cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology addiction's contribution to mental wellbeing

Online social capital partially mediates negative technology addiction effects.Self-concealment predicted technology addiction and negatively predicted wellbeing.Technology addition positively predicted online social capital.Online social capital positively predicted wellbeing.Developing bridging social capital partially mediates negative effects. This research examines the effect of online social capital and Internet use on the normally negative effects of technology addiction, especially for individuals prone to self-concealment. Self-concealment is a personality trait that describes individuals who are more likely to withhold personal and private information, inhibiting catharsis and wellbeing. Addiction, in any context, is also typically associated with negative outcomes. However, we investigate the hypothesis that communication technology addiction may positively affect wellbeing for self-concealing individuals when online interaction is positive, builds relationships, or fosters a sense of community. Within these parameters, increased communication through mediated channels (and even addiction) may reverse the otherwise negative effects of self-concealment on wellbeing. Overall, the proposed model offers qualified support for the continued analysis of mediated communication as a potential source for improving the wellbeing for particular individuals. This study is important because we know that healthy communication in relationships, including disclosure, is important to wellbeing. This study recognizes that not all people are comfortable communicating in face-to-face settings. Our findings offer evidence that the presence of computers in human behaviors (e.g., mediated channels of communication and NCTs) enables some individuals to communicate and foster beneficial interpersonal relationships, and improve their wellbeing.
Transient Energy and Heat Transport in Metals

A recently developed Shastry formalism for energy transport is used to analyze the temporal behavior of the energy and heat transport in metals. Comparison with Cattaneo’s equation is performed. Both models show the transition between ballistic and diffusive regimes. Furthermore, because the new model considers the discrete character of the lattice, it highlights some new phenomena such as oscillations in the energy transport at very short time scales. The energy relaxation of the conduction band electrons in metals is considered to be governed by the electron-phonon scattering, and the scattering time is taken to be averaged over the Fermi surface. Using the new formalism, one can quantify the transfer from ballistic modes to diffusive ones as energy propagates in the material and it is transformed into heat. While the diffusive contribution shows an almost exponentially decaying behavior with time, the non-diffusive part shows a damped oscillating behavior. The origin of this oscillation will be discussed as well as the effect of temperature on the dynamics of the energy modes transport.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Digital IC device testing by transient signal analysis (TSA)

The Letter presents a new approach to testing digital circuits that uses the variations in the transient signals generated within digital circuits as a defect detection method. The IDD transients on the supply rails and voltage transients at selected test points are sampled over a test interval. Simulation experiments show that variations in the transient waveforms between defective and nondefective circuits exist and that these variations are sensitive to many types of defects even when they appear on off-sensitised paths. These variations can be analysed using pattern recognition techniques, and neural processing is proposed as the means of identifying the transient waveforms of defective devices .
Receptive Language Skills of Adolescents and Young Adults With Down or Fragile X Syndrome

We investigated the receptive language of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (n 5 25) or fragile X syndrome (n 5 19). We were interested in syndrome differences and gender differences within fragile X. Comparison of the syndromes and MA-matched typically developing children (n 5 24) revealed that individuals with the syndromes differed in relative achievements across the domains of receptive vocabulary, receptive syntax, and nonverbal cognition as well as in the organization of their linguistic knowledge. Comparison of males and females with fragile X revealed that each displayed synchronous development across the three domains, despite the fact that the receptive language levels of females surpassed that of males.
Pattern of response to interstitial hyperthermia and brachytherapy for malignant intracranial tumour: a CT analysis.

Interstitial microwave hyperthermia in combination with iridium-192 brachytherapy has been administered to 23 cases of malignant brain tumours in a phase one clinical trial to assess the feasibility and safety of this treatment. In order to quantify the acute and long-term response of tumour and surrounding brain to this treatment, a morphometric computed tomography scan analysis was performed in 18 evaluable patients. Volumes defined by the outer margin of the contrast-enhancing rim, by the hypodense necrotic region within the enhancing rim and by the surrounding hypodensity region were calculated from computer measurements. Hyperthermia equipment performance (HEP) was calculated for the evaluation of heating. After the treatments, the volume of the inner hypodensity region decreased in seven patients and the volume increased in 11 patients. In five patients, the outer margin of the contrast-enhancing lesion showed an initial increase in volume followed by a decrease and in these patients higher HEP and ...
3D KMC simulations of crater growth during the reduction of oxide nanoislands on metal surfaces

article i nfo The homoepitaxial growth of Cu nanocraters induced by thermal reduction of Cu2O nanoislands on Cu(100) surfaces is simulated using a three-dimensional (3D) kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model by incorporating surface diffusion, attachment and detachment Cu adatoms dislodged from reducing Cu2O islands. The craters are observed to grow continuously in rim height and rim slopes while remaining relatively constant in rim width in the course of the oxide decomposition. Such a growth behavior is attributed to the climbing uphill of Cu adatoms released from the perimeter of the reducing Cu2O island at the crater bottom. The observed decay of the rim height and slopes after completion of the reduction of oxide islands suggests that these surface craters are thermodynamically unstable at high temperatures.
Stable gene transfer of CCR5 and CXCR4 siRNAs by sleeping beauty transposon system to confer HIV-1 resistance

Background Thus far gene therapy strategies for HIV/AIDS have used either conventional retroviral vectors or lentiviral vectors for gene transfer. Although highly efficient, their use poses a certain degree of risk in terms of viral mediated oncogenesis. Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system offers a non-viral method of gene transfer to avoid this possible risk. With respect to conferring HIV resistance, stable knock down of HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 by the use of lentiviral vector delivered siRNAs has proved to be a promising strategy to protect cells from HIV-1 infection. In the current studies our aim is to evaluate the utility of SB system for stable gene transfer of CCR5 and CXCR4 siRNA genes to derive HIV resistant cells as a first step towards using this system for gene therapy.
Introduction to Quality Issues in Vulnerable Populations

The Quality Care Symposium featured an inaugural session focused on quality issues in vulnerable populations (senior adult, multimorbid, pediatric or young adult, and medically underserved groups), bringing critical issues affecting these populations to the fore.
Landmark and Landscape: A Contextual Approach to the Management of American Indian Resources

Raising the possibility that two historically polarized factions—American Indians and the U.S. government—may come to join forces in the conservation of natural and cultural resources appears at once Utopian. Similarly, the proposition that anthropology could lend valuable insights to resource management seems at odds with the current of contempt that permeates interactions between American Indians and Western social scientists. Yet, present government emphasis on natural resource conservation and stewardship and increased anthropological awareness of the importance of "native" concerns and categories regarding cultural resource preservation (e.g., Carmichael et al. 1994; Doll 1994; Reeves and Kennedy 1993; Stoffle and Evans 1990; Stoffle, Halmo, and Austin 1997) can lead to the implementation of management strategies that address the needs of all interested parties. Management of natural resources in a broader context, too, should benefit from strategies based on systematic research and detailed knowledge about traditional views of land and resource use.
Advocating community participation and integrated tourism development planning in local destinations: the case of South Africa.

Abstract The processes of community participation and integrated tourism development planning can often be uncoordinated, fragmented and hindered by operational, structural and cultural limitations. Although these processes are usually more sophisticated in developed countries, some important lessons can be learned from their use in less-developed countries like South Africa. As part of their commitment towards a more democratic South Africa and their voluntary obligations towards Local Agenda 21, the national government has embarked on a process through which they aspire to improve decision-making and thereby achieve more integrated tourism development at a local level. This regional spotlight takes a closer look at the processes being legislated and implemented by South Africa to ensure community participation and integrated tourism planning takes place in a coordinated and inclusive way. The case provides valuable insights to practitioners and academics that are engaging in community participation and integrated tourism development planning.
Indigenous surgical practices in rural southwestern Nigeria: implications for disease prevention

HIV can be transmitted through contact with contaminated blood and blood products. Efforts are therefore under way in Nigerias formal health sector to protect blood supplies and improve the safety of health worker practices but little attention has been paid to the indigenous health care network where a majority of people seek help. Indigenous surgical practices of concern include circumcision medicinal blood letting and scarification or tattooing. A qualitative community-based study was conducted in the rural community of Ago Are southwestern Nigeria to learn about such indigenous surgical practices and their potential for disease transmission. Community leaders helped identify two types of indigenous practitioners whose work involves blood contact olola and onisegun. Olola are surgeons who specialize in circumcision and make traditional facial markings while onisegun make incisions into which medicinal herbs are rubbed. Observation of the practitioners found that the olola used the same knife for all operations and cleaned it simply by rinsing it in a bowl of water. Although the onisegun used a clean blade for his procedures he rubbed the herbs into the cuts with his bare hands. The potential for HIV transmission between practitioner and clients and among clients during these procedures is discussed as is the potential for health education to reduce the demand for female circumcision and training indigenous healers in hygienic methods.
Doctrine in Command of Analysis: a Reply to Roach and Roach

Poor People's Movements looked for an answer to the question of how the poor can win anything in American politics by examining four movements among the twentieth century American poor: the movements of industrial workers and of the unemployed in the great depression, and the post-war black unrest which took form in the southern civil rights movement and the northern welfare rights movement. The answer which seemed to emerge from the history of these movements is that the poor win, if they win at all, by disruptive political action: strikes, civil disobedience, riots, flooding the welfare rolls, and sometimes armed violence (southern textile workers and Appalachian miners in the Great Depression, for example). We were also struck, however, by the large limitations even on the use of disruptive tactics. The location of some groups gave them substantial capacities for disruption; others had little. Industrial workers could cripple the economy; the unemployed could only demonstrate and riot; and the black movement was left to fill the jails of the South and to create chaos in the welfare waiting rooms. "Opportunities for defiance are structured," we concluded (page 23), "by features of institutional life .... Mass defiance is neither freely available, nor the forms it takes freely determined." This conclusion led to another. It led us to raise a substantial question, as Michels had done, about the efficacy of formally structured membership organizations of the poor. The insurgent industrial workers of the Great Depression made large gains; once organized in the unions of the CIO, subsequent gains were fewer, and even these were mainly won by strikes. When the civil rights movements turned from the streets to mass-based electoral organization after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, few gains followed. When the unemployed of the 1930s were swept into the Worker's Alliance of America, and the unemployed of the 1960's into the National Welfare Rights Organization, no amount of organizational lobbying with welfare administrators and elected leaders produced gains commensurate with those won by disrupting the welfare centers and flooding the rolls. Bureaucratically-styled membership organizations pursuing conventional political strategies could be ignored; but an insurgent poor were sometimes not so easily ignored. These conclusions have drawn considerable fire, not least from the left. "Historically," E.J. Hobsbaum responded, "the debate on organization [has not been about its efficacy, but about] its scale. The left stood for national unions against local or regional ones; for industrial against craft associations, for big
Inferring the contribution of advection to total ecosystem scalar fluxes over a tall forest in complex terrain

a b s t r a c t Multiple data streams from a new flux tower located in complex and heterogeneous terrain at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (North Carolina, USA) were integrated to identify periods of advective flow regimes. Drainage flows were expected a priori, due to the location of the measurement site at the base of a long, gently-sloping valley. Drainage flow was confirmed by examining vertical profile mea- surements of wind direction and by estimating vertical advection fluxes. The vertical advection flux of CO2 was most significant in early morning (000-0600 h) during the growing season, when it averaged ∼5 mol m−2 s−1. Horizontal advection flux of CO2 was not directly measured in this study; however, an expected exponential relationship between nocturnal ecosystem respiration (RE) and air temperature was recovered when horizontal advection of CO2 was assumed to be negatively correlated to vertical advection, or when data were limited to periods when measured vertical advection fluxes were small. Taken together, these data imply the presence of a negative horizontal advection CO2 flux during noc- turnal periods characterized by positive vertical advection of CO2. Daytime periods were characterized by consistent anabatic (up-valley) flows in mid- to late-morning (0500-1200 h) and consistent katabatic (down-valley) flows in the afternoon. A combination of above-canopy flux profile measurements, energy balance closure estimates, and flux footprint estimates suggest that during periods of up-valley wind flow, the flux footprint frequently exceeds the ecosystem dimensions, and horizontal advection fluxes related to landscape heterogeneity were a significant component of the total ecosystem flux of CO2. We used sap flux from individual trees beneath the tower to explore diurnal patterns in stomatal conductance in order to evaluate gapfilling approaches for the unreliable morning data. The relationship between sto- matal conductance and vapor pressure deficit was similar in morning and afternoon periods, and we conclude that gapfilling morning data with models driven by afternoon data is a reasonable approach at this site. In general, results were consistent with other studies showing that the advection and wind flow regimes in complex terrain are highly site specific; nonetheless, the site characterization strategy developed here, when used together with independent estimates of components of the ecosystem carbon flux, could be generally applied in other sites to better understand the contribution of advection to the total ecosystem flux. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Coronary Calcium Screening and the American Heart Association News Embargo

Coronary calcium imaging with computed tomography (CT) for the detection of coronary artery disease has emerged as one of several novel measures of cardiovascular risk. These measures, which also include C-reactive protein, homocysteine, lipoprotein-a, the ankle-brachial index, and carotid intimal-medial thickness, have been the subject of considerable interest on the part of the medical profession and the media for a number of years. Their role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has not been firmly established, however, and hence the American Heart Association (AHA) has not recommended their implementation on a population-wide basis. The AHA’s current position on CT scanning for coronary calcification has been articulated in 3 statements dating from 2000.1–3 When a physician is faced with a patient at intermediate risk, selected use of coronary calcium scores may be appropriate if the results have the potential to alter the treatment of the patient. The published literature does not yet, however, clearly define whether long-term patient outcomes can be improved by modifying treatment on the basis of coronary calcium scores. Thus, which asymptomatic individuals require or will benefit from CT scanning has not yet been determined with certainty. These statements pertain equally to the other emerging measures of risk noted above. Coronary scanning with CT has received increased media attention over the past few months, perhaps in the wake of reports of cardiovascular procedures performed on noteworthy public figures. Recent reports in the lay press suggested that the AHA’s position on this subject was about to change and that the Association would endorse this technology for atherosclerosis screening in asymptomatic individuals. These reports have led to an unfortunate level of speculation by the public and the medical community, principally because the statement of imminent support is simply incorrect: The AHA does not endorse devices, equipment, or medications, …
Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind – By Jeffrey G. Williamson

A review of the book "Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind," by Jeffrey G. Williamson is presented.
Up-regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression by Brimonidine in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells

Objectives: Brimonidine tartrate ophth, an2-adrenergic agonist, is widely used as an antiglaucoma agent for lowering intraocular pressure. Recent studies suggest that brimonidine may be neuroprotective for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush injury. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a potent neuroprotective factor present in the RGCs, promotes RGC survival in culture and following optic nerve injury. We tested the hypothesis that a possible mechanism of brimonidine neuroprotection is through up-regulation of endogenous BDNF expression in the RGCs. Methods: A single dosage of brimonidine tartrate ophth solution (0.85-34µM) was injected intravitreally into Sprague-Dawley rat eyes. The fellow eyes of each animal were injected with balanced salt solution (BSS) and used as control eyes. To determine BDNF messenger RNA expression, animal eyes were enucleated and processed for in situ hybridization, or retinas were isolated and processed for Northern blot analysis using rat BDNF radiolabeled riboprobes. Results: In the control eyes injected with saline, BDNF was present in a minority of the RGCs. Two days after brimonidine injection, the number of BDNF-positive RGCs was increased from 55% to 166%, depending on brimonidine concentrations, when compared with those in the controls. In addition, the BDNF signal intensities in individual RGCs were elevated 50% in brimonidineinjected eyes compared with control eyes. Northern blot revealed a 28% increase of BDNF expression in the brimonidine group compared with the controls (P .003). No significant difference was observed in BDNF receptor, trk B, expression between brimonidine, or BSS control groups. Conclusions: A single dose of a low concentration of intravitreal brimonidine is sufficient to significantly increase endogenous BDNF expression in RGCs. These results suggest that brimonidine neuroprotection may be mediated through up-regulation of BDNF in the RGCs. The BDNF should be further investigated regarding its role in the neuroprotective effects reported with brimonidine. Clinical Relevance: Brimonidine may be (potentially) used clinically as a neuroprotective agent in optic neuropathy, including glaucoma, and ischemic and traumatic optic neuropathy.
Anti-C as a naturally-occurring antibody.

Anti42 was detected in the serum of a 49-yearold man who had no history of transfusion. Tbe thermal range of reactivity of the antibody, as well as its characterization as an IgM globulin, are consistent with the behavior of a naturallyoccurring antibody. This is believed to be the first report of such an antibody with anti42 specificity.
Overcoming Barriers to Placing Manufactured Housing in Metropolitan Communities

Problem: Manufactured housing is an option that is relatively little used in metropolitan communities although it appears to provide a quality-cost advantage over site-built housing. Purpose: This article examines barriers to placing manufactured housing in metropolitan areas that planners might influence, focusing particularly on land use and design regulations. Methods: We paired data from a nationwide survey of planners in Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)-eligible metropolitan communities with information on those communities' characteristics to estimate several regression models explaining two measures of manufactured housing supply using both supply- and demand-side variables. Results and conclusions: A variety of regulatory restrictions, including the lack of by-right zoning, as well as permits, snow load standards, fire codes, zoning codes, subdivision regulations, and architectural design standards impede the placement of manufactured housing in metropolitan communities. In general, such r...
Neuronal Cell Shape and Neurite Initiation Are Regulated by the Ndr Kinase SAX-1, a Member of the Orb6/COT-1/Warts Serine/Threonine Kinase Family

The Caenorhabditis elegans sax-1 gene regulates several aspects of neuronal cell shape. sax-1 mutants have expanded cell bodies and ectopic neurites in many classes of neurons, suggesting that SAX-1 functions to restrict cell and neurite growth. The ectopic neurites in sensory neurons of sax-1 mutants resemble the defects caused by decreased sensory activity. However, the activity-dependent pathway, mediated in part by the UNC-43 calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, functions in parallel with SAX-1 to suppress neurite initiation. sax-1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase in the Ndr family that is related to the Orb6 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), Warts/Lats (Drosophila), and COT-1 (Neurospora) kinases that function in cell shape regulation. These kinases have similarity to Rho kinases but lack consensus Rho-binding domains. Dominant negative mutations in the C. elegans RhoA GTPase cause neuronal cell shape defects similar to those of sax-1 mutants, and genetic interactions between rhoA and sax-1 suggest shared functions. These results suggest that SAX-1/Ndr kinases are endogenous inhibitors of neurite initiation and cell spreading.
Clinical Reasoning: An unusual case of subacute encephalopathy

A 52-year-old previously healthy man presented with 8 months of progressive cognitive decline. He complained of months of confusion, fatigue, depression, hypersomnolence, headaches, and, subsequently, urinary incontinence and unsteady gait. His family reported that he spoke of his deceased mother as if she were alive. His executive deficits progressed, leading to termination of his employment and a motor vehicle accident. He was evaluated and treated in Morocco before presenting to our institution for further care.
Projecting Clinical Insight From Quality Simulation Data

Providing care to the mechanically ventilated patient can present many challenges. Most clinicians agree that maintaining the airway is important, particularly when depending on higher mean airway pressure to maintain adequate oxygenation.[1][1] As a result, some health-care providers may be
Interspecific effects of pheromones on the attraction of the bark beetles,Dendroctonus brevicomis andIps paraconfusus in the laboratory.

Dendroctonus brevicomis was attracted to a mixture of theIps paraconfusus pheromones, ipsenol,cis-verbenol, and ipsdienol at 10−9 g each/μl but was not attracted to these pheromones at higher and lower release rates.I. paraconfusus was not attracted to theD. brevicomis pheromonesexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene at any release rate tested. Increased release rates of a mixture of the three pheromones ofI. paraconfusus inhibited the attraction ofD. brevicomis to its synthetic pheromones. A mixture of ipsenol + ipsdienol orcis-verbenol alone failed to cause inhibition indicating that at least two of theI. paraconfusus pheromones are required to inhibit the response ofD. brevicomis. The pheromones ofD. brevicomis did not inhibit the attraction ofI. paraconfusus to its pheromones; however, verbenone was a potent inhibitor.
Two New Methods for Temporally and Spatially Resolved Thermal Lensing Measurements

Two new methods are presented for studying thermal effects in laser crystals. The methods are easily implemented and can be automated. They involve measurement with a position sensitive detector or a CCD camera of the displacement of a probe beam passing through the crystal under study. Detection of this displacement is independent of probe beam or back ground light intensities and can be done with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. Because of their spatial resolution these techniques are not restricted to radially symmetric temperature profiles. Therefore they allow investigation of thermal lensing in various laser media (rods, slabs, annular rods), crystals with anisotropical thermal properties, including the influence of pump geometry. The methods are applied to a 50%Er, 5%Tm, 0.5%Ho :yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser rod to study the heat flow in a single pulse and at high repetition rate (10 Hz).
Sublethal Effects of Carbaryl, Aminocarb, Fenitrothion, and Bacillus thuringiensis on the Development and Fecundity of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), larvae were exposed to four sublethal levels (<LC50) of carbaryl, aminocarb, fenitrothion, and Bacillus thuringtensis Berliner (B.t.). Developmental rate, pupal weight, and fecundity of survivors were examined. Larva development of both sexes was significantly extended after exposure to 17 ppm of carbaryl and 100 IU/ml of B.t. Pupal weights of individuals fed 10 ppm of carbaryl were significantly less than untreated individuals. Female survivors of all aminocarb treatment levels (0.3–1.7 ppm) laid significantly fewer eggs.
Infant Predictors of Toddler Effortful Control: A Multi-method Developmentally Sensitive Approach

Effortful control (EC) is a form of self-regulation characterized by inhibition of dominant responses in favour of more adaptive subdominant responses. In the present study, temperamental antecedents in infancy were examined in relationship to toddler EC. Parents reported on infant temperament at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months, using the regulatory capacity/orienting (RCO) factor of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised. Laboratory indicators of this temperamental construct were also collected at each time point via the Temperament Laboratory Assessment. Relations between changes in temperament across the first year of life and toddler EC (mean age = 22 months) were examined using multilevel modelling. Parent-reported RCO and the component subscale of cuddliness more specifically were the only temperamental variables that prospectively predicted toddler EC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzz Ontology Structure and Its Membership Determination Based on NGD

Ontology can formally describe concepts,terms and relationship of the special domain,but it can not express the fuzzy information.To solve the problem of the fuzzy information's description in ontology,fuzzy description logic was employed in the construction of ontology.A 5-tuple fuzzy ontology model was established,including roles set,examples set,fuzzy assertion set and fuzzy relationship set.Based on Tableaus algorithm idea and case studies,the paper gives the solution method of the reasoning problem of fuzzy ontology.The correlation between was processed with the new NGD algorithm by means of Google search,and convert the results into membership degree of fuzzy ontology at last.
Epidemiological investigation of aids in men who have sex with men in Sanya in 2012

Objective To understand the knowledge,attitude,behavior and the status of related disease infection of AIDS in men who have sex with men(MSM) in Sanya.Methods Classified snowball sampling was used to launch a questionnaire survey in MSM and drew bloody samples to test HIV,syphilis and HCV antibody.Results 393 MSM received the survey between January and December in 2012,in whom people aging from 18 to 40 accounted for 90.1%;people in Hainan province accounted for 51.1%,people in other province accounted for 48.9%;the awareness rate of basic knowledge of AIDS was 78.1%;the rate of having anal sex behavior in last 6 months was 66.9%,the rate of condom usage was 68.2%;commercial sex behavior,drug taking and heterosexual sex behavior existed in MSM;the infection of HIV was 7.9%,and the positive rate of syphilis was 7.6%.Conclusion The fluidity of MSM in Sanya was high.The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was low and unprotected sex generally existed.The infection of HIV was high,the epidemic situation of HIV was severe.We should strengthen HIV test in MSM.Effective health education and measure of behavior intervention should be taken to control AIDS propagation in MSM.
Environmental Adaptability of Wireless Communication Systems

Environmental factors such as radiation,dust,lampblack,and corrosion affect wireless base station systems. With decreased capex and opex,there is a risk that the environment in which equipment operates deteriorates. In this paper,we draw on actual experiences in the field to discuss the effect of environmental factors on base station reliability. We suggest that environmental factors should be taken into consideration when designing network equipment,and we make specific recommendations about how equipment should be designed and deployed.
Implicit learning in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and pigeons (Columba livia)

There is considerable interest in the conditions under which human subjects learn patterned information without explicit instructions to learn that information. This form of learning, termed implicit or incidental learning, can be approximated in nonhumans by exposing subjects to patterned information but delivering reinforcement randomly, thereby not requiring the subjects to learn the information in order to be reinforced. Following acquisition, nonhuman subjects are queried as to what they have learned about the patterned information. In the present experiment, we extended the study of implicit learning in nonhumans by comparing two species, cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and pigeons (Columba livia), on an implicit learning task that used an artificial grammar to generate the patterned elements for training. We equated the conditions of training and testing as much as possible between the two species. The results indicated that both species demonstrated approximately the same magnitude of implicit learning, judged both by a random test and by choice tests between pairs of training elements. This finding suggests that the ability to extract patterned information from situations in which such learning is not demanded is of longstanding origin.
Industrial Inverter Current Sensing With Three Shunt Resistors: Limitations and Solutions

As inverter powered variable speed drives become popular and technically mature, cost control becomes the core competence for inverter manufacturers. Under minimum performance requirement specifications, the inverter is tailored in every aspect, from the main power device to various sensors to enhance its competitiveness. This paper mainly focuses on various issues associated with the downgrade of current sensors from standard Hall sensor to shunt resistors. The limitation of current sensing by shunt resistors is reviewed and method to expand the maximum achievable modulation index on the vector plane is implemented. Experiments are conducted to verify the analysis and to validate the effectiveness of the reconstruction algorithm.
Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics

Computer simulations have become an indispensable tool in the efforts to forge links between the behavior of molecules on the atomic level and experimentally measurable properties. This has been especially true in the area of surface science in general and specifically in studies of carbon surfaces. Due to the abundance of experimental data for gases interacting with carbon surfaces, and because carbon surfaces are relatively simple, many of the pioneering simulations of surface phenomena involved studies of gases interacting with homogeneous (graphite) and heterogeneous carbon surfaces. Pioneering studies include the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of Ar interacting with graphite by 1. ; 2. ; 3. and the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of N 2 on graphite by 4. ; 5. ; 6. . As computers became more powerful, the expense of computing dropped, making it possible to simulate systems of ever-increasing size and complexity. At the same time, the complexity and cost of experimental work has made simulations even more indispensable since simulation results often suggest interesting directions for experimentation while they continue to aid in the interpretation of the results.
Finding resume and restart errors in Android applications

Smartphone apps create and handle a large variety of ``instance'' data that has to persist across runs, such as the current navigation route, workout results, antivirus settings, or game state. Due to the nature of the smartphone platform, an app can be paused, sent into background, or killed at any time. If the instance data is not saved and restored between runs, in addition to data loss, partially-saved or corrupted data can crash the app upon resume or restart. While smartphone platforms offer API support for data-saving and data-retrieving operations, the use of this API is ad-hoc: left to the programmer, rather than enforced by the compiler. We have observed that several categories of bugs---including data loss, failure to resume/restart or resuming/restarting in the wrong state---are due to incorrect handling of instance data and are easily triggered by just pressing the `Home' or `Back' buttons. To help address this problem, we have constructed a tool chain for Android (the KREfinder static analysis and the KREreproducer input generator) that helps find and reproduce such incorrect handling. We have evaluated our approach by running the static analysis on 324 apps, of which 49 were further analyzed manually. Results indicate that our approach is (i) effective, as it has discovered 49 bugs, including in popular Android apps, and (ii) efficient, completing on average in 61 seconds per app. More generally, our approach helps determine whether an app saves too much or too little state.
Clinical genomic profiling identifies TYK2 mutation and overexpression in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive sarcomas that arise at an estimated frequency of 8% to 13% in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Compared with their sporadic counterparts, NF1-associated MPNSTs (NF1-MPNSTs) develop in young adults, frequently recur (approximately 50% of cases), and carry a dismal prognosis. As such, most individuals affected with NF1-MPNSTs die within 5 years of diagnosis, despite surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. METHODS Clinical genomic profiling was performed using 1000 ng of DNA from 7 cases of NF1-MPNST, and bioinformatic analyses were conducted to identify genes with actionable mutations. RESULTS A total of 3 women and 4 men with NF1-MPNST were identified (median age, 38 years). Nonsynonymous mutations were discovered in 4 genes (neurofibromatosis type 1 [NF1], ROS proto-oncogene 1 [ROS1], tumor protein p53 [TP53], and tyrosine kinase 2 [TYK2]), which in addition were mutated in other MPNST cases in this sample set. Consistent with their occurrence in individuals with NF1, all tumors had at least 1 mutation in the NF1 gene. Whereas TP53 gene mutations are frequently observed in other cancers, ROS1 mutations are common in melanoma (15%-35%), another neural crest-derived malignancy. In contrast, TYK2 mutations are uncommon in other malignancies (<7%). In the current series, recurrent TYK2 mutations were identified in 2 cases of NF1-MPNST (30% of cases), whereas TYK2 protein overexpression was observed in 60% of MPNST cases using an independently generated tissue microarray, regardless of NF1 status. CONCLUSIONS Clinical genomic analysis of the current series of NF1-MPNST cases found that TYK2 is a new gene mutated in MPNST. Future work will focus on examining the utility of TYK2 expression as a biomarker and therapeutic target for these cancers. Cancer 2017;123:1194–1201. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Protecting Species or Hindering Energy Development? How the Endangered Species Act Impacts Energy Projects on Western Public Lands

Since it was enacted in 1973, the ESA has been one of the most celebrated environmental laws, but also one of the most reviled. Industry groups argue that the consultation process frequently delays and sometimes halts much needed energy, transportation, water supply, and other projects and often dramatically increases project costs. Environmentalists disagree with this view, contending that the process actually rarely stops anything and that the FWS lacks the backbone to impose meaningful conservation requirements that would be costly or inconvenient for the project developer. In 2015, the authors decided to delve deeply into ESA §7 to analyze how it actually works in practice and to assess the validity of various parties’ claims about the consultation process. They focused on the impact of §7 consultation on energy development on public land. This Comment is an overview of that study and key findings. In a nutshell, the authors learned that only a small fraction of energy projects developed on public land are reviewed at all under §7. When it applies, the consultation process appears to go quickly and smoothly for the vast majority of oil and gas projects, for a variety of reasons. On the other hand, consultation on solar energy and wind energy projects tends to be lengthy and complicated.
Abstract 3305: The role of mTOR in mediating nicotine induced alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation and the regulation of radiotherapeutic response

Tobacco use is the single largest preventable risk factor for developing cancer. Furthermore, tobacco is associated with poor therapeutic outcomes in part because its continued use has been shown to decrease the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (RT). Preclinical data suggests that nicotine administration decreases RT efficacy by activating the alpha-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7-nAChR). Our study evaluated the effects of nicotine and selective a7-nAChR agonists (LY 2087101, PHA 543613, PNU 282987, and TC 1698) administration on radiotherapeutic efficacy. H460 and A549 human lung cancer cell lines were dose escalated with nicotine and the a7-nAChR agonists alone or in combination with single fraction X-ray radiation (2, 6 Gy) and cell survival was assessed by clonogenic assay. Nicotine administration and activation of a7-nAChR by LY 2087101 or PHA 543613 was found to have a radioprotective effect in both cell lines by increasing cell survival following RT. Conversely, activation of a7-nAChR by PNU 282987 or TC 1698 did not modulate radiotherapeutic response. Western blot analysis demonstrated that although all four tested a7-nAChR agonists increased phosphorylation of AKT (S473), only PHA 543613 and LY 2087101 were found to also activate mTOR (S2448). Additional clonogenic studies were performed to further examine the role of mTORC1 in governing response to RT. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin alone sensitized both A549 and H460 cells to the effect of RT. Interestingly, rapamycin treatment was sufficient to block the radioprotective effects of nicotine, PHA 543613, and LY 2087101 in A549 cells, however, in H460 cells rapamycin did not restore radiotherapeutic efficacy. Moreover, examination of Deptor, a key component of mTOR complexes shown to be associated with RT response, demonstrated that a7-nAChR activation by nicotine, PHA 543613, or LY 2087101 increased Deptor degradation in A549 cells, while a7-nAChR activation decreased Deptor degradation in H460 cells. These observations suggest that differences in the regulation of Deptor level may contribute to the variation in both rapamycin sensitivity and restoration of therapeutic efficacy to RT between H460 and A549 cell lines. Additional studies will be necessary to further elucidate the role of the mTOR complexes in mediating a7-nAChR induced modulation of response to RT. Citation Format: Samantha L. Sobus, Sundaravadivel Balasubramanian, Michelle A. Romano, Graham W. Warren. The role of mTOR in mediating nicotine induced alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation and the regulation of radiotherapeutic response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3305. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3305
Progress Toward The Sustainable Development Goal on Poverty: Assessing The Effect of Income Growth on The Exit Time from Poverty in Benin

There is a large and growing literature on the relation between economic growth and poverty reduction. The evidence points to a negative correlation between growth and poverty. However, many studies also find that growth does not mechanically reduce poverty, arguing that in many cases rapid economic growth has not necessarily been pro-poor. This paper uses the concept of ‘exit time from poverty’ to assess the potential of economic growth to reduce poverty in Benin; thus accelerating the progress of the country toward the achievement of the sustainable development goal of eliminating poverty by 2030. It uses nationally representative household data covering the period 2009–2011 and analyses the impacts of various growth scenarios on poverty. The results show that, with a growth rate in income per capita of 4.2% per year, it will take between 7 and 10 years for the average poor household to escape from poverty. The paper also finds that stronger economic growth leads to shorter average time to exit from poverty. However, there is a lot of heterogeneity in the exit time from poverty, with various households' characteristics such as households' size and human capital being important determinants. Taken together, the results suggest that policies to accelerate poverty reduction should emphasize the development of human capital and ensure that growth is inclusive and pro-poor. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Attributable and Unattributable Risks and Fractions and other Scenario Comparisons

Scenarios are alternative versions of the same dataset with the same variables but different observations or values. Applied scientists frequently want to predict how much good an intervention will do by comparing outcomes from the same model between different scenarios. Alternatively, they may want to compare outcomes between different models applied to the same scenario, for instance, when standardizing statistics from different subpopulations to a common gender and age distribution. Standard Stata tools for scenario means and comparisons are margins and pwcompare. A suite of packages is presented for estimating scenario means and comparisons by using margins, together with normalizing and variance-stabilizing transformations implemented by using nlcom. margprev estimates marginal prevalences; marglmean estimates marginal arithmetic means; regpar estimates the difference between two marginal prevalences (the population attributable risk); punaf estimates the ratio between two marginal arithmetic means (the population unattributable fraction); and punafcc estimates a marginal mean between-scenario risk or hazard ratio for case�control or survival data (also known as a population unattributable fraction). The population unattributable fraction and its confidence limits are subtracted from 1 to estimate the population attributable fraction. Formulas and examples are presented, including an example from the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network.
Classification and Regression Trees (CART)

In this chapter, we consider tree structures as part of a further transition from conventional regression to statistical learning. Classification and Regression Trees (CART) is emphasized. Tree structures are less important as stand-alone data analysis procedures than in the past. But they are essential components of many very effective statistical learning procedures discussed in later chapters. They also raise important conceptual and technical issues that will reoccur in subsequent material.
Pediatric Bone Marrow Imaging

The evaluation disorders in children relies primarily on MR imaging and to a lesser extent PET imaging and scintigraphy. On T1-weighted MR images, fatty marrow, which has a fatty component of 80% or more, is of high signal intensity (SI), similar to subcutaneous fat. Hematopoietic marrow, which contains 40% fat, has a signal intensity that is higher than adjacent muscle on T1-weighted images. Hematopoietic marrow has a higher water content in infants and tends to be of low SI on T1-weighted images and high SI on water sensitive images [1]. The composition of the marrow changes significantly in the first two decades of life. For this reason, it is important to become intimately familiar with the sequence of normal marrow transformation to be able to diagnose marrow abnormalities.