cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupling Chromatographic Techniques with FABMS for the Structural Analysis of Biological Compounds

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become an indispensable tool to the biochemist and molecular biologist for the separation of polar and charged compounds derived from biological systems. It is obvious that coupling this technique to mass spectrometry provides a powerful mass specific detection and analysis system which is unmatched in terms of its combined specificity and sensitivity. The success of FAB for the analysis of polar compounds has led to a number of approaches for coupling HPLC and FABMS. This article will discuss interfacing the continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB) technique with HPLC (1, 2) and applications of this technique. It is noted that other methods of coupling these have been described, namely, the moving belt (3) and frit-FAB techniques (4). Other types of separation processes have been coupled with FAB as well, including thin layer chromatography (TLC) (5) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) (6). All three separation techniques play significant roles in the biochemistry laboratory, and are significantly enhanced when coupled with mass spectrometry.
Reassessing Elderly Sunbelt Migration

Following the trend of general migration, 1965-1970, more than half of elderly interstate migrants moved to 15 Sunbelt states located on the eastern, southern, and western rim of the United States....
The Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidities on Readmissions for Diabetes in Youth

OBJECTIVE —Comorbid psychiatric disorders have been associated with poorer disease outcomes in diabetic youth. Less is known, however, about the relationship between psychiatric disorders and repeat hospitalizations for youth with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Pediatric Health Information System, which included detailed discharge data from 37 noncompeting children’s hospitals in the U.S. Using logistic regression, we examined whether the presence of coded diagnoses for internalizing or externalizing disorders at an index hospitalization for diabetes was associated with increased risk for rehospitalization during follow-up (duration of follow-up ranged from 3 to 24 months). The analysis was stratified by age-groups, and we controlled for potential confounders including sex, age, race/ethnicity, type 1 versus type 2 diabetes, Medicaid status, intensive care unit utilization, length of stay during index admission, and duration of follow-up. RESULTS —Among adolescents aged 13–18, internalizing disorders were associated with significantly increased odds of rehospitalization (odds ratio 1.79 [95% CI 1.27–2.52]); the point estimate for externalizing disorders was similar, but the finding was not statistically significant at the α = 0.05 level (1.74 [0.96–3.15]). No significant association between psychiatric diagnoses and odds of repeat hospitalization was observed in diabetic children aged 5–12 years. CONCLUSIONS —Internalizing disorders are associated with increases in repeat hospitalizations for diabetes among adolescents. Future research is needed to explore the reasons for this finding, such as degree to which treatment nonadherence mediates this relationship and whether appropriate treatment of internalizing disorders results in improved diabetes outcomes and decreased readmissions.
Role of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Renin and Vasopressin Secretion

Research during recent years has established nitric oxide as a unique signaling molecule that plays important roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and other systems. Nitric oxide has also been implicated in the control of the secretion of hormones by the pancreas, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland, and evidence is accumulating that it contributes to the regulation of the secretion of renin and vasopressin, hormones that play key roles in the control of sodium and water balance. Several lines of evidence have implicated nitric oxide in the control of renin secretion. The enzyme nitric oxide synthase is present in vascular and tubular elements of the kidney, particularly in cells of the macula densa, a structure that plays an important role in the control of renin secretion. Guanylyl cyclase, a major target for nitric oxide, is also present in the kidney. Drugs that inhibit nitric oxide synthesis generally suppress renin release in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a stimulatory role for the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in the control of renin secretion. Under some conditions, however, blockade of nitric oxide synthesis increases renin secretion. Recent studies indicate that nitric oxide not only contributes to the regulation of basal renin secretion, but also participates in the renin secretory responses to activation of the renal baroreceptor, macula densa, and beta adrenoceptor mechanisms that regulate renin secretion. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of nitric oxide synthase in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and in the posterior pituitary gland. Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and vasopressin has been demonstrated in some hypothalamic neurons. Nitric oxide synthase activity in the hypothalamus and pituitary is increased by maneuvers known to stimulate vasopressin secretion, including salt loading and dehydration, Administration of L-arginine and nitric oxide donors in vitro and in vivo has variable effects on vasopressin secretion, but the most common one is inhibition. Blockade of nitric oxide synthesis has been reported to increase vasopressin secretion, but again variable results have been obtained. An attractive working hypothesis is that nitric oxide serves a neuromodulatory role as an inhibitor of vasopressin secretion.
In vitro activity of two echinocandin derivatives, LY303366 and MK-0991 (L-743,792), against clinical isolates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and other filamentous fungi

LY303366 and MK-0991 (previously L-743,792) are new echinocandin derivatives with excellent broad-spectrum antifungal activity. We investigated the in vitro activity of LY303366, MK-0991, itraconazole, amnphotericin B, and 5-flucytosine against 51 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus flavus (10), A. fumigatus (12), Fusarium spp. (13), Rhizopus spp. (6), Pseudallescheria boydii (5), and one isolate each of Acremonium spp., A. niger, A terreus, Paecilomyces spp., and Trichoderma spp. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed using a microdilution broth method performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. Ly303366 was two- to fourfold more active than MK-0991 against A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and Trichoderma spp. Both LY303366 and MK-0991 were considerably more active (MIC90 of 0.03-0.12 micrograms/mL) than itraconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-flucytosine against Aspergillus spp., but were less active than intraconazole and amphotericin B against Rhizopus spp. MK-0991 was more active than either LY303366 or intraconazole against Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces spp., and P. boydii. These data demonstrate promising activity of both LY303366 and MK-0991 against Aspergillus spp. and other species of filamentous fungi that are likely to be encountered clinically. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation is indicated.
Vasculitis and Thrombotic Disorders

This chapter will focus on different forms of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and cutaneous diseases that are the result of vascular occlusion. There are a group of entities that some consider lymphocytic vasculitides (e.g., pigmented purpuric dermatosis and perniosis), but histologic evidence of vascular damage is often subtle in entities considered lymphocytic vasculitides and some dermatopathologists do not consider them a true vasculitis. Therefore, that group of entities will not be discussed in this chapter, but some entities considered to represent lymphocytic vasculitis are discussed in the chapter on perivascular dermatitis. This first part of the chapter will focus on entities that are the result of different forms of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in many respects is a reaction pattern with a perivascular infiltrate of neutrophils and evidence of vascular damage (Fig. 6.1). The second part of the chapter will discuss disease processes that occlude vessels resulting in ischemic damage, but are not associated with significant inflammation (Fig. 6.2).
Screening for and Characterizing Restriction Endonucleases

The ability to cleave DNA at specific sequences is the fundamental technology which was responsible for the rapid development of genetic engineering. The type II restriction endonucleases are the enzymes which enable scientists to cleave DNA at specific sequences. In 1974, Richard Roberts distributed a list of 30 restriction endonucleases. Eighteen of these recognized unique sequences; the remainder were isoschizomers, enzymes from different bacterial sources that recognize the same sequence (1). Presently the list contains 398 restriction endonucleases, 91 of which are unique (2). The increased number of restriction endonucleases available now has allowed greater flexibility and versatility in experimental strategies and design. Continuing the search for and identifying new restriction endonucleases will further reduce the limitations and permit more precision in genetic engineering.
Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease at Autopsy of Patients with Cancer

Intranuclear inclusions of cytomegalic inclusion virus (CMV) were identified in 19 of 5,788 consecutive autopsies of cancer patients. The lungs were involved in 17 cases and the adrenal glands in seven. Steroid therapy had no influence on the presence of CMV in the adrenal glands. Concurrent Pneumocystis pneumonia was found in five patients. CMV was present in epithelial cells at the margins of six benign gastric or duodenal ulcers, an observation not previously emphasized. This might be an aggravating factor in steroid-induced ulcerative disease. Hypoalbuminemia and hypogammaglobulinemia appeared in the last 8 weeks of life of several patients, whereas leukopenia was usually present for many months before death. Some, but not all, patients with widespread or severe lesions due to CMV were deficient in serum albumin, gamma globulin, and peripheral leukocytes. Although most received whole blood transfusions at some time, fresh blood could not be implicated as a source of CMV in these patients.
Interaction of inherited sterility and diapause in the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory strain Heliothis zea (Boddie) females were crossed with irradiated (10 krad) and nonirradiated males. Progeny from these crosses were studied to determine the effects of inherited sterility on the ability of H. zea to initiate, maintain, and break diapause, and the effects of diapause on the fecundity and fertility of emerging adults from different genetic stock. There was no interaction between inherited sterility and diapause with regard to depth of pupation, initiation or termination of diapause, egg hatch, fecundity, or survival. Diapause had no significant effect on egg hatch; however, crosses involving moths that emerged from diapaused pupae produced significantly fewer eggs.
Pat Robertson: Apocalyptic Theology and American Foreign Policy

all, Rev. Jesse Jackson also represents a mix of religion and poli tics, though with different content from both areas. And these two former presidential candidates together simply signify the most obvious of the mixing that goes on between religion and politics in all candidates for public office. Overtly religious pres idents are not new; one need only bring to mind names like James Garfield (a preacher), Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wil son, and, more recently, Jimmy Carter to recognize that religion and politics have been cohabitants of the White House long before the 1980s.1
Survivor Curves of Selected Salmonella enteritidis Serotypes in Liquid Whole Egg Homogenates at 60°C.

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE U. S. Department of Agriculture, Consumer and Marketing Service Regulations (1970) specify that pasteurization requirements for liquid whole egg by 3.5 min. at 60°C. (140°F.). However, the National Academy of Sciences report on the Salmonella problem (1969) indicates that Salmonella have been found in pasteurized egg products. The required pasteurization treatment is generally thought to destroy most Salmonella erotypes with the exception of S. enteritidis serotype Senftenberg (775 W) without damaging the functional properties of the egg. The time-temperature requirements for pasteurization of liquid whole eggs are based mainly on extensive studies by Anellis et al. (1954), Osborne et al. (1954), and Sugihara et al. (1966), among others. However, Anellis et al. (1954), indicated that 3.5 min. at 60°C. for a 105/ml. concentration is at best a marginal heat treatment and could conceivably yield inadequately pasteurized liquid whole egg products. Cotterill (1968) using 105/ml. concentrations reached the same…
Assessment of perceptual field independence in freshman and senior undergraduates.

A longitudinal investigation of perceptual field independence between ch~ldhood and young adulthood by Witkin, et al. (1967) found an increase during this agc range. However, there was some cross-sectional evidence that field independence may tc~nporarily decrease in late adolescence. The present study further examines age as well as sex differences in freshman to senior undergraduates. Ss were 20 male and 20 female students in each of the four class years (N = 1 6 0 ) . Each S received two measures of field independence: Hidden-patterns Test (French, er al., 1962) and a Modified Hidden-figures Test (French, et al., 1962; Jackson & Messick, 1 9 6 4 ) . The modification on the Hidden-figures Test was that S was shown the correct figure to trace. The number correctly checked (minus the incorrect) in 2 min. was the score used o n the Hidden-pattern Test, and the number correctly traced in 10 min. was the score used on the Modified Hidden-figures Test. The two tests of field independence were significantly correlated in both the female sample ( s = .25) and the male sample ( r = . 4 3 ) . The mean total for the male sample on the Hidden-patterns test was 32.75 and for the female sample was 34.86. The mean totals on the Modified Hidden-figures Test were 11.52 for men and 11.92 for women. The analyses of variance indicated no age or sex differences on either test scores. On the Hidden-patterns Test the Fs were 1.87 for age ( d f = 3/152) and 1.95 for sex ( d f = 1/152) . O n the Modified Hidden-figures Test the Fs were 1.05 for age and .27 for sex. These results indicate that age differences as well as sex differences on several perceptual measures of field independence are negligible between 18 and 22 yr. The implication is that in a relatively homogeneous sample field independence reaches a plateau in young adulthood and that during the age range of 18 to 22 yr. there is not a temporary reversal in the growth of perceptual field independence.
Discussion on Key Question Issues in Coliform Detection

Objective To discuss the three key issues that should be focused on in the process of the detection of coliform bacteria.Methods The coliform test of cakes and braised pork was based on the method provided from GB/T4789.3-2008 Methods of microbiological examination of food hygiene coliform count.Results Failure of the test results would appear when the dilution ratio was specifically chosen to be 10-1,10-2,10-3.Fake negative results will appear with the judgment of fermentation and double LST determination of fermentation medium.Conclusions The choice for the dilution ratio should be 100,10-1,10-2.The proper test method for double LST medium was to apply 150mL Erlenmeyer flask to double LST determination of fermentation medium.As for a solution to the unclear observational result of the samples,the tube can be gently removed or improved the opening of the tube to an irregular inverted one.
Collective mental time travel: Creating a shared future through our shared past:

We connect two areas of research: psychological research on mental time travel as a way of understanding memory and the interdisciplinary work on collective memory. For individuals, remembering the...
IRF5 and IRF5 Disease-Risk Variants Increase Glycolysis and Human M1 Macrophage Polarization by Regulating Proximal Signaling and Akt2 Activation

Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) regulates inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization, and disease-associated IRF5 genetic variants regulate pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR)-induced cytokines. PRR-stimulated macrophages and M1 macrophages exhibit enhanced glycolysis, a central mediator of inflammation. We find that IRF5 is needed for PRR-enhanced glycolysis in human macrophages and in mice in vivo. Upon stimulation of the PRR nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) in human macrophages, IRF5 binds RIP2, IRAK1, and TRAF6. IRF5, in turn, is required for optimal Akt2 activation, which increases expression of glycolytic pathway genes and HIF1A as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1 polarization. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines and glycolytic pathways co-regulate each other. Rs2004640/rs2280714 TT/TT IRF5 disease-risk-carrier cells demonstrate increased IRF5 expression and increased PRR-induced Akt2 activation, glycolysis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and M1 polarization relative to GG/CC carrier macrophages. Our findings identify that IRF5 disease-associated polymorphisms regulate diverse immunological and metabolic outcomes and provide further insight into mechanisms contributing to the increasingly recognized important role for glycolysis in inflammation.
Using scientific inquiry to increase knowledge of vaccine theory and infectious diseases.

Background: The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a laboratory activity based on scientific inquiry to educate first-year pharmacy students in the U.S. about vaccination theory and the attributes of common pathogens. Methods: The laboratory activity had two principal sections. The first consisted of an interactive game during which students rolled a die to determine outcomes based on a set of pre-determined criteria. In the second section, students generated and tested hypotheses about vaccine theory using a computer simulation that modeled disease transmission within a large population. In each section students were asked to evaluate epidemiological data and make inferences pertinent to vaccination effectiveness. Results: Mean scores on a knowledge-based assessment given immediately before and immediately after the activity increased from 46% to 71%. Discussion: A laboratory activity designed to stimulate scientific inquiry within pharmacy students enabled them to increase their knowledge of common vaccines and infectious diseases.
Branched Diol Monomers from the Sequential Hydrogenation of Renewable Carboxylic Acids

A prominent challenge in replacing petrochemical polymers with bioderived alternatives is the efficient transformation of biomass into useful monomers. In this work, we demonstrate a practical process for the synthesis of multifunctional alcohols from five- and six-carbon acids using heterogeneous catalysts in aqueous media. Design of this process was guided by thermodynamic calculations, which indicate the need for two sequential high-pressure hydrogenations: one, reduction of the acid to a lactone at high temperature; two, further reduction of the lactone to the corresponding diol or triol at low temperature. For example, the conversion of mesaconic acid into (α or β)-methyl-γ-butyrolactone was achieved with 95 % selectivity at a turnover frequency of 1.2 min−1 over Pd/C at 240 °C. Subsequent conversion of (α or β)-methyl-γ-butyrolactone into 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol was achieved with a yield of 80 % with Ru/C at 100 °C. This process is an efficient method for the production of lactones, diols, and triols, all valuable monomers for the synthesis of bioderived branched polyesters.
Survival Analyses of Patients With Metastatic Renal Cancer Treated With Targeted Therapy With or Without Cytoreductive Nephrectomy: A National Cancer Data Base Study

PurposeThe role of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has become unclear since the introduction of targeted therapies (TT). We sought to evaluate contemporary utilization rates of CN and to examine the survival benefit of CN compared with non-CN patients treated with TT.MethodsWe used the National Cancer Data Base to identify patients with clinical mRCC treated with TT between 2006 and 2013. The intervention of interest was CN. Multivariable logistic regression predicting receipt of CN was performed. Overall survival (OS) was examined using Cox regression models and incremental survival analyses were performed. Sensitivity analyses using propensity scores were conducted.ResultsOf 15,390 patients treated with TT, 5,374 (35%) underwent CN between 2006 and 2013. Patients who were younger, privately insured, treated at an academic center, and had lower tumor stage and cN0 disease were more likely to undergo CN. The median OS of CN versus non-CN patients was 17.1 (95% CI, ...
Cuban Kitchens: Spaces of Food and Life in Cuba

In this photo essay I present eleven portraits of Cubans, mostly women but some men, in their kitchens. After all, kitchens are intimate spaces; they are the home’s place of sustenance, of life. But kitchens are also the physical spaces where each of us, through the act of preparing and eating food, is enmeshed in a web of much broader social, economic, and political forces. Through the daily routine of buying groceries, preparing and cooking food, and sitting down to eat, we consume and metabolize the end result of all kinds of political, economic, cultural, and environmental processes far beyond our immediate reach. The photographs are preceded by a short essay in which I frame the images in terms of gender and kitchen spaces, food security, and the very specific rural–urban dynamics present in contemporary Cuba, and the intersection of race and food.
A bioluminescent caspase-1 activity assay rapidly monitors inflammasome activation in cells

Inflammasomes are protein complexes induced by diverse inflammatory stimuli that activate caspase-1, resulting in the processing and release of cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and pyroptosis, an immunogenic form of cell death. To provide a homogeneous method for detecting caspase-1 activity, we developed a bioluminescent, plate-based assay that combines a substrate, Z-WEHD-aminoluciferin, with a thermostable luciferase in an optimized lytic reagent added directly to cultured cells. Assay specificity for caspase-1 is conferred by inclusion of a proteasome inhibitor in the lytic reagent and by use of a caspase-1 inhibitor to confirm activity. This approach enables a specific and rapid determination of caspase-1 activation. Caspase-1 activity is stable in the reagent thereby providing assay convenience and flexibility. Using this assay system, caspase-1 activation has been determined in THP-1 cells following treatment with α-hemolysin, LPS, nigericin, gramicidin, MSU, R848, Pam3CSK4, and flagellin. Caspase-1 activation has also been demonstrated in treated J774A.1 mouse macrophages, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice, as well as in human primary monocytes. Caspase-1 activity was not detected in treated BMDMs derived from Casp1-/- mice, further confirming the specificity of the assay. Caspase-1 activity can be measured directly in cultured cells using the lytic reagent, or caspase-1 activity released into medium can be monitored by assay of transferred supernatant. The caspase-1 assay can be multiplexed with other assays to monitor additional parameters from the same cells, such as IL-1β release or cell death. The caspase-1 assay in combination with a sensitive real-time monitor of cell death allows one to accurately establish pyroptosis. This assay system provides a rapid, convenient, and flexible method to specifically and quantitatively monitor caspase-1 activation in cells in a plate-based format. This will allow a more efficient and effective assessment of inflammasome activation as well as enable high-throughput screening for inflammasome modulators.
Dynamically concerted and stepwise trajectories of the Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene

Abstract Molecular dynamics of the [3,3]-sigmatropic (Cope) rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene were performed with the B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional theory method. We found that the forming or breaking bond lengths of sampled transition state geometries are 1.97 A ± 0.15 A, which is defined as the transition zone. Two hundred and thirty trajectories were propagated. Ninety-five percent of the trajectories connect reactant to product. Five percent of the trajectories involved recrossing. For the reactive trajectories, the time to traverse the transition zone was 35 ± 16 fs. Ninety-four percent of these trajectories are dynamically concerted, while the remaining six percent are dynamically stepwise.
High School Weight-Training Curriculum: Course Development Considerations

As weight training gain's popularity as a high school course offering, it is imperative to examine not only the way it is being presented but also the content. There is an appropriate scope and sequence that allows students to grasp basic knowledge and practical experiences to design and perform a weight-training program according to their personal goals. During high school, students may enroll in as few as a single weight-training class. Therefore, that one course must provide a thorough foundation for the students in regards to types of lifts, proper lifting technique, and program design. For the physical educator without a strong weight-training background, course design can be challenging, and continuing education is imperative. This article provides teachers with ideas to consider when designing a course that can provide all students with the knowledge and skills to learn weight-training methods in a safe and effective manner. A suggested one-semester outline for an introductory weight-training cours...
Robust Control of a Twin Lift Helicopter System using μ - Synthesis

Abstract Two robust controller designs are presented for a twin lift helicopter system (TLHS). The TLHS configuration consists of two UH-60A Sikorsky Blackhawk helicopters jointly lifting a heavy payload. The first design presented considers the case in which the tethers connecting each helicopter to the load are equal in length, and the second considers the case in which the tether lengths are unequal. Both designs are based on a seven degree of freedom model linearized about hover. The primary objective of each controller is to minimize the control action and pitching motion required to stabilize the helicopters as they perform elementary manuevers. Initial controllers developed by solving a mixed sensitivity H ∞ problem are analyzed for robustness to model uncertainty using the structured singular value μ and new controllers are developed which are more robust with respect to the uncertainty.
Personality, Cardiovascular Disorders, and Illness Behaviour

The idea that personality traits and psychological characteristics play a role in the etiology of physical disease has its roots in medicine and philosophy before Descartes. Early physicians believed that intense emotions could produce imbalances in bodily function, culminating in various forms of physical pathology. In the first half of this century, the role of chronic emotional conflicts in the etiology of physical disorders was emphasized. Based on observations of clinical groups, correlations between particular diseases and personality types were reported, and striking psychological similarities among patients suffering from the same organic disease were described. These similarities were formulated into personality profiles, and characteristic personality types were linked to specific disorders, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), peptic ulcer, and asthma (Alexander, 1939). Later trait approaches suggested that certain dispositions, such as giving up, depression, and inability to express feelings, were related to general susceptibility to illness.
Adventures in Supervision: Implications for Supervision of Adventure Based Counseling

ABSTRACTSupervision is a key component of counselor education. Although a variety of models guide the supervision process, few address the needs of counselors engaging in Adventure Based Counseling (ABC), a mode of treatment that uses experiential activities in a group setting. To address the experiential nature of ABC, the authors propose an integrative supervision approach comprised of the discrimination model of counseling supervision and the ENHANCES model for ABC. The authors also address training needs of ABC supervisors as well as supervision best practices. Finally, the article includes a case-study demonstrating the implementation of an integrative model of ABC supervision, addressing both the technical and clinical skills.
Growth kinetics and oncologic outcomes for small renal masses managed with active surveillance: a review of the literature.

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor of the journal Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may cause. Bentham science disclaimer It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.
A survey of optimal process design capabilities and practices in the chemical and petrochemical industries

Abstract To examine industrial capabilities and practices in using process design optimization software tools, we conducted a series of over one hundred interviews with practitioners and industry experts in optimal process design, focusing on current techniques, workflows, and challenges. In this article, we analyze the findings of these interviews, providing a perspective into the status of optimal process design in the petrochemical and chemical industries. We first present the findings categorized by company type and personnel function, followed by industry-specific insights.
Military Justice: A Very Short Introduction (Book Review)

This short essay reviews Professor Eugene Fidell’s recently published book, “Military Justice A Very Short Introduction” (Oxford Press). This book is a welcome addition to military law and military justice literature more generally. Eugene Fidell, a professor at Yale Law School, brings a tremendous breadth of experience as both a scholar and military justice practitioner. He also possesses a keen observational and critical eye to the subject of military justice practiced here and abroad. The book review first provides an overview of Professor Fidell’s book, its organizational set-up, and where it sits in the broader context of military justice literature. Second, it highlights the aspects of the book that should be of particular interest to readers – such as members of the media – that require a familiarity with the court-martial and military justice system. The military criminal justice system can appear quite opaque to outside observers. Readers seeking to understand military justice jargon and its somewhat unusual design will be well served by this book. I commend it to anyone with an interest in military justice, particularly those seeking to “get up to speed” quickly on the critical differences between the civilian and military justice system.
Analysis of Composite Materials by Dynamic Thermomechanometry (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis)

Epoxy-fibre composite materials have been analysed by dynamic mechanical analysis. The technique has been used to detect the glass transition of highly cured composite materials and to investigate the curing reaction itself for normally formulated and experimental materials. Both isothermal and scanning temperature programs have been used, individually, and combined in more complex cure cycles.
Mitral valve surgery in Barlow’s disease

Barlow’s disease is a primary or idiopathic degenerative condition of the mitral valve leaflet prolapse with excessive myxomatous altered tissue can be detected on histology. The reason for the onset of this degenerative condition is ill understood. It may commence in childhood, and young adults. The condition has a familial incidence in some cases and in others pectus excavatum or other abnormalities of the bony thorax suggest a generalized disorder of connective tissue. On the other hand, myxomatous degeneration is common in the elderly. It leads to the development of redundant valve tissue and is often associated with excessive elongation of the chordae tendineae or rupture of the chordae. The process may be focal, involving only one scallop or even a portion of one scallop, or it may be diffuse, involving both leaflets.
Quantification of organelle changes in plant suspension cultures during growth

Stereological techniques were used to quantify ultrastructural changes which occurred during maturation of cultured Paul's Scarlet rose cells. The volume and ultrastructural composition of young, dividing, unsynchronized 5-day-old cells were compared to that of mature, nondividing 14-day-old cells. The volume of the 14-day-old cells was 4-fold greater than that of the 5-day-old cells, primarily due to vacuole expansion. Numerous quantitative changes occurred in the organelle composition during cell maturation, but distinctive differences were observed in the magnitude and direction of change among the different types of organelles. There was an overall decline in the plastid population as measured by both percent of cell volume and numbers of plastids per cell. The percent of cell volume and numbers of lipid bodies increased, whereas the percent volume of the mitochondria remained relatively constant while the number per cell declined.
[31-OR]: Modeling an NK cell based immunotherapy for preeclampsia

Objectives Natural Killer (NK) cells are key regulators of normal placental development. In contrast to peripheral blood NK (pNK) cells, NK cells located at the maternal-fetal interface constitute the main local lymphocyte population in early pregnancy, are non-cytotoxic and pro-angiogenic. Decidual NK cells (dNK) regulate remodeling of uterine spiral arteries (SA), a process leading to increased blood supply to the developing fetal–placental unit. When SA remodeling is impaired, reduced placental perfusion results in elevated plasma sFlt1 levels, triggering preeclampsia systemic symptoms, (hypertension, edema and proteinuria). We aim to model a NK cell based therapy for preeclampsia. Methods Ex vivo manipulation of human pNK cells by a combination of hypoxia, TGFb-1 and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AZA) yields cells, termed idNK cells, with phenotypic and in vitro functional similarities to dNK cells including expression of dNK cell surface markers and chemokine receptors, proangiogenic capacity and reduced cytotoxicity. idNK cells were further characterized by microarray gene expression profiling, and their capacity to remodel SA was evaluated in immunodeficient mice presenting narrow SA. Results Although distinct from dNK cells, idNK cells acquired the gene expression signature that differentiates dNK cells from pNK cells. Most importantly, i-dNK cell injection increased placental perfusion in a mouse model with narrow SA as evidenced by decreased uterine artery resistance evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, and ameliorated SA remodeling. Conclusions Ex vivo conversion of peripheral blood NK cells into i-dNK cells may be a potential approach for the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia and related disorders. Disclosures R. de Carvalho Cavalli: None. A. Cerdeira: None. H. Korkes: None. S. Burke: None. A. Rajakumar: None. M. Bhasin: None. S. Karumanchi: Consultant, Commercial Interest: Aggamin LLC. H. Kopcow: None.
Correlation Between Process Parameters and Mechanical Properties in Parts Printed by the Fused Deposition Modeling Process

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) represents one of the most common techniques for rapid prototyping and industrial additive manufacturing (AM). Optimizing the process parameters which significantly impact the mechanical properties is critical to achieving the ultimate final part quality sought by industry today. This work investigates the effect of different process parameters including nozzle temperature, printing speed, and print orientation on Young’s modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength of the final part for two types of filament, namely, Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). Design of Experiments (DOE) is used to determine optimized values of the process parameters for each type of filaments; also, a comparison is made between the mechanical properties of the parts fabricated with the two materials. The results show that Y-axis orientation presents the best mechanical properties in PLA while X-axis orientation is the best orientation to print parts with ABS.
Engineering Peace and Security Interventions: Dynamics in Somalia

Peacekeepmg and humamtanan aid interventions in Somalia have attempted to bring peace and stability to the country and region for more than twenty-five years. Different dynamics characterize four distinct phases of these interventions, determining the likelihood of conflict transformation. These dynamics display archetypal system behaviors representative of other persistent conflicts in Africa during the same time period. Field interviews combined with comparative statistics informed system models of conflict dynamics in Africa and Somalia. The models explored the relative impact of intervention feedback loops and key levers on potential for conflict transformation. It is shown that sustainable peace depends less on the appropriate sequencing of aid than on transparency, trust, and cooperation between various intervention actors and stakeholders to enable accountability at the local level. Technical innovations are needed to build transparency and trust between intervention stakeholders without increasing security risks. A potential solution is proposed that incorporates predictive analytics into peer-to-peer networks for monitoring interventions.
Are we just making things up

Everything theoretical physicists do is speculative, and likely wrong, except for the things we get right, says Chanda Prescod-Weinstein
The temporal and long‐term impact of donor body mass index on recipient outcomes after kidney transplantation – a retrospective study

The impact of increasing body mass index (BMI) on development and progression of chronic kidney disease is established. Even implantation kidney biopsies from obese living donors demonstrate subtle histologic changes despite normal function. We hypothesized that kidneys from obese living (LD) and deceased donors (DD) would have inferior long-term allograft outcomes. In a study utilizing US transplant registry, we studied adult kidney transplant recipients from 2000 to 2014. Donors were categorized as BMI 35 kg/m2 (very obese). Our outcome of interest was death censored graft failure (DCGF). Cox proportional hazards model were fitted separately for recipients of DD and LD kidneys, and adjusted for donor, recipient, and transplant characteristics, including donor and recipient size mismatch ratio. Among 118 734 DD and 84 377 LD transplants recipients, we observed a significant and graded increase in DCGF risk among the overweight (LD:HR = 1.06, DD:HR = 1.04), mildly obese (LD:HR = 1.16, DD:HR = 1.10), and very obese (LD:HR = 1.22, DD:HR = 1.22) compared to normal BMI (P < 0.05). The graded effect of donor BMI on outcomes begins early and persists throughout the post-transplant period. Donor obesity status is an independent risk factor for inferior long-term renal allograft outcome despite adjusting for donor and recipient size mismatch and other donor, recipient, and transplant factors.
Can the Green New Deal Save Us? An Interdisciplinary Inquiry

While all citizens are increasingly concerned with climate change and its associated effects, youth show particular interest and activism around the topic. Legislators and activists have recently c...
Pointing at fossils: pXRF identification of a fossilized shell projectile point

Abstract A shell artifact recovered during wet-screening of cultural sediments from CA-SDI-39 (San Diego, CA) had several unusual properties. Fashioned into a triangular projectile point using lithic flaking techniques, the artifact was unlike any other shell tools in the associated assemblage or reported elsewhere in California. Unlike other shell tools in the assemblage, the artifact was not flakey, and appeared to have been formed from a very large shell. This combination of characteristics suggested possible origins from fossilized shells in Pliocene-Pleistocene aged marine terraces. Destructive sampling was not possible, so pXRF was used to investigate chemical evidence for fossilization, or other possible treatments. Results suggest that this artifact was formed from shell that formed under substantially different water conditions than present, evidencing recrystallization consistent with fossil or subfossil shell, but an incomplete mineral conversion.
Enhanced magnetocaloric effect via halide substitution in the tunable molecular magnet, Cu9Br2(cpa)6

The magnetothermodynamic properties of the low-dimensional 2-D metal organic framework (MOF) halide series, Cu9X2(cpa)6 (X = F, Cl, Br; cpa = anion of 2-carboxypentonic acid), abbreviated as CPA(X), has been the subject of experimental studies suggesting the tunability of magnetic properties via halide and guest-host chemistry. CPA(X) is best described as a topologically spin frustrated triangles-in-triangles or triangulated-Kagome-lattice (TKL) on a layered MOF. CPA(X) consists of microporous channels (oriented transverse to the layers) available for chemical manipulation, which support tunability of properties and the further expansion of this class of materials. While the spin frustrated topology of CPA(Cl) has been shown to exhibit a magnetocaloric effect (MCE) at temperatures less than 10 K, we report here new temperature- and field-dependent magnetization data for CPA(Br). In this study, we estimate the effect of halide interchangeability on the MCE produced by this system in low field and at cryogenic temperatures. Magnetic entropy change (ΔS), relative cooling power (RCP), and refrigerant capacity (RC) are calculated for this material and the effects of halide interchangeability on the MCE are discussed. The CPA(X) series, as a tunable molecular magnet, may also serve as a candidate for quantum spin liquid (QSL) studies and invites chemical manipulation of its magnetic properties, including the MCE.
procmonML: Generating evasion resilient host-based behavioral analytics from tree ensembles

Abstract Host-based analytics are useful for identifying nefarious activity and limiting the impact of an adversary's cyber attack on an endpoint. The majority of open-source host-based analytics are heuristic in nature and often rely on matching combinations of strings to produce an alert. Recent threat reports demonstrate that threat actors are able to easily evade these types of analytics via variances in attack techniques, implementation differences, or simple string/parameter modifications. This work introduces a novel machine learning-based approach (procmonML) to generate true behavioral host-based analytics that are more resilient to adversary evasion, thus imparting more workload on the adversary to successfully evade detection. This is accomplished by consolidating multiple system events into a single process event. Analytics are generated from a tree ensemble model using labeled host data from a lab environment and are validated on production enterprise endpoints. This approach can detect multiple variations of a single attack technique by capturing and generalizing system behaviors. The results demonstrate that the procmonML approach is able to effectively generate host-based analytics that are applicable to new environments and more resilient to adversary evasion.
Regional reallocation of Russian industry in transition

In this paper we suggest to use a 'new economic geography' paradigm for explanation of regional reallocation of industrial employment in Russia in 1985-1999. We construct a new economic geography" type model adjusted to specific features of Russian economy. This model gives a counterfactual distribution of industry across regions and allows us to construct a theoretical factor NEGF which is supposed to predict real changes in allocation of industrial employment. Our analysis of empirical data shows that NEGF indeed has a predictive power and this result is valid for a sufficiently wide range of model specifications.
Optical probes of vibrational excitations and structure

The use of optical probes for extracting information on the structure of disordered solids is discussed with particular emphasis on Raman and Depolarization spectroscopic techniques. We show that long wavelength probes can provide details of subtle structural differences and are thus complementary to the more conventional short wavelength x ray probe. Examples of the diversity of structural information which can be deduced with an optical probe are cited.
Lenalidomide reduces microglial activation and behavioral deficits in a transgenic model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common causes of dementia and motor deficits in the elderly. PD is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, which leads to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Currently, there are no disease modifying alternatives for PD; however, targeting neuroinflammation might be a viable option for reducing motor deficits and neurodegeneration. Lenalidomide is a thalidomide derivative designed for reduced toxicity and increased immunomodulatory properties. Lenalidomide has shown protective effects in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and its mechanism of action involves modulation of cytokine production and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. In order to assess the effect of lenalidomide in an animal model of PD, mThy1-α-syn transgenic mice were treated with lenalidomide or the parent molecule thalidomide at 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Lenalidomide reduced motor behavioral deficits and ameliorated dopaminergic fiber loss in the striatum. This protective action was accompanied by a reduction in microgliosis both in striatum and hippocampus. Central expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was diminished in lenalidomide-treated transgenic animals, together with reduction in NF-κB activation. These results support the therapeutic potential of lenalidomide for reducing maladaptive neuroinflammation in PD and related neuropathologies.