cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a five year review.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence, complications, management, and outcome in infants with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) over a period of five years. METHODS TTTS was diagnosed in monochorionic twins if one was pale and the other plethoric with a haemoglobin difference ⩾ 5 g/100 ml and/or birthweight differences ⩾ 15%. RESULTS Eighteen (6.2%) of the 292 twin pairs had TTTS. Eight pairs (44%) had the acute type and the rest (56%) had the chronic type of TTTS. The mean (SEM) intrapair haemoglobin difference in the acute type was 4.8 (2.1) g/100 ml which gave a discordance of 7.1 (4.6)%, whereas that in the chronic type was 6.9 (2.9) g/100 ml and 24.4 (6.1)% respectively. Infants with the acute type had a significantly higher incidence of vaginal delivery (p CONCLUSIONS TTTS, although uncommon, may have an adverse neurodevelopmental outcome especially if one twin dies in utero. Prompt recognition and management of the haemodynamic and haematological problems of infants with the acute types of TTTS will result in optimal neurodevelopmental outcome.
On-Chip Bondwire Inductor with Ferrite-Epoxy Coating: A Cost-Effective Approach to Realize Power Systems on Chip

A novel concept of on-chip bondwire inductors with ferrite epoxy coating is proposed to provide a cost effective approach realizing power systems on chip (SOC). A Q factor of 30-40 is experimentally demonstrated which represents an improvement by a factor of 3-30 over the state-of-the-art MEMS micromachined inductors. More importantly, the bondwire inductors can be easily integrated into power SOC manufacturing processes with minimal changes, and open enormous possibilities for realizing cost-effective, high current, high efficiency power SOC's.
Search for role of milk-borne biologically active peptides for the suckling.

Milkcontains a significant number of sub stances having peptide characteristics that are known to possess biological activity. The possible physiological im portance for the neonate is discussed in this reviewin light of their effects (epidermal growth factor, nerve growth fac tor, insulin, prolactin, somatostatin, thyroid-releasing hor mone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormoneâ€"re leasing factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, erythropoietin, bombesin- like peptides, calcitonin, AŸ-casomorphinsand delta-sleep- peptides) on suckling mammals after gastrointestinal administration. J. Nutr. 119: 1543-1551, 1989.
On Equilibrium Asset Price Processes

In this article we derive necessary and sufficient conditions that must be satisfied by equilibrium asset price processes in apure exchange economy. We examine a world in which asset prices follow a diffusion process, asset markets are dynamically complete, all investors maximize their (state-independent) expected utility of consumption at some future date, and investors have nonrandom exogenous income. We show that it is necessary and suffcient that the coefficients of an equilibrium diffusion price process satisfy a partial differential equation and a boundary condition. We also examine how the dynamics of asset prices are related to the shape of the representative investor's utility function through the boundary condition. For example, in a constant-volatility economy, the expected instantaneous return of the market portfolio is mean reverting if and only if the relative risk aversion of the representative investor is decreasing in terminal wealth.
Feedback Interactions between Trace Metal Nutrients and Phytoplankton in the Ocean.

In addition to control by major nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon) the productivity and species composition of marine phytoplankton communities are affected by a number of trace metal nutrients (iron, zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and cadmium). Of these, iron exerts the greatest limiting influence on carbon fixation rates and has the greatest effect on algal species diversity. It also plays an important role in limiting di-nitrogen (N2) fixation rates, and thus exerts an important influence on ocean inventories of biologically available fixed nitrogen. Because of these effects, iron is thought to play a key role in controlling the biological cycles of carbon and nitrogen in the ocean, including the biological transfer of carbon to the deep sea, the so-called biological CO2 pump, which helps regulate atmospheric CO2 levels and CO2-linked global warming. Other trace metal nutrients (zinc, cobalt, copper, and manganese) have a lesser effect on productivity; but may exert an important influence on the species composition of algal communities because of large differences in metal requirements among algal species. The interactions between trace metals and ocean plankton are reciprocal: not only do the metals affect the plankton, but the plankton regulate the distributions, chemical speciation, and cycling of these metals through cellular uptake and regeneration processes, downward flux of biogenic particles, cellular release of organic chelators, and mediation of redox reactions. This two way interaction has influenced not only the biology and chemistry of the modern ocean, but has had a profound influence on biogeochemistry of the ocean and earth system as a whole, and on the evolution marine and terrestrial biology over geologic history.
Systematic review: Sprue-like enteropathy associated with olmesartan.

SummaryBackground The onset of a sprue-like enteropathy in association with olmesartan therapy has been recently reported. Aims To perform a systematic review of the literature and describe three additional cases of olmesartan-associated enteropathy. Methods Electronic and manual bibliographic searches were performed to identify original reports in which subjects who were undertaking olmesartan developed a sprue-like enteropathy. Because of the scarcity of studies with adequate sample size, case series with less than 10 patients and case reports were also considered. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Results A total of 11 publications met our pre-defined inclusion criteria, for an overall number of 54 patients (including our series). Almost all patients presented with diarrhoea and weight loss. Normocytic normochromic anaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were the commonest laboratory defects at presentation. Antibody testing for coeliac disease was always negative. Variable degrees of duodenal villous atrophy were present in 98% of patients, while increased intra-epithelial lymphocytes were documented in only 65% of cases. After discontinuation of olmesartan, all reported patients achieved resolution of signs and symptoms. Conclusions Although the available evidence is limited, the olmesartan-associated sprue-like enteropathy may be considered as a distinct clinical entity, and should be included in the differential diagnosis when serological testing for coeliac disease is negative.
A computational thermodynamic model of the Mg-Al-Ge system

The Mg–Al–Ge system has been thermodynamically modeled by combining thermodynamic description of the three constituent binary systems and using a ternary interaction parameter for the liquid phase. Among the three binary systems, Mg–Ge and Al–Ge systems are optimized in this study, whereas the optimized thermodynamic parameters for the Al–Mg system are taken from COST 507 database. The binary excess energy terms are described using Redlich–Kister polynomial model. The ternary invariant points are predicted from the thermodynamic model. The Mg–Al–Ge phase diagram has been modeled for the first time in this work and found to be consistent with the experimental results available in the literature. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A family firm variant of the behavioral agency theory

There is currently a debate in the literature regarding whether family firm ownership fosters or discourages risk-taking activities. In this article, we propose a contingency framework that shifts the focus of investigation: instead of asking whether family firms tend to be risk takers, we suggest specific ownership conditions under which privately owned family-managed firms are more likely to engage in risk taking. We do so by integrating concepts from the behavioral agency model and a resource-based concept known as familiness to advance a base proposition that explains the effects of different ownership structures (controlling ownership, sibling partnership, and cousin consortium) on risk-taking behaviors in family firms. Then, drawing insights from the family firm and household economics literatures, we discuss the contingent effects of three distinct forms of altruism (parental, paternalistic, and psychosocial) on the base proposition. The framework advances our current understanding of risk taking in family businesses in two ways: first, by proposing how and when risk-taking behaviors differ across these firms; and second, by offering a variant of the base behavioral agency model that is better suited for explaining risk taking at family firms. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND WORKLOAD USING A NIGHT VISION SYSTEM

Infrared night vision systems have the potential to improve visibility of critical objects at night well beyond the levels that can be achieved with low-beam headlamps. This could be especially valuable for older drivers, who have difficulty seeing at night and who are especially sensitive to glare. It is unclear whether this benefit comes without ancillary costs, such as additional workload to monitor and interpret the forward view depicted by the night vision system. In this study, young and old subjects were asked to drive at night on a test track while distance and accuracy of target detection, subjective workload, and longitudinal and lateral control of the vehicle were measured. In some conditions, their direct view of the road was supplemented by a far infrared (FIR) night vision system. Two display configurations were used with the night vision system: a head-up display mounted above the dashboard and centered on the driver, and a head-down display mounted lower and near the vehicle midline. Night vision systems increased target detection distance for both young and old drivers, with noticeably more benefit for younger drivers. Workload measures did not differ between the unassisted visual detection task and the detection tasks assisted by night vision systems, suggesting that the added workload imposed by the night vision system in this study is small.
COGNITIVE SCIENCE: Definition, Status, and Questions

conceptual structures. Finer grain sizes are appropriate if the task to be modeled is an elementary one. Just & Carpenter's ( 1985) production model of the rotation of mental images is a good example of this approach. The productions in Just's & Carpenter's program contained primitive actions such as focusing attention on parts of a visual image and making slight movements of the fixated image "in the mind's eye." There are three parts to a production-executing machine: a pattern recogni­ tion system that compares the pattern parts of productions to structures in working memory, a set of primitive actions that can be associated with a pattern, and a conflict resolution rule that determines which production is to be executed when two or more productions match the working-memory structure. Production system modeling puts the burden of problem solving upon the pattern recognition system. It is fairly easy to assemble a list of symbol manipulating actions that are sufficient to solve a problem if they are done at the appropriate time. The difficulty is in stating the rules that determine when an action will be taken. Production-executing machines mix serial and parallel operations. The machines are parallel in the sense that all production patterns are sensed simultaneously, so that the number of production rules in long-term memory does not slow down the conceptual machines' operation. 6 The machines operate in series in the sense that any communication from production to production that takes place via changes in the working-memory structures must be a serial operation. Production Systems as Models of Psychological Processes Several different production system architectures have been proposed as psychological models (Anderson 1983; Holland et a1 1 986; Hunt & Lansman 1986). They differ largely in the assumptions they make about (a) the number of working-memory subsystems that can operate in parallel and (b) the notations used to code information within each subsystem. The syntactical structures of the systems' mentalese vary from Anderson's use of proposition­ al calculus notation to Hunt & Lansman's use of feature lists and the use of image-like codes by Holland et al and Kosslyn (1980). Since the 6If a production system is simulated on a conventional (serial) computer the number of productions in the system does affect the program's speed. This is of no conceptual significance.
Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: Phase I Clinical Trial

Purpose: Focal laser ablation is an investigational technique to treat prostate cancer in a region confined manner via coagulative necrosis. This phase I trial primarily examines the safety of transrectal magnetic resonance imaging guided (in-bore) focal laser ablation in men with intermediate risk prostate cancer. An exploratory end point is cancer control after 6 months.Materials and Methods: In an institutional review board approved trial we studied focal laser ablation in 8 men with intermediate risk prostate cancer diagnosed using magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion. Focal laser ablation was performed by inserting a cylindrically diffusing, water cooled laser fiber into magnetic resonance visible regions of interest, followed by interstitial heating at 10 to 15 W for up to 3 minutes. Secondary safety monitors (thermal probes) were inserted to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance thermometry. Comprehensive magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion biopsy was performed after 6 months. Adverse events a...
Sliding Mode Controller of Automatic Braking System

This paper presents the development of automatic braking system. The brake modeling that consists of brake pedal mechanism, static control valve, air flow dynamic, variable orifice modeling and brake system hydraulic was developed using a MATLAB SIMULINK software. Then, the braking system will be controlled by using a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) and PID controller. The result obtained will be validated with the brake torque desired for 100 N.m and 50 N.m. of various frequency. Validation results showed that controller has a better performance compared to the PID controller.
Relation of Cooperative Marketing to the Adjustment of Agricultural Production

The readjustment following the war period has brought to the front the importance of adjusting the amount and kind of production on the farms to the needs of the market. During this same period, cooperative marketing has experienced a very rapid development, particularly in the establishment of large-scale marketing associations. These enterprises in many instances have been launched in the hope that they would furnish a solution to economic problems of agriculture. This situation has brought us face to face with the question of the extent to which we may expect cooperative effort to be successful in stabilizing production. A brief statement regarding some organization fundamentals may be appropriate at this point. You are conversant with these fundamentals, and my purpose in making mention of them is that they may supply a background in delving into these questions. Frequent comparison is made between farmers and men in other lines of effort with respect to the extent of organization found among them. The customary purpose of these comparisons is to demonstrate that the tillers of the soil are far behind other interests in the matter of organization. In giving consideration to agricultural difficulties, the popular conclusion to arrive at is that the key to the situation is organization. The line of reasoning is that agriculture is unprofitable because it is unorganized, and that industry is prosperous because it is highly organized. If this conclusion were accurate, the line of action to follow would be self evident. But a person does not have to be a deep thinker or a learned scholar to realize that the explanation of prosperity solely upon the basis of the degree of organization
KINATEST-ID™: A PIPELINE TO DEVELOP PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT TERBIUM SENSITIZING KINASE ASSAYS

Nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) are essential for cellular homeostasis and thus are a major focus of current drug discovery efforts. Peptide substrates that can enhance lanthanide ion luminescence upon tyrosine phosphorylation enable rapid, sensitive screening of kinase activity, however design of suitable substrates that can distinguish between tyrosine kinase families is a huge challenge. Despite their different substrate preferences, many NRTKs are structurally similar even between families. Furthermore, the development of lanthanide-based kinase assays is hampered by incomplete understanding of how to integrate sequence selectivity with metal ion binding, necessitating laborious iterative substrate optimization. We used curated proteomic data from endogenous kinase substrates and known Tb(3+)-binding sequences to build a generalizable in silico pipeline with tools to generate, screen, align, and select potential phosphorylation-dependent Tb(3+)-sensitizing substrates that are most likely to be kinase specific. We demonstrated the approach by developing several substrates that are selective within kinase families and amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS) applications. Overall, this strategy represents a pipeline for developing efficient and specific assays for virtually any tyrosine kinase that use HTS-compatible lanthanide-based detection. The tools provided in the pipeline also have the potential to be adapted to identify peptides for other purposes, including other enzyme assays or protein-binding ligands.
Beat Perception and Sociability: Evidence from Williams Syndrome

Beat perception in music has been proposed to be a human universal that may have its origins in adaptive processes involving temporal entrainment such as social communication and interaction. We examined beat perception skills in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a genetic, neurodevelopmental disorder. Musical interest and hypersociability are two prominent aspects of the WS phenotype although actual musical and social skills are variable. On a group level, beat and meter perception skills were poorer in WS than in age-matched peers though there was significant individual variability. Cognitive ability, sound processing style, and musical training predicted beat and meter perception performance in WS. Moreover, we found significant relationships between beat and meter perception and adaptive communication and socialization skills in WS. Results have implications for understanding the role of predictive timing in both music and social interactions in the general population, and suggest music as a promising avenue for addressing social communication difficulties in WS.
Herpes gestationis: A new assessment of incidence, diagnosis, and fetal prognosis

Herpes gestationis is an uncommon cutaneous complication of pregnancy infrequently reported in the literature. In the present study, 2 cases were found in 112,769 deliveries at two university hospitals. The etiology of this disease is unknown, but a hormonal mechanism may be involved. There is no evidence of a viral agent and the name herpes gestationis is a misnomer. The onset of the characteristic vesicobullous dermatitis is most frequently in the second trimester of pregnancy and the eruption clears or decreases markedly in severity within 3 months post partum. Response to treatment with a wide variety of agents is variable, but both the maternal and fetal prognoses are good. The frequently reported association between maternal herpes gestationis and a high rate of abortion, stillbirth, and fetal anomalies cannot be substantiated by a review of the literature nor the 3 cases presented.
Federal Parity In The Evolving Mental Health And Addiction Care Landscape

The intent of the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 is to eliminate differences between health insurance coverage of mental health and substance use disorder benefits and coverage of medical or surgical benefits. The Affordable Care Act significantly extended the reach of the Wellstone-Domenici law by applying it to new insurance markets. We summarize the evolution of legislative and regulatory actions to bring about federal insurance parity. We also summarize available evidence on how the Wellstone-Domenici law has contributed to addressing insurance discrimination; rectifying market inefficiencies due to adverse selection; and altering utilization, spending, and health outcomes for people with mental health and substance use disorders. In addition, we highlight important gaps in knowledge about how parity has been implemented, describe the groups still lacking parity-level coverage, and make recommendations on steps to improve the likelihood that the Wellstone-Domenici law will fulfill the aims of its architects.
A rare case of orbital hodgkin lymphoma demonstrating therapeutic response to a novel systemic medication

Orbital Hodgkin lymphoma is infrequent, representing less than 1% of adult orbital malignancies. It is typically seen in the setting of terminally advanced systemic disease. This case highlights orbital, head, and neck disease in a systemically stable individual treated with the novel anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody brentuximab vedotin.
Condensing Steam: Distilling the Diversity of Gamer Behavior

We present a comprehensive measurement study of the Steam gaming network, the first complete examination of any major gaming network, comprising all 108.7 million user accounts and 384.3 million owned games. We examine gamer behavior across the dimensions of social connectivity, playtime, game ownership, genre affinity, and monetary expenditure. As a whole, gamer behavior is highly diverse and characterized by heavy-tailed distributions. Most players exhibit modest behaviors in terms of the number of minutes played per day and the amount of money spent on games, though there is a long tail withoutliers, such as gamers who maximize achievements or playtime stats, or gamers who collect games they don't play. We find some strong correlations that show that players tend to befriend those who are similar in terms of popularity, playtime, money spent, and games owned. We collect a second snapshot of the Steam network and show that our findings are robust across both measurements. We conclude by relating these findings to other relevant studies, including gamer stereotypes, game addiction, and social networking.
Cholesterol levels and long-term rates of community-acquired sepsis

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) recognized as risk factors for acute coronary events. Studies suggest an association between low cholesterol levels and poor outcomes in acute sepsis. We sought to determine the relationship between baseline cholesterol levels and long-term rates of sepsis. We used data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, a population-based cohort of 30,239 community-dwelling adults. The primary outcome was first sepsis event, defined as hospitalization for an infection with the presence of ≥2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (abnormal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, white blood cell count) during the first 28 hours of hospitalization. Cox models assessed the association between quartiles of HDL-C or LDL-C and first sepsis event, adjusted for participant demographics, health behaviors, chronic medical conditions, and biomarkers. We included 29,690 subjects with available baseline HDL-C and LDL-C. There were 3423 hospitalizations for serious infections, with 1845 total sepsis events among 1526 individuals. Serum HDL-C quartile was not associated with long-term rates of sepsis (hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI): Q1 (HDL-C 5–40 mg/dl), 1.08 (0.91–1.28); Q2 (HDL-C 41–49 mg/dl), 1.06 (0.90–1.26); Q3 (HDL-C 50–61 mg/dl), 1.04 (0.89–1.23); Q4, reference). However, compared with the highest quartile of LDL-C, low LDL-C was associated with higher rates of sepsis (Q1 (LDL-C 3–89 mg/dl), 1.30 (1.10–1.52); Q2 (LDL-C 90–111 mg/dl), 1.24 (1.06–1.47); Q3 (LDL-C 112–135 mg/dl), 1.07 (0.91–1.26); Q4, reference). Low LDL-C was associated with higher long-terms rates of community-acquired sepsis. HDL-C level was not associated with long-term sepsis rates.
Evaporation of liquid droplets on solid substrates. I. Flat substrate with pinned or moving contact line

Evaporation of drops on flat substrates is studied for a pinned contact line and a moving contact line with a fixed contact angle. For the former, the local contact angle goes to zero prior to total evaporation. For the latter, the droplet keeps its initial shape and the contact line speed is constant.
Exploration of Factors Predictive of At-risk Fathers' Participation in a Pilot Study of an Augmented Evidence-Based Parent Training Program: A Mixed Methods Approach.

There has been burgeoning parenting intervention research specifically addressing fathers in recent decades. Corresponding research examining their participation and engagement in evidence-based parent training programs, which have almost exclusively targeted mothers, is just emerging. The current study used mixed methods to examine factors that influenced completion of an augmented version of an evidence-based child maltreatment prevention program developed for male caregivers called SafeCare Dad to Kids (Dad2K) in a pilot study. The current sample comprised 50 male caregivers (Mage = 29.42 years, SD = 8.18) of a child between the ages of 2 and 5 years. Fathers participated in a baseline assessment and were considered program completers (n = 27) if they participated in the program's six home visiting sessions. A subsample of completers (n = 11) was recruited to participate in qualitative interviews that provided in-depth information about fathers' experiences in Dad2K. Logistic regression indicated that, in the context of other demographic predictors, fathers with an education beyond high school were over 5 times more likely to complete Dad2K program compared to fathers with a high school education or less. Qualitative analyses revealed that interviewed father completers were motivated to enroll and participate in a fathering program because of an interest to learn and obtain skills to make them a better parent. Fathers with a high school education or less may require additional engagement strategies to help proactively encourage their enrollment and completion of parent training programs.
On a Nonlinear Causal Commutant Lifting Theorem

In this note, we extend the local nonlinear commutant lifting theorem ofJ. Ball, C. Foias, J. W. Helton, and A. Tannenbaum [2,9] to causal input/output operators. This is accomplished by utilizing the causal dilation theory developed by C. Foias and A. Tannenbaum [14] and C. Foias and A. Tannenbaum and the author [10, 11], in order to guarantee the causality of the optimal interpolant derived in the nonlinear framework. This theory is moreover applied to a nonlinear H∞ synthesis problem in robust control.
SELECTION IN SPONGE FEEDING PROCESSES

ABSTRACT By considering the potential levels for variation in material processing by suspension feeding organisms, I develop a framework for considering selectivity in their food handling. I use this framework to consider the feeding processes of sponges. Using a species of freshwater sponge from a large tropical lake I test several hypotheses generated from the selection framework. Large scale selective processes occur in the sponge due to variation in clearance activities. Selection at the individual particle level occurs due to differential handling of materials by the digestive system. The parazoan nature of the sponge feeding system permits the separate treatment of individual particles within digestive cells. Digestive system transit time varies with food particle type.
Perceptions of Harm From Substance Use and Social Self-Efficacy Among Early Adolescents.

Researchers examined the association between perceptions of harm from substance use and social self-efficacy (SSE) in a sample of early adolescents in public middle schools ( n = 4,122). One-way analysis of covariance and post hoc tests were used to assess the relationships between perceptions of harm from tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use and SSE while controlling for the effects of grade, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Effect sizes were calculated from the post hoc comparisons to estimate practical importance. Results suggest that lower perceptions of harm from each examined substance were significantly associated with lower SSE ( p < .0001). Effect sizes were of medium practical importance. Enhancing SSE in early adolescents may be an effective component of interventions designed to reduce perceptions of harm associated and subsequent substance use.
Age-Related Changes in Objective and Subjective Speech Perception in Complex Listening Environments

Purpose A frequent complaint by older adults is difficulty communicating in challenging acoustic environments. The purpose of this work was to review and summarize information about how speech perc...
Acute in vivo testing of a conformal polymer microelectrode array for multi-region hippocampal recordings.

Objective. The success of a cortical prosthetic device relies upon its ability to attain resolvable spikes from many neurons in particular neural networks over long periods of time. Traditionally, lifetimes of neural recordings are greatly limited by the body's immune response against the foreign implant which causes neuronal death and glial scarring. This immune reaction is posited to be exacerbated by micromotion between the implant, which is often rigid, and the surrounding, soft brain tissue, and attenuates the quality of recordings over time. Approach. In an attempt to minimize the foreign body response to a penetrating neural array that records from multiple brain regions, Parylene C, a flexible, biocompatible polymer was used as the substrate material for a functional, proof-of-concept neural array with a reduced elastic modulus. This probe array was designed and fabricated to have 64 electrodes positioned to match the anatomy of the rat hippocampus and allow for simultaneous recordings between two cell-body layers of interest. A dissolvable brace was used for deep-brain penetration of the flexible array. Main results. Arrays were electrochemically characterized at the benchtop, and a novel insertion technique that restricts acute insertion injury enabled accurate target placement of four, bare, flexible arrays to greater than 4 mm deep into the rat brain. Arrays were tested acutely and in vivo recordings taken intra-operatively reveal spikes in both targeted regions of the hippocampus with spike amplitudes and noise levels similar to those recorded with microwires. Histological staining of a sham array implanted for one month reveals limited astrocytic scarring and neuronal death around the implant. Significance. This work represents one of the first examples of a penetrating polymer probe array that records from individual neurons in structures that lie deep within the brain.
Marginal Hypothyroidism in Mental Illness: Preliminary Assessments of Prevalence and Significance

The purpose of this chapter is to present five preliminary studies, each of which addresses in one way or another two related issues: 1) the prevalence in mental patients of subclinical hypothyroidism (SC-HO) and a presumably related condition, autoimmune thyroiditis; 2) the relationship between SC-HO (or similar changes) and the response of depressed patients to treatments. None of the studies is definitive. The value of their presentation, each in juxtaposition to the others, is that together they suggest relatively new approaches to the study of the role of thyroid state in mental illness. Through new technology and new conceptualization the solution of this problem may be advanced.
Medical Devices in the Real World

Medical Devices in the Real World Recent legislation directs the FDA to consider how best to use real-world evidence to ensure device safety and effectiveness while accelerating access to new technologies. But rigorous observational statistical methods are needed to mitigate limitations of such data.
Infant Weight and Length Growth Trajectories Modeled Using Superimposition by Translation and Rotation Are Differentially Associated with Body Composition Components at 3 and 7 Years of Age

Objective To evaluate how infant weigh and length growth trajectories associate with body composition at 3 and 7 years because previous studies have noted that rapid infant weight gain increases risk for high body mass index (BMI) in children. Study design There were 322 children enrolled at 3 years of age with dual x-ray absorptiometry body composition data and pediatrician growth data for 0-2 years of age who were included in analysis. Superimposition by translation and rotation modeling was used to characterize infant weight and length trajectories in terms of size, tempo and velocity measures. Associations of these measures with fat mass, lean mass, percent body fat, bone mineral content, BMI z-score, and overweight prevalence at 3 and 7 years of age were determined. Results Infant growth trajectories differed by sex, race, and breastfeeding status. Higher overall weight size and weight velocity from 0 to 2 years of age were associated positively with all age 3 body composition and anthropometry outcomes. However, longer length size from 0 to 2 years of age was associated independently with higher bone mineral content and lean mass, but lower percent body fat, BMI z-score, and a lower odds of overweight at 3 years of age. By 7 years of age, later than average infant weight tempo was also associated with lower fat mass, lean mass, and BMI z-score. Conclusions Greater average weight size and greater weight velocity in infancy are markers for greater overall body size at 3 and 7 years of age. However, longer average lengths and later weight gain tempo between 0 and 2 years of age may help to establish a leaner body composition by 3 and 7 years of age.
Joint spatial-spectral hyperspectral image clustering using block-diagonal amplified affinity matrix

The large number of spectral channels in a hyperspectral image (HSI) produces a fine spectral resolution to differentiate between materials in a scene. However, difficult classes that have similar spectral signatures are often confused while merely exploiting information in the spectral domain. Therefore, in addition to spectral characteristics, the spatial relationships inherent in HSIs should also be considered for incorporation into classifiers. The growing availability of high spectral and spatial resolution of remote sensors provides rich information for image clustering. Besides the discriminating power in the rich spectrum, contextual information can be extracted from the spatial domain, such as the size and the shape of the structure to which one pixel belongs. In recent years, spectral clustering has gained popularity compared to other clustering methods due to the difficulty of accurate statistical modeling of data in high dimensional space. The joint spatial–spectral information could be effectively incorporated into the proximity graph for spectral clustering approach, which provides a better data representation by discovering the inherent lower dimensionality from the input space. We embedded both spectral and spatial information into our proposed local density adaptive affinity matrix, which is able to handle multiscale data by automatically selecting the scale of analysis for every pixel according to its neighborhood of the correlated pixels. Furthermore, we explored the “conductivity method,” which aims at amplifying the block diagonal structure of the affinity matrix to further improve the performance of spectral clustering on HSI datasets.
The Perverse Incentives of the No Child Left Behind Act

The No Child Left Behind Act, perhaps the most important federal education law in our nation's history, is designed to boost achievement levels of all students and to close the achievement gap among students from different backgrounds. This article explains how the Act creates perverse incentives that work against the achievement of the Act's laudable goals, and it argues that these perverse incentives are an unavoidable aspect of any test-based accountability system that focuses on absolute achievement levels. It goes on to suggest some possible responses to the flaws in the Act, and it concludes with some tentative observations about the proper role of the federal government in education law and policy.
MHC-Unrestricted cytolytic T lymphocytes

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) are thought to be important effector cells for a variety of immune responses, including lysis of cells expressing viral, tumor, and alloantigens. Doherty et al. [1] and Zinkernagel and Doherty [2] first demonstrated that CTL recognition of virus-infected syngeneic cells was restricted by molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Thus, CTL could be divided into two major groups: those which recognize allogeneic or nonself MHC molecules and those which recognize nominal antigen, such as viral or minor histocompatibility antigens, in association with self MHC molecules. However, recent evidence suggets that MHC-unrestricted CTL constitute another type of CTL (table I). In this article we review our current understanding of MHC-unrestricted CTL and present some of our data on the generation and function of such cells.
The mental status evaluation: Application in the emergency department

The mental status evaluation is a useful test in the emergency department. The major purposes of the examination are to determine the presence of neuropsychiatric illness and to determine whether this illness is functional or organic. The most accepted evaluation of mental status is the formal mental status evaluation. This extensive test is rarely necessary in the emergency department; rather a short test of cognitive function, such as the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination or Mini-Mental Status Examination, may be more appropriate. With frequent repetition in use and the concomitant development of clear standards for interpretation of the examination used, the emergency physician will become more comfortable with bedside mental status testing.
Elevations in Skin Tissue Levels of Bile Acids in Human Cholestasis: Relation to Serum Levels and to Pruritus

To define the relationship of bile acid retention to the pruritus of cholestasis, we quantified individual bile acids in serum, acetone swabs of skin, and skin tissue in 13 patients with cholestasis undergoing laparotomy and in 8 controls. There was no consistent relationship between pruritus and concentrations of either total or individual bile acids in serum. Skin tissue concentrations of bile acids were elevated in patients with cholestasis, were linearly related to serum levels, and did not differentiate between those patients with and those without pruritus. Concentrations of bile acids on the skin surface, which were lower than those reported by others, did not correlate with pruritus, and were decreased by simple soap and water washing. These data indicate that the pruritus of cholestasis is not directly related to the skin tissue concentration of any of the major bile acids, although a relationship to a particular molecular form of bile acids could not be excluded.
Sialolithiasis. Differential diagnostic problems in fine-needle aspiration cytology

Sialolithiasis with obstruction of major salivary gland ducts can lead to clinical tumefaction related to cystic dilatation. In addition to mucus accumulation, these pseudoneoplasms feature hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the ductal lining epithelium, with varying degrees of inflammation. The authors report five examples of this lesion aspirated from two males and three females ranging in age from 45 to 80 years (median 65 years). Three were in the submaxillary gland, and two were in the parotid. In three cases, stone fragments were identified, and diagnoses of sialolithiasis were rendered; two of these patients underwent surgical excision. The remaining two cases showed prominent foam cells and metaplastic squamous cells in a mucoid background that mimicked low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Stone fragments were not identified and a differential diagnoses of sialolithiasis versus low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma were suggested. Surgical excision revealed sialolithiasis in both instances. When stone fragments are identified in aspirated material, these cases pose little diagnostic difficulty. However, when this material is not present, epithelial changes and mucus accumulation may be difficult to distinguish from low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cautious interpretation is suggested in this setting.
Are You in, or Are You Out? Implications of Inclusion Criteria in Sexual Minority Health Disparities Research

Those who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual are found to be at a heightened risk for problematic health outcomes, including substance use. Sexual minority identities are concealable, multidimen...
Reclassification of the Sack-bearer Moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae).

A backbone molecular phylogeny of Mimallonidae, based on 47 species and 515 loci, was recently published. That study resolved some of the major relationships in the family, but taxon sampling was limited and a classification of the family was not formally presented for all species. Here morphological phylogenetic analyses in parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) frameworks were conducted that included 192 species and 55 morphological characters. A phylogenetic analysis was also conducted on the morphological dataset with a topological constraint based on the 515 locus tree from the previous study. Results show that nearly all species can be confidently placed in a genus using morphological phylogenetics. The presence of a frenulum, a character that was historically used to distinguish major groups of Mimallonidae, varies within and among genera. Based on our phylogenetic results, the classification of Mimallonidae is revised, which now includes 291 species in 41 genera. Descriptions of three new genera are included: Fatellallagen. n., Citrallagen. n., and Lepismallagen. n. The following taxonomic changes were made in the present article: 43 new/revived combinations (in Aceclostria Vuillot, Arcinnus Herbin, Bedosia Schaus, Bedosiallo St Laurent & Kawahara, Cicinnus Blanchard, Citralla, Druentica Strand, Fatellalla, Lacosoma Grote, Lepismalla, Mimallo Hubner, Procinnus Herbin, Psychocampa Grote, Roelmana Schaus, and Thaelia Herbin), two new species-level synonyms (melini Bryk is synonymized with viemanda Schaus, jaruga Jones is synonymized with hamata Walker), one revived synonymy (roscida Dognin is resynonymized with externa Moore), seven new statuses (in Druentica, Macessoga Schaus, and Trogoptera Herrich-Schaffer), six revived statuses (in Aceclostria, Cicinnus, Druentica, Psychocampa, and Zaphanta Dyar), and one new designation of nomen nudum. In order to alleviate nomenclatural problems, twelve lectotypes are designated (for Tolypidaamaryllis (Schaus), Trogopteraalthora Schaus, Adalgisacroesa Schaus, Alheitapulloides (Dognin), LacosomabriasiaSchaus, Lacosomadiederica Schaus, Lacosomaraydela Schaus, Psychocampalacuna (Schaus), Cicinnuscorallina Dognin, Cicinnuslatris Schaus, Cicinnussolvens Schaus, Cicinnustuisana Schaus) as well as a neotype for Mimallodespecta Walker (= Cicinnusdespecta). This paper also provides apomorphies for each genus and a morphological key to genera. Annotations are given to aid researchers in understanding all changes made herein, and images of male and female and their genitalia are present for nearly all type species.
What Explains Price Declines in Seasonal Goods Markets? An Empirical Examination

Three explanations have been proposed in the literature to describe the reason behind sharp price declines observed over a product's short lifecycle in seasonal (perishable) goods markets: Prices decline as a result of (i) inter-temporal price discrimination; (2) firm's uncertainty about product popularity at the start of the season; (3) decreasing opportunity costs. We first translate these explanations into a set of predictions that can be tested within a unified empirical framework. Then, using two unique data sets from a large US specialty apparel retailer, we examine several cross sectional and time series regularities in the pricing and sales of many different types of products and shopping patterns of many consumers to assess whether these explanations have empirical support in the fashion apparel market. Our results show that rapid decline in opportunity costs within the selling season is the main reason behind the observed price declines, and neither initial uncertainty nor intertemporal price discrimination motives can explain the price patterns in our data. Our empirical estimates show that lower opportunity costs due to higher levels of inventory, shorter time left in the season, or a reduction in storage and shelf space due to new product introductions lead to earlier/deeper markdowns. Our results suggest that seasonal goods retailers might benefit from initiatives that would enable them to better manage their opportunity costs. Our results also suggest that although the retailer is limited in its ability to exercise intertemporal price discrimination, it is possible to leverage the differential price sensitivity of consumers through zone pricing. Future research examining pricing patterns in similar contexts is warranted and can leverage our empirical framework and the battery of tests we propose.
The Role of Educational Leaders: A Case for Inclusion in Institutions of Higher Education:

Over the last decade, an increasing number of postsecondary education (PSE) programs have been developed for students with intellectual disability (ID). This case discusses one such program. Along ...
Quinine induced thrombotic microangiopathy and thrombocytopenia: A teaching hospital's perspective

Although quinine is an infrequently prescribed drug, with malaria treatment being its only FDA-approved indication, unwitting exposure via beverages (e.g., tonic water), over the counter herbal remedies and illegal recreation drugs still occur. We present a unique case of a female patient who denied any known prior history of quinine exposure, who after being prescribed quinine tablets for restless leg syndrome, developed an immune-related thrombotic microangiopathy with thrombocytopenia and subsequent multi-organ failure. It was later elucidated that her only known potential source of prior quinine exposure was a remote history of crack-cocaine use. The patient survived this rare and severe inflammatory response with recovery of renal function and was able to discontinue dialysis.
Oil price volatility and real options: 35 years of evidence

There has been a surge in interest in the effects of uncertainty on investment decisions, motivated at least in part by the theory of real options. For example, Bloom (2009, Econometrica, 77, 623–685) shows that higher uncertainty causes firms to temporarily pause investment and hiring, generating sharp economic downturns. This paper investigates these effects by examining the response of disaggregated measures of production to volatility in oil prices. We find that increased oil price volatility has strong negative effects on the production of durable goods, such as transportation equipment, and oil exploration, such as the drilling of oil and gas wells.