cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of adenylate cyclase activity in the rat lung: guanine nucleotides and cytosolic factors.

Summary: Catecholamines mediate surfactant release, smooth muscle tone, and lung fluid secretion presumably by their interactions with β-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase, which results in the synthesis of 3′,5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Ontogenic changes in factors which regulate cAMP metabolism in the lung have been demonstrated previously and associated with developmental changes in lung structure and function in the perinatal period. In this study, developmental changes in characteristics of β-adrenergic receptors and the enzyme adenylate cyclase were characterized in rat lung from day 18 of gestation to adulthood. Although concentrations of pulmonary β-adrenergic receptors increased approximately 5-fold during the perinatal and suckling period, “basal” adenylate cyclase activity of lung homogenates decreased from 130 ± 8 pmole · mg−1 · min−1 at 20 days gestation to 25 ± 3 pmole · mg−1 · min−1 in the adult, P < 0.01. GTP and lung cytosol activated adenylate cyclase from fetal membranes to a significantly greater extent than they activated the enzyme from adult membrane. GTP enhanced adenylate cyclase activity 5–6-fold in fetal membranes, GTP being nearly as active as its non-hydrolyzable analogue Gpp(NH)p or NaF. Addition of GTP in the presence of PGE1 or catecholamine resulted in nearly maximal activation of the enzyme from fetal but not from adult lung membranes. Cholera toxin enhanced GTP-dependent activity in adult samples but did not further increase GTP-dependent activity in fetal preparations. Lung cytosolic factor(s), which activated adenylate cyclase, were separated into two components by gel filtration. One activating component was likely to be GTP, which was present in lung tissue in concentrations near the EC50 for activation of adenylate cyclase. A second (large molecular weight) cytosolic factor(s), which activated adenylate cyclase, was sensitive to heat or trypsin and was excluded by Sephadex G-50. An ATP-regenerating system was required for full activation of adenylate cyclase by lung cytosol. Effects of EGTA, Mg2+, guanine nucleotides, cell cytosol and Ca2+-calmodulin were partially characterized.
Demand management: the new view of EMS?

(1997). Editorials: Demand management: the new view of ems? Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 114-118.
Failure of Delayed Oral Feedings to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Results of Study in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates

• To test the hypothesis that delayed oral feedings would lower the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates weighing less than 1,500 g at birth, we compared the incidence of NEC in two matched groups of newborns. High-risk neonates were selected from 160 consecutive admissions, based on a cumulative risk scoring of their illness during the first three days of life. One group (N = 20) was given no oral feedings for two weeks, receiving nutrition parenterally, while the other (N = 18) was given incremental enteric feedings of dilute infant formula or breast milk during the first two weeks of life. The overall incidence of NEC in the parenterally fed group was 60% (12/20) compared with 22% (4/18) in the early-oral-feeding group. These data show that withholding oral feedings for two weeks postnatally does not lower the incidence of NEC and in fact may promote its occurrence. (AJDC1985;139:385-389)
Design and Implementation of a Web-Based Collaborative Spatial Decision Support System: Organizational and Managerial Implications

The development of collaborative spatial decision support systems presents a host of challenges, ranging from technical to societal and institutional. Resource managers and environmental planners often need to understand the effect of the distributed and uncoordinated land management practices of individual decision-makers, which in the long run causes significant environmental impact. In many cases environmental planning requires collaborative decision-making tools where complex interacting agents with conflicting goals need to work without any prior idea of the counterpart. This paper identifies research issues on the design and implementation of a Web-based collaborative spatial decision making in the specific context of distributed environmental planning. We demonstrate a Web-based Spatial Decision Support System GEO-ELCA Exploratory Land Use Change Assessment for typical decision-making tasks by urban or municipal planning agencies where resource managers or stakeholders of different interest groups can express their options for future land use changes and assess the resulting hydrological impacts in a collaborative environment.
The tissue culture detection of corrective factor activity for Hurler fibroblasts.

SummaryThe isotope method of detection of corrective factor activity for cultured Hurler fibroblasts using radioactive sulfate (35SO4) has been confirmed and improved as a sensitive screening method. Its limitations have been identified and discussed. Using this method it has been shown that cultured Hurler fibroblasts turn over 2–3 times less macromolecular 35SO4-AMPS in 12–24 hr than do cultured normal fibroblasts. The results also establish the presence of a heatlabile corrective factor in fetal calf serum, which, because of its similar, though smaller effect on normal cells, is presumed to be nonspecific.
Long-Term Water-Quality Changes in East Fork Poplar Creek, Tennessee: Background, Trends, and Potential Biological Consequences

We review long-term changes that have occurred in factors affecting water quality in East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC; in East Tennessee) over a nearly 25-year monitoring period. Historically, the stream has received wastewaters and pollutants from a major United States Department of Energy (DOE) facility on the headwaters of the stream. Early in the monitoring program, EFPC was perturbed chemically, especially within its headwaters; evidence of this perturbation extended downstream for many kilometers. The magnitude of this perturbation, and the concentrations of many biologically significant water-quality factors, has lessened substantially through time. The changes in water-quality factors resulted from a large number of operational changes and remedial actions implemented at the DOE facility. Chief among these were consolidation and elimination of many effluents, elimination of an unlined settling/flow equalization basin, reduction in amount of blow-down from cooling tower operations, dechlorination of effluents, and implementation of flow augmentation. Although many water-quality characteristics in upper EFPC have become more similar to those of reference streams, conditions remain far from pristine. Nutrient enrichment may be one of the more challenging problems remaining before further biological improvements occur.
Optimal block designs for triallel cross experiments

Optimal block designs for a certain type of triallel cross experiments are investigated. Nested balanced block designs are introduced and it is shown how these designs give rise to optimal designs for triallel crosses. Several .series of nested balanced block designs, leading to optimal designs for triallel crosses are reported.
The First Systematic Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Dithiolene-Bridged Complexes. Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Complexes of 4-(1‘,2‘-Ethylenedithiolate)-1,3-dithiole-2-one and Dimeric Metal Complexes of 1,2,3,4-Butadienetetrathiolate

The 1,2-dithiolene ligands 4-(1‘,2‘-ethylenedithiolate)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (eddo2-) and 1,2,3,4-butadienetetrathiolate (bdt4-) are synthesized by the controlled single or double 1,3-dithiole-2-one ring opening of 4,4‘-bis(1,3-dithiole-2-one) (bdo) (1). The synthesis and characterization of the novel transition metal complexes (COD)Pt(eddo) (2), (diphos)Ni(eddo) (3), [Bu4N][Ni(eddo)2] (4), (COD)Pt(bdt)Pt(COD) (5), and (diphos)Ni(bdt)Pt(COD) (6) (where COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, diphos = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) are reported. Use of eddo2- and bdt4- results in the selective systematic synthesis of transition metal monomers and dimers. In addition, the synthesis of mixed metal dimeric complexes utilizing a “transition metal 1,2-dithiolene” ligand is demonstrated. The single-crystal X-ray structural analyses of the cocrystallized (COD)Pt(eddo)·1/2bdo, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 13.0388(4) A, b = 9.2048(3) A, c = 16.2384(5) A, β = 97.289(5)°, Z = 4, and [Bu4N][Ni(eddo)2], monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.3508(2) A...
Forgetting heart break: a fascinating case of transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome associated with dissociative amnesia

Transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome (TLVABS), also known as takotsubo cardiomyopathy, is characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction, electrocardiographic changes, and release of myocardial enzymes that mimic acute myocardial infarction in patients without angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. Most patients are post-menopausal women and an emotional or physiologic stressor frequently precedes the presentation. Psychogenic or dissociative amnesia is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde memory loss with inability to recall personal information said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years after a stressful event. Interestingly, the mechanism of both disorders has been linked to plasma elevation in catecholamines. Here we present the case of a 66-year-old female diagnosed with both TLVABS and dissociative amnesia following the sudden unexpected death of her sister. To our knowledge, this is surprisingly the first report of the co-occurrence of TLVABS and dissociative amnesia, two processes with a potential shared underlying etiology.
Host-pathogen interactions in drosophila: new tricks from an old friend

Insects rely solely on innate immune responses to combat a wide array of pathogens. With its powerful genetics, drosophila has proven especially powerful for the study of humoral innate immunity, characterized by the rapid induction of antimicrobial peptides. The two signaling pathways involved, Toll and Imd, have been studied intensely, but other aspects of the drosophila immune response are less well understood. A flurry of reports has focused on the mechanisms of phagocytosis, antiviral immunity and viral pathogenesis in drosophila. These studies have taken advantage of genome-wide RNA-mediated interference screening in drosophila cells, as well as more traditional genetic tools available in the fly. This review discusses advances in these exciting new areas of drosophila immunity.
A non-parametric analysis of covered interest parity in long-date capital markets

Abstract The financially innovative currency swap has elevated the international mobility of long-term assets. Of interest is whether the covered interest parity condition now holds in these markets, with the currency swap as the forward-exchange risk hedge. The empirical conclusions presented in the paper suggest that deviations from covered interest parity (in excess of transactions costs) are not rare. Yet, while profit opportunities are not always short-lived, an analysis of the deviations in excess of transactions costs reveals that they diminish over time, and eventually disappear. (JEL F32).
Validity of portion-size measurement aids: a review

Abstract A review of research studies that focus on the validity of portion-size measurement aids (PSMAs) was undertaken because guidelines for the use of PSMAs in studies of food intake have not been developed. Also, the accuracy of food quantity estimates may greatly influence the quality of dietary intake data. Generally, the review indicated that differences between the food quantity estimates obtained from different PSMAs were not statistically significant. Research on PSMA accuracy was lacking in several areas. Additional information is needed on the validity of PSMAs, particularly as it relates to PSMA use by different socio-demographic groups. Little research has focused on the specific effects that PSMAs have on quantity estimates or on subject perceptions of PSMA use. Improved reporting of PSMAs in the literature is also needed. Future research should be directed toward these issues so that PSMA guidelines can be developed. Until there is a more complete research base, it is not possible at this time to establish guidelines for use of PSMAs in clinical practice or in research settings. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997; 97:289–292.
Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature.

Objective: The RTI International-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center systematically reviewed evidence on factors associated with outcomes among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) and whether outcomes differed by sociodemographic characteristics. Method: We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE and reviewed studies published from 1980 to September, 2005, in all languages against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria and focused on eating, psychiatric or psychological, or biomarker outcomes. Results: At followup, individuals with AN were more likely than comparisons to be depressed, have Asperger's syndrome and autism spectrum disorders, and suffer from anxiety disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorders. Mortality risk was significantly higher than what would be expected in the population and the risk of suicide was particularly pronounced. The only consistent factor across studies relating to worse BN outcomes was depression. A substantial proportion of individuals continue to suffer from eating disorders over time but BN was not associated with increased mortality risk. Data were insufficient to draw conclusions concerning factors associated with BED outcomes. Across disorders, little to no data were available to compare results based on sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion: The strength of the bodies of literature was moderate for factors associated with AN and BN outcomes and weak for BED. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Remembering Professor Walter A. Scott

Walter Scott was a Biochemistry professor at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine and a leading figure in the field of HIV drug resistance. His untimely passing in January 2013 marked a loss for his family, as well as for students and colleagues who knew him as a dedicated and unassuming scholar, and a lively scientist with a great sense of humor.
Measurements of heat transfer in a separated and reattaching flow with spatially varying thermal boundary conditions

Abstract The effect of highly varying thermal boundary conditions on the convective heat transfer in a backward-facing step flow was investigated in a two-dimensional (2D) boundary-layer tunnel in air. A modified form of the transient heat transfer technique was used that allowed variable surface temperature distributions to be imposed by heating the test surface with a radiative lamp prior to cooling. The experiments were restricted to axial variations in surface temperature. Surface temperatures were measured with both cement-on foil thermocouples and thermochromic liquid crystal thermography. A semianalytic superposition technique was developed that was capable of predicting the heat transfer for any arbitrary axial surface temperature distribution, given the general solution or “Green's” function. The Green's function was measured to a limited spatial resolution by solving a simultaneous set of equations using data from 30 experiments. The techniques were developed and tested in a 2-D flat-plate boundary layer with Re δ2 of 3500 at the leading edge and qualified against a well-verified boundary-layer code. The Green's function and inverse Green's function were then measured in a turbulent backward-facing step flow with Re based on step height of 26,000. In the separated flow, it was found that the effect of localized heating extended only a short distance upstream and downstream, and that the heat transfer was less sensitive to temperature boundary conditions than would be expected from attached flow behavior. This corroborates the conclusion of previous workers that the primary resistance to the heat transfer is localized near the wall. This localized behavior, and the spatial insensitivity of the Green's function, suggest that with proper scaling, the results could be extended to other separated flows.
Language rights in the 2004 draft of the European Union Constitution

The 2004 draft of the EU Constitution contains legal language defining the linguistic obligations of the EU and the language rights of its citizens, but the draft fails to achieve language justice for EU citizens who speak regional minority languages. These minority languages include Catalan, Basque, and Galician in Spain, Welsh in the UK, and others.
Plant phenolics as chemical defenses : effects of natural phenolics on survival and growth of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Very few studies have shown experimentally that plant chemical defenses actually reduce the performance of individual mammalian herbivores, much less the density of mammalian populations. We investigated the effects of representatives of three classes of plant phenoiics on the survival and growth of prairie voles by incorporating the compounds into artificial diets and feeding them to weanlings for three weeks. At low levels of protein, both quercetin (a flavonoid) and tannic acid (a hydrolyzable tannin) caused reduced growth rates; no effect occurred at high levels of protein. Quebracho (a condensed tannin) inhibited feeding and thus was lethal at all levels of protein. These results indicate that plant phenolics are likely to influence the performance and dynamics of natural populations of microtine rodents by reducing the quality of available forage. The hypothesis that the primary mode of action of the phenoiics is the reduction of digestibility of protein was not supported. The reduced growth caused by both quercetin and tannic acid could be attributed primarily to their toxicity. The effect of quebracho resulted from reduced intake (unpalatability).
Histone Sequence Database: A Compilation of Highly-Conserved Nucleoprotein Sequences

By searching the current protein sequence databases using sequences from human and chicken histones H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, a database of aligned histone protein sequences with statistically significant sequence similarity to the search sequence was constructed. In addition, a nucleotide sequence database of the corresponding coding regions for these proteins has been assembled. The region of each of the core histones containing the histone fold motif is identified in the protein alignments. The database contains >1300 protein and nucleotide sequences. All sequences and alignments in this database are available through the World Wide Web at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Baxevani/HISTO NES.
Formally modelling a gender-segregated economy: A response to William Darity, Jr

Abstract William Darity Jr.'s model, presented in the November 1995 issue of World Development (Darity, 1995), is an important attempt to provide an outline for gender-based analysis at the household level. The model falls short, however, because it focuses on income maximization without specific constraints on the man's time. This paper demonstrates that as formulated there is no internal maximization solution possible, and then offers additional economic information that would be meaningful and appropriate to make Darky's model well-specified.
Geomorphic Influences on the Distribution of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming

Abstract Influences of large-scale abiotic, geomorphic characteristics on distributions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri are poorly understood. We sampled 151 sites on 56 perennial streams in the Greybull–Wood river drainage in northwestern Wyoming to determine the effects of geomorphic variables on Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions. Channel slope, elevation, stream size, and barriers to upstream movement significantly influenced the presence and absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Wild populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout were not found upstream of barriers to fish migration, at sites with channel slopes of 10% or greater, or at elevations above 3,182 m. Based on channel slope alone, logistic regression models correctly classified presence or absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in 83% of study sites. The addition of elevation and stream size in the models increased classification to 87%. Logistic models tested on an independent data set had agreement rates ...
Identification of changes in power through DC granular monitoring

In a competitive PV market, where different technologies are closing the gap in efficiencies at the module level, there is a need to reduce the cost of the overall PV system and its operation. This could be achieved either by reducing the cost of the installed PV system or reducing the long-term maintenance and operational cost of the array by cost effectively optimizing the performance of the PV system, thereby increasing the revenue from a PV array. To reduce the operational cost and maintenance, certain factors like soiling, module replacement and visual inspection needs to be carried out. For a large array of thousands of modules, maintaining a system at a regular basis is complicated. This could be achieved by investing upfront in a detailed monitoring of the system at a granular level. The level of granularity needs further attention which could offset the cost of operation and maintenance from a long term perspective. Understanding the module performance at an array, string, and module level has different resolutions on the information that can be obtained and individual module reliability is easier to be determined as the granularity becomes finer. The advantages and disadvantages of granular monitoring are discussed in this paper for four ∼25kW photovoltaic arrays of three different technologies (c-Si, CIGS, and CdTe) deployed by the US Photovoltaic Manufacturing Consortium (PVMC).
Can the ξ(2220) be a bound state of massive colored scalars

Abstract It is suggested that ξ(2220) might be a bound state of a pair of heavy neutral scalars in a color octet. If this is so the width of the ξ can be estimated. The estimate is within current limits, but large enough so that the width might be measured. There would be a variety of new particles containing this scalar. Some of these have properties which should make it possible to find and identify them experimentally. The most noticeable of these are the excited states of the ξ and baryons with quantum numbers not possible for three quark states.
A midregion parathyroid hormone-related peptide mobilizes cytosolic calcium and stimulates formation of inositol trisphosphate in a squamous carcinoma cell line.

A midregion fragment of PTH-related protein (PTHrP), which is intensively conserved across species, has been identified as a secretory product of several different cell types, including keratinocytes and squamous carcinomas. As recent data suggest that a midregion PTHrP fragment may be biologically active, we hypothesized that midregion PTHrPs interact with unique cell surface receptors that mediate autocrine or paracrine action. Dose-dependent transient elevations in intracellular calcium ([Ca2-]i) were observed in fura-2-loaded SqCC/Y1 squamous carcinoma cells exposed to human (h) PTHrP-(67-86)NH2, [Tyr36]hPTHrP-(1-36)NH2, and hPTHrP-(1-141) at concentrations ranging from 1 pM to 1 microM. The effects of maximal stimulatory concentrations of [Tyr36]PTHrP-(1-36)NH2 and PTHrP-(67-86)NH2 on [Ca2+]i were additive. The inhibitory PTH analog, [D-Trp12,Tyr34]bovine PTH-(7-34)NH2, attenuated the [Ca2+]i response to [Tyr36]hPTHrP-(1-36)NH2, but not that to PTHrP-(67-86)NH2. These data suggest that PTHrP-(67-86)N...
A Darboux theorem for multi-symplectic manifolds

A class of geometric structures defined by i+1-forms that generalize the notion of a symplectic form is introduced. Examples of these structures occur in multi-dimensional variational calculus. An extension of the Darboux-Moser-Weinstein theorem is proved for these structures and a characterization for their pseudogroups is given.
Comparative genomics of transcription factors driving expression of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish

The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of teleost fish is driven by an enhancer (Eμ3′) that contains, in all species examined, octamer and E-box motifs (typically μE5). Thus, the transcription factors known (through experiments in fish) or predicted (from knowledge of their mammalian homologues) to be involved in the function of the enhancer are the octamer-binding (Oct) transcription factors Oct1 and Oct2, their coactivator BOB.1 and the μE5-binding E-proteins (E2A, HEB and E2-2). Comparative genomic analysis of the genes encoding these transcription factors in teleost fish permits some conclusions to be drawn concerning the fate of these genes following the genome-wide duplication event that occurred in this lineage. Although problems in the assembly of some regions of the zebrafish genome may complicate the analysis, the pattern that emerges from these studies is that Oct1, Oct2, BOB.1 and E2-2 are all single-copy genes in teleosts, whereas in the case of E2A and HEB, two copies of each gene are present. The evolutionary conservation of sequences between related genes is variable, but with the highest similarities always being observed in the domains with ligand-binding function, whether the ligand is a DNA motif or, as in the case of BOB.1, another protein domain. A major challenge that must be faced is the assignment of precise functions to these diverse transcription factors in teleosts; assumptions drawn by inference from their mammalian homologues will likely be misleading.
Effect of numbers vs pictures on perceived effectiveness of a public safety awareness advertisement.

In a 2 x 2 completely randomized factorial experiment, 24 women and 16 men rated the perceived effectiveness of an earthquake preparedness advertisement which contained either a picture or no picture of prior earthquake damage and contained either statistics or no statistics on likelihood of an earthquake. A main effect for superiority of the picture was found. The presence of statistics had no main or interactive effects on the perceived effectiveness of the advertisement. Language: en
Atomistic model of plutonium

A modified embedded atom model of Pu has been developed. This simple atomic level model is able to reproduce the extreme anomalous behavior of this complex element. The calculated energetics and volume of the seven stable phases of Pu are found to be in close agreement with experiment. Calculated thermodynamic and elastic properties are also in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data. The model also reproduces the unusual properties of the liquid phase, low melting point, and contraction upon melting. It is demonstrated that the anomalous properties of plutonium arise from the rapid spatial variation of the f-electron density.
Interaction between permeant ions and voltage sensor during inactivation of N-type Ca2+ channels

1Inactivation of neuronal N-type Ca2+ channels transiently expressed in human kidney tSA-201 cells was studied at the level of whole-cell Ca2+ current and intramembrane charge movement. 2Prolonged (5 s) depolarization to 40 mV shifted the voltage distribution of intramembrane charge movement from a transition potential (mid-point voltage) of 9.5 ± 3.8 mV to -55.4 ± 8.2 mV. Because of the large negative shift, it was possible to record intramembrane charge movement from unblocked inactivated channels and determine the effect of Ca2+ influx on inactivation of intramembrane charge movement. 3In unblocked channels, the rate of inactivation of charge movement (21 ± 3 s−1 at 0 mV) was close to that of Ca2+ current decay during the conditioning pulse. However, in blocked channels inactivation was significantly slower (4 ± 1 s−1 at 0 mV). In unblocked channels, the availability of Ca2+ current was minimal and charge movement from inactivated channels was maximal after conditioning to about 10 mV. After the block of ionic current, inactivation of charge movement gradually increased with voltage. 4Although the rate of Ca2+ current run-down was not affected by 10-15 μM free Ca2+ in the pipette solution, inactivation of Ca2+ currents during depolarization was about two times faster in high intracellular Ca2+. 5The present results favour the current-dependent mechanism of inactivation of N-type channels. They also suggest that Ca2+ acting in the permeation pathway and transmembrane voltage are the proximate causes of the same inactivation transitions of voltage sensing moieties in these channels.
Placement of the tension-bearing suture in repairing the alar facial junction

Background: The cheek advancement flap was used to repair defects of the concave junctional zone of the nasal base, the medial aspect of the cheek, and the upper lip. Prior description of the sequence of suture placement depended on the concept of the initial suture or key suture. Splitting the functions of the initial suture into its functions of tension bearing or aligning aided the surgeon in determining the sequence and location of suture placement. Objective: The purpose of the terminology change was to improve teaching concepts of tissue movement. Methods: A series of 40 cases explored the use of a tension-bearing suture at the base of the cheek advancement flap, which was anchored to the fascia and periosteum at the nasal notch of the maxilla. In placement of this suture, the pyramid of the nose was elevated and the flap slid under the nose. Results: Two complications occurred: one case of flap tip necrosis and one infection. There were no cases of bridging of the nasal cheek junction (sulcus) occurred. In all cases, the procedure restored the contours of the area. Conclusion: This redefinition of the key suture into tension-bearing and aligning suture helped the novice to place the tension-bearing suture first. In the example of the cheek advancement flap, careful placement of the tension-bearing suture promoted the restoration of the nasolabial fold.
271 REDUCTION IN PERINATAL SURVIVAL OF PROGENY OF CAFFEINE TREATED MALE RATS

Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected s.c. with caffeine in sterile water, 25 mg/kg at 0900 and 1600 hrs for four days. Each was then caged with a proestrus female from 1600 - 0900 hrs following which seventeen had sperm present in vaginal smears. Only 12 delivered, 127 live and 4 dead pups, at 21 days. Live born litter size ranged from 2 - 15, mean 10.6 ± 1.4 (S.E.M.). Sex ratio favored males 1.18. Birth weights were: males 6.20 ± 0.09; females 6.23 ± 0.08 g and weaning weights 47.0 ± 1.2 and 45.8 ± 1.0 respectively. Weights of females were equivalent to controls whereas those of males were decreased. In six large studies birth weights of males have always been significantly greater than that of females. Weaning weights were comparable to controls. Deaths before weaning averaged 37%. Death rates in 2,611 offspring of controls in our laboratory ranged from 2 - 10%, averaging 8%. Three litters had no deaths and an equal number had no survivors. Death rates for males and females were equivalent. Most deaths occurred between 6 - 12 postnatal days. No obvious anomalies were noted to account for the high death rate. These data are analogous to our previous findings with progeny of male rats administered methadone prior to mating and suggest that paternal drug exposure may be a crucial determinant of fetal outcome. Supported by NIDA 01160.
Microscopic Studies of Various Sizes of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Cellular Localizations

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used in biological and clinical applications due to their favorable chemical and optical properties. GNPs can be used for drug delivery to targeted cells. In addition, GNPs serve as ideal probes for biological and cell imaging applications. Recent studies indicate that the size diversity of GNPs plays an important role in targeting cellular components for biomedical applications. In this study, we conducted a series of studies using different sizes of gold nanoparticles, including 3, 10, 25, and 50 nm, to determine the effect of size variations on their intracellular localizations. Our cytotoxicity studies of GNPs into the HEp-2 cells using MTT assay indicated that 3 nm GNPs possess the highest toxicity. We exposed HEp-2 cells with various sizes of gold nanoparticles for different time intervals (1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 h) followed by imaging using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Our SEM and AFM results showed that, after 1 hr incubation, 3 and 10 nm gold nanoparticles entered the nucleus, whereas 25 and 50 nm particles accumulated around the nucleus. As the time of exposure increased, GNPs entered the cells and accumulated in the cytosol and nucleus based solely on their sizes.
Acidic Extracellular pH Promotes Activation of Integrin αvβ3

Acidic extracellular pH is characteristic of the cell microenvironment in several important physiological and pathological contexts. Although it is well established that acidic extracellular pH can have profound effects on processes such as cell adhesion and migration, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Integrin receptors physically connect cells to the extracellular matrix, and are thus likely to modulate cell responses to extracellular conditions. Here, we examine the role of acidic extracellular pH in regulating activation of integrin αvβ3. Through computational molecular dynamics simulations, we find that acidic extracellular pH promotes opening of the αvβ3 headpiece, indicating that acidic pH can thereby facilitate integrin activation. This prediction is consistent with our flow cytometry and atomic force microscope-mediated force spectroscopy assays of integrin αvβ3 on live cells, which both demonstrate that acidic pH promotes activation at the intact cell surface. Finally, quantification of cell morphology and migration measurements shows that acidic extracellular pH affects cell behavior in a manner that is consistent with increased integrin activation. Taken together, these computational and experimental results suggest a new and complementary mechanism of integrin activation regulation, with associated implications for cell adhesion and migration in regions of altered pH that are relevant to wound healing and cancer.
A Review of the Source and Function of Microbiota in Breast Milk

Breast milk contains a rich microbiota composed of viable skin and non-skin bacteria. The extent of the breast milk microbiota diversity has been revealed through new culture-independent studies using microbial DNA signatures. However, the extent to which the breast milk microbiota are transferred from mother to infant and the function of these breast milk microbiota for the infant are only partially understood. Here, we appraise hypotheses regarding the formation of breast milk microbiota, including retrograde infant-to-mother transfer and enteromammary trafficking, and we review current knowledge of mechanisms determining the extent of breast milk microbiota transfer from mother to infant. We highlight known functions of constituents in the breast milk microbiota—to enhance immunity, liberate nutrients, synergize with breast milk oligosaccharides to enhance intestinal barrier function, and strengthen a functional gut–brain axis. We also consider the pathophysiology of maternal mastitis with respect to a dysbiosis or abnormal shift in the breast milk microbiota. In conclusion, through a complex, highly evolved process in the early stages of discovery, mothers transfer the breast milk microbiota to their infants to impact infant growth and development.
Acquired Factor VIII Inhibitor: A Rare Etiology for Bruisability and Anemia

Acquired factor VIII inhibitor is a very rare cause of easy bruisability, muscular hematomas, and subsequent anemia in the elderly patient population. The incidence of acquired factor VIII inhibitor is one in one million. Here we report an elderly patient who presented to the hospital for bruising easily fatigue and was found to have acquired factor VIII inhibitor on further investigation. He responded to the treatment appropriately, and hemostasis was achieved successfully with recombinant VII concentrates and eradication of the inhibitor with Imuran and steroid combination.
Admiral Mahan, “narrative fidelity,” and the Japanese attack on pearl harbor

The strategy and tactics employed by the Japanese in attacking Pearl Harbor were based in part on key ideas from the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan. These ideas had been corroborated by observations and experiences of Japanese officers through a series of historical events, giving the ideas “narrative fidelity” sufficient to influence momentous decisions and actions.
The Effect of Immediate or Delayed Video-Based Teacher Self-Evaluation on Head Start Teachers' Use of Praise

This study investigated a video-based self-evaluation package focused on Head Start teachers' use of praise. Fifty-one Head Start teachers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: immediate self-evaluation, delayed self-evaluation, or a control. The dependent measures were frequency of general and specific praise statements. The independent variables were a treatment package that consisted of observation skills training and self-evaluation (i.e., self-monitoring and goal setting), and the timing of self-evaluation. Three 5- to 10-minute instructional segments, on 3 consecutive days, were taped for each participant. Instructional Segments 1 and 2 were viewed by the teachers in the two experimental groups. The timing of the video feedback and self-evaluation was manipulated. Trained data collectors recorded the frequency of behaviors during the instructional segments. The frequency of praise for the control group remained low throughout the study. Teachers significantly increased the frequency of thei...
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements in a Representative Gas-Cooled Prismatic Reactor Core Model: Distribution of Flow From the Upper Plenum to the Fuel Block Arrangement

An experiment was conducted at Idaho National Laboratory to investigate the bypass flow associated with a Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor in direct support of Computational Fluid Dynamic validation [1]. Velocity fields within a representative quartz model, consisting of an upper plenum, upper block, and lower block, were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry; after which, flow rates were calculated in each section. The present study was carried out to determine flow distribution from the upper plenum to the fuel block assembly. It was found that the flow rates in the lower six coolant channels varied from their average only by 2.4, 4.6, and 2.5% for the low, medium, and high flow cases, respectively. Consequently, it was concluded that the non-uniform inlet velocity condition in the upper plenum had insignificant effect on flow distribution to the coolant channels and interstitial gap.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Aqueous geochemistry of chromium: A review

The aqueous geochemistry of chromium is reviewed, especially with reference to the recent work of Rai et al. (Report EPRI EA-4544, 1986, Report EPRI EA-5741, 1988). The chromium content of natural waters is generally low whereas rocks exhibit a wide range of Cr concentrations. In natural environments, the most stable oxidation states of chromium are Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The following minerals can control the dissolved chromium content of natural waters: Cr(OH)3(s) and (Fe, Cr) (OH)3 (ss) for Cr(III). Major Cr(III) disolved species are CrOH2+ and Cr(OH)30, as well as several organic and a few inorganic complexes, whereas HCrO4− and CrO42− are the main forms of Cr(VI) in natural waters. The chromium distribution is also controlled by redox processes. Oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), poor with dissolved oxygen, is very effective in the presence of solid MnO2. Fe(II)- and organic matter-rich environments favour the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Interaction with solid phases can also regulate the chromium content of water. Cr(III) exhibits a typical cationic sorption behaviour. Its adsorption increases with pH, but decreases when competing cations are present. Chromium (VI), on the other hand, exhibits a typical anionic sorption behaviour. Its adsorption decreases with increasing pH and when competing dissolved anions are present. The migration of chromium is determined by the competition between complexation, dissolution/precipitation, redox processes and adsorption/desorption mechanisms. Cr(III) will migrate under acidic conditions and/or if present as dissolved organic matter complexes. Hexavalent chromium generally migrates rapidly but its mobility is inhibited when the Fe(II) and organic matter concentrations are high and when sorption processes are favoured (low pH).
Interaction between the trauma team and families: Lack of timely communication

Families of critically ill patients desire early information regarding the condition of their relative. The purpose of this study was to determine how long family members waited before someone from the trauma team met with them to discuss the condition of their relative. This was a prospective, single-blinded study of a convenience sample of 63 trauma patients conducted at a trauma center. Observers recorded the time of arrival of the patient, time of family arrival, and the time the family was first contacted by the trauma team. Families arrived 38 ± 35 minutes after the patient. The mean time families waited before contact with the trauma team was 37 ± 34 minutes. This study shows that the trauma team is often slow in communicating with the family of the victim. One member of the caregiving team should be designated to advise the family on the condition of the patient as soon as possible.
Adding NeuroNames to the UMLS Metathesaurus.

NeuroNames is a valuable component of the Metathesaurus, one Knowledge Source in the National Library of Medicine’s Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The Metathesaurus organizes biomedical names from many component vocabularies by meaning, uniting those with the same meaning in concepts. The Spring 2002 release contains 2.1 million names for 871,584 Concepts from 102 sources. NeuroNames provides an authoritative reference vocabulary for neuroscience, with rich synonymy and valuable links to further information such as BrainInfo. Its very high standards permit quality assurance including the identification of unrecognized synonyms from other Metathesaurus vocabularies. The addition of NeuroNames enables navigation from many other vocabularies to NeuroNames and its linked resources, or from NeuroNames to other resources that use different vocabularies. The UMLS Metathesaurus
Classifying chart images with sparse coding

We present an approach for classifying chart images with sparse coding. Three chart categories are considered: bar charts, pie charts and line graphs. We introduce the Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) to smooth noise in the image and detect candidate regions of interest. Noting that charts typically contain both text and graphics, we identify text and graphic regions and learn informative features from them. Each image is then represented by a feature vector, which can be used to learn a sparse representation via the dictionary learning algorithm for classification. We evaluate the proposed systematic approach by a set of charts drawn from the internet. The encouraging results certifies the proposed method.
Relational perception and modes of perceiver operation

Judgments were made of the size of a small, luminous (inner) square appearing in the center of a somewhat larger, variable (outer) square, the whole pattern appearing in the dark. Accuracy of judgment was greatest when the outer square was constant from trial to trial but deteriorated when the outer square also varied in size, reaching a lower limit less than the accuracy produced under the absolute judgment condition (no outer square presented). An application of multiple discriminant analysis and the use of a maximum likelihood observer model provided estimates of the extent to which Os responded to inner and outer size variation as separate aspects of stimulation. Although Os differed markedly in this respect, their ability to identify inner square size under the various conditions did not reflect this difference.
Laser processing of sol-gel coatings

Laser processing has been used to pattern sol-gel films for a variety of applications in optics. Electrochromic films, channel and slab waveguides, and multilayer dichroic color filters have been formed by direct writing of lasers in oxide films, eliminating, in these cases, the need for multistep photolithographic processing. In addition to maskless patterning, the rapidity of heating and cooling during laser processing affords the possibility of forming films with chemistries, structures, and, hence, properties, which are difficult or impossible to obtain in conventional, furnace fired sol-gel films. In this chapter the general characteristics, applications, and potential for laser densification of sol-gel films for optical applications are reviewed
Myth-Ferm Myosins have Roles in Regulating Actin Polymerization

The MyTH-FERM (MF) myosins are a subgroup of actin-based motors characterized by the presence of one or two adjacent MyTH (myosin tail homology 4)/FERM (band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domains in their C-terminal tail regions. Although the MF myosins Myo7, Myo10, Myo15 and Myo44 are phylogenetically distinct, they have several characteristics in common. Each of these MF myosins has a striking localization to the tips of structures formed by parallel actin bundles such as filopodia and stereocilia and the different myosins play a role in the extension of either filopodia (Myo10) or stereocilia (Myo7A, Myo15) in Metazoa and filopod extension in Amoebozoa (Myo7). Their shared roles in the extension of parallel actin bundles is consistent with each of these myosins transporting or anchoring regulators of actin polymerization to the growing tip. Surprisingly, the amoeboid Myo44 is not needed for the formation of filopodia. However, Myo44 is rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane following chemotactic stimulation, consistent with its role in mediating the transmission of chemotactic signals that generate cell polarity to the actin cytoskeleton. Myo44 is necessary for the rapid activation of actin polymerization (∼5 sec) following chemotactic stimulation and is required for activating Ras, a critical small GTPase that promotes the rapid, localized polymerization of actin at side of the cell closest to the stimulus. These results establish a new role for MF myosins in signaling to the actin cytoskeleton and establish a general role for this group of myosins in regulating actin polymerization.This work was supported by grants from the NSF and AHA.
Standards, Equity, and Advocacy: Employment Conditions of ESOL Teachers in Adult Basic Education and Literacy Systems

In 2005, TESOL sponsored a survey to respond to the growing concerns of the organization’s Adult Education Interest Section (AEIS). The results showed that interest section members were deeply concerned with inequitable workloads, less-than-desirable working conditions, heavy reliance on part-time teachers, and much-needed professional development opportunities and support in programs that serve adult English language learners. Previous studies in adult education have shown that such precarious employment patterns undermine the professionalism of the field because many educators have to contend with juggling several jobs, receiving low pay, and being prevented from improving their instructional practices or keeping abreast of current research (Gonzalez, 2009; Smith, Hofer, & Gillespie, 2001; Sun, Carosella, Carscadden, Stevens, & Lamb, 1996; Sun & Maum, 2006). This article reports on these working conditionsin the hopes of gaining a better understanding of the issues and concerns that seem to be most pervasive in the field of adult English to speakers of other languages (ESOL). The study’s findings will help to plan future directions for the AEIS membership and offer TESOL data to support its advocacy efforts in the field of adult ESOL. doi: 10.5054/tj.2010.215135