cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking of individual TRISO-fueled pebbles through the application of X-ray imaging with deep metric learning

Abstract Modern pebble-bed reactor concepts utilizing TRISO-fueled pebbles use on-line continuous refueling, where fuel pebbles are continuously circulated through the reactor core. Presently, no method exists for the tagging, identification, and tracking of individual TRISO-fueled pebbles as they enter and exit the reactor core. This leaves room for improvement in the nuclear material accountability and nuclear safeguards of TRISO-fueled pebbles. This work presents a methodology to identify individual TRISO-fueled pebbles by exploiting the unique distribution of the TRISO-coated particles, which is imprinted during the manufacturing process, within individual TRISO-fueled pebbles. By combining X-ray imaging and deep learning, our method learns a mapping from radiographic images to a compact Euclidean space where distances provide a direct measurement of the similarity of pebble radiographs. A deep convolutional neural network is trained to optimize the image mapping and triplet loss is implemented to enforce a greater distance between mappings that identify different fuel pebbles. A dataset consisting of 1,250 radiographic Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Transport simulations of unique TRISO-fueled pebbles is generated for training and testing the deep learning algorithm, which achieves an accuracy of 93.49% ± 9.35% and by first transforming the dataset with Gaussian blur transformations it achieves an accuracy of 98.70% ± 2.60%.
Wall-diaphragm interactions in seismic response of single-story building systems

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the seismic time history response of single-story buildings with a wide range of wall and roof diaphragm periods and ductility. Current design specifications, e.g., ASCE 7-16, are transitioning from accounting for inelasticity in only the vertical lateral force resisting systems, i.e., the walls, to including inelasticity in the horizontal lateral force resisting system, i.e., the roof diaphragm. It is not clear if the wall and roof inelasticity can be considered independently, nor if they can utilize their own seismic response modification coefficients. More fundamentally, the basic manner in which stiffness, mass, and ductility of the wall and roof interact is not fully understood. Here, a single-story building is approximated with a reduced order mass-spring model and parameters are varied so that a wide range of wall periods, diaphragm periods, and wall and diaphragm inelasticity are explored. The model is imposed to vibration analyses, elastic time history analyses, and inelastic time history analyses. The results show clear regimes where the wall and diaphragms interact, and those where the response is largely independent. When inelasticity occurs the ductility demands can be significant for the building component, wall or diaphragm, that initiates the yielding, and greater than traditionally expected. The model results are compared to current and proposed provisions for predicting force and ductility demands and conclusions are drawn with respect to the accuracy of available methods.
Correlates Among Teachers’ Anxieties, Demographics, and Telecomputing Activity

AbstractAre educators’ anxiety levels or demographics related to their voluntary use of networked resources? In this study, one year of logins and online time for 189 randomly selected educators with accounts on Tenet (Texas Education Network) were correlated with six interval-level subject attribute variables: (a) writing apprehension, (b) oral communication apprehension, (c) computer anxiety, (d) age, (e) teaching experience, and (f) telecomputing experience. The usage data were also correlated with three nominal-level subject attribute variables: (a) gender, (b) professional specialty, and (c) teaching level. Results indicated that writing apprehension was significantly and negatively correlated with network use, and that telecomputing experience and online time were significantly and positively correlated. No other subject attribute variables were found to be correlated with logins or time spent online. These results, and the lack of significant relationships for computer anxiety and oral communicatio...
Reoxidized nitrided oxides as gate dielectrics for high temperature integrated sensor MOS devices

It is shown that reoxidized nitrided oxides can offer both increased resistance to generation of interface states and insulator charge buildup due to bias-temperature stress for gate fields from 1-4 MV/cm and temperatures from 100-300 degrees C. Preliminary indications show that nitrided oxides may offer increased resistance to accelerated destructive breakdown at high temperature. The processing time and temperature conditions used as clearly not desirable for VLSI MOSFET processes. They do, however, demonstrate substantial promise for development of a high-temperature gate insulator process. >
Amniotic fluid lipids in normal human pregnancy.

Abstract The content of total lipids of amniotic fluid increases with gestational age and reaches its maximum at term. The lipid contains relatively more phospholipids, free fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and cholesteryl esters, but smaller amounts of triglycerides. This is the well-defined characteristic of the amniotic fluid lipid. The increase in phospholipids at term could be due to a larger contribution from tracheal fluid at that time. The phospholipids, particularly lecithin, apparently act as strong surfactants. Analysis of the phospholipid L / S ratio becomes important to the diagnosis of the status of the fetus (maturity). The role of hydrocarbons and alcohols in amniotic fluid remains to be determined.
Histone Cross-Talk in Stem Cells

Specificity of gene regulation in stem cells may occur at the level of ubiquitin signaling to chromatin.
Test Methods and Results for Sensors in a Pre-Crash Detection System

Automobile safety can be improved by anticipating a crash before it occurs and thereby providing additional time to deploy safety technologies. This requires an accurate, fast and robust pre-crash sensor that measures telemetry, discriminates between classes of objects over a range of conditions, and has sufficient range and area of coverage surrounding the vehicle. The sensor must be combined with an algorithm that integrates data to identify threat levels. No one sensor provides adequate information to meet these diverse and demanding requirements. However the requirements can be met with an optimal combination of multiple types of sensors. Previous work considered criteria for evaluating various sensors to find an optimal combination. This work presents test methods and results for selected sensors proposed for use in a precrash detection system. The test methods include static and dynamic telemetry testing to identify the range, accuracy, reliability and operating conditions for each sensor. Each sensor is evaluated for its ability to discriminate between classes of objects. The tests are applied to ultrasonic, laser range finder and radar sensors. These sensors were selected because they provide the maximum information, cover a broad range and region and are commercially viable in passenger vehicles.
Diversity of Life through Time

Global diversity can be defined as the number of taxa extant in the present day or at any given time in the geological past. Using data collected from the fossil record, palaeontologists have reconstructed the trajectory of global biodiversity throughout the history of life. Documentation of this trajectory has fuelled a vigorous research agenda focusing on the causes of major diversity increases (radiations), decreases (extinctions) biotic transitions and the relationship between diversification in the marine and terrestrial realms. Keywords: biodiversity; diversification; extinction; macroevolution; fossils
Self‐organization of elastic moduli in the rock above blind faults

[1] Distributed anelastic deformation accommodates long-term motion in the “lid” region above blind faults. The flowing sequence of cyclic processes may lead to self-organization within lids composed of quartz-rich clay-bearing sedimentary rocks. Coseismic slip on the deep fault imposes strain and displacement on the lid. Sufficient strain brings the lid to frictional failure, producing distributed cracks. Cracked lid becomes increasing elastically compliant over many seismic cycles. The lid tends to evolve so that coseismic displacement barely causes frictional failure; hence, only a few new cracks open within the lid. However, this process cannot increase crack porosity and decrease the shear modulus below values where the material would readily compact under lithostatic pressure. Accumulating sedimentary rocks provide a convenient proxy for this limit. Numerical modeling indicates that the (geodetic) coseismic displacement above a compliant lid is much of the total geodetic displacement that would be observed over a full cycle. Stresses within the lid relax by ductile creep at nearly constant strain with only modest geodetic displacement >100 year after the earthquake for a 1000 year cycle.
Spin responses and effective Hamiltonian for the two-dimensional electron gas at the oxide interface LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3

Strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the oxide interface $\mathrm{LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3}}$ underlies a variety of exotic physics, but its nature is still under debate. We derive an effective Hamiltonian for the 2DEG at the oxide interface $\mathrm{LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3}}$ and find a different anisotropic Rashba SOC for the $d_{xz}$ and $d_{yz}$ orbitals. This anisotropic Rashba SOC leads to anisotropic static spin susceptibilities and also distinctive behavior of the spin Hall conductivity. These unique spin responses may be used to determine the nature of the Rashba SOC experimentally and shed light on the orbital origin of the 2DEG.
Endogenous retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers are the major functional forms regulating retinoid-responsive elements in adult human keratinocytes. Binding of ligands to RAR only is sufficient for RAR-RXR heterodimers to confer ligand-dependent activation of hRAR beta 2/RARE (DR5).

We have examined how retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) at physiological concentrations regulate distinct retinoid-responsive elements, hRARβ2/βRARE (DR5) and rCRBPII/RXRE (DR1), in keratinocytes from human skin, a major retinoid target. In vitro, endogenous RAR γ and RXRs bound to these elements as heterodimers (RAR•RXR) but not homodimers (RAR•RAR or RXR•RXR). In cultured keratinocytes, all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, and CD367 activated βRARE but not RXRE via endogenous RAR•RXR (ED50 = 2.3, 3.8, and 0.3 nM, respectively) whereas SR11237 showed no significant effect. All-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, and SR11237 activated RXRE via overexpressed RXR•RXR (ED50 = 110, 120, and 11 nM, respectively), indicating interconversion between retinoic acid isomers, whereas co-overexpression of RARα or RAR γ suppressed this activation. Unlike 9cRA, CD367 neither induced formation of nor activated RXR•RXR. Overexpression of RAR or RXR mutated in transactivation domain AF-2 suppressed endogenous receptor activity over βRARE. Our data suggest that 1) in keratinocytes, RAR•RXR-mediated pathway dominates over that mediated by RXR•RXR; 2) RAR-selective CD367 and RXR-selective SR11237 can be used to identify these two distinct pathways, respectively; 3) βRARE is mainly regulated by RAR•RXR, in which RAR alone confers ligand inducibility whereas AF-2 of unliganded RXR is required for transactivation by liganded RAR AF-2; 4) lack of RXRE activity in keratinocytes is due to low endogenous levels of RXR•RXR and inhibition by RAR•RXR; and 5) interaction among RXRs is much lower than that between RAR and RXR.
Evaluating Impacts on Freeway Capacity using VISSIM: Accounting for Truck Lane Restrictions, Driver Behavior, and Interchange Density

On the national roadway system, the volume of trucks is constantly increasing, which makes their presence more prevalent. Providing special infrastructure treatments is increasingly important to keep highways safe for passenger cars. Several different strategies are geared towards managing truck routes and operations, but all have the same idea of intending to separate trucks from the main traffic stream. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of specific factors on the capacity of freeways containing high heavy vehicle volumes using VISSIM simulation software. The factors analyzed are: (1) lane restrictions; (2) driver behavior parameters; and (3) entrance/exit ramp density. Numerical results from VISSIM simulations are presented and discussed in detail. Future research directions are also given. Language: en
Human rights and the Beijing Olympics: imagined global community and the transnational public sphere.

The Olympic Games are increasingly used by non-governmental organizations to demand transnational forms of accountability from public authorities. This article assesses the effectiveness of transnational public opinion surrounding the Beijing 2008 Olympics, when the pressure of Western public opinion was exerted upon the government of the world's most populous non-Western nation to improve its human rights record. Utilizing the concepts of ‘imagined global community’ and ‘transnational public sphere’, it finds that the Olympic Games had helped to call into existence a transnational public that ran up against the obstacle posed by the incomplete formation of supra-national forms of governance. The International Olympic Committee, a non-governmental organization, was a weak substitute. Because of the strong desire of Chinese people to take part in transnational deliberations, the article concludes with optimism about the potential of transnational public spheres that include Chinese people to develop toward more effective forms of transnational governance. But the IOC must strengthen the voice of its non-Western members, and Western interlocutors, including the media, must accept their share of the responsibility for creating the conditions for egalitarian dialogue.
High-Frequency Power Gain of Junction Transistors

The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, the subject of maximum available power gain at high frequencies is discussed briefly. Also, maximum gain for a four-terminal network driven by a generator having a purely resistive internal impedance is calculated in terms of small-signal parameters of the network. Then a theoretical model of a junction transistor comprising the ideal one-dimensional model plus a base impedance, which may be complex and frequency-dependent as in the case of grown-junction transistors, is introduced for the network to obtain an expression for maximum available power gain in terms of fundamental device parameters. Experimental results, which are given for a number of grown-junction transistors, tend to confirm the theoretical expression. Finally, an idealized model of a grown-junction transistor is introduced, and theoretical power gain is calculated in terms of physical parameters. Such calculations show, for example, that 30 db of gain should be available at 5 mc and that such transistors should be capable of oscillating up to several hundred mc.
Self‐managed work teams approach: creative management tool or a fad?

The introduction of employee empowerment through a self‐managed work teams programme into an organization further requires the introduction of multifaceted changes in person‐job relationships and the whole organizational hierarchy. The self‐managed teams concept can be seen as a strategy to increase motivation, quality, productivity, customer satisfaction and to sustain high performance. Self‐managed teams serve as the main building blocks of the organization. However, they are not simple or easy to create, develop and support. Companies must realize that it takes time, training and resources to implement teams and reap their rewards.
Studies of ligand-induced site-specific phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of growth in many animal cells, including cancer cells. Phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domain of EGFR is part of the initial activation process that occurs upon ligand binding, and these phosphotyrosine residues subsequently serve as docking sites for intracellular signaling molecules. To study the phosphorylation on each individual site, EGFR generated from a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431) was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to identify the tryptic phosphopeptides and their sites of phosphorylation (Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1086, S1142, Y1148, and Y1173). Ion intensities for the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated tryptic peptides containing the sites of phosphorylation were measured, and the intensity ratios were used to assess the degree of phosphorylation at each site. Ligand concentrations were varied for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) as stimuli, and all of the EGFR tyrosine sites were consequently found to exhibit increased levels of phosphorylation, although at different rates and to different extents. Phosphorylation of Y992 appeared to plateau at lower concentrations of ligand, whereas the other sites continued to have increased phosphorylation throughout a wide range of concentrations. Only small differences could be detected between the EGF and the TGFα-induced EGFR phosphorylation. Pretreatment of A431 cells with a small molecule EGFR inhibitor nearly eliminated the ligand-induced phosphorylation on all of the sites except for Y992 and Y1068.
Carbon dioxide induced changes in the electroretinogram of drosophila unaccompanied by altered phototactic behaviour.

Abstract Some phototactic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster have been shown to have abnormal ERG's. In the presence of increased CO 2 , normal flies have ERG's resembling those of the mutants while retaining their characteristic phototactic response. It is concluded that an abnormal ERG is not in itself an indication of abnormal phototactic behaviour.
Large-scale evolution of the lunar surface

The first part of the paper describes the relationship between the erosional stage of craters and the crater areal density. It is shown that class-2 and -3 craters are progressively more abundant as the crater areal density increases, while craters of class 4 and 5 are more abundant with decreasing crater areal densities. A geological model is proposed, in which the class of a newly foormed crater is 1. As time progresses, erosional agents will increase the class of the crater to class 2, then 3, and, in some cases, to 4. The length of time between classification steps is not known in terms of years, but is equivalent to the time necessary for the crater density to increase by 2 to 8 craters per unit area for creaters larger than 10 km, and by 10 to 20 for craters larger than 3.5 km. Craters of class 5 and some of class 4 are not formed by the same erosional agents, but are catastrophic, caused either by a mare-producing impact or by ‘flooding’ of mare material. The second part of the paper presents a method for relatively dating large lunar areas. The method uses the model previously developed. A relative time sequence is constructed using the density of craters of classes 1, 2, and 3 and the percentage of these which is of class 1. As an example, 18 large areas are defined on the lunar near side and are put in temporal order. Mare Serenitatis appears to have the youngest terrain, and an area southwest of the Rupes Altai appears to have the oldest. In the final part of the paper a geological model is developed in order to explain age differences in the terrae. The model calls for ‘rejuvenation’ of lunar terrains, caused by the seismic waves and ballistic sedimentation resulting from large impacts. The area surrounding Mare Orientale is cited as an example of a terrain so affected. A similar effect on the terrae of the near side could explain the apparent age relationships measured.
Robust distributed control in discrete-event systems

In the context of discrete-event systems, control is defined as the enforcement of legal behavior in the propagation of and reaction to random discrete events. Conditions for the existence of supervisory control and its efficiency for decentralized discrete-event systems are presented. Monitoring state machines (MSMs) are introduced for robust and efficient supervisory control for a class of distributed discrete-event systems. It is shown that the MSMs can significantly improve performance, diagnosis, and fault recovery. The author states three necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of MSMs and describes measures of efficiency to compute the efficacy of MSMs in distributed control. An illustrative example of a manufacturing system is given to show the application of MSMs in distributed control. >
Sibling-Based Tests of Linkage and Association for Quantitative Traits

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) developed by Spielman et al. can be a powerful family-based test of linkage and, in some cases, a test of association as well as linkage. It has recently been extended in several ways; these include allowance for implementation with quantitative traits, allowance for multiple alleles, and, in the case of dichotomous traits, allowance for testing in the absence of parental data. In this article, these three extensions are combined, and two procedures are developed that offer valid joint tests of linkage and (in the case of certain sibling configurations) association with quantitative traits, with use of data from siblings only, and that can accommodate biallelic or multiallelic loci. The first procedure uses a mixed-effects (i.e., random and fixed effects) analysis of variance in which sibship is the random factor, marker genotype is the fixed factor, and the continuous phenotype is the dependent variable. Covariates can easily be accommodated, and the procedure can be implemented in commonly available statistical software. The second procedure is a permutation-based procedure. Selected power studies are conducted to illustrate the relative power of each test under a variety of circumstances.
HIL Simulation of a Track Type Tractor for Autonomous Controller Testing

The mining industry is introducing several autonomous mining operations, however the development of these algorithms is extremely expensive. This paper discusses the integration of a Hardware In the Loop (HIL) simulation to earthmoving equipment to aid in the development of autonomous mining operations. The benefit of this simulation is to save time and money for engineers developing the autonomous features. The hardware setup contained machine components that were connected to the Electronic Control Modules (ECMs). The ECMs used in the lab setup were the same as those on the actual tract type tractors. Those ECMs receive input signals based on which they command the solenoids. The HIL simulator converts the analog outputs into digital ones. Then the HIL sends out digital or simulated outputs to the ECMs such as pressure and fuel levels. The results of this work compare simulated data and real machine test data of an autonomous feature. A comparison is presented between the autonomous feature and a human operator. Finally potential of the HIL is demonstrated examining the autonomous feature with different soil conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Alfvén wings at Earth's magnetosphere under strong interplanetary magnetic fields

Abstract. A number of recent studies have shown that the upstream Mach number may play a significant role in the energy transfer between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation results of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system are presented that show the transition from nominal solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field driving to extremely strong driving. One of the predominant features of the magnetosphere that becomes apparent during low Mach number conditions is the formation of Alfven wings above and below the magnetosphere. Alfven wing are cavities of low flow, and have been observed at Io and Ganymede, both of which reside in regions of sub-Alfvenic flow. It is shown that Alfven wings exist even during nominal Mach number time periods – the wings fold over to form what has been classically viewed as the magnetotail. The regions of low flow within the Alfven wing limit the electric field applied across the ionosphere, hence causing the ionospheric cross polar cap potential to be dependent upon the Mach number, and in turn, causing the saturation of the potential.
Non-Isotropic Fading Channel Model for the Highway Environment

This paper investigates the properties of several non- Jakes Doppler spectra proposed for the vehicle-to-vehicle non- isotropic scattering environment of the open highway. Expressions for the ideal model correlations, level-crossing rates, and average fade durations are derived. The classic Clarke channel model is modified to generate fading signals corresponding to the non-isotropic scattering profiles. The simulation results match well with the theoretical ideal channel.
Role of particle size and filler–matrix adhesion on dynamic fracture of glass-filled epoxy. I. Macromeasurements

Abstract The roles of particle size and filler–matrix adhesion strength in the dynamic fracture behavior of glass-filled epoxy are studied. Spherical particles of size 7–200 μm are used to reinforce epoxy matrix at a constant volume fraction (10%) and two different filler–matrix strengths, weak and strong. Optical interferometry in conjunction with high-speed photography has provided information regarding instantaneous crack tip positions and deformations when samples are subjected to impact loading. The crack velocity and stress intensity factor histories are extracted from the interferograms. Elastic characteristics remain unaffected by neither the particle size nor filler–matrix adhesion. Both weakly and strongly bonded particles in the matrix show higher values of fracture toughness relative to unfilled matrix material. Filler particle size affects fracture toughness significantly when the particles are used in the uncoated (or, weakly bonded) state. Additionally, a particle size of 35 μm is seen to enhance the fracture toughness the most when compared to both smaller and larger size uncoated particles. An inverse relationship seems to exist between steady state fracture toughness and crack velocity for different particle sizes. Unlike weakly bonded filler particles, the size effect essentially vanishes when the filler–matrix adhesion is enhanced using silane treatment.
Asthma control test and peak expiratory flow rate: independent pediatric asthma management tools.

Background: Management of asthma reflects the complexity of the pathogenesis. According to current National Heart Lung Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines, asthma control can be assessed using the validated asthma control test, measures of airway function, and overall assessment of risk and quality of life. We hypothesized that the asthma control test and measures of airway function are independent tools in asthma management. We also studied whether the presence of nasal symptoms is correlated to these measures. Methods: Serial visits (n = 45) to a pediatric respiratory clinic in an underserved area of San Diego County with a predominantly Hispanic population were reviewed. Patients were included if they were able to perform airway function tests and had more than one provider visit. Patients with other major diseases were excluded. We determined whether uncontrolled asthmatics, defined as an Asthma Control test (ACT) score of 19 or less, had lower % predicted peak expiratory flow Measurements as a group c...
Density functional theory calculations of the surface structure of the inverse spinel zinc orthotitanate

We present an examination of many different surface terminations of Zn2TiO4(ZTO) obtained by density functional theory calculations. We have examined a total of 41 surface terminations generated from the {001}, {011}, and {111} families of surfaces. Termination of the anisotropic bulk structure of ZTO can produce asymmetric corrugated surfaces that possibly include surface termination artifacts. We have addressed this issue with surface 'smoothing' via atomic transposition of individual atoms across the slab. This procedure reduces the energy penalty associated with large geometric corrugations in the surface layer, particularly in the case of ZTO(111) surfaces. The interface with the lowest energy was found to be a termination of the ZTO(010) surface having a surface formation energy of 1.09 J m−2. A moderately higher energy surface termination was found for the ZTO(110) surface. This ZTO(110) surface has a surface formation energy approximately 0.1 J m−2 higher than that of the lowest energy ZTO(010) surface.
Reliability and cost analysis of solar photovoltaic and fuel cell based microgrids

Maintaining a reliable operation in microgrids has significant importance. One factor required for the reliable microgrid operation is to keep certain energy reserve without sacrificing the cost for satisfying any load variation. Reliability and cost optimization of photovoltaic and fuel cell based microgrid system is investigated in this paper. A typical residential load is considered in order to introduce an optimal power sharing approach for cost effective and reliable system operation. A nonlinear frequency droop scheme is then applied to achieve the optimization objectives at the intended operating scenarios. The simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Innate Immune Response Triggers Lupus-like Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune disease is typically defined as an aberrant response of lymphocytes to self antigens that ultimately leads to tissue damage. Reporting in Immunity, Green et al. (2007) now show that mice lacking α-mannosidase II develop an autoimmune disease similar to lupus. Remarkably, this illness is precipitated by an innate immune response to altered self glycans that mimic molecular patterns found on pathogens.
Tales From Timberline: The 2011 Acquisitions Institute at Timberline Lodge

The 2011 Acquisitions Institute at Timberline Lodge delivered a packed schedule of timely and interesting presentations on compelling topics for acquisitions and collection development librarians, publishers, and library vendors. The cozy lodge provided a perfect environment for relaxed conversation on topics such as patron-driven acquisitions, e-books, and library collaborations, while late snow flurries and a cloud cap hid Mount Hood from attendees’ eyes.
Teaching the 2008 Presidential Election at Three Demographically Diverse Schools: An Exercise in Neoliberal Governmentality.

This article describes the disparity in political instruction found in six government classes from three demographically diverse high schools during the 2008 Presidential Election. In general, students from working-class households or those in lower-level classes were rarely given opportunities to discuss politics at a national level or engage in analytical discussions of the election; stodents in middle-to-upper-class schools and those in advanced-level classes were privy to rich discussions of politics on a regular basis. Using Foucault's (1991) notion of governmentality as a guide, these findings are then discussed as symptomatic of a neoliberal approach to education in which students are trained for the presumed roles they will play in the nation's political economy as adults.
Federalists in the Attic: Original Intent, the Heritage Movement, and Democratic Theory

Although the United States is often criticized for its lack of historical consciousness, historicity provides a compelling rhetorical trump in constitutional argument, particularly according to advocates of original understanding jurisprudence or “originalism.” Originalism has also proven to be quite popular as a constitutional position, especially in public discourse outside academe and the courts. I argue that originalism's appeal derives from Americans' interest in heritage. Using the literature on public history, memory, and cultural studies to distinguish the cultural phenomenon of heritage from history proper, I argue that originalism, like heritage, offers the possibility of an immediate and authentic encounter with the past tied to a critique of modernism as both antidemocratic and inauthentic. Originalism portrays the federal period as a special moment of civic unity, whose virtues have been preserved by the larger public, but have been eroded among elites by modernity.
Importance of detection of SS-A/Ro autoantibody in screening immunofluorescence tests for autoantibodies to nuclear antigens.

SS-A/Ro autoantibodies are related to Sjogren's syndrome and to several clinical subsets of lupus erythematosus. The most widely used laboratory procedure for ANA screening is the indirect immunofluorescence test (IF-ANA); the laboratory detection of anti-SS-A/Ro requires implementation and adherence to several technical and quality assurance recommendations. Using appropriate substrate cells containing the SS-A/Ro antigen, many so-called "ANA-negative" lupus erythematosus patients will demonstrate a positive IF-ANA.
Transsexualism in history

This article brings together references to possible transsexuals in Europe and America over the past 200 years. Most of the references come not from the medical and psychiatric literature but from more ephemeral and nonindexed materials such as newspapers and magazines.
Catalytic effect of ionic liquids in the Cu2O/2,2'-bipyridine catalyzed living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with arenesulfonyl chlorides

The effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid on the living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with arenesulfonyl chlorides and catalyzed by the self-regulated Cu2O/2,2′-bipyridine catalyst was investigated. A dramatic acceleration of the living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in this ionic liquid was discovered. This accelerated living radical polymerization maintained an initiation efficiency of 100%, eliminated the induction period of this catalyst, and produced poly(methyl methacrylate) with molecular weight distribution of 1.1 and perfect bifunctional chain-ends. The kinetic analysis of the living radical polymerization in the presence of ionic liquid demonstrated a rate constant of propagation that follows an almost first order of reaction on the ionic liquid concentration and therefore, the ionic liquid exhibits catalytic effect. The catalytic effect of the ionic liquid facilitated the reduction of the catalyst concentration from stoichiometric to catalytic and allowed the decrease of the polymerization temperature from 80 to 22 °C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5609–5619, 2005
Worker exposure to paraquat and diquat.

Exposure of workers applying paraquat to fields of tomatoes and citrus, and diquat to waterways containing water hyacinths and hydrilla, was monitored with dermal α-cellulose pads attached at each of ten body locations and with personal air monitors. Estimated total body exposure for tomato applicators was apparently influenced by tractor type. Exposure levels from highest to lowest were: open tractor > enclosed cab tractor ⩾ high-clearance tractor. Citrus applicators' exposure to paraquat averaged 28.5 mg/hr and 12.2 mg/hr, with tank concentrations of 0.11% and 0.07%, respectively. Diquat applicators received minimal exposure. Respiratory exposure was <0.1% of the total body exposure in all experiments. Urine samples collected periodically for all workers were, with one exception, without detectable pesticide contamination. Use of disposable coveralls and regularly washed impermeable gloves should effectively reduce exposure.
Everyday life as an intelligence test: Effects of intelligence and intelligence context

Abstract To show why the importance of intelligence is often misperceived, an analogy between single test items and single nontest actions in everyday life is drawn. Three requirements of good test items are restated, and the analogy is employed to account for underrecognition of the importance of general intelligence in everyday actions, which often fail to meet the requirements and thus fail as intelligence measures for reasons that have little to do with their dependence on intelligence. A new perspective on the role of intelligence in nontest actions is introduced by considering its operation at three levels: that of the individual, that of the near context of the individual, and that of entire populations. Social scientists have misunderstood the operation and impact of IQ in populations by confining attention to the individual level. A population-IQ-outcome model is explained that tests for the pooled effects of intelligence at all three levels on differences between two populations in prevalences of certain outcomes. When the model fits, the difference between two populations in the outcome measured is found commensurate with the difference in their IQ or general intelligence distributions. The model is tested on and found to fit prevalences of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, single parenthood, HIV infection, poverty, belief in conspiracy rumors, and key opinions from polls about the O.J. Simpson trial and the earlier Tawana Brawley case. A deviance principle is extracted from empirical findings to indicate kinds of outcome the model will not fit. Implications for theories of practical and multiple intelligences are discussed. To understand the full policy implications of intelligence, such a fundamentally new perspective as that presented here will be needed.
Does reperfusion injury still cause significant mortality after lung transplantation

Objectives Severe reperfusion injury after lung transplantation has mortality rates approaching 40%. The purpose of this investigation was to identify whether our improved 1-year survival after lung transplantation is related to a change in reperfusion injury. Methods We reported in March 2000 that early institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can improve lung transplantation survival. The records of consecutive lung transplant recipients from 1990 to March 2000 (early era, n=136) were compared with those of recipients from March 2000 to August 2006 (current era, n=155). Reperfusion injury was defined by an oxygenation index of greater than 7 (where oxygenation index=[Percentage inspired oxygen] × [Mean airway pressure]/[Partial pressure of oxygen]). Risk factors for reperfusion injury, treatment of reperfusion injury, and 30-day mortality were compared between eras by using χ 2 , Fisher's, or Student's t tests where appropriate. Results Although the incidence of reperfusion injury did not change between the eras, 30-day mortality after lung transplantation improved from 11.8% in the early era to 3.9% in the current era ( P = .003). In patients without reperfusion injury, mortality was low in both eras. Patients with reperfusion injury had less severe reperfusion injury ( P = .01) and less mortality in the current era (11.4% vs 38.2%, P = .01). Primary pulmonary hypertension was more common in the early era (10% [14/136] vs 3.2% [5/155], P = .02). Graft ischemic time increased from 223.3 ± 78.5 to 286.32 ± 88.3 minutes in the current era ( P = .0001). The mortality of patients with reperfusion injury requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation improved in the current era (80.0% [8/10] vs 25.0% [3/12], P = .01). Conclusion Improved early survival after lung transplantation is due to less severe reperfusion injury, as well as improvements in survival with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
The effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on morphological plasticity in the dentate gyrus of the rat following entorhinal lesions

Lesions of the entorhinal cortex, which is the major source of afferents to the outer two thirds of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, induce an expansion of the commissural projection, which is normally restricted to the inner third, and an intensification of acetylcholinesterase staining in the outer portion of the layer; these changes are thought to be due to the sprouting of the commissural fibers and certain cholinergic afferents to the dentate gyrus, respectively. We have studied these sequelae of entorhinal lesions in young adult rats which had been treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as neonates, in order to determine whether in the absence of its normal noradrenergic input, morphological plasticity in the dentate gyrus would be altered either in magnitude or extent. In animals treated with 6-OHDA, the levels of noradrenaline in the hippocampal formation were reduced by 93%. Despite this, there was clear evidence for an expansion of the commissural projection following entorhinal lesions, as judged both autoradiographically and in Timm-stained material. Similarly, the intensification of acteylcholinesterase staining in the outer part of the molecular layer appeared as marked as after comparable lesions in untreated animals. From these observations it would appear that in the dentate gyrus, at least, morphological plasticity does not require the presence of an intact noradenergic innervation.
Perturbation analysis of linear programming problems with random parameters

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for analyzing large scale engineering problems with uncertain parameters. The coefficients of the objective function, the coefficients of the decision variables and the right hand side of the constraints are functions of random variables. The optimization problem is solved using the traditional simplex method. The uncertain parameters in the equations are expanded in the Taylor series. It is shown that the resulting equations are actually a set of linear programming recursive equations. Upon solving these equations, the required probabilistic statements can be easily established. An engineering example is provided to demonstrate the use of this methodology.
The latency/bandwidth tradeoff in gigabit networks

It is argued that delays through gigabit networks are dominated by propagation delay, so communications techniques and protocols for megabit networks would be inefficient or ineffective for gigabit networks. The latency-bandwidth tradeoff for gigabit networks is discussed, and an example of it is presented. It is concluded that gigabit networks have forced network designers to deal with propagation delays due to the finite speed of light. >
Application of Measurement Tools to Pediatric Emergency Medicine

A focus on children and the limited time frame of the emergency care setting makes pediatric emergency medicine (EM) outcomes research a challenging endeavor. To address the challenges, pediatric EM researchers must choose their risk adjustment and outcomes measures carefully. This article provides guidance to those researchers through a series of questions and answers, with an emphasis on present and future measurement tools and the steps needed to further develop the field.
Friction Drilling: A Chipless Hole-Making Process

This paper summarizes the research on friction drilling, a chipless hole making process using the rotating conical tool. Extensive research in experiment, modeling, tool wear, and metallurgical analysis of friction drilling tool and workpiece has been carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology for hole-making in thin metals. The experimentally measured thrust force and torque were analyzed and compared with analytical and finite element modeling results for validation. The microstructures and indentation hardness were characterized on the cross-section of friction drilled holes for different work-materials. For brittle cast metals, effects of workpiece temperature, spindle speed, and feed rate were analyzed. The wear of a tool, which is made of hard carbide material, for friction drilling of carbon steel workpiece, was also studied to demonstrate the capability of a durable tool in the production environment.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylurea.

Abstract N,N′-Dimethylurea (DMU) at 4 g/kg i.p. protected against the normal rise in blood glucose associated with alloxan-induced diabetes when it was administered to mice at 30 min or 2 h prior to the i.v. injection of 75 mg/kg of alloxan. Blood glucose measurements were made 72 h post alloxan. At 30 min after above dose of DMU alone (no alloxan) there was a significant rise in blood glucose but at 2 h after DMU there was no significant difference between control and DMU-treated animals. These date indicate that the primary mode of protection by DMU does not involve a rise in blood glucose. The data however are consistent witha another mode of protection by DMU such as its scavenging of the hydroxyl radical, a cytotoxic species which can be generated from alloxan through a series of reactions.
Enantioselective synthesis of C2-functionalized, N-protected morpholines and orthogonally N,N'-protected piperazines via organocatalysis.

In this Letter, we describe a novel three-step, one-pot procedure for the enantioselective synthesis of N-benzyl protected morpholines and orthogonally N,N′-protected piperazines with chiral alkyl groups installed at the C2 position of each heterocyclic core via organocatalysis. This methodology allows for the rapid preparation of functionalized morpholines and piperazines that are not readily accessible through any other chemistry in good to excellent % ee (55–98% ee).
Angiomyomatous hamartoma of a popliteal lymph node: an unusual cause of posterior knee pain

Angiomyomatous hamartoma is a primary vascular tumor primarily found in the inguinal and femoral lymph nodes characterized by the replacement of nodal tissue by smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue in sclerotic lymphatic stroma. There has been 1 report of an angiomyomatous hamartoma of a cervical lymph node, and this is the first reported case occurring in an extremity. We present a case of angiomyomatous hamartoma occurring in a single popliteal lymph node.