cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Complications of Eating Disorders in Adolescents

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are occurring with increased frequency among adolescents and preadolescents. To determine the range and severity of medical complications encountered in younger anorectic and bulimic patients, we reviewed the medical records of 65 adolescents and preadolescents, aged 10 to 20 years, who were observed in the Eating Disorders Clinic of the Children's Hospital at Stanford. Significant medical instability was present in the majority of our patients. A total of 55% of anorectic patients and 22% of bulimic patients required hospitalization for medical reasons during the study period. Cardiovascular abnormalities were frequent, including bradycardia, prolonged corrected QT intervals, dysrhythmias, and marked orthostatic pulse and BP instability. Hypothermia, with temperatures less than 35.5 degrees C, was common. Renal abnormalities included pyuria, hematuria, and proteinuria. Electrolyte derangements occurred in patients who vomited or purged. Hypokalemia was most common, but hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypophosphatemia were also noted. The majority of our pediatric patients with eating disorders had evidence of physiologic derangement requiring medical intervention. The need for adolescents and preadolescents with eating disorders to receive ongoing medical monitoring in concert with psychiatric treatment and the need for therapists and medical practitioners to become familiar with the potential medical sequelae of eating disorders are underscored by our data.
Normal Acquisition and Loss of Bone Mass

The natural patterns of bone mass accumulation and loss with age represent the templates of individual life cycle periods that are distinguished by marked, physiologically and genetically identifiable, changes in bone mass. During the third trimester of pregnancy, maternal calcium absorption increases and the fetus accumulates about two-thirds of the total bone mass of the term infant. In early infancy, human milk calcium is derived primarily from maternal bone stores, which incur substantial bone losses that are quickly replenished during and after weaning. At puberty, a marked increase in bone mass occurs in conjunction with the initial physical and hormonal changes that characterize this stage. Calcium absorption and bone calcium deposition rates peak in females shortly before menarche. At that time, the bone calcium deposition rate is approximately five times that of adulthood. Skeletal bone mass reaches over 90% of its maximum by age 18 (earlier in females) but does not peak until age 25–30. At some point in mid-life, women experience perimenopause, the 3- to 5-year period prior to menopause during which estrogen levels begin to drop and there are marked increases in bone resorption and loss. Throughout adulthood, calcium absorption efficiency from the diet gradually declines.
Down-Regulation of Prostaglandin E Receptors and Homologous Desensitization of Isolated Adipocytes

Adipocytes are known to contain prostaglandin E (PGE) binding sites and PGE is known to be antilipolytic. These studies were performed to ascertain whether PGE binding sites in isolated adipocytes can be down-regulated and whether down-regulation (DR) decreases the sensitivity of the fat cell to the antilipolytic effects of PGE2, adenosine, and insulin. Treatment in vivo of Sprague-Dawley rats with 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, a PGE analog, induced DR of PGE-specific binding site density in both intact fat cells (175 vs. 307 fmol/mg protein) and triglyceride-free broken fat cell preparations (148 vs. 360 fmol/mg protein). There were no changes in binding affinities. DR was associated with diminished antilipolytic potency of PGE on basal glycerol production by intact fat cells in the presence of adenosine deaminase (IC50/control = 0.31 +/- 0.03 X 10(-9) M vs. DR = 1.6 +/- 0.03 X 10(-9) M; P less than 0.01). In contrast, there was no desensitization of the adipocytes to the antilipolytic effects of phenylisopropyladenosine (IC50/control = 4.65 +/- 0.96 X 10(-10) M vs. DR = 4.90 +/- 0.82 X 10(-10) M; P = NS) or insulin (IC50/control = 4.40 +/- 0.57 X 10(-11) M vs. DR = 2.70 +/- 0.24 X 10(-11); P = NS). PGE desensitization was also observed during studies of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. These data uniquely demonstrate that the adipocyte PGE receptor can be down-regulated and that this decrease in PGE receptor density is associated with homologous desensitization of the fat cell to the antilipolytic effect of PGE and not adenosine or insulin. These findings suggest that a PGE-specific receptor may be involved in regulation of lipolysis by PGE.
Cross-linguistic variation in 'before'-clauses

According to Anscombe (1964), ‘q before p’ is true iff there is a q-time t such that for all p-times t′, t<t′. Existential quantification over q-times yields q-factivity, and universal quantification over p-times explains No-p-factivity. However, translating Anscombe’s approach into a compositional framework, taking into account both occurrences of the past tense, presents a challenge regarding Non-shiftability and q-precedence (see (2)): the starting point of the dying can be at or anywhere after the starting point of the watering. (Di is the domain of time-intervals; JWTP is shorthand for [λ2 [John water-t2 the plant]] and TPD for [λ2 [the plant die-t2]].)
Fabrication and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles/PSi Heterodiode

Nanocrystalline porous silicon (PSi) is prepared by Photoelectrochemical etching (PECE). PSi was characterized by the measurement of X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). The FTIR analyses indicate that Si dangling bonds of the as-prepared PSi layer has large amount of Hydrogen,forming a weak Si–H bonds. The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of CuO NPs have been studied. X-ray diffraction measurement confirms that the CuO NPs were tetragonal crystal structure. AFM reveals that produced CuO NPs have a spherical shape . The energy band gap of CuO NPs prepared was found to be about (2.61eV ). The effect of CuO NPs diffused on PSi heterodiode was reported.
Assessing an Interaction-Based Paradigm

In the last several years, Giles’ Speech Accommodation Theory (SAT) (Bourhis & Giles, 1977; Giles, 1973; Giles and Smith, 1979) has received attention in the second-language acquisition (SLA) literature as a paradigm for explaining second-language (L2) performance variation. A number of data-based studies (e.g., Beebe & Zuengler, 1983; Zuengler, 1982) have illustrated the need to draw on SAT for an understanding of speech shifts observed in L2 speakers, and Beebe and Giles (1984) agree, arguing that SAT subsumes both first language (L1) and L2 variation.
Cellular recognition and activation within the lymphoid system.

The present study is concerned with cellular recognition and activation within the lymphoid system. Data presented indicate that in human peripheral blood phagocytes recognize and preferentially bind phagocytes, and thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes recognize and preferentially bind other T lymphocytes rather than thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. Recognition of non-self results in activation of lymphoid cells; recent data using a calcium ionophore, A23187, suggest that calcium may act as an intracellular messenger by which signals for cellular activation are transmitted from the cell surface to the nucleus.
Influence of albumin on the extravascular distribution of unconjugated bilirubin.

SUMMARY 1. [3H]Bilirubin and 1311-labelled albumin were given simultaneously to six healthy adults by intravenous route and the amounts in the plasma were measured for several days. Multicompartmental analysis of the data showed that the rate of movement of [3H]bilirubin from the plasma into the extrahepatic extravascular space was 29.7 f. 7.3% (mean k SEM) of the plasma pool/h, whereas the rate of movement of 1311-labelled albumin from plasma into the extravascular space was only 7.2f 1.0% of the plasma pool/h. 2. ['4C]Bilirubin was found to equilibrate throughout the body of a child with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome within 24 h of intravenous administration, whereas l3 'Ilabelled albumin required 4-5 days in human subjects. 3. Multicompartmental analysis of the plasma data in the six healthy adults indicated that the mass of material in the extrahepatic extravascular space relative to that in plasma was greater for unconjugated bilirubin than for albumin. 4. Studies of the tissue distribution of unconjugated bilirubin in homozygous Gunn rats demonstrated that the organs which comprise the rapidly exchanging extravascular albumin pool (liver, kidney and intestine) accumulated unconjugated bilirubin in excess of their albumin content, whereas lesser amounts of unconjugated bilirubin were accumulated in the tissues which make up the slowly exchanging extravascular albumin pool (muscle, fat and skin). 5. These findings indicate that unconjugated bilirubin moves more rapidly between plasma and extrahepatic extravascular sites than can be accounted for by transport bound to albumin. They also indicate that extravascular binding of unconjugated bilirubin includes tissue sites, as well as extravascular albumin.
Behavioral Interactions in Sigmodon fulviventer and S. hispidus

A laboratory study of intra- and interspecific behavioral interactions between the cotton rats, Sigmodon fulviventer and S. hispidus from Durango, Mexico, suggests that S. fulviventer is behaviorally dominant over S. hispidus . When interspecific agonistic behavior occurred, S. fulviventer was generally the more aggressive of the two. In contrast, S. hispidus more often avoided encounters. Over half the interspecific encounters resulted in neutral or amicable relationships, suggesting that avoidance or peaceful coexistence is more important than aggression during interactions in the field. Intraspecific interactions in both species were generally positive (non-aggressive, no avoidance or amicable). Results of the tests were in agreement with measurements of interspecific association using field data. These behavioral mechanisms may play important roles in natural spatial segregation and ultimately in population regulation of S. hispidus .
Structural Evolution and Membrane Interaction of the 40-Residue β Amyloid Peptides: Differences in the Initial Proximity between Peptides and the Membrane Bilayer Studied by Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Interactions between the β amyloid (Aβ) peptides and cellular membranes have severe consequences such as neuronal cell disruption and therefore may play important roles in Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the structural basis behind such interactions, however, is hindered by the complexity of the Aβ-membrane systems. In particular, because the Aβ peptides are partially incorporated in the membrane bilayer after enzymatic cleavage, there are multiple possibilities in terms of the initial proximity between the peptides and membranes. Structural studies using in vitro model systems with either externally added or preincorporated Aβ in membrane bilayers resulted in distinct evolution pathways. Previous work has shown that the externally added Aβ formed long and mature filaments, while preincorporated Aβ generated short and curvy fibrils. In this study, we perform detailed characterizations on the structural evolution and membrane interaction for these two pathways, using a combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other techniques. For the externally added Aβ, we determined the residue-specific structural evolution during the fibrillation process. While the entire fibrillation process for the externally added Aβ was slow, the preincorporated Aβ generated Aβ-lipid complexes rapidly. Specific interactions between the lipids and peptides were observed, suggesting the colocalization of lipids and peptides within the complex. Formation of such a complex induced molecular-level changes in the lipid bilayer, which may serve as a possible mechanism of membrane disruption.
Optimal operation of selective catalytic reduction(SCR) flue gas denitrification system in 1 000 MW unit

The theory of the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) DeNOx technology and the main design parameters of denitrification system in No.4 1 000 MW unit of Suizhong Power Plant were introduced.The performance evaluation of test data was analyzed.The optimal operation scheme was proposed.By adjusting the amount of ammonia in reactors of the local area,the uniform and stable distribution of NOx was performed in the outlet of reactors.The desired efficiency of denitration,the minimum rate of ammonia escape and the finer controllable operation can be maintained.Then the amount of spraying ammonia escape was saved and the danger of air preheater was reduced.Based on environmental emissions standards of the denitrification system,the cost of the operation was taken into account and the protection purpose of the equipment safety was gained.
Relationship between body mass index,waist circumference and common major chronic diseases in older adults of Jiangsu Province

Objective To investigate relationship between body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC)and common major chronic diseases,such as hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus in older adults of Jiangsu Province.Methods Data of older residents aged≥60were collected in Jiangsu Provincial Surveillance Program on Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors in 2010,which was used to analyze the relationship between BMI,WC,blood pressure,blood lipid and blood glucose with hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus by t test or analysis of variance,partial correlation analysis or unconditional logistic regression analysis.Results The crude prevalence of obesity,central obesity and chronic disease of older adults of Jiangsu Province was 13.5%,54.3% and 82.6%,respectively.The top 3common major chronic diseases were hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus.BMI and WC showed positive correlation with SBP,DBP,TC,LDL-C,TG and FPG,and negative correlation with HDL-C(P0.05).Obesity,central obesity,BMI and WC showed significant correlation with hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus.The risk of hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus rose with the increase of BMI and WC(P0.05).1-SD(standard deviation)greater measure of BMI was associated with 79%(OR=1.79,95%CI:1.61~2.00),67%(OR=1.67,95%CI:1.52~1.84)and 56%(OR=1.56,95%CI:1.38~1.76)higher risk of hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus,respectively.1-SD greater measure of WC was respectively associated with 63%(OR=1.63,95%CI:1.47~1.80),74%(OR=1.74,95%CI:1.58~1.91)and 66%(OR=1.66,95%CI:1.46~1.89)higher risk of hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus,respectively.Conclusion Hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus are common major chronic diseases in older adults of Jiangsu Province.BMI and WC are closely associated with hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus.
Cytochrome P-450 arachidonate metabolites affect ion fluxes in rabbit medullary thick ascending limb

The medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (mTALH) of the rabbit metabolizes arachidonic acid (AA) via a cytochrome P-450 (P-450) monooxygenase pathway to several products, of which the pri...
Lateral—Directional Dynamics

This chapter explores the lateral-directional dynamics. It discusses some major aspects of lateral-directional dynamics, and their interpretation, differ significantly from the longitudinal dynamics. It also explores the procedures for interpreting the differences. As in the longitudinal solution, implicit in the response are the dynamic properties determined by the lateral-directional stability characteristics of the aeroplane. The most obvious difference between the solution of the longitudinal equations of motion and the lateral-directional equations of motion is that there is more algebra to deal with. These are the roll subsidence mode, the spiral mode, and the Dutch roll model. The chapter incorporates various examples throughout the text for better illustration of the subject being discussed. It also briefly explains the role of lateral-directional dynamics in flying and handling qualities of an aeroplane. As with longitudinal stability the lateral-directional stability characteristics of the aeroplane are critically important in the determination of its flying and handling qualities and there is no doubt that they must be correct.
Upregulation of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1 and MHC Molecules on Neuroblastoma Cells Following Exposure to Decitabine and Interferon-γ

Abstract 5179 MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 are cancer-testis (CT) antigens expressed on a number of malignant solid tumors, including neuroblastoma (NB), but many tumor cell lines down-regulate the expression of CT antigens as well as major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, precluding recognition by antigen specific T cells. If expression of cancer antigens as well as MHC molecules could be enhanced pharmacologically, the efficacy of CT antigen specific immunotherapy could be improved. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism used by cells to decrease the expression of several genes, including tumor suppressor genes. Decitabine (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, DAC) is a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, and the doses associated with the demethylating action of this drug are much lower than those required for cytotoxicit. We have demonstrated that the expression of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 can be upregulated on neuroblastoma cells following exposure to the DAC. When these cell lines are cultured in the presence of DAC at concentrations similar to levels achieved with clinical administration, we were able to achieve expression of NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A1, or MAGE-A3 in 11/11 neuroblastoma cell lines. Concentrations of 1uM DAC were associated with strongest expression of these antigens, which was optimal after 72 hours of drug exposure. Culture of NB cell lines with IFN-γ was also associated with an increased expression of either MHC Class I or II by cytofluorometry, and Class I upregulated in 10/11 of these cell lines, although to varying degrees. MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 specific CTL were cultured from volunteer donors by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with dendritic cells pulsed with overlapping peptide mixes derived from full length proteins, and these CTL lysed HLA partially matched, DAC treated neuroblastoma as well as glioblastoma cell lines. These studies confirm that DAC and IFN-γ can be used to increase the expression of CT antigens and MHC molecules on neuroblastoma cells, and pre-treatment with these agents makes tumor cell lines more susceptible to CTL mediated killing. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Universal Thrombophilia Screening with Risk Stratification and Anticoagulation Management in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients.

Objective To identify renal transplant patients at a higher risk for allograft thrombosis and develop a risk stratification protocol for post-operative anticoagulation. Background According to the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study data, vascular thrombosis is responsible for 12% of renal transplant failures. Congenital and acquired prothrombotic disorders have recently been found to play a major role in defining outcome of the renal transplants. Methods In 2007, we initiated universal screening for acquired and congenital thrombophilic risk factors for all renal transplant patients prior to transplant. They were assigned a risk category (Level I-IV) based on the presence of thrombophilic risk factors and their post-operative anticoagulation plan was pre-determined based on their risk level (Table). Low-dose unfractionated heparin drip was initiated a few hours after the transplant and titrated to achieve a 1.5 fold aPTT level. Anticoagulation was changed to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on day 2–4, when the risk of major bleed was over, and the serum creatinine had normalized. Result Nine patients have been screened and 8/9 were found to be at high risk for thrombosis (Level II or III). The prothrombotic risk factors identified were Prothrombin gene mutation (2), MTHFR (8), Lupus anticoagulant (2) and low protein S (2). Five patients have undergone renal transplant, and have been treated with LMWH post-operatively as per plan, with successful outcome. No patient has developed allograft thrombosis. 1/5 patients developed a peri-renal hematoma requiring evacuation, but completed prophylactic LMWH therapy. Conclusion Renal allograft thrombosis is preventable. Universal screening can stratify risk and allow an effective intervention to reduce that risk. Our Institution has developed a unique risk stratification protocol to identify patients at high risk for allograft thrombosis and prevent this complication by post-operative anticoagulation.
With ‘the delicacy of a bear’: Lévi-Strauss, Derrida, and the logic of anthropology

ABSTRACTThe Levi-Strauss/Derrida debate saw two of the great minds of the twentieth-century wrestle with some of the most vexing problems of anthropological theory: the relationship between speech and writing, the violence of social life, and the logic (or lack thereof) of anthropology itself. A careful consideration of the debate uncovers three oscillations present in Levi-Strauss’ corpus: between the affirmation and negation of the law of the excluded middle, the reducibility of the human sciences to the natural sciences, and the value of philosophy. Outside the confines of the debate itself, Derrida’s celebration of Levi-Strauss for his embracing of myth and bricolage nevertheless reveals a particular reluctance toward that embrace on Levi-Strauss’ part – a modality of nostalgia, manifest within the debate, for a lost presence of speech. Speech act theory sheds further light on a certain underlying unity of speech and writing, the limitations of the law of the excluded middle, and what may have really ...
Adapting the TPACK Framework for Online Teaching Within Higher Education

There are ongoing obstacles in accurately assessing and effectively applying TPACK within online higher education contexts. In this study, we adapt the original TPACK constructs for application within online higher education, and share the results of a case study using this adapted analytical framework. This qualitative case study investigates and describes one experienced instructor's practice within a graduate-level online course. The instructor enacted a high-level of TPACK proficiency through combining content, pedagogy, and technology as well as masterfully using these knowledges within her online teaching practices. This research demonstrates one way the TPACK framework can be used as an analytical tool by researchers to investigate instructors' online teaching practices. In addition, the modified TPACK descriptions and evaluation criteria can be used to better assess TPACK and further support higher education faculty's online pedagogy development.
Neuromodulator: Cosmetic Botox

The desire for flawless skin and the search for the fountain of youth have consumed people since the beginning of time. Some were prepared to do all sorts of wacky things to improve their appearance in the past. In the 1400s, ladies in the French Court of Louis XI ate mostly soup, as they believed chewing gave them wrinkles. In the 1600s, uncooked egg whites were used to glaze the skin, creating a smooth shell that hid wrinkles.
Disorders of Visual Integration

This paper reviews the anatomy and pathophysiology of the visual agnosias, pure alexia, visual hallucinations, tortopia and akinetopsia.
Nature and Etiological Models of Anxiety Disorders

This chapter discusses the nature and prevailing etiological models of anxiety disorders. Diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and risk factors of individual anxiety disorders are highlighted.
Administrative Sections and Submission Process

The administrative sections of your application are absolutely required for the grant application to be accepted for review and funding, and errors in these sections can cause delays and even rejection of applications without review. It is thus critical that you give proper attention to completing these sections according to NIH regulations and instructions. Familiarizing yourself with the requirements listed in the NIH guidelines for writing grant applications should be one of the first steps you take. The instructions for each administrative section can vary for different grants, so refer to the specific instructions for your application.
Thermal Property Measurements of YSZ-Al2O3 Ceramic Composites

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used in gas turbine engines to achieve a higher working temperature, and thus lead to a better efficiency. Yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ), a material with low thermal conductivity, is commonly used as the top coat layer to provide the thermal barrier effect. Recent studies demonstrated that YSZ-Al2 O3 composite layer could reduce the oxygen diffusion through the TBC, thus YSZ-Al2 O3 composite layer potentially could be used to mitigate the spalling induced failure of a TBC coating. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the addition of Al2 O3 on the thermal properties of YSZ based TBCs. In this study, a stainless steel die was used to make disk shaped samples with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% Al2 O3 /YSZ powder ratios under uniaxial pressure. A laser flash system was used to measure the thermal diffusivity for all samples and the porosity of the samples is measured using mercury porosimetry. It is found that adding Al2 O3 to YSZ decreases the thermal conductivity and increases the porosity of the ceramic composites.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Coupling effects in dense arrays of 3D optical metamaterials

Three-dimensional (3D) metafilms composed of periodic arrays containing single and multiple micrometer-scale vertical split ring resonators per unit cell were fabricated using membrane projection lithography. In contrast to planar and stacked planar structures such as cut wire pairs and fishnet structures, these 3D metafilms have a thickness t ~λd/4, allowing for classical thin film effects in the long wavelength limit. The infrared specular far-field scattering response was measured for metafilms containing one and two resonators per unit cell, and compared to numerical simulations. Excellent agreement in the frequency region below the onset of diffractive scattering was obtained. The metafilms demonstrate strong bi-anisotropic polarization dependence. Further, we show that for 3D metafilms, just as in solids, complex unit cells with multiple atoms (inclusions) per unit cell possess a richer set of excitation mechanisms. The highlight of these new coupling mechanisms is the excitation of the 3D analog to the 2D cut-wire-pair magnetic response.
Correction to: National environmental policies as shelter from the storm: specifying the relationship between extreme weather vulnerability and national environmental performance

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The name of “Todd A. Eisenstadt” is now corrected in the author group of this article. The original article has been corrected.
Selective Usage of Isozymes for Stress Response

Isozymes are enzymes with similar sequences that catalyze the same reaction in a given species. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most isozymes have major isoforms with high expression levels and minor isoforms with little expression under normal growth conditions. In a proteomic study aimed at identifying yeast protein regulated by rapamycin, we found an interesting phenomenon, that, for several metabolic enzymes, the major isozymes are downregulated while the minor isozymes are upregulated. Through enzymological and biochemical studies, we demonstrate that a rapamycin-upregulated enolase isozyme (ENO1) favors gluconeogenesis and a rapamycin-upregulated alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme (ALD4) promotes the reduction of NAD+ to NADH (instead of NADP+ to NADPH). Gene deletion study in yeast showed that the ENO1 and ALD4 are important for yeast survival under less-favorable growth conditions. Therefore, our study highlights the different metabolic needs of cells under different conditions and how nature chooses diff...
Drug Use Mediates the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Adherence to ART Among Recently Incarcerated People Living with HIV.

Depression is a known risk factor for antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-adherence, but little is known about the mechanisms explaining this relationship. Identifying these mechanisms among people living with HIV (PLHIV) after release from prison is particularly important, as individuals during this critical period are at high risk for both depression and poor ART adherence. 347 PLHIV recently released from prison in North Carolina and Texas were included in analyses to assess mediation of the relationship between depressive symptoms at 2 weeks post-release and ART adherence (assessed by unannounced telephone pill counts) at weeks 9–21 post-release by the hypothesized explanatory mechanisms of alcohol use, drug use, adherence self-efficacy, and adherence motivation (measured at weeks 6 and 14 post-release). Indirect effects were estimated using structural equation models with maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrapped confidence intervals. On average, participants achieved 79% ART adherence. The indirect effect of depression on adherence through drug use was statistically significant; greater symptoms of depression were associated with greater drug use, which was in turn associated with lower adherence. Lower adherence self-efficacy was associated with depressive symptoms, but not with adherence. Depression screening and targeted mental health and substance use services for depressed individuals at risk of substance use constitute important steps to promote adherence to ART after prison release.
Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner) labial glands contain unique bacterial flora in contrast with their alimentary canal, mandibular glands, and Malpighian tubules

In recent years, several studies have examined the gut microbiome of lepidopteran larvae and how factors such as host plant affect it, and in turn, how gut bacteria affect host plant responses to herbivory. In addition, other studies have detailed how secretions of the labial (salivary) glands can alter host plant defense responses. We examined the gut microbiome of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) feeding on collards (Brassica oleracea) and separately analyzed the microbiomes of various organs that open directly into the alimentary canal, including the labial glands, mandibular glands, and the Malpighian tubules. In this study, the gut microbiome of T. ni was found to be generally consistent with those of other lepidopteran larvae in prior studies. The greatest diversity of bacteria appeared in the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Well-represented genera included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Diaphorobacter, Methylobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Cloacibacterium. Across all organs, two amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with the genera Diaphorobacter and Cloacibacterium appeared to be most abundant. In terms of the most prevalent ASVs, the alimentary canal, Malpighian tubules, and mandibular glands appeared to have similar complements of bacteria, with relatively few significant differences evident. However, aside from the Diaphorobacter and Cloacibacterium ASVs common to all the organs, the labial glands appeared to possess a distinctive complement of bacteria which was absent or poorly represented in the other organs. Among these were representatives of the Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Caulobacterium, Anaerococcus, and Methylobacterium. These results suggest that the labial glands present bacteria with different selective pressures than those occurring in the mandibular gland, Malpighian tubules and the alimentary canal. Given the documented effects that labial gland secretions and the gut microbiome can exert on host plant defenses, the effects exerted by the bacteria inhabiting the labial glands themselves deserve further study.
Comparative analysis of the effect of IV administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration and bleeding in critically ill dogs can cause severe anemia and increase morbidity. Acid suppressants using proton pump inhibitors or histamine‐2 receptor blockers administered IV is commonly recommended. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of IV administered esomeprazole, pantoprazole, and famotidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on increasing the intragastric pH of dogs. We hypothesized that esomeprazole and famotidine CRI would provide superior acid suppression compared to pantoprazole and reach pH goals for the treatment of GI bleeding. ANIMALS: Nine healthy research Beagles. METHODS: Randomized, 3‐way crossover. Dogs received pantoprazole or esomeprazole at 1 mg/kg IV q12h and famotidine with a loading dose of 1 mg/kg followed by 8 mg/kg IV CRI daily for 3 consecutive days. The intragastric pH was recorded at baseline and for 72 hours of treatment. The mean pH and the mean percentage time (MPT) the intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 were compared among and within treatment groups. RESULTS: Significant increases in mean pH (P < 0.0001), MPT ≥3 (P < 0.001), and MPT ≥4 (P = 0.0006) were noted over time with all 3 treatments. The time effect did not differ by treatment for mean pH, MPT ≥3, and MPT ≥4 (P = .29, .56, and .37, respectively); however, only esomeprazole and famotidine CRI achieved the goals established for the treatment of gastroduodenal ulceration in people. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Famotidine CRI and esomeprazole might be superior acid suppressants compared to standard doses of pantoprazole for the first 72 hours of treatment.
Mind-Wandering in Adolescents Predicts Worse Affect and Is Linked to Aberrant Default Mode Network–Salience Network Connectivity

Objective Understanding the fluctuating emotional and cognitive states of adolescents with depressive symptoms requires fine-grained and naturalistic measurements. This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the affective correlates and consequences of mind-wandering in adolescents with anhedonia (AH) and typically developing (TD) controls. In addition, we examined the association between mind-wandering and resting state functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a core hub of the Default Mode Network (DMN) linked to internally-oriented mentation, and networks linked to attentional control (Dorsal Attention Network; DAN) and affect/salience detection (Salience Network; SN). Method Sixty-five adolescents, ages 12-18 years (TD=36; AH=29) completed a resting state fMRI scan and subsequently used a smartphone application for EMA data collection (2-3 times/day for 5 days). Each survey (N=678) prompted adolescents to report on their current positive and negative affect (PA and NA), cognition and activity. Results The frequency of mind-wandering was higher for AH (70.0% of EMA samples) relative to TD (59.2%) participants, and the AH participants were more likely to mind-wander to unpleasant content. Mind-wandering was associated with higher concurrent NA, even when controlling for plausible confounds (eg, current activity, social companion, rumination). Time-lagged analyses revealed a bidirectional association between mind-wandering and PA. Greater levels of mind-wandering within the AH group were associated with stronger mPFC-SN/DAN connectivity. Conclusion Rates of mind-wandering were high, especially among adolescents with anhedonia, and predicted worse affect. The relation between mind-wandering and enhanced mPFC-SN coupling may reflect heightened bottom-up influence of affective and sensory salience on DMN-mediated internally-oriented thought.
Simulation of Radial Electric Field and Voltage Distribution of 500kV MOA Under Different Conditions of Pollution

500kV zinc oxide arrester is usually arranged outdoors. The surface of its porcelain sleeve will be contaminated by local environmental pollution and weather factors such as frost, rain and snow. The surface flashover problem caused by pollution is similar to that caused by insulator surface pollution. The difference is that there are three resistor columns connected in series inside the arrester. The influence of surface contamination on the voltage distribution of the internal resistor and the radial electric field between the resistor and the porcelain sleeve needs to be studied. In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation model of 500kV zinc oxide arrester when its surface is polluted was established. The electric field distribution of the porcelain sleeve is simulated when it is clean, uniform and partially dry. The voltage distribution of the resistor under different pollution conditions and the radial electric field between the resistor and the ceramic sleeve are compared and analyzed.
An Abductive Examination of the Geographic Patterns of Green Technologies

Research indicates that green knowledge can be distinctly different from nongreen knowledge. However, while there is extensive research on the agglomeration of knowledge, the research on the agglom...
Transposon mobilization in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus deneoformans is mutagenic during infection and promotes drug resistance in vitro

When transitioning from the environment, pathogenic microorganisms must adapt rapidly to survive in hostile host conditions. This is especially true for environmental fungi that cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients since these microbes are not well adapted human pathogens. Cryptococcus species are yeast-like fungi that cause lethal infections, especially in HIV-infected patients. Using Cryptococcus deneoformans in a murine model of infection, we examined contributors to drug resistance and demonstrated that transposon mutagenesis drives the development of 5-fluoroorotic acid (5FOA) resistance. Inactivation of target genes URA3 or URA5 primarily reflected the insertion of two transposable elements (TEs): the T1 DNA transposon and the TCN12 retrotransposon. Consistent with in vivo results, increased rates of mutagenesis and resistance to several antifungal drugs rapamycin/FK506 and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) were found when Cryptococcus was incubated at 37° compared to 30° in vitro, a condition that mimics the temperature shift that occurs during the environment-to-host transition. Inactivation of the RNAi pathway, which suppresses TE movement in many organisms, was not sufficient to elevate TE movement at 30° to the level observed at 37°. We propose that temperature-dependent TE mobilization in Cryptococcus is an important mechanism that enhances microbial adaptation and promotes pathogenesis and drug resistance in the human host.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy versus open surgical gastrojejunostomy: clinical outcomes and cost effectiveness analysis.

Early data suggests that endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is a safe and efficacious option for gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). However, there is a scarcity of data comparing outcomes with open gastrojejunostomy (OGJ). Single-center retrospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized with GOO who underwent EUS-GE or OGJ between January 1, 2014 and February 28, 2020. Primary outcomes were technical and clinical success. Sixty-six patients were included of which 40 (60.0%) underwent EUS-GE and 26 (40.0%) underwent OGJ. Baseline characteristics were similar with respect to age (70.5 vs 69.7, p = 0.81), sex (42.5% vs 42.3% female, p = 0.99), median length of follow-up (98.0 vs 166.5 days, p = 0.8), prior failed intervention for GOO (22.5% vs 26.9%, p = 0.68), and the presence of altered anatomy (12.5% vs 30.8%, p = 0.07) between EUS-GE and OGJ, respectively. Technical success was achieved in 37 (92.5%) of EUS-GE and 26 (100%) of OGJ patients (p = 0.15). EUS-GE was associated with faster resumption of oral intake (1.3 vs 4.7 days, p < 0.001) and shorter length of stay (5 vs 14.5 days, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in symptom recurrence (17.5% vs 19.2%, HR 1.85, CI 0.52–6.65, p = 0.34), reintervention (20% vs 11.5%, HR 0.82, CI 0.22–3.15, p = 0.78), death within 30 days (12.5% vs 3.8%, HR 0.80, CI 0.09–6.85, p = 0.84), or 30-day readmission (17.5% vs 24.1%, HR 1.69, CI 0.53–5.41, p = 0.37) between EUS-GE and OGJ, respectively. EUS-GE patients initiated chemotherapy sooner (17.7 vs 31.3 days, p = 0.033) and had lower overall costs as compared to OGJ ($49,387 vs $124,192, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in technical or clinical success, symptom recurrence, reintervention, 30-day readmission, or 30-day mortality between EUS-GE and OGJ. EUS-GE patients experienced shorter delays to resumption of oral intake and chemotherapy, had shorter lengths of stay, and reduced hospital costs. Further prospective comparative studies are warranted to verify our results.
A robust multivariate linear non-parametric maximum likelihood model for ties.

Statistical analysis in applied research, across almost every field (e.g., biomedical, economics, computer science, and psychological) makes use of samples upon which the explicit error distribution of the dependent variable is unknown or, at best, difficult to linearly model. Yet, these assumptions are extremely common. Unknown distributions are of course biased when incorrectly specified, compromising the generalisability of our interpretations -- the linearly unbiased Euclidean distance is very difficult to correctly identify upon finite samples and therefore results in an estimator which is neither unbiased nor maximally informative when incorrectly applied. The alternative common solution to the problem however, the use of non-parametric statistics, has its own fundamental flaws. In particular, these flaws revolve around the problem of order-statistics and the estimation in the presence of ties, which often removes the introduction of multiple independent variables and the estimation of interactions. We introduce a competitor to the Euclidean norm, the Kemeny norm, which we prove to be a valid Banach space, and construct a multivariate linear expansion of the Kendall-Theil-Sen estimator, which performs without compromising the parameter space extensibility, and establish its linear maximum likelihood properties. Empirical demonstrations upon both simulated and empirical data shall be used to demonstrate these properties, such that the new estimator is nearly equivalent in power for the glm upon Gaussian data, but grossly superior for a vast array of analytic scenarios, including finite ordinal sum-score analysis, thereby aiding in the resolution of replication in the Applied Sciences.
Ocular Surface Microbiome Alterations Are Found in Both Eyes of Individuals With Unilateral Infectious Keratitis.

Purpose To analyze the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) profile in both eyes of individuals with unilateral keratitis. Methods In this prospective, cross-sectional study, the conjunctival OSM of adults (>18 years old) presenting to an ophthalmic emergency department with acute unilateral keratitis and controls without an acute infectious process was sampled. Samples underwent DNA amplification and 16S sequencing using Illumina MiSeq 250 and were analyzed using Qiime. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sided Student t-test, diversity indices, and principal coordinate analysis. The main outcome measures included relative abundance and α and β diversity. Results Bacterial DNA was recovered from all 34 eyes of 17 individuals with keratitis (mean age, 49.3 ± 17.5 years) and 16 eyes of controls (mean age, 56.6 ± 17.0 years). In the two culture-positive eyes, 16S aligned with culture results. Significant differences in α diversities were noted when comparing both eyes of individuals with keratitis to control eyes (all P < 0.05), but no significant differences between the eyes of an individual with keratitis. Principal coordinate analysis plots confirmed this finding, demonstrating separation between either eye of patients with keratitis and controls (both P < 0.01), however not between eyes in patients with unilateral keratitis. Both eyes of individuals with keratitis had greater abundance of Pseudomonas compared with controls both on compositional analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Conclusions Alterations in the OSM profile are detected in both eyes of individuals with unilateral keratitis compared with controls. Beyond the causative organism, a greater abundance of potential pathogens and lesser abundance of commensal organisms were found. Translational Relevance The OSM profile is altered in both eyes of individuals with unilateral keratitis, which may lend insight into the role of the microbiome in the pathophysiology of disease.
Inter-device reliability of swept source and spectral domain optical coherence tomography and retinal layer differences in schizophrenia

Abstract Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to study retinal structure in schizophrenia. Changes in retinal structure, especially the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) has been correlated with psychotic disorders. Measurement variability is a concern since there are various generations of OCT devices. We investigated the inter- and intra-device agreement of macular thickness between spectral domain (SD−OCT) and swept source−OCT (SS−OCT), and compared macula and peripapillary group differences in schizophrenia using SS−OCT. Methods Macular OCT thickness was obtained for schizophrenia (SZ, n = 30) and healthy controls (HC, n = 22) subjects using SD−OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis) and SS−OCT (DRI Topcon Triton). Peripapillary thickness was obtained using SS−OCT. RNFL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform complex (GCL+), RNFL plus GCL+ (GCL++), and macular thickness were collected. Clinical and cognitive data were gathered. All statistical analyses were performed using R software. Results There was excellent inter-scanner agreement for GCL + and GCL++ with ICC’s between r = 0.92−0.99. Good-to-excellent intra-scanner (OD vs OS) agreement was present except for macular RNFL in the SS−OCT device. No significant peripapillary group differences were identified. Poorer GAF scores were correlated with thinner macular layers and thinner overall peripapillary retinal layer. Greater mania symptoms were associated with smaller peripapillary GCL + thickness (r=-0.43, p = 0.03). Poor overall cognition (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) was associated with smaller overall peripapillary retinal thickness (r = 0.36, p = 0.02). Conclusion While there is RNFL variability, GCL + and GCL++ are comparable between scanners SD−OCT and SS−OCT. Given that RNFL thinning is strongly implicated in psychotic disorders, the use of OCT scanners should not be interchanged due to increased RNFL measurement variability.