cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ozone Loss and Recovery and the Preconditioning of Upward-Propagating Planetary Wave Activity

AbstractA mechanistic chemistry–dynamical model is used to evaluate the relative importance of radiative, photochemical, and dynamical feedbacks in communicating changes in lower-stratospheric ozone to the circulation of the stratosphere and lower mesosphere. Consistent with observations and past modeling studies of Northern Hemisphere late winter and early spring, high-latitude radiative cooling due to lower-stratospheric ozone depletion causes an increase in the modeled meridional temperature gradient, an increase in the strength of the polar vortex, and a decrease in vertical wave propagation in the lower stratosphere. Moreover, it is shown that, as planetary waves pass through the ozone loss region, dynamical feedbacks precondition the wave, causing a large increase in wave amplitude. The wave amplification causes an increase in planetary wave drag, an increase in residual circulation downwelling, and a weaker polar vortex in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The dynamical feedbacks respons...
Glycerol kinase and glycerol utilization in trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver

Abstract 1. 1. Glycerol kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.30) was found in livers of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9·0 and appeared to be more stable at alkaline pH than rat liver glycerol kinase. 2. 2. Liver slices from rainbow trout were able to metabolize glycerol to CO 2 , glycogen and lipids in vitro . 3. 3. In vivo studies at 12°C indicated that rainbow trout are able to metabolize significant amounts of glycerol. 4. 4. The findings are discussed with respect to glycerol arising from hydrolysis of endogenous triglycerides.
Effect of compressibility on turbulent velocity gradients and small-scale structure

The effect of compressibility on turbulent velocity gradients is studied by performing direct numerical simulations of decaying compressible turbulence at various turbulent Mach (0.059–0.885) and Reynolds (55, 110) numbers. When examined as a function of turbulent Mach number, compressibility effects on velocity gradients are masked by dominant solenoidal fluctuations. To isolate the compressibility effects, we investigate velocity-gradient behavior conditioned on the local dilatation level. The main conclusions valid for the parameter range of the study are as follows (1) kinetic energy and dissipation rate depend weakly on the turbulent Mach number, but strongly on the Reynolds number. (2) The dilatation level increases progressively with turbulent Mach number but still constitutes only a small fraction of total fluctuations in all cases considered. (3) Intermittency increases with turbulent Mach number. (4) Strain-rate eigenvalue distribution depends strongly on dilatation level. It is found that at ex...
Differential Expression of αB-Crystallin and Hsp27 in Skeletal Muscle during Continuous Contractile Activity: RELATIONSHIP TO MYOGENIC REGULATORY FACTORS *

αB-crystallin (αBC) is a major structural protein (22 kDa) of the ocular lens as well as a bona fide heat shock protein in non-lens tissue. The αBC gene is abundantly expressed in tissues with high oxidative capacity, including the heart and type I skeletal muscle fibers, and is regulated by the MyoD family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors during myogenesis. To test the hypothesis that αBC expression may be directly regulated by the demand for oxidative metabolism, we examined the expression of αBC and the ancestral-related Hsp27 in rabbit tibialis anterior muscle subjected to continuous low frequency motor nerve stimulation (3 V, 10 Hz). αBC mRNA and protein increased within the 1st day of continuous contractile activity (5- and 2.5-fold, respectively) and achieved maximum levels (>20-and 4-fold, respectively) after 21 d of stimulation. Hsp27 mRNA and protein levels also increased with stimulation, but with a less specific and dramatic induction pattern. In agreement with the Northern analysis, in situ hybridization performed on cross sections from tibialis anterior muscle revealed progressively increasing αBC transcript signal, localized in a ringlet pattern, from 1 through 21 days of stimulation. Serial sections subjected to myosin immunohistochemistry revealed that αBC expression was confined to slow-twitch type I and a subpopulation of fast twitch type II fibers after 1 day but present in nearly all fibers after 21 days of stimulation. Transcript levels of all four myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, myogenin, myf-5, and MRF4) also increased with stimulation in a pattern temporally similar with αBC, suggesting that expression of αBC in response to stimulation may, in part, be regulated through myogenic regulatory factor(s) interaction with the canonical E-box element located within the αBC promotor. These data demonstrate that expression of the small heat shock protein, αBC, is rapidly induced independent of the ancestrally related Hsp27 in a fiber type specific pattern in skeletal muscle subjected to the oxidative stress imposed by continuous contractile activity.
Regression test selection for C++ software

Regression testing is an important but expensive software maintenance activity performed with the aim of providing confidence in modified software. Regression test selection techniques reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting test cases for a modified program from a previously existing test suite. Many researchers have addressed the regression test selection problem for procedural language software, but few have addressed the problem for object-oriented software. This paper presents a regression test selection technique for use with object-oriented software. The technique constructs graph representations for software, and uses these graphs to select test cases, from the original test suite, that execute code that has been changed for the new version of the software. The technique is strictly code based, and requires no assumptions about the approach used to specify or test the software initially. The technique applies to modified and derived classes, and to application programs that use modified classes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Catalyst Shape and Etchant Composition on Etching Direction in Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon to Fabricate 3D Nanostructures

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of silicon in conjunction with shaped catalysts was used to fabricate 3D nanostructures such as sloping channels, cycloids, and spirals along with traditional vertical channels. The investigation used silver nanorods, nanodonuts along with electron beam lithography (EBL)-patterned gold nanodiscs, nanolines, squares, grids, and star-shaped catalysts to show how catalyst shape and line width directly influence etching direction. Feature sizes ranging from micrometers down to 25 nm were achieved with aspect ratios of at least 10:1 and wall roughness of 10 nm or less. This research demonstrates the potential of MaCE as a new, maskless nanofabrication technology.
Calcium Partitioning in Human and Bovine Milk

The partitioning of calcium in human milk was studied experimentally and compared with the distribution of calcium among the compartments of bovine milk. Care was taken to handle the milk samples to produce minimal disturbance of the milk fat globule membranes and the C02 content. About 15% of the milk calcium was associated with casein in human milk; the remainder was in the aqueous phase. The equilibrium between ionized calcium and calcium complexes with smaller anions was examined. Ionized calcium varied between 2.3 and 4.0 mM across individuals (mean 3.0 * .l mM) at 90 d of lactation. The remainder of the calcium in the aqueous phase was associated with citrate and phosphate. Changes in total calcium in human milk during lactogenesis and late lactation reflected changes in citrate and casein rather than alterations in ionized calcium. (Key words: milk, calcium, casein, trace elements)
Dynamical behavior of fractal structures.

We present a scaling theory for the vibrational properties of tenuous fractal objects and a numerical calculation of the density of states for percolation clusters and diffusion-limited aggregates. A microscopic elastic Hamiltonian is used, which contains bending energy terms and properly describes the elasticity of such structures. We find that the density of states is weakly divergent at low frequencies implying that fractal aggregates relax to a new configuration beyond a critical size.
Human cones appear to adapt at low light levels: Measurements on the red—green detection mechanism

Recent physiological evidence suggests that cones do not light adapt at low light levels. To assess whether adaptation is cone-selective at low light levels, the red-green detection mechanism was isolated. Thresholds were measured with a large test flash, which stimulated the L and M cones in different fixed amplitude ratios, on different colored adapting fields. Thresholds were plotted in L and M cone contrast coordinates. The red-green mechanism responded to an equally-weighted difference of L and M cone contrast on each colored field, demonstrating equivalent, Weberian adaptation of the L and M cone signals. The L and M cone signals independently adapted for illuminance levels as low as 60 effective trolands (e.g. M-cone trolands). Since this adaptation is entirely selective to cone type, it suggests that the cones themselves light-adapt. The red-green detection contour on reddish fields was displaced further out from the origin of the cone contrast coordinates, revealing an additional sensitivity loss at a subsequent, spectrally-opponent site. This second-site effect may arise from a net "red" or "green" signal that represents the degree to which the L and M cones are differently hyperpolarized by the steady, colored adapting field. Such differential hyperpolarization is compatible with equivalent, Weberian adaptation of the L and M cones.
The Coupled Thermoelastic Transversely Isotropic Bimaterial: Interface Crack Extension

A semi-infinite crack grows at a constant subcritical speed along the interface of rigidly bonded, dissimilar transversely isotropic, coupled thermoelastic half-spaces. Shear and normal loads that move on the crack faces drive the process. A dynamic steady state of plane strain is considered. Robust asymptotic full-field solutions for the related problem of translating interface disturbances are first obtained. These lead to coupled singular integral equations for the crack problem that are solved analytically. Expressions for the crack opening components and discontinuity in temperature between crack faces, the traction and temperature change ahead of the crack, and debonding energy rate are presented. These show that the critical crack speed is the minimum of the two Rayleigh speeds and, if it exists, the Stoneley speed. The case of zinc bonded to a thermally inert rigid solid is examined, and calculations for interface temperature change and debonding energy rate given. Apart from any fracture criterion, these parameters show sensitivity to crack speed and to the extent which compressive crack face loading dominates shear loading. Indeed, interface temperature change may decrease in magnitude with crack speed when shear loading dominates.
Failure to diagnose herniated discs in a depressed 43-year-old woman.

Abstract A high comorbidity is known to exist between psychiatric illness and chronic pain (I. Elman, J.K. Zubieta, D. Borsook. The missing p in psychiatric training: why it is important to teach pain to psychiatrists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;1:12–20). We report on the case of a middle-aged woman for whom preexisting psychiatric illness with a concurrent affective episode may have contributed to the failure by an array of clinicians across specialties to recognize an evolving surgical emergency.
Use of sleep medications in hospitalized pediatric patients.

Objective Little is known about the medications prescribed for sleep in hospitalized children. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the percentage of hospitalized children who receive medication for sleep disturbances, (2) determine what medications are prescribed for sleep difficulties, and (3) examine medical and demographic variables related to medications prescribed during hospitalization. Patients and methods A chart review was conducted for all inpatients at 3 pediatric hospitals across 26 randomly selected days in 2004. Demographic, medical, and medication data were collected on 9440 patients. The sample was 54.5% male, had a mean age of 7.0 years, and was 63% white. Almost 19% of the patients had at least 1 psychiatric diagnosis. Results Overall, 6.0% of all hospitalized children (3% of all medically hospitalized children, excluding children with a psychiatric diagnosis) were prescribed medications for sleep, with antihistamines the most frequently prescribed medication (36.6%), followed by benzodiazepines (19.4%); hypnotic agents were the least frequently prescribed (2.2%). Significant differences were found in both the frequency of sleep-medication prescriptions and the types of medications used across hospitals, as well as for age, length of hospitalization, and service that the child was discharged from. Children with a psychiatric diagnosis were more likely to receive a sleep medication, with 22% of children on a psychiatric service receiving a sleep-related medication. Conclusions Approximately 3% to 6% of children are treated pharmacologically with a broad array of sleep medications in hospital settings. Prescription practices vary by hospital, medical service, child age, and diagnosis. The results from this study indicate that medications are being prescribed for sleep in hospitalized children, especially in children with psychiatric diagnoses. However, given that there are neither Food and Drug Administration-approved sleep medications for children nor clinical consensus guidelines regarding their use, clinical trials, practice guidelines, and additional research are clearly needed.
Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) Regulates Claudin Dynamics and Tight Junctions

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) (CD326) is a surface glycoprotein expressed by invasive carcinomas and some epithelia. Herein, we report that EpCAM regulates the composition and function of tight junctions (TJ). EpCAM accumulated on the lateral interfaces of human colon carcinoma and normal intestinal epithelial cells but did not co-localize with TJ. Knockdown of EpCAM in T84 and Caco-2 cells using shRNAs led to changes in morphology and adhesiveness. TJ formed readily after EpCAM knockdown; the acquisition of trans-epithelial electroresistance was enhanced, and TJ showed increased resistance to disruption by calcium chelation. Preparative immunoprecipitation demonstrated that EpCAM bound tightly to claudin-7. Co-immunoprecipitation documented associations of EpCAM with claudin-7 and claudin-1 but not claudin-2 or claudin-4. Claudin-1 associated with claudin-7 in co-transfection experiments, and claudin-7 was required for association of claudin-1 with EpCAM. EpCAM knockdown resulted in decreases in claudin-7 and claudin-1 proteins that were reversed with lysosome inhibitors. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that claudin-7 and claudin-1 continually trafficked into lysosomes. Although EpCAM knockdown decreased claudin-1 and claudin-7 protein levels overall, accumulations of claudin-1 and claudin-7 in TJ increased. Physical interactions between EpCAM and claudins were required for claudin stabilization. These findings suggest that EpCAM modulates adhesion and TJ function by regulating intracellular localization and degradation of selected claudins.
Mathematical modeling of blast furnace burden distribution with non-uniform descending speed

Abstract The burden distribution is directly related to efficiency and stable blast furnace operation. In this paper, a mathematical model for estimating the burden distribution was developed with the combination of the falling curve sub-model, stock-line profile formation sub-model and burden descending sub-model. In a blast furnace, the burden descending velocity may be non-uniform along the radial direction due to the shaft angle and non-uniform consumption of the burden material. The modifications on two existing burden descending models, i.e., geometric profile (GP) model and potential flow (PF) model are proposed to consider non-uniform descending speed. The proposed non-uniform descending models are validated with published experiment results of scaled blast furnace. The accuracy increases notably for the modified models with the non-uniform descending velocity when compared with the original uniform descending model. In addition, the GP model and PF model are compared. The results produced by the two models are very similar. For modeling the burden descending process, both the GP model and the PF model could predict the burden profile in the upper part of the shaft. However, the PF model is capable to capture the burden distribution in case of irregular wall geometry such as scab buildup and erosion of the refractory. The effects of the non-uniform descending velocity on burden distribution in blast furnace are discussed.
Equivalent anticancer activities of dietary vitamin D and calcitriol in an animal model of breast cancer: importance of mammary CYP27B1 for treatment and prevention.

Abstract Calcitriol [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ], the hormonally active form of vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory effects and other anticancer actions in breast cancer (BCa) cell cultures and animal models of BCa. Our research is focused on investigating the potential beneficial effects of dietary vitamin D 3 compared to calcitriol and the underlying mechanisms in BCa treatment and chemoprevention. We recently found that dietary vitamin D 3 exhibits significant tumor inhibitory effects in xenograft models of BCa that are equivalent to those elicited by the administration of the active hormone calcitriol. At the easily achievable dose tested in our studies, dietary vitamin D 3 exhibited substantial tumor inhibitory activity and, unlike calcitriol, did not cause hypercalcemia demonstrating its relative safety. We found elevations in circulating calcitriol as well as increased CYP27B1 expression in the tumor and the intestine in tumor-bearing mice ingesting a vitamin D 3 -supplemented diet. We hypothesize that the elevation in circulating 25(OH)D induced by dietary vitamin D 3 supplements stimulates local synthesis of calcitriol in the mammary tumor microenvironment and the ensuing paracrine/autocrine actions play a major role in the anticancer activity of dietary vitamin D 3 . Our findings suggest that the endocrine activity of calcitriol derived from tumor and other extra-renal sources such as the intestine, probably also plays a role in mediating the anticancer effects of dietary vitamin D 3 . Thus it appears that multiple sites of 1α-hydroxylation contribute to the anticancer effects of dietary vitamin D 3 . Our data strongly suggest that dietary vitamin D will be useful in the chemoprevention and treatment of BCa since it is a safe, economical and easily available nutritional agent that is equivalent to calcitriol in exerting anticancer effects, at least in mouse models. Furthermore, adequate vitamin D nutrition and avoidance of vitamin D deficiency appear to be important in reducing BCa risk. These findings warrant clinical trials in BCa patients and in women at high risk for BCa to evaluate the benefits of dietary vitamin D 3 supplementation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Vitamin D Workshop’.
Tate cohomology of theories with one-dimensional coefficient ring

Abstract For a finite group G we calculate the E-Tate cohomology t(E) G ∗ and the E-homology E ∗ (BG + ) as functors of the augmented commutative ring E ∗ (BG + ) when E ∗ (.) is a complex oriented, vn-periodic cohomology theory with one-dimensional graded coefficient ring E ∗ .
Mid-life blood pressure levels and the 8-year incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension frequently occur together. We examined whether blood pressure (BP) levels predict 8-year incident diabetes. Participants were community-dwelling older adults who had BP measured twice and an oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and again 8.3 years later. At baseline, participants were classified as normotensive (systolic blood pressure (SBP) or=120 and or=80 and or=140 mm Hg or DBP>or=90 mm Hg or using anti-hypertensive medication; n=457). There were 1125 participants (mean age 66.0 years; 44.3% men) who attended the baseline and follow-up visit, of whom 85 had new onset T2DM. Participants who developed T2DM had higher mean body mass index (BMI) and BP levels than those who did not develop diabetes. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and physical activity, the odds of incident T2DM was greater in prehypertensives (odds ratio (OR) 2.32 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-5.1, P=0.03) and hypertensives (OR 3.5 95% CI 1.50-8.0, P=0.002) compared with normotensives. Excluding participants who used anti-hypertensive medications did not change results. In conclusion, mid-life hypertension and prehypertension predicted future diabetes, independent of BMI. Glucose surveillance should be encouraged in adults with prehypertension or hypertension.
Comparison of release and transport of manure‐borne Escherichia coli and enterococci under grass buffer conditions

Aim: To test the hypothesis that Escherichia coli and enterococci bacteria have similar release rates and transport characteristics after being released from land-applied manure. Methods and Results: Turfgrass soil sod was placed into 200 cm long boxes that had the top two 25 cm sections separated to monitor the release and infiltration of bacteria, which affected bacteria transport in the rest of the box. Dairy manure with added KBr was broadcast on the top two sections. Boxes with either live or dead grass stand were placed under a rainfall simulator for 90 min. Runoff and infiltration samples were collected and analysed for Br, E. coli, enterococci and turbidity. Significant differences in release kinetics of E. coli and enterococci were found. A change from first-order release kinetics to zero-order kinetics after 1 h of rainfall simulation was observed. Conclusion: Differences in release rates but not in the subsequent transport were observed for E. coli and enterococci. Significance and Impact of the Study: Because both E. coli and enterococci are currently used as indicator organisms for manure-borne pathogens, the differences in their release rates may affect the efficiency of using these organisms as indicators.
Molecular cloning and expression of the cDNA for the hamster alpha 1-adrenergic receptor.

Abstract The cDNA for the Syrian hamster alpha 1-adrenergic receptor has been cloned with oligonucleotides corresponding to the partial amino acid sequence of the receptor protein purified from DDT1MF-2 smooth muscle cells. The deduced amino acid sequence encodes a 515-residue polypeptide that shows the most sequence identity with the other adrenergic receptors and the putative protein product of the related clone G-21. Similarities with the muscarinic cholinergic receptors are also evident. Expression studies in COS-7 cells confirm that we have cloned the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that couples to inositol phospholipid metabolism.
Is Political Conservatism Synonymous With Authoritarianism

The authors performed 2 studies that tested the distinction between conservative political ideology and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Across these studies, moderate relationships emerged between RWA and our measures of cognitive rigidity, whereas the relationship between rigidity and mainstream conservative ideology was not as strong. The authors used partial-correlation and path analyses to assess the possibility that RWA mediates the relationship between (a) cognitive rigidity and (b) mainstream conservative attitudes and self-identified conservatism. The results indicated that conservatism is not synonymous with RWA. Additionally, RWA appeared to partially mediate the relationship between cognitive rigidity and mainstream conservatism.
Youth violence at school and the intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity

Abstract Purpose Research has revealed that school-based activities are related to youth violence at school; however, the intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity in this relationship remains uncertain. Methods This study utilizes data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 and incorporates multilevel modeling techniques to examine the intersectionality of gender, race, and ethnicity in the relationship between school-based activities and youth victimization at school. Results Racial and ethnic minority male involvement in school sports is linked to an increase in school-based victimization, while White American male involvement in school sports is associated with a decrease in school-based victimization. On the other hand, school sports appears to be an insulating factor against victimization for girls regardless of their race or ethnicity. Conclusions This research underscores the importance of understanding the intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity when examining youth violence.
Design of a Hum Filter for Suppressing Power-line Noise in Seismic Data

A unique filtering approach designed to eliminate power-line noise on shallow seismic data without affecting the frequency content of signal provides a powerful harmonic noise suppression tool for data acquired with modern large dynamic range recording systems. The filter is determined by the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) method using records present before the first arrivals. Initial amplitudes of sinusoids (functions of power-line noise) are determined in the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform methods while initial phases are obtained by time domain correlation. Modeling results suggest the relative error of these initial estimates is less than 50 percent. Well-defined initial values guarantee convergence of the L-M method. Calculation efficiency is achieved by simplifying the L-M solution using the singular value decomposition technique. The approach can handle cases where power-line noise with frequencies of 60Hz and∕or its multiples (120Hz, 180Hz, and 240Hz, etc.) exist simultaneously. Once de...
Gulf of Mexico, ocean-color surface-truth measurements

In October 1977, a major remote sensing experiment was conducted in the Gulf of Mexico, in preparation for the launch of NIMBUS-7 which carried the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. Two major vessels obtained surface-truth measurements, while two jet aircraft at altitudes of 12.5 and 19.5 km obtained images of the surrounding ocean in 10 spectral bands. Measurements obtained in the surface water from the NOAA vessel Researcher of the spectral downwelling irradiances, upwelling radiances, attenuation and scattering properties are described.
Influence of grain boundary energy on the nucleation of complexion transitions

To test the effect of grain boundary energy on the nucleation of a transition from a low mobility to a high mobility grain boundary complexion, polycrystalline yttria-doped alumina was sandwiched between two single crystals of sapphire. Thermal groove measurements showed that the distribution of grain boundary energies at the single crystal–polycrystal interface is biased by the single crystal orientation. When annealed above the critical temperature for the complexion transition, the high mobility complexion preferentially nucleated at the higher energy interface.
A study of the stability of generalized wave gaits

The wave gait has been observed in animal and insect walking and has been widely implemented in the control of walking machines. It has been proved that the wave gait possesses the optimum stability among all periodic gaits under the geometrical condition that R/P 1. In this paper, in order to understand more about the generalized wave gait, an analytical method is applied to study its stability in three categories of multilegged systems: quadrupeds, hexapods, and 2n-legged systems (n > or = 4). Two optimal generalized wave gaits are found for quadrupeds, and three optimal gaits are found for each of the other two categories. For all three categories, one of the optimal generalized wave gaits is the wave gait. The stability and geometrical conditions of these optimal gaits are derived and verified numerically. Furthermore, it is shown that the quadrupedal generalized wave gaits have the optimum stability among all periodic gaits with the stepping sequence 1-4-2-3.
Ion transport in damaged lenses and by isolated lens epithelium.

Uptake and efflux of 86Rb by lenses subjected to damage of varying degree have been investigated. Incisions were made through the capsule, anteriorly or posteriorly, with a pointed scalpel. Small incisions did not disturb either uptake or efflux when compared with intact lenses. More severe damage led to impaired efficiency in accumulation and intereased efflux, but additional changes could be superimposed in the presence of ouabain. An isolated preparation of anterior capsule plus epithelium was used in an attempt to differentiate between the ion transporting capabilities of the epithelium and of the fibres. 86Rb could not be concentrated across this membrane and it was concluded that it was excessively leaky, due to the isolation procedure, although ion movements were susceptible to ouabain. Evidence is presented that the fibres are capable of controlling, by means of a sodium pump, their own internal ionic content, but only to the extent that they are protected from the large ionic differential presented in the aqueous humour by the considerably greater pumping capacity of the epithelium.
Periodicity and pitch perception.

There has been experimental evidence pointing to at least two pitch mechanisms, the first involving low‐order harmonics that are resolved along the basilar membrane, and the second a periodicity mechanism that depends only on the repetition rate of the time waveform on the basilar membrane. If this time waveform is derived from repeated bursts of sinusoidal tone, the second mechanism might be the sole pitch mechanism. It is found that this can be so up to rates as high as 250 bursts of 4978‐Hz tone per second. The stimuli used are periodic patterns of equally spaced tone bursts, with either successive tone bursts in the same phase, or every fourth tone burst 180° out of phase with respect to the rest. Up to a critical transitional rate of tone bursts a second, the two sequences sound exactly the same, despite their different fundamental frequencies and frequency separation of harmonics. Critical rate data are given for sinusoidal bursts of seven different frequencies. Critical rates appear to be closely related to the critical bandwidth. Pitch matching appears to be consistent with these observations; it is on rate below the critical rate and can be on fundamental frequency above the critical rate.
Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer: How Are We Doing? Can We Do Better?

: Chemotherapy for breast cancer is administered for both micrometastatic and overt metastatic disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy has clearly been shown to reduce the annual odds of recurrence and death, though it is difficult t o demonstrate a plateau in the survival curves (i.e. a statistical “cure” rate) of treated patients. Current trials in the adjuvant (micrometastatic) setting are designed t o answer important questions regarding dose intensity and scheduling of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide-containing compounds, as well as the role of novel agents (pactitaxel) and technologies (high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support). Chemotherapy for overt metastatic disease with standard outpatient chemotherapy may palliate symptoms and (possibly) prolong survival, but is unlikely t o cure. Current efforts in this area are focused on the possible role of highdose chemotherapy, and on the introduction and optimization of novel agents (e.g. the taxanes). Advances in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer, both micrometastatic and overt, will require the introduction of new agents based on an improved understanding of breast cancer biology.
Aesop and the humanist apologue

As Quattrocento humanists rediscovered Aesop in Greek, they were inspired to compose original Latin apologues. Leon Battista Alberti's Centum apologi (1437) spawned numerous imitations: Bartolomeo Scala's Apologi centum (1481) and Apologorum liber secundus (1488–92), Leonardo da Vinci's scattered favole ( c. 1485–95), Lorenzo Astemio's two Hecatomythia (1495, 1505), and Bernardino Baldi's 1582 Cento apologhi (first published in 1590). Alberti's apologues are couched as philosophical apothegms which tend to be more personal and less political than ancient Aesopic fables. Scala composes elaborate Latin apologues whose allegorical mythologizing arouses the admiration and emulation of Marsilio Ficino. In the marginalia to his notebooks, Leonardo writes Italian favole about plants and inanimate objects with notable borrowing from Alberti. In a more popular vein, Astemio creates two collections of Latin fables that blend Aesopic fable and novellistic facetia . And the Urbinate polymath Baldi creates a set of 100 Italian apologues inspired by Cosimo Bartoli's 1568 translation of Alberti. (pp. 9–26)
A continuous-system simulation language designed for LSI economics

Abstract As computing hardware gets cheaper, and labor gets more expensive, the economics of developing relatively limited distribution software such as continuous-system simulation languages for minicomputers (compared to Fortrans and other system software) changes. A philosophy of low-cost software is propounded here, and an example of a language adhering to that philosophy is presented. It is an equation-oriented language capable of solving differential or difference equations. It runs completely in memory (requires no mass storage device). Examples of its use are given, including a PHYSBE solution.
Lactation length in three species of Galago

Milk expression was used to determine lactation length in three species of Galago at the Duke University Primate Center. Lactation length in G. senegalensis moholi was significantly shorter than the lactation length of either G. garnettii or G. crassicaudatus, but lactation length did not differ between G. garnettii or G. crassicaudatus. Litter size had no significant effect on lactation length. The lactation lengths determined in this study are substantially longer than those reported by investigators who used observational techniques. These discrepancies may be partially explained by failure to observe nursing during the diurnal inactive period.
Swept source at 1060 nm for Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

A swept laser source at center wavelength of 1060 nm for Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) was demonstrated. The laser is composed of a fiber-coupled SOA gain module, a fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter, fiber isolators and couplers to form a ring laser. The laser is capable of a scanning range of 64 nm and coherence length of 9.8 mm at 2 KHz sweep rate. With the built swept source, a FDOCT system was developed which can achieve 12 mm axial resolution in tissue. Imaging of pig retina was demonstrated with the FDOCT system.
Creating inclusive learning communities: the role of student–faculty relationships in mitigating negative campus climate

This study examined student perceptions of their learning environments at 130 American colleges and universities. Results indicate that students of color, women students, and gay/lesbian students are the most likely to observe and experience prejudice and discrimination within and outside of their classrooms. Fortunately, the development of strong student–faculty relationships significantly mitigate negative campus climate and support the formation of inclusive learning communities. Institutional implications are discussed.
DPCM coding of images presented in a pruned quadtree form

A new efficient method, based on a differential PCM technique, for encoding the leaves of a pruned quadtree is presented. Solutions to the problems of causality maintenance during tree scanning-encoding and of fast neighbour finding are described. The result is a constant wordlength code with a remarkable rate-distortion performance.
ACQUISITION OF SIGN LANGUAGE BY AUTISTIC CHILDREN. I: EXPRESSIVE LABELLING

There has been growing interest in teaching sign language to autistic children who have failed to develop speech. However, controlled experimentation in this area is nonexistent. In the present study, four nonverbal autistic children were taught expressive sign labels for common objects, using a training procedure that consisted of prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of the procedure was demonstrated in a multiple-baseline design across objects. The results were reliable, replicable across children, and generalizable across therapists. A stimulus control analysis demonstrated that, for three of the children, correct signing was controlled solely by the visual cues associated with the presentation of a given object and was independent of respect to the known perceptual and linguistic deficits of autistic children.
Genetic susceptibility to acquired long QT syndrome: Pharmacologic challenge in first-degree relatives

Objectives The purpose of this study was to test for a genetic component to risk for acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS). Background Many drugs prolong the QT interval, and some patients develop excessive QT prolongation and occasionally torsades de pointes—the acquired LQTS. Similarities between the acquired and congenital forms of the long QT syndrome suggest genetic factors modulate susceptibility. Methods Intravenous quinidine was administered to 14 relatives of patients who safely tolerated chronic therapy with a QT-prolonging drug (control relatives) and 12 relatives of patients who developed acquired LQTS, and ECG intervals between groups were compared. Results Baseline QT and heart-rate corrected QT (QTc) were similar (QT/QTc: 394 ± 28/410 ± 20 ms vs 395 ± 24/418 ± 20 ms; control vs acquired LQTS) and prolonged equally in the two groups. The interval from the peak to the end of the T wave, an index of transmural dispersion of repolarization, prolonged significantly with quinidine in acquired LQTS relatives (63 ± 17 to 83 ± 18 ms, P = .017) but not in control relatives (66 ± 19 to 71 ± 18 ms, P = 0.648). In addition, the baseline peak to end of the T wave as a fraction of the QT interval was similar in both groups but was longer in acquired LQTS relatives after quinidine (16.3 ± 3.5% and 19.5 ± 3.9% in control and acquired LQTS relatives, respectively, P = .042). Conclusions First-degree relatives of patients with acquired long QT syndrome have greater drug-induced prolongation of terminal repolarization compared to control relatives, supporting a genetic predisposition to acquired long QT syndrome.
A Cyanobacterium Lacking Iron Superoxide Dismutase Is Sensitized to Oxidative Stress Induced with Methyl Viologen but Is Not Sensitized to Oxidative Stress Induced with Norflurazon

A strain of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 with no functional Fe superoxide dismutase (SOD), designated sodB-, was characterized by its growth rate, photosynthetic pigments, and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport activity when treated with methyl viologen or norflurazon (NF). In their unstressed conditions, both the sodB- and wild-type strains had similar chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and catalase activity, but the wild type had a faster growth rate and higher cyclic electron transport activity. The sodB- was very sensitive to methyl viologen, indicating a specific role for the FeSOD in protection against superoxide generated in the cytosol. In contrast, the sodB- mutant was less sensitive than the wild type to oxidative stress imposed with NF. This suggests that the FeSOD does not protect the cell from excited singlet-state oxygen generated within the thylakoid membrane. Another up-regulated antioxidant, possibly the MnSOD, may confer protection against NF in the sodB- strain. These results support the hypothesis that different SODs have specific protective functions within the cell.
Transgenic mouse models for the chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state: Transfection a deux

In an attempt to establish a model of the healthy carrier state in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, transgenic mice expressing HBV genes were produced. Fertilized one-cell eggs were microinjected with subgenomic fragments of HBV DNA containing the coding regions for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and pre-S and×antigens. Either the normal (HBV) or metallothionein promoters were used to obtain expression of the HBV genes. There was no evidence of viral replication or tissue pathology. The integrated HBV DNA sequences were inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion. Three of 16 transgenic mice expressed HBV-encoded gene products to which they were immunologically tolerant. Expression was not tissue specific and may be influenced by the genomic integration site and cellular factors. Both HBsAg and pre-S antigen were detectable within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. High serum concentrations of HBsAg were detectable and the secreted product appeared authentic as judged by mean density, morphology, mean particle diameter, polypeptide composition, and antigenicity. The absence of tissue pathology in these immunologically tolerant animals supports the hypothesis that cellular injury under these conditions is not a direct consequence of expression of the pre-S or HBs regions of the HBV genome. Two transgenic mice were obtained that contain in their chromosomes the complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome except for the core gene. These mice secrete particles of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum. In one mouse, HBV DNA sequences that had integrated at two different sites were shown to segregate independently in the first filial generation (F1) and only one of the sequences allowed expression of the surface antigen. Among these animals the males produced five to ten times more HBsAg than the females. A 2.1-kilobase messenger RNA species comigrating with the major surface gene messenger RNA is expressed specifically in the liver in the two original mice. The results suggest that the HBV sequences introduced into the mice are able to confer a tissue-specific expression to the S gene. In addition, the HBV transgenic mice represent a new model for the chronic carrier state of hepatitis B virus infection.
Robust fluid dynamical closures of the Broadwell model

Abstract In most fluid dynamical approximations, the leading order expression for the particle distribution has the form of the local equilibrium determined by the locally conserved densities (density, momentum and energy). These approximations break down in regimes where the ratio of mean free path to gradient lengths is no longer small. In this case the higher order corrections to the local equilibrium will become significant, and the estimated fluxes could become unphysical (say, by being unrealizable by any nonnegative particle distribution). We explore “robust” fluid dynamical approximations without these difficulties, yet that are consistent with the usual Navier-Stokes approximation. This is done for the simple Broadwell kinetic model, where full kinetic simulations can be, and are, carried out for comparison.
Increasing spatial competition enhances visual prediction learning

Our previous work provides support for the idea that the development of visual perception in early infancy depends on progressive improvements in oculomotor skill. In particular, we have proposed and tested an eye-movement model that successfully reproduces infants' gaze patterns on two measures of visual attention. However, this result is due to explicit hand-tuning of a key parameter in the model. In the current simulation study, we investigate whether manipulating this parameter (i.e., the duration of spatial competition) enhances visual prediction learning. As expected, we find that prediction learning becomes more accurate as spatial competition in the eye-movement model is increased. This finding suggests that visual prediction learning can provide a meaningful error-feedback signal, which can be used to modulate spatial competition in the eye-movement model.
Autonomy, Constraining Options, and Organ Sales

Although there continues to be a chronic shortage of transplant organs the suggestion that we should try to alleviate it through allowing a current market in them continues to be morally condemned, usually on the grounds that such a market would undermine the autonomy of those who would participate in it as vendors. Against this objection Gerald Dworkin has argued that such markets would enhance the autonomy of the vendors through providing them with more options, thus enabling them to exercise a greater degree of control over their bodies. Paul Hughes and T.L. Zutlevics have recently criticized Dworkin's argument, arguing that the option to sell an organ is unusual in that it is an autonomy-undermining "constraining option" whose presence in a person's choice set is likely to undermine her autonomy rather than enhance it. I argue that although Hughes' and Zutlevics' arguments are both innovative and persuasive they are seriously flawed--and that allowing a market in human organs is more likely to enhance vendor autonomy than diminish it. Thus, given that autonomy is the preeminent value in contemporary medical ethics this provides a strong prima facie case for recognizing the moral legitimacy of such markets.
Section VI: Malalignment and ligamentous injury.

Improved understanding and management of the risk factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee are clearly desirable, especially considering the shifts in the age distribution of the US population toward older ages. Among the various genetic, constitutional, and biomechanical insults that are believed to cause metabolic and structural changes in the synovial joint, two of the recognized local adverse biomechanical factors are rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and malalignment of the lower limb. Over the past three decades, both in vitro and in vivo biomechanical studies have documented the complex anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament and its function …