cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faradaic electrochemistry at microcylinder, band, and tubular band electrodes

Abstract Current-time relationships of faradaic processes at microcylinder, band, and tubular band electrodes have been evaluated. Microcylinder electrodes were fabricated from platinum wires (5 μm radius) sealed in glass capillaries. Band and tubular electrodes were constructed with platinum sheets (∼ 20 μm width) or thin pieces of graphite (∼ 5 μm width) sealed between insulating mateials. The temporal response of the current at a microcylinder electrode for the reduction of ferricyanide in aqueous potassium chloride solutions is in excellent agreement with that predicted by equations derived for heat flux to a cylinder. An estimation of the magnitude and temporal properties of the measured current at a band electrode can be obtained when a hemicylinder geometry is assumed. The current respone is identical at band and tubular band electrodes even for the smallest tubular radius investigated, 0.54 mm. Cyclic voltammograms at electrodes of all three geometries show significant contributions from radial diffusion at slow scan rates (
Significance testing for variational assimilation

The hypothesis test associated with a variational data-assimilation algorithm is examined in detail. It can be shown that the test statistic, Ĵ, should have a distribution, where M is the number of scalar data assimilated, if the hypothesis regarding the model and data residuals is consistent with the true physical system. The skill of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test in identifying whether the hypothesis used in the assimilation is ‘true’ (that is, the hypothesis correctly reflects the residuals in the model and the data) or not (that is, the hypothesis has either incorrect parameters in the covariance or an incorrect bias) is evaluated. It is shown that the KS test does indeed have some skill in identifying a false hypothesis. However, as one might expect, the skill is limited to cases where the particular component of the hypothesis that is incorrect has an impact on the test statistic and therefore on its distribution. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
PREDICTING EXTINCTION RISK IN SPITE OF PREDATOR–PREY OSCILLATIONS

Most population viability analyses (PVA) assume that the effects of species interactions are subsumed by population-level parameters. We examine how robust five commonly used PVA models are to violations of this assumption. We develop a stochastic, stage-structured predator-prey model and simulate prey population vital rates and abundance. We then use simulated data to parameterize and estimate risk for three demographic models (static projection matrix, stochastic projection matrix, stochastic vital rate matrix) and two time series models (diffusion approximation [DA], corrupted diffusion approximation [CDA]). Model bias is measured as the absolute deviation between estimated and observed quasi-extinction risk. Our results highlight three generalities about the application of single-species models to multi-species conservation problems. First, our collective model results suggest that most single-species PVA models overestimate extinction risk when species interactions cause periodic variation in abundance. Second, the DA model produces the most (conservatively) biased risk forecasts. Finally, the CDA model is the most robust PVA to population cycles caused by species interactions. CDA models produce virtually unbiased and relatively precise risk estimates even when populations cycle strongly. High performance of simple time series models like the CDA owes to their ability to effectively partition stochastic and deterministic sources of variation in population abundance.
FDA Meeting: Clinical Accuracy Requirements for Point of Care Blood Glucose Meters

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has become increasingly concerned about the use of point of care blood glucose meters. A public meeting to discuss issues related to their use, hosted by FDA's Center for Device and Radiological Health, Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation, will take place on March 16 and 17, 2010. Goals of the meeting include: raising public awareness and obtaining public input about the accuracy and clinical use of blood glucose meters; sharing ideas on the challenges associated with their use; and working toward identifying solutions. The meeting will also include discussions about the liabilities that clinicians face in regards to their involvement with blood glucose meters. The FDA would like to extend an invitation to the members of the Diabetes Technology Society. We are aware of the important work which your group has done in the area of glucose meters and believe your contributions will be significant and valuable. Details about the meeting including the agenda, Federal Register Notice and how to register can be found at: http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/NewsEvents/WorkshopsConferences/ucm187406.htm Registration requests should be received by February 25, 2010. Registration is free and will be on a first-come, first-served basis. Early registration is recommended because seating is limited. If you need additional information or have questions, please feel free to contact me at: 301-796-6152 or vog.SHH.ADF@sokniP.neelrA
The Death of Moses and the Fate of Source Criticism

The inductive reading of Deuteronomy 34 offered in the present article suggests that the chapter is an entirely coherent, integral composition that fits well in its context on multiple levels and plays an important compositional and conceptual role in this context. By contrast, Philip Y. Yoo (“The Four Moses Death Accounts,” JBL 131 [2012]: 423–41) argues, deductively building on preceding source-critical scholarship, that the text in question displays traces of all four classical pentateuchal sources that were brought together by a redactor. The sharply divergent results of the two studies expose the source-critical approach as self-contradictory and therefore raise serious doubts about its epistemological validity.
Gender differences in anger expression: Health implications

Anger expression modes were examined in a diverse sample of mid-life men and women (N = 139) participating in the third phase of a longitudinal study of health that began in 1982 at the World's Fair and a metropolitan general hospital in Tennessee. Contrary to previous studies, men and women did not differ in the likelihood of suppressing their anger (anger-in), nor were there gender differences in anger-out. However, t tests revealed significant differences between men and women in the likelihood of discussing anger and expressing anger via physical symptoms (women higher on both). The only mode of anger expression related to poorer health status was expression of anger via physical symptoms; anger-in, anger-out, and anger-discuss modes were unrelated. Correlates of anger symptoms for both men and women included lower levels of education and optimism, poorer health habits, and external locus of control beliefs. Several correlations were found to be gender-specific; e.g., women who exhibited more anger symptomatology were not suppressors of their anger, but directed it outward, taking it out on others and blaming others. Implications were discussed.
Environmental isotopic evidence for the origins of ground and surface water in a prairie discharge wetland

Ground, surface, and soil waters from a 500-ha wetland surrounding Lunby and Stewart Lakes, approximately 24 km northwest of Grand Forks, ND, have a large range of δD and δ18O values and appear to be mixtures of infiltrating modern meteoric water, evaporated modern meteoric water, and ancient water upwelling from the artesian regional aquifer system (“Dakota aquifer”), which subcrops some 30–50 m beneath the low-permeability glaciolacustrine silty clays underlying the wetland. The Dakota component is brackish and has δD≈−135%., δ18O≈−18%. Its isotopic composition indicates that it probably originated primarily as Pleistocene glacial ice. The stable isotope evidence suggests that shallow ground waters are richest in modern meteoric and evaporated meteoric water, but also that a substantial component (up to ≈65%) of Dakota water has reached the vicinity of the water table at some well sites. Upwelling and evaporation of this Dakota water probably account for the high salinity of soils and some shallow ground waters in the wetland. Although δD and δ18O values indicate that the proportion of modern meteoric water decreases with depth, a modern meteoric component has evidently penetrated to at least 13 m, the depth of the deepest borings on site. The deep penetration of modern water in spite of dominantly upward hydraulic gradients is also indicated by the presence of bomb tritium in one of the deeper monitoring wells. The wetland’s budget of surface and soil waters seems currently to be dominated by meteoric components; ground water upwelling from the Dakota aquifer is evidently subsidiary.
Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in pregnant patients with bacterial vaginosis.

Objective. The present study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in pregnant patients with bacterial vaginosis.Methods. Twenty patients received metronidazole (Flagyl®, Pfizer, 235 East 42nd Street, NY, NY 10017) oral dose 500 mg twice a day for 3 consecutive days. Pharmacokinetic analyses of metronidazole were performed after a single oral dose on the morning of day 4.Results. Although absolute estimates of metronidazole total body exposure were highest in women during early term pregnancy, weight-corrected estimates of exposure maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC0-12), along with apparent oral clearance and distribution volume, were not significantly different between women at early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy and were in the range of reported values for nonpregnant patients receiving a similar dose.Conclusions. The pharmacokinetic profile of metronidazole did not change at the different tim...
Children's Use of Anatomically Detailed Dolls to Recount an Event

The use of anatomically detailed dolls in child sexual abuse investigations has raised several controversial issues related to important theoretical questions in developmental psychology. The present study was designed to examine some of these issues in a methodologically sound experiment. 80 3- and 5-year-old children experienced a social interaction with a male confederate and were later tested under 1 of 4 recall conditions: reenactment with anatomically detailed dolls, reenactment with regular dolls, free recall with visual cues, or free recall without visual cues. The children were also asked a variety of specific and misleading questions, some of them dealing with acts associated with abuse ("He took your clothes off, didn't he?"). Both anatomically detailed and regular dolls along with other props aided 5-year-olds more than 3-year-olds in recounting the event. To use increased rather than decreased age differences. Anatomically detailed dolls did not foster false reports of abuse. Overall, 3-year-olds were more suggestible than 5-year-olds. The findings have implications for children's testimony in child abuse cases and for psychological theories concerning the effects of stimulus support on children's memory.
Can the Worlds be Changed? On Ethics and the Multicultural Dream

Multiculturalism is, among other things, an attitude toward values - hence, an ethic of a kind. The question it poses, however, is what kind of ethics are possible when it is assumed that the one w...
Anticonvulsant threshold of CO2 in oxygen under high pressure.

Summary1. A series of 68 mice was exposed to 5 atmospheres of oxygen in a small pressure chamber. Some of these received pure oxygen while others received mixtures of oxygen diluted with varying quantities of CO2. All mice receiving only pure oxygen convulsed. All mice receiving less than 120 mm PCO2 in OHP convulsed. One half of the mice receiving 120 mm PCO2 in OHP convulsed. The other half went on to die without convulsions. Only one out of 17 mice receiving over 120 mm PCO2 convulsed. 2. Mice receiving oxygen diluted with CO2 convulsed sooner than mice receiving pure oxygen. Amount of shortening of convulsion time did not appear to be dependent upon amount of CO2 diluting the oxygen as long as PCO2 lay in the range of 27-120 mm. Both of these findings confirm those of Taylor(l). The tension at which CO2 becomes anticonvulsant appears to be about 120 mm. or about 16% of 1 atmosphere.
The Profile of Soluble Amyloid β Protein in Cultured Cell Media: DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF AMYLOID β PROTEIN AND VARIANTS BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-MASS SPECTROMETRY *

To study the metabolism of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease, we have developed a new approach for analyzing the profile of soluble Aβ and its variants. In the present method, Aβ and its variants are immuno-isolated with Aβ-specific monoclonal antibodies. The identities of the Aβ variants are determined by measuring their molecular masses using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The levels of Aβ variants are determined by their relative peak intensities in mass spectrometric measurements by comparison with internal standards of known identities and concentrations. We used this method to examine the Aβ species in conditioned media of mouse neuroblastoma cells transfected with cDNAs encoding wild type or mutant human amyloid precursor protein. In addition to human Aβ-(1-40) and Aβ-(1-42), more than 40 different human Aβ variants were identified. Endogenous murine Aβ and its variants were also identified by this approach. The present approach is a new and sensitive method to characterize the profile of soluble Aβ in conditioned media and biological fluids. Furthermore, it allows direct measurement of each individual peptide in a peptide mixture and provides comprehensive information on the identity and concentration of Aβ and Aβ variants.
Relationships between WAIS Verbal versus Performance Decrements and Bender-Gestalt Errors

Summary.-Two groups of 42 cases each were matched on age, sex, and WAIS Full Scale IQ. They differed, however, in discrepancies between Verbal IQ and Performance IQ. One group had Verbal IQs which were average or betcer and were at least 20 points higher than the Performance IQs; conversely, the other group had Performance IQs which were average or better and at least 20 points higher than their Verbal IQs. The group with high Verbal IQs achieved significantly higher (poorer) Pascal-Suttell Bender-Gestalt scores than the group with high Performance IQs. It was also noticed that the latter subjects were more likely to have dropped out of high school and to have spent some time in prison. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between WAIS IQ and adequacy of Bender-Gestalt copies, with the majority indicating significant correlations. Aylaian and Meltzer ( 1962 ) suggested that, when holding general intelligence constant, Bender-Gestalt reproductions (using the Pascal-Suttell scoring system) were more highly correlated with WAIS Performance IQs than Verbal IQs in the psychiatric population studied. However, the correlation obtained was low (.246) and was reduced to .I56 when the effect of general intelligence was partialled out. Furthermore, there was no attempt to control for Verbal-Performance discrepancies in each case. Schreiber, Goldman, Kleinman, Goldfader, and Snow ( 1976) utilized both WAIS Verbal-Performance discrepancies and Bender-Gestalt errors for the specific purpose of neuropsychological detection of left-right hemisphere organicity. Subjects with predominantly right-hemisphere impairment demonstrated inferior visual-spatiai ability as measured by the Bender-Gestalt test relative to predominantly left-hemisphere-damaged subjects. However, there was no assurance that damage to the left hemisphere was absent, and the possibility remains that damage to both hemispheres, even if right-hemisphere impairment predominated, contributed to poor Bender-Gestalt performance. Nadler (1957) found that intellectual factors, based on prorated WAIS estimates of Verbal IQ and Performance IQ, accounted for 50% of the variance of Bender-Gestalt scores (Pascal-Suttell method). The subjects were 53 severely handicapped individuals employed in a sheltered workshop.. WAIS Verbal IQs correlated -.63 with Bender-Gestalt errors (p < .01), while WAIS Performance IQs correlated -.71 (p < .01) with the errors. Taylor ( 1965) examined the relationship between WAIS IQ and Bender Gestalt errors (Pascal-Suttell
Exact solution of a three-component system on the honeycomb lattice

A model three-component system is considered in which the bonds of a honeycomb lattice are covered by rodlike molecules of types AA, BB, and AB. The ends of molecules near a common lattice site interact with energies epsilon/sub AA/, epsilon/sub BB/, and epsilon/sub AB/. The model is equivalent to an Ising model on the 3-12 lattice. Exacts results are obtained for the two-phase coexistence curves in the isothermal composition plane.
The Macropolitics of Congress

The Macropolitics of Congress. Edited by E. Scott Adler and John S. Lapinski. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. 288p. $47.50 cloth, $21.95 paper. In this edited volume, 18 scholars provide new insight into congressional policymaking and the role of Congress in the separation-of-powers system. Taken together, the 11 chapters advance theories of congressional policymaking, analyze links between representation and policymaking, employ impressive new data sets, use a historical as well as contemporary lens to evaluate policymaking and institutional shifts, and, perhaps most significantly, demonstrate that there are many innovative ways to study policy outputs as a dependent variable.
You've been warned: an empirical study of the effectiveness of web browser phishing warnings

Many popular web browsers are now including active phishing warnings after previous research has shown that passive warnings are often ignored. In this laboratory study we examine the effectiveness of these warnings and examine if, how, and why they fail users. We simulated a spear phishing attack to expose users to browser warnings. We found that 97% of our sixty participants fell for at least one of the phishing messages that we sent them. However, we also found that when presented with the active warnings, 79% of participants heeded them, which was not the case for the passive warning that we tested---where only one participant heeded the warnings. Using a model from the warning sciences we analyzed how users perceive warning messages and offer suggestions for creating more effective warning messages within the phishing context.
Impact of flow rate, water content, and capillary forces on in situ colloid mobilization during infiltration in unsaturated sediments

Received 12 September 2007; revised 17 January 2008; accepted 25 February 2008; published 17 June 2008. [1] We studied in situ colloid mobilization under transient flow conditions using columns repacked with Hanford sediments. Rainfall infiltration was experimentally simulated using different flow rates and initial moisture conditions. Five series of column experiments were performed with initial infiltration rates of 0.018, 0.036, 0.072, 0.144, and 0.288 cm/min, and the columns reached water saturations in the range of 53 to 81%. The infiltration of water into the columns provided unfavorable conditions for colloid attachment to the sediments. Colloids were eluted by the infiltrating water with the peak colloid concentrations in the outflow coinciding with the arrival of the infiltration front. A larger flow rate led to a greater amount of colloids released from the column. The cumulative amount of colloids released was proportional to the column water content established after steady state flow rates were achieved. We used the advection-dispersion equation with a first-order colloid release reaction to analyze the experimental data. The colloid release rate coefficient increased with the increase of water content. We calculated forces exerted on colloids, and found that electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, calculated based on the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory, and hydrodynamic forces, were all less important than capillary forces in controlling colloid release. In one experiment, the ionic strength of the infiltration solution was increased, such that colloid attachment was favorable. Nonetheless, colloids were mobilized and eluted with the infiltration front, implying that non-DLVO forces, such as capillary forces, played a prominent role in colloid mobilization.
A Short Overview of the Statutory Remedies for the Wrongly Convicted: What Works, What Doesn't and Why

In response to the failure of the tort and civil rights laws to provide a consistent remedy for exonerees, and in light of the obvious fact that the criminal justice system can never be completely error-proof, some states have enacted statutes to compensate exonerees. Ideally, compensation statutes should provide generous, rapid, and certain damage awards, accompanied by education and social services, for all those who have been wrongly convicted and later exonerated. This Article will address the need for such statutes and examine some of the differences among them.
FDA's regulation of genetically engineered foods: Scientific, legal and political dimensions

Abstract The controversy over genetically engineered (GE) food during the southern Africa drought in 2002/03 raised questions concerning the safety of GE foods and the basis for the safety assurances issued by national and international agencies. In the case of foods grown in the US, these assurances must be interpreted in relation to the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) 1992 policy, which remains in effect today. This paper provides a detailed examination of the roles of scientific, legal and political considerations in the development of that policy. This paper reveals that the FDA responded to political pressure for a permissive regulatory approach by exploiting gaps in scientific knowledge, creatively interpreting existing food law and limiting public involvement in the policy’s development. Common statements by the government and other proponents concerning sound science, rigorous testing, no evidence of harm and “as safe as conventional foods” are found to be misleading unless the scientific, legal and political basis for the US policy is taken into account. While this paper finds that the evidence for the safety of GE foods has been exaggerated by government agencies and other parties, nothing in this paper suggests that GE foods currently on the market are harmful to human health. To the contrary, the situation is one of great uncertainty. Repeated recommendations that this issue be the topic of a major public research effort have yet to be acted upon.
Relationship between the liquid–liquid phase transition and dynamic behaviour in the Jagla model

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study a spherically symmetric ‘twoscale’ Jagla potential with both repulsive and attractive ramps. This potential displays a liquid–liquid phase transition with a positively sloped coexistence line ending at a critical point well above the equilibrium melting line. We study the dynamic behaviour in the vicinity of this liquid–liquid critical point. Below the critical point, we find that the dynamics in the more ordered high density liquid (HDL) are much slower then the dynamics in the less ordered low density liquid (LDL). Moreover, the behaviour of the diffusion constant and relaxation time in the HDL phase follows approximately an Arrhenius law, while in the LDL phase the slope of the Arrhenius fit increases upon cooling. Above the critical pressure, as we cool the system at constant pressure, the behaviour of the dynamics smoothly changes with temperature. It resembles the behaviour of the LDL at high temperatures and resembles the behaviour of the HDL at low temperatures. This dynamic crossover happens in the vicinity of the Widom line (the extension of the coexistence line into the one-phase region) which also has a positive slope. Our work suggests a possible general relation between a liquid–liquid phase transition and the change in dynamics. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Evaluation of the MEPDG Permanent Deformation Models in Louisiana Conditions

The newly developed Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) utilizes a suite of nationally-calibrated, empirical damage models for different trafficinduced distresses commonly found in flexible pavements. To facilitate the MEPDG implementation in Louisiana, this study was aimed to address the local validation and calibration of the MEPDG permanent deformation (rutting) damage models (i.e., the asphalt concrete (AC) rutting model and the subgrade rutting model) based on the local conditions in Louisiana. A total of 28 projects with two typical flexible pavement structures in Louisiana were selected in this study. The MEPDG input information was collected from a number of databases from Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD). The MEPDG predicted pavement rut depths were then compared to the measured rutting data retrieved from the Louisiana pavement management system (LA-PMS) database. The results generally indicated that the current MEPDG rutting models over-predict the total rutting for Louisiana flexible pavements, primarily because of the over-prediction of subgrade rutting. To perform a local calibration of the MEPDG rutting models, an optimization-based method was used. One advantage of the developed method is that it does not require measured permanent deformation data for individual sublayers.
Linking spirituality to workplace benefits: An analysis of the Brazilian Candomblé

Spirituality has been an influential force for many people. Although often ignored in business settings, it has recently been a topic of heightened interest to managers and scholars worldwide. In Bahia, Brazil, the fundamentals of spirituality for some have existed through Candomble and have been an integral part of the community including the workplace. Candomble encompasses a variety of African religious traditions established in Brazil during the nineteenth century. This study examines the positive influences of the Brazilian Candomble on workers and business life in Bahia. Through qualitative analysis, it offers organisational insights and managerial reflections that can be adapted and used in workplaces worldwide.
Static Spherically Symmetric Solutions of a Yang-Mills Field Coupled to a Dilation

We give a detailed analytical study of static spherically symmetric solutions for an SU(2) Yang-Mills field coupled to a scalar graviton (or dilaton). We show by a `shooting' argument that there are a countable infinity of such solutions satisfying the relevant boundary conditions, there being at least one for each given number of local maxima and minima for the Yang-Mills potential.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide mass balance for the estuarine-intertidal marsh complex of five rivers in the southeastern U.S.

We measured dissolved O2 concentrations, pCO2 values, and respiratory rates in five estuaries of the southeastern U.S. in October 1995 and July 1996. In the low-salinity sections of the coastal plain rivers, dissolved O 2 saturation states were typically only 50%, while pCO2 values were over 4,000 matm. Respiratory rates measured concurrently in estuarine water averaged 8 and 23 mmol m 23 d 21 in October 1995 and July 1996, but they showed little variability either within or among the five estuaries. Benthic chamber incubations in the adjacent intertidal marshes indicated fluxes of 30‐40 mmol m 22 d 21 and 50‐120 mmol m 22 d 21 for O2 and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), respectively. For the Satilla River estuary, simple calculations revealed that neither respiratory activity in estuarine waters and sediments nor any other within-estuary process (not including the intertidal marsh system) was sufficient to account for the observed O2 concentrations and pCO2 values. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in four other southeastern U.S. estuaries fit the same general pattern as the Satilla, and likewise, within-estuary processes could not explain observed gas concentrations. Measured O2 concentrations, pCO2 values, pelagic respiratory rates, and benthic fluxes were used to construct a mass-balance model, focusing on the influence of the extensive intertidal marshes on O2 and CO2 mass balance and water‐atmosphere gas exchange in the five estuaries. Results indicate that respiratory activity in the sediments and overlying water of the marshes during high tide leaves a signal that is funneled back to the estuary during ebb tide and can account for the estuarine gas concentrations and fluxes. Both experimental and modeling approaches argue that the intertidal marshes of the southeastern U.S. export considerable amounts of inorganic respiratory products to the estuaries and that ‘‘outwelling’’ of organic matter to the estuaries is a minor process by comparison. The DIC exported to the coastal ocean, however, is only a small fraction of the total gas mass flow between the marsh, estuary, and atmosphere.
Methane production from protozoan endosymbionts following stimulation of microbial metabolism within subsurface sediments

Previous studies have suggested that protozoa prey on Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing bacteria that are enriched when acetate is added to uranium contaminated subsurface sediments to stimulate U(VI) reduction. In order to determine whether protozoa continue to impact subsurface biogeochemistry after these acetate amendments have stopped, 18S rRNA and s-tubulin sequences from this phase of an in situ uranium bioremediation field experiment were analyzed. Sequences most similar to Metopus species predominated, with the majority of sequences most closely related to M. palaeformis, a cilitated protozoan known to harbor methanogenic symbionts. Quantification of mcrA mRNA transcripts in the groundwater suggested that methanogens closely related to Metopus endosymbionts were metabolically active at this time. There was a strong correlation between the number of mcrA transcripts from the putative endosymbiotic methanogen and Metopus s-tubulin mRNA transcripts during the course of the field experiment, suggesting that the activity of the methanogens was dependent upon the activity of the Metopus species. Addition of the eukaryotic inhibitors cyclohexamide and colchicine to laboratory incubations of acetate-amended subsurface sediments significantly inhibited methane production and there was a direct correlation between methane concentration and Metopus s-tubulin and putative symbiont mcrA gene copies. These results suggest that, following the stimulation of subsurface microbial growth with acetate, protozoa harboring methanogenic endosymbionts become important members of the microbial community, feeding on moribund biomass and producing methane.
Is Having More Preapproval Data The Best Way To Assure Drug Safety

An intensified focus on drug safety often leads to demands for more data collection prior to drug approval. Other approaches can be used, such as enhanced postmarketing surveillance. Many drug benefits and adverse effects are unlikely to become apparent before wide distribution among diverse patients. The best balance of pre- and postapproval data collection may vary by drug. The consequences of alternative strategies are complex and not always immediately apparent, so formal modeling offers the best approach to determine which strategy is optimal in each case.
Neuropeptide Y Modulates Neurotransmitter Release and Ca2+ Currents in Rat Sensory Neurons

Using 125I-labeled neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY), we demonstrated the existence of specific receptors for these peptides on rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells grown in primary culture. Scatchard analysis of membrane homogenates indicated that the peptides bound to 2 populations of sites, with approximate affinities of 0.08 and 6.5 nM. Only low levels of binding were detected on sympathetic neurons cultured from the same animals or on a variety of neuronal clonal cell lines. The binding of 125I-NPY and 125I-PYY to DRG cell membranes was considerably reduced by the nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, Gpp(NH)p. The major effect of Gpp(NH)p was to reduce the number of lower-affinity NPY binding sites without altering the number of high-affinity binding sites. NPY potently inhibited Ca2+ currents recorded under voltage clamp in rat DRG cells. Both the transient and sustained portions of the Ca2+ current were inhibited. The inhibitory effects of NPY were completely blocked following treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin. Depolarization elicited a large influx of Ca2+ into DRG neurons as assessed using fura-2-based microspectrofluorimetry. This influx of Ca2+ could be partially inhibited by NPY. Furthermore, NPY effectively inhibited the depolarization-induced release of substance P from DRG cells in vitro. Thus, NPY may be an important regulator of sensory neuron function in vivo.
Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking

The proposal examined here is that speakers use uh and um to announce that they are initiating what they expect to be a minor (uh), or major (um), delay in speaking. Speakers can use these announcements in turn to implicate, for example, that they are searching for a word, are deciding what to say next, want to keep the floor, or want to cede the floor. Evidence for the proposal comes from several large corpora of spontaneous speech. The evidence shows that speakers monitor their speech plans for upcoming delays worthy of comment. When they discover such a delay, they formulate where and how to suspend speaking, which item to produce (uh or um), whether to attach it as a clitic onto the previous word (as in “and-uh”), and whether to prolong it. The argument is that uh and um are conventional English words, and speakers plan for, formulate, and produce them just as they would any word. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
In-band wavelength conversion of 16×114-Gbps polarization multiplexed RZ-8PSK signals with digital coherent detection

By employing a co-polarized pump scheme, we achieve polarization-insensitive inband wavelength conversion in high-speed 16×114-Gbps polarization-multiplexed return-to-zero octaphase-shift keying (PolMux-RZ-8PSK).
Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation

Meditation can be conceptualized as a family of complex emotional and attentional regulatory training regimes developed for various ends, including the cultivation of well-being and emotional balance. Among these various practices, there are two styles that are commonly studied. One style, focused attention meditation, entails the voluntary focusing of attention on a chosen object. The other style, open monitoring meditation, involves nonreactive monitoring of the content of experience from moment to moment. The potential regulatory functions of these practices on attention and emotion processes could have a long-term impact on the brain and behavior.
Detecting slow, long-duration slip of large earthquakes using very long-period orbital surface waves

SUMMARY In this paper, we present a simple yet effective technique for measuring the source time-delay spectrum from very long-period world-circling surface waves without relying on assumed earth models or calculation of synthetic seismograms. By using autocorrelation and self-convolution functions derived from whole seismograms of large earthquakes recorded at a seismic station it is possible to isolate the source effects and precisely (5 5 s) determine the source delay spectrum at periods as long as 600 s. Measurements at such long periods are necessary for detecting slow precursory slip and slow creep after the main ‘fast’ seismic phase of large earthquakes. We apply this technique to five recent large earthquakes: the 1989 Macquarie Ridge (M, 8.2), the 1992 Nicaragua (M, 7.6), the 1993 Mariana Islands (M, 7.8), and the 1994 deep events in Fiji (M, 7.6) and Bolivia (M, 8.3). Our results are largely in agreement with the results obtained by other investigators. The Mariana Islands, Fiji, and Bolivia earthquakes had a normal rupture duration. The Nicaragua earthquake exhibits a source time-delay spectrum with the delay increasing from 31 s at the 100 s period to 50 s at the 600 s period, indicating an unusually slow rupture process. The Macquarie Ridge earthquake is anomalous by the discrepancy between the Love-wave and Rayleighwave estimates. Love waves, in the period band of 150 to 600 s, show a normal, flat source-delay spectrum with a delay of about 28 s. The Rayleigh-wave spectrum agrees with the Love-wave spectrum for periods smaller than 200 s and greater than 400 s; however, it shows a significantly shorter source delay (about 15 s) in the 250 to 350 s period range. The unusual nature of the Macquarie Ridge earthquake’s surface wave spectrum was pointed out by Ihmli, Harabaglia & Jordan (1993) who also provided an explanation in terms of a slow, precursory moment release. This explanation is not consistent with the flat Love-wave spectrum determined here.
Finding the exact bound of the maximum degrees of class two graphs embeddable in a surface of characteristic ε∈{-1,-2,-3}

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining the maximum of the set of maximum degrees of class two graphs that can be embedded in a surface. For each surface @S, we define @D(@S)=max{@D(G)|G is a class two graph of maximum degree @D that can be embedded in @S}. Hence Vizing's Planar Graph Conjecture can be restated as @D(@S)=5 if @S is a plane. We show that @D(@S)=7 if @e(@S)=-1 and @D(@S)=8 if @e(@S)@?{-2,-3}.
Postoperative hospital retention following ambulatory surgery in a hospital-based program.

In an effort to learn more about resource utilization on ambulatory surgery in hospital departments of surgery and its impact on quality of care, we re viewed the causes of postoperative hospital retention following ambulatory surgery in a hospital-based program. Of 1971 patients operated on in a 6-month period, 188 were retained for a rate of 9.5%. Of these, 71 (3.6%) were retained for observation and 42 (2.1%) for surgery more extensive than planned. The remaining 75 (3.8%) patients represent complications of surgery or anesthesia. The age distribution of pa tients with complications was the same as the group overall with a single mode at about 30 years, while the distribution of patients retained for observation or who were admitted the day of surgery was bimodal with a second peak at about 70 years. All surgical specialties had comparable rates of postoperative re tention, except gynecology which was significantly lower. Many of the patients had multiple procedures or surgery more extensive than planned.
A new BC-BICM scheme for block-fading channels

This paper presents a blockwise convolutional codes bit-interleaved coded modulation (BC-BICM) scheme for block-fading channels. First, the maximum diversity order is achieved by employing a blockwise maximum distance separable (MDS) convolutional code. Second, the coding gain can be improved by either choosing a better signal labeling scheme for the BICM with iterative decoding or by using better convolutional codes. Simulation results are provided to verify the results.
Reduced-Intensity Conditioning and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation For Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma In The Brentuximab Vedotin Era

Reduced-Intensity Conditioning and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation For Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma In The Brentuximab Vedotin Era Paolo Anderlini , Rima Saliba , Celina Ledesma , Christina M. Chancoco , Tamera R. Alexander , Amin M. Alousi , Chitra Hosing , Issa F. Khouri , Yago Nieto , Uday R. Popat , Elizabeth J. Shpall , Michelle A. Fanale , Yasuhiro Oki , Jorge E. Romaguera , Sattva S. Neelapu , Anas Younes , Richard E. Champlin . Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Stem Cell Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Lymphoma, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Stem Cell Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Arthroscopic treatment of medial meniscal avulsion fractures.

Summary The meniscal ossicle is an infrequent radiographic finding in humans. It has long been recognized in relation to trauma to the meniscus. Previous theories as to the etiology of these ossicles have been that they are vestigial or result from metaplastic change in an area of injury. We present four patients with meniscal ossicles associated with a longitudinal tear of the medial meniscus. The origin of the ossicle was an avulsion of the insertion of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Arthroscopic resection in these patients resolved their symptoms.
Robust bidirectional search via heuristic improvement

Although the heuristic search algorithm A* is well-known to be optimally efficient, this result explicitly assumes forward search. Bidirectional search has long held promise for surpassing A*'s efficiency, and many varieties have been proposed, but it has proven difficult to achieve robust performance across multiple domains in practice. We introduce a simple bidirectional search technique called Incremental KKAdd that judiciously performs backward search to improve the accuracy of the forward heuristic function for any search algorithm. We integrate this technique with A*, assess its theoretical properties, and empirically evaluate its performance across seven benchmark domains. In the best case, it yields a factor of six reduction in node expansions and CPU time compared to A*, and in the worst case, its overhead is provably bounded by a user-supplied parameter, such as 1%. Viewing performance across all domains, it also surpasses previously proposed bidirectional search algorithms. These results indicate that Incremental KKAdd is a robust way to leverage bidirectional search in practice.
Special session: Agents for change in engineering & computer science education

Engineering and Computer Science (E&CS) Education is an emerging discipline and is a subset of the larger field of STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) education. E&CS Education has a relatively brief history, and many individuals who are not directly involved in the discipline are often confused about its purpose. In this special session, we will use up to two background stories to frame the larger questions around E&CS Education goals and help draw the conversation from practice to philosophy while creating a safe space for open conversation addressing issues of change in our discipline.
Notes from the Library in Volume 4:2

Rutgers Studies: WILLIAM J . NORTON, JR. Bishop Butler, Moralist and Divine. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1940. (Rutgers University Studies in Philosophy. Number One.) Reviewed by Rene Wellek. "Another Presidential Autograph" by Rudolf Kirk. "New Magazine Files" by Rudolf Kirk.
Epidemiology of Cystic Fibrosis

Improved quality of care and rapidly emerging therapeutic strategies to restore chloride transport profoundly impact the epidemiology and pathobiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the twenty-first century. CF now serves as a model for chronic illness management, continuous quality improvement via registry data, and a seamless link between basic science research, translational studies, clinical trials, and outcomes research to enable rapid expansion of treatment options.
Suppression by cannabinoids of a cloned cell line with natural killer cell activity.

AbstractPreincubation of a cloned cell line with natural killer (NK) cell activity, as well as splenic mononuclear cells with either Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) suppressed NK cytolytic activity against YAC-1 target cells in a dose-dependent manner. THC was more inhibitory for cloned cells than 11-OH-THC and suppressed the lytic activity of these cells without reducing cell viability in the concentration range of 5 μg/ml (16 μM) to 10 μg/ml (32 μM). THC also inhibited proliferation of cloned NK cells, but this inhibitory effect was reversible in that extensive washing of cells following cannabinoid pretreatment eliminated the suppressive effect. Single-cell analysis revealed that THC did not inhibit the binding of cloned NK cells to target cells and further showed that NK cells freshly isolated from mouse spleen were restricted in killing capacity following binding to target cells. Therefore, THC and 11-OH-THC appear to directly inhibit NK cell cytolytic ...
Consent for Anesthesia Clinical Trials on the Day of Surgery: Patient Attitudes and Perceptions.

Background:Opportunities for anesthesia research investigators to obtain consent for clinical trials are often restricted to the day of surgery, which may limit the ability of subjects to freely decide about research participation. The aim of this study was to determine whether subjects providing sa
Spermatogenesis in Polytrichum juniperinum : I. The origin of the apical body and the elongation of the nucleus.

Spermatogenesis in Polytrichum juniperrinum includes a series of precise and coordinated morphogenetic movements among the organelles of the androcyte. The basal bodies, the underlying microtubules, and the multilayered structure (MLS) are positioned as an integrated unit at the periphery of the cell, and the nucleus migrates into contact with them. The shape of the nucleus begins to change, with the formation of an anterior projection, or beak. The mitochondrial sheath that has coalesced on the plastid divides to form the apical body, and elongation of the nucleus begins. The posterior basal body and one microtubule undergo lateral displacement from the rear forward, as elongation of the nucleus and the microtubules continues. The mitochondrial mass that is now the apical body grows rearward along the side of the elongated nucleus, and the two groups of microtubules in the MLS rearrange themselves. The lower elements of the MLS also participate in the morphogenetic rearrangement. By the time the nucleus has elongated once around the cell and the apical body has begun it s rearward growth, the lower elements of the MLS are found only beneath the anterior basal body. Subsequently these layers disappear from this location also.