cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopy and Reactivity of Dialkoxy Acenes

Photochemical oxidation of acenes can benefit or impede their function, depending on the application. Although acenes with alkoxy substituents on reactive sites are important for applications as diverse as drug delivery and organic optoelectronics, the influence of chemical structure on their photochemical oxidation remains unknown. This paper therefore describes the synthesis, spectroscopic properties, and reactivity with singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) of a series of dialkoxyacenes that vary in the number and types of fused rings in the (hetero)acene cores. Reductive alkylation of quinone precursors yielded target dialkoxyacenes with fused backbones ranging from benzodithiophene to tetracenothiophene. Trends of their experimental spectroscopic characteristics were consistent with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. NMR studies show that photochemically generated 1 O2 oxidizes all but one of these acenes to the corresponding endoperoxides in organic solvent. The rates of these oxidations correlate with the number and types of fused arenes, with longer dialkoxyacenes generally oxidizing faster than shorter derivatives. Finally, irradiation of these acenes in acidic, oxidizing environments cleaves the ether bonds. This work impacts those working in organic optoelectronics, as well as those interested in harnessing photogenerated reactive oxygen species in functional materials.
Cross-Sector Social Partnerships for Social Entrepreneurship Organizing

Organization scholars have considered social entrepreneurship (SE) an important tool for catalyzing social and institutional change. However, a coherent theoretical framework that captures the uniq...
Les représentations de Jean le Sot dans le contexte francophone

Cette etude presente une analyse des representations du personnage de Jean le Sot dans le contexte francophone, notamment en Louisiane et dans le Centre-Ouest de la France. Ce personnage est tres repandu dans le folklore francophone et plusieurs variations du nom se retrouvent en France, aux Antilles, au Canada et en Louisiane. Dans le contexte louisianais, la representation de Jean le Sot est presque completement limitee a l’idiot par excellence. Ces contes prennent souvent la forme d’un cycle de petits scenarios enchaines, sans ordre determine. On trouve un repertoire similaire dans la tradition orale en France, mais il existe egalement d’autres types attribues a Jean le Sot ou le protagoniste est represente comme un heros simplet. Cette interpretation positive du personnage se trouve absente du folklore louisianais. A partir des modeles theoriques tels que les motifemes d’Alan Dundes et le detronement carnavalesque de Bakhtine, cette etude vise a comprendre les facteurs socioculturels qui auraient pu influencer le plan moral de ces contes oraux.
A pipeline for identification and validation of tumor-specific antigens in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer.

Cancer immunotherapy continues to make headway as a treatment for advanced stage tumors, revealing an urgent need to understand the fundamentals of anti-tumor immune responses. Noteworthy is a scar...
Trends in Health Care-Associated Infection Prevention Practices in US Veterans Affairs Hospitals From 2005 to 2017.

Importance Health care–associated infection (HAI) is associated with substantial harm. To reduce HAI, the largest integrated health care system in the United States—the Veterans Health Administration—was an early adopter of infection prevention policies and initiatives. Whether these efforts translated into increased use of practices to prevent HAI in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals is unknown. Objective To evaluate changes over time in infection prevention practices and the perception of the importance of infection prevention to hospital leadership. Design, Settings, and Participants For this survey study, every 4 years between 2005 and 2017, infection preventionists were surveyed at all VA hospitals on use of practices associated with common HAIs, including central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and (beginning in 2013)Clostridioides difficileinfection. Data analysis was performed from February 1, 2019, to July 1, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Reported regular use of key infection prevention practices and perceived importance of infection prevention to hospital leadership. Results Between 2005 and 2017, 320 total surveys were completed with response rates ranging from 59% (73 of 124) in 2017 to 80% (95 of 119) in 2005. Use of 12 different infection prevention practices increased. Since 2013, 92% (69 of 75) to 100% of VA hospitals reported regular use of key infection prevention practices forC difficileinfection and CLABSI. In contrast, adoption of many practices to prevent CAUTI, although increasing, have lagged. Despite reported increases in the use of some practices for VAP such as semirecumbent positioning (89% [79 of 89] in 2005 vs 97% [61 of 63] in 2017,P = .007 for trend) and subglottic secretion drainage (23% [19 of 84] in 2005 vs 65% [40 of 62] in 2017,P Conclusions and Relevance From 2005 to 2017, reported use of 12 different infection prevention practices increased in VA hospitals. Areas for continued improvement of infection prevention practices appear to include CAUTI, certain VAP practices, and diagnostic stewardship for HAI. The reported adoption of many infection prevention practices in VA hospitals was higher than in non-VA hospitals. As hospitals continue to merge and health systems become increasingly integrated, these successes could help inform patient safety broadly.
Context-dependent genetic architecture of Drosophila life span

Understanding the genetic basis of variation in life span is a major challenge that is difficult to address in human populations. Evolutionary theory predicts that alleles affecting natural variation in life span will have properties that enable them to persist in populations at intermediate frequencies, such as late-life–specific deleterious effects, antagonistic pleiotropic effects on early and late-age fitness components, and/or sex- and environment-specific or antagonistic effects. Here, we quantified variation in life span in males and females reared in 3 thermal environments for the sequenced, inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and an advanced intercross outbred population derived from a subset of DGRP lines. Quantitative genetic analyses of life span and the micro-environmental variance of life span in the DGRP revealed significant genetic variance for both traits within each sex and environment, as well as significant genotype-by-sex interaction (GSI) and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). Genome-wide association (GWA) mapping in both populations implicates over 2,000 candidate genes with sex- and environment-specific or antagonistic pleiotropic allelic effects. Over 1,000 of these genes are associated with variation in life span in other D. melanogaster populations. We functionally assessed the effects of 15 candidate genes using RNA interference (RNAi): all affected life span and/or micro-environmental variance of life span in at least one sex and environment and exhibited sex-and environment-specific effects. Our results implicate novel candidate genes affecting life span and suggest that variation for life span may be maintained by variable allelic effects in heterogeneous environments.
Characterizing metabolic stress-induced phenotypes of Synechocystis PCC6803 with Raman spectroscopy

Background During their long evolution, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 developed a remarkable capacity to acclimate to diverse environmental conditions. In this study, Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemometrics tools (RametrixTM) were employed to investigate the phenotypic changes in response to external stressors and correlate specific Raman bands with their corresponding biomolecules determined with widely used analytical methods. Methods Synechocystis cells were grown in the presence of (i) acetate (7.5-30 mM), (ii) NaCl (50-150 mM) and (iii) limiting levels of MgSO4 (0-62.5 mM) in BG-11 media. Principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis of PCs (DAPC) were performed with the RametrixTM LITE Toolbox for MATLABⓇ. Next, validation of these models was realized via RametrixTM PRO Toolbox where prediction of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for an unknown Raman spectrum was calculated. These analyses were coupled with statistical tests (ANOVA and pairwise comparison) to determine statistically significant changes in the phenotypic responses. Finally, amino acid and fatty acid levels were measured with well-established analytical methods. The obtained data were correlated with previously established Raman bands assigned to these biomolecules. Results Distinguishable clusters representative of phenotypic responses were observed based on the external stimuli (i.e., acetate, NaCl, MgSO4, and controls grown on BG-11 medium) or its concentration when analyzing separately. For all these cases, RametrixTM PRO was able to predict efficiently the corresponding concentration in the culture media for an unknown Raman spectra with accuracy, sensitivity and specificity exceeding random chance. Finally, correlations (R > 0.7) were observed for all amino acids and fatty acids between well-established analytical methods and Raman bands.
Urban decline and residential preference: The effect of vacant lots on housing premiums:

Vacant land is a ubiquitous urban phenomenon. The existence of vacant land in a neighborhood can either lower or heighten nearby housing values, depending on its relative development potential. How...
Association of Implementation and Social Network Factors With Patient Safety Culture in Medical Homes: A Coincidence Analysis.

Objectives The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) may provide a key model for ambulatory patient safety. Our objective was to explore which PCMH and patient safety implementation and social network factors may be necessary or sufficient for higher patient safety culture. Methods This was a cross-case analysis study in 25 diverse U.S. PCMHs. Data sources included interviews of a clinician and an administrator in each PCMH, surveys of clinicians and staff, and existing data on the PCMHs' characteristics. We used coincidence analysis, a novel method based on set theory and Boolean logic, to evaluate relationships between factors and the implementation outcome of patient safety culture. Results The coincidence analysis identified 5 equally parsimonious solutions (4 factors), accounting for all practices with higher safety culture. Three solutions contained the same core minimally sufficient condition: the implementation factor leadership priority for patient safety and the social network factor reciprocity in advice-seeking network ties (advice-seeking relationships). This minimally sufficient condition had the highest coverage (5/7 practices scoring higher on the outcome) and best performance across solutions; all included leadership priority for patient safety. Other key factors included self-efficacy and job satisfaction and quality improvement climate. The most common factor whose absence was associated with the outcome was a well-functioning process for behavioral health. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PCMH safety culture is higher when clinicians and staff perceive that leadership prioritizes patient safety and when high reciprocity among staff exists. Interventions to improve patient safety should consider measuring and addressing these key factors.
Going back to the ballgame: memories of previous baseball experiences

Research Question: The purpose of this study was to explore sport fans’ memories of previous experiences, ascertaining what fans recalled and the functions memories served. Research Methods: A qual...
Titanium oxyhydroxide – A new effective candidate for resolving the challenging water quality issue of high alkalinity

Abstract The use of highly alkaline water in irrigation can result in major problems for soils that have received its application. Therefore, these waters are conventionally neutralized to benign alkalinity levels through the addition of acids, which add unwanted anions, can solubilize toxic trace elements, and are dangerous to the user. Solid titanium oxyhydroxide, TiO(OH)2, has the potential to efficiently reduce alkalinity without the problems associated with acid additions. In this work, TiO(OH)2 is synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for its use in alkaline water remediation. Characterization of TiO(OH)2 was completed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Open and closed reaction systems were used to quantify the ability of TiO(OH)2 to remove both HCO3- and CO32- anions from aqueous solutions. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on the results from these systems in conjunction with an attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis of the aqueous interfacial species.
Integrated modeling of multi-scale transport in coal and its application for coalbed methane recovery

Abstract Exploitation of coalbed methane (CBM) acts as a synergy between increased natural gas demand and reduced greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. However, substantial CBM resources lie undeveloped because of unfavorable economic conditions. Accurate forecast of production based on a thorough understanding of physical mechanisms is the key to increase and sustain CBM recovery. CBM production involves complex multi-scale phenomena ranging from desorption and diffusion in nanoporous matrix at molecular level to Darcy flow of free gas in cleats at macroscopic level. Current computational modeling built on fracture flow and neglecting multi-scale coupled flow phenomena underestimates long-term production performance. In fact, experimental evidence indicated that matrix experienced a much greater increase in gas deliverability than cleats. In this work, apparent matrix permeability was derived to characterize diffusion rate and directly coupled into current modeling to decipher matrix deliverability and multi-scale flow. The proposed modeling workflow was applied to two field cases in San Juan Fairway with long production history of over 20 years, which assembled adequate forecast to field data. Besides, sensitivity analysis suggested that simulations neglecting matrix flow and solely updating fracture flow were prone to elevated prediction errors for long-term production when diffusive mass flux took the predominant role in overall gas transport. The multi-scale CBM model is convenient for elucidating complex gas transport physics in coal. The outcome of this work implies that a proper diffusion enhancement method can improve overall production rate and elongate total productive lifetime of CBM fields.
Integrating three-loop modular graph functions and transcendentality of string amplitudes

Modular graph functions (MGFs) are $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$-invariant functions on the Poincar\'e upper half-plane associated with Feynman graphs of a conformal scalar field on a torus. The low-energy expansion of genus-one superstring amplitudes involves suitably regularized integrals of MGFs over the fundamental domain for $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$. In earlier work, these integrals were evaluated for all MGFs up to two loops and for higher loops up to weight six. These results led to the conjectured uniform transcendentality of the genus-one four-graviton amplitude in Type II superstring theory. In this paper, we explicitly evaluate the integrals of several infinite families of three-loop MGFs and investigate their transcendental structure. Up to weight seven, the structure of the integral of each individual MGF is consistent with the uniform transcendentality of string amplitudes. Starting at weight eight, the transcendental weights obtained for the integrals of individual MGFs are no longer consistent with the uniform transcendentality of string amplitudes. However, in all the cases we examine, the violations of uniform transcendentality take on a special form given by the integrals of triple products of non-holomorphic Eisenstein series. If Type II superstring amplitudes do exhibit uniform transcendentality, then the special combinations of MGFs which enter the amplitudes must be such that these integrals of triple products of Eisenstein series precisely cancel one another. Whether this indeed is the case poses a novel challenge to the conjectured uniform transcendentality of genus-one string amplitudes.
The Political Economy of Human Happiness: How Voters' Choices Determine the Quality of Life

1. The democratic pursuit of happiness 2. Market democracy 3. Citizens or market participants? 4. The scientific study of happiness 5. The size of the state 6. Labor unions and economic regulation 7. The American states 8. Between market and morality.
Organization and Management of an Industry Sponsored Capstone Senior Design Course

Senior level capstone design courses are run in many different ways in the academic community. A growing number of institutions strive to promote immersion into the real world of engineering through industrially sponsored projects. While this approach offers many immediate benefits to near-graduating seniors, it introduces many unique problems to the academic community. Developing and sustaining an industrially-sponsored capstone design program requires an understanding of the synergies and differences between academia and industry. Key issues discussed in this paper are program management, company sponsorship, diversity of projects, level of oversight required to make a successful project and legal implications of sponsoring a meaningful project.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Interface and Language Issues in Intelligent Systems for People with Disabilities

The papers in this volume provide us with a snapshot of the variety of issues that must be considered when applying AI technologies to projects involving people with disabilities. Here a focus is on controlling interfaces and language issues. The AI technologies used are quite varied; the resulting ideas have a great deal of promise and point us to future possibilities.
Interlimb transfer of load compensation during single-joint movements

Previous studies have investigated interlimb transfer of adaptation to visuomotor rotations, viscous curl-fields, as well as for ball catching and other complex tasks. We have recently revealed a nondominant arm advantage for load compensation responses. We now examine whether this short-latency response can be modified by prior opposite arm experience. Two subject groups, LR and RL, each comprising six right-handed subjects, experienced unpredictable loading during single joint speed constrained 20/spl deg/elbow flexion. Each group first performed using either the left (LR) or right (RL) arm, followed by opposite arm performance. In order to assess transfer, we compared the same side arm movements (either right or left) following opposite arm performance to those made prior to opposite arm performance (Nai/spl uml/ve). Our preliminary results indicate interlimb transfer, only from the nondominant to the dominant arm. Under nai/spl uml/ve conditions, nondominant arm responses are substantially more efficient, which may preclude improvement and thus limit the effects of opposite arm training. These results indicate that feedforward modifications of feedback based responses can transfer across the limbs, and thus, that such adjustments are not effector-specific.
(R)-(+)-2-{[(3-Methyl-4-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)meth-yl]sulfin-yl}-1H-benzimidazole.

The title compound, C14H12N4O3S, is an inter­mediate of Dexlansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) mainly developed for anti-ulcer activity. The absolute configuration of the title compound was determined as R. The crystal structure reveals that the mol­ecules form chains along the b axis through N—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded dimers. These chains are connected via weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Network Backbone Discovery Using Edge Clustering

In this paper, we investigate the problem of network backbone discovery. In complex systems, a "backbone" takes a central role in carrying out the system functionality and carries the bulk of system traffic. It also both simplifies and highlight underlying networking structure. Here, we propose an integrated graph theoretical and information theoretical network backbone model. We develop an efficient mining algorithm based on Kullback-Leibler divergence optimization procedure and maximal weight connected subgraph discovery procedure. A detailed experimental evaluation demonstrates both the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. The case studies in the real world domain further illustrates the usefulness of the discovered network backbones.
SR 4233: A tumor specific radiosensitizer active in fractionated radiation regimes

The benzotriazine SR 4233, in addition to preferential killing of hypoxic cells both in vitro and in vivo, also radiosensitizes aerobic cells in vitro if the cells are exposed to the drug under hypoxic conditions, either before or after irradiation. We have attempted to exploit this aerobic radiosensitization in vivo, by giving SR 4233 with the hypoxia inducing agent, hydralazine, after each radiation dose in a 8 x 2.5 Gy fractionated regime. The results show greater than additive cytotoxicity using both cell survival and regrowth delay as the endpoints of radiation response, but no radiosensitization in parallel groups treated with the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer SR 2508. The data are, therefore, consistent with radiosensitization of the tumor aerobic cells by the SR 4233 treatments. Significantly, the effect occurred with equal magnitude with or without hydralazine. Further, there was no radiosensitization to radiation induced leg contraction in the thighs of mice, a late responding normal tissue endpoint. The results, therefore, demonstrate a selective radiosensitization of tumors to a multifraction regime and suggest that SR 4233, or a close analog, may be useful in radiation therapy.
Data quality in sampling, analysis, and compilation

The focus of this paper is on Data Quality as it applies to Nutritional Compositional Databases. Quality implies fitness for the purposes for which the data will be used. An appreciation of the requirements of the users of the database is thus a primary determinant of the standards that should be applied during the generation of the data. Most users expect that the compositional data will be representative of the foods consumed by the population being studied and thus Sampling is the first critical element. It is also expected that the data will be analytically sound so the second critical element is Analytical Quality. Finally, the Compilation process involves making judgements about the data to be included and their presentation and in this the users expect that the compilation process will adopt to focus on the quality of the data that will meet their needs. The integration of these elements during the production of data for inclusion in the database will be advocated. Finally, there follows a discussion of how best to present data quality in a database so that the users can use the database appropriately and effectively.
Diffuse attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetically available radiation Kd(PAR) for global open ocean and coastal waters

Abstract Satellite-based observations of the diffuse attenuation coefficient for the downwelling spectral irradiance at the wavelength of 490 nm, Kd(490) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for the downwelling photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), Kd(PAR) in the ocean can play important roles for ocean–atmospheric circulation, biogeochemical, and ecosystem models. Since existing Kd(PAR) models for the satellite ocean color data have wide regional variations, we need to improve the Kd(PAR) algorithm for global ocean applications. In this study, we propose a new blended Kd(PAR) model for both open oceans and turbid coastal waters. The new method has been assessed using in situ optical measurements from the NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) database. Next, the new method is applied to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to derive Kd(PAR) products, and is compared with in situ measurements. Results show that there are significant improvements in model-derived Kd(PAR) values using the new approach compared to those from some existing Kd(PAR) algorithms. In addition, matchup comparisons between MODIS-derived and in situ-measured Kd(PAR) data for the global ocean show a good agreement with mean and median ratios of 1.109 and 1.035, respectively. Synoptic maps of MODIS- and VIIRS-derived Kd(PAR) data generated using the new method provide very similar and consistent spatial patterns in the U.S. East Coast region, although there are some slight differences between two satellite-derived Kd(PAR) images (~ 1–5% higher in VIIRS Kd(PAR) compared with those from MODIS-Aqua in the shallow water region), which are possibly due to differences in spectral bands and sensor performance (e.g., calibrations). Monthly maps of VIIRS-derived Kd(PAR) data for the global ocean are also generated using the new Kd(PAR) model, and provide spatial and temporal Kd(PAR) distributions that show consistent results with those from previous studies. Thus, results show that satellite-derived Kd(PAR) data using the new Kd(PAR) model, e.g., from MODIS and VIIRS, can provide more accurate Kd(PAR) data to science communities, in particular, as an important input for ocean–atmospheric circulation, biogeochemical, and ecosystem models.
Comparison of Flavor and Physical Properties of Foam Spray-Dried Whole Milks Prepared from Concentrates Foamed with Air and with Nitrogen

Abstract Foam spray-dried whole milks prepared from concentrates foamed with nitrogen, air from cylinders, and air from a plant-installed compressor were compared regarding certain physical properties and flavor, initially and after oxygenfree storage for 3 and 6 months at 4C. No evidence was found for variations in either physical properties or flavor attributable to the foaming gas used. It is concluded that air can safely be substituted for nitrogen in preparing foam spray-dried whole milk.
Chromosome banding pattern conservatism in birds and nonhomology of chromosome banding patterns between birds, turtles, snakes and amphibians.

The G-banded karyotypes of 4 species of birds representing the orders Galliformes, Columbiformes and Musophagiformes were compared. Banding pattern homology between orders was limited to 5 major chromosome arms and the Z chromosome. Even in these major chromosome arms pericentric and paracentric inversions produced alteration of the banding pattern sequences. Addition of constitutive heterochromatin was responsible for changes in banding pattern in the Z chromosome. The chromosome banding patterns of an emydid turtle, Terrepene Carolina, 5 species of boid snakes of the genera Liasis, Acrantophis, and Sanzinia and the African clawed-frog, Xenopus muelleri, were also compared to the bird chromosome banding patterns. No homology was observed between any of these major groups: bird, snake, turtle, amphibian. However, intergrouphomology was apparent. — The data obtained do not support reports of broad interordinal direct homology of the macrochromosomes of birds and refutes the idea of a primitive bird karyotype with 3 pairs of “A group” chromosomes and 3 pairs of “B group” chromosomes. — The major mechanisms responsible for chromosome evolution in birds appear to be centric and tandem fusions, paracentric and pericentric inversions, and addition or deletion of heterochromatin.
Issues regarding general and domain-specific resources

Commentaries on our target article raise further questions about the validity of an undifferentiated central executive that supplies resources to all verbal tasks. Working memory tasks are more likely to measure divided attention capacities and the efficiency of performing tasks within specific domains than a shared resource pool. In our response to the commentaries, we review and further expand upon empirical findings that relate performance on working memory tasks to sentence processing, concluding that our view that the two are not strongly related remains viable in light of the material presented in the commentaries. We suggest that a productive research enterprise would be to develop the concept of working memory as a pool of resources in relation to specific tasks.
Regional cerebral blood flow during hypoxia-ischemia in immature rats

Immature rats subjected to a combination of unilateral common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia sustain brain damage confined largely to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. To ascertain the extent and distribution of ischemic alterations in the brains of these small animals, we modified the Sakurada technique to measure regional cerebral blood flow using carbon-14 autoradiography. Seven-day-old rats underwent right common carotid artery ligation following which they were rendered hypoxic with 8% O2 at 37 degrees C. Before and during hypoxia, the rat pups received an injection of iodo[14C]antipyrine for determination of regional cerebral blood flow. Blood flows to individual structures of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere were not influenced by arterial occlusion alone; flows to the contralateral hemisphere and to the brainstem and cerebellum actually increased by 25-50%. Hypoxia-ischemia was associated with decreases in regional cerebral blood flow of the ipsilateral hemisphere such that by 2 hours, flows to subcortical white matter, neocortex, striatum, and thalamus were 15, 17, 34, and 41% of control, respectively. The hierarchy of the blood flow reductions correlated closely with the distribution and extent of ischemic neuronal necrosis. However, unlike the pathologic pattern of this model, the degree of ischemia appeared homogeneous within each brain region. Blood flows to contralateral cerebral hemispheric structures were relatively unchanged from prehypoxic values, whereas flows to the brainstem and cerebellum nearly doubled and tripled, respectively. Thus, ischemia is the predominant factor that determines the topography of tissue injury to major regions of immature rat brain, whereas metabolic factors (intrinsic vulnerability) may influence the heterogeneous pattern of damage seen within individual structures.
Strong interaction between disulfide derivatives and aromatic groups in peptides and proteins.

Abstract The intermolecular interaction energy of complexes of dimethyldisulfide with benzene and cyclohexane, respectively, was computed as function of the relative distance and orientation within each pair of molecules. The energy of the most stable orientation of the dimethyldisulfide-cyclohexane complex is −2.57 kcal/mol, while that of the most stable orientation of the dimethyldisulfide-benzene complex is −3.33 kcal/mol. The energy difference of ∼0.8 kcal/mol is due to favorable specific nonbonded interactions between the sulfur atoms and the atoms of the aromatic ring. Proper parameterization of empirical interatomic energies, used in computations in this laboratory, accounts for these interactions without the need for a special sulfur-aromatic potential energy function.
Experimental Study of Natural Circulation Instability with Void Reactivity Feedback during Startup Transients for a BWR-Type SMR

Abstract The natural circulation boiling type SMR can experience flow instability during the startup transients due to the void reactivity feedback. A BWR-type natural circulation test loop has been built to perform the nuclear coupled startup transient tests for Purdue Novel Modular Reactor (NMR). This test loop is installed with different instruments to measure various thermal hydraulic parameters. The testing process can be monitored and controlled through PC with the assistance of LabVIEW procedure. The effects of power ramp rate on the flow instability during the nuclear coupled tests were investigated by controlling the power supply based on the point kinetics model with coolant void reactivity feedback. Two power ramp rates were investigated and the results were compared with those of the thermal hydraulic startup transients without void reactivity feedback. The time trace of power supply, system pressure, natural circulation rate, and void fraction profile are used to determine the flow stability during the transients. The results show that nuclear coupled startup transients also experience flashing instability and density wave oscillations. The power curves calculated from point kinetics model for startup transients show some fluctuations due to void reactivity feedback. However, the void reactivity feedback does not have significant effects on the flow instability during the startup procedure for the NMR.
Principles of grain boundary geometry in noncubic materials, with applications to YBa2Cu3O7-δ

The coincident-site lattice (CSL) model is now very familiar and widely used in the description of grain boundaries in cubic materials. Extension to other crystal structures is not completely straightforward because it is generally impossible to form three-dimensional CSLs for crystal lattices other than cubic unless certain conditions are met concerning ratios of the axial lengths and the interaxial angles. Small distortions of the natural crystal structure, however, can allow for the formation of constrained CSLs (CCSLs), which have associated DSC lattices and O2 lattices analogous to those used in the analysis of boundaries in cubic materials. In this paper, we briefly outline the CCSL theory and show examples of its application to YBa2Cu3O7-δ. We consider questions related to the dislocation contents of grain boundaries, the proportion of boundaries that might be expected to be well described by the model, and issues related to twin-boundary-grain-boundary intersections. The results of these analyses suggest somewhat different behavior than is expected for cubic materials. While the model is difficult to apply in detail, the general findings and the distinctions from cubic grain boundary geometry are useful in understanding certain aspects of the behavior of grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7-δ.
An architecture for a secure service discovery service

The widespread deployment of inexpensive communications technology, computational resources in the networking infrastructure, and network-enabled end devices poses an interesting problem for end users: how to locate a particular network service or device out of hundreds of thousands of accessible services and devices. This paper presents the architecture and implementation of a secure Service Discovery Service (SDS). Service providers use the SDS to advertise complex descriptions of available or already running services, while clients use the SDS to compose complex queries for locating these services. Service descriptions and queries use the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to encode such factors as cost, performance, location, and deviceor service-specific capabilities. The SDS provides a highlyavailable, fault-tolerant, incrementally scalable service for locating services in the wide-area. Security is a core component of the SDS and, where necessary, communications are both encrypted and authenticated. Furthermore, the SDS uses an hybrid access control list and capability system to control access to service information.
Visualization of neuronal fiber connections from DT-MRI with global optimization

Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI) provides valuable 3D data describing diffusion characteristics of water molecules in the human brain. From DT-MRI, it is hoped that neuronal fiber connections among cortical regions can be reliably extracted and adequately interpreted. To achieve this goal, several significant challenges persist. In this paper, by means of dynamic programming we have developed a global fiber reconstruction algorithm enabling efficient visualization of neuronal connections queried by both the start and end points on the fly. Besides an inherent ability to handle noisy datasets, our algorithm also naturally addresses situations where neuronal fibers branch or cross each other. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach with visualization of neuronal connections among activated brain cortical regions detected by functional MRI (fMRI).
Double implant low dose technique in analog IC fabrication

The authors outline the utilization of low-dose implant monitoring (boron, 10/sup 11/ ions/cm/sup 2/) in a manufacturing line to control the pinchoff voltage of junction field effect transistors (JFETs) in analog integrated circuits. This technique relies on the fact that the sheet resistance of a doped layer increases significantly when damaged by a relatively low implant dose. The technique is extremely sensitive and is used to adjust the channel dose for achieving an accurate pinchoff voltage and saturation current for JFETs. Finally, yield enhancement is discussed in terms of pinchoff voltage control of JFETs. >
Magnesium Treatment of Ventricular Arrhythmias

The association between marked hypomagnesemia and arrhythmias, particularly those associated with digitalis intoxication, has long been recognized. More recently, acute intervention with magnesium in patients who are not hypomagnesemic has demonstrated arrhythmia suppression in 3 settings: digitalis intoxication, long QT-related arrhythmias and arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Although the electrophysiologic effects of magnesium are not clearly understood, magnesium treatment is emerging as an important adjunct in managing certain serious ventricular arrhythmias.
Nonlinear vertical mixing processes in the ocean: modeling and parameterization

Abstract Nonlinear vertical mixing processes are critical in the transport of heat and momentum throughout the ocean and are especially important in the surface mixed layer and in deep convection. This paper reviews recent numerical modeling studies that are being used to help develop more effective parameterizations of nonlinear vertical mixing processes. In particular, we describe two oceanic process studies using a large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model and review the performance of an improved vertical mixing parameterization in an ocean general circulation model. The first process study examines the role of wind and heat-flux forcing of turbulence in the tropical western Pacific ocean surface mixed layer. Results from the LES show that mixing is dominated by three key processes: Langmuir circulation near the surface, organized circulations that extend through the mixed-layer depth, and shear instability at the mixed-layer base. The second LES study centers on the onset and strength of deep oceanic convection. Results from this study show that the growth of convective plumes is dependent on the integral properties of heat and salinity forcing. The paper concludes with a test of an improved parameterization of deep convection for ocean general circulation models.
Humanbecoming Leading-Following The Meaning of Holding up the Mirror

In this column, readers are invited to reflect upon leadership and the meaning of leading-following from the perspective of Parse's humanbecoming school of thought, using the metaphor of holding up the mirror.
Mobilization of adsorbed copper and lead from naturally aged soil by bacterial extracellular polymers.

Abstract Sorption of pollutants is a dominant phase transfer process affecting the fate and transport of metals through the subsurface. The movement of contaminants is retarded by sorption to the stationary subsurface porous media and can seriously hinder remediation efforts. Research has shown that the binding of adsorbed metals becomes more pronounced the longer the contaminant is in the subsurface and the release rates of aged metal contaminants have not received the research attention given to freshly added metals in laboratory studies. Metal release rates are also influenced by the presence of dissolved ligands that compete with mineral soil surfaces by providing binding sites. Dissolved organic matter such as bacterial extracellular polymers are common in natural soil solutions and the metal binding properties of bacterial polymers are well established. Therefore, binding of metals to dissolved biopolymers may result in mobilization of an adsorbed metal. This is important for cases where the metals are assumed to be relatively immobile such as in the case of land applied biosolids. In addition, naturally occurring adherent bacteria commonly produce extracellular polymers and thus may modify the bioavailability of meal contaminants at the point of their attachment. In this study samples from three sites, one a land applied sludge test site, were used to investigate the ability of bacterial extracellular polymers to release metals from soils with long-term exposures. The presence of ≅200 mg/L bacterial extracellular polymer was found to increase the short-term (less than 350 h) release of Cu and Pb by a factor of 2–4-fold.
Synthesis of DNA complementary to AMV RNA using E.coli polymerase I

Summary E. coli DNA polymerase I has been used to copy avian myeloblastosis virus RNA both in the presence and absence of the primer oligo-dT 10 . Heteropolymer synthesis is obtained in both cases. The product DNA obtained using the primer has been shown to be complementary to the RNA template. Substantial homopolymer synthesis (poly dT and poly (dA)·(dT)) occurs in the presence and very little in the absence of the oligo dT 10 primer.
Comparing Video Games and Laparoscopic Simulators in the Development of Laparoscopic Skills in Surgical Residents

Introduction The video game industry has become increasingly popular over recent years, offering photorealistic simulations of various scenarios while requiring motor, visual, and cognitive coordination. Video game players outperform nonplayers on different visual tasks and are faster and more accurate on laparoscopic simulators. The same qualities found in video game players are highly desired in surgeons. Our investigation aims to evaluate the effect of video game play on the development of fine motor and visual skills. Specifically, we plan to examine if handheld video devices offer the same improvement in laparoscopic skill as traditional simulators, with less cost and more accessibility. Methods We performed an Institutional Review Board-approved study, including categorical surgical residents and preliminary interns at our institution. The residents were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study arms, including a traditional laparoscopic simulator, XBOX 360 gaming console, or Nintendo DS handheld gaming system. After an introduction survey and baseline timed test using a laparoscopic surgery box trainer, residents were given 6 weeks to practice on their respective consoles. At the conclusion of the study, the residents were tested again on the simulator and completed a final survey. Results A total of 31 residents were included in the study, representing equal distribution of each class level. The XBOX 360 group spent more time on their console weekly (6 hours per week) compared with the simulator (2 hours per week), and Nintendo groups (3 hours per week). There was a significant difference in the improvement of the tested time among the 3 groups, with the XBOX 360 group showing the greatest improvement (p = 0.052). The residents in the laparoscopic simulator arm (n = 11) improved 4.6 seconds, the XBOX group (n = 10) improved 17.7 seconds, and the Nintendo DS group (n = 10) improved 11.8 seconds. Residents who played more than 10 hours of video games weekly had the fastest times on the simulator both before and after testing (p = 0.05). Most residents stated that playing the video games helped to ease stress over the 6 weeks and cooperative play promoted better relationships among colleagues. Conclusions Studies have shown that residents who engage in video games have better visual, spatial, and motor coordination. We showed that over 6 weeks, residents who played video games improved in their laparoscopic skills more than those who practiced on laparoscopic simulators. The accessibility of gaming systems is 1 of the most essential factors making these tools a good resource for residents. Handheld games are especially easy to use and offer a readily available means to improve visuospatial and motor abilities.
Market integration and contagion: Evidence from Asian emerging stock and foreign exchange markets

Abstract This paper examines whether Asian emerging stock markets (India, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand) have become integrated into world capital markets since their official liberalization dates by estimating and testing a dynamic integrated international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) in the absence of purchasing power parity (PPP) using an asymmetric multivariate GARCH(1,1)-in-Mean approach. Also examined in this paper is whether there are pure contagion effects between stock and foreign exchange markets for each Asian country during the 1997 Asian crisis. The empirical results show that first, both currency and world market risks are priced and time-varying, suggesting that an international asset pricing model under PPP and constant price of risk might give rise to model misspecification. Second, the stock markets for India, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand were segmented from the world capital markets before their liberalization dates, but all six markets have become fully integrated since then. Third, the market liberalization has reduced the cost of capital and price volatility for most of the countries. Finally, as for the contagion effects, strong positive impact of return shocks originating from the domestic stock market to its foreign exchange market during the crisis is found. This dynamic relationship between stock market and foreign exchange market is consistent with stock-oriented exchange rate models.
Rugina's Contribution to Social Economics

Anghel Rugina's major contribution to social economics is that he keeps the paradigm of a social market economy evolving by promoting thought‐provoking dialogues. In that role, he is functioning as part of the spiral of the Helgelian dialectical process, where the interaction of thesis and antithesis leads to a new synthesis, by utilising his methodology of the orientation table and his new research programme. In Rugina's words: “I attempted to complete as far as possible the work of Walter Eucken (the Freiburg School) and that of Leon Walras (the Lausanne School)”. Rugina claims that he has discovered a new general paradigm which has the potential of replacing all other paradigms by unifying them in his “new research programme”.
Ground surface deformation patterns, magma supply, and magma storage at Okmok volcano, Alaska, from InSAR analysis: 1. Intereruption deformation, 1997–2008

eruption, magma storage had increased by 3.7– 5.2 ×1 0 7 m 3 or 85–100% of the 1997 eruption volume. We propose that the supply rate decreased in response to the diminishing pressure gradient between the shallow storage zone and a deeper magma source region. Eventuallytheeffectsofcontinuingmagmasupplyandvesiculationofstoredmagmacaused acriticalpressurethresholdtobeexceeded,triggeringthe2008eruption.Asimilarpatternof initially rapid inflation followed by oscillatory but generally slowing inflation was observed prior to the 1997 eruption. In both cases, withdrawal of magma during the eruptions depressurized the shallow storage zone, causing significant volcano‐wide subsidence and initiating a new intereruption deformation cycle.