cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Simulations of Monolithic Plates for the Conversion of High Performance Research and Test Reactors: NBSR, MITR, MURR and AFIP

This article presents evaluation of the stress-strain characteristics of U10Mo alloy based monolithic fuel plates for the conversion of high power research and test reactors. Monolithic plate-type fuel is a new fuel form being developed to achieve higher uranium densities within the reactor core to allow the use of low-enriched uranium fuel in high performance reactors. For this work, irradiation behavior of four different reactor plates (NBSR, MURR, MITR and AFIP plates) with different foil and cladding geometries were benchmarked against each other. For each plate, three distinct cases were considered: (1) fabrication induced residual stresses (2) thermal cycling of fabricated plates and finally (3) mechanical behavior under proposed irradiation conditions. Given that the temperatures approach the melting point of the cladding during the fabrication and thermal cycling, high temperature material properties were incorporated to improve accuracy. Residual stress fields due to the fabrication process (Hot Isostatic Pressing) were computed first. Solutions of fabrication simulations were used as initial states for the irradiation and thermal cycling simulations. For the thermal cycling simulation, an elasto-plastic material model with thermal creep was used. The transient irradiation behavior was formulated by a fully coupled thermal-structural interaction. Temperature fields on the plates were used to compute the thermal stresses. Volumetric swelling and irradiation creep of the foil were considered. The irradiation analysis showed that the stresses evolve rapidly in the reactor. It was found that the stress field of the fuel elements is dependent on the plate geometry, especially the foil thickness. Furthermore, the foil-cladding thickness ratio is the determining factor for the mechanical behavior. The compressive stresses of the foil are reduced with an increasing foil-cladding thickness ratio. The cladding deformation becomes severe for the plates with thicker foils.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The class number of cyclotomic function fields

Let k be a rational function field over a finite field. Carlitz and Hayes have described a family of extensions of k which are analogous to the collection of cyclotomic extensions {Q(ζm)| m ≥ 2} of the rational field Q. We investigate arithmetic properties of these “cyclotomic function fields.” We introduce the notion of the maximal real subfield of the cyclotomic function field and develop class number formulas for both the cyclotomic function field and its maximal real subfield. Our principal result is the analogue of a classical theorem of Kummer which for a prime p and positive integer n relates the class number of Q(ζpn + ζpn−1), the maximal real subfield of Q(ζpn), to the index of the group of cyclotomic units in the full unit group of Z[ζpn].
Forest size and structure: Competitive and predatory effects on small mammal communities

This study investigated how changes in forest fragment size and structure affect small mammal community structure in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Forest fragments were of three sizes (small: 60–80 ha; medium: 860 ha; large: approximately 36 000 ha) and two disturbance conditions, primary and secondary. Forests were subject to a 17-month capture/recapture program for small mammals ( < 1000 g). The total trapping effort was of 57 120 trap nights, 9520 at each of six forests. During the course of the study, 692 individuals, belonging to 19 small mammal species, were captured 1366 times. The highest number of species (14) and total number of individuals trapped (190) were obtained at the large secondary forest. Both the small and the large primary forests had fewer species (6) and fewer individuals (70 and 57, respectively). The medium-size forests and the small secondary forest had 9 species each. Discriminant analysis indicated that differences in species composition of small mammal communities were not adequately explained by microhabitat preferences, with two exceptions. Species interactions were also poor predictors of community structure and composition, with the noted exception of interactions between the common opossum Didelphis marsupialis and other species. Smallerforest plots, especially among secondary habitat, are dominated by D. marsupialis, which are apparently able to exclude other species from these small mammal communities. It is postulated here that the lack of predators in smaller forests is the factor responsible for the observed lower species richness and diversity of these communities.
Distributive Justice Beliefs and Group Idea Generation: Does a Belief in Equity Facilitate Productivity?

The equity rule is favored by groups that emphasize productivity, but there is limited support for the notion that equity actually facilitates productivity in groups (Deutsch, 1985). We propose that the relationship between equity and productivity may depend on whether individual group members have an independent or interdependent self-construal. This prediction was tested in an experiment in which groups endorsed either an equity rule or an equality rule for distributing resources and then generated ideas as a group. The results showed that equity facilitated productivity (e.g. the number of ideas generated) but only in groups whose members had been primed with an independent self-construal. The results of both self-report and video-tape data support competition as the mechanism that explains this productivity gain. This work contributes to research on both distributive justice and small group performance by specifying more clearly the conditions under which a belief in equity will stimulate productivity.
Downdrafts from tropical oceanic cumuli

Simultaneous observations at up to six levels through a depth of 1100 m from a tethered balloon and instrumented ship's boom of 49 gust fronts associated with convective clouds are used to describe the mean and the detailed characteristics of tropical oceanic cumuli outflow at the surface and in the boundary layer. The changes in temperature and velocity of the maritime tropical gust front are about 50%; of the changes observed in mid-latitude convective outflows. Vertical velocities at the gust front ⩾l m s-1 are continuous through the lower 500 m for time periods up to 8 min implying vertical displacements of at least 500 m entirely sufficient at the observed humidities (q >- 15 g kg-1) to initiate new cloud growth. Horizontal and vertical vorticity in the order of 10-3 s-1 to 10-2 s-1 is observed at the gust front.
Use of Twitter at a major national pharmacy conference

Purpose The results of a study of Twitter use by attendees of the 2013 ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting (MCM) and other interested parties are presented. Methods All messages posted on the social media platform Twitter under the official MCM “hashtag” (#ashpmidyear) during the five-day conference were archived and evaluated. Demographic data on authors of MCM-related tweets were collected by evaluating information provided by Twitter users in their public profiles. The archived messages were classified by content type. Results A total of 1539 messages originating from 400 unique U.S.- and foreign-based Twitter accounts were posted under the MCM hashtag, an average of 3.84 tweets per account. The estimated rate of conference-related Twitter use by MCM attendees was 1.7%. One third of Twitter users posting conference-related tweets were identified as pharmacists; 86 (21.5%) and 65 (16.25%) tweets originated from accounts held by pharmacy students and pharmaceutical industry representatives, respectively. The authors of MCM-related tweets represented a broad cross-section of pharmacy practice settings and specialties. About 39% of the evaluated Twitter postings were classified as social, with about 31% of postings pertaining to specific MCM educational sessions and nearly 25% classified as advertising. Conclusion The majority of MCM-related tweets by onsite and remote Twitter users were social in nature or pertained to educational sessions held over the course of the conference.
Kinetic analysis of electrosorption using fast Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: underpotential deposition of Bi3+ in the presence of coadsorbing ClO4− on gold

Abstract We demonstrate a relatively simple method for studying various kinetic aspects of metal electrodeposition in the presence of coadsorbing anions on an electrode surface. This method combines cyclic voltammetry (CV) with fast Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FFT-EIS), where both steady state and transient behaviors of the interface are probed simultaneously. As a model surface reaction, we use electrodeposition of Bi 3+ in the presence of ClO 4 − adsorption from an aqueous solution onto a gold electrode. The voltage range for underpotential deposition (UPD) of Bi 3+ is determined with potential step (PS) experiments. The voltage dependent UPD coverage of Bi on Au is determined by analyzing the CV data. The relevant kinetic parameters of both Bi 3+ and ClO 4 − deposition reactions under the conditions of CV are measured with FFT-EIS, and analyzed using a complex nonlinear least square method. The differences and similarities between the electrosorption characteristics of Bi 3+ and ClO 4 − on Au are discussed in terms of these kinetic parameters.
Miocene spreading centre south of Isla Guadalupe

The Juan de Fuca, Rivera, Cocos and Nazca plates in the eastern Pacific are small fragments remaining from the fragmentation and partial subduction of the long, narrow Farallon Plate which began as early as 55 Myr ago1. This fragmentation apparently resulted from interaction of the very irregular Pacific–Farallon ridge with the uneven coastlines of the American Plate1–4 and involved the formation of ridge–trench transforms5, creation of new spreading centres6, ridge jumps1,7,8, deactivation of subduction zones2 and other phenomena1. We present here magnetic evidence that a fifth small fragment of the Farallon plate is preserved in the eastern Pacific off the coast of Baja, California. Its preservation is the result of an eastward jump of the Pacific–Farallon ridge ∼12.5 Myr ago which was preceded by asymmetric spreading and perhaps pivotal subduction1. Menard1 first suggested this idea and showed that anomaly 5B is symmetric and parallel to a linear trough trending southwards from Guadalupe Island. He named the small fragment of the Farallon plate preserved between this trough and the margin of Baja California to the east, the Guadalupe plate1. We show that both anomalies 5B and 5C symmetrically flank the Guadalupe trough. Our results and conclusions are not based on new magnetic data, but rather on reinterpretation of aeromagnetic profiles published by Taylor et al.9.
Demonstration of Hemorrhaging in Snake Venom by Means of the Chicken Embryo

SummaryThe addition of moccasin venom in sufficient concentration to 3-day-old chicken embryos produces hemorrhages in the vascular network. This method may be used for the demonstration of hemorrhagins in venoms. Further studies should be made to determine whether this method is applicable for the quantitative determination of hemorrhagins.
P‐79: Influence of Multiple Beam Interference on Azimuthal Anchoring Energy Measurement Using Liquid Crystals with Different Chiralities

The influence of multiple beam interference on azimuthal anchoring energy measurement using liquid crystals with different chiralities was investigated using 4 * 4 matrix method. It is shown that there are suitable measurement conditions to minimize the influence of multiple beam interference, improving the anchoring energy measurement. Calculation results and the measurement method are discussed.
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE DOWNREGULATES SPECIFICITY PROTEIN (Sp) TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND INHIBITS BLADDER CANCER CELL AND TUMOR GROWTH

Arsenic trioxide exhibits antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activity in cancer cells, and many genes associated with these responses are regulated by specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors. Treatment of cancer cells derived from urologic (bladder and prostate) and gastrointestinal (pancreas and colon) tumors with arsenic trioxide demonstrated that these cells exhibited differential responsiveness to the antiproliferative effects of this agent and this paralleled their differential repression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 proteins in the same cell lines. Using arsenic trioxide-responsive KU7 and non-responsive 253JB-V bladder cancer cells as models, we show that in KU7 cells, < or =5 microM arsenic trioxide decreased Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 and several Sp-dependent genes and responses including cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor, bcl-2, survivin and vascular endothelial growth factor, whereas at concentrations up to 15 microM, minimal effects were observed in 253JB-V cells. Arsenic trioxide also inhibited tumor growth in athymic mice bearing KU7 cells as xenografts, and expression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 was significantly decreased. Inhibitors of oxidative stress such as glutathione or dithiothreitol protected KU7 cells from arsenic trioxide-induced antiproliferative activity and Sp repression, whereas glutathione depletion sensitized 253JB-V cells to arsenic trioxide. Mechanistic studies suggested that arsenic trioxide-dependent downregulation of Sp and Sp-dependent genes was due to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of reactive oxygen species, and the role of peroxides in mediating these responses was confirmed using hydrogen peroxide.
Parallel cardinality stacks and an application

Abstract Goldberg poses the question of whether his MDD (maximum-distance discharge) algorithm for Maximum Flow can run in O(n 2 log n( m p )) time using p = O( m ) processors and a linear amount of memory. Two data structures he considers, the dynamic array and the parallel 2–3 tree, yield slightly superlinear space bounds. We present a simple data structure that supports the required operations, adheres to the required time bounds, and uses an optimal (linear) amount of space in the EREW PRAM model of computation, answering Goldberg's question in the affirmative. We call our structure the Parallel Cardinality Stack (PCS). The operations supported by this structure may have applications in other parallel algorithms.
RFLP analysis of genetic variation in North American populations of the fall armyworm moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A high level of genetic variability was detected in North American fall armyworm (FA W), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), populations by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of genomic DNA. In nearly all cases individual larvae could be differentiated using 22 probe-enzyme combinations. Laboratory colonies formed distinct groups based on RFLP analysis. Individuals from a colony of the previously determined ‘rice strain’ formed a group showing obvious deviation in RFLP patterns from the other five populations, which included a population from a ‘com strain’ colony. The results were consistent with previous studies using allozymes which indicated that there are two genetically differentiated forms of the fall armyworm. Diagnostic markers were also found that distinguish these two groups.
Biophysical implications of bubble dynamics

Evidence is reviewed, from theory and experiment, that biological systems can be affected by ultrasound at low levels, if resonant gas bodies are present. In a suspension of cells or other particles a pulsating gas bubble causes the particles to migrate toward its surface via radiation force. This motion, in addition to acoustic micro-streaming, transports particles into the bubble near-field where they are subjected to highly localized stress fields. In plant leaves containing gas-filled channels, the ultrasonic intensity required to produce cell death varies with frequency, showing minima in ranges corresponding roughly to calculated frequencies for resonance of the channels.
One-way Cross-talk between p38MAPK and p42/44MAPK INHIBITION OF p38MAPK INDUCES LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE p42/44MAPK CASCADE

In this paper, we report that SB202190 alone, a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, induces low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression (6–8-fold) in a sterol-sensitive manner in HepG2 cells. Consistent with this finding, selective activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway by expression of MKK6b(E), a constitutive activator of p38MAPK, significantly reduced LDL receptor promoter activity. Expression of the p38MAPK α-isoform had a similar effect, whereas expression of the p38MAPK βII-isoform had no significant effect on LDL receptor promoter activity. SB202190-dependent increase in LDL receptor expression was accompanied by induction of p42/44MAPK, and inhibition of this pathway completely prevented SB202190-induced LDL receptor expression, suggesting that p38MAPK negatively regulates the p42/44MAPK cascade and the responses mediated by this kinase. Cross-talk between these kinases appears to be one-way because modulation of p42/44MAPK activity did not affect p38MAPK activation by a variety of stress inducers. Taken together, these findings reveal a hitherto unrecognized one-way communication that exists between p38MAPK and p42/44MAPK and provide the first evidence that through the p42/44MAPK signaling cascade, the p38MAPKα-isoform negatively regulates LDL receptor expression, thus representing a novel mechanism of fine tuning cellular levels of cholesterol in response to a diverse set of environmental cues.
A new ‘view’ of ecology and conservation through animal-borne video systems

Over the past three decades, technological advances for monitoring wild animals have expanded the ability of ecologists to study animal behavior and space use. Currently, researchers are deploying animal-borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs), which enable researchers to see what the animal sees in the field. AVEDs record fine-scale movements as well as features of the surrounding environment and thus provide essential context for understanding animal decisions and interactions with other individuals. These fine-scale data are often crucial for understanding potential conservation threats to species of concern. Here, we discuss the development and research potential offered by AVEDs. The benefits of AVEDs are greatest in hypothesis-driven studies that require a fine-scale perspective that other technologies cannot offer.
Factors Influencing Impingement of Fish by Lake Ontario Power Plants

Fish impinged by two Lake Ontario power plants were examined to determined the causal factors. Fish were near shore because they resided there, migrated there to spawn or forage, or because the water mass in which they resided moved near shore. Once near shore, fish abundance in impingement collections was correlated with demersal or pelagic behavior. Periodic increases in diversity and abundance of impinged fish corresponded with times of upwelling and thermocline oscillations. These data suggest that some species were segregated along temperature gradients and were impinged when the thermocline passed near the intake. Comparisons of impingement catch between two power plants, one withdrawing a constant volume of water and the other a varying volume, showed that responses of fish to an intake were of three kinds. Alosa pseudoharengus and Osmerus mordax were apparently attracted to water currents entering the intake. Morone americana, Morone chrysops, Dorosoma cepedianum, and Perca flavescens were not influenced by changes in flow rate, suggesting that their impingement was proportional to their density in nearshore water. Micropterus dolomieui avoided the intake at higher flow rates in part due to rheotactic behavior.
Feedback control of unstable states in a laboratory reactor

Abstract The principal objective of the experimental work reported in this paper was to employ automatic feedback control to stabilize those steady states in a nonadiabatic CSTR which were naturally unstable (that is, unstable in open-loop operation). The exothermic liquid-phase reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution was used in all experiments, and the unstable states of interest were the so-called intermediate states (saddle points in the phase plane). Described here are experimental results which show successful stabilization of the unstable states. The reactor temperature and the coolant flow rates were the controlled and manipulated variables respectively. The controller used was of the conventional proportional—integral type. This paper also contains a discussion of the theoretical behavior of the controlled system as well as comparisons of the predictions of a mathematical model with experimental results. The experimental attainment of smooth stabilized reactor operation at the intermediate states was found to be relatively easy, although some care in the planning of start-up procedures was demanded in certain cases. Further, the agreement between theoretical and experimental behavior was generally good. Apparently this is the first published report of an experimental investigation into controlled operation at the unstable intermediate states of an exothermic system. Theoretical studies of the problem were first reported in the 1950's.
Comparative efficacy and safety of bepridil and diltiazem in chronic stable angina pectoris refractory to diltiazem

Abstract The efficacy and safety of bepridil hydrochloride (200 to 400 mg/day) were evaluated in patients with chronic stable angina refractory to maximal tolerated doses of diltiazem (median 360 mg/day) in a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, parallel study. Baseline diltiazem data were obtained during a 2-week period, after which 86 patients were randomized to bepridil (n = 46) or diltiazem (n = 40). Angina frequency, nitroglycerin consumption and ischemic manifestations induced by exercise treadmill testing were evaluated over 8 weeks. Bepridil significantly (p
VOCAL EDUCATION FOR THE PROFESSIONAL VOICE USER AND SINGER

Providing education on voice-related anatomy, physiology, and vocal hygiene information is the responsibility of every voice care professional. This article discusses the importance of a vocal education program for singers and professional voice users. An outline of a vocal education lecture is provided.
Gene silencing as a threat to the success of gene therapy.

Eukaryotes deploy elaborate defensive systems to protect the structure of their genomes and to oppose the expression of abnormal or alien transcription units. In mammals, the insertion of retroviral DNA or the incorporation of repeat arrays can trigger transcriptional silencing of the inserted sequences, usually via mechanisms that involve methylation of DNA within regulatory regions. Fungi and plants have similar methylation-based systems and also employ diverse post-transcriptional mechanisms to reduce or eliminate the expression of alien transcription units, mechanisms that operate even in organisms that apparently lack the capacity to methylate their DNA. Given their ubiquity in other eukaryotes, it is likely that similar post-transcriptional silencing mechanisms will be found to operate in mammals as well. I argue here that gene silencing mechanisms are diverse and efficient and are likely to represent a barrier to many forms of gene therapy. For this reason, it will be necessary to develop gene therapy vectors that are both resistant to host defensive measures and efficient in terms of delivery and expression.
High speed, single cycle resolution reliability system for RF-MEMS switches

This paper presents a novel platform for high speed, single cycle resolution lifetime testing of RF-MEMS switches and the results collected. The platform utilizes an FPGA based monitoring system to allow switch cycling up to 45 kHz. In addition, multiple real-time resistance measurements are made each cycle, allowing the accurate detection of intermittent failures. Each measurement is then analyzed and all failures, as well as a periodic sample of passing cycles, are stored and transferred to an external PC for further analysis. Results presented here verify the platform's functionality. Moreover, the results indicate that brief intermittent failures can occur hundreds of millions of cycles before end of life failure, which illustrates the need for single cycle resolution when qualifying RF-MEMS switches for use in larger RF systems. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported reliability system capable of single cycle resolution at high cycling frequencies.
Recurrent Oral Thrush

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is characterized by the presence of at least two out of three clinical features, which include chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), Addison's disease and hypoparathyroidism. The authors' present an one and a half year old girl with recurrent oral thrush who presented with generalised afebrile seizure. Evaluation revealed severe hypocalcemia with low parathormone and normal vitamin D level consistent with hypoparathyroidism. In view of the oral candidiasis and hypoparathyroidism, a clinical possibility of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (type 1) was strongly considered. Her mother, on subsequent pregnancy was subjected to gene analysis of the fetus (chorionic villus sampling) and also for this child (index case). Both the fetus and index child were confirmed to have the AIRE gene mutation of APS1. After detailed counseling the parents opted for medical termination of the pregnancy. In children who present with recurrent oral thrush we need to consider but also look beyond immunodeficiency.
Differences in income and poverty within Brazil

Regional disparities in living standards within Brazil have received increasing attention in recent years. This paper indicates that although costs of living adjustments narrow spatial differences, large regional disparities remain, particularly upon comparing the Northeast and the Southeast. The application of price indices reduces urban-rural variations more than regional differences, drastically narrowing the urban-rural gap in food consumption. Poverty is, nevertheless, much more concentrated in the rural areas than in the urban areas, although regional differences in its incidence are more striking than the urban-rural divergencies. This paper has not primarily concerned the policy implications of these income differentials, but tries to highlight the importance of measuring cost of living differences, and thus obtaining more accurate measures of income and poverty levels.
Rare Tautomer Hypothesis Supported by Theoretical Studies: Ab Initio Investigations of Prototropic Tautomerism in the N-Methyl-P Base

Density functional theory calculations were applied to the prediction of the tautomeric properties of N-methyl-P (6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-8H-pyrimido[4,5-c][1,2]oxazin-7-one), a base of the nucleoside analogue dP (6-(2-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-3,4-dihydro-8H-pyrimido[4,5-c][1,2]oxazin-7-one), for which water-solution experimental data have become available recently. The calculations have been performed for three tautomers in the gas phase, with various numbers of water molecules, and within the polarizable continuum model (PCM) of solvation. The obtained results correctly predict the presence of two tautomers and reproduce accurately the experimentally obtained ratio of the two most stable tautomeric forms when using a combination of explicit water molecules and the PCM of solvation. This lends additional support to the rare tautomer hypothesis of substitution mutagenesis in DNA replication.
Monuron metabolism in excised gossypium hirsutum leaves: Aryl hydroxylation and conjugation of 4-chlorophenylurea*

Abstract A new glycoside was isolated as a minor metabolite in excised cotton leaves treated with either [carbonyl-14C] or [ring-14C] 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylurea and 4-chlorophenylurea. The aglycone from β-glucosidase or hesperidinase hydrolysis was identified as 4-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylurea by TLC, radioisotope dilution and MS.
Syllabus Detail and Students’ Perceptions of Teacher Effectiveness

Although syllabi provide students with important course information, they can also affect perceptions of teaching effectiveness. To test this idea, we distributed 2 versions of a hypothetical course syllabus, a brief version and a detailed version, and asked students to rate the teacher of the course on qualities associated with master teaching. Students in the detailed syllabus group rated the teacher as possessing more of these qualities; they were also more likely to report that they would recommend the course to others and take another course from the teacher. Thus, in addition to serving a communicative function, a detailed syllabus might signal to students that their teacher is competent and wants them to do well.
GEOMAGNETIC AND ALBEDO STUDIES WITH A CERENKOV DETECTOR AT 40 GEOMAGNETIC LATITUDE

A \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov detector consisting of a Lucite radiator optically sealed to a large-area side-window photo-multiplier has been flown at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at a depth of 25 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ below the top of the atmosphere. The albedo was determined and is not more than 5 percent of the incident flux for particles of $\ensuremath{\beta}g0.7$ in any upward direction. The albedo observed is too small to account for the factor-of-two difference between the observed E-W asymmetry and that predicted from the primary spectrum and geomagnetic theory. Direct asymmetry measurements by the \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter suggest that the earth shadow cone cutoff may start at larger zenith angles than theoretically predicted. A very rough relative abundance measurement of H: He: Li gives 1:0.08:0.02.
The principal pathway from the piriform cortex to the deep amygdaloid nuclei in the cat

Pathways relaying olfactory information to the deep amygdaloid nuclei (AMYGd) were analyzed with electrophysiological techniques in anesthetized cats. Stimulation of the piriform cortex (PC) produced orthodromic spikes in some AMYGd neurons with a mean latency of 12.2 ms and antidromic responses in other neurons with a mean latency of 9.3 ms. Stimulation of the AMYGd produced antidromic spikes in some PC neurons with a mean latency of 11.5 ms. Some neurons in the entorhinal area (EA) were activated orthodromically from the PC with a mean latency of 22 ms, and a proportion of these cells was also activated antidromically from the AMYGd. Some neurons in the agranular insular cortex were activated orthodromically from the PC, but none of them responded antidromically to AMYGd stimulation. From these observations, it is suggested that olfactory information reaches the AMYGd directly from the PC or indirectly via the EA, and that the direct path conveys the major olfactory input from the PC to the AMYGd.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates spinal cord astrocytes, stimulating their production and release of fibroblast growth factor-2, to increase motor neuron survival.

Abstract At focal CNS injury sites, several cytokines accumulate, including ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Additionally, the CNTF alpha receptor is induced on astrocytes, establishing an autocrine/paracrine loop. How astrocyte function is altered as a result of CNTF stimulation remains incompletely characterized. Here, we demonstrate that direct injection of CNTF into the spinal cord increases GFAP expression and astroglial size and that primary cultures of spinal cord astrocytes treated with CNTF, IL-1β, or leukemia inhibitory factor exhibit nuclear hypertrophy comparable to that observed in vivo. Using a coculture bioassay, we further demonstrate that CNTF treatment of astrocytes increases their ability to support ChAT+ ventral spinal cord neurons (presumably motor neurons) more than twofold compared with untreated astrocytes. Also, the complexity of neurites was significantly increased in neurons cultured with CNTF-treated astrocytes compared with untreated astrocytes. RT–PCR analysis demonstrated that CNTF increased levels of FGF-2 and nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and that IL-1β increased NGF and hepatocyte growth factor mRNA levels. Furthermore, both CNTF and IL-1β stimulated the release of FGF-2 from cultured spinal cord astrocytes. These findings demonstrate that cytokine-activated astrocytes better support CNS neuron survival via the production of neurotrophic molecules. We also show that CNTF synergizes with FGF-2, but not epidermal growth factor, to promote DNA synthesis in spinal cord astrocyte cultures. The significance of these findings is discussed by presenting a new model depicting the sequential activation of astrocytes by cytokines and growth factors in the context of CNS injury and repair.
Nitrogen quadrupole coupling and spin-rotation interaction in CH3NC

Abstract Hyperfine structure on the J = 1→0 transition in CH 3 NC was observed using a molecular beam maser spectrometer with 6 kHz resolution. Molecular parameters obtained from an analysis of the spectrum are: the nitrogen quadrupole coupling strength eqQ = (488.5±1.0) kHz, the nitrogen spin-rotation strength C N = (1.45±0.5) kHz, the hydrogen-hydrogen spin-spin interaction strength D HH = (21.33±0.5) kHz and the hydrogen spin-rotation strength C H = (−0.3±0.5) kHz.
α-Tocopherol inhibits 12−O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-stimulated deacylation of cellular lipids, prostaglandin production, and changes in cell morphology of madin-darby canine kidney cells

Abstract Incubation of the tumor-promoting phorbol diester, 12−O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate with Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) stimulated deacylation of phospholipids, prostaglandin production and altered cell morphology. α-Tocopherol, if present during the incubation, inhibited these effects. For inhibition, α-tocopherol had to be present during incubation of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and cells; pretreatment or posttreatment of the cells with α-tocopherol was not effective. Inhibition of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate effects was specific for the tumor promoter extracted from the Croton tiglium L. plant of the family Euphorbiaceae. Stimulated prostaglandin production by another tumor promoter (phorbol-12, 13-didecanoate), a semisynthetic product of that plant, was also inhibted by α-tocopherol. But that of structurally related diterpenoid esters isolated from plants of the family Thymelaeaceae, such as mezerein, gnidimacrin, gnilatimacrin, and gnilatimacrin-20-palmitate, were not. Stimulation of prostaglandin production in MDCK cells by compounds such as benzo(a)pyrene, adriamycin and 17β-estradiol or even the basal synthetic activity of MDCK cells was not affected by α-tocopherol.
A von Willebrand factor-derived heparin-binding peptide regulates cell--substrate adhesive strength and chemokinesis behavior.

Abstract The ability of a soluble heparin-binding oligopeptide sequence derived from the von Willebrand factor (vWF) to modulate the adhesion and chemokinetic migration behavior of arterial smooth muscle cells was assessed using a novel glass microsphere centrifugation assay and automated time-lapse fluorescence videomicroscopy, respectively. Treatment of cells grown on fibronectin-coated substrates with the heparin-binding peptide resulted in the disassembly of focal adhesions, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining. These observations were consistent with six-fold decrease in cell–substrate adhesive strength (P
Effect of framing on cognitive processing in public relations

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of message framing on cognitive processing by employees of an internal organizational message. A between-subject factorial experimental design with random assignment was used to test the moderating role of message frames on cognitive processing. Subjects in the study produced a significantly different number of thoughts in response to messages with different frames. The different frames presented also resulted in generation of different topics of thought for participants. This difference in cognitive response to a message may point to a difference in the salience of the message for the audience. The results of this study underscore the need for public relations practitioners to understand the needs and motivations of internal audiences and to contextualize internal messages for increased effectiveness in persuasion.
Habituation of the prolactin response in rats to psychological stress

It is well known that stress is a stimulant for prolactin release. However, relatively few studies have investigated the role of psychological factors in prolactin secretion, and investigators have typically used one-time exposure and a single collection period in their studies. In our studies, attempts were made to carefully characterize the prolactin response to different psychological stressors by serially sampling blood from an indwelling cannula and to determine if repeated exposure to the stressor leads to habituation of the prolactin response. Exposure of the male rats to different novel situations such as being placed in a new cage, being placed on a platform in water, or being handled resulted in increased prolactin levels. As the rats habituated behaviorally to repeated exposure to similar situations, the prolactin response also attenuated. These findings show that psychological factors do play a role in influencing prolactin secretion and are consistent with the idea that as the psychological stress imposed by a stimulus becomes habituated, the prolactin response to that stimulus also becomes habituated.
ALLOPURINOL (AP) INDUCED OROTIDINURIA (ODNU): A TEST OF HETEROZYGOSITY FOR ORNITHINE TRANS-CARBAHYLASE (OTC) DEFICIENCY

In addition to its effects on purine metabolism, AP, via its metabolite, oxipurinol ribonucleotide, inhibits pyrimidine biosynthesis (PB) at the level of orotidine mono-phosphate decarboxylase. This inhibition results in increased ODNU. Women heterozygous at the OTC locus have 2 populations of hepatocytes; OTC normal and OTC deficient. We hypothesize that, as a consequence of carbamyl phosphate accumulation in the latter cells, PB is chronically increased. Therefore, inhibition of PB by AP should result in an even greater increase in ODNU in OTCH as compared to controls. The AP test includes administration of 300mg of AP followed by four pooled consecutive 6 hr urine collections. Urinary orotidine was measured by reverse phase HPLC after isolation of nucleosides on a boronate affinity column. We studied 11 control women (C) and 12 obligate OTC heterozygotes (OTCH). The mean (±SEM) peak urine orotidine (umol/mmol creatinine) of C and OTCH was respectively 7.36±0.46 (range 5.7-10.1) and 39.7±7.3. One OTCH fell in the normal range (7.71); other OTCH values ranged from 17.9 to 97.9. Comparison of these results with a protein tolerance test (PTT) administered to the same subjects, shows that the diagnostic sensitivity of the 2 tests are the same and that the same OTCH was negative in both. We conclude that PB is chronically increased in OTCH; and that the AP test identifies OTCH as well as the PTT, eliminates the risk of hyperammonemia, and is more convenient and acceptable.
A note on Rengel's inequality and the crowding phenomenon in conformal mapping

Abstract We show how Rengel's inequality for the conformal module of a quadrilateral can be applied in a simple way to estimate the crowding phenomenon for slender regions.
Preservation and visualization of the sea urchin embryo blastocoelic extracellular matrix.

Several methods were utilized to visualize the structure and orientation of the blastocoelic extracellular matrix (ECM) in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Rapid freezing in liquid propane cooled to LN2 temperatures followed by freeze substitution was used to preserve the ECM without shrinkage due to dehydration. Scanning, transmission, and light microscopy were employed to elucidate the ECMs' structure. The blastocoelic ECM consisted of parallel fibrillar sheets that were interconnected by finer filaments and oriented along the animal-vegetal axis. The ECM completely filled the blastocoelic cavity as viewed by scanning electron microscopy. The basal lamina could be distinguished from the blastocoelic ECM as a thin coat on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells; the ECM was in contact with this coat. In contrast, the blastocoelic ECM attached directly to the plasma membrane of primary mesenchyme cells (PMC) which did not possess a basal lamina. The blastocoelic ECM was isolated as an intact “bag” and probed in a hydrated state with Con A and alcian blue. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the entire blastocoel was filled with a fibrillar ECM. These approaches offer advantages for future studies of the ECMs of sea urchin embryos and their roles in gastrulation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characteristics and Distribution of Large Tandem Duplications in Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) Mitochondrial DNA

Most animal mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) range in size from 15 to 18 kb, but increased sizes up to ~40 kb are occasionally found. We investigated large size variation in mtDNA of the brook stickleback fish, Culaea inconstans, and characterized four large (2.7-5.8 kb) tandem duplications. Duplications differ in size, frequency of occurrence, and degree of associated heteroplasmy, but each includes the control region and one or more adjacent genes. Duplications are correlated with two mtDNA lineages sampled from 31 populations. L(1) duplications (3.2-4.8 kb) were present in all lineage I individuals (n = 121, 19 populations); 53 fish were heteroplasmic due to variation in the copy number of a tandemly repeated 270-bp sequence within the duplicated region. In contrast, duplications L(2), L(3), and L(4) (2.7-5.8 kb) occurred in only 117 of 174 lineage II fish, in eight of 14 populations. Nine fish with L(3) or L(4) duplications were heteroplasmic, possessing some mtDNAs that lacked duplications (normal-length mtDNAs). Heteroplasmy in L(2) was associated with a small variable region near the ND5 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of restriction sites in Culaea mtDNAs and haplotype-defining sequence differences present in both copies argue for multiple independent events that gave rise to three of the four duplications.
Illustrative presentations of the failing heart in the acutely ill child: two case reports

Two cases of pediatric patients with heart failure are presented. One child presented with vomiting and the other a child with a history of asthma who had respiratory distress. Though their presenting complaints are common, the diagnosis was made based on careful examination and consideration of abnormal findings. Abnormal vital signs (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension) or physical exam findings (heart murmur or gallop, right upper quadrant pain) can provide important clues to accurate and timely diagnosis.
Reading the landscape: temporal and spatial changes in a patterned peatland

The Everglades of south Florida is a patterned peatland that has undergone major hydro- logic modification over the last century, including both drainage and impoundment. The Everglades ridge and slough patterns were originally characterized by regularly spaced elevated ridges and tree islands oriented parallel to water flow through interconnected sloughs. Many areas of the remaining Everglades have lost this patterning over time. Historical aerial pho- tography for the years 1940, 1953, 1972, 1984, and 2004 provides source data to measure these changes over six decades. Maps were created by digitizing the ridges, tree islands, and sloughs in fifteen 24 km 2 study plots located in the remaining Everglades, and metrics were developed to quantify the extent and types of changes in the patterns. Pattern metrics of length/width ratios, number of ridges, and perimeter/ area ratios were used to define the details and trajectories of pattern changes in the study plots from 1940 through 2004. These metrics characterized elongation, smoothness, and abundance of ridges and tree islands. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster anal- ysis was used to categorize these 75 maps (15 plots by 5 years) into five categories based on a suite of metrics of pattern quality. Nonmetric multidimensional scal- ing, an ordination technique, confirmed that these categories were distinct with the primary axis distin- guished primarily by the abundance of elongated ridges in each study plot. Strong patterns like those described historically were characterized by numer- ous, long ridges while degraded patterns contained few large, irregularly shaped patches. Pattern degra- dation usually occurred with ridges fusing into fewer, less linear patches of emergent vegetation. Patterning improved in some plots, probably through wetter conditions facilitating expression of the underlying microtopography. Trajectories showing responses of individual study plots over the six decades indicated that ridge and slough patterns can degrade or improve over time scales of a decade or less. Changes in ridge and slough patterns indicate that (1) patterns can be lost quickly following severe peat dryout, yet (2) patterns appear resilient at least over multi-decadal time periods; (3) patterns can be maintained and possibly strengthened with deeper water depths, and (4) the sub-decadal response time of pattern changes visible in aerial imagery is highly useful for change detection within the landscape. This analysis suggests that restoration of some aspects of these unique peatland patterns may be possible within relatively short planning time frames. Use of aerial photography in future Everglades restoration efforts can facilitate restoration and adaptive management by documenting sub-decadal pattern changes in response to altered hydrology and water management.
Simulation of self-similarity in network utilization patterns as a precursor to automated testing of intrusion detection systems

The behavior of a certain class of automatic intrusion detection systems (IDSs) may be characterized as sensing patterns of network activity which are indicative of hostile intent. An obvious technique to test such a system is to engage the IDSs of interest, and then use human actors to introduce the activities of a would-be intruder. While having the advantage of realism, such an approach is difficult to scale to large numbers of intrusive behaviors. Instead it would be preferable to generate traffic which includes these manifestations of intrusive activity automatically. While such traffic would be difficult to produce in a totally general way, there are some aspects of network utilization which may be reproducible without excessive investment of resources. In particular, real network loading often exhibits patterns of self-similarity, which may be seen at various levels of time scaling. These patterns should be replicated in simulated network traffic as closely as is feasible, given the computational ability of the simulator. We propose the use of multiresolution wavelet analysis as a technique which may be used to accomplish the desired detection, and subsequent construction of self-similarity in the simulated traffic. Following a multiresolution decomposition of the traffic using an orthogonal filterbank, the resulting wavelet coefficients may be filtered according to their magnitude, Some of the coefficients may be discarded, yielding an efficient representation. We investigate the effect of compression upon the reconstructed signal's self-similarity, as measured by its estimated Hurst parameter.