cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scalable Application-Specific Processor Synthesis Methodology

Custom processors based on application-specific or domain-specific instruction sets are gaining popularity, and are often used to implement critical architectural blocks in complex system-on-chips. While several advances have been made in custom processor architectures, tools, and design methodologies, designers are still required to manually perform some critical tasks, such as selection of the custom instructions best suited to the given application and design constraints. We present a scalable methodology for the synthesis of a custom processor from an embedded software program. A key feature of the proposed methodology is its scalability, which is achieved by exploiting the structured, hierarchical nature of large software programs. We motivate the need for such a methodology, and describe the algorithms used for the critical steps, including hardware resource budgeting, local optimizations, and global exploration. Our methodology utilizes the concept of "soft" instruction templates, which can be adapted by adding operations to them or deleting operations from them at any time during the design space exploration process, allowing for global design decisions to be interleaved with fine-grained optimizations. We have integrated our methodology in an open source compiler, and verified it using a commercial extensible processor. Experiments with several benchmarks indicate that our methodology can effectively tackle large programs. It resulted in the synthesis of high-quality custom processors that demonstrated an average speedup of 2.61X and a maximum speedup of 6.32X. The CPU times required for custom processor synthesis were quite small, indicating that the proposed techniques can be applied to embedded software programs of significant complexity.
Effect of interface deformability on thermocapillary motion of a drop in a tube

The effect of an externally imposed axial temperature gradient on the mobility and deformation of a drop in an otherwise stagnant liquid within an insulated cylindrical tube is investigated. In the absence of bulk transport of momentum and energy, the boundary integral technique is used to obtain the flow and temperature fields inside and outside the deformable drop. The steady drop shapes and the corresponding migration velocities are examined over a wide range of the dimensionless parameters. The steady drop shape is nearly spherical for dimensionless drop sizes <0.5, but becomes slightly elongated in the axial direction for drop sizes comparable to tube diameter. The adverse effect of drop deformation on the effective temperature gradient driving the motion is slightly more pronounced than its favorable effect of reducing drag, thereby leading to a slight reduction in drop mobility with increasing drop deformation. Increasing the viscosity ratio reduces drop deformation and leads to a slight enhancement in the relative mobility (with respect to free thermocapillary motion) of confined drops. When the drop fluid has a lower thermal conductivity than the exterior phase, the presence of the thermally-insulating wall increases the thermal driving force for drop motion (compared to that for the same drop in unbounded domain) by causing more pronounced bending of the isotherms toward the drop. However, the favorable thermal effect of the confining wall is overwhelmed by its retarding hydrodynamic effect, causing the confined drop to always move slower than its unbounded counterpart regardless of the value of the thermal conductivity ratio.
Issues in the Detection of Those Suffering Adverse Effects in Hypnosis Training Workshops

Enhancing safety in hypnosis workshops is an issue of significant concern in the progress and promulgation of hypnosis as a facilitator of treatment. In general, hypnosis is a safe modality, but occasional adverse effects are encountered in its use in clinical, research, and professional workshop settings. To develop and implement modifications designed to reduce the number and/or severity of such unfortunate incidents in workshop settings, it is necessary to establish an awareness of the nature and implications of these adverse events. This article describes 9 categories of problem presentations known to have been generated in workshop settings. It also discusses a particular constellation of factors that—without imputing blame to either faculty or to workshop participants—creates powerful forces that minimize the likelihood that adverse effects will either be recognized by faculty or reported by workshop participants.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of reserve-protein synthesis in developing Phaseolus vulgaris cotyledons

Cytyledons of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were incubated with radioactive amino acids at different stages of seed development. The proteins were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, sucrose gradients, and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. From 16 to 28 d after flowering about 40% of the incorporated radioactivity was associated with the polypeptides of vicilin and 10% with those of phytohemagglutinin.
Insulin-like Growth Factors Regulate Neuronal Differentiation and Survival

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II are potent trophic factors for motor and sensory neurons and glial cells. The actions of IGF-I and IGF-II are mediated via the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). IGF:IGF-IR binding activates distinct signaling cascades, which in turn mediate the trophic effects of the IGFs. We discuss three main IGF coupled events: growth cone motility, long-term neurite outgrowth, and neuroprotection. Our data suggest that IGF-I enhances growth cone motility by promoting reorganization of actin and activation of focal adhesion proteins via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) pathway. Long-term treatment with IGF-I activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and promotes neurite outgrowth. A separable, but likely linked, action of the IGFs via PI-3K is protection of neurons from apoptosis. These pleotrophic effects of IGFs suggest that this family of growth factors may have potential clinical utility in the treatment of neurological disorders.
Evaluation and Strategies to Improve Fermentation Characteristics of Modified Dry-Grind Corn Processes

ABSTRACT New corn fractionation technologies that produce higher value coproducts from dry-grind processing have been developed. Wet fractionation technologies involve a short soaking of corn followed by milling to recover germ and pericarp fiber in an aqueous medium before fermentation of degermed defibered slurry. In dry fractionation technologies, a dry degerm defiber (3D) process (similar to conventional corn dry-milling) is used to separate germ and pericarp fiber before fermentation of the endosperm fraction. The effect of dry and wet fractionation technologies on the fermentation rates and ethanol yields were studied and compared with the conventional dry-grind process. The wet process had the highest fermentation rate. The endosperm fraction obtained from 3D process had lowest fermentation rate and highest residual sugars at the end of fermentation. Strategies to improve the fermentation characteristics of endosperm fraction from 3D process were evaluated using two saccharification and fermentatio...
Finite element elastic-plastic-creep and cyclic life analysis of a cowl lip

Results are presented of elastic, elastic-plastic, and elastic-plastic-creep analyses of a test-rig component of an actively cooled cowl lip. A cowl lip is part of the leading edge of an engine inlet of proposed hypersonic aircraft and is subject to severe thermal loadings and gradients during flight. Values of stresses calculated by elastic analysis are well above the yield strength of the cowl lip material. Such values are highly unrealistic, and thus elastic stress analyses are inappropriate. The inelastic (elastic-plastic and elastic-plastic-creep) analyses produce more reasonable and acceptable stress and strain distributions in the component. Finally, using the results from these analyses, predictions are made for the cyclic crack initiation life of a cowl lip. A comparison of predicted cyclic lives shows the cyclic life prediction from the elastic-plastic-creep analysis to be the lowest and, hence, most realistic.
Self-administration of cocaine and remifentanil by monkeys under concurrent-access conditions.

Rationale Cocaine and opioids are often co-abused. Laboratory research has focused largely on the reinforcing effects of mixtures of drugs relative to the drugs alone. Less research has examined drug mixing by the subject under concurrent-access conditions.
Detection, quantification, and significance of basic fibroblast growth factor in the aqueous humor of man, cat, dog and pig.

By using a highly specific and sensitive heterologous radioimmunoassay, we determined the content of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in fresh samples of aqueous humor obtained from human (n = 18), feline (n = 8), canine (n = 12), and porcine (n = 10) eyes by paracentesis. The content of bFGF in human aqueous humor ranged from 0.480 to 1.44 ng ml-1 (mean +/- S.D. = 1.074 +/- 0.297 ng ml-1); in feline samples, from 0.672 to 1.152 ng ml-1 (1.016 +/- 0.158 ng ml-1); in canine samples, from 0.640 to 1.232 ng ml-1 (1.026 +/- 0.171 ng ml-1); and in porcine samples, from 0.627 to 0.957 ng ml-1 (0.728 +/- 0.115 ng ml-1). These values were confirmed by means of a dot/slot-blot technique. For all species, the aqueous samples had normal protein levels that ranged from 5 to 19 mg dl-1. There was no correlation of the content of bFGF with the level of protein or with age of the human subjects. The similarity in the concentrations of bFGF in the aqueous humor as well as the stability of the blood-aqueous barriers of all four species indicate that cats, dogs, and pigs can serve as suitable animal models for the study of the role of bFGF in health and disease. We suggest the possible involvement of bFGF in the pathogenesis of anterior-segment disorders, such as neovascular glaucoma, and in the wound-healing response of limbal tissues after glaucoma filtration surgery.
Etching of hornblende grains in Arctic soils: An indicator of relative age and paleoclimate

Abstract The degree of etching of hornblende grains in soils is defined as the mean depth of maximum etching on 100 grains per sample and is a function of: (1) the depth in the profile; (2) the age of the deposit on which the soil is formed; and (3) the climate since deposition. In soils formed on moraines in the eastern Canadian Arctic, etching decreases logarithmically with increasing depth in the profile, and the rate of etching at a given depth decreases logarithmically with increasing age. The most important climatic parameter with respect to etching appears to be the effective precipitation. Equally important in terms of soil moisture regimen is the presence of unfrozen water. Both affect the rate of etching as a function of depth and age. The inferred climate of northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, preceding, during, and following the last (Foxe) glaciation, is indicated by the degree of etching of hornblende grains in soil profiles of various ages as follows: pre-Foxe—warm/wet; early to middle Foxe—mild/moist; middle to late Foxe—cold/arid; Hypsithermal—mild/moist; Neoglacial—cool/dry.
SOME ALLOPHONES CAN BE IMPORTANT

Phonetics deals with "overt speech-behavior If. Phonemics deals with "categories" of speech-behavior in language.1 Not all forms of speech-behavior occur in all languages. Some occur in certain languages but not in others. Within each language some different speech acts are used contrastively to differentiate meaning; these differences are phonemic or distinctive. Some differences between speech acts do not differentiate meanings; these differences are phonetic or allophonic, that is, nondistinctive. The inventory of phonemes in every language is exhaustive. Phonetic differences, on the other hand, are inexhaustive. Between the level of phonetic difference and that of phonemic difference, there is that of allophonic difference. Phonetic differences account for all the different speech acts in a language. For example, the different amounts of friction in / s / as in the word cease. Allophonic differences account for the types of phonetic differences of a designated phoneme according to the environments in which they occur. For example, the different varieties of stops of each of the three voiceless stops in English. The voiceless stops can occur with aspiration as in p i l l , t i l l , and k i l l . They may occur unaspirated or with minimal aspiration2 as in s p i l l , s t i l l , and s k i l l . They may occuraspirated, unaspirated, or unreleased as in l ip , l i t , and l i c k . Al l these differences are phonetic. But the aspirated, unaspirated, and unreleased stops in p i l l , s p i l l , and l i p are assigned to /p/ . They are allophones of /p/. The aspirated, unaspirated, and unreleased stops in t i l l , s t i l l , and l i t are assigned to /t/. They are allophones of /t/. The aspirated, unaspirated, and mre-
Simulation of coupling between chemical reactions and ion transport in brown adipose tissue using network thermodynamics.

Abstract Several cellular events associated with energy turnover in the mitochondria and at the Na + /K + plasma membrane pump have been formulated in terms of network thermodynamics. The calorigenic role of the Na + /K + pump is examined in terms of the relationship between the movement of sodium and potassium ions and the chemical reactions involved. In addition, attention is centered on the potential thermogenic role of three mitochondrial pathways involving proton fluxes - namely, one in which protons are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space; a second in which protons are transferred back into the matrix in conjunction with the synthesis of ATP; and a third wherein protons re-enter the matrix without being coupled to any chemical reaction. (This latter pathway has been delineated by studies on isolated mitochondria and may be unique to brown fat.) At both sites (plasma membrane and mitochondria) the conversion of chemical energy to heat is considered.
Acoustic startle reactions, activity, and background noise intensity, before and after lesions of medial cortex in the rat

Acoustic startle reactivity and stabilimetric activity at five background noise levels, from 30 to 90 dB (SPL), were assessed in five rats. A typical biphasic function for the startle reflex resulted as amplitudes first increased with more intense noise levels to an optimal value and then declined. Activity was an increasing linear function of background noise level. The midline cortex was then ablated from the frontal poles to the level of the crossing of the anterior commissures. In a posttest, overall startle reactivity was increased but the biphasic reflex function was maintained. Activity measures did not change. Evidently, frontal midline cortex is not a necessary part of the forebrain system subserving the arousing consequence of background noise level.
The effect of germanium on the Co-SiGe thin-film reaction.

Ge Co Germanium was found to have a strong influence on the path and products of the Co-SiGe reaction, and on the interfacial stability and crystallographic orientation of the silicide film. The segregation of Ge that occurs during the reaction of blanket Co films with SiGe results in thickness effects not present in the reaction of Co with Si. The thickness effect was modelled in terms of the energy cost of Ge segregation, and good agreement with experimental results was obtained. In s i tu EXAFS experiments on sub-monolayer Co films annealed on SiGe substrates indicate a strong preference for the formation of Co-Si bonds at the silicide-SiGe interface. The implications of these results for the stability of the interface and the epitaxial orientation of co-deposited cobalt disilicide (CoSi2) films will be discussed.
Reentrant magnetic behavior in fcc Co-Cu alloys.

Crystalline ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ alloys, which cannot be obtained by equilibrium methods, have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The magnetic properties of the alloys, whose structure remains single-phase fcc up to x=0.80, is studied over the entire range of compositions. As in the case of other random magnetic systems such as Fe-Au, the metastable alloy is seen to evolve from a spin glass at low Co concentrations to a reentrant spin glass with evidence for both ferromagnetic and spin-glass ordering, and finally to a ferromagnet for xg0.40. A magnetic phase diagram for fcc Co-Cu is proposed.
Dynamic Ligand Exchange in Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase (sGC) IMPLICATIONS FOR sGC REGULATION AND DESENSITIZATION

Accumulating evidence indicates that the functional properties of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) are affected not only by the binding of NO but also by the NO:sGC ratio and a number of cellular factors, including GTP. In this study, we monitored the time-resolved transformations of sGC and sGC-NO complexes generated with stoichiometric or excess NO in the presence and absence of GTP. We demonstrate that the initial five-coordinate sGC-NO complex is highly activated by stoichiometric NO but is unstable and transforms into a five-coordinate sGC-2 state. This sGC-2 rebinds NO to form a low activity sGC-NO complex. The stability of the initial complex is greatly enhanced by GTP binding, binding of an additional NO molecule, or substitution of βHis-107. We propose that the transient nature of the sGC-NO complex, the formation of a desensitized sGC-2 state, and its transformation into a low activity sGC-NO adduct require βHis-107. We conclude that conformational changes leading to sGC desensitization may be prevented by GTP binding to the catalytic site or by binding of an additional NO molecule to the proximal side of the heme. The implications of these observations for cellular NO/cGMP signaling and the process of rapid desensitization of sGC are discussed in the context of the proposed model of sGC/NO interactions and dynamic transformations.
A cytoplasmic inhibitor of the JNK signal transduction pathway

The c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the stress-activated group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that are implicated in the control of cell growth. A murine cytoplasmic protein that binds specifically to JNK [the JNK interacting protein-1 (JIP-1)] was characterized and cloned. JIP-1 caused cytoplasmic retention of JNK and inhibition of JNK-regulated gene expression. In addition, JIP-1 suppressed the effects of the JNK signaling pathway on cellular proliferation, including transformation by the Bcr-Abl oncogene. This analysis identifies JIP-1 as a specific inhibitor of the JNK signal transduction pathway and establishes protein targeting as a mechanism that regulates signaling by stress-activated MAP kinases.
Uniform boundedness and convergence of solutions to the systems with cross-diffusions dominated by self-diffusions

Abstract Uniform boundedness and convergence of global solutions are proved for quasilinear parabolic systems with cross-diffusions dominated by self-diffusions in population dynamics. Gagliardo–Nirenberg-type inequalities are used in the estimates of solutions in order to establish W 2 1 -bounds uniform in time. In each step of estimates the contribution of the diffusion coefficients is emphasized, and it is concluded that the uniform bound remains independent of the growth of the diffusion coefficient in the system. Hence, convergence of solutions is established for systems with large diffusion coefficients.
Effect of Annealing Environment on the Crack Healing and Mechanical Behavior of Silicon Carbide-Reinforced Alumina Nanocomposites

The crack healing and strength behavior of an alumina-silicon carbide (Al2O3-SiC) nanocomposite (Al2O3+ 5 vol% 0.2 μm SiC particles) has been studied, as a function of the crack size and the annealing environment. Results show that annealing treatments can significantly increase the indentation strength. The annealing atmosphere has a profound influence on the extent of crack healing and the degree of strength recovery. Annealing in argon results in a strength increase of 50%, whereas annealing in air yields a three-fold improvement in the indentation strength. Scanning electron microscopic observation has shown that healing of indentation cracks occurs in both environments, with the greater degree of healing occurring during annealing in air. Implications of the findings to the strengthening mechanism in Al2O3 (SiC) nanocomposites will be discussed.
Renal tubular transport and catabolism of proteins and peptides

The kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of proteins and peptides. Current evidence indicates that only the proximal tubule possesses the mechanism for degradation or transport of these substances and reabsorption of metabolic products. Proteins and large polypeptides filtered at the glomerulus are absorbed from proximal tubular fluid by luminal endocytosis into apical vacuoles. These fuse with primary lysosomes, where hydrolysis occurs followed by diffusion of metabolites out of the cells and into the blood. Recent evidence indicates that small linear peptides are handled by a different mechanism. It is likely that small peptides are degraded at the luminal surface of the brush border of proximal tubules, which contains many hydrolytic enzymes, by the process of membrane or contact digestion with reabsorption of the breakdown products. The probable biological significance of proximal tubular mechanisms for handling of proteins and peptides are conservation of amino acids, inactivation of toxic substances, and participation in the regulation of the circulating level of protein and peptide hormones.
Steady-state space charge blowup and recovery of intense ion beams☆

Abstract Systems for ion beam blowup and direct recovery are considered, including the effect of electrons in the recovery region. The effect of these electrons is to reduce the space charge limitation of the decelerated beam current and to increase the efficiency of direct recovery. The use of multiple stage recovery devices with magnetic blocking of plasma coupling is proposed to increase the potential recovery of 50 A, 200 kV, 15 cm dia. D + beams from about 5%, as predicted without these plasma electrons, to about 70%.
Effects of polyoxin AL on cellular development inWangiella dermatitidis

Abstract The formulation polyoxin AL (PAL), as well as the chitin synthesis inhibitors polyoxins B and D, enhanced the lethality of the temperature-sensitive mutation leading to multicellularity in the Mc3 mutant strain ofWangiella dermatitidis. The basis for this enhancement was studied by comparing the viability, morphology, and ultrastructure of Mc3 and its wild-type (wt) parent cultured at the permissive (25°C) and restrictive (37°C) temperatures in the presence of PAL. Exposure of wt yeasts cultured at 25 or 37°C, or of Mc3 cultured at 25°C, to PAL for 12 h induced chain cell formation by inhibiting yeast cell separation. Septa between chain cells were often aberrant and did not bind fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A, even though this lectin was strongly bound to septa in yeasts grown in the absence of PAL. Exposure of Mc3 to PAL at 37°C inhibited the formation of multicellular forms, reversed the ability of developing multicellular forms to bind the fluorescent brightener Calcofluor, prevented the increase in chitin content associated with multicellular-form development, and appeared to promote lysis. The results indicated that polyoxins perturbed chitin biosynthesis inW. dermatitidis and that this interrupted normal yeast reproductive growth by altering septum formation and interfered with yeast-to-multicellular-form conversion by destabilizing cell-wall integrity.
Coupled Structure and Radiation Analysis of Acetylene/Air Flames

A coupled radiation-structure analysis of turbulent, non-premixed, strongly radiating acetylene/air flames is described. The analysis extends the laminar flamelet concept to include the effects of local radiative heat loss/gain. A new method for the calculation of the radiative source term is presented. New measurements of mean and fluctuating emission temperatures and radiation intensities, and previous data concerning flame structure are used to evaluate the predictions. Results show good agreement between measurements and predictions of flame structure similar to past uncoupled calculations. The mean emission temperatures and the mean visible radiation intensities are substantially underpredicted by the uncoupled analysis. The coupled calculations provide reasonable estimates of both quantities.
Lgr5+ cells regenerate hair cells via proliferation and direct transdifferentiation in damaged neonatal mouse utricle

Recruitment of endogenous progenitors is critical during tissue repair. The inner ear utricle requires mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) to detect linear acceleration. After damage, non-mammalian utricles regenerate HCs via both proliferation and direct transdifferentiation. In adult mammals, limited transdifferentiation from unidentified progenitors occurs to regenerate extrastriolar Type II HCs. Here we show that HC damage in neonatal mouse utricle activates the Wnt target gene Lgr5 in striolar supporting cells. Lineage tracing and time-lapse microscopy reveal that Lgr5+ cells transdifferentiate into HC-like cells in vitro. In contrast to adults, HC ablation in neonatal utricles in vivo recruits Lgr5+ cells to regenerate striolar HCs through mitotic and transdifferentiation pathways. Both Type I and II HCs are regenerated, and regenerated HCs display stereocilia and synapses. Lastly, stabilized s-catenin in Lgr5+ cells enhances mitotic activity and HC regeneration. Thus Lgr5 marks Wnt-regulated, damage-activated HC progenitors and may help uncover factors driving mammalian HC regeneration.
Future anhedonia and time discounting

The temporal location of an event influences the way people mentally represent that event. We suggest (a) that such representational differences can produce an affective forecasting error that we call future anhedonia, which is the belief that hedonic states will be less intense in the future than in the present, and (b) that future anhedonia plays a role in time discounting (i.e., the tendency to place a smaller present value on present events than on future events). Experiments 1a and 1b demonstrated that people are prone to future anhedonia, Experiments 2a and 2b ruled out artifactual alternatives, and Experiments 3a and 3b demonstrated that future anhedonia plays a role in time discounting. These studies suggest that one reason why people prefer to enjoy benefits in the present and pay costs in the future is that they do not realize how they will feel when those costs and benefits are actually experienced.
Exploiting bacterial iron acquisition: siderophore conjugates

Siderophores are chelators synthesized by bacteria and fungi to sequester iron, which is essential for virulence and pathogenicity. Since the process involves active transport, which is highly regulated, remarkably efficient and often microbially selective, it has been exploited as a Trojan Horse method for development of microbe-selective antibiotics. Siderophores also have significant potential for the development of imaging contrast agents and diagnostics for pathogen-selective detection. These promising results demonstrate the versatility of natural and synthetic microbial iron chelators and their potential therapeutic applications.
Quantum ergodicity and the wigner distribution

Abstract A quantum ergodic analysis is developed based on comparison of Wigner phase-space densities of quantum eigenstates to classical densities. The technique is applied to the two-dimensional Henon-Heiles system. Analysis of quantum densities as a function of energy is found to clearly display the regular to ergodic transition.
A Radiation Hybrid Map of BTA23: Identification of a Chromosomal Rearrangement Leading to Separation of the Cattle MHC Class II Subregions

Bovine chromosome 23 (BTA23) contains the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and is thus of particular interest because of the role of MHC genes in immunity. Previous studies have shown cattle MHC class II genes to be subdivided into two distinct subregions separated by a variable genetic distance of 15-30 cM. To elucidate the genetic events that resulted in the present organization of the class II and other MHC genes, a framework radiation hybrid (RH) map of BTA23 was developed by testing DNA samples from a 5000 rad whole genome RH panel. Twenty-six markers were screened with an average retention frequency of 0.27, ranging from 0.14 to 0.42. Total length of the chromosome was 220 cR5000, with 4.1 cR5000/cM when compared to linkage data. Gene orders for the markers common to both the RH framework map and the consensus framework linkage map are identical. Large centiray intervals, D23S23-D23S7, DYA-D23S24 and CYP21-D23S31, were observed compared to linkage distances. These data may indicate a much larger physical distance or suppression of recombination in the interval separating the class II subregions and also within the class I region than previously estimated. Comparison of 13 Type I genes conserved between BTA23 and the human homolog HSA6p suggests the occurrence of an inversion encompassing the centromeric half of the bovine chromosome, thus explaining the large distance between the bovine class IIa and IIb clusters. These results exemplify the power of RH mapping in solving problems in comparative genomics and evolution. Furthermore, noncongruence of the genetic and physical RH map distances indicates that caution must be observed in using either resource alone in searching for candidate genes controlling traits of economic importance.
Fast Flooding using Cooperative Transmissions in Wireless Networks

Physical layer cooperation can be a powerful tool for enhancing the performance of multi-hop wireless networks. In this paper, we analyze the time to complete a cooperative broadcast to flood some information from one node to all nodes in a wireless network. We show that with cooperation the total time to complete the broadcast grows only logarithmically with the network diameter (unlike in traditional systems where time to flood increases linearly with the diameter). Simulation results validate the analysis, and show that the improvements in flooding time are more pronounced for higher density networks. We further compare the energy costs of cooperative and traditional flooding, and show that the improvements in flooding time with cooperation do not come at the expense of higher energy costs. These results, albeit based on an idealized form of cooperation, provide a strong motivation to develop and test practical schemes for cooperative flooding in multi-hop wireless networks.
Jefferson Lab injector development for next generation parity violation experiments

To meet the challenging requirements of next generation parity violation experiments at Jefferson Lab, the Center for Injectors and Sources is working on improving the parity-quality of the electron beam. These improvements include new electron photogun design and fast helicity reversal of the Pockels Cell. We proposed and designed a new scheme for slow helicity reversal using a Wien Filter and two Solenoids. This slow reversal complements the insertable half-wave plate reversal of the laser-light polarization by reversing the electron beam polarization at the injector while maintaining a constant accelerator configuration. For position feedback, fast air-core magnets located in the injector were commissioned and a new scheme for charge feedback is planned.
Electron cyclotron resonance etching characteristics of GaN in plasmas with and without hydrogen

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etching characteristics of gallium nitride (GaN) are investigated using low pressure (4--10 mTorr) SiCl{sub 4}/Ar and Cl{sub 2}/H{sub 2}/Ar ECR discharges. The purpose of this effort is to develop a dry etching process for making laser mirrors on GaN and to examine dry etching processes of GaN that do not require hydrogen, which is known to cause carrier compensation in GaN. The etch rate is found to increase near-linearly with increasing DC bias, and a minimum DC bias of 100V is required to initiate etching in SiCl{sub 4}/Ar. The authors have also found that the material quality significantly affects the etch rate. The latter decreases with x-ray rocking curve half-width and increases with defect density. A reasonable etch rate of 660 {angstrom}/min and good surface morphologies obtained in SiCl{sub 4}/Ar ECR etching make this process suitable for gate recess of an FET. An etch rate of 5,270 {angstrom}/min has been achieved in Cl{sub 2}/H{sub 2}/Ar plasmas. This is the highest reported etch rate of GaN so far. The smooth and vertical etch sidewalls (etch to mask selectivity of 16 is obtained) make this process promising for dry-etched laser mirrors on GaN.
The effects of read length, quality and quantity on microsatellite discovery and primer development: from Illumina to PacBio

The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has transformed the way microsatellites are isolated for ecological and evolutionary investigations. Recent attempts to employ NGS for microsatellite discovery have used the 454, Illumina, and Ion Torrent platforms, but other methods including single-molecule real-time DNA sequencing (Pacific Biosciences or PacBio) remain viable alternatives. We outline a workflow from sequence quality control to microsatellite marker validation in three plant species using PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS). We then evaluate the performance of PacBio CCS in comparison with other NGS platforms for microsatellite isolation, through simulations that focus on variations in read length, read quantity and sequencing error rate. Although quality control of CCS reads reduced microsatellite yield by around 50%, hundreds of microsatellite loci that are expected to have improved conversion efficiency to functional markers were retrieved for each species. The simulations quantitatively validate the advantages of long reads and emphasize the detrimental effects of sequencing errors on NGS-enabled microsatellite development. In view of the continuing improvement in read length on NGS platforms, sequence quality and the corresponding strategies of quality control will become the primary factors to consider for effective microsatellite isolation. Among current options, PacBio CCS may be optimal for rapid, small-scale microsatellite development due to its flexibility in scaling sequencing effort, while platforms such as Illumina MiSeq will provide cost-efficient solutions for multispecies microsatellite projects.
The roles of NO in microbial symbioses

Because of its unique chemical properties, nitric oxide (NO) is a pluripotent signalling and effector molecule that is implicated in a variety of biological roles. Although NO is known to function in host innate immunity against pathogen invasion, its possible roles in microbial symbioses with animal and plant hosts remain relatively less well defined. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which bacteria sense and/or detoxify NO. We then focus specifically on its roles in microbial symbioses of diverse eukaryotic hosts. Using the squid-vibrio light-organ symbiosis as a well-characterized example, we discuss the ways in which NO serves as a signal, antioxidant and specificity determinant in this model symbiosis. Because beneficial microbial associations are older and much more prevalent than pathogenic ones, it seems likely that the former may be evolutionary precursors of the latter. Thus, knowledge of the roles played by NO in mutualisms will provide insights into its function in disease interactions as well.
Diffusion adaptive networks with changing topologies

Adaptive networks (AN) have been recently proposed to address distributed estimation problems [1]-[4]. Here we extend prior work to changing topologies and data-normalized algorithms. The resulting framework may also treat signals with general distributions, rather than Gaussian, provided that certain data statistical moments are known. A byproduct of this formulation is a probabilistic diffusion adaptive network: a simpler yet robust variant of the standard diffusion algorithm [2].
A numerical model for BJTs from liquid-nitrogen temperature to room temperature

It has previously been reported that the Boltzmann statistics approximation as applied to MOSFETs at low-temperature yields a result very close to that of the approach following Fermi-Dirac statistics. However, by using the Boltzmann statistics approximation, results are obtained in less CPU-time than using Fermi-Dirac statistics. The present paper presents a simulation program for modeling the behavior of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) operating under temperatures ranging from room temperature (300/spl deg/K) down to liquid nitrogen temperature (77/spl deg/K). Numerical methods for the simulation are outlined. The Boltzmann statistics approximation is applied in most of the cases. The simulation results of Boltzmann statistics are illustrated along with the case that assuming 100% ionization.
Reactions of angiotensin ions with hydroiodic acid

Abstract The kinetics of HI attachment to gaseous angiotensin-related ions were determined in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The (M + H) + and (M + 2H) 2+ ions of peptides with sequences of DRVYIHPFHL, NRVYVHPFHL, and RVYIHPFHL and the (M + H) + ions of DRVYIHPF and NRVYVHPF and their respective methyl esters were studied. For many of the ions studied here, multiple reactive conformations were resolved by their differing reactivities. The kinetics of the attachment of HI to the singly charged ions are consistent with structural models that are generated by molecular mechanics calculations, which suggest a high degree of intraionic interactions between the protonation site and other basic sites in the ion. The incorporation of HI can also disrupt the inherent intraionic interactions in the ions, which is not only reflected in the reaction kinetics, but also consistent with the interactions suggested by the molecular mechanics simulations. These results confirm that HI attachment kinetics can be used as a probe of three dimensional ion structure and provide important new information regarding the utility of this molecular probe.
Analytical solution and verification of diffusion effect in SSFP.

Assuming that the SSFP magnetization response maintains a steady state which is periodic in the presence of diffusion, we can solve for the diffusion effect in such sequences. Formulating a Fourier series decomposition solution to the Bloch–Torrey equation and imposing the steady-state condition, analytical expressions describing the signal decay due to diffusion are developed. Magnetization responses for any system and sequence parameters can then be obtained. Also, sensitivity to b factor changes is quite different than standard diffusion measurement techniques. Assumptions made in the solution are verified via finite difference solutions and simulations of the Bloch–Torrey equation.
Tree pruning strategy in automated detection of coronary trees in cineangiograms

The authors present a tree pruning strategy used in their novel approach to automated detection of coronary trees in cineangiograms. After the initial steps of the authors' tree detection method, the preliminary tree contains a large number of false branches that must be removed by pruning. The tree pruning approach is based on information about branch absolute and relative lengths, gray level profile information, and information about the structure of the identified tree. The authors have assessed the performance of their tree pruning strategy in 13 coronary angiograms by comparison to manually identified coronary trees. After pruning, the percentage of false branches dropped from 87% to 8%. Computer-detected branch lengths correlated well with observer-identified branch lengths (r=0.95). Pruning substantially improved the accuracy of the detected trees.
Single–Achilles Allograft Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Technique to Avoid Osseous Tunnel Intersection, Improve Construct Stiffness, and Save on Allograft Utilization

Abstract We present a method for single–Achilles allograft medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction that eliminates the risk of tunnel intersection, stiffens the construct, and maximizes utilization of allograft tissue. An Achilles tendon allograft is prepared with an 11- to 12-mm bone plug with a gradual taper to 7 mm over approximately 15 cm. A transtibial PCL tunnel is created under fluoroscopic and arthroscopic guidance. The femoral tunnel is prepared in an "outside-in" fashion under direct arthroscopic visualization, originating at the anatomic origin of the MCL on the medial epicondyle and entering the joint at the anatomic origin of the anterolateral bundle of the PCL. The Achilles graft is pulled into the joint through the tibial tunnel and routed into the femoral tunnel so that the soft tissue exits at the medial epicondyle. The bone plug is fluoroscopically guided to the posterior aperture of the tibial tunnel and fixed with a bioabsorbable interference screw. The pretensioned graft is fixed in the femoral tunnel via interference screw fixation with the knee in 90° of flexion. The isometric position of the MCL insertion is identified with a K-wire isometer, and the graft is fixed in place at this point by use of an interference screw or screw and washer.
Relationship of Knee Extension Force to Independence in Sit-to-Stand Performance in Patients Receiving Acute Rehabilitation

Background and Purpose. The ability to rise from a chair is important for independence in everyday life. This study was conducted to determine to what extent knee extension force (KEF) could explain independence in sit-to-stand (STS) performance from a standard chair. Subjects and Methods. This was a descriptive and correlational study of patients receiving acute rehabilitation (N=107). Measurements of KEF of both lower extremities were obtained using manual muscle testing (MMT) and hand-held dynamometers (HHDs). The HHD measurements were normalized based on body weight and age- and sex-specific reference values. Measurements of the ability to stand without using the upper extremities (STS [without hands]) and to stand using the upper extremities (STS [with hands]) were correlated with the force measurements. Results. The correlations ( r ) of the KEF measurements with STS success ranged from .652 to .708 for STS (without hands) and from .545 to .638 for STS (with hands). Body weight added to the explanation of STS (without hands) ( R =.662) and STS (with hands) ( R =.584) provided by KEF measured by HHD. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that HHD (weight normalized) was the most sensitive and specific measure for explaining independence in STS. Discussion and Conclusion. Manual and dynamometric measurements of KEF are related to independence in STS. Measurements of KEF quantified with a dynamometer and normalized against body weight provided the most valid, specific, and sensitive cutoff point for explaining STS independence.
Is Empathic Accuracy Enough to Facilitate Responsive Behavior in Dyadic Interaction? Distinguishing Ability From Motivation

Growing evidence suggests that interpersonal responsiveness—feeling understood, validated, and cared for by other people—plays a key role in shaping the quality of one’s social interactions and relationships. But what enables people to be interpersonally responsive to others? In the current study, we argued that responsiveness requires not only accurate understanding but also compassionate motivation. Specifically, we hypothesized that understanding another person’s thoughts and feelings (empathic accuracy) would foster responsive behavior only when paired with benevolent motivation (empathic concern). To test this idea, we asked couples (N = 91) to discuss a personal or relationship stressor; we then assessed empathic accuracy, empathic concern, and responsive behavior. As predicted, when listeners’ empathic concern was high, empathic accuracy facilitated responsiveness; but when empathic concern was low, empathic accuracy was unhelpful (and possibly harmful) for responsiveness. These findings provide th...
Random-parameters analysis of energy consumption and economic output on carbon dioxide emissions

This paper takes a renewed look at the impacts of energy consumption (fossil fuels and renewable) and economic output on carbon dioxide emissions. Using country-level data from 103 countries from 1990 to 2011, a random-parameters model was developed, to account for unobserved heterogeneity across countries, and create potential strategies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions across countries. In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, two broad strategies were found to be feasible in this paper: systematic reduction in fossil fuels use through energy conservation and an expansion in the consumption of renewable energy sources that are free from CO $$_{2}$$ emissions. On average, a 1 % decrease in fossil fuels consumption would decrease carbon dioxide emissions by an average of 1.46 %, varying from 0.17 to 2.44 % across countries. While a 1 % increase in renewable energy consumption would decrease CO $$_{2}$$ emissions by 0.01 to 0.68 %, with an average of 0.18 %. Newly industrialized countries can significantly improve economic output by creating opportunities for industries to invest in green energy, which will significantly boost economic growth. The strategy of conserving fossil fuels through increasing efficiencies in vehicle fuels, power plants, buildings, and travel demand management are feasible to ensure sustainable reductions in global carbon dioxide emissions.
Medicolegal pitfalls of cataract surgery

Purpose of review To provide a general overview of medicolegal issues that may arise before, during, and after cataract surgery. Recent findings The Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General has designated ophthalmology as an auditing target, an unusual step to take for an entire specialty. Ongoing False Claims Act litigation may provide greater clarity on billing Medicare for a premium intraocular lens patient's return to the operating room and charging for an intervening exam when performing cataract surgery on both eyes. Summary Ophthalmologists should continue to follow basic principles that help decrease medicolegal risk. These include a thorough informed consent discussion before surgery and accurate and contemporaneous documentation. When complications arise, surgeons should handle them in accordance with best practices and refer patients appropriately. Problems can arise from inattentive postoperative care, so ophthalmologists should train staff members on handling of patient calls. Implementing safety protocols for intraocular lens implantation and asking for legal advice when considering certain types of financial arrangements are also prudent. Cataract surgeons also should follow guidelines for billing noncovered services carefully.
Botulinal Toxin and Toxoid as Antigens

SummaryAntibotulinal serums (types A and E) were prepared by immunizing rabbits with either toxin or toxoid obtained by formaldehyde treatment. Serial absorption of antitoxoid with toxoid removed the mouse protective activity completely. Similar absorption of antitoxin with toxoid left a high plateau of protective titer; this activity not precipitated by toxoid was removable with toxin. Botulinal toxoid differs sufficiently from toxin so that the two can be distinguished as immunizing or antiserum-absorbing antigens.
A socio-ecological exploration into urban form: The environmental costs of travel

• 40% of low-income households compared to over 99% of high-income households own a vehicle.