cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Imager Chip Packaging for Automotive Applications

The development of an automotive qualified packaging technology for CMOS and CCD imager chips is described. A flip-chip-on-flex solution was developed. This package solution was demonstrated using a 1/3 inch optical format imager chip that was designed for use with conventional ceramic leadless chip carrier packaging. Overall package thickness is 1.39mm, with the complete back-side of the silicon substrate exposed and available for chip cooling. The flex is bonded to a glass substrate, which provides the optical access to the imager chip. The use of a transparent underfill material reduces the rate of moisture infiltration and reduces optical reflections within the package structure. The flex may be extended beyond the package to allow surface mounting of additional passive and active components, as well as interconnection to additional circuitry.
The failure to know what isn't known: negative publication bias with lamotrigine and a glimpse inside peer review

> “There is a type of interaction between human beings which proceeds not from knowledge, or even lack of knowledge, but from failure to know what isn’t known.” John Kenneth Galbraith1 The medical literature meets Galbraith’s description. Some things we know, and know that we know. Other things we do not know, and know that we do not know. But perhaps the largest class involves those things we do not know, and do not realise that we do not know. This latter state of affairs is exemplified by the problem of negative studies. It has become increasingly clear that the medical literature is biased toward positive studies; negative studies are less frequently published.2 Sometimes this may reflect loss of passion, as disappointed researchers file away their negative results. Sometimes it may be systematic, as pharmaceutical sponsors may actively suppress negative data which would adversely impact their marketplace sales. And journals may also systematically reject negative studies—which will generate fewer readers, fewer citations and lower impact factors for the journal—more frequently than positive ones. Negative studies may provide important information. “Negative” does not mean unimportant, and proving something ineffective is as important, perhaps more so, than proving it effective. To be a good physician, knowing when not to use which medications, as Pinel famously said, is even more important than knowing when and how to use them.3 Drugs that are ineffective might be somewhat harmful; almost all drugs are harmful in some way; thus the risk–benefit calculation is always hurtful for an ineffective drug. Furthermore, drugs which are effective are often not used, since the ineffective drugs are seen as effective, and thus the truly effective drugs, which sometimes have more side effects, are pushed aside. It is as if the princess at a ball, hidden in servant clothes, …
Regional congestion awareness for load balance in networks-on-chip

Interconnection networks-on-chip (NOCs) are rapidly replacing other forms of interconnect in chip multiprocessors and system-on-chip designs. Existing interconnection networks use either oblivious or adaptive routing algorithms to determine the route taken by a packet to its destination. Despite somewhat higher implementation complexity, adaptive routing enjoys better fault tolerance characteristics, increases network throughput, and decreases latency compared to oblivious policies when faced with non-uniform or bursty traffic. However, adaptive routing can hurt performance by disturbing any inherent global load balance through greedy local decisions. To improve load balance in adapting routing, we propose Regional Congestion Awareness (RCA), a lightweight technique to improve global network balance. Instead of relying solely on local congestion information, RCA informs the routing policy of congestion in parts of the network beyond adjacent routers. Our experiments show that RCA matches or exceeds the performance of conventional adaptive routing across all workloads examined, with a 16% average and 71% maximum latency reduction on SPLASH-2 benchmarks running on a 49-core CMP. Compared to a baseline adaptive router, RCA incurs a negligible logic and modest wiring overhead.
Cell–cell interaction in the heart via Wnt/β-catenin pathway after cardiac injury

The adult mammalian heart predominantly comprises myocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and epicardial cells arranged in a precise three-dimensional framework. Following cardiac injury, the spatial arrangement of cells is disrupted as different populations of cells are recruited to the heart in a temporally regulated manner. The alteration of the cellular composition of the heart after cardiac injury thus enables different phenotypes of cells to interact with each other in a spatio-temporal-dependent manner. It can be argued that the integrated study of such cellular interactions rather than the examination of single populations of cells can provide more insights into the biology of cardiac repair especially at an organ-wide level. Many signalling systems undoubtedly mediate such cross talk between cells after cardiac injury. The Wnt/β-catenin system plays an important role during cardiac development and disease. Here, we describe how cell populations in the heart after cardiac injury mediate their interactions via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, determine how such interactions can affect a cardiac repair response and finally suggest an integrated approach to study cardiac cellular interactions.
Things Fall Apart: Health Consequences of Mass Imprisonment for African American Women

In this article, we examine the possible impact of mass imprisonment on the physical health of African American women. Specifically, we focus on a variety of mechanisms through which mass imprisonment may increase the risk of having three major chronic health conditions that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD): hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. This approach is distinctive in that it provides a broad theoretical framework through which mass imprisonment might harm the physical health of African American women in ways separate from the pathways linking mass imprisonment to their risk of contracting infectious diseases (especially HIV and other STIs), which has been the emphasis of most research in this area. In order to draw these connections, we begin by briefly discussing what mass imprisonment is and its social consequences. We then discuss our three CVD risk factors, documenting disparities between white and African American women in these risk factors and discussing mechanisms through which mass imprisonment might contribute to these disparities. We close by discussing the data needed to test our hypotheses and suggesting some avenues for future research.
Against Normal Function

The concept of normality has been the target of criticism in recent years. Social critics claim that the term carries ideological baggage. Describing individuals or groups as ‘abnormal’ is seen as marginalizing them by use of a falsely objective criterion. This paper will continue that tradition. It will examine the concept of normal function, said by many philosophers to be objectively grounded in the practice of biological and biomedical science. This concept is used in discussions of health care policy, quality-of-life assessments, and even radical ‘treatments’ such as assisted suicide. The core of this paper will be an examination of the biological legitimacy of the concept of functional normality. Social concerns aside, does current biology imply a concept of functional normality, and a distinction between normal and abnormal function? I will argue that it does not. In the last sections of the paper I will introduce the social context of this issue, emphasizing the disadvantages experienced by people whose function is assessed as abnormal. I will distinguish between the level of an individual’s functional performance and the mode or style by which that performance is achieved. This distinction will help reveal that the doctrine of biological normality is itself one aspect of a social prejudice against certain functional modes or styles. The disadvantages experienced by people who are assessed as ‘abnormal’ derive not from biology, but from implicit social judgments about the acceptability of certain kinds of biological variation. 1. Normality as Race We humans have innumerable ways of categorizing ourselves, of managing the variation among us. Some but not all of these categories are taken to reflect a biological reality. Differences between men and women are believed to be biologically real in a way that differences between Lutherans and Catholics are not. Until
SDBS: a task duplication based optimal scheduling algorithm

An efficient scheduling algorithm is one of the key factors in determining the performance of distributed memory machines. The paper presents a search and duplication based scheduling (SDBS) algorithm which can schedule directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). The complexity of this scheduling algorithm is in O(V+E), where V is the number of nodes and E is the number of edges in the task graph. This algorithm is based on some realistic assumptions and generates an optimal time schedule. If the assumptions cannot be completely satisfied then the algorithm provides a schedule which is close to optimal. The performance in these cases has been obtained using extensive simulation work which indicate the closeness of the results. >
Personality characteristics inventory. I. Factor structure for a combined sample of male and female college students.

A principal components analysis was performed on the self-ratings obtained from the Personality Characteristics Inventory (PC1-1) (N = 941 male and female college students). The obtained principal components were then rotated according to the varimax procedure. The varimax factors obtained were: Independence, Purposefulness, Imagination, Knowledge, Self-regard, Diversion, Wonder, Self-honesty, Logicality, Innovativeness, and Self-awareness.
Regulation of Cop9 signalosome activity by the EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein tescalcin

The Ca2+-binding protein tescalcin is known to be involved in hematopoietic cell differentiation; however, this mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we identify CSN4 (subunit 4 of the COP9 signalosome) as a novel binding partner of tescalcin. The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multiprotein complex that is essential for development in all eukaryotes. This interaction is selective, Ca2+-dependent and involves the PCI domain of CSN4 subunit. We then investigated tescalcin and CSN activity in human erythroleukemia HEL and promyelocytic leukemia K562 cells and find that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation, resulting in the upregulation of tescalcin, coincides with reduced deneddylation of cullin-1 (Cul1) and stabilization of p27Kip1 – molecular events that are associated with CSN activity. The knockdown of tescalcin led to an increase in Cul1 deneddylation, expression of F-box protein Skp2 and the transcription factor c-Jun, whereas the levels of cell cycle regulators p27Kip1 and p53 decreased. These effects are consistent with the hypothesis that tescalcin might play a role as a negative regulator of CSN activity towards Cul1 in the process of induced cell differentiation.
Computational prediction of human metabolic pathways from the complete human genome

Background We present a computational pathway analysis of the human genome that assigns enzymes encoded therein to predicted metabolic pathways. Pathway assignments place genes in their larger biological context, and are a necessary first step toward quantitative modeling of metabolism.
Dyadic exploration of the relationship of leisure satisfaction, leisure time, and gender to relationship satisfaction

Despite a substantial amount of leisure research, little is known about the leisure activity patterns and satisfaction of couples and their influence, if any, on relationship satisfaction. Further, satisfaction and leisure activity research has been limited to married dyads and has not included a range of romantic partners. Leisure research has focused primarily on individual data, and this impedes fully understanding the joint construction of leisure in a couple and its outcomes. The present research extends efforts by examining the perceptions of dyads in diverse relationships and their effect on their leisure and relationship satisfaction. The model in this study is that gender, joint leisure time, and individual leisure satisfaction affect the relationship satisfaction of both an individual and his or her partner: the partner effect model. Questionnaires self-administered to both members of romantic dyads obtained information on the variables of interest. Results indicated moderate participant leisure...
Dual Ti-Ru catalysis in the direct radical haloalkylation of N-acyl oxazolidinones.

Titanium enolates have found widespread use in organic synthesis as a result of their unique reactivity and ease of preparation from inexpensive and nontoxic titanium reagents under mild conditions that are compatible with a range of functional groups.[1] The most prevalent application of titanium enolates is for stereoselective aldol reactions.[2] Several examples of the alkylation of titanium enolates with strongly electrophilic reagents have also been reported.[3] Recently, we described a different mode of alkylation of titanium enolates in which they serve as efficient radical acceptors for haloalkyl radicals generated by a ruthenium-catalyzed redox process.[4] It has been postulated that the enolate serves as an electroactive ligand for the titanium center,[5] whereby it facilitates the radical addition process and participates in the ruthenium catalytic cycle. The utility of this method in the synthesis of a range of chloroleucine-derived natural products has been illustrated.[4,6] One intriguing aspect of the reaction that emerged during our investigations is the possibility of the catalytic generation and alkylation of the titanium enolate species. Herein, we describe the development of a haloalkylation process that is catalytic in both ruthenium and titanium and thus constitutes the first example of a catalytic enolate alkylation involving titanium enolates.
Using dendrochronology to model hemlock woolly adelgid effects on eastern hemlock growth and vulnerability

This study examined the relationship between eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) crown condition and changes in radial growth associated with infestation by hemlock woolly adel- gid Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) (HWA). Tree-ring chronologies of eastern hemlock were used to develop a binomial decline index based on three consecutive years of below average growth. Radial growth decline was modeled, using logistic regres- sion, as a function of an extensive array of tree, crown, and site variables that were collected over an 11 year period in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Some site-related variables such as site-location and aspect were significantly related to decline probabilities when considered individually. However, the total proportion of response variance accounted for was low, and the only site variable included in the final model was mean plot-level HWA infestation level. For every 1% increase in mean percent HWA infestation per plot, there was an 8% increase in the likelihood that a tree would be classified as being in decline. Tree crown variables such as live crown ratio, crown density, and the modified ZBadj index, a combination of foliage transparency and branch dieback, had the most explanatory power, both individually and in the final model. These crown variables were relatively accu- rate predictors of the degree of hemlock growth decline during HWA infestation.
Individual differences in children's cortisol response to the beginning of a new school year.

The relationship between salivary cortisol levels at the beginning of the school year and parent reports of temperament using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) were investigated in 35 first graders. Cortisol was sampled in the morning, afternoon, and evening on the first and fifth days of school and two weekend days later in the school year. On the first day of school compared to weekend days, children displayed a steeper cortisol slope across the day due to lower afternoon and evening levels. By the fifth day of school, cortisol levels, on average, were not different than on weekend days. However, using change scores to reflect the response to school days relative to weekend days, children who scored higher in Surgency (i.e., enjoyment of intense play, high activity level, impulsivity, lack of shyness) continued to display a steeper cortisol slope on the fifth day of school with higher morning and lower evening cortisol levels. In contrast, shyness, which negatively contributes to Surgency, was positively correlated with evening change scores on the fifth day of school.
The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review

Background There is a need for a comprehensive and critical review of the literature to inform scientific debates about the public health effects of waterpipe smoking. The objective of this study was therefore to systematically review the medical literature for the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes. Methods We conducted a systematic review using the Cochrane Collaboration methodology for conducting systematic reviews. We rated the quality of evidence for each outcome using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results Twenty-four studies were eligible for this review. Based on the available evidence, waterpipe tobacco smoking was significantly associated with lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-3.42], respiratory illness (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1), low birth-weight (OR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.08-4.18) and periodontal disease (OR = 3-5). It was not significantly associated with bladder cancer (OR = 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-4.0), nasopharyngeal cancer (OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.20-1.23), oesophageal cancer (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 0.95-3.58), oral dysplasia (OR = 8.33; 95% CI 0.78-9.47) or infertility (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.3) but the CIs did not exclude important associations. Smoking waterpipe in groups was not significantly associated with hepatitis C infection (OR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.80-1.21). The quality of evidence for the different outcomes varied from very low to low. Conclusion Waterpipe tobacco smoking is possibly associated with a number of deleterious health outcomes. There is a need for high-quality studies to identify and quantify with confidence all the health effects of this form of smoking.
Quantitative Test of SO(5) Symmetry in the Vortex State of Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4

By numerically solving models with competing superconducting and antiferromagnetic orders, we study the magnetic field dependence of the antiferromagnetic moment in both the weak and strong field regimes. Through a comparison with the neutron scattering results of Kang et al. and Matsuura et al. on ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, we conclude that this system is close to a SO(5) symmetric critical point. We also make a quantitative prediction on increasing the upper critical field ${B}_{c2}$ and the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ by applying an in-plane magnetic field.
Predictors of habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea risk in patients with asthma.

Background A high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) symptoms was reported in patients with asthma. Our goal was to evaluate factors associated with habitual snoring and OSA risk in these patients. Methods Patients with asthma were surveyed at specialty clinics with the Sleep Apnea scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SA-SDQ) and questions about the frequency of asthma symptoms (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines), followed by medical record review. SA-SDQ scores ≥ 36 for men and ≥ 32 for women defined high OSA risk. Logistic regression was used to model associations with habitual snoring and high OSA risk. Results Among 244 patients, 37% snored habitually and 40% demonstrated high OSA risk. Independent predictors of habitual snoring included gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [odds ratio (OR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19 to 4.02] and use of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) [OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.05 to 6.72]. High OSA risk was predicted by asthma severity step (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.06), GERD (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.51 to 4.83), and ICS use (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.56 to 10.53). Linear, dose-dependent relationships of ICS with habitual snoring and high OSA risk were seen (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0006, respectively). Women demonstrated a 2.11 times greater odds for high OSA risk (95% CI, 1.10 to 4.09) when controlling for the above covariates. Conclusions Symptoms of OSA in patients with asthma are predicted by asthma severity, coexistent GERD, and use of an ICS in a dose-dependent fashion. The well-recognized male gender predominance for OSA symptoms is not apparent in these patients. Further exploration of these relationships may help to explain the increased prevalence of OSA in asthma and provide new insights into the reported female predominance of asthma morbidity.
Iterative compaction: an improved approach to graph and circuit bisection

Given a graph G=(V,E), graph bisection is the problem of finding a partition of the vertex set V in two equal-sized subsets V/sub 1/ and V/sub 2/ so that the number of edges between them is minimized. This problem has important applications in circuit partitioning, testing, VLSI design and other network-related problems that apply the divide-and-conquer strategy. The authors introduce a new heuristic approach, called iterative compaction (IC), which employees a node degree based matching and iterative graph compaction. This gives a significant improvement over the performance of known bisection algorithms in both time and quality of the results. >
Rate-dependent size effects and material length scales in nanoindentation near the grain boundary for a bicrystal FCC metal

Abstract This paper addresses the size effects encountered in nanoindentation experiments of a copper bicrystal specimen in close proximity to the grain boundary. The experimental results show that as the distance r between the indentations and the grain boundary decreases, the hardness of the tested specimen increases. The single grain boundary in the bicrystal specimen is believed to play an important role to the increase in the hardness. The impact of the distance r on the hardness can be considered as a new type of size effect. The strain rate dependency of the length scale is investigated by incorporating a strain rate variable in the expression of the length scale. A temperature and rate-dependent indentation size effect model is used in order to determine the material intrinsic length scale using the corresponding data from the experiments. Nanoindentation experiments with different strain rates are performed in order to investigate the effect of the strain rate. In order to obtain more robust simulation results, the required numerical analysis is performed using ABAQUS Explicit software with a VUMAT user-subroutine which gives the physically based viscoplastic constitutive relations for the tested material.
SCALE EFFECTS OF WAVE TRANSMISSION THROUGH PERMEABLE STRUCTURES

The energy in waves which impinge on a porous structure, such as a rubble mound breakwater, is divided into reflected energy, transmitted energy, and the energy dissipated by turbulence within the structure. Numerous studies on various aspects of this problem have been made in the past, the most recent of which are those by Kondo (1970) and Sollitt and Cross (1972). The reader is referred to these latter papers for a literature review and the presentation of the theory of wave transmission through a porous media (also see the previous chapters by these same authors). In the studies by Sollitt and Cross (Chap. 103)> the porous media consisted of crushed stone; whereas, in the tests by Kondo (Chap. 104 ) the porous structure consisted of a lattice of circular cylinders. Experimental data which supplement the data obtained in the tests of Kondo, Sollitt and Cross where made at the University of California on a series of three structures constructed of closely packed uniform spheres. Each structure was installed in turn in a wave channel and subjected to wave action with the wave height being measured both seaward and leeward by resistance-type wave gages. The experimental procedure and results are summarized as follows.
Beginning Learners' Development of Interactional Competence: Alignment Activity

This study examined the development of interactional competence (Hall, 1993; He & Young, 1998) by beginning learners of Spanish as indexed by their use of alignment moves. Discourse analysis techniques and quantitative data analysis were used to explore how 52 learners expressed alignment and changes in participation patterns in two sets of instructional peer-to-peer conversations. The results of the analyses show that, although subject to great individual variability and not always following native-like standards, English native speakers in the early stages of learning Spanish are able to express varying degrees of alignment in conversations with a peer of a similar proficiency level. As they strive to create a sphere of mutual understanding, they test different options from their linguistic repertoire and learn not only from their own attempts but also from those of their interlocutor. These results suggest that repeated engagement in interactional practice does provide the linguistic, social, and pedagogical affordances learners need to develop the interactional skills that will serve them well not only to build confidence and competence in the classroom learning context, but also hopefully in the world outside the classroom.
Studies of the staphylocoagulase reaction; nature and properties of a plasma activator and inhibitor.

SINCE Loeb’s1observation in 1903 that certain strains of staphylococci possessed the property of clotting oxalated plasma, considerable study has been devoted to the mechanism of the staphylocoagulase reaction and to its possible role in staphylococcal infections. The ability to clot oxalated plasma has been found to be a property generally associated with pathogenic strains of staphylococci; however, the relationship between clotting activity and pathogenicity has not been clearly understood. Studies of the mechanism of the clotting action of sta-phylocoagulase have yielded several conflicting hypotheses.
Further Evidence of Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance Linkage

The empirical literature examining the performance benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been decidedly equivocal, reporting positive relationships in many cases, while negative or null relationships in others. In this meta-analytic extension, I explored the financial and non-financial benefits that may result from business corporate social responsibility initiatives. Results provide further support for the positive linkage between corporate social responsibility and firm performance. The strongest support was obtained for the linkage with accounting based measures of performance such as profitability, return on assets, return on equity, and return on sales. Market-based measures such as Tobin Q and stock returns, however, were minimally associated with CSR. Overall, firms with a commitment to fulfilling their societal and environmental obligations appear to enjoy financial and non-financial benefits. Conceptual, theoretical, and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Physical and psychosocial outcomes of midlife and older women following surgery and adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To investigate the patterns of functioning and psychosocial adjustment of midlife and older women following surgery for breast cancer. Differences between those who received follow-up adjuvant therapy and those who did not also were compared. DESIGN 2 x 3 mixed design with one between-groups factor (type of treatment) and one within-subjects factor (time). SETTING Four midwestern hospitals. SAMPLE 46 patients with breast cancer who are age 55 or older. METHODS Baseline data about presurgical functional status and other variables were obtained during the first week after surgery. Follow-up data were obtained at six weeks, three months, and six months postsurgery. Data were collected via telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Functional status, patient symptomatology, quality of life (QOL), demands of illness, and type of treatment (surgery only versus surgery plus adjuvant therapy). FINDINGS No differences existed between the two treatment groups at baseline, with the exception of lower functional status reported by the surgery-only group. In the surgery-only group, functional status improved significantly from six weeks to three months postsurgery. The most frequently reported symptoms of both groups included fatigue and pain. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that both groups did equally well, regardless of whether they received adjuvant therapy (radiation or chemotherapy). Neither QOL nor demands of illness differed between the two groups, nor did these scores change significantly over time following surgery. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE These findings suggest that women undergoing surgery for breast cancer, whether they receive adjuvant therapy or not, may have functional and psychosocial needs that could be effectively addressed by nursing interventions pre- and postsurgery.
SMALL SITE FUNCTION AND DURATION OF OCCUPATION IN THE HOHOKAM NORTHERN PERIPHERY

A site typology developed for the Hohokam core area in the Phoenix Basin is evaluated for sites in the northern periphery using excavated data from small sites on the New and Verde rivers. Assumed differences in the tasks carried out at limited activity locations, field houses, farmsteads, and hamlets are examined using the ceramic and lithic assemblages recovered at these sites. This study evaluates the applicability of the Hohokam site typology to sites outside of the Phoenix Basin and the appropriateness of functionally based site typologies in general. An alternative interpretation of small sites is offered relying on differences in duration of occupation, rather than differences in function. Additionally, the analysis suggests the New River and Verde River areas may have been exploited in different ways by the Hohokam.
Multiple Spontaneous Remissions in a Child with Acute Leukemia: The Occurrence of Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia in Acute Leukemia and Their Relationship to Remissions

1. A case of acute leukemia with four observed spontaneous remissions is presented. 2. Spontaneous remissions in acute leukemia are infrequent and multiple remissions rare. 3. Spontaneous remissions in acute leukemia follow a pattern in that they occur after the development of a leukopenic agranulocytic phase and hypoplasia or aplasia of the marrow. 4. Remissions in acute leukemia when therapeutically induced probably follow a similar pattern. 5. The significance of agranulocytosis in acute leukemia has been discussed. When it occurs, before the diagnosis of leukemia is definitely made, and recovery ensues, one should be alerted for the possible later development of a characteristic picture of leukemia. 6. The possibility that idiopathic aplastic anemia is no more than a phase of acute leukemia has been discussed.
Stationary Processes and Ergodic Theory

Stationarity and invariance, two-sided extension, invariance and almost invariance, ergodicity, maximal ergodic lemma, discrete and continuoustime ergodic theorems, varying functions, moment and maximum inequalities, multi-variate ergodic theorem, commuting maps, convex averages, mean and sub-additive ergodic theorems, products of random matrices, ergodic decomposition, shift coupling and mixing criteria, group coupling, ballot theorems, entropy and information.
Bone Health in Obesity and the Cross Talk Between Fat and Bone

Abstract Our understanding about the relationship between fat and bone has increased since the late 1990s. There is heightened awareness about the skeleton as a metabolic unit interconnecting various organs in our body to play a vital role in energy metabolism. The osteoblasts and the adipose cells derived from common progenitor cells are well known, but what has been demonstrated by elegant experiments is that each modulate the action of others via complex paracrine and autocrine signaling. In this chapter, we briefly review this complex connection between fat and bone, and our current understanding of the relationship among obesity, type 2 diabetes, and bone health, especially in relation to children.
A note on optimal fiscal policy in an economy with private borrowing limits

Abstract We consider the implications for optimal fiscal policy when taxes are non-distortionary and households are heterogeneous and borrowing constrained. The main result is that optimal policy keeps some households borrowing constrained in order to reduce interest rates on government debt.
Prior Rituximab Exposure Does Not Appear to Affect Time to Treatment Failure After Radioimmunotherapy

Abstract 1640 Background: The introduction of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) into clinical practice for the treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) occurred at a time at which many patients did not have prior exposure to rituximab. Clinical trials in the relapsed/refractory setting, as well as consolidation in the upfront setting have included a small number of patients that had been previously treated with rituximab or a rituximab containing treatment regimen. We evaluated the effect of prior rituximab therapy on the efficacy of RIT. METHODS: The prospective lymphoma database was queried for all patients having received a single dose of yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan for relapsed/refractory FL which had previously been treated with systemic therapy (patients receiving only prior external beam radiation therapy were excluded). The database includes all consecutive adult patients diagnosed with lymphoma seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester. The diagnosis of follicular lymphoma was as by WHO classification and centrally reviewed. Patients with evidence of histologic transformation to diffuse large B cell lymphoma prior to RIT were excluded. Time to treatment failure (TTF) was defined as the time from RIT to next anti-lymphoma therapy. RESULTS: 111 patients were identified. 57 (51%) were male. Median age at time of RIT was 58 (19–88). Median time from diagnosis to RIT was 35 (6–281) months in patients having received prior treatment with rituximab and 47 (12–272) months in those who had not (p=0.19). 63 (57%) of patients received prior treatment with rituximab or rituximab containing chemotherapy. Median number of prior therapies was 2 (1–10), which was not different between the rituximab treated or untreated groups [2(1–6) vs 2(1–10) p=0.12]. Median TTF was 10.0 months in the patients having received prior rituximab and 10.1 months in those that had not (p=0.29). Figure 1. The median overall survival from RIT was not reached, but appeared similar (Kaplan-Meier estimate 125 months without prior rituximab exposure vs 95 months with prior rituximab exposure; p=0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Prior rituximab exposure does not seem to adversely impact the time to treatment failure or overall survival in those patients treated with RIT. While the data leading to the approval of RIT were accrued prior to the routine clinical use of rituximab, our data demonstrate similar clinical benefit of RIT in patients with prior exposure to rituximab or rituximab containing therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
“ ‘Knowledge is Truth’: A Course in Miracles as Neo-Gnostic Scripture”

A Course in Miracles represents a modern-day neo-gnostic scripture that reflects significant trends in contemporary Western religiosity, especially the quest for alternative forms of esoteric “spiritual” knowledge and experience in a nominally Christian or post-Christian Western world. While this text has largely been ignored or marginalized in mainstream scholarship, a critical evaluation of the Course , its editing, reception, and contemporary interpretation not only represents a fascinating case study in how “texts” become invested with “scriptural” authority, but illustrates how the Course ’s claims about Jesus and God exemplify the gnosticizing trajectories in the contemporary New Age movement.
Fundamental limits on the electron mobility of β-Ga2O3

We perform first-principles calculations to investigate the electronic and vibrational spectra and the electron mobility of β-Ga2O3. We calculate the electron–phonon scattering rate of the polar optical phonon modes using the Vogl model in conjunction with Fermi's golden rule; this enables us to fully take the anisotropic phonon spectra of the monoclinic lattice of β-Ga2O3 into account. We also examine the scattering rate due to ionized impurities or defects using a Yukawa-potential-based model. We consider scattering due to donor impurities, as well as the possibility of compensation by acceptors such as Ga vacancies. We then calculate the room-temperature mobility of β-Ga2O3 using the Boltzmann transport equation within the relaxation time approximation, for carrier densities in the range from 1017 to 1020 cm−3. We find that the electron–phonon interaction dominates the mobility for carrier densities of up to 1019 cm−3. We also find that the intrinsic anisotropy in the mobility is small; experimental findings of large anisotropy must therefore be attributed to other factors. We attribute the experimentally observed reduction of the mobility with increasing carrier density to increasing levels of compensation, which significantly affect the mobility.
An Adaptive Fuzzy Controller with Application to Petroleum Processing

Abstract Fuzzy logic controllers have some oftencited advantages over conventional techniques such as PID control, including easier implementation, accommodation to natural language, and the ability to cover a wider range of operating conditions. One major obstacle that hinders the broader application of fuzzy logic controllers is the lack of a systenlatic way to develop and modify their rules; as a result the creation and modification of fuzzy rules often depends on trial and error or pure experimentation. One of the proposed approaches to address this issue is a self-learning fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) that uses reinforcement learning techniques to learn the desirability of states and to adjust the consequent part of its fuzzy control rules accordingly. Due to the different dynamics of the controlled processes, the performance of a self-learning fuzzy controller is highly contingent on its design. The design issue has not received sufficient attention. The issues re lated to the design of a SFLC for application to a petrochemical process are discussed and its performance is compared with that of a PID and a self-tuning fuzzy logic controller.
Interactions of Seeds and their Insect Predators/Parasitoids in a Tropical Deciduous Forest

In this paper I will touch on some of the patterns and processes that have come to light in an on-going study of how the insects that eat seeds in tropical vegetation influence the structure of that vegetation and the characteristics of its individual members, and how the characteristics of the plants influence the insects. This study began in 1964 in the lowlands of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. While trying to understand the population dynamics and interdependency of obligate acacia-ants and their acacias (Janzen 1967), I was struck by the thoroughness with which the bruchid Acanthoscelides oblongoguttatus decimated the seed crops of Acacia cornigera. This swollen-thorn acacia was extremely common as a result of farming and grazing practices, and it produced far more fruits than the local community of dispersal agents would eat (a thorough study of dispersal agents was not made, but at least the Plain-tailed Brown Jay, Psilorhinus mexicanus, Black- headed Saltator, Saltator atriceps, and Grayish Saltator, Saltator coerulescens, ate seeds along with the pulp and defecated living seeds). While most of the A. cornigera population bore flowers in the later part of the dry season (March, April) and mature fruits about ten months later, individuals in almost any reproductive stage could be found at any time of year in an area as small as a few hectares. The pods remained on the acacia in a stage susceptible to bruchid oviposition for as long as two to three months. Attack was heavy and continuous, both from beetles that could have emerged from other pods on the same acacia, and from beetles coming from other A. cornigera out of fruiting synchrony. Only very broad synchrony of flowering and fruiting occurred in the highly mixed and variously disturbed habitats (roadsides, back yards, various age corn fields, pastures, fencerows, creekbanks, marshes).
Cotton Osteotomy in Flatfoot Reconstruction: A Review of Consecutive Cases.

Abstract The Cotton osteotomy or opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is a useful adjunctive flatfoot reconstructive procedure that is commonly performed; however, the outcomes are rarely reported owing to the adjunctive nature of the procedure. The Cotton procedure is relatively quick to perform and effectively corrects forefoot varus deformity after rearfoot fusion or osteotomy to achieve a rectus forefoot to rearfoot relationship. Proper patient selection is critical because the preoperative findings of medial column joint instability, concomitant hallux valgus deformity, or degenerative joint disease of the medial column might be better treated by arthrodesis of the naviculocuneiform or first tarsometatarsal joints. Procedure indications also include elevatus of the first ray, which can be a primary deformity in hallux limitus or an iatrogenic deformity after base wedge osteotomy for hallux valgus. We undertook an institutional review board-approved retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients (37 feet) who had undergone Cotton osteotomy as a part of flatfoot reconstruction. All but 1 case (2.7%) had radiographic evidence of graft incorporation at 10 weeks. No patient experienced graft shifting. Three complications (8.1%) were identified, including 2 cases with neuritis (5.4%) and 1 case of delayed union (2.7%) that healed with a bone stimulator at 6 months postoperatively. Meary's angle improved an average of 17.75°, from −17.24°± 8.00° to 0.51°± 3.81°, and this change was statistically significant ( p
Development of the Parent Responses to School Functioning Questionnaire.

Abstract Parents play an important role in supporting school functioning in youth with chronic pain, but no validated tools exists to assess parental responses to child and adolescent pain behaviors in the school context. Such a tool would be useful in identifying targets of change to reduce pain-related school impairment. The goal of this study was to develop and preliminarily validate the Parent Responses to School Functioning Questionnaire (PRSF), a parent self-report measure of this construct. After initial expert review and pilot testing, the measure was administered to 418 parents of children (ages 6–17 years) seen for initial multidisciplinary chronic pain clinic evaluation. The final 16-item PRSF showed evidence of good internal consistency (α = .82) and 2-week test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .87). Criterion validity was demonstrated by significant correlations with school absence rates and overall school functioning, and construct validity was demonstrated by correlations with general parental responses to pain. Three subscales emerged capturing parents' personal distress, parents' level of distrust of the school, and parents' expectations and behaviors related to their child's management of challenging school situations. These results provide preliminary support for the PRSF as a psychometrically sound tool to assess parents' responses to child pain in the school setting. Perspective The 16-item PRSF measures parental responses to their child's chronic pain in the school context. The clinically useful measure can inform interventions aimed reducing functional disability in children with chronic pain by enhancing parents' ability to respond adaptively to child pain behaviors.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Uncomfortable Considerations

This report defines new concepts of hematopoietic stem cell biology. We have utilized three different approaches which show that long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells are actively cycling and always changing phenotype. In addition, this is reversible. This indicates that the stem cell cannot be purified by current epitope selection approaches. The vast bulk of hematopoietic stem cells are discarded in different populations when stem cells are purified to lineage negative c-kit-positive and Sca-1-positive cells. Studies to define the hematopoietic niche have been largely carried out on these irrelevant purified cells and thus are not definitive. Studies have indicated the presence of baseline stem cells which function during the normal lifetime of mice. Baseline hematopoiesis appears to be run by thousands of relatively short-lived clones with limited differentiation capacity. Thus, there appear to be two basic hematopoietic stem cell modes; emergency and baseline. Hematopoietic stem cells represent an everchanging population of cells which cannot be purified by current approaches. Defining the population should be the key priority here.
Teaching Students about the Vietnam War: The Case for Balance

ABSTRACTThis work examines how the American role in the Vietnam War has been portrayed in standard college- and university-level textbooks dealing with American foreign policy. It argues that this topic has been presented in a manner that leaves an incomplete understanding. This conclusion is based on scholarship that has been available for decades as well as much Cold War historiography that has appeared since 1975. I conclude that the distortions need to be addressed for several reasons. Their propagation produces bad scholarship, gratuitously alienates Americans from their institutions of government, and justifies anti-Americanism and authoritarianism elsewhere.
Instrumentation-Related Complications

Similar to other disciplines of advanced dentistry, a clinician may encounter complications or unforeseen circumstances during endodontic therapy. Every clinician performing endodontic procedures would have experienced a range of outcomes ranging from a case well done to an unfavorable prognosis related to a procedural accident. Examples of complications during the root canal procedure include ledge formation, separated instruments, and over-instrumentation. However, fear of procedural accidents should not deter a practitioner from performing root canal treatment. An experienced clinician uses knowledge, clinical skill and acumen, experience, and awareness of his or her own limitations to minimize these accidents.
The Diatomic Gas and Other Separable Quantum Systems

An early major success of classical statistical mechanics was the prediction \( C_v = \frac{2}{3}NAK_B \equiv \frac{3}{2}R \) for the molar specific heat of a monoatomic gas, N A being Avogadro’s number and R being the gas constant. In testing this equation, R is a known parameter, since it also appears in the ideal gas law PV = nRT, (10.2) n being the number of moles of gas present. When (10.1) was first developed, the sole known monoatomic gas was mercury; the specific heat of mercury vapor is in accord with theory. The noble gases, discovered near the end of the nineteenth century, show behavior consistent with the above. The same approach, based on the first generalized equipartition theorem, predicts the Law of Dulong and Petit, namely that the molar specific heat of a crystalline elemental solid is in good agreement with late nineteenth century experiment.