cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Jerusalem seventy year olds longitudinal study I: Description of the initial cross-sectional survey

The main objectives of our first cross-section of a longitudinal study of a cohort of 70 year olds in Jerusalem, are to survey the social and medical conditions of the heterogeneous elderly population and to contribute to the knowledge of aging processes for specific age-groups. Whereas, most previous surveys were conducted on homogeneous and stable population groups, the elderly of Jerusalem provide the basis for ethnographic comparisons and for assessing the impact of profound historical and personal changes. From a representative systematic sample (from a geographically sorted electoral register) of 759 persons, 605 persons replied to our home-visit questionnaire gathering data on migration history, dwelling conditions, health status, health service utilization, employment status, activities of daily living, social support, use of drugs and war experience. Later on, 463 persons attended our geriatric research institute where we gathered information from in-depth anamnesis and physical examination, as well as cognitive and psychological tests. In addition, a battery of biochemical and hematological blood tests were performed as well as urine analysis and culture, ECG and pulmonary function tests. The heterogeneity of our cohort population is demonstrated by the finding that 84% were born in 40 different countries outside of Israel. In contrast, in the seventy-year old population studied in Gothenburg, Sweden, only 3% were not native born. In the years 1996, 2001 and 2006, our initial study cohort will be re-examined and compared to control groups representing states of no-survey intervention until ages 75, 80 and 85 years old. This background paper describes the study design, protocols and procedures. The responders were found to be representative of the 70 year old Jewish population in Jerusalem as a whole, in terms of mortality and hospital utilization rates. The results of the study to be reported in subsequent papers will allow conclusions regarding all 70 year old Jews in Jerusalem to be made.
The Establishment of Business Research Programs, with Special Reference to Farmers’ Regional Purchasing Associations

1 These findings have grown out of a study conducted by the writer while an employee of the Cooperative Research and Service Division of the Farm Credit Administration, Washington, D. C. See Martin A. Abrahamsen, Research Practices and Problems of Farmers' Regional Associations (Washington: Farm Credit Administration, 1946). The suggestions of Dr. Joseph G. Knapp, In Charge, Purchasing Section of this agency, are gratefully acknowledged. 2 Farmers' regional purchasing associations are cooperative organizations established by farmers to furnish such essential items as feed, fertilizer, seed, petroleum products, and farm machinery for production purposes. They operate over a territory of one or more states and distribute these supplies through member associations or through branch establishments. Illustrative of these associations (in the geographic regions indicated) are the following: I. East-Cooperative Grange League Federation Exchange, Inc., Ithaca, N. Y. 2. South-Farmers' Cooperative Exchange, Inc., Raleigh, N. C. 3. Midwest-The Illinois Farm Supply Company, Chicago, Illinois 4. Fat west-Fruit Growers Supply Company, Los Angeles, California For a discussion of business operations of purchasing associations, see Joseph G. Knapp and Jane L. Scearce, Handbook on Major Regional Farm Supply Purchasing Cooperatives, 1945 and 1946 (Washington: Farm Credit Administration, 1947).
Dynamic Aeroelastic Response of Highly Flexible Aircraft with Wing Camber Deformations

In this paper, wing airfoils are considered flexible in their camber direction. This allows for the modeling and analysis of compliant wings with the camber deformation. In doing so, the camber deformation of flexible airfoils is represented by the Ritz approximation functions at each cross-section, which are referred as finite-section modes, and the corresponding magnitudes of the modes. This simplification of the airfoil deformation may naturally modeled by the finite-state inflow theory, which calculates the unsteady aerodynamic loads of deformable airfoils. The aerodynamic formulation is then coupled with a strain-based geometrically-nonlinear beam formulation and rigid-body flight dynamic equations. This completes the required theoretical formulation for the modeling and analysis of the dynamic aeroelastic response of highly flexible aircraft with wing camber deformations. In this current study, camber deformations (magnitudes of the finite-section modes) are treated as actuations/control inputs to the system. Specifically, anti-symmetric camber actuations are applied to the slender wings of a highly flexible vehicle. The resulting dynamic response of the vehicle is analyzed and compared to a maneuver using traditional ailerons. The time simulations have demonstrated that the camber actuation may bring some unique behaviors to the highly flexible aircraft, which should be taken into account in the future control studies.
Virus Inhibitory Activity of Polyvinylamine.

SummaryA comparative study of the virus inhibitory efficacy of the synthetic basic polypeptide, polylysine, and the synthetic basic polymer, polyvinylamine, revealed that both polymers inhibited the production of influenza B virus in the chick embryo. Polyvinylamine had a sparing effect on chick embryos infected with Newcastle disease virus and as little as 40 μg inhibited the multiplication of mumps virus. A comparison with the results of previous studies with polylysine revealed that the polypeptide was more effective than polyvinylamine as a virus inhibitor. It appears probable that the essential feature of this type of virus inhibitor is that it be a basic polyelectrolyte and that a polypeptide backbone may not be essential for activity.
Biology of Diomus flavifrons (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a Citrus Mealybug Predator

Diomus flavifrons (Blackburn), a coccinellid predator, was introduced from South Australia into Texas for the control of citrus mealybug on citrus. The beetle was successfully reared on citrus mealybug eggs with a developmental time of 28.7 days (24°C and 60% relative humidity). Egg incubation averaged 5.1 days; the four larval instars' developmental period averaged 5.1, 2.8, 2.2, and 7.7 days, respectively; and the pupae averaged 5.9 days for development. Adult longevity averaged 29.1 days for mated females and 77.6 days for virgin females when fed solely on eggs and 8.4 days when food was withheld. The fecundity of mated females averaged 146.9 eggs per female. Adult D. flavifrons were capable of surviving by feeding on mature mealybugs. Egg consumption averaged 815.4 eggs per adult over a 70-day period.
Spatial signals link exit from mitosis to spindle position

In budding yeast, if the spindle becomes mispositioned, cells prevent exit from mitosis by inhibiting the mitotic exit network (MEN). The MEN is a signaling cascade that localizes to spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and activates the phosphatase Cdc14. There are two competing models that explain MEN regulation by spindle position. In the 'zone model', exit from mitosis occurs when a MEN-bearing SPB enters the bud. The 'cMT-bud neck model' posits that cytoplasmic microtubule (cMT)-bud neck interactions prevent MEN activity. Here we find that 1) eliminating cMT- bud neck interactions does not trigger exit from mitosis and 2) loss of these interactions does not precede Cdc14 activation. Furthermore, using binucleate cells, we show that exit from mitosis occurs when one SPB enters the bud despite the presence of a mispositioned spindle. We conclude that exit from mitosis is triggered by a correctly positioned spindle rather than inhibited by improper spindle position.
Calculation of Transonic Potential Flow Past Three-Dimensional Configurations

Publisher Summary In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the development of efficient algorithms for solving discrete approximations to the potential equation for transonic flow past rather general geometrical configurations. This chapter describes the approximations implicit in the potential formulation and some of the difficulties associated with computing the flows past complicated geometric shapes. The geometrical complexity of problems solvable with a reasonable expenditure of computer resources varies inversely with the degree of fluid-mechanical complexity required to model the important features of the flow field. The ultimate goal of computational aerodynamicists is to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for a complete aircraft configuration, consisting of wing, fuselage, tail, nacelles, etc. The solution of the resulting Navier-Stokes equations presents a formidable problem, especially when the Reynolds number is high so that the length scales relevant to the parabolic terms and to the convective terms become widely disparate.
Mathematical statements in the experimental analysis of behavior

The role of mathematical statements within the experimental analysis of behavior is examined. Several examples of quantitative statements are analyzed and discussed. The roles of mathematics in the context of functional description, a formalized language, the discovery of new relationships, and point predictions are examined. Mathematical statements outside the experimental analysis of behavior are also examined. It is argued that mathematical statements serve several significant functions within behavior analysis, including the reconstruction of large numbers of facts with a minimal amount of terms; the allowance for the precision of direct testing (including point predictions); the allowance for abstraction and generalization; and the ability to transform findings in order to discover new relationships.
Opinion:hazards faced by macromolecules when confined to thin aqueous films

Samples prepared for single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) necessarily have a very high surface-to-volume ratio during the short period of time between thinning and vitrification. During this time, there is an obvious risk that macromolecules of interest may adsorb to the air-water interface with a preferred orientation, or that they may even become partially or fully unfolded at the interface. In addition, adsorption of macromolecules to an air-water interface may occur even before thinning. This paper addresses the question whether currently used methods of sample preparation might be improved if one could avoid such interfacial interactions. One possible way to do so might be to preemptively form a surfactant monolayer over the air-water interfaces, to serve as a structure-friendly slide and coverslip. An alternative is to immobilize particles of interest by binding them to some type of support film, which-to continue using the analogy-thus serves as a slide. In this case, the goal is not only to prevent the particles of interest from diffusing into contact with the air-water interface but also to increase the number of particles seen in each image. In this direction, it is natural to think of developing various types of affinity grids as structure-friendly alternatives to thin carbon films. Perhaps ironically, if precautions are not taken against adsorption of particles to air-water interfaces, sacrificial monolayers of denatured protein may take the roles of slide, coverslip, or even both.
Spectroscopic analyses of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases: TauD as a case study

A wide range of spectroscopic approaches have been used to interrogate the mononuclear iron metallocenter in 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases. The results from these spectroscopic studies have provided valuable insights into the structural changes at the active site during substrate binding and catalysis, thus providing critical information that complements investigations of these enzymes by X-ray crystallography, biochemical, and computational approaches. This mini-review highlights taurine hydroxylase (taurine:2OG dioxygenase, TauD) as a case study to illustrate the wealth of knowledge that can be generated by applying a diverse array of spectroscopic investigations to a single enzyme. In particular, electronic absorption, circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, conventional and pulse electron paramagnetic, Mossbauer, X-ray absorption, and resonance Raman methods have been exploited to uncover the properties of the metal site in TauD.
Homology Modeling and Ligand Optimization for the Human Amino Acid Exchanger Lat-1 (SLC7A5)

LAT-1 (SLC7A5) is a sodium-independent exchanger mainly located in the blood brain barrier (BBB) where it mediates the transport of large neutral amino acids, thyroid hormones and prescription drugs. LAT-1 is also upregulated in a variety of cancer types (e.g., prostate cancer), to provide amino acids that are used as nutrients and signaling molecules for growth. Thus, LAT-1 is an emerging drug target for substrates that can serve as prodrugs with optimal BBB or tumor permeability, or inhibitors that starve cancer cells. Here, we use computational modeling using homology modeling and ligand docking, followed by experimental testing using synthetic chemistry and cellular uptake measurements, to develop homology models for LAT-1 and identify novel chemical tools for this transporter. We refine a homology model of LAT-1 based on the arginine/agmatine transporter AdiC from E. Coli as modeling template and conduct SAR studies on amino acid derivatives to design compounds with optimal Km/Vmax balance. Particularly, initial LAT-1 models and binding evaluation of putative compounds guided the synthesis of distinct compounds, including tyrosine and phenylalanine derivatives, carboxylic acid bioisosteres, and other unique scaffolds. These compounds were tested experimentally by your collaborators using cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation assays. For example, we identified hydroxamic acids derivatives as LAT-1 substrates for the first time. Furthermore, iterative evaluation of these compounds by computational methods and experimental testing permitted to progressively refine our LAT-1 models, reaveling previously unknown druggable pockets on its surface. Our results improve our understanding of how inhibition and transport specificity is determined in LAT-1, as well as provide novel chemical probes to further characterize the role of this transporter in cancer and neurological disorders.
Studies of Heavy Flavored Jets with CMS

Abstract The energy loss of jets in heavy-ion collisions is expected to depend on the mass and flavor of the initiating parton. Thus, measurements of jet quenching with identified partons place powerful constraints on the thermodynamic and transport properties of the hot and dense medium. We present recent results of heavy flavor jet spectra and nuclear modification factors of jets associated to charm and bottom quarks in both pPb and PbPb collisions. New measurements to be presented include the dijet asymmetry of pairs of b-jets in PbPb collisions and a finalized c-jet measurement in pPb collisions based on new data collected during the 2015 heavy-ion run period at the LHC.
Noticing Distinctions Among and Within Instances of Student Mathematical Thinking

In this chapter, we argue that there are two critical aspects of noticing student mathematical thinking: noticing within an instance of student thinking and noticing among instances of student thinking. We use the noticing literature to illustrate these distinctions. We then discuss how the MOST Analytic Framework analysis provides structure and guidance for noticing both within and among instances, and illustrate the complex interaction of these two types of noticing through the analysis of an excerpt of classroom dialogue. We conclude by offering the perspective that studies of noticing must go beyond placing value on student mathematical thinking to discriminating among instances of student thinking based on their potential to be used to support students’ understanding of important mathematics.
A simple and upgradable autonomous battery aging evaluation and test system with capacity fading and AC impedance spectroscopy measurement

This paper presents a simple and upgradable autonomous battery aging evaluation and test system. This system can age the battery autonomously while performing measurements of several parameters of interest based on specifications entered by user. These parameters include but are not limited to capacity fading, AC impedance spectrum, temperature, State-Of-Charge (SOC), and State-Of-Health (SOH). The system can be used for evaluation of batteries and for research and can be developed using commonly available laboratory hardware and tools with relatively low cost. It can also be used in the future for preliminary evaluation of newly developed concepts such as those for SOC estimation, SOH estimation, and fault detection. The major parts of the system include a bi-directional DC-DC buck/boost power converter, a programmable microcontroller with ADC and PWM functions, a personal computer or a laptop with LabVIEW software, a DC Electronic Load, a DC power supply and a relay selector. Functions and hardware blocks can be added to the systems as needed. The paper also present sample results for capacity fading and impedance measurement of an aged battery.
Hypogene Karst Springs Along the Northeastern Border of the Appalachian Plateau, New York State

The northern border of the Appalachian Plateaus in New York State is a limestone–dolomite escarpment with sulfate rocks at depth and hypogene karst springs at its base. All springs contain dissolved carbonates, but many are also exceptionally rich in sulfate, sulfide, or CO2. None connect to traversable caves, but their chemistry provides clues to their internal character, flow depth, and underground processes. Many show evidence for dedolomitization driven by sulfate dissolution, which forces calcite travertine to precipitate at the surface. Isotopic variation and radium content reveal groundwater flow patterns. Chemical contrasts with nearby epigenic caves highlight the nature of the hypogene springs. A nearby but separate spring area, fed by deep flow along faults, illustrates the effects of high-pressure CO2 on carbonate groundwater. Despite the lack of underground access, these karst areas give much insight into hypogene processes.
All-Quad Meshing for Geographic Data via Templated Boundary Optimization

Abstract Motivated by the requirements of groundwater flow simulations in natural resource management, we give an algorithm that produces two-dimensional all-quad meshes of geographic regions with complex boundaries, often defined by rivers, watershed boundaries and geological features. Our algorithm fills the interior of a region with a regular grid, and fills the geometrically complex boundary regions using a global optimization over a choice of templated patches.
Why Should Historical Archaeologists Study Capitalism

Since the early 1970s, advocates of the emerging field of historical archaeology have defended its worth and autonomy by appealing to the democratizing power of archaeological evidence over the alleged conservatism, the “inevitable elitism,” of text-bound history. Historical archaeology is the key, many have argued, to making visible “the inarticulate” (Ascher 1974:11), the “endless silent majority who did not leave us written projections of their minds” (Glassie 1977: 29), or were not of interest to those who did construct an articulate record of their activities and interests. While this sells short the radical potential of history, it does foreground the important contribution that archaeology can make to the investigation of periods for which we have documentary records. It captures what I take to be the central challenge facing historical archaeologists in the 1990s: that of realizing, of exploiting more fully, the potential of archaeological evidence to counter what Glassie describes as “superficial and elitist… tale[s] of viciousness” … “myth[s] for the contemporary power structure” (Glassie 1977:29), which are by no means unique to history. Because these are tales specific to capitalist ideology, at once mediating and obscuring its contradictions, this is the challenge that defines a historical archaeology of capitalism.
Biochar as a growing media component for containerized production of Douglas-fir

In the inland northwestern United States (US), Douglas-fir artificial regeneration commonly includes growing seedlings in media containing sphagnum peat. Concerns over the sustainability of peat an...
A Systematic Method for Exploring Data Attributes in Preparation for Designing Tailored Infographics of Patient Reported Outcomes

Context: Tailored visualizations of patient reported outcomes (PROs) are valuable health communication tools to support shared decision making, health self-management, and engagement with research participants, such as cohorts in the NIH Precision Medicine Initiative. The automation of visualizations presents some unique design challenges. Efficient design processes depend upon gaining a thorough understanding of the data prior to prototyping. Case Description: We present a systematic method to exploring data attributes, with a specific focus on application to self-reported health data. The method entails a) determining the meaning of the variable to be visualized, b) identifying the possible and likely values, and c) understanding how values are interpreted. Findings: We present two case studies to illustrate how this method affected our design decisions particularly with respect to outlier and non-missing zero values. Major Themes: The use of a systematic method made our process of exploring data attributes easily manageable. The limitations of the data can narrow design options but can also prompt creative solutions and innovative design opportunities. Conclusion: A systematic method of exploration of data contributes to an efficient design process, uncovers design opportunities, and alerts the designer to design challenges.
Methods in Fungal Genetics

The myriad uses of filamentous and yeastlike fungi have spawned industry and investigation touching on every aspect of human endeavor. Much like the domestication of livestock and crop plants, humans have domesticated and improved fungi for specific and general use. In the modern biotechnological era, these improvements include strain characterization and standardization as well as strain improvement through genetic and molecular methods. Underpinning this improvement are biological materials whose shared use comprises a molecular toolkit for manipulation of filamentous fungi. These include various dominant and recessive selectable markers, gene targeting systems, protein expression and tagging vectors, and the mutated or engineered strains designed for these vectors. Some of these are based on features of the fungal lifestyle, while others were imported by analogy from bacterial, plant, or animal systems. Together they comprise a flexible and powerful molecular genetic framework for the development of highly productive strains and culture systems as fungi are used as foundations of the bio-economy of the twenty-first century.
Social Work, Direct Care Workers, and Family Care Provider Challenges: Crisis in Care

Social workers, direct care workers, and family caregivers are critical in ensuring health and well-being for older adults. With an aging population and an ongoing shortage of professionals focused on care of older adults, society and the caregiving community face unprecedented challenges in meeting the growing demand for high-quality care.
Health Information-Seeking Behaviors of Family Caregivers: Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey.

Background: The growing population of aging adults relies on informal caregivers to help meet their health care needs, get help with decision making, and gather health information. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine health information–seeking behaviors among caregivers and to identify caregiver characteristics that contribute to difficulty in seeking health information. Methods: Data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 5, Cycle 1 (N=3181) were used to compare health information seeking of caregivers (n=391) with noncaregivers (n=2790). Results: Caregivers sought health information for themselves and others using computers, smartphones, or other electronic means more frequently than noncaregivers. Caregivers born outside of the United States reported greater difficulty seeking health information (beta=.42; P=.02). Nonwhite caregivers (beta =−.33; P=.03), those with less education (beta =−.35; P=.02), those with private insurance (beta =−.37; P=.01), and those without a regular health care provider (beta =−.35; P=.01) had less confidence seeking health information. Caregivers with higher income had more confidence (beta =.12; P≤.001) seeking health information. Conclusions: This study highlights the prevalence of electronic means to find health information among caregivers. Notable differences in difficulty and confidence in health information seeking exist between caregivers, indicating the need for more attention to the socioeconomic status and caregivers born outside of the United States. Findings can guide efforts to optimize caregivers’ health information–seeking experiences.
Diagnostic utility of a portable multimodal microscope for malaria treatment at the point-of-care

Advances in consumer electronics and affordable high functioning optics have led to renewed interest in the development and application of portable microscopes for the remote diagnosis of diseases such as malaria. Indeed, better tools for malaria diagnosis are necessary to combat increasing rates of false-negative diagnosis and drug resistance. In this work, the capabilities and utility of a portable, multimodal microscopy system designed for malaria diagnosis are explored. The system, which combines off-the-shelf optical components with a Raspberry Pi for data collection and a microfluidic cartridge for sample preparation, is capable of capturing brightfield, fluorescent, and cross-polarized images of thin blood smears. Parameters for each imaging modality are defined and related to their potential diagnostic utility. Samples of Plasmodium falciparum cultures were stained either with fluorophores or with a dual Giemsa-fluorophore procedure and examined using the portable and gold-standard microscopes. Preliminary results indicate that the microscope is capable of nearly diffraction limited performance and can distinguish rings, trophozoites, and schizonts in fluorescence and brightfield modes along with hemozoin crystals in cross-polarized mode. Parasitemia measurements for simulated mixed-stage, severe infections show strong agreement with Giemsa-stained gold-standard measurements. If cost and durability limitations can be overcome, this microscopy system may be able to augment malaria-screening rapid diagnostic tests to enable the more precise distribution of antimalarial medications at the point-of-care.
Recent Economic Fluctuations and Stabilization Policies: An Optimal Control Approach

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights recent economic fluctuations and stabilization policies. In recent years, the development of macroeconometric models and the availability of computational algorithms have made optimal control theory, originally developed in electrical engineering, a possible means of economic policy evaluation. Given an econometric model that is a comprehensive representation of the economy and given an objective function that represents the targets and objectives of economic stabilization, the optimal values of policy variables in a given period of time can be obtained through model simulation techniques. The selection of the objective function is usually subjective and often arbitrary. The number of target variables, the number of policy variables, the magnitudes of their weights, and the length of the control period reflect the subjective decision of the policymaker. For discrete-time econometric models, the optimal control problems can be looked upon as problems in choosing variables to optimize the objective function.
The burden of rare protein-truncating genetic variants on human lifespan

Genetic predisposition is believed to contribute substantially to the age at which we die. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated more than 20 genetic loci to phenotypes related to human lifespan1. However, little is known about how lifespan is impacted by gene loss-of-function. Through whole-exome sequencing of 238,239 UK Biobank participants, we assessed the relevance of protein-truncating variant (PTV) gene burden on individual and parental survival. We identified exome-wide (P<2.5e-6) significant associations between BRCA2, BRCA1, TET2, PPM1D, LDLR, EML2 and DEDD2 PTV-burden with human lifespan. Gene and gene-set PTV-burden phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) further highlighted the roles of these genes in cancer and cardiovascular disease as relevant for overall survival. The overlap between PTV-burden and prior GWAS results was modest, underscoring the value of sequencing in well-powered cohorts to complement GWAS for identifying loci associated with complex traits and disease.
A Geometrical Approach to Classical Mechanics

Publisher Summary In Riemannian geometry, one studies natural paths called geodesies of a Riemannian manifold ( M , g ). The behavior of the geodesies is related to the Riemannian curvatures of the manifold. The chapter presents a geometrical approach to classical mechanics that exploits the relationship between geodesies and curvatures. The setting is a simple mechanical system ( M, K, V ), where M is a smooth manifold that represents the configuration space where the motion takes place. The tangent bundle of M , TM , is the phase space. The potential energy function V: M → R is simply a smooth function on M . The natural paths of a simple mechanical system, called physical paths, are those paths y ( t ) in M that satisfy Newton's law of motion. The chapter also reviews Riemannian curvatures relative to the h -Jacobi metric g h . These are called the h -mechanical curvatures of the simple mechanical system relative to the total energy value h . h -Jacobi metric is just a conform change of the Riemannian metric g .
Supporting Data Shuffle Between Threads in OpenMP

Both NVIDIA and AMD GPUs provide shuffle or permutation instructions to enable direct data movement between private registers of different threads. Since it doesn’t involve the shared memory or global memory on the device which are slower than direct register access, data shuffling provides opportunities of optimizing data copy to improve computing performance. However, shuffle is low-level primitive(warp- or lane-level for NVIDIA and AMD GPUs) for GPU programming. It requires advanced knowledge and skills to effectively use it. In this paper, we present two approaches of using shuffle in OpenMP, 1) a high performance runtime implementation of reduction clause using shuffle instruction; and 2) proposed shuffle extension to OpenMP to let users specify when and how the data should be moved between threads. Using sum reduction and 2D stencil as examples in our experiment, the shuffle implementation always delivers the best performance with up to 2.39x speedup compared with other high performance implementation. Compared with standard OpenMP offloading code for 2D stencil, our shuffle implementation delivers superior performance for as many as 25x better. We also provide study of simulated shuffle using shared memory on NVIDIA GPUs to demonstrate how to support this extension on hardware that has no native shuffle support.
Uses of Telehealth to Support Identification and Treatment of Health Disorders in the Criminal Justice System

Telehealth, the interactive, electronic exchange of information for diagnosis, treatment, support, or care management, is a critical component of many systems of care.1 The variety of telehealth uses, technologies, and approaches, when implemented successfully, can improve access to care and overcome typical geographic and workforce barriers.1 The opioid epidemic and recent social distancing requirements due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have prompted public safety, behavioral health, and other community partners to explore how telehealth can be used for identification and treatment of disorders in the criminal justice system. Telehealth offers an innovative strategy for intervention and treatment within the criminal justice system, which is greatly needed given the prevalence of justice-involved populations affected by opioid-use disorder. For one, it is costly to provide treatment and care to people who are incarcerated, and telehealth can help reduce that cost.2 Using telehealth to connect these people to providers can also help avoid resource-heavy and potentially dangerous transfers to care settings. In addition, a telehealth strategy can minimize the burden associated with recruiting and retaining healthcare providers on site, particularly behavioral health providers, who are often in short supply. Offering options virtually is one way to ameliorate organizational challenges. Services that can be provided via telehealth include inpatient and outpatient medical services, behavioral health, physical and occupational therapy, disaster management, health education,1 and coordination of care support for inmates, providers, and officials. Telehealth can also be used to facilitate release of inmates by connecting people who are in prison or jail with community-based services before release.
Design optimization of sub-5 nm node nanosheet field effect transistors to minimize self-heating effects

In this work, self-heating effects (SHE) in nanometer-scale metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor structures—namely, FinFETs (FFs), nanosheet gate-all-around FETs (NSFs), and nanowire gate-all-around FETs (GAAFs)—are investigated via three-dimensional device electrothermal simulations using technology computer-aided design software tools. Initially, transistor design parameter values are set so that their on-state currents are similar for the same operating voltage (VDD). It is found that NSFs and GAAFs are more susceptible to SHE and that p-channel transistors have higher peak internal temperatures than do their n-channel counterparts due to the poor thermal conductivity of the silicon-germanium used as the p-type source/drain material. Subsequently, the on-state currents of FFs, NSFs, and GAAFs are compared under the constraint of identical peak internal temperature, which is required to ensure long-term reliability, revealing that NSFs and GAAFs offer no performance advantage over FFs under this constraint. Design optimization of p-channel NSFs for minimal SHE is subsequently investigated. It is found that with such optimization, NSFs operating at lower VDD (for similar SHE) can achieve similar on-state current as FFs.
Commemorating Historically Significant Gay Places Across the United States

The stories of gay spaces across the United States are largely unrecorded, undocumented, and are not centrally collected or archived beyond informal reports and oral histories. Evidence demonstrates that the preservation of historic sites allows for future generations to benefit from intangibles related to community and identity. However, the LGBTQ+ community has been unable to gain benefits that place-based, historic sites can provide, due to an inability to commemorate spaces that have shaped LGBTQ+ history in significant ways. This chapter explores the disparities between the preservation and commemoration of significant LGBTQ+ spaces and the amount of funding distributed to these sites. As of 2016, LGBTQ+ sites comprised only 0.08 percent of the 2,500 U.S. National Historic Landmarks and 0.005 percent of the more than 90,000 places listed in the National Register of Historic Places. This representation is well short of the share of American adults that identify as LGBTQ+ , which in 2017 was approximately five percent of the United States population. In 2010 the Administration of President Barack Obama launched the LGBTQ Heritage Initiative under the National Historic Landmarks Program. This effort underscored a broader commitment to include historically underrepresented groups, including LGBTQ+ individuals. As a result, LGBTQ+ communities became eligible to receive funding for projects through the Underrepresented Community Grant Program. An analysis of the distribution of Underrepresented Community Grant Program funds revealed that the LGBTQ+ community receives considerably less funding compared to other underrepresented communities. The findings from this study suggest that there is still a significant amount of work that remains to be done to integrate LGBTQ+ histories into historic preservation programs that exist at various levels of programming (local, state, and federal).
Perspectives of hospital leaders and staff on patient education for the prevention of healthcare-associated infections.

Objective Device-related healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), are largely preventable. However, there is little evidence of standardized approaches to educate patients about how they can help prevent these infections. We examined the perspectives of hospital leaders and staff about patient education for CAUTI and CLABSI prevention to understand the challenges to patient education and the opportunities for improvement. Methods In total, 471 interviews were conducted with key informants across 18 hospitals. Interviews were analyzed deductively and inductively to identify themes around the topic of patient education for infection prevention. Results Participants identified patient education topics specific to CAUTI and CLABSI prevention, including the risks of indwelling urinary catheters and central lines, the necessity of hand hygiene, the importance of maintenance care, and the support to speak up. Challenges, such as lack of standardized education, and opportunities, such as involvement of patient and family advisory groups, were also identified regarding patient education for CAUTI and CLABSI prevention. Conclusions Hospital leaders and staff identified patient education topics, and ways to deliver this information, that were important in the prevention of CAUTIs and CLABSIs. By identifying both challenges and opportunities related to patient education, our results provide guidance on how patient education for infection prevention can be further improved. Future work should evaluate the implementation of standardized approaches to patient education to better understand the potential impact of these strategies on the reduction of HAIs.
Metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome is like an elephant, and any literary review of its importance is shamefully reduced to an examination of tusks, trunk, and tail. Evidence continues to mount that this diminutive approach is an incorrect management strategy for such a large problem. Diet and lifestyle are effective strategies, but they must effectively compete with behaviors that have instant gratification. Our society has turned its focus away from the long-term rewards of good sustainable behaviors and has instead focused on short-term rewards of unsustainable behaviors. To tame the behaviors that promote the metabolic syndrome, simple answers from diet and drug therapy will require support from society to be effective.
Seizures' impact on cognition and quality of life in childhood cancer survivors

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the impact of seizure-related factors on neurocognitive, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and social outcomes in survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS Survivors of childhood cancer treated at St. Jude Children's Hospital (n = 2022; 48.3% female; median age, 31.5 years; median time since diagnosis, 23.6 years) completed neurocognitive testing and questionnaires. The presence, severity, resolution, and treatment history of seizures were abstracted from medical records. Adjusting for the age at diagnosis, sex, and prior cancer therapy, multivariable models examined the impact of seizures on neurocognitive and HRQOL outcomes. Mediation analyses were conducted for social outcomes. RESULTS Seizures were identified in 232 survivors (11.5%; 29.9% of survivors with central nervous system [CNS] tumors and 9.0% of those without CNS tumors). In CNS tumor survivors, seizures were associated with poorer executive function and processing speed (P < .02); in non-CNS tumor survivors, seizures were associated with worse function in every domain (P < .05). Among non-CNS survivors, seizure severity was associated with worse processing speed (P = .023), and resolution was associated with better executive function (P = .028) and attention (P = .044). In CNS survivors, seizure resolution was associated with improved attention (P = .047) and memory (P < .02). Mediation analysis revealed that the impact of seizures on social outcomes was mediated by neurocognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Seizures in cancer survivors adversely affect long-term functional and psychosocial outcomes independently of cancer therapy. The resolution of seizure occurrence is associated with better outcomes. Seizure severity is associated with poorer outcomes and should be a focus of clinical management and patient education.
Democracy, Law and Global Finance: An example of a research agenda for a new practice of law and economics

Finance has become more a problem than a solution to what the world most wants: socially inclusive economic growth. It has become a source of crises that threaten the development of the real economy. It has escaped accountability to democratic institutions and often helped, instead, to influence and corrupt them. Its potential to contribute to broad-based opportunity-expanding growth has been largely and massively squandered. In this piece and in a developing body of writing, I seek to understand not only how this failure manifests itself in some of the major countries and regions of the world, but also, how it can be corrected. One of the positive programmatic outcomes should be a toolbox of legal-institutional arrangements to use and organize finance in the service of socially inclusive growth. These innovations do not amount to a confining, universal blueprint. They are nevertheless applicable, with suitable adjustments, to a wide range of contemporary economies. Moreover, we can develop them with conceptual and institutional materials that are already at hand, in contemporary experience. To identify these resources for legal and institutional innovation through comparative analysis, thus forms another goal of the intellectual agenda.My method of analysis gives pride of place to institutional alternatives and innovations, expressed in the detailed materials of law. It is comparative law turned into a practice of micro-institutional analysis. We expand our sense of institutional alternatives as we begin to grasp the institutional variations already at hand. From small variations, we may begin to imagine larger variations, informed and inspired by a progressive programmatic imagination.
Access to Justice

1. Equal Justice Under Law: The Gap between Principle and Practice 2. Litigation and Its Discontents: Too Much Law for Those Who Can Afford It, Too Little for Everyone Else 3. Historical Perspectives: Legal Rights and Social Wrongs 4. Access to What? Law without Lawyers and New Models of Legal Assistance 5. Locked In and Locked Out: The Legal Needs of Low-Income Communities 6. Presumed Guilty: Class Injustice in Criminal Justice 7. Pro Bono in Principle and in Practice 8. A Roadmap for Reform
Specific Binding of Luteinizing Hormone to Leydig Tumor Cells

Abstract A radioimmunoassay was used to detect luteinizing hormone (LH) bound to washed Leydig tumor cells. Tumor cell suspensions were incubated with LH at 37° and washed repeatedly by centrifugation with isotonic 0.9% NaCl solution. The tumor cells contained large quantities of LH even after they were washed sufficiently to produce a 106-fold dilution of unbound LH. Six washings (106-fold dilution) were no more effective in removing LH from the cells than three washings (103-fold dilution). Binding was not influenced by the temperature at which the cells were washed. The extent of LH binding was related to the number of cells, with approximately 5300 ± 960 molecules of LH bound per cell. LH binding was also proportional to the same concentrations of LH which produced a steroidogenic dose response curve. The binding constant of 1.5 x 10-8 m was considered to be higher than that expected for nontumorous tissues. Tumor cells bound more LH than did erythrocytes or thymocytes under the same conditions.
Computational optimization of RF and overall efficiency in TWTs with simulated annealing

Summary form only given. An RF phase velocity taper in the output section of a TWT slow-wave circuit is commonly used to increase RF power efficiency. In order to determine the optimal phase velocity profile, a simulated annealing algorithm has been developed and coded into the NASA 2.5-Dimensional TWT Computer Model. The advantage of simulated annealing over most optimization techniques is that it allows a solution to escape from a local extremum towards the ultimate global optimum. With the incorporation of this algorithm, the model can now be used to optimize any calculated output characteristic in terms of any combination of input parameters. The algorithm was first tested on a paper design for a 60-GHz coupled-cavity TWT. The lengths of the cavities at the end of the output section were optimized for center-frequency RF efficiency. The resulting nonlinear taper showed a computed increase in efficiency form 7.2% to 13.5%.
Buying Support and Buying Time: The Effect of Regime Consolidation on Public Goods Provision

History provides many examples of benevolent dictators who become increasingly repressive and new democracies that take years to improve public welfare. I account for this temporal variation in public goods provision by considering how regime consolidation changes leaders’ incentives to provide public goods. To stay in office, all leaders must maintain a sufficient level of support from those possessing the power to replace the leader via institutional processes. Leaders of unconsolidated regimes face additional threats posed by viable extra-institutional challengers, such as coup plotters and revolutionaries. Tests on public goods spanning political freedoms, government expenditures, education, and health generally suggest leaders’ incentives for public goods provision change as regime consolidation insulates leaders from these extra-institutional threats to power. Regimes with inclusive institutions spend more on public goods as they consolidate and become less vulnerable to elite demands. Exclusive regimes spend more on public goods when they are vulnerable to the excluded masses, but become increasingly repressive as they become insulated from popular uprisings. Consequently, consolidation magnifies the positive effect of democracy on public goods provision. These findings have important implications for the literatures on public goods provision and regime survival.
60-Hz frequency effect on gait in Parkinson's disease with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation.

Background Gait dysfunction is common in advancing Parkinson’s disease and has a disappointing response to dopamine replacement and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation programming parameters. Low frequency stimulation, less than 130 Hertz in combination with increased voltage has been shown to decrease freezing episodes and number of steps with little impact on overall performance measured by the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. This was in the setting of delivering the same total energy, which required both a change in voltage, and frequency. We wanted to determine if the benefit came from low frequency alone.