cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteomics of lung cell biology and pulmonary disease

Proteomics has the goal of defining the complete protein complement of biological systems, which can then be analyzed in a comparative fashion to generate informative data regarding protein expression and function. Proteomic analyses can also facilitate the discovery of biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and monitor disease severity, activity and therapeutic response, as well as to identify new targets for drug development. A major challenge for proteomics, however, has been detecting low-abundance proteins in complex biological fluids. This review summarizes how proteomic analyses have advanced lung cell biology and facilitated the identification of new mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in respiratory disorders, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, acute lung injury and sarcoidosis. The impact of nanotechnology and microfluidics, as well as studies of post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions (the interactome), are considered. Furthermore, the application of systems-biology approaches to organize and analyze data regarding the lung proteome, interactome, genome, transcriptome, metabolome, glycome and small RNAome (regulatory RNAs), should facilitate future conceptual advances regarding lung cell biology, disease pathogenesis, biomarker discovery and drug development.
Haptoglobin type determination using non-carcinogenic reagents. Results on 192 normal subjects in Maryland.

Abstract Guaiacol is a satisfactory substitute for the carcinogenic aromatic amines commonly used in haptoglobin typing. Used in conjunction with vertical acrylamide electrophoresis, normal and most pathological specimens may be typed clearly and unambiguously. In 192 normal subjects the following distribution was found: Type 1–1, 12.5%; 2–1, 44.2%; 2–2, 43.2%. These results are compared with published values for other studies in North America.
The Brunn-Minkowski inequality for random sets

Abstract The Brunn-Minkowski inequality asserts a concavity feature of the volume functional under convex addition of sets. Among its applications has been Anderson's treatment of multivariate densities. Here we present a generalization which interprets the inequality in terms of random sets. This provides a natural proof of Mudholkar's generalized Anderson-type inequality.
Effects of low temperature and lipid modification on the proliferation of cultured mammalian cells

Abstract The effects of temperature on cell proliferation have been determined for two mouse lines: LM cells, a spontaneously transformed line, and R1 cells, a variant line which displays a less transformed phenotype and which was derived from LM cells by treatment with concanavalin A. Low temperature has a selective effect on the extent of proliferation of LM cells. At 28 °C, LM cells grow to only one-fourth the density which they achieve at 36 °C, whereas R1 cells grow to approximately the same maximal density at both these temperatures. Shifting the growth temperature to 36 °C results in further proliferation of LM cells grown to maximal density at 28 °C. Shifting the temperature of growth from 36 to 28 °C arrests the proliferation of only those LM cell cultures that have already attained the highest density which can be achieved when LM cells are grown entirely at 28 °C. The influence of exogenously incorporated fatty acids on proliferation of LM cells has been determined at different temperatures. At 36 °C, a temperature near the physiological range, none of the fatty acid supplements caused increases in maximal growth density. Most fatty acid supplements caused decreases, but there was no correlation between the fatty acids which caused a decreased extent of proliferation at 36 °C and any change in lipid physical state which these fatty acids would be likely to produce. At 28 °C, there is a marked decrease in the maximal density which LM cells achieve. This phenomenon is reversed by fatty acid supplements (oleic and linolenic acids) which contain cis -olefinic bonds and which decrease the critical temperatures for lectin binding and lectin-mediated agglutination phenomena. Fatty acid supplements which increase the critical temperatures for these phenomena, nonadecanoic acid and elaidic acids, have little effect or are growth inhibitory at 28 °C.
Sequence characterization and expression of the matrix protein gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the M gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIVi) was determined from genomic RNA and cDNA copies of the entire gene. The M gene contained 1173 nucleotides. It had one large open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 348 amino acids ( M r = 38,404). The predicted amino acid sequence of the hPIV1 M protein is highly basic (+20 at neutral pH). A pGEM-1 expression vector containing the M gene was used for cell-free transcription and translation. The resultant protein was confirmed to be M by electrophoretic mobility and immunoprecipitation. Among other paramyxoviridae the hPIVi M amino acid sequence was most closely related to the Sendai virus M sequence (87% identity). The pattern of M gene relatedness observed from the alignment of 16 paramyxoviridae M protein amino acid sequences was not predicted by the viruses' taxonomic classification.
Eye muscle potentiation does not account for adaptation in distance perception based on oculomotor cues

Ebenholtz and Wolfson have demonstrated an aftereffect of sustained ocular convergence, which they ascribed to eye muscle potentiation. They suggested that this effect can explain an aftereffect of wearing glasses that alter oculomotor cues for distance. Wallach and Frey interpreted this aftereffect as resulting from adaptation. The outcome of two experiments designed to test Ebenholtz and Wolfson’s explanation and a review of previous experiments on adaptation in distance perception based on oculomotor cues show that this explanation is untenable.
Photoperiodic adjustment of thermal conductance in deer mice.

Abstract 1. 1. Seasonal changes in metabolic rate can be induced in mice held in thermal neutral (26–29°C) ambient temperatures. 2. 2. The metabolic effect of winter photoperiod is a lower metabolic rate without compromise to metabolic reserve. 3. 3. Manipulations of photoperiod or melatonin backgrounds adjust the thermoregulatory setting for core temperature level and affect thermal conductance.
Performance and optical gain characteristic of InGaN MQW laser diodes

Abstract This paper discusses the performance of InGaN multi-quantum well (MQW) laser diodes and the effects of composition fluctuations on the optical gain characteristics. Pulsed threshold current densities as low as 4.8 kA/cm 2 have been observed for ridge-waveguide laser diodes allowing room-temperature continuous-wave (cw) operation with threshold currents of 125 mA and operating voltages of 6.5 V. The effects of composition fluctuations in the InGaN alloy were investigated by comparing theoretical and experimental gain spectra obtained from true spontaneous emission measurements, cavity length studies and cw laser emission spectra. We find that the distributed losses in our structures are of the order of 45–50 cm −1 . Using a simple logarithmic gain–current relationship, we were able to describe the experimental results with a characteristic gain g 0 =72 cm −1 and a transparency current density J trans =2.5 kA/cm 2 . Optical gain calculations have been performed for InGaN quantum-well structures, based on band structures generated with an effective-mass Hamiltonian and taking pseudomorphic strain into account. We find that a very modest amount of composition fluctuation (standard deviation in the In content x Ga 1− x N MQW with indium content smaller than x =0.1.
Interfaces in Carbon Fiber/PyrolyticCarbon Matrix Composites

Abstract Carbon fiber/pyrolytic-carbon matrix composites contain both fiber-matrix and matrixe matrix interfaces and, thus, do not fit the usual concept of fiber-reinforced compositmaterials. This is a consequence of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process in which the matrix forms uniform pyrocarbon sheaths around each fiber and ultimately results in matrix-matrix interfaces with various geometries and also produces large oriented voids. The role of the fiber-matrix and matrix-matrix interfaces on the mechanical composite properties has been examined by mechanical testing and optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results will be presented for increasingly complex fibrous substrate geometries with a pyrolytic carbon matrix: single fiber, strand or yarn bundle and circumferential and angle-ply filament-wound cylinders. Data for coated single fibers demonstrate the adequacy of the fiber-matrix interface and the applicability of the rule-of-mixtures to this simple composite. The degree of utilization...
Gait-based compliant control for snake robots

We present a method of achieving autonomous compliant behavior in snake robots. This behavior allows snake robots to adapt to changes in its environment, e.g. changes in pipe diameter while climbing. To simplify the task of high-level closed-loop control, the controller uses a low-dimensional gait framework that has been previously used for open-loop trajectory generation. We use an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to estimate the gait parameters that best represent the robot's shape, and then choose a control space of parameters relative to that state. Because this controller specifies whole-body motions of the robot, we are able to generate compliant behavior, even though the joints of the robot contain stiff gear ratios with no mechanical compliance or torque sensing.
Preparation of Nanoparticles of Well-Controlled Water-Soluble Homopolymers and Block Copolymers Using an Inverse Miniemulsion ATRP

Stable colloidal nanoparticles of well-controlled water-soluble poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate) (P(OEOMA)) homo- and copolymers were successfully synthesized by inverse miniemulsion atom transfer radical polymerization using activators generated by electron transfer (AGET ATRP) at ambient temperature (30 °C). Oil-soluble sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) surfactant, ascorbic acid as a reducing agent, oxidatively stable CuBr2/tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (TPMA) catalyst complex, and [initiator] 0 /[CuBr 2 / TPMA] 0 = 1/0.5 were selected for the controlled AGET ATRP inverse miniemulsion. The effect of reaction parameters on control over AGET ATRP and colloidal stability were explored. It was found that the use of water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide)-based bromoisobutyrate macroinitiators (PEO-Br) with long chain EO units, up to 90% ascorbic acid of Cu(II) complex, and appropriate amount of water resulted in the formation of stable colloidal particles with less than 200 nm diameter and well-controlled P(OEOMA) with M w /M n < 1.3. The addition of a long chain poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEOH) as a costabilizer improved colloidal stability without interfering the polymerization. A water-soluble CuBr 2 /bipyridine catalyst complex was also suitable for AGET ATRP of OEOMA in inverse miniemulsion. Finally, colloidal particles of well-controlled block copolymers of OEOMA with different sizes of OEO side chains (degree of polymerization of EO = 5 and 9) were produced with relatively low M w /M n = 1.3 at 85% conversion.
A sensitive and specific enzyme-based assay detecting HIV-1 virion fusion in primary T lymphocytes

As an early event in the viral life cycle, the entry of enveloped viruses into target cells has received considerable attention. Viral fusion to cellular targets has been studied principally with fusion assays in which cells engineered to express the viral envelope are cultured with the target cells. These assays yield valuable information but do not fully recapitulate all of the variables governing the fusion of actual virions to their cellular targets. The virion membrane and the plasma membrane, for example, differ strikingly in their lipid and protein compositions. Two virion-based fusion assays have been described. One is based on the redistribution of a self-quenching fluorophore, whereas the second depends on photosensitized activation of a hydrophobic probe by a fluorescent lipid loaded into the target membrane. These assays are complex and have not been adapted to study fusion in complex cell populations. We have developed a simple, rapid assay allowing the detection of HIV-1 virion fusion to biologically relevant target cells, including primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes. It is based on the incorporation of beta-lactamase-Vpr chimeric proteins (BlaM-Vpr) into HIV-1 virions and their subsequent delivery into the cytoplasm of target cells as a result of virion fusion. This transfer is then detected by enzymatic cleavage of the CCF2 dye, a fluorescent substrate of beta-lactamase (BlaM), loaded in the target cells. BlaM cleaves the beta-lactam ring in CCF2, changing its fluorescence emission spectrum from green (520 nm) to blue (447 nm) and thereby allowing fusion to be detected by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or UV photometry.
The Effect of Run Time on the Inter-Unit Uniformity of Aqueous Film Coating Applied to Glass Beads in a Hi-Coater

Coating experiments were conducted to assess the inter-unit uniformity using individual weight gains of glass beads. Applying more aqueous film coating and prolonging the film-coating process by diluting the coating suspension did improve the coating variability among glass beads. It appears that run time is an important underlying factor which affecting the inter-unit coating uniformity.
Three-candidate spatial competition when candidates have valence: stochastic voting

We study the effects of stochastic (probabilistic) voting on equilibrium locations, equilibrium vote shares and comparative statics in a setup with three heterogeneous candidates and a single-dimensional issue space. Comparing the equilibria with and without stochastic voting, we find that under an appropriate level of uncertainty about voter behavior, the model has a pure strategy Nash Equilibrium (PSNE) that is free from several non-plausible features of the PSNE under deterministic voting. This result is robust to extensions to asymmetric density and plurality maximization.
Variable incidence of Spiroplasma infections in natural populations of Drosophila species.

Spiroplasma is widespread as a heritable bacterial symbiont in insects and some other invertebrates, in which it sometimes acts as a male-killer and causes female-biased sex ratios in hosts. Besides Wolbachia, it is the only heritable bacterium known from Drosophila, having been found in 16 of over 200 Drosophila species screened, based on samples of one or few individuals per species. To assess the extent to which Spiroplasma infection varies within and among species of Drosophila, intensive sampling consisting of 50–281 individuals per species was conducted for natural populations of 19 Drosophila species. Infection rates varied among species and among populations of the same species, and 12 of 19 species tested negative for all individuals. Spiroplasma infection never was fixed, and the highest infection rates were 60% in certain populations of D. hydei and 85% in certain populations of D. mojavensis. In infected species, infection rates were similar for males and females, indicating that these Spiroplasma infections do not confer a strong male-killing effect. These findings suggest that Spiroplasma has other effects on hosts that allow it to persist, and that environmental or host variation affects transmission or persistence leading to differences among populations in infection frequencies.
Factors controlling the abiotic photo-degradation of monomethylmercury in surface waters

Abstract Photo-decomposition is among the most important mechanisms responsible for degrading monomethylmercury (MMHg) in aquatic systems, but this process is not fully understood. We investigated the relative importance of different factors in controlling the rate of MMHg photo-decomposition in surface waters in experiments using DOM isolated from natural waters. We found no evidence of net abiotic production of MMHg in any dark or light exposed treatments. The average (mean ± s.d.) MMHg photo-decomposition rate constant for all light exposed samples using DOM concentrated from three coastal wetlands was 0.0099 ± 0.0020 E−1m2 (range of 0.006–0.015 E−1m2) when expressed in photon flux from 330–700 nm. This was roughly 3-fold higher than the average MMHg photo-decomposition rate constant in coastal seawater of 0.0032 ± 0.0010 E−1m2. MMHg photo-degradation was highly wavelength dependent. The ratio of MMHg photo-decomposition rate constants, with respect to photon flux, was 400:37:1 for UVB:UVA:PAR. However, when integrated across the entire water column over which MMHg photo-demethylation occurs, PAR was responsible for photo-degrading more MMHg than UVB and UVA combined in the three wetland sites because of the more rapid attenuation of UV light with depth. MMHg half-lives in the wetlands were calculated for the upper 250 cm where photo-degradation occurred, and ranged from 7.6 to 20 days under typical summer sunlight conditions at 37°N. Rates of MMHg photo-decomposition decreased with increasing salinity, and were 27% higher at a salinity of 5 than those at a salinity of 25. This difference could not be accounted for by changes in the complexation of MMHg by DOM and chloride. Differences in MMHg photo-degradation rate constants of up to 18% were measured between treatments using DOM concentrated from three different wetlands. Surprisingly, increasing DOM concentration from 1.5 to 11.3 mg OC L−1 had only a small (6%) effect on MMHg photo-decomposition, which was much smaller than the 34% decrease predicted due to the attenuation of light at the higher DOM levels. This suggests that DOM plays an important role in MMHg photo-decomposition apart from mediating light levels and MMHg complexation. Experiments employing various scavengers implied that singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals were not involved in the photo-degradation of MMHg in the natural waters used. Varying concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Mn had only small (⩽11%) effects on rates of MMHg photo-decomposition, and relatively high rates were measured in high purity water with no trace metals or DOM. These results demonstrate that MMHg photo-decomposition can occur via pathways not involving Fe, the photo–Fenton reaction, nitrate photolysis, or thiol complexation. Taken with previous studies, multiple reaction pathways appear to exist, and their importance varies as a function of water chemistry and light wavelength.
Detection of crustal motion using spaceborne laser ranging systems

Laser ranging systems operated from space are capable of detecting motions on earth in the 2-5 cm range. Attention is given to the detection of crustal motion, specifically along the San Andreas fault, and a mathematical model is presented for a geometric mode system consisting of at least five grid and three distant (fundamental) stations to be operated with airborne and spaceborne lasers. The ground stations are designed to operate unattended, and to work in conjunction with Shuttle-based hardware to become operational in 1982. The Shuttle laser ranging system is expected to provide survey data within a period from one to two weeks, with a resurvey capability to be used as required.
Working against our endogenous circadian clock: Breast cancer and electric lighting in the modern world.

Breast cancer incidence increases rapidly as societies industrialize. Many changes occur during the industrialization process, one of which is a dramatic alteration in the lighted environment from a sun-based system to an electricity-based system. Increasingly, the natural dark period at night is being seriously eroded for the bulk of humanity. Based on the fact that light during the night can suppress melatonin, and also disrupt the circadian rhythm, it was proposed in 1987 that increasing use of electricity to light the night accounts in part for the rising risk of breast cancer globally. Predictions from the theory include: non-day shift work increases risk, blindness lowers risk, long sleep duration lowers risk, and population level community nighttime light level co-distributes with breast cancer incidence. Thus far, studies of these predictions are consistent in support of the theory. A new avenue of research has been on function of circadian genes and whether these are related to breast cancer risk. In particular, a length variant of Per3 (5-VNTR) has been associated with increased risk in young women, and this same 5-VNTR variant has also been found to predict morning diurnal type and shorter sleep duration compared to the 4-VNTR variant. An important question is how an effect of light-at-night (LAN) exposure on breast cancer risk might be modified by polymorphisms and/or epigenetic alterations in the circadian genes, and conversely whether light-at-night exposure (e.g., shift work) can induce deleterious epigenetic changes in these genes.
SU-GG-J-138: New Weighted Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) Images for Assessing Tumor Motion in the Thorax Without a Respiratory Surrogate

Purpose: MIP image is effective for encompassing the tumor motion except in the area where the tumor is near the diaphragm. This is due to the fact that the tumor and the diaphragm may occupy the same space at two different times in respiration. We developed a new weighted MIP image to eliminate this constraint and advanced the application of cine CTimaging for assessing the tumor motion without a respiratory surrogate. Method and Materials: We selected three patient studies from the conventional cine‐CT based 4D‐CT imaging on a GE 8‐slice CT. These three patients each had a lungtumor near the diaphragm, and their MIP images were compromised by the diaphragm obscuring the tumor. We first identified the obscured region of 2 to 6 cm for weighted MIP processing. In each cine acquisition of 2 cm coverage, we identified one image of 2.5 mm thickness corresponding to the end‐inspiration (EI) phase, associated with the least diaphragm or the largest lung region in the image. Selection of one image automatically groups in the other 7 images acquired at the same time from the 8‐slice CT, reducing the selection time. We then submitted the selected images of EI phase along with the cine CTimages outside the obscured region for MIP processing, resulting in a new weighted MIP image that shows good contrast for encompassing tumor motion. Results: The contrast of tumor in MIP was improved with weighted MIP for all three patients when the tumor in near the diaphragm. Conclusion: A new weighted MIP has been designed to further advance the application of cine CTimaging for assessing tumor motion without a respiratory surrogate when the tumor is near the diaphragm.
Key to Adults of Dipterous Parasites of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura Fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Studies on the natural control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia from 1943 to 1948 emphasized the importance of the complex of dipterous parasites. Sixteen species were reared from larval and pupal collections of the budworm. The key herein developed, provides the important characters for identifying and separating those adults most commonly encountered.
Numerical Simulation of Wave Breaking

Thewavebreakingeventsin acontinuousspectrumofsurface gravitywavesare investigated numerically in 2Dwithinaframeworkofthepotentialmotionmodel.Itisclaimedthatthemajorphysicalmechanismleading to wave breaking is ‘‘squeezing’’ of relatively short waves by the surface currents due to longer waves (the ‘‘concertina’’ effect), which causes the shorter waves to steepen and become unstable. It is demonstrated that locations of the breaking events are well correlated with the maximum of local current convergence, although slightly worse correlation of the locations with the local steepness of undulating surface cannot reliably exclude the latter mechanism either. It is found also that the breaking events are very rare for random surfaces with a root-mean-square (RMS) current gradient below a threshold value of about 1 s 21 . The process of wave breaking was investigated by two numerical codes. One of them is based on approximation of continuous media with a discrete Hamiltonian system, which can be integrated in time very efficiently and accurately but is limited to single-valued profiles. The other is the Laplacian approach, which can explicitly exhibit the overturning of plunging breakers. Study of the discrete system shows that wave breaking is associated with the explosive growth of a certain spatially localized mode of the system.
Brain locations controlling the behavioral effects of chronic amphetamine intoxication

Rats were administered d-amphetamine repeatedly for 4days. After day 1 of treatment, the amphetamine-induced increases in ambulation, rearing, and stereotyped activity were augmented. However, after 4 dats treatment, the rearing and ambulatory responses became attenuated while the stereotyped activities remained augmented. Microinjection studies revealed that both the augmentation and attenuation of nonstereotyped ambulation were generated from the nucleus accumbens. The augmentation of stereotyped behaviors was generated from the caudate nucleus. Chronically treated animals who were administered 0.7 but not 1.0 mg/kg apomorphine showed augmented behavioral response. Chronic amphetamine treatment significantly decreased (3H) spiroperidol binding in both the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus. However, no effect on the DA-stimulated adenyl cyclase activity was observed in either brain region. It is concluded that repeated d-amphetamine administration selectively augments and attenuates d-amphetamine-induced behaviours and that these selective effects are mediated by different dopamine systems.
Surviving Katrina and Keeping Our Eyes on the Prize The Strength of Legacy and Tradition in New Orleans's HBCU Teacher Preparation Programs

Given the physical, social, cultural, and financial devastation of New Orleans, all aspects of life after Katrina irrevocably changed, as did the institutions that once served the legendary Crescent City. Yet scant reports provide an ethnographic-like view that documents the effects of Katrina on historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and the populations they serve, including preservice and veteran teachers in teacher education programs, specifically in hardest hit New Orleans. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Hurricane Katrina on HBCU teacher education programs in post-Katrina New Orleans, their recovery, and their response to the emerging educational landscape that includes the New Orleans Public School District and the state takeover schools in the Recovery School District. The authors use a qualitative, ethnographic-like approach to analyze each HBCU's intersection of legacy and tradition with public schools, its community, and its students.
Long-term mortality with multiple treadmill exercise test abnormalities: Comparison between patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Background Poor exercise capacity, abnormal heart rate responses, and electrocardiographic abnormalities during treadmill exercise testing independently predict mortality. The combined relationship of these 3 variables to determine the incremental increase in mortality was compared in groups with and without known cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods Patients referred for treadmill exercise testing during 1986 to 1991 were included. Exercise capacity Results Among 10,897 patients, 20.9% (n = 2,277) had CVD. Poor exercise capacity and limited heart rate reserve were associated with increased risk of mortality ( P P Conclusions The combinatorial approach validates the prognostic significance of multiple exercise test variables. The presence of ≥2 exercise test abnormalities may constitute a “CVD risk equivalent” in patients without CVD.
‘Schindler's List’ in novel and film: exponential conversion

(1994). ‘Schindler's List’ in novel and film: exponential conversion. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 315-320.
Postoperative epidural hematoma or cerebrovascular accident? A dilemma in differential diagnosis

An elderly lady developed an epidural hematoma following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia with a local anesthetic-opioid mixture for a vaginal hysterectomy. This occurred in association with the use of prophylactic subcutaneously administered unfractionated heparin. She had diabetes, hypertension and had previously undergone coronary artery bypass surgery and right carotid endarterectomy. Warfarin and aspirin were discontinued 2 weeks before the surgery. Postoperatively, an atypical presentation of backache, bilateral sensory loss and left lower limb monoplegia ensued. The initial clinical impression was of a cerebrovascular accident. Magnetic resonance imaging, however, revealed an extensive epidural hematoma that necessitated decompression laminectomy. Progression to paraparesis occurred but the patient gradually regained much of her functionality over the next 2 years.
Imaging Performance of Annular Apertures

Images formed by aberration free optical systems with annular apertures are investigated in the whole range of central obstruction ratios. Annular apertures form images with central and surrounding ring groups, and the number of rings in each group is given by the outer diameter of the annular aperture divided by the width of the annulus. The theoretical energy fraction of 0.838 in the Airy disk of the unobstructed aperture increases to 0.903 in the central ring groups. Furthermore it is shown that the energy fractions for the central and surrounding ring groups are constant for all obstruction ratios and in each fractional energy level. The central image spot in the central ring group contains only a small energy fraction and therefore the central ring group as a whole is the effective image element.
The NYCBH vaccinia virus deleted for the innate immune evasion gene, E3L, protects rabbits against lethal challenge by rabbitpox virus

Vaccinia virus deleted for the innate immune evasion gene, E3L, has been shown to be highly attenuated and yet induces a protective immune response against challenge by homologous virus in a mouse model. In this manuscript the NYCBH vaccinia virus vaccine strain was compared to NYCBH vaccinia virus deleted for E3L (NYCBHΔE3L) in a rabbitpox virus (RPV) challenge model. Upon scarification, both vaccines produced a desired skin lesion, although the lesion produced by NYCBHΔE3L was smaller. Both vaccines fully protected rabbits against lethal challenge by escalating doses of RPV, from 10LD(50) to 1000LD(50). A single dose of NYCBHΔE3L protected rabbits from weight loss, fever, and clinical symptoms following the lowest dose challenge of 10LD(50), however it allowed a moderate level of RPV replication at the challenge site, some spread to external skin and mucosal surfaces, and increased numbers of secondary lesions as compared to vaccination with NYCBH. Alternately, two doses of NYCBHΔE3L fully protected rabbits from weight loss, fever, and clinical symptoms, following challenge with 100-1000LD(50) RPV, and it prevented development of secondary lesions similar to protection seen with NYCBH. Finally, vaccination with either one or two doses of NYCBHΔE3L resulted in similar neutralizing antibody titers following RPV challenge as compared to titers obtained by vaccination with NYCBH. These results support the efficacy of the attenuated NYCBHΔE3L in protection against an orthologous poxvirus challenge.
Nonlinear absorption in silicon at mid infrared wavelengths

We report measurements of nonlinear absorption in mid-IR wavelengths. The absence of nonlinear losses beyond the two-photon bandedge combined with high Raman gain, thermal conductivity and damage threshold renders silicon an excellent mid-IR Raman crystal.
Ambient Air Hydroxyl Radical Concentrations: Measurements and Model Predictions

This review critically examines the limited number of recent near surface measurements of hydroxyl radicals in urban and rural areas. Predictions of average tropospheric, hemispheric and/or zonal concentrations of hydroxyl radicals derived from methylchloroform and carbon monoxide concentrations and models are discussed. The limitations of one- and two-dimensional model predictions of zonal and seasonal hydroxyl concentrations receive detailed consideration. Of especial concern on a regional scale are cloud cover effects on the penetration of ultraviolet radiation below 320 μm which is critical to the subsequent reactions forming hydroxyl radicals.
From Research to Implementation in the Teaching of Prevention: A Postdoctoral Training Program

This article describes a postdoctoral training program in prevention research that provides experiences in conducting generative research studies: developing, conducting, and evaluating preventive interventions; and research methodology. Mechanisms for training include working as research apprentices, working with faculty conducting prevention studies, auditing relevant classes, and participating in a seminar on prevention research. The program is effective in training scientists from a variety of disciplines to conduct prevention research.
Magnetoplasmons and FIR response of an antidot array

We present a theory of the magnetoplasmons of two-dimensional antidot arrays. A variational Wigner-Seitz modeI is proposed within the hydrodynamic picture to calculate the magnetoplasma modes. Hydrodynamic soIutions of the modes are quantized into plasmons. Moreover, by considering the first-order absorption process, in which one photon is converted into one plasmon, we analytically derive the far-infrared (FIR) response of the structures. We directly compare our model to the experiments and obtain quantitative agreement. However, in addition to the observed v + and v - modes, we predict the existence of a mode degenerate with v + at zero magnetic field, but with an oscillator strength decreasing rapidly with magnetic field. Our work provides an explanation for the recently observed FIR anomaly as well as a model for future studies of electron grid/antidot structures
The Spectral-Element Method, Beowulf Computing, and Global Seismology

The propagation of seismic waves through Earth can now be modeled accurately with the recently developed spectral-element method. This method takes into account heterogeneity in Earth models, such as three-dimensional variations of seismic wave velocity, density, and crustal thickness. The method is implemented on relatively inexpensive clusters of personal computers, so-called Beowulf machines. This combination of hardware and software enables us to simulate broadband seismograms without intrinsic restrictions on the level of heterogeneity or the frequency content.
On a conjecture of Siegel

Letk be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 and letf(x, y)∈k[t][x,y] be a polynomial in two variables with coefficients ink[t]. One is interested in solving the equationf(x,y)=0 with polynomialsx,y∈k[t]. Two solutions(x,y), (x′, y′) areproportional ifx′/x andy′/y are non-zero constants ink and a solution(x,y) isprimitive if the polynomialsx andy have no common root. The main result of this paper is that for a certain class of polynomialsf, which includes Thue equations with sufficiently lacunary exponents, the number of non-proportional, primitive solutions is bounded solely in terms of the number of monomials $$a_i (t)x^{\alpha _1 } y^{\beta _i } $$ appearing in the polynomialf(x,y). This verifies the analogue of a conjecture of Siegel for this class of polynomials. The proof is an application of theabc-theorem in function fields to certain determinantal varieties arising from the elimination of the coefficients of the polynomialf(x,y), together with an inductive argument on the numberr of monomials inf(x,y).
Characteristics of fluorescamine modified bacteriorhodopsin

The light activated proton pump, bacteriorhodopsin was modified with varying amounts of flourescamine, the fluorescamine to protein ratio ranging from 1 to 100. The modified protein was washed free of excess of fluorescamine and reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles to check the proton pumping activity. Although the spectral investigations indicated chemical modification, the circular dichroism measurements pointed to an overall loss of the trimeric structure of the protein. The implications of the present study are that the modifying agent can interact non-specifically with the protein, altering its structural parameters, which in turn affects the function of the protein
Aspheric and freeform surfaces metrology with software configurable optical test system: a computerized reverse Hartmann test

A software configurable optical test system (SCOTS) based on deflectometry was developed at the University of Arizona for rapidly, robustly, and accurately measuring precision aspheric and freeform surfaces. SCOTS uses a camera with an external stop to realize a Hartmann test in reverse. With the external camera stop as the reference, a coordinate measuring machine can be used to calibrate the SCOTS test geometry to a high accuracy. Systematic errors from the camera are carefully investigated and controlled. Camera pupil imaging aberration is removed with the external aperture stop. Imaging aberration and other inherent errors are suppressed with an N -rotation test. The performance of the SCOTS test is demonstrated with the measurement results from a 5-m-diameter Large Synoptic Survey Telescope tertiary mirror and an 8.4-m diameter Giant Magellan Telescope primary mirror. The results show that SCOTS can be used as a large-dynamic-range, high-precision, and non-null test method for precision aspheric and freeform surfaces. The SCOTS test can achieve measurement accuracy comparable to traditional interferometric tests.
Genesis field, Gulf of Mexico: Recognizing reservoir compartments on geologic and production time scales in deep-water reservoirs

In this study of the Genesis field, a deep-water Gulf of Mexico oil field, we used log, seismic, and preproduction pressure data to identify static reservoir compartments. Static compartments are defined by boundaries that, over geologic time, are barriers to fluid flow. Within a static compartment, the contact between two fluids will settle at a single elevation. We then evaluated production data, including pressure data from permanent downhole gauges, as a check on our static model and to identify dynamic compartments. Dynamic compartments are defined by boundaries that are not effective barriers to fluid flow over geologic time, but impede flow to the extent that they have a significant impact on contact movement or pressure depletion during production. Having defined static and dynamic compartments, we explored the stratigraphic and structural controls on these compartments in three deep-water reservoirs of Genesis field. The oldest of these, Neb 3, is interpreted as the deposits of an erosionally confined channel complex. Neb 3 has a common oil-water contact throughout the field. During production, Neb 3 development wells showed a common pressure decline trend and had moderate aquifer support. The Neb 2 reservoir is interpreted as the deposits of a muddier, more poorly amalgamated channel complex. At least two different original oil-water contacts were observed in this reservoir before the start of production. Production data also indicated greater compartmentalization in Neb 2 than that observed in Neb 3. Our preproduction analysis of the Neb 1 reservoir identified at least two different oil-water contacts. With production, multiple barriers and baffles to flow became apparent. Aquifer support ranged from moderate to none. We interpret Neb 1 as the deposits of a channel-levee complex. The connection between channels and levees in Neb 1 appears to be poor. Overall, the stratigraphic architecture of these reservoirs was the underlying control on the degree of compartmentalization over both geologic and production time scales, with structure (faulting) exerting a lesser control and primarily acting to enhance vertical connectivity between reservoirs via juxtaposition.
Employees' Use of Work-Family Policies and the Workplace Social Context

This article analyzes the effects of workplace social context on managers’ and professionals’ use of work-family policies in a financial services corporation. These official policies are ambiguous and contested and, as institutional theory implies, may fail to become fully implemented. We use a multilevel model to determine the individual-level and work group–level factors that affect respondents’ policy use. In addition to individual-level factors, the social context of the work group affects employees’ decisions to use work-family policies. We find support for our hypotheses stressing the social resource of power and protection: employees are more likely to use these policies if they work with powerful supervisors and colleagues, who can buffer them from perceived negative effects on their careers.
Conductivity and transparency in amorphous In-Zn-O transparent conductors

Amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO) is an increasingly important material both as a transparent conductor or semiconductor in transparent electronics and as an archetype amorphous electronic mixed metal oxide in itself. Here, a co-sputtering composition spread combinatorial approach was used to examine the conductivity and optical transparency in a-IZO thin films as a function of both In : Zn metals stoichiometry and the amount of oxygen added to the argon sputter gas. For optimising the conductivity, the percent oxygen in the sputter gas and the metals composition were found to have a strongly coupled effect. In particular, a-IZO films with conductivity σ > 2000 S/cm can be grown for a broad range of metals compositions, In content from ∼60 to ∼85 cation%, as long as the corresponding optimal oxygen level is used in the deposition. The amount of oxygen required increases with increasing indium content. When too much oxygen is used, the conductivity is reduced due to a decreased carrier concentration whereas when too little oxygen is used, the conductivity is reduced due to decreased electron mobility. Concurrent with the decrease in electron mobility, there is increasing optical absorption from 400 nm to 1000 nm which renders the oxygen deficient a IZO samples grey.
Primary Teachers' Conceptions of Giftedness

This article focuses on the first phase of a recent National Research Center on Giftedness and Talented (NRC/GT) project, which used survey research to target a disproportionate nationally stratified random sample of primary grade teachers about their beliefs and practices related to talent development in young children and their responses to case studies describing four different types of students—one easily identified as gifted from a traditional paradigm; the others manifested talents masked by some other factor—poverty, language status, or concurrent social/emotional needs. The mixed-method survey design facilitated triangulation of findings to better understand the contextual factors that influence primary grade teachers' perceptions and behaviors. Findings indicate that primary grade teachers continue to hold traditional conceptions of talent that shapes how they view cultural minority students, nonnative English speakers, and children with other exceptionalities. These beliefs influence the types o...
Chd1 co-localizes with early transcription elongation factors independently of H3K36 methylation and releases stalled RNA polymerase II at introns

Background Chromatin consists of ordered nucleosomal arrays that are controlled by highly conserved adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. One such remodeler, chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1 (Chd1), is believed to play an integral role in nucleosomal organization, as the loss of Chd1 is known to disrupt chromatin. However, the specificity and basis for the functional and physical localization of Chd1 on chromatin remains largely unknown.
Self‐Assembled Bilayer Films of Ruthenium(II)/Polypyridyl Complexes through Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition on Nanostructured Metal Oxides

A "layer-by-layer" deposition of functionalized dyes/catalysts on the surfaces of nanocrystalline oxides is introduced. The strategy is general and offers considerable flexibility based on phosphonate- or carboxylate-binding groups with ZrIV as bridging ions. The resulting bilayer structures are capable of supporting rapid intra-layer energy and electron transfer.
Schools Against AIDS: Secondary School Enrollment and Cross-National Disparities in AIDS Death Rates

Although AIDS is a leading cause of death worldwide, the consequences of the pandemic are remarkably unequally distributed cross-nationally. This unequal global distribution of AIDS deaths should be of interest to sociologists because of the potential role of structural forces in accounting for these disparities. Yet, there has been relatively little sociological research on this topic. Using underutilized cross-national data on AIDS deaths, this study examines the macro-level sources of variation in AIDS death rates across 115 countries. The analysis focuses on secondary school enrollment as a key structural factor in reducing AIDS deaths. After controlling for the prevalence of HIV infection, secondary school enrollment has the second largest and most robust effect on AIDS death rates. Economic development also reduces AIDS death rates, but this effect is mediated by secondary school enrollment. Schooling matters partly because it reduces HIV prevalence, but education still continues to have a significant negative effect on AIDS deaths even after controlling for prevalence. The education effect is robust in a variety of sensitivity analyses. Ultimately, this study underscores the role of structural factors, particularly education, for understanding the AIDS crisis.
Structure‐function studies with G protein‐coupled receptors as a paradigm for improving drug discovery and development of therapeutics

There are a great variety of human membrane proteins, and these currently form the largest group of targets for marketed drugs. Despite the advances in drug design, however, promiscuity between drug molecules and targets often leads to undesired signaling effects, which result in unintended side effects. In this review, one family of membrane proteins - the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - is used as a model to review experimental techniques that may be used to examine the activity of membrane proteins. As these receptors are highly relevant to healthy human physiology and represent the largest family of drug targets, they represent an excellent model for membrane proteins in general. We also review experimental evidence that suggests there may be multiple ways to target a GPCR - and by extension, membrane proteins - to more effectively target unhealthy phenotypes while reducing the occurrence and severity of side effects.
Commentary: On Regulation, Wishfulness, and Denial

Restraint and seclusion are unsavory topics within a discipline that cherishes verbal interventions. As such, the principles of use are haphazardly taught by in-house clinicians or private agencies. Policy standards were published in the 1980s, but they have not been officially updated, despite the fact that an American Psychiatric Association (APA) committee met in 2003 to overhaul the standards of care. In training programs, violence is given little syllabus space, compared with the treatment of mood and thought disorders. Aggression remains a stepchild symptom, even though it is frequently encountered in clinical practice.