cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and expression of sucrose synthase-1 cDNA from sugarcane

Summary Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a major enzyme of sucrose metabolism in sugarcane (Saccharumspp. hybrids) internodes. Most plants have at least two differentially expressed, nonallelic SuSy genes. A cDNA of the entire coding sequence of sucrose synthase-1 was isolated from total RNA from an elongating sugarcane internode. Primers designed from published sequences of SuSy-1 from maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) amplified a627-bp product through RT-PCR. This was followed by 5′- and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA is 2717 bp long. The nucleotide sequence is similar to that of cDNAs for SuSy-1 from maize (91 percnt;), rice (89 percnt;) and barley (87 percnt;). The putative protein is 802 amino acids long, and 97 percnt; identical to the sh1 SuSy protein from maize. An antisense riboprobe of the PCR product detected SuSy-1 transcripts in Northern blots of RNA from immature and mature leaf sheaths, the apex and immature leaf roll, immature and mature internodes, sett roots, and germinating vegetative bud. Expression in mature and immature leaf lamina was slight but detectable. This is the first report of a full-length cDNA of SuSy-1 from sugarcane.
Measurement and significance of the membrane potential in Methanoba cterium bryantii

Abstract The membrane potential (Δψ) of Methanobacterium bryantii was 133–142 mV as measured from the distribution of 86Rb+ in valinomycin-treated cells, and was considerably higher than that obtained using triphenylmethylphosphonium in the presence of tetraphenylboron. The Δψ measured using the Rb+/valinomycin method was sensitive to certain ionophores including gramicidin, nigericin, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide. It was also dissipated by 1 mM tetraphenylphosphonium and was abolished in heat-treated or permeabilized cells. The Δψ could be varied by adjusting the extracellular potassium concentration in valinomycin-treated cells. Monensin-treated cells possessed a significantly increased Δψ, as monitored by the Rb+ / valinomycin method. Tetraphenylphosphonium cation (1 mM) abolished methane synthesis, intracellular ATP and Δψ, supporting a role for Δψ in ATP and CH4 synthesis. However, lower concentrations of the lipophilic cation (50 μM) greatly elevated both the intracellular ATP concentration and Δψ but decreased the rate of CH4 synthesis by almost 50%. Thus, tetraphenylphosphonium cation exerts a primary inhibitory effect on CH4 synthesis which cannot be attributed to the loss of Δψ or ATP.
Wenckebach and Mobitz Type II A-V Block Due to Block Within the His Bundle and Bundle Branches

Fourteen patients with conduction defects were analyzed by using bundle of His (BH) recordings. The BH electrograms were validated by BH and right atrial pacing (AP). In 12 patients with Mobitz type II A-V block, failure in impulse transmission for the dropped beats was localized distal to the recording site of the BH. Three of these 12 patients showed normal QRS complexes. In two of these three, the QRS complexes remained unchanged during intermittent periods of complete heart block (CHB), and thus represent His bundle rhythm with subsidiary pacemaker arising above the bifurcation of the BH. The A-H time in this group of 12 patients ranged from 60 to 160 msec and the H-V time ranged from 40 to 90 msec. At any atrial rate (NSR or AP) conduction time through the A-V node (A-H), and His-Purkinje system (H-V) remained constant. With increasing atrial (A) rates during AP, the number of impulses blocked distal to the BH increased. At high AP rates Wenckebach phenomenon between A and BH occurred concomitantly w...
Rheology and rheo-optics of anisotropic poly-β-benzyl-aspartate gel

Steady shear (viscosity and first normal stress difference), dynamic (viscosity and storage modulus), and rheo-optical measurements (polarized light micrographs taken during shear with stroboscopic illumination) were all made on a concentrated gel of poly-β-benzyl-aspartate. The properties were found to be strongly dependent on prior shear history. Results are consistent with the existence of a shear-sensitive and healable network.
Numerical Investigation of Decomposed Magnetofluid Dynamics Equations

In addition to the two commonly used formulations for magnetofluid dynamics, a third formulation based on the decomposition of the magnetic field for solving full magnetofluid dynamics equations is explored. The governing equations are transformed to a generalized computational domain and discretized using a finite difference technique. A time-explicit multistage Runge―Kutta scheme augmented with total variation diminishing limiters for time integration is implemented. The developed codes have been validated with the existing closed-form solution of the magnetic Rayleigh problem. Results obtained from the decomposed magnetofluid dynamics equations compare well with results obtained by solving the classical full magnetofluid dynamics equations for a wide range of magnetic Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the decomposed magnetofluid dynamics technique requires substantially less computation time compared with classical full magnetofluid dynamics equations for the solution involving flowfields with high imposed magnetic fields.
Exploration of Tactile Contact in a Haptic Display: Effects of Contact Velocity and Transient Vibrations

Experiments were conducted using a novel tactile contact rendering device to explore important factors of the tactile contact event. The effects of contact velocity and event-based transient vibrations were explored. Our research was motivated by a need to better understand the perception of the tactile contact event and to develop a means of rendering stiff surfaces with a nonspecialized haptic device. A passive tactile display, suitable for mounting on a Phantom robot, was developed and is capable of rendering the tactile sensation of contact on a fingertip over a range of velocities commonly experienced during everyday manipulation and tactile exploration. Experiments were conducted with this device to explore how tactile contact dynamics affect the perceived stiffness of a virtual surface. It was found that contact velocity does not have a significant effect on perceived stiffness. These results can be explained by prior research that defines perceived hardness (akin to stiffness) in terms of rate-hardness. However, in agreement with prior literature with stylus-based studies, the addition of transient vibrations to the contact event can, in some cases, increase the perceived stiffness.
Competition and multiscaling in evolving networks

The rate at which nodes in a network increase their connectivity depends on their fitness to compete for links. For example, in social networks some individuals acquire more social links than others, or on the www some webpages attract considerably more links than others. We find that this competition for links translates into multiscaling, i.e. a fitness- dependent dynamic exponent, allowing fitter nodes to overcome the more connected but less fit ones. Uncovering this fitter-gets-richer phenomenon can help us understand in quantitative terms the evolution of many competitive systems in nature and society.
Experimental implementation of neural network controller for robot undergoing large payload changes

A robot controller based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented which is capable of compensating for changing payload masses. Two different feedforward (multilayer) neural networks are used to generate the inverse dynamics and to estimate the payload mass of a two-link planar manipulator. The inverse dynamics ANN receives the same input signals as a conventional computed torque controller as well as the payload mass estimate. By using a separate ANN to generate the payload mass estimate, both ANNs can be trained off-line. The proposed neural network architecture is implemented on actual hardware using a neurocomputer. Experimental results indicate that the ANN-based controller is able to capture the nonlinear dynamics of the actual manipulator. The ANN mass estimator responds very quickly to changing payloads. >
Reducing ventilation frequency combined with an inspiratory impedance device improves CPR efficiency in swine model of cardiac arrest.

Background:The basic premise that frequent ventilations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are a necessity for tissue oxygenation has recently been challenged. An inspiratory impedance threshold device (ITD) recently has also been shown to increase CPR efficiency, principally by augmenting circulation with little impact on ventilation. The optimal compression to ventilation (C/V) is not known for this new device. The purpose of this study was to compare the currently recommended C/V ratio of 5:1 with a 10:1 ratio, ± the ITD, to optimize circulation and oxygenation during CPR. Methods: Thirty-two adult pigs weighing 26–31 kg were randomized to CPR with varying C/V ratios ± the ITD as follows: A = 5:1, B = 5:1 + ITD, C = 10:1, D = 10:1 + ITD. After 6 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF), closed-chest standard CPR was performed with an automatic piston device that does not impede passive chest wall recoil, at a continuous compression rate of 100 min −1 . Synchronous breaths were given every 5 or 10 compressions during the decompression phase depending on the group. CPR was performed for 6 min and physiological variables were measured throughout the experimental protocol. Results: A reduction in the frequency of ventilation from 5:1 to 10:1 resulted in significantly improved arterial and coronary perfusion pressure in a pig model of cardiac arrest. Addition of an ITD resulted in further increases in arterial and coronary perfusion pressures with both 5:1 and 10:1 C/V ratios, without compromising oxygenation. Conclusion: CPR efficiency can be optimized by changing the compression: ventilation ratio from 5:1 to 10:1 and with concurrent use of the inspiratory threshold device. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
The pharmacological action and O-demethylation of glyceryl guaiacolate ether in male and female rats

The duration of pharmacologic effects and the plasma half-life of glyceryl guaiacolate ether (GGE) were shorter in adult male than in adult female rats. The sex-dependent variation resulted from a high activity of O-demethylase in male rats and a low activity in female rats. The kinetic data obtained on O-demethylase from liver microsomes of both male and female rats indicated that the Michaelis constants for the two sexes were similar. This, coupled with a greater maximal velocity value observed for the oxidation of GGE by O-demethylase of male rats, suggested a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference between the O-demethylase of male and female rats.
Well-dispersed catalysts of supported chromium, molybdenum and tungsten carbonyls which are highly active for alkene hydrogenation

Abstract Traditional catalysts (prepared by the reduction of a salt) of supported Cr, Mo, and W compounds have low activities for the hydrogenation of alkenes. This low activity is partly due to the difficulty in fully reducing these catalysts. The use of the zero-valent complexes Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6, and W(CO)6 for catalyst synthesis is described. Proper activation can yield well-dispersed and low-valent catalysts primarily containing subcarbonyl complexes which are far more active than traditional catalysts of these elements for the hydrogenation of alkenes.
CONFOUNDING EFFECTS OF THE EXPORT OF PRODUCTION AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF FISHING EFFORT FROM MARINE RESERVES

Marine reserves affect areas outside reserve boundaries via the displacement of fishing effort and the export of production. Here we focus on how these key factors interact to influence the results seen once reserves are created. For a settlement-limited fishery, export of increased production from within reserves can offset the effects of dis- placed fishing effort. We develop simple mathematical models that indicate net fisheries benefits can accrue at closures up to and perhaps beyond 50% of total stock area through the export of production, given documented average increases in biomass within reserves. However, reserve monitoring programs face problems identifying independent control sites because the spatial extent of export is unknown. Efforts to monitor reserve impacts on recruitment are further complicated by the fact that large reserve closures are likely nec- essary before significant changes in recruitment can be detected above normal interannual fluctuations. Resolving these limitations requires comprehensive monitoring data before reserves are implemented. Fortunately, studies of reserves that used Before-After, Control- Impact (BACI) experimental designs show that control and reserve sites were equivalent prior to protection, and that control sites improved after reserves were in place. Conse- quently, any bias in our current perception of reserve impacts likely underestimates their effect. Key words: BACI experimental designs of marine reserves; export of fish production; fishing effort; marine protected areas; marine reserves; recruitment; reserve design; reserve monitoring.
Baby with the bath water: response to Fanniff and Letourneau.

Fanniff and Letourneau concluded that neither their review of the published literature nor their own investigation supported the use of Scale 1 of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II). I argue that empirical findings on Scale 1 are mixed and that there is more support in the literature than one might conclude from reading Fanniff and Letourneau. Their negative conclusions about Scale 1 are based on a flawed literature review as well as problematic methods in their own investigation. Language: en
Special relativity corrections for space-based lidars

The theory of special relativity is used to analyze some of the physical phenomena associated with space-based coherent Doppler lidars aimed at Earth and the atmosphere. Two important cases of diffuse scattering and retroreflection by lidar targets are treated. For the case of diffuse scattering, we show that for a coaligned transmitter and receiver on the moving satellite, there is no angle between transmitted and returned radiation. However, the ray that enters the receiver does not correspond to a retroreflected ray by the target. For the retroreflection case there is misalignment between the transmitted ray and the received ray. In addition, the Doppler shift in the frequency and the amount of tip for the receiver aperture when needed are calculated, The error in estimating wind because of the Doppler shift in the frequency due to special relativity effects is examined. The results are then applied to a proposed space-based pulsed coherent Doppler lidar at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center for wind and aerosol backscatter measurements. The lidar uses an orbiting spacecraft with a pulsed laser source and measures the Doppler shift between the transmitted and the received frequencies to determine the atmospheric wind velocities. We show that the special relativity effects are small for the proposed system.
Examining the validity of cyclothymic disorder in a youth sample

Background Four subtypes of bipolar disorder (BP) – bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia and bipolar not otherwise specified (NOS) – are defined in DSM-IV-TR. Though the diagnostic criteria for each subtype are intended for both adults and children, research investigators and clinicians often stray from the DSM when diagnosing pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) (Youngstrom, 2009), resulting in a lack of agreement and understanding regarding the PBD subtypes.
A numerical solution to the generalized mapmaker's problem: flattening nonconvex polyhedral surfaces

Methods are described to unfold and flatten the curved, convoluted surfaces of the brain in order to study the functional architectures and neural maps embedded in them. In order to do this, it is necessary to solve the general mapmaker's problem for representing curved surfaces by planar models. This algorithm has applications in areas other than computer-aided neuroanatomy, such as robotics motion planning and geophysics. The algorithm maximizes the goodness of fit distances in these surfaces to distances in a planar configuration of points. It is illustrated with a flattening of monkey visual cortex, which is an extremely complex folded surface. Distance errors in the range of several percent are found, with isolated regions of larger error, for the class of cortical surfaces studied so far. >
Synchronization in digital system design

A unified framework and terminology is presented for synchronization design in digital systems, borrowing techniques and terminologies from digital system and digital communication design disciplines. The throughput of synchronous and asynchronous interconnect is compared, emphasizing how it is affected by interconnect delay. A discussion is presented of opportunities to apply principles long used in digital communications to the design of digital systems, with the goal of reducing the dependence on interconnect delay. >
Global Service Learning Project Influences Culturally Sensitive Care

Global service learning opportunities provided nursing students with the opportunity to experience a health care system that was unfamiliar to them and to interact with health care providers within that system. Service learning is a part of professional education that allows students to demonstrate their ability to apply and synthesize knowledge while it sharpens nursing students’ critical thinking skills. Faculty and students from a southeastern university combined a global health care experience with an integrated research—service learning project targeted at “needed services” in a rural Russian primary care clinic. The purpose of this global service learning project was to (a) offer nursing students a global health care learning experience and (b) examine the prevalence of components of the metabolic syndrome among the population of Kuzmolovsky, Russia, through screening activities. Students, with the help of a translator, conducted teaching sessions based on screening results. Programs were planned in...
A knowledge-based code generator generator

XGEN is a program that accepts a machine description and produces a good local code generator for an ALGOL-like language. It is organized as a production system of rules codifying previously acquired human skills for dealing with computer architecture and programming languages.
Nucleotide binding site communication in Arabidopsis thaliana adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase.

Adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which is an essential metabolite for sulfur assimilation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Using APSK from Arabidopsis thaliana, we examine the energetics of nucleotide binary and ternary complex formation and probe active site features that coordinate the order of ligand addition. Calorimetric analysis shows that binding can occur first at either nucleotide site, but that initial interaction at the ATP/ADP site was favored and enhanced affinity for APS in the second site by 50-fold. The thermodynamics of the two possible binding models (i.e. ATP first versus APS first) differs and implies that active site structural changes guide the order of nucleotide addition. The ligand binding analysis also supports an earlier suggestion of intermolecular interactions in the dimeric APSK structure. Crystallographic, site-directed mutagenesis, and energetic analyses of oxyanion recognition by the P-loop in the ATP/ADP binding site and the role of Asp136, which bridges the ATP/ADP and APS/PAPS binding sites, suggest how the ordered nucleotide binding sequence and structural changes are dynamically coordinated for catalysis.
MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, ADAPTIVE RADIATION, AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION IN THE AMPHIATLANTIC FAMILY RAPATEACEAE: EVIDENCE FROM ndhF SEQUENCES AND MORPHOLOGY

Rapateaceae (16 genera, approximately 100 species) is largely restricted to the tepuis and sandplains of the Guayana Shield in northern South America, with Maschalocephalus endemic to West Africa. The family has undergone extensive radiation in flower form, leaf shape, habit, and habitat. To analyze the evolution of these distributions and traits, we derived a molecular phylogeny for representatives of 14 genera, based on sequence variation in the chloroplast-encoded ndhF gene. The lowland subfamily Rapateoideae is paraphyletic and includes the largely montane subfamily Saxofridericioideae as a monophyletic subset. Overall, the morphological/anatomical data differ significantly from ndhF sequences in phylogenetic structure, but show a high degree of concordance with the molecular tree in three of four tribes. Branch lengths are consistent with the operation of a molecular clock. Maschalocephalus diverges only slightly from other Monotremae: it is the product of relatively recent, long-distance dispersal, not continental drift--only its habitat atop rifted, nutrient-poor sandstones is vicariant. The family appears to have originated approximately 65 Mya in inundated lowlands of the Guayana Shield, followed by: (1) wide geographic spread of lowland taxa along riverine corridors; (2) colonization of Amazonian white-sand savannas in the western Shield; (3) invasion of tepui habitats with frequent speciation, evolution of narrow endemism, and origin of hummingbird pollination in the western Shield; and (4) reinvasion of lowland white-sand savannas. The apparent timing of speciation in the Stegolepis alliance about 6-12 Mya occurred long after the tepuis began to be dissected from each other as the Atlantic rifted approximately 90 Mya. Given the narrow distributions of most montane taxa, this suggests that infrequent long-distance dispersal combined with vicariance accounts for speciation atop tepuis in the Stegolepis alliance.
Walking the “Emotional Tightrope” From Pregnancy to Parenthood Understanding Parental Motivation to Manage Health Care and Distress After a Fetal Diagnosis of Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Advances in medical technology account for increasingly more couples receiving fetal diagnoses of complex congenital heart disease. Theory on internal working models of caregiving during parenting transitions informed this prospective, exploratory study. Data included conjoint interviews and measures of anxiety, trauma, and depression collected from six couples after diagnosis and after birth. Severity of illness was described using infant health records. Directed content analysis furthered understanding of the caregiving motivation to manage health care that included three categories of parental efforts: (a) to determine expectations of health care providers, (b) to reconcile illness- and non-illness-related care, and (c) to express agency as a parent. Synthesis of qualitative findings transformed into categorical ratings with parents' levels of distress resulted in two profiles characterizing types of internal working models. Findings extend theory on internal working models of caregiving and offer direction for future research regarding parental management of health care for their chronically ill offspring. Implications for practice with families are offered.
Loyalty, Independence and Social Responsibility in the Practice of Environmental Law

This essay considers the ethical responsibilities of loyalty and how they may collide with important values of professional independence and social responsibility in the practice of environmental law. It considers how the Model Rules of Professional Responsibility address such collisions and concludes that the MRPR are not adequate, particularly with respect to the rules’ extreme prohibitions on disclosing matters relating to the representation of clients.
Differential expression of high- and two types of low-voltage-activated calcium currents in rod and cone bipolar cells of the rat retina.

Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed to investigate voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in acutely isolated retinal bipolar cells of rats. Two groups of morphologically different bipolar ...
Severed in neoliberal South Korea: Cho˘ngdŭnilt’o˘ and the dis/assembly of industrial bodies

Unemployment hurts. Based on fieldwork with laid-off Daewoo autoworkers in South Korea in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis (1997–2001), a tumultuous transitional period from the developm...
From Non-racism to Anti-racism in Social Studies Teacher Education: Social Studies and Racial Pedagogical Content Knowledge

In this chapter we argue that social studies education is rooted in a non-racist ideology that has been systemic within its history. Non-racism, the passive rejection of extreme racism in the form of behaviors, discourse, and ideology, effectively does little to transform our collective thinking about race. In fact, it reinforces racial structures and accepts terms of racism by being passive and silent about racial knowledge. Instead we propose that social studies promote more anti-racist frameworks for social studies education, which actively rejects institutional and structural aspects of race and racism. We propose using racial pedagogical content knowledge (RPCK) (Chandler, 2015) in social studies teacher education to move past non-racism and into anti-racist pedagogical spaces. We highlight contemporary forms of non-racism and juxtapose them/these forms with anti-racist approaches. We conclude with concrete suggestions and insights into moving past non-racism and further anti-racism in social studies teacher education.
SHAME, RAGE, AND UNSUCCESSFUL MOTIVATED REASONING IN VULNERABLE NARCISSISM

The purpose of this research is to better illuminate a vulnerable narcissist's daily emotional life, targeting the experiences of shame, anger, and emotion regulation. Participants completed self-report questionnaires before writing an essay on their adjustment to college. After being randomly assigned to receive either satisfactory or unsatisfactory feedback, participants rated the quality of their own essay performance, reported their current emotions, and completed extra process measures to assess what they were thinking during the study. Feedback which disconfirmed vulnerable narcissists' self-reported performance ratings led to greater emotionality. Furthermore, vulnerable narcissists' intention to regulate their emotions, specifically their attempts to disqualify the importance of interpersonal feedback, ultimately led to greater shame. Conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
BaTiO3 Modulator Devices for Silicon Photonics

The microwave characteristics of thin-film BaTiO3 traveling-wave electro-optic modulators were measured between 10 MHz and 50 GHz. S-parameter measurements show a smooth response to 50 GHz and up to 50 GHz electrical bandwidth.
Periodic Points of the Difference Operator

(1997). Periodic Points of the Difference Operator. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 20-26.
Water use at pulverized coal power plants with postcombustion carbon capture and storage

Coal-fired power plants account for nearly 50% of U.S. electricity supply and about a third of U.S. emissions of CO(2), the major greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with global climate change. Thermal power plants also account for 39% of all freshwater withdrawals in the U.S. To reduce GHG emissions from coal-fired plants, postcombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems are receiving considerable attention. Current commercial amine-based capture systems require water for cooling and other operations that add to power plant water requirements. This paper characterizes and quantifies water use at coal-burning power plants with and without CCS and investigates key parameters that influence water consumption. Analytical models are presented to quantify water use for major unit operations. Case study results show that, for power plants with conventional wet cooling towers, approximately 80% of total plant water withdrawals and 86% of plant water consumption is for cooling. The addition of an amine-based CCS system would approximately double the consumptive water use of the plant. Replacing wet towers with air-cooled condensers for dry cooling would reduce plant water use by about 80% (without CCS) to about 40% (with CCS). However, the cooling system capital cost would approximately triple, although costs are highly dependent on site-specific characteristics. The potential for water use reductions with CCS is explored via sensitivity analyses of plant efficiency and other key design parameters that affect water resource management for the electric power industry.
Study on DE-GMAW MIG-brazing Method for Bonding Steel with Aluminum

Hhe key of welding aluminum to steel is accurate control of heat input,aiming at reducing the brittle inter-metallic compound(IMC) in the interfacial layer.A novel gas metal arc welding(GMAW) process,referred to as double-electrode GMAW,is developed to make it possible to increase the wire melting current while the base metal current is still controlled at a desired level.To accurately control the heat-input,pulse double-electrode GMAW experiments are carried out to joint aluminum wire ER5356 to 304 steel on the basis of optimizing control system and welding parameters.Analysis on the welding joint by means of scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) shows that the IMC layer is less than 10 μm,which is the generally accepted critical thickness.Pulse Bypass-Electrode GMAW,being one of economic low heat-input arc welding methods,is feasible for welding aluminum to steel.
Diet and heart disease. Study in the Cardiovascular Health Center.

The emergence of coronary heart disease as a public health problem has stimulated several prospective studies in tvhich selected populations are observed over a relatively long time tvith periodic assessment of various clinical and biochemical parameters and concomitant recording of clinical disease. These data are then analyzed so that epidemiologic regularities can be found. The Albany Cardiovascular Health Center Study, which was begun in 1953, is one such study. The evolution and application of a methodology to measure a reputed parameter of risk in the genesis of coronary heart disease, namely dietary intake, is described here.
Recent Developments in Four-Wave Light Mixing and Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy

When three tunable laser beams, at frequencies ω0, ω1 and ω2, respectively, are incident on an atomic vapor, liquid or crystal, a third order polarization at the combination frequency ω3 = ω0 + ω1 − ω2 is created. The intensity generated at ω3 reveals resonant interference terms of the material system at ω0 + ω1, ω0 − ω2 and ω1 − ω2, respectively. Such interference terms permit the relative nonlinearities of various two-photon absorption and Raman resonant excitations to be calibrated.
Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery for Unstable Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures: A Case Series.

Introduction Traumatic thoracolumbar burst fracture is a common pathology without a clear consensus on best treatment approach. Minimally invasive approaches are being investigated due to potential benefits in recovery time and morbidity. We examine long-term resolution of symptoms of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures treated with percutaneous posterior pedicle screw fixation. Methods Retrospective clinical review of seven patients with spinal trauma who presented with thoracolumbar burst fracture from July 2012 to April 2013 and were treated with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation. Electronic patient charts and radiographic imaging were reviewed for initial presentation, fracture characteristics, operative treatment, and postoperative course. Results The patients had a median age of 29 years (range 18 to 57), and 57% were men. The median Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Scale score was 4 (range 2 to 9). All patients had proper screw placement and uneventful postoperative courses given the severity of their individual traumas. Five of seven patients were reached for long-term follow-up of greater than 28 months. Six of seven patients had excellent pain control and stability at their last follow-up. One patient required revision surgery for noncatastrophic hardware failure. Conclusion Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fracture may provide patients with durable benefits and warrants further investigation.
Blinded by Love Women, Men, and Gendered Age in Relationship Stories

While young people today expect gender equity in relationships, inequality persists. In this article, we use interviews with 25 young adults (ages 22 to 32) to investigate the link between gender m...
p-Nitroanisole/Pyridine and p-Nitroacetophenone/Pyridine Actinometers Revisited: Quantum Yield in Comparison to Ferrioxalate

Chemical actinometry is often used to measure irradiance in environmental photochemistry. Two widely adopted actinometers are p-nitroanisole/pyridine (PNA-pyr) and the related but less popular p-nitroacetophenone/pyridine (PNAP-pyr). We report that PNA-pyr predicts systematically lower (−29%) photon irradiance than the well-characterized ferrioxalate actinometer. Thus, quantum yields previously determined using PNA-pyr should be correspondingly lower. Experiments at various pyridine concentrations produced an updated equation for the pyridine (pyr) dependence of the PNA-pyr quantum yield: Φ = 0.29[pyr] + 0.00029. Additionally, we present a standard molar absorption spectrum of PNA for future use. A comparison between PNA-pyr and PNAP-pyr suggests the previously reported PNAP-pyr quantum yield is also too high. Preliminary results suggest a suitable equation for the PNAP-pyr system: Φ = 7.4 × 10–3[pyr] + 1.1 × 10–5.
IMPROVEMENT IN LDL IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASE IN NON-CALCIFIED PLAQUE VOLUME ON CTA AS MEASURED BY AUTOMATED QUANTITATIVE SOFTWARE

Background: Plaque analysis of coronary CT angiography (CTA) can provide comprehensive quantitative assessment of coronary plaque characteristics. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) lowering is associated with plaque regression by IVUS. We tested the hypothesis that improvement in LDL is
Synthesis, Properties, and Enantiomerization Behavior of Axially Chiral Phenolic Derivatives of 8-(Naphth-1-yl)quinoline and Comparison to 7,7′-Dihydroxy-8,8′-biquinolyl and 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol

An aza-analogue of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL, 3), 7-hydroxy-8-(2-hydroxynaphth-1-yl)quinoline (8-azaBINOL, 2), was prepared in 3 steps and 49% yield from N,N-diethyl O-(7-hydroxy-8-iodoquinolyl)carbamate via Suzuki coupling with 1-naphthylboronic acid followed by Sanford oxidation and saponification. 8-AzaBINOL (2) was resolved into (–)-(aS) and (+)-(aR) atropisomers via enzymatic hydrolysis of its racemic divalerate derivative with bovine pancreas acetone powder. The configurational stability of diol 2 was found to be intermediate to that of 7,7′-dihydroxy-8,8′-biquinolyl (8,8′-diazaBINOL, 1, least stable) and BINOL (3, most stable). Eyring plot analysis of the enantiomerization kinetics of 1, 2, and 3, in DMSO solution revealed activation parameters of ΔH‡ = +27.4, +19.9, +23.2 kcal mol–1, and ΔS‡ = +3.8, –27.9, –25.3 cal mol–1 K–1, respectively. The unique character of ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ values for biquinolyl 1 suggests that the enantiomerization mechanism for 1 is distinct to that for naphthalenes 2 and 3. Monohydroxy analogues of 2, 7-hydroxy-8-(naphth-1-yl)quinoline (7) and 8-(2-hydroxynaphth-1-yl)quinoline (8), were similarly prepared and their racemization half-lives at room temperature were determined; τ 1/2(rac) was strongly dependent on solvent for naphthol 8 [τ 1/2(rac) at 24 °C: in CHCl3 = 2.7 h, in MeOH = 89 h] but not for the quinol 7 [τ 1/2(rac) at 24 °C: in CHCl3 = 106 h, in MeOH = 120 h].
Evaluating trade-offs in bull trout reintroduction strategies using structured decision making

Structured decision making allows reintroduction decisions to be made despite uncertainty by linking reintroduction goals with alternative management actions through predictive models of ecological...
Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 1: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and ball milling of forage sorghum

To feed a growing population, alternative sources of animal feed (e.g., lignocellulose) are needed to replace grains (e.g., corn). Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Adding a mechanical pretreatment (e.g., ball milling) further improves digestibility. This study determines the effectiveness of OLP and ball milling to enhance the ruminant digestibility of lignocellulose. For forage sorghum, the 48-h in vitro TDN were 40, 64, and 84 g nutrients digested/100 g organic matter (OM) for raw, short-term OLP, and short-term OLP + ball milling, respectively. In terms of compositional changes, OLP increases NDF and decreases non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and crude protein (CP), all of which would normally be associated with a decrease in digestibility. However, because OLP and ball milling beneficially change composition (lignin removal) and structural features (reduced crystallinity), digestibility actually increases. Although ball milling increases digestibility according to standard laboratory assays, it reduces particle size possibly allowing fine particles to escape from the rumen before they are digested, thus limiting its practical application. Nonetheless, this study indicates that mechanical pretreatment greatly increases digestibility, and therefore it is desirable to identify an effective mechanical treatment that retains fiber integrity.
Development of Social Behavior in the Guinea Pig in the Absence of Adult Males

Thirty-six guinea pigs were observed from birth to 60 days of age in a colony containing no adult males. The average first day of occurrence for each of 12 social behaviors was recorded for males and females both as initiators and as recipients. Social behaviors associated with exploration were the first to appear. Unlike previous observations reported by us on a colony with adult males present, the appearance of aggressive behaviors was delayed from weaning to about the onset of puberty. The appearance of sexual behaviors was also somewhat delayed; however, the successful mount appeared much earlier when adult males were absent.
Rodent Macromolecular Systematics

Protein and nucleic acid data have a limited though vital role in the development of an understanding of the systematics of a group. They have the potential of providing, independent of any other information, the cladistic and temporal dimensions of the phylogeny of that group. I do not think it overstates the case to argue that until we have the cladistics we, for all practical purposes, really have nothing at all. The branching pattern forms the necessary framework upon which to properly assess the meaning of the evidence gleaned from other areas of research. Once the branching order has been worked out, and if there is a significant body of fossil data to integrate into our understanding of the group, we can attempt to provide a time estimate for each node or branch point.
The Origins of Zoning: Rural Settlements vs. Urbanization

Where does land regulation come from? Scholars generally agree that municipalities perceive fiscal benefits from blocking development, but little research has been done on why some municipalities use zoning but others do not. In fact, there has been very little research on inter-regional variation in the use of zoning, although this variation is widely recognized. This paper aims to fill this theoretical and empirical gap by using zoning data from a 2003 survey and historic newspaper archives dating back to the 19th Century. This paper also uses data from the time just before zoning was widely used, 1910, to estimate what factors predicted zoning today and why those factors varied by region. The results show that differences in historic population density explain much of variation in zoning between regions. As their population densities increase, local governments in rural areas face decreasing returns to scale with respect to the cost of public goods. Thus, areas of the country with more rural places have been more likely to use anti-density zoning. Finally, the presence of rural places was largely determined by the age of an area’s political institutions and, inversely, the degree to which it relied on commercial agriculture. Zoning, therefore, arose in response to urbanization and became uniquely prohibitive in older states whose development patterns and small agricultural economies created more rural settlements.
A case report on a left sided gallbladder: A rare finding during cholecystectomy.

Abstract Introduction Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of gallbladder for symptomatic gallstones disease or where exist the risk of gallbladder malignancy. Its performed routinely across the globe often as day surgery. In this case report, we describe an incidental intra operative finding of a left sided gallbladder creating a technical challenge for the surgeon. Case We describe the case of 35 year old female who presented with RUQ pain. Ultrasound examination revealed gallstones. Intraoperative findings during routine cholecystectomy were of a left sided gallbladder. The surgical procedure in performing laparoscopic surgery required an extra port placement for safe and effective dissection. Discussion The finding of left sided gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly and has a prevalence of 0.1–0.7%. A true left sided gallbladder is one that is found to the left of the ligamentum teres and falciform ligament and the cystic artery always crosses in front of the CBD from right to left. There are various abnormalities associated this anatomical variant from abnormality of the biliary tree to the porto-venous anatomy. Failure to recognise these variations can lead to serious complications especially in hepatobiliary surgery. Conclusion The finding of left sided gallbladder is an abnormality which is often discovered intraoperatively. It may provide the surgeon with operative challenges in performing the surgery safely and increase the incidence of morbidity. If there is any clinical suspicion of the presence of a left sided gallbladder, pre-operative CT angiography and/or intraoperative cholangiography should be performed to minimise the risk of intraoperative complications.
Molecular Dynamics at the Interface between Ice and Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Ice Recrystallization Inhibition

Ice formation is a ubiquitous process that poses serious challenges for many areas. Nature has evolved a variety of different mechanisms to regulate ice formation. For example, many cold-adapted species produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and/or antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) to inhibit ice recrystallization. Although several synthetic substitutes for AF(G)Ps have been developed, the fundamental principles of designing AF(G)P mimics are still missing. In this study, we explored the molecular dynamics of ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) by poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a well-recognized ice recrystallization inhibitor, to shed light on the otherwise hidden ice-binding mechanisms of chain polymers. Our molecular dynamics simulations revealed a stereoscopic, geometrical match between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and the water molecules of ice, and provided microscopic evidence of the adsorption of PVA to both the basal and prism faces of ice and the incorporation of short-chain PVA into the ice lattice. Th...
Performance of broiler chickens raised in boric acid amended chopped rice straw and paddy husk

A research study was carried out to evaluate the effects of boric acid amended chopped paddy straw and paddy husk on performance of broiler chickens. Total of 120, day-old, broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four treatment groups; CS= birds raised in chopped paddy straw, PH=birds raised in paddy husk, CS+H3BO3=birds raised in boric acid treated chopped paddy straw and PH+H3BO3=birds raised in boric acid treated paddy husk, with three replicates of ten birds each. The birds were fed with commercial diets. Boric acid was applied to the litter surface at the rate of 0.4 kg/9.3 m2 in weekly basis. Body weight gain and feed consumption were recorded weekly and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. On day 42, the carcass characteristics and the relative organ weights were measured. The birds raised on boric acid amended chopped straw and paddy husk had significantly increased (p<0.05) overall body weight gains, feed consumption, live body weight and carcass weight over the untreated groups. The FCR of birds kept on boric acid treated chopped straw was significantly (p<0.05) lower than untreated chopped straw and paddy husk. The dressing percentage was lowest (p<0.05) in the birds kept on untreated chopped straw than others. The birds raised on untreated chopped straw had higher (p<0.05) spleen weight and lower gizzard weight than those of untreated paddy husk regardless of boric acid amendment. Therefore, the boric acid amendment to chopped straw and paddy husk increases the growth performance of broiler chickens.
Prefrontal Cortical Activity During the Stroop Task: New Insights into the Why and the Who of Real-World Risky Sexual Behavior.

Background Research suggests that deficits in both executive functioning and trait impulsivity may play a role in risky sexual behavior. At the neural level, differences in regulation of the prefrontal cortex have been linked to impulsivity, measured neurocognitively and through self-report. The relationship between neurocognitive measures of executive control and trait impulsivity in predicting risky sexual behavior has not been investigated. Purpose To investigate the relationship between neural functioning during the Stroop task and risky sexual behavior, as well as the effect of individual differences in urgent (positive and negative) impulsivity on this relationship. Methods A total of 105 sexually active men who have sex with men completed the Stroop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. They also completed impulsivity inventories and self-reported their risky sexual behavior (events of condomless anal sex in the last 90 days). Results Risky participants had greater activation than safe participants during the color congruent condition of the Stroop task in anterior cingulate cortex/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left frontal pole, and right insula. Across these regions, this neural activation mediated the link between (positive and/or negative) urgent impulsivity and risky sexual behavior. Conclusions Findings suggest that the brains of men who engage in risky sexual behavior may employ a different distribution of cognitive resources during tasks of executive functioning than men who practice safe sex, and that this may relate to differences in the prefrontal cortical/fronto-insular system responsible for impulse control.
“Sarariiman” and the Performance of Masculinities at Work: An Analysis of Interactions at Business Meetings at a Multinational Corporation in Japan

This chapter empirically analyzes interactions at six business meetings at a multinational corporation in Japan, focusing on how four sarariiman —“salaried men”—perform masculinities during the meetings. The analysis shows that their use of male-associated first-person pronouns and other contextual features, including speech styles and conversational topics related to gender ideologies, allows male employees to display different types of masculinities. The chapter also demonstrates that the male employees’ denigration of female co-workers contributes to their establishment of homosociality. The chapter concludes that sarariiman’s masculinities are not solely realized by men’s language forms; rather, men’s language and various related features, such as types of interactional styles and particular pragmatic meanings of speech styles, jointly serve as resources for sarariiman’s performance of masculinities.