cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence and immunochemical studies of advanced glycation-related lens pigments.

PURPOSE. TO establish whether advanced glycation is the major mechanism for yellowing of lens proteins. METHODS. Synchronous fluorescence (SF) and immunochemical assays were used to study glycation in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro study, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were prepared and used as antigens to induce antibodies to AGEs. The in vitro AGEs and classified nuclear cataracts were analyzed by SF and immunochemical assays. RESULTS. In vitro AGEs generated from various glycating agents and carrier proteins displayed strong SF above 350 nm; the spectra were well resolved with major bands at 380 nm and 420 nm. Samples from human lenses manifested a band at 395 nm in addition to the two bands shown by in vitro AGEs. SF intensity is greater for the water-insoluble (WI) than water-soluble (WS) fraction, but both increased with increasing nuclear color. The immunoreactivity data also showed that the WI fraction contained more AGEs than the WS fraction and that the amount of AGEs increased with increasing nuclear color. CONCLUSIONS. Fluorescence and immunoassays indicated that pigmented AGEs contributed to yellowing of the crystalline lens nucleus. {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2058-2066)
Models of Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia asserts that the underlying pathology of schizophrenia has its roots in brain development and that these brain abnormalities do not manifest themselves until adolescence or early adulthood. Animal models based on developmental manipulations have provided insight into the vulnerability of the developing fetus and the importance of the early environment for normal maturation. These models have provided a wide range of validated approaches to answer questions regarding environmental influences on both neural and behavioral development. In an effort to better understand the developmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, animal models have been developed, which seek to model the etiology and/or the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or specific behaviors associated with the disease. Developmental models specific to schizophrenia have focused on epidemiological risk factors (e.g., prenatal viral insult, birth complications) or more heuristic models aimed at understanding the developmental neuropathology of the disease (e.g., ventral hippocampal lesions). The combined approach of behavioral and neuroanatomical evaluation of these models strengthens their utility in improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and developing new treatment strategies.
Assessment of Knowledge And Attitudes Towards Aids of Pre-Professional Hospitality Employees

Students enrolled in introductory and culminating and/or capstone hospitality courses and faculty were surveyed to ascertain differences in knowledge levels and attitudinal sets using a 90-item self-administered questionnaire. Significant differences in AIDS attitudes and knowledge scores were found by student rank faculty level, and schools surveyed.
Stability of Word-Retrieval Errors With the AphasiaBank Stimuli

Purpose This study examined the test–retest reliability of select measures of word-retrieval errors in narrative discourses of individuals with aphasia assessed with the AphasiaBank stimuli. Method Ten participants with aphasia were video recorded during 2 sessions producing narratives elicited with pictures. Discourses were transcribed and coded using AphasiaBank procedures, then analyzed for the stability of rates of phonological errors, semantic errors, false starts, time fillers, and repetitions per minute. Values for correlation coefficients and the minimal detectable change score were used to assess stability for research and clinical decision making. Results There was poor test–retest reliability when the discourses were analyzed by each narrative subgenre. When the narrative discourses were combined for analysis, several measures appeared to be sufficiently stable across sessions for use in group studies, and 1 could be adequately stable for making clinical decisions about an individual. Conclusio...
The Enigmas of Kaposi's Sarcoma

Kaposi9s sarcoma, a disfiguring skin leasion, is a common occurence in patients with AIDS. In this summary, Robert Gallo outlines current thinking about the biological underpinnings of this tumor. He discusses how it develops and whether it is truly neoplastic.
A critical analysis of sampling-based reconstruction methodology for dielectric breakdown systems (BEOL/MOL/FEOL)

We investigate the validity of the sampling-based reconstruction methodology for its general applications to dielectric breakdown with variability or non-uniformity. For the first time, a sampling-number dependence of reconstructed Weibull slope is reported. Through both experimental studies and Monte Carlo simulation, we confirm the original concept of the reconstructed distribution to represent a distribution as if no thickness/spacing variation as advanced by Roussel et al. [1], by using gate oxides with very tight thickness control. Despite this success, it is unclear whether this methodology can be generally applied to complicated systems such as BEOL and MOL dielectrics with large variation. By comparing two different cases of slightly and highly non-uniform dielectrics, we show that the use of small sampling number can give a false impression of the validity of this reconstruction methodology. Using detailed in-die T BD distributions across entire wafers with extraordinary statistics, we reveal the underlying in-die distributions being bimodal and non-Weibull, and following non-Poisson area scaling, which can be completely masked if not using very large sampling numbers. We demonstrate that reconstruction methodology and time-dependent clustering model yield comparable results when the assumptions of reconstruction methodology can be satisfied. In comparison, time-dependent clustering model is shown to be advantageous due to its simplicity in its implementation and its predictability using small statistics.
A Fully Sparse Implementation of a Primal-Dual Interior-Point Potential Reduction Method for Semidefinite Programming

In this paper, we show a way to exploit sparsity in the problem data in a primal-dual potential reduction method for solving a class of semidefinite programs. When the problem data is sparse, the dual variable is also sparse, but the primal one is not. To avoid working with the dense primal variable, we apply Fukuda et al.'s theory of partial matrix completion and work with partial matrices instead. The other place in the algorithm where sparsity should be exploited is in the computation of the search direction, where the gradient and the Hessian-matrix product of the primal and dual barrier functions must be computed in every iteration. By using an idea from automatic differentiation in backward mode, both the gradient and the Hessian-matrix product can be computed in time proportional to the time needed to compute the barrier functions of sparse variables itself. Moreover, the high space complexity that is normally associated with the use of automatic differentiation in backward mode can be avoided in this case. In addition, we suggest a technique to efficiently compute the determinant of the positive definite matrix completion that is required to compute primal search directions. The method of obtaining one of the primal search directions that minimizes the number of the evaluations of the determinant of the positive definite completion is also proposed. We then implement the algorithm and test it on the problem of finding the maximum cut of a graph.
A magnetically enhanced wireless power transfer system for compensation of misalignment in mobile charging platforms

Misalignment in wirelessly charged electric vehicles is unavoidable as perfect alignment of the pickup coil on the electric vehicle with respect to transmitter is quite difficult. Notably, even a small coil misalignment leads to significant reduction of the effective coupling. Due to which this problem is of quite significance for maintaining high efficiency over the complete misalignment range. This paper presents a two auxiliary coil solution for compensating misalignment in lateral and longitudinal directions. Two auxiliary coils are mounted on the receiver; both auxiliary coils are mounted perpendicular to each other. Auxiliary coil mounted on lateral direction compensates the drop in flux due to lateral misalignment and auxiliary coil mounted in longitudinal direction compensates for drop in flux due to longitudinal misalignment. Output of both auxiliary coils is then connected to the respective rectifier and the outputs of rectifiers are connected in parallel through inductors. Total addition of current due to auxiliary coils and receiver coil is provided to the load. To verify the proposed concept, simulation is performed in ANSYS Maxwell and PLECS. Further, an experimental prototype of a 250W system is developed and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the concept.
Structural factors that control conformational transitions and serotype specificity in type 3 poliovirus

The three-dimensional structure of the Sabin strain of type 3 poliovirus has been determined at 2.4 A resolution. Significant structural differences with the Mahoney strain of type 1 poliovirus are confined to loops and terminal extensions of the capsid proteins, occur in all of the major antigenic sites of the virion and typically involve insertions, deletions or the replacement of prolines. Several newly identified components of the structure participate in assembly-dependent interactions which are relevant to the biologically important processes of viral assembly and uncoating. These include two sites of lipid substitution, two putative nucleotides and a beta sheet formed by the N-termini of capsid proteins VP4 and VP1. The structure provides an explanation for the temperature sensitive phenotype of the P3/Sabin strain. Amino acids that regulate temperature sensitivity in type 3 poliovirus are located in the interfaces between promoters, in the binding site for a lipid substituent and in an assembly-dependent extended beta sheet that stabilizes the association of pentamers. Several lines of evidence indicate that these structural components also control conformational transitions at various stages of the viral life cycle.
A theoretical study of calcium microdomains in turtle hair cells

Confocal imaging has revealed microdomains of intracellular free Ca2+ in turtle hair cells evoked by depolarizing pulses and has delineated factors affecting the growth and dissipation of such domains. However, imaging experiments have limited spatial and temporal resolution. To extend the range of the results we have developed a three-dimensional model of Ca2+ diffusion in a cylindrical hair cell, allowing part of the Ca2+ influx to occur over a small circular region (radius 0.125–1.0 micron) representing a high-density array of voltage-dependent channels. The model incorporated experimental information about the number of channels, the fixed and mobile Ca2+ buffers, and the Ca2+ extrusion mechanism. A feature of the calculations was the use of a variable grid size depending on the proximity to the Ca2+ channel cluster. The results agreed qualitatively with experimental data on the localization of the Ca2+ transients, although the experimental responses were smaller and slower, which is most likely due to temporal and spatial averaging in the imaging. The model made predictions about 1) the optimal Ca2+ channel number and density within a cluster, 2) the conditions to ensure independence of neighboring clusters, and 3) the influence of the Ca2+ buffers on the kinetics and localization of the microdomains. We suggest that an increase in the mobile Ca2+ buffer concentration in high-frequency hair cells (which possess a larger number of release sites) would allow lower amplitude and faster Ca2+ responses and promote functional independence of the sites.
Addressing challenges in 4 F and 5 F arterial access for neurointerventional procedures in infants and young children

Background Among the technical challenges involved in safely performing neuroendovascular procedures in infants are limitations on the size of femoral arterial access catheters. Restricting groin access to 4 F and 5 F systems constrains the range of procedures that can potentially be performed. Methods and Results We present here a consecutive series of transfemoral angiographic procedures in children with no permanent and one transient case of groin morbidity related to femoral access. We illustrate two strategies for using 4 F and 5 F systems for interventions in a manner that enables such techniques as balloon assisted coil embolization and the deployment of triaxial catheter systems to be used. Conclusions Extremely low groin morbidity is achievable using rigorous parameters around femoral catheterization in children. With creative approaches to working within the limitations of the access vessel size, complex endovascular neurointerventions are possible, even in the youngest infants.
Assessment Practices for Children with Severe Mental Retardation

Potential limitations in assessment practices with children who have severe mental retardation have been identified in the literature. The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which practicing school psychologists use alternative methods as opposed to standardized/norm-referenced measures in the assessment of children suspected or identified as having moderate to severe/profound mental retardation. As part of a larger survey, assessment practices of school psychologists with children functioning in the more severe level of mental retardation were reported by 202 school psychologists. Results suggest that school psychologists use norm-referenced measures at all grade/age levels. Various other types of methods were also noted by 0.5 to 35.8% of the respondents, with the highest frequency of alternative approaches employed at the preschool level. Implications for assessment practices with children with moderate to severe/profound mental retardation and for the training of school psychologist...
Low threshold motor effects produced by stimulation of area preinsularis (2pr.i) of the secondary sensory cortex in the cat; Input-output relationships

(1) Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) delivered to area 2 preinsularis (area 2 pr. i) of the second somatosensory cortex, SII, elicited contralateral distal limb movements with threshold currents as low as 2 μA. (2) The effective sites for a particular movement were located in a small area within the depth of the cortex extending along the direction of the radial fibers. (3) Neurons in an area for a particular movement generally received peripheral input from the skin overlying the muscle to which the area projected. (4) ICMS in area 2 pr.i produced powerful monosynaptic as well as disynaptic activation of pyramidal tract neurons, suggesting that the effect was mediated by the pyramidal tract. (5) Ablation of the motor cortex did not eliminate or otherwise reduce the low threshold responses from area 2 pr.i suggesting that the described effect is independent of the motor cortex.
Complete cell separation by modulating inertial force

Inertial microfluidics has been attracting considerable interest due to immensely promising applications in cell separations and sorting. Despite the intense attention in recent years, the moderate efficiencies and low purity of reported devices have hindered their widespread acceptance. In this work, we report on a simple inertial microfluidic system with high efficiency (>99%) and purity(>90%). Our system builds on the concept of two-stage inertial migration which permits precise prediction of particle/cell position within the microchannel. With this approach, we successfully demonstrate a complete separation of particles and isolation of rare cells in blood spiked with human prostate epithelial tumor (HPET) cells.
Cell shape and organization of the contractile apparatus in cultured adult cardiac myocytes

The isolation and culture of adult cardiac myocytes has proved to be an ideal model system to explore myocardial biology at the cellular level. A major criticism of this model, however, has been that organ-specific characteristics such as cell shape and subcellular structural organization cannot be retained in vitro for prolonged periods of time. Encasing freshly isolated myocytes in a matrix of calcium alginate enables one to maintain the rod-like, three-dimensional (3D) shape of the cultured myocyte. Such preparations more closely resemble their in vivo counterparts with respect to the organization of the contractile apparatus, the transverse tubular system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum than do heart cells cultured on a two-dimensional (2D) plastic surface. Stereologic measurements reveal that myofibrillar volume density (VvMYF) decreases in both non-beating preparations over a 2-week interval, but VvMYF is conserved in cells cultured in an alginate matrix when compared to those myocytes maintained on a laminin-coated substratum. The present observations suggest that in the absence of contractile function myofibrillar atrophy appears responsible for the decline in VvMYF in alginate (3D) preparations, whereas atrophy and subcellular remodelling probably mediate the myofibrillar loss and reorganization that develops when adult heart cells are cultured on a 2D surface.
Longitudinal Studies of Risk Taking on Objective Examinations.

Risk taking on objective examinations (rtooe) is defined as guessing when the examinee is aware of a penalty for incorrect responses (Slakter, 1967). Since rtooe measures can be obtained from Ss ostensibly taking aptitude or achievement tests, they provide psychologists with useful disguised measures of risk taking. Prior studies have indicated that rtooe is related to dominance-submission (Votaw, 1936), maladjustment (Sherriffs and Boomer, 1954), vocational choice (Ziller, 1957), curriculum choice (Slakter and Cramer, 1969), and perception of risk in military situations (Torrance and Ziller, 1957). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that examinees low in rtooe tend to be penalized on test score (Hammerton, 1965; Sherriffs and Boomer, 1954; Slakter, 1968a; Slakter, 1968b; Votaw, 1936). These latter studies have shown that when Ss low in rtooe are forced to respond to all items, their average test score increases even though the usual penalty for incorrect responses is applied. Hence, we have evidence t...
Use and Interpretation of Factor Analysis in The Journal of Educational Research: 1992-2002

The author reviewed the use and interpretation of factor analysis in articles published in The Journal of Educational Research articles from 1992 to 2002. He found all major forms of factor analysis among the 25 articles that he reviewed. Exploratory factor analysis was the most common application that he found. He noted only 3 applications of confirmatory factor analysis. In general, the author found that the analyses were performed appropriately and the results were presented informatively. In some studies, however, he found that the authors did not provide sufficient information about their analyses for readers to evaluate the results. The author provides a brief introduction to factor analysis history and models, along with an illustration of an exploratory factor analysis. He offers recommendations for the appropriate reporting and interpretation of a factor analysis.
Two-dimensional high resolution GLC environmental analysis, preliminary results

The current status of gas chromatographic procedures and instrumentation for the analysis of volatile environmental contaminants is discussed. Design features of gas chromatographic systems, capable of transferring portions of eluting compounds from one gas chromatographic column into another are also discussed. A prototype two-dimensional gas chromatograph has been built and tested. The system is composed of two separate gas chroamtographs, which are joined by a common heated interface. A combination of off-line valves and restrictors (Deans' switches) serves to change carrier gas flow directions. Compounds selected for cutting are transferred to the second gas chromatograph and held in an intermediate trap. The effluents from the second column are detected by FID/ECD, operated in parallel. Important parameters which effect sample transfer between the systems have been studied to serve as basis for a semiautomated instrument to be built. Some applications with synthetic mixtures are demonstrated.
Observational learning effectiveness as a function of model characteristics: Investigating the importance of social power

Observational learning is an important component of human learning. According to Bandura (1965), observational learning is characterized by 4 stages: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. The first stage, attention, is a crucial subprocess that can be influenced by model characteristics. Characteristics such as attractive-ness, trustworthiness, similarity, and perceived competence have been shown to enhance a model’s effectiveness. In this study we extended this research to social power. It was hypothesized that observational learning effectiveness would be greater in groups taught by a model with a base of social power than in a control group. A research question examined which base of social power (legitimate, expert, or referent) yielded the greatest effectiveness. Participants watched a tape of a model performing a puzzle task. The model was described as having one of the 3 bases of social power. A fourth group was taught by a model introduced without the mention of a base of social power. The results revealed that those in the power groups scored significantly higher on the variables of time elapsed to complete the puzzle, number of pieces correctly placed, and whether the participant finished or not. Implications for the findings of this study such as the use of social power(s) in a teaching and managerial setting are discussed.
Decomposing US Money Supply Changes since the Financial Crisis

In response to the financial crisis of 2008, the Federal Reserve radically increased the monetary base. Banks responded by increasing excess reserves rather than increasing bank loans, and the public responded with a substantial flight to liquidity in the form of currency and demand deposits. As a result, the money-supply multipliers substantially decreased, so that the actual money supply measures grew more moderately than the base. The sustained multiplier-collapse spawned reexamination of monetary versus fiscal theories of price-level determination. This paper, however, presents decompositions of the money-multiplier collapse into changes in the currency-to-deposit ratios, and changes in the reserve-to-deposit ratio. By doing so, possible near-term increases in the multipliers are simulated so that the possibility of either full or partial restoration to their pre-crisis levels is assessed. Policy possibilities for controlling the money supply over various horizons follow. This analysis illustrates the Federal Reserve's exit dilemma that results from its financial-crisis policy.
Development of the embryonic chick phagocytic system: intraembryonic erythrophagocytosis induced by phenylhydrazine.

The intraembryonic reticuloendothelial response to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia was studied embryonic chicks (days 13–16) by light and electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical assays for acid phosphatase. Phenylhydrazine was given on day 13 and tissue taken at 2, 5, and 10 h and at 1, 2, and 3 days after injections. The response varied in the three major reticuloendothelial organs. The spleen first demonstrated an increase in erythrophagocytosis that was accompanied by increased acid phosphatase levels. Erythrophagocytosis occurred primarily in the red pulp resulting in increased numbers of macrophages, increased size of macrophages, and retention of erythrocytes, which together combined to enlarge the spleens. By 2 days after phenylhydrazine injection, greatly enlarged macrophages began to migrate into the venous system, where some erythrophagocytosis continued to occur. The liver was also a major erythroclastic organ in which Kupffer cells became increasingly erythrophagocytic. However, erythrophagocytosis began later than in the spleen, and as measured by acid phosphatase levels, the liver was not as effective in removing damaged erythroid cells. Marrow erythrophagocytosis was only slightly enhanced; however, the marrow responded by increasing its production of red blood cells. Thus, the intraembryonic reticuloendothelial organs of the embryonic chick responded to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in much the same manner as might be expected of the adult bird.
Efficacy and Safety of a Hemostatic Puncture Closure Device With Early Ambulation After Coronary Angiography

A collagen hemostatic puncture closure device has been developed as an alternative to traditional manual pressure techniques for achieving effective femoral arterial hemostasis after coronary angiography. The purpose of the current study was to determine if patients receiving this device can ambulate safely at 1 hour compared with patients receiving traditional manual pressure and bed rest after sheath removal for diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Patients (n = 304) were randomized to either the device group (n = 202) with ambulation at 1 hour after sheath removal or to the manual pressure control group (n = 102) with ambulation at 4 to 6 hours after sheath removal. The device group achieved earlier time to hemostasis (0.9 +/- 3 vs 17.0 +/- 8 minutes, p = 0.0001) and faster time to outpatient discharge (5.0 +/- 4 vs 7.7 +/- 4 hours, p = 0.0001) compared with the control group. There were bleeding or vascular complications in 19 patients (9%) in the device group and in 6 patients (6%) in the manual pressure group (p = 0.397). In patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography, this device, compared with traditional techniques for achieving hemostasis after sheath removal, allows for faster time to effective hemostasis with resultant earlier discharge from the hospital.
The impact of monetary policy in the midst of big shocks

Abstract This paper studies the impact of Federal Reserve policies that created the largest deviations from price stability during the Fed׳s first 100 years: the post-World War I deflation, the deflation of the Great Depression, the inflation of World War II, and the Great Inflation of the 1970s. In terms of their macroeconomic impacts, I find that deflation was uniquely depressing in the 1930s because of cartel policies that prevented nominal prices and wages from adjusting to clear markets, and not because deflation is generically depressing. I find that the biggest impact of monetary policy during World War II was in debasing debt through inflation. I find that the main drivers of the 1970s economy were long-run changes in productivity and the labor market, and that there may have been little that the Fed could have done at this time to expand employment and output. More broadly, I find that macroeconomic performance would have been better over the Fed׳s first century had the Fed followed a monetary policy to deliver stable prices.
Species Richness and Phenology of Cerambycid Beetles in Urban Forest Fragments of Northern Delaware

ABSTRACT Cerambycid beetles are abundant and diverse in forests, but much about their host relationships and adult behavior remains unknown. Generic blends of synthetic pheromones were used as lures in traps, to assess the species richness, and phenology of cerambycids in forest fragments in northern Delaware. More than 15,000 cerambycid beetles of 69 species were trapped over 2yr. Activity periods were similar to those found in previous studies, but many species were active 1–3 wk earlier in 2012 than in 2013, probably owing to warmer spring temperatures that year. In 2012, the blends were tested with and without ethanol, a host plant volatile produced by stressed trees. Of cerambycid species trapped in sufficient numbers for statistical analysis, ethanol synergized pheromone trap catches for seven species, but had no effect on attraction to pheromone for six species. One species was attracted only by ethanol. The generic pheromone blend, especially when combined with ethanol, was an effective tool for a...
Simulation for passage times in closed, multiclass networks of queues with unrestricted priorities

Abstract Regenerative simulation for passage times in networks of queues with priorities among job classes (and one or more job types) can be based on observation of a fully augmented job stack process which maintains the position of each of the jobs in a linear ‘job stack’, an enumeration of the jobs by service center and job class. In this paper we develop an estimation procedure for passage times through a subnetwork of queues. Observed passage times for all the jobs enter into the construction of point and interval estimates. The confidence intervals obtained using this estimation procedure are shorter than those obtained from simulation using a marked job.
EVALUATION OF MATRIX ELEMENTS FROM A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ANGULAR INTEGRAL.

The graphical representation of angular momentum is used as the basis of a procedure for the complete evaluation of the matrix element of a Coulomb or multipole interaction operator between atomic states having any number of open shells. The method is presented in the form of a step-by-step procedure and is designed to permit straightforward extension to the evaluation of the matrix elements of other types of tensor operators and of sums of products of Coulomb matrix elements, such as occur in the perturbation theory of configuration interaction.
Heat capacity and chemical equilibria of liquid selenium

Heat capacities of liquid selenium have been measured by computer interfaced differential scanning calorimetry in the metastable region with an accuracy of ± 1% from 330 to 520°K. To avoid crystallization, the measurements were done on cooling. A semiquantitative fitting of the heat capacity to vibrational energy contributions, free volume (hole) effects, and heats of reaction from the changes in the ring-chain and depolymerization equilibria was possible to within ±5% of the newly measured and literature data between the glass transition temperature (ca. 303°K) and 1000°K. It could be established that the shift in the ring-chain equilibrium is not the major reason for the overall decrease in heat capacity above the glass transition temperature. The floor temperature, which was earlier placed at about 356°K, is possibly below the glass transition temperature. The increase in heat capacity beyond 800°K has been linked with the depolymerization reaction.
‘Time and Tide...’: Rejoinder to Abbott, Charrad, Goldstone, Mahoney, Riley, Roy, Sewell, Wingrove and Zerilli

Dans cet article, les AA. repondent aux critiques et suggestions de leurs confreres a propos de leurs ecrits dans l'ouvrage Remaking Modernity, consacre a la sociologie historique aux Etats-Unis
Ontogenetic changes in the effectiveness of home nest odor as a conditioned stimulus

When odors from the home nest were paired with footshock, 12-day-old rat pups exhibited greater conditioned aversion to these odors than did 16-day-old pups. This superior performance of the younger animals was evident both at an immediate test and after retention intervals of 1 and 90 min if the subjects spent the conditioning-test delays in clean shavings. When the retention interval was spent in home shavings, only at an immediate test did the 12-day-olds display stronger aversions to the home nest odor than the 16-day-olds. Interjecting a conditioning-test delay of even 1 min in the home shavings dramatically disrupted the test performance of the younger pups.
Prompt Formation of Organic Acids in Pulse Ozonation of Terpenes on Aqueous Surfaces

A major atmospheric process, the gas-phase ozonation of terpenes yields suites of products via a cascade of chemically activated intermediates that ranges from primary ozonides to dioxiranes. If a similar mechanism operated in water, as it is generally assumed, such intermediates would be deactivated within picoseconds and, henceforth, be unable to produce carboxylic acids in microseconds. Herein, we report the online electrospray mass spectrometric detection of (M + 2O − H+) and (M + 3O − H+) carboxylates on the surface of aqueous β-caryophyllene (C15H24, M = 204 Da) microjets exposed to a few ppmv of O3(g) for <10 μs. Since neither species is formed on dry solvent microjets and both incorporate deuterium from D2O, we infer that carboxylates ensue from the interaction of nascent intermediates with interfacial water via heretofore unreported processes. These interfacial events proceed much faster than those in bulk liquids saturated with ozone.
Cs adsorption on n- and p-type GaAs(001)(2×4) surfaces

Abstract A study of room temperature Cs adsorption on both n- and p-type GaAs(001)(2 × 4) surfaces is presented. We find that initially the work function decreases linearly with Cs exposure saturating 3 eV below the clean surface value. Unlike GaAs(110) which forms an ordered overlayer, Cs deposition on (001) is amorphous. Adsorption steadily degrades the initial c(2 × 8) LEED pattern, and no additional superstructure is observed. Preliminary STM images obtained at low coverage indicate that at room temperature the Cs does not adsorb at any particular atomic site. Cs atoms adsorb both on top of the arsenic dimers and above the Ga in the missing dimer row. Tunneling spectroscopic measurements obtained at a range of coverages show that the surface remains semiconducting up to saturation coverage.
Regression and Time Series Analysis of the World Oil Peak of Production: Another Look

This paper analyzes world oil production data as a population/resource growth model. Both US and world oil production data are analyzed in terms of the logistic growth curve. It is shown that the logistic growth curve, while a suitable model for the American data, is not a suitable model for world oil production. A flexible family of curves which allows a wide range growth rates is considered. Using a nonlinear regression, one can predict various peak dates and total recoverable resources using different curves which all fit the data indistinguishably well.
In Situ Characterization of Cloud Condensation Nuclei, Interstitial, and Background Particles Using the Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, SPLAT II†

The aerosol indirect effect remains the most uncertain aspect of climate change modeling, calling for characterization of individual particles sizes and compositions with high spatial and temporal resolution. We present the first deployment of our single particle mass spectrometer (SPLAT II) operated in dual data acquisition mode to simultaneously measure particle number concentrations, density, asphericity, and individual particle size and quantitative composition, with temporal resolution better than 60 s, thus yielding all the required properties to definitively characterize the aerosol−cloud interaction in this exemplary case. We find that particles are composed of oxygenated organics, many mixed with sulfates, biomass burning particles, some with sulfates, and processed sea-salt. Cloud residuals are found to contain more sulfates than background particles, explaining their higher efficiency to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Additionally, CCN sulfate content increased with time due to in-cl...
Reversible optical data storage on poly(ethylene terephthalate)

A desirable feature of optical data storage processes is that they provide high contrast between the image and background. Thermal marking techniques are inherently advantageous in this regard, because of the nonlinearity of the response. A thermal method for lithography on polymer films has been developed based on selective exposure of the films to infrared laser radiation passing through a mask. Radiation induced crystallization, melting and ablation have been demonstrated with the processes prevailing at different levels of radiation intensity. These methods are capable of producing high resolution images with excellent edge acuity and minimal interference from diffraction. The absence of diffraction effects is due to the nonlinear response of the polymer film to the radiation. The best resolution obtained to date (submicron) is limited by the size of the smallest features present on the masks used to create the pattern. The ultimate resolution achievable by these methods is presently unknown.
The X-ray line and continuum emission from a solar active region

The X-ray spectrum of the quiet sun in the energy range 2.3 - 6.9 keV was observed from an Aerobee rocket using an uncollimated graphite crystal spectrometer. These results and spatial measurements made with an onboard modulation collimator are analyzed using solar models.
Candidate Vaccine Sequences to Represent Intra- and Inter-Clade HIV-1 Variation

A likely key factor in the failure of a HIV-1 vaccine based on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is the natural immunodominance of epitopes that fall in variable regions of the proteome, which both increases the chance of epitope sequence mismatch with the incoming challenge strain and replicates the pathogenesis of early CTL failure due to epitope escape mutation during natural infection. To identify potential vaccine sequences to focus the CTL response on highly conserved epitopes, the whole proteomes of HIV-1 clades A1, B, C, and D were assessed for Shannon entropy at each amino acid position. Highly conserved regions in Gag (cGag-1, Gag 148-214, and cGag-2, Gag 253-331), Env (cEnv, Env 521-606), and Nef (cNef, Nef 106-148) were identified across clades. Inter- and intra-clade variability of amino acids within the regions tended to overlap, suggesting that polyvalent representation of consensus sequences for the four clades would allow broad HIV-1 strain representation. These four conserved regions were rich in both known and predicted CTL epitopes presented by a breadth of HLA types, and screening of 54 persons with chronic HIV-1 infection revealed that these regions are commonly immunogenic in the context of natural infection. These data suggest that vaccine delivery of a 16-valent mixture of these regions could focus the CTL response against conserved epitopes that are broadly representative of circulating HIV-1 strains.
Connection between garrido-pascual and lorentz transformations

It is shown that the Garrido-Pascual transformation and the Lorentz transformation from the laboratory to the rest system of the Kemmer equation are closely connected. The connection is established by restricting the discussion to the physical states. The extreme-relativistic transformation suggested by Mathews and the Author for the Kemmer equation follows as a special case of this correspondence.
Fiber bundle length and cognition: a length-based tractography MRI study

Executive function (EF) and cognitive processing speed (CPS) are two cognitive performance domains that decline with advanced age. Reduced EF and CPS are known to correlate with age-related frontal-lobe volume loss. However, it remains unclear whether white matter microstructure in these regions is associated with age-related decline in EF and/or CPS. We utilized quantitative tractography metrics derived from diffusion-tensor MRI to investigate the relationship between the mean fiber bundle lengths (FBLs) projecting to different lobes, and EF/CPS performance in 73 healthy aging adults. We measured aspects of EF and CPS with the Trail Making Test (TMT), Color-Word Interference Test, Letter-Number Sequencing (L-N Seq), and Symbol Coding. Results revealed that parietal and occipital FBLs explained a significant portion of variance in EF. Frontal, temporal, and occipital FBLs explained a significant portion of variance in CPS. Shorter occipital FBLs were associated with poorer performance on the EF tests TMT-B and CWIT 3. Shorter frontal, parietal, and occipital FBLs were associated with poorer performance on L-N Seq and Symbol Coding. Shorter frontal and temporal FBLs were associated with lower performance on CPS tests TMT-A and CWIT 1. Shorter FBLs were also associated with increased age. Results suggest an age-related FBL shortening in specific brain regions related to poorer EF and CPS performance among older adults. Overall, results support both the frontal aging hypothesis and processing speed theory, suggesting that each mechanism is contributing to age-related cognitive decline.
Stick-slip transition in capillary flow of linear polyethylene: 3. Surface conditions

Effects of surface topology and energy on the stick-slip transition were studied in capillary flow of highly entangled polyethylene (PE) melts. Surface roughness was shown to increase the critical stress of the stick-slip transition because of the increased resistance to interfacial disentanglement. Lowering the surface energy of a smooth die wall by treatment with a fluorocarbon completely eliminates the stick-slip transition and produces massive interfacial slip at PE/wall boundary down to a stress level of 0.05 MPa. On the other hand, considerable roughness on the same low energy surface can produce a stick hydrodynamic boundary condition and restore the stick-slip transition despite the weak PE/wall interfacial interactions. Additionally, a slip-slip transition was found in the die with a nearly non-adsorbing wall that appears to involve a secondary chain-debonding process.
FINANCING PRIVATE WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: ANALYSIS OF A STATE LOAN PROGRAM

. A State loan program was analyzed for its effects on groundwater development in Wyoming. The analysis focused on the effects of low-interest State financing on the economic feasibility of investments in center-pivot sprinkler irrigation systems. The feasibility analysis indicated that investments in sprinkler systems for production of cash crops are highly profitable, and would frequently be carried out whether or not the State loan program were available. Investments in sprinklers for production of forage crops are perhaps frequently made attractive by the loan program. Thus, while the program appears to have accelerated the pace of private water resource development in Wyoming, it has also subsidized some investments that would have been carried out regardless of the program's existence. Further analysis indicated that sprinkler investments carried out with State financing contribute substantially to firm growth when cast crops are grown, but have less marked, and sometimes negative, effects on growth when forage crops are produced. Some positive effects of the loan program on southeast Wyoming's regional economy were noted, though a complete empirical analysis of regional impacts was beyond the scope of the study.
Is This “My” Patient? Development and Validation of a Predictive Model to Link Patients to Primary Care Providers

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the quality of care provided by individual primary care physicians (PCPs) may be limited by failing to know which patients the PCP feels personally responsible for.
Developing competency in parallelism: techniques for education and training

With the increasing penetration of parallelism into computing, programmers of all stripes need to acquire competencies in con-current programming. This workshop will concentrate on discussing and disseminating resources for gently introducing parallelism into programmers' skill sets. It will provide a venue for the developers and vendors of programming languages to showcase their facilities and training materials. It will seek short "killer" parallel application examples that can be used in academic or training environments. Another focus will be on short modules that can be used in short courses for practicing programmers, or dropped into academic courses dealing with some aspect of programming. Finally, it will provide a forum for showcasing tools for visualizing and/or teaching parallelism in programming.
A Numerical Study of the Interaction between the Large-Scale Monsoon Circulation and Orographic Precipitation over South and Southeast Asia

AbstractA regional climate model is used to simulate the summer monsoon onset in South and Southeast Asia during the year 2000 to explore the interaction between orographic precipitation and the large-scale monsoon circulation. In the control run, the model uses the U. S. Geological Survey topography data and simulates the observed monsoon onset reasonably well. In the sensitivity tests, mountains are removed within different regions south of the Tibetan Plateau. It is found that the Indochina Peninsula monsoon onset is closely related to the local wind–terrain–precipitation interaction, while the Indian monsoon onset is more controlled by the large-scale land–sea thermal contrast.The sensitivity tests suggest two opposite effects of high terrain on the monsoon circulation and precipitation. When the terrain height is below the lifted condensation level (LCL), the low-level westerlies and the orographic precipitation weaken with increasing terrain height due to the surface drag effect. When the terrain he...
Identification of Ets- and notch-related subunits in GA binding protein

Recombinant cDNA clones that encode two distinct subunits of the transcription factor GA binding protein (GABP) have been isolated. The predicted amino acid sequence of one subunit, GABP alpha, exhibits similarity to the sequence of the product of the ets-1 protooncogene in a region known to encompass the Ets DNA binding domain. The sequence of the second subunit, GABP beta, contains four 33-amino acid repeats located close to the NH2-terminus of the subunit. The sequences of these repeats are similar to repeats in several transmembrane proteins, including Notch from Drosophila melanogaster and Glp-1 and Lin-12 from Caenorhabditis elegans. Avid, sequence-specific binding to DNA required the presence of both polypeptides, revealing a conceptual convergence of nuclear transforming proteins and membrane-anchored proteins implicated in developmentally regulated signal transduction processes.
FATIGUE DAMAGE IN 1045 STEEL UNDER CONSTANT AMPLITUDE BIAXIAL LOADING

The progressive nature of fatigue damage under multiaxial stress states has been investigated. Experiments were performed on thin-wall tubular specimens of 1045 steel in tension, torsion and combined tension-torsion loading. Two equivalent strain amplitudes, one in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) region and one in low cycle fatigue (LCF) region were employed in this study. Four recently proposed damage theories were evaluated. Crack depth was used as a damage parameter in comparing damage curves under different loading modes. Different types of crack systems were observed in the HCF and LCF regions. The damage curve obtained in tension loading can be used to evaluate the damage behavior under combined tension—torsion loading. The results of torsion loading show that torsional damage behavior is different from the above two loading modes.
Waveform-Based Selection of Acoustic Emission Events Generated by Damage in Composite Materials

Abstract Acoustic emission (AE) has been shown to be a promising health monitoring technique for composite materials as it allows real-time location and identification of damage. When attempting to relate the recorded acoustic emission to a material׳s mechanical behavior, the relevance of results relies on an accurate selection of AE originating from material damage. Indeed, during mechanical tests most of the recorded AE is generated outside of the volume of interest and without proper filtering these AE signals can significantly affect the analysis. To date, there exists no common procedure for the selection of AE signals and therefore results can hardly be compared or transposed to different composite systems. In the present paper, a new waveform-based procedure is proposed for the selection of AE events generated by damage. The procedure includes accurate localization and selection assessment based on signal energy.