cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reticular Activating System

Humans have three sleep and arousal states: waking, asleep (resting or slow-wave sleep), and asleep and dreaming (paradoxical, active, or rapid eye movement sleep). These states are controlled by the reticular activating system located in the mesopons, which interacts with descending reticulospinal and ascending hypothalamic, basal forebrain, and thalamocortical systems. These three states develop and occur in a predictable manner, and we can explain these states according to the firing properties of neurons based on their intrinsic membrane properties, their synaptic and neurochemical connectivity, and their responsiveness to sensory inputs. This article describes the characteristics of mechanisms mediating sleep and arousal, their neurological substrates, and the cellular, neurochemical, and network properties of those substrates.
Affect and emotions in intelligent agents: Why and how?

Starting with a strong distinction between affect and emotion, a characterization of an organism's effective functioning is presented in terms of the fit between an organism's functioning and the demands and opportunities that are presented by the environment in which it finds itself. It is proposed that effective functioning requires the interplay of four elements—affect, cognition, motivation, and behavior—and that the level of information processing (reactive, routine, or reflective) determines the manner in which the affect is differentiated. Two particular claims about emotion are then explored, namely, that typical full-blown emotions usually have all four elements present, and that emotions arise from the cognitive elaboration of undifferentiated affect. On this view, positive feelings about something deemed to be good, and negative feelings about something deemed to be bad are the bedrock of emotion, which, with the incorporation of cognition, break apart into conditions that look increasingly like emotions. Evidence of the value and utility of affect in humans is discussed, with three classic studies being summarized to demonstrate the consequences of positive and negative affect for attention and for judgment, as well as the effect of positive affect on altruistic behavior. Finally, problems associated with modeling the behavioral manifestations of emotions are discussed, with special attention to the potential ambiguity of facial expressions and emotion-relevant actions.
Medical Disorders with Associated Dermatoglyphic Abnormalities

Among the very large number of reports describing dermatoglyphics in medical disorders, only a few are well substantiated and based on large enough series to justify the conclusion that the dermatoglyphics are abnormal. Isolated case reports, patients in whom the diagnosis was in doubt and disorders for which there is no concensus among observers that the dermatoglyphics are indeed unusual were not included in this chapter. Because different chromosomal aberrations might exert independent effects on dermatoglyphics, most reports of patients with more than one chromosomal defect, such as patients with translocations, were excluded. The disorders included represent homogeneous groups, insofar as possible, and unless stated otherwise the dermatoglyphic data reflect pooled information from all available sources on such homogeneous groups.
Classification of injuries observed in functional classes of self-injurious behaviour.

BACKGROUND Limited research has examined how the functions of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) relate to the production of injuries and the location, type or severity of those injuries. METHODS Clinical and medical records were coded for 64 individuals hospitalised for SIB. When injuries were present, the physical properties of SIB and injuries were assessed across groups of individuals with automatically and socially maintained SIB. RESULTS Injuries were observed for 35 of the individuals who engaged in SIB. Individuals who engaged in a single form of SIB were more likely to have injuries (P < .05). Individuals with SIB maintained by automatic reinforcement had significantly more severe injuries to the head than those in the social group (q < .05, P = .0132, H = 12.54). CONCLUSION Although results are preliminary, the results provide evidence that the function of SIB may influence the severity and location of injuries produced.
Mechanical Structure-Property Relationships for 2D Polymers Comprised of Nodes and Bridge Units

2D polymers have emerged as an infinitely-tailorable material with remarkable, tunable response and density-normalized mechanical properties far exceeding structural materials such as steel, high-performance fibers or reinforced composites. It is critical that the vast material design space of 2D polymers be mapped in order to achieve optimal mechanical performance, since hundreds of permutations of one class of 2D polymers known as covalent organic frameworks have already been synthesized in the decade since the introduction of these materials. To this end, this work establishes a general structure-property relationship for elastic modulus and strength for a common 2D polymer motif consisting of nodes linked by linear bridge polymer chains to form a two-dimensional network. The length of the bridge chains are parametrically varied to study the impact of chain compliance on stiffness and strength. The density-normalized isotropic strength of the graphene/polyethylene hybrid material known as graphylene begins at 0.015 GPa/kg·m3 (50% higher than that of perfect crystalline Kevlar®) and the density-normalized isotropic stiffness is 0.143 GPa/kg·m3 (31% higher than Kevlar®) and decreases non-monotonically with increasing bridge chain length. The mechanical response is mapped and correlated to the inherent molecular structure of these general 2D polymer as a framework for designing 2D polymer molecules for mechanical applications from the ground up.
Care of the species: races of corn and the science of biodiversity

John Hartigan Jr’s Care of the Species is an ambitious book that brings forward both substantive and methodological contributions to the field of science and technology studies, ethnography, and fo...
Technology mapping

Technology mapping transforms a technology independent logic network into gates implemented in a technology library. This chapter focuses on the three phases of technology mapping: decomposition, pattern matching and covering. Traditionally, a lot of work has been focused on tree mapping algorithms, but since most practical circuits are DAGs, DAG mapping algorithms are gaining importance. Different objective functions, namely delay, area, power and reliability motivate the use of different algorithms. Future challenges are outlined.
Extracts of maca (Lepidium meyenii) root induce increased glucose uptake by inhibiting mitochondrial function in an adipocyte cell line

Abstract The authors describe the effects of an ethanol extract of maca root on glucose uptake and metabolism in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The extract stimulates glucose uptake and shares many features of an insulin mimetic: increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), increased phosphorylation of Akt downstream of IR, and inhibition of glucose uptake by LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, which mediates Akt phosphorylation. However, the extract also inhibits mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The effect on glucose uptake is biphasic, and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration is associated with decreased glucose uptake at high concentrations. When the authors examined the effects of a well-characterized mitochondrial poison, oligomycin, for comparison, completely parallel effects on the insulin signaling pathway and the same biphasic effect on glucose uptake were observed. It is concluded that stimulation of the insulin pathway by the extract is an indirect effect of mitochondrial inhibition rather than direct stimulation of the pathway itself. These results have practical implications for assessing the potential benefit of natural products in glucose homeostasis and caution against concentrated extracts from maca for use in humans.
Nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas flux across an intensification gradient in diversified vegetable rotations

Vegetable production area is growing rapidly world-wide, yet information on nitrogen (N) losses, greenhouse gas emissions, and input efficiency is lacking. Sustainable intensification of these systems requires improved understanding of how to optimize nutrient and water inputs for improved yields while minimizing N losses. In this study, a 3-year vegetable crop rotation spanning an intensification gradient is investigated in Kentucky, USA: (1) a low input organic (LI), (2) high tunnel organic (HT), and (3) conventional (CONV) system. The objectives were to (1) characterize soil mineral N pools and NO3−–N leaching, (2) quantify CO2 and N2O fluxes, and (3) relate crop yield to global warming potential (GWP) caused by CO2 and N2O losses in these three vegetable production systems. HT maintained consistently higher soil NO3−–N; the average NO3−–N content during the entire rotations in HT was twice as high as in the CONV and three times as high as in the LI system. Key N loss pathways varied between the systems; marked N2O and CO2 losses were observed in the LI and NO3− leaching was greatest in the CONV system. The 3-year cumulative CO2 emission in LI was 50% higher than in the CONV and HT systems. Cumulative N2O emission over the 3-year vegetable rotations from the LI was twice as high as in the CONV system, whereas 60% more N2O was produced from the HT than from the CONV system. Yield-scaled GWP was greater in the LI for all crops compared to HT and CONV systems.
Gender diverse college students’ perceptions of climate and discriminatory experiences

The current study examined gender diverse students’ (students who identify as a gender other than cisgender) perceptions of campus climate, experiences with discriminatory behaviors, and the extent...
Anesthesia for shared airway surgery in children

Shared airway surgery in children is a complex, high-risk undertaking that requires continuous communication and cooperation between the anesthetic and surgical teams. Airway abnormalities commonly seen in children, the surgical options, and the anesthetic techniques that can be used to care for this vulnerable population are discussed. Many of these procedures were traditionally carried out using jet ventilation, or intermittent tracheal intubation, but increasingly spontaneously breathing "tubeless" techniques are being used. This review has been written from both the surgical and anesthetic perspective, highlighting the concerns that both specialties have in relation to the maintenance of surgical access and operating conditions, and the need for the provision of anesthesia, oxygenation, and ventilation where the airway is the primary site of operation.
Geochemical and hydrological study of coastal groundwater discharging to an urban estuary in northern New Jersey

Coastal zones of urban area have been highly impacted by human activities, and urban estuaries suffer from environmental pollution and degradation of coastal ecosystems. In addition to surface runoff, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as an important pathway for transport of chemicals to the marine environment. In summer 2017 and 2018, groundwater (n = 39) and sediment (n = 13) samples were collected at depths of 20–175 cm from a sandy coastal aquifer in addition to surface water samples (n = 10) along the Newark Bay, a highly urbanized estuary. Aquifer sediments consisted dominantly of medium to coarse sand and were highly permeable, while they were poor in organic matter. Groundwater was fresh to saline and the pH ranged from 6.62 to 8.68, while dissolved oxygen ranged from 1 to 8 mg/L. The urban coastal groundwater contained elevated levels of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate with maximum concentrations of 37.2, 11.1 and 4.1 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in surface water from the Newark Bay by 5- to 64-fold. The elevated N and P in groundwater may perhaps result from anthropogenic sources, such as the leakage of underground sewers. Estimated discharge of N and P from the highly permeable coastal aquifer to the Newark Bay is comparable to the transport of N and P from the Hackensack River into the bay during dry periods. Submarine groundwater discharge of anthropogenic nutrients could be a significant source of nutrients in the Newark Bay, but further study is needed to better understand the human impacts on biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in the urban estuary.
Laser-system model for enhanced operational performance and flexibility on OMEGA EP

The development of laser performance models having real-time prediction capability for the OMEGA EP laser system has been essential in meeting requests from its user community for increasingly complex pulse shapes that span a wide range of energies. The laser operations model PSOPS provides rapid and accurate predictions of OMEGA EP laser-system performance in both forward and backward directions, a user-friendly interface and rapid optimization capability between shots. We describe the model’s features and show how PSOPS has allowed real-time optimization of the laser-system configuration in order to satisfy the demands of rapidly evolving experimental campaign needs. We also discuss several enhancements to laser-system performance accuracy and flexibility enabled by PSOPS.
Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shijiazhuang City of Hebei Province, 1984- 2015

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shijiazhuang City, and to provide scientific evidence for finding available prevention and control measures against the disease. Methods Using data retrospective method, the monitoring data of HFRS in Shijiazhuang from 1984 to 2015 were collected and divided into 1984- 1993, 1994- 2003 and 2004- 2015 periods. The incidence changes of HFRS in time, district and population in different periods were analyzed, and the time distribution of HFRS cases was analyzed on a seasonal basis. Results A cumulative total of 12 692 cases (accounting for 4.94/100 000) of HFRS, including 56 deaths, were reported in Shijiazhuang from 1984 to 2015. The particular years with the two peeks of HFRS epidemic were 1986 and 1999, the incidences of HFRS were 16.14/100 000 and 14.25/100 000, respectively. The incidence of HFRS maintained at a high level from 1998 to 2002, the average annual incidence was 12.21/100 000. And then, the incidence of HFRS declined quickly. The incidence of HFRS in Shijiazhuang kept at a lower level in 2011- 2015, the average annual incidence was 0.26/100 000. 42.91% (5 446/12 692) of cases mainly occurred in spring; 90.44% (11 479/12 692) of cases were concentrated in 11 counties (cities, districts) of the eastern part of Shijiazhuang. Most cases were young males, the ratio of males to females was 2.43 ∶ 1.00 (8 997/3 695), and 93.20% (11 829/12 692) of them were adults. The majority of the cases were framers, accounting for 70.91% (9 000/12 692), and the second large group was workers, accounting for 11.13% (1 413/12 692). Conclusions Overall, the incidence rate of HFRS has reduced continuously and maintained at a low level in recent years; epidemic areas are widely distributed, but in uneven distribution, and presented with obvious regional characteristics; these cases have mainly occurred in spring. The specific measures for control and prevention of HFRS should be taken according to the epidemic characters in different areas. Key words: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; Epidemics; Incidence
Turnover intention in the hospitality industry: A meta-analysis

Abstract This study meta-analytically examined 35 antecedents of turnover intention in the hospitality industry. Results based on 391 correlations from 144 independent studies indicated that work attitudes, job strains, and role stressors/interrole conflicts showed relatively large effects on turnover intention. Compared to the findings from previous meta-analyses in other industry contexts, burnout, role stressors/interrole conflicts, coworker support had stronger relationships with hospitality employees’ turnover intention. The results also showed some evidence of national cultures and job levels being the potential moderators of the relationships between turnover intention and its antecedents.
Treatment of Feeding Problems in Dual Diagnosis

The present chapter focuses on intervention for feeding problems from a behavior analytic perspective. After providing a general overview of factors to consider prior to developing a behavioral intervention for a feeding problem, the chapter turns to more specific intervention-related topics. In particular, the use of stimulus preference assessments during feeding treatment is described as a means of understanding the development of a healthy eating repertoire. In addition, the role of challenging behavior (i.e., inappropriate mealtime behavior), and its importance during feeding intervention, is also discussed. Next, the chapter reviews the use of modeling contingencies during feeding intervention, the development of self-feeding, and the involvement of parents and other caregivers in behavioral assessment and intervention. Implications for future research and clinical practice are provided throughout.
Experiences with a Flexible User Research Process to Build Data Change Tools

Scientific software development processes are understood to be distinct from commercial software development practices due to uncertain and evolving states of scientific knowledge. Sustaining these software products is a recognized challenge, but under-examined is the usability and usefulness of such tools to their scientific end users. User research is a well-established set of techniques (e.g., interviews, mockups, usability tests) applied in commercial software projects to develop foundational, generative, and evaluative insights about products and the people who use them. Currently these approaches are not commonly applied and discussed in scientific software development work. The use of user research techniques in scientific environments can be challenging due to the nascent, fluid problem spaces of scientific work, varying scope of projects and their user communities, and funding/economic constraints on projects. In this paper, we reflect on our experiences undertaking a multi-method user research process in the Deduce project. The Deduce project is investigating data change to develop metrics, methods, and tools that will help scientists make decisions around data change. There is a lack of common terminology since the concept of systematically measuring and managing data change is under explored in scientific environments. To bridge this gap we conducted user research that focuses on user practices, needs, and motivations to help us design and develop metrics and tools for data change. This paper contributes reflections and the lessons we have learned from our experiences. We offer key takeaways for scientific software project teams to effectively and flexibly incorporate similar processes into their projects.
Work-family spillover stress predicts health outcomes across two decades.

Abstract Rationale Work is a common source of stress for many adults, arising from situations that occur at work (e.g., job demands) as well as the worries and responsibilities that people take home with them (negative work-family spillover). Over time, work-related stress may impact physical health. Objective The current study prospectively examined the effects of job demands and negative work-family spillover (NWFS) on three self-reported physical health measures. Method Participants in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey (N = 4200) reported their job demands and negative work-family spillover at wave 1. They also reported on their health across three waves of data collection. Results Higher levels of NWFS at baseline were related to a higher number of self-reported chronic illnesses, greater functional limitation, and poorer self-rated health approximately 10 and 20 years later. In contrast, job demands were unrelated to any health indices at baseline or at the approximately 10- and 20-year follow-ups. Conclusions Findings suggest that NWFS is a unique form of stress with long-lasting and detrimental effects on physical health.
Social needs and health-related quality of life among African American cancer survivors: Results from the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors study.

Background Social needs may affect cancer survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQOL) above and beyond sociodemographic and cancer-related factors. The purpose of this study was to estimate associations between social needs and HRQOL. Methods Results included data from 1754 participants in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors cohort, a population-based study of African American survivors of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer. Social needs included items related to food insecurity, utility shutoffs, housing instability, not getting health care because of cost or a lack of transportation, and perceptions of neighborhood safety. HRQOL was measured with the validated Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Linear regression models controlled for demographic, socioeconomic, and cancer-related factors. Results More than one-third of the survivors (36.3%) reported social needs including 17.1% of survivors reported 2 or more. The prevalence of social needs ranged from 14.8% for food insecurity to 8.9% for utility shutoffs. FACT-G score differences associated with social needs were -12.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] to -15.2 to -9.3) for not getting care because of a lack of transportation, -11.3 (95% CI, -14.2 to -8.4) for housing instability, -10.1 (95% CI, -12.7 to -7.4) for food insecurity, -9.8 (95% CI, -12.7 to -6.9) for feeling unsafe in the neighborhood, -8.6 (95% CI, -11.7 to -5.4) for utility shutoffs, and -6.7 (95% CI, -9.2 to -4.1) for not getting care because of cost. Conclusions Social needs were common in this cohort of African American cancer survivors and were associated with clinically significant differences in HRQOL. Clinical oncology care and survivorship care planning may present opportunities to screen for and address social needs to mitigate their impact on survivors' HRQOL.
Owner-Implemented Functional Analyses and Reinforcement-Based Treatments for Mouthing in Dogs

The most effective behavioral interventions are function based, which requires the identification of the behavioral function. A functional analysis is conducted to isolate and identify the environmental variables maintaining target behavior, and this method is effective across species. In domesticated dogs, mouthing is a common behavior and is considered problematic by many people. However, mouthing is not always simple to treat with standard interventions without identifying the function of the dog’s mouthing. Without efficacious interventions, undesirable behavior in companion animals may result in reduced welfare, an increased likelihood of relinquishment, or an increased probability of euthanasia. The purpose of this study was to provide a clinical demonstration of an owner-conducted functional analysis to identify the contingencies maintaining mouthing behavior in dogs and apply the results to owner-implemented function-based interventions to reduce mouthing. Identified functions included attention and tangibles, and owner-implemented interventions were successful at reducing mouthing in all three dogs.
Linking a sugar-sweetened beverage tax with fruit and vegetable subsidies: A simulation analysis of the impact on the poor.

Background US individuals, particularly from low-income subpopulations, have very poor diet quality. Policies encouraging shifts from consuming unhealthy food towards healthy food consumption are needed. Objectives We simulate the differential impacts of a national sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax and its combination with fruit and vegetable (FV) subsidies targeted to low-income households, on SSB and FV purchases of lower and higher SSB purchasers. Design We considered a one-cent-per-ounce SSB tax and two FV subsidy rates of 30% and 50% and used longitudinal grocery purchase data for 79,044 urban/semiurban US households from 2010-2014 Nielsen Homescan. We used demand elasticities for lower and higher SSB purchasers, estimated via longitudinal quantile regression, to simulate policies' differential effects. Results Higher-SSB purchasing households made larger reductions (per adult equivalent) in SSB purchases than lower SSB purchasers due to the tax (e.g., 4.4 oz/day at SSB purchase percentile 90 vs. 0.5 oz/day at percentile 25; p Conclusions SSB taxes can effectively reduce SSB consumption. FV subsidies would increase FV purchases, but nutritionally meaningful increases are limited due to low purchase levels pre-policy. Expanding taxes beyond SSBs, larger FV subsidies, or subsidies beyond FVs, particularly for low-income households with children, may be more effective.
Developing the Program Interactively

The engagement phase has readied the interactive staff training (IST) consultant and program committee for program development where the “real work”of putting together the program occurs. The primary goal of program development is to use techniques of participative decision making to construct a user-friendly program that represents input from all staff on the rehabilitation team and that addresses needs identified in the needs assessment. Although team building is not specifically identified as a focus of the IST consultant’s work with the program committee, the rehabilitation team learns to work more effectively together by addressing the tasks necessary to develop the program. In many ways, development of an effective team is one of the most important outcomes of the program development phase. It is the existence of an effective program committee that will allow the team not only to develop, but also to implement and maintain a user-friendly program.
Replication of Alphaviruses in Mosquito Cells

The alphaviruses are members of a group of infectious agents once referred to as “arboviruses” (arthropod-borne viruses). Although alphaviruses are clearly identified as agents of human and animal disease, the term arbovirus recognizes the active roles of invertebrates in the natural life cycle of these viruses. Alphaviruses are perpetuated in the wild, in part, through an interplay between insect and vertebrate hosts and are transmitted to vertebrates by the bite of infected arthropods, usually mosquitos or ticks. The use of the term “insect vector” to describe the invertebrate counterpart implies a reduced importance, or possibly passive role, of the insect in the transmission of these agents to vertebrates. It is very clear today that active replication of alphaviruses in the invertebrate is essential to the perpetuation of the virus in nature. Furthermore, it now appears that the constant participation of the vertebrate host may not be essential for the maintenance of these viruses in the wild. Evidence strongly suggests that alphaviruses (as well as other insect-borne viruses) are transmitted vertically (transovarially) from generation to generation (for a review, see Leake, 1984).
The value of Doppler information for multiple access and power control in LEO satellite systems

A key feature of LEO satellite systems is the fast changing geometry between the satellite and the ground based mobile terminals. This feature manifests itself in the significant and smooth "S" shaped variation of the Doppler time curve of the forward channel (from satellite to mobile terminal) frequency. We provide an overview of the processing of this Doppler information and its value to communication functions such as multiple access and power control at the terminal. The Doppler curve has a simple and accurate analytic approximation for circular orbit LEO satellites. Also, the Doppler curve parameters can be estimated at the mobile terminals from two Doppler and Doppler-rate measurements. In Doppler based multiple access (DBMA), traffic on the inbound channel (from mobile terminal to satellite) can be controlled by specifying a region of eligibility (ROE) in terms of the Doppler curve parameters. Only terminals located in the ROE are permitted to transmit. For one scheme of power control, termed Doppler based transmit power control (DBTPowC), terminals estimate their distance from the satellite using the Doppler-time curve and modify their transmitted power to compensate for the path loss differential to the satellite. In the second scheme, termed Doppler based transmit permission control (DBTPermC), the earth-station permits only those terminals to transmit whose distance from the satellite is within a specified range.
Decision Space: Multidimensional Utility Analysis

List of figures Preface 1. Objectives and methods 2. Intrinsic utility analysis 3. Expected utility analysis 4. Expected utility's promotion 5. Two-dimensional utility analysis 6. Group utility analysis 7. Application to trustee decisions 8. Power and versatility Appendix: consistency of calculations of utilities References Index.
Reduction of microbial pathogens during apple cider production using sodium hypochlorite, copper ion, and sonication.

Sodium hypochlorite (100 ppm), copper ion water (1 ppm), and sonication (22 to 44 kHz and 44 to 48 kHz) were assessed individually and in combination for their ability to reduce populations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on apples and in apple cider. Commercial unpasteurized cider was inoculated to contain approximately 106 CFU/ml of either pathogen and then sonicated at 44 to 48 kHz, with aliquots removed at intervals of 30 to 60 s for up to 5 min and plated to determine numbers of survivors. Subsequently, whole apples were inoculated by dipping to contain approximately 106 CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 or L. monocytogenes, held overnight, and then submerged in 1 ppm copper ion water with or without 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 3 min with or without sonication at 22 to 44 kHz and examined for survivors. Treated apples were also juiced, with the resulting cider sonicated for 3 min. Populations of both pathogens decreased 1 to 2 log CFU/ml in inoculated cider following 3 min of sonicatio...
The surgical correction of calcific aortic stenosis in adults. I. Technique of transaortic valvuloplasty.

Abstract 1. (1) The life cycle of adults with calcific aortic stenosis is discussed. The ominous significance of left ventricular failure, even as manifested by dyspnea on exertion, is emphasized. 2. (2) A transaortic technique for the correction of this condition is presented. The substantial advantages of using a special Ivalon operating tunnel are reviewed. 3. (3) In the first 100 cases there have been 12 late deaths and 16 operative deaths. The operative mortality has been reduced to 5 in the last 60 consecutive patients. 4. (4) Eighty-six per cent of the surviving patients followed from 6 to 36 months are improved. 5. (5) The gratifying salvage from this fatal disease encourages further use of this method of surgical relief.
Methodology to achieve planar technology-like ESD performance in FINFET process

Method for making Finfet ESD performance comparable to bulk planar ESD devices is demonstrated using a simple but effective process. Low FIN silicon volume compared to their counterparts in bulk planar process is compensated with the additional deep implants. The selected ESD devices in Finfet process show competitive ESD performance without any significant cost adder.
A multi-dimensional, energy- and charge-conserving, nonlinearly implicit, electromagnetic Vlasov–Darwin particle-in-cell algorithm

Abstract For decades, the Vlasov–Darwin model has been recognized to be attractive for particle-in-cell (PIC) kinetic plasma simulations in non-radiative electromagnetic regimes, to avoid radiative noise issues and gain computational efficiency. However, the Darwin model results in an elliptic set of field equations that renders conventional explicit time integration unconditionally unstable. Here, we explore a fully implicit PIC algorithm for the Vlasov–Darwin model in multiple dimensions, which overcomes many difficulties of traditional semi-implicit Darwin PIC algorithms. The finite-difference scheme for Darwin field equations and particle equations of motion is space–time-centered, employing particle sub-cycling and orbit-averaging. The algorithm conserves total energy, local charge, canonical-momentum in the ignorable direction, and preserves the Coulomb gauge exactly. An asymptotically well-posed fluid preconditioner allows efficient use of large cell sizes, which are determined by accuracy considerations, not stability, and can be orders of magnitude larger than required in a standard explicit electromagnetic PIC simulation. We demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency properties of the algorithm with various numerical experiments in 2D–3V.
Molecular studies of human renin structure and synthesis using monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies are employed as molecular probes to study human renin structure and synthesis. In this study, we observed that the active site peptide directed antibody did not bind native renin consistent with the hypothesis that the active site is at the bottom of a cleft. On the other hand, sequences that determine substrate or species specificity are on the surface of the molecule. Based on studies using antibodies directed to N- or C-teminus of prosegment of prorenin we propose that the N-terminus is hidden within the conformation of the molecule, whereas the C-terminus (activation site) is on the surface. Additional studies using monoclonal antibodies demonstrate that the human kidney contains a 50 kd prorenin, a 42 kd N-terminal truncated prorenin and a 38 kd mature renin. Our data suggest that prorenin is processed to renin by two or more sequential N-terminal cleavages.
The Role of Risk in AUV Development and Deployment

The marine environment is immensely challenging to all technologies, thus risk is ever present in ocean engineering. In the case of autonomous underwater vehicles, however, risk takes on new dimensions. Engineers must evaluate and overcome technical risks to ensure reliable functioning of an AUV. Operators must develop and rigorously apply standard operating procedures to ensure both the safety of the AUV and the people and vessels around it. AUVs can, and must, be viewed through the eyes of designers and operators and their varied perspectives on risk. A third party, with an altogether different view of risk is the insurance community. Finally, the role of lawyers and regulators must be considered. Despite these disparate viewpoints risk can be clearly seen to influence both the development and deployment of AUVs. This paper examines the role of risk in AUV development and deployment and presents case studies. The Autosub Under Ice research program administered by the U.K. National Oceanography Centre, AUV pilot programs in the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the acquisition of an AUV by an academic team are all explored. In each case study the role of technology and operational risks is described. Liability and regulatory issues are also discussed. In each case risk can be clearly identified as a driver behind technical or operational decisions, or both. This paper concludes with some recommendations for both AUV developers and operators. These recommendations are designed to reduce risk and open a dialog across the AUV community in the hopes of generating interest in a commonly developed code of best practices. The need for and path towards such a code is also be described.
A CW GaAs TUNNETT Diode Source for 100 GHz and Above

GaAs p++n+nn+ TUNNETT diodes have been designed for operation around 100 GHz using a saturated drift velocity of 4.6 × 106 cms?1 for electrons at high electric fields and a temperature of 500 K. Diodes on integral heat sinks have been successfully fabricated and tested in this frequency range in a WR-10 full-height waveguide cavity with a resonant cap on top of the diode. A DC to RF conversion efficiency of 3.4 % has been obtained at 101.8 GHz and an output power of 33 mW. These results are the best reported from TUNNETT diodes to date. These GaAs TUNNETT diodes have shown clean spectra as free running oscillators.
Using the 630.0‐nm nightglow emission as a surrogate for the ionospheric Pedersen conductivity

[1] We develop a technique to create two-dimensional maps of the field line integrated, F-layer Pedersen conductivity from images of the 630.0-nm emission at midlatitudes. By modeling the 630.0-nm and the height-integrated Pedersen conductivity, we show that the former can be used as a surrogate for the latter to within 0.2 mhos if information on the height of the F-layer is known. A simple thin-shell model is used to convert the height-integrated conductivity to field line integrated conductivity, a more useful parameter in the study of midlatitude ionospheric dynamics. Two nights are studied using this technique, one with a gradient in electron density seen to the south and one with severe depletions. In the latter case, bands of alternating low and high field line integrated Pedersen conductivity are seen to align from the northwest to southeast, just as predicted by Perkins [1973].
Balloon concepts for scientific investigation of Mars and Jupiter

Opportunities for scientific investigation of the atmospheric planets using buoyant balloons have been explored. Mars and Jupiter were considered in this study because design requirements at those planets bracket nominally the requirements at Venus, and plans are already underway for a joint Russian-French balloon system at Venus. Viking data has provided quantitative information for definition of specific balloon systems at Mars. Free flying balloons appear capable of providing valuable scientific support for more sophisticated Martian surface probes, but tethered and powered aerostats are not attractive. The Jovian environment is so extreme, hot atmosphere balloons may be the only scientific platforms capable of extended operations there. However, the estimated system mass and thermal energy required are very large.
Solid-to-solid diffusion in the gallium arsenide device technology

The technique of tin and zinc diffusion from doped pyrolytic SiO2-layers has been used to form the base regions of planar npn- and pnp-GaAs-transistors. By a suitable sequence of deposition and photoresist processes it is possible to obtain a pattern of doped oxide layers which yields planar npn-transistors in a single diffusion step.
Indian cultural values and economic development: an exploratory study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore linkages between Confucian‐based Asian cultural values and Michael Porter's model of national competitiveness. The cultural values of Indian students are compared with Asian American students’ cultural values, to explore alignment with economic growth and development factors.Design/methodology/approach – Relationships between culture and economic development are conceptualized based on previous research and literature. Using an Asian Cultural Values Scale, Indian students enrolled in a Master’s of International Business program were surveyed. These data are compared with data collected from Asian American college students on the same items. The results are interpreted based on conceptualized relationships.Findings – Indian students tend to exhibit greater conformity, emotional self‐control and collectivism values while Asian American students tend to place greater value on family recognition through achievement. The Indian student values appear to align mo...
Calculating the diagnostic value of gastric analysis: A study in the methodology of diagnosis

Using large masses of data collected and analyzed during the last several years, the writers have attempted to express in figures the probability that a man or woman submitting to gastric analysis at The Mayo Clinic in a given decade of life, with a given gastric acidity, measured one hour after an Ewald type of meal, is suffering with gastric carcinoma, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, or one of a residual group of other diseases or neuroses. Many interesting and surprising and diagnostically helpful facts have emerged from a study of the material here anlayzed. Obviously the figures published would not be applicable in the case of a patient seen in an office or hospital if the composition of the clinical material seen there varied widely from that observed at The Mayo Clinic. The arithmetic of calculating these probabilities is described for the use of those who may wish to construct their own tables. It is hoped that a contribution has been made to the methodology of diagnosis; surely the technic here described, or others similar to it, must one day be applied to many other diagnostic problems.
Low Reynolds number hydrodynamic interaction of a solid particle with a planar wall

The slow viscous flow problem of an arbitrary solid particle in motion near a planar wall is recast into a boundary integral formulation. The present formulation employs the Green function appropriate to the planar wall problem and is developed in sufficient generality to allow calculations for arbitrary particles in any base flow which satisfies Stokes equations and no-slip on the wall. The resulting integral equations are easily discretized and solved for the particle surface tractions. Calculations are performed for axisymmetric motions of a variety of ellipsǫids near the planar wall. Agreement with existing theory is excellent.
Calcium-induced inotropy is in part mediated by protein kinase C.

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) is an ubiquitous regulatory enzyme with dense myocardial distribution and activity; however, its physiologic relevance to myocardial function remains poorly understood. Although endogenous Ca2+is a potent stimulus of PKC isoforms α and β (cPKCs) it remains unknown whether exogenous Ca2+activates these PKC isoforms, and if so, whether PKC plays any role in Ca2+-induced myocardial inotropy. To study this, ventricular sections from isolated rat hearts, with and without Ca2+-induced inotropy (CaCl2, 0.5 mMcoronary concentration × 2 min), were probed for cPKC isoform translocation using immunofluorescence in order to determine if exogenous Ca2+indeed activates cPKCs. We further examined the effects of exogenous Ca2+, with and without concurrent PKC inhibition (chelerythrine, 20 μMcoronary concentration × 2 min), on fundamental physiologic parameters of myocardial developed pressure (DP), dP/dt, and coronary flow (CF) in the isolated rat heart to determine if Ca2+-induced inotropy involves PKC. Results indicated that exogenous Ca2+results in translocation of PKC α from the cytoplasm to the sarcolemma and intercalated discs, as well as the translocation of PKC β from the perinuclear to the intranuclear compartment. This dose of exogenous Ca2+resulted in myocardial inotropy as determined by DP, dP/dt, and CF. Furthermore, myocardial inotropy was attenuated with concurrent inhibition of PKC activity. These findings link the physiologic effects of exogenous Ca2+to PKC, providing a better understanding of the physiologic mechanism of Ca2+-induced inotropy.
Tricyclic Antidepressants in the Intensive Care Unit

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressant medica tions, and they may account for more than 25% of all serious drug overdoses for persons admitted to adult intensive care units (ICUs). TCA overdose is the most common life-threatening drug ingestion in the United States, with an in-hospital mortality ranging from 0.6 to 15%. Manifestations of a significant overdose include anticholinergic effects (fever, mydriasis, tachycardia, and urinary retention), central nervous system toxicity (confusion, agitation, coma, hallucinations, and grand mal seizures), respiratory depression, and cardiovascu lar toxicity (ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, hypotension, and conduction defects). The principal cardiovascular findings associated with therapeutic doses of TCAs are discussed and grouped into three categories: (1) electrocardiographic changes—sinus tachycardia, repolarization abnormalities, conduction disturbances, and ventricular arrhythmias; (2) mild ...
Dermal and ocular exposure systems for the development of models of sulfur mustard-induced injury

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical threat agent for which the effects have no current treatment. Due to the ease of synthesis and dispersal of this material, the need to develop therapeutics is evident. The present article details the techniques used to develop SM laboratory exposure systems for the development of animal models of ocular and dermal injury. These models are critical to enable evaluation of SM injury and therapeutics against that injury. Iterative trials were conducted to optimize dermal and ocular injury models in guinea pigs and rabbits respectively. The goal was a homogeneous and diffuse ocular and dermal injury that compares to the human injury. Dermal exposures were conducted by either a flow-past or static vapor cup system. Ocular exposures were conducted by a static exposure system. Ocular and dermal exposures were conducted with vaporized SM. Vapor concentrations increased with time in the dermal and ocular exposure systems but were stable with varying amounts of applied SM. A dermal...
Risk factors for postoperative retropharyngeal hematoma after anterior cervical spine surgery.

Study design Retrospective review of prospective database. Objective To investigate risk factors involved in the development of anterior cervical hematomas and determine any impact on patient outcomes. Summary of background data Postoperative (PO) hematomas after anterior cervical spine surgery require urgent recognition and treatment to avoid catastrophic patient morbidity or death. Current studies of PO hematomas are limited. Methods Cervical spine surgical procedures performed on adults by the senior author at a single academic institution from 1995 to 2012 were evaluated. Demographic data, surgical history, operative data, complications, and neck disability index (NDI) scores were recorded prospectively. Cases complicated by PO hematoma were reviewed, and time until hematoma development and surgical evacuation were determined. Patients who developed a hematoma (HT group) were compared with those that did not (no-HT group) to identify risk factors. NDI outcomes were compared at early ( 11 mo) time points. Results There were 2375 anterior cervical spine surgical procedures performed with 17 occurrences (0.7%) of PO hematoma. In 11 patients (65%) the hematoma occurred within 24 hours PO, whereas 6 patients (35%) presented at an average of 6 days postoperatively. All underwent hematoma evacuation, with 2 patients (12%) requiring emergent cricothyroidotomy. Risk factors for hematoma were found to be (1) the presence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (relative risk = 13.2, 95% confidence interval = 3.2-54.4), (2) presence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (relative risk = 6.8, 95% confidence interval = 2.3-20.6), (3) therapeutic heparin use (relative risk 148.8, 95% confidence interval = 91.3-242.5), (4) longer operative time, and (5) greater number of surgical levels. The occurrence of a PO hematoma was not found to have a significant impact on either early (HT: 30, no-HT: 28; P = 0.86) or late average NDI scores (HT: 28, no-HT 31; P = 0.76). Conclusion With fast recognition and treatment, no long-term detriment from PO anterior cervical hematoma was found. We identified risk factors to be (1) presence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, (2) presence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, (3) therapeutic heparin use, (4) longer operative time, and (5) greater number of surgical levels. Level of evidence 4.