cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Document Analysis: The Intended CCSSM Elementary- and Middle-School Algebra Sequence

Having identified the main problem (“Why do so many school students find it difficult to learn school algebra well?”), and having made decisions on historical and theoretical frameworks for the study it was important that the intended algebra content, as summarized by the common-core mathematics sequence and by the algebra content in textbooks which had previously been used by participating students, and in the textbooks being used in the seventh grade by the students, be identified and analyzed. The ensuing document analyses, presented in this chapter, revealed that the seventh-grade students might have been expected to know the associative and distributive properties for rational numbers and, given tables of values, they might have been expected to be able to identify and summarize, mathematically, the rules for uncomplicated linear sequences.
Bridge Adaptation and Management under Climate Change Uncertainties: A Review

AbstractThe management of civil infrastructure, including the allocation of scarce resources, is an engineering issue that now must also consider the highly politicized, highly debated hazard of cl...
C-Y Trilobed Flap for Improved Donor-Site Morbidity in Nipple-Areola Complex Reconstruction

Nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction is frequently the final step in postmastectomy breast reconstruction and provides patients greater satisfaction with their surgical outcomes and body image. Trilobed local flaps are reliable and technically straightforward options for NAC reconstruction given their versatility and minimal donor-site morbidity. Modifications of the technique that serve to facilitate donor-site closure and eliminate dog-ears commonly extend scar length as a result. The C-Y modification described here is a reliable and easily reproducible adaptation based on triangular closures of lateral incisions that preserves nipple projection provided by traditional trilobed flaps without increasing scar length.
Image-guided intraocular injection using multimodality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in rodent ophthalmological models

Intraocular injections are routinely performed for delivery of anti-VEGF and anti-inflammatory therapies in humans. While these injections are also performed in mice to develop novel models of ophthalmic diseases and screen novel therapeutics, the injection location and volume are not well-controlled and reproducible. We overcome limitations of conventional injections methods by developing a multimodality, long working distance, non-contact optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) system for retinal imaging before and after injections. Our OCT+cSLO system combines a custom-built spectraldomain OCT engine (875±85 nm) with 125 kHz line-rate with a modified commercial cSLO with a maximum frame-rate of 30 fps (512 x 512 pix.). The system was designed for an overlapping OCT+cSLO field-of-view of 1.1 mm with a 7.76 mm working distance to the pupil. cSLO excitation light sources and filters were optimized for simultaneous GFP and tdTomato imaging. Lateral resolution was 3.02 µm for OCT and 2.74 μm for cSLO. Intravitreal injections of 5%, 10%, and 20% intralipid with Alex Fluor 488 were manually injected intraocularly in C57BL/6 mice. Post-injection imaging showed structural changes associated with retinal puncture, including the injection track, a retinal elevation, and detachment of the posterior hyaloid. OCT enables quantitative analysis of injection location and volumes whereas complementary cSLO improves specificity for identifying fluorescently labeled injected compounds and transgenic cells. The long working distance of our non-contact OCT+cSLO system is uniquely-suited for concurrent imaging with intraocular injections and may be applied for imaging of ophthalmic surgical dynamics and real-time image-guided injections.
Observing fear enables plasticity of the dmPFC-BLA pathway during subsequent learning of inhibitory avoidance

Abstract Observing fear in others is a form of social distress. In mice, it leads to the formation of silent synapses in the prefrontal-amygdala pathway and enhances inhibitory avoidance learning at a later time. Here, we report that observing fear enabled ex vivo LTP. The unsilencing of silent synapses was the prevailing mechanism and the plasticity was occluded by inhibitory avoidance training. In free moving mice with OF experience, the inhibitory avoidance training transiently facilitated local field potentials evoked in BLA by stimulating the prefrontal afferents. The facilitation persisted during the first 4 hours after IA training, which is the time when IA memories consolidate. Thus, the OF-generated silent synapses enable plasticity that may enhance consolidation of IA memories.
In the Telencephalon, GluN2C NMDA Receptor Subunit mRNA is Predominately Expressed in Glial Cells and GluN2D mRNA in Interneurons

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are widely distributed in the brain with high concentrations in the telencephalon where they modulate synaptic plasticity, working memory, and other functions. While the actions of the predominate GluN2 NMDAR subunits, GluN2A and GluN2B are relatively well understood, the function of GluN2C and GluN2D subunits in the telencephalon is largely unknown. To better understand the possible role of GluN2C subunits, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) together with multiple cell markers to define the distribution and type of cells expressing GluN2C mRNA. Using a GluN2C-KO mouse as a negative control, GluN2C mRNA expression was only found in non-neuronal cells (NeuN-negative cells) in the hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. For these regions, a significant fraction of GFAP-positive cells also expressed GluN2C mRNA. Overall, for the telencephalon, the globus pallidus and olfactory bulb were the only regions where GluN2C was expressed in neurons. In contrast to GluN2C, GluN2D subunit mRNA colocalized with neuronal and not astrocyte markers or GluN2C mRNA in the telencephalon (except for the globus pallidus). GluN2C mRNA did, however, colocalize with GluN2D in the thalamus where neuronal GluN2C expression is found. These findings strongly suggest that GluN2C has a very distinct function in the telencephalon compared to its role in other brain regions and compared to other GluN2-containing NMDARs. NMDARs containing GluN2C may have a specific role in regulating L-glutamate or D-serine release from astrocytes in response to L-glutamate spillover from synaptic activity.
A Linguistic Approach for Facilitating the Interpretation of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Symposium Proceedings: An Efficient Method for Real-Time Literature Review:

The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) has for some time been a leader in facilitating the discussion of human factors in health care. We hoped to capture essences of these discussions thr...
The Value of the Faraday Via 4-Aminopyridine

In 1833, Michael Faraday of the Royal Institution in London formulated the laws of electrolysis revealing the relationship between electric current, time, and chemical equivalent weight (mole). Translated into mathematical terms, this relationship can be expressed: $$mole = \frac{1}{F}\int\limits_{0}^{t} {idt} $$ (1) .
A Method for Large-Scale Integer Goal Programming with an Application to a Facility Location/Allocation Problem

A method is presented for obtaining approximate solutions to large-scale integer goal programming (IGP) problems. This is an extension of a single objective heuristic, with which we have solved efficiently in the past integer linear programming problems with hundreds or even thousands of variables and constraints. Computational results indicated that the IGP heuristic locates quickly optimal or near optimal solutions. It enabled us to obtain quickly a solution to a relatively large IGP problem having 175 integer and 0-1 variables, and 81 individual goals grouped into 6 priorities. The result of a rather comprehensive model indicated the site, size and service areas for health care facilities in a region that represented considerable improvements over the current situation.
Excitation Energy Transfer: Functional and Dynamic Aspects of Lhc (cab) Proteins

Photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes have been the subject of extensive research because of interest in their primary function, namely the absorption of light and the transfer of excitation energy to a photochemical reaction center. As a result, a great deal of information has accumulated on the pigment co-factors, structure and folding of the corresponding proteins, molecular and supramolecular organization in the thylakoid membrane, and on their association with the photosystems. In addition to the structural-functional and assembly characteristics, this chapter reviews dynamic aspects of the light-harvesting complexes including the modulation of the light-harvesting antenna size by irradiance, the role of light-harvesting complexes in the regulation of excitation energy distribution between the two photosystems and the role they play as signal receptors for photosystem ratio adjustment in chloroplasts. Finally, the chapter examines aspects of exciton interactions between carotenoids and chlorophylls in the Lhc proteins and presents highlights of excitation transfer dynamics in the pigment bed of light-harvesting complexes.
Micromechanical Basis of Phenomenological Models

The objective of this short study is to show that the majority of the existing models have a common base which can be readily derived from the micromechanical considerations. Most of the models known from the literature are, in fact, just the truncations of the general model. As such these models are applicable only in special cases (isotropic, orthotropic, etc.) of microcrack distribution.
Placental Vasculature and Circulation in Primates

When the fertilized primate ovum, whether of human, monkey, baboon, or mangabey, comes to rest on the lining epithelium of the uterus, the trophoblast of its wall promptly begins to invade the endometrium over an ever widening base (Heuser and Streeter, 1941; Enders, 1976; Houston, 1969, 1975; Enders et al., 1983). This usually occurs in the immediate vicinity of a capillary (Figure 1). In the human the whole blastocyst sinks into the endometrial stroma while in nonhuman primates the implantation remains superficial (compare Figures 2 and 3). As the trophoblast encounters maternal capillaries in the course of its penetration of the endometrium it surrounds them, and they thus become one source of the lacunae which appear in the trophoblastic shell. The tissue spaces which develop between trophoblastic cells constitute the second source (Figures 3 and 4). These lacunae enlarge and intercommunicate. Further communication between them and the maternal vascular system is established as progressive trophoblastic invasion erodes maternal vessel walls. Maternal blood in the lacunae, propelled at first only by capillary pressure, moves sluggishly. With deeper penetration of the trophoblast endometrial spiral arteries are tapped. Blood from them enters the lacunae under higher pressure and thus the first stage of placental circulation is established.
Multiphysics THz Antenna Simulations

The electrical response of an antenna-coupled nanothermocouple depends on how well the antenna converts incident optical energy to heat, and how this heat is converted to electrical signals by the nanothermocouples. In this paper, we study by COMSOL simulations the heat dissipated in dipole antennas operating at 600 GHz to maximize the temperature at the center of the antenna where the nanothermocouples are attached. We study antennas constructed from all-Au, all-Ni, and Au with Ni center segment. We also study the heat loss into the Si substrate, and use various thicknesses of SiO2 for thermal insulation from the substrate. We also discuss our simulation setup and our symmetric, geometry-independent mesh structure to avoid a variety of simulation errors and artifacts.
‘Global competence’ of minority immigrant students: hierarchy of experience and ideology of global competence in study abroad

In this article, I analyze implications of recent calls to increase minority students’ participation in study abroad. I argue, although these calls aim for inclusivity, they frame study abroad as t...
Research on Real Power Grid Security and Stability Based on Big Data Analysis Method and Online Data of Power Grid

In terms of the accumulation of historical data of the power system, China’s power grids have accumulated a great number of dispatching and operating data which contains different voltage levels. Online safety and stability analysis conduct a comprehensive system assessment every 15 minutes, including power flow, short circuit, static safety analysis, voltage stability, transient stability, small disturbance stability, limit transmission power, and scheduling assistance decision-making, and the calculation data and result data are about 1G. Based on the six-month online historical data accumulated by a provincial power grid, this paper studies the characteristics of the actual power grid security and stability, and proposes a system stability analysis method based on the online security analysis of historical resources. At the same time, Considering the time-varying characteristics of the power system, an operation rule extracting method was proposed. Firstly, based on the correlation analysis methods, the corresponding features are selected for each type on the hierarchical grid. Then, a power grid security risk assessment system is established based on load ratio, and line limitation. Finally, this article automatically discovers the characteristics and rules of grid dispatching operations from numerous online data, provides a theoretical basis for operational mode and scheduling decisions, further improves the ability of large-scale grid dispatching and online safety analysis, and enhances the ability of power grids to resist the influence of external factors on safe and stable operations ability and has important practical application value.
Dielectric Function Modeling

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is commonly used to measure the optical constants of thin films and bulk materials. The optical constants vary with wavelength, which is referred to as dispersion. Rather than independently determine the optical constants at each wavelength, it is convenient to use an equation to describe their dispersion. A dispersion equation simplifies the description of the optical constants and improves the efficiency of data analysis. We begin this chapter by describing the optical constants, optical resonance, and the Kramers-Kronig relations. Different absorption phenomena are also briefly described. Many dispersion equations relate an optical resonance or absorption in terms of the complex dielectric function. Multiple resonance and absorption features can be summed to describe the overall dielectric function for the material. Finally, we review the common dispersion equations used for photovoltaic materials. The Cauchy and Sellmeier equations are used to describe transparent materials. The Lorentz, Harmonic, and Gaussian equations describe a resonant absorption. The Tauc-Lorentz and Cody-Lorentz were developed for amorphous semiconductors with dispersion features necessary to describe the optical functions near the bandgap energy. Additional dispersion equations are designed to describe the critical points in semiconductor band structure. We conclude this review with a description of polynomials, splines, and basis-splines, which are used to empirically match the optical functions of many materials.
Development and pilot testing of the treatment and education approach for childhood-onset lupus (TEACH): a cognitive behavioral treatment.

To develop and test the feasibility and initial effectiveness of the Treatment and Education Approach for Childhood-onset Lupus (TEACH) protocol, a 6-session cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). Females with cSLE (n = 14; ages 13–19 years, M = 16.21 years) presenting to a pediatric rheumatology clinic subsequently completed the protocol, which was iteratively modified based on participant/interventionist feedback. Upon intervention completion, participants provided qualitative data on feasibility, acceptability, potential modifications, and perceived effectiveness of the program via a semi-structured interview, which was analyzed for shared themes. Participants also completed measures of fatigue, psychological distress, and pain intensity before and after the intervention. Nonparametric statistics were conducted to examine changes in outcome measures following the intervention. During the study, several protocol modifications were employed to better address the unique needs of individuals with cSLE (e.g., separate content for adolescents versus young adults). Results suggest that TEACH is feasible, acceptable, and potentially effective in the management of cSLE symptoms. Following the intervention, there was a statistically significant reduction in fatigue (Z = − 2.81, p < .01) and depressive symptoms (Z = − 2.69, p < .01). Reductions in pain and anxiety symptoms were marginal. TEACH, a tailored CBT protocol for AYA with cSLE, is a feasible and potentially effective intervention for the management of fatigue and depressive symptoms. Future directions include testing the protocol in a larger controlled study.
The Development of Coherent Multidimensional Microspectroscopy

The development of coherent multidimensional microspectroscopy (CMDMS) is driven by a desire to investigate heterogenous samples and spatially resolve details about molecular structure and dynamics that are available using coherent multidimensional techniques (CMDS). However, incorporating traditional CMDS techniques into imaging modalities requires tackling obstacles including acquisition time, spatial resolution, and detection methods. Thus, this chapter reviews these challenges, the basics of microscopy and spatial resolution, and how different experimental setups implemented by the five research groups that have executed CMDMS approach these obstacles. In addition to a brief review of experimental set-ups, the main findings of each group are reviewed. Most of the current research is shown to be proof of concept, however with additional improvements valuable information could be gained about different biological and materials samples. In looking towards the future of the field, this chapter also reviews other methods for data reduction and detection methods that have been applied in CMDS experiments such as compressive sensing and fluorescence detection or fluorescence encoding methods to combat long acquisition times, IR detection limitations, and the diffraction limited spatial resolution inherent to the mid-IR.
Data in Architecture: Structure and Context

Architectural space is exposed to the influences of numerous stimuli, such as daylight, ambient humidity, occupants’ needs, and historical and cultural contexts, all of which substantially differ i...
Impact of a Discussion Series on Race on Medical Student Perceptions of Bias in Health Care.

Background and Objectives Racial bias in health care is increasingly recognized as a factor in health inequities, yet there is limited research regarding medical school education around race and racism and its impact on medical students. The purpose of this study was to understand attitudes of medical students on race and racism in health care and to study the impact of participation in a voluntary structured program on race and racism. Methods First-year medical students had the opportunity to participate in a series of discussions (10 hours total) on race and racism. A 10-question survey addressing comfort, knowledge, and the adequacy of education on race and racism was sent to all first-year medical students (n=61/180, response rate 34%), and was administered to series participants (n=23/25, response rate 92%) in a pre/post format. Results Participant and nonparticipant attitudes were similar at baseline, with the exception that participants were less likely to feel that the medical school curriculum provided adequate education on race and racism, and reported higher levels of knowledge around these issues. Following the discussion series, participants showed significant changes regarding knowledge and awareness, as well as comfort level discussing race and racism. Conclusions Participants were more likely than nonparticipants to think that the curriculum should include more discussion on race and racism. Postparticipation analysis demonstrated significant increases in comfort level, knowledge, and awareness in discussion of race and racism.
The hydrogen Balmer lines and jump in absorption in accretion disc modelling - an ultraviolet-optical spectral analysis of the dwarf novae UZ Serpentis and CY Lyrae

The spectra of disc-dominated cataclysmic variables (CVs) often deviate from the spectra of accretion disc models; in particular, the Balmer jump and absorption lines are found to be shallower in the observations than in the models. We carried out a combined ultraviolet-optical spectral analysis of two dwarf novae: UZ Ser in outburst, decline, and quiescence, and CY Lyr on the rise to outburst and in outburst. We fit the Balmer jump and absorption lines, the continuum flux level and slope by adjusting the accretion rate, inclination, and disc outer radius. For both systems we find an accretion rate $\dot{M} \approx 8 \times 10^{-9}M_\odot$/yr in outburst, and $\dot{M} \approx 2-3 \times 10^{-9}M_\odot$/yr for the rise and decline phases. The outer disc radius we derive is smaller than expected ($R_{\rm disc} \approx 0.2a$, where $a$ is the binary separation), except during late rise (for CY Lyr) where $R_{\rm disc}=0.3a$. UZ Ser also reveals a 60,000~K white dwarf. These results show that during a dwarf nova cycle the radius of the disc is the largest just before the peak of the outburst, in qualitative agreement with the disc instability model for dwarf nova outbursts. We suspect that an additional emitting component (e.g. disc wind) is also at work to reduce the slope of the continuum and size of the Balmer jump and absorption lines. We stress that both the outer disc radius and disc wind need to be taken into account for more realistic disc modeling of CVs.
Measuring Development Cooperation and the Quality of Aid

Countries and governments are divided on the fora and mechanisms for agreeing on effective development cooperation. But progress can be made on measuring what countries are doing in different areas of cooperation. This chapter looks at how we can assess the quality of development cooperation. It sets out a framework for measuring development cooperation across three areas: development finance; country policies affecting the exchange of goods, people, ideas, and capital; and global public goods. It considers the availability of measures against that framework and concludes on how these measures can be developed, or where new measures are needed, to provide a holistic assessment of development cooperation.
Analysis of ED Disposition and Odds of Secondary Transport for Pediatric Patients Transported by EMS

Background: When patients are transported by EMS and later require subsequent transfer to another facility (secondary transport), patient care is compromised and healthcare resources wasted. Previously, the rate of secondary transport has been estimated indirectly. Using the Maryland’s comprehensive all-payers dataset for hospital based care (ED and inpatient) and comprehensive EMS dataset, we sought to directly measure secondary transport in pediatrics. Objective: To determine the proportion of children transported by …
Electrocardiographic Risk Stratification in COVID-19 Patients

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in worldwide morbidity at unprecedented scale. Troponin elevation is a frequent laboratory finding in hospitalized patients with the disease, and may reflect direct vascular injury or non-specific supply-demand imbalance. In this work, we assessed the correlation between different ranges of Troponin elevation, Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, and mortality. Methods: We retrospectively studied 204 consecutive patients hospitalized at NYU Langone Health with COVID-19. Serial ECG tracings were evaluated in conjunction with laboratory data including Troponin. Mortality was analyzed in respect to the degree of Troponin elevation and the presence of ECG changes including ST elevation, ST depression or T wave inversion. Results: Mortality increased in parallel with increase in Troponin elevation groups and reached 60% when Troponin was >1 ng/ml. In patients with mild Troponin rise (0.05-1.00 ng/ml) the presence of ECG abnormality and particularly T wave inversions resulted in significantly greater mortality. Conclusion: ECG repolarization abnormalities may represent a marker of clinical severity in patients with mild elevation in Troponin values. This finding can be used to enhance risk stratification in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
An Evidence Review of Low-Value Care Recommendations: Inconsistency and Lack of Economic Evidence Considered.

Low-value care, typically defined as health services that provide little or no benefit, has potential to cause harm, incur unnecessary costs, and waste limited resources. Although evidence-based guidelines identifying low-value care have increased, the guidelines differ in the type of evidence they cite to support recommendations against its routine use. We examined the evidentiary rationale underlying recommendations against low-value interventions. We identified 1167 “low-value care” recommendations across five US organizations: the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the “Choosing Wisely” Initiative, American College of Physicians (ACP), American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). For each recommendation, we classified the reported evidentiary rationale into five groups: (1) low economic value; (2) no net clinical benefit; (3) little or no absolute clinical benefit; (4) insufficient evidence; (5) no reason mentioned. We further investigated whether any cited or otherwise available cost-effectiveness evidence was consistent with conventional low economic value benchmarks (e.g., exceeding $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year). Of the identified low-value care recommendations, Choosing Wisely contributed the most (N=582, 50%), followed by ACC/AHA (N=250, 21%). The services deemed “low value” differed substantially across organizations. “No net clinical benefit” (N=428, 37%) and “little or no clinical benefit” (N=296, 25%) were the most commonly reported reasons for classifying an intervention as low value. Consideration of economic value was less frequently reported (N=171, 15%). When relevant cost-effectiveness studies were available, their results were mostly consistent with low-value care recommendations. Our study found that evidentiary rationales for low-value care vary substantially, with most recommendations relying on clinical evidence. Broadening the evidence base to incorporate cost-effectiveness evidence can help refine the definition of “low-value” care to reflect whether an intervention’s costs are worth the benefits. Developing a consensus grading structure on the strength and evidentiary rationale may help improve de-implementation efforts for low-value care.
Could Tokamaks Be the Vaccine for the Climate Change Pandemic

The replacement of the burning of fossil fuels in power plants with other forms of clean energy, for example, that of a tokamak fusion reactor employing the deuterium-tritium cycle, like ITER, woul...
Moderate and Deep Sedation Techniques

This chapter describes the techniques of moderate sedation and deep sedation. Specific requirements are outlined as to the necessary space, equipment, and assessments needed to provide a safe and effective anesthetic. The anesthetic drugs are listed and described, with particular attention to the useful pharmacologic actions of specific sedatives and the value of short-acting and “soft” drugs. Many common side effects and clinical problems that arise from sedation are addressed, as well as reasonable solutions to these issues. Finally, several future directions in sedation techniques are described, including new agents, new delivery systems, advanced monitors, and refined techniques that should be informative to both anesthesia and pulmonary specialists.
LabVIEW Programming Environment

LabVIEW includes a graphical programming environment that allows designing and analyzing a digital signal processing (DSP) system in a shorter time as compared to text-based programming environments. LabVIEW graphical programs are commonly called virtual instruments (VIs). These programs are based on the concept of data flow programming, which means that the execution of a block or a graphical component is dependent on the flow of data. Data flow programming allows multiple operations to be performed in parallel, because its execution depends on the flow of data and not on sequential lines of code. VIs consist of two major components—a front panel (FP) and a block diagram (BD). FP provides the user-interface of a program and BD includes its graphical code. LabVIEW VIs is generally modular, that allows any VI or subVI to be run by itself. Express VIs constitutes higher-level VIs that are configured to incorporate lower level VIs or functions. Various tools are available for debugging and profiling Vis, such as the probe tool and the profile tool.
Acclimation response of spring wheat in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) atmosphere with variable soil nitrogen regimes. 1. Leaf position and phenology determine acclimation response

We have examined the photosynthetic acclimation of wheat leaves grown at an elevated CO2 concentration, and ample and limiting N supplies, within a field experiment using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). To understand how leaf age and developmental stage affected any acclimation response, measurements were made on a vertical profile of leaves every week from tillering until maturity. The response of assimilation (A) to internal CO2 concentration (Ci) was used to estimate the in vivo carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate limited photosynthesis (Asat). The total activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), and leaf content of Rubisco and the Light Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b protein associated with Photosystem II (LHC II), were determined. Elevated CO2 did not alter Vcmax in the flag leaf at either low or high N. In the older shaded leaves lower in the canopy, acclimatory decline in Vcmax and Asat was observed, and was found to correlate with reduced Rubisco activity and content. The dependency of acclimation on N supply was different at each developmental stage. With adequate N supply, acclimation to elevated CO2 was also accompanied by an increased LHC II/Rubisco ratio. At low N supply, contents of Rubisco and LHC II were reduced in all leaves, although an increased LHC II/Rubisco ratio under elevated CO2 was still observed. These results underscore the importance of leaf position, leaf age and crop developmental stage in understanding the acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 and nutrient stress.
Stimulating creativity: teaching engineers to be innovators

Engineering is a creative profession; indeed that phrase appears in the title of a consistently popular introductory textbook. Yet few courses in the standard engineering curriculum require or even encourage creativity. Students often feel that creative behavior is actively discouraged in their classes. Several engineers have designed courses or programs to foster creativity, and the recently rekindled interest in engineering design in the curriculum has led to greater emphasis on innovative thinking. Although creativity is generally required for first and fourth year design projects, it is curiously absent in-between. In this paper, the authors explore the nature of, and conditions supporting, creativity, how to foster it in engineering education and describe several courses designed to teach engineering students to be innovators.
U.S. inertial fusion program overview

The status of laser and light ion beam research and development is discussed in the context of the recently completed review of the U.S. program by a committee of the National Academy of Sciences.
Stakeholder Analysis To Shape the Enterprise

An enterprise is a complex adaptive social system that should maximize stakeholder, not shareholder, value — value to employees, customers, shareholders and others. We expand upon Russell Ackoff s direction to distribute value among stakeholders, to propose a schema of rules that guide the interactions among autonomous agents in the transactional environment of an enterprise. We define an enterprise as an organization and its transactional environment interacting with and adapting to each other. Enterprise behavior can only be understood in the context of this transactional environment where everything depends on everything else and interactions cannot be controlled, but can be influenced if they are guided by an understanding of the internal rules of the autonomous agents. The schema has four complementary rules (control, autonomy, return and value) derived from the work of Russell Ackoff and Michael Porter. The basic rules are applied in combination to eight stakeholder types derived from Richard Hopeman and Raymond McLeod (Leaders, Competitors, Customers, Public, Workers, Collaborators, Suppliers and Regulators). An enterprise can use this schema and rules in a process of stakeholder analysis to develop and continually refine strategies to encourage behaviors that benefit the enterprise and discourage behaviors that harm the enterprise. These strategies are implemented in a relationship management program in support of enterprise strategic management to consciously and explicitly shape the environment to reduce risks and increase opportunities for success.
Electronics of an ion trap with integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Abstract Recently, we reported an ion trap experiment with an integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) [1] focusing on the improvement of mass resolution and detection limit due to sample preparation at millikelvin temperatures. The system utilizes a radio-frequency (RF) ion trap with asymmetric drive for storing and manipulating laser-cooled ions and features radial extraction into a compact 275 mm long TOF drift tube. The mass resolution exceeds m /Δ m = 500, which provides isotopic resolution over the whole mass range of interest in current experiments and constitutes an improvement of almost an order of magnitude over other implementations. In this article, we discuss the experimental implementation in detail, which is comprised of newly developed drive electronics for generating the required voltages to operate RF trap and TOFMS, as well as control electronics for regulating RF outputs and synchronizing the TOFMS extraction.
Advanced Crystallographic Methods: Experimental Electron Densities and the Study of Excited State Structure

As techniques for structure determination are further perfected, other crystallographic applications, of relevance for our understanding of the electronic and geometric structure of solids and molecules, merit attention. The first is the mapping of charge densities in crystals, based on accurate X-ray diffraction intensities, usually collected at low temperatures and with significant redundancy in the data sets. New developments, including area detectors and novel software, are opening the possibility of routine determination of the charge distribution in crystals. The second application discussed here, which is in a much less advanced state, exploits the time structure of the third-generation synchrotron sources through combined laser/X-ray experiments, in which a laser-triggered process is probed by the X-ray photon beam. Such photocrystallographic experiments will allow the study of transient species in crystals.
Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis: a review of dose response, duration of treatment, and skeletal sites of action.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a reduction in bone density which predisposes to fracture after even minimal trauma. Fluoride, because it has consistently been shown to stimulate bone formation and increase trabecular bone density, has been widely studied for the treatment of osteoporosis. The article focuses on the dose response, duration of treatment, and skeletal sites of action of fluoride; we also include comments on the effect of fluoride on vertebral and appendicular fracture rates. The skeletal response to fluoride doses, ranging from 15 to 43 mg elemental fluoride per day, included a linear increase in spinal bone density at an average rate of 1.25±0.91 mg/cm3 per month. The rate of increase in spinal bone density was related to the dose of fluoride (r=0.34,P<0.03). Spinal bone density had increased above the fracture threshold in 44% of patients treated with fluoride for 32±10 months. The time required to achieve this goal was, however, influenced by the pretreatment spinal bone density and interpatient variation in response to fluoride treatment. Patients whose spinal bone density remained below the fracture threshold had lower pretreatment bone densities and/or slower rates of increase in spinal bone density (P<0.001). The osteogenic effect of fluoride was not limited to the spine. After 2 years of fluoride therapy, we found bone density in the femoral condyle (measured by QCT) to have increased by 13±2.6 mg/cm3 (n=38,P<0.001); bone density in the hip (measured by DPA) was increased by 0.0261±0.015 g/cm2 (n=55,P<0.025). The efficacy of fluoride therapy to reduce fractures is not well established. Recently, investigators from the Mayo Clinic and Henry Ford Hospital reported fluoride had no effect on the vertebral fracture rate despite a significant increase in spinal bone density, but this finding has not been supported by findings in other studies. Moreover, our preliminary analysis of over 500 fluoride-treated patients found a time-dependent decrease in vertebral fracture rate related to a corresponding increase in spinal bone density. We conclude that these data, together with the many other positive international findings related to fluoride, justify continued investigation of this potent agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
The response shift phenomenon in discrimination learning set

A response-shift effect was exhibited by monkeys trained on a modified discrimination learning set, under conditions in which neither object to be discriminated had been previously displaced. This example of the effect therefore could not depend on any tendency of the monkeys to investigate non-displaced objects. It is suggested that the present effect might have its origin in a postulated tendency of monkeys to retain irrelevant but rewarded first trial Hypotheses compared to a tendency to replace irrelevant, nonrewarded first trial Hypotheses.
The Religion of the Qur’ānic Pagans: God and the Lesser Deities

This article (in two parts) is devoted to the first step of an attempted reconstruction of the religion of the Qur’ānic musrikūn on the basis of the Qur’ān and indisputably earlier evidence alone. The first part concludes that the musrikūn believed in the same Biblical God as the messenger and that their lesser beings, indiscriminately called gods and angels, functioned much like (dead) saints in later Islam and Christianity. This is not exactly new since it is more or less what Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb concluded three hundred years ago. The second part examines the high God hypothesis and tries to relate the beliefs of the musrikūn to those of other monotheists in late antiquity, with indeterminate results: in terms of their views on God and the lesser beings, the musrikūn could equally well be pagan monotheists and Jews (or Judaisers).
Affect development and its assessment in infancy

Affects are defined as both biobehavioral states and signals of social and intrapsychic communication. Discrete (differentiated) affects can reliably be identified, and their intensities scored, from at least three months of age on. Until recently, no comprehensive quantitative methods have been available for the assessment of discrete affects in clinical settings. Two such methods are reviewed. The clinical application of the Michigan Infant Affect Scales (MIAS) is illustrated. Affects are thought to play a central role in organizing, regulating, and motivating the infant's behaviors and social object relationships. A concept of “affective system” is proposed that integrates the modalities of affect expression and the mechanisms of affect regulation. Within this conceptualization, attachment behaviors are seen as part of the expression and/or regulation of affect states during social interactions.
GaP at ultrahigh pressure

Abstract An x-ray diffraction experiment has been carried out on GaP compressed in a quasi-hydrostatic pressurizing medium to 296 ± 5 kbar. The transformation pressure was found to be increased from the value of 220 kbar (22 GPa) reported in a less hydrostatic environment, since two phases of GaP (I and II) were found in coexistence at 250 ± 5 kbar. No evidence of disproportionation was found at this pressure, or 296 kbar, where sharp lines of phase II were found (body centered tetragonal). No evidence of amorphization was found on release of pressure.
Neuroplasticity of Dopamine Circuits After Exercise: Implications for Central Fatigue

Habitual exercise increases plasticity in a variety of neurotransmitter systems. The current review focuses on the effects of habitual physical activity on monoamine dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and the potential implication of these changes to exercise-induced fatigue. Although it is clear that peripheral adaptations in muscle and energy substrate utilization contribute to this effect, more recently it has been suggested that central nervous system pathways “upstream” of the motor cortex, which initiate activation of skeletal muscles, are also important. The contribution of the brain to exercise-induced fatigue has been termed “central fatigue.” Given the well-defined role of DA in the initiation of movement, it is likely that adaptations in DA systems influence exercise capacity. A reduction in DA neurotransmission in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), for example, could impair activation of the basal ganglia and reduce stimulation of the motor cortex leading to central fatigue. Here we present evidence that habitual wheel running produces changes in DA systems. Using in situ hybridization techniques, we report that 6 weeks of wheel running was sufficient to increase tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression and reduce D2 autoreceptor mRNA in the SNpc. Additionally, 6 weeks of wheel running increased D2 postsynaptic receptor mRNA in the caudate putamen, a major projection site of the SNpc. These results are consistent with prior data suggesting that habitually physically active animals may have an enhanced ability to increase DA synthesis and reduce D2 autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of DA neurons in the SNpc compared to sedentary animals. Furthermore, habitually physically active animals, compared to sedentary controls, may be better able to increase D2 receptor-mediated inhibition of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Results from these studies are discussed in light of our understanding of the role of DA in the neurobiological mechanisms of central fatigue.
An adaptive discontinuous finite volume method for elliptic problems

An adaptive discontinuous finite volume method is developed and analyzed in this paper. We prove that the adaptive procedure achieves guaranteed error reduction in a mesh-dependent energy norm and has a linear convergence rate. Numerical results are also presented to illustrate the theoretical analysis.
Labware for networking protocols and wireless security using Android-enabled mobile devices

The massive growth in the mobile phone and handheld device markets has created an impact on computer science education, especially in curricula for wireless networking, information security, and mobile application development. Meanwhile, there is an urgent need to produce more qualified computer professionals in mobile networking and security for the global workforce. In this paper, we propose and implement labware for networking and network-security using Android mobile devices. The labware is designed according the layered TCP/IP model with well-developed and self-contained learning modules. The labware is highly modularized and ready for adoption elsewhere.
Modern concepts of diagnosis and treatment in occupational medicine.

Abstract The very breadth of interest of the field of occupational medicine requires a broad interest in many disciplines by those practicing this specialty. Post hoc reasoning, fuzzy thinking with respect to cause and effect relationships and a lack of understanding of the actual effects of specific agents on man, make for continuous difficulty in proper diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis of occupational disease may be facilitated by means of the epidemiological method and by traditional clinical methods. New diagnostic procedures must be utilized more widely if proper diagnoses are to be made.
Complications of cryosurgical ablation of the prostate to treat localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Abstract Objectives To review the complications associated with cryosurgical ablation of the prostate (CSAP) for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate in the first 69 procedures performed at our institution. Methods A retrospective review of the charts of 63 patients (69 procedures) performed at our institution between June 1993, and December 1994, was undertaken with an emphasis on the complications, their management, and outcome. Results Thirty-seven of the 63 patients (59%) had at least one significant adverse event. Although no patient died or required a transfusion, other significant complications, including prolonged urinary retention, incontinence, sloughing of prostatic tissue, fistula formation, prolonged perineal pain, bowel dysfunction, and other problems were observed. Conclusions CSAP is associated with a significant complication rate. These complications are more common in patients who have had prior CSAP or radiation therapy. Instead of decreasing with experience, the complication rate increased later in the series. In our patients, the complication rate increased after the use of an investigational urethral warmer was discontinued. CSAP is an investigational procedure of unproved longterm efficacy. It can be associated with substantial patient morbidity and should be performed under carefully controlled circumstances. Patients should be made aware of the potential for debilitating complications.
The molecular basis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

The ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) gene is located on the short arm of the X-chromosome and encodes the second enzyme of the urea cycle. OTC deficiency is an X-linked disorder that causes hyperammonemia leading to brain damage, mental retardation and death. The clinical and biochemical phenotype is extremely variable and can only partially be explained by the genotype. We identified mutations in the OTC gene of more than 150 patients with OTC deficiency. The “neonatal onset” group of patients has mutations that abolish enzyme activity, whereas the “late onset group” shows partial enzyme deficiency to variable degree. Of the mutations, 60% are associated exclusively with acute neonatal hyperammonemic coma while the remaining cause “late onset” disease. Several symptomatic and asymptomatic adults have now been identified to have deleterious mutations in the OTC gene leading to predisposition to hyperammonemia.