cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ableitbarkeit and Abfolge

Bolzano’s conception of what it is for a conclusion to follow from a set of premises has been a popular topic in recent scholarship as well as in more general work on logical consequence — (cf. van Benthem 1985, 2003; Etchemendy 1990; Siebel 1996, 2002; Tatzel 2002). Most commentators agree that Bolzano’s account fails, and my position is not essentially different.1 However, Bolzano’s views are both more complex and more interesting than one might assume. Bolzano’s account of consequence comprises not one but three distinct aspects: his conception of Ableitbarkeit (1837, §155), his conception of statistical inference (1837, §161) and his conception of Abfolge (1837, §162). On the one hand, the notion of Ableitbarkeit delivers a sophisticated and plausible semantic account of truth-preservation, and his generalisation of it to an account of statistical inference is also worthy of consideration. On the other hand, Bolzano’s attempt at a definition of Abfolge constitutes the basis of an account of a priori knowledge (see Chapter 8) that remains underappreciated and of a theory of justification and demonstration (Chapter 7) whose interest has been noticed by some authors, and in some cases even vindicated.
Abstract 163: Genetic Basis of Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis

Background: Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in the diseased heart, which can cause a loss of elasticity and contractile dysfunction. Cardiac fibrosis is a complex process driven by many path...
Non-autonomous cell proliferation in the mammary gland and cancer

Cells decide whether to grow and divide by integrating internal and external signals. Non-autonomous cell growth and proliferation occurs when microenvironmental signals from neighboring cells, both physical and secreted, license this decision. Understanding these processes is vital to developing an accurate framework for cell-cell interactions and cellular decision-making, and is useful for advancing new therapeutic strategies to prevent dysregulated growth. Here, we review some recent examples of non-autonomous cell growth in the mammary gland and tumor cell proliferation.
P201 Erroneous HLA-B allele typing by sequencing-based typing method that utilizes combinations of Sanger sequencing and rSSO typing

Allele-level HLA matching reduces graft-versus-host disease and improves overall patient survival after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Sanger sequencing has been the gold standard for allele-level HLA typing since 1996. The typing strategy typically employs the sequencing of exons 2 and 3 for HLA Class I and exon 2 for HLA Class II. These exons encode the antigen recognition domains and sequencing only these exons are considered to be clinically relevant for HSCT. Sanger sequencing results significant number of ambiguities in HLA typing due to partial sequencing of limited exons, inability to phase heterozygous alleles, and growing number of new HLA alleles. Additional typing methods are required to resolve phasing and ambiguity problems. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) permits sequencing of the entire HLA gene and generates unambiguous and phased-resolved HLA typing results up to four field levels. Here we describe an erroneous HLA-B allele typing by Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing (Genome Diagnostics B.V.) of an unrelated NMDP donor showed the following possible HLA types: B ∗ 15:01:01,18:14 or B ∗ 15:07:01,18:01:01 or B ∗ 15:07:01,18:17 N or B ∗ 15:07:03,18:01:10 . The B ∗ 15:01:01, B ∗ 15:07:01, B ∗ 18:01:01 , and B ∗ 18:14 are common and well-documented alleles. The high-definition reverse sequence-specific oligonucleotide (rSSO) typing (One Lambda) ruled out all possible types except B ∗ 15:01:01,18:14 . The rSSO bead for B ∗ 15:07:01 showed reactivity below the specified cutoff. We performed NGS typing on this sample, which enabled phasing of polymorphic positions 363 and 485 in exon 3 resulted unambiguous B ∗ 15:07:01,18:01:01 typing. In summary, the strategy of Sanger sequencing plus rSSO typing resulted in incorrect HLA-B assignment for the NMDP donor, which in turn caused the exclusion of matched donor. The incorrect HLA allele assignment can be detrimental to HSCT recipient survival. NGS provides the capability to phase polymorphisms thereby eliminating most ambiguities and provides high-resolution HLA typing without reflexive, time-consuming and expensive additional testing, and therefore NGS is the new gold standard for allele-level HLA typing.
Ego Development in Adulthood

Ego level theorists emphasize the role of abstract thinking and conceptual complexity in personality organization through the life span. They do not assess traits but rather how individuals create meaning and organize emotions and values. Ego levels are assessed by the sentence completion test, and high-level responses indicate that individuals accept conflict, cherish individuality and objectivity, and reject conformity in favor of striving towards self-realization, intrapsychic differentiation, and acknowledgement of interdependency. High ego level individuals are more open-minded, tolerant, and less authoritarian; they also display more intrapsychic differentiation and complexity of emotions and better impulse control. Ego levels are not related to adjustment per se; the latter is more likely to reflect the ability to dampen unpleasant affect. Ego levels are related to age in childhood, but not necessarily in adulthood or old age. In adulthood, growth of ego levels may reflect specific life paths such as stimulation, education, or career orientation.
Food retail market structure and produce purchases in the United States

Market concentration is associated with food prices, but little is known about the other potential economic consequences of market structure in food retailing. We create a novel dataset by merging IRI household‐level purchase records with Nielsen TDLinx data on store location and USDA Food Environment Atlas data to study the food market structure and produce purchases. Treating zip codes as markets, we find that increased market concentration is associated with decreased produce expenditures. This impact is larger in rural markets than in urban areas. In addition, the presence of most nontraditional store formats such as convenience stores and dollar stores is associated with decreased produce purchases. However, the opposite is true for club stores and natural/gourmet supermarkets. The estimated effects of market entry are small, supporting the literature on supermarket intervention studies. [EconLit citations: L1, D1, D4, R2].
The Suicidal Patient: A Multi-Media Teaching Approach

As part of the Continuing Medical Education Program of Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry, a live simulation was incorporated into a presentation on the management of the suicidal patient. An actress, carefully programmed to simulate details from an actual case, was interviewed both on videotape and live by a staff psychiatrist. The response of an audience composed of psychiatrists, physicians and medical students was exceptionally favorable. The respondents considered it an enjoyable and effective learning experience. The multimedia approach proved far more forceful and productive than a lecture alone. As a result of the overwhelming positive response, additional simulations are planned for future teaching in Psychiatry.
Transfer Operators on the Space of Densities

This chapter is focused on the study of an important class of transfer operators. As usual, we fix a non-invertible non-singular dynamical system \((X, {\mathcal B}, \mu, \sigma )\). Without loss of generality, we can assume that μ is a finite (even probability) measure because μ can be replaced by any measure equivalent to μ.
Bubbles and Fingers in Hele-Shaw Cells

The phenomena of viscous fingering in the flow of immiscible fluids in Hele-Shaw cells is discussed. Early work is reviewed and the present state of the theory is examined. It appears that the selection mechanisms by which small surface tension effects choose a particular solution from the continuum of solutions which exist when surface tension is neglected are now basically well understood. There are some uncertainties with respect to anomalously thin fingers, but there is good evidence that three-dimensional effects on the boundary conditions at the interface will resolve these questions and perturbation theories have been developed to handle these cases. Good progress has been made with regard to the stability of fingers, but questions remain with respect to the nature of finite amplitude instabilities. The theory for bubble selection and stability has been carried out but significant disagreements exist here between theory and experiment, which are probably caused by uncertainty about the boundary conditions for a retreating interface.
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Biomechanics of the Inner Ear in Fishes

Hearing in fishes is crucial to their survival underwater where sound provides a means for communication and information about the surrounding environment. In this article, propagation and transmission loss of underwater sound are described, simple models of acoustic sources and their relevance to fishes are presented, and acoustic characteristics of shallow water where the majority of fishes live are explained. Then the interaction of sound with fishes and the biomechanics of the peripheral auditory system are presented, including a summary of unique anatomical features in fishes that enhance auditory capability.
Relating Reported Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Iron and Steelmaking Process Details

Over the past few decades the carbon intensity of ironmaking and steelmaking has been reduced considerably through improved efficiency in blast furnace ironmaking, partial replacement of coke with less carbon-intensive fuels, and increased use of scrap and direct-reduced iron in steelmaking. To evaluate possible further reductions in carbon intensity accurate process information is needed. A preliminary test of the fidelity of publicly reported data as a source of process information is reported here. The sources are industry roundups of electric furnace furnace steelmaking and blast furnace ironmaking (published by the Association for Iron and Steelmaking Technology), and data recorded by the Environmental Protection Agency under the US Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. From a comparison for an integrated steelmaking plant and an electric furnace furnace plant, it appears that the values from the two data sources are consistent. The comparison does rely on process details such as the quantitative relationship between injected oxygen and carbon emissions in electric furnace steelmaking.
A conversation with Sally C. Morton: excellence in health policy statistics

Sally C. Morton is internationally recognized in the use of statistics in health policy, and has had a career with incredible impact as evidenced by her many leadership roles. She was awarded the ASA Health Policy Statistics Section’s (HPSS) Long-Term Excellence Award in January 2018 at the 12th International Conference on Health Policy Statistics. Morton is currently the Dean of the College of Science at Virginia Tech. This article is conversation with Morton about her career.
Development of a rapid assessment method for detecting insecticide resistance in spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura).

Background Spotted wing Drosophila is an invasive pest of fruit crops in most production regions globally, and insecticides are commonly used for its control. The biology of this pest combined with repeated pesticide exposure increases the risk of resistance to insecticides. We tested malathion, methomyl, spinetoram, spinosad, and zeta-cypermethrin against multiple colonies from each state using a contact bioassay method to determine diagnostic doses for assessment of insecticide susceptibility in this species. These were used to test populations collected in Michigan and Georgia, USA. Results Concentrations required to reach 50% (LC50 ) and 90% mortality (LC90 ) were calculated for the tested populations, and male mortality consistently occurred at lower concentrations than female mortality. Fly mortality did not vary significantly among populations collected from unmanaged, organic, and conventional fields. Similar results were found using the diagnostic concentrations applied to glass jars. Conclusions Using this method, samples of D. suzukii that are freshly caught or reared from fruit can be tested within 1 day for their mortality in response to discriminating doses of five key insecticides. This method can be used to inform proactive resistance management strategies within integrated pest management programs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Synchronization in alternating linear chains of vortex-based spin-torque oscillators

Abstract The dynamic properties of magnetic vortices in single nanopillars, such as the gyrotropic orbital radius and frequency, have been shown to be well-modeled by the Thiele equation. Similarly, a set of coupled Thiele equations also describe synchronization of two or more interacting free layer vortices. Here the Thiele equations are used to model vortex dynamics in linear chains of alternating radius (where nearest-neighbor free layer have different radii) free layer oscillators, which is a system of interacting non-identical oscillators that can synchronize and lock onto a common frequency. For vortices interacting as magnetic dipoles it is shown that there are critical nanopillar separations below which the oscillator chain will synchronize. As the nanopillar separation increases, it is noticed that there is a narrow region of parameter space where synchronization is temporarily lost owing to phase slips and at larger separation synchronization is lost completely. The relation between the critical separation and the free layer radii difference is also estimated analytically.
Flight Test Results of a Distributed Merging Algorithm for Autonomous UAS Operations

This paper reports the flight test results of an on-demand, distributed, consensus based merging algorithm for autonomous multi-agent coordination used to regulate flow of air traffic through a common intersection or merge fix in a given airspace. Distributed merging is enabled by vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technology, a distributed consensus algorithm and a scheduling algorithm to coordinate the arrival times of the vehicles approaching a merge fix. The proposed algorithm is integrated into the ICAROUS (Independent Configurable Architecture for Reliable Operations of Unmanned Systems) software suite and was used to demonstrate the merging capability in a flight test campaign. The objectives of these flight tests were to validate the distributed consensus-based merging algorithm and to evaluate the requirements and associated challenges in ensuring the successful application of the algorithm in a real-world setting. Details of the flight test setup, hardware used, impediments to the achievement of the outlined objectives, flight test results and lessons learned are documented in this paper.
Strain Response of a Semiconductor Package during Drop Test and Fast Gating Method by Bend Test

Board level drop test was widely implemented for solder joint reliability in assembly industry, solder joint was monitored by daisy chain design and real time electrical resistant monitoring to estimate joint life since solder joint failures is the major concern in tradition. In this study, encapsulation molding compound and die crack are the observation points during drop test which is difficult to be detected real-time. Strain analysis of an electronic package during board level drop test were investigated by different levels of JEDEC drop under various drop environments. Taking drop test with 1500G/0.5ms as an example, board strain is around at center of the board area and nearby standoff of a 8 layers daisy-chain board. Meanwhile, package strain on compound side is around 600ue on a package. Main observation is package behaving as bending and the maximum axial strain is approximately 20% to 25% of board strain, both of tensile and compress. As a result, die and encapsulation have potential risks to crack induced by the bending behavior during drop shock testing.
Using Visual Arts Education in Dermatology to Benefit Resident Wellness and Clinical Communication

Introduction Art education interventions improve observation skills among dermatology residents, but there is limited data regarding their benefits to wellness and clinical communication. Methods R...
His Bundle and Physiologic Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

His bundle pacing (HBP) has emerged as a feasible strategy to preserve the normal electrical activation of the ventricles. Increasing evidence supports that the physiologic pacing achieved by HBP acutely improves ventricular synchrony and hemodynamics, while chronically reducing heart failure hospitalizations, pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, and mortality. Accordingly, HBP is now being considered as an alternative to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) patients. The rationale and evidence behind HBP as well as implantation technique are described here, as is another technique of physiologic pacing, left bundle branch pacing.
Design Tools for Resistive Crossbar based Machine Learning Accelerators

Resistive crossbar based accelerators for Machine Learning (ML) have attracted great interest as they offer the prospect of high density on-chip storage as well as efficient in-memory matrix-vector multiplication (MVM) operations. Despite their promises, they present several design challenges, such as high write costs, overhead of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters and other peripheral circuits, and accuracy degradation due to the the analog nature of in-memory computing coupled with device and circuit level non-idealities. The unique characteristics of crossbar-based accelerators pose unique challenges for design automation. We outline a design flow for crossbar-based accelerators, and elaborate on some key tools involved in such a flow. Specifically, we discuss architectural estimation of metrics such as power, performance and area, and functional simulation to evaluate algorithmic accuracy considering the impact of non-idealities.
Towards an International Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge

At a seminar organized by UNCTAD and the Government of India in 2002, participants considered how evolving national systems for the protection of traditional knowledge could be supported or augmented by international measures adopted at the regional or global level. The need for solutions on the international level has been discussed in a number of fora. Yet, the effective protection of the holders of traditional knowledge requires that these discussions move in some way toward implementation of working systems of protection. This short paper, commissioned by UNCTAD for a conference in February 2004, and to be republished in a book on traditional knowledge, focuses on framework, or structural, issues, rather than on the substantive elements of sui generis systems for the protection of traditional knowledge. It considers the extent to which proponents must articulate the need for a completely new paradigm, or whether instead they can point to historical antecedents in the intellectual property system. The principal impetus for the paper is the proposal of the Indian government that international law require the disclosure of the country of origin of genetic resources and related traditional knowledge in patent applications (and require compliance with the laws of the country of origin). This proposal is essentially an attempt to derogate from the principle of territoriality that pervades and is at the root of, international intellectual property law. That principle is most resolutely advocated and enforced in the patent context. In contrast, international trademark (and geographical indications) law - while firmly based upon the same general principle - has in several respects developed exceptions to that principle. These exceptions might provide the source for a range of options that countries might consider as the model for a system of traditional knowledge protection that likewise moves away from the principle of territoriality. An historical analysis of where resistance to such developments has been most acute in the field of trademark and geographical indications might also provide guidance to those seeking to construct an approach to traditional knowledge that encounters less resistance. The paper conceptualizes the different departures from territoriality in trademark law and thus suggests analogous devices for the protection of traditional knowledge that could be developed along the lines suggested by the Indian government. This helps to identify the structural variables that countries should consider in fashioning a traditional knowledge regime that eschews a rigid commitment to territoriality.
Criteria for thermal instability in semiconductors based on effective thermal time constant

Criteria for the appearance of thermal instability in experiments using semiconductor devices have been established for both the « lumped-temperature model » and the « distributed-temperature model ». An effective thermal time constant (τe) for both the models has been postulated which is largely dependent on the external-circuit parameters. In the case of the « distributed-temperature model », it has been found that τe is also a function of the various modes of temperature distribution, the fundamental mode being the most dominant one.
Ground states of σ-bonded molecules—VIII

Abstract It is shown that the MINDO semiempirical SCF MO method gives good values for heats of formation of inorganic species and ions as well as neutral molecules. Calculations are reported for the various species that could be involved in nitrations by nitric acid in acetic anhydride; it is concluded that the active agent is protonatedacetyl nitr acetyl nitrate protonated at the ether-type oxygen.
Thermoplastic polyurethanes with controlled morphology based on methylenediphenyldiisocyanate/isosorbide/butanediol hard segments

Isosorbide, a cyclic, rigid and renewable diol, was used as a chain extender in two series of thermoplastic polyurethanes (PUs). Isosorbide was used alone or in combination with butanediol to examine the effects on the morphology of PU. Two series of materials were prepared – one with dispersed hard domains in a matrix of polytetramethylene ether glycol soft segments of molecular weight 1400 g mol−1 (at 70 wt% soft segment concentration, SSC) and the other with co-continuous soft and hard phases at 50 wt% SSC. We investigated the detailed morphology of these materials with optical and atomic force microscopy, as well as ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. The atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed the different morphologies in PUs with 50 wt% SSC and with 70 wt% SSC. Small-angle X-ray scattering data showed that in PU with 70 wt% SSC, the hard domain size varied between 2.4 and 2.9 nm, and decreased with increasing isosorbide content. In PU with 70 wt% SSC, we found that the correlation length and average repeat distances became smaller with increasing isosorbide content. We estimated the thickness of the diffuse phase boundary for PU with 70 wt% SSC to be ca 0.5 nm, decreasing slightly with increasing isosorbide content. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
An assessment of in vivo mitochondrial protein synthesis in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract This paper describes a procedure which was designed to maximally inhibit the synthesis in vivo of all proteins except those synthesized in the mitochondria. To this end a 15-min preincubation of Neurospora crassa cells with 100 µg of cycloheximide per ml was employed before 14C-leucine was introduced. A small fraction of the protein synthesized by the whole cell (2.15%) was found to be completely resistant to inhibition by cycloheximide and sensitive to inhibition by chloramphenicol. The cycloheximide-resistant, chloramphenicol-sensitive protein-synthesizing system was shown to co-sediment with the mitochondrial fraction in cell homogenates fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. It was deduced that the mitochondria, in vivo, are the sites of cycloheximide-resistant protein synthesis. The protein they synthesize is equivalent to about 14.5% of the protein of the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial protein synthesis, in vivo, is over 100 times more rapid than the fastest rates yet reported in vitro and is linear for at least 30 min. As such, intramitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo offers the possibility of obtaining proteins of extremely high specific activity and may shed new light on the nature of the protein synthesized by the mitochondria.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of viable deletion mutants lacking segments of the simian virus 40 genome coding for small t antigen.

Abstract The deletions in nine viable simian virus 40 mutants have been mapped by direct DNA sequence analysis. The mutant DNAs lack small segments of the early region of the viral chromosome (between 0.535 and 0.600 map unit). The deletions are all located in the region which is removed from the large T antigen transcript by splicing. No one deletion removes this entire region, but no part of this segment is conserved in all of the mutants except for several nucleotides near the splice points of the transcript. Although the deletions do not alter the region coding for the large T polypeptide, they do delete portions of the segment coding for the C-terminal half of the small t polypeptide.
Oxidation pathways for formic acid under low temperature hydrothermal conditions: Implications for the chemical and isotopic evolution of organics on Mars

Abstract In order to evaluate the oxidation effect of dissolved hydrogen peroxide and the catalytic role of iron oxides on the kinetics of formic acid decarboxylation, a series of flow-through hydrothermal experiments was conducted at temperatures ranging from 80 to 150 °C and pressures of 172–241 bar. δ 13 C composition of residual HCOOH (aq) was also monitored to examine kinetic isotope effects associated with oxidation processes. Our results reveal that decomposition of H 2 O 2(aq) in presence of magnetite follows pseudo first order kinetics, highly enhanced relative to the homogeneous H 2 O 2(aq) –HCOOOH (aq) –H 2 O system, which possibly reflect synthesis of hydroxyl radicals ( OH) through Fenton processes. The kinetic rate constants of HCOOH (aq) decarboxylation to CO 2(aq) are also elevated relative to those previously measured in H 2 O 2(aq) free experiments. However, reaction kinetics are slightly slower in the case of H 2 O 2(aq) aqueous solutions coexisting with magnetite than in the absence of mineral phases. This behavior is attributed to the possible formation of Fe-bearing hydroxyl formate aqueous species that could serve as stable transition states leading to a decrease in the activation entropy of formic acid decomposition. δ 13 C values of residual formic acid in the homogeneous H 2 O 2(aq) –HCOOH (aq) –H 2 O system are consistent with previous studies. However, magnetite-bearing experiments produce a negative shift in δ 13 C of residual formic acid, perhaps specific to OH-imposed oxidation of organic compounds. This would indicate that isotopic fractionations by this oxidation pathway are opposite to kinetic fractionation effects expected in biologically driven oxidation processes. This could have important implications for putative H 2 O 2(aq) -bearing Martian subsurface environments and the evolution of organics at low-temperature hydrothermal conditions.
The Dynamics of State Policy Liberalism, 1936–2014

Applying a dynamic latent-variable model to data on 148 policies collected over eight decades (1936-2014), we produce the first yearly measure of the policy liberalism of U.S. states. Our dynamic measure of state policy liberalism marks an important advance over existing measures, almost all of which are purely cross-sectional and thus cannot be used to study policy change. We find that, in the aggregate, the policy liberalism of U.S. states steadily increased between the 1930s and 1970s and then largely plateaued. The policy liberalism of most states has remained stable in relative terms, though several states have shifted considerably over time. We also find surprisingly little evidence of multidimensionality in state policy outputs. Our new estimates of state policy liberalism have broad application to the study of political development, representation, accountability, and other important issues in political science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Evaluating plastic assembly processes for high reliability applications using HAST and assembly test chips

We demonstrate the use of HAST and Assembly Test Chips (ATCs) to evaluate the susceptibility of epoxy molding compounds to moisture induced corrosion of Al conductors. We show that the procedure is sufficiently sensitive to discriminate between assembly processes used by different molding facilities. Our data show that the location in time of the "knee" in the failure distribution is dependent on material properties of the epoxy. Reducing the failure rate in the early or "extrinsic" region of the time-failure distribution is key to achieving high reliability. We examine the failure modes in the extrinsic region for test chips encapsulated with a number of high quality molding compounds in an attempt to better understand this region. >
Micromethod for Lead Determination in Whole Blood by Atomic Absorption, with Use of the Graphite Furnace

I describe a micro-scale method for determining lead in whole blood by utilizing a graphite furnace. Sample pretreatment consists of fivefold dilution with a dilute surfactant. The method is directly calibrated with lead standards prepared in dilute HNO3. To eliminate a small, nonspecific absorption signal from the blood matrix, simultaneous background correction is used. Interlaboratory comparison with a flame atomic absorption technique that requires extraction yielded high correlation ( r = 0.98). Within-run precision (coefficient of variation) ranged from 2 to 4%. Lead in blood can be accurately measured in as little as 20 µl of blood, hence the method is suitable for routine laboratory use and for pediatric screening.
A two-stage impression technique for custom facial prostheses

A two-stage impression technique that uses polyvinyl siloxane and irreversible hydrocolloid in a custom impression tray is described. The technique records the tissues to be contacted by the facial prosthesis with minimal distortion with the patient in an upright position and facial musculature at rest. The procedure is simple, accurate, and it eliminates some of the shortcomings of other techniques.
E-Selectin Expression on Endothelial Cells in the Presence of Platelets and Cigarette Smoke Extract

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for development of cardiovascular (CV) disease [1], with increased platelet activation due to cigarette smoke involving a major part of this risk.[2] We have shown that this smoke-induced platelet activation is largely due to the non-nicotine smoke components and their effects can be effectively modulated in the presence of nicotine.[3] However, the effects of nicotine and non-nicotine cigarette smoke components need to be confirmed more physiologically in the presence of endothelial cells (ECs). Prior in-vitro studies have shown that high concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) increase adhesion molecule expression on ECs.[4] These studies however preclude the involvement of physiological shear stresses and are performed on ECs alone. To overcome these limitations and investigate ECs-platelets together in one system under shear stress, we use a hemodynamic shear device (HSD) that combines features of the cone and plate, and the annular Couette viscometer (to facilitate platelet sampling). We test the following hypotheses — (1) smoke-activated platelets and the nicotine-free extract would confer a synergistic E-selectin expression on ECs, and (2) in contrast to conventional cigarette extracts, nicotine-free smoke extracts would increase platelet activation more significantly, and that this effect may be independent of the presence of ECs.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm

This retrospective chart review study of 227 participants examined the psychiatric profiles of outpatient adolescents ages 12 to 19 years (M = 15.08 years, SD = 1.72 years) engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm (DSH) behaviors. Participants were divided into four groups: no deliberate self-harm (NoDSH; n = 119), nonsuicidal self-injury only (NSSI only; n = 30), suicide attempt only (n = 38), and suicide attempt plus NSSI (n = 40). Those who attempted suicide were more likely to have major depressive disorder and/or posttraumatic stress disorder than those who engaged in NSSI only. Those who engaged in any type of DSH were more likely to have features of borderline personality disorder than those who did not engage in DSH. The suicidal ideation levels of those in the NSSI group were similar to those in the NoDSH group. Findings offer empirical support for the importance of distinguishing between suicidal and nonsuicidal self-harm behaviors.
TEM studies of microstructure, interfaces, and intermixing of FePt/MgO/FePt/Pt/Cr(Ru) films

We have investigated the microstructure, interfaces, and intermixing in sputter-deposited FePt/MgO/FePt/Pt/Cr(Ru)/SiN/Si magnetic tunnel junctions by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and correlated these results to the magnetic properties. Cr90Ru10 is used as a texturing layer for the growth of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) films. HRTEM confirmed the formation of the desired [001] texture in cubic Cr90Ru10 as well as in the adjacent L10-FePt layer using our growth methods. A 1.5 nm layer of MgO was deposited as a tunnel barrier for magnetic tunnel junction in an attempt to fabricate fully perpendicular tunnel junctions of these materials. The HRTEM observations, however, show that the MgO layer was partially crystalline but randomly oriented. The top FePt layer was also found to grow as discrete islands with random orientations and is mostly fcc crystal structure reducing the utility of this multilayer in PMA tunnel junction devices. The fine probe energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the interdiffusion of Cr to Pt/FePt layers. The magnetic properties show out-of-plane coercivity larger than that of the in-plane values but with a loss of squareness, consistent with the loss of [001] texture and of L10 structure in the top magnetic layer.
Developing human nature: "development to" versus "development from?".

Evolutionary psychology (EP) emphasizes that socio-cultural experiences are constrained by the characteristics of the individual. Therefore, cultural experience acts on a nervous system biased to respond to in particular ways (i.e., human nature). For EP, evolutionary lineage and adaptive significance explain the development of such human nature (a “development to” approach). Gottlieb, and others in Developmental psychobiology (DPB), have explained the development of “instinctive” behavior patterns of a wide variety of animals using a “development from” approach. The DPB approach does not contradict a human nature that reflects an evolutionary heritage with adaptive value. We present three examples that demonstrate how a DPB approach to development accounts both for the expression of patterns specific to the individual as well as patterns that are species-typical (human nature, for humans) without shifting explanatory constructs and frameworks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 788–799, 2007.
Characterization of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics with linear systems theory: application to lead-associated cognitive decline.

We present a theoretical approach to analysis of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics using linear systems theory. In our approach, we define two impulse response functions that characterize the kinet...
Serotonin-1A autoreceptor binding in the dorsal raphe nucleus of depressed suicides

Serotonergic dysfunction is present in mood disorders and suicide. Brainstem 5-HT1A somatodendritic autoreceptors regulate serotonin neuron firing but studies of autoreceptor binding in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in depressed suicides report conflicting results. We sought to determine: (1) the anatomical distribution of 5-HT1A receptor binding in the DRN in depressed suicides and psychiatrically normal controls; and (2) whether sex differences in 5-HT1A binding in the DRN contribute to differences between depressed suicides and controls. Previously collected quantitative receptor autoradiograms of [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyl)aminotetralin (3H-8-OH-DPAT) in postmortem tissue sections containing the DRN from drug-free suicide victims (n = 10) and matched controls (n = 10) were analyzed. Less total receptor binding (fmol/mg tissue × mm3) was observed in the entire DRN in depressed suicides compared with controls (p < 0.05). Group differences along the rostrocaudal extent of the DRN were observed for cross-sectional 5-HT1A binding (fmol/mg tissue) and receptor binding (fmol/mg × mm3, p < 0.05). Cross-sectional 5-HT1A DRN binding in depressed suicides compared with controls was higher rostrally and lower caudally. The differences between depressed suicides and controls were present in males and females, although females had more binding than males. Less autoreceptor binding in the DRN of depressed suicides may represent a homeostatic response to less serotonin release, increasing serotonin neuron firing. More autoreceptor binding in rostral DRN might contribute to deficient serotonin release in ventromedial prefrontal cortex by lower neuronal firing.
Validated competing event model for the stage I-II endometrial cancer population.

Purpose/Objectives(s) Early-stage endometrial cancer patients are at higher risk of noncancer mortality than of cancer mortality. Competing event models incorporating comorbidity could help identify women most likely to benefit from treatment intensification. Methods and Materials 67,397 women with stage I-II endometrioid adenocarcinoma after total hysterectomy diagnosed from 1988 to 2009 were identified in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and linked SEER-Medicare databases. Using demographic and clinical information, including comorbidity, we sought to develop and validate a risk score to predict the incidence of competing mortality. Results In the validation cohort, increasing competing mortality risk score was associated with increased risk of noncancer mortality (subdistribution hazard ratio [SDHR], 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-2.30) and decreased risk of endometrial cancer mortality (SDHR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.55-0.78). Controlling for other variables, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) = 1 (SDHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.45-1.82) and CCI >1 (SDHR, 3.31; 95% CI, 2.74-4.01) were associated with increased risk of noncancer mortality. The 10-year cumulative incidences of competing mortality within low-, medium-, and high-risk strata were 27.3% (95% CI, 25.2%-29.4%), 34.6% (95% CI, 32.5%-36.7%), and 50.3% (95% CI, 48.2%-52.6%), respectively. With increasing competing mortality risk score, we observed a significant decline in omega (ω), indicating a diminishing likelihood of benefit from treatment intensification. Conclusion Comorbidity and other factors influence the risk of competing mortality among patients with early-stage endometrial cancer. Competing event models could improve our ability to identify patients likely to benefit from treatment intensification.
An experimental study of a radial wall jet formed by the normal impingement of a round synthetic jet

Abstract The flow field of a radial wall jet created by the impingement of a round synthetic jet normal to a flat surface was characterized using hot-wire anemometry. In the synthetic wall jets the width of the outer layer was observed to increase linearly with the radial distance along the wall, while the local maximum velocity varied inversely. The synthetic wall jet exhibits self-similar behavior as distinguished by the collapse of the mean and rms velocity profiles when normalized by the outer layer scaling variables. Increasing the actuator driving amplitude at a fixed frequency (i) increased the growth rate of the outer layer, and (ii) decreased the decay rate of the local velocity maximum. The flow field of the synthetic wall jet was dominated by vortical structures associated with the actuator driving frequency, and harmonics connected with the interaction of the produced vortex structures. For the actuator conditions investigated, neither the classical laminar nor fully turbulent analytical solutions for continuous wall jets were amenable to modeling the synthetic wall jet profile due to the transitional and unsteady nature of the synthetic wall jet.
Clearing Specimens for the Demonstration of Bone

A brief review is given of some of the older technics of clearing and staining various types of animals, in such a way that the bones are clearly visible in the surrounding tissues. The authors have modified some of these earlier practices. Particularly good results were obtained by combining the Schultze technic with that of Lundvall. Embryos are fixed in 95% alcohol, treated with 1% KOH, stained in 1:10,000 alizarin Red S, cleared in gylcerin, dehydrated with alcohol and further cleared in toluol, toluol saturated with naphthalene, and anise oil saturated with naphthalene. Details of the technic are presented in the text
Guidelines for Riparian Vegetative Shade Restoration Based Upon a Theoretical Shaded-Stream Model1

: Guidelines for riparian vegetative shade restoration were developed using a theoretical model of total daily radiation received by a shaded stream. The model assumed stream shading by nontransmitting, vertical or overhanging, solid vegetation planes in infinitely long reaches. Radiation components considered in the model were direct beam shortwave on the stream centerline, diffuse atmospheric shortwave, shortwave reflected by vegetation, atmospheric longwave, and longwave emitted by vegetation. Potential or extraterrestrial shortwave irradiation theory was used to compute beam shortwave radiation received at the stream centerline, and view factor theory was used to compute diffuse radiation exchange among stream, vegetation, and atmospheric planes. Model shade effects under clear skies were dominated by reductions in receipt of direct beam shortwave radiation. Model shade effects with cloudy skies were dominated by the “view factor effect” or the decreases in diffuse shortwave and longwave radiation from the atmosphere balanced against increases in longwave radiation from vegetation. Model shade effects on shortwave radiation reflected by vegetation were found to be negligible. The model was used to determine the vegetation height (H) to stream width (W) ratios needed to achieve 50, 75, and 90 % shade restoration for mid-latitude conditions on clear and cloudy days. Ratios of vegetation height to stream width, for dense nontransmitting vegetation, generally ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 for 75% shade restoration at a mid-latitude site (40°N). The model was used to show H/W needed for E-W vs. N-S stream azimuths, varying stream latitudes between 30° and 50°N, channels with overhanging vegetation, channels undergoing width changes, as well as the limits to shade restoration on very wide channels.
Does domain knowledge matter: Mapping users' expertise to their information interactions

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role that domain knowledge plays in users' interactions with information systems. Two groups of users with two different areas of expertise were recruited for 34 experimental sessions to answer two research questions: (a) Does one group's domain knowledge (Geography majors) affect their performance on an information system more than another group's domain knowledge (Computer Science majors)? (b) Are there any differences and/or similarities in the performance of the two groups in terms of the information problem-solving processes? Task completion time, task completeness, and mouse movements were collected while users performed six tasks during the experimental sessions. Data were analyzed through repeated measures. An ANOVA was used for task completion time and task completeness. GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules) was also used for mouse movements to identify some of the similarities and differences between the two groups' information problem-solving processes. The GOMS analysis found the two groups' processing activities to be remarkably similar. The ANOVA results indicate that expertise type was not a major factor influencing user performance, but task and task combined with the type of expertise played a significant role in the users' interactions with the interface. External operators, goal decompositions, and methods related to the problem solving process through GOMS are also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Efficient HIV-1 Entry Mediated by Nonspecific Virion-Cell Interactions Quantified by Real-Time Single Particle Imaging

The apparent low infectivity of HIV-1 is purportedly explained by virion-cell interactions that take place prior to viral entry in which the virus must first diffuse to the cell surface and bind to specialized receptors; these interactions are speculated, from in vitro studies, to be the rate-limiting step involved in the infection process yet the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Furthermore, receptor binding, in addition to nonspecific interactions limiting infectivity, may dictate the subsequent steps, i.e. entry pathways, of infection. Using single-virus tracking methods with spatial and temporal resolutions of ∼20 nm and 40 ms, respectively, we have quantified the dynamics of mCherry labeled HIV-1 virions with varied envelope (Env) glycoprotein incorporation interacting with TZM-bl cells, a HeLa-derived cell line expressing CD4 and co-receptors at high surface densities. The number of viral-cell touching events and corresponding contact lifetimes of most trajectories suggest few and transient interactions with the cell surface before permanent dissociation. The fraction of virions that become immobilized is heavily influenced by nonspecific interactions in both the presence and, to a lesser extent, absence of DEAE-dextran, contributing to receptor-independent endocytic entry as revealed by time-lapse and confocal imaging studies. Measured internalization efficiencies as high as 80% appear to be independent of Env content despite proportionally higher infectivities; thus, nonspecific binding and subsequent endocytosis may actually lower the apparent HIV-1 infectivity. Moreover, we directly observed a prevalence of these internalized virions to undergo recycling and/or transcytosis implicating this pathway as being involved, albeit indirectly, with infection. (Supported by NIH 1DP2OD008693).
Social Change and Reintegration

Planning is concerned both with the im pact of social changes and their causes, but lacks a theoretical framework that can integrate these two concerns. Hence, it often seems caught between palliat...