cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Will Tort Law Have its #MeToo Moment?

Using tort law’s treatment of claims for domestic violence and sexual assault as examples, this essay identifies prominent features of a feminist historical approach to law to demonstrate how gender inequality is reproduced over time, despite changes in legal doctrine. When informed by feminist theory, history can function as a critique of past and present regimes of inequality, highlighting the various techniques of exclusion and marginalization that emerge to prevent law from redressing serious, recurring injuries suffered disproportionately by women. The essay explores two such techniques: sexual exceptionalism that treats gender-related torts differently than other harms and the adoption of ostensibly neutral rules that have a disparate impact on women and marginalized groups. The essay speculates as to whether the #MeToo movement can provide the momentum to produce a break from the past, particularly with respect to third-party claims holding employers and other institutional defendants responsible for sexualized harms.
How Do We Decolonize Global Health in Medical Education

Medical schools are increasing global health training opportunities, but these have been marketed to medical students as an exotic vocation. The challenges of global health education in high income country (HIC) medical schools are rooted within broader inequities in global health partnerships. More meaningful engagement during medical training is hindered by students’ inability to take extended absences, difficulty securing funding, a paucity of mentors with demonstrated commitment to equitable global health practice, and inadequate preparation. Calls for decolonizing global health have recently amplified, and medical schools must seize the opportunity to train decolonizers. We outline steps medical schools can adopt to shift their global health education approach to develop practitioners better prepared to contribute equitably. First, students should be exposed to more global health courses, including the history of colonial medicine and its effects on specific local contexts. Medical schools should deemphasize short-term unidirectional engagement, and encourage extended experiences. International experiences must have clearly defined roles, clarified with pre-visit contracts and supervision of the experience to ensure students do not engage in medicine above their level of training. For any exchange, medical schools must provide pre-visit training that includes site-specific orientation and strategies for effective collaboration. Finally, medical schools must recruit faculty committed to developing equitable, long-term collaborations, and institutional promotion criteria must be aligned to encourage this work. An understanding and commitment to this lifelong practice can be fostered through medical school curricula that expose students to global health work that prioritizes equity in clinical work and research.
Rapid development of vasopressin resistance in dietary K+ deficiency.

This study shows that aquaporin-2 regulation is disrupted by a small fall in plasma potassium levels and the response is influenced by sexual dimorphism in renal potassium handling. The findings pr...
Specific length and structure rather than high thermodynamic stability enable regulatory mRNA stem-loops to pause translation

Translating ribosomes unwind mRNA secondary structures by three basepairs each elongation cycle. Despite the ribosome helicase, certain mRNA stem-loops stimulate programmed ribosomal frameshift by inhibiting translation elongation. Here, using mutagenesis, biochemical and single-molecule experiments, we examine whether high stability of three basepairs, which are unwound by the translating ribosome, is critical for inducing ribosome pauses. We find that encountering frameshift-inducing mRNA stem-loops from the E. coli dnaX mRNA and the gag-pol transcript of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) hinders A-site tRNA binding and slows down ribosome translocation by 15-20 folds. By contrast, unwinding of first three basepairs adjacent to the mRNA entry channel slows down the translating ribosome by only 2-3 folds. Rather than high thermodynamic stability, specific length and structure enable regulatory mRNA stem-loops to stall translation by forming inhibitory interactions with the ribosome. Our data provide the basis for rationalizing transcriptome-wide studies of translation and searching for novel regulatory mRNA stem-loops.
On Polytopes with Linear Rank with respect to Generalizations of the Split Closure

In this paper we study the rank of polytopes contained in the 0-1 cube with respect to $t$-branch split cuts and $t$-dimensional lattice cuts for a fixed positive integer $t$. These inequalities are the same as split cuts when $t=1$ and generalize split cuts when $t > 1$. For polytopes contained in the $n$-dimensional 0-1 cube, the work of Balas implies that the split rank can be at most $n$, and this bound is tight as Cornu\'ejols and Li gave an example with split rank $n$. All known examples with high split rank -- i.e., at least $cn$ for some positive constant $c 0$, we give a family of polytopes contained in $[0,1]^n$ for sufficiently large $n$ such that each polytope has empty integer hull, is defined by $O(n)$ inequalities, and has rank $\Omega(n)$ with respect to $t$-dimensional lattice cuts. Therefore the split rank of these polytopes is $\Omega(n)$. It was shown earlier that there exist generalized branch-and-bound proofs, with logarithmic depth, of the nonexistence of integer points in these polytopes. Therefore, our lower bound results on split rank show an exponential separation between the depth of branch-and-bound proofs and split rank.
The Development of Goal Orientation

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the development of goal orientation, and presents a review of research on developmental shifts in students' achievement goal orientations. This chapter argues that changes in goal orientations are quite predictable. Nevertheless, these changes primarily can be linked to the changing contexts in which children, adolescents, and adults encounter learning situations. The purpose of this chapter is to outline some of the developmental knowledge base that is available, in order to examine developmental trends. One important and optimistic note is that students clearly adopt the types of goals that are stressed in their schools and classrooms. This is a note of “optimism” because research also has demonstrated that classroom and school goal structures can be manipulated. Consequently, this chapter concludes that the continued study of the development of achievement goals must be interwoven with the study of classroom and school contexts.
Studies of isolated secretion granules of the rabbit parotid gland: ion-induced changes in membrane integrity.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the possible involvement of phospholipase activities in membrane–membrane interactions. The tissue used for the experiment reported in the chapter was the parotid salivary gland of the rabbit. The parotid salivary gland of the rabbit comprises a homogeneous population of secretory cells, each containing numerous apically located secretion granules (diameter 1.0–1.2 μm) that collectively occupy ∼35% of the cellular volume. In the experiment, secretion granules were isolated and then the purified fractions were obtained after discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation in 2 M sucrose buffered with 40 mM potassium phosphate containing 2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pH 7.2. The sucrose concentration was subsequently reduced to 0.4 M by the continuous addition (for ≥1 hour at 4°C using a peristaltic pump) of 0.25 M buffered sucrose. The diluted suspension was subjected to low-speed centrifugation at 2,000gav for 25 minutes, and the pelleted granules were gently resuspended for further studies in fresh 0.4 M buffered sucrose. The intactness of the granule suspension at this point was determined by measuring the amount (expressed as percentage of total) of α-amylase, a secretory protein normally packaged in the granule content, which is sedimentable during centrifugation of ≤60 μL suspension for 1.5 minutes at 8,000gav (Eppendorf 3,200 centrifuge). The latter conditions ensure complete granule sedimentation, and suspensions were found to be 82–92% intact at this stage.
Distributed Microprocessor Automation Network for Synthesizing Radiotracers Used in Positron Emission Tomography

This presentation describes the engineering concepts underlying an evolving distributed microprocessor network for automating the routine production synthesis of radiotracers used in Positron Emission Tomography brain studies at the Chemistry Department of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. As an introduction to the distributed system, we will first present a brief overview of the PET method for measuring biological function, and then outline the general procedure for producing a radiotracer. Following this, the paper will then identify the several reasons for our automating the syntheses of these compounds, that is, it will define the major problems which we have encountered in carrying out the syntheses manually. Next, there will be a description of the distributed microprocessor network architecture chose and the rationale for that choice. Finally, we will speculate about how this network may be exploited by ourselves and others to extend the power of the PET method from the large university or National Laboratory to the biomedical research and clinical setting.
The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation: VII. Existence of two separate homocysteine methylpherases on mammalian liver

Abstract In addition to the enzyme thetin-homocysteine methylpherase, rat and horse livers contain a second enzyme capable of catalyzing the methylation of homocysteine to form methionine. This enzyme differs from thetin-homocysteine methylpherase (a) in its substrate specificity which is much more favorable to the naturally occurring methyl donor betaine; (b) in its behavior towards calcium phosphate and alumina gels, and Sephadex G-75; (c) in its intracellular distribution; and (d) in its concentration in neonatal and regenerating rat liver. The physiological significance of the two homocysteine methylpherases is discussed.
Pathogenomics of Bacterial Biothreat Agents

The idea of "pathogenomics" encompasses every aspect of microbial pathogenesis. Before genome sequences for biothreat pathogens became available, the types of whole-genome approaches applied today were unimaginable to investigators. This chapter therefore revolves around a period of transition in the study of pathogen biology in general and of biothreat agents in particular, much of it stemming from the recent biodefense funding impetus. In discussing the genome biology of classical biothreat pathogens, several common themes emerge. The chapter provides an overview of these ideas before discussing the specific pathogenomics of each agent. The study of genomics emphasizes the similarities of the major themes in biology and allows advances that occur in one field to be quickly transferred to others. The enormity of the impact of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) on the genome content of bacterial species is gradually coming to light. In a postgenomic study, comparative proteomics of the secretomes performed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis between fully virulent Bacillus anthracis, pXO1+/pXO2+ and pXO1-/pXO2- was performed. The pathobiology of B. anthracis, stimulated by the genome sequence, is a highly active field. As knowledge of biothreat pathogenesis grows, so does the possibility of identifying common pathways in the host. For instance, many of the bacteria described in the chapter invade macrophages at some point when causing disease.
Tracking Single Proteins in Live Cells Using Single-Chain Antibody Fragment-Fluorescent Quantum Dot Affinity Pair

Quantum dots (QDs) are extremely bright fluorescent imaging probes that are particularly useful for tracking individual molecules in living cells. Here, we show how a two-component system composed of a high-affinity single-chain fragment antibody and its cognate hapten (fluorescein) can be utilized for tracking individual proteins in various cell types. The single-chain fragment antibody against fluorescein is genetically appended to the protein of interest, while the hapten fluorescein is attached to the end of the peptide that is used to coat the QDs. We describe (i) the method used to functionalize QDs with fluorescein peptides; (ii) the method used to control the stoichiometry of the hapten on the surface of the QD; and (iii) the technical details necessary to observe single molecules in living cells.
Muscular subaortic stenosis: Clinical and pathologic observations in an elderly patient☆

Abstract The clinical and pathologic findings in a 74 year old Negro woman with muscular subaortic stenosis are reported. The clinical diagnosis was suggested by the combination of a brisk-rising carotid pulse, a bifid left ventricular precordial impulse, a prominent atrial diastolic gallop and an apical pansystolic murmur with postpremature beat accentuation. At necropsy there was severe hypertrophy of the cephalad portion of the ventricular septum, thickening of the endocardium of the outflow portion of the left ventricle and focal fibrous thickening of the mitral valve leaflets.
The simplex SON algorithm for LP/embedded network problems

This paper develops a special partitioning method for solving LP problems with embedded network structure. These problems include many of the large-scale LP problems of practical importance, particularly in the fields of energy, scheduling, and distribution. The special partitioning method, called the simplex special ordered network (SON) procedure, applies to LP problems that contain both non-network rows and non-network columns, with no restriction on the form of the rows and columns that do not exhibit a network structure.
MARKET ANALYSIS FOR DRIED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN INDIANA

The rapid expansion of the ethanol industry in Indiana has saturated the local market for the principal co-product, distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In the near term, Indiana’s livestock industry can be expected to consume up to 895,000 tons of DDGS per year. But given production of 2.7 million tons, Indiana’s ethanol producers will rely on railroads and barges to ship excess production to out-of-state destinations. Livestock producers will have a ready access to DDGS across the state.
Design and Implementation of a Broker for Cloud Additive Manufacturing Services

With increasing number of cloud additive manufacturing (AM) service providers, cloud AM services are becoming decentralized and it is difficult for consumers to discover cloud AM services according to their personal preferences and tradeoffs. Existing frameworks of cloud manufacturing either do not have brokers between cloud manufacturing service providers and consumers or do not support personalized preference and tradeoff based brokerage. In this paper, we present a cloud-based service broker system for cloud AM to provide consumers with a single point of access to a large number of cloud AM services from many cloud AM service providers over the Internet based on a service oriented architecture using web services. This broker system uses an innovative cloud AM service selection method which considers consumers' preferences and tradeoffs on service attributes like price, material, and accuracy in the ranking process. It is also based on a new integrated representation for both exact and varied matches in cloud AM service selection. We present an application case study to show how the cloud AM service broker system is used to select cloud AM services based on personal preferences and tradeoffs. It demonstrates feasibility of brokerage in cloud AM and effectiveness of the cloud AM service ranking method based on personalized preferences and tradeoffs.
Reconfiguring Kodiak: The Past and the Present in the Present

Les AA. proposent quelques commentaires a propos du traitement de la question du passe dans deux expositions qui ont en commun de mettre en lumiere l'art et la vie des autochtones d'une region cotiere peu connue de l'Alaska : Kodiak, Alaska : Les masques de la collection Alphonse Pinart, Paris, musee du Quai Branly, novembre 2002 - janvier 2003 ; et Looking Both Ways: Heritage and identity of the Alutiiq People, Anchorage, Museum of History and Art, octobre 2002 - fevrier 2003. Les deux expositions illustrent l'interet continu pour le passe a travers les expositions contemporaines sur l'art et la culture materielle des autochtones americains. Cependant, elles montrent egalement que le traitement du passe est ni uniforme, ni statique. Dans l'exposition parisienne, le present n'est ressenti que faiblement, alors que dans l'exposition americaine il est difficile de faire la part des choses entre ce qui releve du passe et ce qui releve du present.
Solution of two-dimensional vector wave equations via a mixed least squares method

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an original mixed least squares method for the numerical solution of vector wave equations. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed approach involves two different types of unknowns: velocities and stresses. The approximate solution to the dynamic elasticity equations is obtained via a minimization of a least squares functional, consisting of two terms: a term, which includes the squared residual of a weak form of the time rate of the constitutive relationships, expressed in terms of velocities and stresses, and a term, which depends on the squared residual of the equations of motion. At each time step the functional is minimized with respect to the velocities and stresses, which for the purpose of this study, are approximated by equal order piece-wise linear polynomial functions. The time discretization is based upon the backward Euler scheme. The displacements are computed from the obtained velocities in terms of a finite difference interpolation. Fin...
Modeling and Simulation of the ITER First Wall/Blanket Primary Heat Transfer System

ITER inductive power operation is modeled and simulated using a thermal-hydraulics system code (RELAP5) integrated with a 3-D CFD (SC-Tetra) code. The Primary Heat Transfer System (PHTS) functions ...
Collective model description of transitional odd-A nuclei: (I). The triaxial-rotor-plus-particle model

Abstract The energy spectrum of an odd nucleon coupled to a triaxial rotating core has been calculated as a function of the deformation β, the asymmetry γ and the Fermi energy λf. Results are presented in a series of plots with the odd nucleon restricted to a single j-shell and the parameters covering the area which is of most interest for transitional odd-A nuclei in the A = 135 and the A = 190 mass regions. The results apply to unique-parity spectra which are based either on particle or hole states in a. j = 11 2 shell, but hold also for j = 9 2 and j = 13 2 . In addition, results on moments and transition probabilities are given. The quasiparticle-rotor Hamiltonian is derived with special emphasis on the particle-hole symmetry. The analytic solution for the even triaxial rotor at γ = 30° is given. Concerning the odd-A spectrum, characteristics which can be tested experimentally are discussed, and a qualitative physical interpretation is given. In particular, band structures in the triaxial region and their approximate classification are pointed out.
Examination of the dynamic assembly equilibrium for E. coli ClpB

Escherichia coli ClpB is a heat shock protein that belongs to the AAA+ protein superfamily. Studies have shown that ClpB and its homologue in yeast, Hsp104, can disrupt protein aggregates in vivo. It is thought that ClpB requires binding of nucleoside triphosphate to assemble into hexameric rings with protein binding activity. In addition, it is widely assumed that ClpB is uniformly hexameric in the presence of nucleotides. Here we report, in the absence of nucleotide, that increasing ClpB concentration leads to ClpB hexamer formation, decreasing NaCl concentration stabilizes ClpB hexamers, and the ClpB assembly reaction is best described by a monomer, dimer, tetramer, hexamer equilibrium under the three salt concentrations examined. Further, we found that ClpB oligomers exhibit relatively fast dissociation on the time scale of sedimentation. We anticipate our studies on ClpB assembly to be a starting point to understand how ClpB assembly is linked to the binding and disaggregation of denatured proteins.
Understanding land surface evapotranspiration with satellite multispectral measurements

Quantitative use of remote multispectral measurements to study and map land surface evapotranspiration has been a challenging issue for the past 20 years. Past work is reviewed against process physics. A simple two-layer combination-type model is used which is applicable to both vegetation and bare soil. The theoretic analysis is done to show which land surface properties are implicitly defined by such evaporation models and to assess whether they are measurable as a matter of principle. Conceptual implications of the spatial correlation of land surface properties, as observed by means of remote multispectral measurements, are illustrated with results of work done in arid zones. A normalization of spatial variability of land surface evaporation is proposed by defining a location-dependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range. Examples of the application of remote based estimates of evaporation to hydrological modeling studies in Egypt and Argentina are presented.
An Overview of Selected Prognostic Technologies With Application to Engine Health Management

The DoD has various vehicle platforms powered by high performance gas turbine engines that would benefit greatly from predictive health management technologies that can detect, isolate and assess remaining useful life of critical line replaceable units (LRUs) or subsystems. In order to meet these needs for next generation engines, dedicated prognostic algorithms must be developed that are capable of operating in an autonomous and real-time engine health management system software architecture that is distributed in nature. This envisioned prognostic and health management system should allow engine-level reasoners to have visibility and insight into the results of local diagnostic and prognostic technologies implemented down at the LRU and subsystem levels. To accomplish this effectively requires an integrated suite of prognostic technologies that can be applied to critical engine systems and can capture fault/failure mode propagation and interactions that occur in these systems, all the way up through the engine and eventually vehicle level. In the paper, the authors will present a generic set of selected prognostic algorithm approaches that can be applied to gas turbine engines, as well as provide an overview of the required reasoning architecture needed to integrate the prognostic information across the engine.
Diffusion dark current in front-illuminated CCDs and CMOS image sensors

The dark current that arises due to diffusion from the bulk is assuming a more important role now that CCD and CMOS image sensors have found their way into consumer electronics which must be capable of operating at elevated temperatures. Historically this component has been estimated from the diffusion related current of a diode with an infinite substrate. This paper explores the effect of a substrate of finite extent beneath the collecting volume of the pixel for a front-illuminated device and develops a corrected expression for the diffusion related dark current. The models show that the diffusion dark current can be much less than that predicted by the standard model.
SunCat: helping developers understand and predict performance problems in smartphone applications

The number of smartphones shipped in 2014 will be four times larger than the number of PCs. Compared to PCs, smartphones have limited computing resources, and smartphone applications are more prone to performance problems. Traditionally, developers use profilers to detect performance problems by running applications with relatively large inputs. Unfortunately, for smartphone applications, the developer cannot easily control the input, because smartphone applications interact heavily with the environment. Given a run on a small input, how can a developer detect performance problems that would occur for a run with large input? We present SUNCAT, a novel technique that helps developers understand and predict performance problems in smartphone applications. The developer runs the application using a common input, typically small, and SUNCAT presents a prioritized list of repetition patterns that summarize the current run plus additional information to help the developer understand how these patterns may grow in the future runs with large inputs. We implemented SUNCAT for Windows Phone systems and used it to understand the performance characteristics of 29 usage scenarios in 5 popular applications. We found one performance problem that was confirmed and fixed, four problems that were confirmed, one confirmed problem that was a duplicate of an older report, and three more potential performance problems that developers agree may be improved.
Radiative transfer in liquid CCl4

The interaction of thermal radiation with conduction in a heated-from-above horizontal layer of liquid CCl4 is analytically examined. An analysis based on basic spectroscopic information is compared with existing experimental data for layer spacings of 0 < L ≤ 20 mm at T = 298°K. The analysis is carried out for approximate band profiles of the Lorentz. Gaussian and exponential type.
The identification of petroleum products in the marine environment by absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract The ultra-violet absorption spectra of a variety of common petroleum products, including distillate and residual fuel oils and lubricating oils, have been examined. The absorption spectra for the fuel oils were characterized by strong absorption maxima at approximately 228 nm and comparatively less prominent peaks at 256 nm. The spectra for the lubricating oils indicated very weak absorption at 256 nm and no clearly defined peak at 228 nm. The ratio of the absorbances at 228 and 256 nm varied from 1.23 for the residual to 7.41 for the distillate fuel oils. No change in this ratio was detected for a sample of Bunker C oil that experienced almost a year's exposure to weathering processes. These results suggest a basis for an analytical procedure which may be useful for the identification of oil spills. The application of this method to the identification of the origin of oils found recently in the marine environment of Eastern Canada is discussed.
Aqueous aerosol SOA formation: impact on aerosol physical properties.

Organic chemistry in aerosol water has recently been recognized as a potentially important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material. This SOA material may be surface-active, therefore potentially affecting aerosol heterogeneous activity, ice nucleation, and CCN activity. Aqueous aerosol chemistry has also been shown to be a potential source of light-absorbing products (“brown carbon”). We present results on the formation of secondary organic aerosol material in aerosol water and the associated changes in aerosol physical properties from GAMMA (Gas–Aerosol Model for Mechanism Analysis), a photochemical box model with coupled gas and detailed aqueous aerosol chemistry. The detailed aerosol composition output from GAMMA was coupled with two recently developed modules for predicting a) aerosol surface tension and b) the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the aerosol, based on our previous laboratory observations. The simulation results suggest that the formation of oligomers and organic acids in bulk aerosol water is unlikely to perturb aerosol surface tension significantly. Isoprene-derived organosulfates are formed in high concentrations in acidic aerosols under low-NOx conditions, but more experimental data are needed before the potential impact of these species on aerosol surface tension may be evaluated. Adsorption of surfactants from the gas phase may further suppress aerosol surface tension. Light absorption by aqueous aerosol SOA material is driven by dark glyoxal chemistry and is highest under high-NOx conditions, at high relative humidity, in the early morning hours. The wavelength dependence of the predicted absorption spectra is comparable to field observations and the predicted mass absorption efficiencies suggest that aqueous aerosol chemistry can be a significant source of aerosol brown carbon under urban conditions.
Er-doped In 0.5 Al 0.5 P native oxides on GaAs: photoluminescence characterization and annealing optimization

ABSTRACT Er-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWA) require high doping levels due to their length limit of a few to tens of cm, making the host selection of great importance to avoid deleterious high concentration effects. The wet thermal oxides of InAlP (lattice matched to GaAs) are phosphate rich, making them an attractive rare earth host for EDWAs where monolithic integration of pump lasers may be possible. InAlP epilayers are partially oxidized in water vapor (4 h, 500 qC). Er-implantation (300 keV, 10 15 cm -2 total dose) performed either before or after growth of the 300 nm thick oxide results in a peak Er concentration of ~10 20 cm -3 . Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) characterization shows broad (61 nm FWHM) emission with a long 8 ms lifetime. We present a comparison of PL characteristics of Er-doped InAlP and AlGaAs native oxides, and results of rapid thermal processor (RTP) annealing studies for host optimization. At 683 qC, the 3 sec optimal annealing time for post-oxidation-implanted samples is notably shorter than that of the pre-oxidation-implanted samples (20 sec), indicating less thermal en ergy is required for Er. A spectral line shape change is also observed for the post-oxidation-implanted samples wh en over-annealed, indicating a host phase change and local environment change for Er ions. For both post- and pre-oxidation-implanted samples, PL lifetimes remain near 8 ms after RTP annealing over the entire temperature range of 500 qC to 800 qC, indicating minimal Er clustering and suggesting that even higher Er concentrations, desirable for incr eased EDWA gain, are possible. Keywords: Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier, InAlP, wet therma l oxidation, phosphate glass, monolithic integration, photoluminescence
Further Characterization of Escherichia coliEndonuclease V MECHANISM OF RECOGNITION FOR DEOXYINOSINE, DEOXYURIDINE, AND BASE MISMATCHES IN DNA

Abstract Endonuclease V from Escherichia colihas a wide substrate spectrum. In addition to deoxyinosine-containing DNA, the enzyme cleaves DNA containing urea residues, AP sites, base mismatches, insertion/deletion mismatches, flaps, and pseudo-Y structures. The gene coding for the enzyme was identified to beorf 225 or nfi(e n donuclease fi ve). Using enzyme purified from an overproducing strain, the deoxyinosine- and mismatch-specific activities of endonuclease V was found to have different divalent metal requirements. The affinity of the enzyme is greater than 20-fold higher for DNA containing deoxyinosine than deoxynebularine or base mismatches. Under optimal cleavage conditions, endonuclease V forms two stable complexes with DNA containing deoxyinosine, but not with DNA containing base mismatches or deoxynebularine, suggesting that the 6-keto group of hypoxanthine in DNA is critical for stable interactions with the protein. The enzyme recognizes deoxyuridine in DNA but exhibits a much lower affinity to DNA containing deoxyuridine compared with DNA containing deoxyinosine. Interestingly, deoxyuridine-specific endonuclease activity of endonuclease V has a divalent metal requirement similar to the mismatch activity. A model for the mechanism of substrate recognition is proposed to explain these different activities.
Digital Modeling of Construction Site Terrain Using Remotely Sensed Data and Geographic Information Systems Analyses

AbstractTopography and physical characteristics of a project should be considered in the preconstruction planning for any construction site. However, many of the technologies used for generating digital models of site topography rely extensively on project site surveys. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by improving the understanding of the nature and sources of remotely sensed data for construction applications as well as the accuracy of digital terrain models (DTMs) derived from remotely sensed data. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), satellite imagery, and models provided by the USGS are three different sources of remotely sensed data that have been used in this study. It is expected that the research outcome will overcome some of the drawbacks of the existing methods for modeling site topography. The elevation values derived from these terrain models are compared with the values that have been measured in the field. The results indicate that the LiDAR-based DTM represents the ...
HISTORY ON THE LUAPULA RETOLD: LANDSCAPE, MEMORY AND IDENTITY IN THE KAZEMBE KINGDOM

This article examines memorial traditions and social identities in the Luapula Valley during the nineteenth century. In History on the Luapula, Ian Cunnison argued that most histories in the Luapula Valley were ‘personal’ renditions except for the ‘impersonal’ and general history of the Kazembe Kingdom. This article details how the impersonal history of the Kazembe Kingdom arose. Through the association of shrines and natural phenomena with the ancestral heroes that featured in the historical drama of the Kazembe conquests, a more general, universal and hegemonic history was rendered. The formulation and commemoration of this history sustained two Luapulan identities, a ‘Lunda’ migrant identity and a ‘Shila’ autochthonous identity, both of which proved to be solid foundations for the creation of ‘tribes’ in the colonial period.
An empirical investigation of alternative approaches to estimating the equilibrium demand for housing

Two approaches to estimating the desired or equilibrium housing demand parameters have been utilized in recent literature. One approach, commonly referred to as the conventional model, assumes that households continuously consume their temporal equilibrium housing services, where a temporal equilibrium is defined with respect to the household’s current economic and demographic characteristics. Based upon this assumption, conventional demand studies have employed random samples which include a majority of households that have not recently moved. (See Lee and Kong [6] or Carliner [2].) A problem with this approach is its failure to recognize moving costs households must pay to alter their housing service consumption. The existence of moving costs suggests that households may not respond rapidly to changes in their desired consumption of housing, but instead remain in their dwelling unit until the cost incurred from consuming the non-equilibrium level of services exceeds the cost of relocating. If so, demand samples employed in conventional studies may include a significant number of disequilibrium observations. This causes two problems. First, there exist measurement errors in independent variables that have changed since the household was last in equilibrium. Second, the true equilibrium effect of an independent variable may be incorrectly estimated due to its correlation with either the occurrence of disequilibrium or the length of the housing adjustment lag. The second approach to estimating the equilibrium parameters attempts to minimize these problems by restricting the sample to households that have recently moved. (See Hanushek and Quigley [3] or Aaron [l].)
Determination of the existence, value and uncertainty of the compensation or isokinetic temperature

The demonstration of the existence of a compensation effect, the linear dependence of the enthalphy on the entropy for a series of chemical reactions, is often complicated by an apparent linear dependence arising solely from experimental errors. A non-linear least squares method has been developed for establishing the existence or non-existence of a compensation effect and for determining the value of the compensation temperature if the effect exists. The uncertainty in the value of the compensation temperature can be determined by means of a Monte Carlo procedure. If a compensation effect does not exist, three cases can be distinguished: (1) the relationship between the enthalpy and entropy is linear, but the compensation temperature is 0 K; (2) the various reactions cannot be distinguished from each other because of experimental errors; and (3) the reactions do differ, but the relationship (if one exists) between the enthalpy and entropy is not linear. The method is illustrated using both hypothetical and experimental examples.
Benthic invertebrate production—facilitating answers to ecological riddles in freshwater ecosystems

AbstractInvertebrate secondary production, or the formation of invertebrate biomass through time, has been estimated in many freshwater benthic habitats. It has been a major research theme for the North American Benthological Society (NABS), and many of its members have made significant contributions to the subject, both before and during the existence of J-NABS. Although some benthic production work occurred before 1960, the major methods were developed primarily during the 1960s and 1970s. Most of these methods also were applied in terrestrial and marine environments. The main focus of our paper is how secondary production has been used as an essential variable in facilitating answers to a wide variety of ecological questions. Benthic freshwater production studies before the inception of J-NABS were primarily related to life history, interpopulation comparisons, niche overlap/competition, predator–prey relationships, differences in production/biomass (P/B), energy flow, the trophic basis of production, ...
New breath for rotavirus vaccines

New vaccines against rotavirus, the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis worldwide, are on the threshold of introduction into immunization programs in affluent nations. A reduction of the health burden and costs of severe rotavirus disease in these countries should be evident within 2–3 years of vaccine introduction. However, realizing the full potential of these vaccines will require demonstration of their efficacy and ensuring their affordability in the poorest populations where rotavirus kills >500,000 children annually.
Components of SurA required for outer membrane biogenesis in uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Background SurA is a periplasmic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone of Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast to other PPIases, SurA appears to have a distinct role in chaperoning newly synthesized porins destined for insertion into the outer membrane. Previous studies have indicated that the chaperone activity of SurA rests in its “core module” (the N- plus C-terminal domains), based on in vivo envelope phenotypes and in vitro binding and protection of non-native substrates. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we determined the components of SurA required for chaperone activity using in vivo phenotypes relevant to disease causation by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), namely membrane resistance to permeation by antimicrobials and maturation of the type 1 pilus usher FimD. FimD is a SurA-dependent, integral outer membrane protein through which heteropolymeric type 1 pili, which confer bladder epithelial binding and invasion capacity upon uropathogenic E. coli, are assembled and extruded. Consistent with prior results, the in vivo chaperone activity of SurA in UPEC rested primarily in the core module. However, the PPIase domains I and II were not expendable for wild-type resistance to novobiocin in broth culture. Steady-state levels of FimD were substantially restored in the UPEC surA mutant complemented with the SurA N- plus C-terminal domains. The addition of PPIase domain I augmented FimD maturation into the outer membrane, consistent with a model in which domain I enhances stability of and/or substrate binding by the core module. Conclusions/Significance Our results confirm the core module of E. coli SurA as a potential target for novel anti-infective development.
Monolithic GaAs Wideband Low Noise RLC Feedback Amplifiers

One, two, and three stage RLC feedback GaAs monolithic amplifiers were designed, fabricated and tested. The fabrication process uses two dielectrics, polyimide and silicon nitride, to achieve low capacitance metal cross overs and high capacitance per unit area capacitors. The amplifiers had gains 8 dB/stage with a 3 dB cut off frequency of 3.2 GHz and a typical noise figure of 4 dB.
Two new high-resolution crystal structures of carboxysome pentamer proteins reveal high structural conservation of CcmL orthologs among distantly related cyanobacterial species

Cyanobacteria have evolved a unique carbon fixation organelle known as the carboxysome that compartmentalizes the enzymes RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase. This effectively increases the local CO2 concentration at the active site of RuBisCO and decreases its relatively unproductive side reaction with oxygen. Carboxysomes consist of a protein shell composed of hexameric and pentameric proteins arranged in icosahedral symmetry. Facets composed of hexameric proteins are connected at the vertices by pentameric proteins. Structurally homologous pentamers and hexamers are also found in heterotrophic bacteria where they form architecturally related microcompartments such as the Eut and Pdu organelles for the metabolism of ethanolamine and propanediol, respectively. Here we describe two new high-resolution structures of the pentameric shell protein CcmL from the cyanobacteria Thermosynechococcus elongatus and Gloeobacter violaceus and provide detailed analysis of their characteristics and comparison with related shell proteins.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cetirizine in infants and toddlers

The pharmacokinetics of the second-generation H-1-receptor antagonist cetirizine were studied in 15 infants and toddlers (mean +/- SD age, 12.3 +/- 5.4 months) who were treated with a single 0.25 mg/kg dose of cetirizine solution. The infants and toddlers were hospitalized for recurrent respiratory infections or other hypersensitivity-related diseases. Blood samples were collected at 1/2, 1, 11/2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours, and a 24-hour urine sample was obtained. A peak plasma level of 390 +/- 135 ng/ml was observed after 2.0 +/- 1.3 hours. The elimination half-life was 3.1 +/- 1.8 hours, the apparent oral body clearance was 2.13 +/- 1.15 ml/min/kg, and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.44 +/- 0.19 L/kg. The excretion of unchanged cetirizine in six complete urinary collections was 62.7% +/- 13.2% of the administered dose. An additional pharmacodynamic study (inhibition of the histamine-induced wheal and flare) was performed in 10 of these infants and toddlers, after the intake of 0.25 mg/kg cetirizine twice a day for at least 4 days. A 90% +/- 12% inhibition of the wheal and a 87% +/- 17% inhibition of the flare were still observed 12 hours after the last intake. The duration of the H-1-inhibition by cetirizine at the cutaneous level is thus longer in infants and toddlers than could be inferred from its pharmacokinetics; the level of inhibition at 12 hours was the same as in older age groups.
A Blood Bank Collection Scheduling and Inventory Control System

Abstract This article presents an analytic approach to the blood bank collection scheduling and inventory problem. Based on a specified allowable probability of shortage, the number of units to be collected is determined. A total of six cases are discussed and models for each case are proposed. The six cases arise because of the type of demand forecasts available, and because of the degree of control a blood bank has over its donors. Essentially, any kind of demand/supply situation is covered by the six cases.
Power plant flue gas as a source of CO2 for microalgae cultivation: Economic impact of different process options

Abstract As CO2 plays a central role in the economics of microalgae cultivation, an accurate estimate of its cost is essential. Toward this end, an economic model was developed for CO2 recovery from power-plant flue gas and its delivery to microalgae ponds. A design basis was devised for recovering CO2 from flue gas emitted by a typical 500 MW power plant located in the Southwestern United States. For the standard process, which included monoethanolamine (MEA) extraction, compression, dehydration, and transportation to the ponds, a delivered CO2 cost of $40/t was estimated. The model was also used to evaluate the efficacy of directly using the flue gas, however, this option was found to be more expensive. The economics of microalgae cultivation using power-plant flue gas can be evaluated by integrating this model for CO2 recovery with a previously developed model for microalgae cultivation. The model predictions for a long-term process are: a lipid cost of $1.4/gal (unextracted) and a mitigation cost of $30/t CO2 (CO2 avoided basis). These costs are economically attractive and demonstrate the promise of microalgal technology.
From the “most fateful” to the “most fatal” social force? Conservatism and democracy reconsidered

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reconsider the impact of conservatism on political liberty and liberal democracy in contemporary society. It applies Weber's description of capitalism as the “most fateful” social force in modern society to analyzing conservatism in relation to political liberty and liberal democracy. The paper posits and finds that conservatism primarily (with secondary variations) negatively impacts political liberty and so modern liberal democracy. Alternatively, it argues and shows that conservatism almost invariably generates political repression and elimination or subversion of liberal democracy and society. It concludes that conservatism, especially in America, becomes from the “most fateful” to the “most fatal” social force on the account of its adverse impact on political liberty and democracy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of conservatism and its essentially destructive effects on political liberties and liberal democ...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in Human Prostate Cancer: In Situ and in Vitro Expression of VEGF by Human Prostate Cancer Cells

AbstractPurpose: A growing body of literature supports the role of angiogenesis in the development and spread of a variety of human cancers including prostate cancer (Pca). Angiogenesis is controlled by chemical signals known as angiogenic factors (AF) however, little is known about angiogenesis factors in prostate cancer. We evaluated the in situ and in vitro expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, in archival prostate cancer specimens and prostate cancer cell cultures during unstimulated and cytokine stimulated conditions.Methods: Ex-vivo studies involved immunohistochemical analysis for VEGF expression and distribution in 25 archival specimens including, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal prostate tissue. In-vitro studies utilized prostate cancer cells (DU-145) grown in culture and stimulated with cytokines thought to induce VEGF (i.e. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta). Cell culture supernatants were analyzed by ELISA...
Diffuse x-ray scattering due to the lattice instability near the metal-semiconductor transition in VO/sub 2/

From studies of x-ray diffuse scattering it was found that a lattice instability near the metal-semiconductor transition in V${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ occurs at the $R$ point with wave vector parallel to $\ensuremath{\Gamma} R$ and polarization vector parallel to the $c$ axis. This result is in agreement with predictions by Gupta, Freeman, and Ellis.