cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Too Cool for School? The Relationship between Coolness and Academic Reputation in Early Adolescence

The relationship between peer-nominated coolness and academic reputation was examined at two time points spanning the first year of middle school (N = 807; 52 percent female; 52 percent African-American; 48 percent European American). Students predominantly nominated peers who were from their same gender and ethnic group as being cool. Associations between coolness and academic reputation differed across subgroups, were contingent upon level of disruptive behavior, and changed over time from fall to spring of the academic year. In the fall, patterns differed by gender, not by ethnicity. For both white and African-American boys, hierarchical regressions evidenced a null association between coolness and academic reputation; for both white and African-American girls, this association was positive. In the spring, findings for white girls were similar to findings from the fall. For the three remaining groups—white boys and African-American boys and girls—conditions worsened over time, albeit in slightly dissimilar ways. For white boys, fall coolness did not predict significant declines in academic reputation over time; nonetheless, as a group, the coolness–academic reputation was negative by the end of the year. For African-American boys and girls, fall coolness significantly predicted declines in academic reputation from fall to spring, although the concurrent coolness–academic reputation association was not significantly negative for either group in the spring.
Distribution of the excitatory amino acid receptor subunits GluR2(4) in monkey hippocampus and colocalization with subunits GluR5-7 and NMDAR1

Ionotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors are divided pharmacologically into three categories termed NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and high affinity kainate receptors. Each of these receptor subtypes is composed of a specific subset of subunits termed GluR1-4 (AMPA/kainate), GluR5-7, KA1-2 (high affinity kainate), and NMDAR1, 2 A-D (NMDA). Although colocalization of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors has been previously demonstrated electrophysiologically in rat, comprehensive analyses of subunit specific colocalization patterns have not been possible until the advent of appropriate antibodies. The present study investigates such immunocytochemical colocalization of several EAA receptor subunits within individual cells as well as dendritic spines in the monkey hippocampus. Double-label immunohistochemical experiments using antibodies which are specific for GluR2(4), GluR5-7, and NMDAR1 demonstrated that virtually all projection neurons in each subfield of the hippocampus contain subunits from the AMPA/kainate, kainate, and NMDA receptor families. In addition, confocal microscopy has demonstrated that individual spines may contain subunits representative of multiple EAA receptor families. Furthermore, detailed regional, cellular, and ultrastructural distribution patterns of the EAA receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR4 in monkey hippocampus are presented based on the use of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3A11, which was generated against the putative extracellular N-terminal domain of GluR2. Since this antibody recognizes only GluR2 in Western blots, and GluR2 as well as GluR4 in fixed transiently transfected cells, it has been designated anti-GluR2(4). Immunocytochemical labeling with mAb 3A11 revealed pyramidal cell somata and dendrites in each field of the hippocampus, as well as granule cells and polymorphic hilar cells in the dentate gyrus. Small cells with the morphologic characteristics of astroglia were also immunolabeled for GluR2(4) within the alveus and fimbria. Immunoreactivity at the ultrastructural level was localized to postsynaptic densities on dendritic spines and shafts and within the somatodendritic cytoplasm in all major hippocampal regions, as well as in a subset of dentate granule cell axons within the mossy fiber projection.
Design of an electronically tunable millimeter wave gyrotron backward wave oscillator

A non-linear self-consistent computer simulation code is used to analyze the saturated output of the Gyrotron Backward Wave Oscillator (Gyro BWO) which can be used as a tunable driver for a 250 GHz FEL amplifier. Simulations show that the Gyrotron BWO using a Pierce/Wiggler gun configuration can produce at least 10 kW of microwave power over the range 249 GHz to 265 GHz by varying beam voltage alone.
De-amortization of Algorithms

De-amortization aims to convert algorithms with excellent overall speed, f(n) for performing n operations, into algorithms that take no more than O(f(n)/n) steps for each operation. The paper reviews several existing techniques for de-amortization of algorithms.
Applied Research Using Alpha/Theta Training for Enhancing Creativity and Well-Being

ABSTRACT Introduction. Previous research has supported anecdotal reports of a possible correlation between the state of hypnagogia and the enhancement of creative ability (Green, 1972; Green, Green, & Walters, 1970, 1974; Parks, 1996; Stembridge, 1972; Whisenant & Murphy, 1977). Some psychologists (e.g., Maslow, 1963; Rogers, 1978) have suggested that there is also a correlation between creative ability and enhanced well-being. Methods. This study utilized an 8-week repeated-measures experimental design to investigate the effects of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback on the willful use of hypnagogia for increasing creativity and well-being. The sample size of 62 (30 experimental subjects and 32 controls) was comprised of both sexes with a mean age of 45. The EEG parameters of hypnagogia were broadly defined as the presence and pre-dominance of alpha and theta brain wave activity. Creativity was defined by the three most readily agreed upon divergent thinking abilities: (a) fluency (the ability to gene...
Coordination of engineering design agents for high assurance in complex dynamic system design

This paper presents a hierarchical architecture for an innovative self-adaptive design network for physics-based modeling of complex systems dynamics in order to assess and control its behavior characteristics. Each structural component of the system is simulated by an engineering design agent (EDA) which models the conceptual design parameters of the component in its operational environment. The objective here is to iteratively achieve higher assurance of dynamic system behavior by trading off component design characteristics. A formal model of the design network is formulated in this paper as a finite set of interacting automata. Intelligent agents for design coordination and design supervision are introduced. The introduction of a high order polyadic process algebra-calculus (cost calculus)-allows the formulation of powerful algorithms for autonomous self-adaptation of the system design network to achieve high assurance specifications in dynamic and uncertain environments.
METROPOLITAN SECESSION AND THE SPACE OF COLOR‐BLIND RACISM IN ATLANTA

The Reverend Joseph Lowery and the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus sponsored a 2011 voting rights suit, Lowery v. Deal, that demanded the disincorporation of several majority-white cities in Georg...
The age of the universe from nuclear chronometers.

An overview is presented of the current situation regarding radioactive dating of the matter of which our Galaxy is comprised. A firm lower bound on the age from nuclear chronometers of ≈9–10 Gyr is entirely consistent with age determinations from globular clusters and white dwarf cooling histories. The reasonable assumption of an approximately uniform nucleosynthesis rate yields an age for the Galaxy of 12.8 ± 3 Gyr, which again is consistent with current determinations from other methods.
Neurogenetic reconstruction of biometric templates: A new security threat?

In this paper, we demonstrate how neurogenetic reconstruction can be used to reconstruct facial images from biometric templates extracted using Local Binary Patterns (LBPs). We also demonstrate the process of neurogenetic distortion of biometric templates in order to mitigate neurogenetic reconstruction. Our results show that reconstructed images can be used to recognize individuals within a dataset with a high degree of accuracy. Our results also show that neurogenetic distortion can be used to successfully distort biometric templates to prevent image reconstruction.
Optimal Discretionary Monetary Policy in a Micro-Founded Model with a Zero Lower Bound on Nominal Interest Rate

Abstract This paper investigates optimal discretionary monetary policy under the zero lower bound on the nominal interest rate (ZLB) in the case of a distorted steady state due to monopoly and taxation. Solving a fully nonlinear micro-founded (FNL) model using a global method, I find that the central bank in a more distorted economy would cut the interest rate less aggressively under a particularly adverse demand shock. This occurs because inflation and nominal interest rates are higher on average, making the ZLB less likely to bind and causing the economy to escape from the ZLB sooner. However, the social planner would choose the optimal inflation rate of approximately zero. The result emerges because the unconditional benefit of avoiding the ZLB is not big enough to offset the cost of higher relative price dispersion when inflation is significantly positive. In addition, I show that the conventional linear-quadratic (LQ) method is inaccurate in the case of a sufficiently distorted steady state.
Technical aspects of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in abdominal carcinomatosis

Between November 1983 and July 1985, 41 patients with abdominal carcinomatosis had peritoneal catheters surgically implanted for the purpose of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Peritoneal fluid distribution was documented by computerized tomography examination prior to chemotherapy and was correlated with the surgical procedure performed and the pathological findings. In this series, peritoneal fluid distribution appeared to be an important prognostic factor in determining tumor response. The catheter-related complication rate was acceptable.
A detergent-solubilized nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of caenorhabditis elegans

We have used a spin column assay to study the detergent-solubilized levamisole receptor, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The receptor can be successfully solubilized in detergent solutions of Triton X-100, Lubrol PX, or sodium cholate. Centrifugal gel filtration assay using the tritiated ligand [3H]meta-aminolevamisole ([3H]MAL) provides a greater signal and a better signal-to-noise ratio for soluble levamisole receptor binding than either polyethylene glycol precipitation or DEAE filter assay with the same ligand. As for membrane-bound receptor, the detergent-solubilized levamisole receptor consists of more than one affinity state. Detergent solubilization appears to increase the affinity of all states for [3H]MAL (Kd for the highest affinity solubilized [3H]MAL binding state, 41 +/- 5 pM). Data is presented on the equilibrium binding and the association and dissociation reaction rates of the receptor. The similar relative efficacy with which various compounds inhibit specific [3H]MAL binding and deficiencies in solubilizable high affinity specific [3H]MAL binding in two receptor mutants show that the solubilized receptor is the same nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that is detected by assaying membrane-bound specific [3H]MAL binding. The detergent-solubilized levamisole receptor is stable at 0 degree to 4 degrees C, making receptor purification feasible.
Cyclic strain induces reactive oxygen species production via an endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase.

Vascular endothelial cells are constantly subjected to pressure-induced cyclic strain. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling. Recent evidence indicates that a vascular NAD(P)H oxidase may be an important source of ROS in both physiologic and pathophysiologic situations. The aim of this study was to investigate cyclic strain-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activity in endothelial cells. ROS production was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance and lucigenin chemiluminescence. Cyclic strain-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activity was quantified by activity assay while the expression of p22phox was monitored by Northern blotting. Endothelial cells produce basal amounts of ROS that were enhanced by cyclic strain. Moreover subsequent stimulation with TNF-α resulted in significantly greater ROS production in cells previously exposed to cyclic strain as compared to static conditions. Cyclic strain resulted in a significant increase in message for the p22phox subunit as well as activity of the NAD(P)H oxidase. The induced oxidative stress was accompanied by increased mobilization of the transcription factor NFκB, an effect that was blocked by a pharmacological inhibitor of NAD(P)H. These results demonstrate a pivotal role for NAD(P)H oxidase in cyclic strain-induced endothelial ROS production and may provide insight into the modulation of vascular disease by biomechanical forces. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 36: 99–106, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward dynamic separation without dynamic stall

The concept of vorticity separation without dynamic stall is illustrated by flow visualization. A small airfoil with a rotating nose, originally built for the demonstration of static stall control, was placed in a wind tunnel and dynamically pitched. The flow around the airfoil during pitch was successfully visualized and filmed. It exhibited dynamic trailing edge separation of vorticity without leading edge dynamic stall. Diagrams of the airfoil assembly are included.
Psychological stress impairs the local CD8+ T cell response to mucosal HSV-1 infection and allows for increased pathogenicity via a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanism

Psychological stress and its associated increases in corticosterone are generally immunosuppressive and contribute to increased herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated pathogenicity. However, the impact of stress on local control of the initial mucosal-based HSV infection has not been elucidated, nor have the ramifications of such failures of the immune response in terms of viral spread. To address these gaps in knowledge, the studies described herein sought to determine how psychological stress and associated increases in corticosterone may increase susceptibility to HSV encephalitis by allowing for increased viral titers at the site of initial infection. We have shown that in mice intranasally infected with HSV-1, a cell-mediated immune response occurs in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), and superficial cervical lymph nodes (CLN). However, psychological stress induced by restraint decreased the number of lymphocytes in these tissues in HSV-infected mice. Surprisingly, the effects of this restraint stress on HSV-specific CTL function varied by immune tissue. Increased viral titers were found in the nasal cavity of stressed mice, an observation which correlated with an increased CD8+ cell response in the CLN. These findings led us to extend our studies to also determine the ramifications of decreased numbers of locally derived lymphocytes on viral titers following infection. Using an approach in which the NALT was surgically removed prior to infection, we confirmed that decreased numbers of NALT-derived lymphocytes at the time of infection allows for increased viral replication. We conclude that the increased viral titers observed in mice experiencing psychological stress are the consequence of a glucocorticoid-mediated reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes responsible for resolving the initial infection.
Artificial Diamond as a Broadband Infrared Beam Splitter for Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

We show that an artificially grown diamond plate serves as a very broadband beam splitter from approximately 7 mum, where the intrinsic diamond absorption becomes important, to the submillimeter region (a 250-mum wavelength or longer).
Packaging requirements for a dense optical receiver array

Interactions between system components, both in the optical domain and in the electrical domain, become a major concern in a dense optical interconnectenvironment.1 In addition to the thermal noise, signals from different channels can interfere with each other either through parasitic capacitance between adjacent channels or through the sharing of a common power supply. Optical receiver design for such an environment thus requires minimizing the combined thermal noise and coupling noise.
The role of eccentric and offset humeral head variations in total shoulder arthroplasty

Background Humeral head variations were developed based on anatomic and biomechanical advantages; however, the effect of this expanded prosthetic inventory has yet to be investigated clinically. This study seeks to determine whether prosthetic variety has led to better outcomes, has led to similar outcomes facilitating joint reconstruction, or created any unanticipated complications. Methods One hundred sixty primary total shoulder arthroplasties were performed for osteoarthritis. Patients received 52 standard, 60 eccentric, and 48 offset humeral heads. Head geometry was selected intraoperatively during trialing based on a complementing relationship to the glenoid throughout a near-normal range of motion. Patients had 2 years of follow-up or follow-up until reoperation (mean, 4.7 years; range, 0.8-8.3 years). Results Mean pain scores decreased from 4.5 to 1.9 on a 5-point scale ( P P Conclusions Evolution of designs has provided options to more accurately re-create anatomy including changes caused by osteoarthritis. At the length of follow-up in this study, clinical outcomes, radiographic performance, and survivorship are equivalent when applying these humeral head variations, and no special complications have developed.
Cochannel interference modelling for signal strength based handoff analysis

A signal strength based handoff analysis model is generalised to incorporate cochannel interference (CCI). The new model is shown to accurately predict the handoff performance statistics in the presence of CCI.
Assessing knowledge of schizophrenia: Development and psychometric properties of a brief, multiple-choice knowledge test for use across various samples

Psychosocial research on schizophrenia would benefit from reliable and valid measures of knowledge about schizophrenia. Although a variety of instruments have been developed to assess the effects of specific family psychoeducational programs, little research has been conducted on the psychometric properties of scales measuring knowledge about schizophrenia. This study assessed reliability and validity of a brief, easily administered, multiple-choice knowledge test completed by 441 participants from several samples: 144 lay community members, 77 family members of inpatients with schizophrenia, 170 police officers involved in a training program on mental illnesses, and 50 mental health professionals. After item analysis, good internal consistency reliability and construct validity were demonstrated for an 18-item version of this test. The findings demonstrate that knowledge about schizophrenia - a construct with potentially broad applicability in psychosocially oriented schizophrenia research - can be assessed with brief, self-administered, multiple-choice knowledge tests.
Successful twin pregnancy after embryo donation to a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesis

A twin pregnancy was established in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesis. The pregnancy was supported with exogenously administered hormones for the initial 100 days. The infants were delivered by emergency cesarean section at 35 weeks' gestation when severe preeclampsia developed in the mother.
Psychotherapy: Then and now

Some of the important and interesting developments in psychotherapy that have occurred over the past 50 years are discussed. Included are the increased number and variety of individuals engaged inn psychotherapy, the prominent role and contribution of psychologists with reference to psychotherapy research, the proliferation of the forms of psychotherapy as well as the more recent movement for integration, the current popularity of brief forms of psychotherapy, and some practical future issues.
Numerical experiments on the stability of controlled shear flows

Three-dimensional, nonlinear simulations are presented for the parallel water boundary layer subjected to pressure gradient, suction, or heating control. The focus is on the secondary instability responsible for the K-type transition. Heating control is found to be the least effective in delaying the secondary instability. Flow-field details (including temperature profiles) are presented for both the uncontrolled boundary layer and the heated boundary layer.
The impact of corporate behavior on perceived product value

This research examines how ethical and unethical corporate behavior influence the perceived value of a firm's products, operationalized as the price consumers are willing to pay for that product relative to the competition. We propose that if consumers expect companies to conduct business ethically, then ethical behavior will not be rewarded but unethical behavior will be punished. The results of the first study confirm this expectation. The second study explored ways a firm can improve the perceived value of its products after an unethical act has been committed. Our results indicate that after a firm has committed an unethical act, consumer's perceptions of that company and its products were positively influenced by ethical behavior, corporate philanthropy, and cause-related marketing. However, our analyses revealed that these different strategies varied in their effectiveness. The third study used a choice task, rather than a judgment task, to confirm the finding that corporate behavior does influence perceived product value and is therefore likely to influence market choices. The implications of these findings are discussed.
UN Decision Making in the Twenty-First Century

Politics and Process at the United Nations: The Global Dance. By Courtney B. Smith Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. 334 pp., $58.50 cloth (ISBN: 1-58826-323-1), $23.50 paper (ISBN: 1-58826-348-7). Courtney Smith is clear about his intentions in writing Politics and Process at the United Nations: The Global Dance . He describes the “primary contribution of the book” as “providing scholars and students of the United Nations with a conceptual guide to how the organization actually works” (p. 278). Thus, his focus is on UN decision making rather than on policy outcomes—but with a clear recognition that process and policy are intimately connected. Smith conceptualizes the United Nations as a “global dance.” Throughout the volume he refers to the various members of the dance troupe: lead dancers and brokers, those with differential abilities, and those who “can simply rely on their stature and reputation to induce other dancers to follow their lead” (p. 6). He writes of the written and unwritten rules of the dance and notes that “the dance may end with an empty dance floor, a frustrated orchestra and no noticeable progress on the issue at hand” (p. 6). It is unclear whether this analogy illuminates much about the United Nations's inner workings, but it may help students remember some of the book's most important elements. Smith's frequent use of lists also seems aimed at assisting student learning in this generally user friendly volume. To a considerable degree, Smith achieves his goal of providing his readers with a guide to how the United Nations really works. By synthesizing and building on the most important prior literature on the topic, Smith offers students countless insights into how the United Nations in New York actually works. But therein lies the book's biggest limitation as well. …
Campaigning Alone: Partisan Versus Personal Language in the Presidential Nominating Convention Acceptance Addresses, 1948-2000

The trend of candidate-centered campaigning has been well-documented in political science, yet communication scholars have largely ignored the sounds of this phenomenon. This study places the rhetoric of the 2000 convention acceptance addresses in perspective by examining the presence and absence of partisan and personal language in convention speeches over the past 50 years (1948 to 2000). Key findings suggest that (a) partisan terms have decreased and personal appeals have increased (somewhat) over time; (b) within these general trends, losing candidates are more likely to employ partisan and personal language than victorious candidates; and (c) although partisan terms were used divisively by Republicans during the 1980s, they have been used to unite in the 2000 campaign. A discussion of these findings submits that the rhetoric of candidate-centered campaigning is not automatic and calls for a more textured model of the rhetoric of candidate-centered campaigns than has been posited previously.
Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether

After several decades of commercial use, the flame retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have become pervasive environmental contaminants with a global distribution. PBDEs have entered the food chain and increasing levels can be detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the most widely used of the PBDEs in the United States. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the health effects of decaBDE. The current study examined the effects of neonatal exposure to decaBDE in the inbred C57BL6/J mouse. Neonatal male and female mice were exposed to a daily oral dose of 0, 6, or 20 mg/kg decaBDE from postnatal day 2 to 15. Three groups of endpoints were examined: the ontogeny of sensorimotor responses and serum thyroxine levels in immature animals, and locomotor activity in adult animals. In immature animals, 20 mg/kg/day produced developmental delays in the acquisition of the palpebral reflex. At this age, exposed males also showed a dose-related reduction of serum thyroxine levels. As adults, decaBDE exposure altered the normal sex- and age-specific characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity. The most striking effect was an increase of activity during the first 1.5 h of the 2 h assessment in males exposed to 20 mg/kg/day decaBDE. These effects suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure.
Magnetoresistance and the spin flop transition in pure single - Crystal La2CuO4+y

Abstract Magnetoresistance (MR) measurements are reported for pure single crystals of La2CuO4+y at magnetic fields up to 23T. With the magnetic field →H‖→c, parallel to the staggered moment, the MR shows evidence of a spin flop transition, which provides a measure of both the antisymmetric and the symmetric anisotropies of the nearest-neighbour exchange. The MR, which arises from the interlayer hopping conductivity, is proportional to M†+, the order parameter of the antiferromagnetism (AF) with propagation vector →gt‖→c.
Allelopathy and its role in agriculture

Abstract Allelopathic interactions play a significant role in plant‐plant, plant‐microblal interactions. Along with its importance in natural ecosystems, allelopathy also has vast implications in agricultural systems. Various allelopathic interactions including weed‐weed, weed‐crop, and crop‐crop have been observed. Because of the increased interest in various agricultural systems where plant interactions are critical, knowledge of allelopathy is a necessity. However, even with knowledge of the nature and existence of allelopathy, the proper balance of growth factors such as light, space, water and nutrients appear just as important. This paper is not meant to downplay these factors, but rather to demonstrate the existence of still another factor which must be recognized if we are to fully understand the interactions of crops and the environment. When our knowledge of these interactions is more complete, they may become useful tools in plant breeding, herbicide studies and crop production.
Decay of correlations for piecewise smooth maps with indifferent fixed points

We consider a piecewise smooth expanding map f on the unit interval that has the form $f(x)=x+x^{1+\gamma}+o(x^{1+\gamma})$ near 0, where $0 . We prove by showing both lower and upper bounds that the rate of decay of correlations with respect to the absolutely continuous invariant probability measure $\mu$ is polynomial with the same degree $1/\gamma-1$ for Lipschitz functions. We also show that the density function h of $\mu$ has the order $x^{-\gamma}$ as $x\to 0$ . Perron–Frobenius operators are the main tool used for proofs.
Pomegranate and breast cancer: possible mechanisms of prevention.

Several mechanistic studies in cell culture and mouse models suggest possible estrogen receptor-mediated and non-estrogen receptor-mediated benefits of pomegranate juice with respect to breast cancer risk. These studies demonstrate that various constituents of pomegranates can inhibit aromatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes or have antiestrogenic activity. Additional large, well-controlled human studies are warranted to elucidate the effects of pomegranate juice intake on serum hormone levels. Clarifying the effects of pomegranate constituents on key hormones known to be involved in breast cancer could result in important information for consumers and shed further light on the impact of diet on breast cancer risk.
Choice, Aversive Consequences, and the “Truth-Telling” Potential of the Situation as Integrating Concepts in Forced Compliance

Observer-Ss read descriptions of a number of prior forced-compliance experiments in which financial inducement was manipulated. Observer-Ss then rated these cover story-experimental manipulations along such dimensions as whether S's behavior was consistent with his own beliefs, the probability that S's act would deceive someone, the extent to which the observer-S would have experienced guilt as a result of his counter-attitudinal act, the extent to which the situation provided choice, the extent to which the situation tended to evoke truth, responsibility and sincerity, and whether or not the counter-attitudinal act was likely to produce any harm. Although the results are not completely consistent, there is some suggestion that the ratings for harm tracked the attitude-change data previously reported.
The genetic basis of biological specificity.

Abstract I shall conclude with the summary statement that it is now a widely accepted working hypothesis that the primary genetic material of higher organisms is deoxyribonuclcic acid, and that the structure proposed by Watson and Crick for this substance seems to provide a sensible chemical basis for the specificity, replication, mutation, and functioning of genetic material.
Endothelium Dependent Dilation by Purines of Mouse Brain Arterioles in vivo

Mouse cerebral arterioles studied in vivo demonstrated endothelium dependent responses to adenosines-diphosphate (ADP), αβmethylene adenosine triphosphate (αβMATP), 2 methyl thio adenosine triphosphate (2MeSATP), and endothelium independent dilation to 2 chloroadenosine (2-CA). Endothelium dependence was directly established by markedly inhibiting the response with focal endothelial injury produced by a light/dye technique. Based on the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and N guanidino-L-monomethyl arginine on the responses it appears that the response to ADP and 2MeSATP are mediated by both a prostanoid liberated from the endothelium and by classical endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) while αβMATP is mediated by EDRF alone. Based on the effects of 8 phenyl theophylline (8 PT) on the responses it appears that a type A receptor in the vascular smooth muscle is responsible for the endothelium independent dilation produced by 2-CA. The 8 PT failed to influence the response to ADP or αβMATP. The lo...
Modifying perceptions of hostility and credibility of news coverage of an environmental controversy through media literacy

This study tests the proposition that hostile interpretations of media content can be reduced through news media literacy training. Within the context of the controversy over the adoption of biofue...
TU‐C‐332‐05: Simulation of Ultrasound Two‐Dimensional Array Transducers Using a Frequency Domain Model

Purpose:Ultrasound imaging with two‐dimensional (2D) arrays has garnered broad interest from scanner manufacturers and researchers for real time three‐dimensional (3D) imaging. Previously we described a frequency domain B‐mode imaging model applicable for linear and phased array transducers. In this study, we extend this model to incorporate 2D array transducers.Method and Materials: The pressure field for a 64×64 square array with element dimension of 0.15 mm and center‐to‐center spacing of 0.2 mm was calculated by applying the paraxial approximation to solve the 2D Rayleigh integral. We assume a rigid baffle, no apodization, a 2.5 MHz center frequency, and a speed of sound of 1540 m/s. A single transmit focus at 30 mm and dynamic receive focus with an F‐number of 2 was utilized. The 2D array model is compared with the widely used ultrasound simulation program FIELD II, which utilizes an approximate form of the time domain impulse response function. Results: Discrepancies between waveforms computed using our model and FIELD II are less than 4%, regardless of the steering angle for distances greater than 2 cm, yet computation times are on the order of 1/35 of those using FIELD II. Modern beam‐forming techniques such as apodization, dynamic aperture, dynamic receive focusing and 3D beam steering can also be simulated. The simulated beam patterns and point spread function images allow evaluation of beam properties for specific transducer parameters. Simulations of B‐mode images provide vivid demonstrations of the ability of 2D arrays with specific imaging parameters to detect lesions of a given backscatter contrast and size. Conclusion: The frequency domain approach provides an effective and feasible tool to model transmitted and pulse‐echo fields as well as B‐mode images for 2D array transducers.
False Aneurysm of the Pulmonary Artery: A Complication of Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

Abstract A case of Swan-Ganz catheter–induced pulmonary artery injury is discussed. Iatrogenic pulmonary artery injury probably occurs more frequently than is clinically suspected. Pulmonary angiography is urged when hemoptysis occurs in a patient with an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter.
Evaluation of Combination Rules for Orthogonal Seismic Demands in Nonlinear Time History Analysis of Bridges

One of the parameters that directly affects the seismic demand on a bridge is the excitation angle of the ground motion. Since analyzing a bridge with all possible excitation angles is impractical, combination rules have been used for computation of seismic demands. Provisions and specifications recommend the use of combination rules for computation of displacements and elastic forces, but they do not clearly suggest any combination rules for nonlinear time history analysis of bridges. This paper evaluates the 100/30, 100/40, and SRSS combination rules for nonlinear time history analysis of bridges. The probability of underestimation is computed for each combination rule, assuming a uniform distribution for the excitation angle. Two cases are considered for the combination rules: In the first case, only the major components of the earthquake records are used; the second case consists of using paired acceleration time histories. Results show that in the first case, the probability of underestimation is more than the second case, but using the second case produces conservative results on average, which are not economical to use in the design. Among the combination rules in the first case, 100/40 rule has the smallest probability of underestimation of demands. Therefore, this paper suggests the use of the 100/40 rule with the major component of earthquakes for the nonlinear time history analysis of bridges.
Recurrent acromial bone spur after open subacromial decompression.

Anter ior acromioplasty for the treatment of impingement syndrome in the shoulder is reportedly among the most widely used and successful operations in the field of orthopaedics. The original procedure, as popularized by Neer, 13 has enjoyed excellent clinical results with good success and few complications. 1' 3-r lo. 11, 13. 14 Since Neer's description was published in 1972, outcome studies have focused on clinical results. In fact, in those 22 years no study has reported a bony recurrence of the acromial spur. The question remains as to whether the subacromial decompression obtained by anterior acromioplasty persists in long-term follow-up. Most of these investigators rarely obtained postoperative radiographs, and few performed follow-up evaluations of their patients for more than 4 years. We report the case of a particularly impressive recurrence of a spur 5.2 years after open acromioplasty, perhaps raising suspicions about the longterm effectiveness of the anterior acromioplasty procedure.
Herbert Rackow and Ernest Salanitre: the emergence of pediatric anesthesia as a specialty in the United States.

Summary Herbert Rackow and Ernest Salanitre were pediatric anesthesiologists at Babies Hospital at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York whose work spanned three decades beginning in the early 1950s. Their pioneering research included studies of the uptake and elimination of inhalational anesthetics and of the risk of cardiac arrest in infants and children. They were actively involved in the development of pediatric anesthesia as a specialty, and their efforts contributed to inter-disciplinary collaboration and to the formation of the Section on Anesthesiology of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Their 1969 review article, ‘Modern Concepts in Pediatric Anesthesiology’, provides a fascinating view of pediatric anesthesia 50 years ago. In 1990, they were jointly awarded the Robert M. Smith award by the Section on Anesthesiology of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Role of Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels in Glutathione Transport into Yeast Mitochondria

Glutathione (GSH) is imported into mitochondria from the extra-mitochondrial cytoplasm. Translocation across the inner membrane of mitochondria is thought to occur via the dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers; however, the means by which GSH passes through the outer membrane is unknown. Disruption of the outer membrane of yeast mitochondria using either digitonin or osmotic shock did not alter GSH accumulation as compared with accumulation in intact mitochondria. These results suggested that passage across the outer membrane was not the rate-limiting step in GSH accumulation. Mitochondria isolated from yeast strains with a disruption in the major pore-forming protein of the outer membrane, VDAC1, accumulated GSH to a greater extent than mitochondria isolated from a wild-type strain. Disruption of the gene for VDAC2 did not affect GSH import. Thus, neither VDAC form is essential for GSH translocation into mitochondria, and the participation of another outer membrane channel in GSH import is possible.
Use of tonoplast and plasma membrane vesicles from oat root to investigate herbicidal disruption of proton gradients

Abstract Tonoplast-enriched (low-density) and plasma membrane-enriched (high-density) vesicle fractions were isolated from roots of oat ( Avena sativa L.) seedlings. Membrane vesicles of both types were able to generate and maintain proton gradients in the presence of Mg 2+ and ATP as determined by the quenching of quinacrine fluorescence. Proton gradient generation by the low-density vesicles was highly sensitive to inhibitors of tonoplast-type ATPase. Nitrate-resistant proton gradient generation by the high-density vesicles was only partially sensitive (15%) to vanadate (200 μ M ), and inhibitor of the plasma membrane ATPase. Oryzalin (0.1 m M ) inhibited the initial rate of proton gradient formation and reduced the maximum proton gradient generated across both vesicle types by about 70%. Oxyfluorfen (0.1 m M ) did not affect the production of proton gradients across the tonoplast-enriched vesicles but did accelerate the rate of decay of the gradient after a lag of about 3 min. Oxyfluorfen (0.1 m M ) did not affect significantly the production and maintenance of proton gradients across the plasma membrane-enriched vesicles. Both herbicides produced concentration-dependent effects on proton gradients across the tonoplast-enriched vesicles. These results support the hypothesis that some herbicides can directly affect the functioning of plant cellular membranes.
Basic Ocular Immunology

Because of its unique anatomic and physiological properties, the eye is an immune-system microcosm in which many forms of immune responses can occur. These responses may be appropriate (protective), in which case the effect is beneficial, or they may be inappropriate, (hypersensitivity and autoimmune reactions), in which case the effect is harmful. In the last 25 years, there have been remarkable advances made in our understanding of the immune system and its functions. Advances in cell-culture techniques, protein biochemistry, and recombinant DNA technology have helped us to explain many immune phenomena in precise structural and biochemical terms. This article outlines the general features of immune responses and introduces concepts of the immune system that are characteristic of the eye.
Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes and Research and Implications for Earthquake‐Resistant Design of Building Structures in the United States

Abstract Following an overview of the special problems inherent in the design and construction of earthquake‐resistant buildings in regions of high seismic risk, the techniques that will be required to solve these problems in the U.S. are discussed. Some lessons learned from recent earthquakes, particularly those in Chile and Mexico in 1985, are discussed as are some results of integrated analytical and experimental research at the University of California, Berkeley. The implications of the ground motions recorded during the 1985 Mexican and Chilean earthquakes, the performance of buildings during the Mexican earthquake, and the research results previously discussed are then assessed with respect to seismic‐resistant design regulations presently in force (UBC) as well as those formulated by ATC 3‐06 and the Tentative Lateral Force Requirements recently developed by the Seismology Committee of SEAOC. The rationale for and reliability of the values suggested by the ATC for the “Response Modification Factor ...
Attempted Quantitative Estimation of Atabrine Retardation of Schizogony in Avian Malaria

SummaryThe changes in the total content of prothrombin in the plasma of a recipient after a transfusion are dependent on the prothrombin content of the plasma of the donor, and may be calculated on the basis of addition.
Lifestyle factors and primary care specialty selection: comparing 2012-2013 graduating and matriculating medical students' thoughts on specialty lifestyle.

PURPOSE To compare how first-year (MS1) and fourth-year students (MS4) ascribe importance to lifestyle domains and specialty characteristics in specialty selection, and compare students' ratings with their primary care (PC) interest. METHOD In March 2013, MS4s from 11 U.S. MD-granting medical schools were surveyed. Using a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = not important at all; 5 = extremely important), respondents rated the importance of 5 lifestyle domains and 21 specialty selection characteristics. One-way analysis of variance was used to assess differences by PC interest among MS4s. Using logistic regression, ratings from MS4s were compared with prior analyses of ratings by MS1s who matriculated to the same 11 schools in 2012. RESULTS The response rate was 57% (965/1,701). MS4s, as compared with MS1s, rated as more important to good lifestyle: time off (4.3 versus 4.0), schedule control (4.2 versus 3.9), and financial compensation (3.4 versus 3.2). More MS4s than MS1s selected "time-off" (262/906 [30%] versus 136/969 [14%]) and "control of work schedule" (169/906 [19%] versus 146/969 [15%]) as the most important lifestyle domains. In both classes, PC interest was associated with higher ratings of working with the underserved and lower ratings of prestige and salary. CONCLUSIONS In the 2012-2013 academic year, matriculating students and graduating students had similar perceptions of lifestyle and specialty characteristics associated with PC interest. Graduating students placed more importance on schedule control and time off than matriculating students. Specialties should consider addressing a perceived lack of schedule control or inadequate time off to attract students.
Ergonomic design using computer animation

Computer animation was used to evaluate and improve the ergonomics of an existing cut-up saw workstation in a poultry-processing plant. Based on ergonomics audits of different poultry processing facilities, the manual cut-up saw was identified as one of the workstations having a high incidence of cumulative trauma disorders. A high-end commercial animation software package was used to develop a tool that could be used to measure body joint angles during the performance of the workstation task. Three-dimensional CAD models of the workstation and workers were developed and imported into the animation software. After the data for the existing design was collected, and the computer model was verified, modifications were made in the workstation design using computer animation. The joint angles for the shoulders, elbows, and wrists were significantly improved by lowering the saw four inches, rotating the guide bar 20 degrees, and lowering the bag holder and shackle line. Joint forces and moments were determined to evaluate the proposed design modifications.
Linear Free Energy Models for Ester Solvolysis with a Critical Examination of the Alcohol andPhenol Dissociation Model

Rate constants for the alkaline hydrolysis of para-substituted benzoate esters, with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic leaving groups, were determined under constant reaction conditions. It was found that acyl variation encompassing both aliphatic and aromatic leaving groups could be correlated using the Hammett equation, since the interaction mechanisms involved in both rate processes are apparently proportional to those involved in the equilibrium process. Application of either the Hammett equation or phenol dissociation model to aromatic substituents in the alkyl portion of the ester resulted in nonlinearity. The incomplete success observed in the comparison of the rate processes to these models was not due to a change in mechanism or in rate-determining step, as was shown by solvent isotope, temperature, and catalytic studies, but was apparently due to differences in resonance and solvation interactions in rate and equilibrium processes. Aromatic substituent effects in the alkyl portion of the ester could be quantitated by using a linear combination of the Hammett and phenol dissociation model analogous to the Yukawa-Tsuno equation. In addition, the Swain and Lupton approach quantitated the effect of the alkyl substituent on the rate of reaction. Application of the alcohol dissociation model for aliphatic substituents in the alkyl portion of the ester was not totally effective in correlating rates of reaction with pKa of the leaving group because curvature was noted, when substituents with low pKa were employed, in the plot of rate constant versus pKa. In this case the nonlinearity was ascribed to mesomeric stabilization of the anion in the equilibrium process. Besides the nonlinearity in the free energy plots of rate against phenol or alcohol dissociation, there was a dispersion of approximately 5 pKa units between the lines for aliphatic and aromatic leaving groups; this was attributed to the resonance differences observed in the pKa's of alcohols and phenols.