cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy on Social Media: Building a Public Twitter Dataset of Anti-vaccine Content, Vaccine Misinformation and Conspiracies.

Background: False claims about COVID-19 vaccines can undermine public trust in ongoing vaccination campaigns, posing a threat to global public health. Misinformation originating from various sources has been spreading on the web since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Antivaccine activists have also begun to use platforms such as Twitter to promote their views. To properly understand the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy through the lens of social media, it is of great importance to gather the relevant data. Objective: In this paper, we describe a data set of Twitter posts and Twitter accounts that publicly exhibit a strong antivaccine stance. The data set is made available to the research community via our AvaxTweets data set GitHub repository. We characterize the collected accounts in terms of prominent hashtags, shared news sources, and most likely political leaning. Methods: We started the ongoing data collection on October 18, 2020, leveraging the Twitter streaming application programming interface (API) to follow a set of specific antivaccine-related keywords. Then, we collected the historical tweets of the set of accounts that engaged in spreading antivaccination narratives between October 2020 and December 2020, leveraging the Academic Track Twitter API. The political leaning of the accounts was estimated by measuring the political bias of the media outlets they shared. Results: We gathered two curated Twitter data collections and made them publicly available: (1) a streaming keyword–centered data collection with more than 1.8 million tweets, and (2) a historical account–level data collection with more than 135 million tweets. The accounts engaged in the antivaccination narratives lean to the right (conservative) direction of the political spectrum. The vaccine hesitancy is fueled by misinformation originating from websites with already questionable credibility. Conclusions: The vaccine-related misinformation on social media may exacerbate the levels of vaccine hesitancy, hampering progress toward vaccine-induced herd immunity, and could potentially increase the number of infections related to new COVID-19 variants. For these reasons, understanding vaccine hesitancy through the lens of social media is of paramount importance. Because data access is the first obstacle to attain this goal, we published a data set that can be used in studying antivaccine misinformation on social media and enable a better understanding of vaccine hesitancy.
Expand-and-Randomize: An Algebraic Approach to Secure Computation

We consider the secure computation problem in a minimal model, where Alice and Bob each holds an input and wish to securely compute a function of their inputs at Carol without revealing any additional information about the inputs. For this minimal secure computation problem, we propose a novel coding scheme built from two steps. First, the function to be computed is expanded such that it can be recovered while additional information might be leaked. Second, a randomization step is applied to the expanded function such that the leaked information is protected. We implement this expand-and-randomize coding scheme with two algebraic structures—the finite field and the modulo ring of integers, where the expansion step is realized with the addition operation and the randomization step is realized with the multiplication operation over the respective algebraic structures.
Earning Sans Learning: Noisy Decision-Making and Labor Supply on Gig Economy Platforms.

We study a gig economy platform's problem of finding optimal compensation schemes when faced with workers who myopically base their participation decisions on limited information with respect to their earnings. The stylized model we consider captures two key, related features absent from prior work on the operations of on-demand service platforms: (i) workers' lack of information regarding the distribution from which their earnings are drawn and (ii) worker decisions that are sensitive to variability in earnings. Despite its stylized nature, our model induces a complex stochastic optimization problem whose natural fluid relaxation is also a priori intractable. Nevertheless, we uncover a surprising structural property of the relaxation that allows us to design a tractable, fast-converging heuristic policy that is asymptotically optimal amongst the space of all policies that fulfill a fairness property. In doing so, via both theory and extensive simulations, we uncover phenomena that may arise when earnings are volatile and hard to predict, as both the empirical literature and our own data-driven observations suggest may be prevalent on gig economy platforms.
Projective Anosov representations, convex cocompact actions, and rigidity

In this paper we show that many projective Anosov representations act convex cocompactly on some properly convex domain in real projective space. In particular, if a non-elementary word hyperbolic group is not commensurable to a non-trivial free product or the fundamental group of a closed hyperbolic surface, then any projective Anosov representation of that group acts convex cocompactly on some properly convex domain in real projective space. We also show that if a projective Anosov representation preserves a properly convex domain, then it acts convex cocompactly on some (possibly different) properly convex domain. We then give three applications. First, we show that Anosov representations into general semisimple Lie groups can be defined in terms of the existence of a convex cocompact action on a properly convex domain in some real projective space (which depends on the semisimple Lie group and parabolic subgroup). Next, we prove a rigidity result involving the Hilbert entropy of a projective Anosov representation. Finally, we prove a rigidity result which shows that the image of the boundary map associated to a projective Anosov representation is rarely a $C^2$ submanifold of projective space. This final rigidity result also applies to Hitchin representations.
Leveraging Spatial Information in Radiology Reports for Ischemic Stroke Phenotyping

Classifying fine-grained ischemic stroke phenotypes relies on identifying important clinical information. Radiology reports provide relevant information with context to determine such phenotype information. We focus on stroke phenotypes with location-specific information: brain region affected, laterality, stroke stage, and lacunarity. We use an existing fine-grained spatial information extraction system--Rad-SpatialNet--to identify clinically important information and apply simple domain rules on the extracted information to classify phenotypes. The performance of our proposed approach is promising (recall of 89.62% for classifying brain region and 74.11% for classifying brain region, side, and stroke stage together). Our work demonstrates that an information extraction system based on a fine-grained schema can be utilized to determine complex phenotypes with the inclusion of simple domain rules. These phenotypes have the potential to facilitate stroke research focusing on post-stroke outcome and treatment planning based on the stroke location.
Transgenesis in the acoel worm Hofstenia miamia

The acoel worm Hofstenia miamia, which can replace tissue lost to injury via differentiation of a population of stem cells, has emerged as a new research organism for studying regeneration. To enhance the depth of mechanistic studies in this system, we devised a protocol for microinjection into embryonic cells that resulted in stable transgene integration into the genome and generated animals with tissue-specific fluorescent transgene expression in epidermis, gut, and muscle. We demonstrate that transgenic Hofstenia are amenable to the isolation of specific cell types, investigations of regeneration, tracking of photoconverted molecules, and live imaging. Further, our stable transgenic lines revealed insights into the biology of Hofstenia, including a high-resolution three-dimensional view of cell morphology and the organization of muscle as a cellular scaffold for other tissues. Our work positions Hofstenia as a powerful system with multiple toolkits for mechanistic investigations of development, whole-body regeneration, and stem cell biology.
To Protect and To Serve? Analyzing Entity-Centric Framing of Police Violence

Framing has significant but subtle effects on public opinion and policy. We propose an NLP framework to measure entity-centric frames. We use it to understand media coverage on police violence in the United States in a new Police Violence Frames Corpus of 82k news articles spanning 7k police killings. Our work uncovers more than a dozen framing devices and reveals significant differences in the way liberal and conservative news sources frame both the issue of police violence and the entities involved. Conservative sources emphasize when the victim is armed or attacking an officer and are more likely to mention the victim’s criminal record. Liberal sources focus more on the underlying systemic injustice, highlighting the victim’s race and that they were unarmed. We discover temporary spikes in these injustice frames near high-profile shooting events, and finally, we show protest volume correlates with and precedes media framing decisions.
The Potential for Healthy Checkout Policies to Advance Nutrition Equity.

Background: As the only place in a store where all customers must pass through and wait, the checkout lane may be particularly influential over consumer purchases. Because most foods and beverages sold at checkout are unhealthy (e.g., candy, sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and salty snacks), policymakers and advocates have expressed growing interest in healthy checkout policies. To understand the extent to which such policies could improve nutrition equity, we assessed the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of purchasing items found at (i.e., from) checkout. Methods: We assessed self-reported checkout purchasing and sociodemographic characteristics in a national convenience sample of adults (n = 10,348) completing an online survey in 2021. Results: Over one third (36%) of participants reported purchasing foods or drinks from checkout during their last grocery shopping trip. Purchasing items from checkout was more common among men; adults < 55 years of age; low-income consumers; Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, and non-Hispanic Black consumers; those with a graduate or professional degree; parents; and consumers diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes (p-values < 0.05). Conclusions: Purchasing foods or beverages from store checkouts is common and more prevalent among low-income and Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Black consumers. These results suggest that healthy checkout policies have the potential to improve nutrition equity.
Propensity to Trust, Purchase Experience, and Trusting Beliefs of Unfamiliar E-Commerce Ventures

Trust has become a major issue among online shoppers. This underresearched subject will predictably determine the success or failure of e-commerce vendors. The lack of face-to-face interaction, the inability to inspect goods and services prior to purchase, and the asynchronous exchange of goods and money all contribute to the perceived risk of purchasing online and the resulting need for trust. Trust is particularly critical for small and new Internet ventures confronted by the liability of newness (Stinchcombe 1965). Lacking, among other things, a name that is readily recognized in the marketplace, entrepreneurial Internet ventures require trust if they are to succeed. The research presented in this article addresses this issue by building on the work of McKnight and colleagues and considering the effects of propensity to trust on trusting beliefs. Specifically, the author predicts that propensity to trust will significantly affect perceived ability, benevolence, and integrity but only for those individuals with limited direct experience. Based on a sample of web survey participants, the author found that propensity to trust significantly impacted perceived ability and benevolence for individuals with limited direct experience only. No statistically significant results were found for the effects of propensity to trust on perceived integrity.
On determinig the control techniques embedded in a commercial single-phase grid-tied PV inverter

Grid-tied photovoltaic inverter manufacturers rarely reveal the type of power electronic circuit topology and the type of technique used to track maximum power, control of power injected into the grid, and method used to avoid islanding operation. In this paper, an attempt is made to gain such information on a commercial 2.5 kW inverter by measuring the voltage and current waveforms under normal operation and during utility outages, analyzing such waveforms, and replicating these through computer simulations. The experience gained from such an academic exercise is found to be very valuable to students.
ENERGY SUPPLY FOR THE CHEMOAUTOTROPH FERROBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS.

Dugan, Patrick R. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), and Donald G. Lundgren. Energy supply for the chemoautotroph Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. J. Bacteriol. 89:825-834. 1965.-A working model is proposed to explain dissimilatory ferrous iron oxidation by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans, that is, oxidation linked to an energy source. The model is supported by experimental evidence reported here as well as in the literature. Polarographic assays of the culture medium demonstrated an iron "complex" involving oxygen. The initial "complex" would be oxygenated, but not oxidized because no electron transport has taken place. The "complex" is formed in solution or on the cell surface and is somehow reacted with iron oxidase (or oxygenase), resulting in the release of an electron. Either sulfate or a flavoprotein is suggested as involved in the initial electron-transfer link between iron and the cell. The electron is transported in the cell through a typical electron-transport system involving coenzyme Q(6), cytochrome c, and cytochrome a; oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Electron micrographs of intact and sectioned cells are included to show structural detail in support of the model.
Molt migration and migratory connectivity of the long‐billed dowitcher

Effective conservation of migratory shorebirds requires information on their stopover ecology and migratory connectivity in areas such as the Great Basin and interior California, USA, where freshwater is highly managed and maintenance of wetland networks requires planning across multiple regions. We captured long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus; hereafter dowitchers) to study their molt patterns and length of stay in the Klamath Basin during fall migration and their migratory connectivity and over-winter space use in California's Central Valley. Most dowitchers were in active primary molt when captured (83%, n = 116), and molt stage increased during August and September. Radio-tagged dowitchers had an average length of stay after capture of 31.9 days (n = 54). After departing the Klamath Basin, we located 57% of 81 radio-tagged dowitchers in the Central Valley from December to February; most of the 228 detections occurred in the Sacramento Valley (39%) or Grasslands Ecological Area in the San Joaquin Basin (47%). Space use by radio-tagged dowitchers differed among the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Basin, and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta sub-regions, which demonstrated the influence of varying amounts and distributions of habitat. We recommend that managers in the Klamath Basin provide shallow-water wetlands to support migrant dowitchers for ≥30 days beginning around 1 August, but ideally wetlands should be maintained until 30 September if freshwater supplies are available. We also recommend coordinated management of shallow-water wetlands within and between the Klamath Basin and Central Valley to optimize the use of freshwater, a limited and unreliable resource. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Abstract P128: A New Device for Objective Measurement of Sedentary Behavior

Objective measurement of sedentary behavior with accelerometers is an important part of epidemiological research. Unfortunately, the definition of sedentary behavior includes both “sitting and low levels of energy expenditure”, which are not usually measured by popular activity monitors. Currently, there is only one research device (ActivPAL) that can objectively measure both body posture and activity for sedentary behavior classification. The purpose of this study was to compare the Lumoback device, a commercial accelerometer-based posture monitor, for sedentary measurement during daily activities to the ActivPAL. The Lumoback also has real-time feedback delivered to the user through their mobile device, which may prove to be instrumental in sedentary intervention research. Subjects (N=33) wore the Lumoback and ActivPAL devices simultaneously during waking hours while continuing with their normal activity patterns. Linear regression showed good correlation between sitting minutes (R2=0.89, p 0.05) between the seconds of sedentary behavior measured with the lumoback and seconds sitting/lying measured with the ActivPAL. The lumoback posture monitor was similar to the ActivPAL for measurement of sedentary behavior, and could be used to measure sedentary behavior over the course of a waking day.
Joint Ad-Ventures: A Community College-Public Library Partnership.

Abstract The College Hill Library of Front Range Community College in Westminster, Colorado, opened its doors in April 1998 and is a leading center for innovation both at home and for community colleges everywhere. The author describes the teamwork that contributed to the building design and to the services which are offered through its leading edge community college library program.
How to Make the Team: Social Networks vs. Demography as Criteria for Designing Effective Teams:

We compare two alternative approaches for evaluating the potential of a work group or team: one that focuses on team members' demographic characteristics and one that focuses on the members' social networks. Given that people's network contacts often share their demographic attributes (i.e., the network is homophilous), the two approaches seem equivalent and the first seems preferable because it is easier to implement. In this paper, we demonstrate several important limits to this rationale. First, we argue and show, in an analysis of 1,518 project teams in a contract research and development firm, that even when internal organizational networks are significantly homophilous with respect to demographic variables, the very logic of the causal structure that underlies theories of demographic diversity carries ambiguous performance implications. This ambiguity is due to the fact that demographic diversity has opposing effects on two social network variables—internal density and external range—each of which h...
Curvature approximation for triangulated surfaces

Given a set of points and normals on a surface and a triangulation associated with them a simple scheme for approximating the principal curvatures at these points is developed. The approximation is based on the fact that a surface can locally be represented as the graph of a bivariate function. Quadratic polynomials are used for this local approximation. The principal curvatures at a point on the graph of such a quadratic polynomial is used as the approximation of the principal curvatures at an original surface point.
Adhesion of a Compliant Cylindrical Shell Onto a Rigid Substrate

The mechanical deformation of an ideal thin-walled cylindrical shell is investigated in the presence of intersurface interactions with a planar rigid substrate. A Dugdale–Barenblatt–Maugis (DBM) cohesive zone approximation is introduced to simulate the convoluted surface force potential. Without loss of generality, the repulsive component of the surface forces is approximated by a linear soft-repulsion, and the attractive component is described by two essential variables, namely, surface force range and magnitude, which are allowed to vary. The nonlinear problem is solved numerically to generate the pressure distribution within the contact, the deformed membrane profiles, and the adhesion-delamination mechanics, which are distinctly different from the classical solid cylinder adhesion models. The model has wide applications in cell adhesion and nanostructures.
Culture and violence: The interaction of Africa and America

This paper examines the interaction of African and American gender role ideologies as a possible influence on the high rate of wife abuse in African American families. African traditional expectations of strong independent women and reciprocity between spouses conflict with the European-derived American heritage of sexuality as a male status symbol and of male control of women's lives. Important differences in the meaning of male dominance/female subservience in African compared with American culture are explored. The stress created by the conflict between African and American gender role values, exacerbated by prejudice and socio-economic deprivation, may increase emotional turmoil and find expression in violence and guilt in African American families.
Quantitative Measurement of Cell Membrane Transport: Technology and Applications

Abstract The transport of water and cryoprotective chemicals across cell membranes plays an absolutely fundamental role in the outcome of cryopreservation processing. The diversity of cell types as well as the remarkable range of perturbations that cells are subjected to as part of cryopreservation practices generate many interesting research questions. Simply stated, the extreme conditions typical of cryopreservation protocols extend the limits of membrane transport inquiry well beyond that considered in “normal” cell physiology. This paper provides a brief review of methods which have been used for measuring membrane transport properties, especially those methods developed during the past decade which allow us to measure coupled and uncoupled membrane transport properties of water and cryoprotective agents for individual cells in terms of classical Kedem–Katchalsky membrane transport theory. Representative results obtained from these new technologies will be offered to illustrate their utility and relevance to membrane transport issues arising in cryopreservation practice. Engineers have made significant contributions to this area of research primarily in terms of device development and the application of inverse methods to estimate membrane transport properties.
Point constriction, interface, and boundary conditions for kinematic-wave model

The entropy solutions of the Riemann problem for the kinematic-wave model are described for (entrant and exiting) boundary conditions, interfaces (e.g., lane drops), and point constrictions (e.g., bottlenecks or signalized intersections) for kinematic-wave models. These results are used to obtain analytic solutions and computational solutions, by the method of Godunov, for the three test scenarios earlier suggested by Ross. Results show that the kinematic-wave model, with a correct computational solution (i.e., converging to the entropy solution), correctly produces the analytic (entropy) solutions of the kinematic-wave model and that analytic and computational solutions both satisfy intuitive expectations at least as well as the novel model suggested by Ross and even avoid some acknowledged deficiencies of the latter. They also emphasize the necessity of using discrete approximations that satisfy the entropy condition and of exercising care in ensuring that the discretization parameters are sufficiently small.
Characteristics of a Protein Concentrating Anisotropic Cellulose Acetate Membrane

Abstract A high flux anisotropic (“skinned”) protein concentrating membrane made of cellulose acetate is described. Its method of preparation is given and the influence of the thickness of the membrane on its flux determined. The membrane's characteristics under different pressures and when ultrafiltering protein solutions of varying concentration are studied. A slightly denser variant of the same membrane, useful for the concentration of some of the smaller pathological serum proteins, is also described. The characteristics of both new membranes are compared with those of some of the commercially available membranes.
Primary intrathroacic gastric volvulus in a newborn

Primary gastric volvulus in the neonatal period is extremely rare, with only 18 cases reported in the literature. The authors describe the case of a newborn with intrathoracic gastric volvulus and discuss its management.
An 84-Year-old Female With Gross Hematuria

CASE An 84-year-old female presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of painless gross hematuria for 2 days. She had a past medical history of pancreatic adenocarcinoma status post–Whipple procedure in 2004 followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, diabetes mellitus, diastolic congestive heart disease, and osteoporosis. Regarding her pancreatic cancer, she developed further recurrence of her disease at her umbilicus, for which she received salvage gemcitabine and further radiotherapy. Her umbilical mass did not reduce in size and she had further progression of her disease with metastases to the liver, lungs, and spine. During urological consultation, the patient reported no prior episodes of gross hematuria but a significant history of chronic nocturia and urinary frequency. She denied any history of urinary tract infections, nephrolithiasis, or other genitourinary complaints. She had no history of tobacco use or occupational/chemical exposure. She denied dysuria, fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, flank pain, weight loss, or changes in bowel movements. On examination, she was noted to have a well-healed chevron incision and palpable umbilical mass, and she voided wine-colored urine with small clots. The remainder of the physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. Recent routine blood tests, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver function tests, and coagulation studies, were within normal limits. Her urinalysis revealed microscopic hematuria and was otherwise unremarkable. A computed tomography urogram was obtained and revealed extensive blood clots within the urinary bladder and a suspicious mass along the posterior wall just medial to the left ureterovesical junction (Fig. 1). The kidneys and ureters were normal in appearance. Her umbilical mass was stable in size and there was an interval increase in her metastatic disease.
Integral Formulas and Inequalities for Rational Functions

Abstract Some Bernstein type inequalities using the integral norm are established for rational functions. A new proof of a Bernstein type inequality of Spijker is given as an application.
Electrochemical degradation of pellethane 2363-80A and 2363-55D

Abstract The electrochemical degradation of two polyetherurethanes, Pellethane 2363-80A and 2363-55D was studied. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) were used to monitor the chemical changes in thin films of the polymer coated on electrode surfaces. These films were exposed to a 6 V DC for a period up to 177 days. Evidence for extensive aggregation was noted during preliminary SEC measurements in dimethylacetamide (DMAC), whereas measurements in DMAC/0·5 m -LiBr eliminated the aggregation. The peak molecular weight of the polymer film on the reduction cathode decreased from 107 000 to 105 000 (−2%), whereas the molecular weight of the film at the oxidation anode was 31 000, a decrease of 71%. Periodic FTIR analysis of the films indicated alteration in the NH stretching, carbonyl, and COC portion of the polymer chain with time. The alterations were similar for both 80A and 55D, although taking longer to appear with 55D. The infrared difference was electrode-specific with little change occurring at the cathode and major change at the anode. Evidence for the production of free amine or alcohol was also present in the infrared spectra, with areas of yellowing appearing on the electrode surfaces. A non-adhering residue was produced on the surface of the anode film. All controls (air, glass, Pt, thermal, H 2 O, and 0·9% NaCl) showed no differences in infrared absorbances.
Combating chronic T-cell exhaustion.

T cells are currently being employed for the treat‐ ment of patients with persistent viral infections or cancer in many immunotherapeutic approaches, including provision of cytokines, therapeutic vaccines or adoptive transfer of virus‐ or tumor‐ specific T cells [1–6]. Despite the different strate‐ gies used to enhance T‐cell responses to persisting pathogens or malignant cells, a common limita‐ tion is tolerization of T cells due to prolonged antigen stimulation. Such exhaustion of CD4 or CD8 T‐cell responses has been observed in a number of clinical and experimental infec‐ tions in humans, nonhuman primates and mice, including in HIV, hepatitis C virus and Plasmodium infection, as well as in melanoma, Epstein–Barr virus‐induced tumors and ovarian cancer. This suggests that exhaustion is a con‐ served mechanism for limiting T‐cell immuno‐ pathology during pathogen persistence [7–13]. In order to enhance the effectiveness of T‐cell‐based immuno therapeutic strategies, it is necessary to define and overcome the molecular mechanisms that promote and maintain T‐cell exhaustion.
Airborne laser scanner-assisted estimation of aboveground biomass change in a temperate oak–pine forest

We estimated aboveground tree biomass and change in aboveground tree biomass using repeated airborne laser scanner (ALS) acquisitions and temporally coincident ground observations of forest biomass, for a relatively undisturbed period (2004-2007; ?07-04), a contrasting period of disturbance (2007-2009; ?09-07), and an integrated period (2004-2009; ?09-04). A simple randomsampling (SRS) estimator was used to estimate means and variances of biomass and biomass change for each measurement occasion and interval. For each year, linear regression models were used to predict mean total aboveground tree biomass for live, dead, and total biomass components from ALS-derived variables. These models predicted biomass with R2 = 0.68, 0.59, and 0.70 and RMSEs of 32.7, 30.5, and 31.7 Mg ha-1 for 2004, 2007 and 2009, respectively. A model assisted indirect estimatorwas then used to estimate biomass and biomass change for comparison to the field-based SRS estimator. This model assisted indirect approach decreased standard errors of biomass estimation relative to the SRS estimator, but had larger variances for biomass change estimation. Linear regression models were also used to directly predict field-estimated biomass change using ALS ?-variables, calculated as the difference between multi-temporal ALS variables, for the study area. Integrated over the 6 year period, these change models had R2 = 0.81, 0.72, and 0.68 with RMSEs of 2.0, 9.3, and 1.0 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for live, dead, and total aboveground tree biomass, respectively. A model assisted direct estimator reduced standard errors of change estimates by 100-200% compared to the field-based estimates. We discuss several potential advantages and limitations of the direct and indirect approaches. Our primary finding is that model assisted direct estimation of biomass change decreased estimation uncertainty relative to both field and model assisted indirect estimation.
The American Country Club: Its Origins and Development

The American country club movement parallels the rise of suburbanization in the United States. Its roots can be found in the exclusive city clubs and summer resorts of the nineteenth century; its growth reflects a desire for permanent and organized places where the wealthy could spend their free time. By the late nineteenth century, mass transportation enabled the wealthy to escape the confines of the city, and suburbanization began. Their pursuit of pleasure - in the form of city clubs, spas, summer resorts, and sophisticated sports - became the impetus for the country club. Country clubs provided places where the elite could combine their interests in sports, the outdoors, and relaxation while separating themselves from the masses. The American Country Club chronicles the social and economic evolution of this leisure landscape. Some critics feel that the country club represents a basic liberty of social choice whereas others view it as an unnecessary source of social discrimination. Beyond these positions, James Mayo argues that our nation's political economy is reflected in the country club, which simultaneously thrives as a business and provides social status for its members.
Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression symptoms among women with disabilities.

The adverse consequences of postpartum depression on the health of the mother and her child are well documented. However, there is little information on postpartum depression among mothers with disabilities. This study examines the patterns of depression and depressive symptoms before, during and after pregnancy and the association between depression before and during pregnancy and postpartum depression symptomatology (PPD) among women with and without disabilities. Data from the 2009–2011 Rhode Island Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were analyzed in 2013. Almost 30 % (28.9 %; 95 % CI 22.8–35.8) of mothers with disabilities reported often or always feeling down, depressed or sad after childbirth compared to 10 % of those without disabilities (95 % CI 8.9–11.3). Compared to other women in the study, women with disabilities had a greater likelihood for PPD symptoms (RR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.1–2.2) after accounting for sociodemographics, maternal characteristics related to PPD, and depression before and during pregnancy. Adjusting for other covariates, self-reported prenatal diagnosis of depression was not associated with symptoms of PPD and depression during pregnancy was marginally associated with PPD symptomatology for women with disabilities. Women with disabilities are at a greater risk of experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression than other women. Screening for PPD among new mothers with disabilities and timely referral of those with PPD diagnosis are vital to the health of mothers with disabilities and their children.
Annulated diketopiperazines from dipeptides or Schöllkopf reagents via tandem cyclization-intramolecular N-arylation.

Facile CuI-mediated N-arylation of diketopiperazine using the Fukuyama modification of the Ullmann-Goldberg reaction can be exploited in new approaches to enantio-pure polycyclic diketopiperazines from easily assembled dipeptides or functionalized Schollkopf reagents.
Failure of intravenous infusion of taurocholate to down-regulate cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in rats with biliary fistulas

Abstract Background/Aims: The decrease in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase induced by intraduodenal infusion of taurocholate in bile fistula rats may be indirect, i.e., mediated through release or absorption of an intestinal factor in response to the presence of bile salts in the intestine. The aim of this study was to determine if negative feedback regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase can be shown when equimolar concentrations of taurocholate are administered intravenously, thus bypassing the intestine. Methods: After 96 hours of biliary diversion, taurocholate (36 μmol·h −1 ·100 g rat −1 ) was infused into the rats either intravenously or intraduodenally for the final 24 hours. Livers were then harvested for analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase specific activity, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase specific activity, messenger RNA levels, and transcriptional activity. Results: Intraduodenally administered taurocholate significantly decreased HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase specific activity by more than 50% and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase steady-state messenger RNA levels and transcriptional activity by 50%–75%. In contrast, intravenous administration of taurocholate failed to down-regulate either cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase or HMG-CoA reductase. Conclusions: Passage of taurocholate through the intestine strongly potentiates negative feedback regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. A putative intestinal factor, released or absorbed in the presence of bile acids in the intestinal lumen, may play a role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis.
370 HISTONE PHOSPHORYLATION PATTERNS AND CHROMOSOMAL STABILITY OF CULTURED BOVINE FIBROBLASTS

The low percentage of cloned offspring produced by nuclear transfer has been attributed to a variety of factors, including aneuploidy of the donor cells. Previous reports indicate that cultured bovine fibroblasts have a significantly higher level of aneuploidy in late passages than in early passages (Giraldo et al. 2005 J. Reprod. Fert. Dev. 17, 167). Phosphorylation of histone H3 at Serine 10 (Ser10) has been shown to be involved in chromosome compaction during cell division.Abnormal phosphorylation of this histone residue during metaphase could lead to abnormal chromosome segregation and extensive chromosome loss during mitosis. Suboptimal culture conditions may lead to abnormal histone H3 phosphorylation (HP) patterns, ultimately inducing missegregation and loss of chromosomes. The objective of the present study was to determine if the high percentage of aneuploid bovine fibroblast cells observed after long-term culture is associated with an abnormal HP pattern. Four bovine fibroblast cell lines were established from 40- to 60-day fetuses. Cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin and streptomycin in 5% CO2 at 37°C and passaged at confluence. Relative levels of HP were determined in three different replicates at population doublings (PD) 2, 10, and 20. Cells were fixed and incubated with an anti-phosphorylated histone H3 (Ser10) antibody, labeled with a secondary antibody, counterstained with propidium iodide, and analyzed for HP fluorescence by flow cytometry. The number of chromosomes was also determined in counts of 800 metaphases. Differences in aneuploidy and HP fluorescence of cells in metaphase among PD were analyzed by χ2 two-way ANOVA, respectively (P < 0.05). The percentages of aneuploid cells in each of the cell lines increased progressively with duration of culture and were elevated from the start. Multinucleated cells were frequently observed after prolonged time in culture in all of the cell lines. The mean phosphorylated histone levels (relative fluorescence intensity) in cells during metaphase were 180.0, 131.5, 174.7, and 157.6 in PD 2; 170.4, 105.72, 145.8, and 152.7 in PD 10; and 274.0, 251.6, 191.4, and 308.3 in PD 20 for the four cell lines, respectively. No difference in HP levels was observed between PD 2 and PD 10. The average of HP during metaphase for the cell lines increased significantly from 160.9 at early passage to 256.3 at late passage (see Table 1). The increase in levels of HP occurred concurrently with the high percentage of aneuploid cells after extended time in culture. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that aneuploid cells observed after long in vitro culture are associated with abnormal HP patterns. Table 1. Relative HP fluorescence and aneuploidy at different PD of fetal bovine fibroblasts This study was supported by Grants in Aid of Research Program (GIAR) from Sigma Xi to A.G.
Economic lot size model for price-dependent demand under quantity and freight discounts

Abstract Previous studies have developed procedures which determine optimal lot size and selling price when demand depends on price and all-unit quantity discounts are offered. Further, recent studies have addressed the concepts of quantity and freight discounts for constant demand. In this paper, we incorporate quantity and freight discounts in inventory decision making when demand, rather than being constant, is considered to be dependent upon price. An algorithm is developed to determine the optimal lot size and selling price for a class of demand functions, including constant price-elasticity and linear demand. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the model and a computer program is developed to implement the model derived in the paper.
N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as a solvent for poly(vinyl alcohol)

NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and its mixtures with water have been investigated as solvents for PVA [poly(vinyl alcohol)]. Judging from the higher exponent in the Mark-Houwink equation, NMP appears to be a better solvent than water. The equation found is for solutions in NMP at 30°C. Although the viscosity of NMP–water mixtures goes through a maximum when the molar ratio of NMP to water is 1:2, the intrinsic viscosity for PVA exhibits neither a maximum nor a minimum in mixtures ranging from pure water to pure NMP. As in aqueous solutions, the intrinsic viscosity in NMP solutions decreases slightly with increasing temperatures from 20 to 50°C.
Notes on Burgstaller's Property and Prices

Andre Burgstaller’s Property and Prices (1994) is a remarkable contribution to a growing literature exploring the structural relations between Classical and neoclassical theories of growth and distribution (see, for example, Hahn, 1982, Dumenil and Levy, 1985, Dana, et al, 1989, and at a somewhat greater distance, Kurz and Salvadori, 1995 and Foley and Michl, 1999). This literature demonstrates conditions under which the intertemporal equilibrium paths of neoclassical general equilibrium models converge to the profit-rate equalizing paths of Classical theory. (In general this occurs when all inputs except land are produced within the economy after the initial period.) These findings are curious in the light of the neoclassical tradition’s tendency to define itself in opposition to Classical cost of production theories of value, and the fierce methodological criticism Classical economists have made of neoclassical equilibrium. Burgstaller argues that this family resemblance reflects a deep theoretical unity between the Classical and neoclassical points of view, which he claims are in fact different special cases of a single master theory of intertemporal economics. This unifying point of view is the quasi-Hamiltonian state-space approach. At each instant stocks of economically meaningful commodities are given, and their rate of change is determined by their prices, which reflect the incentives to change the stocks through investment, and the commodity stocks themselves, which determine, in general, the production possibilities of the system given technology. Prices, on the other hand, are not predetermined in any instant, but are free to jump discontinuously to clear the markets for stocks of commodities. The rate of change of prices depends on the stocks of commodities, which determine their relative scarcities and hence quasi-rents, the level of prices, and the no-arbitrage condition that under the assumption of certain knowledge of future prices titles to all commodities must promise the same rate of return. While prices are not subject to a boundary condition at the current instant, as stocks of commodities are, they are subject to asymptotic nonnegativity conditions that suffice to determine the equilibrium paths of the joint
Synthese von Mono‐ und Di(oxopyri)porphyrinen durch Ringerweiterung mit Diazomethan

Einen neuen Ansatz zur Modifizierung von Porphyrinen bieten Ringerweiterungen mit Diazomethan: Die Behandlung von Dioxochlorinen (siehe Schema) und Tetraoxobacteriochlorinen mit Diazomethan fuhrt zur Bildung entsprechender Mono- und Di(oxopyri)porphyrine.
A new model of concept teaching and learning

Current models of instructional design assume that concepts are (a) classifying rules, (b) components of a more complex network or schema in memory, and (c) evaluated/taught by classification performance. Based on current research and theory, however, concepts should be viewed as conceptual tools rather than classification rules. Concepts may be schemas or networks in themselves, as a complex arrangement of declarative, procedural, and inferential knowledge. Concept learning may be measured by concept use and inferences as well as classification and taught via analogies, learning strategies, use/inference practice, and rational-set generators.
Metal-benzene and metal-CO bond energies in neutral and ionic C6H6Cr(CO)3 studied by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy and density functional theory.

Threshold photoelectron−photoion coincidence spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations have been used to investigate the dissociation kinetics of the benzene chromium tricarbonyl ion, BzCr(CO)3+ (Bz = C6H6). The dissociation of the BzCr(CO)3+ ion proceeds by the sequential loss of three CO and benzene ligands. The first and third CO and the benzene loss reactions were associated with metastable precursor ions (lifetimes in the microsecond range). By simulating the resulting asymmetric time-of-flight peak shapes and breakdown diagram, the 0 K appearance energies of the four product ions were determined to be 8.33 ± 0.05, 8.93 ± 0.05, 9.97 ± 0.06, and 11.71 ± 0.06 eV, respectively. Combined with the ionization energy of BzCr(CO)3, 7.30 ± 0.05 eV, the three successive Cr−CO bond energies in the BzCr(CO)3+ were found to alternate, with values of 1.03 ± 0.05, 0.60 ± 0.05, and 1.04 ± 0.05 eV, respectively, and the Bz−Cr bond energy in BzCr+ is 1.74 ± 0.05 eV, a trend confirmed by the density funct...
Multi-axis, all-dielectric electric field sensors

This paper presents innovations that reduce the dimensions and interrogation complexity of a previously developed multi-axis electric field sensor. These devices are based on slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS) technology. SCOS are sensitive to electric fields that are parallel to the optic axis of the electro-optic slab. Electric fields are measured in two axes by mounting SCOS devices, which have slabs with optic-axes perpendicular to the fiber (z-cut), orthogonal to each other. In order to reduce dimensions of the sensor, the third-axis is measured by having a slab with the optic-axis parallel to the fiber (x-cut). Since the resonant mode coupling of a SCOS device occurs at specific wavelengths whose spectral locations are determined in part by the effective refractive index of the modes in the slab, rotating a z-cut slab waveguide relative to the optical fiber will cause the spectral position of the resonance modes to shift. This method allows the resonance modes to be tuned to specific wavelengths, enabling a multi-axis SCOS to be interrogated with a single laser source.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polymerization of 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline Using Di-, Tetra-, and Hexafunctional Ruthenium Tris(bipyridine) Metalloinitiators

Ruthenium reagents with two, four, and six chloromethyl functionalities, [(bpy)nRu{bpy(CH2Cl)2}3-n](PF6)2 (n = 0−2), were employed as multifunctional metalloinitiators for the cationic polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline to generate orange, glassy polymers with narrow molecular weight (MW) distributions. MWs were determined by GPC vs PMMA standards and for selected samples by GPC with multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detection. In-line diode array UV/vis spectroscopic analysis coupled with GPC MW determination confirms the presence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ chromophores in the eluting polymers. Polymers are luminescent, and they exhibit thermal properties analogous to the metal-free PEOX counterparts (Tg ∼ 54 °C; onset of thermal decomposition at 365−385 °C). Unlike reactions run with a labile hexafunctional Fe initiator, reactions wherein MWs > 100K and degrees of polymerization (dp) >200 are attainable, Ru-centered polymers reach an upper MW limit of ∼25K regardless of the number of functionalities on ...