cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonel Blotto Game for Sensor Protection in Interdependent Critical Infrastructure

Securing the physical components of a city’s interdependent critical infrastructure (ICI), such as power, natural gas, and water systems is a challenging task due to their interdependence and a large number of involved sensors. In this article, using a novel integrated state-space model that captures the interdependence, a two-stage cyberattack on an ICI is studied in which the attacker first compromises the ICI’s sensors by decoding their messages, and, subsequently, it alters the compromised sensors’ data to cause state estimation errors. To thwart such attacks, the administrator of each critical infrastructure (CI) must assign protection levels to the sensors based on their importance in the state estimation process. To capture the interdependence between the attacker and the ICI administrator’s actions and analyze their interactions, a Colonel Blotto game framework is proposed. The mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium of this game is derived analytically. At this equilibrium, it is shown that the administrator can strategically randomize between the protection levels of the sensors to deceive the attacker. Simulation results coupled with theoretical analysis show that using the proposed game, the administrator can reduce the state estimation error by at least 50% compared to a nonstrategic approach that assigns protection levels proportional to sensor values.
Femtosecond laser activation and sensing of hydroxyl for velocimetry in reacting flows

A molecular tagging method for velocity measurements in reacting environments such as propulsion devices and high-temperature combustion-assisted wind tunnels is described. The method employs a femtosecond (write) laser to photodissociate H2O, a common combustion product, into a locally high concentration of OH radicals. These radicals are tracked by planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) from the A2Σ−X2Π (1–0) vibrational band excited by a time-delayed 284 nm (read) laser sheet. As a variant of hydroxyl tagging velocimetry, the source laser can also be used to dissociate nitrogen for femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging velocimetry to mark the time-zero location of the write laser for velocimetry in non-reacting regions using the same imaging system without OH PLIF. The OH tracer lifetime is studied in a hydrogen-air Hencken burner operating at Φ=0.5−1.8 to evaluate the tracking capability for velocimetry over a range of conditions. Effects of changing read laser wavelength, excitation energy, and influence of background flame emission are also studied. The data processing methodology and results are described for tracking displacements with 9–25 µm uncertainty in a hydrogen diffusion flame. This method presents several advantages in operational convenience and availability of laser sources, and it provides an avenue for improvements in the repetition rate, precision, and applicability over previously demonstrated hydroxyl tagging schemes.
Exploring competitive metal binding and crystallization of UO22+ and Cu2+ tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid complexes

Abstract Solvent extractions are used to separate actinide elements from fission products in nuclear waste streams and the successful isolation of specific species utilize subtle differences in metal ligand binding. Metal ligand binding is also important in crystallization of metal organic materials and herein we explore the importance of competitive binding in the tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (THFTCA) system. This ligand has been previously evaluated for the selective extraction of uranium from other lanthanides and actinides and in the current study, we evaluate the crystallization of uranyl-THFTCA complexes in the presence of Cu2+, Sr2+, Th4+, and Ce3+. Three major phases were formed in the crystallization experiments and characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. Two of the resulting phases were novel (UTHF1 ((C4H10N2)[UO2(C8H8O9)2]∙2H2O) and UTHF2 (Na[(UO2)(C8H5O9)(H2O)]∙ 3.5 H2O)), whereas the third (CuTHF1) was previously reported in the literature. Raman spectroscopy was utilized to evaluate spectral changes in the mother liquor of UTHF1, UTHF2, and CuTHF1 over time to assess the crystallization process. Further, isothermal titration calorimetry was used to determine the binding constants for UO22+ and Cu2+ to the THFTCA ligand in solution and evaluate the role of competitive metal binding in this system. The thermodynamic parameters and the crystallographic data were used to justify the formation of a weaker UO22+-THFTCA complex. Formation of a weaker UO22+-THFTCA complex supports our findings that UTHF1 only forms in homomeric systems, but suggests that the crystallization of UTHF2 and CuTHF1 is reliant on the presence of additional counter ions and ligands to change the amount of available THFTCA ligand.
Civil society in the PRC: empirical studies and normative lenses: The Other Digital China: Nonconfrontational Activism on the Social Web, by Jing Wang, London, England: Harvard University Press, 2019. 320 pages. $41.00, hardcover. ISBN: 978067498092. The Art of Political Control in China, by Daniel Mattingly, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 244 pages. $34.99, paperback. ISBN: 9781108662536.

These are dark days for Chinese civil society, or so it appears. It has been almost a decade since Xi Jinping assumed power, and in the intervening years, the space for organization, activism, and ...
Higher Order Fourier Analysis

Traditional Fourier analysis, which has been remarkably effective in many contexts, uses linear phase functions to study functions. Some questions, such as problems involving arithmetic progressions, naturally lead to the use of quadratic or higher order phases. Higher order Fourier analysis is a subject that has become very active only recently. Gowers, in groundbreaking work, developed many of the basic concepts of this theory in order to give a new, quantitative proof of Szemeredi's theorem on arithmetic progressions. However, there are also precursors to this theory in Weyl's classical theory of equidistribution, as well as in Furstenberg's structural theory of dynamical systems. This book, which is the first monograph in this area, aims to cover all of these topics in a unified manner, as well as to survey some of the most recent developments, such as the application of the theory to count linear patterns in primes. The book serves as an introduction to the field, giving the beginning graduate student in the subject a high-level overview of the field. The text focuses on the simplest illustrative examples of key results, serving as a companion to the existing literature on the subject. There are numerous exercises with which to test one's knowledge.
An immunohistological study of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neuritis in the rabbit. Observations in the dorsal root ganglion using the freeze-dried paraffin-embedded tissue technique.

Abstract Previous studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis have shown that, in the central nervous system, the emigration of T-lymphocytes precedes that of mononuclear phagocytes during inflammatory lesion formation. In the present report, the formation of analogous lesions of autoimmune neuritis (EAN) was investigated in the dorsal root ganglia of rabbits immunized with homologous spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. The relative time course of emigration of T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes into the ganglia was examined using monoclonal antibody labeling of both types of cells in serial sections of freeze-dried paraffin-embedded tissue. Results indicate that, unlike in the central nervous system, in the rabbit dorsal root ganglion T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes appear to emigrate simultaneously, as revealed by their concomitant presence in the earliest detectable lesions of EAN. It was also found that the cortical region of the rabbit dorsal root ganglion was a preferential site of EAN lesion formation, and that such lesions correlated well with the onset of clinical signs of paralysis. These results are discussed within the context of known “blood-tissue barriers” and the possible local modulation of inflammatory cell entry into regions of the nervous system.
Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. IV. Behaviour of biogenic amines.

Behaviour of biogenic amines was studied in the brains of Mongolian gerbils subjected to unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Assays on the hemispheres ipsilateral to occlusion revealed in symptom-positive animals a progressive decrease in norepinephrine and dopamine, and an increase in serotonin throughout the duration of an ischemic insult. In post-ischemic periods following the release of the clip, changes in biogenic amine levels generally conformed to the principles of a previously described “maturation” phenomenon, with delayed reactions occurring after the shorter ischemic insults.
A power efficient link-layer security protocol (LLSP) for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) rely on wireless communications, which is by nature a broadcast medium and is more vulnerable to security attacks than its wired counterpart due to lack of a physical boundary. Anybody with an appropriate transceiver can eavesdrop on, intercept, inject, and even alter the transmitted data. Security services are, therefore, urgently needed to ensure effective access control and information confidentiality. WSNs are severally energy constrained since many sensor networks are designed to operate unattended for a long time and battery recharging or replacement may be infeasible or impossible. To optimize the limited capability of the sensor nodes, security requirements are generally abandoned. This leaves WSNs under security attacks, which could cause more battery power consumption and reduced lifespan of the WSNs. In the worst case, an adversary may be able to undetectably take control of some sensor nodes, compromise the cryptographic keys and reprogram the sensor nodes. In this paper, a power efficient link-layer security protocol (LLSP) is proposed. LLSP provides node authentication, message integrity check, and message semantic security at a minimal cost by minimizing the security overhead in data packet and applying only symmetric security algorithms. The security analysis and performance analysis show that LLSP is secure and computationally efficient
Circumferential resection margin involvement after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer

Aim This study aimed to evaluate circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision (APR). Method Prospectively collected data were analyzed on consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic APR for histologically proven rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, from 1998 to 2006. Patients with no sphincter involvement were not included and underwent intersphincteric resection with coloanal anastomosis. CRM involvement was defined as ≤ 2 mm using a standardized pathology protocol. Data were presented as mean ± SD or as median (range). Results Seventy-four patients (60 ± 14 years of age; body mass index = 29.7 ± 7.9 kg/m2) underwent laparoscopic APR. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge was 3.1 ± 0.93 cm. All patients had sphincter involvement. The operative time was 180 ± 73 min, and estimated blood loss was 269 ± 149 ml. There were no conversions and no postoperative mortality. The adverse event rate was 11%. There were two reoperations and three readmissions. Seventy-one patients had a T3 tumour and three patients had a T4 tumour. The median tumour size was 3.1 (range, 0–10) × 3 (range, 0–8.5) × 2 (range, 0–3.6) cm, and 26 (range, 3–41) lymph nodes were harvested. The median CRM was 7 (range, 1–11) mm. This was localized at the waist of the specimen in 12 (16.2%) of patients. Adjuvant therapy was given to 92% and 97% of patients with an involved and an uninvolved CRM, respectively. At 50 ± 27 months of follow up of 73 patients, 12 had CRM involvement and had a significantly decreased cancer-specific survival (log rank test, P = 0.002). Conclusion Laparoscopic APR resulted in CRM involvement in 16.2% of patients with rectal cancer.
Vascular cognitive impairment

Vascular cognitive impairment encompasses a spectrum of clinically defined syndromes ranging from vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia, to vascular dementia. The underlying cerebrovascular pathology includes both overt infarction as well as rarefaction of gray and white matter. Alzheimer’s pathology may coexist with vascular pathology. Diagnosis rests on identifying acquired cognitive impairment in the setting of documented cerebrovascular disease, based on clinical presentation and neuroimaging; MRI is more sensitive than CT. The course can be stepwise or gradually progressive. The clinical picture is typically dominated by deficits in executive function rather than the short-term memory deficit typical of Alzheimer’s disease. No specific therapies exist, but treatment with anticholinesterase agents and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists may result in clinical improvement. Prevention remains paramount, with early recognition of populations at risk and early and aggressive management of risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and tobacco use as well as antithrombotic therapy, in appropriate populations.
Development of avian sarcoma and leukosis virus-based vector-packaging cell lines.

Abstract We have constructed an avian leukosis virus derivative with a 5' deletion extending from within the tRNA primer binding site to a SacI site in the leader region. Our aim was to remove cis-acting replicative and/or encapsidation sequences and to use this derivative, RAV-1 psi-, to develop vector-packaging cell lines. We show that RAV-1 psi- can be stably expressed in the quail cell line QT6 and chicken embryo fibroblasts and that it is completely replication deficient in both cell types. Moreover, we have demonstrated that QT6-derived lines expressing RAV-1 psi- can efficiently package four structurally different replication-defective v-src expression vectors into infectious virus, with very low or undetectable helper virus release. These RAV-1 psi--expressing cell lines comprise the first prototype avian sarcoma and leukosis virus-based vector-packaging system. The construction of our vectors has also shown us that a sequence present within gag, thought to facilitate virus packaging, is not necessary for efficient vector expression and high virus production. We show that quantitation and characterization of replication-defective viruses can be achieved with a sensitive immunocytochemical procedure, presenting an alternative to internal selectable vector markers.
Beneficial effects of Aloe in wound healing

The therapeutic effects of Aloe vera have been examined in preventing progressive dermal ischaemia caused by burns, frostbite, electrical injury, distal dying flap and intra-arterial drug abuse. In vivo analysis of these injuries showed that the mediator of progressive tissue damage was thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ). Experimentally Aloe was compared to a variety of antithromboxane agents to include U38450, a lodoxamide, a lazaroid and Carrington wound gel. In the burn injury Aloe was comparable to the lodoxamide and lazaroid with an 82% to 85% tissue survival when compared with the control and the Carrington wound gel (p = 0.05). Tissue survival in the experimental frostbite injury was 28.2% when compared with the control (p = 0.05). Similar results were obtained for the electrical injury, and intra-arterial drug abuse
The transition from natural to artificial teeth.

Summary A preconceived concept of a goal to be achieved in treatment is doomed to failure if it permits no room for the recognition of individual needs of the patient. In the myriad concerns which teeth and dental care represent to patients, there must be an attendant recognition of the need to communicate adequately, not only the feelings and goals the patient may seek in treatment but also the doctor's appraisal of the realism of these expectations. All of this awareness is vital for definitive treatment, but it is not enough if it does not take place in a setting of mutual respect and understanding. The dentist who can listen to the complaints of his patients with compassion and not regard them as criticisms, who can hear the "cry for help" which lies behind the raging, has become a true friend to his patient and an effective therapist.
Resolving Cooperative Interactions in Protein Folding

Understanding the intricate relationships between protein sequence, structure, and stability remains a challenge. One major obstacle in understanding these relationships is the identification of interactions that couple elements of structure; these interactions are not readily apparent from structure. Recently, the application of nearest-neighbor models to repeat protein folding have begun to provide insights into how these systems distribute their energy within, and between units of protein structure1,2,3. Consensus ankyrin and 34-residue cTPR protein (aka c34PR) folding can be described using two terms: the intrinsic energy of individual repeats (ΔGi), and the interfacial energy between adjacent repeats (ΔGi,i+1).Here, we extend this approach in two ways using two experimental TPR-like systems. First, we dissect the whole-repeat nearest-neighbor model by representing (and resolving) the subunits of the nearest-neighbor model into each of the two helices (“A” and “B”) of each repeat. This extended Ising analysis allows us to quantify coupling energies within and between repeats, as well as local stability differences of the A and B repeat helices. Second, we explore a new, longer class of TPR-like proteins with 42 residues per repeat (42PRs, as opposed to 34 residues for the founding TPR sequence motif), to determine how variation in helix length and interface structure affects intrinsic and coupling energy.By varying the length of constructs in half-repeat increments, we find energetic heterogeneity at both the intrinsic and interfacial level. Although stabilities are more homogeneously distributed in the c34PR series (ΔGAB and ΔGBA as well as ΔGA and ΔGB are nearly isoenergetic), the distribution is more heterogeneous within 42PRs, with a greater energetic separation between intrinsic and interfacial energies. This leads to greater folding cooperativity within the 42PR series.[1] Wetzel and Pluckthun, JMB[2] Aksel, Structure[3] Kajandar et al, JACS
Status of biotic inventories in US national parks

Abstract It is the policy and obligation of the National Park Service to conduct baseline inventories of natural resources preserved in its 32 million hectare National Park System. We evaluated the status of natural resources information in 252 national parks and monuments: those park units that contain significant natural resources. Results show that few parks contain relatively complete systematic inventories for any major plant or animal group. Better information on species occurrence is available for vascular plants, mammals and birds than for other taxa (reptiles, amphibians and fish). Although most parks have compiled species lists for at least some taxa, the majority (> 80%) of the lists are reported to be less than 80% complete in their species, geographic, and ecological (community type) coverage. An earlier study of 40 parks in California, Arizona, Nevada and Hawaii found that information on terrestrial invertebrates, aquatic invertebrates, and non-vascular plants was generally poor or non-existent. Thus, the National Park Service presently knows little about the biological diversity in national parks. Spatially explicit data on park resources are also limited. While 43, 28 and 24% of the 252 parks surveyed had maps of vegetation, soils and geology, respectively, none of these maps appears to have been systematically checked for accuracy after their creation. If parks are to serve as baselines to measure environmental change, there is an urgent need (1) to develop strategic plans to rank inventory needs in the National Park System; and (2) to design and conduct biological inventory programs to bring all parks to an acceptable level of resource awareness.
In support of supported conversation for adults with aphasia

(1998). In support of supported conversation for adults with aphasia. Aphasiology: Vol. 12, No. 9, pp. 831-838.
Interaction of ResD with regulatory regions of anaerobically induced genes in Bacillus subtilis

The two-component regulatory proteins ResD and ResE are required for anaerobic nitrate respiration in Bacillus subtilis. ResD, when it undergoes ResE-dependent phosphorylation, is thought to activate transcriptionally anaerobically induced genes such as fnr, hmp and nasD. In this report, deletion analysis of the fnr, hmp and nasD promoter regions was carried out to identify cis-acting sequences required for ResDE-dependent transcription. The results suggest that the hmp and nasD promoters have multiple target sequences for ResDE-dependent regulation and that fnr has a single target site. Gel mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting analyses were performed to determine whether ResD interacts directly with the regulatory regions of the three genes. Our results indicate that ResD specifically binds to sequences residing upstream of the hmp and nasD promoters and that phosphorylation of ResD significantly stimulates this binding. In contrast, a higher concentration of ResD is required for binding to the fnr promoter region and no stimulation of the binding by ResD phosphorylation was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that ResD activates transcription of fnr, hmp and nasD by interacting with DNA upstream of these promoters. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of ResD stimulates binding to multiple ResD binding sites, but is much less stimulatory if only a single binding site exists.
Turner and Anti‐Turner in the image of Christian pilgrimage in Brazil

Victor Turner's view of pilgrimage is reexamined and questioned using data collected at the shrine to Saint Francis of Assisi in Canindi, a small town in northeast Brazil. Turner's view of pilgrimage as a liminal state in which the pilgrim is out of structure is summarized in terms of his major theoretical assumptions and objectives. The shrine in Caninde and the pilgrimage there are described. Pilgrimage is examined in terms of the symbolic assumptions of Brazilian "Popular" Catholicism and culture. The author shows it to be a product of a relationship between the pilgrim and the saint in which the pilgrimage is made in fulfillment of a promise made. The pilgrim to Canindi, and other shrines in Brazil, is shown to be fulfilling the obligations of a patron-client type of exchange with the saint and consequently not out of structure. The author concludes that the patron-client exchange imagery is better suited to the analysis of pilgrimage in Brazil and Latin America than Turner's view of liminality.
Pattern of planktonic bioluminescence in the northern Sargasso Sea: Seasonal and vertical distribution

The vertical structure of bioluminescence potential (BPOT) and flash density (FD) were measured on five cruises to the northern Sargasso Sea in 1987 and 1988. Depth-integrated (0 to 150 m) BPOT did not vary seasonally, remaining within the range 9 to 15 × 1015 photons m−2 in all months sampled. Conversely, depth-integrated FD was significantly higher (> 2 × 105 flashes m−2) during winter (November and March) than during summer (< 9 × 104 flashes m−2 in May and August). The vertical patterns of BPOT and FD were well correlated within a single profile, more highly so in summer than in winter. Despite intracruise variability in the vertical pattern of BPOT and FD, there were clear summer-winter differences in the vertical distribution of BPOT and FD. During winter, BPOT and FD were maximal and relatively uniform throughout the surface mixed layer; for example in November they declined sharply within the thermocline at 130 to 150 m. During summer, BPOT and FD were greatest (12 to 25 × 1013 photons m−3 and 600 to 1 200 flashes m−3, respectively) at subsurface depths. Commonly in summer, the upper depth limit of high BPOT and FD occurred at the base of the surface mixed layer (10 to 40 m) and the lower depth limit was located at the base of the subsurface fluorescence maximum (usually at 100 to 120 m).
Noise, error, and bandwidth in polarimeters

Polarization is often considered secondary aspect of the optical field, and in many instances is ignored, treating problems as scalar instead of vector. However, the polarized nature of the light carries information about the processes that the light has undergone, and can be a valuable tool in many aspects of remote sensing.? Polarization has been demonstrated to aid in target identification,?,? help image through turbid media,?,? and reduce clutter and increase contrast? in a variety of defense, surveillance, industrial, and medical applications.
Release of amino acids and related compounds from the adrenal equivalent and caudal vein of the eel in vitro.

Abstract The release of catecholamines and cortisol from the perifused adrenal region and caudal vein of the eel (Anguilla rostrata) was compared with the release of 39 amino acids and related compounds. Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine were present in all perifusates of the adrenal region. Dopamine release from the caudal vein exceeded that from the adrenal region, and norepinephrine and epinephrine were not detected. Cortisol was present in the perifusate of the adrenal region but virtually absent in caudal vein perifusate. Of the six substances with known or suspected neurotransmitter function, taurine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine and alanine were present in all or almost all samples from both the adrenal equivalent and the caudal vein, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was detected in a few samples from either preparation. The release of taurine and phosphoethanolamine may be linked to that of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) enhanced the release of cortisol, aspartate, valine, leucine and ornithine from the adrenal region, but the release appears to be from differing sources or cellular pools. Overall, the study revealed that both the adrenal region and caudal vein release a large number of amino acids and related substances. The caudal vein, and possibly other blood vessels as well, may be a major source of circulating dopamine.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Cu(II) Complex with a Monoprotic Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligand

Reaction of copper(II) chloride with an unsymmetrical tetradentate (NNNO) Schiff base ligand, N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-N‘-(salicyaldimino)-1,3-propanediamine (Hpaip), was investigated as a possible rout...
Preliminary pharmacokinetic model of pilocarpine uptake and distribution in the eye

A pharmacokinetic model that permits prediction of aqueous humor pilocarpine levels following topical application to rabbit eyes was developed. The model is able to account for changes in both instilled solution volume and drug concentration. The model, although simplified, relies mainly on experimentally verifiable and independently measured parameters. Its utility lies in its ability to account quantitatively for the large drainage loss of instilled drug solutions and its predictive ability regardless of the instilled volume or concentration. The framework established by this model will allow further sophistication as more experimental data become available and should be adaptable to other ophthalmic drugs.
Steroid regulation of territorial scent marking in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)*1

Abstract Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) display a territorial scent marking response associated with a ventral sebaceous gland. In males, both the gland and behavior are androgen dependent and hormone control of marking is delimited to the preoptic area. The present study examines the effects of eleven steroids, injected subcutaneously or implanted into the preoptic area, on territorial marking in adult male castrates. Steroid effects on ventral gland function are also described. The neural target cells that mediate marking respond to a narrower range of steroids than do peripheral target cells in the ventral gland. Testosterone appears to be the only endogenous steroid capable of eliciting marking in males. Other steroids which share molecular commonalities with testosterone (a 17β-hydroxyl group and a double bond involving carbon 4) also induce marking behavior. Central receptors may recognize the relevant endogenous steroid, testosterone, by these features.
The influence of Na on metastable defect kinetics in CIGS materials

Abstract The electronic properties of matched pairs of Cu(In x Ga 1 − x )Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells, with and without normal sodium levels, were studied by junction capacitance methods including admittance spectroscopy, drive level capacitance profiling (DLCP) and transient photocapacitance spectroscopy (TPC). The capacitance profiling measurements revealed a large deep defect density in the vicinity of the barrier interface that was likely responsible for the lower performance of the reduced Na samples. The metastable properties of CIGS solar cells were also examined, and these revealed marked differences between the two types of samples. These results directly address the predictions of theoretical microscopic models that have been proposed to account for metastable effects in CIGS.
Acceleration by Adsorbed Sulphur and Selenium of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid on Platinum Catalysts

THE anodic oxidation of formic acid to carbon dioxide on platinum electrodes in acid electrolyte is strongly inhibited. This is caused by the firm adsorption of formic acid or one of its reaction products on the platinum surface1–4. At low potentials the oxidation rate (current density) decreases with time from a high initial value to a low equilibrium value. At this stage adsorbed hydrogen atoms can no longer be detected on the platinum surface. Only at potentials in excess of 300 mV does the oxidation proceed at an appreciable rate. At 70° C the polarization is approximately 100 mV smaller than at 30° C (Fig. 1).
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Memory and Learning Performance in Children and Adolescents

Background Despite the wealth of information in adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature, few studies have explored the memory and learning performance of trauma-exposed youth. This study examined if memory deficits are associated with PTSD or with trauma exposure in the absence of PTSD. Methods Youth exposed to traumatic incidents underwent clinical interviews to diagnose PTSD and exclude major comorbid disorders. Youth with conditions that could impede performance on a memory scale (e.g., limited intellectual functioning, current substance abuse, psychopharmacological treatment) were excluded. Three groups of participants were identified (PTSD positives [n = 29], traumatized PTSD negatives [n = 62], and nontraumatized control subjects [n = 40]). Participants completed the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML). Results Youth with PTSD evidenced significantly lower scores on the WRAML General Memory, Verbal Memory, and Learning indices compared with nontraumatized control subjects. With the exception of Verbal Memory, youth with and without PTSD performed comparably on all other indices. Nonsignificant differences were noted on the Visual Memory Index. Conclusions General memory and verbal memory impairments as evidenced in adult populations were observed among this sample of youth. Given the developmental trajectory of memory capabilities, the implications of such early trauma exposure and memory deficits are considered.
Reply to "Comment on 'Theory of impure superconductors: Anderson versus Abrikosov and Gor'kov' "

That the Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory of an impure superconductor seriously violates Anderson's theorem is reaffirmed. The contrary assertion, together with other statements in the Comment, are shown to be incorrect physically, mathematically, and historically.
Systemic and enteric colonization of pigs by a hilA signature-tagged mutant of Salmonella choleraesuis

Although host adapted to pigs, Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis) can induce a virulent foodborne salmonellosis in humans. To directly investigate virulence factors of S. choleraesuis, we extended the functional genomics approach of signature-tagged mutagenesis to S. choleraesuis and pigs. When a test pool of 45 randomly signature-tagged null mutants was inoculated orally and intraperitoneally in pigs, one of the mutants that failed to colonize by either route was tagged in hilA. In the broad host range serovar S. typhimurium, hilA regulates invasion genes in the first pathogenicity island and is required for enteric but not systemic infections in mice experimentally infected with S. typhimurium. The pool of tagged S. choleraesuis null mutants was a complex mix inoculated in pigs. When pigs were challenged with an equal mixture of the hilA mutant and wild type bacteria, the hilA mutant was at a competitive disadvantaged (attenuated) in pigs inoculated orally but not in intraperitoneally inoculated pigs. Our data support that hilA in S. choleraesuis infections of pigs has a role in enteric but not systemic infections similar to that of S. typhimurium in the murine model of human typhoid fever. The role of hilA may be conserved across Salmonella serovars and host species.
A queueing system with random server capacity and multiple control

The authors study queueing, input and output processes in a queueing system with bulk service and state dependent service delay. The input flow of customers, modulated by a semi-Markov process, is served by a single server that takes batches of a certain fixed size if available or waits until the queue accumulates enough customers for service. In the latter case, the batch taken for service is of random size dependent on the state of the system, while service duration depends both on the state of the system and on the batch size taken. The authors establish a necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium of the system and obtain the following results: Explicit formulas for steady state distribution of the queueing process, intensity of the input and output processes, and mean values of idle and busy periods. They employ theory of semi-regenerative processes and illustrate the results by a number of examples. In one of them an optimization problem is discussed.
Activity-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for LMP7: a chemical proteomics tool for the immunoproteasome in living cells.

The constitutive proteasome is a multiprotease complex expressed in all eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in regulating intracellular protein homeostasis via ubiquitin-mediated degradation of proteins.[1–3] Mammalian cells can also express an alternative form of the proteasome called as the immunoproteasome.[4] The immunoproteasome is expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin but can also be induced in other types of cells upon exposure to cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Exposure to these stimuli induces the synthesis of catalytic subunits LMP2 (β1i), MECL1 (β2i) and LMP7 (β5i), which replace their constitutive counterparts Y (β1), Z (β2) and X (β5), respectively, to form the immunoproteasome.[5] The primary function of the immunoproteasome is thought to be the promotion of adaptive immune responses, but recent studies also show that the immunoproteasome plays an important role in other cellular processes[6–8] as well as certain pathological states such as cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases.[4,9–13] Despite recent studies indicating the distinct role of the immunoproteasome in normal and disease states, its functions remain poorly understood, in large part due to the lack of appropriate molecular probes.
Examining Social Networking Sites as a Survey Distribution Channel for Hospitality and Tourism Research

As businesses use social networking sites (SNS) to connect with consumers, SNS can be viewed as another way to collect users’ information. Since many consumers spend significant amounts of time connecting with others on SNS, it would be a suitable channel to gather information from the captured audience. This study compares survey responses from the traditional paper-and-pencil survey and online survey collected through an SNS recruitment method. The test results showed that there are no statistically significant differences in model fits from the two data collection methods. Thus, this study concludes that SNS holds great potential to serve as a survey distribution channel for collecting meaningful data. More in-depth empirical studies are needed to validate the method before using it for a wider range of research.
The effective temperature of the white-dwarf star and ZZ Ceti candidate Wolf 485A

Previous multichannel observations of W485A (WD 1327-08) have placed it in the instability strip, the effective temperature range 11,000-13,000 K. In the instability strip, most of the stars (the ZZ Ceti stars) are variable, but W485A has not been detected to be variable. In this paper, high-resolution spectra of W485A and improved hydrogen-line broadening routines are used in the ATLAS model-atmospheres program to find the temperature of W485A; the estimate of effective temperature most consistent with the other data on the star is 14,600 K, outside the instability strip.
Oral administration of n-acetyl cysteine in the prophylaxis of "meconium ileus equivalent".

Summary A 26-year-old adult with well-documented cystic fibrosis, but with relatively mild pulmonary involvement, was severely disabled by frequent severe attacks of abdominal pain and constipation. Treatment by pancreatic enzyme replacement and regular enemas did not bring about long-standing improvement. One year ago oral administration of n-acetyl cysteine was instituted, and since then the patient has been asymptomatic except for one brief episode of abdominal pain 6 months ago.
On Murphy's yield formula

Some properties of yield are presented, and one lower and three upper bounds for yield are derived. Some of these bounds represent yield formulas already known as useful approximations. Pure Poisson statistics for defect density provides the lower bound. The upper bounds are obtained with mixtures of Poisson distributions and a formula of Price and Stapper.
SU-FF-T-354: Development of 3D Planning for Obese Patients Larger Than CT FOV Using PHILIPS Pinnacle 3 Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To develop a methodology for development of 3D planning of obese patients larger than CT field of view (FOV) using PHILIPS Pinnacle 3 treatment planning system. Material & Methods: Obese patient larger than CT FOV was scanned on Siemens Emotion Duo CT simulator in two laterally shifted positions. The Patient had appropriate BBs (central and lateral CT markers) on the central plane. The patient was first positioned such that one side of the patient's contour is fully visible in the reconstructed image. Another similar data set was acquired by shifting the patient laterally. A new composite CT data set with a larger FOV was generated by mapping the left and right halves of the two data sets using the indigenously developed software. Typically the images were joined at a user selectable sagittal plane. In this way, it was possible to fuse the above image sets to makeup the full patient for target/structures delineation. A traditional 3D planning on Pinnacle3 was carried out. Results: An acceptable 3D plan data set was generated and dose distribution along with DRR was obtained using Pinnacle3. The DRRs were compared with AP and LAT simulation films and acceptable results were obtained. Similarly, the plan SSDs and depths were compared with data from patient setup with satisfactory results. Conclusion: A methodology has been developed, tested and implemented for the obese patients with larger CT FOV for 3D planning on Pinnacle3. Essentially using this method, the 50 cm diameter FOV limitation of our scanner has been increased to 70 cm FOV. This was useful for a few selected individual cases in our clinic. While the composite data set is dependent upon the accuracy of patient positioning, several improvements are planned for the future.
Modified Gerber Test for Free Oil in Melted Mozzarella Cheese

A method that uses Gerber fat testing equipment to measure free oil in melted Mozzarella cheese was developed and evaluated. Recovery of butteroil added to Mozzarella cheese samples was virtually complete. Coefficients of variation (six replicates) for three cheese samples were 3.26, 3.56, and 3.89%. The test was used to measure free oil formation in Mozzarella cheese during 3 wk refrigerated storage.
Tunicamycin inhibits proteoglycan synthesis in rat ovarian granulosa cells in culture

The effects of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, on the synthesis and turnover of proteoglycans were investigated in rat ovarian granulosa cell cultures. The synthesis of proteoglycans was inhibited (40% of the control at 1.6 micrograms/ml tunicamycin) disproportionately to that of general protein synthesis measured by [3H]serine incorporation (80% of control). Proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin lacked N-linked oligosaccharides but contained apparently normal O-linked oligosaccharides. The dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate chains of the proteoglycans had the same hydrodynamic size as control when analyzed by Sepharose 6B chromatography. However, the disulfated disaccharide content of the dermatan sulfate chains was reduced by tunicamycin in a dose-dependent manner, implying that the N-linked oligosaccharides may be involved in the function of a sulfotransferase which is responsible for sulfation of the iduronic acid residues. When [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine were used as labeling precursors, the ratio of 35S/3H in chondroitin 4-sulfate was reduced to approximately 50% of the control by tunicamycin, indicating that the drug reduced the supply of endogenous sugar to the UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pool. Neither transport of proteoglycans from Golgi to the cell surface nor their turnover from the cell surface (release into the medium, or internalization and subsequent intracellular degradation) was affected by the drug. Addition of mannose 6-phosphate to the culture medium did not alter the proteoglycan turnover. When granulosa cells were treated with cycloheximide, completion of proteoglycan diminished with a t1/2 of approximately 12 min, indicating the time required for depleting the core protein precursor pool. The glycosaminoglycan synthesizing capacity measured by the addition of p-nitrophenyl-beta-xyloside, however, lasted longer (t1/2 of approximately 40 min). Tunicamycin decreased the core protein precursor pool size in parallel to decreased proteoglycan synthesis, both of which were significantly greater than the inhibition of general protein synthesis. This suggests two possibilities: tunicamycin specifically inhibited the synthesis of proteoglycan core protein, or more likely a proportion of the synthesized core protein precursor (approximately 50%) did not become accessible for post-translational modifications, and was possibly routed for premature degradation.
‘I do not have the means to speak:’ educating youth for citizenship in post-conflict Liberia

Although policymakers stress the importance of education in promoting peace, little research examines the ways that schools prepare students affected by conflict to participate in the restoration of peace in their political community. Post-conflict societies experience severe challenges in strengthening political processes and social cohesion. This paper discusses citizenship education at a school run by a non-governmental organization near Monrovia, Liberia, examining the implemented curriculum in an 8th grade civics classroom. The paper details the ways that young people expressed civic critiques within the classroom, and provides a counterstory to narratives of harsh and violent educational environments in the region. This classroom was a space where students and their teacher engaged in talk about contentious issues: students discussed corruption and injustice, and highlighted the relationship between economic and political power. I argue that if the goal of education is to produce engaged, effective ...
Evidence on private equity offering announcements: Strong and weak firms’ pooling versus separation

Abstract This study finds private equity firms classified as higher quality at the announcement date outperform lower quality issues right after the announcement. Yet, higher and lower quality announcers have similar positive announcement period abnormal returns. Since correct post-announcement re-pricing is related to announcement and prior historical information on quality differences, investors unsoundly respond to this available information prior to and at the announcement. The announcement likely serves as the catalyst initiating a re-determination of issuer quality and revaluation. Consistent with expected better relative future performance, higher quality issuers have higher pre-announcement asset turnovers, more liquidity and less management turnover.
The "New Women" of Suburbia: A Study of the Ouiet Hour Club of Metuchen, New Jersey from 1895-1899

£ £ A | t H E first years of Quiet Hour club depict a way of life I that has almost vanished—spirited, dashing, and gay, typifying the vision of the few who stepped out to form a woman's club in Metuchen, New Jersey."1 In 1895, when eight young women met at the home of Mrs. Hester M . Poole to consider forming a club for "social and literary purposes," they had a strong sense of themselves as members of a network of women who were claiming their places as productive citizens. The purpose of the club was to guarantee that they assumed this role as confident, informed, and knowledgeable women, with an awareness of their own abilities. By 1895, Metuchen had been a commuting town for sixty years with many of its inhabitants employed in New York City. A popular observation was that after breakfast one could not find a man on the streets. It was also at this time that Metuchen earned its nickname the "Brainy Boro" because of the large number of intellectual and literary figures living there. The editors of Harper's Magazine and Hearst publications were both residents, as well as a Presbyterian minister who ran for President on the Prohibition Party ticket. The novelist Mary Wilkins Freeman moved to Metuchen in 1902 and was not out of place among the accomplished female residents. A result of the commuting was that the women had the town to themselves during the day. One of the notable female residents of Metuchen was Mrs. Hester M . Poole, the founder of the Quiet Hour Club. She was a writer, a specialist on parliamentary law, one of the originators of the International Council of Women in 1888, and a distinguished
Burrowing mayfly populations in Chequamegon Bay, Wisconsin: 2002 and 2012

Burrowing mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) are sensitive to pollution and have been used as environmental indicators in the Great Lakes. Hexagenia limbata and Ephemera simulans population abundance and biomass estimates from Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, were compared between the years 2002 and 2012 as well as inside and outside the Northern States Power Lakefront Superfund site. Mean abundance was similar and mean biomass of Ephemeridae was slightly less in 2012 than in 2002, most likely due to the occurrence of E. simulans in 2012, a smaller species not collected in 2002. In 2012, mean ephemerid abundance and biomass outside the Superfund site was significantly higher than inside the Superfund site. Biomass was higher in clay, clay with sand, and sand with clay substrates than in fine sand, coarse sand, or wood debris substrates. Substrate in the Superfund site was predominantly wood debris. Future monitoring of ephemerid populations in Chequamegon Bay, and particularly in the Superfund site as c...