cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of the ear: report of two cases and review of the literature

Indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of the ear is a recently described cutaneous lymphoid proliferation that clinically presents with slow growing lesion(s) on the ear(s). In cases reported to date, there has been indolent clinical behavior and no evidence of systemic involvement. Characteristic histopathologic features include a non-epidermotropic diffuse dermal infiltrate of CD8+ T-lymphocytes with a lymphoblast-like appearance. T-cell clonality has also been observed. Herein, we present two patients who show clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic features similar to the original index cases described by Petrella et al. In addition, we review the literature regarding this unusual lymphoid proliferation and provide evidence that this entity represents a phenotypic variant of primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, a concept proposed by Beltraminelli et al. in 2009. Differentiation between this lymphoproliferative process and other more aggressive CD8+ lymphomas is essential in avoiding excessive treatment of a condition that combines worrisome histopathology with indolent clinical behavior.
A Comparison of Topical Chlorhexidine, Ciprofloxacin, and Fortified Tobramycin/Cefazolin in Rabbit Models of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas Keratitis

Aims: Chlorhexidine was evaluated as a potential topical therapy for experimental bacterial keratitis. Methods: Chlorhexidine (0.01%) was compared to ciprofloxacin (0.3%) and tobramycin (1.36%)/cefazolin (5%) both in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established for each organism for each antibiotic, using a standardized method. One thousand (1000) colony-forming units (CFU) of S. aureus or P. aeruginosa was intrastromally injected into rabbit cornea. A total of 92 corneas were infected and then treated topically with antibiotics. The control eyes were treated with artificial tears. The rabbits were later sacrificed, and the corneal buttons were harvested. Results: The MIC for chlorhexidine was ≤40 μg/mL for both organisms. In the rabbit model of S. aureus keratitis, following the treatments, the median number of CFU of recoverable bacteria for chlorhexidine (n = 10), ciprofloxacin (n = 12), to...
Vascular tumors of bone

Vascular tumors of the bone represent a variety of neoplasms, ranging from benign hemangiomas and epithelioid hemangiomas to intermediate grade hemangioendotheliomas to frankly malignant angiosarcomas. Over the years, there has been considerable debate concerning the aggressivity, nomenclature, and mere existence of various nosologic entities, due to morphologic similarities and uncertainty regarding biologic behavior. Such debate has led to confusion among pathologists and clinicians, thus diminishing the prognostic implications in the diagnosis of these lesions. Here we review the current knowledge concerning the primary vascular neoplasms of the bone and correlate clinicopathologic features with tumor behavior.
Oscillating networks: Control of burst duration by electrically coupled neurons

The pyloric network of the stomatogastric ganglion in crustacea is a central pattern generator that can produce the same basic rhythm over a wide frequency range. Three electrically coupled neurons, the anterior burster (AB) neuron and two pyloric dilator (PD) neurons, act as a pacemaker unit for the pyloric network. The functional characteristics of the pacemaker network are the result of electrical coupling between neurons with quite different intrinsic properties, each contributing a basic feature to the complete circuit. The AB neuron, a conditional oscillator, plays a dominant role in rhythm generation. In the work described here, we manipulate the frequency of the AB neuron both isolated and electrically coupled to the PD neurons. Physiological and modeling studies indicate that the PD neurons play an important role in regulating the duration of the bursts produced by the pacemaker unit.
Isolating and understanding concurrency errors using reconstructed execution fragments

In this paper we propose Recon, a new general approach to concurrency debugging. Recon goes beyond just detecting bugs, it also presents to the programmer short fragments of buggy execution schedules that illustrate how and why bugs happened. These fragments, called reconstructions, are inferred from inter-thread communication surrounding the root cause of a bug and significantly simplify the process of understanding bugs.The key idea in Recon is to monitor executions and build graphs that encode inter-thread communication with enough context information to build reconstructions. Recon leverages reconstructions built from multiple application executions and uses machine learning to identify which ones illustrate the root cause of a bug. Recon's approach is general because it does not rely on heuristics specific to any type of bug, application, or programming model. Therefore, it is able to deal with single- and multiple-variable concurrency bugs regardless of their type (e.g., atomicity violation, ordering, etc). To make graph collection efficient, Recon employs selective monitoring and allows metadata information to be imprecise without compromising accuracy. With these optimizations, Recon's graph collection imposes overheads typically between 5x and 20x for both C/C++ and Java programs, with overheads as low as 13% in our experiments. We evaluate Recon with buggy applications, and show it produces reconstructions that include all code points involved in bugs' causes, and presents them in an accurate order. We include a case study of understanding and fixing a previously unresolved bug to showcase Recon's effectiveness.
Square Root Modified Bryson–Frazier Smoother

We derive here an algorithm for a complete square root implementation of the modified Bryson-Frazier (MBF) smoother. The MBF algorithm computes the smoothed covariance as the difference of two symmetric matrices. Numerical errors in this differencing can result in the covariance matrix not being positive semi-definite. Earlier algorithms implemented the computation of intermediate quantities in square root form but still computed the smoothed covariance as the difference of two matrices. We show how to compute the square root of the smoothed covariance by solving an equation in the form CCT=AAT-BBT using QR decomposition with hyperbolic Householder transformations.
MANDIBULAR METASTASIS OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA DIAGNOSED VIA A DENTAL RADIOGRAPH

Metastatic carcinoma of the maxilla or mandible is rare. Dentists, however, have an obligation to provide every patient with a comprehensive oral examination that can detect potential signs of such a condition. An extensive intraoral and extraoral examination and a detailed evaluation of dental radiographs are necessary to provide patients with the best treatment possible. This case report describes how careful evaluation of an area showing subtle changes on routine dental radiographs resulted in a more comprehensive work-up and the discovery of metastatic endometrial carcinoma.
Two case studies from a family with primary Fanconi syndrome.

We report two cases from a family with primary Fanconi syndrome. A 39-year-old white woman with a history of frequent bone fractures developed hypophosphatemia, hypouricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and renal glycosuria. Her 15-year-old son had renal glycosuria without metabolic acidosis. Both had mildly to moderately impaired renal function. Determination of amino acids in 24-hour urine specimens confirmed the generalized nature of aminoaciduria. Acid-loading, bicarbonate-loading, and phosphate-loading tests revealed that the mother had proximal (type II) renal tubular acidosis and excessive renal loss of phosphate for her level of renal function. These tests for the son were normal or within normal limits of his renal function. Known causes of Fanconi syndrome, such as cystinosis and Wilson's disease, were excluded by slit-lamp eye examination and leukocyte cystine level determination. One unexpected finding in the son was the presence of nephrocalcinosis on x-rays; a percutaneous needle biopsy of the kidney showed tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and calcium oxalate crystal deposits. The two cases presented here represent a familial variety of the primary Fanconi syndrome, a rare entity with a limited number of cases reported in the literature.
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor induces TGF-β1 expression in mesangial cells via ERK: proliferative and fibrotic signals

We examined the links between fibrotic and proliferative pathways for the 5-HT2A receptor in rat mesangial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) induced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1...
Effect of nonlinear modal interaction on control performance: use of normal forms technique in control design. II. Case studies

This is part II of a two part paper dealing with control design in power systems using the normal forms technique. The companion paper (part I) describes the general theory and control procedure. Also, the proposed procedure was applied to the Base Case of the 50-generator IEEE Test System. This paper depicts the case studies to show the validation of the proposed method and to observe the effects of controller setting changes. In addition the results dealing with the design of the controller are given and verification of the controller design using nonlinear time simulation is provided.
Preservation of the alkenone paleotemperature proxy in uplifted marine sequences: A test from the Vrica outcrop, Crotone, Italy

The alkenone organic paleotemperature proxy has been used with great success to generate sea-surface temperature (SST) records from diverse areas of the world ocean. To date, however, this methodology has been applied almost exclusively to unconsolidated marine sediments; the fidelity of alkenone preservation in lithified, uplifted marine sequences exposed on land has not been explicitly investigated. Such sedimentary sequences have been buried at depths of hundreds of meters to kilometers before uplift, and in addition have been exposed to oxic pore fluids and subaerial weathering upon ascent to the surface, any of which may cause alteration of biomarker compounds. In this study, we compare alkenone SST estimates from the Vrica land section in Crotone, Italy, with alkenone SST estimates derived from coeval marine sediments retrieved at Ocean Drilling Program Site 964, which is ~300 km offshore of the Vrica location. We find that SST records from the land and marine sections are well correlated, showing similar mean values, cyclicity, and amplitudes. Although results from different sedimentary sequences might depend on the lithologies, burial depths, and weathering histories of individual outcrops, this study suggests that it will be possible to reconstruct quantitative SST histories from marine strata exposed on land.
The response of macrophyte communities to drought-induced reduction of nutrient loading in a chain of lakes

Abstract During a 2 year period of unusually low precipitation and reduced stream flow through a chain of lakes, the submersed aquatic plant community of eutrophic Shoe Lake changed qualitatively and quantitatively to one more similar to that of the less productive East Graham Lake, downstream in the lake chain. In Shoe Lake, the previously dominant non-rooted species declined along with phytoplankton biomass, and the abundance and diversity of submersed rooted plants increased. Also, the free-CO2-requiring macrophyte species present in Shoe Lake declined in favor of some previously restricted bicarbonate users. These changes appear to have been caused by a decrease in nutrient loading to the lake chain and by the consequential greater light availability in Shoe Lake.
Compliance with the Laws of War: Dataset and Coding Rules

This report describes a dataset on compliance with the laws of war in 20th century interstate wars. We introduce the dataset, discuss sources, and explain the coding schemes. The unit is a directed warring dyad in a given war for one of nine issues. We collect five dimensions of compliance, including quality of the data, and construct a single measure of compliance. Reciprocity exists in the data, and treaty law strengthens reciprocity by clarifying what acts constitute violations. Compliance varies across issues, matching the scope for individual violations. States are more likely to respond reciprocally to violations by individuals than to those that are state policy.
Community resilience and volcano hazard: the eruption of Tungurahua and evacuation of the faldas in Ecuador.

Official response to explosive volcano hazards usually involves evacuation of local inhabitants to safe shelters. Enforcement is often difficult and problems can be exacerbated when major eruptions do not ensue. Families are deprived of livelihoods and pressure to return to hazardous areas builds. Concomitantly, prevailing socioeconomic and political conditions limit activities and can influence vulnerability. This paper addresses these issues, examining an ongoing volcano hazard (Tungurahua) in Ecuador where contextual realities significantly constrain responses. Fieldwork involved interviewing government officials, selecting focus groups and conducting surveys of evacuees in four locations: a temporary shelter, a permanent resettlement, with returnees and with a control group. Differences in perceptions of risk and health conditions, and in the potential for economic recovery were found among groups with different evacuation experiences. The long-term goal is to develop a model of community resilience in long-term stress environments.
Measurement-Based Method to Characterize Parasitic Parameters of the Integrated Power Electronics Modules

A measurement-based method for extracting the parasitic parameters of active power electronics modules (IPEMs) is proposed. Parasitic inductances and capacitances inside the IPEM can all be extracted using this method without destroying the structure. The linearized model is derived from impedance measurement and it is valid from low frequency to frequencies as high as 100 MHz. Extracted parameters are compared to those from commercial software and the results are in good agreement. A parallel resonance method is proposed for the characterization of common-mode capacitances
Trade-off analysis of regenerative power source for long duration loitering Airship

High Altitude Airships (HAA) provide affordable, long duration, loitering platforms for communication and surveillance in both military and civilian markets. HAAs offer a potentially lower cost alternative to current unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and satellites. The objective of the HAA is to loiter above a given point at flight level (FL) 650 for a one year period before descending back to base for maintenance. To achieve the loitering mission requirements, the airship needs a reliable, low-weight, renewable power generation system.
Applying the Emotional Availability Scales to children with disabilities

In this article, we describe issues regarding emotional availability and its application to children with disabilities. We then apply this approach to the scoring of emotional availability for caregiver-child interactions of children with disabilities, with information based on children with genetic mental retardation syndromes, children with autism, and children with hearing impairments.
Feminism and the History of Marital Law: Basch and Stetson on the Rights of Wives

From the time of the Norman conquest to the mid-nineteenth century, English marital law was based on the jurisprudential concept of baron et feme. This concept, which American state courts also continued to recognize into the nineteenth century, assumed that a married couple should be treated legally as a single unit. The power to act for that unit, as well as the unit's rights of inheritance and property, was vested in the husband. The wife was considered afeme covert, under the "cover" or protection of her husband. While courts of equity could and did recognize special exceptions, they were expensive to obtain and almost invariably were granted in response to concerns of wealthy families. The overwhelming majority of English and American wives continued to exist in the eyes of the law under what was called coverture, which entitled them to certain limited rights within marriage and provided some security in the event they were widowed. But as far as the state was concerned, coverture also rendered them the legal dependents of their husbands and deprived them of the exercise of a number of rights to which a single woman, or feme sole, was entitled (e.g., the right to make a binding contract and the right to take court action on her own). Exactly how the legal concept of coverture affected the lives of most English and American wives is difficult to determine, though work is beginning to be done on issues related to that question. What is easy to determine is the strong opposition of English and American feminists to a doctrine that relegated their married sisters to a category of legal responsibility roughly equivalent to that afforded infants and idiots. Two recent books have taken as their grand theme this historic confrontation between feminism and the
EULERIAN FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF THE FLUID MECHANICS IN THE PULTRUSION PROCESS

A finite element model is developed to study the fluid mechanics of the pultrusion processing of fiber reinforced polymer composites. The problem is modelled as viscous creeping flow into an anisotropic porous media. The governing equations are recast in Eulerian coordinates to analyse the control volume defined by the interior of the die. The equations describing incompressible, creeping flow in a porous media are integrated over an averaging volume to produce Darcy's law. The movement of the fibers at constant speed through the control volume is properly accounted for, by transforming the Darcy's equation from Lagrangian coordinate to Eulerian cordinate. The finite element model is developed using variational approach and a linear quadrilateral element is used to produce particular solutions.
Imaging of Small Bowel

Small bowel diverticulitis is most commonly characterized by inflammation of acquired diverticula which are typically located on the mesenteric border of the bowel. Although less frequent than duodenal diverticula, jejunoileal diverticula are more prone to develop complications, including acute inflammation with perforation and abscess formation. The current mode of treatment for small bowel diverticulitis is either with conservative medical management or surgical resection of the involved segment of bowel.
Use of two-year disease-free survival (DFS) as a primary endpoint in stage III adjuvant colon cancer trials with fluoropyrimidines with or without oxaliplatin or irinotecan: New data from 12,676 patients from MOSAIC, X-ACT, PETACC-3, NSAPB C-06 and C-07, and C89803

4011 Background: The ACCENT group previously validated DFS with 3 years (yr) median follow-up (f-up) based on 20,898 pts from trials testing 5-FU based regimens (rx) (3yr DFS) as an endpoint to predict overall survival with 5 yr median f-up (5yr OS) (Sargent, JCO 2005). ACCENT further proposed (1) 2yr DFS predicts 5yr OS, (2) a stronger relationship between DFS and OS in stage III pts (Sargent JCO 2007) and (3) 6 or 7 yrs are necessary to demonstrate DFS and OS association in future trials due to extended survival following recurrence (de Gramont ASCO 2008). The relationship between endpoints in more recent trials with oral fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan is unknown. Methods: Concordance between 2 and 3yr DFS, and 5 and 6yr OS was examined in 6 randomized phase III trials from 1997–2002. Individual data for 12,676 pts was analyzed; 2 trials tested oxaliplatin, 2 irinotecan, and 2 oral rx vs 5-FU/LV control. Association between DFS and OS hazard ratios (HRs) via weighted least squares (WLS),...
Legitimacy of International Courts in the Aftermath of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: Victims' Evaluations of the ICTY and Local Courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper presents the results of a 2007 survey of victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity from Bosnia and Herzegovina. We study the level of diffuse and specific support for the ICTY among its constituency by exploring the respondents' views about the ICTY and the local courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. Our results show that, whereas the ICTY was the preferred decision-maker for war crimes and crimes against humanity of their choice for the majority of the respondents, ethnicity plays a strong role in the perceptions of the ICTY's legitimacy. Compared to Croat and Serb respondents who typically expressed little confidence in the ICTY, the Bosniak/Muslim respondents seemed to show the greatest degree of support for the ICTY, both diffuse and specific. Although the majority of the respondents evaluated the ICTY as fair, the level of support for the ICTY was sharply divided across ethnic lines as well. The respondents' support for the ICTY was related to the evaluations of the ICTY's distributive fairness, procedural fairness, and the perceptions about the judges' (lack of) political independence. The majority of the respondents evaluated only one domestic court - the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina - as fair.
Redesigning the care of rheumatic diseases at the practice and system levels. Part 1: practice level process improvement (Redesign 101).

Changing delivery-of-care processes for rheumatic diseases to improve outcomes and costs will require redesign not only within rheumatology practices but also within health systems. Preventive services, acute care, management of chronic co-morbidities, and rheumatology care for rheumatic disease patients can only be accomplished through the close integration of multiple practices and other health system resources. Rheumatologists can play an important role in system-level process improvement without which our own patient care will be compromised. Continuous Quality Improvement methods, also known as Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, are ideally suited for system-level process redesign. This second of two companion articles describes the properties of systems and explores the redesign of interdisciplinary rheumatic disease care.
Sloganization and the Political Pragmatics of Interdiscursivity: The Social Life of a Haitian Political Critique

In the weeks leading up to the 2013 Carnival season in Haiti, the release of a Carnival song, “Aloral,” sparked controversy because of the song's critical message accusing the Martelly administration of false promises. What began as a pointed political critique (pwen) transformed into a slogan, widely repeated and recontextualized to fit a variety of discursive scenarios. This article examines the entextualization process through which the aloral critique became a slogan (“sloganization”). I explore the social context within which it was released and responded to, the poetic features that favored “detachability,” and the political partisanship of its recontextualized usages. By tracing the social life of the aloral critique, I show how it was communally mobilized across time and space through public negotiations of meaning. The aloral case points to the role of political stance-taking and discursive negotiation of meaning as a fundamental aspect of the sloganization process. Beyond the specific case of Haiti, sloganization serves as a useful way to conceptualize the political pragmatics of interdiscursivity, as it points to a “shared” quality of interdiscursive texts while also highlighting the role of differential political productivity.
A unified machine learning method for task-related and resting state fMRI data analysis

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) aims to localize task-related brain activation or resting-state functional connectivity. Most existing fMRI data analysis techniques rely on fixed thresholds to identify active voxels under a task condition or functionally connected voxels in the resting state. Due to fMRI non-stationarity, a fixed threshold cannot adapt to intra- and inter-subject variation and provide a reliable mapping of brain function. In this work, a machine learning method is proposed for a unified analysis of both task-related and resting state fMRI data. Specifically, the mapping of brain function in a task condition or resting state is formulated as an outlier detection process. Support vector machines are used to provide an initial mapping and refine mapping results. The method does not require a fixed threshold for the final decision, and can adapt to fMRI non-stationarity. The proposed method was evaluated using experimental data acquired from multiple human subjects. The results indicate that the proposed method can provide reliable mapping of brain function, and is applicable to various quantitative fMRI studies.
Repeated Hibernation in a Captive Meadow Jumping Mouse

Some observations have been recorded on hibernation of meadow jumping mice ( Zapus hudsonius ) and on their activity during emergence from a torpid state. (Eadie, Jour. Mamm., 30:307,1949; Nicholson, ibid. , 18:103,1933.; Schwartz, ibid. , 32:227–228,1951.; and Sheldon, ibid. , 19: 324–332, 1938.). The following case seems worth recording because the mouse passed repeatedly from a torpid state to active condition within a few days' time. On the morning of May 15, 1954, an active female jumping mouse was brought into my room by Donald Thomson. It had been taken about one and one-half miles east of Ann Arbor, …
VARIATION AND HYBRIDIZATION AMONG THE PARADISE FLYCATCHERS OF AFRICA

One of the differences between plants and animals, it is often stated, is the frequency of interspecific hybridism among plants, or its extreme rarity among animals. Such hybridism among animals has either been found in the zones where two allopatric forms meet, or else it has produced only occasional crosses betwean sympatric species. Familiar examples of the first class are furnished by the American flickers (Colaptes auratus anld cafer) and the crows of Europe (Corvus coronie and cornix). The second class is illustrated by the hybrids among ducks and birds of paradise, to mention only two groups. Hybrid "swarms" resulting from the breakdown of isolating mechanisms between sympatric species are rare among animals, though known in the genera Bufo and Colias. Among plants, where such occurrences appear to be much more frequent, the hybrids may plainly affect the appearance of one or both parental species by backcrossing. Such penetration of genes from one species into another, without either losing its identity, has been called "introgressive hybridization" by Edgar Andersoni. A summary of known cases among plants has been prepared by Heiser (in press). The present paper is devoted to a discussion of several cases of introgressive hybridization between sympatric species of a genus of birds.
Physiological Studies on the Cultured Trichomycete, Smittium Culisetae

SUMMARY Smittium culisetae (Harpellales, Genistellaceae), isolated from the hindgut of a mosquito larva, produced about five times as much mycelial dry weight in shaken cultures as in sationary liquid cultures at 24 C. The growth peak in a tryptone-glucose medium was reached on the 4th day, followed by a large increase in spore production up to the 6th day. Culture media kept at constant pH values produced less growth than those with unadjusted pH. Smittium culisetae grew best in a thiamine-enriched medium containing Difco tryptone; no medium with defined nitrogen sources produced comparable growth, even when a "reconstituted" Difco tryptone was used. Carbon utilization studies indicate that S. culisetae is able to assimilate a variety of carbon sources, with glucose producing the best growth.
Eschatology and the Technologies of Human Enhancement

Technology today offers to modify human beings in order to enhance intelligence or extend lifespans, perhaps even to create a new human species. How are we to think eschatologically about the short...
Control and Protection Strategies for Parallel Multi-Terminal HVDC Power Transmission System and Their Simulation

Multi-terminal high voltage direct current(MTDC) power transmission system can implement power transmission or power exchange between converter stations and the AC power transmission systems connecting to the formers.It can also solve the problem of power transmission while there are multi power sources or multi receiving ends.In general,the connection patterns of MTDC can be divided into two forms,i.e.,the connection in parallel and the connection in series.In this paper,the steady-state operation and transient fault process of four-terminal parallel HVDC power transmission system are researched.Based on the platform of EMTDC/PSCAD a monopole simulation model is built to carry out the simulation on multi combinations of deblock startup with block-caused outage,and a DC power balance controller is designed to implement the coordinated power control among converter stations.Besides,a cooperation mode of the controller with the protection under emergency outage of single converter station or under fault occurred in DC transmission line is put forward,and simulation results show that the proposed control and protection strategies are effective.
Wartime-Out for Prosecutors: Examining the Extent of the Wartime Statute of Limitations Act

Instances of contractor fraud became overwhelming to prosecutors in the wake of the First World War, compelling congress to enact a statute that granted prosecutors a powerful “time-out” that extended the statute of limitations. When federal prosecutors encountered the same problem in World War Two, Congress made this extension permanent, enacting the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act (WSLA), which suspended the tolling of the statute of limitations on fraud against the United States until after three years after the war’s end. The WSLA went unused during the United States’ involvement in Korea and Vietnam and eventually resurfaced during the Persian Gulf War. During the Persian Gulf war, a district court held that the WSLA was intended for large conflicts and was not applicable to undeclared wars. The law was unsettled, however, as a separate district court disagreed with this ruling and held that the WSLA was applicable to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Confronted with widespread allegations of contractor fraud arising out of the United States’ involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan and under the impression that the WSLA was not applicable to the current state of warfare, Congress decided to amend the WSLA in 2008 to ensure that federal prosecutors would have the time necessary to identify and prosecute fraud against the United States. This amendment left several questions unanswered including: (1) how courts should address issues of fraud that occured before the 2008 amendment and (2) whether courts should be concerned with a potentially indefinite tolling of the statute of limitations for these crimes. These problems have been brought to light by several discordant lower court opinions and a recently granted writ of certiorari that may soon provide some answers. This paper addresses these issues and suggests yet another amendment to the WSLA: one that balances society’s interest in preserving reasonable statutes of limitation with the need for effective prosecution of fraud during wartime.
Neurologic Evaluation and Management of Perioperative Nerve Injury.

Neurologic injury after regional anesthesia or pain medicine procedures is rare. Postprocedural neurologic deficits may create high levels of anxiety for the patient and practitioner, although most deficits are limited in severity and can be expected to fully resolve with time. Postoperative anesthesia–related neuraxial and peripheral nerve injuries are reviewed to define an efficient, structured approach to these complications. Emphasis is placed on acutely stratifying the urgency and scope of diagnostic testing or consultation necessity, initiating appropriate definitive treatments, and defining appropriate out-of-hospital follow-up and symptom management. What’s New Studies pertinent to the recognition, evaluation, and treatment of neurologic assessment of perioperative nerve injury and published since the last advisory on the topic1 are reviewed and a new structured algorithmic approach is proposed. The evolving literature on postoperative inflammatory neuropathies is reviewed to help define the clinical criteria and to identify patients who would benefit from early neurological evaluation. New sections review potential acute interventions to improve neurologic outcome and long-term management of neuropathic pain resulting from perioperative nerve injury.
Mechanical testing of cryopreserved aortic allografts : comparison with xenografts and fresh tissue

Reports indicate that cryopreserved aortic valve allografts have a better long-term survivability than other bioprostheses, such as the porcine xenograft. Unlike xenografts, allograft valves do not require treatment with glutaraldehyde and may therefore retain much of their original mechanical function. The effects of cryopreservation on the mechanical integrity of collagen fibers and mucopolysaccharides, however, are still largely unknown. We therefore compared the mechanical behavior of cryopreserved allograft leaflet material to that of fresh tissue and xenografts by measuring their bending stiffness (nine strips of tissue) and their uniaxial tensile stress/strain and stress/relaxation behavior (six strips of each tissue type). The bending tests showed no significant difference between the pliability of cryopreserved allografts and fresh pig aortic valve tissue, but the xenograft material was significantly stiffer than both (p less than 0.001). The mean circumferential tensile elastic moduli of the allografts, fresh tissue, and xenografts at a stress of 300 kPa were 9.1 +/- 5.4 MPa, 13.0 +/- 1.7 MPa, and 12.5 +/- 3.0 MPa, respectively, and were not significantly different from each other. We also found that the transition from a low to a high modulus on the stress/strain curves, a measure of extensibility, occurs at 23%, 22%, and 12% strain for the three materials. There was no significant difference between the allograft and the fresh tissues, but the xenograft material was less extensible than the other two (p less than 0.001). The xenograft tissue also had significantly lower rates of stress relaxation than the other two materials (p less than 0.005). Thus no detectable differences were found between the mechanical behavior of the cryopreserved allograft aortic leaflets and fresh tissue, whereas the xenograft material was less extensible and less capable of relaxing than both the allograft and fresh tissue. The ability of allografts valves to respond to tensile and flexural stresses in a manner similar to that of the natural aortic valve may therefore contribute to their good in vivo survivability.
A silicon integrated BaTiO3 electro-optic modulator

A Si-integrated modulator based on epitaxial ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films is demonstrated with gigahertz modulation bandwidth and an effective Pockels coefficient of 213 ± 49 pm/V.
SHRDLU, Procedures, Mini-World

Rumelhart’s observation that ‘Linguistic inputs are designed to fit into a general framework and are dependent upon that framework to make sense’1 parallels Terry Winograd’s more poststructuralist one, about linguistically based knowledge, that ‘There is no self-contained set of “primitives” from which everything else can be defined. Definitions are circular, with the meaning of each concept depending on the other concepts.’2 (Every text has — and itself already is — an intertext.) Like Rumelhart, Winograd has researched extensively the machine modelling of language comprehension, but he has been especially concerned with building contextually conditioned ‘semantic structures’ (structured lists that describe subjects and relationships and summate plausibilities among their components) to explore how meaning inheres in the interrelations of concepts in some ‘general framework’.
Failure of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) rhizome transplants: potential causes and forest farming implications

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) rhizomes are harvested extensively from eastern North American forests and sold worldwide for treatment of menopausal symptoms. While forest farming is encouraged to reduce wild-harvest impacts, little information is available to aid landowners in successfully cultivating black cohosh. This study examined survival and multi-year growth of 200 black cohosh rhizomes collected from an Appalachian deciduous forest and transplanted to a similar forest type. By the second year after transplant, fewer than 40 % of rhizomes produced above-ground growth and mean rhizome biomass declined by more than 50 %. Shoot biomass was the greatest predictor of below-ground biomass; however, leaf area provided a reasonable, non-destructive means of estimating this commercially-important biomass. Our results suggest that pre-transplant rhizome condition is particularly important to transplant success. Low biomass, lack of roots, and fungal infection all were associated with reduced plant survival. Based on this and associated studies, we recommend careful site selection for propagation, including circumneutral or lime-amended soils and light to moderate shading. Well-drained soil appears particularly important to discourage fungal infection. Understanding conditions for successful transplanting of black cohosh rhizomes can improve forest farming and contribute to sustainable management of this and other non-timber forest products.
Some Neutrino Oscillation Experiments in the United States

During the seventy years since Pauli postulated the existence of the neutrino to understand nuclear β decay, there has been steady progress in discovering the properties of this most elusive of the known elementary particles. The most recent contribution to our understanding of them has been the growing body of evidence pointing toward at least three types of neutrinos whose flavor eigenstates differ from their mass eigenstates, leading generally to flavor oscillations as a neutrino beam propagates ([1]-[4]). This picture provides an explanation of the observations but it cannot yet be considered as fully established; there are alternative theoretical models ([8]) consistent with the current experimental observations but with different predictions for some future ones. Nevertheless, neutrino oscillation is the best motivated and most popular working model at present: past experiments have been interpreted using it and future experiments, to be discussed here, are designed based on it. A major physics goal is either to unequivocally confirm the oscillation model and precisely determine its parameters or to clearly show that some other physics is producing the phenomena seen so far.
Practical Censorship Evasion Leveraging Content Delivery Networks

CDNBrowsing is a promising approach recently proposed for censorship circumvention. CDNBrowsing relies on the fact that blocking content hosted on public CDNs can potentially cause the censors collateral damage due to disrupting benign content publishers. In this work, we identify various low-cost attacks against CDNBrowsing, demonstrating that the design of practically unobservable CDNBrowsing systems is significantly more challenging than what thought previously. We particularly devise unique website fingerprinting attacks against CDNBrowsing traffic, and discover various forms of information leakage in HTTPS that can be used to block the previously proposed CDNBrowsing system. Motivated by the attacks, we design and implement a new CDNBrowsing system called CDNReaper, which defeats the discovered attacks. By design, a CDNBrowsing system can browse only particular types of webpages due to its proxy-less design. We perform a comprehensive measurement to classify popular Internet websites based on their browsability by CDNBrowsing systems. To further increase the reach of CDNBrowsing, we devise several mechanisms that enable CDNBrowsing systems to browse a larger extent of Internet webpages, particularly partial-CDN webpages.
Predictors of Mortality Among U.S. Veterans With Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infections.

Introduction Serious Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, encompassing pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, are a major cause of mortality. However, literature regarding mortality is often limited to invasive pneumococcal disease, excluding pneumonia. This study sought to identify predictors of mortality among adults with serious pneumococcal disease, including pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Methods This was a nested case-control study of unvaccinated older Veterans with positive S. pneumoniae cultures (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, respiratory) admitted to Veterans Affairs medical centers nationally between 2002 and 2011. Patients vaccinated against pneumococcal disease were excluded. Using multivariable logistic regression, predictors of 30-day mortality were identified, including patient demographics, comorbidities during admission, and medical history within the previous year. Results Among 9,468 patients, there were 9,730 serious pneumococcal infections; 1,764 (18.6%) resulted in death within 30 days (cases), whereas 7,966 did not (controls). Pneumonia accounted for half (49.4%, n =871) of all deaths. Mortality predictors consistent with vaccine recommendations included dialysis (during hospitalization, OR=3.35, 95% CI=2.37, 4.72), moderate to severe liver disease (during hospitalization, OR=2.47, 95% CI=1.53, 3.99; within 1 year, OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.01, 2.20), and neutropenia (during hospitalization, OR=2.67, 95% CI=1.32, 5.42). Predictors not included in current recommendations included dementia (during hospitalization, OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.23, 2.61) and neurologic disorders (during hospitalization, OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.42, 2.45; within 1 year, OR=1.28, 95% CI=1.02, 1.59). Conclusions Several mortality predictors among unvaccinated Veterans with serious pneumococcal disease were consistent with pneumococcal vaccine recommendations, including organ or immune system dysfunction–related conditions. Other predictors, including neurologic disorders or dementia, may warrant expanded vaccination recommendations.
Structure of the LPS O-chain from Fusobacterium nucleatum strain 10953, containing sialic acid

Abstract Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic bacterium found in the human mouth where it causes periodontitis. Recently, it has been gaining attention as a potential causative agent for colorectal cancer and is strongly linked with pregnancy complications including pre-term and still births. Little is known about virulence factors of this organism and thus we have initiated studies to examine the bacterial surface glycochemistry. Consistent with a recent paper suggesting that F. nucleatum strain 10593 can synthesize sialic acid, a staining technique identified sialic acid on the bacterial surface. We isolated lipopolysaccharide from this F. nucleatum strain and performed structural analysis on the O-antigen. Our studies identified a trisaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen with the following structure: -[→4)-α-Neu p 5Ac-(2 → 4)-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-α- d -Fuc p NAc4N Ac -(1-]- where Ac indicates 4-N-acetylation of ∼30% FucNAc4N residues. The presence of sialic acid as a constituent of the O-antigen is consistent with recent data identifying de novo sialic acid synthesis in this strain.
An in vitro model of intestinal infection reveals a developmentally regulated transcriptome of Toxoplasma sporozoites and a NF-κB-like signature in infected host cells

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection affecting approximately 30% of the world's human population. After sexual reproduction in the definitive feline host, Toxoplasma oocysts, each containing 8 sporozoites, are shed into the environment where they can go on to infect humans and other warm-blooded intermediate hosts. Here, we use an in vitro model to assess host transcriptomic changes that occur in the earliest stages of such infections. We show that infection of rat intestinal epithelial cells with mature sporozoites primarily results in higher expression of genes associated with Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) signaling via NF-κB. Furthermore, we find that, consistent with their biology, these mature, invaded sporozoites display a transcriptome intermediate between the previously reported day 10 oocysts and that of their tachyzoite counterparts. Thus, this study uncovers novel host and pathogen factors that may be critical for the establishment of a successful intracellular niche following sporozoite-initiated infection.
By speech and by signs: first encounters between indians and europeans on coastal Brazil, 1500–1530s

Este artigo considera a topica da comunicacao interetnica. Ele examina os textos dos viajantes do seculo XVI e do inicio do seculo XVII, as cartas dos jesuitas e os textos em lingua indigena para sugerir o dominio das variantes costeiras da familia linguistica Tupi-Guarani como lingua franca entre indios e europeus.
Experimental analysis of laser beams with variable spatial coherence propagating underwater

Multi Gaussian Schell Model beams with variable spatial coherence and fully coherent Gaussian beams were propagated underwater in two complex media scenarios. Experiments demonstrated that less coherent beams have less scintillation.
Addressing Smartphone-Based Multi-factor Authentication via Hardware-Rooted Technologies

Multi-factor authentication is a well-recognized access control method that enhances the security of users' sensitive data and identities. A successful authentication attempt requires a user to correctly present two or more authentication factors such as knowledge factors, possession factors and inherence factors. For smartphone-based multi-factor authentication, a promising way to authenticate a user is to verify his possession of a legitimate smartphone, which calls for secure and usable device authentication schemes. In this article, we propose to authenticate a device through tracking the hardware fingerprint of its built-in sensor. We first review the existing hardware-rooted identification methods and discuss the merits of applying a hardware fingerprint as a smartphone's unique identity. Then, we analyze the security issues underlying these methods and identify two security requirements for the identification methods to be used in an authentication scheme: Fingerprint Leakage Resilience and Fingerprint Forgery Resilience. Finally, we look into a specific hardware fingerprint originally used for digital cameras. We analyze the feasibility of applying this fingerprint to differentiate off-the-shelf smartphones and list several challenging practical issues underlying this method.
Planung von Investitionen in Baugeräte

Investitionen in Baumaschinen und Baugerate (153) stellen die wesentlichsten Anlageninvestitionen von Bauunternehmen dar. Die volks- und betriebswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Investitionen in Baugerate wird im ersten Abschnitt dieses Kapitels beschrieben. Nach einer Darstellung der Zielvorstellungen und der generellen Funktionen des Geratewesens eines Bauunternehmens wird auf die Planung von Gerateinvestitionen als spezieller Funktionsbereich des Geratewesens eingegangen. Dabei wird die Zurechnung von Ein- und Auszahlungen zu einzelnen Gerateinvestitionen besonders betrachtet. Besondere Bedeutung wird weiters der Ermittlung der wirtschaftlichen Nutzungsdauer sowie der Ermittlung des optimalen Ersatzzeitpunktes eines Baugerates beigemessen. Diesbezugliche Methoden werden durch mehrere Beispiele veranschaulicht.
Neurophysiology of Sleep

This chapter will focus on content fundamental to sleep practitioner’s knowledge and will provide specific examples of how neurophysiology could be presented and then assessed for competency. We present the material in this chapter consistent with both ACGME and ABIM requirements which clearly mandate a comprehensive knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying states of consciousness.