cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of power electronics EMI emission

In this paper, the relationship between the switching pattern of a power electronic system and its electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise emission is investigated. It is concluded that the complicated EMI emission from a power electronic system is determined by only two types of basic switching transitions, namely the positive-going transitions and the negative-going ones. By capturing noise emissions originated from these basic processes under different load currents, EMI spectrums in complicated pulse width modulation (PWM) can be predicted. To verify this concept, the well-known two-pulse test technique was used to reproduce those switching transitions, and then the transient responses were recorded. Based on the saved data, actual EMI emissions under the PWM mode at various load conditions were precisely predicted. To explain this concept in detail, this paper thoroughly examines the PWM operation of a power converter, followed by insightful analysis, and finally confirmed by solid test results.
Input, interaction, and the second language learner

Contents: Preface. Modeling Second Language Acquisition. The Question of Evidence. The Nature and Function of Output. Input and Second Language Acquisition Theories. The Role of Interaction. Comprehension, Output, and the Creation of Learner Systems. Epilogue: Classroom Implications and Applications.
New developments in laser-heated diamond anvil cell with in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction at High Pressure Collaborative Access Team

An overview of the in situ laser heating system at the High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, with emphasis on newly developed capabilities, is presented. Since its establishment at the beamline 16-ID-B a decade ago, laser-heated diamond anvil cell coupled with in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction has been widely used for studying the structural properties of materials under simultaneous high pressure and high temperature conditions. Recent developments in both continuous-wave and modulated heating techniques have been focusing on resolving technical issues of the most challenging research areas. The new capabilities have demonstrated clear benefits and provide new opportunities in research areas including high-pressure melting, pressure-temperature-volume equations of state, chemical reaction, and time resolved studies.
An evaluation of lattice Boltzmann equation methods for simulating flow through porous media

We evaluated lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) methods for modeling flow through porous media. We compared a three-dimensional, 19-velocity, multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) LBE model with a popular single-relaxation-time, Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) LBE model. It can be shown that the latter (BGK-LBE) model is a special case of the former (MRT-LBE) model for a certain set of parameter constraints used in the collision operator. We compared the accuracy of the two models for two test cases: (1) Poiseuille flow between parallel plates, and (2) flow past a periodic simple cubic (SC) array of spheres. We also compared two solid-phase, boundary condition approximations: (1) a linearly interpolated bounce-back (LIBB) method, and (2) a standard bounce-back (SBB) method without interpolation. Our results clearly demonstrate advantages of the MRT-LBE model over its BGK counterpart, and the benefits of the LIBB method over the SBB method in terms of numerical accuracy.
Structure and flexibility in global research design

Purpose – This paper aims to present the research methodology for the global study “Landscape of public access to ICT in 25 countries” (referred to as the Landscape study), a study conducted in 2007‐2009 by the University of Washington's Center for Information and Society, with a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Design/methodology/approach – The study looked at public access venues (public libraries, telecenters, cybercafes, other) that offer public access to information, especially through information and communication technologies (ICT), in 25 countries around the world.Findings – The paper describes here the criteria for the country selection, selection of local research partners in each country, research design considerations, data analysis, and limitations of the study.Practical implications – The scope of the research undertook meant sacrificing some depth in exchange for breadth resulting in a broad blanket of understanding over a variety of topics, but not enough depth to really un...
Kuiper binary formation

Abstract It has been observed that binary Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) exist contrary to theoretical expectations. Their creation presents problems to most current theoretical models. However, the inclusion of a third body (for example, one of the outer planets) may provide the conditions necessary for the formation of these objects. The presence of a third massive body not only helps clear the primordial Kuiper Belt but can also result in long lived binary KBOs. The gravitational interaction between the KBOs and the third body causes one of four effects; scattering into the Oort cloud, collisions with the growing protoplanets, formation of binary pairs, or creation of a single KBO. Additionally, the initial location of the progenitors of the KBOs can also have a significant effect on binary formation.
Identifying retinal disease genes: How far have we come, how far do we have to go?

One of the great success stories in retinal disease (RD) research in the past decade has been identification of many of the genes and mutations causing inherited retinal degeneration. To date, more than 133 RD genes have been identified, encompassing many disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, Usher syndrome and macular dystrophy. The most striking outcome of these findings is the exceptional heterogeneity involved: dozens of disease-causing mutations have been detected in most RD genes; mutations in many different genes can cause the same disease; and different mutations in the same gene may cause different diseases. Superimposed on this genetic heterogeneity is substantial clinical variability, even among family members with the same mutation. The RD genes involve many different pathways, and expression ranges from very limited (e.g. expressed in rod photoreceptors only) to ubiquitous. These findings raise several general questions--in addition to the extraordinary number of specific, biological problems revealed. What fraction of the patient population can now be accounted for by the known RD genes? How many more RD genes will be found, and how should we find them? Are we dealing with just a handful of disease mechanisms or are there many different routes to retinal degeneration? How will this extreme heterogeneity affect our ability to diagnose and treat patients? These questions are considered in this summary.
p30-Anti-p30 Immune Complexes: Intravascular Clearance and Extravascular Sequestration in Rats Bearing Moloney Sarcoma

Complexes of 125I p30, a viral core polypeptide, and rat anti-p30 antibody, preformed in vitro, were injected into the heart of BN rats bearing Moloney sarcomas (MST) and of BN rats bearing an unrelated tumor or unexposed to tumor. Complexes were cleared from the circulation of MST-bearing rats more rapidly than from sera of controls and were almost completely eliminated after 30 hr. There was no relationship between rate of disappearance and size of tumor or levels of circulating complexes. Disappearance rates in rats with progressing and regressing tumors were similar. Uncomplexed labeled p30 was cleared from the circulation of tumor-bearing and control rats with kinetics similar to those of labeled complexes. Complexes were localized in the spleen of tumor-bearing and control rats, but much more in spleens of MST-bearing rats. No other tissues, including tumor, concentrated complexes, nor was there binding to peripheral blood and spleen cells. The data suggest that augmented clearance and sequestration were due to the formation of large insoluble complexes that were rapidly removed by the reticulo-endothelial system.
Toward a Unified View of Scholarship: Eliminating Tensions Between Traditional and Engaged Work

Motivating faculty to engage with the community requires overcoming a variety of obstacles. For many, the reluctance reflects a prevailing view that engaged work is less scholarly than traditional research. The devaluation of community-based activities can be traced to uncertainties in three areas: defining, assessing, and documenting engaged scholarship. The present paper seeks to clarify these elements in order to reduce the tension between proponents of traditional and engaged scholarship. Aided by a rich literature, universities can articulate a single set of standards applicable to all work and help faculty document the scholarly content of their activities. Judging all scholarship by the same criteria should effect significant change both internallyand externally: in a university culture that views engagement as secondary to the “real” work of the institution and in a public that increasingly perceives academic interests as disconnected from societal needs.
Fabry-Perot interferometry with a bare CCD: remote field site deployment for the CEDAR program and a sounding rocket experiment

Recent CCDs have been found to be suitable for performing aeronomical-quality observations of airglow emissions with Fabry-Perot interferometers; the fringe quality is satisfactory, and standard reduction techniques are able to extract high quality geophysical data from their observations. An account is given of the initial problems for which satisfactory solutions have been found, including sensor cooling.
Wisdom, Knowledge and Rationality

After surveying the strengths and weaknesses of several well-known approaches to wisdom, I argue for a new theory of wisdom that focuses on being epistemically, practically, and morally rational. My theory of wisdom, The Deep Rationality Theory of Wisdom, claims that a wise person is a person who is rational and who is deeply committed to increasing his or her level of rationality. This theory is a departure from theories of wisdom that demand practical and/or theoretical knowledge. The Deep Rationality Theory salvages all that is attractive, and avoids all that is problematic, about theories of wisdom that require wise people to be knowledgeable.
Good intentions and a great divide: Having babies by intending them

Thus, there is a compelling policy argument as well as a suggestive constitutional argument that the practice of selling parental rights in general, and in particular the practice of commercial surrogacy, should not be permitted. These arguments favor the approach adopted in New York State as opposed to any more latitudinarian approach that would permit commercial surrogacy. Clearly, if the payment of money in exchange for parental rights should be prohibited, then we have a strong basis on which to reject the intentionalist theory, along with any other theory tht would link the parentage of a child with the payment of money. This conclusion is in no way undermined by the various arguments recited in part V above that favor the intentionalist theory since, as we have seen, these arguments are flawed.
Predicting BOLD signal changes as a function of blood volume fraction and resolution

The appropriate choice of resolution in fMRI remains an open question. To address this issue, we simulate the signal change between activated and resting states as a function of blood volume fraction (λ). From these results, the relative contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) from the resting to the activated state can be calculated as a function of resolution. We consider different vessel orientations and note that, in most cases, the most efficient scanning procedure is for low resolution imaging. To overcome this limitation, a T1 enhancing contrast agent is proposed to increase the signal from the blood and, hence, the intravascular contribution to the BOLD effect. We show that this effect dramatically increases both the signal changes and the efficiency of high-resolution imaging and should lead to much better visualization and localization of parenchymal changes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ambient Temperature on Milk Production of Nubian and Alpine Goats

Sets of six Nubian and six Alpine goats were housed at 20, 27, and 34°C during each of two lactation trials. In the first trial, milk production from Nubians and Alpines was similar, but Nubians ate more and had lower milk to feed ratios than Alpines. In the second trial, Nubian milk, solids, fat, and N production (averaged over the entire temperature range) were only 62, 71, 75, and 80% of the respective Alpine component production, despite the fact that Nubian milk had higher percentages of solids, fat, and N than Alpines. Although Alpines ate more than Nubians in the second trial, these Alpines exhibited higher milk solids to feed intake ratios. Significant breed by temperature interactions observed during the second trial indicated that increasing temperature depressed milk, solids, fat, and N yields more in Alpines than in Nubians.
Spin-label studies of the lipid regions of spinach thylakoids and a detergent-derived oxygen-evolving Photosystem II preparation

Abstract We have compared the fluidity of thylakoid membranes with the membrane present in a Triton X-100-derived, oxygen-evolving Photosystem II (PS II) preparation using two different spin labels. Data obtained with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipiridine- N -oxyl (TEMPO) shows that the PS II preparation contains less fluid membrane than the thylakoid. The TEMPO partition parameter ( f ) is about 2.5-times greater for the thylakoids at 6 mg chlorophyll/ml than for the PS II preparation at the same chlorophyll concentration. Similarly, the rotational correlation time, τ, of TEMPO residing in the membrane of the PS II preparation is about 2-times longer than the τ for TEMPO in the thylakoid membrane. A spin label which partitions more completely into the bilayer, 2-heptyl-2-hexyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidine- N -oxyl (7N14), indicates a much greater fluidity in the thylakoid membrane than the membrane of the PS II preparation. The PS II preparation appears to have a hydrocarbon phase which approaches the rigid limit of EPR detectable motion. These results are discussed in terms of possible lipid depletion in the PS II preparation and in terms of lateral heterogeneity of hydrocarbon fluidity in the thylakoid membrane caused by the lateral heterogeneity in protein components.
Acute Clopidogrel Use and Outcomes in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Objectives We sought to characterize patterns of clopidogrel use before coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and examine the drug’s impact on risks for postoperative transfusions among patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS). Background Adherence in community practice to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for clopidogrel use among NSTE ACS patients has not been previously characterized. Methods We evaluated 2,858 NSTE ACS patients undergoing CABG at 264 hospitals participating in the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) Initiative. We examined the patterns of acute clopidogrel therapy and its association with bleeding risks among those having “early” CABG ≤5 days and again among those having “late” surgery >5 days after catheterization. Results Within 24 h of admission, 852 patients (30%) received clopidogrel. In contrast to national guidelines, 87% of clopidogrel-treated patients underwent CABG ≤5 days after treatment. Among those receiving CABG within ≤5 days of last treatment, the use of clopidogrel was associated with a significant increase in blood transfusions (65.0% vs. 56.9%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 to 1.68) as well as the need for transfusion of ≥4 U of blood (27.7% vs. 18.4%, OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.19). In contrast, acute clopidogrel therapy was not associated with higher bleeding risks if CABG was delayed >5 days (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.58). Conclusions Despite guideline recommendations, the overwhelming majority of NSTE ACS patients treated with acute clopidogrel needing CABG have their surgery within ≤5 days of treatment. A failure to delay surgery is associated with increased blood transfusion requirements that must be weighed against the potential clinical and economic impacts of such delays.
A Computationally Efficient Approach to Feature Abstraction in Design-Manufacturing Integration

Design-for-Manufacturing (DFM) analysis saves time and reduces production costs by anticipating manufacturing problems at a product’s design stage. Performing manufacturing analysis of a design created by Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems requires a higher level of geometrical abstraction of its component features. For complicated parts, such as those found in injection molding, this problem becomes very difficult. The current approach presents a computationally efficient approach to converting the basic topological elements used in CAD systems into more abstract geometrical features necessary for DFM analysis. Very large computer models of parts have been subjected to feature recognition using the current system, ManuFEATURE, with significant success.
Many-body effects in semiconductor lasers

A microscopic theory, that is based on the coupled Maxwell-semiconductor-Bloch equations, is used to investigate the effects of many-body Coulomb interactions in semiconductor laser devices. This paper describes two examples where the many-body effects play important roles. Experimental data supporting the theoretical results are presented.
Clinical Presentation and Course of Depression in Youth: Does Onset in Childhood Differ From Onset in Adolescence?

ABSTRACT Objective To simultaneously and prospectively compare the clinical presentation, course, and parental psychiatric history between children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Method A group of prepubertal children ( n = 46) and postpubertal adolescents ( n = 22) were assessed with structured interviews for psychopathology and parental psychiatric history and followed once every 2 years for approximately 5 years. Results With the exception of more depressive melancholic symptoms in the adolescents, both groups had similar depressive symptomatology, duration (average 17 months), severity of the index episode, rates of recovery (85%) and recurrence (40%), comorbid disorders, and parental psychiatric history. Female sex, increased guilt, prior episodes of depression, and parental psychopathology were associated with worse longitudinal course. Conclusions In general, major depressive disorder is manifested similarly in children and adolescents, and both groups have a protracted clinical course and high family loading for psychiatric disorders.
Pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl/midazolam with 100% oxygen in children with congenital heart disease.

The cardiovascular effects of volatile anesthetics in children with congenital heart disease have been studied, but there are limited data on the effects of anesthetics on pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (Qp:Qs) in patients with intracardiac shunting. In this study, we compared the effects of
Adaptive low-latency peer-to-peer streaming and its application

Peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming is emerging as a viable communications paradigm. Recent research has focused on building efficient and optimal overlay multicast trees at the application level. A few commercial products are being implemented to provide voice services through P2P streaming platforms. However, even though many P2P protocols from the research community claim to be able to support large scale low-latency streaming, none of them have been adopted by a commercial voice system so far. This gap between advanced research prototypes and commercial implementations shows that there is a lack of a practical and scalable P2P system design that can provide low-latency service in a real implementation. After analyzing existing P2P system designs, we found two important issues that could lead to improvements. First, many existing designs that aim to build a low-latency streaming platform often make the unreasonable assumption that the processing time involved at each node is zero. However in a real implementation, these delays can add up to a significant amount of time after just a few overlay hops and make interactive applications difficult. Second, scant attention has been paid to the fact that even in a conversation involving a large number of users, only a few of the users are actually actively speaking at a given time. We term these users, who have more critical demands for low-latency, active users. In this paper, we detail the design of a novel peer-to-peer streaming architecture called ACTIVE. We then present a complete commercial scale voice chat system called AudioPeer that is powered by the ACTIVE protocol. The ACTIVE system significantly reduces the end-to-end delay experienced among active users while at the same time being capable of providing streaming services to very large multicast groups. ACTIVE uses realistic processing assumptions at each node and dynamically optimizes the streaming structure while the group of active users changes over time. Consequently, it provides virtually all users with the low-latency service that before was only possible with a centralized approach. We present results from both simulations and our real implementation, which clearly show that our ACTIVE system is a feasible approach to scalable, low-latency P2P streaming.
X-ray structure of dopamine transporter elucidates antidepressant mechanism

Antidepressants targeting Na+/Cl−-coupled neurotransmitter uptake define a key therapeutic strategy to treat clinical depression and neuropathic pain. However, identifying the molecular interactions that underlie the pharmacological activity of these transport inhibitors, and thus the mechanism by which the inhibitors lead to increased synaptic neurotransmitter levels, has proven elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter at 3.0 A resolution bound to the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline. The transporter is locked in an outward-open conformation with nortriptyline wedged between transmembrane helices 1, 3, 6 and 8, blocking the transporter from binding substrate and from isomerizing to an inward-facing conformation. Although the overall structure of the dopamine transporter is similar to that of its prokaryotic relative LeuT, there are multiple distinctions, including a kink in transmembrane helix 12 halfway across the membrane bilayer, a latch-like carboxy-terminal helix that caps the cytoplasmic gate, and a cholesterol molecule wedged within a groove formed by transmembrane helices 1a, 5 and 7. Taken together, the dopamine transporter structure reveals the molecular basis for antidepressant action on sodium-coupled neurotransmitter symporters and elucidates critical elements of eukaryotic transporter structure and modulation by lipids, thus expanding our understanding of the mechanism and regulation of neurotransmitter uptake at chemical synapses. The X-ray crystal structure of the Drosophila dopamine transporter bound to the antidepressant drug nortriptyline is presented, providing the first crystal structure of a eukaryotic neurotransmitter sodium symporter. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a membrane protein that removes the neurotransmitter dopamine from the synaptic cleft and imports it into the cytosol of surrounding cells, thereby terminating the signal of the neurotransmitter. Eric Gouaux and colleagues report the X-ray structure of the Drosophila DAT bound to the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline. This is the first crystal structure of a eukaryotic neurotransmitter sodium symporter to have been determined. The overall structure of Drosophila DAT is similar to that of LeuT, but the authors identify several differences that may have important roles in the transport mechanism of the eukaryotic protein and its regulation by phosphorylation.
Knowledge Discovery in a Facility Condition Assessment Database Using Text Clustering

Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) has been applied in many different areas of study including DNA sequence analysis, pattern discovery, document classification, image recognition, and speech recognition. This paper presents the application of KDD in the analysis of a facility condition assessment (FCA) database. The FCA database contains information on facilities located at three campuses within a statewide university system. The case study utilizes cluster analysis for text mining. Cluster analysis is the grouping of objects that are similar within the same cluster and dissimilar to the other clusters. In this analysis, deficiency descriptions from a university’s FCA database are the objects being grouped together into clusters. Deficiency descriptions were gathered from 15 housing facilities and 15 academic facilities located at 3 campuses. The results show how some clusters of facility deficiencies are unique with respect to the type of facility and the influence of location on deficiencies of aca...
Anidulafungin—challenges in development and validation of an LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method validated for regulated clinical studies

Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic echinocandin with antifungal activity, usually administered as an intravenous infusion. In order to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of anidulafungin in pediatric patients, a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) bioanalytical method (M1) was developed and validated for quantification of anidulafungin in plasma. During analysis of incurred samples (samples collected from patients enrolled in a clinical study) an isobaric chromatographic interference was observed. The source of interference was identified as an anidulafungin open-ring form (D1) and its impact on the quantification of anidulafungin was investigated. It was found that accurately quantifying anidulafungin in incurred samples required chromatographic separation of the open-ring form from anidulafungin. The method was redeveloped to achieve the appropriate baseline separation and to avoid experimental conditions that favored opening the anidulafungin ring. The extraction of anidulafungin from plasma by protein precipitation remained unchanged, but the changes in chromatography warranted validation of a new method, M2, 2 years after M1 was validated. Incurred samples from three studies that were previously analyzed by M1 and were within confirmed long-term frozen stability were then reanalyzed by M2. Although the incurred sample reproducibility tests on those samples passed for each of the two methods, comparison of concentrations from the same samples obtained by M1 and M2 revealed that an overestimation of anidulafungin following the M1 method exceeded acceptance criteria. The new HPLC-MS/MS method (M2) is applicable for quantification of anidulafungin within a nominal range 50–20,000 ng/mL and requires a 50 μL human plasma aliquot. A linear, 1/concentration squared weighted, least-squares regression algorithm was used to generate the calibration curve and its parameters were used to quantitate the incurred samples. The inter-assay accuracy in heparin human plasma validation ranged from −4.33 to 0.0386 % and precision was ≤7.32 %. The method M2 was validated for use in regulated bioanalysis and is presently used to quantitate anidulafungin in plasma samples from clinical studies.
Second-order polarization propagator calculations of nuclear spin-spin coupling constants for some molecules with multiple bonds

Abstract Ab initio calculations of indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling constants have been carried out for acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde and ethylene with the second-order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA). The widely used coupled Hartree-Fock (CHF) method is not appropriate for molecules with multiple bonds which usually exhibit unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) instabilities. Results demonstrate that SOPPA is an adequate method to circumvent the instability problem. Qualitative agreement with experimental data is also obtained for the couplings.
Single-phase and three-phase non-isolated bidirectional Dc-Dc-Ac converters

This paper proposes single-phase and three-phase non-isolated bidirectional converters in order to interface dc and ac variables. Such power electronics solutions guarantee: (i) bidirectional power flow between dc and ac converter sides, (ii) independent control in both converter sides, (iii) high level of integration, and (iv) implementation of two functions by using a unique power conversion stage. Despite proposing new power converter solutions, this paper presents an analysis of the converters in terms of PWM strategy, dc-link capacitor variables, and suitable control approach. Simulation and experimental results are presented as well.
Field oriented control of induction machines employing rotor end ring current detection

The usual method of induction motor torque control uses the indirect field orientation principle in which the rotor speed is sensed and slip frequency is added to form the stator impressed frequency. Unfortunately, the rotor resistance varies as the motor heats up under load thereby changing the rotor time constant which has a deleterious effect on the torque response. In this paper two new field oriented control schemes are presented which employ rotor end ring current detection and thereby remove the dependence of the controller accuracy on temperature so that the controller is entirely independent of rotor time constant variations. The field orientation schemes do not require an incremental encoder for rotor position sensing. The motor torque can be accurately controlled even down to zero speed operation. >
Neutrino Oscillations in Matter

Nonzero neutrino masses would provide new, unique information on particle physics beyond the standard model. Neutrino flavor oscillations provide the most sensitive method for directly testing for small neutrino masses. When the oscillations occur in matter, a resonance can occur that dramatically enhances the flavor mixing and can lead to conversion from one neutrino flavor to another. This is an attractive solution to the long-standing "solar neutrino problem." The phenomenon of neutrino oscillations in matter is reviewed. Analytic descriptions of the neutrino flavor survival probability in matter are considered in detail. A discussion is given for applications of neutrino oscillations in matter for the sun, Earth, supernovae, and the early universe.
Nanoscale topography of the corneal epithelial basement membrane and Descemet's membrane of the human.

Purpose.Quantitatively define and compare the nanoscale topography of the corneal epithelial basement membrane (anterior basement membrane) and Descemet's membrane (posterior basement membrane) of the human.Methods.Human corneas not suitable for transplantation were obtained from the Wisconsin Eye B
Hydrogen bonding. Part 71. Hydrogen bonding effects on the spectra, solubility, and F− reactivity of 2,3- and 3,4-dicarboxypyridines: identification of a bifurcated hydrogen bond in 2,3-dicarboxypyridine

Abstract 2,3-Dicarboxypyridine (2,3-H 2 DCP) and 3,4-dicarboxypyridine (3,4-H 2 DCP) are both zwitterionic in the solid state, with one acid hydrogen on the ring nitrogen. 2,3-H 2 DCP has an intramolecular O–H–O bond between carboxylate groups, while 3,4-H 2 DCP has intermolecular O–H–O bonds. 2,3-H 2 DCP is five times as soluble in H 2 O as 3,4-H 2 DCP. The calculated heat of solution of 3,4-H 2 DCP is higher than that of 2,3-H 2 DCP, primarily due to its greater dipole moment; thus the relative insolubility of 3,4-H 2 DCP results from stronger intermolecular forces in the crystal; 3,4-H 2 DCP forms four intermolecular hydrogen bonds per molecule, compared to two such bonds in 2,3-H 2 DCP. The N–H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds in solid 2,3-H 2 DCP have an unusual geometry, and we conclude from analysis of the known X-ray data and ab initio molecular orbital calculations that the N–H proton is actually engaged in a bifurcated hydrogen bond with a carboxylate group on a second molecule and with the adjacent carboxylate group on the same molecule. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations suggest that both the diacids and their monoanions should exist in zwitterionic form in aqueous solution with the acid hydrogen on nitrogen; however, both 2,3-NaHDCP and 3,4-NaHDCP have their acid hydrogens in O–H–O hydrogen bonds in the solid state. Both diacids are taken into aqueous solution in the presence of an added fluoride ion. Dissolution of 2,3-H 2 DCP requires 2.5 F − per diacid molecule, whereas dissolution of 3,4-H 2 DCP requires 3.7 F − per diacid molecule.
The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae).

This latest revision of my classification and geography of the Dicotyledons replaces my 1992 (Bot. Rev. [Lancaster] 58(3): 225–348) review and is necessitated by the plethora of new information that has become available about the classification of the Angiospermae, especially in the currently popular approaches of cladistic, particulate, and molecular taxonomy. This review attempts to bring up-to-date our knowledge of the dicotyledons, with emphasis on new information published in the last decade. Nearly 600 such recent books, monographs, and other botanical articles are cited in the introduction, listed primarily by the botanical discipline they represent, and in the explanation of the classification. More than 2,000 additional works are listed in the “Literature Cited” section. The numerous changes in the classification created by this new information are listed by subclass and superorder, with pertinent references. A new phylogenetic “shrub” replaces earlier versions and attempts to indicate visually relative sizes and relationships among the superorders, orders, and suborders, with all of these divided into 10 subclasses. One table includes a statistical summary of all known and generally accepted flowering-plant taxa: approximately 257,400 species in 13,678 genera, 389 subfamilies in 490 families, and 756 subfamilies and undivided families in 10 subclasses, 31 superorders, 73 orders, and 64 suborders of Angiospermae. Figures for the dicotyledons are 199,500 species in 10,900 genera, 307 subfamilies in 376 families, and 586 subfamilies and undivided families in 7 subclasses, 22 superorders, 49 orders, and 48 suborders. Three other tables summarize the known indigenous distribution of the families and subfamilies of dicotyledons around the world (the monocotyledons are treated elsewhere). The synopsis lists the dicotyledonous taxa from the subclass down to the subfamily (and in Asteraceae down to the tribe), with indications of the degree of confidence I place in the circumscription and placement of each category above the subfamily, the best available estimates of the number of genera and species for each category, and the known indigenous distribution of each subfamily and family. Table V lists the geographical abbreviations used in the synopsis. The extensive bibliography of pertinent literature on which I have based my decisions should be helpful to persons interested in the classification of the dicotyledons.
Distributional model for marine isopod crustaceans and its bearing on early Paleozoic paleozoogeography and continental drift

Multivariate analysis of Holocene marine isopod faunas from the Arctic, Antarctic, northwestern Atlantic, southeastern Pacific, and northwestern Pacific regions confirms that on a global scale, generic-level faunal resemblance is highest between cold-water biofacies regardless of water depth or latitude. In general, warm-water biofacies are most similar to each other and least similar to cold-water biofacies. These faunal trends are apparently related to the division of the present world oceans into two general thermal realms: the psychrosphere, consisting of cold high-latitude shallow waters and deep waters at all latitudes; and the thermosphere, consisting of mainly lower latitude warm waters and temperature-variable waters above the permanent thermocline. Analogous trends in faunal resemblance and distributional characteristics have been documented for some Late Cambrian trilobite faunas, and they probably also existed during other parts of the Cambrian and during at least some parts of the Ordovician. This suggests that a two-layered thermally stratified ocean may have existed during some parts of the early Paleozoic. Regional trends in taxonomic resemblance during present thermal stratification of the world oceans suggest by analogy that early Paleozoic paleozoogeographic data are inconclusive for reconstruction of Paleozoic predrift continental positions. Concomitantly, taxonomic resemblance between early Paleozoic vagile benthic faunas cannot be used with complete fidelity to critically “test” continental reconstructions that have been based primarily on geological or geophysical evidence.
Current use of guidelines, protocols, and care pathways for symptom management in hospice.

Evidence-based guidelines or care pathways for symptom management could provide a means to reduce symptom distress in dying patients. We surveyed directors of nursing from hospices affiliated with ...
A critical look at the construction of power between applied linguistics and critical applied linguistics

This article addresses the potential power relationships between Critical Applied Linguistics (CALx) and Applied Linguistics (AL). The discussion is based on the presentation of AL and CALx in Davies (1999) and Pennycook (2001), respectively. Four basic possibilities will frame the arguments: either AL or CALx may exert power over the other, as when CALx is seen as simply a subfield of the more comprehensive AL, or insofar as CALx provides a forum in which to discuss ethics within AL. Furthermore, both CALx and AL may have a position of power, such that they are in conflict with each other. Finally, the possibility will be explored that CALx and AL may indeed work together, exerting power in tandem, as it were. Through this discussion, a dialectical relationship will emerge in which CALx and AL may be seen as creating a tension and balance in which both operate in a context inclusive of the other.
Evidence for serotonin sensitivity of adult rat spinal axons: Studies using randomized double pulse stimulation

Abstract We have recently shown both inhibitory and excitatory effects of serotonin on neonatal rat dorsal column axons. While neonatal rat dorsal column axons also respond to norepinephrine and GABA, adult rat dorsal columns are insensitive to the actions of both compounds. Therefore, we studied the effects of serotonin agonists on adult rat dorsal column axons using randomized double pulse stimuli at 0.2 Hz with random interpulse intervals of 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 80 ms. The serotonin 1A agonist, 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin-hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT), significantly modulated test response amplitudes at 3, 4, 5 and 8 ms interpulse intervals by 29.6±4.0%, 17.4±2.1%, 9.6±2.3%, and 12.4±2.2% of conditioning pulse amplitudes, respectively. The mean latencies at 3, 4 and 5 ms interpulse intervals increased by 17.0±5.1%, 8.6±2.1%, and 5.1±1.4%, respectively ( P μ M 8-OH-DPAT nor 100 μ M serotonin hydrochloride affected the compound action potentials evoked by conditioning or test pulses. In contrast, treatment with 100 μ M quipazine dimaleate (a serotonin 2A agonist) decreased the refractory period. While the response amplitudes to a 3-ms double pulse were reduced by 11.0±1.5% during the control period, the test response fell to only 2.4±1.8% of the conditioning response amplitudes after exposure to 100 μ M quipazine. 8-OH-DPAT decreased the amplitude, prolonged the latency and increased the refractory periods of compound action potentials in the adult rat dorsal column, although a high concentration of the agonist (100 μ M) was required for these effects. In contrast, the serotonin 2A agonist, quipazine, decreased refractory periods. These results suggest that both serotonin 1A and serotonin 2A receptor subtypes are present on adult spinal dorsal column axons. Further, these receptors have opposing effects on axonal excitability, despite the fact that their sensitivities are relatively low.
A pilot study on attitudes toward making reasonable accommodations for occupational therapists with disabilities

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ensures that persons with disabilities in the United States are entitled to reasonable accommodations in five areas including employment. This pilot study (1) tested the reliability and validity of a questionnaire, which (2) explored how much training American occupational therapists had in the ADA and (3) investigated the attitudes of occupational therapist supervisors toward occupational therapist employees with disabilities. A questionnaire consisting of 20 statements was designed by the researcher. The questionnaire was mailed to 18 occupational therapy administrators. Ten participants who completed the mailed questionnaire were included in the results. Participants with ADA training had a more positive attitude towards making reasonable accommodations than those without training. Only participants working in psychosocial settings claimed to have occupational therapy employees with disabilities. Six of the administrators made reasonable accommodations for employees who had disabilities. Further study of a larger sample of occupational therapy administrators is recommended to determine the attitude towards reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Tanker safety: vessel traffic control?

A response to an article by L.J. Carter and letters by T. S. Wyman and A. McKenzie showed that 85% of all shipping accidents result from human error, so that this is an area that should be emphasized. The individuals who operate tankers must be tested and retrained and stricter standards must be enforced in regard to the number of hours a person may be in control of a tanker. The number of accidents that have occurred and the number projected in the future make it clear that vessel traffic control systems should be installed along our entire coast, and especially in those heavily congested areas near harbors. The projected increase in the numbers of tankers and oil platforms in the Santa Barbara channel sets the stage for the collision of an oil tanker with a producing platform, particularly when those platforms are located between traffic lanes. Yet the U.S. Coast Guard's position is that the situation is not serious enough to invest in traffic control. However, the cost of installing and maintaining that control is far less than the cost of cleaning up after one disaster.
Representations of solutions of abstract second order differential equations with applications to stiff equations and singular perturbations

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of the theory of operator equations to the theory of abstract differential equations. Attention is focused on the representation and approximation of solutions. Particular topics considered are existence-uniqueness, stiff equations, and singular perturbations.
Impact of Gender on Outcomes after Blunt Injury: A Definitive Analysis of More Than 36,000 Trauma Patients

Background The concept that premenopausal female patients are more resistant to shock than male patients has been shown in numerous preclinical models. The more relevant effect of gender on clinically important outcomes after trauma is less clear. Clinical studies have been conflicting, both supporting and refuting the protective effects of gender on outcomes, primarily because of limitations in sample size and patient stratification. In an attempt to resolve this ongoing dispute, we evaluated the effect of gender on various outcomes in the largest single institutional series of trauma patients reported in the literature after blunt injury. Study Design All patients sustaining blunt trauma during a 10-year period were identified from the trauma registry and stratified by gender, age, and severity of shock and injury. Outcomes included ventilator-associated pneumonia, ARDS, bacteremia, ventilator days, ICU days, hospital length of stay, and mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine whether gender was an independent predictor of mortality, morbidity, or both. Results There were 36,010 patients identified; 304 died in the resuscitation area, leaving 24,331 men and 11,375 women for analysis. Logistic regression identified gender as an independent predictor of morbidity but failed to show gender as an independent predictor of early (48-hour and 7-day) and overall mortality. Conclusions Multivariable logistic regression analysis of a large trauma cohort definitively establishes that gender is not independently associated with mortality after blunt trauma in humans. In contrast, male gender was shown to be associated with increased morbidity. Unlike rodent studies, gender alone offers no survival advantage in humans after blunt trauma.
A Cultural Immersion Course in Psychology

We present a cultural immersion experience as a pedagogical approach to integrate learning of psychological concepts and advancement of cultural competency. This course revolved around a one-week t...
Characterization of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein complex in the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium.

Abstract The water-soluble peridinin–chlorophyll a -proteins (PCPs) are one of the major light harvesting complexes in photosynthetic dinoflagellates. PCP contains the carotenoid peridinin as its primary pigment. In this study, we identified and characterized the PCP protein and the PCP gene organization in Symbiodinium sp. CS-156. The protein molecular mass is 32.7 kDa, revealing that the PCP is of the monomeric form. The intronless PCP genes are organized in tandem arrays. The PCP gene cassette is composed of 1095-bp coding regions and spacers in between. Despite the heterogeneity of PCP gene tandem repeats, we identified a single form of PCP, the sequence of which exactly matches the deduced sequence of PCP gene clone 7 ( JQ395030 ) by LC–MS/MS analysis of tryptic digested PCP, revealing the mature PCP apoprotein is 312 amino acids in length. Pigment analysis showed a peridinin-to-Chl a ratio of 4. The peridinin-to-Chl a Q y energy transfer efficiency is 95% in this complex.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Review of Neurologic Complications

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a hematolymphoid neoplasm, primarily of B cell lineage, that has unique histologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features. Neurologic complications of Hodgkin's Lymphoma can be separated into those that result directly from the disease, indirectly from the disease, or from its treatment. Direct neurologic dysfunction from Hodgkin's Lymphoma results from metastatic intracranial spinal disease, epidural metastases causing spinal cord/cauda equina compression, leptomeningeal metastases, or intradural intramedullary spinal cord metastases. Indirect neurologic dysfunction may be caused by paraneoplastic disorders (such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration or limbic encephalitis) and primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment typically includes chemotherapy or radiotherapy with potential treatment-related complications affecting the nervous system. Neurologic complications resulting from mantle-field radiotherapy include the “dropped head syndrome,” acute brachial plexopathy, and transient ischemic attacks/cerebral infarcts. Chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma may cause cerebral infarction (due to emboli from anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy) and peripheral neuropathy.