cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post Arc Phenomena

Post arc phenomena, that is phenomena occurring in alternating current after an arc has been “normally” extinguished as a result of the current going through zero (they are also known as “post-zero” phenomena), have recently received a considerable attention relevant to arcs occurring in current-breaking devices. But quite before that time, they were known, at least in their essence, with relevance to mercury vapor rectifiers.
Constructing microbial strains for degradation of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons

Studies of the biodegradation of organic compounds have gained increased interest in the last few years as their relevance to environmental pollution and the treatment of chemical wastes has acquired a wider appreciation. This area of research, once described in some microbial physiology texts as “peripheral metabolism,” has become central to our concerns about the persistence of noxious organic chemicals in the environment and to the development of rational biological approaches for their removal.
Object boundary detection for ontology-based image classification

Technology in the field of digital media generates huge amounts of non-textual information, audio, video, and images, along with more familiar textual information. The potential for exchange and retrieval of information is vast and daunting. The key problem in achieving efficient and user-friendly retrieval in the domain of image is the development of a search mechanism to guarantee delivery of minimal irrelevant information (high precision) while insuring that relevant information is not overlooked (high recall). The traditional solution to the problem of image retrieval employs content-based search techniques based on color, histogram, texture or shape features. The traditional solution works well in performing searches in which the user specifies images containing a sample object, or a sample textural pattern, in which the object or pattern is indexed. One can overcome this restriction by indexing images according to meanings rather than objects that appear in images, although this will entail a way of converting objects to meanings. We have solved this problem of creating a meaning based index structure through the design and implementation of a concept-based model using domain dependent ontologies. An ontology is a collection of concepts and their interrelationships which provide an abstract view of an application domain. With regard to converting objects to meaning the key issue is to identify appropriate concepts that both describe and identify images. For this, first we need to identify all object boundaries accurately that appear in images. We propose an automatic scalable object boundary detection algorithm based on edge detection and region growing techniques. We also propose an efficient merging algorithm to join adjacent regions using an adjacency graph to avoid the over-segmentation of regions. To illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in automatic image classification we implement a very basic system aimed at the classification of images in the sports domain. By identifying objects in images, we show that our approach works well when objects in images have less complex organization.
Does Placement of the Axis of Rotation of the Cervical Spine Affect Mechanics during Flexion and Extension

Due to current limitations in in-vitro biomechanical testing, there is no consensus for the location of the inherent center of rotation (CoR) of the spine. The effects of placement of fixed CoRs of the cervical spine on segmental mechanics were investigated. A custom-designed spine robot able to control the motion of the human joint about any desired anatomical location was used. Six fresh human cadaveric cervical motion segment units (MSUs) were mounted in the spine robot and rotated about three points located along the plane of the disc in the anterior-posterior (A-P) direction: at the mid-point of the disc (C1), half-way between the mid-point and anterior aspect of the disc (A1), and half-way between the mid-point and posterior aspect of the disc(P1). Three similarly spaced lower points (A3, C3, P3) were located 5mm below the upper points in the endplate of the subjacent body. The MSUs were rotated in flexion and extension to a 2.5 Nm bending moment end limit or stopped if the axial or shear loads exceeded 225N. A one-way RM ANOVA with SNK (P=0.05) was used to compare the MSU mechanics: tension/compression, A-P shear forces, and sagittal plane rotation. In flexion, significantly more motion occurred at the midpoints than the anterior and posterior points, and in extension significant decreases in range of motion occurred moving from posterior to anterior direction along both planes. Along the disc plane in flexion, shear forces were significantly greater at A1 and C1 as compared to P1. In extension, axial compressive loads significantly increased as rotations moved from posterior to anterior along both planes. These findings displayed that the cervical MSU is highly sensitive to the location of the axis of rotation in terms of mechanics and range of motion.
Modeling of positive, negative and zero rate sensitivity by using the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO)

Almost complete rate independence or negative rate sensitivityand an increase in strength with a concurrent decrease in ductilitytogether with jerky flow are reportedly observed when dynamic strainaging occurs in metals and alloys. These phenomena are sometimesreferred to as the ‘Portevin Le Chatelier’ effect. Most engineeringalloys experience dynamic strain aging in some temperature region andnormal behavior (positive rate sensitivity and a decrease in strengthwith an increase in temperature) is observed outside the strain-agingregion. The ‘unified’ viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO),which models positive rate sensitivity, is modified to reproduce thezero and negative rate sensitivity and the increase in strength withtemperature. This is accomplished through the introduction of a singlenew term in the growth law of one state variable. In the initialquasi-elastic region the new term has no influence on the modelpredictions but reaches full influence when the flow stress is reached.During dynamic strain aging, creep and relaxation behaviors arepredicted to be normal. While there are very few experimental resultsavailable, they are all in agreement with these predictions. An analysisof the properties of this new term and numerical experiments illustratethe capability of the extended VBO model.
Artificial intelligence in medicine: What is it doing for us today?

Abstract With its origins in the mid- to late-1900s, today, artificial intelligence (AI) is used in a wide range of medical fields for varying purposes. This review first covers the early work regarding AI in medicine, then aims to elucidate some of the most current applications of machine learning in medicine according to the following four specific categories: (1) its use in assessing the risk of disease onset and in estimating treatment success; (2) its use in managing or alleviating complications; (3) its role in ongoing patient care; and (4) its use in ongoing pathology and treatment efficacy research. Lastly, this paper clarifies some of the potential drawbacks, concerns, and uncertainties surrounding the use of AI in medicine and briefly discusses some of the efforts being made to prepare the health care industry for the implementation of AI.
Exploring the association of care fragmentation and patient ratings of care quality: A mediation analysis of women Veterans' experience with VA care.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between care fragmentation and patient ratings of care quality and identify potentially actionable mediators. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING 2015 telephone survey of 1395 women Veterans with three or more visits in primary care and/or women's health care in the prior year at 12 Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS We operationalized lower care fragmentation as receiving VA-only care versus dual use of VA/non-VA care. Participants rated VA care quality (overall care, women's health care (WH), and primary care (PC)) and three aspects of their patient experience (ease of access to services, provider communication, and gender sensitivity of VA environments). We examined associations between care fragmentation and care ratings and applied the Karlson-Holm-Breen decomposition method to test for mediation by aspects of patients' experience. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Lower care fragmentation was associated with higher ratings of care quality (odds ratios [95% CI] for overall care: 1.57 [1.14;2.17]; WH: 1.65 [1.20;2.27]; PC: 1.41 [1.10;1.82]). Relationships were mediated by patient-rated provider communication and gender sensitivity (26-54 percent and 14-15 percent of total effects, respectively). Ease of access was associated with higher care ratings (odds ratios [95% CI] for overall care: 2.93 [2.25;3.81]; WH: 2.81 [2.15;3.68]; PC: 2.33 [1.63;3.33], in models with the three types of patient care experiences included), but did not mediate the association of care fragmentation and care ratings. CONCLUSIONS Potential negative effects of care fragmentation on care quality ratings could be mitigated by attention to quality of patient-provider communication and gender sensitivity of VA environments.
Making energy relevant: The role of free energy in introductory physics

Free energy is a non-conserved quantity that is of fundamental importance in biochemistry and sociopolitical discourse, but one that does not often get discussed in introductory physics classrooms. While many canonical representations of energy that are encountered in introductory physics (energy bar charts, energy pie charts, etc.) foster ideas about energy that are productive for learners in a wide range of contexts, they have limited utility in contexts where free energy is an important consideration. In this study, we describe how learners who encounter canonical representations of energy in introductory physics develop a deep conviction that energy is conserved, and must then reconcile that idea with the fact that the amount of useful energy in the world is continually diminishing. We identify the most prominent ideas about free energy that are expressed by two different populations of learners—undergraduate Introductory Physics for Life Science (IPLS) students and K-12 teachers in a professional development seminar—and describe how those ideas reflect the representations of energy with which they are most familiar. Finally, we articulate features that would be required of new representations that might better prepare learners for considering the usefulness of energy. We suggest that such representations would make the study of energy across disciplines more coherent and make introductory physics more relevant to current sociopolitical energy needs.
Estimating Monitoring Trap Plume Reach and Trapping Area for Nymphal and Adult Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Crop and Non-crop Habitats.

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive polyphagous insect that can cause serious economic injury to specialty and row crops in the United States and globally. To date, H. halys has been managed with repeated insecticide applications. While progress has been made toward development of trap-based monitoring tools to guide management decisions, little is known regarding the trapping area over which a single pheromone-baited trap captures H. halys. We conducted single trap, multiple distance mark-release-recapture experiments; results were used to estimate trapping area for nymphs and adults in sites without host plants present (open field) and for adults in sites with host plants present (apple orchard). Plume reach for pheromone-baited sticky traps was consistently estimated to be <3 m. Maximum dispersive distance in an open field devoid of host plants was estimated to be 40 m for nymphs and 120-130 m for adults resulting in trapping areas of 0.58 ha and 4.83-5.56 ha, respectively. When traps were deployed in association with host plants within the border row of an apple orchard, adult maximum dispersive distance and trapping area was reduced to 70 m and 1.67 ha, respectively. These results indicate that the behavioral response of H. halys to pheromonal stimuli is influenced by the presence of host plants and that trapping area for pheromone-baited traps will likely change relative to the cropping system in which it is deployed. Caution should be taken when extrapolating these results, because the measured values may differ in other crop systems.
Therapeutic targeting of RAS: New hope for drugging the "undruggable"

Abstract RAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and a critical driver of oncogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of RAS has been a goal of cancer research for more than 30 years due to its essential role in tumor formation and maintenance. Yet the quest to inhibit this challenging foe has been elusive. Although once considered “undruggable”, the struggle to directly inhibit RAS has seen recent success with the development of pharmacological agents that specifically target the KRAS(G12C) mutant protein, which include the first direct RAS inhibitor to gain entry to clinical trials. However, the limited applicability of these inhibitors to G12C-mutant tumors demands further efforts to identify more broadly efficacious RAS inhibitors. Understanding allosteric influences on RAS may open new avenues to inhibit RAS. Here, we provide a brief overview of RAS biology and biochemistry, discuss the allosteric regulation of RAS, and summarize the various approaches to develop RAS inhibitors.
THE SPACE CURVE AS A FOLDED EDGE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses whether one can one develop a two-dimensional score line, in case a space curve is given, such that its folding will produce the desired space curve as a folded edge. The chapter illustrates the use of a given space curve as a folded edge in an architectural model. The model was designed with the aid of computer images. A numeric control tape, which determined the layout of the sheets to be developed, was used in the fabrication of the physical models. The chapter illustrates the elevation and oblique views of the same structure.
Depth and Location of Sacral Suture Placement During Cadaveric Simulation of Open Sacrocolpopexy

Abstract OBJECTIVES To evaluate the location and depth of placement of sacral sutures in a cadaveric sacrocolpopexy model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following a 1-hour instructional session, trainees performed an open sacrocolpopexy on unembalmed cadavers under guidance by a Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery board-certified surgeon. At completion of the session, the presacral tissues were dissected and the location and depth of each sacral suture was identified. RESULTS A total of 19 sutures were placed by 9 trainees into 8 cadavers. The majority of sutures (14/19, 74%) were placed between L5 and S1. Three sutures (16%) were placed at L5 and 2 (11%) were placed at the S1 vertebral body. The mean depth of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) was 1.4 mm. When assessing depth of suture placement, 13 of 19 (68%) were placed into the ALL without penetrating the disc space. Two sutures (11%) were placed in the tissues superficial to the ALL and 4 (22%) were placed deep to the ALL into the periosteum or disc. CONCLUSION This study of cadaveric simulation of open sacrocolpopexy finds that location of sacral suture placement is most commonly at the level of the L5-S1 disc space and that placement of sutures into the underlying disc occurs about 1 in 5 times.
Correction to: Toward the Development of a Functional Analysis Risk Assessment Decision Tool.

This article was updated to correct the spelling of Rebecca R. Eldridge’s name in the author listing.
The Effects of Pass/Fail USMLE Step 1 Scoring on the Otolaryngology Residency Application Process.

OBJECTIVES To investigate how the decision to report United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 score as pass/fail will influence future otolaryngology residency application and match processes. STUDY DESIGN Survey study. METHODS An anonymous and voluntary survey approved by the Otolaryngology Program Directors Organization was administered to academic faculty members from April 24, 2020 through May 19, 2020. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-seven surveys were received from department chairs (17.5%), program directors (24.1%), associate program directors (12.5%), and department faculty (45.9%). USMLE Step 1 has been the most heavily weighted metric for offering interviews (44.0%), and it has correlated with residents' medical knowledge (77.0%) and in-service performance (79.8%) but not with surgical skills (57.6%) or patient care (47.1%). In total, 68.1% disagreed with the decision to make USMLE Step 1 pass/fail. This change is anticipated to lead to an increase in significance of USMLE Step 2 CK (89.1%), core clerkship grades (80.9%), elective rotation at the respective institutions (65.7%), Alpha Omega Alpha and other awards (64.6%), and letters of recommendation (63.8%). The new scoring is also anticipated to especially benefit students from top-ranked schools (70.8%), increase medical students' anxiety/uncertainty regarding obtaining interview invites (59.1%), and negatively affect international (51.4%), doctor of osteopathic medicine (45.9%), and underrepresented students (36.9%). Indication that USMLE Step 2 CK will significantly increase in weight varied according to department position (P = .049), geographic region (P = .047), years of practice (P < .001), and residency program size (P = .002). CONCLUSION Most academic otolaryngologists disagreed with changing USMLE Step 1 scoring to pass/fail and believe that it will increase other objective/subjective metrics' weight and put certain student populations at a disadvantage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A. Laryngoscope, 131:E738-E743, 2021.
Illustrating Cognitive Errors in Moral Decision Making

Using a behavioral ethics framework and YouTube video clips, this exercise engages students in a demonstration of how people employ cognitive errors and self-deception to protect their interests wh...
New insights into temperature-dependent ice properties and their effect on ice shell convection for icy ocean worlds

Abstract Ice shell dynamics are a critical control on the habitability of icy ocean worlds. Here, we present a systematic study evaluating the effect of temperature-dependent material properties on these dynamics. We review the published thermal conductivity data for ice, which demonstrates that the most commonly used conductivity model in planetary science represents a lower bound. We propose a new model for thermal conductivity that spans the temperature range relevant to the ice shells of ocean worlds. This increases the thermal conductivity at low temperatures near the surface by about a fifth. We show that such an increase in thermal conductivity near the cold surface favors conduction over convection in the ice shell of Europa. Furthermore, we find that including temperature dependent specific heat capacity decreases the energy stored in the conductive lid. Thus, the timescale for ice shell response to thermal perturbations is reduced by approximately one third. An ice shell that is more sensitive to thermal perturbations may help to explain surface features such as chaotic terrains which require large additions of energy to the near-surface ice.
Boundary Conditions for Constrained Hyperbolic Systems of Partial Differential Equations

Important mathematical models in science and technology are based on first-order symmetric hyperbolic systems of differential equations whose solutions must satisfy certain constraints. When the models are restricted to bounded domains, the problem of well-posed, constraint-preserving boundary conditions arises naturally. However, for numerical solutions, finding such boundary conditions may represent just a step in the right direction. Including the constraints as dynamical variables of a larger, unconstrained system associated to the original one could provide better numerical results, as the constraints are kept under control during evolution. One of the main goals of this work is to investigate this idea in the case of constrained constant-coefficient first-order symmetric hyperbolic systems of differential equations subject to maximal nonnegative boundary conditions.
Telehealth parent coaching to improve daily living skills for children with ASD.

Children with autism spectrum disorder often display deficits in daily living skills. Behavior analysts can use telehealth, such as videoconferencing technology, to deliver interventions to families of these children. Given the COVID-19 pandemic and the common barriers to accessing behavioral interventions, it is imperative to evaluate the effectiveness and practicality of delivering behavioral interventions via telehealth. This study evaluated the efficacy of a parent-implemented intervention with coaching via telehealth to improve daily living skills. Children ranging in age from 5 to 9 years participated in the study with 1 or 2 of their parents serving as the primary implementer(s). Parents implemented the intervention with fidelity and the intervention yielded increases in independent daily living skill completion for all 4 participants.
COVID-19 and Children's Mental Health: Identifying Challenges and the New Normal.

The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 has had clear and direct impact on the physical health of human beings, but the mental health toll associated with this global pandemic is only beginning to be understood. Although children and adolescents have been largely spared from the more severe symptoms associated with the disease, global health organizations such as the United Nations have suggested that COVID-19 may have the longest and most severe impact on children and adolescents due to the socioeconomic, physical, psychological impacts associated with the disease itself and the measures taken to stop transmission, such as physical distancing. This paper provides an overview of the evolutionary basis for community, and the ways that social and physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 threaten the important social learning and support that community provides. It will then discuss, based on research from prior pandemics, recommendations from global health authorities, and emerging data on the impacts of COVID-19, how this pandemic is likely to impact the mental health of children and adolescents. Finally, we offer evidenced-based suggestions about how to mitigate the effects of physical and social distancing.
When climate meets machine learning: edge to cloud ML energy efficiency

A large portion of current cloud and edge workloads feature Machine Learning (ML) tasks, thereby requiring a deep understanding of their energy efficiency. While the holy grail for judging the quality of a ML model has largely been testing accuracy, and only recently its resource usage, neither of these metrics translate directly to energy efficiency, runtime, or mobile device battery lifetime. This work uncovers the need for building accurate, platform-specific power and latency models for ML and efficient hardware-aware ML design methodologies, thus allowing machine learners and hardware designers to identify not just the best accuracy ML model configuration, but also those that satisfy given hardware constraints.
Cross-plane stereo-PIV measurements in a refractive-index-matched environment of flow associated with barchan dunes immersed in a turbulent boundary layer

Barchan dunes are crescent-shaped bedforms that form in aeolian (i.e., wind-driven) environments (including both Earth and other planets, such as Mars) as well as subaqueous environments. Under the forcing of the aloft turbulent boundary layer, they migrate downstream at a rate inversely proportional to their size, which results in complex interactions between neighboring dunes of disparate scales. In particular, it has been observed that dunes will interact at a distance, causing changes in morphology without contacting each other, which is thought to be driven by the way dunes modify the local flow field Bristow et al. (2018); Assis and Franklin (2020). In this study, the coherent structures formed in the wakes of barchan dunes are investigated using measurements of the flow over fixed-bed (i.e., solid) barchan models, both in the wake of an isolated barchan and the interdune region between interacting barchans (Fig. 1(a)). Furthermore, the interactions between the flow structures shed by the dunes and the structures in the incoming boundary layer are analyzed.
An Interdisciplinary Approach for Training Specificity

(1977). An Interdisciplinary Approach for Training Specificity. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 38-39.
An effective temperature theory for the nonequilibrium behavior of amorphous polymers

Abstract Amorphous polymers lack an organized microstructure, yet they exhibit structural evolution, where physical properties change with time, temperature, and inelastic deformation. To describe the influence of structural evolution on the mechanical behavior of amorphous polymers, we developed a thermomechanical theory that introduces the effective temperature as a thermodynamic state variable representing the nonequilibrium configurational structure. The theory couples the evolution of the effective temperature and internal state variables to describe the temperature-dependent and rate-dependent inelastic response through the glass transition. We applied the theory to model the effect of temperature, strain rate, aging time, and plastic pre-deformation on the uniaxial compression response and enthalpy change with temperature of an acrylate network. The results showed excellent agreement with experiments and demonstrate the ability of the effective temperature theory to explain the complex thermomechanical behavior of amorphous polymers.
Etnología cognitiva. Análisis conceptual funcional de producción idiomática.

Las expresiones idiomaticas producen “categorias populares”, que son conceptos estables y claves que moldean nuestro entendimiento cotidiano. Las expresiones traen escenas o imagenes, que requieren ser transformadas en las categorias populares en juego. Se describen dos procedimientos que logran este proposito. Ambos involucran operaciones esquematicas de origen kantiano y de la linguistica cognitiva.
Analysis and interpretation of excess molar properties of amphiphile + water systems

Abstract Measurements have been made at 25°C of the excess molar enthalpies of the 1-propanol + water system and of the densities of the 2-propanol + water system, across their entire respective composition ranges. These data have been combined with others taken from the literature to provide a comparison between the excess molar properties of the two systems. Some fairly substantial differences are observed which indicate that, of the two isomers, 1-propanol is the more capable of forming structured aggregates.
Mechanochemical regulation of growth cone motility

Neuronal growth cones are exquisite sensory-motor machines capable of transducing features contacted in their local extracellular environment into guided process extension during development. Extensive research has shown that chemical ligands activate cell surface receptors on growth cones leading to intracellular signals that direct cytoskeletal changes. However, the environment also provides mechanical support for growth cone adhesion and traction forces that stabilize leading edge protrusions. Interestingly, recent work suggests that both the mechanical properties of the environment and mechanical forces generated within growth cones influence axon guidance. In this review we discuss novel molecular mechanisms involved in growth cone force production and detection, and speculate how these processes may be necessary for the development of proper neuronal morphogenesis.
Expeditious access to the most easily ionized closed-shell molecule, W-2(hPP)(4)

A new synthetic path, far superior to either of those previously available, to the W2(hpp)4 molecule (Hhpp = 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine) is reported. The reaction of W(CO)6 with Hhpp in o-dichlorobenzene at 200 °C produces W2(hpp)4Cl2 in a one-pot reaction in over 90% yield. This compound is stable and easily stored for further use, and it can be efficiently reduced in a one-step reaction to the title compound W2(hpp)4.
Stress Effects in the Paraelectric Resonance of KCl: Li

The paraelectric resonance of KCl: Li was studied in the presence of uniaxial stress applied along the crystallographic [110] direction. The results are interpreted in terms of the simple tunneling model proposed by Gomez, Bowen, and Krumhansl and yield a coupling coefficient for coupling to ${T}_{2g}$ symmetry strain of - 0.185 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03 GHz/bar.
Cage mate separation in pair-housed male rats evokes an acute stress corticosterone response

Corticosterone (CORT) release from the adrenal glands in response to acutely stressful stimuli is well-characterized, however several non-experimental, environmental stressors can also engender a CORT response. The aim of this study was to investigate an acute activation of the HPA axis in pair-housed animals in response to separation. We observed a rapid significant increase in CORT in the animal remaining in the home cage following cage mate removal, that was not caused by cage opening and transient removal of cage mate. In addition, we examined this response in both control, non-stressed animals and in animals subjected to chronic variable stress (CVS) and found that although basal levels of CORT differed between control and CVS animals, there was no significant difference in the acute CORT levels between the control and CVS animals after separation, indicating that this environmental event is perceived as acutely stressful in both conditions. Furthermore, we examined the time course of CORT activation and found that CORT levels rapidly rise within minutes of separation peaking at 15 min and returning to baseline by 90 min. The results of this study demonstrate that separation can induce an acute stress response in the remaining cage mate measured by increased CORT and should be considered in molecular, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies.
Tumor progression despite massive influx of activated CD8+ T cells in a patient with malignant melanoma ascites

Although melanoma tumors usually express antigens that can be recognized by T cells, immune-mediated tumor rejection is rare. In many cases this is despite the presence of high frequencies of circulating tumor antigen-specific T cells, suggesting that tumor resistance downstream from T cell priming represents a critical barrier. Analyzing T cells directly from the melanoma tumor microenvironment, as well as the nature of the microenvironment itself, is central for understanding the key downstream mechanisms of tumor escape. In the current report we have studied tumor-associated lymphocytes from a patient with metastatic melanoma and large volume malignant ascites. The ascites fluid showed abundant tumor cells that expressed common melanoma antigens and retained expression of class I MHC and antigen processing machinery. The ascites fluid contained the chemokines CCL10, CCL15, and CCL18 which was associated with a large influx of activated T cells, including CD8+ T cells recognizing HLA-A2 tetramer complexes with peptides from Melan-A and NA17-A. However, several functional defects of these tumor antigen-specific T cells were seen, including poor production of IFN-γ in response to peptide-pulsed APC or autologous tumor cells, and lack of expression of perforin. Although these defects were T cell intrinsic, we also observed abundant CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, as well as transcripts for FoxP3, IL-10, PD-L1/B7-H1, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Our observations suggest that, despite recruitment of large numbers of activated CD8+ T cells into the tumor microenvironment, T cell hyporesponsiveness and additional negative regulatory mechanisms can limit the effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response.
A case of acute cholangitis (post-operative) due to Proteus vulgaris sepsis treated with aureomycin.

1. A case of acute cholangitis (lenta)—post-cholecystectomy syndrome—revealing Proteus Vulgaris on culture of blood and biliary drainage is presented. 2. Differential diagnosis excluded pneumonia, subphrenic abscess, penetrating or perforating peptic ulcer, enlarged head of the pancreas, or recurrent stone as the cause of the fever, chills, abdominal pains and jaundice. 3. This is the first reported case to date of a Proteus Vulgaris Sepsis treated and cured by aureomycin. 4. Since cholangitis or cholangiolitis may produce liver damage and affect other organs detrimentally, it is important to try aureomycin or some closely related antibiotic in Proteus Vulgaris infections before irreversible pathological damage is produced.
Reactions of Electron-Deficient Benzoheterocycle Triosmium Complexes with Lithium Isobutyronitrile

The reactions of the electron-deficient benzoheterocycle triosmium complexes of general formula Os3(CO)9(μ3-η2-Bz)(μ-H) (BzH = phenanthridine, 3; 2-methylbenzimidazole, 4; 2,3-dimethylbenzimidazole, 5; quinoxaline, 6; 2-methylquinoxaline, 7; benzothiazole, 8; 2-methylbenzothiazole, 9) with lithium isobutyryl nitrile are reported. Nucleophilic addition at the carbocyclic rings of all the complexes is observed as for the previously reported Os3(CO)9(μ3-η2-Bz)(μ-H) (BzH = quinoline, 1; 5,6-benzoquinoline, 2), thus extending the novel alteration in the regiochemistry of nucleophilic attack to this entire class of complexes. However, in some of the complexes spontaneous rearomatization of the addition product is observed on workup or on exposure to air after addition of the carbanion. The degree to which this occurs is controlled by the steric and electronic properties of the heterocycle, and by careful adjustment of the reactions conditions either the nucleophilic addition or substitution product can be obser...
The Effect of Autoclave Temperature on the Expansion and Hydrothermal Products of High-MgO Blended Cements

Abstract The relations between the expansion and autoclave products for high MgO blended cements are presented. The results show that restraining actions of silica materials on MgO expansion are increased with the order as follows, slag
Quantitative electroencephalography within sleep/wake states differentiates GABAA modulators eszopiclone and zolpidem from dual orexin receptor antagonists in rats.

Quantitative Electroencephalography Within Sleep/Wake States Differentiates GABA A Modulators Eszopiclone and Zolpidem From Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists in Rats
Aberrations induced by laser guide stars in adaptive optics

Laser guide stars are used to measure the wave-front in adaptive optics for astronomy. The wave front measured in this way differs from the true wave-front and the induced aberrations must be measured and compensated.
Gastric carcinoid tumors as a consequence of chronic hypergastrinemia: spiral CT findings

The development of gastric carcinoid tumors is a rare but recognized complication of prolonged, severe hypergastrinemia. We present 2 patients with elevated gastrin levels who developed gastric carcinoid tumors and the CT findings are reviewed.
Remodelling of the retinal pigment epithelium in response to intraepithelial capillaries: evidence that capillaries influence the polarity of epithelium.

Light- and urethane-induced retinopathies in rats are characterized by loss of photoreceptors. Retinal capillaries subsequently become incorporated into the normally avascular retinal pigment epithelium. These models provided an opportunity to study the response of epithelial cells to closely apposed capillaries, in order to determine if capillaries contribute to the polar organization of epithelial cells. Pigment epithelial cells reorganized their lateral plasma membrane where the latter faced intraepithelial capillaries. This normally flat, undifferentiated membrane developed attachment sites, folds and intracytoplasmic tubules, and exhibited endocytosis and putative basal lamina secretion. These structural and functional specializations are normally restricted to the basal plasma membrane — the normal vascular front of the cell facing the dense meshwork of capillaries constituting the choriocapillaris. We conclude that RPE cells, and perhaps epithelia in general, polarize in response to an adjacent capillary bed.
O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase in Normal and Malignant Tissue of the Breast

An important component of high-dose chemotherapy/autologous bone marrow support regimens for adjuvant treatment of breast cancer is carmustine. Preclinical studies have shown that the level of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is correlated with the resistance of cultured human tumor cells to this drug, but little is known about transferase levels of breast tissue in vivo. We measured the DNA repair activity in 80 tissue samples from 65 patients, including normal, abnormal, benign, and malignant specimens. Wide interindividual variations was observed and average transferase levels were similar in normal and benign tissue. However, transferase levels were significantly elevated in stage I-IV disease. In addition, the frequency of samples with no detectable transferase was greatly reduced in this malignant group, and transferase was positively correlated with the presence of positive nodes, a marker for disease progression. In contrast, transferase levels were not correlated with age or estrogen receptor status, and the levels in normal tissue did not vary between patients with benign or malignant disease. These results suggest that this DNA repair activity may be increased in breast cancer relative to normal tissue and encourage further study of the predictive value of transferase measurements in high-dose chemotherapy/autologous bone marrow transplant for breast cancer.
Developmental Psychopathology: Reactions, Reflections, Projections

Abstract In this paper, I describe the field of developmental psychopathology, discuss its major tenets, and delineate its boundaries with other disciplines with an eye toward the future. I articulate how I envision those aspects of developmental psychopathology that I view as central to the discipline affecting the field and evolving over time. The current status and suggested directions for a number of issues are discussed, including: the interface between normal and abnormal development; developmental mechanisms and processes across the life span; the need for an interdisciplinary approach; prevention and intervention; and training. I believe that a continued and expanded interface between the study of normal and atypical development will span the dualisms that exist between the clinical study of and research into disorders of childhood and adulthood, between basic and applied research, and between psychology and biology. If fostered, I envision an exciting new era of theoretical and empirical work in the developmental sciences.
Effect of dietary energy and somatotropin on components of the somatotropic axis in Holstein heifers.

Abstract The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), GH receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), and IGF receptors, controls growth and mammary development in heifers. Manipulation of the axis with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) improves heifer growth and reduces age at first calving. The effects of rbST are influenced by dietary energy through partially understood mechanisms. The objective was to characterize the somatotropic axis in Holstein heifers fed a diet for either low or high rate of gain and treated with or without rbST. Heifers (120 d of age) were assigned to one of 2 diets to gain either 0.8kg/d (low, n=18) or 1.2kg/d (high, n=20). Within each diet, half of the heifers (n=9 for low and n=10 for high) received daily rbST injections (25μg/kg of body weight). Treatments and diets continued until slaughter (2mo after puberty). Blood was collected 2× per week, and a frequent sampling window was performed 1 d before slaughter. Liver was collected at slaughter. Feeding a high diet or treating with rbST increased serum IGF-I and decreased serum IGFBP-2. The observed changes in serum IGF-I and IGFBP-2 were reflected in their respective liver mRNA amounts. Feeding a high diet decreased serum GH concentrations after rbST injection, but the stimulatory effect of rbST on serum IGF-I was nonetheless greater in high-diet heifers. The differential IGF-I response may be explained by greater GHR 1A in the liver of high-diet heifers. We conclude that a high-gain diet modifies the somatotropic axis in rbST-treated heifers by decreasing serum GH but increasing serum IGF-I after rbST treatment. Greater IGF-I (indicative of an increased GH response) may be a consequence of greater GHR 1A expression in the liver.
Legibility and predictability of robot motion

A key requirement for seamless human-robot collaboration is for the robot to make its intentions clear to its human collaborator. A collaborative robot's motion must be legible, or intent-expressive. Legibility is often described in the literature as and effect of predictable, unsurprising, or expected motion. Our central insight is that predictability and legibility are fundamentally different and often contradictory properties of motion. We develop a formalism to mathematically define and distinguish predictability and legibility of motion. We formalize the two based on inferences between trajectories and goals in opposing directions, drawing the analogy to action interpretation in psychology. We then propose mathematical models for these inferences based on optimizing cost, drawing the analogy to the principle of rational action. Our experiments validate our formalism's prediction that predictability and legibility can contradict, and provide support for our models. Our findings indicate that for robots to seamlessly collaborate with humans, they must change the way they plan their motion.
Overview Of Mach-Zehnder Sensor Technology And Applications

The development of the technology for generic fiber optic interferometric sensors is outlined. Attention will be paid to recent developments of remote interrogation/demodulation and to the avoidance of polarization fading. The second part of the article describes some of the applications which have received most attention.
Reading disorders: Strategies for recognition and management

My emphasis on linguistic factors and sense of competence as exciting areas for clinical research reflects personal interest and in no way is intended to demean paradigms based on information processing or hemispheric specialization, which are equally promising models. Indeed, I would hope a number of models would be pursued in parallel, best of all in the same patients so that we might better establish whether they cluster together or identify diverse groups. There will, of course, be practical limits, both to the competence of any team of examiners and to the durability of any group of subjects in tolerating extended test sessions. In my view, the most meaningful research will be tied to clinical trials of the remedial methods suggested by research findings, first in the hope of benefitting the child, second in order to provide a further test of hypotheses. There is no other way of beginning the task of developing new linguistic and psychological assessment tools than by exploring their utility with clinical and control groups. But once reliable and valid methods are at hand, it is essential that they be employed epidemiologically and longitudinally on stratified samples of a school population reappraised at appropriate intervals. Referred patients and cross-sectional studies simply will not suffice to provide a valid analysis of the distribution of reading problems, of their natural history, and of their response to remediation. It is high time that we began to think in these terms and to pool efforts to make such studies possible.
Bronchomalacia in sarcoidosis: evaluation on volumetric expiratory high-resolution CT of the lung.

Rationale and objectives The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of bronchomalacia associated with sarcoidosis and compare the extent of air trapping in patients with sarcoidosis with and without bronchomalacia. Materials and methods Eighteen consecutive patients (6 men, 12 women; age, 29–64 years; mean age, 47 years) with pathologically proven sarcoidosis who underwent clinical volumetric expiratory high-resolution computed tomography were studied. On contiguous end-expiratory images, the presence and severity of bronchomalacia and extent of air trapping were evaluated. The extent of air trapping was compared between patients with sarcoidosis with and without bronchomalacia. Results Bronchomalacia was noted in 11 of 18 patients (61%) with sarcoidosis (grade 1 [mild], n = 6; grade 2 [moderate], n = 4; and grade 3 [severe], n = 1). Air trapping was observed in 17 of 18 patients (94%; grade 1 [1%–25%], n = 8; grade 2 [26%–50%], n = 9). The extent of air trapping in patients with bronchomalacia was significantly greater than that in patients without bronchomalacia (P = .027, chi-squared test). Conclusion Bronchomalacia frequently was associated with sarcoidosis, and the extent of air trapping was significantly greater in patients with sarcoidosis with bronchomalacia compared with those without bronchomalacia.
1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3-induced 45CA uptake in vascular myocytes cultured from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.

Abstract The effect of 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 on basal 45 Ca uptake was examined in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats. Basal uptake of 45 Ca was significantly greater in myocytes of WKY than SHR at 5, 10, 30 and 60 min incubation with the isotope. Incubation with 1 ng/ml 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 for 48 hr increased basal 45 Ca uptake between 1–10 min in SHR and between 5–10 min in WKY. The dose-response relationship indicated that cells from both strains are equally sensitive to the calciotropic effects of 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 with half-maximal stimulation occurring at approximately 0.3–0.4 ng/ml. In cells of both strains maximal stimulation of 45 Ca uptake was achieved only after a 12–24 hr period of incubation with hormone and pretreatment with cycloheximide inhibited 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 -enhanced 45 Ca uptake. Although 45 Ca binding by extracellular matrix material was significantly greater in WKY than SHR, 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 had no effect on the amount of matrix 45 Ca binding in either strain. These results suggest that 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 induces an increase in intracellular protein synthesis that results in enhanced 45 Ca uptake. The similar responses of the two strains indicate that hypertensive smooth muscle is not more sensitive to 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 and the Ca 2+ response is a general property of vascular muscle.
The Appeal of Vouchers for Failing Large City School Districts: Voting in Congress on Two Very Different Voucher Proposals

Virtually all voucher programs in the United States limit vouchers to a large struggling city such as Cleveland, Milwaukee, or the District of Columbia. This study examines the votes cast by 188 Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives who cast votes on (a) a nationwide voucher plan in 2001 and (b) a 2003 proposal for vouchers for DC. This unique data set provides evidence on how limiting vouchers to a large failing city increased legislative support for vouchers. The differences in votes cast are consistent with differences in the incentives to support these two types of voucher programs.
Interrelationships of serum testosterone and free testosterone index with FFM and strength in aging men.

Muscle mass and strength losses during aging may be associated with declining levels of serum testosterone (T) in men. Few studies have shown a direct relationship between T and muscle mass and str...