cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective communication of molecular genetic test results to primary care providers.

We evaluated a template for molecular genetic test reports that was developed as a strategy to reduce communication errors between the laboratory and ordering clinician. We surveyed 1,600 primary care physicians to assess satisfaction, ease of use, and effectiveness of genetic test reports developed using our template and reports developed by clinical laboratories. Mean score differences of responses between the reports were compared using t-tests. Two-way analysis of variance evaluated the effect of template versus standard reports and the influence of physician characteristics. There were 396 (24%) respondents. Template reports had higher scores than the standard reports for each survey item. The gender and specialty of the physician did not influence scores; however, younger physicians gave higher scores regardless of report type. There was significant interaction between report type and whether physicians ordered or reviewed any genetic tests (none versus at least one) in the past year, P = 0.005. For each survey item assessing satisfaction, ease of use, and effectiveness, physicians gave higher ratings to genetic test reports developed with the template than standard reports used by clinical laboratories. Physicians least familiar with genetic test reports, and possibly having the greatest need for better communication, were best served by the template reports. Genet Med 2013:15(6):444–449
Monolithic Ge and GeSn Gain Media and Lasers on Si

We present the latest progress in monolithic Ge and GeSn optical gain media/lasers on Si, including band-engineering, device structures, and a monolithic 3D integration scheme based on quasi-single-crystal, direct-gap GeSn grown on dielectric layers.
Grass Pea as a Nitrogen Source for Continuous No-Till Winter Wheat

Sources and methods of use of organic nitrogen (N) in the southern Great Plains (SGP) need testing to find alternatives to increasingly expensive inorganic fertilizer. We examined the function of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), a cool-season pulse, as a preplant N source for continuous, no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study was conducted in central Oklahoma (35°40'N, 98°00' W, elevation 414 masl) from 2004 to 2008, on three replicate blocks of four experimental plots (6 by 10 m). Inoculated grass pea seed ('AC-Greenfix') was sown during late summer fallow (mid-August) in one randomly chosen plot per block (75 kg ha ―1 , 60-cm rows; 75% germination). Three additional plots per block mimicked summer fallow with 0 (control), 40, or 80 kg N ha ―1 inorganic fertilizer applied. All treatments were repeated on the same plots throughout the study. Samples were collected from grass pea plots at flowering in early October to define aboveground biomass and analyzed for N concentration and digestibility. Aboveground biomass of grass pea was shredded with a flail mower and left on the soil surface, fertilizer treatments were applied, and wheat ('Jagger') was sown (100 kg ha ―1 , 20-cm rows). Aboveground wheat biomass was collected at three growth stages (elongation, flowering, physiological maturity) and analyzed for N concentration. Grass pea aboveground biomass contained enough N to meet the needs of wheat at planting in only 1 yr. Wheat biomass and amounts of N in wheat aboveground biomass in response to grass pea were intermediate between the 0 and 40 kg applied N ha ―1 , as was yield and N accumulated in wheat grain. Therefore, grass pea was not effective as a preplant source of N for continuous no-till winter wheat in the SGP. Additional research is required to define factors that limit the function of grass pea as a source of N for continuous no-till winter wheat and its potential function in other crop rotations.
Proton NMR Spectroscopy of Alcaligenes Cytochrome C556

Abstract A high molecular-weight c -type cytochrome was purified from Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750. Its weight was 40,000 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Heme content was determined to be one heme per 40,000 daltons. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance -NMR- Spectroscopy determined that the ferrous form is low spin. The detection of a methyl resonance at - 3 ppm in the ferrous form indicated that methionine is a heme ligand in this state. The NMR spectrum of the ferric form at pH 7.2 revealed hyperfine shifted methyl resonances at 67.79, 63.17, 57.71, and 50.46 ppm. The large downfield shifts observed are indicative of high spin character. The ferric spectrum was pH-sensitive, indicating two pH-linked structural transistions with estimated p K s at 6.0 and 10.5. The first is interpreted as due to the ionization of a heme propionate. The second is interpreted as the acquisition of a strong field ligand and the subsequent conversion to a low spin ferric form. The ferricytochrome did not form complexes with cyanide, azide, or fluoride at pH 5.2 or 7.9.
Synthesis and characterization of positively charge-modified polyproplyene membrane

A technique for incorporating positively charged groups onto the surface of microporous polypropylene membrane filters is described. In this method, 4-vinyl-pyridine is polymerized and grafted onto polypropylene membranes using /sup 60/Co gamma -irradiation. Pyridyl groups on the grafted membranes are quaternized with butyl bromide. The electrical characteristics of prepared membranes were measured by streaming potential and anionic dye challenge tests. The compatibility of these charge-modified membranes with ultrapure water is investigated. Results show that these charge-modified membranes are characterized by a positive zeta potential in the pH range from 4 to 9.3. From the dye challenge test at a pH of 5.0, the density of positively charged sites was calculated to be 1.7*10/sup 19/ sites/g. The membranes did not release any measureable total oxidizable carbon (TOC) into ultrapure water and thus appear to have potential for use in deionized (DI) water system. >
On Gradient Elasticity and Discrete Peridynamics with Applications to Beams and Plates

In this paper two different nonlinear elasticity theories that account for (a) geometric nonlinearityand (b) microstructure-dependent size effects are revisited to establish the connection betweenthe two theories. The first theory is based on modified couple stress theory of Yang et al. [1]and the second one is based on Srinivasa–Reddy gradient elasticity theory [2]. The modified couplestress theory includes a material length scale parameter that can capture the size effect in a material.The gradient elasticity theory was developed for finitely deforming hyperelastic cosserat continuum,and it is a generalization of small deformation couple stress theories. The Srinivasa–Reddy theorycontains, as a special case, the first one. These two theories are used to derive the governing equationsof beams and plates. In addition, a discrete peridynamics idea as an alternative to the conventionalperidynamics is also presented.
Energy transfer in plasmonic systems

We present our results on energy transfer between donor and acceptor molecules or quantum dots near a plasmonic nanoparticle. In such systems, the Forster resonance energy transfer is strongly modified due to plasmon-mediated coupling between donors and acceptors. The transfer efficiency is determined by a competition between transfer, radiation and dissipation that depends sensitively on system parameters. When donor and accepror spectral bands overlap with dipole surface plasmon resonance, the dominant transfer mechanism is through plasmon-enhanced radiative coupling. When transfer takes place from an ensemble of donors to an acceptor, a cooperative amplification of energy transfer takes place in a wide range of system parameters.
U-Pb dating of prograde and retrograde titanite growth during the Scandian orogeny

U/Pb ages of metamorphic titanite from high-grade gneisses of the Nasafjallet window in the north-central Scandinavian Caledonides record growth over an ∼20 m.y. interval during the Late Silurian to Early Devonian. Biotite-amphibolite gneisses located near the basement-cover boundary contain metamorphic titanite in two microtextural settings, one as lenticular grains distributed throughout a recrystallized matrix of metamorphic phases, and one as plate-like grains enclosed within biotite grains. These distinct morphological populations exhibit core-overgrowth relationships with compositionally similar cores and overgrowths, but the plate-like titanite grains have a much higher proportion of overgrowth and give slightly younger ages. Cores and overgrowths in both types are inferred to have formed along the prograde (ca. 413 Ma) and retrograde (ca. 395 Ma) paths, respectively, of a single metamorphic cycle associated with the burial and exhumation of a slice of Baltic basement during the Caledonide orogeny (Baltica-Laurentia collision). The existence of polygenic U/Pb systematics in metamorphic titanite demonstrates the potential usefulness of titanite to reveal multiple metamorphic and deformational episodes, and to constrain the duration of metamorphic events.
Bleeding Complications and Blood Product Utilization With Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Background Bleeding complications are a major source of morbidity and reoperation after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, yet remain poorly characterized in patients receiving LVADs. We assessed bleeding complications in an institutional cohort of LVAD patients. Methods We reviewed patients who received continuous-flow (CF) LVADs at our institution (October 2004 to May 2009). Intraoperative and postoperative transfusion requirements (packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets), chest tube output, and reoperation for bleeding complications were assessed. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis assessed the impact of intraoperative bleeding on mortality. A subset of our patient population underwent delayed sternal closure as opposed to primary closure and an analysis of reoperation for bleeding was undertaken stratifying patients by approach to closure. Results Eighty-six CF LVADs were implanted over our study period. Patients had poor preoperative cardiac function and high preoperative risk indices. Patients receiving LVADs had high intraoperative (11.6 ± 7.5 units) and postoperative (15.6 [±12.6] units in the first week) blood product requirements, as well as significant chest tube output (5,880 [±4,480] milliliters in the first week). On multivariable analysis, intraoperative packed red blood cell transfusions were a significant predictor of mortality. Eleven (28%) patients undergoing primary sternal closure required reoperation for bleeding, while delayed sternal closure patients generally had resolution of bleeding prior to sternal closure. The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 28% at one year. Conclusions On multivariable analysis, intraoperative packed red blood cell transfusions were a significant predictor of 30-day and one-year mortality, while chest tube output during the first postoperative 48 hours predicted 30-day but not one-year mortality.
Color and motion: which is the tortoise and which is the hare?

Recent psychophysical studies have been interpreted to indicate that the perception of motion temporally either lags or is synchronous with the perception of color. These results appear to be at odds with neurophysiological data, which show that the average response-onset latency is shorter in the cortical areas responsible for motion (e.g., MT and MST) than for color processing (e.g., V4). The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptual asynchrony between motion and color on two psychophysical tasks. In the color correspondence task, observers indicated the predominant color of an 18 �· 18� field of colored dots when they moved in a specific direction. On each trial, the dots periodically changed color from red to green and moved cyclically at 15, 30 or 60 deg/s in two directions separated by 180� , 135� ,9 0� or 45� . In the temporal order judgment task, observers indicated whether a change in color occurred before or after a change in motion, within a single cycle of the moving-dot stimulus. In the color correspondence task, we found that the perceptual asynchrony between color and motion depends on the difference in directions within the motion cycle, but does not depend on the dot velocity. In the temporal order judgment task, the perceptual asynchrony is substantially shorter than for the color correspondence task, and does not depend on the change in motion direction or the dot velocity. These findings suggest that it is inappropriate to interpret previous psychophysical results as evidence that motion perception generally lags color perception. We discuss our data in the context of a ‘‘two-stage sustained-transient’’ functional model for the processing of various perceptual attributes. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Quantifying age-related differences in human reaching while interacting with a rehabilitation robotic device

New movement assessment and data analysis methods are developed to quantify human arm motion patterns during physical interaction with robotic devices for rehabilitation. These methods provide metrics for future use in diagnosis, assessment and rehabilitation of subjects with affected arm movements. Specifically, the current study uses existing pattern recognition methods to evaluate the effect of age on performance of a specific motion, reaching to a target by moving the end-effector of a robot an X-Y table. Differences in the arm motion patterns of younger and older subjects are evaluated using two measures: the principal component analysis similarity factor SPCA to compare path shape and the number of Fourier modes representing 98% of the path 'energy' to compare the smoothness of movement, a particularly important variable for assessment of pathologic movement. Both measures are less sensitive to noise than others previously reported in the literature and preserve information that is often lost through other analysis techniques. Data from the SPCA analysis indicate that age is a significant factor affecting the shapes of target reaching paths, followed by reaching movement type crossing body midline/not crossing and reaching side left/right; hand dominance and trial repetition are not significant factors. Data from the Fourier-based analysis likewise indicate that age is a significant factor affecting smoothness of movement, and movements become smoother with increasing trial number in both younger and older subjects, although more rapidly so in younger subjects. These results using the proposed data analysis methods confirm current practice that age-matched subjects should be used for comparison to quantify recovery of arm movement during rehabilitation. The results also highlight the advantages that these methods offer relative to other reported measures.
Decadal record of sediment export to the deep sea via Eel Canyon

Abstract An active upper-canyon system, Eel Canyon, was studied to determine its role as a conduit and/or sink for terrigenous material over decadal timescales and to assess the sedimentary record preserved by transport processes. These data are used to (1) link seasonal fluctuations in sediment transport and deposition to preserved stratigraphic signatures, and (2) assess sediment storage and removal in the upper Eel Canyon (100–850 m water depth) over decadal timescales. Previous research has shown that upper thalwegs commonly experience gravity-driven flows during winter (November–March), due to increased sediment supply from Eel River flooding and intense storms that produce energetic wave/current conditions. Thick winter deposits composed of recently discharged fluvial sediment are formed in upper thalwegs, with distinct short- and long-lived radioisotopic and textural signatures (detectable 7Be and 234Thxs, lowered 210Pb activity, elevated clay content, and physical structures). Box and kasten cores were collected in the upper canyon (thalwegs and walls) to measure these signatures in recent and preserved winter deposits, and to calculate 100-yr accumulation rates. Non-bioturbated deposits (that have signatures indicative of rapid accretion by gravity-driven flows during the winter) are common in the upper canyon thalwegs. Short-lived radioisotopes (7Be and 234Th) show that sediment delivery to the upper thalweg varies temporally, sometimes beginning at the onset of river flooding, and at other times beginning during fall/early winter dry-storm events. In contrast, bioturbated deposits (which do not have signatures indicative of rapid deposition) are found on canyon walls. Non-bioturbated winter deposits are easily identified in the decadal record of thalwegs by decreases in 210Pb activity and increases in clay content. Stacking of multiple years of winter deposits (∼10 cm preserved per winter) results in non-steady-state 210Pb profiles and high decadal accumulation rates. However, down-core changes in 210Pb profiles show that slope failures are actively redistributing these winter deposits. Partial or total removal of multiple winter deposits appears to happen periodically (every ∼13 yr), which will inhibit preservation of the longer decadal record. 100-yr accumulation rates were calculated in the thalwegs from the resulting 210Pb profiles (i.e., the result of winter accretion and decadal removal by failures). Accumulation rates are much higher in thalwegs (1–6 cm/yr) than walls (0.1–0.8 cm/yr), which is likely the result of differing sediment delivery processes (via gravity-driven flows and nepheloid layers, respectively). At least 2.6±1.4% of the Eel River sediment budget is accumulating in the upper canyon over 100-yr timescales. However, this value greatly underestimates the total amount entering the canyon system because minimum accumulation rates were used in many areas (due to limited core length) and slope failures are moving sediment out of the budget area.
Muscular Dystrophy in Broiler Breeder Hens: Effect of Temperature

Abstract A severe muscular dystrophy developed in broiler breeder hens involved in environmental studies at the University of Georgia. Necropsy of birds at approximately 27 weeks of age that had died or were paralyzed revealed severe myopathy of leg, cardiac, and pectoral muscles. The hens had been fed practical diets ad lib., containing supplements of vitamin E, ethoxyquin, and D, L methionine. Birds were kept in three environmental chambers in cages at different temperatures (2 to 13, 13 to 24 and 24 to 35 C). Those kept in the highest temperature had the highest mortality. At approximately 30 weeks of age, one-half the surviving hens in each temperature room were kept on the same practical breeder ration, and the other half was fed the same ration supplemented with .5 mg selenium, 55 IU vitamin E, and 1 g D,L methionine per kg of diet. After 8 weeks, mortality for control hens was 0, 27, and 71% respectively, for the three temperature ranges, and for the treated hens, 4, 7, and 32%. Plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity was elevated at all temperatures initially but lowered in both the treated and control groups after 8 weeks. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was relatively high initially for birds in all temperatures and was higher for the treated hens at all temperatures at the end of the experiment. Gross lesion scores for myopathy of two hens for each treatment at the end of the experiment were higher for hens fed the unsupplemented diets and increased as environmental temperature increased.
Analytical study of the neutral stability of a model hypersonic boundary layer

The neutral modes of a hypersonic boundary layer flow over an adiabatic flat plate are considered. A formulation of the governing second-order linear equation for the pressure disturbance is developed that lends itself to the application of the WKB method over the entire boundary layer. This formulation provides analytic eigenvalues and eigenfunction relations for the pressure disturbances and is applicable to flows at moderate Mach numbers as well. Solutions are determined for the cases of the wave speed c = 0 and c = 1, and show good qualitative agreement with numerical computations as well as results in the limit MQQ —>• oo.
In vitro measurement of cytosol and cell nuclear androgen receptors in male rat brain and pituitary.

Abstract An in vitro assay procedure is described for measuring androgen receptor binding in cytosol and cell nuclei of brain and pituitary tissue using [3H]R1881 as ligand. The cell nuclear assay uses the exchange method, which permits assessment of endogenous occupancy of androgen receptors in brain and pituitary. Competition and saturation analysis indicated that [3H]R1881 binding has the specificity and nanomolar affinity expected of an androgen receptor. Moreover, we demonstrated that androgen receptor binding predominated in cytosol from castrated rats and in cell nuclei of male rats treated in vivo with testosterone. Furthermore, as expected, testicular feminized male rats showed low levels of putative androgen receptors in both cytosol and cell nuclei.
Preschoolers with working mothers

This research examines the determinants of child care mode choice for the preschool-age children of working mothers. Attention is focused on two main questions. First, do increases in economic resources raise the likelihood that center care arrangements will be employed? And second, is there a quality-quantity tradeoff in the context of child care? A multinomial logit analysis of data on preschoolers from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (conducted in the United States) yields positive answers to both of these questions.
Spacecraft payload optimization

Many factors are considered in the selection and integration of scientific experiments for spacecraft payloads. Ideally, the payload should provide maximum scientific value subject to the finite limitations of cost, telemetry, power, weight, and volume imposed by the scope of the mission. The process of picking the payloads is frequently a source of consternation for proposers of experiments as well as mission administrators. Large amounts of money and maintenance of technical staffs as well as personal prestige and scientific careers are at stake in these deliberations. The unique nature of spacecraft experiments requires very specialized knowledge for the review process, which is usually only available from principal investigators of previous spacecraft experiments. Owing to the limited opportunities for missions, a small group of capable experimenters has emerged.
Multiple neurofibromatosis in a family.

Abstract Case reports of three members of the same family with multiple neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) have been presented. The mandible is affected in one of the daughters. This is a rare location. 1 A fatal termination occurred from metastatic involvement in another daughter, in whom the leg was first involved. The mother was afflicted with the cutaneous (fibrosum molluscum) form of the disease. Adequate management of the daughter with the mandibular lesion is a difficult surgical problem.
JSTOR: a case study in the recent history of scholarly communications

Purpose – To argue for the consideration from an historical perspective of technology‐enabled changes in higher education.Design/methodology/approach – Uses examples from the author's history of JSTOR as a case study.Findings – That the case of JSTOR offers evidence that technology‐enabled changes in higher education will have historical interest.Research limitations/implications – Although the author presents only examples from JSTOR, historians should begin to give attention to the overall changes taking place in scholarly communications and higher education.Practical implications – Suggests further areas of research for historians, information scientists, and graduate students.Originality/value – This work should be of interest to library and information professionals, business historians, and perhaps economic historians interested in the information industries.
The nucleolus fine-tunes the orchestration of an early neuroprotection response in neurodegeneration.

The nucleolus fine-tunes the orchestration of an early neuroprotection response in neurodegeneration
Models of voting behavior in survey research

This paper examines two models used in survey research to explain voting behavior. Although the models rely on the same data they make radically different predictions about the political future. Nevertheless, both models may be more or less correct. The models represent interacting systems and it may be impossible to get a “super model” of the interactions between their elements. In the natural sciences causal relationships between the elements of interacting models can often be ignored. Because voting behavior models describe phenomena that are roughly the same size, the reciprocal relationships between elements of different models severely restrict the predictive power of voting behavior models. Certain analogies, and disanalogies, between the use of models in natural and social science explain why the social sciences cannot predict many of the events they are able to explain.
Dimensional stability and property gradients in thick sheet molding compound (SMC) sections

The dimensional stability of sample cylinders cured with sheet molding compound pastes was investigated. A significant amount of dimensional change was found for these samples when they were annealed. Furthermore, the amount of change varied with location from the center to the wall along the radial direction of the sample cylinder to form a strain gradient. A series of experiments were then carried out to determine property gradients along the same direction in search of the source of the dimensional instability. It was found that the sample also had a gradient in cure and a gradient in dynamic mechanical properties. But these gradients are not in full agreement. In particular, the gradient of cure appears to be opposite to the direction of the strain gradient, while the gradient of the dynamic mechanical properties coincides with it. These results, therefore, suggest that the dimensional stability may be predominantly governed by the viscoelastic behavior of the material.
Observations on the pharmacology and hemolytic activity of dimethyl sulfoxide.

Abstract Single intravenous dosages of 200 mg/kg DMSO to anesthetized cats produced apnea and a transient fall in blood pressure. Subsequent doses of DMSO caused only transient hypotension; apnea was no longer observed. Hemolysis resulting in hemoglobinuria and methemoglobinuria also occurred. The intraperitoneal administration of DMSO or the dilution of DMSO with isotonic saline prior to intravenous administration reduced hemolytic activity.
Validity of the Eysenck extraversion scale: replication and extension.

66 female college students rated themselves and their peers on extraversion and filled out the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The group was dichotomized into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of their self-ratings and their extraversion scores. Self-rated Introvert and Extravert criterion groups were significantly different from each other and from the total group on Extraversion score and Introvert and Extravert groups as determined by Extraversion score were significantly different from each other and from the total group on the basis of self-ratings, thus supporting the validity of the extraversion scale. Correlations of scores on the EPI and the CPI support the validity of the extraversion and neuroticism scales.
Slower speed-of-processing of cognitive tasks is associated with presence of the apolipoprotein ε4 allele

Abstract Detection of preclinical cognitive deficits is important for identifying those at greatest risk for such disorders as Alzheimer’s disease. However, available neuropsychological measures may not be sufficiently sensitive to preclinical cognitive impairment, particularly in high functioning or younger older adults. This study utilizes a battery of computerized cognitive tests (Cognometer) designed to provide a more sensitive measure of age-related cognitive performance by incorporating speed-of-processing components. Fifty-one community-dwelling older adults were administered the Cognometer battery, which incorporates speed-of-processing components into measures of verbal, spatial and working memory, attention, and visuo-spatial ability. Performance of 18 subjects with the e4 allele was compared to that of 33 subjects without the e4 allele. A brief battery of standard neuropsychological measures was also administered. No significant differences were observed between the two groups with respect to performance on any of the neuropsychological measures. However, with respect to the Cognometer battery, individuals with the e4 allele were significantly slower in performing all the cognitive tasks, with the exception of the visuo-spatial task. With respect to performance, the two genotype groups did not differ significantly except on immediate memory, with the e4 group exhibiting increased errors. Overall, the e4 group was significantly slower in performing all of the Cognometer memory tasks. These findings provide continued support for the negative impact of the e4 allele on cognition and further suggest that speed-of-processing during memory tasks may have the potential to detect subtle cognitive deficits.
Estimation of the thermal liquid junction potential of an external pressure balanced reference electrode

The accurate measurement of pH and potential in high-temperature high-pressure aqueous solutions using an external pressure balanced reference electrode (EPBRE) requires the development of accurate methods for calculating the thermal liquid junction potential (TLJP). Using well-developed irreversible thermodynamic techniques, as well as Agar's hydrodynamic theory to calculate the ionic entropies of transport, we show that the TLJP makes a very significant contribution to the measured potential and can vary by more than ± 150 mV depending on the temperature and composition of the non-isothermal electrolyte bridge. Our calculations of the TLJP are compared with experimentally measured data and good agreement is obtained. The development of an advanced EPBRE, in which the composition of the non-isothermal liquid junction is maintained accurately at a well-defined concentration, is considered to be an appropriate way to solve the problem of performing accurate potentiometric measurements in high-temperature high-pressure aqueous systems.
Sydnon-äthylene. III. Chemische Reaktionen elektronisch angeregter 4-Styryl-sydnone

Sydnone Ethylenes. III. Chemical Reactions of Excited 4-Styryl-sydnones Dependent on the character of the substituents in the photo reactions of 4-styryl sydnones Z/E-isomerism competes with CO2-elimination. Excited p-nitrostyryl sydnones exhibit a relatively strong degradation of the bond order in the CC region. Their quantum yields of Z/E-isomerism are therefore much higher than those of compounds with p-substituents of lower acceptor effect. In these compounds the cleavage of the sydnone ring with elimination of carbon dioxide is favoured especially if a methyl group is in 3-position of the sydnone.
Subacute human spinal cord contusion: few lymphocytes and many macrophages.

Top of pageAbstract Study design: Clinicopathological correlation of three cases of subacute cervical spinal cord contusions. Objective: To correlate the pathology of subacute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) with imaging and clinical-functional studies, and to compare with findings from previous human SCI studies and animal models of SCI. Setting: Department of Pathology, SUNY-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. Method: Post mortem pathology report. Case report/Results: The clinical, radiological, and pathological findings of three cases of subacute spinal cord contusions are described in detail. The postinjury survival periods were 15, 20, and 60 days, respectively. Extensive microglia/macrophage infiltrations without significant lymphocytes are seen in all cases. Free radical injury as assessed by immunocytochemistry for 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine showed a labeling pattern parallel to that of the macrophage distribution at 15 days, but no significant labeling in the injury sites at 20 and 60 days. Conclusion: The present report, though limited in sample size, shows plenty of activated microglia/macrophages in human SCI up to 60 days postinjury. This observation not only confirms similar findings in previous studies, but also raises an intriguing question of potential interactions between these activated microglia/macrophages and the experimental therapy, proposed by some authors, of injecting exogenously activated macrophages to promote SCI repair. The small number of human SCI cases (in this as well as in most other single medical centers) available for detailed study illustrates the need for the establishment of a consortium of human SCI tissue banks. Keywords: human spinal cord injury, tissue bank, macrophage
Supplementing Zupan's Measurements of the Ideological Preferences of U.S. Presidents

Mark A. Zupan's synthetic Americans for Democratic Actionpresidential ratings published in Public Choice in 1992 runfrom 1947–1989. The authors extend Zupan's ratings through1999.
Adding algebraic rewriting to the untyped lambda calculus

Abstract We investigate the system obtained by adding an algebraic rewriting system R to an untyped lambda calculus in which terms are formed using the function symbols from R as constants. On certain classes of terms, called here “stable,” we prove that the resulting calculus is confluent if R is confluent, and is terminating if R is terminating. The termination result has the corresponding theorems for several typed calculi as corollaries. The proof of the confluence result suggests a general method for proving confluence of typed β-reduction plus rewriting; we sketch the application to the polymorphic lambda calculus.
Measurement of Lifetime and g Factors by Level Crossing and Optical Double Resonance in the OH and OD Free Radicals

The zero-field level crossing and optical double-resonance techniques have been used to measure the lifetimes and $g$ factors of several rotational substates in the ${A}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ excited state of the OH and OD free radicals. Optical excitation was provided by a molecular lamp and individual emission transitions were observed through a monochromator in the beam of resonantly scattered light. The measured $g$ factors are in agreement with the results expected from pure case b coupling for this state. The measured lifetimes are 660 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 22 and 598 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 20 nsec for OH and OD, respectively; the mean value 629 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 22 nsec is suggested. The optical double-resonance experiments allow a tentative lower limit to be placed on the excited-state hyperfine interaction.
The emphatic interpretation of English verb-phrase preposing

This paper examines the emphatic interpretation associated with English verb-phrase preposing (VPP). Two main conclusions emerge. First, the emphatic interpretation is not an idiosyncratic property of VPP. Second, the interpretation is triggered not by any property of VPP, but rather by repetition of a lexical verb with a particular intonational contour.
Acceptance Rates and Journal Quality: An Analysis of Journals in Economics and Finance

This article examines publication, manuscript review, and citation statistics for journals that cover topics in economics and finance. The authors found that lower acceptance rates are associated with higher citation count, citation impact factors, and survey-based rankings of journals. However, rankings for any given journal may be substantially different depending on the ranking method applied. Acceptance rate information is available for more journals than are covered by citation rate data or survey-based rankings. So the authors also examine the association of acceptance rates with other factors that are plausibly associated with journal quality to determine whether acceptance rates for the broader population of journals reflect quality. The authors found that lower acceptance rates are significantly associated with type of readership, higher circulation, lower rates of invited papers, and availability of reviewers’ comments.
Market-based coordination of coupled robot systems

Tasks such as street mapping and security surveillance seek a route that traverses a given space to perform a function. These task functions may involve mapping the space for accurate modeling, sensing the space for unusual activity, or searching the space for an object. In many cases, the use of multiple robots can greatly improve the performance of these tasks. We assume a prior map is available, but it may be inaccurate due to factors such as occlusion, age, dynamic objects, and resolution limitations. In this work, we address the NP-hard problem of environmental coverage with incomplete prior map information using multiple robots. To utilize related algorithms in graph theory, we represent the environment as a graph and model the coverage problem as a k-Rural Postman Problem where k represents the number of robots. Using this representation, the problem can be solved using a branch-and-bound approach to find an optimal route, and a route division heuristic to separate the route into k pieces. Since the branch-and-bound technique is exponential time, we present an approach to decompose the search problem into subtasks that are distributed among the robots. Using ideas from market-based approaches, we allow the robots to auction particular sections of the problem space to other robots as a way to more evenly divide the work and focus the search. Finally, we evaluate these methods on test graphs in simulation.
A new method for the computation of seiches in oblong basins

An iterative numerical method is presented for the computation of seiches in oblong lakes, bays and channels. The method is based on numerical forward integration of the governing equations and on an original iterative technique. Results from the application of the method to various basins show that the method is reliable, very stable and efficient. The application of the method to similar eigenvalue problems, occurring frequently in many branches of continuum mechanics, is discussed briefly. There is no apparent reason why the method would not be applicable to such problems. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00527.x
Metapopulations in multifractal landscapes: on the role of spatial aggregation

The use of fractals in ecology is currently pervasive over many areas. However, very few studies have linked fractal properties of landscapes to generating ecological mechanisms and dynamics. In this study I show that lacunarity (a measure of the landscape texture) is a well suited ecologically scaled landscape index that can be explicitly incorporated in metapopulation models such as the classical Levins equation. I show that the average lacunarity of an aggregated landscape is linearly correlated to the habitat that a species with local spatial processed information may perceive. Lacunarity is a computationally feasible index to measure, and is related to the metapopulation capacity of landscapes. A general approach to multifractal landscapes has been conceived, and some analytical results for self-similar landscapes are outlined, including the specific effect of landscape heterogeneity, decoupled from that of contagion by dispersal. Spatially explicit simulations show agreement with the semi-implicit method presented.
Where Are the Innovative Entrepreneurs? Identifying Innovative Industries and Measuring Innovative Entrepreneurship:

This article concentrates on a crucial technical aspect of regional entrepreneurship research: how do we measure the most innovative of entrepreneurs, the entrepreneurs most likely to create regional growth? Innovation is a crucial component of entrepreneurship; yet, the frequent use of entrepreneurship proxies that do not consider innovation motivated us to propose and develop an indicator of innovative entrepreneurship that is useful for studies of regions, counties, states, and metropolitan areas as well. We posit that a novel combination of start-ups in innovative industries and self-employed in innovative industries yields entrepreneurship indicators that incorporate three widely recognized functions of entrepreneurship, including innovation. We detect sharp contrasts between our innovative entrepreneurship indicators and widely used entrepreneurship proxies. Our analysis demonstrates that innovative entrepreneurship is a useful empirical concept and that ignoring innovation in entrepreneurship likel...
Clinical Trials in Relapsed Prostate Cancer: Defining the Target

A re-examination of the methods of developing new treatments for patients with prostate cancer whose disease has progressed during hormone therapy is necessitated by the following: 1) the impact of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on patient selection, 2) the increasing number of studies using noncytotoxic approaches, and 3) the lack of validated methods to report outcomes. PSA monitoring after primary therapy has increased the number of patients referred for therapy with a rising value in this marker or an asymptomatic change in a radionuclide bone scan as the only manifestation(s) of relapse. The development of drugs for this population of patients presents a unique challenge because the classical criterion used to assess efficacy in the phase II setting, i.e., the presence of objective changes in measurable disease sites, frequently does not apply. Since no approach has been proven to prolong survival, the highest priority must be placed on developing new therapies. Standardizing the methods for evaluating treatments is also essential so that promising strategies are pursued and inactive therapies are not developed further.
Noise and stochastic resonance in voltage-gated ion channels.

Using Monte Carlo techniques, I calculate the effects of internally generated noise on information transfer through the passage of action potential spikes along unmyelinated axons in a simple nervous system. I take the Hodgkin–Huxley (HH) description of Na and K channels in squid giant axons as the basis of the calculations and find that most signal transmission noise is generated by fluctuations in the channel open and closed populations. To bring the model closer to conventional descriptions in terms of thermal noise energy, kT, and to determine gating currents, I express the HH equations in the form of simple relations from statistical mechanics where the states are separated by a Gibbs energy that is modified by the action of the transmembrane potential on dipole moments held by the domains. Using the HH equations, I find that the output response (in the probability of action potential spikes) from small input potential pulses across the cell membrane is increased by added noise but falls off when the input noise becomes large, as in stochastic resonance models. That output noise response is sharply reduced by a small increase in the membrane polarization potential or a moderate increase in the channel densities. Because any reduction of noise incurs metabolic and developmental costs to an animal, the natural noise level is probably optimal and any increase in noise is likely to be harmful. Although these results are specific to signal transmission in unmyelinated axons, I suggest that the conclusions are likely to be general.
AIDS: implications for emergency medicine.

Any remaining complacency among health professionals regarding potential exposure to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus and ensuing nosocomial infection dissolved into great concern and even near panic following the appearance of two short publications within a l-week period in May 1987. Whereas earlier work reinforced the opinion that the risk for transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to health care workers in the line of duty was very small,‘” the recent developments clearly changed the perceived risk of nosocomial acquisition of HIV infection, particularly for emergency personnel. First, a study from the Johns Hopkins University showed a 3% seroprevalence rate for HIV antibody in 203 consecutive critically ill or severely injured emergency patients neither known nor suspected to have HIV infection.’ Young patients between the age of 25 to 34 with penetrating trauma were noted to pose a particularly high risk (19%). Each of the seropositive patients required peripheral intravenous access in both the prehospital setting and during emergency department resuscitation, and each had multiple major invasive procedures performed on an emergent basis. Later in the week, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported the first documented cases of seroconversion following single nonparenteral exposures to infected blood in three health care workers, each without identifiable risk factors.* Two of these transmissions were from patients identified to be infectious only after the exposure. The first study suggests that emergency personnel can have considerable exposure to unidentified HIV infectious blood and other body fluids from critically ill patients. The second study indicates for the first time that nonparenteral exposure may be sufficient to result in transmission of the virus. Both reports indi-
Acousto-optic polarization coupler and intensity modulator for birefringent fiber.

The two principal polarizations of birefringent optical fiber can be coupled by subjecting the fiber to stress that is spatially periodic along the length of the fiber. If the stress is temporally varied by using an acoustic wave, the coupling varies accordingly, and optical power can be transferred between polarizations dynamically. When an output polarizer is used to pass only one of the principal polarizations, this transfer of power is seen as a modulation of the intensity of the light passed by the polarizer. By using a surface acoustic-wave device, modulation depths up to 70% have been obtained. The bandwidth of such a device is limited only by the bandwidth of the transducers. A bandwidth of 4 MHz centered at 4.5 MHz has been obtained with the device reported here.
Reheat Cracking in 2 $\frac{1}{4}$ CrMo Weld Metal: The Influence of Residual Elements and Microstructure

Although the incidence has been low, reheat cracking has led to major problems in welded creep resistant steam power plant. Circumferential cracks have formed in the heat-affected zones of CrMoV pipe-like joints and transverse cracks in the 2¼%CrMo weld metal (Schuller et al . 1974). The alloy content and the stress relief heat treatment conditions have been shown to determine the underlying reheat cracking characteristics of low alloy steel types (Vougioukas et al. 1974), but residual element content and the type of microstructure determine whether or not the problem is of practical significance. Reheat cracking susceptibility in weld metals, measured by the notch bend relaxation test (Batte et al . 1976), has been shown to be generally independent of specimen orientation. The extent of cracking in multipass welds, however, has been found to depend on the type of microstructure present. Cracking occurs more readily in the coarse grained unrefined regions, clearly delineated by smooth grain boundaries, than in the partly or fully refined regions formed in the deposited weld metal by subsequent weld passes
Tunable polymer double micro-ring filters

Based on the vernier effect, widely tunable polymer double micro-ring filters using the thermooptic effect or the electrooptic effect are demonstrated. A tuning enhancement factor of 40 was achieved at wavelengths near 1550 nm. The tuning rate for the thermooptic device is 120 GHz/mW and for the electrooptic device is 120 GHz/12 V. A tunable laser with a side-mode suppression ratio greater than 30 dB was demonstrated using this filter and erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain. Thermal tuning over 35 nm was achieved.