cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VHDL-based rapid system prototyping

The Rapid Prototyping of Application-Specific Signal Processors (RASSP) [1---3] program of the US Department of Defense (ARPA and Tri-Services) targets a 4X improvement in the design, prototyping, manufacturing, and support processes (relative to current practice). Based on a current practice study (1993) [4], the prototyping time from system requirements definition to production and deployment, of multiboard signal processors, is between 37 and 73 months. Out of this time, 25---49 months is devoted to detailed hardware/software (HW/SW) design and integration (with 10---24 months devoted to the latter task of integration). With the utilization of a promising top-down hardware-less codesign methodology based on VHDL models of HW/SW components at multiple abstractions, reduction in design time has been shown especially in the area of hardware/software integration [5]. The authors describe a top-down design approach in VHDL starting with the capture of system requirements in an executable form and through successive stages of design refinement, ending with a detailed hardware design. This hardware/software codesign process is based on the RASSP program design methodology called virtual prototyping, wherein VHDL models are used throughout the design process to capture the necessary information to describe the design as it develops through successive refinement and review. Examples are presented to illustrate the information captured at each stage in the process. Links between stages are described to clarify the flow of information from requirements to hardware.
Media interaction and design process: establishing a knowledge base

Abstract Integrating computers in architectural design means to negotiate between centuries-old analog design methods and the new digital systems of production. Analog systems of architectural production use tracing paper, vellum, graphite and ink, clipboard, clay, balsa wood, plastic, metal, etc. Analog systems have also been termed “handmade”, “manual”, “material” or “physical”. Digital systems of architectural production use scanning, image manipulation, visualization, solid modeling, computer aided drafting, animation, rendering, etc. Digital systems have also been called “electronic”, “computer-aided”, “virtual”, etc. The difficulty lies in the underdeveloped state of the necessary methods, techniques, and theories to relate traditional and new media. Recent investigations on the use of multiple iterations between manual and electronic systems to advance architectural work show promising results. However, these experiments have not been sufficiently codified, cross-referenced and third party tested to conform a reliable knowledge base. This paper addresses this shortcoming by bringing together reported experiences from diverse researchers over the past decade. This summary is informed by more than three years of continuous investigation in the impacts of analog-digital conversations in the design process. The goal is to establish a state-of-the-art common foundation that permits instructors, researchers and practitioners to refer to, utilize, test, criticize and develop. An appendix is included providing support for the paper’s arguments. Interactions avec les medias et processus de design: Etablissement d’une base de connaissances L’integration des ordinateurs dans le processus de conception architecturale necessite un dialogue entre les anciennes methodes analogues, utilisees depuis des siecles, et les methodes digitales modernes. Les difficultes se situent au niveau de l’etat sous-developpe des methodes et theories pour relier les nouvelleset les anciennes techniques. Des recherches recentes sur l’utilisation d’iterations multiples entre systemes manuels et electroniques pour avancer le travail de l’architecte ont produit de resultats interessants. Cependant, ces resultats n’ont pas ete suffisamment codifies, referes, et testes pour former une base de connaissances fiable. Ce papier vise a combler ce manque en reunissant des temoignages sur diverses recherches effectuees au cours du decennie dernier. Ce reportage resulte de plus de trois ans d’investigations continuelles concernant l’impact du dialogue analogue-digital sur le processus de la conception architecturale. Le but est d’etablir une base commune que les enseignants, les chercheurs et les etudiants peuvent utiliser, verifier, critiquer et developper d’avantage. Une appendice contient les preuves a l’appui des arguments des auteurs.
Women Special Agents in Charge: the first generation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide findings of an exploratory study of Special Agents in Charge (SACs) in a variety of federal law enforcement agencies and presents summary descriptions, including demographics and career paths of female agents.Design/methodology/approach – Incumbent SACs, reached with assistance from law enforcement organizations and through snowball techniques, anonymously completed questionnaires that were mailed to each individually. This methodology provided a snapshot in time of the first generation of women to have reached the rank of SAC.Findings – The findings suggest that women are moving up the ranks of federal agencies even while their overall percentages of employment have become somewhat static. Regardless of type or size of federal agency, there are a number of common career paths and the ages and racial demographics of the women are also similar across agencies.Practical implications – As federal agency recruitment of women seems to have stagnated, a portrait...
Building "Brand Me": Creating a Personal Brand Statement

Engaging students in a principles of marketing course can prove challenging but also provides instructors with an opportunity to link course concepts using a real-world orientation. This paper describes the use of a personal brand statement assignment as a way to integrate the key marketing concepts of branding and brand positioning into a broader understanding of marketing. The assignment requires the students to successfully apply analytical reasoning and critical thinking skills in a way that expands marketing knowledge and is directly relevant to their career development efforts.
Capnographic detection of anaesthesia circle valve malfunctions.

To determine whether capnographic waveforms can characterize valve malfunction of the anaesthesia circle, which would enable such problems to be identified and rectified immediately, we monitored capnographic respiratory waveforms during anaesthesia with simulated circle valve malfunctions. Ten mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, 25 mg·kg-1 IV, and halothane, 0.5 to 1 per cent. Respiratory gas was sampled from the elbow of the circle system for capnographic monitoring, At fresh gas flow rates of 2.5 or 5 L·min-1 during consecutive periods of controlled and spontaneous ventilation, the inspiratory valve, the expiratory valve, or both valves of the circle system were opened for 15 min. Inspired CO2 concentration increased significantly every time a valve was opened, except during spontaneous breathing at 5 L·min-1. At 2.5 L·min-1, inspired CO2 increased from baseline to 0.41 ± 0.28 per cent with the inspiratory valve opened and to 2.22 ° 1.72 per cent with the expiratory valve opened during controlled ventilation and to 0.43 ± 0.20 per cent and 2.02 ± 1.28 per cent, respectively, during spontaneous ventilation. Inspired CO2 increased to almost I per cent when the inspiratory valve was open and to ≥ 1.89 per cent when the expiratory valve was open. The effects with the expiratory valve open and with both valves open were similar. Capnograms were affected in characteristic ways by the valve malfunctions.
A method for the simultaneous determination of plasma and cellular velocities in the microvasculature.

Abstract A technique is described which has made it possible to measure plasma and cellular velocities, concurrently, in specific microvessels in which single-file cell flow exists. A dye slug, injected upstream from the vessel under observation, serves as a marker for the plasma bulk flow under specific conditions which are discussed. Both the transit of individual cells and the dye can be obtained from a frame-by-frame analysis of the motion picture film taken through the microscope. The technique can readily be automated through the use of cross-correlation methods. Although the technique has been developed in the cat mesentery, it may prove useful for the study of blood flow in other tissues as well. Some results obtained from use of the technique are presented in a companion paper.
On Geometric Models for Interphase Boundaries

The energy interphase boundaries can be described as a function of the lattice matching at the interface between two adjacent crystals, the chemical interaction and the interfacial entropy of the boundaries. Geometric models relating the energy of interphase boundaries (metal/metal and metal/non-metal) to their atomic structure can be based on the static distortion wave concept. This approach constitutes the physical basis for the lock-in model and the planar CSL-model proposed previously to describe the low energy configurations of such interfaces.
Active Modulated Reflectance Roofing System to Tailor Building Solar Loads for Increased HVAC Efficiency

Space heating and cooling contributes a significant percentage of a building’s overall energy usage profile. The construction of a building’s envelope is an essential component that impacts the overall heating and cooling load. For many years, flat roofs were covered with low albedo materials such as asphalt or modified bitumen, which can reach temperatures of 150°F to 180°F during summer months. More recently, alternative technologies, such as “white roofs”, have been put forth to mitigate the problem of unwanted thermal gain. However, these traditional roofing materials and recent innovations are passive structures and only promote seasonal benefits. This paper proposes and demonstrates the concept of an active variable reflectance roofing system that can tailor solar loads to desired heating or cooling, significantly reducing overall space heating and cooling energy requirements and costs.© 2014 ASME
Senescence: Not Just for Tumor Suppression

Cellular senescence provides an intrinsic barrier to tumor development by preventing the proliferation of cells that are at risk for malignant transformation. In this issue, Krizhanovsky et al. (2008) report that senescence is an important player not only in tumor suppression but also in the response of liver tissue to injury.
Central Leptin Regulates the UCP1 and obGenes in Brown and White Adipose Tissue via Different β-Adrenoceptor Subtypes

The three known subtypes of β-adrenoreceptors (β1-AR, β2-AR, and β3-AR) are differentially expressed in brown and white adipose tissue and mediate peripheral responses to central modulation of sympathetic outflow by leptin. To assess the relative roles of the β-AR subtypes in mediating leptin's effects on adipocyte gene expression, mice with a targeted disruption of the β3-adrenoreceptor gene (β3-AR KO) were treated with vehicle or the β1/β2-AR selective antagonist, propranolol (20 μg/g body weight/day) prior to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of leptin (0.1 μg/g body weight/day). Leptin produced a 3-fold increase in UCP1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue of wild type (FVB/NJ) and β3-AR KO mice. The response was unaltered by propranolol in wild type mice, but was completely blocked by this antagonist in β3-AR KO mice. In contrast, ICV leptin had no effect on leptin mRNA in either epididymal or retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT) from β3-AR KOs. Moreover, propranolol did not block the ability of exogenous leptin to reduce leptin mRNA in either WAT depot site of wild type mice. These results demonstrate that the β3-AR is required for leptin-mediated regulation ofob mRNA expression in WAT, but is interchangeable with the β1/β2-ARs in mediating leptin's effect on UCP1 mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue.
Large hybrid energy systems for making low CO2 load-following power and synthetic fuel

Hybrid energy systems using nuclear heat sources can economically produce load-following electrical power by exploiting their surplus generation capacity, available at night or seasonally, to make synthetic fuel. Vehicle fuel is the only current energy use large enough to absorb all the energy capacity that might be diverted from the power industry, and its ease of storage obviates problems with discontinuous synfuel production. The potential benefits and challenges of synfuels integration are illustrated by the production of methanol from natural gas (as a source of carbon) using steam from a light water nuclear power reactor which is assumed to be available in accord with a year's worth of power demand data. The synthesis of methanol is easily adapted to using 300 °C heat from a light water reactor and this simple compound can be further processed into gasoline, biodiesel (to esterify vegetable oils), or dimethyl ether, fuels which can be used with the current vehicle fleet. A supplemental feed to the methanol process of natural gas (for energy) allows operation at constant full rate when the nuclear heat is being used to produce electrical power. The higher capital costs of such a system are offset by a lower cost of heat and power production from a large base load type of plant and by reduced costs associated with much lower CO2 emissions. Other less tangible economic benefits of this and similar hybrid systems include better use of natural resources for fuels and greater energy supply reliability from the domestic production of vehicle fuel.
IDENTIFYING RNA MINOR GROOVE TERTIARY CONTACTS BY NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUE INTERFERENCE MAPPING WITH N2-METHYLGUANOSINE

Nucleotide analogue interference mapping (NAIM) is a general biochemical method that rapidly identifies the chemical groups important for RNA function. In principle, NAIM can be extended to any nucleotide that can be incorporated into an in vitro transcript by an RNA polymerase. Here we report the synthesis of 5‘-O-(1-thio)-N2-methylguanosine triphosphate (m2GαS) and its incorporation into two reverse splicing forms of the Tetrahymena group I intron using a mutant form of T7 RNA polymerase. This analogue replaces one proton of the N2 exocyclic amine with a methyl group, but is as stable as guanosine (G) for secondary structure formation. We have identified three sites of m2GαS interference within the Tetrahymena intron: G22, G212, and G303. All three of these guanosine residues are known to utilize their exocyclic amino groups to participate in tertiary hydrogen bonds within the ribozyme structure. Unlike the interference pattern with the phosphorothioate of inosine (IαS, an analogue that deletes the N2 ...
Worker social identity and health-related costs for organizations: a comparative study between ethnic groups.

Health implications of value conflicts at work and 3 coping resources (self-esteem, collective esteem, and social support at work) were examined for 38 African American and 64 European American workers. Comparisons indicated that the African American participants reported higher levels of value conflicts and collective esteem, but lower levels of social support. They also reported more health actions (i.e., absenteeism and doctor visits) likely to create organizational costs. Value conflicts and the 3 coping resources predicted health-related behavior. Collective esteem predicted health only for African American workers, though social support was a significant predictor only for European American workers. The study findings are integrated with existing literature on social identity at work, social support, and work influences on health.
The Importance of Attitude in Foreign Language Learning

good or poor attitude that makes life easy or difficult in the foreign language classroom. The teacher reading this title also assumes that the attitudes in question are probably of the unfavorable kind, otherwise there would be no problem to present and no solutions to offer. If this is, as I suspect, the typical reaction of foreign language teachers to the title of this article, it reveals two attitudes they hold commonly as a group: (1) it is the student's attitude that is the crucial factor in foreign language learning, and (2) this factor is ignored unless it presents a problem. Teachers think in terms of problems. Ten years ago the words attitude and motivation were not of primary importance to the foreign language teaching community. We were busy remodeling our profession with the help of linguistics, language labs, and government sponsored training programs. We thought that the future of foreign language instruction was assured. And in fact enrollments increased; we were thriving. By the mid-sixties disquieting feelings began to emerge on the pages of all the foreign language journals. Something was amiss. Something had been overlooked, an important factor that we are only now beginning to investigate: attitudes, not only the student's but attitudes of teachers, parents, administrators, and the community at large. What is an attitude? How is it formed? Can it be changed? And how can we change it if it is unfavorable? The range of individual preferences, beliefs, values, or attitudes is staggering. There are many reasons why this is true. Breer and Locke have attempted a fairly complete enumeration: "A complete explanation (of the wide variety in individual attitudes) would presumably include references to family socialization, peer group influence, specific events in the individual's past, sources of anxiety, basic strivings, mechanisms of defense, education, income, occupation, mass media, class affiliation, residence, religion, and a host of personal variables including intelligence, age, sex, interests, and aptitudes."' Let us now look at a specific definition of attitude. I offer this one of Milton Rokeach: "An at-
Veterinary medicine protecting and promoting the public's health and well-being

Dr. Calvin Schwabe's vision of "One Medicine" has long inspired many in the public health community to strive toward bringing human and veterinary medicine together to improve the public's health and well-being around the world. In an increasingly human-dominated world, as Dr. Schwabe suggested many years ago, human health provides the most-logical unifying or apical cause in veterinary medicine's hierarchy of values. Veterinarians in all aspects of the profession-have opportunity and responsibility to protect the health and well-being of people in all that they do, including protecting food security and safety; addressing threats to antibiotic sensitivity; preventing and controlling zoonotic emerging infectious diseases; protecting environments and ecosystems; participating in bio- and agro-terrorism preparedness and response; using their skills to confront non-zoonotic diseases (such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, vaccine preventable diseases, chronic diseases and injuries); strengthening the public-health infrastructure; and advancing medical science through research. This article provides an overview of contributions made by veterinarians in each of these areas, and discusses the challenges to be overcome and the need for strategic thinking and action to achieve the vision of "one medicine".
Fierce Competition between Toxoplasma and Chlamydia for Host Cell Structures in Dually Infected Cells

The prokaryote Chlamydia trachomatis and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, two obligate intracellular pathogens of humans, have evolved a similar modus operandi to colonize their host cell and salvage nutrients from organelles. In order to gain fundamental knowledge on the pathogenicity of these microorganisms, we have established a cell culture model whereby single fibroblasts are coinfected by C. trachomatis and T. gondii. We previously reported that the two pathogens compete for the same nutrient pools in coinfected cells and that Toxoplasma holds a significant competitive advantage over Chlamydia. Here we have expanded our coinfection studies by examining the respective abilities of Chlamydia and Toxoplasma to co-opt the host cytoskeleton and recruit organelles. We demonstrate that the two pathogen-containing vacuoles migrate independently to the host perinuclear region and rearrange the host microtubular network around each vacuole. However, Toxoplasma outcompetes Chlamydia to the host microtubule-organizing center to the detriment of the bacterium, which then shifts to a stress-induced persistent state. Solely in cells preinfected with Chlamydia, the centrosomes become associated with the chlamydial inclusion, while the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole displays growth defects. Both pathogens fragment the host Golgi apparatus and recruit Golgi elements to retrieve sphingolipids. This study demonstrates that the productive infection by both Chlamydia and Toxoplasma depends on the capability of each pathogen to successfully adhere to a finely tuned developmental program that aims to remodel the host cell for the pathogen's benefit. In particular, this investigation emphasizes the essentiality of host organelle interception by intravacuolar pathogens to facilitate access to nutrients.
Minimal persistence control on dynamic directed graphs for multi-robot formation

Given a multi-robot system, in order to preserve its geometric shape in a formation, the minimal persistence control addresses questions: (1) what pairwise communication connections have to be prescribed to minimize communication channels, and (2) which orientations of communication links are to be placed between robots. In this paper, we propose a minimal persistence control problem on multi-robot systems with underlying graphs being directed and dynamically switching. We develop distributed algorithms based on the rank of the rigidity matrix and the pebble game method. The feasibility of the proposed methods is validated by simulations on the robotic simulator Webots and experiments on e-puck robot platform.
Immune-mediated β-cell death in type 1 diabetes: lessons from human β-cell lines

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, multifactorial disorder that results from a contretemps of genetic and environmental factors. Autoimmune attack and functional inhibition of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas lead to the inability of β cells to metabolize glucose, and thus results the hallmark clinical symptom of diabetes: abnormally high blood glucose levels. Treatment and protection from T1D require a detailed knowledge of the molecular effectors and the mechanism(s) of cell death leading to β-cell demise. Primary islets and surrogate β cells have been utilized in vitro to investigate in isolation-specific mechanisms associated with progression to T1D in vivo. This review focuses on the data obtained from these experiments. Studies using transformed β cells of human sources are described.
Strongly NP-hard discrete gate sizing problems

The discrete gate sizing problem has been studied by several researchers recently. Some complexity results have been obtained, and a number of heuristic algorithms have been proposed. For circuit networks that are restricted to the set of trees, or series-parallel graphs, pseudo-polynomial time algorithms to obtain the exact solution have also been proposed, through none can be extended to arbitrary DAGs (directed acyclic graphs). We prove that the problem is strongly NP-hard. Our results implies that for arbitrary DAGs there is no pseudo-polynomial time algorithm to obtain the exact solution unless P=NP. Our result also provides insight into the difficulties of the problem, and may lead to better heuristics. >
Comparison of Bag-Valve-Mask Hand-Sealing Techniques in a Simulated Model

Study objective Bag-valve-mask ventilation remains an essential component of airway management. Rescuers continue to use both traditional 1- or 2-handed mask-face sealing techniques, as well as a newer modified 2-handed technique. We compare the efficacy of 1-handed, 2-handed, and modified 2-handed bag-valve-mask technique. Methods In this prospective, crossover study, health care providers performed 1-handed, 2-handed, and modified 2-handed bag-valve-mask ventilation on a standardized ventilation model. Subjects performed each technique for 5 minutes, with 3 minutes' rest between techniques. The primary outcome was expired tidal volume, defined as percentage of total possible expired tidal volume during a 5-minute bout. A specialized inline monitor measured expired tidal volume. We compared 2-handed versus modified 2-handed and 2-handed versus 1-handed techniques. Results We enrolled 52 subjects: 28 (54%) men, 32 (62%) with greater than or equal to 5 actual emergency bag-valve-mask situations. Median expired tidal volume percentage for 1-handed technique was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17% to 51%); for 2-handed technique, 85% (95% CI 78% to 91%); and for modified 2-handed technique, 85% (95% CI 82% to 90%). Both 2-handed (median difference 47%; 95% CI 34% to 62%) and modified 2-handed technique (median difference 56%; 95% CI 29% to 65%) resulted in significantly higher median expired tidal volume percentages compared with 1-handed technique. The median expired tidal volume percentages between 2-handed and modified 2-handed techniques did not significantly differ from each other (median difference 0; 95% CI –2% to 2%). Conclusion In a simulated model, both 2-handed mask-face sealing techniques resulted in higher ventilatory tidal volumes than 1-handed technique. Tidal volumes from 2-handed and modified 2-handed techniques did not differ. Rescuers should perform bag-valve-mask ventilation with 2-handed techniques.
“Direct Democracy” and Social Justice: The Progressive Party Campaign of 1912

During the 1992 presidential contest, the press and pundits alike characterized the challenge posed by H. Ross Perot and the political organization he created, United We Stand America, as the most significant assault on the two-party system since Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Campaign. In one sense, this comparison is more penetrating than these observers imagined, for the impressive showing of Perot was emblematic of the candidate-centered, plebiscitary electoral politics that Roosevelt and the Progressive party championed in 1912. Given that Perot ran without partisan attachments and refused to cede authority to the rank and file of a new reform movement, however, the allusion has proven to be as ephemeral as the public opinion polls it relies on. The Progressive party was born during the 1912 election as more than an aegis for Roosevelt's ample desire for power; it embodied the aspirations of reformers whose quest for a vehicle of political, social, and industrial transformation was at least a dozen years old.
Applying Cultural Ergonomics/Human Factors to Safety Information Research

Cultural ergonomics/human factors (CE/HF) is an approach that considers situation- and trait-based variations among cultures. Several trait and environmental factors that vary by culture have been ...
Feldspar Diagenesis in Neogene Sediments, Northern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Alteration of feldspars in the youngest of the Gulf Coast Cenozoic sands and sandstones is dominated by dissolution and albitization. Volumetrically significant amounts of alteration are only observed below burial depths of about 4.5 km in sands of Pliocene and Miocene age. Only trivial amounts of plagioclase dissolution were observed in Pleistocene units. In general, plagioclase exhibits minor amounts of secondary dissolution at all depths, and greater amounts in the deepest samples. Potassium feldspar is subject to very little dissolution to depths of about 3.5 km; by 4.5 km K-feldspar removal is virtually complete. Albitization affects only plagioclase and appears to be operative, in these sediments, over temperatures of 110°C-140°C. Compared to older Cenozoic units elsewhere around the Gulf of Mexico feldspar dissolution and albitization in Neogene sands have advanced to a lesser degree, at least in the sense that they affect a smaller proportion of the total section. Comparison of pre-alteration feldspar composition, temperatures of alteration, and geothermal gradients for Gulf Coast sandstones of different ages suggests that the main controls on feldspar alteration are temperature, pre-alteration plagioclase composition, and possibly the amount of fluid flow. Time per se seems to be a factor of negligible importance, at least over time spans greater than 106 yr. Thus, the lesser volume of Neogene sand affected by feldspar dissolution and albitization can be attributed primarily to the lower geotherma gradients of the northern Gulf. End_of_Article - Last_Page 288------------
The real-time sorting of neuro-electric action potentials in multiple unit studies

Abstract Description of a method by which action potentials recorded simultaneously can be sorted in a moderate size machine in real-time and on-line.
Long-term ERG analysis in the partially light-damaged mouse retina reveals regressive and compensatory changes

Most of the blinding retinopathies are due to progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Treatment paradigms that are currently being investigated include strategies to either halt or slow down photoreceptor cell loss, or to replace useful vision with retinal prosthesis. However, more information is required on the pathophysiological changes of the diseased retina, in particular the inner retina, that occur as a consequence of photoreceptor cell loss. Here we wished to use light damage as a stoppable insult to determine the structural and functional consequences on inner and outer retina, with the overall goal of determining whether survival of a functional inner retina is possible even if the outer retina is damaged. Mice were exposed to a 20-day light-damage period. Electroretinograms (ERG) and morphology were used to assess subsequent recovery. Outer retina was monitored analyzing a-waves, which represent photoreceptor cell responses, and histology. Integrity of the inner retina was monitored, analyzing b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OP1-OP4) and immunohistochemical markers for known proteins of the inner retina. All six ERG components were significantly suppressed with respect to amplitudes and kinetics, but stabilized in a wave-dependent manner within 40-70 days after the end of light exposure. As expected, damage of the outer retina was permanent. However, function of the inner retina was found to recover significantly. While b-wave amplitudes remained suppressed to 60% of their baseline values, OP amplitudes recovered completely, and implicit times of all components of the inner retina (b-wave and OP1-OP4) recovered to a level close to baseline values. Histological analyses confirmed the lack of permanent damage to the inner retina. In summary, these data suggests that the inner retina has the potential for significant recovery as well as plasticity if treatment is available to stop the deterioration of the outer retina.
Management of jaw injuries in the american civil war: the diuturnity of bean in the South, gunning in the north.

James Baxter Bean published a series of articles in the Southern Dental Examiner in 1862 describing his work with “plaster and its manipulations.” This early experience included a new way of managing jaw fractures, with customized splints uniquely based on pretraumatic occlusion. Bean's oral splints and their method of construction, using an articulator, became the standard of care in the Atlanta region during the American Civil War and, by 1864, throughout The Confederacy. In short course, Bean's approach also swept The Union, following in large part the efforts of a colleague in the North, T.B. Gunning. Thus, what began in the early 1860s in a dental laboratory in the southeast swept the continental United States and revolutionized management of jaw-fractures during, and immediately after, the American Civil War.
Balloon Angioplasty in Tibioperoneal Interventions for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia

Tibial arterial disease represents the final frontier in the battle against critical limb ischemia (CLI). Isolated infrapopliteal (IP) disease is mainly seen in the elderly (>80 years old), diabetic, and dialysis-dependent patients with CLI. With the development and evolution of catheter-based technology, endovascular therapy (mainly balloon angioplasty) has become the method of choice for revascularization in these patients. The most common challenges are the severely calcified lesion recalcitrant to dilation (as calcium is heterogeneously distributed in the arterial wall) and the long tibial chronic total occlusions. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty achieves a technically successful result (
Intervention and Intransitivity: Public Opinion, Social Choice, and the Use of Military Force Abroad

This article argues that the problems identified in the literature on public choice should critically affect our research on public opinion and our understanding of the impact of public opinion on foreign policy. While a robust literature has emerged around social choice issues in political science, there has been remarkably little appreciation for these problems in the literature on public opinion in general and on public opinion and foreign policy in particular. The potential importance of social choice problems for understanding the nature and role of public opinion in foreign policy making is demonstrated through an examination of American public attitudes about military intervention abroad. In particular, drawing on several common descriptions of the underlying dimensionality of public attitudes on major foreign policy issues, it is shown that there may be important intransitivities in the ordering of public preferences at the aggregate level on policy choices such as those considered by American decision makers in the period leading up to the Gulf War. Without new approaches to public-opinion polling that take these problems into consideration, it will be difficult to make credible claims about the role of public opinion in theforeignpolicy process.
Erratum to: Assessment of alkali–silica reaction damage through quantification of concrete nonlinearity

An error in this manuscript was not addressed prior to electronic publication. While this error does not contribute in any way to the measurements or interpretation of concrete nonlinearity described, we felt a duty to correct the error to avoid introducing additional ambiguity in the identification of aggregate reactivity through the interpretation of expansion derived through standard concrete prism test methods. In the Introduction, on the second page of the manuscript, the application of rounding for the 0.04 % expansion limit used for ASTM C1293 and the 0.040 % expansion used for CSA A23.2-14A was explained incorrectly and should read instead:
Standards-based public wireless LAN access and roaming

Deployment of public wireless local area network hotspots is growing rapidly around the globe. While the outlook for these networks appears promising, there are several issues that need to be resolved before they can become viable as effective global solutions for wireless data connectivity. This paper describes some of the steps that are being taken within the industry to standardize wireless network authentication, billing, and roaming
Impact of the 2011 ACGME resident duty hour reform on hospital patient experience and processes-of-care

Introduction In 2011, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) expanded restrictions on resident duty hours. While studies have shown no association between these restrictions and improved outcomes, process-of-care and patient experience measures may be more sensitive to resident performance, and thus may be impacted by duty hour policies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the 2011 resident duty hour reform and measures of processes-of-care and patient experience. Methods Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey data and process-of-care scores were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare website for 1 year prior to (1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011) and 1 year after (1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012) duty hour reform implementation. Using a difference-in-differences model, non-teaching and teaching hospitals were compared before and after the 2011 reform to test the association of this policy with changes in process-of-care and patient experience measure scores. Results Duty hour reform was not associated with a change in the five patient experience measures evaluated, including patients rating a hospital 9 or 10 (coefficient −0.003, 95% CI −0.79 to 0.79) or stating they would ‘definitely recommend’ a hospital (coefficient −0.28, 95% CI −1.01 to 0.44). For all 10 process-of-care measures examined, such as antibiotic timing (coefficient −0.462, 95% CI −1.502 to 0.579) and discontinuation (0.188, 95% CI −0.529 to 0.904), duty hour reform was not associated with a change in scores. Conclusions The 2011 ACGME duty hour reform was not associated with improvements in process-of-care and patient experience measures. These data should be considered when considering reform of resident duty hour policies.
Traumatic Brain Injury in United States Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Hispanic Veterans—A Review Using the PRISMA Method

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly defined by Menon et al. as an “alteration of the brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force.” TBI can be caused by penetrating trauma to the head in which the magnitude of the injury is dependent on the magnitude of the forces that are applied to the head. The consequences of TBI can range from minimal to severe disability and even death. The major objectives of this systematic review are to survey the current literature on Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Hispanic veterans with TBI. To complete this analysis, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis (PRISMA) identified 875 articles in common and retrieved a total of 34 articles that met the inclusion criteria, consisted of OEF/OIF Hispanic veterans, reported quantitative data, and were conducted with adult U.S. veterans living in the United States. Since TBI diagnosis was unclear in most articles, only five articles that used the VATBIST instrument were analyzed. The results suggested that there is a lack of research on OEF/OIF Hispanic veterans and Hispanic subgroups. Future studies need to be conducted to consider minority groups while analyzing data involving TBI.
The Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington: Its Archival Program

BRIEF announcement in the National Jewish Ledger of May 14, 1965 that Dr. G. F. J. Bergman would speak on May 18 at Tifereth Israel Congregation on the Australian Jewish Community stimulated my interest in the lecture's sponsor, the Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington (jhsgw). At the lecture, I met some of the members, from whom I learned that the jhsgw was affiliated with the Jewish Community Council of Greater Washington and was the local chapter of the American Jewish Historical Society (ajhs). This lecture was typical of meetings held throughout the year. The local society had no publication of its own at that time ; it is now issuing The Record twice a year. That evening, I became a member of both historical societies. Robert Shosteck, one of the founders of the jhsgw, described it as "typical of a small local society which endeavors in a small measure to serve archival functions. " Mr. Shosteck told me that there is no legal provision for chapters or local affiliates in the constitution of the national society. The local society works closely with, and many of its members belong to, the ajhs. Although Isidore S. Meyer, editor of the American Jewish Historical Quarterly, refers to us as an affiliate and others look upon our group as an independent body, the aims and purposes of both national and local societies are the same to encourage research and publication in Jewish history. At almost every meeting of our society some distinguished speaker local, national, or international has given a lecture on some phase of that history.
EVOLUTION OF THE HORNED DINOSAURS

The horned dinosaurs or ceratopsians are of particular interest to the student of evolution for various reasons. In the first place these dinosaurs are restricted geologically. They were the last of the dinosaurs, appearing at a late stage in the Mesozoic-Era and going through the entire range of their phylogenetic history in a relatively short space of geologic tiiye. It is therefore obvious that evolution in the horned dinosaurs was comparatively rapid. Secondly, these dinosaurs are restricted geographically. Except for the ancestral forms which occur in Mongolia, the horned dinosaurs are, practically speaking, limited to the continent of North America. Therefore at the present time the horned dinosaurs may be considered as a group of north Asiatic origin and of North American development. In the third place, the horned dinosaurs show a consistent and rather limited pattern of morphological evolution, as might be expected in a group of such restricted geologic limits and geographic distribution. In the light of these facts, how is the evolution of the horned dinosaurs to be interpreted? What conclusions can be drawn from the evidence of the fossils and of their occurrence? Before becoming involved in a detailed consideration and discussion of the problem before us it may be useful to review briefly at this place the classification of the ceratopsians, and in addition our knowledge of their geographic distribution and geologic occurrences.
Antitubercular activity of triterpenoids from Lippia turbinata.

Assay-guided fractionation of the antitubercular MeOH−CH2Cl2 extract obtained from Lippia turbinata led to the isolation of four novel triterpenoids3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-oyloxy)olean-12-ene-28-oic acid (1); 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (2); 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-tigloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (3); and 3β,25-epoxy-3α-hydroxy-22β-(2-methylbutan-1-oyloxy)olean-12-ene-28-oic acid (4)together with the known triterpenoids lantanilic acid (5), camaric acid (6), lantanolic acid (7), and rehmannic acid (8). The MIC values of 1−8 for growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were determined in the radiorespirometric BACTEC system.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging through scattering media

We demonstrate three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging behind a scattering material by scanning an absorbing object through an optimized focus. We optimize the wavefront to create a focus using the photoacoustic effect as feedback.
Ranking diagnostic protocols--a proposed process based on use of the nine-cell diagnostic decision matrix.

A process for ranking competing diagnostic protocols for a specific, disease is presented. The process incorporates the basic principles of medical decision making, and provides for the consideration of equivocal test results as well as results for patients who have ill-defined or incompletely defined disease. It provides a means for developing an a priori optimization process prior to ranking competing diagnostic algorithms. Methods for transferring ranking information among populations with widely differing disease prevalences are given.
PRIMARY SUBTALAR ARTHRODESIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF COMMINUTED CALCANEAL FRACTURES

We retrospectively evaluated the results of primary subtalar arthrodesis for the treatment of severely comminuted calcaneal fractures. Of 108 patients with 112 calcaneal fractures treated at our institution between 1989 and 1992, 16 (15%) underwent primary subtalar arthrodesis through an extensile lateral approach. The calcaneal height and width were restored with standard fixation techniques and then arthrodesis was performed with bone graft and fixation by 7.0-mm cannulated cancellous screws. Fourteen patients (12 males and 2 females; mean age, 40 years) were available for examination at a mean time of 26 months (range, 12-54 months) after surgery. Arthrodesis, evidenced by radiographic bony bridging across the arthrodesis site, was present in all patients between 8 and 12 weeks. Minor wound complications occurred in three patients. Of the 12 patients employed before the injury, 11 returned to their original occupations at a mean time of 8.8 months after injury (range, 1 month to 3 years). The mean AOFAS 100-point clinical rating scale score, evaluating pain, function, and alignment, was 72.4 points (range, 48-88 points). We conclude that primary subtalar arthrodesis is indicated as part of the management of comminuted displaced articular calcaneal fractures, yielding results that allowed 11 of 12 formerly employed patients to return to work.
Making Decisions About Forestland Succession: Perspectives from Pennsylvania's Private Forest Landowners

ABSTRACTDecision-making processes that private forest landowners (PFLs) engage when planning for their forestland’s future are not well understood. The forest ecosystem and the people who depend on its services face several critical challenges, including how to sustainably manage an increasingly parcelized forest. The Theory of Planned Behavior has been used to illuminate connections among constructs informing PFL behavior, but fails to adequately capture the complexities of forest owners’ lived experiences and how those inform behaviors. In-depth interviews provide a deeper understanding of how Pennsylvania PFLs make decisions concerning ownership succession. We approached those who recently subdivided, sold/donated conservation easements, or had not committed to any plan and asked them to tell us about their planning experiences. Relationships among family members and the quality of their communication about the land and succession emerged as important factors in the planning process. Implications for t...
Comorbidity and diagnosis of ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), once considered to be a childhood disorder, is diagnosed in ~7 million adults in the United States, as reported by The National Comorbidity Study. Although it is now recognized that ADHD often persists into adulthood, the current diagnostic criteria is geared toward symptom identification in children. Symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity evolve over the life cycle and present differently in adults. Further complicating diagnosis is that ADHD is associated with multiple functional impairments and comorbid psychiatric disorders. The Multi-Modal Treatment Study of ADHD reported that only 32% of the study population had ADHD alone; 29% had ADHD plus oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder, 14% had ADHD plus anxiety or depression, and 25% had all three disorders. Optimal treatment utilizes a multi-modal approach including behavioral treatments combined with pharmacologic treatment strategies. Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for ADHD include the stimulants and nonstimulants, although tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion are also commonly used. In this monograph, Craig L. Donnelly, MD, reviews the history of ADHD and discusses the pathophysiologic progression of childhood symptoms into those commonly exhibited by adults. Next, Frederick W. Reimherr, MD, reviews comorbidity of ADHD and describes the Utah Criteria as a method of diagnosing adults through recollection of childhood problems. Finally, Joel L. Young, MD, reviews treatment approaches to adult ADHD and its comorbid conditions.
A First Look at LISP

This chapter begins with a sketch of the origins of LISP. The second part of the chapter introduces the most basic and important features of the language. This includes LISP data, LISP terms, and examples of typical LISP-listener responses to the terms.