cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
879 ABNORMAL CONCANAVALIN A CAPPING – ANOTHER DEFECT OF NEUTROPHILS FROM HUMAN INFANTS

Concanavalin A (con A) binds to neutrophil (N) plasma membranes and induces granule exocytosis, chemotaxis and increased oxidative metabolism. Con A binds diffusely to the N surface, but caps form on N exposed to colchicine or to oxidants (a process dependent on interactions of plasma membrane, cytoskeleton and several biochemical systems). To test the competency of these interactions, we studied fluorescein con A capping of N isolated from venous blood of newborns, their mothers and adult controls. Diffuse con A binding occurred readily, but capping of infant and maternal N was decreased (p < .05). Colchicine induced capping in 38 ± 3, 51 ± 3 and 69 ± 2 (mean % ± SEM) of N from 20 infants, mothers and controls. The oxidant, diamide, induced caps in 45 ± 8, 59 ± 11 and 82 ± 6% respectively. The decreased response was striking because spontaneous capping (without induction) was higher in infants (23% ± 3) and mothers (38% ± 4) than in controls (14% ± 3). Thus, the mean increment in capped N induced by colchicine was 15, 13 and 55% respectively. Spontaneous capping seemed related to oxidation since values were reduced ≅ 70% (p < .05) when N were exposed to superoxide dismutase and catalase. Thus, spontaneous and induced con A capping of infant and maternal N are abnormal, perhaps due to autooxidation. Many cellular processes are involved, and study of this abnormality may identify mechanisms responsible for the other dysfunctions of infant N.
Behavioral contrast as a function of component duration for leverpressing using a within-session procedure

Ten rats pressed levers for food reinforcers delivered by multiple schedules. Behavioral contrast was measured using a within-session procedure that presented the baseline and contrast schedules within single sessions. The absolute sizes of both positive and negative contrast increased and then decreased as components lengthened. Negative induction occurred when components were very short. These results question theories that predict that the size of contrast will vary inversely with component duration. They support theories that attribute positive and negative contrast to similar theoretical mechanisms. A comparison of the present results with those of past studies indicates that keypecking by pigeons and leverpressing by rats change as different functions of component duration. Treadlepressing by pigeons and leverpressing by rats change as similar functions. These findings challenge general process theories that argue that all responses obey the same behavioral laws.
Theoretical Accuracy of a Meteorological Rocketsonde Thermistor.

Abstract The ability of the bead thermistor currently used in meteorological sounding rockets to measure the ambient kinetic temperature of the environment is examined theoretically. A non-steady state heat transfer environment including forced convection, infrared and solar radiation, compressional heating, lead wire conduction and internal heating is considered, along with normal variations to be expected in this environment. The average temperature measurement error is found to range from less than 5C at heights below 50 km to 33.5C at 65 km. Correction for this error should yield ambient temperature values to within ±2 per cent up to 60 km with the correction accuracy decreasing to ±3.8 per cent at 65 km. The correction accuracy deteriorates rapidly above 65 km suggesting that either a different type sensing element or a different sounding technique will be necessary for temperature measurement above this level. Although the theoretical temperature error was computed on the basis of mean model atmosph...
Energy-efficient VFI-partitioned multicore design using wireless NoC architectures

In recent years, multiple Voltage Frequency Island (VFI)-based designs have increasingly made their way into both commercial and research multicore platforms. On the other hand, the wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) architecture has emerged as an energy-efficient and high bandwidth communication backbone for massively integrated multicore platforms. It becomes therefore possible to exploit the small-world effects induced by the wireless links of a WiNoC to achieve efficient inter-VFI data exchanges. In this work, we demonstrate that WiNoCs can provide better latency and energy profiles compared to traditional mesh-like architecture for VFI-partitioned multicore designs. The performance gains and energy efficiency are achieved due to the low-power wireless shortcuts in conjunction with the small-world architecture. Indeed, our experimental results show energy improvements as large as 40% for multithreaded application benchmarks.
Women smuggling and the men who help them: gender, corruption and illicit networks in Senegal*

This paper investigates gendered patterns of corruption and access to illicit networks among female cross-border traders near the Senegambian border. Despite a discourse of generosity and solidarity, access to corrupt networks is mediated by class and gender, furthering social differentiation, especially insofar as it depends on geographic and socio-economic affinity with customs officers, state representatives and well-connected transporters. Issues of organisational culture, occupational identity and interpersonal negotiations of power represent important sources of corruption that require an understanding of the actual dynamics of public administration. While smuggling depends on contesting legal and social boundaries, the most successful traders (and transporters) strive to fulfil ideal gender roles as closely as possible. Ironically, trading on poverty and feminine vulnerability only works for relatively affluent women.
Frictional Forces and Amontons' Law: From the Molecular to the Macroscopic Scale

We review the historical and modern understanding of the most basic equation of friction, Amontons' law, which describes phenomena that were already understood and studied by Leonardo da Vinci 500 years ago. This law states that for any two materials the (lateral) friction force is directly proportional to the (normal) applied load, with a constant of proportionality, the friction coefficient, that is constant and independent of the contact area, the surface roughness, and the sliding velocity. No theory has yet satisfactorily explained this surprisingly general law; all attempts have been model or system dependent. We review the experimental evidence and find, for example, that the same friction coefficient is often measured for the same system of materials with junctions whose areas differ by more than 6 orders of magnitude. The trends obtained through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations agree with recent and past experiments and with Amontons' law, and they suggest that the local energy-dissipating mec...
Play and Family Therapy

This article looks at current literature that emphasizes the importance of involving children in the therapeutic process. It reviews several approaches to including children through the use of play in family therapy. The emphasis is on the need to understand how children express themselves differently from adults and how family therapists can best engage children as significant family members in the therapeutic process.
Pseudohomosexual psychosis in basic military training

The emergence of homosexual anxieties in heterosexual males following a severe blow to masculine self-esteem has been termed “pseudohomosexual” by Ovesey and has been shown to reflect sexual dependency and power conflicts. This article extends the concept, described largely in neurotic patients, to psychotic reactions occurring in basic trainees following failure to adapt to military life. The military setting is viewed as a culturally specific stress for emergence of pseudohomosexual anxieties in predisposed individuals. Case studies illustrate the power and dependency conflicts, sexual symbolization, projective defenses, and restitutional violence which characterize these patients. The pseudohomosexual psychosis defends the patient against perceiving his inability to effect separation from mother, bear the object loss, and attain cultural manhood.
Differences in food intake and exercise by smoking status in adolescents.

Abstract Background. Smoking, diet, and lack of exercise are the top preventable causes of death in the United States. Some 23% of high school students currently smoke and many teens do not meet Healthy People 2010 standards for healthy eating or physical activity. This study examined the relationship between smoking and the consumption of fruit, vegetables, milk/dairy products and the frequency of exercise in 10,635 Virginia youth. Methods. Survey data were collected from middle school (MS; n = 8022) and high school (HS; n = 2613) adolescents participating in youth tobacco prevention/cessation programs. Data were analyzed using chi-square bivariate tests and multivariate regression models. Results. Smokers were significantly less likely than nonsmokers to exercise ≥3× week and to consume ≥1 serving/day of vegetables or milk/dairy products. This was more evident in high school than middle school students and in females compared to males. In both HS and MS, a dose–response relationship was detected with higher level smoking associated with lower frequency of eating specified food and exercise. Conclusions. Smoking is associated with compromised intake of healthy food and exercise. To decrease incident cases of chronic disease later in life, new tailored, innovative interventions are needed that address multiple health behaviors in youth.
Showdown Symbolic Violence and Masculine Performance in The Autobiography of Malcolm X (As Told to Alex Haley)1

While written during Malcolm X’s Muslim years, the narrative standpoint of The Autobiography of Malcolm X (As Told to Alex Haley) often mirrors the “cool pose” he adopted as a hustler in the black ...
Insulin's expanding control of forkheads.

Like athletic ability, metabolic tone is recognized to vary greatly among individuals. The ability to oxidize or store fat, build up muscle glycogen, withstand fasting, or respond to insulin with decreased blood glucose levels can indeed change greatly even within the same individual, based on such factors as age, frequency of exercise, and diet. Such changes in metabolic tone re flect the collective abundances and activities of hundreds of enzymes and other metabolic proteins, integrated within complex networks of metabolic pathways in multiple tissues. Much of this is driven by the overall profile of transcriptional activities of the genes encoding these proteins. Among the major nuclear regulators of metabolic gene expression, transcription factors that belong to the forkhead gene family have garnered increasing attention. The Drosophila embryo forkhead mutant displays dual projections at the head, hence the name, and this fly gene shares a 110-aa DNA binding domain with 39 forkhead genes in humans (for review, see ref. 1). At least six of these gene products (see ref. 2 for nomenclature), Foxo1, Foxo3a, Foxo4 (previously termed FKHR, FKHRL1, and AFX1) and Foxa1, Foxa2, and Foxa3 (previously termed HNF3α, HNF3β, and HNF3γ) appear to share major roles controlling the development of key metabolic tissues such as pancreatic islet cells and liver. They also regulate dozens of metabolic genes. For example, both Foxo and Foxa transcription factors are known to up-regulate key enzymes in the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway, which prevents hypoglycemia in fasting (3, 4). In this issue of PNAS, Wolfrum et al . show how Foxa2a may be regulated by insulin (5). Several lines of research have recently converged to highlight the Foxo subfamily as particularly exciting regulators of cell function. First, they are the closest orthologs to DAF-16, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene product found in genetic screens to …
“WANTS LEARN CUT, FINISH PEOPLE”: AMERICAN MISSIONARY MEDICAL EDUCATION FOR CHINESE WOMEN AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM IN THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE, 1890s–1920

This article examines two of the three American missionary medical schools for Chinese women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—the Soochow Woman’s Medical College in Suzhou and the Hackett Medical College for Women in Guangzhou. The article uses these medical schools to challenge the concept of “cultural imperialism.” These schools offered less elite women the chance to acquire some skills associated with “Western medicine,” especially skills in surgery, even if they did not have the educational background necessary to study the “scientific medicine” that was becoming hegemonic. The article argues that, rather than seeing these schools as simply an export from the United States to China, it is important to look at how the Chinese involved with these schools influenced their development. Central to the argument is an emphasis on regional diversity within both the United States and China. The evidence presented suggests that some areas of China may have been more receptive to medical educ...
Bond Graph Model of a Pool-Type Nuclear Reactor

A simple, third-order model of a TRIGA pool-type nuclear reactor is developed using bond graph methods. The model describes the nuclear heat generation process, subsequent heat transfer to the cooling pool, and fuel temperature feedback effects. The simple model, to be used as a basis for future feedback control and parameter identification experiments, is validated with two sets of experimental measurements.
Characterization of a novel mRNA expressed by neurons in mature brain

In previous studies, differential hybridization screening of an activated murine T-lymphocyte cDNA library identified an interleukin 2-responsive mRNA, designated F5, expressed in lymphoid tissues and brain only. We now report characterization of a full-length clone isolated from an adult mouse brain cDNA library. Neither the nucleic acid nor amino acid sequences demonstrated similarity to reported sequences. On Southern blotting, the protein coding sequence hybridized to genomic DNA from a variety of species. On Northern blotting, F5 mRNA was expressed in adult mouse brain, spinal cord, eye, and dorsal root ganglia but not in peripheral nerve. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated prominent expression by neurons in brain. F5 mRNA expression was undetectable in embryonic rat cerebral hemisphere and low until postnatal day 21. F5 is a novel mRNA selectively expressed by proliferating lymphocytes and mature neurons.
Seat belt use in a developing country: covert noncompliance with a primary enforcement law in Malaysia

Malaysia has strict laws requiring seat belt use by all vehicle occupants. However, neither passive devices nor inertial reel belts are mandated. Seat belt usage was investigated among 60 taxicab drivers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 1993. Although all drivers appeared to be restrained during an initial curb-side inspection, 60% did not fasten the latch. There was no statistical difference between ethnic groups. Curb-side estimates of restraint use may overestimate actual usage, resulting in falsely low estimates of effectiveness. Requiring inertial reel belts, which would retract if not latched, could greatly increase actual restraint use. This may be cost effective for developing nations.
Advanced instrumentation projects for first‐year biochemistry laboratory

Our first-semester biochemistry course is accompanied by a project-based laboratory with a focus on the enzyme lysozyme. The first half of the semester involves purification of the enzyme. In the second half, students learn to work with advanced instrumentation techniques, specifically fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. These methods are linked, as much as possible, to the theme of lysozyme: its structure, stability, or binding of ligand. As a final project, students design an experiment involving one of these methods. Examples are determination of the pKa of the catalytic residue and the binding affinity for an inhibitor under different conditions of pH and temperature. Four weeks of laboratory are sufficient for students to learn how to use the instruments and to develop a short project. At the end of the project, students give an oral presentation on the theory of the method and their results and prepare a paper that undergoes peer review. Hands-on experience with these methods reinforces theoretical concepts taught in the lecture portion of the course.
Comparison of the 1960 and 1972 revisions of the Stanford Binet LM.

Comparison of the 1960 and 1972 revisions of the Stanford Binet LM shows mean differences of approximately 10 points in favor of the 1960 norms for ages 2–5. This difference declines to 1–3 points in the 8-to 12-year range. From ages 13 to 18 the discrepancy steadily increases again to a maximum of 9 points at age 18. Separate analyses for three levels of IQ (80, 100, 120) show similar results except for the 13-to 18-year range, where larger discrepancies are associated with higher levels of IQ. Although the 1972 revision represents a definite improvement over the earlier form, the 1972 restandardization procedures reveal notable deficiencies which cause it to compare unfavorably with the McCarthy Scales and the WISC as measures of intellectual functioning in young children.
Life Events, 17-OHCS Measures, and Psychological Defensiveness in Relation to Aid-Seeking

Abstract Professional aid-seeking for medical or psychological reasons was measured in 80 firefighters for a retrospective period of six months and a prospective period of eight weeks. The magnitude of life stress events. 24-hour urine 17-OHCS levels, and MMPI K-Scale scores were compared between those subjects who had sought professional aid and those who had not. The measured values did not differ significantly between groups and were, in fact, well within normal limits for all subjects tested. Analysis suggests that implied relationships between stress and illness are questionable in low-stress, low-maladjustment populations. These data lend support to the concept of a threshold effect for influence of life change on subsequent illness manifestation.
Using thin film stress to produce precision, figured X-ray optics

We are studying the possibility of producing precision, aspherical mirrors for X-rays and visible light. Our study examines the use of ultrastructure processing to replace mechanical methods of material removal. The method starts with a chemically-mechanically polished, flat silicon wafer. The aim is to preserve atomic scale smoothness of the surface wafer while the wafer is bent to a desired figure. We report measurements of the mechanical properties of various stressing layers. This involves measuring the deformation of several thin silicon wafers coated with chemically vapor deposited nickel and boron films of known thickness. We have found that, under normal conditions, the film does not add to the microroughness of the substrate on either the front or the back surfaces. Film and substrate thicknesses, however, vary by as much as 10%. This is the present limit on figure accuracy. We have developed a model that describes bending of B/Si and Ni/Si structures. The model relates stress and Young's modulus to the measured thickness of the film, and the thickness and curvature of the substrate. This approach is used to measure the stress and Young's modulus for boron and nickel films. The Young's modulus Ef was 3.05 x 1012 Pa for the boron films and 1.4 x 1010 Pa for the nickel films. From the relationship developed and verified for predicting the radii of curvature of the substrate, if may be possible to define a film thickness pattern which would provide a desired optical figure.
Method for continuous end standard measurement utilizing laser interferometer

For dimensional researches and applications, the end standard measurements are the popular subjects in high precision standard systems or instruments. In general, the gauge blocks are the representative of the end standards. The universal measurement machines (UMM) are usually utilized for the dimensional length of gauge blocks. However, for measuring the dimensional lengths of test gauge blocks (TGBs), they should be compared with the same lengths of the master gauge blocks (MGBs). Thus, there are different lengths of the MGBs needed to be prepared and the measuring procedures are usually very time consuming. In order to lower the cost of procurement and maintenance of MGBs, a continuous end standard measurement system (CESMS) was built for many different test ranges of TGBs. The features of the CESMS included at least one gauge block, the LVDT probes for positioning, the real lengths of the TGBs measured from the display value of the laser interferometer, and total procedures controlled by automation software. All of these parts were integrated onto a large platform and its moving carriage could travel up to 1.2-meter in distance. Within these ranges, the CESMS could measure different dimensional lengths of the TGBs and many pieces at the same time. The CESMS utilized the laser interferometer to acquire the accurate display values between two ends when the LVDT probe was touched and triggered the automation software to record. Owing to the recommended radiation of laser head, the CESMS could be traced to the meter, SI unit. Furthermore, the experiment results showed that the comparison results of certificated gauge block at 800 mm suited for calibration certificate by PTB.
Public affairs, issues management, and political strategy: opportunities, obstacles, and caveats

This paper evaluates research in corporate public affairs, social issues management and political strategy, and theoretical integration of the three areas and also cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional collaboration, especially with business or government officials. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
The rate and mechanism of the reaction of HCN with oxygen atoms over the temperature range 540–900 K

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of O( 3 P) with hydrogen cyanide were measured over the temperature range 574–840 K by means of a laser photolysis-chemiluminescence technique. Using a laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence technique, the NCO radical was observed to be a major product of the reaction. Rate constants derived from the rate of increase of NCO were obtained over the temperature range 540–900 K. The rate data were fitted with the following Arrhenius expression: k =9.8×10 −12 e −8000±1200(cal/mole)/RT cm 3 molecule −1 sec −1 Transition state calculations derived from Bond Additivity Corrections to Moller-Plesset fourth order perturbation theory (BAC-MP4), are used to extend the temperature range for the rate constant and provide branching ratios for products. The calculations suggest that reaction (1a), forming NCO+H, is the dominant channel at 840 K (≥66%), while reaction (1b), forming NH+CO, is believed to account for nearly all of the remaining (≤34%) of the products at this temperature. Based upon transition state calculations, extrapolation of these data to higher temperatures suggests that (1c), forming CN+OH, should begin to become important at temperatures greater than 2000 K.
Medial Column Rodding Facilitated by Transitional Osteochondral Graft

This is a case report using a new technique designed to allow passage of a screw through a joint while simultaneously preserving the joint cartilage. A 58-year-old woman with diabetes with midfoot Charcot neuro-arthropathy underwent reconstruction, which included a medial column rodding. A headless 8.0-mm screw was inserted into the first metatarsal head coursing along the entire medial column after temporary removal of a portion of the osteochondral surface. This allowed the screw to be positioned perpendicular to the medial column joints. Serial radiographs were collected to evaluate alignment, stability, and osteochondral graft incorporation. The patient showed preservation of joint motion and function with complete osteochondral graft incorporation without evidence of joint degeneration or pain after 45 months of follow-up. This is the first study to present the use of a local osteochondral graft to allow passage of a large diameter screw in the foot. Although graft incorporation was complete, the sit...
Communicating Beyond the Discipline: Autoethnography and the “N of 1”

In March 2013, I had an “NPR Moment”; and not one of the good “driveway moments” when a listener sits in the driveway with the radio on to hear the end of a story. No. This was a “scream-at-the-rad...
Predicting invasive breast cancer versus DCIS in different age groups

Increasing focus on potentially unnecessary diagnosis and treatment of certain breast cancers prompted our investigation of whether clinical and mammographic features predictive of invasive breast cancer versus ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) differ by age. We analyzed 1,475 malignant breast biopsies, 1,063 invasive and 412 DCIS, from 35,871 prospectively collected consecutive diagnostic mammograms interpreted at University of California, San Francisco between 1/6/1997 and 6/29/2007. We constructed three logistic regression models to predict the probability of invasive cancer versus DCIS for the following groups: women ≥ 65 (older group), women 50–64 (middle age group), and women < 50 (younger group). We identified significant predictors and measured the performance in all models using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The models for older and the middle age groups performed significantly better than the model for younger group (AUC = 0.848 vs, 0.778; p = 0.049 and AUC = 0.851 vs, 0.778; p = 0.022, respectively). Palpability and principal mammographic finding were significant predictors in distinguishing invasive from DCIS in all age groups. Family history of breast cancer, mass shape and mass margins were significant positive predictors of invasive cancer in the older group whereas calcification distribution was a negative predictor of invasive cancer (i.e. predicted DCIS). In the middle age group—mass margins, and in the younger group—mass size were positive predictors of invasive cancer. Clinical and mammographic finding features predict invasive breast cancer versus DCIS better in older women than younger women. Specific predictive variables differ based on age.
Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony

During the 2001–2009 period when American foreign policy was internationally unpopular and perceived as unilateral, many states strengthened their security cooperation with the United States and facilitated the reach of the us military. This behavior spans a range of actions along a spectrum from reaffirming traditional alliances to far more subtle forms of alignment. This pattern is in large part driven by the actions of regional powers such as Russia and China whose rising power pushes neighboring states to seek the assurance of the United States, and it has distinct implications for the endurance of American hegemony. As those regional powers seek to expand their influence, secondary states may increase their contributions to the maintenance of American hegemony, thus helping to extend it well into the future. They are less prone to do so, however, if the United States follows a strategy of restraint that calls into question its willingness to defend its hegemony. Therefore, a policy focused on maintai...
Ly6Chigh Monocytes Become Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Schistosome Granulomas with Help from CD4+ Cells

Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) that accumulate during chronic T helper 2 inflammatory conditions may arise through proliferation of resident macrophages or recruitment of monocyte-derived cells. Liver granulomas that form around eggs of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni require AAM to limit tissue damage. Here, we characterized monocyte and macrophage dynamics in the livers of infected CX3CR1GFP/+ mice. CX3CR1-GFP+ monocytes and macrophages accumulated around eggs and in granulomas during infection and upregulated PD-L2 expression, indicating differentiation into AAM. Intravital imaging of CX3CR1-GFP+ Ly6Clow monocytes revealed alterations in patrolling behavior including arrest around eggs that were not encased in granulomas. Differential labeling of CX3CR1-GFP+ cells in the blood and the tissue showed CD4+ T cell dependent accumulation of PD-L2+ CX3CR1-GFP+ AAM in the tissues as granulomas form. By adoptive transfer of Ly6Chigh and Ly6Clow monocytes into infected mice, we found that AAM originate primarily from transferred Ly6Chigh monocytes, but that these cells may transition through a Ly6Clow state and adopt patrolling behavior in the vasculature. Thus, during chronic helminth infection AAM can arise from recruited Ly6Chigh monocytes via help from CD4+ T cells.
RNA synthesis during G1, S, and G2 periods of diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid cells in the same tissue of Pisum.

Abstract Utilization of tritiated cytidine to measure RNA synthesis of diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid cells while they occupied the G1, S, or G2 periods of interphase indicated that the tetraploid cells synthesized RNA at approximately twice the rate of diploid cells. The pattern of RNA synthesis during interphase was the same for diploid and tetraploid cells. Cells in G1 displayed a decreased rate of incorporation with increased concentration of tritiated cytidine. Cells in S and G2 showed an increased incorporation with increased tritiated cytidine concentration. These observations were interpreted to indicate that less RNA was synthesized during G1 than during the S and G2 periods of the mitotic cycle.
Selection of lineage-restricted cell lines immortalized at different stages of hematopoietic differentiation from the murine cell line 32D

Erythropoietin (Epo), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor- (G-CSF) dependent cell lines have been derived from the murine hematopoietic cell line 32D with a selection strategy involving the culture of the cells in FBS-deprived medium supplemented only with pure recombinant Epo, GM-CSF, or G-CSF. The cells retain the diploid karyotype of the original 32D clone, do not grow in the absence of exogenous growth factor, and do not induce tumors when injected into syngeneic recipients. The morphology of the Epo-dependent cell lines (32D Epo1, -2, and -3) was heterogeneous and evolved with passage. The percent of differentiated cells also was a function of the cell line investigated. Benzidine-positive cells ranged from 1-2% (32D Epo3) to 50-60% (32D Epo1). These erythroid cells expressed carbonic anhydrase I and/or globin mRNA but not carbonic anhydrase II. The GM-CSF- and G-CSF-dependent cell lines had predominantly the morphology of undifferentiated myeloblasts or metamyelocytes, respectively. The GM-CSF-dependent cell lines were sensitive to either GM-CSF or interleukin-3 (IL-3) but did not respond to G-CSF. The G-CSF-dependent cell lines grew to a limited extent in IL-3 but did not respond to GM-CSF. These results indicate that the cell line 32D, originally described as predominantly a basophil/mast cell line, has retained the capacity to give rise to cells which proliferate and differentiate in response to Epo, GM-CSF, and/or G-CSF. These cells represent the first nontransformed cell lines which can be maintained in growth factors other than IL-3 and which differentiate in the presence of physiologic signals. As such, they may represent a model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of hematopoietic differentiation, as well as sensitive targets for bioassays of specific growth factors.
Facing the Challenges of Convergence Media Professionals’ Concerns of Working Across Media Platforms

This article examines some top concerns in the media industry brought up by media convergence including the need to update news staff, production quality, compensation for multi-platform productions and the legitimacy of media convergence. An online national survey was conducted both among merged and non-merged daily newspapers and commercial TV stations to find out to what extent such concerns were shared by editors/news directors and news professionals and what their answers were.
First excursion probabilities for linear systems by very efficient importance sampling

An analytical study of the failure region of the first excursion reliability problem for linear dynamical systems subjected to Gaussian white noise excitation is carried out with a view to constructing a suitable importance sampling density for computing the first excursion failure probability. Central to the study are 'elementary failure regions', which are defined as the failure region in the load space corresponding to the failure of a particular output response at a particular instant. Each elementary failure region is completely characterized by its design point, which can be computed readily using impulse response functions of the system. It is noted that the complexity of the first excursion problem stems from the structure of the union of the elementary failure regions. One important consequence of this union structure is that, in addition to the global design point, a large number of neighboring design points are important in accounting for the failure probability. Using information from the analytical study, an importance sampling density is proposed. Numerical examples are presented, which demonstrate that the efficiency of using the proposed importance sampling density to calculate system reliability is remarkable.
The New Gateway, An Old Paradox: Immigrants and Involuntary Americans in North Carolina History Textbooks

The authors conducted a content analysis of North Carolina history textbooks to explore how the definition of immigration has changed over the last century. They also examined how immigrant groups and involuntary Americans have been portrayed throughout the state's history. Findings suggest that as a burgeoning gateway state for immigrants, North Carolina's definition for immigration was slow to evolve and at times contradictory. Moreover, immigrant groups were often presented inaccurately or vaguely. Slavery and Native American conflicts were sanitized in favor of nation building, while texts neglect the lasting consequences of these conflicts. Textbooks from the state symbolically commoditized immigrant groups while ignoring their socio-cultural contributions. The authors discuss implications for textbook publishers, social studies teachers, and teacher education programs.
Gas chromatographic mass spectrometric computer analysis of volatile components in blood plasma from hemodialysis patients

Low molecular weight volatile organics extracted from the plasma of patients before and after hemodialysis were analyzed by high resolution capillary gas chomatographic mass spectrometric computer methods. The volatile components were collected on a polyphenyl ether solid adsorbent prior to analysis. Identification of components was achieved by mass spectrometry. Quantitaive changes were observed in both the plasma and dialysate composition with time. The method described provides a new means whereby the 100 or so low molecular weight organic volatiles of plasma can be monitored during the dialysis procedure.
Vibrational spectra and assignments of diethyl sulfide, 2‐chlorodiethyl sulfide and 2, 2′‐dichlorodiethyl sulfide

Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of diethyl sulfide (CH,CH,SCH,CH,), Zchlorodiethyl sulfide (CICH,CH,SCH,CH,), and 2,2’dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas) (CICH, CH,SCH,CH2CI) were measured and their vibrational frequencies were compared to calculated frequencies reported by Sosa et d. The calculated frequencies were used to make probable assignments of the vibrational bands to normal modes of the molecules. Raman depolarization ratios for diethyl sulfide and Zchlorodiethyl sulfide also aided in their vibrational assignments. Good agreement of the calculated frequencies with the experimental values was found except for the C-S and C-CI stretching frequencies, which were consistently calculated to be lower than the experimentally found values. The experimental spectra also provide evidence for the presence of more than one stable molecular conformation in the liquid phase for each of the three sulfides. This has been observed for diethyl sulfide in previous studies.
Hydralazine Reverses Stress-Induced Elevations in Blood Pressure, Angiotensin II, Testosterone, and Coronary Pathology in a Social Colony Model

Background. The vasodilator hydralazine (HYZ) has been used successfully to lower blood pressure (BP) in hypertension. Recently proposed novel mechanisms suggest it may be an important drug in reducing cardiovascular pathology. Methods. The hypothesis was that social stress would increase BP and endocrine factors that lead to increased coronary artery collagen deposition, and that HYZ treatment would reverse these changes. SHR males were compared: controls, colony stress and colony stress with HYZ treatment. Results. BP was significantly elevated in the stress group compared to controls and HYZ reduced the BP compared to controls. Plasma Ang II and T were significantly increased by colony stress compared to controls and HYZ restored both to control values. Collagen deposition in the coronary artery was increased in the colony stress group compared to controls but HYZ treatment restored the collagen to that of control values. Conclusions. HYZ reduced not only BP, but also reduced coronary adventitial collagen. The mechanism of the BP effect is most likely through vasodilation and the collagen reduction may be due to both a direct action of HYZ on collagen synthetic enzymes and indirectly through an effect of testosterone and angiotensin II.
Retinoic acid antagonizes basal as well as coal tar and glucocorticoid-induced cytochrome P4501A1 expression in human skin

Cytochrome P4501A1 is known to be expressed in skin and thus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin cancer due to certain environmental carcinogens. Retinoic acid (RA) has been used in chemoprevention of certain skin and other epithelial cancers. Therefore, we used Northern and Western analysis to determine the effect of externally applied RA on basal P4501A1 expression. RA reduced basal levels of P4501A1 mRNA and protein by 68 (n = 14, P = 0.005) and 75% (n = 7, P = 0.04) respectively. RA application also reduced basal levels of P4501A2 (another P4501A1 subfamily member) mRNA by 93% (n = 7, P = 0.001) as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, P4501A1 mRNA expression induced by coal tar or glucocorticoid (clobetasol) was reduced 46 (n = 10, P = 0.003) and 69% (n = 5, P < 0.05) respectively by RA co-application. Downregulation of basal P4501A1 expression and antagonism of coal tar mediated P4501A1 induction by RA may be a mechanism involved in chemo-prevention of skin and other epithelial cancer by RA.
Effects of Schema-Based and Text Structure-Based Cues on Expository Prose Comprehension in Fourth Graders

Abstract We investigated the effects of schema-based cues (i.e., previewing) and text structure-based cues (i.e., structure cueing) on comprehension of expository prose. Seventy-four fourth-grade subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: previewing, structure cueing, and control. The procedures for both experimental groups consisted of a (a) training activity, (b) silent reading of a passage, (c) multiple-choice test, and (d) student-generated summary. Subjects in the previewing strategy group received instruction in focusing on preview statements preceding targeted portions of the text. Subjects in the structure cueing strategy group received instruction in text organizational patterns focusing on problem/solution and comparison/contrast formats. The control group received no instruction. Subjects participated in six 50-minute instructional and testing sessions over a 3-week period. Dependent measures consisted of initial and delayed multiple-choice tests, student-generated su...
Towards network-aware data mining

Distributed data mining algorithms executing on a shared network of workstations often suffer from unpredictable performance problems due to limited network resources that are being shared. We show that data mining algorithms, which have an approximate nature, can adapt to network-resource constraints. We argue that existing network monitoring and quality of service mechanisms are insufficient to support the needs of such applications. We then discuss the mechanisms (systems support) needed to support such network-aware applications. Finally, we describe the current status (work-in-progress) of the system under development and discuss some general issues involved in developing resource-aware data mining algorithms.
Sexuality and Mental Retardation

A discussion of sexual issues related to children and adolescents with mental retardation is included in this book because of the critical need to acknowledge their sexuality and to support their psychosexual development. We hope it will provide clinicians with useful information and encourage them to provide services in the area of sexuality for children and adolescents with mental retardation. This chapter includes a brief historical review of myths and attitudes about sexuality of people with mental retardation, discussion of sexual development and sexual education, and a review of the research on sexual abuse and other sexual problems, with an emphasis on assessment and treatment issues that are unique to this population.
Three-Dimensional Spherical Shell Resonator Gyroscope Fabricated Using Wafer-Scale Glassblowing

We report, for the first time, experimental demonstration of a 3-D spherical shell resonator microelectromechanical systems gyroscope fabricated using wafer-scale glassblowing. The gyroscope utilizes a 1-mm-diameter 10-μm-thick spherical isotropic shell surrounded by eight cofabricated satellite spheres serving as actuation and detection electrodes. To demonstrate functionality of the new device, a four-node wineglass mode at a 945-kHz frequency was utilized as the drive mode of a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope. The input rotation causes the transfer of energy from the drive mode to the sense mode, which is a complementary four-node wineglass mode oriented at a 45 ° angle. Sense-mode vibrations were capacitively detected using cofabricated 3-D metal electrodes. Experimental characterization of the spherical shell gyroscope demonstrated a wide linear range of 1000°/s, currently limited only by the experimental setup.
Cancer–stromal cell interactions mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors promote angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis

Interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells, including blood vessel endothelial cells (BECs), lymphatic vessel endothelial cells (LECs), bone marrow-derived angiogenic cells (BMDACs) and other bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) play important roles in cancer progression. Intratumoral hypoxia, which affects both cancer and stromal cells, is associated with a significantly increased risk of metastasis and mortality in many human cancers. Recent studies have begun to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of intratumoral hypoxia on cancer progression. Reduced O2 availability induces the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which activate the transcription of target genes encoding proteins that play important roles in many critical aspects of cancer biology. Included among these are secreted factors, including angiopoietin 2, angiopoietin-like 4, placental growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor B, stem cell factor (kit ligand), stromal-derived factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. These factors are produced by hypoxic cancer cells and directly mediate functional interactions with BECs, LECs, BMDACs and other BMDCs that promote angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. In addition, lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like proteins, which are secreted by hypoxic breast cancer cells, remodel extracellular matrix in the lungs, which leads to BMDC recruitment and metastatic niche formation.
Recent Advances in Detection and Description of Buildings from Multiple Aerial Images

A brief description of a method for detection and description of rectangular buildings from two or more registered aerial intensity images is provided. A new interactive editing module that can use partial results of the automated process to efficiently correct errors and derive complete descriptions is also described. The automated system operates by grouping features hierarchically to form roof hypotheses which are then verified by using wall and shadow evidence. Grouping and matching steps are interleaved and multiple descriptions are preserved when clear choices are not available. Some recent results are given.
CrossNets: possible neuromorphic networks based on nanoscale components

SUMMARY Extremely dense neuromorphic networks may be based on hybrid 2D arrays of nanoscale components, including molecular latching switches working as adaptive synapses, nanowires as axons and dendrites, and nano-CMOS circuits serving as neural cell bodies. Possible architectures include 'free-growing' networks that may form topologies very close to those of cerebral cortex, and several species of dis- tributed crossbar-type networks, 'CrossNets' (including notably 'InBar' and 'RandBar'), with better density and speed scaling. Numerical modelling show that the specic signal sign asymmetry used in CrossNets allows self-excitation of recurrent networks with long-range cell interaction, without a symmetry-breaking global latchup. Our next goal is to develop methods of globally supervised teaching of extremely large networks with no external access to individual synapses. Such development would open a way towards cerebral-cortex-scale networks (with ∼ 10 10 neural cells and ∼ 10 14 synapses) ca- pable of advanced information processing and self-evolution at a speed several orders of magnitude higher than their biological prototypes. Copyright ? 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of a New Approach to Adaptive Control

Adaptive controllers can be designed by a variety of different methodologies that have been developed over the past 35 years. However, all those methodologies have one thing in common, they lead to adaptive controllers that are intrinsically nonlinear in structure. Recently a new, unorthodox approach to the adaptive control problem has been developed [1]-[5]. This new methodology leads to a new class of adaptive controllers that, in many cases, are entirely linear and have all constant parameters (constant gains). In the present paper, this new approach to adaptive control is used to design "linear adaptive controllers" for two example applications, and the closed-loop adaptive performance obtained in each case is illustrated by digital simulation tests. These results demonstrate that the new linear adaptive controllers are able to produce a surprisingly high-degree of adaptation over significant ranges of plant parameter variations and disturbances.
Fitting implicit polynomials to use as features in image understanding

The paper presents a method for extracting features from images using implicit polynomials in two dimensions. These features have been particularly designed to be appropriate for the image understanding problem involving oblique ionograms, but they are more generally applicable. Attention is given to the problem of selecting an appropriate model for the features, choosing a suitable fitting metric, and a robust procedure for achieving a good fit.