cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiral Induction in Originally Racemic Amino Acids via 5‐Acyl and 5‐Acyloxyaminooxazoles

A variety of chiral 2,4-disubstituted-5-trifluoroacetamido-,5-carbobenzyloxyamino, and 5-β,β,β,-trichloroethoxycarbonylaminooxazoles have been prepared from diamide, dipeptide, or amide nitrile precursors. Conversion to their (poly)amide equivalents via a deacylation/hydration sequence is described. The extent of induction of chirality realized upon ring opening in each case is determined by HPLC.
iDTT: Delay Tolerant Data Transfer for P2P File Sharing Systems

As the dominant Internet application, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing systems account for the major portion of Internet traffic, posing significant burden on ISPs. Many ISPs have attempted to discriminate against P2P traffic, making it important to alleviate such severe conflict. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture called iDTT that aims to use the underutilized off-peak time network capacity to transfer data for P2P file sharing systems. The rationale is that file sharing, especially for large files, is not real-time and able to tolerate some delay. iDTT is able to reduce network usage at peak time by storing data at overlay nodes and transferring it at off-peak times. This reduces ISP cost for transit traffic and the pressure on their infrastructure. Two representative P2P systems, eMule and BitTorrent, are adapted to use iDTT as their data plane. Our experiments on Emulab show that iDTT significantly reduces the network traffic at peak times while only slightly increasing the downloading time for these applications.
Antimicrobial selection in the penicillin-allergic patient.

Patients frequently state that they have a penicillin allergy that often presents a therapeutic problem in treating a variety of infectious disorders. Penicillin and beta-lactam allergic reactions should be determined by a careful history. Many patients who say they have a penicillin allergy, in fact do not. If it is determined that the patient has a penicillin allergy, then the clinician should determine whether it is of an anaphylactic or nonanaphylactic variety. Most reactions to beta-lactams are of the nonanaphylactic variety and are usually manifested clinically as a mild maculopapular rash or drug fever. Uncommonly, penicillin allergies are clinically manifested as anaphylactic reactions, e.g., bronchospasm, laryngospasm, hypotension or hives. Patients' hypersensitivity reactions tend to be stereotyped on rechallenge, which make the reactions predictable. Patients who have a questionable penicillin allergy, or have had only fever or rash, may be safely given beta-lactam antibiotics without fear of anaphylaxis. Patients with a documented history of anaphylactic reactions should receive non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Although monobactams and carbapenems are structurally related to beta-lactams, they are unrelated in terms of allergic potential. There is no cross-reactivity between mono-bactams or carbapenems with beta-lactams, and these drugs may be used safely in patients with anaphylactic reactions to beta-lactams. Because so many antibiotics are available that are allergically unrelated to beta-lactams, beta-lactam desensitization procedures are rarely necessary. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.
Recent advances in respiratory care of the term neonate.

Abstract: Persistent pulmonary hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the term and near-term infant. Management of this condition, which is characterized by respiratory distress and cyanosis, has been greatly enhanced by inhaled nitric oxide (NO) therapy. The following treatment regime is suggested: Conventional ventilation should be used initially, and hyper-ventilation should be avoided. Surfactant should be administered early, preferably within 6 hours of diagnosis. If conventional ventilation fails, the next step is high-frequency ventilation or inhaled NO. Some infants who do not respond to inhaled NO when administered by conventional ventilation will respond to NO delivery via a high-frequency ventilator. If all of these therapies fail, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) should be considered. By the use of this approach, the mortality from PPH has been considerably reduced, and concerns today relate primarily to morbidity, particularly long-term neurologic outcome and chronic lung disease resulting from ventilation and barotrauma.
20.2: Invited Paper: Reliability Improvement of Flexible AMOLED Based on Auxiliary Functional Film Technology

The flexible universal plane (FlexUP) technology was demonstrated with Polyimide (PI) substrate and a novel de-bonding method. The transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS) TFT, and OLEDs were developed along with the FlexUP technology, aiming to improve the reliability of flexible AMOLED. TAOS TFT successfully improved the bias stress reliability (T50) to approximately over 10 years, and the life time of flexible AMOLED were improved by the new passivation structure and encapsulation materials.
Mapping of prolactin and tumor necrosis factor-beta genes on human chromosome 6p using lymphoblastoid cell deletion mutants.

A collection of human B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) was used to map two genetic sequences for which polymorphism had not been identified: human prolactin (PRL) and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNFB). The LCLs have overlapping deletions on chromosome 6p produced by gamma-irradiation of LCL 721. After using two chromosome 6p sequences for which LCL 721 is heterozygous to validate our scanning denistometry (SD) method for inferring gene copy number, SD was used to map TNFBand PRL. TNFBmaps to the interval between the C4complement and HLA-Bloci within the MHC on chromosome 6p. PRLlies within the 6p21.3–6p22.2 interval distal to HLA-C.We found that LCL 721 is heterozygous for PRL DNA fragment lengths generated by HpaII but not MspI digestion, indicating that the two copies of PRLin LCL 721 are differentially methylated. This novel methylation RFLP was used to corroborate the region PRL assignment.
Association of the Sites of Heavy Metals with Nanoscale Carbon in a Kentucky Electrostatic Precipitator Fly Ash

A combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (HRTEM-STEM-EELS) was used to study fly ashes produced from the combustion of an eastern Kentucky coal at a southeastern-Kentucky wall-fired pulverized coal utility boiler. Fly ash was collected from individual hoppers in each row of the electrostatic precipitators (ESP) pollution-control system, with multiple hoppers sampled within each of the three rows. Temperatures within the ESP array range from about 200 degrees C at the entry to the first row to < 150 degrees C at the exit of the third row. HRTEM-STEM-EELS study demonstrated the presence of nanoscale (10 s nm) C agglomerates with typical soot-like appearance and others with graphitic fullerene-like nanocarbon structures. The minute carbon agglomerates are typically juxtaposed and intergrown with slightly larger aluminosilicate spheres and often form an ultrathin halo or deposit on the fly ash particles. The STEM-EELS analyses revealed that the nanocarbon agglomerates host even finer (< 3 nm) metal and metal oxide particles. Elemental analysis indicated an association of Hg with the nanocarbon. Arsenic, Se, Pb, Co, and traces of Ti and Ba are often associated with Fe-rich particles within the nanocarbon deposits.
Structural Stability Testing in Models Estimated by Generalized Method of Moments

This article proposes a new methodology for testing structural stability in models estimated via generalized method of moments. Like most previous studies of this general problem, attention is focused on the case in which some aspect of the model potentially changes at a single point in the sample, known as the “breakpoint.” Unlike this earlier work, however, our approach is based on a decomposition of the null hypothesis into two components involving parameter constancy and the validity of the overidentifying restrictions both before and after the suspected breakpoint. Using this framework, we propose a testing strategy that offers the potential to discriminate between parameter variation and more general forms of instability. Statistics are presented for testing our null hypotheses in both the known and unknown breakpoint cases. The tests are applied to the conditional capital asset pricing model used by Harvey to explain the international variation in stock index returns. Harvey reported that data from...
Adhesive transfer to abrasive particles in abrasion testing

Abstract The definition of “abrasive wear” endorsed by the ASTM G2 Committee on Wear And Erosion is: “wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface” [1] . There are many models applied to abrasion that are based upon idealized cones (and other shapes) as an abrasive particle imposed on and moving in contact with a counterface. Wear is calculated as the volume of material fractured or displaced by the sliding cone as it indents and moves through the material. In this study we conducted two and three-body abrasion tests on a variety of materials with alumina and silica abrasive to observe the early stages of abrasion. Optical microscopy on abrasive particles and profilometry of counter faces led to the conclusion that adhesive transfer of material to abrasive particles is a significant component of both two body and three body abrasion.
Common fragile sites, extremely large genes, neural development and cancer

Common fragile sites (CFSs) are large regions of profound genomic instability found in all individuals. They are biologically significant due to their role in a number of genomic alterations that are frequently found in many different types of cancer. The first CFS to be cloned and characterized was FRA3B, the most active CFS in the human genome. Instability within this region extends for over 4.0 Mbs and contained within the center of this CFS is the FHIT gene spanning 1.5 Mbs of genomic sequence. There are frequent deletions and other alterations within this gene in multiple tumor types and the protein encoded by this gene has been demonstrated to function as a tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo. In spite of this, FHIT is not a traditional mutational target in cancer and many tumors have large intronic deletions without any exonic alterations. There are several other very large genes found within CFS regions including Parkin (1.37 Mbs in FRA6E), GRID2 (1.47 Mbs within 4q22.3), and WWOX (1.11 Mbs within FRA16D). These genes also appear to function as tumor suppressors but are not traditional mutational targets in cancer. Each of these genes is highly conserved and the regions spanning them are CFSs in mice. We have now examined lists of the largest human genes and found forty that span over one megabase. Many of these are derived from chromosomal bands containing CFSs. BACs within these genes are being utilized as FISH probes to determine if these are also CFS genes. Thus far we have identified the following as CFS genes: CNTNAP2 (2.3 Mbs in FRA7I), DMD (2.09 Mbs in FRAXC), LRP1B (1.9 Mbs in FRA2F), CTNNA3 (1.78 Mbs in FRA10D), DAB1 (1.55 Mbs in FRA1B), and IL1RAPL1 (1.36 Mbs in FRAXC). Although, these genes are also not traditional mutational targets in cancer they do exhibit loss of expression in multiple tumor types suggesting that they may also function as tumor suppressors. Many of the large CFS genes are involved in neurological development. Parkin is mutated in autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism and deletions in mice are associated with the mouse mutant Quaking (viable). Spontaneous mouse mutants in GRID2 and DAB1 are associated with Lurcher and Reelin, respectively. In humans, alterations in IL1RAPL1 cause X-linked mental retardation and loss of WWOX is associated with Tau phosphorylation. We propose that the instability-induced alterations in these genes contribute to cancer development in a two-step process. Initial alterations will primarily occur within intronic regions, as these genes are greater than 99% intronic. These are not benign. Instead, they alter the repertoire of transcripts produced from these genes. As cancer progresses deletions will begin to encompass exons resulting in gene inactivation. These two types of alterations occurring in multiple large CFS genes may contribute significantly to the heterogeneity observed in cancer. There are also important potential linkages between normal neurological development and the development of cancer mediated by alterations in these genes.
Lithium-tin phase relationships between Li7Sn2 and LiSn

The phase relationships in the Li-Sn system were investigated in the composition region between the phase Li7Sn2 and the phase LiSn to determine the equilibrium conditions for the existence of Li13Sn5. Thermal analysis and metallography were employed. The general features, including liquidus data, of the Li-Sn diagram in Hansen's compilation were confirmed, but the peritectic reaction associated in that diagram with Li5Sn2 was found to be the peritectic melting of Li13Sn5; the peritectic melting of Li5Sn2 occurred about eighteen degrees lower in temperature. Severe microcracking was observed in all solid alloys that were equilibrated and quenched from temperatures above 782 K.
Rapid Detection of Clonal T-Cell Receptor-β Gene Rearrangements in T-Cell Lymphomas Using the LightCycler-Polymerase Chain Reaction with DNA Melting Curve Analysis

Various molecular methods have been developed to diagnose clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements in clinical samples. Most polymerase chain reaction strategies for detecting clonal TCR gene rearrangements rely on either gel or capillary electrophoresis. However, a cumbersome manual transfer step separates amplification from analysis. Recently, we developed a novel polymerase chain reaction assay using the LightCycler system to detect clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. In the current study, we extend this work to include the TCR. We report that clonal TCR-β (TCR-β) gene rearrangements can be detected in less than 1 hour after preparing the DNA by measuring DNA melting immediately after amplification in a single closed capillary tube. We retrospectively studied 52 fresh-frozen tissue samples from patients clinically suspected of T-cell malignancy. A clonal TCR-β gene rearrangement was detected in 14 samples by DNA melting curve analysis. When DNA melting was compared to the gold standard methods of Southern blot or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, it achieved a sensitivity equal to 71% and a specificity equal to 94%. We also compared melting curve analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: melting curve analysis reached a sensitivity equal to 100% and a specificity equal to 97%. We conclude that DNA melting curve analysis in the LightCycler system has potential for clinical use as a new, ultra-fast method for the initial diagnosis of clonal TCR-β gene rearrangements.
New trace norm inequalities for 2 × 2 blocks of diagonal matrices

Abstract Several new trace norm inequalities are established for 2 n ×2 n block matrices, in the special case where the four n × n blocks are diagonal. Some of the inequalities are noncommutative analogs of Hanner's inequality, others describe the behavior of the trace norm under re-ordering of diagonal entries of the blocks.
Different sensitivities of native and oxidized forms of Na−K+-ATPase to intracellular proteinases

Abstract Inactivation of Na + K − -ATPase by partially reduced oxygen metabolites has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury to heart and other organs. Because oxidation of many proteins makes them more susceptible to degradation by intracellular proteinases, we studied the effects of several such proteinases on native and H2O2-oxidized preparations of Na + K + -ATPase from canine kidney (containing α1 isoform of the catalytic subunit) and rat axolemma (containing α2 and α3 isoforms). Lysosomal cathepsin D degraded the native and the oxidized preparations at acid pH, but it was significantly more effective against the oxidized forms. m-Calpain had little or no effect on the native Na + K + -ATPase preparations, but it digested the oxidized α-subunits of the axolemma and the kidney enzymes. μ-Calpain's effects were similar to those of m-calpain. Multicatalytic proteinase which is known to degrade a large number of oxidized proteins, did not affect the native or the oxidized forms of Na + K + -ATPase . The findings suggest that (a) during oxidative stress there may be accelerated degradation of the oxidatively damaged Na + K + -ATPase , either through internalization and transport to lysosomes, or by the action of calpains at the membrane; and (b) those isoforms of the enzyme that are more sensitive to oxidants are more susceptible to degradation by the above processes.
The Orangeburg Massacre: A Case Study of the Influence of Social Phenomena on Historical Recollection

In 1968, students from historically black South Carolina State College, angered over the continued segregation of a local bowling alley, engaged in an on-campus conflict with law enforcement. This was a landmark event in the Civil Rights Movement as it represented the first occasion where deaths resulted from an on-campus confrontation between police and students. In this study, oral histories and written documentaries from participant observers of this event were analyzed in the context of four social phenomena of the era: political culture, race in higher education, the Civil Rights Movement, and student unrest. The results were discussed in terms of the degree of influence that each of the social phenomena had on the historical source.
On Estimation and Hypothesis Testing Problems for Correlation Coefficients.

A selection of statistical problems commonly encountered in psychological or psychiatric research concerning correlation coefficients are re-evaluated in the light of recently developed simplifications in the forms of the distribution theory of the intraclass correlation coefficient (exact theory), of the product-moment correlation coefficient and of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (approximate).
Thrombotic complications of a basilar artery aneurysm in a young adult with Pompe disease.

Abstract Background Pompe disease or type 2 glycogen storage disease is an inherited condition that generally afflicts the heart and skeletal muscle. Nervous tissue involvement is known; however, the effect on cerebral vasculature is less well understood. Case Description The thrombotic complications of a fusiform basilar artery aneurysm in a young adult patient with Pompe disease is presented with complete CT, MRI, and angiographic findings. Conclusion We suggest that in young adult patients with Pompe disease, MRA screening of intracerebral vessels may be considered with the goal of potentially diagnosing thrombotic and thromboembolic complications.
Long-term management impacts on carbon storage in Lake States forests

Abstract We examined carbon storage following 50+ years of forest management in two long-term silvicultural studies in red pine and northern hardwood ecosystems of North America’s Great Lakes region. The studies contrasted various thinning intensities (red pine) or selection cuttings, shelterwoods, and diameter-limit cuttings (northern hardwoods) to unmanaged controls of similar ages, providing a unique opportunity to evaluate long-term management impacts on carbon pools in two major North American forest types. Management resulted in total ecosystem carbon pools of 130–137 Mg ha−1 in thinned red pine and 96–177 Mg ha−1 in managed northern hardwoods compared to 195 Mg ha−1 in unmanaged red pine and 224 Mg ha−1 in unmanaged northern hardwoods. Managed stands had smaller tree and deadwood pools than unmanaged stands in both ecosystems, but management had limited impacts on understory, forest floor, and soil carbon pools. Total carbon storage and storage in individual pools varied little across thinning intensities in red pine. In northern hardwoods, selection cuttings stored more carbon than the diameter-limit treatment, and selection cuttings generally had larger tree carbon pools than the shelterwood or diameter-limit treatments. The proportion of total ecosystem carbon stored in mineral soil tended to increase with increasing treatment intensity in both ecosystems, while the proportion of total ecosystem carbon stored in the tree layer typically decreased with increasing treatment intensity. When carbon storage in harvested wood products was added to total ecosystem carbon, selection cuttings and unmanaged stands stored similar levels of carbon in northern hardwoods, but carbon storage in unmanaged stands was higher than that of thinned stands for red pine even after adding harvested wood product carbon to total ecosystem carbon. Our results indicate long-term management decreased on-site carbon storage in red pine and northern hardwood ecosystems, but thinning intensity had little impact on carbon storage in red pine while increasing management intensity greatly reduced carbon storage in northern hardwoods. These findings suggest thinning to produce different stand structures would have limited impacts on carbon storage in red pine, but selection cuttings likely offer the best carbon management options in northern hardwoods.
Max Weber on Religion and Political Responsibility

Abstract In his two lectures on the vocations, Max Weber developed a ‘deep theory’ of responsibility focusing on: 1) a readiness to evaluate critically and repeatedly the foreseeable consequences of one's actions; 2) a willingness to abandon or change one's course if one has reason to believe such action will result in consequences detrimental to other, more valuable ends or obligations; and 3) an ability to justify one's final course of action to others. I criticize, among other things, Weber's idea that the capacity of religion to inspire political responsibility can be measured in terms of its readiness to endorse the use of physical force. I am also critical of his ethical indeterminism and his belief that life- and value-spheres are impervious to rational mediation. Nevertheless, I conclude that his consequentialist theory of responsibility was a valuable contribution to our understanding of the relationship between values and political power.
Regulatory domain determinants that control PKD1 activity

The canonical pathway for protein kinase D1 (PKD1) activation by growth factor receptors involves diacylglycerol binding to the C1 domain and protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation at the activation loop. PKD1 then autophosphorylates at Ser916, a modification frequently used as a surrogate marker of PKD1 activity. PKD1 also is cleaved by caspase-3 at a site in the C1-PH interdomain during apoptosis; the functional consequences of this cleavage event remain uncertain. This study shows that PKD1-Δ1–321 (an N-terminal deletion mutant lacking the C1 domain and flanking sequence that models the catalytic fragment that accumulates during apoptosis) and PKD1-CD (the isolated catalytic domain) display high basal Ser916 autocatalytic activity and robust activity toward CREBtide (a peptide substrate) but little to no activation loop autophosphorylation and no associated activity toward protein substrates, such as cAMP-response element binding protein and cardiac troponin I. In contrast, PKD1-ΔPH (a PH domain deletion mutant) is recovered as a constitutively active enzyme, with high basal autocatalytic activity and high basal activity toward peptide and protein substrates. These results indicate that individual regions in the regulatory domain act in a distinct manner to control PKD1 activity. Finally, cell-based studies show that PKD1-Δ1–321 does not substitute for WT-PKD1 as an in vivo activator of cAMP-response element binding protein and ERK phosphorylation. Proteolytic events that remove the C1 domain (but not the autoinhibitory PH domain) limit maximal PKD1 activity toward physiologically relevant protein substrates and lead to a defect in PKD1-dependent cellular responses. Background: PKD1 catalytic fragments accumulate during apoptosis; their cellular actions remain uncertain. Results: A PKD1 truncation mutant lacking the N-terminal portion of the regulatory domain does not phosphorylate protein substrates or activate PKD1-dependent cellular responses. Conclusion: The N-terminal portion of the regulatory domain (encompassing the C1 domain) is a positive regulator of PKD1 activity. Significance: Proteolysis limits the cellular actions of PKD1.
•1-Acid Glycoprotein in Late-Life Depression: Relationship to Medical Burden and Genetics

Serum α 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations were examined in relationship to age, medical burden, depression, and mental status in elderly control (n = 19, mean age = 72.1 ± 6.8 years) and depressed (n = 58, mean age = 71.9 ± 7.1 years) subjects. DNA was analyzed for allelic variants of the AGP1 (ORM1) gene in both groups. Depressed subjects’ AAG serum levels were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment. Before treatment, depressed subjects had significantly higher serum AAG concentrations than nondepressed controls (t 49.2 = –3.48, P = .0011). Pretreatment AAG levels also correlated with degree of medical burden, measured by the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale–Geriatrics (r = 0.28, P = .0303), but not with age, depression severity, or cognitive scores. There was no significant difference between responders and nonresponders on changes in AAG levels from baseline to week 6. Frequency differences in ORM1 allelic variants apparently did not influence increased AAG concentrations in depressed patients. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:235-239)
The Visualization Center at Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Education and Outreach

Since opening in March 2002, the Visualization Center at Scripps has had more than 2,500 visitors, of which ∼500 were education- and outreach-related. Based upon follow-up requests and referrals, we expect these numbers to grow. The center's state-of-the-art visualization technology projects high-resolution, multidimensional images onto a 120° curved Panoram® floor-to-ceiling screen (8′6″ by 28′4″) that immerses viewers in a virtual environment (Figure 1). The center is ideal for presenting and manipulating very large data sets to groups of up to 50 people, and the system is equipped with transmitters and LCD shutter glasses that allow stereographic 3D viewing of high-resolution data sets through a set of specialized eyeglasses (Figure 2). The lenses in the glasses flicker synchronously with the computer images at 48 flames per second, per eye, thus producing a stereo or 3D effect. Figure 1. ▴ A group of visitors in the Visualization Center at Scripps view the topography of Mars. Multiple video streams can be simultaneously displayed, including the SGI® megadesktop, S-VHS video, DVD video, and video from a laptop computer; the user can quickly toggle between these various platforms (Kent et al., 2002). Similarly, the five-channel surround-sound audio system can be integrated through several inputs, allowing for numerous video and audio combinations. For instance, one third of the screen can display S-VHS video of damaging earthquakes, while the remaining portion of the screen can show an interactive underground 3D flight through seismicity in the regions presented in the video. Alternatively, the audio surround-sound system can be set to produce sounds of various synthetically generated earthquakes (http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/listen/allsounds.htmt), while the corresponding seismicity, topography, and seismic station locations and telemetry paths are juxtaposed on the screen with the associated seismic waves. Figure 2. ▴ Visitors to the Visualization Center at Scripps use specially designed 3D glasses to view high-resolution stereo images of the …
Intragroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which intragroup conflict mediates the relationship between cultural diversity and group outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – Three types of intragroup conflict were considered: relationship, process, and task conflict. Cultural diversity was defined as group members' dissimilarity in horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Group outcomes were operationalized as satisfaction with the group and perceived performance of the group. Mediated regression analysis was used to test the hypothesized relationships with data from 76 science research groups.Findings – Cultural diversity was positively related to relationship, process, and task conflict. In turn, the three conflict types were associated with unfavorable group outcomes. Further, the three types of conflict were shown to mediate the relationship between cultural diversity and group outcomes.Research limitations/implications – Potential limitations of this study include...
Review of Sensitivity Studies for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

The Naval Research Laboratory has conducted investigations into the computational simulations of shipboard cathodic protection systems for several decades providing a scientific basis for the application of computational modeling to corrosion and signature systems. This work has expanded to other facilities and organizations, several of which are commercial in nature. However, much of the individual sensitivity studies which have led to an increased understanding of the behavior of cathodic protection systems have not had a high visibility. In this paper the authors review selected critical studies with notes towards future work. Because of their impact on modeling accuracy and means of defining components the authors have selected variations in electrolyte conductivity, damage modeling approaches, material characterization and paint characterization for review.
Prolonged Viability of Yellow Fever Virus in Serum Mixtures Containing Ammonium Sulfate.

Conclusions(1) Neurotropic yellow fever virus in serum-saline dilution is protected by the addition of one per cent ammonium sulfate. (2) Much of the preservative effect is due to a shift of the reaction of the medium to the acid side. The optimal reaction appears to be near pH 6.3-6.5. (3) Addition of ammonium sulfate to 1% concentration seems to be the most convenient method of bringing about an optimal reaction.
Comparison of alternative models for estimating the cost of equity capital for electric utilities

Abstract In this article five models used to estimate the cost of equity capital for electric utilities are systematically compared. We show the impact of model specification, data definitions, and estimation techniques on the estimates. Our search for the “best” model is based on reasonableness of estimates and the Pesaran-Deaton test for non-nested hypotheses. Conclusions emerging from the study are the following: 1) all models explain approximately the same proportion of the variation; 2) recognition of natural nonlinearities in the models does not lead to improvement; 3) no model can consistently reject the other models.
A Shock Tube Decomposition of Methyl Nitrite

Abstract The thermal decomposition of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO), in excess argon, CH3ONO + M → CH3O + NO + M, was studied behind both incident and reflected shock waves. Kinetic data were obtained in the temperature and total pressure ranges 715-1118 °K and 0.8-5 atmospheres, respectively. The reaction was found to be unimolecular in nature and occurring in the low pressure region, with a rate constant expression, k = 1016.36±0.22exp(-30,400 ± 850/RT), cc/mole-sec.; giving the best least-squares fit to the data. Treatment of the data with R.R.K. theory leads to the conclusion that ΔH1 OH3O ≅ 9.0 kcal/mole rather than the present literature value of 3.5 kcal/mole. The results of previous investigators are compared to the present findings. The molecular absorption coefficient of methyl nitrite at 2800 ± 30 A was found to be temperature dependent. The values of the absorption coefficient was fit to the form, ϵ T 3800 ± 30 A = 636T - 229,010 cc/mole-cm.
Two-dimensional numerical analysis of the high electron mobility transistor

We develop a two-dimensional model for the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) including conduction outside the quantum well. The model uses the continuity and power balance moment equations for both inside and outside the well, with electron concentration and average energy as dependent variables, and with parameters determined by Monte Carlo simulation. We show that conduction outside the well is dominant in the "pinchoff" region and that consequently the speed advantage of the HEMT over conventional devices does not arise from high saturation velocities in the quantum well but rather from a lower access resistance as suggested by a velocity profile calculation. It is further demonstrated that several effects which are unimportant in conventional FET's are of significance in the HEMT. Among these effects are electronic heat conduction and to some extent real space transfer.
Barrett esophagus: Diagnostic challenges

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and associated mortality has risen dramatically over the past several decades, and, thus, it is increasingly important to understand its pathogenesis and risk factors. Barrett esophagus is the established precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma that progresses through a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Its risk of transforming to carcinoma is not as high as previously reported and there appears to be a biological heterogeneity among patients with this disease. The overall prevalence of Barrett esophagus in the United States ranges from 1% to 25% and is closer to 5% in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Because of the frequency of Barrett esophagus and associated implications, it is important for the practicing pathologist to have a thorough understanding of this disease and its diagnostic pitfalls. In this review, we will discuss issues associated with the diagnosis of Barrett esophagus, including the definition of Barrett esophagus and its distinction from carditis with intestinal metaplasia. We will also discuss challenges in the grading of dysplasia and new variants of dysplasia, including crypt dysplasia and foveolar-type dysplasia. Finally, we will touch upon the evaluation of dysplasia in endoscopic mucosal resection specimens.
Cave beetle genetics: geology and gene flow

The genetic structure of four species of obligate cave-dwelling carabid beetles, occurring in two plateau karsts, was examined using gel electrophoresis of proteins. Geological features, in particular streams and rivers, appear to be strong barriers to gene flow in both karst regions. Additional genetic differentiation among populations, which is not obviously related to geological features, occurs in both plateaus. As a result, gene flow levels in these species are generally lower than those reported for similar surface-dwelling species in the same geographical area.
Neural regeneration and neuronal migration following injury. I. The endocrine hypothalamus and neurohypophyseal system.

Central to this investigation are several basic hypotheses that are designed to test the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the complex process of central regeneration and plasticity in a well established model system of the mammalian brain. We have employed histochemical techniques at the light and ultrastructural level coupled with correlative scanning electron microscopy, ommunoelectron microscopy, and in situ hybridization in order to determine the functional significance of the increased expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei which accompanies regeneration of their axotomized neurites following hypophysectomy. The aim of this investigation was to determine the potential role and temporal up-regulation of NOS in this basic regenerative process and to establish the ultrastructural and neuroanatomical correlates during critical periods of regeneration and regrowth of SON and PVN axons following hypophysectomy in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat. Our data support the hypothesis that NO may serve as a second messenger molecule that may act in some fashion to govern not only the process of central regeneration and regrowth of magnocellular (SON/PVN) axons into the median eminence, neural stem, and neural lobe (the neurohypophyseal system) but may also influence the regeneration of neurites into new neuroanatomical domains such as the adjacent lumen of the third cerebral ventricle. We have demonstrated a distinct temporal relationship between injury (axotomy) of SON/ PVN axons and the establishment of new neurovascular zones following hypophysectomy with the up-regulation of NOS. This up-regulation appears to correlate well with successful regeneration in the mammalian neurohypophyseal system. We have also successfully inhibited axonal regeneration with the use of nitroarginine, a competitive antagonist of NO. NOS up-regulation attendant to regeneration of SON and PVN axons may have inestimable clinical implications, particularly with respect to closed head injury and cerebral contusion that involves the mechanical shearing of the infundibular stalk. In addition, this investigation has reaffirmed that large numbers of bona fide neurons migrate and emerge upon the floor of the adjacent third cerebral ventricle shortly following hypophysectomy (within 2 weeks). The origin and mechanisms of neuronal migration and plasticity following hypohysectomy are the subject of interpretation and discussion in this investigation.
Contemporary clinical usage of LC/MS: analysis of biologically important carboxylic acids.

Abstract Objectives: This review summarizes the current role of LC/MS in the diagnosis and screening of clinical conditions involving the analysis of biologically important carboxylic acids. Design and methods: Carboxylic acids are divided into six logical categories of acid size and function. Details of chromatographic separation methods and modes of mass spectrometer operation are described for each category. Results: The use of LC/MS in clinical applications such as the diagnosis of inherited and acquired metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer and diabetes and therapeutic drug monitoring is discussed. Conclusions: The mild conditions, speed and sensitivity advantages of LC/MS analysis, over alternatives, are highlighted. The sensitivity and specificity afforded by the combination of tertiary and quaternary ammonium derivatives and tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of carboxylic acids is emphasized. Potential for a greater range of LC/MS carboxylic analyses, including stereoisomeric intermediates, is predicted.
I: Basic technologies: The US key escrow encryption technology

This paper describes the SKIPJACK algorithm, the escrowed encryption chip, encrypting with the chip, law enforcement access and an enhanced chip that includes algorithms for computing digital signatures and negotiating session keys. Since many details of the technology and its use have either not yet been released or are classified, a complete or definitive description of the technology and related processes cannot be given. Although the general approach as we currently understand it is sketched, we emphasize that the description is preliminary and simplified.
Nucleic acid synthesis in HeLa cells infected with Shope fibroma virus

Abstract Infection of HeLa cell monolayers with Shope fibroma virus (SFV) is accompanied by the synthesis in the cytoplasm of a new RNA. Sucrose density gradient profiles reveal a heterogeneous, rapidly labeled RNA sedimenting around 16 S, shifting toward higher S values as time after infection increases. RNA synthesis is first noted 6 hours after infection, reaches a peak at 12 hours, and can still be detected at 25 hours after infection. The labeled RNA is associated with polyribosomes. The incorporation of thymidine-3H into acid-precipitable material in the cytoplasm of infected cells undergoes marked stimulation at 6 hours after infection, is maximal at 8 hours, and has ceased at 14 hours after infection. This indicates that progeny viral DNA synthesis occurs during the early phases of RNA synthesis. The new virus-induced activity in the cytoplasm is accompanied by a suppression of host genome function. The synthesis of RNA in the nucleus is decreased by 40% at 10 hours after infection. The incorporation of uridine-14C into ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm is even more severely depressed.
The lipid composition of the prepubertal and adult rat testis.

Abstract A quantitative study of the lipid components of maturing rat testes which includes data on the fatty acid components of individual phosphatides, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters has been made. Testicular lipids of prepubertal and adult rats have been isolated and separated into individual neutral lipid and phosphatide classes by silicic acid column chromatography. The lipid representing 2.2% of the tissue wet weight was about 80% phosphatide and 20% neutral lipid. Phospholipid distribution was as follows: phosphatidyl choline, 47.5%; phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 26.2%; phosphatidyl serine, 7.2%; phosphatidyl inositol, 2.3%; and sphingomyelin, 6%. Plasmalogens were found primarily in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction. Free cholesterol, about 95% of total cholesterol, and triglyceride were the predominant classes found in the neutral lipid fraction; monoglyceride, trace amounts of diglyceride and other components were also detected. No conspicuous differences in the relative distributions of the lipid classes were observed between the immature and adult animal. The fatty acid composition of each of the isolated lipid classes was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Comparable fractions of the neutral lipids and of phospholipid classes of both young and mature testes had similar fatty acid contents. Major fatty acids of the triglyceride fraction were palmitic, oleic, and docosapentaenoic; unsaturation increased in the older animal. About half of the fatty acids of the phosphatides were unsaturated; palmitic, stearic, oleic, arachidonic and docosapentaenoic acids represented most of the fatty acids found, but their relative distributions varied in individual phosphatides. β-Position fatty acids of phosphatidyl choline were predominantly oleic and arachidonic in the prepubertal animal but the concentration of docosapentaenoic in the adult increased to equal that of arachidonic. A similar relative distribution of unsaturated fatty acids was found in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions, but large amounts of palmitic and stearic were also present. A marked increase in the concentration of docosapentaenoic acid was found in the triglyceride fraction as well as in individual phosphatide classes of the adult testes.
Beyond Parental Status: Psychological Well-Being in Middle and Old Age

Surveys show little evidence of psychosocial disadvantage among childless middle-aged and older adults, but less is known about the diverse experiences that influence subjective well-being among parents and childless adults. In this article, the author uses the National Survey of Families and Households to test a parental-status typology on the basis of attitudes among childless adults and parent-child relationship quality and the connection of these factors with loneliness and depression. Poorer parent-child relationships are linked to worse outcomes for both mothers and fathers, net of other factors. For childless adults, negative attitudes about childlessness are associated with greater distress for women than for men.
A System of Clinical Chemical Analysis

A system of analysis has been presented for the determination of glucose, urea N, chloride, sodium, and potassium, using 1.0 ml. of serum. The centrifugate of the barium hydroxide-zinc sulfate deproteinization is utilized for all analyses. The system is readily adaptable to large-scale operations.
Intrathecal injection of bombesin inhibits gastric acid secretion in the rat.

Abstract Bombesin (100–500 ng) injected intrathecally (T9–10) inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin and the GABA B agonist baclofen in urethane-anesthetized rats and basal gastric acid secretion in conscious, pylorus-ligated rats. Peptide action was dose-related, occurred within 30 min, and lasted for > 1h. Bombesin-induced inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was not altered by cervical cord transection. Intravenous infusion of the monoclonal bombesin antibody 2A11 abolished intravenous bombesin (10 μg/kg · h)-induced 33% inhibition of gastric response to pentagastrin but did not alter intrathecal bombesin (200 ng)-induced 38% inhibition of gastric response to pentagastrin. The inhibitory effect of bombesin (200 ng) on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion was reversed by bilateral adrenalectomy or removal of celiac and mesenteric ganglia. Intrathecal injections of rat calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuromedin B, neuromedin U, and the stable substance P analogue (pGlu 5 , MePhe 8 , MeGly 9 )-substance P(5–11) did not alter pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. These results demonstrate that bombesin injected into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord inhibits vagally stimulated and pentagastrinstimulated gastric secretion in rats. Bombesin action is peptide specific, exerted at a spinal site, and expressed through the sympathetic nervous system.
Designing sustainable agriculture education: Academics’ suggestions for an undergraduate curriculum at a land grant university

Historically, land grant universities and their colleges of agriculture have been discipline driven in both their curricula and research agendas. Critics call for interdisciplinary approaches to undergraduate curriculum. Concomitantly, sustainable agriculture (SA) education is beginning to emerge as a way to address many complex social and environmental problems. University of California at Davis faculty, staff, and students are developing an undergraduate SA major. To inform this process, a web-based Delphi survey of academics working in fields related to SA was conducted. Faculty from colleges and universities across the US were surveyed. Participants suggested that students needed knowledge of natural and social science disciplines relating to the agri-food system. In addition, stakeholders suggested students learn through experiences that link the classroom to field work, engaging a broad range of actors within applied settings. Stakeholders also emphasized the need for interdisciplinary and applied scholarship. Additionally, they proposed a range of teaching and learning approaches, including many practical experiences. Given the diverse suggestions of content knowledge and means of producing knowledge, the survey presented unique challenges and called into question the epistemological and pedagogical norms currently found in land grant colleges of agriculture. This study has implications for land grant universities seeking to develop undergraduate curriculum appropriate to the field of SA.