cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The correlation between three methods of skin perfusion pressure measurement: Radionuclide washout, laser Doppler flow, and photoplethysmography

The most accurate measurement of skin perfusion pressure is made with use of radioisotopic clearance techniques. We compared the skin perfusion pressure using radioisotope to the skin perfusion pressure measured simultaneously by placing laser Doppler and photoplethysmography probes within a transparent polyvinylchloride plastic blood pressure cuff in 13 subjects. A new device, which was created for this experiment, consisted of a plastic bladder into which light-emitting probes can be placed, so that the pressure applied to the skin was transmitted by the surface of the bladder, rather than by the surface of a rigid probe. The cuff was inflated to a supra-systolic pressure over the intradermal injection site of technetium Tc 99m, then deflated in 10 mm Hg decrements at 3-minute intervals. The pressures at which radioisotope clearance began, at which microcirculatory flow was detected by laser Doppler, and at which deflection of the photoplethysmography (DC mode) output occurred, were recorded as the skin perfusion pressure. The range of radioisotopic determined skin perfusion pressure was 0 to 100; skin perfusion pressure-laser Doppler was 0 to 100; and skin perfusion pressure-photoplethysmography was 60 to 100, with 7 of 13 limbs demonstrating no clear deflection point and thus an unobtainable skin perfusion pressure-photoplethysmography reading. Linear regression revealed a coefficient of correlation of 0.991 for skin perfusion pressure when the radioisotopic and laser Doppler methods were compared. Our study is not in agreement with previous reports of the successful determination of skin perfusion pressure with use of photoplethysmography. This may be due to differences in our technique when compared with previous reports of skin perfusion pressure-photoplethysmography determination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Catabolism of NAD+ in rabbit reticulocyte lysates.

Abstract NAD+ catabolism in rabbit reticulocyte lysates has been studied using [adenine-14C]-, [carbonyl-14C]- and [pyrophosphate-32P]NAD+. NAD+ is rapidly and quantitatively converted to ATP and ribose 5-phosphate. The ATP is formed via ADPribose. NAD+ glycohyrolase (NADase), ADPribose pyrophosphatase, adenylate and/or phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate kinase are essential in the conversion of NAD+ to ATP. This is based on the following four experiments. First, theobromine and nicotinamide, inhibitors of NADase, prevent the conversion of NAD+ to ATP. Exogenously supplied NADase results in the accumulation of ADPribose in 1–2 min. The ADPribose is then rapidly converted to ATP. Second, incubation of NAD+ with dialyzed lysate results in the accumulation of AMP. Third, in the presence of P1,P5-di(adenosine-5′)-pentaphosphate, an inhibitor of adenylate kinase, the decrease in ATP formation parallels the increase in AMP. Fourth, [pyrophosphate-32P]NAD+ is converted to [32P]ATP and ribose 5-[32P]phosphate. The ribose 5-[32P]phosphate formed from the catabolism of [pyrophosphate-32P]NAD+ is not further utilized in these lysate preparations. The hydrolysis of NAD+ and ADPribose is catalyzed by NAD+ glycohydrolase and ADPribose pyrophosphatase. These two enzymes have been resolved by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and have distinctly different (i) pH profiles (ii) temperature-activity profiles and (iii) activities with NAD+ analogs.
Arginine Vasotocin, Isotocin and Nonapeptide Receptor Gene Expression Link to Social Status and Aggression in Sex-Dependent Patterns

Nonapeptide hormones of the vasopressin/oxytocin family regulate social behaviours. In mammals and birds, variation in behaviour also is linked to expression patterns of the V1a-type receptor and the oxytocin/mesotocin receptor in the brain. Genome duplications, however, expand the diversity of nonapeptide receptors in actinopterygian fishes, and two distinct V1a-type receptors (v1a1 and v1a2) for vasotocin, as well as at least two V2-type receptors (v2a and v2b), have been identified in these taxa. The present study investigates how aggression connected to social status relates to the abundance patterns of gene transcripts encoding four vasotocin receptors, an isotocin receptor (itr), pro-vasotocin (proVT) and pro-isotocin (proIT) in the brain of the pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae. Sexually-mature pupfish were maintained in mixed-sex social groups and assessed for individual variation in aggressive behaviours. Males in these groups behaved more aggressively than females, and larger fish exhibited higher aggression relative to smaller fish of the same sex. Hypothalamic proVT transcript abundance was elevated in dominant males compared to subordinate males, and correlated positively with individual variation in aggression in both social classes. Transcripts encoding vasotocin receptor v1a1 were at higher levels in the telencephalon and hypothalamus of socially subordinate males than dominant males. Dominant males exhibited elevated hypothalamic v1a2 receptor transcript abundance relative to subordinate males and females, and telencephalic v1a2 mRNA abundance in dominant males was also associated positively with individual aggressiveness. Transcripts in the telencephalon encoding itr were elevated in females relative to males, and both telencephalic proIT and hypothalamic itr transcript abundance varied with female social status. Taken together, these data link hypothalamic proVT expression to aggression and implicate forebrain expression of the V1a-type receptor v1a2 as potentially mediating the effects of vasotocin on behaviour in male fish. These findings also illustrate how associations between social status, aggression and gene expression within the VT and IT nonapeptide systems can be contingent on behavioural context.
Unconditional stability and long-term behavior of transient algorithms for the incompressible Navier-Stokes and Euler equations

Abstract This paper examines the long-term behavior, dissipativity and unconditional nonlinear stability properties of time integration algorithms for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, including both direct schemes and fractional step/projection methods. The algorithms are termed nonlinear unconditionally stable if, in the absence of a forcing term but for arbitrary initial conditions, the computed kinetic energy decreases for arbitrary step sizes (i.e., L 2 -stability). Such an a priori stability estimate is a characteristic feature of the Navier-Stokes system. Similarly, the algorithms are said to exhibit asymptotic δ t -independent long-term dissipative behavior if, as the continuum flow generated by the Navier-Stokes equations, the algorithmic flow also exhibits an absorbing set (and a maximal attractor). Both direct and fractional step methods are described which inherit these fundamental properties of the Navier-Stokes system for any time step size. Moreover, a subclass of algorithms which retain these strong notions of nonlinear stability and long-term dissipative behavior is identified which, in addition, has the remarkable property of being linear within the time step. The key implication is that no iterations are required to compute the solution within a time step. A specific member of this class is shown to possess the same absorbing set as the continuum Navier-Stokes system. A second order accurate, unconditionally stable method is also identified which retains the property of linearity within a time step. Numerical analysis and computational aspects involved in the implementation of these methods are addressed in detail and illustrated in representative numerical simulations.
Influence of leptin in the development of hepatic fibrosis produced in mice by Schistosoma mansoni infection and by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration.

Abstract Background/Aims : Leptin, a product of the obese ( ob ) gene is present in activated stellate cells. This study investigated whether leptin is essential for the development of hepatic fibrosis caused by various agents. Methods : Control and ob / ob mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni or were administered chronic carbon tetrachloride to cause hepatic fibrosis. Results : Fibrosis developed in both ob / ob and control mice. However, the amount of histologically detectable fibrosis and the increase in liver hydroxyproline content was significantly greater in both models of fibrosis for treated controls than for treated ob / ob mice. Fibrosis was associated with higher secretion of TGFβ1 from spleen cells of treated control than treated ob / ob mice. Chronic leptin administration in ob / ob mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni resulted in an increase in the amount of fibrosis caused by Schistosoma mansoni , eliminating any significant differences in the amount of fibrosis between infected ob / ob mice and control mice. It also eliminated any significant difference in TGFβ1 secretion between the infected ob / ob and infected control mice. Conclusions : This study shows that leptin deficiency decreases but does not eliminate hepatic fibrosis produced by Schistosoma mansoni and carbon tetrachloride administration. The effect of leptin in potentiating fibrogenesis is most likely mediated by TGFβ1.
Internet Voice, ‘Cyberbypass’, Competitive Efficiency

This paper considers the competitive issues raised by the continuing evolution of public switched telephone network development toward an open data network. Adopting a platform hierarchy set forth by the National Research Council, the paper agrees that some higher level services may indeed reduce traditional telephone company revenues, but argues that it would be counterproductive for regulators to devise bans or adjust prices if they Could Regulators faced with unbundling may ensure any necessary revenue recovery through tariff rebalancing among facilities providers which provide competitive carriage through rebalancing strategies that remain competitively neutral. Suggested strategies include cost-based usage charges for data calls, fixed cost write-offs and increases in subscriber line charges. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Real-Time Frequency Response Estimation Using Joined-Wing SensorCraft Aeroelastic Wind-Tunnel Data

A new method is presented for estimating frequency responses and their uncertainties from wind-tunnel data in real time. The method uses orthogonal phase-optimized multi- sine excitation inputs and a recursive Fourier transform with a least-squares estimator. The method was first demonstrated with an F-16 nonlinear flight simulation and results showed that accurate short period frequency responses were obtained within 10 seconds. The method was then applied to wind-tunnel data from a previous aeroelastic test of the Joined- Wing SensorCraft. Frequency responses describing bending strains from simultaneous control surface excitations were estimated in a time-efficient manner.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering from Single-Domain BaTi O 3

The lattice dynamics of tetragonal BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been investigated by inelastic neutron scattering from a single-domain crystal. Measurements were carried out on two projections, ($\mathrm{hk}0$) and ($h0l$); the study revealed extreme anisotropy in energy and damping of the soft optic mode, depending upon the polarization vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{e}}$. The lowest transverse optic branch with the wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[110]$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{e}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[1\overline{1}0]$ shows well-defined phonons except for small $q$ values (0.05 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), where they become overdamped. The soft-mode energy increases rapidly with $q$ and extrapolates back to 4.5 meV at the zone center, in agreement with the previous Raman measurements. On the other hand, the soft modes with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{e}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[100](\mathrm{with} \stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[010] or [001])$ have unusually low energies and high damping constants for the entire zone. They cross over the acoustic branches, resulting in marked anomalies for the latter. The present study establishes the validity of the soft-mode model for ferroelectricity in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, as was the case for SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The important feature for BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is the greatly enhanced polarization correlation along the [100] direction compared with other perovskites.
Soil pH and anion abundance affects on copper adsorption.

Abstract Copper (Cu) input to agricultural soils results from Cu containing pesticides and/or that in soil amendments, such as manure or sewage sludge. Soil and soil solution properties influence the adsorption and desorption of Cu by the soil, which in turn determines its plant availability and/or phytotoxicities. Effects of different anion enrichment in the equilibrium solution on Cu adsorption by different soils (pH range of 6.2–9.9) were investigated in this study over a range of Cu concentrations. With Cu concentrations in the range of 0–100 mg L−1 in the equilibration solution, 95–99% of applied Cu was adsorbed by all three soils. The adsorption of Cu was similar regardless of using either 0.01 M CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2 as the equilibration solution. When the Cu concentration in the equilibration solution was further increased in the range of 500–2000 mg L−1, the adsorption of Cu decreased from 60 to 24% of applied Cu in two soils with pH 6.2–7.9. In a high pH soil (pH = 9.9), the Cu adsorption decreased ...
Reforming China's SOEs: An Overview

After three decades of reform, state ownership still plays a significant if diminishing role in China’s industrial sector. We survey studies that focus on the impact of reform on China’s SOEs both during the early reform years from 1979 to 1992 and during the years of privatisation and corporatisation since 1993. Most studies find evidence that reforms led to productivity growth in both periods, with both the performance gap and the formal distinction between SOEs and non-SOEs appearing to narrow since the late 1990s.
Two-photon microwave spectroscopy of Ba 6 s n l states

We have observed Ba $6s(n+3)d\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}D_{2}\ensuremath{-}6sng\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}G_{4}$ two-photon microwave transitions for $31\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}44$. We observe $400\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{kHz}$-wide lines in spite of the Earth's magnetic field of $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}$. The lines are so narrow since the transitions are between states with the same ${g}_{j}$ factor, so that all $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{j}=0$ transitions occur at the same frequency. These measurements provide an order-of-magnitude improvement in the $6snd$ quantum defects and confirm the energies predicted by a multichannel quantum defect theory analysis for this perturbed region of the spectrum.
Cavity Heat Transfer on a Transverse Grooved Wall in a Narrow Flow Channel

Etude du transfert de chaleur par convection dans une cavite rectangulaire dans la paroi d'un canal etroit
A Refinement of the Entropy Measure of Firm Diversification: Toward Definitional and Computational Accuracy

The entropy measure of firm diversification is refined to improve its precision. The concept of diversification is defined and the measure is modified to reflect its dimensions—the extent of diversification across segments (distribution) and the number of segments in which a firm operates. The refined measure makes it possible to better understand equivalences among firms with different diversification profiles.
A distribution-free least squares estimator for censored linear regression models

Abstract This paper describes a method for estimating simultaneously the parameter vector of the systematic component and the distribution function of the random component of a censored linear regression model. The estimator is obtained by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed values of the dependent variable and the corresponding expected values of this variable according to the estimated parameter vector and distribution function. The resulting least squares parameter estimator incorporates information on the distribution of the random component of the regression model that is available from the estimation sample. Hence, it may often be more efficient than are parameter estimators that do not use such information. The results of numerical experiments with the least squares estimator tend to support this hypothesis.
Dual control of DNA synthesis by α- and β-adrenergic mechanisms in normoxic and hypoxic neonatal rat brain

Abstract To examine how catecholamines influence cell replication in the developing brain, we examined regional [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA after acute challenge with an α-adrenergic blocking agent (phenoxybenzamine) or a β-blocker (propranolol). Phenoxybenzamine inhibited DNA synthesis in 1-day-old rat pups but the effect was less pronounced at 8 days; regional differences corresponded to transient expression of α-receptors and their subsequent maturational decline. Propranolol given at 1 day of age exerted a regionally selective, promotional effect on DNA synthesis; in contrast, at 8 days, propranolol inhibited DNA synthesis in all brain regions. Propranolol, but not phenoxybenzamine, also exacerbated the reduction in DNA synthesis caused by neonatal hypoxia, and again the effect was limited to the 1-day-old group. These results indicate that catecholamines exert a dual action on DNA synthesis; the effects are dependent upon maturational profiles of specific receptor populations which are either transiently expressed or which couple to cell replication only during a critical period.
Endocrine effects on the biochemical properties of fat body mitochondria from the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract The respiratory rates for fat body mitochondria isolated from adult, male Blaberus discoidalis were determined following long-term cardiacectomy (CC − ), allatectomy (CA − ), and cardiacectomy-allatectomy (CC − + CA − ). All results point to ca . 30 per cent decrease in O 2 uptake following CC − with no effect from CA − . This result was reflected by the activities of the electron transport systems: succinate-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase, which were also reduced 30 per cent following CC − + CA − . Oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory control, and the amount of fat body mitochondrial protein were unaffected by CC − + CA − . Gland extracts had no direct effect on O 2 uptake by fat body mitochondria from CC − + CA − animals. CC − at any time after adult ecdysis resulted in a depressed respiratory rate suggesting the glands exert a continuous effect on the fat body mitochondria. These results indicate the brain-corpora cardiaca neurosecretory complex affects the capacity of fat body mitochondria for respiratory and electron transport activity although respiratory control by ADP and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation remain normal. The lack of direct stimulus by corpora cardiaca extracts on O 2 uptake suggests the neurosecretory factors act indirectly on mitochondrial electron transport activities via other biochemical systems and over a relatively long time period. The response of insect fat body mitochondria to long-term CC − is compared to the response of vertebrate mitochondria to thyroidectomy and suggests the neurosecretory factor may have an analogous physiological action.
Transrectal ultrasound in stage A1 prostate carcinoma.

Abstract Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate was employed on 6 patients found to have Stage A1 carcinoma of the prostate after transurethral resection in order to identify those patients with residual tumor. Two patients were found to have residual tumor by transrectal ultrasound; this was confirmed by ultrasonic guided biopsy of the prostate. Of the remaining patients, an additional 2 on whom the ultrasound did not detect the tumor had tumor less than 1 cm in size, and in 1 patient no residual disease was found in the pathologic specimen. We conclude that ultrasound of the prostate offers another dimension in the staging of patients with Stage Al carcinoma of the prostate.
Conflicting Stakeholder Interests and Natural Gas A Macromarketing Perspective

Creation of a less expensive, domestically sourced, and more environmentally neutral energy grid is becoming a global imperative and natural gas (NG) is seen as a crucial component of this impetus. But expansion of NG production is fraught with significant macromarketing challenges; especially in light of recent discoveries of substantial NG reserves beneath heavily populated metropolitan areas. To understand certain decision-making dilemmas involving the benefits and burdens encountered in this macromarketing context, the effect of individualistic and altruistic values (manifesting as personal and societal costs and benefits) on safety and regulatory concerns associated with NG exploration and production are examined. Results suggest cost-oriented values, both individualistic and altruistic, are positively associated with safety and regulatory concerns; whereas benefit-oriented values have a negative association with concerns. These findings yield insights into how various challenges that arise within an...
Sports betting and other gambling in athletes, fans, and other college students

Gambling on college and professional sports and the influence of attending colleges with differing levels of "sports interest" were examined among athletes, sports fans, and other students (N = 10,559) at 119 colleges in the United States using multilevel statistical analysis. Athletes and fans reported more sports gambling compared to other students, with no differences between athletes and fans. Male students were more likely to gamble than female students, but gender did not moderate the relationship between athletic participation and sports gambling. Students attending schools with a greater "sports interest" were more likely to gamble on college sports after adjusting for individual characteristics. Athletes, sports fans, and students attending schools with high "sports interest" are appropriate targets for prevention efforts.
Streptomycin in pediatrics.

Summary Analysis of the published data shows lack of agreement between in vitrosensitivities and the clinical response to streptomycin of a number of human infections. Employment of an in vitro method which applied certain principles—use of a large inoculum (3 to 1,700 million organisms), an optimal medium (Levinthal broth or agar), and incubation period of 48 hours—yields sensitivities which are in better agreement with the available therapeutic results. Such statements must be accepted as only tentative until adequate clinical experience makes a final appraisal possible. The method offers a basis for comparison of all gram-negative rods studied. The test has provided a reliable index of the therapeutic efficacy of streptomycin in influenzal meningitis in which clinical trial does permit certain conclusions. The narrow range of sensitivity of all strains of H. influenzae studied prior to exposure to streptomycin is in agreement with the prompt recovery of patients who have meningitis of mild or average severity. On the other hand, in the severe cases therapeutic results with streptomycin alone have been disappointing; in two of the five unsuccessful cases the failures were due to emergence of resistance of the strains. It is already clear that the therapeutic efficacy of streptomycin againstmost varieties of susceptible severe infections will be significantly influenced by emergence of resistance of the organisms.
Identification and suppression of the p-coumaroyl CoA:hydroxycinnamyl alcohol transferase in Zea mays L.

Grasses, such as Zea mays L. (maize), contain relatively high levels of p-coumarates (pCA) within their cell walls. Incorporation of pCA into cell walls is believed to be due to a hydroxycinnamyl transferase that couples pCA to monolignols. To understand the role of pCA in maize development, the p-coumaroyl CoA:hydroxycinnamyl alcohol transferase (pCAT) was isolated and purified from maize stems. Purified pCAT was subjected to partial trypsin digestion, and peptides were sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry. TBLASTN analysis of the acquired peptide sequences identified a single full-length maize cDNA clone encoding all the peptide sequences obtained from the purified enzyme. The cDNA clone was obtained and used to generate an RNAi construct for suppressing pCAT expression in maize. Here we describe the effects of suppression of pCAT in maize. Primary screening of transgenic maize seedling leaves using a new rapid analytical platform was used to identify plants with decreased amounts of pCA. Using this screening method, mature leaves from fully developed plants were analyzed, confirming reduced pCA levels throughout plant development. Complete analysis of isolated cell walls from mature transgenic stems and leaves revealed that lignin levels did not change, but pCA levels decreased and the lignin composition was altered. Transgenic plants with the lowest levels of pCA had decreased levels of syringyl units in the lignin. Thus, altering the levels of pCAT expression in maize leads to altered lignin composition, but does not appear to alter the total amount of lignin present in the cell walls.
Pediatric reference ranges for creatine kinase, CKMB, Troponin I, iron, and cortisol.

Abstract Objectives: To determine the pediatric reference ranges for iron, cortisol, CK, CKMB, and troponin I. Methods: Iron and CK were measured on the Vitros analyzer (Johnson and Johnson) while CKMB, troponin I, and cortisol were measured on the Immuno I (Bayer Corp.). Pediatric reference ranges were determined on hospitalized patients using the Hoffmann approach. Results: Pediatric reference ranges were obtained for iron ( am and pm ) and cortisol ( am and pm ). Ranges were also obtained for CKMB, troponin I, and total CK. Conclusion: This work represents an expansion in our knowledge base on pediatric reference ranges. For iron, the 97.5th percentiles were significantly higher in the pm than in the am . The diurnal fluctuation in 97.5th percentiles for cortisol was only 10–20%. Pediatric reference ranges for CKMB were not previously available and are important especially in the first year of life. The elevated Troponin I is found in the first year of life also represents new data.
Inferring document relevance via average precision

We consider the problem of evaluating retrieval systems using a limited number of relevance judgments. Recent work has demonstrated that one can accurately estimate average precision via a judged pool corresponding to a relatively small random sample of documents. In this work, we demonstrate that given values or estimates of average precision, one can accurately infer the relevances of unjudged documents. Combined, we thus show how one can efficiently and accurately infer a large judged pool from a relatively small number of judged documents, thus permitting accurate and efficient retrieval evaluation on a large scale.
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) replacement during growth hormone receptor antagonism normalizes serum IGF-binding protein-3 and markers of bone formation in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys.

Previous work from this laboratory has shown that the constant sc infusion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to normal pituitary monkeys results in a sustained elevation in circulating concentrations of IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), whereas the acute administration of IGF-I to monkeys pretreated with a GH receptor antagonist produces a brief, but significant, elevation in serum IGFBP-3. The present study tested the hypothesis that the constant infusion of IGF-I would normalize serum concentrations of IGFBP-3 in females treated with the GH receptor antagonist. To assess the biological significance of these effects, serum levels of the acid-labile subunit (ALS) and biomarkers for bone formation, osteocalcin, and collagen type I C-terminal propeptide, were also examined. Five female rhesus monkeys were studied over 21 consecutive days involving 7 days of baseline, 7 days of treatment with the GH receptor antagonist (1.0 mg/kg·week, sc), and 7 days of treatment with the GH receptor antagonist supplem...
Evidence of hot carriers at elevated temperatures in InAs/AlAs 0.84 Sb 0.16 quantum wells

InAs/AlAs 0.84 Sb 0.14 quantum wells (QWs) are investigated as a potential system for applications in hot carrier solar cells. Temperature and power dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements show evidence of carrier localization. Evidence of for the presence of hot carriers is provided through the broadening of the high-energy tail in PL with increasing excitation power. Moreover, with increasing temperature, the stability of the hot carriers appears to improve despite the increased contribution of phonons at elevated temperatures. This is attributed to the reduced radiative recombination rate driven by the type-II band offset inherent in this system; which is suggested to result in inhibited hot carrier relaxation through electron pile-up in the conduction band
Elastic properties of Si during amorphization.

The behavior of shear moduli of Si have been studied during amorphization. The amorphization was achieved by irradiation with 1.8-MeV Kr ions and was monitored by means of transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The elastic properties were investigated using Brillouin scattering techniques. Unlike what has been observed in ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Ir and ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{3}$Al, where the elastic constant changes dramatically, even before the sample becomes amorphous, the elastic constants of Si change only when the sample shows signs of becoming amorphous.
STIMULATION OF GROWTH IN SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) BY HUMIC ACIDS UNDER IRON LIMITED CONDITIONS1,2

SUMMARY Stimulatory affects of humic acids of molecular weight 30,000 or greater on iron-starved Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kutz. in association with bacteria were studied by growth and Fe uptake experiments. Humic acids stimulated growth of Fe-starved cells by decreasing the lag phase and extending the growth phase. Humic acids stimulated increased algal growth in medium containing EDTA as well as in medium containing no EDTA, indicating humic acids are not stimulating algal growth under Fe limiting conditions by creating a soluble Fe pool. Humic acids decreased Fe availability to Fe-starved S. obliquus. Iron bound to humic acids is unavailable for uptake by Fe-starved cells indicating growth stimulation is not due to chelation effects alone. Stimulation of growth is not a membrane phenomenon as humic acids show the same stimulatory effect when in contact with cells or separated by dialysis membrane. Humic acids also stimulate growth in the dark, with and without aeration, indicating use as a heterotrophic substrate. A photoheterotrophic mechanism is indicated by increased algal growth caused by illuminating cultures, containing humic acids but excluding CO2.
Middle and high school students’ conceptions of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies

Both scientists and policy-makers emphasize the importance of education for influencing pro-environmental behavior and minimizing the effects of climate change on biological and physical systems. Education has the potential to impact students’ system knowledge – their understanding of the variables that affect the climate system – and action knowledge – their understanding of behaviors that can impact the system. Research on climate change education has largely focused on system and action knowledge that address mitigation while overlooking equally necessary adaptive responses. This study used a pre/post-test format to identify aspects of middle and high school students’ climate system knowledge and action knowledge of both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. Results indicate that adolescents currently conflate climate change mitigation strategies with unrelated environmental problems far less than in previous surveys. However, students demonstrated limited understanding of adaptive responses ...
Primary structure of a large aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

The complete primary structure of Escherichia coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase, a 95,000-dalton polypeptide, was established by sequencing the gene encoding the enzyme and by sequencing oligopeptides in...
On Predicting Closed-Loop Variability

A technique is developed which uses industrial feed composition data to predict distillation column closed-loop product variabilities. Signal processing techniques are used to obtain the frequency components of a feed composition signal. These frequency components are then combined with closed-loop product variability versus frequency information to predict the closed-loop product variabilities of the column. The prediction technique is illustrated using industrial propylene/propane (C 3 ) splitter feed composition data. The results of the prediction technique are compared with results obtained from a detailed dynamic simulation of a C 3 splitter with good correspondence.
Wright and Suárez on the Verification Principle

Lockwood, M. 1989. Mind, Brain and Quantum. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lockwood, M. 1996. 'Many minds' interpretations of quantum mechanics. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47: 159-88. Papineau, D. 1995. Probabilities and the many minds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Analysis 55: 239-46. Papineau, D. 1997. Uncertain decisions and the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. The Monist 80: 97-117. BYEONG-UK YI
Relatedness as a Factor in Language Contact

Contact-induced change among related languages has been considered problematic for language reconstruction. In this article, I consider several aspects of the theory of language change and ways in which contact might interact with language relatedness. I show that models of language change which extrapolate dialect-contact models to languages and subgroups are problematic, and fail to take into account the unevenness of degrees of difference between languages across families. That is, diffusability clines that apply to speech communities and dialects do not appear to be in evidence for languages and subgroups. I further show that many claims about relatedness as a factor in language contact are confounded by other factors that are distinct from language relatedness, such as geographical proximity. Claims about effects of language contact appear to reduce to the type of interaction that speakers participate in, rather than structural facts about their languages. I argue that our current toolkit for reconstruction is adequate to identify contact features. Finally, I provide a typology of cases where contact might be expected to be problematic for subgrouping.
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 targets protein kinase A in a pathway that regulates interleukin 4

CD28 plays a critical role in T cell immune responses. Although the kinase Akt has been shown to act downstream of CD28 in T helper (Th)1 cytokine induction, it does not induce Th2 cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL-4). We recently reported that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) partially corrects the defect in IL-4 production present in CD28-deficient T cells, suggesting that PDK1 regulates IL-4 independently of Akt. We now describe a signaling pathway in which PDK1 targets IL-4 in the murine Th2 cell line D10. PDK1-mediated activation of this pathway is dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) and the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) P1 transcriptional element in the IL-4 promoter. PDK1 localizes to the immune synapse in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner, partially colocalizes with PKA at the synapse, and physically interacts with PKA. In RNA interference knockdown experiments, PDK1 is necessary for phosphorylation of PKA in T cells, as well as for activation of the IL-4 NFAT P1 element by the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28. Phosphorylation of the critical PKA threonine residue is stimulated by engagement of TCR/CD28 via a PDK1-dependent mechanism. These findings together define a pathway linking the kinases PDK1 and PKA in the induction of the Th2 cytokine IL-4.
Capacity Analysis of MIMO System Over Identically Independent Distributed Weibull Fading Channels

The capacity of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system over wireless channels has been investigated analytically and by simulation over different types of wireless fading channels, such as Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels. The capacity of MIMO system over Weibull fading channels has not been considered in the literature before because of the complexity in obtaining closed form expressions for either the probability of outage capacity or the average capacity. In this paper, finite mixture (FM) with expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is utilized to derive simple approximate expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the capacity distribution over identically independent distributed (iid) Weibull fading channels. This approximation converts the complicated capacity distribution to a simple weighted sum of univariate normal distributions with appropriate weighting coefficients, means, and variances for a predefined system model and channel statistics. The resultant approximation simplifies the mathematical analysis of the average capacity and the outage capacity in terms of well known Q-functions.
Analysis of Syntax-Based Pronoun Resolution Methods

This paper presents a pronoun resolution algorithm that adheres to the constraints and rules of Centering Theory (Grosz et al., 1995) and is an alternative to Brennan et al.'s 1987 algorithm. The advantages of this new model, the Left-Right Centering Algorithm (LRC), lie in its incremental processing of utterances and in its low computational overhead. The algorithm is compared with three other pronoun resolution methods: Hobbs' syntax-based algorithm, Strube's S-list approach, and the BFP Centering algorithm. All four methods were implemented in a system and tested on an annotated subset of the Treebank corpus consisting of 2026 pronouns. The noteworthy results were that Hobbs and LRC performed the best.
Symptom-specific outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery : A systematic review

Background: Although multiple studies have demonstrated that symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) improve after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), a systematic large-scale evaluation of specific s...
Exploiting Multi-level Parallelism for Homology Search using General Purpose Processors

New biological experimental techniques are continuing to generate large amounts of data using DNA, RNA, human genome and protein sequences. The quantity and quality of data from these experiments makes analyses of their results very time-consuming, expensive and impractical. Searching on DNA and protein databases using sequence comparison algorithms has become one of the most powerful techniques to better understand the functionality of particular DNA, RNA, genome, or protein sequence. This paper presents a technique to effectively combine fine and coarse grain parallelism using general purpose processors for sequence homology database searches. The results show that the classic Smith-Waterman sequence alignment algorithm achieves super linear performance with proper scheduling and multi-level parallel computing at no additional cost
Assessing the role of orogen-parallel faulting in post-orogenic exhumation: low-temperature thermochronology across the Norumbega Fault System, Maine

As a part of a regional effort to determine the extent of low-temperature thermochronological discontinuities across major orogen-parallel faults in northern New England, 41 apatite fission track (...
The precision of fit at the implant prosthodontic interface

Abstract Statement of problem. Percussion, visual observation, and conventional periapical radiographs are the methods most frequently used clinically to evaluate the accuracy of implant component assemblies, whereas methods to measure the precision of fit are limited. Purpose. In this study the Periotest instrument was used to evaluate the stability of the interfaces between the implant and the abutment, along with the abutment and the gold cylinder under a series of assembly conditions. The hypothesis tested is that a more negative Periotest value (PTV) would indicate an accurate fit and a more positive value PTV would correlate with an inaccurate fit. Material and methods. To investigate this hypothesis in vitro, two bovine ribs were used as patient simulation models. Each model contained three self-tapping Branemark implants placed approximately 7 to 10 mm apart and arranged in a reasonable curvature. A series of component assembly conditions were created as accurate and inaccurate with thickness gauges of 25.4 μm, 50.8 μm, and 101.6 μm. Results. The mean Periotest values and SDs for accurately assembled abutments and gold cylinders were 6.0 ± 0.32 and 3.4 ± 0.68, respectively. Periotest value data of the assembly conditions were statistically analyzed with multiple regression analysis. The misfit in the implant to abutment interface resulted in a more negative Periotest value trend ( r = 0.54) with increases in gauge thickness. However, the same magnitudes of misfit at the abutment to gold cylinder interface produced a more positive Periotest value trend ( r = 0.72). Conclusion. The PTV trends were consistent with increased stability at the abutment to implant interface from the increasing magnitude of misfit created with the thickness gauges. In contrast, the measurement trends observed for the abutment to gold cylinder interface were consistent with decreased stability with each increase in gauge thickness inserted at the interface. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:497-502.)
Parameter design solutions for analog in-circuit testing problems

An approach is described for developing optimum test settings for computer-controlled printed-circuit testing equipment. In-circuit automatic test equipment individually tests each component on a printed-circuit assembly by isolating the device being tested. Diagnostic messages provided by the system are specific to the defective component. The empirical approach described was developed by G. Taguchi (1987) and is known as parameter design. An overview is presented of basic, analog in-circuit testing theory. The steps followed by a test engineer as he applies parameter design to solve a difficult testing problem are also described. >
A differentially methylated region within the gene Kcnq1 functions as an imprinted promoter and silencer

The imprinted gene cluster on mouse distal chromosome 7 contains a differentially methylated CpG island that maps within the Kcnq1 gene that has been shown to be required for the imprinting of multiple genes. To evaluate models for how this imprinting control region (ICR) regulates imprinting, we have characterized it structurally and functionally. We show that the region contains a promoter for a paternally expressed anti-sense transcript, Kcnq1ot1, and we define the extent of the minimal promoter. We describe three paternal-specific nuclease hypersensitive sites immediately upstream from the start site and show that they are required for full promoter activity. The expression of Kcnq1ot1 during pre- and postnatal development is compared to that of other imprinted genes in its vicinity, Cdnkn1c and Kcnq1. The lack of coordination in their expression tends to rule out an enhancer competition model for the action of the ICR in imprinting control. Using a stable transfection assay we show that the region contains a position-independent and orientation-independent silencer. We propose, on the basis of these findings, that the Kcnq1 ICR functions as a silencer on the paternal chromosome to effect the repression of neighboring genes.
Hardware-in-the-loop testing for electric vehicle drive applications

This paper describes the design, implementation, and validation of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test platform for electric vehicle drive applications. We implement a HIL platform by interfacing a variable speed drive controller with a real-time simulation of an electric vehicle drive. A real-time test bench simulation enables drive cycle testing and fault injection capability for the HIL platform. We demonstrate the prototyping capability of the HIL platform with the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) on an electric vehicle drive system. Real-time comparisons with a real, small-scale electric vehicle drive validate the fidelity of the real-time simulation under various operating and fault conditions. Test case simulations demonstrate the fidelity and prototyping capability of the hardware-in-the-loop platform when used for electric vehicle drive testing applications. Additionally, real-time simulation and test results demonstrate the ability of the HIL platform to accurately encapsulate electric vehicle dynamics with time constants that span more than five orders of magnitude.
Effect of x-ray radiation on hypersensitiveness

Abstract 1.1. A series of 40 adult rabbits were studied to reveal the effect of x-ray radiation on various phenomena of hypersensitiveness, namely, diffuse vascular disease and carditis, Arthus phenomenon, Schultz-Dale reactions, and precipitin formation. 2.2. Twenty-eight animals received 600 r and 800 r of x-ray radiation 24 to 72 hours before the sensitizing dose of horse serum. Four received no horse serum but received the x-ray radiation. Eight other animals were used as controls and received parallel doses of horse serum without x-ray radiation. 3.3. Microscopic sections of the irradiated and later sensitized animals showed a marked reduction in the number and intensity of vascular lesions and carditis, indicating the inhibitory action of x-ray on the development of these lesions. The Arthus phenomenon was consistently negative in the irradiated animals as compared with the controls. The Schultz-Dale reactions showed inconclusive and inconsistent results. The precipitin reactions showed depressed titers in the irradiated animals as compared to the controls. 4.4. Complete blood counts revealed marked leukopenia and depression of the lymphocyte counts on the irradiated animals as compared to the normal control animals. 5.5. X-ray radiation of normal nonsensitized animals showed no lesions of diffuse vascular disease or carditis.
Role of Neuraminidase in Lethal Synergism between Influenza Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

A lethal synergism exists between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, accounting for excess mortality during influenza epidemics. Using a model of viral-bacterial synergism, we assessed the role that the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) has in priming mice for pneumococcal infection. Administration of the selective NA inhibitor oseltamivir improved survival, independent of viral replication and morbidity from influenza. Both pathologic examination of the lungs and live imaging of pneumonic lesions, using a bioluminescent pneumococcus, suggested that the effect of NA inhibition was to limit the extent of pneumococcal pneumonia during early infection. Adherence assays and immunohistochemical staining for sialic acids in lungs from infected mice demonstrated that the influenza virus NA potentiates development of pneumonia by stripping sialic acid from the lung, thus exposing receptors for pneumococcal adherence. Selective NA inhibitors may be useful clinically to interrupt this novel mechanism of synergism and to prevent excess mortality from secondary bacterial pneumonia.