cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separating the Air Quality Impact of a Major Highway and Nearby Sources by Nonparametric Trajectory Analysis

Nonparametric Trajectory Analysis (NTA), a receptor-oriented model, was used to assess the impact of local sources of air pollution at monitoring sites located adjacent to highway I-15 in Las Vegas, NV. Measurements of black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide concentrations were collected from December 2008 to December 2009. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of the highway at three downwind monitoring stations using an upwind station to measure background concentrations. NTA was used to precisely determine the contribution of the highway to the average concentrations measured at the monitoring stations accounting for the spatially heterogeneous contributions of other local urban sources. NTA uses short time average concentrations, 5 min in this case, and constructed local back-trajectories from similarly short time average wind speed and direction to locate and quantify contributions from local source regions. Averaged over an entire year, the decrease of conce...
Automatic boundary extraction from magnetic field data using triangular meshes

Boundary extraction is a collective term that we use for the process of extracting the locations of faults, lineaments, and lateral boundaries between geologic units using geophysical observations, such as measurements of the magnetic field. The process typically begins with a preprocessing stage, where the data are transformed to enhance the visual clarity of pertinent features and hence improve the interpretability of the data. The majority of the existing methods are based on raster grid enhancement techniques, and the boundaries are extracted as a series of points or line segments. In contrast, we set out a methodology for boundary extraction from magnetic data, in which we represent the transformed data as a surface in 3D using a mesh of triangular facets. After initializing the mesh, we modify the node locations, such that the mesh smoothly represents the transformed data and that facet edges are aligned with features in the data that approximate the horizontal locations of subsurface boundaries. To illustrate our boundary extraction algorithm, we first apply it to a synthetic data set. We then apply it to identify boundaries in a magnetic data set from the McFaulds Lake area in Ontario, Canada. The extracted boundaries are in agreement with known boundaries and several of the regions that are completely enclosed by extracted boundaries coincide with regions of known mineralization.
An Analysis of the Internet and Buddhism Resources on the Internet in China

The Internet is an impetus to the adaptation of Buddhism to the development of the modern society. With the development of its technique in China, Buddhist websites are growing steadily in number, scale, and effect along with the development of versions in different languages and pages. But people still suffer from problems. This paper is just a result of practices of comprehensive exploitation of Buddhism resources on the Internet in an attempt to make it main means to inherit the culture of Chinese nation and also adaptable to the highly advanced socialist material and spiritual civilizations in China.
Analysis on the smoking situations and tobacco costs among floating population in Jiangxi Province

Objective To learn about the smoking situations and tobacco costs among floating population in Jiangxi Province,and provide reference for tobacco prevention and control measures.Methods Six sectors in five counties( districts) of Jiangxi Province were selected using stratified multi-stage cluster sampling,and 1 486 migrant workers aged above 18 years old were surveyed by face to face interview.Results There were 487 smokers among the 1 486 floating population,and the current smoking rate was 32.8%.The smoking rate in 35-44 year reached their peak values( 60.6%).The rate of trying to quit smoking among the smokers was 30.2%.Compared with smokers who aged 35 years or older,smokers under 35 years old had higher rate of smoking quitting attempt( 36.8% vs.24.6%).36.3% of smokers who see the health warnings on cigarette packages would consider quitting smoking,45.5% of smokers who see the doctor had got smoking cessation advice from a doctor or health care worker in the past one year.43.9% purchased cigarettes with the price per pack ranged from 10 to 20 RMB and maximum of fees on cigarette consumption reached 1 800 Yuan per month,median cigarettes cost was 200 Yuan per month.When cigarette prices were doubled,70.0% of the smokers would reduce smoking,as cigarette prices rising four times,70.0% of the smokers would give up smoking.Conclusions The smoking rate is quite high among floating workers in Jiangxi Province,and the economy burden of tobacco consumption is serious.Therefore,comprehensive measures,including propaganda,health education and health promotion should be implemented.
Glomerular basement membrane collagen synthesis rates in normal and diabetic rats

Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) protein and collagen synthesis rates were studied in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats, using L-(2,3,3H)-proline as a radioactive precursor. The incorporation of tritiated proline into GMB proline was regarded as a measure of total protein synthesis and the incorporation into hydroxyproline as indicative of collagen synthesis. Total GBM protein and collagen synthesis rates were calculated from the simultaneous measurements of specific activities in the precursor (tissue-free) and protein-bound (GBM proline and hydroxyproline) pools. The results suggest that diabetic rats synthesized GBM protein and collagen at the rate of 1.90 and 0.61% per h, respectively, compared to 1.07 and 0.38% per h in normal rats. These data are consistent with our previous findings of increased GBM protein and collagen synthesis in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
A rapid method of preparing food for sodium and potassium analyses.

When precision in food composition data is required, analysis is preferred over calculation from tables. This method can save time in analyzing sodium and potassium.
The impact of vasculitis on patients' social participation and friendships.

OBJECTIVES Our objective is to explore how vasculitis affects patients' friendships and social participation. METHODS Vasculitis patients (n=221) completed an online questionnaire that asked if, and how, relationships with friends have changed since receiving a vasculitis diagnosis. Participants' written responses were imported into Atlas.ti, and two independent researchers used both structured and unstructured coding to identify themes. After reaching 100% consensus on the themes present in each participant's responses, the coders determined how themes were interrelated across participants. RESULTS Over half of patients (52%) expressed that vasculitis negatively impacted their friendships and 25% noted a negative impact on their social participation. At times, this negative impact was related to structural changes in patients' social networks due to loss of friendships. Reduced social participation was also associated with friends' inability to understand vasculitis and its effects, vasculitis-related fatigue, and lifestyle changes such as not being able to drink alcohol and avoiding infection-prone events. Additionally, patients withdrew from social engagements due to fatigue or because of physical symptoms and side effects. CONCLUSIONS The unique circumstances associated with a rare chronic illness like vasculitis can create significant barriers to friendships, including loss of these relationships. Interventions designed to help patients cope with the social impact of vasculitis are implicated, especially if they increase patients' ability to engage in dialogue about their illness with their friends.
All-trans retinoic acid reverses phorbol ester resistance in a human myeloid leukemia cell line

Treatment of human HL-60 leukemic cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate (TPA) is associated with activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and induction of monocytic differentiation. An HL-60 variant cell line, termed HL-525, derived from long-term exposure to TPA (Homma et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7316, 1986) is resistant to TPA-induced differentiation and displays decreased PKC beta expression compared with the HL-60 parent line. However, this variant exhibits features of granulocytic differentiation, including nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, when exposed to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Whereas treatment of HL-525 cells with ATRA or TPA alone had no effect on features of monocytic differentiation, these agents in combination resulted in cellular adhesion, nonspecific esterase staining, and induction of the c-fms (monocyte growth factor receptor) gene. In order to measure PKC expression associated with the reversal of TPA resistance by ATRA, we exposed HL-525 cells to ATRA and analyzed PKC- mRNA and protein levels. Exposure of HL-525 cells to ATRA for 3 days resulted in induction of PKC beta transcripts, whereas there was little change in PKC alpha mRNA levels. ATRA treatment was also associated with an increase in PKC activity and an induction of cytosolic PKC beta protein levels. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ATRA reverses TPA resistance in HL-525 cells by enhancing the expression of PKC.
PROB: A tool for Tracking Provenance and Reproducibility of Big Data Experiments

Reproducibility of computations and data provenance are very important goals to achieve in order to improve the quality of one's research. Unfortunately, despite some efforts made in the past, it is still very hard to reproduce computational experiments with high degree of certainty. The Big Data phenomenon in recent years makes this goal even harder to achieve. In this work, we propose a tool that aids researchers to improve reproducibility of their experiments through automated keeping of provenance records.
Integration of periodic structure and highly narrowband MEMS sensor to enhance crack detection ability in steel structures

Acoustic emission method is a nondestructive evaluation method based on the propagation of elastic waves due to the sudden change in strain field caused by newly formed fracture surfaces. While the method has been successfully applied to many structures, the influence of friction emissions limits the diverse use of the method in large-scale structures. This research integrates the metamaterial geometry to block low frequency friction signals while allowing high frequency signals due to the crack growth. The phononic structure is composed of periodic arrangement of holes in a steel plate that prohibits propagation of elastic waves near the band gap of 60 kHz. The dispersion curve of the periodic structure is calculated using finite element modeling of a unit cell in COMSOL Multiphysics. As the band gap of the periodic structure is highly narrowband, the acoustic sensing is achieved by highly narrowband capacitive type Micro-Electro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors tuned to the desired stop band frequency. The integration of periodic plate design and MEMS sensors provides wave-field focusing to reduce wave attenuation, and prevent interference of secondary waves sources, such as friction, with the primary waveforms. The waveguiding feature of the designed structure is experimentally investigated and discussed in this paper.
Measurements of trap dynamics of cold OH molecules using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization

Trapping cold, chemically important molecules with electromagnetic fields is a useful technique to study small molecules and their interactions. Traps provide long interaction times, which are needed to precisely examine these low-density molecular samples. However, the trapping fields lead to nonuniform molecular density distributions in these systems. Therefore, it is important to be able to experimentally characterize the spatial density distribution in the trap. Ionizing molecules at different locations in the trap using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and detecting the resulting ions can be used to probe the density distribution even at the low density present in these experiments because of the extremely high efficiency of detection. Until recently, one of the most chemically important molecules, OH, did not have a convenient REMPI scheme identified. Here, we use a newly developed $1+{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ REMPI scheme to detect trapped cold OH molecules. We use this capability to measure the trap dynamics of the central density of the cloud and the density distribution. These types of measurements can be used to optimize loading of molecules into traps, as well as to help characterize the energy distribution, which is critical knowledge for interpreting molecular collision experiments.
An agent-based model of the observed distribution of wealth in the United States

Pareto cautiously asserted that the wealth and income distributions which bear his name are universal, basing his argument on observations of this distribution in many different types of economies. In this paper, we present an agent based model (and a scalable approximation of it) in a closely related spirit. The central feature of this model is that wealth enables an individual to secure more wealth. Specifically, the important and novel feature of this model is its ability to simultaneously produce both the Pareto distribution observed in empirical data for the top 10% of the population and the exponential distribution observed for the lower 90%. We show that the model produces these distributions of wealth when initialized with an equitable distribution. Then, using historical data, we initialize the model with US wealth shares in 1988 and show that the model tracks wealth share changes from 1988 to 2012. Simulations to 2088 project that the top 0.01% of the population will possess more than 70% of the total wealth in the economy.
Optimal Allocation of PV Generation and Battery Storage for Enhanced Resilience

This paper proposes an optimal sizing and siting scheme for the battery storage and photovoltaic generation aiming at improving power system resilience. The concept of capacity accessibility for both electricity demand and non-black-start (NB-S) generating units is proposed to evaluate the reachability to the power and energy capacity during extreme events. Priority of the NB-S generating units, characterized by their different importance during the black start process, is also taken into account. The unknowable nature of the extreme events is captured and modeled through a multi-objective optimization formulation to balance three main objectives: 1) the investment and operation costs; 2) the capacity accessibility for electricity demand; and 3) the capacity accessibility for NB-S generating units. The proposed approach is validated through numerical experiments, which illustrate how the new planning approach can help enhance the grid resilience.
Gut immunoglobulin alpha anti-glycan binding profiles as a research tool for local disease detection.

A promising approach capitalizing on the specific and highly sensitive characteristics of the body’s own immune system is demonstrated in the context of revealing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC). IgA from a local biofluid called gastrointestinal lavage fluid (GLF) is used to investigate glycan reactivity to show the potential of this approach. IgA antibody responses, just as with IgG, result in amplification of a small signal which aids in detecting changes from a healthy state. IgA from GLF was screened against glycan arrays containing 609 glycan structures to investigate differential binding patterns associated with the disease. Samples included PDAC (n = 14) and non-PDAC (n = 6). Non-PDAC conditions included samples from healthy patients and the potentially confounding conditions of colon cancer and its precancerous lesion, colon adenoma. Results demonstrated characteristic reactivity in the PDAC sample group to a glycan structure. Also, IgA non-reactive motifs arose showing remarkable consistency within and between sample groups. While sample sizes are too small to identify putative biomarkers, these data show the use of IgA from GLF to be a promising avenue of research for local disease biomarker discovery.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LANDLORD-TENANT LAWS

This chapter focuses on landlord-tenant laws, habitability laws, just-cause eviction, rent control, and housing subsidy laws. The rapid changes of landlord–tenant laws that have been witnessed can be subjected to an examination of their probable welfare effects. By building a powerful microeconomic model of the low-cost segment of the urban rental housing market and applying econometric techniques to implement the model, much insight can be gained. A just-cause eviction law applicable to all tenants increases the security of tenancy. The demand function for apartments with just-cause eviction guarantees is higher, that is, further to the right than that without such guarantees, ceteris paribus. Thus, the law, by protecting tenants, provides benefits and enhances their utility. Many low-income tenants cannot afford to pay rapidly rising rents. If such low-income tenants cannot be helped by rent-control laws, income transfers are called for and there exist various possibilities. Government income-transfer programs can be divided into those that provide subsidies to landlords and those that give payments directly to tenants. Tenants can be given welfare payments or earmarked payments, as are provided for in Sections 501 and 504 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970. As tenants receive rent subsidy, their housing demand function shifts to the right. Depending on the demand and supply elasticities and the nature of the demand function shift, that is, whether it is parallel or not, a part, none, or the entire subsidy will be shifted to landlords in the form of rent changes.
Teacher Dispositions and Their Impact on Implementation Practices for the Gifted.

Teacher dispositions have become an important consideration in the preparation and evaluation of teachers. Often considered in combination with demonstrated knowledge and skills, educator preparati...
Radioactively driven colloids: A special case of anomalous diffusion

A novel concept of self-propelled, radioactively driven colloids is introduced. The focus of this paper is on assessing the impact of alpha emissions on colloidal kinematics. Using Langevin dynamics and a random walk model, a theory has been developed to describe this motion. This theory shows a special case of anomalous diffusion. Numerical simulations have substantiated the theory. It is shown that alpha-particle emission can significantly affect the motion of colloidal particles, although a very short-lived radioisotope is required.
Retail Hydrogen Station Reliability Status and Advances

Abstract One of the most important emerging commercial markets for hydrogen is fuel cell-powered mobility including cars, trucks, and buses. These vehicles are refueled via a network of hydrogen fueling stations, with the highest number of U.S. stations being in California. The numbers of both fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and hydrogen stations have increased in the last two years, with anecdotal information from FCEV drivers indicating that station reliability is hurting the consumer acceptability of FCEV technologies. Therefore, this study benchmarks the current state of hydrogen station reliability in practice and presents on-going research that is investigating the failures that are contribute to hydrogen station reliability issues. This is accomplished with an analysis of operation, safety, and maintenance data from hydrogen stations and fuel cell electric vehicles to benchmark the maintenance and failure of hydrogen stations and their components. This analysis, of over 5,000 station maintenance events, presents the leading maintenance categories and failure rates, and is a prerequisite to the development of data-driven reliability improvement plans. We present a reliability growth analysis and on-going research into the root causes of failure for dispensers, a particularly failure-prone subsystem.
Perrhenate and Pertechnetate Behavior on Iron and Sulfur-Bearing Compounds

Investigations on the behavior of the radioactive element technetium frequently use a stable isotope of rhenium as an analogue. This is justified by citing the elements’ similar radii, major oxidation states of +7 and +4, and eH-pH diagrams. However, recent studies (e.g.,[1] have shown this analogy to be imperfect. Therefore, one goal of our study is to compare the behavior of these elements with emphasis on the adsorption of perrhenate and pertechnetate (the major forms of Re and Tc in natural waters) on mineral surfaces. Quantum mechanical calculations were performed on the adsorption of these two anions on relaxed clusters of the well-characterized sulfide galena (PbS) and some other Fe and S-bearing materials. With these calculations, we gain insight into differences between the anions’ adsorption behavior, including geometry, adsorption energies, and electronic structure. Differences between interactions on terraces and step edges, the effects of co-adsorbates such as Na+ and Cl-, and chloride complexation are also explored. The influence of water was calculated using homogeneous dielectric fluids. As a complement to the calculations, batch sorption tests are in progress involving ReO4-/TcO4- solution in contact with Fe metal, 10% Fe-doped hydroxyapatite, goethite, hematite, magnetite, pyrite, galena, and sphalerite.
Effects of Fractal Electrode Geometry in Charge Injection Capacity of TiN Microelectrodes

Microelectrodes are basic tools for investigating small-scale brain dynamics. Noble metals such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and iridium oxide (IrO x ) have been used as an electrode material because of their biocompatibility and good charge transfer capability. Their main charge transfer mechanism is the Faradaic process with redox reactions. Unfortunately, the decrease in electrode size accelerates the irreversible electrochemical dissolution during electrical stimulation due to increased current density. The dissolution can be prevented by alternating the electrode material to capacitive charge injection materials such as titanium nitride (TiN). However, electrical conductivity of TiN is relatively lower than the noble metals, which results in a lower charge injection capability. Therefore, there is a need to increase the charge injection limit of TiN electrodes for a high-performing neurostimulation. Our previous work suggested that the Vicseck fractal design can increase the charge injection limit of the microelectrodes. In this work, the effects of the fractal design in capacitive charge injection material were experimentally investigated by using TiN microelectrodes with circular and fractal designs. We measured the cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and voltage transients. In addition, the charge injection limits of theses microelectrodes were estimated to quantify the effects of planar geometry on TiN microelectrodes. Despite our previous results showing superior charge injection capability of fractal Pt microelectrodes, the TiN showed no significant improvements due to the fractal geometry. This may be because the increase in charge injection capability of fractal microelectrodes is due to increased Faradaic charge injection process, which is minimized for TiN materials. Thus, our data suggests that the material as well as the geometry of the microelectrodes play key roles in optimizing stimulation microelectrode performance.Clinical relevance—As with the Faradaic charge injection-dominant materials, the capacitive charge injection materials could also benefit from additional investigation to fully characterize effects of electrode geometry for improved neurostimulation performance
Evaluation of magnetic resonance image segmentation in brain low-grade gliomas using support vector machine and convolutional neural network

Background Image segmentation of brain low-grade glioma (LGG) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contributes tremendously to diagnosis, classification and treatment of the disease. A tangible, accurate, reliable and fast image segmentation technique is demanded in clinical diagnosis and research. Methods The emerging machine learning technique has been demonstrated its unique capability in the field of medical image processing, including medical image segmentation. Support vector machine (SVM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) are two widely used machine learning methods. In this work, image segmentation tools based on SVM and CNN are developed and evaluated for brain LGG MR image segmentation studies. The segmentation performance in terms of accuracy and cost is quantitatively analyzed and compared between the SVM and CNN techniques developed. Results Computed on the Google CoLab, each of the 109 SVM models represents an individual patient, is trained using a single image of that patient and takes a few seconds to complete. The CNN model is trained on a drastically larger dataset of 19,760 data augmented images and takes approximately 2 hours to obtain the most optimal result. The SVM models achieved an average and median accuracy of 0.937 and 0.976 respectively, precision of 0.456 and 0.535 respectively, recall of 0.878 and 0.906 respectively, and F1 score of 0.546 and 0.662 respectively. Although the CNN model required a significantly longer calculation time, it surpassed the SVM models in performance in LGG MR image segmentation, achieving an accuracy of 0.998, a precision of 0.999, a recall of 0.999 and an F1 score of 0.999. Conclusions This study shows that SVM with appropriate filtering techniques is capable of obtaining reliable and fast segmentation of brain LGG MR images with sufficient accuracy and limited image data. CNN technique outperforms SVM in the accuracy of segmentation with requirements of significantly enlarged data set, long computation time and high-performance computer.
Lenalidomide-Induced Myocarditis, Rare But Possibly Fatal Toxicity of a Commonly Used Immunotherapy

Abstract A 66-year-old woman with follicular lymphoma on lenalidomide and rituximab presented with chest pain. High-sensitivity troponin T peaked at 7,566 ng/l. Cardiac biopsy revealed extensive in...
VFFVA: dynamic load balancing enables large-scale flux variability analysis.

Genome-scale metabolic models are increasingly employed to predict the phenotype of various biological systems pertaining to healthcare and bioengineering. To characterize the full metabolic spectrum of such systems, Fast Flux Variability Analysis (FFVA) is commonly used in parallel with static load balancing. This approach assigns to each core an equal number of biochemical reactions without consideration of their solution complexity. Here, we present Very Fast Flux Variability Analysis (VFFVA) as a parallel implementation that dynamically balances the computation load between the cores in runtime which guarantees equal convergence time between them. VFFVA allowed to gain a threefold speedup factor with coupled models and up to 100 with ill-conditioned models along with a 14-fold decrease in memory usage. VFFVA exploits the parallel capabilities of modern machines to enable biological insights through optimizing systems biology modeling. VFFVA is available in C, MATLAB, and Python at https://github.com/marouenbg/VFFVA .
Cascaded Context Dependency: An Extremely Lightweight Module For Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

In this paper, we present a cascaded context dependency module, which is a highly lightweight module that can improve the performance of deep convolutional neural networks for various visual tasks. Inspired by the feature pyramid work in object detection and the context dependency work in image recognition, we consider to cascade the contexts of multiscale feature maps to aggregate the locality and globality in a local region. We further extract the dependency between original input and cascaded contexts for feature recalibration. Without employing learnable layers, our method introduces almost no additional parameters and computations. Furthermore, Our module can be seamlessly plugged into many existing CNN architectures to improve the performance. Experiments on ImageNet and MS COCO benchmarks indicate that our method can achieve results on par with or better than related work. Qualitatively, we achieve an absolute 1.42% (77.3137% vs. 75.8974%) top-1 classification accuracy improvement based on ResNet50 on ImageNet 2012 validation set with negligible computational overhead. Besides, our method yields significant gains on the MS COCO benchmark for the object detection task. All codes and models are made publicly available 1.1We submit all the codes, pre-trained models, and training log files to https://github.com/13952522076/ParameterFree.
Barriers and opportunities for paratransit users to adopt on-demand micro transit

Abstract Paratransit services represent a primary reliable transportation service for older adults and/or persons with disabilities in the U.S., but transformative services like micro-transit, in the form of ride-hailing and other shared services, may offer new mobility options. However, scant research exists on paratransit system riders' barriers and opportunities to adopt on-demand micro-transit service as an alternative mobility option. This study focused on the identification of potential barriers and system benefits for switched users from paratransit to on-demand micro transit. Face to face and telephone interview surveys were conducted with 128 paratransit users in the city of Arlington, Texas to identify potential barriers towards accepting on-demand micro-transit. Secondary data analysis was performed on the city's real-time paratransit database. The survey results showed that 15% of the respondents reported lack of spatial coverage, 13% indicated lack of walking access, and 18% specified difficulty in use as potential barriers in the path of adopting on-demand micro-transit. Although the overall adoption of Via by current paratransit users remains low, the secondary data analysis indicated that riders who are not disabled, without an assistive device, and older (age>54) who have frequent healthcare and discretionary trips are willing to adopt on-demand micro-transit (Via) service. This paper will provide transit authorities a better understanding of the needs of on-demand micro-transit users and the potential benefits of providing micro-transit service.
Where Have All the Data Gone? A Critical Reflection on Academic Digital Research in the Post-API Age:

In the wake of the 2018 Facebook–Cambridge Analytica scandal, social media companies began restricting academic researchers’ access to the easiest, most reliable means of systematic data collection...
Constitutional Norms in Originalist Adjudication

Our legal system thrives on norms. Informal norms about the proper way to wield constitutionally conferred discretion are often the sole source of guidance for government actors in areas where the courts lack control. But norms also show up in areas that involve judicial interpretation. When a norm is brought to the attention of a court, the temptation of originalist and textualist jurists will be obvious: ignore it, and just focus on the text. This paper offers a dissenting view. Norms are valuable arguments in originalist adjudication, and nothing in the standard account of originalist jurisprudence requires courts to ignore them. Instead, a renewed focus on norms will sharpen originalist sensitivity to key ideas of adjudication, such as workability analysis in the stare decisis context and the role of prudential choices in constitutional construction. Norms may even offer a way past the logjam in public meaning originalism, freeing up jurists to focus on case-by-case normative choices rather than subscribing to a single controlling norm when deciding between permissible interpretations. Originalism helps us think about what role norms play in constitutional decision-making, and norms help us understand the forms and limits of originalist jurisprudence. Rather than ignore them, originalists should embrace them.
The Profitability of Animal Husbandry Activities on Farms in Dry Farming Areas and the Interaction between Crop Production and Animal Husbandry: The Case of Ankara Province in Turkey

This paper examines the linkages between livestock and crop farming activities and provides a comparative analysis of the profitability of different livestock activities in the highlands of Ankara. The data was collected from 52 sample farms in the Nallihan, Aya¸s, Gudul and Beypazari districts of Ankara by way of a questionnaire, where the farms have, on average, 20.7 ha of land and are thus regarded as small family farms. Insufficient irrigated land and working capital, weak market relations and the pressure of high population brings about a requirement to strengthen crop-livestock interaction. Production on the farms is generally carried out in extensive conditions, with goat, sheep and cattle husbandry in addition to crop production. Crop production makes up for 20.8% of the total gross production value on the farms. Of this figure, the entire yields of wheat, barley, pulses, straw and fodder crops are used for own consumption by the households, along with 74% of the wheat and 77% of the barley produced. The research results indicate that the current management systems may be defined as mixed farms in terms of crop–livestock linkages. The average total income of the households surveyed is 9,412.0 USD, of which 63.4% comes from farming activities. Every 1 USD invested in animal husbandry provides an income of 1.12 USD from dairy cattle breeding, 1.13 USD from Angora goat breeding, 1.16 USD from sheep breeding and 1.27 USD from ordinary goat breeding. It has been found that ordinary goat breeding, which provides the greatest relative profitability for the farms, offers many advantages, and that the transition from Angora goat breeding to ordinary goat breeding through the breeding of ordinary male goats into the Angora herd has occurred in recent years. The results of the survey indicate that supporting crop production with animal husbandry is considered a requirement in order to maintain economic and social sustainability in the farms and to support rural development.
Experiential Learning: A Course Design Process for Critical Thinking.

This article describes a course design process to improve the effectiveness of using experiential learning techniques to foster critical thinking skills. The authors examine prior research to identify essential dimensions of experiential learning in relation to higher order thinking. These dimensions provide key insights for the selection of experiential techniques within a course. Using these dimensions, the authors propose a course design process to systematically develop an experiential course format that aligns with instructor-specified content and critical thinking objectives. This process is relevant to educators interested in developing critical thinking skills and may serve to promote more effective student learning .
An analysis of IRAS low resolution spectra of S stars

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) carried a low resolution spectrometer (LRS) with a wavelength response covering the 8 to 22 micrometer region. About 5000 LRS spectra exist of point sources brighter than 10 Jy at 12 and 25 micrometers. Spectra of 67 known S stars were identified by the IRAS catalogue search. We have analyzed the 32 highest quality S star spectra and find that 19 show measurable emission features in the 9 to 13 micrometer region. Most of the emission features were relatively weak, the strongest being about 30% of the strength of the underlying continuum and the weakest about 10%. Four stars, Y Lyn, RS Cnc, W And, and RAFGL-2425, show emission features resembling the silicate features of M stars. One star, UY Cen, shows a nearly pure SiC feature. Most (14) S Star emission features were centered near 10.5 micrometers, intermediate between the silicate emission features of M stars and the silicon carbide (SIC) features of C stars (see the paper by Little-~renin and Wilton at this conference). The identification of the intermediate wavelength feature is at present unknown, but two possible interpretations may be suggested: i) A previously unknown molecular species may occur in circumstellar shells only when stars are progressing from M to S to C by stellar evolution on the asymptotic giant branch, and while the photospheric ratio of C/0 changes respectively from i. We believe that the M to S to C change occurs on a time sca~e of greater than thousands of years, and that the circumstellar shell, with a lifetime of 10 to 100 years, should represent the chemical abundances in the photosphere. It has been suggested at this conference (see following remarks) that the unknown molecular species may be a form of polycyclic hydrocarbon. Our intermediate wavelength feature is similar to that observed by Gehrz, et al. (Ap. J., 281, 303, 1984) in Nova Aql 1982 as it evolved during its dust shell development phase. 2) The intermediate wavelength feature shown by our 14 S stars may be a blend of SiC and silicate emission. We are able to model the intermediate wavelength features of our 14 S stars with mixtures ranging
Ecological and behavioral consequences of digestion in frugivorous animals

The postingestional effect of seed size and mass and nutrient composition on fruit profitability are reviewed. It is emphasized that profitability results from the interaction between fruit characteristics and the physiological and morphological traits of frugivores. The processes by which frugivores regurgitate or defecate seeds and the differential processing of the nutrient rich pulp and ballast in fruit are strongly dependent on the interaction between frugivore gut morphology and seed size. Euphonias that lack a functional gizzard defecate seeds, whereas tanagers that have a delete a functional gizzards regurgitate seeds. Some frugivores separate seeds from pulp and exocarp in the gizzard. It is hypothesized that the gizzard plays an important role in determining the postingestional fate of different pulp components. Although fruit nutrient content is often invoked as a determinant of frugivore feeding choices, studies that rely on proximal nutrient analysis, have often failed to find clear nutrient composition-preference correlations. It is argued that a partial reason for this failure is that proximal nutrient analysis ignores the complexities of fruit digestion. The ecological and physiological correlates of lipid and sugar assimilation are used to identify the limitations of traditional proximal nutrient analyses in fruit-frugivore studies. We suggest that recognizing the intricacies of the digestive characteristics of frugivores may reveal a much richer patterning in the interaction of frugivores with plants than has been previously hypothesized.
Gender segregation in childhood.

Publisher Summary This chapter argues that gender segregation is a powerful phenomenon of childhood. The extent of its occurrence does depend on situations arranged by adults for children's interactions and therefore cross-cultural and within-culture situational variations make a great deal of difference in the amount of interactive contact male and female children have with one another. The implication of analysis is that, over and above situational variation, there are forces for children to segregate themselves spontaneously in situations, such as school playgrounds where there are large numbers of children and where a child's behavior is open to the observation of other children. The chapter suggests that gender segregation results from a combination of several forces, including the dominance relations between the sexes, age-specific avoidance of romantic or sexually toned relationships, and gender labeling. The last is of paramount importance and may account, in part, for both the dominance relationships and sexual avoidance.
Criteria of a pharmacologic withdrawal syndrome.

To the Editor.— Hughes and Hatsukami 1 add significant findings to our knowledge of the syndrome that ensues when smokers stop smoking. As they suggest, this is very likely a nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Their analysis of alternative hypotheses, however, ignores an important possibility. If it is assumed that a person using a psychotropic drug for a long time was normal without that drug, then a behavioral disorder when the drug is stopped may well be a classic pharmacologic withdrawal syndrome. In reality, however, the assumption cannot be tested because addicts do not come to our attention before their addiction. An alternative hypothesis is that the long-term drug user is self-medicating a behavioral disorder that antedates the drug exposure. In that case, stopping the drug will expose a previously masked set of symptoms. Here we would not be dealing with a classic withdrawal syndrome at all. Either mechanism would produce all
On the Space of Homeomorphisms of a Compact n-manifold

In the study of the space of homeomorphisms H(M) (with identity on the boundary) of a compact n-manifold M (modulo its boundary), the major unsolved problem is whether H(M) an absolute neighborhood retract. If the answer is affirmative, then it must be homeomorphic to a Hilbert manifold when combined with known results in infinite-dimensional topology. It turns out that there is a simple reduction of the problem to the case M being an n-ball B. That is, if H(B) is an absolute retract, then H(M) is an absolute neighborhood retract. We intend to concentrate on the study of H(B) and prove that there is dense subset of the space of homeomorphism of the Hilbert cube Q such that each of its member is a finite composition of homeomorphisms that are either Lie in H(B) or act in the direction complementary to B.
White-light stereoprojection through Fourier spectrum polarization

Theory and experiments of a new stereoprojection technique that uses a white-light optical image-processing system are described. The stereoprojection can be accomplished in two steps: (1) spatial encoding of stereoscopically coupled images and (2) spatial polarization filtering at the Fourier plane in a white-light optical image processor. Compared with existing stereoprojection methods, the present technique requires only one projector and a single piece of encoded film; therefore it is much simpler and more economical to use for practival applications.
Binaural interaction in auditory brainstem responses: theoretical and methodological considerations.

Binaural interaction (BI) in auditory brainstem responses (ABR’s) has been demonstrated recently in cats [Huang and Buchwald, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 44, 179–186 (1978)], guinea pigs [Dobie and Berlin, Arch. Otolaryngol. 105, 391–398 (1979)], and humans [Dobie and Norton, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 49, 303–313 (1980)]. Decker and Howe [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1084–1090 (1981)] have suggested certain modifications of the usual experimental paradigm and a new interpretation for BI in ABR. The intent of this letter is to discuss both their methods, which I believe are inappropriate, and their theory which, while it is not supported by their data, should be further investigated.
External radiation therapy without chemotherapy in the management of anal cancer

Background. Most therapeutic regimens currently in use for sphincter preservation in anal cancer utilize combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy. To provide a basis for comparison with combined therapy results, an analysis was made of patients treated with external radiation therapy without chemotherapy. Methods. Eighteen patients with squamous cell, basaloid, or cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal were treated with external radiation therapy between January 1,1980, and December 31, 1989, with the goal of sphincter preservation and cure. Before radiation therapy, five patients had incisional biopsies, two underwent piecemeal removal of the tumor, three had excisional biopsies with positive margins, five had excisional biopsies with negative margins, and three had excisional biopsies with unknown margins. All patients received 45 to 50 Gy in 25 to 28 fractions to the pelvis and perineum, and 16 of the 18 received an additional boost to the primary site to bring the total dose to 55 to 67 Gy in 30 to 38 fractions. Results. With follow-up of 2.5 10 11.2 years in surviving patients, 5-year projected survival and freedom from local recurrence were 94% and 100%, respectively. Two patients required a temporary colostomy because of treatment complications. No patient required a permanent colostomy or had permanent loss of anal sphincter function as a result of local recurrence or complications. Conclusions. These results, combined with others, suggest that external radiation therapy without chemotherapy is an acceptable alternative to combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the management of anal cancer.
Adult-onset autoimmune enteropathy in the setting of thymoma successfully treated with infliximab.

Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) is characterized by chronic intractable diarrhea, weight loss from malabsorption, and immune-mediated damage to the intestinal mucosa. The syndrome initially was described in 1982 in a male child (1, 2). Walker-Smith formulated a set of diagnostic criteria for the disorder that remain in use: (a) small intestinal villous atrophy, (b) unresponsiveness to dietary restriction, and (c) circulating enterocyte antibodies and/or associated autoimmune conditions (3). AIE also occurs in the setting of immunoglobulin deficiencies, a known risk factor for the development of autoimmune disorders (4, 5). The first published cases of adult-onset AIE appeared in 1997 when Corazza et al. described two subjects aged 38 and 47 years with severe diarrhea and malabsorption, small bowel villous atrophy, no response to gluten-free diet, and circulating antienterocyte antibodies (6, 7). Only occasional case reports of adults with this disorder have appeared since, and similarly to pediatric cases, adultonset AIE has been associated with autoimmunity and immunoglobulin deficiency. AIE likely is but one manifestation of a more diffuse autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal system with heterogeneous manifestations including gastritis, colitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis, as well as a variety of autoantibodies, such as anti–parietal cell antibodies and anti–goblet cell antibodies (4, 8, 9). Leon et al. recently coined the term generalized autoimmune gut disorder (GAGD) for those whose autoimmune gastrointestinal damage extends beyond the small intestine,
A Quantitative Tunneling/Desorption Model for the Exchange Current at the Porous Electrode/Beta - Alumina/Alkali Metal Gas Three Phase Zone at 700-1300K

The exchange current observed at porous metal electrodes on sodium or potassium beta -alumina solid electrolytes in alkali metal vapor is quantitatively modeled with a multi-step process with good agreement with experimental results.
T-odd correlations from CP violating anomalous top-quark couplings revisited

We revisit the effect of $CP$ violating anomalous top-quark couplings in $t\overline{t}$ production and decay. We consider $t\overline{t}$ production through gluon fusion (and light $q\overline{q}$ annihilation) followed by top-quark decay into $bW$ or $b\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\nu}$. We find explicit analytic expressions for all the triple products generated by the anomalous couplings that fully incorporate all spin correlations. Our results serve as a starting point for numerical simulations for the CERN LHC.