cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dysfunctional Endothelium Drives a Pre-DIC State in Endotoxemia

Abstract Uncontrolled pro-coagulant responses in sepsis can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a complication associated with markedly increased mortality. Abnormalities of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function can lead to both microvascular thrombosis contributing to multi-organ dysfunction syndrome or hemorrhagic complications. To understand the inciting causes of DIC in sepsis, we first evaluated the time course of platelet function, coagulation parameters and markers of endothelial activation following LPS exposure. These studies demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction preceded derangement of platelet function or coagulation parameters. To evaluate the thrombotic response of the endothelium early in endotoxemia, we injured the microvascular endothelium of cremaster arterioles of mice using a laser 1-3 hours following LPS exposure. Platelet and fibrin formation at sites of injury were significantly increased following LPS exposure to respectively 190% (p=0.026) and 195% (p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Malignant tumors of the sinuses

This study is based on experience with 100 patients. The clinical and pathologic features of carcinoma of the sinuses are analyzed. The various radiologic modalities are described and evaluated with respect to diagnosis and treatment.
Some Kinetic Aspects of Crosslink Biosynthesis

Given enough time, a mixture of chemicals will undergo a series of reactions until it reaches an equilibrium. At equilibrium there may be a complex mixture of products, or an overwhelming preponderance of a few. Biochemical systems are not at equilibrium, fortunately. Reactions of organic molecules in neutral aqueous solutions are relatively slow, so the chemical make-up is largely determined by kinetic constraints. Millions of possible reactions could occur in the enormously complex mixture of biochemical substances, but most of them proceed at vanishingly small rates under normal physiological conditions. We are, therefore, used to the notion that living organisms control their chemistry by using enzymes to catalyze a relatively small number of the possible reactions. In this way they can channel nutrients into specific pathways for the efficient release of energy, or build them up into other needed molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Almost instinctively, we now feel that biochemical processes are completely determined in this way, that they will go by one fixed route, uniquely fixed by the presence of an enzyme for each step. I propose that this is not an adequate way of looking at processes such as the crosslinking of elastin, unless perhaps we regard elastin itself as an enzyme.
Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease in Youth—The Year That Was 2017

The value of exercise studies in children often resides in defining differences, which might make growing youngsters unique from their mature adult counterparts. Many such physiological and behavioral developmental differences have been identified, emphasizing that children are not, physiologically speaking, simply small adults. The following 2 studies published in the past year were chosen for their importance in contributing to the insights into previously unexplored areas. The first study addresses the influence of exercise on physiological variability, an emerging field that offers to provide important insights into the nature of such responses. The second study concerns the effects of altitude on physiological responses to exercise, an area of considerable importance for the health and physical performance of pediatric athletes, climbers, and residents at high altitude. These studies exemplify the genre of investigations that are essential for advancing our understanding of the link between exercise ...
A novel method to infer historical DDT use on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (USA), based on ΣDDT degradation and 210Pb dating in lake sediment cores

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was used on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (USA), for mosquito and gypsy moth mitigation, from 1948 until the insecticide was banned in the 1970s. There are historical accounts of major spray events, and DDT was expected to have remained immobile in the organic-rich sediments of local ponds. We investigated the potential for sediment cores from lakes on Cape Cod to reveal the depositional history of DDT. This compound and its metabolites dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (ΣDDT) were examined in sediment cores from four kettle lakes on Cape Cod that lie between the towns of Brewster and Harwich, where there is a detailed history of aerial spraying. Sediment cores were dated via 210Pb and analyzed for water content, total carbon, total organic carbon, and organochlorine pesticide concentrations. Use of fallout 137Cs to confirm 210Pb dates was unsuccessful, probably because of post-depositional migration of 137Cs. ΣDDT inventories in each lake were determined to be ~ 10 ng cm−2, which represents about 0.1% on an aerial basis of the quantity known to have been sprayed. Compared to the recorded spraying history, the concentration-depth maxima appear decades later than expected. The overall low quantity and unexpected temporal distribution of pesticide residues are probably explained by natural degradation of DDT in the sediment. A novel mathematical correction to DDT concentrations was applied and yielded adjusted inventories close to expected values, and moved the pesticide concentration maxima to the 1950s and 1960s, when they were expected to have occurred.
Netzwerkmanagement und netzwerkweites Systemmanagement in heterogenen Netzen

Immerhin ist es heute moglich, wegen der Verbreitung entsprechender Industriestandards verschiedene Rechnerarchitekturen auf unterschiedlichsten physikalischen Medien miteinander zu verbinden. Beruhmte Beipiele solcher Standards sind SNA, TCP/IP, OSI. Ein machtiges Angebot dieser Protokolle ist meistens ein Interface mit dem Prozesse auf verschiedenen Rechnern kommunizieren konnen (LU6.2, sockets, NFS/RPC ...). Filetransfer und die Funktion des remote login sind heute absoluter Standard. Zu diesen Kommunikationsprotokollen gibt es in der Regel auch geeignete Netzwerkmanagement Protokolle um das Netzwerk und dessen Funktionen zu uberwachen und zu steuern. Zu den Netzwerkmanagementprotokollen zahlen: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP — TCP/IP) und Common Management Information Services / Common Management Information Protocols CMIS/CMIP — OSI) mit den entsprechenden Produkten auf den verschiedenen Softwareplattformen, z.B. IBM AIX NetView/6000 unter IBM AIX oder SNA NetView unter VM bzw. MVS.
Single-Neutron Excitations in Neutron-Rich 83Ge and 85Se

The $^{2}\mathrm{H}$($^{82}\mathrm{Ge}$,$p$)$^{83}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{2}\mathrm{H}$($^{84}\mathrm{Se}$,$p$)$^{85}\mathrm{Se}$ reactions were studied with radioactive beams of $^{82}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{84}\mathrm{Se}$ at beam energies of ${E}_{\mathrm{beam}}=330$ and 380 MeV, respectively. Excitation energies, proton angular distributions, and asymptotic normalization coefficients have been determined for the lowest lying states of $^{83}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Se}$. Spectroscopic factors have also been extracted under normal assumptions of the bound-state potential properties in the distorted waves Born approximation analysis. However, the peripheral character of the measurements leads to large uncertainties in this extraction. Shell-model calculations have been performed in the region above $^{78}\mathrm{Ni}$, comparing the single-particle properties of the even-$Z,N=51$ nuclei up to $^{91}\mathrm{Zr}$ and including $^{83}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Se}$. Direct-semidirect neutron capture calculations to $^{83}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Se}$ have also been performed using the spectroscopic input from these $(d,p)$ reaction measurements.
Suicide: motivation and prevention.

Suicide has been called murder in the 180th degree. An understanding of suicide may be organized around an awareness of what death means to the individual. Psychodynamic constellations are identifiable involving primary orientations toward the act of dying, the end of life, or afterlife. Common motivations are revenge, escape and reunion, respectively.
Statistical Learning Theory for Ranking

In this chapter, we introduce the statistical learning theory for ranking. In order to better understand existing learning-to-rank algorithms, and to design better algorithms, it is very helpful to deeply understand their theoretical properties. In this chapter, we give the big picture of theoretical analysis for ranking, and point out several important issues to be investigated: statistical ranking framework, generalization ability, and statistical consistency for ranking methods.
Single-nucleotide human disease mutation inactivates a blood-regenerative GATA2 enhancer

The development and function of stem and progenitor cells that produce blood cells are vital in physiology. GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2) mutations cause GATA-2 deficiency syndrome involving immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. GATA-2 physiological activities necessitate that it be strictly regulated, and cell type-specific enhancers fulfill this role. The +9.5 intronic enhancer harbors multiple conserved cis-elements, and germline mutations of these cis-elements are pathogenic in humans. Since mechanisms underlying how GATA2 enhancer disease mutations impact hematopoiesis and pathology are unclear, we generated mouse models of the enhancer mutations. While a multi-motif mutant was embryonically lethal, a single-nucleotide Ets motif mutant was viable, and steady-state hematopoiesis was normal. However, the Ets motif mutation abrogated stem/progenitor cell regeneration following stress. These results reveal a new mechanism in human genetics, in which a disease predisposition mutation inactivates enhancer regenerative activity, while sparing developmental activity. Mutational sensitization to stress that instigates hematopoietic failure constitutes a paradigm for GATA-2 deficiency syndrome and other contexts of GATA-2-dependent pathogenesis.
His Career, Her Job, Their Future: Cohabitors’ Orientations Toward Paid Work:

In this article, we examine the work orientations of service- and middle-class cohabiting couples. Through our in-depth interviews with both partners in 61 couples, we find that middle-class cohabi...
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: From Epigenome to Bedside

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive sarcomas typically developing in the context of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). With the exception of surgical resection, these tumors are resistant to all current therapies, and unresectable, recurrent, or metastatic tumors are considered incurable. Preclinical studies have identified several novel candidate molecular targets for therapeutic intervention, but, to date, targeted therapies have proven ineffective. Recent studies have identified recurrent mutations in polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) core components, embryonic ectoderm development protein (EED) and suppressor of zeste 12 homolog (SUZ12), in MPNST. These mutations result in global loss of the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation epigenetic mark, normally deposited by PRC2, and subsequent gain in acetylation at this residue. This altered chromatin state has been shown to promote MPNST malignancy; however, acetylation at this residue sensitizes MPNSTs to BRD4 and bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibition. Interestingly, the catalytic component of PRC2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), is not mutated in MPNST, hinting that a noncanonical, PRC2-independent function of EZH2 may play a role in this cancer. This review examines the pathobiology of MPNST, the contribution of PRC2 subunits to this process, and the prospects for PRC2-related therapies for this cancer. IMPLICATIONS: Identification of mutations in the PRC2 components EED and SUZ12 in the majority of MPNSTs may imply noncanonical oncogenic activities of the intact component, EZH2, and provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
LBP17: A SCIENTIFIC MYTH: THERE IS MORE HLA CLASS I ON B CELLS THAN ON T CELLS

Aim In 1978, before class II Ags were defined, Pellegrino et al. reported that there is more HLA on B cells than T cells with equivalent beta2m levels on each cell type. Since then, the report has been widely misinterpreted to have shown there is more class I on B cells than on T cells and has led to a long standing interpretation of a T−/B+ FXM result as presence of either class II Ab or low level class I. A T+/B− FXM result has generally been interpreted as non-HLA. We studied the relative expression of CI antigen on T and B cells in 60 pts to determine validity of this dogma.” The aim of our study was to provide direct experimental evidence for HLA-class I Ag expression on T and B cells by probing class I with pan class I MoAb and class I-DSA positive serum. Methods Class I Probing: Biotinylated W6/32 MoAb in various concentrations (conc) was incubated with 0.1X106 PBMCs for 30 mins/RT. After washes, PerCP-CD3, PE-Cy7-CD19 and SA-PE were added and incubated for another 30 mins/RT. The final cells were acquired on a Canto-II and the PE intensities on T and B cells were measured. FXM: Standard T/B FXM procedure using (1) class I-DSA serum: doubling dilutions vs corresponding cells and (2) humanized W6/32 MoAb (hW6/32; InvivoGen): same conc as class I probing expt above. LMX-IgG SAB: One Lambda LabScreen. Results class I expression was evaluated on T and B cells with the W6/32 probing assay and FXM using hW6/32 MoAb and no significant difference was found (Fig. 1). FXM with class I DSA showed no significant differences between MCS on T cells and B cells (Fig. 2). In three examples (Fig. 3), T+/B− FXM results were observed in patients where only class I DSA was detected by the LMX-SAB. Conclusion Our study shows that class I antigen is evenly distributed on T and B cells. A T+/B− FXM cannot exclude the existence of class I DSA and the presence of class I Ab alone can result in T+/B−; T−/B+ or both T+/B+ FXM. Thus, a T+/B− FXM can reflect class I DSA, be potentially clinically relevant, and warrants further investigation before attributing to non-HLA antibody or no clinical risk.
A new development in magnetic particle tracking technology and its application in a sheared dense granular flow

This paper presents a new development in the magnetic particle tracking (MPT) technology that measures the translational and rotational motions of a small particle. A main advantage of MPT is that it is able to track objects in an opaque environment without using radioactive material or X-rays. In addition, it can provide information about the orientation and rotation of the object, which is difficult to obtain using other technologies. However, the reconstruction process of MPT using standard optimization approaches is very time consuming and, therefore, limits its applications. In this work, two new MPT reconstruction algorithms are examined and the results are compared with the optimization approach. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm has the same accuracy as the optimization method but is orders of magnitude faster. The speed of the sequential importance sampling approach is between those of the above two methods. The accuracy of position obtained using EKF is about 0.6%, and the uncertainty of orientation is less than 1.5°. The MPT is applied to measure a dense granular shear flow to investigate the spatial distribution of a tracer particle.
The Association of Sport and Exercise Activities With Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Background This study assessed the independent associations between participation in self-reported sport and exercise activities and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods Data were from 13,204 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort (1987-2015). Baseline sport and exercise activities were assessed via the modified Baecke questionnaire. Incident CVD included coronary heart disease, heart failure, or stroke. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models assessed the association of participation in specific sport and exercise activities at enrollment with risk of CVD. Results During a median follow-up time of 25.2 years, 30% of the analytic sample (n = 3966) was diagnosed with incident CVD. In fully adjusted models, participation in racquet sports (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.93), aerobics (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.88), running (HR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.85), and walking (HR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95) was significantly associated with a lower risk of CVD. There were no significant associations for bicycling, softball/baseball, gymnastics, swimming, basketball, calisthenics exercises, golfing with cart, golfing with walking, bowling, or weight training. Conclusions Participation in specific sport and exercises may substantially reduce the risk for CVD.
Nephrolithiasis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study Evaluating Testosterone and Urinary Stone Metabolic Panels.

Author(s): Fedrigon, Donald; Alazem, Kareem; Sivalingam, Sri; Monga, Manoj; Calle, Juan | Abstract: Introduction:Both elevated testosterone and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been speculated as possible risk factors for kidney stone formation; however, the details of this potential relationship with regards to 24-hour urine metabolic panels and stone composition have not previously been characterized. Methods:A total of 74 PCOS patients were retrospectively identified and matched with a cohort of female stone formers at a 3 : 1 ratio (by age and BMI). All patients had 24-hour urinary metabolic panels and stone compositions. These groups were compared using Pearson chi-square and Student t-tests. Additionally, the PCOS group was differentiated based on free testosterone using multivariate analysis. Results:The case-control cohort showed that PCOS patients had significantly lower sodium excretion (p=0.015) and hypernatriuria rates (28.9% vs 50.9%, p=0.009). The PCOS-testosterone cohort demonstrated that high testosterone patients had significantly higher citrate values (p=0.041) and significantly lower odds of hypocitraturia (36.7% vs 54.2%, OR = 0.2, p=0.042). The high testosterone group also had higher sodium excretion (p=0.058) with significantly higher odds of having hypernatriuria (40.0% vs 13.6%, OR = 13.3, p=0.021). No significant patterns were revealed based on stone composition analysis. Conclusions:Compared to healthy stone formers, PCOS patients did not demonstrate significant differences in 24-hour urine and stone composition values. Elevated free testosterone in PCOS patients has a significant association with higher urinary citrate and sodium values: findings that in and of themselves do not confirm the hypothesized increased risk of stone formation. This patient cohort may provide deeper insight into the interplay between androgens and stone formation; however, further study is needed to fully characterize the possible relationship between PCOS and stone formation.
Association of vertebral endplate microstructure with bone strength in men and women

Abstract Epidemiological and biomechanical evidence indicates that the risk of vertebral fracture differs between men and women, and that vertebral fracture frequently involves failure of the endplate region. The goal of this study was to compare the bone microstructure of the endplate region—defined as the (bony) vertebral endplate and underlying subchondral trabecular bone—between sexes and to determine whether any such sex differences are associated with vertebral strength. The bone density (volume fraction, apparent density and tissue mineral density) of the superior-most 2 mm of the vertebra, and the bone density and trabecular architecture of the next 5 mm were quantified using micro-computed tomography in human T8 (12 female, 16 male) and L1 (13 female, 12 male) vertebrae. Average density of the vertebra (integral bone mineral density (BMD)) was determined by quantitative computed tomography and compressive strength by mechanical testing. Few differences were found between male and female vertebrae in the density of the endplate region; none were found in trabecular architecture. However, whereas endplate volume fraction was positively correlated with integral BMD in male vertebrae (r = 0.654, p
Averting the Multiemployer Pension Solvency Crisis

The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) multiemployer pension insurance program faces projected insolvency, driven by systemic underfunding of multiemployer pension plans. To address this brewing crisis, Congress has established a joint select committee to develop multiemployer pension reforms. Primary causes of the crisis include lax funding rules and inaccurate valuations of pension assets and liabilities. Explanations frequently offered for underfunding, such as financial market downturns and the declining proportion of active workers, fail to account for the relative weakness of multiemployer pension finances. Reforms should establish accurate asset and liability measurements, safeguards against further deterioration of underfunded plans, improved incentives for plan trustees, stronger funding requirements, and risk-based premiums. Legislators may wish to consider authorizing the PBGC to relieve plans of so-called orphan liabilities, subject to strict requirements that any relief must reduce projected claims on pension insurance. Lawmakers must be firm in declaring that no taxpayer funds will be used to bail out multiemployer pensions.
Catastrophic Recombination/Reaction of Aluminum Atoms in Cryogenic Parahydrogen Solids

We report the results from experiments testing the limits of chemical energy storage in Al-atom-doped cryogenic parahydrogen (pH2) solids produced by codeposition of Al vapor and pH2 gas. These results map out three regimes of behavior. As described in the immediately preceding companion manuscript, for target Al atom concentrations, [Al]target ≲ 200 parts-per-million (ppm), the Al/pH2 solids are optically transparent and primarily contain isolated Al atoms, with a small admixture of AlxHy molecules formed by Al atom recombination/reaction. For [Al]target ≳ 500 ppm, the depositions fail immediately, producing highly optically scattering solids with evidence of extensive Al atom recombination/reaction. For intermediate [Al]target concentrations, near-threshold metastable transparent solids are formed which suffer catastrophic recombination/reaction as they grow past some critical thickness. Analysis of these catastrophic events using a minimal two parameter model [Jackson. J. Chem. Phys.1959,31, 722-729] yields a critical Al atom concentration near [Al] ≈ 280 ppm and an Al atom diffusion length ≈ 100 μm. While this diffusion length appears unphysically large, it is roughly compatible with even larger 300-900 μm wavelengths of spatial inhomogeneities visible in images of a remnant postrecombination sample. This spatial pattern is evocative of Turing structures or perhaps the structures sometimes formed upon phase separation; however, the actual mechanism for morphogenesis remains undetermined. The largest achieved Al atom concentrations of [Al] ≈ 300 ppm are roughly two orders-of-magnitude lower than those required for advanced chemical propulsion applications.
Genetic Skeletal Disorders in Humans

Abstract In this article, we review rare bone diseases belonging to all four major groups classified based on metabolic pathogenesis by The Skeletal Rare Diseases Working Group of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). Rare bone diseases occur due to abnormality in skeletal development, skeletal growth or skeletal homeostasis. Both genetic, as well as environmental factors, play a significant role in the pathophysiology of rare bone diseases. Several causative genetic mutations have been found using new genetic sequencing techniques. However, the clinical presentations vary from mild to severe; bone pain, bone fragility, joint laxity, nerve entrapments, soft tissue swelling, and involvement of other organ systems such as bone marrow, liver, and spleen. We highlighted 11 different rare bone diseases and elucidate the importance of further study for a better understanding of their pathophysiology, which will lead to new therapeutics.
Utilizing open-source platforms to build and deploy interactive patient-reported quality of life tracking tools for monitoring protocol adherence

Tracking patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and quality-of-life response rates is essential for clinical trials. Historically, rates are monitored through scheduled reports, which can require gathering, merging, and cleaning data from multiple databases. At the end of this process, if gaps are found, new data are entered and the cycle repeats, leaving a trail of reports that are not up-to-date or immediately accessible to the investigator. The financial and person-hour cost of utilizing clinical research staff for this purpose is impractical. Online dashboards are continuously updated to monitor data, providing on-demand access to promote successful research. Dashboard implementation utilizes R, an open-source statistical programming language, RMarkdown, a markup language, Flexdashboard, which creates structural elements, and Shiny, allowing investigators the ability to interact with data within the dashboard. By leveraging these four elements, powerful, cost-effective interactive dashboards can be built. Numerous dashboards have been utilized to identify potentially missing data and increase protocol adherence. Immediate patient consultation can occur to retrieve protocol-related forms, reducing research staff and patient burden while improving trial effectiveness. Dashboards can monitor PROs, enrollment, demographics, toxicity, and biomarker data, clinical outcomes, and implemented predictive models, creating a single hub for on-demand clinical trial monitoring. By employing a set of freely available tools, the burden of utilizing study staff to continuously monitor trials is greatly reduced. These tools allow users to rapidly build and deploy dynamic dashboards capable of meeting the research needs of any investigator while limiting missing data through simplified monitoring of protocol adherence.
Computational Decision Support for the COVID-19 Healthcare Coalition

The COVID-19 Healthcare Coalition was established as a private sector-led response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its purpose was to bring together healthcare organizations, technology firms, nonprofits, academia, and startups to preserve the healthcare delivery system and help protect U.S. populations by providing data-driven, real-time insights that improve outcomes. This required the coalition to obtain, align, and orchestrate many heterogeneous data sources and present this data on dashboards in a format that was understandable and useful to decision makers. To do this, the coalition employed an ensemble approach to analysis, combining machine learning algorithms together with theory-based simulations, allowing prognosis to provide computational decision support rooted in science and engineering.
Management of Hypertriglyceridemia (Including Fibrates and n-3 Fatty Acids)

Management strategies focused on decreasing cardiovascular disease risk over the last 20 years have primarily targeted low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), particularly through the use of statins. Despite clear benefits, patients remain at substantial risk for adverse cardiovascular events, prompting investigations into alternative targets such as hypertriglyceridemia. Large meta-analyses and post hoc analyses of several landmark statin trials have demonstrated that patients with higher levels of serum triglycerides are at increased risk for major cardiovascular events despite optimization of LDL-C levels. In addition to lifestyle modification in the form of increased aerobic exercise and adoption of a Mediterranean-style diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, several recent large trials have demonstrated a reduction in adverse cardiovascular outcomes with the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia using fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids.
Associations between longitudinal trajectories of insomnia symptoms and sleep duration with objective physical function in postmenopausal women: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

STUDY OBJECTIVES Examine the association between trajectories of self-reported insomnia symptoms and sleep duration over 13 years with objective physical function. METHODS We utilized data from 1,627 Study of Women's Health Across the Nation participants, aged 61.9 ± 2.7 years at the end of the 13-year follow-up. Latent class growth models identified trajectories of insomnia symptoms (trouble falling asleep, frequent night-time awakenings, and/or early morning awakening) and sleep duration over 13 years. Physical function tests were performed at the end of the 13-year period: 40-ft walk, 4-m walk, repeated chair stand, grip strength, and balance. Multivariable regression analyses examined each physical function measure according to the insomnia symptom or sleep duration trajectory group. RESULTS Five insomnia symptom trajectories and two sleep duration trajectories were identified. Women with a consistently high likelihood of insomnia symptoms and women with a decreased likelihood of insomnia symptoms (i.e. improving) had slower gait speed (3.5% slower 40-ft walk [consistently high], 3.7% slower 4-m walk [improving]; each p ≤ .05) than those with a consistently low likelihood of insomnia symptoms. In contrast, women with a steep increase in the likelihood of insomnia symptoms over time and women with persistent insufficient sleep duration had lower odds of having a balance problem (odds ratio [OR] = 0.36 and OR = 0.61, respectively; each p < .02) compared to those with a consistently low likelihood of insomnia symptoms and those with persistent sufficient sleep duration, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that women's sleep during midlife has important implications for maintaining physical function during the transition into older adulthood.
Scaphoid Nonunion Is a Disabling Problem in a Military Population.

Background Scaphoid nonunion can occur in up to 55% of displaced scaphoid fractures. Long-term functional outcomes of this injury are lacking. In addition, no study has published rate of return to active military service after this injury. Our goal was to educate providers and patients on expected functional outcomes and return to duty after treatment of scaphoid nonunion. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent scaphoid nonunion repair at our institution from 2008 to 2017. The primary outcome measures were union rates, return to duty rates, and functional outcome scores obtained by telephone call. A total of 144 patients were included and 40 responded to our call for long-term follow-up. Results A total of 72% of patients achieved union after surgery, 18% required revision surgery, and 74% of patients were able to return to full duty after surgery. However, this number progressively decreased at 1, 2, and 5 years after surgery. At an average of 5.9 years after surgery, the mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (qDASH) score was 23.9. The mean qDASH for patients who achieved union (21.9) was significantly lower than those with persistent nonunion (29.2) (P = .0115). Conclusion Scaphoid nonunion is a difficult problem in the military. We found a high rate of persistent nonunion often requiring revision to partial or full wrist arthrodesis. In addition, our long-term functional outcome scores demonstrate significant disability after this injury, even when union is achieved. This information can help us better counsel our patients and set expectations after treatment of this injury.
Transition of a network of nonlinear interactions into a regime of strong nonlinear fluctuations: A paradigm for the edge localized mode onset

We study how a network of nonlinear oscillators transits into a regime of strong nonlinear fluctuations when perturbed by a triad. In this regime, most of the potential energy contained in the waves is made available to the system through strong nonlinear fluctuations. This analysis is motivated by recent experimental observations [Dominski and Diallo, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 62, 095011 (2020)] where it was found that magnetic fluctuations trigger the onset of edge localized modes by suddenly exciting a network of nonlinear interactions. In our study, we consider the simplest system of many harmonic oscillators that are organized in a network of nonlinear triads. We model and simulate the sudden transition of this network of triads into a regime of strong nonlinear fluctuations—reminiscent of the onset of edge localized modes in tokamaks. This transition is triggered by the activation of a nonlinear perturbation. An abrupt rise of the system's disorder (an entropy-like quantity) is measured during the transition. This transition from weak to strong nonlinear fluctuations is even more abrupt when these fluctuations are chaotic, i.e., when the timescale of the nonlinear interaction is comparable to the timescale of the wave oscillations.
Alcohol and the Inflammatory Function of Immune Cells in Cancer Development

The concept that inflammation promotes carcinogenesis was first proposed by Rudolf Virchow in 1863 based on the observation that neoplastic tissues were enriched with leukocytes (reviewed in Balkwill and Mantovani 2001). It has since been supported by a large amount of evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and, more recently, molecular genetic studies (Mantovani et al. 2008). Chronic inflammation, mostly resulting from chronic infections, is an underlying condition for up to 15% of all cancers (Table 9.1; Coussens and Werb 2002; Grivennikov et al. 2010). Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduces the risk of developing colon and other cancers. In experimental settings, many key inflammatory cells and factors have been shown to play indispensible roles in various steps of cancer development. Last but not the least, numerous oncogenic/epigenetic changes in human cancers have been functionally linked to their abilities to activate the inflammatory program and/or attract inflammatory cells to the cancer microenvironment.
Determination of Iodide in Milk Using the Iodide Specific Ion Electrode and its Application to Market Milk Samples.

The iodide specific ion electrode was used to measure the iodide content of raw and commercially processed whole and skim milks. Average iodide values for raw milk and commercially processed milks were 220 and 620 μ g/L, respectively. The specific ion electrode can also be used to measure iodide in milk contaminated with iodophor sanitizing agent since the milk converts iodophor titratable iodine to the ionic iodide. Since free sulhydryl groups are also detected by the iodide electrode, the effects of heating milk on free sulfhydryl formation and electrode activity were established. These data indicate that in conventionally pasteurized milk, sulfhydryl groups are non-reactive and are not detected by the iodide electrode. However, the increase in free sulfhydryl formation was reflected by an increase in iodide electrode activity at temperatures above those of pasteurization. Whereas the iodide specific ion electrode has been previously used successfully to measure iodide content of raw milk, this method h...
Chapter 4 Imagery, Reconstructive Memory, and Discovery

Publisher Summary The reconstructive view of image construction suggests some constraints on discovery using mental images—namely, discovering something about the gist or consistent details should be fairly straightforward, discovering something about less important details or something that contradicts the gist should be more difficult. This reconstructive view of imagery led to thetwo types of experiments discussed in the chapter. The first line of experiments investigated whether classic ambiguous figures can be reinterpreted using mental imagery. The results of these experiments suggest that a view of image creation as a reconstructive memory task may be productive. The other line of experiments is based on ongoing research that more directly investigates the relation between reconstructive memory and mental imagery. People with high mental imagery ability may be better able to manipulate their images or better able to visualize more extraneous details than people with low imagery ability (Kaufmann and Helstrup). A primary distinction between perception and imagery is the source of the information for the visual system: in perception that source is the world; while in imagery it is memory.
Limitations of cross vector generalized p-q theory

This paper investigates the limitations of Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power p-q Theory introduced by Peng et al, which is referred to as the Cross Vector p-q Theory. The theory, which applies to four wire systems, is shown to contain mostly the same limitations as the original instantaneous reactive power theory, namely that the instantaneous active current is not the lowest rms current in all circuit conditions and could contain higher levels of harmonic distortion than the supply voltage. Also, most recommended compensation strategies based on the theory require the supply voltage to be approximately sinusoidal and symmetrical to avoid erroneous compensation. Under these conditions, the compensation strategies produce the desired results. However, they require calculation of average power which is not instantaneous, and energy storage is necessary if the oscillating component of instantaneous power is compensated.
Policing the borders of birthright citizenship: some thoughts on the new (and old) restrictionism

Why has the issue of birthright citizenship gained such prominence in recent years among immigration restrictionists? Conventional wisdom holds that opposition to birthright citizenship is a new phenomenon spurred on by two factors: unprecedented levels of unauthorized immigration and the rise of the welfare state. Yet challenges to the legitimacy of birthright citizenship have in fact arisen at various points since the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment. Examining earlier debates about birthright citizenship, including the largely overlooked history of citizenship restrictionism in the 1920s, I argue that current restrictionist efforts fall into a familiar pattern in which fears about the integrity of America’s borders, articulated in the language of crisis and invasion, find an outlet in efforts to police the borders of citizenship. Across different historical eras, arguments against birthright citizenship have consistently emphasized the notion that the Citizenship Clause undermines the immigration policies of the day, from Chinese exclusion in the 1890s to racial restrictions on naturalization in the 1920s to securing the U.S.-Mexico border today. I argue that defenders of birthright citizenship would do well to engage critically with the tensions that current opponents of birthright citizenship identify, rather than shying away from them. To the extent that there are tensions between the closed borders of immigration law and the open borders of birthright citizenship, such tensions have been greatly exacerbated by changes in immigration law and policy over the past several decades that, while ostensibly aimed at reducing unauthorized immigration, have had the effect of greatly increasing the number of mixed-status families. These tensions should be resolved, I argue, not by altering the Fourteenth Amendment but instead by addressing the unintended consequences of restrictive immigration laws and heightened border enforcement.
Intersecting transcription networks constrain gene regulatory evolution.

Epistatic interactions, whereby a mutation's effect is contingent on another mutation, have been shown to constrain evolution within single proteins, and how such interactions arise in gene regulatory networks has remained unclear; here the appearance of pheromone-response regulator binding sites in the regulatory DNA of the a-specific genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are shown to have required specific changes in a second pathway during the evolution from its common ancestor with Candida albicans. Epistatic interactions — whereby a mutation's effect is contingent on another mutation — have been shown to constrain evolution within single proteins, but whether and how they may govern broader gene regulatory networks has remained largely hypothetical. Now Alexander Johnson and colleagues show that the appearance of Ste12 binding sites in the regulatory DNA of genes specific to the a mating type in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae's pheromone response pathway has required the prior adoption of α2 repression in the mating-type pathway of its common ancestor with Kluyveromyces lactis. Thus historical contingency not apparent from scrutiny of individual regulatory factors — such as a single DNA-binding protein or a single transcriptional enhancer — can result from systems-level constraints on the evolution of regulatory pathways that share some of their components. Epistasis—the non-additive interactions between different genetic loci—constrains evolutionary pathways, blocking some and permitting others1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. For biological networks such as transcription circuits, the nature of these constraints and their consequences are largely unknown. Here we describe the evolutionary pathways of a transcription network that controls the response to mating pheromone in yeast9. A component of this network, the transcription regulator Ste12, has evolved two different modes of binding to a set of its target genes. In one group of species, Ste12 binds to specific DNA binding sites, while in another lineage it occupies DNA indirectly, relying on a second transcription regulator to recognize DNA. We show, through the construction of various possible evolutionary intermediates, that evolution of the direct mode of DNA binding was not directly accessible to the ancestor. Instead, it was contingent on a lineage-specific change to an overlapping transcription network with a different function, the specification of cell type. These results show that analysing and predicting the evolution of cis-regulatory regions requires an understanding of their positions in overlapping networks, as this placement constrains the available evolutionary pathways.
Secure image processing inside cloud file sharing environment using lightweight containers

The increase of the cloud file sharing storage as infrastructure for serving large amounts of images over the internet inspires new data analytics paradigms. In this paper, we sketch the idea of expanding the cloud file sharing capabilities from only storing images to also performing encryption and analytics by moving and executing user defined programs near the data inside of an object storage cloud. In the big data context such as cloud file sharing storage, the arbitrary separation of storage and computation increases latency and decreases performance. The philosophy behind this approach is to package applications then move the application to the data, rather than moving data to where the application is located. In this paper, the encoding of the image is done using the P-Fibonacci transform of Discrete Cosine Coefficients “PFCC” algorithm. This paper describes the Docker Machine and Docker Swarm, an environment to support containerized user defined applications running remotely inside the cloud storage. Furthermore detailed simulations have been carried out to test the encryption service on cloud file sharing environment such as OpenStack Object Storage.
Modeling Aspects of Two‐Bead Microrheology

We revisit the Mason and Weitz (Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 1995) and Levine and Lubensky (Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 2000) analysis for one‐ and two‐bead microrheology. Our first motivation is the possibility of drawing inferences from experimental data about local diffusive properties of individual beads and nonlocal dynamic moduli of the medium separating the two beads. Our second motivation is the ability to perform direct numerical simulations of hydrodynamically coupled Brownian beads in soft matter. For both goals, we first must have a model for the coupling between these two transport properties. We reformulate the coupled generalized Langevin equations (GLE) following the scalar GLE analysis of Fricks et al. (J. Appl. Math., 2008), assuming an exponential series parametrization of both local and nonlocal memory kernels. We then show the two‐bead GLE model can be represented as a vector Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process, which allows for a fast and statistically accurate numerical simulation of coupled bead paths (time series) and of ensemble‐averaged statistics of the process. In this proceedings, we announce the framework to accomplish these two goals of inversion and direct simulation.
New Accelerated Methods for Predicting Durability of Cementitious Materials

Miniature specimens of different configurations have been used to study the durability of cementitious materials. The tests involved monitoring the dimensional change or mechanical property in the following studies under specified rigorous conditions: (a) unsoundness of lime, (b) failure of white coat plasters, (c) unsoundness of cement containing magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO), (d) durability of cement mortars exposed to chloride solutions, (e) resistance of sulfur-impregnated cement systems to high humidities, and (f) drying shrinkage of cements with and without admixtures. The results indicate that the tests are not only applicable for the prediction of durability of materials but that they also may be used to study the mechanisms of material deterioration. (TRRL)
Preattentive Processing of Web Advertising

The World Wide Web provides an alternative way for practitioners to deliver advertising message, but recently Web advertising has endured much scrutiny due to its failure to engage consumers in interaction with advertising message. The dismal click-through rates, along with consumers' intentional ignoring Web advertising, suggest that we need to look beyond the conscious processing of Web advertising. Despite the continued effort to theorize how Web advertising works, little has been known about how Web advertising may affect consumers' responses when the Web advertisements are outside of consumers' attentional focus. In this context, this dissertation study examines consumers' preattentive processing of Web advertising. Preattentive processing of Web advertising is defined as paying involuntary attention to Web advertisements during consumers' online activities. The purpose of this research was (1) to explore potential factors affecting the extent of preattentive processing of Web advertising, and (2) to examine relationship between preattentive processing and other advertising effectiveness measures (i.e., attitudes and consideration set formation). Four pretests preceded the main experiment to ensure that we selected appropriate product categories, stimuli, and manipulation scenarios. The main experiment featured a mixed-factorial design with two groups (control vs. preattentive processing), with ad prominence (static vs. animated Web ads) and the level of congruency (high vs. low) as between-subject factors, and product involvement as a within-subject factor. The results suggest that, despite Web advertisements were outside of subjects' attentional focus and thus subjects had poor explicit memories, it will induce greater implicit memories for the Web advertisements, a more favorable attitude toward the ad, and greater likelihood of inclusion of the advertised brand names in a consideration set. The results were, however, affected by the level of congruency between the ad vehicle (i.e., Webpage) and the banner ad. The findings suggest that even though Web advertisements are outside of consumers' attentional focus and consumers do not remember seeing it, there are subtle effects on various advertising effectiveness measures through preattentive processing. The findings of this study contribute both at theoretical and practical levels. Implications for both advertising theory and practice, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.