cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the effect of anti-cancer drugs on L1210 cells by a mitochondrial probe, rhodamine-123.

The cancer chemotherapeutic agents 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil cause a rapid loss of mitochondrial Rh-123 uptake in L1210 cells, which correlates with the loss of clonogenic ability. The loss of Rh-123 uptake is irreversible and occurs prior to Trypan Blue staining. Thus, the antimetabolites, unlike freeze-thawing and detergent treatments, generally cause mitochondrial damage prior to changes in plasma membrane permeability. Since the effect of antimetabolites on Rh-123 uptake is maximal at 24 h, the Rh-123 assay may provide a rapid alternative to the clonogenic assay for monitoring the cytotoxic effects of these drugs. Our results also suggest that the inhibition or impairment of mitochondrial function may be an important step in the cytocidal and/or cytostatic action of anti-cancer drugs.
Threshold visibility of frequency gradient patterns.

Abstract The role of spatial inhomogeneity in threshold grating perception is studied using grating patterns containing a gradient of spatial frequencies. Based on both psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence, it was decided that an appropriate class of patterns would be those with a linearly varying spatial wavelength. Thresholds were measured both for patterns in which the spatial wavelength increased linearly with eccentricity and for patterns in which it decreased linearly with eccentricity. The results demonstrate that spatial inhomogeneity is indeed an important factor in the threshold visibility of gratings. The data support medium bandwidth estimates for the mechanisms underlying spatial frequency selectivity, and they are inconsistent with the notion that the visual system performs a Fourier analysis of visual images. The data can be fit quantitatively by a semi-empirical model which postulates that the sensitivity to all spatial frequencies is highest in the fovea, but that the sensitivity to high frequencies declines more rapidly than that to low frequencies with increasing eccentricity. A comparison of the model with measured line spread functions permits some estimates to be made of the range of receptive field sizes present at each eccentricity.
School Mobility and Students with Emotional Disturbance.

We examined the school mobility of a cross-sectional sample of 70 secondary-age youth with emotional disturbance (ED). Data were collected through an archival review of school records. Students’ school mobility histories were examined in terms of the overall number of schools attended in the elementary school years, as well as the timing of the moves that were made. Findings indicate that sample students experienced high rates of school mobility with 66% having changed schools at least once by the end of 2nd grade and 89% having changed schools at least once by the end of 5th grade. Strategies for minimizing school mobility and the impact of high rates of school mobility are reviewed.
1138 CARRIER DETECTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS IN TAY-SACHS DISEASE (TSD): SUMMARY EXPERIENCE OF THE FIRST DECADE

1138 CARRIER DETECTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS IN TAY-SACHS DISEASE (TSD): SUMMARY EXPERIENCE OF THE FIRST DECADE
Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent

In Land of the Tiger, Valmik Thapar explores the natural history of this extraordinarily diverse region marked by dramatic extremes of climate and terrain, the only place in the world where both lions and tigers reside. After a lifetime devoted to the study and conservation of the tiger, Thapar turns to the immense task of documenting the diversity and beauty of the species of plants and animals that share the tiger's domain. He asks how so many species have managed to survive on such a crowded continent, where 20 percent of the world's population exerts an intense pressure on the environment. Thapar links the reverence shown to nature by Eastern religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, to the tremendous diversity that remains on the subcontinent today. Fifty years after Indian independence, however, modern and urban values are beginning to destroy the subcontinent's ecosystems.
Direct Organometallic Synthesis: The Metal-Etching Reactions of Isobutyl Iodide on Al(111)1

We report a study of the thermal decomposition and reactions of isobutyl iodide on Al(111). Using temperature-programmed reaction and Auger electron spectroscopies, it was found that more than one product-forming pathway involving the alkyl moiety exists on this surface. A first-order, β-hydride elimination reaction converts surface-bound isobutyl groups derived from the dissociation of the C-I bond to gas phase isobutene and dihydrogen at temperatures above ∼420 K: Competing with this unimolecular process is a collection of complex associative reactions which effect the etching of the aluminum surface via the formation of volatile organometallic species. This includes formation and subsequent desorption of diisobutylaluminum iodide (desorption peak maximum at ∼490 K), diisobutylaluminum hydride ( ∼515 K), methylaluminum dihydride (∼725 K), and AlI x , x = 1-3 (∼620 K). The kinetics of the processes yielding the various aluminum hydrides are coupled to that of the β-hydride elimination pathway (which serves as the hydrogen atom source) and are strongly coverage dependent. The formation of MeAlH 2 reveals the occurrence of a kinetically competitive β-methyl elimination reaction of the surface alkyl groups.
Design and Implementation of EPON Network Management System Based on RIA

Based on analyzing EPON Network architectures and EPON Network Management functional requirements, this paper designed an EPON Network management System according to configuration management, performance management, fault management, topology management, security management and log management, and achieved a system based on RIA technology and B/S mode. The client was written based on Flex framework and the server was written by JAVA. A middleware technology was used between client and server for communicating. Through the B/S mode and SNMP, the system has achieved a series of management functions of EPON network.
Influence of Conduction Electrons on the Lattice Specific Heat and Elastic Moduli of Alpha-Phase Alloys of the Noble Metals

Measurements near 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of the lattice specific heat and the elastic moduli ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-phase alloys of the noble metals imply a change in Debye temperature $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ which is a function only of the electron/atom ratio when the solute is iso-electronic with the solvent. An attempt is made to estimate the variation in $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ by calculating the dependence of the shear moduli on the total kinetic energy of the electron system. The band structure is assumed rigid and the energy surfaces, which are defined using a nearly-free-electron model, are chosen so that the shape of the model Fermi surface resembles that which has been measured for the pure metals. The calculated variation with electron density is too large, particularly for ${C}_{44}$, and the observed change in $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ cannot be reproduced. This is probably due to the use of a rigid-band model, which predicts a decrease in the density of states with increasing electron/atom ratio for a Fermi surface which contacts the zone boundary, and is consequently unable to explain the observed changes in either the lattice or the electronic heat capacities.
Increased Polymer Length of Oligopeptide-Substituted Polynorbornenes with LiCl

The ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reaction is extraordinarily useful for the preparation of a large variety of polymers. We report that the length (n = 25-50) of high-substituent-density oligopeptide polymers synthesized by ROMP is dramatically improved upon addition of LiCl to reduce polymer and oligopeptide aggregation. This methodology should significantly expand the variety of polymers that may be prepared by ROMP and be of general use with norbornyl oligopeptides of any sequence.
Lymphatic fatty acids from rats fed human milk and formula containing coconut oil

Human milk and infant formula containing coconut/soy oil were infused into the duodenum of rats to determine the incorporation of capric, lauric, myristic and palmitic acids into lymphatic triacylglycerol (TAG). The proportion of capric and lauric acids in the lymphatic TAG reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet. Based on positional analysis, it appears that more than 50% of the capric and lauric acids could have been absorbed from the intestine assn-2 monoacylglycerols. In the rats fed human milk, 50% of palmitic acid in lymphatic TAG was in thesn-2 position. Because of the nonrandom distribution of palmitic acid in the lymphatic TAG, the nonspecific lipase in human milk, i.e., bile salt-stimulated lipase, did not appear to be a factor in milk lipid digestion.
Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis)

Abstract A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass in brackish (8 ppt) water. Semipurified diets containing 35% crude protein from fish muscle and crystalline amino acids were supplemented with graded levels of lysine HCl and analyzed to contain 1.14, 1.44, 1.71, 1.92, 2.15 and 2.37% lysine on a dry-matter basis. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile hybrids (approximately 8 g initial weight) in aquaria for 9 weeks, after which blood samples were taken and analyzed for free lysine in plasma. Overt signs of lysine deficiency such as suppressed growth, feed efficiency and plasma free lysine were observed in fish fed the basal diet containing 1.14% lysine. Nonlinear least-squares regression analysis of weight gain and feed efficiency data indicated that hybrid striped bass has a minimum lysine requirement (±s.e.) of 1.41 ± 0.08% of dry diet (4.03% of dietary protein).
Vibrations of shallow arches, including the effect of geometric non-linearities

The planar and non-planar motions of shallow arches of arbitrary shape, or of thin initially curved planar structural members, are investigated with the objective of determining the influence of non-straightness on the planar and non-planar response of the system to a planar harmonic excitation. Comparison is made with the response of a straight element having the same length as the curved member.
The infection of nymphal Baetis bicaudatus by the mermithid nematode Gasteromermis sp.

This study reports the infection in nymphs of a bivoltine mayfly host (Baetis bicaudatus) in a high-elevation watershed by the mermithid nematode Gasteromermis sp. Infection by Gasteromermis causes mortality in two ways. Fifty per cent of the infections do not successfully develop beyond the initial stage of penetration and result in the early death of both host and parasite. 2. Infected hosts that survive this initial stage are rendered completely sterile by the infection (reproductively dead). In addition to complete sterility, the emergence size of parasitized nymphs is reduced and development time lengthened compared with unparasitized nymphs. 3. Parasite infection levels are stable from year to year at one site, but with a higher incidence of infection in the mayfly summer generation. Size differences between the generations at the time of infection may account for their different susceptibilities. 4. Within a year infection levels vary seasonally and spatially from 1 to 71%. Seasonally, there is a condensation of parasitized hosts towards the end of development as unparasitized nymphs emerge earlier. Spatially, infection levels show a downstream decline that may result from upstream dispersal by infected hosts or differential parasite survivorship at different elevations.
Solid solution in the fluorapatite-chlorapatite binary system: High-precision crystal structure refinements of synthetic F-Cl apatite

Apatite sensu lato, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (F,OH,Cl) 2 , is the tenth most abundant mineral on Earth, and is fundamentally important in geological processes, biological processes, medicine, dentistry, agriculture, environmental remediation, and material science. The steric interactions among anions in the [0,0, z ] anion column in apatite make it impossible to predict the column anion arrangements in solid solutions among the three end-members. In this work we report the measured atomic arrangements of synthetic apatite in the F-Cl apatite binary with nominal composition Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (F 1 Cl 1 ), synthesized in vacuum at high temperature to minimize both hydroxyl- and oxy-component of the apatite. Four crystals from the high-temperature synthesis batch were prepared to assess the homogeneity of the batch and the precision of the location of small portions of an atom in the apatite anion column by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Crystals were ground to spheres of 80 μm diameter, and full-spheres of Mo K α diffraction data were collected to θ = 33o, with average redundancies >16. Final R 1 values ranged from 0.0145 to 0.0158; the lattice parameters ranged from a = 9.5084(2)–9.5104(3), c = 6.8289(3)–6.8311(2) A. Based on this study, solid solution in P 6 3 / m apatites along the F-Cl join is attained by creation of an off-mirror fluorine site at (0,0,0.167), a position wherein the fluorine atom relaxes away from its normal position within the {00 l } mirror plane in P 6 3 / m apatites; that relaxation is coupled with relaxation of a chlorine atom at the adjacent mirror plane away from the off-mirror fluorine, allowing acceptable F-Cl distances in the anion column. There are a total of four partially occupied anion positions in the anion column, including two for fluorine [(0,0,1/4) and (0,0,0.167)] and two for chlorine [(0,0,0.086) and (0,0,0)]; the chlorine site at the origin was previously postulated but not observed in calcium apatite solid solutions.
A 73-Year-Old Woman With a Cough

(CHEST 2005; 128:1018–1021) A 73-year-old woman presents to her physician complaining of a nonproductive nagging cough. Her medical history is remarkable for breast cancer treated by mastectomy 25 years prior to hospital admission and left lower extremity melanoma treated by excision 15 years prior to admission. She has a history of type II diabetes, a history of asthma that began around the age of 12 years, hypothyroidism, and a history of childhood acne treated with radiation therapy. She also has a 10 pack-year history of smoking, having stopped 43 years ago. Her surgical history is notable for a tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, nasal polyps, dilatation and curettage, hysterectomy, and thyroidectomy. At presentation, the patient is receiving levothryoxine, conjugated estrogen, and latanoprost eye drops. She reports multiple allergies to medications, including iodinated contrast, erythromycin, codeine, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, aspirin, atropine, and bacitracin. Physicial examination shows a well-nourished woman breathing comfortably on room air. Her pulse is 81 beats/min, respiratory rate is 18 breaths/min, and BP is 112/54 mm Hg. Her neck is supple to palpation without evidence for cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Her oropharynx is within normal limits. Her chest is clear to auscultation without evidence for wheezing or crackles. Her cardiac examination is within normal limits. A chest radiograph (Fig 1) demonstrates a focal, oblong, 4-cm mass in the right middle lobe. Chest CT (Fig 2) shows that this mass is of slight increased attenuation compared to the skeletal muscle. No adenopathy is noted. The patient undergoes bronchoscopy, which demonstrates no evidence for an endobronchial lesion in the central or segmental airways. Whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) is then performed and shows intermediate uptake in the majority of the mass with a small focus of markedly increased 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake within the center of the lesion (Fig 3). There is intermediate uptake in the right hilum on the PET scan. The patient is subsequently referred for a right middle lobe lobectomy.
TAK, an HIV Tat-associated kinase, is a member of the cyclin-dependent family of protein kinases and is induced by activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and differentiation of promonocytic cell lines

We have previously identified a cellular protein kinase activity termed TAK that specifically associates with the HIV types 1 and 2 Tat proteins. TAK hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II in vitro in a manner believed to activate transcription [Herrmann, C. H. & Rice, A. P. (1995) J. Virol. 69, 1612-1620]. We show here that the catalytic subunit of TAK is a known human kinase previously named PITALRE, which is a member of the cyclin-dependent family of proteins. We also show that TAK activity is elevated upon activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes and upon differentiation of U1 and U937 promonocytic cell lines to macrophages. Therefore, in HIV-infected individuals TAK may be induced in T cells following activation and in macrophages following differentiation, thus contributing to high levels of viral transcription and the escape from latency of transcriptionally silent proviruses.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells.

Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through CRH, leading to production of glucocorticoids that down-regulate immune responses. However, acute stress also has proinflammatory effects. We previously showed that restraint stress, as well as CRH and its structurally related urocortin (Ucn), could activate mast cells and trigger mast cell-dependent vascular permeability. Here we show for the first time that human cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMC) at 10 wk, but not at 2 wk, are immunocytochemically positive for CRH and Ucn; human leukemic mast cells are weakly positive for both peptides. The ability of these mast cells to synthesize CRH and Ucn was confirmed by showing mRNA expression with RT-PCR. hCBMC (8–14 wk) synthesize and store 1–10 ng/106 cells (10–20 μg/g) of both CRH and Ucn detected by ELISA of cell homogenates. Stimulation of IgE-sensitized hCBMC with anti-IgE results in secretion of most CRH and Ucn. These findings indicate that mast cells are not only the target, b...
Reconstitution of protein targeting to the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts.

The chloroplast envelope plays critical roles in the synthesis and regulated transport of key metabolites, including intermediates in photosynthesis and lipid metabolism. Despite this importance, the biogenesis of the envelope membranes has not been investigated in detail. To identify the determinants of protein targeting to the inner envelope membrane (IM), we investigated the targeting of the nucleus-encoded integral IM protein, atTic40. We found that pre-atTic40 is imported into chloroplasts and processed to an intermediate size (int-atTic40) before insertion into the IM. Int-atTic40 is soluble and inserts into the IM from the internal stromal compartment. We also show that atTic40 and a second IM protein, atTic110, can target and insert into isolated IM vesicles in vitro. Collectively, our experiments are consistent with a “postimport” mechanism in which the IM proteins are first imported from the cytoplasm and subsequently inserted into the IM from the stroma.
Dissociation of demyelination and viral clearance in congenitally immunodeficient mice infected with murine coronavirus JHM.

Infection of rodents with murine coronavirus JHM results in a subacute or chronic demyelinating disease which serves as a model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. Previous studies with JHMV ...
Chondrule collisions in shock waves

Detailed numerical models have shown that solar nebula shock waves would be able to thermally process chondrules in a way that is consistent with experimental constraints. However, it has recently been argued that the high relative velocities that would be generated between chondrules of different sizes immediately behind the shock front would lead to energetic collisions that would destroy the chondrules as they were processed rather than preserving them for incorporation into meteorite parent bodies. Here the outcome of these collisions is quantitatively explored using a simple analytic expression for the viscous dissipation of collisional energy in a liquid layer. It is shown that molten chondrules can survive collisions at velocities as high as a few hundred meters per second. It is also shown that the thermal evolution of chondrules in a given shock wave varies with chondrule size, which may allow chondrules of different textures to form in a given shock wave. While experiments are needed to further constrain the parameters used in this work, these calculations show that the expected outcomes from collisions behind shock waves are consistent with what is observed in meteorites.
Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for recurrent anal carcinoma following combined chemoradiation therapy

Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy is the standard treatment for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Failures are often not associated with distant recurrence and are therefore potentially amenable to salvage abdominoperineal resection. The aim of this study was to review our experience with abdominoperineal resection following failure of chemoradiation therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Between 1980 and 1998, 17 patients underwent salvage abdominoperineal resection following failure of chemoradiation therapy. Four patients were excluded from survival analysis because resection was performed with palliative intent. Survival curves were based on the method of Kaplan and Meier, and univariate analysis of predictive variables was performed using the log-rank test. Twelve patients underwent abdominoperineal resection for persistent disease and five patients for recurrent disease. No operative deaths occurred, but local complications including perineal wound infection and wound break-down was seen in 8 of 17 patients and 6 of 17 patients, respectively. Patients undergoing omental flap reconstruction (n = 3) or no pelvic reconstruction (n = 5) had a higher incidence of perineal breakdown compared to those undergoing muscle flap reconstruction (n = 9) (P <0.05). The median follow-up time for the patients operated on with curative intent was 53 months. The S-year actuarial survival was 47%. Potential prognostic factors that were not found to have an impact on survival included margin status of resection, sphincter invasion, and degree of differentiation. Only pathologic tumor size greater than 5.0 cm (P <0.00l) and age over 55 years (P <0.0.5) adversely affected survival. Selected patients with recurrent or persistent anal carcinoma following chemoradiation therapy can be offered salvage abdominoperineal resection. This operation is associated with a high incidence of local wound complications, and muscle flap reconstruction should be considered when possible. Prolonged survival can be achieved in some patients following salvage resection for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal.
A 0.5–20GHz quadrature downconverter

A quadrature downconverter with 4 GHz IF bandwidth and working over the 0.5-20 GHz RF frequency range has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The downconverter uses a frequency doubling and dividing scheme to generate quadrature local oscillator signals from 0.5-17 GHz and a pair of Gilbert-cell mixers to perform downconversion. When the IF outputs are combined with a commercial quadrature hybrid, the mixer achieves an image rejection ratio greater than 35 dB over the entire band with no on-chip calibration or tuning. The active die area is approximately 0.5times1 mm2.
The effects of forced-air warming on postbypass central and skin temperatures and shivering activity.

Abstract Study Objective: To test the hypothesis that forced-air skin-surface warming used prophylactically after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) would: (1) decrease the incidence and severity of postbypass shivering, (2) rapidly increase skin-surface temperatures when compared with standard warmed cotton blankets, and (3) not contribute to excessive central temperature elevation. Design: Prospective, randomized, nonblinded comparison of two rewarming techniques. Setting: Multidisciplinary intensive care unit at a tertiary care, private teaching hospital. Patients: Following hypothermic CPB, 47 patients underwent postoperative rewarming by using either conduction (warmed cotton blankets) or convection (forced-air cover) techniques. Measurements and Main Results: Central and skin temperatures were measured at 30-minute intervals for 5.5 hours postoperatively. Four lead electromyographic recordings were used to objectively document shivering activity. Antihypertensives, opioids, sedatives, and muscle relaxants were administered per patient need and recorded. The forced-air cover markedly decreased the overall incidence, duration, and magnitude of significant shivering compared with the warmed cotton blankets. Forced-air therapy produced clinically significant increases in skin surface temperatures, but avoided excessive central temperature elevation when compared with passive rewarming with cotton blankets. Conclusion: Convection warming, when compared with conductive warming with cotton blankets, limited the incidence, magnitude, and duration of shivering following hypothermic cardiac surgery. This suggests an important role of cutaneous thermal input in the mediation of the shivering response. The central tissue compartment is buffered from the effects of skin-surface warming and, thus, forced-air therapy will not lead to excessive central temperature elevation in this patient population when compared with cotton blanket rewarming.
Outcomes following Malone antegrade continence enema and their surgical revisions.

Abstract Background/Purpose The Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) channel is an effective means to manage patients with neurogenic bowel; however, complications may occur that may require surgical revision. Specific reports of the outcomes of these interventions are limited. We describe our clinical results following revision of MACE. Methods We retrospectively identified patients undergoing MACE revision for at our institution between 1997 and 2009. Type of MACE (in situ appendicocecostomy (AC=247), ileocecostomy (IC=25), cecal flap (CF=10)) performed was recorded, time from creation to revision, site of revision, and need for repeat surgical revision were recorded. Results Of a total of 282 patients that underwent creation of MACE during the study period, 49 patients (17%) required surgical revision. Of these 49 patients, 42 had undergone AC, four had IC and three had CF. Mean time from MACE creation to revision was 19months. Sixty-eight revision procedures were performed in the 49 patients. Skin level or endoscopic procedures accounted for 52/67 (78%) procedures. Sixteen patients (33%) required more than one revision and three patients (6%) required more than two procedures. Conclusions Skin level revisions accounted for over three-fourths of MACE revisions. In our series, two thirds of patients requiring revision required only a single procedure, but one third required more than one revision.
Geography in the Secondary Schools: 1945-1990:

A is imperative that we have a secondary school curriculum that develops the geographic competencies students will require, says this writer, who provides an overview of geography studies during the last 45 years.
Reflectors and Lenses

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Geometrical Optics: The Eikonal Equation Simple Reflectors Aperture Blockage The Design of a Shaped Cylindrical Reflector The Design of a Doubly Curved Reflector Radiation Patterns of Reflector Antennas: The Aperture Field Method Radiation Patterns of Reflector Antennas: The Current Distribution Method Dual Shaped Reflector Systems Single Surface Dielectric Lenses Stepped Lenses Surface Mismatch, Frequency Sensitivity, and Dielectric Loss for Lens Antennas The Far Field of a Dielectric Lens Antenna The Design of a Shaped Cylindrical Lens Artificial Dielectrics: Discs and Strips Artificial Dielectrics: Metal Plate (Constrained) Lenses The Luneburg Lens This chapter contains sections titled: References Problems
Effect of Zinc Amino-Acid Complex and Optaflexx Feeding Duration on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Cattle

Supplementation of a zinc-amino acid complex (ZnAA)at 60 ppm increased carcass-adjusted final BW, ADG, and improved F:G of cattle fed Optaflexx (OPT) when compared with cattle fed OPT alone. Under the conditions of this study, steers fed OPT for 28 days had a 0.9%increase in HCW relative to non-OPT cattle that was improved to 2.1% greater in steers supplemented with ZnAA and OPT. Zinc supplementation without OPT did not affect performance. In addition, ZnAA supplementation didnot extend the response to OPT, as the performance of steers receiving OPT for 28 or 42 d was not different in Zn supplemented steers. There appears to be a synergy between Zn and OPT supplementation that leads to improved finishing steer performance, although the mechanism is currently unknown.
Fetal exposure to placental corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with child self-reported internalizing symptoms

Abstract Objective Fetal exposure to maternal prenatal stress hormones such as cortisol exerts influences on the developing nervous system that persist and include risk for internalizing symptoms later in life. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (pCRH) is a feto-placental stress signal that also shapes fetal neurodevelopment and may be a more direct indicator of the fetal experience than maternal stress hormones. The programming effects of pCRH on child development are unknown. The current investigation examined associations between prenatal maternal and placental stress hormone exposures (maternal cortisol and pCRH) and child self-reported internalizing symptoms at age 5. Method Maternal plasma cortisol and pCRH levels were measured at 15, 19, 25, 31, and 36 weeks’ gestation in a sample of 83 women and their 91 children (8 sibling pairs from separate pregnancies), who were born full-term. Child self-reported internalizing symptoms at age 5 were obtained using scales of the Berkeley Puppet Interview. Results Placental CRH profiles (including elevations in mid-gestation) were associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms at age 5. This effect was not explained by critical prenatal or postnatal influences, including obstetric risk, concurrent maternal psychological state, and family socio-economic status. Prenatal maternal cortisol was not significantly associated with child self-reported internalizing symptoms. Conclusions Findings suggest that elevated exposures to the feto-placental stress signal pCRH exert programming effects on the developing fetal central nervous system, with lasting consequences for child mental health.
Interpretation of Deviations from NEO-Hookean Elasticity by a Two-Network Model with Crosslinks and Trapped Entanglements

Abstract Deviations from neo-Hookean elasticity in crosslinked rubbers, as measured by the ratio ψ=C2/(C1+C2) where C1 and C2 are the Mooney-Rivlin coefficients, have been found to be represented by a single function of fN, which is the ratio of network strands terminated by trapped entanglements to the total number of strands terminated by either trapped entanglements or crosslinks. It is assumed that the structure can be represented by a two-network model in which the crosslink network is neo-Hookean and the network of trapped entanglements is Mooney-Rivlin. The ratio fN is calculated from literature data for C1 and C2 and entanglement spacing derived from data on the uncrosslinked rubbers together with the Langley theory for the probability of entanglement trapping. Results are obtained for five polymers with different entanglement spacings over considerable ranges of degree of crosslinking and molecular weight before crosslinking, both of which influence the extent of entanglement trapping. The calcul...
The Curvilinear Effect of Creativity on Performance: A Moderating Effect of Team Creativity

This paper develops and empirically tests a multilevel model examining the effects of individual and team creativity on employee performance. Drawing from activation theory and attention capacity t...
54 CARDIOMYOCYTE EXPRESSION OF METALLOTHIONEIN AND ZINC TRANSPORTER 1 IN RATS WITH ALDOSTERONISM: RESPONSE TO SPIRONOLACTONE OR AMLODIPINE COTREATMENT.

Purpose In addition to the excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ that appears in the myocardium with chronic aldosteronism, there is a rise in Zn and an increased expression of metallothionein (MT)-1, a Zn-binding protein, in cardiac tissue. Unlike other trace metals (eg, Cu, Fe, Co), whose excessive accumulation in a tissue is accompanied by cytotoxicity, tissue accumulation of Zn is devoid of such toxicity, which may relate to its inactivity mediated by intracellular binding and to transporters that expel it. Herein we hypothesized that Zn accumulation in cardiomyocytes is accompanied by increased expression of MT-1 and Znt-1, a Zn transporter (or exporter). Methods and Results Total mRNA was obtained from cardiomyocytes harvested by retrograde collagenase perfusion of the isolated rat heart. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression of MT-1 and Znt-1 and a housekeeping gene tubulin. Their expression relative to control cells was calculated using the delta-delta Ct method. Cardiomyocytes were studied in four experimental groups; age-/gender-matched controls (C); aldosterone (0.75 μg/h) and 1% NaCl (A); 4 weeks A + spironolactone (S, 150 mg/kg/d by gavage); and A + amlodipine (CCB, 5 mg/kg/d by gavage). We found (p Conclusions In rats with aldosteronism, there is an increased expression of MT-1 and Znt-1 in cardiomyocytes that accompanies increased intracellular Zn and is likely a cytoprotective response to prevent Zn toxicity. Cotreatment with S attenuated these Zn-related responses, whereas amlodipine prevented the increased expression of MT-1 but not Znt-1.
Reversible chloride-dependent potassium flux across the rabbit cortical collecting tubule.

We have demonstrated previously active Cl and K secretion by the cortical collecting tubule (CCT). The aim of these studies was to determine whether a component of Cl and K secretion is coupled. Such coupling has been observed in the rat distal nephron but K secretion in the rabbit CCT is believed to be strictly conductive. We measured the rate of K secretion in three protocols. In the first, bath bumetanide did not affect K secretion but K secretion (-JK; in pmol.mm-1.min-1) decreased from 12.7 +/- 2.2 to 8.28 +/- 1.2 when gluconate replaced bath Cl (P less than 0.01), whereas transepithelial voltage (VT) and lumen-to-bath 22Na flux (JNal----b) were unchanged. In the second, bath Cl removal stimulated significant K absorption (JK, from -0.19 +/- 0.97 to 2.03 +/- 0.57) only in the presence of a lumen-to-bath Cl gradient (Na-free perfusate). This identical maneuver had no effect on JK in the absence of luminal Cl (NaCl-free perfusate). In the third, reducing luminal [Cl] from 112 to 5 mM stimulated K secretion from 13.6 +/- 3.1 to 20.1 +/- 3.2 (P less than 0.01) without affecting VT or net Na transport. We conclude the following: the CCT possesses a Cl-dependent K secretory mechanism that can be influenced by the transepithelial Cl gradient independent of VT and JNal----b. Reducing luminal [Cl] stimulates K secretion and K secretion can be reversed to K absorption by reversal of the ambient Cl gradient. These data imply a coupling between a component of K and Cl fluxes, consistent with the presence of KCl cotransport in the rabbit CCT.
Performance management challenges for virtual network functions

Networks increasingly incorporate complex functionality, going beyond simple forwarding. Packet flows require processing through a complex set of services, that may often be provided in the cloud or on commercial off the shelf (COTS) hardware. This paper investigates the problem of scheduling network functions in different service chains, on a single physical host. Stock operating system (OS) schedulers are ill-equipped to handle the strict performance required — high throughput AND low latency across multiple functions — by network function virtualization (NFV) platforms. Our experimental results show that the standard Linux scheduler can cause a 50% drop in throughput when subjected to diverse NFV workloads. We argue that the OS scheduler needs to be enhanced to be NFV-aware in order to handle service chains, while maintaining line-rate performance. We describe the challenges in designing a network function service chain friendly scheduler and present some early results based on our ongoing research in this area.
Viral infection crosses up antigen presentation to drive autoimmunity

Studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), have provided important insights into immune pathology. This model, which is incited by immunization with a portion of the brain protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), is inducible in nonhuman primates, including the common marmoset and the rhesus macaque. Viral infections such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are often suspected to trigger autoimmune disease, but molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Using these valuable, translational models, Jagessar and colleagues have identified new pathways by which infection triggers autoimmunity. The current study connects two previous key findings: B cells are required for EAE development, and the MOG40-48 peptide drives disease. Under normal conditions, B cells tended to destroy the pathologic peptide sequence when processing the MOG protein. The authors tested the hypothesis that viral infection with lymphocryptovirus, an EBV-related virus, alters B cell antigen presentation to enable presentation of the key peptide to pathogenic CD8 T cells responsible for disease progression. The authors discovered that lymphocryptovirus infection of B cells diminished MOG proteolysis and enhanced autophagosome activity, which promotes peptide “cross-presentation.” In this process, antigens, such as MOG, acquired from outside the cell can switch tracks to become presented along with peptides derived from proteins inside the cell, which is the system that activates CD8 T cells. In order to make this switch, infection induced changes in the B cell to protect processed antigen fragments and enhance the CD8 T cell–activating presentation pathway. Because EBV is a common infection targeting B cells in humans and has been strongly associated with MS and other autoimmune pathologies, this investigation offers a potentially important connection between this infectious process and autoimmune disease. In addition, by determining critical molecular steps that are required, future interventions could limit B cell–mediated antigen presentation and restrict their capacity for cross-presentation of key antigens that promote disease. S. A. Jagessar et al. , Lymphocryptovirus infection of nonhuman primate B cells converts destructive into productive processing of the pathogenic CD8 T cell epitope in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J. Immunol. 10.4049/jimmunol.1600124 (2016).[[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2016/07/13/jimmunol.1600124.full.pdf+html
Analysis on the Performance Limitations of an Interferometric Geolocation Device

GPS is a critical tool often used in terrestrial location and navigation. However, GPS relies on a system of satellites in medium earth orbit and is prone to dropouts at higher latitudes, and may be susceptible to spoofing or other attacks. Thus, it is prudent to examine possible alternatives. Recently, star tracking has been of interest in global positioning. There are many implementations of a star tracker using an imaging-based optical system to capture star locations in order to estimate position using celestial navigation techniques. These imaging systems are performance limited by blurring imposed by atmospheric turbulence, platform jitter, and measurement noise. An interferometric system for locating stars can be used as an alternative to accurately locate stars in the sky. The use of one or more 3 or 4-aperture interferometers may allow for greater noise immunity in the phase error induced by atmospheric turbulence, and allows a larger baseline to be used as compared to the diameter of a single lens imaging system in some configurations. Such a system could sample at a rate higher than the Greenwood frequency, which helps reduce error in boresight angle retrieval. In the system described herein, the performance limitations would be dominated by atmospheric tilt and boresight angle retrieval. When the boresight angle can be retrieved, the system could be reasonably expected to produce a position estimate RMS error of less than 30 meters.
Are all EPAs really EPAs

The concept of entrustable professional activities (EPA) was first introduced by ten Cate (2005). An EPA is defined as “a unit of professional practice that can be fully entrusted to a trainee, as ...
The contribution of trait negative affect and stress to recall for bodily states

Abstract How does trait negative affect shape somatic memory of stressful events? We hypothesized that negative affect would impair accurate recall of one's own heart rate during stressful situations. Two bio-behavioral studies used a new paradigm to test retrospective visceral perception and assessed whether negative affective states experienced during aversive events (i.e., the Trier Stress Task—Time 1) would retrospectively shape recall of past heart rate (Time 2), even when accounting for actual heart rate at the time of each stressful event (Time 1). Results across both studies showed that individual differences in negative affect in response to a stressful task predicted visceral recollections, and those who experienced more negative affect were more inaccurate. Negative affect was associated with a tendency to remember visceral reactions as worse than they actually were.
International Women's Trade Unionism and Education

This keynote address, delivered in December 2015 at the International Federation of Workers’ Education Association General Conference in Lima, Peru, refutes the standard trope of labor movement decline and provides evidence for the global rise and feminization of labor movements worldwide. Trade union women’s commitment to emancipatory, democratic worker education helped spur these changes. The origins and effects of two historical examples are detailed: the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers held in the United States annually from 1921 to 1938 and the first International Women’s Summer School of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) held in France in 1953. The latter experiment, attended by women labor leaders from 25 countries, energized the Women’s Committee of the ICFTU. It led to the adoption of “The Charter of Rights of Working Women” by the ICFTU in 1965 and helped make possible the election of Sharan Burrow and other women to top office in the International Trade Union Confederation. The address concludes with a discussion of what the history of trade union women’s education teaches about strengthening future labor movements.
Reduced Intensity Allografts for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Defining the Role of Conditioning and Donor Alloreactivity.

The role of reduced intensity allografting in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is unclear. While more patients may survive the initial period following allografting in comparison to those receiving full intensity transplants, the risk of relapse may be greater, particularly in patients not in remission at the time of transplantation. Here we report the results of allogeneic transplants using either cytokine mobilized peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) following a reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen. 131 patients with AML were all conditioned with an identical regimen containing Cyclophosphamide at 120mg/kg iv over 2 days (days −3 and −2) followed by a single dose of total body irradiation at 550cGy on day −1. HLA-identical (HLA-ID) siblings donated cytokine mobilized PB to 62 recipients and unrelated donor (UD) BM was used for 69 patients. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of single agent cyclosporine (CSP) for recipients of HLA-ID allografts and CSP, methotrexate, and methylprednisolone in recipients of UD BM. The median age of recipients was 45 years (range 21–70), with 55 males and 76 females. 43 pts were in CR1, 33 in CR2, and 55 had relapsed (rel) or refractory (ref) disease. 59 of 69 recipients of UD BM were serologically identical with their donors at 6/6 antigens. There were no graft failures in either group.With a median follow-up of over 18 months, the results of transplantation are presented in the Table. Results of Transplantation | Clinical Outcome | Allograft Source | HLA-ID PB | UD BM | |:-------------------------------------- | ---------------- | --------- | -------- | | Grade 2–4 Acute GVHD | | 42% | 51% | | Extensive Chronic GVHD | | 57% | 61% | | Disease free survival (DFS) at 2 years | | | | | | CR1 | 49+/−10% | 39+/−12% | | | CR2 | 19%+/−12% | 38+/−11% | | | Rel/Ref | 17+/−8% | 0% | For pts transplanted in CR1, the results are comparable to those observed following fully ablative conditioning, particularly since many pts were transplanted due to high risk karyotype. In CR2, outcomes following RIC were superior in recipients of UD BM compared to HLA-ID PB, possibly due to a greater graft versus leukemia effect. UD BM was ineffective in pts with rel/ref AML. Of interest, the 2 year DFS in pts with rel/ref AML following receipt of HLA-ID PB was 17% overall, but was 28% in those that developed any acute GVHD versus 0% in those that did not (P<0.02). In conclusion, while the role of RIC in the treatment of pts with AML requires further clarification, our findings suggest that in pts beyond CR1, clinical evidence of donor alloreactivity appears to be critical for ensuring durable DFS.
Cosolute and Crowding Effects on a Side-By-Side Protein Dimer.

The effects of small (∼102 Da) and larger (>103 Da) cosolutes on the equilibrium stability of monomeric globular proteins are broadly understood, excluding volume stabilizes proteins and chemical interactions are stabilizing when repulsive, but destabilizing when attractive. Proteins, however, rarely work alone. Here, we investigate the effects of small and large cosolutes on the equilibrium stability of the simplest defined protein–protein interactions, the side-by-side homodimer formed by the A34F variant of the 56-residue B1 domain of protein G. We used 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify the effects of urea, trimethylamine oxide, Ficoll, and more physiologically relevant cosolutes on the dimer dissociation constant. The data reveal the same stabilizing and destabilizing influences from chemical interactions as observed in studies of protein stability. Results with more physiologically relevant molecules such as bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and reconstituted Escherichia coli cyto...