cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some results on finite amplitude elastic waves

In this paper some special types of finite amplitude wave motions are considered, for which kinematical non-linearities do not arise in the equations of motion of an elastic solid. Consequently, only constitutive non-linearities occur and, for special classes of materials, solutions may be read off from corresponding solutions in the linear theory. These include SH-waves1 and Love waves in layered or inhomogeneous media. Finite amplitude transverse circularly-polarized harmonic progressive waves are shown to propagate in any compressible or incompressible isotropic elastic material. Some effects of homogeneous pre-stress are also investigated.
Abnormal maturation of cerebral cortex and behavioral deficit in adult rats after neonatal administration of antibodies to ganglioside.

Abstract Five-day-old rats received a single injection (50 μl) of antiserum to ganglioside into the cisterna magna and were compared to control animals injected with the antiserum which had been absorbed with pure G M1 ganglioside to remove the specific antibodies. Both groups showed normal rates of body growth. However, animals receiving antiganglioside serum had, at 60 days of age, impaired performance when tested on a complex learning task (DRL) as well as chemical and morphological alterations in the somatosensory cerebral cortex. Gross morphology and wet weight of whole brain were normal in both groups. Microchemical analysis of somatosensory isocortex revealed a normal content of total solids, protein, and DNA. However, ganglioside sialic acid, galactocerebroside, and RNA were decreased by 31%, 32% and 25% of control values, respectively ( P
Adjustment Disorder in Children and Adolescents

The literature on adjustment disorder in children and adolescents is reviewed to evaluate the empirical and conceptual basis of this disorder as defined in DSM-III-R, and to determine whether revisions, are indicated in DSM-IV. Existing studies suggest that adjustment disorder is a disorder of high prevalence in all settings, which carries significant morbidity and poor outcome in children and adolescents. Problems identified with the DSM-III-R definition include low reliability, the predominance of mixed rather than discrete symptom presentations in children and adolescents, and the persistence of symptoms in excess of 6 months in a significant number of cases.
PWM6: COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTRAVAGINAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2 GEL AND INTRAVAGINAL MISOPROSTOL FOR PREINDUCTION CERVICAL RIPENING

OBJECTIVES: To compare the cost-effectiveness of intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and intravaginal misoprostol tablets for preinduction cervical ripening. METHODS: This study was a modeled cost-effectiveness analysis from the hospital perspective. A decision analysis was used to estimated costs and percentage of women achieving vaginal delivery with either intravaginal prostaglandin E2 or intravaginal misoprostol. Costs were assessed in 1999 dollars and obtained from Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Probabilities and percentage of patients achieving vaginal delivery within 24 hours were obtained by meta-analysis of published trails. Health resoursed used for the rate of delivery after each dose of the study agents were obtained through an expert physician pane. RESULTS: The primary outcome measures were direct medical costs, in 1999 dollars, and effect was measured as percentage of patients achieving successful cervical ripening, leading to labor induction and vaginal delivery before use of an alternative method. The meta-analysis included a total of 9 trials incorporating 1,056 patients. Direct medical costs for prostaglandin E2 was $1,852.14 and $1,941.51 for misoprostol. Eighty-five percent of patients receiving misoprostol and 71% of patients receiving prostaglandin E2 achieved vaginal delivery before the use of an alternative method. CONCLUSION: Though misoprostol is less expensive per dose compared to prostaglandin E2, the overall treatment costs are higher when encompassing costs associated with adverse effects. Therefore, an incremental cost analysis demonstrates that if the hospital is willing to pay $638 more per patient, there will be a 1% greater chance of achieving vaginal delivery.
Relationships between multiaxial stress states and internal fracture patterns in sphere-impacted silicon carbide

Internal fracture patterns developed in silicon carbide cylindrical targets as a result of dynamic indentation (63–500 m/s) by tungsten carbide spheres are defined. Microscopy of recovered and sectioned targets delineate into three regions, each associated with distinct cracking modes, i.e., shallow cone macrocracking at and near the impact surface, steep interior cone macrocracks that radiate into the target from the impact region and local grain-scale microcracking directly underneath the impact region. The observed fracture patterns are found to maintain a noticeable degree of self-similarity upto the impact velocity of 500 m/s. Linear elastic analysis of the full (surface and interior) stress field developed under static (Hertz) contact loading delineate the target into four regions, based on the number of principal stresses that are tensile (none, 1, 2 or all 3). A strong correlation is found between the principal stress conditions within each region and the forms of cracking, their locations and orientations present therein. This correlation has a number of implications, including non-interaction of crack systems, which are discussed. Illustrative linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses are performed for three regions, and calculated and observed macrocrack lengths are found to be in reasonable agreement.
Heisenberg uncertainty and Kullback-Leibler information

Abstract An inequality derived by both Beckner, and Bialynicki-Birula and Mycielski is used to establish an upper bound for the sum of Kullback-Leibler information for probability densities obtained from normalized squared Fourier transform pairs relative to respective probability densities for minimum Heisenberg uncertainty wavefunctions.
Thermal estimation for accurate estimation of impact of BTI aging effects on nano-scale SRAM circuits

Temperature and power are interrelated. With increase in temperature, power dissipation increases and vice versa. This paper analyzes the interdependency of power dissipation and temperature and also presents simulation results obtained by deriving the final power and temperature for nano-scale SRAM circuits with any environmental condition. Given the strong temperature dependence of BTI aging effects, accurate temperature estimation is an important step in determining the impact of aging effects on SRAM. As an example, the thermal estimation for a conventional SRAM and a power gated SRAM are performed to show the comparative impact of BTI aging effects on both the circuits.
Huntingtin protein interactions altered by polyglutamine expansion as determined by quantitative proteomic analysis.

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine repeat within the HD gene product, huntingtin. Huntingtin, a large (347 kDa) protein containing multiple HEAT repeats, acts as a scaffold for protein-protein interactions. Huntingtin-induced toxicity is believed to be mediated by a conformational change in expanded huntingtin, leading to protein misfolding and aggregation, aberrant protein interactions and neuronal cell death. While many non-systematic studies of huntingtin interactions have been reported, they were not designed to identify and quantify the changes in the huntingtin interactome induced by polyglutamine expansion. We used tandem affinity purification and quantitative proteomics to compare and quantify interactions of normal or expanded huntingtin isolated from a striatal cell line. We found that proteins preferentially interacting with expanded huntingtin are enriched for intrinsically disordered proteins, consistent with previously suggested ...
Developing Marketing Expert Systems: An Application to International Negotiations:

A large number of marketing decisions are based on “expert” judgments. In the emerging field of expert systems, techniques are being developed for systematically representing and using expert knowl...
Color vision deficits and laser eyewear protection for soft tissue laser applications.

AbstractPurpose: Laser safety considerations require urologists to wear laser eye protection. Laser eye protection devices block transmittance of specific light wavelengths and may distort color perception. We tested whether urologists risk color confusion when wearing laser eye protection devices for laser soft tissue applications.Materials and Methods: Subjects were tested with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test without (controls) and with laser eye protection devices for carbon dioxide, potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), neodymium (Nd):YAG and holmium:YAG lasers. Color deficits were characterized by error scores, polar graphs, confusion angles, confusion index, scatter index and color axes. Laser eye protection device spectral transmittance was tested with spectrophotometry.Results: Mean total error scores plus or minus standard deviation were 13 +/− 5 for controls, and 44 +/− 31 for carbon dioxide, 273 +/− 26 for KTP, 22 +/− 6 for Nd:YAG and 14 +/− 8 for holmium:YAG devices (p <0.001). The KTP laser ...
Comparison of theory with experimental data for a partially covered double-sandwich cantilever beam

In this paper, vibration characteristics of a partially covered, double-sandwich cantilever beam are evaluated experimentally and compared to the theoretical results of Levy and Chen for partially covered beams with and without end mass. The results obtained indicate that the theoretical models serve very well in providing the frequency factors and loss factors for the system being investigated.
Fear and disgust propensity in spider phobic distress

Three studies examined associations between spider phobic distress and two individual difference characteristics, disgust propensity (sensitivity to disgust elicitation) and fear propensity (sensitivity to fear elicitation). Although the relative contributions of trait anxiety and disgust propensity have been examined, researchers have yet to compare the parallel constructs of disgust and fear propensity. Two studies examined associations cross-sectionally, and a third longitudinal study examined associations of fear and disgust propensity with changes in distress and avoidance over time. In the first cross-sectional study, animal and non-animal fear propensity were independently associated with spider distress and disgust propensity was not. In the other two studies, animal fear propensity and animal disgust propensity were independently related to spider distress and non-animal scores were not. Fear propensity, but not disgust propensity, was predictive of decreased avoidance over time. The results suggest that disgust and fear propensity independently contribute to spider distress vulnerability.
CONGRESS AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: An Exercise in Symbolic Politics

Even when federal authorities were legally empowered to impose a death sentence, the sanction was rarely carried out. Between 1930 and 1976, there were only 33 such executions. During the past decade, bills, both imposing and abolishing capital punishment, have been introduced repeatedly in the U.S. Congress. Furthermore, certain members of Congress have demonstrated intense interest in such efforts. The continued debate and interest is better explained by the symbolic rather than tangible components of such legislation. This article examines four aspects of the symbolic component of federal death penalty legislation: reassurance function, moral-educative function, model for the states, and the deterrence debate.
Optical Spectroscopy and Ionization Models of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in M33, M51/NGC 5195, and M81*

We report the results of a spectroscopic investigation of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in M33, M81, and M51. All three galaxies have enhanced [S II]/Hα and [N II]/Hα ratios in the DIG compared to H II regions, in agreement with the predictions of photoionization models. The DIG in all three galaxies also has [O III]/Hβ ratios equal to or greater than that in neighboring H II regions. The [S II]/[N II] ratio does not vary with Hα surface brightness and is similar in both H II regions and DIG. We have tentatively detected the He I λ5876 line in the bright DIG near NGC 604, indicating a contribution from O7 and hotter stars to the ionizing spectrum in the DIG at that location. The DIG in M33 has lower [N II]/Hα ratios than M51 or the Galaxy, most likely because of low N abundance in M33. We used CLOUDY models to test the feasibility of two photoionization sources for the DIG: (1) the diluted ionizing continua of massive stars ("standard" models) and (2) the transmitted ionizing continua of density-bounded H II regions ("leaky H II region" models). The leaky H II region models produce higher [S II]/Hα, [N II]/Hα, and [O III]/Hβ ratios than standard DIG models for the same stellar temperatures. This alleviates somewhat the problem of producing high [O III]/Hβ ratios in the DIG. However, no single model can simultaneously reproduce all three line ratios. We conclude that either a combination of models is necessary or other ionization or heating mechanisms play a role in powering the DIG. Finally, we report on the spectrum of ionized gas associated with the companion to M51, NGC 5195. The gas in and around NGC 5195 has very high forbidden-line ratios and broad line widths (~ 500 km s-1 FWHM), indicative of shock-ionized gas. At some locations the emission lines split into two velocity components, suggesting an expanding structure or outflow. The line ratios, morphology, and kinematics show that the interstellar medium in NGC 5195 is very disturbed.
Regeneration in botulinum-poisoned forelimbs of the newt, Triturus.

Abstract Regeneration of an amputated limb will take place in the salamander provided that an adequate nerve supply is present in the stump. It has been suggested that acetylcholine (ACh) released by the nerves may be the neural trophic factor which enables regeneration to take place. In order to test this hypothesis we amputated the limbs of Triturus viridescens and then administered high systemic doses of botulinum toxin. The purified toxin is the most highly specific and potent cholinergic blocking agent known. In spite of effective cholinergic blockade, regeneration of the amputated limbs took place, and proceeded at a normal rate. It is concluded that ACh is not necessary for limb regeneration to occur, and therefore does not fulfill the role of a neurotrophic agent in this situation. However, this does not rule out the possibility that ACh may be the sole neurotrophic agent, or associated with the agent, in other biological systems such as skeletal muscle.
An FPGA-based solution for testing legacy video displays

The theme for Autotestcon 2010 is “45 Years of Support Innovation — Moving Forward at the Speed of Light." This theme is particularly relevant for military ATE systems because it highlights the dichotomy of striving to maintain state-of-the-art testing capabilities, while at the same time needing to support legacy technologies that may be decades old — indeed, as old as Autotestcon itself. The need to support discrete transistor-based electronics, TTL, CMOS and other technologies developed in the 1960's and 1970's, using test systems built around custom ASIC's, high performance FPGA's and logic levels whose peak-to-peak amplitudes were once considered “noise”, presents unique challenges. Systems deployed in the last century used CRT monitors to display information to a technician or operator. These monitors were based on analog video transmission standards such RS170, NTSC (National Television Standards Council), PAL (Phase Alternating Line) and other similar standards. Today, with the widespread use of DVI and HDMI digital video, it is rare to find CRT monitors in commercial use. But they are still widely used in older deployed systems. This paper is a case study based on the requirement for a PXI-based instrument that can generate simple color bar signals in NTSC and PAL formats to support the Mini-Samson/Katlanit Remote Controlled Weapon Station. By integrating an off-the-shelf PXI FPGA card, with an intellectual property (IP) core available in the public domain and a handful of commercially available support components, a cost effective solution was developed which supports the generation of both analog and digital video signals for testing CRT and LCD monitors. The flexibility of this approach allowed the extension of the original requirement for generating color bar patterns to include more complex test patterns.
Mass-transport limitation to the rate of reaction of gases in liquid droplets: Application to oxidation of SO2 in aqueous solutions

Aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 occurs via a sequence of steps consisting of gas-phase diffusion, mass transfer at the gas-water interface, hydrolysis and ionization of the dissolved sulfur-IV, aqueous-phase diffusion, and oxidation reaction. Expressions are given for the characteristic times of these several processes for reaction in aqueous droplets. Readily applicable criteria are developed in terms of these characteristic times to delimit the conditions, in the laboratory or in the ambient atmosphere, under which the rate of reaction in an aqueous droplet is equal to the intrinsic oxidation rate or is restricted by the finite rates of the several other processes. Under most conditions of concern in the ambient atmosphere, or in laboratory simulation of these conditions, the characteristic times of hydrolysis and ionization are sufficiently short compared to that of aqueous-phase reaction that the several dissolved sulfur-IV species may be considered to be a single pool of equilibrated reactant species. Similarly, the S(IV) solubility equilibria at the gas-water interface may also be considered to be achieved on a time scale that is short compared to that of aqueousphase reaction, except perhaps at high pH (pH > 7) where the characteristic time of this process becomes long (~ 10 sec at 25°C) because of the high solubility of S(IV). A more detailed treatment of the problem of simultaneous diffusion and reaction establishes the domain of applicability of the steady-state assumption for reaction in aqueous droplets. Within the steady state approximation, we examine the magnitude of limitation to the overall rate of reaction resulting from the finite rate of mass transport in the gas and aqueous phases and from the finite rate of achieving the solubility equilibrium at the interface. Expressions are presented that permit this treatment to be readily applied to laboratory kinetic data. The foregoing treatment also permits examination of the conditions under which limitation to the overall rate of reaction is controlled by one or another of the above mechanisms. For gas- and aqueous-phase mass transport by molecular diffusion it is found (again for 25°C) that gas-phase mass transport is more controlling than aqueous-phase mass transport for pH > 3.3, and that the onset of departure from the solubility equilibrium at the phase interface is more controlling than gas-phase diffusion only for very small droplets (radius 10ppm).
High-frequency dispersion from viscous drag at the grain-grain contact in water-saturated sand

Shear viscous drag within the thin fluid film at the contact between grains in water-saturated sand is an important loss mechanism for high-frequency sound in the Biot–Stoll plus contact squirt flow and shear viscous drag (BICSQS) model [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 2011–2022 (2004)]. Couette flow was assumed for the shear drag but it breaks down when inertial effects within the film become significant. Using Biot’s method, a correction is derived for the shear drag and inserted into the BICSQS model. The result is a prediction of negative sound speed dispersion, consistent with dynamic theories of fluid-filled poroelastic bodies.
Changing coastal oceanography of the Black Sea II: Mediterranean effluent

Abstract The behavior and physical mechanisms during the Mediterranean flow, entering the Black Sea from the Bosphorus, are described using existing field observations and hydrodynamic models for the vertical and along axis circulation in the strait. Soviet studies in the 1960–1970's showed that a well-defined sill north of the Bosphorus does not prevent the overflow of dense Mediterranean water onto the shelf even during unfavorable conditions (high surface elevation in the Black Sea and strong northerly winds). The stream makes a sharp westward turn after exiting from the strait and then starts its track downward to the shelf slope. Intensive dispersion of the Mediterranean water occurs at a distance of 25–50 km from the strait. Recent laboratory and mathematical models have been reviewed to describe the behavior of the density and current interfaces in the strait and the role of temporary blockage of the dense flow upon the Mediterranean effluent. Two hypothetic physical mechanisms for sill overflow are discussed. One is associated with bifurcation of the coastal flows, approaching the strait orifice, and formation of a diversion zone in the upper layer which facilitates the flow over the sill. Another hypothesis suggests that the sill exercises frictionless rotational hydraulic control in the short, 4 km continuation of the strait channel. Persistent northeasterly or southerly winds can substantially affect the intensity of the Mediterranean effluent by modifying the average flow fields and density structures in the strait. TS-analysis of far-field property distribution shows that the Mediterranean water contributes to the laminated structure of the Black Sea water column. Under average conditions, the Mediterranean waters follow the mainstream of the Black Sea current system along the Turkish coast, reaching the deepest strata in the southeastern corner of the sea. Ongoing Soviet diversions of fresh water from the northern slope of the Black Sea and projected damming of the major estuaries and the Azov Sea will intensify the Mediterranean effluent and, at the same time, will increase the vertical mixing due to more effective convective overturn. These phenomena will lead to partial or complete disappearance of the H2S layer and general warming of the water column.
A taxonomy of Javan hominid mandibles

The mandibular remains from Java have been controversial since the discovery of Kedung Brubus (Mandible A) in 1890. These mandibles, now called Kedung Brubus, and Sangiran 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 22, have been assigned to a wide variety of taxa. It is now commonly accepted that all seven mandibles can be accommodated in a single species;Homo erectus. A recent assessment to this effect was performed by Kramer (1989). Utilizing powerful statistical techniques he distinguished the Sangiran mandibles from the robust australopithecines and placed them all withinH. erectus. The jaws are not a homogeneous sample. Morphologically they are a mixture ofAustralopithecus africanus («Homo habilis») males (5,6), anA. africanus («H. habilis») female (8),H. erectus males (1,9), and aH. erectus female (22) and Kedung Brubus. The dating of these fossils remains unresolved, with a minimum date of 500,000 ya and a maximum of 1.6 mya. Any of the mandibles may have been transported and secondarily redeposited. If the jaws are allH. erectus then they have a sexual dimorphism exceeding that of modern gorillas. When Kedung Brubus is included with those from Sangiran the range of size dimorphism is well beyond that known for any primate, thus more than one species may be invloved. This dimorphism is found inA. africanus («H. habilis») but not inH. erectus samples anywhere else in the world. TheH. erectus skulls found in Java correspond with mandibles 1, 9, and 22. It is not likely that the largest mandible (6) is aH. erectus, because the skull would have had heavy temporal lines and probably a sagittal crest, neither of which is found on anyH. erectus specimen. But, a cranium has been found which morphologically matches the Sangiran 6 mandible. A double sagittal crest is present on Sangiran 31 a reported «Meganthropus» specimen.
Hydrolysis study of organic acid anhydrides by differential thermal analysis-I Pyromellitic dianhydride.

A technique for following the hydrolysis of pyromellitic acid dianhydride (PMDA) by differential thermal analysis (DTA) is described. On exposure of PMDA to moisture, an endothennic peak is initiated between 190 and 200 degrees . As the degree of hydrolysis increases, this peak becomes more intense and shifts to higher temperatures. The formation of pyromellitic acid (PMA) during the hydrolysis of PMDA can be determined qualitatively by DTA.
Regression of established hepatocellular carcinoma is induced by chemoimmunotherapy in an orthotopic murine model.

The high rate of mortality and frequent incidence of recurrence associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) reveal the need for new therapeutic approaches. In this report, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel chemo-immunotherapeutic strategy to control HCC and investigated the underlying mechanism that increased the antitumor immune response. We developed a novel orthotopic mouse model of HCC through seeding of tumorigenic hepatocytes from SV40 T antigen (Tag) transgenic MTD2 mice into the livers of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. These MTD2-derived hepatocytes form Tag expressing HCC tumors specifically within the liver. This approach provides a platform to test therapeutic strategies and antigen specific immune-directed therapy in an immunocompetent murine model. Using this model, we tested the efficacy of a combination of oral sunitinib, a small molecule multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, and adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate HCC. Sunitinib treatment alone promoted a transient reduction in tumor size. Sunitinib treatment combined with adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells led to elimination of established tumors without recurrence. In vitro studies revealed that HCC growth was inhibited through suppression of STAT3 signaling. In addition, sunitinib treatment of tumor-bearing mice was associated with suppression of STAT3 and a block in T cell tolerance. Conclusion These findings indicate that sunitinib inhibits HCC tumor growth directly through the STAT3 pathway and prevents tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance, thus defining a synergistic chemo-immunotherapeutic approach for HCC.
Increased radial diffusivity in spinal cord lesions in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis

Background:Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) both affect spinal cord with notable differences in pathology.Objective:Determine the utility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to differentiate the spinal cord lesions of NMO from MS within and outside T2 lesions.Methods:Subjects greater than or equal to 12 months from a clinical episode of transverse myelitis underwent a novel transaxial cervical spinal cord DTI sequence. Ten subjects with NMO, 10 with MS and 10 healthy controls were included.Results:Within T2 affected white matter regions, radial diffusivity was increased in both NMO and MS compared with healthy controls (p<0.001, respectively), and to a greater extent in NMO than MS (p<0.001). Axial diffusivity was decreased in T2 lesions in both NMO and MS compared with controls (p<0.001, p=0.001), but did not differ between the two diseases. Radial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy within white matter regions upstream and downstream of T2 lesions were different from controls in ea...
Polynuclear metal complexes as model mixed oxide catalysts

Abstract Selective chemisorptions of CO and NH 3 were used to describe the sorption properties of polynuclear metal complexes of Cu 2+ and M 3+ ( M = Al, Cr, and Fe) supported on silicon dioxide (Cab-O-Sil). On those samples heated to less than 180 °C no IR spectrum of CO could be detected; thus, indicating all the Cu ions were cupric and the ferric, chromic ions were coordinately saturated. IR spectra of chemisorbed NH 3 showed relaxations at frequencies characteristic of Lewis-bound (3350-3280 cm -1 ) and protonic-bound (3210-3175 cm -1 ) NH 3 for all clusters having open cupric sites. The Lewis-bound NH 3 IR peaks disappeared when the Cu 2+ sites were sterically blocked whereas the relaxations of NH 3 bound to other sites (3210-3175 cm -1 ) did not. The 54 °C isotherm of the strongly bound NH 3 showed an average site density that increased from 2.2 to 3.0 sites/cluster with M = Al, Cr, and Fe. For an Fe complex with all the Cu 2+ sites sterically blocked the NH 3 site density was 1.8 sites/cluster. The activation energy for desorbing NH 3 from the 32 wt% samples changed with M 3+ : 11.9, 14.8, 16.0 kcal/mol for Al, Cr, and Fe, respectively. Desorption of NH 3 from the 10 wt% samples corrected for NH 3 bound to the exposed Cab-O-Sil showed E d = 11.9, 19.8, and 21.8 kcal/mole. The E d for the Lewis-bound NH 3 to the Cu 2+ was only 32 kcal/ mole and that for the NH 3 bound to other sites was 17.6 kcal/mole for the Fe-Cu/Cab-O-Sil (10 Wt%).
A Force Effectiveness Model with Area Defense of Targets

This paper describes an analytic method for computing the effectiveness of an ICBM force for the assured destruction mission, in which the missile force must attack a number of targets of different value, all protected by a fully preferential area defense. Some targets may also be protected by a terminal defense. The ICBM force is assumed to be composed of several types of re-entry vehicles that differ in lethality and in the numbers of area and terminal interceptors required for intercept. The model assumptions are offense-conservative in that the defense is credited with maximum information and capability. However, the offense allocation is optimum against the best cooperative use of the area and terminal defenses so that the computed force effectiveness is offense-enforceable. The paper derives the optimum employment of the missile force and the area defense, and proves that, in the presence of an area defense, the terminal interceptor stockpile should be allocated among terminally defended targets strictly in proportion to their value. Because of its simplicity, the inclusion of defense penetration parameters, the allowance for several types of re-entry vehicles, and its two levels of defense, the model is useful as a force-evaluation submodel in force-mix, force-defense, and re-entry-vehicle configuration studies.
Language acquisition in the absence of explicit negative evidence: can simple recurrent networks obviate the need for domain-specific learning devices?

L'A. examine de maniere critique l'hypothese de Rhode et Plaut selon laquelle l'apprentissage de la structure d'une langue naturelle est possible en depit du manque d'une retroaction negative explicite en l'absence de mecanismes innes precis de l'acquisition du langage
Foreign Acquisitions in the United States and the Effect on Shareholder Wealth

The research presented here indicates that foreign acquisitions in the United States in the form of mergers, have resulted in abnormal returns to targets of nearly 22 percent, a figure not much higher than in domestic mergers. Sell-off abnormal returns have averaged nearly three percent, substantially higher than the average 0.7 to 1.66 percent in the domestic case. We find that merger abnormal returns have been substantially higher in our first subperiod (1982–84) than in the second (1985–87). For selloffs, our results are reversed-abnormal returns have been higher in the second subperiod. In cross-sample tests, we find the Japanese paying the highest merger premiums/abnormal returns, while the sell-off abnormal returns are highest when Germans are the buyers. We also find significant differences across industry samples but not across combination type samples. We do not find a significant relationship of these abnormal returns to the firm's accounting and financial variables.
The Effect of a Program of Guided Learning Experiences in Developing Probability Concepts at the Third Grade Level

IN THE development of a scientific-causal or iI entation by a child toward his environment both J physical and social the ability to think in proba bility terms plays a significant part. In any com plex phenomenon, such as an instance of human be havior, the factors which underlie and produce the behavior are manifold. Furthermore, information about these factors, as is the case with all empiri cal knowledge of the social and physical world, is characterized by greater or lesser unreliability and this characteristic has to be recognized when using knowledge to estimate the probable way in which the behavior developed or what its effects may be. When a child is confronted with an instance of be havior, such as when his teacher does something and he has to respond to it, a logical reaction would require him to think of some of the probable rea sons for the teacher's action instead ofmaking a snap judgment about it. There is some evidence that children's understanding and appreciation of the dynamics of behavior can be extended through a learning program in behavioral science and that such experiences help them in their daily interac tions (10, 12, 13). In developing an understanding of behavior, how ever, the concept of probability constitutes an im portant item. To increase the effectiveness of such programs, it appears helpful to investigate further how the ability to think in probability terms can be developed most effectively. The purpose of this study was to devise a program of guided experi ences for helping a child learn the elementary as pects of probability and to test the effectiveness of this program at the third-grade level. In recent years a number of investigators have been interested in probability concepts of children (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19). Most of these have been concerned with the effects of extrin sic rewards on reactions at various input levels (2, 6, 8, 15, 16, 19). The investigation by Stevenson and Zigler (18) compared behavior of children com ing from two types of environments which differed in the degree of success the children had learned to expect. The present investigation differs from these in that it is interested in testing the effects of a con sciously planned sequence of guided experiences de rived from an analysis of the nature of the learning task and of the learners, as will be described later.
Endothelin-1-Induced Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Growth Hormone/IGF-1 Deficient Lewis Dwarf Rat

Aging is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Growth hormone (GH) and its anabolic mediator, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, decrease with advancing age and this decline has been shown to promote vascular dysfunction. In addition, lower GH/IGF-1 levels are associated with higher stroke mortality in humans. These results suggest that decreased GH/IGF-1 level is an important factor in increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases. This study was designed to assess whether GH/IGF-1-deficiency influences the outcome of cerebral ischemia. We found that endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion resulted in a modest but nonsignificant decrease in cerebral infarct size in GH/IGF-1 deficient dw/dw rats compared with control heterozygous littermates and dw/dw rats with early-life GH treatment. Expression of endothelin receptors and endothelin-1-induced constriction of the middle cerebral arteries were similar in the three experimental groups. Interestingly, dw/dw rats exhibited reduced brain edema and less astrocytic infiltration compared with their heterozygous littermates and this effect was reversed by GH-treatment. Because reactive astrocytes are critical for the regulation of poststroke inflammatory processes, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier and neural repair, further studies are warranted to determine the long-term functional consequences of decreased astrocytic activation in GH/IGF-1 deficient animals after cerebral ischemia.
Parsing the language of racism and relief: Effects of a short-term urban field placement on teacher candidates’ perceptions of culturally diverse classrooms

Abstract This three-year study combines qualitative and quantitative analyses of effects of a one-week, intensive urban field placement on 95 suburban and rural teacher candidates’ self-reported perceptions of urban schools, students, teachers. Data was drawn from anonymous, open-ended, pre- and post-experience participant surveys; reflections; and alumni interviews. Findings include improvement in confidence in cross-cultural teaching abilities and interest in urban schools for future employment. Pre-service teachers’ perceptions can be meaningfully influenced by a short-term, cross-cultural immersion program when it is situated within a mutually-reinforcing, multicultural education curriculum that offers significant faculty scaffolding and structured reflection.
Charge carrier dynamics and the critical vortex velocity in high-Tc superconductors

A model is presented to explain the recently observed voltage jumps in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ superconducting thin films. The present approach provides additional evidence of the validity of the flux-flow instability model. The field and temperature dependences of the critical vortex velocity were attributed to the physics of the vortex core in clean superconductors (high-T c superconductors) which is very different from the physics of the vortex core in dirty superconductors. The quasiparticle diffusion coefficient D qp was calculated based on the assumption that the quasiparticle motion is considered as a transport phenomenon on random walks. In addition, the effects of scattering of normal excitations by quasiparticles localized in the vortex core moving together with the vortex on the inelastic scattering time of quasiparticles τ in was also calculated. The predictions of the model and the experimental observations are in excellent agreement.
X-ray induced photoacoustic tomography

X-ray induced photoacoustic tomography, also called X-ray acoustic computer tomography (XACT) is investigated in this paper. Short pulsed (μs-range) X-ray beams from a medical linear accelerator were used to generate ultrasound. The ultrasound signals were collected with an ultrasound transducer (500 KHz central frequency) positioned around an object. The transducer, driven by a computer-controlled step motor to scan around the object, detected the resulting acoustic signals in the imaging plane at each scanning position. A pulse preamplifier, with a bandwidth of 20 KHz–2 MHz at −3 dB, and switchable gains of 40 and 60 dB, received the signals from the transducer and delivered the amplified signals to a secondary amplifier. The secondary amplifier had bandwidth of 20 KHz–30 MHz at −3 dB, and a gain range of 10–60 dB. Signals were recorded and averaged 128 times by an oscilloscope. A sampling rate of 100 MHz was used to record 2500 data points at each view angle. One set of data incorporated 200 positions as the receiver moved 360°. The x-ray generated acoustic image was then reconstructed with the filtered back projection algorithm. The twodimensional XACT images of the lead rod embedded in chicken breast tissue were found to be in good agreement with the shape of the object. This new modality may be useful for a number of applications, such as providing the location of a fiducial, or monitoring x-ray dose distribution during radiation therapy.
Children's Responses to Conflicting Auditory and Visual Features of a Televised Narrative.

Children at three age levels (5–6, 8–9, and 10–12 years) were exposed to a televised story in which the auditory and visual content conflicted at the semantic level: a character was depicted as behaving kindly in one channel and cruelly in the other. Comparison groups were exposed to audio-only and video-only versions of the program. It was found that awareness of the auditory-visual discrepancy, assessed at the end of the testing session, increased with age. On a recognition memory test, the presence of conflicting video significantly reduced recognition of the audio content among children in the two older groups, but not among those in the youngest group. This pattern did not emerge for recognition of video content. However, the tendency to interpret video depictions in terms of the inconsistent audio information increased with age. On a measure of free recall, mention of the content of both channels, rather than only one channel, also increased with age. Finally, for all three age groups, personality ratings of the central character were less extreme among respondents exposed to the mismatch version of the program than among those exposed to the audio-only or video-only versions (in which the character exhibited only one type of behavior). Overall, the results were interpreted as indicating a developmental increase in utilization of the semantic content of both channels to form a unified representation of the events in the narrative. However, evaluations of the character's personality suggest that children at all three age levels integrated the content of both channels to some degree.
Investigation of H2SO4-doped, ring-deuterated poly(p-phenylene vinylene) using solid state 2H quadrupole echo n.m.r. spectroscopy

Abstract Ring-deuterated poly( p -phenylene vinylene) has been doped with concentrated sulphuric acid and examined with 2 H quadrupole echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Doping is observed to change the relative population of fast versus slow flipping p -phenylene rings. This relationship has been investigated over a range of temperatures. Modelling this system as a two-site chemical exchange shows that the change in the relative populations of fast versus slow ‘flippers’ corresponds to an increase in the activation energy for the 180° ring flip. The width of the distribution of flip rates is also observed to increase upon doping. At elevated temperatures the samples studied undergo a significant loss of mass which corresponds to a loss of dopant. The chemistry of this process is examined.
Diagnosing the California Electricity Crisis

Abstract A key lesson is that FERC must regulate, rather than simply monitor, wholesale electricity markets. Rather than focusing its attention on monitoring market performance, FERC should instead concentrate on designing proactive protocols for rapid regulatory intervention to correct market design flaws as quickly as possible and order refunds as soon as unjust and unreasonable prices are found.
SsrA‐mediated peptide tagging caused by rare codons and tRNA scarcity

SsrA RNA mediates the addition of a C-terminal peptide tag (AANDENYALAA) to bacterial proteins translated from mRNAs without in-frame stop codons. This process involves both tRNA- and mRNA-like functions of SsrA and targets the tagged proteins for degradation. By designing an SsrA variant that adds a peptide tag (AANDENYALDD) that does not result in rapid degradation, we show that tagging of a model protein synthesized from an mRNA without stop codons can be detected both in vivo and in vitro. We also use this assay to demonstrate that ribosome stalling at clusters of rare arginine codons in mRNA is sufficient to recruit and activate the SsrA peptide tagging system. An essential requirement for tagging at rare AGA codons is a scarcity of the cognate tRNA; supplemental tRNA(AGA) suppresses tagging, and depleting the available pool of tRNA(AGA) enhances tagging and reveals tagging caused by single rare AGA codons. Protein tagging at sites corresponding to rare codons appears to involve SsrA action at an internal mRNA site rather than at the 3' end of a cleaved mRNA.
Experiments on Exhaust Noise of Tightly Integrated Propulsion Systems

A wide-ranging series of tests have been completed that seek to map the effects of installation, including jet by jet interaction effects, on exhaust noise from various nozzles in forward flight. The primary data was far-field acoustic spectral directivity. The goals of the test series were (i) to generate enough data for empirical models of the different effects, and (ii) to provide data for advanced computational noise predictions methods applied to simplified yet realistic configurations. Data is presented that demonstrate several checks on data quality and that provide an overview of trends observed to date. Among the findings presented here: (i) Data was repeatable between jet rigs for single nozzles with and without surfaces to within +/- 0.5 dB. (ii) The presence of a second jet caused a strong reduction of the summed noise in the plane of the two plumes and an increase over the expected source doubling in most other azimuthal planes. (iii) The impact of the second jet was reduced when the jets were unheated. (iv) The impact of adding a second isolated rectangular jet was relatively independent of the nozzle aspect ratio up to aspect ratio 8:1. (v) Forward flight had similar impact on a high aspect ratio (8:1) jet as on an axisymmetric jet, except at the peak noise angle where the impact was less. (vi) The effect of adding a second round jet to a tightly integrated nozzle where the nozzle lip was less than a diameter from the surface was very dependent upon the length of the surface downstream of the nozzle. (vii) When the nozzles were rectangular and tightly integrated with the airframe surface the impact of a second jet was very dependent upon how close together the two jets were. This paper serves as an overview of the test; other papers presented in the same conference will give more detailed analysis of the results.
Human β-globin promoter and coding sequences transcribed by RNA polymerase III

Abstract We have investigated low abundance RNAs transcribed in vitro and in vivo from the human β-globin gene. These RNAs contain globin mRNA sequences covalently linked to sequences transcribed from the 5′ flanking region between −235 and the mRNA cap site (+1). Their synthesis in vitro is sensitive to high (100 μg/ml) levels of α-amanitin but not to low (2 μg/ml) levels, and one region of the DNA template bordering their 5′ termini is similar to a small segment of Alu repetitive DNA and to the RNA polymerase III promoter consensus sequence. Therefore, these RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III but extend into the mRNA-coding region that is usually transcribed by polymerise II. The polymerise III transcripts are polyadenylated and are probably spliced. Their presence in bone marrow cells and peripheral blood reticulocytes implies that they play some role in the erythroid cell.
A comprehensive approach to reduce the energy cost of network of datacenters

Several studies have proposed job migration over the wide area network (WAN) to reduce the energy of networks of datacenters by taking advantage of different electricity prices and load demands. Each study focuses on only a small subset of network parameters and thus their results may have large errors. For example, datacenters usually have long-term power contracts instead of paying market prices. However, previous work neglects these contracts, thus overestimating the energy savings by 2.3x. We present a comprehensive approach to minimize the energy cost of networks of datacenters by modeling performance of the workloads, power contracts, local renewable energy sources, different routing options for WAN and future router technologies. Our method can reduce the energy cost of datacenters by up to 28%, while reducing the error in the energy cost estimation by 2.6x.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3,5-dinitrophenyl)porphyrin †

The synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of the octanitro-substituted porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-dinitrophenyl)porphyrin, H 2T(3,5-DNP)P, are described. The solid state structure has two porphyrins in the unit cell with eight pyridine solvates and is made up from columnar arrays of the porphyrins. X-ray crystal structure data: monoclinic, space group P 12 1 / n1, a = 14.9996(9) A ˚, b = 8.2489(5) A ˚, c = 24.818(2) A ˚, a =9 0 ° , b= 104.172(1)°, g =9 0 ° , V= 2977.3(3) A ˚3 , dcalc = 1.440 g m ˇ3 , Z =2 . #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.