitary tract-NTS) were evaluated with immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. The SP content of the nodose ganglion was reduced by 58%, and a loss of immunoreactive cell bodies was found in capsaicin treated rats. Regional differences were found in the effects of capsaicin treatment on the SP immunoreactivity in the NTS. Whereas the SP in the medial portions of the nucleus was not altered, a reduction of SP immunoreactivity in the lateral portions of the nucleus was shown with immunocytochemistry and with radioimmunoassay. The data confirm that at least a portion of the vagal afferent cell bodies of the nodose ganglion and their projections to the brainstem are capsaicin sensitive. The finding that the SP in the lateral NTS is depleted by capsaicin administration may be of importance in the use of capsaicin in functional studies, particularly of the role of SP containing vagal afferents in respiration.
A Bose-atom model for heavy deuterium halides

Abstract A Bose-atom model is introduced for the molecule D H where H represents a heavy halogen atom. A potential is constructed for this system and corresponding wavefunctions and energies are obtained. In the ground state, the large mass of the deuteron causes large penetration into the ion core. An expression for the probability of deuteron-nuclear overlap is obtained of the form P = (1.4r N /a 0 ) 2f /4√πf 3 2 where r N is nuclear radius, a 0 is Bohr radius, Z is atomic number and f = √ 2Zm d m e ⪢ 1 . Thus P is infinitesimally small. Relevance to the exothermic reaction 127 I(d,n) 128 Xe is discussed.
Yohimbine and rauwolscine reduce food intake of genetically obese (obob) and lean mice.

Multiple behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities are found in the genetically obese mouse, obob , including hyperphagia, elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) levels, and increases alpha-1 receptor density. The obese mutant also responds abnormally to neuropharmacological agents. In the current study the alpha-2 receptor blockers yohimbine and rauwolscine were administered to food-restricted (6-hour food access) obob and lean mice. Yohimbine and rauwolscine significantly reduced the 3- and 6-hour food intake of both obob and lean mice. The obob mice were, however, more sensitive to this anorectic effect than lean mice. Effective anorectic doses of yohimbine did not affect water intake in water-deprived lean mice, suggesting a specific effect of the drug upon food intake. Low doses (50 and 100 micrograms) of the alpha-2 agonist clonidine increased the 1-hour food intake of obob mice, but did not affect the food intake of lean mice. No differences were found between obob and lean mice in the number of alpha-receptors in the hypothalamus. The results suggest that modification of NE release by manipulation of alpha-2 receptor can alter food intake, and that the obob mutant is particularly sensitive to this effect.
Micro‐business start‐ups: challenging normative decision making?

Argues that micro‐business start‐ups appear to adopt an approach to business start‐up that conflicts with normative decision making models. It is, however, contended that the approach they adopt may be perfectly rational and effective when account is taken of the context within which they are starting‐up. The research found that very few potential owner‐managers adopted an approach involving the formulation of business plans and formal market research. Also little use was made of networks. Instead, most owner‐managers utilised informally absorbed information obtained through previous experience. They also adopted risk minimising strategies that involved an incremental approach to start‐up. This article argues that trainers and others involved with business inception need to take into account that businesses will often successfully adopt such methods at start‐up.
Algebraic geometry and group theory in geometric constraint satisfaction

The determination of a set of geometric entities that satisfy a series of geometric relations (constraints) constitutes the Geometric Constraint Satisfaction or Scene Feasibility (GCS/SF) problem. This problem appears in different forms in Assembly Planning, Constraint Driven Design, Computer Vision, etc. Its solution is related to the existence of roots to systems of polynomial equations. Previous attempts using exclusively numerical (geometry) or symbolic (topology) solutions for this problem present shortcomings regarding characterization of solution space, incapability to deal with geometric and topological inconsistencies, and very high computational expenses. In this investigation Grobner Bases are used for the characterization of the algebraic variety of the ideal generated by the set of polynomials. Properties of Grobner Bases provide a theoretical framework responding to questions about consistency, ambiguity, and dimension of the solution space. It also allows for the integration of geometric and topological reasoning. The high computational cost of Buchberger's algorithm for the Grobner Basis is compensated by the choice of a non redundant set of variables, determined by the characterization of constraints based on the subgroups of the group of Euclidean displacements SE(3). Examples have shown the advantage of using group based variables. One of those examples is discussed.
Conductance in ultra-short channel Si MOSFETs

Abstract Silicon MOSFETs have been fabricated with channel lengths ranging from 125 to 7.7 nm using a novel step/edge technique. The devices utilize a short channel Al gate and a second gate which is used to form inversion layer source/drain extensions. The active device region is between different inversion layers. At 0.45 K and in devices shorter than 21 nm periodic oscillations are observed at bias voltages where the short gate region is inverted. These are attributed to quantum interference arising from the ultra-short channel length. At bias voltages where the short gate region is in depletion, lateral tunneling is observed between the two inversion layer contracts.
Global gene expression analysis of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts and cotyledons

Low developmental competence of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos is a universal problem. Abnormal placentation has been commonly reported in SCNT pregnancies from a number of species. The present study employed Affymetrix bovine expression microarrays to examine global gene expression patterns of SCNT and in vivo produced (AI) blastocysts as well as cotyledons from day-70 SCNT and AI pregnancies. SCNT and AI embryos and cotyledons were analyzed for differential expression. Also in an attempt to establish a link between abnormal gene expression patterns in early embryos and cotyledons, differentially expressed genes were compared between the two studies. Microarray analysis yielded a list of 28 genes differentially expressed between SCNT and AI blastocysts and 19 differentially expressed cotyledon genes. None of the differentially expressed genes were common to both groups, although major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) was significant in the embryo data and approached significance in the cotyledon data. This is the first study to report global gene expression patterns in bovine AI and SCNT cotyledons. The embryonic gene expression data reported here adds to a growing body of data that indicates the common occurrence of aberrant gene expression in early SCNT embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 471–482, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Maturity of Organic-Rich Shales Using Micro-Impedance Analysis*

Organic-rich shales (ORS) are the common source rock for most clastic reservoirs. The processes that are involved in how these shales generate extractable hydrocarbons from kerogen are fairly well understood. The maturity level of kerogens in organic-rich shales is presently determined by geochemical analysis of core samples. The maturity of shales at insitu conditions may be inferred from relationships between shale pressures, and downhole measurements from resistivity and sonic logs. The ability to determine maturity by the use of indirect measurements such as seismic is still the subject of research. The study focus area is the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin, North America whose organic-rich shales are proven hydrocarbon source rocks. Further study in the remote detection of maturity would be help in reducing exploration and development costs. This study focuses on a method of predicting maturity of organic-rich shales by evaluation of their impedance micro-structure. Scanning acoustic microscopy is used to map the impedance of shale components. The impedance of these components is related to their elastic properties, and these components vary with maturity in the shales. Previous studies have been successful in relating shale velocities to porosity, and in detecting textural changes with maturity. In this study, direct qualitative relationships are shown between the impedance of shale samples, shale rock properties and maturity indicators, TOC and Transformation Ratio. This study adds to current understanding of the maturity-based variations by using analysis from scanning acoustic microscopy, integrating measurements from geochemical analysis, and observations from downhole sonic measurements to develop relationships for relating impedance information from seismic data to organic shale maturity.
Exciton Dynamics in CdS−Ag2S Nanorods with Tunable Composition Probed by Ultrafast Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Electron relaxation dynamics in CdS−Ag2S nanorods have been measured as a function of the relative fraction of the two semiconductors, which can be tuned via cation exchange between Cd2+ and Ag+. The transient bleach of the first excitonic state of the CdS nanorods is characterized by a biexponential decay corresponding to fast relaxation of the excited electrons into trap states. This signal completely disappears when the nanorods are converted to Ag2S but is fully recovered after a second exchange to convert them back to CdS, demonstrating annealing of the nonradiative trap centers probed and the robustness of the cation exchange reaction. Partial cation exchange produces heterostructures with embedded regions of Ag2S within the CdS nanorods. Transient bleaching of the CdS first excitonic state shows that increasing the fraction of Ag2S produces a greater contribution from the fast component of the biexponential bleach recovery, indicating that new midgap relaxation pathways are created by the Ag2S mate...
Fluorescence spectroscopy using excitation and emission matrix for quantification of tissue native fluorophores and cancer diagnosis

Native fluorescence spectrum of normal and cancerous human prostate tissues is studied to distinguish between normal and cancerous tissues, and cancerous tissues at different cancer grade. The tissue samples were obtained from Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) and National Disease Research Interchange(NDRI). An excitation and emission matrix (EEM) was generated for each tissue sample by acquiring native fluorescence spectrum of the sample using multiple excitation wavelengths. The non-negative matrix factorization algorithm was used to generate fluorescence EEMs that correspond to the fluorophores in biological tissues, including tryptophan, collagen, elastin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the background paraffin. We hypothesize that, as a consequence of metabolic changes associated with the development of cancer, the concentrations of NADH and FAD are different in normal and cancerous tissues, and also different for different cancer grades. We used the ratio of the abundances of FAD and NADH to distinguish between normal and cancerous tissues, and the tissue cancer grade. The FAD-to-NADH ratio was found to be the highest for normal tissue and decreased as the cancer grade increased.
The Problem of Social Control and Coordination of Complex Systems in Sociology: A Look at the Community Cleavage Problem

The coordination and control of social systems is the foundational problem of sociology. The discipline was established in Europe in the aftermath of the American and French Revolutions. With the dismantling of the hierarchical controls of European aristocratic systems, the examination of alternative mechanisms of coordination and control became a preoccupation. The Industrial Revolution (c. 1760-1840), which was occurring at the same time, reinforced this preoccupation by decoupling the power of purse and the power of positions of authority. While the hierarchies of church and state retained coercive power, the exercise of such power was increasingly contested. The moral compass of society, its general welfare, and its capacity to adapt to changing circumstances appeared to be aggregated properties of the unconstrained opinions and behaviors of a large collectivity of individuals. The definition of the problem of coordination and control, which emerged in Europe in the new discipline of sociology, still resonates and guides current sociological work. The problem definition [1], broadly stated, is this: if value is placed on nonhierarchical mechanisms of social control, then what mechanisms and structures (consistent with this value) allow a coordination and control of social systems?
Closing the software gap for interactive mini/microcomputation: Direct execution of microprogrammed block-diagram primitives

Block-diagram programs, for instrumentation, control, and simulation systems are especially easy to translate, since no explicit precedence analysis is needed. Block-diagram primitives range from simple adders to complete real-time controllers. They are pure-procedure, reentrant microprograms or threaded code in read-only memory, which may be pre-programmed and plugged in for special applications. In addition to hand "assembly" and optimizing compilation of block-diagram programs, we exhibit the new direct-executing MICRODARE II system, which embeds block-diagram "assembly" in an advanced BASIC dialect serving for interactive editing, job control, and file manipulation. Execution speeds of the new systems permit LSI-11 microcomputers and PDP-11 minis to match and exceed those of a CDC 6400; a number of examples are shown. The report continues with a discussion of future multi-task, multiprocessor real-time BASIC systems incorporating MICRODARE. We finally describe a new two-processor system consisting of an LSI-11 running MICRODARE software joined by a two-port memory to an ultra-fast bit-sliced 2903/2910 processor executing block-diagram microprograms.
Blood pressure control, hypertension, awareness, and treatment in adults with diabetes in the United States-Mexico border region

OBJETIVE: To determine prevalence of blood pressure control, hypertension, hypertension awareness, and antihypertensive treatment among adults (> 18 years old) with diabetes living in the border region between the United States of America and Mexico, and to explore variation in those variables between all adults on the Mexican side of the border ("Mexicans") and three groups on the U.S. side of the border ("all U.S. adults," "U.S.-born Hispanics," and "Mexican immigrants"). METHODS: Using data from Phase I (February 2001-October 2002) of the U.S.-Mexico Border Diabetes Prevention and Control Project, a prevalence study of type 2 diabetes and its risk factors, age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension-related variables was calculated for the sample (n = 682) and differences between the border groups were examined through logistic regression. RESULTS: Less than one-third of the sample had controlled blood pressure ( 140/90 mm Hg), and hypertension awareness and treatment were inadequate. After adjusting for demographics, body mass index, and access to health care, there were no differences in blood pressure control, hypertension, hypertension awareness, or treatment between Mexicans and both U.S. adults and Mexican immigrants. However, compared to Mexicans and Mexican immigrants, U.S.-born Hispanics, particularly younger individuals, had the lowest rates of blood pressure control (17.3%) and the highest rates of coexisting hypertension (54.8%). Compared to Mexicans, U.S.-born Hispanics had lower odds of controlled blood pressure (odds ratio [OR] 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09-0.95) and greater odds of hypertension (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.51-9.29) and hypertension awareness (OR 6.19, 95% CI 1.46-26.15). CONCLUSION: Co-occurrence of diabetes and hypertension is a major public health problem among U.S.-Mexico border residents. The low rate of blood pressure control among various border groups, especially younger U.S.-born Hispanics, suggests that initiatives should aggressively target blood pressure control.
The risk of contracting infectious diseases in public swimming pools: a review

A review of pathogenic microorganisms presenting risk of infection in pool based artificial recreational water venues is extracted from the available scientific literature. The microorganisms are grouped both according to their way of spread and their survival and growth strategies and their characteristics relevant for the pool and spa based recreation are discussed. In order to put the proposed risks on a solid basis, among others a ten year excerpt of the waterborne disease statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is used throughout the article.