cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic structure of fissiparous populations of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra on the Great Barrier Reef

Allozyme variation at five polymorphic loci was surveyed in a total of 311 individuals of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) atra (Jager, 1833) collected from two nearshore and two midshelf populations in the Great Barrier Reef in November 1996. Strong deviations in genotype frequencies from those expected under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, particularly a large number of heterozygote excesses, confirmed the occurrence of asexual reproduction. Females and males differed significantly in genotype frequencies as a result of differences in either the amount of fission in each sex or in the mortality of asexually produced recruits. The estimated maximum sexual input (number of sexually produced individuals: sample size = N*:Ni) to the two nearshore reefs (38 to 67%) was low relative to that to the two midshelf reefs (74 to 87%). The three ratios and G o :G e , N go :N i , N*:N i , (where G o = observed genotypic diversity, G e = expected genotypic diversity, N go = number of genotypes) considered to be indicators of the extent of asexual reproduction, showed a consistent trend in the degree of asexual reproduction similar to that derived from the number of regenerating individuals observed in the populations for which data were available. F-statistic analyses of clonal gene frequencies demonstrated that all populations received sexual recruits from the same gene pool. There was evidence of restricted sexual recruitment to the Fantome population, suggesting that asexual reproduction was dominant only in areas where sexual recruitment was limited by other factors.
On delineating supply chain cash flow under collectionrisk

Abstract The credit terms for accounts receivable (AR) offered by sellers to buyers not only create a time lag between supply chain physical flow and cash flow, but also increase the collection risk contributed by late collection and default. Previous studies describing the relationship between the two major supply chain flows did not consider the collection risk, which poses a serious challenge to companies with limited cash resources when seeking growth opportunities in sales. This study first delineates the relationship between the two flows during a growth period without imposing any constraints. A stochastic optimization model is then developed to observe the managerial implications of cash flow risk under tight cash constraints.
Successful Small Intestine Colonization of Adult Mice by Vibrio cholerae Requires Ketamine Anesthesia and Accessory Toxins

Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the physical and genetic parameters that facilitate this colonization were investigated. Successful colonization was found to depend upon anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine and neutralization of stomach acid with sodium bicarbonate, but not streptomycin treatment. A variety of common mouse strains were colonized by O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 strains. All combinations of mutants in the genes for hemolysin, the multifunctional, autoprocessing RTX toxin (MARTX), and hemagglutinin/protease were assessed, and it was found that hemolysin and MARTX are each sufficient for colonization after a low dose infection. Overall, this study suggests that, after intragastric inoculation, V. cholerae encounters barriers to infection including an acidic environment and an immediate immune response that is circumvented by sodium bicarbonate and the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine-xylazine. After initial adherence in the small intestine, the bacteria are subjected to additional clearance mechanisms that are evaded by the independent toxic action of hemolysin or MARTX. Once colonization is established, it is suggested that, in humans, these now persisting bacteria initiate synthesis of the major virulence factors to cause cholera disease. This adult mouse model of intestinal V. cholerae infection, now well-characterized and fully optimized, should serve as a valuable tool for studies of pathogenesis and testing vaccine efficacy.
Transnational Corporations and The Question of Sovereignty: an Alternative Theoretical Framework for the Information Age

A central theme related to globalization is the decline of sovereignty. Non-state institutions, particularly transnational corporations, are often portrayed as rivals of the state which threaten traditional sovereignty with their largesse and enhanced mobility. Yet this framework often suffers from a lack of clarity regarding the meaning of sovereignty and the nature of the evolving relationship between states and corporations. The distribution of power between states and corporations is often portrayed as a zero-sum relation. Thus the persistence of powerful states tends to undermine the thesis. This article, however, reframes the issue by reconsidering the meaning of sovereignty and the nature of the relationship between states and corporations. Sovereignty, it is argued, refers as much to policy autonomy as to the capacity for adversarial intervention. The relationship between states and corporations is as cooperative as it is adversarial. Transnational corporations undermine sovereignty not only by escaping state jurisdictions, but by constricting the range of policy alternatives available to states.
Angular distributions of deuterons from 6Li(12C, d)16O∗

Abstract The angular distributions of deuterons from the reaction 6 Li( 12 C, d) 16 O ∗ leading to the ground state and the first eight excited states of 16 O have been measured at a c.m. energy of 7 MeV. The angular distributions of deuterons leading to the 3rd, 4th and 5th excited states have also been measured at 8 MeV, and excitation functions for these levels have been taken from 6 to 8 MeV at θ lab = 30° and 50°. The results have been analysed by estimating the contribution to the total cross section, due to the formation and decay of the compound nucleus in a statistical region of excitation, by means of a Hauser-Feshbach calculation. This contribution is then subtracted from the measured total cross sections, neglecting any interference effects. The difference is used to obtain reduced alpha widths for 7 levels in 16 O including the 7.12 MeV level which is of significance for the helium burning in stars.
Neo-Kantianism and Coercive Diplomacy: The Complex Case of Economic Sanctions

Although voluminous research connects the neo-Kantian triad—democracy, economic interdependence, and intergovernmental organization membership—to amelioration of conflict processes, comparatively l...
Implications of an Africentric Worldview in Reducing Stress for African American Women

Despite the extensive research on stress in recent decades, including the emphasis on stress mediation and reduction, epidemiological studies indicate that African American women continue to experience high rates of morbidity and mortality because of stress and stress-related diseases. With growth in the conceptualization and articulation of an Africentric perspective for defining the functioning of African American people, in this article the authors explore the idea of an Africentric worldview as a means for reducing stress among African American women. Considering that cognitive appraisals define the situations that individuals experience and considering that worldview is the lens through which experience is viewed, restructuring worldview can alter the cognitive appraisals of potential stressful situations. Africentric worldview provides a framework for affirming African American and women's beliefs and behaviors. The authors propose that the framework has the potential to counter the negative images that often result in stressful appraisals of an oppressive and hostile environment.
Creation of a National, At-home Model for Ashkenazi Jewish Carrier Screening.

Ethnicity-based carrier screening for the Ashkenazi Jewish population has been available and encouraged by advocacy and community groups since the early 1970’s. Both the American College of Medical Genetics and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend carrier screening for this population (Obstetrics and Gynecology, 114(4), 950-953, 2009; Genetics in Medicine, 10(1), 55-56, 2008). While many physicians inquire about ethnic background and offer appropriate carrier screening, studies show that a gap remains in implementing recommendations (Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers, 2011). In addition, education and outreach efforts targeting Jewish communities have had limited success in reaching this at-risk population. Despite efforts by the medical and Jewish communities, many Jews of reproductive age are not aware of screening, and remain at risk for having children with preventable diseases. Reaching this population, preferably pre-conception, and facilitating access to screening is critically important. To address this need, genetic counselors at Emory University developed JScreen, a national Jewish genetic disease screening program. The program includes a national marketing and PR campaign, online education, at-home saliva-based screening, post-test genetic counseling via telephone or secure video conferencing, and referrals for face-to-face genetic counseling as needed. Our goals are to create a successful education and screening program for this population and to develop a model that could potentially be used for other at-risk populations.
Approach to the N-Body Problem with Hard-Sphere Interaction Applied to the Collision Domains of Three Bodies

We present a simple numerical method for determining the phase-space domains that correspond to a chain of successive collisions among $N$ hard spheres. The method is applied to the three-body problem, and it is shown to yield with ease results that are difficult to obtain analytically. The exact phase-space domains corresponding to the allowed collision chains among three spheres are described in full detail for the coplanar case.
Temperature Regulation of Growth and Endogenous Abscisic Acid-like Content of Tulipa gesneriana L.

The ontogenetic changes of dry matter and abscisic acid (ABA)-like content in the component organs of Tulipa gesneriana L. `Paul Richter9 and `Golden Melody9 under two temperature storage regimes were determined. The organ dry matter and ABA showed marked differences during 13 and 5 C dry storage and during subsequent growth at 13 C. Scale dry matter of both cultivars declined sharply when grown at 13 C. The basalplate of the cultivars showed an initial gain in dry matter, but declined subsequently. The shoot of both cultivars stored at 13 C exhibited greater dry matter gain than at 5 C. In contrast, the bulblets of the cultivars at 5 C showed a much higher rate of dry matter accumulation than at 13 C. An inhibitory substance extracted from tulip bulb organs co-chromatographed with authentic ABA and had identical thin layer chromatographic R F values of ABA in five solvent systems. The total ABA content per bulb increased 3-fold in `Golden Melody9 and 2- to 4-fold in `Paul Richter9 during the course of the temperature treatments. ABA was low in the scales and shoot, but it was high in the basalplate, bulblets, and roots. It is suggested that the probable ABA biosynthetic sites of tulip bulb are the developing bulblets, basalplate, and roots.
The Determinants of Out-Migration Among In-State College Students in the United States

Using national data, this study examined out-migration behavior of college graduates who attended in-state institutions in the United States. Unlike previous studies on the issue of student migration, in which researchers used a single equation approach, the present study employed a multi-level technique to assess the effects of factors from individual, institutional, and state levels on post-graduation migration. The study findings suggest that grant recipients, students who applied to multiple institutions, and college graduates from highly selective institutions are more likely to leave their native states, while Hispanics, college graduates from doctoral institutions, and students who reside in states with higher gross domestic product are more likely to remain in their native states.
Stoichiometry of cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibition by p21Cip1/Waf1

Progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by phosphorylation, which is catalyzed by cyclin-dependent kinases. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated through several mechanisms, including negative regulation by p21 (variously called CAP20, Cip1, Sdi1, and WAF1). It has been proposed that multiple p21 molecules are required to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases, such that p21 acts as a sensitive buffer of cyclin-dependent kinase activity or as an assembly factor for the complexes formed by the cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Using purified, full-length proteins of known concentration (determined by absorbance) and cyclin A-Cdk2 of known activity (calibrated with staurosporine), we find that a 1:1 molar ratio of p21 to cyclin A-Cdk2 is able to inhibit Cdk2 activity both in the binary cyclin A-Cdk2 complex and in the presence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Our results indicate that the mechanism of p21 inhibition of cyclin A-Cdk2 does not involve multiple molecules of bound p21.
Influence of nicotine on simulator flight performance in non-smokers

In a placebo-controlled study, we investigated the influence of nicotine on late-day aviation performance in 15 non-smoking subjects. In a within-subjects design, subjects were tested on 2 days, each lasting 8 h and consisting of three 75-min simulator flights (late-afternoon practice, evening test, night test). Prior to each test, subjects received either nicotine polacrilex 2 mg or placebo gum. As expected, overall performance was significantly better after nicotine, compared to placebo (P < 0.01). Post-hoc analysis of individual flight tasks showed that nicotine improved scores on approach to landing, a task which appears to require sustained attention. We conclude that nicotine may improve late-day flight performance in non-smoking aviators.
Persistent Orientalisms: the concept of religion in international relations

This article sets recent scholarship on religion in international relations (IR) into the context of contemporary debates in religious studies. When this is done, an important internal tension comes to light between conceiving of religion as a ‘sui generis’ phenomenon and acknowledging that ‘religion’ is a constructed, historically contingent category. This article argues that when seen in a geopolitical context, such tensions reveal a number of familiar Orientalist conceits in recent IR theorizing on religion. Thus, the study of religion in IR should take the matter of how ‘religion’ is defined more seriously.
Apartment rent: Rent control and other determinants

Summary This paper reviews the empirical research which focuses on the numerous factors that affect apartment rent and property valuation. These factors range from rent control to physical attributes to various amenities and services. This survey should provide information for a host of international market participants including tax assessors who determine market value, appraisers who make market‐derived rent adjustments, and property managers and developers who set apartment rents.
Racial disparity in clinical course and outcome of metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives To perform a review of patient and disease characteristics and response and survival outcomes of patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Racial differences in prostate cancer have usually been attributed to socioeconomic status, quality of care, comorbidities, and dietary factors. In a clinical trial population, some of these factors, such as access to care and performance status, are likely to be relatively uniform. Methods The patients included in the review had been registered in clinical trials between 1991 and 2001 at Wayne State University. Results Of 145 patients, 90 (62%) were white Americans and 55 (38%) were black Americans, 27% were 70 years or older, and 34% had minimal metastatic disease (axial bony involvement and/or lymph node involvement) and 66% had extensive disease (appendicular skeleton and/or visceral involvement). The chi-square test demonstrated no statistically significant difference by race in the distribution of the patient and disease characteristics. The prostate-specific antigen response rate was 41% in whites and 29% in blacks ( P = 0.12). Log-rank analysis revealed race to be the only statistically significant factor predictive of the time to prostate-specific antigen progression ( P = 0.02, median 4.6 months in whites and 2.3 months in blacks). No statistically significant difference by race was found in overall survival. Poor performance status, extensive disease, elevated alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase levels, and a lack of prostate-specific antigen response were statistically significant predictors of worse overall survival. Conclusions In patients with androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer studied in clinical trials, race was an independent predictor of therapeutic outcome. Additional investigation of the biologic and genetic differences underlying this clinical disparity is warranted.
804 PLATELET ASSOCIATED IMMUNOGLOBULIN, PLATELET SIZE AND THE EFFECT OF SPLENECTOMY IN THE WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME

Severe thrombooytopenia, characterized by small platelets, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS). This microthrombocytopenia was assumed to reflect a primary defect in platelet production until the recent demonstration that splenectomy (Spx) frequently normalizes the platelet count. We have measured platelet mean volume (PMV) and platelet associated immunoglobulin (PAIgG) in WAS patients before and after Spx. WAS patients (n=14) average MPV pre-Spx was 3.2 μ3 ± .2 s.e.m. compared to normal controls' MPV of 6.6 μ3 ± .6, p,.<001. 7 WAS patients underwent Spx, in each case a normal platelet count was achieved and the group MPV rose to 5.8 μ3 ± .3, within the normal range. PAIgG per platelet in the WAS subjects (n=10) pre-Spx ranged from 18.1 fg to 267.3 fg mean 78.9 fg ± 23.3, significantly greater than normal (<4 fg/platelet) and aplastic controls, p<.001. In 5 WAS subjects studied post-Spx, PAIgG mean declined to normal, ranging from 1.6 fg to 8.7 fg, with a mean 4.0 fg ± 1.25. Increase in MPV and decrease in PAIgG usually occurred within two weeks of Spx. Based upon the changes in MPV and PAIgG, we speculate that immune mediated platelet destruction occurs in WAS subjects, that this process requires an intact spleen and a complex interaction between the WAS IgG-coated platelet and splenic macrophages resulting in piecemeal loss of platelet membrane giving rise to the small WAS platelet.
Analysis of the most highly cited articles from the 50-year history of CCA.

Abstract Background The 50th anniversary of CCA in 2006 prompted analysis of the most highly cited articles from the Journal's history. Methods Lists of most highly cited CCA articles were obtained from Current Contents (1974, 1991) and CCA (2006); all based on the ISI/Thomson Scientific database. PubMed search identified country of origin. Results Distribution of the most highly cited CCA articles was skewed towards those with high total citations. From the beginning, these articles originated from a diverse group of countries. This diversity increased with time to include countries from 4 continents. The most highly cited articles emerged at least 8–16 years following their publication. During the first 35 years of the Journal, there was a significant positive correlation between the total number of citations and the publication date of cited articles. Initially, virtually all most highly cited articles were methods papers, whereas during the past 25 years less than half of them reported methods; clinical research papers and reviews making up the rest. Conclusions Results of this analysis may help in editorial policy-making and marketing of the Journal and in assessing the impact of individual countries on the field, and may guide authors' decision in submitting articles to the Journal.
PowerPoint and complexity

Everyone talks about software bloat, feature creep and the ever-increasing complexity of software. Each new version of a software package adds in new features. Very rarely, features are removed. But what really happens as software evolves?This animated film illustrates the evolution of PowerPointover seven versions from 1987-2001. With each version the user has faced increasing application complexity. Knowing how software evolves is of increasing importance as we move to building ultra-large scale software and developing software in the context of software ecologies.This film uses abstract graphical representations of the application features and relationships between features. Time-lapse animation of these abstract representations are used to convey an understanding of how this application has evolved. This animation is based on data from a project that is mapping the user interface and application functionality available in every release of Microsoft PowerPoint for the Macintosh. To date this study spans 7 releases of this application.
How the mighty have fallen

In 1957, science advisers were brought into the White House as the President's Science Advisory Committee. Its demise has deprived the US government of invaluable counsel. In the first of a new series of essays on government science advice, Richard Garwin, a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee in the Eisenhower administration, mourns its demise at the hands of President Nixon. Set up in 1957 in response to Soviet exploits in space, PSAC succeeded in bringing science advice into the White House in a way that Garwin feels structures since have failed to do.
CORPORATIONS, ORGANIZED CRIME, AND THE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE MAKING OF A CRIMINOGENIC REGULATORY STRUCTURE*

This paper explores the relationship between legitimate corporations that generate hazardous waste and elements of organized crime with whom they contract for the removal, treatment, or disposition of those wastes. The scope and importance of hazardous waste as a social problem is first described and the variety of organized crime participation in waste handling is summarized. The paper then explores the factors that enabled organized crime to become active in this sector of the economy. Lax implementation and en forcement, the most common explanations, are discussed. The formation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 is analyzed to show that there was a prior and more fundamental factor: large corporate generators of hazardous waste fought for a regulatory structure that would prove to be highly vulnerable to organized crime intrusion. This fact is then used to discuss and critique two current explanations of the relationship of corporate generators to organized crime waste handlers: “ignorance” and “powerlessness.” Finally, it is argued that although generators did not consciously intend to facilitate organized crime entry into hazardous waste hauling, they did subsequently enjoy tangible benefits from that entry.
Broadening the Base of a Technical Communication Program: An Industrial/Academic Alliance.

Developing alliances with industry may be one of the primary factors in creating a technical communication program that blends sound rhetorical theory and pedagogy with the discourse knowledge of technical communication practitioners. Creating an Advisory Board is one way to forge this alliance. This article describes how such a board was created, the influence it had upon program development, and the insights both industry and academia gained from this alliance. Although industry and academia are not the same, both had overlapping goals: to develop a symbiotic relationship that would provide students and faculty with the technological expertise practicing technical communicators could offer, but, at the same time, to provide a construct true to the missions of a liberal education.
Binding of N-acyl derivatives of phenylalanyl-tRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

Abstract As part of an investigation of the design of affinity columns for the isolation of functional ribosomes the N-acyl derivatives octanyl, stearyl, and succinyl polyethylene oxide of the amino acid residue of phenylalanyl-tRNA have been prepared. The specific binding of the derivatives to the E. coli 30S ribosomal subunit in the presence of poly(U) has been determined. N-Octanylphenylalanyl-tRNA and N-stearyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA were bound about as strongly as phenylalanyl-tRNA (dissociation constant equal to 0.6 × 10−7 m ). n-(succinyl polyethylene oxide)-phenylalanyl-tRNA did not, bind. Fifty percent of the 30S ribosomal subunits were capable of binding phenylalanyl-tRNA and the two derivatives.
Root finding in the complex plane for seismo-acoustic propagation scenarios with Green's function solutions

A normal mode solution to the ocean acoustic problem of the Pekeris waveguide with an elastic bottom using a Green's function formulation for a compressional wave point source is considered. Analytic solutions to these types of waveguide propagation problems are strongly dependent on the eigenvalues of the problem; these eigenvalues represent horizontal wavenumbers, corresponding to propagating modes of energy. The eigenvalues arise as singularities in the inverse Hankel transform integral and are specified by roots to a characteristic equation. These roots manifest themselves as poles in the inverse transform integral and can be both subtle and difficult to determine. Following methods previously developed [S. Ivansson et al., J. Sound Vib. 161 (1993)], a root finding routine has been implemented using the argument principle. Using the roots to the characteristic equation in the Green's function formulation, full-field solutions are calculated for scenarios where an acoustic source lies in either the water column or elastic half space. Solutions are benchmarked against laboratory data and existing numerical solutions.
Volcanic SO 2 emissions and the abundance and distribution of exsolved gas in magma bodies

The mass of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) released by most explosive volcanic eruptions greatly exceeds the amount originally dissolved in the erupted volume of silicate melt. Several lines of evidence suggest that this discrepancy is due to the presence of SO 2 -bearing gas bubbles in the magma before the time of eruption. Comparison of remote sensing data for SO 2 emissions with conventional petrologic estimates suggests that the discrepancy can be resolved if andesitic and dacitic magmas contain about 1-6 wt% exsolved gas, equivalent to 5-30 vol%, prior to eruption. Such large mass fractions of exsolved gas in pre-eruptive magma are consistent with previously published physical models in which crystallization-induced gas exsolution gradually increases overpressuring of a magma reservoir, eventually triggering an eruption. Simple mass balance models for SO 2 emissions from magma bodies in which there is an upwards increasing gradient in exsolved gas mass fraction (i.e. gas-rich at the top) yield SO 2 vs. eruptive volume trends that are similar to those observed for eruptions ranging in size from 0.01 to 10 km 3 of magma. Despite the many uncertainties involved, these patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that subvolcanic magma reservoirs are separated from volcanic vents by cupolas of gas-rich magma that supply much of the gas released in explosive eruptions. The volume fraction of exsolved gas inferred from SO 2 data for the upper regions of many pre-eruptive magma bodies (∼30 vol%) is similar to the percolation threshold at which gas bubbles become sufficiently interconnected to allow permeable gas flow through a bubble network. Thus this value may reflect a physical limitation on the maximum exsolved gas volume fraction that can occur at the roof zone of a magma reservoir because any additional gas would be lost by advective flow through the permeable bubble network. Andesitic and dacitic magma in crustal reservoirs are probably gas saturated due to recharge and underplating by basaltic magma that is saturated with H 2 O-CO 2 -S gas. Comparison of repose times, eruptive volumes, and basaltic magma supply rates for a spectrum of volcanic systems suggests a relatively steady state flux of S from Earth's mantle to atmosphere through many andesitic and dacitic magma systems.
Assignment of 15N chemical shifts and 15N relaxation measurements for oxidized and reduced iso-1-cytochrome c.

A protocol for complete isotopic labeling of iso-1-cytochrome c from the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported. Assignments are reported for the vast majority of the 15N amide resonances in both oxidized and reduced states. 15N heteronuclear relaxation experiments were collected to study the picosecond−nanosecond backbone dynamics of this protein. Relaxation rates were computed and fit to spectral density functions by a model-free analysis. Backbone amides in the overlapping loop B/C region are the most flexible on the picosecond−nanosecond time scale in both forms of the protein. The results show that, on average, the protein backbone is slightly more dynamic in the oxidized than the reduced state, though not significantly so. Exchange terms, which suggest significant motion on a time scale at least an order of magnitude slower than the overall correlation time of 5.2 ns, were required for only two residues in the reduced state and 27 residues in the oxidized state. When analyzed on a per-residu...
Comparative Toxicokinetics of Methanol in the Female Mouse and Rat

The toxicokinetics of methanol in female CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were examined to explore the possibility of species differences in the disposition of the compound. Mice received a single dose of 2.5 g/kg methanol either po (by gavage) or i.v. (as a 1-min infusion). Rats received a single oral dose of 2.5 g/kg methanol. As expected, the disposition of methanol was nonlinear in both species. Data obtained after i.v. administration of methanol to mice were well described by a one-compartment model with Michaelis-Menten elimination. Blood methanol concentration--time data after oral administration could be described by a one-compartment (mice) or two-compartment (rats) model with Michaelis-Menten elimination from the central compartment and biphasic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Kinetic parameters (Vmax for elimination, apparent volume of the central compartment [Vc], first-order rate constants for intercompartmental transfer [k12 and k21], and first-order absorption rate constants for fast [kAF] and slow [kAS] absorption processes) were compared between species. When normalized for body weight, mice evidenced a higher maximal elimination rate than rats (Vmax = 117 +/- 3 mg/hr/kg vs 60.7 +/- 1.4 mg/hr/kg for rats). The contribution of the fast absorption process to overall methanol absorption also was larger in the mouse than in the rat.
Synergistic fibrinolysis: combined effects of plasminogen activators and an antibody that inhibits alpha 2-antiplasmin.

Abstract To improve the efficacy of plasminogen activators, we produced a monoclonal antibody (RWR) that inhibits human alpha 2-antiplasmin (alpha 2AP). In addition to inhibiting alpha 2AP in plasma, RWR binds to and inhibits fibrin cross-linked alpha 2AP and reproduces the "spontaneous" clot lysis that is the hallmark of human alpha 2AP deficiency. By inhibiting the inactivation of plasmin by alpha 2AP, RWR interacts synergistically with plasminogen activators to increase the potency (for 50% clot lysis) of urokinase by 80-fold, tissue plasminogen activator by 27-fold, and streptokinase by 20-fold. Yet, for a given amount of fibrinolysis, the combination of RWR and lower doses of plasminogen activator leads to less fibrinogen consumption than is obtained with higher, equipotent doses of plasminogen activator alone. These results suggest a strategy for increasing the efficacy of plasminogen activators. More generally, this approach to amplifying enzymatic activity by immunoneutralizing an inhibitor may be useful in other biologic processes that are rigidly governed by inhibitors.
Measurements of radial and longitudinal hadron shower development at 300 GeV

Abstract We present the first measurements of the average energy deposition (as measured by small scintillators) in hadron showers produced by 300 GeV protons as a function of position in Al, Fe and Pb multiplate calorimeters. Sample energy deposition spectra are also presented for the first time. These measurements may be used as “benchmark” comparisons for Monte Carlo hadron cascade programs.
Private Sector Solutions to Payments System Fragility

The 1974 failure of Herstatt Bank and the disruptions which hit financial markets ushered in an era of heightened concern about the potential vulnerability of payments systems, especially the wholesale large-value systems, to systemic risk and other problems. Systemic risk—the likelihood that a problem in one institution will cause the insolvency of healthy institutions—through runs, the creation of liquidity problems, or other forces, has been a major policy focus.1
Differences in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit expression are not responsible for strain-dependent susceptibility to excitotoxin-induced injury

Systemic administration of kainic acid in C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice induces a comparable level of seizure induction yet results in differential susceptibility to seizure-induced cell death. While kainate administration causes severe hippocampal damage in mice of the FVB/N strain, C57BL/6 mice display no demonstrable cell loss or damage. At present, while the cellular mechanisms underlying strain-dependent differences in susceptibility remain unclear, some of this variation is assumed to have a genetic basis. As glutamate receptors are thought to participate in seizure induction and the subsequent neuronal degeneration that ensues, previous studies have proposed that variation in the precise subunit composition of glutamate receptors may result in differential susceptibility to excitotoxic cell death. Thus, we chose to examine the relationship between the cellular distribution and expression of glutamate receptor subunit proteins and cell loss within the hippocampus in mouse strains resistant and susceptible to kainate-induced excitotoxicity. Using semi-quantitative Western blot techniques and immunohistochemistry with the use of antibodies that recognize subunits of the KA (GluR5,6,7), AMPA (GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4), and NMDA (NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A/2B) receptors, we found no significant strain-dependent differences in the expression or distribution of these glutamate receptor subunits in the intact hippocampus. Following kainate administration, expression changes in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits paralleled the development of susceptibility to cell death in the FVB/N strain only. Strain differences in hippocampal vulnerability to kainate-induced status epilepticus are not due to glutamate receptor protein expression.
An Abnormality of the Proventriculus Caused by Feed Texture

Abstract NEWBERNE et al. (1956) described an abnormality of the proventriculus purified diets. The proventriculus in the affected birds occupied a space several times that of the normal organ and it was usually filled with a turbid liquid. Although the musculature was somewhat thinner the weight of tissue in the organ was considerably greater than normal. The water content of the tissue was not altered appreciably. Although this abnormality has been commonly observed in chicks reared on purified diets, it has never been observed in chicks that consumed a practical corn-soya type diet. Thus, it appeared that the protective effect of the practical ration must be related to either its texture or its chemical composition. This report deals with effect of feed texture on the incidence of enlarged proventriculi in growing chickens. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Sexed White Leghorn chicks were placed in electrically heated batteries at hatching and feed and water were …
Autonomic dysfunction in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Autonomic symptoms were observed in 6 patients with clinically and electrophysiologically documented Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Of the 6 patients, 2 were extensively investigated in the laboratory. In contrast to previous reports which recognized only cholinergic dysautonomia, abnormalities of sympathetic as well as parasympathetic function were evident. Of the 6 patients, 4 had small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In one male patient, chemotherapy for SCLC resulted in an early improvement of autonomic dysfunction and the electrophysiological defect, documenting simultaneous regression of dysautonomia and LEMS. In addition, the patients with SCLC and LEMS had a survival thus far of 3-13 years suggesting that a subgroup of SCLC patients have a better prognosis.
Multivariate analyses of performance in a DRL paradigm

Multivariate analyses were used to explore the interrelations between response measures used in a DRL-20 schedule. A principal components analysis revealed two major components which accounted for a majority of the variance in all measures. One component included responses, reinforcements, efficiency, and a decrease in short-latency interresponse times; it could be viewed as supporting the previous use of the construct inhibition in the interpretation of DRL results. The other component was primarily associated with increased responding in the first period in which reinforcement was available; it could be viewed as a measure of temporal discrimination. A discriminant function, with blocks of trials as the criterion, was used to obtain from IRT/OP data a single measure summarizing change in behavior as a function of experience. The discriminant function incorporated both of the above sources of variance. The findings indicate that currently used summary measures do not fully reflect changes that occur under the DRL schedule.
The effects of task-oriented versus repetitive bilateral arm training on upper limb function and activities of daily living in stroke patients

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of task-oriented bilateral arm training and repetitive bilateral arm training on upper limb function and activities of daily living in stroke patients. [Subjects] Forty patients with hemiplegia resulting from stroke were divided into a task orientied bilateral arm training group (n=20) and a repetitive bilateral arm training group (n=20). [Methods] The task-oriented group underwent bilateral arm training with 5 functional tasks, and the repetitive group underwent bilateral arm training with rhythmin auditory cueing for 30 minutes/day, 5 times/week, for 12 weeks. [Results] The upper limb function and the ability to perform activities of daily living improved significantly in both groups. Although there were significant differences between the groups, the task-oriented group showed greater improvement in upper limb function and activities of daily living. [Conclusion] We recommend bilateral arm training as well as adding functional task training as a clinical intervention to improve upper limb function activities of daily living in patients with hemiplegia.
Sol-gel-derived lead and calcium lead titanate pyroelectric detectors on silicon MEMS structures

Pyroelectric detectors based on PbTiO3 (PTO) and Pb1-xCaxTiO3 (PCTx) were fabricated and evaluated on thin silicon micro electrical-mechanical structures (MEMS) utilizing a new sol-gel technique. The sol-gel approach allows arbitrary Pb:Ca ratio, and is fully compatible with existing CMOS processes. The novel precursor chemistry developed in our laboratory is not moisture sensitive, and has a shelf-life of many months. Layers of PTO precursor were spin-coated onto 4 micrometers thick silicon membrane structures. Heat treatment at 700 degree(s)C yielded crack-free films approximately 0.3 micrometers thick. Contacts to the top of the pyroelectric film and to the silicon membrane were made by thermal evaporation of aluminum. The reduced thermal capacitance and improved thermal isolation offered by the MEMS membrane structure have significantly improved the performance of our device over typical bulk single crystal or ceramic devices. Pyroelectric responsivity of 2.5 volt/watt was measured at (lambda) equals 10.6 micrometers for a first generation simple membrane structure without poling or electrical bias. SPICE analysis of a distributed thermal circuit model indicates the potential for two orders of magnitude improvement in device sensitivity for optimized membrane structures currently under construction. These results also indicate that a fully integrated high-performance room temperature imaging array for use in the far IR can be realized at low cost.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of mononuclear cell factors on calcium transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.

The effect of supernatants from cultures of mitogen-stimulated human mononuclear cells on calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum was examined. Calcium transport was assayed by measuring the time course of calcium accumulation and calcium-dependent ATPase activity simultaneously. Calcium accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum incubated with supernatants from stimulated mononuclear cells was 20% less than that by vesicles exposed to control supernatants (P < 0.001). In contrast, no difference in calcium-dependent ATPase activity was noted between vesicles incubated with either active or control supernatants. The results suggest that mononuclear cell factors disturb calcium transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Internal marketing and organizational behavior: A partnership in developing customer-conscious employees at every level

Abstract Internal marketing is the best approach for establishing a service orientation as the organizational imperative. Internal marketing focuses on achieving effective internal exchanges between the organization and its employee groups as a prerequisite for successful exchanges with external markets. Contributions from organizational behavior that enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of internal marketing programs are examined. Ideas such as relationship marketing, all employees as “part-time marketers,” and internal customers are considered from the perspective of organizational behavior.
Toxicity of free and liposome-encapsulated adriamycin following large volume, short-term intraperitoneal exposure in the rat

Abstract The effect of liposome encapsulation on toxicity of the anticancer drug adriamycin (ADR) was studied using large volume intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Concebtrations of 5, 20, and 75 μg/ml of free ADR, ADR encapsulated within lipid vesicles, or ADR in the presence of empty lipid vesicles were tested. The most prominent toxic effect was peritonitis, characterized by accumulation of peritoneal fluid, abdominal adhesions, and histologic evidence of inflammation. Two days after treatment, peritonitis was marginally less with encapsulated than with free ADR. Fourteen days after treatment, peritonitis was generally more severe in the encapsulated 20 μg/ml group than in the free ADR group. At 75 μg/ml the effects of encapsulation on local toxicity were mixed, although the systemic effects were less severe with encapsulation. A generalized hyperlipidemia (Day 14) and elevated LDH levels (Day 2) produced by the highest dose of free ADR were not observed in rats receiving encapsulated ADR. It is concluded that at the concentrations tested, encapsulation appears to offer minimal advantage in reducing local toxicity, but that it may be of benefit in reducing the incidence and severity of systemic toxicity resulting from large volume ip administration of ADR.
Using residence time for the extraction of recirculation regions

This paper introduces the concept of residence-time, from the Eulerian view point, in a rigorous manner. The equations for various flow regimes are derived and a numerical solver is introduced based on Lax-Wendroff integration. An implementation is discussed that allows the coupling of this solver to any explicit CFD code. Examples of this concept are shown for extracting recirculation regions by segregating old fluid from fluid that has not been in the simulation for much time. The comparison of iso-surfaces generated using this procedure and separation surfaces are examine-d.
Association between support group attendance and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Attending support group meetings has been linked to increased weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. However, the degree to which support group attendance influences weight loss is still unclear. This study quantitatively described the association between support group attendance and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods The weight loss data and support group attendance of 78 consecutive Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients were studied retrospectively. The patients were analyzed in 2 groups: those who attended >5 monthly support group meetings (group A) compared with those who went to ≤5 support group meetings (group B). The data from the first 12 months after surgery were analyzed. Results Group A achieved a mean percentage of excess weight loss of 10.5% at 2 weeks after surgery, 21.4% at 6 weeks, 30.9% at 3 months, 45.4% at 6 months, 53.6% at 9 months, and 55.5% at 12 months. Group B achieved a mean percentage of excess weight loss of 11.3% at 2 weeks, 21.8% at 6 weeks, 31.8% at 3 months, 41.3% at 6 months, 45.2% at 9 months, and 47.1% at 12 months. The differences between the 2 groups were significant at P Conclusion Support groups are important for maintaining weight loss throughout the first year after surgery, especially after 6 months when the rate of weight loss from surgery begins to naturally decline. The amount of postoperative weight loss was greater than, or comparable to, the published data. Implementing regular support groups within the postoperative follow-up care may provide patients with the best chances of achieving maximal weight loss.
Influence of phonon dispersion on the velocity of second sound in He II

We present calculations of the velocity of second sound ${u}_{2}$ below 1 K as a function of pressure. These calculations show that ${u}_{2}$ rises above the Landau limit in the presence of positive phonon dispersion. The effect should be experimentally observable in a suitably designed apparatus.
Creative Thinking Ability and Susceptibility to Persuasion

(1970). Creative Thinking Ability and Susceptibility to Persuasion. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 181-186.
Enhancement of oncogenesis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell cultures by saccharin

Impure and pure samples of saccharin (2 milligrams per milliliter) did not produce oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2, clone 8, mouse embryo fibroblasts. However, after treatment of the cells with a nontransforming initiating dose (0.1 microgram per milliliter) of 3-methylcholanthrene, continuous treatment with either sample of saccharin (100 micrograms per milliliter) led to significant transformation. It is concluded that in this system saccharin is a cocarginogen, probably functioning as a promoting agent that is 1000-fold less active than the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.