cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do we doubt too little? Examples from the thermal sciences

Abstract Has the thermal science community continued to question itself? While I do not address this question for all areas of the thermal sciences, I do consider our status in the area of boiling and in particular nucleate boiling. I believe our ability to model through correlation has been very fruitful and will continue to be the basis by which we design and build system into the future. I believe our ability to mechanistically model the nucleate boiling process is only now at a point where we might begin building simulations that can represent the temporal and spatial variations we observe experimentally. To begin what I hope will be a continuing discussion into the future, I propose a framework for modeling and understanding why boiling behaves as it does. Your debate of issues and elements within the framework (doubts about it) is not just expected, it is required if we are to make progress.
The Reaction of Closed End Funds to Stock Distribution Announcements

This study examines the impact of stock split and stock dividend announcements made by closed end mutual funds. We argue that the asymmetric information / signaling hypothesis does not apply to mutual funds. Therefore, any announcement effects must be attributed to other factors such as the optimal trading range hypothesis. We find that closed end funds react no differently than other firms to stock distribution announcements; also, trading volume and turnover remain unchanged after closed end funds' ex-stock distribution days, while liquidity declines for other firms that distribute shares.
Performance driven multiway partitioning

Under the interconnect-centric design paradigm, partitioning is seen as the crucial step that defines the interconnect. To meet the performance requirement of today's complex design, performance driven partitioners must consider the amount of interconnect induced by partitioning as well as its impact on performance. In this paper, we provide new performance driven formulation for cell move based top-down multiway partitioning algorithms with consideration of the local and global interconnect delay. In our "constrained acyclic partitioning" formulation, cell moves are restricted to maintain acyclicity in partitioning solution to prevent cyclic dependency among cells in different partitions. In our "relaxed acyclic partitioning" formulation, acyclic constraints are relaxed to give partitioners capability of minimizing cutsize and delay. Our new acyclic constraint based performance driven multiway partitioning algorithm FLARE obtains (i) 4% to 13% better delay compared to the state-of-the-art cutsize minimization based hMetis at almost no increase in cutsize, and (ii) 84% better cutsize compared to the state-of-the-art delay minimization based PRIME at an expense of 16% increase in delay.
Forty years of sequence stratigraphy

The principles and practice of sequence stratigraphy are of ancient heritage. In North America, the separation of the Carboniferous into two systems and the identification of Ozarkian and Comanchean and other indigenous chronostratigraphic entities were efforts toward making the segmentation of the geologic column more representative of stratigraphic observations, particularly on cratons and their margins. Growing awareness of the influence of tectonics on sedimentation, as well as recognition that unconformity-bounded sedimentary packages identified in Montana were craton-wide, led to this writer9s 1948 GSA paper which formally applied Native American tribe names to sequences as lithostratigraphic units. Acceptance of the sequence philosophy beyond the Northwestern campus lacked early manifestations of fervor and enthusiasm, although isolated pockets of true believers were known to exist. Except for papers by me, my students, and the late, lamented H. E. Wheeler, sequences did not appear in the public prints for more than a decade—and then through misappropriation by the U.S. Geological Survey. The list of Indian-tribe sequences was emended and completed at another GSA presentation in 1959. Meanwhile the sequence concept was alive and well in a research facility of a company later to be known as Exxon. Here, Peter Vail and a cohort of preconditioned colleagues seized upon the stratigraphic imagery made available by multichannel, digitally recorded, and computer-massaged reflection seismography to establish the discipline of seismic stratigraphy . The "Vail curve," recording relative change of coastal onlap, defines successive "sequences" which are the third-order bottom rungs of an elaborate hierarchy that is topped by "megacycle sets," themselves subdivisions of the ancestral sequences. The taxonomy of sequence stratigraphy is not at issue (although it has been complicated by the sanctification of "synthem" by the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification). Interpretation is important, however; the Exxon people, their alumni, and adherents see sea-level change as the "be-all" and "end-all" of coastal onlap and its erosional and depositional concomitants. No one will question the influence of sea-level change on many of the observations that make sequence stratigraphy viable, but there are distinctions among and within major-scale unconformity-bounded stratal packages that can be explained only by tectonic change. Whether tectonic influence can be extended to Exxonian sequences remains to be demonstrated. Meanwhile, it is worth considering the proposition that sea-level change is a second- or third-order response to some more significant global phenomenon.
Coherent control of stimulated Raman scattering using chirped laser pulses

A novel method for the control of stimulated Raman scattering and hot electron production in short-pulse laser-plasma interactions is proposed. It relies on the use of a linear frequency chirp in nonbandwidth limited pulses. Theoretical calculations show that a 12% bandwidth will eliminate Raman forward scattering for a plasma density that is 1% of the critical density. The predicted changes to the growth rate are confirmed in two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Relevance to areas of current research is also discussed.
Algebraic boundaries of convex semi-algebraic sets

We study the algebraic boundary of a convex semi-algebraic set via duality in convex and algebraic geometry. We generalise the correspondence of facets of a polytope with the vertices of the dual polytope to general semi-algebraic convex sets. In this case, exceptional families of extreme points might exist and we characterise them semi-algebraically. We also give a strategy for computing a complete list of exceptional families, given the algebraic boundary of the dual convex set.
Outer trapped surfaces in Vaidya spacetimes

It is proven that in Vaidya spacetimes of bounded total mass, the outer boundary, in spacetime, of the region containing outer trapped surfaces, is the event horizon. Further, it is shown that the region containing trapped surfaces in these spacetimes does not always extend to the event horizon.
Ferrite apertured plate for random-access memory

Plates with an array of apertures molded from rectangular loop ferrite can be used for random access memory. With the relatively close center-to-center spacing equal to twice the hole diameter there is negligible interaction between adjacent holes. The nonconductive ferrite plate can be coated with a conductive pattern to form a "printed" winding linking all holes in series. The plates can be stacked and the whole stack threaded with word address selecting wires. The printed windings serve for reading and writing the digits of the word. An experimental prototype plate was developed. It has 256 holes of 0.025 inch in a square 0.830×0.830 inch. A current of 330 ma reverses the magnetization around a hole in 1.5 ?sec and produces 30 mv. The hysteresis loop has good rectangularity and the properties of the holes are uniform within ± 5 per cent. The memory plates can be driven by a switch, itself made of plates. Several novel switching principles are proposed: switching over all holes of a switch-row but the selected one, using memory plates in pairs, and operating by a flux-limited fashion. This results in read-out signals free of disturbs, fast access, and large operating tolerances. Conventional current coincident operation is possible also. The making, testing, and assembling of ferrite memory plates with printed windings requires much less time and labor than corresponding techniques with conventional cores. The plates open possibility of random access memories with capacities of millions of bits.
Stochastic aggregation: rate equations approach

We investigate a class of stochastic-aggregation processes involving two types of clusters: active and passive. The mass distribution is obtained analytically for several aggregation rates. When the aggregation rate is constant, we find that the mass distribution of passive clusters decays algebraically. Furthermore, the entire range of acceptable decay exponents is possible. For aggregation rates proportional to the cluster masses, we find that gelation is suppressed. In this case, the tail of the mass distribution decays exponentially for large masses, and as a power law over an intermediate size range.
Insecurity and the Pattern of Trade: An Empirical Investigation

Corruption and imperfect contract enforcement dramatically reduce international trade. This paper estimates the reduction using a structural model of import demand in which insecurity acts as a hidden tax on trade. We find that inadequate institutions constrain trade as much as tariffs do. We also find that omission of indices of institutional quality biases the estimates of typical gravity models, obscuring a negative relationship between per capita income and the share of total expenditure devoted to traded goods. Finally, we argue that cross-country variation in the effectiveness of institutions and the consequent variation in the prices of traded goods offer a simple explanation for the stylized fact that high-income, capital-abundant countries trade disproportionately with each other.
Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars with Passive Circumstellar Disks

We derive hydrostatic, radiative equilibrium models for passive disks surrounding T Tauri stars. Each disk is encased by an optically thin layer of superheated dust grains. This layer reemits directly to space about half the stellar energy it absorbs. The other half is emitted inward and regulates the interior temperature of the disk. The heated disk flares. As a consequence, it absorbs more stellar radiation, especially at large radii, than a flat disk would. The portion of the spectral energy distribution contributed by the disk is fairly flat throughout the thermal infrared. At fixed frequency, the contribution from the surface layer exceeds that from the interior by about a factor 3 and is emitted at more than an order of magnitude greater radius. Spectral features from dust grains in the superheated layer appear in emission if the disk is viewed nearly face-on.
Environment-assisted quantum transport

Transport phenomena at the nanoscale are of interest due to the presence of both quantum and classical behavior. In this work, we demonstrate that quantum transport efficiency can be enhanced by a dynamical interplay of the system Hamiltonian with pure dephasing induced by a fluctuating environment. This is in contrast to fully coherent hopping that leads to localization in disordered systems, and to highly incoherent transfer that is eventually suppressed by the quantum Zeno effect. We study these phenomena in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson protein complex as a prototype for larger photosynthetic energy transfer systems. We also show that the disordered binary tree structures exhibit enhanced transport in the presence of dephasing.
A general theory of time-sequential sampling

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problem of optimum sampling of spatio-temporal signals. Recently, there has been increasing interest in this topic due to the advent of next generation television systems. Time-sequential sampling is a sampling paradigm in which samples are taken from the signal, one at a time, according to a prescribed ordering which is repeated after one complete frame of data is acquired. This paper extends previous work on time-sequential sampling to include arbitrary periodic patterns, as well as sampling on lattices with arbitrary geometries. As a result, a unifying theory is developed which includes such classical field-instantaneous lattices as field-quincunx and line-quincunx, proposed for downsampling of high-definition television signals, as specific examples. Such a formulation provides a systematic way for studying the aliasing effects of the ordering in which a signal is sampled. The design and analysis of these patterns is facilitated by introducing a powerful technique from the geometry of numbers which permits these tasks to be carried out in a coordinate system where the time-sequential patterns are rectangularly periodic. The resulting anti-aliasing patterns have a congruential structure. By further extending the theory to include time-sequential sampling on selected cosets of a lattice, we can analyze sampling patterns which are not true lattices, such as the bit-reversed sampling pattern.
TIPPING AND RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION: A UNIFIED SCHELLING MODEL*

This paper presents a Schelling-type checkerboard model of residential segregation formulated as a spatial game. It shows that although every agent prefers to live in a mixed-race neighborhood, complete segregation is observed almost all of the time. A concept of tipping is rigorously defined, which is crucial for understanding the dynamics of segregation. Complete segregation emerges and persists in the checkerboard model precisely because tipping is less likely to occur to such residential patterns. Agent-based simulations are used to illustrate how an integrated residential area is tipped into complete segregation and why this process is irreversible. This model incorporates insights from Schelling's two classical models of segregation (the checkerboard model and the neighborhood tipping model) and puts them on a rigorous footing. It helps us better understand the persistence of residential segregation in urban America.
A Synergistic Combinatorial and Chiroptical Study of Peptide Catalysts for Asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation.

We report an approach to the asymmetric Baeyer–Villiger oxidation utilizing bioinformatics-inspired combinatorial screening for catalyst discovery. Scaled-up validation of our on-bead efforts with a circular dichroism-based assay of alcohols derived from the products of solution-phase reactions established the absolute configuration of lactone products; this assay proved equivalent to HPLC in its ability to evaluate catalyst performance, but was far superior in its speed of analysis. Further solution-phase screening of a focused library suggested a mode of asymmetric induction that draws distinct parallels with the mechanism of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases.
Directional acoustic radiation in the strut display of male sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus.

We present evidence that the acoustic component of the strut display of male sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus is highly directional and that the nature of this directionality is unique among measured vertebrates. Where vertebrate acoustic signals have been found to be directional, they are most intense anteriorly and are bilaterally symmetrical. Our results show that sage grouse acoustic radiation (beam) patterns are often asymmetric about the birds9 anterior-posterior axis. The beam pattern of the ‘whistle’ note is actually strikingly bilobate with a deep null directly in front of the displaying bird. While the sage grouse display serves to attract potential mates, male sage grouse rarely face females head on when they call. The results of this study suggest that males may reach females with a high-intensity signal despite their preference for an oblique display posture relative to those females. We characterized these patterns using a novel technique that allowed us to map acoustic radiation patterns of unrestrained animals calling in the wild. Using an eight-microphone array, our technique integrates acoustic localization with synchronous pressure-field measurements while controlling for small-scale environmental variation in sound propagation.
Risk, Overconfidence and Production in a Competitive Equilibrium

Abstract Previous studies have found underestimation of risk, or overconfidence, to be pervasive. In this paper, we model overconfidence as a reduction in perceived variance. We generalize the analysis of Sandmo and examine the effects of competition on firms displaying overconfidence. Cases for both competitive equilibrium and imperfect competition are investigated. We show that overconfidence may strictly dominate rationality in a competitive market by leading risk averse producers to invest greater amounts and produce more. This leads to a higher average profit, and greater variance of profits, leaving the producer a greater probability of surviving competitive pressures. Despite the greater variance of profits, if enough producers underestimate their risk, they should collectively drive more rational decision makers from the market. Our results suggest that overconfidence may be as important a determinant of market behavior as diminishing marginal utility of wealth.
S-HARP: A Scalable Parallel Dynamic Partitioner for Adaptive Mesh-based Computations

Computational science problems with adaptive meshes involve dynamic load balancing when implemented on parallel machines. This dynamic load balancing requires fast partitioning of computational meshes at run time. We present in this report a scalable parallel dynamic partitioner, called S-HARP. The underlying principles of S-HARP are the fast feature of inertial partitioning and the quality feature of spectral partitioning. S-HARP is a universal dynamic partitioner with three distinctive features: (a) fast partitioning from scratch with a global view, requiring no information from the previous iterations, (b) no restriction on the issue of one partition per processor, (c) no imbalance factor issue because of precise bisection using sorting. Two types of parallelism have been exploited in S-HARP, fine-grain loop-level parallelism and coarse-grain recursive parallelism. The parallel partitioner has been implemented in Message Passing Interface on Cray T3E and IBM SP2 for portability. Experimental results indicate that S-HARP can partition a mesh of over 100,000 vertices into 256 partitions in 0.18 seconds on a 64-processor Cray T3E. S-HARP is much more scalable than other dynamic partitioners, giving over 17-fold speedup on 64 processors while ParaMeTiS1.0 gives a few-fold speedup. Experimental results demonstrate that S-HARP is three to 15 times faster than the other dynamic partitioners on computational meshes of size over 100,000 vertices while giving comparable edge cuts.
The asymmetry of galaxies: physical morphology for nearby and high redshift galaxies

We present a detailed study of rotational asymmetry in galaxies for both morphological and physical diagnostic purposes. An unambiguous method for computing asymmetry is developed, which is robust for both distant and nearby galaxies. By degrading real galaxy images, we test the reliability of this asymmetry measure over a range of observational conditions, e.g., spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Compared to previous methods, this new algorithm avoids the ambiguity associated with choosing a center by using a minimization method and successfully corrects for variations in S/N. There is, however, a strong relationship between the rotational asymmetry and physical resolution (distance at fixed spatial resolution): objects become more symmetric when less well-resolved. We further investigate asymmetry as a function of galactic radius and rotation. We find the asymmetry index has a strong radial dependence that differs vastly between Hubble types. As a result, a meaningful asymmetry index must be specified within a well-defined radius representative of the physical galaxy scale. We enumerate several viable alternatives, which exclude the use of isophotes. Asymmetry as a function of angle (A) is also a useful indicator of ellipticity and higher order azimuthal structure. In general, we show that the power of asymmetry as a morphological parameter lies in the strong correlation with B-V color for galaxies undergoing normal star formation spanning all Hubble types from ellipticals to irregular galaxies. The few interacting galaxies in our study do not fall on this asymmetry-color fiducial sequence, as these galaxies are too asymmetric for their color. We suggest this fact can be used to distinguish between normal galaxies and galaxies undergoing an interaction or merger.
Deadline guaranteed service for multi-tenant cloud storage

It is imperative for cloud storage systems to be able to provide deadline guaranteed services according to service level agreements (SLAs) for online services. However, there are no previous works that provide the deadline guarantee specifically for cloud storage systems. In this paper, we introduce a new form of SLAs, which enables each tenant to specify a percentage of its requests it wishes to serve within a specified deadline. We first identify the multiple objectives (i.e., traffic and latency minimization, resource utilization maximization) in developing schemes to satisfy the SLAs. To satisfy the SLAs while achieving the multi-objectives, we propose a Parallel Deadline Guaranteed (PDG) scheme, which schedules data reallocation (through load re-assignment and data replication) using a tree-based bottom-up parallel process. We also enhance PDG through a prioritized data reallocation algorithm, which enables highly overloaded servers to autonomously probe nearby servers and enables the load balancer to instantly handle them. Our trace-driven experiments on a simulator show the effectiveness of our schemes for guaranteeing the SLAs while achieving the multi-objectives.
2 + 1 flavor simulations of QCD with improved staggered quarks

The MILC Collaboration has been performing realistic simulations of full QCD with 2 + 1 flavors of improved staggered quarks. Our simulations allow for controlled continuum and chiral extrapolations. I present results for the light pseudoscalar sector: masses and decay constants, quark masses and Gasser-Leutwyler low-energy constants. In addition I will present some results for heavy-light mesons, decay constants and semileptonic form factors, obtained in collaboration with the HPQCD and Fermilab lattice Collaborations. Such calculations will help in the extraction of CKM matrix elements from experimental measurements.
Low-Cost Multi-Gigahertz Test Systems Using CMOS FPGAs and PECL

The paper describes two projects researching the development of new low-cost techniques for testing devices with multiple high-speed (2 to 5 Gbps) signals. Each project uses commercially available components to keep costs low, yet achieves performance characteristics comparable to (and in some ways exceeding) more expensive ATE. A common CMOS FPGA-based logic core provides flexibility, adaptability, and communication with controlling computers while customized positive emitter-coupled logic (PECL) achieves multi-gigahertz data rates with about /spl plusmn/25 ps timing accuracy.
Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on the numerical simulation of WAG injection

Abstract Pore-scale physics, laboratory investigations, and field experience, dictate that three-phase relative permeabilities exhibit strong dependence on the saturation path and the saturation history. Such dependence is especially relevant in immiscible water-alternating-gas (WAG) processes, which are characterized by a sequence of three-phase drainage and imbibition cycles. In this paper, we study the influence of relative permeability hysteresis on the field-scale predictions of WAG injection. Because their measurement is difficult and time-consuming, three-phase relative permeabilities are usually interpolated from two-phase data. The errors associated with this procedure have been investigated by Oak (SPE 20183), who reported that interpolated values might differ significantly from experimental ones. The effect of using different interpolation models in field-scale simulations has been illustrated by a number of authors, who found that recovery predictions could be significantly different depending on the three-phase relative permeability model. Here, we study the impact of using history-dependent saturation functions in reservoir simulations. First, we investigate the degree of accuracy with which different hysteretic models reproduce Oak's three-phase relative permeability data. In doing so, we assess the validity of existing models, and we identify the model parameters subject to most uncertainty. Our analysis suggests that current models account for some of the hysteretic behavior observed experimentally, but do not reproduce experimental measurements adequately during cyclic water/gas injection. Second, we illustrate how the use of a hysteretic relative permeability model affects reservoir simulations. We use a synthetic model of a quarter five-spot pattern in a homogenous reservoir, and a more realistic heterogeneous reservoir modified from the PUNQ-S3 model. We find that there is striking disparity in the simulation results depending on whether a hysteretic or a nonhysteretic model is employed. Therefore, we conclude that (1) it is essential to incorporate hysteresis in the relative permeabilities in order to obtain accurate predictions of realistic immiscible WAG processes; and (2) enhancements are needed to improve the predictive capabilities of current relative permeability hysteresis models.
Small amplitude forced fluid dynamics from gravity at T=0

The usual derivative expansion of gravity duals of charged fluid dynamics is known to break down in the zero temperature limit. In this case, fluid–gravity duality is not understood precisely. We explore this problem for a zero temperature charged fluid driven by a low frequency, small amplitude and spatially homogeneous external force. In the gravity dual, this corresponds to a time dependent boundary value of the dilaton. We calculate the bulk solution for the dilaton and the leading back reaction to the metric and the gauge fields using the modified low frequency expansion of Faulkner et al. ( arXiv:0907.2694 [hep-th]). The resulting solutions are regular everywhere, establishing fluid–gravity duality to this order.
Universal Banking and the Future of Small Business Lending

We examine the contention that as banks become larger and more organizationally complex i.e., more like universal banks they may reduce the supply of credit to small business borrowers. This would be consistent with an effort to reduce Williamson-type managerial diseconomies in providing services for large and small borrowers jointly. We investigate the empirical association of loan price and quantity with bank size and complexity, using a data set with over 900,00 bank loans. The data support the proposition that larger, more complex banks may reduce the supply of small business lending, although other institutions may replace many of these loans.
Phase noise of dispersion-managed solitons

We quantify noise-induced phase deviations of dispersion-managed solitons (DMS) in optical fiber communications and femtosecond lasers. We first develop a perturbation theory for the dispersion-managed nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (DMNLSE) in order to compute the noise-induced mean and variance of the soliton parameters. We then use the analytical results to guide importance-sampled Monte Carlo simulations of the noise-driven DMNLSE. Comparison of these results with those from the original unaveraged governing equations confirms the validity of the DMNLSE as a model for many dispersion-managed systems and quantify the increased robustness of DMS with respect to noise-induced phase jitter.
Optical techniques for tracking cells in vivo

I will focus on tracking cancer cells, immune cells, and stem cells in vivo using (i) intravital microscopy for 3D tissue imaging, and (ii) in vivo flow cytometry for detection and quantification of circulating cells.
Massively parallel volume rendering using 2-3 swap image compositing

The ever-increasing amounts of simulation data produced by scientists demand high-end parallel visualization capability. However, image compositing, which requires interprocessor communication, is often the bottleneck stage for parallel rendering of large volume data sets. Existing image compositing solutions either incur a large number of messages exchanged among processors (such as the direct send method), or limit the number of processors that can be effectively utilized (such as the binary swap method). We introduce a new image compositing algorithm, called 2-3 swap, which combines the flexibility of the direct send method and the optimality of the binary swap method. The 2-3 swap algorithm allows an arbitrary number of processors to be used for compositing, and fully utilizes all participating processors throughout the course of the compositing. We experiment with this image compositing solution on a supercomputer with thousands of processors, and demonstrate its great flexibility as well as scalability.
Flow of viscoelastic fluids between plates rotating about distinct axes

We discuss the flow of BKZ fluids in an orthogonal rheometer. Some analytical results are proved, and numerical solutions are obtained for the Currie model. These solutions show a boundary layer behavior at high Reynolds numbers and the possibility of discontinuous solutions or nonexistence at high Weissenberg numbers.
Hölder exponent spectra for human gait

Abstract The stride interval time series in normal human gait is not strictly constant, but fluctuates from step to step in a complex manner. More precisely, it has been shown that the control process for human gait is a fractal random phenomenon, that is, one with a long-term memory. Herein we study the Holder exponent spectra for the slow, normal and fast gaits of 10 young healthy men in both free and metronomically triggered conditions and establish that the stride interval time series is more complex than a monofractal phenomenon. A slightly multifractal and non-stationary time series under the three different gait conditions emerges.
Virology in the 21st Century

The editors of the Journal of Virology are in a privileged position to observe our field grow and develop. While the rational prediction of things to come is based on extrapolation of what we know now, we cannot anticipate the surprises that result from the serendipity of research. The discoveries
The Expanded Genetic Alphabet.

All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, has been encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs. Long-standing efforts to develop two synthetic nucleotides that form a third, unnatural base pair (UBP) have recently yielded three promising candidates, one based on alternative hydrogen bonding, and two based on hydrophobic and packing forces. All three of these UBPs are replicated and transcribed with remarkable efficiency and fidelity, and the latter two thus demonstrate that hydrogen bonding is not unique in its ability to underlie the storage and retrieval of genetic information. This Review highlights these recent developments as well as the applications enabled by the UBPs, including the expansion of the evolution process to include new functionality and the creation of semi-synthetic life that stores increased information.
Information Overload: A Collaborative Dance Performance

The artistry of dance spans a multitude of professional fields encompassing projection, video, audio, and interactivity. Information Overload will explore opportunities in which digital media can be incorporated into a modern dance performance. The piece examines how we relate to technology. Moreover, it brings together and draws expertise and knowledge from several programs including Performing Arts, Digital Media, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Music Industry.
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring in Acute Burn Management

Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured for two to five days in ten patients with extensive burns. The PAP is low immediately after burn and rises during fluid resuscitation. The PA systolic pressure, 25 to 40 mm Hg during resuscitation of most burn patients, correlates with pulmonary vascular resistance and interstitial pulmonary fluid. The PA diastolic pressure, 10 to 20 mm Hg during burn resuscitation, correlates with left atrial pressure, hence left ventricular function. Higher levels indicate fluid overload. Some patients with smoke inhalation damage may develop gross pulmonary edema with normal PA diastolic pressure. Pulmonary artery pressure is a much more sensitive indicator of blood volume, cardiac function, and smoke-induced pulmonary edema than central venous pressure.
Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporate Governance: Understanding China's Township-Village Enterprises

We study China's township-village enterprises (TVEs) from an organizational perspective with a focus on governance. Unlike most previous studies, we interpret the firm boundaries of TVEs at the community level rather than the enterprise level. From this perspective, we analyze the central role that community governments play in TVE governance as an organizational response to the imperfect institutional environment of both state and market. Specifically, we show that the community government's involvement in TVEs helps overcome the problems of state predation and under-financing of private enterprises. We also explain why TVE governance leads to harder budget constraints than state-owned enterprises.
The Free Will Theorem

On the basis of three physical axioms, we prove that if the choice of a particular type of spin 1 experiment is not a function of the information accessible to the experimenters, then its outcome is equally not a function of the information accessible to the particles. We show that this result is robust, and deduce that neither hidden variable theories nor mechanisms of the GRW type for wave function collapse can be made relativistic and causal. We also establish the consistency of our axioms and discuss the philosophical implications.
Ligand‐Controlled Regiodivergent Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation Reaction to Access α,α‐Difluoroketones

α,α-Difluoroketones possess unique physicochemical properties that are useful for developing therapeutics and probes for chemical biology. To access the α-allyl-α,α-difluoroketone substructure, complementary palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation reactions were developed to provide linear and branched α-allyl-α,α-difluoroketones. For these orthogonal processes, the fluorination pattern of the substrate enabled the ligands to dictate the regioselectivity of the transformations.
Biosynthesis and Total Synthesis Studies on The Jadomycin Family of Natural Products

Jadomycins are unique angucycline polyketides, which are produced by soil bacteria Streptomyces venezuelae under specific nutrient and environmental conditions. Their unique structural complexity and biological activities have engendered extensive study of the jadomycin class of natural compounds in terms of biological activity, biosynthesis, and synthesis. This review outlines the recent developments in the study of the synthesis and biosynthesis of jadomycins.
Improving power in genome-wide association studies: weights tip the scale

The potential of genome-wide association analysis can only be realized when they have power to detect signals despite the detrimental effect of multiple testing on power. We develop a weighted multiple testing procedure that facilitates the input of prior information in the form of groupings of tests. For each group a weight is estimated from the observed test statistics within the group. Differentially weighting groups improves the power to detect signals in likely groupings. The advantage of the grouped-weighting concept, over fixed weights based on prior information, is that it often leads to an increase in power even if many of the groupings are not correlated with the signal. Being data dependent, the procedure is remarkably robust to poor choices in groupings. Power is typically improved if one (or more) of the groups clusters multiple tests with signals, yet little power is lost when the groupings are totally random. If there is no apparent signal in a group, relative to a group that appears to have several tests with signals, the former group will be down-weighted relative to the latter. If no groups show apparent signals, then the weights will be approximately equal. The only restriction on the procedure is that the number of groups be small, relative to the total number of tests performed. Genet. Epidemiol. 31:741–747, 2007. r 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The international monetary fund and the developing countries: A critical evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the IMF's role in the developing countries' adjustment process. In particular, the paper tries to answer the following questions: What model or framework does the IMF use to generate its advice, and is that advice eclectic? Is there evidence that countries that followed the IMF's advice do better than countries that proceed in other ways? Are the policy decisions of the Fund based on technical knowledge or do they reflect the political views of the larger members? Is the IMF position regarding the debt crisis conducive to a realistic solution? What can we expect from the Fund in the future? The paper also includes an evaluation of recent IMF programs, as well as an econometric analysis of the contractionary devaluation issue.
Efficient and stereoselective synthesis of β-trifluoromethyl α, β-unsaturated esters via iron(III) porphyrin-catalyzed olefination of ketones

beta-Trifluoromethyl alpha,beta-unsaturated esters were efficiently prepared by reactions of fluorine-containing ketones with diazo compounds via metalloporphyrin-catalyzed olefination in the presence of triphenylphosphine. The commercially available Fe(III)(TPP)Cl (TPP: tetraphenylporphyrin) is effective for catalyzing the olefination of a variety of trifluoromethyl ketones with different diazoacetate esters under mild conditions. The reactions proceeded with high yields (up to 95% isolated yield) and high stereoselectivity (up to 99% (E)-selectivity).
Resonant converter power line conditioner: design and evaluation

The operation, design, and implementation of a power line conditioner (PLC) utilizing the principles of a resonant converter are described. The proposed PLC uses a L-C circuit which resonates at a high frequency. The PLC is connected in parallel with a load, and it injects high-frequency resonant current pulses into the supply lines so that the resultant line current closely approximates a sine wave in phase with the supply voltage. The PLC should achieve high efficiency by reducing switching losses, is economical in terms of size and cost, and has simplicity of control. Results of computer simulation of the PLC for several typical loads indicate a high level of performance. Experimental results from a single-phase laboratory prototype are compared with the performance predicted by computer simulations. >
Go West Young Man: Self‐Selection and Endogenous Property Rights

If, as Hume argues, property is a self-referring custom of a group of people, then property rights depend on how that group forms and orders itself. In this article we investigate how people construct a convention for property in an experiment in which groups of self-selected individuals can migrate between three geographically separate regions. To test a hypothesis of Demsetz's, we vary across two treatments the external benefits of migrating. We find that self-selection has a powerful effect on establishing conventions of property and begetting increases in wealth through exchange and specialization. We also find support for the Demsetz hypothesis.
Action Research in Education: Addressing Gaps in Ethical Principles and Practices

Action research in education has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. It is viewed as a practical yet systematic research method that enables teachers to investigate their own teaching and their students’ learning. However, the ethical issues unique to this form of insider research have received less attention. Drawing on several professional associations’ principles for research practice, the authors identify a series of potential ethical issues inherent in action research in K–12 schools and the corresponding difficulties that action researchers encounter with the policies and procedures of institutional review boards. The authors conclude with recommendations for future practice addressed to three groups: institutional review boards, K–12 school professionals and teacher educators, and national professional and representative organizations.
Irreducible Specht modules are signed Young modules

Recently Donkin defined signed Young modules as a simultaneous generalization of Young and twisted Young modules for the symmetric group. We show that in odd characteristic, if a Specht module S λ is irreducible, then S λ is a signed Young module. Thus the set of irreducible Specht modules coincides with the set of irreducible signed Young modules. This provides evidence for our conjecture that the signed Young modules are precisely the class of indecomposable self-dual modules with Specht filtrations. The theorem is false in characteristic two.
Diversity–Multiplexing Tradeoff of Asynchronous Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks

Synchronization of relay nodes is an important and critical issue in exploiting cooperative diversity in wireless networks. In this paper, two asynchronous cooperative diversity schemes are proposed, namely, distributed delay diversity and asynchronous space-time coded cooperative diversity schemes. In terms of the overall diversity-multiplexing (DM) tradeoff function, we show that the proposed independent coding based distributed delay diversity and asynchronous space-time coded cooperative diversity schemes achieve the same performance as the synchronous space-time coded approach which requires an accurate symbol-level timing synchronization to ensure signals arriving at the destination from different relay nodes are perfectly synchronized. This demonstrates diversity order is maintained even at the presence of asynchronism between relay node. Moreover, when all relay nodes succeed in decoding the source information, the asynchronous space-time coded approach is capable of achieving better DM tradeoff than synchronous schemes and performs equivalently to transmitting information through a parallel fading channel as far as the DM tradeoff is concerned. Our results suggest the benefits of fully exploiting the space-time degrees of freedom in multiple antenna systems by employing asynchronous space-time codes even in a frequency-flat-fading channel. In addition, it is shown asynchronous space-time coded systems are able to achieve higher mutual information than synchronous space-time coded systems for any finite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when properly selected baseband waveforms are employed.
Space efficient linear time construction of suffix arrays

Abstract We present a linear time algorithm to sort all the suffixes of a string over a large alphabet of integers. The sorted order of suffixes of a string is also called suffix array, a data structure introduced by Manber and Myers that has numerous applications in pattern matching, string processing, and computational biology. Though the suffix tree of a string can be constructed in linear time and the sorted order of suffixes derived from it, a direct algorithm for suffix sorting is of great interest due to the space requirements of suffix trees. Our result is one of the first linear time suffix array construction algorithms, which improve upon the previously known O ( n log n ) time direct algorithms for suffix sorting. It can also be used to derive a different linear time construction algorithm for suffix trees. Apart from being simple and applicable for alphabets not necessarily of fixed size, this method of constructing suffix trees is more space efficient.
Discrete molecular dynamics studies of the folding of a protein-like model.

Background: Many attempts have been made to resolve in time the folding of model proteins in computer simulations. Different computational approaches have emerged. Some of these approaches suffer from insensitivity to the geometrical properties of the proteins (lattice models), whereas others are computationally heavy (traditional molecular dynamics). Results: We used the recently proposed approach of Zhou and Karplus to study the folding of a protein model based on the discrete time molecular dynamics algorithm. We show that this algorithm resolves with respect to time the folding ⇌ unfolding transition. In addition, we demonstrate the ability to study the core of the model protein. Conclusions: The algorithm along with the model of interresidue interactions can serve as a tool for studying the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein models.
Magnonic Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM With Low Power, High Speed, and Error-Free Switching

A new class of spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is discussed, in which writing is achieved using thermally initiated magnonic current pulses as an alternative to conventional electric current pulses. The magnonic pulses are used to destabilize the magnetic free layer from its initial direction, and are followed immediately by a bipolar electric current exerting conventional spin-transfer torque on the free layer. The combination of thermal and electric currents greatly reduces switching errors, and simultaneously reduces the electric switching current density by more than an order of magnitude as compared to conventional STT-MRAM. The energy efficiency of several possible electro-thermal circuit designs have been analyzed numerically. As compared to STT-MRAM with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, magnonic STT-MRAM reduces the overall switching energy by almost 80%. Furthermore, the lower electric current density allows the use of thicker tunnel barriers, which should result in higher tunneling magneto-resistance and improved tunnel barrier reliability. The combination of lower power, improved reliability, higher integration density, and larger read margin make magnonic STT-MRAM a promising choice for future non-volatile storage.
Transformative Learning Theory

There is an instinctive drive among all humans to make meaning of their daily lives. Since there are no enduring truths, and change is continuous, we cannot always be assured of what we know or believe.
DETECTING TORSION IN SKEIN MODULES USING HOCHSCHILD HOMOLOGY

Given a Heegaard splitting of a closed 3-manifold, the skein modules of the two handlebodies are modules over the skein algebra of their common boundary surface. The zeroth Hochschild homology of the skein algebra of a surface with coefficients in the tensor product of the skein modules of two handlebodies is interpreted as the skein module of the 3-manifold obtained by gluing the two handlebodies together along this surface. A spectral sequence associated to the Hochschild complex is constructed and conditions are given for the existence of algebraic torsion in the completion of the skein module of this 3-manifold.
Architecting for large-scale systematic component reuse

Organizations building highly complex business and technical systems must architect families of systems and implement these with large-scale component reuse. Without carefully architecting the systems, components, organizations and processes for reuse, reuse will not succeed. The talk explains our experience with component-based software reuse and a systematic reuse process using UML, and object-oriented business and system modeling.