cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Report of Interparental Conflict: The Role of Threat and Self-blame Appraisal on Adaptive Outcome

Research consistently shows that children exposed to interparental conflict are at-risk for experiencing psychopathology. Establishing a link, however, between interparental conflict and maladjustment is not the same as understanding how specific outcomes manifest. Therefore, we examined the relation of interparental conflict and appraisal with adolescent outcome with 169 high school students (ages 14–19 years). Specifically, threat and self-blame appraisals were hypothesized to mediate the relation between interparental conflict and both adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Results suggest that threat partially mediated the relation between interparental conflict and externalizing problems, interparental conflict and internalizing problems, and interparental conflict and adaptive behaviors. Additionally, self-blame appears to partially mediate the relation between interparental conflict and internalizing problems. Implications of the current findings are discussed.
A template-based data specification framework for modeling physical security systems

Simulation studies often fail to provide any useful result due to its success being highly dependent on the skills of the analyst to understand a system and then correctly identify all the required data parameters and dependent variables. This paper describes a template-based framework to help identify and specify the components and data parameters for developing models of physical security systems. The layered framework consists of 15 templates built on top of 14 data primitives representing 119 data parameters. The modeling framework has been programmed as an internet-based web application and is simulation language-independent. The usefulness of the framework was tested and shown to have a significant impact on improving the identification of system components and their associated data parameters.
An instance of labor and business cooperation: Workmen's compensation in Washington state (1911)

(1976). An instance of labor and business cooperation: Workmen's compensation in Washington state (1911) Labor History: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 530-550.
SU-E-T-195; An Algorithm for the Reconstruction of An Entrance Beam Fluence Using a Simulated Exit Phantom Fluence

Purpose: To design and test an algorithm for reconstructing entrance fluence from an exit fluence through a cylindrical phantom using fluence kernels generated in the BEAMnrc monte carlo code. This work may be extended to replace the simulated fluence with direct measurements on an EPID where dosimetry data from treatment can be acquired and compared with direct measures of fluence from devices used commonly for IMRT verification. Method and Materials: A parameter space array of monte carlo fluence kernels is calculated for each voxel in a 256x256 pixel grid measuring across 16.384cm2 at 60cm SPD, which corresponds to a 40.96cm2 imager at 150cm SPD. An array of coefficients of parameter space elements is then used to calculate a fluence at 150cm SPD, and an iterative minimization solver is configured to minimize the sum of the square of the differences between the calculated fluence and the measured fluence. Results: Comparison between two IMRT beam sequences simulated using the same BEAMnrc model used to generate the parameter space array were performed. The iterative solver was allowed to run for 15 minutes on a 128 core cluster on each phase space generated. A comparison of directly simulated entrance fluence and entrance fluence calculated by the proposed algorithm was performed, with a comparison criterion of the percentage of points in the fluence array with a threshold of 10% of maximum intensity, within 1% of the simulated fluence intensity; passing rates of 94.5% and 97.9% were achieved. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of reconstructing entrance fluence from simulated exit fluence within a reasonable tolerance for verification of delivery. Additionally, patient and beam specific parameter space arrays may be generated, allowing live measurements during treatment to be used for the reconstruction of entrance fluence with a high degree of accuracy.
On the use of hansen frequencies for estimating rates of behavior

When the occurrence of a behavior is governed by aPoisson process over time, then the mean rate of behavior can be estimated usingHansen frequencies, which record whether the behavior has occurred at least once or not at all in each of several time periods. Here this estimate of the mean rate of behavior, based onHansen frequencies, is compared with the usual estimate, and its properties as an estimate of the mean rate of behavior are discussed in cases where the behavior is not governed by aPoisson process.
Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta

Background Wind setdown is the drop in water level caused by wind stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an extended period of time. As the wind blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested wind setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14. Methodology/Principal Findings This study analyzes the hydrodynamic mechanism proposed by earlier studies, focusing on the time needed to reach a steady-state solution. In addition, the authors investigate a site in the eastern Nile delta, where the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile once flowed into a coastal lagoon then known as the Lake of Tanis. We conduct a satellite and modeling survey to analyze this location, using geological evidence of the ancient bathymetry and a historical description of a strong wind event in 1882. A suite of model experiments are performed to demonstrate a new hydrodynamic mechanism that can cause an angular body of water to divide under wind stress, and to test the behavior of our study location and reconstructed topography. Conclusions/Significance Under a uniform 28 m/s easterly wind forcing in the reconstructed model basin, the ocean model produces an area of exposed mud flats where the river mouth opens into the lake. This land bridge is 3–4 km long and 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours. Model results indicate that navigation in shallow-water harbors can be significantly curtailed by wind setdown when strong winds blow offshore.
Actuator fault detection via electrical impedance testing

Lead magnesium niobate (PMN) actuators are electrostrictive actuators with high dynamic range used in deformable mirrors. Actuator fault detection in deformable mirrors typically occurs through optical testing. We developed a nonoptical method for detecting actuator faults via low electric field resonance testing. The low electric field resonance method is standard practice for characterizing piezoelectric materials. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive coefficient couples the electrical and mechanical impedance of the actuator; a change in the mechanical boundaries (force) on the actuator results in a shift of the impedance resonances. We demonstrate experimentally that a PMN actuator can fracture but retain functionality under compression and that the fracture can be detected by measuring the impedance resonances at various bias voltages (various values of tension and compression). A concurrent optical test using a displacement interferometer was used to corroborate the results. We propose the impedance resonance approach as a non-optical fault detection test for in-situ actuators.
Analysis of gene-smoking interaction in lung cancer

W. James Gauderman,* John L. Morrison, Catherine L. Carpenter, andDuncan C. ThomasDepartment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California,Los AngelesThe Louisiana Lung Cancer Dataset, consisting of 337 extended pedigrees, isanalyzed to determine whether a major Mendelian gene interacts with cumula-tive tobacco smoking (pack-years). The proportional hazards model is utilized,as it is a natural framework for estimating relative risks while adjusting for vari-ability in age of disease onset. Segregation analyses show evidence that a Men-delian gene is segregating in these families, with the most parsimonious model,including sex, pack-years, pack-years squared, and a dominant major gene. Theestimated frequency of the high-risk allele is 2% and carriers are estimated tohave relative risk of 17.3 for developing lung cancer, compared to noncarriers.The addition of a gene × pack-years interaction does not significantly improvethe fit of the model, indicating that on a multiplicative scale, these two factorsindependently influence lung cancer risk. Smoking history is missing for 23% ofthe study subjects and degree of “missingness” depends on disease status,age, and birth-year. To account for the nonrandomness of the missing data, aMarkov chain Monte Carlo method for covariate imputation is proposed andimplemented. Results from this analysis also support a nonsignificant gene-smoking interaction and an allele frequency of 2%, but a lower genetic rela-tive risk (9.0) compared to the “complete case” analysis. Genet. Epidemiol.14:199–214, 1997.
Absolute partial photoionization cross sections of ozone

Despite the current concerns about ozone, absolute partial photoionization cross sections for this molecule in the vacuum ultraviolet (valence) region have been unavailable. By eclectic re-evaluation of old/new data and plausible assumptions, such cross sections have been assembled to fill this void.
Subcutaneous implantation of hydroxylapatite/collagen in induced diabetic and non-diabetic rats

To evaluate tissue reaction to hydroxylapatite (HA) and HA/collagen mixtures in rats with uncontrolled induced diabetes, 48 males were divided: 24 with induced diabetes (ID) from Streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) and 24 non-diabetic (ND) controls. Three subcutaneous sites in each chest were randomly implanted with non-porous HA, or non-porous HA and bovine collagen, or non-porous HA and purified fibrillar collagen. Subgroups of 6 ID and 6 ND rats were killed at 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks post-implantation. Histologic specimens showed that all materials elicited greater inflammatory response in ID than in ND at all intervals. Each specimen had HA particles encapsulated by host fibrous tissue. Compared to ND, ID specimens had markedly reduced ingrowth and maturity of collagen at each time interval. There was no osteogenesis, but there was dystrophic mineralization within the implant sites in both ID and ND. Mixed HA/collagen exceeded HA alone in maintaining implant contour. In soft tissue, no materials were osteoinductive. Adding collagen did not increase or decrease inflammatory reaction nor improve density and maturity of tissue synthesized around implants.
Early results of carotid stent placement for treatment of extracranial carotid bifurcation occlusive disease.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to review the initial results of carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAS) performed by vascular surgeons to treat bifurcation occlusive disease. Most patients were selected for CAS if they had indications for endarterectomy (CEA) but were considered at high risk for surgery. Methods Since December 2000, 74 carotid arteries in 69 patients underwent CAS, with distal balloon embolization protection in 96%. Mean patient age was 72 years; 82% of patients were men. Indications for CAS included asymptomatic disease (62%), transient ischemic attack (TIA; 23%), and cerebrovascular accident (15%). Mean internal carotid artery diameter stenosis was 82%. CAS was chosen over CEA because of cardiac (49%) or pulmonary (4%) comorbid conditions, hostile neck (25%), distal extent of disease (6%), and contralateral cranial nerve injury (1%). CAS was performed in 15% patients who were good surgical candidates, because of patient preference. Pathologic conditions were primary atherosclerosis (81%), recurrent carotid stenosis (18%), and dissection (1%). Procedures were transfemoral in 95% of cases and transcarotid in 5%. In 30% of cases the contralateral carotid artery had 80% or greater stenosis or was completely occluded. Results Technical success was achieved in 96% of cases. There were no deaths, no major strokes, one minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 3), and one TIA (neurologic event rate, 2.6%). The single minor stroke resolved completely by 1 month. One patient (1.3%) had a perioperative myocardial infarction. Transient neurologic changes occurred in 8% of patients during the protection balloon inflation, and all resolved with deflation. Bradyarrhythmia requiring pharmacologic treatment occurred in 14% of patients. At mean follow-up of 6 months there have been two instances of recurrent stenosis greater than 50% as noted at duplex scanning. During the same period, 266 carotid CEAs were performed, with a neurologic event rate of 0.8% (major stroke, 0.4%; no minor strokes; TIA, 0.4%) and a myocardial infarction rate of 3%. Combined stroke and death rate was 1.3% in patients who underwent CAS and 0.5% in patients who underwent CEA. Conclusion CAS with cerebral protection can be performed safely in patients at high surgical risk, with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. The durability of the procedure must be determined with longer follow-up.
Limited Literacy and Poor Health: The Role of Social Mobility in Germany and the United States

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) implemented the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to provide policymakers with nationally representative profiles of knowledge, skills, and competencies. Results among participating countries indicate that the United States and Germany stand out as having the strongest relationship between literacy skills and self-reported health. Our analysis addresses factors that could mediate the particularly strong link between low literacy and poor health in these two countries and possible remedies for the problem. In particular, PIACC results also reveal that the United States and Germany share the most entrenched multigenerational literacy problem among the countries in the PIAAC survey. In spite of the many social differences that currently distinguish Germany and the United States, these countries share the lowest level of social mobility for education. Promoting social mobility by making higher education more ...
Use of second-site suppressor mutations in Drosophila to identify components of the transcriptional machinery.

Abstract Isolation of second-site suppressor mutations provides a powerful method for identifying (i) genes that encode proteins that interact and (ii) domains within the interacting proteins that contact each other. Flies conditionally lethal because they carry mutations in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II were mutagenized; ten million progeny were then screened for compensatory mutations. Eight intragenic and 10 extragenic suppressor mutations were recovered. Both the conditional lethality and premature termination of transcription caused by one mutation in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II are compensated by an allele-specific suppressor mutation in the second-largest subunit of the enzyme.
The average decision maker and its properties utilizing the generalized information system model

This article emphasizes and expands upon two important concepts suggested in previous work; namely, the average decision maker and the information state. We have taken a new approach to these topics to make them more precise and scientifically and mathematically tractable and coherent. We are able to identify many of their essential properties. In particular we establish ten important properties of the average decision maker. At the same time we have made more precise some of our previously proposed measures including decision maker effectiveness and the information measure. Our approach emulates, in the information universe, the general paradigms of the physical world. We treat the decision model and the relationship of information to decision making recognizing the probabilistic nature of information and the wide spectrum of effectiveness of decision makers for any decision making problem. The information state is defined in terms of the decision maker's probability of choice of various courses of action. These probabilities also define the information measure as well as the decision maker effectiveness. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Processing and formatting system for digital collections

This system is being used to build structure data for the HEARTH digital collection and to manage the collection under the DLXS system. It allows student workers or unskilled employees to build structure metadata from scanned images for both monographs and serials, and manages the process of delivering the titles under DLXS once prepared. It allows supervisors to manage the work, simplifying tasks like re-assigning the in-progress work of graduated students.
Conditions for the onset of oscillatory thermocapillary flows in cylindrical containers with CO2 laser heating

Oscillatory thermocapillary flow experiments were conducted in microgravity. In the experiments, silicone oil (2 centistokes kinematic viscosity at 25 C) was placed in cylindrical containers and heated at the center by a CO2 laser beam. The main objectives of the experiments were to determine the onset of oscillatory thermocapillary flow under highly reduced buoyancy and gravity conditions and to study the important features of the oscillatory flow. The onset conditions were determined in three different size containers and for various flat and curved free surface shapes. Numerical and scaling analysis was also performed to understand the basic steady flows. The analysis shows that the main flow is viscous-dominated near the onset of oscillations. The onset conditions determined in the present experiments together with our earlier ground-based data show that one could not explain the oscillation phenomenon, if the fluid free surface is assumed to be rigid. Therefore, a parameter representing free surface deformation was derived, and the data are shown to be correlated well by the parameter. The oscillation patterns and frequencies are also presented. (Author)
An adaptive version of parallel MPSO with OpenMP for Uncapacitated Facility Location problem

As a consequence of globalization, facilitypsilas location selection has become a markedly complicated problem. This problem is one of the most difficult combinatorial NP-hard optimization problems. Historically, this kind of problems have been usually solved by linear programming or metaheuristics methods such as genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and tabu searches with optima or near-optima. In this paper, an adaptive parallel multi-population particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm with OpenMP is presented for the Uncapacitated Facility Location problem (UFLP), The linear inertia weight was introduced which made an ideal balance between the capability of global exploration and the capability of local exploitation. The aim of this paper is to implement an adaptive version of parallel MPSO method augmented with OpenMP directives and then applied it to the several benchmark suites offered by OR library. It is shown that dramatic improvement in terns of CPU times is achieved with competitive results by using a parallel programming model in a multi-core desktop.
Solubility relationships for disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract The solubility of ten disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) was measured using a modified Suprex PrepMaster SFE apparatus and Varian Cary 3E UV–Visible spectrophotometer. These measurements were made over a pressure range of 200–400 atm, at 50–100°C. The results were combined with relevant solubility data from previous studies, and were used to develop correlations between disperse dye structures and SC-CO 2 solubility.
The effect of blood flow and left atrial pressure on the DLCO in lambs and sheep.

Abstract Previous studies suggest that pulmonary capillary distensibility and recruitment may differ in lambs and sheep. To study the effect of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and vascular pressure on capillary hemodynamics in lambs and sheep we measured the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (D l CO ) as an index of pulmonary capillary blood volume during a baseline period, after increasing PBF, and during left atrial hypertension. In the lamb, D l CO did not change significantly either with a 65% increase in PBF or with an increase in left atrial pressure (Pla) of 1.33 kPa at constant PBF. In the sheep on the other hand, doubling PBF led to a 28% increase in D l CO ( P ), and an increase in Pla of 1.87 kPa at constant PBF led to a 19% increase in D l CO ( P ). These results suggest that the neonatal lamb has a nearly fully recruited and relatively non-compliant pulmonary capillary bed at rest, unlike the adult sheep which can respond to hemodynamic changes with distension and recruitment of the pulmonary capillary bed.
Double diffusive natural convection in a vertical rectangular enclosure—I. Experimental study

Abstract Double diffusive natural convection flows in a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure are investigated using an electrochemical technique with the vertical electrodes maintained at different temperatures. Schlieren flow visualization photographs show interesting timewise evolution of multicell flow structures in an enclosure for both aiding and opposing thermal and solutal buoyant forces. Details of the multicell flow characteristics including the temperature and concentration profiles as well as the overall heat and mass transfer characteristics in the cavity are presented.
Kinetic analysis of developmental changes in vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 function

The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) sequesters cytoplasmic dopamine (DA) into vesicles and may thus protect neurons from DA-associated oxidative damage. VMAT-2 function, as assessed by measuring [3H]DA uptake, is less in adolescent when compared with young adult rats and VMAT-2 susceptibility to methamphetamine also changes with age. Thus, developmental alterations in VMAT-2 function warrant further investigation. The current study extends these findings by showing that the initial velocities of both DA uptake and methamphetamine-induced DA efflux are less in adolescent postnatal day (PND 38–42) vs. young adult (PND 88–92) rats as assessed in nonmembrane associated (presumably cytoplasmic) vesicles purified from rat striatal synaptosomes. The decrease in DA uptake velocities is due to a decrease in the Vmax of DA uptake with no change in the Km. The density of kinetically active VMAT-2 and VMAT-2 immunoreactivity are less in adolescent vs. young adult rats while both the turnover number (2.4–2.8 s−1) and rate constant for the association of DA with VMAT-2 (˜1 × 107 M−1 s−1) are similar in these age groups. These results suggest that the kinetics of DA binding and translocation across the membrane are unaltered in the vesicles of PND 38–42 vs. PND 88–92 rats. However, decreased VMAT-2 density in PND 38–42 rats reduces Vmax, which in turn lowers DA uptake. Synapse 60:474–477, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identity and sex-race differences in educational and occupational aspirations formation

Abstract This paper addresses the persistent observation that the widely used Wisconsin status aspirations/attainment model poorly fits data obtained for blacks and white females. By introducing certain aspects of Identity Theory into the Wisconsin model, the link between the social structural components and behavioral choices and intentions of individuals is made theoretically clearer. On the basis of Identity Theory, we argue that social structure influences the identities people have and identities influence behaviors by people choosing behaviors, the meanings of which correspond to the meanings of their identities. In this way, the poor fit of the Wisconsin model is narrowed to two possible sources: the different subgroups may have different identity meanings or the meanings of the occupational and educational behavioral outcomes may be different. The present paper explores the side of the equation dealing with identity meanings by examining academic identity as it links to the behavioral intentions of continuing education. Data from a sample of high school seniors are used to assess a status aspirations model for race and sex subsamples. The results show that academic identity is the same for all subgroups, and, except for black males, does mediate the effects of several predictors of educational plans. We conclude that the incorporation of Identity Theory into the status aspirations model is an important step, but that future research needs to look at the meanings of the behaviors that are to be predicted from the model. Only in this way can the anomalous findings for black males be accounted for.
Combustion-generated carbon particles in the Arctic atmosphere

Recent studies in the Alaskan Arctic1–3 show the presence of substantial concentrations of carbon- and sulphur-containing particles that seem to be characteristic of the Arctic region as a whole4–6. These particles are effective scatterers and absorbers of visible radiation3,7 and appear to be responsible for the phenomenon of Arctic haze first reported by Mitchell8. On the basis of trace element analysis, it has been suggested that these particles originate from anthropogenic sources at mid-latitudes1,4. Direct substantiation of combustion-generated particles in the Arctic atmosphere has been provided by the identification of large concentrations of graphitic carbon particles at the GMCC–NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) observatory near Barrow, Alaska, using Raman spectroscopy3. We report here on an extension of our studies of carbon particles in the Alaskan Arctic to the Canadian Arctic and the Norwegian Arctic. These studies, using the Raman scattering technique, identify substantial concentrations of graphitic carbon particles at ground-level stations throughout the western Arctic.
The influence of L-thyroxine on the change in red blood cell type in the axolotl☆☆☆

Abstract The synthesis of new hemoglobins during axolotl development suggested the induction by thyroxine of a population of erythrocytes with adult hemoglobin and/or hormonal modification of preexisting red cells containing larval hemoglobin. As assay is described which demonstrates two morphologically distinct populations of erythrocytes during development. At 100–150 days of development, the cell type changed and a small percentage of cells of intermediate type was present. Lysates from transitional populations of cells contained both larval and adult hemoglobin components, whereas populations before and after the changeover demonstrated only larval or adult patterns on polyacrylamide gels. Autoradiography of 3 H-thymidine-labeled cells gave evidence that the production of cells of the larval type is gradually inhibited rather than completely terminated during the transition. Immersion of larvae in 4.5 and 9.9 × 10 −8 m l -thyroxine prematurely induced the cell type transition. In thyroxine-induced 76-day-old larvae, the continual presence of the hormone was required for the premature completion of the cell type change and for completion of anatomical metamorphosis. It was concluded that the length of treatment with the hormone (at the low concentrations used) is critical in determining the normal course of thyroxine-induced differentiation.
Chess From Square a1 : Incorporating Chess Into the Gifted Class

Teachers of gifted students often are challenged to find ways to stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving skills. School chess clubs are one way of meeting that challenge. This article poses how games such as chess affect learning and gifted students. Two detailed strategies for teaching chess to students beginning in kindergarten are presented in this article, narrative story and visual spatial strategies challenge students to learn. Chess is a tool that can be used to meet gifted program standards. Resources for teachers of the gifted are discussed and evaluated throughout the article.
Global Climate Decisions Under Uncertainty

No matter what one’s views on global climate change, it is easy to agree that there is great uncertainty and that our models should reflect that uncertainty. The technical difficulty is that uncertainty can lead to an enormous increase in dimensionality. In this chapter, we will explore an alternative approach to dealing with the problem of dimensionality in large multiregion, multiperiod models, where the regions are aggregated so that we solve a “one-world” model in the later time periods, because discounting limits the importance of distant-future uncertainties for near-future decisions.
Occult pneumonias in febrile children with leukocytosis.

Cardioversion of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Blake Spirko, MD Reply John A Michael, MD, FRCPC adults in which nearly a quarter of the patients with infiltrates on chest radiographs had no abnormal examination findings.2 However, in describing the objective of their study, the authors make the mistake of using the term “incidence,” when they really mean “prevalence.” In the Results section of their article, the authors do appropriately, use the term prevalence. Prevalence is defined as “the number of persons in a population known to have a designated disease or health condition at a designated point in time.”3 This is precisely what the authors studied when they measured the rate of pneumonia and occult pneumonia in their patients. Incidence, on the other hand, is “the number of occurrences, within a specified time period, of a disease, condition or event in a defined population assumed to be free of that disease, condition, or event at the start of that time period.”3 If the authors had indeed desired to determine the incidence of pneumonia in Correspondence
Application of the Seattle Heart Failure Model in Ambulatory Patients Presented to an Advanced Heart Failure Therapeutics Committee

Background—We sought to assess the predictive value of the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) when applied to ambulatory patients with advanced heart failure (HF) presented to an advanced HF therapeutics committee at a tertiary care US institution. Methods and Results—We evaluated model discrimination and calibration in 215 consecutive ambulatory patients who were presented to the Cleveland Clinic advanced HF therapeutics committee between 2004 to 2007 for evaluation for advanced options including transplantation and ventricular assist device (VAD). Analyses were stratified by committee decision (not listed versus listed United Network of Organ Sharing [UNOS] Status 2). Eighty-five percent had 1 or no missing SHFM variables. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, VAD, or urgent (UNOS Status 1) transplantation. During a median follow-up of 24 months, 68 died, 18 received VAD support, and 81 underwent heart transplantation. Discrimination was modest both for those not listed (c-index, 0...
Abstract A92: Oxidative stress, obesity, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women health study (SWHS).

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 A92 Background Increased reactive oxygen species may exhaust the antioxidant capability of human defense systems, leading to oxidative stress and cancer development. Urinary F2-isoprostanes, secondary end products of lipid peroxidation, are more accurate markers of oxidative stress than other available biomarkers. No prospective study has investigated whether levels of 15-F2t-Isop and its metabolite (15-F2t-IsopM) are related to breast cancer risk. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study within the Shanghai Women’s Health Study, a population-based cohort study of 74,942 Chinese women between 40 and 70 years of age. Prediagnostic urinary 15-F2t-Isop and 15-F2t-IsopM were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for 436 breast cancer cases and 852 individually matched controls. Results Urinary excretion of isoprostanes was not significantly different between cases and controls. However, among overweight women, levels of isoprostanes were positively associated with breast cancer risk, which became stronger with increasing BMI. Among women with a BMI≥29, the odds ratio (OR) increased to10.27 (2.41-43.80) for the highest compared to the lowest tertile of 15-F2t-IsopM (p for trend, 0.003; p for interaction, 0.0004). In contrast, 15-F2t-Isopand 15-F2t-IsopM were inversely associated with breast cancer risk among non-overweight women. Among women with a BMI≤23, breast cancer risk was reduced with increasing 15-F2t-Isop levels in a dose-response manner (p for trend, 0.006), with an OR of 0.46 (95%CI: 0.26-0.80) for the highest tertile versus the lowest (p for interaction, 0.006). Conclusion Our results suggest that the role of oxidative stress in breast cancer development may depend on adiposity and menopausal status. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A92.
Space-Time Block Coded Reconfigurable MIMO Communication System Using ORIOL Antennas

In this paper, we present an open-loop reconfigurable multiple-input multiple-output system, employing ORIOL antennas at both ends of the communication system. The ORIOL is a compact dual-polarized reconfigurable antenna introduced in [1]. First, we provide a realistic model for our communication system based on measurements conducted using ORIOL antennas. Then, we analytically discuss the performance limits of the practical system and derive the maximum achievable diversity gains. Furthermore, we design a specific space-time block code that is capable of achieving such maximum diversity gains, without any feedback from the receiver. Finally, we evaluate the theoretical findings through measurements and simulations.
Factors Influencing School Psychologists’ “Willingness to Implement” Evidence-Based Interventions

Cognitive–behavioral interventions are effective in preventing and treating various child and adolescent mental health problems and are useful components in treating pediatric medical disorders. Schools are viewed as important settings for providing these services, and school psychologists have the potential to be key providers of these interventions. Unfortunately, implementation levels are low. This preliminary investigation examined the relative contributions of personal beliefs about an intervention, attitudes toward client problems, social factors, and organizational factors in school psychologists’ willingness to implement cognitive–behavioral interventions. A national sample of 124 school psychologists completed a multidimensional self-report measure of attitudes toward an intervention and the context for implementation after reading vignettes describing a client problem (either depression or diabetes) and an intervention strategy (which either did, or did not, include the involvement of the teacher). In addition to the particular client problem, beliefs about acceptability/efficacy of an intervention and organizational resources for it were most important in predicting school psychologists’ implementation commitment.
The in vitro transport of calcium by the frog intestine and the effect of vitamin D3

Abstract 1. 1. Calcium transport of everted gut sacs of the frog Rana pipiens was found to be higher in the duodenal than in the jejunal-ileal segments. 2. 2. Vitamin D 3 with ingestion of calcium ions increases calcium transport about 50 per cent higher in duodenum than in jejunum-ileum resulting in hypercalcemia after 24 hr. 3. 3. Sensitivity of gut to vitamin D 3 is greater in September when plasma calcium levels are high than in March when calcium levels are lower. 4. 4. In normal animals a linear relationship exists between plasma calcium and capacity to transport calcium in small intestine.
Lifestyle effects on homocysteine and an alcohol paradox.

The article by Koehler et al (1) in this issue of the Journal points out the complexity of causes of elevated total homocysteine concentrations (tHcy) in serum and, in particular, raises interesting issues concerning the relation of alcohol consumption to hyperhomocysteinemia. With the goal of defining the regulation of tHcy in aging, Koehler et al studied a cross section of 278 healthy elderly subjects living in New Mexico (mean age: 76 y); 61% of the subjects were women, 61% consumed an average of 21 alcoholic drinks/mo ( 2 drinks/d), and 65% used daily supplemental vitamins containing folic acid (400 � g), vitamin B-12 (6‐25 � g), and vitamin B-6 (2‐3 mg). Importantly, the study was performed in 1993, well before the advent of folic acid fortification of the US grain supply. After evaluating the data by linear multivariate analysis, the authors found that a significant inverse relation between tHcy and folate intake was limited to nonusers of supplements and that increasing age, serum creatinine, male sex, smoking (among only 3% of the group), and coffee or tea consumption (x : 2.3 cups/d) were all related to moderate increases in tHcy. Among the 168 users of alcoholic beverages, the nonquantified overall use of alcohol augmented the tHcy-lowering effect of food folate in those not taking vitamin supplements. However, when the data were broken down by quartiles, tHcy was significantly higher (by 1.3 � mol/L) in those consuming > 60 drinks/mo (> 2 drinks/d) than in those consuming < 30 drinks/mo (< 1 drink/d).
A Laplace‐transform‐based three‐dimensional BEM for poroelasticity

This paper presents the formulation and the numerical implementation of a three-dimensional direct boundary element method for the Biot theory of poroelasticity. To avoid the need of time-stepping and volume integration, the solution is performed in the Laplace transform space. Solution in time is obtained via numerical inversion. Several examples, including the settlement of a rectangular footing and a modified Mandel problem, are examined.
On the First-Order Autoregressive Process with Infinite Variance

For a first-order autoregressive process Yt = βYt−1 + ∈t where the ∈t'S are i.i.d. and belong to the domain of attraction of a stable law, the strong consistency of the ordinary least-squares estimator bn of β is obtained for β = 1, and the limiting distribution of bn is established as a functional of a Levy process. Generalizations to seasonal difference models are also considered. These results are useful in testing for the presence of unit roots when the ∈t'S are heavy-tailed.
QUANTUM 1/f EFFECT BASED ON QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY

The Quantum Information Theory Approach (QIT) explains for the first time the apparent lack of unitarity caused by the entropy increase in the Quantum 1/f Effect (Q1/fE). This allows for a deeper understanding of the quantum 1/f effect, showing no resultant entropy increase and therefore no violation of unitarity in the quantum-mechanical dynamical evolution. This new interpretation involves the von Neumann Quantum Entropy, including the negative conditional entropy concept for quantum entangled states introduced by QIT. The Q1/fE was applied to many high-tech systems, in particular to ultra small electronic devices in nanotechnology. The present paper explains how the additional entropy implied by the observed 1/f noise arises in spite of the entropy-conserving evolution of the system. On this basis, a derivation of the conventional and coherent quantum 1/f effect is given. The latter is derived from a non-relativistic form of the branch-point propagator derived by excluding the long range Coulomb interaction from the interaction hamiltonian. The paper concludes with examples of practical applications in various devices and systems, allowing for a new characterization of high technology.
An expert system interface and data requirements for the integrated product design and manufacturing process

Database technology has been successfully applied to the traditional data processing environment where data are represented by well-formatted records. There is a growing interest in extending this database technology to more advanced application environments such as VLSI CAD/CAM, cartography, etc., where data are less structured and have very complex semantics. In this paper, we describe the data interactions in the design and manufacturing phases which are necessary to integrate the two phases automatically. These data requirements are part of an integrated information support system geared towards the “make to order” design and manufacturing process. An expert system translator to carry out the integration is described and demonstrated in an example. An overall goal of our research is to determine the database support necessary for a completely integrated information support system for generic design and manufacturing processes.
Chronic Lung Disease, Polycythemia and Congestive Heart Failure Cardiorespiratory, Vascular and Renal Adjustments in Cor Pulmonale

The relationship of chronic lung disease, congestive heart failure and polycythemia has been examined in 32 subjects including "normal" and "abnormal" controls. The study revealed differences and similarities between cor pulmonale and other types of heart disease. The observations demonstrated a correlation between arterial oxygen tension, as calculated from oxygen content and oxygen capacity, and pulmonary artery pressure. Lowered renal clearance was present in all instances of congestive failure, irrespective of its etiology or of the resting level of cardiac output. It seemed from this preliminary study that bleeding a polycythemic subject with chronic lung disease uncovers a state of oxygen unsaturation that may reflect the conditions which originally led to the development of secondary polycythemia. The possible significance of "oxygen transport" and of altered blood fluidity on the mechanism of heart failure in chronic lung disease is discussed.
Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics: Speciation and extinction

The identity of plants and animals rendered by pre-historic artists in cave paintings, rock art, and sculpture is usually recognizable. With the development of language, plants and animals were given names, but a systematic categorization arose more recently when Carl Linnaeus introduced the idea of species as a binomial nomenclature of grouping organisms by genus and species. These early forms of pictorial, vernacular, and formal means of identifying groups of animals and plants were unaltered by later knowledge of evolution and phylogeny. Categorization simply recognizes the following three obvious properties of nature. First, individuals (like matter in the universe) tend to be clumped rather than randomly or uniformly spread across the space of all imaginable morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors. This clumping of individuals around discrete types can to us be conspicuous – it's hard to misidentify an elephant. However, for some species, it can be really tricky. For example, both humans and male hummingbirds find it nigh impossible to distinguish the species identity of certain female hummingbirds. But, whether tightly clumped (as a planet or asteroid) or only vaguely clumped (more nebula-like), individuals can and seem to be naturally ordered as discrete kinds. Second, long before Darwin, heritability was recognized by the fact that kinds tended to breed among themselves (assortative mating). Assortative mating can be socially or geographically imposed, or it can be due to physical constraints (elephants and hummingbirds cannot breed in any circumstance). Of course, hybrids occur; yet the very concept of a “hybrid” implies that organisms can be grouped by heritable characteristics and that crossings between groups produce novel, yet predictable, mixes of heritable traits. […]
Selected Contribution: PKC activation inhibits Ca2+ signaling in tracheal epithelial cells kept in simulated microgravity

Microgravity has been shown to alter protein kinase C (PKC) activity; therefore, we investigated whether microgravity influences mechanically stimulated Ca2+signaling and ATP-induced Ca2+ oscillati...
Keeping the Faith with the Independent Source Foundations of Inevitable Discovery: Why Courts Should Follow Justice Breyer’s Active and Independent Pursuit Approach from Hudson v. Michigan

Hudson v. Michigan could have been the Supreme Court case that resolved the decades-old inevitable discovery circuit split. Instead, the majority sidestepped an inevitable discovery analysis, while Justice Breyer’s dissent advocated an active and independent pursuit approach to inevitable discovery. The Hudson majority held that the officers’ knock-and-announce violation was too attenuated to justify excluding the unlawfully obtained evidence, and therefore they did not need to reach the inevitable discovery question. However, the majority wrote in dictum that the officers’ knock-and-announce violation was not a “but-for cause” of their obtaining the evidence in the defendant’s apartment, suggesting the officers would have discovered the evidence had they complied with the rule. Justice Breyer, conversely, rejected the majority’s dictum as an invitation for widespread Fourth Amendment violations. He recognized the majority’s circular logic as a departure from the Court’s original articulation of the inevitable discovery exception in Nix v. Williams as a hypothetical independent source. An analysis faithful to that opinion would have barred the unlawfully recovered evidence in Hudson.Justice Breyer is correct. Lower courts should read Nix v. Williams to require the active and independent pursuit of a hypothetical independent source to satisfy inevitable discovery. To that end, this Comment proposes a new approach for courts to use to properly and consistently apply the inevitable discovery exception. This newly crafted test requires that “independence” for a hypothetical independent source be established by a standard but-for causation analysis rooted in the independent source doctrine. Then, the test borrows from the Model Penal Code’s provision on the actus reus of attempt to guide courts in their analysis of active pursuit. Active pursuit is satisfied when the government shows a substantial step strongly corroborative of the government’s intent to pursue the independent source of the evidence. This Comment’s innovative approach protects against police violations of the Fourth Amendment and provides protections for privacy and the sanctity of the home, while allowing the state to retain evidence for prosecution when they actually pursue a truly independent source. The test also prevents courts’ use of speculative facts on open-ended policy analyses in applying the inevitable discovery exception.
Minimizing Canal Capacity for Irrigated Rice

Improved formulas are developed for calculating the maximum canal or pump capacity needed for lowland rice rotational irrigation system design. The conventional and modified conventional formulas are derived from assumptions that cannot be satisfied during irrigation system operation. This induces water usage and management inefficiencies into the system. Analysis of the conventional and modified conventional formulas with the rotational irrigation system management practices isolates several criteria to be used in integrating design and operation. By this integration, irrigation system efficiency is increased. The maximum capacity given by the improved formulas is smaller than that required by the conventional and modified conventional formulas. This allows the use of smaller canals or an enlargement of the area, or both, serviced by a given water supply flow rate.
Onset of Evening Chorus in Tibicen marginalis (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

Onset of evening chorus in Tibicen marginalis (Walker) var. dealbata (Davis) was documented for a total of 83 days in 1971, 1977, and 1978, as were associated climatic variables. Expressed in crep units, onset occurs after sunset in early and late summer, but close to sunset during midsummer in Albuquerque, NM. On overcast evenings onset often occurs before sunset. A stepwise multiple regression showed that variables associated significantly with onset were light intensity (log lux), change in barometric pressure in the hour before onset, and season. Seasonal shifts in onset may be due to the interaction of ontogenetic changes in thresholds with simultaneous changes in significant environmental variables.