cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Phase-Shift Method of Single-Sideband Signal Generation

A general expression is developed for sideband suppression obtained with the phase-shift method of single-sideband signal generation. The sideband suppression ratio is expressed in terms of four systems parameters, three of which are governed by the characteristics of wide-band phase-shift networks employed in such signal generators. Several typical phase-shift network configurations are analyzed and shown to be equivalent to a cascade of networks of "simplest" type. In addition, certain special network combinations are presented. A simple dual-channel multiplex single-sideband generator of the phase-shift type is shown. Use of the phase-shift method in combination with band-pass filters to enhance system performance is discussed. The role of a modified phase-shift type of signal generator as a system-test signal source is outlined. The eflects of intermodulation distortion on signal purity and the performance stability of the phase-shift method are discussed from the system viewpoint.
The East American Species of Gnathophyllum (Decapoda, Caridea), With the Description of a New Species 1)

Trois especes du genre Gnathophyllum (Decapoda Natantia Caridea) sont signalees des eaux de la Floride. G. modestum Hay est redecrite et illustree, et sa distribution etendue de la Caroline du Nord a la Floride et aux Bahamas. G. minuscularium est placee en synonymie avec G. americanum Guerin. Une espece nouvelle, G. circellum, est decrite. L'auteur decrit la coloration de chaque espece et figure les marques colorees distinctives.
Assaults in the Air - Concerning Attacks Against Flight Attendants

Violence directed at airline personnel by passengers while an aircraft is in flight presents an interesting and uncommon form of deviant behavior that can inform the study of deviance in general. Such behavior has been identified by various observers as a growing social problem. This paper explores the phenomenon of assaults against flight attendants through analysis of official data including both case files and statistics, interviews with officials, and a multidisciplinary literature review. Specifically, we identify factors related to both the etiology of, and reactions toward such behavior. Factors related to etiology include (1) the physical environment of an aircraft; (2) the juxtaposition of status roles between passenger and attendant; (3) the exercise of authority as a precipitating event; (4) the pervasiveness of sexual stereotypes; (5) the consumption of alcohol and drugs; and (6) psychological changes related to the experience of flying. In examining the responses to assaults we discuss (1) th...
Jupiter: A fundamentally different magnetospheric interaction with the solar wind

[1] Magnetic reconnection between the solar wind and Earth's magnetic field creates an “open” magnetosphere with erosion of magnetic flux from the dayside and return on the nightside. At Jupiter, the large source of plasma from Io and fast rotation rate create a magnetosphere whose dynamics is dominated by internal processes. This, along with its sheer physical size, makes the nightside return of flux difficult, if not impossible. However, because magnetic reconnection still occurs on Jupiter's dayside magnetopause, it has been generally assumed that Jupiter's magnetosphere must be similarly open. Here we show how additional reconnection between the IMF and open magnetospheric flux back near flanks can re-close this open flux without having to invoke reconnection in the Jovian magnetotail. Our reconnection cycle solves the problem of closing and returning open magnetic flux in a large, internally dominated magnetosphere that constantly sheds large amounts of plasma down its magnetotail.
Fixed-Width Sequential Confidence Intervals for a Proportion

Fixed-sample-size confidence intervals for a proportion p have widths that vary depending on the observed number of successes. In this article, we develop sequential methods for obtaining fixed-width confidence intervals for p. These methods are exact, and the confidence intervals have the simple form [max(0, p−h), min(1, p+h)], where p is the observed proportion and h is a user-chosen half-width. We consider four possible stopping rules for obtaining the intervals, and we find that a rule based on estimating the variance of p seems to perform best in terms of average run length and coverage probability. The new sequential confidence interval methods provide a valid way to obtain the desired accuracy in sample surveys and Monte Carlo simulation studies without doing excessively many runs. Supplementary material is available online.
Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Cancer

Over the past decade, the clinical utility of monoclonal antibodies has been realized and antibodies are now a mainstay for the treatment of cancer. Antibodies have the unique capacity to target and kill tumor cells while simultaneously activating immune effectors to kill tumor cells through the complement cascade or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This multifaceted mechanism of action combined with target specificity underlies the capacity of antibodies to elicit anti-tumor responses while minimizing the frequency and magnitude of adverse events. This review will focus on mechanisms of action, clinical applications and putative mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibody therapy in the context of cancer.
Demographic consequences of drought in the herbaceous perennial Cryptantha flava: effects of density, associations with shrubs, and plant size

The demographic consequences of a severe drought year were examined for two experimental plantings of the herbaceous desert perennial Cryptantha flava(Boraginaceae) in northeastern Utah, United States. A total of 6680 nutlets were planted individually or in clusters of four both under shrubs and in open microhabitats within two natural populations. Survival, growth, and flowering as a function of density and microhabitat were followed for 7 years, including 1 year when precipitation just before and during the growing season was 74.5% below normal. The design permitted assessment of how intraspecific density and shrub cover affect demographic response to drought. Mortality increased and flowering decreased dramatically during drought but neither varied with density or between shrub and open microhabitats. For plants growing under shrubs, survival (at Site 1) and growth (at Site 2) varied with shrub species. Average aboveground plant size also decreased during drought. Population size hierarchies were rearranged because larger plants lost leaf rosettes while many smaller plants grew. Density and microhabitat affected plant performance in non-drought years but more often at Site 1 than at Site 2. Individuals growing alone often were more likely to flower and/or produced more inflorescences when they did flower than did individuals growing with at least one other plant. However, for 2 years, survival rates at Site 1 were higher for plants growing in clumps than for single individuals. Shrubs also had mixed effects on plant performance. In some years, survival was higher under shrubs, but at Site 1 plants in the open often were more likely to flower and/or produced more inflorescences. Thus despite severe demographic consequences of drought, the study provided no evidence that intraspecific competition, interference by shrubs, or facilitation by shrubs increases under limited soil water.
Thyroid Hormone Response Element Architecture Affects Corepressor Release from Thyroid Hormone Receptor Dimers

Thyroid hormone receptors are ligand-modulated transcription factors that can repress or activate transcription depending upon the absence or presence of thyroid hormone and the nature of the hormone response element to which the receptors are bound. The ability of thyroid hormone receptors to repress transcription in the absence of ligand is thought to be due to associations with nuclear hormone receptor corepressors. Ligand binding by the thyroid hormone receptor is believed to dissociate these corepressors and recruit coactivators to promote transcription from target promoters. We hypothesize that variations in response element architecture may influence both the association and dissociation of corepressors from DNA-bound thyroid hormone receptors. Using a chimeric corepressor, we find that ligand alone does not fully relieve corepressor-mediated repression, particularly in the presence of thyroid hormone receptor and its heterodimerization partner, the retinoid X receptor. Interestingly, the steroid receptor coactivator 1 together with ligand is able to mediate full release of corepression, but this relief is dependent upon the architecture of the response element to which the nuclear receptor dimer-corepressor complex is bound. These studies suggest that other cellular factors in addition to ligand may be required for the release of corepressors from thyroid hormone receptor dimers.
Synthesizing MR contrast and resolution through a patch matching technique

Tissue contrast and resolution of magnetic resonance neuroimaging data have strong impacts on the utility of the data in clinical and neuroscience tasks such as registration and segmentation. Lengthy acquisition times typically prevent routine acquisition of multiple MR tissue contrast images at high resolution, and the opportunity for detailed analysis using these data would seem to be irrevocably lost. This paper describes an example based approach using patch matching from a multiple resolution multiple contrast atlas in order to change an image's resolution as well as its MR tissue contrast from one pulse-sequence to that of another. The use of this approach to generate different tissue contrasts (T2/PD/FLAIR) from a single T1-weighted image is demonstrated on both phantom and real images.
Sub-domain scaling and asymmetry in NbSe3

Abstract In the presence of a uniform temperature gradient, the charge density wave (CDW) conductor NbSe3 breaks into a series of N “sub-domains” with independent CDW phase velocities. We experimentally find a scaling relation N ∼ (ΔT) 2 3 where ΔT is the temperature difference between the ends of the sample. Changing the relative directions of the temperature gradient and the electrical current through the sample leads to the same N - ΔT scaling relation but results in unusual transport asymmetries in the dynamic and static CDW configurations. Many of our observations are in accord with a simple phase strain model of CDW dynamics in a temperature gradient.
The pea aphid genome sequence brings theories of insect defense into question

The genome sequence of the pea aphid is the first for a basal hemimetabolous insect and provides insights into developmental plasticity, symbiosis and insect immunity.
Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Pressure and Vibration Sensor

A novel new ultrahigh-sensitivity pressure and vibration sensor is introduced. The sensor is based on the concept of using a variable ultracapacitor rather than a variable capacitor as a transduction mechanism. The variable ultracapacitor assembly consists of two electrodes on which carbon nano-tubes of a length of 20 μm are grown. One electrode is fixed and is fully immersed in the electrolyte, while the other electrode is movable and is positioned outside of the electrolyte. In response to pressure or vibration, an extremely small displacement of 20 μm (less than the width of a human hair) submerges the movable electrode into the electrolyte and results in a substantially large variation in capacitance (from zero to 54 μF in the present prototype).
1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nanomelic chicken cartilage: effect of aggrecan depletion on cartilage T2

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of proteoglycan depletion on cartilage proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy T 2 using nanomelic chicken cartilage, a genetic mutant that completely lacks aggrecan. Design: Proton MR spectroscopic T 2 measurements of normal embryonic and nanomelic femoral epiphyseal cartilage were obtained using a 96-echo pulse sequence with inter-echo delay times increased logarithmically over the TE period of 60 μs to 1.7 s. The relative intensity and distribution of cartilage T 2 components were determined by fitting signal decay curves to a multi-exponential function. The number of T 2 components in the signal decay curves was determined by the degree of freedom limited r 2 of the fit. Results: For normal fetal chicken cartilage, 97.6±0.2% (mean±95% confidence interval) of the total signal comprises a long T 2 component (179.1±1.3 ms) with a relatively small short T 2 component (0.5±0.4 ms). The T 2 distribution for nanomelic cartilage is more heterogeneous with four components identified: two short T 2 components (0.5±0.02 and 7.3±0.6 ms), a large intermediate component (56.4±5.6 ms), and a broadly distributed long component (137.5±16.6 ms). In nanomelic cartilage there is greater heterogeneity of cartilage T 2 indicating greater variation in water proton mobility and exchange of water with the extracellular matrix. Conclusion: Absence of aggrecan in the extracellular cartilage matrix produces greater heterogeneity in cartilage T 2 , but will not increase T 2 as has been previously reported with degenerative change of the collagen matrix.
Resolved sideband laser cooling of a cryogenic micromechanical membrane

We have implemented an optomechanical system consisting of a high finesse cavity centered on a low reflectivity, high mechanical quality factor SiN membrane at a temperature of 400 mK.
Fluoroquinolone disposition: identification of the contribution of renal secretory and reabsorptive drug transporters.

Introduction: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) exist as charged molecules in blood and urine making their absorption, distribution, and elimination likely to be influenced by active transport mechanisms. Greater understanding of in vivo FQ clearance mechanisms should help improve the predictability of drug–drug interactions, enhance the clinical safety and efficacy, and aid future novel drug design strategies. Areas covered: The authors present an overview of FQ development and associated drug–drug interactions, followed by systematic quantitative review of the physicochemical and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties for 15 representative FQs using historical clinical literature. These results were correlated with in vitro studies implicating drug transporters in FQ clearance to link clinical and in vitro evidence supporting the contribution of drug transport mechanisms to FQ disposition. Specific transporters likely to handle FQs in human renal proximal tubule cells are also identified. Expert opinion: Renal handlin...
Monte Carlo Tree Search for Scheduling Activity Recognition

This paper addresses recognition of human activities with stochastic structure, characterized by variable space-time arrangements of primitive actions, and conducted by a variable number of actors. Our approach classifies the activity of interest as well as identifies the relevant foreground in the video. Each activity representation is considered as a mixture distribution of BoWs captured by a Sum-Product Network (SPN). In our approach, SPN represents a linear mixture of many bags-of-words (BoWs) where each BoW represents an important foreground part of the activity. This mixture distribution is efficiently computed by organizing the BoWs in a hierarchy, where children BoWs are nested within parent BoWs. SPN allows us to model this mixture since it consists of terminal nodes representing BoWs, product nodes, and sum nodes organized in a number of layers. The products are aimed at encoding particular configurations of primitive actions, and the sums serve to capture their alternative configurations. SPN inference amounts to parsing the SPN graph, which yields the most probable explanation (MPE) of the video foreground. SPN inference has linear complexity in the number of nodes, under fairly general conditions, enabling fast and scalable recognition. The connectivity of SPN and the parameters of BoW distributions are learned under weak supervision using a variational EM algorithm. For our evaluation, we have compiled and annotated a new Volleyball dataset. Our classification accuracy and localization results are superior to those of the state of the art on current benchmarks as well as our Volleyball datasets.
Signal Amplification in the Detection of Single-copy DNA and RNA by Enzyme-catalyzed Deposition (CARD) of the Novel Fluorescent Reporter Substrate Cy3.29-Tyramide

We demonstrate that the CAtalyzed Reporter Deposition method (CARD), utilizing the novel fluorescent reporter Cy3.29-tyramide, is successful in the Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) detection of RNA and single-copy DNA. Histone 4 expression is detected in RNA extracts of 5-phase, synchronized HeLa cells by dot-blot analysis. Gene expression of histone 4 in HeLa cells is demonstrated by FISH via CARD, utilizing oligonucleotide probes. Fluorescence intensity measurements on CARD-amplified histone 4 RNA detection showed (a) a 25-fold amplification of the signal brightness by biotinylated oligonucleotide probes and (b) a sixfold amplification of the signal brightness by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled histone 4 probes vs the directly stained control. The sensitivity of the CARD method is demonstrated by the FISH detection of single-copy DNA on human corneal fibroblast and HeLa S5 interphase nuclei. Chromosomal localization of the single copy DNA is demonstrated on HeLa S3 metaphase chromosome spreads.
Comparing Large, Infrequent Disturbances: What Have We Learned?

The importance of natural disturbances in shapinglandscapes and influencing ecosystems is now wellrecognized in ecology. Disturbances span a broadrange of sizes and frequencies, and while under-standing of relatively small disturbances has in-creased rapidly, the ecological effects of disturbanceevents that are large in spatial extent and infrequentin occurrence are not well understood. Examples ofthese large and infrequent disturbances includevolcanic eruptions, big fires, and extreme floods orstorms. Whether large, infrequent disturbances arequalitatively different from small frequent distur-bances remains an unresolved issue in ecology, inpart, because of a paucity of long-term data on theeffects of broad-scale disturbances. The intensivepostdisturbance research focused on several largenatural disturbances (for example, the 1988 Yellow-stone fires, Hurricane Hugo in 1989, the eruption ofMount St. Helens in 1980, and the 1993 floods inthe Midwest) provides an opportunity to developcomparisons across these unusual events. The fol-lowing set of articles begins to synthesize what isknown about the ecological implications of
Achieving weighted fairness in IEEE 802.11-based WLANs: models and analysis

In this paper, we consider the problem of providing weighted fairness among multiple priority classes in a IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area network (WLAN). An enhanced DCF method is proposed to properly control the transmission probability of a node that can reflect the weighted fair share among the data traffic flows in the multi-class environment. For this method, we present an analytical model to obtain its throughput performance and the transmission probability capable for the fairness. We numerically evaluate the method with different simulation scenarios. The results well validate the proposed method that can actually fulfill the design aim of weighted fairness, and can provide the differentiation service in the WLAN.
University Admissions in Ceylon: Their Economic and Social Background and Employment Expectations

In this paper I attempt to answer three main questions: the first, who has access to university education? the second, what are the changes in the spread of opportunities for university education between 1950 and 1967? and finally, what employment do university students expect to obtain? and briefly to examine the implications of the answers to these questions in the formulation of educational policy.
Defect tolerance in QCA-based PLAs

Defect tolerance will be critical in any system with nano-scale feature sizes. This paper examines some fundamental aspects of defect tolerance for a reconfigurable system based on magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata (MQCA). MQCA performs logical operations and moves data by manipulating the polarizations of nano-scale magnets, has been experimentally demonstrated, and operates at room temperature. We consider how specific defects will impact device functionality. Within this context, we introduce techniques for mapping Boolean logic functions to a defective system architecture (a reconfigurable programmable logic array design for MQCA). Simulation results show that our new mapping techniques can achieve much higher yields than existing techniques for nanowire crossbar PLAs.
Distributed Big Brother

Distributed Big Brother (DBB) is a distributed network management system consisting of cooperating autonomous computing agents. The techniques for distributed network management that were developed to build DBB are described. DBB represents a pragmatic blending of diverse technologies from the field of distributed artificial intelligence (AI), such as contract formation, organizational structuring, election for role assignment, and hierarchical control. The result is a network management system in which separate management agents reconfigure themselves when hardware and software failures occur to assure the authority structure demanded by network operators. The efforts illustrate how integrating existing distributed AI technologies can meet realistic needs and can highlight open problems that require the development of new technologies. >
Selecting Effective School-Based Interventions

A primary goal of school consultation is to help teachers select, implement, and evaluate intervention programs for children’s learning and adjustment problems. Accomplishing this goal requires that school consultants go beyond assessment and diagnosis of problems and participate in the treatment process. From our experiences as school consultants and from supervising psychologists-in-training, we realize that being involved in treatment decisions can be both rewarding and challenging. The rewards come from helping a teacher successfully implement an intervention program and seeing dramatic improvements in children’s behavior as a result. The challenging aspects of treatment stem from making what are often difficult decisions about program alternatives, tailoring programs to individual case needs, and soliciting judgments of program effectiveness from teachers, parents, and other school personnel.
Optimal Investment and Business Cycles Under Alternative Banking Systems

The financial and economic crisis of 2007-2011 in the U.S. and Europe raises a number of fundamental questions on the role of banks in the financial system. The response so far has resulted in a reregulation of banks and certain systematically important non-bank financial institutions. One pillar of this new banking regulation is to adopt something that has come to be called the Volcker Rule. This rule imposes certain constraints on bank asset management and pushes banks in the direction of deposit-taking and financial intermediation within a fractional reserve system. In a world where real investment is allocated according to the CAPM we argue that that a fractional reserve banking system characterized by credit creation and lending leads to excessive real investment that in turn amplifies business cycles. Therefore we suggest the regulatory process should go even further by restricting bank asset management to holding 100 percent reserves in the form of currency and deposits at the central bank. Non-bank financial institutions should then carry out the risky lending function and trading now carried out by banks.
Neoliberalism as a political theology of chance: the politics of divination

In this essay I argue that despite its increasingly catastrophic social and natural consequences, neoliberalism retains its ideological appeal partly due to the way collective faith in market forces validates neoliberal ideology as a disavowed form of divination.1 I begin by briefly canvassing both the history and persistence of divination practices. I then read neoliberal views of random market forces as productive of âknowledgeâ as a contemporary form of divination practice, defined as any tradition-bound practice of taking chance seriously as a conduit for more-than-human knowledge. I follow Philip Mirowskiâs argument that under neoliberalism markets are understood primarily as superhuman âmeta-information processorsâ which, partly based on randomness, produce correct âknowledgeâ about the social good in the form of prices. I argue that the way this chance emergence of âknowledgeâ is conflated with human freedom, particularly in the writings of Friedrich Hayek, is an uncanny parallel to the divinatory solicitation of chance. Markets themselves are isomorphic with perennial divination tools. Part of the effort to undermine and displace the neoliberal era must involve dismantling the appeal of its particular form of divination, a complex task (not undertaken here) involving exposure of the way neoliberalism offers a simplification of, and authoritarian solution for, complex problems posed by the role of chance in politics, science and metaphysics. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to radical theologies.
Shear-wave attenuation along the San Andreas fault zone in central California

abstract SH ground-displacement spectra (1 to 12 Hz) for 16 local earthquakes (Δ ≦ 18 km, 1.1 ≦ M ≦ 4.6) recorded at a common site situated atop the active trace of the San Andreas fault are used to estimate attenuation characteristics for propagation paths along the fault trace. t* = 0.10−0.13 (corresponding to an equivalent total path Q β = 75−100) is appropriate for events with focal depths of ∼ 10 km. Propagation-path effects, and not processes at the earthquake source, control corner frequencies for small ( M ≲ 3) earthquakes for these highly attenuating paths. The results obtained here suggest that as a rule of thumb, if the true equivalent total path Q is as low as 4· ƒ c · t , where ƒ c is the estimated corner frequency and t the travel time, the corner frequency estimate is determined by propagation-path effects, not by processes at the earthquake source. In these cases, reliable estimates of source parameters can only be obtained if the appropriate propagation-path corrections are known. Using Brune9s model of shear-wave spectra, source dimensions L = 2 r of less than 250 meters and stress drops greater than about 1 10 bar are estimated for the smaller events (1.1 ≦ M ≦ 2.2), using the equivalent total path Q β obtained here. The seismic moments obtained in this study, together with data for larger central California events (2.4 ≦ M L ≦ 5.1) obtained by Johnson and McEvilly (1974), imply a linear log seismic moment-magnitude relation for 1 M L log ⁡ 10 ( M 0 ) = ( 16.2 ± 0.1 ) + ( 1.52 ± 0.05 ) M L .
Electrically conducting n-type AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We report an electrically conducting 40-pair silicon doped Al 0.12 Ga 0.88 N/GaN distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a silicon doped n -type GaN template. Due to the relatively small lattice mismatch between AlGaN and GaN, strain managing layers are not required for crack-free n -DBR growth. The DBR demonstrates a peak reflectivity of 91.6% at 368 nm with stopband of 11 nm. In addition, the 40-pair n -DBR shows the vertical resistance of 5.5 Ω, which corresponds to bulk resistivity of 0.52 Ω cm, near the maximum measured current of 100 mA.
The influence of a client's perceived similarity to and differences from a fashion stylist in the adoption of appearance messages

The stylist profession is an increasingly important part of the fashion industry (Shala, L. (2012). The stylist: Becoming a professional image consultant (Unpublished honours thesis). Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland.). The purpose of this study was to examine how a client's perceived similarity to (homophily) and differences (heterophily) from a stylist impacts adoption of a fashion message. Within the diffusion theory, the stylist can be considered a change agent or a professional who influences clients to adopt an innovation or a product that is perceived as new. In this case, the innovation is a new appearance. Fifty-seven subjects participated in a programme where fashion students served as stylists to low-income community groups about appropriate workplace dress. Supporting previous theoretical assumptions, the subjects reported similarity to the stylist in attitude, background, and values. Differences in perceived credibility influenced adoption. Conflicting wit...
Spermiogenesis in commercial poultry species: anatomy and control

Spermatogenesis is a complicated process dependent upon several factors. Formation of a testis requires the interaction of gene-products and hormones (androgens) on pluripotent tissue. In birds, the female is the heterogametic (ZW) sex, but W chromosomal genes do not influence gonadal development in a way similar to the SRY gene on the mammalian Y chromosome. However, autosomal genes such as SRY-like HMG box gene 9 (SOX9) may influence gonadal development. Hormones affect development; male gonads subjected to estrogen form an ovotestis, whereas ovaries exposed to aromatase inhibitors form an atypical testis. Sertoli cell numbers are set early in spermiogenesis, possibly under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone, and this may determine the number of gonial cells that can be supported. Sertoli cells make a number of substances that affect testicular development and function, particularly anti-Mullerian hormone, which inhibits female oviduct formation from the Mullerian anlage, inhibits aromatase activity to stop estrogen production, and possibly stimulates androgen production by Leydig cells. Undifferentiated primordial germ cells (PGC) migrate to the testis and are converted to spermatogonia by factors from gonadal ridge tissue and androgens. The PGC of males in the ovary form oocytes of Z genotype, whereas the female PGC in males form mostly Z sperm (with a few of W genotype). Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of turkey testis are presented, and control of spermatogenesis by hormones and cytokines is discussed. This discussion includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, activin, follistatin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta, interleukins, and interferon. Although information concerning paracrine and autocrine regulation of the avian testis by these substances is sparse, much can be learned from mammalian studies, in which putative roles of each of these substances have been established. How Sertoli cells cause directed apoptosis of spermatogonia using the Fas-ligand, Fas-receptor pathway is reviewed, as well as ways to circumvent this process. A possible role for ubiquitin concerning prevention of heat-induced damage to the testis is presented.
Wake flow calculations with ablation for the Stardust Sample Return Capsule

The aerothermal database generated for the design of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule afterbody heatshield is described. Using high-fidelity Navier-Stokes wake flow simulations with and without forebody ablation products, unique afterbody heating and pressure profiles along Stardust's 12.6 krn/s Earth atmospheric entry trajectory are calculated. The flow simulations indicate that the afterbody heating and pressure profiles in time are significantly different than the forebody pressure and heating profiles; the afterbody heat pulse is longer, producing a higher integrated heat load, and, the peak values in the pressure and the heating occur later in the trajectory than on the forebody. In light of these results, traditional afterbody heatshield design methodology is shown to be nonconservative for the Stardust sample return capsule shape and entry conditions. The afterbody aerothermal environment is explained in terms of the relevant flow physics. The computations are shown to agree qualitatively with Viking base pressure flight data.
Using a Drosophila GBA deficiency model to understand the role of GBA in Parkinson’s disease (P2.146)

Objective To understand how GBA mutations increase susceptibility to sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Background PD is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor symptoms and cognitive decline. Our understanding of its pathogenesis is limited, and currently no disease-modifying therapies exist. Mutations in the gene GBA are the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic PD. GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase and biallelic GBA mutations cause Gaucher’s disease. Unlike many of the rare monogenic forms of PD, the clinical and neuropathologic features of GBA-related PD are similar to sporadic PD, making GBA animal models attractive for investigating mechanisms underlying sporadic PD. Design/Methods A Drosophila mutant (called GBA1del) was created that deletes the coding sequences of GBA1a and GBA1b, the two homologues of human GBA in flies. Results GBA1del homozygotes have significantly reduced glucerebrosidase enzyme activity compared to controls. Preliminary lipidomic analysis of GBA1del homozygote tissue revealed accumulation of glucosylceramide, the main substrate of glucocerebrosidase. GBA1del homozygotes have shorter lifespan as compared to control flies, and display decreased age-dependent climbing ability, delayed recovery from paralysis and mechanical stress, and show histological signs of neurodegeneration. Using a simple courtship assay, GBA1del homozygotes also showed evidence of memory deficits as compared to controls. Conclusions We have developed a GBA deficient fly model that manifests motor and memory deficits similar to PD. We are using our model to investigate the effects of GBA deficiency on lipid metabolism and protein turnover. We are also conducting a genetic screen to identify modifiers of GBA-mediated pathogenicity. These studies will provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying sporadic PD and potential targets for disease-modifying therapies. Study Supported by: VA PADRECC Fellowship, Pacific Northwest Udall Center grant 5P50NS062684 Disclosure: Dr. Davis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trinh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thomas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Whittley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Montine has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pallanck has nothing to disclose.
The psychological effects of multifetal pregnancy reduction

Objective To study the psychological effects of multifetal pregnancy reduction. Design and Setting Hour-long semistructured telephone interviews with both multifetal pregnancy reduction patients and control subjects. Patients Forty-two multifetal pregnancy reduction patients were contacted within 1 year of undergoing the procedure. Forty-four control subjects had become pregnant after infertility evaluation or treatment but conceived only a single fetus or twins and thus did not consider fetal termination. Main Outcome Measures Standardized measures of depressive disorder and current psychiatric symptoms, as well as questions about emotional reactions to multifetal pregnancy reduction. Results Reduction patients who were pregnant or postpartum at the time of the interview (n = 34) were no more likely than pregnant or postpartum controls (n = 34) to report episodes of depression or high psychiatric symptom levels. The same proportion (14.7%) of both reduction patients and controls with a successful pregnancy outcome met criteria for an episode of major depressive disorder occurring during the 9 months before the interview. In contrast, the 8 reduction patients who spontaneously aborted the entire pregnancy and the 10 controls who spontaneously aborted reported significantly higher rates of the full depressive syndrome. Conclusions Multifetal pregnancy reduction is experienced as stressful and distressing. However, when pregnancy outcome is successful, the medical intervention does not put women at significant risk for affective illness or elevated levels of psychiatric symptoms.
Distributional Properties of Data and Dimensions of Service Quality

The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, the dimensionality of the 22 service quality attributes contained in the SERVPERF scale will be investigated. This will be explored using the original data, a power transformation of the data, and a censored transformation of the data using PRELIS. Second, the convergent and discriminant validity of service quality dimensions will be assessed using LISREL VII. Finally, the relationship between the service quality and an antecedent construct will be investigated.
Number of Clusters: Ordered Spacings

Let X (1) ≤ X (2) ≤ ... ≤ X (N) be the ordered values of the X’s where N could be fixed or random.
Ribosome Dysfunction and Ineffective Hematopoiesis.

Abstract SCI-11 The 5q- syndrome and Diamond Blackfan Anemia are related on a molecular level by ribosome dysfunction. The 5q- syndrome is a distinct subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) associated with isolated, interstitial deletions of the long arm of Chromosome 5. Diamond Blackfan Anemia is a rare congenital disorder associated with bone marrow failure, craniofacial abnormalities, and limb bud defects. The hematologic phenotype of both diseases includes a severe refractory anemia, macrocytosis, and a deficiency of erythroid precursors. Recent evidence indicates that this erythroid defect is caused by RPS14 deletion in the 5q- syndrome, and by mutation of RPS19 or other ribosomal genes in at least 50% of patients with Diamond Blackfan Anemia. In both diseases, deletion or mutation of one allele of a ribosomal protein leads to defects in pre-rRNA processing and defective production of mature ribosomes. In murine and zebrafish models, haploinsufficiency for ribosomal genes phenocopies the erythroid failure characteristic of the human disorders. While the mechanistic consequences of ribosomal dysfunction have not been fully elucidated, the p53 pathway appears to play a central role. MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the degradation of p53, binds to several ribosomal proteins including RPL11. Deficiency of RPS6, and perhaps other ribosomal proteins, causes an accumulation of free RPL11, that binds to MDM2, preventing MDM2 from interacting with p53, thereby leading to an accumulation of p53. Several other genes that are mutated in hematologic disorders are involved in ribosome biogenesis and function, including SBDS, mutated in Shwachman Diamond syndrome; DKC1, mutated in some cases of dyskaratosis congenita; and NPM1, mutated in acute myeloid leukemia and deleted in some cases of MDS. The manner in which each of these genes disrupt ribosome function and cause distinct clinical phenotypes is currently under investigation. Disclosures Ebert:GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding.
Basics of Elbow Arthroscopy Part II: Positioning and Diagnostic Arthroscopy in the Supine Position

The field of elbow arthroscopy has evolved significantly since the procedure was first introduced more than 30 years ago. As our knowledge and understanding grows, numerous technical modifications have been made to improve the safety and efficacy of elbow arthroscopy. One of the most significant modifications is the change from the supine hanging position to the supine-suspended position with the use of a mechanical arm holder. Currently, the supine-suspended and lateral decubitus positions are the 2 most commonly used techniques. In this work, we discuss the history of the supine position, provide key points for proper patient positioning, and detail the steps of diagnostic elbow arthroscopy. It is our hope that this work will serve as an up-to-date review and summary of the most critical components of this procedure for emerging elbow arthroscopists.
Teaching PEACE: A plan for effective crisis communication instruction

Courses: This unit activity is intended for public relations (PR), crisis communication, or journalism courses.Objectives: The purpose is to equip future PR professionals with critical thinking ski...
Comment: Another View Of The Hanging Valley Site (13Hr28)

A critique is offered of interpretations presented in the Hanging Valley site report. Criticism focuses on the authors’ omission of alternative explanations that might relate the site data to a reg...
VEGF therapy for the kidney: emerging strategies

Renovascular disease (RVD), which is prevalent in the elderly, significantly increases cardiovascular risk and can progressively deteriorate renal function. The loss of renal function in patients with RVD is associated with a progressive dysfunction, damage, and loss of renal microvessels, which can be combined with decreased renal bioavailability of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a defective vascular repair and proliferation. This association has been the impetus for recent efforts that have focused on developing methods to stop the progression of renal injury by protecting the renal microvasculature. This mini-review focuses on recent studies supporting potential applications of VEGF therapy for the kidney and discusses underlying mechanisms of renoprotection.
Eating Disorders and the Reproductive Axis

The disruption of the reproductive system by nutritional deprivation is an effect that has been known for some time. Charles Darwin, in his 1859 The Origin of Species, observed impaired reproduction in animals with poor diets. Eating disorders, a term that categorizes a number of behavioral disorders related to abnormal nutrition patterns, vary in their pathologies and in their effects on the reproductive axis. However, the dysfunction generally seen, reversible hypothalamic amenorrhea, occurs with great frequency and has been well studied in patients with anorexia nervosa. Although the mechanism that underlies this condition is not yet completely understood, a number of studies suggest that the hypothalamus, deep in the brain, is affected. It is thought that this region, which controls the release and production of reproductive hormones, may be sensitive to metabolic signals and/or can sense changes in body weight.
OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID PHASE PEPTIDE SEQUENCING

Publisher Summary This chapter describes optimized conditions for use of solid phase support on the 477A sequencer and discusses the benefits of this combination. Solid phase sequencing enables prior chemical and enzymatic modifications of the peptides while attached to the solid support. Sequencing covalently-bound peptides result in longer readable sequences because of the improved signal to noise and higher initial and repetitive yields. These improvements are most significant when attempting to sequence peptides at the 1 to 10 picomole range or when complete sequence of the peptide is necessary. The identification of post translational modification sites and post attachment chemical treatment of the linked peptides are other useful features of covalent sequencing. Shortening cycle time, reducing reagent consumption, and eliminating the need to precycle polybrene-coated filters has resulted in significant savings of time and expense. However, solid phase sequencing cannot be universally applied as many peptides do not have the available carboxyl groups to be covalently coupled to the solid support.
Articular chondrocytes isolated from the knee and ankle joints of human tissue donors demonstrate similar redox-regulated MAP kinase and Akt signaling.

Summary Objective To compare key intracellular redox-regulated signaling pathways in chondrocytes derived from knee joint femoral cartilage and ankle joint talar cartilage in order to determine if differences exist that might contribute to the lower prevalence of ankle osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Femoral and talar chondrocytes were treated with H2O2 generators (menadione or 2-3-dimethoxy-1,4-napthoquinone (DMNQ), fragments of fibronectin (FN-f)) to stimulate MAP kinase signaling (MAPK), or with IGF-1 to stimulate the Akt signaling pathway. Hyperoxidation of the peroxiredoxins, used as a measure of redox status, and phosphorylation of proteins pertinent to MAPK (p38, ERK, JNK, c-Jun) and Akt (Akt, PRAS40) signaling cascades were detected by immunoblotting. Results Treatment of femoral and talar chondrocytes with menadione, DMNQ or FN-f led to a time dependent increase in extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 phosphorylation. DMNQ and FN-f stimulation enhanced phosphorylation of JNK and its downstream substrate, c-Jun. Menadione treatment did not stimulate JNK activity but hyperoxidized the peroxiredoxins and inhibited IGF-1-induced Akt activation. In all experiments, chondrocytes derived from the femur and talar joints displayed comparable MAP kinase responses after treatment with various catabolic stimuli, as well as similar Akt signaling responses after IGF-1 treatment. Conclusions MAP kinase and Akt signaling in response to factors that modulate the intracellular redox status were similar in chondrocytes from knee and ankle joints suggesting that redox signaling differences do not explain differences in OA prevalence. Talar chondrocytes, when isolated from their native matrix, can be used to examine redox-regulated cell signaling events relevant to OA in either joint.
BACCI: A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of capecitabine bevacizumab plus atezolizumab versus capecitabine bevacizumab plus placebo in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.

TPS873Background: Initial treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) involves a 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy regimen, often in combination with anti-VEGF therapy. Upon disease progressio...
Temporal co-ordination of consonants in the speech of children: further data

Abstract: English monosyllables were elicited from five adults, from seven children aged 4 to 7 years, and from six of these children, plus a younger child, 14 months later. The durations of clustered and unclustered consonants were measured oscillographically, and patterns of durational change for segments in similar phonetic contexts were compared for the three speaker groups. All common word-initial clusters of English were included. Overall, more mature speakers imposed more organization upon the segments of consonant clusters: the younger child group resembled the adults less than the older group did, with the latter resembling each of the other groups about equally. Within this general pattern, several factors influenced the maturity of production of particular clusters: in older children, manner of articulation of the whole sequence and place of articulation of individual segments were the strongest determinants of maturity of execution, whereas the cluster’s size (two vs three segments), and whether it was homorganic or nonhomorganic, appeared to be more influential with the younger children. The children generally appeared to change gradually towards the adult norm with age, but the patterns of modification for some clusters, notably those involving voiceless stops, moved away from the adult pattern in the older children’s speech.
Decreasing overuse of unnecessary therapy in the management of Bronchiolitis in children < 2 years of age, in adult ED of a community hospital by implementing evidence based clinical practice guidelines

Background: Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization for children, yet variability in its management persists. There are a few evidence-based medical interventions for bronchiolitis; however, non-evidence based medications and diagnostic testing continue to be used in many clinical settings despite evidence of its futility, resulting in increased cost and length of stay. Evidence-based practice guidelines by AAP in 2014 recommend supportive care with limited diagnostic testing and treatment. Bronchiolitis is 1 of the top 10 ED …
Clinical Observations on Renal Failure and Sexuality

The renal failure patient is likely to experience a wide range of sex related concerns and/or serious sexual dysfunctions. This aspect of patient care is largely overlooked or avoided by health car...