cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chlordimeform on heart rate and body temperature of unanesthetized, unrestrained rats.

Abstract Heart rate (HR) and body core temperature (Tco) were monitored in unanesthetized, unrestrained adult Sprague-Dawley rats following intraperitoneal administration of 0, 10, 30, or 60 mg kg of the pesticide chlordimeform (CDM). Significant non-dose-related decreases were observed in both HR and Tco in all treated groups. Although similar in character, the HR response observed in the present study was of a lesser magnitude than that which was reported in previous studies from this laboratory using anesthetized animals in which Tco was maintained at control levels. It is proposed that the attenuation of the toxic response seen in the present study may be causally related to the concomitant decrease in Tco.
Acculturation Indices as a Means of Confirming Cultural Differences

Abstract The acculturation of subjects from culture A to culture B can take three forms: the more acculturated subjects may make responses that are similar to the responses made by subjects from culture B (accommodation). The y may go beyond Bs position (overshooting). and they may move in the opposite direction from the position of the members of culture B (ethnic affirmation). The paper presents three sets of data concerning elements of subjective culture (role perceptions, behavioral intentions, and stereotypes), with subjects speaking Spanish and residing in the U.S. who are at three levels of acculturation. The data show that role perceptions and behavioral intentions are characterized mostly by accommodation. while stereotypes are characterized mostly by ethnic affirmation. A theoretical explanation of this pattern of results is that elements of subjective culture are linked to overt behavior both directly and indirectly. As members of culture A acculturate to culture B, their behavior becomes simil...
ACE2, an activator of yeast metallothionein expression which is homologous to SWI5.

Abstract Transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein gene CUP1 is induced in response to high environmental levels of copper. Induction requires the ACE1 gene product, which binds to specific sites in the promoter region of the CUP1 gene. In this study, we found that deleting the entire coding sequence of the ACE1 gene resulted in a decrease in basal-level transcription of CUP1 to low but detectable levels and conferred a copper-sensitive phenotype to the cells. We have isolated a gene, designated ACE2, which when present on a high-copy-number plasmid suppresses the copper-sensitive phenotype of an ace1-deletion strain. The presence of multiple copies of the ACE2 gene enhanced expression of an unlinked CUP1-lacZ fusion integrated in the yeast genome and resulted in an increase in the steady-state levels of CUP1 mRNA in an ace1-deletion background. A large deletion of the coding region of the genomic copy of ACE2 resulted in a decrease in steady-state levels of CUP1 mRNA, indicating that ACE2 plays a role in regulating basal-level expression of CUP1. The ACE2 open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 770 amino acids, with putative zinc finger structures near the carboxyl terminus. This protein is 37% identical to the SWI5 gene product, an activator of HO gene transcription in S. cerevisiae, suggesting that ACE2 and SWI5 may have functional similarities.
Neural network analysis of complex traits.

Neural networks are capable of simultaneously analyzing multiple loci at one time in order to identify patterns of loci involved in complex traits. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flat bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) intercepted at United States ports of entry.

Abstract. The flat bugs (Hemiptera: Aradidae) are primarily mycophagous, and some species may pose a threat to cultivated mushrooms. In addition, at least one species feeds on living plant tissue. For this reason, they are potentially of economic significance. Their identification below family level is sometimes difficult, partly due to the scattered nature of the literature. We present a list of the aradids intercepted at United States Ports of Entry from 1992 to March 2013. In addition, we provide keys and diagnoses for the identification of aradid subfamilies and the intercepted, reportable genera of the Aradidae.
AN INTRASPECIFIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER DIVERGENCE BETWEEN SYMPATRIC SPECIES

Although sympatric character divergence between closely related species has been described in a wide variety of taxa, the evolutionary processes responsible for generating these patterns are difficult to identify. One hypothesis that can explain sympatric differences is ecological character displacement: the sympatric origin of morphologically divergent phenotypes in response to selection caused by interspecific competition. Alternatively, populations may adapt to different conditions in allopatry, with sympatric distributions evolving through selective colonization and proliferation of ecologically compatible phenotypes. In this study, I characterize geographic variation within two sibling species of rocky-shore gastropods that have partially overlapping distributions in central California. In sympatry, both Nucella emarginata and N. ostrina show significant differences in shell shape and shell ornamentation that together suggest that where the two species co-exist, divergent phenotypes arose as an evolutionary consequence of competition. To examine the evolutionary origins of divergent characters in sympatry, I used a comparative method based on spatial autocorrelation to remove the portion of the phenotypic variance among populations that is explained by genetic distance (using mitochondrial DNA sequences and allozyme frequency data). Because the remaining portion of the phenotypic variance represents the independent divergence of individual populations, a significant sympatric difference in the corrected dataset provides evidence of true character displacement: significant sympatric character evolution that is independent of population history. After removal of genetic distance effects in Nucella, shell shape differences remain statistically significant in N. emarginata, providing evidence of significant sympatric character divergence. However, for external shell ornamentation in both species and shell shape in N. ostrina, the significance of sympatric differences is lost in the corrected dataset, indicating that colonization events and gene flow have played important roles in the evolutionary history of character divergence in sympatry. Although the absence of a widely dispersing planktonic larva in the life cycle of Nucella will promote local adaptation, the results here indicate that once advantageous traits arise, demographic processes, such as recurrent gene flow between established populations and extinction and recolonization, are important factors contributing to the geographic pattern of sympatric character divergence.
The Social Network Ties of Group Leaders: Implications for Group Performance and Leader Reputation

This paper uses data from the sales division of a financial services firm to investigate how a leader's centrality in external and internal social networks is related to the objective performance of the leader's group, and to the leader's personal reputation for leadership among subordinates, peers, and supervisors. External social network ties were based on the friendship ties among all 88 of the division's sales group leaders and the 10 high-ranking supervisors to whom they reported. Internal social network ties consisted of 28 separate networks, each representing the set of friendship relations among all members of a given sales group. Objective group performance data came directly from company records. Data on each group leader's personal reputation for leadership was based on the perceptions of three different constituencies: subordinates, peers, and supervisors. Results revealed that leaders' centrality in external and internal friendship networks was related both to objective measures of group performance and to their reputation for leadership among different organizational constituencies.
Mass transport through polycrystalline microstructures

Mass transport properties are important in polycrystalline materials used as protective films. Traditionally, such properties have been studied by examining model polycrystalline structures, such as a regular array of straight grain boundaries. However, these models do not account for a number of features of real grain ensembles, including the grain size distribution and variations in grain shape. In this study, a finite difference scheme is developed to study transient and steady-state mass transport through realistic two dimensional polycrystalline microstructures. Comparisons with the transport properties of traditional model microstructures provide regimes of applicability of such models. The effects of microstructural parameters such as average grain size are examined.
Integer programming approach to printed circuit board assembly time optimization

A printed circuit board (PCB) assembly task requires that a set of components be picked from their respective pickup locations and then be placed at their respective placement locations on the card being assembled. A pick-and-place robot is used for automated assembly of PCB's. The overall assembly time depends on two different decision variables: (i) the pickup locations of the components (in general there are several alternative pickup locations available, whereas the placement location of components is fixed and is determined by the card being assembled), and (ii) the sequence in which the pickup and placement of components is performed. In this paper, we develop a technique based on integer programming to determine both an optimal assignment of pickup locations as well as an optimal sequence of pickup and placements of the components. We demonstrate that the overall optimization problem is an instance of linear integer programming, and hence it is computationally intractable. We obtain near optimal solutions-that are computationally tractable-using the techniques of (i) minimum weight matching for determining an optimal assignment of pickup locations, and (ii) traveling salesman problem for determining an optimum sequence of pickups and placements. Near optimal solutions provide an upper bound for the optimal assembly time; we consider a linear programming relaxation of the problem to obtain a lower bound for the optimal assembly time. The gap between the upper bound and the lower bound provides a measure of closeness of near optimal solutions to an optimal one. Finally, we use simulations to compare the saving in overall assembly time using the techniques developed here and some of the techniques that are currently in use in industrial settings. >
Damsels in Discourse: Girls Consuming and Producing Identity Texts Through Disney Princess Play

This is the postprint, author's accepted manuscript version of this article after peer review.
Wavevector space method and its application to the optics near an exciton resonance

Abstract The transmission/reflection problem of optics near a Frenkel exciton resonance (the so-called additional boundary condition or ABC problem) is reexamined from an entirely new k-space treatment that uses no boundary conditions. We show for the first time that the truly macroscopic nonlocal susceptibility must contain surface terms that previous macroscopic theories are incapable of including. We obtain a different solution to the problem, show the importance of the surface layer to a Frenkel exciton, and derive the ABC needed for a macroscopic real space approach.
Anechoic sphere phantoms for estimating 3-D resolution of very-high-frequency ultrasound scanners

Two phantoms have been constructed for assessing performance of high-frequency ultrasound imagers. They also allow for periodic quality assurance tests and training technicians in the use of higher-frequency scanners. The phantoms contain eight blocks of tissue-mimicking material; each block contains a spatially random distribution of suitably small anechoic spheres having a small distribution of diameters. The eight mean sphere diameters are distributed from 0.10 to 1.09 mm. The two phantoms differ primarily in terms of the frequency dependence of the backscatter coefficient of the background material. Because spheres have no preferred orientation, all three (spatial) dimensions of resolution contribute to sphere detection on an equal basis; thus, the resolution is termed 3-D. Two high-frequency scanners are compared. One employs single-element (fixed focus) transducers (25 and 55 MHz), and the other employs variable focus linear arrays (20, 30, and 40 MHz). The depth range for detection of spheres of each size is determined corresponding to determination of 3-D resolution as a function of depth. As expected, the single-element transducers are severely limited in useful imaging depth ranges compared with the linear arrays. In this preliminary report, only one human observer analyzed images.
Functional genomics annotation of a statistical epistasis network associated with bladder cancer susceptibility

Several different genetic and environmental factors have been identified as independent risk factors for bladder cancer in population-based studies. Recent studies have turned to understanding the role of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in determining risk. We previously developed the bioinformatics framework of statistical epistasis networks (SEN) to characterize the global structure of interacting genetic factors associated with a particular disease or clinical outcome. By applying SEN to a population-based study of bladder cancer among Caucasians in New Hampshire, we were able to identify a set of connected genetic factors with strong and significant interaction effects on bladder cancer susceptibility. To support our statistical findings using networks, in the present study, we performed pathway enrichment analyses on the set of genes identified using SEN, and found that they are associated with the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, a component of tobacco smoke. We further carried out an mRNA expression microarray experiment to validate statistical genetic interactions, and to determine if the set of genes identified in the SEN were differentially expressed in a normal bladder cell line and a bladder cancer cell line in the presence or absence of benzo[a]pyrene. Significant nonrandom sets of genes from the SEN were found to be differentially expressed in response to benzo[a]pyrene in both the normal bladder cells and the bladder cancer cells. In addition, the patterns of gene expression were significantly different between these two cell types. The enrichment analyses and the gene expression microarray results support the idea that SEN analysis of bladder in population-based studies is able to identify biologically meaningful statistical patterns. These results bring us a step closer to a systems genetic approach to understanding cancer susceptibility that integrates population and laboratory-based studies.
Kinematically redundant manipulators: The hyperbolic behavior of the singularly perturbed necessary conditions

An examination is made of the nature of continuation methods associated with integral optimal redundancy resolution. The goal is to reduce the computational requirements for the solution of the problem as well as to study the convergence behavior afforded by a continuation method. A differential equation describing the variation in the solution with epsilon is obtained. It is shown that under relatively mild conditions the continued solution exists for parameter values near the starting point of the method, but that the differential equations determining the curve are stiff and as such may be difficult to integrate numerically. Using the theory of exponential dichotomies, a transformation that permits the stable numerical integration of an approximation to these equations in the vicinity of epsilon =0 is obtained. >
The prognostic impact of worsening renal function in Japanese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Background The prognostic impact of worsening renal function (WRF) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients is not fully understood in Japanese clinical practice, and clinical implication of persistent versus transient WRF in ACS patients is also unclear. Methods With a single hospital-based cohort in the Shinken database 2004–2012 ( n = 19,994), we followed 604 ACS patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). WRF was defined as an increase in creatinine during hospitalization of ≥0.3 mg/dl above admission value. Persistent WRF was defined as an increase in creatinine during hospitalization of ≥0.3 mg/dl above admission value and maintained until discharge, whereas transient WRF was defined as that WRF resolved at hospital discharge. Results WRF occurred in 78 patients (13%), persistent WRF 35 patients (6%) and transient WRF 43 patients (7%). WRF patients were older and had a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease, history of myocardial infarction (MI), and ST elevation MI. WRF was associated with elevated inflammatory markers and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction in acute, chronic phase. Incidence of all-cause death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE: all-cause death, MI, and target lesion revascularization) was significantly higher in patients with WRF. Moreover, in the WRF group, incidences of all-cause death and MACE were higher in patients with persistent WRF than those with transient WRF. A multivariate analysis showed that as well as older age, female gender, and intubation, WRF was an independent determinant of the all-cause death in ACS patients who underwent PCI. Conclusions In conclusion, WRF might have a prognostic impact among Japanese ACS patients who underwent PCI in association with enhanced inflammatory response and LV remodeling. Persistent WRF might portend increased events, while transient WRF might have association with favorable outcomes compared with persistent WRF.
Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in the partisan polarization of the American electorate. Scholarly investigation of this topic has coincided with the media’s portrayal of a polity deeply divided along partisan lines. Yet little research so far has considered the consequences of the media’s coverage of political polarization. We show that media coverage of polarization increases citizens’ beliefs that the electorate is polarized. Furthermore, the media’s depiction of a polarized electorate causes voters to moderate their own issue positions but increases their dislike of the opposing party. These empirical patterns are consistent with our theoretical argument that polarized exemplars in journalistic coverage serve as anti-cues to media consumers. Our findings have important implications for understanding current and future trends in political polarization.
Optimization in Function Spaces

This chapter discusses the basic concepts of functional analysis. The general theory of optimization forms an important area of functional analysis. Many results in statistical theory require the justification for existence of optima in fairly general abstract spaces. For example, the method of obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for probability density functions needs optimization over the space of functions that forms a subset of a Hilbert space. Similarly, solution of moment problems may need optimization over the class of cumulative distribution functions, which may form a subset of a Banach space. Many problems in statistics need optimization of special type of functionals. For example, problems of finding optima of integrals involving unknown functions have been studied through the calculus of variations. The natural generalization of Euclidean space is to metric spaces, where the concept of distance is generalized to that of a metric. Further generalization of metric spaces is made to topological spaces, where the concept of neighborhood is defined in terms of open sets.
Values of Theta—Functions

For the convenience of the reader we briefly review here some definitions from earlier chapters.
Multi-dimensional dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a laser speckle: Ion acoustic wave bowing, breakup, and laser-seeded two-ion-wave decay

Two- and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS) in laser speckle geometry have been analyzed to evaluate the relative importance of competing nonlinear processes in the evolution and saturation of SBS. It is found that ion-trapping-induced wavefront bowing and breakup of ion acoustic waves(IAW) and the associated side-loss of trapped ions dominate electron-trapping-induced IAW wavefront bowing and breakup, as well as the two-ion-wave decay instability over a range of ZTe/Ti conditions and incident laser intensities. In the simulations, the latter instability does not govern the nonlinear saturation of SBS; however, evidence of two-ion-wave decay is seen, appearing as a modulation of the ion acoustic wavefronts. This modulation is periodic in the laser polarization plane, anti-symmetric across the speckle axis, and of a wavenumber matching that of the incident laser pulse. A simple analytic model is provided for how spatial “imprinting” from a high frequency inhomogeneity (in this case, the density modulation from the laser) in an unstable system with continuum eigenmodes can selectively amplify modes with wavenumbers that match that of the inhomogeneity.
The Fast Sol-Gel Synthetic Route to Supported Glass Films: Synthetic Features, Scope, Applications and Mechanistic Studies

The fast sol-gel synthetic route to glass films is facilitated by a solvent-free reaction of trialkoxysilane monomers at 60–80°C and near-stoichiometric water-to-siloxane ratios. The viscous polymer formed within several minutes is spin-cast onto a support (typical thickness 10–25µm), cured within a few hours at 60–70°C or 10–40 min. under an intense electric field at room temperature, and can be characterized on the same day. Multi-layered glass-film assemblies of varying indices of refraction and a total thickness up to 80µm are prepared by the same fast process with slight modifications. Guest molecules such as laser dyes for 2D lasers and chromophores for second-harmonic-generation are incorporated into these glass films at high concentrations by direct addition to the reaction mixture. Their absorbance and fluorescence spectra are typical of monomeric chromophores up to concentrations of ∼10-2M. Crystallites that may appear at higher concentrations exhibit unusual polymorphism. The smoothness of such films enables surface anchoring of iso-environment photoactive molecules and investigation of their photophysics. 29Si-NMR studies of the hydrolysis pattern in our acid-catalyzed fast sol-gel reaction prove that uniform hydrolysis of the monomer, necessary for a single-phase polymerization, is attained only when the hydrolysis is fast enough to become kinetically controlled, e.g. at elevated temperature or at high acid-concentration. Our reaction pattern and the data of others can be interpreted in terms of a single mechanism of hydrolysis in which two different rate-determining-steps can prevail, depending predominantly on the reactivity of the alkoxysilane and the ratio of the acid-catalyst to the (apparently-inert) proton-binding solvent.
Spin-Lattice Relaxation Times of Cu 2 + in CuS O 4 ·5 H 2 O and Yb 3 + in Ca F 2 by Nuclear Dynamic Polarization

Dynamic polarization of protons in CuS${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}5${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O-doped ZnS${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}7${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ nuclei in ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$-doped calcium fluoride (trigonal sites) has been observed in the range 1.6-4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Concentration, temperature, and microwave-power dependencies of the polarization and relaxation times of the nuclei are measured, and these dependencies are deduced for the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ electron relaxation times. Copper electrons are found to relax mainly by the direct process, but the Orbach process is observed for ytterbium electrons above the range 3.6-4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Below this range, the direct process predominates. All samples indicate spin-diffusion-limited processes. A general expression is derived for the Orbach process of a Kramer's salt; it is applied to ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ and compared with the values deduced from the measurements. The wave functions of the ground states of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ in a trigonal site are calculated from ESR measurements and used in the above analysis. The first excited orbital-level splitting of ytterbium is calculated from the temperature at which the Orbach process relaxation rate becomes greater than that of the direct process. A lower bound for this splitting is obtained for copper.
Insecticide Resistance in Bracon mellitor a Parasite of the Boll Weevil

The potential resistance to insecticides of Bracon mellitor Say was determined by treating each of 5 test groups for 5 or more generations with an organic insecticide commonly used for the control of cotton insects. Four fold increases in tolerance were noted in groups treated with DDT, carbaryl, and methyl parathion. A group treated with equal parts of DDT and toxaphene had resistance 8 times that of the original generation. Only a group treated with toxaphene alone showed no significant increase in tolerance. The results demonstrated that the parasite has a mechanism for developing resistance to insecticides.
Dietary intake in an older urban population.

We have a unique opportunity to examine whether the reported eating patterns of a biracial population of older adults meet the recommendations reported in this journal (Russell et al. 1999), known as the Modified Food Pyramid for 70 Adults. The dietary information is from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), a population-based study of residents aged $65 y, living on the south side of Chicago. During 1996 to 1999, diet was assessed on the entire CHAP population, including 1880 African-American and 1488 Caucasian participants in the 70-y age range targeted in the Modified Food Pyramid. The dietary instrument is a modified version of the Harvard food-frequency questionnaire (Morris et al. 1998, Rockett et al. 1995) and contains questions on usual consumption of 139 food items and vitamin supplements over the last year. In Table 1, we describe the proportion of CHAP participants who meet the recommendations advocated by Russell et al. (1999). Twenty percent (20%) of the CHAP population consumed the recommended number of 6 servings/d of grains, nearly 30% consumed 3 servings/d of vegetables, and 50% consumed .2 daily servings of fruit. A greater proportion of Caucasian than African-American participants satisfied the fruit and vegetable goals. Only 6.9% of CHAP participants consumed $3 servings of milk/d, and 18.7% consumed 2 daily servings of meat. Fewer African-Americans than Caucasians met the recommendation for milk, and fewer women than men of both races met the daily meat recommendation. Reported use of the dietary supplements, vitamin D (0.5%), calcium (9.7%) and vitamin B-12 (1.2%), was low overall, and higher among Caucasians relative to African-Americans. Only 10.5% of the population reported consuming $8 glasses of water/d, and African-Americans were nearly twice as likely as Caucasians to meet this recommendation. Dietary intake in this older urban population falls far short of the recommendations of the Modified Food Pyramid for adults of 70 y. The CHAP study will be able to assess the relative importance of these dietary recommendations to the risk and prevention of chronic disease in older populations.
Characteristics and follow- up analysis of 27 cases with HIV antibody indeterminate- result

Objective To discusse HIV antibody indeterminate results and follow- up features,reveal the WB validation test problems,and put forward the measures of improvement. Methods Retrospective analysis and evaluation of antibody screening,subjects retested and various type of WB test judge HIV antibody indeterminate results. Results Among 27 cases of HIV antibody indeterminate,the population distribution had both the general and high risk population. S / CO value from high to low was distributed,the S / CO value was between 0 ~ 2. 9 more,accounted for 77. 78%. The other 2 patients with S / CO ≥ 6 samples WB were negative. HIV positive S / CO value cannot be used as a basis for judging the positive confirmation. Antibody indeterminate samples with type WB with a single P24 belt type was the most,accounting for 59. 3%,which was the WB test false positive factors. Conclusion Factors causing HIV antibody indeterminate results were diverse. Strengthening the quality control of laboratory and following up,the cases,when necessary,should be combined with other detection and epidemiological survey results,so as to make accurate diagnosis.
Frege on Mathematical Progress

Frege claims that mathematical theories are collections of thoughts, and that scientific continuity turns on thought-identity. This essay explores the difficulties posed for this conception of mathematics by the conceptual development canonically involved in mathematical progress. The central difficulties are (i) that mathematical development often involves sufficient conceptual progress that mature versions of theories do not involve easily-recognizable synonyms of their earlier versions, and (ii) that the introduction of new elements in the domains of mathematical theories would seem to conflict with Frege’s view that the original theories involved determinate reference. It is argued here that the difficulties apparently posed to Frege’s central views stem from an overly-simple view of Frege’s understanding of mathematical objects and of reference. The positive view recommended is one on which Frege’s view of mathematical theories is largely consistent with, and helps make sense of, the phenomenon of theoretical unity across conceptual development.
Surgical approaches for the performance of surface replacement arthroplasties.

SUMMARY The potential advantages and disadvantages of each of the four commonly used surgical approaches in the performance of surface replacement arthroplasty are outlined in Table 1. It is important that a few principles concerning the performance of a surface replacement arthroplasty be kept in mind when selecting the surgical approach. First, surface replacement arthroplasty is an exacting procedure that leaves very little room for error. The components must be placed precisely to guarantee firm fixation and to avoid impingement. Adequate exposure of the proximal femur and acetabulum is essential and, in my view, is the single most important requirement for the performance of a successful surface replacement arthroplasty. The relatively thin acetabular shell must be completely encased within the bony acetabulum. This is only possible if one obtains a complete exposure of the acetabulum. Proper orientation of the femoral component and complete seating of the prosthesis on the prepared head are essential and can be achieved only when one has a full exposure of the proximal femur. Excess acrylic cannot be allowed to protrude from the base of the femoral component onto the femoral neck. Abutment will occur and the components may loosen or the acrylic may fragment within the joint. A complete view of the edges of the femoral and acetabular components is necessary to avoid these complications. Second, injury to the blood supply of the femoral head and neck may occur in either of two ways: (1) the surgical exposure can lead to damage of the posterior retinacular and/or medial femoral circumflex vessels, or (2) the use of a cylindrical femoral prosthesis may result in stripping of the retinaculum when the marginal osteophytes are removed. Vascular damage, which can result from the surgical exposure, may be minimized if (1) the posterior capsule is incised close to the acetabulum, (2) the retinaculum is not stripped, and (3) a large trochanteric osteotomy is avoided. The surface replacement prostheses can be inserted using any of the surgical approaches that have been described. The selection of the components should be based upon a consideration of the factors related to component fixation and upon an awareness that the use of cylindrical femoral prostheses endangers the retinacular blood supply, regardless of the surgical approach that is used. Component selection may, therefore, require a determination by the surgeon of which factors — fixation by press-fit of the prosthesis or preservation of retinacular blood supply — are most important to the long-term success of a surface replacement arthroplasty.
Expenditures and Revenue of Alexander the Great’s Expedition

The philosophy (science) of Oeconomicos and economic policy were developed by Xenophon in Ancient Greece. Alexander the Great was living a little later in the 4th century B.C. and he is known globally as a great Greek (Hellen) general and civilizer; but, he was also, an excellent economist by managing the economy of his wars, his enormous campaign from North Greece to India, and exercising an efficient and effective public policy for his Empire. He had shown management capabilities, with rates of salaries, health and welfare, building projects, supplies, transports, reforms of the tax system, indirect taxes and donations, loans, minting of coins (currency), even controlling financial scandals and other information useful for our policy makers, today. The purpose of the paper is to measure his expenditures, revenues, and budgets by using the weights of gold and silver coins and determine and compare prices with today dollar prices of precious metals by taking these information from different historians of his time. Alexander economic policy with its surpluses is very useful for our current leaders and scholars. Also, the history and the role of this extraordinary man and of the Greek language in a divine plan, for a revolted and deluded creation and humanity to be in a position to understand and accept the revelation, which Greeks were expecting since 5th century B.C. (the Golden Century of Athens), is discussed extensively
The Use of Information Systems in Dutch General Hospitals

In the second half of 1984 a survey on the use of information systems in general hospitals was held. No less than 97% of the hospitals participated in the survey. The purpose of the survey was double: to provide Dutch hospitals with information on available information (sub) systems and to gain a deeper understanding in existing gaps in the supply of information systems. The resulting overall-view allows a connection between historical developments and the status quo in this field and at the other hand identifiable general trends in automation.
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for cinnamic acid determination and its use to evaluate components of dried hot peppers (Capsicum annum) associated with growth inhibition of Salmonella enterica serovars

A rapid and selective hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) method was developed to measure cinnamic acids in dried chili peppers (Capsicum annum) for the purpose of investigating the association between cinnamic acid levels and inhibition of Salmonella growth in the peppers. Trans-cinnamic and hydroxy-cinnamic acids were quantified in 15 varieties of chili peppers by the HILIC-MS method, using electrospray ionization in negative mode with multiple reaction monitoring for detection. Trans-cinnamic acid and 4-OH-cinnamic acid were found in all samples; highest concentrations were 0.81 and 7.15 ppm, respectively. The compound, 2-OH-cinnamic acid was not detected. Mean recoveries of the target compounds from spiked samples were greater than 79%. The pepper samples were evaluated for Salmonella growth inhibition after addition of moisture to the dried samples. No correlation was found between Salmonella growth inhibition and cinnamic acid content, suggesting that these cinnamic acids are not major inhibitory compounds in these peppers. Practical applications The HILIC-MS method developed for the analysis of dried chili peppers is a simple, sensitive method for organic acids and is applicable to any food matrix. Only extraction and automated filtration are employed to produce extracts for analysis. Ammonium formate buffer in the mobile phase, pH 6, enhances ionization of acids for negative ESI-MS detection relative to the degree of ionization from use of acidic mobile phases containing formic or acetic acid modifiers. The use of 4-Cl-benzoic acid as internal standard and evaluation of matrix effects from the dried pepper extracts are important for future research in similar applications. The HILIC chromatographic separation may separate critical peak pairs in pepper extracts that are not resolvable by reversed-phase HPLC.
Is it colonial déjà vu?: Indigenous peoples and climate injustice

Indigenous peoples are emerging as among the most audible voices in the global climate justice movement. As I will show in this chapter, climate injustice is a recent episode of a cyclical history of colonialism inicting anthropogenic (human-caused) environmental change on Indigenous peoples (Wildcat). Indigenous peoples face climate risks largely because of how colonialism, in conjunction with capitalist economics, shapes the geographic spaces they live in and their socio-economic conditions. In the U.S. settler colonial context, which I focus on in this chapter, settler colonial laws, policies and programmes are ‘both’ a signicant factor in opening up Indigenous territories for carbonintensive economic activities and, at the same time, a signicant factor in why Indigenous peoples face heightened climate risks. Climate injustice, for Indigenous peoples, is less about the spectre of a new future and more like the experience of deja vu.
The Yin and Yang of Protein Kinase C-theta (PKCθ): A Novel Drug Target for Selective Immunosuppression

Abstract Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a protein kinase C (PKC) family member expressed predominantly in T lymphocytes, and extensive studies addressing its function have been conducted. PKCθ is the only T cell-expressed PKC that localizes selectively to the center of the immunological synapse (IS) following conventional T cell antigen stimulation, and this unique localization is essential for PKCθ-mediated downstream signaling. While playing a minor role in T cell development, early in vitro studies relying, among others, on the use of PKCθ-deficient ( Prkcq −/− ) T cells revealed that PKCθ is required for the activation and proliferation of mature T cells, reflecting its importance in activating the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, as well as for the survival of activated T cells. Upon subsequent analysis of in vivo immune responses in Prkcq −/− mice, it became clear that PKCθ has a selective role in the immune system: it is required for experimental Th2- and Th17-mediated allergic and autoimmune diseases, respectively, and for alloimmune responses, but is dispensable for protective responses against pathogens and for graft- versus -leukemia responses. Surprisingly, PKCθ was recently found to be excluded from the IS of regulatory T cells and to negatively regulate their suppressive function. These attributes of PKCθ make it an attractive target for catalytic or allosteric inhibitors that are expected to selectively suppress harmful inflammatory and alloimmune responses without interfering with beneficial immunity to infections. Early progress in developing such drugs is being made, but additional studies on the role of PKCθ in the human immune system are urgently needed.
Optionen der B-to-B-Markenpositionierung – Generierung von Wert für den Kunden durch Marken

Wissenschaft und Praxis diskutieren vielfaltige Strategien, um den wahrgenommenen Wert von Produkten fur den Kunden zu erhohen und dem Preiskampf zu entgehen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der die verschiedenen Moglichkeiten zum Aufbau von Wert durch Marken fur den Kunden (im Folgenden als Markenwert bezeichnet) im B‐to‐B‐Bereich strukturiert und vergleicht. Dies umfasst Entscheidungen uber die Quelle des Markenwertes und die Ebene des Markeninvestments. Die Hauptquellen von Markenwert sind Differenzierung und Beziehungsaufbau. Die Hauptebenen fur das Markeninvestment sind die Produkt‑ und die Unternehmensebene. Die relative Vorteilhaftigkeit der verschiedenen Optionen aus Kundensicht wird mithilfe einer Reihe von Wahlexperimenten mit Einkaufsmanagern getestet. Die Analyse zeigt, dass Differenzierung wichtiger als Beziehungsaufbau ist. Ferner belegen die Ergebnisse, dass in Situationen mit geringen Kaufvolumina und geringem Risiko eher die Produktebene wichtig ist. Hingegen wird in Situationen mit hohen Preisen und hohem Risiko eher eine Kombination von Produkt‑ und Unternehmensebene praferiert. Diese Erkenntnisse helfen B‐to‐B‐Unternehmen, systematischer uber die Positionierung der Marke und deren Strategie sowie die Markenrelevanz nachzudenken.
Medial Meniscus Root Repair: A Transtibial Pull-Out Surgical Technique

Meniscus root tears represent an increasingly recognized epidemic that, if left untreated, lead to significant morbidity, including functional limitations and potential conversion to total knee arthroplasty. The mid- and long-term results of medial meniscus root repair are favorable in well-selected patients, with demonstrated decreased rates of osteoarthritis and arthroplasty when compared to partial meniscectomy and nonoperative management. Repair is advised whenever possible, since patients treated with meniscectomy or nonoperative management fare poorly in subjective outcomes measures including measures of pain, activity, and quality-adjusted life years. Furthermore, repair has recently been demonstrated to be beneficial not only at the level of the individual patient, but also in terms of overall societal healthcare costs. The following provides a description of the authors preferred method of medial meniscus root repair. Advantages of the presented technique include a biomechanically strong suture construct, no need for a posterior portal, and instrumentation designed specifically for the knee. The methods described represent a readily-employable approach to meniscus repair and preservation, an undertaking which is critically important to preserving knee function.
Six-Spotted Thrips: A Gift from Nature that Controls Spider Mites

The six-spotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, provides natural control of spider mites in some habitats, and may be effective in other habitats not currently known. S. sexmaculatus approximates an ideal predator. Its power of increase, compared with that of Tetranychus urticae Koch (a common prey), is greater at low temperatures, and would be greater if only the critical net power of increase is considered for T. urticae. S. sexmaculatus is not discriminating about the stage of prey, has a wide range of prey species and host plants, is predatory and reproductive within a wide range of temperatures, consumes large numbers of prey, has a high searching capacity, is well synchronized with its prey, requires relatively few prey to survive, is an effective searcher at low prey densities, and produces a relatively high number of eggs for each prey individual killed.
Reactor Irradiations at 15°K

Early attempts to describe the basic nature of radiation damage were based upon measurement of physical changes occurring in materials, which were bombarded at or near room temperature. Almost at the outset of research in this field, it was recognized that some radiation induced defects might be mobile below room temperature. Observation of these defects could be made only if they were frozen into the material during bombardment and subsequently studied under controlled low temperature conditions.
Five years of Paulownia field trials in North Carolina

Performance of Paulownia elongata, Paulownia fortunei, and Paulownia×‘Henan 1’ was monitored at three sites in North Carolina between 1996 and 2000, and P. elongata clones were tested at an additional two sites. The primary objective was to define the potential for growing Paulownia in the state. Species and clones within species differed in survival and height and diameter growth whenever genotype was included as a treatment. P. elongata was superior at two and P. fortunei was superior at one of the three sites that included P. elongata, P. fortunei, and P.×‘Henan 1’. Trees produced through vegetative means were more likely to survive and were taller and of greater DBH than seed produced trees. Mortality in trees produced from seed was greater for P. fortunei and P. ×‘Henan 1’ than for P. elongata. Application of animal waste or different rates of nitrogen as inorganic fertilizer did not have a pronounced effect on tree survival and growth.
Developments in West Virginia in 1949

In 1949, total wells drilled in West Virginia, reported to March 10, 1950, number 700,234, or 25 per cent less than in 1948. Permits to drill total 813, 110, or 12 per cent less than in 1948. The exact number of abandonments during the year is not available at this time but will exceed 1,500 wells, about 2/3 of which were oil wells. Wells completed were: gas, 427; oil, 78; oil and gas, 24; storage, brine, and water-intake wells, 27; dry holes, 144. The number of gas wells was 27 per cent less than in 1948. Oil wells were 40 per cent less than in 1948. Oil and gas wells were 8 per cent less than in 1948. Storage and other wells increased 200 per cent over 1948. Dry holes were 18 per cent less in number, but the percentage of dry holes to completions increased from 19 to 20 per cent. The depths of wells ranged from 56 to 8,635 feet, compared with 283 to 8,942 feet in 1948. Total footage drilled decreased 614,282 feet under the 1948 total, or 24+ per cent. The average depth of wells increased 25 feet (to 2,724 feet). The total initial daily open flow of the gas wells was 352,117 Mcf, or 28 per cent less than in 1948. The size of the gas wells ranged from 6 to 25,000 Mcf, compared with 6 to 24,000 Mcf in 1948. The total daily initial oil in 1949 was 842 3/4 barrels, a decrease of 1636 barrels, under the 1948 total, or 34 per cent. Size of oil wells ranged from ¼ barrel to 50± barrels, compared with ¼ to 130 barrels in 1948. The number of wells drilling or unreported if completed at the end of the year was 271, 62 less than in 1948. Letters wer sent to 223 operators regarding 442 wells not reported. Replies were received from 115 operators regarding 289 wells, leaving 108 operators unheard from concerning 153 wells. Preliminary estimates of production for 1949: gas, 181,380,000 Mcf; oil, 2,830,000 barrels. Estimated number of producing wells at end of 1949: gas, 13,800; oil, 15,000. A table gives statistics by counties.