cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phases and phase changes in clusters of tert-butyl thiol

Abstract Clusters of tert-butyl thiol (TBT) were generated by condensation of vapor in supersonic flow under various expansion conditions, and their structures were examined during their free flight by electron diffraction. The system had been selected because of its similarity to tert-butyl chloride (TBC), a much more thoroughly studied material with an interesting solid-state chemistry. The warmest crystalline phase of TBT observed for the clusters (diameter, ≈ 130 A ) was the known high-temperature cubic phase I with a lattice constant of 8.609(5) A at ≈ 160 K. A second phase into which phase I nucleated at a rate of ≈ 1028 m−3 s−1 at about 157 K was also observed, as well as a third phase generated under conditions of very cold flow. All of the phases gave the rapidly damped, diffuse diffraction patterns characteristic of submicroscopic, poorly ordered, plastically crystalline materials. Patterns were far less distinct than those of TBC, and the structures of the colder two phases could not be determined. From the rapid nucleation rate of phase I into the second phase, it could be inferred that a major translational rearrangement of the molecules could not have been involved.
Lithium in hazardous circumstances with one case of lithium toxicity.

Abstract The ever widening use of lithium by numerous investigators and practitioners in an unusually broad array of patients presents a rich opportunity for unfortunate experiences with patients, particularly since lithium has a narrow range between therapeutic and toxic serum levels. Given a reasonably healthy and reliable patient, the risk is minimal if the dose, serum level, and clinical course is carefully monitored by a person experienced in the use of lithium, however if the situation warrants, lithium can be used in those patients who present an increased risk as a result of renal disease, cardiovascular disease, sodium depletion or other hazards. These conditions represent substantial arguments against the routine use of lithium in such patients, however, the personal, social, or physical complications of recurrence may counterbalance the risk of lithium. Extreme caution must be exercised and exceptional justification must exist before lithium is used in these hazardous situations. An assessment of the balance of hazards must be made continuously: does the risk of recurrence overweigh the risk of giving lithium under the conditions?
Alfred Russel Wallace — natural selection, socialism, and spiritualism

Summary Alfred Russel Wallace, who died 100 years ago, on November 7 1913, is most often remembered as a kind of ‘Darwin satellite': the other discoverer of evolution by natural selection. He was, however, a scientific superstar in his own right. In this feature, Andrew Berry examines Wallace's life. In the following three pieces, Wallace scholar James Costa , Darwin biographer Janet Browne and literary critic James Wood look at different aspects of Wallace's complex legacy.
Another Look at Lord John Russell and the Papal Aggression, 1850

(1982). Another Look at Lord John Russell and the Papal Aggression, 1850. The Historian: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
ELECTRON-POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO FOUR JETS AT NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER IN ALPHA S

We calculate the rate for e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation into four jets at next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD, but omitting terms that are suppressed by one or more powers of 1/N{sup 2}{sub c}, where N{sub c} is the number of colors. The O({alpha}{sup 3}{sub s}) corrections depend strongly on the jet resolution parameter y{sub cut} and on the clustering and recombination schemes, and they substantially improve the agreement between theory and data. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Spatial uncertainty analysis for mapping soil erodibility based on joint sequential simulation

Soil erodibility (susceptibility of soil to be lost to erosion) is one of the components of the universal soil loss equation (USLE). In the USLE, erodibility is known as the K factor, which in turn is a function of these soil properties: particle size distribution, organic matter content, structure, and permeability. The traditional approach for estimating soil erodibility does not account for spatial variability of individual soil properties or spatial correlation among those properties. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate the use of joint sequential simulation for mapping soil erodibility, as well as to partition the individual and joint variance contribution of soil properties for predicting soil erodibility. We collected 192 usable soil samples across Fort Hood, Texas in the summer of 1999. For each of those samples, we obtained an estimate of particle size distribution, organic matter content, structure, permeability, and calculated soil erodibility. We carried out both independent and joint sequential simulation to generate spatially explicit predictions and variance of all soil properties as well as covariance between pairs of soil properties for each cell within our simulation area. We used the program GCOSIM3D to conduct those simulations. On average, joint sequential simulation resulted in a K factor variance of less than half the variance obtained from independent simulation. Using the results from joint sequential simulation, we partitioned the contribution of each soil property and pair of properties using first-order Taylor series expansion of the soil erodibility function. Individually, Very-Fine-Sand-and-Silt contributed the most (46.19%), whereas Structure contributed the least (6.53%) to the K factor variance. Jointly, Permeability/Structure contributed the most (9.32%), whereas Sand/Very-Fine-Sand-and-Silt caused the largest reduction (−19.19%) in the K factor variance. We conclude that joint sequential simulation provided approximately twice as much precision as independent simulation for the spatially explicit prediction of soil erodibility. Likewise, first-order Taylor series expansion offered an accurate approach for partitioning the individual and joint contribution of soil properties to soil erodibility variance. This partitioning allowed us to identify large sources of uncertainty and suggest efficient approaches for further improving the precision of K value predictions.
Scoop!: a movement-based math game designed to reduce math anxiety

In this paper, we describe Scoop!, a movement-based game designed to reduce math anxiety. The game makes use of research on the effects of 'power poses' to explore whether movement mechanics can shift feelings about math for players. The Interactivity demonstration includes both a 'high power', Kinect-driven version of the game, and a 'low power', track-pad-driven version of the game. CHI attendees can try out both versions to physically experience the effects.
Characterization of bis(levuglandinyl) urea derivatives as products of the reaction between prostaglandin H2 and arginine.

Levuglandins are γ-keto aldehydes formed by rearrangement of prostaglandin (PG) H2 in aqueous solution. Levuglandins are highly reactive with primary amines. We had previously characterized adducts formed after reaction of levuglandin E2 (LGE2) or PGH2 with lysine. In this study, we assessed whether reaction of PGH2 with arginine yielded covalent adducts. Using Nα-acetylarginine and both PGH2 and synthetic LGE2, we discovered a novel series of levuglandinyl adducts derived from reaction of two levuglandin moieties with the guanidino group of arginine. Subsequent spontaneous hydrolysis of the adducted amino acid yields bis(levuglandinyl) urea and the corresponding ornithine residue. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we characterized the molecular structure of these novel adducts and demonstrated their formation after coincubation of PGH2 with synthetic peptides and proteins. The soluble characteristic of these molecules provides a potential strategy for development of biological markers...
Continuous-time predator–prey models with parasites

We study a deterministic continuous-time predator–prey model with parasites, where the prey population is the intermediate host for the parasites. It is assumed that the parasites can affect the behavior of the predator–prey interaction due to infection. The asymptotic dynamics of the system are investigated. A stochastic version of the model is also presented and numerically simulated. We then compare and contrast the two types of models.
Activation of Visuomotor Systems during Visually Guided Movements: A Functional MRI Study

Abstract The dorsal stream is a dominant visuomotor pathway that connects the striate and extrastriate cortices to posterior parietal areas. In turn, the posterior parietal areas send projections to the frontal primary motor and premotor areas. This cortical pathway is hypothesized to be involved in the transformation of a visual input into the appropriate motor output. In this study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the entire brain to determine the patterns of activation that occurred while subjects performed a visually guided motor task. In nine human subjects, fMRI data were acquired on a 4-T whole-body MR system equipped with a head gradient coil and a birdcage RF coil using a T * 2 -weighted EPI sequence. Functional activation was determined for three different tasks: (1) a visuomotor task consisting of moving a cursor on a screen with a joystick in relation to various targets, (2) a hand movement task consisting of moving the joystick without visual input, and (3) a eye movement task consisting of moving the eyes alone without visual input. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast-based activation maps of each subject were generated using period cross-correlation statistics. Subsequently, each subject's brain was normalized to Talairach coordinates, and the individual maps were compared on a pixel by pixel basis. Significantly activated pixels common to at least four out of six subjects were retained to construct the final functional image. The pattern of activation during visually guided movements was consistent with the flow of information from striate and extrastriate visual areas, to the posterior parietal complex, and then to frontal motor areas. The extensive activation of this network and the reproducibility among subjects is consistent with a role for the dorsal stream in transforming visual information into motor behavior. Also extensively activated were the medial and lateral cerebellar structures, implicating the cortico–ponto–cerebellar pathway in visually guided movements. Thalamic activation, particularly of the pulvinar, suggests that this nucleus is an important subcortical target of the dorsal stream.
The action of aureomycin, of polymyxin B, and of streptomycin in experimental murine pertussis.

Summary Aureomycin in concentration of from 25 to 50 μg per milliliter of solidmedium inhibited the growth of H. pertussis. Daily doses of 10 and 100 mg. per kilogram per day protected mice during the period of treatment, against 250 MLD of the organism instilled intranasally. The action appeared to be bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal, for deaths frequently occurred within ten days after cessation of therapy. Polymyxin B in concentrations of from 0.5 to 1.0 μg per milliliter of solidmedium inhibited the growth of H. pertussis. Daily doses of 1 mg. and of 10 mg. per kilogram of weight protected mice against the experimental disease. H. pertussis was found to be sensitive to streptomycin in concentrations offrom 0.4 to 1.2 μg per milliliter of solid medium, and protected mice against the experimental disease in therapeutic daily doses of from 50 to 100 mg. per kilogram of weight.
Biological export flux in the Southern Ocean estimated from a climatological nitrate budget

Abstract Diagnostic budgets for heat and nitrate in the Southern Ocean mixed layer are constructed from monthly variation of properties between 80°S and 35°S. The budgets are evaluated using historical CTD and bottle data, including those from WOCE and US JGOFS cruises in the 1990s. A consistent feature in the nitrate budget at all latitudes is the net loss to biological production in the spring/summer. Typical maximum spring nitrate utilization rates are predicted to be 10–20 mmol N m−2 d−1 near Antarctica (south of 70°S) and 4 mmol N m−2 d−1 north of 70°S. South of 55°S much of the nitrate lost to biological production in spring/summer is offset by apparent nitrate production (remineralization) in the mixed layer during the fall/winter. This predicted remineralization, however, may be an artifact of the model and/or limited wintertime data. The annually averaged, area-integrated biological carbon export flux south of 50°S is dominated by the region north of the Polar Front, and is estimated to be 0.9±1.2 Gt C yr−1, assuming a Redfield ratio C/N=6.6. Integrating over the area south of 40°S this flux is increased to 2.0±1.7 Gt C yr−1. However, if we assume that the predicted fall/winter remineralization is in error, and that unresolved physical processes completely replenish the mixed-layer nitrate, then the annual average, area-integrated biological export flux to 50°S increases from 0.9 to 2.2 Gt C yr−1. These results suggest that the Southern Ocean makes a small contribution (
Planning for Iteration-Focused User Experience Testing in an Academic Library

Many case studies and literature reviews focus on usability or user experience testing in libraries, but most are focused on testing before a planned website redesign, and often only include formal usability tests. This article contains an updated literature review on iteration-focused user experience test planning in academic libraries, followed by a description of the implementation of a user experience testing plan at Valdosta State University's Odum Library and its use in a Campus Information Technology redesign of the library website.
Development of the PROMIS® Positive Emotional and Sensory Expectancies of Smoking Item Banks

INTRODUCTION The positive emotional and sensory expectancies of cigarette smoking include improved cognitive abilities, positive affective states, and pleasurable sensorimotor sensations. This paper describes development of Positive Emotional and Sensory Expectancies of Smoking item banks that will serve to standardize the assessment of this construct among daily and nondaily cigarette smokers. METHODS Data came from daily (N = 4,201) and nondaily (N =1,183) smokers who completed an online survey. To identify a unidimensional set of items, we conducted item factor analyses, item response theory analyses, and differential item functioning analyses. Additionally, we evaluated the performance of fixed-item short forms (SFs) and computer adaptive tests (CATs) to efficiently assess the construct. RESULTS Eighteen items were included in the item banks (15 common across daily and nondaily smokers, 1 unique to daily, 2 unique to nondaily). The item banks are strongly unidimensional, highly reliable (reliability = 0.95 for both), and perform similarly across gender, age, and race/ethnicity groups. A SF common to daily and nondaily smokers consists of 6 items (reliability = 0.86). Results from simulated CATs indicated that, on average, less than 8 items are needed to assess the construct with adequate precision using the item banks. CONCLUSIONS These analyses identified a new set of items that can assess the positive emotional and sensory expectancies of smoking in a reliable and standardized manner. Considerable efficiency in assessing this construct can be achieved by using the item bank SF, employing computer adaptive tests, or selecting subsets of items tailored to specific research or clinical purposes.
Mirages and the Nature of Pluto's Atmosphere

We present model occultation lightcurves demonstrating that a strong thermal inversion layer at the base of Pluto's stratosphere can reproduce the minimum flux measured by the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) during the 1988 occultation of a star by Pluto. The inversion layer also forms the occultation equivalent of a mirage at a radius of 1198 km, which is capable of hiding tropospheres of significant depth. Pluto's surface lies below 1198 km, its radius depending on the depth of the troposphere. We begin by computing plausible temperature structures for Pluto's lower atmosphere, constrained by a calculation of the temperature of the atmosphere near the surface. We then trace rays from the occulted star through the model atmosphere, computing the resultant bending of the ray. Model light curves are obtained by summing the contribution of individual rays within the shadow of Pluto on Earth. We find that we can reproduce the KAO lightcurve using model atmospheres with a temperature inversion and no haze. We have explored models with tropospheres as deep as 40 km (implying a Pluto radius of 1158 km) that reproduce the suite of occultation data. Deeper tropospheres can be fitted to the data, but the mutual event radius of 1150 km probably provides a lower bound. If Pluto has a shallow or nonexistent troposphere, its density is consistent with formation in the solar nebula with modest water loss due to impact ejection. If the troposhere is relatively deep, implying a smaller radius and larger density, significant amounts of water loss are required.
PERSONALITY TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH ORIGINALITY AND ELABORATION

Summary.-Using a multidimensional model of creativity, a study was made of the personality traits that differentiate subjects high on figural originalir~ from those who are low and those high on figural elaboration from those who are low. 196 college undergraduates were administered Figural Form A of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and Something About Myself questionnaire. Using the upper and lower 27% for an item analysis, 11 items differentiated the high and low original thinkers and 17 items differentiated the high and low elaborators. The findings were interpreted as supporting the idea that somewhat different personality traits are associated with figural originality and elaboration. Ashton (1974), using a multidimensional model of creativity, was able to identify certain personality characteristics which differentiated subjects high on figural originality from those who are low and those high on figural elaboration from those who are low. Ashton used Torrance's test of Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Form A and the questionnaire, Whar Kind of Person Are You?. Conflicting results can be accommodated in a multidimensional model of creativity as the principle of orthogonality requires that relevant personality traits would vary with the dimension of creativity being measured. Acceptance of the multidimensional model of creativity requires relinquishing the traditional quest of "the creative person" for the more plebeian yet potentially more productive search for the personality trait related to specific factors of creativity. The present study arose from interest in Khatena's "Something About Myself' test (1971). The construction of this instrument was based on several empirical studies of creative persons and is a kind of synthesis of these studies. The author hypothesized that some of the items might be associated with originality whereas others might be associated with elaboration. PROCEDURE Figural Form A of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Torrance, 1973) was used to identify groups of high and low original thinkers and elaborators. This instrument was chosen because in it the concepts of originality and elaboration are well developed and much research has been done with it. The evidence for test-retest reliability, scoring reliability, and validity are summarized in the norms-technical manual (Torrance, 1966, 1973). Test-retest reliabilities for subjects in Grades K to 12 average about .80; scoring reliabilities for same subjects are consistently above .90; and long-range predictive validity after 12 yr. is .51 for 254 subjects. Torrance describes original thinkers as follows: ". . . they are able to get away from the obvious and common-place and break away from the beaten path. They see
Two Systems Safety Analyses Useful in Examining the Vulnerabilities of Security Systems

ABSTRACT Systems safety methods can be used to better understand the threats and vulnerabilities in complex technological systems. They provide comprehensive, well-reasoned, and easily communicated analyses of the vulnerabilities of security systems. This article provides a primer on the use of the two most adaptable and useful among the many systems safety methods: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis. They provide two different perspectives that examine vulnerabilities of security systems. Both methods can use qualitative as well as quantitative information and can integrate both physical and social (rules, procedures, and software) artifacts. Examples of both methods are provided using a generic example of an access control system. Suggestions for using goals to define system boundaries and components are provided.
Top Physics at ATLAS

The large number of events that will be produced at LHC, will allow very precise measurements of the properties of the top quark, which may also reveal New Physics. The mass of the top quark will be measured with a precision of about one GeV. Rare decays of the top quark can be probed for branching ratios as small as 10-4. Finally, the detailed study of three different mechanisms of electroweak single top production will allow precise measurements of the CKM matrix element Vtb.
Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery: a surgical approach to halting venous ulceration.

Abstract One of the responsibilities of WOC nurses is to possess expert knowledge regarding the treatment and management of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). WOC nurses must stay abreast of new approaches that are being used, such as subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS). Patients who have repeated ulceration, even with long-term compression therapy and compliance with a good skin regimen, are excellent candidates for referral for SEPS. SEPS is a minimally invasive approach used to ligate the perforator veins in the lower extremities. This procedure is done to bypass the faulty one-way valves in the perforator veins that allow backflow into the venous system, thereby causing CVI. The published research on SEPS shows that it holds great promise as an alternative approach in the treatment of CVI. Additional studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy of SEPS; however, it appears to be a viable option for patients who are plagued with CVI and repeated ulcerations. (J WOCN 2002;29:33-6.)
Effects of oiled sediment on the burrowing behaviour of the hard clam, Mercenaria Mercenaria

Abstract The burrowing behaviour of juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria , in oil-contaminated sediment was examined in a series of laboratory experiments. At oil concentrations within the range that might occur after an oil spill, depth and rate of burrowing were altered. The depth to which clams in oiled sediment burrowed after 96 h was significantly shallower than the depth in the controls, while the time taken to burrow beneath the surface was longer in oil-contaminated sediment. Alterations in burrowing were indicative of avoidance behaviour rather than oil-induced debilitation. The results suggest that such alterations may increase the vulnerability of this species to predation.
Accretional evolution of a planetesimal swarm: 1. A new simulation

This novel simulation of planetary accretion simultaneously treats many interacting heliocentric distance zones and characterizes planetesimals via Keplerian elements. The numerical code employed, in addition to following the size distribution and the orbit-element distribution of a planetesimal swarm from arbitrary size and orbit distributions, treats a small number of the largest bodies as discrete objects with individual orbits. The accretion algorithm used yields good agreement with the analytic solutions; agreement is also obtained with the results of Weatherill and Stewart (1989) for gravitational accretion of planetesimals having equivalent initial conditions.
Balancing unit vectors

Given any family u1,…, um of vectors in Euclidean n-space of Euclidean norm at most unity it is shown that at least one of the sums ±u1 ± … um has norm at most n12. Probabilistic techniques are used.
Excess molar volumes of (benzene + cyclohexane) at 323.15 K☆

A tilting dilution dilatometer was used to measure the excess molar volume VmE of (benzene + cyclohexane) at 323.15 K over the whole composition range, and at 348.15 K for mole fractions of benzene less than 0.6. Values of (ΔVmEΔT) derived from the results at 323.15 K and a previous investigation at 298.15 K are positive at all mole fractions.
Antagonism of stimulation-produced antinociception from ventrolateral pontine sites by intrathecal administration of α-adrenergic antagonists and naloxone

Focal electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum in conscious rats induced antinociception in approximately one-half of the animals screened, as indicated by a marked suppression of the thermally evoked tail-flick flexion reflex. The effectiveness of ventrolateral pontine stimulation in elevating fail-flick latency was significantly reduced by intrathecal microinjection of 30 μg of the non-selective α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine, and was largely abolished by a 60-μg dose of this drug. The blockade of ventrolateral pontine stimulation-produced antinociception by phentolamine was maximal by 15 min postinjection, and was still evident 60 min after drug microinjection. Ventrolateral pontine stimulation-produced antinociception was also attenuated by intrathecal administration of theα2-selective antagonist yohimbine (37 μg) and the opioid antagonist naloxone (30 μg), but not theα1 antagonist WB-4101 (37 μg), the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (111.6 μg) nor the serotonergic antagonist methysergide (30 μg). However, the antagonism of pontine stimulation-produced antinociception by naloxone was unlike that of phentolamine and yohimbine, in that it developed slowly and was only evident at 60 min postinjection. Hence naloxone's site of action may be distant from the injection site. These data indicate that the thermal antinociception produced by stimulation of the ventrolateral pons is mediated through spinalα2-receptors and opioid receptors of uncertain location The close proximity of many of the effective electrode placements to the rostral A5 and ventral subcoerulear A7 noradrenergic cell groups suggests that noradrenergic spinopetal projections arising from these groups are involved in mediating the antinociception induced by stimulating these sites.
Influence of Processing Temperature on the Distribution of Tissue and Water‐Soluble Proteins in Blue Crabs (Callinectes Sapidus)

The distribution of water-soluble proteins in Blue crabs was determined using SDS-PAGE in conjunction with photodensitometry. Thirty protein subunits were found in the-water-soluble fraction ranging in molecular weight between 130,000 and 12,000 Daltons. Processing Blue crabs in water (70–100°C) resulted in a significant reduction of water-soluble proteins as the processing temperature increased. An increase in processing temperature also resulted in an increase in the ionic concentration of the meat due to changes in the relative concentration of acidic and basic groups on the proteins.
Stability of acute dorsal fracture dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint: a biomechanical study.

Purpose We performed a cadaveric biomechanical study to characterize proximal interphalangeal joint stability after an injury to different amounts of the volar articular base of the middle phalanx (intact, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% volar defects). Methods Eighteen digits on 6 hands were tested through full proximal interphalangeal joint range of motion using computer-controlled flexion and extension via the digital tendons. We collected proximal interphalangeal joint kinematic cine data in a true lateral projection with mini-fluoroscopy. We measured the amount of dorsal middle phalanx translation in full proximal interphalangeal joint extension. As we cycled the joint from full flexion into extension, we recorded the angle at which subluxation occurred. Results No specimens with 20% volar bony defect subluxated. All specimens in the 60% and 80% groups subluxated at an average flexion angle of 67° (range, 10° to 90°) in the 60% group and at all degrees of flexion in the 80% group. In the 40% group, 28% of specimens demonstrated subluxation at an average flexion angle of 14° (range, 4° to 40°). Mean dorsal translation of the middle phalanx in relation to the proximal phalanx at full digital extension was 0.2 mm in the 20% group, 0.8 mm in the 40% group, 3.2 mm in the 60% group, and 3.1 mm in the 80% group. Conclusions Simulated volar articular bony defects of 20% were stable, whereas those with 60% and 80% defects were unstable during digital motion. Stability in the 40% group was variable and appeared to be the threshold for stability. Clinical relevance Knowledge of the typical amount of middle phalanx defect and degree of proximal interphalangeal joint extension that can lead to joint instability may improve management of mechanically important proximal interphalangeal joint fracture dislocations.
Observations of particle growth at a remote, Arctic site

Abstract Observations of particle size distributions suggest that particles grow significantly just above the snow surface at a remote, Arctic site. Measurements were made at Summit, Greenland (71.38°N and 31.98°W) at approximately 3200 m above sea level. No new particle formation was observed locally, but growth of ultrafine particles was identified by continuous evolution of the geometric mean diameter (GMD) during four events. The duration of the growth during events was between 24 and 115 h, and calculated event-average growth rates (GR) were 0.09, 0.30, 0.27, and 0.18 nm h−1 during each event, respectively. Four-hour GR up to 0.96 nm h−1 were observed. Events occurred during below- and above-average temperatures and were independent of wind direction. Correlation analysis of hourly-calculated GR suggested that particle growth was limited by the availability of photochemically produced precursor gases. Sulfuric acid played a very minor role in particle growth, which was likely dominated by condensation of organic compounds, the source of which was presumably the snow surface. The role of boundary layer dynamics is not definite, although some mixing at the surface is necessary for the observation of particle growth. Due to the potentially large geographic extent of events, observations described here may provide a link between long-range transport of mid-latitude pollutants and climate regulation in the remote Arctic.
Genetic testing of children for late onset disease

Over the past decade, genetic tests have become available for a wide variety of disorders. As a result we are able to predict, with some degree of certainty, whether or not an individual will develop such diseases as breast cancer, Huntington’s disease, polycystic kidney disease, and familial adenomatous polyposis. The ability to predict disease poses several unique ethical considerations for clinical decision making regarding the provision of genetic testing. Patients must be able to comprehend the complexities of genetic testing and the potential meaning of the results. Patients must consider the emotional, social, and economic consequences of revelations regarding their risk status. Also, obtaining information on risk status may have implications for persons other than the individual seeking genetic testing.
Comparison of three interventions to increase mammography screening in low income African American women

Abstract Background : Low-income African American women are more likely to die of breast cancer than their Caucasian counterparts, and at least part of the difference in mortality results from differential screening adherence. The purpose of this study was to identify more efficacious methods of promoting routine mammography screening in underserved populations. Methods : A prospective randomized intervention study of 344 low income African American women compared the impact of three interventions on mammography adherence and stage of readiness: (1) pamphlet only; (2) culturally appropriate video; and (3) interactive computer-assisted instruction program. Results : The interactive computer intervention program produced the greatest level of adherence to mammography (40.0%) compared to the video group (24.6%) and the pamphlet group (32.1%). When subjects in the pamphlet and video groups were combined to form a non-interactive group, this group had a significantly lower adherence than the group who received the interactive computer intervention (27.0% versus 40.0%). There was also significantly more forward movement in mammography stage of readiness among participants in the computer group (52.0%) compared to those in the pamphlet group (46.4%) or the video group (31.3%). When combining the non-interactive technology (pamphlet and video) there was also more forward movement in mammography stage of readiness for those in the interactive intervention group (52.0% moved 1 or 2 stages) compared to those in the non-interactive group (36.2%). Conclusions : These data indicate that tailored approaches are more effective than targeted messages either in print or video format. Another finding of this study is that interactive interventions are more effective than non-interactive interventions in increasing adherence and moving African American women forward in their mammogram stage of readiness.
Electromechanical Modal Behavior During a 48 Hour Interval Using Nonparametric Methods

In this paper, the behavior of dominant electromechanical modes is investigated. Forty eight hours of Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) power grid data from June 13, 2005 to June 15, 2005 is analyzed using fundamental nonparametric techniques. The analysis included taking the mean and variance of 10 minute data frames and a modification of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) on 15 minute overlapping segments of data. These analyses provide information into how the electromechanical modes in the western power grid behave over a normal day and provide insight needed for more advanced analysis techniques.
Retributivism and Fallible Systems of Punishment

Abstract I argue for the following, which I dub the “fallibility syllogism”: (1) All systems of criminal punishment that inflict suffering on the innocent are unjust from a desert-based, retributivist point of view. (2) All past or present human systems of criminal punishment inflict suffering on the innocent. (3) Therefore, all such human systems of criminal punishment are unjust from a desert-based, retributivist point of view. My argument for the first premise is organized in the following way. I define what a human system of punishment is. I offer a distinction between retributive and utilitarian approaches to punishment. I distinguish between weak retributivism embodied in the second premise and strong retributivism, which I argue is the basis for the weak version. I argue that on retributivist grounds, each case of punishment is just when it matches the seriousness of the wrongdoing of the offender and that systems of punishment are just from a retributivist point of view when there are no exception...
Vortex flow filtration of mammalian and insect cells

The use of vortex flow filtration for harvesting cells or conditioned medium from large scale bioreactors has proven to be an efficient, low shear method of cell concentration and conditioned medium clarification. Several 8-10 L batches of the human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cell line (ATCC CRL 1593) were concentrated to less than 1 L by vortex flow filtration through a 3.0 βm membrane. An aggressive filtration regimen caused a 17% loss of cell viability and a 32% loss of IL-4 receptor binding capacity when compared to a batch centrifuged control. A reduction of the rotor speed from 1500 to 500 RPM and reduction of system back pressure from 10 to 0 PSIG resulted in cell viability and IL-4 binding capacity comparable to the control. Several 10 L batches of baculovirus infected Sf-9 cells were also concentrated to less than 1 L by vortex flow filtration through a 3.0 βm membrane. SDS-PAGE analysis of filtrate samples showed that aggressive filtration caused cell damage which led to contamination of the process stream by cellular lysate. When rotor speed was reduced to 500 RPM and system back pressure was reduced to 0 PSIG, the amount of contaminating lysate proteins in filtrate samples was comparable to a batch centrifuged control.
Superoxide dismutase mimics as future therapeutics

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes are ubiquitous in living things. These enzymes serve a vital role in defending oxygen-utilising life forms from oxidative damage. As a commercial human therapeutic, the enzyme SOD has been used to treat arthritis, inflammation and the side-effects of radiation treatment. Superoxide dismutase mimics (SODm) have been developed for the treatment of many diseases which involve an excess of superoxide. In this review, the advantages of using an SODm will be addressed as well as methods for measuring SOD activity. The SODm in current patent literature including manganese salen complexes, manganese porphyrin complexes, manganese pentaaza macrocyclic complexes, copper complexes, and nitroxides, will be compared based on available physical and biological data. The activity of these mimics has been measured directly or indirectly to determine catalytic rates and in efficacy studies ranging from cell cultures to animal studies. SODm have been investigated in animal models for a var...
A Reasoned Argument Against Banning Psychologists' Involvement in Death Penalty Cases

Prompted by the involvement of psychologists in torturous interrogations at Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib, the American Psychological Association (APA) revised its Ethics Code Standard 1.02 to prohibit...
Theoretical Characterization of the Indium Tin Oxide Surface and of Its Binding Sites for Adsorption of Phosphonic Acid Monolayers

We present a theoretical characterization, based on density functional theory, of the indium tin oxide surface and of the nature of the binding sites that determine the adsorption of phosphonic acid monolayers. The validity of our theoretical description is assessed by comparing our first-principles results to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data.
The good, the true and the post-modern

Abstract The post-modernist scheme for understanding and interpreting cultural phenomena in terms of three ‘ideal-types’—classical, modern and post-modern—has been deployed to interpreting many areas of human activity. The post-modernist thesis is interpreted and combined with work on uncertainty and quality to show how post-modern themes can be applied to the understanding of developments in science-based technology and societal aspects that relate to them.
Transportation Into Narrative Worlds: The Role of Prior Knowledge and Perceived Realism.

"Transportation into a narrative world" (Green & Brock, 2000, 2002) has been identified as a mechanism of narrative impact. A transported individual is cognitively and emotionally involved in the story and may experience vivid mental images. In the study reported here, undergraduate participants (N = 152) read a narrative about a homosexual man attending his college fraternity reunion, rated their transportation into the story, rated the perceived realism of the story, and responded to statements describing story-relevant beliefs. Transportation was positively correlated with perceived realism. Furthermore, individuals with prior knowledge or experience relevant to the themes of the story (e.g., had homosexual friends or family members, were knowledgeable about American fraternities) showed greater transportation into the story. Highly transported readers showed more story-consistent beliefs, and the positive relationship between transportation and story-consistent beliefs held for those both with and wit...
Photonic analog-to-digital converters: fundamental and practical limits

This paper documents the fundamental and practical limits on the performance of the demultiplexing class of photonic analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). First, we review the classes of photonic ADCs that have been investigated to date. Then the reported performance of several demultiplexing photonic ADCs is compared to performance recently obtained with high rate, high resolution electronic ADCs. Next, the paper derives the fundamental limits on ADC performance that are determined by amplitude noise, timing jitter and the finite width of the optical sampling pulse. Finally, we review practical limits for the demultiplexing ADC. These practical limits are generally determined by the performance of the electronic-to-optical and optical-to-electronic interfaces, the optical modulator and the photodetector, and by the requirements on component/path matching.
The Joint Construction of Meaning in Writing Conferences

Using an analytical framework that combines insights from a variety of previous studies, the current paper aims to contribute to the description of the joint construction of meaning in pedagogical discourse, in particular in one-on-one teacher-student interaction in writing conferences in a Japanese-as-a-foreign language (JFL) class. The argument is made that it is not the formal properties of the interaction, such as the use of triadic dialogue or the types of questions that teachers ask, that in themselves determine the pedagogical effectiveness of the interaction, but the way in which they are used to achieve particular instructional purposes in a specific setting. The findings indicated that the conferences were characterized by a back and forth movement between dialogic and monologic instructional sequences (Nystrand 1997). The teacher under study made flexible use of triadic dialogue, evident in the manner of exchange initiation and the options selected in follow-up moves, in order to achieve particular pedagogical goals in the moment. The patterns of discourse that occurred varied according to: the students' self-selected revision goals, which were related to their level of target language proficiency; the choice of discourse topic; and the teacher's underlying pedagogical goals.
Vitamin A activates rhodopsin and sensitizes it to ultraviolet light

The visual pigment, rhodopsin, consists of opsin protein with 11-cis retinal chromophore, covalently bound. Light activates rhodopsin by isomerizing the chromophore to the all-trans conformation. The activated rhodopsin sets in motion a biochemical cascade that evokes an electrical response by the photoreceptor. All-trans retinal is eventually released from the opsin and reduced to vitamin A. Rod and cone photoreceptors contain vast amounts of rhodopsin, so after exposure to bright light, the concentration of vitamin A can reach relatively high levels within their outer segments. Since a retinal analog, β-ionone, is capable of activating some types of visual pigments, we tested whether vitamin A might produce a similar effect. In single-cell recordings from isolated dark-adapted salamander green-sensitive rods, exogenously applied vitamin A decreased circulating current and flash sensitivity and accelerated flash response kinetics. These changes resembled those produced by exposure of rods to steady light. Microspectrophotometric measurements showed that vitamin A accumulated in the outer segments and binding of vitamin A to rhodopsin was confirmed in in vitro assays. In addition, vitamin A improved the sensitivity of photoreceptors to ultraviolet (UV) light. Apparently, the energy of a UV photon absorbed by vitamin A transferred by a radiationless process to the 11-cis retinal chromophore of rhodopsin, which subsequently isomerized. Therefore, our results suggest that vitamin A binds to rhodopsin at an allosteric binding site distinct from the chromophore binding pocket for 11-cis retinal to activate the rhodopsin, and that it serves as a sensitizing chromophore for UV light.
Hypersensitivity of DNA polymerase β null mouse fibroblasts reflects accumulation of cytotoxic repair intermediates from site-specific alkyl DNA lesions

Abstract Monofunctional alkylating agents react with DNA by SN1 or SN2 mechanisms resulting in formation of a wide spectrum of cytotoxic base adducts. DNA polymerase β (β-pol) is required for efficient base excision repair of N-alkyl adducts, and we make use of the hypersensitivity of β-pol null mouse fibroblasts to investigate such alkylating agents with a view towards understanding the DNA lesions responsible for the cellular phenotype. The inability of O6-benzylguanine to sensitize wild-type or β-pol null cells to SN1-type methylating agents indicates that the observed hypersensitivity is not due to differential repair of cytotoxic O-alkyl adducts. Using a 3-methyladenine-specific agent and an inhibitor of such methylation, we find that inefficient repair of 3-methyladenine is not the reason for the hypersensitivity of β-pol null cells to methylating agents, and further that 3-methyladenine is not the adduct primarily responsible for methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)- and methyl nitrosourea-induced cytotoxicity in wild-type cells. Relating the expected spectrum of DNA adducts and the relative sensitivity of cells to monofunctional alkylating agents, we propose that the hypersensitivity of β-pol null cells reflects accumulation of cytotoxic repair intermediates, such as the 5′-deoxyribose phosphate group, following removal of 7-alkylguanine from DNA. In support of this conclusion, β-pol null cells are also hypersensitive to the thymidine analog 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (hmdUrd). This agent is incorporated into cellular DNA and elicits cytotoxicity only when removed by glycosylase-initiated base excision repair. Consistent with the hypothesis that there is a common repair intermediate resulting in cytotoxicity following treatment with both types of agents, both MMS and hmdUrd-initiated cell death are preceded by a similar rapid concentration-dependent suppression of DNA synthesis and a later cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2M phases.
New High Proper Motion Stars from the Digitized Sky Survey. II. Northern Stars with 05 yr−1 < μ < 20 yr−1 at High Galactic Latitudes

In a continuation of our systematic search for high proper motion stars in the Digitized Sky Survey, we have completed the analysis of northern sky fields at Galactic latitudes above 25°. With the help of our SUPERBLINK software, a powerful automated blink comparator developed by us, we have identified 1146 stars in the magnitude range 8 < r < 20 with proper motions 0500 yr-1 < μ < 2000 yr-1. These include 1080 stars previously listed in Luyten's proper-motion catalogs (the Luyten Half-Second catalog and the New Luyten Two-Tenths catalog), nine stars not previously listed in the Luyten catalogs but reported elsewhere in the literature (including one previously reported by our team), and 57 new objects reported here for the first time. This paper includes a list of positions, proper motions, magnitudes, and finder charts for all the new high proper motion stars. Combined with our previous study of low Galactic latitude fields (see Paper I), our survey now covers over 98% of the northern sky. We conclude that the Luyten catalogs were 90% complete in the northern sky for stars with 05 < μ < 20 down to magnitude r = 19. We discuss the incompleteness of the old Luyten proper-motion survey and estimate completeness limits for our new survey.