cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power generation and nitrogen removal of landfill leachate using microbial fuel cell technology.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has been practised in the treatment of landfill leachate. However, it is a big challenge for the usage of MFCs to treat landfill leachate with high ammonium conTENT. The purpose of this study was to design and test two MFC reactors, i.e. an ammonium oxidation/MFC reactor and an MFC/Anammox reactor for the treatment of landfill leachate with high ammonium conTENT in terms of power generation and nitrogen removal. Using the ammonium oxidation/MFC reactor, the landfill leachate collected from Leon County Landfill of Northwest Florida generated a power density of 8 mW/m2 together with 92% of nitrogen removal. For the MFC/Anammox reactor, a power density of 12 mW/m2 was achieved with 94% of nitrogen removal. Compared with the ammonium oxidation/MFC reactor, 50% more energy was generated because in the MFC/Anammox Reactor, nitrite served as the electron acceptor; while in the Ammonium Oxidation/MFC reactor, nitrate served as the electron acceptor. In this research, power gen...
Teaching Self-concept and Self-esteem in a Clinical Communications Course

Effective interpersonal communication skills are needed for pharmacists to deliver patient-centered care. To achieve this outcome with pharmacists, communication skills are emphasized in pharmacy school in required coursework, such as a clinical communication course. One important concept to include in communication coursework is content on perceptions because perceptions influence communication interactions. Specific emphasis should include a focus on self-perceptions and self-concept, because related empirical literature demonstrates that accurate academic self-concepts predict academic success. These results were extrapolated to a pharmacy clinical communications course where a lecture and laboratory series was designed to emphasize self-concept and facilitate communication skills improvement. The instructional design of this series promoted the advancement of students’ communication skills by using communication inventories, self-reflection activities, peer and class discussion, and lecture content. Class discussions, self-reflections, and baseline, and follow-up counseling activities throughout the semester provided evidence of improvements.
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and macrophage migration inhibition factor changes in the porcine remnant kidney model: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose To determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in the porcine remnant kidney model and quantify renal blood flow and volume using phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC MR) imaging with MR angiography. Materials and Methods In 23 pigs, the left renal artery was completely embolized using polyvinyl acrylide (PVA) particles and the right kidney partially embolized (remnant kidney), and six pigs served as controls. The animals were killed early (day 3, 7, and 14, N=3), day 24 (D24, N=5), day 37 (D37, N=3), day 42 (D42, N=9), and day 84 (D84, N=3). MR imaging/PC MR angiography of the kidneys was performed before death. The remnant and control kidneys were harvested for Western blotting of VEGF-A, MMP-1, and MIF. Blood was removed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine before embolization and at time of death. Results The kidney function after the embolization was characterized by chronic renal insufficiency. The renal artery blood flow, volume, and weight of the remnant kidney increased significantly over time when compared with controls. At early time points, there was increased expression of MIF and MMP-1 followed by an increase in the expression of VEGF-A by day 37 ( P Conclusions In this model, renal blood flow and volume increase as the remnant kidney hypertrophies and scars. There is increased expression of MIF, VEGF-A, and MMP-1 in the remnant kidney.
Taxonomy of Greater White-fronted Geese (Aves: Anatidae)

Abstract Five subspecies of the Greater White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons (Scopoli, 1769), have been named, all on the basis of wintering birds, and up to six subspecies have been recognized. There has been confusion over the application of some names, particularly in North America, because of lack of knowledge of the breeding ranges and type localities, and incorrect taxonomic decisions. There is one clinally varying subspecies in Eurasia, one that breeds in Greenland, and three in North America, one newly named herein.
Recursion In Wigner Distribution

The problem of finding a recursive structure to evaluate the Wigner distribution (WD) is investigated. Recursive formula for updating the smoothed Wigner distribution are derived for on-line data processing of non-stationary processes. Recursion is established by first defining a sliding data window and then selecting the time-lag window to satisfy either a "direct" or "indirect" recursion condition. The former requires calculating the Pseudo-WD (PWD) prior to averaging and leads to a "computationally block-invariance" property. On the other hand, the "indirect" recursion, which is based on running Fourier transform, does not require explicit calculations of PWD, and provides a "computationally lag-invariance" property. Both properties are discussed in the paper.
The age of extremes: A revisionist perspective

A t the conclusion of his provocative address, PAA president Douglas Massey (1996) explains the motivation for his candor and frankness. He hopes "to galvanize colleagues, students, politicians, and reporters into action," presumably into actions that will reverse the calamitous trends described in his jeremiad. But if we are to develop and implement programs to minimize poverty and provide equal opportunities, we must begin with a complete description of the social, demographic, and economic trends now reshaping this country and many others. Massey selectively emphasized one side of the story. That is appropriate as a call to arms, but it does not provide the information we need if we are to take action, once we are galvanized. Massey observes that economic inequality is growing throughout the world, that this inequality will increase in the future, and that because of urbanization, the rich and the poor will live in the same metropolises but will be separated. After the rich isolate themselves, they will provide for their own welfare and that of their children but will leave the poor to fend for themselves. Those at the bottom of the economic ladder will have fewer resources. Thus they will be concentrated in impoverished neighborhoods, where a counterculture will develop-one that uses violent crime to acquire the goods that the economy fails to provide. Regarding the United States, Massey foresees growing residential segregation by economic class, persistent residential segregation by race, more crime, and presumably less social mobility as the gap between the prosperous and the poor widens. Massey presents evidence about some of these points, suggests interpretations of some not-so-clearly established trends, and then offers unrelentingly pessimistic speculations about the future. I agree with him in regard to two trends. First, economic inequality has increased in the United States in the last quarter-century. The oil price crisis of the early 1 970s demarcates a post-World War II era of rapid economic growth and moderately declining economic inequality from our present era of slower growth and increasing inequality (Danziger and Gottschalk 1995; Levy 1995). Second, in regard to the largest metropolises in 1990, census tract data reveal somewhat more geographic segregation of the impoverished population from the nonpoor than in the past. These changes merit our attention and may call for new policies, but Massey's address does not place them in an appropriate perspective.
The cooperative as a coalition: A game-theoretic approach

Most formal models of the economic behavior of farmer cooperatives picture that behavior as deriving from the optimization of a single objective function determined by a single agent (Helmberger and Hoos 1962), by a group of agents with identical goals (Phillips), or by simple (nonstrategic) majority-rule voting of the membership on a single issue. Models incorporating voting assume single-peaked preferences and no logrolling (interdependent voting) between issues; therefore, no voting paradoxes arise and the cooperative's objective is determined by the preferences of its median member (Knoeber and Baumer, Zusman). With few exceptions (Zusman) previous models thus abstract from the thorny issue of group choice in cooperatives when members have at least partially divergent goals and engage in strategic behavior. The lack of attention to group choice in previous models reflects the primary interest of earlier theoreticians in industrial organization issues. These authors concentrated on how the pricing and output decisions of cooperatives might differ from those of investorowned firms (IOFs) and affect the competitive balance of an industry. Theoretical analysis of how cooperatives allocate costs and benefits among a heterogenous membership, an issue that has become increasingly exigent as cooperatives have developed larger and more diverse memberships, was largely ignored. Cooperatives face many decisions, however, in which members' preferences cannot be assumed to be homogenous. Examples include the pricing of different services to members, including the possibility of differential pricing based on members' patronage; the location of facilities; and the allocation of overhead costs and pool receipts. Furthermore, the prefernces of management and the board of directors on many of these issues may differ from those of the rank-and-file membership. Although both the cooperative management literature and many cooperative theorists have informally discussed cooperative decision making in the context of heterogenous preferences (e.g., Helmberger and Hoos 1962, p. 290; Helmberger; Trifon), there is a need to develop models that address this issue explicitly and in so doing suggest alternative ways of structuring cooperatives to deal with group choice. The main thesis of this paper is that many decisions involving the allocation of costs and benefits within cooperatives can be usefully conceptualized as n-person "cooperative" games.' In the parlance of game theory, cooperative games are games in which players are allowed to communicate and make binding commitments with one another. The theory of cooperative games is usually used to model situations in which there are gains from joint action by a potential coalition of players, but where the players must bargain among themselves about how the net benefits of the joint action are to be shared. Failure to agree on an allocation of net benefits among players prevents the coalition from forming (Roth).
Studies on mannosyl carrier function of retinol and retinoic acid in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues

The mannosyl derivative of phosphorylated vitamin A, mannosylretinylphosphate, is synthesized in vivo and in vitro by most epithelial tissues, including mouse epidermal cells. This compound is but one component of the complex biosynthetic machinery responsible for the assembly of glycoproteins in mammalian membranes; its specific role remains to be understood, even though it has been established that it functions as a carrier of mannose mostly in a direct transfer to protein. The system of five conjugated double bonds appears necessary for this function, since upon saturation the resulting perhydroretinylphosphate is incapable of acting in mannosyl transfer to endogenous microsomal proteins. Using vitamin A—deficient hamsters and rats, retinoic acid was shown to be as active as retinol in restoring the in vivo incorporation of mannose into glycoproteins to normal levels within a short time, in liver and tracheal tissues. Retinoic acid was also active in increasing adhesive properties of spontaneously transformed mouse dermal fibroblasts (3T12 cells) in a reversible manner. The free carboxyl group appeared to be a requirement for this activity inasmuch as the lactonized form of 11-hydroxyretinoic acid was inactive. Even though retinoic acid, as well as retinol, was able to enhance adhesion of 3T12 cells, only the cellular retinoic acid—binding protein was detected, suggesting that the cellular retinol-binding protein is not a requirement for this activity. A metabolite of retinoic acid, compound X, different from retinol, was found incorporated into a mannosyl retinoid phosphate (MXP) by 3T12 cells. This derivative constitutes up to 40% of the total radioactive pool of derivatives of retinoic acid after 48 hours of labeling. These data suggest that retinol, as mannosyl retinyl phosphate, and retinoic acid, as mannosyl retinoid phosphate, function as mannosyl carriers in biologic membranes.
Estrogen/estrogen receptor alpha signaling in mouse posterofrontal cranial suture fusion.

Background: While premature suture fusion, or craniosynostosis, is a relatively common condition, the cause is often unknown. Estrogens are associated with growth plate fusion of endochondral bones. In the following study, we explore the previously unknown significance of estrogen/estrogen receptor signaling in cranial suture biology. Methodology/Principal Findings: Firstly, estrogen receptor (ER) expression was examined in physiologically fusing (posterofrontal) and patent (sagittal) mouse cranial sutures by quantitative RT-PCR. Next, the cranial suture phenotype of ER alpha and ER beta knockout (aERKO, bERKO) mice was studied. Subsequently, mouse suture-derived mesenchymal cells (SMCs) were isolated; the effects of 17-b estradiol or the estrogen antagonist Fulvestrant on gene expression, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation were examined in vitro. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed in which Fulvestrant was administered subcutaneously to the mouse calvaria. Results showed that increased ERa but not ERb transcript abundance temporally coincided with posterofrontal suture fusion. The aERKO but not bERKO mouse exhibited delayed posterofrontal suture fusion. In vitro, addition of 17-b estradiol enhanced both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in suture-derived mesenchymal cells, effects reversible by Fulvestrant. Finally, in vivo application of Fulvestrant significantly diminished calvarial osteogenesis, inhibiting suture fusion. Conclusions/Significance: Estrogen signaling through ERa but not ERb is associated with and necessary for normal mouse posterofrontal suture fusion. In vitro studies suggest that estrogens may play a role in osteoblast and/or chondrocyte differentiation within the cranial suture complex.
Barkhausen oscillations in the UHF region: Part I: Tube-design factors

A theoretical investigation of the cause of UHF snivets from horizontal-sweep amplifiers in television receivers indicates that oscillations of space-charge concentrations will occur at frequencies that are well in the UHF Band. In many cases tube designs can be modified to avoid radiation without changing the basic tube characteristics.
Diversified search evaluation: lessons from the NTCIR-9 INTENT task

The evaluation of diversified web search results is a relatively new research topic and is not as well-understood as the time-honoured evaluation methodology of traditional IR based on precision and recall. In diversity evaluation, one topic may have more than one intent, and systems are expected to balance relevance and diversity. The recent NTCIR-9 evaluation workshop launched a new task called INTENT which included a diversified web search subtask that differs from the TREC web diversity task in several aspects: the choice of evaluation metrics, the use of intent popularity and per-intent graded relevance, and the use of topic sets that are twice as large as those of TREC. The objective of this study is to examine whether these differences are useful, using the actual data recently obtained from the NTCIR-9 INTENT task. Our main experimental findings are: (1) The $$\hbox{D}\,\sharp$$ evaluation framework used at NTCIR provides more "intuitive" and statistically reliable results than Intent-Aware Expected Reciprocal Rank; (2) Utilising both intent popularity and per-intent graded relevance as is done at NTCIR tends to improve discriminative power, particularly for $$\hbox{D}\,\sharp$$ -nDCG; and (3) Reducing the topic set size, even by just 10 topics, can affect not only significance testing but also the entire system ranking; when 50 topics are used (as in TREC) instead of 100 (as in NTCIR), the system ranking can be substantially different from the original ranking and the discriminative power can be halved. These results suggest that the directions being explored at NTCIR are valuable.
Digitally assisted deinterlacing for, EDTV

A compatible enhanced definition television (EDTV) terrestrial broadcasting technique providing for digitally assisted interpolation of the missing lines of interlaced television image sequences resulting in 525/60/1:1 displayed video is presented. An auxiliary bit stream of compressed data consisting of coded motion and reconstruction-mode information can be used to improve greatly the quality of received television images. Due to the restricted bandwidth available, coding operations for the deinterlacing process are implemented on a block basis, over which a limited quad-tree segmentation is applied to enhance reconstruction quality where possible. Receiver complexity is kept low since all necessary motion estimation is performed at the transmitter site. Simulation results demonstrate that this technique enables high-quality progressive image representation within the constrained-transmission environment of the traditional interlaced broadcast. >
Limits on theory of mind use in adults

By 6 years, children have a sophisticated adult-like theory of mind that enables them not only to understand the actions of social agents in terms of underlying mental states, but also to distinguish between their own mental states and those of others. Despite this, we argue that even adults do not reliably use this sophisticated ability for the very purpose for which it is designed, to interpret the actions of others. In Experiment 1, a person who played the role of “director” in a communication game instructed a participant to move certain objects around in a grid. Before receiving instructions, participants hid an object in a bag, such that they but not the director would know its identity. Occasionally, the descriptions that the director used to refer to a mutually-visible object more closely matched the identity of the object hidden in the bag. Although they clearly knew that the director did not know the identity of the hidden object, they often took it as the referent of the director's description, sometimes even attempting to comply with the instruction by actually moving the bag itself. In Experiment 2 this occurred even when the participants believed that the director had a false belief about the identity of the hidden object, i.e. that she thought that a different object was in the bag. These results show a stark dissociation between an ability to reflectively distinguish one's own beliefs from others', and the routine deployment of this ability in interpreting the actions of others. We propose that this dissociation indicates that important elements of the adult's theory of mind are not fully incorporated into the human comprehension system.
Regional cerebral blood flow and distribution of [99mTc]ethyl cysteinate dimer in nonhuman primates.

Increases in regional cerebral blood flow have been described in a variety of cerebral pathologic states, including stroke and seizure disorders. The usefulness of technetium-99m-labeled cysteinate dimer as a marker in the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow was tested in five cynomolgus monkeys. To expand the range of blood flow to beyond the normal limits, 40 mg/kg i.v. of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide was administered. Regional cerebral blood flow in all five monkeys was measured using radiolabeled microspheres (before and after acetazolamide) and the marker (after acetazolamide) in 60-70 samples from 12 brain regions. Acetazolamide significantly increased the mean +/- SEM regional cerebral blood flow measured using microspheres from 0.56 +/- 0.21 to 1.71 +/- 0.9 ml/min/g (p less than 0.01 for each region). A significant positive correlation was found between regional cerebral blood flow values calculated using microspheres and the marker after normalizing the values to those in the cerebellum (r = 0.773, p less than 0.0001). The mean +/- SEM regional cerebral blood flow determined using the marker in a single monkey (1.21 +/- 0.04 ml/min/g) did not differ significantly from that determined in the same monkey using microspheres (1.13 +/- 0.04 ml/min/g). These data support the potential use of this new brain perfusion imaging agent to assess regional cerebral blood flow over a clinically relevant range of blood flows.
Assessment of optical switching in data center networks

We propose a scalable optical switching architecture towards contention-free interconnection for data center networks. The simulations show it can support higher load and throughput with significantly lower latency compared to today's commercial Ethernet switches.
Theory of coupling axial and radial ion motion in an ion cyclotron resonance cell during off‐resonance excitation

An analytic theory of nonlinear effects in the Z-oscillation (axial motion) during off-resonance excitation is proposed. This theory is fbased on a representation of electric potential in an ion cyclotron resonance cell in the fourth-order approximation. Z-oscillation is considered as a parametric oscillation with a defined motion in the plane of the magnetic field. It is shown that a peculiarity of ion motion due tocoupling of axial and radial motions can be understood in terms of the stability of the Mathieu equation common to the dthree-dimensional quadrupole ion trap (quistor). Analytic expressions relating parameters (A, Q) of the dMathieu equation to the coefficients of electric potential expansion in the cell are obtained. The strongest coupling effects arise when the frequency of excitation differs from the base cyclotron frequency bytwice the value of the effective frequency of Z-oscillation that correof parametric resonance in Z-oscillations.
An adaptive neural network control method for automotive fuel-injection systems

An adaptive neural network methodology is developed for air-to-fuel (A/F) ratio control of automotive fuel-injection systems. The dynamics of internal combustion engines and fuel-injection systems are extremely nonlinear, impeding methodical application of control theories. Thus, the design of standard production controllers relies heavily upon calibration and look-up tables. A neural network-type controller is developed for its function approximation abilities and its learning and adaptive capabilities. A cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) neural network is implemented in a research automobile to demonstrate the feasibility of this control architecture. >
Effect of additives on sintering response of titanium by powder injection moulding

Powder injection moulding is a maturing technology that has proven most useful for the production of complex metallic and ceramic components of modest sizes. Considering the inevitable demand for cost effectiveness in automotive applications, components manufactured from low cost sponge titanium (Ti) powder currently reflect the most advantageous economics among the available Ti powders. This paper describes the net shape fabrication of Ti components and considers the role of iron and zirconium powder additions. Sintering cycle optimisation relied on differential scanning calorimetry to identify a cycle in the 1275–1300°C range for 1–2 h. The sintered material was characterised using tensile and hardness testing and microscopic examinations. The influence of test conditions on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties was analysed.
Reliable Memories with Subline Accesses

We study memories protected with error control codes, in which the memory's contents are organized in lines which are read and written to in isolation from other lines. In these memories the available redundancy is structured so as to protect individual lines rather than the entire memory as a whole. Often designers wish to read and write only parts of the memory line, as in some instances this leads to various favorable system design tradeoffs, including better power consumption, increased data access concurrency, etc. (alternatively one may say that designers sometimes would prefer smaller line sizes). Nevertheless when designing systems with such subline accesses it is often found that in order to mantain a given level of reliability, the total amount of redundancy allocated in the memory needs to be increased beyond desirable levels. In this work, we initiate a study of the problem of structuring error control codes to allow subline accesses with good tradeoffs between reliability and redundancy. We motivate and explore a setting in which a "double-lookup" protocol is used in conjunction with certain types of two-level codes, whereby error detection is attained in a first level and error correction using the second level is performed whenever errors are detected in the first level. We obtain lower bounds on redundancy for a given level of reliability and offer a code construction that attains this bound for a certain important class of parameters. We also introduce an alternate construction which allows us to find longer codes under restrictions of the Galois field size used in the codes.
Merging multiple conventional models in one stable model

Stability models may demand greater investment in analysis, but when used wisely, savings in development and maintenence costs more than make up for it.
Outpatient Antibiotic Use in the United States: Time to “Get Smarter”

prescribing rates (for cephalosporins and macrolides in particular) and a higher proportion of penicillin non-susceptible and multidrug non-susceptible invasive pneumococcal isolates. This finding is in line with several European ecologic studies examining the relationship between outpatient antibiotic use and pneumococcal non-susceptibility in the last 10 years [4–12]. Taken together, these studies convincingly demonstrate
Accounting principle choice by ADR firms and auditors' fees

This paper examines whether ADR issuers, selecting US GAAP, IFRS, or home-country accounting principles for the preparation of financial statements accompanying the Form 20-F filing, are paying different auditors’ fees. We employ the Heckman Probit decision choice model and two-stage OLS correction to estimate the impact of selection of Form 20-F accounting standards upon ADR firms periodic auditors’ fees. We find that firms choosing to present US GAAP financial statements incur the highest auditors’ fees, while firms choosing to present IFRS financial statements accompanying the Form 20-F filing incur the second largest auditors’ fees. They also find that ADR firms incur significantly greater costs (associated with Form 20-F filings) than non-US firms opting not to list on the major US stock exchanges in order to improve comparability with other firms listed on the major US exchanges.
1‐Trifluoromethyl‐1‐Cyclohexanol

1-Trifluoromethyl-1-cyclohexanol reactant: bromotrifluoromethane intermediate: (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane product: 1-trifluoromethyl-1-cyclohexanol Keywords: addition, to CO; deprotection, oxygen; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; metalation reactions, silicon; silylation; tetrahydrofuran; hexaethylphosphorous triamide, potential poison; condenser, dry ice-acetone
Case of the Season: Imaging of Blunt Traumatic Injury to the Abdominal Aorta

the patient’s body habitus. There was antegrade flow with a non-occlusive-filling defect in the proximal celiac artery. The right hepatic artery was occluded at its origin. The left hepatic, proper hepatic, common hepatic, splenic, gastroduodenal, and inferior mesenteric arteries were patent. The SMA narrowed just beyond its origin without an intimal defect. Collateral flow to the SMA via the left colic and middle colic arteries suggested that the SMA narrowing was related to the patient’s trauma. The right renal artery had a nonocclusive dissection in the proximal 2 cm; the remaining artery was patent with a patchy nephrogram. The left renal artery was patent, although slightly attenuated near its origin. The left nephrogram was normal. No lumbar artery abnormalities were present. The patient underwent subsequent exploratory laparotomy and right iliac to right renal artery bypass with a saphenous vein graft. There was a contusion in the head of the pancreas and blood staining in the retroperitoneum and the base of the mesentery. Because there was no evidence of
Fitting Semiparametric Additive Hazards Models using Standard Statistical Software

The Cox proportional hazards model has become the standard in biomedical studies, particularly for settings in which the estimation covariate effects (as opposed to prediction) is the primary objective. In spite of the obvious flexibility of this approach and its wide applicability, the model is not usually chosen for its fit to the data, but by convention and for reasons of convenience. It is quite possible that the covariates add to, rather than multiply the baseline hazard, making an additive hazards model a more suitable choice. Typically, proportionality is assumed, with the potential for additive covariate effects not evaluated or even seriously considered. Contributing to this phenomenon is the fact that many popular software packages (e.g., SAS, S-PLUS/R) have standard procedures to fit the Cox model (e.g., proc phreg, coxph), but as of yet no analogous procedures to fit its additive analog, the Lin and Ying (1994) semiparametric additive hazards model. In this article, we establish the connections between the Lin and Ying (1994) model and both Cox and least squares regression. We demonstrate how SAS's phreg and reg procedures may be used to fit the additive hazards model, after some straightforward data manipulations. We then apply the additive hazards model to examine the relationship between Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and mortality among patients wait-listed for liver transplantation.
Effect of an error field on the stability of the resistive wall mode

A simple model of the resistive wall mode (RWM) in a rotating tokamak plasma subject to a static error field is constructed, and then used to investigate RWM stability in a DIII-D–like [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] plasma. An error field as small as 10 G (i.e., about 5×10−4 of the toroidal field) is found to significantly increase the critical plasma rotation frequency needed to stabilize the RWM. Such an error field also profoundly changes the nature of the RWM onset. At small error-field amplitudes, the RWM switches on gradually as the plasma rotation is gradually reduced. On the other hand, at large error-field amplitudes, there is a sudden collapse of the plasma rotation as the rotation frequency falls below some critical value. This collapse is associated with a very rapid switch-on of the RWM.
Host range of a deleterious rhizobacterium for biological control of downy brome

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7 (P. f. D7; NRRL B-18293) is a root-colonizing bacterium that inhibits downy brome (Bromus tectorum L. BROTE) growth. Before commercialization as a biological control agent, strain D7 must be tested for host plant specificity. Agar plate bioassays in the laboratory and plant–soil bioassays in a growth chamber were used to determine the influence of P. f. D7 on germination and root growth of 42 selected weed, cultivated or native plant species common in the western and midwestern United States. In the agar plate bioassay, all accessions of downy brome were inhibited by P. f. D7. Root growth of seven Bromus spp. was inhibited an average of 87% compared with that of controls in the agar plate bioassay. Root growth of non-Bromus monocots was reduced by 0 to 86%, and only 6 out of 17 plant species were inhibited 40% or greater. Among all plant species, only downy brome root growth from two accessions was significantly inhibited by P. f. D7 in plant–soil bioassays (42 a...
Value Added: Service-Learning Outcomes for Physical Therapy Students and Community Partners in Belize

This study comprised a follow up to a two-week interdisciplinary service-learning (SL) trip to Belize for graduate students from a private Midwestern university. Trip participants engaged in SL activities with multiple partnering agencies in various locations. The purpose of the study, which employed a qualitative, constructivist, focus-group design, was to explore the perceptions of students and community partners about the services provided. Data were analyzed for common themes using line-by-line and constant comparative methods. Six themes emerged from the data. Community partners complimented the education and training provided, and requested additional time and programming for future visits. Some identified the need for increased collaboration and additional preparation of students prior to the visit. Students demonstrated increased appreciation for interdisciplinary practice, enhanced professionalism, and greater sensitivity to cultural differences, and expressed their desire to participate in future international service trips. These findings supported the conclusion that interdisciplinary international SL activities are mutually beneficial to students and community partners.
AOA/AOS. The future of academic orthopaedics.

At the Annual Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA) in June 2003, the Executive Committee of the Academic Orthopaedic Society (AOS) met and voted to formally dissolve the AOS at the end of this fiscal year. This decision came at a time when program directors face substantial changes. These changes, mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), specified resident work-hour requirements, as well as resident evaluations based upon performance in the six core competencies. Traditionally, these topics would consume much of the Annual Fall Meeting of the AOS. In the organization's early years, these mandates would have been subjected to the scrutiny of a midyear Delphi panel. Chairpersons and program directors would have had an opportunity to carefully review these required changes, reach a consensus, and, hopefully, come to an agreement with regard to the best method of implementation. In fact, chairpersons and program directors in all specialties have felt the need for frequent collaboration and, as such, virtually every specialty has an association of program directors and, in turn, a national association of program directors. The history of this organization in orthopaedics is as follows: The Association of Orthopaedic Chairmen (AOC) was originally founded in 1971 under the leadership of Kay Clawson, MD, and Fred Reynolds, MD. The purpose was to discuss issues that were not currently addressed by the AOA, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), or the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. These issues included the recruitment of new faculty members, development of an orthopaedic residency curriculum, and providing orthopaedic instruction in undergraduate medical education. The founders recognized the necessity to speak in a unified voice to medical school deans with regard to the problems confronting academic departments and/or divisions of orthopaedic surgery. The organization began with fifty-six members and, by 1990, …
Neutrophil density in bone marrow controls granulopoiesis by feedback inhibition (36.21)

Normally, neutrophil pools are maintained by “steady-state” granulopoiesis. Inflammation, however, is thought to elicit growth factors that accelerate neutrophil production through a distinct developmental program known as “emergency” granulopoiesis. In IL-1RI -/- mice, adjuvant-induced emergency granulopoiesis is defective due to impaired progenitor proliferation. Interestingly, this hematopoietic defect is associated with impaired neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow (BM), raising the possibility that increased proliferation by hematopoietic progenitors is a response to reduced BM neutrophil density rather than pro-inflammatory signals. Consistent with this potential feedback mechanism, non-inflammatory depletions of mature BM neutrophils by passive antibody elicit emergency granulopoietic responses similar to those induced by adjuvant, and progenitor proliferation fluctuates inversely with BM neutrophil numbers. Furthermore, mice bearing a genetic defect in neutrophil survival exhibit constitutive emergency granulopoiesis. Whereas adjuvant potently induces serum G-CSF, a neutrophil growth and mobilization factor, neutrophil depletion elicits equally robust granulopoietic responses with substantially reduced levels of G-CSF. These observations suggest that other - perhaps unknown - factors mediate accelerated granulopoiesis, and we propose a common model for the feedback regulation of both steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis.
Creating a Web-based bibliography database: AJR volumes 1-95.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to index the contents of the pre-MEDLINE American Journal of Roentgenology into a database that could then be accessed over the World Wide Web.CONCLUSION. The database is composed of more than 8,000 citations from the years 1914 (volume 1) to 1965 (volume 95). Using a Web browser, a user can search the database by year, volume, title word, page, or author. Results are returned sorted by year and page number in a bibliographic format. The database is accessed approximately 200 times per month.
Excitation of the isolated ventricular septum of the heart.

Conclusions1. It is possible to obtain electrograms on the isolated perfused dog's ventricular septum, and these show a reproducible pattern. 2. The records indicate that the excitatory process in these experiments traveled in a complicated fashion and the pattern varied somewhat from animal to animal. In some of the experiments the excitatory pathways varied over a period of time. As a basic rule, the left side of the septum was found to be activated early and the upper right side late. 3. The apparent absence of septal electromotive forces in electrocardiograms recorded by usual clinical methods, which has been explained by neutralization of potentials spreading inward from each side, is not supported by these preliminary observations on the isolated septum.
Extra-Hormonal Factors in Maternal Behavior:

In rats and mice the main manifestations of maternal behavior are retrieving, licking, and cuddling of the young. Along with these activities, but often independent of them, may occur nest-building, defense reactions, and prolonged station on the nest. Nest-building, especially, is largely determined by body temperature1 and other physiological factors2 which do not seem to affect the principal forms of maternal behavior.The retrieving of young is the type of maternal behavior which lends itself most readily to objective measurement. It is different from mere retrieving of material to the nest since the latter is not accompanied by licking and cuddling. It is elicited in a mouse not only by its own young, but apparently to the same degree by any young of the species which are of the same age.The maternal behavior of the mouse was examined in 5-minute test periods with newborn young by a method previously described.3 Only animals that had retrieved newborn in 2 test periods are reported as being maternal. ...
Effect of Fibrinogen Concentration on Platelet Adhesion to Glass

SummaryThe extent to which platelets adhere to glass is dependent on fibrinogen concentration. Platelet adhesion increased progressively in a linear fashion when increasing concentrations of purified fibrinogen (0.5-14.0 mg/100 ml) were added to the blood of a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia.
Performance characterization of a valveless pulse detonation engine

A valveless pulse detonation engine geometry has been partially evaluated on a direct-connect test stand at simulated inlet flight conditions to the combustor. The geometry utilizes a fuel/oxygenenriched air initiator to initiate detonations in the main combustor and has been operated on ethylene, propane, and JP-IO. The initiator has been operated at frequencies up to 100 Hz. The main combustor of the engine has only been evaluated up to 30 Hz operation due to a current design constraint which will be modified to allow higher frequencies in subsequent tests. The use of an initiator required the evaluation of the diffraction limits between the initiator exit and the main combustor. The successful use of an initiator to detonate a fueVair mixture in a larger main combustor has been demonstrated. Furthermore, experimental data corroborated that tailoring the initiator to produce an overdriven detonation condition at its exit plane, enhanced the detonation transition into the larger combustor. Using imaging optical diagnostics, Mach reflections were observed at the combustor’s wall just a few centimeters downstream of the initiator’s plane. These appear to be the primary re-initiation mechanism for the re-establishment of fuel-air detonations for this geometry. Results show that a diameter ratio between the combustor and the initiator of at least 1.5:l will allow successful operation for ethylene and propane. Single-shot diffraction tests evaluated combustor to initiator diameter ratios up to 1.58. The specific impulse was computed from experimental measurements using both ethylene and propane fuels at various equivalent ratios from 1 .O to 1.5. The results showed Isp values rangins from 850 to almost 1200 seconds, but these relative low values were anticipated due to the oversize initiator used in this study. Such a large initiator was required in order to characterize the aforementioned diameter ratios. Future tests will incorporate an optimally sized initiator, and extrapolation of the current data indicates possible Isp values as high as 1800 seconds with a stoichiometric propane air mixture. This would indicate similar performance values to more conventionally valved PDE systems.
The reflexive habitus: Critical realist and Bourdieusian social action

The critical realist and Bourdieusian conceptions of action fundamentally disagree on a number of fronts: the synthetic versus dualistic relationship between structure and agency; the social nature of the self/body; the link between morphogenesis and reflexivity. Despite these differences, this article argues that re-reading Bourdieu’s theories with attention to some of the core tenets of critical realism (emergence, the stratification of reality, and conjunctural causality) can provide insights into how the habitus is capable of reflexivity and social change. In particular, this article reworks Bourdieu’s theory of habitus by suggesting that social selves are always situated at the intersection of multiple and competing social locations (or field positions) and that the habitus itself is always layered. Reflexivity arises from horizontal disjunctures (between field positions) and vertical disjunctures (across temporal sedimentation).
Review and Prospect of Regional Renewable Energy Planning Models

Effectively planning regional renewable energy sources is favorable for fully utilizing abundant renewable energy resources in China,promoting the proceeding of energy-saving and emission reduction,improving low-carbon degree of power source structure and promoting the development of intelligent and green electric power.After the presentation on the sustainable development problem of energy sources that China has to be faced with at present and the framework for regional renewable energy resource planning model,a review on integrated structural models,which are researched and applied to energy source plannings home and abroad,is given;the structures and application situation of the IIASA-WEC energy economic environment,the integrated policy assessment model for China(IPAC),prospective outlook on long-term energy systems(POLES),the national energy modeling systems(NEMS) and hybrid optimization model for electric renewables(HOMER) are emphatically summarized,and some existing problems and the development trend of renewable energy planning in future are pointed out.
Proposals for improving ailing health services.

Society proposes that a minimum standard of health care is a human right. To meet society's needs, the health care system in this country must correct glaring deficiencies. Medical students must receive more training in primary health care. Medical manpower must be reevaluated and ancillary personnel must assume increasingly responsible roles. Teaching hospitals must be evaluative, experimental and critical in relating to social needs and in training personnel to meet th ose needs.
Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome: Need for Careful Clinical Classification.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by a triad of clinical presentations: (1) capillary malformations manifesting as a "port wine stain"; (2) limb hypertrophy; and (3) venous varicosities. It is distinguished from Parkes-Weber syndrome by the absence of substantial arteriovenous shunting. Due to the clinical implications of an arteriovenous fistula, differentiation between the two syndromes is important, as the prognosis and treatment greatly differ. We present a series of 5 cases of suspected KTS, while emphasizing the difficulties in distinguishing KTS from Parkes-Weber syndrome without diagnostic imaging and underscoring the importance of accurately classifying patients with the appropriate syndrome.
Autonomy and the Moral Authority of Advance Directives

Although advance directives are widely believed to be a key way to safeguard the autonomy of incompetent medical patients, significant questions exist about their moral authority. The main philosophical concern involves cases in which an incompetent patient no longer possesses the desires on which her advance directive was based (e.g., in cases of severe dementia). The question is, does that entail that prior expressions of medical choices are no longer morally binding? I believe that the answer is "yes." I argue that a patient's autonomy is not respected by honoring the desires she used to have but no longer does. I also consider and reject the view that honoring an advance directive that reflects the patient's previous values must be in that patient's best interests. If that is correct, then advance directives in the kind of case at issue are not morally binding.
Entrepreneurial Women in Radiology: Role Models of Success

Abstract Radiology is undeniably male dominated. Alongside surgery and orthopedic surgery, academic radiology ranks near the bottom in having the lowest proportion of full-time female faculty members. Despite many efforts to recruit talented women, the pipeline entering the radiologic disciplines continues to flow at a trickle. One factor is the relative lack of role models for female medical students. Entrepreneurial women in radiology can lead the field with their innovation and creativity, courage, and commitment. In this article, the authors highlight two entrepreneurial female radiologists who shared their success stories at the American Association for Women Radiologists' session at the 2015 ACR annual meeting. Their successes underscore the potential for such women to serve as role models to female medical students and even college undergraduates. Despite the gender gap in radiology, the field has yielded some exceptional women who can take on challenges, overcome barriers and assume risks, create strategies and processes to operationalize their visions, secure funding, and expand their enterprises to make sustainable impacts both at home and abroad. As we move toward more patient- and family-centered care models and become increasingly visible to diverse populations, there is no better time for female leaders in radiology to inspire the next generation to join our essential and rewarding specialty.