cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and chemistry of 1-silafluorenyl dianion, its derivatives, and an organosilicon diradical dianion.

1-Silafluorene dianion was synthesized by potassium reduction of 1,1-dichloro-1-silafluorene in refluxing THF. The X-ray structure of 1,1-dipotassio-1-silafluorene (3b) shows C−C bond length equalization in the five-membered silole ring and C−C bond length alternation in the six-membered benzene rings, indicating aromatic delocalization of electrons in the silole ring. The downfield 29Si chemical shift at 29.0 ppm and theoretical calculations also support electron delocalization in the silole ring of 3b. Dianion salt 3b underwent nucleophilic reactions with Me3SiCl and EtBr to form the corresponding disubstituted products. Benzaldehyde underwent reductive coupling in the presence of 3b. Slow oxidation of 3b yielded 1,1‘-dipotassio-1,1‘-bis(silafluorene) (16). The X-ray structure and 29Si chemical shift (−38.0 ppm) of 16 indicate localized negative charges at the silicon atoms and no aromatic character. Heating a DME/hexane solution of 3b in the presence of 18-crown-6 led to a novel diradical dianion salt.
The Binds of the Anxious Mariner: Patriarchy, Paternalism, and the Maritime Culture of Eighteenth-Century Bermuda

This essay examines the roles and social responsibilities of mariners (ship captains and mates) through a close study of eighteenth-century Bermuda’s merchant marine. Challenging studies focused on ordinary seamen which mainly portray ship captains in negative, oppositional ways, this article instead explores links between the crews of typical small intercolonial trading vessels. Bermudian mariners had complex, reciprocal relationships with both the free and enslaved men who worked under them and with the broader maritime community that they served. Because Bermuda’s merchant marine resembled that of many other Anglo-American seaports, the portrait of the mariner that emerges for this island helps us better understand American seafaring culture and communities generally.
Simulations of the Effect of Surface Coatings on Plasticity at Small Scales

Three-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulations were employed to examine how hard coatings affect plastic deformation in micron- and submicron-sized, single-crystal pillars (“micropillars”) of nickel. Cross-slip of dislocations in the coated samples was found to be necessary for the formation of banded structures and subcells. Our simulations thus offer an explanation for both the significant increases in compressive strength and the higher strain-hardening rate as well as formation of banded structures in coated micropillars.
Protective effects of nicotinamide against nitric oxide-mediated delayed vascular failure in endotoxic shock: potential involvement of polyADP ribosyl synthetase.

ABSTRACTNitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase contributes to the hypotension and vascular hyporeactivity in shock. Nicotinamide is protective against the cytotoxic effects of exogenous and endogenous NO in vitro. We investigated the effect of nicotinamide on th
The Geostrophic Poleward Flux of Angular Momentum in the Month of January 1949

From sea level, 700, 500, 300 and 200 mb daily synoptic charts over the whole of the northern hemisphere and 100 mb charts over three fourths of the hemisphere, the mean geostrophic poleward flux of angular momentum is computed for January 1949. A northward total flux is found in all latitudes, with the maximum at latitude 32 1/2° N of 5.4 times 10 16 t m 2 s −2 . Four fifths of this flux occurs between the 500 and 100 mb levels. From the meridional convergence of the flux, the mean zonal surface stress is computed. The sign of this derived stress is found to be in good agreement with the distribution of the surface zonal wind: its average magnitude, in the region of the surface westerlies, is 1.2 dynes cm −2 . DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00796.x
Structural control of fluid flow: offshore fluid seepage in the Santa Barbara Basin, California

Abstract Evidence of active and dormant fluid seepage in the Santa Barbara Basin is observed as active venting of gas and oil, bacterial mats, precipitates of authigenic carbonate, and mud and tar volcanoes. Fluid seepage occurs preferentially in the proximity to faults and faulted anticlines, and to slump scarps. Seepage next to faults and anticlines indicates that hydrocarbon migration and pore fluid expulsion is controlled structurally, with faults acting as preferred conduits for fluid flow across units of low matrix permeability.
Finding Motifs in Wind Generation Time Series Data

Wind energy is scheduled on the power grid using 0-6 hour ahead forecasts generated from computer simulations or historical data. When the forecasts are inaccurate, control room operators use their expertise, as well as the actual generation from previous days, to estimate the amount of energy to schedule. However, this is a challenge, and it would be useful for the operators to have additional information they can exploit to make better informed decisions. In this paper, we use techniques from time series analysis to determine if there are motifs, or frequently occurring diurnal patterns in wind generation data. Using data from wind farms in Tehachapi Pass and mid-Columbia Basin, we describe our findings and discuss how these motifs can be used to guide scheduling decisions.
997-90 Right (RV) and Left Ventricular (LV) Geometry and Myocyte Contractile Processes with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Disparity Between Myocyte Growth and β-Adrenergic Responsiveness

The progression of DCM has been assumed to be a homogenous process for both the RV and LV. However, this assumption has never been tested. Accordingly, we measured myocyte contractile performance (velocity of shortening, VELSHORT; percent shortening, PERSHORT) at baseline (BASE) and after β-adrenergic receptor stimulation (βAR, 25 nM isoproterenol) of isolated myocytes taken from the RV and LV of 5 pigs with pacing induced DCM (240 bpm, 3 weeks) and 5 control pigs (CON). RV and LV mass/body weight (MASS) and myocyte length and cross-sectional area (CSA) were also determined. CON-RV CON-LV DCM-RV DCM-LV VELSHORT-BASE (μm/s) 90 ± 5 + 50 ± 1 48 ± 2 * , + 32 ± 1 * VELSHORT-βAR (μm/s) 206 ± 8 + 150 ± 5 123 ± 8 * 111 ± 9 * PERSHORT-BASE (%) 5.8 ± 0.2 + 4.6 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.1 * , + 2.2 ± 0.1 * PERSHORT-βAR (%) 11.5 ± 0.3 + 10.2 ± 0.3 59 ± 0.3 * 5.2 ± 0.4 * Length (μm) 150 ± 2 + 137 ± 1 179 ± 2 * , + 173 ± 2 * CSA (μm2) 176 ± 4 + 362 ± 8 232 ± 4 * , + 292 ± 5 * Mass (gm/kg) 0.8 ± 0.1 + 2.8 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1 * , + 2.9 ± 0.2 + p l 0.05 vs LV * p l 005 vS CON In controls, RV myocytes were longer and had a smaller CSA, but enhanced contractile performance at baseline and with β-adrenergic stimulation. With DCM, no LV hypertrophy occurred. In contrast, RV chamber and cellular hypertrophy occurred and was associated with a persistent increase of RV myocyte baseline contractile function. Summary This study demonstrated, for the first time, that differences in RV and LV myocyte function and β-adrenergic responsiveness exist in normal and DCM states. More importantly, a disparity in RV and LV myocyte growth with DCM occurred. Thus, in this model of DCM, RV and LV growth and changes in contractile performance are not a homogenous process, and suggest that inherent differences exist in the response of RV and LV myocytes to stress.
Effect of glidants in tableting

A method of measuring the fluidity of semifluid powders is described and used to investigate the role of various silica-type glidants in the direct compression of microcrystalline cellulose and a spray-dried lactose/microcrystalline cellulose blend on 2 different tablet presses. All silica-type glidants were found to improve the flow properties of microcrystalline cellulose as reflected in increased tablet weights and decreased weight variations, whereas a reversal of these effects was noted when the filler was the spray-dried lactose blend. While flow enhancement was attributed to a coating of the filler particles by the glidant, the reverse effect noted in the latter case was attributed in large measure to an increase in the bulk volume of the blend. No difference between the 2 tablet presses was found when the coefficients of variation were tested statistically. A pyrogenic silica and a silico-aluminate were found to be the most effective glidants in terms of over-all performance. These glidants were found effective in concentrations as low as 0.1 per cent by weight when added to microcrystalline cellulose and showed an optimum glidant activity at a concentration of about 0.5 per cent by weight.
Scaling up next generation supercomputers

Historically, technology has been the main driver of computer performance. For many system generations, CMOS scaling has been leveraged to increase clock speed and build increasingly complex microarchitectures. As technology-driven performance gains are becoming increasingly harder to achieve, innovative system architecture must step in. In the context of the design of the Blue Gene/P supercomputer chip, we will discuss how we adopted a holistic approach to optimization of the entire hardware and software stack for a range of metrics: performance, power, power/performance, reliability and ease of use.The new Blue Gene/P chip multiprocessor (CMP) scales node performance using a multi-core system-on-a-chip design. While in the past large symmetric multi processor (SMP) designs were sized to handle large amounts of coherence traffic, many modern CMP designs find this cost prohibitive in terms of area, power dissipation, and design complexity. As multi-core processors evolve to larger configurations, the performance loss due to handling coherence traffic must be carefully managed. Thus, to ensure high efficiency of each quad-processor node in Blue Gene/P, taming the cost of coherence of traditional SMP designs was a key requirement.The new Blue Gene/P chip multiprocessor exploits a novel way of reducing coherence cost by filtering useless coherence actions. Each processor core is paired with a snoop filter which identifies and discards unnecessary coherence requests before they can reach the processor cores. Removing unnecessary lookups reduces the interference of invalidate requests with L1 data cache accesses, and reduces power by eliminating expensive tag array accesses. This approach results in improved power and performance characteristics.To optimize application performance, we exploit parallelism at multiple levels: at the process-level, thread-level, data-level, and instruction-level. Hardware supported coherence allows applications to efficiently share data between threads on different processors for thread-level parallelism, while the dual floating point unit and the dual-issue out-of-order PowerPC450 processor core exploit data and instruction level parallelism, respectively. To exploit process-level parallelism, special emphasis was put on efficient communication primitives by including hardware support for the MPI protocol, such as low latency barriers, and five highly optimized communication networks. A new high performance DMA unit supports high throughput data transfers.As the result of this deliberate design for scalability approach, Blue Gene supercomputers offer unprecedented scalability, in some cases by orders of magnitude, to a wide range of scientific applications. A broad range of scientific applications on Blue Gene supercomputers have advanced scientific discovery, which is the real merit and ultimate measure of success of the Blue Gene system family.
Immunity to human haematopoietic stem cells.

Graft rejection is an important problem in human bone marrow transplantation, with a 25–60% incidence in grafts between HLA–identical siblings1–6. In mice, two models of rejection of bone marrow grafts have been described: T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity and hybrid resistance (for reviews see refs 7, 8). The first model involves the recognition of foreign histo-compatibility (H–2) antigens by selected subsets of T lymphocytes. These antigen-reactive cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into cytotoxic effector cells which mediate graft rejection. In the hybrid resistance model, mononuclear cells, probably identical to natural killer (NK) cells, react against haematopoietic histocompatibility antigens on parental marrow cells9. Cells involved in hybrid resistance exhibit ‘spontaneous’ cytotoxicity to disparate haematopoietic cells and, in contrast to T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, do not require a sensitisation phase before differentiating into cytotoxic effector cells. The mechanism of graft rejection following bone marrow transplantation in man is unknown. In transplants between HLA-identical siblings the target antigens of graft rejection are not HLA or antigens closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). To study the problem of graft rejection in man we developed and describe here an in vitro model to detect immunity to haematopoietic stem cells committed to granulocyte–macrophage differentiation (CFU-C; colony-forming unit culture). We found that human peripheral blood and bone marrow but not thymus contain a population of cells which are cytotoxic to haematopoietic stem cells following in vitro sensitisation. The effector cell population is not a conventional T or B lymphocyte, monocyte–macrophage or NK cell.
The Impact of Community Action Programs on Private Social Service Agencies

Evidence from a national evaluation of 50 urban community action programs (CAP) shows that these programs have an impact on institutional change in the private welfare sector. CAP is credited with exerting a moderate influence on change in the proportion of social services delivered to the poor and a strong influence on change in the levels of interaction between social service agencies and the poor. There is a joint effect of CAP impact and interaction with the poor on change in service to the poor. The partial coefficients specify that Community Action Programs have a positive impact on change in service to the poor only when social service agencies are also increasing their interaction with the poor. CAP'S effectiveness in expanding the participation of the poor in private social service agencies does not appear to be tied solely to the receipt of funds from the Community Action Agency. This suggests that the impact of Community Action Programs on change in the private welfare sector extends beyond the simple “money talks” principle.
Impact of discordant radiologic and pathologic tumor size on renal cancer staging

Abstract Objectives To determine whether the discrepancy in the radiologic and pathologic size of renal cell carcinoma influences the final cancer stage. Methods Renal masses resected from December 1999 to September 2004 were identified using a pathologic database and compared by surgical accession number to an existing clinical renal tumor database to identify those T1 and T2 tumors for which radiologic and pathologic data were available. The tumor histologic features, maximal pathologic diameter, and maximal radiologic diameter were recorded. The percentage of tumor size reduction was then calculated using these data. Results Of the 236 renal cancers evaluated, 52% had regressed in size when comparing the pathologic and radiologic sizes. When stratified by histologic subtype, clear cell tumors regressed more often and to a greater degree than those that were chromophobe or papillary. Also, 15 organ-confined tumors were downstaged when comparing the maximal radiologic diameter and the maximal pathologic diameter, and 13 of these were clear cell tumors. Conclusions A reduction in kidney tumor size is commonly observed at surgical resection because of a loss of blood flow to the tumor. This tumor size reduction has an impact on the final pathologic stage in organ-confined tumors for which size is the only criterion. The greatest tumor size reduction, and most frequent downstaging, was observed for conventional (clear cell) tumors. We believe this may explain, in part, the worse stage-stratified outcomes for clear cell tumors compared with other tumor types. We propose that renal cancer staging should be determined from accurate measurement of the radiologic size, rather than the pathologic size.
The assumptions of computing

The use of computers, like any technological activity, is not content-neutral. Users of computers constantly interact with assumptions regarding worthwhile activity which are embedded in any computing system. Directly questioning these assumptions in the context of computing allows us to develop an understanding of responsible computing.
Stress-energy tensors for vector fields outside a static black hole.

We obtain new, approximate stress-energy tensors to describe gauge fields in the neighborhood of a Schwarzschild black hole. We assume that the coefficient of ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}R$ in the trace anomaly is correctly given by $\ensuremath{\zeta}$-function regularization. Our approximation differs from that of Page and of Brown and Ottewill and relies upon a new, improved ansatz for the form of the stress-energy tensor in the ultrastatic optical metric of the black hole. The Israel-Hartle-Hawking thermal tensor is constructed to be regular on the horizon and possess the correct asymptotic behavior. Our approximation of Unruh's tensor is likewise constructed to be regular on the future horizon and exhibit a luminosity which agrees with Page's numerically obtained value. Geometric expressions for the approximate tensors are given, and the approximate energy density of the thermal tensor on the horizon is compared with recent numerical estimates.
Assessment and Treatment of Selective Mutism with English Language Learners

Selective mutism (SM) is a type of anxiety disorder that involves the persistent failure to speak in contexts where speech is typically expected (e.g., school), despite speaking in other contexts (e.g., home). Research on the etiology and treatment of SM is limited, as it is a rare disorder and few clinical trials evaluating SM interventions have been conducted. Far less is known about the diagnosis and treatment of SM in children who are acquiring a second language. This article will present guidelines for the assessment and treatment of SM in children who are English language learners (ELLs), as informed by a case study and a thorough review of research literature. Evidence-based guidance for school professionals working with ELL students who exhibit symptoms of SM will be provided.
Effect of Preexisting Anti-Herpes Immunity on the Efficacy of Herpes Simplex Viral Therapy in a Murine Intraperitoneal Tumor Model

HSV-1716, a replicating nonneurovirulent herpes simplex virus type 1, has shown efficacy in treating multiple types of human tumors in immunodeficient mice. Since the majority of the human population has been previously exposed to herpes simplex virus, the efficacy of HSV-based oncolytic therapy was investigated in an immunocompetent animal tumor model. EJ-6-2-Bam-6a, a tumor cell line derived from h-ras-transformed murine fibroblast, exhibit a diffuse growth pattern in the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c mice and replicate HSV-1716 to titers observed in human tumors. An established intraperitoneal (ip) tumor model of EJ-6-2-Bam-6a in naive and HSV-immunized mice was used to evaluate the efficacy of single or multiple ip administrations of HSV-1716 (4 × 10 6 pfu/treatment) or of carrier cells, which are irradiated, ex vivo virally infected EJ-6-2-Bam-6a cells that can amplify the viral load in situ . All treated groups significantly prolonged survival versus media control with an approximately 40% long-term survival rate (cure) in the multiply treated, HSV-naive animals. Prior immunization of the mice with HSV did not significantly decrease the median survival of the single or multiply treated HSV-1716 or the carrier cell-treated groups. These studies support the development of replication-selective herpes virus mutants for use in localized intraperitoneal malignancies.
Long-Term Exposure to AZT, but not d4T, Increases Endothelial Cell Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), such as zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T), cause toxicities to numerous tissues, including the liver and vasculature. While much is known about hepatic NRTI toxicity, the mechanism of toxicity in endothelial cells is incompletely understood. Human aortic endothelial and HepG2 liver cells were exposed to 1 μM AZT or d4T for up to 5 weeks. Markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, NRTI phosphorylation, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and cytotoxicity were monitored over time. In endothelial cells, AZT significantly oxidized glutathione redox potential, increased total cellular and mitochondrial-specific superoxide, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased lactate release, and caused cell death from weeks 3 through 5. Toxicity occurred in the absence of di- and tri-phosphorylated AZT and mtDNA depletion. These data show that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial cells occur with a physiologically relevant concentration of AZT, and require long-term exposure to develop. In contrast, d4T did not induce endothelial oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, or cytotoxicity despite the presence of d4T-triphosphate. Both drugs depleted mtDNA in HepG2 cells without causing cell death. Endothelial cells are more susceptible to AZT-induced toxicity than HepG2 cells, and AZT caused greater endothelial dysfunction than d4T because of its pro-oxidative effects.
Variation in plants regenerated from vacuolate and evacuolate protoplasts

Abstract Mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum were evacuolated by centrifugation through a percoll gradient. Their viability was comparable to untreated protoplasts, but the time for reformation of the cell wall as well as to the onset of the first division was delayed. Plants were regenerated from both classes of protoplast; those from evacuolate protoplasts showed higher rates of mutation than those from vacuolate protoplasts. The possible basis of this difference is discussed.
Osteoclasts: more than ‘bone eaters’

As the only cells definitively shown to degrade bone, osteoclasts are key mediators of skeletal diseases including osteoporosis. Bone-forming osteoblasts, and hematopoietic and immune system cells, each influence osteoclast formation and function, but the reciprocal impact of osteoclasts on these cells is less well appreciated. We highlight here the functions that osteoclasts perform beyond bone resorption. First, we consider how osteoclast signals may contribute to bone formation by osteoblasts and to the pathology of bone lesions such as fibrous dysplasia and giant cell tumors. Second, we review the interaction of osteoclasts with the hematopoietic system, including the stem cell niche and adaptive immune cells. Connections between osteoclasts and other cells in the bone microenvironment are discussed within a clinically relevant framework.
Radiation specific patterns of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17q.

Abstract We and others have previously reported that the percentage of ionizing radiation-induced TK − mutants exhibiting loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is not significantly different from those occurring spontaneously. In order to search further for a distinguishing feature of the X-ray-induced spectrum, and to characterize mechanisms of chromosomal scale mutagenesis, we used detailed mapping information to analyze the extent of LOH along chromosome 17q. Significant differences were observed when the extent of LOH tracts was considered. The representation of very long LOH tracts (≥41 cM) was significantly ( p =0.004) more common among spontaneous mutants, while relatively local LOH events, involving only markers in a 1–10 cM region surrounding the tk locus, are significantly ( p =0.018) more prevalent among X-ray-induced mutants. Our data suggests that, although large deletions are recoverable, X-ray-induced autosomal deletions are not evenly distributed over the available size range. This indicates a mechanistic rather than biological restriction to the size of radiation-induced deletions, and demonstrates that the pattern of LOH may also be useful as a distinguishing component of the mutational spectrum.
Sur domains that associate with and gate KATP pores define a novel gatekeeper.

Abstract Structure-function analyses of K+ channels identify a common pore architecture whose gating depends on diverse signal sensing elements. The “gatekeepers” of the long, ATP-inhibited KIR6.0 pores of KATP channels are ABC proteins, SURs, receptors for channel opening and closing drugs. Several competing models for SUR/KIR coupling exist. We show that SUR TMD0, the N-terminal bundle of five transmembrane helices, specifically associates with KIR6.2, forcing nearly silent pores to burst like native KATP channels and enhancing surface expression. Inclusion of adjacent submembrane residues of L0, the linker between TMD0 and the stimulatory nucleotide- and drug-binding ABC core, generates constitutively active channels, whereas additional cytoplasmic residues counterbalance this activation establishing a relationship between the mean open and burst times of intact pores. SUR fragments, lacking TMD0, fail to modulate KIR. TMD0 is thus the domain that anchors SUR to the KIR pore. Consistent with data on chimeric ABCC/KIRs and a modeled channel structure, we propose that interactions of TMD0-L0 with the outer helix and N terminus of KIR bidirectionally modulate gating. The results explain and predict pathologies associated with alteration of the 5′ ends of clustered ABCC8 (9)/KCNJ11 (8) genes.
Mood, food, and obesity

Food is a potent natural reward and food intake is a complex process. Reward and gratification associated with food consumption leads to dopamine (DA) production, which in turn activates reward and pleasure centers in the brain. An individual will repeatedly eat a particular food to experience this positive feeling of gratification. This type of repetitive behavior of food intake leads to the activation of brain reward pathways that eventually overrides other signals of satiety and hunger. Thus, a gratification habit through a favorable food leads to overeating and morbid obesity. Overeating and obesity stems from many biological factors engaging both central and peripheral systems in a bi-directional manner involving mood and emotions. Emotional eating and altered mood can also lead to altered food choice and intake leading to overeating and obesity. Research findings from human and animal studies support a two-way link between three concepts, mood, food, and obesity. The focus of this article is to provide an overview of complex nature of food intake where various biological factors link mood, food intake, and brain signaling that engages both peripheral and central nervous system signaling pathways in a bi-directional manner in obesity.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Potent, Slow-binding Inhibitors That Are Selective for Gelatinases

Abstract Gelatinases have been shown to play a key role in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Small molecular weight synthetic inhibitors for these enzymes are highly sought for potential use as anti-metastatic agents. Virtually all of the known inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are broad spectrum. We report herein the synthesis and kinetic characterization of two compounds, 4-(4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)butane-1,2-dithiol (compound 1) and 5-(4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)pentane-1,2-dithiol (compound 2), that are potent and selective gelatinase inhibitors. These compounds are slow, tight-binding inhibitors of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) withK i values in the nanomolar range. In contrast, competitive inhibition of the catalytic domain of membrane-type 1 metalloproteinase (MMP-14cat) with comparableK i values (K i ∼200 nm) was observed. Binding to stromelysin (MMP-3) was substantially weaker, with K i values in the micromolar range (K i ∼10 μm). No binding to matrilysin (MMP-7) and collagenase 1 (MMP-1) was detected at inhibitor concentrations up to 60 μm. We have previously shown that synthetic MMP inhibitors work synergistically with TIMP-2 in the promotion of pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP in a process that depends on the affinity of the inhibitor toward MT1-MMP. It is shown herein that the dithiols are significantly less efficient (>100-fold) than marimastat, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, in enhancing pro-MMP-2 activation in cells infected to express MT1-MMP, consistent with the lower affinity of the dithiols toward MT1-MMP. Thus, in contrast to broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors, the dithiols are less likely to promote MT1-MMP-dependent pro-MMP-2 activation in the presence of TIMP-2, while maintaining their ability to inhibit active MMP-2 effectively.
Working with an Interpreter in Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment

Cross-cultural assessment and care frequently involve cross-language communication via a translator, interpreter, or bilingual worker. A resurgence of immigration, legalization of former illegal migrants, and refugee flight to the United States has increased the need for such special means of commun
Classifiability-based omnivariate decision trees

Top-down induction of decision trees is a simple and powerful method of pattern classification. In a decision tree, each node partitions the available patterns into two or more sets. New nodes are created to handle each of the resulting partitions and the process continues. A node is considered terminal if it satisfies some stopping criteria (for example, purity, i.e., all patterns at the node are from a single class). Decision trees may be univariate, linear multivariate, or nonlinear multivariate depending on whether a single attribute, a linear function of all the attributes, or a nonlinear function of all the attributes is used for the partitioning at each node of the decision tree. Though nonlinear multivariate decision trees are the most powerful, they are more susceptible to the risks of overfitting. In this paper, we propose to perform model selection at each decision node to build omnivariate decision trees. The model selection is done using a novel classifiability measure that captures the possible sources of misclassification with relative ease and is able to accurately reflect the complexity of the subproblem at each node. The proposed approach is fast and does not suffer from as high a computational burden as that incurred by typical model selection algorithms. Empirical results over 26 data sets indicate that our approach is faster and achieves better classification accuracy compared to statistical model select algorithms.
Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia

Brain structural deviation is known to be present in chronic patients with schizophrenia when compared with normal age-matched individuals. While the assumption is that these differences are based on a neurodevelopmental disturbance, whether they are static or continue to change throughout the disease process remains unknown. The following report describes a prospective follow-up study of first episode cases of schizophrenic illness. Analyses of MRI evaluations on an approximate annual basis for a minimum of four years are presented on 50 patients and 20 controls. Computer-assisted image analysis measuring the volume of several brain regions, using the program ANALYZE (Mayo Clinic), was performed on all scans. Patients were compared with controls for the rate of change over time in size of structures. No differences were found for the volumes of the caudate nucleus, temporal lobes, or hippocampus; and no changes in the degree of cerebral laterality were detected. However, there was a significant difference in the rate of change in the overall volumes of left and right hemispheres (P < 0.0004 and 0.001, respectively), right cerebellum (P < 0.02) and area of the isthmus of the corpus callosum (P < 0.05). The left cerebral ventricle had significantly greater enlargement over time when measured on coronal slice sequences (P < 0.02), but was not detected by axial views. These findings suggest that a subtle active brain process may be continuing through the first few years of a schizophrenic illness causing greater than the normal adult cortical deterioration. Further studies using other methods of image analysis and over a longer period of time are needed to determine the course and nature of this biologic process.
Brittle behavior of ductile metals during stress-corrosion cracking

Abstract The transgranular stress-corrosion cracking of ductile alloys (and at least one pure metal) leads to a fracture appearance characteristic of cleavage. The experimental and theoretical background of this form of metal failure is reviewed. The discontinuous nature of crack growth in α-brass and copper is demonstrated using a combination of acoustic and electrochemical measurements. Short-range cleavage of ductile metals is shown to be theoretically possible provided the thin surface film which is responsible for crack initiation has the appropriate properties. The important parameters determining the effectiveness of films in initiating cleavage include the film-substrate misfit, the strength of the bonding across the film-substrate interface, the film thickness and the film ductility. Suitable combinations of these parameters which can lead to micro cleavage are determined by the state of coherency of the interface and the fracture toughness of the substrate. For example, if a ductile de-alloyed l...
Volatilization and rapid depletion of urea spray‐applied to Kentucky bluegrass turf

Abstract Urea was spray‐applied to a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L) turf at a rate of 50 kg N ha‐1. Two volumes of solution were used to provide application depths of 0.5 and 2.0 mm. Ammonia volatilization and the rate of disappearance of the applied N were then examined over a 48 hr period. Urea‐N was positioned primarily on shoots with the 0.5 mm application, whereas the 2.0 mm application distributed the urea equally between the shoot and the thatch/soil layers. Urea positioned in the thatch/soil was hydro‐lyzed rapidly, while very little hydrolysis occurred with the urea positioned on the shoots. Cumulative volatile loss amounted to 5.3% and 11.6% of the applied N with the 0.5 and 2.0 mm application, respectively. Applied urea‐N disappeared rapidly from the turf/soil system. Approximately 80% and 100% of the applied N was depleted by 48 hr for the 0.5 and 2.0 mm application, respectively. The duration of volatile loss was correlated with the period that the urea‐N was resident in the turf profile.
A Novel Tubular Thin-Wall IPMC Sensor Capable of Two-Dimensional Sensing: Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling

An ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) sensor typically consists of a thin ion-exchange membrane with electrodes on both surfaces. Such IPMC sensors respond to deflections in the beam-bending directions only and thus are considered one-dimensional. In this paper, a novel IPMC sensor capable of two-dimensional sensing is presented. This tubular thin-wall IPMC has one common inner electrode and four outer electrodes, which form four routes of common-ground outputs. The fabrication method is reported along with the sensor package. A custom-designed experimental setup, which provides dynamic tip bending with adjustable orientations and controlled bending amplitude, is used to characterize the sensor response (short-circuit current) to the 2D mechanical stimulus in air. Based on the characterization results, we further model the proposed 2D tubular IPMC sensor by treating pairs of infinitesimal portion of tube wall as one-dimensional IPMC sensors and integrating them around the tube. Experimental results show that the fabricated IPMC sensor responds to omnidirectional stimulus within the cross-section plane and the proposed model captures well the sensor responses, indicating that this tubular IPMC sensor can be potentially used for 2D flow and displacement sensing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Minimizing peak temperature in embedded real-time systems via thermal-aware periodic resources

Over the years, thermal-aware designs have become a prominent research issue for real-time application development. A drastic increase in energy consumption of modern processors makes devices running real-time applications more prone to overheating and also decreases the lifespan. As a result, obtaining a reduction in peak temperature is considered the most desirable design aspect in developing such devices as it not only decreases the packaging cost, but also increases the lifetime of a device substantially. In this article, the thermal-aware periodic resource model is proposed which is a proactive scheme for minimizing peak temperature in a system with a microprocessor having basic energy saving features. For this model, polynomial-time algorithms are proposed to determine the lowest processing time (i.e., bandwidth) in periodic intervals with the minimum peak temperature for a specified sporadic task system scheduled by earliest-deadline first (EDF). The proposed algorithms only incur bounded error (based on a user-defined parameter) in determining temperature in exchange for a significant improvement in running time over exact algorithms. Furthermore, we derive the thermal equations to calculate the asymptotic temperature bound for a given thermal-aware periodic resource. These equations, along with the algorithm presented, will give a system designer not only a guarantee of schedulability for a given workload with minimum peak temperature, but also the freedom of choosing a trade-off between the accuracy and the efficiency of the algorithms.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS VII. THE ABSENCE OF AN AUTOIMMUNE ANTIKIDNEY RESPONSE IN NEPHROTOXIC SERUM NEPHRITIS

Rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis were studied for the presence of a possible autoimmune response to renal antigens formed and/or liberated during the immunologic reactions taking place in the glomeruli. The experiments consisted of transplantation of a normal isologous kidney to a nephritic rat and parabiosis of a normal rat to a nephritic rat. Neither functional nor morphologic abnormalities were noted in the normal kidneys in either situation. Transfer of the rabbit nephrotoxic antibody to the normal kidneys was noted in both experiments, indicating a continual dissociation and reassociation of nephrotoxic antibody with the tissue antigens of the host. Some of the nephritic rats showed a decrease in proteinuria and a slowing in the progression of the nephritis during the period in which the normal kidney was transplanted or a normal rat was united in parabiosis.
Arsenate Resistance in the Unicellular Marine Diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii.

The toxic arsenate ion can behave as a phosphate analog, and this can result in arsenate toxicity especially in areas with elevated arsenate to phosphate ratios like the surface waters of the ocean gyres. In these systems, cellular arsenate resistance strategies would allow phytoplankton to ameliorate the effects of arsenate transport into the cell. Despite the potential coupling between arsenate and phosphate cycling in oligotrophic marine waters, relatively little is known about arsenate resistance in the nitrogen-fixing marine cyanobacteria that are key components of the microbial community in low nutrient systems. The unicellular diazotroph, Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501, was able to grow at reduced rates with arsenate additions up to 30 nM, and estimated arsenate to phosphate ratios of 6:1. The genome of strain WH8501 contains homologs for arsA, arsH, arsB and arsC, allowing for the reduction of arsenate to arsenite and the pumping of arsenite out of the cell. The short-term addition of arsenate to the growth medium had no effect on nitrogen fixation. However, arsenate addition did result in the up-regulation of the arsB gene with increasing arsenate concentrations, indicating the induction of the arsenate detoxification response. The arsB gene was also up-regulated by phosphorus stress in concert with a gene encoding the high-affinity phosphate binding protein pstS. Both genes were down-regulated when phosphate was re-fed to phosphorus-stressed cells. A field survey of surface water from the low phosphate western North Atlantic detected expression of C. watsonii arsB, suggestive of the potential importance of arsenate resistance strategies in this and perhaps other systems.
Observation of sprite streamer head's spectra at 10,000 fps

[1] Spatially and temporally resolved sprite streamer head spectra were observed for the first time using a slitless spectrograph at 10,000 fps. The spectra consist of the N2 first positive (1PG) emission. Blue emissions, including the N2 second positive (2PG) and the N2+ first negative (1NG) emissions, were not observed presumably due to atmospheric attenuation along a long line of sight. The rotational temperature derived from the spectra indicates a kinetic temperature of 200–300 K with an upper limit of 400 K. Using a simple kinetic model, we estimate the peak electric field in the streamer head to be larger than 1–2Ek.
Variation in niche and distribution model performance: The need for a priori assessment of key causal factors

Abstract Ecological niche models and species distribution models are becoming important elements in the toolkit of biogeographers and ecologists. Although burgeoning in use, much variation exists in implementation of these techniques, leading to considerable diversity of methodology and discussion of what is the ‘best’ approach. In this analysis, we explore implications of different configurations of major factors that constrain species’ distributions—abiotic factors and dispersal limitation—for the success or failure of these models. We analyze variation in performance among modeling approaches as a function of the relative configuration of these two factors and the spatial extent of training region, with the result that a clear understanding of the abiotic-dispersal configuration is a prerequisite to effective model implementations; the effects of spatial extent of the training region are less consistent and clear. Model development will be powerful only when set in an appropriate and explicit biogeographic and population ecological context.
Effect of static charge on the infrared spectrum of amorphous silicon

Using first-principles electronic and lattice-dynamics calculations, we calculate the far-infrared spectrum of amorphous silicon including the static polarization due to disorder. The peak positions as well as the magnitude of the absorption coefficient in the region of the bending modes agree with experiment. A random distribution of static charges leads to an infrared spectrum which merely reflects the vibrational density of states.
The Arg non-receptor tyrosine kinase modifies F-actin structure

The Arg (Abl-related gene) protein belongs to the Abl family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that regulate cell motility and morphogenesis. It contains two actin-binding domains, one containing the talin-like I/LWEQ motif, and a C-terminal calponin homology (CH) domain. We used electron microscopy and single particle image analysis to reconstruct complexes of F-actin with full-length Arg, and fragments lacking either the I/LWEQ or CH domains. The Arg CH domain binds to actin's subdomain-1 (SD1) and induces a tilt of actin protomers. The I/LWEQ domain binds to either SD1 or SD4, closing the nucleotide binding cleft of actin. Although Arg can use either its CH or ILWEQ domains to bind an actin filament, both domains within Arg cannot bind simultaneously to adjacent protomers in the filament, consistent with its F-actin-bundling activity. The conformational changes in the filament introduced by Arg can explain the cooperative binding of Arg to F-actin and might prevent other actin binding proteins from binding to actin filaments.
Can Einstein's theory of gravitation be tested beyond the geometrical optics limit

AN upper limit of a few × 10−3 arc s has been placed1 on the differential deflection of right and left circularly polarised (r.c.p. and l.c.p., respectively) radiation which passes by the Sun from the quasar 3C273. The separation of quasar images in r.c.p. and l.c.p. radiation permits a measurement of the effect of gravitation on polarised radiation. This seems to be the first experiment in which Einstein's theory of gravitation is tested beyond the geometrical optics approximation. Here, I estimate the new effect (that is, the differential gravitational deflection of polarised radiation), and point out that though, using present techniques, it is too small to be measurable for the Sun, it is, however, potentially observable for gravitationally collapsed objects.
Fostering Leadership Development and Professionalism for University Department Heads

This paper will review a successful eight-year program for the academic leadership development of department chairpersons. This program has involved two hundred department heads, ranging from the various technologies and sciences (i.e. microelectronic engineering, chemistry, photography, printing, packaging, computer science) to the humanities and social sciences (i.e. fine arts, social work, criminal justice, accounting) and the major service units (i.e. bursar, cooperative work-study and placement, development, government affairs, counseling, accounting). This particular strategy for institutional renewal was proposed and budgeted based upon the assumption that department heads have a major impact on academic change and climate within an institution of higher learning. This academic leadership program was internally funded and planned according to specification drawn from extensive interviews with department chairpersons, faculty members, staff and deans. Released-time was made available to participants...
A Concurrent Validation Study of the Alcohol and Other Drug Identification (AODI) Scale

ABSTRACT This study measured the concurrent validity of the Alcohol and Other Drug Identification (AODI) scale, a measure of barriers to social workers addressing substance abuse issues with their clients. The scale was administered along with the Drug and Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire (DDPPQ), a measure of mental health workers' attitudes toward working with substance abusers. A total of 197 graduate social work students and field supervisors participated in a Web-based administration of the scales. Principal components analysis indicated that three subscale factors of the AODI remained, with two items deleted. All subscale factors of the AODI negatively correlated with the DDPPQ, indicating evidence for concurrent validity.