cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extensive intrazeolitic hydrolysis of Zn(II): partial structures of partially and fully hydrated Zn(II)-exchanged zeolite X

Abstract Complete Zn2+ exchange of two single crystals of zeolite X (Na92Si100Al92O384) was attempted at 80°C from aqueous Zn(NO3)2 (pH=5.5 at 23°C). The structures of crystal 1 (partially dehydrated by evacuation at 23°C and 10−3 Torr for two days) and crystal 2 (fully hydrated) were determined by X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd 3 at 23°C (ao=24.750(5) and 24.872(6) A, respectively). They were refined using all intensities to the final error indices R1=0.126 and 0.116 based on the 428 and 348 reflections, respectively, for which Fo>4σ(Fo). Each crystal has about 54 Zn2+ ions per unit cell, indicating the uptake of eight excess Zn(OH)2 molecules. In both crystals, further extensive hydrolysis of Zn2+ is seen. Many non-framework oxygens were not found. In crystal 1, 34 Zn2+ ions per unit cell occupy conventional cationic sites: 10 are at site I′, 12 at site II, and 12 at site III′. Three Zn2+ ions each coordinate to a framework oxygen at a non-conventional site in the supercages. Three Zn2+ ions at the centers of sodalite cavities each coordinate tetrahedrally to four non-framework oxygens to give (likely) Zn(OH)2(H2O)2 which hydrogen bonds multiply to the zeolite framework. At three supercage positions, about 14 Zn2+ ions that do not coordinate to the zeolite framework are found. Per unit cell, 37 H3O+ ions are found: 20 at site I′ and 17 at site II. It is presumed, considering the number of H3O+ ions, that the latter 14 Zn2+ ions are hydrolyzed Zn2+ ions, likely hydrated Zn(OH)2 molecules, some likely bridging. In crystal 2, 33 Zn2+ ions per unit cell are found at conventional cationic sites: two at site I, 14 at two different sites I′, seven at site II, and 10 at site III′. As in crystal 1, three Zn2+ ions each coordinate to a framework oxygen at a non-conventional site in the supercage. At three supercage positions, about 18 Zn2+ ions that do not coordinate to the zeolite framework are found. Per unit cell, 40 H3O+ ions are found: 18 at site II′ and 22 at site II. Only about 16 non-framework oxygens were found per unit cell: eight water molecules in the supercages and, in the sodalite cages, eight hydroxide ions which participate in the formation of two nearly cubic Zn4(OH)44+ clusters.
SOLAR WIND-MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE COUPLING

The flowing solar wind imparts mass, momentum, and energy to the magnetosphere. It does so in the outer region of the magnetosphere, the boundary layer, both by direct entry of solar wind plasma into closed flux tubes of the boundary layer and by connection of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines to the Earth’s magnetic field. The latter mechanism seems to be dominant when the IMF has an appreciable southward component and several observations demonstrating its importance are discussed. The former may be responsible for the enduring presence of the magnetotail during even prolonged intervals of northward IMF. By either mechanism of interaction the basic process, transfer of momentum, is accompanied by electric polarization of the interaction region. The polarization charge leaks away as a depolarizing current that flows along magnetic field lines to the ionosphere where it imparts momentum to the ionospheric plasma. At the same time the momentum exchange in the interaction region stretches the field lines there downstream to form the magnetotail — a reservoir of stored magnetic energy that frequently releases stored energy to the nightside of the Earth — creating substorms. Recent evidence suggests that the field aligned currents from the interaction region create field aligned electric fields at altitudes of 1 to 2 RE and that these are responsible for the acceleration of the particles that produce auroral arcs.
Meta-Analysis at 20 Retrospect and Prospect

It has been 20 years since Gene Glass reinvigorated research integration through the formalization of meta-analysis. This article explores the nature of meta-analysis by placing it within the context of research synthesis. The methods of meta-analysis are described briefly and compared and contrasted with other forms of research integration. In addition, the findings from several meta-analyses are provided to show the advantages of quantitative review methods. Finally, criticisms of meta-analyses are analyzed; as are several unanswered questions about the direction of meta-analysis.
The addition of an upper-extremity curriculum in medical school education and its assessment

This study assessed the impact of changes made to address the inadequate upper-extremity education through preclinical medical school curriculum reform. After the administration of a new upper-extremity curriculum, which also increased the time devoted to three preclinical medical school courses from 7.25 to 21.25 hours, second-year medical students were evaluated for mastery of these concepts through a national validated objective examination, and attitude and skill through clinical confidence and subjective surveys. After implementation of the new upper-extremity curriculum, students had significantly greater confidence in their ability to perform a physical examination but not in identifying differential diagnoses of the upper-extremity. Students were more satisfied with the amount of time spent on the musculoskeletal system but their performance in the national examination did not change.
The inflation-unemployment trade-offs of union members

Social preference functions between inflation and unemployment are estimated for individuals classified by union status using Gallup Poll presidential popularity data. We expected union members to assign higher weights to unemployment and lower weights to inflation than those who are not union members, but we found the reverse. Union members weight unemployment relative to inflation less than nonunion members because they weight unemployment less. Given the emphasis that trade union leaders place on reducing unemployment rather than inflation, this suggests a divergence in views between union leaders and the rank and file.
A calorimeter as a primary standard beam monitor

Abstract A mercury filled calorimeter was designed and constructed at Cornell to serve as a primary standard for measuring total energy in electron and bremsstrahlung gamma beams. The accuracy of this device is about 1 2 % at a heat input of 4W. The calibration constant for a Wilson type quantameter was obtained using the calorimeter.
Comment on "Theoretical study of polaron formation in poly(G)-poly(C) cations".

In a recent report, Boyd and co-workers have employed density functional theory (DFT) to investigate polaron formation in poly(G)-poly(C) cation radical.1 Their results report that the hole in the poly(G)-poly(C) cation radical is delocalized over a number of guanine residues.1
A state-based language for sensor-actuator networks

This paper introduces a language design for sensor-actuator networks. The main features are communication by a soft-state abstraction and behavior control by periodic rule evaluation. These features enable a state-based, rather than event-based, style of programming. Dynamic changes to network configuration and failures of components are automatically handled by this approach. The design choices target applications which experience low-to-moderate rates of sensor input and which do not require extreme, low-latency sensor processing and actuation. Coordinated actuation is concisely expressed in this language.
pH regulates vascular endothelial growth factor binding to fibronectin: a mechanism for control of extracellular matrix storage and release.

Hypoxia is one of the major signals that induces angiogenesis. Hypoxic conditions lead to reduced extracellular pH. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) increases at acidic pH (7.0-5.5). These interactions are dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans, but do not depend on the presence of VEGF receptors. Here we report that VEGF165 and VEGF121 binding to fibronectin also increased at acidic pH, and that these interactions are further enhanced by the addition of heparin. These results reveal that the accepted non-heparin-binding isoform of VEGF (VEGF121) is converted into a heparin-binding growth factor under acidic conditions. Interestingly, we did not observe increased binding of VEGF to collagen type I at acidic pH in the presence or absence of heparin, indicating that this effect is not a general property of all heparin-binding ECM proteins. The high level of VEGF binding at acidic pH was also rapidly reversed as demonstrated by increased rates of VEGF dissociation from fibronectin and fibronectin-heparin matrices as the pH was raised. The VEGF released from fibronectin retained its ability to stimulate the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 in endothelial cells. These results suggest that VEGF may be stored in the extracellular matrix via interactions with fibronectin and heparan sulfate in tissues that are in need of vascularization so that it can aid in directing the dynamic process of growth and migration of new blood vessels.
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of Moving Targets

Two rhesus monkeys were trained to intercept a moving target at a fixed location with a feedback cursor controlled by a 2-D manipulandum. The direction from which the target appeared, the time from the target onset to its arrival at the interception point, and the target acceleration were randomized for each trial, thus requiring the animal to adjust its movement according to the visual input on a trial-by-trial basis. The two animals adopted different strategies, similar to those identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed differences in the complexity and diversity of motor cortical activity between the two animals that paralleled those of behavioral strategies. Most clusters displayed activity closely related to the kinematics of hand movements. In addition, some clusters displayed patterns of activation that conveyed additional information necessary for successful performance of the task, such as the initial target velocity and the interval between successive submovements, suggesting that such information is represented in selective subpopulations of neurons in the primary motor cortex. These results also suggest that conversion of information about target motion into movement-related signals takes place in a broad network of cortical areas including the primary motor cortex.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children Born Premature: A Case Study and Illustration of Vagal Tone as a Physiological Measure of Treatment Outcome

Evidence-based psychosocial interventions for externalizing behavior problems in children born premature have not been reported in the literature. This single-case study describes Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) with a 23-month-old child born at 29 weeks gestation weighing 1,020 grams, who presented with significant externalizing behavior problems. Treatment outcome was assessed using standard measures of maternal and child functioning and observational measures of the parent-child interaction, as well as a physiological measure of heart rate variability (i.e., vagal tone) used to assess parasympathetic control in the child. Maternal reports of child behavior problems and their own stress and depressive symptoms decreased after treatment. Behavioral observations demonstrated improved parenting practices and child compliance, and vagal tone showed comparable increases as well. Results suggest that PCIT is a promising psychosocial intervention for children born premature with externalizing behavior problems, and that vagal tone may be a useful measure of treatment outcome.
Quantum theory of multiwave mixing. II. Operator approach.

This paper treats the interaction of one strong classical field mode and one or two weak quantal modes with two-level systems. The analysis is carried out in a purely operator formalism that complements the method presented in the preceding paper and produces the same results. The present approach automatically collects all contributions to second order in the weak-field interactions, and can be easier to extend to more complicated cases. The analysis allows one to treat problems such as predicting the growth of sidemodes in laser- and optical-bistability instabilities, the resonance fluorescence spectrum, Rayleigh scattering, and quantum noise in small-signal phase conjugation.
Influence of surface defects on chlorine chemisorption on Si(100)-(2 × 1)

Abstract The influence on chlorine chemisorption of surface defects created by low-fluence Ar + sputtering of the Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface has been studied. A distinctly different type of Cl bonding is observed on defect sites compared to Cl bonding on Si Si dimers, as judged by electron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) measurements. On the ordered Si(100) surface only terminally bonded Si Cl species are observed (producing four off-normal Cl + beams); on the disordered Si(100) surface an additional Cl + beam emitted in the normal direction is present at 120 K. This Cl + beam is interpreted as a bridge-bonded Cl species chemisorbed inside of the dimer vacancy defects. In SiCl 2 thermal desorption, a new low-temperature desorption channel is observed on disordered Si(100) surfaces, indicating that defect sites enhance the rate of surface etching. In the range of Ar + fluences studied (0.2–5 monolayers) the Cl saturation coverage increases by as much as 30%, over that observed on non-defective Si(100)-(2 × 1).
The importance of groundwater discharge to the methane budgets of nearshore and continental shelf waters of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Methane concentrations in groundwater (wells, sinkholes, and springs) averaged 61 {+-} 9 {mu}M, while concentrations in nearshore and continental shelf waters within the study area averaged 62 {+-} 7 nM and 27 {+-} 5 nM, respectively. We tested the hypothesis that the three orders of magnitude difference between groundwater and seawater concentration would make CH{sub 4} an indicator of submarine groundwater discharge to surficial waters. Methane budgets for nearshore and continental shelf water columns were consistent with the hypothesis that groundwater seepage or seawater recirculation through the seabed is the dominant source of CH{sub 4} relative to benthic diffusive flux, riverine flux, and in situ water column production. Seepage/recirculation appears to account for approximately 83-99% of the total CH{sub 4} input into the water column within the study area. Utilizing measured porewater CH{sub 4} concentrations, the calculated amounts of seepage required to support the observed benthic fluxes were comparable to seepage rates measured in the field. Nearshore seepage meter transacts showed a strong and direct correlation between the integrated quantity of groundwater seepage along a shoreline and the inventory of CH{sub 4} in those waters. Our study further showed a similar correlation between {sup 222}Rn (another potential groundwater tracer) andmore » CH{sub 4} in offshore waters supporting the hypothesis of a common benthic source for these constituents. 67 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.« less
A study of the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and cleavage in the grasshopper egg (orthoptera)†

A technique is developed whereby the large heavily yolk-laden grasshopper egg may be sectioned for cytological study. Eggs of Chortophaga viridifasciata and Circotettix verruculatus were examined. In C. viridifasciata the structure of the late ovarian nucleus and the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and early cleavage are described. In the first maturation twelve rod-shaped tetrads are found. Near the caudal end of the egg a polar body is given off, and in the second maturation division there are twelve dyads. At fertilization, twelve separated vesicles of the female pronucleus are seen scattered about a male pronucleus in which the chromosomes are in prophase. In early cleavage the chromosome numbers in the metaphase are found to differentiate the male- and female-producing eggs. In the former there are twenty-three and in the latter twenty-four chromosomes. A vesicular condition in which the chromosomes retain their boundaries in interkinesis is indicative of chromosome individuality. A comparison of the first and second maturation metaphase chromosomes of the oocyte with those of the spermatocyte shows a similar compact group on the spindle, a likeness in size seriation, and a similarity of form. They differ in that in the spermatocyte complex there are eleven tetrads and one dyad. This latter, the unpaired sex chromosome, falls among the large chromosomes. A comparison of the chromosome complex of Chortophaga viridifasciata with that of Circotettix verruculatus indicates constancy of generic differences in form, size, number, and behavior of the chromosomes.
Growth Factor Activity Modifiers in Human Blood Serum

SummaryThe serum of man and other animals has been found to contain a growth factor of protein nature, and chemical modifiers of its biological activity. The growth factor, in one of its two readily interconvertible forms, will support the growth and reproduction of nematodes in defined culture; the other form is without growth promoting activity in the cultures. Distinct materials have been separated from serum which either convert the growth factor into the activated form or prevent its conversion. These have been called activator and inhibitor, respectively. Although growth factor has growth promoting activity in tissue cells in culture as well as nematodes, nematodes provide the most convenient quantitative assay of growth factor and of its chemical state of activation. Its biological activity in all systems depends on which form it is in. Specific chemical interaction has been demonstrated between growth factor and its natural modifiers. The balance of physiological activator and inhibitor appears to...
Enhanced Intracoronary Thrombolysis With Urokinase Using a Novel, Local Drug Delivery System In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies

Background Current pharmacological regimens for treating intracoronary thrombus in the cardiac catheterization laboratory generally involve the administration of thrombolytic agents that result in a systemic fibrinolytic state and/or require prolonged arterial drug infusion. The purpose of the present study was to assess a new technique for treating intracoronary thrombus consisting of the local infusion of limited quantities of urokinase with a novel drug delivery device. Methods and Results The Dispatch coronary infusion catheter is a new local drug delivery system that allows for the prolonged infusion of therapeutic agents at an angioplasty site while distal coronary flow is maintained. Three experimental protocols were performed to determine the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical efficacy of this device. First, in vitro thrombolysis of fresh, porcine thrombus trapped in a 4-mm plastic tube with a 50% constriction and perfused with 20% porcine plasma was measured. Twenty-three thrombi were weighed before...
Multi-criteria journey aware housing recommender system

Recommender systems can be employed to assist users in complex decision making processes. This paper presents a multi-criteria housing recommender system which takes into account not just features of a home, such as rent, but also the transportation links to user specified locations. First, we describe an efficient multi-hop journey time calculator. Second, we introduce a mechanism to find the optimal solutions for multi-criteria evaluation, where a balanced trade-off between the target goals is found. Finally, we present a user study to demonstrate the potential of such a system.
The Characterization of Underfill-Passivation Interface Under Monotonic and Fatigue Loading and Its Application to Flip Chip Reliability Prediction

Flip chip packaging technology is an attractive technique to achieve mechanical and electrical interconnection between the silicon chip and the substrate. Solder joint reliability in flip chip on organic board (FCOB) is enhanced by underfill application. The failure of solder joints in a flip chip package is usually associated with underfill delamination, esp. from the chip passivation. In this work, the fracture toughness of this interface is characterized for a novel no-flow underfill material using an innovative residual stress induced decohesion (RSID) test. Numerical modeling of the chip passivation-underfill interface indicates that the delamination will not progress under monotonic loading. However, the progress of delamination occurs under repeated thermal cycling. An empirical Paris law for underfill delamination has been developed and has been applied to predict delamination in actual flip chip packages. A reasonable agreement between the two is shown.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Monoclonal antibody to rat uterine peroxidase and its use in identification of the peroxidase as being of eosinophil origin

Peroxidase was purified from uteri of estrogen-treated rats by calcium chloride extraction, affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose. An overall purification of greater than 1700-fold was achieved with a final recovery of 27%. Monoclonal antibodies to peroxidase were subsequently prepared by immunization of male C57BL/10J mice with the highly purified peroxidase from rat uterus. Spleen and lymph node cells from the mice were fused with Sp2/0-Ag 14 mouse myeloma cells. The resultant hybrid cells were screened for production of antibody using a solid-phase, double antibody radioimmunoassay. The mature rat spleen, shown previously to be abundant in eosinophils, contains high peroxidase activity. Spleen peroxidase purified by the same procedure as the uterine enzyme cross-reacted with a monoclonal antibody, designated IgG-107B, used in all subsequent studies. Peroxidase extracted from isolated rat eosinophils also cross-reacted with the antibody and yielded identical titers as the spleen and uterine peroxidases. Spleen, uterine and horse eosinophil peroxidase had the same apparent molecular weight, 57000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Following electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose, spleen, uterine and eosinophil peroxidase reacted with monoclonal antibody, using an immunoblotting technique. These results provide biochemical and immunological evidence that the majority of the calcium chloride-extractable peroxidase activity from the uteri of estrogen-treated rats is derived from infiltrating eosinophils.
TU-D-304A-04: The Influence of CT Resolution On Volume Definition and Image Quality in SRS and SBRT Simulation

Purpose: To determine the influence of resolution of the CT scan (including sub‐millimeter slice thickness) on volume definition and image quality in stereotactic radiotherapy and body radiotherapy simulation. Method and Materials: A novel low‐contrast gel phantom was fabricated with spiculated tumor‐like volumes approximately 2, 5, 8, and 20cc in size. The phantom was scanned using a Philips Brilliance BigBore 16‐slice CT scanner. First, a scan was taken using our standard clinical protocol employing a 16×1.5mm collimator and reconstructed slice thickness of 3mm. Next, a scan was taken with the sub‐millimeter collimator (16×0.75mm) and reconstructed with slice thicknesses of 0.75mm and 3mm for comparison. Contours of the structures were drawn using a specific CT number range in Eclipse. Digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRRs) were exported for evaluating image quality and the standard deviation (SD) was calculated for four uniform, non‐background regions. Results: The difference in measured volume decreased with increasing tumor size when comparing the standard clinical scan and both sub‐millimeter scans. Measured volume varied from 4–16% for volumes less than 10cc when comparing the 0.75mm and clinical scan. The 3mm reconstructed sub‐millimeter scan showed smaller but significant volume differences (>5%). The 16×0.75mm scan increased the CTDIdose by 9.4% versus the clinical protocol scan. Small spicules in the tumors resulted in greater measured volume in the 0.75mm scan. These features were easier to visualize in the 0.75mm DRR, however, SD values were larger than both 3mm scans (15–69%). Conclusion:Tumor size and shape are important considerations in choosing slice thickness for stereotactic radiotherapy simulation. As expected, slice thickness has larger effects on smaller targets. DRR feature sensitivity improved with the 0.75mm scan, but an increase in noise was observed. Our results show that sub‐millimeter slice thickness is useful in SRT for smaller target volumes despite a small increase in patient dose.
Identification of Novel Substrates for the Serine Protease HTRA1 in the Human RPE Secretome

PURPOSE. To define the role of the serine protease HTRA1 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by examining its expression level and identifying its potential substrates in the context of primary RPE cell extracellular milieu. METHODS. Primary RPE cell cultures were established from human donor eyes and screened for CFH, ARMS2, and HTRA1 risk genotypes by using an allele-discrimination assay. HTRA1 expression in genotyped RPE cells was determined by using real-time PCR and quantitative proteomics. Potential HTRA1 substrates were identified by incubating RPE-conditioned medium with or without human recombinant HTRA1. Selectively cleaved proteins were quantified by using the differential stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) strategy. RESULTS. HTRA1 mRNA levels were threefold higher in primary RPE cells homozygous for the HTRA1 promoter risk allele than in RPE cells with the wild-type allele, which translated into a twofold increase in HTRA1 secretion by RPE cells with the risk genotype. A total of 196 extracellular proteins were identified in the RPE secretome, and only 8 were found to be selectively cleaved by the human recombinant HTRA1. These include fibromodulin with 90% cleavage, clusterin (50%), ADAM9 (54%), vitronectin (54%), and alpha2-macroglobulin (55%), as well as some cell surface proteins including talin-1 (21%), fascin (40%), and chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (51%). CONCLUSIONS. Recombinant HTRA1 cleaves RPE-secreted proteins involved in regulation of the complement pathway (clusterin, vitronectin, and fibromodulin) and of amyloid deposition (clusterin, alpha2-macroglobulin, and ADAM9). These findings suggest a link between HTRA1, complement regulation, and amyloid deposition in AMD pathogenesis.
Hydrogen L beta and L alpha emission lines observed from the interplanetary medium by the Voyager UV spectrometer

OBSERVATIONS of the interstellar medium in the 500–1,700 A region of the optical spectrum reveals three measurable lines identified as He (584 A), H Ly-β (1,025 A), H Ly-α (1,216 A). The origination of these emissions is dominated by resonance scattering of solar radiation by the interplanetary medium. Here we discuss the first measurements of the H Ly-β line by the Voyager ultraviolet spectrometers and our ability to detect sources other than local singly scattered radiation. The Voyager spectrometers1 were designed primarily for observation of planetary atmospheric emission.
Statistical fracture modeling: crack path and fracture criteria with application to homogeneous and functionally graded materials

Abstract Analysis has been performed on fracture initiation near a crack in a brittle material with strength described by Weibull statistics. This nonlocal fracture model allows for a direct correlation between near crack-tip stresses and failure. Predictions are made for both the toughness and average fracture initiation angle of a crack under mixed-mode loading. This is pertinent for composites and is especially interesting for functionally graded materials (FGMs), where the stress and strength fields vary from the homogeneous form away from the crack tip. Both analytic and finite element analyses of FGMs reveal that gradients in Weibull scaling stress σ 0 ( x , y ) usually lead to a dramatic decrease of initiation fracture toughness; moreover, gradients normal to the crack result in a crack growing toward the weaker material. When comparing FGMs with gradients in Young's modulus in the direction of the crack path, E ( x ), and the same stress-intensity factor K , the crack growing into the steeper negative gradient will be tougher, if m , the Weibull modulus, is low; with growth in the stiff direction, the effect is opposite. These effects offset the higher-stress intensity for cracks growing into more compliant material, and the crack-tip shielding when growing into a stiffer material based upon expectations for the applied load. Perpendicular gradients in modulus can cause a far-field mode I loading to produce mixed-mode loading of the crack tip and other asymmetric adjustments in the stress field; the gradient induces non-coplanar cracking that depends strongly on m . The distribution of damage near a crack tip will vary strongly with m . For high m materials, failure is dominated by the very near-tip parameters, and effects of gradients are minimized. With low m , distributed damage leading to toughening can be exaggerated in FGMs. Finally, consideration is given to the role of several higher-order terms in the stress field.
Dialogue for Accountability: Pedagogical Proficiency and Religious Scholarship

The author believes that the value of teaching in the academy will continue to be diminished as long as teaching and scholarship are viewed as separate and unequal. Thus, pedagogical proficiency is a fundamentally important component of religious and theological scholarship. Pedagogical skills allow scholars to be in dialogue with people outside of their content specialization and outside of the academy; therefore, they enable dialogue with the people of a religious tradition who are not scholarly specialists, but who are the living community of the religious tradition. The article seeks first to articulate a clear understanding of teaching competency, drawing on the concept of pedagogical proficiency. The case is then made for the role of teaching in scholarly research and, finally, its specific role in religious and theological research, showing that research accountability to a living religious tradition necessarily demands teaching competency.
An Analysis of the de minimis Strategy for Risk Management

A de minimis risk management strategy sets a threshold so that risks below the specified level are defined as trivial and exempted from further consideration. The intended purpose is to help avoid inappropriate and wasteful concern with insignificant low-level risks. In most instances a de minimis strategy is likely to have beneficial or innocuous effects, but under certain circumstances large differences may develop between nominal and actual de minimis levels. The potential for such discrepancies illustrates why de minimis (and all other risk management) strategies should be evaluated on the basis of the portfolio of risks that would accumulate from applying such strategies over time, rather than on the apparent reasonableness of any single instance of application.
MOTION OF AIR WITHIN THE HUMAN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE

ABSTRACT Knowledge of factors affecting the behavior and fate of inhaled particulate matter is of fundamental importance to the scientific disciplines of inhalation toxicology and aerosol therapy. Since particles are entrained and transported by airstreams, flow fields exert a great influence upon the deposition patterns of toxic substances and pharmacologic drugs within the human lung. In a series of independent works, 1–3 Martonen et al. have documented the effects of distinct morphological features of airways upon lung fluid dynamics. Herein, those systematic investigations are integrated into a cohesive view of the motion of inhaled air. As a direct result, improved surrogates of the human lung can be developed. Specifically, it is established that the following elements must be included in future experimental and theoretical models describing airway conditions and particle dosimetry: laryngeal effects, cartilaginous rings and carinal ridges. If these factors are included such laboratory and mathemati...
Combined-Modality Treatment of Locally Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Incorporation of Novel Chemotherapeutic Agents

The role of multimodality management in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to evolve and is a subject of ongoing clinical research. Induction chemotherapy followed by surgical resection with or without thoracic radiotherapy has proved superior to surgical resection alone in patients with ipsilateral mediastinal (N2) disease. Whether surgery alone still plays a role in these patients is the subject of an ongoing intergroup study. As no definitive, optimal effective chemotherapy regimen currently exists for NSCLC, future studies will attempt to incorporate novel and active agents like the taxanes, irinotecan, vinorelbine, and gemcitabine into combined-modality therapy for locally advanced NSCLC. Thoracic radiation therapy by itself provides local control and effective palliation of tumor-related symptoms but has minimal impact on the survival of patients with locally advanced disease. Novel schemes such as hyperfractionated radiotherapy and continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy are currently being investigated and appear promising but need to be tested in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Randomized studies have demonstrated the benefit of concurrent or sequential chemoradiation in selected patients with a good performance status and minimal weight loss. The exact sequence of combined-modality therapy has yet to be determined. The combination of paclitaxel and platinum compounds has shown impressive activity in advanced NSCLC in both phase II and III randomized studies. We have incorporated weekly low-dose paclitaxel and carboplatin with concurrent thoracic radiation in treating patients with locally advanced, inoperable NSCLC, and long-term follow-up has shown remarkable survival rates. Confirmation of these phase II combined-modality studies is needed. Combination sequential chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation in patients with advanced NSCLC has the potential to improve overall survival by increasing both local and distant control.
Peritoneal dialysis for acute renal failure in children.

Fifty infants and children with acute renal failure were treated with acute peritoneal dialysis between 1987 and 1990. The patients were dialyzed using either a catheter introduced percutaneously over a guide-wire (n=40) or a Tenckhoff catheter (n=10). The cause of the acute renal failure was primary renal disease in 17 children, cardiac disease in 19, and trauma/sepsis in 14. Peritoneal dialysis succeeded in controlling metabolic abnormalities, improving fluid balance, and relieving the complications of uremia. The procedure had few major complications. Overall mortality was 50%, reflecting the serious nature of the underlying diseases. We conclude that acute peritoneal dialysis is a safe and effective treatment in most pediatric patients with acute renal failure. Our series of patients treated with acute peritoneal dialysis serves as a basis of comparison for the evaluation of new modalities of therapy in childhood acute renal failure.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE VELOCITY OF THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION IN SYPHILIS.

Examination of syphilitic serum or cerebrospinal fluid can be made at any temperature between 23° and 37°C. The velocity of the fixation reaction, including the fixation of complement and subsequent hemolysis, is greater at a higher temperature, the optimum point being 37°C. The maximum reaction is also reached, however, when the mixture of lipoids, syphilitic serum, and complement is allowed to stand for a long enough period at a lower temperature, the minimum thermal point being near 23°C. For the optimum temperature (37°C.) an incubation of 30 minutes is sufficient, while for the minimum temperature (23°C.) 2 hours are necessary. At the temperature of 30°C. the reaction proceeds with moderate velocity and is complete within 60 minutes. Guinea pig complement gave a sharper reaction with the sera which contained less than one unit of the fixing substance. Fixation is complete, however, at any of the three temperatures within 20 minutes when there are more than two units present. A serum containing one unit of fixing substance will complete reaction within 30 minutes at 37°C., 60 minutes at 30°C., and 2 hours at 23°C., irrespective of whether human or guinea pig complement is used. For many reasons a properly adjusted thermostat for 37°C. is recommended for conducting the serum diagnosis of syphilis when possible, but it should not be overlooked that at a temperature near 30°C. an entirely reliable result can be obtained without a special incubator. Even at a temperature as low as 23°C. the test can be carried out if sufficient length of time is allowed. The foregoing conclusions refer only to the systems in which the acetone-insoluble fraction of tissue lipoids is used as antigen.
Selective management of penetrating neck trauma based on cervical level of injury.

Background Selective surgical exploration of penetrating neck wounds is now the standard of care, but the safety and cost effectiveness of selective diagnostic testing remains controversial. We herein review our 18-year prospective evaluation of a progressively selective approach. Patients and methods Since 1979, 312 patients sustained penetrating trauma to the anterior neck; 75% were stabbed and 24% were shot. Zone I was penetrated in 13%, zone II in 67%, and zone III in 20%. Results In all, 105 (34%) of the patients had early exploration (16% were nontherapeutic). Of the 207 (66%) observed, 1 (0.5%) required delayed exploration. Length of stay was 8.0 days following exploration, 5.1 days following negative exploration, and 1.5 days following observation. In the last 6 years, 40% have had adjunctive testing: 69% of zone I, 15% of zone II, and 50% of zone III injuries. Conclusion Selective management of penetrating neck injuries is safe and does not mandate routine diagnostic testing for asymptomatic patients with injuries in zones II and III.
Mass transfer coefficients associated with the mixing of a confined gas volume by the random motion of loose spheres

Abstract This investigation quantifies the change in mass transfer within a confined gas volume subjected to mixing by loose spheres. A cylindrical vessel containing between 1 and 50 Teflon spheres in a tracer gas is vigorously shaken. Extractive sampling provides time histories of tracer gas concentrations extracted from the vessel. Fitting the results from a simple 1-D mass transfer model to the experimental data yields an effective mass transfer coefficient k′ for each experimental condition. Compared to diffusive mass transfer where k′ = Dab = 7.58 × 10−6 m2/s, k′ exhibits a cubic dependency on the number of spheres with a maximum at 17 spheres where k′ = 3.5 × 10−3 m2/s.
Dealing with Student Credit Card DEBT

While most students use credit cards responsibly, it is estimated that more than one in ten students do not. These students are at risk for accumulating a level of debt that can seriously undermine...
Interacting meaningfully with machine learning systems: Three experiments

Although machine learning is becoming commonly used in today's software, there has been little research into how end users might interact with machine learning systems, beyond communicating simple ''right/wrong'' judgments. If the users themselves could work hand-in-hand with machine learning systems, the users' understanding and trust of the system could improve and the accuracy of learning systems could be improved as well. We conducted three experiments to understand the potential for rich interactions between users and machine learning systems. The first experiment was a think-aloud study that investigated users' willingness to interact with machine learning reasoning, and what kinds of feedback users might give to machine learning systems. We then investigated the viability of introducing such feedback into machine learning systems, specifically, how to incorporate some of these types of user feedback into machine learning systems, and what their impact was on the accuracy of the system. Taken together, the results of our experiments show that supporting rich interactions between users and machine learning systems is feasible for both user and machine. This shows the potential of rich human-computer collaboration via on-the-spot interactions as a promising direction for machine learning systems and users to collaboratively share intelligence.
Binomial random variate generation

Existing binomial random-variate generators are surveyed, and a new generator designed for moderate and large means is developed. The new algorithm, BTPE, has fixed memory requirements and is faster than other such algorithms, both when single, or when many variates are needed.
Potential of Summer Legumes for Thermochemical Conversion to Synthetic Fuel

Summer legumes are commonly used worldwide in crop rotations as a nitrogen source. One particular legume, sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea), is a fast growing, high biomass yielding, tropical legume that may be a possible southeastern bioenergy crop. When comparing this legume to a commonly grown summer legume—cowpeas, sunn hemp was superior in biomass yield (kg ha-1) and subsequent energy yield (GJ ha-1). Interlinked with energy yield, the sunn hemp energy content (MJ kg-1) at the greatest maturity sampled (after 12 weeks) was 19.0 MJ kg-1. This was 6% greater than that of cowpeas. Even though sunn hemp had a greater amount of ash, plant nutrient concentrations were lower in some cases of minerals (K, Ca, Mg, S) known to reduce thermochemical conversion process efficiency. Pyrolytic degradation of both legumes revealed that sunn hemp began to degrade at higher temperatures as well as release more volatile matter. This volatile matter would be amenable to downstream conversion processes to generate either heat or synthetic fuels.
Fission Product Radioactivity in the Air along the 80th Meridian-January—June 1957

Measurements of gross fission product radioactivity in the air at a number of sites along the 80th meridian (west) are reported for the period January—June 1957. The concentration of long-lived radioactive products (primarly fission products) in the air continues to remain considerably higher in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. Among the more interesting developments, there has been obtained a definite inverse relation between the air concentration of radioactivity and rainfall during the dry and rainy seasons at Panama. The use of “radioactivity profiles” (plots of latitude vs fission product concentration) to represent a cross section of the average air concentrations of fission products along the 80th meridian for any given period offers a ready means to obtain the total burden of such activity in the atmosphere for such a period and to follow its increase or decrease with time. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00007.x
Substituted pyrazoles as hepatoselective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: discovery of (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (PF-3052334) as a candidate for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

In light of accumulating evidence that aggressive LDL-lowering therapy may offer increased protection against coronary heart disease, we undertook the design and synthesis of a novel series of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors based upon a substituted pyrazole template. Optimizing this series using both structure-based design and molecular property considerations afforded a class of highly efficacious and hepatoselective inhibitors resulting in the identification of (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptanoic (PF-3052334) as a candidate for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Effect of grain boundary engineering on microstructural stability during annealing

Grain boundary engineering, which increases the special boundary fraction, may improve microstructural stability during annealing. Different processing routes are undertaken to establish the effectiveness of each and to better understand which microstructural features determine the resulting stability. We find that multiple cycles of grain boundary engineering result in a material that resists abnormal grain growth better than other processing routes despite similarities in special boundary fraction, grain size, and general boundary connectivity among as-processed materials.
THE EFFECT OF WELL-CONTROLLED MATERNAL DIABETES ON FETAL HEART FUNCTION: A TISSUE DOPPLER STUDY

Previous studies on fetal heart function in infants of diabetic mothers have shown altered diastolic myocardial velocities on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and an abnormal myocardial performance index (MPI) in affected fetuses even without hypertrophy. It is unclear whether better maternal glycemic
The equatorial longitude effect in cosmic rays

At the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Physical Society, held in Washington, D. C., April 24th and April 27th, respectively, we made our first public presentation of the evidence for the existence of a theretofore unsuspected cosmic-ray effect which we called “The Longitude Effect.” This evidence consisted in the projection and discussion of Figs. 1 and 2, again reproduced herewith. In the first of these were collected the readings of our self-recording, vibration-free, Neher electroscope, when taken inside its 10 cm lead shield, on four separate passages made in the interval November 1932 to January 1934, between Los Angeles and the western coast of South America.
Effects of Imperfect Automation and Task Load on Human Supervision of Multiple Uninhabited Vehicles

Many current and emerging systems require human operators to supervise multiple uninhabited vehicles (UVs) with the support of automation. Automation is not 100% reliable; ergo it is important to understand the effects of automation imperfection on performance. This study investigated the effects of automation reliability on system performance with multiple UVs under different levels of task load. Twelve participants completed 12 “missions” supervising 3 (low load) or 6 (high load) UVs. Participants used one UV to conduct Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition. They were assisted with an automatic target recognition (ATR) system whose reliability was low, medium, or high. Overall system performance was higher than user or ATR performance alone. The gain in system performance with the ATR was particularly effective with medium and high automation reliability. Thus, human-robot teams can benefit from imperfect automation even under high workload conditions.