cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Freedom to Imagine Fantasy Sports: Applying New Ideas in Copyright Law to Professional Athletes' Right of Publicity

The creation and growth of online fantasy sports games has resulted in an interesting struggle between the First Amendment rights of sports fans and sports players' right of publicity. Fantasy sports websites state that they have a constitutional right to use players' names in their online programs which allow customers to build their own fantasy teams. Professional sports leagues argue that they, and the players, have spent great time and money in building the names and public images of professional athletes, and deserve to be compensated through state right of publicity laws. Currently courts are left with choosing between these two extremes - either allow fantasy sports websites to freely use the names and statistics of the players, or force them to pay for licenses at whatever cost the sports leagues set. This article examines previously proposed methods of dealing with copyright laws, and how these ideas can be applied to the conflicting rights surrounding fantasy sports. It attempts to find a middle ground where fantasy sports websites cannot be barred from using players' names, but players are still allowed to be justly compensated for the effort and expense that goes into making their names famous.
Semigroups of transformations whose restrictions belong to a given semigroup

For a set X, denote by T(X) the semigroup of full transformations on X. For any subset Y of X and any subsemigroup $${\mathbb {S}}(Y)$$ of T(Y), denote by $$T_{{\mathbb {S}}(Y)}(X)$$ the semigroup of all transformations $$\alpha \in T(X)$$ such that $$\alpha |_{Y}\in {\mathbb {S}}(Y)$$ , where $$\alpha |_Y$$ is the restriction of $$\alpha $$ to Y. In this paper, we describe the regular elements of $$T_{{\mathbb {S}}(Y)}(X)$$ and determine when $$T_{{\mathbb {S}}(Y)}(X)$$ is a regular semigroup [inverse semigroup, completely regular semigroup]. With the assumption that $${\mathbb {S}}(Y)$$ contains the identity $${{\,\mathrm{id}\,}}_{{\tiny Y}}$$ , we describe Green’s relations in $$T_{{\mathbb {S}}(Y)}(X)$$ in terms of the corresponding Green’s relations in $${\mathbb {S}}(Y)$$ . We apply these general results to obtain more concrete results for the semigroup $$T_{\Gamma (Y)}(X)$$ , where $$\Gamma (Y)$$ is the semigroup of full injective transformations on Y. We also discuss generalizations and extensions of the semigroup $$T_{{\mathbb {S}}(Y)}(X)$$ .
Stress-induced premature senescence as a mechanism of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced endothelial dysfunction (547.18)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are a major component of the current combination therapy for HIV, known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Studies have demonstrated that HAART has significantly decreased mortality and reduced viral load in HIV-infected patients, but has also been associated with cardiovascular complications including endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of atherosclerosis. Our studies have shown that mice treated chronically with some NRTIs exhibit endothelial dysfunction, which is prevented by overexpression of the mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Moreover, our in vitro data indicates that mitochondrial toxicity via oxidative stress may result in stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), a possible mechanism for the development of this dysfunction. In this study, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with NRTIs zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), or tenofovir (TEN), through multiple passages to determi...
Gene Order of Encephalomyocarditis Virus as Determined by Studies with Pactamycin

Previous work has shown that translation of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) generates at least three primary products, polypeptides A, F, and C. The A and C polypeptides then undergo post-translational cleavages to complete the production of the stable viral polypeptides (δ, β, γ, α, G, I, F, H, and E). In this communication we show that A, F, and C are produced in equimolar amounts giving further support to the theory that the RNA of picornaviruses has only a single site for the initiation of protein synthesis. The biosynthesis of viral proteins in EMC virus-infected HeLa cells was studied in the presence of pactamycin at concentrations which preferentially inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis. The amount of each polypeptide formed during the residual period of protein synthesis observed after the addition of pactamycin was used as a criterion for ordering the genes on the viral RNA. The results obtained indicate that the primary gene products are ordered on the EMC viral RNA 5′ → 3′ A-F-C and that the stable products are ordered δ-β-γ-α-G-I-F-H-E. Moreover, the intermediate chains B and e map in the capsid region, whereas the intermediate chain D maps in the E region. This order is largely consistent with previously established relationships of the viral polypeptides and thus indicates that pactamycin is a valid tool for “genetic” mapping of polycistronic RNA molecules with single initiation sites.
Conference highlights of "Toward a New Millennium in Galaxy Morphology"

A summary of the highlights of the conference, "Toward a New Millennium in Galaxy Morphology" is presented. In this review, I cover the major topics addressed at the conference, including both the observational and theoretical frameworks suggested for understanding the morphology of galaxies.
VERITAS observations of M87 from 2007 to present

M87 is a nearby radio galaxy and because of its misaligned jet, it is possible to correlate detailed spatially-resolved emission regions in the radio, optical to X-ray waveband with unresolved but contemporaneous flux measurements in the TeV regime. Hence, M87 provides a unique opportunity to reveal the emission mechanisms responsible for high energy gamma-ray emission from active galactic nuclei. Observations with VERITAS since 2007 have resulted in 90 hours of data while 2008 observations were part of a concerted effort involving the three major atmospheric Cherenkov observatories: H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS. As a result of the TeV campaign, a high flux state of M87 was detected in February 2008 showing multiple flares with rapid variability. We will present the comprehensive results from VERITAS observations since 2007 and also show preliminary results from the 2009 campaign.
Calorie labeling, fast food purchasing and restaurant visits.

Objective Obesity is a pressing public health problem without proven population-wide solutions. Researchers sought to determine whether a city-mandated policy requiring calorie labeling at fast food restaurants was associated with consumer awareness of labels, calories purchased and fast food restaurant visits. Design and Methods Difference-in-differences design, with data collected from consumers outside fast food restaurants and via a random digit dial telephone survey, before (December 2009) and after (June 2010) labeling in Philadelphia (which implemented mandatory labeling) and Baltimore (matched comparison city). Measures included: self-reported use of calorie information, calories purchased determined via fast food receipts, and self-reported weekly fast-food visits. Results The consumer sample was predominantly Black (71%), and high school educated (62%). Postlabeling, 38% of Philadelphia consumers noticed the calorie labels for a 33% point (P < 0.001) increase relative to Baltimore. Calories purchased and number of fast food visits did not change in either city over time. Conclusions While some consumers report noticing and using calorie information, no population level changes were noted in calories purchased or fast food visits. Other controlled studies are needed to examine the longer term impact of labeling as it becomes national law.
Ethics and palliative care: which consultant and when?

Over the past 30 years, and increasingly over the past decade, palliative care services characteristically address the complexity of communication, decision making, and management of end-of-life issues for patients and families of all ages. Clinical ethics services have a parallel 30-plus year history in the United States—so much so that some have offered that clinical ethics has “cut its teeth” on issues attendant to the beginning and end of life. The authors propose considerations necessary in determining the appropriateness of consultation with palliative care, clinical ethics, or both, and when either may be necessary but perhaps not sufficient for patient and family management. A resolution for any encountered tension and identification of common or overlapping domains for both consultants is presented.
Lateral-Directional Parameter Estimation on the X-48B Aircraft Using an Abstracted, Multi-Objective Effector Model

The problem of parameter estimation on hybrid-wing-body aircraft is complicated by the fact that many design candidates for such aircraft involve a large number of aerodynamic control effectors that act in coplanar motion. This adds to the complexity already present in the parameter estimation problem for any aircraft with a closed-loop control system. Decorrelation of flight and simulation data must be performed in order to ascertain individual surface derivatives with any sort of mathematical confidence. Non-standard control surface configurations, such as clamshell surfaces and drag-rudder modes, further complicate the modeling task. In this paper, time-decorrelation techniques are applied to a model structure selected through stepwise regression for simulated and flight-generated lateral-directional parameter estimation data. A virtual effector model that uses mathematical abstractions to describe the multi-axis effects of clamshell surfaces is developed and applied. Comparisons are made between time history reconstructions and observed data in order to assess the accuracy of the regression model. The Cram r-Rao lower bounds of the estimated parameters are used to assess the uncertainty of the regression model relative to alternative models. Stepwise regression was found to be a useful technique for lateral-directional model design for hybrid-wing-body aircraft, as suggested by available flight data. Based on the results of this study, linear regression parameter estimation methods using abstracted effectors are expected to perform well for hybrid-wing-body aircraft properly equipped for the task.
Multiple-input multiple-output radar aperture optimisation

The authors describe a process for designing low-cost, light-weight antenna apertures for use in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars. In a MIMO radar system, two or more transmitters emit independent waveforms, with the resulting reflections received by an array of receivers. Recently, MIMO radar has become a subject of great interest. In part, this interest is due to the potential for MIMO techniques to reduce radar weight and cost, while maintaining performance (as compared with conventional radar approaches). However, the size of these reductions has not yet been quantified. Here, the authors describe a process for designing optimal radar apertures. This process treats the design problem as one of minimising an objective function under performance constraints. The objective function is based upon a first-order model for the relationship between cost (or weight) and performance, and is derived for systems employing active, element-digitised arrays. A systematic process for optimising the aperture's design with respect to this objective function is presented, and equations describing the optimal aperture are derived. These equations provide insight into the optimal relationship between various aperture characteristics, such as the number of transmitters, number of receivers, module power level and virtual array length.
Do Black Adolescents with a Diagnosis of IDDM have a Different Type of Diabetes than Whites? • 453

It has been suggested that diabetes in Black (B) children & adolescents is more diverse in its etiology & pathogenesis than in young Whites (W). We have demonstrated a recent significant rise in incidence of IDDM in B adolescents in a population-based registry. We evaluated ICA, both on human(H) & rat (R) pancreas, antibodies to GAD65 & to ICA512 (IA-2) in 316 children < 19 yrs of age (284 W, mean age 8±4.5 yrs; & 32 B, mean age 10±4.9 yrs) in blood drawn within 3 months of diagnosis with IDDM, consecutively during 1983-1985, 1989 & 1996 in Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. They were divided into 4 groups according to race & age. Table
Interactions Between Social Movements and US Political Parties

Interactions between US political parties and social movements range from those that emphasize closeness to those that seek to preserve distance. Although previously unrecognized in organizational analysis, these strategies are similar to ones of bridging and buffering. Where they differ both from inter-organizational relations among firms and from among other non-profits, this is due to the importance movements attach to autonomy, manifested in their antagonistic reactions to political parties and rooted in the importance they attach to ideology.
225 GLYCEROL CONTRIBUTES TO GLUCOSE PRODUCTION DURING THE FIRST POSTNATAL DAY IN VERY IMMATURE NEWBORNS (<28W)

Immature infants have small, rapidly depleted glycogen stores. Therefore, other energy substrates are necessary to meet the metabolic demands. The aim of the present study was to determine production rates of glucose and glycerol, and the degree of conversion of glycerol to glucose in infants born after < 28 w. Subjects and methods: Five infants with birth weights of 665-1173 g and gestational ages of 25-27 w were studied at postnatal ages of 13-24 h. Tracer dilution technique with 6,6-2H2-glucose and 2-13C-glycerol was used. Production rates of glucose and glycerol were calculated from isotopic enrichments, determined by use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Conversion of glycerol to glucose was calculated from the 13C-enrichment of glucose. Insulin and glucagon were measured by RIA. Results: The production rate of glucose was 16.4±7.2 and that of glycerol 11.3 ±6.9 μmol·kg−1·min−1. The fraction of glycerol converted to glucose was 42.1−116.3 %, corresponding to 16.5±13.8 % of the glucose production rate. The plasma concentration of glucose was 2.5±1.0 mM, that of glycerol 346±454 μM and those of insulin and glucagon 6.6±2.2 μUmL−1 and 294±57pgmL−1, respectively. (X±SD) Conclusion: Very immature infants are capable to produce glucose and glycerol during their first postnatal day. The results also show, that in these immature infants glycerol contributes to glucose production.
BIOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTIONS (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL SUGARS, AND LIGNIN PHENOLS) AMONG SIZE-CLASSES OF MODERN MARINE SEDIMENTS FROM THE WASHINGTON COAST

Abstract In order to examine relationships of organic matter source, composition, and diagenesis with particle size and mineralogy in modern marine depositional regimes, sediments from the continental shelf and slope along the Northwest Pacific rim (Washington coast, USA) were sorted into hydrodynamic size fractions (sand: >250, 63–250 μm; silt: 35–63, 17–35, 8–17, 3–8 μm; and clay-sized: 1–3, 0.5–1,
Effect of Right Bundle Branch Block on Electrocardiographic Amplitudes, Including Combined Voltage Criteria Used for the Detection of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background: Although right bundle branch block (RBBB) delays right ventricular depolarization, its effect on cancellation of right and left ventricular forces within the QRS complex has not been quantified during stable temporal and physiological conditions. Systematic changes in QRS amplitude during transient RBBB bear directly on performance of standard ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and these changes require quantification. Methods: We examined the instantaneous effect of RBBB on QRS amplitudes and LVH voltages in 40 patients who had intermittent complete RBBB during a single 10 sec standard 12-lead ECG recording, comprising 0.1% of approximately 400,000 consecutive ECGs in a university teaching hospital setting. Amplitudes were measured by magnifying graticule to the nearest 25 microvolts, averaged for up to 3 normal and 3 RBBB complexes, and compared by paired t test. Results: RBBB was associated with an increase in initial QRS forces (RV1, RV2, and QV6) but significant decreases in mean mid-QRS amplitudes that reflect left ventricular depolarization (RaVL [−75 microvolts], SV1 [−389 microvolts], SV3 [−617 microvolts], RV5 [−100 microvolts], and RV6 [−123 microvolts]). All late QRS forces were increased with RBBB (R'V1, SV5, SI). As a result, combined voltages used for LVH criteria were significantly reduced by RBBB: Sokolow-Lyon voltage decreased from 1520 ± 739 to 1014 ± 512 microvolts (p < 0.001), and Cornell voltage decreased from 1438 ± 683 to 746 ± 399 microvolts (p < 0.001). Conclusions: RBBB is associated with significant reduction in "left ventricular" QRS amplitudes of the standard ECG, consistent with cancellation, rather than unmasking, of left ventricular mid-QRS forces by altered septal and delayed right ventricular depolarization. Because QRS voltages that are routinely combined for the detection of LVH are reduced in RBBB, standard LVH criteria will perform with lower sensitivity in patients with RBBB.
Nonlinear decoupling in a class of quadratic two time scale systems with applications to synchronous machine models

This paper deals with two time scale systems which contain products of fast variables in the slow sub-system. A nonlinear transformation to reduce the fast product terms to order epsilon is presented. A synchronous machine example with this two time scale property is also given.
Sol-gel coatings on carbon/carbon composites

The need for structural materials that can withstand severe environments up to 4000°F has promulgated the investigation of sol-gel derived ceramic and composite coatings on carbon/carbon composite materials. Alumina and zirconia sols have been deposited via thermophoresis on carbon/carbon substrates.
Neural control of arterial pressure variability in the neuromuscularly blocked rat

The baroreflexes stabilize moment-to-moment arterial pressure. Sinoaortic denervation (SAD) of the baroreflexes results in a large increase in arterial pressure variability (APV) across various species. Due to an incomplete understanding of the nonlinear interactions between central and peripheral systems, the major source of APV remains controversial. While some studies suggested that the variability is endogenous to the central nervous system (CNS), others argued that peripheral influences may be the main source. For decades, abnormal cardiovascular variability has been associated with a number of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. Delineating mechanisms of the APV is critical for the improvement of current strategies that use APV as a clinical tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, with a unique chronic neuromuscularly blocked (NMB) rat preparation that largely constrains peripheral influences, we determined the CNS contribution to the post-SAD APV. First, we confirmed that SAD significantly increased APV in the NMB rat, then demonstrated that post-SAD ganglionic blockade substantially reduced APV, and subsequent intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and epinephrine (in presence of ganglionic blockade) only slightly increased APV. These data suggest that the CNS is an important source, and skeletal activity, thermal challenges or other forms of peripherally generated cardiovascular stress are not required for the post-SAD APV. In addition, we showed that bilateral aortic denervation produced a larger increase in APV than bilateral carotid sinus denervation, suggesting that the aortic baroreflex plays a more dominant role in the control of APV than the carotid sinus.
The influence of techno-capital and techno-disposition on the college-going processes of Latina/o college students in Central Texas

Latina/o students are one of the least likely populations to access technology and possess the techno-capital necessary to succeed in postsecondary education. This phenomenological qualitative research study used interviews with 20 Latina/o college students in Central Texas to examine how techno-capital and techno-disposition interact in complex ways to influence their college-going processes. Preliminary findings suggest that Latina/o students held varying levels of cognizance about the digital gap that were heavily dependent upon their socioeconomic backgrounds, that techno-disposition could be leveraged to access and attain more techno-capital, and that gender differences exist between how Latina/o students think about, approach, and utilize technology in their college experiences.
Reflections on North American Pacific Coast prehistory

The Pacific Coast of North America was occupied by many distinctive groups of coastal hunter-gatherers at the times of early contacts with Europeans. Despite significant cultural diversity, Pacific Coast peoples shared lifeways oriented toward generally similar marine, nearshore, littoral, and estuarine habitats. In this paper, we examine some major issues that guide much of the archaeology done along the Pacific Coast, then discuss some of the theoretical and methodological problems that limit the efficacy of archaeological reconstructions. Most archaeological research conducted on North America's Pacific Coast has been oriented toward the search for the origins and development of a variety of cultural patterns. A comparative review of California and Northwest Coast sequences provides interesting parallels and discrepancies in the approaches taken in studying some of the major issues in Pacific Coast prehistory.
Rhetoric, Black Power, and Baldwin's "Another Country"

This piece is rhetorical criticism. That statement may doom the writer at the outset to an absurd posture. Criticism suggests detachment, but the subject is one that mocks such an attitude. Further, striking the critical stance may be innately arrogant and, surely in the searing gospels of the American ghettos even more than in those of yore, does a haughty spirit go before destruction. Nonetheless, the stance is struck. In discussing "The Anatomy of Criticism," Lawrence Rosenfield (1968: 51-52) uses a game analogy. The critic is the ideal spectator. He gives an account of what he sees and renders a judgment of it. The analogy is undoubtedly telling. Description and evaluation both depend on understanding. But understanding is never absolute. It reveals a point of view. Even if the viewer shifts his position from time to time, like a man walking around a piece of sculpture trying to see it from every angle, at each moment he sees from inside his own skin. There is no other possibility. Each statement reveals where he's at-at the moment.
Social control, social support, and companionship in older adults' family relationships and friendships

Social control, social support, and companionship represent basic elements of many close relationships, yet we know relatively little about how these distinctive elements separately and jointly influence relationship quality. Control and support may have incompatible effects, with efforts by a family member or friend to influence a focal person's behavior undermining the sense of support in the relationship. We examined the implications of control, support, and companionship for the perceived quality of older adults’family relationships and friendships in a sample of 180 older adults. Analyses indicated that the participants’family members and friends were differentially involved in performing control, support, and companionship functions. In addition, perceived relationship quality appeared to be anchored in somewhat different functions for family members versus friends. The perceived quality of family ties was related to emotional support, companionship, and social control, whereas the perceived quality of ties with friends was related to emotional support, instrumental support, and companionship. Contrary to expectation, we found no evidence that social control detracted from perceived relationship quality or that social control interacted with social support in predicting relationship quality. The results help to extend existing knowledge of relationship specialization in later adulthood, and they underscore the usefulness of distinguishing social control, social support, and companionship.
A High-Resolution 2800 MHz Multi-Element Interferometer

The design of the East West arm of a multi-element interferometer for solar noise observations in the band 2650–2950 mhz at the Algonquin Radio Observatory, Lake Traverse, Ont., Canada, is outlined. The completed first stage consists of an array of thirty-two 3-meter reflectors extending over 212 meters. In the second stage, four reflectors will be arranged symmetrically about the array for polarization studies, while in the third stage four additional reflectors will be placed to the East to form a compound interferometer. These configurations provide single lobed fan beams with half power widths of 1.5, 0.5 and 0.25 of arc respectively. Scans of the sun taken on April 26th, 1966 with the 32-element array located two widely separated enhancements of radio emission, which produced a small gradual rise and fall burst on the solar patrol record.
Correlation of lineation with rock-movement

‘Lineation” is a collective term for any kind of linear structure in or on a rock. It is meant to be descriptive and non-genetic. Lineations are striae on slickensides, fold-axes, flow-lines, stretching, elongate pebbles or oolites, wrinkles, streaks, intersections of planes, linear parallelism of minerals or components, or any other kind of linear structure of megascopic, microscopic, or regional dimensions.
Publication Bias in Two Political Behavior Literatures

Publication bias occurs when the probability that a paper enters the scholarly literature is a function of the magnitude or significance levels of the coefficient estimates. We investigate publication bias in two large literatures in political behavior: economic voting and the effects of negative advertising. We find that the pattern of published estimates is consistent with the presence of publication bias and that bias is more prevalent in the most influential and highly cited outlets. We consider the possible causes and find some evidence that papers systematically employ one-sided hypothesis tests in response to failure to meet the more demanding critical values associated with two-tailed tests, a practice that leads to misleading reports of the probability of Type I errors.
Apotheosis of actuality: Kierkegaard’s poetic life

By way of an interaction with Kierkegaard’s Point of View, this paper attempts to show the extent to which Kierkegaard’s Repetition was a poetic repetition of his own life. By comparing several of his published texts with journal entries and letters to friends, this paper traces the extent and degree of Kierkegaard’s poetic reflection and corresponding lack of existential immediacy. At its most extreme, this paper argues that Kierkegaard did not really exist in the typical sense of the term; or, more precisely, that he only existed as a poetic repetition, an apotheosized ideal. Kierkegaard lived only insofar as he wrote himself into poetry.
Surface and volume collective modes in small clusters and their interaction with single-particle levels

As has been recently established, collective excitations in small metal clusters exhibit some unusual features. A theoretical analysis of cluster photoabsorption spectra is presented. It is shown that small systems can support volume collective modes which, unlike in the case of bulk metals, make a noticeable contribution to photoabsorption. Furthermore, single particle-hole transitions cause splitting of resonance peaks. The theory agrees well with experimental data.
Antihuman Factor V Antibodies After Use of Relatively Pure Bovine Thrombin

Although bovine thrombin is commonly used in the operating room, there is evidence that exposure to bovine thrombin can result in the development of autoimmune antibodies, usually against factor V, which can lead to a profound coagulopathy. It is thought that impurities in bovine thrombin preparations are responsible for the adverse reactions in patients. Here we describe a case in which exposure to a relatively pure bovine thrombin preparation resulted in the development of an antihuman factor V antibody-associated coagulopathy. This report calls into question the safety of even relatively pure bovine thrombin.
Multiple function benefit - cost comparison of conservation buffer placement strategies

a b s t r a c t Conservation buffers are considered to be effective practices for repairing impaired streams and restor- ing multiple ecosystem functions in degraded agricultural watersheds. Six different planning strategies for targeting their placement within watersheds were compared in terms of cost-effectiveness for envi- ronmental improvement in the 144 km 2 Neshanic River Watershed in New Jersey, USA. The strategies included two riparian-focused strategies, two soil survey-based strategies and two topography-based strategies that focus traditionally on water quality benefits. Each strategy was used to prioritize locations to install conservation buffers. An analytical methodology was employed to evaluate the level of multiple benefits (water quality improvement, erosion control, wildlife habitat improvement, and stormwater mitigation) and buffer establishment and maintenance costs provided by each strat- egy. The comparison results showed that the riparian-focused strategies were least cost-effective (their cost-effectiveness measure ranges from 0.17 to 0.18) compared to both soil survey-based and topography-based buffer targeting strategies (from 0.21 to 0.31). Although the riparian-focused strategies are popular and simple to administer, alternative placement strategies should be consid- ered when riparian-focused strategies cannot meet the environmental goals, additional environmental concerns are involved and the program cost is of a great concern. The appropriate strategies to compare, the specific evaluation criteria, and the proper scoring system depend upon specific land characteristics and issues that are important in a given watershed. Specific comparative results may not be directly transferable to other watersheds or planning areas, but the methodological frame- work developed can be a useful tool for planners to compare alternative multiple-function buffer strategies.
The Influence of Race and Ethnicity on Substance Use and Negative Activity Involvement among Monoracial and Multiracial Adolescents of the Southwest

This study examined predictors of substance use and negative activity involvement among a diverse sample of European American, African American, Hispanic, Native American, and multiracial early adolescents (n = 749) living in a large urban city in the Southwest United States. This study investigated a broad set of predictor variables that tap sociodemographic, peer, family, community, and school influences. Overall, findings from this study confirm that lifetime substance use remains high among youth of color. Of particular concern is this study's finding that multiracial adolescents are at elevated risk to use substances and engage in negative activities. The implications of this study for understanding how risk factors are influenced by race and other variables on different measures of problem behavior are discussed.
Glass dissolution: testing and modeling for long-term behavior

The basic concepts of thermodynamics and kinetics are discussed in relationship to glass dissolution testing. While it seems like these subjects are too basic to be discussed in a journal article, it is often the case that we forget these concepts when planning and designing dissolution tests and interpreting the results that come from these tests. The possible connection between the composition of the dissolving glass and its long-term behavior is discussed. Results from a preliminary study suggest that the aluminum content of a glass is important to its long-term behavior. The formation of a zeolite can cause the glass dissolution rate to increase under certain conditions that can be modeled. Results indicate that complex glasses can be modeled with a glass containing as little as six components.
Pneumocystis carinii : Taxing taxonomy

The detailed taxonomy of Pneumocystis carinii has not been decided. Most experts agree that it is either a fungus or a protozoan. In favor of a fungal designation are the recent reports that 16s and 18s rRNA sequences of P. carinii have greater homology to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa than to selected protozoa. Other studies show that sequences of the 18s and 26s rRNA, microtubular ultrastructure, membrane fusion potential and DNA content per cell resemble protozoa more than fungi. Therapeutic responsiveness to drugs effective against protozoa, namely pentamidine (Trypanosoma, Leishmania, sp), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Isospora sp), pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine (Toxoplasma, Plasmodium sp) and nonresponsiveness to antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B and ketoconazole indicate characteristics similar to protozoa. Taxonomic placement is based upon multifactional determinants, not a single attribute. Data are not yet available to make such a determination for P. carinii. Furthermore, detailed rules on qualifying criteria for both protozoan and fungal classifications are lacking, especially in the utilization of methods in molecular genetics for this purpose.
Detection efficiency of coherent optical radar

Using the Huygens-Fresnel principle, the detection efficiency of a coherent optical radar is formulated. This formulation includes the effect of misalignment between the signal field and the local oscillator field. In the far-field case, the detection efficiency of a diffuse target is approximately half that of a glint target when the transmitter and the receiver are of the same size and the misalignment angle is small. The effect of finite detector size on the detection efficiency is also studied. For a uniform local oscillator field mixed with a signal field at the detector surface, the optimum angular detector size is ~2λ/d2, where d2 is the receiver aperture size. This conclusion is valid for both diffuse and glint targets.
Connectivity alterations assessed by combining fMRI and MR-compatible hand robots in chronic stroke.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate functional reorganization of motor systems by probing connectivity between motor related areas in chronic stroke patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with a novel MR-compatible hand-induced, robotic device (MR_CHIROD). We evaluated data sets obtained from healthy volunteers and right-hand-dominant patients with first-ever left-sided stroke ≥ 6 months prior and mild to moderate hemiparesis affecting the right hand. We acquired T1-weighted echo planar and fluid attenuation inversion recovery MR images and multi-level fMRI data using parallel imaging by means of the GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) algorithm on a 3 T MR system. Participants underwent fMRI while performing a motor task with the MR_CHIROD in the MR scanner. Changes in effective connectivity among a network of primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA) and cerebellum (Ce) were assessed using dynamic causal modeling. Relative to healthy controls, stroke patients exhibited decreased intrinsic neural coupling between M1 and Ce, which was consistent with a dysfunctional M1 to Ce connection. Stroke patients also showed increased SMA to M1 and SMA to cerebellum coupling, suggesting that changes in SMA and Ce connectivity may occur to compensate for a dysfunctional M1. The results demonstrate for the first time that connectivity alterations between motor areas may help counterbalance a functionally abnormal M1 in chronic stroke patients. Assessing changes in connectivity by means of fMRI and MR_CHIROD might be used in the future to further elucidate the neural network plasticity that underlies functional recovery in chronic stroke patients.
NASA instrument cost/schedule model Hamid Habib-Agahi

NASA's Office of Independent Program and Cost Evaluation (IPCE) has established a number of initiatives to improve its cost and schedule-estimating capabilities.12 One of these initiatives has resulted in the JPL-developed NASA Instrument Cost Model (NICM). NICM is an instrument cost and schedule estimator that contains the following: A system-level cost-estimation tool, a subsystem-level cost-estimation tool, a database of cost and technical parameters of over 140 previously flown NASA remote-sensing and in-situ instruments, a schedule estimator, a set of rules to estimate cost and schedule by life cycle phases (B/C/D), and a novel tool for developing joint probability distributions for cost and schedule risk (Joint Confidence Level (JCL)). This paper describes the development and use of NICM, including the data-normalization processes, data-mining methods (cluster analysis, principal components analysis, regression analysis and bootstrap cross validation), the estimating equations themselves and a demonstration of the NICM tool suite.
Nuclear-radiation-induced fluorescence effects in surface overlayers

The incidence of energetic photons, electrons, and heavy particles on surfaces of optical components leads to the generation of surprisingly intense radioluminescence which may interfere with sensor performance. This research focuses on the ways in which energy is deposited by incident electrons leading to fluorescence, bond-making and bond-breaking processes on surfaces and in the near-surface bulk. Knowledge of these microscopic mechanisms provides detailed clues which lead to an understanding of macroscopic processes, such as surface glow, materials modification and darkening. We describe progress in ongoing studies to determine the influence of substrate material, temperature, and cryolayer species on the intensity and the decay time of electron-induced glow, and the related phenomena leading to darkening, of optical components. Emphasis is on the identification of mechanisms responsible for both glow and darkening.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acid maltase deficiency and related myopathies.

There are 11 glycogen diseases (GSD), nine of which are associated with myopathy. Most of these glycogen storage myopathies are associated with dynamic symptoms and signs in that the major neuromuscular complaints are exercise-induced muscle pain, cramps, and myoglobinura (e.g., GSD V or McArdle's disease associated with myophosphorylase deficiency). The other types of glycogen storage myopathies are considered static in that they are associated with fixed weakness rather than dynamic symptoms and signs. The static glycogen storage myopathies include: GSD I or Pompe's disease (acid maltase or (-glucosidase deficiency), GSD II or Cori-Forbes disease (debranching enzyme deficiency), and GSD IV or Andersen's disease (branching enzyme deficiency). This article reviews the clinical, laboratory, electrophysiologic, histopathologic, and pathogenesis of these static GSD myopathies.
A utility bill study of mobile home weatherization savings

Abstract This study analyzes utility bill data for 36 mobile homes retrofitted by Colorado Division of Housing Weatherization Assistance Program according to criteria developed specifically for mobile homes by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The post-retrofit energy savings were determined using PRISM, a regression method that provides weather normalization. The study indicated a mean annual reduction in total natural gas consumption of approximately 25% and a mean reduction in heating fuel usage of about 31%. These reductions far exceeded US national average weatherization savings for both mobile homes and site-constructed homes while remaining within weatherization program cost guidelines. These real-world savings were about 70% of what had been expected based on experiments conducted previously at NREL within a controlled environment.
Desalination of sea water by direct osmosis

Abstract Sea water can be desalinated by direct osmosis across a cellulose acetate membrane by using the osmotic pressure of a hypertonic glucose solution as the energy source. The resulting glucose solution is potable. This may prove useful for an emergency water supply in lifeboats.
Adaptive control of waveguide modes using a directional coupler

Using adaptive optics (AO) and a directional coupler, we demonstrate adaptive control of linearly polarized (LP) modes in a two mode fiber. The AO feedback is provided by the coupling ratio of the directional coupler, and does not depend on the spatial profiles of optical field distributions. As a proof of concept demonstration, this work confirms the feasibility of using AO and all fiber devices to control the waveguide modes in a multimode network in a quasi-distributed manner.
Primary graft dysfunction

Primary graft dysfunction is the major determinant of early morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Survivors of primary graft dysfunction have a protracted recovery and worse long-term mortality in ensuing years. Furthermore, primary graft dysfunction survivors may have a greater risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Early studies of primary graft dysfunction often defined the disease differently. The resultant difficulty in synthesizing conclusions spurred the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation to adopt a consensus definition and classification schema. This review examines the early primary graft dysfunction research as a context for newer findings, and highlights some of the advances made in the field since the adoption of the consensus definition. Clinical research incorporating the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation definition has provided a standard platform to advance the understanding of primary graft dysfunction incidence, outcomes, pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, and management. Recent laboratory research has advanced our understanding of pulmonary ischemia–reperfusion injury and suggested potential novel therapies. This article will review previous research on primary graft dysfunction etiology, risks and outcomes, and update the reader on recent advances in the field.
Dormant ribosomes inBlastocladiella emersonii zoospores are arrested at elongation

Abstract Ribosomes from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores stimulate in vitro protein synthesis in a system using soluble factors extracted from wheat germ. Aurintricar☐ylic acid inhibits less than 40% of the in vitro protein synthetic activity of the zoospore ribosomes, indicating that messenger RNA is already complexed to the ribosomes. In addition to the mRNA complexed to the ribosomes, zoospores contain an mRNA fraction which is not bound to the ribosomes. Extraction of RNA from zoospore ribosomes and deacylation followed by reacylation with labeled amino acids demonstrated the presence of tRNA molecules specific for methionine and other amino acids on zoospore ribosomes. Transfer RNA from zoospore ribosomes contained 9.8% methionyl-tRNA compared to 2.4% methionyl-tRNA bound to ribosomes isolated from growth-phase plants. The fourfold enrichment of methionyl-tRNA on zoospore ribosomes suggests that between 12 and 25% of the zoospore ribosomes exist in arrested 80 S initiation complexes. Collectively, the data indicate that zoospore ribosomes complexed to mRNA have completed initiation and are somehow blocked at one or more of the elongation steps of protein synthesis. The data are compatible with the idea that an inhibitor is associated with the zoospore ribosomes in vivo .
Estimation of Salmonid Sperm Concentration by Microhematocrit Technique

Abstract Field-centrifuged, packed sperm volumes provide quick, reliable estimates of sperm concentrations in salmonid semen.
Shifting the Technology Paradigm: Moving Towards Commercialization

ABSTRACT The economic changes faced by several Brazilian companies with origins in the defense industry have forced a shift in their technological strategies. Embraer, the darling of the Brazilian defense industry, has dramatically revamped its business strategy and has succeeded. Others, such as Avibras and Engesa, have not fared as well in this shift. This paper presents a model for the shift of companies whose technological competencies change due to market forces and how such companies respond to these strategic decisions. The cases of Embraer, Avibras and Engesa highlight the factors of success and failure. RESUMEN. Los cambios economicos enfrentados por varias empresas brasilenas basadas en la industria de defensa forzaron un cambio en sus estrategias tecnologicas. Embraer, la nina querida de la industria de defensa brasilena, ha modernizado su estrategia comercial con exito. Otras empresas como Avibras y Engesa no tuvieron tanta suerte al efectuar el cambio. Este estudio muestra un modelo para el c...
Prefrontal cell firing in male rats during approach towards sexually receptive female: interactions with cocaine.

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a role in anticipation of rewards and goal orientation, properties that are influenced by cocaine administration. Single-unit firing was measured in the mPFC of seven male rats during the expression of approach responses toward a sexually receptive female. Nose-poking in male rats was used as a measure of approach behavior during the following periods: a baseline, first exposure to a female, a second baseline 2 h later and a second exposure to female 10 min after cocaine (15 mg kg 21 i.p.). Two types of excitatory responses were identi- fied. First, a subset of cells (23%) showed increased firing activity during nose-poke behavior upon presentation of the female, but not before. Another subset of cells (12%) showed increased firing in the presence of the female only after cocaine was adminis- tered. The present results provide preliminary evidence for neurons in the mPFC that are involved in sexually motivated approach behavior and that are modulated by co- caine. Synapse 65:271-277, 2011. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification and Quantification of the Regioisomeric Cholesteryl Linoleate Hydroperoxides in Oxidized Human Low Density Lipoprotein and High Density Lipoprotein

Oxidation of human LDL is implicated as an initiatior of atherosclerosis. Isolated low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL2) were exposed to aqueous radicals generated from ...