cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining Lipophilic Pyrethroids and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Fortified Ground Beef Using Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry

A rapid procedure has been developed that is offered as an improvement for the analysis of lipophilic insecticides in meat. The number of physical and chemical manipulations required of previous methodologies to separate pesticide analytes from fat has been minimized, and the number of solvent evaporations has been reduced to one. Removal of fat from the meat extracts was accomplished with an iso-octane/acetonitrile partition and Florisil column cleanup. Recoveries of the organochlorine pesticides, lindane, p,p‘-DDE, p,p‘-DDT, heptachlor epoxide, and dieldrin, and the pyrethroids, bifenthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fluvalinate, and deltamethrin, from fortified meat samples ranged from 59 to 82% with typical relative standard deviations of 10% except for p,p‘-DDT, which gave lower, more variable recoveries likely due to degradation. Limits of detection of the pesticides in ground beef ranged from 2 ng/g for bifenthrin and p,p‘-DDE to 24 ng/g for heptachlor epoxide. Keywords: Pesticide residue analysis; ...
Analysis of ITO cleaning protocol on surface properties and polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cell performance

Abstract In the traditional organic solar cell architecture, indium tin oxide (ITO) serves as the transparent electrode and substrate for solution-cast device layers. Hydrophobic contaminants are known to modify ITO wettability and other properties, making selection of an effective cleaning scheme essential. In this work, we demonstrate that certain solvent-based routines provide essentially equivalent surface properties as coupled solvent+UV-ozone protocols reported in literature. Surface energy analysis further reveals that solvent selection can effectively tune ITO charge transport. Fabricated devices showed comparable performance, indicating that interfacial resistances are not limiting factors in the model OSC system and that UV-ozone exposure could be eliminated to reduce commercialization costs.
Transient Radiation-Induced Absorption In Fused Silica

The transient radiation-induced absorption in fused silica due to neutron and 7-ray irradiation has been investigated. Transient radiation-induced absorption coefficients (a) at 325 nm have been measured during and after pulsed reactor (TRIGA) irradiation. a increases very rapidly to a maximum value (am x)during a pulse and then decreases asymptotically to a permanent value afterwards. a wassound to reach a maximum value of 0.0070 cm -1 during a 0.5 MRad reactor pulse and to recover 99% of its initial value to 0.0001 cm -1 at a time of 1000 s after the reactor pulse.
The Principal's Paradox: Remaining Secure in A Precarious Position:

Many educators maintain that the principalship is the most demanding of all public school administrative roles. At best, principals strive to provide vision and unity of purpose within challenging, dynamic, and highly political settings. At worst, principals are faced with the unre lenting task of maintaining structure and order within increasingly hostile, unpredictable, and conflict-laden environments.
Time- and age-dependent effects of serotonin on gasping and autoresuscitation in neonatal mice

The role of brain stem serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in autoresuscitation in neonatal life is unclear. We hypothesized that a specific loss of 5-HT would compromise gasping and autoresuscit...
Environmental dimensions of managing public budgets and public enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study examines the nature of the environment in which public budgets and public enterprises are managed in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It develops a model of the environmental dimensions in the general environment and dimensional components in the task environment of public budgeting and public enterprise management including the economic, political, socio-cultural, and technological dimension which determine public budget and public enterprise management in developing countries like those in Sub-Saharan Africa. The implications of those environmental dimensions and their components are evaluated for budgetary processes and budgetary outcomes in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa - Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. The impact of economic dimensions in inducing repetitive budgeting in the budgetary processes of developing countries was highlighted. The results of the analysis of expenditure patterns in these countries tend to support the greater strength of the economic fun...
Averaged implicit hydrodynamic model of semiflexible filaments

We introduce a method to incorporate hydrodynamic interaction in a model of semiflexible filament dynamics. Hydrodynamic screening and other hydrodynamic interaction effects lead to nonuniform drag along even a rigid filament, and cause bending fluctuations in semiflexible filaments, in addition to the nonuniform Brownian forces. We develop our hydrodynamics model from a string-of-beads idealization of filaments, and capture hydrodynamic interaction by Stokes superposition of the solvent flow around beads. However, instead of the commonly used first-order Stokes superposition, we do an equivalent of infinite-order superposition by solving for the true relative velocity or hydrodynamic velocity of the beads implicitly. We also avoid the computational cost of the string-of-beads idealization by assuming a single normal, parallel and angular hydrodynamic velocity over sections of beads, excluding the beads at the filament ends. We do not include the end beads in the averaging and solve for them separately instead, in order to better resolve the drag profiles along the filament. A large part of the hydrodynamic drag is typically concentrated at the filament ends. The averaged implicit hydrodynamics methods can be easily incorporated into a string-of-rods idealization of semiflexible filaments that was developed earlier by the authors. The earlier model was used to solve the Brownian dynamics of semiflexible filaments, but without hydrodynamic interactions incorporated. We validate our current model at each stage of development, and reproduce experimental observations on the mean-squared displacement of fluctuating actin filaments . We also show how hydrodynamic interaction confines a fluctuating actin filament between two stationary lateral filaments. Finally, preliminary examinations suggest that a large part of the observed velocity in the interior segments of a fluctuating filament can be attributed to induced solvent flow or hydrodynamic screening.
Hagiography and the Cult of Saints: The Diocese of Orleans, 800 1200

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The Carolingian period 2. The Capetian period 3. The ideal of sanctity: formation, imitation, and dissemination 4. The posthumous patronage of the saints 5. Saintly patronage and Episcopal authority at the Abbey of Micy 6. Saints, abbots, and ecclesiastical politics at fleury and pithiviers Conclusion Bibliography and references Index.
Mixed Integer Programming-based reconfiguration of a distribution system with battery storage

In this paper, a general approach based on Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) is proposed to formulate the reconfiguration problem for a radial/weakly meshed distribution network or restoration following a fault. Effect of Community Energy Storage systems (CES) on reconfiguration is also investigated. Two objectives considered in this study are to minimize the active power loss, and to minimize the number of switching operations with respect to operational constraints, such as power balance, line flow limits, CES units' constraints, and radiality of the network. The latter is the most challenging issue in solving the problem by MIP. Performance of Mixed-Intereger Linear Programming (MILP) and Mixed- Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) are investigated and compared. A novel approach based on Depth-First Search (DFS) algorithm is implemented to avoid cycles and loops in the system. Using the proposed strategy, it is easy to formulate the reconfiguration problem with various objectives for any given distribution system. Recent improvements in MIP algorithms and processor speed have dramatically improved computational time, allowing the approach to be practical for online application. Numerical simulations of the proposed method on single-source 33-bus system model demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Repeatability and Genotype × Environment Interaction of Coleoptile Length Measurements in Winter Wheat

Coleoptile length is often associated with fall stand establishment in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). While coleoptile length evaluation and improvement is a common objective of wheat breeding programs, little information is presently available to guide effective evaluation efforts. The objectives of this study were to assess the association between kernel and test weight and coleoptile length, to determine the inherent precision of a coleoptile length screening procedure through repeatability analysis, and to assess the presence and nature of genotype x environment (G X E) interaction for coleoptile length. Seed samples from 45 winter wheat genotypes planted in a randomized complete block design at four locations in the 1994-1995 growing season were used to evaluate G X E interaction. A subset of samples of 15 lines from two contrasting environments (Selby, high kernel and test weight; Winner, low kernel and test weight) were used to estimate repeatability (R) from five repeated measurements of the same seed sample. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) G X E interactions for coleoptile length measurements from seed samples from the four locations. Spearman rank correlations between genotype means at the four environments were highly significant (r(s) = 0.93-0.95; P < 0.01), suggesting that G X E interactions were caused by differences in scale among environments and not by differences in genotype rankings among environments. Estimates of repeatability of coleoptile length measurements were high and not significantly different between samples from the two contrasting environments (Selby: R = 0.67 +/- 0.10; Winner: R = 0.63 +/- 0.11). Our results suggest that coleoptile length is a moderately heritable trait and that seed source for coleoptile length measurements has little or no effect on coleoptile length expression or the variation experienced with the evaluation procedures.
Using exact statistical distributions for truck shovel simulation studies

Abstract Several simulation packages exist for doing studies to determine the optimum number of trucks to have in a mine. These packages require the cycle times for trucks and times for the other equipment such as dumps and loaders to perform their various tasks. In most cases the times for trucks, shovels, etc are given only by some statistical distribution. The mean is either known or can be obtained from the statistics. The question arises whether one can simply use the mean times or should one use the exact statistical distribution for the simulation. A GPSS/H simulation is used to provide insight into this problem by performing discrete simulation studies to show the effect on using different statistical distributions for times in a mine. A simple cycling queueing theory problem is considered. First, exact times are used for a mining cycling problem; then variation in the times is introduced; and, finally, a model using exponential and normal distributions is used for the example. It is found that ev...
EXACT PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES FOR NONVISCOUS FLOW IN A PLANE WITH A CONSTANT CORIOLIS PARAMETER

Abstract The pressure and density fields are assumed known exactly for all time, and the wind is to be forecast by obtaining the trajectory of each air particle from the equations of nonviscous motion in a plane. The importance of initial conditions is stressed. For sufficiently simple pressure and density fields the particle trajectories and hodographs may be obtained explicitly without approximation. The appropriate mathematical methods are reviewed. When the pressure force depends only on time, the solutions are compared with the Brunt–Douglas “isallobaric-wind” formula. For one case of stationary circular isobars the exact solution is shown to consist of a superposition of so-called “normal” and “abnormal” solutions of the gradient wind equation. Explicit trajectories believed to be new are found for an air parcel in a certain high-pressure center whose horizontal pressure gradient is equal to or greater than that of the so-called maximum anticyclone. The general nonlinear case of circular isobars is ...
Grand unification magnetic monopoles inside the Earth

Elementary particle grand unification theories admit the possibility of very massive magnetic monopoles, but standard cosmology gives too many poles. Massive monopoles are affected both by gravity and magnetism, requiring reassessment of existing monopole searches. Monopoles inside the Earth would be able to annihilate with each field reversal, thereby giving rise to additional internal heat. This perspective is used to estimate an upper limit for the monopole-to-baryon ratio at accretion of 10−28.
Partial monosomy or trisomy resulting from crossing over within a rearranged chromosome 1.

Two sibs, both monosomic for the same portion of lq (q25q32), had similar severe mental and physical retardation. An older sib was found to be trisomic for the same portion of 1q and less severely affected. These partially monosomic and partially trisomic No. 1 chromosomes resulted from meiotic crossover in the mother, who is a balanced hetero-zygote of the type 46.XX, ins (1) (p32q25q32).
Magnetic field lines, Hamiltonian dynamics, and nontwist systems

Magnetic field lines typically do not behave as described in the symmetrical situations treated in conventional physics textbooks. Instead, they behave in a chaotic manner; in fact, magnetic field lines are trajectories of Hamiltonian systems. Consequently the quest for fusion energy has interwoven, for 50 years, the study of magnetic field configurations and Hamiltonian systems theory. The manner in which invariant tori breakup in symplectic twist maps, maps that embody one and a half degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems in general and describe magnetic field lines in tokamaks in particular, will be reviewed, including symmetry methods for finding periodic orbits and Greene’s residue criterion. In nontwist maps, which describe, e.g., reverse shear tokamaks and zonal flows in geophysical fluid dynamics, a new theory is required for describing tori breakup. The new theory is discussed and comments about renormalization are made.
Phase transition kinetics in DIET of vanadium pentoxide I. Experimental results

Experimental results of the kinetics of phase transformation in vanadium pentoxide during surface loss of oxygen from electron irradiation are described. Phase transformations under three different regimes were examined: (a) low flux; (b) intermediate flux and (c) high flux. Different phase transformation routes were observed under different fluxes. In a companion paper, numerical calculations are presented demonstrating that these results are due to a mixed interface/diffusion controlled phase transition pumped by surface oxygen loss.
Global behaviours of rational difference equations of orders two and three with quadratic terms

We determine the global behaviours of all solutions of the following rational difference equations These equations are related to each other via semiconjugate relations that also let us reduce them to first-order equations. Using this approach, we determine the forbidden sets of each equation explicitly and show that for initial values outside the forbidden sets, their solutions may converge to 0, or to a positive fixed point, or they may be periodic of period 2 or unbounded. In some cases, different types of solutions coexist depending on the initial values.
Notes on the asters (Asteraceae) of Edward S. Burgess.

Edward Sanford Burgess is best remembered for his taxonomic works on the Biotian asters. In 1928 hisAster herbarium was bequeathed to the New York Botanical Garden. Burgess described 124 taxa ofAster, for 90 of which he failed to designate a type. A list of the BurgessAster types deposited at NY is presented, including 57 lectotypic designations.
Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Leads to the Identification of REME1, a Pentatricopeptide Repeat-DYW Protein Controlling the Editing of Mitochondrial Transcripts

In vascular plants, organelle RNAs are edited by C-to-U base modification. Hundreds of mitochondrial C residues are targeted for editing in flowering plants. In this study, we exploited naturally occurring variation in editing extent to identify Required for Efficiency of Mitochondrial Editing1 (REME1), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pentatricopeptide repeat protein-encoding gene belonging to the DYW subclass that promotes editing of at least two C residues on different mitochondrial transcripts. Positional cloning identified REME1 unambiguously as the gene controlling editing of nad2-558. Virus-induced gene silencing of REME1 confirmed its role in editing of nad2-558 and allowed us to identify orfX-552 as a second C whose editing is positively controlled by REME1. An unexpected outcome of REME1 silencing was the finding of a number of mitochondrial C targets whose editing extent exhibits a significant and reproducible increase in silenced tissues. That increase was shown to be partly due to the virus inoculation and partly to REME1-specific silencing. Analysis of an insertional T-DNA mutant within the REME1 coding sequence confirmed the findings of the virus-induced gene silencing experiments: decrease in editing extent of nad2-558 and orfX-552 and increase in editing extent of two sites, matR-1771 and rpl5-92. Transgenic complementation of the low-edited accession (Landsberg erecta) restored the editing of nad2-558 and orfX-552 to high-edited accession (Columbia)-type levels or to even higher levels than Columbia. There was no effect of the transgene on editing extent of matR-1771 and rpl5-92. The strategy and tools used in this report can be applied to identify additional genes that affect editing extent in plant mitochondria.
Stimulation of platelet serotonin and 86Rb+ uptake by N-ethylmaleimide

Abstract The effects of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on mouse platelet serotonin (5-HT) and 86Rb+ uptake were studied. The 5-HT transport system showed a biphasic response to increasing concentrations of NEM, with low concentrations (25–50 μM) stimulating and high concentrations (200–400 μM) inhibiting 5-HT transport. Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of the platelet 5-HT transporter, blocked NEM-induced stimulation of 5-HT transport. The kinetics of 5-HT uptake indicated that NEM (50 μM) markedly increased the maximal rate of 5-HT transport (Vmax control = 28.4±1.4 pmol/108 platelets/4 min vs Vmax NEM = 64.5±9.5 pmol/108 platelets/4 min but had no significant effect on the Km value. Platelet Na+ K+ ATPase activity was determined by measuring 86Rb+ uptake. Platelet 86Rb+ uptake showed a biphasic response to NEM, with low concentrations (25–100 μM) significantly stimulating and high concentrations (400 μM) inhibiting uptake. These changes in platelet 86Rb+ uptake paralleled the biphasic changes in 5-HT transport. In the presence of fluoxetine, 5-HT transport was markedly inhibited but no change in the ability of NEM to stimulate 86Rb+ uptake was observed. These data suggest that low concentrations of NEM activate plasma membrane Na+ K+ ATPase which results in a marked stimulation of platelet 5-HT transport.
Democratic Eloquence: The Fight over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America

"Democratic Eloquence" tells the dramatic story of how Americans thought and argued about the English language between 1776 and 1900. The rise of a popular democracy in the early nineteenth century rudely challenged gentlemanly assumptions that only the well-educated should be able to speak in public. The popular challenge stimulated discussions about how grammars, dictionaries, even the English Bible should be written and what the idiom of a democratic society should be.
The effect of a well on the flow of a nearby stream

In many irrigation-districts where the supplies of surface-water from a stream nave been entirely appropriated, pumping from wells has been resorted to in order to supplement the surface-supply. Where the pumps are near a stream that has a flow during the irrigation-season, either because of normal ground-water flow or because of return flow from surface-water irrigation, the pumping is likely to diminish the stream-flow. Conversely, diversions of water from a stream may diminish the supply of wells that were formerly supplied indirectly by seepage from the stream, but the problem involved is of a different nature than its converse and will not be discussed here.
Influence of soil thickness on stand characteristics in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest

Soil thickness can be an important factor influencing vegetation, yet few spatially- explicit studies have examined soil horizon thick- ness and vegetation composition in summer- drought forests. We compared seismic and soil penetration measurements of combined A + C and Cr horizon thickness, soil moisture and tem- perature, and stand variables in a contiguous 4-ha mixed-conifer stand of the Sierra Nevada. Thick- ness of A + C and Cr horizons were highly variable but were not correlated to each other. Total basal area and canopy cover were positively related with A + C horizon thickness, and shrub cover was positively related with Cr horizon thickness. Basal area of white fir (Abies concolor (Gord and Glend) Lindl.) and incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torrey) Florin) were positively correlated with A + C horizon thickness, but there was no rela- tionship between A + C or Cr horizon thickness and basal area of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.), sugar pine (P. lambertiana Douglas), or red fir (A. magnifica A. Murray). Both white and red fir seedlings were associated with decreased soil temperature, but only white fir seedlings were positively associated with soil moisture. Soil pen- etration estimates of soil thickness were similar to seismic estimates for shallow soils (<50 cm depth) but were poorly related on deeper soils. Visual surface conditions and tile probe estimates of soil thickness can be highly misleading because 'shal- low' areas may have a thick layer of weathered bedrock that can serve as a potential rooting medium for deep-rooted trees and shrubs. In our study only the refraction seismic method had the potential to measure total soil depth that included A + C and Cr horizon thickness.
Herbaceous species composition and richness of mesophytic cove forests in the southern Appalachians: synthesis and knowledge gaps.

Abstract We synthesized the current information on mesophytic cove forests in the southern Appalachians, assessed the range of variation in herb species composition and diversity in stands with different disturbance histories and environmental conditions, identified key knowledge gaps, and suggested approaches to fill these knowledge gaps. The purpose of this synthesis was to provide information to forest managers to help make decisions about conservation assessments and strategies for rich cove forests in the southern Appalachians. An important finding is that no single study or data set can provide conclusive evidence or clear management strategies. However, an overriding conclusion is that the magnitude of impact and the management actions necessary to restore herbaceous communities are directly proportional to the severity of disturbance, current condition (e.g., presence of Rhododendron), site heterogeneity, and historical land use (e.g., agricultural activity). These factors plus a host of other str...
Range Measurement Techniques for CP Television Antennas

With the advent of circularly polarized antennas for television broadcasting, antenna engineers are not only faced with the designing and manufacturing of a breed of new antennas but also with measuring their performance on a test range. Measurement techniques commonly employed with horizontally polarized antennas are not sufficient to adequately describe circularly polarized antenna performance. This paper will discuss some problems that could be encountered in the measurement of circularly polarized broadcast antennas and offer some solutions to these problems. Two basic types of measurements will be discussed, those made on scale models and those made on full size antennas.
Fluoroform-d optically pumped submillimeter-wave laser.

Submillimeter-wave laser action in deuterated fluoroform is reported for the first time to our knowledge. A total of 27 lines was observed when CDF3 was pumped by various CO2 lines in the 9- and 10-μm regions. Near-milliwatt-level cw power on 10 lines was observed in a nonoptimized hole-coupled metallic-waveguide resonator. Tentative spectroscopic assignments are made for the strongest lines.
Error Performance of OOFSK Signaling over Fading Channels

In this paper, the error performance of on-off frequency-shift keying (OOFSK) over fading channels is analyzed. A closed-form expression for the probability of error is obtained as a function of the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when OOFSK signals are received over a coherent Rician fading channel. It is shown in simulation results that error performance improves especially at low SNR values as the duty cycle decreases. The error performance is also studied when the channel is assumed to be unknown at both the transmitter and receiver. For this case, the optimum detection rule is identified and analytical expressions for the probability of error are obtained. Similarly, it is concluded that probability of error decreases if one operates with lower duty cycle.
Pitkin's Dilemma: The Wider Shores of Political Theory and Political Science

Modern political science has created a separation between political theory and empirical political research that impoverishes both sides and is becoming increasingly outdated. I suggest that the work of Michel Foucault is profitably understood in the context of American social and political science, including the empirical research of Harold Garfinkel, Erving Goffman, and Thomas Schelling, and that the social theorists’ work is better appreciated within Foucault’s rigorous philosophical framework. Foucault’s use of an open “game” context converges with the positions of both Wittgenstein and Schelling to suggest a theory that provides insights into the nontyrannical theory Pitkin sought. It also opens prospects for a theoretically integrated agenda for empirical and normative political research. The Problem of Political Theory Thirty years ago, in the conclusion to her study of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s significance for political philosophy, Hanna Fenichel Pitkin posed a dilemma arising from Wittgenstein’s transformation of the philosophical method and the impact of this change on traditional political theory. Pitkin argued that traditional political theory had been inherently tyrannical. Plato solved the political problem “by eliminating politics” and theorized justice “by eliminating the need for, and thus the real nature of ” justice. But leaving aside Plato, often criticized for totalitarian tendencies, 1 Pitkin found that even Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx, both committed to the concept of human liberation, followed the same pattern: “[T]here seems to be something in the enterprise of theorizing itself that makes the resulting system seem totalitarian and in that sense nonpolitical. The theorist stands outside the political system about which he speculates and writes; of necessity he deploys and manipulates its citizens without considering their wishes or opinions.” 2 Attempting to create intellectual order, the theo
Learning algorithms for optical multilayer neural networks

Two issues related to the optical implementation of feedforward multilayer neural networks are discussed. First, an anti-Hebbian local learning rule is introduced to eliminate the need for error backpropagation in network training, as required by the commonly used back error propagation algorithm. Second, the effect of using square-law detectors in optical neural networks is considered, and an orthogonal vector algorithm is proposed to train such networks. While the first algorithm significantly reduces the complexity of optical neural networks, the second algorithm enables use of simple square-law optical detectors to implement neurons. Preliminary simulations have shown that not only are these two algorithms capable of solving typical pattern recognition problems, but they are also computationally effective. >
Lexical Access in College Students with Learning Disabilities An Electrophysiological and Performance-Based Investigation

The purpose of this study was to compare the semantic processing abilities of college students with learning disabilities (LD) to those of their peers without learning disabilities (NLD) who were matched for age, gender, and intelligence. Participants were compared on results from the Test of Adolescent/Adult Word Finding (TAWF) and from event-related potential (N400) sampling to the processing of semantically incongruous sentences. The LD and NLD groups did not significantly differ in accuracy on the TAWF; however, students with LD demonstrated a significantly greater number of delayed responses. The LD group's N400 responses were significantly delayed at the Pz electrode site. Effect size indicators also revealed somewhat reduced amplitudes at Fz and Cz locations. The significant delays of the students with LD on standardized testing and on N400 suggest an inefficiency in the semantic processing of these individuals, in both automatic and attention-based aspects of lexical access.
The Macrobiotic Diet in Cancer

Macrobiotics is one of the most popular alternative or complementary comprehensive lifestyle approaches to cancer. The centerpiece of macrobiotics is a predominantly vegetarian, whole-foods diet that has gained popularity because of remarkable case reports of individuals who attributed recoveries from cancers with poor prognoses to macrobiotics and the substantial evidence that the many dietary factors recommended by macrobiotics are associated with decreased cancer risk. Women consuming macrobiotic diets have modestly lower circulating estrogen levels, suggesting a lower risk of breast cancer. This may be due in part to the high phytoestrogen content of the macrobiotic diet. As with most aspects of diet in cancer therapy, there has been limited research evaluating the effectiveness of the macrobiotic diet in alleviating suffering or prolonging survival of cancer patients. The few studies have compared the experience of cancer patients who tried macrobiotics with expected survival rates or assembled series of cases that may justify more rigorous research. On the basis of available evidence and its similarity to dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention, the macrobiotic diet probably carries a reduced cancer risk. However, at present, the empirical scientific basis for or against recommendations for use of macrobiotics for cancer therapy is limited. Any such recommendations are likely to reflect biases of the recommender. Because of its popularity and the compelling evidence that dietary factors are important in cancer etiology and survival, further research to clarify whether the macrobiotic diet or similar dietary patterns are effective in cancer prevention and treatment is warranted.
Theory of Extended Fuzzy Discrete-Event Systems for Handling Ranges of Knowledge Uncertainties and Subjectivity

In 2001, we originated a theory of fuzzy discrete-event systems (FDESs) that generalized the conventional/crisp discrete-event systems (DESs). Vagueness and imprecision concerning states and event transitions of DESs were represented by membership grades and computed via fuzzy logic. Our application of the FDES theory to computerized human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome treatment regimen selection, although preliminarily successful, suggests that a more comprehensive FDES theory is needed to address two general issues critically important not only to biomedical applications, but also to real-world problems in other industries. First, domain experts should have means other than point estimates and type-1 fuzzy sets mandated in the current framework to describe uncertainties, subjectivity, and imprecision in their (complex) knowledge and experience. Second, when a group of experts with distinct opinions is involved, they should not be forced to reach consensus for the sake of system development. This is because collective consensus may not be achievable, which is often the case in medicine, where individual expertspsila opinions should be equally respected since the underlying ground truth is unknown most of the time. The theory of extended FDES presented in this paper addresses both the problems and contains the FDES theory as a special case. Experts are now allowed to use interval numbers and type-1 and type-2 fuzzy sets to intuitively and quantitatively express their diverse knowledge and experience, which will then be processed by the new theory to form fuzzy state vectors and fuzzy event transition matrices. Accordingly, we have established mathematical operations that cover the computations of fuzzy states, fuzzy event transitions, and parallel composition. Numerical examples are provided.
Quantification of losses in thin-film polycrystalline solar cells

Abstract Comparison of measured solar-cell parameters with calculations for ideal cells is a powerful tool to assist fundamental understanding and to focus on the most effective fabrication procedures. The emphasis here will be on quantitative separation of individual loss mechanisms in polycrystalline thin-film cells based on CdTe, CuInSe2 (CIS), and related alloys such as CuIn1−xGaxSe2 (CIGS). Several techniques to facilitate separation of losses are described.
Transition of Products From Prescription to Over the Counter: The H2 Antagonists

In general, the histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) enjoy an enviable record of safety. These agents, notably cimetidine, have been studied extensively in clinical trials, case reports, and worldwide drug use reporting systems. Of the available agents (cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, and ranitidine) several similarities exist from compound to compound and use data to support that each of the agents is equally safe and efficacious in equipotent dosing. A review of H2RA pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug interactions is included to provide the clinician with a basis for rational selection and use of an H2RA.
Response to Intervention: Examining Classroom Behavior Support in Second Grade:

This article reports on 2 studies investigating a response-to-intervention (RTI) approach to behavior support in 2 second-grade classrooms. The results suggest that a slightly more intensive but efficient targeted intervention (“check in and check out”) was effective in supporting the social behavior success of 4 students whose problem behaviors were unresponsive to general classroom management practices. For 4 other students whose problem behaviors continued to be unresponsive to the “check-in and check-out” intervention, more individualized and function-based interventions were indicated and proved to be effective. The results from this research suggest that RTI logic can be applied to the social behavior support of students who present interfering problem behaviors in the classroom. Implications and recommendations for research and practice are discussed.
On the solution of the coupled Navier-Stokes and Darcy equations

Abstract This paper introduces and analyzes two mathematical models for coupling the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the porous media flow equations. A numerical method that uses continuous finite elements in the incompressible flow region and discontinuous finite elements in the porous medium, is proposed. Existence and uniqueness results under small data condition of the numerical solution are proved. Optimal a priori error estimates are derived. Numerical examples comparing the two models under varying physical parameters are provided.
SE-CSE 2009: The second international workshop on software engineering for Computational Science and Engineering

This workshop is concerned with the development of Computational Science & Engineering (CSE and 2) Applications that support scientific endeavors, including, but not limited to, systems for managing and/or manipulating large amounts of data. Despite its importance in our everyday lives, the development of CS&E software has historically attracted little attention from the software engineering community. Due to significant differences in the development context, CS&E software development needs to be studied in its own right. This workshop will devote approximately equal time to presentation of position papers and to discussing topics that arise out of those presentations.
A multi-bit error detection scheme for DRAM using partial sums with parallel counters

Multi-bit soft errors are a key reliability concern for advanced technology memories. Along with soft errors, multi-bit retention errors due to leakage are also a concern for DRAM memory. We have developed a fast, multi-bit/all-bit error detection scheme based on the unidirectional error property of DRAM. The scheme allows tradeoff between detection speed, code length and circuit area. Electrical simulation results at 45-nm SOI technology for a 128-bit data-path indicate that the error detection can be achieved in a single clock cycle with clock frequency greater than 3.3 GHz.
[Monitoring on injuries in Jiangsu sentinel hospitals, from 2006 to 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics on injuries, using data from the Jiangsu sentinel hospitals, from 2006 to 2013, to develop a injury prevention strategy. METHODS: Data was collected from the 'National Injury Monitoring Report Card' of six sentinel hospitals from two surveillance points from 2006 to 2013. RESULTS: Information from 448 778 cases was analyzed. The numbers of male cases outnumbered the females, with sex ratio as 1.72:1. The top five causes of injuries were as follows: falls (27.21%), traffic-related (26.23%), blunt (17.50%), knife/sharp instrument (13.87%) and animal injury (6.59%). Injuries mainly occurred in June, July and August, at 8 to 10 O'clock in the morning. The major places where injuries occurred were road/street (31.58%), home (23.47%), industries and construction sites (21.38%). Recreation activities (36.12%), driving vehicle (25.26%), and at work (24.78%) were the major activities when injuries took place. Most injury cases were unintentional (92.65%) and deliberately (violence/attack) (6.36%). CONCLUSION: All the injuries showed an yearly increase, from 2006 to 2013, with main causes as falls and traffic-related ones. Injuries among teenagers and the elderly should be paid special attention to, with targeted interventions taken. Language: zh
Teach For America’s long arc: A critical race theory textual analysis of Wendy Kopp’s works

We read and analyzed 165,000 words and uncover a series of counter-stories buried within a textual corpus, authored by Teach For America (TFA) founder Wendy Kopp (Kopp, 1989, 2001; Kopp & Farr, 2011), that offers insight into the forms of racism endemic to Teach For America. All three counter-stories align with a critical race theory (CRT) framework. Specifically, we answer the following questions: What evidence of institutional and epistemological racism is exposed by a CRT textual analysis of TFA’s founding document and later works by Wendy Kopp? To what extent has TFA appropriated the language of culturally relevant pedagogy, while advancing an uninterrogated neoliberal ideology? And, to what extent does TFA’s contribution to a “culture of achievement” (Kopp & Farr, 2011) constitute an actual “poverty of culture” (Ladson-Billings, 2006a) that enacts real harms on communities of color?
Biology of metabolic syndrome in a vascular patient

Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in vascular patients and has a significant impact on the outcomes of vascular interventions. It comprises of a set of metabolically driven risk factors, including truncal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose. Increased insulin resistance within the context of obesity and hypertension contributes to atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory states which lead to the adverse impact of metabolic syndrome on the response to injury and on atherosclerotic disease progression. This review focuses on the complex biology of metabolic syndrome and its relevance to management of vascular patients, including outcomes and implications for the coronary, cerebrovascular and lower-extremity vascular beds.
Immune and nonimmune gel precipitates produced by honey bee venom and its components.

SummaryNonimmune complexing of macromolecules has been observed in many systems, and in studies with honey bee venom such a phenomenon was suspected. The present study attempted to define the components of an interaction observed during gel diffusion between venom and serum.Various honey bee venoms and individual components of venom were diffused in agar or agarose against sera from numerous animal species and serum components. Whole venom or mellitin yielded precipitin bands with whole serum or lipoprotein components. Other venom and serum components failed to yield a precipitin line. In addition, a “halo” effect was noticed around whole venom or mellitin in agar, but not agarose.A possible basis for these nonimmune interactions may relate to the highly charged nature of the mellitin molecule. An awareness of these interactions would seem critical in any immunochemical investigations of honey bee venom.This study establishes that both immune and nonimmune precipitates may occur simultaneously in gel-diff...
Feasibility of Early Palliative Care Consultation for Children With High‐Risk Malignancies

Background Children with cancer suffer significant morbidity throughout therapy and often face an uncertain prognosis. Because palliative care teams can provide an additional layer of support with symptom management and communication, we conducted a prospective study assessing the feasibility of early palliative care consultation for children with high-risk malignancies. Procedure This study was part of a larger prospective study examining the impact of early palliative care consultation. Children were eligible if they were 75% of eligible patients, palliative care consultation within 1 month of eligibility, and patient/family satisfaction. Results Twenty of 25 (80%) eligible patients were approached and received a palliative care consultation at initial diagnosis (7), recurrence (12), or time of HSCT (1). Median age of the children was 5 years (0.1–20 years). Median time from new diagnosis/recurrence to consultation was 12 days (2–180 days); 17 (85%) received the consultation within 30 days. Eleven (55%) of the 20 children died. Median time of consultation prior to death was 128 days (10–648 days). Ten of the 11 (91%) received their consultation >30 days prior to death. No families or oncologists declined an early consultation. Conclusions Early palliative care consultation is feasible for children with high-risk cancer and is acceptable to children, families, and pediatric oncologists.
The Immunobiology of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic syndrome affecting the respiratory system that is characterized by episodes of airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, oftentimes accompanied by inflammation. Allergic asthma is a form of this syndrome in which the adaptive immune system recognizes a foreign antigen (termed an allergen), setting into motion a series of molecular and cellular events that culminate in pathology. For allergic sensitization to occur, the allergen must surmount innate barrier defenses: surfactant, mucous, and the epithelial cell layer. Epithelial cells actively partake in the inflammatory process by recognizing danger-associated molecular patterns with pattern recognition receptors, notably Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR signaling activates airway epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators, which then recruit antigen-presenting cells. In allergic airway disease, dendritic cells are critical in activating the adaptive immune system, classically generating a Th2 response. Th2 cytokines – IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 – promote IgE production, eosinophil recruitment, mucous production, and airway hyperresponsiveness. In clinical asthma, however, only 50% of patients demonstrate Th2 markers. The Th17 response is a distinct pathologic mechanism and biomarker for neutrophilic, glucocorticoid-resistant asthma. Although typically treated with bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories, disease heterogeneity remains a challenge in the clinical management of asthma.
Versioned Programming: A Simple Technique for Implementing Efficient, Lock-Free, and Composable Data Structures

This paper introduces versioned programming, a technique that can be used to convert pointer-based data structures into efficient, lock-free implementations. Versioned programming allows arbitrary composition of pointer modifications. Taking linked-lists as an example, VLISTs, or versioned lists, support features missing in other lock-free implementations, such as double linking and atomic moves among lists.The main idea of versioning is to allow different versions of a nodes exist at the same time such that each thread can pick the appropriate version and has a consistent view of the whole data structure. We present a detailed example of VLISTs, simple enough to include all code inline. The paper also evaluates versioned tree implementations.We evaluate versioned programming against several concurrency techniques. With a modest number of writers, versioned programming outperforms read-log-update, which locks nodes. VLIST out-perform lists with SwissTM, a highquality STM, showing the value of trading some programmer-transparency for performance. Composability hurts performance compared to a non-composable, hand-written lock-free algorithm. Using the technique described in this paper, application developers can have both the performance scalability of sophisticated synchronization techniques with functionality and simplicity comparable to coarse locks.
Syndromic Diagnostic Approaches to Bone and Joint infections

Bone and joint infections are among the more common infections of normally sterile body sites. These infections can lead to loss or compromise of function, long-term damage, and mortality. Prompt diagnosis, including microbiological diagnosis, is needed for appropriate management to reduce these adverse outcomes.
The Marvelous Clouds: Towards a Philosophy of Elemental Media

Although he identifies himself as a media theorist, John Durham Peters would not be an odd duck in any department of religious studies. In his books, religious themes and references are everywhere....