cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Valuing Natural Environments: Compensation, Market Norms, and the Idea of Public Goods

Our engagement with the struggle to implement appropriate responses to environmental degradation raises complex questions of value, institutional structure, and political choice. The current response in the damages context has been paralyzed by abstraction without some clear connection to, coupled with a deep-seated ambivalence about, the purposes for which damages are imposed. The result has been an unfocused and self-indulgent inquiry into theoretical welfare economics, which accommodates and, indeed, endorses, both the abstraction and the ambivalence.The suggestion for reform advocated in this article is a renewed commitment to pluralism, a view that embraces the consequences of incommensurable values and non-substitutable goods as a critical aspect of a healthy, functioning democracy and a flourishing human community. This commitment demands that we remain attentive to the ways in which the rhetoric of value, the way we talk about public goods in general and natural environments in particular, shape the practices of our regulatory institutions and the norms that inform their purposes.The rhetoric of corrective justice provides a suitable voice that is consistent both with equity and an understanding of why we would choose to create a trusteeship under which responsible parties can be charged with the duty to restore the status quo ante. The effort to expand the reigning regulatory vocabulary to include the idea that people care about natural environments because they are natural environments (not wealth- or utility- creating means of advancing "wealth") is an integral feature of that rhetoric. As a political community attempting to select the norms under which we will share institutions, social spaces and plural vocabularies, we should seek carefully to block imperialistic raids from inappropriate institutions in a way that makes our choices both meaningful and just. This is a regulatory ideal, to be sure, and many pragmatic adjustments will no doubt have to be made.Law plays an important role in the process. The recent skepticism that has greeted the notion of reasoning from statutory purposes to particular implementing decisions demands a critical evaluation that displays the manner in which this skepticism is self-defeating. To be sure, statutory design often lacks unambiguous signals of purpose, but we do an injustice both to our institutions and the public by removing whatever anchor an elaboration of purpose provides both to these institutions and our aspirations for representative government.The particular case of damages for environmental harm is but a small moment in a larger struggle to make sense of the very idea of political commitments, or "public goods," in times when particularity and purpose are substituted with generality, skepticism, and ambivalence. But in attending carefully to our "restorative purposes" in imposing liability on responsible parties, we express a defensible view of the role of law and our commitment to treat some natural environments as public goods.
Association of vitamin D receptor gene ApaIpolymorphism with vitamin D deficiency rickets

Objective To study the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene ApaⅠpolymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets in children of Shanxi Han ethnic group, and to explore the significance of individual hereditary factors in the development of rickets. Methods This was a case control study. The grouping criteria were serum 25(OH)D_3 level, blood bone alkaline phosphatase and clinical symptom, respectively. The laboratory test methods were enzyme linked immunoassay and radioimmunoassay. PCR-RFLP technology was applied to examine VDR gene ApaⅠ site polymorphism and Hardy-Weinberg hereditary balance test was used to examine the coincidence of gene distribution. Results(Frequencies of) AA, Aa and aa genotypes were 5.0%, 52.5% and 42.5% in the rickets group and 4.4%, 55.9% and 39.7% in the control group, respectively. Frequencies of A and a genotypes were 31.3% and 68.7% in the rickets group and 32.3% and 67.7% in the control group, respectively. There was not significant difference in the frequency distribution of VDR genotype and allelic genes between two groups ((χ~2=)0.089, P0.05; χ~2=0.028, P0.05). There was significant difference in the serum 25(OH)D_3 between two groups (t=-8.919, P0.01).Conclusion The distribution of VDR gene ApaⅠpolymorphism in children of Han ethnic group is balanced relatively. The Frequency of a allelic genes is 67.7% which is therefore the superior gene. VDR gene polymorphism might not be important in an individual's susceptibility to development of vitamin D deficiency.
Nonconvulsive Seizures in Critically Ill Children

All patients <18 years admitted to the ICU at Columbia University Medical Center, New York, between June 1, 2000 and April 30, 2004, and considered critically ill, regardless of etiology, underwent continuous EEG (cEEG) for detection of nonconvulsive seizures (NCSz) in the evaluation of unexplained diminished consciousness.
Twitter analysis of California's failed campaign to raise the state's tobacco tax by popular vote in 2012

Background The rapid diffusion of social media in the past decade has allowed community members to sway the discourse on elections. We use analyses of social media to provide insight into why the strong public support 1 year prior to the election did not result in an increased tobacco tax from the 2012 California Proposition 29 vote. Methods Using the Twitter historical Firehose, we chose all tweets on Proposition 29 posted between 1 January and 5 June 2012 differentiating between early and late campaign periods. Tweets were coded for valence, theme and source. We analysed metadata to characterise accounts. Television ratings data in 9 major California media markets were used to show the strength of the 2 campaigns. Results ‘No on 29’ launched television advertising earlier and with much higher household gross rating points (GRPs) than the ‘Yes on 29’ campaign. Among 17 099 relevant tweets from 8769 unique accounts, 53% supported Proposition 29, 27% opposed and 20% were neutral. Just under half (43%) were from accounts affiliated with the campaigns. Two-thirds of campaign messages originated outside California. The ‘Yes’ campaign focused on simple health messages, which were equally represented in both campaign periods. However, anti-tax tweets increased at relative to pro-tax tweets in the second period. Conclusions Although the Prop 29 campaigns did not effectively engage the Californian twitter communities, analysis of tweets provided an earlier indication than public polls of the loss of public supporting this election. Prospective Twitter analysis should be added to campaign evaluation strategies.
Energy profiling with Alpaca

Rapid increases in demand for cloud computing, large-scale internet services, and mobile devices have led to a correspondingly large increase in the amount of energy required for computation. This additional energy use comes at a high cost, both financially and environmentally. Energy profilers are useful tools which allow programmers to energy audit their programs and determine what functions are responsible for the most energy use. In this paper, we introduce a new technique for energy profiling, which takes energy measurements at regularly spaced intervals and uses linear regression to correlate executing functions with changes in power demand. We have implemented this technique in Alpaca, an energy profiler for Linux. Initial results suggest that this approach shows promise in energy profiling programs in an accurate and meaningful way.
Design and scheduling of microgrids using benders decomposition

The distribution feeder laterals in a distribution feeder with relatively high PV generation as compared to the load can be operated as microgrids to achieve reliability, power quality and economic benefits. However, renewable resources are intermittent and stochastic in nature. A novel approach for sizing and scheduling an energy storage system and microturbine for reliable operation of microgrids is proposed. The size and schedule of an energy storage system and microturbine are determined using Benders' decomposition, considering PV generation as a stochastic resource.
FPGA-based Hardware Accelerator for Image Reconstruction in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Abstract Only)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely used in medical diagnostics. Sampling of MRI data on Cartesian grids allows efficient computation of the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform for image reconstruction using the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) algorithm. Though the use of Cartesian trajectories simplifies the IFFT computation, non-Cartesian trajectories have been shown to provide better image resolution with lower scan times. To improve the processing time of MRI image reconstruction for these optimized non-Cartesian trajectories using a Non-uniform Fast Fourier Transform (NuFFT) algorithm, dedicated accelerators are required. We present an FPGA-based MRI solution to implement NuFFT for image reconstruction. The solution is based on the design of an efficient custom accelerator on FPGA using OpenCL, and covers all the phases necessary to reconstruct an image with high accuracy, starting from raw scan data. The architecture can be easily extendable to tackle 3D imaging, and k-space properties have been analyzed to reduce the number of samples processed, achieving satisfactory reconstruction accuracy while positively impacting processing time. Our solution achieves a marked improvement over previously published FPGA- and CPU-based implementations and, due to its scalability, it is suitable for the image sizes common in MRI acquisitions.
Enantioselective Chemical Syntheses of the Furanosteroids (−)-Viridin and (−)-Viridiol

Herein we describe concise enantioselective chemical syntheses of (−)-viridin and (−)-viridiol. Our convergent approach couples two achiral fragments of similar complexity and employs an enantioselective intramolecular Heck reaction to set the absolute stereochemical configuration of an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. To complete the syntheses of these base- and nucleophile-sensitive natural products, we conduct carefully orchestrated site- and diastereoselective oxidations and other transformations. Our work is the first to generate these targets as single enantiomers.
Underreporting of wildland fires in the US Fire Reporting System NFIRS: California

The absence of a comprehensive and accurate database on fire occurrence means that some proportion of wildfires is not reported. This paper examines wildfires reported in the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) database and compares it with the satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire detection data and the CAL FIRE Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP) geodatabase to understand underreporting of wildland fires in the NFIRS system. The paper discusses a series of large wildland fires and uses a Generalised Linear Model to identify the conditions where large wildfires go unreported. This paper shows that the NFIRS database, which is the primary fire database in the US, significantly underreports wildland fires. Evidence from California suggests that 32% of fires within local jurisdictions detected via MODIS satellite were identified in the NFIRS database; thus, there could be a significant number of fires going unreported nationwide. Examining eight large fires in California, only 16% of the structures damaged or destroyed, as reported in CAL FIRE, were reported in NFIRS. Areas with underreporting tend to have a higher level of poverty, higher population density, higher level of people without vehicles, lower income and a higher level of single parents with children under 18, as well as a higher level of people under the age of 18.
Introduction to Imaging of Penetrating/Perforating Blast and Ballistic Injuries

Diagnostic imaging in combat has many unique characteristics and situations that are briefly covered in this chapter. The diagnostic radiology mission is only a part of the complex system that needs to be understood. A team approach with integration with ED, OR, and ICU/ wards is imperative. Some of the unique aspects of combat radiology include the horrific nature of injuries, the multiplicity of severe trauma, and sheer number of injuries and casualties that can come at once. A common practice that may not be initially intuitive is diagnosing and treating regardless of “sides” in that we treat insurgents, prisoners, local nationals, Iraqi police, Military Working Dogs, children [1], and pregnant women with threat to life, limb, or eyesight.
Systematic review of collateral effects of focused interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder

A collateral intervention effect refers to changes in behaviors which were not directly targeted during intervention. Using predetermined search and inclusion procedures, this systematic review ide...
Floral Evocation and Development of the Floral Meristem

The many deep-seated changes that characterize the vegetative growth of plants described in previous chapters are terminated by the production of flowers. This entails the transformation of the shoot apical meristem into a single flower or into a cluster of flowers known as the inflorescence. What prompts, at the physiological and molecular levels, the making of flowers is still a central and unanswered question in plant developmental biology. Despite more than a century of experimentation, we are still in the dark about the intracellular agents and gene products that start the cells of the shoot apical meristem along the developmental pathway of a floral primordium. However, these experiments have greatly advanced our understanding of the links between identifiable types of extracellular factors and early changes in the shoot apical meristem that lead to the formation of flowers. Morphological and anatomical studies aimed at following in the cells of the shoot apical meristem those known features that identify them as related to flower initiation have been an integral part of the early investigations on flowering.
Prolactin release inhibiting and stimulating factors in the hypothalamus.

It is well established that secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland in animals and humans is controlled by the hypothalamus by means of a hypothalamic neurohumor, prolactin release inhibiting factor (PIF) or hormone (1,2). Secretion of prolactin appears also to be regulated by a hypothalamic prolactin releasing factor (PRF) (1,2). Search for these neurohumors is in progress in our laboratory and several others. Our findings during the process of purification of PIF from the porcine hypothalamic tissue indicated that the fraction with highest PIF activity was rich in catecholamines. Catecholamines can suppress prolactin release in vivo and in vitro by direct action (3–5). The possibility has been raised that catecholamines may be the physiological PIF, but as of yet no concrete evidence has appeared to support this view. PIF activity in the extracts of the hypothalamus was also found in a fraction devoid of catecholamines. We wish to present recent data on the purification of a substance with PIF activity from porcine hypothalamic tissue.
Imagining the Personal Computer: Conceptualizations of the Homebrew Computer Club 1975–1977

The Homebrew Computer Club was a hobbyist group in the San Francisco Bay Area dedicated to helping people build their own home personal computers. I analyze their writings between 1975 and 1977, in order to understand how their values became embedded in the technology they built, establishing how the personal computer should be used and thought of. These values were based in ideals of open information, access to computers, and the computer as a universal tool, while also allowing for development of entrepreneurial ambitions to market the computer as a consumer product.
Acute glomerulonephritis secondary to Streptococcus anginosus

Streptococcus anginosus is a clinically important pathogen that is emerging globally but remains poorly investigated. Here, we report the first case of acute glomerulonephritis resulting from infection with S. anginosus Glomerulonephritis is typically caused by S. pyogenes and reports secondary to other strains including S. zooepidemicus and S. constellatus exist. Infection with S. anginosus in this patient was associated with acute nephritis (haematuria, oedema and hypertension), nephrotic syndrome and progressive azotemia. There was activation of the complement system. The presence of low C1q and elevated anti-C1q binding complexes points to a potential pathogenic role. Testing for streptococcal antigens was strongly positive. Emerging nephritogenic strains of S. anginosus present a significant health concern for both developed and developing countries.
Translation Termination and Ribosome Recycling in Eukaryotes

Termination of mRNA translation occurs when a stop codon enters the A site of the ribosome, and in eukaryotes is mediated by release factors eRF1 and eRF3, which form a ternary eRF1/eRF3-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) complex. eRF1 recognizes the stop codon, and after hydrolysis of GTP by eRF3, mediates release of the nascent peptide. The post-termination complex is then disassembled, enabling its constituents to participate in further rounds of translation. Ribosome recycling involves splitting of the 80S ribosome by the ATP-binding cassette protein ABCE1 to release the 60S subunit. Subsequent dissociation of deacylated transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) from the 40S subunit may be mediated by initiation factors (priming the 40S subunit for initiation), by ligatin (eIF2D) or by density-regulated protein (DENR) and multiple copies in T-cell lymphoma-1 (MCT1). These events may be subverted by suppression of termination (yielding carboxy-terminally extended read-through polypeptides) or by interruption of recycling, leading to reinitiation of translation near the stop codon.
Validating the performance of correlated fission multiplicity implementation in radiation transport codes with subcritical neutron multiplication benchmark experiments

Abstract Historically, radiation transport codes have uncorrelated fission emissions. In reality, the particles emitted by both spontaneous and induced fissions are correlated in time, energy, angle, and multiplicity. This work validates the performance of various current Monte Carlo codes that take into account the underlying correlated physics of fission neutrons, specifically neutron multiplicity distributions. The performance of 4 Monte Carlo codes - MCNP®6.2, MCNP®6.2/FREYA, MCNP®6.2/CGMF, and PoliMi - was assessed using neutron multiplicity benchmark experiments. In addition, MCNP®6.2 simulations were run using JEFF-3.2 and JENDL-4.0, rather than ENDF/B-VII.1, data for 239Pu and 240Pu. The sensitive benchmark parameters that in this work represent the performance of each correlated fission multiplicity Monte Carlo code include the singles rate, the doubles rate, leakage multiplication, and Feynman histograms. Although it is difficult to determine which radiation transport code shows the best overall performance in simulating subcritical neutron multiplication inference benchmark measurements, it is clear that correlations exist between the underlying nuclear data utilized by (or generated by) the various codes, and the correlated neutron observables of interest. This could prove useful in nuclear data validation and evaluation applications, in which a particular moment of the neutron multiplicity distribution is of more interest than the other moments. It is also quite clear that, because transport is handled by MCNP®6.2 in 3 of the 4 codes, with the 4th code (PoliMi) being based on an older version of MCNP®, the differences in correlated neutron observables of interest are most likely due to the treatment of fission event generation in each of the different codes, as opposed to the radiation transport.
Which is the Right Laplace

A comparison between the Laplace (doubly exponential) and Gauss-Laplace (normal) distributions is carried out —both in univariate and multivariate settings.
The transdiaphragmatic (transhypophyseal foramen) suprasellar pituitary gland: a normal variant

A normal transdiaphragmatic and suprasellar location of the superior surface of the normal pituitary gland (PG) may result when the diaphragma sellae is incomplete (hypophyseal foramen) in association with a small pituitary fossa. The shape of the glandular extension may be one of a spectrum ranging from minimal to pronounced, the larger having a pyramidal and/or “head and shoulders” configuration. The height of the gland can be greater than the currently utilized normal linear measurements. Glandular contact with the optic chiasm has not been associated with visual field defects. The location and status of the diaphragma sellae can be determined by MRI. Abnormal PG enlargement may also present an identical suprasellar pyramidal appearance, but abnormal tissue characterization and gadolinium enhancement will differentiate between normal and abnormal glands.
Labor time spent in foodservice activities in one hospital: a 12-year profile.

Labor minutes per meal equivalent and percentage of time spent in direct work, indirect work, delay time, and total time were determined in an annual study of foodservice workers in a community hospital. Twelve activity sampling studies (from 1973 through 1984) were conducted for 7 days (Monday through Sunday), usually during the second week of February. The conventional foodservice, with the cook/hot-hold method of food production and service, averaged about 10 minutes for direct work, 1 minute for indirect work, 2 minutes for delay time, and 13 total labor minutes per meal equivalent for the 12 years. The data were similar to those of the study in the 1960s, of conventional hospital foodservices, with high productivity, which averaged about 11 minutes for direct work, 1 minute for indirect work, 2 minutes for delay time, and 14 total labor minutes per meal equivalent. Data averaged from the 1973 through 1984 studies compared with the data from the 1960s study showed that transportation, cleaning, and service required the most labor time (total of 58% in this study and total of 62% in the 1960s study). Methods reported in this article may be applied in other foodservices to identify labor time spent in work and delay activities to establish productivity guidelines for a food-service department.
An Empirical Approach for Design of Wideband, Probe-Fed, U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antennas on Single-layer, Infinite, Grounded Substrates

Wideband microstrip antennas with relatively simple topologies continue to attract attention for design of compact, high-performance communication systems. The coaxially-fed, rectangular patch U-slot has recently been investigated numerically and experimentally, and shown to yield 10 dB return-loss bandwidths in excess of 20%. How- ever there are no analytical models, nor any systematic de- sign procedures currently available that can aid realizing these configurations. To that end, based on extensive CAD simulation results for a wide range of commercially avali- able microwave substrates ( to ), an empirical design methodology is derived and illustrated by examples. It is shown that the present empirical design technique, with its attendant limitations, generate wideband U-Slot designs that are optimized using CAD tools such as IE3D within a few iterations, resulting in substantially reduced overall process cycles.
The Superior Temporal Polysensory Region in Monkeys

This chapter will review the progressive refinement of the concept of superior temporal polysensory (STP) cortex in macaque monkeys, describe the different organizational schemes in current use, and highlight a number of unresolved issues. Studies of the STP region have been limited by the difficulty of reconciling disparate physiological findings, suggesting, on the one hand, a role in visuospatial functions or eye movement control, and on the other, contributions to complex visual recognition functions. It is perhaps premature to assign STP cortex to either the dorsal or ventral stream of visual processing, thought to be crucial for visuospatial functions and object recognition, respectively, and the potential integrative functions of this region should not be ignored.
Andere Gleichungsformen der Geraden

Von einer Geraden kennt man die Abschnitte a und b auf den Koordinatenachsen (Abb. 13); dann ist die Steigung — b/a = m und die Gleichung der Geraden lautet \(y = - \frac{b}{a}x + b\). Dividiert man durch b und ordnet, so erhalt man die ubliche Form $$\frac{x}{a} + \frac{y}{b} = 1$$
Discordance of global assessment by patients and physicians is higher in osteoarthritis than in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study from routine care

The study compares patient–physician discordance in global assessment in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) versus patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) seen in routine care. This is a cross-sectional study conducted at an academic rheumatology center at which all patients are asked to complete a Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ), which includes a patient global assessment (PATGL). Rheumatologists are encouraged to complete a physician questionnaire, which includes a physician global assessment (DOCGL). Patients with either OA or RA were identified using ICD9 codes and classified as positive discordance (PATGL-DOCGL ≥ 2), negative discordance (PATGL-DOCGL≤ − 2), and concordance (absolute difference between the two assessments < 2). Discordance was assessed by diagnosis. Agreement between patient and physician global assessments was evaluated using intraclass correlations. Logistic regression was performed to identify explanatory variables for positive discordance. The analysis included 243 OA and 216 RA patients. Mean PATGL was higher in OA versus RA (5.4 versus 4.2, p = 0.005), while mean DOCGL was similar (4.0 versus 3.8, p = 0.23) leading to a higher patient–physician discordance in OA (1.35 versus 0.43, p < 0.001). Positive discordance occurred in 34% of OA versus 18% of RA patients (p < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.43 in OA versus 0.60 in RA patients. In logistic regressions, pain was the only statistically significant explanatory variable for discordance in both OA (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.12–1.78) and RA (OR 1.47 95% CI 1.04–2.07). Patients with OA are more likely to be discordant with their rheumatologists than patients with RA because of a higher PATGL. Similarly to RA, the most important explanatory variable for discordance was higher pain.
Diastolic velocity half time is associated with aortic coarctation gradient at catheterization independent of echocardiographic and clinical blood pressure gradients.

OBJECTIVE The most accurate noninvasive parameter to predict whether a patient with aortic coarctation will meet interventional criteria at catheterization remains elusive. We aim to determine the best independent echocardiographic predictors of a coarctation peak-to-peak pressure gradient ≥20 mm Hg at catheterization, the accepted threshold for intervention. DESIGN Retrospective query of our catheterization database from 1/2007 to 7/2016 for the diagnostic code of aortic coarctation was performed. Multiple echocardiographic measurements and blood pressure gradients prior to cardiac catheterization were collected. Univariate correlation of variables with the continuous catheterization peak were calculated using Spearman's rho. Univariate association with peak-to-peak gradient at catheterization ≥20 mm Hg was tested using Mann-Whitney U test and the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the independent association of the clinically relevant metrics with gradient at catheterization ≥20 mm Hg. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients met study criteria (median age 9.25 years), of whom 84% underwent intervention at catheterization. Echocardiographic peak and mean coarctation velocity, indexed systolic and diastolic velocity half times (SVHTi, DVHTi), and blood pressure gradient all had moderate correlation (Spearman's rho = 0.529-0.617, P < .001) with the continuous catheterization gradient and were significantly associated with the binary outcome of catheterization peak ≥20 mm Hg (P < .001). Logistic regression found echocardiographic mean systolic gradient (OR 1.213 [95% CI 1.041-1.414]) and DVHTi (OR 1.039 [95% CI 1.004-1.074]) independently associate with catheterization peak ≥20 mm Hg after controlling for blood pressure gradient (OR 1.066 [0.987-1.150]). CONCLUSIONS Most echocardiographic estimates show moderate correlation with arch gradient at catheterization. Noninvasive four extremity blood pressure gradient is significantly associated with peak-to-peak gradient ≥20 mm Hg. DVHTi may provide a unique independently associated echocardiographic estimate of coarctation severity. Further study of these variables with larger cohorts may allow for development of predictive models to direct catheterization.
Some like it warm – usually women

![Graphic][1] Science is at its most powerful when it reveals to us some new unknown about the universe. Science is perhaps at its most satisfying, however, when it confirms for us something we sort of knew to be true all along. This is especially true when those suspicions are based on the
Acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years

Himalayan glaciers supply meltwater to densely populated catchments in South Asia, and regional observations of glacier change over multiple decades are needed to understand climate drivers and assess resulting impacts on glacier-fed rivers. Here, we quantify changes in ice thickness during the intervals 1975–2000 and 2000–2016 across the Himalayas, using a set of digital elevation models derived from cold war–era spy satellite film and modern stereo satellite imagery. We observe consistent ice loss along the entire 2000-km transect for both intervals and find a doubling of the average loss rate during 2000–2016 [−0.43 ± 0.14 m w.e. year−1 (meters of water equivalent per year)] compared to 1975–2000 (−0.22 ± 0.13 m w.e. year−1). The similar magnitude and acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas suggests a regionally coherent climate forcing, consistent with atmospheric warming and associated energy fluxes as the dominant drivers of glacier change.
Changing comprehenders’ pronoun interpretations: Immediate and cumulative priming at the discourse level in L2 and native speakers of English:

Existing research on second language (L2) pronoun resolution has not yet looked at immediate and cumulative priming effects. By using a sentence comprehension task, the present study aims at primin...
A Positive-Definite Energy Functional for the Axisymmetric Perturbations of Kerr-Newman Black Holes

We consider the axisymmetric, linear perturbations of Kerr-Newman black holes, allowing for arbitrarily large (but subextremal) angular momentum and electric charge. By exploiting the famous Carter-Robinson identities, developed previously for the proofs of (stationary) black hole uniqueness results, we construct a positive-definite energy functional for these perturbations and establish its conservation for a class of (coupled, gravitational and electromagnetic) solutions to the linearized field equations. Our analysis utilizes the familiar (Hamiltonian) reduction of the field equations (for axisymmetric geometries) to a system of wave map fields coupled to a 2+1-dimensional Lorentzian metric on the relevant quotient 3-manifold. The propagating `dynamical degrees of freedom' of this system are entirely captured by the wave map fields, which take their values in a four dimensional, negatively curved (complex hyperbolic) Riemannian target space whereas the base-space Lorentzian metric is entirely determined, in our setup, by elliptic constraints and gauge conditions.
Neuropsychological test validation of speech markers of cognitive impairment in the Framingham Cognitive Aging Cohort.

Aim Although clinicians primarily diagnose dementia based on a combination of metrics such as medical history and formal neuropsychological tests, recent work using linguistic analysis of narrative speech to identify dementia has shown promising results. We aim to build upon research by Thomas JA & Burkardt HA et al. (J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76:905-22) and Alhanai et al. (arXiv:1710.07551v1. 2020) on the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Cognitive Aging Cohort by 1) demonstrating the predictive capability of linguistic analysis in differentiating cognitively normal from cognitively impaired participants and 2) comparing the performance of the original linguistic features with the performance of expanded features. Methods Data were derived from a subset of the FHS Cognitive Aging Cohort. We analyzed a sub-selection of 98 participants, which provided 127 unique audio files and clinical observations (n = 127, female = 47%, cognitively impaired = 43%). We built on previous work which extracted original linguistic features from transcribed audio files by extracting expanded features. We used both feature sets to train logistic regression classifiers to distinguish cognitively normal from cognitively impaired participants and compared the predictive power of the original and expanded linguistic feature sets, and participants' Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Results Based on the area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) of the models, both the original (AUC = 0.882) and expanded (AUC = 0.883) feature sets outperformed MMSE (AUC = 0.870) in classifying cognitively impaired and cognitively normal participants. Although the original and expanded feature sets had similar AUC, the expanded feature set showed better positive and negative predictive value [expanded: positive predictive value (PPV) = 0.738, negative predictive value (NPV) = 0.889; original: PPV = 0.701, NPV = 0.869]. Conclusions Linguistic analysis has been shown to be a potentially powerful tool for clinical use in classifying cognitive impairment. This study expands the work of several others, but further studies into the plausibility of speech analysis in clinical use are vital to ensure the validity of speech analysis for clinical classification of cognitive impairment.
Teaching Ethics, Discovery and Invention

Are ethical discoverers and inventors born, or can we create them? How can we improve public understanding of the processes by which we have transformed the world? This chapter will discuss these issues, using the detailed case-studies in previous chapters as examples and the cognitive analysis as a framework.
Flows between Rotating Plates

In this article, I shall discuss some recent results regarding the flow of fluids due to a rotating plate or between rotating plates. Such flows have relevance to important problems in astrophysics, geophysics and engineering. The pioneering study of Karman [1] of the steady axially symmetric flow due to a rotating plate has been followed by literally hundreds of investigations that span the gamut from rigorous mathematical analyses to precise experimental studies. Such sedulous studies notwithstanding, the problem has continued to open new horizons hitherto unexplored. We shall discuss some of these new developments here. A more detailed presentation can be found in the recent review article by Rajagopal [2].
Bromide and chloride tracer application to determine sufficiency of plot size and well depth placement to capture preferential flow and solute leaching

Abstract Preferential flow paths in soils, including sandy soils, present a problem in determining contaminant leaching to groundwater, but conservative tracers can be used to examine whether large-scale plots, in a complete randomized block design, are sufficient for solute measurements. In this study, two tracers, bromide (Br − ) and chloride (Cl − ) were applied to the standard agronomic large-scale plots at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Hancock Agricultural Research Station on Plainfield loamy sand. Over two years, 2010 and 2012, two fields were divided into twelve plots each approximately 15 m × 15 m, arranged six plots long by two plots wide. In 2010, Br − and Cl − were applied to two plots in a staggered pattern. Groundwater monitoring wells were installed diagonally across all plots and water samples were assessed for Br − and Cl − . The Cl − data were inconclusive as background Cl − concentration was elevated and present in several wells in plots that did not have Cl − applied, and breakthrough curves (BTCs) could not be verified. Therefore, only Br − was applied to the plots in 2012. Br − results show that leaching to groundwater beneath a given plot was confined to the plot of application. There was movement of tracers from one plot to the groundwater beneath another plot, however this was from horizontal groundwater flow and the time for this flow between plots to occur was four to five months.
Vascular development in Arabidopsis

Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, form a continuous network throughout the plant body for transport of water, minerals, and food. Characterization of Arabidopsis mutants defective in various aspects of vascular formation has demonstrated that Arabidopsis is an ideal system for investigating the molecular mechanisms controlling vascular development. The processes affected in these mutants include initiation or division of procambium or vascular cambium, formation of continuous vascular cell files, differentiation of procambium or vascular cambium into vascular tissues, cell elongation, patterned secondary wall thickening, and biosynthesis of secondary walls. Identification of the genes affected by some of these mutations has revealed essential roles in vascular development for a cytokinin receptor and several factors mediating auxin transport or signaling. Mutational studies have also identified a number of Arabidopsis mutants defective in leaf venation pattern or vascular tissue organization in stems. Genetic evidence suggests that the vascular tissue organization is regulated by the same positional information that determines organ polarity.
Cell killing by viruses. II. Cell killing by vesicular stomatitis virus: a requirement for virion-derived transcription.

Abstract Single-cell survival curves generated by infecting the Vero line of green monkey kidney (GMK) cells with Indiana-type vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were used to establish the cell killing particle (CKP) activity of active, uv-irradiated and heat-inactivated (50°) virions, as well as that of conditional-lethal mutants tested at permissive (30°) and nonpermissive (40°) temperatures. CKP activity of virions treated in this manner was compared to that of infectivity, PFP, and virion-derived transcriptase activity measured in vivo. Heat denaturation revealed that all three of these functions were lost at the same rate, the absolute value apparently set by the intrinsic lability of the virion-associated transcriptase. For VSV-HR and mutant ts G114, these rates were K = 0.23 min−1 and K = 1.44 min−1, respectively. Ultraviolet-radiation inactivated infectivity (PFP) at an exponential rate with the 37% survival dose, D° = 52.3 ergs min−2. Virion-derived transcription as measured in vivo and CKP activity were lost at coincident rates upon irradiation, but were 5 times more resistant to inactivation—D° = 263 ergs min−2. In all cases, in vivo virion-derived transcriptase and CKP activities were inactivated at coincident rates. With mutant ts G114 (group I), the CKP and PFP titers were equivalent at 30°. However, ts G114 did not kill cells at 40°, nor was significant virion-derived transcription observed. In contrast, mutant ts W10 (group IV) produced almost equivalent CKP titers over a temperature range of 30°–40°. Although large amounts of primary transcripts accumulate in the presence of cycloheximide in cells infected with ts G114 at 30°, these transcripts act inefficiently to kill cells upon removal of the drug and a temperature-shift to 40°. Mutant ts G114 requires 18–20 hr at 30° to express maximum CKP activity. The lethal action of 50% of the CKP is extant by 6 hr at 30°, yet less than 10% of newly synthesized virus has been released. Cell killing factor is produced during normal infection and upon exposure of cells to (1) defective CKP, (2) uv-irradiated virions and (3) mutant ts W10 at nonpermissive temperatures. Virion-derived primary transcription is required to produce cell killing by VSV, but accumulation of transcripts per se does not suffice to kill cells. It appears likely that formation of a putative cell killing factor requires at least two reactants: (1) primary transcripts and (2) transcriptase molecules, functioning in a reaction(s) subsequent to primary transcription which could be replicative or transcriptive in nature.
Development of web-based control and monitoring system for facility in shipbuilding yard

Generally, boiler and gas utility management is dependent on human. This facility has been installed over a wide area in the shipyard. The operators usually maintain and monitor the systems for their best conditions. It is also difficult to manage the installed facilities because of a long distance. The main problem is that maintenance costs and time have been increased. Therefore, we need to introduce a remote control and monitoring system which can manage facilities by the internet. But, most facilities have the analog controller due to install a long time ago. The controller's type is different. So, these systems can't be directly connected to the internet for remote control. In this study, we developed the interface algorithm and protocol for a local boiler and utility using industrial controller. The serial communication protocol between industrial controller and boiler was also developed for remote control. The interface algorithm based on PLC was able to access the internet with Ethernet module for the web based control. In addition, we developed the remote monitoring system with web cameras and servers using wavelet algorithm. In result, it was confirmed that web-based control system has been convenience, efficiency and reliable in operation. We checked the maintenance cost savings, too.
Clam predator protection is effective and necessary for food production

Shellfish aquaculture is a widely practiced way of producing food for human consumption in coastal areas. When farming intertidal clams, farmers commonly protect young seedling clams from predatory losses by covering farmed plots with netting or screening. Recent discussion of the effectiveness of protective nets or screens and their environmental effects has raised questions concerning the utility of the practice. We provide data based on a review of more than 35 peer-reviewed articles, as well as our own research that demonstrates the efficacy of predator protection for clam farms in various habitats around the world. In addition, we evaluate the effects of screening on temperature, and comment on ancient practices of clam gardening as conducted in the Pacific Northwest.
Perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Female Athletic Trainers on Motherhood and Work-Life Balance: Individual- and Sociocultural-Level Factors.

Context: A multilevel model of work-life balance (WLB) has been established in the sports management literature to explain interactions among organizational/structural, individual, and sociocultur...
Body Mass Index Underestimates Adiposity in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Objectives To examine the relation between body mass index (BMI) and adiposity assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and non-MS controls as well as to determine the accuracy of standard and alternate BMI thresholds for obesity. Design Cross-sectional. Setting University research laboratory. Participants The sample included persons with MS (n=235) and controls (n=53) (N=288). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Main outcome measures included BMI, whole body soft tissue composition (ie, percent body fat [%BF], fat mass, and lean soft tissue mass), bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. Results We observed significant strong associations between BMI and sex-specific %BF in persons with MS and non-MS controls, and BMI explained ∼40% of the variance in %BF in both MS and control samples. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that the standard BMI threshold for obesity (ie, 30kg/m 2 ) had excellent specificity (93%–100%) but poor sensitivity (37%–44%) in persons with MS and non-MS controls. The BMI threshold that best identified %BF-defined obesity was 24.7kg/m 2 in the MS sample and 25.1kg/m 2 in the control sample. Conclusions We determined a strong association between BMI and adiposity; however, the current BMI threshold for classifying obesity underestimates true adiposity in persons with MS. A similar relation was observed between BMI and obesity in non-MS controls. The non-MS sample included primarily middle-aged women, and similar BMI-%BF misclassifications have been reported in these samples.
Probe "balloon on a wire" ultra-low-profile coronary catheter: results of PTCA in 107 patients.

A new low-profile “balloon-on-a-wire” angioplasty catheter, the Probe™ (USCI), was used in 107 patients over a 4-month period. Twenty-nine patients had stable angina, 59 had unstable angina, and 19 had had myocardial infarction (Ml) 3 to 15 days prior to the procedure; 71 patients had single-vessel and 36 had multi-vessel disease. In this series, 57 lesions were defined as complex. Successful dilatation was defined as a residual stenosis of <30%. Of 132 non-total obstructions, 127 (97%) were successfully dilated. Two distal lesions could not be reached, two lesions could not be crossed by the balloon, and a distal lesion dilatation resulted in acute closure in one case. Of 19 total obstructions, 16 (84%) were successfully dilated (mean residual stenosis 23%). The wire tip was unable to cross the lesion in the three unsuccessful procedures. Seven complications occurred in the series, all involving non-total obstructions: closure of a distal vessel and a side branch caused no clinical symptoms or EKG changes; three local dissections were tacked back with repeat dilatation; and two longitudinal dissections caused no apparent reduction in luminal diameter. The Probe's low-profile and exceptional trackability enabled it to cross very tight lesions with minimal trauma to the vessel wall. The high degree of conformability of the PET balloon minimizes vessel straightening or sheer forces and appears to reduce the potential for dissection. The device may therefore extend the indications and ease of PTCA while reducing complications of the procedure.