cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode-medium instability in an unstable resonator

The mode-medium instability of an active medium in an unstable resonator is investigated. The asymptotic solution due to Horwitz (1973), valid for large Fresnel numbers in an empty cavity, is modified by introducing gain/phase sheets in front of the resonator mirrors. The effect of medium coupling to the mode in the cavity is obtained by introducing a general time-independent Green's function in the Fox-Li (1961) formulation. The time evolution is then obtained by repeated integration of the beam propagation in the cavity. The diffractive terms are shown to grow rapidly at the expense of the geometric term. This instability responsible for the deterioration of the beam quality is studied numerically for a CO2 lasing system as an example.
The use of art as a play therapeutic medium in the classroom

SIGNIFICANCE OF PLAY IN A CHILD’S LIFE AS 3 title of a recent article by Brian SuttonSmith (1971) indicates, a child’s play is “very serious business” indeed. For Erickson (1963) play is an integral part of a child’s life; a kind of “emotional laboratory” in which the child learns to master his environment. Through creating and trying out model. situations he develops hypotheses about the world around him. Erickson (1964, p. 10) states: “I propose the theory that child’s play is the infantile form of the human ability to deal with experience by creating model situations and to master reality by experiment and planning.” As Sutton-Smith further points out (1971): “Play is the child’s way of confirming what he knows about the world. Wnat he doesn’t know, he guesses. In its most developed form, play becomes a quest for higher forms of integration.” In the same spirit, Ginnot (1961, p. 5 1) notes that “the child’s play is his talk and toys are his words.” It was Piaget (1969) however, who first demonstrated that much of what we call play is really the activity of intelligence. The child in play, Piaget asserts, learns discrimination and forms of adaptive behavior from the very first days of life through play activities. American psychologists such as White (1966) have further shown that much of a cnild’s time is spent in significant “play exploration” of his environment, which results eventually in “compentence.” Hence, play-seeking activities for the young child are seen as “compentence-motivated.” Millar (1968), in a recent review of the psychology of play, points out that play occurs more frequently as one goes up the phylogenetic scale. Play, she asserts, is a “biologically useful” activity which provides a species with an opportunity to learn and practice behavioral modes which are necessary for survival and growth into maturity. Play and learning are hence intimately related. In this connection, Gordon in her test, Games for Growth (1970), discusses the relationship of playful fun (i.e., games) to learning in the classroom when she says:
β-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Inhibits Keratinocyte Migration via a Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-independent Mechanism

There is increasing evidence that G-protein-coupled receptors cross-talk with growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction in a variety of cell types. We have investigated mechanisms by which the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors, classically GTP-binding proteins coupled receptors, influence the migration of cultured human keratinocytes. We found that iso-proterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor-selective agonist, inhibited cell migration stimulated by either epidermal growth factor, or extracellular Ca2+ in a concentration-dependent manner. This was prevented by pretreatment of the cells with the beta-adrenergic receptor-selective antagonist timolol. Interestingly, isoproterenol, at a concentration of 1 nm, did not measurably increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations yet inhibited cell migration by 50%. To test further if isoproterenol's actions were mediated via activation of adenylyl cyclase, two inhibitors of its activity, 2'5'-dideoxyadenosine and SQ22536, were used. Both compounds significantly diminished iso-proterenol-induced increases in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations but did not attenuate isoproterenol-induced inhibition of cell migration. Also, forskolin (1 microm) markedly increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations but did not significantly inhibit cell migration. As mitogen-activated protein kinases are known to signal growth factor-stimulated cell migration, we examined whether beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition of keratinocyte migration might occur via inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. We found that isoproterenol inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on the phosphorylation of the stress mitogen-activated protein kinases c-jun N-terminal kinase and stress-activated protein kinase-2. Neither forskolin nor a membrane permeable cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog inhibited phosphorylation of any of these mitogen-activated protein kinases. These findings suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor-induced inhibition of keratinocyte migration is mediated through inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent manner.
An Evaluation of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study Program from the Professional Viewpoint and Implications for the University An Evaluation of High School and University Biology Instruction 1960–1966

When the teachers, administrators, and professors were asked in a structured interview why one or more of the three versions of the BSCS program were selected and not some other biology text by a different author, their responses were varied. However, all agreed that the BSCS program, more specifically the three versions of that program, was better than anything else that had been done in the past or in the present in the way of high school biology texts.
Constraints on Growth in the MENA Region

In this paper we contribute to the empirical literature on growth in the MENA region by attempting to quantify the impact of the various constraints faced by local businesses highlighted by the World Bank’s Business Enterprise surveys. To the best of our knowledge this dataset has not been used in any empirical analysis looking at the main constraints on growth in the MENA region. Our empirical results suggest that the key direct constraints to growth in the MENA region are difficulties in access to finance, labor skill mismatches and shortages, and electricity constraints.
Social-comparative feedback affects motor skill learning

This study examined motivational effects of feedback on motor learning. Specifically, we investigated the influence of social-comparative feedback on the learning of a balance task (stabilometer). In addition to veridical feedback (error scores reflecting deviation from the target horizontal platform position) about their own performance after each trial, two groups received false normative information about the “average” score of others on that trial. Average performance scores indicated that the participant's performance was either above (better group) or below (worse group) the average, respectively. A control group received veridical feedback about trial performance without normative feedback. Learning as a function of social-comparative feedback was determined in a retention test without feedback, performed on a third day following two days of practice. Normative feedback affected the learning of the balance task: The better group demonstrated more effective balance performance than both the worse an...
Oxaloacetate synthesis in the methanarchaeon Methanosarcina barkeri: pyruvate carboxylase genes and a putative Escherichia coli-type bifunctional biotin protein ligase gene (bpl/birA) exhibit a unique organization.

Evidence is presented that, in Methanosarcina barkeri oxaloacetate synthesis, an essential and major CO2 fixation reaction is catalyzed by an apparent α4β4-type acetyl coenzyme A-independent pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), composed of 64.2-kDa biotinylated and 52.9-kDa ATP-binding subunits. The purified enzyme was most active at 70°C, insensitive to aspartate and glutamate, mildly inhibited by α-ketoglutarate, and severely inhibited by ATP, ADP, and excess Mg2+. It showed negative cooperativity towards bicarbonate at 70°C but not at 37°C. The organism expressed holo-PYC without an external supply of biotin and, thus, synthesized biotin. pycA, pycB, and a putative bpl gene formed a novel operon-like arrangement. Unlike other archaeal homologs, the putative biotin protein ligases (BPLs) of M. barkeri and the closely related euryarchaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus appeared to be of the Escherichia coli-type (bifunctional, with two activities: BirA or a repressor of the biotin operon and BPL). We found the element Tyr(Phe)ProX5Phe(Tyr) to be fully conserved in biotin-dependent enzymes; it might function as the hinge for their “swinging arms.”
Quantitative Analysis of Long-Term Survival and Neuritogenesisin Vitro:Cochleovestibular Ganglion of the Chick Embryo in BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5, and Insulin☆

Abstract The dynamics of survival and growth were examined for cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG) cells maintained in long-term cultures. CVG cells were explanted from chick embryos after 90 h of incubation into a defined-medium containing BDNF, NT-3, or NT-4/5 and an insulin, transferrin, selenium, and progesterone supplement. Explant survival and neuritogenesis was measured for 23 to 24 daysin vitro.All three neurotrophins prolonged CVG survival in a dose-dependent manner although insulin acted as a cofactor. In 0.872 μMinsulin-containing medium the ED50for BDNF and NT-3 was 100 pg/ml, whereas the ED50for NT-4/5 was 600–1200 pg/ml. However, at later agesin vitro,survival decreased with concentrations of BDNF greater than 2 ng/ml. In insulin-free medium, concentrations of 5–200 ng/ml of BDNF or 30–200 ng/ml of NT-4/5 maintained the survival of explants at a rate that was equivalent to or less than the survival rate of cultures treated with insulin but not with neurotrophin. In contrast, NT-3-treated explants in insulin-free medium did not survive the duration of the experiment. Dose-dependent effects of BDNF and NT-3 on explant neuritogenesis were reflected as an initial delay in outgrowth, whereas NT-4/5 had no effect. Insulin regulation of neuritogenesis was suggested when outgrowth decreased in the presence of an antibody to the insulin receptor. These data suggest that while all three of these neurotrophins protect the CVG from death the long-term consequences of cofactors and certain dose levels should be considered when treating CVG cellsin vivo.
Mapping of Reis-Bücklers' corneal dystrophy to chromosome 5q

Purpose Recently several autosomal dominant corneal stromal dystrophies have been mapped to chromosome 5q. Therefore, we tested whether Reis-Bucklers' corneal dystrophy, an autosomal dominant trait, was also linked to the same region. Methods Five generations of a single family with Reis-Bucklers' corneal dystrophy were ascertained. Twenty-two family members were examined, and 11 were found to be affected. Blood was obtained for genetic linkage analysis. Results Several genetic markers on chromosome 5q were strongly suggestive of linkage or confirmed linkage (LOD score > 3.0). Multipoint analysis generated a maximum LOD score of 4.25 between D5S414 and IL-9. Conclusions Reis-Bucklers', lattice type 1, Avillino, and granular corneal dystrophies all map to the same genetic locus. This suggests that one of the following might be true: (1) that a corneal gene family exists in this region; (2) that these corneal dystrophies represent allelic heterogeneity (that is, different mutations within the same gene manifest as different phenotypes); or (3) that these are all the same disease.
Iron fertilization of Trichodesmium off the west coast of Barbados: A one-dimensional numerical model

Abstract A one-dimensional quasi-Eulerian model, describing the biological and chemical interactions of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton populations within the upper 100 m of the water column, was used to explain the relative impact of iron fertilization from Saharan dust on phosphorus cycling by the cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium spp. We examined the Caribbean surface waters off the west coast of Barbados using seasonal cases of dust delivery (summer peak) in relation to periods of elevated phosphorus stocks found in episodic pulses of Amazon River water advected past Barbados by the Guiana Current. The additional iron and phosphorus supplied by fluvial sources, available after biological depletion of nitrogen, could alleviate the growth limitation of Trichodesmium far downstream of the river plumes. The model results were compared with measurements made of Trichodesmium stocks 8 km off the west coast of Barbados. Modeled concentrations within the low-salinity Amazon plumes reached ∼7.4 mg chl m −2 , as seen at Barbados. In the absence of the low-salinity signal, the Trichodesmium biomass shifted to phosphorus limitation with little response to iron fertilization. This indicates that Trichodesmium stocks may indeed be mainly a function of phosphorus availability within the upper water column. Therefore, the supply of phosphorus from subtropical/tropical rivers, such as the Amazon and Orinoco, limits the potential cyanophyte response, despite adequate atmospheric iron delivery. This alters our view not only of the western North Atlantic nitrogen budget, but potentially several regions downstream of low N:P river systems.
PCBs, DDE, and Mercury in Young-of-The-Year Littoral Fishes from Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Forage fish were collected in August and September, 1991 to characterize the influence of human disturbance at 23 coastal wetlands and beaches in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Disturbance characterization included analysis of contaminant residues (total PCBs, p,p’-DDE, and total mercury) in young-of-the-year fish for at least one species per site. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) were the primary species sampled. Residue concentration differences among species were minimal. Residues of PCBs were highest of the three compounds measured and were the only residues that exceeded International Joint Commission Aquatic Life Guidelines: all 14 fish samples from the lower bay exceeded the 100 ng/g PCB guideline. Based on the concentration gradient measured, the Fox River is the primary source of PCBs; whereas, the more evenly distributed p,p’-DDE and mercury appear to originate mostly from nonpoint sources. The high percentage of more-chlorinated PCB homologs in upper bay fish supports the hypothesis that less-chlorinated PCBs volatilize more quickly and therefore are less abundant farther from their source. Habitat-specific data suggest that contaminants (particularly PCBs) are more available to biota at beaches than at wetlands.
Charnockite geobarometers based on coexisting garnet—pyroxene—plagioclase—quartz

Numerous geothermometers based on compositions of coexisting minerals have been calibrated experimentally or theoretically during the past 10 yr. In contrast, few continuous-reaction geobarometers exist which have had wide application. One, based on the reaction of cordierite to garnet, sillimanite and quartz, is limited by a relatively narrow pressure range of application and also by conflicting calibrations1,2 because the mixing relations of Mg and Fe and the role of H2O in cordierite3 are not understood. Another successful barometer uses the assemblage garnet, plagioclase, Al2SiO5 and quartz4,5. Continuous geobarometers based on the reaction of orthofer-rosilite to fayalite plus quartz6 and on the aluminium content of enstatite in equilibrium with garnet7 have been used to a lesser extent. The former barometer is limited by rarity of the requisite assemblage, and the latter by uncertain experimental calibration for crustal rocks. We calibrate here two mineralogical geobarometers from measured thermodynamic data. The participating minerals, pyroxenes, garnet, plagioclase and quartz, are frequently associated in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Calculation of pressures for several terrains show that the geobarometers yield reasonable and consistent results for the entire range of crustal pressures.
Monte Carlo simulation of particle coagulation and sintering

A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to describe the gas phase coagulation and sintering of nan-oclusters. The cluster-cluster aggregation model is modified to include a finite interparticle binding energy. Particle restructuring and densification (sintering) are incorporated into the model by modifying Kadanoff's algorithm for random particle walks on the surface of the cluster. The effect of sintering on aggregate size distribution and fractal dimension has been investigated in simulations of two-dimensional clusters. The binding energy and the relative rates of aggregation and sintering are the primary variables affecting particle structure. In the initial stages, the sintering process results in aggregates which are compact on small length scales. As time progresses and the aggregates become larger, the sintering process slows down and the fractal dimension of the aggregates decreases. The model is able to track the effect of reactor residence time and temperature on the specific surface area a...
Reductive addition of OH radicals to macrocyclic complexes

Abstract The reactions of OH radicals with complexes of the macrocycle Me 2 -3,4,5-pyo-[14]trieneN 4 and Cu(II), Co(II), Co(III) have been investigated by pulse radiolysis. The addition of the OH radical to the macrocycle leads to metal-ligand radical intermediates which achieve stability by reduction of the metal center. The mechanism of such reactions is discussed in terms of the redox potentials of the complexes and known mechanisms of addition to organic aromatic compounds.
Modeling Electroretention of Proteins during Electropolarization Chromatography

Abstract An attempt is made to extend the understanding of electropolarization chromatography (EPC) by consideration of the nonlinear effects which dominate the system behavior for high polarizing fields. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of electroretention, a total immobilization of any protein above a finite, species-dependent, critical field strength. The modeling effort appears to have clarified the effects of high fields on many aspects of EPC, particularly the decrease in retardation with an increase in protein loading. It is unsuccessful in explaining electroretention because our model insufficiently predicts high degrees of concentration polarization. The basic reasons for this underestimation of polarization are not yet known, but they most probably reflect inadequate knowledge of transport and thermodynamic behavior of concentrated protein solutions. It is, however, also possible that the description of small-ion diffusion is oversimplified. Other effects like electroosmotic drying and a...
Femtosecond laser preparation of donor tissue from the endothelial side.

PURPOSE The femtosecond laser (Intralase) may provide advantages for dissecting a thin, uniform thickness posterior lamellar disk of donor tissue to be used for endothelial transplantation. We investigated the use of the Intralase to dissect the donor cornea from the posterior side to better obtain a thin and uniform lamellar disk. We investigated the use of a viscoelastic "cushion" to protect the endothelium during applanation and laser delivery. METHODS Human eye bank donor buttons were placed endothelial side up, covered with a thin coat of viscoelastic, and brought into contact with the Intralase applanation lens. A 7-mm diameter, 100-microm lamellar disk was cut from the endothelial side. The endothelial viability after these procedures was determined using a live cell/dead cell assay. Controls were designed to assess the endothelial viability after applanation and laser application using only a balanced salt solution (BSS) cushion instead of viscoelastic material. Additionally, applanation without lasering using either BSS or a viscoelastic cushion was studied. RESULTS The average endothelial cell loss in the laser experiment sets were 10% (n = 5, range of 4-17%, Sodium Hyaluronate), 14% (n = 5, range of 7-19%, Sodium Hyaluronate-Sodium Chondroitin) and 6% (n = 5, range of 3-11%, Hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose). In the controls, laser and applanation with BSS resulted in an average endothelial loss of 18% (n = 5, range of 14-26%). Applanation alone without laser dissection resulted in cell loss of 9% (n = 5, range of 7-12%) using BSS and 9% (n = 6, range 1-42%) Hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose. CONCLUSIONS The technique of using a viscoelastic "cushion" to protect endothelial cells from damage during posterior laser dissection prior to transplantation is promising. Viscoelastic coating protects the endothelial layer from damage from the coupling lens better than a layer of BSS. The lasering process, however, causes damage in addition to applanation with the laser lens. Further studies are warranted to optimize reproducibility of endothelial cell survival and evaluate the smoothness of stromal dissections in the posterior cornea.
Critical sets of functions

With the introduction of an alternate definition for critical point, this paper studies critical sets, as defined byW. M. Whyburn, in terms of certain related domains. Critical sets are divided into four classes. Type0 has the limit point property with respect to critical sets which are not type0; type1 and2 critical sets compare, respectively, to classical minimum and maximum points; type3 includes themin-max and flex type.
Sodium tracer diffusion in glasses of the type (Na2O)0.2(B2O3)y(SiO2)0.8 − y

Abstract Sodium tracer diffusion coefficients, D⁎Na, have been measured in sodium borosilicate glasses of the type (Na2O)0.2(B2O3)y(SiO2)0.8−y as a function of temperature and the composition parameter y. At constant temperature, the tracer diffusion coefficient of sodium decreases as y increases. The activation enthalpy derived from sodium tracer diffusion data for temperatures up to about 350 °C increases about linearly with increasing values of y from about 70 to 100 kJ/mol. The pre-exponential factor of the sodium tracer diffusion coefficient as a function of y varies by about one order of magnitude and has a minimum at near y = 0.3.
Befriending Risky Peers: Factors Driving Adolescents’ Selection of Friends with Similar Marijuana Use

Adolescents often befriend peers who are similar to themselves on a range of demographic, behavioral, and social characteristics, including substance use. Similarities in lifetime history of marijuana use have even been found to predict adolescent friendships, and we examine whether this finding is explained by youth's selection of friends who are similar on a range of more proximate, observable characteristics that are risk factors for marijuana use. Using two waves of individual and social network data from two high schools that participated in Add Health (N = 1,612; 52.7% male), we apply longitudinal models for social networks to test whether or not several observable risky attributes (psychological, behavioral, and social) predict adolescent friendship choices, and if these preferences explain friend's similarities on lifetime marijuana use. Findings show that similarities on several risk factors predict friendship choices, however controlling for this, the preference to befriend peers with a similar history of marijuana use largely persists. The results highlight the range of social selection processes that lead to similarities in marijuana use among friends and larger peer groups, and that also give rise to friendship groups whose members share similar risk factors for substance use. Friends with high "collective risk" are likely to be important targets for preventing the onset and social diffusion of substance use in adolescents.
Brain monitoring during general anesthesia

Summary Electroencephalography (EEG) offers utility as a surrogate monitor of anesthetic depth, potentially facilitating a "Goldilocks" anesthetic plan of "just right" patient centered dosing. Despite the proposed benefits, clinical incorporation has been slow, and there have been many conflicting results regarding the ability of EEG monitoring to improve clinical outcomes. This review summarizes features of EEG waveforms during wakefulness, sedation and general anesthesia. The literature regarding the effectiveness of processed EEG monitoring in preventing intraoperative awareness with recall is critically summarized; the strongest evidence for processed EEG monitoring is in the setting of total intravenous anesthesia. Preliminary evidence regarding the utility of processed EEG monitoring in preventing unnecessarily deep anesthesia and its hypothesized adverse effects is discussed. A provocative association has been noted between certain EEG features, such as burst suppression, and adverse early and intermediate term outcomes, such as delirium and death. However, whether such associations are causal or epiphenomenal is currently unknown. Finally, the limitations of current EEG monitors and the features of an ideal EEG monitor are described.
Urinary excretion of orotic acid, orotidine and other pyrimidines in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

Urinary orotidine and orotic acid have been determined in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency under various dietary and therapeutic conditions. For this purpose a new procedure for the analysis of both compounds has been developed, consisting of prefractionation with Dowex 1X8, followed by two HPLC steps on a μ Bondapak NH2 and a μ. Bondapak C18 column. With this method normal as well as slightly elevated excretions of orotic acid have been found in our patient. No evidence was obtained for inhibition of OPRT by purine (deoxy)nucleosides as a cause of pyrimidine starvation. A significant increase of urinary orotidine was found after loading with allopurinol. For comparison excretory values in a patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and also in a patient with orotic aciduria type I are shown. The possible cause of the slight increase in urinary orotic acid in our patient has been discussed.
Quantitative MRI-based temperature mapping based on the proton resonant frequency shift: Review of validation studies

MRI-based temperature imaging that exploits the temperature-sensitive water proton resonant frequency shift is currently the only available method for reliable quantification of temperature changes in vivo. Extensive pre-clinical work has been performed to validate this method for guiding thermal therapies. That work has shown the method to be useful for all stages of the thermal therapy, from resolving heating below the threshold for damage to ensuring that the thermal exposure is sufficient within the target volume and protecting surrounding critical structures and to accurately predicting the extent of the ablated volume. In this paper, these validation studies will be reviewed. In addition, clinical studies that have shown this method feasible in human treatments will be overviewed.
Comparison of composition and atomic structure of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistor before and after positive bias temperature stress by transmission electron microscopy

In this paper high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis is performed on indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistors to determine the crystal structure of the material. The relative elemental concentrations of indium, gallium, zinc and oxygen were quantified and analyzed using energy dispersive spectroscopy before and after subjection to positive gate bias temperature stress at 80 °C. Notable changes in the concentration of oxygen in the device channel were observed along with a reduced concentration of the elements indium, gallium and zinc after electrical stressing. We speculate this relative reduction in metal concentration could be attributed to the outdiffusion of metal ions from the channel region into the surrounding thermal oxide and the increase in the oxygen concentration in the stressed device is related to electric field assisted adsorption of oxygen from the ambient.
Molecular quadrangle formation from a diuranium μ-η6,η6-toluene complex

A new inverted sandwich of a μ-η6,η6-toluene diuranium complex reacted with quinoxaline to form a tetranuclear macrocycle with ferrocene diamide uranium(IV) vertices and reduced quinoxaline edges.
Improving Maternal Labor Monitoring in Kenya Using Digital Pen Technology: A User Evaluation

Paper-based systems for monitoring maternal labor have been shown to reduce life-threatening complications in low-resource environments; however, significant barriers exist to the use of these tools in developing countries. This paper presents the PartoPen -- a digital pen system that enhances a common labor- monitoring form known as the partograph. The PartoPen system provides real-time data feedback and reinforces birth attendant training, while retaining the paper-and- pen interface currently used by most healthcare workers. In this paper, the results from a preliminary user evaluation of the system in a Kenyan hospital are described. The qualitative results collected in this study indicate that the PartoPen system is easy to use, and addresses many of the current barriers facing effective partograph use in developing countries.
An unexpected entry into the globin real estate market

Comment on Basu et al, page [2566][1] Once EKLF (KLF1) was found to be instrumental for adult β-globin expression, related activators for embryonic and fetal β-like genes have been sought. One, first identified 10 years ago, has unexpectedly reappeared. The regulation of β-like globin gene
The response of x-irradiated limbs of adult urodeles to autografts of normal cartilage.

The left forelimbs of 100 adult newts (Triturus viridescens) were exposed to 1,560 or 2,000 r of localized x-irradiation; right and left forelimbs were amputated through the distal humerus. Eighty of the left irradiated forelimbs were then implanted autoplastically with cartilage taken from the dorsal cartilaginous plate of the unirradiated contralateral scapula and rendered virtually free of all cell types other than chondrocytes by subjection to manual stripping of soft tissues and perichondrium (60 cases) and manual stripping combined with brief alcohol immersion (20 cases). The results showed that the unirradiated right forelimbs regenerated normally in all cases. They also showed that the irradiated left control limbs (no implants) failed to regenerate in all cases (20). In contrast, those irradiated limbs implanted with unirradiated cartilage developed blastemata which differentiated into irregular masses of cartilage. No blastema developed following dedifferentiation of irradiated stump tissues. The blastema developed concomitantly with the breakdown of the implanted cartilage. Since these two events were separated by a time interval of two weeks, it is concluded that the blastema was formed by a direct, massive contribution of cells from the normal autograft. Further, the histologic evidence presented indicates that the majority, if not all, of the blastema cells derived from chondrocytes of scapular origin in adult newts and implanted autoplastically into irradiated limb tissue has differentiated into chondrocytes.
Increased incidence of incomplete Kawasaki disease at a pediatric hospital after publication of the 2004 American Heart Association guidelines.

We sought to study the impact of the 2004 American Heart Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). We reviewed patient records from July 2000 to June 2002 (group 1) and July 2007 to June 2009 (group 2) at a tertiary children’s hospital. The proportion of patients with incomplete KD in group 2 (56 of 118 [47%]) was significantly higher than that in group 1 (20 of 85 [24%], p = 0.001). Median age (months) and interquartile ranges for group 1 was 26 (range 12.5–52) and for group 2 was 38.5 (range 18–63; p = 0.072). The number of patients diagnosed with KD having just 2 symptoms other than fever was significantly higher in group 2 (2.4 vs. 16.9%, p < 0.001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase levels were obtained in a significantly greater number of patients with KD after the guidelines were published. Thirty-two of the 203 patients studied had coronary artery (CA) involvement (15.8%), 4 of whom had CA aneurysms (2%) and 28 had CA ectasia only (13.8%). CA involvement was seen in 13 of 85 (15.3%) patients in group 1 and 19 of 118 (16.1%; p = 1) patients in group 2. After publication of the 2004 AHA guidelines, diagnoses of incomplete KD and laboratory use increased at our center; however, the rate of CA involvement remained stable. There also was a trend towards older age in children diagnosed with KD. Laboratory parameters and CA involvement between incomplete KD and classic KD were comparable.
Neighbor-induced bubble pinch-off: novel mechanisms of in situ foam generation in microfluidic channels

We utilize a microfluidic constriction to demonstrate two new mechanisms of in situ foam generation in porous media. The initial foam was generated using a flow-focusing geometry with co-flowing gas and surfactant solution streams and then flowed through a microfluidic constriction. By varying the gas and surfactant solution flow rates, different types of monodisperse foams were generated in which two bubbles (2-bubble foam), three bubbles (3-bubble foam), or more than three bubbles (>3-bubble foam) spanned the channel width. It was expected that the bubbles would snap off upon passing through the constriction; however, in our system, the snap-off mechanism was observed only under unstable conditions, namely, when the foam was wet and had a large bubble size. Instead, the following behaviors were observed as stable foam passed through the constriction: no change, reorientation, and pinch-off, which included two newly observed mechanisms (neighbor–wall pinch-off and neighbor–neighbor pinch-off). Neighbor–wall pinch-off occurs as a bubble is pinched between the surfaces of a neighboring bubble and the curved wall of the constriction. Neighbor–neighbor pinch-off occurs as a bubble is pinched off between two adjacent neighboring bubbles. The width of the pinched bubble as a function of time before pinch-off was found to scale as a power law with exponents of 0.523 ± 0.06 and 1.004 ± 0.05 for neighbor–wall and neighbor–neighbor pinch-off, respectively.
Label-Free Detection of Heparin, Streptavidin, and Other Probes by Pulsed Streaming Potentials in Plastic Microfluidic Channels

In this paper, pulsed streaming potentials generated in plastic microfluidic channels are used for the label-free detection of some model analytes. The microchannels are fabricated with the commodity plastic cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), and the detection signal arises from a change in the surface charge upon analyte adsorption on the modified microchannel surface. The role of the surface modification is to confer the microchannel with a predetermined charge and a particular specificity toward the adsorption of the target analyte. In this work, several target probes displaying different levels of specificity were investigated. Heparin and streptavidin were detected by adsorption on microchannel surfaces modified with protamine and biotin, respectively, whereas bovine serum albumin (BSA) and methylene blue (MB) showed nonspecific adsorption on almost any modified or unmodified COC microchannel surface. The magnitude of the streaming potential was found to be proportional to the liquid pressure and the sur...
Loss of X chromosome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We present six cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in which an acquired loss of the X chromosome was detected. The cases derive from a consecutive series of 178 childhood ALL, consisting of 80 girls and 98 boys. In five cases the presence of the TEL-AML1, t(12;21), fusion product was detected by FISH. The single negative case had an unusual t(1;19)(p13;q13). In addition, this was the only case that did not have a cytogenetically visible rearrangement involving one of the chromosome regions 6q, 9p, or 12p. The six cases showed the typical presentation features of an ALL of FAB type L1, a common ALL immunophenotype with myeloid marker co-expression, and a median presenting age of 7 years. We, therefore, conclude that loss of chromosome X may be a secondary event in older girls with TEL-AML1-positive ALL.
Annotated Checklist of the Free-Living Copepods of the Great Lakes

Abstract An annotated checklist of the free-living copepods of the Laurentian Great Lakes is developed on the basis of published records. Synonymies are included for each species, relating, wherever possible, invalid names in the literature with currently recognized taxonomy. Twelve species of calanoids, six species of planktonic cyclopoids, nine species of benthic/ littoral cyclopoids, and fourteen species of harpacticoids have been reported from the Great Lakes. Ten of the calanoids and four of the cyclopoids are characteristic of limnetic waters. Three calanoids and two planktonic cyclopoids have been reported infrequently and are perhaps accidental occurrences. The composition of the planktonic copepod fauna in most subregions of the Great Lakes is well-known. In contrast, the sampling of benthic/littoral cyclopoids and harpacticoids has been so infrequent that their kinds, areas of occurrence, and relative abundances are still poorly understood.
A SAT-based procedure for verifying finite state machines in ACL2

We describe a new procedure for verifying ACL2 properties about finite state machines (FSMs) using satisfiability (SAT) solving. We present an algorithm for converting ACL2 conjectures into conjunctive normal form (CNF), which we then output and check with an external satisfiability solver. The procedure is directly available as an ACL2 proof request. When the SAT tool is successful, a theorem is added to the ACL2 system database as a lemma for use in future proof attempts. When the SAT tool is unsuccessful, we use its output to construct a counter-example to the original ACL2 property.
Effects of Perceived Fairness on Willingness to Pay

An experiment tested the effects of fairness on willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods. Treatments varied the amount requested (high vs. low), the fairness of the requested contribution (high vs. low), and the beneficiary (self vs. other) or cause of the needed change (internal vs. external). Irrespective of fairness type (beneficiary or cause), under conditions of high fairness, the public good was judged to be more valuable and the requested contribution more justified. The judged value of the public good and the perceived fairness of the requested contribution each made a significant contribution to the prediction of WTP. The requested amount influenced WTP by acting as an initial anchor. The implications of these findings for contingent valuation are discussed.
Enhanced antimicrobial activity with faceted silver nanostructures

Faceted silver nanostructures including triangular nanoprisms, nanotetrahedra, and nanodecahedra were synthesized via a facile photochemical method at controlled wavelengths using spherical nanoparticles as the seeds. Scanning transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the resulting nanostructures were much larger in size (20–50 nm) than the spherical seed nanoparticles (under 5 nm), and X-ray diffraction as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements confirmed that these nanostructures exhibited predominantly {111} faceted surfaces. Importantly, the silver nanostructures demonstrated markedly better antimicrobial activity than the spherical seed nanoparticles as evidenced by a lower minimum inhibitory concentration and more dramatic changes in both growth rate and lag phase at lower concentrations, which were attributed to the greater reactivity of the {111} faceted surfaces toward oxygen-rich bacterial surface moieties that allowed for more rapid localization to bacterial cells and increased interactions with structurally vital outer-membrane proteins. These results highlight the significance of surface morphologies of metal nanostructures in the manipulation of their antimicrobial activity.
Long-term chest wall discomfort in women after coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the occurrence of long-term chest wall discomfort in women after coronary artery bypass grafting. DESIGN: Prospective repeated-measures design. SETTING: Posthospitalization. SAMPLE: Fifty-one women who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. Data were collected at 12 and 18 months by self-report and data collection instruments. INSTRUMENTS: Life Orientation Test, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Profile of Mood States, Sickness Impact Profile, interview schedule, and discomfort scale 0 to 10. RESULTS: Women who had an internal mammary artery graft had significantly (p = 0.003) more discomfort. Most discomforts were intermittent and did not interfere with daily activities. However, the feelings of numbness and itchiness tended to be continuous.
Investigation of SiO2 plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition through tetraethoxysilane using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

In situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study surface processes during plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of silicon dioxide through tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and oxygen. ATR‐FTIR studies were conducted on thin (about 50 A) silicon dioxide films deposited on GaAs. This approach allowed us to obtain the infrared spectrum of TEOS adsorbed on SiO2 in the spectral region 4000–770 cm−1 and to determine the surface species and their relative surface concentrations as a function of deposition conditions in a helical resonator plasma reactor. Studies were conducted where the SiO2 surface was exposed to TEOS and O2 plasma sequentially and/or simultaneously. Surface processes were studied as a function of exposure to TEOS and substrate temperature. In situ ATR‐FTIR studies of adsorption of TEOS on the SiO2 surface show that TEOS adsorbs chemically and irreversibly onto the SiO2 surface above 100 °C. SiO2 growth was found to occur even without ...
Desensitization of the adipocyte A(1) adenosine receptor during untreated experimental diabetes mellitus.

We examined the changes that occur in the adenosine receptor system during diabetes mellitus. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced in male Lewis rats with streptozocin (65 mg/kg), and A1 adenosine receptor binding was characterized with [125I]N6-2-(4-aminophenyl) ethyladenosine. In adipocytes, high-affinity A1 adenosine receptor binding decreased from 1466±228 of protein to 312±123 fmol/mg of protein (p<0.01) following 14 d of untreated diabetes mellitus. Neither the dissociation constant (Kd=1.3±0.2 nM) nor the basal level of adenylate cyclase activity (2.8±1.1 pmol cAMP/mg of protein/min) was altered by diabetes mellitus. The dose-response curve for the inhibition of adenylate cyclase byN6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA), however, did show a rightward shift, indicating that diabetic adipocyte membranes were less sensitive to the effects of adenosine than nondiabetic adipocyte membranes. In contrast, the A1 adenosine receptor-binding characteristics and adenylate cyclase dose-response curve for cerebral cortical tissue were unchanged by diabetes. These findings suggest that diabetes has tissue-specific effects on the A1 adenosine receptor system. Furthermore, the decreased sensitivity to adenosine potentially worsens the hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus. Such alterations in the adenosine receptor system may play a previously undescribed role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and may help explain why some organs are severely affected by diabetes, but others are relatively spared. Understanding these alterations in adenosine receptor function may lead tonovel therapies of this common metabolic disease.
Getting started in an academic career

A panel of senior academics will respond to questions from doctoral students and junior/untenured faculty members. The discussion will focus on issues that arise while developing an academic career.
Alternative Approaches for the Derivation of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Nonlinear Mechanics

Discontinuous Galerkin methods are commonly derived by seeking a weak statement of the governing differential equations via a weighted-average approach allowing for discontinuous fields at the element interfaces of the discretization. In order to ensure consistency and stability of the formulation, this approach requires the definition of a numerical flux and a stabilization term. Discontinuous Galerkin methods may also be formulated from a linear combination of the governing and compatibility equations weighted by suitable operators. A third approach based on a variational statement of a generalized energy functional has been proposed recently for finite elasticity. This alternative approach naturally leads to an expression of the numerical flux and the stabilization terms in the context of large deformation mechanics problems. This paper compares these three approaches and establishes the conditions under which identical formulations are obtained.
Analysis of probabilistic roadmaps for path planning

Provides an analysis of a path planning method which uses probabilistic roadmaps. This method has proven very successful in practice, but the theoretical understanding of its performance is still limited. Assuming that a path /spl gamma/ exists between two configurations a and b of the robot, we study the dependence of the failure probability to connect a and b on (i) the length of /spl gamma/, (ii) the distance function of /spl gamma/ from the obstacles, and (iii) the number of nodes N of the probabilistic roadmap constructed. Importantly, our results do not depend strongly on local irregularities of the configuration space, as was the case with previous analysis. These results are illustrated with a simple but illuminating example. In this example, we provide estimates for N, the principal parameter of the method, in order to achieve failure probability within prescribed bounds. We also compare, through this example, the different approaches to the analysis of the planning method.