cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judicial processing of males and females charged with prostitution

Abstract The judicial processing of 2859 male and female prostitutes by the prosecutors and courts of a large, south central Texas metropolitan area for the years 1973–1985 was examined in order to determine how legal and extralegal variables were related to process outcomes. Three outcomes were examined: disposition (guilt or innocence), judgment (probation or jail), and sentence length. Those more likely to be found guilty were women, repeaters, and minorities who were nonrepeaters. Those more likely to be sent to jail were heterosexual offenders, minorities, and minority nonrepeaters. Sex, per se , was not a factor in judgment: at the point of sentencing, women were treated the same as men. Those sentenced most harshly were minorities. The systematic punishment of nonrepeaters suggests that the system seeks to deter rather than punish those processed for prostitution.
Active transport of foreign amino acids by rat lung slices.

Abstract Uptake of amino acids by rat lung slices was investigated using the 14 C-labeled nonmetabolized foreign compounds 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (cycloleucine) and α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). When incubated with slices suspended in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer phosphate-glucose solution (pH 7.4) at 37°, cycloleucine was accumulated in the tissue against a concentration gradient by a saturable process that was inhibited by anaerobic conditions, low temperature, ouabain, iodoacetic acid, 2,4-dinitrophenol and N -ethylmaleimide. Uptake was depressed by AIB, glycine and l -methionine but not by d -ornithine, 3-O- methyl - d - glucose , phenol red or disodium cromoglycate. Phenol red enhanced cycloleucine accumulation. AIB was taken up by lung slices by a process similar to that seen with cycloleucine, and uptake was depressed by cycloleucine, glycine and l -methionine but not by d -ornithine. From the initial rates of saturable transport of cycloleucine and AIB, V max and K m values were calculated. l -Methionine was a competitive inhibitor of the transport of both cycloleucine and AIB.
Diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of patients with chronic leukemia.

Abstract Objectives To provide an update on the impact of new information about the molecular biology of chronic leukemia and new treatment modalities available to patients. Data sources Published articles, books, and research studies. Conclusion There has been significant progress in the diagnosis and management of chronic myeloid and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New therapies provide more options for patients and longer treatment periods. Implications for nursing practice With increasing treatment options and longer survival, patients with chronic myelogenous or chronic lymphocytic leukemia need increased education, support, and assistance with symptom management. Nurses caring for these patients must remain knowledgeable about new treatments and their management.
Ambient hydration of near-surface region in H/D Implanted fused silica☆

Abstract Fused silica glass implanted with 20 keV H/D ions is characterized by a saturation concentration of 1.0–1.5 × 1021 H/D cm−3 as determined by elastic recoil detection (ERD). Remeasurement of implanted samples after a lapsed time of ∼ 6 yr revealed an enhanced hydration level over the implant range (∼ 2−3 ×). These results were verified on newly implanted 20 keV-H samples which were exposed to humid air (90% RH/70°C) for 2 periods of approximately 4 d each. The initial implant concentration saturation values can be understood as representing the maximum number of SiOH sites available and is in agreement with experimental gas-loading values and are of the same order as the theoretical number of such sites. The increased values seen upon exposure to humid air are interpreted as due to the in-diffusion of molecular water and reaction with strained bonds to form SiOH entities at sites near the surface in the implantation-altered structure.
Delayed management of facial fractures.

It is generally agreed that best results in the treatment of facial fractures may be expected if the reduction is done within the first few days after the injury; unfortunately, due to a number of factors, this is not always possible. Excluding inevitable delay associated with distance from a suitable medical unit, and failure of complete diagnosis and appreciation of the facial injury, the most frequent reasons for delaying the treatment of facial fractures are serious concomitant injuries which take precedence in management. The most common of these, and certainly the most serious, is a cerebral injury; yet, despite the fact that neurologic levels usually become stable within 10 days after injury, some of these accident victims continue to receive attention to their more obvious injuries, and repair of the facial skeleton is frequently postponed too long, and thus, for one reason or another, delay in specific treatment is not an uncommon sequence following admission to hospital.
The M5 muscarinic receptor as possible target for treatment of drug abuse

Two reports published in the latter 1980s are generally given credit for being the first to announce the discovery of a new subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), designated m5 or M5, and now officially M(5) (1). Both identifications were assigned using molecular biology techniques. Then - as now - no selective high-affinity ligands or toxins were available. In situ hybridization and reverse-transcriptase PCR have found M(5) AChR expression in brain to be distinct from that of the four other G protein-coupled mAChR subtypes and primarily localized to the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus (CA1 and CA2 subfields), cerebral cortex (outermost layer) and striatum (caudate putamen). M(5) AChR brain region localization and involvement in the regulation of striatal dopamine release and in rewarding brain stimulation suggests a possible role for M(5) AChR as a target for novel therapy to treat excess hedonic drive, including drug abuse.
Adsorption of elemental S on Ni(100) surfaces

Abstract We have studied the adsorption of elemental S on Ni(100) surfaces by LEED, AES, TDS and WF measurements in UHV. We compared the measurements to those of reported investigations, most of which used H 2 S as sulfur source. The elemental S, at room temperature, is grown on Ni(100) in a layer by layer mode. Sulfur forms the p(2 × 2), initially, and subsequently the c(2 × 2) structure at the completion of the first S layer. The second layer is disordered. These findings are in contrast with most of the published papers which report that the S on Ni(100) saturates in the first layer, its sticking coefficient decreases drastically and it does not desorb before 1200 K. Deposition of S, at RT, increases the work function of Ni by 0.25 eV. Heating before the desorption temperature (1100 K) of S causes: (a) a rearrangement of Ni atoms with a possible diffusion of Ni from the bulk to the surface, having the tendency to interact with the S overlayer and (b) an increase of the WF change close to 0.4 eV, the value reported after the exposure of Ni(100) to H 2 S and subsequent heating. The AES and WF variation are related to a recently reported difference in electronic structure between the p(2 × 2)S and c(2 × 2)S structures.
Predicting safer sex practices: The interactive role of partner cooperation and cognitive factors

This study integrates aspects of cognitive and social contextual approaches to understanding the practice of safer sex. Study participants were 398 unmarried college students attending one of two institutions of higher education in Texas. As predicted, individuals who perceived more cooperation from their sexual partner to practice safer sex were significantly more likely to do so than those who saw their partners as uncooperative. Especially important, as predicted, partner cooperation also moderated the relationship between cognitive and behavioral predictors and safer sex. These moderation findings demonstrate that partner cooperation limits the range of operation of psychological factors that have been shown in previous research to play a significant role in deciding to practice safer sex.
Preparation and characterization of polyelectrolyte copolymers containing methyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. I. Polymers based on methacrylic acid

Acidic polyelectrolyte copolymers containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methacrylic acid (MAA) were prepared by free radical polymerization to high conversion in solution. Copolymer yields were obtained by gravimetry (all in the 30–50% range), relative molecular weights estimated by intrinsic viscosity measurements (all in the 50–70 cc/g range), tacticity by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (all polymers predominantly syndiotactic with some atactic content), and composition by acid/base titrations in conjunction with 1H-NMR spectroscopy (all close to the monomer charge ratios). Acid strengths or apparent pKa's were examined as a function of extent of ionization. Measurements performed in water indicated that the compact/extended coil transformation in predominantly syndiotactic polymethacrylic acid occurs also in copolymers of similar tacticity containing moderate to high concentrations of MAA. The apparent pKa of such polymers containing only small amounts of MAA did not vary with extent of ionization, indicating a low degree of interaction between the acid groups. In copolymer pairs containing similar amounts of MAA but differing HEMA and MMA contents, the polymer containing more HEMA appeared the stronger acid, presumably due to a better solvation of that polymer which would increase the net spatial charge–charge separation and decrease cooperative effects that lead to suppressed ionization.
On physical property tensors invariant under line groups

The form of physical property tensors of a quasi-one-dimensional material such as a nanotube or a polymer can be determined from the point group of its symmetry group, one of an infinite number of line groups. Such forms are calculated using a method based on the use of trigonometric summations. With this method, it is shown that materials invariant under infinite subsets of line groups have physical property tensors of the same form. For line group types of a family of line groups characterized by an index n and a physical property tensor of rank m, the form of the tensor for all line group types indexed with n > m is the same, leaving only a finite number of tensor forms to be determined.
Can Humanized Mice Reflect the Complex Pathobiology of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders?

There is a rebirth of humanized mouse models in reflecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathobiology. This has allowed new investigations of viral diversity, immunity and developmental therapeutics. In the past, HIV infection and disease were, in part, mirrored in immune deficient mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells. What remained from early studies reflected the ability to mirror central nervous system (CNS) disease. As the wide spread use of combination antiretroviral therapies has changed the severity, but not prevalence, of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), mimicking such virus-induced CNS morbidities in humanized animals is essential for HIV/AIDS research activities. To this end, we now review the evidence for how and under what circumstances humanized mice may be utilized for studies of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
Double-valve replacement with Medtronic-Hall or St. Jude valve

To define better the performance of the bileaflet St. Jude and the tilting-disc Medtronic-Hall valves, we retrospectively analyzed 122 patients (St. Jude, 80 patients; Medtronic-Hall, 42 patients) who received simultaneous aortic and mitral replacement from May 1984 until June 1994. The two groups were not different with respect to preoperative clinical and hemodynamic parameters and New York Heart Association functional class. The hospital mortality and late mortality were not significantly different. Risk analysis identified advanced age and previous myocardial revascularization as predictors of operative death. Follow-up was complete in 96 of 103 hospital survivors (93%) and was similar in both groups. The actuarial survival, linearized rates of valve-related complications, and actuarial freedom from valve-related complications were similar in both cohorts. The presence of coronary artery disease negatively influenced the actuarial survival after simultaneous aortic and mitral valve replacement. Postoperative New York Heart Association functional class was not significantly different in either group. These data indicate that the Medtronic-Hall and St. Jude prostheses are not significantly different with respect to their clinical performance and valve-related complications for simultaneous double-valve replacement.
Association Analysis of the FTO Gene with Obesity in Children of Caucasian and African Ancestry Reveals a Common Tagging SNP

Recently an association was demonstrated between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs9939609, within the FTO locus and obesity as a consequence of a genome wide association (GWA) study of type 2 diabetes in adults. We examined the effects of two perfect surrogates for this SNP plus 11 other SNPs at this locus with respect to our childhood obesity cohort, consisting of both Caucasians and African Americans (AA). Utilizing data from our ongoing GWA study in our cohort of 418 Caucasian obese children (BMI>or=95th percentile), 2,270 Caucasian controls (BMI<95th percentile), 578 AA obese children and 1,424 AA controls, we investigated the association of the previously reported variation at the FTO locus with the childhood form of this disease in both ethnicities. The minor allele frequencies (MAF) of rs8050136 and rs3751812 (perfect surrogates for rs9939609 i.e. both r(2) = 1) in the Caucasian cases were 0.448 and 0.443 respectively while they were 0.391 and 0.386 in Caucasian controls respectively, yielding for both an odds ratio (OR) of 1.27 (95% CI 1.08-1.47; P = 0.0022). Furthermore, the MAFs of rs8050136 and rs3751812 in the AA cases were 0.449 and 0.115 respectively while they were 0.436 and 0.090 in AA controls respectively, yielding an OR of 1.05 (95% CI 0.91-1.21; P = 0.49) and of 1.31 (95% CI 1.050-1.643; P = 0.017) respectively. Investigating all 13 SNPs present on the Illumina HumanHap550 BeadChip in this region of linkage disequilibrium, rs3751812 was the only SNP conferring significant risk in AA. We have therefore replicated and refined the association in an AA cohort and distilled a tag-SNP, rs3751812, which captures the ancestral origin of the actual mutation. As such, variants in the FTO gene confer a similar magnitude of risk of obesity to children as to their adult counterparts and appear to have a global impact.
Influence of Glycol Molecular Configuration on Friction

Boundary or mixed friction studies on a wide range of synthetic lubricants and mineral oils demonstrated that ethylene glycol gave higher static friction and much lower kinetic friction than did other lubricants tested. To investigate this unusual properly of ethylene glycol, poly-hydroxy alcohols of various molecular configurations were evaluated. The results indicate, that kinetic friction increases and static friction decreases as either the number of atoms between primary hydroxyl groups increases or primary hydroxyl groups are replaced with secondary hydroxyl groups. Surface coatings containing oxidation products of the glycols are believed to be responsible for the observed friction characteristics. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 16–18, 1962.
A biosystematic study of Pacific Northwestern blue-eyed grasses (Sisyrinchium, Iridaceae)

Thirteen species of blue-eyed grasses had been described for the Pacific Northwest prior to this study. Contemporary taxonomic treatments vary; some authors recognize several of the taxa as valid species, others recognize only one highly variable, widely distributed species. Work has been directed to achieve an understanding of the biological integrity of all previously described species within the northwest. Living plants from natural populations were utilized in controlled artificial hybridization experiments, analysis of breeding systems, and cytological investigations. Hybrids of intraand interspecific crosses were examined for pollen fertility, and investigated cytologically for meiotic behavior. Eight genetically compatible groups are indicated from these experiments. Additional information gained from cytological analysis, breeding systems, ecology, distribution, and morphological studies substantiates the recognition of each genetically compatible group at the specific level, including the new species,S. hitchcockii, from southern Oregon. The following taxa are recognized for the Pacific Northwest: tetraploids (n = 16)S. bellum S. Wats.,S. halophilum Greene,S. septentrionale E. P. Bicknell; octoploids (n = 32)S. idahoense E. P. Bicknell (including the vars.segetum,macounii, andoccidentale), andS. hitchcockii D. Henderson; duodecaploids (n = 48)S. idahoense E. P. Bicknell var.idahoense, S. littorale Greene,S. montanum Greene, andS. sarmentosum Suksd. ex Greene.
Protein Phosphatase X Interacts with c-Rel and Stimulates c-Rel/Nuclear Factor κB Activity

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the Rel family of proteins are pleiotropic transcription factors that play central roles in the immune and inflammatory responses, as well as apoptosis. Here, we identified a serine/threonine protein phosphatase X (PPX; also called protein phosphatase 4 (PP4)) that specifically associated with c-Rel, NF-κB p50, and RelA. The amino acid sequences of human and mouse PPX are 100% identical, and the PPX gene was mapped to human chromosome 16 p11.2. Overexpression of PPX, but not catalytically inactive PPX mutants, stimulated the DNA-binding activity of c-Rel and activated NF-κB-mediated transcription. These results suggest that PPX is a novel activator of c-Rel/NF-κB.
Optimal informational discrepancies for persistent communication

Motivation for accuracy was predicted to lead to an inverted-U effect of interpersonal disagreement on amount of task-relevant discussion. A method was developed for experimentally creating interpersonal discrepancies along two dimensions—implicational structure (IS) and content of information—and validated on 130 undergraduate subjects. Subsequently, 3 levels of discrepancy in IS and in content were produced within 36 randomly composed dyads, all of whom were motivated for accuracy of decisions. Amount of talking was significantly greater in the intermediate IS discrepancy dyads than in the low or high IS discrepancy dyads. Content discrepancy in itself had no significant effect. The results support an optimal arousal hypothesis of communication, and point to a limitation in the linear discrepancy hypothesis.
Devotional gardening tools

Gardening as an activity is devotional, built on the idea that through practice and effort, particular results can be obtained. Devotion is performative, taking time, skill, and repetition to get the results that you want. Human-scale farming depends on the labor of people to get things done, relying on hand tools and particular kinesthetic actions to change the earth in a plot. Digital media technologies afford the creation of tools that can materialize rhetoric, creating alternate functionality emphasizing issues of practice through use. Creating gardening implements that build on the repetitive physical nature of gardening work allows handwork to become something broader: representative of, more reflexive and meditative technological practice. \
Estimation of cross sectional and panel data censored regression models with endogeneity

It is very difficult to deal with endogeneity in limited dependent variables models. Unless strong assumptions are made on the exact relationship between the endogenous regressors and the instruments, it is generally not possible to apply instrumental variable type techniques. This paper derives moment conditions that are useful in estimating censored regression models with endogenous regressors. These moment conditions are motivated by panel data censored regression models with predetermined (but not strictly exogenous) explanatory variables, but the main insight is also applicable to cross sectional models with endogenous explanatory variables.
The effect of Hurricane Lili on the distribution of organic matter along the inner Louisiana shelf (Gulf of Mexico, USA)

Abstract On October 3, 2002 Hurricane Lili made landfall on a previously studied region of the inner Louisiana shelf as a Category 2 storm with winds over 160 km/h. A week after the hurricane, major impacts of the storm were not evident in the water column except for the lower than expected inshore salinities (∼12 psu) for this time of year, which was characterized by low river discharge. Turbidity profiles were typical of those measured during previous investigations with suspended sediment concentrations >75 mg/L at inshore stations and Post hurricane sediment deposition throughout the study area resulted in a storm layer that ranged from
The number of clone orderings

Abstract This article provides an exponential generating function and a recurrence relation for computing the number of topologically distinct clone orderings. Denote the number of maps for n clones by c(n) and define the exponential generating function C(x)= ∑ n=0 ∞ c(n) x n n! . We show c(1) = 1, c(2) = 2, c(3) = 10, and, for n > 3, that c(n) = (4n−5)c(n−1)−(4n−7) c(n−2) + (n−2)c(n−3). We show c(n)∼ e 3 8 2 8n ( 4n e ) n We also prove that C(x) = exp ( 1+ 2x− 1−4x) 4 .
Using an innovative multiple regression procedure in a cancer population (Part II): fever, depressive affect, and mobility problems clarify an influential symptom pair (pain–fatigue/weakness) and cluster (pain–fatigue/weakness–sleep problems)

BACKGROUND Most patients with advanced cancer experience symptom pairs or clusters among pain, fatigue, and insomnia. However, only combinations where symptoms are mutually influential hold potential for identifying patient subgroups at greater risk, and in some contexts, interventions with "cross-over" (multisymptom) effects. Improved methods to detect and interpret interactions among symptoms, signs, or biomarkers are needed to reveal these influential pairs and clusters. I recently created sequential residual centering (SRC) to reduce multicollinearity in moderated regression, which enhances sensitivity to detect these interactions. METHODS I applied SRC to moderated regressions of single-item symptoms that interact to predict outcomes from 268 palliative radiation outpatients. I investigated: 1) the hypothesis that the interaction, pain × fatigue/weakness × sleep problems, predicts depressive affect only when fever presents, and 2) an exploratory analysis, when fever is absent, that the interaction, pain × fatigue/weakness × sleep problems × depressive affect, predicts mobility problems. In the fever context, three-way interactions (and derivative terms) of the four symptoms (pain, fatigue/weakness, fever, sleep problems) are tested individually and simultaneously; in the non-fever context, a single four-way interaction (and derivative terms) is tested. RESULTS Fever interacts separately with fatigue/weakness and sleep problems; these comoderators each magnify the pain-depressive affect relationship along the upper or full range of pain values. In non-fever contexts, fatigue/weakness, sleep problems, and depressive affect comagnify the relationship between pain and mobility problems. CONCLUSION Different mechanisms contribute to the pain × fatigue/weakness × sleep problems interaction, but all depend on the presence of fever, a sign/biomarker/symptom of proinflammatory sickness behavior. In non-fever contexts, depressive affect is no longer an outcome representing malaise from the physical symptoms of sickness, but becomes a fourth symptom of the interaction. In outpatient subgroups at heightened risk, single interventions could potentially relieve multiple symptoms when fever accompanies sickness malaise and in non-fever contexts with mobility problems. SRC strengthens insights into symptom pairs/clusters.
Using Campaign Advertisements to Assess Campaign Processes

ABSTRACT Scholars seeking to examine the effect that campaign processes have on election outcomes have focused largely on the behavior of voters. In contrast, the behavior of candidates, particularly with respect to the information that candidates communicate to voters, has received limited attention in the literature. The dearth of work in this area stems in part from a paucity of data that allows candidate behavior to be reliably and systematically measured. In this paper I assess a data source that may be used to overcome this limitation: televised campaign advertisements. After discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these data, I offer a sample analysis using data collected from all available campaign advertisements produced by candidates competing in the 1976 through 1996 presidential campaigns. Specifically, I examine the factors that influence these candidates' decisions to address concerns that are salient to the public in their campaign messages.
Mitigating denial-of-service attacks in MANET by incentive-based packet filtering: A game-theoretic approach

Defending against denial-of-service attacks (DoS) in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is challenging because the network topology is dynamic and nodes are selfish. In this paper, we propose a DoS mitigation technique that uses digital signatures to verify legitimate packets, and drop packets that do not pass the verification. Since nodes are selfish, they may not perform the verification in order to avoid paying the overhead. A bad packet that escapes verification along the whole network path will bring a penalty to all its forwarders. A network game can be formulated in which nodes along a network path, in optimizing their own benefits, are encouraged to act collectively to filter out bad packets. Analytical results show that Nash equilibrium can be attained for players in the proposed game, and significant benefits can be provided to forwarders such that many of the bad packets will be eliminated by verification.
Amyloidosis presenting with intractable epistaxis and multiple cranial neuropathies.

The amyloidoses are heterogeneous disorders characterized by interstitial deposition of proteinaceous fibrils, arranged in cross-beta pleated sheets. Many diverse proteins are capable of undergoing conformational changes and polymerization to produce these fibrils; the fibrils are insoluble, resistant to proteolysis, and often cytotoxic.1 Monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains produce the fibrils in primary amyloidosis, which comprises some 75% of amyloidosis cases seen at tertiary referral centers.1 Neuropathy occurs in approximately 15% of primary amyloidosis cases, typically manifesting as an axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, or both.1,2⇓ Certain familial amyloidoses, particularly type IV, commonly produce cranial neuropathies,1 but multiple cranial neuropathies are uncommon in primary amyloidosis.1-3⇓⇓ We report a patient in whom primary amyloidosis presented with intractable epistaxis and multiple cranial neuropathies. A 59-year-old right-handed woman had first developed recurrent, unexplained epistaxis about 7 years previously. Over the next 2 years, she additionally experienced persistent …
Motion of foreign bodies in boson systems

Abstract The system studied is a foreign particle interacting with a gas of bosons. Particular attention is paid to the case of a foreign ion coupled to the atoms by a hard core potential plus a long range polarization potential. The essential features of the problem appear in a self-consistent field approximation. A finite fraction of the atoms is in a single particle state which is spatially inhomogeneous relative to the ion and forms a condensate. There is an enhanced density of bosons near the ion. The velocity flow pattern is such that the ion pushes fluid away directly ahead of itself, but there is a reversed dipolar flow far from the ion. The effective mass is very high; it is greater than the number of atoms contained in a volume 4 3 πb 3 . The parameter b is the distance where the polarization energy becomes comparable to the boson-boson interaction energy. An outline is given of a systematic theory which includes corrections to the above-mentioned results arising from the zero-point energy shift of the oscillations of the coupled ion-boson system.
The Terms of Agreement: Indexing Epistemic Authority and Subordination in Talk-in-Interaction

Within the general framework of agreement on a state of affairs, the matter of the terms of agreement can remain: determining whose view is the more significant or more authoritative with respect to the matter at hand. In this paper we focus on this issue as it is played out in assessment sequences. We examine four practices through which a second speaker can index the independence of an agreeing assessment from that of a first speaker, and in this way can qualify the agreement. We argue that these practices reduce the responsiveness of the second assessment to the first; in this way they resist any claim to epistemic authority that may be indexed by the first speaker in “going first” in assessing some state of affairs.
A 0.5-V 1-Msample/s 60-dB SNDR Track-and-Hold Circuit

A 0.5V 1Msps track-and-hold (T/H) circuit with a 60dB SNDR is presented. The fully-differential circuit is implemented in a 0.25mum CMOS technology, with standard 0.6V VT devices, and uses true low voltage design techniques i.e. with no clock and no voltage boosting
Solubilization Kinetics of Triacyl Glycerol and Hydrocarbon Emulsion Droplets in a Micellar Solution

Solubilization of oil molecules in surfactant micelles can have pronounced effects on the physicochemical properties of oil-in-water emulsions, e.g., reaction rates, distribution of nonpolar ingredients, emulsion stability and controlled flavor release. Static light-scattering was used to compare the solubilization kinetics of corn oil droplets with those of n-hexadecane droplets (phi = 0.02 wt%, d32 = 0.3 micrometers) in a micellar surfactant solution (2 wt% Tween 20). The n-hexadecane droplets were completely solubilized by the micelles within 5 days, but no change was observed in the corn oil emulsion. Possible reasons for the observed differences in solubilization kinetics were related to the molecular geometry and size of the oil molecules.
Yeasts associated with the infrabuccal pocket and colonies of the carpenter ant Camponotus vicinus.

After scanning electron microscopy indi- cated that the infrabuccal pockets of carpenter ants (Camponotus vicinus) contained numerous yeast-like cells, yeast associations were examined in six colonies of carpenter ants from two locations in Benton Coun- ty in western Oregon. Samples from the infrabuccal- pocket contents and worker ant exoskeletons, inte- rior galleries of each colony, and detritus and soil around the colonies were plated on yeast-extract/ malt-extract agar augmented with 1 M hydrochloric acid and incubated at 25 C. Yeasts were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics and physi- ological attributes with the BIOLOGt microbial iden- tification system. Yeast populations from carpenter ant nest material and material surrounding the nest differed from those obtained from the infrabuccal pocket. Debaryomyces polymorphus was isolated more often from the infrabuccal pocket than from other material. This species has also been isolated from other ant species, but its role in colony nutrition is unknown.
Simultaneous adsorptive stripping voltammetric measurements of trace chromium, uranium, and iron in the presence of cupferron

The ligand cupferron is used for the simultaneous adsorptive stripping voltammetric measurements of several trace metals. Experimental variables affecting such multielement capability, including the cupferron concentration, adsorption time or metal concentration are explored. Adequate resolution is demonstrated for up to five metals (FeIII, UVI, CrVI, VV, and BiIII), present at the ppb concentration level. Possible changes in peak heights, associated with competition for the complexing ligand and/or coadsorption effects, are explored. Different concentration ratios of the mixture components can be tolerated. Applicability to groundwater or river-water samples is illustrated.
Watershed development, environmental services, and poverty alleviation in India

Abstract Complementarity between conservation and productivity objectives makes watershed development attractive in semi-arid areas. A potential trade-off with poverty alleviation arises however because watershed development may benefit landholders while harming landless people, particularly herders and women. India has a history of highly innovative watershed projects in which downstream landholders share benefits by compensating landless people upstream for providing an environmental service. Most current projects, however, take alternative measures that ignore the issue of environmental services. Evidence from 70 villages in Maharashtra suggests the presence of poverty alleviation trade-offs, highlighting the potential value of more explicitly addressing compensation for environmental services.
Benefits and Harms of CT Screening for Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review

Context Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, resulting in a very low 5-year survival. Screening may reduce the risk of death from lung cancer. Objective To conduct a systematic review of the evidence regarding the benefits and harms of lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). A multisociety collaborative initiative (involving the American Cancer Society, American College of Chest Physicians, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network) was undertaken to create the foundation for development of an evidence-based clinical guideline. Data Sources MEDLINE (Ovid: January 1996 to April 2012), EMBASE (Ovid: January 1996 to April 2012), and the Cochrane Library (April 2012). Study Selection Of 591 citations identified and reviewed, 8 randomized trials and 13 cohort studies of LDCT screening met criteria for inclusion. Primary outcomes were lung cancer mortality and all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes included nodule detection, invasive procedures, follow-up tests, and smoking cessation. Data Extraction Critical appraisal using predefined criteria was conducted on individual studies and the overall body of evidence. Differences in data extracted by reviewers were adjudicated by consensus. Results Three randomized studies provided evidence on the effect of LDCT screening on lung cancer mortality, of which the National Lung Screening Trial was the most informative, demonstrating that among 53 454 participants enrolled, screening resulted in significantly fewer lung cancer deaths (356 vs 443 deaths; lung cancer−specific mortality, 247 vs 309 events per 100 000 person-years for LDCT and control groups, respectively; relative risk, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.73-0.93; absolute risk reduction, 0.33%; P = .004). The other 2 smaller studies showed no such benefit. In terms of potential harms of LDCT screening, across all trials and cohorts, approximately 20% of individuals in each round of screening had positive results requiring some degree of follow-up, while approximately 1% had lung cancer. There was marked heterogeneity in this finding and in the frequency of follow-up investigations, biopsies, and percentage of surgical procedures performed in patients with benign lesions. Major complications in those with benign conditions were rare. Conclusion Low-dose computed tomography screening may benefit individuals at an increased risk for lung cancer, but uncertainty exists about the potential harms of screening and the generalizability of results.
International human rights regime, neoliberalism, and women’s social rights, 1984–2004:

World polity scholars posit that the diffusion of world culture and norms increasingly influences human rights as well as women’s rights. However, previous research on women’s rights and policies o...
Urease activity in cultures and field populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium

Nitrogen availability is an important factor controlling phytoplankton abundance and species composition in marine waters. In addition to inorganic nitrogen, some phytoplankton species can use dissolved organic nitrogen sources such as urea for growth. Herein we demonstrate that axenic laboratory cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense strain CB301A and A. catenella strain TN9A were able to grow on urea as a sole nitrogen source in the presence of nickel. This nickel dependence suggests that these Alexandrium species hydrolyze urea into ammonia with the enzyme urease rather than adenosine triphosphate urea amidolyase. Cells grown on urea had lower toxin content (15%-30%) than f/2-grown cells. In A. fundyense the urease enzyme appears to be nitrogen-regulated. In culture experiments, enzyme activity was highest in nitrate-starved and urea-grown (replete) cells, whereas activity was undetectable in f/2-grown (replete) and phosphate-starved cells. Urease activity in ammonia-grown (replete) cells was also depressed. Urease activity also appeared to increase with decreasing nitrate-limited growth rate in semicontinuous cultures. May and June cruises in the Gulf of Maine followed the yearly bloom of A. fundyense. On average, inorganic nitrogen concentrations in May were higher than in June, whereas cell abundances, urea concentrations, and urease activity in May were lower than in June. The latter measurements relied on an immunomagnetic bead separation to isolate living A. fundyense cells from mixed phytoplankton samples for analysis. The differences between May and June suggest that urea may be important for Alexandrium nutrition as inorganic nitrogen concentrations in surface water decline.
Pseudo-non-contact mode: why it can give true atomic resolution

Abstract Pseudo-non-contact (PNC) mode of scanning in atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a modification of the contact mode while the AFM tip and sample are immersed in a rather diluted aqueous surfactant solution. An additional repulsion due to the presence of surfactant leads to a decrease of the tip–sample interaction, mostly friction, during scanning. Experiments have shown considerable improvement in the resolution over a regular contact scanning. In this paper, further theoretical evidence is suggested that the PNC mode is capable of reaching the true atomic resolution, i.e., imaging of atomic defects. Forces acting between the AFM tip and sample under surfactant solution were measured. These data were used to simulate behavior of the AFM tip while scanning in the vicinity of an atomic defect, vacancy. It is shown that the scan force needed to remove the topmost atom is considerably higher in the presence of surfactant. Consequently, a regular force of a few nano-Newtons can be used in imaging with true atomic resolution.
Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Improve Quadriceps Muscle Strength After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background The recovery of quadriceps muscle force and function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is suboptimal, which predisposes patients to disability with increasing age. Objective The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of quadriceps muscle neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), initiated 48 hours after TKA, as an adjunct to standard rehabilitation. Design This was a prospective, longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Methods Sixty-six patients, aged 50 to 85 years and planning a primary unilateral TKA, were randomly assigned to receive either standard rehabilitation (control) or standard rehabilitation plus NMES applied to the quadriceps muscle (initiated 48 hours after surgery). The NMES was applied twice per day at the maximum tolerable intensity for 15 contractions. Data for muscle strength, functional performance, and self-report measures were obtained before surgery and 3.5, 6.5, 13, 26, and 52 weeks after TKA. Results At 3.5 weeks after TKA, significant improvements with NMES were found for quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, functional performance, and knee extension active range of motion. At 52 weeks, the differences between groups were attenuated, but improvements with NMES were still significant for quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, functional performance, and some self-report measures. Limitations Treatment volume was not matched for both study arms; NMES was added to the standard of care treatment. Furthermore, testers were not blinded during testing, but used standardized scripts to avoid bias. Finally, some patients reached the maximum stimulator output during at least one treatment session and may have tolerated more stimulation. Conclusions The early addition of NMES effectively attenuated loss of quadriceps muscle strength and improved functional performance following TKA. The effects were most pronounced and clinically meaningful within the first month after surgery, but persisted through 1 year after surgery.
Improved Signal Control for Oversaturated Intersection

This paper studies signal control logic for isolated intersection in oversaturated conditions. Motivated by the need to improve adaptive control for oversaturated intersection, we examined the existing control logic and proposed enhancements in traffic prediction and delay estimation during system optimization. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the improvements in a simulation experiment where our new control logic is implemented on the CORSIM platform. The study compared our model with actuated control and other control algorithms. The notable reduction in delay signifies the importance of the proposed modeling improvements
Countless Deeds of Valour: Bacchylides 11

There was a time when the detractors of Bacchylides singled out his eleventh ode as inept even by Bacchylidean standards: it was like the unfortunate tenor who was so stupid that even the other tenors noticed. The time of such criticism is gone, and the unfavourable verdict against Bacchylides' ode has nearly disappeared as well. The mythical journey in time which proceeds from the building of Artemis' altar back to the madness of Proetus' daughters and back further to the quarrel between Proetus and Acrisius is no longer seen as rambling. Instead the ode's structure has been revealed as an elegant set of concentric rings. Proetus' unhappy daughters are no longer unwanted, for Bacchylides has woven images into and around their story which suggest the integration of young women into the structure of the Greek city: the girls' resistance to marriage (Hera) is overcome through the mediation of Artemis, and they are returned to their father at last fit to be wed to the men of Tiryns. The entire ode has now been described as a fitting song for a city delighting in a victory gained with the aid of Artemis.4 The ode's images have been analysed and found coherent. Epithets, once scorned as too plentiful and various to bear true meaning, have now been defended. And finally, for a wonder, the song has been singled out as an example of that very thing so routinely denied to Bacchylides: Pindaric style. But even the most complimentary treatments of the poem seem somehow to fall short of explaining how this song serves as proper and sufficient praise for Alexidamus, the boy from Metapontum who wrestled his way to victory at the Pythian games.
Metabolic and behavioral effects of a high-sucrose diet during weight loss

In response to evidence linking obesity and high amounts of dietary fat, the food industry has developed numerous reduced-fat and nonfat food items. These items frequently derive a relatively large percentage of their energy from sugars and the effect of these sugars on weight regulation is not well known. We studied the comparative effects of high- and low-sucrose, low-fat, hypoenergetic diets on a variety of metabolic and behavioral indexes in a 6-wk weight-loss program. Both diets contained approximately 4606 kJ energy/d with 11% of energy as fat, 19% as protein, and 71% as carbohydrate. The high-sucrose diet contained 43% of the total daily energy intake as sucrose; the low-sucrose diet contained 4% of the total daily energy intake as sucrose. Twenty women aged 40.6 +/- 8.2 y (mean +/- SD) with a body mass index (in kg/m2) of 35.93 +/- 4.8 consumed the high-sucrose diet; 22 women aged 40.3 +/- 7.3 y with a body mass index of 34.93 +/- 4.4 consumed the low-sucrose diet. Mixed-design analysis of variance showed a main effect of time (P < 0.01), with both diet groups showing decreases in weight, blood pressure, resting energy expenditure, percentage body fat, free triiodothyronine (FT3), urinary norepinephrine, and plasma lipids. Small but significant interactions were found between group and time in total cholesterol (P = 0.009) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P = 0.01). Both groups showed decreases in depression, hunger, and negative mood, and increases in vigilance and positive mood with time (P < 0.01). Results showed that a high sucrose content in a hypoenergetic, low-fat diet did not adversely affect weight loss, metabolism, plasma lipids, or emotional affect.
Islander: a database of precisely mapped genomic islands in tRNA and tmRNA genes

Genomic islands are mobile DNAs that are major agents of bacterial and archaeal evolution. Integration into prokaryotic chromosomes usually occurs site-specifically at tRNA or tmRNA gene (together, tDNA) targets, catalyzed by tyrosine integrases. This splits the target gene, yet sequences within the island restore the disrupted gene; the regenerated target and its displaced fragment precisely mark the endpoints of the island. We applied this principle to search for islands in genomic DNA sequences. Our algorithm identifies tDNAs, finds fragments of those tDNAs in the same replicon and removes unlikely candidate islands through a series of filters. A search for islands in 2168 whole prokaryotic genomes produced 3919 candidates. The website Islander (recently moved to http://bioinformatics.sandia.gov/islander/) presents these precisely mapped candidate islands, the gene content and the island sequence. The algorithm further insists that each island encode an integrase, and attachment site sequence identity is carefully noted; therefore, the database also serves in the study of integrase site-specificity and its evolution.
Helicobacter pylori and Severe Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial infection of the stomach, which may aggravate nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Studies have found conflicting evidence of the role of H. pylori in severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Several women suffering from weight loss and experiencing continued nausea and vomiting were tested for H. pylori antibody during their pregnancy. This article reviews the outcomes of women with both positive and negative H. pylori tests, the treatment of H. pylori, and its controversial role in managing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
A capacitively loaded half-wavelength tapped-stub resonator

This paper examines a new resonator which is created by adding capacitive loading to a half-wavelength tapped-stub resonator. This capacitively loaded resonator has the property that both the Q and the resonant frequency can be set independently. This property is important because it allows this resonator to be used as either a tracking filter which maintains a constant bandwidth or as a filter which can vary its Q while maintaining a fixed resonant frequency. In this paper, equations are derived for choosing capacitance values that yield a desired resonant frequency and value of Q. Examples of using this resonator as both a fixed-frequency variable-Q filter and a constant-bandwidth tracking filter are provided. Theoretical results are verified by measurements.