cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aflatoxin Contamination of Preharvest Corn as Influenced by Timing and Method of Inoculation

Four corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown in 1977 and 1978 and inoculated with Aspergillus flavus Link 20 or 40 days after silking. Inoculation methods included needle, knife, and multiple-puncture injury to the kernels. The level of aflatoxin contamination, insect damage to the ear, and the percentage of ears having visible greenish A. flavus Link-type mold were determined. Differences among hybrids were not significant for any of the three characteristics measured, although aflatoxin levels of the early-maturing, loose-husked hybrids were approximately twice as high as those of two later-maturing, tight-husked types. Differences among treatments for insect damage rating were not statistically significant. Delaying inoculation until 40 days after silking significantly reduced the aflatoxin contamination level of samples harvested at maturity. Fewer than one-half the ears inoculated at 40 days after silking (35.3%) exhibited visible signs of infection compared with ears inoculated 20 days after silking (82.9%). The needle inoculations were less effective in eliciting aflatoxin production (163 μg/kg and 45.1% visibly infected ears) than were knife (202 μg/kg and 61.8% visibly infected ears) and multiple puncture (305 μg/kg and 70.4% visibly infected ears) methods of inoculation.
Late Prehistoric Exchange Between the Southwest and Southern Plains

A system of interdependence, or mutualism, between Puebloan horticulturalists in New Mexico and Southern Plains hunter-gatherers was documented by the first Europeans to enter the Southwest. This interdependence involved the exchange of subsistence resources, pri marily corn and bison meat, as well as durable goods such as ceramics, lithics, and turquoise. Analyses of the forms and distributions of the archaeological remains of this exchange system indicate an abrupt increase in Plains/ Pueblo trade beginning ca. A.D. 1450. It is argued that this increase documents the development of Plains/ Pueblo interdependence. The distributions of obsidian and Puebloan ceramics on the Plains, in conjunction with ethnohistoric data, indicate that the Plains/Pueblo ex change system was part of a larger system of hunter gatherer/horticultural interaction which encompassed populations from central Kansas to western Oklahoma.
Homeoboxes in sea anemones and other nonbilaterian animals: implications for the evolution of the Hox cluster and the zootype.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the efforts to study hox genes in a member of the cnidaria, the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, discusses the existing knowledge of hox genes in the cnidaria, ctenophora, and porifera, with particular emphasis on the data from sea anemones. Since it was first discovered that the same homeobox genes was responsible for homeotic transformations in Drosophila are also found in distantly related animals, there has been speculation on the role of the homeobox genes in morphological evolution. This speculation has centered on the genes of the hox cluster and other homeobox genes, such as empty-spiracles, orthodenticies, and even-skipped, which appear to have a similar role in axial patterning. Numerous authors have suggested a connection between the number of hox genes an animal possesses and its morphological complexity or the number of hox genes in a particular region of the hox cluster and the complexity of the corresponding region of the anterior–posterior axis. In a sense, the “zootype” represents a rehabilitation of the concept of the archetype of all animals. Indeed, from the data discussed in this chapter, it appears that the “zootype” may represent a defining, archetypal characteristic of the eumetazoa.
Chapter 29 Intelligent computing techniques for complex systems

Abstract One of the main objectives of this paper is to develop intelligent computing techniques for complex systems such as evaluating the mass and volume of contaminants in the heterogeneous soils and rocks using sparse borehole data. It will also focus on development of a robust and efficient technique to characterize and construct a static three-dimensional distribution of contaminant with the associated uncertainty factor (error bars at each point) and various possible realizations using minimum information. In addition, the technique will be used to optimize both the location and the orientation of each new well to be drilled based on data gathered from previous wells. This innovative research will not only reduce costs by focusing characterization on areas of greatest uncertainty but will also serve to help correlate and combine various types of data.
Parameter estimating state reconstruction

Parameter estimation is considered for systems whose entire state cannot be measured. Linear observers are designed to recover the unmeasured states to a sufficient accuracy to permit the estimation process. There are three distinct dynamics that must be accommodated in the system design: the dynamics of the plant, the dynamics of the observer, and the system updating of the parameter estimation. The latter two are designed to minimize interaction of the involved systems. These techniques are extended to weakly nonlinear systems. The application to a simulation of a space shuttle POGO system test is of particular interest. A nonlinear simulation of the system is developed, observers designed, and the parameters estimated.
Phage Resistance in a Phage-Insensitive Strain of Streptococcus lactis: Temperature-Dependent Phage Development and Host-Controlled Phage Replication

Streptococcus lactis ME2 is a dairy starter strain that is insensitive to a variety of phage, including phi18. The efficiency of plating of phi18 on ME2 and N1 could be increased from <1 x 10 to 5.0 x 10 and from 7.6 x 10 to 2.1 x 10, respectively, when the host strains were subcultured at 40 degrees C before plating the phage and the phage assay plates were incubated at 40 degrees C. Host-dependent replication was demonstrated in N1 at 30 degrees C and in N1 and ME2 at 40 degrees C, suggesting the operation of a temperature-sensitive restriction and modification system in ME2 and N1. The increased sensitivity of ME2 and N1 to phi18 at 40 degrees C was also demonstrated by lysis of broth cultures and increased plaque size. ME2 grown at 40 degrees C showed an increased ability to adsorb phi18, indicating a second target for temperature-dependent phage sensitivity in ME2. Challenge of N1 with a phi18 preparation that had been previously modified for growth on N1 indicated that at 40 degrees C phage development was characterized by a shorter latent period and larger burst size than at 30 degrees C. The evidence presented suggests that the high degree of phage insensitivity expressed by ME2 consists of a variety of temperature-sensitive mechanisms, including (i) the prevention of phage adsorption, (ii) host-controlled restriction of phage, and (iii) suppression of phage development. At 30 degrees C these factors appear to act cooperatively to prevent the successful emergence of lytic phage active against S. lactis ME2.
Industry Trends and Software Assurance

A first-hand perspective on the commercial software industry and the pressures that are shaping trends will be discussed. Specifically, the following aspects will be emphasized: x Customers' desire for high quality/reliability from their software. x Growing adoption of Industry standards. x Increasing mix of open source and proprietary code. x New deployment patterns, like Grid and Pervasive computing During this presentation, Graham will explore the implications of these trends and explain how software development practices are changing in response.
Persistence to continuous punishment as a function of amount of reinforcement

Four groups of rats were trained to make a bar-press response for either 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, or 0.08 cc of water reinforcement for each response. When electric shock punishment was added to each response, the amount of response suppression induced by punishment was inversely related to the amount of reinforcement maintaining behavior.
Striking prey creates a specific chemical search image in rattlesnakes.

Abstract Rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis , struck mouse carcasses misted with water or with diluted perfume. Envenomated carcasses were removed, and later the snakes were presented with a pair of non-envenomated carcasses, each misted with one of these liquids. Snakes preferred the carcass with the same odour as the prey that was struck, even when the test occurred 60 min after the predatory strike. Under natural circumstances, rodents may acquire distinct chemical identities through their diet. In further tests, snakes preferred carcasses of mice that had been eating the same diet as the mouse that had been struck. These results indicate that rattlesnakes rapidly acquire chemical information from rodent prey during predatory strikes and use this information in subsequent search for prey.
Neuro-ophthalmology and the Anti-GQ1b antibody syndromes.

The discovery of the association of the anti-GQ1b IgG antibody with the postinfectious clinical syndromes of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia helped house the phenotypes of the Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), atypical MFS, Guillain-Barr’e syndrome with ophthalmoplegia, and Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis under one roof. The neuro-ophthalmologic signs classically predominate and may vary from case to case, but they maintain clinically recognizable patterns that assist with the diagnosis. The identification of a common lipopolysaccharide on the plasma membrane in human cranial and peripheral nerves at the GQ1b epitope and on infectious particles of bacteria and viruses (ie, Campylobacter jejuni) demonstrates molecular mimicry. The high frequency of oculomotor dysfunction is partially explained by the tissue ganglioside concentration and distribution and the attraction of antibody-stimulating complement activation. Current experimental treatment targets antibody removal and neutralization and prevents membrane attack complex formation through deactivation of complement. This article aims to bring together the historically disparate opinions on the origins of these syndromes as either a purely peripheral nervous system or central nervous system dysfunction, highlight the clinical neuro-ophthalmologic signs, discuss some of the biology of the anti-GQ1b antibody, and review imaging abnormalities and treatment of this fascinating disorder.
Rheo-optical properties of polymers. X. Relaxation

Light scattering relaxation in thin strained polyethylene films has been determined. Results for swollen and unswollen films are presented. Concurrent studies of stress relaxation indicate that the mechanism by which relaxation takes place is associated with changes in the average fluctuation in refractive index of the material. The ratio of the change in the fluctuation in refractive index to stress appears to be independent of time.
“It's no longer your Film”

Reversal, or turning a thing into its opposite, is one of the means of representation most favoured by the dream-work and one which is capable of employment in the most diverse directions. It serve...
Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations of core excitation spectra.

We present a hybrid approach for Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) calculations of core excitation spectra, including x-ray absorption (XAS), electron energy loss spectra (EELS), and nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering (NRIXS). The method is based on ab initio wave functions from the plane-wave pseudopotential code abinit; atomic core-level states and projector augmented wave (PAW) transition matrix elements; the NIST core-level BSE solver; and a many-pole self-energy model to account for final-state broadening and self-energy shifts. Multiplet effects are also approximately accounted for. The approach is implemented using an interface dubbed OCEAN (Obtaining Core Excitations using abinit and NBSE). To demonstrate the utility of the code we present results for the K edges in LiF as probed by XAS and NRIXS, the K edges of KCl as probed by XAS, the Ti ${\mathrm{L}}_{2,3}$ edge in SrTiO${}_{3}$ as probed by XAS, and the Mg ${\mathrm{L}}_{2,3}$ edge in MgO as probed by XAS. These results are compared with experiment and with other theoretical approaches.
Register insertion bus architecture for fibre optic local area networks

A protocol for fibre optical local area networks, the register insertion bus (RIB), is proposed. RIB uses a folded-bus topology with an access scheme which includes the existence of two buffers in each station to hold packets that would conflict. Simulations have shown the access scheme to efficiently utilise the network with a minimum of overhead. RIB implements a fair access scheme at normal network loads but at high loads a priority scheme is implemented. An enhancement technique is discussed that will implement a fair access scheme by altering the time between transmissions based on the measured network load
The avian cecum: Update and motility review

The avian cecum is a blind-ended sac that extends from the proximal end of the colon. Ceca may be of several different histological types; they range in size from large and paired to very small and single, or they may be completely absent. Cecal types and sizes are summarized herein by taxonomic group. The intestinal type is best known; it may contain fluid, food particles, microorganisms, and substances produced by the ceca. Ceca may serve as the site for several different functions, especially digestion of small food particles, absorption of nutrients, production of immunoglobulins and antibodies, microbial action of beneficial and pathogenic organisms, utilization and absorption of water, and metabolism of uric acid into amino acids. Ceca in turkeys, chickens, and other galliforms have active motility that stirs and periodically evacuates the luminal contents. Contractions of the cecal wall propagate in either direction, with the majority being toward the cecal tip and most numerous when the ceca are filling with digesta. Propagation velocity of the contractions is affected by the presence or absence of food in the lumen. Cecal mixing contractions do not seem to be related to ileal motility. J. Exp. Zool. 283:441–447, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of dehydrated pancreas in oral hygiene

An enzyme powder composed of dehydrated pancreas and a dispersant lactose, applied once daily for six weeks to the teeth and gums with a toothbrush and allowed to remain for 10 to 15 minutes, reduced the amount of calculus about 60 per cent and the amount of inflammation of the gingival tissues by 70 to 90 per cent. The enzyme powder also reduced substantially the time required for scaling of the teeth and was a valuable adjunct in the maintenance of oral hygiene. A review of the literature provides the basis for the use of proteolytic enzymes in supplemental therapy for periodontal disease.
Review of Flight-to-Wind-Tunnel Drag Correlation Edwin

Mr. Saltzman is employed as a performance-aerodynamics engineer for the NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility. He has been involved with the in-flight measurement, analysis, and documentation of aircraft performance and efficiency since 1958, the formation of NASA. Prior to that time he performed similar tasks, since 1951, with the High Speed Flight Station of NACA, the parent agency of NASA. Since 1972, Mr. Saltzman's interests in aircraft efficiency have also led him to perform experimental work on ground vehicles, primarily studying practical methods of reducing the drag of high volume vehicles such as trucks and motor homes. He received a B.S. in Physics from Iowa Wesleyan College in 1950. Ted Ayers has 24 years of government service including 17 years at the NASA Langley Research Center. He has a B.S. in Aeronautical Engineering from Northrop Institute of Technology and has devoted most of his career to research in transonic aerodynamics with emphasis on the application of supercritical aerodynamics to high performance aircraft. His Langley experience also included the systems technology aspects of advanced technology transports including the integration of aerodynamics, propulsion, and controls. In 1976, Mr. Ayers transferred to the NASA Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Center where he served as the Chief of the Aeronautics Branch with responsibility for flight research in the Aerodynamics, Propulsion, and Structures disciplines. He is presently the Deputy Director of Flight Operations for Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Facility. Mr. Ayers is a Member of AIAA.
Presence of the δ-MSH sequence in a proopiomelanocortin cDNA cloned from the pituitary of the galeoid shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni

Since a fourth MSH sequence, δ-MSH, has been detected in the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene of a dogfish and a stingray, members of superorder Squalea (class Chondrichthyes), it is possible that this novel MSH sequence might be a feature common to the POMC genes of all modern sharks and rays. As an initial step towards addressing this question, a full-length POMC cDNA was cloned and sequenced from the pituitary of the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni. The Port Jackson shark represents one of the oldest lineages in superorder Galea, and this superorder together with superorder Squalea form infraclass Neoselachii (the extant sharks and rays). The Port Jackson shark POMC cDNA has an open reading frame that is 1032 nucleotides in length and encodes the deduced amino acids sequences for β-endorphin, ACTH/α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH, and δ-MSH. Port Jackson shark δ-MSH has 83% primary sequence identity with dogfish and stingray δ-MSH, and it appears that the δ-MSH sequence may have been the result of an internal domain duplication and reinsertion of the β-MSH sequence. The presence of the δ-MSH sequence in the POMC genes of representatives of both superorders of infraclass Neoselachii would indicate that the δ-MSH sequence must have been present in the ancestral euselachian shark that gave rise to the neoselachian radiation.
A Reply to Graduate Planning School Study Responses

Published responses to the study of faculty quality at U.S. urban and regional planning graduate programs (Stiftel, Rukmana, and Alam 2004) raise issues that deserve clarification and further comment. We begin by correcting misunderstandings about our work, acknowledge where we think the commentators have identified genuine weaknesses, report an error, and then move on to discuss suggestions made for more effective school performance measurement. Several commentators do not accurately describe what we did to compile the publications and citations data reported. Forsyth (2004) suggests that we tabulated book reviews and other minor journal publications, as well as more traditional articles. We did not. Our protocol was to count “ISI-listed articles” only (Stiftel, Rukmana, and Alam 2004, 8). The Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) database distinguishes thirty-three categories of publications in journals, many of them specific to certain artistic endeavors. We counted only those entries categorized as “articles,” excluding book reviews, bibliographies, corrections, editorials, letters, and the remainder of the thirty-three categories. This may omit certain significant scholarly contributions, but it is a more tractable, and we believe more useful, measure than one that mixes the various categories. Fainstein (2004 [this issue]) believes that the thirty-one journals listed in footnote 4 (p. 21) were the only journals searched for publications and citations. This is not the case. We searched the full ISI database of more than 8,700 journals to prepare the counts of publications and citations reported. These include approximately 5,900 journals indexed by the Science Citation Index, 1,700 journals indexed by the Social Science Citation Index, and 1,100 journals indexed by the Arts and Humanities Citation Index. All bibliometric results reported in our study are based on this full database. Rather than listing all journals searched, footnote 4 was an attempt to assess the completeness of the ISI database with respect to coverage of urban planning journals. In the footnote, we constructed a small sample of journals that we believed to be core planning journals and then reported whether these journals are included in the ISI database. The three journals stated by Professor Fainstein as excluded from our searches, the Journal of
The efficacy of thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Background. Surgery for Graves' disease was largely replaced in the mid-1900s by radioiodine and antithyroid drugs, due to the belief that they were more safe and effective. Since then, thyroid surgery has improved with preoperative drug therapy and modern operative techniques. Recent clinical studies of thyroidectomy for Graves' disease may not reflect outcomes accurately because of small sample size, especially when estimating ideal thyroid remnant size. The purpose of this study was to combine modern clinical trials and use meta-analysis to determine the overall efficacy of both total (TT) and subtotal thyroidectomy (ST) for Graves' disease, compare thyroid function and complications rates of TT and ST, and determine ideal thyroid remnant size. Methods. Meta-analysis was performed on published studies in which patients underwent either TT or ST for Graves' disease. Meta-analysis was performed by weighted least-squares linear regression. P Results. There were 35 studies comprising 7241 patients. Mean follow-up was 5.6 years. Overall, persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in 7.2% of patients. TT was performed on 538 patients and hypothyroidism occurred in all cases. ST was performed in 6703 patients, 59.7% of whom achieved euthyroidism, 25.6% became hypothyroid, and 7.9% had either persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism. Permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 0.9% of TT patients and 0.7% of ST patients ( P = NS). Permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred in 1.6% of TT patients and 1.0% of ST patients ( P = NS). There was an 8.9% decrease in hypothyroidism and 6.9% increase in euthyroidism for each gram of thyroid remnant ( P Conclusions. Overall, thyroidectomy successfully treated hyperthyroidism in 92% of patients with Graves' disease. There were no cases of hyperthyroidism following TT. ST achieved a euthyroid state in almost 60% of patients with an 8% rate of persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism. There was no significant difference in complication rates between TT and ST.
Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity to cells infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against viral-infected cells was demonstrated in a 6-hr 51Cr release assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from both infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV)-infected and noninfected cattle exhibited preferential lysis against IBRV-infected primary bovine embryonic kidney (BEK) cells compared to cells infected with pseudorabies virus and noninfected BEK cells. Addition of specific antibody to the assay did not enhance cytotoxicity. The effector cell was a nonadherent cell which was either spontaneously enriched or generated during in vitro cultivation. Maximal cytotoxic activity was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured for 3 to 5 days. Several factors affected the magnitude of cytotoxicity during the assay: target cell type, concentration of viral inoculum, duration of effector and target cell contact. It is suggested that target cell lysis was a form of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediated by a cell which has different characteristics from the typical human and murine NK cell.
Two Variable Implicational Calculi of Prescribed Many-One Degrees of Unsolvability

A constructive proof is given which shows that every nonrecursive r.e. many-one degree is represented by the family of decision problems for partial implicational propositional calculi whose well-formed formulas contain at most two distinct variable symbols.
Lightning Impulse and Switching Surge Breakdown of Liquid Nitrogen-Impregnated Wrapped Dielectrics for Cryogenic Cables

In this paper experimental results are presented which indicate that flexible resistive cryogenic EHV cables employing a liquid nitrogen-impregnated dielectric wrap will withstand values of electric stress under lightning impulse and switching surge conditions comparable to those achievable in EHV oil/paper cables. To simulate the geometry of a cable, each test specimen consisted of a tape-wrapped insulation layer between concentric cylindrical electrodes (with stress cones added at the ends of the sample). The samples included fifteen wrapped with spunbonded olefin fiber tapes, three wrapped with high-density cellulose EHV cable paper, and for comparison purposes, a liquid cell with concentric cylindrical electrodes. The data are consistent with observations on similar insulation systems at 60 Hz since the wrapped dielectrics impregnated with liquid nitrogen withstood a substantially higher electric stress under these conditions than the liquid nitrogen alone.
Test of the Marshall–Lerner Condition for Eight Selected Asian Countries and Policy Implications

Abstract Applying a general functional form, the Marshall–Lerner condition of the bilateral trade between the US and Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, or Thailand is examined. In deriving the real exchange rate, both the relative consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) are considered. The results show that the widely used log-log form can be rejected for Singapore and Malaysia using either the relative CPI or PPI and is also inappropriate for India and Pakistan using the relative PPI. The Marshall–Lerner condition holds for India, Korea, Japan and Pakistan, is confirmed for Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand using the relative CPI, and cannot be confirmed for Malaysia. Thus, in examining the Marshall–Lerner condition or the exchange rate behavior, non-linearity or the appropriateness of the functional form needs to be tested
SUMOylation of the Lens Epithelium-derived Growth Factor/p75 attenuates its transcriptional activity on the Heat Shock Protein 27 promoter

Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) proteins p75 and p52 are transcriptional coactivators that connect sequence-specific activators to the basal transcription machinery. We have found that these proteins are posttranslationally modified by SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier)-1 and SUMO-3. Three SUMOylation sites, K75, K250, and K254, were mapped on the shared N-terminal region of these molecules, while a fourth site, K364, was identified in the C-terminal part exclusive of LEDGF/p75. The N-terminal SUMO targets are located in evolutionarily conserved charge-rich regions that lack resemblance to the described consensus SUMOylation motif, whereas the C-terminal SUMO target is solvent exposed and situated in a typical consensus motif. SUMOylation did not affect the cellular localization of LEDGF proteins and was not necessary for their chromatin-binding ability, nor did it affect this activity. However, lysine to arginine mutations of the identified SUMO acceptor sites drastically inhibited LEDGF SUMOylation, extended the half-life of LEDGF/p75, and significantly increased its transcriptional activity on the heat shock protein 27 promoter, indicating a negative effect of SUMOylation on the transcriptional activity of LEDGF/p75. Considering that SUMOylation is known to negatively affect the transcriptional activity of all transcription factors known to transactivate heat shock protein 27 expression, these findings support the paradigm establishing SUMOylation as a global neutralizer of cellular processes upregulated upon cellular stress.
A Multiphysics Reduced Order Model of Valve Pumping in a 4-Stage Vacuum Micropump

Micro pumps are required in gas chromatographs and other gas analysis systems. Thermodynamic and reduced order models reported in the literature consider only the deflection of pumping membranes which is insufficient to study the performance characteristics of more complicated multistage peristaltic pumps with multiple coupled chambers, active checkerboard valves and single or multiple electrodes for actuating the pumping membranes and valves. Specifically the volume displaced by the valves membranes can be significant compared to the volume displaced by the pumping membranes. In this paper a multiphysics model is extended to include the effect of valves as well the pump membranes deflections. The viscous losses in the flow through the valves are modeled using CFD while the structural behavior of the membrane is modeled using COMSOL in quasi-steady analyses and the results incorporated into the multiphysics unsteady reduced-order model. The model is validated by comparing computed flow-rate as a function of frequency with experimental results for a 4-stage micropump which are found to be within 7%. At a high flow rate condition the model results show that for a 4-stage pump the deflection of the valves significantly affects the performance of the pump.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Myocarditis

Myocarditis is a well-recognized cardiac manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and alterations in the immune system likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart muscle disease in HIV-infected patients. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly improved survival in HIV patients but not without uncovering new and unique manifestations of disease. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is a collection of inflammatory disorders in which a pathologic inflammatory response and clinical deterioration occur during recovery of the immune system after HAART. To our knowledge, a correlation between immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and HIV-associated myocarditis has not been described previously. We report a case of acute myocarditis presenting with refractory ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with AIDS who experienced rapid immune recovery with the initiation of HAART. The case underscores the importance of recognizing this potential complication of AIDS treatment and calls for renewed vigilance concerning cardiac manifestations of HIV, especially during the immune reconstitution phase.
Introduction to the Special Issue : Camera Culture

This special issue explores recent advances in the acquisition and use of camera images in conjunction with computer graphics techniques. It provides examples of the many ways these advances are expanding our capability to author and share visual experiences.
Manufacture of large-aperture diffractive optics and ultrathin refractive optics for high-power laser and space applications

We have developed equipment and technology for fabricating submicron pitch, high-efficiency diffraction gratings over meter-scale apertures that are used for pulse compression in ultrafast systems around the world. We have also developed wet-etch figuring (WEF) to generate arbitrary continuous contours on ultrathin glass substrates in a closed loop process. The current and future states of these technologies will be discussed.
Unconquered Lacandon Maya: Ethnohistory and Archaeology of Indigenous Change

Unconquered Lacandon Maya: Ethnohistory and Archaeology of Indigenous Change. Joel W. Palka. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 319 pp.
Phosphate ester cleavage catalyzed by bifunctional zinc complexes: Comments on the “p-nitrophenyl ester syndrome”

Abstract A tetra-aza macrocyclic Zn2+ complex has been attached to β-cyclodextrin. The resulting compound is a better catalyst for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate than is the simple complex and shows Michaelis-Menten binding kinetics. The zinc macrocyclic complex has also been dimerized by a covalent p-phenylene linkage. The dimer is an improved hydrolytic catalyst, both for the phosphate ester and for p-nitrophenyl acetate. The use and misuse of p-nitrophenyl esters in enzyme model systems are briefly discussed.
Exploring pleiotropy using principal components

A standard multivariate principal components (PCs) method was utilized to identify clusters of variables that may be controlled by a common gene or genes (pleiotropy). Heritability estimates were obtained and linkage analyses performed on six individual traits (total cholesterol (Chol), high and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides (TG), body mass index (BMI), and systolic blood pressure (SBP)) and on each PC to compare our ability to identify major gene effects. Using the simulated data from Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 (Cohort 1 and 2 data for year 11), the quantitative traits were first adjusted for age, sex, and smoking (cigarettes per day). Adjusted variables were standardized and PCs calculated followed by orthogonal transformation (varimax rotation). Rotated PCs were then subjected to heritability and quantitative multipoint linkage analysis. The first three PCs explained 73% of the total phenotypic variance. Heritability estimates were above 0.60 for all three PCs. We performed linkage analyses on the PCs as well as the individual traits. The majority of pleiotropic and trait-specific genes were not identified. Standard PCs analysis methods did not facilitate the identification of pleiotropic genes affecting the six traits examined in the simulated data set. In addition, genes contributing 20% of the variance in traits with over 0.60 heritability estimates could not be identified in this simulated data set using traditional quantitative trait linkage analyses. Lack of identification of pleiotropic and trait-specific genes in some cases may reflect their low contribution to the traits/PCs examined or more importantly, characteristics of the sample group analyzed, and not simply a failure of the PC approach itself.
Membrane domains and the immunological synapse: keeping T cells resting and ready.

The immune system has a huge stake in keeping mature T lymphocytes in a resting state until needed. Inappropriate T cell activation has devastating consequences for the host, including a variety of autoimmune diseases (1, 2). It is possible that the T cell maintains its quiescent state through overwhelming negative regulation, but this is unlikely because the T cell has to be ready to react with great sensitivity to MHC-peptide complexes on the surface of the antigenpresenting cell (APC). As few as three agonist MHC-peptide complexes on the surface of the APC are sufficient to activate a thymocyte for negative selection, whereas 300 are necessary to activate a naive T cell, with an intermediate number required for an effector T cell (3). Because only a fraction of these complexes will be found in the interface with a given thymocyte or T cell, it appears that thymocytes can be triggered by one MHC-peptide complex and that naive T cells require only about a dozen. Both thymocytes and mature T cells must measure interactions of T cell receptors (TCRs) with self-peptides that may be more numerous but that have interactions so weak as to be beyond reliable biochemical
Idiopathic peripheral vitreous membranes.

An unusual case of bilateral prepapillary glial sheets and peripheral vitreal membranes is described. Such membranes are seldom reported in the literature. A retinal specialist concurred that the avascular membranes, present in the inferior retinae of both eyes, were congenital because the membranes were bilateral and symmetrical and because the patient had no other sign of retinal or systemic conditions associated with membrane formation. There were fenestrations in the membranes, which gave the initial impression of retinal tears and associated detachment. However, there were no retinal breaks beneath the membranes nor was there any evidence of retinitis, myopia, or any other mechanism which could be considered causative for a vitreal membrane. Diseases associated with membrane formation and the confusion of the membranes with retinal detachment are discussed.
Studies of chiral separation mechanisms by VCD/FTIR spectrometry

Current work on this project has shown that VCD/FT-IR spectrometry is a viable method for the study of chiral separation mechanisms.
Normalized heat load: A key parameter in fire safety design

It is demonstrated that he normalized heat load is a suitable parameter for ranking various enclosure fires on a ‘potential for destruction’ scale. This parameter is convertible to the familiar fire resistance.
Localized Excitation Transport on Substitutionally Disordered Lattices

Average-T-matrix and coherent medium theories are used to study the motion of localized excitations on substitutionally disordered lattices. We derive equations which relate coherent medium results for bond and site averaging and show how these reduce to the two-body solution results of Gochanour, Andersen, and Fayer. Numerical results for Po(t), the probability of remaining at the origin for two-dimensional nearest-neig~abor lattices are presented.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING PREY BIOMASS OF BARN OWLS

Resumen Examine diferentes metodos utilizados para estimar la masa de las presas capturadas por la lechuza Tyto alba en el norte de Utah. La masa promedio de las presas cazadas por las lechuzas fue obtenida a partir de tres fuentes: (1) literatura publicada, (2) presas cazadas y almacenadas por las lechuzas, y (3) animales capturados con trampas en las cercanias del area de estudio. Utilizando las presas capturadas y almacenadas por las lechuzas para estimar la masa promedio estandar, el estimado basado en la masa de las presas capturadas en el area de estudio no difirio significativamente de la masa de las presas almacenadas. Sin embargo, los datos de masa obtenidos de la literatura resultaron en un estimado que fue significativamente menor que el de las presas almacenadas. La masa promedio de los roedores (Microtus spp.) capturados por T. alba fue significativamente menor que la masa promedio de los roedores capturados en el area de estudio, pero las masas promedio de Peromyscus maniculatus y de Mus mus...
Characterization of mouse epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN) and comparison of mammalian and zebrafish EPLIN.

Abstract EPLIN is a cytoskeleton-associated protein that was initially identified as the product of a gene that is transcriptionally down-regulated in cancer cells. In human, there are two known isoforms, EPLIN-α and -β, generated by alternative promoter usage from a single gene. With the exception of a single LIM (lin-11, isl-1, and mec-3) domain, the sequence of EPLIN is unique and does not provide any clues to its function. To identify conserved regions of EPLIN that may be important for its function, we have characterized mouse (m) and zebrafish (zf) EPLIN. As in human, two isoforms, the 593 aa mEPLIN-α (77% identity; 83% similarity) and 753 aa mEPLIN-β (75% identity; 83% similarity), were present in mouse. mEPLIN-α is highly expressed in embryonic tissue and adult lung and spleen, whereas mEPLIN-β is preferentially expressed in kidney, testis, lung and liver. The analysis of mEPLIN gene revealed that the overall organization of the exons in mouse and human are conserved. In zebrafish, there was only one form, the 629 aa zfEPLIN, corresponding to the mammalian EPLIN-β. Like its mammalian counterparts, ectopically expressed zfEPLIN is co-localized to the actin cytoskeleton. While the overall homology between mammalian and zebrafish EPLIN was not striking (37% identity; 50% similarity), there were seven highly conserved regions, which should be useful in structure-function studies of this novel protein.
On the constitutive modeling and finite element computation of rate-dependent frictional sliding in large deformations

Abstract This paper proposes a rate-dependent constitutive model for the kinetic sliding of frictional interfaces. The model is presented in the context of a convected reference frame, which preserves frame indifference and is highly amenable to numerical implementation. The model features a state variable approach to the quantification of steady state sliding, and a Perzyna viscoplastic regularization which introduces the viscous frictional behavior often observed in response to rapid slip rate changes. Numerical aspects of implementing the model in a finite element architecture are discussed. Through a series of simple slider and large deformation finite element simulations, the capability of the model to reasonably predict rate-dependent sliding behavior is demonstrated.
A look inside AMLF: What traded and who benefited

Abstract The Federal Reserve’s AMLF program was designed to provide liquidity to money market funds (MMFs). Between September 2008 and May 2009, the program made $217 billion in non-recourse loans to depository institutions and bank holding companies to purchase asset-backed commercial paper from MMFs. JP Morgan and State Street dominated the program, accounting for over 90% of all loans made. Our analysis suggests that JP Morgan exhibited more self-dealing behavior than State Street. We find that JP Morgan and State Street earned economically and statistically significant cumulative returns of 2.28% and 2.49% (respectively) over the first seven days of the program after controlling for market returns and heteroscedasticity.
A class of norms of iterative methods for solving systems of linear equations

A new class of norms which generalize norms previously investigated by Young [9, 14], Sheldon [4, 5], Golub [1], Golub and Varga [2], Varga [6], Wachspress [7], Young and Kincaid [12], Young [14], and Kincaid [3] is introduced. Expressions for these norms applied to the matrices associated with various iterative methods are developed.
Thoughts on automated software design and synthesis

I summarize some personal observations on the topic of automated software design and synthesis that I accumulated over twenty years. They are intended to alert researchers to pitfalls that may be encountered and to identify goals for future efforts in advancing software engineering education and research.
A software engineering research repository

Software developers lack objective information to assess the effectiveness of current and proposed technologies and practices. We are developing a Software Engineering Research Repository (SERR), a widely-accessible repository of software development artifacts. The core artifacts of SERR are development artifacts, for example, code, models, and test cases, organized by projects. These raw materials provide a base for carrying out analyses and the results can be stored as related artifacts in the repository. In this way, the knowledge content of the repository can be built incrementally, providing a rich support base for other research activities. Research programs can thus build upon the results produced by other programs that utilize the repository. Software developers will be able to access objective data from the repository to assess software engineering tools and techniques.
Feeding of a wideband Superstrate-Enhanced Substrate Loaded Array

In a recent paper, the authors presented a Superstrate-Enhanced Substrate-Loaded Array (SESLA) for scanning array systems demanding extreme (> 10 : 1) bandwidth. For proper operation, the SESLA requires balanced feeding, a significant challenge given its large bandwidth. In this paper a version of the SESLA with an integrated feed is presented. The design uses a stripline-based Marchand balun, allowing interface with a 50Ω unbalanced line. The optimized version of the array is demonstrated to operate across a 13.9 : 1 bandwidth under broadside scan (VSWR <; 2.4) and across a 13.3 : 1 bandwidth (VSWR <; 3) when scanned to 45° in the E- and H-planes.
Percent body fat and lean mass explain the gender difference in leptin: analysis and interpretation of leptin in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults.

Objective: To reassess the relationship between body fat and fasting leptin concentrations comparing plasma vs. serum assessments of leptin; ratios vs. regression adjustment for body composition; fat and lean mass vs. percent body fat; and gender-, ethnic-, and age-related variations. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 766 adults from the nondiabetic cohort of the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study examined at follow up (1997 to 1998). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leptin concentrations were determined after an overnight fast. Results: Fasting serum and plasma assessments of leptin were correlated with percent body fat to the same degree. Women had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than men when leptin concentrations were divided by body mass index, fat mass in kilograms or percent body fat. The methodological problem inherent in interpreting these ratio measures is pictorially demonstrated. In regression analysis, fat mass alone did not explain the gender difference. However, lean body mass was inversely related to leptin concentrations (p < 0.0001) and explained 71% of the gender difference at a given fat mass. Percent body fat explained all of the gender difference in leptin concentrations in both Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Similar to findings about gender differences, ethnic- and age-related variations in the leptin-body fat association were minimized when percent body fat was employed as the body fat measure. Discussion: Regression analysis and percent body fat measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry are recommended when assessing the relationship between leptin and body fat. Gender differences in leptin concentrations were accounted for by percent body fat in free living (no diet control), Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults.
Design of conformal, substrate-independent surface modification for controlled protein adsorption by chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Biofouling is a crucial consideration in a variety of applications including biosensors, biomedical implants and devices, food packaging, and industrial and marine equipment. On the other hand, the controlled adsorption of proteins is desired in certain fields such as bioassays and tissue engineering. As such, significant progress has been made in fabricating surface chemistries that are able to resist or regulate protein adsorption through the manipulation of the protein–water–surface interactions. However, a conformal, substrate-independent surface modification method is required in order to extend such chemistries to a wider range of applications including delicate substrates, nanostructured surfaces, and polymer nanotubes. Here, we review the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of coatings to control protein adsorption. These CVD coatings can be classified into four categories: hydrophilic coatings or hydrogels, which resist protein adsorption through surface hydration; fluorinated coatings, which have especially been studied in the context of fouling release in marine environments; amphiphilic coatings involving a unique antifouling mechanism; and switchable or stimuli-responsive coatings. Many of the techniques in each group are compatible with the synthesis of surface or free-standing nanostructures, and can be easily integrated into the existing fabrication infrastructure.
Alternative Tests for the Selection of Model Variables

This paper contrasts two approaches to testing the importance of model variables: single-equation statistical tests, such as are used in regression analysis, and model-behavior tests. The paper attempts to show that tests which analyze the impact of individual variables on model behavior are better suited, both theoretically and operationally, to the task of selecting model variables. Conversely, the analysis shows that statistical tests should not be viewed as tests of model specification per se, but as tests of a particular type of data usefulness: they warn the modeler when available data do not permit accurate estimation of a model parameter. However, as a detailed example illustrates, a model relationship may be difficult to estimate yet extremely important for overall behavior. The paper concludes by summarizing two recent applications of model-behavior testing to analyze alternative business-cycle theories and alternative models for capital investment.