cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy: Viewpoint—Medical

Patients with lesions treated with radiosurgery frequently present with or later develop seizures. The seizures produced by these lesions are always partial seizures with or without secondary generalization. The acute local tissue reactions produced by radiosurgery may result in transient seizure exacerbation. The medical management and treatment considerations of seizures in these patients during these various periods are discussed. Since virtually all antiepileptic drugs (AED) are effective for the treatment of partial seizures and because comparative trials demonstrating superior efficacy are lacking with the newer agents, often AED selection is based on other considerations.
Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome, Allergic Proctocolitis, and Enteropathy

Food protein-induced enterocolitis (FPIES), allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), and enteropathy (FPE) are among a number of immune-mediated reactions to food that are thought to occur primarily via non-IgE-mediated pathways. All three are typically present in infancy and are triggered most commonly by cow's milk protein. The usual presenting features are vomiting with lethargy and dehydration in FPIES; bloody and mucous stools in FPIAP; and diarrhea with malabsorption and failure to thrive in FPE. Diagnosis is based on convincing history and resolution of symptoms with food avoidance; confirmatory diagnostic testing other than food challenge is lacking. The mainstay of management is avoidance of the suspected inciting food, with interval challenge to assess for resolution, which usually occurs in the first years of life. Studies published in the past few years clarify common presenting features, report additional culprit foods, address potential biomarkers, and suggest new management strategies.
Telecommunications in the United States and Changing Productive Efficiency

The issue explored is whether incentive regulation in the telecommunications industry in the United States has resulted in an increase in productive efficiency. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, the methodology for measuring the effects of incentive regulation on productive efficiency is reviewed. An approach is introduced that not only provides a measure of the change in productivity but also allows for a decomposition into two mutually exclusive and exhaustive components—changes in technical efficiency over time and shifts in technology over time. Using annual data on four output measures and six input measures for the period 1988–1999 for nineteen individual local exchange carriers, the results indicate that productivity increased by about 4.9% per year. This growth is due primarily to innovation rather than improvements in efficiency. Of the 19 LECs in the sample, 12 were operating efficiently throughout the entire 1988–1999 period. Of the remaining seven, three showed a slight improvement in efficiency while the efficiency of four declined. In the aggregate, however, there was virtually no change in efficiency.
Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Screening for cancer has become an integral part of medicine. Screening is a public health service in which members of a defined population are offered a test to identify individuals who are likely to benefit from further testing or treatment aimed at reducing the risk of a disease or its complications. Surveillance, on the other hand, is the continuous monitoring of disease occurrence using the screening test within an at-risk population to achieve the same goals as screening [1].
Applications of particle filtering to communications: A review

In the past few years, particle filtering has emerged as a powerful methodology for solving problems in communications. Many such problems can be represented as dynamic state-space models that involve nonlinear functions and non- Gaussian noise. These problems are very difficult to solve with classical methods, and as an alternative approach, particle filtering is particularly attractive. In this paper we review the literature of particle filtering that emphasizes applications to blind equalization, blind detection over frequency non-selective dispersive channels, multiuser detection, and estimation and detection of space-time trellis codes.
α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase in Streptococcus faecium F 24

Abstract α-Glycerophosphate oxidase, in a strain of Streptococcus faecium, was found to be adaptive to aerated conditions of growth. The enzyme was purified and found to mediate electron transfer from α-glycerophosphate to O2, with the production of stoichiometric concentrations of H2O2 and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The enzyme is an anionic flavoprotein, with flavine adenine dinucleotide as the apparent prosthetic group. By manometric methods, a Km of 6 × 10−3m, with reference to substrate concentration, was obtained. An active reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase was closely associated with this enzyme in chromatographic mobility on ECTEOLA-cellulose. The purified α-glycerophosphate oxidase was not inhibited by KCN, azide, or sulfhydryl reagents, nor was it stimulated by α-lipoate, yeast extract, or other supplements.
Thermogenic alterations in the woman

Five normal ovulating women were studied through 7 menstrual cycles. Major study indices were basal body temperature and 24 hour urine specimens (Day 5 to menstruation) for epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and cervical mucus for spinnbarkeit, ferning, and lysozyme helped confirm the day of ovulation. Pre- and post-ovulatory amines were compared. Preovulatory NE ranged from 7.5 to 18.3 μg per 24 hours, whereas postovulatory NE was significantly elevated and ranged from 14.7 to 51.61 μg per 24 hours. Mean values of E did not differ before and after ovulation. It is postulated that progesterone causes an increased excretion and production of NE, which is responsible for the increased thermogenesis after ovulation. The basic mechanism for thermogenesis is NE and not progesterone.
DGE resolution requirements for optically amplified lightwave systems

Fourier analysis of manufactured EDFAs shows gain flatness yield improvement when DGEs are used to correct accumulated ripple in cascades. DGE resolution requirements are compared between C and L-band EDFAs using thin-film GFFs, and with EDFAs using FBG "clean-up" filters.
Small-size WLAN MIMO antenna array with high isolation for laptop computer application

This paper proposes an isolation technique for two small-size wireless local area network (WLAN) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) laptop computer antennas. The MIMO antenna array is designed to operate in the dual frequency bands covering the WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands and has a small size, a low height, and a small thickness especially suitable for ultra-thin notebook computers. The size of the designed antenna array has been reduced to about 40% those of the MIMO arrays appearing in the recent literature. The designed isolation element consists of two monopole slots between the antenna radiating elements. These two monopole slots have their respective lengths of a quarter-wavelength, one at 2.45 GHz and the other at 5.5 GHz. The isolation elements block the horizontal surface currents on the system's ground plane, leading to the reduction of the mutual coupling between the two source antennas and hence the excellent isolation between them. Results show that the proposed MIMO antenna array has good characteristics of antenna radiation efficiency, and impedance matching in the two bands of interest.
The Neurocranial Basis for Facial Form and Pattern

Abstract No Abstract Available. From the Departments of Anatomy, West Virginia University and the University of Michigan.
12. On the Role of Social Security as a Means for Efficient Risk Sharing in an Economy Where Human Capital Is Not Tradable

An intertemporal general equilibrium model of an economy with overlapping generations and two factors of production, labor and capital, is used to analyze the economic inefficiencies caused by the non- tradeability of human capital -and to derive a constrained pareto-optimal sys tern of taxes and transfers which "c.orrectS1 these inefficiencies. It is shown that, in the absence of such a system, this market failure causes the equilibrium path of the economy to deviate from the optimum for two reasons: First, as is well known, people cannot achieve their optimal lifecycle consumption program because early in life when most of their wealth is in the form of human capital, they cannot consume as much as they would otherwise choose. Second, investors cannot achieve an optimal portfolio allocation of their savings. Not only will some investors be forced to bear more risk than they would choose in the absence of this market failure, but because factor shares are uncertain, the portfolios held by investors will be inefficient. The young are "forced" to invest "too much" of their savings in human capital and the old are "forced" to invest "too little" in human capital. Hence, all investors bear "factor-share" risk which if human capital were tradeable, could be diversified away. It is shown that a optimal system of taxes and transfers not unlike the current Social Security system can eliminate this inefficiency, and therefore, it is suggested that a latent function of the present system may be to improve the efficiency of risk-bearing in the economy.
Effects of Increasing and Decreasing Intratrial Stimulus Speed on Coincidence-Anticipation Timing

The effects of intratrial stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing was investigated. The Bassin Anticipation Timer was used to test 82 participants' response times when the intratrial stimulus speed decreased, was constant, or increased. Analysis showed a significant temporal directional bias with increased and decreased intratrial speed. Decreasing intratrial stimulus speed produced the greatest magnitude of error compared to constant and increasing speeds. Differences in response times associated with intratrial stimulus-speed changes may depend on participants' identifying stimulus speeds and preprogramming a coincident response.
Canals and lakes of Cairo: influence of traditional water system on the development of urban form

Cairo's medieval urban form cannot be separated from the history of water resource management in the Nile Basin. The city evolved based on a symbiotic relationship to flood management, agriculture, and enrichment of urban life. The system of constructed canals and lakes (birkas) that developed in Cairo fostered a unique perspective on sustainable city planning that grew out of a civilization highly dependent on and inimitably responsive to natural aquatic systems. These processes resulted in a planned ephemeral system of lakes and canals in a city that annually changed its physical form, urban structure, and social character. In the first half of the 19th century, however, changes in political and social outlooks resulted in the infill of these canals, lakes, and ponds, which completely transformed Cairo's landscape. As a result, Cairo's urban pleasures of spending nights on or near waterways, strolling the promenades, listening to musicians, being entertained by dancers or celebrating the cutting of the dykes (khalig) with feast and fireworks can only be imagined by current city dwellers. This paper explains how hydrologic and urban planning were inextricably linked playing a pivotal role in the design and daily life of Cairo, and examines this unique attitude to water planning and city design, including philosophical underpinnings, centralized planning objectives, and societal and cultural contexts that were linked to this process. Implications for current land planning and design are derived from the case study of Cairo and the unique design solutions that evolved from symbiotic interactions between the built environment and natural ecosystems. This paper suggests that a rich body of knowledge can be gained by examining the processes that led to this intricate design symbiosis and that there are many opportunities in contemporary urban design to combine water resources management with city planning that could enrich city life, protect property, reduce municipal infrastructure cost, and preserve natural aquatic environments.
Scalar sinusoidal feedback laws in decentralized control

Sinusoidal, time-varying feedback is employed to eliminate fixed modes in decentralized control systems. Energy and frequency considerations (related to the transmission channel) are used to develop the control law. The technique is demonstrated using a simple two station example.
Laser operation by dissociation of metal complexes. II. New transitions in Cd, Fe, Ni, Se, Sn, Te, V, and Zn

The reported investigation is a continuation of a study conducted by Chou and Cool (1976). The experimental results discussed are partly related to laser transitions in Cd(I), Cd(II), and Zn(II). Laser transitions in Fe(I), Ni(I), Sn(I), Te(I), and V(I) are also considered along with the observation of a laser pulse with two peaks in connection with the study of laser transitions in Se(I). Experiments related to prospective visible laser operation in thallium at 6550 and 6714 are also discussed, giving attention to spontaneous emission measurements at 6550 and 5350 A, the effects of additive molecules, and laser cavity experiments at 6550 and 6714 A.
A method to detect high impedance faults in distribution feeders

Detection of High Impedance Faults (HIFs) facilitates predictive maintenance in distribution systems. In this paper, a methodology has been developed for detecting HIF in distribution feeders. The method uses multi-resolution analysis with the help of Discrete Wavelet Transform to extract features of currents to be monitored on a feeder. These features are then used to train a Support Vector Machine for classification, i.e., to differentiate between HIF and switching events. Test results based on data obtained simulations on a prototype feeder show that the method is effective in identifying HIFs.
Optimizing large complex systems by simulation: a practical approach

Simulation is the only general tool for analyzing performance of large complex systems. However, blindly using simulation to locate the optimal configuration of a complex systems is an impossible task for most real life problems because of two major difficulties: (1) Adequate accuracy of results requires long simulation time; (2) The number of possible configuration is too large for exhaustive search. In this paper, we will show that by appropriately using shorter simulation and applying ordinal optimization techniques we can more effectively resolve those issues. In the case study, we will apply our technique to a resource allocation problem in a manufacturing plant.
Hippocampal CA3 Lesion Prevents Postconcussive Metabolic Dysfunction in CA1

Immediately following fluid-percussion (F-P) brain injury, the hippocampus exhibits a marked increase in its local CMRglc (LCMRglc; μmol/100 g/min) as determined using [14C]2-deoxy-d-glucose autoradiography. This injury-induced increase in metabolism is followed in 6 h by a subsequent decrease in LCMRglc. These two postinjury metabolic states may be the result of ionic disruptions following trauma via stimulation of glutamategated ion channels. To determine if endogenous glutamate innervation to the CA1 region of the hippocampus can provide an anatomical basis for this proposed mechanism, it was removed by kainic-acid–induced destruction of CA3, and the effect on CA1 metabolism following concussive injury was studied. Five days before a lateral F-P injury (3.5–4.5 atm), kainic acid (0.5 μg) or vehicle was stereotaxically injected into the left ventricle of 65 rats. Histological inspection indicated that kainic acid produced severe cell loss primarily in the CA3 region of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the...
Stochastic versus possibilistic programming

Abstract We consider a linear program with uncertain parameters which are modeled as either random variables or as fuzzy variables. We first construct the distribution of the optimal valve of the objective function to show a major difference between stochastic and possibilistic programming. We then introduce a new solution concept where both programming problems are modeled as multiobjective games against Nature.
The financial legacy of Afghanistan and Iraq: How wartime spending decisions will constrain future U.S. national security budgets

The Afghan and Iraqi conflicts, taken together, will be the most expensive wars in United States history, totaling somewhere between US$4 to US$6 trillion. This includes long-term medical care and disability compensation for service members, veterans and families, military replenishment, and social and economic costs. The largest portion of that bill is yet to be paid. Since 2001, the U.S. has expanded the quality, quantity, availability, and eligibility of benefits for military personnel and veterans. This has led to unprecedented growth in the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense budgets. These benefits will increase further over the next 40 years. Additional funds are committed to replacing large quantities of basic equipment used in the wars and to support ongoing diplomatic presence and military assistance in Afghanistan and Iraq. The large sums borrowed to finance war-related operations will also impose substantial long-term debt servicing costs. As a consequence of these wartime spending choices, the United States will face constraints in funding investments in personnel and diplomacy, research and development, and new military initiatives. The legacy of decisions taken during the Afghan and Iraqi wars will dominate federal budgets for decades to come.
Inference of statistical bounds for multistage stochastic programming problems

We discuss in this paper statistical inference of sample average approximations of multistage stochastic programming problems. We show that any random sampling scheme provides a valid statistical lower bound for the optimal (minimum) value of the true problem. However, in order for such lower bound to be consistent one needs to employ the conditional sampling procedure. We also indicate that fixing a feasible first-stage solution and then solving the sampling approximation of the corresponding (T−1)-stage problem, does not give a valid statistical upper bound for the optimal value of the true problem.
Reduction of blood plasma copper concentrations in a marine fish following a six month exposure to crude oil.

Recently it was reported that when cunner were exposed to petroleum for six months, they exhibited lower plasma C1/sup -/ concentrations than did control fish. This slight reduction in plasma C1/sup -/ suggested that crude oil affected the cunner's homeostatic mechnisms regulating C1/sup -/. The plasma of these cunner was examined in more detail in order to determine whether crude oil also affected the concentrations of total proteins and four essential elements Cu/sup + +/, Zn/sup + +/, Ca/sup + +/ and Mg/sup + +/.
Binding of an antifreeze polypeptide to an ice/water interface via computer simulation

The interaction between a winter flounder antifreeze polypeptide and an ice/water interface was studied using Molecular Dynamics computer simulation techniques to study the mechanism of action of this class of antifreeze molecules. Simple Point Charge models were used for the water molecules, and a molecular mechanics program (CHARMM) was used to construct the model for the polypeptide. A (2021) face was exposed on the ice surface, as this is believed to be the experimentally favored ice face for peptide binding. The polypeptide binds strongly to the ice surface even though it was placed with its four polar threonine (Thr) groups pointing away from the ice surface. This tested the previously advanced hypothesis that adsorption occurs primarily between these groups and the ice due to a matching of the spacing between oxygen atoms in the ice lattice and the polar Thr residues. As well as contacts with other polar groups on the peptide, the binding to the ice produces a good steric fit of the peptide with the corrugated ice interface. The presence of the peptide did not induce any melting of the ice at 200 K.
Ultrafast Relaxation of Excited Dirac Fermions in Epitaxial Graphene Using Optical Differential Transmission Spectroscopy

We investigate the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of hot Dirac fermionic quasiparticles in multilayer epitaxial graphene using ultrafast optical differential transmission spectroscopy. We observe differential transmission spectra which are well described by interband transitions with no electron-hole interaction. Following the initial thermalization and emission of high-energy phonons, the electron cooling is determined by electron-acoustic phonon scattering, found to occur on the time scale of 1 ps for highly doped layers, and 4-11 ps in undoped layers. The spectra also provide strong evidence for the multilayer structure and doping profile of thermally grown epitaxial graphene on SiC.
Implementing a multidisciplinary HIV diarrhea critical pathway in the acute care setting

Clinical pathways are the new strategy for managing hospital length of stay and cost in the changing, dollardriven arena of health care. For patients with AIDS, HIV-related diarrhea is a potential source of increased morbidity that results in increased hospitalization and health care costs. This article describes the development and implementation of a multidisciplinary HIV Diarrhea Critical Pathway at Mount Sinai Medical Center of Greater Miami in South Florida. The focus of this article is on the nursing issues that arose during the piloting of the Diarrhea Critical Pathway and on the “how-tos” of its use. Initial evaluation of the first 3 years of using the diarrhea pathway is reported.
Assessment of Clubfoot Treatment Using Movement Analysis

Clubfoot is a congenital deformity of the foot that has traditionally been treated operatively. In recent years, a shift in ideology has shifted standard practice away from surgical management, to a nonoperative approach, gaining correction through gentle stretching and positioning or casting of the foot. Nonoperative treatment for clubfoot using the Ponseti casting protocol has become more prevalent in expanding areas of the world. Outcomes reported following clubfoot treatment, typically focus on both a clinical assessment and radiographic results. Recent work has shown Gait Analysis to be a useful and objective tool to assess functional outcome following both surgical and nonoperative approaches. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of gait analysis in the assessment of outcome of clubfoot treatment.
High affinity calcium binding sites on erythrocyte membrane proteins. Use of lanthanides as fluorescent probes

Abstract 1. 1.We have explored the utility of lanthanide cations as probes for calcium binding sites in biomembranes using the erythrocyte ghost as a model system. 2. 2.Interaction of terbium with erythrocyte ghosts produces appearance of a new excitation peak (295 nm), enhancement of terbium fluorescence and quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. 3. 3.The excitation characteristics of bound terbium and the enhancement of its fluorescence by intramolecular energy transfer suggest that tyrosyl hydroxyls are ligands for this cation. 4. 4.Excess calcium can displace terbium from its membrane binding sites. Magnesium is a less effective competitor. 5. 5.The use of rare earths as proximity probes is also discussed.
Colistin MIC Variability by Method for Contemporary Clinical Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli

In vitro evaluation of colistin susceptibility is fraught with complications, due in part to the inherent cationic properties of colistin. In addition, no reference method has been defined against which to compare the results of colistin susceptibility testing. This study systematically evaluated the available methods for colistin MIC testing in two phases. In phase I, colistin MICs were determined in 107 fresh clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) by broth microdilution with polysorbate 80 (BMD-T), broth macrodilution (TDS), and the Etest. In phase II, 50 of these isolates, 10 of which were colistin resistant, were tested in parallel using BMD-T, TDS, agar dilution, broth microdilution without polysorbate 80 (BMD), and the TREK Gram-negative extra MIC format (GNXF) Sensititre. The Etest was also performed on these 50 isolates using Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) from three different manufacturers. Colistin MIC results obtained from the five methods were compared to the MIC results obtained using BMD-T, the method that enables the highest nominal concentration of colistin in the test medium. Essential agreement ranged from 34% (BMD) to 83% (TDS), whereas categorical agreement was >90% for all methods except for BMD, which was 88%. Very major errors (VMEs) (i.e., false susceptibility) for the Etest were found in 47 to 53% of the resistant isolates, depending on the manufacturer of the MHA that was used. In contrast, VMEs were found for 10% (n = 1) of the resistant isolates by BMD and 0% of the isolates by the TDS, agar dilution, and Sensititre methods. Based on these data, we urge clinical laboratories to be aware of the variable results that can occur when using different methods for colistin MIC testing and, in particular, to use caution with the Etest.
Role of ultrasound in medical management of patients with renal stone disease

Eighty-three patients with radiographically opaque renal stones were evaluated prospectively with ultrasound and compared to KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) with tomograms (KUB/T) to further define the use of ultrasound in the evaluation of renal calculi. The presence or absence and the size, number, and location of stones were analyzed and correlated for each modality. Ultrasound detected the presence of renal stones in 77 of 83 (93%) patients. However, all of the stones were detected on ultrasound in only 60% of these patients. Thirty percent (80 of 269) of the papillary-calyceal stones seen on KUB/T were missed on US; 66% of the stones missed measured 2 mm or less. Although ultrasound can be used for detection of intrarenal stones, KUB/T is a more accurate imaging examination for determination of size and number of small stones.
Self-Reports of Traumatic Events in a Random Sample of Incarcerated Women

Abstract As the number of incarcerated women increases, in-depth knowledge about women's life experiences is needed to direct treatment, pre-release planning, and supervision. This study describes the nature, scope, and socioeconomic correlates of traumatic life events in a random sample of 403 women entering a state correctional facility. Ninety-nine percent of the sample reported having experienced at least one traumatic life event; 81% experienced five or more. Reports of several experiences differed by age, race, and marital status. The most compelling findings were related to the experience of homelessness. Women who had been without a place to live for at least seven days were between 2.19 and 5.62 times more likely to have experienced 14 of 21 traumatic events. Most of these events were defined by interpersonal violence. Implications for correctional policy are discussed, particularly the potential for incarceration to replicate or ameliorate symptoms of traumatic stress through the structure and r...
The Mayo Clinic-Rochester experience with IMGs as general surgery trainees.

The field of surgery stands in the midst of a conundrum. We are practicing medicine in an explosion of surgical technology and educational advancements. Ironically, over the past several decades, students are shying away from surgery, when hospitals, American patients, and General Surgery (GS) program directors need them. Although GS may have been the #1 specialty choice of American medical students in the 1970s, today there are less American medical student applicants than there are categorical GS positions. Similarly, despite a growing and aging population in the United States, the American Medical Association documented 24,902 active General Surgeons in 2002, down from 27,509 in 1998. To solve this enigma will require analyzing the mechanics of surgical training, altering marketing strategies to appeal to Generations X and Y, and finding innovative financing approaches. In the meantime, something must be done to fill this manpower shortage. An immediate alternative is the international medical graduate (IMG). IMGs account for 25% of the physicians in the United States. This proportion of IMGs represents an increase of 160% from 1973. In fact, more than 5,000 IMGs enter US graduate medical education programs every year. They currently make up 27% of America’s residents and fellows. From the 1,000 categorical (5-year) GS positions available every year, most are filled with American students, but a solid minority are IMGs. Although most American GS programs do not seek IMGs to compete for
Do Business Schools Value the Competencies That Businesses Value

The authors used survey research to determine the congruence among the competencies that businesses identify as being indicative of successful managers, the competencies that business schools identify as being indicative of successful graduates, and the competencies that are emphasized in business school curricula. The results show that although businesses and business schools essentially agree on the competencies that identify successful managers and graduates, business schools do not emphasize these competencies in their curricula. Because one of the main goals of business schools is to prepare their graduates for managerial careers after graduation, these results suggest that business schools should do more to align their curricula with the desires of businesses.
THEY CAN RUN, BUT CAN THEY HIDE? A PROFILE OF PAROLE VIOLATORS AT LARGE

ABSTRACT This research profiles parole violators at large (PVALs) and describes the social, demographic, and criminal history of this group. PVALs, also known as absconders, are compared to those who have never absconded parole. Findings indicate that PVALs have a longer criminal history than non-absconders, mostly for property offenses; absconders tend to have had more parole supervisions, incarcerations, and revocations than non-absconders. Finally, this research provides a one year follow-up of the status of absconders. Essentially, the majority were caught and returned to prison within one year.
Iterative Refinement of a Binding Pocket Model: Active Computational Steering of Lead Optimization

Computational approaches for binding affinity prediction are most frequently demonstrated through cross-validation within a series of molecules or through performance shown on a blinded test set. Here, we show how such a system performs in an iterative, temporal lead optimization exercise. A series of gyrase inhibitors with known synthetic order formed the set of molecules that could be selected for "synthesis." Beginning with a small number of molecules, based only on structures and activities, a model was constructed. Compound selection was done computationally, each time making five selections based on confident predictions of high activity and five selections based on a quantitative measure of three-dimensional structural novelty. Compound selection was followed by model refinement using the new data. Iterative computational candidate selection produced rapid improvements in selected compound activity, and incorporation of explicitly novel compounds uncovered much more diverse active inhibitors than strategies lacking active novelty selection.
Endovascular management of the popliteal artery: comparison of atherectomy and angioplasty.

Purpose: Symptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the popliteal artery presents challenges for endovascular therapy. We evaluated the technical success, complications, and midterm outcomes of atherectomy and angioplasty involving the popliteal segment.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of outcomes of popliteal artery intervention using atherectomy or angioplasty performed between 2003 and 2008.Results: A total of 56 patients (36% women, age 72.8 ± 12.2 years, 77% critical limb ischemia) underwent popliteal atherectomy (n = 18) or angioplasty (n = 38). These patients had similar clinical characteristics, TransAtlantic Intersociety Consensus (TASC)/ TASC II classification, mean lesion length, and runoff scores. We observed a trend toward higher rates of technical success defined as <30% residual stenosis after atherectomy compared to angioplasty (94% vs 71%, P = .08). While angioplasty was associated with a higher frequency of arterial dissection (23% vs 0%, P = .003), atherectomy was associated wit...
Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducted proteins bind to scavenger receptor A in airway epithelial cells

Co-exposure to cigarette smoke and ethanol generates malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde, which can subsequently lead to the formation of aldehyde-adducted proteins. We have previously shown that exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducted protein increases protein kinase C (PKC) activity and proinflammatory cytokine release. A specific ligand to scavenger receptor A (SRA), fucoidan, blocks this effect. We hypothesized that MAA-adducted protein binds to bronchial epithelial cells via SRA. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed to MAA-adducted protein (either bovine serum albumin [BSA-MAA] or surfactant protein D [SPD-MAA]) and SRA examined using confocal microscopy, fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), and immunoprecipitation. Differentiated mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC) cultured by air-liquid interface were assayed for MAA-stimulated PKC activity and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) release. Specific cell surface membrane dye co-localized with upregulated SRA after exposure to MAA for 3-7 min and subsided by 20 min. Likewise, MAA-adducted protein co-localized to SRA from 3 to 7 min with a subsequent internalization of MAA by 10 min. These results were confirmed using FACS analysis and revealed a reduced mean fluorescence of SRA after 3 min. Furthermore, increased amounts of MAA-adducted protein could be detected by Western blot in immunoprecipitated SRA samples after 3 min treatment with MAA. MAA stimulated PKCe-mediated KC release in wild type, but not SRA knockout mice. These data demonstrate that aldehyde-adducted proteins in the lungs rapidly bind to SRA and internalize this receptor prior to the MAA-adducted protein stimulation of PKC-dependent inflammatory cytokine release in airway epithelium.
Computed tomography of the adrenal gland in hypertension.

Computed tomography (CT) is a rapid, safe, and accurate method to detect or exclude the presence of an adrenal mass. CT should be the first imaging procedure in patients with biochemical evidence of pheochromocytoma. Cushing’s syndrome, or primary aldosteronism.
Comparison of the X-ray crystallography of undecafluorocyclohexane, C6HF11, with that of dodecafluorocyclohexane, C6F12

Abstract A comparison of undecafluorocyclohexane and dodecafluorocyclohexane shows that both exist at 23° in face-centred cubic cells with edges a0 = 10.00 ± 0.02 A for C6HF11 and a0 = 10.11 ± 0.02 A for C6F12. The X-ray data are consistent with internal rotation of the molecules or statistical randomness of the molecules in the compounds.
Contribution of the Multidrug Efflux Transporter CmeABC to Antibiotic Resistance in Different Campylobacter Species

CmeABC, a multidrug efflux system in Campylobacter jejuni, plays an important role in the resistance to different antimicrobials and toxic compounds. Although this efflux system has been well characterized in C. jejuni and to a less extent in C. coli, it is unknown if CmeABC homologs are functional in other Campylobacter spp. In this study, the cmeABC homologs were identified and functionally characterized in five Campylobacter species including C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. fetus. Our results indicated that cmeABC is present in all five Campylobacter spp. and the genomic organization of this efflux operon is similar among the Campylobacter spp. Insertional mutagenesis of cmeB increased the susceptibilities of all the five Campylobacter spp. to structurally diverse antimicrobials. Together, these results indicated that the CmeABC efflux system is conserved at both the genomic and functional levels in all five Campylobacter spp. examined in this study, further highlighting the significant role of CmeABC in Campylobacter pathobiology.
Judicial Activism and the Origins of Parental Choice: The Court's Role in the Institutionalization of Compulsory Education in the United States, 1891–1925

A considerable body of scholarship has examined the history of compulsory attendance in the United States in an effort to explain why compulsory attendance laws were enacted, what effects they had on school attendance rates, and what made enforcement of these laws effective eventually. Recent research has revealed that some long-standing assumptions and conclusions about compulsory attendance warrant reconsideration. For example, the assumptions that educators promoted compulsory attendance and that compulsory attendance laws were enacted when state legislators responded to educators' demands disregard the historical reality that educators and state teachers' associations generally did not support compulsory attendance and that the biggest proponent of compulsory attendance legislation was a faction of the Republican Party. Similarly, the conventional periodization of compulsory attendance laws into two phases—“symbolic” and “bureaucratic”—obscures several facts. The conventional periodization holds that before the 1890s compulsory attendance laws were merely symbolic because the laws enacted were “unenforced and probably unenforceable.” During the bureaucratic phase, between the 1890s and 1920s, new compulsory attendance laws —“strong laws” with teeth—were passed, which finally made compulsory attendance effective. This periodization obscures the facts that (1) compulsory attendance did not develop in any linear or progressive fashion as much as in a “two steps forward, one step back” manner; (2) the state had limited power to enforce even “enforceable” compulsory attendance laws in the early twentieth century when most funding was local not state funding; and (3) compulsory attendance laws were not tremendously effective, accounting for no more than 5 percent of the increase in school attendance in the first half of the twentieth century.
Medical Decision-Making by Psychiatry Residents.

Objective Several conspiring factors have resulted in an increase in the level of medical burden in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry residents require increasing levels of medical sophistication. To assess the medical decision-making of psychiatry residents, the authors examined the outcome in subjects initially seen in the emergency psychiatric service and referred to the medical emergency department for medical evaluation and treatment.
Ontological Indeterminacy and the Semantic Web

Ontological indeterminacy (OI) involves incompatible conceptual systems being applicable to a domain with equal empirical adequacy; a phenomenon familiar in philosophy, but also present in the sciences and everyday life. This article presents arguments and a detailed use-case showing how OI causes problems for what seems to be a widespread, if implicit, understanding of how semantic Web (SW) terms refer or have meaning, namely: the referent/meaning of a SW term is established through precise definitions given in a formal ontology. We show that this account is incompatible with the key requirement that SW terms/statements be similar in meaning to corresponding natural language terms/statements. We present a new account, based on a â€œmeaning as useâ€ philosophy of language, that avoids these problems by formalizing the distinction between the intention to use a term in a customary manner and the decision to adopt a formal theory that explains or explicates that usage.
EFFECT OF FLUORINATED TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHACRYLATE ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNFILLED, LIGHT-CURED DENTAL RESINS

ABSTRACT The fluorinated triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (FTEGDMA) was used to improve the properties of Bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (BisGMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) based dental resin system. Physical properties such as contact angle, polymerization shrinkage and water sorption, thermal properties such as glass transition temperature, dynamic modulus and thermal expansion, and mechanical properties such as compressive and diametral tensile strengths of the experimental neat resins and conventional controls were investigated and compared, using methods described in the text. Results showed that the FTEGDMA modified neat resins exhibited significant less water sorption and lower polymerization shrinkage and the 2,2'-bis(4-methacryloxy ethoxy phenyl) propane (BisEMA) also contributed significantly towards reducing water sorption. The resin containing FTEGDMA and BisEMA(10:90 molar ratio) (or F1E9) showed the highest values in mechanical strengths, due to its higher glass transitio...
The influence of blood collection technique on serum and plasma protein binding of disopyramide

Serum and plasma disopyramide (D) protein binding was compared after blood was collected from four normal subjects in various Vacutainer tubes. The fraction of disopyramide bound to proteins in control serum and plasma was drug concentration dependent and correlated well with the capacity factor (N) associated with a high affinity protein binding site. D free fraction increased 60% at a postequilibrium concentration of 2 micrograms/ml in plasma following exposure of blood to green-top Vacutainer stoppers due to a 60% reduction in the affinity constant associated with the high affinity protein binding site. Heparin and EDTA had no effect on the plasma protein binding of D. These results suggest a competitive inhibition of disopyramide binding to alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein following contact of blood with rubber Vacutainer stoppers.
A 63-mA 112/94-dB DR IF bandpass ΔΣ modulator with direct feed-forward and double sampling

We developed a 10.7-MHz intermediate frequency (IF) bandpass discrete-time (DT) 4th -order 4-bit ΔΣ modulator for AM/FM car radio tuners. Using direct feed-forward and double sampling, we have achieved a dynamic range (DR) of 112 dB in the 3-kHz AM bandwidth (BW) and a DR of 94 dB in the 200-kHz FM BW. The modulator occupies 3 mm2, in 0.15 μm CMOS technology, and draws 63 mA of current.
Generalized quasilinearization for fractional differential equations

Abstract In this paper, an existence and uniqueness result is obtained for an IVP of fractional differential equations using the method of generalized quasilinearization, which allows for some relaxation on the conditions on f .
A New Cache Management Scheme in Information Centric Networks

As one of the main characteristics of ICN (Information Centric Networking), in-network caching had played a huge role in reducing network traffic. How to make reasonable use of the limited cache space in order to improve the cache hit ratio and reduce the network traffic had become the focus of the cache management in ICN. Considering users had different preferences in different data types, and the impact of data popularity on the data access rates, a new cache management scheme was proposed for ICN. In the proposed scheme, data were classified into different categories based on their semantic information, and the interest vector of nodes was defined according to the corresponding user preferences in different categories of data in order to address replica placement. Meantime, data popularity was introduced to solve the problem of cache replacement. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme was both feasible and effective in saving the cache space, improving the cache hit ratio and reducing network traffic load.
Nonequilibrium solvation dynamics in solution reactions

We construct a theoretical framework for the description of nonequilibrium solvation and solvent participation in the reaction coordinate for solution reactions. The framework is illustrated by a model of reactive dipole isomerization. We show that a multidimensional reaction coordinate picture is equivalent to a one dimensional description in which a generalized friction characterizes and quantifies nonequilibrium solvation effects on the reaction rate. The adiabatic regime where equilibrium solvation and mean potential ideas are correct is identified. Several distinct regimes of nonequilibrium solvation are identified and described in molecular terms. In the effective mass regime, equilibrium solvation ideas give the reaction barrier curvature correctly, but solvent inertia modifies the barrier passage rate. In the nonadiabatic regime, the solvent is ‘‘frozen’’ during the barrier passage and cannot provide equilibrium solvation. In the polarization caging regime, the reacting species adjust to the moving solvent, rather than vice versa, and the solvent is heavily involved in the reaction coordinate. The rate constant in each of these regimes is related to reactive and solvent dynamics.
Quantum electronic properties of the Na/sub 3/Ga/sub 2/Li/sub 3/F/sub 12/:Cr/sup 3+/ laser

Few of the existing Cr/sup 3+/ vibronic lasers have achieved the slope efficiency and tuning range expected based on their known spectroscopic properties. To discover the cause of this behavior, the performance of chromium-doped gallium fluoride garnet, Na/sub 3/Ga/sub 2/Li/sub 3/F/sub 12/:Cr/sup 3+/, as a laser material has been investigated experimentally. The data reported include absorption and emission spectra, emission rates, quantum efficiency, laser wavelength tuning range, laser output slope efficiencies, and excited-state absorption spectra. Similar properties of the alexandrite laser material were studied for comparison. The results indicate that the performance of the gallium fluoride garnet laser is severely limited by Cr/sup 3+/ excited-state absorption (ESA). A model is presented to account for the unexpected nature of the ESA, which appears to be a common problem for all Cr/sup 3+/ vibronic lasers. Criteria are suggested for choosing Cr/sup 3+/ hosts for which the effects of ESA will be minimized. >
Influence of postpartum feeding method on performance of the lactating sow

Data on the effect of postpartum feeding methods on sow and litter performance and the incidence of lactation failure in the sow are presented. One hundred and sixteen sows were allowed either ad libitum consumption within 16 h postpartum (AL) or restricted to a gradual increase in feed, starting with 0.45 kg on Day 0 and increasing to 0.91 kg each day reaching ad libitum by Day 6 of lactation (R). The AL sows consumed more feed from Day 0 to Day 6 (P<0.01) and during total lactation period (P<0.10) than R sows. Litter performance was not affected by treatment. Loss of sow body weight and condition during lactation and the weaning-to-estrous interval were not affected by treatment. Lactation failure was minimal and not affected by treatment. Rectal temperatures of AL sows were generally higher than R sows, but were not related to incidence of lactation failure. Fecal consistency scores revealed more normal defecations from the AL sows. Neither AL nor R could be identified as the preferred feeding method.