cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland and its significant diagnostic issue.

Hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTT) are rare follicular cell-derived tumors of the thyroid gland that are infrequently reported in otolaryngology literature. We present here an interesting case of HTT which provides the basis for review of this entity’s clinical characteristics, criteria useful in making the diagnosis, and any currently available therapeutic modalities. A 70-year-old Caucasian female underwent a CT scan of her chest and was incidentally found to have a nodule within the right thyroid lobe. Gross examination of the excised thyroid lobe revealed a circumscribed and encapsulated lesion (tan / gritty in texture), confined to the gland. Histologic sections of the lesion revealed a circumscribed neoplasm with a trabecular and organoid architecture associated with abundant dystrophic calcification. Neoplastic cells showed a spindled morphology with clumped chromatin and ample eosinophilic cytoplasm. Histologically, HTT is a follicular cell-derived tumor composed of neoplastic cells arranged in a trabecular pattern with hyalinization and calcification of extracellular material. Distinguishing features of HTT include minimal cytologic atypia with a low nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio, cellular aggregates around hyalinized material, and nuclei with clumped chromatin and occasional grooves and/or pseudoinclusions. Though debated in the literature, the general consensus is that this tumor is a benign entity. It is our hope that additional clinical research will elicit awareness of these rare tumors.
What Has Changed in Ukrainian Politics?: Assessing the Implications of the Orange Revolution

The Orange Revolution did not solve all of Ukraine’s political problems. Changing leaders is not the same as changing institutions. It remains to be seen whether modifications made to Ukraine’s constitution will be sufficient to ensure liberal democracy.
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Intersex States

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common etiology of ambiguous genitalia in the neonate [Miller et al, 1987]. Furthermore, it is the only cause of ambiguous genitalia currently amenable to prenatal intervention. In over 95% of cases, CAH results from a genetically determined deficiency in 21-hydroxylase activity. Prevalence of the carrier state for this disease in the general population is estimated to be approximately 1 in 60 and the incidence of clinical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in caucasians has been found to be 1 in 14,000 [Pang et al, 1988]. There is no difference in the incidence of CAH based on sex. Due to the autosomal recessive manner of transmission, congenital adrenal hyperplasia carries a 25% recurrence risk for subsequent siblings.
Effects of Aging on the Obstacle Negotiation Strategy while Stepping over Multiple Obstacles.

Forty-seven percent of falling accidents in older adults are caused by tripping over obstacles. Understanding what strategies are involved in obstacle negotiation in older adults could reduce fall risks. There is a paucity of research investigating how healthy adults negotiate multiple obstacles, which may better reflect the complexity of the real environment. The presence of a second obstacle has induced mixed results in the obstacle negotiation of healthy older adults with the interval between obstacles two steps apart. This study extended the knowledge to understand what strategies healthy younger and older adults used to step over two obstacles placed at three-step-length apart. Twenty healthy subjects performed 2 tasks: level ground walking and stepping over two obstacles. The height of each obstacle was set at 10% of subjects’ leg height. We found that aging significantly increased the toe clearance in leading and trailing legs when stepping over the obstacles at a three-step-length interval. Toe clearance was higher while stepping over the second obstacle than the first one in older adults. These results had two-fold meanings: the three-step-length interval was long enough to trigger the adjustment of the obstacle negotiation strategy, and aging led older adults to use conservative negotiation strategies.
Christianity 2019: What’s Missing? A Call for Further Research:

This article marks the thirty-fifth year of presenting statistical information on world Christianity and mission. This year, we report on three gaps in the literature, concerning women in world Chr...
The Computer: A Convivial Tool?

Humans have always had relationships with tools. From the earliest records of our existence, we have built and used tools for making our lives easier. As our culture became more complex, so did our toolboxes. Yet just because a tool appears to make our work easier does not mean that it will enrich our lives. When considered in the context of long-term application and side effects, some tools emerge as harmful.Ivan Illich in his book, Tools for Conviviality, identifies several artifacts of modern culture as hurtful tools. Careful examination of emerging applications of computers in schools and offices reveals potential dangers if we fail to recognize how microprocessors can pollute the learning environment. As teachers encounter growing pressure to use computers, they may apply them in damaging ways to retard rather than accelerate learning.Computers can help create self-motivating science learning environments. Yet we cannot expect teachers who have never learned in such situations to apply new to...
Investigating the Tech-Savvy Consumer: An Abstract

Many designated as “tech savvy” have more than just a cursory understanding of technology. Moreover, there are those who comprehend technology very well. As technology has evolved, so should our understanding of consumers of technology. A focus on tech-savvy individuals can lead to an understanding of a variation of consumers who may not be innovators or early adopters, but have a working knowledge of technology-based products and considered opinion leaders by other consumers. Being tech savvy may or may not lead to an affinity for the products. However, this research will give marketers an understanding of another aspect of consumer behavior. The purpose of this research is to investigate exactly what tech savvy really means in terms of the consumer and how firms can leverage marketing based on insight into this consumer.
Trans-border kitchens: Iberian recipes in seventeenth-century English manuscripts

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I look at a particular set of seventeenth-century English manuscripts that include culinary, medicinal, or household recipes with Iberian origins: the Granville Family Recipe Book; Lady Ann Fanshawe’s Recipe Book; Sarah Hughes ‘Libro: Recetas de Portugal para hacer Peuetes y Pastillas y adrecar Guantes perfumados’; and a section from the journals of Edward Montegue, 1st Earl of Sandwich. These manuscripts that contain what I am calling ‘trans-border’ recipes provide a glimpse into the political, cultural and colonial history that illuminates the relationship between the Iberian Peninsula, England and the expanding globe. This history of food distribution is not one that reveals the decisions of highest levels of state, but rather it is a domestic history that nonetheless drove Europe’s desire for new tastes and resources. As these trans-border recipes travel from Iberia to England – or, sometimes from the New World, Africa or Asia to Spain or Portugal and then to England – they also...
Efecto de la Estacionalidad Climática y sus Implicancias para el Manejo de un Pastizal de Puna de la Cordillera Blanca, Ancash, Perú

Overgrazing is recognized as one of the main threats to the ecological integrity of the puna rangelands. However, there is little we know about the ecological processes that maintain biomass production and the floristic composition of the different types of rangeland existing in the Andes, which is the basis for giving a good recommendation for livestock management. Therefore, this work seeks to characterize the types of rangeland present in the study area and to evaluate the response that the vegetation has, in each type of rangeland, during the rainy season. The study area is a puna rangeland located at 4000 masl, in the rural community of Canray Grande (Cordillera Blanca, Ancash, Peru). For the characterization, the dominant plant communities were identified and fixed transects were established, which were evaluated quarterly for nine months. In addition, samples of soil were taken to measure the bulk density and available aerial biomass. The results show three types of pasture: Festuca grassland, mixed grassland and puna grassland, each with a different type of floristic composition, determined by the abundance of two key species (Festuca humilior and Brachypodium mexicanum), the aerial biomass available and the depth of the soil. It was determined that each type of rangeland has a different response to the rainy season. The Festuca grassland is the one that depends least on the rainy season, showing few differences in vegetation coverage and abundance of annual species. On the other hand, mixed grassland and puna grassland show an increase in vegetation cover, associated with the presence of annual species. This information shows the importance of taking into account the types of rangelands and their production of biomass to give better recommendations in the search for sustainable livestock management.
Disparate Central and Peripheral Effects of Circulating IGF-1 Deficiency on Tissue Mitochondrial Function

Age-related decline in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is associated with reduced cognitive function, neuronal aging, and neurodegeneration. Decreased mitochondrial function along with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of damaged macromolecules are hallmarks of cellular aging. Based on numerous studies indicating pleiotropic effects of IGF-1 during aging, we compared the central and peripheral effects of circulating IGF-1 deficiency on tissue mitochondrial function using an inducible liver IGF-1 knockout (LID). Circulating levels of IGF-1 (~ 75%) were depleted in adult male Igf1f/f mice via AAV-mediated knockdown of hepatic IGF-1 at 5 months of age. Cognitive function was evaluated at 18 months using the radial arm water maze and glucose and insulin tolerance assessed. Mitochondrial function was analyzed in hippocampus, muscle, and visceral fat tissues using high-resolution respirometry O2K as well as redox status and oxidative stress in the cortex. Peripherally, IGF-1 deficiency did not significantly impact muscle mass or mitochondrial function. Aged LID mice were insulin resistant and exhibited ~ 60% less adipose tissue but increased fat mitochondrial respiration (20%). The effects on fat metabolism were attributed to increases in growth hormone. Centrally, IGF-1 deficiency impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial acquisition as well as reversal learning in male mice. Hippocampal mitochondrial OXPHOS coupling efficiency and cortex ATP levels (~ 50%) were decreased and hippocampal oxidative stress (protein carbonylation and F2-isoprostanes) was increased. These data suggest that IGF-1 is critical for regulating mitochondrial function, redox status, and spatial learning in the central nervous system but has limited impact on peripheral (liver and muscle) metabolism with age. Therefore, IGF-1 deficiency with age may increase sensitivity to damage in the brain and propensity for cognitive deficits. Targeting mitochondrial function in the brain may be an avenue for therapy of age-related impairment of cognitive function. Regulation of mitochondrial function and redox status by IGF-1 is essential to maintain brain function and coordinate hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. While a decline in IGF-1 in the periphery may be beneficial to avert cancer progression, diminished central IGF-1 signaling may mediate, in part, age-related cognitive dysfunction and cognitive pathologies potentially by decreasing mitochondrial function.
Experience with a Reduced Toxicity Busulfan, Fludarabine Regimen in Children Undergoing Allogeneic HCT for Non-CGD Primary Immune Deficiencies Requiring Myeloablation

Introduction A reduced toxicity busulfan, fludarabine regimen with alemtuzumab or anti-thymocyte globulin (Gungor et al.) was efficacious in patients undergoing allogeneic HCT for CGD. We report our experience with a similar approach for patients with non-CGD primary immune deficiencies needing a reduced toxicity myeloablative approach. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of consecutive patients who underwent allogeneic HCT for primary immune deficiencies with a preparative regimen containing busulfan, fludarabine and alemtuzumab or anti-thymocyte globulin(ATG) at two transplant centers between 2015-2018. Busulfan was given twice daily over 4 days with target AUC of 1800 to 2000 μMol/min (based on q12 hr. dosing) or once daily over 4 days with a target AUC of 3600-4400 μMol/min (based on q24 hr. dosing). Fludarabine 180 mg/m2 or 160 mg/m2 was given divided over 6 days or 4 days, respectively. Serotherapy included alemtuzumab 0.3 - 0.5 mg/kg or ATG 7.5 mg/kg given divided over 3 days. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. Results Thirty-five patients (WAS=11, HLH=10, CD40L deficiency=6, IPEX/VEOIBD=4, IFNGR1 def./ SCN/CID/LAD=1) received busulfan, fludarabine and alemtuzumab or ATG for allogeneic HCT (first HCT in 26 patients and second HCT in 9 of 10 patients with HLH). Median age was 2.0 years (range, 0.3 years – 19.8 years). Patients received a graft from an HLA-matched related (n=10), unrelated (n=23), or single allele mismatched related or unrelated donor (n=2). All except one patient engrafted at a median of 13 days (range,11-34 days). One patient developed veno-occlusive disease and two patients developed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Seven patients (20%) developed grade 2-3 acute GVHD and 2 patients (5.7%) developed chronic GVHD. One patient developed primary graft failure and two patients secondary graft failure. Eighteen patients (51%) maintained >95% donor chimerism following allogeneic HCT. Sixteen patients (46%) developed mixed chimerism, predominantly in the T-cell lineage, but T-cell donor chimerism progressively increased post-HCT. At 1-year post-transplant, 13 of 16 patients (81%) with mixed chimerism had donor myeloid chimerism >90% and T-cell chimerism >75%. Two patients underwent a second transplant for graft failure. Overall survival was 86%(30 of 35) and event free survival was 77%(27 of 35) at 1 year. Conclusion Our experience suggests that a reduced toxicity busulfan, fludarabine regimen with alemtuzumab or ATG as serotherapy offers a promising approach with low toxicity, durable myeloid engraftment, low incidence of grade 2-4 GVHD and excellent overall survival, and can be considered for a variety of primary immune deficiencies where myeloablative HCT is desired.
Determination of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of thin films by X-ray methods

Abstract Accurate determination of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio is critical when characterizing the mechanical properties of ultra-thin films. In this work, a method to simultaneously measure the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of thin films by X-ray techniques combined with a four-point bending fixture is presented. The four-point bending fixture was carried out to purposely induce stresses on the thin film and cause a curvature of the film/wafer system. The induced stresses were measured by the modified conventional X-ray diffraction for film measurements. At the same time, the curvature of the film/wafer system was measured by the X-ray rocking curve. With the film stress derived from the curvature according to the Stoney formula, both the Poisson's ratio and the Young's modulus were evaluated from the plot of lattice d -spacing changes (strain) versus cos 2 α sin 2 ψ . The method was applied to determine thin copper films (~ 180 nm). The estimated Poisson's ratios ranged from 0.18 to 0.24. Compared to the 0.34 for bulk Cu, the deviation between the bulk and the film properties was above ~ 30%. The Young's modulus of the films is 116.7 ± 2.9 GPa, which was comparable to those reported in the literature for ~ 128 GPa.
New Light on Einstein Letter

Eugene Wigner and Alvin Weinberg, it seems to me, are two of a rapidly diminishing number of scientific geniuses who not only led their colleagues in finding a way to end the most terrible of all wars (World War II) in the 1940s, but also who, since then, have worked tirelessly and unselfishly to help us understand the implications of nuclear war — if also of nuclear technology for humanitarian ends.
Duplication of the oral cavity and mandible: a rare congenital craniofacial anomaly.

A newborn girl was referred to the otolaryngology service after prenatal imaging showed a right mandibular mass. Physical examination revealed a 1–2 cm mass along the right mandible with the appearance of a vestigial oral cavity. Tissue resembling the vermillion and primitive tongue appeared innervated and moved in conjunction with oral movements. MRI and CT of the mandible after birth confirmed a partially ossified soft tissue mass of the right mandibular body, containing unerupted teeth. She was taken to the operating room at 6 months of age for mass excision and reconstruction. Postoperatively, she healed well and was feeding without difficulty. Craniofacial duplication, including duplication of stomatodeal structures or diprosopus, is a rare condition with a variety of phenotypes. In the case of suspected craniofacial duplication, associated syndromes should be ruled out and appropriate imaging employed to determine the extent of involvement of adjacent structures, which will ultimately guide surgical planning.
High-Resolution Correlator Based Detection of GPS Spoofing Attacks Using the LASSO

This work proposes a novel sparsity-based decomposition method for the correlator output signals in GPS receivers capable of detecting spoofing attacks. We model complex correlator outputs of the received signal to form a dictionary of triangle-shaped replicas and employ a sparsity technique that selects potential matching triangle replicas from said dictionary. We formulate an optimization problem at the receiver correlator domain by using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to find sparse code-phase peaks where such triangle-shaped delays are located. The optimal solution of this optimization technique discriminates two different code-phase values as authentic and spoofed peaks in a sparse vector output. We use a threshold to mitigate false alarms. Additionally, we present an expansion of the model by enhancing the dictionary to a collection of shifted triangles with higher resolution. Our experiments are able to discriminate authentic and spoofer peaks from synthetic GPS-like simulations. We also test our method on a real dataset, namely the Texas Spoofing Test Battery (TEXBAT). Our method achieves less than 1% detection error rate (DER) in nominal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions.
Continued smoking in African American cancer survivors: The Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors Cohort

Tobacco cessation among those recently diagnosed with cancer is important to improve their prognosis, yet, many cancer survivors continue to smoke. The epidemiology of tobacco use differs by race and ethnicity, and limited cessation research has been conducted in African American (AA) populations. Here, we assess demographic and clinical variables associated with continued smoking in AAs after a cancer diagnosis. The Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors study is a cohort comprised of AA cancer survivors with breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers. Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors data were utilized from survivors who completed their baseline survey within 18 months of cancer diagnosis (n = 1145); 18% (n = 356) reported smoking at the time of cancer diagnosis, and 57% of these (n = 203) continued to smoke after their diagnosis. Logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with continued smoking. Living with a smoker (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64, 4.70), higher cumulative years of smoking (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05, for each year), and a prostate cancer diagnosis (OR = 7.35, 95% CI: 3.89, 13.89) were all associated with increased odds of continued smoking. Survivors with higher social well-being scores (measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, a quality of life assessment) were more likely to quit smoking after diagnosis (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.00). These findings highlight the continued need for personalized cessation strategies to be incorporated into treatment plans for cancer survivors.
The effects of cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors on a high-dose tramadol taper for medically supervised opioid withdrawal: a retrospective chart review.

Background: Tramadol is used off-label for medically supervised opioid withdrawal. Tramadol is metabolized by CYP2D6 to an active metabolite with significantly more pharmacologic activity compared ...
Jeankempite, Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2(H2O)7, a new arsenate mineral from the Mohawk Mine, Keweenaw County, Michigan, USA

Jeankempite, Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2(H2O)7, is a new mineral species (IMA2018-090) discovered amongst coatings of arsenate minerals on oxidised copper arsenides from the Mohawk No. 2 mine, Mohawk, Keweenaw County, Michigan, USA. The new mineral occurs as lamellar bundles of colourless to white plates up to 1 mm wide and is visually indistinguishable from guerinite, with which it forms intergrowths. Jeankempite is transparent to translucent with a waxy lustre and white streak, is non-fluorescent under longwave and shortwave ultraviolet illumination, has a Mohs hardness of ~1.5 and brittle tenacity with uneven fracture. Crystals are flattened on {01, a = 6.710(6), b = 14.901(14), c = 15.940(15) A, α = 73.583(12)°, β = 81.984(12)°, γ = 82.754(12)°, V = 1507(2) A3 and Z = 3. The final structure was refined to R1 = 0.0591 for 2781 reflections with Iobs > 3σI. The crystal structure of jeankempite is built from a network of edge- and vertex-sharing CaO6, CaO7 and AsO4 polyhedra, and we hypothesise that the new mineral has formed due to a topotactic reaction brought on by dehydration of preexisting guerinite.
Carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy

Abstract Twelve cases of cervical carcinoma associated with pregnancy, an incidence of 0.014 per cent, are presented with observations concerning the clinical aspects and treatment. The five-year survival rate in this series is 50 per cent. Direct visualization of the cervix and when it is indicated, biopsy in the hospital are the important steps in the routine prenatal examination and in the investigation of bleeding during any trimester of pregnancy. The need for study by a competent pathologist and caution in the evaluation of cervical lesions during pregnancy, especially carcinoma in situ, are stressed. The clinical stage remains the single most important prognostic criterion. No unfavorable influence by the pregnancy could be demonstrated, since survival results and clinical aspects of the 12 cases are similar to those in uncomplicated cervical carcinomas. Fetal mortality is only slightly increased. In Stage I or II cases, the method of choice is cesarean section followed by the Wertheim type hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy. If there is extensive involvement of the cervix, radium is inserted into the cervical canal and retained by a suture for a dose of 4,000 mg./hr., and is followed by cesarean section with radical surgery, or, if the parametrial tissues are involved, with subtotal hysterectomy, so that 3 to 4 cm. of cervix are left for further radium therapy and deep x-ray therapy to the parametria.
Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: Future Directions for Translational Science

ABSTRACT Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is a common malignancy affecting one in nine men, with six of every 10 cases identified in men older than 66 years, and more adversely affects African American males. It remains less common in men under the age of 40. The age adjusted incidence is increasing with the application of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker. PSA helps identifying the disease at an early stage, which is treatable and curable with traditional therapies. However, a significant percentage of men present with high Gleason grade and advanced disease, with lower PSA, and younger age at presentation. These patients can have a compromised outcome. Once again, we are evaluating patients under the age of 50 with advanced disease due in part to inconsistent application of clinical screening. More effort is needed for high-risk patients to provide timely, meaningful intervention and effective therapy. In this chapter, we review the status of therapy for standard and high-risk patients, and strategies for translational science for patients at risk of compromised outcome and treatment failure.
Rules Against Rulification

The Supreme Court often confronts the choice between bright-line rules and open-ended standards—a point well understood by commentators and the Court itself. Less well understood is a related choice that arises once the Court has opted for a standard over a rule: may lower courts develop subsidiary rules to facilitate their own application of the Supreme Court’s standard, or must they always apply that standard in its pure, un-“rulified” form? In several cases, spanning a range of legal contexts, the Court has endorsed the latter option, fortifying its first-order standards with second-order “rules against rulification.”Rules against rulification are a curious breed: they promote the use of standards, but only in a categorical, rule-like manner. The existing literature on the rules-standards dilemma sheds only limited light on the special problems that anti-rulification rules present. This Article addresses these problems head-on, disentangling the sometimes-unintuitive consequences that follow from the Court’s adoption of anti-rulification rules, while also offering practical insights as to when and how these rules should be deployed. Among other things, the Article points out that anti-rulification rules, while useful in some circumstances, can carry the surprisingly maximalist consequences of freezing the development of the law and constraining the methodological choices of lower court actors. In addition, the Article sets forth some prescriptive suggestions regarding the creation and detection of anti-rulification rules, proposing, for instance, that the Court should proceed cautiously before pronouncing rules against rulification and that lower courts should insist on express prohibitions from the Court before deeming themselves barred from the rulification endeavor.
Developmental changes in ERP preceding movement are not affected by temporal aspects of the response.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developmental changes in event-related potentials (ERPs) preceding movement are not affected by temporal aspects of the response. Waveforms preceding right thumb flexion have been found to vary with development and mental retardation. Adults had typical negative-going waveforms. In contrast, young children had a biphasic waveform with positive components at 600 and 150 msec prior to movement. Mentally retarded young adults often had uniphasic positive-going waveforms. Pre-adolescents are variable, exhibiting waveforms similar to all 3 other groups. Subjects are instructed to press and release a hand-held button every few seconds but not to count or try to pace their presses. A demonstration is given and a few practice presses are allowed to assure proper performance. There are no explicit instructions as to how long to press or interval among presses except those implied by the demonstration. If during the task, however, the subject began pressing too rapidly (less than about 2 sec among presses) or appeared too rhythmical in responses is stopped and reinstructed. For each subject press durations and interresponse intervals are determined for each trial.
Anterior instability: Shoulder dislocations, instability, and the labrum

Traumatic anterior shoulder instability poses a challenge to orthopedic providers. Not only are the patient factors leading to recurrent instability not well understood, but furthermore, success following various treatment options has not been clearly established. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight current information to assist treatment of patients who have sustained an acute anterior shoulder dislocation.
Developing Students' Interpretive Repertoires

As readers encounter visual images, design elements in addition to the written language incorporated into contemporary picturebooks, the repertoire of strategies students need to draw upon must expand to deal with the aspects of these texts beyond decoding of written language. The study reported here was designed to investigate how students interpreted contemporary picturebooks, the meanings they constructed during their readings and discussions, and the instructional approaches used to support the development of students’ interpretive strategies for comprehending the visual and design features of multimodal texts, in particular contemporary picturebooks.
The kinetics of dissociation of Cu2+-bovine serum albumin biuret complexes.

Abstract The kinetics of decomposition of Cu2+n-bovine serum albumin complexes (where n = 1 to 4 and the Cu2+ is bound via peptide nitrogens after ionization of the peptide hydrogens) have been measured by decomposing the complexes with ethylenediaminetetracetate. One complex formed at low pH (∼6) is much more stable and is decomposed via the rate law -d[Cu2+-albumin]/dt = 1.1 x 107[H+][H-EDTA3-][Cu2+-albumin] The rate is found to be independent of the concentration of added buffer. The biuret complex formed by the NH2-terminal peptide fragment of albumin is decomposed via the same rate law with a rate constant of 5 x 106 m-2 s-1. The other Cu2+-albumin complexes are formed at high pH (∼9.5) and decomposed via a different rate law, namely -d[Cu2+n-albumin]/dt = k[H+][Cu2+n-albumin] where k = 2.8 x 107 m-1 s-1, 1.3 x 108 m-1 s-1, and 2.2 x 109 m-1 s-1 for n = 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The rates were independent of [EDTA]. The effect of added buffer on the decomposition of the second bound Cu2+ ion was measured. Both H-Tris and H-borate were found to catalyze the decomposition reaction, indicating that the reaction was general acid-catalyzed. The relative rates of catalysis for H3O+, H-Tris, and H-borate were 1.5 x 107:5:1.
High frame rate 2D and 3D imaging with a curved or cylindrical array

Recently, a high frame rate (HFR) imaging method based on limited diffraction beam (LDB) theory has been developed. In this method, a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) image is constructed with a single plane wave transmission and thus a theoretical frame rate of 3750 frames/second can be obtained for biological soft tissues at a depth of about 200 mm. Because a plane wave is used to transmit, images can only be obtained in a small area if an object is illuminated with a transducer of a small footprint. In this paper, we extend the HFR method by using a cylindrical wave to illuminate an object. Mathematical formulas were derived and computer simulations were performed to verify the method. The method allows to increase the illumination area by using a transducer of a small footprint, which is important for applications such as cardiac imaging where acoustic window sizes are limited.
Ultrastructural immunolabeling shows prominent presynaptic vesicular localization of delta-opioid receptor within both enkephalin- and nonenkephalin-containing axon terminals in the superficial layers of the rat cervical spinal cord.

Opioid peptides, Met5- and Leu5-enkephalin, are known endogenous ligands for the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) associated with opioid analgesia at the spinal level. To determine the cellular sites for DOR- mediated actions, we examined the ultrastructural localization of DOR and Met5-enkephalin (ME) in the spinal cord by combining immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver labeling for antibodies against DOR and ME, respectively. Antibodies for DOR localization were raised in guinea pig against peptide 34–47 (p34), an amino acid sequence within the extracellular N-terminus of the DOR recently cloned from mouse neuroblastoma glioma (NG-108) cells. Selective immunoperoxidase labeling for DOR was detected by light microscopy in NG-108 cells and in the lamina I and II of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (C2-C4). Electron microscopy of these spinal laminae revealed that the majority of the punctate varicosities seen by light microscopy were axon terminals. delta-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity (DOR-LI) in axon terminals was most prominently associated with large dense core vesicles, and sometimes seen along the membranes of small clear vesicles and segments of the plasmalemma. A semiquantitative analysis of dually labeled sections revealed that of the terminals showing DOR- LI, 23/102 (23%) also contained Met5-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ME-LI). Conversely, 23/35 (66%) of the terminals showing ME-LI also showed DOR-LI. In addition to the presynaptic localization, selective postsynaptic densities within dendrites were also occasionally (9%) immunolabeled for the opioid receptor. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that DOR may serve autoreceptor functions on ME terminals as well as presynaptic modulation of other transmitters in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Additionally, the vesicular localization of DOR-LI in axon terminals suggests the involvement of these organelles in the transport of the receptors to the plasma membrane.
Significant enhancement of third- and fifth-harmonic generation in air via two-color, time-resolved methods

We report two orders of magnitude enhancement of third- and fifth-harmonic generation in air via time-resolved methods using two-color, femtosecond beams. We attribute the significant enhancement to cross-phase modulation and/or plasma assisted phase matching effects.
Electric and Electronic Control Devices

Electrical controls are available in a wide variety of configurations, for every conceivable purpose in HVAC applications. All of these are based on one of four operating principles: the switch, the electromagnetic coil and solenoid, the two-position motor and the modulating motor.
Development of display technology for the next century [military aircraft]

This year, Brookhaven and Battelle will provide technologies critical to the fielding of the first engineering models of a Polyplanar Optic Display unit to replace the CRTs in the B-52 aircraft. Brookhaven has demonstrated the viability of this technology in a breadboard model and demonstrated that it will fit into the current B-52 display casting. Battelle will add microscreen coatings to the surface of the displays' that will eliminate all reflections and enable excellent daylight readability. Battelle will also automate the building of the display screens using plastic sheets. The plastic screens will be added to the B-52 program in future years. The joint effort of these two major research and development organizations will, over the next five years, provide the required system engineering and build preproduction models for wrap-around cockpit daylight readable displays.
Sex-Related Differences in Colour Vocabulary:

This paper describes an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that women have larger colour vocabularies than men. The results indicate that they do. The results also indicate that, in at least one social class, younger men have larger colour vocabularies than do older men. No such difference exists for women. However, a group of Catholic nuns did score lower than the rest of the women but still higher than the men.
Donors in chains: psychosocial outcomes of kidney donors in paired exchange.

Background—Kidney paired donation chains are initiated by nondirected donors and propagated by donors within the chain of transplants, or chain donors.Objective—To compare psychosocial and functional outcomes, and to test coercion, of chain donors in paired exchange versus traditional directed donors who have an established relationship with the recipient.Methods—Thirty chain donors from a transplant center who were part of the National Kidney Registry paired exchange program were compared with 34 traditional donors who donated around the same time. Participants completed online surveys: the postdonation section of the Living Donor Expectancies Questionnaire was used to assess psychosocial and functional outcomes 1 to 6 years after donation. A survey to assess coercion was used as well.Results—Chain donors and traditional donors were similar in terms of sex, race, age, and time after donation. The 2 groups had similar altruistic motives in donating their kidney, and both types of donors mentioned psycholo...
Aircraft/Surface Derived Aerosol Optical Properties Near Hawaii for Satellite Validation

Due to the complexity of atmospheric aerosol, validation efforts are required to test satellite retrievals. Here we give an overview of our aircraft and ship validation measurements near Hawaii. Some examples of the measurements are shown which illustrate some of the variability we have encountered. This effort is ongoing and can provide important background measurements for satellite validation as well as radiation studies.
VEGETATION MAPS IN GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH

(1959). VEGETATION MAPS IN GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 6-9.
Effect of Substituting Steam-Flaked Sorghum for Concentrate on Lactation and Digestion in Dairy Cows

Thirty-five lactating cows (110 DIM), allotted to five dietary treatments for 70 d, were fed 0, 15, 30, or 45% of dietary DM as steam-flaked sorghum grain (360 g/L) in place of equal amounts of a mixture (DM basis) of 40% steam-rolled corn, 13% rolled barley, 20% wheat mill run, and 27% ground beet pulp in four diets. Thinly flaked sorghum grain (283 g/L) was also fed at 15% of dietary DM. The DMI tended to increase as flaked sorghum increased. Yields of milk and milk protein and percentages of milk protein and SNF increased linearly as sorghum increased. Milk yield of cows fed 15% of DM as the thinly flaked sorghum was higher than for cows fed the 360 g/L flake at 15% and similar to that of cows fed the 360 g/L flake at 30 or 45%. Feed efficiencies and changes in BW and body condition score were unaffected by treatment. As steam-flaked sorghum increased, digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, NDF, and CP tended to decrease, except for the thinly flaked sorghum fed at 15% of DM. Apparent starch digestibility in the total tract was unaltered by diet. The 30 to 45% of DM fed as steam-flaked sorghum grain (360 g/L) increased yields of milk and milk protein, and thinly flaked sorghum (283 g/L) fed at 15% of DM increased milk yields over that of the control diet or that with the 360 g/L flake at 15% of DM.
Finding the farm: postal address-based building clustering

Geocoding, the act of mapping place names and addresses to locations on digital maps, is an important feature of many geographical information systems. Yet, traditional geocoding algorithms can be very inaccurate, especially in rural areas. Land plot maps maintained by local governments can be used to increase accuracy but are not always available. A constraint satisfaction method proposed by Michalowski and Knoblock has the potential to greatly increase accuracy by exploiting two widely available datasets, phone book addresses and building locations derived from aerial photographs, but it may still be inaccurate when the number of buildings does not correspond to the number of addresses. Therefore, this research investigates the accuracy of a method of taking addresses and building locations and grouping the buildings into clusters where each cluster contains the buildings present at a single address. The k-means, complete-link, and a minimum spanning tree-based clustering algorithm are all tested on building locations gathered from aerial photographs of predominantly rural Fulton County, PA, to determine which method creates the most accurate clusters. A secondary hypothesis is tested to find whether geolocating to a cluster centroid or to the building within the cluster that is closest to the road produces locations closer to the address locations provided by Fulton County. If the results of these two experiments yield accurate results, they can be used as an important preprocessing step in a geocoding system based on Michalowski and Knoblock's method.
Hypertension in the developing world: challenges and opportunities.

Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries. One-quarter of the world's adult population has hypertension, and this is likely to increase to 29% by 2025. Modeled projections indicate an increase to 1.15 billion hypertensive patients by 2025 in developing countries. There is variability in the global prevalence of hypertension: hypertension is present in ∼35% of the Latin American population, 20%-30% of the Chinese and Indian population, and ∼14% in Sub-Saharan African countries. This heterogeneity has been attributed to several factors, including urbanization with its associated changes in lifestyle, racial ethnic differences, nutritional status, and birth weight. Compounding this high burden of hypertension is a lack of awareness and insufficient treatment in those with hypertension. The public health response to this challenge should drive greater promotion of awareness efforts, studies of risk factors for hypertension, and understanding of the impact of lifestyle changes. Also important are efforts to develop multipronged strategies for hypertension management in developing nations.
Effect of Coating Thickness on Tribological Performance of CrN in Dry Sliding Contact

One of the most commonly used tribological thin-film coatings is Chromium Nitride (CrN), typically deposited by PVD process. Examples of current applications of this coating include cutting and forming tools: ICE piston ring, hydrodynamic pumps, etc. In selecting coating for tribological applications, one of the critical parameter is the coating thickness. In the present work, we experimentally studied the effect of coating thickness on friction and wear performance of CrN coatings under unidirectional sliding. Test were conducted with ∼ 1, 5 and 10 microns thick coatings deposited on a hardened H-13 steel substrate by plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering (PEMS) process. The friction behavior was strongly dependent on coating thickness, especially at relatively low loads. At higher load however, the thinner coating (1 μm) was quickly worn through while the thicker ones (5 and 10 μm) remained intact. Wear in both, the counterface WC material and the coating was also observed to depend on coating thickness. The observed effect on coating thickness on tribological behavior is attributed to differences in the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of coatings as function of thickness.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Chemoelastic Fracture Mechanics Model for Cement Sheath Integrity

AbstractA linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) model for the engineering fracture design of cement sheath integrity at early ages in oil and gas well applications is proposed. The model considers the specific worst-case scenario of a single radial crack and estimates the energy release rate (stress intensity factor) that potentially develops in a cement sheath as a result of the buildup of eigenstresses at early ages, considering the loss of axisymmetry. Specifically, the model involves a two-step solution procedure: a chemoelastic stress solver and a LEFM solver using an Airy-stress function approach together with the method of complex variables. For the first, an appropriate constitutive model for cement slurries at early ages is required as a backbone for chemoelastic stress development. Second, the LEFM solver uses the stresses to estimate the energy release rate and the stress intensity, and thus provide a means to evaluate the driving force of fracture propagation and the fracture risk as a func...
Removal of urinary catheter on postoperative day 3 or 4 after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives To determine the feasibility and safety of removing the urinary catheter on postoperative day (POD) 3 or 4 after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Methods Between January 2001 and August 2001, gravity cystography was performed on POD 3 or 4 after RRP by a single surgeon (H.L.) on 151 men. The urinary catheter was removed on POD 3 or 4 providing no extravasation was evident on cystography. Urinary catheters were replaced over a guidewire placed into the bladder under flexible cystoscopic guidance in cases of acute urinary retention (AUR). Continence was assessed at 3 months after RRP. Results Of the 151 cystograms performed on POD 3 or 4, 116 (76.8%) revealed no evidence of extravasation. The indwelling catheters were removed in 114 of these cases (98.3%). Twenty-two (19.3%) of the 114 men whose catheters were removed on POD 3 or 4 developed AUR within 48 hours of catheter removal, requiring catheter replacement. Two of these patients required repeated surgery secondary to complications related to AUR. At 3 months after RRP, 75% of the men whose catheters were removed on POD 3 or 4 required no pads or a single pad during a 24-hour interval, and 77.6% reported none or slight bother from incontinence. Of the 37 men whose catheters were removed on POD 7 or later, 1 patient (2.7%) developed AUR, and the catheter was replaced without complications. At 3 months after RRP, 65.7% of men whose catheters were removed on POD 7 or later required no pads or a single pad during a 24-hour interval, and 71.4% reported none or slight bother from incontinence. The incidence of anastomotic stricture in men whose catheters were removed on POD 3 or 4 and POD 7 or later was 12.1% and 22.6%, respectively. Conclusions Most men will have a watertight anastomosis on POD 3 or 4 after RRP. Early catheter removal does not have a negative impact on continence or the rate of anastomotic strictures. Because of the high incidence of AUR, requiring replacement of the urinary catheter, and the potential for disruption of the anastomosis or bladder neck reconstruction, we currently recommend delaying catheter removal until POD 7 or later.
Flavor Symmetry and Proton Decay

Abstract We consider a class of SU(5) grand unified models with superheavy fermions as well as the three light families. Mixing of superheavy and light fermions can cause Cabibbo-like suppression of proton decay. In a model with an SO(3) flavor symmetry, the minimal SU(5) prediction m τ = 1 3 m b is preserved, while predictions for me and mμ are not. Cabibbo favored proton decay modes are p→πμ and p→Ke, but not p→Kμ. The top quark mass is θ; c ( m b m d ) m c ≃ 150 GeV .
Citrate metabolism and the mechanism of renal calcification induced by magnesium depletion.

Abstract The effects of magnesium deficiency in rats on serum, bone, and urine citrate concentrations and the influence of concurrent vitamin D depletion were studied. Our findings are in agreement with the concept that a fall in serum magnesium stimulates parathyroid hormone output. Elevated serum calcium and citric acid levels, hypocalciuria, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia were found consistently in magnesium-deficient rats. The development of hypercalcemia and hypercitricemia was prevented by vitamin D deficiency which is in accord with the data indicating that full expression of parathyroid hormone activity does not occur in the absence of vitamin D. Citrate excretion was reduced in the magnesium-deficient rats. Whatever the mechanism involved in the reduction of urinary citrate by magnesium deficiency the sequence of events favors the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the renal tubules in a manner resembling that seen in acetazolamide administration. 13 Kidney calcinosis was prevented by vitamin D deficiency, by reduction of phosphorus excretion or by increasing urine citrate concentrations. Magnesium deficiency is an additional example of the association of hypocitricuria and nephrocalcinosis.