cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio observations of a large sample of late M, L, and T dwarfs : The distribution of magnetic field strengths

I present radio observations of 90 dwarf stars and brown dwarfs of spectral type M5-T8. Three sources exhibit radio activity, in addition to the six objects previously detected in quiescence and outburst, leading to an overall detection rate of ~10% for objects later than M7. The inferred magnetic field strengths are ~102 G in quiescence and nearly 1 kG during flares, while the majority of the nondetected objects have B 50 G. Depending on the configuration and size of the magnetic loops, the surface fields may approach 1 kG even in quiescence, at most a factor of a few smaller than in early M dwarfs. With the larger sample of sources I find continued evidence for (1) a sharp transition around spectral type of M7 from a ratio of radio to X-ray luminosity of log(LR/LX) ~ -15.5 to -12, (2) increased radio activity (LR/Lbol) with later spectral type, in contrast to H? and X-ray observations, and (3) an overall drop in the fraction of active sources from ~30% for M dwarfs to ~5% for L dwarfs, consistent with H? and X-ray observations. Taken together, these trends suggest that some late M and L dwarfs are capable of generating 0.1-1 kG magnetic fields, but the overall drop in the fraction of such objects likely reflects changes in the structure of the chromospheres and coronae, possibly due to increasingly neutral atmospheres and/or a transition to a turbulent dynamo. These possibilities can best be tested through simultaneous observations, which can trace the effect of magnetic dissipation in a direct, rather than a statistical, manner. Still, a more extended radio survey currently holds the best promise for measuring the magnetic field properties of a large number of dwarf stars.
Functional characterization of zinc-finger motif in redox regulation of RPA-ssDNA interaction.

The 70-kDa subunit of eukaryotic replication protein A (RPA) contains a conserved four cysteine-type zinc-finger motif that has been implicated in regulation of DNA replication and repair. Unlike other zinc-finger proteins, RPA zinc-finger motif is not a DNA-binding component, and deletion of the zinc-finger had very little effect on its ssDNA binding activity. Recently, we described a novel function for the zinc-finger motif in regulation of RPA's ssDNA binding activity through reduction−oxidation (redox). In this study, we carried out a detailed analysis of wild-type RPA and zinc-finger mutants in redox regulation of their ssDNA binding activity. Any mutation at a zinc-finger cysteine abolished its redox role in regulation of RPA−ssDNA interaction, suggesting that all four zinc-finger cysteines are required for redox regulation. Reactivity of cysteine residues to 5,5‘-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) indicated that wild-type RPA contained 8.2 reactive thiols/molecule including all four cysteines in...
The solusphere—its inferences and study☆

Abstract Water is a fundamental geologic agent active in rock decomposition, erosion, and synthesis. Solutes in water are of particular interest to geochemists as sources of raw material for synthesis or as products of decomposition. When geochemical studies move from the laboratory into natural environment many variables relating to solute hydrology must be considered. As a focal point there has been designed a graphical representation of solute hydrology, the solusphere, which embodies the concepts of land-water occurrence and movement on which are superimposed geologic, biologic, physical, chemical, and cultural processes affecting solutes. The solusphere is demonstrated by passing an imaginary plane through the centre of the earth. This plane intercepts concentric zones designated as rock flowage, saturation, aeration, surface activity, and atmosphere. Transport processes carry solutes within and between zones without alteration or conversion. However, whether stationary or in motion, the water's solute character is constantly subject to (1) alteration processes that change concentration by addition or subtraction of solutes or solvent without loss of solute identities, and (2) conversion processes that change the chemical state and form of solutes. The geochemist is concerned with specific conversion processes, but he also must consider transport, alteration, and other conversion processes that are continually modifying the materials with which he is dealing in nature. The solusphere is an attempt to organize processes affecting the chemical quality of land waters into a unified field of science much like the field of marine chemistry.
High resolution late Pliocene sea-surface temperature record from the northeast Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Application of quantitative micropaleontologic methods of sea-surface temperature (SST) estimation to the planktic foraminiferal faunas at Hole 548 in the northeast Atlantic between 3.5 and 2.0 Ma provide a detailed record of Pliocene surface temperature changes during the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation. SST estimates indicate a relatively warm interval of “enhanced interglacials (warm peaks)” between 3.2 and 2.8 Ma followed by steady cooling with a significant step-like change toward colder temperatures occurring about 2.4 Ma. This record compares well with faunal and SST records from other North Atlantic sites.
Characterization and pathogenesis of anemia in glycogen storage disease type Ia and Ib

The aim of this study was to characterize the frequency and causes of anemia in glycogen storage disease type I. Hematologic data and iron studies were available from 202 subjects (163 with glycogen storage disease Ia and 39 with glycogen storage disease Ib). Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations less than the 5th percentile for age and gender; severe anemia was defined as presence of a hemoglobin <10 g/dl. In glycogen storage disease Ia, 68/163 patients were anemic at their last follow-up. Preadolescent patients tended to have milder anemia secondary to iron deficiency, but anemia of chronic disease predominated in adults. Severe anemia was present in 8/163 patients, of whom 75% had hepatic adenomas. The anemia improved or resolved in all 10 subjects who underwent resection of liver lesions. Anemia was present in 72% of patients with glycogen storage disease Ib, and severe anemia occurred in 16/39 patients. Anemia in patients with glycogen storage disease Ib was associated with exacerbations of glycogen storage disease enterocolitis, and there was a significant correlation between C-reactive protein and hemoglobin levels (P = 0.036). Anemia is a common manifestation of both glycogen storage disease Ia and Ib, although the pathophysiology appears to be different between these conditions. Those with severe anemia and glycogen storage disease Ia likely have hepatic adenomas, whereas glycogen storage disease enterocolitis should be considered in those with glycogen storage disease Ib. Genet Med 2012:14(9):795–799.
An exploration of cognitive ability contamination in the Implicit Association Test methodology

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and cognitive ability. This relationship was investigated by examining the relationship between two different IATs, a cognitive ability test, and learning outcomes following a short training module. Results demonstrated that IATs scored with the D scoring algorithm were not significantly related to cognitive ability test scores, and were not related to post-training learning outcomes. However, IATs scored with the conventional scoring algorithm were significantly negatively related to cognitive ability, and the two IATs used in the study were significantly correlated with one another regardless of which scoring method was used.
Physical and Biological Barriers to Viral Vector–mediated Delivery of Genes to the Airway Epithelium

A gene therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease by intralumenal delivery of therapeutic transgenes into the lung is a logical treatment strategy if efficient gene transfer can be achieved without detrimental effects to the patient. Indeed, pioneering work in the late 1980s showed that genetically engineered viruses could deliver the CF corrective transgene to cultured cells from patients with CF. However, after many attempts to deliver the corrective gene to the lungs of patients with CF in vivo and with the luxury of 20/20 hindsight, it is realized that although logical, the strategy to accomplish this task did not appreciate the evolution of the lung to resist invasion by pathogens such as viruses. It is now apparent that several levels of barriers exist that restrict exogenous gene delivery to the airway epithelium by commonly used viral vectors. Components of the innate and cell-mediated immune system collectively limit both the access to and duration of gene transfer vectors to the airway epithelium. Alternative viral vectors that have evolved to circumvent these barriers will require further development if gene transfer is ever to be considered a therapy for CF lung disease.
Statement of Policy and Commitment

Rutgers University assumes with enthusiasm responsibility for publishing the Journal of International Business Studies. Through this statement the University's Graduate School of Business Administration tells its academic, business and government colleagues the world over that it will execute this responsibility diligently. The School does not make this commitment lightly, nor without recognizing that during the next decade universities will be under great pressure to cut costs and to economize in other ways. But, the School also recognizes that journals of quality are essential to scholarship, teaching and the advancement of knowledge. We will, therefore, support the Journal to the best of our ability.
Crystal habit, geochemistry, and cathodoluminescence of magnesian calcite marine cements from the lower slope of Little Bahama Bank

The petrography and geochemistry of marine magnesian calcite cements recovered from the sea floor on the lower-thermocline lower slope of Little Bahama Bank address three issues concerning inorganic carbonates: (1) crystal habit of marine magnesian calcite cements, (2) cation composition of marine precipitates, and (3) origins of cathodoluminescence in calcite. Bladed and blocky limpid spar cements formed contemporaneously within the same intraparticle pore, as shown by banded cathodoluminescence traced without interruption through both cement habits. Bladed and blocky cements exhibit a positively covariant linear relationship for Mg and Sr, having low proximal (early formed) compositions and high distal (late formed) compositions. Linear covariance of Mg and Sr is interpreted to indicate that the concentrations of these cations were controlled by kinetic effects as they formed, with early precipitation occurring more rapidly than later precipitation. Precipitation rates apparently did not affect cement habit. Limpid, isopachous, bladed spar cements, the distal third of which are brightly cathodoluminescent, have a wide range of Mg and Sr compositions, which is almost completely spanned by both distal cathodoluminescent and proximal noncathodoluminescent parts of cements occurring within the same pore. Mg and Sr do not have a linear relationship. These cements are interpreted to have recrystallized in deep, cool sea water. During recrystallization, magnesium was lost, and in some cases, manganese, the principal cathodoluminescence excitor, was presumably gained.
Richard Honrath (1961–2009)

Richard Honrath, a highly appreciated colleague, productive and energetic atmospheric scientist, and caring educator, died in a kayaking accident on 17 April 2009. Richard received his B.S. in 1984 from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; his M.S. in 1985 from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa.; and his Ph.D. from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1992. He became involved in Arctic research at Carnegie Mellon, where his work focused on sulfur and nitrogen in Greenland snow. Upon moving to Alaska in 1987, Richard focused on measurements of atmospheric nitrogen oxides in the Arctic. For this work, he built a high-sensitivity chemiluminescence analyzer, one of just a handful of such instruments in the world at the time.
Components of prism adaptation in terminal and concurrent exposure: organization of the eye-hand coordination loop.

In three experiments, aftereffect measures of visual-shift and proprioceptive-shift components and total shift in eye-hand coordination were obtained for prism exposure. In one condition the hand was visible for most of the sagittal pointing movement (concurrent exposure), whereas in the other condition only the fingertip was visible at the end of the movement (terminal exposure). Visual shift was greater than proprioceptive shift with terminal exposure and the reverse was true with concurrent exposure, except that proprioceptive shift tended to be greater in both exposure conditions when head movement was permitted. Total shift was not different from the sum of its components except when targets were present, in which case total shift tended to be greater than the sum. Proprioceptive aftereffects for the unexposed hand were small except when head movement was permitted and appeared to be related to changes in felt head position. Aftereffects for target pointing with the unexposed hand were not found to be related to visual shift. The results are discussed in terms of a view of the eye-hand coordination loop as a serial linkage of component eye-head and hand-head systems, with the locus of adaptation determined by the direction of the coordinative linkage between component systems.
Effect of mercury on algal growth rates

In experiments with one freshwater (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) and three marine organisms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Cyclotella nana, and Chaetoceros galvestonensis), mecury was more toxic than the other metals tested (silver, cadmium, lead, and copper); and its toxicity is comparatively irreversible. Growth was monitored by changes in fluorescence of the cultures over a 3-day test period. The toxicity of the mercury varied inversely with the concentrations of nutrients present. Preliminary experiments indicate that mercury in the form of mercuric chloride is more than as dimethylmercury.
β-Adrenergic receptors on murine lymphocytes: Density varies with cell maturity and lymphocyte subtype and is decreased after antigen administration

Abstract β-Adrenergic receptors were assayed on intact, viable, marine splenocytes and thymocytes using the labeled adrenergic antagonists [ 3 H]-dihydroalprenolol l-[ring propyl - 3 H(N)] ([ 3 H]DHA) and 4-(3- t -butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-[5,7- 3 H]benzimidazol-2-one ([ 3 H]CGP 12177). The sites detected by [ 3 H]DHA did not always possess the characteristics of β-adrenergic receptors and were demonstrated to be stereospecific only after the addition of chloroquine to the binding assay. Populations of cells from C57Bl/6 inbred and CF1 outbred mice were compared. Purified T cells from C57Bl/6 mice had fewer receptors than did either whole spleen or B cells. Thymocytes from either strain had significantly fewer receptors than did the other lymphocyte populations. However, mature medullary thymocytes purified from C57Bl/6 mice had higher numbers of receptors per cell which were comparable to those of the splenic T cell. Radiation-resistant splenocytes recovered from CF1 mice 24 hr after 700 rad of irradiation possessed greatly increased numbers of receptors per cell. Immunization with sheep red blood cells caused a significant reduction in the density of receptors on splenocytes from C57Bl/6 mice. The wide variations observed in the density of β-adrenergic receptors, possibly related to cell maturity or state of activation, seem to provide opportunities for differential modulation of cell functions by either endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agents.
Darwin's Explanation of Races by Means of Sexual Selection

In _Darwin's Sacred Cause_, Adrian Desmond and James Moore contend that "Darwin would put his utmost into sexual selection because the subject intrigued him, no doubt, but also for a deeper reason: the theory vindicated his lifelong commitment to human brotherhood" (2009: p. 360). Without questioning Desmond and Moore’s evidence, I will raise some puzzles for their view. I will show that attention to the structure of Darwin's arguments in the Descent of Man shows that they are far from straightforward. As Desmond and Moore note, Darwin seems to have intended sexual selection in non-human animals to serve as evidence for sexual selection in humans. However, Darwin's account of sexual selection in humans was different from the canonical cases that Darwin described at great length. If explaining the origin of human races was the main reason for introducing sexual selection, and if sexual selection was a key piece of Darwin's anti-slavery arguments, then it is puzzling why Darwin would have spent so much time discussing cases that did not really support his argument for the origin of human races, and it is also puzzling that his argument for the origin of human races would be so (atypically) poor.
Resistance fluctuations in disordered one-dimensional conductors

Exact calculations of the low moments of the resistance for models of random one-dimensional conductors are given. The fluctuations in resistance grow with length more rapidly than the average resistance, so that the latter is not representative of the probability distribution. The probability distribution is calculated in the limit of large disorder.
On a Technique for Generating Stress-Strain Curves from Flexural Data:

A technique is developed in this paper to utilize a four-point-bend test for piecewise construction of the stress-strain curve for the outer fibers (tension and compression) of the sample. The generated flexural stress-strain curves are compared to uniaxial tension and compression stress-strain curves. Initial agreement is excellent while in the latter stages the flexural curves are stiffer and exhibit significantly higher failure stresses. This technique fully allows for the material softening (nonlinear material behavior) due to the onset of damage well below ultimate fracture as well as different stress-strain behavior in tension and compression. The potential importance of this technique in providing corrected estimates of both tensile and compressive elastic moduli and failure stress, cf. ASTM D 790-91, is discussed.
Monodromy in the quantum spherical pendulum

In this article we show that monodromy in the quantum spherical pendulum can be interpreted as a Maslov effect: i.e. as multi-valuedness of a certain generating function of the quantum energy levels.
Behind Closed Doors at WorldCom: 2001

WorldCom was a large telecom company that enjoyed an almost meteoric rise during the 1990s but ran into trouble in the early 2000s. 2001 was particularly difficult. This case gives future generations of accountants the opportunity to study the largest accounting scandal in history from an internal financial accounting perspective. To the extent possible, this case uses the actual “voices” of participants to gain an understanding of their viewpoints and motives. We get a chance to see some participants at their best and others at their worst. While our primary focus throughout this case is on the financial accounting issues, we also briefly touch on some of the safeguards available in preventing accounting fraud: internal controls, internal audit, external audit, and the Audit Committee. Throughout this case, you should ask yourself, “How would I respond if I were the corporate decision maker?”
Chemicals used by the poultry industry

The safe and effective use of chemicals within the live production phases of the poultry industry requires the implementation of integrated health programs. Chemical programs will vary with regard to phase, intended usage, and method and frequency of application. The term "chemicals" herein presented excludes drugs and non-nutritive feed additives, with primary emphasis on sanitation products (i.e., detergents, disinfectants, sanitizers, deodorizers, descalers, and possible combinations), pesticides (i.e., insecticides and rodenticides), and brief mention of soil litter treatments for environmental management of air quality at the farm level. Chemical usage by phase, location, and frequency of application are summarized. Products that are effective, environmentally and user friendly, and applied within label specification will provide for safe, economical, and long-term success of poultry health programs. Such programs must be supported by management and maintained through education and product stewardship administered cooperatively with chemical suppliers, technical consultants, and end users.
Disrupted activity in the hippocampal-accumbens circuit of type III neuregulin 1 mutant mice.

Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1), a schizophrenia susceptibility gene, is involved in fundamental aspects of neurodevelopment. Mice lacking any one of the several isoforms of Nrg1 have a variety of schizophrenia-related phenotypes, including deficits in working memory and sensorimotor gating, loss of spines in pyramidal neurons in the ventral subiculum, loss of dendrites in cortical pyramidal cells, loss of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the prefrontal cortex, and altered plasticity in corticolimbic synapses. Mice heterozygous for a disruption in exon 7 of the Nrg1 gene lack Type III (cysteine-rich-domain-containing) isoforms and have sensorimotor gating deficits that may involve changes in the activity of a circuit involving projections from the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) to medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens (nACC). To explore the neural basis of these deficits, we examined electrophysiological activity in the nACC and vHPC of these mice. Under urethane anesthesia, bursts of spontaneous activity propagated from the vHPC to the nACC in both wild-type and mutant mice. However, these bursts were weaker in mutant nACC, with reduced local field potential amplitude and spiking activity. Single units in mutant nACC fired less frequently within the bursts, and more frequently outside of the bursts. Moreover, within-burst nACC spiking was less modulated by vHPC activity, as determined by phase-locking to the low-frequency oscillatory components of the bursts. These data suggest that the efficacy of vHPC input to the nACC is reduced in the Type III Nrg1 heterozygotes, supporting a role for Nrg1 in the functional profile of hippocampal–accumbens synapses.
Economic dynamics of agents in multiple auctions

Over the last few years, electronic auctions have become an increasingly important aspect of e- commerce, both in the business to business and business to consumer domains. As a result of this, it is often possible to find many auctions selling similar goods on the web. However, when an individual is attempting to purchase such a good, they will usually bid in one, or a small number, of such auctions. This results in two forms of inefficiency. Firstly, the individual may pay more for the good than would be expected in an ideal market. Secondly, some sellers may fail to make a sale that could take place in an ideal market. In this paper, we present an agent that is able to participate in multiple auctions for a given good, placing bids appropriately to secure the cheapest price. We present experiments to show; (i) Current auction markets on the web are inefficient, with trades taking place away from equilibrium price, and not all benefit from trade being extracted. (ii) Our agent is able to exploit these inefficiencies, resulting in it making higher profits than the simple strategy of bidding in a small number of auctions. (iii) As more participants use our agent, the market becomes more efficient. When all participants use the agent, all trades take place close to equilibrium price, and the market approaches ideal behaviour.
Integrative Medicine and Clinical Practice: Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies

Although the definition of integrative, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) remains under discussion by members of the clinical community, the medical literature contains few reports on th...
Surgical instrument availability

ABSTRACT • SURGICAL INSTRUMENT AVAILABILITY often is at the top of the list for perioperative quality improvement projects. • ENSURING AVAILABILITY of surgical instruments can be a daily struggle. At one facility, searching for items shortly before a procedure was a common occurrence. • THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES a three-year quality improvement project undertaken to improve instrument availability throughout surgical services. The article also includes future plans and lessons learned. AORN J 81 (May 2005) 1017–1022.
Methylation of the serum albumin gene as compared to the Kirsten-ras oncogene in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells of rat liver

The extent of methylation of a gene, i.e. percent of cytosine present as 5-methylcytosine, is correlated with its activity. Hypermethylation is associated with non-expression, whereas hypomethylation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for expression. In this study, the methylation state of the serum albumin gene as compared to the Kirsten-ras (Ki-ras) oncogene was assessed in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPC) isolated from rat liver. The results of this investigation indicate that the serum albumin gene is hypomethylated in hepatocytes and hypermethylated in NPC. This is consistent with expression of the gene in the former cell type, and non-expression in the latter. In contrast, the Ki-ras oncogene is hypermethylated in both hepatocytes and NPC, suggesting that it is, at most, minimally expressed in normal rat liver.
Relationship of Selected Egg Quality Measurements

ABSTRACT THE thickness and porosity of egg shells are important factors in maintaining egg quality. Shell thickness influences breaking strength and porosity influences the passage of gases and microorganisms through the shell. Almquist and Holst (1931) measured shell porosity by determining the approximate number of pores that would be penetrated by an alcoholic solution of methylene blue. They demonstrated a direct relationship between the loss in weight of eggs stored for various periods and the number of stained pores. Godfrey and Olsen (1937) incubated eggs for two weeks at 99.5°F to determine their weight loss. They were able to demonstrate both breed and individual bird differences in weight loss. Morgan (1932) determined the relationship between the breaking strength of egg shells and the shell weight. A positive correlation between the shell weight and the breaking strength was found. Munro (1940a) demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between specific gravity and hatching power. Godfrey . . .
Note on Adjustment of Married American School Teachers in Victoria, Australia

Relationships with adjustment of married American teachers in Victoria, Australia, were examined. Positive relationships were obtained between husbands' and wives' feelings of belongingness and satisfaction with the work environment, however, the degrees to which husbands and wives missed relatives who remained in the U.S.A. were independent.
Pathologic Findings in a Patient Dying with Ventricular Tachycardia

1980;78;22-23 Chest K M Rosen, R A Bauernfeind, S Bharati and M Lev ventricular tachycardia. Pathologic findings in a patient dying with http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/78/1/22.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1980by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Structures of CsMgBr3, CsCdBr3 and CsMgI3— diamagnetic linear chain lattices

Abstract The diamagnetic salts, CsMgBr 3 , CsCdBr 3 and CsMgI 3 , are shown by X-ray diffraction studies to adopt the CsNiCl 3 structure. This hexagonal lattice possesses a distinct one-dimensional character. The divalent metal ions in these salts are surrounded by octahedral arrays of halide ions ; however, there is a noticeable trigonal distortion. The structures are compared with those of other one-dimensional AMX 3 salts.
What wives say about nursing homes.

: 99 wives of patients transferred from a general medical VA Hospital to 25 nursing homes in an urban area submitted usable answers to a questionnaire asking them to comment on their experiences with the program for nursing home care. Data were first analysed by content analysis, and wives were grouped according to whether they praised (16.2%), criticized (47.4%), or did not comment (36.4%) on the homes. Comments reflecting praise were usually short and nonspecific. Criticisms were lengthy and could be grouped by categories concerning service, food, visits of a physician, medication and supplies. A series of statistical procedures were employed to determine if the wife's response was related to the husband's characteristics at the time he left the hospital or to the quality of the homes. Results indicated that wives' comments were not related to husbands' characteristics; whereas, statistical significance was found for wives' comments and the quality of nursing homes.
Urinary excretion of purines, purine nucleosides, and pseudouridine in immunodeficient children.

Abstract Studies have been carried out using ion-exchange analysis for determination of urinary purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides in children with immunodeficiency disorders. Using cation and anion-exchange techniques, the following compounds of urine have been quantitatively determined: deoxyadenosine, adenosine, adenine, pseudouridine, 7-methylguanine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Excretion levels of these compounds did not differ significantly from normal values in six children with various immunodeficiency diseases, excluding severe combined immunodeficiency. However, of the seven children studied with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (normal adenosine deaminase), four showed increased excretion levels for one or more of the compounds studied. A germ-free child with severe combined immunodeficiency had lower excretion levels than the mean normal value for most of these same compounds. The possibility is considered that the increased excretion levels noted may be a consequence of repeated episodes of infection in most children with severe combined immunodeficiency.
Secretion of Radio-active Sodium in Human Milk

SummaryRadio-active sodium may be recovered in milk within 20 minutes after its ingestion. Its peak concentration in the milk is reached in about 2 hours. Subsequent secretion slowly tapers off, some of the sodium being recoverable after 96 hours.
Using memory to transform search on the planning graph

The Graphplan algorithm for generating optimal make-span plans containing parallel sets of actions remains one of the most effective ways to generate such plans. However, despite enhancements on a range of fronts, the approach is currently dominated in terms of speed, by state space planners that employ distance-based heuristics to quickly generate serial plans. We report on a family of strategies that employ available memory to construct a search trace so as to learn from various aspects of Graphplan's iterative search episodes in order to expedite search in subsequent episodes. The planning approaches can be partitioned into two classes according to the type and extent of search experience captured in the trace. The planners using the more aggressive tracing method are able to avoid much of Graphplan's redundant search effort, while planners in the second class trade off this aspect in favor of a much higher degree of freedom than Graphplan in traversing the space of 'states' generated during regression search on the planning graph. The tactic favored by the second approach, exploiting the search trace to transform the depth-first, IDA* nature of Graphplan's search into an iterative state space view, is shown to be the more powerful. We demonstrate that distance-based, state space heuristics can be adapted to informed traversal of the search trace used by the second class of planners and develop an augmentation targeted specifically at planning graph search. Guided by such a heuristic, the step-optimal version of the planner in this class clearly dominates even a highly enhanced version of Graphplan. By adopting beam search on the search trace we then show that virtually optimal parallel plans can be generated at speeds quite competitive with a modern heuristic state space planner.
A Short Half-Century: Fifty Years of Women at Harvard Divinity School

President Summers, Dean Graham, esteemed colleagues, honored guests, students and graduates of the Divinity School, new and old. It is a great pleasure to address you on the occasion of the 50 th anniversary of the admission of women to Harvard Divinity School. I am particularly honored by the presence of those of you who were here in 1955 when women first enrolled as students. For some of us who were not, 1955 may seem long ago—part of an archaic past of the Cold War, McCarthyism, and racial segregation, when women were welcome in few professional settings and ordained by few denominations.
Cohesive-zone modelling of the deformation and fracture of spot-welded joints

The deformation and failure of spot-welded joints have been successfully modelled using ac ohesive-zone model for fracture. This has been accomplished by implementing a user- defined, three-dimensional, cohesive-zone element within a commercial finite-element package. The model requires two material parameters for each mode of deformation. Results show that the material parameters from this type of approach are transferable for identical spot welds in different geometries where a single parameter (such as maximum stress) is not. The approach has been demonstrated using a model system consisting of spot-welded joints made from 5754 aluminium sheets. The techniques for determining the cohesive fracture parameters for both nugget fracture and nugget pullout are described in this paper. It has been demonstrated that once the appropriate cohesive parameters for a weld are determined, quantitative predictions can be developed for the strengths, deformations and failure mechanisms of different geometries with nominally identical welds.
Mode excitation from sources in two-dimensional EBG waveguides using the array scanning method

An efficient semianalytical algorithm for the evaluation of the field and modal excitation by a line source in a two-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) waveguide is presented. The method allows for an accurate and efficient calculation of the near field from the source inside the EBG waveguide, as well as the amplitude of the EBG waveguide mode that is excited. The same method can be applied to a wide variety of structures, as well as other types of sources and discontinuities.
Relative Surface Charge Density Mapping with the Atomic Force Microscope

An experimental approach for producing relative charge density maps of biological surfaces using the atomic force microscope is presented. This approach, called D minus D (D-D) mapping, uses isoforce surfaces collected at different salt concentrations to remove topography and isolate electrostatic contributions to the tip-sample interaction force. This approach is quantitative for surface potentials below 25 mV, and does not require prior knowledge of the cantilever spring constant, tip radius, or tip charge. In addition, D-D mapping does not require tip-sample contact. The performance of D-D mapping is demonstrated on surfaces of constant charge and varying topography (mechanically roughened mica and stacked bilayers of dipalmitolphosphatidylserine), a surface of varying charge and varying topography (patches of dipalmitolphosphatidylcholine on mica), and bacteriorhopsin membranes adsorbed to mica.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON NONLINEAR TIME SERIES

A nation's economy is a complex nonlinear dynamical system with links to other national economies. Classical macroeconomic models typically incorporate linear approximations to the nonlinear world and add simple dynamics to capture adjustments over time. Most of these simplifications offer little insight into the nonlinear structure of economic relationships that exist. Nor do they provide useful predictions beyond the short-term predictions of the autoregressive linear models from which they are derived.
Cellular and subcellular distribution of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in the retina.

Immunocytochemical studies showed the presence of staining for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-R2B glutamate receptor subunit at multiple sites in the cat retina. Reaction product in photoreceptor cells was localized at the inner/outer segment junction and in the axon terminals. Staining within the inner retina was limited to ganglion cells and their dendrites ramifying throughout the inner plexiform layer. These cells were seen to receive synaptic input from cone bipolar cells in both sublaminae. As with other glutamate receptor subunits, this immunoreactivity was typically confined to a single postsynaptic element at a cone bipolar dyad complex. Immunocytochemical localization of the NMDA-R1 subunit, considered to be an essential component of functional receptors, showed a widespread distribution across the retina including all the sites where NMDA-R2B staining was seen. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis were used to confirm the presence of the NR2B receptor protein and its association with the NR1 subunit in both proximal and distal retinal layers. The findings suggest that NMDA-R2B subunits are positioned for multiple functions within the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:75–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Male Sterility in the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta,

The testis of Solenopsis invicta Buren consists of 4 follicles which develop into testicular lobes by the pharate pupal stage. In mature alates these lobes atrophy and the vasa deferentia are filled with spermatozoa. Males were found in field populations in eastern Texas in which the testicular lobes failed to develop. In these aspermic males the accessory gland was about the same size as in normal males. No difference in external morphology could be found between normal and aspermic males. Aspermic alates flew at the time when normal males had their nuptial flight. The cause of this aspermia is unknown. It appears to be associated with male diploidy and the polygynous colonies.
Application of 3D Seismic Attribute Analysis to Subsurface Structure Interpretation and Hydrocarbon Exploration: Southwest Pennsylvania, Central Appalachian Basin.

Summary High quality 3D seismic data provides critical information vital to the delineation of structural fabrics and depositional facies, and it is therefore important to the development of ideas associated with structural and facies architecture and growth history of the Appalachian foreland basin. Traditional wiggle trace imagery is limited by its dominant frequency and low signal-to-noise ratio; while conventional seismic attributes, such as instantaneous phase, root mean squared amplitude (RMS) and frequency methods are not sufficient to define fractures and spatial and temporal relations between faults and folds which are crucial in achieving the hydrocarbon exploration objective in the basin. To overcome these limitations, seismic attributes such as volumetric curvature, ant tracking and waveform regression were applied to increase the resolution of stratigraphic and structural features including folds, faults and fractures. Saw-tooth forethrust to backthrust patterns and small-scale, intra-interval dѐcollemont zones were observed within the Devonian intervals. From analysis of these discontinuities, the maximum principle stress orientation during the Middle Devonian was defined at approximately 105 o to 120 o azimuth which may be instructive in designing horizontal drilling orientations in the hydraulic fracturing process. This effort demonstrates the importance of 3D seismic attribute analysis to understanding the relationship between subsurface structural features and hydrocarbon systems, which are fundamental to the success of future exploration for and production of oil and gas, both conventional and unconventional, in the Appalachian Basin.
Religious chameleons: Exploring the social context for belonging without believing

Following previous discussions of objective religious hypocrisy, we now explore the concept of subjective religious hypocrisy; that is, belonging to a religious group but not believing in its tenets. In exchange terms, subjective hypocrisy can be understood as cheating on one’s subjective religious commitments (belief) in order to gain access to otherwise unavailable social incentives. Drawing on existing literature, we specify the social structural conditions that lead to higher levels of subjective religious hypocrisy. We also explore the costs and risks this behavior can create for individuals and the consequences it can have for religious groups. We offer a series of testable deductive propositions.
Variceal Rebleeding After Portosystemic Shunting: Strategies and Solutions to a Vexing Problem

The purpose of this review was to discuss an approach to the treatment of recurrent bleeding from esophageal or gastric varices after portosystemic shunt. From our own clinical experience, as well as that of others, it appears that re-establishment of portal decompression should offer the best chance at long-term survival. Luckily, innovations in angiographic technique have allowed attainment of this goal without the inordinate risk of an operative procedure. However, not all patients' situations will be amenable to such treatment. For some of them, operative decompression of the portal venous system can be carried out in an anatomic area previously untouched. For those patients in whom no decompression is possible, direct endoscopic treatment of the varices will offer an alternative, albeit temporizing, approach.
Thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery and the risk of paraplegia: contemporary practice and future directions.

Thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Spinal cord ischemia and the risks of paraparesis or paraplegia remain devastating complications. The mechanisms of spinal cord injury involve both acute ischemic injury and delayed reperfusion injury. Blood flow to the spinal cord frequently arises in the segment of the aorta requiring aortic cross clamping. As such, there is an obligate period of blood flow disruption. Multiple strategies have evolved to reduce the ischemic interval and to provide adjunct interventions to reduce the impact of the ischemia. Despite a multidisciplinary approach, a spinal cord ischemia is present in approximately 4 to 16% of patients, depending on the type of aneurysm and other comorbid diseases. Cerebral spinal fluid drainage, distal perfusion techniques, intercostal artery anastomosis, hypothermia techniques, and mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning are interventions employed to reduce the risk of paraplegia after thoracal-abdominal aortic surgery. Surgeons, anesthesiologists, and perfusionist are intimately involved in the decision making as to which interventions will be employed in a given case. Although these adjuncts have been evaluated in multiple animal and human protocols, the efficacy of each intervention when looked at in isolation remains difficult to determine fully This is attributable, in part, to the complex mechanisms of the patient injury, the inherint risks of the surgical procedure, and the confounding effects of comorbid disease states. Nonetheless, clinicians must have comprehensive understanding of these various interventions and their application. This review serves as an overview of these various interventions with special emphasis on outcome data.
Challenges in nourishing the intrauterine growth-restricted foetus - Lessons learned from studies in the intrauterine growth-restricted foetal sheep.

UNLABELLED Previous attempts to improve growth and development of the intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) foetus during pregnancy have not worked or caused harm. Our research identifies tissue-specific mechanisms underlying foetal growth restriction and then tests strategies to improve growth and ameliorate many of the metabolic problems before the infant is born. The goal of our studies is to reduce the impact of foetal growth restriction at critical stages of development on the lifelong complications of IUGR offspring. CONCLUSION Defining specific mechanisms that cause growth restriction in the foetus might identify specific nutrients and hormones that could be given to the mother to improve foetal growth and reduce metabolic complications, using strategies first tested in our IUGR animal model.
Inverse Spectral Transform for the Nonlinear Evolution Equation Generating the Davey-Stewartson and Ishimori Equations

A 2+1-dimensional nonlinear differential equation integrable by the inverse-spectral-transform method with the quartet operator representation is proposed. This GL(2,C)-valued chiral-field-type equation is the generating (prototype) equation for the Davey-Stewartson and Ishimori equations. It coincides with the nonlinear equation for the Davey-Stewartson eigenfunction ψ DS
P -V criticality in AdS black holes of massive gravity

In this paper we have studied the extended phase space thermodynamics in the canonical ensemble of black holes in massive gravity in anti--de Sitter space. The black holes considered here belong to a theory of massive gravity where the graviton gain a mass due to Lorentz symmetry breaking. We have computed various thermodynamical quantities such as temperature, pressure, Gibbs free energy, and specific heat capacity. The local and the global thermodynamical stability of the black holes are studied in detail. For a specific value of the parameter in the theory, the black holes undergo a first order phase transition similar to the van der Waals phase transitions between gas and liquid under constant temperature. This transition is between the small and the large black holes. The critical exponents are computed at the critical values and shown to be the same as for the van der Waals critical exponents.
Effects of Renal Disease on Pharmacokinetics

Illness, aging, sex, and other patient factors may have important effects on pharmacodynamic aspects of patient response to drugs. For example, patients with advanced pulmonary insufficiency are particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of narcotic and sedative drugs. In addition, these patient factors may affect the pharmacokinetic aspects of drug elimination, distribution, and absorption. In this regard, renal impairment has been estimated to account for one-third of the prescribing errors resulting from inattention to patient pathophysiology. Even when the necessary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information was available, appropriate dose adjustments often were not made for patients with impaired renal function because assessment of this function usually was based solely on serum creatinine measurements without concomitant estimation of creatinine clearance. Fortunately, prescriber awareness of patients with impaired renal function is likely to improve as routine reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) becomes standard clinical laboratory practice.