cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED DESIGN: A MACROCOGNITIVE ACCOUNT

Biologically inspired engineering design is an approach to design that espouses the adaptation of functions and mechanisms in biological sciences to solve engineering design problems. We have conducted an in situ study of designers engaged in biologically inspired design. Based on this study we develop here a macrocognitive information-processing model of biologically inspired design. We also compare and contrast the model with other information-processing models of analogical design such as TRIZ, case-based design, and design patterns.
IC138 is a WD-repeat dynein intermediate chain required for light chain assembly and regulation of flagellar bending

Increased phosphorylation of dynein IC IC138 correlates with decreases in flagellar microtubule sliding and phototaxis defects. To test the hypothesis that regulation of IC138 phosphorylation controls flagellar bending, we cloned the IC138 gene. IC138 encodes a novel protein with a calculated mass of 111 kDa and is predicted to form seven WD-repeats at the C terminus. IC138 maps near the BOP5 locus, and bop5-1 contains a point mutation resulting in a truncated IC138 lacking the C terminus, including the seventh WD-repeat. bop5-1 cells display wild-type flagellar beat frequency but swim slower than wild-type cells, suggesting that bop5-1 is altered in its ability to control flagellar waveform. Swimming speed is rescued in bop5-1 transformants containing the wild-type IC138, confirming that BOP5 encodes IC138. With the exception of the roadblock-related light chain, LC7b, all the other known components of the I1 complex, including the truncated IC138, are assembled in bop5-1 axonemes. Thus, the bop5-1 motility phenotype reveals a role for IC138 and LC7b in the control of flagellar bending. IC138 is hyperphosphorylated in paralyzed flagellar mutants lacking radial spoke and central pair components, further indicating a role for the radial spokes and central pair apparatus in control of IC138 phosphorylation and regulation of flagellar waveform.
Recruitment of Cellular Recombination and Repair Proteins to Sites of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Replication Is Dependent on the Composition of Viral Proteins within Prereplicative Sites and Correlates with the Induction of the DNA Damage Response

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication is associated with nuclear domains called ND10, which contain host recombination proteins such as RPA, RAD51, and NBS1 and participate in the cell's response to DNA damage. The stages of HSV-1 infection have been described previously. Infected cells at stage IIIa are observed after the initial disruption of ND10 and display nuclear foci, or prereplicative sites, containing the viral single-stranded-DNA-binding protein (UL29), the origin-binding protein (UL9), and the heterotrimeric helicase-primase. At stage IIIb, the viral polymerase, its processivity factor, and the ND10, protein PML, are also recruited to these sites. In this work, RPA, RAD51, and NBS1 were observed predominantly in stage IIIb but not stage IIIa prereplicative sites, suggesting that the efficient recruitment of these recombination proteins is dependent on the presence of the viral polymerase and other replication proteins within these sites. On the other hand, Ku86 was not found in any of the precursors to replication compartments, suggesting that it is excluded from the early stages of HSV-1 replication. Western blot analysis showed that RPA and NBS1 were (hyper)phosphorylated during infection, indicating that infection induces the host response to DNA damage. Finally, RPA, RAD51, and NBS1 were found to be associated with UL29 foci observed in transfected cells expressing UL29 and the helicase-primase heterotrimer and containing intact ND10. The ability to recruit recombination and repair proteins to various subassemblies of viral replication proteins thus appears to depend on several factors, including the presence of the viral polymerase and/or UL9 within prereplicative sites and the integrity of ND10.
On the treatment of boundary conditions by the method of artificial parameters

A procedure to deal with various boundary conditions in the Rayleigh-Ritz method is discussed herein, namely, the method of artificial parameters. The method is then applied to solve a simple string problem; results obtained compare very nicely with exact solutions.
Quantized Identification With Dependent Noise and Fisher Information Ratio of Communication Channels

System identification is studied in which the system output is quantized, transmitted through a digital communication channel, and observed afterwards. This paper explores strong convergence, efficiency, and complexity of identification algorithms under colored noise and dependent communication channels. It first presents algorithms for certain core identification problems using quantized observations on the basis of empirical measures and nonlinear mappings. Strong consistency (with-probability-one convergence) is established under ?-mixing noises. Furthermore, with pre-quantization signal processing, it is shown that certain modified algorithms can achieve asymptotic efficiency under correlated noises. To improve convergence speeds, quantization threshold adaptation algorithms are introduced. These results are then used to study the impact of communication channels on system identification under dependent channels. The concept of fisher information ratio is introduced to characterize such impact. It is shown that the fisher information ratio can be calculated from certain channel characteristic matrices. The relationship between the fisher information ratio and Shannon's channel capacity is discussed from the angle of time and space information. The methods of identification input designs that link general system parameters to core identification problems are reviewed.
Evaluation of a new paraffin-reactive CD7 T-cell deletion marker and a polymerase chain reaction-based T-cell receptor gene rearrangement assay: Implications for diagnosis of mycosis fungoides in community clinical practice

Abstract Background: T-cell deletion and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement studies are helpful in the early diagnosis and subsequent management of mycosis fungoides (MF). However, this often requires fresh-frozen tissue that can be difficult to obtain and evaluate in community clinical practice. A new CD7 antibody, the most sensitive and specific T-cell deletion marker, and a new TCR-γ gene rearrangement polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (TCR-γ PCR) are now available on routine paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. Objective: Our purpose was to assess the utility of CD7 deletion and TCR-γ PCR in the diagnosis of MF using routine paraffin-embedded biopsy material. Methods: Cases of MF (n = 17) with matching frozen tissue immunohistochemistry and benign reactive dermatoses (lichen planus; n=27) were assessed for CD7 (Clone: CD7-272) deletion and TCR-γ PCR using paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. Results: Excellent concordance comparing frozen and paraffin embedded CD7 immunostaining (88%) was observed. CD7 deletion and TCR-γ PCR was sensitive (94%) and specific (96%) for a diagnosis of MF using paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. Conclusion: In the diagnosis of MF, detection of CD7 deletion and monoclonal TCR rearrangements can be successfully performed in a cost-effective, timely fashion using routine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:405-13.)
Protons to Replace Photons in External Beam Radiation Therapy

Protons provide the basis for superior distribution of radiation dose due to the physical characteristics of protons. Proton beams used in radiation therapy can be designed to yield a uniform dose across the target and then virtually zero deep to the target and lower dose proximal to the target (for non-superficial lesions). Such beams can be employed in comparable number, direction, weighting, angulation, intensity modulation as is feasible for photon beams. The result is a smaller treatment volume, and hence a lower incidence and frequency of treatment-related morbidity. Importantly, the reduction in treatment volume permits a higher dose to the tumour. This means an improved tumour control probability and lower normal tissue complication probability. Clinical gains appear to have been realized in the treatment of patient with uveal melanoma, skull-base sarcoma, para-nasal sinus carcinomas, selected stages of lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are now three proton therapy centres with gantry systems with seven more being built. Further, there are seven additional centres in active planning. At present, prospective clinical evaluations are in progress for tumours at many anatomical sites.
Postnatal thyroid hormone replacement in very preterm infants

Transient hypothyroxinemia occurs frequently in very preterm infants and is caused by a combination of factors as immaturity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system, loss of the maternal thyroxine (T4) contribution, immaturity of thyroid hormone metabolism, and neonatal illness. Thyroid hormone is important in maturation of the brain, but also of heart and lungs. Low neonatal T4 concentrations in plasma are related to worse clinical and neurodevelopmental outcome. Despite these relationships, only few randomized clinical trials have been performed to find out whether T4 supplementation can improve clinical and/or neurodevelomental outcome of preterm infants. The currently available evidence does not support use of supplemental T4 in all preterm infants. There are, however, indications that T4 might improve neurodevelopmental outcome in infants born before 27 to 29 weeks of gestation. Therefore, it is necessary that new trials are set up to further study the benefits of thyroid hormones given in the neonatal period of very preterm infants.
Messengers of Bad News or Bad Apples? Student Debt and College Accountability

AbstractStudent loan debt and defaults have been steadily rising, igniting public worry about the associated public and private risks. This has led to controversial regulatory attempts to curb defaults by holding colleges, particularly those in the for-profit sector, increasingly accountable for the student loan repayment behavior of their students. Such efforts endeavor to protect taxpayers against the misuse of public money used to encourage college enrollment and to safeguard students against potentially risky human capital investments. Recent policy proposals penalize colleges for students’ poor repayment performance, raising questions about institutions’ power to influence this behavior. Many of the schools at risk of not meeting student loan default measures also disproportionately enroll low-income, nontraditional, and financially independent students. Policy makers therefore face the challenge of promoting the efficient use of public funds and protecting students while also encouraging access to h...
Evaluation of the utility of xanthophyll cycle pigment dynamics for assessing upper ocean mixing processes at Station ALOHA

ments was collected from the sea-surface in order to quantify the time-dependent rate of change in the ratio of XCP to chlorophyll a (XCP/CHLA). In situ XCP/CHLA values were measured by rapid collection of cells in the mixed layer using a diaphragm pumping system and the xanthophyll cycle activity inhibitor dithiothreitol. Turbulent transfer velocity (TTV) was estimated as the quotient of the XCP/CHLA photoadaptation rate and the XCP/CHLA gradient in the mixed layer. TTVs ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 cm s 21 , and agreed to within a factor of 2 of the Lagrangian floatderived estimate of vertical mixing at a comparable friction velocity. Coincident measurements of dissolved gases suggest that XCP dynamics may be useful for the interpretation of trace gases species distributions, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide, in the upper ocean.
Analysis of phosphorous autodoping in P-type silicon measured using corona oxide silicon (COS) techniques

Semiconductor fabrication facilities rely on the integrity of the silicon to manufacture sub-micron devices. Cross contamination of P-type silicon to N-type carriers or vice versa in the near surface region of the silicon can be detrimental to device performance. Semiconductor processing typically includes numerous diffusion and pre-clean steps, any one of which might auto-dope P-type silicon substrate with phosphorous. Inline monitoring of these near surface doping effects enhances the ability to diagnose autodoping problems. A non-contact Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) measurement technique has the ability to detect cross-contaminated P-type silicon with phosphorous from wet clean benches and diffusion furnaces. Results show COS flatband (Vfb) and oxide total charge (Qtot) measurements are sensitive to various levels of intentional phosphorous contamination implanted into the silicon at pre-oxidation. Phosphorous at the silicon/oxide interface can pile up and create an electrically active thin 'N' skin. Phosphorous from this thin 'N' skin is shown to change the electrical characteristics of near surface region of the silicon. The detection of unwanted phosphorus with the use of COS inline monitoring can greatly reduce the response time when auto-doping problems occur.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple pinhole aperture design using a modified Uniform Cramer-Rao Bound

This work presents a design study of using multiple pinhole apertures in small animal SPECT imaging applications. The SPECT system is based on the use of an existing ADAC gamma camera. For quantifying the performance of a detector design, we used the minimum achievable variance at several locations in the images, given some constraints on the resulting spatial resolution. This approach was formerly proposed as the Uniform Cramer-Rao Bound (UCRB). In this work, we propose to use a resolution constraint that is imposed on the mean gradient vector. This partially overcomes the limitations of the former UCRB approach based on the bias-gradient norm constraint. We applied this method for studying the effect of design parameters, such as number of pinholes and pinhole size, on the performance of the detector system.
Simulation diagnostics of multiple discontinuities in a microwave coaxial transmission line

Multiple discontinuities in microwave transmission lines can cause unusual reflection and transmission loss characteristics as functions of frequency. This article presents a method for developing models that simulate return loss and insertion loss data measured over a broad band of frequencies. The overall cable is modeled as a coaxial transmission line consisting of shunt susceptance discontinuities separated by line lengths. A nonlinear least-squares fit is then performed between theoretical data (from the model) and experimental data. When this method was applied to modeling discontinuities in a slightly damaged S-band antenna cable, excellent agreement between theory and experiment was obtained over a frequency range of 1.70-2.85 GHz. >
Population Constancy of the Rock Vole, Microtus Chrotorrhinus, in Northeastern Minnesota

Each of nineteen populations of rock voles, Microtus chrotorrhinus, was monitored for 6 or 7 years by annual sampling. Voles were relatively uncommon the first year (8 sites), a result I attribute to artifacts of sampling. Numbers were constant in following years (all 19 sites). The standard deviation of the base-10 logarithm of population size, s, was 0.06 for 10 populations over 6 years, lower than all 45 values of s for 14 species of Microtus and Clethrionomys, and lower than 17 of 18 values for species of Peromyscus and Apodemus reported by Ostfeld (1988), indicating population constancy from year to year.
Isolation of N-Heterocyclic Alkyl Intermediates en Route to Transition Metal N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Insight into a C–H Activation Mechanism

An imidazolinium cation has been incorporated into an arene-linked diphosphine pincer ligand, [2]+, and the metalation of this ligand has been investigated via direct imidazolinium C–H activation to Pd0 and Pt0. The expected NHC-ligated metal-hydride species [5]PF6 (M = Pt) and 6 (M = Pd) are obtained if the halide-free imidazolinium salt [2]PF6 is used. In contrast, treatment of the imidazolinium chloride salt [2]Cl with M(PPh3)4 leads to isolation of N-heterocyclic alkyl MII species 3 (M = Pd) and 4 (M = Pt), in which the imidazolinium C–H bond remains intact. Interestingly, there are no apparent agostic interactions between the imidazolinium protons and the metal centers in 3 and 4, indicating that these species represent an unusual type of arrested C–H activation intermediate. While Pd complex 3 is thermally stable, Pt complex 4 undergoes C–H activation to afford the corresponding NHC-PtII-hydride species [5]Cl upon heating. Additionally, both complexes 3 and 4 undergo rapid C–H activation upon abstra...
Intelligent Fuzzy Flight control of an Autonomous Quadrotor UAV

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) are being increasingly used today than ever before in both military and civil applications. A Quadrotor is a helicopter with four rotors that makes it more stable; but also presents a challenging control problem. Characteristics that provide a clear advantage over other fixed wing UAV’s are VTOL, accurate payload delivery and hovering capabilities as well as a greater maneuverability. Thus, they can be very useful in natural disasters, search and rescue, aerial support for first responders, Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance military missions etc. Fuzzy logic control has been chosen over certain conventional control methodologies, as it can effectively deal with highly nonlinear systems, allows for imprecise data and is modular. Real Time Windows Target, MATLAB is used for real time sensor data acquisition and timing of control loops. The objective of this paper is to propose a control methodology and describe the development, simulation and implementation of an intelligent flight control module for a Quadrotor UAV.
A Suggested Use and Non-Use for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with the Retarded Child

From a population of public school, educable, retarded children two groups, a high-perceiver and a low-perceiver group who were similar in CA, were selected using Frostig Test scores as the criteria. All Ss were administered the WISC and the PPVT. Results indicate significant differences between groups for mean WISC Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs and for PPVT IQs and MAs. From the point of view of the level of visual perceptual development, the PPVT is a satisfactory estimate of intellectual efficiency for retarded children whose visual perceptual development is appropriate for their MAs. However, the PPVT significantly overestimates the intellectual efficiency in retarded children with severe impairment in visual perceptual development.
Heat transfer models for nesting cavities

The basic steady state heat transfer equations for convection, conduction, and radiant energy exchange were combined and adapted to the problem of modeling heat losses from small mammals and birds at rest in nesting cavities. The derived model describes heat loss rates in terms of a generalized heat transfer coefficient as a function of cavity height, diameter, wall thickness and thermal conductivity, and the radiative emissivity of interior cavity surfaces. The model was computerized and used to obtain 3125 unique solutions for combinations of a wide range of cavity characteristics; tabular data, graphical interpolations, and a statistical model were used to identify the most critical cavity features for any given set of animal-environmental conditions.
Ultrastructural Evidence for Meiosis in a Nonheterothallic Isolate of the Myxomycete Didymium Iridis

In a recent discussion of various aspects of the biology of the myxomycete Didymium iridis (Ditmar) Fries, Collins and Betterley (1982) considered the var? ious reproductive cycles of isolates of this species. According to these authors, of 43 isolates of D. iridis examined critically, only 12 have been reported to be heterothallic while 21 have been designated as nonheterothallic. While traditionally most workers have assumed nonheterothallic isolates to be homothallic (pos? sessing meiosis and karyogamy), Collins (1980) has stated that "It now seems entirely possible that myxomycete life cycles are characteristically either hetero? thallic or apomictic, with homothallic cycles either rare or nonexistent." Most of the data supporting the idea of apomixis has, however, come from genetic studies and Feulgen nuclear DNA measurements made on myxamoebae, plasmodia, and young spores (see Collins and Betterley, 1982), and apparently no detailed attempt has been made to look for visual evidence of meiosis in thick-walled, maturing spores of supposed apomictic isolates. As a result, the present electron microscopic study was undertaken. Plasmodia ofthe nonheterothallic isolate (Mo-1) of D. iridis used in this study were kindly supplied by Dr. O. R. Collins ofthe University of California, Berkeley. This apparently apomictic isolate is reported not to have a haploid phase (Mulleavy, 1979). According to Collins (pers. comm.), this isolate has not exhibited the apomictic-heterothallic conversions reported in some isolates (Yemma et al, 1978; Mulleavy, 1979; Collins, 1980), even though attempts to convert it have been made. Single spore isolations done in conjunction with this ultrastructural study confirmed that the Mo-1 isolate remained nonheterothallic throughout the course of the investigation. Plasmodia ofthe Mo-1 isolate were maintained at 23 C on sterilized pieces of oat flakes on the surface of 2% plain agar plates. To induce fruiting, plasmodia were placed in total darkness for 3 da and then exposed to light. Sporangia in various stages of development (precleavage to 24 h past cleavage) were then prepared at hourly intervals for examination with transmission electron micros? copy according to the procedures of Glidewell and Mims (1979). The results of this study indicate that meiosis or at least an attempt at meiosis occurs in the Mo-1 isolate of D. iridis. The five necessary "indicators" of meiosis listed by Aldrich and Mims (1970) and reiterated by Aldrich and Blackwell (1976) were all observed in this study. These include (1) a precleavage nuclear division without synaptonemal complexes (SC's), (2) an intervening interphase with no synapsis, (3) SC's in the nuclei of spores 10-20 h old, (4) nuclear division figures within spores, and (5) a subsequent degeneration of nuclei within autophagic vacuoles.
Improving habitat models by incorporating pelagic measurements from coastal ocean observatories

As in all temperate coastal seas, habitats in the Mid-Atlantic Bight are spatially and temporally dynamic. Understanding how species respond to the dynamics of their environment is important for developing effective management strategies. In this study, we used canonical corre- spondence analysis (CCA) to determine habitat variables most important in explaining variation in fish and invertebrate communities sampled with bottom trawls. We also quantified the relative explanatory power of seabed habitat features, pelagic features measured in situ and pelagic fea- tures measured remotely, all of which can be used to explain species variability. Pelagic habitat features, most notably surface and bottom temperature and stratification, explained 76% of the community variation observed, compared with 40.9% explained by seabed features, mainly depth. Remotely sensed pelagic characteristics explained 46.9% of the variation that was accounted for and were redundant for features measured in situ; this suggests that remotely sensed features are representative of features measured in situ including certain subsurface fea- tures. Cross-shelf and seasonal variation in environmental variables were the major predictors of species distributions and accounted for 71.3% of the total explained community variation. We described the seasonal dynamics of important habitat gradients and the responses of species with different habitat requirements and geographic range distributions to those gradients. We argue that consideration of dynamic pelagic features in addition to slowly changing features is impor- tant. Dynamic approaches are necessary for effective management and ocean observing systems can be used to develop dynamic space-based management strategies.
Individuals and Communities: the Importance of Neighbors Volunteering

In this analysis, I examine the effects of community-level volunteering on an individual’s choices regarding time – whether to work and whether to volunteer. In order to better explain the decision to volunteer, a classic pure public goods structure is contrasted with a less restrictive impure public goods model that admits other possible private motivations. The results of this study undermine the neoclassical notion that volunteering can be understood solely as a pure public good that is provided less when others are seen to be contributing. In fact, individuals are found to be more, not less, likely to volunteer when others in their communities do so. An innovative instrumental variables strategy is used to account for reflection bias and the possible endogeneity caused by selective sorting of individuals into neighborhoods, which allows for a causal interpretation of these results. Employment regressions provide preliminary evidence that average volunteering relates, to some extent, with the decision of whether to participate in the labor force. Variations in the effect of average volunteering across age and gender are also explored. The present work is unique by virtue of its use of a large and representative dataset, along with rigorous statistical testing. I use United States Census 2000 Summary File 3 and Current Population Survey (CPS) 2004–2007 September Supplement file data and control for various individual and community-level characteristics.
OPTIMALITY THEORY IN PHONOLOGY: A READER

OPTIMALITY THEORY IN PHONOLOGY: A READER. John J. McCarthy (Ed.) . Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. Pp. xvi + 603. $79.95 cloth, $44.95 paper. Optimality Theory in phonology is a textbook for an advanced-level phonology course that contains excerpts from 33 important articles and manuscripts on Optimality Theory (OT). For each chapter, McCarthy adds brief introductory notes and a list of study and research questions. The introductory notes provide background information and short remarks on the significance of the selected works. The study and research questions help readers to understand the material, and some questions are challenging enough to lead to interesting topics for research. Given the rapid development of OT in the past decade, it is not an easy task to compile such a reader. Overall, McCarthy makes excellent selections, and this book would be a useful textbook for many phonology classes. This text would also be appropriate for independent study, but those who are not familiar with OT may want to read Kager's ( 1999 ) introductory textbook before reading this volume. For an in-depth survey and overview of OT and an extensive list of references, the reader is referred to McCarthy ( 2002 ).
Single Contact Tailored Gain Phased Arrey of Semiconductor Lasers

Most Arrays reported to date have been uniform structures which show double lobed farfield patterns 1 In the present work, we point out the feasibility of using a nonuniform gain profile to favor the fundamental supermode 2 and experimentally demonstrate a. gain-guided phase-locked array incorporating this principle which shows nearly diffraction limited single lobe operation. Fabrication of this device is simple, and suited to large-scale processing techniques We also show that such an asymmetric gain guided array has the desirable property that the fundamental supermode is favored over all other supermodes and that higher order supermodes can have farfield patterns very similar to the single lobed farfield pattern of the fundamental.
The Complexity of Ethnic Identity Among Jewish American Emerging Adults

ABSTRACTJewish Americans may grapple with issues of ethnic identity differently than the larger White American group. Drawn from a large multisite sample (N = 8,501), 280 Jewish American (207 female, 73 male) emerging adults were compared with White American and ethnic minority samples on ethnic and U.S. identity. Jewish Americans rated themselves as significantly higher on measures of ethnic and U.S. identity compared with White Americans but not as highly as ethnic minorities. Ethnic identity search, affirmation, and resolution also predicted higher self-esteem for Jewish Americans, similar to the pattern for other ethnic groups. In addition, ethnic identity search and affirmation moderated the link between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among Jewish Americans.
Bounded influence rank regression

When e i =y i -x' i β, it is known that minimizing ΣΣ|e i -e j | yields an estimate of regression that attains a bounded influence of the residual with 95% efficiency for the normal fistribution. We show that introducing weights ΣΣb ij |e i -e j | achieves bounded total influence with positive breakdown. Mallows weights in particular are optimally efficient under a predefined bound on the gross error sensitivity. A generalization of Mallows weights allows additional local stability against high leverage points. Two numerical examples illustrate the behaviour of the estimate
Receiver operating curves and dose-volume analysis of late toxicity with stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method to determine dose thresholds with late genitourinary (GU) toxicity after stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Methods and materials Seventy-eight patients diagnosed with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer and treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy alone were reviewed retrospectively. All patients received a total dose of 38 Gy in 4 fractions with a planning target volume expansion of 2 mm. GU toxicity was documented according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4. ROC analysis applied on a logistic regression model was used to determine optimal dosimetric parameters for GU toxicity. Results The median age at treatment was 69 years with a median prostate volume of 46.2 mL. The median prescription isodose line was 67% (interquartile range, 65, 70). The median clinical follow-up was 35.49 months. Late grade 1, 2, and 3 GU toxicity occurred in 21.8%, 19.2%, and 2.6% of cases, respectively. Late grade 2+ GU toxicity was associated with prescription to isodose line (P = .009) and normalized volumes for heterogeneity ≥46 Gy. The ROC method successfully produced thresholds for dose-volume recommendations for both prostate and urethra, including normalized prostate volumes from 46 to 50 Gy, such as volume of target tissue receiving 46% of the prescribed dose (V46) Gy of 36.7% (sensitivity, 71%; specificity, 61%; area under the curve, 0.67) with an associated probability of late GU grade 2+ toxicity of 21%. Conclusions Intraprostatic heterogeneity should be controlled with potential thresholds at V46 Gy 69%).
Negotiating a Path to the Arts at Harvard: Student Stories of Academic Decision Making

This chapter presents findings from an investigation of academic decision making amongst undergraduates intending to study the arts at Harvard College. Sharing the stories of four students, the author examines how participants negotiated an academic path towards the arts at Harvard in an era of economic imperative in higher education. Participants’ stories illuminate how their choice to pursue the arts was hindered by four distinct but overlapping concerns: (1) the academic legitimacy of the arts; (2) the social relevance of the arts; (3) a lack of technical training; and (4) a lack of substantive knowledge. The author reflects on how students began to overcome these concerns, as well as the complex and creative ways they navigated their pursuit of the arts in a liberal arts context.
The Geomorphological and Geological Context

As noted in the preceding chapter, geomorphology is a discipline more often found in the larger field of physical geography, at least in the United States and Great Britain, while sedimentology is a speciality area of geology. While some in archaeology may wonder at a partition in what is basically earth science, the location of geomorphology within geography has had some unexpected benefits, most notably the recognition and use of the burgeoning techniques of geographic information systems better known as GIS. Likewise geographers were quick to incorporate their traditional interest in remote sensing into GIS studies as well. Digitally based, these large-scale spatial analysis systems have proven to be a boon to geoarchaeological researchers. GIS frameworks, devised principally within geography, have made it possible to converge many different lines of data into synthetic map projections that can be manipulated and compared so as to yield new insights into the nature of archaeological sites and their locations. Had geomorphology been housed exclusively within geology departments, it is unlikely that GIS methodology would have entered the arsenal of archaeological geology as quickly as it has. Sedimentology and its close relationship to paleoenvironmental study, particularly in quaternary research, have continued to be a major component of archaeological geology. Likewise, the mapping the surface and subsurface of an archaeological locale provides crucial information as to the why of a site’s specific location and possible function.
Cross-Level Theoretical Predictions of Marijuana, Methamphetamine, and Opium Use

ABSTRACTDespite the large body of literature investigating drug use, limited research has explored both the individual and structural dimensions of drug use, and an even smaller number of studies have focused on drug use in the Asian context. The current study draws on self-reported survey data on marijuana, methamphetamine, and opium use among offenders in South Korea. We apply four major theoretical perspectives to understand predictors of drug use in this context. Results demonstrate the link between methamphetamine use and unemployment and find strong predictability of social learning variables. Limitations and implications of the current study are discussed.
Non-medical use of prescription drugs and its association with heroin use among high school students

AbstractIntroduction: There is an established link between non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) and heroin use among adults; however, little is known about this relationship among adolescents. We investigate this association among a nationally-representative sample of U.S. high school students.Methods: Using data from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 13,462), we ran logistic regression models with multiple imputation to examine the association between NMUPD and heroin use, while controlling for other risk behaviors and mental health problems.Results: In the final adjusted model, compared to high school students reporting never misusing prescription drugs, those reporting NMUPD 1–9 times in their lives had a 1.90 times greater odds of heroin use and those reporting ≥10 times had a 5.59 times greater odds. Additionally, the following variables were significantly associated with heroin use: being male, carrying a weapon in the past 30 days, history of sexual intercourse, dating violence vict...
State public pension management over the business cycle

The surging stock market in the late nineties lifted the funding level of most pension plans and led to plan management decisions that left them vulnerable to the stock market decline of 2000-2002. In this study, an analysis was conducted on the descriptive data of 51 state pension plans for the period 1998-2003 and it was found that overfunded plans were more likely to substantially increase benefits while simultaneously reduce contributions. This led to widespread underfunding and a need for sudden increase in contributions as market conditions grew worse and funding levels dropped sharply. This investment cycle emphasizes the need for more prudent surplus management strategies to protect pension plans from the consequences of stock market volatility.
Detecting possibly incorrect medication using an unlikely co-occurrences measure

The rapid development of statistical learning methods and an increase in computational power and medical data repositories have significantly contributed to a plethora of applications for medical diagnostics prediction. In this paper we present a solution for an interesting problem which, surprisingly enough given its importance, has not gained much attention: detecting unexpected co-occurrences of data features. As standard data analysis methods do not directly produce a solution for the problem, we propose a measure for direct discovery of unlikely co-occurrences of data instances. We show how our method can be directly applied to detect possible incorrect medication for diabetes patients.
Vascular tumors in children.

SUMMARY Tumors with a vascular component are the most common masses seen in children. Malformations and hemangiomas predominate. Hemangiomas have a biphasic natural history consisting of initial proliferation followed by spontaneous involution; these tumors rarely require surgical intervention. Malformations present at birth or shortly after birth and have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations depending upon their predominant cell type and rheology. Physical examination and MR imaging will effectively define most of these anomalies. Surgery is reserved for very symptomatic lesions and is effective in all but the fast-flow, Type C group of malformations. Glomus tumors, pyogenic granulomas and both traumatic and iatrogenic aneurysms are also seen in the pediatric age group. All are benign and effectively treated surgically. Malignant vascular tumors are rare in this age group.
An Estimate of Wave Breaking Probability for Deep Water Waves

Analytical expressions for the probabilities of both wave breaking and of the fractional energy dissipation losses generated by wave breaking, are derived on the basis of a joint distribution for wave frequencies and amplitudes. Direct effects of wind forcing on wave breaking are explicitly considered in the form of Phillips and Banner (1974) mechanism. The results are found to depend on the wave spectrum band width parameter θ and the characteristic frequency σ0 (definitions follow), and are not restricted to narrow-band spectrum cases. When the computed total energy dissipation losses (per average wave period) are used together with appropriate wave growth models to predict the fraction of wind momentum and energy fluxes transferred to water waves, the results appear to be in good agreement with their experimental counterparts. These expressions are also compared to other recent work on wave breaking and their similarities and differences are discussed.
Jeffersonian Democracy and Newspaper Popular Constitutionalism

Popular constitutionalism describes the process by which understandings of the Constitution are developed, and sometimes acted on, by non-judicial actors such as "the people" themselves. This paper examines a variant of popular constitutionalism that can be termed "newspaper popular constitutionalism:" the practice in early nineteenth century America of publishing commentaries and essays in politically-sponsored newspapers to advance partisan-based interpretations of the Constitution. The paper presents the results of research into the numerous commentaries and essays on constitutional themes that appeared in Thomas Jefferson's presidential newspaper, the National Intelligencer, from 1801 to 1805.
Archaeological Overview of the Three Saints Harbor Site

Archaeological studies at the Three Saints Harbor Krepost site (KOD-083) were undertaken to complement and balance the historical record reviewed in the preceding chapter. Russian adaptation and maintenance on the American frontier, conquest and social accommodation with respect to its indigenous peoples, and the gradual formation of a stratified, colonial society were complex processes that could not be fully understood or recorded by contemporary observers. Neither, in the flow of events, was much recorded about the revealing details of daily life–what this new world looked like, and how its inhabitants lived and interacted with each other. Further limitations of the historical record derive from the fact that few in Russian America were literate, and that these few tended to be among the upper ranks of colonial society. Their writings provide only rough statistics and incidental information about most segments of the colonial population, although the exotic ways of the indigenous “savages” received more attention than the lives of the lowly and familiar promyshlenniki.
Breakfast Consumption and Physical Fitness in Elementary School Children

Background and Purpose: Breakfast consumption is associated with many benefits, including lower rates of school absenteeism and tardiness, improved cognitive function, healthy eating, increased physical activity, and lower body weight, but it is estimated that 20% of children and 31.5% of teens skip breakfast. This study examines the relationship between breakfast consumption and performance on an endurance run among 10-12 year old children. Methods: Seventy-two children filled out questionnaires about breakfast and physical activity habits and participated in a researcher-facilitated fitness test. Results: Daily breakfast consumers were 3.82 times more likely to be in the healthy fitness zone for the endurance test ((OR) 3.82, 95% CI 1.07-13.73) compared to those who only sometimes consume breakfast. Conclusions and Implications: Emphasizing the importance of eating breakfast may be a significant component to reiterate in physical education curriculum and interventions focused on health. Additionally, increasing in-classroom school breakfast programs may contribute to improvements in children’s physical fitness.
Applications of HPGe-detected high energy gamma rays toward quantifying neutron emission rates and 234U enrichment in UF6 cylinders

Abstract This study presents a 234U enrichment meter that uses high energy gamma and neutron count rate as measured by a portable, high-purity germanium gamma ray detector. Twenty-one 30B cylinders containing UF6 of varying origin were analyzed with an HPGe detector for high-energy gamma ray and neutron counts. Excellent correlations (R2 ≥ 0.95) between various regions of ≥ 3.0 MeV gamma rays, neutron count rate, and uranium enrichment were found. These neutron and high-energy gamma data are used to create calibration-dependent enrichment meters for 234U. The 234U enrichment calculated from the neutron count rate and 4 – 6 MeV gamma count rate is more accurate than methods that rely on the 120.9 keV peak which is strongly attenuated inside commercial sized UF6 cylinders. These neutron and high-energy gamma enrichment calculators can also be used to determine a 235U enrichment, assuming mass-based enrichment from natural uranium, but the results are not as accurate as the traditional 185.7 keV peak enrichment meter.
KTP Laser Treatment of Early Glottic Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study.

Objectives:The primary objectives were to report oncologic outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery with potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser (TLM-KTP) ablation of early glottic cancer (EGC). Th...
Giant Wilson loops and AdS 2 /dCFT 1

The 1/2-BPS Wilson loop in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory is an important and well-studied example of conformal defect. In particular, much work has been done for the correlation functions of operator insertions on the Wilson loop in the fundamental representation. In this paper, we extend such analyses to Wilson loops in the large-rank symmetric and antisymmetric representations, which correspond to probe D3 and D5 branes with AdS2 × S2 and AdS2 × S4 worldvolume geometries, ending at the AdS5 boundary along a one-dimensional contour. We first compute the correlation functions of protected scalar insertions from supersymmetric localization, and obtain a representation in terms of multiple integrals that are similar to the eigenvalue integrals of the random matrix, but with important differences. Using ideas from the Fermi Gas formalism and the Clustering method, we evaluate their large N limit exactly as a function of the ’t Hooft coupling. The results are given by simple integrals of polynomials that resemble the Q-functions of the Quantum Spectral Curve, with integration measures depending on the number of insertions. Next, we study the correlation functions of fluctuations on the probe D3 and D5 branes in AdS. We compute a selection of three- and four-point functions from perturbation theory on the D-branes, and show that they agree with the results of localization when restricted to supersymmetric kinematics. We also explain how the difference of the internal geometries of the D3 and D5 branes manifests itself in the localization computation.
Electron paramagnetic spectrum of dimanganic human serum transferrin

Abstract An EPR signal for Mn(III) bound to the metal transport protein transferrin has been detected for the first time. The temperature dependence and simulations of the EPR signal are consistent with the Mn(III) centers being six-coordinate in an elongated tetragonal environment. Thus, the incorporation of Mn(III) within the Tf active site does not vastly alter the coordination number or active site geometry relative to native Fe(III)2-Tf. This parallel mode EPR signal for Mn(III)2-Tf could prove valuable for future studies aimed at determining the physiological relevance of Mn(III)2-Tf.
Categorial Inference and Convert Realism: Structuring Ontology Via Nomological Axiomatics

Following Sellars, this paper shows how ontological theorization becomes diachronically coordinated with and constrained by empirical science, and how the formal-quantitative kernel of scientific theories corresponds to qualitative-conceptual determinations at the structural level. To do this, we follow Johanna Seibt’s characterization of ontology as a theory of categorial inference, in which category construction and recategorization are seen relative to and modeled by the most general inferences and descriptive concepts of natural and scientific languages. This allows us to trace the preservation of inferential semantic structure across ontological theories in relation to model languages. We then provide some provisional indications to coordinate Seibt’s account with Jay Rosenberg’s “convergent realist” assessment of scientific theories in terms of Cauchy convergences and “counterpart modeling,” which defines epistemological conditions for articulating the preservation of formal structure in theories toward a limit or ideal point of enquiry.