cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The optimization of coal mine production schedules using linear programming: An example that determines the effects of reclamation costs and interest rates

Abstract Reclamation expenditure on coal mine properties is now a fundamental business expense for that industry. A mine owner or manager will attempt to keep this expense to a minimum subject to a given level of production. One of the most important variables that can be manipulated to help keep costs down is the production schedule. Production schedules can be shifted forward or backward depending on the current economic situation. A common method of determining optimal production schedules is to utilize a linear-programming model. These models simultaneously take into account all the variables associated with a project so that an optimal production schedule can be derived. This study involves work with a computerized linear-programming model to examine how optimal production schedules will change for a typical small coal mine due to reclamation requirements and a variable discount rate. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to demonstrate how linear programming can be used to incorporate nonlinear relationships in a profit maximization problem involving mining; (2) to show how, through the use of a heuristic model involving reclamation cost requirements, linear programming can contribute worthwhile information to the mine planner; and (3) to examine how interest rates can (a) be used to estimate future uncertainty, and (b) be used as a policy tool to promote conservation.
Host Organelle Hijackers: a similar modus operandi for Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia trachomatis: co-infection model as a tool to investigate pathogenesis

The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are the causative agents of chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis in humans, respectively. Both microorganisms are obligate intracellular pathogens and notorious for extensively modifying the cytoskeletal architecture and the endomembrane system of their host cells to establish productive infections. This review highlights the similar tactics developed by these two pathogens to manipulate their host cell despite their genetic unrelatedness. Using an in vitro cell culture model whereby single fibroblasts are infected by C. trachomatis and T. gondii simultaneously, thus setting up an intracellular competition, we demonstrate that the solutions to the problem of intracellular survival deployed by the parasite and the bacterium may represent an example of convergent evolution, driven by the necessity to acquire nutrients in a hostile environment.
Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery of conditioned suppression of licking

A conditioning procedure yielding a trial-by-trial measure of the suppression of ongoing licking behavior in rats is described. In one group (N = 9), forward pairings of CS with shock produced rapid acquisition, slow extinction, and nearly complete spontaneous recovery following a 30-day “rest” period. In a second group (N = 8), initial backward pairings (shock-CS) produced supernormal suppression ratios. During CS-alone trials, supernormal performance was shown by both the backward group and a third group (N = 8), which received initial free-shock trials.
A comparison of behavioral and traditional treatment for middle-income problem drinkers.

Groups of middle-income outpatient problem drinkers were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: a multicomponent positive reinforcement procedure emphasizing moderation, or “traditional” denial-confrontation therapy emphasizing abstinence. There were no significant differences between participants assigned to the two procedures with respect to pretreatment characteristics. Participants reduced their alcohol consumption significantly in both treatments. Behavioral participants reduced alcohol consumption significantly during therapy, whereas traditional participants reduced significantly prior to therapy. Significantly more traditional participants dropped out of therapy than did behavioral. The data suggested that the effects of traditional therapy were mixed, helping those participants who were receptive, driving out those who were not; moreover, reduced consumption seemed to be more the result of compliance with initial therapist demands (made during the screening period) than the effect of denialconfrontation in subsequent therapy. Behavioral treatment was more successful in several indicators of outcome; the improvement observed seemed to be attributable to the active therapeutic techniques employed.
Estimating humeral torsion on incomplete fossil anthropoid humeri

The high degree of humeral torsion (i.e., the head facing more medially) found in living hominoids is generally viewed as a component of increased mobility at the glenohumeral joint and the development of suspensory postures and locomotion. Humeral torsion, therefore, is an important character in the functional interpretation of primate fossil humeri. However, because the position of the humeral head is judged relative to the distal end of the humerus, it has been impossible to determine the degree of torsion on anything less than a complete humerus. The present study presents two methodologies for estimating the degree of torsion on incomplete fossil primate humeri. In the first method, humeral torsion measured relative to three alternative landmarks for a missing distal end of the humerus were combined with a variety of functional measurements on the proximal humerus in a multiple regression analysis. The derived equations were used to predict humeral torsion for a selection of fossil specimens missing their distal ends including humeri fromAustralopithecus afarensisandAustralopithecus africanus. These estimates indicated that early hominids displayed less humeral torsion than either modern humans or African apes, which in turn suggests that the similar high degree of torsion found in the latter two forms evolved independently. The second method used the bicipital sulcus to estimate head position for humeri missing their most proximal portions. A strong correlation was found between true humeral torsion and predicted torsion using the estimated head position. With this method torsion was estimated for humeri ofProconsul heseloni, Dendropithecus macinnesi, andDryopithecus fontani, and for the early hominid humerus, KNM-ER 739. All of the Miocene hominoids analyzed were found to possess a low degree of humeral torsion compared with living apes and humans. Although the estimate for KNM-ER 739 is problematic, the degree of torsion was probably similar to that of the other early hominids examined in this study.
Capturing the effect of the nanoshell aspect ratio on the resonance wavelength and quality factor in sensing applications using an impedance-based model

Nanoshells promise to be valuable in a wide range of applications ranging from chemical sensing to cancer treatment. Different applications require different performance from the nanoshell and pose different constraints on them, and thus the nanoshell sensor has to be designed according to the given application. In this regard, the resonance wavelength and the Q factor are the most important properties to consider. In this paper we provide analysis for the nanoshell resonance wavelength and Q factor based on an impedance model of the nanoshell.
Perceived family environment and adjustment in American-born and immigrant Asian adolescents.

Summary.-57 immigrant Asian adolescents were compared with 44 Americanborn adolescents of Asian descent to investigate differences in perceived family environment and adjustment. Immigrant Asian adolescents were significandy less adjusted, perceived significantly less independence and achievement orientation and significantly more organization in their families than their American-born peers. The family environment dfierences, unlike adjustment ddferences, persisted over length of time in the host country (USA). Recently, the family environment and parental relationships of Asian immigrant adolescents have been investigated; however, the results frequently have been conflicting. For example, Chiu, Feldman, and Rosenthal (1992) reported higher parental control for first- and second-generation Chinese American-born adolescents compared to Caucasian U.S.-born peers. They reported, however, no significant differences between groups on the number of symptoms reported or on parenting behaviors. In addition, Dinh, Sarason, and Sarason (1994) described a lower quality of parental relationships for Vietnam-born students compared to a sample of primarily Caucasian (83%) U.S.-born students. In contrast, Heras and Revilla (1994) found no significant differences in family conflict, cohesion, or satisfaction between tradltional versus acculturated Asian-American students. It appears that these apparently contradictory results may be due to ddferent comparison groups, that is, comparison with non-Asian, Americanborn students representing the majority host culture (Dmh, et al., 1994) versus a comparison of first- and second-generation Asian adolescents born in America (Heras & Revda, 1994). It appears from the literature that a comparison of immigrant Asian with American-born Asian adolescents is missing as part of the methodology in this he of research. The purpose of the present study was to investigate systematically whether significant differences in perceived family environment were evident when immigrant Asian adolescents were compared with nonimmigrant American-born Asian adolescents. This was accomplished by employing measures
Differences between the normal vaginal bacterial community of baboons and that of humans

Humans and baboons (Papio spp.) share considerable anatomical and physiological similarities in their reproductive tracts. Given the similarities, it is reasonable to expect that the normal vaginal microbial composition (microbiota) of baboons would be similar to that of humans. We have used a 16S rRNA phylogenetic approach to assess the composition of the baboon vaginal microbiota in a set of nine animals from a captive facility and six from the wild. Results show that although Gram-positive bacteria dominate in baboons as they do in humans, there are major differences between the vaginal microbiota of baboons and that of humans. In contrast to humans, the species of Gram-positive bacteria (Firmicutes) were taxa other than Lactobacillus species. In addition, some groups of Gram-negative bacteria that are not normally abundant in humans were found in the baboon samples. A further level of difference was also seen even within the same bacterial phylogenetic group, as baboon strains tended to be more phylogenetically distinct from human strains than human strains were with each other. Finally, results of our analysis suggests that co-evolution of microbes and their hosts cannot account for the major differences between the microbiota of baboons and that of humans because divergences between the major bacterial genera were too ancient to have occurred since primates evolved. Instead, the primate vaginal tracts appear to have acquired discrete subsets of bacteria from the vast diversity of bacteria available in the environment and established a community responsive to and compatible with host species physiology.
Mechanics of flagellar motion with an application to a conical spiral flagellate.

Abstract The fundamental principles governing the swimming of a self-propelling flagellated organism are presented. The kinematical description of flagellar motion is considered in detail and expressions are derived for the force, torque, and power developed from an arbitrary flagellar movement. These expressions are used in applying the basic principles to investigate the propulsion of a conical spiral flagellate with spherical head.
Isolating Videotape Training Effects

Research on training applications of videotape self-confrontation (VTRSC) generally does not separate its specific effect from effects of other variables in the learning situation. This study sought to isolate VTRSC effects upon skill development, self-concept change, and anxiety arousal by comparing a videotape training paradigm with a matched training format employing an alternative form of feedback lacking VTRSC's special qualities. Subjects were 55 experienced public welfare services workers. Results indicate that some apparent videotape training effects may be due largely to factors other than the VTRSC. The findings suggest that controls on these factors are necessary in testing VTRSC's actual costs and effectiveness.
Template-synthesized gold microneedle arrays for gene delivery to the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast

In this paper, an array of conically shaped gold microneedles protruding from a substrate was prepared. We show for the first time, that such microneedles can penetrate through the intact cell wall of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii), a unicellular plant organism. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to deliver a recombinant gene into the chloroplast of the C. reinhardtii. The microneedle array were coated with an orange fluorescence protein (OFP)—conferring gene, and the C. reinhardtii cells were deposited onto this array using centrifugal force. We show that the microneedle and the cells withstand the impact, and the gene is successfully delivered and expressed by the C. reinhardtii cells. The gene delivery method described here offers significant advantages relative to more conventional methods, which includes the ability to use microalgal cells with intact cell walls, and the ability to rapidly perform multiple transformations simultaneously through a simple centrifugal approach.
An optimal L^p-bound on the Krein spectral shift function

Let ξA,B be the Krein spectral shift function for a pair of operatorsA, B, with C =A-B trace class. We establish the bound % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmqr1ngBPrgitL% xBI9gBamXvP5wqSXMqHnxAJn0BKvguHDwzZbqegm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aeHbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiiYdf9% irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-J% frVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabi% GaciaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaamaapeaabaGaemOrayKaeiikaGIa% eiiFaWNaeqOVdG3aaSbaaSqaaiabdgeabjabcYcaSiabdkeacbqaba% GccqGGOaakcqaH7oaBcqGGPaqkcqGG8baFcqGGPaqkaSqabeqaniab% gUIiYdqegeKCPfgBaGGbcOGaa8hiaiabdsgaKjabeU7aSjabgsMiJo% aapeaabaGaemOrayKaeiikaGIaeiiFaWNaeqOVdG3aaSbaaSqaaiab% cYha8jabdoeadjabcYha8jabcYcaSiabicdaWaqabaGccqGGOaakcq% aH7oaBcqGGPaqkcqGG8baFcqGGPaqkaSqabeqaniabgUIiYdGccaWF% GaGaemizaqMaeq4UdWMaeyypa0ZaaabCaeaacqGGBbWwcqWGgbGrcq% GGOaakcqWGQbGAcqGGPaqkcqGHsislcqWGgbGrcqGGOaakcqWGQbGA% cqGHsislcqaIXaqmcqGGPaqkcqGGDbqxcqaH8oqBdaWgaaWcbaGaem% OAaOgabeaakiabcIcaOiabdoeadjabcMcaPiabcYcaSaWcbaGaemOA% aOMaeyypa0JaeGymaedabaGaeyOhIukaniabggHiLdaaaa!899B! $$\int {F(|\xi _{A,B} (\lambda )|)} d\lambda \leqslant \int {F(|\xi _{|C|,0} (\lambda )|)} d\lambda = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^\infty {[F(j) - F(j - 1)]\mu _j (C),} $$ whereF is any non-negative convex function on [0, ∞) with F(0) = 0 and Ώj (C) are the singular values ofC. The choice F(t) =t p ,p ≥ 1, improves a recent bound of Combes, Hislop and Nakamura.
The hydrolysis of β-aspartyl peptides by rat tissue

Abstract There is a wide variation in the recovery of several β-aspartyl di- and tripeptides from the urine of rats when the compounds are given by stomach tube or intraperitoneally. Homogenates of several rat tissues catalyze the hydrolysis of β-aspartylglycine. A β-aspartyl peptidase, partially purified from rat liver, exhibits maximal activity toward β-aspartylglycine and lesser activity toward other β-aspartyl di- and tripeptides.
Ice tracking techniques, implementation, performance, and applications

Abstract Present techniques of ice tracking make use both of cross-correlation and of edge tracking, the former being more successful in heavy pack ice, the latter being critical for the broken ice of the pack margins. Algorithms must assume some constraints on the spatial variations of displacements to eliminate fliers, but must avoid introducing any errors into the spatial statistics of the measured displacement field. We draw our illustrations from the implementation of an automated tracking system for kinematic analyses of ERS-1 and JERS-1 SAR imagery at the University of Alaska—the Alaska SAR Facility's Geophysical Processor System. Analyses of the ice kinematic data that might have some general interest to analysts of cloud-derived wind fields are the spatial structure of the fields, and the evaluation and variability of average deformation and its invariants: divergence, vorticity and shear. Many problems in sea ice dynamics and mechanics can be addressed with the kinematic data from SAR.
Antagonism of Digitalis Arrhythmia by Pronethalol : a Neural Phenomenon?

THE depression by pronethalol of ventricular arrhythmia induced by digitalis, and of ventricular escape during vagal stimulation, is apparently not related to the capacity of this drug to block the cardiac effects of exogenous catecholamines1–3. Roberts et al.3 pointed out that the actions of pronethalol on the digitalis-induced arrhythmia and on vagal escape closely resemble those of reserpine and β-TM10—agents which act on sympathetic nerve terminals—and suggested that pronethalol may also affect the activity of sympathetic post-ganglionic nerve terminals.
Peroxidases in Tobacco Abscission Zone Tissue V. Time Course Studies of Polyphenol Oxidase Activity During Ethylene-Induced Abscission

Summary Ethylene-induced abscission in flower pedicels of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Little Turkish causes a progressive increase in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity during the terminal 3 h of a 5 h time course period of ethylene (5 μl/l) treatment, when caffeic acid is used as the substrate. However, with chlorogenic acid as the substrate, PPO activity increases between 3 h and 3.5 h during the 5 h period of ethylene exposure, but decreases between 3.5 h and 4 h, followed by an increase in activity between 4 h and 5 h, when the supernatant enzyme extracts of flower pedicel abscission zone tissues are assayed spectrophotometrically. Non-ethylene-treated abscission zone tissue has a much lower level of PPO activity over the same time-course period, regardless of which substrate is employed. When the abscission zone area of the pedicel is subdivided into proximal, abscission zone and distal portions, respectively, the ethylene-treated tissue has the highest PPO activity in the distal (4.5–5 h) and proximal tissues (4.5 h), followed by the abscission zone tissue (3–4 h), when caffeic acid is used as the substrate. With chlorogenic acid as the substrate, both the distal and abscission zone tissues show a decrease in PPO activity between 2–5 h; however, the proximal tissue demonstrates an increase in PPO activity between 2–3 h and between 4.5–5 h of the 5 h time-course ethylene exposure period. The measurement of PPO activity vs. chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid as specific substrates and the possible role(s) of PPO in tobacco flower pedicel abscission are discussed.
EXCRETION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-II (IGF-II) INTO BILE OF RATS OF VARYING AGES † 1883

EXCRETION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-II (IGF-II) INTO BILE OF RATS OF VARYING AGES † 1883
Characterizing monkeypox virus specific CD8+ T cell epitopes in rhesus macaques.

Abstract To characterize T cell epitopes in monkeypox virus (MPXV) infected rhesus macaques, we utilized IFN γ Elispot assay to screen 400 predicted peptides from 20 MPXV proteins. Two peptides from the F8L protein, an analog of E9L protein in vaccinia, were found to elicit CD8+ T cell responses. Prediction and in vitro MHC binding analyses suggest that one is restricted by Mamu-A1 ⁎ 001 and another by Mamu-A1 ⁎ 002. The Mamu-A1 ⁎ 002 epitope is completely identical in all reported sequences for variola, vaccinia, cowpox and MPXV. The Mamu-A1 ⁎ 001 epitope is conserved in MPXV and vaccinia, and has one residue substitution (V6>I) in some cowpox sequences and all variola sequences. Given CD8+ T-cell epitopes from E9L were also identified in humans and mice, our data suggested that F8L/E9L may be a dominant pox viral protein for CD8+ T cell responses, and may be considered as a target when designing vaccines that target pox-specific T cell responses.
Postural sway and rhythmic electroencephalography analysis of cortical activation during eight balance training tasks.

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the Power Spectrum Density (PSD) of the electroencephalography (EEG) in common sensorimotor balance training tasks of varying difficulty. Sensorimotor balance exercises including alteration of vision, base of support or surface compliance are used to improve postural control. These exercises are presumed to induce supraspinal adaptation, however, there were no studies that investigated the power changes of the cortical activity in these static balance tasks. Our objective was to provide evidence in the cortical involvement with the static balance tasks frequently used in sensorimotor training.
The Effects of Inorganic Phosphates on Trochophore Larvae of the Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Summary Trochophore larvae were exposed to monosodium orthophosphate (MSOP), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) at concentrations of 15 ppm and 150 ppm phosphate for 24, 48, and 72 hr. All four compounds caused morphological developmental changes, increased mortality, and inhibition of shell growth at both 15 ppm and 150 ppm. The rank order of effectiveness of the compounds was determined from percentage abnormal larvae, percentage survival, and from shell measurements. The order was MSOP>SHMP>STPP≥TSPP for abnormality and mortality and TSPP>STPP>MSOP>SHMP for shell growth inhibition. The relative effect of the individual compounds in causing mortality varied with the time of exposure. Orthophosphate retarded growth rates of the two valves to different degrees.
The credibility of shock advocacy: Animal rights attack messages

Abstract This study examined the impact of a graphic animal rights campaign launched by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) against alleged abuses on a corporate farm. It considered the impact of the campaign upon the credibility of the target of the campaign as well as the producer of the campaign. Results indicated that PETA's attack message against abuses at corporate pig farms was effective in eroding the credibility of the corporate food-industry raising animals for consumption. At the same time, PETA's credibility rose overall after participants viewed the PETA attack message.
Noetherian Rings between a Semilocal Domain and Its Completion

We consider a general technique for constructing local Noetherian integral domains. LetRbe a semilocal Noetherian domain with Jacobson radicalmand field of fractionsK. Letybe a nonzero element ofmand letR* be the (y)-adic completion ofR. For elements τ1,…,τs ∈ yR* algebraically independent overK, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition forA ≔ K(τ1,…,τs) ∩ R* to be simultaneously Noetherian and a directed union of localized polynomial rings insvariables overR. We specify conditions in order that excellence be preserved, and we use the construction to obtain a non-Noetherian ringAof the formK(τ) ∩ R* which is a directed union of localized polynomial rings overR.
Hospital admissions following outpatient administration of high-dose melphalan and autologous SCT for AL amyloidosis

Hospital admissions following outpatient administration of high-dose melphalan and autologous SCT for AL amyloidosis
Evaluation of a reductively activated duocarmycin prodrug against murine and human solid cancers

In treating cancer with clinically approved chemotherapies, the high systemic toxicity and lack of selectivity for malignant cells often result in an overall poor response rate. One pharmacological approach to improve patient response is to design targeted therapies that exploit the cancer milieu by reductively activating prodrugs, which results in the selective release of the free drug in the tumor tissue. Previously, we characterized prodrugs of seco-CBI-indole2 (CBI-indole2) designed to be activated in hypoxic tumor microenvironments, wherein the tumor maintains higher concentrations of “reducing” nucleophiles capable of preferentially releasing the free drug by nucleophilic attack on a weak N-O bond. Of these prodrugs, BocNHO-CBI-indole2 (BocNHO) surpassed the efficacy of the free drug, CBI-indole2, when examined in vivo in the murine L1210 leukemia model and demonstrated reduced toxicity suggesting a targeted or sustained release in vivo. Herein, we further examine the biological activity of the BocNHO prodrug in murine breast cancer, as well as human prostate and lung cancer cell lines, in vitro. Notably, BocNHO manifests potent antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity in all three tumor cell lines. However, in comparison to the activity observed in the murine cancer cell line, the human cancer cell lines were less sensitive, especially at early timepoints for cytotoxicity. Based on these findings, BocNHO was tested in a more clinically relevant orthotopic lung tumor model, revealing significant efficacy and reduced toxicity compared with the free drug. The data suggests that this pharmacological approach to designing targeted therapies is amenable to human solid tumors.
The means do not justify the ends: A comment on CALFED

Abstract The state-federal CALFED process was more successful in transforming the means of thinking about decisions regarding California Bay-Delta resource management than in achieving the desired policy ends. Case studies in this special issue document how CALFED helped change the dynamics between stakeholders and agency managers; between scientists and implementers; and between endangered species managers and water project operators. In most cases, however, the new relationships and agreements failed to achieve the desired policy outcomes. The new tools and approaches that CALFED fostered can complement and support – but not substitute for – the obligation of policy makers to honestly confront and resolve fundamental oppositions of interest over resource management issues.
Inhibition of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G by isoxazoline derivatives

Abstract The interaction of a series of derivatives of cis-N-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-isoxazoline-4,5-dicarboximide toward human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G was investigated. Both enzymes were rapidly acylated and the corresponding acyl enzymes exhibited variable stability.
A comparison of protein synthetic patterns of MDCK cells grown in serum and hormonally defined serum-free medium.

The development of hormonally defined serum-free media (HDM) for the culture of mammalian cells has allowed the study of specific cellular functions in a totally defined environment. Recently, several reports have indicated that there are differences in the basic cellular physiology of cells cultured in HDM when compared to cells cultured by the more traditional method of using serum-supplemented culture media (SM). We report here that there are significant changes in the protein synthetic pattern in MDCK cells grown in HDM. There were no changes exhibited during the first passage in HDM, but following 10 passages in HDM there was an increased isotope ratio of (1) plasma membrane proteins with molecular weights of 12,000, 36,000 and 68,000 and (2) endoplasmic reticulum proteins with molecular weights of 12,000 and 37,000. Additionally, the incorporation of methionine and uridine were significantly increased in cells cultured in HDM for 10 passages. At present, we believe that these changes in the protein synthetic patterns are due at least partially to increased protein synthesis as indicated by monosome/polysome ratios. Therefore, though the use of HDM offers a completely defined system for studying cellular function, results obtained using HDM must be interpreted with caution when comparing them to previous studies that have used SM.
Lab Course Goals: Science or Writing?

As a physics instructor, I read with great interest “Inquiry-based writing in the laboratory course” by C. Moskovitz and D. Kellogg (Education Forum, 20 May, p. [919][1]). The authors present a clear argument for designing appropriate writing assignments throughout the science curriculum. I fear, however, that they have focused on teaching writing in the introductory science course at the expense of teaching science. For example, their suggestion to deliberately hide information from the grader of a titration lab is misguided. Presumably, with less objective information, the grader will be more impartial when grading the students' writing. But to teach the science, the grader must be biased. The first priority should be ensuring that the students get the correct result; their ability to articulate that result is secondary. Moskovitz and Kellogg also seem to conflate keeping a good lab notebook, a strictly scientific endeavor, with writing a good scientific article. They criticize the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) because it requires students to list all data. It is true that scientists do not report all data in scientific articles, but they do record all data in lab notebooks. Given that students already tend to record too little data, the SWH instructions seem sound. After all, the lab notebook is the foundation upon which all scientific writing is built. Improved science writing instruction begins by clarifying the pedagogical purpose of each assignment. In the introductory course, that purpose should be learning science. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6032/919.full
Flux limiters and eddington factors

Abstract We present in this paper a closure scheme for the first two angular moments of the time-dependent equation of transfer, either via an Eddington factor which leads to a telegrapher's description, or via a Fick's law which leads to a diffusion description. Points discussed include boundary conditions (both an extension of the classic Marshak-Milne condition and those arising from a boundary layer analysis), the flux limiting feature of the diffusion approximation, and the reduction of the theory to asymptotic diffusion theory in the steady state limit.
A Comparison of Peak and Constant Angle Torque-Velocity Curves in Fast and Slow-Twitch Populations

Peak and constant angle torque-velocity (T-V) curves were measured on a group of fast-twitch (FT,n=10) and slow-twitch (ST,n=6) subjects using a Cybex dynamometer. The T-V curve was plotted from 10 randomly assigned velocities ranging from 0.52 to 5.24 rad s−1 (30 to 300‡ s−1). Each subject was tested four times with at least 24 h between testing sessions. Torque-velocity curves were plotted from the peak torque generated throughout the range of motion and from torque produced at a constant angle (150‡). When all subjects were combined into a single group, no significant difference existed between the normalized T-V curves even though they differed significantly in absolute amounts. When subjects were grouped according to muscle fiber type the T-V curves produced from constant angle torque differed significantly while those generated from peak torque did not. This finding suggests that T-V curves generated from peak torque are not as sensitive to influences produced by muscle fiber type as those curves generated from constant angle torque.
Supraesophageal complications of reflux disease and hiatal hernia

A unifying theme of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increased acid exposure on vulnerable epithelia. In most cases, the vulnerable epithelium is the esophagus, but alternatively it may be that of the supraesophageal terrain, which includes the larynx, pharynx, and airways. In 50% to 94% of patients with GERD, hiatal hernia is a significant pathophysiologic factor. The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is anatomically and physiologically complex, making it vulnerable to dysfunction by several mechanisms, including transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), hypotensive LES, and anatomic disruption. The importance of hiatal hernia is obscured by imprecise use of the term and by the misconception that it is an all-or-none, one-dimensional phenomenon. Rather, hiatal hernia can be viewed as a continuum of progressive disruption of the EGJ, with larger hernias being of greater significance and invoking several pathogenetic mechanisms. The dynamic anatomy of the EGJ highlights the difficulty of defining hiatal hernia and of elucidating the relation between hiatal hernia, the diaphragmatic hiatus, the LES, and GERD, including supraesophageal reflux.
Longitudinal monitoring of sex steroid hormones in excrement of spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri).

Abstract From the 1970s to the 1990s, the breeding population of spectacled eiders ( Somateria fischeri ) in western Alaska declined by 96%, which led to the listing of this species as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1993. Since then, the population has stabilized, but has not recovered to pre-decline numbers. While little is known about reproductive endocrinology in spectacled eiders, in other avian species, estrogen and testosterone are known to initiate and modulate various reproductive processes including yolk protein synthesis, reproductive behaviors and secondary sex characteristics. Measurement of the metabolites of estrogen and testosterone (EM and TM, respectively) in excrement reflect circulating hormone concentrations and provide a non-invasive method to monitor reproductive physiology. We measured concentrations of excreted EM in captive females and TM in males to (1) determine the efficacy of commercially available radioimmunoassay kits to detect EM and TM, (2) describe annual profiles of EM and TM concentrations, and (3) define the reproductive season of captive spectacled eiders using endocrine status. Excrement samples were collected from captive female and male spectacled eiders three times per week throughout 1 year. Female EM and male TM levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Mean female EM profile exhibited values exceeding the threshold for “peak” values (EM > 193.3 ng/g) from mid-February to early July, and again in September. Additionally, the highest average concentrations of EM were seen in March, May and September. Elevated TM concentrations occurred in mid March, mid May and late June. These data suggest that levels of excreted sex steroids reflect patterns predicted by breeding landmarks in the annual cycle and will assist in field monitoring and captive breeding programs for spectacled eiders.
Discrimination between electronic and optical blooming in an InSb focal-plane array under high-intensity excitation

Abstract Infrared (IR) focal-plane arrays (FPA’s) with high spatial resolution play an important role in military imaging. Image degradation through blooming of the FPA by either thermal or monochromatic sources seriously limits their effectiveness. However, little has been published discerning the phenomena responsible for this blooming. We studied the blooming effects in a 640 × 480 indium-antimonide (InSb) FPA with 20-μm pixel-to-pixel spacing and operated at 77 K. Electronic and optical blooming from both a high-intensity blackbody source and a 4.6-μm narrow-line-width laser source was studied. A 30-μm pinhole mask was fastened directly to the FPA to achieve spatial isolation of individual pixels in order to separate the optical and electronic effects. Both sources were used to bloom the FPA with and without the mask, and images were captured and analyzed. We provide conclusive evidence that optical effects of ghosting, diffraction, and lens and housing scatter dominate, resulting in global (i.e., large area of the FPA) loss of image quality, while effects due to electronic phenomena, such as carrier-diffusion, are minimal and locally confined to on-the-order-of-one pixel. A simple model of carrier transport was constructed to provide the theoretical basis for our conclusions.
A mediation model linking body weight, cognition, and sleep-disordered breathing.

Rationale: Academic success involves the ability to use cognitive skills in a school environment. Poor academic performance has been linked to disrupted sleep associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). In parallel, poor sleep is associated with increased risk for obesity, and weight management problems have been linked to executive dysfunction, suggesting that interactions may be operational between SDB and obesity to adversely affect neurocognitive outcomes.Objectives: To test whether mediator relationships exist between body weight, SDB, and cognition.Methods: Structural equation modeling was conducted on data from 351 children in a community-based cohort assessed with the core subtests of the Differential Abilities Scales after an overnight polysomnogram. Body mass index, apnea–hypopnea index, and cognitive abilities were modeled as latent constructs.Measurements and Main Results: In a sample of predominantly white children 6 to 10 years of age, SDB amplified the adverse cognitive and weight out...
Airfoil Selection for a Straight Bladed Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) prototype is being developed at West Virginia University that utilizes circulation control to enhance its performance. An airfoil was chosen for this turbine based on its performance potential, and ability to incorporate circulation control. The selection process for the airfoil involved the consideration of camber, blade thickness, and trailing edge radius and the corresponding impact on the lift and drag coefficients. The airfoil showing the highest lift/drag ratio augmentation, compared to the corresponding unmodified airfoil was determined to be the most likely shape for use on the circulation control augmented vertical axis wind turbine. The airfoils selected for this initial investigation were the NACA0018, NACA2418, 18% thick elliptical, NACA0021, and the SNLA2150. The airfoils were compared using the computational fluid dynamics program FLUENT v.6.3.26 with a blowing coefficient of 1% [1]. The size of the trailing edge radius and the slot heights were varied based on past experimental data [2]. The three trailing edge radii and two blowing slot heights were investigated. The thickness of the airfoil impacts the circulation control performance [3], thus it was studied by scaling the NACA0018 to a 21% thickness and compared to an SNLA2150 airfoil. The airfoils’ lift and drag coefficients were compared to determine the most improved lift-drag ratio (L/D). When comparing the increases of the L/D due to circulation control, the NACA0018 and 2418 airfoils were found to outperform the elliptical airfoil; the NACA0018 performed slightly better than the 2418 when comparing the same ratio L/D. The results showed that the 21% thick airfoils produced a decreased L/D profile compared to the NACA0018 airfoils. Therefore, the NACA0018 was found to be the optimal airfoil based from this initial investigation due to an increased L/D compared to the other airfoils tested.© 2009 ASME
Human macrophage activation factors. I. Multiple molecular species of MAF produced by a human lymphoid cell line.

The lymphokine, macrophage activation factor (MAP), is defined functionally as the factor that activates mouse macrophages to kill syngeneic tumor cells. The source of MAP in this study is the Namalwa cell line, a human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, that produces MAP as a constitutive product. The initial procedure in MAP characterization has been chromatography on Sepharose 6B-C1 column with the denaturating solvent, 6 M guanidine HC1, pH 8.0, in order to reduce the copurification of MAP activity with serum proteins. Namalwa cells incubated in RPMI 1640 with 2% fetal calf serum (FCS) produce MAF in the molecular weight ranges of 70,000 ± 7000, 25,000 ± 2500, 12,500 ± 1250 and less than 10,000; while Namalwa cells, incubated in 10% FCS, produce activity at 12,500 daltons and below. The MAF active fraction from 10% PCS supernatant was reincubated in 10% PCS for 24 hr, and on rechromatography the MAF activity appears from 70,000 to 12,500. Reincubation in 6 M guanidine moves the MAF activity to the column void volume (greater than 100,000 daltons) and to 70,000 daltons. The increase in molecular size of MAF suggests that MAF consists of a small basic molecular unit (less than 10,000 daltons) which associates in larger molecular forms upon incubation at 37° C.
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon in a 21-year-old African-American woman

A 21-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. The patient also experienced decreased appetite and non-intentional weight loss of approximately 45.3 kg during the past year. Family history was positive for colon cancer in the patient's maternal grandmother (diagnosed in her 40s), and two maternal aunts diagnosed at ages 34 and 38, respectively. One of the patient's aunts tested …
Drug-induced modulation of locomotor hyperactivity induced by picrotoxin in nucleus accumbens

Locomotor hyperactivity was induced in rats by bilateral injection of picrotoxin (PIC) into the nucleus accumbens (NAC) followed by intraperitoneal (IP) or intra-accumbens (IA) injection of agents affecting dopamine (DA), acetylcholine, serotonin, or GABA receptors. IP injection of haloperidol and diazepam attenuated PIC-induced hypermotility in a dose-dependent manner. Low (sedative) doses of the DA agonists apomorphine (APO) and lisuride, or pretreatment with reserpine abolished PIC-induced hypermotility. Independent of a preceding IA injection of PIC, higher IP doses of APO produced the well-known locomotor effect. LSD, and the atypical neuroleptic, sulpiride, potentiated PIC-induced hypermotility strongly whereas clozapine was ineffective. IA injection of carbachol or haloperidol, in doses which antagonized hypermotility induced by APO IP, did not influence PIC-induced hypermotility. The atypical neuroleptics, clozapine and sulpiride, and the benzodiazepine, diazepam, inhibited PIC-induced hypermotility. The results suggest that there is a complex involvement of GABA, DA and serotonin functions in the effectuation of PIC-induced hypermotility and that PIC-induced hypermotility may be affected by DA-sensitive structures situated outside the NAC.
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Applications to Substances of Abuse: Physical Dependence Studies with Nitrous Oxide and Ethanol in BXD Mice

Recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains were developed primarily as a tool to detect and provisionally map major gene loci—those with effects large enough to cause a bimodal distribution in the trait of interest. This implied that progress toward gene mapping was possible only for gene loci accounting for at least half of the genetic variance. More recently, QTL (quantitative trait loci) approaches have been advanced that do not require bimodal distributions and are thus applicable to a much wider range of phenotypes. They offer the prospect of meaningful progress toward detecting and mapping minor as well as major gene loci affecting any trait of interest, provided there is a significant degree of genetic determination among the RI strains. This paper presents a review of RI gene mapping efforts concerning phenotypes related to drug abuse and presents new data for studies now in progress for nitrous oxide and acute ethanol withdrawal intensity. These two studies exemplify several strengths and limitations of the RI QTL approach.
Critical care: how should we evaluate our progress?

OBJECTIVE: Review of the history and accomplishments of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) to determine appropriate directions for the future. DATA SOURCES: Historical documents of the SCCM, Critical Care Medicine, bioethics and healthcare financing literature, Instant Library of Quotations. STUDY SELECTION: Identified (by the author) material containing specific statements concerning goals and objectives at the time of the founding of the SCCM and at intervals. Material supporting and criticizing predictive indices were identified and bioethical treatises concerning patient autonomy and quality-of-life decisions were chosen. DATA EXTRACTION: Presidential addresses of the first three SCCM presidents, material relevant to preservation of life and alleviation of suffering from bioethical and healthcare financing perspectives. Relevant quotations. DATA SYNTHESIS: Initial goals and objectives were identified. Societal and economic factors changing critical care were analyzed for their effect on current and future SCCM directions and objectives. CONCLUSIONS: The founding members set important goals for critical care and patient care, research, education, and organization. From a perspective of what was foreseeable, these goals have been accomplished to an admirable degree. The SCCM has responded to these goals by providing educational programs and fostering research, especially in its annual meetings and through the publication of guidelines in Critical Care Medicine. The SCCM members would do well to read the first three presidential addresses to experience the eloquence and foresight firsthand, particularly with respect to the founders' spirit, considerations of training, scope of care, humanism, organization and relations within and outside of critical care, integration of care, and development of the scientific process at the bedside. There have been major changes in society since the SCCM was founded: the maturation of the concept of patient's autonomy; recognition of quality-of-life values; healthcare financing; and legal and ethical aspects of care. The critical care profession in general, and the SCCM specifically, should seek to develop effective cost-containment strategies and severity of illness or predictive indices. The SCCM should also educate the professions with respect to ethical issues and provide information directly to the public, especially in the areas of advance directives and withholding and withdrawing care. Through these contributions, the SCCM can assume its proper leadership role within medicine, but, of greater importance, in society. In doing so, societal myths and misunderstandings of the capabilities, futility, role, and limitations of critical care can be corrected. The organization and structure of the SCCM are well developed to accomplish these ends. The SCCM leaders are both able and willing. The objectives seem reasonable and should be attainable.
The role of external forces in third world conflicts

Abstract Increasingly, analysis of the causes of internal conflict in the Third World has emphasized the importance of indigenous factors, while virtually ignoring the influence of external forces. However, due to important developments over the last decade, analysts and policy‐makers need to reassess the role of external forces in promoting and facilitating internal conflict. An examination of the activities of the Soviet Union and its surrogates during this period will bear this out. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Soviets drew the conclusion that the correlation of forces had shifted significantly in their favor and this would, in turn, enhance their ability to encourage instability in the Third World. Once underway, the new policy appears to have directed those charged with implementing it both to take advantage of targets of opportunity that present themselves, and to create such opportunities through the use of various indirect or “active” tactics.
Approximate solution of laminar free layers with initial thickness

Momentum integral method using similar velocity profiles for solutions to laminar free shear layers with finite initial thickness
Synergistic Effects in Trace Gas-Aerosol Interactions

The reaction of SO2 and NO2 with soot has been studied experimentally by gravimetric determination of chemisorption with subsequent analysis of the chemisorbed species by various techniques. When samples of commercially available carbon black (used as soot surrogate) are exposed to SO2 or NO2 in dry air or N2 as carrier gas, no quantitative chemisorption (less than 5 micrograms per mg of substrate) is observed. However, exposure of the same grade of carbon to a combination of SO2 and NO2 in dry air of N2 results in significant chemisorption (180-200 micrograms/mg), a major fraction of which is analyzed as sulfate.