cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using The Grapes of Wrath to Teach the Great Depression

U.S. history, the study of the people and dynamic forces that have influenced the development of this country, is usually a required social studies subject taught throughout the nation during the junior year in high school. One of the most dramatic and dynamic events included in this course is the Great Depression of the thirties that helped define many events in the remainder of the twentieth century and also provided the history of collective and singular human tragedies. No book better portrays the human condition, tragedy, and social commentary of this time period than John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath . Use of this novel in the U.S. history classroom allows the teacher to put flesh upon the skeleton of the Great Depression and tremendously enhances students' understanding of the social forces and human tragedy associated with it. The primary teaching tool in this class is a basal textbook, which by its very nature cannot address many historical topics in depth. The American Nation , for instance, has two chapters dedicated to the 1930s in which The Grapes of Wrath is briefly mentioned in a one-half-page description (Boyer and Stuckey 489). The American Republic since 1877 likewise designates two chapters to the 1930s, with The Grapes of Wrath mentioned in a single paragraph (Appleby et al. 539). The classroom teacher can successfully integrate literature such as The Grapes of Wrath to help teach the content of U.S. history. The historical content will not get lost by the use of this literature; rather, it will be enhanced. It takes a paradigm shift in thinking, however, for the classroom
Simulation on Structure of Electroslag Remelting Ingot by Cellular Automata Method

The grain structure of Electroslag Remelting (ESR) ingot has the significant effect on the mechanical properties of die or tool steel. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the grain structure of ESR ingot using the cellular automata method, which builds the continuous nucleation model based on the Gaussian distribution and growth model. A calculation domain was divided into macro-grid finite element to compute temperature field; then grid was divided into more detailed and uniform cells for the calculation of the nucleation and growth using cellular automaton method in solidification processes. The results show there is a vertical columnar grain zone and an inverted V-shaped columnar grain zone appeared in the main section of the ESR ingot. Effect of some parameters such as the electrode melting rate, slag pool temperature, average nucleation undercooling and maximum grain density on structure are examined.
Double rupture of the heart following myocardial infarction; report of a case.

Abstract A case of coronary occlusion followed by rupture of the interventricular septum and later by rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle is presented. Paradoxical embolism was associated.
Risk-Based Project Delivery Selection Model for Highway Design and Construction

AbstractProject-delivery methods allocate risk for design and construction between contractual parties. State departments of transportation (DOTs) using federal funds employ three primary project-delivery methods: (1) design-bid-build (D-B-B); (2) design-build (D-B); and (3) construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC). Because the choice of a project-delivery method is best made early in the project-development process, it is a complex decision that is fraught with risk and uncertainty. This paper presents a risk-based modeling methodology to evaluate and quantify the potential differences in project cost attributable to the selection of a project-delivery method. The risk-based model consists of (1) an input structure of assessment and evaluation of delivery-risk factors; (2) a computational-modeling structure for calculating costs; and (3) an output structure to communicate model results and implementation. The assessment and evaluation process determines the risks that are incorporated into the del...
Kinetics of Chemical Reactions in Foods

Chemical reactions occur in foods during processing and storage. Some reactions result in loss of quality and must be minimized, while others produce a desired flavor or color and must be optimized to obtain the best quality. The science of kinetics involves the study of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms. An understanding of reaction mechanisms coupled with quantification of rate constants will facilitate the selection of the best conditions of a process or storage so that the desired characteristics will be present in the product.
Mechanical properties of vinylester resins exposed to marine environments

An experimental investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of moisture on the mechanical properties of vinylester resins (510A and 8084). The resins were exposed to seawater at 40°C and humid air at 50°C until the moisture content equilibrated. Both resins absorbed small amounts of moisture. Mechanical testing of both resins at dry and saturated conditions revealed very brittle behavior under tension and shear loading. The 8084 resin is more ductile than 510A at dry and saturated conditions. Moisture absorption was found to only slightly influence the mechanical response of these resins. Dry shear test specimens failed at quite low shear stresses in a resolved tensile mode and displayed sensitivity to the stress concentration in the Iosipescu shear specimen. Moisture absorption slightly enhanced ductility and reduced notch sensitivity which resulted in increased shear strength. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:2413–2421, 2013. ©2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Increased Furan Tolerance in Escherichia coli Due to a Cryptic ucpA Gene

Expression arrays were used to identify 4 putative oxidoreductases that were upregulated (>3-fold) by furfural (15 mM, 15 min). Plasmid expression of one (ucpA) increased furan tolerance in ethanologenic strain LY180 and wild-type strain W. Deleting ucpA decreased furfural tolerance. Although the mechanism remains unknown, the cryptic ucpA gene is now associated with a phenotype: furan resistance.
Novel Technique for Cardiac Electromechanical Mapping with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tagging and an Epicardial Electrode Sock

Near-simultaneous measurements of electrical and mechanical activation over the entire ventricular surface are now possible using magnetic resonance imaging tagging and a multielectrode epicardial sock. This new electromechanical mapping technique is demonstrated in the ventricularly paced canine heart. A 128–electrode epicardial sock and pacing electrodes were placed on the hearts of four anesthetized dogs. In the magnetic resonance scanner, tagged cine images (8–15 ms/frame) and sock electrode recordings (1000 Hz) were acquired under right-ventricular pacing and temporally referenced to the pacing stimulus. Electrical recordings were obtained during intermittent breaks in image acquisition, so that both data sets represented the same physiologic state. Since the electrodes were not visible in the images, electrode recordings and cine images were spatially registered with Gd-DTPA markers attached to the sock. Circumferential strain was calculated at locations corresponding to electrodes. For each electrode location, electrical and mechanical activation times were calculated and relationships between the two activation patterns were demonstrated. This method holds promise for improving understanding of the relationships between the patterns of electrical activation and contraction in the heart. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2003: 8761Pk, 8719Rr, 8719Hh
Ovarian hyperstimulation induces centrosome amplification and aneuploid mammary tumors independently of alterations in p53 in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer

Aneuploidy and genomic instability are common features of human cancers, including breast cancer; however, mechanisms by which such abnormalities develop are not understood. The exquisite dependence of the mammary gland on hormones for growth and development as well as hormonal contributions to breast cancer risk and progression suggest that tumorigenic mechanisms in the breast should be considered in the context of hormonal stimulation. We used transgenic mice that overexpress luteinizing hormone with subsequent ovarian hyperstimulation as a model to identify mechanisms involved in hormone-induced mammary cancer. Tumor pathology in these mice is highly variable, suggesting individual tumors undergo distinct initiating or promoting events. Supporting this notion, hormone-induced tumors display considerable chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, despite the presence of functional p53. The presence of extensive centrosome amplification in tumors and hyperplastic glands prior to tumor formation suggests that alterations in the ovarian hormonal milieu dysregulate the centrosome cycle in mammary epithelial cells, leading to aneuploidy and cancer.
Aerial Photography to Detect Nitrogen Stress in Corn

Summary Economic and environmental benefits can result from improved nitrogen (N) management in corn (Zea mays L.) production. This research project was conducted to determine the utility of aerial photographs to detect N deficiency in a crop canopy caused by natural soil variability and variable fertilizer N application rates. Chlorophyll meter readings and digitized aerial photograph data were compared to corn grain yield and stalk nitrate concentrations from a 60-ha field in Central Nebraska. In addition to natural field variability, 30.4-m long treatments were imposed through the center of the field by applying fertilizer at rates of 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha -1 . Grain yield, chlorophyll meter readings, photographic brightness and stalk nitrate samples were collected. Despite a significant effect from fertilizer treatments, chlorophyll meter readings did not correlate well with grain yields. The brightness of the red component in a digitized color photograph showed a significant inverse relationship (r 2 = 0.42) with grain yield. Stalk nitrate concentrations at harvest, when compared to red brightness from the digitized photograph, provided a better confirmation of N status than grain yield. Aerial photographs appear to be capable of detecting management induced variability as well as reduced yield portions of a field that result from natural variability.
Randomized EVAR trials and advent of level i evidence: a paradigm shift in management of large abdominal aortic aneurysms?

The recent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) 1 and 2 and Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) trials addressed management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) larger than 5.5 cm in diameter. The DREAM and EVAR 1 trials randomized patients appropriate for open repair between endovascular repair (EVAR) and open repair (OR), and the EVAR 2 trial randomized patients unfit for OR between EVAR and conservative nonoperative management (No Rx). The EVAR 1 trial showed a 3% lower initial mortality for EVAR, with a persistent reduction in aneurysm-related death at 4 years. Improvement in overall late survival was not demonstrated. Similarly, the DREAM trial observed an initial mortality advantage for EVAR, but overall 1-year survival was equivalent in both groups. Both trials found significantly higher complication and intervention rates and higher hospital costs with EVAR, and by 1 year a quality of life (QOL) benefit was not evident. The EVAR 2 trial did not demonstrate a survival advantage of EVAR with respect to nonoperative management, while noting that EVAR was associated with greater likelihood of treatment complications, subsequent interventions, and threefold higher costs. Both EVAR trials were limited by long delays between randomization and treatment. Moreover, 27% of patients in EVAR 2 crossed over from nonoperative to endovascular repair, and these patients had a lower procedure mortality from EVAR than those originally assigned to it (2% v 9%). These 47 cases, and the exclusion of 14 patients dying while waiting for EVAR, appears to confer a survival advantage to those receiving EVAR over those receiving no treatment in a post-hoc analysis, but per-protocol analysis of the EVAR 2 trial data performed by the EVAR investigators did not show a significant difference in either all-cause or aneurysm-related mortality. Thus, outcomes of the EVAR 2 trial have not settled the choice between EVAR and no treatment in this scenario to everyone’s satisfaction. In patients with large AAAs who are fit for OR, EVAR offers an initial mortality advantage over OR, with a persistent reduction in AAA-related death at 4 years. However, EVAR offers no overall survival benefit, is more costly, and requires more interventions and indefinite surveillance with only a brief QOL benefit. It may or may not offer a mortality benefit over nonoperative management in patients with large AAAs who are unfit for open repair, but the statistical significance of this comparison is inconclusive.
The fracture and aerosol release of impacted HLW-glasses due to accidental canister drops in a disposal site

Abstract For the disposal of HLW-canisters in a salt dome, two different accident scenarios have to be considered, canister drops in the reloading hall or in a borehole with drop heights of 10 m and 600 m, and reference drop velocities of 14 m/s and 80 m/s. The experimental program had two parts: • - Laboratory scale drop tests with bare and canistered waste glass probes (scale: 1:10) to obtain basic data. • - Full scale drop tests with inactive HLW-canisters, specified as planned for the German salt repository ( H = 1.335 m , O = 0.43 m , weight: 550 kg, canister: SST 1.4833, wall: 5 mm). The size distributions of the broken fines were measured by sieving and those of the filtered airborne particles by particle size analysis. The dominating parameter is the impact velocity (i.e. impact energy), further test parameters show no measurable influence, especially the canister influence on the fracture or aerosol release is negligible. Source terms, evaluated for the respirable fraction (particles with d m are between 2 × 10 −4 % for a 10 m drop and 0.1% for a 600 m borehole drop.
Magnetic Instability of Ultrathin fcc Fe x Ni 1 − x Films

The {open_quotes}invar effect{close_quotes} in Fe{sub x}Ni {sub 1{minus}x} alloys occurs when the Fe content approaches 65{percent}. At this point, the magnetization falls to zero, and a martensitic structural transformation from a fcc to a bcc lattice occurs. This paper addresses the question: {open_quotes}What happens if the structural transformation is suppressed in an ultrathin alloy film?{close_quotes} We present results to this effect, showing the variation of the magnetization with changing composition in ultrathin films grown on Cu(100). We find a new low-spin, ferromagnetic phase of matter, which is a sensitive function of the atomic volume. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Fertilizer Nitrogen Recovery in a No-Till Wheat–Sorghum–Fallow–Wheat Sequence

No-till cropping in the semiarid Central Great Plains increases water storage during fallowing, which allows farmers to use an intensive cropping sequence of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow-winter wheat. The purpose of this 15 N field study was to provide as complete accounting as possible of fertilizer N dynamics (changes in the NO 3 -N pool, fertilizer N uptake by plants, fertilizer N carryover effects, and mineralization and uptake of labeled N from wheat residues) for this intensive cropping sequence. Main-plot treatments were 0, 56, and 112 kg N ha -1 . Eight microplots were established within all main plots. For the main plots that received 56 and 112 kg N ha -1 , two microplots received no K 15 NO 3 , and one of these microplots had its nonlabeled wheat residues exchanged with labeled residues. Six microplots were treated with K 15 NO 3 , one-third received K 15 NO 3 the first year, one-third the second year, and one-third both years. There was no detectable NO 3 leaching. Mineralization, fertilizer application, and plant uptake had dramatic effects on the soil NO 3 -N pool. Both N rates increased the total N concentration and N uptake of aboveground biomass of the first wheat crop and the sorghum crop over the unamended treatment, whereas only the highest fertilizer N rate increased the total N uptake of the unfertilized second wheat crop. Plant N uptake transferred the majority of fertilizer NO 3 to aboveground biomass, and crop residue deposition, immobilization, and mineralization maintained the fertilizer N in the top 60 cm of soil. At the end of the 4-yr cropping sequence, 90 and 87% of the applied fertilizer N was accounted for at the 56 and 112 kg N ha -1 rates, respectively. Of this N, generally 24 to 28% remained in the soil. The 10 to 13% of the applied fertilizer N that was unaccounted for was probably lost by denitrification or NH 3 volatilization.
Interpolation of stereo data using Lagrangian polynomials

Surface reconstruction is an important problem within computer vision. This paper studies the application of the Lagrange polynomials to interpolating three-dimensional stereo data. The process consists of fitting a surface function to the given 3-D data. The value of the constructed surface at a point (x,y) is calculated locally in finite intervals based on the data at relatively nearby points. This produces a large number of polynomials; however, it requires less computational time than a global solution. This local interpolation is of interest when considering unusual shapes where the data points are irregularly scattered throughout the 3-D space. Overlapping is used when constructing the polynomials to ensure the continuity and smoothness of the surfaces from one scene point to the next. Because the data are generally sparse, the horizontal and vertical one-dimensional operations give different results. Final approximation is based on minimizing the error based on the least square criterion. Experiments show that the method produces good results.
Extreme Bendability of DNA Less than 100 Base Pairs Long Revealed by Single-Molecule Cyclization

The classical view of DNA posits that DNA must be stiff below the persistence length [<150 base pairs (bp)], but recent studies addressing this have yielded contradictory results. We developed a fluorescence-based, protein-free assay for studying the cyclization of single DNA molecules in real time. The assay samples the equilibrium population of a sharply bent, transient species that is entirely suppressed in single-molecule mechanical measurements and is biologically more relevant than the annealed species sampled in the traditional ligase-based assay. The looping rate has a weak length dependence between 67 and 106 bp that cannot be described by the worm-like chain model. Many biologically important protein-DNA interactions that involve looping and bending of DNA below 100 bp likely use this intrinsic bendability of DNA.
Iontophoretic study of the effects of norepinephrine and 2-phenylethylamine on single cortical neurons

Abstract The effects of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) and of its metabolite 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamine (OHPEA) were compared with those of norepinephrine (NE) on spontaneously active single optic cortex neurons of rabbit. A multiple barrel microelectrode array was used for the microiontophoretic drug administration and simultaneous extracellular unit recordings. PEA and OHPEA exerted effects opposite to those of NE on several of the cortical units tested suggesting that the effects of PEA and OHPEA were not mediated through NE release or activation of NE receptors.
Oxidative stability of fat substitutes and vegetable oils by the oxidative stability index method

Oxidative Stability Index (OSI) of carbohydrate fatty acid polyesters, fat substitutes and vegetable oils were measured with the Omnion Oxidative Stability Instrument according to the new AOCS Standard Method Cd 12 B-92 (The Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, edited by D. Firestone, AOCS, Champaign, 1991). The stability of crude and refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) vegetable oils (soybean, hydrogenated soybean and peanut) were determined at 110°C. In addition, OSI times for sucrose polyesters of soybean oil, butterfat, oleate:stearate and methyl glucoside polyester of soybean oil were determined in the absence and in the presence of 0.02 wt% antioxidants, [Tenox TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone, Tenox GT-2 (from Eastman Chemical Products (Kingsport, TN); and vitamin E (from BASF, Wyandotte, MI)], and the results were compared with those of vegetable oils. Crude oils were most stable (20.4–25.9 h), followed by RBD oils (9.3–10.4 h) for soybean and peanut oils, respectively, and fat substitutes (3.8–6.8 h). Overall, Tenox TBHQ was the best antioxidant for improving the oxidative stability of both vegetable oils and fat substitutes. The sucrose polyester made with oleic and stearic acid was more stable than fat substitutes containing more polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as those from soybean oil, or from short-chain fatty acids, such as from butterfat. Antioxidants enhanced the stability of RBD oils (222% increase) and synthetic fat substitutes (421–424% increase) more than that of crude oils (33% increase). The shapes of the induction curves, not the actual OSI times for fat substitutes and vegetable oils, were similar and sharply defined.
Feeding challenges of the very low birth weight infant

A baby boy was born at 25 weeks’ gestation. He was placed on a ventilator and received the standard of care for very low birth weight infants. At 29 weeks, he was diagnosed with a grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage and cystic periventricular leukomalacia. He was started on total parenteral nutrition and progressed to enteral feeding by gavage. Nipple feedings were initiated at 35 weeks. During the first attempt at nipple feeding, the baby experienced significant apnea with associated bradycardia. During the second attempt at nipple feeding (1 day later), he required chest compressions caused by apnea, which was followed by cardiac arrest. A third nipple feeding was attempted 2 days later. For the third feeding, the infant was placed on a recording system for the purpose of electronically documenting the sequence of any physiological changes during the nipple feeding. The recording system collected respiration rate, respiratory wave, raw electrocardiogram data, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. Within 30 seconds of the initiation of nipple feeding, his respiratory rate was 0, the heart rate decreased to 30 beats per minute, and the arterial oxygen saturation dropped below 75%. The attending physician reviewed the data to evaluate the extent of feeding dysfunction. A gastrointestinal consult was conducted and a gastrostomy tube (GT) was inserted. Discharge teaching for the infant’s parents, both aged 15, included GT feeding and the precaution to not bottle-feed the infant for the time being. All feedings were to be given at home via the GT. At the 4-month high-risk neonatal follow-up appointment, the mother admitted she had been exclusively feeding the infant via the bottle. The neonatologist conducted a nipple feeding during the clinic appointment. The infant was electronically monitored and data recorded during this feeding. The physiologic difference between this feeding and the one in the hospital was dramatic. The nipple feeding was completed without apnea. Arterial oxygen saturation and pulse rate were also monitored. Both remained within normal limits. The GT was permanently removed the next week. The cause of the initial feeding dysfunction was never determined.
Political Rights and Administrative Impartiality in the British Civil Service.

Recent forays into administrative theory have impaired the neat dichotomy between politics and administration that was postulated, either as description or as ideal, by fin dA— siA¨cle political scientists and reformers. The intertwining of policy formulation and policy execution is a recognized fact of the administrative process. The questioning of this early dogma of public administration has opened up speculation as to what the proper relationship between the two aspects of the governmental process ought to be. Dilemmas have been identified but no systematic and fully acceptable solution has been propounded. Evidently, an answer cannot be given without delineating and understanding the matrix of politics in which administration inevitably is imbedded.
Synchronous replication initiation in novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis dnaA cold-sensitive mutants

The genetic aspects of oriC replication initiation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are largely unknown. A two-step genetic screen was utilized for isolating M. tuberculosis dnaA cold-sensitive (cos) mutants. First, a resident plasmid expressing functional dnaA integrated at the attB locus in dnaA null background was exchanged with an incoming plasmid bearing a mutagenized dnaA gene. Next, the mutants that were defective for growth at 30°C, a nonpermissive temperature, but resumed growth and DNA synthesis when shifted to 37°C, a permissive temperature, were subsequently selected. Nucleotide sequencing analysis located mutations to different regions of the dnaA gene. Modulation of the growth temperatures led to synchronized DNA synthesis. The dnaA expression under synchronized DNA replication conditions continued to increase during the replication period, but decreased thereafter reflecting autoregulation. The dnaAcos mutants at 30°C were elongated suggesting that they may possibly be blocked during the cell division. The DnaA115 protein is defective in its ability to interact with ATP at 30°C, but not at 37°C. Our results suggest that the optimal cell cycle progression and replication initiation in M. tuberculosis requires that the dnaA promoter remains active during the replication period and that the DnaA protein is able to interact with ATP.
When “No” Means “Yes to Revolution”: Electoral Politics in Bolivarian Venezuela

The lessons of history suggest that pluralist constitutional structures present myriad ways for opponents to block radical overhaul of social and economic structures. Antimajoritarian checks and balances make redistribution of wealth and changes in property regimes difficult to implement. When these mechanisms fail, the capitalist class seems willing and able to abandon constitutional politics and fall back upon the state's night-watchman, the military. In dependent nations, the weight and resources of the hegemon can be brought to bear to influence the outcome. Often, however, institutional and extraconstitutional tools of reaction are unnecessary in polyarchies.' Elections themselves seem to suck the life blood out of revolutionary movements. The Venezuelan recall election of August 15, 2004, evidently accelerated rather than retarded revolutionary momentum. On that day Venezuelans went to the polls in extraordinary numbers to vote on an opposition petition to revoke (hence, revocatorio) President Hugo Chivez's electoral mandate two years before he was to complete his term. To achieve this objective and thereby terminate the Bolivarian Revolution, the opposition Coordinador Democritica (CD) needed to win more votes than the president had received in his second electoral victory of July 2000 (following the adoption of the new constitution). Not only did the CD fail to exceed that number but the No option triumphed with 59 percent of the vote. The majority said yes to the Chavista revolutionary project. This article will examine the ways in which electoral politics and defense of a revolutionary regime were made compatible in Venezuela. After a review of some theoretical perspectives on elections and social change, a comparison of the Venezuelan case with earlier episodes of electoral politics in a revolutionary context (Nicaragua and Chile), and a review of the political and constitutional issues that had to be resolved to allow the recall election to take
Role of p53, PUMA, and Bax in wogonin-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells

We observed that treatment of prostate cancer cells for 24 h with wogonin, a naturally occurring monoflavonoid, induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Exposure of wogonin to LNCaP cells was associated with increased intracellular levels of p21(Cip-1), p27(Kip-1), p53, and PUMA, oligomerization of Bax, release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, and activation of caspases. We also confirmed the role of p53 by noting that knock-in in p53 expression by transfecting p53 DNA increased wogonin-induced apoptosis in p53-null PC-3 cells. To study the mechanism of PUMA up-regulation, we determined the activities of PUMA promoter in the wogonin treated and untreated cells. Increase of the intracellular levels of PUMA protein was due to increase in transcriptional activity. Data from chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses revealed that wogonin activated the transcription factor p53 binding activity to the PUMA promoter region. We observed that the up-regulation of PUMA mediated wogonin cytotoxicity. Further characterization of the transcriptional response to wogonin in HCT116 human colon cancer cells demonstrated that PUMA induction was p53-dependent; deficiency in either p53 or PUMA significantly protected HCT116 cells against wogonin-induced apoptosis. Also, wogonin promoted mitochondrial translocation and multimerization of Bax. Interestingly, wogonin (100 microM) treatment did not affect the viability of normal human prostate epithelial cells (PrEC). Taken together, these results indicate that p53-dependent transcriptional induction of PUMA and oligomerization of Bax play important roles in the sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptosis induced by caspase activation through wogonin.
Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence.

Current research indicates that there is a strong relationship between pediatric anxiety disorders and depression. Assessment measures show high rates of correlation between depression and anxiety and much of the overlap may be related to a common domain of negative affectivity. Anxious youth and depressed youth share a cognitive style marked by a negative bias in information processing. Anxiety disorders and depression are frequently comorbid in children and adolescents. About 25-50% of depressed youth have comorbid anxiety disorders and about 10-15% of anxious youth have depression. Twin and family studies have demonstrated that pediatric anxiety disorders and depression likely share some common genetic factors or influences. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioral therapy have been shown in randomized controlled trials to be efficacious for both pediatric depression and anxiety disorders. Integrating the treatment literature with studies of phenomenology, biology and genetics indicates that pediatric anxiety disorders and depression may share a genetically determined neurobiological component that could involve neural circuits that include or are modulated by serotonergic neurons. This component could contribute to the negative affective temperament that appears to be common in both pediatric depression and anxiety disorders.
Hankel-Toeplitz type operators onL a 1 (?)

This paper studies Hankel and Toeplitz operators on the Bergman spaceL 1 (Ω) of bounded symmetric domains. These operators are defined in terms of a certain bounded projection onL 1(Ω,dV). The main results of the paper include several characterizations for the boundedness and (weak-star) compactness of these Hankel-Toeplitz type operators. When the symbol is conjugate holomorphic, our results here are similar to those obtained by Bekolle, Berger, Coburn, and Zhu [2] in theL 2-Bergman space context.
Chronic Exposure to Rifaximin Causes Hepatic Steatosis in Pregnane X Receptor-Humanized Mice

Rifaximin, a nonsystemic antibiotic that exhibits low gastrointestinal absorption, is a potent agonist of human pregnane X receptor (PXR), which contributes to its therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. To investigate the effects of long-term administration of rifaximin on the liver, PXR-humanized mice were administered rifaximin for 6 months; wild-type and Pxr-null mice were treated in parallel as controls. Histological analysis revealed time-dependent intense hepatocellular fatty degeneration and increased hepatic triglycerides in PXR-humanized mice and not in wild-type and Pxr-null mice. After long-term treatment, PXR target genes were induced in small intestine and liver, with significant up-regulation in the expression of hepatic genes related to triglyceride synthesis and lipid accumulation. However, no significant hepatic accumulation of rifaximin was found, even after 6 months of treatment, in PXR-humanized mice. Genes in the small intestine that are involved in the uptake of fatty acids and triglycerides were induced along with increased triglyceride accumulation in intestinal epithelial cells of PXR-humanized mice; this was not observed in wild-type and Pxr-null mice. These findings suggest that long-term administration of rifaximin could lead to PXR-dependent hepatocellular fatty degeneration as a result of activation of genes involved in lipid uptake, thus indicating a potential adverse effect of rifaximin on liver function after long-term exposure.
Estimates of W production with polarized protons as a means of detecting its hadron jet decays

We discuss the measurement of parity-violating asymmetries in polarized-proton-proton scattering at high energy as a method of extracting the hadronic decays of the intermediate vector boson from the high-transverse-momentum hadronic background. In particular we present predictions for these asymmetries for jet production through the charged and neutral vector bosons. The asymmetries are very large and the method looks promising.
Shear flows at the tokamak edge and their role in core rotation and the L-H transition.

Pfirsch-Schl\"uter fluxes in tokamaks are shown to drive strong poloidal and toroidal shear flows that are localized to the edge and scrape-off layer in the presence of temperature gradients and finite bootstrap current in the pedestal. Within a magnetohydrodynamic model, the effect of these flows on core rotation and their role in the magnetic configuration dependence of the power threshold for the low- ($L$-) to high- ($H$-)mode transition are discussed. Theoretical predictions based on symmetries of the underlying equations, coupled with computational results, are found to be in general agreement with observations in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak [Phys. Plasmas 12, 056111 (2005)].
The relation between cosmic γ-rays and synchrotron X-rays

A quantitative relation between the intensities of cosmic γ-rays with energies near 1014 eV and X-rays generated by synchrotron emission of cosmic electrons is derived on the basis of the fact that these two radiations have a common energy source in the interactions between cosmic-ray nuclei and interstellar matter. The relation depends on the intensity of the magnetic field in the region of production. Quantitative estimates based on recent data indicate that synchrotron X-rays may constitute a significant component of cosmic X-rays below 3 a at high galactic latitudes. It may therefore be possible to obtain a new measurement of the interstellar magnetic field by a comparison of the intensities of cosmic X-rays and ultra-high-energy cosmic γ-rays.
Nuclear dreams: The malignant alteration of nuclear architecture

Cancer is diagnosed by examining the architectural alterations to cells and tissues. Changes in nuclear structure are among the most universal of these and include increases in nuclear size, deformities in nuclear shape, and changes in the internal organization of the nucleus. These may all reflect changes in the nuclear matrix, a non-chromatin nuclear scaffolding determining nuclear form, higher order chromatin folding, and the spatial organization of nucleic acid metabolism. Malignancy-induced changes in this structure may have profound effects on chromatin folding, on the fidelity of genome replication, and on gene expression. Elucidating the mechanisms and the biological consequences of nuclear changes will require the identification of the major structural molecules of the internal nuclear matrix and an understanding of their assembly into structural elements. If biochemical correlates to malignant alterations in nuclear structure can be identified then nuclear matrix proteins and, perhaps nuclear matrix-associated structural RNAs, may be an attractive set of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Dielectric response of plasmonic lattices

We experimentally measure the complete complex dielectric response of plasmonic lattices at terahertz frequencies, and demonstrate that it is significantly different from bulk metals. We further demonstrate the ability to engineer arbitrarily this dielectric response.
Stability of vortices in equilibrium with a cylinder

The stability of steady inviscid vortex pairs in equilibrium with a circular cylinder is studied by discretizing equations derived from contour dynamics. There are two families of vortices, one with a pair of counter-rotating vortices standing behind the cylinder, which may be thought of as desingularizing the Foppl point vortices, and the other with the vortices standing directly above and below the cylinder. Vortices in the first family are found to be neutrally stable with respect to symmetric perturbations. When asymmetric perturbations are included, there is a single unstable mode and a single asymptotically stable mode. Vortices above and below the cylinder have two modes of instability, one symmetric and the other asymmetric, and likewise two asymptotically stable modes.
Total synthesis and molecular target of largazole, a histone deacetylase inhibitor.

Full details of the concise and convergent synthesis (eight steps, 19% overall yield), its extension to the preparation of a series of key analogues, and the molecular target and pharmacophore of largazole are described. Central to the synthesis of largazole is a macrocyclization reaction for formation of the strained 16-membered depsipeptide core followed by an olefin cross-metathesis reaction for installation of the thioester. The biological evaluation of largazole and its key analogues, including an acetyl analogue, a thiol analogue, and a hydroxyl analogue, suggested that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are molecular targets of largazole and largazole is a class I HDAC inhibitor. In addition, structure−activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the thiol group is the pharmacophore of the natural product. Largazole’s HDAC inhibitory activity correlates with its antiproliferative activity.
Electrostatic forces control the penetration of membranes by charged solutes

Using fluorescent, anionic dyes such as carboxyfluorescein as model solutes, it is shown that the forces allowing such solutes to be retained within sealed lipid vesicles, against a large concentration gradient, can be primarily electrostatic in nature. At temperatures distant from that of the ordered-fluid lipid phase transition a small number of the anionic dye molecules trapped within lipid vesicles are capable of traversing the lipid bilayer and establishing an electrical diffusion potential across the membrane. Further solute movement can then only occur with the concomitant permeation of ions which restore electrical balance. A significant flux of dye can be triggered by (a) increasing the permeability of the membrane to ions (for example by the addition of ionophores such as gramicidin, or by allowing the lipid to approach a phase transition) or by (b) adding lipophilic counterions such as tetraphenylborate or dinitrophenol to the system.
Temporal-adaptive Euler/Navier-Stokes algorithm for unsteady aerodynamic analysis of airfoils using unstructured dynamic meshes

A temporal adaptive algorithm for the time-integration of the two-dimensional Euler or Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The flow solver involves an upwind flux-split spatial discretization for the convective terms and central differencing for the shear-stress and heat flux terms on an unstructured mesh of triangles. The temporal adaptive algorithm is a time-accurate integration procedure which allows flows with high spatial and temporal gradients to be computed efficiently by advancing each grid cell near its maximum allowable time step. Results indicate that an appreciable computational savings can be achieved for both inviscid and viscous unsteady airfoil problems using unstructured meshes without degrading spatial or temporal accuracy.
Sensitivity of ozone to model grid resolution—I. Application of high-resolution regional acid deposition model

Abstract This paper examines the sensitivity of ozone (O3) predictions to grid resolution in Eulerian grid models. A high-resolution version of the regional acid deposition model (HR-RADM) was developed and applied to simulate O3 formation at different grid resolutions. Horizontal grid-cell sizes of 20, 40, and 80 km were selected for this sensitivity study. Individual meteorological and chemical processes that contribute to O3 and its precursors were further separated and analyzed to determine their importance to O3 formation and the effects of grid resolution on these regulating processes. We first examined the model predictions of O3 maxima and minima at different grid resolutions over several major source areas. The results showed that the coarser-grid model tended to underpredict O3 maxima and overpredict O3 minima over the major source areas, because emission strengths were not as well resolved. Process contribution analyses of O3 over these source areas revealed that grid resolution significantly influences the magnitude of O3 formation and loss processes, especially chemistry and vertical transport. We also compared the process contributions between two different grid resolutions over an equal source area with nearly equal emissions to examine the nonlinearities of processes and their interactions with respect to grid resolution. These comparisons showed that for nonreactive species, the average transport applied to a coarse-grid cell is the same as that applied to the same area at higher resolution. For reactive species, however, the average transport is no longer the same between two different grid resolutions because the transport process interacts closely with chemistry, which is nonlinearly related to grid resolution. As a result, over the same source area, the coarser grid tended to predict more O3 but less NO2 from chemistry and to export more O3 and NO but less NO2 by vertical transport than did the finer grid.
Immunocytochemical evidence for direct synaptic connections between corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- containing neurons in the preoptic area of the rat ☆

Electron microscopic double-label immunostaining with peroxidase and avidin-ferritin was used to study connections between corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive elements in the medial preoptic area of the rat. Synaptic contacts were observed between CRF-immunoreactive axon terminals and the dendrites of GnRH-immunopositive neurons. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of stress-induced CRF release on reproductive function may involve a direct CRF input to the GnRH-producing cells.
Nuclear Dirac phenomenology and the Λ-nucleus potential☆

Abstract It is shown that the Λ-nucleus central and spin-orbit potentials can be understood in the meson mean-field theory without invoking strong SU(3) symmetry breaking, if the tensor ωΛΛ coupling (anomalous magnetic moment) is taken into account. The empirical anomalous magnetic moment yields a small spin-orbit potential, whereas the quark-model value yields essentially vanishing spin-orbit potential, in agreement with Pirner's quantum-chromodynamic estimate.
Development of a Critical AirFlow Venturi for Air Sampling

Air sampling is a key element in environmental studies and occupational exposure assessments. Airflow control and measurement is critical to the accuracy of air sampling. Commercially available flow controlling orifices were found to lack the required precision and accuracy. Most critical orifice designs require a pressure drop in excess of 47 kPa to ensure a stable flow. To achieve this pressure drop, a special high-power vacuum pump must be used. There is no existing design standard available for small critical orifices or venturi (throat diameter smaller than 12.5 mm). Many efforts have been made to experimentally develop a critical airflow control device with low pressure drop, but the procedure and the products are both labour-intensive and inaccurate. Based on the theory of fluid mechanics and experimental optimization, a series of unique critical airflow venturi have been developed to provide a constant air flow rate at low pressure drops (approximately 9 kPa), with variations of less than 1% of the full scale flow rate. These venturi can be widely used in air quality studies and other field for accurate gas flow rate control.
The expansion of body coloration involves coordinated evolution in cis and trans within the pigmentation regulatory network of Drosophila prostipennis

The generation of complex morphological features requires the precisely orchestrated expression of numerous genes during development. While several traits have been resolved to evolutionary changes within a single gene, the evolutionary path by which genes derive co-localized or mutually excluded expression patterns is currently a mystery. Here we investigate how the Drosophila pigmentation gene network was altered in Drosophila prostipennis, a species in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, that evolved expanded abdominal pigmentation. We show that this expansion involved broadened expression of the melanin-promoting enzyme genes tan and yellow, and a reciprocal withdrawn pattern of the melanin-suppressing enzyme gene ebony. To examine whether these coordinated changes to the network were generated through mutations in the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of these genes, we cloned and tested CREs of D. prostipennis tan, ebony, and yellow in transgenic reporter assays. Regulatory regions of both tan and ebony failed to recapitulate the derived D. prostipennis expression phenotype, implicating the modification of a factor or factors upstream of both genes. However, the D. prostipennis yellow cis-regulatory region recapitulated the expanded expression pattern observed in this species, implicating causative mutations in cis to yellow. Our results provide an example in which a coordinated expression program evolved through independent changes at multiple loci, rather than through changes to a single “master regulator” directing a suite of downstream target genes. This implies a complex network structure in which each gene may be subject to a unique set of inputs, and resultantly may require individualized evolutionary paths to yield correlated gene expression patterns.