cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed-type hypersensitivity to elastase-soluble lung peptides in the tight-skin (Tsk) mouse

The development of immunity to homologous connective tissue antigens was studied with respect to aging in the tight-skin (Tsk) mouse mutant. A delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to elastase-solubilized lung peptides in Tsk/+ mice, which became evident at 10 weeks of age and increased in intensity until 22 weeks, was observed. Tsk mice did not demonstrate significant DTH responses when challenged with type I or IV collagen, and normal (+/+) littermates of all ages did not respond to any of the antigens under study. DTH responses could be adoptively transferred to normal +/+ and C57BL/6 mice with spleen cells from 30-week-old Tsk/+ mice; treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antibodies plus complement significantly reduced the ability of these Tsk/+ cells to transfer DTH reactivity. No antibody activity to the antigens under study could be detected in the sera of Tsk/+ or +/+ mice at any age. These results are discussed with regard to the pathological manifestations observed in the Tsk/+ mutant mouse.
Toward a Reactant Library in Template-Directed Solid-State Organic Synthesis: Reactivity Involving a Monofunctional Reactant Based on a Stilbazole

Cocrystallization of 4-chlorostilbazole (4-Cl-sbz) with either resorcinol (res) or 4-ethylresorcinol (4-Et-res) yields three-component molecular assemblies, (res)‚2(4-Cl-sbz) and (4-Et-res)‚2(4-Clsbz), held together by two O-H‚‚‚N hydrogen bonds. The olefins of each assembly conform to the distance criterion of Schmidt for [2+2] photoreaction. In the former, the olefins lie antiparallel, whereas in the latter, the olefins lie parallel. Both solids are photoactive, leading to the regiocontrolled solid-state synthesis of rctt-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-3,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl)cyclobutane (4-Cl-dpcb) in near or quantitative yield. The photoactivity of (res)‚2(4-Cl-sbz) is attributed to the reactant undergoing a pedal-like change in conformation prior to cyclobutane formation. The ability to change the diol to achieve olefin alignment is expected to provide additional synthetic flexibility to this template approach. The realization that covalent bonds can form in molecular solids 1 suggests a possibility that the solid
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and thymidine chemosensitization in human T-cell leukemia

Thymidine kills cells by depleting dCTP stores. The present experiments tested whether deoxycytidine, by replenishing dCTP pools, could prevent thymidine cytotoxicity and thymidine's enhancement of carboplatin killing in two human T-cell acute leukemia cell lines. MOLT3 and JM cells were exposed to combinations of thymidine, deoxycytidine, and carboplatin and then assessed for survival, the magnitude of thymidine-carboplatin chemosensitization, and changes in deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. For both cell lines, deoxycytidine (up to 144.5 micrograms/ml x 24 h) completely restored dCTP pools but only partially protected against thymidine cytotoxicity (100-1000 micrograms/ml x 24 h) and thymidine-carboplatin sensitization (up to 60 micrograms carboplatin/ml during the last hour of thymidine). This contrasts with complete protection in prior studies using other cell types. Thymidine alone markedly increased dTTP and dGTP pools and decreased dCTP; dATP pools underwent a sharp decline which has not been observed before in any cell line. In subsequent studies 0.0336-137.3 micrograms deoxyadenosine/ml partially prevented cytotoxicity and carboplatin sensitization by 300 micrograms thymidine/ml. Together, deoxycytidine and deoxyadenosine completely prevented thymidine-carboplatin sensitization even though dATP and dCTP pools were not entirely returned to normal. These findings are discussed in regard to the unusual sensitivity of T-cell malignancies to thymidine toxicity, mechanisms of cytotoxicity and chemosensitization by thymidine, and the possibility of thymidine selectively sensitizing T-cell malignancies to killing by alkylating agents.
EFFECT OF LAMININ ON THE NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION OF NUCLEOLIN IN RAT INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL IEC-6 CELLS

Laminin is a major component of extracellular matrix. The mechanism of action of laminin on cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of extracellular matrix, especially laminin, on the cellular localization of the nuclear protein, nucleolin, and on cell proliferation. Immunofluorescent and western blot analysis indicated that nucleolin was translocated most efficiently to the nucleus in the small intestinal rat epithelial cell line (IEC-6) when cultured on laminin-coated plates. Specifically, nucleolin was observed predominantly in cytoplasm in the cells cultured without laminin. In contrast, nuclear localization was observed in the cells cultured on laminin. This effect of laminin on nucleolin translocation was time-dependent. Laminin was also observed to stimulate proliferation of IEC-6 cells in serum free medium. Our results suggest that laminin alters the distribution of nucleolin which may be an early signal for cell proliferation.
Formulation for stable and efficient implementation of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis of binary gratings

The rigorous coupled-wave analysis technique for describing the diffraction of electromagnetic waves by periodic grating structures is reviewed. Formulations for a stable and efficient numerical implementation of the analysis technique are presented for one-dimensional binary gratings for both TE and TM polarization and for the general case of conical diffraction. It is shown that by exploitation of the symmetry of the diffraction problem a very efficient formulation, with up to an order-of-magnitude improvement in the numerical efficiency, is produced. The rigorous coupled-wave analysis is shown to be inherently stable. The sources of potential numerical problems associated with underflow and overflow, inherent in digital calculations, are presented. A formulation that anticipates and preempts these instability problems is presented. The calculated diffraction efficiencies for dielectric gratings are shown to converge to the correct value with an increasing number of space harmonics over a wide range of parameters, including very deep gratings. The effect of the number of harmonics on the convergence of the diffraction efficiencies is investigated. More field harmonics are shown to be required for the convergence of gratings with larger grating periods, deeper gratings, TM polarization, and conical diffraction.
The Global Campus: Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education in North America

Confronted with a world that is strikingly different from what it was just a decade ago, the United States faces rapidly shifting economic, political, and national security realities and challenges. To respond to these changes it is essential that our institutions of higher education graduate globally competent students. This article addresses several major challenges confronting international educators within the United States including redesigning the curriculum, achieving faculty buy-in, financing study abroad, integrating our international students in the efforts to internationalize our campus, and rethinking how we teach foreign languages on our campuses.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Efficient Green Electronics

Developing energy efficient electronics or green electronics is an area that is largely driven by the performance limitations of scaled Si-based CMOS due to the exceptionally high power dissipation and high leakage currents arising in such devices at nanoscale dimensions. It is clear now that Si-based CMOS has been stretched over the past several decades to the point that further miniaturization will make such simple size scaling non-sustainable in the future. New materials and technologies are thus vigorously being explored beyond Si, in order to overcome performance limitations from ultra-miniaturized Si-CMOS. Among these materials, carbon-based nanostructures such as graphene and carbon nanotubes are being considered as viable alternatives to Si-CMOS to enable energy efficient green electronics. Novel architectures for enabling low-power, energy-efficient computation are currently being explored, which include tunneling field-effect-transistors (TFETs), as well as nano-electro-mechanical-systems (NEMS) due to their abrupt ON/OFF transitions, low OFF state currents and high speed operation. In this paper, an overview of carbon nanomaterials is presented and the role they play in enabling energy efficient TFETs and NEMS is also highlighted. Finally, the emergence of a new class of 2D systems beyond graphene is discussed such as MoS2, which may open up new avenues for exploration and enabling applications in electronics.
New and Old Keynesians

The purpose of this paper is to describe one strand of New Keynesian literature which explores how increased flexibility of wages and prices might exacerbate the economy's downturn, and to contrast it with other strands of New Keynesian literature. This strand of literature holds that even if wages and prices were perfectly flexible, output and employment would be highly volatile. It sees the economy as amplifying the shocks that it experiences and making their effects persist. It identifies incomplete contracts, and, in particular, imperfect indexing, as central market failures, and it attempts both to explain the causes and consequences of these market failures. The models described here contain three basic ingredients: risk-averse firms; a credit allocation mechanism in which credit-rationing, risk-averse banks play a central role; and new labor market theories, including efficiency wages and insider-outsider models. These building blocks should help to explain how price flexibility contributes to macroeconomic fluctuations and to unemployment. In particular, the first two building blocks will explain why small shocks to the economy can give rise to large changes in output, while the new labor market theories will explain why those changes in output (with their associated changes in the demand curve for labor) result in unemployment.
Extra-hypothalamic vasopressin neurons coexpress galanin messenger RNA as shown by double in situ hybridization histochemistry.

Vasopressin (VP) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (AMe) exhibit sexual dimorphism and steroid dependency. VP neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus have been shown to coexpress other transmitters including galanin (GAL). However, little is known about what other neurotransmitters may be colocalized with VP in the BNST and AMe. Here, we have used radio-labeled and digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes to perform double in situ hybridization histochemistry for VP and GAL in the BNST and AMe of intact, adult male rats. We provide evidence that in the basal state, the majority of VP-synthesizing cells in the BNST and AMe of the adult male rat also express galanin mRNA. Likewise, the majority of GAL-expressing neurons in these regions also contain VP mRNA. These findings give further evidence for the similarity of the BNST and AMe and provide a rationale for studies investigating the role of GAL in functions involving extrahypothalamic VP pathways. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Miniaturized disk bend tests of neutron irradiated path a type alloys

Abstract Path A Prime Candidate Alloy (PCA) has been rapidly solidified and consolidated by extrusion. Twenty percent CW samples, precision TEM disks, 3 mm φ × 0.254 mm , were irradiated in the mixed flux of the Oak Ridge HFIR reactor up to ~8.5 dpa (360 appm He) and ~34 dpa (3100 appm He) at 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. Similar samples of conventionally processed PCA were also irradiated for comparison. Mechanical properties were characterized usinq a miniaturized disk bend test (MDBT) developed at MIT. Results from unirradiated and irradiated materials are compared. These tests indicate major decreases in ductility especially for the 500 and 600°C irradiations. No important differences were found between this first version of a rapidly solidified and extruded PCA type alloy and conventionally processed PCA except better high temperature (600°C) ductility for the rapidly solidified alloy.
Short-term Metabolic and Hemodynamic Effects of Ephedra and Guarana Combinations

Objective Serious adverse health events have been reported with the use of dietary supplements containing ephedra and guarana. We sought to determine whether repeated dosing and multi-ingredient formulations contribute to the adverse effects of these supplements. Methods In this study, 16 healthy adults (8 women) took 2 doses each of ephedra-guarana alone, Xenadrine RFA, a multicomponent dietary supplement containing 25 mg ephedra alkaloids and 200 mg caffeine, or placebo 5 hours apart in a randomized, double-blind, 3-arm crossover study. Results Peak plasma ephedrine levels averaged 130 to 140 ng/mL. Compared with placebo, Xenadrine and ephedra-guarana significantly increased heart rate (maximum increase, 9.4 ± 8.6 beats/min; P = .002), blood pressure (maximum increase in systolic and diastolic pressure, 11.5 ± 10.7 mm Hg and 7.3 ± 7.4 mm Hg, respectively; P = .015), postprandial glucose concentration (maximum change, 41.0 ± 18.8 mg/dL; P < .0001), and insulin concentration (maximum change, 41.2 ± 47.8 μIU/mL; P = .005). Serum potassium concentrations were significantly decreased by both treatments. Hemodynamic and metabolic changes were observed after both the first and second doses. However, plasma free fatty acid concentrations increased after the first dose only. Xenadrine RFA produced higher increases in glucose concentration than ephedra-guarana, but no other pharmacodynamic differences between the treatments were found. Conclusions Consumption of 2 doses of ephedra and guarana supplements, per supplement label recommendations, results in persistent increases in heart rate and blood pressure and unfavorable actions on glucose and potassium homeostasis. Such effects could be detrimental in persons with hypertension, atherosclerosis, or glucose intolerance, conditions that are strongly associated with obesity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, 560–571; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.023
Electrochemical synthesis and optical analysis of poly[(2,2′-dithienyl)-5,5′-diylvinylene]

The electrochemical synthesis of poly[(2,2′-dithienyl)-5,5′-diylvinylene tetrafluoroborate] (PDTE/BF4) has been accomplished and provides coppery-black free-standing films with a room-temperature four-probe conductivity as high as 15 (Ω cm)−1. The conductivity and morphology of the films were found to be strongly dependent on synthetic conditions. The oxidized form of PDTE is not air stable, as evidenced by a rapid, three order of magnitude drop in the conductivity. Optoelectrochemical experiments demonstrate that bipolarons are the main charge-carrying species in conductive PDTE and allow their evolution to be followed as a function of oxidation.
Developmental plasticity of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal axons in the north American opossum, Didelphis virginiana.

We have shown previously that rubral axons grow around a lesion of their spinal pathway in the North American opossum if it is made at early stages of development. In the present experiments, we have asked whether reticular and vestibular axons have the same ability. The spinal cord was hemisected at postnatal day 20, 12, or 5, well within the critical period for rubrospinal plasticity, and, approximately 30 days later, bilateral injections of fast blue were made about four segments caudal to the lesion. The pups were killed 4 or 5 days after the injections. In most of the animals lesioned on postnatal day 20, labeled neurons were not found in the medial part of the pontine reticular nucleus or the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion. The spinal projections from both areas are exclusively ipsilateral. When the lesions were made at postnatal day 12 or 5, however, labeled neurons were present in both areas, suggesting that they supported axons that had grown caudal to the lesion. As was expected from previous studies, rubral neurons were labeled contralateral to the lesion in all three groups. In the opossum, as in other species, the red nucleus projects contralaterally. We conclude that reticular and vestibular axons, like axons from the red nucleus, grow around a lesion of their pathway during development and that the critical period for their plasticity ends earlier than that for rubrospinal axons. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Projections of androgen-accumulating neurons in a nucleus controlling avian song.

Abstract In zebra finches, androgens stimulate sing production and promote growth of the neural regions controlling song. Early exposure to estrogen establishes this sensitivity to androgens and increases the number of androgen-accumulating cells in two song regions, the hyperstriatum ventralis pars caudalis (HVc) and the anterior neostriatum. To examine if these regional changes in androgen accumulation could directly influence androgen responsiveness elsewhere in the song system, we combined autoradiographic and retrograde tracing techniques to determine if androgen-accumulating HVc neurons project to other vocal control nuclei. We report here that both major efferent projections from HVc (to Area X and the nucleus robustus of the archistriatum) include a substantial proportion of androgen-accumulating neurons. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the extent of androgen accumulation in HVc may in turn regulate the androgenic sensitivity of other song regions.
Lateral curing ability of plastic wedges.

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of plastic wedges used in conjunction with visible light for polymerization of restorative resin. Two commercially available wedge systems were evaluated in this study: 1) a clear plastic wedge with a light reflecting core, and 2) a clear plastic wedge without a reflecting core. Polymerization was evaluated by testing the hardness of the composite resin specimen that was placed adjacent to the wedge surface. Significant differences in hardness were found between composite samples cured directly, those cured with a clear wedge (no reflecting core), and those cured with a wedge having a reflecting core.
Alignment procedure for radiation pattern measurements of antenna-coupled infrared detectors

An antenna-coupled detector's directional properties can be verified by measuring its angular radiation pattern. At infrared frequen- cies, this pattern can be measured by rotating the device while illuminat- ing it with a laser beam. An accurate radiation pattern can be measured only if the device is coaligned with the axis of rotation and the focus of the laser beam. In the alignment procedure presented, the device is rotated to various angles and the distance along the orthogonal axis from the current device position to the laser beam is measured by maximizing its response. Calculations based on these distances provide the new location of the device, which will coalign it with the axis of rotation and the focus of the laser beam. The successful alignment enables accurate radiation pattern measurements. © 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
The Use of Temperature Logs to Trace the Movement of Injected Water

Temperature logs were used to study the movement of water injected into wells penetrating the Pliocene Ogallala Formation in the High Plains of Texas. Descriptions of the results of three recharge tests are necessary because the hydrologic response to recharge at each site was very different. The water used for artificial recharge of the aquifer was derived from playa lakes in which the diurnal fluctuation of temperature was as much as 17 ° Celsius. Daily thermal cycles that resulted from injection of this water were traced through the aquifer by use of a series of temperature logs made at frequent intervals in cased holes specially constructed for logging. The thermal pulses were detected by logging holes as far as 46 meters (150 ft) from the recharge well. In areas where this technique was used, the Ogallala Formation consists of thick sections of uniform medium-grained sand that visually appear uniform and thus were thought to have uniform hydraulic conductivity. However, the results of temperature logging at each of the three sites clearly demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity varies greatly through these seemingly uniform lithologic units. Thermal pulse velocities as high as 4.6 meters (15 ft) per hour were found in thin zones immediately adjacent to sand where velocities were a few feet per day. Tracing with temperature logs is potentially useful in locating zones of high intrinsic permeability and in detecting apparent changes in rate of flow as a function of time.
Low grade gliomas: comparison of intraoperative ultrasound characteristics with preoperative imaging studies.

Thirty-three patients with low grade gliomas were evaluated with preoperative computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) and intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). Six patients had undergone previous surgical exploration. Tumor borders were marked with cortical letters and corresponding depths calculated. Resection of tumor corresponded to these ultrasound dimensions. The histology of biopsy specimens from tumor and ultrasound determined margins was studied on formalin fixed permanent sections using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunocytochemistry (GFAP).
Episodic particle flux in the deep Sargasso Sea: an organic geochemical assessment

Abstract Since 1978, the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) time-series sediment trap study has continuously measured particle fluxes in the deep Sargasso Sea (31°50′N, 64°10′W). One feature of this 19+ year record has been the episodic occurrence of large, short-lived flux maxima that are not associated with the annual spring bloom. These maxima generally occur during the Dec.–Jan. period, but not necessarily every year. They have also occurred in other seasons. In January 1996, OFP traps located at 3200 and 3400 m depths intercepted a major flux “event” in which there was an abrupt, threefold increase in mass flux at both depths. Mass flux measured at 3200 m during the event (87 mg m -2 d -1 ) was the highest recorded since biweekly resolved sampling was begun in 1989. Organic biomarker analyses of material collected prior to, and during, this high flux event determined that there was an abrupt change in material composition associated with the sudden flux increase. Prior to the event, cholesterol, a single bacteriaderived C 27 hopanone (22,29,30-tris nor hopan-21-one), and saturated and odd/branched fatty acids predominated: these compounds indicated that the sedimenting material was extensively degraded. During the event, organic material was greatly enriched in C 26 –C 29 phytosterols, haptophyte algae-derived C 37 –C 39 alkenones, labile polyunsaturated acids, degradation products such as steroidal ketones, and also in bacteria-derived compounds such as C 27 –C 34 hopanoids and β and ω −1 hydroxy acids. These compounds indicated the organic fraction contained a large amount of relatively fresh phytoplankton-derived debris and tracers of bacterial biomass and metabolism, which suggested that the sinking material was undergoing active bacterial decomposition. Thus, the flux “event” appears to have resulted from a shortlived bloom in the overlying surface waters which, for reasons not currently apparent, was inefficiently remineralized in the upper ocean and rapidly settled to depth. These findings are the first direct documentation of episodic delivery of labile phytoplankton-derived detritus to the deep ocean in an oligotrophic mid-gyre region. Such transient productivity/flux events may account for a significant fraction of the export flux of biologically available carbon and easily remineralized elements, not only in highly productive areas, but throughout the deep oceans.
A numerical and analytical study of vortex rings with swirl

We study the growth of disturbances to vortex rings with swirl, which are exact solutions of the Euler equations of inviscid flow, using two contrasting methods. The motion of the perturbed vortex rings can be regarded as a prototype for the inviscid dynamics of vortex structures in 3D. Exact rings with swirl are computed as steady, axisymmetric flows using a variational method. Asymptotic analysis in the short wave limit, similar to geometric optics, leads to ordinary differential equations for perturbations along particle paths. These ODE's can be solved for the rings of interest, yielding predicted maximum growth rates for small disturbances. These rates are compared with the direct simulation of sample disturbances using a 3D vortex method to calculate the evolution according to the Euler equations.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine/cisplatin vs. methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective analysis from the University of Southern California.

Abstract Objectives We evaluated pathologic and survival outcomes of GC (gemcitabine/cisplatin) and methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin (M-VAC) neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Materials and methods A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 116 patients who received NAC (GC: n = 58; M-VAC: n = 58) before radical cystectomy and superextended pelvic lymph node dissection for clinical stage T2-4N0M0 bladder cancer was performed. The outcomes were complete response rate (CRR; pT0N0), partial response rate (PRR; pT0N0, pTaN0, pT1N0, or pTisN0), overall mortality (OM), and recurrence. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariable Cox regression analysis were used to analyze OM. The cumulative incidence method and Fine and Gray's competing risk regression analysis were used to analyze recurrence. Results The median follow-up duration was 2.1 years for the GC group and 7.4 years for the M-VAC group (P Conclusions Pathologic and survival outcomes did not differ in patients who received GC and M-VAC NAC. These data support the use of the GC regimen in the neoadjuvant setting.
Molecular cloning and characterization of LKv1, a novel voltage-gated potassium channel in leech.

We have cloned a novel voltage-gated K channel, LKv1, in two species of leech. The properties of LKv1 expressed in transiently transfected HEK293 cells is that of a delayed rectifier current. LKv1 may be a major modulator of excitability in leech neurons, since antibody localization studies show that LKv1 is expressed in the soma and axons of all neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Comparison of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of LKv1 with native voltage-gated conductances in leech neurons suggests that LKv1 may correspond to the previously characterized delayed rectifier current, IK. Phylogenetic analysis of LKv1 shows that it is related to the Shaker subfamily of voltage-gated K channels although it occupies a separate branch from that of the monophyletic Shaker clade composed of the flatworm, Aplysia, Drosophila, and mammalian Shaker homologs as well as from that of two recently identified Shaker-related K channels in jellyfish. Thus, this analysis indicates that this group of voltage-gated K channels contains several evolutionarily divergent lineages. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 38: 287–299, 1999
Physical Model of Asteroid 1620 Geographos from Radar and Optical Data

We develop a physical model of asteroid 1620 Geographos using Goldstone delay-Doppler radar images obtained Aug. 1994 (Ostro et al. 1996, Icarus 121, 46-66) with resolution as fine as 75 m, and optical lighcurves obtained in 1969, 1983, and 1993-94 (Magnusson et al. 1996, Icarus 123, 227-244).
Macroscopic descriptions of non-linear electromagnetic interactions in many-electron systems

Abstract Reduced-density-matrix descriptions are developed for linear and non-linear (possibly coherent) electromagnetic interactions of many-electron systems. Applications of interest include pump-probe optical phenomena in warm atomic vapors, partially-ionized plasmas, and condensed matter. Collision processes are treated within the framework of environmental perturbations, giving rise to decoherence and relaxation phenomena, and externally applied magnetic fields are taken into account on an equal footing with the electromagnetic fields. Time-domain (equation-of-motion) and frequency-domain (resolvent-operator) formulations are developed in a unified manner. The standard Born (lowest-order-perturbation) and Markov (short-memory-time) approximations are systematically introduced within the framework of the general non-perturbative and non-Markovian formulations. A preliminary semi-classical perturbation-theory treatment of the electromagnetic interaction is adopted. However, it is emphasized that a quantized-electromagnetic-field approach will be necessary for a fully self-consistent quantum-mechanical formulation. The primary quantities of interest are the linear and the non-linear macroscopic electromagnetic-response tensors. Coherent initial electronic excitations and the full tetradic-matrix form of the Liouville-space self-energy operator representing the environmental interactions in the Markov approximation can incorporated in the expressions for these macroscopic electromagnetic-response tensors. Collisional interactions can be treated in various approximations for the Liouville-space self-energy operator, and the influence of Zeeman coherences on the macroscopic electromagnetic response can be investigated.
Porocarcinoma Associated with Extramammary Paget's Disease

The coexistence of two tumors, porocarcinoma and extramammary Paget's disease (EMP) in one tissue section, facilitates a subtle but distinct differentiation of the two cell types. The adjacent occurrence of the two tumors perhaps indicates a common origin in their benign form. The biologic mechanism of the Pagetoid phenomenon is demonstrated.
A model for studying national‐level nutrition planning issues in poor countries

A computer simulation model is presented for studying national level issues as they affect the well being of the poor in developing countries. The model permits the user to explore the impact of various national‐level policies (such as government allocations to food production expansion, food aid to the poor, export expansion and public health and actions to change tax rates and to regulate food prices) upon a range of performance measures. The model's performance measures, computed over a time horizon of interest, include: GNP, GNP growth rate, unemployment level, nutritional status and mortality rate (by population groups), government and private indebtedness, foreign indebtedness and inflation rate. Tests of model credibility are described as are tests to explore a number of issues related to nutrition planning in the national context.
The Crystal Structure of Zn(II)-Free Treponema pallidum TroA, a Periplasmic Metal-Binding Protein, Reveals a Closed Conformation

We previously demonstrated that Treponema pallidum TroA is a periplasmic metal-binding protein (MBP) with a distinctive alpha-helical backbone. To better understand the mechanisms of metal binding and release by TroA, we determined the crystal structure of the apoprotein at a resolution of 2.5 A and compared it to that of the Zn(II)-bound form (Protein Data Bank accession code 1toa). apo-TroA shows a conformation even more closed than that of its Zn(II)-bound counterpart due to a 4° tilt of the C-terminal domain (residues 190 through 308) about an axis parallel to the poorly flexible backbone helix. This domain tilting pushes two loops (residues 248 through 253 and 277 through 286) towards the metal-binding site by more than 1 A, resulting in an unfavorable interaction of I251 with D66. To avoid this contact, D66 shifts towards H68, one of the four Zn(II)-coordinating residues. The approach of this negative charge coincides with the flipping of the imidazole side chain of H68, resulting in the formation of a new hydrogen bond. The conformational change of H68, along with a slight rearrangement of D279, a C-terminal domain Zn(II)-coordinating residue, distorts the metal-binding site geometry, presumably causing the release of the bound metal ion. Ligand binding and release by TroA, and presumably by other members of the MBP cluster, differs from the “Venus flytrap” mechanism utilized by bacterial nonmetal solute-binding receptors.
Creating a two-layered augmented artificial immune system for application to computer network intrusion detection

Computer network security has become a very serious concern of commercial, industrial, and military organizations due to the increasing number of network threats such as outsider intrusions and insider covert activities. An important security element of course is network intrusion detection which is a difficult real world problem that has been addressed through many different solution attempts. Using an artificial immune system has been shown to be one of the most promising results. By enhancing jREMISA, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm inspired artificial immune system, with a secondary defense layer; we produce improved accuracy of intrusion classification and a flexibility in responsiveness. This responsiveness can be leveraged to provide a much more powerful and accurate system, through the use of increased processing time and dedicated hardware which has the flexibility of being located out of band.
Fluorescence studies of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate bound to G-actin: the nucleotide base is inaccessible to water.

Abstract When 1, N 6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate (e-ATP) is free in solution, its fluorescence is collisionally quenched by iodide ion, by methionine, by tryptophan, and by cysteine. None of these quenches the fluorescence of e-ATP bound to G-actin. Thus, the ethenoadenine base is bound in a region of the protein which is inaccessible to collisions with these reagents. Since we have previously shown that the fluorescence of e-ATP is quenched by water, the long lifetime of e-ATP bound to G-actin (36 nsec, vs 27 nsec for e-ATP in water) indicates that the bound nucleotide base is inaccessible to collisional quenching by water molecules.
A Model of School Counseling Supervision: The Goals, Functions, Roles, and Systems Model

The authors outline the Goals, Functions, Roles, and Systems Model (GFRS), a school counseling—specific model for supervising school counselors-in-training (SCITs). The GFRS was created as a guide for assisting in supervising and preparing SCITs for the multifaceted tasks they will undertake in their internships and careers. The components of this model are described within the context of the systems influencing supervision of SCITs. The GFRS is detailed to illustrate how it meets the specific needs of school counseling supervision. Examples are included of the GFRS when applied in supervision.
Influence of age, sex, literacy and pathologic lesion on incidence, severity and type of aphasia

The influence of sex, age, educational level and pathologic lesion on incidence, severity and clinical form of aphasia was investigated in 390 right-handed, left brain-damaged patients. Sex and educational level were not related to any parameter. Etiology of lesion and age were related to both incidence and type of aphasia. Incidence of aphasia increased with age and was higher in patients with cerebrovascular accidents than in subjects with other types of brain lesions. Non-fluent forms of aphasia were more frequent in young patients suffering from acute cerebrovascular accidents, whereas anomia prevailed in neoplastic subjects and Wernicke's aphasia increased regularly in frequency with age. Some tentative explanations of these findings are discussed.
Spatial variability of plant analysis phosphorus levels

Abstract Plant samples were taken from a corn field at an early and later sampling dates in an 82.5 ft. grid. The samples were analyzed for phosphorus (P) using both an acid‐digest method and a simple acetic‐acid extraction. Values for P composition were compared to soil Bray PI levels taken from the same locations. Mapping from the plant analysis methods and soil PI values were compared. Acid‐digest P levels were significantly correlated with soil P levels at each sampling. Acetic acid extracts were significantly correlated with soil P only at the late sampling. Acetic acid and acid‐digest P were strongly correlated with each other at the early sampling and also significantly correlated at the late sampling. Plant analysis using both methods may be useful in mapping relative P uptake levels throughout a field, but the levels may or may not be related to soil PI levels. Some ground truthing with soil sampling may be neccessary to interpret plant analysis P before fertilizer application is directed.
Clarification of the Synonymy of Cylindrothorax ruficollis (OLIVIER). (Col., Meloidae)

The nomenclatural history of Cylindrothorax ruficollis (OLIVIER), new status, in the period 1781-1808 is traced to establish the correct synonymy of the species. The traditional attribution of the name ruficollis to FABRICIUS is incorrect.
Experimental observation of particle cones formed by optical trapping

We report on observation of particle cones formed by optical trapping of absorbing particles in air using two sets of simple geometric optical schemes. Further, the trapped particles on a cone in both schemes are size-sorted with large particles or particle ensembles close to the cone vertex. This new experimental observation shows an excellent example of 3D particle trapping between the two extreme cases, photon radiation trapping of nonabsorbing particles and photophoretic trapping of strongly absorbing particles; and the observation may challenge theoretical calculations of the trapping forces applied in this case.
Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom. V

Improvements in apparatus and techniques of measurement of the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ level shifts in hydrogen and deuterium are described. The more accurate results are ${\mathcal{S}}_{\mathrm{H}}=1057.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ Mc/sec and ${\mathcal{S}}_{\mathrm{D}}=1059.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ Mc/sec. These values are compared with results of quantum electrodynamic calculations.
Spurious‐Free dynamic range of a high‐resolution photonic time‐stretch analog‐to‐digital converter system

We measure the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) for a 10-GHz photonic time-stretch ADC system. Unlike single-octave microwave systems, the second-order spurs limit the SFDR to 88 dB-Hz1/2 at 10 GHz and 95 dB-Hz1/2 at 1 GHz. Simulations that include modulator arm bias mismatch and equalization agree with experiments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2558–2563, 2012; this online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27114
Generation of a doubly bridging CO2 ligand and deoxygenation of CO2 by an (NHC)Ni(0) complex.

The treatment of [(IPr)Ni(μ-Cl)]2 (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) with NaOt-Bu and then pinB-Bpin (bis(pinacolato)diboron) gives rise to a mono-NHC−Ni(0) complex, which dimerizes upon crystallization. The same product is prepared by the treatment of [(IPr)Ni(μ-Cl)]2 with Li(BEt)3H, or with NaOt-Bu and then HSi(OEt)3. The treatment of [(IPr)Ni]2 or its monomer with CO2 reduces CO2 to CO generating [(IPr)Ni]2(μ-CO)(μ-η2,η2-CO2). This compound represents an unprecedented symmetric double-bridging mode of CO2.
Distribution in spleen subcellular organelles of sialidase active towards natural sialoglycolipid and sialoglycoprotein substrates

Abstract A procedure was devised for the preparation of enriched populations of subcellular organelles from homogenized bovine spleen. The fractions obtained were characterized for arysulfatase, succinate dehydrogenase, UDPgalactosyltransferase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. The distribution of sialidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) activity directed towards either endogenous substrate or exogenous ganglioside substrate suggests that it is enriched in the plasma membrane/microsomal fractions. Sialidase activity towards exogenous sialoglycoproteins, isolated from erythrocyte membranes, was enriched in the least dense of the plasma membrane/microsomal-containing fractions. The endogenous sialidase substrates were primarily the sialoglycolipids, hematoside and disialogangliosides. At the pH optimum, 3.8 and 37°C, release of endogeneous sialic acid was linear with time for 3 h. At the end of this time, 85% or more of the available endogenous substrate was hydrolyzed.
Physiological consequences of the supralittoral fringe: microhabitat temperature profiles and stress protein levels in the tropical periwinkle Cenchritis muricatus (Linneaus, 1758)

Habitat selection by marine snails is profoundly affected by variations in biotic and abiotic factors. In the supralittoral fringe of Caribbean rocky shores, the littorinid Cenchritis muricatus endures a near-terrestrial existence through a combination of active microhabitat choice and, during dry periods, repose. In this study, we sought to compare knobby periwinkle body size, thermal load, water loss, and stress protein expression among common supralittoral microhabitats to determine the physiological consequences of habitat selection. In this study, we show: (1) body temperatures in these snails exhibit daily fluctuations of more than 20°C and regularly exceed 46°C, (2) microhabitats differ in thermal stress over small spatial scales, with snails on black rocks and within crevices experiencing more extreme temperatures than snails on white rocks or grass, (3) water losses of 8.5% of total snail mass do not affect survival during 1 week, and (4) Hsp70, but not Hsp90, expression varies slightly among microhabitats but at a level much lower than physiologically possible. During arousal following hydration, snails exhibited substantially higher levels of Hsp70s than snails on dry substrates in the field. When inactive, Cenchritis appears to utilize a distinctly different physiological state consistent with aestivation metabolism and does not exhibit significant up-regulation of inducible heat shock proteins (Hsps). In summary, studies lacking detailed thermal and hydration history, and relying only upon Hsp levels, may misrepresent the true physiological consequences of microhabitat choice for high-shore tropical gastropods.
An implementation of the boundary element method for zoned media with stress discontinuities

The boundary element method as it applies to two-dimensional elastostatic problems is implemented with quadratic variation in boundary variables and geometry. Additional parameters are associated with nodes at segment intersections to allow for discontinuous tractions. Supplementary equations consistent with linear elasticity are used to augment the regular boundary integral equations for certain mixed and displacement boundary conditions. Zoning or subregionalization capabilities are included to provide solutions to piecewise nonhomogeneous problems or problems on regions of irregular shape. Example problems are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique.
Assessing thesaurus-based query expansion using the UMLS Metathesaurus.

OBJECTIVES: Assess query expansion using thesaurus relationships and definitions in the UMLS Metathesaurus for improving searching performance. METHODS: The queries from a MEDLINE test collection (OHSUMED) were expanded using synonym, hierarchical, and related term information as well as term definitions from the UMLS Metathesaurus. Documents were retrieved from a word-statistical retrieval system and assessed for recall and precision based on relevance judgments from the test collection. RESULTS: All types of query expansion degraded aggregate retrieval performance as measured by recall and precision, although 38.6% of the queries with synonym expansion and up to 29.7% of the queries with hierarchical expansion showed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Thesaurus-based query expansion causes a decline in retrieval performance generally but improves it in specific instances. Further research must focus on identifying instances where performance improves and how it can be exploited by real users.
Distribution and habitat of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Utah

Knowledge about the distribution and abundance of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, in Utah is limited. Recent concerns over tick-borne diseases in Utah, primarily Lyme disease, have reinvigorated the need to understand the distribution and habitats favored by this tick species. We surveyed 157 sites throughout Utah to examine the distribution, abundance, and habitat of I. pacificus. In total, 343 adult ticks were collected from 2011 to 2013. Specifically, 119 I. pacificus, 217 Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, six D. albipictus Packard, and one D. hunteri Bishopp were collected. Overall, tick abundance was relatively low in the areas evaluated in Utah. I. pacificus collections were limited to sites above 1700 m. Ninety-two percent of I. pacificus were captured in the Sheeprock Mountains in Tooele County. I. pacificus positive collection sites were characterized by Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nuttall), juniper (Juniperus spp. L.), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nuttall) and black sagebrush (A. nova Nelson), and mixed grass habitat. All I. pacificus ticks were tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner, sensu stricto) using real-time PCR. All ticks tested negative for B. burgdorferi. The likelihood of encountering I. pacificus and acquiring Lyme disease in the areas evaluated in Utah is considerably low due to low tick abundance and limited distribution, as well as low prevalence (or absence) of B. burgdorferi in Utah.
Anteroposterior instability of the distal clavicle after distal clavicle resection

Resection of the lateral end of the clavicle disrupts the acromioclavicular articulation and creates the potential for abnormal postoperative motion. Seventeen isolated distal clavicle resections were reviewed to assess translation of the acromioclavicular articulation in the anteroposterior plane and its relationship to patient outcome. Stress radiographs were used to quantitate the translation of the distal clavicle and the amount of bone resected. Radiographs of the contralateral shoulder served as a control. Patients completed a questionnaire on shoulder function and pain and were examined preoperatively and postoperatively. The total translation (anterior plus posterior) in the anteroposterior plane averaged 8.7 mm (range, 3-21 mm) for surgically treated shoulders and was significantly greater than that for the contralateral shoulders (mean, 3.2 mm; range, 1-6 mm). Patients' postoperative visual analog pain scales correlated with the magnitude of anteroposterior translation. The amount of translation and the postoperative pain scores did not correlate with the apparent joint space seen on radiographs after surgery. The correlation of pain scores with the amount of translation shows that excessive anteroposterior instability of the distal clavicle can cause postoperative shoulder pain and poor surgical outcome.
Multi-Atom Resonant Photoemission: A Method for Determining Near-Neighbor Atomic Identities and Bonding

Measurements and theoretical calculations are reported for an interatomic multi-atom resonant photoemission (MARPE) effect that permits direct determination of near-neighbor atomic identities (atomic numbers). MARPE occurs when the photon energy is tuned to a core-level absorption edge of an atom neighboring the emitting atom, with the emitting level having a lower binding energy than the resonant level. Large peak-intensity enhancements of 33 to 105 percent and energy-integrated effects of 11 to 29 percent were seen in three metal oxides. MARPE should also be sensitive to bond distance, bonding type, and magnetic order, and be observable via the secondary processes of x-ray fluorescence and Auger decay.