cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal imaging in neurodegenerative diseases

Metal ions are known to play an important role in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and prion diseases. In these diseases, aberrant metal binding or improper regulation of redox active metal ions can induce oxidative stress by producing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Altered metal homeostasis is also frequently seen in the diseased state. As a result, the imaging of metals in intact biological cells and tissues has been very important for understanding the role of metals in neurodegenerative diseases. A wide range of imaging techniques have been utilized, including X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), all of which allow for the imaging of metals in biological specimens with high spatial resolution and detection sensitivity. These techniques represent unique tools for advancing the understanding of the disease mechanisms and for identifying possible targets for developing treatments. In this review, we will highlight the advances in neurodegenerative disease research facilitated by metal imaging techniques.
Sendai Virus P Protein Is Constitutively Phosphorylated at Serine249: High Phosphorylation Potential of the P Protein

Abstract Previously we showed that the Sendai virus P protein (568 aa) in virus-infected cells and in virions was primarily and constitutively phosphorylated on serine(s) in a single tryptic phosphopeptide TP1. By two-dimensional thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography analysis of tryptic phosphopeptides of several deletion and point mutants of the P protein, we now show that the sole phosphorylation site in TP1 is serine249. Interestingly, when serine249 was deleted or mutagenized alternate potential serine sites were more heavily phosphorylated. A similar effect was observed when the deletion was very close to serine249 (Δ208–236). Mutagenesis of proline250 to alanine abrogated phosphorylation at serine249 suggesting that proline250 is essential for the primary phosphorylation of the P protein. Conceivably, serine249 phosphorylation is mediated by a proline-directed protein kinase. This finding is unusual because a majority of the P proteins from other negative-strand RNA viruses have been shown to be phosphorylated primarily by casein kinase II. Our results demonstrate that the P protein has a strong potency to remain phosphorylated. Based on our previous and present results, we suggest that the phosphorylation sites on P are dependent on the accessibility of phosphatases rather than kinases as all potential sites are about equally competent for phosphorylation. We propose that phosphorylation is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the Sendai virus P protein.
Phosphorylation regulates SIRT1 function.

Background SIR2 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase [1]–[3] implicated in the regulation of lifespan in species as diverse as yeast [4], worms [5], and flies [6]. We previously reported that the level of SIRT1, the mammalian homologue of SIR2 [7], [8], is coupled to the level of mitotic activity in cells both in vitro and in vivo [9]. Cells from long-lived mice maintained SIRT1 levels of young mice in tissues that undergo continuous cell replacement by proliferating stem cells. Changes in SIRT1 protein level were not associated with changes in mRNA level, suggesting that SIRT1 could be regulated post-transcriptionally. However, other than a recent report on sumoylation [10] and identification of SIRT1 as a nuclear phospho-protein by mass spectrometry [11], post-translational modifications of this important protein have not been reported. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified 13 residues in SIRT1 that are phosphorylated in vivo using mass spectrometry. Dephosphorylation by phosphatases in vitro resulted in decreased NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity. We identified cyclinB/Cdk1 as a cell cycle-dependent kinase that forms a complex with and phosphorylates SIRT1. Mutation of two residues phosphorylated by Cyclin B/Cdk1 (threonine 530 and serine 540) disturbs normal cell cycle progression and fails to rescue proliferation defects in SIRT1-deficient cells [12], [13]. Conclusions/Significance Pharmacological manipulation of SIRT1 activity is currently being tested as a means of extending lifespan in mammals. Treatment of obese mice with resveratrol, a pharmacological activator of SIRT1, modestly but significantly improved longevity and, perhaps more importantly, offered some protection against the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome [14]–[16]. Understanding the endogenous mechanisms that regulate the level and activity of SIRT1, therefore, has obvious relevance to human health and disease. Our results identify phosphorylation by cell cycle dependent kinases as a major mechanism controlling the level and function of this sirtuin and complement recent reports of factors that inhibit [17], [18] and activate [19] SIRT1 by protein-protein interactions.
Inhibitory properties of N-nicotinyl-N' (substituted) urea analogs of NAD.

Abstract A series of N -nicotinyl- and N -isonicotinyl- N′ -(substituted) ureas were synthesized by a condensation of the appropriate amide with various alkyl or aryl isocyanates, and examined as potential antimetabolites of nicotinamide. No significant microbial toxicity was observed; however, several derivatives in the nicotinyl series proved to be toxic to fish, especially N -nicotinyl- N′ -hexylurea which possessed a TL 50 of 27 μg/ml. The toxicity was reversed by supplements of nicotinamide but not tryptophan, and may be due to the formation of an inactive NAD complex through the mediation of NADase. Evidence for this possibility is presented by the formation in vitro of an N -nicotinyl[7- 14 C] N′ -ethylurea-NAD analog which was characterized through spectral, chemical, and chromatographic studies.
OBSERVATION OF LUMINESCENCE FROM BOUND MULTIEXCITON COMPLEXES IN GALLIUM DOPED GERMANIUM

Abstract Spectrally resolved luminescence associated with the decay of bound multiexciton complexes in optically excited Ge:Ga is observed. This is the first reported observation of multiexciton complexes in p-type germanium. The observed spectra are consistent with the shell model for bound multiexciton complexes. No-phonon, TA, LA, and TO phonon assisted luminescence are observed. From these spectra, the energies of the LA, TA, and TO phonons in Ge:Ga are determined.
A study of a contaminant in amphibian egg extracts which interferes with the diphenylamine reaction for deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract 1. 1. The presence has been found of a contaminant in amphibian egg extracts, obtained by Schneider's hot TCA procedure, which interferes with the diphenylamine reaction for DNA. 2. 2. Methods have been described for both eliminating this contaminant and correcting for it.
Colonoscopy and lower GI bleeding.

TO THE EDITOR: From their survey of patients with acute lower GI bleeding, Angtuaco et al. (1) concluded that colonoscopy rarely led to successful treatment. Also, they concluded that exclusion of an upper GI source should be given priority over urgent colonoscopy. However, I suspect that their results were distorted, because they did not identify all of the patients who were hospitalized with acute lower GI bleeding.
The Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: Look (Again) Before You Treat

The advent and wide use of magnetic resonance brain imaging has led to in the unexpected detection of lesions that appear typical of multiple sclerosis (MS) in otherwise asymptomatic patients. Several cohorts of patients with the “radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS)” have been studied mainly retrospectively, and a proportion of them do go on to have clinical symptoms of MS. This has led to the not infrequent clinical conundrum of whether or not to treat patients with MRI lesions suggestive of MS, given the knowledge that MS disease-modifying therapies work best when given early in the disease course. However, the decision to proactively treat patients with RIS is countered by the increasing risks associated with MS disease-modifying therapies as well as the uncertain prognostic outcome of RIS. This review will highlight what is and is not known about the long-term outcomes of RIS and present recommendations for clinicians when faced with this challenging situation.
Contrasting Population Biology of Two Species of Butterfly

Euphydryas editha Boisduval is known from population studies to be a highly colonial, univoltine butterfly occurring primarily in the San Francisco Bay area, where it feeds on Plantago erecta Morris and Orthocarpus densiflorus Bentham which grow on serpentine soil (unpublished work of M. C. Sinje and P. R. E.). Neighbouring populations of butterflies exchange few genes, and fluctuate in size independently of each other1, even though they are not separated by barriers to the flight of individuals2.
Increased clearance of morphine in sickle cell disease: implications for pain management.

Abstract Acute vaso-occlusive painful episodes associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) are frequently treated with morphine. Many SCD individuals require relatively higher doses of morphine to achieve optimal analgesia. We studied pharmacokinetics of morphine in SCD to explore if altered disposition could be a factor contributing to increased requirement of morphine in this population. The study subjects were in steady state of health to avoid the effect of hemodynamic changes associated with vaso-occlusion on morphine disposition. The plasma concentrations of morphine and its major metabolites were measured at timed intervals in 21 SCD subjects after they received a single .1 mg/Kg infusion of morphine sulfate. USCPACK software was used to fit candidate pharmacokinetic models. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters for morphine were calculated. Morphine clearance was 2.4–3.6 L/h, half-life was .3–.7 hours, AUC 0-∞ was 27.7–42.5 ng∗h/mL, and volume of distribution was .96–3.38 L/kg. Clearance of morphine in the study population was 3–10 folds higher than published estimates in the non-SCD population, with correspondingly lower AUC and half-life. Volume of distribution was similar. This observation suggests that due to increased clearance SCD individuals may require higher dose and frequency of morphine to achieve comparable plasma levels. Perspective Accelerated clearance of morphine likely related to increased hepatic and renal blood flow may be responsible for increased requirement of morphine in SCD. Although SCD individuals may require higher and more frequent doses of morphine, inter-individual variability of morphine disposition highlights the importance of individualization of the therapy.
Reactions of American minority and nonminority students to the Persian Gulf War

Abstract During the Persian Gulf War, 151 American college students (including 47 minority students and 104 nonminority students) completed a survey about their attitudes toward such subjects as war-related patriotism and nationalism. Compared with nonminority college students, American minority college students displayed much less patriotism and nationalism and were less supportive of President Bush and more supportive of a peaceful solution to the Gulf crisis. These findings support the group formation model (Worchel, Coutant-Sassic, & Grossman, 1992).
A framework for modelling dependable real-time distributed systems

Abstract A systematic way to introduce fault-tolerant and time-dependent properties into a complex software system is presented. The approach is based on an extended Petri Net model, called the G-Net, enhanced with a deterministic timing scheme. In the Timed G-Net (TGN) model, exception handling and timing mechanisms are used to introduce fault-tolerant and real-time properties. The basic idea is to use basic building blocks with timing properties to allow objects to treat a timing error by raising an exception and triggering some corrective actions. Using TGNs as these basic building blocks, we fur titer refine the model into a Smart Object (SMO) model. In each SMO, a TGN specification associated with a set of attributes, monitor/error-handler links and protocols support the construction of more reliable applications through an automatic transformer. This framework can contribute to alleviating the burden on the developers in designing a complex real-time dependable system. We use examples to show that a...
EFFECTS OF NEOCORTICAL ECTOPIAS UPON THE ACQUISITION AND RETENTION OF A NON-SPATIAL REFERENCE MEMORY TASK IN BXSB MICE

Abstract BXSB mice have a 40–60% incidence of small, focal, neocortical dysplasias called ectopias. Ectopics and non-ectopics were compared on horizontal–vertical discrimination learning, a non-spatial cognitive task. No differences were found during acquisition. Ectopic mice, however, were superior when retested 8 weeks later. The results support prior findings that ectopic mice have better long-term spatial memory and extend this conclusion to the non-spatial domain.
Creating Stable Racially and Ethnically Diverse Communities in the United States: A Model for the Future

We examine fourteen stable, racially and ethnically diverse communities in nine US cities to understand what produces such communities. These communities in the context of the US experience of increased, multiracial, and multiethnic diversity in the early twenty-first century can serve as a policy model as both the US and European nations look ahead toward more diverse societies. After providing a brief history of US segregation patterns, we provide an analysis of factors related to stable diversity. We found two types of diversity. Diversity-by-direction communities, which are more likely to be black:white communities, consciously worked to preserve diversity through an array of community-based efforts. Diverse-by-circumstance communities, which are more likely to be multiracial, multiethnic communities with significant immigrant populations, have been faced with an unplanned diversity, which they are now working to preserve. Among the characteristics of stable diverse communities are the presence of: social seams linking different groups, community organizations involved in preserving diversity, public discussion of values of what produces ‘good’ community, and distinctive physical or environmental characteristics that continue to attract new residents.
Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) as a threat to desert tortoise populations: A reevaluation

The relationships between Mycoplasma agassizii, a causative agent of upper respiratory disease (URTD), and desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), generally illustrate the complexities of disease dynamics in wild vertebrate populations. In this review, we summarize current understanding of URTD in Mojave desert tortoise populations, we illustrate how inadequate knowledge of tortoise immune systems may obfuscate assessment of disease, and we suggest approaches to future management of URTD in desert tortoise populations. We challenge the view that M. agassizii causes consistent levels of morbidity and/or mortality across the Mojave desert. Instead, URTD may be described more accurately as a context-dependent disease. In addition, new evidence for relatively high levels of natural antibodies to M. agassizii in desert tortoises suggests possible problems in conventional diagnostic tests of disease in tortoises as well as a possible tortoise immune mechanism to protect against M. agassizii. Partly because of the problems in diagnostic testing, we recommend abandoning policies to euthanize tortoises that test positive for an immune response to M. agassizii. Based on this review, we question management strategies aimed solely at reducing Mycoplasma spp. in desert tortoise populations, and advocate a more careful consideration of extrinsic factors as a cause of symptomatic disease.
ISOLATION OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS WITH PENICILLIN

Exposure of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge for 60 hours to 5,000-10,000 units of penicillin in 10.0 ml of a medium containing cysteine (0.15 per cent.), peptone, liver infusion, maltose and human serum was adequate to destroy the associated bacteria. Seven strains were isolated from seven women without a failure. This technic widens the field of investigation by offering a means of obtaining additional strains of bacteria-free Trichomonas vaginalis for comparative study. Efforts to isolate Trichomonas vaginalis by such laborious methods as washing, micropipetting and migration have all failed to yield bacteria-free cultures at this and other laboratories. The adherence of bacteria to the trichomonads, which appear to have sticky surfaces, and the relatively slow speed with which these protozoa swim are probably in large measure responsible for failure. Further trials by these methods now seem unnecessary. In the cases reported above the success of the penicillin method may be attributed to several factors. Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to penicillin in the concentrations reported above, the absence from the specimens of vaginal discharge of bacteria resistant to penicillin in these same concentrations, and the destruction of bacteria adherent to the sticky surfaces of the trichomonads perhaps played a large part in assuring successful isolation of the protozoa.
Morphology linked to miscibility in highly amorphous semi-conducting polymer/fullerene blends

Abstract Molecular miscibility is a defining property of mixtures of electron-donating polymers and electron-accepting fullerenes used in the photoactive layer of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. Even though miscibility of fullerene in the polymer is a commonly observed property, quantitative measurements have unknown connections with other morphological properties such as domain size and domain purity. By varying the amount of fullerene loading in BHJ thin films, we show that morphological properties are related to miscibility via straightforward relationships. In particular, miscibility influences the sensitivity of domain spacing to fullerene loading and determines the domain volume fractions and the residual fullerene content in the mixed polymer-rich phase in devices. Not only does this work show the relationships between miscibility and morphology, but it also highlights the general importance in determining miscibility levels in BHJ systems in order to target optimum morphologies and domain purities.
The "migrant factor" in a plural society: a South African case study.

Migration usually assumes a disproportionate political significance in societies characterized by sharp racial ethnic and social cleavages. The reason for this is not difficult to explain for in these situations the immigrant becomes another weapon in the armoury of group antagonism. Small shifts in numbers take on an actual as well as symbolic importance which can in no way be related to their absolute size. As W. I. Thomas that pioneering sociologist of migration frequently emphasized: "If men define situations as real they are real in their consequences." This maxim can be extended to the collective level for it is equally true that if groups or societies define immigrants as a threat the consequences of this perception will be real no matter how illusory the objective basis of these fears proves to be. Few societies demonstrate the political ramifications of immigration more clearly than South Africa. This paper will focus on only one group of immigrants those whose country of origin is Britain. South African society has been shaped and influenced by many different migrant groups: Africans from north of the Limpopo drawn to the mines and factories of the Witwatersrand; Dutchmen Huguenots and Germans who formed the core of the contemporary Afrikaner community; slaves whose "involuntary migration" from the East Indies led to servitude at the Cape; Indians brought as indentured labourers to develop the Natal sugar plantations; and the Chinese introduced by Milner to reconstruct the gold mines in the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). However the study of British migration to South Africa has two particularly interesting features. (excerpt)
Matrix material in type 3 chondrites - Occurrence, heterogeneity and relationship with chondrules

Variations between mean matrix compositions of individual type 3 ordinary chondrites are nearly fivefold, and partly reflect systematic differences between H, L, and LL matrices. Such variations are probably the result of a nebular separation of feldspathic material and ferromagnesian silicates. While compositions of chondrules and their matrix rims are normally unrelated, rim compositions are correlated with those of matrix lumps inside chondrules. Matrix lumps are as heterogeneous as chondrules, but mean chondrule and matrix compositions differ. Since bulk compositions of matrix lumps and rims have probably not changed significantly since their formation, the present matrix samples cannot represent typical chondrule precursor materials.
The Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model for multiple sclerosis shows a strong influence of the murine equivalents of HLA-A, B, and C.

Following intracerebral inoculation of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), susceptible mouse strains develop a chronic demyelinating disease characterized histologically by mononuclear cell-rich infiltrates in the central nervous system (CNS). An immune-mediated basis for this disease is strongly supported by previous studies demonstrating a correlation between clinical disease susceptibility, the presence of particular H-2 region genotypes, and the development of chronically elevated levels of TMEV-specific, MHC class II-restricted delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). The present study compared disease susceptibility in (B10.S X SJL)F1 and (B10.S(26R) X SJL)F1 mice which differ only at the D region of the H-2 complex. The data conclusively demonstrates a major influence for homozygosity of H-2s alleles at the H-2D region (the murine equivalent of the human class I HLA-A, B, and C genes) in determining disease susceptibility, as measured by either clinical or histopathological endpoints. In addition, disease susceptibility strongly correlated with the development of high levels of TMEV-specific DTH in the susceptible (B10.S X SJL)F1 strain. However, disease susceptibility did not appear to correlate with TMEV titers in the CNS, TMEV-specific humoral (ELISA and neutralizing) immune responses, or virus-specific splenic T cell proliferative responses. These findings lend additional support to our hypothesis that CNS myelin damage is mediated by a TMEV-specific DTH response. The possible role of class I-restricted responses in the demyelinating process is discussed and murine TMEV-induced demyelinating disease is compared with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis as relevant animal models for human multiple sclerosis.
Lo¨wner's inverse coefficients theorem for starlike functions

(1992). Lowner's Inverse Coefficients Theorem for Starlike Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 49-50.
Induction of maternal behavior in nulliparous golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) if naive hamsters could be induced to behave maternally through exposure to pups (i.e., to become “sensitized”); (2) if previous exposure to pups had any effect on the latency to sensitize; and (3) the differences in the latency to sensitize between males and females. Naive females sensitized with a mean latency of 18 hr; previously sensitized females, 28 hr; and males 72 hr. The female groups did not differ from each other, and naive females differed significantly from naive males.
Association of increased radiocurability of murine carcinomas with low constitutive expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein

Abstract Purpose: The study investigated whether basal, constitutive levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 protein in murine carcinomas are related to in vivo tumor radioresponse. The study is based on recent observations demonstrating that in vitro cancer cell lines are resistant to cytotoxic drugs when they express high basal levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 protein, and that the loss of the p21 gene in the HCT116 human colorectal cancer cell line results in increased radioresponse of xenografts derived from that cell line. Methods and Materials: Protein levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 , p53, bax, and bcl-2 were determined in 8 carcinomas (3 mammary carcinomas designated MCa-4, MCa-29, and MCa-35, 2 squamous cell carcinomas designated SCC-IV and SCC-VII, ovarian adenocarcinoma OCa-I, hepatocarcinoma HCa-I, and adenosquamous carcinoma ACa-SG) syngeneic to C3Hf/Kam mice using Western blot analysis. The tumors, growing in the right hind legs of mice, were 8 mm in diameter at the time of analysis. These tumors greatly differ in their radioresponse, assessed by TCD50 assay, and in their susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis. Results: Protein levels of these oncogenes varied among tumors, with p21 WAF1/CIP1 showing the greatest variation: its mean densitometric value ranged from 1 to 19. Bcl-2 levels also showed broad variation in densitometric values, from 1 to 10. In comparison, bax and p53 (7 of 8 tumors contained wild-type p53) varied much less among different tumor types; their variation was within a 5-fold range, and the level of p53 was similar in 6 of 8 tumors. Tumor radioresponse correlated significantly (R = 0.77, p = 0.02) only with the magnitude of p21 WAF1/CIP1 expression: tumors with high levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 were less radiocurable than those with lower levels. Tumor radiocurability showed a significant positive correlation ( p = 0.02) with the extent of radiation-induced apoptosis, indicating that tumors that responded to radiation with higher percentages of apoptosis were more curable by radiation. Despite a strong trend to correlation, ( p = 0.15), p21 WAF1/CIP1 expression did not correlate significantly with radiation-induced apoptosis, which suggested that p21 WAF1/CIP1 influenced tumor radioresponse by mechanisms beyond that of apoptosis induction. Conclusion: Our findings showed that murine tumors exhibit wide variation in constitutive levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 which had a significant relationship with tumor radioresponse: tumors with high levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 were less radiocurable than those with lower levels. These findings support the concept that p21 WAF1/CIP1 is a major determinant of tumor radioresponse in vivo , and may have important clinical implications. The pretreatment assessment of p21 WAF1/CIP1 protein could serve as a useful predictor of radiotherapy outcome and may assist in selecting an effective treatment modality.
Structure of a Liquid-vapor Interface

The structure of the interface of an argonlike fluid in equilibrium with its own vapor at low temperature is studied using molecular dynamics. The longitudinal pair correlations in the interface are found to be consistent with a simply defined ensemble of local thermodynamic states. However, the transverse correlations exhibit very long-range behavior not predicted by straightforward local thermodynamics. These results strongly suggest that the interface is made up of an ensemble of configurations in each of which the transition from liquid to vapor is locally sharp, but that the transition surface fluctuates strongly in space and time.
The maximum benefit Chinese postman problem and the maximum benefit traveling salesman problem

Abstract This paper introduces the maximum benefit Chinese postman problem (MBCPP) and the maximum benefit traveling salesman problem (MBTSP). For the MBCPP a benefit is realized each time a link of a directed graph is traversed. The MBCPP relaxes the constraint of the Chinese postman problem that each link be traversed.at least once and finds a tour of maximum total net benefit. For the MBTSP a benefit is derived when a node is visited and a cost is incurred when a link is traversed. The MBTSP relaxes the constraint of the traveling salesman problem that each node be visited exactly (or at least) once and finds a tour of maximum total net benefit. Both problems are formulated as linear integer programming problems. A solution algorithm is given that repeatedly solves a relaxation of the formulation as a minimum cost flow problem using a branch-and-bound procedure. Computational examples are presented.
Online Behavior Modeling: An Effective and Affordable Software Training Method

Organizations need effective and affordable software training. In face-to-face settings, behavior modeling (BM) is an effective, but expensive, training method. Can BM be employed effectively, and more affordably, for software training in the online environment? An experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of online BM with that of face-to-face (F2F) BM for software training. Results indicate that online BM and F2F BM provide essentially the same outcomes in terms of knowledge near transfer, immediate knowledge far transfer, delayed knowledge far transfer, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Observed differences were not significant, nor were their patterns consistent, despite sufficient power in the experimental design to detect meaningful differences. These results suggest that organizations should consider online BM as a primary method of software training.
Radular muscle myoglobin of the gastropod mollusc Nerita peloronta L.

Abstract 1. 1. The radular muscle myoglobin of Nerita peloronta has an apparent molecular weight of 17,600. 2. 2. The evolution of the radular muscle myoglobins of gastropod mollusc is discussed.
The orbit method and Gelfand pairs, associated with nilpotent Lie groups

Let K be a compact Lie group acting by automorphisms on a nilpotent Lie group N. One calls (K, N) a Gelfand pair when the integrable K-invariant functions on N form a commutative algebra under convolution. We prove that in this case the coadjoint orbits for G:= K × N which meet the annihilator Open image in new window of the Lie algebra Open image in new window of K do so in single K-orbits. This generalizes a result of the authors and R. Lipsman concerning Gelfand pairs associated with Heisenberg groups.
Determination of pirenzepine in human plasma using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection

Abstract A sensitive (LOQ = 1 ng ml −1 ) and specific method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection has been developed and validated for the analysis of pirenzepine (I) in plasma. Sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extraction of drug and internal standard (IS) from basified plasma. The organic extract was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and then injected into the liquid chromatography/MS/MS system. Drug, IS, and endogenous impurities were separated using reverse-phase chromatography. A Sciex API III tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a heated nebulizer was operated in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring using the parent→daughter ion combinations of m/z 352 → 113 and 629 → 422 was used to quantify I and IS, respectively. The method was validated in the concentration range of 1–100 ng ml −1 plasma with adequate assay precision and accuracy, and was utilized to support human safety and tolerability study with I.
Diffraction by fractally serrated apertures

An investigation of light diffracted by irregularly serrated apertures yields a closed-form analytical solution that confirms experimental recording of the diffracted patterns. These serrated apertures are modeled by a fractal function. Examples are given for both sinusoidal and fractal aperture perimeters with varying fractal dimension. Relations between the far-zone diffracted fields and the fractal dimension are examined.
PENALIZING RECIDIVIST DRUNK DRIVERS IN INDIANA: IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPLEMENTATION

In 1983, Indiana enacted a law mandating that anyone convicted a second or subsequent time of Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) receive a minimum of 48 consecutive hours in jail or 10 days of community service. A representative random sample of Indiana counties was used to determine the extent of implementation of this law by the courts in 1984 and 1985. Analysis of the 1984 data concluded that nearly 70% of the cases did comply with the law in its first year of implementation. However, 13.8% of the recidivists received neither jail nor community service. Another 17.6% served some jail time and/or community service, but not of a sufficient length to comply with the law. Overall compliance increased to 75% in 1985, while the proportion who received neither jail nor community service increased to 17%. Several specific causes for noncompliance are identified and recommendations for their correction are offered. It is felt that the Indiana experience described in this paper will prove instructive to other states with newly-strengthened OWI laws.
In Vitro Processing of Aleurain, a Barley Vacuolar Thiol Protease.

Aleurain, originally described from its cDNA as a thiol protease [Rogers, J.C., Dean, D., and Heck, G.R. (1985). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6512-6516], is characterized here as a glycoprotein that is targeted to a distinct vacuolar compartment in aleurone cells. Monospecific antibodies to a bacterial trpE-aleurain fusion protein were used to show that aleurain is made as a 42-kilodalton (kD) proenzyme (proaleurain) that is proteolytically processed in a post-Golgi compartment in two steps to form a 32-kD protein. The first processing step is the discrete loss of 9 kD from proaleurain to yield a 33-kD intermediate that is further processed by the gradual loss of 1 kD resulting in mature 32-kD aleurain. Using proaleurain secreted from Xenopus oocytes as a substrate, we established an in vitro system using aleurone cell extracts that correctly processes proaleurain to a stable protein that is indistinguishable from native barley aleurain as judged by partial digestion with staphylococcal V8 protease. Proaleurain is not capable of self-cleavage in the absence of aleurone cell extracts and mature aleurain appears not to participate in processing in vitro.
K(πn)-Torsors and the Interpretation of “Triple” Cohomology

Abstract A categorical, semi-simplicial interpretation theory for “triple” cohomology is outlined which uses the groups TORSUn[X;π] of connected components of certain categories of K(π,n)-torsors (higher dimensional generalizations of locally trivial principal fiber bundles) to interpret the cohomology groups, i.e., TORSUn[X;π] [unk] Hn(X;π), n ≥ 1.
The Use of Songs in Teaching Foreign Languages

the vocational application of language skills to a specific field of interest, students quickly lost the negative attitude so common among nonlanguage majors. By eliciting their suggestions and ideas in terms of teaching techniques we succeeded in giving them an active role in the development of the course. Thus, by developing an essentially practical "service" course for voice students, the Department of French and Italian explored innovative teaching techniques which may well prove useful in other areas and learned to deal
Circular dichroism of putative unordered polypeptides and proteins.

Abstract The CD spectrum of fully protonated poly- l -lysine is altered by various salts. These altered CD spectra can be quantitatively accounted for by conversion of a fraction of the “unordered” form to the “helical” form. We find no evidence for an “extended-helical” chain conformation. We confirm that presumably unordered proteins have a qualitatively different CD spectrum from that of unordered polylysine. The CD spectrum of presumably unordered proteins cannot be accounted for by any mixture of unordered and helical polylysine forms. This result requires revision of some current analyses of protein CD spectra.
Factors affecting hydrodynamic performance of the Nordmøre Grate System: a bycatch reduction device used in the Gulf of Maine shrimp fishery

Abstract Trawl nets used in traditional shrimp fisheries are highly non-selective. While capturing shrimp, trawl nets also retain most other animals, including juveniles of commercially important species, thus depleting stocks. To maximize the efficiency of separation of shrimp from other species in trawl net catches, hydrodynamic experiments were conducted on the Nordmore Grate System, a shrimp bycatch reduction device. The system consisted of two elements, a funnel and a grate; and experimental variables included towing speed, webbing solidity and exit to entrance area ratios for the funnel, and angle of attack, bar diameter, and shape of the grate. Filtration efficiency was inferred from flow disturbance induced by each element, as it was towed in a still water basin. Flow measurements were taken with an electromagnetic current meter at the entrance and at the exit of each funnel and each frame supporting the grates. Water was rejected in the entrance of all funnels with non-porous webbing. Water was ejected from the exit of funnels of intermediate webbing solidity and intermediate exit to entrance area ratio. Water was entrained behind all grates except the 0.32 cm bar diameter grate. Ejection of water at the funnel exit with no rejection at the funnel mouth was attained with 0.08 entrance to exit area ratio covered with 0.4 solidity ratio webbing. Optimum filtration efficiency was observed in the grate with 0.32 cm diameter, round bars placed at a 30 ° angle of attack.
Compositional pathways and capillary effects during isothermal precipitation in a nondilute Ni-Al-Cr alloy

Abstract For a Ni–5.2Al–14.2Cr at.% alloy with moderate solute supersaturations, the compositional pathways, as measured with atom-probe tomography, during early to later stage γ′(L12)-precipitation (R = 0.45–10 nm), aged at 873 K, are discussed in light of a multi-component coarsening model. Employing nondilute thermodynamics, detailed model analyses during quasi-stationary coarsening of the experimental data establish that the γ/γ′ interfacial free-energy is 22–23 ± 7 mJ m−2. Additionally, solute diffusivities are significantly slower than model estimates. Strong quantitative evidence indicates that an observed γ′-supersaturation of Al results from the Gibbs–Thomson effect, providing the first experimental verification of this phenomenon. The Gibbs–Thomson relationship for a ternary system, as well as differences in measured phase equilibria with CALPHAD assessments, are considered in great detail.
Iontophoresis of dexamethasone‐phosphate into the equine tibiotarsal joint

In human rehabilitation medicine, dexamethasone-phosphate is theoretically iontophoresed to localized subcutaneous tissue where conversion to dexamethasone occurs. This delivery system has recently been introduced into veterinary medicine for the same purpose. However, the pharmacokinetic justification for parenteral delivery of this prodrug remains undocumented. Utilizing iontophoretic methods that are relevant to both human and veterinary clinical practice, the present investigation compared injection and iontophoresis of dexamethasone-phosphate into the equine tibiotarsal joint, also known as the tarsocrual joint. The tibiotarsal joints of seven horses were injected with 4 mL of 6 mg/mL dexamethasone-phosphate. With a similar drug concentration and over the same application site, six different horses underwent simultaneous cathodic iontophoresis (4 mA, 40 min) or passive application (0 mA, 40 min) on contralateral limbs. Following all applications, tibiotarsal joint synovium was collected. Local venous blood samples were also collected from the iontophoretic and passive application sites for analysis of plasma drug concentrations. Because of the potential for conversion of dexamethasone-phosphate to dexamethasone, an extraction and analysis protocol was developed for both chemicals. The technique demonstrated a linear range of detection (0.39-12 microg/mL) and a capability for measuring both chemicals in plasma and synovium. Conversion of dexamethasone-phosphate to dexamethasone occurred during synovial incubation (37 degrees C) and following freeze-thaw cycles. In contrast to the measurable synovial concentrations of dexamethasone-phosphate (2.3 +/- 0.96 mg/mL) and dexamethasone (0.27 +/- 0.07 mg/mL) following injection, neither drug was detected in the synovium or the local venous blood following iontophoretic or passive applications. In conclusion, these results do not confirm iontophoretic or passive delivery of measurable dexamethasone-phosphate into the tibiotarsal joint using current clinical methods.
Why geoengineering is a public good, even if it is bad

Stephen Gardiner argues that geoengineering does not meet the “canonical technical definition” of a global public good, and that it is misleading to frame geoengineering as a public good. A public good is something that is nonrival and nonexcludable. Contrary to Gardiner’s claims, geoengineering meets both of these criteria. Framing geoengineering as a public good is useful because it allows commentators to draw on the existing economic, philosophical, and social scientific literature on the governance of public goods.
Geometric Model for Complex Non-Kähler Manifolds with SU (3) Structure

For a given complex n-fold M we present an explicit construction of all complex (n+1)-folds which are principal holomorphic T2-fibrations over M. For physical applications we consider the case of M being a Calabi-Yau 2-fold. We show that for such M, there is a subclass of the 3-folds that we construct, which has natural families of non-Kahler SU(3)-structures satisfying the conditions for Open image in new window supersymmetry in the heterotic string theory compactified on the 3-folds. We present examples in the aforementioned subclass with M being a K3-surface and a 4-torus.
The sliding of copper-based sintered material against steel in paraffinic mineral oil

Abstract Coefficient of friction as a function of load and speed is obtained for the sliding of copper-based sintered material against steel in paraffinic mineral oil. It is shown that the coefficient is primarily temperature-dependent. In other words, the same coefficient is obtained for various load-speed combinations. Moreover, the values of the coefficient under transient temperature, with several rates of change, are nearly comparable with those for steady-state temperatures. The temperature range 230°–315°F is a good one inasmuch as the coefficient of friction is constant. The range above 315°F is undesirable as fading occurs (i.e., the coefficient of friction decreases with increases in temperature) which is conducive to stick—slip.
HOPE AND HUMOR: USING THE HOPE SCALE IN OUTCOME STUDIES

Hope has been identified as a factor measured by the Hope Scale to evaluate effectiveness of treatment in outcome studies. Hope is defined as a goal-oriented cognitive construct comprised of two components, (a) the Pathways component is the individual's sense of planning strategies to reach goals and (b) the Agency component is the individual's determination to implement these goal-focused strategies. Using a Solomon Four-Group design, the relationship of the Hope Scale pretest to the posttest scores was evaluated. This study also explored the use of humor (a source of hope) in elevating total Hope Scale scores, the Agency component scores, and the Pathways component scores. 80 undergraduate students (57 women, 23 men) were ran domly assigned to one of four groups. Analysis indicated that administering the Hope Scale prior to treatment was not significantly associated with posttest scores, and the one-time 15-min. exposure to the humor intervention of reading Far Side comics was not sufficient to elevate ...
The stability of dimensions of behavior in ADHD and normal children over an 8-year followup

The present study reports on standardized behavioral ratings received by a large sample of hyperactive children meeting research diagnostic criteria (n=108) and a community control sample of normal children (n=61) who were followed prospectively over 8 years into adolescence. On some parentreport measures both groups declined in the severity of their behavior problems across time, while on other measures only the hyperactive group declined, but the hyperactives always remained more deviant than the controls at followup. The hyperactives and controls also differed on most teacher and selfreport ratings at followup. The greatest degree of agreement between raters at adolescence was between parent and youth ratings. These results are consistent with previous research demonstrating more deviant scores for hyperactive children than controls on various rating scales at adolescent followup. They also are consistent with research showing significant longitudinal continuity of both internalizing and externalizing behavioral pathology.
Atrial stunning masquerading as restrictive Doppler flow pattern: a case of mitral inflow "pseudorestriction".

Glenn P. Kelley, M.D.,∗ Ghassan A. Dalati, M.D.,∗ Frederick R. Helmcke, M.D.,∗ Neeraj Jain, M.D.,∗ Mohammed Al-Bataineh, M.D.,∗ D. Luke Glancy, M.D.,∗ and Edmund Kenneth Kerut, M.D.∗,†,‡ ∗Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana †Heart Clinic of Louisiana, Marrero, Louisiana ‡Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
Management of urinary tract infections associated with nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis is a common clinical entity, and the incidence of renal stones appears to be increasing in the United States. Infection with uropathogens that produce urease can lead to the development of stones (infection stones), which serve as a continued source of recurrent infection and can lead to chronic kidney disease. Other than treating infection, medical management has little role in the treatment of infection stones; complete eradication of the stones with percutaneous nephrolithotomy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is required. Stones of metabolic origin can cause obstruction in the ureter and predispose to the development of urinary tract infection (UTI). Recognizing obstruction and initiating prompt drainage of the collecting system is important in the successful management of nephrolithiasis complicated by UTI. These patients are often at high risk of infection with an antimicrobial-resistant pathogen, so careful consideration of antimicrobial therapy is required, especially for patients who present with severe sepsis.
A comparative light and electron microscopic study of primary irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis.

A detailed sequential study of the early phases of primary irritant and allergic contact dermatitis by means of both light and electron microscopy was undertaken in a search for possible differences not previously appreciated. A primary irritant contact dermatitis was induced in the skin of albino guinea pigs by paintings with 10%, 5% and 1% solutions of 1 chloro 2:4 dinitro benzene (DNCB) in acetone. Allergic contact dermatitis was elicited by application of 0.1% DNCB solution to the skin of animals previously sensitized to this compound. Biopsy specimens were taken from reaction sites at 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after DNCB application. In primary irritant contact dermatitis, regardless of the irritant concentration used (10%, 5%, 1%), epidermo-dermal separation in the plane between cell membrane and basal, lamina, necrosis of the epidermal cells and dermal polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration were regularly observed. Spongiosis and secondary lysosomes were lacking in the separated epidermis but were noted in the epidermis as it regenerated. In allergic contact dermatitis the was no epidermo-dermal separation or cell necrosis but rather the epidermis regularly showed spongiosis and secondary lysosomes. The dermal infiltrate contained numerous basophils which if observed only in H&E stained sections might have been mistaken for eosinophils. Monocytes and lymphocytes appeared simultaneously in the dermis and epidermis and these two cell types frequently were in contact with each other. Macrophages appeared later in the allergic reaction and were filled with secondary lysosomes.