cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating countermeasures in spaceflight analogs

Countermeasures are defined as solutions to prevent the undesirable physiologic outcomes associated with spaceflight. Spaceflight analogs provide a valuable opportunity for the evaluation of countermeasures because they allow for the evaluation of more subjects, more experimental control, and are considerably less expensive than actual spaceflight. The various human analogs have differing strengths and weaknesses with respect to the development and evaluation of countermeasures. The human analogs are briefly reviewed with a focus on their suitability for countermeasure evaluation. Bed rest is the most commonly used analog for evaluating countermeasures. While countermeasures are typically developed to target one or maybe two particular physiologic issues, it is increasingly important to evaluate all of the organ systems to discern whether they might be unintended consequences on nontargeted tissues. In preparation for Mars exploration it will be necessary to fully integrate countermeasures to protect all organ systems. The synergistic and antagonistic effects of multiple countermeasures needs to be the focus of future work.
Alternative splicing modulated by genetic variants demonstrates accelerated evolution regulated by highly conserved proteins

Identification of functional genetic variants and elucidation of their regulatory mechanisms represent significant challenges of the post-genomic era. A poorly understood topic is the involvement of genetic variants in mediating post-transcriptional RNA processing, including alternative splicing. Thus far, little is known about the genomic, evolutionary, and regulatory features of genetically modulated alternative splicing (GMAS). Here, we systematically identified intronic tag variants for genetic modulation of alternative splicing using RNA-seq data specific to cellular compartments. Combined with our previous method that identifies exonic tags for GMAS, this study yielded 622 GMAS exons. We observed that GMAS events are highly cell type independent, indicating that splicing-altering genetic variants could have widespread function across cell types. Interestingly, GMAS genes, exons, and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) all demonstrated positive selection or accelerated evolution in primates. We predicted that GMAS SNVs often alter binding of splicing factors, with SRSF1 affecting the most GMAS events and demonstrating global allelic binding bias. However, in contrast to their GMAS targets, the predicted splicing factors are more conserved than expected, suggesting that cis-regulatory variation is the major driving force of splicing evolution. Moreover, GMAS-related splicing factors had stronger consensus motifs than expected, consistent with their susceptibility to SNV disruption. Intriguingly, GMAS SNVs in general do not alter the strongest consensus position of the splicing factor motif, except the more than 100 GMAS SNVs in linkage disequilibrium with polymorphisms reported by genome-wide association studies. Our study reports many GMAS events and enables a better understanding of the evolutionary and regulatory features of this phenomenon.
Environmental Management: Revising the Marketing Perspective:

Environmental management argues that marketing strategies can be implemented to change the context in which the organization operates, both in terms of constraints on the marketing function and lim...
Thermally Reversible Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanocomposites through Hydrogen Bonding

The ability to tune the state of dispersion or aggregation of nanoparticles within polymer-based nanocomposites, through variations in the chemical and physical interactions with the polymer matrix, is desirable for the design of materials with switchable properties. In this study, we introduce a simple and effective means of reversibly controlling the association state of nanoparticles based on the thermal sensitivity of hydrogen bonds between the nanoparticle ligands and the matrix. Strong hydrogen bonding interactions provide excellent dispersion of gold nanoparticles functionalized with poly(styrene-r-2-vinylpyridine) [P(S-r-2VP)] ligands in a poly(styrene-r-4-vinyl phenol) [P(S-r-4VPh)] matrix. However, annealing at higher temperatures diminishes the strength of these hydrogen bonds, driving the nanoparticles to aggregate. This behavior is largely reversible upon annealing at reduced temperature with redispersion occurring on a time-scale of ∼30 min for samples annealed 50 °C above the glass transiti...
Starshade Deployable Inner Disk Structure Design and Development

A deployable starshade has been developed for direct detection and characterization of exoplanets. Starshades block all but 1e-10 of light from nearby stars before it enters a conventional telescope to allow only light from orbiting planets to directly fall on a detector. The 34 m diameter flower-like Starshade concept has very strict profile shape requirements for its numerous petals surrounding an opaque central disc. It must fold into a compact volume for launch and deploy to final shape without deformation for the mission duration. Petals wrap around a Z-fold perimeter ring for launch, and deploy via staged unfurling and ring deployment into the final deployed shape. This report describes the design, fabrication, and testing, of a precision 10 m perimeter truss (half-scale) in the JPL Advanced Large Precision Structures Laboratory, complete with motors and spokes.
The Representation Type of Algebras and Subalgebras

For A an associative algebra with identity over a field K, [A : K] < ∞, and d an integer, we define g Λ(d) to be the number of inequivalent indecomposable Λ-modules of degree d over K. Following (6), we define Λ to be of finite representation type if . Λis said to be of bounded representation type if there exists d 0 such that g Λ(d) = 0 for d ⩾ d 0; Λ is of unbounded representation type if not of bounded type.
Free energy surface for Brønsted acid-catalyzed glucose ring-opening in aqueous solution.

Car–Parrinello-based molecular dynamics coupled with metadynamics simulations were used to determine the mechanism and associated free energy surface for opening the ring structure of cyclic glucopyranose in acidic aqueous solutions. The ring-opening process is initiated by the protonation of the ring oxygen atom and the breakage of the C1–O5 bond. The barrier for this process is about 25 kcal/mol, in good agreement with experimental measurements. Moreover, the glucose cyclic conformation is found to be more stable than the open chain form. The barrier for proton-catalyzed ring-opening in aqueous solution appears to be largely solvent induced due to the high affinity of water molecules for protons.
The efficacy of oral anticholinergics for sympathetic overactivity in a thoracic surgery clinic

Abstract Objective Little is known of the success rates of oral anticholinergics for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis and facial blushing as alternatives to surgical intervention. We examine predictors of success with these medications. Methods A retrospective review was performed at a single institution, including all patients presenting with symptoms of primary hyperhidrosis, facial blushing, or both from 2004 to 2015. All patients were offered a trial of oral anticholinergics. If oral anticholinergic therapy was not successful, patients were offered surgery. Statistical analyses were performed to compare patients who declined surgery given the trial of oral anticholinergics with those who proceeded with surgery. Results A total of 381 patients presented with symptoms of primary hyperhidrosis (86.6%), facial blushing (2.4%), or both (11.0%). A total of 230 patients (60.4%) declined surgery after using oral anticholinergics, and 151 patients (39.6%) chose surgery. Patients who declined surgery were more likely to have symptoms of primary hyperhidrosis without facial blushing (89.6% vs 82.1%; P = .02) or have primary symptoms involving the axilla, torso, scalp, or groin. Patients who proceeded with surgery had higher rates of palmar symptoms as a primary site (77.6% vs 61.1%; P = .01) and were more likely to have facial blushing alone or in combination with primary hyperhidrosis. Presentation with palmar symptoms and greater number of prior therapy attempts were independent predictors of proceeding with surgery after controlling for concomitant symptom type and location ( P = .01 and P Conclusions The majority of patients presenting with sympathetic overactivity decline surgery when a trial of oral anticholinergics is included in the treatment algorithm. Facial blushing and palmar symptoms were each associated with choosing surgery.
Use of the Infectious Disease Laboratory in Emergency Medicine

Until relatively recent advances in the identification of infectious agents, the emergency physician found only limited usefulness of the infectious disease laboratory. There are some tests that can provide information rapidly enough for the Emergency Department setting and new technologies that hold even greater promise for the future. The tests described in this article are currently available in most moderately sized Emergency Departments.
Governmentality after neoliberalism

1. Governmentality after Neoliberalism, Mark Bevir 2. Contemporary Spatial Planning: The Making and Remaking of Land Use Planning, Phil Allmendinger 3. Governing Urban and Regional Development in the UK: The Approach of the Coalition Government 2010-2015, Danny MacKinnon 4. Re-placing Neo-liberalism? Exploring more Sustainable Governance Pathways for Agri-food and Rural Development, Terry Marsden 5. Codifying Ethics: New Labour and the Government of Civil Servants, Edward Barratt 6. Social Welfare Policy: Fantasy and Assemblage in a Personalised Welfare State, Catherine Needham 7. Social Housing and the 'New Localism': A Strategy of Governance for Austere Times, Kim McKee 8. Network Leadership as Pastoral Power: The Governance of Quality Improvement Communities in the English NHS, Justin Waring and Graham Martin 9. Resilience and the Governmentality of Unknowns, Simin Davoudi 10. Britain's Overseas Aid Strategy: How the Resilience Turn Reinforces Governmentality, Jonathan Joseph 11. Countering the Changing Genealogies of Migration in the EU, Bal Sokhi-Bulley
Atomic layer deposited Al 2 O 3 /Ta 2 O 5 nanolaminate capacitors

Nanolaminate dielectric films [1–4] offer the possibility of tailoring the electrical properties of dielectric stacks for specific applications such as the tunnel dielectric for MIM diodes, storage capacitors [5], non-volatile memories[6], and TTFTs [7,8]. Nanolaminates deposited via ALD have been reported to display properties that are not just a weighted average of the component materials but depend upon the laminate structure as well. Kukli, et al. have shown that leakage, permittivity, and charge storage in ZrO 2 -Ta 2 O 5 and HfO 2 -Ta 2 O 5 laminates varies with the number of bilayers, due in part to the number of interfaces and spatial confinement induced changes in the crystal structure of HfO 2 and ZrO 2 [2,3]. Kattelus, et al. [1] report that Al 2 O 3 -Ta 2 O 5 laminates of varying composition, deposited using AlCl 3 and TaCl 5 as metal precursors, exhibit dielectric constants and leakage as a function of composition intermediate between the pure films. In this work amorphous Al 2 O 3 -Ta 2 O 5 laminates of a single fixed composition and total thickness with varying numbers of bilayers were synthesized in order to investigate the influence of interfaces on electrical properties, independent of changes in composition and crystal structure.
The impact of unsuccessful pirate attacks on financial markets: Evidence in support of Leeson's reputation-building theory

Abstract This paper examines the effect of unsuccessful Somali pirate attacks on financial-market returns in the Arabian Peninsula. Specifically, it tests Leeson's (2010a) reputation-building theory of pirate signaling behavior postulating that unsuccessful pirate attacks may trigger subsequent future attacks by pirates as pirates attempt to maintain and build their reputation for effective piracy. We test this theory empirically by studying the relationship between pirate attacks and financial-market returns in the Arabian Peninsula. The result of our empirical test supports Leeson's theory: unsuccessful pirate attacks are associated with lower financial-market returns, suggesting that market participants expect unsuccessful pirate attacks to be followed by future pirate attacks.
Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery

Antibodies are quintessentially “information macromolecules.” Since the information resides in their antigen-binding sites, it is not surprising that most of the contributions on antibodies in this volume have focused on binding. That is, they have focused on structures and processes that influence the last few nanometers before molecular docking. Here we will consider the prior process, the pharmacokinetic path by which an antibody molecule reaches the proximity of its target antigen. That this perspective is important to the rational design of next-generation ligand molecules should require no argument. Although the title of this chapter emphasizes antibody—drug conjugates, we will focus on generic issues of pharmacology that apply to any of the forms in which antibodies (or, for that matter, other biological ligands) are used in vivo.
Facile synthesis of Ag@Au core–sheath nanowires with greatly improved stability against oxidation

We report a facile synthesis of Ag@Au core–sheath nanowires through the conformal deposition of Au atoms onto the surface of pre-synthesized Ag nanowires. The resulting Ag@Au nanowires showed morphology and optical properties almost identical to the pristine Ag nanowires, but with greatly improved stability under different corrosive environments.
Mechanisms for Transcriptional Activation of the Human Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Gene and Its Silencing by Immunosuppressive Toxins.

Abstract Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is a member of the immunoglobulin super-family. It is expressed on the surfaces of activated monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages. These immune cells use ALCAM through homotypic and heterotypic adhesions to control multiple stages in the inflammatory response. Indeed, anti-ALCAM antibodies and recombinant soluble ALCAM significantly inhibit monocyte transendothelial migration, stabilization of the immunological synapse and dendritic cell-mediated T-lymphocyte proliferation. Despite this significance, there is currently no understanding of how the human ALCAM gene is regulated. In this study, we identified the mechanisms for transcription, basal transcriptional activation and immunosuppressive silencing of the ALCAM gene. A common site for transcription of the ALCAM gene was identified 350 base pairs (bp) upstream from the translational start site. Multiple truncated fragments of the ALCAM promoter was cloned from genomic DNA and sub-cloned upstream of a promoterless luciferase vector. A proximal 650-bp promoter sequence conferred tissue-independent activation in hematopoietic, epithelial and endothelial cells. A canonical Sp1 binding sequence at −550 upstream of the translational start site was mapped within this proximal positive regulatory promoter region. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed this sequence was essential for optimum ALCAM promoter activity. Importantly, Sp1 occupied the cognate sequence in vivo as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Over-expression of Sp1 significantly increased ALCAM promoter activity whereas a control expression vector had no impact. DNA sequences in the interval −600 to −800 negatively influenced promoter activity in a tissue-specific manner. This region contained a putative binding sequence for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), which highlighted ALCAM as a potential target of the immunosuppressing ligand dioxin. This hypothesis was tested by examination of whether ALCAM activation is blocked by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in monocytes differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells. Expression of ALCAM was increased 3–5-fold in HL-60 and THP-1 monocytes treated with the differentiating agent phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. TCDD dose dependently blocked this activation, indeed, the highest concentration of TCDD (25 nM) used in this study completely blocked ALCAM activation in both monocytic cells. In conclusion, we have unveiled for the first time, the molecular basis for transcription and basal trans-activation of the human ALCAM gene, and identified the Ahr-pathway as a powerful silencer of ALCAM gene activation. Further studies of the ALCAM promoter, may clarify how this gene is up-regulated as part of the inflammatory response, and how it is silenced by immunotoxins. Heterologous expression of ALCAM may be a potential strategy to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Viruses Involved in Graft Incompatibility and Decline

“Graft incompatibility” develops in young grapevines when latent viruses in scion sources are transmitted to hypersensitive rootstocks by grafting. Reverse incompatibility, when the rootstock is the source of a latent virus, has not been observed in grapevine. After transplanting, affected vines exhibit weak vegetative growth and eventual vine death. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was initially shown to be associated with graft incompatibility, particularly its genetic variants from the RG and PN groups. These cause a hypersensitive response on rootstocks Kober 5BB, 1103 Paulsen, 5C Teleki, 3309 Couderc, and 1616 Couderc. The genetic determinants of incompatibility in these rootstocks, which are derived from Vitis berlandieri and V. riparia, have not been identified. In addition, coinfections of GLRaV-2 in combination with Grapevine virus B (GVB) or of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) in combination with Grapevine virus A (GVA) are also associated with vine decline on certain rootstocks derived from V. riparia. For diseases “110R necrotic union” and “3309C stem necrosis distortion,” causative agents have not been identified. Syrah decline disease may be associated with grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV). This disease differs markedly from graft-incompatible diseases in that stem marks appear on Syrah scions, not on rootstocks.
The Expression of Dominance and Perceptions of Supervisor Credibility in Supervisor/Employee Relationships

In the workplace, a supervisor’s communication of dominance can be used to help accomplish tasks and complete work. Further, perceptions of credibility can be integral in influencing employees and creating an open work climate. The goal of this investigation was to understand how supervisors’ messages of dominance were related to perceptions of supervisor credibility. In this study, 303 participants working in various industries completed measures of interpersonal dominance and credibility about their direct supervisor. As hypothesized, influence and focus/poise were positively related to competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness, whereas conversational control was negatively related to goodwill and trustworthiness. Further, self-assurance was negatively related to goodwill. Regression analyses determined that influence and focus/poise had the strongest relationship to all three dimensions of credibility.
mHealth for the Detection and Intervention in Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Use Disorder.

The goal of this review is to highlight recent research in mHealth-based approaches to the detection and treatment of substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults. The main methods for mHealth-based detection include mobile phone-based self-report tools, GPS tracking, and wearable sensors. Wearables can be used to detect physiologic changes (e.g., heart rate, electrodermal activity) or biochemical contents of analytes (i.e., alcohol in sweat) with reasonable accuracy, but larger studies are needed. Detection methods have been combined with interventions based on mindfulness, education, incentives/goals, and motivation. Few studies have focused specifically on the young adult population, although those that did indicate high rates of utilization and acceptance. Research that explores the pairing of advanced detection methods such as wearables with real-time intervention strategies is crucial to realizing the full potential of mHealth in this population.
Hepatitis E Virus: An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

HEV is endemic in areas with poor sanitation and has traditionally been classified as a water-borne virus. Until recently, cases of HEV in industrialized countries were associated with travel to those areas. In the last decade, locally acquired cases of HEV have increased in the European Union, leading to the investigation of potential foodborne transmission of the virus. In the mid-1990’s HEV was found to be unique among other water- and foodborne viruses because of the observation of zoonotic transmission of the virus. HEV is endemic on domestic swine farms worldwide and can infect pigs of all ages. Consequently, pork liver and pork liver containing products have been identified as the source of many of the foodborne HEV outbreaks in Europe. Other pork products and game meats have also been implicated in HEV outbreaks. Finally, anecdotal evidence exists for HEV transmission via shellfish and produce. HEV disease presentation is typically a self-limiting acute hepatitis; however, chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations occur in high-risk populations. Detection and control of HEV remains challenging because an efficient cell culture system has yet to be developed. Thus, detection relies upon molecular and serological methods. No standardized method exists for the detection of HEV in foods and research on the stability of HEV in foods and the environment has been limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge available on foodborne HEV.
Evolution of Prostate-Specific Antigen for Screening

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the most widely applied screening tests in current medical practice. Its widespread use has had a tremendous impact on all aspects of the management of prostate cancer. PSA screening has led to a stage migration to more organ-confined cancers at the time of diagnosis and is temporally associated with a decrease in prostate cancer mortality. However, PSA screening is imperfect and remains controversial. In this chapter we review the history of the discovery, initial studies, and subsequent widespread application of PSA screening. Initial studies were limited by the lack of applicability to all ethnic groups, upper limits of normal determined with incomplete ascertainment of disease status among study participants, and obsolete biopsy techniques. Various modifications of PSA-based screening have been adopted clinically without sufficient validation. More recent studies have elucidated the non-dichotomous nature of PSA as well as the contribution of other factors to the overall risk for prostate cancer. We await the results of large-scale clinical trials that will more clearly define the impact of PSA screening on prostate cancer mortality as well as the discovery and validation of additional prognostic biomarkers.
Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Conformational Disorders

Increasing evidence exists to support a potentially crucial role for proteoglycans, in particular heparan sulfate proteoglycans, in the pathophysiology of many protein conformational disorder diseases. This chapter will focus on emerging evidence that supports a role for proteoglycans in the regulation of protein conformation in amyloid diseases, with the result being that proteoglycans are attractive therapeutic targets for these diseases. Amyloid diseases in both the nervous system and nonneural tissues share a common property with proteoglycans, especially heparan sulfate proteoglycans, being associated with amyloid fibrils coincident with the time amyloid fibrils are formed in the disease process. The binding of heparan sulfate proteoglycans to the specific amyloidassociated protein has been shown in many cases to lead to conformational changes in the amyloidassociated protein, with an introduction of β-sheet structure to the amyloid protein. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have also been demonstrated to accelerate the formation of amyloid oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils, as well as impart resistance to proteolytic degradation of the amyloid fibrils. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans therefore appear to play a critical role in the progression of amyloid diseases, and an ability to prevent heparan sulfate binding to amyloid-associated proteins may allow both an inhibition of the formation of new amyloid, as well as promote the clearance of existing amyloid.
Trajectories of medical care cost by service type for recurrent and de novo advanced cancer patients.

6611Background: Understanding cost trajectories for advanced cancer patients may identify drivers of high cost transitions and inform cost reduction efforts. Total medical care costs were measured ...
Fixed and Variable Relationship Models to Define the Volume-Value Relationship in Spinal Fusion Surgery: A Macroeconomic Analysis Using Evidence-Based Thresholds.

OBJECTIVE Increased surgical volume has been associated with improved patient outcomes at the surgeon and hospital level. To date, clinically meaningful stratified volume benchmarks have yet to be defined for surgeons or hospitals in the context of spinal fusion surgery. The objective of this study was to establish evidence-based thresholds using outcomes and cost to stratify surgeons and hospitals performing spinal fusion surgery by volume. METHODS Using 155,788 patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery, we created and applied 4 models using stratum-specific likelihood ratio (SSLR) analysis of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. This statistical approach was used to generate 4 sets of volume thresholds predictive of increased length of stay (LOS) and increased cost for surgeons and hospitals. RESULTS SSLR analysis of the 2 ROC curves by annual surgical volume produced 3 or 4 distinct volume categories. Analysis of LOS by annual surgeon spinal fusion volume produced 4 strata: low, medium, high, and very high. Analysis of LOS by annual hospital spinal fusion volume produced 3 strata: low, medium, and high. No relationship between volume and cost could be clearly defined based on the generation of ROC curves for surgeons or hospitals offering spinal fusion. CONCLUSION This study used evidence-based thresholds to identify a direct, variable relationship model between volume and outcomes of spinal fusion surgery, using LOS as a surrogate, for both surgeons and hospitals. A fixed relationship model was identified between surgeon and hospital volume and cost, as no statistically meaningful relationship could be established.
Hazardous intersections: Crossing disciplinary lines in developmental psychology:

This article extends Lemieux’s concern for the interdisciplinary tension between philosophy and sociology to the intradisciplinary tension within psychology between approaches to the study of child...
Neuroimaging: Challenges and Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Scholars

Following researchers in economics and marketing, there has been increasing interest in neuroscience from entrepreneurship scholars. However, existing work in neuroentrepreneurship is fragmented an...
9/11 and the Memory “Boom”

The field of Memory Studies has grown after 9/11, and this chapter examines that growth in three areas. First, it examines how an already established cohort of historians and scholars of memory helped frame initial responses to the terror attacks. Second, this chapter examines “grassroots,” or makeshift memorials, and how scholars of memory studied them to understand how Americans commemorated loss after September 11. Third, this chapter explores how scholars have used the technology of the digital age to revise their methods of inquiry, pedagogy, and historic preservation. The growth of the field of Memory Studies in the twenty-first century is related in these various ways to 9/11.
Apolipoprotein E genotype and the association between C-reactive protein and postoperative delirium: Importance of gene-protein interactions

Abstract Introduction Apolipoprotein E (APOE) status may modify the risk of postoperative delirium conferred by inflammation. Methods We tested whether APOE modifies the established association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and delirium incidence, severity, and duration in 553 noncardiac surgical patients aged 70 and older. High postoperative plasma CRP (≥234.12 mg/L) was defined by the highest sample-based quartile. Delirium was determined using the Confusion Assessment Method and chart review, and severity was determined by the Confusion Assessment Method––Severity score. Results APOE e4 carrier prevalence was 19%, and postoperative delirium occurred in 24%. The relationship between CRP and delirium incidence, severity, and duration differed by e4 status. Among e4 carriers, there was a strong relationship between high CRP (vs. low CRP) and delirium incidence (relative risk [95% confidence interval], 3.0 [1.4–6.7]); however, no significant association was observed among non-e4 carriers (relative risk [95% CI], 1.2 [0.8–1.7]). Discussion Our findings raise the possibility that APOE e4 carrier status may modify the relationship between postoperative day 2 CRP levels and postoperative delirium.
Holding on Tight: Relationship Between Grip Strength and Marksmanship Stability:

Evaluating marksmanship performance is crucial for Warfighters and competitive shooters alike. Traditionally, only accuracy or hit/miss has been used as the quantitative metric to report performanc...
Falling between two systems of care: Engaging families, behavioral health and the justice systems to increase uptake of substance use treatment in youth on probation

Abstract Justice-involved youth (JIY) in the US have high rates of substance use (SU) problems, yet 50%–80% of these youth do not receive necessary services. There has been no systematic exploration of the use of treatment services for JIY that examines viewpoints across stakeholders in justice- and treatment-systems as well as the families. We conducted qualitative interviews and focus groups with n = 58, youth, their caregivers, SU treatment providers and probation officers in a Northeastern state. Interviews explored how families, staff- and system-level factors influence uptake of and retention in SU treatment services in youth on probation. We conducted a thematic analysis of all interview texts. Caregiver engagement is essential for youth treatment uptake and retention. Difficulties achieving caregiver engagement and agreement that treatment was necessary stemmed from distrust in the “system”; denial or minimization of youth's SU problem; relational barriers; and overburden and chaos within the family system. Structural barriers to service uptake were lack of available treatment options, SU agency practices and policies, and interagency collaboration between SU treatment agencies and probation. Enhancing family engagement at the point of referral to SU treatment is essential. Improvements in interagency collaboration and communication between SU treatment and probation agencies are necessary. Implications for policy and intervention are discussed.
Female Puerto Rican teachers’ testimonios of retention and culture

Research suggests that teachers of color (ToC) have a positive impact on students’ academic achievement, yet, ToC comprise less than 20% of the workforce. Policymakers who seek to increase the numb...
Gender and sexual minorities in astronomy and planetary science face increased risks of harassment and assault

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, pansexual, asexual, and/or nonbinary (LGBTQPAN) people are a vulnerable, yet understudied group in the American STEM workplace. Only recently have efforts been made to assess their workplace experiences and levels of representation in STEM. In this paper, we sought to explore the experiences of LGBTQPAN individuals in the astronomy and planetary science community. We conducted an internet-based survey of the workplace experiences of 474 astronomers and planetary scientists. We hypothesized LGBTQPAN women and gender minority respondents in our sample would observe negative remarks or directly experience verbal or physical harassment in higher proportion compared to cisgender, straight women, a more commonly studied group. We found support for this hypothesis. LGBTQPAN women and gender minorities also observed more homophobic and transphobic remarks from their peers, and were more likely to feel unsafe at work due to their race, sexual orientation, and gender identity, compared to cisgender, straight women. They were more likely to be verbally harassed due to sexual orientation and gender identity, and were fully twice as likely to be physically harassed due to gender or sex. Based on our sample, we suggest that LGBTQPAN women and gender minorities experience a more hostile workplace climate in astronomy and planetary science compared to cisgender, straight women.Keywords: gender minorities, sexual minorities, harassment, assault, planetary science, astronomy
The new Black Evangelicals

A republication of an article originally included in the 1979 volume, Black Theology: A Documentary History, edited by Gayraud Wilmore and James Cone, this article is an examination of the emergenc...
Direct and Indirect Benefits of Introducing Purchase Verification in E-commerce Platforms: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

E-commerce platforms struggle to create and maintain high-quality reputation systems. One promising option is the ``Verified Purchase'' (VP) badge, which confirms that the user reviewing a product purchased the product from the platform. Previous works comparing reputation platforms that require purchase verification with platforms that do not offer purchase verification found that review manipulation is easier in the latter. But what happens in platforms where purchase verification is optional (VP-optional)? How does the introduction of purchase verification alter review and reviewer characteristics? In such VP-optional platforms, there is no monetary cost for posting fake reviews. Therefore, it is not clear why introducing purchase verification would have any effect on posting fake reviews. Yet, we argue that indirect costs related to response bias and the resulting disconfirmation between expected and realized product quality should discourage fake reviews. To investigate, we leverage a natural experiment to analyze 336,043 book reviews from two platforms (Amazon U.S. and Amazon U.K.). Indeed, we find empirical evidence that introducing purchase verification in a VP-optional market reduces fake reviews, the majority of which are positive. Directly, this reduction of fake reviews results in lower product ratings and longer reviews posted by more experienced reviewers. Indirectly, through increased attention, purchase verification increases the overall review helpfulness. These novel findings extend our understanding of how purchase verification can improve a platform's reputation system, and suggest managerial interventions for platforms that have yet to develop a verification mechanism.
Competing With Charter Schools: Selection, Retention, and Achievement in Los Angeles Pilot Schools.

Charter schools place competitive pressure on school districts to retain students and public funding. Many districts also have moved to decentralize control of budgets and teacher hiring down to sc...
Chromosome 4q28.3q32.3 duplication in a patient with lymphatic malformations, craniosynostosis, and dysmorphic features.

The proband, now a 4-year-old female of mixed Caucasian and Japanese ancestry, was born at 29 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery following a pregnancy complicated by fetal ascites, echogenic bowel, polyhydramnios, and incompetent cervix. The mother had no other pregnancy complications and had no recognized teratogen exposures throughout the pregnancy. Her length was 37 cm (37th centile), weight was 1.478 kg (80th centile), and occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) was 27 cm (20th centile). The family history was significant for maternal family members with pregnancy losses of unknown etiology: one each for the mother and maternal grandmother. The great maternal grandmother reported at least 4 or 5 pregnancy losses. Consanguinity was denied.The proband remained in the neonatal intensive care unit for the next 8 months for management of severe respiratory issues, ascites and feeding difficulties. During that time, she underwent placement of a tracheostomy, a Denver (peritoneovenous) shunt for ascitic-fluid drainage, an intravenous port and a gastrostomy tube for feeds (Fig. 1). Additional pertinent findings then include retinopathy of prematurity, subglottal stenosis grade IV, hypothyroidism, 11 sets of ribs, mild bilateral hydronephrosis, accessory spleen and persistent ascites (Fig. 2).At 20 months dysmorphologic evaluation was significant for macrocephaly, open anterior and posterior fontanelles, bicoronal craniosynostosis on CT scan, right posterior plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, cupped and prominent ears with hypoplastic antihelices, broad forehead, a short and upturned nose, telecanthus, ocular hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge (Figure 3A–B), moderate ascites, bilateral overriding of the second and fourth toes over the third toe, short stature and hypotonia. At this latter time, she exhibited significant developmental delays; she was unable to sit unassisted or feed herself. However, she was able to crawl, pull to a stand and sit independently. The proband could feed herself but still required a G-tube for much of her nutrition. She was nonverbal but able to use 12 signs. She continued to require a tracheostomy but only for night-time mechanical ventilation. At 33 months when last evaluated, her height was 79.2 cm ( 97th centile).The patient’s severe ascites persisted throughout the first 2 years of her life. At age 22 months, she underwent lymphatic imaging at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia that revealed multiple dilated perihepatic lymphatic vessels and leakage of contrast material into the peritoneum (Fig. 4A–D). Subsequently, she underwent successful embolization of these lymphatic vessels with resolution of her ascites.
Colloidal three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks and their application as porous liquids

Developing solid porous materials into free-flowing liquids with permanent porosity is a promising strategy for overcoming certain limitations of conventional sorbent materials employed in gas storage and separation applications. The ability to control the pore size and chemical functionalities of organic frameworks gives these particular nanoporous materials distinct advantages over other small cage-like molecules or hollow particles that have been developed into porous liquids. Here, we describe the synthesis of a 3D imine-linked colloidal covalent organic framework (COF)-based porous liquid, designed for efficient size-exclusion of solvent, as well as for long-term stability. By tethering ionic liquids to the colloid surface, the colloids can be dried, purified, and resuspended in a variety of solvents without irreversible aggregation typically observed of COF colloids. Colloid size could be controlled between 50 and 400 nm, with surface areas as high as 800 m2 g−1. The 3D intertwining morphology of the colloids had pore sizes ranging from 5 to 14 A, allowing them to efficiently size-exclude bulky ionic liquids. The COF colloids were stable towards flocculation in an ionic liquid for >1 year. Permanent porosity was confirmed with a combination of 19F NMR measurements and gas sorption techniques. CO2 and CH4 uptake in these porous liquids increased more than 10 and 20-fold, respectively, over non-porous, neat ionic liquid control samples. The work not only advances the state of COF-based colloid science but also represents a practical advance towards developing more robust, tunable framework-based porous liquid materials for a host of gas storage and separation applications.
Interactions Between Enhanced Polygenic Risk Scores and Lifestyle for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Lipid Levels.

Background: Both lifestyle and genetic factors confer risk for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. However, the interactions between these 2 groups of risk factors were not ...
Natural variants in SARS-CoV-2 S protein pinpoint structural and functional hotspots; implications for prophylaxis strategies

The SARS-CoV-2 viral genome mutates incessantly as it spreads in the world and the gene for the Spike (S) protein, critical for viral transmission into humans, is no exception. Analysis of 4,517 variants isolated from humans identified regions with few mutations, thus pinpointing important functional and structural sites in the S protein. This information can guide the development of effective prophylactic agents to arrest the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Yield of Serum Dexamethasone Measurement for Reducing False-Positive Results of Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Testing.

Background The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (DST) using a cortisol cutoff of 1.8 µg/dL has approximate sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 80% for detecting Cushing syndrome. False-positive DST results can be caused by a variety of conditions, by low dexamethasone bioavailability, or by failure to take dexamethasone as instructed. In an effort to reduce false positives caused by low bioavailability or medication noncompliance, we evaluated the yield of serum dexamethasone measurement for identifying invalid results. Methods Data were queried for orders requesting concurrent measurement of serum cortisol and dexamethasone over a 41-month period. Inclusion criteria were serum cortisol and dexamethasone measured from the same specimen, specimen collection before 9 AM after 1 mg dexamethasone administration, and results for both analytes documented in the electronic medical record. Seventy paired measurements were identified with these criteria. Results were categorized into 4 groups based on observed cortisol and dexamethasone concentrations: (a) suppressed cortisol, low dexamethasone; (b) suppressed cortisol, therapeutic dexamethasone; (c) unsuppressed cortisol, low dexamethasone; or (d) unsuppressed cortisol, therapeutic dexamethasone. Results Overall, 35 (50%) results demonstrated suppressed cortisol and therapeutic dexamethasone levels. The next largest group was unsuppressed cortisol and therapeutic dexamethasone, representing approximately 32% (n = 22) of the study population. Ten result sets (14%) fell into the unsuppressed cortisol and low dexamethasone category, and 3 paired measurements (4%) fit the criteria for suppressed cortisol and low dexamethasone. Conclusions The measurement of serum dexamethasone following DST reduces the false-positive rate associated with subtherapeutic dexamethasone levels.
Diversification of Transcription Factor NF-κB in Protists

Abstract In this report, we investigate the evolution of transcription factor NF-κB by examining its structure, activity, and regulation in two protists using phylogenetic, cellular, and biochemical techniques. In Capsaspora owczarzaki (Co), we find that full-length NF-κB has an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal Ankyrin (ANK) repeat inhibitory domain, and its DNA-binding activity is more similar to metazoan NF-κB rather than Rel proteins. As with mammalian NF-κB proteins, removal of the ANK repeats is required for Co-NF-κB to enter the nucleus, bind DNA, and activate transcription. However, C-terminal processing of Co-NF-κB is not induced by co-expression of IKK in human cells. Exogenously expressed Co-NF-κB localizes to the nucleus in Co cells. NF-κB mRNA and DNA-binding levels differ across three life stages of Capsaspora, suggesting distinct roles for NF-κB in these life stages. RNA-seq and GO analyses identify possible gene targets and biological functions of Co-NF-κB. We also show that three NF-κB-like proteins from the choanoflagellate Acanthoeca spectabilis (As) all consist of primarily the N-terminal conserved Rel Homology domain sequences of NF-κB, and lack C-terminal ANK repeats. All three As-NF-κB proteins constitutively enter the nucleus of human and Co cells, but differ in their DNA-binding and transcriptional activation activities. Furthermore, all three As-NF-κB proteins can form heterodimers, indicating that NF-κB diversified into multi-subunit families at least two times during evolution. Overall, these results present the first functional characterization of NF-κB in a taxonomic kingdom other than Animalia and provide information about the evolution and diversification of this biologically important transcription factor. Significance These results represent the first functional characterization of the biologically important transcription factor NF-κB in a taxonomic kingdom other than Animalia. As such, they provide information on the evolutionary origins and basal diversification of NF-κB outside of metazoans. These results suggest that NF-κB plays life stage-specific roles in Capsaspora, the closest unicellular ancestor to all metazoans. Finally, the analysis of three NF-κB proteins in a single choanoflagellate indicates that choanoflagellates have subclasses of NF-κBs, which can form heterodimers, suggesting that NF-κB subunit expansion and diversification has occurred at least twice in evolution.
Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma in 341 consecutive eyes (1,292 infusions): comparative analysis of outcomes based on patient age, race, and sex.

Purpose To evaluate tumor control and globe salvage following intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) for retinoblastoma based on International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) and patient demographics. Methods The medical records of 313 patients (341 eyes) treated with IAC were reviewed retrospectively. Chemotherapy agents included melphalan, topotecan, and carboplatin. Comparative analysis was performed for tumor control and globe salvage based on ICRB and patient demographics including age (≤12 vs >12 months), race (white vs nonwhite), and sex. Results Of the 341 eyes treated with 1,292 consecutive infusions of IAC as primary or secondary therapy for retinoblastoma, Kaplan-Meier 5-year estimates of globe salvage was 74%. Of those treated with IAC as primary therapy (n = 160 eyes; 655 infusions), 5-year globe salvage overall was 76%: and more specifically, 100% for groups B and C, 86% for group D, and 55% for group E. Of those treated with IAC as secondary therapy (n = 207 eyes; 859 infusions), 5-year globe salvage was 71%. Comparative analysis by race and sex demonstrated no differences in outcomes, but analysis by age revealed that younger patients had a higher rate of globe salvage (77% vs 72%; P Conclusions Our results suggest that IAC provides substantial tumor control for advanced and/or recurrent retinoblastoma with a high rate of globe salvage and few complications. There was little difference in outcomes per age, race, and sex.
Potential-Based Time Domain Integral Equations Free From Interior Resonances

Potential-based integral equations are being explored to develop numerical methods that avoid low-frequency breakdown issues so that they can analyze multiscale structures that are becoming increasingly important in electromagnetic engineering. This work continues the development of potential-based time domain integral equations by presenting three new formulations in the Lorenz gauge that do not support interior resonances. These modifications allow the methods to be applied to deeply multiscale structures of practical importance that contain significantly subwavelength- and wavelength-sized geometric features. Appropriate marching-on-in-time discretization schemes are developed for each formulation that fully conform to the temporal Sobolev space properties of the integral equations. It is shown that following this approach leads to a discrete system with improved stability properties. Further, it is demonstrated that this new system can produce accurate results over broad bandwidths and analyze deeply multiscale systems that previous potential-based time domain integral equations could not.