cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The `Frozen-Lattice' Approach for Incoherent Phonon Excitation in Electron Scattering. How Accurate Is It?

The `frozen-lattice' model is a semi-classical approach for calculating electron diffuse scattering in crystals that has arisen from thermal vibration of crystal atoms. This quasi-elastic scattering approach is, however, unproven since its equivalence with the incoherent phonon-excitation model is not yet established. As quantitative electron microscopy is becoming a realistic method, it is necessary to examine the accuracy of the model. In this paper, based on a rigorous quantum-mechanical phonon excitation theory, it is proved that an identical result would be obtained using the frozen-lattice model and the formal phonon-excitation model if (i) the incoherence between different orders of thermal diffuse scattering is considered in the frozen-lattice-model calculation and (ii) the specimen thickness and the mean-free-path length for phonon excitation are both smaller than the distance travelled by the electron within the lifetime of the phonon (τ0v, which is 5 µm for 100 kV electrons). Condition (ii) is usually absolutely satisfied and condition (i) can be precisely accounted for in the calculation with the introduction of the mixed dynamic form factor S(Q, Q′). The conclusion holds for each and all orders of diffuse scattering, thus, the quantum-mechanical basis of the frozen-lattice model is established, confirming the validity, reliability and accuracy of using this model in quantitative dynamical electron diffraction and imaging calculations. It has also been shown that the frozen-lattice model is suitable for low-energy electrons.
Knorpelverletzungen: Eine retrospektive multizentrische Analyse von 31.516 Kniegelenks-Arthroskopien

Grundlagen: Die Informationen uber die Lokalisation von Knorpelschaden im Knie sowie deren demographische Charakteristika sind von groser Bedeutung fur die Indikation und den Therapieerfolg neuer biologischer Verfahren zur Behandlung von Knorpelschaden. In dieser Studie wurden die Protokolle von 31.516 Kniegelenksarthroskopien datenbankgestutzt nach demographischen Daten, Lokalisation des Knorpelschadens und weiterer Gelenkspathologie retrospektiv analysiert. Methodik: Fur die Datenabfrage wurde dieSurgical Data Management Database™ (Richmond, VA, USA) verwendet. Sie umfaste zum Zeitpunkt der Abfrage Arthroskopiedaten von 136 orthopadischen Gruppen aus allen Bundesstaaten der USA. Es wurden Verletzungen des hyalinen Kniegelenksknorpels (Osteochondritis dissecans, Knorpelfrakturen, Chondromalazie; staging nachOuterbridge scale) sowie Zusatzverletzungen (Menisci und Ligamente) fur den Zeitraum von Juni 1991 bis Oktober 1995 aufgesucht. Ergebnisse: Von den 31.516 Kniearthroskopien zeigten 19.827 Eingriffe (i.e. 63%) Knorpellasionen. Dabei fanden sich insgesamt 53.569 Schaden am hyalinen Knorpel.Demographische Daten: Durchschnittsalter: 43 Jahre (10–92 a), Geschlechtsverteilung von Patienten mit Knorpellasionen: mannl.:weibl. = 61,6%:38,4%. Pravalenz: osteochondrale Lasionen: 0,7%; Knorpelfrakturen: 1,3%; Chondromalazie: Grad I 9,7%, Grad II: 28,1%, Grad III: 41,0%, Grad IV: 19,2%. Grad-III-Lasionen (nachOuterbridge) waren im Alter uber 30 Jahre am starksten vertreten. Sie fanden sich grosteils an der Patella und auch am medialen Femurcondyl. Grad-IV-Lasionen traten hauptsachlich am medialen Femurcondyl auf. Ein betrachtlicher Anteil der Gelenksknorpelverletzungen trat bei jungeren Patienten mit relativer Kontraindikation zur Knieendoprothetik auf. In allen Altersgruppen fand sich mehr als ein Knorpelschaden pro Knie (O 2,7 Lasionen/Knie). In 63,4% aller untersuchten Falle waren Knorpeldefekte mit zusatzlicher Gelenkspathologie assoziiert (Ligamente, Menisci). Schlusfolgerungen: Die Tatsache, das bei der hohen Anzahl an analysierten Arthroskopien grosteils multiple Knorpellasionen pro arthroskopiertem Knie gefunden wurden, und das gerade beim jungeren Patienten in beinahe zwei Drittel der Falle eine zusatzliche Pathologie an Menisci oder Ligamenten vorlag, erfordert eine Diskussion uber die „klassische“ Indikation zum Einsatz „biologischer“ Verfahren in der Behandlung von Knorpeldefekten.
Scholarly journal information-seeking and reading patterns of faculty at five US universities

Surveys at five US universities show that faculty read articles for research, teaching, writing, and other purposes; the largest number of readings is for research. The time spent reading scholarly articles (an estimated average of 132 hours and 240 articles per year) demonstrates their value to faculty's work; over one-third of readings are reported to be absolutely essential, and to affect the reader's purpose in many ways, including helping to improve results, or to broaden or change the focus. Faculty prefer print for personal subscriptions, although library electronic collections provide a majority of readings, and most readings from library collections are from electronic sources; older articles are also more commonly from electronic library collections. Faculty use a variety of means to find articles, including browsing and searching, the latter particularly for research purposes, and to locate older articles. Faculty members who publish more, or who have won awards, read more articles on average than their less productive or successful colleagues.
The synthesis of unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones by regioselective organocuprate addition to acetylemic trifluoromethyl ketones

Abstract Regiospecific and stereoselective synthesis of unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones has been accomplished by the addition of higher order cyano cuprates to acetylenic trifluoromethyl ketones.
Performance assessment of multi-frequency processing of ICU chest images for enhanced visualization of tubes and catheters

An image-processing method has been developed to improve the visibility of tube and catheter features in portable chest x-ray (CXR) images captured in the intensive care unit (ICU). The image-processing method is based on a multi-frequency approach, wherein the input image is decomposed into different spatial frequency bands, and those bands that contain the tube and catheter signals are individually enhanced by nonlinear boosting functions. Using a random sampling strategy, 50 cases were retrospectively selected for the study from a large database of portable CXR images that had been collected from multiple institutions over a two-year period. All images used in the study were captured using photo-stimulable, storage phosphor computed radiography (CR) systems. Each image was processed two ways. The images were processed with default image processing parameters such as those used in clinical settings (control). The 50 images were then separately processed using the new tube and catheter enhancement algorithm (test). Three board-certified radiologists participated in a reader study to assess differences in both detection-confidence performance and diagnostic efficiency between the control and test images. Images were evaluated on a diagnostic-quality, 3-megapixel monochrome monitor. Two scenarios were studied: the baseline scenario, representative of today's workflow (a single-control image presented with the window/level adjustments enabled) vs. the test scenario (a control/test image pair presented with a toggle enabled and the window/level settings disabled). The radiologists were asked to read the images in each scenario as they normally would for clinical diagnosis. Trend analysis indicates that the test scenario offers improved reading efficiency while providing as good or better detection capability compared to the baseline scenario.
Hybrid enzymes: manipulating enzyme design

Hybrid enzymes are engineered to contain elements of two or more enzymes. Hybrid-enzyme approaches, by taking advantage of the vast array of enzymatic properties that nature has evolved, as well as the strategies that nature has used to evolve them, are becoming an increasingly important avenue for obtaining novel enzymes with desired activities and properties.
Tracking the MEN1 gene

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a hereditary autosomal dominant disease characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreatic endocrine tumors, and pituitary adenomas. Sporadic forms of these tumors are more common than their inherited counterparts and share common genetic abnormalities. We have been studying the molecular genetics of sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors to identify the tumor suppressor gene responsible for MEN1 by positional cloning. This review introduces the reader to the fundamentals of these molecular genetic techniques and outlines the general strategy used to isolate this gene.
Performance of Random Routing on Grid-Based Sensor Networks

Random routing protocols in sensor networks forward packets to randomly selected neighbors. These packets are agents carrying information about events, or queries seeking such information. We derive the probability of a packet visiting a given node in a given step as well as the rendezvous probability of agents and queries within a specific number of hops at a given node(s) in a 2-D grid-based sensor network. The utility of the model is demonstrated by determining the protocol parameters to optimize performance of rumor routing protocol under different constraints, e.g., to evaluate the number of queries and agents to maximize the probability of rendezvous for a given amount of energy. Monte Carlo simulations are used to validate the model. The closed form exact solution presented, unlike existing models relying on asymptotic behavior, is applicable to small and medium-scale networks as well. An upper bound is provided for the case where the packet is not sent back to its immediate forwarding node. Simulation results indicate that the model is a good approximation even for sparse arrays with 75 % of the nodes. The model can be used to set parameters and optimize performance of several classes of random routing protocols.
Androgen ablation-induced programmed death of prostatic glandular cells does not involve recruitment into a defective cell cycle or p53 induction.

Proliferating cells characteristically undergo programmed (i.e. apoptotic) death if their progression through the cell cycle is sufficiently perturbed. To determine whether androgen ablation-induced programmed death of prostatic glandular cells involves apoptosis triggered by recruitment of nonproliferating cells into a perturbed cell cycle, rat ventral prostates were assessed temporally after castration for several stereotypical molecular stigmata of entry into the proliferative cell cycle. Northern blot analysis was used to assess levels of transcripts from genes characteristically activated 1) during the transition from quiescence (G(0)) into G1 of the proliferative cell cycle (cyclin-D1 and cyclin-C), 2) during the transition from G1 to S (cyclin-E, cdk2, thymidine kinase, and H4-histone), and 3) during progression through S (cyclin-A). Although levels of each of these transcripts increased as expected in prostatic glandular epithelial cells stimulated to proliferate by the administration of exogenous...
Functional MRI of auditory verbal working memory: long-term reproducibility analysis

Although functional MRI (fMRI) has shown to be a tool with great potential to study the normal and diseased human brain, the large variability in the detected hemodynamic responses across sessions and across subjects hinders a wider application. To investigate the long-term reproducibility of fMRI activation of verbal working memory (WM), eight normal subjects performed an auditory version of the 2-back verbal WM task while fMRI images were acquired. The experiment was repeated nine times with the same settings for image acquisition and fMRI task. Data were analyzed using SPM99 program. Single-session activation maps and multi-subject session-specific activation maps were generated. Regions of interest (ROIs) associated to specific components of verbal WM were defined based on the voxels' coordinates in Talairach space. Visual observation of the multi-subject activation maps showed similar activation patterns, and quantitative analysis showed small coefficients of variance of activation within ROIs over time, suggesting small longitudinal variability of activation. Visual observation of the activation maps of individual sessions demonstrated striking variation of activation across sessions and across subjects, and quantitative analysis demonstrated larger contribution from between-subject variation to overall variation than that from within-subject variation. We concluded that by multi-subject analysis of data from a relatively small number of subjects, reasonably reproducible activation for the 2-back verbal WM paradigm can be achieved. The level of reproducibility encourages the application of this fMRI paradigm to the evaluation of cognitive changes in future investigations. The quantitative estimation of the proportions of within-subject and between-subject variabilities in the overall variability may be helpful for the design of future studies.
Outstanding problems in Mars aeronomy

Although the Phobos-2 spacecraft recently obtained important results relevant to some of the major remaining questions in Mars aeronomy, much remains to be done. In particular, not since the Viking Landers have we made in-situ measurements of aeronomical quantities such as atmospheric and ionospheric densities and temperatures below 400 km altitude. We have never made magnetic field measurements at these altitudes. Without such measurements we cannot unambiguously resolve arguments concerning issues such as the significance of the planetary magnetic field in the solar wind interaction, or understand the atmospheric cycle that leads to escape to space. With the trio of future orbiters including Mars Observer, Mars-94, and Planet-B we should see a veritable explosion of new knowledge, but some gaps in aeronomical science coverage will still remain. This paper briefly reviews some of the major unsolved problems in Mars aeronomy, and points out which are expected to remain outstanding after this flotilla of missions.
Effects of depth on the feeding capabilities of two octocorals

Feeding abilities of Plexaura homomalla and P. nina were measured during a saturation dive in the underwater habitat Hydrolab at Salt River Canyon, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Feeding rates were measured as the number of Sephadex beads ingested by polyps exposed to a known density of beads for 15 min. At Salt River, P. homomalla is found above 20 m and P. nina below 20 m. Feeding abilities were measured in each species' own habitat. At both 17 and 29 m P. nina had greater feeding rates than P. homomalla. These differences can be attributed to P. nina's larger polyps. Feeding rates of both species tend to be lower at 29 m than at 17 m, but feeding rates of P. homomalla at 17 m are equal to those of P. nina at 29 m. Habitat related differences in feeding rates correlate with light availability, but the distribution pattern of P. nina and P. homomalla at Salt River cannot be explained by their heterotrophic and photoautotrophic abilities.
A STUDY OF BONE MINERALIZATION IN PATIENTS (Pts) WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

Although the centralized, aggressive treatment of pulmonary disease has prolonged the life expectancy of pts with CF, most of these pts., especially the older ones, are chronically ill. Undermineralization of their skeletal system is not unexpected. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the vertebrae is a new technique for assessing the trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) in the axial skeleton. The turnover rate of the trabecular bone is eight times greater than that of cortical bone, rendering QCT a highly sensitive method for measuring early metabolic changes. We measured the BMC in 66 pts with CF, (27 M, 39 F), age 3-48 yrs., and compared the results with 120 age-matched controls. Forty-four (23 M, 21 F) of the 66 (66.7%) were below the mean for their age. Twelve (4 M, 8 F) of the 66 (18.2%) were 2 SD below the mean. When the pts with low BMC were matched to their nutritional status, using Wt for Ht, tricep skin fold, and arm muscle area as criteria of their degree of malnurishment, there was a high correlation with each parameter. The reduced BMC's were, however, not found to be related with serum Ca or albumin levels. The BMC's of 22 pts (4 M, 18 F) in the present group were above the mean for their age-matched controls. None were 2 SD above the mean. The predominence of females (81.8%) in this group was quite surprising in that males with CF were known to do better than the females.
Urban interests and campaign contributions : Evidence from los angeles

ABSTRACT:Political activity is a key determinant of group influence in urban politics. This article examines a form of political activity often ignored by urban scholars, namely, campaign contributions. Using data from the 2001 Los Angeles municipal elections, I explore contributions from various urban interests. Because of its ability to overcome collective action problems, I expect business to be the main contributors, and among corporate interests, I expect development concerns to predominate. Although business contributes the vast majority of funds, contrary to expectations, land use interests are not the most active contributors, a spot reserved for professional concerns. As a whole, non-corporate interests, often allied against the business community, are as active or more active than many corporate contributors. And, in general, patterns of contributions reflect individual, rather than organizational, activity.
Strut Penetration: Local Complications, Breakthrough Pulmonary Embolism, and Retrieval Failure in Patients with Celect Vena Cava Filters

Abstract Purpose To investigate strut penetration in patients with Celect filters, specifically local complications and association with breakthrough pulmonary embolism (PE) or retrieval failure. Materials and Methods A retrospective single-center study was conducted to evaluate patients who received Celect filters between January 2007 and May 2013. A total of 595 filters were placed during the study period. Primary indications included thromboembolic disease (93%) and primary surgical prophylaxis (7%). Complications and retrieval data were assessed by computed tomography (CT) and electronic medical records. Results A total of 193 patients underwent follow-up abdominal CT at a mean follow-up interval of 176.2 days (range, 0–1,739 d). The rate of strut penetration more than 3 mm outside the caval wall was 28.5% (n = 55). One patient had CT evidence of clinically major strut penetration (1.8%) with strut compression of the right ureter causing hydronephrosis. Indwelling filter time longer than 100 days was associated with strut penetration ( P P = .51, P = .81, and P = .89). Sixty-three patients presented for follow-up CT pulmonary angiography at a mean of 128.1 days (range, 1–895 d). The rate of breakthrough PE was 12.7%. The overall retrieval success rate was 96.7% (n = 150). Strut penetration was not associated with breakthrough PE or retrieval failure ( P = .49 and P = .22). Conclusions Although strut penetration is a common complication with Celect filters, there is no association with breakthrough PE or retrieval failure. CT evidence of local complications associated with strut penetration is rare.
Receptor binding of transforming growth factor-β by human fetal adrenal cells

Abstract We have shown previously that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is antimitotic for human fetal adrenal (HFA) cells in vitro and that this effect can be partially blocked by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In the present study, we sought to determine whether ACTH might interfere with TGF-β1 action by means of reducing TGF-β1 binding to adrenal cells. We incubated adrenal cells with 50 pM 125I-labeled TGF-β1 for 15 min to 3 h at 4°C and found that the binding of 125I-labeled TGF-β1 increased with time and could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by non-labeled TGF-β1 (0.05–10 nM), but not with other relevant cytokines: IL6, TNFα, IGF-I, IGF-II, TGF-α, and EGR Pretreatment of HFA cells with ACTH (0.009–900 nM) for 4–24 h significantly increased specific 125I-labeled TGF -β1 binding compared to that in untreated cells; maximal increases in binding were achieved with 0.9 nM ACTH. This effect of ACTH could be mimicked by treatment of adrenal cells with dibutyryl CAMP (1 mM) or forskolin (10 μM). Scatchard analysis of data from ACTH-treated cells suggest the presence of two populations of TGF-β1 binding sites with different affinity and capacity of binding for the ligand. The high affinity sites had a Kd value of 9.5 × 10−10 M and a capacity of 5.4 × 104 sites/cell, while the low affinity binding structures had a Kd value of 4.7 × 10−8 M and were present in a concentration of 7.6 × 105 sites/cell. Up-regulation of TGF-β1 binding by ACTH or its agonists was not observed with cultured human fetal liver or kidney cells. Incubation of HFA cells with cytochalasin D, which causes such cells to round as also occurs with ACTH, had no effect on binding of TGF-β1. Upon cross-linking of the 125I-labeled TGF-β1 bound to HFA cells by sulfosuccinimidyl suberate followed by solubilization and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, we found TGF-β1 to be associated with three binding sites; the cross-linked complexes had apparent molecular weights of >205, 65 and 45 kDa. Pre-incubation of HFA cells with ACTH increased the binding of labeled TGF -β1 to all three molecular weight substances. In control and ACTH-treated HFA cells (fetal zone and neocortex) the predominant binder was the high molecular weight form. In contrast, the predominant form of TGF-β1 binding in kidney and liver cells had a cross-linked weight of approximately 66 kDa; there was little binding of TGF-β1 to the >205 kDa form. These results indicate that HFA cells have specific binding sites for TGF-β1 that are heterogenous in size. Since ACTH and other agonists of protein kinase A increased adrenal binding of TGF-β1, we suggest that ACTH reversal of TGF-β1 induced inhibition of adrenal growth is apparently not due to decreased binding of TGF-β1.
Mydriatics slow gastric emptying in preterm infants

Abstract Objective: Preterm infants are more likely to have episodes of abdominal distention, emesis, and gastric residuals 24 hours after their first screening examination for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) than on the day preceding the examination. Because these feeding problems reflect abnormalities in motor function, the purpose of this study was to compare antral and duodenal motor activity and gastric emptying in preterm infants before and after the instillation of mydriatics. Study design: Using a low compliance continuous perfusion manometric system, we recorded antral and duodenal fasting motor activity in 11 preterm infants before and after the instillation of mydriatics for their first screening examination for ROP. Gastric emptying was compared before and after the eye examination. Results: Although the number of antral motor contractions remained relatively constant throughout the study, duodenal motor contractions decreased nearly fourfold after the instillation of mydriatics versus that seen before (P
Influence of ambient gas pressure on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique in the parallel double-pulse configuration

Abstract Single-pulse and double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy experiments have been performed using two Nd:YAG lasers in the fundamental mode on a brass sample at different air pressures, ranging from 0.1 Torr to atmospheric conditions, in order to obtain information about the different ablation and plasma evolution processes in the different configurations. Neutral and ionized lines originated both by species deriving from the target and from the air environment were analysed. The temperature and electron density values were estimated in all the experimental conditions. A different behavior of the plasma emission versus the air pressure, in the case of lines deriving from the target, was observed in the single-pulse and double-pulse configurations, suggesting that the different environmental conditions in the first and the second laser ablation may be responsible in determining the plasma emission in the two cases. An interpretative model based on the cavity produced in air by the laser-induced shock wave, according to the Sedov theory of the blast wave expansion, was able to qualitatively describe the effects observed in single-pulse and double-pulse experiments. Besides, the influence of the interpulse delay time between the two laser pulses was explored in the range between 0 and 20 μs. The results, according to the model proposed, provide information on the plume evolution in the single-pulse and double-pulse configurations at different air pressures. In particular, different optimum interpulse delays were found for the observation of neutral lines and ionic lines.
Simulations of anisotropic grain growth: Efficient algorithms and misorientation distributions

Abstract An accurate and efficient algorithm, closely related to the level set method, is presented for the simulation of Mullins’s model of grain growth with arbitrarily prescribed surface energies. The implicit representation of interfaces allows for seamless transitions through topological changes. Well-resolved large-scale simulations are presented, beginning with over 650,000 grains in two dimensions and 64,000 grains in three dimensions. The evolution of the misorientation distribution function (MDF) is computed, starting from random and fiber crystallographic textures with Read–Shockley surface energies. Prior work had established that with random texture the MDF shows little change as the grain network coarsened whereas with fiber texture the MDF concentrates near zero misorientation. The lack of concentration about zero of the MDF in the random texture case has not been satisfactorily explained previously since this concentration would decrease the energy of the system. In this study, very-large-scale simulations confirm these previous studies. However, computations with a larger cut-off for the Read–Shockley energies and an affine surface energy show a greater tendency for the MDF to concentrate near small misorientations. This suggests that the reason the previous studies had observed little change in the MDF is kinetic in nature. In addition, patterns of similarly oriented grains are observed to form as the MDF concentrates.
Beam energy scaling of ion-induced electron yield from K impact on stainless steel

Electron clouds limit the performance of many major accelerators and storage rings. Significant quantities of electrons result when halo ions are lost to beam tubes, generating gas which can be ionized and ion-induced electrons that can multiply and accumulate, causing degradation or loss of the ion beam. In order to understand the physical mechanisms of ion-induced electron production, experiments studied the impact of 50 to 400 keV K{sup +} ions on stainless steel surfaces near grazing incidence, using the 500 kV Ion Source Test Stand (STS-500) at LLNL. The experimental electron yield scales with the electronic component (dE{sub e}/dx) of the stopping power and its angular dependence does not follow l/cos({theta}). A theoretical model is developed, using TRIM code to evaluate dE{sub e}/dx at several depths in the target, to estimate the electron yield, which is compared with the experimental results. The experiment extends the range of energy from previous works and the model reproduces the angular dependence and magnitude of the electron yield.
Relationship of colorectal cancer awareness and knowledge with colorectal cancer screening.

SUMMARY Aim: The aim was to describe the association of awareness and knowledge with participation in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Materials & methods: Telephone survey research was conducted with South Carolina (USA) residents aged 50–75 years using a 144-item instrument. Data were analyzed with SAS and Stata. Adjusted odds ratios are reported. Results: Respondents (n = 1302) had heard of CRC screening (96%) and exhibited high levels of CRC awareness and knowledge; only 74% had ever been screened. Higher levels of knowledge were associated with a greater likelihood of having ever been screened (odds ratio: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02–1.41; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Results showed high levels of awareness and knowledge, but modest participation in CRC. Transforming awareness and knowledge into CRC screening participation should be a priority.
Mechanism for Rapid Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Nanoparticles

Amphiphilic block copolymers in solution spontaneously self-assemble when the solvent quality for one block is selectively decreased. We demonstrate that, for supersaturation ratio changes [d(S)/dt] over 10(5) per second from equilibrium, nanoparticles are obtained with a formation mechanism and size dependent on the jumping rate and magnitude. The threshold rate for homogeneous precipitation is determined by the induction time of a particle, equivalent to the diffusion limited fusion of copolymer chains to form a corona of overlapping soluble brushes. Via determination of the induction time with a novel confined impinging jets mixer and use of a scaling relation, the interfacial free energy of a block copolymer nanoparticle was measured for the first time.
Crystallization processes in the Rocky Hill granodiorite Pluton, California: An interpretation based on compositional zoning of plagioclase

The Rocky Hill Pluton was chosen for study of plagioclase zoning because it has an apparently simple geometry and one-stage emplacement history, documented by Putman and Alfors (1969). The pluton is divided texturally into a hypidiomorphic granular rim fades and porphyritic core facies, both comprising zoned plagioclase phenocrysts averaging 2–4 mm in diameter. Major features of compositional zoning profiles of plagioclase were found to be consistent within a sample, showing resorbed core regions followed by a sharp drop of ca. 10% An to a plateau region, and ending with normal zoning. The width of the plateau region is narrow in samples near the pluton rim but increases systematically toward the pluton core, and the outer part of the plateau develops reverse zoning in the core facies. A review of the effects of pressure, water content of the melt, and temperature on equilibrium and disequilibrium crystallization processes concludes that only variations of temperature and water content during disequilibrium crystallization of plagioclase phenocrysts can produce the observed zoning patterns. Experimental data suggest that the trend toward finer grain size toward the interior of the pluton may be due to increasing water content rather than due to increasing cooling rate. The compositional zoning of plagioclase and textural variations in the pluton can be explained by a model in which the pluton crystallized by migration of a partly crystalline “mush zone” inward from the edge of the plutonic chamber while convection within the residual magma: (1) redistributed water excluded from the mush zone and (2) slowed the cooling rate of the mush zone. The reverse zoning of plagioclase growing in the convecting magma changed to normal zoning after capture in the mush zone because the cooling rate increased and water was removed. Comparison of the results from our study of Rocky Hill with published descriptions of plutons and experimental and theoretical studies of crystallization processes leads to the conclusions that: (1) convection is an active process during the crystallization of many plutons, causing redistribution of mainly water and heat in silicic ones but differentiating other components in intermediate ones; (2) most of the crystallization of granitic rocks may occur in a “mush zone” or static boundary layer between the solid boundary and convecting inner magma body; (3) water content may be an important factor controlling grain size; (4) reverse zoning of plagioclase may be more typical of plagioclase grown under slowly-cooled conditions than “normal” zoning; and (5) variations of plagioclase zoning in plutons can provide useful information on crystallization processes.
High stakes: United States–China trade disputes under the World Trade Organization

This paper examines United States (US)-China trade disputes under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and argues that both countries are increasingly resorting to the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism to target issues of most critical concern to their respective domestic constituencies. While the United States’ WTO complaints against China tend to challenge Chinese industrial policy, cases involving anti-dumping and countervailing duties dominate China’s WTO disputes against the United States. In addition, the significant expansion of bilateral trade relations in the past decades has provided opportunities for Chinese leaders to identify or to threaten retaliation against anti-protectionist groups in the United States in order to mobilize them against the disputed measure. Overall, United States–China trade disputes under the WTO increasingly reflect a distinctive political logic whereby domestic political considerations not only figure prominently in the decision to launch WTO disputes, but also frequently influence the way the dispute is played out either within or outside of the WTO framework.
Solid solution intra-rare-earth alloys: A review of alloying behavior and structure

Abstract A review of the alloying behavior of intra-rare-earth alloys is presented. Intra-rare-earth binary alloy systems may be divided into three groups: 1. (1) alloy systems which exhibit complete solid solubility; 2. (2) alloy systems which exhibit phase separation at lower temperatures; 3. (3) alloy systems which follow the same sequence of close-packed phases across their binary phase diagrams as is found across the lanthanide series in the Periodic Table of the elements. This review concentrates on the third class of binary systems. The experimental work on these alloys is discussed and the several proposed explanations for the stacking sequences of close-packed planes across the lanthanide series and in the intra-rare-earth alloys are reviewed.
Neutrons: The Kinder, Gentler Probe of Condensed Matter

Neutrons play an increasingly important role in the characterization of advanced modern materials. They provide information that complements rather than competes with that provided by other scattering probes. Although neutrons require heroic efforts to produce, the techniques for using them are not particularly difficult, and with the advent of sufficient user friendly facilities, are becoming a routine tool in the arsenal of expanding numbers of materials scientists. 10 refs., 5 figs.
A Tabular Review of Tunneling Spectroscopy

Abstract A tabular review of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) for the period 1968 to September, 1982 with 283 references is presented. The present work is intended to serve as a general guide for locating papers concerning the principal topics encountered in tunneling spectroscopy.
Rhabdomyolysis associated with cocaine abuse

There have been recent reports of rhabdomyolysis associated with cocaine abuse. The pathologic findings from these cases have not been described. Pathologic abnormalities in two fatalities with cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis, including one with hyperpyrexia, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, are discussed in detail. Skeletal muscle in both cases showed necrosis without evidence of vasculitis, polarizable foreign crystals, or other specific lesions. The individual with renal failure showed acute tubular necrosis with granular myoglobin casts in tubules. The mechanism of cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis is unclear, but potentially includes ischemia due to vasoconstriction, direct toxicity, hyperpyrexia, and increased muscle activity from agitation or seizure. Adulterants may also play a role. In unexplained cases of rhabdomyolysis, toxicologic evidence of cocaine should be sought. In those cases of rhabdomyolysis associated with acute renal failure, the presence of cocaine in blood may be prolonged because of impaired renal clearance.
CLONING OF CUTINASE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1, A TRANSACTIVATING PROTEIN CONTAINING CYS6ZN2 BINUCLEAR CLUSTER DNA-BINDING MOTIF

Hydroxy fatty acids from plant cutin were shown previously to induce the expression of the cutinase gene via a palindromic sequence located at -159 base pairs of the cutinase gene in Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Nectria hematococca mating type VI). Of the two overlapping palindromes in this sequence, palindrome 2 was found to be essential for the inducibility of cutinase by hydroxy fatty acids. Screening of a phage expression library with the concatenated palindrome 2 as probe detected a distinct cDNA clone encoding a polypeptide designated cutinase transcription factor 1alpha (CTF1alpha) with a calculated molecular weight of 101,109. This protein contains a Cys6Zn2 binuclear cluster motif sharing homology to the Cys6Zn2 binuclear cluster DNA-binding domains of transcription factors from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, and A. flavus. CTF1alpha, expressed in Escherichia coli, showed specific binding to the palindrome 2 DNA fragment but not to palindrome 1 or mutant palindrome 2 DNA fragments, suggesting specific binding of CTF1alpha to palindrome 2. When CTF1alpha was expressed as a fusion protein with the nuclear localization sequence of SV40 in yeast, it transactivated the native cutinase promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene. Mutation of palindrome 2 but not palindrome 1 abolished this transactivation. Thus, CTF1alpha positively acts in vivo by binding selectively to palindrome 2 of the cutinase gene promoter.
Two-Stage Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system is a complex process. In a typical growth mechanism, the process includes the nucleation stage, the growth stage, and the termination stage. However, most nanotube growth experiments were performed under identical growth conditions for different stages. Here, a two-stage growth process is studied with different growth environments at the nucleation stage and growth stage. Priming the catalysts with carbonaceous species is treated as a wholly separate process from nanotube growth throughout this work. The optimum conditions for these two stages are found to be different. Conditions that give a high yield of active catalysts will cause impurities to cover the catalysts and halt growth. Similarly, conditions that allow prolonged growth of nanotubes will fail to activate all of the catalysts, resulting in low overall yield. The yield of carbon nanotube growth by CVD can be significantly improved by using a higher carbon feeding rate in the nucleation stage followed by lower carbon feeding rate for continued growth.
Public speaking performance improvement as a function of information processing in immediate and delayed feedback interventions

Treatments of performance feedback in the communication literature have generally focused on the pragmatic advantages of such systems while remaining uncritical of the information processing context in which such instructional interventions are employed. Communication theorists have distinguished between tasks that require conscious deliberation and tasks that are executed automatically. In the present study, the efficacy of using immediate and delayed feedback in generating improvement on a subsequent performance, for tasks which vary in information processing requirements, was examined. Analyses indicate that immediate feedback intervention is more effective when automatic processing occurs while delayedfeedback produces greater change with tasks involving deliberative and effortful processing. Interpretation of the findings, in light of extant theory and research, is provided.
AlGaSb/GaSb metal-semiconductor-metal detectors grown on InP substrates

Al0.5Ga0.5Sb/GaSb metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) detectors have been prepared on semi-insulating InP substrates. The molecular beam epitaxially grown samples on differently orientated substrates exhibit different types of conductivity. The Schottky barrier height between Al and Al0.5Ga0.5Sb grown on (311)B oriented substrates is 0.6 eV, while the Al contacts on (100) sample exhibit ohmic behavior. The results show that the Sb- deficiency related p-type native defect density is significantly reduced in the samples grown on (311)B oriented substrates. The 3-dB device response bandwidth is about 1 GHz at room temperature and beyond 10 GHz at 77 K.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Suicidal ideation among urban medical outpatients.

The prevalence of current suicidal ideation among urban primary care outpatients was assessed, and suicidal and non-suicidal patients were compared with regard to their demographic characteristics and their attitudes toward mental health screening. Twenty (3.3%) patients reported having thoughts of killing themselves. The patients who had suicidal ideation were significantly younger and more frequently divorced. Almost all (97.6%) of the patients indicated that their physicians should inquire about emotional health issues at some time, and the suicidal patients were nonsignificantly more likely to recommend inquiry about psychiatric symptoms at every visit (55.0% vs 37.0%, p<0.11). Only half of the suicidal patients reported lifetime histories of mental health treatment. The majority (70.2%) of the patients believed that it would be easy to discuss mental health problems with their medical physicians. Among the patients who had previously received psychiatric treatment, the suicidal patients were nearly three times more likely to anticipate that it would be difficult or very difficult to talk to their physicians about psychiatric problems. In contrast, among the patients who had no history of mental health treatment, there was no association between suicidal ideation and anticipated discomfort in talking with their physicians about emotional health.
ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF AN IMPACTED ELASTIC PLATE

In [1], the dynamic response of an impacted elastic plate is analysed. Using the method in [1] is on condition that impacting body is rigid and the relation between impact reacting force and partial deformation is known. In this paper, simulate formula of impact reacting force function is presented. Without assumption of impacting body, dynamic response in impact procedure is considered, avoiding the problem of partial deformation. Because of analysis by law of momentum conservation, impulse theorem, dynamic differential equation and numerical method, the method in this paper is more suitable for application. Examples of the application are given. In precision, solution in this paper is identical with known correct solution.
Foreign book dealers and collection development

Abstract Since it is frequently 15–25% cheaper to purchase a title through a supplier in the country of origin, American librarians should strive for maximum understanding of the ways in which foreign bookdealers operate. The author, a former emplyee of Otto Harrassowitz in Wiesbaden, West Germany, details that firm's operations in order to point out many of the fundamental points and assumptions involved in the relationship between American libraries and European booksellers.
Laboratory Experiments on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Sands with Dispersed Rock Particles

Many natural and engineered soil deposits are composite materials made of a soil matrix and dispersed large rock particles. Very little is known about the hydraulic conductivity of sand-rock mixtures. In the present study, the hydraulic conductivity of sand with dispersed large particles of gravel was obtained using hydraulic conductivity tests. The results of the experimental investigations indicated that the percentage by weight and the size of the dispersed rock particles had a large influence on the hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures. It was determined that as the percentage by weight and the size of the rock particles increased in the mixtures, the hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures decreased.
Sensitive capillary-based on-column detection method by laser wave mixing

Laser wave-mixing spectroscopy is presented as a simple, sensitive, on-column detection method for capillary electrophoresis. The use of a single focusing lens to focus and mix two input beams significantly simplifies the optical alignment requirement of this nonlinear laser method. High signal collection efficiency allows excellent detection sensitivity for both fluorescing and non-fluorescing analytes, since the signal is a sharp coherent beam. This laser detection method can be conveniently interfaced to capillary-based separation systems since it offers small detector probe volumes, efficient use of short excitation or absorption path lengths, efficient use of low laser power levels available from small, compact, inexpensive laser sources, and inherently narrower peak widths (i.e., squared Gaussian). Potential applications include sensitive detection of biomolecules, either labeled or in their native forms, using appropriate excitation wavelengths. Furthermore, laser wave-mixing detection can be used also in the indirect detection mode where the solvent or the buffer system yields a baseline signal, and non-absorbing analytes can be measured indirectly in the form of negative peaks.
Comparison of two theorists on care: Orem and Leininger

Dorothea Orem and Madeleine Leininger are two nursing scholars who are contributing significantly to the body of nursing knowledge. This paper contrasts their backgrounds, the origins of their theories, their views of the nature of nursing, use of theory deveiopment strategies, and contributions to nursing science. The concepts of Leininger's care and Orem's self-care will be compared as these relate to their theories with the examination of similarities and differences.
Mesoscopic approach to granular crystal dynamics.

We present a mesoscopic approach to granular crystal dynamics, which comprises a three-dimensional finite-element model and a one-dimensional regularized contact model. The approach investigates the role of vibrational-energy trapping effects in the dynamic behavior of one-dimensional chains of particles in contact (i.e., granular crystals), under small to moderate impact velocities. The only inputs of the models are the geometry and the elastic material properties of the individual particles that form the system. We present detailed verification results and validate the model comparing its predictions with experimental data. This approach provides a physically sound, first-principle description of dissipative losses in granular systems.
An Estimate for Ideals in H∞(D)

In light of Treil’s negative solution to an ideal problem of T. Wolff, we improve on a theorem of Cegrell concerning membership in certain ideals in H ∞(D).
A Rare Case of Renal Recovery in a Young Patient with Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an uncommon hematologic malignancy accounting for 1% of all malignancies. Renal involvement is a common complication of MM. Rapid intervention to reverse renal dysfunction may be critical for management, especially in patients with light chain cast nephropathy. Recovery rate ranges from 5% to 15%. We describe an atypical presentation of MM in a young patient who presented with severe renal insufficiency requiring renal replacement therapy and achieved complete renal recovery with chemotherapy.