cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arylene ethynylene macrocycles: from molecular hosts to components of high-performance supramolecular architectures

Supramolecular chemistry of conjugated and conformationally rigid arylene ethynylene macrocycles (AEMs) has been the subject of increasing recent interest. AEMs are suited to function as supramolecular building blocks and hosts for small molecular guests thanks to their well-defined, non-collapsible central cavities and the potential for long range ordering through intermolecular π-stacking. Their syntheses are highly modular—albeit typically lengthy—allowing access to a great structural variety of AEM candidates for applications as carbon-rich mesogens and ligands in liquid crystals, nanoporous solids, molecular electronics, and chemical sensors. In this perspective, we highlight our recent work on the inclusion complexes and porous materials constructed from AEMs. Through this prism, we reflect on the recent advances and the remaining challenges in the supramolecular chemistry of AEMs.
Endogenous Economic Institutions, Wage Inequality, and Economic Growth

The proportion of college graduates in the United States labor force increased steadily after 1970. On the other hand, skill premium decreased during the 1970s but it increased during the 1980s and the 1990s. The law of demand and supply explains the decrease in the skill premium during the 1970s. Why did skill premium increase during the 1980s and the 1990s? This paper develops a novel economic growth theory, in which the level of education affects economic outcomes through economic institutions and policies. The model suggests that the increase in the proportion of college graduates in the United States labor force in the 1970s may have been a causal factor in both the decline in the college premium during the 1970s and the large increase during the 1980s and the 1990s. I argue that the proportion of skilled workers in the labor force determines their relative importance in the political process. Thus, the increase in the proportion of skilled workers during the 1970s reduced skill premium in the short run, but induced a change in policies that increased the skill premium in the subsequent decades above its initial value.
A fiscal job? An analysis of fiscal policy and the labor market

This paper examines the role of fiscal policies in the dynamics of the labor market. Through the lenses of Okun’s Law, we assess how fiscal policy instruments as well as fiscal consolidation and expansion episodes affect labor market outcomes. Using a panel of 34 OECD countries over the period 1985-2013, we find that fiscal consolidation has a sizeable, positive and robust impact on the Okun’s coefficient. This effect is particularly strong for expenditure based consolidations, suggesting that a reduction in the size of the government increases the responsiveness of employment to output and is not altered by an expansionary or recessionary position in the business cycle. Interestingly, we find no impact of fiscal expansion on the Okun’s coefficient nor for specific fiscal instruments.
Design and Development of an Optimal-Control-Based Framework for Trajectory Planning, Threat Assessment, and Semi-autonomous Control of Passenger Vehicles in Hazard Avoidance Scenarios

This paper describes the design of an optimal-control-based active safety framework that performs trajectory planning, threat assessment, and semi-autonomous control of passenger vehicles in hazard avoidance scenarios. This framework allows for multiple actuation modes, diverse trajectory-planning objectives, and varying levels of autonomy. A model predictive controller iteratively plans a best-case vehicle trajectory through a navigable corridor as a constrained optimal control problem. The framework then uses this trajectory to assess the threat posed to the vehicle and intervenes in proportion to this threat. This approach minimizes controller intervention while ensuring that the vehicle does not depart from a navigable corridor of travel. Simulation and experimental results are presented here to demonstrate the framework’s ability to incorporate configurable intervention laws while sharing control with a human driver.
Do E-Verify Mandates Improve Labor Market Outcomes of Low-Skilled Native and Legal Immigrant Workers?

We examine the impact of the 2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act (LAWA) on employment outcomes of low-skilled legal workers. We use the synthetic control method to select a group of states against which the labor market trends of Arizona can be compared. Our results suggest that contrary to its intent, LAWA does not appear to have improved labor market outcomes of legal low-skilled workers who compete with unauthorized immigrants, the target of the legislation. In fact, we find some evidence of diminished employment and increased unemployment among legal low-skilled workers in Arizona. These findings are concentrated on the largest demographic group of workers-non-Hispanic white men. While they are less likely to find employment, those who do have on average higher earnings as a result of LAWA. The pattern of results points to both labor supply and labor demand contractions due to LAWA, with labor supply dominating in terms of magnitude.
Introduction to supersymmetry: Astrophysical and phenomenological constraints

These lectures contain an introduction to supersymmetric theories and the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Phenomenological and cosmological consequences of supersymmetry are also discussed.
Interior gradient estimates for quasilinear elliptic equations

We study quasilinear elliptic equations of the form \(\text{ div }\,\mathbf {A}(x,u,\nabla u) = \text{ div }\,\mathbf {F}\) in bounded domains in \({\mathbb R}^n\), \(n\ge 1\). The vector field \(\mathbf {A}\) is allowed to be discontinuous in x, Lipschitz continuous in u and its growth in the gradient variable is like the p-Laplace operator with \(1 p\), and we show that similar results also hold true in the setting of Orlicz spaces. Our regularity estimates extend results which are only known for the case \(\mathbf {A}\) is independent of u and they complement the well-known interior \(C^{1,\alpha }\)- estimates obtained by DiBenedetto (Nonlinear Anal 7(8):827–850, 1983) and Tolksdorf (J Differ Equ 51(1):126–150, 1984) for general quasilinear elliptic equations.
On tolerating single link, double link, and nodal failures in symmetric grid networks

In this paper, we consider a symmetric grid network consisting of N distinct nodes. The number of allowable calls (either the number of circuit switched calls or the maximum number of virtual connections such that QoS objectives are maintained) between any two nodes of the network is assumed to be a constant. We first determine this constant assuming that the network is fully loaded. Then, we find the maximum additional capacity needed on each link such that single link, and double link failures can be tolerated by rerouting calls around failed links. Results show that the maximum additional capacity needed to recover from any single link, double link, or single node failure, with no loss of connections (except for those connections terminating at a failed node) scales as 1/√(N). Thus, we conclude that rerouting, combined with an admission policy which blocks new call attempts such that a fraction of capacity proportional to 1/√(N) is reserved for failure recovery, provides totally failsafe operation in the presence of such failure events.
Consumption-Based Asset Pricing with Higher Cumulants

I extend the Epstein-Zin-lognormal consumption-based asset-pricing model to allow for general i.i.d. consumption growth processes. Information about the higher moments—equivalently, cumulants—of consumption growth is encoded in the cumulantgenerating function (CGF). I express four observable quantities (the equity premium, riskless rate, consumption-wealth ratio and mean consumption growth) and the HansenJagannathan bound in terms of the CGF, and present applications. Models in which consumption is subject to occasional disasters can be handled easily and flexibly within the framework. The importance of higher cumulants is a double-edged sword: those model parameters which are most important for asset prices, such as disaster parameters, are also the hardest to calibrate. It is therefore desirable to make statements which do not depend on a particular calibrated consumption process. First, I use properties of the CGF to derive restrictions on the time-preference rate and elasticity of intertemporal substitution that must hold in any Epstein-Zin-i.i.d. model which is consistent with the observable quantities. Second, I show that “good deal” bounds on the maximal Sharpe ratio can be used to derive restrictions on preference parameters without calibrating the consumption process. Third, given preference parameters, I calculate the welfare cost of uncertainty directly from mean consumption growth and the consumption-wealth ratio without having to estimate the amount of risk in the economy. Fourth, I analyze heterogeneous-agent models with jumps.
Higgs Physics at the Linear Collider

We review the theory of Higgs bosons, with emphasis on the Higgs scalars of the Standard Model and its non-supersymmetric and supersymmetric extensions. After surveying the expected knowledge of Higgs boson physics after the Tevatron and LHC experimental programs, we examine in detail expectations for precision Higgs measurements at a future e + e − linear collider (LC). A comprehensive phenomenological profile can be assembled from LC Higgs studies (both in e + e − and γγ collisions). The Giga-Z option can provide important constraints and consistency checks for the theory of electroweak symmetry breaking.
Efficacy of Intrauterine Bakri Balloon Tamponade in Cesarean Section for Placenta Previa Patients

Purpose The aims of this study were to analyze the predictive factors for the use of intrauterine balloon insertion and to evaluate the efficacy and factors affecting failure of uterine tamponade with a Bakri balloon during cesarean section for abnormal placentation. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 137 patients who underwent elective cesarean section for placenta previa between July 2009 and March 2014. Cesarean section and Bakri balloon insertion were performed by a single qualified surgeon. The Bakri balloon was applied when blood loss during cesarean delivery exceeded 1,000 mL. Results Sixty-four patients (46.7%) required uterine balloon tamponade during cesarean section due to postpartum bleeding from the lower uterine segment, of whom 50 (78.1%) had placenta previa totalis. The overall success rate was 75% (48/64) for placenta previa patients. Previous cesarean section history, anterior placenta, peripartum platelet count, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy all significantly differed according to balloon success or failure (all p<0.05). The drainage amount over 1 hour was 500 mL (20–1200 mL) in the balloon failure group and 60 mL (5–500 mL) in the balloon success group (p<0.01). Conclusion Intrauterine tamponade with a Bakri balloon is an adequate adjunct management for postpartum hemorrhage following cesarean section for placenta previa to preserve the uterus. This method is simple to apply, non-invasive, and inexpensive. However, possible factors related to failure of Bakri balloon tamponade for placenta previa patients such as prior cesarean section history, anterior placentation, thrombocytopenia, presence of DIC at the time of catheter insertion, and catheter drainage volume more than 500 mL within 1 hour of catheter placement should be recognized, and the next-line management should be prepared in advance.
Preparation of o-Fluorophenols from Nonaromatic Precursors: Mechanistic Considerations for Adaptation to Fluorine-18 Radiolabeling

The preparation of fluorine-18 labeled o-fluorophenols at high specific activity is challenging and requires use of [(18)F]fluoride ion as the radioisotope source. As a novel, alternative approach, we found that treatment of α-diazocyclohexenones with Selectfluor and Et3N·3HF followed by HF elimination and tautomerization afforded o-fluorophenols regioselectively and rapidly. To adapt this chemistry to (18)F radiolabeling, using bromine electrophiles in place of Selectfluor gave the o-fluorophenol via an α-bromo-α-fluoroketone intermediate in lower but still reasonable yields.
Does chronic ketanserin treatment enhance bradycardia in old rats by serotonergic blockade

To determine if the cardiovascular effects of chronic treatment with ketanserin would vary with increasing age, ketanserin was given by daily gavage for 14 days to male Sprague-Dawley rats at ages 4, 14, or 24 months. Before treatment, 24-month-old rats had higher blood pressures and weaker reflex heart rate responses than younger rats. Treatment with ketanserin caused hypotension, enhanced bradycardia, attenuated reflex tachycardia, and reversed serotonin (5-HT) responses, with all effects being more pronounced in 24-month-old rats than in younger rats. None of the age-related effects can be attributed to α-adrenergic blockade because they occurred even while cardiovascular responses to phenylephrine, an α1-adrenergic agonist, were unaltered at any age. On the other hand, serotonergic blockade seems a more likely explanation because reversal or enhancement by ketanserin of cardiovascular responses to serotonin was age-related, being more marked in 14- and 24- than in 4-month-old rats. Our results suggest that as the cardiovascular effects of ketanserin become more pronounced with advancing age, 5-HT blockade intensifies and bradycardia becomes augmented until the ensuing cardiac inhibition eventually accentuates the hypotensive effects in older rats.
Aircraft identification by unions of ISAR images

We offer an algorithm that can identify aircraft categories from Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) images that use both the radar reflection pulse shape, which includes the duration or size of the radar pulse that is reflected, and the Doppler shifts of different parts of the aircraft caused by rotational motions of the aircraft as it maneuvers. We investigated the practicality of determining which of seven different aircraft categories a radar return indicates. The object of this research is to very quickly tell from an ISAR return how an aircraft compares to the seven different categories where the aircraft is in any position of a prescribed holding pattern. We propose a new method in which we compare each ISAR image to unions of images of the different aircraft categories. This method gave us results that are superior to the results we obtained in [8].
Elastohydrodynamic film thickness model for heavily loaded contacts

An empirical elastohydrodynamic (EHD) film thickness formula for predicting the minimum film thickness occurring within heavily loaded contacts (maximum Hertz stresses above 1.04 GN/sq m (150,000 psi)) was developed. The formula was based upon X-ray film thickness measurements made with synthetic paraffinic, fluorocarbon, Type II ester, and polyphenyl ether fluids covering a wide range of test conditions. Comparisons were made between predictions from an isothermal EHD theory and the test data. The deduced relationship was found to adequately reflect the high-load dependence exhibited by the measured data. The effects of contact geometry, material, and lubricant properties on the form of the empirical model are also discussed.
Mapping of Electrostatic Fields Using the IBM Personal Computer

The popularity, ease of availability, and emergence of personal computers as powerful computational tools prompts the development of teaching software suitable for these processors. This paper presents a finite element and a finite deference code for mapping the electrostatic potentials associated with any two-dimensional configuration. The codes were written in Basic with a graphics capability suitable for the IBM personal computer. They are fully interactive and all outputs are in graphical form.
The Role of Trading Frictions in Real Asset Markets

This paper investigates how trading frictions vary with the thickness of the asset market by examining patterns of asset allocations and prices in commercial aircraft markets. The empirical analysis indicates that assets with a thinner market are less liquid — i.e., more difficult to sell. Thus, firms hold on longer to them amid profitability shocks. Hence, when markets for assets are thin, firms' average productivity and capacity utilization are lower, and the dispersions of productivity and of capacity utilization are higher. In turn, prices of assets with a thin market are lower and have a higher dispersion
Double cycloisomerization as a novel and expeditious route to tricyclic heteroaromatic compounds: short and highly diastereoselective synthesis of (+/-)-tetraponerine T6.

Cu-Assisted double cycloisomerization of bis-alkynylpyrimidines afforded the 5−6−5 tricyclic heteroaromatic skeleton. This transformation was used as a key step in the highly diastereoselective total synthesis of (±)-tetraponerine T6.
The computational hardness of pricing compound options

It is generally assumed that you can make a financial asset out of any underlying event or combination thereof, and then sell a security. We show that while this is theoretically true from the financial engineering perspective, compound securities might be intractable to price. Even given no information asymmetries, or adversarial sellers, it might be computationally intractable to put a value on these, and the associated computational complexity might afford an advantage to the party with more compute power. We prove that the problem of pricing an option on a single security with unbounded compounding is PSPACE hard, even when the behavior of the underlying security is computationally tractable. We also show that in the oracle model, even when compounding is limited to at most k layers, the complexity of pricing securities grows exponentially in k.
The role of lactase persistence in precolonial development

This paper argues that a genetic adaptation to the Neolithic Revolution led to differential levels of development in the precolonial era. The ability to digest milk, or to be lactase persistent, is conferred by a gene variant that is unequally distributed across the Old World. Milk provided qualitative and quantitative advantages to the diet that led to differences in the carrying capacities of respective countries. It is shown through a number of specifications that country-level variation in the frequency of lactase persistence is positively and significantly related to population density in 1,500 CE; specifically, a one standard deviation increase in the frequency of lactase persistent individuals (roughly 24 percentage points) is associated with roughly a 40 % increase in precolonial population density. This relationship is robust to a large number of sample specifications and potentially omitted variables.
Multicell Random Beamforming with CDF-Based Scheduling: Exact Rate and Scaling Laws

In a multicell multiuser MIMO downlink employing random beamforming as the transmission scheme, the heterogeneous large scale channel effects of intercell and intracell interference complicate analysis of distributed scheduling based systems. In this paper, we extend the analysis in [1] and [2] to study the aforementioned challenging scenario. The cumulative distribution function (CDF)-based scheduling policy utilized in [1] and [2] is leveraged to maintain fairness among users and simultaneously obtain multiuser diversity gain. The closed form expression of the individual sum rate for each user is derived under the CDF-based scheduling policy. More importantly, with this distributed scheduling policy, we conduct asymptotic (in users) analysis to determine the limiting distribution of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, and establish the individual scaling laws for each user.
Left-to-right maxima in words and multiset permutations

We extend classical theorems of Renyi by finding the distributions of the numbers of both weak and strong left-to-right maxima (a.k.a. outstanding elements) in words over a given alphabet and in permutations of a given multiset.
Global perceptions of journals publishing e-commerce research

Researchers rate publications by perception, quality, and how these factors determine where they would prefer their own e-commerce work be published.
Induction and Evasion of Host Defenses by Type 1-Piliated Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli

Virtually all uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli encode filamentous surface adhesive organelles called type 1 pili. High-resolution electron microscopy of infected mouse bladders revealed that type 1 pilus tips interacted directly with the lumenal surface of the bladder, which is embedded with hexagonal arrays of integral membrane glycoproteins known as uroplakins. Attached pili were shortened and facilitated intimate contact of the bacteria with the uroplakin-coated host cells. Bacterial attachment resulted in exfoliation of host bladder epithelial cells as part of an innate host defense system. Exfoliation occurred through a rapid apoptosis-like mechanism involving caspase activation and host DNA fragmentation. Bacteria resisted clearance in the face of host defenses within the bladder by invading into the epithelium.
Variational mesh for quantum-mechanical simulations.

Developpement d'un algorithme variationnel pour generer une maille d'integration a utiliser dans les calculs de structures electroniques. La methode inclut un nouvel algorithme pour integrer au-dela des regions interstitielles arbitraires, et une technique d'integration des spheres atomiques amelioree (les erreurs diminuant avec le nombre de points radiaux). Les points de la maille et les elements de volume sont optimises afin de s'assurer qu'un grand nombre d'integrales sont evaluees exactement. Explicitation des deux idees retenues pour optimiser la maille. On montre comment les algorithmes de force peuvent etre utilises pour affiner les mailles resultantes. La precision et l'efficacite de cette methode sont evaluees en presentant des integrations de densite de charge sur une variete de clusters isoles. Comparaison de cette methode aux algorithmes conventionnels a points speciaux. Exemple de l'etat fondamental tetraedrique du fragment cristallin C 5 H 12
Viscoelastic properties of polyurethane block polymers

Abstract Orientation measurements using differential infrared dichroism experiments have been applied to the study of the viscoelastic properties of polyurethane block polymers. The time dependence of the orientation function reflects the influence of both the viscoelastic nature of the blocks and of the two-phase microstructure. A study of the effect of hard block length on the orientation response suggests the presence of an interlocked hard phase structure for most compositions. Such a structure severely restricts relaxation of orientation under strain. At very short hard segment lengths, this morphology is not present and extensive relaxation does occur.
Flux-limited Diffusion Approximation Models of Giant Planet Formation by Disk Instability

Both core accretion and disk instability appear to be required as formation mechanisms in order to explain the entire range of giant planets found in extrasolar planetary systems. Disk instability is based on the formation of clumps in a marginally gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disk. These clumps can only be expected to contract and survive to become protoplanets if they are able to lose thermal energy through a combination of convection and radiative cooling. Here we present several new three-dimensional, radiative hydrodynamics models of self-gravitating protoplanetary disks, where radiative transfer is handled in the flux-limited diffusion approximation. We show that while the flux-limited models lead to higher midplane temperatures than in a diffusion approximation model without the flux limiter, the difference in temperatures does not appear to be sufficiently high to have any significant effect on the formation of self-gravitating clumps. Self-gravitating clumps form rapidly in the models both with and without the flux limiter. These models suggest that the reason for the different outcomes of numerical models of disk instability by different groups cannot be attributed solely to the handling of radiative transfer, but rather appears to be caused by a range of numerical effects and assumptions. Given the observational imperative to have disk instability form at least some extrasolar planets, these models imply that disk instability remains as a viable giant planet formation mechanism.
Are the Factors Affecting Dropout Behavior Related to Initial Enrollment Intensity for College Undergraduates

We use data from the 1990/1994 Beginning Post-Secondary Survey to determine whether the factors associated with long-term attrition from higher education differ for students who initially enrolled part-time as compared to for students who initially enrolled full-time. Using a two-stage sequential decision model to analyze the initial enrollment intensity decision jointly with attrition, we find no evidence of correlation in the unobservables that necessitates joint estimation, but substantial evidence that the factors associated with attrition differ by initial enrollment status. The timing of initial enrollment, academic performance, parental education, household characteristics, and economic factors had a substantially greater impact on those initially enrolled full-time, while racial and ethnic characteristics had a greater impact on those initially enrolled part-time. The results of our study suggest that separate specifications are necessary to identify at-risk full-time as compared with at-risk part-time students.
Should financial regulators engage in international policy coordination

This paper examines issues associated with the design and implementcation of regulatory policymaking in interconnected financial markets. The paper explains why international interdependence among nations’ financial markets and regulations can provide an incentive for national financial supervisory agencies to contemplate coordinating their regulatory policies. It also assesses, in the context of a review of recent research on the part of banking and financial economists, ways in which interdependence among financial systems can create a potential for international regulatory policy conflicts. In addition, the paper evaluates whether such conflicts are insurmountable or might be somewhat mitigated at least somewhat via bargains among regulatory authorities.
Ideals with larger projective dimension and regularity

We define a family of homogeneous ideals with large projective dimension and regularity relative to the number of generators and their common degree. This family subsumes and improves upon constructions given by Caviglia (2004) and McCullough (2011). In particular, we describe a family of three-generated homogeneous ideals, in arbitrary characteristic, whose projective dimension grows asymptotically as a power of the degree of the generators. Highlights? We define a family of homogeneous ideals with large projective dimension and regularity relative to the number of generators and their common degree. ? This family subsumes and improves upon constructions given by Caviglia (2004) and McCullough (2011). ? In particular, we describe a family of three-generated homogeneous ideals, in arbitrary characteristic, whose projective dimension grows asymptotically as a power of the degree of the generators.
Random variable generators

This note gives APL functions for generating random variables from 21 common statistical distributions:
The demographics of developmental hip dysplasia in the Midwestern United States (Indiana)

Background Today’s society is much more mobile than in the past. This increased mobility has resulted in different marriage/parenting groups. We wished to study the demographics of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in our area and compare/contrast our findings with those in the literature and specifically look for new findings compared to previous studies.
Power-counting theorem for staggered fermions

Abstract Lattice power-counting is extended to QCD with staggered fermions. As preparation, the difficulties encountered by Reisz's original formulation of the lattice power-counting theorem are illustrated. One of the assumptions that is used in his proof does not hold for staggered fermions, as was pointed out long ago by Luscher. Finally, I generalize the power-counting theorem, and the methods of Reisz's proof, such that the difficulties posed by staggered fermions are overcome.
Alkene Epoxidation Using Ni(II) Complexes of Chiral Cyclams

Abstract A series of optically active Ni(II)-cyclam complexes are active catalysts for the PhIO oxidation of alkenes; labeling and stereochemical studies suggest important mechanistic differences from heme catalysts.
Augmented transition networks as psychological models of sentence comprehension

This paper describes the operation of an augmented recursive transition network parser and demonstrates the natural way in which perceptual strategies, based on the results of psycholinguistic experimentation, can be represented in the transition network grammatical notation. Several illustrative networks are given, and it is argued that such grammars are empirically justified and conceptually productive models of the psychological processes of sentence comprehension.
A Theory of the Upper Atmosphere and Meteors

IT has been clearly recognised that the force of gravity acting on the atmosphere of the earth will cause the heavier gases to settle downward by diffusion and the lighter gases to rise to the higher altitude, and that winds, if they exist, would by convection keep the composition of the air uniform at all elevations. The classical ideas of atmospheric pressures (for example, Humphreys, Jeans, Chapman, and Mime, etc.) have been based on the assumption that convection is negligible, at least above a 50 km. level, and that diffusion is the important factor in determining the partial pressures of the gases. In this note are presented some conclusions, to be published in detail later, which have resulted from taking into account convection and diurnal temperature variations in the high atmosphere.
Optical orientation and femtosecond relaxation of spin-polarized holes in GaAs.

Optical orientation of spin-polarized heavy and light holes followed by relaxation to other valence subband states has been observed unambiguously in undoped bulk GaAs in spite of the extremely short spin relaxation time. The measured relaxation time for the heavy holes is 110 fs $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%$. The results are relevant for applications such as interpretation of spin-polarized transport in semiconductors as well as the assessment of feasibility of hole-based spin-transport devices which relies on precise knowledge of the hole-spin relaxation time.
Emotion expression in human punishment behavior

Evolutionary theory reveals that punishment is effective in promoting cooperation and maintaining social norms. Although it is accepted that emotions are connected to punishment decisions, there remains substantial debate over why humans use costly punishment. Here we show experimentally that constraints on emotion expression can increase the use of costly punishment. We report data from ultimatum games, where a proposer offers a division of a sum of money and a responder decides whether to accept the split, or reject and leave both players with nothing. Compared with the treatment in which expressing emotions directly to proposers is prohibited, rejection of unfair offers is significantly less frequent when responders can convey their feelings to the proposer concurrently with their decisions. These data support the view that costly punishment might itself be used to express negative emotions and suggest that future studies will benefit by recognizing that human demand for emotion expression can have significant behavioral consequences in social environments, including families, courts, companies, and markets.
Temperature and relativistic thermodynamics

Abstract The requirements of statistical mechanics and relativity, as articulated by Balescu, lead to direct transformations of thermodynamic quantities which are incompatible with observations of a microwave background and of the red shifts; however, angle-averaged effective forms do not violate invariance requirements of the theory.
Star Formation Rates in Cooling Flow Clusters: A UV Pilot Study with Archival XMM-Newton Optical Monitor Data

We have analyzed XMM-Newton Optical Monitor (OM) UV (180-400 nm) data for a sample of 33 galaxies. 30 are cluster member galaxies, and nine of these are central cluster galaxies (CCGs) in cooling flow clusters having mass deposition rates which span a range of 8 - 525 solar mass per year. By comparing the ratio of UV to 2MASS J band fluxes, we find a significant UV excess in many, but not all, cooling flow CCGs, a finding consistent with the outcome of previous studies based on optical imaging data (McNamara & O Connell 1989; Cardiel, Gorgas, & Aragon-Salamanca 1998; Crawford et al. 1999). This UV excess is a direct indication of the presence of young massive stars, and therefore recent star formation, in these galaxies. Using the Starburst99 spectral energy distribution (SED) model of continuous star formation over a 900 Myr period, we derive star formation rates of 0.2 - 219 solar mass per year for the cooling flow sample. For 2/3 of this sample it is possible to equate Chandra/XMM cooling flow mass deposition rates with UV inferred star formation rates, for a combination of starburst lifetime and IMF slope. This is a pilot study of the well populated XMM UV cluster archive and a more extensive follow up study is currently underway.
Two-Way Counter Machines and Diophantine Equations

Let Q be the class of deterministic two-way one-counter machines accepting only bounded languages. Each machine in Q has the property that in every accepting computation, the counter makes at most a fixed number of reversals. We show that the emptiness problem for Q is decidable. When the counter is unrestricted or when the machine is provided with two reversal-bounded counters, the emptiness problem becomes undecidable. The decidability of the emptiness problem for Q is useful in proving the solvability of some numbertheoretic problems. It can also be used to prove that the language L = {u1iu2i2|i≥0} cannot be accepted by any machine in Q (u1 and u2 are distinct symbols). The proof technique is new in that it does not employ the usual "pumping", "counting", or "diagonal" argument. Note that L can be accepted by a deterministic two-way machine with two counters, each of which makes exactly one reversal.
The Course of Depression in Elderly Patients

Objective: Studies on the course of major depressive disorder (MDD) among elderly persons are limited to short periods of follow-up, seldom provide comparisons with younger cohorts, and raise other methodological concerns. Methods: Utilizing 15 years of prospective data from the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study, the authors examined the index episode of MDD and the time until first observed recurrence in those who recovered for subjects in four age-groups defined by age at intake: 17–30, 31–50, 51–64, and 65–79 years. Assessments were conducted every 6 months for 5 years and annually thereafter. Survival analysis examined time until recovery and time to first recurrence. Results: Median time-to-recovery was similar for the four groups. Median time-to-first recurrence was significantly shorter for oldest versus the 51–64-year-old group but not the two other groups. The oldest age-group was distinguished from the younger groups by being more likely to be divorced/widowed/separated, to have primary depression, and to have a history of medical illness, particularly cardiovascular disease or cancer. There was no difference in the generally low levels of pharmacotherapy prescribed during the index episode or the subsequent well interval. Conclusions: Elderly patients with MDD may have a greater risk of recurrence than younger individuals. Low levels of treatment characterize the somatic treatment in all the study subjects, regardless of age-group.
Identification of Multilayered Particles from Scattering Data by a Clustering Method

A multilayered particle is illuminated by plane acoustic or electromagnetic waves of one or several frequencies. We consider the inverse scattering problem for the identification of the layers and of the refraction coefficients of the scatterer in a non-Born region of scattering. Local deterministic and global probabilistic minimization methods are studied. A special reduction procedure is introduced to reduce the dimensionality of the minimization space. Deep's and the multilevel single-linkage methods for global minimization are used for the solution of the inverse problem. Their performance is analyzed for various multilayer configurations.
Numerical study of turbulent secondary flows in curved ducts

The pressure driven, fully-developed turbulent flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in curved ducts of square cross-section is studied numerically by making use of a finite volume method. A nonlinear Kappa - Iota model is used to represent the turbulence. The results for both straight and curved ducts are presented. For the case of fully-developed turbulent flow in straight ducts, the secondary flow is characterized by an eight-vortex structure for which the computed flowfield is shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The introduction of moderate curvature is shown to cause a substantial increase in the strength of the secondary flow and to change the secondary flow pattern to either a double-vortex or a four-vortex configuration.
An Efficient Feedback Coding Scheme With Low Error Probability for Discrete Memoryless Channels

Existing fixed-length feedback communication schemes are either specialized to particular channels (Schalkwijk–Kailath, Horstein), or apply to general channels but either have high coding complexity (block feedback schemes) or are difficult to analyze (posterior matching). This paper introduces a new fixed-length feedback coding scheme which achieves the capacity for all discrete memoryless channels, has an error exponent that approaches the sphere packing bound as the rate approaches the capacity, and has $O(n\log n)$ coding complexity. These benefits are achieved by judiciously combining features from previous schemes with new randomization technique and encoding/decoding rule. These new features make the analysis of the error probability for the new scheme easier than for posterior matching.
Pairings of automorphic distributions

We present a pairing of automorphic distributions that applies in situations where a Lie group acts with an open orbit on a product of generalized flag varieties. The pairing gives meaning to an integral of products of automorphic distributions on these varieties. This generalizes classical integral representations or “Rankin–Selberg integrals” of L-functions, and gives new constructions and analytic continuations of automorphic L-functions.
Fixed-precision approximate continuous aggregate queries in peer-to-peer databases

In this paper, we propose an efficient sample-based approach to answer fixed-precision approximate continuous aggregate queries in peer-to-peer databases. First, we define practical semantics to formulate fixed-precision approximate continuous aggregate queries. Second, we propose “Digest”, a two-tier system for correct and efficient query answering by sampling. At the top tier, we develop a query evaluation engine that uses the samples collected from the peer-to-peer database to continually estimate the running result of the approximate continuous aggregate query with guaranteed precision. For efficient query evaluation, we propose an extrapolation algorithm that predicts the evolution of the running result and adapts the frequency of the continual sampling occasions accordingly to avoid redundant samples. We also introduce a repeated sampling algorithm that draws on the correlation between the samples at successive sampling occasions and exploits linear regression to minimize the number of the samples derived at each occasion. At the bottom tier, we introduce a distributed sampling algorithm for random sampling (uniform and nonuniform) from peer-to-peer databases with arbitrary network topology and tuple distribution. Our sampling algorithm is based on the Metropolis Markov Chain Monte Carlo method that guarantees randomness of the sample with arbitrary small variation difference with the desired distribution, while it is comparable to optimal sampling in sampling cost/time. We evaluate the efficiency of Digest via simulation using real data.
N = 1 SUPERSYMMETRIC GAUGE THEORIES AND SUPERSYMMETRIC 3-CYCLES

Abstract In this paper we discuss the strong coupling limit of chiral N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theory via their embedding into M-theory. In particular we focus on the brane box models of Hanany and Zaffaroni and show that after a T -duality transformation their M-theory embedding is described by supersymmetric 3-cycles; its geometry will encode the holomorphic non-perturbative information about the gauge theory.
Synthesis of a bicyclic oxamazin. A novel heteroatom activated β-lactam

Abstract The synthesis of the bicyclic oxamazin 23 was accomplished by an intramolecular cyclization process. Allyl protected N-hydroxy β-lactam 22 served as the key intermediate during a simultaneous deprotection and cyclization in the presence of Pd(0).
Image-sensor-based target maneuver detection

In tracking maneuvering targets, ascertaining the start and the end of a maneuver time is a prerequisite to maintaining good track quality. Existing maneuver detection schemes based on point-mass tracking are either inadequate to reliably detect rapid maneuvers or computationally impractical. Maneuver detection based on images can be more accurate but is also very demanding on computational and storage resources. A new method of detecting maneuvers using information from an image sensor is presented. It involves the use of two detectors, one to detect linear acceleration and the other to detect orientation changes of the target. To detect target maneuvers, the detectors continuously monitor the position of three points extracted from the target image-the centroid, the front centroid, and the rear centroid. Contrary to existing image-based tracking methods, the approach put forth is very attractive from computational and storage points of view. The proposed method was tested using simulated tracks and the results confirm the benefits of its utilization for maneuver detection.
The Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Extruded Melt-Spun Ribbons of Iron-Rich B2 FeAl

The microstructure of extruded rods of iron-rich FeAl(B2-structure), as characterized by TEM, SEM, optical microscopy and x-ray diffractometry, consisted of elongated grains with a 111-line fibre texture containing a high dislocation density. Numerous oxide particles were found, mostly in lines which reflected the matrix flow during extrusion. In addition, some large inclusions were present. Tensile testing of annealed, relatively dislocation-free specimens as a function of increasing temperature found increasing ductility up to 900K, above which a ductility drop occurred accompanied by a change in fracture mode, from transgranular cleavage to intergranular fracture. The yield strength, which was independent of temperature up to 800K (at about 500MPa), also decreased rapidly as diffusion became more important. The predominant slip vector changed from 111-line to 100-line around 700K.
E2F4 cooperates with pRB in the development of extra-embryonic tissues.

Abstract The retinoblastoma gene, RB-1, was the first identified tumor suppressor. Rb−/− mice die in mid-gestation with defects in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The activating E2F transcription factors, E2F1–3, contribute to these embryonic defects, indicating that they are key downstream targets of the retinoblastoma protein, pRB. E2F4 is the major pRB-associated E2F in vivo, yet its role in Rb−/− embryos is unknown. Here we establish that E2f4 deficiency reduced the lifespan of Rb−/− embryos by exacerbating the Rb mutant placental defect. We further show that this reflects the accumulation of trophectoderm-like cells in both Rb and Rb;E2f4 mutant placentas. Thus, Rb and E2f4 play cooperative roles in placental development. We used a conditional mouse model to allow Rb−/−;E2f4−/− embryos to develop in the presence of Rb wild-type placentas. Under these conditions, Rb−/−;E2f4−/− mutants survived to birth. These Rb−/−;E2f4−/− embryos exhibited all of the defects characteristic of the Rb and E2f4 single mutants and had no novel defects. Taken together, our data show that pRB and E2F4 cooperate in placental development, but play largely non-overlapping roles in the development of many embryonic tissues.
Highly enantioselective catalytic alkyl propiolate addition to aliphatic aldehydes.

A novel H8BINOL-based chiral ligand (S)-3 is found to catalyze the alkyl propiolate addition to aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of ZnEt2 and Ti(OiPr)4 at room temperature with excellent enantioselectivity (89−97% ee).
Investment and Interest Rate Policy

Abstract The paper's theorems reverse two standard results of New Keynesian economics simply by appending endogenous investment to a benchmark imperfect competition-sticky price model. Our results are: (a) a passive interest rate rule, where the monetary authority responds to inflation by lowering the real interest rate, implies local equilibrium uniqueness, whereas an active rule does not generate a locally unique equilibrium; (b) a temporary, exogenous increase in the nominal interest rate causes a temporary increase in output and investment. Extensions of the benchmark model, including generalized preferences and alternative interest rate rules, are also examined. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E12, E31, E52.
Synthesis of a new analog of proline

Abstract The synthesis of 4-azaspiro[2.4]heptanecarboxylic acid is described. This new amino acid is an analog of proline with potential application as an inhibitor and mechanistic probe of prolyl 4-hydroxylase.
Quasi-Chemical Theory for the Statistical Thermodynamics of the Hard-Sphere Fluid†

We develop a quasi-chemical theory for the study of packing thermodynamics in dense liquids. The situation of hard-core interactions is addressed by considering the binding of solvent molecules to ...
Discovery of Hydrogen Fluoride in the Cloverleaf Quasar at z = 2.56

We report the first detection of hydrogen fluoride (HF) toward a high-redshift quasar. Using the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, we detect the HF J = 1-0 transition in absorption toward the Cloverleaf, a broad absorption line quasi-stellar object at z = 2.56. The detection is statistically significant at the ~6σ level. We estimate a lower limit of 4 × 10^(14) cm^(–2) for the HF column density and using a previous estimate of the hydrogen column density, we obtain a lower limit of 1.7 × 10^(–9) for the HF abundance. This value suggests that, assuming a Galactic N(HF)/N H ratio, HF accounts for at least ~10% of the fluorine in the gas phase along the line of sight to the Cloverleaf quasar. This observation corroborates the prediction that HF should be a good probe of the molecular gas at high redshift. Measurements of the HF abundance as a function of redshift are urgently needed to better constrain the fluorine nucleosynthesis mechanism(s).
Synthesis and evaluation of a designed inhibitor for nonactin biosynthesis in S. griseus ETH A7796

A designed suicide inhibitor of a postulated, enzyme-catalyzed step in the biosynthesis of the macrotetrolide antibiotic nonactin (1) was synthesized and evaluated in vivo. The inhibitor reduced the rate of nonactin biosynthesis by over 75% while affecting neither biomass production nor the synthesis of other secondary metabolites. The role of the inhibitor in nonactin biosynthesis is discussed.