cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satisfying Drift and Acceleration Criteria with Multi-Stage Friction Pendulum Isolation Systems

An objective in the design of seismically isolated structures is the selection of bearing properties so that optimal performance is achieved over a range of excitations and performance metrics. One dilemma in the design of isolation systems is that, to withstand very severe or near-fault motions, bearings often become so large, stiff and strong that they provide little isolation during moderate events. Experimental and numerical investigations are presented to characterize a new multi-stage isolation bearing, capable of progressively exhibiting different hysteretic properties at different stages of response and the feasibility of targeting these properties to achieve specific performance goals for a range of ground motion intensities and structural dynamic characteristics. This newly-developed triple pendulum isolator incorporates four concave surfaces and three independent pendulum mechanisms. Pendulum stages can be set to address specific response criteria for moderate, severe and very severe events. In particular, the tradeoff between limiting very rare isolator displacement demands and inducing high-frequency floor accelerations is examined for a range of levels of seismic hazard. Nonlinear dynamic analyses of realistic building systems are presented, including a thorough description of key structural demand parameters such as inter-story drift and floor acceleration spectra. Recommendations for design based on achieving target performance objectives under multiple seismic hazard levels are given.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Fungal Antigens in Mice. I. Use of the Intradermal Skin and Footpad Swelling Tests as Assays of Active and Passive Sènsitization

Mice were sensitized to Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans antigens and tested for sensitivity by the intradermal and footpad swelling methods. In mice actively sensitized with killed antigen, antigen-specific intradermal and footpad induration responses occurred 24 and 48 hr after sensitization. Antigen-specific intradermal and footpad responses were transferred to normal mice with spleen cells from immune animals. Such responses were also transferred with normal spleen cells that had been incubated in vitro with immune RNA preparations. Histologic studies of intradermal reactions showed a mixed response of neutrophilic and mononuclear leukocytes, with slight vascular involvement compatible with delayed hypersensitivity. No intradermal or footpad responses were observed 4, 24, or 48 hr after injection in recipients of serum from actively sensitized mice. Histologic examination of skin sites in these mice revealed only a polymorphonuclear response. It is concluded that these intradermal and footpad responses are the result of delayed hypersensitivity and can be used as assays for this type of immunity in mice.
Chicago blues

I was at STOC this year. At least part of the time. Chicago is a remarkable city, especially so when the Blues Festival is underway. What a contrast! The Chicago Hilton on South Michigan Avenue was the venue of STOC; Grant Park across from the hotel on the shores of Lake Michigan was the site of the Blues Festival---a seething melting pot of languages, skin colors, smells, street food, and the soul-tugging strains of the blues wafting in from all angles. What to do? Listen to the blues being chanted in the general monotone voice of conference presentations ("well, we were able to prove this much, but, by golly, the next step seems elusive...") or the blues being sung on park greens in deep, throaty tones to the accompaniment of a wailing saxophone ("My wife left me for a rhinestone cowboy and the dog just overdosed on asparagus...")? The answer of course, was: A lot of both. Somehow, as you might well imagine, the contrast between STOC and the Blues Festival was almost enough to warp a person's mind (were it not already warped). Ditto for the contrast between the Chicago skyscrapers and the cloud piercing peaks of the Rocky Mountains of Bozeman.
Prospective on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteomics

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains one of the most prevalent human pathogens in the world. Knowledge regarding the bacilli’s physiology as well as its mechanisms of virulence, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis has increased greatly in the last three decades. However, the function of about one-quarter of the Mtb coding genome and the precise activity and protein networks of most of the Mtb proteins are still unknown. Protein mass spectrometry and a new interest in research toward the field of functional proteomics have given a new light to the study of this bacillus and will be the focus of this review. We will also discuss new perspectives in the proteomics field, in particular targeted mass spectrometry methods and their potential applications in TB research and discovery.
The Slumber of War: Diplomacy, Tragedy, and the Aesthetics of the Truce in Early Modern Europe

This essay studies the role of the truce in early modern drama. In diplomatic theory the truce, or sudden cessation of hostilities, enjoys a hybrid status. It simultaneously involves an end to violence and a continuation of the state of war. I argue that this doubleness haunts the ways in which truces are deployed as plot devices in early modern drama. I show how various authors stage moments of truce making in order to raise issues about the ethics of action–both political action and dramatic action. I argue that the truce creates a space within drama for articulating new forms of virtue–what I call “diplomatic virtue”–that would stand in contrast with traditional depictions of heroism. The essay features detailed engagements with two important dramas about national identity, Cervantes’s Numancia and Corneille’s Sertorius, read in the context of reflections on truce-making (and breaking) by such political theorists as Grotius and Ayala.
X-ray-induced recombination in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster females. II. Segregational properties of recombinant fourth chromosomes.

Abstract X-ray-induced recombinant fourth chromosomes exhibited a wide range of nonrandom associations with the reversed metacentric compound-X chromosome in C( i )RM/o females. The addition of a Y chromosome altered the degree of association, often randomizing segregation of the recombinant fourth chromosome and the compound-X. In some cases, however, the addition of a Y chromosome caused the recombinant fourth chromosome and the compound-X chromosome to segregate together less often than random. We have concluded that X-ray-induced recombination is an interchange process involving breakage and rejoining of homologues. These breaks need not be precisely between homologous loci and may lead to small duplications and deficiencies. Therefore an “induced crossover” chromosomes is in reality a kind of “half-translocation”. Whether the observed variations in nonrandom associations are due to differences in mere size or differences in genetic content of the centric regions of the recombinant chromosome is problematical.
Identification of Fractional Differential Models for Lithium-ion Polymer Battery Dynamics

Abstract This paper presents a non-integer order (fractional) derivative model for modeling lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery dynamics in which direct continuous-time (CT) model identification methods are used to estimate the battery model parameters. In particular, the CT least squares-based state-variable filter (lssvf) identification method is extended to be used in fractional differential model identification of a battery system. The model performance and validation accuracy are evaluated on the basis of experimental data of a Li-ion polymer (LiPo) battery. It is shown how the proposed lssvf identification method can accurately capture the fractional order battery dynamics and exhibit better performance than integer order differential models.
Drug-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension: a primer for clinicians and scientists.

Drug-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (D-PAH) is a form of World Health Organization Group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH) defined by severe small vessel loss and obstructive vasculopathy, whi...
David Oliver: Moral distress in hospital doctors

The concept of “moral distress” in nurses was described by Andrew Jameton in 1984.1 He has defined it as occurring when one knows the right thing to do for a patient but institutional constraints make it impossible to pursue that course of action.23 The medical literature has plenty on physician burnout, poor working conditions, and their effects on doctors’ wellbeing.45 We haven’t tended to discuss moral distress as much as nurses do, although we clearly experience it too. The Point of Care Foundation6 has worked with over 180 organisations throughout the NHS, specifically supporting clinical teams. The foundation’s director, Jocelyn Cornwell, told me, “I have learned that …
A strong wink between verbal and emoji-based irony: How the brain processes ironic emojis during language comprehension

Emojis are ideograms that are becoming ubiquitous in digital communication. However, no research has yet investigated how humans process semantic and pragmatic content of emojis in real time. We investigated neural responses to irony-producing emojis, the question being whether emoji-generated irony is processed similarly to word-generated irony. Previous ERP studies have routinely found P600 effects to verbal irony. Our research sought to identify whether the same neural responses could also be elicited by emoji-induced irony. In three experiments, participants read sentences that ended in either a congruent, incongruent, or ironic (wink) emoji. Results across all three experiments demonstrated clear P600 effects, the amplitudes of which were correlated with participants’ tendency to treat the emoji as a marker of irony, as indicated by behavioral comprehension question responses. These ironic wink emojis also elicited a strong P200 effect, also found in studies of verbal irony processing. Moreover, unexpected emojis (both mismatch and ironic emoji) also elicited late frontal positivities, which have been implicated processing unpredicted words in context. These results are the first to identify how linguistically-relevant ideograms are processed in real-time at the neural level, and specifically draw parallels between the processing of word- and emoji-induced irony.
Endoscopic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus and early esophageal cancer: Where do we go from here?

Endoscopic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus and early esophageal cancer: Where do we go from here?
Evolving imprinting control regions: KRAB zinc fingers hold the key.

The monoallelic parent of origin-specific expression of imprinted genes in mammals is regulated by differentially DNA methylated imprinting control regions (ICRs). In contrast to most of the genome, ICRs must maintain their DNA methylation and parental identity despite extensive epigenetic reprogramming that takes place after fertilization. Previous work demonstrated that the Kruppel-associated box (KRAB)-containing zinc finger protein (KZFP) ZFP57 protects select ICRs from demethylation and preserves parental identity. However, some loci are unaffected in Zfp57-null mice. Thus, it has been speculated that other KZFPs must be involved in this process. Takahashi and colleagues (pp. 49-54) now report one such KZFP: ZFP445.
LOW-DIMENSIONAL RESONANT TUNNELING

Resonant tunneling occurs for a wide variety of possible device geometries in one, two, and three dimensional conductors. The simplest example is the one and two dimensional analogue of the standard three dimensional resonant tunneling diode. We consider these three resonant tunneling devices operated as either a diode or a transistor by developing a ‘convolution method’ to calculate the device currents. Next, we consider resonant tunneling in a quasi-one-dimensional wire where the normal modes transverse to the tunneling direction cannot be neglected. Many unusual scattering properties, due to the existence of evanescent modes induced by the confinement, are found near quasi-one-dimensional subband minima or quasi-bound states in the wire.
Fault and Defect Tolerant Computer Architectures: Reliable Computing with Unreliable Devices

As conventional silicon Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology continues to shrink, logic circuits are increasingly subject to errors induced by electrical noise and cosmic radiation. In addition, the smaller devices are more likely to degrade and fail in operation. In the long term, new device technologies such as quantum cellular automata and molecular crossbars may replace silicon CMOS, but they have significant reliability problems. Rather than requiring the circuit to be defect-free, fault tolerance techniques incorporated into an architecture allow continued system operation in the presence of faulty components. This research addresses construction of a reliable computer from unreliable device technologies. A system architecture is developed for a "fault and defect tolerant" (FDT) computer. Trade-offs between different techniques are studied, and the yield of the system is modelled. Yield and hardware cost models are developed for the fault tolerance techniques used in the architecture. Fault and defect tolerant designs are created for the processor, and its most critical component, the cache memory. A content-addressable memory (CAM)-based cache design is developed. Simulation results show the cache achieves 90% yield with device failure probabilities of 3 x 10-6, three orders of magnitude better than non fault tolerant caches of the same size. The entire processor achieves 70% yield with device failure probabilities exceeding 10-6. The hardware redundancy required to achieve this performance is approximately 15 times that of a non-fault tolerant design. While large compared to fault tolerant designs used today, this architecture allows the use of devices much more likely to fail than silicon CMOS. Given the size improvements predicted for future device technologies, the hardware overhead may be acceptable. As part of the work to develop reliable models for fault tolerance techniques, an improved model is developed for NAND Multiplexing, a cornerstone fault-tolerance technique based upon large levels of redundancy. The model is the first exact model for NAND Multiplexing with small and medium amounts of redundancy. Previous models are extended to account for dependence between the inputs and produce more accurate results. An example shows the required hardware redundancy is reduced by 50%.
Expression of N-myc downregulated gene-1 attenuates pancreatic cancer cell growth

1943 The study of N-myc downregulated gene-1 (Ndrg1, Cap43, RIT42), a 43 kDa protein, in tumor growth and metastasis has recently gained interest as a potential therapeutic target. Although its function and molecular signals are largely unknown, loss of Ndrg1 expression in colon cancer is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and more metastatic spread. In human pancreatic cancers the expression of Ndrg1 is correlated with better differentiated tumors and improved clinical outcome. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the functional role of Ndrg1 in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Six human pancreatic cancer cells lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-2, HPAF-II, MiaPaCa-2, and Panc-1) with varying degree of differentiation were screened for Ndrg1 mRNA and protein expression by real time PCR and Western blotting. Ndrg1 transcripts and proteins were detected in all cell lines with a strongest expression in the moderately differentiated cell line BxPC-3. To clearly delineate the functional role of Ndrg1 in pancreatic cancer cells, HPAF-II cells, displaying weak Ndrg1 expression, were transfected with the full-length Ndrg1 cDNA cloned into the pcDNA3.1+ vector. Stable cell clones were selected with neomycin. Successful transfection was confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blotting, which demonstrated marked over-expression of Ndrg1. Stable expression of Ndrg1 was verified by repeated protein measurements of cell clones growing in culture for up to four weeks. Three separate clones expressing either Ndrg1 or the control vector were analyzed for cell growth using cell count and MTT assay for 24 to 96 hours. While HPAF-II clones stably expressing the empty vector showed a 457±44% increase in cell count at 96 hours, Ndrg1-expressing HPAF-II cells demonstrated a 241±57% increase (p 2-fold decrease or increase in gene expression) difference in 14 genes, most of them with known functions in intercellular adhesion (e.g. CD44, E-cadherin, ITGB3) and matrix degradation (e.g. MMP10, MMP11). In summary we found that expression of Ndrg1 correlated with reduced cell growth in human pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, gene array analysis detected differences in several metastasis-related genes, suggesting a functional role for Ndrg1 in pancreatic cancer cell adhesion and invasion.
Phase separation-deficient TDP43 remains functional in splicing

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are often fast-evolving protein domains of low sequence complexity that can drive phase transitions and are commonly found in many proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including the RNA processing factor TDP43. Yet, how phase separation contributes to the physiological functions of TDP43 in cells remains enigmatic. Here, we combine systematic mutagenesis guided by evolutionary sequence analysis with a live-cell reporter assay of TDP43 phase dynamics to identify regularly-spaced hydrophobic motifs separated by flexible, hydrophilic segments in the IDR as a key determinant of TDP43 phase properties. This heuristic framework allows customization of the material properties of TDP43 condensates to determine effects on splicing function. Remarkably, even a mutant that fails to phase-separate at physiological concentrations can still efficiently mediate the splicing of a quantitative, single-cell splicing reporter and endogenous targets. This suggests that the ability of TDP43 to phase-separate is not essential for its splicing function. TDP43 regulates RNA processing and undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation. Here, the authors combine bioinformatic analysis and quantitative measurements of phase properties in living cells to uncover the rules that link the amino acid sequence of TDP43 with its phase properties and find that unexpectedly, mutants of TDP43 that are deficient in phase separation can still function to mediate splicing.
Looking Below the Surface to Close Achievement Gaps and Improve Career Readiness Skills

• Achievement gaps still remain even though many institutions have invested in efforts to close them.• Some institutions have benefited from the use of data analytics, yet may be unaware of whether...
Association Between Vestibular Migraine and Migraine Headache: Yet to Explore.

Author(s): Abouzari, Mehdi; Goshtasbi, Khodayar; Moshtaghi, Omid; Tan, Donald; Lin, Harrison W; Djalilian, Hamid R | Abstract: ObjectivesTo evaluate if patients with a diagnosis of vestibular migraine (VM) by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria have meaningful differences in symptomatology and disease characteristics when compared to patients with concurrent vestibular symptoms and migraine that do not meet ICHD criteria.MethodsPatients who presented for the evaluation of vertigo were provided a detailed questionnaire about dizziness and migraine symptoms. Patients were assigned to either VM cohort (met ICHD criteria for VM) or migraine headache (MH) cohort (met ICHD criteria for migraine with or without aura but not VM). Disease characteristics, symptomatology, quality of life, and perceived stress score were compared between the cohorts.ResultsThe VM cohort demonstrated a shorter duration of vertigo episodes, 11 ± 22 hours versus 84 ± 146 hours in the MH cohort. In the VM cohort, 81% reported experiencing migraine headaches during episodes of vertigo, versus 61% in the MH cohort. All patients in the VM cohort reported a previous diagnosis of migraine headache, whereas 9% of the MH cohort had not been previously diagnosed by another physician. There was no difference in quality of life or perceived stress scores between the cohorts.ConclusionsA large proportion of vertigo patients with migrainous features do not meet the ICHD criteria for VM. The differences between cohorts represent selection bias rather than meaningful features unique to the cohorts. As such, VM and MH with vestibular symptoms may exist on a spectrum of the same disease process and may warrant the same treatment protocols.
Anelasticity and Phase Transition During Ramp-Release in Tin

This article examines the qualitative features of an anelasticity model associated with the bowing of dislocations in the presence of phase transition. A simple physically plausible mechanism is introduced to describe the interaction of anelasticity and the transformation. Varying the anelastic parameters results in strong differences in the deviatoric stress response. The model is applied to study the behavior of tin (Sn) and compared to data from ramp driven compression-release experiments. Tin exhibits a complex phase diagram within a relatively accessible range of temperature and pressures and the characterization of its phases is considered an open problem with significant scientific merit. The coupling between anelasticity, plasticity, and phase transformation contributes to release wave features traditionally associated with the phase transition effect alone suggesting the importance of accounting for the effects jointly. Posterior distributions of the plastic and anelastic parameters are computed using Bayesian-inference-based methods, further highlighting the importance of anelasticity in this regime.
Economics, Self-Awareness and Self-Mastery: a proposed Framework

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused a widespread emotional distress in the forms of fear, depression and anxiety, but has also generated a global economic crisis. While most of us might perceive the word “economy” from a macroeconomic perspective, as defined by Adam Smith (1904); other eminent authors and scholars, as explained below, have adopted a person-centered definition of it. In presenting both approaches, this paper will be adopting the person-centered definitions of economy and expand on them by introducing a new framework, named Self-Science, to facilitate an understanding of the components of self-awareness with the purpose of pursuing and perfecting self-mastery.
Liability Implications of Physician-Directed Care Coordination

Various public and private initiatives encourage physicians to coordinate care for patients with multiple chronic conditions, but physicians may resist doing so for fear of liability. This article assesses the extent of liability risk using qualitative methods that combine legal research with key informant interviews. Some aspects of care coordination for patients with multiple chronic conditions hold potential for higher liability. Physicians coordinating care have a broader responsibility for patients with complex conditions who have a greater chance of poor outcomes. Care coordinators may be held to a higher standard of care by adopting best practices guidelines or by making medical decisions on issues that require specialized expertise. However, other aspects lower liability risk: elderly patients are less likely to sue; care coordination should improve outcomes; and the information systems that support enhanced care coordination target the major sources of medical error in primary care. On balance, the liability risks of care coordination are commensurate with other risks in primary care practice. Liability insurers indicated no reluctance to insure physicians who coordinate care for patients with multiple chronic conditions, and no strong tendency to attribute higher risk to this role. Physicians who currently perform these or similar functions have not encountered demonstrably higher liability. On balance, there is no strong basis for physicians who perform care coordination functions to have serious concerns about liability; instead, care coordination done well may lower liability risks.
The effect of trunk flexion angle on lower limb mechanics during running

Abstract Trunk flexion is an understudied biomechanical variable that potentially influences running performance and susceptibility to injury. We present and test a theoretical model relating trunk flexion angle to stride parameters, joint moments and ground reaction forces that have been implicated in repetitive stress injuries. Twenty-three participants (12 male, 11 female) ran at preferred trunk flexion and three more flexed trunk positions (moderate, intermediate and high) on a custom built Bertec™ instrumented treadmill while kinematic and kinetic data were simultaneously captured. Markers adhered to bony landmarks tracked the movement of the trunk and lower limb. Stride parameters, moments of force and ground reaction force were calculated using Visual 3D (C-Motion ©) software. From preferred to high trunk flexion, stride length decreased 6% (P
Clinical and histopathological features of adult patients with dermatomyositis and melanoma differentiation associated-5 autoantibody seropositivity status, as determined by commercially available testing: a retrospective, single-institution comparative cohort study.

BACKGROUND Although melanoma differentiation associated (MDA)-5 autoantibodies have been widely explored in dermatomyositis (DM), most studies have relied on MDA-5 autoantibody testing performed in research settings, rather than the now-available commercial laboratory tests. AIM To characterize the clinical and histopathological data in patients with DM and circulating MDA-5 autoantibodies, as defined by commercially available testing. METHODS This was a retrospective review of patients with DM who underwent MDA-5 antibody testing. All available skin biopsy slides were reviewed. RESULTS Cutaneous features more prevalent in MDA-5-positive DM included Raynaud phenomenon (RP) (P < 0.001), cutaneous ulcerations (P = 0.01), mechanic hands (P < 0.02), palmar papules (P < 0.01), oral ulcers (P = 0.024) and alopecia (P = 0.03). Joint and pulmonary involvement were more common in patients with MDA-5-positive DM (both P < 0.001) as was dysphagia (P < 0.01). Myopathy (P = 0.4) and malignancy (P = 0.34) were not statistically different between the cohorts. Vasculopathy was more common in MDA-5-positive DM (P < 0.01), while spongiosis was less common (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION This study not only confirms some known associations between disease manifestations and MDA-5 autoantibody status, as determined by commercially available tests, but also identifies new associations, including RP and dysphagia.
Evaluating the clinical trends and benefits of low-dose computed tomography in lung cancer patients

Background Despite guideline recommendations, utilization of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer screening remains low. The driving factors behind these low rates and the real-world effect of LDCT utilization on lung cancer outcomes remain limited. Methods We identified patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from 2015 to 2017 within the Veterans Health Administration. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the influence of LDCT screening on stage at diagnosis. Lead time correction using published LDCT lead times was performed. Cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was evaluated using Fine-Gray regression with non-cancer death as a competing risk. A lasso machine learning model identified important predictors for receiving LDCT screening. Results Among 4664 patients, mean age was 67.8 with 58-month median follow-up, 95% CI = [7-71], and 118 patients received ≥1 screening LDCT before NSCLC diagnosis. From 2015 to 2017, LDCT screening increased (0.1%-6.6%, mean = 1.3%). Compared with no screening, patients with ≥1 LDCT were more than twice as likely to present with stage I disease at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 2.16 [95% CI 1.46-3.20]) and less than half as likely to present with stage IV (OR 0.38 [CI 0.21-0.70]). Screened patients had lower risk of CSM even after adjusting for LDCT lead time (subdistribution hazard ratio 0.60 [CI 0.42-0.85]). The machine learning model achieved an area under curve of 0.87 and identified diagnosis year and region as the most important predictors for receiving LDCT. White, non-Hispanic patients were more likely to receive LDCT screening, whereas minority, older, female, and unemployed patients were less likely. Conclusions Utilization of LDCT screening is increasing, although remains low. Consistent with randomized data, LDCT-screened patients were diagnosed at earlier stages and had lower CSM. LDCT availability appeared to be the main predictor of utilization. Providing access to more patients, including those in diverse racial and socioeconomic groups, should be a priority.
The Battalion Aid Station-The Forgotten Frontier of the Army Health System During the Global War on Terrorism.

BACKGROUND The battalion aid station (BAS) has historically served as the first stop during which combat casualties would receive care beyond a combat medic. Since the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, many combat casualties have bypassed the BAS for treatment facilities capable of surgery. We describe the care provided at these treatment facilities during 2007-2020. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of previously described data from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry. We included encounters with the documentation of an assessment or intervention at a BAS or forward operating base from January 1, 2007 to March 17, 2020. We utilized descriptive statistics to characterize these encounters. RESULTS There were 28,950 encounters in our original dataset, of which 3.1% (884) had the documentation of a prehospital visit to a BAS. The BAS cohort was older (25 vs. 24, P < .001) The non-BAS cohort saw a larger portion of pediatric (<18 years) patients (10.7% vs. 5.7%, P < .001). A higher proportion of BAS patients had nonbattle injuries (40% vs. 20.7%, P < .001). The mean injury severity score was higher in the non-BAS cohort (9 vs. 5, P < .001). A higher proportion of the non-BAS cohort had more serious extremity injuries (25.1% vs. 18.4%, P < .001), although the non-BAS cohort had a trend toward serious injuries to the abdomen (P = .051) and thorax (P = .069). There was no difference in survival. CONCLUSIONS The BAS was once a critical point in casualty evacuation and treatment. Within our dataset, the overall number of encounters that involved a stop at a BAS facility was low. For both the asymmetric battlefield and multidomain operations/large-scale combat operations, the current model would benefit from a more robust capability to include storage of blood, ventilators, and monitoring and hold patients for an undetermined amount of time.
Quantum Codes in Classical Communication: A Space-Time Block Code From Quantum Error Correction

We propose a general framework for noncoherent communication using techniques from the field of quantum error correction (QEC). We first propose an approach for analyzing a classical communication channel as a quantum channel, and develop an extension of the QEC conditions to the classical case. We derive a quantum analogue of the noncoherent multiantenna wireless channel. Restricting to the case in which the number of transmitter and receiver antennas are equal and a power of two, we use the framework to develop a family of space-time block codes for noncoherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication. Under a Rayleigh fading assumption, we derive the optimal decoder and bound the probability of symbol detection error. We compare our performance to comparable coherent and noncoherent approaches and achieve competitive performance for various antenna geometries and rates.
A 19 GHz Circular-Geometry Quad-Core Tail-Filtering Class-F VCO with -115 dBc/Hz Phase Noise at 1 MHz Offset in 65-nm CMOS

This paper presents a CMOS circular-geometry quad-core voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with class-F operation and tail filtering to achieve ultra low phase noise in K band. The use of class-F operation in a circular-geometry multicore VCO further lowers phase noise but results in new mode ambiguity. We introduce cross-coupled narrow and thin metal traces in the class-F transformer secondary loop to suppress this new mode ambiguity. Also, we extend the circular geometry design to the VCO tail LC filters, reducing the chip area. A proof-of-concept prototype is fabricated in a standard 65 nm CMOS technology. In measurement, the VCO operates from 17.9 to 20.7 GHz. At 19 GHz, the VCO achieves a phase noise of -115 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset with a figure of merit (FoM) of -188.4 dBc/Hz.
Face Masks Defended

Pediatricians caring for the newborn are particularly aware of unexpected deleterious outcomes of well-intentioned therapy. Oxygen, chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, and continuous positive airway pressure are examples. Elsewhere in this issue Pape et al.1 suggest that intermittent positive-pressure ventilation provided by a tight-fitting face mask in low-birthweight infants is yet another example. They observed a 30% incidence of significant intracerebellar hemorrhages in infants so treated (groups A and D). Such hemorrhages were seen in 10% of babies who were ventilated by an endotracheal tube rather than by mask (groups B and C), and were not seen in their 13 nonventilated babies (group E).
Adrenergic-cholinergic dual function in cultured sympathetic neurons of the rat.

Sympathetic principal neurons, dissociated from the superior cervical ganglia of newborn rats and put into culture, exhibit plasticity with respect to the choice between noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and acetylcholine as transmitter. The neurons shift from an initial, immature adrenergic state to a cholinergic state in certain culture conditions, e.g in co-culture with a variety of non-neuronal cells or after exposure to a medium conditioned by such cells. To study the transition directly, we have grown single neurons in "microcultures" with cardiac myocytes, which provide a sensitive assay for the transmitters secreted by the neurons. We have shown previously that during the transition from adrenergic to cholinergic status such neurons secrete both transmitters and have terminals of mixed fine structure (dual function). We describe here experiments in which identified neurons were serially assayed over periods of 9-45 days. Partial transitions were observed, always in the direction adrenergic to cholinergic function, and one complete transition was observed from apparently purely adrenergic function to dual function and then to apparently purely cholinergic function. We also report observation of adrenergic-cholinergic dual function, in preliminary single and serial assays, in sympathetic principal neurons from the superior cervical ganglia of adult rats.
Antiviral Treatment of Flaviviruses

This chapter discusses the key question of unavailability approved antiviral treatments for flavivirus pathogens which cause significant morbidity and mortality, examines the progress made in the development of therapies, identifies key targets of therapy, and reviews the challenges to overcome in the development of antiflaviviral disease treatments. It deals only with members of the Flavivirus genus, which include viruses of human concern, such as dengue virus (DV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), all of which cause morbidity and mortality. A few flaviviruses, primarily DV and YFV, cause hemorrhagic manifestations in severe infection. The chapter investigates targets for the treatment of flaviviruses, including viral and host elements that may be effectively targeted for treatment. Important progress in the treatment of flavivirus infections has been made recently, bringing ever closer to fruition the important goal of developing a broad-spectrum agent that is effective after disease manifestation. New animal models of flaviviral disease would be important in developing a better understanding of basic virology and antiviral treatment. Epidemiological methods to detect and predict the severity and location of outbreaks would be beneficial in control of DV diseases, giving better chances to efficacy of antiflaviviral agents. Alerting physicians or veterinarians of emerging flaviviral outbreaks would also help improve the diagnosis and treatment of human or animal infections.
Conviction Versus Convention: Rodin, David, and Shue, Henry (eds). 2008. Just and Unjust Warriors: The Moral and Legal Status of Soldiers. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 272 pp

This collection of essays is centred around the growing concern with the question of whether the laws of war should be changed to reflect the moral status of the combatants involved, or as David Rodin and Henry Shue put it in their introduction, ‘Can a soldier be held responsible for fighting in a war that is illegal or unjust?’ (1). However, there is perhaps a more intriguing question to be found herein. This project, the result of two two-day workshops held at Oxford University’s Programme on the Changing Character of War in the Spring of 2005, has running beneath its aforementioned aim the seemingly meta-theoretical question of whether philosophical theory still has any value in the ‘real world.’ To be more precise, it could be argued that what is really at stake here is whether philosophical arguments about such pressing issues as asymmetric warfare, terrorism, and the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan can have any currency in international legal, political, and military debates that demand workable solutions that are more than abstract ideas based on unrealistic hypothetical scenarios. Jeff McMahan’s opening chapter not only initiates this tension between theory and practice, but is itself a microcosm of it. McMahan argues that, while the laws of war must treat all combatants equally regardless of the justness or lack thereof of their side, the ‘morality of war’ cannot disregard justice and therefore cannot treat combatants equally (19). In order to bring our evaluation of combatants into congruence with our evaluation of the everyday use of violence, and thus bring our moral reflections about war into harmony with our ‘basic morality’ (27), McMahan contends that the criterion for liability to harm in war should be changed from ‘posing a threat to others’ (21) to ‘being morally responsible for an unjust threat’ (22). Hence, as McMahan states, since we do not claim that an attacker has a right to defend himself
Predicting diffusion paths and interface motion in gamma/gamma + beta, Ni-Cr-Al diffusion couples

A simplified model has been developed to predict Beta recession and diffusion paths in ternary gamma/gamma + beta diffusion couples (gamma:fcc, beta: NiAl structure). The model was tested by predicting beta recession and diffusion paths for four gamma/gamma + beta, Ni-Cr-Al couples annealed for 100 hours at 1200 C. The model predicted beta recession within 20 percent of that measured for each of the couples. The model also predicted shifts in the concentration of the gamma phase at the gamma/gamma + beta interface within 2 at. pct Al and 6 at. pct Cr of that measured in each of the couples. A qualitative explanation based on simple kinetic and mass balance arguments has been given which demonstrates the necessity for diffusion in the two-phase region of certain gamma/gamma + beta, Ni-Cr-Al couples.
The Voting Rights Act, Legislative Elections, and Southern Partisan Change: Conversion or Competition*

Objective Has the shift from a one-party Democratic South to an (increasingly) Republican South been marked by partisan conversion or partisan competition of legislative district seats? That is, as Democratic incumbents retired, did the districts switch from uncontested Democratic incumbents to uncontested Republican seats (conversion), or did the two parties contest the district after the period of Democratic retirement (competition)? Method We analyze all state legislative elections since 1967 to explain southern partisan change. We report rates of uncontested legislative elections, and we model candidate entry in southern and nonsouthern legislative elections. Results Our findings support the conversion hypothesis implying that southern legislative districts are increasingly polarized along partisan and racial lines. Conclusions Despite growing partisan parity within the southern electorate, southern state legislatures are increasingly composed of uncontested white Republicans and uncontested black Democrats. We discuss the implications of party-based, racial polarization for the ongoing constitutional debate regarding the Voting Rights Act's Section 5.
A mixed order BCGS-FFT based fast 3D inverse electromagnetic scatterings for anisotropic objects

The purpose of the electromagnetic (EM) inverse scattering problems is to estimate EM properties of unknown objects within area of interest with known scattered EM fields. Three dimensional inverse scattering problems can be conveniently modeled by volume equivalence theorem. The volume equivalence theorem describes the forward scattering problems by volume integral equations. Estimating unknown EM properties of objects from these volume integral equations is a nonlinear problem. The born iterative method (BIM) and the distorted born iterative method (DBIM) are proposed to efficiently solve the nonlinear problems (Y.M. Wang and W.C. Chew Int. Jour. Imaging Sys. Tech. 1, 100–108, 1989). The BIM is more stable with noisy data and the DBIM converges faster.
Dietary Sodium in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Approach

Despite existing guidelines, dietary sodium intake among people worldwide often exceeds recommended limits. Research evidence is growing in both animal and human studies showing indirect and direct adverse consequences of high dietary sodium on the kidney. In patients with kidney disease, dietary sodium may have important effects on proteinuria, efficacy of antiproteinuric pharmacologic therapy, hypertension control, maintaining an optimal volume status, and immunosuppressant therapy. Dietary sodium intake is an important consideration in patients with all stages of chronic kidney disease, including those receiving dialysis therapy or those who have received a kidney transplant. We review in detail the dietary sodium recommendations suggested by various organizations for patients with kidney disease. Potential barriers to successfully translating current sodium intake guidelines into practice include poor knowledge about the sodium content of food among both patients and providers, complex labeling information, patient preferences related to taste, and limited support for modifications in public policy. Finally, we offer existing and potential solutions that may assist providers in educating and empowering patients to effectively manage their dietary sodium intake.
Building a Campus‐Wide Information System

Universities revolve around knowledge — its discovery, dissemination, and preservation. In order to achieve its knowledge mission, a university also must disseminate information about itself. Historically, such information was presented in a variety of print media — from campus maps to the course catalog to the library catalog to the faculty and student telephone books to newspapers and newsletters.
Gravitational constraints on the internal structure of Ganymede

Before the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft in the jovian system, there was little information on the interior structure of jupiter's largest moon, Ganymede. Its mean density (1,940 kg/cu m), determined by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft, implies a composition that is roughly 60% rock and 40% ice, which could be uniformly mixed or differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle. Here we report measurements by the Galileo spacecraft of Ganymede's overall density and the spherical harmonics, J(sub 2) and C(sub 22) of its gravitational field. These data show clearly that Ganymede has differentiated into a core and mantle. Combined with the recent discovery of an intrinsic magnetic field, our gravity results suggest that Ganymede has a metallic core of radius 400-1,300 km surrounded by a silicate mantle, which is in turn enclosed by an ice she approx.800 km thick. Depending on whether the core is pure iron or an alloy of iron and iron sulphide, it could account for as little as 1.4% or as much as one-third of the total mass. If the ice were stripped away, Ganymede could look much like lo' in terms of its size and internal mass distribution.
Uncertain Reasoning and Learning for Feature Grouping

Hierarchical perceptual organization is needed for 3-D object detection and description. The hypothesize and verify paradigm offers one approach to this task. Hypotheses are generated from simpler features satisfying some possibly task-dependent properties. More global evidence is used to verify and assign a confidence measure to the hypotheses. This evidence may consists of several components which may be of very different natures. How to combine these components in an effective and efficient manner becomes of critical interest. We describe formal methods that use neural networks and Bayesian approaches for verification. These approaches also allow automatical learning of parameters from some examples. We illustrate these methods using a system for building detection and description from aerial images, but the techniques themselves are not specific to this domain. Experimental results indicate that substantial improvements in performance can be obtained by the use of these methods without extensive hand-tuning of parameters.
Progress in the evaluation of CDK inhibitors as anti-tumor agents

The increase in understanding of the events of cell growth and division has enabled the development of pharmacological agents inhibiting key regulatory proteins, with the cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) representing a major area of interest. Owing to multiple CDK variants having cell cycle and transcriptional regulatory roles and difficulties in generating selective inhibitors, the prospects for drug discovery and development are complex. Numerous CDK inhibitors with differing mechanistic profiles are currently being preclinically and clinically evaluated but have not as of yet resulted in a drug approval. The major issues of CDK inhibition related to current understanding from genetic studies and also from observed anti-tumor efficacy of representative compounds are discussed in this review.
Acne in Patients with Skin of Color: Practical Management

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent and non-discriminatory condition affecting individuals of all races and ethnicities. As people with skin of color make up a rapidly expanding segment of the US population, dermatologic care must evolve accordingly to address their distinct concerns. Patients with skin of color with acne can be particularly challenging, given their potential for cosmetically disturbing complications, including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and keloid development. A variety of treatments have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating these complications. Topical retinoids are considered first-line therapy for acne in patients of color; topical alternatives include azelaic acid, dapsone, and antimicrobials. Hydroquinone may be used in combating post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, specifically. For more severe acne, oral agents, including oral antibiotics or isotretinoin, may be used. Most recently, various lasers and phototherapies have been suggested for their safety and efficacy in patients with skin of color with acne. Ultimately, recognizing the clinical and histologic differences, as well as the variations in treatment regimens for darker skin types will allow for better care and patient satisfaction.