cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA expression profiling of oligodendrocyte differentiation from human embryonic stem cells.

Background Cells of the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage play a vital role in the production and maintenance of myelin, a multilamellar membrane which allows for saltatory conduction along axons. These cells may provide immense therapeutic potential for lost sensory and motor function in demyelinating conditions, such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and transverse myelitis. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling OL differentiation are largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered the “micromanagers” of gene expression with suggestive roles in cellular differentiation and maintenance. Although unique patterns of miRNA expression in various cell lineages have been characterized, this is the first report documenting their expression during oligodendrocyte maturation from human embryonic stem (hES) cells. Here, we performed a global miRNA analysis to reveal and identify characteristic patterns in the multiple stages leading to OL maturation from hES cells including those targeting factors involved in myelin production. Methodology/Principal Findings We isolated cells from 8 stages of OL differentiation. Total RNA was subjected to miRNA profiling and validations preformed using real-time qRT-PCR. A comparison of miRNAs from our cultured OLs and OL progenitors showed significant similarities with published results from equivalent cells found in the rat and mouse central nervous system. Principal component analysis revealed four main clusters of miRNA expression corresponding to early, mid, and late progenitors, and mature OLs. These results were supported by correlation analyses between adjacent stages. Interestingly, the highest differentially-expressed miRNAs demonstrated a similar pattern of expression throughout all stages of differentiation, suggesting that they potentially regulate a common target or set of targets in this process. The predicted targets of these miRNAs include those with known or suspected roles in oligodendrocyte development and myelination including C11Orf9, CLDN11, MYTL1, MBOP, MPZL2, and DDR1. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate miRNA profiles during distinct stages in oligodendroglial differentiation that may provide key markers of OL maturation. Our results reveal pronounced trends in miRNA expression and their potential mRNA target interactions that could provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of differentiation.
Low-temperature magnetothermoelectric power of aluminum

Abstract Measurements of the low-temperature magnetothermoelectric power of aluminum and a number of aluminum alloys show that the electron-diffusion component Sd increases and then saturates with increasing magnetic field. The difference ΔSd between the high- and zero-field values of Sd is observed to be independent of the type of impurity in the aluminum and has the value (2.2±0.2)T×10−8V/K. These observations are interpreted in terms of a realistic semiclassical analysis of the thermopower. This treatment gives an excellent account of the qualitative behavior of the thermopower in a magnetic field but yields a value of ΔSd which is 30% lower than the observed value. Possible reasons for this descrepency are discussed.
Some Thoughts on Bedside Teaching

There is general agreement throughout academic medicine that bedside teaching and its concomitant honing of clinical skills have been eroded significantly by changes in the financial environment of academic medical centers, as well as by changes in residency work hours. The large-volume clinical care system that is currently in place in academic hospitals occurs at the expense of time for teaching medical students and residents. Medical education in the third year of medical school has become much more classroom/seminar oriented rather than hands-on bedside teaching. A variety of surveys involving medical students demonstrate that students still perceive hands-on bedside teaching as one of the most valuable components of their medical education. 1-12 Patients also view bedside teaching in a positive manner. 4,9,10 Those of us involved in teaching medical students (undergraduate medical education) and residents (postgraduate medical education) have observed the problems involved in guaranteeing adequate hands-on clinical training during the third and fourth year of the medical curriculum. Duty-hour regulations imposed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education on resident work efforts have had a definite negative impact on medical student perceptions of resident teaching. 13 Bedside teaching involves the instructing physician interacting with a patient at the bedside to elicit the patient’s history, demonstrate key features of the physical examination, and discuss the best approach to diagnosis and therapy for the patient. Bedside teaching was first mentioned in the 13th century by Geilielmus, a physician who taught diagnosis and therapy at the bedside. 14 The original Hippocratic oath enjoins the physician to teach the craft to younger colleagues. Osler, the founder of our modern clinical medical education system, emphasized bedside interactions among the patient, the teacher, and the student. In fact, Osler requested that the epitaph on his grave should note only that he taught medical students at the bedside! Thus, we have a serious conundrum in the 21st century: it is universally agreed by students, faculty, and patients that bedside teaching is important. Moreover, it is quite clear that skills are inadequately learned by students and residents when they receive insufficient training at the bedside. Finally, the quantity of bedside teaching, and hence, clinical bedside skills, have progressively deteriorated over the last 30 years. 14
Characterization of the reactions of platinum antitumor agents with biologic and nonbiologic sulfur-containing nucleophiles

Substitution reactions with biologic nucleophiles appear to govern the antitumor and toxic properties of platinum complexes. In this paper we have characterized the reactions of several platinum antitumor agents with sulfur-containing amino acids, peptides, proteins, and nonbiologic nucleophiles. The rate constants for the reactions of trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (trans-DDP), cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP), diammine (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) (CBDCA) and cis-diisopropylamine-cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxy platinum(IV) (CHIP) with cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), and glutathione (GSH) were determined at 37 degrees. A reactivity ratio of 1:1.5:22:6500 was determined for the reaction of GSH with CHIP, CBDCA, DDP, and trans-DDP respectively. The rate constant for the binding of DDP to DNA, 7.4 X 10(-5) sec-1, decreased to 5.9 X 10(-5) sec-1 and 1.7 X 10(-5) sec-1 in the presence of 0.5 and 5 mM GSH respectively. The products formed in the reaction of GSH with trans-DDP, DDP, and CBDCA were also examined. Under conditions of high platinum concentration (2-3 mM), CBDCA and DDP form large molecular weight species with GSH as indicated by 1H-NMR and ultrafiltration experiments. The complex [Pt(GSH)2 X 3H2O]n was isolated from the reaction of 3 mM DDP with 6 mM GSH. The product formed in the reaction of 3 mM trans-DDP with 6 mM GSH was not macromolecular in nature, and 1H-NMR spectra revealed that platinum was bound to the Cys sulfhydryl group. Rate constants were determined for the reactions of these platinum complexes with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and thiosulfate, two agents known to reduce platinum-mediated nephrotoxicity. DDTC, but not thiosulfate, was shown to rapidly chelate platinum from [Pt(GSH)2 X 3H2O]n. The effects of DDP, CBDCA, and CHIP on the sulfhydryl-dependent rat renal proximal tubule membrane enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and the Na+/K+- and Mg2+-adenosine-5'-triphosphatases (ATPases) were also investigated in vitro. The ability of platinum complexes to inhibit these enzymes parallels their reactivity with other nucleophiles. DDTC and thiourea were shown to restore activity to platinum-inhibited enzymes. Chloride ion was found to reduce platinum-mediated enzyme inhibition in an unpredictable manner, the greatest effect being observed with LAP and GGTP and the least with the ATPases. None of these renal enzymes was directly inhibited by DDP in vivo.
Coccidioidomycosis of bone: A sequela of desert rheumatism

Description du rhumatisme du desert, a coccidioides immitis. zone d'endemie, porte d'entree pulmonaire, formes cliniques, dissemination systemique en particulier osseuse. Description clinique et radiologique de l'atteinte osteoarticulaire
Nutritional implications of the cephalic-phase salivary response

The rapid release of saliva following cognitive or sensory stimulation is termed the cephalic phase salivary response. Optimal methods and conditions for measuring the cephalic phase salivary response have not been established. Consequently, determination of the extent to which the large inter and intra-individual variability reflect biological or procedural influences is not possible. The nutritional significance of the response may be great due to the multiple roles played by saliva in food selection and digestion. The cephalic phase salivary response has been proposed as an objective index of various individual states (e.g. hunger) and characteristics (e.g. dietary restraint, extroversion), but its value for such purposes requires further verification.
Characterization of histamine H-1 receptors on human mononuclear cells

Abstract Histamine H-1 receptors on peripheral human mononuclear cells were characterized by radioligand binding of the H-1 receptor antagonist [3H]pyrilamine to lymphocyte-rich preparations. Simultaneous computerized analyses of sixteen separate equilibrium-binding assays indicated the presence of two distinct classes of binding sites wiich dissociation constants (Kds) of 4 ± 1 nM and 55 ± 9 μM and binding capacities of 21 ± 7 fmol and 117 ± 15 pmol/million cells, respectively. Competition binding curves for displacement of [3H]pyrilamine binding by histamine receptor agonists and antagonists also indicated the presence of multiple binding sites for the H-1 receptor. Further, the ED 50 values determined for histamine receptor agonists and antagonists were entirely consistent with the expected rank order of potency for interactions with H-1 receptors. Thus, human mononuclear cells have a large number of H-1 receptors that exhibit two distinct binding sites, and the Kds for these sites are within the range of histamine concentrations achieved either in physiologic states or after mast cell (or basophil) degranulation.
Effect of intensive plasmapheresis on the plasma cholesterol concentration with familial hypercholesterolemia

Abstract Plasmapheresis was studied as a means of reducing the serum cholesterol concentration in 3 hypercholesterolemic patients who each underwent courses of intensive plasmapheresis with removal of 250–500 ml of plasma each day for 5–9 days. In one homozygous Type II patient, the serum cholesterol concentration decreased from 609 ± 45 mg/100 ml (mean ± SEM) to 365 ± 17 mg/100 ml (40% decrease, P p
Race and Residential Mobility: Individual Determinants and Structural Constraints

Data from over 25,000 respondents of the Annual Housing Survey are used to examine racial differences in the levels and determinants of residential mobility between 1979 and 1980. Cross racial differences in mobility are small, but adjusting for differences in home ownership and other sociodemographic characteristics reveals that, net of these factors, blacks are significantly less likely than nonblacks to change residence in a given year. Both black and nonblack mobility are influenced by life-cycle factors, housing characteristics, and features of the metropolitan area, but there are clear racial differences in the determinants of mobility. Home ownership is less of an impediment to the mobility of blacks than nonblacks, and blacks are less likely to convert neighborhood dissatisfaction into a move. High levels of residential segregation in the metropolitan area create barriers to the mobility of blacks, while large suburban populations and high vacancy rates enhance the mobility prospects of nonblacks.
The French Trade Associations and the Ratification of the Schuman Plan

A FEW months before the French National Assembly was to consider the ratification of the European Coal and Steel Treaty, a board member of the National Council of French Employers, the president of the Association of Engineering and Metal-processing Industries, wrote confidently: “This treaty, drafted as it is with the definite, though unavowed and hence shamefaced, intention of destroying the very principle of business representation, will be rejected by the French parliament. …” A year later, the treaty, ratified without any modification, had obtained force of law for the six participating countries and opened the way for the operation of the common market.
Magnetic and structural investigations on substituted Pr2Co17-xTx systems (T= Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu and Al)

Abstract Magnetic and structural characteristics of Pr 2 Co 17 -based ternaries, in which Co is partly replaced by other transition elements, namely Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu and Al, have been investigated. The objective of the work was to explore the possibility of enhancing the anisotropy of Pr 2 Co 17 to the point that it would be useful for permanent magnet fabrication. X-ray diffraction indicates that all the systems studied occur in the rhombohedral Th 2 Zn 17 structure. The cell constants increase as Fe, Mn, etc., are introduced in the system, which indicates that substitution occurs in the Co sublattice. The Curie temperatures, T c , decrease monotonically with increasing x in the order Fe M s , increases with increasing x for the Fe system with x ⩽ 8. For x #62; 8 in the Pr 2 Co 17- x Fe x system and in all other ternary systems st died, M s decreases with x , the magnitude of the effect being in the order Cr #62; Al #62; Mn #62; Cu. The rate of decrease is larger than that expected as a simple dilution except for the systems containing Cu. Significant modification of the anisotropy characteristics of Pr 2 Co 17 is observed upon substitution. The planar anisotropy of Pr 2 Co 17 becomes uniaxial with Fe ( x ⩾ 4) and Mn ( x ⩾ 2) substitutions. With Cr and Al substitutions, the plane-seeking tendency of Pr 2 Co 17 is significantly weakened.
Mammal-Like Organization of the Avian Midbrain Central Gray and a Reappraisal of the Intercollicular Nucleus

In mammals, rostrocaudal columns of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) regulate diverse behavioral and physiological functions, including sexual and fight-or-flight behavior, but homologous columns have not been identified in non-mammalian species. In contrast to mammals, in which the PAG lies ventral to the superior colliculus and surrounds the cerebral aqueduct, birds exhibit a hypertrophied tectum that is displaced laterally, and thus the midbrain central gray (CG) extends mediolaterally rather than dorsoventrally as in mammals. We therefore hypothesized that the avian CG is organized much like a folded open PAG. To address this hypothesis, we conducted immunohistochemical comparisons of the midbrains of mice and finches, as well as Fos studies of aggressive dominance, subordinance, non-social defense and sexual behavior in territorial and gregarious finch species. We obtained excellent support for our predictions based on the folded open model of the PAG and further showed that birds possess functional and anatomical zones that form longitudinal columns similar to those in mammals. However, distinguishing characteristics of the dorsal/dorsolateral PAG, such as a dense peptidergic innervation, a longitudinal column of neuronal nitric oxide synthase neurons, and aggression-induced Fos responses, do not lie within the classical avian CG, but in the laterally adjacent intercollicular nucleus (ICo), suggesting that much of the ICo is homologous to the dorsal PAG.
Competition, conduct and demand elasticity

Abstract This paper demonstrates the relationship between the Rosse–Panzar test for competitive conduct and the firm's elasticity of demand, and develops a method of increasing the test's discriminating power.
Chemical structure of light chains: amino acid sequence of type K Bence-Jones proteins.

Bence-Jones proteins are the light chains of the autologous myeloma globulin and are analogous to the light chains of normal human immunoglobulins. Peptide mapping has demonstrated that Bence-Jones proteins share a fixed portion of their sequence (the ‘constant’ portion) and also have a mutable part (the ‘variable’ portion). Sequence analysis and ordering of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides has provided the tentative complete amino acid sequence of one Bence-Jones protein of antigenic type K. Comparison with partial sequence data for other type K Bence-Jones proteins has revealed many structural differences in the amino terminal half of the molecules, but only one structural difference in the carboxyl terminal half. The latter is strongly correlated with the Inv genetic factor. The points of interchange in the amino terminal half occur in clusters close to the half cystine residues and the ‘switch peptide’ (positions 102 through 105), after which the sequence becomes essentially invariant. This suggests that the major areas subject to sequence variation are part of a single topographical region which may define a portion of the antigen combining site in the light chains of antibodies. Many, but not all, the amino acid interchanges are compatible with a single point mutation. As yet, no single mutational theory suffices to explain the manifold differences in structure of the light chains. Such structural variation, however, could result from the presence of many related genes.
Qualitative analysis and decentralized controller synthesis for a class of large-scale systems with symmetrically interconnected subsystems

Abstract A number of large-scale interconnected systems often encountered in practice are composed of subsystems with similar dynamics interconnected in a symmetrical fashion and the synthesis of controllers for such systems must exploit the special structural properties in order to avoid overly conservative designs and to take advantage of the possible beneficial effects of the interconnections. An analysis of some important qualitative properties of such symmetrically interconnected systems focussing on the spectrum characterization, controllability and observability, and the solutions of the algebraic Riccati equation and the matrix Lyapunov equation is conducted in this paper and procedures for constructing the solutions to the analysis problems at the overall system level from the computationally simple subsystem level solutons are developed. A decentralized controller design procedure is presented as an illustration of the utilization of the available structural information in addressing synthesis problems. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the superiority of the presented designs over the use of existing approaches which do not take full advantage of the structural knowledge in these large-scale systems.
Electronic consequences of ideal local order in amorphous Si

Abstract We identify polytope models of tetrahedrally bonded amorphous semiconductors with the ideal covalently bonded Si regions of a-Si:H. For these regions we calculate the optical absorption spectrum and find a relatively weak absorption edge. Disorder-enhanced absorption is a result of localized states. Within the context of a quantum well model the energy dependent optical matrix element is related to well size.
Effects of Mental Practice, Physical Practice, and Knowledge of Results on Piano Performance:

In this study, the author examined the effects of type of practice (physical, mental, I alternating physical/mental, and a motivational control) and aural knowledge of results on improving piano pe...
Structures of the rotamers of nitrosomethanol: An ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio Hartree— Fock (HF) and large scale configuration interaction (CI) calculations are performed on the nitrosomethanol molecule (HO(CH 2 )NO). The potential energy surface is investigated at the HF level using a basis set of double-ζ (DZ) quality with an emphasis on the two internal rotational degrees of freedom. In agreement with experiment, two rotameric forms are predicted to exist, one of which displays an intramolecular hydrogen bond. In contrast to the results of previous calculations, neither of these structures is predicted to possess a plane of symmetry. Single point calculations have been performed at the HF level incorporating a single set of polarization functions on each of the atoms ( p on hydrogen: d on carbon, nitrogen and oxygen). The effect of electron correlation was investigated by performing CI calculations including all single and double substitutions from the HF reference function. This generates 115,961 singlet configurations using the DZ basis set. Electron correlation was found not to play a major role in determining the relative energies along the rotational degrees of freedom. Final estimates of the relative energies come from assuming additivity of basis set (DZ → DZ plus polarization) and electron correlation (HF → CI) improvements. Analytical second derivatives of the HF energy with respect to nuclear coordinates were calculated at the DZ level for all of the stationary points located. Harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated for the two putative conformers of nitrosomethanol.
Social capital and vertical ties in agrifood supply chains

There is increasing evidence that agrifood supply chains are evolving from transaction-based markets to alliance-based networks. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore the relationships between agrifood networks and social capital. There are some unique characteristics of agrifood chains that influence the formation of vertical ties or governance structures within the chain. The nature of interfirm dependency and product differentiation are important drivers in the type of transaction governance. Incomplete contracts are ubiquitous with supply chains and lead to distortions. The contractual distortions however can be mitigated through self-enforcing agreements. Social capital and the role of trust influence network ties. The pecuniary risks especially prevalent in agrifood chains may imply that managers prefer embedded ties and cohesive networks rather than the flexibility available from structural holes.
Imagery: A multidimensional construct

Two sets of words were independently rated for imagery. Each set of words contained concrete nouns, e.g., bell, and adjectives, e.g., yellow, as well as nouns and adjectives describing affects, e.g., angry, and physical states, e.g., hungry. Factor analysis of the ratings indicated two factors or sources of variance in each set of words. These were interpreted as a Visual factor, and an Experienced States factor. These results indicated that imagery ratings are best conceptualized as reflections of multiple modes of imagining rather than ease of visualization alone.
TYPE II CELLS ISOLATED FROM NEWBORN RATS EXPOSED TO 100% OXYGEN HAVE DECREASED SECRETION OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHOLIPIDS

TYPE II CELLS ISOLATED FROM NEWBORN RATS EXPOSED TO 100% OXYGEN HAVE DECREASED SECRETION OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Maternal estradiol response to alterations in uteroplacental blood flow

Abstract Low levels of maternal estrogens are commonly regarded as indicators of fetal stress. We continuously monitored distal aortic blood flow by flowmeter, fetal heart rate, and amniotic fluid pressure in seven pregnant baboons near term. Four of the animals received a constant intravenous infusion of [7- 3 H]dehydroepiandrosterone and [4- 14 C]estradiol for 270 minutes. A 50% reduction in mean distal aortic blood flow was imposed after 60 minutes by means of partial occlusion of the aorta with a snare device and released at 180 minutes. Blood was collected at 10-minute intervals from 30 to 60 minutes, 120 to 180 minutes, and 240 to 270 minutes. Concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, and cortisol in maternal plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay. Metabolic clearance rates of dehydroepiandrosterone and estradiol were calculated from plasma concentrations of [ 3 H]dehydroepiandrosterone and [ 14 C]estradiol. There was no significant change in maternal levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, or cortisol with alterations in distal aortic blood flow. Three animals exhibited no fetal heart rate evidence of fetal stress; estradiol levels declined during occlusion and returned toward control after release of the snare. Four animals exhibited repetitive late decelerations under conditions of reduced flow; estradiol was unchanged or rose slightly during occlusion but increased three- to 10-fold after release whereas the metabolic clearance rate of both dehydroeplandrosterone and estradiol remained stable. We conclude that (1) placental hypoperfusion without fetal stress results in decreased conversion of aromatizable substrate and (2) elevated maternal estradiol levels during acute hypoxemic fetal stress probably represent increased production of fetal androgen.
Do geomagnetic variations affect plant function

Abstract Relatively little is known about the effects of geomagnetism on plants. Such fundamental questions as (1) whether or not plants perceive the Earth's magnetic field, (2) the physical nature of the magnetic receptor(s) and (3) whether or not the geomagnetic field has any bearing on the physiology and survival of plants remain largely unanswered. The present review examines the possibility that three classes of unexplained biological rhythms in plants may relate to the sensitivity of plants to variations in the geomagnetic field. The first section examines the possibility that a class of plant rhythms, here termed 0.2–5 Hz rhythms, may be reflections of the sensitivity of plants to Pc1 geomagnetic pulsations. The second section reviews recent evidence that plants are affected by geomagnetic storms. The third section examines the possibility that circa-weekly, circa-fortnightly and circa-monthly rhythms in plants may be reflections of the solar rotation cycle and its sub-harmonics.
On rights-based partnerships to measure progress in water and sanitation.

The right to water and sanitation has emerged from the penumbra of associated rights in the past few decades and now plays an important role in international debates. This right has emerged “from below”, through the efforts of social movements seeking transformation in the lives of the world’s poor, and it has been recognized “from above”, with major international actors such as the United Nations, international financial institutions, and even large corporate actors affirming its existence. As the obligations and entitlements inherent in this right are increasingly clarified, the role of interdisciplinary collaboration has never been more important. This short Commentary examines one such collaborative effort, led by the United Nations Joint Monitoring Programme, to devise post-2015 goals, targets, and indicators for water, sanitation, and hygiene. The Commentary calls for renewed partnerships to advance human rights-based policy among advocates, development practitioners, and water and sanitation experts from diverse scientific fields.
The detector upgrade program of the STAR experiment at RHIC at BNL

Abstract The Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a unique facility, which allows studying the collision of different nuclei and polarized protons at variable energy. The spin physics program at RHIC at BNL focuses on the collision of polarized protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 200–500 GeV to gain a deeper understanding of the spin structure and dynamics of the proton. The relativistic heavy-ion program studies the behavior of matter under extreme conditions in Au–Au and d–Au collisions. Recent results provide strong evidence for the formation of a new state of strongly interacting matter. The long-term program, to study quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at RHIC in further detail, requires various upgrades and additions to the existing STAR detector over the next 10 years, which is the main focus of the following paper.
Superfluid helium Josephson transport

Abstract Using electro-mechanical engineering anaologies where voltage goes to pressure and current goes to mass flow, the superfluid Josephson transport of mass through a constricted region has been discussed by Anderson. Here we discuss the conjugate Josephson transport of canonical momentum.
Antisense of c-fos gene attenuates Fos expression in the spinal cord induced by unilateral constriction of the sciatic nerve in the rat.

Abstract Sciatic nerve constriction induces expression of c-fos protein in dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord. Intrathecal administration of c-fos antisense (30 nmol/20 μ l) into the lumbar region (L1–L5) 18 h prior to nerve ligation attenuated 80% of Fos-immunoreactivity 90 min after ligation compared to rats infused with c-fos sense or saline. Thus, c-fos antisense may be a useful tool in assessing the role of the c-fos gene in an animal model of neuropathic pain.
Barium Tagging from nEXO Using Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy

nEXO is a 5-ton liquid enriched-xenon time projection chamber (TPC) to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay, designed to have the sensitivity to completely probe the inverted mass hierarchy of Majorana neutrinos. The detector will accommodate—as a background reduction technique—a system to recover and identify the barium decay product. This upgrade will allow a background-free measurement of neutrinoless double-beta decay and increase the half-life sensitivity of the experiment by at least one order of magnitude. Ongoing research and development includes a system to test barium extraction from liquid xenon using surface adsorption and Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RIS).
LONGITUDINAL ABERRATION IN ASPHERICAL OPTICAL SYSTEMS

I. Introduction. Various references have been made to the use of aspherical lenses for reducing defects and new methods of analysis have been devised for studying such systems. The present paper extends certain well-known formulas from the case of spherical lenses to those not spherical, but symmetrical.II. The Coefficient of Form. The general surface of revolution generated by the curve x=x0+γ1y2+γ2y4 is characterized for present purposes by the coefficient of form B=1−γ2/γ13, which reduces to zero for the case of a sphere.III. Longitudinal Aberration. Since the longitudinal aberration is the only second order defect affected by the departure from sphericity, the results are restricted to this defect. Several formulas are derived, each depending on the coefficient of form.IV. Conclusion. The amount of retouching necessary to change a sphere of radius 1/k into a surface whose coefficient of form is B is (1/8) B k3h4, where h is the optical “height” i.e. distance from axis of the point concerned. For a Dallmeyer “Rapid Landscape” lens of focal length 102. 88 mm and semi-aperture 4.52 mm, the maximum amount of retouching necessary to completely remove the second order longitudinal aberration is found to be about 0.0026 mm, whether the initial or final surface is retouched.
Providing support to the expanding university

Faculty support, classroom remodels and upgrades, student-owned computers, wireless networking, and demands for campus technology are increasing on campuses across the country. To provide support for these and other technology needs of the campus community, Information Technology (IT) departments have had to stretch their resources. Arizona State University is one college that is currently in the process of dealing with these "growing pains." To handle the rising need for services, the University Technology Office (UTO) at Arizona State University is redesigning its model of support into a robust, expandable model that will grow with demand in the coming years. For the expandable model to be successful, careful planning is required from everyone within the department. Such planning allows the department not only to create an expandable model of support, but to create it around the university's overall mission and goals.
Organizational Entry: Recruitment, Selection, and Socialization of Newcomers

The article reviews the book “Organizational Entry: Recruitment, Selection, and Socialization of Newcomers,” John P. Wanous.
Tetragonal distortion and drift flow of solute atoms near a crack tip

Abstract The drift flow of solute atoms near the crack tip in a cubic crystal, subjected to mode I, mode II and mode III loading, is analyzed for the case where lattice distortion by the solutes is tetragonal. The results show that the flow pattern is complex and is dependent on the orientation of the crack plane and of the crack front in the crystal. Detailed data for cracks oriented parallel to the (010) and (1 1 0) planes, with the crack front lying along selected directions, are given. Unlike the case of spherical distortion, the drift flow of solutes can occur under mode III loading, except for a few special orientations, in addition to under mode I and II loading. The “saturation concentration” of solutes near the crack tip also varies with the mode of loading and the orientation of the crack. These results suggest that the potential for hydrogen embrittlement exists under all three modes of loading, in contradistinction to an earlier finding based on considerations of spherical distortion.
Patterns of interaction in rule-based expert system programming

We study the effect of adding a rule to a rule-based heuristic classification expert system, in particular, a rule that causes an unforeseen interaction with rules already in the rule set. We show that it is possible for such an interaction to occur between sets of rules, even when no interaction is present between any pair of rules contained in these sets. A method is presented that identifies interactions between sets of rules, and an analysis is given which relates these interactions to rule-based programming practices which help to maintain die integrity of the knowledge base. We argue mat the method is practical, given some reasonable assumptions on the knowledge base. Nous etudions l'effet de l'ajout d'une reGgie a un systeme expert de classification heuristique a base de regies, en particulier dans le cas ou l'ajout cause des interactions imprevues avec les regies deja en place. Nous montrons qu'il est possible qu'une telle interaction se produise entre ensembles de regies měme si aucune interaction ne se produit entre paires de regies contenues dans ces ensembles. Nous presentons une methode qui identifie les interactions entre ensembles de regles ainsi qu'une analyse faisant le lien entre ces interactions et des pratiques de programmation par regles aidant a maintenir l'integrite d'une base de connaissances. Nous soutenons que la methode est pratique sous des hypotheses raisonnables sur la base de connaissances.
Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction of Atrazine from Beef Liver Extracts

Molecularly imprinted polymers were used as specific binding matrices for the solid phase extraction and cleanup of biological sample extracts. To demonstrate this, an anti-atrazine polymer was used to cleanup organic extracts of beef liver. Atrazine retention on the columns was greatest in chloroform. The binding capacity of the polymer in chloroform was 19 μmol of atrazine per gram. Purified and unpurified beef liver extracts were analyzed by both reversed-phase HPLC and ELISA. The use of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) improved the accuracy and precision of the HPLC method and lowered the limit of detection (0.005 ppm). Atrazine recovery as determined by HPLC from beef liver homogenates spiked to levels from 0.005 to 0.5 ppm averaged 88.7% following MISPE and 60.9% for the unpurified extracts. Atrazine recovery as determined by ELISA averaged 92.8% following MISPE and 79.6% for the unpurified extracts. Crude tissue sample extracts interfered with both the HPLC and ELISA methods. Ho...
Using heterogeneous data sources in a systems biology approach to modeling the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway

Experimental data from biological pathways come in many forms: qualitative or quantitative, static or dynamic. By combining a variety of these heterogeneous sources of data, we construct a mathematical model of a critical regulatory network in vertebrate development, the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway. The structure of our model is first constrained by several well-established pathway interactions. On top of this, we develop a hierarchical genetic algorithm that is capable of integrating different types of experimental data collected on the pathway's function, including qualitative as well as static and dynamic quantitative data, in order to estimate model parameters. The result is a dynamical model that fits the observed data and is robust to perturbations in its parameters. Since it is based on a canonical power-law representation of biochemical pathways whose parameters can be directly translated into physical interactions between network components, our model provides insight into the nature and strength of pathway interactions and suggests directions for future research.
AZ1350J as a Deep‐U.V. Mask Material

The conventional near‐u.v.‐and‐visible (310–430 nm) resist AZ1350J is found to be useful as a mask opaque material for deep‐u.v. (200–260 nm) lithography because of increased optical absorption at wavelengths below 300 nm. Only 0.2 μm is required to obtain a contrast of 100 using a Xe‐Hg arc lamp and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) as the photoresist. The AZ mask does not deteriorate when exposed to light if kept in a vacuum below 10−2 Torr. Otherwise, about 300 passes can be expected. Experimental printing results show 1 μm images in 1.5 μm of PMMA. Special applications in projection printing, contact printing, and the portable conformable mask technique are discussed.
Preventing Secret Leakage from fork(): Securing Privilege-Separated Applications

If trusted processes' secrets or privileged system objects such as file handles are leaked to an untrusted process, the result could be the loss of secrecy and integrity of the data produced by the program. The advent of privilege-separated programs has led to an additional risk: sensitive data or system objects may be leaked when the trusted process of the privilege-separated application forks an untrusted child process. We have identified several channels by which information may flow to the child process: memory, the environment, memory mappings, filesystem information, and file descriptors. We propose fixes for each of these leaks. Some are handled by a novel static source code analysis of the target privilege-separated application's source code, but some require modifications to the kernel or compiler. As a proof of concept, we applied our technique to privilege-separated OpenSSH running on the Linux 2.6 kernel. Using our tools, we were able to verify easily that it does not leak secrets from its trusted components to its untrusted components; all sensitive data is erased or downgraded appropriately before being inherited by untrusted components. This suggests that our method is a useful way of reasoning about privilege-separated programs.
Localization of needle tip with color doppler during pericardiocentesis: In vitro validation and initial clinical application†

This study evaluates a new device that uses color Doppler ultrasonography to enable real-time image guidance of the aspirating needle, which has not been possible until now. The ColorMark device (EchoCath Inc, Princeton, NJ) induces high-frequency, low-amplitude vibrations in the needle to enable localization with color Doppler. We studied this technique in 25 consecutive patients undergoing pericardiocentesis, and in vitro, in a urethane phantom with which the accuracy of color Doppler localization of the needle tip was compared with that obtained by direct measurement. Tip localization was excellent in vitro; errors axial to the ultrasound beam (velocity Doppler -0.13 +/- 0.90 mm, power Doppler -0.05 +/- 1.7 mm) were less than lateral errors (velocity -0.36 +/- 1.8 mm, power -0.02 +/- 2.8 mm). In 18 of 25 patients, the needle was identified and guided into the pericardial space with the ColorMark technique, and it allowed successful, uncomplicated drainage of fluid. Initial failures were the result of incorrect settings on the echocardiographic machine and inappropriate combinations of the needle puncture site and imaging window. This study demonstrates a novel color Doppler technique that is highly accurate at localizing a needle tip. The technique is feasible for guiding pericardiocentesis. Further clinical validation of this technique is required.
Deficiencies in Tax-Related Internal Controls Detected Under Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404

We examine detection, remediation and severity classification of deficiencies in tax-related internal controls identified under Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404. Our data comprise internal control deficiencies (ICDs) identified by company personnel and auditors, provided by several large auditing firms. We find that relative to ICDs in other accounts, tax ICDs are less likely to be remediated prior to yearend, are more likely to be severe, and are more likely to have failed to prevent a misstatement. Results show that companies under financial stress are more likely to have tax ICDs, and less likely to remediate those problems, implying that financial stress inhibits attention to internal controls over taxes. We find more severe tax ICDs among smaller, riskier companies lacking a high quality internal audit function. Investigating specific types of tax IDs, we find that severity classifications are higher for flaws in controls relating to the tax provision, deferred taxes, and compliance.
Pre- and postnatal toxicity induced in guinea pigs by N-nitrosomethylurea.

Oral administration of N-nitrosorn ethyl urea at maximally tolerated doses to guinea pigs on alternate days from days 34–58 of pregnancy induced prenatal toxicity, as evidenced by a high frequency of stillbirths and intrauterine growth retardation, and postnatal toxicity, as evidenced by stunting and progressive mortality. Similar administration of N-nitrosomethylurethane at maximally tolerated doses did not induce such toxic effects.
Should Test Anxiety Be Measured Differently for Males and Females? Examination of Measurement Bias across Gender on Measures of Test Anxiety for Middle and High School, and College Students.

The present study examined measurement invariance across gender and gender differences on two measures of test anxiety developed for U.S. middle and high school, and college students. It was hypoth...
Theoretical Analysis of Shear Localization in the Lithosphere

Deformation in the Earth is rarely homogeneous and often occurs in narrow regions of concentrated strain referred to as zones of shear localization. Mylonites found in the continental crust are the manifestation of shear localization (White et al. 1980) and, at the largest scale, shear localization is proposed to be crucial for the generation of tectonic plates from a convecting mantle (Bercovici 1993, 1995b,Bercovici a, 1996, 1998; Bercovici et al. 2000; Trompert and Hansen 1998; Tackley 1998, 2000a, Tackley b,c,d). Shear localization is apparent in many field of physics, including, for example, metallurgy (Lemonds and Needleman 1986), rock mechanics (Poirier 1980; Jin et al. 1998), granular dynamics (Scott 1996; Geminard et al. 1999, e.g.) and glaciology (Yuen and Schubert 1979). However, basic solid-state rheologies, such as elasticity, visco-elasticity, viscous flow and even steady-state non-Newtonian viscous flow, are insufficient by themselves to generate shear-localization; this is because in all such rheologies an increase in deformation or rate of deformation results in greater resistance (i.e., stress) instead of self-weakening and loss of strength. Shear-localization tends to require dynamic feedback mechanisms wherein self-weakening is controlled by a macroscopic variable (such as temperature) or microscopic structure (grain size or microcrack density) whose evolution and concentration are themselves determined by deformation; in this way deformation can induce weakening, which subsequently causes deformation to concentrate on the weak zone (being most easily deformed), causing further weakening, and thus more focusing of deformation, and so on. One of the most fundamental manifestations of such feedback mechanisms arises from the coupling of viscous heating and temperature-dependent viscosity wherein the zone of dissipative heating weakens and thus focuses deformation, leading to further heating and weakening; this mechanism is thought applicable to problems …
Perception and Emotion How We Recognize Facial Expressions

Perception and emotion interact, as is borne out by studies of how people recognize emotion from facial expressions. Psychological and neurological research has elucidated the processes, and the brain structures, that participate in facial emotion recognition. Studies have shown that emotional reactions to viewing faces can be very rapid and that these reactions may, in turn, be used to judge the emotion shown in the face. Recent experiments have argued that people actively explore facial expressions in order to recognize the emotion, a mechanism that emphasizes the instrumental nature of social cognition.
La recherche en pédagogie médicale en Amérique du Nord : tour d’horizon et perspectives

Summary Research in medical education in North America at the end of the twentieth century is well established and soaring. A four-part overview is presented including, topics of research, methods of research, types of publications, and financing. Examples are presented from undergraduate medical education and surgery. Most often research is conducted in natural settings with little research funds and published in a variety of scientific journals. Research is essential both for sound design and evaluation of medical education and for the vitality and credibility of the field itself. The creation of a healthy and coherent cycle between theory and practice in medical education is proposed.
Principles of Diagnosing and Managing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis for the Podiatric Physician

Osteoporosis is an asymptomatic disease until a fracture occurs. The prevalence of osteoporosis will rise with the aging of the population. Recent advances have led to more efficacious treatment options. Targeted screening, educating patients about preventive strategies, and providing appropriate treatment for those at high risk will allow physicians to reduce the enormous morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 187-193, 2004)
Development of analysis method of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures to predict EBG behavior based on circuit models

An electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is designed and analyzed with full-wave analysis tool (HFSS) and circuit modeling tool (ADS). The forbidden bands of the EBG structure are obtained from the dispersion diagrams formed by eigenmode solutions with different phase relationships of boundaries. Furthermore, the lumped element circuit models of the EBG structure are developed using standard circuit modeling techniques. Even though the limitation for high-order mode exists, the simulation results of the lumped element circuit model are consistent with the HFSS simulation results.