cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Life-Detection Experiments for the Viking Mission to Mars

As part of the Viking mission to Mars in 1975, an automated set of instruments is being built to test for the presence of metabolizing organisms on that planet. Three separate modules are combined in this instrument so that samples of the Martian surface can be subjected to a broad array of experimental conditions so as to measure biological activity. The first, the Pyrolytic Release Module, will expose surface samples to a mixture of C14O and C14O2 in the presence of Martian atmosphere and a light source that simulates the Martian visible spectrum. The assay system is designed to determine the extent of assimilation of CO or CO2 into organic compounds. A small amount of water can be injected into the gas phase during incubation upon command. The Gas Exchange Module will incubate surface samples in a humidified CO2 atmosphere. At specified times, portions of the incubation atmosphere will be analyzed by gas chromatography to detect the release or uptake of CO2 and several additional gases. A rich and diversified source of organic nutrients and trace compounds will be available as further additions to the incubating samples. The Label Release Module will incubate surface samples with a dilute aqueous solution of simple radioactive organic substrates in Martian atmosphere, and the gas phase will be monitored continuously for the release of labeled CO2. Each module, in addition to its gas and nutrient sources, incubation chambers, and detector systems, contains heaters capable of sterilizing surface samples to serve as controls. Since the instrument is designed to operate under Martian conditions and to detect Martian, not terrestrial, organisms, and because the final flight instruments can perform only four assays for each module, formidable problems exist in testing the hardware. The implications of this situation are discussed.
Effects of Low Temperatures On the Survival of House-Dust Mites of the Family Pyroglyphidae (Acari:Sarcoptiformes)

Six hours exposure to -15°C was needed for the eradication of the moving stages of Dermatophagoides farinae and D. microceras, whereas D. chelidonis, D. pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei needed an exposure of 6 hours to -28°C for the same effect. In continental and sub-arctic climates these temperatures occur in winter. One day exposure of the mattresses to the outdoor air could be attempted as a control of the pyroglyphid mite infestations.
Many ways to die, one way to arrive: how selection acts through pregnancy

When considering selective forces shaping human evolution, the importance of pregnancy to fitness should not be underestimated. Although specific mortality factors may only impact upon a fraction of the population, birth is a funnel through which all individuals must pass. Human pregnancy places exceptional energetic, physical, and immunological demands on the mother to accommodate the needs of the fetus, making the woman more vulnerable during this time-period. Here, we examine how metabolic imbalances, infectious diseases, oxygen deficiency, and nutrient levels in pregnancy can exert selective pressures on women and their unborn offspring. Numerous candidate genes under selection are being revealed by next-generation sequencing, providing the opportunity to study further the relationship between selection and pregnancy. This relationship is important to consider to gain insight into recent human adaptations to unique diets and environments worldwide.
Chronic Heart Failure and Exercise Intolerance: The Hemodynamic Paradox

Heart failure represents a major source of morbidity and mortality in industrialized nations. As the leading hospital discharge diagnosis in the United States in patients over the age of 65, it is also associated with substantial economic costs. While the acute symptoms of volume overload frequently precipitate inpatient admission, it is the symptoms of chronic heart failure, including fatigue, exercise intolerance and exertional dyspnea, that impact quality of life. Over the last two decades, research into the enzymatic, histologic and neurohumoral alterations seen with heart failure have revealed that hemodynamic derangements do not necessarily correlate with symptoms. This “hemodynamic paradox” is explained by alterations in the skeletal musculature that occur in response to hemodynamic derangements. Importantly, gender specific effects appear to modify both disease pathophysiology and response to therapy. The following review will discuss our current understanding of the systemic effects of heart failure before examining how exercise training and cardiac resynchronization therapy may impact disease course.
High-rate reel-to-reel continuous coating of biaxially textured magnesium oxide thin films for coated conductors

Biaxially textured thin films of magnesium oxide (MgO) were deposited by electron beam evaporation at deposition rates of 0.6 {mu}m/min on moving Ni-based alloy tapes as oriented buffer layers for coated conductors. Moving substrates were inclined with respect to the atomic vapor and translated through collimated dual vapor sources. Growth anisotropy in the MgO and self-shadowing effects due to the inclined angle combine to create biaxial texture in the deposited thin films. MgO films grown to a thickness of 2.0 {mu}m with this inclined-substrate deposition technique have yielded in-plane textures of 10--12{degree} fill-width half-maximum (FWHM). Results of a parametric study on the in-plane texture in short-length static-mode samples are presented, along with preliminary results of long-length samples deposited under translating conditions.
Gas-liquid chromatography of the positional isomers of methyl nonynoate

A mixture of all the positional isomers of methyl nonynoate is poorly resolved by gasliquid chromatography on packed polar (diethylene glycol succinate) and packed nonpolar (Apiezon L) columns. Better resolution is obtained on capillary columns, with the polar liquid phase giving baseline separations between all the isomers except 9:T4 and 9:T5. The nonynoic esters are eluted later than methyl nonanoate on either liquid phase. The isomers with the triple bond near the center of the molecule come off first, and the elution time increases as the triple bond moves toward either end of the chain. Methyl 8-nonynoate, the only isomer with a terminal triple bond, does not follow this pattern.
Child care licensing regulations and child care quality in four states

Abstract This study analyzed the child care rules and regulations from the four states that had previously been reviewed under the Child Care, Cost & Quality study. Child day care regulations for each of the states were analyzed through rubrics designed by the investigators in the domains of structure, operations, personnel, and context. A separate analysis was done comparing regulations for protecting the child versus regulations for enhancing child development. The four states were in general agreement in setting higher standards for child protection than for the enhancement of development. Such regulations support the image of child care programs being a “safe haven” rather than a “development enhancer.” The limited requirements for child care personnel and for community interaction also encourage that image. These minimum standards departed substantially from professional judgments about what is needed in child care settings. The authors proposed higher personnel standards, greater explicit emphasis on developmental enhancement, and more required interaction with parents and community contact.
Sexual Selves and Sexual Lives

How do we become who we are, sexually speaking?What combination of factors accounts for the sexual selves we develop, consciously or not? For Beth Montemurro, Thomas Weinberg, and Staci Newmahr, answers to these questions are best developed through qualitative, interactionist approaches. The authors use different strategies to flesh out the picture of sexualities—Montemurro interviewed 95 women while Weinberg and Newmahr edited an anthology of interactionist accounts. Both books add to the still-developing subfield of the sociology of sexualities. Montemurro’s key questions focus on how women see themselves Bas sexual subjects,^ both individually and in sexual relationships (12). In nine tidy chapters, she explores aspects of the intersection of the life course and sexual subjectivity, Bpossessing agency in sexual interactions – having sexual desire and the ability to act on that desire^ (4). Though it is a key concept in the social construction of sexualities, it is understudied in sociology. Most subjectivity research involves younger (white) female samples; this research includes women across the life course. Chapters cover youthful sexual experiences, relationships, life-course changes such as marriage and childbirth, and aging and menopause. She interviewed 95 women aged 20 to 68, with approximately equal numbers of women in their twenties, thirties, forties, fifties and sixties. The sample wasmostly white (n=72) and nearly all were heterosexual; Montemurro explains why in the methodological appendix.While respondents participated in lengthy interviews about their sexualities and the course of their lives, most admitted that they were also quite uncomfortable talking about sex in general with peers and family. The author deftly explores the potential roots this discomfort, exploring the early socialization influences of religion, culture, and gender socialization.Women reported being taught at young ages Qual Sociol (2015) 38:231–233 DOI 10.1007/s11133-015-9300-9
Professional Skepticism: The Effects of a Partner's Influence and the Level of Fraud Indicators on Auditors' Fraud Judgments and Actions

ABSTRACT: The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), in its recent auditor inspections, cited a lack of professional skepticism and selection of appropriate audit procedures as serious ...
BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels Across the Female Life Span: Implications for the Sex Bias in Affective Disorders

According to the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease 2004 Update, unipolar depressive disorder, which is twice as common in women, is the leading cause of disease burden for 15- to 44-year-old women residing in high-, middle-, and low-income countries (1). Anxiety is frequently comorbid with depression, and both panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder are 2-3 times more common in women than men. The sex bias for these affective disorders is not evident until after puberty, suggesting a possible role for ovarian hormones and their cyclicity in the manifestation of increased risk for these disorders in women. Of particular developmental importance is the predictable clustering of affective disturbances in a subgroup of women during hormonal shifts across the life span: the premenstrum, pregnancy, postpartum, and perimenopause. Specifically, premenstrual dysphoria appears to have a strong genetic component and is associated with an increased risk for affective disorders in the postpartum and perimenopause (2). The mechanism by which ovarian hormones and their neurosteroid metabolites contribute to affective disorders is likely to be multifactoral, given the widespread and diverse effects these hormones have on neurotransmitter systems, neurotrophins, and neuronal and structural morphology. To add complexity, environmental stressors can also influence the impact of ovarian hormones on brain systems and gene expression, making the study of these interactions challenging in the human setting.
Increasing preschool effectiveness: Enhancing the language abilities of 3- and 4-year-old children through planned sociodramatic play

The results of this study support the idea that participation in sociodramatic play builds the language competence of young children and give added credence to the position that play is a vital part of good preschool programs. Specifically, the study tested the hypothesis that 3- and 4-year-old children from a variety of backgrounds who were enrolled in a preschool program with planned Sociodramatic play opportunities and play tutoring would demonstrate greater than expected language development. Results showed that boys demonstrated significantly greater than expected growth on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) after 3 months of participation in enriched Sociodramatic play with play tutoring.
Development of the Short form of the Feminist Perspectives Scale

Development and testing of a 36-item version of the Feminist Perspectives Scale are reported. Study 1 (N = 209) found high internal consistency for Femscore (α = .85). Alpha was greater than .70 fo...
Low concentrations of primaquine inhibit degradation but not receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoorosomucoid by HepG2 cells.

Abstract Asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) is internalized and degraded by HepG2 cells after binding to the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, internalization through the coated pit/coated vesicle pathway, and trafficking to lysosomes. Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial compound, inhibits ASOR degradation at concentrations greater than 0.2 mM by neutralizing intracellular acid compartments. This leads to alterations in surface receptor number, receptor-ligand dissociation, and receptor recycling. We have investigated the effects of primaquine on 125I-ASOR uptake and degradation as a function of primaquine concentration and duration of exposure. Concentrations below those required for neutralization of acidic compartments block 125I-ASOR degradation in HepG2 cells and lead to intracellular ligand accumulation. This effect is maximal at 80 μM primaquine. The intracellular 125I-ASOR is undegraded, dissociated from the ASGP receptor, and contained within vesicular compartments distinct from lysosomes, plasma membrane, or endosomes. In addition, the effect of 80 μM primaquine on 125I-ASOR degradation is very slowly reversible (>6 h), in contrast to primaquine's rapidly reversible effect on receptor recycling and ligand uptake (10 min). Furthermore, the effect is ligand-specific. 125I-asialofetuin, another ASGP receptor ligand, is internalized and degraded in lysosomes at normal rates in HepG2 cells exposed to 80 μM primaquine. These findings indicate that primaquine has multiple effects on the uptake and degradation of ligand occurring in the endosome-lysosome pathway. These effects of primaquine differ in their concentration-dependence, site of action, reversibility, and ligand selectivity.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hexagonal Gallium Selenide and Telluride Films from Cubane Precursors: Understanding the Envelope of Molecular Control

Gallium selenide (GaSe) thin films have been grown at 325−370 °C by atmospheric pressure metal−organic chemical vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD) using the single-source precursors [(R)Ga(μ3-Se)]4 (R = CMe3, CEtMe2, and CEt2Me). In contrast, the growth of gallium telluride from [(R)Ga(μ3-Te)]4 is accomplished at 285−310 °C by low-pressure metal−organic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD). Characterization of the films by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) microprobe analysis shows all the films to have Ga:E (E = Se, Te) compositions of 1:1 with a low degree of impurities (C < 2%; O < 0.1%). From X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the GaSe and GaTe films were found to be polycrystalline hexagonal layered GaE structures, with a preferred c-axis orientation independent of substrate. For GaSe this represents the thermodynamically stable phase, while hexagonal GaTe is a metastable phase that converts to the...
Western blot assay for prostate-specific membrane antigen in serum of prostate cancer patients

There is a need for the development of new diagnostic tools for the early detection of prostate cancer. A candidate molecule for a new screening test is a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) recognized by the monoclonal antibody 7E11.C5. We carried out studies aimed at identifying PSM in the serum of normal and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) donors and patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, in order to judge whether the development of a serum assay using this marker was feasible. By Western blotting, we found significant levels of PSM in serum samples from prostatic cancer patients, in the seminal fluid of pooled normal donors, in BPH patients, and in normal male sera. Similar to prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSM was present in seminal plasma in higher concentrations than in serum, and PSM levels in prostatic cancer patients were significantly higher than in normal controls. These data suggest that the development of an assay utilizing the PSM and new monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen, could provide a feasible test for prostatic cancers.
Identification studies on some minor flavonoid constituents of the grapefruit

Abstract The following flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified from a commercial naringin product prepared from grapefruit: neohesperidin, isosakuranetin-7-rhamnoglucoside, rhoifolin, and kaempferol. The isosakuranetin-7-rhamnoglucoside was compared with an isosakuranetin-7-rhamnoglucoside previously isolated from the orange, and the two compounds were found to be different, the difference apparently being in the rhamnose-glucose linkages of the sugar moieties.
Gastropod evolution and morphological diversity in relation to shell geometry

An analysis of shell form in conispirally coiled gastropods on the basis of three parameters developed by Raup (1966) reveals differences in morphological diversity in the several major taxonomic categories. Archaeogastropods, most “lower” mesogastropods, and many stylommatophoran pulmonates are characterized by transversely somewhat elongate to circular or ovate generating curves and a large angle E of elevation of the coiling axis. In the “higher” mesogastropods, neogastropods, basommatophoran pulmonates, some “lower” mesogastropods and many stylommatophoran pulmonates, the angle E is generally low, and there is a great diversity of form of the generating curve. A morphological argument is proposed to explain the observation that a large angle E is always associated with simple generating curves that are never longitudinally elongate, and that anterior inhalant siphonal openings and longitudinally elongate generating curves are invariably associated with low E values. It is suggested that a lowering of the axis of coiling from its primitive steep inclination has made it possible, in a geometrical sense, for gastropods to exploit more of the potential diversity inherent in their conispirally coiled permanent exoskeletons.
Distance from care predicts in-hospital mortality in HIV-infected patients with severe sepsis from rural and semi-rural Virginia, USA.

There are few data regarding outcomes from severe sepsis for HIV-infected patients living in rural or semi-rural settings. We aim to describe the characteristics and predictors of mortality in HIV-...
Alterations in cyclic AMP, intermediary metabolism, and ultrastructure in dog thyroid gland induced by synthetic double-stranded RNA.

Abstract The effects of in vivo administration of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(rI:rC)], an interferon inducer, on cyclic AMP levels, [1- 14 C]glucose oxidation, [ 32 P]orthophosphate incorporation into phospholipids, release of 131 I-labeled thyroid hormones, and ultrastructure were studied in the dog thyroid gland. After in vivo treatment with poly(rI:rC), the responsiveness of these parameters to TSH was evaluated in vitro . In poly(rI:rC)-treated animals, basal cyclic AMP levels were not significantly changed and basal [1- 14 C]glucose oxidation was significantly inhibited. TSH increased cyclic AMP levels somewhat less in poly(rI:rC)-treated animals than in controls and stimulated [1- 14 C]glucose oxidation in controls, but not in poly(rI:rC)-treated dogs. 32 P Incorporation into phospholipids, on the other hand, was stimulated after poly(rI:rC) and it was further stimulated by TSH. In studies of specific phospholipid incorporation, both poly(rI:rC) and TSH responses were most prominent in the phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine fractions. Poly(rI:rC)-treated thyroids showed increased basal release of total 131 I with a marked relative increase in T 3 release. The responsiveness of I − , T 4 , and T 8 release to TSH remained intact. Ultrasructural response to poly(rI:rC) included a marked dilatation and development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in lysosome formation. After exposure to TSH, thyroid slices from poly(rI:rC)-treated dogs partially failed to develop pseudopods and colloid droplets. Poly(rI:rC) effects were present in normal dogs as well as in dogs in which endogenous TSH was suppressed. These findings suggest that poly(rI:rC) directly affects the dog thyroid gland.
Elastic waves in a fluid-loaded, semi-infinite axisymmetric rod

In a fluid-loaded, semi-infinite axisymmetric rod, a free shear stress boundary condition on the circular cross-sectional end introduces complicated, nondispersive waves in the solid. They are composed of a pulse wave, which has the same waveform as the transmitted one and travels at speed c1, and different kinds of pulse trains, each of which travels along the rod at the speed of either c1 or radic2c2, where c1 and c2 are the propagating speeds of the longitudinal and transversal bulk waves, respectively. Furthermore, one can conclude from the solutions to the boundary conditions that c1 and radic2c2 are the only phase speeds of nondispersive waves. Frequency equations associated with these waves are established, and the solutions are solved and discussed analytically and numerically. The acoustic field in the fluid is also fully discussed, and it is more complicated than a single outgoing Hankel function as described for an infinite rod. The acoustic energy coupling between the solid and the fluid and the end reflection and transmission are quantified as well. In the end, experimental examinations of the echo spectra, using an aluminum rod immersed in the water and air, fully confirm the numerical solutions to the frequency equations
Lateral hypothalamic lesions and striatal dopamine levels.

Abstract Rats with bilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions were killed on the third day after surgery and their brains were assayed for tel-diencephalic norepinephrine and striatal dopamine. Lesion-induced weight loss was highly correlated with depletion of striatal dopamine but not with tel-diencephalic norepinephrine. In rats with severe dopamine depletions, the degree of weight loss was related more to the striatum with the highest remaining level of dopamine suggesting that a critical level of dopamine in one striatum may be essential for lateral hypothalamic recovery.
Phenomenological Bases for the Attribution of Balance to Social Structure

The general objective of this study was to explore the utility of understanding the individual's phenomenology of the experimental situation. The particular context was the balance theoretic paradigm of supplying a missing affective relation in a social triad. Subjects attributed few of their responses directly to affective consistency as stipulated by traditional balance theories. Instead, almost half of the predictions were based on inferences about common interests. It was concluded that (a) the stability of affective structures can be explained in terms of information inferred from affective relations, and (b) phenomenological reports should be gathered more frequently.
Effects of composition and setting environment on mechanical properties of a composite bone filler.

Large bone defects can be difficult to treat, even with autografts. Bone graft substitutes, such as calcium sulfate (CS), calcium phosphate cements, and hydroxyapatite, are receiving significant attention because of their biocompatibility and potential for incorporation of therapeutic agents. To create a bone filler capable of treating irregularly shaped, often infected, bony defects, microspheres and a plasticizer were added to CS, resulting in a moldable composite capable of being loaded with biomolecules. Different compositions and setting environments, such as immersion in saline, a humidified incubator, or room temperature air, were investigated to determine their effects on mechanical strength and degradation rate of the composites. Addition of any other components to the CS, such as plasticizers or microspheres composed of biopolymers (gelatin, hyaluronan [HY], cellulose acetate phthalate, and carboxymethylcellulose), increased its functionality but reduced mechanical strength. The compressive modulus and strength of the composite fillers ranged from 10 to 350 MPa and 5 to 20 MPa, respectively, depending on the composition. This moldable bone filler degraded in 18–20 days when placed in solution and was able to set in harsh environments given a composition that did not retain too much water. By combining a plasticizing agent, such as HY with CS, a composite material has been developed that is moldable, sets in situ, and maintains its mechanical stability. With these desirable properties for a bone graft substitute and the potential to be loaded with bioactive drugs, this composite material merits further investigation for the future treatment of bony defects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Development of monoclonal antibodies to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase

Abstract This report describes the development of a series of monoclonal antibodies to rat liver 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR). Sera from hybridoma tumor-bearing mice were used to remove and characterize HMGR activity from a mixture of rat liver proteins. Two IgG 2 monoclonal antibodies removed separately greater than 80% HMGR activity while non-immune mouse or negative hybridoma-derived sera were ineffective. Radiolabeled immunoprecipitates of enzyme preparations resolved in one- and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE showed two predominant subunits at M r 52,000 and 54,000. Our results indicate that in these preparations of rat liver proteins HMGR exists as a heteropolymer with at least two distinct subunits of different molecular weights.
Spatial and temporal variation in suspended sediment, organic matter, and turbidity in a Minnesota prairie river: implications for TMDLs

The Minnesota River Basin (MRB), situated in the prairie pothole region of the Upper Midwest, contributes excessive sediment and nutrient loads to the Upper Mississippi River. Over 330 stream channels in the MRB are listed as impaired by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, with turbidity levels exceeding water quality standards in much of the basin. Addressing turbidity impairment requires an understanding of pollutant sources that drive turbidity, which was the focus of this study. Suspended volatile solids (SVS), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity were measured over two sampling seasons at ten monitoring stations in Elm Creek, a turbidity impaired tributary in the MRB. Turbidity levels exceeded the Minnesota standard of 25 nephelometric units in 73% of Elm Creek samples. Turbidity and TSS were correlated (r (2) = 0.76), yet they varied with discharge and season. High levels of turbidity occurred during periods of high stream flow (May-June) because of excessive suspended inorganic sediment from watershed runoff, stream bank, and channel contributions. Both turbidity and TSS increased exponentially downstream with increasing stream power, bank height, and bluff erosion. However, organic matter discharged from wetlands and eutrophic lakes elevated SVS levels and stream turbidity in late summer when flows were low. SVS concentrations reached maxima at lake outlets (50 mg/l) in August. Relying on turbidity measurements alone fails to identify the cause of water quality impairment whether from suspended inorganic sediment or organic matter. Therefore, developing mitigation measures requires monitoring of both TSS and SVS from upstream to downstream reaches.
News Parody in Global Perspective: Politics, Power, and Resistance

As scholarly examinations of the US news parody programs The Daily Show and The Colbert Report multiply, we must recognize that American satirists claim no monopoly on the genre. Upon closer inspection, news parody appears as a truly universal phenomenon; in any culture where television is used as a means of disseminating authoritative information about the real, parody—what some have labeled, or mislabeled “fake news”—plays an increasingly important discursive function. In this article, we provide an overview of international forms of news parody and political satire as they take shape across continents and cultures. We consider the global flow of parody formats, and the multiple ways in which news parody adapts to differing political, economic, and regulatory contexts. Further, we explore the semiotic labor that parody performs in deconstructing broadcast news and wider discourses of authority. Finally, we discuss the political significance of global news parody and the role the genre plays as a popular...
Aging without functional senescence in honey bee workers

Senescence can be defined demographically as an age- dependent increase in mortality risk, or functionally as a decline in performance. The relationship between the two phenomena is central for understanding the biological aging process and the implications of human lifespan extension [1 ]. Generally, demographic and functional senescence are believed to be tightly linked [1], because aging involves a performance decline in multiple body functions, leading to increased mortality. The limited existing data support a direct connection between old age, increased mortality rate and decreased behavioral or physiological performance in organisms ranging from flies [2] to humans [3]. A recent study [4], however, suggests that the linkage may be less universal than previously postulated. To investigate this linkage directly in the non-traditional aging model Apis mellifera [5], old honey bee workers were studied with respect to survival and performance. A test battery of behavioral assays showed a significant increase in experimental mortality rate with chronological age, but no evidence for an age-dependent performance decline in locomotion, learning or responsiveness to light or sucrose. The explanation for this decoupling of intrinsic mortality and functional decline may lie in the social evolution of honey bees [6].
Quantifying the Value of Concentrating Solar Power in a Production Cost Model

While the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is generally emphasized when assessing the economic viability of renewable energy systems, the other benefits such as the operational and capacity value are often ignored. Concentrating solar power with thermal energy storage (CSP-TES) can be dispatched similarly to conventional thermal generation, which may lead to incorrect economic comparisons between CSP-TES and variable renewable generation technologies such as wind and photovoltaics (PV). However, unlike most conventional thermal power plants, CSP-TES plants are energy limited, meaning that their response might be restricted by solar availability. Therefore, the use of this limited solar energy must be optimally scheduled to provide the greatest value to the power system. The timing of CSP-TES dispatch depends on a variety of factors, including electricity demand patterns, the penetration of variable generation sources, and the configuration of the CSP-TES plant itself. We use an established CSP-TES modeling framework in a commercially available production cost model to study the dispatch and value of a molten salt tower CSP-TES plant in a test system simulating the Colorado grid. We examine a range of configuration parameters by varying the relative sizes of three separate but interrelated parts of the CSP-TES plant: the solar collection field, the power block, and the thermal storage tank. Firstly, we observe that increasing the thermal energy storage capacity of a plant reduces spilled energy and increases the ability to deploy thermal energy to displace the most costly forms of conventional generation. Additional storage, however, shows only marginal benefit beyond 6–9 hours of rated plant capacity. Secondly, we observe that reducing the ratio of solar collection field size to power block capacity (a design parameter often called the solar multiple [SM]) provides the most benefit to this test system per unit of energy produced. A large solar collection field size, relative to the rated capacity of the power block, forces some solar energy to be stored during the periods when conventional generation is most costly. The stored solar energy must then be used during off-peak hours to displace less costly fossil generation. The relative value of CSP-TES presented here is dependent on many system variables, including existing solar energy penetration. Future work must examine the impact of capital cost on the overall value proposition of these configurations of CSP-TES, since the upfront cost is not considered here.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
EXAFS STUDY OF ACTIVE INTERMEDIATES : HEME ENZYMES AND MODEL COMPOUNDS

The iron coordination structures of the oxygenated cytochrome P-450-CAM and chloroperoxidase and of a number of penta- and hexa-coordinate ferrous porphyrin complexes containing biologically relevant, sulfur axial ligands have been investigatied by EXAFS spectroscopy. The two oxygenated enzymes have both been found to contain a sulfur atom located 2.37 A from the central heme iron. In the CO-ligated series of model complexes, two distinct categories of Fe-Sax distances have been observed that correlate with thiolate and non-thiolate ligation (~2.33 and ~2.41 A, respectively) . The data for these model ferrous-CO ccomplexes, together with previously reported Fe-S distance in oxygenated heme iron model complexes ; allows the sulfur atoms in oxygenated P-450-CAM and chloroperoxidase to be identified as a thiolate sulfur.
Asynchronous Fast Adaptive Composite-Grid Methods for Elliptic Problems: Theoretical Foundations

Accurate numerical modeling of complex physical, chemical, and biological systems requires numerical simulation capability over a large range of length scales, with the ability to capture rapidly varying phenomena localized in space and/or time. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a numerical process for dynamically introducing local fine resolution on computational grids during the solution process, in response to unresolved error in a computation. Fast adaptive composite-grid (FAC) methods are a class of algorithms that exploit the multilevel structure of AMR grids to solve elliptic problems efficiently. This paper develops a theoretical foundation for AFACx, an asynchronous FAC method. A new multilevel condition number estimate establishes that the convergence rate of the AFACx algorithm does not degrade as the number of refinement levels in the AMR hierarchy increases.
Comparative Accuracy of Three Automated Techniques in the Noninvasive Estimation of Central Blood Pressure in Men

Automated devices have regularly replaced manual sphygmomanometry for the determination of blood pressure not only in homes and clinics, but also in emergency and critical care settings. Few studies exist that correctly assess the accuracy of these devices, and even fewer that specifically compare commercially available units that rely on different physiologic events for measurement. Six hundred pressure measurements were obtained from 120 subjects using 1 of 3 randomly selected blood pressure monitors. In addition, central arterial pressure measurements were obtained simultaneously and directly from the ascending aorta of each subject. Overall, these devices tended to overestimate diastolic (+2.5 mm Hg, p <0.0001) and mean (+3.8 mm Hg, p < 0.0001) pressures, but not systolic (+0.7 mm Hg, p = NS) pressure. Compared with the other 2 devices, device I, relying on oscillometric detection, demonstrated a significantly smaller mean absolute error for diastolic pressure (4.9 ± 3.0 vs 7.0 ± 4.8 and 6.2 ± 5.3 mm Hg, p <0.0001) and mean pressure (4.0 ± 3.2 vs 7.8 ± 5.9 and 8.6 ± 7.5 mm Hg, p <0.0001), and a trend toward smaller error with systolic pressure (6.8 ± 6.5 vs 7.3 ± 6.8 and 8.0 ± 5.6 mm Hg, p = 0.19). Clinically significant (±10 mm Hg) errors were common with each device (24.8% overall), but serious (±20 mm Hg) errors were unusual (3.2%) and did not occur at all with device I during diastolic and mean pressure measurement. All of the devices tested could be expected to perform satisfactorily in most clinical settings provided that an average error of 4.0 to 8.6 mm Hg is tolerable. This level of accuracy typically extended throughout the range of pressures anticipated in most noncritical clinical situations. As implemented in the devices tested, noninvasive measurement by oscillometry with stepped deflation is more accurate than automated auscultation.
0-60 GHz in four years: 60 GHz RF in digital CMOS

In early 2001, most researchers were focusing on the spectrum from 1-5 GHz, with a few isolated research groups pushing circuits up to 24 GHz. The suggestion to exploit 60 GHz with CMOS seemed comic to some but the availability of nearly universal unlicensed spectrum was the obvious motivation. The Berkeley Wireless Research Center has succeeded in developing an extended BSIM3 model, a library of active and passive devices, and demonstrated the world fastest CMOS amplifier at 104 GHz.
Pitfalls in the use of interference screws for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Brief report

Arthroscopically assisted bone patellar tendon bone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is becoming an increasingly popular surgical technique. Use of interference screw fixation of the bone plugs within bony tunnels has been shown to improve fixation and pull-out strength. Several potential pitfalls exist which can jeopardize results of the surgical procedure when this form of fixation is used. This article describes the potential pitfalls and suggests methods to avoid them.
The Effects of Obesity on the Cardiopulmonary System: Implications for Critical Care Nursing

Obesity has risen at epidemic rates over the last 20 years. This increase crosses all ages, genders, racial/ethnic groups, and income and educational levels. A variety of genetic, environmental, physiological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence the development of obesity. Increased morbidity and mortality are associated with obesity. Most health-related problems and the increased risk of death in obesity are due to cardiopulmonary compromise. This paper addresses the physiologic effects of obesity on the cardiopulmonary system and the impact obesity has on the critically ill patient. Suggestions for alterations in cardiovascular and pulmonary assessment techniques are discussed. Nursing practice interventions are presented for maximizing cardiopulmonary function and preventing complications. The advocacy role of the nurse is addressed as a critical component in working to develop a culture of understanding and acceptance for the obese patient.
Comparative Study of Effects of Preparations of Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland on Water Interchange in Frogs

Summary and ConclusionPreparations of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland cause a marked increase in the weight of frogs which is found to he due to increased absorption of water. A comparison of the effects of pitocin, pituitrin, and of pitressin in producing an increased absorption of water indicates that pitocin is the most effective of the 3 in this regard. With the doses used, pitocin caused an average increase in weight of about 19%, whereas pitressin caused an increase of only 11%. The effects of pituitrin come practically midway between the other 2. About 5% of the excess water taken in through the skin may be held in the subcutaneous spaces along the sides, back, and legs. The rate of loss of water when frogs are renioved fron the water is definitely increased by injections of pitocin.
Motion-compensated blind deconvolution of scanning laser opthalmoscope imagery

A deconvolution algorithm for use with scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) data is being developed. The SLO is fundamentally a confocal microscope in which the objective lens is the human ocular lens. 3D data is collected by raster scanning to form images at different depths in retinal and choroidal layers. In this way, 3D anatomy may be imaged and stored as a series of optical sections.Given the poor optical quality of the human lens and random eye motion during data acquisition, any deconvolution method applied to SLO data must be able to account for distortions present in the observed data. The algorithm presented compensates for image warping and frame-to-frame displacement due to random eye motion, smearing along the optic axis, sensor saturation, and other problems. A preprocessing step is first used to compensate for frame-to-frame image displacement. The image warping, caused by random eye motion during raster scanning, is corrected. Finally, a maximum likelihood based blind deconvolution algorithm is used to correct severe blurring along the optic axis. The blind deconvolution algorithm contains an iterative search for subpixel displacements remaining after image warping and frame-to-frame displacements are corrected. This iterative search is formulated to ensure that the likelihood functional is non-decreasing.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Real-space transfer of photoexcited electrons in type-II superlattices via optical-phonon emission

The (Gamma) -X scattering rate of electrons in type-II superlattices by optical-phonon emission is calculated. The tight binding method for electronic band structure and the dielectric continuum model for phonons are used. The relative strength of scattering due to different phonon modes is examined for varying superlattice dimensions. The scattering rate is highest when the energy separation between the (Gamma) and X levels is smallest, and decreases quickly as the separation increases. It is found that the strongest scattering rate is due to the emission of AlAs confined modes. Changing of parity with layer thickness and its effect on scattering are discussed.
Vascular Complications After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: 10 Years of Experience

Objective To provide a contemporary look at vascular complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) with access performed solely by a urologist using fluoroscopic guidance. Methods A retrospective review of 2792 patients who had 3338 PNLs at Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital and Mayo Clinic Rochester was performed. Patients who experienced significant bleeding requiring diagnostic renal angiography and superselective embolization (SSE) were reviewed and compared with the overall database. Results There were 15 patients (16 renal units) requiring renal angiography and SSE (0.48%). Mean time from PNL to bleeding was 7 days (range, 1-15 days) and to SSE was 9.6 days (range, 2-18 days). Mean drop in hemoglobin was 5.3 g/dL (range, 2-9 g/dL). Transfusion was needed in 9 patients (60%). There were no differences between the vascular complications group and the uneventful PNL group in mean age (55.06 vs 52.2 years; P = .519), UTI history (40% vs 38%; P = .92), mean operative time (125.8 vs 102.47 minutes; P = .192), the need for multiple access (18.75% vs 18%; P = .939), and access location. The vascular complications group had a lower stone burden than the uneventful PNL group (stones > 2 cm; 43.7% vs 74.03%; P = .014). Conclusion The incidence of vascular complications in this contemporary series is one of the lowest reported to date. At our centers, vascular bleeding complications appear to be a random and rare event after PNL as we were unable to identify any specific risk factors. Early SSE avoided the need for blood transfusion in many patients.
Maturation of the Glucose Utilization Response to Insulin Occurs before that of Glucose Production in the Preterm Neonate. ▴ 1835

In contrast to the human adult, glucose utilization is more responsive to insulin than is glucose production in the human preterm neonate (Pediatr Res 37:306A, 1995). We hypothesized that ontogeny is primarily an extrauterine phenomenon. The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp plus stable isotopic determination of glucose production (GP) and glucose utilization (GU) was used in five AGA preterm neonates [GA 30 ± 1 wks(M ± SD); BW 1334± 83gms] at 54 ± 17 hrs after birth (Pre E) and again in 4/5 at 36 ± 4 days of age (Pre L). The data was compared to that of four AGA term neonates [GA 39 ± 2 wks; BW 3311 ± 301 gms] at 34 ± 17hrs after birth. Each neonate received a prime plus constant infusion of 40μg•kg-1min-1 D[6,6-2H2] glucose for 5.5 hrs and were clamped at their own euglycemic concentration during the last 2.5 hours while receiving 2.0mU•kg-1min-1 insulin. During the clamp, significant increases in [insulin] were noted in Pre L (p = 0.02) and Term (p = 0.012) vs Pre E. Basal GP was significantly lower in Pre E vs Pre L (p = 0.013) and Term(p = 0.003). Clamp GP persisted (> 1mg•kg-1min-1) in all groups despite significant reduction in clamp GP vs basal GP within each group: p = 0.02 (Pre E); p = 0.01 (Pre L); p < 0.0001 (T)). A higher glucose infusion rate was required in Pre L (p = 0.011) and Term (p = 0.005) vs Pre E. A significant increase in% GU was noted in Pre L vs Term (p = 0.018), a% less than recorded in the previously studied adult group (277%). We conclude: 1) an adult like response to insulin requires maturation past the neonatal period; and 2) ontogeny of GU responsiveness to insulin occurs before that of GP. Table
Learning Disabilities in Mathematics — Skill Deficits and Remedial Approaches at the Intermediate and Secondary Level:

A total of 114 junior-high, middle-grade, and high-school LD teachers responded to a survey concerning various aspects of mathematics disabilities in students presently on their caseload. The most common deficit areas reported included division of whole numbers, basic operations involving fractions, decimals, percent, fraction terminology, multiplication of whole numbers, place value, measurement skills, and language of mathematics. The remediation approach most often utilized consisted of teacher adaptation of mainstream texts, followed by commercial and teacher-made materials. Respondents indicated the need for a commercial mathematics program based on the mainstream mathematics curriculum with an emphasis on systematic, extended practice for students with learning disabilities in mathematics. The results hold implications for teachers working with secondary students with learning disabilities in mathematics.
Beams of Be+ from an RF ion source

Abstract A conventional radio-frequency ion source for a Van de Graaff accelerator was modified so that it produced beryllium ions when chlorine gas was used in the source. Analyzed Be + -beam currents of 0.15μA were produced. The modification had no effect on the operation of the source when hydrogen or helium were used.