cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dorsal hindbrain ablation results in rerouting of neural crest migration and changes in gene expression, but normal hyoid development

Our previous studies have shown that hindbrain neural tube cells can regulate to form neural crest cells for a limited time after neural fold removal (Scherson, T., Serbedzija, G., Fraser, S. E. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1993). Development 188, 1049-1061; Sechrist, J., Nieto, M. A., Zamanian, R. T. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1995). Development 121, 4103-4115). In the present study, we ablated the dorsal hindbrain at later stages to examine possible alterations in migratory behavior and/or gene expression in neural crest populations rostral and caudal to the operated region. The results were compared with those obtained by misdirecting neural crest cells via rhombomere rotation. Following surgical ablation of dorsal r5 and r6 prior to the 10 somite stage, r4 neural crest cells migrate along normal pathways toward the second branchial arch. Similarly, r7 neural crest cells migrate primarily to the fourth branchial arch. When analogous ablations are performed at the 10- 12 somite stage, however, a marked increase in the numbers of DiI/Hoxa-3-positive cells from r7 are observed within the third branchial arch. In addition, some DiI-labeled r4 cells migrate into the depleted hindbrain region and the third branchial arch. During their migration, a subset of these r4 cells up-regulate Hoxa-3, a transcript they do not normally express. Krox20 transcript levels were augmented after ablation in a population of neural crest cells migrating from r4, caudal r3 and rostral r3. Long-term survivors of bilateral ablations possess normal neural crest-derived cartilage of the hyoid complex, suggesting that misrouted r4 and r7 cells contribute to cranial derivatives appropriate for their new location. In contrast, misdirecting of the neural crest by rostrocaudal rotation of r4 through r6 results in a reduction of Hoxa-3 expression in the third branchial arch and corresponding deficits in third arch-derived structures of the hyoid apparatus. These results demonstrate that neural crest/tube progenitors in the hindbrain can compensate by altering migratory trajectories and patterns of gene expression when the adjacent neural crest is removed, but fail to compensate appropriately when the existing neural crest is misrouted by neural tube rotation.
Definition of tool requirements for CAE/CAD vendors

Issues surrounding the definition of tool requirements for CAE/CAD (computer-aided engineering/computer-aided design) vendors are considered. Particular attention is given to offeror instructions in connection with the promotion of CAE by the Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support (CALS) Office to improve the R&M (reliability and maintainability) characteristics of fielded weapon systems. Also considered are R&M approximately CAE requirements and associated barriers. >
Hemoglobinuria After Fraternity Hazing

We describe a 19-year-old male who presented with traumatic hemoglobinuria. We hypothesize that this patient has a genetic haptoglobin variant with a low hemoglobin binding capacity which resulted in hemoglobinuria after physical fraternity hazing. A review of the literature regarding traumatic hemoglobinuria supports the association between decreased baseline plasma haptoglobin levels and hemoglobinuria after trauma.
On Volterra-Lotka systems†

Abstract The classical predator-prey model of Lotku, and Rescigno and Richardson are combined to derive a mathematical model for the case of two trophic levels. The simplest level involves only ordinary differential equations discussed by Lotka and Volterra. The more general level is hereditary equations where the whole history of process comes into play. The stability properties for two trophic levels involving hereditary equations are analysed. Our analysis is based on the notable work of Hale's theory.
Cholinergic but not serotonergic mediation of exercise-induced growth hormone secretion.

In order to clarify the roles of cholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the mediation of exercise-induced growth hormone (GH) release, normal young volunteers of both sexes were studied. Exercise was for 20 minutes at 800 kpm for the men and 500 kpm for the women. Pretreatment with 0.4 mg atropine 1 hour prior to exercise, or with methysergide 2 mg po q 6 h for 48 hours prior to exercise, were used to evaluate the influence of cholinergic and serotonergic blockade, respectively. Five of the ten men studied failed to raise GH values with exercise, perhaps because the exercise was not vigorous enough for their high degree of fitness. Of three non-responders restudied, at the same workload, one responded on the second occasion. The mean peak GH with exercise 13.4 ± 3.27 ng/ml, was reduced to 2.4 ± 1.28 ng/ml (p 0.5). Prolactin did not rise with exercise, and was not affected by atropine, but lowered by methysergide a...
Using Portfolios to Assess Student Performance in School Health Education

Outcome-based education is a topic of growing interest in educational circles today. More performance-oriented than traditional learning approaches, outcome-based education requires students to demonstrate what they know and what they can do. Because of this emphasis, outcome-based curricula will require new methods to assess student achievement. One approach is the portfolio, a repository that enables students to document authentic examples of academic work and presentations as well as nonschool accomplishments. The possibility of using portfolio-based assessment as a viable mechanism to promote comprehensive school health education is examined. Practical recommendations concerning portfolio development and evaluation are offered.
Minimum-pixel holograms

Canonical minimal-pixel hologram geometries are presented in the context of a generalized image relay system. We illustrate that the number of pixels ultimately depends only on the physical parameters of the displayed image (the Smith-Lagrange optical invariant). Various choices of synthetic optical geometries lead to pixel aspect ratios that are found to be good matches to available display technologies. We explore geometries in which the spatial light modulator is imaged at either the image-plane or the viewer-plane, or astigmatically imaged to both at the same time. This increases the variety of candidate aspect ratios considerably, and brings us close to a workable match with foreseeable optical technologies that will make holographic video a practical reality.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Substituent effects on the electronic characteristics of pentacene derivatives for organic electronic devices: Dioxolane-substituted pentacene derivatives with triisopropylsilylethynyl functional groups

The intramolecular electronic structures and intermolecular electronic interactions of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS pentacene), 6,14-bis-(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-1,3,9,11-tetraoxa-dicyclopenta[b,m]-pentacene (TP-5 pentacene), and 2,2,10,10-tetraethyl-6,14-bis-(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-1,3,9,11-tetraoxa-dicyclopenta[b,m]pentacene (EtTP-5 pentacene) have been investigated by the combination of gas-phase and solid-phase photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Further insight has been provided by electrochemical measurements in solution, and the principles that emerge are supported by electronic structure calculations. The measurements show that the energies of electron transfer such as the reorganization energies, ionization energies, charge-injection barriers, polarization energies, and HOMO–LUMO energy gaps are strongly dependent on the particular functionalization of the pentacene core. The ionization energy trends as a function of the substitution observed for molecules in the ga...
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 activation is required for cisplatin nephrotoxicity

Apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation are hallmarks of cisplatin nephrotoxicity; however, the role and mechanisms of necrosis and inflammation remains undefined. As poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibition or its gene deletion is renoprotective in several renal disease models, we tested whether its activation may be involved in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Parp1 deficiency was found to reduce cisplatin-induced kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress, and tubular necrosis, but not apoptosis. Moreover, neutrophil infiltration, activation of nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and upregulation of proinflammatory genes were all abrogated by Parp1 deficiency. Using proximal tubule epithelial cells isolated from Parp1-deficient and wild-type mice and pharmacological inhibitors, we found evidence for a PARP1/Toll-like receptor 4/p38/tumor necrosis factor-α axis following cisplatin injury. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 protected against cisplatin-induced kidney structural/functional damage and inflammation. Thus, our findings suggest that PARP1 activation is a primary signal and its inhibition/loss protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Targeting PARP1 may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Positive and negative subtypes in acute schizophrenia.

Abstract This study examined the validity of the positive-negative dimension for the subtyping of young acute schizophrenics with under two years of illness. From a survey of 37 consecutively admitted acute schizophrenic inpatients with a mean age of 23.6 years, 9 were classified as having a positive syndrome and 8 a negative syndrome. They were compared on multiple psychopathological ratings, an affect scale, a test of attention and psychomotor rate, demographic, historic, and treatment variables, and drug side effects. A significant inverse relationship between positive and negative symptoms was found. The two groups were reliably distinguished on most criterion symptoms. The positive schizophrenics more commonly carried a paranoid subdiagnosis and also rated higher on symptoms associated with paranoid status. The negative patients showed an accurnulation of deficit symptoms that included impairments in affect, social relations, spontaneous thinking, attention, and motorium. Premorbidly they had less education and poorer work adjustment. Demographic variables, age and mode of onset of illness, duration since onset, global psychopathology, prevalence of extrapyramidal symptoms, and neuroleptic doses were essentially comparable in both groups. The data supported the presentation of a negative syndrome among young acute schizophrenics and its distinction from the positive subtype. The negative syndrome apparently was not secondary to progression of the disorder, prolonged institutionalization, severity of illness, neuroleptic dosage, or drug side effects. Processes accounting for the differentiation of these two syndromes early in the course of illness were discussed in the relation to developmental and biochemical hypotheses.
Agonist/antagonist properties of nalbuphine, butorphanol and (−)-pentazocine in male vs. female rats

To determine whether sex differences in the effects of mixed-action opioids could be due to differential activity at mu or kappa receptors, agonist/antagonist properties of nalbuphine, butorphanol and (-)-pentazocine were compared in male vs. female rats using a diuresis test. In water-loaded rats (2-h test), nalbuphine and (-)-pentazocine dose-dependently increased urination similarly in both sexes, whereas butorphanol increased urination more in females than in males on a ml/kg basis. The diuretic effects of all three opioids were at least partially blocked by the kappa receptor-selective antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI, 5 mg/kg) in both sexes. Kappa receptor-mediated antagonism of diuresis induced by U69,593 (0.56 mg/kg) was only observed with butorphanol in males. In water-loaded rats (1-h test), nalbuphine did not suppress, and butorphanol and (-)-pentazocine significantly suppressed urination in males only; all three mixed-action opioids dose-dependently blocked the antidiuretic effect of the selective mu agonist fentanyl (0.056 mg/kg) in both sexes. The ability of nalbuphine and (-)-pentazocine to block fentanyl-induced antidiuresis was not affected by pretreatment with nor-BNI in either sex. In contrast, the ability of butorphanol to block fentanyl-induced antidiuresis was attenuated by pretreatment with nor-BNI in males but not in females. These results suggest that sex differences in the effects of these mixed-action opioids are primarily due to their greater relative efficacy at the mu receptor in male than in female rats; butorphanol also may have greater efficacy at kappa receptors in females than in males.
An Algorithm for Locating the Aortic Valve and the Apex in Left-Ventricular Angiocardiograms

Efforts to automate the estimation of left-ventricular volume from serial angiocardiograms have neglected the explicit location of the aortic valve line and the ventricle apex. From heuristic considerations of typical aorta-ventricle outlines, an algorithm has been developed to find these key points. The algorithm tracks the turning of the aorta-ventricle outline and uses this information to find the apex and to nominate points for ends of the aortic valve line. The correct valve points maximize an objective function defined on distance measures and the turn information. The algorithm represents a significant step in the direction of completely automated analysis of ventricular angiocardiograms.
Stimulation of Expression for the Adenosine A2A Receptor Gene by Hypoxia in PC12 Cells: A POTENTIAL ROLE IN CELL PROTECTION

The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) gene expression during hypoxia in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that the A2AR mRNA level was substantially increased after a 3-h exposure to hypoxia (5% O2), which reached a peak at 12 h. Immunoblot analysis showed that the A2AR protein level was also increased during hypoxia. Inhibition of de novo protein synthesis blocked A2AR induction by hypoxia. In addition, removal of extracellular free Ca2+, chelation of intracellular free Ca2+, and pretreatment with protein kinase C inhibitors prevented A2AR induction by hypoxia. Moreover, depletion of protein kinase C activity by prolonged treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate significantly inhibited the hypoxic induction of A2AR. A2AR antagonists led to a significant enhancement of A2AR mRNA levels during hypoxia, whereas A2AR agonists caused down-regulation of A2AR expression during hypoxia. This suggests that A2AR regulates its own expression during hypoxia by feedback mechanisms. We further found that activation of A2AR enhances cell viability during hypoxia and also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor expression in PC12 cells. Thus, increased expression of A2AR during hypoxia might protect cells against hypoxia and may act to inhibit hypoxia-induced angiogenic activity mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor.
DUAL ECONOMY MODELS: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

The paper surveys recent work on dual economy models starting from the famous 1961 Jorgenson paper and ending with some of the new contributions to the literature on North-South trade which have the same analytical structure as the dual economy model. Various models are compared with respect to assumptions about asymmetries, speeds of adjustment and factor immobilities. Two important conclusions are noted: dynamic behaviour is often quite sensitive to the ranking of adjustment speeds and the direction of further research should be toward further disaggregation.
The homeless mentally ill in the general hospital: A question of fit

Abstract The evolution of general hospital psychiatry and the growth of the homeless mentally ill population in the United States have coincided temporally. Although the two have many points of confluence, their interaction has largely been of a lastresort variety, sometimes occurring by default and rarely adequately planned. The general hospital psychiatric unit has an important role to play in serving the homeless mentally ill—a role that is consonant with its mission of providing care to individuals whose service needs include special treatment interventions in short-term settings. That role may be most effectively implemented in a pluralistic service system, where the general hospital psychiatric unit is one of many facilities responding appropriately, but differentially, to the needs of individual members of the homeless mentally ill population.
Abstract BS01-2: Moving breast cancer stem cell therapies to the clinic

The realization that many cancers, including breast cancer, are driven by cells which display stem cell properties has significant clinical implications. Furthermore, the demonstrated role of these cells in mediating tumor metastasis and treatment resistance suggests the need to develop strategies to specifically target CSC populations. Cancer stem cell self-renewal and survival pathways represent potential therapeutic targets. These self-renewal pathways are regulated by an interacting network of cell intrinsic pathways, as well as extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment. These mircroenvironmental factors include cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and TGFb. CSCs maintain the plasticity to transition between epithelial-like MET and mesenchymal-like EMT states, a process regulated by the tumor microenvironment through microRNA circuits. We have demonstrated that previously identified cancer stem cell markers are cancer stem cell state specific. CD44+/CD24- CSCs represent mesenchymal-like stem cells capable of tissue invasion which are largely quiescent. In contrast, Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression identifies a more epithelial-like cancer stem cell state associated with self-renewal. Reversible EMT/MET transitions play a crucial role in mediating tumor metastasis. Preclinical breast cancer models predict that the greatest efficacy of CSC targeting therapeutics will occur when they are used in the adjuvant setting, a concept supported by preclinical models and clinical trials. Tumor regression may reflect effects on bulk cell populations explaining the lack of correlation between tumor shrinkage and patient survival. In contrast, recurrence following adjuvant therapy may be mediated by CSCs, which possesses sufficient self-renewal to form clinically significant metastasies. The important role of HER2 signaling in regulating breast cancer stem cell self-renewal may account for the remarkable clinical efficacy of targeting HER2 in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, the clinical benefit of such therapies in classically defined HER2-negative breast cancers may be due to selective expression of HER2 in CSCs in the absence of HER2 gene amplification. The clinical benefit of adjuvant trastuzumab in women whose breast cancers are currently classified as HER2-negative is currently being assessed in the randomized national clinical trial B47. These studies may demonstrate the need for reevaluating currently used clinical endpoints and clinical trial designs. Promising new technologies including the isolation and molecular characterization of circulating cancer stem cells may provide the opportunity for real time assessment of the efficacy of CSC targeting agents. A number of agents regulating BCSCs have entered early phase clinical trials which will determine whether effective targeting of CSCs improves patient outcome. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr BS01-2.
Dissolution and Separation of Aluminum and Aluminosilicates

Selection of an aluminum alloy for target cladding affects post-irradiation target dissolution and separations. Recent tests with aluminum alloy 6061 yielded greater than expected precipitation in the dissolver, forming up to 10 wt.% solids of aluminum hydroxides and aluminosilicates. Aluminosilicate dissolution presents challenges in a number of different areas, including metals extraction from minerals, flyash treatment, and separations from aluminum alloys. We present experimental work that attempts to maximize dissolution of aluminum metal in caustic, along with silicon, magnesium, and copper impurities, through control of temperature, the rate of reagent addition, and incubation time. Aluminum phase transformations have been identified as a function of time and temperature, using X-ray diffraction. Solutions have been analyzed using wet chemical methods and X-ray fluorescence. These data have been compared with published calculations of aluminum phase diagrams. Approaches are given to enhance the dis...
Modeling sediment resuspension-induced DO variation in fine-grained streams

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in streams with nutrient enriched fine-grained sediment are highly affected by sediment resuspension. This paper presents a new model, called VART-DOS model, for simulation of instream DO transport, DO exchanges across water-sediment and water-air interfaces, and DO variation in response to sediment resuspension. The sediment resuspension effect is described by introducing a lumped term as a product of DO concentration and a rate of sediment resuspension-induced DO consumption (Λ). The rate parameter Λ is defined as a nonlinear function of average summer temperature of water and several sediment erosion-related parameters. This is a novel and unique feature of the VART-DOS model. Based on sensitivity analysis, effects of BOD and Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) on DO consumption are not so important as compared to sediment resuspension which can cause up to 83% reduction in DO level during high flow. The VART-DOS model was applied to the Lower Amite River in Louisiana, USA to perform continuous simulations of DO fluctuations in the winter month January and the summer month July involving several flood-induced sediment resuspension events. Simulation results indicate that the VART-DOS model is capable of capturing overall variation trends in DO concentration. The Normalized Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between VART-DOS simulated and observed DO levels was 0. 42 for January and 0.23 for July, demonstrating the efficacy of the VART-DOS model.
A family of starch-active polysaccharide monooxygenases

The recently discovered fungal and bacterial polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs) are capable of oxidatively cleaving chitin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses that contain β(1→4) linkages between glucose or substituted glucose units. They are also known collectively as lytic PMOs, or LPMOs, and individually as AA9 (formerly GH61), AA10 (formerly CBM33), and AA11 enzymes. PMOs share several conserved features, including a monocopper center coordinated by a bidentate N-terminal histidine residue and another histidine ligand. A bioinformatic analysis using these conserved features suggested several potential new PMO families in the fungus Neurospora crassa that are likely to be active on novel substrates. Herein, we report on NCU08746 that contains a C-terminal starch-binding domain and an N-terminal domain of previously unknown function. Biochemical studies showed that NCU08746 requires copper, oxygen, and a source of electrons to oxidize the C1 position of glycosidic bonds in starch substrates, but not in cellulose or chitin. Starch contains α(1→4) and α(1→6) linkages and exhibits higher order structures compared with chitin and cellulose. Cellobiose dehydrogenase, the biological redox partner of cellulose-active PMOs, can serve as the electron donor for NCU08746. NCU08746 contains one copper atom per protein molecule, which is likely coordinated by two histidine ligands as shown by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and sequence analysis. Results indicate that NCU08746 and homologs are starch-active PMOs, supporting the existence of a PMO superfamily with a much broader range of substrates. Starch-active PMOs provide an expanded perspective on studies of starch metabolism and may have potential in the food and starch-based biofuel industries.
New phase in the mercury-indium system

Abstract A new phase has been discovered in the mercury-indium alloy system, centered around the composition HgIn2. The phase is stable only at temperatures below − 55°C ; at this temperature it decomposes peritectoidally into HgIn and the indium-rich f.c.c. solid solution. Electrical resistance, X-ray diffraction, and superconducting transition-temperature measurements have been used to establish the existence of the phase. The superconducting transition temperature characteristic of the phase is 3.2°K; its crystal structure was not determined. As a side result, the limit of the indium-rich cubic solid solution was determined to lie at 16 ± 1 at.% Hg, at − 50°C.
Effect of wall–molecule interactions on electrokinetic transport of charged molecules in nanofluidic channels during FET flow control

The interactions between charged molecules and channel surfaces are expected to significantly influence the electrokinetic transport of molecules and their separations in nanochannels. This study reports the effect of wall–molecule interactions on flow control of negatively charged Alexa 488 and positively charged Rhodamine B dye molecules in an array of nanochannels (100 nm w × 500 nm d × 14 mm l) embedded in fluidic field effect transistors (FETs). For FET flow control, a third electrical potential, known as a gate bias, is applied to the channel walls to manipulate their ζ-potential. Electroosmotic flow of charged dye molecules is accelerated or reversed according to the polarity and magnitude of the gate bias. During FET flow control, we monitor how the electrostatic interaction between charged dye molecules and channel walls affects the apparent velocity of molecules, using laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. We observe that the changes in flow speed and direction of negatively charged Alexa 488 is much more pronounced than that of positively charged Rhodamine B in response to the gate bias that causes either repulsive or attractive electrostatic interactions. This observation is supported by calculations of concentration-weighted velocity profiles of the two dye molecules during FET flow control. The velocity profile of negatively charged Alexa 488 is much more pronounced at the center of each nanochannel than near its walls since Alexa 488 molecules are repelled from negatively charged channel walls. This pronounced center velocity further responds to the gate bias, increasing the average velocity by as much as 23% when −30 V is applied to the gate (ζ-potential = −80.6 mV). In contrast, the velocity profile of positively charged Rhodamine B is dispersed over the entire channel width due to dye–wall attraction and adsorption. Our experimental observations and calculations support the hypothesis that valence-charge-dependent electrostatic interaction and its manipulation by the gate bias would enhance molecular separations of differentially charged molecules in nanofluidic FETs.
Invasion without a bottleneck: Microsatellite variation in natural and invasive populations of the brown mussel Perna perna (L).

Population-level genetic diversity of the brown mussel Perna perna was investigated using nuclear microsatellite markers in 6 natural and 6 invasive populations. A total of 448 individuals from 12 populations spanning the natural and introduced ranges of the brown mussel were scored for 2 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Wright's hierarchical F statistics (FST), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Nei's genetic distance, and other descriptive statistics were used to quantify geographic population subdivision, and to estimate the number of migrants per generation. FST values (0.007–0.042) revealed that genetic partitioning among populations was low. Microsatellite data revealed a slight difference in observed heterozygosity and no statistically significant differences in expected heterozygosity or allelic diversity between natural and introduced populations. Effective numbers of migrants (Nem) per generation ranged from 6 to 35 individuals. The potential significance of an invasive species with high genetic variation in terms of the risk of establishment and conservation implications is discussed.
Physical and nutritional properties of four major commercial Turkish hazelnut varieties

Abstract Several physical and nutritional properties of four hazelnut varieties (Palaz, Tombul, Cakildak, and Kara, which are major commercial Turkish hazelnut varieties) were determined and compared in terms of linear dimensions, mass, volume, sphericity, surface area, projected area, true and bulk densities, porosity, repose angle, shell ratio, terminal velocity, rupture force, static coefficient of friction of hazelnuts and crude protein, oil, crude fiber, energy, ash, dry matter, carbonhydrate and some minerals i.e. K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu contents of samples. All the properties of hazelnuts and kernels that provide useful data to engineers in the design of processing machines were generally found to be statistically different in the four hazelnut. These differences could be attributed to the individual characteristics of these varieties and environmental and growth conditions.
Design of Recombinant Hemoglobins for Use in Transfusion Fluids

Molecular biology has been applied to the development of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) proteins that can be expressed in bacteria or yeast. The transformation of the hemoglobin molecule into an HBOC requires a variety of modifications for rendering the acellular molecule of hemoglobin physiologically acceptable when transfused in circulation. Hemoglobins with different oxygen affinities can be obtained by introducing mutations at the heme pocket, the site of oxygen binding, or by introducing surface mutations that stabilize the hemoglobin molecule in the low-oxygen-affinity state. Modification of the size of the heme pocket is also used to hinder nitric oxide depletion and associated vasoconstriction. Introduction of cysteine residues on the hemoglobin surface allows formation of intermolecular bonds and formation of polymeric HBOCs. These polymers of recombinant hemoglobin have the characteristics of molecular size, molecular stability, and oxygen delivery to hypoxic tissue suitable for an HBOC.
Emergence of oligoclonal t cell populations following therapeutic t cell depletion in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To examine the compartment of CD4+ T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have developed persistent lymphopenia following antibody-mediated T cell depletion and to investigate why T cell depletion is of limited therapeutic efficacy. Methods Circulating T lymphocytes from 10 patients with seropositive RA treated with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) CAMPATH-1H were longitudinally monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis with MAb. To assess the molecular diversity of repopulating T cells, random samples of T cell clones from the peripheral blood of 3 patients were analyzed by sequencing the T cell receptor (TCR) beta chains. At the time of recurring disease, the synovial tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry, and the repertoires of peripheral and synovial tissue T cells were compared by TCR beta-chain sequencing and by semiquantitative hybridization with oligonucleotides specific for the V-D-J beta junctional region of selected clones. Results The reconstitution of the peripheral T cell compartment was very slow. A mean CD4+ T cell count of 105/microliters was reached 34 weeks following MAb treatment. After treatment, the percentage of CD4+ T cells with the CD45RO+ phenotype was significantly increased (P = 0.001), indicating the expansion of antigen-primed memory T cells. TCR beta-chain sequences revealed a marked restriction in the diversity of repopulating T cells with the emergence of dominant clonotypes. Despite the low counts of peripheral CD4+ T cells, the synovial tissue was infiltrated by CD4+ T cells to a similar extent as that in RA patients not treated with MAb. Selected clonotypes that had emerged in the peripheral blood compartment dominated the repertoire of tissue-infiltrating T cells in the synovium. Conclusion In patients with RA, T cell depletion induces a long-term imbalance in T cell homeostasis. Clonal proliferation of CD4+ T cells severely restricts the diversity of available T cell specificities and results in the emergence of dominant clonotypes, which accumulate in the synovial tissue despite peripheral lymphopenia.
Combat Casualty Hand Burns: Evaluating Impairment and Disability during Recovery

This study evaluated the use of the American Medical Association (AMA) impairment guides and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire in U.S. military casualties recovering from burn injury to the hand. Study sample included patients with burns to at least one hand and complete evaluations of impairment and disability upon discharge from the hospital and at a follow-up visit less than four months later. AMA and DASH scores were calculated for each visit and standardized response means (SRMs) were calculated to indicate responsiveness. Correlation between impairment and disability was assessed at discharge and follow-up and scores were examined for ability to discriminate between casualties returned to duty (RTD) and casualties not returned to duty (N-RTD). Both outcome instruments revealed a statistically significant change in scores between visits (p<0.001) with corresponding SRM indexes greater than 0.8 (large effect). There was a moderate correlation (r=0.50) between impairment and disability at discharge and a moderately high correlation (r=0.74) at follow-up. Both AMA and DASH scores clearly discriminated between casualties RTD (AMA 10+/-10 and DASH 12+/-12) and casualties N-RTD (AMA 39+/-19 and DASH 41+/-17) with improved accuracy at follow-up visit. The AMA and DASH can provide a comprehensive assessment of impairment and disability and may be used to detect changes in patient health status over time while clearly discriminating between RTD and N-RTD in combat casualties recovering from burn injury to the hand(s).
α-Phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates hypoxic–ischemic white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain ☆

White matter of the neonatal brain is highly sensitive to hypoxic-ischemic insult. The susceptibility of premature oligodendrocytes (OLs) to free radicals (FRs) produced during hypoxia-ischemia (HI) has been proposed as one of the mechanisms involved. To test this hypothesis, and to further investigate if the FR scavenger alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) attenuates hypoxic-ischemic white matter damage (WMD), postnatal day 4 (P4) SD rats were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCAL), followed by 8% oxygen exposure for 20 min. Pathological changes were evaluated on P6 and P9, 2 and 5 days after the HI insult. HI caused severe WMD including rarefaction, necrosis and cavity formation in the corpus callosum, external and internal capsule areas. OL injury was evidenced by degeneration of O4 positive OLs on P6. Disrupted myelination was verified by decreased immunostaining of myelin basic protein (MBP) on P9. Axonal injury was demonstrated by increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunostaining on both P6 and P9. Two lipid peroxidation end products, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), showed a one-fold elevation within 1-24 h following HI. 4-HNE immunostaining was found to specifically localize in the white matter area. Furthermore, pyknotic O4+ OLs were double-labeled with 4-HNE. These findings suggest that FRs are involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal WMD. PBN (100 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment alleviated the pathological changes of WMD following HI. It improved the survival of O4 positive OLs, attenuated hypomyelination and reduced axonal damage. PBN treatment also decreased the brain concentration of MDA/4-HNE and positive 4-HNE staining in the white matter area. These findings indicate that in the current WMD model, PBN protects both OLs and axons, the two main components in the white matter, from neonatal HI insult. FR scavenging appears to be the primary mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect.
Glucocorticoid resistance in humans

Generalized inherited glucocorticoid resistance is a rare disorder caused by glucocorticoid receptor mutations and characterized clinically by hypercortisolism. Pituitary and peripheral resistance are balanced so that neither adrenal insufficiency nor Cushingoid features develop. Clinical characteristics reflect overproduction of adrenal androgens and mineralocorticoids, which are caused by excess stimulation of the adrenal gland by ACTH. These clinical characteristics respond to dexamethasone therapy. Localized and/or acquired glucocorticoid resistance may occur in some circumstances.
Evoked potential analysis: On-line signal optimization using a mini-computer

An automated computer-based system is described for the analysis of evoked potentials. All procedures are carried out in real-time A small computer performs the following functions; timing of random stimulus presentation, rejection of artifact contaminated responses, collection of digital data, computation of averaged evoked responses, computation of the Wiener filter, storage of the filtered and unfiltered averages and display of the resultant averages. The Wiener filter as described by Walter (1969) and Doyle (1975) is used to improve the estimate of the evoked potential by discriminating against frequencies likely to be contaminated with noise. The defining equation for the Wiener filter states that information at any frequency is to be weighted by the ratio of the power known to be in the signal (response) at that frequency over the corresponding power known to be in both the signal (response) and the noise (background EEG) at the same frequency. The technique requires the computation of the Fourier transform for each response in order to produce the power spectra necessary for the Wiener filter. Earlier reports dealing with this technique have usee large computers to analyze the evoked potential data off-line. The system described here allows for greater routine utilization of this powerful technique and the concomitant automated rejection of artifact contaminated responses. Highly improved estimates of the evoked potential are resultant using a minimal number of stimuli.
Effect of serotonin depletion by p-chlorophenylalanine upon discriminative behaviours.

Abstract 1. 1. Para-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), a competitive inhibitor of the serotonin (5-HT) synthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, was administered to rats at a dosage (100 mg/kg daily for 3 days) that depletes 5-HT. 2. 2. Different groups of these rats were previously trained to discriminate the interoceptive stimuli produced by amphetamine, cathinone, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE), fenfluramine or yohimbine, and the effect of p-CPA pretreatment upon their discriminative performance was compared with the effect of saline (control) pretreatment. 3. 3. p-CPA was shown to have no effect upon the dopaminergically-mediated stimuli produced by the stimulants amphetamine and cathinone or upon yohimbine performance. 4. 4. p-CPA significantly decreased discriminative performance with the serotonergic releasing drugs MDMA, MDE and fenfluramine. This decrease in discriminative performance returned to pre-p-CPA (criterion) levels at a time (9–12 days) when 5-HT has been reported to replete to normal brain concentrations. 5. 5. It is concluded that p-CPA pretreatment lowers brain 5-HT and, in turn, significantly decreases the ability of rats to discriminate centrally active drugs whose interoceptive cueing stimuli are mediated by 5-HT neurons.
Putin and the 'Delegative Democracy' Trap: Evidence from Russia's 2003-04 Elections

Three experts on Russian elections analyze the surprising degree to which Russian voters supported their leaders, especially Putin, in the December 2003 Duma elections and the March 2004 presidential election. Drawing on the results of surveys of a nationally representative sample of Russians of voting age made between December 19, 2003, and February 15, 2004, and then between April 4 and May 11, 2004, the authors identify some distinctive trends in voting behavior. The results of the election are analyzed in terms of the views and characteristics of the people who voted in particular ways. The trends revealed by the surveys and the authors' analysis are used to consider how Putin's Russia compares to "delegative democracies" in Latin America.
Sensing Metal Ions with DNA Building Blocks: Fluorescent Pyridobenzimidazole Nucleosides

We describe novel fluorescent N-deoxyribosides (1 and 2) having 2-pyrido-2-benzimidazole and 2-quino-2-benzimidazole as aglycones. The compounds were prepared from the previously unknown heterocyclic precursors and Hoffer's chlorosugar, yielding alpha anomers as the chief products. X-ray crystal structures confirmed the geometry and showed that the pyridine and benzimidazole ring systems deviated from coplanarity in the solid state by 154° and 140°, respectively. In methanol compounds 1 and 2 had absorption maxima at 360 and 370 nm, respectively, and emission maxima at 494 and 539 nm. Experiments revealed varied fluorescence responses of the nucleosides to a panel of 17 monovalent, divalent, and trivalent metal ions in methanol. One or both of the nucleosides showed significant changes with 10 of the metal ions. The most pronounced spectral changes for ligand−nucleoside 1 included red shifts in fluorescence (Au+, Au3+), strong quenching (Cu2+, Ni2+, Pt2+), and substantial enhancements in emission intensit...
The Zeigarnik Phenomenon Revisited: Implications for Enhancement of Morale:

Zeigarnik's notion of need tension following task interruption was reexamined by comparing the time estimates of task-interrupted and task-completed groups (n = 15 each). Overestimation characterized the former and underestimation the latter group. Tasks with clear endpoints are thought to be associated with high morale.
Framing Symbols and Space: Counterrecruitment and Resistance to the U.S. Military in Public Education

Despite recent federal laws providing military recruiters unprecedented access to public schools and student information, sociologists have given scant attention to the militarization of education or the military counterrecruitment movement in the United States. Semistructured in-depth interviews with counterrecruiters reveal five framing campaigns used to resist the armed forces' efforts to dominate the symbolic discourse in public schools: 1) the rendition of information, 2) educational space, 3) heroic military narrative, 4) educational mission, and 5) vocational vision. Analysis examining the interaction of space and social movement framing reveals how counterrecruiters compete with military recruiters over the U.S. public education's foundational values and symbols. This article advances our understanding of the counterrecruitment movement in U.S. public schools and how space influences social movement framing through the concepts of spatial legitimacy, spatial authorities, and spatial protocols.
A Model for the Diffusion of Moisture in Adhesive Joints. Part II: Experimental

Abstract The concentration dependence and temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient, as discussed in Part I, are validated with literature data on poly(styrene) and on poly(vinylacetate). The effect on diffusivity, of a uniaxial tensile stress state and of a biaxial tensile stress state, is measured with permeation tests on stretched poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) films. The influence of semi-crystallinity is briefly discussed. Further, diffusivity measurements under a tensile stress state, under a compressive stress state, and under a pure shear stress state are performed on Ultem® polyimide films, using a modified sorption technique. Good agreement between theoretical predictions and experiment is found. Finally, predictions by the solubility model discussed in Part I are compared with data on low density polyethylene and on Ultem polyimide.
A Dendritic Compartment Model Neuron

An electronic model is described which features a multiple input compartmental system analogous to a dendritic net and a simulated action potential. The inputs to the model are rectangular voltage pulses which initiate excitatory and/or inhibitory conductance changes in the dendritic compartments; the outputs are the simulated action potential and a simultaneous rectangular voltage pulse. In addition, the membrane potential at each compartment and the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing conductances can be conveniently monitored.
A stochastic Lagrangian atmospheric transport model to determine global CO2 sources and sinks–a preliminary discussion

A stochastic Lagrangian model describing the global tropospheric distribution of CO 2 is developed. Available source and sink terms are incorporated in the model. Advection terms are derived from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) analysed grids. Statistics for the variation in the advective terms are derived and incorporated in the model from the ECMWF data base. Model output is compared with CO 2 observations obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change (GMCC) program. Model estimates of the yearly averaged latitudinal gradient of CO 2 concentration match the observed CO 2 concentrations except over the southern oceans. A biospheric growing season net flux (GSNF) of 6.5 Gt C was found, from model simulations, to explain the observed seasonal cycle in CO 2 concentrations. This value of the GSNF lies within the bounds of previous estimates. The intensity of the biospheric fluxes above 60° N, oceanic fluxes below 45° S and model vertical transport warrant further investigation. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00306.x
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Main Coronary Artery

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) demonstrated the left main coronary trunk in 30 of 32 patients. Of these 30 patients, 10 had angiographically normal and 20 stenotic left main coronary arteries. The TEE study revealed no stenosis in 9 of 10 patients with normal left main trunks and atherosclerotic lesions in all 20 patients with stenotic left main trunks. TEE demonstrated additional areas of stenosis in the left main coronary artery in 3 patients, which included ostial lesions in 2 patients. These features were not observed by angiography. Furthermore, when compared with angiography, TEE overestimated severity of stenosis in 4 patients. In conclusion, TEE is a useful test in demonstrating normal as well as stenotic left main coronary trunks.
Solitary nonparasitic hepatic cyst causing abdominal distension and respiratory distress in a newborn

This is a report of a girl infant born with a protuberant abdomen and respiratory distress. A cystic mass was excised from the liver.
Narrative Identity in a Solo Performance: Craig Gingrich-Philbrook’s “The First Time”

In the solo performance of autobiographical narrative, the performer’s body is the primary site for the construction of narrative identity. Autobiographical performance emphasizes the tensions between conventionalized forms of representation and the contingent and relational forms of presentation. That is, presenting “a story about myself” both constitutes and performs identity in a narrative that represents this performative accomplishment as having already taken place. The tensions between the presentation and representation of narrative identity are productive opportunities for queer solo performers who seek to make visible and disrupt the power relations and structures of heterosexist discourse. Analysis of a solo performance, “The First Time” by Craig Gingrich-Philbrook, illustrates how the critical reiteration of conventions can be used to make explicit the operation of narrative identity.
Spiral CT Images of Acute Massive Pulmonary Embolism Before and After Thrombolysis

A73-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit because of sudden onset of dyspnea followed by syncope. On admission, the arterial blood gas (ABG) showed pH 7.45, Paco2 25.2 mm Hg, Pao2 53 mm Hg, bicarbonate 17.6 mEq/L, and Sao2 89.5% with the patient breathing 2 L/min O2 via nasal cannula. One …