cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversity of the oral microbiome between dentate and edentulous individuals

Background Measurement of saliva microbes is promoted as a way to detect oral and systemic disease, yet there is a multitude of factors that affect the oral microbiome. The salivary microbiome is influenced by oral biofilm of shedding (epithelial) and non-shedding (tooth) surfaces. Methods To gauge the ability of salivary microbial analytics to distinguish between edentulous and dentate oral conditions, we looked for differences in the saliva microbiome of subjects with and without teeth. Fifty-two dentate and 49 edentulous subjects provided stimulated saliva samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, QIIME-based data processing, and statistical analysis were done using several different analytical approaches to detect differences in the salivary microbiome between the two groups. Results Bacteria diversity was lower in the edentulous group. Remarkably, all 31 of the most significant differences in taxa were deficits that occur in the edentulous group. As one might expect many of these taxa are attributed to dental plaque and gingival sulcus associated bacteria. Conclusion In sum, the measurement of 16S rRNA genes in the bacteria of the saliva can be used to reproducibly measure differences in the oral microbiome that occur with edentulism, mainly the lack of tooth and tooth-related structures.
Students’ Perceptions of Ethnic and Multicultural Centers

Cultural centers are historically known for successfully serving the greater responsibility of supporting minority students and sharing their culture, traditions, and values with the larger campus community. Despite their previous successes, recent research suggests that culture centers are now losing their effectiveness and are no longer resonating with students. Furthermore, there has not been any research to examine the state of general ethnic and multi- cultural centers since their evolution in the late ‘90s. Nor, has anyone published research that analyzes students’ perceptions towards helping identify recommendations for cultural center success. This preliminary research study examines students’ perceptions of ethnic and multicultural centers at predominantly white institutions. This study will specifically evaluate students’ beliefs on the purpose, impact, and future of cultural centers at predominantly white institutions with a minority population of seventeen percent or less. Using a mixed method approach, student responses were analyzed and also resulted in themes that coincide with the initial purpose of cultural centers back in the late 1960s. This research study suggests that students do understand the purpose of cultural centers and there is a need to investigate the disconnection between students’ perceptions of cultural center and the actual implications of these same centers.
Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance of Women Workers in Shoe Factory

The goals of the research are to analyse the social security measures that influence the women workers in the shoe factory the perceptions to willingness to pay (WTP) for insurance behaviour of the workers and to study the working condition of the workers and health of the women workers in the study region. Population of this research is all households of Ambur taluk. Sampling method is done by simple random method that is used to collect the primary data. The amount of respondents is 100 units analyse (householder) in different factories. The data are analysed with the help of SPSS descriptive analyses and willingness to pay for insurance is analysed with the help of logistic regression analysis, the results that only age and educational qualification influence to WTP insurance of the women workers in the shoe factory.
miR-451a Inhibition Reduces Established Endometriosis Lesions in Mice.

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent pro-inflammatory disease that affects 6% to 10% of reproductive-age women. Current treatments target sex steroids, and none are disease-specific. MicroRNA tre...
Using standards to evaluate accountability policy in context: School administrator and teacher perceptions of a teacher evaluation system

Abstract Accountability policy in the United States requiring school districts to design and implement state policy-directed teacher evaluation systems that utilize multiple measures, most often observations of professional practice and student achievement data, has been reflective of shifting international public discourse surrounding educational accountability, specifically related to teacher quality. Although the most recent wave of policy change provides states some flexibility in determining how teachers are evaluated, many are still mired in debate on how to improve teacher professional practice and increase student learning. This study examined the perceptions of school administrators and teachers in a large, suburban, public school district regarding their district’s new teacher evaluation system. Understanding the convergent and divergent views of participant groups regarding how (i.e., the standards by which) they defined and measured the effectiveness of the evaluation system is necessary to not only better understand their lived experiences but also to potentially inform policy change.
Tricyclic and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Antidepressants: Structure-Activity Relationships

Tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants are the two classes of drugs most frequently used in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Their efficacy in depression has been known for nearly two decades (Crane, 1957; Loomer et al., 1957; Kuhn, 1958). The tricyclic inhibitors tend to increase concentrations of certain biogenic amines in synaptic clefts in peripheral organs and brain by preventing their reuptake into the nerve endings from which they were secreted. MAOIs block the catabolism of biogenic amines within presynaptic nerve terminals, and thus provide that greater amounts of these transmitters accumulate within nerve terminals and are released into the synaptic cleft. Therefore, both drug classes can be expected to accomplish a similar effect-an increase in amine concentration in the synaptic cleft and a consequent greater excitation of postsynaptic receptors. This common effect of MAOIs and of tricyclic antidepressants as exerted in brain is generally considered to be the basis for their antidepressant activities. The antidepressant actions of imipramine and iproniazid in man, and their effectiveness as antagonists of the sedation produced in animals by reserpine-induced depletion of brain biogenic amines, contributed early to the formulation of the amine hypothesis of affective disorders (Schildkraut, 1965, 1969; Schild kraut and Kety, 1967).
A Multimodal Intervention Using Nonopioid Analgesics Is Associated With Reduced Intravenous Opioid Exposure Among Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Introduction Opioid use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with increased mortality. Previous interventions targeting reduced intravenous opioid (IVOPI) exposure for all patients admitted to a general medical unit have decreased total opioid use without compromising pain control. We therefore performed a prospective evaluation of a multimodal intervention encouraging the use of nonopioid alternatives to reduce IVOPI exposure among patients with IBD hospitalized at our institution. Methods This was a prospective evaluation of a multimodal intervention to reduce IVOPI use among patients with IBD aged ≥18 years admitted to a general medical unit at a large urban academic medical center from January 1, 2019, to June 30, 2019. Intravenous and total (all routes) opioid exposures were measured as proportions and intravenous morphine milligram equivalents/patient day and compared with preintervention (January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018) data. Hospital length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission rates (RRs), and pain scores (1-10 scale) were also assessed. Results Our study involved 345 patients with IBD with similar baseline characteristics in preintervention (n = 241) and intervention (n = 104) periods. Between study periods, we observed a significant reduction in the proportion of patients receiving IVOPIs (43.6% vs 30.8%, P = 0.03) and total opioid dose exposure (15.6 vs 8.5 intravenous morphine mg equivalents/d, P = 0.02). We observed similar mean pain scores (3.9 vs 3.7, P = 0.55) and significantly reduced mean LOS (7.2 vs 5.3 days, P = 0.03) and 30-day RRs (21.6% vs 11.5%, P = 0.03). Discussion A multimodal intervention was associated with reduced opioid exposure, LOS, and 30-day RRs for hospitalized patients with IBD. Additional research is needed to determine long-term benefits of reduced opioid exposure in this population.
Engaging Adult English Language Learners in Distance Education: An ESL Program’s Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Traditionally, adult English as a Second Language (ESL) programs, also known as English as an Additional Language (EAL), deliver instruction through in-person classes rather than distance education, as was the case at Georgia Piedmont Technical College (GPTC). However, due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, distance education became a tool used at GPTC to engage students in learning while school campuses were closed. This paper gives details about how administrators, instructors, and staff at GPTC quickly built a distance education program for adult English language learners in response to the pandemic, including resulting challenges, insights, and successes. Research on the topic of distance education and its possible benefits for adult English language learners is explored in order to inform the efforts of building this type of program. The information provided can help guide other adult EAL programs seeking to incorporate distance education for adult English language learners. Keywords: adult ESL/EAL programs, language program administration, English language learners, distance education
A Synthetic Cell-Cell Adhesion Toolbox for Programming Multicellular Morphologies and Patterns

Synthetic multicellular systems hold promise for understanding natural development of biofilms and higher organisms, as well as for engineering complex multi-component metabolic pathways and materials. However, such efforts require tools to adhere cells into defined morphologies and patterns, and these tools are currently lacking. Here we report the first 100% genetically encoded synthetic platform for modular cell-cell adhesion in Escherichia coli, which provides control over multicellular self-assembly. Adhesive selectivity is provided by a library of outer membrane-displayed nanobody and antigen peptides with orthogonal intra-library specificities, while affinity is controlled by intrinsic adhesin affinity, competitive inhibition, and inducible expression. We demonstrate the resulting capabilities for quantitative rational design of well-defined morphologies and patterns through homophilic and heterophilic interactions, lattice-like self-assembly, phase separation, differential adhesion, and sequential layering. This adhesion toolbox, compatible with synthetic biology standards, will enable construction of high-level multicellular designs and shed light on the evolutionary transition to multicellularity.
Elections and Pro-Prosecutor Culture

The 2020 presidential election and campaign leading up to it was unique and historic for a veritable panoply of reasons. Perhaps one of the most momentous events of the campaign season was then Democratic nominee Joe Biden announcing his choice of vice-presidential nominee, Kamala Harris. As the first woman, Black, and Asian American vice-presidential nominee and, eventual, vice president, Harris has already become something larger than her own self — a symbol of hope for the many Americans and others around the world who have been waiting for more diverse people in the highest levels of American government.
Housing Supply in the 2010s

Geographic patterns of housing growth in the United States result from the interaction of demand, density, and regulatory institutions. This paper presents a model of urban redevelopment in which opportunity costs and regulatory hurdles hinder the occurrence, timing, and density of redevelopment. Regulations may inhibit a land parcel’s redevelopment through costs, delays, constraints, or rent control, each of which is shown to affect potential redevelopment differently. Unlike in models of greenfield development, the local distribution of existing uses will be a key determinant in the response to a shock or regulation, and housing supply curves will have an inverted S shape. Nonparametric estimation of housing supply growth from 2012 to 2018 as a function of demand growth and density yields a residual growth surplus for each census tract. The tract-level surpluses can be aggregated by metro area, town, or density cohort to indicate the relative growth-friendliness of local institutions and unobserved conditions. Growth surpluses offer a summary of implicit local barriers to growth that is more detailed and robust than measured supply elasticities. At the jurisdiction level, growth surpluses are negatively and significantly correlated with some measures of regulatory intensity, notably the de jure density restrictions in the Housing Regulation Database of Massachusetts Municipalities.
Novel application of telemedicine and an alternate EHR environment for virtual clinical education: A new model for primary care education during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Abstract Background Restrictions to direct patient contact resulting from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic left some medical students near graduation in need of a required critical care medicine (CCM) sub-internship. A group of educators deployed a virtual curriculum utilizing telemedicine and electronic health record (EHR) technologies. Methods Nine students participated in a formal curriculum of high-value critical care medicine topics designed to meet the learning objectives of the in-person experience. Students obtained patient histories and directed physical examinations virtually via telemedicine. They followed assigned patients, submitted clinical documentation, and practiced electronic order entry using a non-production EHR copy. At conclusion these students completed the same evaluation used for “in-person” CCM rotations earlier in the year. Results Students rated the virtual rotation comparably to the traditional rotation in most evaluated criteria. Lower rated areas included “perform minor procedures”, “patient counseling”, and “interprofessional experiences”. Students’ narrative responses specifically noted strengths of the “student focus” and the ability to practice in an EHR copy. Discussion Students and preceptors generally found that the virtual curriculum provided adequate educational opportunities. Certain areas were clearly lacking, as expected. Students felt the dedication of the faculty to the students’ educational needs was the most important factor contributing to the success of the program. The results suggest several ways telemedicine and EHR technologies might enhance clinical medical education in the future. Conclusion This methodology was successful in providing elements of a CCM rotation experience. This technology could prove efficacious for primary care rotations where in-person training is not feasible due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
A prospective pilot study of the effects of deep brain stimulation on olfaction and constipation in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Background Previous studies suggest deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) may improve olfaction and constipation in PD, using subjective measures. Objective To utilize objective measures to assess olfaction and constipation in PD following STN-DBS. Methods In this prospective pilot study, olfaction (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT]), bowel symptoms (ROME III questionnaires, daily bowel diaries, 100 mm visual analog scales for satisfaction with treatment and bowel habits), and motor manifestations of PD were evaluated before and after STN-DBS. Levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) was calculated. Results Ten patients (8 men, mean age 67.4 ± 6.0 years) with mean PD duration of 7.5 ± 3.7 years underwent bilateral STN-DBS, with mean follow-up of 3 months for all measures, except 7 months follow-up for bowel diaries. There was improvement in the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor “off” scores (33.7 ± 6.7 before and 16.1 ± 10.8 after, P = 0.001). Mean UPSIT scores (20.0 ± 6.6 versus 17.5 ± 5.7, P = 0.03) worsened from severe to total hyposmia. Seven patients had baseline constipation and completed bowel diaries. There was improvement in number of complete spontaneous bowel motions (CBSM) per week (2.2 ± 1.9 before versus 4.7 ± 2.4 after, P = 0.04), satisfaction with treatment of constipation (44 ± 27 before versus 64 ± 25 after, P = 0.02), and with bowel motions (33 ± 22 before and 48 ± 20 after, P = 0.2). However, laxative use (P = 0.15) and LEDD (P = 0.15) were unchanged. Conclusion Olfaction worsened while symptoms of constipation improved but did not resolve after STN-DBS.
MOSFET BGA package

The trend towards miniaturization in electronics is the main driver for small form factor packages. The industry has taken various evolutionary steps towards this objective: Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC) to Thin Shrink Small Outline Packages (TSSOP), Quad Flat Packs (QFP) to Thin Quad Flat Packs (TQFP). Typical Chip/Package area ratios for SOJ/TSOP packages have been reported in the range of 40%. An ultimate goal would be to develop a package which would be the size of the die itself. Flip Chip also known in the industry as IBM's C-4 technology can be considered to be an early example of a die sized package where the chip is directly attached to a substrate using solder bumps. This technology had some difficulties which limited its implementation: it could not be used easily on FR4 boards without a special underfill process (this was needed to minimize stress issues due to coefficient of expansion mismatch between die and printed circuit board substrates). Other issues centered around testing, handling and shipping of bare die. Even today, there are few vendors of Known Good Die (KGD). Contract manufacturing offering flip chip assembly is also limited.
A Review of “Evolution and Biogeography of Australasian Vertebrates”

Cox (1985) wrote of the predecessor of this book, Archer and Clayton's (1984) Vertebrate Zoogeography and Evolution in Australasia, that it was less a coffee table book than a coffee table in itsel...
Learning navigational maps through potentiation and modulation of hippocampal place cells

We analyze a model of navigational map formation based on correlation-based, temporally asymmetric potentiation and depression of synapses between hippocampal place cells. We show that synaptic modification during random exploration of an environment shifts the location encoded by place cell activity in such a way that it indicates the direction from any location to a fixed target avoiding walls and other obstacles. Multiple maps to different targets can be simultaneously stored if we introduce target-dependent modulation of place cell activity. Once maps to a number of target locations in a given environment have been stored, novel maps to previously unknown target locations are automatically constructed by interpolation between existing maps.
The influence of arterial PO2 on renal tissue PO2.

When arterial PO2 is increased to supra-atmospheric tensions approximating 500 mm Hg in the dog, the PO2 of the renal cortex rises from under 50 mm Hg to the range of 130 mm Hg, in contrast with that of the outer medulla which may even fall; there is little absolute change in the already extremely low PO2 of the inner medulla. These observations are interpreted to support the idea of a homeostatic mechanism operating to regulate medullary blood flow as already suggested by observations of urine PO2 at various arterial O2 tensions. This mechanism helps to maintain the hypoxic state of the medulla appropriate to its relatively anaeroboic metabolism.
NAC-1, a rat brain mRNA, is increased in the nucleus accumbens three weeks after chronic cocaine self-administration.

Chronic cocaine use leads to biochemical and behavioral changes that can persist for weeks to months after drug administration is discontinued. Alterations in gene expression in the mammalian CNS may contribute to these long-term neural consequences of cocaine abuse. A combined in situ transcription–PCR amplification strategy was used to isolate a novel mRNA, NAC-1, from the nucleus accumbens of rats 3 weeks after discontinuing 3 weeks of intravenous cocaine self-administration. In rats that self-administered cocaine, levels of NAC-1 were increased ∼50% in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum or hippocampus, when compared with levels from yoked-saline controls. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated increased numbers of NAC-1-expressing cells in the nucleus accumbens of rats who had self-administered cocaine. NAC-1 mRNA exists as one form, ∼4400 nucleotides (nt) in size, and also is present at much lower amounts in non-neural tissues. A full-length cDNA clone was isolated from a whole brain library. The predicted polypeptide sequence contains a POZ domain in the first 120 amino acids; the same POZ domain sequence mediates protein–protein interactions among some transcriptional regulators. NAC-1 mRNA levels were also increased in the nucleus accumbens 1 week after 6 d of noncontingent cocaine treatments. Regulation of NAC-1 mRNA in the nucleus accumbens demonstrates a long-term effect of cocaine use on cellular function that may be relevant in behavioral sensitization or cocaine self-administration.
Numerical modeling of photon recycling in high efficiency GaAs solar cells

A 1-D model for photon recycling which has been incorporated into a solar cell simulation code term in the current continuity equations is described. The behavior of both the recycling generation rate and of a lifetime multiplication factor as a function of position and device operation point is examined, along with an estimate of the effect of photon recycling on overall cell efficiency. >
Fire in Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems—A Comparative Overview

Four regions of the world share a similar climate and structurally similar plant communities with the Mediterranean Basin. These five areas, known collectively as "mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions", are dominated by evergreen sclerophyllous-leaved shrublands, semi-deciduous scrub, and woodlands, all of which are prone to widespread crown fires. Summer droughts produce an annual fire hazard that contributes to a highly predictable fire regime. Fire has been an important factor driving the convergence of these systems and is reflected in plant traits such as lignotubers in resprouting shrubs and delayed reproduction that restricts recruitment to a postfire pulse of seedlings. On fertile soils where postfire resprouting is very rapid, opportunities for postfire seedling recruitment are limited and thus these woody taxa have not opted for delaying reproduction. Such fire-independent recruitment is widespread in the floras of MTC regions of the Mediterranean Basin and California and postfire seeding te...
Epigramma Erasmi in Ivlivm II

The following mordant epigram by Erasmus on Julius II was practically unknown until its publication by J.-B. Pineau in 1925 1), from an Erasmian autograph, to which his attention had been called by P. S. Allen. The manuscript was at that time to be found in the library of A. Meyer in Paris, but has since been sold. The epigram was evidently composed during the lifetime of Julius, and probably in England. The manuscript bears on the reverse side the words, „Th. Morus. Byth. Capad.“ Erasmus had probably given it to More, knowing that he loved epigram and shared many of the donor’s opinions concerning the papacy. It may have been sent to him from Cambridge, where Erasmus lived during the last years of the warrior Pope. The last two words of the inscription, however, are distinctly puzzling. The poem is interesting as an example of the humanist’s power of caustic epigram, and has beside a special interest from the close parallel in thought and phrasing to the anonymous Iulius exclusus, forming an additional link in the evidence for the Erasmian authorship of the latter 2).
Freeze substitution of fungi for cytological analysis

Abstract The preparatory techniques of freeze substitution for electron microscopy are given in detail. Included is a simple, reliable method for the selection of individual freeze-substituted cells from flat embedments via light microscopy for subsequent electron microscope analysis. These mthods are intended for studying cells in monolayer cultures, tissues, suspensions of cells, or cell fractions and are widely applicable for cell biologists in any field. An historical background and review of the relevant literature is included so that the reader will be fully prepared to use of modify the techniques and to troubleshoot results as required. All materials that are needed are thoroughly discussed so that any laboratory can adopt freeze substitution as a routine procedure.
Some characteristics of wilderness backpackers.

72 college men served as Ss in a study conducted to compare wilderness backpackers and non-backpacker non-wilderness users in regard to strength and physical fitness and attitudes toward physical activity. No significant differences were found for strength and fitness. However, the backpackers scored significantly higher on two attitude scales, vertigo and health and fitness. Also, the groups differed in the hierarchical ordering of the attitude scales. Non-backpackers rated the social value of physical activity above all others while the backpackers ranked that subtest fifth in the list of six scales.
On Few-View Tomography and Staircase Artifacts

This paper investigates some potential methods for few-view tomography, and investigates the cause and remedy of the staircase artifacts. This paper also discusses whether there is any benefit to use edge-preserving filters in emission tomography. We formulate a general Green’s one-step-late algorithm, so that it can incorporate any linear or non-linear filters. We argue that the derivative of the penalty function can be “artificially” created, not naturally derived from a penalty function. We have gained more insight into constrained image reconstruction especially with edge-preserving constraints. Our numerical results show that the bilateral method can have better performance than the TV method, and higher order methods may not be necessary for non-piecewise-constant objects.
Emerging epilepsy models: insights from mice, flies, worms and fish.

Purpose of review Animal models provide a means to investigate fundamental mechanisms of abnormal electrical discharge (i.e., seizures). Understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy and therapy development have greatly benefited from these models. Here we review recent mouse mutants featuring spontaneous seizures and simpler organisms.
Myosin-VIIa and transduction channel tension.

Hair cells of the ear transduce sound via a mechanical link between hair bundle movement and channel gating, which is under tension at rest. A new paper reports that myosin-VIIa is critical for maintaining resting force on the link, explaining why mutations of this gene cause deafness.
Research Note: Corticosterone Implants and Supplemental Dietary Ascorbic Acid Effects on Lipid Metabolism in Broiler Chicks

Abstract Male broiler chicks were fed diets containing either 0 or 300 ppm ascorbic acid from hatch to 49 days of age. At 35 days of age, chicks were implanted with 50 mg of corticosterone to study a possible interaction between dietary ascorbic acid and corticosterone on body, liver, adrenal, and abdominal fat pad weights. In vitro lipogenesis was determined from the incorporation of 20 mM [2-14 C] sodium acetate into hepatic lipids during a 2-h incubation at 37 C. The corticosterone implants increased (P
“This is what I call home”: reflections of public housing residents awaiting relocation

Public housing communities often provide residents the opportunity to build a network of support and strong social ties, something that is disrupted when residents are relocated as a result of HOPE VI and similar redevelopment efforts. While the outcome of these relocation efforts is a frequent source of inquiry, little is known about the ways in which residents view the relocation and redevelopment process prior to their displacement. This qualitative study fills a gap in the literature by examining the experiences of 33 residents, ages 11–58, who were living in a 125-unit public housing community slated for demolition and redevelopment. The study explored the questions: (1) What are public housing residents’ experiences living in their public housing community before relocation? and (2) How do their experiences shape how they feel about leaving the community and their plans for relocation? Study findings suggested that long-term residents, both adults and children, struggled with feelings of loss of hom...
A rule‐based expert system for the automatic classification of DNA “ploidy” histograms measured by the CAS 200 image analysis system

DNA "ploidy" histogram interpretation is one of the most important sources of variation in DNA image cytometry and is influenced by multiple technical factors such as scaling, selection of peaks, and variable classification criteria. A rule-based expert system was developed to automate and eliminate subjectivity from this interpretative process. Ninety-eight Feulgen stained histologic sections from patients with breast, colon, and lung cancer were measured with the CAS 200 image analysis system (Becton Dickinson, Santa Clara, CA); they included diploid (n = 42), aneuploid (n = 46), tetraploid (n = 7), and multiploid (n = 3) examples. The data was converted from listmode format into ASCII with the aid of CELLSHEET software (JVC Imaging, Elmhurst, IL). Individual microphotometric nuclear measurements were sorted to one of 64 bins based on DNA index. The 64 bins were then divided into 5 semi-arbitrarily defined ranges: hypodiploid, diploid, aneuploid, tetraploid, and hypertetraploid. The nuclear percentages in each range were calculated with EXCEL 4.0 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). The histograms were divided into 2 equal sets: training and testing. The data from the training set were used to develop 16 IF-THEN rules to classify the histograms into diploid, aneuploid, or tetraploid. A macro was programmed in EXCEL to automate all these operations. The rule-based expert system classified correctly 45/50 histograms of the training set. Two tetraploid histograms were classified as aneuploid. Three multiploid histograms were classified as tetraploid. All histograms in the testing set were correctly classified by the expert system. The potential role of rule-based expert system technology for the objective classification of DNA "ploidy" histograms measured by image cytometry is discussed.
Cross-linguistic evidence for the early acquisition of discourse markers as register variables

Abstract Most prior research has focused on the textual uses of discourse markers (DMs): how they (1) create coherence; (2) provide feedback about comprehension; and (3) signal production problems. A less studied function of these forms is their use as markers of the social relationships between interlocutors. This paper compares earlier findings on the acquisition of DMs as register variables in American English and Lyonnais French (Andersen 1990, 1996) with more recent data from a comparable study of Chicano Spanish-speaking children; it demonstrates striking cross-linguistic parallels in the way children learn to use these forms both to convey social meaning and to manipulate the social situation where power relationships are not pre-established. All groups use more lexical DMs and more ‘stacks’ (Well, now then …, Et bon alors …, Y bueno vamos …) to mark higher status roles, with non-lexical variants such as uh, euh, or eh more frequent in the low status roles. In addition to parallel patterns of use, the data also reveal differences that reflect the relative importance of these forms in the different language communities, with French children using more DMs and ‘stacking’ than their American and Spanish-speaking peers.
The Occupational Prestige Structure: a Multidimensional Scaling Approach

Occupational prestige scores are one of the more frequently used variables in sociological research. However, the methods which have been employed in the past to obtain such scores are based on the implicit assumption that the occupational prestige structure is unidimensional. The technique of smallest space analysis, which makes no assumption about dimensionality, suggests that this previous assumption has produced a somewhat inaccurate picture of the occupational prestige structure.
Towards a Unified Approach to Motion Planning for Dynamic Underactuated Mechanical Systems with Non-holonomic Constraints

In this paper, we generalize our prior results in motion analysis to design gaits for a more general family of underactuated mechanical systems. In particular, we analyze and generate gaits for mixed mechanical systems which are systems whose motion is simultaneously governed by both a set of non-holonomic velocity constraints and a notion of a generalized momentum being instantaneously conserved along allowable directions of motion. Through proper recourse to geometric mechanics, we are able to show that the resulting motion from a gait has two portions: a geometric and a dynamic contribution. The main challenge in motion planning for a mixed system is understanding how to separate the geometric and dynamic contributions of motion due to a general gait, thus simplifying gait analysis. In this paper, we take the first step towards addressing this challenge in a generalized framework. Finally, we verify the generality of our approach by applying our techniques to novel mechanical systems which we introduce in this paper as well as by verifying that seemingly different prior motion planning results could actually be explained using the gait analysis presented in this paper.
Tri­carbonyl(η6-1,3-di­methoxy­benzene)­chromium

The title compound, [Cr{1,3-(MeO)2C6H4}(CO)3], exhibits the three-legged piano stool structure expected for a metal tri­carbonyl with an η6-coordinated arene. Two independent mirror-symmetric mol­ecules are found in the unit cell. The methoxy groups display an out-of-plane distortion.
Measurements and modeling of the self noise of a low-speed ducted rotor

The self noise generated by a low-speed, isolated, ducted rotor was investigated experimentally. The apparatus provided inflow conditions to the rotor that were circumferentially uniform and steady, such that the noise generated by the rotor was primarily a result of unsteady surface pressures convecting past the blade trailing-edges. The volume flow rate through the rotor was manipulated in order to vary the blade-relative incidence angle, or "blade loading." The rotor RPM was also varied in order to study the speed scaling of the radiated sound. The resulting spectra were found to exhibit a wide range of features including blade-rate tones, broadband sound, and stall noise. The broadband sound was predicted using a model based on wall pressures. The wall pressures, in turn, were measured using a microphone mounted to an airfoil, and were also modeled using an empirical spectrum for boundary layers. Both methods of predicting wall pressures were found to result in reasonable broadband noise estimates.
Chromatographic competitive binding immunoassays: a comparison of the sequential and simultaneous injection methods

Two approaches for performing competitive binding immunoassays by HPLC and other flow-based systems are the simultaneous and sequential injection methods. Both these techniques make use of a column with a limited amount of antibody, onto which is injected a sample and a fixed amount of a labeled analyte analog. An indirect measure of the unlabeled analyte in the sample is then obtained by looking at the amount of analog in either the nonretained or retained peaks. In the simultaneous injection mode, the sample and labeled analog are applied at the same time to the column, while in the sequential mode the sample is injected first, followed by the analog. This results in a difference in the analytical characteristics of these two approaches. This study used chromatographic theory and previous data obtained for injections of human serum albumin (HSA) onto an anti-HSA antibody column to compare the response, detection limits, range, and sensitivity of these methods. Under equivalent conditions, it was found that the sequential method always provided the best lower limit of detection and sensitivity. However, the simultaneous mode had a broader dynamic range and higher upper limit of detection. From these observations, several guidelines were developed regarding the use and selection of such assays for new applications.
Digital simulation of the scale effect in hydraulic conductivity

Measured hydraulic conductivity increases with the scale of testing, but the reason for this increase is not clear. Possibly, high-conductivity heterogeneities are more effective in raising hydraulic conductivity over the regional scale than at the local scale. Alternatively, borehole skin and storage effects, among others, can systematically bias the results of small-scale tests; thus, the increase may simply be an artifact of the test method. Radial-flow tests were simulated at various scales in digital models of fractured double-porosity media. The mean hydraulic conductivity increases until the radius of influence in the test exceeds the fracture spacing. Therefore, under radial flow, hydraulic conductivity is indeed dependent on measurement scale. The increase in hydraulic conductivity with scale is a natural consequence of heterogeneity. Over short distances, water converging toward a borehole must generally flow across heterogeneities. Therefore, small-scale tests tend to measure a weighted harmonic mean of the hydraulic-conductivity field. Over a large area, however, flow is primarily along high-conductivity heterogeneities. Therefore, large-scale tests approach a weighted arithmetic mean where high-conductivity heterogeneities have a greater influence.
Geochemical sourcing of rock specimens and stone artifacts from Nihoa and Necker Islands, Hawai'i

We report geochemical analysis of seven rock specimens and six stone artifacts from Nihoa and Necker Islands, Hawai'i. The analyzed rock specimens exhibit chemistry consistent with published data sets and establish a major element distinction between Nihoa and Necker. Their trace element data indicate that the analyzed rocks and artifacts are local in origin and they reliably discriminate from sources on Kaua'i. These preliminary results support Emory's thesis that early (archaic) Hawaiian colonists on Nihoa and Necker relied on their local basaltic stone to manufacture stone tools, containers, and other portable objects.
The effect of peripherally administered satiety substances on feeding induced by butorphanol tartrate

Endogenous opioid peptides appear to play a role in the initiation of feeding. Butorphanol, an exogenous opiate which preferentially generalizes to the kappa-sigma opiate receptors, is a potent initiator of feeding. In these studies, we examined the effect of peripherally administered putative satiety substances, cholecystokininoctapeptide, somatostatin, bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, calcitonin and glucagon on butorphanol induced feeding. With the exception of bombesin, all the other putative satiety factors required 2 to 32 times as high a dose to significantly suppress feeding following butorphanol compared to the dosages required to suppress starvation or tail pinch induced feeding. Bombesin appeared to be approximately equipotent in all systems tested. Haloperidol and atropine both suppressed butorphanol induced feeding supporting our previous hypothesis of an integral relationship between acetylcholinergic-dopaminergic and opioid mechanisms in the initiation of feeding. The findings reported here are compatible with an important role for opioid mechanisms in the initiation of feeding.
Methods and results from a new survey of values for eastern regional haze improvements.

Abstract A contingent valuation survey was designed and implemented in 2003 to elicit the willingness to pay for haze reduction in scenic areas of the Eastern United States. This survey updated and enhanced a portion of a 1988 survey, Chestnut and Rowe’s Preservation Values Study, which is commonly used to estimate benefits of haze reduction policies. The 2003 survey incorporated features to address criticisms of the 1988 survey regarding its lack of budget constraints and its simplistic descriptions of changes in visibility. In preparing the new survey, we identified a fundamental error in the 1988 survey regarding the amount of visibility change that respondents were asked to value. When corrected, it reduces the estimates in that study of willingness to pay per unit of visibility change by ~40%. More importantly, we estimate that haze reduction benefits based on that study are overstated by ~70%. Results from our 2003 survey demonstrate that the distribution of willingness to pay is highly skewed, whic...
Economic Activity and Social Indicators: A Rural‐Urban Discontinuum?

. Comparisons of urban and rural areas tend to assume that a rural-urban continuum exists as regards economic and social indicators of well-being and that rural places are fairly homogeneous. Analysis of Kentucky counties indicates that rural-urban differences exist as regards economic well-being and objective social indicators. However, rural-urban differences are not consistent with respect to subjective social indicators; and there are important differences among economic types of rural counties as regards both economic and social indicators. Thus, the rural-urban continuum is not general and it is important to distinguish types of rural counties.
Ruthenium(II)-Mediated Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation between Acetonitrile and Pyrrole: Combined Experimental and Computational Study

The reaction of TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(Me) (1) and pyrrole forms TpRu(CO){κ2-N,N-(H)NC(Me)(NC4H3)} (2). The formation of complex 2 involves the cleavage of the N−H bond and 2-position C−H bonds of pyrrole as well as a C−C bond forming step between pyrrole and the acetonitrile ligand of 1. Mechanistic studies indicate that the most likely reaction pathway involves initial metal-mediated N−H activation of pyrrole to produce TpRu(CO)(N-pyrrolyl)(NCMe) (3) followed by C−C bond formation and proton transfer. Complex 3 has been independently prepared and demonstrated to convert to 2. Computational studies support the suggested selectivity for initial N−H bond cleavage in preference to C−H bond activation.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Quality Control Circles: A Goal Programming Approach

Certain Japanese techniques have been introduced to American management; one of these is quality control circles (QCCs). The intent of this article is to address the managerial aspects of QCCs rather than to explore their internal operation. A goal programming (GP) model is proposed and run with a microcomputer‐based program. The purpose of this model is to evaluate the multiple goals of QCCs and the allocation of available resources for QCC members' activities. This model will assist management in measuring the effectiveness of QCCs in the organisation.
The effects of water content on diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry studies of deep-sea sediment cores

Abstract Sediment cores recovered during ODP drilling operations are commonly scanned using a Minolta CM-2002 spectrophotometer to obtain spectral data. Core processing procedures aboard the JOIDES Resolution require that these spectral data be measured on wet cores. However, the effects of changing water content on the spectra of marine sediments is unknown. We examined the effects of changing water content on visible light (VIS) diffuse reflectance spectra for core samples composed of clay to foraminiferal ooze. The spectra of dry powdered samples were measured, then the samples were completely saturated (∼35% water content) and spectra were measured at set time intervals as the samples progressively dried. The fully saturated samples were appreciably darker than the initial dry samples. The samples continued to darken during the initial phases of drying until the water content had decreased from 35% to ∼20%. As the water content continued to decrease below 20%, the samples became progressively lighter and attained spectral values similar to the fully saturated samples at water contents of ∼17%. Samples continued to lighten until they were totally dry; however, values never became as light as those of the dry samples prior to initial wetting. Changes in reflectance with decreasing water content are not uniform across the VIS. If the water content is greater than 5%, the reflectance decrease relative to a dry sample is greater at the red end of the spectrum. However, at water contents of less than 5%, the spectral curves of the wet and dry sediments are similar in shape, but the wet sediments are still darker. Comparison of these data with data obtained from similar saturation experiments using a coarse-grained beach sand suggest that the initial darkening of the saturated carbonate sediments apparently results from changing of the physical properties of the sediment; decreasing the water content apparently rearranges the grains. These studies suggest that maximum information will be obtained when spectral measurements are taken on samples that are allowed to dry as much as possible.
Microbial succession and intestinal enzyme activities in the developing rat

J. CHANG, R.W. CHADWICK, J.C. ALLISON, Y.O. HAYES, D.L. TALLEY AND C.E. AUTRY. 1994. The succession of gut bacteria and selected intestinal enzyme activities in developing 7–35-d-old rats was studied. Aerobes and anaerobes were identified as members of four broad major bacterial groups, i.e. Gram-positive rods, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods and obligate anaerobes. The enzyme activities of nitro and azo reductases, β-glucuronidase, dechlorinase and dehydrochlorinase were determined by anaerobic incubation of intestinal homogenates with 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene, methyl orange, ***p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide, and ***p, p-DDT respectively. Nitroreductase and azo reductase activities increased significantly with the appearance of anaerobes in the large intestine. No increase in either nitroreductase or azo reductase activities in the small intestine was found. The early and high level of β-glucuronidase activity in the small and large intestines coincided with high numbers of coliforms recovered in 7 and 14 d animals. Dehydrochlorinase activity appeared early but was undetectable at both 21 and 28 d. Its activity increased at 35 d. Dechlorinase activity was variable in development. The rapid changes in the microbial flora and intestinal enzyme activities may influence the susceptibility of pre-pubescent rats to a variety of toxicants. Therefore, age-dependent toxicity may be important in the risk assessment of some environmental chemicals.
Breathing of the seafloor: Tidal correlations of seismicity at Axial volcano

Tidal effects on seafloor microearthquakes have been postulated, but the search has been hindered by a lack of continuous long-term data sets. Making this observation is further complicated by the need to distinguish between Earth and ocean tidal influences on the seafloor. In the summer of 1994, a small ocean-bottom seismograph array located 402 microseismic events, over a period of two months, on the summit caldera of Axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Harmonic tremor was also observed on all instruments, and Earth and ocean tides were recorded on tiltmeters installed within the seismometer packages. Microearthquakes show a strong correlation with tidal lows, suggesting that faulting is occurring preferentially when ocean loading is at a minimum. The harmonic tremor, interpreted as the movement of superheated fluid in cracks, also has a tidal periodicity.