cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degenerate four-wave mixing line shapes in sodium vapor under pulsed excitation

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) line shapes are investigated in sodium vapor near the D2 resonance line using nearly Fourier-transform-limited pulses. At low pump intensities sub-Doppler resolution is obtained. When the Rabi frequency associated with the pump intensity becomes comparable with the ground-state hyperfine frequency separation of sodium, each component of the double-peaked DFWM spectrum splits further into two components. An adiabatic-following model explains the near-resonant intensity dependence of the DFWM signal. A qualitative explanation of the observed splitting is also given.
Failure of immunization with trypanosome endocytotic vesicle membrane proteins to provide nonvariant immunoprotection against Trypanosoma brucei.

Purified trypanosome endocytotic vesicles were subjected to Triton X-114 phase separation to obtain a fraction enriched in putative parasite receptors for adsorptive endocytosis. Rabbits immunized with this material produced antibodies that recognized many parasite proteins, including nonvarying epitopes on the parasite's endocytotic surface, the flagellar pocket membrane, as well as on membranes of endosomes and lysosome-like structures. These antibodies were unable to stimulate in vitro complement-mediated lysis of trypanosomes, and in an in vitro test of parasite growth inhibition they actually marginally enhanced parasite proliferation. No effect was observed on the parasite prepatent period or parasitemia in mice injected with antibody purified from the rabbit antisera, but their survival with the infection was significantly shortened. Finally, little difference was detected in parasitologic or hematologic parameters between immunized and control rabbits upon challenge withT. brucei infection.
MAH Cells and the Development of Rat Sympathetic Neurons

Abstract The generation of cell lines in the sympathoadrenal lineage has greatly facilitated our understanding of how precursor cells that do not respond to NGF give rise to mature NGF-dependent neurons. The neuronal developmental pathway in this lineage has been worked out by studying both primary precursor cells in culture and the v-myc -immortalized MAH cell line. MAH cells were established by retroviral infection of immunoisolated rat sympathoadrenal precursor cells. These cells have many of the characteristics of primary progenitor cells including neural precursor morphology, antigenic profile, and response to growth factors. MAH cells are able to recapitulate sympathetic development, giving rise to mature, postmitotic, NGF-dependent neurons. These cells have provided a model system for studying the factors, receptors, and modulating influences that play a role in the development of sympathetic neurons.
Group Relations at Work Solidarity, Conflict, and Relations With Management

The increased prevalence of team-oriented forms of production necessitates that we pay greater attention to the role of coworker relations in determining the nature and quality of work life. This article uses systematic analysis of the existing population of organizational ethnographies in conjunction with a more traditional telephone survey to generate new findings about coworkers and to verify these findings across research methods. The author finds that coworker conflict is negatively associated with both job satisfaction and good relations with management. Conversely, coworker solidarity generates high levels of job satisfaction. Somewhat surprisingly, coworker solidarity also is associated with better relations with management. The latter finding suggests that a significant component of positive vertical relations in the workplace rests on mutual support and solidarity among workers. These findings have implications for the development of team-oriented forms of production and suggest the need for ren...
Validation and Verification of Knowledge-Based Systems: A Survey

Validation and verification of expert systems or knowledge-based systems is a critical issue in the development and deployment of robust systems. This article is a comprehensive survey of the developments and trends in this field. More than 300 references are included in the References and Additional Readings at the end of article.
HLA and β2‐microglobulin Expression in Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin

Histologic sections of seven squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 13 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and a Bowenoid actinic keratoses were examined for expression of HLA class 1 antigens (HLA-ABC) using a monoclonal antibody and an immunoperoxidase technique. Expression of beta 2-microglobulin was examined with a polyclonal antibody method. Neither cell marker was detected within the Bowenoid actinic keratoses. Squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas exhibited decreased expression of both HLA-ABC and beta 2-microglobulin and often did not express these antigens at all. HLA-ABC was present in only two of 13 basal cell carcinomas and four of seven squamous cell carcinomas. beta 2-microglobulin was present in one of 13 basal cell carcinomas and two of seven squamous cell carcinomas. When present, these antigens often were present in a few areas of the tumor, but absent in others. In both SCC and BCC, both antigens were usually lost simultaneously. In all tumors with beta 2-microglobulin, HLA-ABC also was retained. There was no apparent relationship of anatomic site or type of tumor with retention of surface antigens. Since some tumors or portions of tumors retained HLA-ABC and beta 2-microglobulin on their surfaces, the absence of these antigens is not an absolute marker for malignancy.
Obstructive jaundice. Unusual complication of postoperative pararenal pseudocyst.

Abstract An unusual cause of obstructive jaundice, postoperative pararenal pseudocyst formation, has been presented. The pertinent literature has been briefly reviewed, and the factors possibly responsible for the unusual presentation in this case have been discussed.
Energetics of calcium-rich dolomite

Abstract The enthalpy of formation of sedimentary Ca-rich dolomite has been determined by oxide melt calorimetry. The results show that Ca-rich dolomite is energetically different from well-ordered stoichiometric dolomite. The enthalpy of formation from calcite and magnesite becomes strongly more endothermic with increasing excess Ca content. This supports the idea that the substitution of Ca in the Mg layer of dolomite is energetically unfavorable. Ca-rich dolomite is unstable relative to well-ordered stoichiometric dolomite and calcite. The enthalpy behavior for excess Ca substitution in dolomite is different from that of Mg substitution in calcite; the enthalpy change is much larger in magnitude in dolomite and is more strongly dependent on composition. Differences in cation order as well as the presence of a modulated structure and low-symmetry domains in Ca-rich dolomite cannot be discerned from the enthalpy data. The findings confirm that the growth and occurrence of Ca-rich dolomite in sedimentary environments must be attributed to kinetic factors rather than to equilibrium.
Thermal conductivity and secondary porosity of single anatase TiO2 nanowire

Single anatase TiO2 nanowire is synthesized using the electrospinning technique with the sol?gel method and is suspended over a pre-processed 100??m-wide TEM grid for further characterization. The diameters of the nanowires fall in the range of 250?400?nm. The transient electrothermal (TET) method is adopted to acquire the voltage?time (U?t) profile of the Ir-coated nanowire under step Joule heating. The intrinsic thermal diffusivity of single anatase TiO2 nanowires varies from 1.3 to 4.6???10?6?m2?s?1, and the thermal conductivity changes distinctly from 1.3 to 5.6?W?m?1?K?1, much lower than the value of the bulk counterpart: 8.5?W?m?1?K?1. The density and thermal conductivity increase significantly with the diameter, largely because at larger diameters less secondary porosity is left by decomposition of organic composites and their escape from the wire during calcination. The density of TiO2 nanowires is found to be much lower than that of the bulk counterpart. This is supported by the SEM image of the secondary porous surface. High secondary porosity is observed for TiO2 nanowires, ranging from 18% to 63%. This very high secondary porosity confirms that the decomposition of PVP content may distort the fibrous matrix and leave vacancies. In addition, the transition from amorphous to anatase phase could also create a porous state due to crystal particle aggregation.
MORPHOLOGIC DETAILS OF SIX BENTHIC SPECIES OF PROROCENTRUM (PYRROPHYTA) FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND, TWIN CAYS, BELIZE, INCLUDING TWO NEW SPECIES1

Two new dinoflagellate species, Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum ruetzlerianum, and four known species, Prorocentrum emarginatum Fukuyo 1981, Prorocentrum mesicanum Tafall 1942, Prorocentrum concavum Fukuyo 1981, and Prorocentrum lima (Ehr.) Dodge 1975, from floating detritus and sediments in a subtropical mangrove island, Twin Cays, Belize, Central America are described from scanning electron micrographs. Differences in the following characters of surface micromorphology separated the species: ornamentation of thecal plates (shape, size, and number of valve pores and areolae) and the architecture of the periflagellar area and intercalary band.
A Reply to Penner and Rowe

A footnote and several comments from my article "The Socratic Theory of Motivation" (Apeiron, xxv, no. 3, Sept. 1992) were recently the subject of an appendix to Penner and Rowe's article "The Desire for the Good: Is the Meno Inconsistent with the Gorgias?" (Phronesis xxxix/l, 1994). The authors argue that I am mistaken in stating that there is a consistency between Penner's and Santas' views of desire for the good as expressed by Socrates in the Meno, 77B-78B. I am happy to grant that this most recent article makes eloquent and clear sense of Penner's dominance view of the object of desire and that Santas' interpretation of the Meno passage does contain an assumption about the separability of what Penner calls the "insides" and the "outsides" of the object of desire which is in sharp and direct contradiction to the theoretical apparatus expressed by Penner and Rowe's dominance view. I would, however, like to clarify my own views concerning the way desire works (and could indeed be working for Socrates) which the authors also argue against in their appendix. I will argue that in my article I describe a lower level theory concerning desire which could be consistent with the dominance view that Penner endorses at the higher level. I do not wish to imply that Penner does or should hold my view concerning what can or should underlie his dominance view, only that it is plausible that this is the underlying structure of the kinds of desires that we find Penner describing on his dominance theory. It is my contention that in objecting to several locutions that I make concerning the connection between a desire and its object, Penner mistakenly compares a relatively sophisticated level of desire (which is the level necessary for the dominance view) with a much more basic level of desire (which is the level that I have in mind in stating the locutions to which he refers). While there is every reason to believe that Penner and I disagree about this more basic level of desire (it is not clear to me that Penner has, as yet, a theory concerning what underlies the sophisticated sort of desire to which he refers), I do believe that, starting with my more basic theory, I can build just the kind of sophisticated desire to which Penner refers on his dominance model. I also agree with Penner that it makes sense to think that this dominance theory is how Socrates would have resolved the issue of desire for the good when faced with the kinds of examples that Penner discusses (see his Helen and the ice cream examples, pp. 5, 8-9, 25). Since Penner does not address the issue of the nature of beliefs and desires, it
A limited sampling method for the estimation of serum calcitriol area under the curve in cancer patients.

Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from 34 cancer patients receiving 2 to 10 micrograms of calcitriol subcutaneously (s.c.) were used to develop a limited sampling method for predicting serum calcitriol area under curve (AUC) based on three samples instead of the full complement of 12 to 16 samples. Serum calcitriol levels were measured by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-[I125] radioimmunoassay. Individual patient-corrected serum calcitriol AUC0-12 h was calculated by the trapezoidal rule after subtracting the pretreatment serum calcitriol level. PK data were split into "training" and "evaluation" sets based on calcitriol dose and chronological order of enrollment. Linear regression models of log-corrected AUC0-12 h versus individual log calcitriol serum levels in the hour 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 samples were established using the training data set of 17 patients. The fit was tested on the evaluation data set of 17 patients using mean squared error (MSE) as the fit criterion. The best single time point predictor of log AUC0-12 h was the log serum (calcitriol) at hour 6 (MSE = 0.0061). The best prediction of log AUC0-12 h using two time points was found to involve hour 6 and hour 2 (MSE = 0.0018). The prediction equation for the latter model was as follows: Log AUC = 1.125 + 0.3756.log (calcitriol) at hour 2 + 0.5859.log (calcitriol) at hour 6. This limited sampling method was further evaluated in 83 cancer patients treated with 4 to 38 micrograms of oral (p.o.) calcitriol; observed and predicted calcitriol AUC0-12 h were highly correlated (r > or = 0.90, p = 0.0001). These results show that serum calcitriol AUC0-12 h after s.c. and p.o. calcitriol administration is accurately estimated using pretreatment and 2- and 6-hour blood samples.
The inheritance of host range differences between the related phages T5 and PB

Abstract Experiments are described investigating the genetic relationship between the enteric phages T5 and PB. In mixed infection, T5 and PB exhibit characteristic properties of mutual exclusion, which are transferred by genetic recombination. In the few cells that yield both phages, the yield of T5 is depressed by PB. Recombinants arising from T5 × PB crosses exhibit changed efficiency of plating on some bacterial hosts. Two host range markers distinguishing T5 and PB are allelic. The ability to grow in certain hosts is linked to susceptibility to specific antiphage sera.
Inhibition of Methyltransferases Results in Induction of G2/M Checkpoint and Programmed Cell Death in Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Transformed Cells

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent for adult T-cell leukemia. The HTLV-1-encoded protein Tax transactivates the viral long terminal repeat and plays a critical role in virus replication and transformation. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that coactivator-associated arginine methytransferase 1, a protein arginine methytransferase, was important for Tax-mediated transactivation. To further investigate the role of methyltransferases in viral transcription, we utilized adenosine-2,3-dialdehyde (AdOx), an adenosine analog and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase inhibitor. The addition of AdOx decreased Tax transactivation in C81, Hut102, and MT-2 cells. Unexpectedly, we found that AdOx potently inhibited the growth of HTLV-1-transformed cells. Further investigation revealed that AdOx inhibited the Tax-activated NF-κB pathway, resulting in reactivation of p53 and induction of p53 target genes. Analysis of the NF-κB pathway demonstrated that AdOx treatment resulted in degradation of the IκB kinase complex and inhibition of NF-κB through stabilization of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. Our data further demonstrated that AdOx induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death in HTLV-1-transformed but not control lymphocytes. These studies demonstrate that protein methylation plays an important role in NF-κB activation and survival of HTLV-1-transformed cells.
WE‐E‐201C‐05: Performance of Multiplexing X‐Ray Imaging Based on Multi‐Beam X‐Ray Source Technology

Purpose:Multiplexing technique has been widely used in telecommunication,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), and various spectroscopic applications to drastically increase system throughput. The recent development of carbon nanotube(CNT)field emission based multi‐beam x‐ray source technology provides us an opportunity to adopt multiplexing for x‐ray imaging. In this study we report our recent simulation work on the imaging quality assessment of multiplexing x‐ray imaging under different noise environments. Method and Materials: A computer model was built to simulate the imaging behavior of a multi‐beam x‐ray system. The imaging parameters, including x‐ray tube current, exposure time, number of x‐ray beams and noise composition (quantum noise and electronic noise), can be easily controlled to evaluate the system performance under different imaging environments. In the simulation, the noise composition was varied from the photonnoise limited case (100% photonnoise) to the electronic noise limited case (100% electronic noise).Results: Our results indicated that the performance of multiplexing x‐ray imaging is closely related to the noise composition of the imaging system. Under the photonnoise limit, multiplexing/demultiplexing procedure magnifies the noise and degrades the imaging quality and multiplexing x‐ray imaging is always outperformed by its sequential counterpart. However the performance of multiplexing x‐ray imaging gradually improves as the fraction of electronic noise in the total noise increases. In the electronic noise limited case, multiplexing is indeed able to speed up system imaging throughput. Conclusion: Under appropriate imaging conditions, multiplexing x‐ray radiography has the potential to achieve higher imaging speed without significantly sacrificing the imaging quality. It could be used for applications such as image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for which imaging speed instead of imaging quality is the main concern of the task. We are hoping that this study can provide us a guideline to better identify future multiplexing x‐ray imaging related applications.
Influence of 2,4-dichloro-6-phenoxyethylamine (DPEA) and β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate (SKF-525a) on hepatic microsomal azoreductase activity from phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene induced rats

Abstract Studies with 2,4-dichloro-6-phenoxyethylamine (DPEA) and β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate (SKF-525A) demonstrated that the rate of reduction of an azo dye was altered by an interaction with cytochrome P-450 in vitro . Flavinstimulated azoreductase activity was not affected by DPEA or SKF-525A. These compounds did not affect azoreductase activity associated with solubilized and partially purified NADPH cytochrome c reductase. Induction studies with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene indicated that both DPEA and SKF-525A acted at the carbon monoxide sensitive pathway which was induced by phenobarbital. DPEA inhibited azoreductase, whereas SKF-525A stimulated activity at the carbon monoxide sensitive site which is probably identical to cytochrome P-450.
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.

To create potentially superior aids to smoking cessation and/or antidepressants and to elucidate bupropion’s possible mechanisms of action(s), 23 analogues based on its active hydroxymetabolite (2S,3S)-4a were synthesized and tested for their abilities to inhibit monoamine uptake and nAChR subtype activities in vitro and acute effects of nicotine in vivo. The 3′,4′-dichlorophenyl [(±)-4n], naphthyl (4r), and 3-chlorophenyl or 3-propyl analogues 4s and 4t, respectively, had higher inhibitory potency and/or absolute selectivity than (2S,3S)-4a for inhibition of DA, NE, or 5HT uptake. The 3′-fluorophenyl, 3′-bromophenyl, and 4-biphenyl analogues 4c, 4d, and 4l, respectively, had higher potency for antagonism of α4β2-nAChR than (2S,3S)-4a. Several analogues also had higher potency than (2S,3S)-4a as antagonists of nicotine-mediated antinociception in the tail-flick assay. The results suggest that compounds acting via some combination of DA, NE, or 5HT inhibition and/or antagonism of α4β2-nAChR can potentially...
Degenerate four-wave mixing diagnostics of atmospheric pressure diamond deposition

Abstract Optical diagnostic techniques for the study of atmospheric pressure diamond synthesis reactors are evaluated. Benefits and disadvantages of optical emission spectroscopy (OES), laser-induced fluorescence, and a promising new technique, degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), are discussed in terms of their applicability to the harsh environment of atmospheric pressure diamond deposition reactors. In situ DFWM measurements of trace radical species, CH and C2, in an atmospheric pressure diamond synthesis reactor are reported. These measurements are believed to be the first application of this new spectroscopic technique to an atmospheric pressure plasma synthesis reactor. DFWM measurements of the CH radicals in the boundary layer of an r.f. inductively coupled plasma deposition reactor are compared with results of OES and a computational model of the deposition environment.
Expressing standards for computer-aided building design

Abstract This article discusses a set of techniques for expressing and organizing the contents of building design standards, and suggests that application of these techniques, in conjunction with a restructuring of data flow strategies within CABD (computer-aided building design) software systems, are needed to reduce the effort and cost required to maintain CABD systems applicable and current. The article stresses application of these techniques to analysing the clarity, consistency, and completeness of existing building design standards, and to developing new standards. The SASE (Standards Analysis, Synthesis, and Expression) software system, a convenient implementation of the techniques, is presented. The method of use of standards represented by these techniques within a CABD environment is discussed as are implications of the logical expression of standards for constructing expert systems for the building process.
Some instanton solutions in string theory

Abstract In recent work Rey presented an exterior instanton solution for the massless fields in the low-energy limit of heterotic string theory to lowest order in α ′. We extend this solution to O ( α ′) in bosonic string theory and present several related solutions. For the spherically symmetric solution, the corresponding Weyl invariant sigma model is the product of a Wess-Zumino-Witten model and a one-dimensional conformal field theory. An exact solution is then obtained by fixing the metric and antisymmetric tensor field in their lowest order form and rescaling the dilation order by order in α ′.
Antibodies to herpesvirus type 2 in breast cancer and cervical cancer patients.

Antibody titers to herpesvirus Types 1 and 2 were measured in sera from 43 patients with breast cancer, 50 patients with cervical cancer, and 186 women without malignant or gynecologic disease. All were Negroes in the lower socio-economic class. The three groups of women were compared with respect to age at first intercourse, age at first marriage, age at first pregnancy, number of marriages, number of sex partners, and number of live births. The patients with breast cancer differed significantly from the other women only in being slightly older at first marriage. The distribution of antibodies to the herpesviruses was similar for breast cancer patients and control women; however, the antibody distribution was different for breast cancer patients when compared to cervical cancer patients. The results of the study support the view that the high frequency of herpesvirus Type 2 antibodies among cervical cancer patients is not due solely to increased sexual promiscuousness in this group of women.
MUTUALISTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN UPIGA VIRESCENS (PYRALIDAE), A POLLINATING SEED-CONSUMER, AND LOPHOCEREUS SCHOTTII (CACTACEAE)

Pollinating seed-consuming interactions are rare, but include fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth interactions, both of which are thought to be coevolved. Conditions favoring such mutualisms are poorly known but likely include plants and pollinators whose life cycles are synchronized. In this paper, we describe a new pollinating seed-consumer mutualism between a Sonoran Desert cactus, Lophocereus schottii (senita cactus), and a pyralid moth, Upiga virescens (senita moth). We compare this mutualism with the yucca mutualism in terms of life history traits, active pollination, and selective abortion. Senita cactus flowers were pollinated nearly exclusively by nocturnal senita moths, but a few halictid bees also pollinated flowers. Only 40% of flowers set fruit during the years of study, apparently due to resource limitation. All phases of the senita moth's life history were associated with the senita cactus. During flower visitation, female senita moths col- lected pollen, actively pollinated flowers, and oviposited one egg. After flowers closed, emerging larvae bored into the tops of developing fruit, where they consumed seeds and fruit tissue. However, not all seeds/fruit were consumed by larvae because only 20% of eggs produced larvae that survived to be seed/fruit consumers. Senita cactus and senita moth interactions were mutualistic. Moths received food resources (seeds, fruit) for their progeny, and cacti had a 4.8 benefit-to-cost ratio; only 21% of developing fruit were destroyed by larvae. Life history traits important to this mutualism included low survival of senita moth eggs/larvae, several moth generations per flowering season, host specificity of senita moths, active pollination, oviposition into flowers, and limited seed/fruit con- sumption. Active pollination by senita moths in the presence of co-pollinators supports the prediction that active pollination can evolve during a period of coexistence with co-pol- linators. The specialization of both senita and senita moths in the presence of co-pollinators makes the senita mutualism quite remarkable in comparison with fig-fig wasp and yucca- yucca moth mutualisms.
Amino Acid Supplemented 20 Versus 28% Protein Turkey Starter Diets

Abstract A previous report from this laboratory (Carlson, 1961) indicated that significant growth responses with Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) poults were obtained from 0.6% glycine supplementation of a 20% protein corn-soy diet containing 0.35% added l -lysine and 0.2% added methionine. Lysine (or methionine) supplementation was required to show significant responses from methionine (or lysine). Later Britzman and Carlson (1962), reported little or no response from glycine supplementation using BBB or Small White (SW) poults. These reports also dealt with the differences in growth responses between amino acid supplemented 20% and 28% protein diets. Growth rate was consistently 10% faster with the 28% protein diets. This was contrary to the reports of Baldini et al. (1954) and Fisher et al. (1956) who showed that 20% protein diets supplemented with lysine and methionine supported growth of Jersey Buff poults equal to that on 28 % protein diets. On the other hand, Klain et al…
Evidence levels for publications in pathology and laboratory medicine.

The standardization of various medical procedures, an evaluation of “quality” care, and the development of formal approaches to error prevention are becoming increasingly important processes in modern medicine.1 Procedural and interpretative algorithms, evidence-based practice protocols, and other guidelines have been published by various medical societies, and others are sure to follow.2 Compliance with their use is usually regarded as a “yardstick” for quality evaluation by health care administrators, and such information is used by payers and licensing agencies; it is even electronically published on the Internet.3 Accordingly, most medical specialties currently sponsor the development of “evidence-based” practice guidelines that are developed by using various concepts that fall under the rubric of “evidence-based medicine” (EBM).4 As a group, however, pathologists have been slow to adopt a similar approach, which can be termed evidence-based pathology .5,6 Literally hundreds of evidence-based medical protocols are already readily available through the National Guideline Clearinghouse, the Institute of Medicine, the American Cancer Society, the Cochrane Collaboration, and other Web sites.2,7–9 These documents are based on data in medical publications, which are generally referenced as …
Should it be illegal for HIV-positive persons to have unprotected sex without disclosure? An examination of attitudes among US men who have sex with men and the impact of state law

Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the overall pattern and predictors of attitudes toward criminalizing unprotected sex without disclosure by persons living with HIV among a broad sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the USA, and to examine whether attitudes and sexual risk behavior differ by states with HIV-specific laws or no such laws. Participants (n=1725) were recruited in a 3.5 month period to complete a cross-sectional 70-minute online survey assessing attitudes and high risk sexual behavior. Participants self-identified as male, 18 years of age or older, a US resident, and having ever had sex with a man. In addition, participants were coded as residing in a state with HIV-specific laws or not. Results showed that most (65%) respondents believed it should be illegal for persons living with HIV to have unprotected sex without disclosure. However, among the total sample and HIV-positive MSM, attitudes and unprotected sex with recent partners did not vary by state law. Bel...
Synthesis of coumarins by ring-closing metathesis*

Investigations into olefin ring-closing metathesis (RCM) have led to a general method for the synthesis of coumarins. Catalysts with higher activity, such as the second-gen- eration ruthenium catalyst, promote the intramolecular reaction between two-electron defi- cient olefins. This method allows for convenient access to a variety of coumarins substituted at both the 3- and 4-positions, as well as a tetrasubstituted example.
Wants and Activities in Marshall

I. Wants and Activities; Utility Theory and the Development of Character through the Exercise of Faculties, 102. — II. The Supplies of the Factors of Production, 113. — III. Real Costs, 119. — IV. Free Enterprise and Laissez-faire, 123. — V. Social Evolution, 128. — VI. The "Natural Order," 132. — VII. Human Nature, 135. — Conclusion, 139.
The flight performance of tsetse flies.

Abstract The four species of tsetse used are shown to be aerodynamically rather similar. The wingbeat frequency, aerodynamic lift, flight duration, and number of wingbeats per flight are seen to undergo large increases during adult maturation. Tsetse can produce unusually large aerodynamic lifts, although the flight performance declines very quickly during individual flights. The large lifts appear to be associated with the high percentage of muscle in the fly, and the rapid decline with the inability of the fly to replenish rapidly its proline reserves. Wing mutilation has been shown to increase the wingbeat frequency. The potentiation of the flight performance during maturation appears to be causally linked to increases in the thoracic muscle, cuticle, and proline levels. The results presented here are at variance with those of an earlier study on the physics of flight in tsetse.
Cytoplasmic microtubules and the mechanism of avian gastrulation

Abstract Cells of the primitive streak in both chick and penguin embryos demonstrate elongate bottle shapes as well as cuboidal-columnar shapes. We suggest that a change in cell shape is a requirement for invagination. The change in shape of primitive streak cells may be initiated by the elaboration of cytoplasmic microtubules; these may act by transporting cytoplasm from apical to basal portions of epiblast cells. Bundles of microtubules are found within and arranged parallel to attenuated necks of invaginating epiblast cells. The mode of action of these microtubules is not known, but within elongate neck regions microtubules are long and straight rather than coiled. Due to cytoplasmic translocation plus the concerted action of lobopodial and filopodial cytoplasmic extensions, and specialized cell contacts, primitive streak cells are displaced beneath the epiblast's free surface into the mesoblast.
"Where have all the people gone?" Recent inconsistencies between population growth and housing development in suburban Chicago.

An examination of recent growth in suburban Chicago suggests that rates of population and housing increase tend to vary principally by age of housing and secondarily by distance from the central citys business district. Population loss or small increases relative to housing gains typified the most centrally located older suburbs. Although much higher rates of population and housing increase characterized newer places especially those between 21 and 30 miles from the CBD their population gain was smaller than that accompanying comparably high levels of residential development in earlier periods. (EXCERPT)
Dual-beam difference spectroelectrochemistry.

Abstract An optically transparent thin-layer electrode with carbon fibers as the working electrode is described for use in dual-beam difference spectroscopy. This cell simplifies obtaining the spectrum of a species of interest in the presence of mediators, cofactors, etc. The spectroelectrochemistry of cytochrome c with a large excess of spectrally interfering mediator present is shown.
Steroid withdrawal in tacrolimus (FK506)-treated pediatric liver transplant recipients

Abstract Purpose: The use of steroids in pediatric transplant recipients is associated with significant adverse side effects. The authors examined the feasibility of steroid withdrawal in patients who underwent immunosuppression with tacrolimus (FK506; FK). Methods: All pediatric liver transplant recipients on FK greater than 6 months were evaluated for steroid withdrawal. FK was administered 0.3 mg/kg/d in two divided doses. Steroids were tapered as tolerated with goals of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/d at 6 weeks, 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg every other day at 3 months, and complete withdrawal after 6 months. Steroid bolus and taper were instituted for enzyme elevation or rejection during biopsy. Results: Twenty-nine patients underwent evaluation for steroid withdrawal. Five patients could not be placed on FK506 monotherapy (chronic, recurrent rejection or LPD). The remaining 24 had steroids withdrawn. Tweleve (50%) had no sequelae and continue on FK monotherapy (mean, 22 months off steroids). The other 12 required intermittent steroid therapy for presumed or biopsyproven rejection (n = 7), graft dysfunction (FK toxicity, n=2), lymphoproliferative disease necessitating reductionn in FK (n = 2) or exacerbations of asthma (n = 1). Five of these 12 patients are now on FK monotherapy (mean, 6 months) for a total of 17 of the 24 (71%) currently off steroids. Conclusion: FK monotherapy can be successfully used to withdraw steroid therapy in the majority of pediatric liver transplant recipients with few sequelae.
A Bill of Goods: The Early Marketing of Computer-Based Education and Its Implications for the Present Moment

This chapter sketches the history of the marketing by Big Business of computer-based education (CBE), from the early 1960s to the present moment, as seen through the private papers of some of the major corporate players. Rather than being an exhaustive account or a synopsis of historical facts and figures, what follows is a sketch largely in the words of key participants about defining moments along the way. The point is to understand something of the driving impulses behind recurrent corporate computer-based forays into education — to examine the assumptions and visions, the motives, the marketing strategies, the business decisions, and the wider political contexts which have provided the opportunities through which the corporate elite have entered the schools with their high-tech wares.
Efficient calculation of differential seismograms for lithospheric receiver functions

SUMMARY A new technique for computing differential seismograms for crustal and upper mantle response to a teleseismic wave (receiver functions) is developed using the matrix formalism of Kennett. The work was motivated by the difficulty of modelling teleseismic SV-waves, and has also proven useful for modelling teleseismic P-waves. This efficient method for calculating differential seismograms is based on three separate methods for computing synthetic seismograms. Two of the synthetic seismogram methods save intermediate results; then the remaining synthetic seismogram algorithm uses the stored results in an efficient calculation of a new synthetic seismogram for a perturbed velocity model. These developments have led to a faster (for a 30-layer model, a 90 per cent reduction in computation time) and more accurate linearized inversion scheme for the determination of velocity models using teleseismic waves.
Comparison of quasilinear diffusion coefficients for parallel propagating whistler mode waves with test particle simulations

[1] We present a comparison between the classical quasilinear diffusion coefficients and those calculated using a general test particle code. The trajectories of a large number of electrons are followed as they traverse a numerically‐ constructed, broadband, small‐amplitude wave field, using a general relativistic test particle code. The change in each electron’s pitch angle and energy is shown to be stochastic and the resulting diffusion of the entire population is found to be in excellent agreement with quasilinear theory. We also demonstrate that the diffusion coefficients presented by Summers, derived specifically for parallel propagating waves, are a factor of two larger than the test particle results if the power spectral density is one‐sided (w > 0). Our results demonstrate the general validity of using quasilinear theory to describe the effects of broadband small amplitude waves on radiation belt electrons. Citation: Tao, X., J. Bortnik, J. M. Albert, K. Liu, and R. M. Thorne (2011), Comparison of quasilinear diffusion coefficients for parallel propagating whistler mode waves with test particle simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06105,
Survival and reproduction in the first two years following a large‐scale primate colony move and social reorganization

The purpose of this study was to describe the mortality and fertility rates before, during, and after the move and social reorganization of the Washington Regional Primate Research Center’s pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and baboon (Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis, and hybrids) breeding colonies from the Primate Field Station (PFS) (Medical Lake, WA) to the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center (Covington, LA). Colony records on all 598 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and 157 baboons (P. c. anubis) shipped to the Tulane Primate Center from the PFS breeding colony were used for analysis of species, sex, age, origin, current status, and the number of animals born at Tulane and their status. To provide comparative statistics, colony records on all 1,002 macaques and 258 baboons alive on 1 January 1991 at the Field Station were retrieved in the same manner as the Tulane data. Overall survival rates of macaques in the months following the move (71.7%) were similar to those associated with the Arashiyama West colony move from Japan to Texas. In our colony, significantly lower survival following the move was seen only in older (10 years+) macaques, while survival in other age groups was slightly lower than in the comparison year of 1991 at the Primate Field Station. Captive-bred macaques exhibited higher survival than wild-caught animals. Infant survival at Tulane was not significantly different than in pre-move years. Baboons fared well in the move, with no significant differences in mortality or reproduction when compared with the 1991 Medical Lake baboon colony. Am. J. Primatol. 50:131‐138, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantifying the Dependence of Temperature and Refractive Index Structure Parameters on Atmospheric Stability using Direct and Large-Eddy Simulations

We report the continuing development of an extensive simulated database of stably stratified turbulence which includes episodic bursting events. Utilizing this database, a few physically-based parameterizations for the structure parameters are being formulated.
Modeling mutation and a vector processor

Mutation analysis is a software testing methodology designed to substantiate the correctness of a program Phi . The mutation approach is to induce syntactically correct changes in Phi , thereby creating a set of mutant programs. The goal of a tester is to construct a set of test data T that distinguishes the output of Phi (T) from that of all mutant programs. Test data sensitive enough to distinguish all mutant programs is deemed adequate to infer the probable correctness of Phi . An algorithm is proposed which was designed to exploit the architecture of a vector processor like the Cyber 205 or Cray X/MP. The algorithm manages the simultaneous execution of multiple mutant Fortran 77 programs. This is accomplished by viewing the execution of these mutants as a sequence of vector instructions. The algorithm promises potential to greatly increase the performance of a mutation-based testing system, as well as points towards a general method of simultaneous program execution against multiple data sets. >
Comparisons of Line-of-Sight Water Vapor Observations Using the Global Positioning System and a Pointing Microwave Radiometer

Line-of-sight measurements of integrated water vapor from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver and a microwave radiometer are compared. These two instruments were collocated at the central facility of the Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program’s Southern Great Plains region, near Lamont, Oklahoma. The comparison was made using 47 days of observations in May and June of 2000. Weather conditions during this time period were variable with total integrated water vapor ranging from less than 10 to more than 50 mm. To minimize errors in the microwave radiometer observations, observations were compared during conditions when the liquid water measured by the radiometer was less than 0.1 mm. The linear correlation of the observations between the two instruments is 0.99 with a root-mean-square difference of the GPS water vapor to a linear fit of the microwave radiometer of 1.3 mm. The results from these comparisons are used to evaluate the ability of networks of GPS receivers to measure instantaneous line-of-sight integrals of water vapor. A discussion and analysis is provided regarding the additional information of the water vapor field contained in these observations compared to time- and space-averaged zenith and gradient measurements.
Prognostic indicators of the resolution of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and survival of the fetus.

Abstract To delineate any possible prognostic indicators, we reviewed the ultrasonographic and nonmorphometric findings in 19 antenatally diagnosed cases of nonimmune hydrops fetalis in which it was chosen to continue the pregnancy. Thirteen fetuses died and six survived. Of all parameters examined, including associated anomalies, abnormal karyotype, location of serous fluid, anemia, and possible cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis, the most sensitive prognostic indicator was the real-time-directed M-mode echocardiographic measurement of the biventricular outer dimension in diastole. All fetuses with biventricular outer dimensions >95% died, whereas all but one with normal biventricular outer dimensions had resolution of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and survived. This was highly significant (p
Social Selection and the Origins of Culture

omething extraordinary happened on the evolutionary path that gave rise to creatures capable of culture. The changes are so profound it is as if we humans were somehow domesticated. levels of violence are drastically lower than for the other great apes. We are born helpless, we require extended care, and we actively teach each other. We pay exquisite attention to each other’s wishes and emotional states. We not only cooperate in ways other great apes can--tic behaviors obviously harmful to fitness. even our bones are different from our ancestors in ways typical of a domesticated species (leach, 2003).domestication does not require planning. Self-interested behaviors are suffi-cient. Chasing away aggressive wolves allows friendly ones to gain an advantage by scavenging scraps. after only a thousand generations, this has transformed wolves into the prosocial, loyal, and helpful dogs we now love. Of course, humans were not domesticated by choices made by some other species. nonetheless, many human social characteristics would be easy to understand if we had somehow been domes-ticated. aspects of culture now select for prosociality and capacities for complex social cognition. But what happened before there was culture? What got the pro-cess going?We are understandably curious about what happened on our evolutionary path that made us capable of culture. The sequence likely involved so many interacting factors and recursive causal cycles that any description that satisfies our evolved minds will inevitably oversimplify the actual process. nonetheless, as illustrated by the chapters in this book, an enormous amount of thought and research has advanced our understanding of how selection shaped capacities for culture. Old arguments pitting evolution and culture as alternatives have been replaced by formulations that recognize both as essential to any full explanation of human
Activity of ceftazidime/avibactam against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli containing KPC and SHV β-lactamases with single amino acid substitutions in the Ω-loop

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the activity of ceftazidime and ceftazidime/avibactam against a collection of isogenic strains ofEscherichiacoli DH10B possessing SHV and KPCb-lactamases containing single amino acid substitutions in the V-loop (residues 164 –179). Methods: Ceftazidime and ceftazidime/avibactam MICs were determined by the agar dilution method for a panel of isogenic E. coli strains expressing SHV-1 and KPC-2 with amino acid substitutions at positions 164, 167, 169 or 179. Two KPC-2 b-lactamase variants that possessed elevated MICs of ceftazidime/avibactam were selected for further biochemical analyses. Results: Avibactam restored susceptibility to ceftazidime for all V-loop variants of SHV-1 with MICs ,8 mg/L. In contrast, several of the Arg164 and Asp179 variants of KPC-2 demonstrated MICs of ceftazidime/avibactam .8 mg/L. b-Lactamase kinetics showed that the Asp179Asn variant of KPC-2 demonstrated enhanced kinetic properties against ceftazidime. The Ki app, k2/K and koff of the Arg164Ala and Asp179Asn variant KPC-2 b-lactamases indicated that avibactam effectively inhibited these enzymes. Conclusions: Several KPC-2 variants demonstrating ceftazidime resistance as a result of single amino acid substitutions in theV-loop were not susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam (MICs .8 mg/L). We hypothesize that this observation is due to the stabilizing interactions (e.g. hydrogen bonds) of ceftazidime within the active site of variant b-lactamases that prevent avibactam from binding to and inhibiting the b-lactamase. As ceftazidime/ avibactam is introduced into the clinic, monitoring for new KPC-2 variants that may exhibit increased ceftazidime kinetics as well as resistance to this novel antibiotic combination will be important.
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in the Cricket Cercal Sensory System

Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long mechanoreceptor hairs (>1000 μm) are most sensitive to low-frequency air currents (