cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centralizers of finite subgroups of the mapping class group

A motivation of the Main theorem is the following: Consider a sequence of homomorphisms ffig from a finitely generated group G to Mod.S/. This sequence of homomorphisms induce a sequence of actions of G on C.S/. Suppose that the translation lengths (with respect to some finite generating set of G ) of these actions go to infinity. In this case, these actions of G on C.S/ converge to a nontrivial action of G on an R–tree. The Main theorem provides some information about this action.
New upper and lower bounds for randomized and quantum local search

Local Search problem, which finds a local minimum of a black-box function on a given graph, is of both practical and theoretical importance to combinatorial optimization, complexity theory and many other areas in theoretical computer science. In this paper, we study the problem in the randomized and quantum query models and give new lower and upper bound techniques in both models.The lower bound technique works for any graph that contains a product graph as a subgraph. Applying it to the Boolean hypercube (0, 1)n and the constant dimensional grids [n]d, two particular product graphs that recently drew much attention, we get the following tight results: RLS((0, 1)n) = Θ(2n/2n1/2), QLS((0, 1)n) = Θ(2n/3n1/6); RLS([n]d) = Θ(nd/2), ∀ d ≥ 4, QLS([n]d) = Θ(nd/3), ∀ d ≥ 6. Here RLS(G) and QLS(G) are the randomized and quantum query complexities of Local Search on G, respectively. These improve the previous results by Aaronson [2], Ambainis (unpublished) and Santha and Szegedy [20].Our new algorithms work well when the underlying graph expands slowly. As an application to [n]2, a new quantum algorithm using O(☂n(log log n)1.5) queries is given. This improves the previous best known upper bound of O(n2/3) (Aaronson, [2]), and implies that Local Search on grids exhibits different properties in low dimensions.
Glass formation and properties in the system calcia-gallia-silica

The glass-forming region in the calcia-gallia-silica system is studied and found to be fairly large, with a density of 3-4 g/cu cm, a refractive index of 1.6-1.73, an Abbe number of 35-58, a thermal expansion coefficient of 6.5-11.5 x 10 to the -7th/deg C, and a Vickers microhardness of 5.2-7.3 GPa. Crystalline phases are identified at the boundary of the glass-forming region. The structural groups in the glass-forming compositions are analyzed by infrared absorption spectroscopy.
Conformational analysis and kinetics of ring inversion for methylene- and dimethylsilyl-bridged dicyclooctatetraene.

Dicyclooctatetraenylmethane (1) and dicyclooctatetraenyldimethylsilane (2) in THF-d8 at 272 K exist as mixtures of diastereomers in ratios of 1:0.8 and 1:1, respectively. Nine energy minima (four meso and five racemic conformers) were located for each compound by geometry optimization at the HF/6-31G* level of theory. The effects of torsional strain, steric interactions and dynamic electron correlation were analyzed. The diastereomeric ratios for 1 and 2 were reproduced reasonably well from the total energy calculated for each conformer corrected for its conformational enthalpy and entropy contributions. The ratio of rate constants for bond shift (BS) (kBS(1)/kBS(2)) is three times greater than the corresponding ratio for ring inversion. This suggests that additional substituent effects, such as π interactions, are operative in the transition state for BS.
Pathogenesis of eccentric fixation.

The relationships between anomalous retinal correspondence, the angle of deviation, and the fixation behavior were carefully studied in a selected group of 20 amblyopic patients with fixation anomalies. The results indicate that the correspondence theory of CUPPERS, and his definition of eccentric fixation, can be applied only to the limited number of cases in which such a relationship can be demonstrated. We surmise that the majority of amblyopic patients with fixation anomalies have eccentric viewing (using a retinal area possessing relatively the highest resolving power under monocular conditions) since a relationship between location of the eccentric fixation area, the angle of deviation, and the angle of anomaly was not apparent.
Mixing in Zero- and Solar-Metallicity Supernovae

Two-dimensional simulations of mixing and fallback in nonrotating massive stars have been carried out using realistic initial models for the presupernova star and assuming standard spherically symmetric explosions of 1.2 ? 1051 erg. Stars of 15 and 25 M ? with both primordial and solar composition were modeled. The zero-metallicity supernova progenitors were compact blue stars, and the amount of Rayleigh-Taylor induced mixing in them was greatly reduced compared with what was seen in the red supergiants with solar metallicity. The compact zero-metal stars also experienced more fallback than their solar-metallicity counterparts. As a result, the ejected nucleosynthesis from the two populations was very different. For the simple explosion model assumed, low-metallicity stars ejected too little iron and intermediate-mass elements even to explain the abundance patterns in the most iron-poor stars found to date, suggesting that some important ingredient is missing. Rotation is likely to alter these conclusions by producing a greater fraction of red supergiants among Population III stars. The velocities of the heavy elements in all models considered?both red and blue supergiants?were less than observed in SN 1987A, suggesting that, at least occasionally, asymmetric aspects of the explosion mechanism and fallback play a major role in mixing.
Survivals of mouse oocytes approach 100% after vitrification in 3-fold diluted media and ultra-rapid warming by an IR laser pulse.

Vitrification is the most sought after route to the cryopreservation of animal embryos and oocytes and other cells of medical, genetic, and agricultural importance. Current thinking is that successful vitrification requires that cells be suspended in and permeated by high concentrations of protective solutes and that they be cooled at very high rates to below -100°C. We report here that neither of these beliefs holds for mouse oocytes. Rather, we find that if mouse oocytes are suspended in media that produce considerable osmotic dehydration before vitrification and are subsequently warmed at ultra high rates (10,000,000°C/min) achieved by a laser pulse, nearly 100% will survive even when cooled rather slowly and when the concentration of solutes in the medium is only 1/3rd of standard.
On the possibility of high power gyrotrons for super range resolution radar and atmospheric sensing

Abstract High power gyrotrons have been developed recently; this makes a number of high power millimeter wave oscillators available. Currently their main application is the heating of fusion plasmas. This examines other potential applications for these RF sources. If used in multipulse radar mode, the pulses may be somewhat different from each other and this must be considered. A variant of coherent-on-receive data processing can be used. With this, the entire pulse, not only the phase, is renormalized to a reference pulse. The data are analysed off line. Possible applications of the quasi-optical gyrotron in a radar mode include exploiting its wide tuning range to achieve super range resolution and also remotely sensing the distribution of the size of ice crystals in cirrus clouds. Possible applications of a fixed frequency (94 GHz) gyrotron in the radar mode include studying the structure of clouds. In a forward scatter mode, these high power sources could provide the capability to remotely sense the st...
Critical layer thickness in Stranski-Krastanow growth of Ge on Si(001)

Abstract Using first-principles total energy calculations within density functional theory, we assess quantitatively the relative importance of different types of surface reconstructions in defining the critical layer thickness, h c , for islanding in Stranski–Krastanow growth of Ge on Si(0 0 1). We show that, if the (2 × 1) reconstruction of the Si(0 0 1) substrate were assumed to be preserved at the growth front of the Ge overlayer, an underestimated h c would be obtained. In contrast, proper inclusion of the dimer buckling and the appearance of the (2× N ) superstructure as the first strain-relieving mechanisms leads to delayed islanding, with h c equal to the experimental value of 3–4 monolayers.
Optimization of LM2500 Gas Generator and Power Turbine Trim-Balance Techniques

A procedure has been developed by the U.S. Navy to trim-balance, in-place, the gas generator and power turbine rotor of the LM2500 Marine Gas Turbine Engine. This paper presents the theoretical background and the techniques necessary to optimize the procedure to balance the gas generator rotor. Additionally, a method was developed to trim balance LM2500 power turbines. To expand the implementation of both gas generator and power turbine trim-balancing, a capability has to be developed to minimize the effort required (trial weight runs, etc.). The objective was to be able to perform consistently what are called “First-Shot” trim balances. First-Shot trim balances require only one weight placement to bring the engine vibration levels to within the specified goals (less than 0.002 of an in. maximum amplitude) and that being the final trim weight. It was realized that the Least-Squares Influence-Coefficient Method, even with a good set of averaged influence coefficients, can lead to a number of trial weight experiments before the final trim weights can be placed. The method used to maximize the possibility of obtaining a First-Shot trim balance was to use modal information to tailor the influence coefficient sets to correct the most predominant and correctable imbalance problem. Since the influence coefficients were tailored, it became necessary to be able to identify, in the initial vibration survey, the type of response a particular LM2500 has. Using modal information obtained from a LM2500 rotor dynamics model and from the early trim-balance efforts, it was possible to identify the modal response of a given LM2500 and optimize the trim balance of that engine. With these improved techniques a 70 percent success rate for First-Shot trim balance has been achieved and the success rate of the trim balance procedure, as a whole, has been near 100 percent.
Solid-state microwave high speed computers

This paper presents results of an effort aimed at developing the principles and technology required to speed the rate of computers up to the order of a thousand megacycles. The approach is based on the use of two types of two-terminal semi-conductor devices: the variable-capacity diode and the tunnel diode, in combination with microwave techniques for the couplings within the computer.
Synthesis of perfragilin B, A cytotoxic isoquinoline quinone isolated from the bryozoan Membranipora perfragilis

Abstract The cytotoxic isoquinoline quinone perfragilin B ( 2 ), which was isolated from the bryozoan Membranipora perfragilis , has been synthesized. The key step involves a Diels-Alder reaction between a substituted 2-azabutadiene ( 4 ) and 2,3-bis(thiomethyl)-1,4-benzoquinone ( 6 ) to produce the isoquinoline skeleton.
Dissipation and the Fundamental Plane: Observational Tests

We develop observational tests of the idea that dissipation in gas-rich mergers produces the fundamental plane (FP) and related correlations obeyed by ellipticals. The FP tilt implies that lower mass ellipticals have a higher ratio of stellar to dark matter within their stellar effective radii. Models argue that mergers between more gas-rich (typically lower mass) disks yield larger mass fractions formed in compact starbursts, giving a smaller stellar -->Re and higher -->M*/Mtot within that -->Re. Such starbursts leave a characteristic imprint in the surface brightness profile: a central excess above an outer profile established by the dissipationless violent relaxation of disk stars. In previous work, we developed empirical methods to decompose the observed profiles of ellipticals and robustly estimate the amount of dissipation in the original spheroid-forming merger(s). Applying this to a large sample of observed ellipticals, we test whether or not their location on the FP and its tilt are driven by dissipation. At fixed mass, ellipticals formed in more dissipational events are smaller and have higher -->M*/Mtot. At fixed degree of dissipation, there is no tilt in the FP. We show that the dynamical mass estimator -->Reσ2/G is a good estimator of the true mass: the observed FP tilt cannot primarily owe to other forms of nonhomology. Removing the effects of dissipation, observed ellipticals obey the same FP correlations as disks: unusual progenitors are not required to make typical ellipticals. Dissipation appears to be both necessary and sufficient to explain the FP tilt.
Selected Emerging Diseases of Amphibia

This review summarizes the most recent updates on emerging infectious diseases of amphibia. A brief summary of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and biosecurity is provided. Ambystoma tigrinum virus, common midwife toad virus, frog virus 3, Rana grylio virus, Rana catesbeiana ranavirus, Mahaffey Road virus, Rana esculenta virus, Bohle iridovirus, and tiger frog virus ranaviruses are extensively reviewed. Emerging bacterial pathogens are discussed, including Flavobacter sp, Aeromonas sp, Citrobacter freundii, Chlamydophila sp, Mycobacterium liflandii, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, and Ochrobactrum anthropi. Rhabdias sp, Ribeiroia sp, and Spirometra erinacei are among several of the parasitic infections overviewed in this article.
The asymmetric Baylis-Hillman reaction as a template in organic synthesis

Abstract The Baylis-Hillman reaction of camphor-based acrylates has been demonstrated to result in the formation of products with high optical purity. A model that explains these results and the use of these products in the formation of anti aldol adducts is discussed.
Steam-Injected Gas Turbines and Electric Utility Planning

The steam-injected gas turbine is a power generating technology which could help bring stability to electricity prices. In addition the availability of short lead-time, low capital cost, high efficiency technologies like the ISTIG could help reduce risks in utility planning making feasible much more aggressive utility end-use conservation programs. For the longer term, the added possibilities of the deregulation of power generation could lead to a conversion of utilities into energy service companies which buy power as needed at the least cost from independent producers and sell energy services - the least costly mix of electricity purchases and investments in energy efficiency improvements on the customer's side of the meter as needed to meet the customer's needs. The technologies required to support such a fundamental change in utility activities are either at hand or could be quickly brought to commercialization. The challenge for policy-makers is to remove institutional obstacles and evolve a new system of incentives for utilities that makes it attractive for them to pursue least-cost energy strategies - in short to bring out institutions up to date with our technology. 46 references, 3 figures, 3 tables.
The space motion of leo I: Hubble space telescope proper motion and implied orbit

We present the first absolute proper motion measurement of Leo I, based on two epochs of Hubble Space Telescope ACS/WFC images separated by {approx}5 years in time. The average shift of Leo I stars with respect to {approx}100 background galaxies implies a proper motion of ({mu}{sub W}, {mu}{sub N}) = (0.1140 {+-} 0.0295, -0.1256 {+-} 0.0293) mas yr{sup -1}. The implied Galactocentric velocity vector, corrected for the reflex motion of the Sun, has radial and tangential components V{sub rad} = 167.9 {+-} 2.8 km s{sup -1} and V{sub tan} = 101.0 {+-} 34.4 km s{sup -1}, respectively. We study the detailed orbital history of Leo I by solving its equations of motion backward in time for a range of plausible mass models for the Milky Way (MW) and its surrounding galaxies. Leo I entered the MW virial radius 2.33 {+-} 0.21 Gyr ago, most likely on its first infall. It had a pericentric approach 1.05 {+-} 0.09 Gyr ago at a Galactocentric distance of 91 {+-} 36 kpc. We associate these timescales with characteristic timescales in Leo I's star formation history, which shows an enhanced star formation activity {approx}2 Gyr ago and quenching {approx}1 Gyr ago. There is no indicationmore » from our calculations that other galaxies have significantly influenced Leo I's orbit, although there is a small probability that it may have interacted with either Ursa Minor or Leo II within the last {approx}1 Gyr. For most plausible MW masses, the observed velocity implies that Leo I is bound to the MW. However, it may not be appropriate to include it in models of the MW satellite population that assume dynamical equilibrium, given its recent infall. Solution of the complete (non-radial) timing equations for the Leo I orbit implies an MW mass M{sub MW,vir} = 3.15{sub -1.36}{sup +1.58} x 10{sup 12} M{sub Sun }, with the large uncertainty dominated by cosmic scatter. In a companion paper, we compare the new observations to the properties of Leo I subhalo analogs extracted from cosmological simulations.« less
Pressure-induced superconductivity and structural transitions in Ba(Fe0.9Ru0.1)2As2

Electrical transport and structural characterizations of isoelectronically substituted Ba(Fe0.9Ru0.1)2As2 have been performed as a function of pressure up to ∼ 30 GPa and temperature down to ∼ 10 K using designer diamond anvil cell. Similar to undoped members of the AFe2As2 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) family, Ba(Fe0.9Ru0.1)2As2 shows anomalous a-lattice parameter expansion with increasing pressure and a concurrent ThCr2Si2 type isostructural (I4/mmm) phase transition from tetragonal (T) phase to a collapsed tetragonal (cT) phase occurring between 12 and 17 GPa where the a is maximum. Above 17 GPa, the material remains in the cT phase up to 30 GPa at 200 K. The resistance measurements show evidence of pressure-induced zero resistance that may be indicative of high-temperature superconductivity for pressures above 3.9 GPa. The onset of the resistive transition temperature decreases gradually with increasing pressure before completely disappearing for pressures above ∼ 10.6 GPa near the T-cT transition. We have determined the crystal structure of the high-T c phase of Ru-doped BaFe2As2 to remain as tetragonal (I4/mmm) by analyzing the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained at 10 K and 9.7 ± 0.7 GPa, as opposed to inferring the structural transition from electrical resistance measurement, as in a previous report [S.K. Kim, M.S. Torikachvili, E. Colombier, A. Thaler, S.L. Bud’ko, P.C. Canfield, Phys. Rev. B 84, 134525 (2011)].
ANALYSIS OF MINNESOTA COLON AND RECTUM CANCER POINT PATTERNS WITH SPATIAL AND NONSPATIAL COVARIATE INFORMATION

Colon and rectum cancer share many risk factors, and are often tabulated together as “colorectal cancer” in published summaries. However, recent work indicating that exercise, diet, and family history may have differential impacts on the two cancers encourages analyzing them separately, so that corresponding public health interventions can be more efficiently targeted. We analyze colon and rectum cancer data from the Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System from 1998-2002 over the 16-county Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St. Paul) metro and exurban area. The data consist of two marked point patterns, meaning that any statistical model must account for randomness in the observed locations, and expected positive association between the two cancer patterns. Our model extends marked spatial point pattern analysis in the context of a log Guassian Cox process to accommodate spatially referenced covariates (local poverty rate and location within the metro area), individual-level risk factors (patient age and cancer stage), and related interactions. We obtain smoothed maps of marginal log-relative intensity surfaces for colon and rectum cancer, and uncover significant age and stage differences between the two groups. This encourages more aggressive colon cancer screening in the inner Twin Cities and their southern and western exurbs, where our model indicates higher colon cancer relative intensity.
Effect of supersonic interference on lateral stability of low-aspect-ratio missiles in combined pitch and yaw.

At large combined angles of pitch and yaw, cruciform supersonic guided missile configurations generally encounter pitch-yaw-roll coupling effects. Presented here are a series of bisymmetric planar configurations, controlled in airplane fashion, which avoid these difficulties but which are prone to develop nonlinear oscillatory motions instead. Wind-tunnel data at a Mach number of 2.5 show that the nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics that cause these oscillations are strongly influenced by interference between the wings, body, and vertical fins. By sweeping forward the trailing edges of wings and vertical fins, these adverse nonlinear effects may be avoided. The design principles involved are developed from empirical studies, and an example configuration is discussed.
M82, Starbursts, Star Clusters, and the Formation of Globular Clusters

We observed the nearby starburst galaxy M82 in CO in the higher frequency (2-1) transition to achieve an angular resolution below 1'' or 17 pc at the target. We resolved the molecular gas into a large number of compact clouds, with masses ranging from ~2 × 103 to 2 × 106 M☉. The mass spectrum scales as N(M) ∝ M-1.5±0.1, similar to the mass spectra of young massive star clusters, suggesting that individual molecular clouds are transformed in the starburst into individual star clusters. The larger clouds are surrounded by supernovae and H II regions, suggesting that star formation proceeds from the outside of the clouds and progresses inward, consistent with triggering by a sudden increase in external pressure. The clouds with internal star formation have velocity gradients and inverse P Cygni spectral line profiles indicating inward motions of 35 km s-1, consistent with shock-driven compression. Diffuse free-free radio emission and X-ray emission around the clouds provide evidence for superheated ionized gas sufficient to drive the compression. Clouds with spectral lines indicating expansion show little internal star formation, suggesting that the dynamics precedes and is responsible for the star formation rather than the inverse. M82 is known to be in interaction with the neighboring galaxy M81. The overall picture is consistent with the formation of massive star clusters from individual giant molecular clouds crushed by a sudden galactic-scale increase in external pressure generated by the changing dynamics that result from a near-collision with a neighboring galaxy. Present-day globular clusters may have formed in a similar fashion in primordial galaxies.
Structure of Turbostratically Disordered Misfit Layer Compounds [(PbSe)0.99]1[WSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.00]1[MoSe2]1, and [(SnSe)1.03]1[MoSe2]1

The structures of three new misfit layer compounds, [(PbSe)0.99]1[WSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.00]1[MoSe2]1, and [(SnSe)1.03]1[MoSe2]1, prepared as thin films from designed elementally modulated reactant precursors, have been investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. This is the second report of a misfit layer compound based on tin selenide and the first structure determinations of tungsten- and molybdenum-containing misfit layer compounds. The compounds have mismatches in both the a- and b-axis (in-plane) lattice parameters of the component structural units, which result in misfit parameters, δ, both greater and smaller than zero. Pole figures of hk0-type reflections indicate that c-axis-oriented (basal plane) dichalcogenide-structured units are randomly oriented within the a-b plane. The widths of diffraction peaks of type hk0, 00l, and hkl (h, k ≠ 0; l ≠ 0) indicate coherence lengths of approximately (6 to 7) nm within the a-b plane, the full thickness of the film along the c-axis, and (1 to 2) nm in mixed-index directions, respectively, consistent with random rotational disorder between the constituents, commonly termed turbostratic disorder in the clay literature. The intensities of 00l- and hk0-type diffraction peaks were modeled to determine the structure of atomic planes along the c axis and the projection of the constituent structures onto the a-b plane, respectively.
Replies and Responses

This paper examines conversational dialogue. It is divided into four parts. The first presents arguments for dialogic analysis, the second lists some failings, the third applies this critical view to the notion of a ‘reply’; the final part is an overview.
Optimal Nonlinear Estimation of Linear Stochastic Systems

This paper presents a new nonlinear method of simultaneous parameter and state estimation called pseudo-linear identification (PLID), for stochastic linear time-invariant discrete-time systems. No assumptions are required about pole or zero locations; nor about relative degree, except that the system transfer function must be strictly proper. Under standard gaussian assumptions, for completely controllable and observable systems, it is proved that PLID is the minimum mean-square-error estimator of the states and model parameters, conditioned on the input and output measurements. It is also proved, given persistent excitation, that the parameter estimates converge a.e. to the true parameter values. All results have been extended to the multiple-input, multiple-output case, but the single-input, single-output case is presented here to simplify notation.
Resin infusion of triaxially braided preforms with through‐the‐thickness reinforcement

Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) has shown potential to significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of high-performance aerospace composite structures. In this investigation, high fiber volume fraction, triaxially braided preforms with through-the-thickness stitching were successfully resin infiltrated by the VARTM process. The preforms, resin infiltrated with three different resin systems, produced cured composites that were fully wet-out and void free. A three-dimensional finite element model was used to simulate resin infusion into the preforms. The predicted flow patterns agreed well with the flow patterns observed during the infiltration process. The total infiltration times calculated using the model compared well with the measured times.
Thinking Culturally about Politics: Habits 20 Years Later and 20 Years Hence

Habits of the Heart clearly mattered when it was published in 1985. One of only a handful of truly sociological books on the New York Times' list of bestsellers in recent decades, it was widely discussed in congregations, book groups, and classrooms throughout the country. But how might it matter today? Does it carry lasting significance twenty-plus years after publication, or stand as an important but dated commentary on the excesses of 1980s individualism? In reflecting on these questions, I step outside the usual conventions of a book symposium in several ways. First, I take this opportunity to consider Habits not only analytically but also autobiographically and politically. Second, I con sider not just Habits, but also its sister volume, The Good Society. I think the two books are best understood in relation to each other. Finally, I not only look back at the last twenty years, but also reflect on our current moment and twenty years hence. Three dimensions of the Habits/Good Society legacy appear both most interesting and most important. To be very bodily about it all, I will call them the heart, the head, and the appendix of these 1980s works (though published in 1991, The Good Society was mostly written in the late 1980s).
DONOR STARS IN BLACK HOLE X-RAY BINARIES

We study theoretically the formation of black hole (BH) X-ray binaries. Consistency of the models with the observed relative numbers of systems with low-mass and intermediate-mass ((2 M _ ) (D2 donors leads to severe constraints on the evolutionary parameters of the progenitors. In M _ ¨M BH ) particular, we —nd that (1) BH progenitor masses cannot exceed about (2) high values of the 2M BH ; common envelope efficiency parameter are required, implying that energy sources other than (a CE ( 1) orbital contraction must be invoked to eject the envelope; and (3) the mass-loss fraction in helium star winds is limited to Outside of this limited parameter space for progenitors we —nd that either (50%. BH X-ray binary formation cannot occur at all or donors do not have the full range of observed masses. We discuss the implications of these results for the structure of massive hydrogen-rich stars, the evolu- tion of helium stars, and BH formation. We also consider the possible importance of asymmetric kicks. Subject headings: binaries: closeblack hole physicsstars: evolutionstars: mass loss ¨ stars: Wolf-RayetX-rays: stars
Woodsiaceae endémicas del Perú

Members of this family were recognized in the Peruvian flora in the Tribe Physematieae of the Dryopteridaceae (Tryon & Stolze, 1991). The Woodsiaceae includes five genera and more than 40 species (Tryon & Stolze, 1991; Smith et al., 2005). Two species in one genus are recognized as endemics; they occupy the region of the Humid Premontane Forest, between 600 and 1600 m elevation. No endemic species is found in a protected area.
The Effects of Tax-Based Saving Incentives on Government Revenue and National Saving

This paper shows that previous analyses of IRA-type plans that seek to encourage household saving have miscalculated their effect on tax revenue and therefore on national saving by ignoring their favorable impact on corporate tax payments. Recognizing the important effects of IRA plans on corporate tax revenue changes previous conclusions about the revenue loss in a fundamental way. The revenue loss associated with IRAs either is much smaller than has generally been estimated or is actually a revenue gain.
Forward and Backward Photoemission Yields from Metals at Various X-Ray Angles of Incidence

X-ray generated photoemission from thin metal foils backed by graphite was measured with radiation incident from the front and back sides at several angles. Irradiation was provided by a 100-kV x-ray tube with three different filters to harden the spectrum. The total 2? photoelectron emission current from a surface was measured; a biased grid retarded the low-energy secondary electrons, which added only 10-30% to the current at zero grid bias. Investigated metals were: Mg, Al, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ta, Au, and Pb; also the total emission from just the graphite support was measured. The front-to-back ratio of emission currents at normal incidence ranged from about 1.9 for Al and Mg down to about 1.1 for Ta. The photoelectron yield was found to be Ge ?a Se electrons/photon, where ?a and Se are the energy-dependent photon absorption cross section and computed electron mean path length in the emitter, and Ge is a constant assumed independent of photon energy in the range studied (but does depend on radiation angle of incidence). For the photon energy range of 20-70 keV, the measured emission current densities corresponded to the following average values for ?e: 0.37 ± 0.06 for C, 0.30 ± 0.03 for Al, 0.21 ± 0.02 for Cu and Ag, and 0.18 ± 0.02 for Ta.
α,β-Unsaturated nitriles: preparative MgO elimination

Abstract Double deprotonation of β-hydroxynitriles with MeMgCl (2.1 equiv.) generates a dianion that ejects MgO to provide the corresponding α,β-unsaturated nitriles. Structurally diverse β-hydroxynitriles readily eliminate MgO providing an expedient route to highly substituted α,β-unsaturated nitriles.
Supersymmetry and membrane interactions in M(atrix) theory

Abstract We calculate the potential between various configurations of membranes and gravitons in M(atrix) theory. The computed potentials agree with the short distance potentials between corresponding 2-branes and 0-brane configurations in type IIA string theory, bound to a large number of 0-branes to account for the boost to the infinite momentum frame. We show that, due to the large boost, these type IIA configurations are almost supersymmetric, so that the short and long distance potentials actually agree. Thus the M(atrix) theory is able to reproduce correct long distance behavior in these cases.
SIAM: statistics information access method

Abstract This paper outlines a new data access method for statistical information. When statistical data is organized using this access method, statistical parametric estimates can be processed asymptotically with respect to time, i.e. the precision of the estimates increases asymptotically with increase in processing time. This structure also enables the estimation of statistical parameters for range-type queries. Estimating the mean value and the second moment of the values of an attribute using SIAM is illustrated. Expressions for precision of the estimates, using up to a certain level of the SIAM index structure, are derived. SIAM structures have been extended to bivariate situation, for calculating covariances. Sampling techniques bases on SIAM organization has been discussed. Performance for computing statistics from SIAM structures has been compared with the present data access methods.
Minimizing the latency of quantum circuits during mapping to the ion-trap circuit fabric

Quantum computers are exponentially faster than their classical counterparts in terms of solving some specific, but important problems. The biggest challenge in realizing a quantum computing system is the environmental noise. One way to decrease the effect of noise (and hence, reduce the overhead of building fault tolerant quantum circuits) is to reduce the latency of the quantum circuit that runs on a quantum circuit. In this paper, a novel algorithm is presented for scheduling, placement, and routing of a quantum algorithm, which is to be realized on a target quantum circuit fabric technology. This algorithm, and the accompanying software tool, advances state-of-the-art in quantum CAD methodologies and methods while considering key characteristics and constraints of the ion-trap quantum circuit fabric. Experimental results show that the presented tool improves results of the previous tool by about 41%.
Hypnotic vs hyperempiric induction procedures: an experimental comparison.

The present experiment utilized a new term, "hyperempiria," to refer to suggested changes in perceived awareness contained within an induction procedure based on suggestions of increased alertness and mind expansion. The term was coined from the ancient Greek empiria, or "experience," with the prefix "hyper-" added to denote a greater or an enhanced quality. Since the perception of one's own awareness is a subjective phenomenon, the use of such a term could be expected to facilitate discrimination between the traditional hypnotic or sleeping trance paradigm and a new one based on suggestions of alertness, thereby increasing the likelihood that Ss will respond differentially to the two techniques. Students in introductory psychology (n = 103) were administered either the aforementioned hyperempiric induction, a transcript of which has been published elsewhere (Gibbons, 1974), or a traditional hypnotic induction of equivalent length containing the usual suggestions of drowsiness and sleep. Both groups were then administered Items 4--12 of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shot & Orne, 1962) .P The over-all performance of the hyperempiric group (n = 56) was significantly better than both the hypnotic group (n = 47; t = 2.40, df = 101, p = .05) and the performance on Items L12 of a previously tested normative sample of 226 students from the same institution (McLendon, 1973; t = 4.90, df = 280, p = .001). Chisquare analyses showed only marginally significant differences, however, between the hypnotic and the hyperempiric group on three specific scale items (p = .10 in each case). Since the over-all responses to the two inductions did differ, it appears that hyperempiria is discriminably different from hypnosis. The two procedures apparently differ from each other in the suggested alterations in conscious experience which are contained in the inductions and in the specific perceptual sets or expectations engendered by their respective names-and hence, in the specific "feel" of the resulting subjective experience and in the effect of that experience upon the subsequent responsiveness of the subject who undergoes it. A hyperempiric induction hsed upon a metaphor of mind expansion may be a plausible alternative to a hypnotic induction based upon a metaphor of going to sleep, particularly when the subject may object to the use of hypnosis or hypnotic-like techniques or express a preference for a "mind expanding" procedure.
Making the most of VLSI in microcomputers

An introduction to the innovative SCAT design philosophy for VLSI microcomputers of Texas Instruments (TI) is presented. The recently announced 8-bit TMS7000 Microcomputer family is used as an example of a SCAT design. TMS7000 benefits resulting from SCAT include a very dense bar for lower chip costs and microcomputer prices; a unique microprogrammability feature that will allow a user to modify the instruction set for the few applications that require it; and the architectural flexibility that will allow TI to bring many new microcomputer devices to the marketplace quickly and easily.
Engendering Foreign Direct Investment: Family Structure, Labor Markets and International Capital Mobility

Abstract In this paper I develop a theoretical foundation for analyzing how gender roles in the household affect foreign direct investment in a developing country context. It is argued that the extent to which women and men share the costs of social reproduction at the household level is a central determinant of women’s labor supply and the profitability of investment. I combine a model of family structure with a structuralist macroeconomic model to investigate the effects of various public policies on women’s wages and employment. A major goal is to specify the constraints imposed by international capital mobility on the prospects for increased equality and living standards for women.
Photochemische Synthese von Carbazolen und Indolo[3, 2‐b]carbazolen

Zur Abgrenzung des praparativen Anwendungsbereiches der Carbazolsynthese durch Photocyclisierung von Di- und Triarylaminen wurde das photochemische Verhalten einiger substituierter Triarylamine 1, N, N′-Diphenyl-p-phenylendiamine 2 und N, N′-Diphenylbenzidine 3 untersucht. Wahrend Fluor- und Methoxy-substituierte Triphenylamine mit befriedigender Ausbeute in die entsprechenden Carbazole umgewandelt werden, sind Diarylaminobiphenyle und N, N′-Diphenylbenzidin-Derivate photochemisch stabil. N, N′-Diphenyl-N, N′-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamin 3 a und N, N, N′, N′-Tetraphenyl-p-phenylendiamin 3 b lassen sich hingegen zu den entsprechenden Indolo [3, 2-b] carbazolen 5 a und 5 b umsetzen.
Efficient standards of due care: Should courts find more parties negligent under comparative negligence?☆

We show that negligence standards should differ under comparative and contributory negligence regimes. If due care standards are allowed to vary with the laws of a jurisdiction, then comparative and contributory negligence may be equally efficient, even in a model with evidentiary uncertainty. It is commonly observed that jurors are naturally inclined to be more lenient to plaintiffs on the issue of plaintiff negligence in contributory negligence jurisdictions. We show that such lenience may actually be efficient in addition to satisfying jurors' senses of equity. A similar conclusion applies to defendants. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Regioselective nitration of Nα,N1-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-l-tryptophan methyl ester: Efficient synthesis of 2-nitro and 6-nitro-N-trifluoroacetyl-l-tryptophan methyl ester

Nitration of N(alpha),N(1)-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-l-tryptophan methyl ester with HNO(3) in acetic anhydride at 0 degrees C provides N(alpha)-trifluoroacetyl-2-nitro-l-tryptophan methyl ester in 67% yield, whereas nitration in trifluoroacetic acid at 0 degrees C gives N(alpha)-trifluoroacetyl-6-nitro-l-tryptophan methyl ester in 69% yield.
Mobile computing: the next decade

In the inaugural issue of MC2R in April 1997 [24], I highlighted the seminal influence of mobility in computing. At that time, the goal of "information at your fingertips anywhere, anytime" was only a dream. Today, through relentless pursuit of innovations in wireless technology, energy-efficient portable hardware and adaptive software, we have largely attained this goal. Ubiquitous email and Web access is a reality that is experienced by millions of users worldwide through their Blackberries, iPhones, iPads, Windows Phone devices, and Android-based devices. Mobile Web-based services and location-aware advertising opportunities have emerged, triggering large commercial investments. Mobile computing has arrived as a lucrative business proposition.Looking ahead, what are the dreams that will inspire our future efforts in mobile computing? We begin this paper by considering some imaginary mobile computing scenarios from the future. We then extract the deep assumptions implicit in these scenarios, and use them to speculate on the future trajectory of mobile computing.
The Case for Curation: The Relevance of Digest and Citator Results in Westlaw and Lexis

Humans and machines are both involved in the creation of legal research resources. For legal information retrieval systems, the human-curated finding aid is being overtaken by the computer algorithm. But human-curated finding aids still exist. One of them is the West Key Number system. The Key Number system's headnote classification of case law, started back in the nineteenth century, was and is the creation of humans. The retrospective headnote classification of the cases in Lexis's case databases, started in 1999, was created primarily—although not exclusively—with computer algorithms. So how do these two very different systems deal with a similar headnote from the same case, when they link the headnote to the digest and citator functions in their respective databases? This article continues the author's investigation into this question, looking at the relevance of results from digest and citator searches run on matching headnotes in Westlaw and Lexis for ninety important federal and state cases, to see...
Effect of rib angle on local heat/mass transfer distribution in a two-pass rib-roughened channel

The naphthalene sublimation technique is used to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of turbulent air flow in a two-pass channel. A test section that resembles the internal cooling passages of gas turbine airfoils is employed. The local Sherwood numbers on the ribbed walls were found to be 1.5-6.5 times those for a fully developed flow in a smooth square duct. Depending on the rib angle-of-attack and the Reynolds number, the average ribbed-wall Sherwood numbers were 2.5-3.5 times higher than the fully developed values.
Summarization and matching of density-based clusters in streaming environments

Density-based cluster mining is known to serve a broad range of applications ranging from stock trade analysis to moving object monitoring. Although methods for efficient extraction of density-based clusters have been studied in the literature, the problem of summarizing and matching of such clusters with arbitrary shapes and complex cluster structures remains unsolved. Therefore, the goal of our work is to extend the state-of-art of density-based cluster mining in streams from cluster extraction only to now also support analysis and management of the extracted clusters. Our work solves three major technical challenges. First, we propose a novel multi-resolution cluster summarization method, called Skeletal Grid Summarization (SGS), which captures the key features of density-based clusters, covering both their external shape and internal cluster structures. Second, in order to summarize the extracted clusters in real-time, we present an integrated computation strategy C-SGS, which piggybacks the generation of cluster summarizations within the online clustering process. Lastly, we design a mechanism to efficiently execute cluster matching queries, which identify similar clusters for given cluster of analyst's interest from clusters extracted earlier in the stream history. Our experimental study using real streaming data shows the clear superiority of our proposed methods in both efficiency and effectiveness for cluster summarization and cluster matching queries to other potential alternatives.
Asymmetric Information Measures: How to Extract Knowledge from an Expert So That the Expert's Effort is Minimal

Knowledge acquisition is when we ask experts questions, and put the answers into a computer system. Since this is a very time-consuming task, it is desirable to minimise the effort of an expert. As a crude estimate for this effort, we can take a number of binary (yes-no) questions that we ask. The procedure that minimises this number is binary search. This approach does not take into account that people often feel more comfortable answering 'yes' than answering 'no'. So, to make our estimates more realistic, we will take into consideration that for a negative answer the effort is bigger. This paper describes a procedure that minimises the effort of an expert. We also estimate the effort of this 'optimal' search procedure.
Diminution and Closure of Large Ventricular Septal Defects After Pulmonary Artery Banding

In a period of 15 years (1957-1972), 114 infants (51 males, 63 females) with the diagnosis of ventricular septal defect and congestive heart failure underwent pulmonary artery banding at The Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. A second study performed in 55 of these revealed the left-to-right shunt through the ventricular septal defect to be greatly diminished in seven and completely closed in three. Pulmonary artery banding proved clinically beneficial to all patients restudied. Important hemodynamic changes, documented at the second study in all ten patients, included a significant decrease in left-to-right shunt and a drop in pulmonary arteriolar resistance to normal range. The right ventricular pressure, post banding, ranged from suprasystemic levels in those with muscular defects to half systemic levels in the majority of those with membranous defect. The muscular ventricular septal defects closed by muscular tissue, the membranous defects by aneurysm formation at the "exit" of the left-to-...
What If Extinction Is Not Forever

A 1930s film shows a dog running and jumping inside a fenced enclosure ( 1 )—except that the dog has a strange-shaped head, odd stripes, and a rigid tail that can only move side-to-side. The “dog” is actually one of the last thylacines, a marsupial predator also called the Tasmanian tiger. The film was taken shortly before humans extinguished the species forever. Or did we? Recently, new technologies have made it plausible to try to revive many recently extinct species. Scientists around the world are discussing, and working toward, “de-extinction” ( 2 ).
Footprints of the Beyond in flavor physics: Possible role of the Top Two Higgs Doublet Model

The B-factories results provide an impressive confirmation of the Standard Model (SM) description of flavor and CP violation. Nevertheless, as more data were accumulated, deviations in the 2.5-3.5 σ range have emerged pointing to the exciting possibility of new CP-odd phase(s) and flavor violating parameters in B-decays. Primarily this seems to be the case in the time dependent CP asymmetries in penguin dominated modes (e.g. B → (η')Ks). We discuss these and other deviations from the SM and, as an illustration of possible new physics scenarios, we examine the role of the Top Two Higgs Doublet Model. This is a simple extension of the SM obtained by adding second Higgs doublet in which the Yukawa interactions of the two Higgs doublets are assigned in order to naturally account for the large top-quark mass. Of course, many other extensions of the Standard Model could also account for these experimental deviations. Clearly if one takes these deviations seriously then some new particles in the ≈ 300 GeV to ≈ few TeV range with associated new CP-odd phase(s) are needed.