cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonographically guided percutaneous carpal tunnel release: an anatomic and cadaveric study.

Minimally invasive techniques have become the standard of care for multiple procedures. This paper demonstrates both the surgeons' capacity to perform an accurate anatomic evaluation of the hand and forearm (n = 10) and the use of this anatomic information to accurately perform sonographically guided, percutaneous carpal tunnel release using a single-portal endoscope without direct or indirect visualization in a cadaver model (n = 6). Open dissection was then performed to confirm complete ligament transection and to evaluate the surrounding structures for injury. In all 6 cadavers, the transverse carpal ligament was transected completely without injury to any surrounding structures. With further investigation, this novel technique may offer a less invasive, office-based method for the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome that may offer patients an expedited recovery.
A verbal and non-verbal treatment comparison study in aphasia

Abstract Treatment comparison studies in aphasia that have incorporated group designs have generally shown few differences between treatments (Sarno et al. 1970, Wertz et al. 1981, Shewan and Kertesz 1984, Hartman and Landau 1987). On the other hand, single-case within-subject design treatment comparison studies have generally shown distinct differences between treatments (Thompson and McReynolds 1986, Loverso et al. 1989, Kearns and Yedor 1991). Results from these studies indicate that direct production treatment is better than auditory-visual stimulation treatment to improve wb-question production (Thompson and McReynolds 1986), clinician-delivered treatment is more efficient than microcomputer–clinician-assisted treatment (Loverso et al. 19891, and divergent treatment is better than convergent treatment for improving the content of communication (Kearns and Yedor 1991). These single-case within-subject design studies have provided much needed detailed information regarding the effects of specific treat...
A bio-inspired swellable microneedle adhesive for mechanical interlocking with tissue

Conventional adhesives stick poorly to wet tissue because water severely undermines the adhesive chemicals they rely on. To overcome this, Yang et al . develop a bio-inspired adhesive microneedle array whose tips swell on contact with water, forming a mechanical bo…
The enthalpy of formation of the C7 molecule from mass spectrometric equilibrium measurements

Abstract The equilibrium partial pressures of C 7 over graphite have been measured by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. Together with thermal functions calculated from experimental and theoretical molecular parameters the enthalpy of formation Δ H 0 f,0 = 1325.4 ± 18 kJ mol −1 and the atomization energy Δ H 0 a,0 = 3653 ± 20 kJ mol −1 have been obtained. These results are in agreement with recent scaled theoretical predictions.
A note on the application of a generalized canonical approach to non-linear Hamiltonian systems

In the author's treatment of the ideal resonance problem (1988), a non-canonical transformation was employed to bring the original Hamiltonian to a form amenable to the use of standard action-angle variables. Though the strictly Hamiltonian form of equations of motion was thus compromised, their general form was maintained, allowing transformation of the system to arbitrary order and forestalling the introduction of elliptic functions until a final explicit integration required in this approach. The general theory of such transformations is presented, and some points regarding their application are discussed, leading to the conclusion that the approach is practically limited to systems with a single degree of freedom only.
Assessment of hibernating myocardium by dobutamine stimulation in a canine model

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to 1) develop an animal model of hibernating myocardium, and 2) evaluate the ability of dobutamine stimulation to detect hibernating myocardium using both qualitative and quantitative assessment of regional myocardial function. Background. Left ventricular dysfunction may be due to chronic ischemia with or without myocardial infarction and may improve after coronary blood flow is enhanced by revascularization procedures. This condition has been coined “hibernating myocardium” and variably defined in recent years. The results of recent clinical studies suggest that dobutamine echocardiography may be useful for detecting viable myocardium in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Methods. Twenty-one dogs underwent initial operation. Sonomicrometer crystals were implanted, and baseline measurements of segment shortening and wall thickening (by echocardiography) were made. A coronary artery was ligated; the chest was closed; and measurements were repeated. Dobutamine was incrementally infused with determination of wall thickening and segment shortening at baseline and on days 3 and 7 and weeks 2 and 4 after coronary artery occlusion. Finally, the chest was reopened; the ligated vessel was bypassed; and measurements were repeated. Results. Of the 10 dogs that completed the entire protocol, 7 had varying degrees of nontransmural myocardial infarction (group 1), and 3 had complete transmural myocardial infarction (group 2). In group 1, baseline function was significantly impaired compared with preligation function but increased during dobutamine infusion. When reperfused after 4 weeks, both wall thickening and segment shortening increased significantly. In group 2, significant changes were not seen during the dobutamine studies or after reperfusion. Myocardial perfusion during dobutamine infusion increased in group 1 but did not change in group 2. Conclusions. We demonstrated improvement in chronically dysfunctional myocardium after restoration of previously interrupted myocardial blood flow in dogs after nontransmural myocardial infarction, thus validating a canine model of hibernating myocardium. As assessed by two independent methods, dobutamine infusion identified hibernating myocardium in an animal model.
Phosphazene-based ionic liquids: synthesis, temperature-dependent viscosity, and effect as additives in water lubrication of silicon nitride ceramics.

Phosphazene rings with (dimethylamino)ethoxy (1, 2), pyridylmethoxy (3), or (dimethylamino)propoxy (4) chains were synthesized and quaternized at the substitutent nitrogen by treatment with methyl iodide at 35 °C over 3−6 h to give polyiodo salts, 5−8. Subsequent metathesis with LiN(SO2CF3)2 or NaBF4 gave the respective ionic salts, 9−13. The amide salts, 9−12, were viscous liquids with pour points at 55−100 °C, and the tetrafluoroborate salt, 13, was a solid, mp 168 °C. The compositions of 2 and 5−13 were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 were viscous liquids (d25 = 1.67 g cm-3; η25 = 0.76−1.56 mPa s-1 ) with pour points at ∼15 °C. The solid polyquaternary salts, 5−8, melted at 130−194 °C. The ionic liquids, 9−12, had an average density of ∼1.73 g cm-3 at 25 °C, and viscosities (25 °C) ranged between 68.3 and 139.2 mPa s-1. A plot of the viscosities of 9−12 vs temperature revealed an almost linear correlation between 55 and 120 °C. Friction and wear properti...
A ferromagnetic dynamical equation

Abstract Based on general considerations concerning the dissipative mechanism, a ferromagnetic dynamical equation is proposed. This equation contains three parameters, which have definite quantum-mechanical significance. A simple theory for one such parameter is given, and an explicit rotational dynamical equation is obtained in the special case in which the (k = 0)→(k ≠ 0) spinwave transitions dominate the dissipative process. It is suggested that certain observed size and shape effects may be explained qualitatively on the basis of this equation.
Specific sequences within single-stranded regions in the sea urchin embryo genome.

Naturally occurring single-stranded regions in native DNA isolated from sea urchin embryos at the morula stage were removed by digestion with S1 nuclease. Renaturation experiments show that this nuclease removes a portion of the repetitive sequences renaturing between C0t 10−2 and 20 including about two-thirds of the histone genes. The latter was shown by hybridization of S1-treated morula DNA to either sea urchin 9 S polysome RNA (containing histone mRNA) or to Escherichia coli plasmid DNA carrying sea urchin histone genes. Hybridization of sea urchin DNA to strand-separated recombinant histone gene DNA shows that it is the histone gene antisense strand that is missing from the gapped regions of the native DNA from morulae. Present and previous data support the conclusion that a portion of the single-stranded regions are not in random positions in the embryo genome and do not result from the unwinding of DNA in vivo at replication sites.
Clostridium difficile Colitis after Topical Ophthalmic Use of Levofloxacin

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)은 그람양성, 혐기성, 포자생 성 막대균으로 입원 환자에서 발생하는 설사의 주요한 원인 균 주이며, 항생제와 연관된 C. difficile 대장염(C. difficile colitis, CDC)의 원인이다. CDC는 항생제 사용으로 정상 대장균총이 변 화하여, C. difficile가 과증식되고 독소가 장점막의 변화를 일으 키는 것이 병인이다[1]. 항생제 노출은 CDC 발생의 중요한 위험 인자이며, 투여 경로는 대부분 경구 및 정맥 투여였지만, 국소적으 로 투여되는 점안제도 전신적으로 흡수될 수 있고 전신 투여된 약 물과 마찬가지로 부작용을 나타낼 수 있다[2-4]. 저자들은 levofloxacin 점안액의 국소적인 투약 후 발생한 CDC 환자를 경험하 였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다. 증 례
Phylogeny of a new supertribe Cephenniitae with generic review of Eutheiini and description of a new tribe Marcepaniini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

Genera of Eutheiini are reviewed and Eutheimorphus is removed from this tribe of ant-like stone beetles (Scydmaeninae) and transferred to Cephenniini. A monogeneric Marcepaniini trib.n. is described to accommodate Marcepania gen.n. from Malaysia, with five species: M. semengohensis sp.n. (the type species of Marcepania), M. tuberculata sp.n., M. seramaensis sp.n., M. minutissima sp.n. and M. elongata sp.n. A phylogenetic analysis of all genera of Cephenniini, Eutheiini and Marcepaniini based on adult morphological characters resulted in recovering a well-supported monophyletic clade Eutheiini + (Marcepaniini + Cephenniini) and these tribes are included in Cephenniitae stat.n. (Eutheiini and Cephenniini are therefore removed from Scydmaenitae). Only a weak support for monophyly of Eutheiini was found, but morphological characters allow for maintaining this presumably relic group as a separate tribe. Previously proposed monophyletic groups within Cephenniini were recovered as such, but after inclusion of Eutheimorphus, a sister taxon to the ‘Cephennomicrus group’, the latter lineage gained weak statistical support. The evolutionary history of Cephenniitae is discussed, with focus on known northern hemisphere fossils classified in Scydmaenitae and Hapsomelitae, but possibly closely allied to Cephenniitae. Establishing the supertribe Cephenniitae is the first step toward a profound reclassification of Scydmaeninae on a robust phylogenetic basis. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B0E1B12D-9587-4C4F-A908-A12A0C424A8C.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of dental amalgam restoration volume

Abstract Statement of problem. Volume of tooth structure replaced by an existing restoration, as assessed by visual and radiographic examination, is one diagnostic measure used by dental practitioners and dental insurance agencies to determine the relative need to restore a tooth with a full-coverage cast restoration. However, use of these methods has not been validated. Purpose. This study compared the volume of a range of dental amalgam restorations placed in typodont teeth, as estimated by dentists, dental students and laypersons, with the actual volume of each restoration. Methods and material. Sixty subjects (20 dental school faculty, 20 dental students, and 20 clerical staff [laypersons]) participated. After reviewing photographic images of typodont teeth with mesial-occlusal-distal dental amalgam restorations, subjects estimated the volume of each restoration using various restorations on different teeth as a percentage of its tooth's coronal volume. The actual volume of each dental amalgam restoration and that of the coronal portion of the prepared teeth was calculated with a volumetric displacement technique. The single sample 2-sided t test with a .05 level of significance was used to evaluate the null hypothesis (H 0 ): The survey participant's estimates of each restoration's percentage volume are the same as the measured volume values versus the alternative hypothesis (H 1 ): estimates differed from the measured volume values. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of any difference between the estimates of the 3 survey test groups. Results. Average volumes reported by all 3 groups were significantly different than the measured volume values ( P P >.05). Conclusions. The volume of a restoration is inaccurately assessed by visual and radiographic examination. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:8-14.)
Reinterpretation of Climactichnites Logan 1860 to Include Subsurface Burrows, and Erection of Musculopodus for Resting Traces of the Trailmaker

Based on a thorough examination of field and museum Climactichnites specimens, two species of this trace are recognized, each representing a unique behavioral variant produced by a soft-bodied animal in Late Cambrian intertidal environments. C. wilsoni represents surface-produced trails, whereas C. youngi is re-erected for burrows produced below the surface. Burrowing behavior is supported by: 1) the presence of C. youngi within, rather than on, the surface of beds; 2) the orientation of some burrows inclined to bedding; and 3) the occasional presence of distinct burrow fills. Burrows can also be distinguished morphologically from surface traces by the absence of lateral ridges and the presence of fine, mm-scale striations or grooves superimposed on the transverse bars and furrows. Burrowing behavior for the Climactichnites trailmaker was previously unknown and thus represents a new, although not entirely unexpected, behavior for this mollusk or mollusk-like animal. The body impression of the sedentary animal is removed to Musculopodus sedentarius n. igen. and isp. In the future, Musculopodus may be expanded to include the resting traces of other soft-bodied animals known from the fossil record. Currently, Climactichnites is known only from very shallow to emergent strata of North America; reports of this fossil in other parts of the world are misidentified trails produced by other animals.
Designing robust information systems

The authors discuss how traditional information system analysis and design techniques might be enhanced by coupling them with simulation modeling and analysis techniques. They propose a simple enhancement to data flow diagrams (DFDs) to capture dynamic and probabilistic system information in the system model and suggest simulating and evaluating alternate system designs based on the enhanced DFD. To further enhance this process they propose an experiment design strategy that permits robust information system designs to be determined. They illustrate the proposed experiment design strategy to determine the resource capacity appropriate for an order entry information system. Another more complex objective for which the proposed strategy should prove beneficial is process design or redesign. >
Health Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets: Where Should New Research Go?

There has been considerable debate about the metabolic effects of restricting carbohydrate intake in weight and diabetes management. However, the American Diabetes Association has noted that weight and metabolic improvements can be achieved with low carbohydrate, low fat (implicitly higher carbohydrate), or a Mediterranean style diet (usually an intermediate level of carbohydrate). Our paper addresses variability in the definition for low or restricted carbohydrate, the effects of carbohydrate restriction on diabetes-related health outcomes, strategies for restricting carbohydrate intake, and potential genetic variability in response to dietary carbohydrate restriction. Issues for future research are also addressed.
Inositol Mutants of SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE: Mapping the ino1 Locus and Characterizing Alleles of the ino1, ino2 and ino4 Loci.

ABSTRACT An extensive genetic analysis of inositol auxotrophic mutants of yeast is reported. The analysis includes newly isolated mutants, as well as those previously reported (Culbertson and Henry 1975). Approximately 70% of all inositol auxotrophs isolated are shown to be alleles of the ino1 locus, the structural gene for inositol-1-phosphate synthase, the major enzyme involved in inositol biosynthesis. Alleles of two other loci, ino2 and ino4 , comprise 9% of total mutants, with the remainder representing unique loci or complementation groups. The ino1 locus was mapped by trisomic analysis with an n + 1 disomic strain constructed with complementing alleles at this locus. The ino1 locus is shown to be located between ura2 (11.1 cm) and cdc6 (21.8 cm) on chromosome X . An extended map of chromosome X of yeast is presented. Unlike most yeast loci, but similar to the his1 locus, the ino1 locus lacks allelic representatives that are suppressible by known suppressors. This finding suggests that premature termination of translation of the ino1 gene product may be incompatible with cell viability.
Verification of relations between synchronous machines

Uses string function theory to develop an efficient methodology for the verification of logic implementations against behavioral specifications. First, the authors define five primitive relations between string functions, other than strict automata equivalence, namely: don't care times, parallelism, encoding, input don't care and output don't care relations. These relations have attributes, For instance, the parallelism relation has an attribute corresponding to the degree of parallelism. For each of these primitive relations, the authors derive transformations on the specification and the implementation such that the relation holds between the specification and implementation if and only if the transformed circuits exhibit the same input/output behavior. This reduces the problem of verifying primitive relations to automata equivalence checking. They enlarge the set of relations between specifications and implementations by including arbitrary compositions of the five primitive relations. To reduce the cost of verifying such a composite relation, the authors show that, given an arbitrary composite relation, a fixed order composite relation can be constructed under certain assumptions), where the primitive relations occur at most once in a predetermined order, such that the original relation holds between two machines if and only if the fixed order relation holds. For the fixed order composite relation, they derive again transformations on the specification and the implementation which reduce verifying the composite relation to performing one equivalence check. The end result is a sound and complete proof method for proving arbitrary compositions of relations by transforming the specification and the implementation and performing an equivalence check on the transformed finite state machines. >
Committee Design with Endogenous Information

This paper is concerned with the arrangements for collective decision making in a world where agents must be motivated to acquire information. The analysis identifies some basic forces shaping the design of panels of decision makers-referees, managers, jurors, etc.-in situations where decision makers are useful only in so far as they expend some effort to gain information about the alternatives at hand. These situations are common, one being the refereeing process, where an editor requires the opinions of a number of experts who must read the paper (acquire information) in order to give an opinion as to publication. Analogously, in committees which screen applicants to a programme, the committee members must gain information about the applicant's qualifications and likelihood of success in order to evaluate whether to admit him/her. Finally, in trial juries it is important that jurors pay attention to the evidence in order to make an informed judgement.1 We focus on environments where information is a public good in the sense that the social benefits of one decision maker acquiring information exceed the private benefits. A good mechanism in this environment must not only aggregate information efficiently, but also induce the decision makers to acquire information. We analyse the design of voting mechanisms. Our problem is to choose two parameters which determine both the incentive to acquire information and the efficiency with which information is aggregated. The first parameter is the size of the decision-making unit: the number of committee members. The second is the plurality required to overturn the status quo: the voting rule. Our main result is this: a voting rule that requires a large plurality (in the extreme, unanimity) to upset the status quo can be optimal only if the information available to each committee member is sufficiently accurate. When individual information is noisy, the drawback
Evaluating the effects of geographic contexts on individual accessibility: a multilevel approach

Centrality within a city and neighborhood characteristics have often been used as indicators of access to employment and services in statements about urban form and accessibility, but there are reasons to question the appropriateness of doing so. This paper evaluates the importance of geographic context within the urban environment (both location within cities as well as neighborhoods characteristics) for individuals in Portland, Oregon. Because conventional accessibility measures cannot incorporate individual characteristics, space-time individual accessibility measures were used with multilevel modeling to isolate the effects of individual level variations from that of geographical context. The results show that the influence of context on individual accessibility is weak, as accessibility tends to reflect individual and household characteristics rather than the local urban environment. Accessibility cannot be determined from location within cities, or from land uses around an individual's home, implyin...
Medicare covers the majority of FDA-approved devices and Part B drugs, but restrictions and discrepancies remain.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Medicare use different standards to determine, first, whether a new drug or medical device can be marketed to the public and, second, if the federal health insurance program will pay for use of the drug or device. This discrepancy creates hurdles and uncertainty for drug and device manufacturers. We analyzed discrepancies between FDA approval and Medicare national coverage determinations for sixty-nine devices and Part B drugs approved during 1999–2011. We found that Medicare covered FDA-approved drugs or devices 80 percent of the time. However, Medicare often added conditions beyond FDA approval, particularly for devices and most often restricting coverage to patients with the most severe disease. In some instances, Medicare was less restrictive than the FDA. Our findings highlight the importance for drug and device makers of anticipating Medicare’s needs when conducting clinical studies to support their products. Our findings also provide important insights for...
A salivary gland adenocarcinoma mimicking a microcystic adnexal carcinoma

The microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare, slow-growing but locally aggressive neoplasm arising in the midface and lips of middle-aged adults. The MAC is histologically characterized by deeply infiltrating nests and islands of basaloid or squamous cells forming cysts and ductal structures, proliferating in a dense sclerotic stroma and occasionally exhibiting perineural invasion. We describe a salivary gland adenocarcinoma arising in the lower lip, characterized by ductal structures and cords, 3-5 cell layers in thickness, set in a dense fibrous stroma and also invading nerves, thus mimicking a MAC in both its clinical and its histopathologic appearance. The diagnostic dilemma presented by this lesion is discussed, along with a differential diagnosis and brief review of the literature.
Is Date Rape Justifiable?: The Effects of Dating Activity, Who Initiated, Who Paid, and Men's Attitudes toward Women

In two related studies, 268 male undergraduates rated the justifiability of date rape under various circumstances. As predicted, rape was rated as significantly more justifiable (a) if the couple went to the man's apartment rather than to a religious function, (b) if the woman asked the man out rather than vice versa (significant in Study 1 only), and (c) if the man paid all the dating expenses rather than splitting them with the woman. It was also predicted that men who were classified as traditional on the Attitudes toward Women Scale would rate rape as more justifiable than nontraditional men, especially under the three conditions mentioned above. These results were always in the predicted directions, but did not always reach statistical significance. Two explanations for the differences between traditional and nontraditional men are explored.
Palatability of the Antarctic rhodophyte Palmaria decipiens (Reinsch) RW Ricker and its endo/epiphyte Elachista antarctica Skottsberg to sympatric amphipods

Although many macroalgae that occur throughout Western Antarctic Peninsular waters are known to produce defensive secondary metabolites that deter grazing, the rhodophyte, Palmaria decipiens is palatable to several sympatric meso- and macro-grazers. It has been hypothesized that high levels of mesoherbivory by amphipods may account for the conspicuous lack of filamentous epiphytes emerging from the thalli of marcophytes in this region. Nonetheless, Elachista antarctica is a filamentous phaeophyte found growing within, and emerging from the thallus of the rhodophyte P. decipiens. It is surprising that E. antarctica occurs exclusively in association with a palatable species of macroalgae considering the standing biomass of other chemically defended unpalatable species is very high. We tested the hypothesis that E. antarctica grows on P. decipiens due to the host's overwhelming palatability compared to that of the epiphyte. That is, the hypothesis that mesograzers prefer the host over the epiphyte, grazing around emerging filaments. Choice and no choice feeding assays with live tissues of E. antarctica and P. decipiens were conducted in three different trials with four sympatric amphipod species (Prostebbingia gracilis, Gondogeneia antarctica, Oradarea bidentata, and Paraphimedia integricauda) commonly found in association with P. decipiens. G. antarctica consumed both species but ate P. decipiens at a faster rate than the epiphyte in two of three trials. P. gracilis, O. bidentata, and P. integricauda fed on the epiphyte, E. antarctica at faster rates than upon P. decipiens. Aggressive grazing of the epiphyte by this suite of amphipods indicates that differences in palatability and differences in grazing pressure on host and epiphyte do not explain the exclusive epiphytism of E. antarctica on P. decipiens.
The aftermath of 9/11: Effect of intensity and recency of trauma on outcome

Does trauma exposure have a long-term impact on the brain and behavior of healthy individuals? The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the impact of proximity to the disaster of September 11, 2001, on amygdala function in 22 healthy adults. More than three years after the terrorist attacks, bilateral amygdala activity in response to viewing fearful faces compared to calm ones was higher in people who were within 1.5 miles of the World Trade Center on 9/11, relative to those who were living more than 200 miles away (all were living in the New York metropolitan area at time of scan). This activity mediated the relationship between group status and current symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. In turn, the effect of group status on both amygdala activation (fearful vs. calm faces) and current symptoms was statistically explained by time since worst trauma in lifetime and intensity of worst trauma, as indicated by reported symptoms at time of the trauma. These data are consistent with a model of heightened amygdala reactivity following high-intensity trauma exposure, with relatively slow recovery.
Study of Au-CeO2 Nano-particles using analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy

Cerium oxide doped with various rare earth metals is often used as a support for nano-sized gold particles, and demonstrates to be a promising catalyst for the water gas shift reaction at low temperatures. Many factors are hypothesized to affect the activity of this heterogeneous catalyst, including its loading with gold, the rare-earth dopant, the support and Au particle size, and leaching of the sample. In this study, we examined several Au/CeO 2 -based catalyst samples, including 2.4% Au/(Ce,Gd)O 2 , 1.8% Au/(Ce,La)O 2 leached, 0.5% Au/(Ce,Gd)O 2 leached, and 0.75% Au/CeO 2 utilizing analytical transmission electron microscopy. The effects of Au and rare-earth doping on the ceria lattice parameter were investigated, and it was determined that there are no significant variations in the particle's structure or lattice-spacing. Furthermore, the particle sizes of each of the four samples were investigated concluding that although the 1.8% Au/(Ce,La)O 2 leached sample has a slightly larger particle size, and the 2.4% Au/(Ce,Gd)O 2 sample has a slightly smaller particle size, the differentiation is not adequate to be accountable for the radical distinction in catalytic activity.
Bayes Without Bernoulli: Simple Conditions for Probabilistic Choice

Anscombe and Aumann [1] demonstrated that introducing an objective randomizing device into the Savage setting of purely subjective uncertainty considerably simplifies the derivation of subjective probability from an individual’s preferences over uncertain bets. We present a more general derivation of classical subjective probability in this mixed subjective/objective setting, which neither assumes nor implies that risk preferences necessarily conform to the expected utility principle. We argue that the essence of “Bayesian rationality” is the assignment, correct manipulation, and proper updating of subjective event probabilities when evaluating and comparing uncertain prospects, regardless of whether attitudes toward risk satisfy the expected utility property. (Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D81, D84).
ANNs and MAMFs: Transparency or Opacity?

The goals of artificial neural net, ANN, research are several. The very name bespeaks i) A biological aim. There are a number of examples of straight-forward models of biologicaI systems generated from knowledge about a system’s neural elements and the behavior controlled by that neural system (or speculation regarding such behavior). Outstanding neurophysiological research is the Lettvin-McCulloch (1959) paper ”What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain.” This was, of course, based upon the McCulloch-Pitts formal neuron theory that initiated the neural network concept (Fig. 1, left)(McCulloch, 1945; McCulloch and Pitts, 1943). John von Neumann, after meeting McCulloch (on the train station at Princeton Junction), used such neurons to depict the logical design of ALU operators of the EDVAC (Fig. 1, right)(Von Neumann, 1945)
Rise, Fall, and Semiperipheral Development in the Andean World-System

This paper examines how different power strategies have been playedover the course of the three-thousand year Andean civilization. In broad terms, the power strategies center on ideological, economic, and military power (Mann 1986; Earle 1997). The case materials show that what we call states are formations that succeed, albeit temporarily, in combining strat-egies of ideological, economic, and military power. Nonetheless, following Randall Collins (1981:71), I would argue that coercive power is the sine qua non for state development. If we start from the power to coerce as a foun-dation, varying strategies of manipulating economic, ideological, and military power will produce a number of different pathways to varying forms of organization. Some may be more centralized than others, some may be less steeply strati?ed than others, some may have more specialized institutions than others, some may look more like environmental management systems, and others may look more like well-organized predatory protection rackets. Those which were less successful in manipulating these strategies were more vulnerable to collapse, opening the way for new formations to emerge. As world-systems approaches would predict, this has often happened on the peripheries of former core formations.
The Goodell, the Bad, and the Ugly: The Minimal Level of Integrity in the NFL's Disciplinarian of Players

Since his ascent to Commissioner in 2006, Goodell has styled himself as the league’s tough sheriff, enforcing disciplinary conduct to clean up an unruly renegade league and restore law and order. The players, however, view Goodell as more tyrannical. His public image and credibility amongst the players has descended for the worst following another unilateral change to the Personal Conduct Policy in 2014, absent any discussion with the National Football League’s Players Association (“NFLPA”). The policy as it stands permits Goodell, or his appointee, to serve as judge and arbitrator to dictate the disciplinary measures the NFL proscribes as ‘conduct detrimental to the league’. Consequently, he has assumed a role of judge, jury, and executioner. Such unchecked broad authority has resulted in inconsistent and arbitrary decisions at the detriment of players. It may come as no surprise then that the history of the interrelations between the NFL franchise owners and the players association encompasses the most litigious and contentious labor relation history of the major professional sport leagues, and still continues today. Part II of this article will first trace the history of the NFL and their governing documents, the NFLPA, and the rise of Roger Goodell. Part III analyzes arbitration laws, the overt disregard by the Commissioner to abide such laws, and the recent cases resulting from the Commissioner’s arbitrary decision that have been appealed to the federal courts. Part IV will provide a solution that the union should force the hand of the league to enter the bargaining process on the question of player conduct, how punishment will be meted out, with neutral arbitrators looking over the Commissioner’s imposition of discipline.
Degree of Compensatory Renal Hypertrophy Following Unilateral Nephrectomy. III. Influence of Testosterone Propionate

SummaryGonadectomy exerted no influence on the degree of compensatory renal hypertrophy in the male albino rat. Testosterone propionate administration produced a marked increase in compensatory renal hypertrophy.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a familial heterogeneous disorder affecting 6% to 10% of reproductive-age women. The use of criteria developed for adult women is problematic for the adolescent girl because the clinical features associated with PCOS are normal pubertal events. The recent consensus statement on PCOS in adolescents stated that hyperandrogenism and oligomenorrhea need to persist for at least 2 years to consider the diagnosis of PCOS. Although insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, and obesity are often associated with PCOS, these features are not considered valid diagnostic criteria. Recent genomewide association studies implicate genetic loci involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
Pessary Practices of Nurse-Providers in the United States.

Objectives Our purposes were to describe pessary-care practices and education of a sample of nurse providers in the United States and identify a cohort of high-volume providers. Methods An e-mail survey was sent to members of 3 related nursing professional organizations. Questions addressed general pessary care within the respondent's practice and specific pessary care choices of responding direct providers. Data were managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools. Results Of 323 respondents, 279 (86.4%) reported pessary care occurred in their office settings, 84.5% of which were urban or suburban, and 65.4% were private practices. Responders were evenly distributed through 4 regions of the United States and represented a variety of specialties. Physicians and advanced practice registered nurses provided the majority of care (up to 80%), along with registered and licensed practical nurses and medical assistants. Care routines varied, most often including 3-month-interval follow-up with speculum-assisted vaginal examinations and no routine use of vaginal products (eg, moisturizers, acidifiers, antimicrobials, or vaginal estrogens). On-the-job mentoring was the primary knowledge source (64%). Comparison of practice patterns suggested possible variation by region and certification. Conclusions This exploratory study provides data related to the pessary-care practices of nurse providers in the United States. The range of responses emphasizes a need for evidence-based guidelines for optimal care, based on patient outcomes, satisfaction, and costs of care. Findings also illustrate a need for effective, evidence-based educational programs and clinical mentorship options with experienced providers. A cohort of expert providers was identified to continue work toward these goals.
Association Between Adverse Birth Outcomes and Indoor Air Pollution of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene

Objective To explore the association between adverse birth outcomes and indoor air pollution of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Methods A total of 132 pregnant women exposed to indoor air pollution of trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene were selected in Shenzhen Pingshan new district from December 2008 to May 2013 as observation group. According to breeding season, pregnant women were divided into two groups: 94 pregnant in non- heating period of delivery as observation A group and 38 pregnant women in heating period of delivery as observation B group. Meanwhile,128 pregnant women without exposure to indoor air pollution of trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene were selected at same period as control group. Delivery situ-ation and fetal situation were analyzed. Results Fetal weight and gestational weeks in observation group were significantly less than control group; incidences of premature birth and low birth weight in observation group were both statistically higher than control group,all the difference were statistically significant( all P 0. 05).Rate of vaginal delivery in observation group was lower than that in control group; incidences of heart defectand stillbirth in observation group were both higher than that in control group; rate of vaginal delivery in observation B group was lower than that in observation A group; incidences of premature birth,low birth weight,heart defect,stillbirth in observation B group were all higher than that in observation A group; however,the aforementioned differences were not statistically significant( all P 0. 05). Conclusion Indoor air pollution of trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene can cause adverse birth outcomes and is not associated with season.
Role of arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists in hyponatremia in the elderly

Hyponatremia can occur at any age, but it is especially prevalent among the elderly, particularly those in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities. The increased incidence in these patient groups is attributable to age-related impairment of fluid and electrolyte balance, use of multiple drugs that can precipitate hyponatremia, and increased vulnerability to diseases associated with hyponatremia. Recent evidence suggests that even mild chronic hyponatremia can have serious consequences in the elderly. Many current treatments for hyponatremia are limited by poor compliance, inconsistent or delayed response, or risk of adverse effects. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonists, a new class of drugs that block the binding of AVP to V2 receptors in the kidney's collecting tubules, may provide a safe and effective alternative.
Science as Gift: NGO-Supported Informal Science Education for Rural Migrant Children in Contemporary China

ABSTRACTThis article explores informal science education (ISE) for rural migrant children in the Chinese context. Many of them are restricted from the public schools due to political exclusions enforced by the household registration system and their economic standing. As a result, they are often enrolled in quasi-legal migrant children schools with limited access to education in science. In response, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have stepped in to implement ISE projects. Applying gift exchange theory to organized non-profit undertakings, I examine three types of ISE programs and their ways of reinforcing a neoliberal logic of competition, selfresponsibility and self-governance.
AlN-GaN quarter-wave reflector stack grown by gas-source MBE on (100) GaAs

A 15 period, wurtzite-structure AlN-GaN reflector stack has been grown on (100) GaAs by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. A peak reflectance of over 90% has been realised, in agreement with a matrix-method computer simulation. Our results support the feasibility of vertical Fabry-Perot cavity optoelectronics using nitride materials.
Inhibitory Control Processes and the Strategies That Support Them during Hand and Eye Movements.

Background and Aims: Adaptive behavior depends on the ability to voluntarily suppress context-inappropriate behaviors, a process referred to as response inhibition. Stop Signal tests (SSTs) are the most frequently studied paradigm used to assess response inhibition. Previous studies of SSTs have indicated that inhibitory control behavior can be explained using a common model in which GO and STOP processes are initiated independent from one and another, and the process that is completed first determines whether the behavior is elicited (GO process) or terminated (STOP process). Consistent with this model, studies have indicated that individuals strategically delay their behaviors during SSTs in order to increase their stopping abilities. Despite being controlled by distinct neural systems, prior studies have largely documented similar inhibitory control performance across eye and hand movements. Though, no existing studies have compared the extent to which individuals strategically delay behavior across different effectors is not yet clear. Here, we compared the extent to which inhibitory control processes and the cognitive strategies that support them during oculomotor and manual motor behaviors. Methods: We examined 29 healthy individuals who performed parallel oculomotor and manual motor SSTs. Participants also completed a separate block of GO trials administered prior to the Stop Signal tasks to assess baseline reaction times for each effector and reaction time increases during interleaved GO trials of the SST. Results: Our results showed that stopping errors increased for both effectors as the interval between GO and STOP cues was increased (i.e., stop signal delay), but performance deteriorated more rapidly for eye compared to hand movements with increases in stop signal delay. During GO trials, participants delayed the initiation of their responses for each effector, and greater slowing of reaction times on GO trials was associated with increased accuracy on STOP trials for both effectors. However, participants delayed their eye movements to a lesser degree than their hand movements, and strategic reaction time slowing was a stronger determinant of stopping accuracy for hand compared to eye movements. Overall, stopping accuracies for eye and hand movements were only modestly correlated, and the time it took individuals to cancel a response
Is FST obsolete

Since the introduction of allozyme methods inthe mid 1960s it has been a standard practiceto report Wright's measure of populationsubdivision, F ST, for surveys ofgenetic variation. Its widespread use hasprovided us with a sense of what values can beexpected in particular situations and how theycan be interpreted. With some theoreticaljustification, F ST has also beenused to estimate rates of gene flow. Howeverthere are conditions under which F STis inappropriate for gene flow estimation andcan lead to incorrect or even absurdconclusions. These pitfalls have promptedcritics to suggest that F ST hasfailed to deliver what its proponents havepromised and should be abandoned. A furtherchallenge has been the development of newmethods that offer even greater promise. Thusit is reasonable to ask if perhaps it is timeto retire F ST and turn to new andmore powerful methods for the inference of geneflow from genetic markers. Here I will arguethat although gene flow should be estimated bymore powerful approaches whenever practical,F ST remains a useful measure of theaverage effects of gene flow and will continueto be used for comparative purposes.
Trans-ethnic predicted expression genome-wide association analysis identifies a gene for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 90 susceptibility loci for breast cancer, but the underlying biology of those associations needs to be further elucidated. More genetic factors for breast cancer are yet to be identified but sample size constraints preclude the identification of individual genetic variants with weak effects using traditional GWAS methods. To address this challenge, we utilized a gene-level expression-based method, implemented in the MetaXcan software, to predict gene expression levels for 11,536 genes using expression quantitative trait loci and examine the genetically-predicted expression of specific genes for association with overall breast cancer risk and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer risk. Using GWAS datasets from a Challenge launched by National Cancer Institute, we identified TP53INP2 (tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2) at 20q11.22 to be significantly associated with ER-negative breast cancer (Z = -5.013, p = 5.35×10−7, Bonferroni threshold = 4.33×10−6). The association was consistent across four GWAS datasets, representing European, African and Asian ancestry populations. There are 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) included in the prediction of TP53INP2 expression and five of them were associated with estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer, although none of the SNP-level associations reached genome-wide significance. We conducted a replication study using a dataset outside of the Challenge, and found the association between TP53INP2 and ER-negative breast cancer was significant (p = 5.07x10-3). Expression of HP (16q22.2) showed a suggestive association with ER-negative breast cancer in the discovery phase (Z = 4.30, p = 1.70x10-5) although the association was not significant after Bonferroni adjustment. Of the 249 genes that are 250 kb within known breast cancer susceptibility loci identified from previous GWAS, 20 genes (8.0%) were statistically significant associated with ER-negative breast cancer (p<0.05), compared to 582 (5.2%) of 11,287 genes that are not close to previous GWAS loci. This study demonstrated that expression-based gene mapping is a promising approach for identifying cancer susceptibility genes.