cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NITROGEN ASSIMILATION BY Salmonella typhimurium IN A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MINIMAL MEDIUM CONTAINING NITRATE, NITRITE, OR AMMONIA

A study was conducted to determine whether Salmonella typhimurium could assimilate nitrogen from various inorganic nitrogen compounds in a chemically defined minimal medium. The organism was capable of utilizing nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia as sole nitrogen sources, but was unable to utilize hydroxylamine. The generation times calculated for S. typhimurium during anaerobic growth with either nitrite or ammonia as the nitrogen source were not statistically different indicating that these two nitrogen compounds were assimilated at comparable rates. Faster generation times were observed when nitrate was provided as the sole nitrogen source while the fastest generation times were observed in anaerobic cultures containing both nitrate and ammonia. S. typhimurium utilized NaNO2, as the sole nitrogen source at concentrations as highas400 μg/ml (5.6 mM) but NaNO2, concentrations of 500 μg/ml (7.0 mM) and above resulted in complete inhibition.
Kinetics of Dissolution and Diffusion of the Oxides of Iron in Sodium Disilicate Glass

The dissolution and diffusion of the three oxides of iron in sodium disilicate glass from 900° to 1100°C were controlled by diffusion in the molten glass. Concentration profiles were determined with an electron microprobe. Diffusion kinetics were applied on the basis of an ideal binary couple with concentration-independent inter-diffusivities. Concentration dependence of the inter-diffusivities was determined by the Boltzmann-Matano method, and the resulting interdiffusivities were interpreted in terms of a ternary diffusion model. The relation among the self-diffusion coefficients was The activation energy for the interdiffusion process for all the iron oxide-sodium disilicate couples was 30 kcal.
Harmonic measures for elliptic operators of nondivergence form

Given any α in (n−2, n−1), there exists a uniformly elliptic operator of nondivergence form in the upper half space ℝ+n, so that the corresponding harmonic measure is supported on a set of Hausdorff dimension at most α.
Clergy, nobility and crown in Decadência

In the current work I intend to inquire into the internal motives that led the Portuguese seaborne empire to decadence. After making a brief review of the historiography about the decline of Estado da India, I proceed to the analysis of the Crown-Church-Nobility triangle in the course of os Descobrimentos, and of their respective roles in the evolution of Portuguese empire. The absolutization of the crown, the over-expansion of the clergy and the empowerment of the aristocracy became the most conspicuous and longstanding features in the Portuguese social fabric after the country launched herself into maritime undertakings, which crippled her agriculture and retarded the industrialization. As a consequence, the rise of bourgeoisie and the transformation of mercantilist economy into the capitalist were obstructed, and a strong adventurous but non-productive spirit mixed with disdain of manual work prevailed both in metropolis and in overseas territories. In conclusion, the Portuguese decadence commenced from within rather than from without, and far prior to Dutch intrusions in Portuguese Asia, which only accelerated the decline.
Spatial Expression of Cbfa1/Runx2 Isoforms in Teeth and Characterization of Binding Sites in the DSPP Gene

Cbfa1/Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast and odontoblast differentiation. Heterogeneous mutations of Cbfa1 gene result in cleidocranial dysplasia, an autosomal dominant syndrome, characterized by abnormal skeletal genesis and dental disorders. Recently three Cbfa1/Runx isoforms (Pebp2 &#102 A/type I, til-1/type II, and Osf2/type III) have been identified that differ in their amino-terminal sequences. The precise roles of Cbfa1/Runx2 isoforms in odontoblast development are not known. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare expression patterns of the three Cbfa1/Runx2 isoforms in newborn tooth organs. Toward this aim, we developed three probes: type I and type II, which specifically hybridize with Pebp2 &#102 A and til-1, respectively, and type II/III, which hybridizes with osf2 and partially with til-1. In addition, Cbfa1/Runx2 binding sites were identified in the regulatory elements of mouse dentin sialophosphoprotein (mDSPP) gene, which encodes a matrix protein expre...
Incorporating Human Engineering into a SDI Simulation

Human Engineering methods were employed to critique a SDI simulation software package. The areas of human performance measures, subjective responses, number of options to view, commonality of different sections, and user support functions were evaluated. This was for the intent of creating a program that was “user-friendly” and would require a minimal amount of training time. A naive user was provided a checklist and asked to score the input and output interface modules while creating a scenario. Written text followed the checklists which included detailed examples for increasing the efficiency in the designated deficient areas. This led to incorporating changes for a more effective program, reducing cost and time.
Predicting turbulent friction factors of non-newtonian fluids in noncircular ducts

Abstract On the basis of limited experimental data it appears that the procedure developed by Jones for predicting turbulent friction factors for Newtonian fluids in rectangular and concentric annular ducts may be extended to purely viscous non-Newtonian fluid in noncircular ducts using the Reynolds number introduced by Kozicki.
Effects of diets containing free gossypol on follicular development, embryo recovery and corpus luteum function in Brangus heifers treated with bFSH

Thirty 2 yr old Brangus heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: Control, 0 g of free gossypol (FG) per head per day (FGHD) from corn and soybean meal (SBM); 5 g of FGHD from cottonseed meal (CSM); and 15 g of FGHD from whole cottonseed (WCS). Blood samples were collected weekly for serum progesterone (P4) and later quantified by RIA. Whole blood was collected on Days 1, 28, 42, 56 and 70 for erythrocyte fragility (EF) analysis. Following 65 d on dietary treatments and estrus detection, the heifers received bovine-FSH (bFSH) once daily on Days 10, 11 and 12 postestrus, and PGF2α on Day 12 postestrus. Fifteen of the thirty heifers were randomly selected, and 12 h following PGF2α, the ovaries were removed and follicular diameters, ovarian weight and stromal weights were recorded. Follicular fluid was analyzed for steroid content by RIA. The remaining fifteen heifers were artificially inseminated. Embryos were recovered non-surgically on Day 7 postestrus and graded, and the recovery efficiencies were calculated. Following embryo collection, both ovaries were removed, the number of CLs was recorded, and CL P4 content was determined by RIA. By Day 42 of treatment, heifers receiving CSM had elevated (P 0.10) among treatment groups. Heifers receiving CSM had fewer (P 5 mm than WCS or Control heifers. Follicular fluid weights and steroid content did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments. Both CL weight and the number of CLs per heifer were similar (P > 0.10) among treatments. Heifers receiving CSM or WCS had a higher (P 0.10) among treatments. The number of embryos recovered, number of degenerated embryos, embryo grades and recovery efficiencies were not affected (P > 0.10) by dietary treatments. To standardize heifers relative to the number of degenerated embryos, the percentage of degenerated embryos recovered was calculated and tended to be greater (P < 0.06) in heifers consuming CSM than in either the Control or WCS groups. While most ovarian, follicular and embryo characteristics were not affected by dietary free gossypol, these results suggest that differences in the availability of free gossypol and/or dietary components between CSM and WCS may influence weight gain, CL P4 content and embryo viability.
Scientific truths and their use by society

This article clarifies the responsibility of the scientist and engineer in the modern world, and emphasizes the obligations of society to utilize the researches of science for the common good.
Inventory Control Structure Independence of the Process Operability Index

A new measure of process operability has been developed by the authors. This steady-state, multivariable, and nonlinear measurecalled the operability index, or OIevaluates the effectiveness of a given design by quantifying the ability of the process inputs to drive the outputs over the desired output space while rejecting expected disturbances. The OI is independent of the inventory control structure, a very important property. This property enables the OI to be applied during the process synthesis phase prior to control structure selection, thus permitting the comparison of operability for competing designs. This paper provides proof of the property of inventory control structure independence for linear process models (low and high dimension, square, more inputs than outputs, and more outputs than inputs) and the more general nonlinear processes.
Exact solution and linear driving force approximation for cyclic mass transfer in a bidisperse sorbent

Abstract A purely periodic analytic solution for cyclic mass transfer in an adsorbent pellet with a bidisperse pore structure is obtained. The solution is used to define the effective rate coefficient, K , for the linear driving force (LDF) approximation for cyclic adsorption and desorption. The results obtained differ from those previously derived using an equivalent solid diffusion model for the pellet with a single diffusional time constant, approaching this limit only when macropore diffusion is dominant. In fact, for rapid-cycling the mass transfer rate cannot be expressed in the terms of a simple linear combination of the diffusional time constants for the bidisperse pellet independent of cycle time. Thus, in this case, the exact solution must be used to arrive at an appropriate representation of mass transfer rates in cyclic adsorption, which can be used for the simulation of sportive separations.
Nanoporous Catalytic Materials with Organic Frameworks

Organic frameworks have tempting properties for nanostructured heterogenous catalysts with active sites that are size- and pH-tunable, yet working examples are sparse. The authors present a promising structure type, i.e., cross-linked assemblies of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), whose polar termini form ordered channels with enhanced basic or acidic catalytic activity.
Attenuation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Functionally Disrupted in a Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Gene fadD5

One key adaptation that Mycobacterium tuberculosis established to survive long term in vivo is a reliance on lipids as an energy source. M. tuberculosis H37Rv has 36 fadD genes annotated as putative fatty acyl-CoA synthetase genes, which encode enzymes that activate fatty acids for metabolism. One such gene, fadD5 (Rv0166), is located within the mce1 operon, a cluster of genes associated with M. tuberculosis persistence. We disrupted the putative fatty acid binding site of fadD5 in H37Rv M. tuberculosis. No significant differences were found in the growth of the mutant and wild-type strains in vitro in nutrient-rich broth or in activated RAW264.7 cells. However, the fadD5 mutant was diminished in growth in minimal medium containing mycolic acid, but not other long-chain fatty acids. C57BL/6 mice infected with the fadD5 mutant survived significantly longer than those infected with wild-type, and the mutant never attained the plateau phase of infection in the mouse lungs. The steady-state infection phase was maintained for up to 168 days at a level one to two logs less than that shown by wild-type. These observations raise a rather intriguing possibility that FadD5 may serve to recycle mycolic acids for the long-term survival of the tubercle bacilli.
Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in New York State institutions for the mentally ill

1. Chest X-ray surveys of all the public mental institutions in New York State have been completed. 2. Clinically significant pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 5.6 per cent of the patients in the State hospitals and in 2.4 per cent of the patients in the State schools and Craig Colony. 3. The prevalence rates increase with the length of time between first admission and the X-ray survey. They also increase with age, in the hospitals up to age 45, and in the schools at all ages. 4. Among patients with time periods up to five years between first admission and X-ray, the prevalence of tuberculosis among dementia praecox patients is in general, lower than, or approximately equal to, the prevalence among patients with other types of mental disease. 5. Clinically significant pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed among 1.1 per cent of the employees of the State hospitals and 0.7 per cent of the employees of the State schools and Craig Colony. 6. Facilities for the segregation of patients with clinically significant pulmonary tuberculosis are inadequate at present, but plans are being made for the provision of well-equipped centers for the segregation and treatment of these patients.
Monte Carlo modeling of field angle-dependent spectra for x-ray imaging systems

The photon spectrum for X-ray capture systems is a function of the emission field angle. Spectrum variability is the most pronounced for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems with wide field angles operating close to the anode angle limit. Filtration devices also contribute to the change in the photon spectrum with an emission field angle, especially for variable-thickness filters, e.g., bow-tie filters. The change in the photon spectrum is primarily due to the distance traversed through the anode and filtration materials with emission field angles. Although Monte Carlo X-ray simulations can include the materials and geometries for these source assembly elements, the computational requirements are considered prohibitive. As a consequence, most X-ray Monte Carlo simulation implementations ignore emission field angle spectral effects. Our approach uses a probabilistic rejection scheme to model the emission field angle spectral effects within the context of a Monte Carlo simulation tool. A bounding spectrum is constructed that supersedes all possible spectrums, i.e., for all emission field angles. Photons are generated with the bounding spectrum and rejected or accepted based on the probability of transmission through the cascade of anode and filtration materials relative to a pre-calculated maximum probability of transmission. The resultant photon spectrum properly models the intensity and spectral shape of the emitted photons as a function of the emission field angle. The modeling accuracy improvement over the constant spectrum approximation was calculated for a CBCT system for anode voltages ranging from 50 Kvp to 110 Kvp. The maximum improvement in predicted primary and scatter signals was approximately 5% for a system configuration employing a simple filtration and 25% for a CBCT system employing a bow-tie filter with less than a 10% additional computation cost.
The Overweight Preschool Retarded Child Can and Should Lose Weight

In the general population over 40 million Americans have weight problems. Forthe mentally retarded, this area also presents a significant problem. In a recent study (Fox & Rotatori, 1982) we found that sixteen percent of the male and twenty‐five percent of the female retarded individuals were obese. Retarded individuals, like the nonretarded, also tend to have greater weight problems as they grow older (Rotatori, Switzky & Fox, 1981a). Now that we have identified a prevalent condition, let's back‐up for a minute and define what constitutes a weight problem; what causes it; and how a parent might help reduce this condition in their preschool child.
Blood groups in the Species Survival Plan®, European endangered species program, and managed in situ populations of bonobo (Pan paniscus), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla ssp.), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp.).

Blood groups of humans and great apes have long been considered similar, although they are not interchangeable between species. In this study, human monoclonal antibody technology was used to assign human ABO blood groups to whole blood samples from great apes housed in North American and European zoos and in situ managed populations, as a practical means to assist blood transfusion situations for these species. From a subset of each of the species (bonobo, common chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutans), DNA sequence analysis was performed to determine blood group genotype. Bonobo and common chimpanzee populations were predominantly group A, which concurred with historic literature and was confirmed by genotyping. In agreement with historic literature, a smaller number of the common chimpanzees sampled were group O, although this O blood group was more often present in wild-origin animals as compared with zoo-born animals. Gorilla blood groups were inconclusive by monoclonal antibody techniques, and genetic studies were inconsistent with any known human blood group. As the genus and, specifically, the Bornean species, orangutans were identified with all human blood groups, including O, which had not been reported previously. Following this study, it was concluded that blood groups of bonobo, common chimpanzees, and some orangutans can be reliably assessed by human monoclonal antibody technology. However, this technique was not reliable for gorilla or orangutans other than those with blood group A. Even in those species with reliable blood group detection, blood transfusion preparation must include cross-matching to minimize adverse reactions for the patient. Zoo Biol 30:427–444, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of bridgehead steric bulk on the ground state and intramolecular exchange processes of (μ-SCH2CR2CH2S)[Fe(CO)3][Fe(CO)2L] complexes

The flexibility of the coordination sphere in the diiron organometallic is likely an important design component in nature’s electrocatalyst for proton reduction or H2 oxidation, i.e, the active site of [FeFe]hydrogenase. A series of complexes, (m-SCH2CRR0CH2S)[Fe(CO)3][Fe(CO)2L] with steric bulk incorporated into the m-S-to-S linker was synthesized and the compounds were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry [(R/R0 ¼ Me/Me, Et/Et, Bu/Et), (L ¼ CO, PPh3, IMes (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene), and IMe (1,3-dimethylimidazole-2-ylidene))]. While added steric bulk at the bridgehead carbon of the m-SCH2CR2CH2S produced little change in the ground state structures (X-ray diffraction) and electronic character for the (m-SRS)[Fe(CO)3]2 complexes, monosubstitution of a CO with L produced distortions consistent with steric interference of the m-SRS with nearby ligands as compared to the similar (m-pdt)[Fe(CO)3][Fe(CO)2L] (pdt ¼ S(CH2)3S). Variable temperature NMR studies have shown that the activation barrier for CO site exchange on the sterically bulky complexes decreases in a manner predicted by theory [
Optimal Foldover Plans for Two-Level Nonregular Orthogonal Designs

This article considers optimal foldover plans for nonregular designs. By using the indicator function, we define words with fractional lengths. The extended word-length pattern is then used to select among nonregular foldover designs. Some general properties of foldover designs are obtained using the indicator function. We prove that the full-foldover plan that reverses the signs of all factors is optimal for all 12-run and 20-run orthogonal designs. The optimal foldover plans for all 16-run (regular and nonregular) orthogonal designs are constructed and tabulated for practical use. Optimal foldover plans for higher-order orthogonal designs can be constructed in a similar manner.
Determination of the fast fission yield of141Pr using neutron activation analysis

A method is described for the determination of the fission yield of141Pr. This method was developed to determine the fast fission yield of141Pr in the Mark III loading (enriched uranium with about 2% zirconium) of the fast fission breeder reactor, EBR-1. The burnup of the fuel sample was determined using the previously reported fission yield of137Cs. Praseodymium was separated from uranium, plutonium and other fission products by a combination of precipitation and ion exchange stages. Thereafter,55Mn was added to serve as an internal flux monitor and praseodymium determined by neutron activation analysis. A precision of ±2% was obtained.
Outcomes of atypical symptoms attributed to gastroesophageal reflux treated by laparoscopic fundoplication

Abstract Background: The introduction of laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) has lowered the threshold for operation in patients with symptoms attributed to gastroesophageal reflux. We sought to determine whether the outcomes in patients referred for atypical symptoms (pulmonary, pharyngolaryngeal, and pain syndromes) were as good as those referred for correction of heartburn and regurgitation (typical symptoms). Methods: Thirty-five of 150 consecutive patients undergoing LF with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were referred primarily for correction of atypical symptoms. A standard preoperative evaluation included endoscopy, manometry, upper gastrointestinal contrast radiography, and 24-hour pH probe testing (33 of 35 patients with atypical symptoms). Patients completed a symptom questionnaire administered by a study nurse before the operation and 3 and 12 months after the operation. Symptoms were scored from 0 to 10. Results: Heartburn was relieved by LF in 93% of patients, whereas only 56% of patients had relief of atypical symptoms. Furthermore, the degree of improvement in typical symptoms was greater than that seen for atypical symptoms as measured by the 0 to 10–symptom rating score (improvement in typical symptoms = 6.2 vs improvement in atypical symptoms = 4.4 [p = 0.01]). The response rate for laryngeal, pulmonary, and epigastric/chest pain symptoms was 78%, 58%, and 48%, respectively. Analysis of factors associated with relief of atypical symptoms revealed that response to a preoperative trial of omeprazole or H2-blockers was significantly associated with successful surgical outcome (p = 0.03). Six of seven patients with laryngeal symptoms who had acid reflux above the cricopharyngeal level shown by dual-probe pH testing had relief of the symptoms after LF. Manometric findings (amplitude of esophageal body contractions, propagation of contractions, and lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure) neither predicted nor correlated with relief of atypical symptoms after the operation. Conclusions: Relief of atypical symptoms attributed to gastroesophageal reflux by LF is less satisfactory and more difficult to predict than relief of heartburn and regurgitation. The only useful preoperative predictors of relief of atypical symptoms in this study were the response to pharmacologic acid suppression and dual-probe pH testing (only in patients with laryngeal symptoms). (Surgery 1998;124:28-32.)
Long-term stability of a Fabry-Perot interferometer used for measurement of stellar Doppler shift

The use of a fiber-optic-link CCD-detector Fabry-Perot interferometer (McMillan et al., 1985, 1986, and 1988) to obtain high-accuracy measurements of stellar Doppler shifts at KPNO is described in detail and illustrated with sample data. Particular attention is given to accuracy requirements and techniques for reducing errors, resolution (orders of 50 mA at wavelength 4300 A are separated by 640 mA), CCD sensitivity, observing and data-processing operations, and the control of environmental conditions. Standard-deviation data and statistics on seven solar-type stars are presented in tables, and the time evolution of the radial velocity of Beta Com is shown in a graph.
Planning for the future office—today

Abstract Office electronics is driving the change in the modern office, but is neither the solution nor the source of office problems. Office change will continue at an increasing rate and office planning must start with a holistic consideration of the four basic office elements and their interaction if it is to be successful. These elements are: technology/computers, facilities/furniture, work/job function and social/people issues. Increasing office technology will result in more computers and other hardware directly in the workstation. Paper growth will continue and communication technology will increase in importance and sophistication. Buildings will be less able to support the increasing demands for automation in many ways, including lighting, wiring, cabling, heating, cooling and privacy. Furniture will assume more of these functions to save building renovation costs. Furniture systems must retain maximum flexibility to adapt to these changing needs. Automated information systems will allow decentra...
Eph/ephrin A- and B-family expression patterns in the leopard frog (Rana utricularia)

Eph/ephrin expression was studied in Rana utricularia larvae and adults with in situ receptor and ligand affinity probes. From stages TK-II (early limb bud) to VI (early foot paddle larva), tectal EphB expression is highest in a band extending transversely across the posterior optic tectum and grades off anteriorly and posteriorly. The ephrin-A expression gradient is parallel to the EphB gradient rather than being orthogonal to it. However, its high point occupies the posterior pole, and it runs from high-posteriorly to low-anteriorly. Tectal EphA expression is high anteriorly and low posteriorly, while ephrin-Bs are expressed only in a thin line at the dorsal midline. At later stages and in adults, tectal EphB expression becomes uniform.
Renormalization of the Higgs Model: Minimizers, Propagators and the Stability of Mean Field Theory*

We study the effective actions S (k) obtained by k iterations of a renormalization transformation of the U(1) Higgs model in d=2 or 3 space-time dimensions. We identify a quadratic approximation S Q (k) to S (k) which we call mean field theory, and which will serve as the starting point for a convergent expansion of the Green’s functions, uniformly in the lattice spacing. Here we show how the approximations S Q (k) arise and how to handle gauge fixing, necessary for the analysis of the continuum limit. We also establish stability bounds on S Q (k) uniformly in k. This is an essential step toward proving the existence of a gap in the mass spectrum and exponential decay of gauge invariant correlations.
The stimulation of cellular phospholipid uptake by surfactant apoproteins.

Abstract Surfactant recycling by alveolar cells is influenced by the surfactant apoproteins SP-A, -B and -C (Wright, J.R. and Dobbs, L.G. (1991) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53, 395–414). Alveolar macrophages and type II cells, but not lung fibroblasts, were reported to accumulate surfactant phospholipid in the presence of SP-A in low calcium medium, although high affinity binding of SP-A to alveolar macrophages and type II cells showed an absolute requirement for mM calcium. SP-B, one of two very hydrophobic surfactant proteins, stimulated phospholipid uptake by type II cells and Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts suspended in Dulbecco's minimum essential medium containing mM Ca 2+ . We postulated that calcium influences cellular phospholipid uptake stimulated by SP-A or SP-B. We used isolated rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and Vero cells, an African Green Monkey kidney fibroblast cell line, and studied the effect of calcium concentrations ranging from 2 μM to 2 mM on cellular uptake of liposomes containing 3 H-labeled phosphatidylcholine. For alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, increasing calcium concentration enhanced SP-A stimulation of phospholipid uptake. SP-A did not stimulate phosphatidylcholine uptake by Vero cells. SP-B stimulated phosphatidylcholine uptake by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and Vero cells independent of the calcium concentration. These studies demonstrate that the enhancement of phospholipid uptake in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages by SP-A, but not SP-B is augmented by calcium.
A broader view of perirhinal function: from recognition memory to fluency-based decisions.

Although it is well established that the perirhinal cortex (PRC) makes an important contribution to recognition memory, the specific nature of this contribution remains uncertain. The finding that PRC activity is reduced for old compared with new items is typically attributed to the recovery of a long-term memory (LTM) signal. However, because old items are processed more easily or fluently than new items, reduced PRC activity could reflect increased fluency rather than LTM retrieval per se. We tested this hypothesis in humans using fMRI and a well-validated method to manipulate fluency: the masked priming paradigm. Some words during an old–new recognition test were preceded by conceptually related words (primes) that were subliminally presented (masked). The behavioral results replicated previous findings using this paradigm, whereby the fluency manipulation increased “oldness” responses to both old and new items. The fMRI analyses yielded two main sets of results. First, in the case of new items, which are independent from LTM retrieval, masked priming reduced PRC activity and predicted behavioral misattribution of fluency to oldness. Second, in the case of old items, the same PRC region showing fluency-related reductions for new items also contributed to “old” responding to old items. Individual differences in PRC attenuation also predicted oldness ratings to old items, and fluency modulated PRC connectivity with other brain regions associated with processing oldness signals, including visual cortex and right lateral prefrontal cortex. These results support a broader view in which the PRC serves a function more general than memory.
The Kt-Functional for the Interpolation Couple L1(A0), L∞(A1)

Let (A0, A1) be a compatible couple of Banach spaces in the interpolation theory sense. We give a formula for the Kt-functional of the interpolation couples (l1(A0), c0(A1)) or (l1(A0), l∞(A1)) and (L1(A0), L∞(A1)).
Cognition and learning in the digital age: Promising research and practice

This paper is primarily conceptual in nature and explores issues pertaining to the interdisciplinary nature of research and practice in learning and instruction with particular emphasis on 21st technology-facilitated means and methods (e.g., modeling tools and online discussions). Examples of new concept mapping tools used to support and assess learning in complex domains are provided. A context for designing instruction that integrates new approaches and tools (model-facilitated learning) is presented, and research findings from a particular concept-mapping assessment methodology are presented. Research methods and perspectives to assist in understanding learning that is associated with online discussions are also suggested. The implications for competency development in educational technology are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.
Modeling of an Air Bag Inflator Based on Combustion of Methane-Oxygen Mixture

A new air bag inflator based on the combustion reactions of methane-oxygen mixtures has been developed and modeled. The performance of this inflator was evaluated in terms of pressure-lime relationships inside the inflator and in a receiving tank simulating an air bag as well as the temperature-time relationship in the tank. A theoretical model has been developed to simulate the transient pressure, temperature and mass flow rate from the inflator to the tank. The model is based on the change in the internal energy inside the inflator and the receiving lank as the mass flows from the inflator to the tank. The model utilizes the Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications code developed by NASA to estimate the equilibrium conditions in the inflator and the mass fractions of the product species. The model predicts the pressures and temperatures inside the inflator and the tank as a function of time. The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental results. This model can predict tran...
Organization Development: A Review of Research Content and Research Design

A review of research on Organization Development describes emphases in the OD field. A logical classification system for independent and dependent variables frequently employed in OD interventions is pro- posed for the continued theoretical and practical development of OD. Problems of methodology and research design are summarized and methods for improving effectiveness of OD research are suggested.
Use of rotorcraft computer analysis for U.S. government design assessment

Abstract Rotorcraft Computer Analysis is used by the U.S. Government to evaluate independently new concepts and responses to request for proposals (RFPs). This paper will describe how it is used during concept formulation and on source selection evaluation boards (SSEBs), why it is essential, and how it must be integrated with other considerations. The Army Helicopter Improvement Program (AHIP) SSEB and the LHX Concept Formulation effort will be used as examples.
The dynamic cytoskeleton of the developing male germ cell

Mammalian spermatogenesis is characterised by dramatic cellular change to transform the non-polar spermatogonium into a highly polarised and functional spermatozoon. The acquisition of cell polarity is a requisite step for formation of viable sperm. The polarity of the spermatozoon is clearly demonstrated by the acrosome at the apical pole of the cell and the flagellum at the opposite end. Spermatogenesis consists of three basic phases: mitosis, meiosis and spermiogenesis. The final phase represents the period of greatest cellular change where cell-type specific organelles such as the acrosome and the flagellum form, the nucleus migrates to the plasma membrane and elongates, chromatin condenses and residual cytoplasm is removed. An important feature of spermatogenesis is the change in the cytoskeleton that occurs throughout this pathway. In this review, the author will provide an overview of these transformations and provide insight into possible modes of regulation of these rearrangements during spermatogenesis. Although primary focus will be given to the microtubule cytoskeleton, the importance of actin filaments to the cellular transformation of the male germ cell will also be discussed.
Effects of Nitrogen Compounds and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons on Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels by Adsorption via π-Complexation with Cu(I)Y Zeolite

Organonitrogen compounds are present in commercial fuels after the hydrodenitrogenation process in quantities up to a few hundred ppmw N. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are present in significant quantities (1.4−11 wt %) in transportation fuels depending on both the region and season. In this work, the effect of organonitrogen (quinoline, carbazole) and PAH (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene) compounds on desulfurization by π-complexation with Cu(I)Y zeolite was studied and found to be moderate. The high selectivity for sulfur was not affected because a very low-sulfur fuel ( quinoline ...
Recognition and treatment of neonatal community-associated MRSA pneumonia and bacteremia

Community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) have recently emerged as a major cause of serious infections among older children and are now being seen in NICU patients. We present the case of a preterm infant with CA-MRSA necrotizing pneumonia and secondary bacteremia.
Laser acceleration of electrons in vacuum

Several features of vacuum laser acceleration are reviewed, analyzed, and discussed, including electron acceleration by two crossed laser beams and acceleration by a higher-order Gaussian beam. In addition, the vacuum beat wave accelerator (VBWA) concept is proposed and analyzed. It is shown that acceleration by two crossed beams is correctly described by the Lawson-Woodward (LW) theorem, i.e., no net energy gain results for a relativistic electron interacting with the laser fields over an infinite interaction distance. Finite net energy gains can be obtained by placing optical components near the laser focus to limit the interaction region. The specific case of a higher-order Gaussian beam reflected by a mirror placed near focus is analyzed in detail. It is shown that the damage threshold of the mirror is severely limiting, i.e., substantial energy gains require very high electron injection energies. The VBWA, which uses two copropagating laser beams of different frequencies, relies on nonlinear ponderomotive forces, thus violating the assumptions of the LW theorem. Single-particle simulations confirm that substantial energy gains are possible and that optical components are not needed near the focal region.
Modeling intensity noise caused by stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers

Increased intensity noise in light transmitted through optical fiber is attributed to the conversion of phase modulation to intensity modulation by SBS. The conversion is caused by a phase shift of the optical carrier relative to the sidebands.
Syndecan-1 (CD138) Immunoreactivity in Bone Marrow Biopsies of Multiple Myeloma: Shed Syndecan-1 Accumulates in Fibrotic Regions

Syndecan-1 (CD138) mediates myeloma cell adhesion, and loss of syndecan-1 from the cell surface may contribute to myeloma proliferation and dissemination. Flow cytometry analysis of myeloma cells in bone marrow specimens shows heterogeneity in cell surface syndecan-1 expression. It is not known whether weaker expression correlates with more aggressive disease. However, recent reports suggest that variations in syndecan-1 staining intensity on myeloma cells may be an artifact of specimen handling. In this study, we evaluate syndecan-1 expression in bone marrow biopsy sections from 28 multiple myeloma patients, to elucidate the heterogeneity of syndecan-1 expression in situ. Immunoreactivity for syndecan-1, using the antibody B-B4 (CD138), was found in more than 95% of multiple myeloma cells in 27 of 28 biopsies. However, one biopsy had more than 50% CD138-negative cells and cells with weak CD138 expression were identified in the majority of cases. Loss of syndecan-1 did not appear to relate to myeloma cell differentiation. In addition, syndecan-1 was detected on intravascular and intrasinusoidal myeloma cells suggesting that loss of syndecan-1 may not be required for extramedullary dissemination. Bone marrow biopsies from nine additional patients, with variable CD138 staining intensity on myeloma cells as determined by flow cytometry, were studied by immunohistochemistry. The heterogenous CD138 expression was confirmed in situ, with weakly positive cells concentrated in areas of reticulin fibrosis. These cells had a disrupted pattern of membrane staining in contrast to the strong linear membrane staining seen in the other multiple myeloma cells. In addition, the fibrotic stroma stained intensely for syndecan-1. Accumulation of syndecan-1 within the extracellular matrix of the marrow likely is derived by shedding of the molecule from the surface of myeloma cells. Because syndecan-1 can act to regulate the activity of heparan-binding growth factors, these reservoirs of syndecan-1 may play a critical role in promoting myeloma pathogenesis, or in regeneration of the tumor after chemotherapy.
In vivo Imaging with Antibodies and Engineered Fragments

Antibodies have clearly demonstrated their utility as therapeutics, providing highly selective and effective drugs to treat diseases in oncology, hematology, cardiology, immunology and autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. More recently, a pressing need for equally specific and targeted imaging agents for assessing disease in vivo, in preclinical models and patients, has emerged. This review summarizes strategies for developing and optimizing antibodies as targeted probes for use in non-invasive imaging using radioactive, optical, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound approaches. Recent advances in engineered antibody fragments and scaffolds, conjugation and labeling methods, and multimodality probes are highlighted. Importantly, antibody-based imaging probes are seeing new applications in detection and quantitation of cell surface biomarkers, imaging specific responses to targeted therapies, and monitoring immune responses in oncology and other diseases. Antibody-based imaging will provide essential tools to facilitate the transition to truly precision medicine.
Applying reliability models to the space shuttle

The experience of a team that evaluated many reliability models and tried to validate them for the on-board system software of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) space shuttle is presented. It is shown that three separate but related functions comprise an integrated reliability program: prediction, control, and assessment. The application of the reliability model and the allocation of test resources as part of a testing strategy are discussed. >
BLACK INCUMBENTS, WHITE DISTRICTS An Appraisal of the 1996 Congressional Elections

This article explores the controversial 1996 success of three African American incumbents (Sanford Bishop and Cynthia McKinney of Georgia and Corrine Brown of Florida) who lost their majority-Black southern congressional districts to Supreme Court decisions. Using aggregate electoral data and Gary King's solution to the ecological inference problem, we gauge (a) the extent of bias against Black candidates, (b) the extent of backlash against Black voters, and (c) the extent to which incumbency explains away the Georgia victories. The findings are compatible with neither a full attack on racial redistricting nor a defense of it. Southern Whites do not exhibit either consistent bias against Black candidates or backlash against Black voters, but racial polarization is nonetheless evident and dispersed in a geographically systematic manner. Barriers against Black representation are still strong, but they are not the electoral barriers that civil rights activists assume when they embrace majority-minority distr...
Thermal Properties of Restructured Beef Snack Sticks Throughout Smokehouse Processing

Restructured snack sticks with two levels of citric acid were heat processed in a smokehouse for 9 h. Samples were removed at 30 min intervals for laboratory analyses of pH, yield, moisture, lipid, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and shear force. Thermal diffusivity was calculated. A randomized complete block design with four replications and a control were used. Throughout processing, pH values for all three samples were significantly different, validating the need for comparisons. Incorporation of citric acid decreased product yields. After 540 min of smokehouse processing, density values ranged from 0.95 to 0.97 g/cm3; specific heat values for all three products were 3 kJ/kg °C; thermal conductivity values ranged from 0.25–0.33 W/m·°C; and thermal diffusivity, from 0.89 to 1.1 (m3/s)·10−7. Factors affecting each of the changes in these thermal properties were discussed with implications for product development.
Estimation of Transport Coefficients in Re-entrant Factory Models

Abstract We develop continuum models of re-entrant factory production systems that treat the flow of products in analogy to traffic flow. Specifically, we model the dynamics of material flow through a re-entrant factory via a parabolic conservation law describing the product density and flux in the factory. We first extract the transport coefficients, in particular, velocity and diffusion coefficients of the particles in the production system using discrete event simulation (DES). Since PDE - conservation laws are successfully used for modeling the dynamical behavior of product flow in manufacturing systems, we model the manufacturing system using a diffusive partial differential equation (PDE). The specifics of the production process enter into the velocity and diffusion coefficient of the conservation law. The resulting nonlinear parabolic conservation law model allows fast and accurate simulations.
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by the membrane attack complex☆☆☆

Abstract Background: The dependence of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury on the classical complement pathway has been shown with the complement antagonist (sCR1) and complement-specific knockout mice. Using C5 deficient mice, we show that the membrane attack complex mediates local injury. Methods: Mice underwent intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Albumin leak and histologic evidence were compared in wildtype mice, wildtypes treated with sCR1, neutrophil-depleted wildtypes, C5-deficient mice, and C5-deficient mice reconstituted with wildtype serum. Neutrophil tissue levels in injured C5-deficient and wildtype intestines were compared. Results: C5-deficient mice had a reduction in injury similar to mice treated with sCR1. Injury was restored by reconstitution with wildtype serum. Wildtype injury was unaffected by neutrophil depletion. Injured intestines of C5-deficient and wildtype mice had similar neutrophil levels. Immunohistochemistry of wildtype and reconstituted C5-deficient mice demonstrated injured intestinal epithelium although C5-deficient mice and sCr1-treated mice were similar to sham mice. Conclusions: C5-deficient animals are protected from local injury. Injury is unaffected by neutrophil depletion, and the presence of neutrophils in injured tissue is independent of C5. Local injury is C5 dependent, but the action of C5a on granulocytes is not required. Therefore the membrane attack complex mediates local injury. (Surgery 1999:126:343-8.)
Hexameric Structures of the Archaeal Secretion Atpase GspE And Implications for a Universal Secretion Mechanism

The secretion superfamily ATPases are conserved motors in key microbial membrane transport and filament assembly machineries, including bacterial type II and IV secretion, type IV pilus assembly, natural competence, and archaeal flagellae assembly. We report here crystal structures and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) solution analyses of the Archaeoglobus fulgidus secretion superfamily ATPase, afGspE. AfGspE structures in complex with ATP analogue AMP‐PNP and Mg 2+ reveal for the first time, alternating open and closed subunit conformations within a hexameric ring. The closed‐form active site with bound Mg 2+ evidently reveals the catalytically active conformation. Furthermore, nucleotide binding results and SAXS analyses of ADP, ATPγS, ADP‐Vi, and AMP‐PNP‐bound states in solution showed that asymmetric assembly involves ADP binding, but clamped closed conformations depend on both ATP γ‐phosphate and Mg 2+ plus the conserved motifs, arginine fingers, and subdomains of the secretion ATPase superfamily. Moreover, protruding N‐terminal domain shifts caused by the closed conformation suggest a unified piston‐like, push–pull mechanism for ATP hydrolysis‐dependent conformational changes, suitable to drive diverse microbial secretion and assembly processes by a universal mechanism.