cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enteral Feeding of the Critically Ill

The recognition and treatment of malnutrition has been shown to improve the survival of patients. Current research to prevent and improve patient outcome with nutritional interventions in the critically ill is promising. Nurses are responsible for identifying the signs and symptoms of malnutrition, administering nutritional therapy while assessing for complications and side effects associated with these treatments, and monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional interventions. Enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit is addressed specifically in this article, whereas nutritional assessment and the recognition of malnutrition are discussed briefly. Salient points of providing enteral nutrition to intensive care unit patients are presented. Various feeding devices, products, and complications related to enteral nutrition are explained in detail. Comprehensive nursing care as related to the delivery of feeding products through various feeding devices is reviewed. Nursing research applicable to the practice of enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit is presented.
Lost opportunities for intervention: undetected markers for the development of serious juvenile delinquency

Introduction Persistent serious delinquency in young males rarely starts without a history of problem behaviour in childhood. This paper addresses the following questions: (1) At what age does persistent serious offending emerge for the first time? (2) What proportion of persistent serious delinquent boys qualifies for a diagnosis of a disruptive behaviour disorder? (3) What proportion of persistent serious delinquent boys receive help for their behavioural or educational problems, either from mental health professionals or from personnel at school? Method Eight waves of assessments from the oldest sample (ages 13 to 18.5) of the Pittsburgh Youth Study were used to classify boys as persistent serious violent offenders, persistent serious property offenders, persistent non-serious offenders, and non-offenders based on their self-reports. Juvenile court records, diagnostic information and information about help for mental health problems were used. Results Almost half of the boys who eventually become a persistent serious offender already have an onset of their serious delinquent behaviour by age 12. Two-thirds of the boys who come to the attention of the juvenile court already had behaviour problems for at least five years, and one-third were diagnosed as having a disruptive behaviour disorder by age 13. However, less than half of the persistent serious delinquents had received any help from either mental health professionals or from personnel in schools. Conclusions Early behaviour problems and a diagnosis of disruptive behaviour disorder constitute targets for intervention. The relatively low rate of interventions for boys with these problems and who later become persistent serious offenders indicates a high under-utilization of opportunities to prevent serious delinquency by parents and professionals. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Fluid mechanics of mixing in a single-screw extruder

Analyse d'un modele physique detaille. On suggere des moyens d'ameliorer l'operation en soulignant le role des conditions operatoires, le mode d'introduction de l'alimentation et le role des sections de melange
Delivering presentations from multimedia servers

Most multimedia servers reported in the literature are designed to serve multiple and independent video/audio streams. We think that, in future, multimedia servers will also serve complete presentations. Multimedia presentations provide unique opportunities to develop algorithms for buffer management and admission control, as execution-time consumption requirements of presentations are known a priori. In this paper, we examine presentations in three different domains (heavyweight, middleweight, and lightweight) and provide buffer management and admission control algorithms for the three domains. We propose two improvements (flattening and dynamic-adjustments) on the schedules created for the heavyweight presentations. Results from a simulation environment are presented.
Nonsingular particle solutions in variations on Einstein's nonsymmetric unified field theory

The Einstein-Kur\ifmmode \mbox{\c{s}}\else \c{s}\fi{}uno$\stackrel{\mathrm{\ifmmode \check{}\else \v{}\fi{}}}{\mathrm{g}}$lu nonsymmetric field theory has a distributed particle solution for the spherically symmetric time-independent case where ${g}_{23}\ensuremath{\ne}0$. The mass of the particle is derived from the field energy when the integration constants are chosen to avoid singularities. Linearization of the equations yields the Klein-Gordon equation for the charge density. The field functions are similar to a solution previously found for Bonnor's modification of the nonsymmetric theory.
Some remarks on certain magnetic properties of water in the study of cancer

In the study of cancer as a complicated disease caused by many combinations of various factors, it may be of importance to consider also any possible changes of the water structure in the environment of the malignant cells. The occurrence of such changes has been established experimentally, for example, by a study of the magnetic properties of water by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. It has been found that the protons in the water surrounding malignant cells have a much longer spin-lattice relaxation time than the protons in the water around normal cells. This indicates that the water molecules in tumor cells are less structured and able to move more freely than in normal tissues, where, due to the effect of hydrogen bonding, water occurs mainly as five- or six-membered rings. This prolongation of the proton spin-lattice time may be an important factor in cancer, but further studies are necessary before one can decide with certainty whether it would be possible to use this effect to diagnose malignant transformations at an early stage. It is suggested that changes in the magnetic properties of water in a malignant tumor during chemotherapy and other treatments be monitored as control tools.
Investigation of the Mechanism of the Intramolecular Scholl Reaction of Contiguous Phenylbenzenes

Two mechanisms of the Scholl reaction were investigated in the series 1, 2, ..., n-oligophenylbenzenes (n = 2, 3, 4, 6) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. A mechanism involving generation of a radical cation followed by C−C bond formation and dehydrogenation is unlikely on the basis of unfavorable energies of activation. A mechanism involving generation of an arenium cation followed by C−C bond formation and dehydrogenation is energetically feasible. An explanation for the facile polycondensation of hexaphenylbenzene to hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, where six new aryl−aryl bonds are formed, is provided. Kinetic simulations based on the calculated activation energies of the arenium cation mechanism predict that intermediates will not accumulate; this is supported by mass balance experiments. Reaction optimization studies suggest that PhI(O2CCF3)2/BF3·OEt2 or MoCl5 are superior to FeCl3 or AlCl3/CuCl2. This is a full account of our work reported partially as a communication previously (Rempala, P.; Kroul...
Electrodeposition Method for Terminals of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

A method using a combination of electroless and electrolytic plating was developed to provide an alternative method for forming the end terminals of multilayer ceramic capacitors. Electrodeposited terminals were formed by using electroless copper followed by electrolytic nickel plating. The electrical characteristics of the electrodeposited terminal capacitors were compared with standard capacitors and found to be identical.
Joint Source Coding and Higher-Dimension Modulation

This paper proposes a novel joint source coding and modulation scheme. The modulation constellation points are selected according to their prior symbol probabilities for better bandwidth as well as better bit error rate performance. Both the analysis and simulation results are presented to verify that the proposed scheme can achieve better performance than the conventional disjoint source coding and modulation schemes if the modulation and source coding are designed jointly and efficiently.
Impact of attachment style on reactions to accommodative dilemmas in close relationships

studies cxainincd reactions to accommodative dilemmas in ongoing close relationships, exploring t he association between adult attachment style-sccurc, avoidant, and anxious-amhivalcnt-and lour possible modcs ol reaction-exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Consistent with predictions, it was shown that whcu close partners enact potcntially destructive behaviors, insecurely attached individuals tend to rcact in il more defensive and dcstructivc manner. Spccifically, in comparison to secure individuals, insecure individuals wci'c more likely to rcact to accoinmodativc dilemmas with exit and ncglcct, and wcrc less likely to rcact with voice. Contrary to predictions, individuals with avoidant and anxious-amhivalent styles did not differ in thcir reactions to accommodative dilemmas. The implications of these lindings lor understanding rc;ictions lo emotionally threatening interpersonal situations arc discussed.
When Matching up Features Messes up Decisions: The Role of Feature Matching in Successive Choices

Two studies examined feature matching in successive judgments. College students in both studies read about 2 apartments with shared positive and unique negative features, and 1 less globally positive apartment with all unique features. In the feature-cancellation condition, participants first saw the shared-features apartments together and then saw the all-unique apartment. In the no-cancellation condition, participants first saw 1 shared-features apartment and the all-unique apartment together and then saw the other shared-features apartment. Shared-features apartments were rated higher when they were not seen together. The all-unique apartment was rated higher when it was seen last, when the first 2 apartments' shared features canceled out. Study 2 replicated Study 1 and also demonstrated that 2 additional variables failed to moderate the effect. Memory measures suggest that shared features are paired up as an organizational strategy. During the 1992 U.S. Presidential election, the country let out a collective whine when presented with the Democratic and Republican candidates. Instead of just expressing the usual apathy about the election, voters seemed actively critical of both of the front-runners. George Bush was seen as being out of touch with middle- and lower-class Americans, too concerned with remote international affairs, and responsible for the country's domestic and economic problems. Bill Clinton was disliked for a different reason: allegations of sins in the past (extramarital affairs, drug use, and draft dodging), which he avoided facing directly in his inimitable "Slick Willy" style. The choice between the two candidates was painted as a decision between the lesser of two evils, and the many overlapping positive qualities of the two front-runners seemed largely ignored. Both were tall, White, male, Ivy League graduates with a great deal of political experience, and both were quite moderate and mainstream, but voters seemed to pay little attention to these similar positive qualifications and instead largely focused on the divisive negative features of Bush and Clinton. Enter third-party candidate Ross Perot, who, despite a dearth of experience in politics, was embraced by Americans as no other third-party candidate had been in recent elections. Clearly, Perot's campaign had a number of advantages, many of them related to his great wealth, but one less obvious help may have been Perot's late entry into a race that already contained two This article is based on my doctoral dissertation, submitted to the
A Call for Equity in Reading Instruction for All Students: A Response to Allington and Woodside-Jiron

The program of research on reading sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is one important source of information for practitioners choosing best practices for early literacy instruction. On the basis of evidence from both normal and disabled readers, this research indicates that multiple factors are critical to early literacy success and that phonological knowledge and skill is one such element. The utility of this body of research was called into question by Allington and Woodside-Jiron in a November 1999 Educational Researcher article titled "The Politics of Literacy Teaching: How 'Research' Shaped Educational Policy." This response to that article is written to examine policymaking activities that are misrepresented, to correct mistakes made by Allington and Woodside-Jiron about the range and utility of NICHD research, to correct possible misperceptions of the NICHD-supported research effort that might arise in the minds of those who read the Allington and Woo...
Why science cannot stand alone.

In an era in which certain arenas of scientific research have become increasingly controversial, this article critically evaluates what it means to “believe in science.” Many scientists today seem to claim a sovereign right to no political interference under the rubric of freedom. This article questions such a notion, and explores the dominance of science and the silencing of moral voices by undertaking two brief investigations—the first into National Socialist Germany, which insisted that it was defined by “applied biology,” and the second into the world of contemporary American biomedicine. When all ethical barriers are eradicated, it seems that a will to power takes over—manifested in Nazi Germany’s vaunted scientific autonomy. In light of these sobering historical examples, this article reminds the reader that members of the public, including physicians, rightly deliberate about how to conscientiously order their lives together, and that part of that instrinsically political deliberation is to set limits to the ways medical science is applied and what scientists may do in pursuit of their goals.
Dynamic modeling of crosslinking and gelation in continuous ethylene-propylene-diene polymerization reactors using the pseudo-kinetic constant approach

Abstract A dynamic model for continuous ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymerization reactors in which crosslinking and gel formation are attributable to reactions between the pendant double bonds of diene units has been developed. The model is applicable to other types of crosslinking reactions such as those due to aging, polymer blending, and vulcanization. The polymer properties at the gel point and in the post-gel region are computed using the numerical fractionation method. Direct application of this method to the prediction of terpolymer properties in the gel or post-gel region can lead to severe numerical problems, due to large differences in order of magnitude of various moments across the generations. These problems are overcome by applying a pseudo-kinetic rate constant method, i.e., by constructing a moment model for a pseudo-homopolymer that approximates the behavior of the actual terpolymer under the long chain and quasi-steady state assumptions. The pseudo-homopolymer model is then used as the basis for application of the numerical fractionation method. We show that the proposed dynamic model is capable of predicting realistic polydispersities and molecular weight distributions even near the gel point with as few as 11 generations, and in the post-gel region with as few as five generations. The largest steady-state polydispersities of the soluble polymer are obtained when the crosslinking rate just exceeds the critical value for gelation. The steady-state polydispersity decreases exponentially in the post-gel region at higher values of the rate constant, while the sol fraction decreases in a more linear fashion. The overall molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the sol is constructed assuming a Schulz two parameter distribution for each generation. For the industrial case of a small number of crosslinks, the first two generations contribute the most to the MWD, which is unimodal. The tail of the MWD is longest near the initial gelation time; the tail is shortened in the post-gel region as higher generations are consumed.
taskonomy: a practical approach to knowledge structures

The New Ethnography spawned studies in cognition focusing on reference, naming, and the relations among labeled categories. Building on this research, we examine the connections between labeled categories and everyday behavior. In day-to-day situations, standard labeled segregates are often aspects of taken-for-granted knowledge. A task at hand differentially focuses an individual's awareness as strategies for action in the situation are constructed. Knowledge is thus selectively focused and organized in response to constraints of the task. The basic units in this organization are the notions (often unlabeled) of particular processes and things and the complexes of relevant features that people focus on. These units and their interrelations are flexible constructs subject to continual modification as the task at hand changes, [ethnomethodology, ethno-science, preindustrial technology, New Ethnography, cognition]
Crisis Intervention for Bereavement Support A Model of Intervention in the Children's School

A crisis intervention consultation service to the schools for bereavement support for children is described. Examples are offered of the author's experience in providing this service to children from the pre-kindergarten to senior high level, at private, parochial, and public schools. These requests were generally in response to tragic deaths of fellow students and significant adults, including teachers, parents, and friends. Suggestions are outlined for pediatric and mental health consultants who may wish to offer similar services within their communities, with particular emphasis on issues to address in program planning and implementation.
Dual Mechanisms for the Cross-Sensory Spread of Attention: How Much Do Learned Associations Matter?

The spread of attention-related processing across anatomically separated cortical regions plays an important role in the binding of an object's features, both within and across sensory modalities. We presented multiple exemplars of semantically congruent multisensory objects (e.g., dogs with barks) and semantically incongruent multisensory objects (e.g., guitars with barks) while recording high-density event-related potentials and tested whether highly learned associations among the multisensory features of well-known objects modulated the spread of attention from an attended visual stimulus to its paired, task-irrelevant sound. Our findings distinguish dual mechanisms for the cross-sensory spread of attention: 1) a stimulus-driven spread of attention that occurs whenever a task-irrelevant sound is simultaneously presented with an attended visual stimulus, independent of highly learned associations, and 2) a representation-driven spread of attention that occurs in response to a task-irrelevant sound that is semantically congruent with a visual target and is therefore dependent on highly learned associations. The first mechanism is thought to reflect bottom-up feature binding, whereas the second mechanism is thought to reflect the top-down activation of a stored object representation that includes the well-known object's multisensory features. When a semantically congruent, task-irrelevant sound is simultaneously presented with a well-known visual target, the combined spread of attention through both mechanisms appears additive.
Dynamics in the Spatial Structure of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Integrating global positioning systems technology with a visual canopy survey, a 1-m level of sampling support was used to explore within-field spatial organization of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in potatoes. Spatially referenced counts of adult and large larvae (third and fourth instar) L. decemlineata were made in four '1.5-ha untreated potato fields during two Pennsylvania growing seasons. The presence and nature of spatial structure varied with developmental stage. Overwintered, immigrating adults established 'trends' or 'drift' in the mean density, but spatial dependency (covariance structure) was not detected. This, coupled with a high incidence-to-mean density relationship, suggests a within-field dispersive role for the colonizers. Large larvae and F1 adults, in contrast, displayed spatial dependency (covariance structure), at times accounting for up to '45% of the variation. Their relatively lower incidence-to-mean density relationship suggests less within-field mobility during the reproductive phase of the population cycle. These observations imply that, although an insect population's spatial structure may be difficult to characterize due to its dynamic nature, there is a consistent and predictable pattern in L. decem- lineata spatial structure that is linked to its population phenology.
Study of design parameters in waveguide-based spatial power combining amplifier arrays using FDTD

Performance measures such as active reflection coefficients, inter-element coupling and excitation uniformity for spatial power combining arrays are investigated. A coax-fed patch antenna array inside an oversized dielectric loaded waveguide is analyzed using a standard finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach with unsplit perfectly matched layer (PML) formulation. Results for a passive 4/spl times/4 waveguide-based quasi-optical array are presented as an example. The effects of design parameters (such as inter-element spacing and the distance of the array to the waveguide walls) on the performance of the array has been investigated for the 4/spl times/4 array example.
Combinatorics of Tesler matrices in the Theory of Parking Functions and Diagonal Harmonics

In (J. Haglund, A polynomial expression for the Hilbert series of the quotient ring of diagonal coinvariants, Adv. Math. 227 (2011) 2092-2106), the study of the Hilbert series of diagonal coinvariants is linked to combinatorial objects called Tesler matrices. In this paper we use operator identities from Macdonald polynomial theory to give new and short proofs of some of these results. We also develop the combinatorial theory of Tesler matrices and parking functions, extending results of P. Levande, and apply our results to prove various special cases of a positivity conjecture of Haglund.
The effect of marihuana (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey

Abstract Despite the widespread use of marihuans by large numbers of young adults in the reproductive years, little is known about the effects of this drug on reproductive function. Information on the effect of the drug on the woman is particularly meager. The rhesus monkey provides an excellent animal model from which to generalize to man. While the primary purpose of the project is to determine the effect of long-term administration on the cycling female monkey, the initial studies were carried out in the ovariectomized monkey with resulting elevated gonadotropin levels under conditions of short-term administration of the drug. Marihuana causes a reversible depression in luteinizing hormone levels in the ovariectomized female rhesus monkey.
The Effect of Feeling Stereotyped on Social Power and Inhibition

An experience sampling study examined the degree to which feeling stereotyped predicts feelings of low power and inhibition among stigmatized and nonstigmatized individuals. For 7 days, participants with a concealable (gay and lesbian), a visible (African American), or no identifiable stigma recorded feelings of being stereotyped, of powerlessness, and of inhibition immediately following social interactions. For members of all three groups, feeling stereotyped was associated with more inhibition, and this relation was partially mediated by feeling low in power. Although stigmatized participants reported feeling stereotyped more often than nonstigmatized participants, they reacted less strongly to the experience, consistent with the presence of buffering mechanisms developed by those living with stigma. African Americans appeared to buffer the impact of feeling stereotyped more effectively than gay and lesbian participants, an effect that was partly attributable to African Americans' higher identity centrality.
Scientific-Based Research and Randomized Controlled Trials, the “Gold” Standard? Alternative Paradigms and Mixed Methodologies:

This article addresses three controversial issues related to mixed methods research and policy. First, “Scientific-Based Research” promoted by “No Child Left Behind” (NCLB) reinforces diametrically opposed paradigmatic views and research methodologies. As policy, NCLB prioritizes specific methodologies prescribing what counts as scientific evidence. Second, from a critical stance, federal policies shape and control decisions that funding agencies make regarding methodologies (Randomized Controlled Trials—Gold Standard). Third, top-down policies are currently framed in postpositivist ontological and epistemological conceptions and should include constructivist, critical, transformative, and emancipatory paradigms supporting alternative methodologies. This article challenges current practices of prioritizing specific research methodologies used to evaluate interventions. As an alternative, logical purpose statements and research questions should be the standard used to guide decisions about appropriate meth...
Mathematical model of partially oriented polycrystalline hexaferrite

The properties of partially oriented polycrystalline hexaferrites are discussed using a model that allows for misalignment of the grain axes relative to an orientation axis. The remanent magnetization and the recoil magnetization curve (measured with a decreasing field, starting at a sufficiently high field) are calculated from the distribution of misalignment angles. In its simplest forms, the theory has three adjustable parameters that usually have to be determined from an analysis of experimental data: the net saturation magnetization, the anisotropy field and the maximum misalignment angle. Methods for extracting these parameters from experimental data are described.
Taxation of credit derivatives

One arguably good thing about the current financial crisis is that it has broadened public understanding of the global financial system. Few people had heard of credit default swaps two years ago, but these instruments have, since then, forced themselves on the attention the most casual reader of financial news. Credit default swaps brought insurance giant AIG to its knees, and precipitated a $100 billion U.S. government bailout of the company. More recently, it has been reported that hedge fund manager John Paulson made more than $3 billion during 2008 using credit default swaps to bet against subprime mortgages.A credit default swap is a bilateral contract between a “credit protection buyer” and a “credit protection seller.” Under a typical contract, the buyer pays a quarterly fee to the seller throughout the contract term, and the seller agrees to make a payment to the buyer in the event of a default by a third person (reference entity) on debt that it has issued (reference obligation). For example, B and S might make a swap with reference to bonds issued by IBM Corp., under which B must make quarterly payments to S for five years, and S must, in the event of IBM’s default on the bonds during that five-year period, pay to B an amount equal to the excess of $10 million over the post-default value of $10 million of IBM bonds.This paper is about the U.S. taxation of credit default swaps. The tax treatment of these contracts under current law is unclear. The paper explores several possible approaches, including analyzing these swaps as contingent put options, applying the regulations on notional principal contracts to them, treating credit default swaps as insurance, and extending the mark-to-market rules to cover credit default swaps. Because the tax treatment of these transactions should reflect their financial and economic substance, the paper begins with an extended description of credit default swaps and the ways in which swaps are used in financial and investment transactions.
Middle Ordovician (Whiterockian) gastropods of western Newfoundland: Macluritoidea and Euomphaloidea

Gastropods that occur in the Anomalorthis brachiopod zone in the Spring Inlet Member of the Table Point Formation and in the Orthidiella brachiopod zone of the Shallow Bay Formation of the Cow Head Group are documented. Gastropods from western Newfoundland comprise part of the Toquima-Table Head fauna, and six of the seven genera described here are also found in Whiterockian strata of Nevada. Four species assigned to Monitorella Rohr, 1994, Maclurites Le Sueur, 1818, and Malayaspira Kobayashi, 1958, originally described by E. Billings in 1865 from Middle Ordovician (Whiterockian) strata of Newfoundland are revised. Five species of Helicotoma Salter, 1859, Malayaspira Kobayashi, 1958; Lytospira Koken, 1896; Rossospira Rohr, 1994; and Pachystrophia Perner, 1903, not previously reported from Newfoundland are also described. The probable opercula of Monitorella crenulata (Billings, 1865), and Maclurites emmonsi (Billings, 1865), are also illustrated for the first time.
Bargaining Ethics, Contract and Collaboration

This Article combines contractarian economics and traditional ethical theory to argue for a revision of the legal profession's codes of ethics. That revision would replace the existing uniform conception of the lawyer's role with a more heterogeneous profession in which lawyers and clients could contractually choose the ethical obligations under which they wanted to operate. This "contract model" of legal ethics, in which lawyers could opt in and out of various ethical constraints, would lead to greater efficiencies and greater satisfaction for attorneys and clients. In particular, the paper explores the bargainer's problem of sorting honest collaborators from dishonest adversaries, and concludes that the legal ethics codes should be revised to facilitate self-identification by collaborative attorneys.
Probing the Physicochemical Boundaries of Cell Permeability and Oral Bioavailability in Lipophilic Macrocycles Inspired by Natural Products

Cyclic peptide natural products contain a variety of conserved, nonproteinogenic structural elements such as d-amino acids and amide N-methylation. In addition, many cyclic peptides incorporate γ-amino acids and other elements derived from polyketide synthases. We hypothesized that the position and orientation of these extended backbone elements impact the ADME properties of these hybrid molecules, especially their ability to cross cell membranes and avoid metabolic degradation. Here we report the synthesis of cyclic hexapeptide diastereomers containing γ-amino acids (e.g., statines) and systematically investigate their structure–permeability relationships. These compounds were much more water-soluble and, in many cases, were both more membrane permeable and more stable to liver microsomes than a similar non-statine-containing derivative. Permeability correlated well with the extent of intramolecular hydrogen bonding observed in the solution structures determined in the low-dielectric solvent CDCl3, and o...
A Decision Making Model of the Allocation of Blame in Product Liability

There has been a great deal of research recently into the allocation of blame in product liability cases. Studies have investigated how blame is allocated in a broad variety of situations among parties such as consumers, manufacturers, retailers, children, employers, and others. These studies have provided companies with guidance on how to maximize the effects of their safety efforts and attorneys with advice on how to select jurors and how much information to provide during trial. However, none of these studies has generated a general cognitive model that describes and can predict the allocation of blame. Such a model would enable more detailed analysis of the decision making process that underlies the allocation of blame. This paper will describe the elaboration of a naturalistic decision making model applied to the allocation of blame. The results of several research projects will be explained using this framework. Suggestions for future work that would refine the model are presented.
Enantiocontrolled synthesis of a tetracyclic aminal corresponding to the core subunit of diazonamide A.

A chiral benzylic ether serves as an auxiliary for oxindole carboxylation (dr 5.2:1.0) that sets C10 configuration in a potential diazonamide precursor. The chiral substituent allows diastereomer separation and departs during a subsequent acid-catalyzed ring closure to form a tetracyclic aminal. With suitable N-protection, crystallization affords the aminal with 98–99% ee.
Distributed Multidisciplinary Optimization of Aircraft Design and Takeoff Operations for Low Noise

Aircraft planform design, takeo operations, and airfoil design are examined as a complete system in order to quantify tradeo s that can result in a quiet aircraft design. Airframe and engine designs are analyzed with a combination of simple-physics models and empirical scaling from a reference design. Airfoil pro les are generated from a set of splines. Takeo operations are modeled by de ning the ight trajectory from brake release to engine cutback. These multidisciplinary models are integrated with a gradient-based optimization algorithm that uses the noise generated by the airframe, jet, and fan as a design objective function. The design problem is decomposed into three subspaces: airframe and engine design, wing design, and operations, and is solved using both single-level and distributed optimization approaches. Through single-level optimizations, it was found that takeo noise can be greatly reduced through changes to planform design and operations, but low noise designs require more fuel to complete the cruise mission. Modi cations to the airfoil pro les do not contribute to further reductions in takeo noise, but mitigate the fuel burn increase without adversely a ecting noise levels. Distributed optimization results show that, through integrated consideration of planform design, operations, and airfoil design, a fundamentally di erent aircraft design with very low noise and competitive fuel burn can be achieved.
Matched-pair analysis of peripheral blood stem cells compared to marrow for allogeneic transplantation.

We performed a case-control analysis of 42 patients with advanced leukemia or MDS comparing peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) with marrow grafts (BMT) from HLA-matched sibling donors. PBSC were mobilized with G-CSF (7.5 microg/kg/day) and yielded a median of 6.7 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (range, 1.6-15.0) and 2.7 x 10(8) CD3+ cells/kg (range, 1.1-7.1) vs marrow grafts with a median of 2.0 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg (range, 1.8-2.2). Recovery was significantly faster after PBSCT compared to BMT, with a median of 17 (range, 12-26) vs 26 (range, 16-36) days, respectively, to neutrophils >0.5 x 10(9)/l (P 60) vs 42 (range, 18->60) days, for platelet recovery (P /=7 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg accelerated recovery to >20 x 10(9) l platelets; median 17 days (range, 12-19) vs 23 days (range, 17-36) for those receiving 0.3). At 1 year after PBSCT and BMT, the risk of relapse was 41% and 32%, respectively (P = 0.47), and the probability of survival was 46% and 48%, respectively (P = 0.70). HLA-matched sibling PBSCT resulted in faster neutrophil and platelet engraftment compared to BMT, with no subsequent differences in acute or chronic GVHD, relapse or survival. A minimum of 7 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg in PBSC grafts may be required for very rapid platelet engraftment. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 26, 723-728.
Alcohol drinking status of residents aged 15 and over in Guangdong Province

Objective To investigate the alcohol drinking status of residents aged 15 and over in Guangdong Province and to provide scientific evidence of the development for alcohol related health education strategies and intervention measures for Guangdong Province. Methods Using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling,seven districts / counties of Luohu in Shenzhen,Tianhe in Guangzhou,Jinwan in Zhuhai, Duanzhou in Zhaoqing,Chancheng in Foshan,Boluo in Huizhou,and Yangxi in Yangjiang cities were selected. Six resident / village committees were sampled in each county,75 households were sampled in each resident / village committee,and then,family members aged 15 and over were selected to participate in the survey. Survey contents included personal general situation,alcohol drinking in the past 12 months,types of alcoholic beverage,frequency,average consumption of every time,etc. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was carried out on the survey. Results In total,7 703 residents aged 15 and over were investigated,of whom 960 were drinkers,with a crude drinking rate of 12. 5%( 960 /7 703) and a standardized drinking rate of 13. 4%. The crude drinking rates were 24. 2%( 799 /3 305) for men and 3. 7%( 161/4 398) for women; standardized drinking rates were 29. 1% for men and 3. 1% for women,respectively. The male standardized drinking rate was higher than that of female( P 0. 01). The crude drinking rates were 16. 3%( 358 /2 204),12. 4%( 422 /3 413),and 8. 6%( 180 /2 086) for residents in large, medium-sized and small cities,and rural areas,and their standardized drinking rates were 13. 4%, 12. 1%,and 10. 5%,respectively( P 0. 05). The crude drinking rates were 1. 4%( 5 /368),14. 4%( 497/3 440),13. 3%( 300/2 259),and 9. 7%( 158/1 636) for 15-,18-,45-,and 60 and over age groups of residents and their standardized drinking rates were 3. 4%,18. 7%,8. 5%,and 5. 3%,respectively( P 0. 01). 51. 6%( 412 /799) of male drinkers and 39. 8%( 64 /161) of female drinkers drank five or more times a week. The top three types of alcoholic beverage were beer,white spirit,and wine,accounting for 62. 1%( 596 /960),51. 8%( 497 /960),and 34. 8%( 334 /960),respectively. Among the highly liquor drinkers,44. 4%( 127 /286) of them drank more than 150 g of white spirit each time. Conclusion Alcohol drinking behavior was common in urban and rural residents aged 15 and over in Guangdong Province. A further investigation is necessary to find out the key risk population and make targeted intervention measures to reduce the drinking behavior and alcohol consumption.
Clinical Study of Earlier Micronutrient Enteral Feeding in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective To investigate the optimal time for commencing enteral nutrient(EN) in the extremely low birth weight infants(ELBWI),in order to promote ELBWI body quality growth and reduce complications in ELBWI. Methods From Nov.2009 to Sep.2011,116 cases of ELBWI were included in the study admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Bayi Children′s Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command of People′s Liberation Army were enrolled.They were randomly allocated in to 2 groups which included 58 cases equally(group A and group B).In group A,EN was initiated in 24 hours for neonates′;in group B,the neonates were fasted for 3 days before the start of EN.In both groups,milk was given with a dose of 0.5-1.0 mL,2-4 times every day,and increased gradually,till the milk volume reached 150-160 mL·kg-1·d-1,then total EN were performed.Biochemical indicators,complications and physique indexes were observed and recorded. Results No statistically significant difference was found in gender,gestational ages,labor mode,labor asphyxia,dexamethasone utility and birth weight between the 2 groups(Pa0.05).Also no significant difference between the 2 groups was found in extrauterine growth retardation at discharge,feeding intolerance,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,phototherapy duration,utilizing ibuprofen and ventilation support,necrotizing enterocolitis ratio and hospital stay(Pa0.05).Compared with group B,patients in group A had a heavier weight at 32 weeks in correcting gestational ages[(1 300.6±161.2) g vs(1 174.8±192.3) g,P=0.000],shorter time to regain birth weight [(13.5±3.7) d vs(15.1±3.2) d,P=0.014],shorter time to accomplish PN [(45.7±6.7) d vs(54.8±10.6) d,P=0.000],less peak value of alanine transaminase[12.0(3.5,45.0) U·L-1 vs 72.0(30.0,89.3) U·L-1,P=0.000],alkaline phosphatase[334.5(157.0,378.0) U·L-1 vs 560.0(409.0,997.0) U·L-1,P=0.000],less value of total bile acid[11.4(6.0,13.5) μmol·L-1 vs 14.6(9.2,22.3) μmol·L-1,P=0.000].Also PN associated cholestasis(5% vs 19%,P=0.023) and sepsis(7% vs 21%,P=0.031) were less common in group A compared with group B. Conclusions Earlier enteral micronutrient feeding in 24 h is safe and effective for ELBWI,and could be recommended.
Distribution of practice and retroactive inhibition in free-recall learning.

Two successive lists of words were learned under conditions of either massed practice (MP) where all six trials were presented on a single day or distributed practice (DP) where participants received two trials on each of 3 successive days. The two lists were learned under either the same or different conditions of practice; two control groups learned a single list by either MP or DP. Recall was 72 hr after completion of List-1 learning. DP on the first list improved recall of that list for all groups including the control groups. DP on the second list increased retroactive inhibition. Several possible interpretations of the results are discussed. It is suggested that the use of long (e.g., 24-hr) distribution intervals produces an effect different from the one encountered with short intervals (e.g., several min) and the spacing effect.
Global fluorescence analysis in micellar systems

The method of simultaneous analysis of multiple fluorescece decay curves, also referred to as global fluorescence analysis, is presented. By taking into account existing relationships among the various decay curves, the method allows better parameter recovery and model testing, compared to the usual single curve analysis. The application of the method, using simulated fluorescence decays, in micellar systems is discussed.
Ants and antlions: The impact of ecology, coevolution and learning on an insect predator-prey relationship

A behavioural ecological approach to the relationship between pit-digging larval antlions and their common prey, ants, provides yet another example of how the specific ecological niche that species inhabit imposes selection pressures leading to unique behavioural adaptations. Antlions rely on multiple strategies to capture prey with a minimal expenditure of energy and extraordinary efficiency while ants employ several different strategies for avoiding capture, including rescue of trapped nestmates. Importantly, both ants and antlions rely heavily on their capacity for learning, a tool that sometimes is overlooked in predator-prey relationships, leading to the implicit assumption that behavioural adaptations are the result of fixed, hard-wired responses. Nonetheless, like hard-wired responses, learned behaviour, too, is uniquely adapted to the ecological niche, a reminder that the expression of associative learning is species-specific. Beyond the study of ants and antlions, per se, this particular predator-prey relationship reveals the important role that the capacity to learn plays in coevolutionary arms races.
Autosomal Trisomy and Triploidy Are Corrected During Female Meiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Trisomy and triploidy, defined as the presence of a third copy of one or all chromosomes, respectively, are deleterious in many species including humans. Previous studies have demonstrated that Caenorhabditis elegans with a third copy of the X chromosome are viable and fertile. However, the extra X chromosome was shown to preferentially segregate into the first polar body during oocyte meiosis to produce a higher frequency of euploid offspring than would be generated by random segregation. Here, we demonstrate that extra autosomes are preferentially eliminated by triploid C. elegans and trisomy IV C. elegans Live imaging of anaphase-lagging chromosomes and analysis of REC-8 staining of metaphase II spindles revealed that, in triploids, some univalent chromosomes do not lose cohesion and preferentially segregate intact into the first polar body during anaphase I, whereas other autosomes segregate chromatids equationally at anaphase I and eliminate some of the resulting single chromatids during anaphase II. We also demonstrate asymmetry in the anaphase spindle, which may contribute to the asymmetric segregation. This study reveals a pathway that allows aneuploid parents to produce euploid offspring at higher than random frequency.
Enhancing Photocurrent Generation in Photosynthetic Reaction Center‐Based Photoelectrochemical Cells with Biomimetic DNA Antenna

Three- to four-times higher performance of biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells with photosynthetic reaction centers (RC) has been achieved by using a DNA-based biomimetic antenna. Synthetic dyes Cy3 and Cy5 were chosen and strategically placed in the anntena in such a way that they can collect additional light energy in the visible region of the solar spectrum and transfer it to RC through Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The antenna, a DNA templated multiple dye system, is attached to each Rhodobacter sphaeroides RC near the primary donor, P, to facilitate the energy transfer process. Excitation with a broad light spectrum (approximating sunlight) triggers a cascade of excitation energy transfer from Cy3 to Cy5 to P, and also directly from Cy5 to P. This additional excitation energy increases the RC absorbance cross-section in the visible and thus the performance of the photoelectrochemical cells. DNA-based biomimetic antennas offer a tunable, modular light-harvesting system for enhancing RC solar coverage and performance for photoelectrochemical cells.
Dynamically Heterogeneous Relaxation of Entangled Polymer Chains

Stress relaxation following deformation of an entangled polymeric liquid is thought to be affected by transient reforming of chain entanglements. In this work, we use single molecule techniques to study the relaxation of individual polymers in the transition regime from unentangled to entangled solutions. Our results reveal the emergence of dynamic heterogeneity underlying polymer relaxation behavior, including distinct molecular subpopulations described by a single-mode and a double-mode exponential relaxation process. The slower double-mode timescale τ_{d,2} is consistent with a characteristic reptation time, whereas the single-mode timescale τ_{s} and the fast double-mode timescale τ_{d,1} are attributed to local regions of transient disentanglement due to deformation.
Quantum-State Spectroscopy in Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots

We review the results obtained from spectroscopy of low-dimensional systems using capacitance measurements. This technique has provided prima facie evidence for spatial quantization in quantum wires and quantum dots. The energy level spacings scale appropriately with the size of the confining structure reflecting simple particle-in-a-box quantization. In addition we have obtained unprecedented agreement between theoretical calculations and our experimental results.
A Traveler’s Woes: Some Perspectives from Dynamical Systems

Some features of vehicular dynamics are explored in the context of a simple model for a two-wheeled suitcase. Despite the simplicity of the model, we find some peculiar phenomena. These include an uncountable infinity of heteroclinic orbits, bifurcations in the presence of reversible symmetries and complex dynamics.
The Analysis of Residuals and Influential Observations in Regression

This book deals with linear model theory and as such, we have assumed that the data are good and that the models are true. Unfortunately, good data are rare and true models are even rarer. Chapters XIII and XIV discuss some additional tools used by statisticians to deal with the problems presented by real data.