cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decomposing Intergenerational Income Elasticity: The Gender-differentiated Contribution of Capital Transmission in Rural Philippines

Summary Using longitudinal data from rural Philippines, we decompose intergenerational income elasticity (IGE) into five distinct pathways: intergenerational transmissions of health, education, land, and spouse education capital, plus residual correlation in productivity. Intergenerational human capital transmissions from mothers are stronger than those from fathers; maternal education is the parental capital most strongly associated with IGE. While naive IGE estimates are indistinguishable for sons and daughters, the pathways that generate these results differ strikingly. For sons, IGE is entirely explained by parent-to-child capital transmission. By contrast, strong income correlation exists between daughters and parents even after controlling for parent and child capital endowments.
Institutional and Promotional Newspaper Advertising Practices in the US Apparel Retailing Industry from 1971 to 1991

This study examines advertising as a communication factor of store image to determine if the types of retail advertisements and the focus of advertisements by store type have changed over the years. US retail and advertising industries have evolved from the economic and social conditions of the 1970s and 1980s. Results of this study are explained in context of these changes.A content analysis of 24,754 retail advertisements indicated changes in the percentage and the focus of institutional advertising over the twenty-year period. Findings indicated that there was an increase in the use of institutional advertising in retail marketing strategies. The focus of these advertisements was specific to store type, and changes did occur over time. These findings extend store image theory by exploring retailers' advertising strategies that reflected economic and social cues thought to influence consumer perceptions.
Acceleration of galactic supershells by Lyα radiation

Scattering of Lyα photons by neutral hydrogen gas in a single outflowing 'supershell' around star-forming regions often explains the shape and offset of the observed Lyα emission line from galaxies. We compute the radiation pressure that is exerted by this scattered Lyα radiation on the outflowing material. We show that for reasonable physical parameters, Lyα radiation pressure alone can accelerate supershells to velocities in the range v sh = 200-400 km s ―1 . These supershells possibly escape from the gravitational potential well of their host galaxies and contribute to the enrichment of the intergalactic medium. We compute the physical properties of expanding supershells that are likely to be present in a sample of known high-redshift (z = 2.7-5.0) galaxies, under the assumption that they are driven predominantly by Lyα radiation pressure. We predict ranges of radii r sh = 0.1-10 kpc, ages t sh = 1-100 Myr and energies E sh = 10 53 ―10 55 erg, which are in reasonable agreement with the properties of local galactic supershells. Furthermore, we find that the radius, r sh , of a Lyα-driven supershell of constant mass depends uniquely on the intrinsic Lyα luminosity of the galaxy, L α , the H I column density of the supershell, N HI , and the shell speed, v sh , through the scaling relation r sh α L α /(N HI v2 sh ). We derive mass outflow rates in supershells that reach ∼10―100 per cent of the star formation rates of their host galaxies.
Comparison of the 1-gram [14C]xylose, 10-gram lactulose-H2, and 80-gram glucose-H2 breath tests in patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth.

Abstract The sensitivity of three breath tests (1-g [ 14 C]xylose, 10-g lactulose-H 2 , and 80-g g!ucose-H 2 ) was studied in 20 subjects with culture-documented small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Elevated breath 14 CO 2 levels were seen within 30 min of [ 14 C]xylose administration in 19 of 20 subjects with bacterial overgrowth and 0 of 10 controls. In contrast, H 2 breath tests demonstrated (a) uninterpretable tests [absence of H 2 -generating bacteria]in 2 of 20 subjects with bacteria]overgrowth and 1 of 10 controls and (b) nondiagnostic increases in H 2 production in 3 of 18 glucose-H 2 and 7 of 18 lactulose-H 2 breath tests in subjects with bacterial overgrowth. These findings (a) demonstrate continued excellent reliability of the 1-g [ 14 C]xylose breath test as a diagnostic test for bacterial overgrowth, (b) indicate inadequate sensitivity of H 2 breath tests in detecting bacterial overgrowth, and (c) suggest the need for evaluation of a 13 CO 2 breath test having the same characteristics as the [ 14 C]xylose test (avidly absorbed substrate having minimal contact with the colonic flora]for nonradioactive breath detection of bacterial overgrowth in children and reproductive-age women.
Molecular imaging with sum-frequency generation microscopy

We present an overview of the recent developments and biological imaging applications of sum-frequency generation (SFG) microscopy.
Mouse Models of Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is a component of many interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic, progressive disease for which there is currently no effective therapy. Bleomycin has been widely used in rodents to model pulmonary fibrosis for the study of mechanisms involved in fibrogenesis and for evaluation of potential therapies. Bleomycin induces DNA strand breaks, resulting in pulmonary inflammation, injury, and subsequent interstitial fibrosis. This unit describes methods for delivering bleomycin, either directly into the lung or systemically, to create models of pulmonary fibrosis in rodents. Also described is a rapid and easy procedure for measuring lung collagen content to quantify the severity of fibrosis.
Power of tests for some process capability indices

Process capability indices CPU,CPL,and Cpk have been used to measure the capability of a process. Tests on determining thecapability of a process are presented.Critical values are given in order to determine whether a process is capable.For a given sample size and a given significance level,the power of each test is considered.Tables for critical values andpower values are also presented
Substrate Effect on 2,3-Butylene Glycol Production by Rhizopus nigricans and Penicillium expansum

Rhizopus nigricans and Penicillium expansum produced 2,3-butylene glycol which accumulated in natural and artificial media with time. Mycelial mats of P. expansum decreased the quantity of a diacetyl substrate and converted part of this substrate into acetylmethylcarbinol (AMC) and 2,3-butylene glycol. Mycelial mats of P. expansum also decreased AMC substrate with the formation of 2,3-butylene glycol. 2,3-Butylene glycol decreased slightly during incubation with the fungal mat. The formation of AMC was suppressed significantly by cysteine and ascorbic acid.
T-Box Genes

T-box genes comprise a family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of a conserved DNA-binding domain. T-box genes are found in all metazoans from diploblasts to humans and mutations in humans have been linked to several congenital disorders. The mouse has been used as a model system to understand the function of these genes, in turn helping to understand the disorders caused in humans.
PRESS-LAM TIMBERS FOR EXPOSED STRUCTURES

Parallel Laminated Veneer (PLV) products are manufactured by adhesive bonding of rotary-peeled veneer. It has been estimated that a production line PLV process could convert green logs into a finished structural laminate in less than an hour. Press-Lam, a PLV product under investigation at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, has exhibited decreases in variability of mechanical properties and increases in chemical preservative penetration and retention when compared to solid-sawn lumber. A prototype highway bridge entirely of Press-Lam has been erected by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. This bridge was field-tested to its AASHTO HS-20 design load. Preliminary allowable stresses were determined by data obtained from destructive laboratory tests on 18 full-scale stringers and 10 sections of decking made from Douglas-fir Press-Lam. In the face of dwindling supplies of large structural timbers, PLV products are attractive alternatives for exposed structural applications.
Capillary Force and Water Retention between Two Uneven-Sized Particles

Capillary force and water retention between two uneven-sized spherical particles are investigated. Previous studies have been limited to systems with even-sized particles. The appropriate definition of the boundary value problem for a water lens between two uneven-sized particles is presented under the consideration of thermodynamic free energy at the microscopic level. Capillary force and water retention under the consideration of toroidal approximation are also derived for a system with two uneven-sized particles. Com- parison of normalized capillary force and water retention calculated by the free energy approach and toroidal approximation are con- ducted. The quantitative analysis shows that for a system with two identical particles, the behavior of water retention and normalized capillary force is very similar to some recent studies by others, confirming that the toroidal approximation provides reasonably good estimations for both capillary force and water retention. For a system with uneven-sized particles, it is shown that error in normalized capillary force could be significant as the matric suction approaches zero and the particle sizes become very different. The errors for the mean curvature of the meniscus for the toroidal approximation are significant where the matric suction is near zero. Thus for soils with varying particle sizes, it may be necessary to employ the exact solution to meniscus shape in order to accurately quantify normalized capillary force and water retention. The induced normalized capillary force increases inversely with the particle size, and is generally insensitive to the water content. For soil assembly with particle size of 0.01 mm, the normalized capillary force could reach 10 kPa, whereas for soil assembly with particle size of 1 mm, the normalized capillary force is on the order of 100 Pa.
Validation and diagnostic efficacy of a lipase assay using the substrate 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(6' methyl resorufin)-ester for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs.

Background: Increased serum lipase activity has been used historically to support the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, a common disease in dogs. Most of the lipase assays that are currently in use lack optimum sensitivity and specificity. Objective: The objectives of this study were to 1) validate the 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) assay for determination of lipase activity in canine serum and 2) compare results, reference intervals, sensitivity, and specificity of the DGGR assay with a standard 1,2-diglyceride (1,2 DiG) assay for diagnosing acute pancreatitis in dogs. Methods: Precision, linearity, and interference studies were performed for method validation on a Hitachi 911 analyzer. Lipase results from the DGGR and 1,2 DiG assays were compared by linear regression analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic efficacy were determined for both assays on a population of 30 dogs, 15 of which had acute pancreatitis based on history, clinical signs, and ultrasound findings. Results: Within-run and within-day coefficients of variation (CVs) were low (<3%), with higher day-to-day CVs (less than or equal to 14 %). The assay was linear between 8 and 2792 U/L. No significant interference by hemolysis and lipemia was found. Poor correlation was found between the assays (r(s) = 0.84). The lipase reference interval was 8-120 U/L for the DGGR assay and 30-699 U/L for the 1,2 DiG assay. Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis were 93% and 53%, respectively, for the DGGR assay and 60% and 73% for the 1,2 DiG assay. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed similar areas under the curve. Conclusions: On the basis of this study, the DGGR method is considered adequate for assaying serum lipase activity in dogs. The high sensitivity of the DGGR assay suggests it may be a useful screening test for canine pancreatitis.
Visual cognition in amnesic H.M.: Selective deficits on the What's-Wrong-Here and Hidden-Figure tasks

Two experiments compared the visual cognition performance of amnesic H.M. and memory-normal controls matched for age, background, intelligence, and education. In Experiment 1 H.M. exhibited deficits relative to the controls in detecting “erroneous objects” in complex visual scenes—for example, a bird flying inside a fishbowl. In Experiment 2 H.M. exhibited deficits relative to the controls in standard Hidden-Figure tasks when detecting unfamiliar targets but not when detecting familiar targets—for example, circles, squares, and right-angle triangles. H.M.’s visual cognition deficits were not due to his well-known problems in explicit learning and recall, inability to comprehend or remember the instructions, general slowness, motoric difficulties, low motivation, low IQ relative to the controls, or working-memory limitations. Parallels between H.M.’s selective deficits in visual cognition, language, and memory are discussed. These parallels contradict the standard “systems theory” account of H.M.’s conditi...
Unusual field phenomena associated with majority-carrier injection from a point contact

Abstract In planar-flow, one-carrier injection situations the electric field intensity always increases monotically from the injecting to the egressing electrode and the sign of the excess, injected charge is the same throughout the solid. In point-contact injection situations radically different properties may obtain. Through the presence of traps in the solid (either deep traps or traps distributed in energy) the electric field can have three extrema between point and collector. Further, if there is drift-velocity saturation there can be a region of free-carrier depletion in the bulk, removed from either electrode (whether or not there are traps in the solid). Both of these unusual phenomena are demonstrated analytically and appropriate numerical examples are provided.
Physiologic aspects of intravascular clotting.

Abstract Various physiologic aspects of the tendency toward intravascular clotting have been presented. The discussion includes comments on the lack of methods for anticipating intravascular clotting; the mechanism of blood coagulation; the effects of physical factors, drugs and endocrine influences on the clotting mechanism; the increased tendency to thrombosis in certain clinical states; the influence of lipids on the clotting mechanism; and the possible relation of formation and dissolution of clots to atherogenesis.
Trajectories of growth in body mass index across childhood: Associations with maternal and paternal employment

Abstract Research links mothers’ employment to higher body mass index (BMI), a measure of weight-for-height, among their children. However, how maternal employment patterns relate to their children’s BMI trajectories, and the role that fathers’ employment plays in when and at what rate children grow, remain unclear. With data on children from 2 to 15 years of age living in two-parent families from the U.S. NICHD’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1107), individual growth models are used to describe American children’s BMI trajectories as predicted by maternal and paternal employment characteristics. Results indicate that, by age 15, children’s BMIs are, on average, nearly one-half of a standard deviation above recommended levels, and the majority of growth occurs during the preschool period. The duration of maternal employment, and combined measures of maternal and paternal employment duration, are both associated with higher child BMI across childhood. Associations are small but cumulative. Notably, the association between the duration of time children lived in dual-earner families and child BMI is larger than that between maternal employment duration alone and children’s BMI, which is strongest during the preschool period. Combined measures of maternal and paternal employment intensity, defined as the number of periods both parents worked 35 or more hours per week, are associated with higher child BMI during the preschool period only. Findings highlight the importance of taking into account both parents’ employment characteristics in investigating children’s physical development.
Adaptive-coordinate real-space electronic-structure calculations for atoms, molecules, and solids

We report the development of a real-space approach to electronic-structure calculations which utilizes adaptive curvilinear coordinates. A regular real-space mesh would be desirable from computational considerations because it produces a sparse, local, and highly structured Hamiltonian, which enables the effective use of iterative numerical methods and parallel-computer architectures. However, a regular real-space mesh has equal resolution everywhere. This results in an inefficient distribution of mesh points, since actual physical systems are inhomogeneous. To remedy this inherent inefficiency without losing the computational advantages of a regular mesh, we use a {ital regular} mesh in {ital curvilinear} coordinates, which is mapped by a change of coordinates to an {ital adaptive} mesh in {ital Cartesian} coordinates. We discuss in detail the choices involved in the implementation of the method, including the form and optimization of the coordinate transformation, the expression for the discretized Laplacian, the regularization of the ionic potential for all-electron calculations, the method of calculating the forces, and the algorithms used. Band-structure calculations have been implemented by adding a phase shift at periodic boundary conditions. We report all-electron calculations for atoms and molecules with 1s and 2p valence electrons, and pseudopotential calculations for molecules and solids. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital Themore » American Physical Society}« less
Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine

Abstract Data from seismic-reflection profiles, sidescan sonar images, and sediment samples reveal the Holocene depositional history of the large (1100 km 2 ) glaciated Penobscot Bay estuary of coastal Maine. Previous work has shown that the late Wisconsinan ice sheet retreated from the three main passages of the bay between 12,700 and 13,500 years ago and was accompanied by a marine transgression during which ice and sea were in contact. Isostatic recovery of the crust caused the bay to emerge during the immediate postglacial period, and relative sea level fell to at least −40 m sometime between 9000 and 11,500 years ago. During lowered sea level, the ancestral Penobscot River flowed across the subaerially exposed head of the bay and debouched into Middle Passage. Organic-matter-rich mud from the river was deposited rapidly in remnant, glacially scoured depressions in the lower reaches of Middle and West Passages behind a shallow (⩽20 m water depth) bedrock sill across the bay mouth. East Passage was isolated from the rest of the bay system and received only small amounts of locally derived fine-grained sediments. During the Holocene transgression that accompanied the eustatic rise of sea level, the locus of sedimentation shifted to the head of the bay. Here, heterogeneous fluvial deposits filled the ancestral valley of the Penobscot River as base level rose, and the migrating surf zone created a gently dipping erosional unconformity, marked by a thin ( During and since the late Holocene transgression of sea level, waves and currents have eroded, reworked, and redistributed Holocene sediments: (1) atop the shallow margins; (2) within constricted channels; (3) around topographic highs; and (4) over the shallow bedrock sill at the bay mouth. The variable distribution, characteristics, and thickness (0 to more than 30 m) of Holocene deposits in Penobscot Bay primarily reflect: (1) the irregular glacially eroded bedrock topography beneath the bay; (2) the paleogeography of the bay during the sea-level lowstand; (3) the postglacial location of the ancestral Penobscot River; and (4) the wave and current regime during and since the Holocene sea-level transgression.
Fiber-knob modifications enhance adenoviral tropism and gene transfer in malignant glioma.

Background Malignant gliomas remain refractory to Ad5-mediated gene therapy due to deficiency of the coxsackie adenovirus receptor on tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether changes in adenoviral tropism can enhance gene transfer in the context of malignant glioma. Methods We have identified several receptors that are over-expressed on tumor cells and created a series of pseudotyped Ad5 vectors that recognize these receptors: Ad5-RGD which binds αvβ3/αvβ5 integrins; Ad5/3 which contains adenovirus serotype 3 knob and binds to CD46; Ad5-Sigma which incorporates the reovirus sigma knob and binds to junctional adhesion molecule-1; and Ad5-pk7 which contains the polylysine motif and binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans. We also investigated the Ad5-CAV1 vector, which contains the knob of canine adenovirus type 1, a virus previously shown to infect glioma via an unknown mechanism. In this study, we compared these modified vectors for their ability to promote the expression of luciferase transgene both in vitro and in vivo. Results Our results indicate that all five modified vectors attained higher mean luciferase activity vs. control. Among them, Ad5-CAV1 and Ad5-pk7 attained the highest transduction efficiency independent of different tumor lines or infection time. Ad5-Sigma and Ad5-pk7 also demonstrated the least nonspecific infection in normal human astrocytes. Most importantly, Ad5-pk7 achieved 1000-fold increased transgene expression in human glioma xenografts in vivo. Conclusions These results indicate that modifications of adenoviral tropism can enhance gene transfer in tumors that are poorly susceptible to adenoviral vectors and warrant further development of Ad5-pk7 for glioma gene therapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radial Velocities of M Giants at 300 PC Projected Radius from the Galactic Center

We present radial velocities for 33 stars in an optically obscured field toward the Galactic bulge at l=-1.14°, b=1.81°. The radial velocities are derived from spectra of the 2.3 µm CO bandhead that is prominent in late type giants. The heliocentric radial velocity and velocity dispersion are -75 ± 24 km s-1 and 127 ± 16 km s-1 respectively. Comparison to the axisymmetric mass model of Kent (1992) shows good agreement with the velocity dispersion, but there is some evidence (at the 2.1 σ level) for a more negative mean velocity. The more negative mean velocity is suggestive of streaming motion in a rotating barred potential such as derived by Binney et al. (1991).
Dynamics Analysis of Self-Steering Railway Trucks for Assessing Curving Performance

The primary purpose of this study is to provide a qualitative analysis of the dynamics of the self-steering trucks that are commonly used for freight locomotives on improving curving performance and increasing adhesion in curves. Although there are a number of anecdotal statements on the ability of steerable trucks to reduce curving forces and increase adhesion in curves, to the best of our knowledge, there exists no study that provides a qualitative or quantitative analysis of these features of steerable trucks. Two aspects of locomotive trucks are essential for their ability to deliver small curving forces and high adhesion in curves. First, the ability to allow the axles to yaw sufficiently relative to the truck frames, such that they can hold a small angle of attack with the rail. Second, to provide sufficiently large longitudinal stiffness between the end axles and the axles and truck frame, in order to accommodate high adhesions. An equivalent stiffness analysis is used to show that the two steerable trucks that are considered for this study are far superior to conventional, three-axle, straight trucks in providing both a smaller angle of attack and a higher longitudinal stiffness for better curving and adhesion characteristics. The qualitative analysis of this study agrees with the experience the railroads have had with their self-steering trucks. The findings of this study indicate that self-steering trucks can result in lower lateral forces, accommodate tighter curves, and deliver higher adhesion in curves; without lowering the critical hunting speed of the locomotive. The results further show that the steering mechanism stiffness can have a large effect on the lateral, longitudinal, and yaw stiffness between the end axles; therefore, significantly lowering curving forces, and increasing adhesion and critical hunting speed of the truck.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Diagnostic Test Cases for Verifying Surface Heat Transfer Algorithms and Boundary Conditions in Building Energy Simulation Programs

Verification and validation are crucial in developing and implementing models. Although there are standards to test energy simulation software, this article describes an additional set of eight test cases that are a combination of analytical cases and numerical cases for solid conduction heat transfer. These tests focus on diagnosing and verifying conductive heat transfer algorithms and boundary conditions in building envelopes or fabrics. As an example, EnergyPlus versions 5, 6 and 7 are tested using these eight test cases. The test cases were useful for detecting several bugs in the code. The authors recommend these test cases as useful complements to existing verification test cases for building envelopes.
Subsurface Enhancement through Sparse Representations of Multispectral Direct/Global Decomposition

Direct-Global separation is a powerful result from the graphics/vision community. In this paper, we utilize multispectral global-direct decomposition with a sparse-coding algorithm. Our results are presented in the context of enhancing sub-surface features.
Enhanced Stability of Gas-Phase Dimer Molecules of Group I Metal Acetates Deduced from Direct-Exposure Probe Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra

A common feature of the positive- and negativeion mass spectra of metal carboxylates measured with the use of different ionization methods is the prevalence of cluster ions composed of the metal (M) and the anion (A). Positive cluster ions consist of(n + 1) singly charged positive metal ions bound to n anions. Negative cluster ions consist of n metal ions and (n + 1) anions. For mass spectra recorded from metal acetates, we have previously shown that the types and intensities of the cluster ions change with different pressures and temperatures of a chemical ionization source, and that a wider variety of cluster ions can be created under controlled chemical ionization conditions than has been observed in previous electron ionization and field desorption mass spectrometric studies.
PDZ interaction sites in integrin alpha subunits. T14853, TIP/GIPC binds to a type I recognition sequence in alpha 6A/alpha 5 and a novel sequence in alpha 6B.

We used published peptide library data to identify PDZ recognition sequences in integrin α subunit cytoplasmic domains and found that the α6A and α5subunits contain a type I PDZ binding site (TSDA*) (asterisk indicates the stop codon). The α6A cytoplasmic domain was used for screening a two-hybrid library to find interacting proteins. The bulk of the captured cDNAs (60%) coded for TIP-2/GIPC, a cytoplasmic protein with one PDZ domain. The interaction of TIP-2/GIPC with different integrin subunits was tested in two-hybrid and in vitro binding assays. Surprisingly, TIP-2/GIPC bound strongly to the C terminus of both α6A and α6B, although the α6B sequence (ESYS*) is not suggestive of a PDZ binding site because of its polar C-terminal residue. For high affinity interaction with TIP-2/GIPC, at least one of the residues at positions –1 and –3 must be negatively charged. An aliphatic residue at position 0 increases the affinity of but is not required for this interaction. The α5 integrin subunit also bound to TIP-2/GIPC. The α6 integrin and TIP-2/GIPC co-localize in retraction fibers in carcinoma cells plated on laminin, a finding suggesting a functional interaction in vivo. Our results demonstrate that both splice variants of α6integrin contain a conserved PDZ binding site that enables interaction with TIP-2/GIPC. The binding site in α6B defines a new subclass of type I PDZ interaction site, characterized by a non-aliphatic residue at position 0.
Five-year cost analysis of intra-detrusor injection of botulinum toxin type A and augmentation cystoplasty for refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity

Treatment options for antimuscarinic refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) are botulinum toxin type A injections (BTX-A) and augmentation cystoplasty (AC). We estimated initial and cumulative 5-year costs of these treatments. Base case is an individual with antimuscarinic refractory NDO and decreased bladder compliance. Primary analysis is from the health care payor perspective. Model probabilities and ranges were derived from literature and chart review. Reimbursements were derived from the average of insurance carriers. Complication cost calculations were based on standard practice. Decision-analysis model was made with TreeAge Pro Healthcare 2009 Software, Inc. and rolled back for cost calculation. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed on all variables, and two-way sensitivity analyses were based on these results. Average reimbursement for one BTX-A injection and AC was $2,946.83 and $25,041.53, respectively. BTX-A treatment was less expensive over 5 years, costing $28,065. The model was only sensitive within a reasonable clinical range for Botox durability. BTX-A was more cost-effective over 5 years if the effect lasted for >5.1 months. The model was based on an AC complication rate of 40%. If the PAC complication rate 5.1 months and AC was cheaper when the cost of BTX-A increases or the AC complication rate dropped below 14%.
Monodromy in two degrees of freedom integrable systems

Abstract Geometric monodromy is an obstruction for the global existence of action variables. In this paper we develop a simple method for computing the monodromy operator for two degrees of freedom integrable systems near an isolated singularity of the energy momentum map. We show that under some nondegeneracy conditions, the monodromy operator can be determined from some local data of the energy momentum map at the singularity.
TBL-Improved Non-Deterministic Segmentation and POS Tagging for a Chinese Parser

Although a lot of progress has been made recently in word segmentation and POS tagging for Chinese, the output of current state-of-the-art systems is too inaccurate to allow for syntactic analysis based on it. We present an experiment in improving the output of an off-the-shelf module that performs segmentation and tagging, the tokenizer-tagger from Beijing University (PKU). Our approach is based on transformation-based learning (TBL). Unlike in other TBL-based approaches to the problem, however, both obligatory and optional transformation rules are learned, so that the final system can output multiple segmentation and POS tagging analyses for a given input. By allowing for a small amount of ambiguity in the output of the tokenizer-tagger, we achieve a very considerable improvement in accuracy. Compared to the PKU tokenizer-tagger, we improve segmentation F-score from 94.18% to 96.74%, tagged word F-score from 84.63% to 92.44%, segmented sentence accuracy from 47.15% to 65.06% and tagged sentence accuracy from 14.07% to 31.47%.
Autoimmune Murine Thyroiditis Relation to Histocompatibility (H-2) Type

Immunization of 33 inbred strains of mice with thyroid extract emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant showed differences in both thyroid autoantibody response and autoimmune thyroid damage, related to the histocompatibility (H-2) type of the strain. Congenic mice of the same H-2 type exhibited the same pattern of antibody response and thyroiditis, regardless of the strain's genetic background, thus showing a close relation between histocompatibility determinants and autoimmunity.
Modeling Adaptive Regulatory T-Cell Dynamics during Early HIV Infection

Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T-cells that have been found to suppress the immune response. During HIV viral infection, Treg activity has been observed to have both beneficial and deleterious effects on patient recovery; however, the extent to which this is regulated is poorly understood. We hypothesize that this dichotomy in behavior is attributed to Treg dynamics changing over the course of infection through the proliferation of an ‘adaptive’ Treg population which targets HIV-specific immune responses. To investigate the role Tregs play in HIV infection, a delay differatial equation model was constructed to examine (1) the possible existence of two distinct Treg populations, normal (nTregs) and adaptive (aTregs), and (2) their respective effects in limiting viral load. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test parameter regimes that show the proportionality of viral load with adaptive regulatory populations and also gave insight into the importance of downregulation of CD4+ cells by normal Tregs on viral loads. Through the inclusion of Treg populations in the model, a diverse array of viral dynamics was found. Specifically, oscillatory and steady state behaviors were both witnessed and it was seen that the model provided a more accurate depiction of the effector cell population as compared with previous models. Through further studies of adaptive and normal Tregs, improved treatments for HIV can be constructed for patients and the viral mechanisms of infection can be further elucidated.
4-cyanoimidazolate: a new pseudo-cyanide?

Because of its exobidentate nature, pKa, and electronic properties, 4-cyanoimidazole has been examined as a ligand and as a pseudo-cyanide. The ligand reacts readily as an anion with both cobalt and nickel ions in solution to form coordination polymers. The magnetic susceptibility and thermal stability of these materials are reported. 4-Cyanoimidazolate forms a hexakis complex with nickel, to form the first observed hexakis imidazolate nickelate complex.
SCHOOL-BASED TERTIARY AND TARGETED INTERVENTIONS FOR STUDENTS WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS : EXAMPLES FROM TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS AND EPILEPSY

Approximately 15% of children experience a significant illness prior to age 18 years. For many of them, school absenteeism, substandard academic performance, and social problems ensue. When disorders affect the central nervous system, some suffer global developmental delays or selective neuropsychological deficits. As health service providers, school psychologists understand both the educational process and the ways in which childhood illnesses can impact it. This article argues that school psychologists' breadth of knowledge enables consultation with teachers about health-related classroom accommodations and communication between medical professionals and educators. Epilepsy and type 1 diabetes mellitus are two conditions associated with a risk of school problems. Using these two disorders as examples, this article outlines roles for school psychologists and provides specific guidance about how they can promote success among all students with chronic illnesses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extended Release Antibacterial Layer-by-Layer Films Incorporating Linear-Dendritic Block Copolymer Micelles

The electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly approach offers large potential in the area of drug delivery from thin films; however, because the processing technique is aqueous-based, there have been few strategies proposed to incorporate hydrophobic molecules into these films. Here we create an LbL film that is capable of incorporating hydrophobic drug at high loadings via encapsulation with linear-dendritic block copolymer micelles and demonstrate for the first time release times of a hydrophobic antibacterial agent over a period of several weeksa significant improvement over reports of other micelle-encapsulated thin films with release times of several minutes. The amphiphilic linear-dendritic block copolymer is composed of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO), which forms the hydrophobic core creating the compartment for hydrophobic drug encapsulation, and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), which forms the outer corona of the micelle. The PAMAM is polycationic, enabling LbL deposition with negatively charged poly(acr...
Enrichment of gum content from Lesquerella fendleri seed coat by air classification

Abstract Studies were conducted to increase the gum yield from Lesquerella fendleri seeds. The seeds were first fractured and the seed coat fraction isolated and defatted. The polysaccharide gum content of the defatted seed coat (28%) was concentrated by pin milling the seed coat at various speeds followed by air classification. A stepwise procedure involving pin milling at 14,000 rpm and air classification gave a fraction with 46% gum content and 50% of the initial weight of the defatted seed coat.
Observations of the coherent beam-ion interaction in the CESR storage ring☆

Abstract The coherent interaction between the electron beam and trapped ions in the Cornell Electron/positron Storage Ring (CESR) has been seen by shaking the beam and observing the resulting beam oscillation amplitude. A linear theory is developed which enables the calculation of ion densities from the experimental measurements. Nonlinearities in the beam-ion force are shown to be important in understanding the ion trapping effects including frequency shifts of the betatron sideband resonances.
Coexistent Entrapment Neuropathies in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence of entrapment neuropathy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although it is well known that patients with motor neuron disease may have coexisting focal neuropathies, their prevalence has not been previously determined. Methods: Electrophysiologic studies (EMG/NCS) were reviewed from 126 patients with ALS seen at a university-affiliated hospital from 1991 to 1994. Every patient had an EMG/ NCS consistent with motor neuron disease (ie, active and chronic denervation in at least 3 body regions). Results: Forty-three percent (54 patients) had evidence of a neuropathy. Abnormalities included median neuropathy at the wrist in 15 (12%), ulnar neuropathy at the elbow in 18 (14%), nonlocalized ulnar neuropathy in 10 (8%), and peroneal neuropathy at the fibular head in 2 (2%). Furthermore, 9 patients (7%) had a superimposed polyneuropathy. Of these 54 patients, 7 (13%) had clinical symptoms of their neuropathy. Conclusions: Coexistent focal or generalized neuropathies in ALS are not uncommon. Careful attention to these abnormalities may decrease morbidity in these patients.
A Synoptic Framework for School Program Evaluation.

Abstract A broad-based conceptual schema, termed the Synoptic Evaluation Framework (SEF), is discussed in relation to providing school program evaluation services. Derived from evaluation theory and practice, the SEF allows for the design and conduct of a range of program evaluation studies within the school context. Moreover, the SEF has been used as a basis for training doctoral school psychology students in program evaluation. The SEF consists of the three constituent dimensions: (a) Evaluation Unit, (b) Evaluation Purpose, and (c) Evaluation Service. An understanding of the interactions among these dimensions enables an evaluator to identify the specific programmatic concerns of a decision maker and to design and conduct a responsive evaluation.
Evaluation of a Disaster-Surge Training for Public Health Nurses

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a blended educational intervention (in-class and independent learning modules) developed to enhance Ohio PHN confidence in 25 disaster surge competencies that address the PHN role and skills in Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: This was a quasi-experimental one group pre and post design. Participants (N = 54) completed pre- and postintervention surveys to evaluate intervention impact on self-perceived confidence and need for further training in the 25 competencies. MEASURES: Parallel pre and post surveys assessed participant evaluation of confidence and need for further competency training. Paired t tests and repeated measures ANOVA compared pre- and postsurvey results. RESULTS: Confidence in Preparedness, Response, and Recovery PHN disaster surge competencies significantly increased, whereas self-perceived need for further competency training correspondingly significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: A blended learning approach to disaster surge training effectively improved PHNs confidence in competency achievement and reduced perceived need for further training. Language: en
Origin-Dependent Inverted-Repeat Amplification: A Replication-Based Model for Generating Palindromic Amplicons

(dsDNA) break and implicate DNA fusions (either homologous or non-homologous), Break-Induced Replication (BIR), Microhomology/Microsatellite-Induced Replication (MMIR), and/or inverted or directly repeated sequences that adopt unusual secondary structures for their repair [4]. From the molecular analysis [7] of a yeast strain that contains amplified copies of the gene for the high affinity sulfur transporter, SUL1 [3], we derived a new general model that explains the generation of interstitial tandem inverted repeat arrays of chromosome segments in yeast and in human cancers, and of de novo congenital inverted triplications and other chromosomal rearrangements. We propose that cells commit a singular error in replication: the ligation of the nascent leading strand to the nascent lagging strand at the replication fork. This model can potentially explain the origin of many palindromic rearrangements and their structural, enzymatic, and genetic requirements.
Workshop Examines Ways to Channel a Flood of Hydrological Data ; Collaborative Energy and Water Cycle Information Services Workshop; Greenbelt, Maryland, 15–16 June 2010

Blizzards, floods, droughts, and heat waves from January to July 2010 brought into sharp focus a primary expected manifestation of global climate change: significant alteration of Earth's hydrological cycle. Increased numbers of extreme events, and longer-term and larger-scale precipitation pattern shifts that will stress both natural ecosystems and human societal norms, are anticipated as consequences of this alteration. For 25 years, NASA has orbited satellite sensors providing data on Earth's interconnected energy and hydrologic systems; new missions for this purpose are scheduled to launch in coming years, including the Global Precipitation Measurement mission in 2013. These missions, and complementary studies, have produced large and steadily increasing volumes of data, either archived at NASA data centers or held by investigators, particularly those in the NASA Energy and Water Cycle Study (NEWS) program. This increasing volume has induced a data management dilemma: Investigators encounter an increasingly complex process to locate, access, and utilize such data, especially when seeking to combine heterogeneous data sets for innovative research.
Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape.

Disturbance has long been a central issue in amphibian conservation, often regarding negative effects of logging or other forest management activities, but some amphibians seem to prefer disturbed habitats. After documenting increased use of recently burned forests by boreal toads (Bufo boreas), we hypothesized that burned habitats provided improved thermal opportunities in terrestrial habitats. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a radio telemetry study of habitat use (reported previously) and by using physical models that simulated the temperature of adult toads. We deployed 108 physical models in and adjacent to a 1-year old burn using a fully-replicated design with three burn severities (unburned, partial, high severity) and four microhabitats (open surface, under vegetation, under log, in burrow). Model temperatures were compared to a range of preferred temperatures in published studies. We found 70% more observations within the preferred temperature range of B. boreas in forests burned with high severity than in unburned areas. Burned forest was warmer than unburned forest across all microhabitats, but the largest relative difference was in burrows, which averaged 3 °C warmer in high-severity burn areas and remained warmer though the night. More than twice as many observations were within the preferred temperature range in high-severity burrows than in unburned burrows. Areas burned with high severity were still warmer than unburned forest 3 years after the fire. Habitat use of toads during the concurrent radio telemetry study matched that predicted by the physical models. These results suggest there are fitness-linked benefits to toads using burned habitats, such as increased growth, fertility, and possibly disease resistance. However, increased soil temperatures that result from wildfire may be detrimental to other amphibian species that prefer cooler temperatures and stable environments. More broadly, our data illustrate the use of physical models to measure and interpret changes that amphibians may experience from disturbance, and highlight the need for research linking vital rates such as growth and survival to disturbance.
Corn Grain Preserved with Ammonium Isobutyrate for Lactating Dairy Cattle

Twenty-four lactating cows were fed one of three complete rations containing dry corn, ensiled corn, or corn treated with ammonium isobutyrate in a Latin square arrangement of treatments. Two weeks were used for adjustments to rations and 3 wk for collection of data. There were no differences in average daily yield of milk or fat-corrected milk, but fat percentage of milk from cows fed ensiled corn was lower than that of those given dry corn. Fat test of cows fed treated corn was intermediate and not different from the other groups. Molar proportions of volatile fatty acids and concentrations of rumen ammonia were not different among treatments.
The Role of the Library in the Research Enterprise

Libraries have provided services to researchers for many years. Changes in technology and new publishing models provide opportunities for libraries to be more involved in the research enterprise. Within this article, the author reviews traditional library services, briefly describes the eScience and publishing landscape as it relates to libraries, and explores possible library programs in support of research. Many of the new opportunities require new partnerships, both within the institution and externally.
State Employment Growth: The Impact of Taxes and Economic Development Agency Spending

The results of this study confirm the expected positive relationship between economic development agency spending and employment growth among the states. Furthermore, it is concluded that past studies, by failing to control for state economic development agency spending in estimated regression equations, have underestimated the negative impact of personal taxes on employment growth.