cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor Promoters, Growth Factors and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

Levels of prostaglandins are elevated in the blood or urines of animals carrying tumors (Levine 1981). The levels of prostaglandins in tumors, when compared to those of appropriate normal tissue, also are elevated, and arachidonic acid metabolites in the culture fluids of some, but not all, transformed cells are higher than those found in the culture fluids of non-transformed cells (Levine 1981). One of the pleiotropic biochemical responses to tumor-promoting phorbol ester treatment in mouse skin and cultured cells is increased prostaglandin synthesis (Diamond et al. 1980; Levine 1982). Tumor-promoting phorbol esters are known to be potent tumor promoters in the two-stage model of carcinogenesis. This model was originally demonstrated in skin (Berenblum 1975), but it also has been shown to be operative in liver (Armuth and Berenblum 1972; Peraino et al. 1978; Pitot and Sirica 1980), bladder (Hicks et al. 1978), mammary gland (Armuth and Berenblum 1974), stomach (Goerttier et al. 1979), and cultured cells (Mondal et al. 1976). Several inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis are capable of inhibiting tumor promotion by a particularly potent tumor promoter,. 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and this inhibition can be overcome by addition of a specific prostaglandin (Marks et al. 1982). These associations have challenged many investigators to demonstrate a causal relationship between prostaglandin production and tumor formation. To date, no such causal relationship has been demonstrated.
Statistical thermodynamic analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data: structural deconvolution of heat capacity function of proteins.

Publisher Summary The thermodynamic information obtained calorimetrically can be linked directly to the structure of a protein in a quantitative fashion. This development has opened the doors to a direct structural deconvolution of the heat capacity function. The structural thermodynamic approach has permitted the development of an accurate structural parametrization of protein energetics and the possibility of evaluating the folding/unfolding partition function from the crystallographic or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of a protein. This chapter discusses the linkage between the thermodynamics and structure through the partition function. The most fundamental quantity required to account for the stability and folding behavior of monomeric proteins is the partition function, Q, defined as the sum of the statistical weights of all the states accessible to a protein. Evaluation of the partition function requires the identification and enumeration of the relevant folding states of the protein and their Gibbs free energies. The development of a structural parametrization of the protein folding energetics has set the basis for the development of algorithms aimed at evaluating the partition function from the crystallographic or NMR solution structure of a protein.
Abstract 3434: Genomic exome DNA sequencing identifies top driver genetic alterations in head and neck cancer cell lines of different HPV status

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the top cancer types with high frequencies of genetic alterations, including mutation and copy number variation (CNV). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has characterized 279 HNSCC tumors to provide a landscape of comprehensive genomic alterations. To identify cell line models which mimic HNSCC subtypes of genetic alterations, we have conducted genome-wide exome DNA sequencing (exome DNA-seq) and whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) on 16 HPV negative and 8 HPV positive HNSCC lines, in comparison with three normal human oral mucosa lines and 8 matched blood samples. Exome DNA-seq and RNA-seq were performed using an ABI SOLiD sequencer, and the data were analyzed with LifeScope2.5 and an in-house developed computation program. An average of 87X coverage in each cell line was achieved by exome DNA-seq. Deleterious mutations that negatively affect protein function were identified in each cell line using ANNOVAR software, in combination with multiple functional prediction tools, such as SIFT, PolyPhen-2, Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT), MutationTaster and MutationAssessor. The top deleterious mutations include TP53 in 42% of cell lines (56% in HPV- and 13% in HPV+ cell lines), and FAT1 and NOTCH1 mutations in 83% and 42% cell lines, respectively. These mutations are cross-validated through RNA-seq, which has an average of 168 million mapped reads with an estimated mean of 44X coverage per sample. In addition, we identified 261 putative CNV calls using the CoNIFER (copy number inference from exome reads) analysis. Among these putative CNV calls, 12 of them occur inside of the over 30 significant somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) sites identified in TCGA, including amplification of FADD, BIRC2/3, YAP1 and TP63. Our sequencing results identified the HNSCC cell lines with specific genetic alterations, which resemble many defects found from tumor specimens in TCGA project. These cell lines provided experimental models, which are amenable for future investigation of molecular mechanisms and targeted therapy, and could benefit preclinical drug evaluation and provide rationales for future clinical trials with genetic testing. Supported by NIDCD intramural projects ZIA-DC-000016, 73 and 74. Citation Format: Hui Cheng, Xinping Yang, Han Si, Anthony Saleh, Jamie Coupar, Robert L. Ferris, Wendell G. Yarbrough, Mark E. Prince, Thomas E. Carey, Carter Van Waes, Zhong Chen. Genomic exome DNA sequencing identifies top driver genetic alterations in head and neck cancer cell lines of different HPV status. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3434. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3434
Parasocial Interactions Online: Candidate Intimacy in Webpages and Facebook

Research presented in this article assesses cognitive processing and behavioral outcome differences that occur when the public interacts with political candidates’ webpages as opposed to viewing their Facebook pages. Further, an exploration into perceptions individuals have of these candidates and the potential for developing parasocial relationships is pursued. Findings suggest that perceptions of intimacy are directly related to perceptions of candidates’ credibility and potential political action; these findings have clear implications on future political marketing strategies.
The preparation of organolithium reagents by the transmetalation reaction

Abstract Both cis - and trans -crotyltrimethyltin react with n-butyl- and methyllithium in ether to give crotyllithium in high yield. In each case, reaction of the reagent solution with trimethylchlorosilane gives an approximately 3 2 mixture of trans - and cis -crotyltrimethylsilane. These transmetalation equilibria permit the isomerization of cis - and trans -crotyltrimethyltin to a 3 2 trans / cis mixture by small amounts of n-butyl- or methyllithium. Metallic lithium also causes isomerization of the cis - and trans -crotyllithium isomers via a metal displacement process which generates a small amount of crotyllithium which is capable of exchanging crotyl groups with unconverted crotyltrimethyltin. The possible mechanism of the isomerization reactions observed is discussed.
Can luteal regression be reversed

The corpus luteum is an endocrine gland whose limited lifespan is hormonally programmed. This debate article summarizes findings of our research group that challenge the principle that the end of function of the corpus luteum or luteal regression, once triggered, cannot be reversed. Overturning luteal regression by pharmacological manipulations may be of critical significance in designing strategies to improve fertility efficacy.
Rate of Synthesis of Polyadenylate-Containing Ribonucleic Acid During the Yeast Cell Cycle

The rate of synthesis of polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid is constant throughout the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Freedom and Feminism in Mugabe's Zimbabwe

Censorship in Zimbabwe affects sites and modes of expression both politically, from above, as well as culturally, from below. In fact, various subjects, places and people are subject to differing kinds of censorships, causing the growth and demise of temporally affected spaces of free speech. These dilemmas are further frustrated not only by Zimbabwean imaginations of history, past and future, but also by ideas about which practices  cultural, political, or imagined  should be revitalized and adhered to. Feminism and womens issues in particular, are subjected to a unique censorship from below; they are treated not so much as human rights as they are considered womens rights. Besides being censored from below, feminism is publicly disassociated from issues generally considered political, and banned to the sphere of the cultural, creating a kind of censorship through not censoring which greatly impacts the experience of Zimbabwean women today. In my paper I show, using interviews, newspaper articles, and other secondary sources, how Zimbabwean women activists, particularly in the performing arts, respond to the imposed idea of woman as prostitute by usurping the root of this idea and using it to ultimately liberating ends, augmenting their role within Zimbabwes imaginative space today.
How Has Subtropical Stratocumulus and Associated Meteorology Changed since the 1980s

AbstractThe importance of low-level cloud feedbacks to climate sensitivity motivates an investigation of how low-level cloud amount and related meteorological conditions have changed in recent decades in subtropical stratocumulus regions. Using satellite cloud datasets corrected for inhomogeneities, it is found that during 1984–2009 low-level cloud amount substantially increased over the northeastern Pacific, southeastern Pacific, and southeastern Atlantic; decreased over the northeastern Atlantic; and weakly increased over the southeastern Indian Ocean subtropical stratocumulus regions. Examination of meteorological parameters from four reanalyses indicates that positive trends in low-level cloud amount are associated with cooler sea surface temperature, greater inversion strength, and enhanced cold-air advection. The converse holds for negative trends in low-level cloud amount. A multilinear regression model based on these three meteorological variables reproduces the sign and magnitude of observed clou...
Vesicle self-assembly of amphiphilic siderophores produced by bacterial isolates from Soap Lake, Washington

Soap Lake, located in Washington State, is a meromictic soda lake that was the subject of a prior National Science Foundation funded Microbial Observatory. Several organisms inhabiting this lake have been identified as producers of siderophores that are unique in structure. Two isolates found to be of the species Halomonas, SL01 and SL28, were found to produce suites of amphiphilic siderophores consisting of a peptidic head-group, which binds iron appended to fatty acid moieties of various lengths. The ability for siderophores to self-assemble into vesicles was determined for three suites of amphiphilic siderophores of unique structure (two from SL01 and one from SL28). These siderophores resemble the amphiphilic aquachelin siderophores produced by Halomonas aquamarina strain DS40M3, a marine bacterium. Vesicle self-assembly studies were performed by dynamic light scattering and epifluorescence microscopy. The addition of ferric iron (Fe3+) at different equivalents, where an equivalence of iron is defined...
Study of radiometric correction of SeaWinds/ADEOS-II scatterometric wind measurements

Use of a spaceborne scatterometer to determine the ocean-surface wind vector requires accurate measurement of radar backscatter from ocean. Such measurements are hindered by the effect of attenuation in the precipitating regions over sea. The attenuation can be estimated reasonably well with the knowledge of brightness temperatures observed by a microwave radiometer. The NASA SeaWinds scatterometer is to be down on the Japanese ADEOS-II. The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), the multi-frequency radiometer on ADEOS-II, will be used to correct errors due to attenuation in the SeaWinds scatterometer measurements. The authors report investigations of the the errors in the attenuation corrections. Errors would be quite small if the radiometer and scatterometer footprints were identical and filled with uniform rain. However, the footprints are not identical, and because of their size one cannot expect uniform rain across each cell. Simulations were performed with the SeaWinds scatterometer (13.4 GHz) and AMSR (18.7 GHz) footprints with gradients of attenuation. The study shows that the resulting wind speed errors after correction (using the radiometer) are small for most cases. However, variations in the degree of overlap between the radiometer and scatterometer footprints affect the accuracy of the wind speed measurements.
The Iraq‐Kuwait Border dispute

The Iraq-Kuwait border dispute caught the world's attention on 2 August 1990 when Iraqi troops occupied Kuwait. The border dispute would fester over the next five months and ultimately manifest itself in a major war which began on 16 January 1991. The war ended six weeks later leaving monumental costs: (1) the death of 100,000 Iraqi soldiers, 100,000 Iraqi civilians and 124 U.S. soldiers, (2) 100 billion dollars in damage to the Kuwaiti economy, (3) 52 billion dollars in Allied war expenditures and (4) the destruction of the Iraqi infrastructure. Much time and attention has been given to the immediate aspects of the conflict while less analysis has been given to the economic and political history of the border dispute. The invasion in August 1990 was not the first time that Iraq positioned itself for the occupation of Kuwait. Iraqi forces invaded the kingdom in 1973 and occupied border outposts inside Kuwait. Nor is this the first time that Iraq has attempted unification with the oil-rich kingdom by absorption or annexation. Iraq attempted to forge a union of the two countries in 1939 and again in 1961. Some of these earlier border disputes and conflicts have been solved through Arab-Arab mediation. The most recent one was not. The purpose of this article is to explore the roots of the conflict starting from the inception of Iraq and leading to the present time. The first section explores the historical roots of the current border dispute by examining the border relations of both countries before Kuwait was granted independence from Britain. The second section examines border relations between Iraq and Kuwait after independence. The major elements of the current conflict are investigated in the third section of the paper.
Thermolysis of (1R,2R)-1,2-dideuteriocyclobutane. An application of vibrational circular dichroism to kinetic analysis

The relative rates of geometric isomerization to racemization have been studied for the title compound by using a combination of infrared (IR) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopies, respectively. The results are interpreted with a kinetic and mechanistic scheme which parallels that used by Berson, Pedersen, and Carpenter on a similar study of chiral cyclopropane-d/sub 2/ thermolysis. Relative rates of isomerization to stereomutation of 1.5 +/- 0.4 were obtained which can be interpreted to be consistent with a mechanism best described by random methylene rotation in tetramethylene-d/sub 2/. This is the first application of VCD to kinetic analysis, and the advantages of IR techniques over the more usually employed UV spectroscopies to this type of basic mechanistic problem are illustrated.
Observation of Pulse and Respiration in the Neonate: A Preliminary Report

A hemodensitometer (photoelectric plethysmograph) has been utilized to sense the perfusion pulse at the plantar surface of the arch of the foot of premature babies. The sensed pulse-wave signal is then passed through a low-pass filter and then recorded. The resultant signal correlated well with the nasal mask respiration signal.
Consumption of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Impair Murine Interleukin-12 and Interferon-γ Production In Vivo

In mice, individual dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (PUFA) were found to be sufficient to effect the changes in circulating interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma levels that were previously seen in fish oil-fed mice. Weanling female C3H mice were fed one of five experimental diets. All five diets met all known nutritional requirements for mice and differed only in the fat source. After 4 weeks, mice were challenged with live Listeria monocytogenes or sterile PBS. Twenty-four hours after infection, n-3 PUFA-fed mice had significantly lower circulating IL-12 p70 and IFN-gamma than mice fed the control diet (P<.01). In addition, splenic cytokine mRNA for IL-12 p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-1beta were lower in infected mice fed n-3 PUFA-containing diets than in mice fed the olive oil ethyl esters control diet. The reduction of IL-12 and IFN-gamma production by n-3 PUFA may have important implications for host infectious disease resistance.
Characterization of a conical intersection between the ground and first excited state for a retinal analog

Abstract Ab initio complete active space SCF calculations have been carried out to investigate the first excited electronic state of a retinal protonated Schiff base analog: all-trans-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenmethylimminium cation. This model of the retinal chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin includes five conjugated double bonds as well as both pertinent backbone methyl groups. The excited state minimum that is relevant for isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin is investigated and is found to be in very close proximity to a Jahn–Teller conical intersection. The two (global) coordinates that are most effective in promoting efficient internal conversion back to the ground electronic state (by lifting the degeneracy between the ground and first excited state) are identified and discussed, and the distribution of the positive charge in the retinal analog as a function of these two coordinates is investigated.
Use of a laser-induced fluorescence thermal imaging system for local jet impingement heat transfer measurement

Abstract In this paper the efficacy of a novel thermal imaging system designed for use in the study of local convective heat transfer is examined. The transient temperature measurements employed to calculate local heat transfer coefficients in this study rely on the temperature-sensitive fluorescence properties of a europium-doped lanthanum oxysulfide (La 2 O 2 S:Eu 3+ ) thermographic phosphor. A series of temperature-time data sets acquired during the heat-up of a test surface, oriented normal to an impinging heated jet, are used to calculate the local heat transfer coefficient about the stagnation point. These results are qualitatively compared to theoretical predictions and previous experimental observations to evaluate the ability to detect expected flow-field phenomena, such as the initial thinning of the boundary layer near the stagnation point and the eventual laminar to turbulent transition of boundary-layer flow away from the stagnation point. In addition, the measured stagnation point Nusselt number data are compared with theoretical and pertinent empirical data. The agreement of the stagnation point heat transfer in this comparison is excellent, with the variation between measured values based on the laser-induced fluorescence transient surface temperature measurements and existing data well within the bounds of the experimental measurement uncertainty of the present technique.
Estimation of double-Wiebe function parameters using least square method for burn durations of ethanol-gasoline blends in spark ignition engine over variable compression ratios and EGR levels

Abstract Phasing and duration are two of the most important aspects of combustion in Spark Ignition (SI) engines. They impact efficiency, emissions, and overall engine performance. These aspects of combustion can be represented by the mass fraction burn (MFB) profile. Having an accurate mathematical model of the MFB profile leads to an ability to model the combustion process and, thus, properly model the overall engine in 1D engine simulation tools. The Wiebe function is widely used in engine simulation to estimate the MFB profile as a function of crankshaft position. In this work, for the purpose of validating a sub-process, the Wiebe function parameters were calculated using an analytical solution and a least squares method by fitting MFB locations, as determined from analysis of measured cylinder pressure, to both single and double-Wiebe functions. To determine the accuracy of the respective Wiebe function, a single-zone pressure model was applied to reconstruct the pressure trace. Once the pressure trace is recovered, the reconstructed pressure trace is then compared with the experimentally measured cylinder pressure trace. Results showed that the double-Wiebe function model fit better than the single-Wiebe function model. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the reconstructed pressure trace using the double-Wiebe estimation is 7.9 kPa. In comparison, the RMSEs of the reconstructed pressure traces using the single-Wiebe analytical solution and single-Wiebe least squares methods were 70.0 kPa and 75.9 kPa, respectively, demonstrating a significant improvement.
Impact of Sales Promotions on when, what, and how Much to Buy:

The effectiveness of a sales promotion can be examined by decomposing the sales “bump” during the promotion period into sales increase due to brand switching, purchase time acceleration, and stockp...
The Value of Inherited Deficiencies of Human Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes in Understanding Their Cellular Roles

Very little light has been shed on the role of the low-activity CA I isozyme in humans by studies on CA I-deficient individuals. On the other hand, CA II-deficient individuals exhibit abnormalities of bone, kidney and brain, implicating a functional role for the high-activity CA II isozyme in cells from these tissues and organs. It also appears that the CA II-deficient red cell is capable of normal respiratory function under unstressed conditions. In addition, there is some preliminary evidence that those organs such as the eye which primarily contain the CA II isozyme, may be able to function effectively in the absence of CA II.
Time resolved spectroscopic studies relevant to reactive intermediates in homogeneous catalysis. The migratory insertion reaction

Abstract A major challenge of mechanistic organometallic chemistry is to characterize the structure and dynamics of reactive intermediates in stoichiometric and catalytic processes. In this context, time resolved spectroscopic techniques can be used to investigate reactive intermediates generated by laser flash photolysis of suitable organometallic precursors. Specific examples will be drawn from ongoing mechanistic research in these laboratories in which time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and time-resolved optical (TRO) detection are used to probe the reactivities and structures of intermediates in the carbonylations of metal–alkyl bonds, a key pathway in catalytic activation of carbon monoxide. The principal focus will be upon the migratory insertion mechanisms of cobalt carbonyl complexes similar to those used in alkene hydroformylation catalysis as well as model systems based on manganese carbonyls.
Comparative reproduction and nonparasitic development of Boophilus microplus and hybridized Boophilus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) under natural field conditions in subtropical South Texas

The reproductive biology and nonparasitic development of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) and hybridized Boophilus ticks (B. annulatus (Say) male x B. microplus female) held under natural field conditions in south Texas throughout the year were compared. Comparisons between the two types of ticks indicated that the ovipositional biology (percentage of ovipositing females and number of eggs laid) of the females favored hybrid ticks during some months and B. microplus ticks during other months. However, on a year long basis, there was virtually no difference in the percentage of ovipositing females or in the number of eggs deposited by hybrid females as compared to B. microplus. The duration of each nonparasitic development period (preoviposition period, incubation period of eggs, and larval longevity) showed that both types of ticks had very similar developmental and survival rates during the year. Generally the difference in duration of each of the nonparasitic parameters was < 8 days, leading to a high degree of synchrony of the nonparasitic developmental rates between the two types of ticks. On the other hand, egg hatchability of hybrid ticks was consistently lower than pure-strain B. microplus throughout the year with significantly lower hatch rates occurring in April, July, August, October, and November. Thus, results obtained on percentage of ovipositing females, number of eggs laid, preoviposition period, incubation period of eggs, and larval longevity provide encouragement for the possible use of sterile hybrid males as a means of eliminating a native B. microplus population. In contrast, results of the egg hatchability of the two types of ticks indicate that the selective advantage afforded to B. microplus could have an adverse affect on the success of a sterile hybrid male program by making the number of hybrid ticks necessary to eliminate a native population prohibitively high.
Influence of reading and calculation on children at risk and not at risk for word problem solving: Is math motivation a mediator?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether two motivational constructs (attitudes/beliefs and effort toward math) acted as mediators between reading or calculation skill and word problem solving accuracy in children with and without math difficulties (MD). The sample consisted of 264 children, separated into children with MD ( N = 179) and without MD ( N = 85), ages 7 to 10 years ( M = 8.06, SD = 0.52; 134 males, 130 females) from 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade classes. The results showed that both reading and calculation skills had direct effects on word problem solving accuracy for both children with and without MD but the two motivational constructs did not mediate this relationship in either group. The results suggest that motivational constructs related to attitudes/beliefs and effort toward math have little meditational influence between basic reading/calculation skills and problem solving accuracy.
Polaron Mobility at Finite Temperature

The Kadanoff-Baym transport theory leads to an expression for polaron mobility which becomes exact for low, but finite, temperature, ${e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{\Theta}}{T}}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, but not necessarily $\frac{\ensuremath{\Theta}}{T}\ensuremath{\gg}1$. This expression is evaluated exactly in the weak-coupling limit. Comparison with previous variational calculations shows that the latter have not predicted even qualitatively valid corrections to the known asymptotic zero-temperature result. Simple arguments allow the present weak-coupling expression to be extended to finite coupling. These arguments are verified by a quantitative calculation using the Feynman model. It is found that the corrections due to finite temperature are at least as important as those due to a finite coupling constant.
Utilization of summer legumes as bioenergy feedstocks.

Sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea), is a fast growing, high biomass yielding tropical legume that may be a possible southeastern bioenergy crop. When comparing this legume to a commonly grown summer legume e cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), sunn hemp was superior in biomass yield (kg ha � 1 ) and subsequent energy yield (GJ ha � 1 ). In one year of the study after 12 weeks of growth, sunn hemp had 10.7 Mg ha � 1 of biomass with an energy content of 19.0 Mg ha � 1 . This resulted in an energy yield of 204 GJ ha � 1 . The energy content was 6% greater than that of cowpeas. Eventhough sunn hemp had a greater amount of ash, plant mineral concentrations were lower in some cases of minerals (K, Ca, Mg, S) known to reduce thermochemical conversion process efficiency. Pyrolytic degradation of both legumes revealed that sunn hemp began to degrade at higher temperatures as well as release greater amounts of volatile matter at a faster rate.
Reduction in thrombus formation by placement of endovascular stents at endarterectomy sites in baboon carotid arteries.

BACKGROUNDAlthough antithrombotic therapies with aspirin, dipyridamole, and heparin have decreased thrombo-occlusive events, they have not abolished these complications. Endovascular mechanical support, first reported by Dotter in 1969, has been proposed as a means to reduce both acute and chronic vessel closure by providing a supporting framework for the disrupted and sometimes dissected arterial wall.METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine the effects of placing self-expanding stainless steel wire endoprostheses on the accumulation of thrombus at sites of carotid artery endarterectomy we measured platelet deposition continuously for 90 minutes and at 24 and 48 hours by gamma camera imaging of autologous 111In-labeled platelets in six stented and nonstented endarterectomized baboons that received heparin but no antiplatelet agents. At nonstented endarterectomy sites 5.36 +/- 1.25 x 10(8), 4.78 +/- 0.98 x 10(8), and 4.55 +/- 0.81 x 10(8) platelets per cm were deposited at 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. In ...
The ethnoarchaeology of pottery production

Reina, Ruben E. and Robert Hill. The Traditional Pottery of Guatemala. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1978. 323 pp. 419 figures, 10 maps, 3 tables, 10 color plates. $35. Lackey, Louana M. The Pottery of Acatlan: A Changing Mexican Tradition. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1982. 164 pp. 18 color plates, 68 black and white photographs, 3 maps. $19.95.
Experience with aluminum magnet coils

Aluminum conductor has been used by various other groups in magnet construction but this has been the exception rather than the rule. At SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Cente), after two years experience with the use of aluminum conductor for magnets, we are approaching the point where in large magnets, copper coils are becoming the exception. Our experience indicates that by using aluminum instead of copper for large magnets, we can make a saving of approximately 25% on the cost of these magnets. But to achieve these savings, full advantage must be taken of the characteristics of aluminum. It cannot be treated purely as a material substitute for copper.
A prospective evaluation of the WeeFIM in patients with cerebral palsy undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Purpose Although frequently used in pediatric rehabilitation settings, the WeeFIM has not been tested in surgical pediatric orthopaedic patients. Methods The WeeFIM was administered to patients with surgical cerebral palsy at defined intervals preoperatively and at both 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The age-adjusted change scores from baseline to follow-up were tested both parametrically and nonparametrically. Results Four hundred sixty-eight patients had baseline evaluations. There were 161 six-month follow-up assessments and 108 twelve-month follow-up assessments. The baseline WeeFIM was able to separate children with different patterns of cerebral palsy. Hemiplegic patients had higher scores than diplegic and tetraplegic patients. Overall age-adjusted scores were improved at both 6 (mean increase 2.0) and 12 months (mean increase 2.2). The instrument showed significant ceiling effects for diplegic and hemiplegic patients with lower or upper extremity surgery and limited responsiveness for lower extremity surgery in tetraplegic patients. Parametrically, it showed improvements in mobility for both rhizotomy and tetraplegic upper extremity surgery. Nonparametric tests were not significant for rhizotomy mobility improvement. Conclusions Although the WeeFIM adequately reflects the severity of neurological involvement in pediatric orthopaedic patients with cerebral palsy, it has a significant ceiling effect in diplegic and hemiplegic patients limiting responsiveness and lacks content validity for tetraplegic patients. The instrument may have some use in tetraplegic patients with upper extremity surgery and in rhizotomy patients. We recommend against its general use for orthopaedic surgery in patients with cerebral palsy lower extremity or spine surgery and in hemiplegic patients with upper extremity surgery.
Alkaloids of bacteria

Abstract A method is given for determination of alkaloids in fresh bacterial cultures using two alkaloid reagents in conjunction with gas chromatographic analysis. In a screening of thirty species of bacteria, the following bacteria not previously known to contain alkaloids yielded base fractions that gave positive reactions with both Mayer's reagent and silicotungstic acid, and in addition contained peaks in their gas chromatograms indicating compounds with molecular weights greater than 175 : Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Neisseria perflava, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas mildenbergii, P. taetrolens, and Streptococcus lactis∥ and the following gave a positive reaction with one reagent and had components with molecular weights greater than 175: Aerobacter aerogenes, Acetobacter aceti, Bacillus circulans, Gaffkya tetragena, Micrococcus roseus, Pseudomonas putida, Proteus vulgaris, and Sarcina lutea. The following bacteria previously reported to contain alkaloidal compounds gave positive reactions with both reagents and had peaks in their chromatograms representing compounds with molecular weights greater than 175: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens.
Role of Electrostatic Repulsion in Controlling pH-Dependent Conformational Changes of Viral Fusion Proteins

Viral fusion proteins undergo dramatic conformational transitions during membrane fusion. For viruses that enter through the endosome, these conformational rearrangements are typically pH sensitive. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the molecular interactions that govern pH-dependent rearrangements and introduce a paradigm for electrostatic residue pairings that regulate progress through the viral fusion coordinate. Analysis of structural data demonstrates a significant role for side-chain protonation in triggering conformational change. To characterize this behavior, we identify two distinct residue pairings, which we define as Histidine-Cation (HisCat) and Anion-Anion (AniAni) interactions. These side-chain pairings destabilize a particular conformation via electrostatic repulsion through side-chain protonation. Furthermore, two energetic control mechanisms, thermodynamic and kinetic, regulate these structural transitions. This review expands on the current literature by identification of these residue clusters, discussion of data demonstrating their function, and speculation of how these residue pairings contribute to the energetic controls.
Effects of Mowing Height, Nitrogen Rate, and Potassium Rate on Palmetto and Raleigh St. Augustinegrass

Abstract St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is utilized in Louisiana and other Southern states for home lawns, and to a lesser extent for commercial lawns. Under moderate management, it provides an adequate stand of turf but when maintained at a higher level it will provide a denser, greener, and better quality stand of turf. There is limited information on the nutrient content of St. Augustinegrass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of both Palmetto and Raleigh St. Augustinegrass under high (H) and low (L) combinations of the following factors: 2 mowing heights (5.0 and 7.5 cm); 2 nitrogen (N) levels (227 and 454 g N 93 m−2 month−1; and 2 potassium (K) levels (227 and 454 g K 93 m−2 month−1). The treatment combinations were (mowing, N, and K), HHH, HHL, HLH, HLL, LHH, LHL, LLH, and LLL. Plots received a micronutrient fertilizer in 06 and 08 and were irrigated as needed. Color, density, texture, uniformity, and quality were determined monthly (04–10). Plant...
Solgel-derived multimode interference optical 90-degree hybrid

We report on the design, fabrication and testing of an organic-inorganic optical 90° hybrid [1] for phase diversity receivers operating at λ0=1.55 µm as a simple interferometer realized in a 4×4 multimode interference (MMI) coupler. The solgel method adopted for the device fabrication provides one step processing, eliminating the need for photoresist lithography and etching.
Impacts of world prices transmission to domestic rice markets in rural Iran

Abstract This paper attempts to assess the degree to which Iranian rural households have responded to the change in price of imported rice due to exchange-rate unification, and to examine the extent to which the policy has affected the economic welfare of various household income groups, particularly the poor. Utilizing samples of 2472 households selected from national expenditure survey data of 2002 and 2003, Armington and pass-through elasticities were calculated as two measures of substitutability, and are discussed separately for each household group in these areas. The findings of this study indicate that domestic rice prices are associated differently with imported rice prices among the households. However, a price increase in imported rice that is mainly consumed by the poor worsens their position much more severely than for the rich people who mainly prefer domestic rice. The findings contribute to the understanding of how price changes resulting from trade liberalization may affect various groups of households and the ways they respond to such changes in prices.
Triangulating a non-convex polytype

This paper is concerned with the problem of partitioning a three-dimensional polytope into a small number of elementary convex parts. The need for such decompositions arises in tool design, computer-aided manufacturing, finite-element methods, and robotics. Our main result is an algorithm for decomposing a polytope with n vertices and r reflex edges into O(n+r2) tetrahedra. This bound is asymptotically tight in the worst case. The algorithm is simple and practical. Its running time is O(nr + r2 log r).
Environmental modification of yield and nutrient composition of 'Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce

Leaf number, dry weight, and nutrient composition of Lactuca sativa L. cv. Waldmann's Green leaves were compared following 9 days of treatment in a controlled environment room under various combinations of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF:350 vs 800 micromoles m-2 s-1), atmospheric CO2 level (ambient vs 1500 micromoles mol-1), and single-strength (1X:15 mM) vs double-strength (2X:30 mM) nitrogen (N) as NO3- alone or as NH4(+) + NO3- (1:5 molar ratio). CO2 enrichment greatly enhanced leaf number under all PPF and N conditions, but increased leaf dry weight only at high PPF. Conditions favoring high photosynthesis enhanced leaf starch content 3-fold, and protein content increased as much as 64% with 2X NH4(+)+NO3-. Free sugar content was 6 to 9% of leaf dry weight for all treatment combinations, while fat was 1.5 to 3.5%. Ash content varied from 15 to 20% of leaf dry weight. Modified controlled environments can be used to enhance the nutritional content as well as the yield of crops to be used for life support in space-deployed, self-sustaining human habitats. Leaf lettuce is a useful model crop for demonstrating the potential of nutritional value added by environmental manipulation.
Earthworm response to 10 weeks of incubation in a pot with acid mine spoil, sewage sludge, and lime

Applications of sewage sludge and lime have been used to restore some of the nearly 1.0 million ha of unreclaimed acid mine spoils in the United States. Earthworms might also aid in the reconstruction of mine spoils, but the earthworm response to mine spoils and sludge has not been widely studied. The objective of the present study was to examine growth of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in pots containing acidmine spoils, sewage sludge, and lime, and the growth of two common reclamation grasses, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), to the addition of earthworms. After 10 weeks, earthworms growing in the mine spoil treated with sewage sludge showed an increase in mean specific mass of 26.9% and in projected specific area of 24.5%. In contrast, earthworms growing on mine spoils without sludge decreased in mass by an average of 39.6% and in area by 21.0%. Soil pH influenced earthworm area, but not mass: earthworms growing on mine spoils (with or without sludge) showed an increase in mean surface area of 2.9% at pH 5.3 and a decrease of 11.2% at pH 6.5. The presence of earthworms significantly increased the belowground production of plant roots, but had no effect on either soil bulk density or above-ground production of plant biomass. The addition of earthworms to acid mine spoils treated with sewage sludge and lime might aid in the redevelopment of soil quality and biological diversity.
Exchange and the Dielectric Screening Function

Using many-body techniques, we evaluate the three dielectric screening functions of a free-electron gas including exchange self-energy and exchange ladder bubble diagrams. The three dielectric functions are ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{kt}}(\ensuremath{\kappa}, \ensuremath{\omega})$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{tt}}(\ensuremath{\kappa}, \ensuremath{\omega})$, and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{kk}}$, ($\ensuremath{\kappa}, \ensuremath{\omega}$), appropriate for screening the interaction between an electron and a test charge, between a pair of test charges, and between a pair of electrons. An approximation for integrals of the screened exchange interaction previously used by Hubbard and by us enables us to evaluate the dielectric screening functions for all values of wave vector $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. The form of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{kt}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{tt}}$ is similar but not identical to that obtained previously using self-consistent-field techniques.
An atmospheric blast/thermal model for the formation of high‐latitude pedestal craters

Although tenuous, the atmosphere of Mars affects the evolution of impact-generated vapor. Early-time vapor from a vertical impact expands symmetrically, directly transferring a small percentage of the initial kinetic energy of impact to the atmosphere. This energy, in turn, induces a hemispherical shock wave that propagates outward as an intense airblast (due to high-speed expansion of vapor) followed by a thermal pulse of extreme atmospheric temperatures (from thermal energy of expansion). This study models the atmospheric response to such early-time energy coupling using the CTH hydrocode written at Sandia National Laboratories. Results show that the surface surrounding a 10 km diameter crater (6 km "apparent" diameter) on Mars will be subjected to intense winds (~200 m/s) and extreme atmospheric temperatures. These elevated temperatures are sufficient to melt subsurface volatiles at a depth of several centimeters for an ice-rich substrate. Ensuing surface signatures extend to distal locations (~4 apparent crater diameters for a case of 0.1% energy coupling) and include striations, thermally armored surfaces, and/or ejecta pedestals--all of which are exhibited surrounding the freshest high-latitude craters on Mars. The combined effects of the atmospheric blast and thermal pulse, resulting in the generation of a crater-centered erosion-resistant armored surface, thus provide a new, very plausible formation model for high-latitude Martian pedestal craters.
A Study of the Impact of an Integrated Information Technology on the Time Utilization of Information Workers

This paper examines the impact of the implementation of an integrated information technology (IIT) on the time utilization of information workers as mediated by the content of the information work performed. The IIT in this study is a system of personal computers linked together in a network for sharing computing, data, and communication resources. The subjects of the study were two groups of information workers in an academic field setting. One group consisted of knowledge workers whose chief activity was to advise and counsel students. The other group represented lower level information workers who provided support service to an academic department. A two-dimensional framework was used to classify each of the activities an information worker performs relative to its importance and programmability within the context of the information work. Using work sampling methodology, it was determined that the IIT was associated with the knowledge workers' reallocation of work time to important yet relatively unstructured tasks. The lower level information workers became more efficient in performing highly structured skill-based activities. However, there was no statistically significant improvement in the effectiveness of the work completed as perceived by the clients of both groups of information workers. The results suggest that when an IIT is implemented, the manner in which newly available time is utilized depends on the nature of the information work performed by the users.
Thermal modeling of specialty heat-sinks for low-cost COP packaging of high-power LEDs

We report on the 3D modeling and simulation of specialty heat-sink designs for Chip on Plate (COP) packaging of high power UV LEDs. Steady state thermal analyses for COP packaged devices were carried out by using finite element code (FEM). Two different sets of heat-sinks such as plate fins, pin fins and fin/pin type varying in numbers and dimensions were modeled to calculate the junction temperature (Tj) of each heat-sink respectively. Comparative study showed that the selected geometries and dimensions of these heat-sinks have significant effect on the device junction temperatures. Furthermore, thermal circuit model (TRC) was also used to calculate the junction temperatures for these heat sinks. For this, both conductive and convective thermal resistances were also taken into consideration. We found that the TRC results were in good agreement with the FEM modeled data. For best plate fin heat-sink, the junction temperature was around 37 C° whereas it was ∼ 41 C° for less efficient plate heat-sinks. Finally, the junction temperature for the high-density pins heat-sink and the low-density fins heat sink was estimated as 33 C° and 46 C° respectively.