cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the Energy Efficiency of Pipelined Delay Lines Through Adaptive Granularity

A calibrated delay line is a key component in many modern digital systems. Traditionally, these lines are designed as real-time pipelines with static granularity, fine enough to handle a worst case input rate. However, due to their rigid structure, they have suboptimal energy for low- and varying-rate input streams. We introduce a complete methodology for designing reconfigurable delay lines that dynamically adapt their granularity to actual input traffic, on-the-fly, without stalling or disturbing normal operation. Two or more modes can be used, with different granularities to handle different traffic densities. During sparser traffic, the system is reconfigured to the proper coarser-grain mode, thereby reducing total energy, and it reverts to fine-grain mode during denser traffic. In each case, overall delay is preserved. This strategy is especially beneficial for applications where input traffic is highly varied. The particular focus of this paper is one promising domain, continuous-time digital signal processors (CT DSPs), a new class of processors targeting low-energy applications. The proposed system includes two lightweight asynchronous control blocks: a digital controller to continuously monitor input traffic, and a micropipeline to dynamically reconfigure the entire delay line. Design approaches for bimodal and trimodal adaptive lines are presented, which are then implemented in a 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ IBM CMOS technology. Simulations for these delay lines demonstrate savings in overall dynamic power up to 45.5% and 71.1%, respectively, when compared with a nonadaptive design, with only minimal area overhead (1.5% and 3%, respectively, for a targeted configuration). Using extensions to more configuration modes, further power reductions can be achieved. While results are presented for CT DSPs, significant benefits are also expected in many other domains, where the delay lines are used.
The KA-99 Panoramic Camera

The KA-99 ( ) Panoramic Camera was developed in 1974 under contract to the U.S. Navy to provide a low/medium altitude aerial reconnaissance camera to meet the need for a versatile low-cost high-performance tactical photographic system. It provides full horizon-to-horizon panoramic photography over a broad V/H mission envelope required for current high performance aircraft. It was designed specifically for installation in a pod but is also compatible with conventional tactical aircraft installations. It provides high acuity imagery on five inch wide aerial film while operating at altitudes between 500 feet and 12,000 feet. A proto-type camera has been successfully flight tested in a pod developed by NADC, Warminster, Pennsylvania.
Multilevel Continuous Sampling Procedure for Inspection by Attributes

Abstract In continuous production processes, where items are produced sequentially, the application of a continuous sampling inspection technique for the purpose of controlling or maintaining quality is sometimes more effective than the application of other types of techniques, such as lot-by-lot sampling inspection. In this article, a multilevel continuous sampling procedure is devised. Its long-run statistical properties, the AOQ function and AFI function, are derived by demonstrating the operation of the procedure as a finite Markov chain. This procedure is presented with the change in sampling rates in both geometric and arithmetic progression. Two initial sampling rates are given as 1/2 and 1/3. The flow process chart, some tables of AOQ and AFI functions, and the tables of the relevant parameters which yield a specified AOQL are presented to facilitate the application of these plans.
Industrial Applications of High Power Lasers

Very early in the history of lasers it was recognized that the high power beam from a ruby laser could perform a variety of practical tasks. It could weld and drill holes easily; enthusiasm for exploitation of these capabilities ran very high. However, it took many years before lasers were employed in a practical sense by industry. The early lasers were not reliable and durable enough. Even though a laser could perform many useful tasks well, it was often unfeasible economically.
Hydrogen abstraction by fluorine atoms: F + HX and F + DX (X = I, Br, Cl)

Abstract Absolute reaction rates for F + HX and F + DX (X = I, Br, Cl) have been obtained by monitoring the rise time of HF (DF) vibrational fluorescence following multiphoton dissociation of SF 6 in mixtures of HX (DX) and argon. The cross sections for reaction are, in units of 10 −16 cm 2 , 4.37, 5.26, and 1.16 for HI, HBr, and HCl, respectively. The isotope effects k HX / k DX , are 1.29 ± 0.14, 1.29 ± 0.18, and 1.38 ± 0.29, respectively.
Clinical Management of Potential Bioterrorism-Related Conditions

The agents most likely to be used in bioterrorism attacks are reviewed, along with the clinical syndromes they produce and their treatment.
Micromechanisms of crack initiation in thin films and thick sections of polyethylene

The morphology of the micro-deformation and fracture processes that occur in the neighbourhood of a notch prior to macroscopic crack growth were determined by a variety of microscopic techniques. The first micro-event that was observed in all instances was the formation of crack-like pores. The shape of the porous zone could not be deduced from existing yield criteria. In thick sections the porous zone transformed to a fibrillated region and in thin films the porous zone tends to transform into a continuous oriented zone. Fibril fracture consisted of a slow process of thinning by shear followed by a rapid rupture. The above micro-events precede macroscopic crack growth in polyethylene.
A Collaboration between ESL and Regular Classroom Teachers for ELL Students' Literacy Development

This article presents a teacher‐research project on collaboration between an English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher and a fourth‐grade classroom teacher to enhance the literacy development of English language learners (ELLs). It illustrates how two teachers worked closely in helping their ELL students develop their writing skills and the benefits both the students and teachers gained from this collaboration.
Immunological Synapses: Breaking Up May Be Good to Do

Activated T cells form stable immunological synapses with antigen-presenting cells whereas naive T cells initially engage in more transient interactions. Sims et al. (2007) demonstrate that these transient interactions are due to the kinase PKCθ, which serves to destabilize the synapse thereby permitting T cells to migrate elsewhere. They also show that re-establishment of a synapse involves the actin regulator WASp.
The effects of the aminobisphosphonate alendronate on thyroid hormone-induced osteopenia in rats

Hyperthyroidism, either endogenous or iatrogenic, leads to increased bone turnover and osteopenia. This study was conducted to examine (1) whether thyroid hormone excess in rats causes bone changes similar to those seen in patients with hyperthyroidism, and (2) the effects of the aminobisphosphonate alendronate on the thyroid hormone-induced bone changes. Sprague-Dawley male rats, divided into four groups, received L-thyroxine (T4) 250 micrograms/kg/day (+T4) or vehicle (-T4) subcutaneously six times per week and alendronate 1.75 mg/kg (+ALN) or vehicle (-ALN) orally twice a week. Rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks of treatment, blood samples were analyzed for serum T4, triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and osteocalcin, and the proximal tibiae were processed for histomorphometric analysis. Serum T4 and T3 levels measured 20-24 hours after the last injection were 2 to 2.5-fold higher in +T4 groups than in -T4 groups. Serum osteocalcin was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in +T4/-ALN group than in the other groups, which were not statistically different from each other. T4 treatment (+T4/-ALN) significantly decreased the amount of cancellous bone volume (-45%) and increased osteoid surface (+254%), osteoblast surface (+111%), and osteoclast surface (+176%) relative to control values. Alendronate increased the bone volume above control values in both T4-treated (+T4/+ALN) and untreated (-T4/+ALN) rats, and prevented the T4-induced increase in bone turnover in +T4/+ALN rats. It is concluded that (1) excess thyroid hormone induces cancellous bone loss associated with high bone turnover in the rat, and (2) this bone loss can be prevented by alendronate through the inhibition of osteoclastic activity.
Detection of intraarticular loose osteochondral fragments by double-contrast wrist arthrography A case report of a basketball injury

Gravity was used in a case of double-contrast wrist arthrography to demonstrate the intraarticular loose nature of osteochondral fracture fragments. These cal cified loose bodies were successfully removed surgi cally.
Photobook: content-based manipulation of image databases

We describe the Photobook system, which is a set of interactive tools for browsing and searching images and image sequences. These query tools differ from those used in standard image databases in that they make direct use of the image content rather than relying on text annotations. Direct search on image content is made possible by use of semantics-preserving image compression, which reduces images to a small set of perceptually-significant coefficients. We discuss three types of Photobook descriptions in detail: one that allows search based on appearance, one that uses 2-D shape, and a third that allows search based on textural properties. These image content descriptions can be combined with each other and with text-based descriptions to provide a sophisticated browsing and search capability. In this paper we demonstrate Photobook on databases containing images of people, video keyframes, hand tools, fish, texture swatches, and 3-D medical data.
A simple null-field ellipsometric imaging system (NEIS) for in-situ monitoring of EUV-induced deposition on EUV optics

We describe a null-field ellipsometric imaging system (NEIS) that provides for the real-time imaging of carbon deposition profiles on extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) optics in a vacuum system. NEIS has been demonstrated at NIST on a small chamber that is used for EUV optics lifetime testing. The system provides images of carbon deposition spots with sub-nanometer resolution thickness measurements that maintain good agreement with those from ex-situ spectral ellipsometry (SE) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The system will be implemented on several synchrotron beamlines for real-time monitoring of carbon film growth on optics during EUV irradiation.
Ontogeny of G-protein expression: control by β-adrenoceptors

Abstract Cardiac cell homeostasis is maintained in the face of excessive β-adrenoceptor stimulation through the process of desensitization. Desensitization is not an inherent property of these cells but rather is acquired during development; neonates given β-agonists actually show heterologous sensitization, involving changes in the expression and catalytic activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) as well as an increased receptor/G-protein coupling. The current study examines the role of specific G-protein components, Gsα and Giα, in the ontogeny of β-adrenoceptor responses and in the transition from agonist-induced sensitization to desensitization. Between postnatal days (PN) 6 and 15 there was a significant decrease in the 52 kDa isoform of Gsα with no accompanying change of the 45 kDa form; over the same period, Giα3 also declined substantially. In contrast, the 45 kDa isoform of Gsα and Giα1,2 remained fairly constant over the same period and fluoride-stimulated AC activity increased. Treatment with isoproterenol on PN2–5 did not result in any significant changes in Gsα expression but robustly decreased Giα1,2. These changes were accompanied by heterologous sensitization of AC activity at the level of AC itself, evidenced by equivalent increases in the enzymatic response to fluoride and forskolin–Mn2+. Isoproterenol given to older animals (PN11–14) also caused specific loss of Gi protein, in this case targeting Giα3, whereas Gsα again was unchanged; in contrast to the younger group, the older animals displayed heterologous desensitization of AC at the level of G-protein function (specific loss of the fluoride response). These results indicate that the normal ontogenetic increase of cardiac β-adrenoceptor coupling to AC is not dependent on the absolute amount of G-proteins, nor on the relative balance of stimulatory (Gs) and inhibitory (Gi) subunits. However, the ability of receptor stimulation to downregulate Giα1,2, an event which is specific to immature cardiac cells, is likely to be an important component of the resistance of the fetal/neonatal heart to agonist-induced desensitization and hypertrophy. The maintenance of cardiac β-adrenoceptor signaling in the face of intense stimulation is likely to play an important role in the physiologic adaptations necessary to the perinatal transition.
Cross-polarization efficiency in INS systems using adiabatic RF sweeps

The theory describing nuclear magnetic resonance cross-polarization using adiabatic sweeps of the rf spin-lock fields through the Hartmann–Hahn matching condition is extended to small homonuclear coupled systems of the type INS. In particular, the connection is made between such experiments and the associated theoretical limits on polarization transfer—the “unitary bounds”—demonstrating that these techniques can achieve the maximum transfer of polarization from the I spins to the S spins, subject to the constraint of angular momentum conservation imposed by spin-locking. Factors such as permutation symmetry of the spins, imperfect adiabaticity of individual crossings and fast sample spinning are shown to have no fundamental impact on the validity of these results.
The origins and development of state notation and SKED

Research into the behavioral effects of schedules of reinforcement created a need for more accurate descriptions of procedures than were usually presented verbally. Early notation systems, developed by Skinner, Findley, and Mechner, addressed this problem, but failed to be generally applicable. State notation is a graphic notational system based on Mechner’s work and the mathematical theory of finite automata. Snapper and others have developed the SKED software system for the PDP-8 family of computers, based on state notation. Originally designed for papertape systems, versions of SKED have been developed to take advantage of support software from DEC, for users who have a mass storage peripheral device. OS/8 SKED makes use of the OS/8 operating system and offers many advantages. Time-Share SKED combines the power of OS/8 and the RTS-8 Real-Time System to provide time-sharing. With this system, programming and data analysis can be conducted while the computer monitors experiments.
Development of current filaments in photoconductive GaAs switches

The electric field structure in GaAs photoconductive switches was recorded by means of an optical diagnostic technique which is based on the Franz-Keldysh effect. At low voltages a 100 micrometers wide region of high electric field strength was seen at the cathode only. With increasing voltage, but below the lock-on value, strong domain like field structures emerge in the anode region. At voltages where lock-on of the photocurrent occurred, current filaments were recorded which seem to shorten the electric field structures. Damage due to filamentation was observed mainly at the contacts. Increasing the intensity of the activating laser and consequently the photocurrent caused the electric field in the domains near the anode to increase and resulted in a lowering of the threshold value for lock-on.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Potential role of decoy B7-H4 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: a mouse model informed by clinical data.

Background A pathogenic hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is persistent inflammatory responses in target tissues and organs. Immune responses mediated by T cells and autoantibodies are known to play pivotal roles. A possible interpretation for this observation is a loss of negative regulation of autoimmune responses. Here we sought to investigate whether B7-H4, a cell surface inhibitory molecule of the B7-CD28 signaling pathway, may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Psychometric properties of a Hurricane Coping Self-Efficacy measure

This brief report describes the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure Hurricane Coping Self-Efficacy (HCSE). Survivors of Hurricane Andrew (n = 165) and Hurricane Opal (n = 63) completed the HCSE and assessments of optimism, social support, distress, and resource loss. Principal components factor analyses revealed a unidimensional structure for the HCSE. Internal consistency of the HCSE was strong. In both samples, HCSE was positively associated with optimism and social support, but negatively associated with general psychological distress, trauma related distress, and resource loss. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the HCSE explained a significant amount of experimental variance for intrusive thoughts and avoidance after controlling for social support, lost resources, and optimism.
In vivo light scattering for the detection of cancerous and precancerous lesions of the cervix

A noninvasive optical diagnostic system for detection of cancerous and precancerous lesions of the cervix was evaluated in vivo. The optical system included a fiber-optic probe designed to measure polarized and unpolarized light transport properties of a small volume of tissue. An algorithm for diagnosing tissue based on the optical measurements was developed that used four optical properties, three of which were related to light scattering properties and the fourth of which was related to hemoglobin concentration. A sensitivity of ~77% and specificities in the mid 60% range were obtained for separating high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer from other pathologies and normal tissue. The use of different cross-validation methods in algorithm development is analyzed, and the relative difficulties of diagnosing certain pathologies are assessed. Furthermore, the robustness of the optical system for use by different doctors and to changes in fiber-optic probe are also assessed, and potential improvements in the optical system are discussed.
Impact strength of bulk PS/PB blends: Compatibilization and fracture studies

The effect of rubber phase content on notched Izod for polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) blends compatibilized with PS-PB diblock and PS-PB-PS triblock copolymers has been studied. The effectiveness of various PS-PB-PS triblock copolymers in improving the impact strength of PS/PB blends has been studied. The effect of blending PS-PB diblock with commercial HIPS has been explored. Studies were done for bulk blends produced by compositional quenching. It was observed that a minimum rubber phase volume of 7% was required for significant impact modification. This volume fraction corresponds to a interparticle distance of one particle diameter. The increase in impact strength was attributed to stress field overlap. HIPS blends showed no synergistic impact behavior, previously attributed to particle size bimodality. Atomic Force Microscope studies performed on fracture surfaces showed that energy dissipation is not associated with creation of surface area. A notched Izod of 5.6 ft.-lbf./in. combined with a modulus of 2.17 GPa was obtained using a medium molecular weight triblock, having a block molecular weight of 40,000–24,000–40,000. The triblock results were marginally worse than the best results obtained with diblocks27 (Mathur and Nauman, J Appl Polym Sci, 1999), but were significantly better than results obtained with multiblock and random copolymers1 (Cavanaugh et al., Polymer, 1998). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1151–1164, 1999
Ebstein's Anomaly: Editorial Comments and Personal Observations

Abstract Renewed interest in the natural history of Ebstein's anomaly has been created by recent surgical innovations in its management. Tricuspid valve replacement and various types of plastic reconstruction are the two methods of treating Ebstein's anomaly. Replacement of the tricuspid valve has been more successful in older children and adults than in infants, but overall, less successful than procedures involving a mitral or aortic valve prosthesis. At the Mayo Clinic, 42 patients with Ebstein's anomaly, aged 11 months to 62 years, underwent surgical repair. Plastic repair was accomplished in 34 of these patients, and right ventricular plication and valve replacement in 6 others. Two patients had valves that could not be reconstructed, and underwent a Fontan procedure instead. Three hospital deaths and two late deaths occurred. There have been no deaths in the 25 patients seen last in the series. Long-term follow-up was obtained in the first 22 survivors. The majority were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV preoperatively; all but 3 had improved to NHYA Class I or II at follow-up. Because of the low mortality rate and good long-term results as well as the fact that the majority of patients can be repaired with a plastic procedure, the operation is advisable for patients who have deteriorated into NYHA Class III or IV. Those patients with moderate to severe cyanosis, paradoxical emboli, or progressive increase in cardiac size are also candidates for operation.
Generalized Physical and SRB Measures for Hyperbolic Diffeomorphisms

In this paper we introduce the notion of generalized physical and SRB measures. These measures naturally generalize classical physical and SRB measures to measures which are supported on invariant sets that are not necessarily attractors. We then perform a detailed case study of these measures for hyperbolic Henon maps. For this class of systems we are able to develop a complete theory about the existence, uniqueness, finiteness, and properties of these natural measures. Moreover, we derive a classification for the existence of a measure of full dimension. We also consider general hyperbolic surface diffeomorphisms and discuss possible extensions of, as well as the differences to, the results for Henon maps. Finally, we study the regular dependence of the dimension of the generalized physical/SRB measure on the diffeomorphism. For the proofs we apply various techniques from smooth ergodic theory including the thermodynamic formalism.
Estimation of storage space requirements using multiple regression

SUMMARY Two equations hove been obtained using regression analysis techniques which can be applied to determine storage space requirements with acceptable accuracy and minimum effort. By defining all items by means of a common parameter—packing factor—it was possible to ignore the individual weights of each item, yet still load the transport and storage unit to some practical load limits. The method used in this paper is general and can be applied to similar problems with different boundary conditions.
Coronary artery mapping: A method for three-dimensional reconstruction of epicardial anatomy

Evaluation of coronary anatomy with conventional coronary angiography requires visual integration of multiple images from different viewing orientations to generate a mental interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) structure. The epicardial surface is, in many ways, analogous to the earth’s surface topography and may be effectively depicted using cartographic methods. To show coronary anatomy visualized as topographic maps, we used cartographic projection methods to analyze the coronary vessels of a canine heart after immediate postmortem injection with a radio-opaque gelatinous solution. A volumetric image data set was obtained with x-ray spiral computed tomography. The principal axis of the image volume was calculated and the image volume reformatted to a reference coordinate system defined by the principal axis as the ordinate. A cylindrical projection map of the epicardial surface was created using a maximum-intensity projection volume-rendering technique. After converting the Cartesian reference coordinate system to a polar coordinate system, additional mapping projections from user-defined orientations were generated. The results show that interpretative difficulties of coronary angiography may be diminished by generating 3D maps of coronary anatomy using volumetric datasets acquired noninvasively and displayed with cartographic methods.
Cognitively Diagnostic Assessments and the Cognitive Diagnosis Model Framework

This paper aims to identify the utility of and the need for cognitively diagnostic assessments (CDAs) in conjunction with cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs), and to outline various considerations involved in their development and use. We begin by contrasting the CDA/CDM framework against existing assessment frameworks, which are typically based on item response theory or classical test theory, and show that CDAs used in the CDM context can provide valuable diagnostic information that could enhance classroom instruction and learning. We then detail how the components of a CDA fit into the assessment triangle framework, as well as the evidence-centered design framework. Attribute identification and item development in the context of CDA are discussed, and examples from relevant research are provided. Details of CDMs, which are the statistical models that underpin the practical implementations of CDAs, are also discussed.
Nature, the Experimental Laboratory, and the Credibility of Hypotheses

Experiments at Ann Arbor indicate that rat life expectancy increases with a diet of ecstasy. Raffish rats live as long as eight years, the tests show, while puritan rats, on love-free and otherwise grim and grubby diets, succumb at five. The autobiographical parallel is tempting, but though “love” is said to be a good metabolizer, and though bacchanals have been recommended for the circulation, whether my two-and-fourscore years have been sustained by my devotion to both, or whether I am still here in spite of them, is only a lay opinion-and a “philosophy of life.” The facts are rat facts. -Igor Stravinsky Extrapolation from rat to man, or from game simulations to the marketplace or the summit conference, is done by the student of men and groups of men, not because he prefers to, but because he must. For how can the scientist inflict on Mr. Stravinsky or on U.S. Steel the rigid controls and intense, sustained observation necessary to obtain useful data? On the other hand, how can he be sure that his carefully designed laboratory experiments are valid tests of hypotheses about the natural world? This dilemma is explored in the present paper, and a framework for testing hypotheses is presented.
Endorphins in brains of decapitated and microwave-killed mice

Abstract The size distribution of opioid peptides (endorphins) in mouse brain was determined by gel filtration, using the inhibition of stereospecific 3H-etorphine binding to guinea pig brain membranes as a measure of endorphin activity. The largest endorphin was about the same size as β-LPH-(61–91), the next largest was about half this size and the smallest was the size of the pentapeptide enkephalins. There was no important difference in the size distribution between brains of mice killed by rapid microwave irradiation and those killed by decapitation. Thus, opioid peptides of all three size classes appear to be present in the brain in vivo .
Autonomous Train Control and Track Circuit Inspection System

The Washington D.C. Metro utilizes an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system designed in the mid 1970’s. This ATC system employs passive track bed markers and antennas inductively coupled to the track to send and receive audio frequency control signals over the rails. The ATC system is only installed in revenue passenger cars and has never been installed on any other vehicle. Recently, a new inspection vehicle was delivered that includes an inspection module that interfaces with this train control system to inspect the control and track occupancy signals.This paper will discuss the challenges of designing a track circuit inspection system and retrofitting a refurbished ATC system designed for a revenue vehicle to a custom self propelled inspection car to ensure uniform inductive coupling over curved track, maintaining dynamic clearance envelop of the inspection car and design of custom broadband signal antennas to prevent interference. Additionally this paper will discuss the technical approach for conducting the inspection and results achieved during testing.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Organization and development of zebra finch HVC and paraHVC based on expression of zRalDH, an enzyme associated with retinoic acid production.

The zRalDH gene encodes an aldehyde dehydrogenase associated with the conversion of retinaldehyde (the main vitamin A metabolite) into retinoic acid and its expression is highly enriched in the song control system of adult zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Within song control nucleus HVC, zRalDH is specifically expressed in the neurons that project to area X of the striatum. It is also expressed in paraHVC, commonly considered a medial extension of HVC that is closely associated with auditory areas in the caudomedial telencephalon. Here we used in situ hybridization to generate a detailed analysis of HVC and paraHVC based on expression of zRalDH for adult zebra finches of both sexes and for males during the song-learning period. We demonstrate that the distribution of zRalDH-positive cells can be used for accurate assessments of HVC and paraHVC in adult and juvenile males. We describe marked developmental changes in the numbers of zRalDH-expressing cells in HVC and paraHVC, reaching a peak at day 50 posthatch, an effect potentially due to dynamic changes in the population of X-projecting cells in HVC. We also show that zRalDH-expressing cells in adult females, although much less numerous than in males, have a surprisingly broad distribution along the medial-to-lateral extent of HVC, but are lacking where paraHVC is found in adult males. Our study thus contributes to our understanding of the nuclear organization of the song system and the dynamics of its developmental changes during the song-learning period. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:148-161, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental Study of Sound Radiation from a Subsonic Jet in Simulated Motion

A free-jet anechoic facility is used for quantitative determination of the effect of motion on the pure jet mixing noise from subsonic jets. The farfield measurements obtained outside the free jet are subjected to amplitude and angle corrections due to free-jet shear layer refraction; in addition, corrections are made to account for the distributed nature of the jet noise source as a function of frequency. The corrected results, which provide the changes in the jet mixing noise as a result of simulated jet motion, are presented for a range of jet velocities with a fixed free-jet velocity. Comparisons are made between the findings obtained and those related to other simulation and flight measurements. The results indicate that the effect of motion is to reduce jet mixing noise at all angles of measurement, and the reduction is broadband with the largest magnitude occurring around the spectral peak.
Congregational Mentoring and Discipleship: Implications for Social Work Practice

This article describes a phenomenological study of youth mentoring in 50 Midwestern Christian congregations, with specific attention to the relevance of congregational mentoring for professional social work. Findings revealed that most mentoring relationships were congruent with goals of Christian discipleship and focused on existing congregation members. Evangelical churches were more intentional and expansive than nonevangelical Protestant and Catholic congregations in community outreach efforts, and more likely to have multiple mentoring options based on differing youth faith commitments. Discussion highlights implications of findings for social work practice with youth and families.
Aio Vibrational Temperature Measurements From Burning Aluminum Particles At Elevated Pressure

A streak camera is used to obtain time-resolved AIO emission spectra from burning 10 micron aluminum particles in a C02/Ar mixture at 8.6 atmospheres in a shock tube. Digital spectra are obtained with a temporal resolution of 16 microseconds over the entire 180 microsecond combustion event. These spectra are fit to vibrational temperatures in the range of 4225 to 5900 K, with uncertainties ranging from 500 to 1400 K. The estimated temperatures are in agreement to within experimental uncertainty with the predicted aluminum combustion temperatures under these conditions. The spectra show some evidence of a non-equilibrium vibrational population distribution during peak of the combustion event.
A Ka-band circularly polarized high-gain microstrip array antenna

In this article, the development of a circularly polarized microstrip array with 28 dBic of gain at 32 GHz is presented. Two primary objectives of this development are minimizing the microstrip array's insertion loss and maintaining a reasonable frequency bandwidth (3%). The parallel/series feed technique for the array's power distribution circuit and the sequential rotation method for the element arrangement are employed to meet these objectives. >
Design of a problem-based learning pain and palliative care elective course

Abstract Objective To implement and evaluate a problem-based learning (PBL) pain and palliative care elective course to develop studentsʼ pain and symptom management pharmacotherapy knowledge, clinical reasoning process, and self-directed learning skills. Methods Each week students received a patient case to independently develop an assessment and plan for each pain and symptom management problem. During class the students discussed their findings within small groups in preparation for a large-group discussion with the instructor. Studentsʼ course grades were based on weekly pre-class case preparation, individual case studies, and self-reflection questions. To assess knowledge gained over the semester a free-response pre- and post-course test was given. Results Twenty-five students enrolled in this course. A t -test comparison of the pre- and post-tests yielded a significant difference between the pre- and post-test scores ( p g > was 0.43. The average score for each individual case study was slightly more than 80%. Four themes were noted in the studentsʼ self-reflections including patient/family goals of care, individualization of patient care and contrast to curative treatment, improved comfort with "gray therapeutic areas," and advantages and disadvantages of problem-based learning. Conclusions Students demonstrated improved pain and symptom management pharmacotherapy knowledge, clinical reasoning process, and self-directed learning skills after course completion. The skills developed by students will benefit them in future clinical practice. Additional studies are needed to assess the long-term impact of the skills developed in this course.
Utilizing Partnerships to Maximize Resources in College Counseling Services

Research indicates an increasing number of college students are experiencing severe psychological problems that are impacting their academic performance. However, many colleges and universities operate with constrained budgets that limit their ability to provide adequate counseling services for their student population. Moreover, accessing off-campus mental health services can be difficult for college students, in particular community college students, for a variety of reasons. This article describes a partnership between a community college and university that utilizes a graduate training program to provide on-campus counseling to both student populations enabling both institutions to maximize their resources.
The Development of Operational Requirements for Civil Avionic Systems

This paper reviews some of the earlier developments of civil avionic equipment design specifications, and describes how the U.S. Flag Air Carriers now arrive at procurement specifications, and how they determine their current operational needs. The responsibilities and activities of ATA, ARINC, AEEC, and RTCA are described and related to the development and coordination of such specifications.
Homogeneous nucleation and growth in simple fluids. II. Scaling behavior, instabilities, and the (n,v) order parameter

The free energy of forming a droplet and a bubble with a given number of particles n inside a volume v within the pure component Lennard-Jones supercooled vapor and superheated liquid, respectively, is further explored using density-functional theory. Certain key aspects of the free energy surface for bubble formation, such as the radius of the bubble at a stability limit, are found to scale in a nearly temperature independent manner when plotted versus a parameter that quantifies the location of the given state point in the metastable region. The corresponding work at this stability limit exhibits scaling for small values of n, but shows a strong temperature dependence for large n. No aspect of the free energy surface for droplet formation shows scaling over the full range of metastability conditions, including the work of forming the critical droplet and the radius of a droplet at its stability limit. Hence, there is no “universal” surface for embryo formation in metastable fluids. We also generate by t...
Investigation of Trimetallic Ligand-Pillared Oxyfluorides: Ag 2 Cu(pzc) 2 MO x F 6−x (M = Mo, Nb, and W)

Three new ligand-pillared hybrid solids, Ag2Cu(pzc)2MO x F6−x (I, M = Mo, x = 2; II, M = W, x = 2; III, M = Nb, x = 1) (pzc = pyrazine-2-carboxylate) were synthesized via hydrothermal reactions at 150 °C, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (P21/n (No. 14), Z = 2; a = 7.2302(1), 7.2124(2), 7.2715(2) A; b = 7.9460(1), 7.9270(2), 7.98436(3) A; c = 13.9173(2), 13.8959(4), 13.8226(5) A, for I, II, and III, respectively). All three are isostructural and contain unusual trimetallic (Ag2CuMO x F6−x )2+ layers that consist of [Ag2O2F2] n and [CuMO x F6−x ] n chains that alternate within the layers. Each structure also contains [MO x F6−x ]2− octahedra with fully disordered O/F positions and with an inversion center on the Mn+ sites, i.e., Mo6+, W6+ and Nb5+. Magnetic susceptibility measurements can be fitted to the Curie–Weiss law with a Curie constant consistent with a single non-interacting Cu(II) (S = ½) site per formula unit. Thermogravimetric analyses indicate that these hybrid compounds are stable up to ~280 °C, with each exhibiting a single weight-loss step beginning at ~300 °C that corresponds to the loss of all pyrazine-2-carboxylate ligands and additional O/F atoms via oxidation of the ligand during its removal. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance measurements show that each exhibits an optical bandgap size of ~2.8 eV, and which electronic-structure calculations show arise from excitations between the Cu(II)-based valence orbitals and the M5+/6+-based conduction band orbitals. Three new ligand-pillared hybrid solids, Ag2Cu(pzc)2MO x F6−x (M = Mo, W, Nb) were synthesized and contain unusual trimetallic (Ag2CuMO x F6−x )2+ layers. Each exhibits an optical bandgap size of ~2.8 eV, and which electronic-structure calculations show arise from excitations between the Cu(II)-based valence orbitals and the M5+/6+-based conduction band orbitals.
Silenced Memories: An Examination of the Sociocultural Knowledge on Race and Racial Violence in Official School Curriculum

Drawing from the theoretical lenses of cultural memory and critical race theory, we examined how elementary level and middle school level social studies textbooks represent the history of racial violence directed toward African Americans and resistance to this violence in the U.S. Using a literary analysis method, we found that textbooks often presented vivid accounts; however, these narratives often presented these acts as detached from the larger structural and institutional ties that supported and subsequently benefited from these actions. We contend that this limited representation of racial violence has an adverse effect on the larger sociocultural memory and sociocultural knowledge available to students, thus limiting the extent to which students can fully understand the legacy of racism and racial inequity in the U.S.
Balanced two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials:

Background Oncology phase II clinical trials are often designed using Simon's two-stage designs (optimal and `minimax') for independent observations. Simon's designs do not include the use of correlated observations, and do not balance the sample sizes of the two stages. In these designs, the sample sizes of the two stages can be highly unequal. In certain circumstances, an alternative design option that balances the sample sizes is desirable.Purpose To develop a two-stage phase II design that balances the sample sizes of the first and the second stages, while controlling for type I and type II error rates.Methods We simulated designs based on response rates under various null and alternative hypotheses, type I and type II error constraints, and the degree of correlation in the case of correlated data. For correlated data, Sargent's method is adopted to account for the loss of information due to intra-person correlation.Results Design characteristics for different parameter settings were generated using b...
Oxidative stress regulated genes in nigral dopaminergic neuronal cells: correlation with the known pathology in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Oxidative stress (OS) is a primary pathogenic mechanism of nigral dopaminergic (DA) cell death in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Oxidative damage, Lewy body formation and decreased mitochondrial complex I activity are the consistent pathological findings in PD. In nigral DA neurons, however, it is unknown whether any gene expressional changes induced by OS contribute to the typical PD pathology. Here, using microarray analysis, we identified several groups of genes in the nigral DA cell line, SN4741 [J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 10; J. Neurochem. 76 (2001) 1010], that were regulated by OS. Approximately 36 significantly regulated genes that encode functional molecules of nuclear subunits of mitochondrial complex I, exocytosis and membrane trafficking proteins, markers for OS and oxidoreductases, regulatory molecules of apoptosis and unidentified EST clones were further analysed. OS modulated the expression of specific genes, of which physiological dysfunctions have been implicated in PD. For instance, the expression of the nuclear-encoded subunits of mitochondrial complex I, B8 and B17, were significantly down-regulated by OS, possibly contributing to selective defect in mitochondrial complex I activity in PD. Furthermore, syntaxin 8 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are most dramatically up-regulated by OS in DA cells. Syntaxin 8 is a SNARE protein, regulating lipid vesicle docking and fusion as well as early endosome membrane recycling. Lipid membranes are significantly oxidative-damaged in PD. HO-1 is an important cytoplasmic constituent of Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. Thus, our findings provide novel molecular probes that may be useful in unraveling the molecular mechanism(s) of OS-induced pathogenesis in PD. Further functional characterization of the affected genes including ESTs can help elucidate the underlying molecular pathology as well as develop biomarkers for monitoring degenerating DA neurons in PD.
Heritage- and ideology-based national identities and their implications for immigrant citizen relations in the United States and in Germany

Abstract The present research examines the meaning of national identity in the United States and Germany and its implications for immigrant citizen relations. In Study 1, American and German participants responded to the question “What does it mean to be American [German]?” Results revealed that the American national identity is ideology-based as characterized by an endorsement of a core set of transcendent and abstract values. The German national identity is heritage-based as characterized by self-descriptive traits and cultural traditions. In Study 2, American participants were less likely than German participants to express exclusion from national identity in response to an immigrant who gave affective versus pragmatic reasons for becoming a citizen. The reverse was true for German participants. In sum, culture shapes national identity and responses to immigrants.
Addressing design for testability at the architectural level

The increasing use of hardware description languages (HDL's) in VLSI design and the emergence of high-level test generation programs has led to an interesting problem. There is a need for design for testability (DFT) techniques that can be applied early in the design phase to improve the effectiveness of ATPG programs on hard-to-test circuits. By an early identification of hard-to-test areas of a circuit, testability can be inserted prior to logic synthesis. In this paper, we first present a comparative study of a gate-level test generator and a high-level test generator by benchmarking them on a common suite of circuits. Based on an evaluation of the results, we propose techniques to automatically extract information from the high-level circuit description that could improve the performance of both ATPG tools. An automatic DFT tool that utilizes VHDL descriptions of the circuit to make an intelligent selection of flip-flops for partial scan is then described. Results on six hard-to-test circuits show that very high fault coverages can be obtained by both a gate-level and a high-level test generator on these circuits after scan. With this detailed study we demonstrate that a DFT tool can make a more efficient and effective selection of partial scan flip-flops by exploiting the high-level circuit information. It can accurately predict the hard-to-test areas of a circuit. Significant improvements in fault coverage and ATPG efficiency, and speedups in ATPG time, can be obtained by a gate-level and a high-level test generator after high-level scan selection. >
Load Distribution Between Threads in Threaded Connections

Threaded connections are commonly employed in axial load-bearing equipment and pressure vessel components. There are a number of parameters that affect the load distribution between the threads and the stress concentration at the thread roots. These include the thread form, the thickness of walls supporting the threads, the pitch of threads, number of threads engaged, and the boundary conditions. In this paper, the influence of these parameters on the load distribution between threads is reported. Load distribution analyses in threaded connections is performed by analytical and by finite element methods. Square and buttress-type threads have been considered. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analyses on threaded connections have been performed using MSC/NASTRAN finite element code. The effect of clearance between the nonmating faces of threads as well as the presence of a flexible media between the mating faces of threads are investigated.
Techniques for analyzing distribution system efficiency alternatives

The concept of reducing distribution system energy losses is not new; however, advancements in data availability and tools for distribution system analysis have made it more practical to accurately compute distribution system energy savings. Distribution system losses are relatively low compared to the total load demand and there are uncertainties in system parameters that might be included in the model. Improvements in losses are even a smaller portion of the total demand. It is quite a challenge to the analyst and the analysis tools to model the system in sufficient detail to accurately quantify the possible savings. This panel presentation describes modeling techniques employed in a multi-utility collaborative effort to improve the efficiency of power distribution systems.