cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic monetary control and interest rate stabilization

Abstract Interest rate stabilization results in an instrument shortage that complicates monetary control by introducing strategic considerations into the Trading Desk's decision problem. The paper demonstrates that, when expected future open market operations influence current bank and depositor behavior, an instrument shortage is necessary and sufficient for the Commitment policy to be time-inconsistent and for the Discretionary policy to be suboptimal, i.e., worse than the Commitment policy. The moving average component of the Commitment policy is of higher order than the Discretionary policy. Under either regime, the expected value of the representative bank is increasing in the Trading Desk's emphasis on interest rate stability.
Experiments, Analysis and Simulation of Mixed Mode Ductile Fracture

This paper provides a review of findings of a comprehensive research effort by the authors and collaborators in the area of experiments, analysis and simulation of mixed-mode ductile fracture. Topics include mixed-mode Arcan stable tearing tests, the mixed-mode CTOD fracture criterion and its basis, normalization of ductile crack tip fields, ductile failure envelope, crack tunneling and slanting, effects of stress constraint, custom 2D and 3D mixed-mode crack growth simulation codes, and simulations of mixed-mode stable tearing crack growth tests.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The transfer of cholesterol and hydroxycholesterol derivatives from liposome to soluble cytochrome P-450scc

Abstract We have studied the cholesterol-binding reaction with purified steroid-free cytochrome P -450 scc . By mixing an aqueous solution of cholesterol-, pregnenolone- and progesterone-free cytochrome with cholesterol-containing liposomes, the low to high spin conversion of the hemoprotein was observed spectrophotometrically and by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. When the binding rates were compared at a fixed molar heme: cholesterol ratio of 1 : 1,50 mol% cholesterol-dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes react with the cytochrome at a faster rate than 50 mol% cholesterol-dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes, indicating that the availability of cholesterol molecules in an unsaturated membrane is better than in a saturated membrane. When the number of cholesterol-dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was increased, the cholesterol-binding rates increased markedly. These results imply that the collision of the liposomes with the soluble hemoprotein molecules plays an important role in the binding reaction under our experimental conditions. The binding reaction was found to be temperature-dependent with a refractive temperature at near 20°C. From the comparison of the binding abilities among cholesterol derivatives tested, we conclude that the α-face of the A-B transfused rings and the portion of the hydrocarbon side-chain of cholesterol are important for the binding. Additionally, polar derivatives had faster rates than non-polar steroids in structurally homologous series.
Evidence for the distinct vanadyl(+4)-dependent activating system for manifesting insulin-like effects.

Both exogenously added vanadate (oxidation state +5) and vanadyl (oxidation state +4) mimic the rapid responses of insulin through alternative signaling pathways, not involving insulin receptor activation [reviewed in Shechter et al. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 153, 39−47]. Vanadium exhibits complex chemistry, fluctuating between vanadate(+5) and vanadyl(+4), according to the prevailing conditions. Using several experimental approaches, we report here on a distinct vanadate(+5)-independent, vanadyl(+4)-dependent activating pathway. The key components of this pathway are membrane protein phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) and a cytosolic (nonreceptor) protein-tyrosine kinase (CytPTK). We further suggest that vanadate(+5) is not reduced rapidly to vanadyl(+4) inside the cell, and entered vanadyl sulfate(+4) is capable of undergoing spontaneous oxidation to vanadate(+5) in vivo. Finally, we show that the promotion and full expression of a downstream bioeffect such as lipogenesis requires both activation o...
A necessary and sufficient condition for Altman's maximal element problem for constraint sets with many equalities

IN [l], ALTMAN proposed a maximal element principle for the optimization problem with the same constraint set as in the Dubovitskii-Milyutin formalism. These sets contain only one equality constraint. In many applications, however, one equality constraint is insufficient to formulate the optimal control problems. It is the purpose of the present paper to further investigate the maximal element problem initiated in [l]. Concerning necessary conditions, such investigations can be developed in two directions. One direction is to generalize the results to constraint sets involving n equality constraints in the operator form, In this direction the maximal element principle can be treated as some generalization of results from [3] and [6]. The other direction is to include in the constraint set n equality constraints in the general nonoperator form. These kinds of problems were investigated in [9], using some properties of cones, in the form of problems of minimizing the functional under constraints. The maximal element principle enables us to consider these optimization problems in the wider sense, as problems of maximal element on the set of constraints. The sufficient condition for the maximal element problem was not discussed in [l]. In the present paper, the sufficient condition is obtained as a generalization of the DubovitskiiMilyutin sufficient condition from [2] and its extension for many equality constraints from [S]. After proving the mentioned results, an example of constraint sets in optimal control from [4] is discussed from the new point of view of maximal element problem and the maximal element principle for this problem is formulated.
Influence of rhizodeposition under elevated CO2 on plant nutrition and soil organic matter

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations can influence ecosystem carbon storage through net primary production (NPP), soil carbon storage, or both. In assessing the potential for carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems under elevated CO2, both NPP and processing of soil organic matter (SOM), as well as the multiple links between them, must be examined. Within this context, both the quantity and quality of carbon flux from roots to soil are important, since roots produce specialized compounds that enhance nutrient acquisition (affecting NPP), and since the flux of organic compounds from roots to soil fuels soil microbial activity (affecting processing of SOM). From the perspective of root physiology, a technique is described which uses genetically engineered bacteria to detect the distribution and amount of flux of particular compounds from single roots to non-sterile soils. Other experiments from several labs are noted which explore effects of elevated CO2 on root acid phosphatase, phosphomonoesterase, and citrate production, all associated with phosphorus nutrition. From a soil perspective, effects of elevated CO2 on the processing of SOM developed under a C4 grassland but planted with C3 California grassland species were examined under low (unamended) and high (amended with 20 g m−2 NPK) nutrients; measurements of soil atmosphere δ13C combined with soil respiration rates show that during vegetative growth in February, elevated CO2 decreased respiration of carbon from C4 SOM in high nutrient soils but not in unamended soils. This emphasis on the impacts of carbon loss from roots on both NPP and SOM processing will be essential to understanding terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage under changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages Among Blue-Collar Women

Data from the 1973–1975 Current Population Surveys is used to examine the impact of unionism on wage dispersion among blue-collar women. The methodology employed in Freeman (1980) is used as a point of departure for this investigation, which disaggregates the results by sex. The study presents evidence that indicates the impact of unionism on the dispersion of earnings differs across sex. The study also examines whether the differential results occur because of differences in the types of jobs held by nonunion men relative to nonunion women and finds support for this hypothesis.
Supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment of corn stover and switchgrass for lignocellulosic ethanol production.

Abstract Supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ), a green solvent suitable for a mobile lignocellulosic biomass processor, was used to pretreat corn stover and switchgrass at various temperatures and pressures. The CO 2 pressure was released as quickly as possible by opening a quick release valve during the pretreatment. The biomass was hydrolyzed after pretreatment using cellulase combined with β-glucosidase. The hydrolysate was analyzed for the amount of glucose released. Glucose yields from corn stover samples pretreated with SC-CO 2 were higher than the untreated sample’s 12% glucose yield (12 g/100 g dry biomass) and the highest glucose yield of 30% was achieved with SC-CO 2 pretreatment at 3500 psi and 150 °C for 60 min. The pretreatment method showed very limited improvement (14% vs. 12%) in glucose yield for switchgrass. X-ray diffraction results indicated no change in crystallinity of the SC-CO 2 treated corn stover when compared to the untreated, while SEM images showed an increase in surface area.
WISDOM: wi re s preading enhanced d ecomposition o f m asks in double patterning lithography

In Double Patterning Lithography (DPL), conflict and stitch minimization are two main challenges. Post-routing mask decomposition algorithms [1--4] may not be enough to achieve high quality solution for DPL-unfriendly designs, due to complex metal patterns. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework of WISDOM to perform wire spreading and mask assignment simultaneously for enhanced decomposability. A set of Wire Spreading Candidates (WSC) are identified to eliminate coloring constraints or create additional splitting locations. Based on these candidates, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation is proposed to simultaneously minimize the number of conflicts and stitches, while introducing as less layout perturbation as possible. To improve scalability, we further propose three acceleration techniques without loss of solution quality: odd-cycle union optimization, coloring-independent group computing, and suboptimal solution pruning. The experimental results show that, compared to a postrouting mask decomposition method [2], we are able to reduce the number of conflicts and stitches by 41% and 23% respectively, with only 0.43% wire length increase. Moreover, with proposed acceleration methods, we achieve 9x speed-up.
Positive Discrimination, Spatial Targeting, and Urban Policy

Many programs dealing with urban distress direct resources into limited inner-city areas. The United States and Great Britain have both pursued such policies of spatial targeting or positive discrimination. Major problems of targeting include inequities, unanticipated secondary impacts, and the inappropriate scale of targeted efforts. Arguments for targeting include the presence of positive spatial externalities, increased program efficiency resulting from concentration, and the possibility that targeting may better meet the most severe needs. The contrasting experiences of the two countries aids in the formulation of policies that may involve spatial targeting.
Distribution and character of upper mesozoic subduction complexes along the west coast of North America

Abstract Structurally complex sequences of sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive igneous rocks characterize a nearly continuous narrow band along the Pacific coast of North America from Baja California, Mexico to southern Alaska. They occur in two modes: (1) as complexly folded but coherent sequences of graywacke and argillite that locally exhibit blueschist-grade metamorphism, and (2) as melanges containing large blocks of graywacke, chert, volcanic and plutonic rocks, high-grade schist, and limestone in a highly sheared pelitic, cherty, or sandstone matrix. Fossils from the coherent graywacke sequences range in age from late Jurassic to Eocene; fossils from limestone blocks in the melanges range in age from mid-Paleozoic to middle Cretaceous. Fossils from the matrix surrounding the blocks, however, are of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and rarely, Tertiary age, indicating that fossils from the blocks cannot be used to date the time of formation of the melanges Both the deformation of the graywacke, with accompanying blueschist metamorphism, as well as the formation of the melanges, are believed to be the result of late Mesozoic and early Tertiary subduction. The origin of the melanges, particularly the emplacement of exotic tectonic blocks, is not understood.
ENVIRONMENTALISM AND LOCAL GROWTH CONTROL: A PROBE INTO THE CLASS BIAS THESIS

This is a report probing certain aspects of the argument that environmentalism and environmental protection policies are class biased in favor of the middle and upper classes. Survey data from a local growth control dispute are employed to test some assertions regarding the conditions under which a class division between supporters and opponents arises. The findings suggest that such divisions are likely to occur when the environmental policy has some immediate and real significance for the respondent, as opposed to being abstract or hypothetical, or when strong class appeals are made by a dominating campaign organization.
Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions

The molecular architecture of—and biochemical processes within—cell membranes play important roles in all living organisms, with many drugs and infectious disease agents targeting membranes. Experimental studies of biochemical reactions on membrane surfaces are challenging, as they require a membrane environment that is fluid (like cell membranes) but nevertheless allows for the efficient detection and characterization of molecular interactions. One approach uses lipid membranes supported on solid substrates such as silica or polymers1,2: although the membrane is trapped near the solid interface, it retains natural fluidity and biological functionality3 and can be implanted with membrane proteins for functional studies4. But the detection of molecular interactions involving membrane-bound species generally requires elaborate techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance 5 or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy6. Here we demonstrate that colloidal phase transitions of membrane-coated silica beads provide a simple and label-free method for monitoring molecular interactions on lipid membrane surfaces. By adjusting the lipid membrane composition and hence the pair interaction potential between the membrane-supporting silica beads, we poise our system near a phase transition so that small perturbations on the membrane surface induce dramatic changes in the macroscopic organization of the colloid. We expect that this approach, used here to probe with high sensitivity protein binding events at membrane surfaces, can be applied to study a broad range of cell membrane processes.
NLRP3 has a sweet tooth

The signaling intermediates that activate inflammasomes are elusive. New data now show that reactive oxygen species causes TXNIP to associate with NLRP3 and activate the inflammasome.
New findings on alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children.

ABSTRACT Objective An alternative set of criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for preschool children was analyzed for validity. Method Sixty‐two traumatized children and 63 healthy controls, aged 20 months through 6 years, were assessed. The traumatic experiences included motor vehicle collisions, accidental injuries, abuse, and witnessing violence. The number of symptoms required for clusters C and D and the utility of proposed symptoms were systematically analyzed. Results No cases met the DSM‐IV algorithm for PTSD. Cluster B was endorsed 67.9% of the time. The proportion of cases meeting the cluster C threshold was 2% when three symptoms were required, 11% when two symptoms were required, and 39% when one symptom was required. The rate of cluster D was 45% when two symptoms were required and 73% when one symptom was required. Four novel symptoms did not substantially add to the diagnostic validity of the criteria. The optimal algorithm (one cluster B symptom, one cluster C symptom, and two cluster D symptoms) diagnosed PTSD at a rate of 26%. Measures of comorbid symptoms concurrently provided convergent validation to support this revised algorithm. Conclusion Revisions to the DSM‐IV PTSD criteria continue to be supported so that highly symptomatic young children can be diagnosed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2003, 42(5):561‐570.
Measurement of precipitin reactions in the millimicrogram protein-nitrogen range.

Exploitation of newer instrumentation and a dye-binding method for protein measurement made possible reduction in volume down to 1/1000 that commonly used, with no greater error. The procedure was tested at two levels, 1- and 10-µl volumes, with human gamma globulin and rabbit antiserum. Of the dyes tested, bromsulfalein proved best for the protein estimation.
Characterization of antilisterial bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans isolates from Hispanic-style cheeses.

Enterococci are often identified as constituents of the indigenous microflora from raw milk artisanal cheeses and are believed to contribute to the unique organoleptic qualities of these products. Many strains of enterococci are also known to produce antimicrobial peptides, enterocins, which may prevent the growth of certain food-born pathogens. In this study 33 enterococcal isolates from Hispanic-style cheeses were screened for the production of bacteriocins. Of the 33 isolates, 5 Enterococcus faecium and 1 Enterococcus durans isolates inhibited the growth of Listeria spp. The antilisterial activity was lost after treatment with pepsin, trypsin, pronase, proteinase K and α-chymotrypsin suggesting the active component was a protein or peptide. The active compounds were heat stable and had molecular weights between 4 and 8 kDa, which is characteristic of Class II enterocins. A PCR screen showed that four E. faecium isolates contained nucleic acid sequences for multiple enterocins. Isolate H41K contained entA and entP; and isolates H51Ca, H51Cb and H41B contained entA, entP and entL50AB, with H41B also containing entB. All PCR tests performed were negative for E. faecium isolate H41D, suggesting the production of a novel enterocin. The isolates were also screened for susceptibility to antibiotics, with only two showing low-level resistance to vancomycin (8 μg ml−l). However, three isolates were highly resistant to both tetracycline and kanamycin, with two of the isolates also showing high resistance to erythromycin.
High Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Prevalence in Triatoma sanguisuga (Hemiptera: Redviidae) in Southeastern Louisiana

ABSTRACT From May through November 2007, intensive weekly surveys at the site of a previously reported autochthonous human case of Chagas parasite infection resulted in the collection of 298 Triatoma sanguisuga (Leconte) specimens, of which 60.4% (180) were polymerase chain reaction positive for Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas. All were adults, in a ratio of ≈1:1 female to male, indicating that the domicile was not colonized, but was a destination for these host-seeking adults. We report on seasonal activity pattern, T. cruzi prevalence in T. sanguisuga, and attempts at insect exclusion and control at the case residence.
COX24 Codes for a Mitochondrial Protein Required for Processing of the COX1 Transcript

In most strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae the mitochondrial gene COX1, for subunit 1 of cytochrome oxidase, contains multiple exons and introns. Processing of COX1 primary transcript requires accessory proteins factors, some of which are encoded by nuclear genes and others by reading frames residing in some of the introns of the COX1 and COB genes. Here we show that the low molecular weight protein product of open reading frame YLR204W, for which we propose the name COX24, is also involved in processing of COX1 RNA intermediates. The growth defect of cox24 mutants is partially rescued in strains harboring mitochondrial DNA lacking introns. Northern blot analyses of mitochondrial transcripts indicate cox24 null mutants to be blocked in processing of introns aI2 and aI3. The dependence of intron aI3 excision on Cox24p is also supported by the growth properties of the cox24 mutant harboring mitochondrial DNA with different intron compositions. The intermediate phenotype of the cox24 mutant in the background of intronless mitochondrial DNA, however, suggests that in addition to its role in splicing of the COX1 pre-mRNA, Cox24p still has another function. Based on the analysis of a cox14-cox24 double mutant, we propose that the other function of Cox24p is related to translation of the COX1 mRNA.
Helping or hindering: the role of secondary educators in facilitating friendship opportunities among students with and without autism or developmental disability

This is an interpretivist qualitative study that explores the contexts and dynamics of friendships between three groups of young adults; each group includes an individual with autism or severe disability and nondisabled high school students. The most prominent finding identified in the data was that educators affected opportunities for social interactions between students with and without autism or severe disability. Educator influence on social participation included factors that decreased interactions, such as missed opportunities for social interactions and social consequences of academic supports. Educator influence also included factors that increased interactions, specifically four strategies to increase social interactions and facilitate possible friendships or maintain existing friendships between students with and without autism or severe disability.
Gait coordination in Parkinson disease: Effects of step length and cadence manipulations

Background Gait impairments are well documented in those with PD. Prior studies suggest that gait impairments may be worse and ongoing in those with PD who demonstrate FOG compared to those with PD who do not.
XPS, Auger study of Cu3Si and its reaction with oxygen

Abstract The copper silicon alloy Cu 3 Si (η phase) was investigated by XPS and Auger analysis. XPS binding energies of Si2p 3 2 = 99.4 eV and Cu2p 3 2 = 932.7 eV were found, identical to their values in pure elemental Si or Cu, respectively. The X-ray induced Cu LMM Auger peak was observed at kinetic energy of 914.1 eV, again similar to that found for pure copper metal. In the electron excited N ( E ) Auger spectrum the Si LVV for η phase displays a shoulder at 92.3 eV on the main Si peak (89.0 eV). This shoulder causes the derivative spectrum to split into two negative excursions at 90.3 and 94.3 eV. Cu 3 Si was found to react readily with oxygen. The oxidation state of Cu in η phase was stable with respect to O 2 exposure. Silicon however, was preferentially oxidized to SiO 2 with a decrease in the surface Cu/Si ratio with exposure to O 2 and air. Exposure of Cu 3 Si to air for two weeks produced oxide layers 3600 A deep.
Real-time inverse scattering for optical coherence tomography

We have developed and implemented a system which can acquire, process, and display the solution of the inverse scattering problem for optical coherence tomography (OCT) in real-time at frame rates of 2.25 fps for 512 X 1024 images. Frames which previously required 60 s to process, now take under 0.5 s, an improvement in processing speed by a factor of over 120 times. An efficient routine was designed which requires two interpolations of the columns, one one-dimensional real-to-complex fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the columns, and two two-dimensional FFTs. The limits to speed now rely on the parallelizability of the processing hardware. Our system provides quantitatively meaningful structural information from previously indistinguishable scattering intensities and provides proof of feasibility for future real-time systems.
A Pilot Study of In Vivo Immediate Tissue Contraction with CO2 Skin Laser Resurfacing in a Live Farm Pig

Background.It has been suggested that tissue ablation, collagen shrinkage, and new collagen deposition contribute to the clinical outcome of laser skin resurfacing.Objective.To study the effects of fluence and pass number on thermal damage and tissue shrinkage, we performed experiments in an in vivo
CYTOPLASMIC DISPOSITION OF ASPARTATE 821 IN ANION EXCHANGER FROM HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES

The location with respect to the plasma membrane of aspartate 821 in erythrocytic anion exchanger has been determined by labeling inside-out vesicles and intact erythrocytes with impermeant reagents and following the outcome by site-directed immunochemistry. Intact erythrocytes and inside-out vesicles in the same container were vectorially modified with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]carbodiimide and [35S]sulfanilic acid. The inside-out vesicles were separated from the erythrocytes by differential centrifugation, and both the vesicles and membranes made from the erythrocytes were stripped with alkali and digested with trypsin to liberate from each sample the peptide YHPDVPYVK containing aspartate 821. The tryptic digests were passed over an immunoadsorbent specific for peptides with the amino-and carboxy-terminal sequences YHPD− and −PYVK. Specifically bound peptides were eluted with acid, and the eluates were pooled and submitted to high-pressure liquid chromatography. A peak of absorbance at 229 ...
Synthetic access to the chlorocyclopentane cores of the proposed original and revised structures of palau'amine.

The pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids constitute a family of more than 100 natural products,[1,2] among which palau'amine (1, Scheme 1) exists as one of the more structurally complex members. This polycyclic guanidine alkaloid, which was isolated from Stylotella aurantium, was found to possess potent cytotoxic, antibiotic, and immunosuppressive activities.[3] Despite the fact that its acute toxicity is relatively low (LD50 = 13 mg kg−1 in mice), palau'amine exhibited significant cytotoxicity in a variety of cancer cell lines, including P-388 (IC50 = 0.1 μg mL−1) and A-549 (IC50 = 0.2 μg mL−1). Moreover, 1 exhibits remarkable immunosuppressive responses in the mixed lymphocyte assay (IC50< 18 ngmL−1). Elegant strategies for the synthesis of advanced cyclopentane fragments related to 1 have been reported.[4] These include, inter alia, a tethered Pauson–Khand approach,[5] Diels–Alder chlorination/ring contraction,[6,7] Diels–Alder oxidative ring contraction,[8,9] spirocyclization of alkylidene glycolamidines and alkylidene hydantoins,[10,11] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of thiosemicarbazide derivatives and alkene/enamide metathesis,[12,13] Diels–Alder cyclopropane fragmentation,[14] oxidative tandem radical cyclization,[15] and most recently intramolecular guanidine-conjugate addition[16,17] in a total synthesis of the related axinellamine alkaloids. Additionally, synthetic efforts toward the phakellin heterocyclic core of 1 have also been reported.[18–25]
CALM: congestion-aware layered multicast

This paper demonstrates the flexibility and utility of two lightweight, general-purpose network services (Emphemeral State Processing and LightWeight Processing modules) by showing how end-systems can use these services to obtain timely and accurate information about the location of congested links and their level of congestion. Although accurate congestion information is useful to a wide range of network services, here we illustrate its benefits to layered multicast systems. In particular, we show how these services can be used to overcome well-known problems with layered multicast, including the desire to reduce router state, the need to drop layers quickly (i.e., within one RTT), the problem of coordinating receivers, and the desire to support fine-grained layering without thrashing between layers-even in the face of join experiments.
Measuring Uncertainty about Long-Run Predictions*

Long-run forecasts of economic variables play an important role in policy, planning, and portfolio decisions. We consider forecasts of the long-horizon average of a scalar variable, typically the growth rate of an economic variable. The main contribution is the construction of prediction sets with asymptotic coverage over a wide range of data generating processes, allowing for stochastically trending mean growth, slow mean reversion and other types of long-run dependencies. We illustrate the method by computing prediction sets for 10 to 75 year average growth rates of U.S. real per-capita GDP and consumption, productivity, price level, stock prices and population. JEL classi…cation: C22, C53, E17
The human ecology of parks

Abstract This paper explores a human ecological approach to the study of people and parks. A human ecological perspective is outlined, along with the key units of analysis in human ecology. A theoretical framework for treating parks as human ecosystems is developed. Several ecological processes relevant to understanding human activity within parks are discussed, including adaptation, competition, and succession. The paper concludes by outlining several important research questions.
Familial and temperamental predictors of resilience in children at risk for conduct disorder and depression

In this study, we evaluated predictors of resilience among 8- to 12-year-old children recruited from primarily low socioeconomic status neighborhoods, 117 of whom suffered from clinical levels of conduct problems and/or depression, and 63 of whom suffered from no significant symptoms. Tests of interactions were conducted between (a) paternal antisocial behavior and maternal depression and (b) several physiological indices of child temperament and emotionality in predicting (c) children's conduct problems and depression. Both internalizing and externalizing outcomes among children were associated specifically with maternal melancholic depression, and not with nonmelancholic depression. In addition, low levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) among children conferred significant risk for depression, regardless of maternal melancholia, whereas high RSA offered partial protection. Furthermore, high levels of maternal melancholia conferred significant risk for child depression, regardless of paternal antisocial behavior, whereas low levels of maternal melancholia offered partial protection. Finally, low levels of electrodermal responding (EDR) conferred significant risk for conduct problems, regardless of paternal antisocial behavior, whereas high EDR offered partial protection. None of the identified protective factors offered complete immunity from psychopathology. These findings underscore the complexity of resilience and resilience-related processes, and suggest several potential avenues for future longitudinal research.
The Nature of Schizotypy Among Multigenerational Multiplex Schizophrenia Families

Identification of endophenotypes (Gottesman & Gould, 2003; Gottesman & Shields, 1972) that genetically correlate with schizophrenia and are genetically homogeneous is an important strategy for detecting genes that affect schizophrenia risk. Symptoms of schizotypy may familially correlate with schizophrenia; however, there are critical limitations of the current literature concerning this association. The present study examined the genetic architecture and genetic associations between schizotypy and schizophrenia among multigenerational, multiplex schizophrenia families. Genetic schizotypy factor scales were developed that genetically correlated with schizophrenia, although some relations were unexpected in direction suggesting minimization of “psychotic-like” symptoms. These genetic schizotypy factor scales did not genetically correlate with major depressive disorder or substance dependence indicating specificity to schizophrenia. The results highlight the possibility of significant response bias in schizophrenia families, particularly among close relatives, and suggest an important consideration when acquiring self-report information. This is a topic that deserves future study as the origins of this putative bias in relatives are unclear. In addition, the results support the identification of genetic schizotypy factors as a promising technique for maximizing genetic correlation of endophenotypes with schizophrenia.
Confirmation of Zero-N Behavior in a High Gain Grid Structure at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

A multilayer grid structure that has been used previously to create an antenna with high directivity and gain and that has been explained as having a near zero index of refraction is extended to millimeter-wave frequencies. Alternate explanations for the associated phenomena are examined. Further confirmation of this zero-n behavior is presented.
A Transactional View of Property Rights

Author(s): Merges, Robert P | Abstract: Property rights and contract law are two of our most basic legal categories. Many legal scholars describe what makes them different; this Essay describes how they work together to promote economic exchange. Incorporating the insights of both “transaction cost” and “new property rights” economics, it identifies two crucial contributions that property rights make to real-world contracting: (1) precontractual liability, or protection for disclosure of sensitive information in the period leading up to contract formation; and (2) enforcement flexibility after a contract is executed, in the form of many subtle but important advantages that accrue to a contracting party who also holds a property right. This Essay argues that property’s “transactional” role is growing in importance, as the “new economy” ushers in a more transaction-intensive industrial structure featuring greater numbers of smaller, more specialized firms.
Limited Participation and the Neutrality of Money

An exploration of limited participation models reviews the literature and plots some new directions of research in this area. I constructed and modified a baseline cash-in-advance model to illustrate the main ideas. The model shows how limited participation can explain the liquidity effect and nonneutralities of money arising from the distribution effects of monetary policy actions.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the molecular hallmarks of aging

During aging, progressive deleterious changes increase the risk of disease and death. Prominent molecular hallmarks of aging are genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in a wide range of biological processes, including age-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular pathologies, and neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence is emerging that lncRNAs influence the molecular processes that underlie age-associated phenotypes. Here, we review our current understanding of lncRNAs that control the development of aging traits.
Effectiveness of Estrogen Replacement in Restoration of Cognitive Function after Long-Term Estrogen Withdrawal in Aging Rats

Recent studies suggest that some aspects of learning and memory may be altered by a midlife loss of estrogen, indicating a potential causal relationship between the deficiency of ovarian hormones and cognitive aging. In this study, the effects of estrogen withdrawal and replacement were tested in middle-aged Fischer-344 rats using different memory tasks. Estrogen withdrawal accelerated the rate of cognitive aging. A deficit first occurred 4 months after ovariectomy in working memory, which was tested in a delayed-nonmatching-to-position task, and progressed from long-delay to short-delay trials. Reference memory, which was tested in a place discrimination task and a split-stem T-maze, was not affected by aging or ovariectomy. The efficacy of estrogen in ameliorating the cognitive deficit in old rats depended on the type of treatment (acute vs chronic) and whether the aging-related decline in a particular cognitive process was aggravated by estrogen withdrawal. Chronic estrogen treatment (implants) was effective in improving working memory only when primed with repeated injections of estrogen, indicating that simulating the estrogen fluctuations of the estrous cycle may be more effective than the widely used mode of chronic pharmacological treatment. A challenge with scopolamine revealed that ovariectomy-induced cognitive deterioration coincided with a compromised cholinergic system. Importantly, the estrogen treatment that had restored effectively the cognitive abilities of old ovariectomized rats did not reduce their sensitivity to scopolamine. Taking into consideration that estrogen was highly effective against the amnestic action of scopolamine when tested in young-adult rats, these data emphasize that mechanisms of the protective effect of estrogen differ in young and old rats.
On strongly sequential compression of sources with abrupt changes in statistics

An asymptotically optimal low-complexity strongly sequential compression scheme is proposed for universal lossless coding of memoryless sources with piecewise stationary abruptly changing statistics. The scheme is shown to achieve the lower bound for this universal coding problem even in a strongly sequential regime, where the horizon (i.e., the length of the data sequence to be encoded) is unknown when the algorithm starts to compress the data. Simulation results support the analytical results.
Temperatures and partial pressures at the surfaces of catalyst particles

Numerical and graphical methods are presented for estimating the temperatures and partial pressures at the surfaces of catalyst particles for gaseous reactions in flow systems. The errors resulting in the interpretation of catalytic reaction-rate data, where surface conditions are assumed to be those of the ambient gas stream, are presented. A numerical method of evaluating the reaction model with nonisothermal surface conditions is indicated.
Congestion control and message loss in Gnutella networks

Peer-to-peer system performance is dependent on the routing efficiency of the underlying overlay network. Overlay congestion, which may occur during the forwarding process on peers, can have an adverse impact on the performance of an overlay network. Although previous work has been aware of its existence and taken measures against it, the study of overlay congestion has received little attention. As a result, little is known about its system performance impact and how well it is handled currently. In this work, we initiate an investigation of congestion control and message loss in a specific peer-to-peer system--the Gnutella network. Our work starts with an analysis of Gnutella servent implementations. This reveals the heterogeneity among their implementations of congestion control. We next undertake a measurement study to characterize the message loss behavior in a Gnutella network and how it relates to the congestion control mechanisms implemented by the servents. We then use packet-level simulations to understand the global performance of certain Gnutella congestion control mechanisms.
Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light

The phase resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker to light depends on the timing of exposure and is described by a phase response curve (PRC). The current study aimed to construct a PRC for a 1 h exposure to bright white light (~8000 lux) and to compare this PRC to a <3 lux dim background light PRC. These data were also compared to a previously completed 6.7 h bright white light PRC and a <15 lux dim background light PRC constructed under similar conditions. Participants were randomized for exposure to 1 h of either bright white light (n= 18) or <3 lux dim background light (n= 18) scheduled at 1 of 18 circadian phases. Participants completed constant routine (CR) procedures in dim light (<3 lux) before and after the light exposure to assess circadian phase. Phase shifts were calculated as the difference in timing of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) during pre- and post-stimulus CRs. Exposure to 1 h of bright white light induced a Type 1 PRC with a fitted peak-to-trough amplitude of 2.20 h. No discernible PRC was observed in the <3 lux dim background light PRC. The fitted peak-to-trough amplitude of the 1 h bright light PRC was ~40% of that for the 6.7 h PRC despite representing only 15% of the light exposure duration, consistent with previous studies showing a non-linear duration-response function for the effects of light on circadian resetting. Â© 2012 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology Â© 2012 The Physiological Society.
Layout sensitivities of transient external latchup

The trigger current for external latchup depends on the duration of the triggering event. A physics-based model is provided to capture the effects of aggressor to victim spacing and orientation on transient triggering of external latchup. The latchup susceptibility of standard cell based designs is also investigated.
Detection of hyperperfusion on arterial spin labeling using deep learning

Hyperperfusion detected on arterial spin labeling (ASL) images acquired after acute stroke onset has been shown to correlate with development of subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage. We present in this study a quantitative hyperperfusion detection model that can provide an objective decision support for the interpretation of ASL cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps and rapidly delineate hyperperfusion regions. The detection problem is solved using Deep Learning such that the model relates ASL image patches to the corresponding label (normal or hyperperfused). Our method takes into account the regional intensity values of contralateral hemisphere during the labeling of a pixel. Each input vector is associated to a label corresponding to the presence of hyperperfusion that was manually established by a clinical researcher in Neurology. When compared to the manually established hyperperfusion, the predicted maps reached an accuracy of 97.45 ± 2.49% after crossvalidation. Pattern recognition based on deep learning can provide an accurate and objective measure of hyperperfusion on ASL CBF images and could therefore improve the detection of hemorrhagic transformation in acute stroke patients.
94 Origin and evolution of adaptive immunity systems.

Comparative genomics reveals unexpected, striking parallels between the evolutionary scenarios inferred for adaptive immunity systems in prokaryotes, ciliates and animals. The CRISPR-Cas mechanism ...
Relatively Selective Production of the Simplest Criegee Intermediate in a CH4/O2 Electric Discharge: Kinetic Analysis of a Plausible Mechanism.

High -accuracy coupled cluster methods in combination with microcanonical semiclassical transition state theory are used to investigate a plausible formation mechanism of the simplest Criegee intermediate in a CH4/O2 discharge experiment. Our results suggest that the Criegee intermediate is produced in a three-step process: (i) production of methyl radical by cleavage of a C–H bond of CH4; (ii) association of methyl radical with molecular oxygen to form a vibrationally excited methyl peroxy, which is in a rapid microequilibrium with the reactants; and finally, (iii) H-abstraction of CH3OO by O2, which results in the formation of cool CH2OO, which has insufficient internal energy to rearrange to dioxirane.
Computational Simulation of the Fan and Low-pressure Compressor Stages of the Energy Efficient Engine

The capability of computational resources (processor speed, memory capacity, mass storage, etc.) has allowed simulations of complex fluid dynamic processes to become relatively commonplace. Even so, large-scale turbomachinery problems remain somewhat of a challenge for a number of reasons. This paper will show that reasonable solutions can be obtained for a problem that is representative of the highly unsteady aerodynamic environment that results from the interaction of multiple rotating and stationary rows of blades and vanes. A single passage of the fan stage and two passages of the low-pressure “boost” compressor stage for this machine are used in the current simulations so as to keep the computational size to a reasonable level. Adjustments in blade and vane counts are necessary, but the resulting performance values are still reasonable. Since this is a summary of the initial results, performance of the components will be the focus.
Effect of diuretics on sodium and potassium transport in the rat's ileum.

SummaryThe results of this in vitro study indicate that net Na transport in the ileum of the rat is not inhibited by doses of ethacrynic acid and an organomercurial diuretic which are double those pharmacologically employed to alter renal function; however, net Na transport is inhibited 35% by acetazolamide and chlorothiazide, and 20% by furosemide. These data suggest that Na transport in the rat's ileum involves at least two separate mechanisms.
New hybrids between Agropyron and wheat : 2. Production, morphology and cytogenetic analysis of F1 hybrids and backcross derivatives.

Intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum (2n=42,AABBDD) with Agropyron ciliare (2n= 28,SSYY), A. trachycaulum (2n=28,SSHH), A. yezoense (2n=28,SSYY) and A. scirpeum (2n=28) are reported for the first time. F1 hybrids of T. aestivum were also produced with A. intermedium (2n=42,E1E1E2E2Z1Z1) and A. junceum (2n=14,JuJu). All wheat-Agropyron hybrids were obtained by embryo rescue technique. Cultivars and reciprocal crosses differed for seed set, seed development and F1 plant production. The F1 hybrids were sterile. Attempts to obtain amphiploids were unsuccessful. However, backcross derivatives were obtained with wheat as the recurrent parent.
A Method for Understanding Price Determinants

The binary flow chart is used to study and simulate price decisions. The elements uncovered include both market factors and organizational factors. Testing the model for predictive accuracy and sim...