cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient cerebral hypoperfusion assisted intraarterial cationic liposome delivery to brain tissue.

Transient cerebral hypoperfusion (TCH) has empirically been used to assist intraarterial (IA) drug delivery to brain tumors. Transient (<3 min) reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) occurs during many neuro- and cardiovascular interventions and has recently been used to better target IA drugs to brain tumors. In the present experiments, we assessed whether the effectiveness of IA delivery of cationic liposomes could be improved by TCH. Cationic liposomes composed of 1:1 DOTAP:PC (dioleoyl-trimethylammonium-propane:phosphatidylcholine) were administered to three groups of Sprague–Dawley rats. In the first group, we tested the effect of blood flow reduction on IA delivery of cationic liposomes. In the second group, we compared TCH-assisted IA liposomal delivery versus intravenous (IV) administration of the same dose. In the third group, we assessed retention of cationic liposomes in brain 4 h after TCH assisted delivery. The liposomes contained a near infrared dye, DilC18(7), whose concentration could be measured in vivo by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. IA injections of cationic liposomes during TCH increased their delivery approximately fourfold compared to injections during normal blood flow. Optical pharmacokinetic measurements revealed that relative to IV injections, IA injection of cationic liposomes during TCH produced tissue concentrations that were 100-fold greater. The cationic liposomes were retained in the brain tissue 4 h after a single IA injection. There was no gross impairment of neurological functions in surviving animals. Transient reduction in CBF significantly increased IA delivery of cationic liposomes in the brain. High concentrations of liposomes could be delivered to brain tissue after IA injections with concurrent TCH while none could be detected after IV injection. IA-TCH injections were well tolerated and cationic liposomes were retained for at least 4 h after IA administration. These results should encourage development of cationic liposomal formulations of chemotherapeutic drugs and their IA delivery during TCH.
On Post-Heideggerean Difference: Derrida and Deleuze

This paper takes up the Heideggerean question of difference. I argue that while Heidegger raises this question, his response to the question remains ambiguous and that this ambiguity pivots around the question of time. The bulk of the paper then looks at how Derrida and Deleuze respectively attempt to advance beyond Heidegger's ambiguity regarding the questions of difference and time. Derrida is able to demonstrate the manner in which time―as delay―is constitutive of any attempt to think difference. I argue, however, that his innovative articulation of "differance" maintains an extrinsic rather than intrinsic relation to difference in-itself. To achieve an intrinsic relation, it is necessary to turn to the work of Deleuze, particularly to his discussion of "nonsense" and "singularity.".
Light and electron microscopic studies of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus

The guinea pig cytomegalovirus produces both nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in vivo , but only nuclear inclusions in vitro by light microscopy. Three distinct, spherical nuclear virus particles are seen by electron microscopy. Three other definite structures are also present within the nucleus of virus-infected cells. One is a thin strand that appears as a “bead” on cross section. These strands palisade and form parallel rows of “beads” that assume a larger lattice-like structure. The second structure is a long tubular form which is spherical on cross section. The last is a multilamellated structure. Virus particles leave the nucleus either as single particles or in clusters. Two distinct cytoplasmic virus particles are seen. Extracellular virus particles are similar to one of the cytoplasmic virus particles.
Neuropeptide Y and Neuropeptide Y Y5 Receptor Interaction Restores Impaired Growth Potential of Aging Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Abstract improved growth characteristics of the aging bone marrow cells subsequent to neuropeptide Y (NPY)/neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor (NPY Y5R) ligand-receptor interaction. Bone marrow cells were isolated from neonatal (2-3 weeks), young (8-12 weeks), and old (24-28 months) rats on the basis of their preferential adherence to plastic surface. After culturing the cells at initial seeding density of 1×10(4) cells/cm(2), we found that the proliferation potential of bone marrow cells declined with age. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting showed that bone marrow cells in different age groups constitutively expressed NPY and NPY receptor subtypes (Y1R, Y2R, and Y5R). However, NPY and Y5R expression increased by more than 130-fold and decreased by 28-fold, respectively, in old bone marrow cells as compared to young bone marrow cells. NPY (10 nM) stimulated the proliferation of all bone marrow cells age groups, and their proliferation was blocked by Y5R antagonist. However, the pro-proliferative effect of NPY on old bone marrow cells was weaker than other cell groups due to lower Y5R expression. Y5R gene transfection of old bone marrow cells with subsequent NPY(3-36) (10 nM) treatment significantly increased proliferation of old bone marrow cells (>56%) as compared to green fluorescence protein-transfected control old bone marrow cells. Stimulation of old bone marrow cells by NPY treatment rejuvenated the growth characteristics of aging bone marrow cells as a result of Y5R overexpression.
TU-F-17A-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (JOINT IMAGING-THERAPY) - An Automatic Toolkit for Efficient and Robust Analysis of 4D Respiratory Motion

Purpose: To provide an automatic image analysis toolkit to process thoracic 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) and extract patient-specific motion information to facilitate investigational or clinical use of 4DCT. Methods: We developed an automatic toolkit in MATLAB to overcome the extra workload from the time dimension in 4DCT. This toolkit employs image/signal processing, computer vision, and machine learning methods to visualize, segment, register, and characterize lung 4DCT automatically or interactively. A fully-automated 3D lung segmentation algorithm was designed and 4D lung segmentation was achieved in batch mode. Voxel counting was used to calculate volume variations of the torso, lung and its air component, and local volume changes at the diaphragm and chest wall to characterize breathing pattern. Segmented lung volumes in 12 patients are compared with those from a treatment planning system (TPS). Voxel conversion was introduced from CT# to other physical parameters, such as gravity-induced pressure, to create a secondary 4D image. A demon algorithm was applied in deformable image registration and motion trajectories were extracted automatically. Calculated motion parameters were plotted with various templates. Machine learning algorithms, such as Naive Bayes and random forests, were implemented to study respiratory motion. This toolkit is complementary to and will be integrated with the Computational Environment for Radiotherapy Research (CERR). Results: The automatic 4D image/data processing toolkit provides a platform for analysis of 4D images and datasets. It processes 4D data automatically in batch mode and provides interactive visual verification for manual adjustments. The discrepancy in lung volume calculation between this and the TPS is <±2% and the time saving is by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Conclusion: A framework of 4D toolkit has been developed to analyze thoracic 4DCT automatically or interactively, facilitating both investigational and clinical use. More software tools are under development for automatic analysis of other 4D imaging modalities. This research is in part supported by NIH (U54CA137788/132378) and City Seed FY13(Grant No. 93348-14 01). AY would like to thank MSKCC summer medical student research program supported by National Cancer Institute and hosted by Department of Medical Physics at MSKCC.
Monitoring switchgrass composition to optimize harvesting periods for bioenergy and value-added products.

Abstract Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a perennial grass that has emerged as an ideal candidate for production of biofuel and value-added co-products. One of the primary requirements for the successful manufacturing of these switchgrass-derived bioproducts is to produce a consistent feedstock with reliable and adequate amounts of the substrate constituent needed. For example, the biofuels industry requires a fast-growing energy crop with higher cellulose content and lower inhibitors found in secondary constituents. Other industries would profit from higher lignin content for products such as carbon fibers, or higher water and ethanol-soluble extracts containing compounds of interest. Two switchgrass field plots in eastern Tennessee were monitored over a period of six months, including before and after traditional harvesting times for the biorefinery. Characterization of the biomass and its constituents, such as water and ethanol extracts, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and ash, was performed to examine chemical changes in switchgrass that occurred prior to, during, and after traditional harvesting times used in a biorefinery setting. Total carbohydrate (65.6–66.7 wt%) and lignin (21.7–23.2 wt%) content was found to peak in January. Extractives content was at a maximum in early harvests at 15.9–16.6 wt% and decreased to 5.5–5.8 wt% in February. An inverse relationship exists between the extractives and lignin content (R2 = 0.94). Nonstructural soluble sugars peaked in early October with 5.1 wt% of the switchgrass composition. Remobilization efficiencies of K, Mg, P, and Fe increased with time, indicating conservation of soil nutrients if harvests were completed in late winter.
IL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory T H 17 cells

On activation, naive T cells differentiate into effector T-cell subsets with specific cytokine phenotypes and specialized effector functions. Recently a subset of T cells, distinct from T helper (T(H))1 and T(H)2 cells, producing interleukin (IL)-17 (T(H)17) was defined and seems to have a crucial role in mediating autoimmunity and inducing tissue inflammation. We and others have shown that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and IL-6 together induce the differentiation of T(H)17 cells, in which IL-6 has a pivotal function in dictating whether T cells differentiate into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) or T(H)17 cells. Whereas TGF-beta induces Foxp3 and generates T(reg) cells, IL-6 inhibits the generation of T(reg) cells and induces the production of IL-17, suggesting a reciprocal developmental pathway for T(H)17 and T(reg) cells. Here we show that IL-6-deficient (Il6-/-) mice do not develop a T(H)17 response and their peripheral repertoire is dominated by Foxp3+ T(reg) cells. However, deletion of T(reg) cells leads to the reappearance of T(H)17 cells in Il6-/- mice, suggesting an additional pathway by which T(H)17 cells might be generated in vivo. We show that an IL-2 cytokine family member, IL-21, cooperates with TGF-beta to induce T(H)17 cells in naive Il6-/- T cells and that IL-21-receptor-deficient T cells are defective in generating a T(H)17 response.
Steel casting by diffusion solidification

A new process for casting and welding carbon steels is described in which carbon diffuses isothermally or adiabatically within an intimate mixture of solid low carbon steel and high carbon liquid iron to effect solidification and subsequent homogenization with respect to carbon. Advantages over conventional casting processes and products result from 1) 150 to 200°C lower casting temperature; 2) reduced solidification shrinkage, obviating the need for risers in most cases; and 3) more rapid solidification, especially for castings with large ratios of volume to area. In its most versatile form the process involves low pressure forced infiltration of a mold filled with preheated spherical low carbon steel particles by a higher-carbon liquid. The process can reliably produce castings with greater than 99 pct of theoretical density; solidification time typically range from a few seconds to several minutes; and tensile strengths as high as 185 ksi with 15 pct reduction of area to break have been attained. The ductility of such castings is approximately one order of magnitude more sensitive to total oxygen content than the ductility of wrought steels, probably because of cavitation nucleated by oxides during solidification of the pools of liquid trapped between the shot particles. An analysis of the kinetics of the infiltration and solidification is performed for steel casting by diffusion of carbon, manganese or heat in iron. The iron-carbon system is most tractable; steel casting by thermal diffusion has also been demonstrated but no attempt was made to test the iron-manganese system.
Emergent conditions and multiple criteria analysis in infrastructure prioritization for developing countries

With coordinated military and civil operations in developing countries, the integration of local stakeholder values with the goals of security and nation building is crucial. Such integration encourages innovative and effective courses of action and prioritization of resources. Although tools of multi-criteria decision analysis are well suited for resource prioritization, designing practical stakeholder value judgment elicitation in developing countries is a challenge because of cultural, organizational, and other barriers. Specifically, the weight of individual decision criteria can increase or decrease when diverse scenarios of emergent conditions are introduced or advocated by various stakeholders. This article develops methodology to identify the most important emergent conditions for infrastructure planning among a set of scenarios involving military and civil stakeholders. Across the infrastructure development alternatives, we identify scenarios that represent opportunities and those that represent threats. We adapt the framework of the swing weighting method for recalibration of a baseline value function with a variety of assumptions of scenarios, where each scenario is composed of one or more emergent conditions. The approach reduces the typical demand on stakeholders for elicitation of preference weights, as the entire value function is not entirely reconstructed per scenario. The approach and methodology were tested in a strategy workshop with more than 50 international participants and presented to ministry officials in a developing country. The testing integrated political, economic, environmental, and technology emergent conditions for prioritizing among infrastructure projects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AMONG ASTHMATICS EXPOSED TO PESTICIDES

We conducted a pooled analysis of population-based casecontrol studies in Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska to investigate whether asthma modifies risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) associated with pesticide exposures. Cases (n 872) diagnosed with NHL from 1980 to 1986 and frequency-matched controls (n 2,381) randomly selected from the same geographic areas as the cases were included. Information on use of pesticides and history of asthma was based on interviews. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs, adjusted for age, state and vital status. Of all subjects, 177 (45 cases, 132 controls) reported having been told by their doctor that they had asthma. Subjects with an asthma history had a nonsignificantly lower risk of NHL than nonasthmatics (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3–1.4), and there was no main effect of pesticide exposure (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.8 –1.2). However, asthmatics tended to have larger ORs associated with exposure to pesticides than nonasthmatics. The OR among asthmatics was 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–3.2) for everuse of crop insecticides, 2.7 (95% CI 1.0 –7.2) for chlordane, 2.4 (95% CI 1.0 –5.7) for lindane and 3.7 (95% CI 1.3–10.9) for fonofos. Among nonasthmatics, ORs were 1.1 (0.9 –1.3), 1.5 (1.1–2.2), 1.3 (0.97–1.8) and 1.6 (1.0 –2.4), respectively. Although there is limited power for assessing interaction, our results suggest that the risk of NHL among asthmatics with pesticide exposure may be higher than among nonasthmatics with pesticide exposure. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Assessment of Rural African-American Churches' Capacity to Promote Health Prevention Activities

Abstract Throughout history, the African-American church has played a vital role in social, political and educational arenas. Often viewed as the cornerstone of the African-American community, the African-American church is an excellent medium to promote health prevention and promotion interventions. This article identifies several elements for the facilitation of this process, identifies the role of culture within this concept and explores the history of the African-American church as it relates to health promotion activities. The African-American church has become a valuable mechanism by which health professionals are able to reach underserved populations.
Residual stresses in aluminum castings

Abstract The majority of manufacturing processes induce residual stresses in the surface of the component produced. These residual stresses can be either beneficial or in some cases detrimental to the performance of the component in question. This investigation involves the use of a previously described new low-cost method to determine the superficial residual stresses in a casting of A356 aluminum alloy. The technique concerned involves the measurement of the change in spacing of previously applied pairs of micro-hardness indentations which occurs upon stress relief. In the case of a compressive residual stress, this spacing will increase after stress relief. In estimating the strain concerned it should be noted that the equivalent ‘original gage length’ will be the relaxed spacing measurement. This strain multiplied by the modulus of elasticity will indicate the corresponding stress for a uniaxial stress state. The special 3 bar test frames that were employed had their residual stresses measured using both a cutting and a thermal stress relief technique. From the results it can be seen that the use of cutting is probably applicable to the more localized stresses that occur in the vicinity of the cutting zone. However, the stresses that remain in the frame redistribute themselves to maintain equilibrium, and are not measurable until the cut frame is stress relieved thermally. It was noted that the levels of strain measured were unusually high. This may be related to the occasional spontaneous failure of the castings on removal from their molds. The current paper describes the results of on-going research in this area.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in the late bone marrow transplant period: report of three cases and review

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of respiratory mortality in immunosuppressed patients, including bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. The presence of lower respiratory tract infection and infection in the pre-engraftment phase of BMT is believed to confer a poor prognosis. Three patients who underwent allogeneic BMT at our institution developed RSV pneumonia over 1 year post BMT, with the underlying disease in remission. All three were hypoxic with extensive pulmonary disease at presentation. Treatment consisted of aerosolized ribavirin and intravenous immune globulin with successful clearing of viral shedding and excellent clinical outcomes. RSV infection is probably less severe in the late post-BMT period, but needs to be considered early in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in this patient population.
Damping of fourth sound in 4 He due to normal fluid flow

Measurements of the attenuation of fourth sound were made in superfluid4He contained in several porous media with characteristic sizes sufficiently large to permit some normal fluid flow. The data are for pressures between vapor pressure and 25 bar and for temperatures between 1.4 K and theλ-line. The attenuation was dominated by viscous dissipation associated with the normal fluid flow. For a given medium, it varied by nearly two orders of magnitude over the pressure and temperature range of the experiment. Analysis of the data along isobars and isotherms in terms of an idealized model for the porous medium yielded a unique temperature- and pressure-independent characteristic size for each medium.
Male cytoplasmic diminution and male germ unit in young and mature pollen of Cymbidium goeringii : a 3-dimensional and quantitative study

Pollinia of Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) were examined at a young stage (approx. 2 weeks before anthesis) and at anthesis using transmission electron microscopy, computer-assisted serial reconstruction and quantitative cytology. At the young stage, the generative cell (GC) has a spherically shaped main body with a large nucleus and 1 to 4 cytoplasmic extensions (up to 10 μm long) physically associated with a groove on one side of the vegetative nucleus (VN). By anthesis, some GCs lose their cytoplasmic extensions, becoming spherical. The GC surface becomes highly wrinkled, the distance between the GC and the VN increases and the two may separate completely. Enucleated cytoplasmic bodies (ECBs) are apparently generated by the GC, as evidenced by their similar ultrastructural appearance and distribution near the GC. ECBs are likely produced from two sites: the GC surface and the tips of cytoplasmic extensions of the GC. Vesicle-containing bodies (VCBs) may be generated from the lateral surface of the GC and may also represent a degeneration stage of ECBs, finally fusing with lipid bodies. Heritable organelles are rare and usually absent in the GC of Cymbidium: 0.176 mitochondria and 0.0042 plastids per GC were observed at the young stage and no mitochondria and 0.019 plastids at anthesis. Of 16 cellular parameters examined during GC development, all decreased with the exception of the surface area and volume of ECBs/ VCBs (which remained stable) and GC vacuoles (which increased). Significant decreases in 11 parameters presumably relate to dehydration of the pollen and male cytoplasmic diminution.
Structure and fluctuations in the OH airglow at 1.65 μ.

Abstract The OH airglow has been observed in the infrared with a 0.14-μ bandpass filter centered at 1.65μ. Spatial fluctuations of 2–11 per cent and temporal fluctuations of 1–7 per cent are found about the mean nightly level. These fluctuations are compared with similar variations observed previously at 2.2 μ, also attributed to OH airglow. Sky maps at 1.65 μ as a function of altitude, azimuth and time are presented.
Electrochemistry of surface-confined mixed monolayers of 4-aminothiophenol and thiophenol on Au

We report the electrochemistry of surface-confined monolayers of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) and mixed monolayers of 4-ATP and thiophenol (TP) on Au surfaces. Cyclic voltammograms of the 4-ATP monolayer in acidic aqueous perchlorate solutions are characterized by an irreversible oxidative wave at 0.730 V vs Ag/AgCl on the first scan and, upon scan reversal, by a persistent, reversible, surface-confined wave centered at approximately 0.500 V and a transient peak at about 0.300 V. We propose an ECE mechanism to account for this electrochemistry: 4-ATP is first oxidized to the cation radical, followed by chemical coupling to form an adsorbed dimer. The dimer is subsequently hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O to yield an adsorbed quinone species that is reversibly electroactive. Grazing angle FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the product. The transient peak is due to the coupling of desorbed molecules and is consistent with the formation of a phenazine species. We then show that mixed monolayers of 4-ATP a...
E-Voice: How information technology is shaping life within unions

Some people will tell you that labour simply doesn’t adopt new technologies. But that isn’t true. There are always some crazy people hanging around the labour movement, sometimes in positions of power, who will push forward an idea whose time has come.
Assessing General Psychopathology in Children and Youth with Visual Handicaps

The present paper is aimed at describing and further clarifying general or overall psycho-pathology in visually handicapped children. Seventy-five children and youth 46 males and 29 females, ranging in age from 9 to 22 and participating in day school programs and residential settings for people who are blind were evaluated on the Child Behavior Checklist (RPBC), the School Behavior Checklist (SBC), and the Problem Behavior Checklist (PBC). Children and youth were evaluated by their teachers and a large correlation matrix of total and subfactor scores were then constituted. Total scores from all four measures correlated well with each other. A few subfactors from the CBC in particular also showed strong relationships to other measures of psychopathology. Aggression correlated strongly with the total scores and subfactors of the RBPC, BPC and SBC. Similar relationships were noted with delinquency, hyperactivity, and hostile-withdrawal. Implications of these and related findings are discussed.
Herniation of the left atrial appendage.

Abstract A case of herniation of the left atrial appendage through a partial defect in the left side of the pericardial sac is presented. The diagnosis was suspected on the basis of the chest roentgenogram and was proved by right and left heart cineangiography. The differential diagnosis is discussed.
HOME CARE FOR THE DYING CHILD WITH CANCER - AN ALTERNATIVE TO HOSPITALIZATION

To identify both the feasibility and desirability of home care for dying children as a health care service, a field research study was set up in August, 1976. During the first five months of this study, 14 families have been supported by professional nurses in caring at home for their dying child. Both rural and urban families have been included in the study population. Support has included from two to twelve home visits to the families while the total number of days of involvement with each family ranges from two to forty days. The average length of involvement has been ten days. The major problems identified thus far in maintaining the child's comfort have been pain, hemorrhage, hypoxia and dehydration. With such support, eleven of the fourteen families have been able to care for their child at home through his/her death and have been present at the time of death. Two children with hemorrhage and one with pain died in the hospital. Post-death interviews with parents has indicated the need for extension of the care by health professionals beyond the death itself. Though our experience is limited, home care for the dying child appears to be a feasible and a less expensive alternative to hospitalization that still provides the necessary support for the family and patients. Supported by NCI Grant #CA19490-01
Whipple disease presenting as posterior uveitis without prominent gastrointestinal symptoms

Abstract Purpose: To describe the clinical presentation and course of Whipple disease in an adult. Methods: A 34-year-old man with phthisis bulbi in the right eye secondary to uveitis-induced neovascular glaucoma presented with severe acute posterior uveitis in the left eye. He underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and jejunal biopsy for evaluation of anemia. The posterior uveitis was treated with a subtenon injection of triamcinolone. Result: The diagnosis of Whipple disease was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of the jejunal biopsy that demonstrated Tropheryma whippelii rDNA. Conclusion: Although Whipple disease is typically evident with malabsorption, it can also present as uveitis without prominent gastrointestinal symptoms.
Knotting of Central Venous Catheters: Nonsurgical Correction

A complete knot occurred in a central venous catheter inserted through the subclavian vein. By passing a spring guidewire into the catheter under fluoroscopic control, the knot was easily untied leaving the catheter correctly in place.
A Note on the Solution to a Three-Factor Affine Term Structure Model

Balduzzi, Das, Foresi, and Sundaram [1996] provide a nice framework for working with a very useful three-factor affine term structure model. In presenting the bond pricing model, they show that the solution to the valuation partial differential equation is equivalent to solving a system of ordinary differential equations. This system yields closed-form solutions for two to four functions of time in the bond price function. This note describes a correction to one of those closed-form solutions. The correction has a significant impact on prices and yields generated by the model.
Thermal evaluation of nanofluids in heat exchangers

Abstract Nanofluids, suspensions of nanoparticles (less than 100 nm) in a basefluid, have shown enhanced heat transfer characteristics. In this study, thermal performances of nanofluids in industrial type heat exchangers are investigated. Three mass particle concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% of silicon dioxide–water (SiO 2 –water) nanofluids are formulated by dispersing 20 nm diameter nanoparticles in distilled water. Experiments are conducted to compare the overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of water vs. nanofluids in laboratory-scale plate and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Experimental results show both augmentation and deterioration of heat transfer coefficient for nanofluids depending on the flow rate and nanofluid concentration through the heat exchangers. This trend could be explained by the counter effect of the changes in thermo-physical properties of fluids together with the fouling on the contact surfaces in the heat exchangers. The measured pressure drop while using nanofluids show an increase when compared to that of basefluid which could limit the use of nanofluids in industrial applications.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. XLVIII. Investigation of the fat of Fusarium lini Bolley by means of urea adducts.

Abstract The usefulness of urea adducts for the fractionation of natural fatty acids has been demonstrated. Stearic acid has been isolated and identified from the fat of Fusarium lini Bolley by purification of the solid fraction obtained from the urea adduct of its fatty acids. The conversion of stearic acid to fatty material with a higher iodine value has provided further evidence for the enzymatic formation of unsaturated fatty acids in Fusarium lini Bolley by means of the action of a fatty acid dehydrogenase system.
Bondsmen, Freedmen, and Maritime Industrial Transportation, c.1840–1900

This essay argues that African freedmen who laboured in ships' stokeholes played vital roles during the first decades of the development of British steam enterprise in the Indian Ocean. These freedmen represented one aspect of the simultaneous globalization and ethnic/occupational segmentation of British maritime labour as a whole. The essay opens with an analysis of the problems that faced entrepreneurs of maritime industrial transport both in general and in the Indian Ocean, leading them to seek a cheap and tractable labour force. It then shows how bondsmen became freedmen, and how freedmen became seafarers who worked on special labour contracts and almost always below deck in ocean liners.
Corrosion of glass-bonded sodalite as a function of pH and temperature.

This paper reports the results of corrosion tests with monoliths of sodalite, binder glass, and glass-bonded sodalite, a ceramic waste form (CWF) that is being developed to immobilize radioactive electrorefiner salt used to condition spent sodium-bonded nuclear fuel. These tests were performed with dilute pH-buffered solutions in the pH range of 5-10 at temperatures of 70 and 90 C. The pH dependence of the forward dissolution rates of the CWF and its components have been determined. The pH dependence of the dissolution rates of sodalite, binder glass, and glass-bonded sodalite are similar to the pH dependence of dissolution rate of borosilicate nuclear waste glasses, with a negative pH dependence in the acidic region and a positive pH dependence in the basic region. Our results on the forward dissolution rates and their temperature and pH dependence will be used as components of a waste form degradation model to predict the long-term behavior of the CWF in a nuclear waste repository.
ClearT: a detergent- and solvent-free clearing method for neuronal and non-neuronal tissue

We describe a clearing method for enhanced visualization of cell morphology and connections in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue. Using ClearT or ClearT2, which are composed of formamide or formamide/polyethylene glycol, respectively, embryos, whole mounts and thick brain sections can be rapidly cleared with minimal volume changes. Unlike other available clearing techniques, these methods do not use detergents or solvents, and thus preserve lipophilic dyes, fluorescent tracers and immunohistochemical labeling, as well as fluorescent-protein labeling.
On the Choice of the Sharing Fraction for Incentive Contracting

ABSTRACT Under incentive contracting, a private firm agrees to do work for the government or another private firm in such a way that the two parties Jointly share the gain or loss from any deviation between the actual cost and the target cost of the work. A commonly proposed method for setting the level of the sharing fraction is shown herein to be inadequate because it is not. in general, Pareto-optimal. Though the goal of achieving Pareto-optimality is advocated, it is further shown that this goal may be in conflict with that of encouraging cost reduction by the contractor.
The Effect of Axial Ligand Plane Orientation on the Isotropic Shifts of the Dichelated Protohemin Cyanide Complexes of Traylor and Berzinis

In 1980 Traylor and Berzinis published the NMR spectrum of the mixture of two geometrical isomers of the dichelated protohemin cyanide prepared from the 6,7-bis-(3-N-imidazolylpropyl)propionamide of protohemin (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 2844). We have prepared these same isomers and investigated their 1 H NMR spectra by modern 1- and 2D NMR techniques. The results show that the eight pyrrole-methyl resonances having a spread of 26.5 ppm at -57 °C divide into two sets of four widely spaced pyrrole-methyl resonances that have shifts 3,8 . 5,1 for the isomer having the 6-substituted imidazole bound (isomer I), and 5,1 . 3,8 for the isomer having the 7-substituted imidazole bound (isomer II). NMR techniques not available in 1980 (NOESY/EXSY, COSY, ROESY, DQF-COSY) have allowed nearly complete assignment of the NMR spectra, except for several meso-H resonances and the resonances of some of the protons of the alkyl side chains of each isomer, which all fall in a narrow chemical shift range in the diamagnetic region. The imidazole planes are found not to be lying directly over the porphyrin nitrogens, but are shifted by about 10° counterclockwise with respect to that line for isomer I, which yields the order 3 > 8 . 5 > 1, and 10° clockwise of that line for isomer II, which yields the order 5 > 1 . 3 > 8.
Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease

Our knowledge of the mechanisms and regulation of intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins under normal physiological conditions, and of the factors/conditions that affect and interfere with theses processes has been significantly expanded in recent years as a result of the availability of a host of valuable molecular/cellular tools. Although structurally and functionally unrelated, the water-soluble vitamins share the feature of being essential for normal cellular functions, growth and development, and that their deficiency leads to a variety of clinical abnormalities that range from anaemia to growth retardation and neurological disorders. Humans cannot synthesize water-soluble vitamins (with the exception of some endogenous synthesis of niacin) and must obtain these micronutrients from exogenous sources. Thus body homoeostasis of these micronutrients depends on their normal absorption in the intestine. Interference with absorption, which occurs in a variety of conditions (e.g. congenital defects in the digestive or absorptive system, intestinal disease/resection, drug interaction and chronic alcohol use), leads to the development of deficiency (and sub-optimal status) and results in clinical abnormalities. It is well established now that intestinal absorption of the water-soluble vitamins ascorbate, biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin is via specific carrier-mediated processes. These processes are regulated by a variety of factors and conditions, and the regulation involves transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Also well recognized now is the fact that the large intestine possesses specific and efficient uptake systems to absorb a number of water-soluble vitamins that are synthesized by the normal microflora. This source may contribute to total body vitamin nutrition, and especially towards the cellular nutrition and health of the local colonocytes. The present review aims to outline our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins, their regulation, the cell biology of the carriers involved and the factors that negatively affect these absorptive events.
Adaptive dynamics with hybrid response

This paper describes a hybrid technique to produce physically plausible response for animated character. The approach includes the automatic, adaptive selection of the dynamic articulation necessary for local-body responses based on the changing conditions of the character. This method is combined with a whole-body reaction to disturbances which is computed and controlled separately. Combined, the resulting response effects the entire body as well as the local area of a disturbance without the need for an explicit full-body controller and the response computed is both deliberate (controlled) and passive (uncontrolled). The results showcase a variety of scenarios including fast and sustained contact.
Collisional evolution in the Eos and Koronis asteroid families: observational and numerical results

The origin and evolution of the Eos and Koronis families are addressed by an analysis of Binzel's (1987) observational results. The Maxwellian distribution of the Eos family's rotation rates implies a collisionally-evolved population; these rates are also faster than those of the Koronis family and nonfamily asteroids. While the age of the Eos family may be comparable to the solar system's, that of the Koronis family could be considerably younger. Greater shape irregularity may account for the Koronis family's higher mean lightcurve amplitude.
Contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion: Pitfall of correct ipsilateral classification—A study performed with color-flow imaging

The records of 183 patients who had undergone color-flow imaging of the extracranial carotid arteries and subsequent bilateral cerebral arteriography were reviewed to determine whether contralateral carotid arterial disease adversely affects the accuracy of duplex scanning by increasing the velocity of flow in the ipsilateral artery. In 83 arteries the contralateral internal carotid artery had a diameter reduction greater than or equal to 80%; in the remaining 283, the contralateral artery was less severely diseased. Noninvasive findings correlated less well with arteriography in the group with contralateral disease (k = 0.69 +/- 0.06) than in the group with less severe contralateral stenosis (k = 0.78 +/- 0.03), and the incidence of false-positive errors was significantly (p = 0.02) higher (18% vs 7%). For all categories of ipsilateral stenosis, the mean peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were elevated in the group with severe contralateral disease. This effect was most evident in the 50% to 79% diameter reduction category, especially in reference to the end-diastolic velocity (p = 0.2). However, the data correlating velocity with diameter reduction were widely scattered, indicating that the effect of contralateral disease is inconsistent. We conclude that severe disease of the contralateral carotid artery can lead to overreading ipsilateral disease and that velocity determinations should be interpreted cautiously under such circumstances.
Evolution as a general theoretical framework for economics and public policy

Abstract Economic and evolutionary thinking have been entwined throughout their histories, but evolutionary theory does not function as a general theoretical framework for economics and public policy, as it does for the biological sciences. In this lead article for a special issue of the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , we first describe how evolution functions as a general theoretical framework in the biological sciences. Then we consider four reasons why evolution might not need to be consulted for human-related subjects such as economics and public policy. We conclude that these reasons can be valid in particular cases, but they fail for any sizeable human-related subject area. Hence evolution can and should become a general theoretical framework for economics and public policy. The other articles in the special issue help to substantiate this claim.
Leg Motion Analysis During Gait by Multiaxial Accelerometry: Theoretical Foundations and Preliminary Validations

A theoretical formulation for studying limb motions and joint kinetics by multiaxial accelerometry is developed. The technique is designed to study the swing phase of human gait, modeling the lower leg as a rigid body. Major advantages of the approach are that acceleration information needed for the calculation of forces and moments is generated directly, and that the method automatically generates its own initial conditions. Results of validation experiments using both artificial and experimental data demonstrate that the method is theoretically valid, but that it taxes available instrumentation and requires further development before it can be applied in a clinical setting.
Integrated semigroups and vibrating string problem

Consider the abstract Cauchy problems (1) where A(∈) is a closed and non-densely defined operator on a Banach space X, and ∈ is a milti-parameter. Continuity with respect to parameter of integrated semigroup is a property that arises naturally when considering solutions of abstract Cauchy problem(1). Theorems are developed to determine continuity with respect to parameter e of integrated semigroups generated by the operator A(∈). These obtained theorems are applied to a vibrating string problem, and the results of existence of an unique classical solution or integral solution of this equation and continuity in parameter eof such a solution are obtained.
URBAN GOVERNANCE AT THE NATIONALIST DIVIDE: COPING WITH GROUP-BASED CLAIMS

This article examines how urbanism and local governance address group differences in cities of nationalistic conflict. I investigate four settings—Basque Country and Barcelona (Spain) and Sarajevo ...
Effect of acetyl-l-carnitine on ovarian cancer cells' proliferation, nerve growth factor receptor (Trk-A and p75) expression, and the cytotoxic potential of paclitaxel and carboplatin

Abstract Objectives The incidence of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is 15–25% with platinum and taxanes. CIPN can be permanent and often requires dose reduction or change in chemotherapy. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR), an ester of l-carnitine, is used to treat CIPN in humans and in animal models. The goals of this study are: 1) examine the effects of ALCAR on ovarian cancer cells, 2) determine if ALCAR affects the cytotoxicity of standard chemotherapy on ovarian cancer cells. Methods OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer lines were incubated in ALCAR containing media. Viability, proliferation, and expression of the nerve growth factor receptors (NGFR) Trk-A and p-75 were determined by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity assays examining ALCAR's effect on paclitaxel and carboplatin were done by flow cytometry and infrared plate-reader. Results Flow cytometry showed no change in percent live ( p =0.87) or proliferation ( p =0.95) of OVCAR-3 cells when comparing controls with up to 100 μM ALCAR. However, there was a slight but significant decrease in the proliferation of SKOV-3 cells incubated at higher ALCAR concentrations ( p = p =1), +/−carboplatin ( p =0.8), or both ( p =0.4). Proliferation assays indicated that paclitaxel's cytotoxicity on OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells was unchanged at higher ALCAR concentrations ( p = Conclusion ALCAR does not affect the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel or carboplatin. There was no increase in proliferation, or NGFR of OVCAR-3 or SKOV-3 cells exposed to ALCAR.
Human capital development: A family objective∗

Human capital contributes to economic development just as does physical capital or natural resources. Human capital begins developing in the family. Human capital includes nutritional levels, life expectancy, skills, knowledge, abilities and attitudes. Human capital development contributes to the individual's future economic output. The generalization ‐ “If you educate a mother you educate a family”; ‐ is given supportive evidence from an analysis by T. Paul Schultz of research on measures which contribute to human capital. Schultz (1994) shows that “subsidizing schooling for females may be justified in terms of (1) efficiency (high individual private market returns); (2) social externalities (reduced child mortality and fertility; (3) intergenerational redistribution (better health and education of children and a slower growth in population; and (4) equity (an increase in the productive capability of poorer individuals relative to richer individuals.” Thinking of human capital as an economic construct ma...
Effect of direct vertebral body derotation on the sagittal profile in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose We sought to clarify the effect of applying derotation maneuvers in the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) on the sagittal plane.
Heinrich begehr on his sixtieth birthday

It is our pleasure to dedicate this volume of Applicable Analysis to Heinrich Begehr on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Heinrich Begehr was born in Halle on the river Saale in Germany in April 17 1939. Until 1949 he lived in the vicinity of Halle and later in Thuringen near Altenburg and after 1949 in Berlin. In 1950 he began high school in Schleswig. In 1955 his family moved to Braunshweig where he graduated from the “Gaub­Schule” in 1959 During the winter term 1960/61 Heinrich began to study mathematics and physics at the Freie Universtitat Berlin. In Spring of 1966, he received the M. Sc. in mathematics with Prof. Dr. Alexander Dinghas. Two and a half years later Heinrich obtained the Ph.D. degree also with Professor Dinghas as the thesis advisor. The thesis was titled
Laser photodetachment spectroscopy of Se - and S -

Abstract The photodetachment cross sections of Se− and S− ions have been studied. The photodetachment technique used in these studies employed an ion trap of the Penning design. A tunable cw dye laser was used to observe photodetachment from negative selenium ions near the Se(4 3P2) threshold. The cross section exhibits magnetic field dependent structure which is due to the excitation of the detached electrons to discrete cyclotron levels. The measured electron affinity was found to be 16297.8(2) cm−1. A tunable pulsed dye laser was used to observe photodetachment from negative sulfur ions near the first excited threshold S (31D). No resonance structure was observed. The ratio of the cross section for the 1D channel to the cross section for the 3P channel was measured to be 0.19(3) at an energy of 300 cm−1 above the 1D threshold.