cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishment of legumes in grass swards: effects of pesticides on slugs, insects, legume seedling numbers and forage yield and quality*

Three legumes, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), were planted with a minimum-tillage drill into eight grass fields, three in early spring, two in late spring and three in late summer, in Pennsylvania. The objective was to use pesticides at planting time to control slugs and insects which attack legume seedlings and ascertain whether pest control prevented seedling loss and increased yields of grass and legume dry matter (DM), in vitro DM digestibility and crude protein (CP). Methiocarb bait alone or in combination with carbofuran granules or spray applied at planting sometimes controlled the slugs Derocerus reticulatum (Muller), D. laeve (Muller) and Arion fasciatus Nilsson and improved establishment of seedling red clover and alfalfa but not birdsfoot trefoil. Increased yields of DM, digestible DM, CP and legume DM after treatment was greatest in late-spring sowings. Larvae of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus (F.), attacked roots of legumes in the spring following the year of sowing. Late spring and summer sowings without pesticides sustained considerable seedling losses from pests, whereas seedlings from early spring sowings in untreated areas were injured less.
A single layer broadband circularly polarized reflectarray based on the element rotation technique

This paper investigates the performance of the single slot ring element for Ka-band reflectarray designs. Using the element rotation technique, two Ka-band circularly polarized reflectarray prototypes are designed and implemented, with different thicknesses of the substrate. The bandwidth is significantly enhanced when a thick substrate is used.
Extending dynamic constraint detection with disjunctive constraints

The languages of current dynamic constraint detection techniques are often specified by fixed grammars of universal properties. These properties may not be sufficient to express more subtle facts that describe the essential behavior of a given program. In an effort to make the dynamically recovered specification more expressive and program-specific we propose the state space partitioning technique as a solution which effectively adds program-specific disjunctive properties to the language of dynamic constraint detection. In this paper we present ContExt, a prototype implementation of the state space partitioning technique which relies on Daikon for dynamic constraint inference tasks.In order to evaluate recovered specifications produced by ContExt, we develop a methodology which allows us to measure quantitatively how well a particular recovered specification approximates the essential specification of a program's behavior. The proposed methodology is then used to comparatively evaluate the specifications recovered by ContExt and Daikon on two examples.
Plasma clearance and liver uptake of chylomicron remnants generated by hepatic lipase lipolysis: evidence for a lactoferrin-sensitive and apolipoprotein E-independent pathway.

Chylomicrons labeled with ( 3 H)cholesterol and ( 14 C)triglyceride fatty acids were lipolyzed by hepatic lipase (HL) in vitro and then injected intravenously into normal mice fed low- or high-fat diets, and into apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. In normal mice fed the high-fat diet and injected with non-lipolyzed chylomicrons, the plasma clearance and hepatic uptake of the resulting ( 3 H)choles- terol-labeled remnants was markedly inhibited. In contrast, chylomicrons lipolyzed by HL were taken up equally rapidly by the livers of mice fed the low- and high-fat diets. The re- moval of non-lipolyzed chylomicrons lacking apoE from the plasma of apoE-deficient mice was inhibited, but not the re- moval of chylomicrons lipolyzed by HL. Pre-injection of lactoferrin into normal mice inhibited the plasma clearance of both non-lipolyzed chylomicrons and chylomicrons lipo- lyzed by HL. The removal of HL from the surface of the li- polyzed particles by proteolytic digestion did not affect their rapid uptake, indicating that the hepatic recognition of the lipoproteins was not mediated by HL. These obser- vations support previous findings that phospholipolysis of chylomicrons by hepatic lipase generates remnant particles that are rapidly cleared from circulation by the liver. They also support the concept that chylomicron remnants can be taken up by the liver by an apolipoprotein E-independent mechanism. We hypothesize that this mechanism is modu- lated by the remnant phospholipids and that it may involve their interaction with a phospholipid-binding receptor on the surface of hepatocytes such as the class B scavenger re- ceptor BI.— Crawford, S. E., and J. Borensztajn. Plasma clearance and liver uptake of chylomicron remnants gener- ated by hepatic lipase lipolysis: evidence for a lactoferrin- sensitive and apolipoprotein E-independent pathway. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 797-805.
Laws of Attraction: From Perceptual Forces to Conceptual Similarity

Many of the pressing questions in information visualization deal with how exactly a user reads a collection of visual marks as information about relationships between entities. Previous research has suggested that people see parts of a visualization as objects, and may metaphorically interpret apparent physical relationships between these objects as suggestive of data relationships. We explored this hypothesis in detail in a series of user experiments. Inspired by the concept of implied dynamics in psychology, we first studied whether perceived gravity acting on a mark in a scatterplot can lead to errors in a participant's recall of the mark's position. The results of this study suggested that such position errors exist, but may be more strongly influenced by attraction between marks. We hypothesized that such apparent attraction may be influenced by elements used to suggest relationship between objects, such as connecting lines, grouping elements, and visual similarity. We further studied what visual elements are most likely to cause this attraction effect, and whether the elements that best predicted attraction errors were also those which suggested conceptual relationships most strongly. Our findings show a correlation between attraction errors and intuitions about relatedness, pointing towards a possible mechanism by which the perception of visual marks becomes an interpretation of data relationships.
Persistent bacterial infections, antibiotic tolerance, and the oxidative stress response

Certain bacterial pathogens are able to evade the host immune system and persist within the human host. The consequences of persistent bacterial infections potentially include increased morbidity and mortality from the infection itself as well as an increased risk of dissemination of disease. Eradication of persistent infections is difficult, often requiring prolonged or repeated courses of antibiotics. During persistent infections, a population or subpopulation of bacteria exists that is refractory to traditional antibiotics, possibly in a non-replicating or metabolically altered state. This review highlights the clinical significance of persistent infections and discusses different in vitro models used to investigate the altered physiology of bacteria during persistent infections. We specifically focus on recent work establishing increased protection against oxidative stress as a key element of the altered physiologic state across different in vitro models and pathogens.
The role of age in the decision to migrate

The consistent negative relationship between migration frequency and age is consistently verified by empirical data, but theoretical explanations have been lacking. The purpose of this paper is to articulate a formal theoretical model that predicts this relationship. The model is not intended to completely describe the migration process but focuses only on the fundamentals of the decision. The argument can be summarized as follows: because work-life expectancy is a declining function of age of family head, the older individual has a shorter time period to capture a positive utility differential at an alternative location. This implies that the present value of the utility differential stream will also fall with age. As it is probable that moving costs are either constant or an increasing function of age, the probability that the present value of the utility stream will exceed moving costs will also decline. Thus, the migration rate, implicitly defined as the probability of migrating multiplied by the number of people in a given age cohort, will vary inversely with age.
Probabilistic approaches to fault detection in networked discrete event systems

In this paper, we consider distributed systems that can be modeled as finite state machines with known behavior under fault-free conditions, and we study the detection of a general class of faults that manifest themselves as permanent changes in the next-state transition functionality of the system. This scenario could arise in a variety of situations encountered in communication networks, including faults occurred due to design or implementation errors during the execution of communication protocols. In our approach, fault diagnosis is performed by an external observer/diagnoser that functions as a finite state machine and which has access to the input sequence applied to the system but has only limited access to the system state or output. In particular, we assume that the observer/diagnoser is only able to obtain partial information regarding the state of the given system at intermittent time intervals that are determined by certain synchronizing conditions between the system and the observer/diagnoser. By adopting a probabilistic framework, we analyze ways to optimally choose these synchronizing conditions and develop adaptive strategies that achieve a low probability of aliasing, i.e., a low probability that the external observer/diagnoser incorrectly declares the system as fault-free. An application of these ideas in the context of protocol testing/classification is provided as an example.
Expert self-learning controller for robot manipulator

Real-time expert system techniques and applications to robot manipulator control systems are discussed. A novel type of intelligent controller structure, the expert learning controller prototype ELEC (expert learning controller), is developed for the trajectory tracking control in repeat operations. ELEC, acting as an intelligent real-time controller in a closed-loop system, can modify the control series in a human-expert-like manner using the experience of previous operations in order to force the system output to converge to the prespecified desired trajectory. ELEC does not require the knowledge of system models, so it can be used in a fairly wide range of control problems. A numerical example for a two-link robot manipulator is given which shows the satisfactory performance of ELEC. >
The influence of thinning on components of stand water balance in a ponderosa pine forest stand during and after extreme drought

To understand the effect of restoration thinning on the water balance of upland semi-arid ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the southwestern US, we compared the components of forest water balance between an unthinned plot and a thinned plot using a paired water balance approach. Forest overstory transpiration (EO) was estimated from tree sapflow scaled to the plot level. Understory evapotranspiration (EU) was estimated from the difference between throughfall precipitation and changes in soil water content measured in trenched plots that excluded tree roots. The thinning treatment in 2001 reduced plot basal area by 82% and leaf area index by 45%. Difference in stand-level evapotranspiration (E) between the thinned and unthinned plots, and partitioning of E between EU and EO during the first post-treatment summer and spring, varied between drought and non-drought periods. The importanceof EUinstand-level Ewasgreaterinthinned comparedwithunthinnedplotsandincreasedduringextremedroughtwhen EOwaslowduetostomatal closure.Ourresultshighlighttheimportanceof droughtandclimateasfactorsdeterminingtheimpact of thinning on water balance in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Trace mineral metabolism in the avian embryo

Trace mineral metabolism in the developing avian embryo begins with the formation of the egg and the trace mineral stores contained within it. Vitellogenin, the yolk precursor protein, serves as a trace mineral transporting protein that mediates the transfer of these essential nutrients from stores within the liver of the hen to the ovary and developing oocyte, and hence, to the yolk of the egg. Lipovitellin and phosvitin, derived from intraoocytic proteolytic processing of vitellogenin, are also trace mineral binding proteins that form important storage sites within the granule subfraction of yolk. The mobilization and uptake of egg trace mineral stores is mediated by the extra-embryonic membranes, principally the yolk sac membrane. The yolk sac also serves as a short-term storage site for trace minerals. Because it is an important site of plasma protein synthesis, the yolk sac has the ability to regulate the export of trace minerals to the embryo during development. Within the embryo, specific metaloproteins function in the interorgan transport cellular uptake, and intracellular storage of trace minerals. Thus, embryonic trace mineral homeostasis is established through the coordinated actions of the yolk sac, which mobilizes and exports trace minerals derived from egg stores; the vitelline circulation, which transports them to the embryo; and the liver, which accumulates trace minerals and distributes them to the rest of the tissues of the embryo via the embryonic circulation.
Regioselectivity of the halolactonization of γ,δ-unsaturated acids

Abstract Bromolactonization of 4-hexenoic acids gives a greater percentage of δ-lactones than does iodolactonization. Substituents in the 3-position favor the formation of δ-lactones while substituents in the 6-position favor the formation of γ-lactones.
Complementary medicines in pediatric bipolar disorder

The increasing number and availability of various complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) has resulted in an exponentially growing utilization of these products for everything from minor aches and pains to the treatment of mental illness. Difficulties in treating mental illnesses in children, averseness to having children take psychiatric medications, and stigma all drive patients and their families to research alternative treatments. As a result, there has been an increased utilization of CAM in psychiatry, particularly for hard to treat conditions like pediatric BD. It is important for the health care providers to be aware of the alternative treatments by some of their patients. A review of studies investigating the utility of complementary and alternative medicines in bipolar patients was conducted and selected studies were included. Omega-3 fatty acids and lecithin/ choline have preliminary data indicating potential utility in the CAM treatment for bipolar disorder while S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) and inositol have some data supporting their efficacy in the treatment of depressive symptoms. Some data for CAM suggest they may be useful adjunctive treatments but only little data are available to support their use as stand-alone therapy. Thus, the conventional medicines remain the first choice in pediatric bipolar management. Healthcare providers need to routinely inquire about the utilization of these treatments by their patients and become familiar with the risks and benefits involved with their use in children.
Noninvasive Arterial Monitor for Quantitative Oxygen-15-Water Blood Flow Studies

A noninvasive monitor has been developed for monitoring arterial radioactivity in quantitative PET studies of blood flow. The significance of this probe is that quantitative blood flow studies can be performed without the use of arterial catheterization. The method employed is based on the flux of photons emanating from the superior lobe of the right lung following an intravenous bolus of H2(15)O. Calibration of the monitor is obtained by measuring the relationship between lung monitor counts and arterial radioactivity after arterial and venous radioactivity levels have equilibrated following inhalation of C15O. To determine the accuracy of the lung probe as a measure of arterial radioactivity, 44 brain blood flow determinations were made in 11 volunteers using arterial radioactivity measures based both on the lung probe and continuous sampling from a radial artery. Repeated measures analysis of variance found no differences between invasive and noninvasive estimates of blood flow. These results suggest that the lung monitor enables quantitation of cerebral blood flow yet avoids the trauma of an arterial puncture.
Individual components of the Romhilt-Estes left ventricular hypertrophy score differ in their prediction of cardiovascular events: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Background It has been recently reported that the Romhilt-Estes (R-E) score, originally proposed for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy from the electrocardiogram, is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. Whether the R-E score is also predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and whether its individual components differ in their ability to predict different CVD outcomes are not well established. Methods This analysis includes 13,261 participants from the ARIC study who were free of CVD at baseline (1987-1989). Incident CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke were ascertained by an adjudication committee through December 2010. The R-E left ventricular hypertrophy score was measured from automatically processed baseline electrocardiogram data. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between baseline the R-E overall score (overall) and each of its 6 individual components separately, with each of the CVD outcomes. Results During a median follow-up of 21.8 years, 3,579, 2,205, 1,814, and 731 CVD, CHD, HF, and stroke events, respectively, occurred. In multivariable adjusted models, R-E score ≥4 points (compared with 0 points) was associated with increased risk of CVD, CHD, HF, and stroke (hazard ratio [95% CI] 1.66 [1.41-1.96], 1.66 [1.34-2.07], 1.97 [1.60-2.43], and 1.49 [1.07-2.07], respectively). The 6 component of the R-E score varied in their relationship to different CVD outcomes. Conclusions The R-E score is predictive of CVD outcomes. The 6 R-E score components differ in their associations with different CVD outcomes, indicating that they may be electrical biomarkers of different physiological events within the myocardium.
Formation of hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles using supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles were formed from fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) using atomization of the carbon dioxide (CO2)-expanded lipid. Melting point of FHSO decreased from 68.5 °C to 57 °C (0.096 °C/bar) above 120 bar in pressurized CO2. Processing conditions of 50 μm nozzle diameter and 200 bar CO2 pressure yielded smaller (d50% = 278 nm) hollow solid lipid particles. Increasing nozzle diameter and pressure affected the particle morphology and size negatively. Shell thickness of the particles decreased with increasing pressure at the same nozzle diameter. Decreasing the nozzle diameter yielded the polymorphism of the particles from β to α. Melting point of the particles shifted to a lower melting range and broadened the melting range compared to FHSO. The results showed that the reported supercritical CO2-assisted atomization process is a promising method to form hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles to develop bioactive delivery systems.
Radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy as definitive treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil

This study is aimed at updating our institution's experience with definitive radiotherapy (RT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. We reviewed 531 patients treated between 1983 and 2012 with definitive RT for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Of these, 179 patients were treated with either induction (n = 19) or concomitant (n = 160) chemotherapy. Planned neck dissection was performed on 217 patients: unilaterally in 199 and bilaterally in 18 patients. Median follow-up was 5.2 years for all patients (range 0.1–31.6 years) and 8.2 years for living patients (range 1.9–31.6 years). The 5-year local control rates by T stage were as follows: T1, 94 %; T2, 87 %; T3 79 %; T4, 70 %; and overall, 83 %. Multivariate analysis revealed that local control was significantly influenced by T stage and neck dissection. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates by overall stage were as follows: I, 94 %; II, 88 %; III, 87 %; IVA, 75 %; IVB, 52 %; and overall, 78 %. Multivariate analysis revealed that cause-specific survival was significantly influenced by T stage, N stage, overall stage, fractionation, neck dissection, sex, and ethnicity. Of 77 patients treated with ipsilateral fields only, contralateral neck failure occurred in 1 %. The rate of severe complications was 12 %. Definitive RT for patients with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma provides control rates equivalent to other modalities with a comparatively low incidence of late complications. Patients with anterior tonsillar pillar or tonsillar fossa primaries that are well lateralized with no base of tongue or soft palate extension may be treated with ipsilateral fields.
Innovations in Translational Sex and Gender-Sensitive Tobacco Research

Tobacco use is a global epidemic with more than 5 million people dying every year from smoking-related causes.1 In the United States, tobacco use leads to 440,000 deaths per year2 and an annual economic burden of $96 billion in medical expenses and $97 billion in lost productivity.3 Smoking causes extensive medical consequences and many of these risks are greater for women compared to men, even after equating for tobacco exposure. Female smokers appear to be at a greater risk of developing lung cancer4,5 and are more susceptible to tobacco carcinogens5 than male smokers. Smoking is associated with an earlier age of breast cancer,6 and female smokers experience greater risks of oral cancer than male smokers.5 Even cancers that have historically been more prevalent in men (e.g., bladder cancer) are now demonstrating similar prevalence as rates continue to increase among female smokers.7 The risk of coronary heart disease is greater for female smokers than for male smokers.8–11 A meta-analysis examining the impact of smoking on coronary heart disease by gender in 76 cohorts from 1966–2010 (2.4 million participants) showed that, after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors, female smokers demonstrated a 25% greater risk of coronary heart disease than male smokers.12
Acquired Immunity to an Animal Parasite

During the summer of 1917, while engaged in the experimental propagation of mussels, the attention of the author was directed to an acquired immunity in fish, acting as the host, to glochidia, the larval form of the fresh-water mussels, acting as the parasite. It was noticed that after two successive optimum infections of glochidia on the gills of a fish (this constitutes about 2,000 per individual with the species used) that the fish, which previously had carried the larval mussel through to maturity, did not permit the complete metamorphosis of a third or any subsequent infection. In every case the glochidia would attach normally, both as to time of attachment and number, but if the fish had had two previous infections or preferably three, the glochidia would drop off in 24-72 hours without any noticeable progress in their metamorphosis. The glochidia during the summer are normally parasitic for two or three weeks during which time their metamorphosis is completed.1 This artificial immunity to the metamorphosis of an animal parasite was strikingly apparent during the summer in 1917, in the short and long-nosed gar, Lepisosteus osseus, and Lepisosteus platostomus, which were being used as the specific host for the yellow sand shell, Lampsilis anodontoides. Because of the strong vitality of the gar, lots of 8 or 10 were used repeatedly for artificial infections. But with striking uniformity the metamorphosis was not completed on the third or subsequent infections. The probability of an acquired immunity has been supported by Mr. Thaddeus Surber. Howard2 calls attention to Surber's views and
Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on the relationship between CETP activity and plasma lipoproteins in monkeys.

Abstract CETP activity, measured as transfer of cholesteryl ester from exogenous HDL to exogenous VLDL and LDL, reflecting CETP mass as determined by ELISA, was documented in three groups of St. Kitts vervet monkeys fed diets enriched in saturated (Sat), monounsaturated (Mono), or n-6 polyunsaturated (Poly) fatty acids. CETP activity was not different when comparing the three dietary fats. However, CETP activity was significantly higher when cholesterol was added to each of the diets. Significant positive associations between CETP activity and VLDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations were found whereas significant negative associations were seen between CETP activity and HDL cholesterol in each of the diet groups. The strength of these associations was highest in the Sat group. Cholesteryl ester (CE) fatty acid composition of lipoproteins varied widely among diet groups, with the more polyunsaturated CE of the Poly group being associated with a higher rate of CE transfer to endogenous acceptor apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Finally, only the Sat diet group showed significant positive correlations of CETP activity with LDL particle diameter (r = 0.76), cholesteryl ester percentage (r = 0.67), and a strong negative correlation (r = −0.86) with LDL receptor function, estimated as the difference between native and methylated LDL turnover rates. We speculate that strong associations between CETP and LDL metabolism may explain, at least in part, the increased atherogenicity of dietary saturated fat. —Fusegawa, Y., K. L. Kelley, J. K. Sawyer, R. N. Shah, and L. L. Rudel. Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on the relationship between CETP activity and plasma lipoproteins in monkeys.
One Kind of Freedom: What did freedom mean?

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Constitution of the United States , Amendment XIII, ratified December 6, 1865. At the conclusion of a long and bloody civil war, with their emancipation from slavery and involuntary servitude, over 4 million Americans were permitted a kind of political and economic freedom for the first time in their lives. Beyond doubt, this change in the status of black Americans was accompanied by an unambiguous and substantial improvement in their economic well-being. It is also probable that most blacks were emboldened and enheartened by emancipation. But whatever the ex-slave's initial reactions to freedom – with its opportunities, its responsibilities, and its uncertainties – the material gains were real and stimulated an optimistic view of the potential for further economic advancement. This optimism was further reinforced when black workers found that they possessed the power, not only to shape their own destinies within the society in which they found themselves, but also to change that society, at least in a limited way. For nearly two and one-half centuries, black slave labor had been an integral part of southern life. Emancipation had destroyed the foundations of the southern economy and southern society.
Response of Nonlinear Bending-Torsional Coupling Vibration of the Combustion Engine Crankshaft System

The bending-torsional coupling dynamic model of the crankshaft system in combustion engine w as presented by considering varied inertia, mass eccentricity and nonlinear friction damping force. Numerical integration methods w ere adopted to analyze the effects of the mass eccentricity and rotate speed on the dynamic performance,and the characteristics of amplitude frequency responses w ere obtained based on the harmonic balance method. It is show n that the harmonic balance method coincides w ell w ith the numerical method. The damping betw een the cylinder and piston can produce significant inhibition of system response amplitude. The motion stability can be effectively improved by reducing the eccentric of crankshaft system.
Acculturation conflict among Latino youth: Discrimination, ethnic identity, and depressive symptoms.

Objectives: Patterns of parent–adolescent conflict differ between immigrant and nonimmigrant families living in the United States (Fuligni, 1998). Despite this, there is limited empirical literature examining the nuanced nature of parent–adolescent conflict in immigrant families. To fill this gap, the current study examined the role of 2 types of conflict (i.e., general and acculturation) in predicting psychosocial outcomes (i.e., depressive symptoms and ethnic identity) among Latino adolescents, and whether these relationships differ within the context of peer discrimination. Method: All survey administration was completed in the participating school’s cafeteria. The sample consisted of 7th through 10th graders (n = 172) with a mean age of 14.01 years (SD = 1.32.) The sample consisted of 53% females, and was primarily Mexican in origin (78%). Results: As hypothesized, parent–adolescent acculturation conflict uniquely predicted greater depressive symptoms and lower ethnic private regard, even when controlling for parent–adolescent general conflict. However, acculturation conflict predicted lower ethnic private regard only in the presence of greater peer discrimination. More specifically, peer discrimination moderated the relation between acculturation conflict and ethnic private regard such that adolescents who reported the highest levels of acculturation conflict and peer discrimination reported the lowest levels of ethnic private regard. Conclusions: These results suggest that for Latino youth and their families, acculturation conflict may be particularly problematic, as compared with general conflict. In addition, youth who face ethnicity-based stressors in both familial and school contexts are especially at risk in their ethnic identity development.
Forensic Hair Differentiation Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy

Hair and fibers are common forms of trace evidence found at crime scenes. The current methodology of microscopic examination of potential hair evidence is absent of statistical measures of performance, and examiner results for identification can be subjective. Here, attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze synthetic fibers and natural hairs of human, cat, and dog origin. Chemometric analysis was used to differentiate hair spectra from the three different species, and to predict unknown hairs to their proper species class, with a high degree of certainty. A species-specific partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) model was constructed to discriminate human hair from cat and dog hairs. This model was successful in distinguishing between the three classes and, more importantly, all human samples were correctly predicted as human. An external validation resulted in zero false positive and false negative assignments for the human class. From a forensic perspective, this technique would be complementary to microscopic hair examination, and in no way replace it. As such, this methodology is able to provide a statistical measure of confidence to the identification of a sample of human, cat, and dog hair, which was called for in the 2009 National Academy of Sciences report. More importantly, this approach is non-destructive, rapid, can provide reliable results, and requires no sample preparation, making it of ample importance to the field of forensic science.
SU-F-J-166: Volumetric Spatial Distortions Comparison for 1.5 Tesla Versus 3 Tesla MRI for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery Scans Using Frame Marker Fusion and Co-Registration Modes

Purpose: To compare typical volumetric spatial distortions for 1.5 Tesla versus 3 Tesla MRI Gamma Knife radiosurgery scans in the frame marker fusion and co-registration frame-less modes. Methods: Quasar phantom by Modus Medical Devices Inc. with GRID image distortion software was used for measurements of volumetric distortions. 3D volumetric T1 weighted scans of the phantom were produced on 1.5 T Avanto and 3 T Skyra MRI Siemens scanners. The analysis was done two ways: for scans with localizer markers from the Leksell frame and relatively to the phantom only (simulated co-registration technique). The phantom grid contained a total of 2002 vertices or control points that were used in the assessment of volumetric geometric distortion for all scans. Results: Volumetric mean absolute spatial deviations relatively to the frame localizer markers for 1.5 and 3 Tesla machine were: 1.39 ± 0.15 and 1.63 ± 0.28 mm with max errors of 1.86 and 2.65 mm correspondingly. Mean 2D errors from the Gamma Plan were 0.3 and 1.0 mm. For simulated co-registration technique the volumetric mean absolute spatial deviations relatively to the phantom for 1.5 and 3 Tesla machine were: 0.36 ± 0.08 and 0.62 ± 0.13 mm with max errors of 0.57 and 1.22 mm correspondingly. Conclusion: Volumetric spatial distortions are lower for 1.5 Tesla versus 3 Tesla MRI machines localized with markers on frames and significantly lower for co-registration techniques with no frame localization. The results show the advantage of using co-registration technique for minimizing MRI volumetric spatial distortions which can be especially important for steep dose gradient fields typically used in Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Consultant for Elekta AB
Nation-Building and the Redefinition of the Child

“Children’s Competition on the Beach.” So reads the title across the center spread of a 1935 edition of the popular Egyptian magazine, al-Musawwar (The Illustrated).1 Under the title, and continued on the last page, are individual photographs of young boys and girls on the beach in swimsuits, dresses, sun hats, and bath robes, holding parasols, shells, pails, and little sand shovels. A number and the child’s name are under each photograph for readers to contribute their votes. The competition spanned several editions, and the winning child received a modern, four-piece child’s furniture set in steel.
Collaborative Revision: Thomas Mark and George Yeats, 1939–49

Yeats died on 28 January 1939. He had not been long in his temporary resting-place at Roquebrune before the process began of — not to put too fine a point on it — corrupting the texts which he had worked so hard to perfect. The defects in Poems (1949) which we have so far noted can be traced to the original fatal decision to prefer the proofs of the Edition de Luxe over the later materials. But we now enter a realm where even the best of intentions were sometimes compromised and where, sadly, Yeats’s own judgement was at times deliberately disregarded. In this chapter I shall describe that process in general terms and illustrate it principally by its effect on the Collected Poems, reserving comment on its consequences for the later collections until we take up those volumes in turn.
Structural analysis of the role of TPX2 in branching microtubule nucleation

The mitotic spindle consists of microtubules (MTs), which are nucleated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). How the γ-TuRC gets activated at the right time and location remains elusive. Recently, it was uncovered that MTs nucleate from preexisting MTs within the mitotic spindle, which requires the protein TPX2, but the mechanism basis for TPX2 action is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of TPX2 in branching MT nucleation. We establish the domain organization of Xenopus laevis TPX2 and define the minimal TPX2 version that stimulates branching MT nucleation, which we find is unrelated to TPX2's ability to nucleate MTs in vitro. Several domains of TPX2 contribute to its MT-binding and bundling activities. However, the property necessary for TPX2 to induce branching MT nucleation is contained within newly identified γ-TuRC nucleation activator motifs. Separation-of-function mutations leave the binding of TPX2 to γ-TuRC intact, whereas branching MT nucleation is abolished, suggesting that TPX2 may activate γ-TuRC to promote branching MT nucleation.
Medically Uninsured and the Homeless

Alice Crowley is a 34 year old who lives out of her car. She lost her house 2 years ago when her boyfriend left her and she could no longer afford their apartment. She lives by herself; her 4 year old daughter child was taken by Child Protective Services. She gets an occasional meal at one of the homeless centers, and on really cold nights will sleep in the center, but doesn’t like to go there. She panhandles sometimes, but doesn’t like how people look at her, or give her a hard time. Most of the time she eats what she can find in dumpsters behind grocery stores and fast food restaurants late at night. She sleeps most of the day because of her night-time foraging.
International Graduate Students: Social Networks and Language Use.

The campus climate for international graduate students (IGSs) has been gaining attention in recent years as the number of IGSs in the United States continues to rise. IGSs bring diversity to the campus community and enrich the academic community, but also come to the table with distinct needs, concerns, and experiences. The current study is primarily concerned with how early social and academic experiences affect English learning and academic success. Social networks outside of the student’s cultural background may be difficult to develop, and, therefore, it is not uncommon to see students gravitate towards others who share their cultural and language background.
An End-to-End Implanted Brain–Machine Interface Antenna System Performance Characterizations and Development

Brain-machine interface (BMI) is a multidisciplinary field that has been recently developed in an attempt to help restore functionalities for paralyzed individuals. One of the key components for the implementation of a wireless BMI necessitates unique designs for both the internal brain and external head antennas. In this paper, we initially revisited the design of an optimized 1-mm3 implantable antenna transferring power and data with a reduced size low profile external reader antenna by utilizing radio-frequency identification (RFID)-inspired backscattering. Detailed computational assessments and specific absorption rate evaluations are performed. Prototypes were characterized in terms of link efficiency through a realized RFID link with up to −25 dB link efficiency. The noise analysis for antennas in biological systems was performed using two novel absorption-noise models. And finally a channel capacity estimation was performed, proving that the BMI antenna link could support up to 100 recording channels. An end-to-end BMI antenna system characterization is detailed in this paper for multichannel implanted neural recording applications.
Sex differences in intracerebral hemorrhage expansion and mortality

Abstract Background and objective Due to conflicting results in multiple studies, uncertainty remains regarding sex differences in severity and mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the impact of sex on ICH severity, expansion, and mortality. Methods We analyzed prospectively collected ICH patients and assessed clinical variables and mortality rate. Mediation analyses were used to examine associations between sex and mortality and sex and hematoma expansion. Results 2212 patients were investigated, 53.5% male. Men with ICH were younger (72 vs. 77 years), had greater smoking and alcohol use, and were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease (all p Conclusions Men with ICH experience a higher risk of both expansion and early and late mortality, even after controlling for known risk factors. Further research is needed to explore the biological mechanisms underlying these observed differences.
Estimating thermal conductivity from time domain reflection (TDR) measurements

Measurement of soil thermal conductivity in-situ is important for many practical geotechnical and civil engineering applications. However, for a variety of reasons it can be difficult to measure in-situ. The ability to estimate the thermal conductivity of sands based on the electrical relative permittivity (dielectric constant) is presented. Extensive previous work has been done to relate the physical state (void ratio, water content, and saturation percent) of sandy soils to the bulk thermal conductivity and bulk relative permittivity respectively. These parameters have always been observed isolated from each other. The bulk thermal conductivity and bulk relative permittivity are primarily dependent on the same physical characteristics. Therefore, it should be possible to estimate the thermal conductivity of a soil based on the relative permittivity measured (or vice versa). The objective of this research is to demonstrate this estimation based on laboratory measurements. Thermal conductivity and relative permittivity measurements were conducted on prepared bench scale specimens of five soils of varying density and saturation. In total, 98 specimens were prepared for thermal conductivity and relative permittivity measurements. Thermal conductivity was measured using a thermal needle technique and relative permittivity was measured using a Dynamax TH2O probe. Based on the data collected, there appears to be a relationship between the two properties. Based on the data collected it appears that theory that these properties could be estimated from each other is valid for a wide range of sand-silt mixtures at varying saturation.
Bimetallic platinum group metal-free catalysts for high power generating microbial fuel cells

M1-M2-N-C bimetallic catalysts with M1 as Fe and Co and M2 as Fe, Co, Ni and Mn were synthesized and investigated as cathode catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The catalysts were prepared by Sacrificial Support Method in which silica was the template and aminoantipyrine (AAPyr) was the organic precursor. The electro-catalytic properties of these catalysts were investigated by using rotating ring disk (RRDE) electrode setup in neutral electrolyte. Fe-Mn-AAPyr outperformed Fe-AAPyr that showed higher performances compared to Fe-Co-AAPyr and Fe-Ni-AAPyr in terms of half-wave potential. In parallel, Fe-Co-AAPyr, Co-Mn-AAPyr and Co-Ni-AAPyr outperformed Co-AAPyr. The presence of Co within the catalyst contributed to high peroxide production not desired for efficient ORR. The catalytic capability of the catalysts integrated in air-breathing cathode was also verified. It was found that Co-based catalysts showed an improvement in performance by the addition of second metal compared to simple Co- AAPyr. Fe-based bimetallic materials didn't show improvement compared to Fe-AAPyr with the exception of Fe-Mn-AAPyr catalyst that had the highest performance recorded in this study with maximum power density of 221.8 ± 6.6 μWcm-2. Activated carbon (AC) was used as control and had the lowest performances in RRDE and achieved only 95.6 ± 5.8 μWcm-2 when tested in MFC.
Local and Systemic CD4+ T Cell Exhaustion Reverses with Clinical Resolution of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Investigation of the Th1 immune response in sarcoidosis CD4+ T cells has revealed reduced proliferative capacity and cytokine expression upon TCR stimulation. In other disease models, such cellular dysfunction has been associated with a step-wise, progressive loss of T cell function that results from chronic antigenic stimulation. T cell exhaustion is defined by decreased cytokine production upon TCR activation, decreased proliferation, increased expression of inhibitory cell surface receptors, and increased susceptibility to apoptosis. We characterized sarcoidosis CD4+ T cell immune function in systemic and local environments among subjects undergoing disease progression compared to those experiencing disease resolution. Spontaneous and TCR-stimulated Th1 cytokine expression and proliferation assays were performed in 53 sarcoidosis subjects and 30 healthy controls. PD-1 expression and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Compared to healthy controls, sarcoidosis CD4+ T cells demonstrated reductions in Th1 cytokine expression, proliferative capacity ( ), enhanced apoptosis ( ), and increased PD-1 expression ( ). BAL-derived CD4+ T cells also demonstrated multiple facets of T cell exhaustion ( ). Reversal of CD4+ T cell exhaustion was observed in subjects undergoing spontaneous resolution ( ). Sarcoidosis CD4+ T cells exhibit loss of cellular function during progressive disease that follows the archetype of T cell exhaustion.
Elevated arterial blood pressure after superior cavo-pulmonary anastomosis is associated with elevated pulmonary artery pressure and cerebrovascular dysautoregulation.

Elevated arterial blood pressure (ABP) is common after superior bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (BCPA). The effects of elevated ABP after BCPA on cerebrovascular hemodynamics are unknown. We sought to determine the relationship between elevated ABP and cerebrovascular autoregulation after BCPA. Prospective, observational study on infants with single-ventricle physiology after BCPA surgery. Continuous recordings of mean ABP, mean cavopulmonary artery pressure (PAP), near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral oximetry (regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)), and relative cerebral blood volume index were obtained from admission to extubation. Autoregulation was measured as hemoglobin volume index (HVx). Physiologic variables, including the HVx, were tested for variance across ABP. Sixteen subjects were included in the study. Elevated ABP post-BCPA was associated with both, elevated PAP (P<0.0001) and positive HVx (dysautoregulation; P<0.0001). No association was observed between ABP and alterations in rSO2. Using piecewise regression, the relationship of PAP to ABP demonstrated a breakpoint at 68 mm Hg (interquartile range (IQR) 62–70 mm Hg). Curve fit of HVx as a function of ABP identified optimal ABP supporting robust autoregulation at a median ABP of 55 mm Hg (IQR 51–64 mm Hg). Elevated ABP post-BCPA is associated with cerebrovascular dysautoregulation, and elevated PAP. The effects, of prolonged dysautoregulation within this population, require further study.