cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Advantage in the Globalization Debate: Connecting the Dots

Much of the globalization debate revolves around differences in living standards across nations after trade, not just the Ricardian gains as one moves from autarky to free trade. Further, productivity growth stemming from greater competition arguably outweighs the Ricardian gains in the long-run. Nonetheless, in a principles course, productivity is typically presented separately from comparative advantage and international trade. This paper presents a simple method to connect productivity and comparative advantage. A two-nation problem based on given absolute costs and resources is worked. Then, both absolute costs and resources for one nation are scaled by the same amount. While trade patterns do not change, the nation with the new absolute costs sees its living standards change. Students see that productivity matters, and how it matters.
Humanistic Sandtray Therapy With Preadolescents

Humanistic sandtray therapy is a dynamic form of psychotherapy in which clients express inner subjective experiencing symbolically and metaphorically using miniature figures in the sand. In this article, we describe humanistic sandtray therapy, discuss how specific interventions can be modified to meet preadolescent developmental needs, and recommend strategies for using sandtray therapy with preadolescents. Finally, we provide two case illustrations of humanistic sandtray therapy with preadolescents in a public school setting.
History of Proton Linear Accelerators

LBL-22554 Rev. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY O F C A L I F O R N I A Physics Division Presented at the 1986 Linear Accelerator Conference, SLAC, Stanford, CA. June 2-6, 1986 HISTORY OF PROTON LINEAR ACCELERATORS Luis W. Alvarez TWO-WEEK LOAN January 1987 fe fl c r c u a n g COPY py Co which may be borrowed for two weeks. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098
A Review of “Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race”

Bruce Nelson, emeritus history professor at Dartmouth College, has previously worked on the interaction between race and class in the American labor movement. Here, he bravely presents a much broad...
Development of effective therapy for sporadic ALS.

We appreciate the discussion of hopes and difficulties with gene therapy for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the excellent review by Scarrott et al. [1]. The authors point out the molecular ...
“There’s More Between Heaven and Earth” Danish Emerging Adults’ Religious Beliefs and Values

In a qualitative interview study, 18 Danish emerging adults (ages 18-27) were asked about their religious beliefs and moral views. Most had received little or no formal religious training within th...
Judicial supremacy: Explaining false starts and surprising successes

Why has judicial supremacy emerged and endured in some places and not others? That the judiciary is the final arbitrator of constitutional matters is puzzling, as the judicial branch has neither the power of the purse nor direct access to military power. Indeed, although many of the world’s early constitutions betrayed the potential for judicial supremacy, it only took hold in a handful of polities. The United States, where judicial review became preeminent, is the example par excellence. We explain this variation by focusing on the process by which de jure power is originally negotiated and enforced. When judicial independence and judicial review are arrived upon as the solution to a coordination problem by multiple actors whose coercive power is diffuse, rather than imposed from above by a sovereign seeking to tie his hands, judicial supremacy obtains. We test this claim against the history of Magna Carta, U.S. Constitution, and several charters from Medieval Europe.
Immunohistochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of vascular distribution in intact canine cranial cruciate ligament.

Objectives: To (1) describe vascular distribution in the grossly intact canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) using immunohistochemical techniques specific to 2 components of blood vessels (factor VIII for endothelial cells, laminin for basement membrane); and (2) compare the vascularity in different areas of interest (craniomedial versus caudolateral bands; core versus epiligamentous regions; and proximal versus middle versus distal portions) in the intact normal canine CCL. Study Design: In vitro study. Animals: Large, mature dogs (n=7) of breeds prone to CCL disease that were euthanatized for nonorthopedic conditions. Methods: Intact CCL were collected from fresh canine cadavers free from stifle pathology. CCL tissue was processed for immunohistochemistry and stained for factor VIII and laminin. Vascular density was determined by histomorphometric analysis. Results: Specific vascular staining was sparsely identified throughout the CCL; however, the proximal portion of the CCL appears to have a greater number of vessels than the middle or distal portion of the ligament. Conclusions: The CCL is a hypovascular tissue and its vascular distribution is not homogeneous.
Spin-polarized transport and magnetoresistance in magnetic oxides

Abstract Magnetic oxide materials possessing a high degree of spin polarization have been found to exhibit enhanced spin-dependent transport properties. For example, interfaces created by naturally occurring or artificial grain boundaries in the perovskite manganites, La 1− x A x MnO 3 , result in a large magnetoresistance (MR) at low fields. Extrinsic grain boundary MR has also been reported in other conducting magnetic oxides, such as chromium dioxide (CrO 2 ), pyrochlore Tl 2 Mn 2 O 7 , magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), and the ordered double-perovskite Sr 2 FeMoO 6 . Even larger changes in resistances at low fields are obtained in the layered manganite, La 2−2 x Sr 1+2 x Mn 2 O 7 for x =0.3, which possesses a natural tunnel junction structure in the c -axis direction. But, by far, the largest MR effect to date has been observed in thin film ferromagnetic/insulating/ferromagnetic tunnel junction structures, where resistance changes as high as a factor of 10 at low fields has been reported for the strontium-doped perovskite manganites. In most cases, the enhanced MR effect in these magnetic oxides is limited to rather low temperatures and decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. With a better understanding of the nature of the boundaries in these junctions, it might be possible to enhance the MR at higher temperatures.
High-speed videoendoscopic analysis of relationships between cepstral-based acoustic measures and voice production mechanisms in patients undergoing phonomicrosurgery.

OBJECTIVES There is increased interest in using cepstral-based acoustic measures for objective clinical voice assessment because of their apparent advantages over more time-honored methods, but there is a paucity of information about how these newer measures relate to underlying phonatory mechanisms. METHODS We investigated the relationships between the acoustic cepstral peak magnitude (CPM) and high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV)-based measures of vocal fold phonatory function in 20 subjects who underwent phonomicrosurgery for vocal fold lesions. Acoustic and imaging data were acquired during sustained vowel phonation before and after surgery. RESULTS The changes in the measures between presurgical and postsurgical assessments showed that the CPM correlated significantly with an HSV-based measure combining fundamental frequency deviation and average speed quotient (r = 0.70; p < 0.001) in a multiple linear regression, and that the variation in the CPM could also be attributed to trading relationships between the HSV-based measures of vibratory phase asymmetry and glottal closure. CONCLUSIONS These initial results demonstrate that the clinical utility of cepstral-based measures can be enhanced by a better understanding of how these acoustic measures relate to underlying phonatory mechanisms. The CPM seems to integrate information about aperiodicity in vocal fold vibration, the relative speed of glottal closure, and estimates of glottal noise generation.
A distributed parameters model for solar cells

Abstract The distributive circuit element model consists of a chain of T elements. The elemental model is made up of series and shunt paths. The sheet resistance of the diffused layer constitutes the series path. The shunt paths are three-fold, consisting of the diode together with a series resistance, a conductance and a light generated current source. For a given cell, the parameters used in the model can be obtained by measuring the potential profiles for reverse-biased, forward-biased and short-circuited illuminated conditions and feeding the data obtained from the measurements in the solution of the differential equations for the model. The model has been successfully employed to compute optimum gridding for the cell.
Make-whole call provisions: A case of “much ado about nothing?”

Abstract The topic of make-whole call provisions on bond issues remains a relatively unexplored area in modern finance literature, with the exception of Mann and Powers [Mann, S.V. and Powers, E.A., 2003, Indexing a Bond's Call Price: An Analysis of Make-whole Call Provisions, Journal of Corporate Finance 9(5), 535–554.]. This paper examines the corporate finance implications of including such a call feature in bond issuances, and how such issuances are different from bond issuances which are not callable, or which employ regular call features. We find that bond issuances employing make-whole call provisions (1) are accompanied by a significantly positive stock price reaction, (2) exhibit superior post-issuance stock returns, and (3) are associated with positive analyst revisions in the long-term growth rate of earnings. These results suggest that bond issuances which include make-whole call provisions are indeed very different from the other issuances, and are clearly not a case of “much ado about nothing”.
Endothelial IL-1R1 is a critical mediator of EAE pathogenesis.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in the disease progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the induction of disease is significantly attenuated in mice lacking the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1). In this study, we created a transgenic mouse (eIL-1R1 kd) in which IL-1R1 expression is knocked down specifically in endothelial cells. Induction of EAE in eIL-1R1 kd mice results in a decrease in incidence, severity and delayed onset of EAE. In addition, eIL-1R1 kd mice show significant decrease in VCAM-1 expression and diminished CD45+ and CD3+ infiltrating leukocytes in the spinal cord in animals challenged with EAE. Further, IL-1 and IL-23 stimulate IL-17 production by splenocytes from both wild type and the eIL-1R1 kd animals. Similarly, IL-1 and IL-23 synergistically stimulate splenocytes proliferation in these two strains of animals. After immunization with MOG79–96, although eIL-1R1 kd mice displayed greatly reduced clinical scores, their splenocytes produced IL-17 and proliferated in response to a second MOG challenge, similar to wild type animals. These findings indicate a critical role for endothelial IL-1R1 in mediating the pathogenesis of EAE, and describe a new model that can be used to study endothelial IL-1R1.
A 102 cm balloon-borne telescope for far-infrared astronomical observations

In early 1971, a program was initiated to develop a balloon-borne 102-cm telescope, capable of carrying out far-infrared observations of astronomical interest above the earth's atmosphere in the wavelength range from 40 to 250 micrometers. Since 1972 the telescope has been flown and successfully recovered a total of sixteen times. Ten of the flights have produced high quality astronomical data, resulting in more than 80 hours of photometric and spectroscopic observations of numerous objects, such as H II regions, dark clouds, molecular clouds, X-ray sources, galaxies, the galactic center, planets, the Moon, and an asteroid. Attention is given to the telescope optics, the gondola, altitude control, the auxiliary attitude control system, the determination of telescope pointing position, telemetry, power requirements, the flight record, and the four instruments which are available for use on the balloon-borne telescope.
Viscoelastic behavior of nanotube-filled polycarbonate: Effect of aspect ratio and interface chemistry

A combined experimental and modeling study on the solid-state rheology of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/polycarbonate composites as a function, independently, of MWNT aspect ratio and interface chemistry was carried out. Shorter aspect ratio nanotubes lead to greater broadening of the loss modulus peak in frequency space, but there was no effect of aspect ratio on the glass transition temperature. The breadth of the loss modulus peak was found to correlate with the free space parameter, a measure of the spacing between the MWNTs. A new model that accounts for the aspect ratio and distribution in a representative volume element was developed to study these parameters in a controlled setting where morphology was precisely known. Micromechanics modeling was found to correlate well with experimental data. These results shed light on the separate impacts of aspect ratio, dispersion, and interface modification on the solid-state rheology of nanofilled polymers.
Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age-specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hydrocarbon expression in response to different host plants

Analysis of sexual selection and sexual isolation in Drosophila mojavensis and its relatives has revealed a pervasive role of rearing substrates on adult courtship behavior when flies were reared on fermenting cactus in preadult stages. Here, we assessed expression of contact pheromones comprised of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from eclosion to 28 days of age in adults from two populations reared on fermenting tissues of two host cacti over the entire life cycle. Flies were never exposed to laboratory food and showed significant reductions in average CHC amounts consistent with CHCs of wild-caught flies. Overall, total hydrocarbon amounts increased from eclosion to 14–18 days, well past age at sexual maturity, and then declined in older flies. Most flies did not survive past 4 weeks. Baja California and mainland populations showed significantly different age-specific CHC profiles where Baja adults showed far less age-specific changes in CHC expression. Adults from populations reared on the host cactus typically used in nature expressed more CHCs than on the alternate host. MANCOVA with age as the covariate for the first six CHC principal components showed extensive differences in CHC composition due to age, population, cactus, sex, and age × population, age × sex, and age × cactus interactions. Thus, understanding variation in CHC composition as adult D. mojavensis age requires information about population and host plant differences, with potential influences on patterns of mate choice, sexual selection, and sexual isolation, and ultimately how these pheromones are expressed in natural populations. Studies of drosophilid aging in the wild are badly needed.
Communication about depression during rheumatoid arthritis patient visits.

Objective To examine whether rheumatologists and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with depressive symptoms communicate about depression. Methods The data used in this study came from a randomized controlled trial to improve provider-patient communication about patients' agendas. The current secondary analysis used data collected at baseline, before any intervention occurred. A total of 200 RA patients from 4 rheumatology clinics participated in the study. Patient medical visits were audiotape recorded and patients were interviewed after their medical visits. Physicians recorded patients' American College of Rheumatology (ACR) functional status after their visits. Results Twenty-one (11%) patients were scored as having moderately severe to severe symptoms of depression. Patients who were rated by their physicians as having worse ACR functional status were more than twice as likely to have moderately severe to severe symptoms of depression (odds ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.1–4.6). Only 4 (19%) of the 21 patients who were scored as having moderately severe to severe symptoms of depression discussed depression during their medical visits, and patients initiated the discussion each time. Conclusion Rheumatologists should consider assessing depressive symptoms among their patients, especially among those with worse functional status.
Romanticism, gender and the anxieties of empire: An introduction

(1997). Romanticism, gender and the anxieties of empire: An introduction. European Romantic Review: Vol. 8, British Romanticism: Global Crossings, pp. 148-154.
Cis-diaminodichloroplatinum (II) chemotherapy for advanced adenocarcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

A phase II study of cis-diaminodichloroplatinum (II) (cis-DDP) was carried out in 55 patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The drug was given at a dose of 100 mg/m
Pose verification as an optimal assignment problem

Abstract In this paper we propose a feature comparison based technique for pose verification for 3-D object recognition and localization from range images. The proposed technique treats the pose verification problem as an optimal assignment problem and could be looked upon as an alternative to the more conventional pose verification technique based on straightforward depth comparison. As is brought out by the experimental results, the proposed technique shows greater efficiency and robustness as compared to the conventional technique. Although the proposed technique is based on dihedral junctions as features for recognition and localization, it could be easily extended to include other feature types.
Quantification in peripheral angiography.

The purpose of this report is to review the wide variety of quantitative methods that either augment the angiogram or improve the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease when used in conjunction with the angiogram. The term “quantitative angiography” has many connotations in this area. On the one hand it may refer to any type of measurement of vessel diameter and luminal narrowing from angiographic images, or to an analysis of relative blood flow using videodensitometric methods. In the broader context it may mean any objective hemodynamic measurement that is obtained at the time of angiography, for example, pressure drop across a stenosis or blood flow studies using Doppler techniques. Lastly there are the indirect, noninvasive measurements that angiographers use, in conjunction with the patient history and clinical examination, to interpret the angiographic images. Doppler pressure measurements and plethysmography are two examples in wide clinical use. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents a noninvasive imaging modality that can concomitantly quantitate blood flow; however, its clinical utility in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease is yet to be established.
Oxpholipin 11D: An Anti-Inflammatory Peptide That Binds Cholesterol and Oxidized Phospholipids

Author(s): Ruchala, Piotr; Navab, Mohamad; Jung, Chun-Ling; Hama-Levy, Susan; Micewicz, Ewa D; Luong, Hai; Reyles, Jonathan E; Sharma, Shantanu; Waring, Alan J; Fogelman, Alan M; Lehrer, Robert I | Abstract: BackgroundMany gram-positive bacteria produce pore-forming exotoxins that contain a highly conserved, 12-residue domain (ECTGLAWEWWRT) that binds cholesterol. This domain is usually flanked N-terminally by arginine and C-terminally by valine. We used this 14-residue sequence as a template to create a small library of peptides that bind cholesterol and other lipids.Methodology/resultsSeveral of these peptides manifested anti-inflammatory properties in a predictive in vitro monocyte chemotactic assay, and some also diminished the pro-inflammatory effects of low-density lipoprotein in apoE-deficient mice. The most potent analog, Oxpholipin-11D (OxP-11D), contained D-amino acids exclusively and was identical to the 14-residue design template except that diphenylalanine replaced cysteine-3. In surface plasmon resonance binding studies, OxP-11D bound oxidized (phospho)lipids and sterols in much the same manner as D-4F, a widely studied cardioprotective apoA-I-mimetic peptide with anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast to D-4F, which adopts a stable alpha-helical structure in solution, the OxP-11D structure was flexible and contained multiple turn-like features.ConclusionGiven the substantial evidence that oxidized phospholipids are pro-inflammatory in vivo, OxP-11D and other Oxpholipins may have therapeutic potential.
An investigation of the formation of OBrO radicals from the HO + HOBrO reaction

Abstract The geometries, vibrational spectra, and relative energetics of the formation of OBrO radicals during the reaction between hydroxyl radicals and HOBrO have been examined by using various ab initio methods. The heat of reaction for the formation of OBrO radicals from the reaction between HO and HOBrO is −37.0 kcal mol −1 , while the energy barrier for activation of the reaction is 3.9 kcal mol −1 . Results suggest that the reaction between HO and HOBrO species could serve as a minor source of OBrO radicals in the atmosphere.
Evaluation of the peritoneal-button operation for ascites; report of 17 cases.

THE failure until recently of the nonsurgical management of ascites has led to several operative approaches to the problem. Omentopexy is no longer considered of value. Portacaval and splenorenal a...
A question of accuracy

Many engineers and scientists condemn the inaccuracy of media coverage of science and technology but have never really pinned down what they mean by “inaccuracy.” This article examines research that assesses the accuracy of mass media science reporting. The author also gleans from the research ways in which engineers and scientists can improve the chance of getting their information accurately into the media through interviews with journalists.
A Review of Short-Term Memory Studies of Covert Speech in Young Children

Abstract Short-term memory studies investigating the role of covert speech and its age-related development in young children are reviewed. The more indirect methods of comparing recall of overt labeling and silent S s and the analysis of the serial-position curve of free recall are compared to the more direct methods of reading lip movements and recording speech by means of electromyography (EMG). While evidence with respect to the age at which children become capable of spontaneous verbal mediation is somewhat contradictory, it has been found to occur as young as age four in EMG studies of subvocal speech. Inconsistent findings may be due to the relatively insensitive measurement procedures employed in non-EMG studies or to the confounding effects of attentional differences. In addition, many EMG studies are characterized by inadequate control and analysis techniques.
HLA and clinical associations in systemic sclerosis patients with anti-Th/To antibodies

Objective To determine the clinical and immunogenetic features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with anti-Th/To autoantibodies. Methods HLA class II alleles were determined by DNA oligotyping in a large group of SSc patients with anticentromere antibodies (ACA), anti-topoisomerase I (anti-topo I), and anti-Th/To autoantibodies. Results Clinical features of the 28 anti-Th/To-positive SSc patients were similar to those observed in the 56 ACA-positive SSc patients, except for a decreased frequency of gastrointestinal involvement in anti-Th/To-positive patients. Immunogenetic analysis revealed a significant increase in the frequency of HLA-DR11 in the anti-Th/To-positive and the anti-topo I-positive patients. The anti-Th/To-positive patients also had a significant reduction in the frequency of HLA-DR7, similar to that seen in ACA-positive SSc patients. Conclusion Despite clinical and immunogenetic similarities with both the ACA- and anti-topo I-positive patients, anti-Th/To-positive SSc patients present a characteristic pattern of clinical and immunogenetic features that may have implications regarding etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Energy conservation in public housing: A case study of the San Francisco housing authority

Abstract In 1982, the San Francisco Housing Authority began trying to reduce rapidly increasing energy expenses by installing attic insulation, exterior door weather stripping, low-flow shower-heads, and water-heater blankets in the buildings that it manages. The conservation measures were financed by the local utility's zero-interest loan program (ZIP). We analyze utility billing data for three years, including one post-retrofit year, at five multifamily housing projects (totalling 1822 units). Weather-normalized annual natural gas consumption declined by 13% after the retrofit at the five projects; net savings relative to a comparison group were8%. We determined that most of the energy savings resulted from reduced base level usage. We found that the retrofit program was cost-effective, with a net present value of $399 000 or $220/unit. The Housing Authority's careful efforts to control retrofit costs, which averaged only $150/unit, contributed to the program's success.
Development and Optimization of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Herpes Simplex and Varicella-Zoster Viruses in Skin and Mucosal Lesions by Use of the BD Max Open System

We transitioned laboratory-developed PCR assays for herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) to the BD Max system by using BD Max open system reagents. After optimization, the agreement with the reference PCR assay was 100% (123/123) for HSV-1, 96.7% (119/123) for HSV-2, and 100% (60/60) for VZV using retrospective clinical samples.
Influence of illumination and viewing geometry and atmospheric composition on the “tasseled cap” transformation of landsat MSS data

Abstract Various characteristics of a simulated tasseled cap (representing the spectral—temporal characteristics of wheat fields, as observed by the Landsat MSS sensors) are investigated as a function of the viewing and illumination geometry parameters, and atmospheric composition. Measured spectral reflectances of ten wheat fields in various growth stages and the satellite-level radiances, computed after taking into account all orders of scattering, are used in this investigation. It is shown that the procedure for normalizing the measured radiances by the cosine of the solar zenith angle is a less accurate approximation, and that the characteristics of the tasseled cap both in the greenness-brightness and yellowness-brightness hyperplanes are significantly affected by the geometric as well as the atmospheric parameters.
Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target in Sepsis

The endothelium plays an important role in health and disease. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to sepsis pathophysiology. An important goal is to develop novel therapies that reverse endothelial dysfunction in sepsis. This review will consider the role of the endothelium in sepsis and will highlight its untapped therapeutic potential.
The Ideational Foundations of Israel’s “Constitutional Revolution”

In the Israeli case, judicial empowerment has come primarily through judicial initiative rather than emerging from majoritarian institutions or strategic considerations relating to electoral politics. Justices with deep commitments to political-liberal rights engaged in a decades-long process of entrenching a political-liberal rights regime through jurisprudence. At the heart of this sea change in Israeli politics was a shift in ideas.
Movement as a means of social (re)production: Using GIS to measure social integration across urban landscapes

This paper contributes to the archaeological study of movement in urban environments where built forms and natural features worked together to play a key role in structuring human mobility. We propose an analytical method using least cost analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to empirically measure social integration. The method defines mobility as the potential for pedestrian movement, and identifies locations where people were most likely to walk to or through in a landscape. The calculated mobility data are then employed to identify with whom people were most likely to interact and the degree to which they were socially connected with particular groups of society (social networks), and integrated within society as a whole. The results reveal underlying spatial complexities that in conjunction with other archaeological data can be correlated to social, political, or economic inequality in ancient cities. We apply the method to measure social integration between four socioeconomic groups at the Late Classic (AD 600–900) Maya city of Copan, Honduras.
Cell‐Type‐Dependent Up‐Regulation of In Vitro Mineralization After Overexpression of the Osteoblast‐Specific Transcription Factor Runx2/Cbfa1

Functional expression of the transcriptional activator Runx2/Cbfal is essential for osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation and maintenance. Forced expression of Runx2 in nonosteoblastic cells induces expression of osteoblast-specific genes, but the effects of Runx2 overexpression on in vitro matrix mineralization have not been determined. To examine whether exogenous Runx2 expression is sufficient to direct in vitro mineralization, we investigated sustained expression of Runx2 in nonosteoblastic and osteoblast-like cell lines using retroviral gene delivery. As expected, forced expression of Runx2 induced several osteoblast-specific genes in NIH3T3 and C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts and up-regulated expression in MC3T3-E1 immature osteoblast-like cells. However, Runx2 expression enhanced matrix mineralization in a cell-type-dependent manner. NIH3T3 and IMR-90 fibroblasts overexpressing Runx2 did not produce a mineralized matrix, indicating that forced expression of Runx2 in these nonosteogenic cell lines is not sufficient to direct in vitro mineralization. Consistent with the pluripotent nature of the cell line, a fraction (25%) of Runx2-expressing C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cultures produced mineralized nodules in a viral supernatant-dependent manner. Notably, bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene expression was detected at significantly higher levels in mineralizing Runx2-infected C3H10T1/2 cells compared with Runx2-expressing cultures which did not mineralize. Treatment of Runx2-infected C3H10T1/2 cultures with dexamethasone enhanced osteoblastic phenotype expression, inducing low levels of mineralization independent of viral supernatant. Finally, Runx2 overexpression in immature osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in acceleration and robust up-regulation of matrix mineralization compared with controls. These results suggest that, although functional Runx2 is essential to multiple osteoblast-specific activities, in vitro matrix mineralization requires additional tissue-specific cofactors, which supplement Runx2 activity.
Emergence of NbTi as supermagnet material

Abstract The discovery and emergence of NbTi as a high field superconductor is reviewed. The prehistory and setting for its discovery are described, and an anecdotal history follows its development up to the first successful large scale applications.
Effects of irradiation on the fracture toughness of fbr structural materials

Abstract The elastic-plastic fracture toughness, J Ic , of fast neutron irradiated reactor structural materials was investigated at 427 °C using a single-specimen compliance test method. The materials included Alloy 718, Type 308 weldment, 20% cold worked Type 316 stainless steel and annealed Types 304 and 316 stainless steels. The test results show that irradiation to fluences from 1.6 to 2.2 × 10 22 n/cm 2 (8.2 to 12.0 dpa) produced a degradation of the J Ic initiation toughness level of all materials with the largest reduction observed for the Type 308 weldment. The fractographic features were found to reflect the reduced fracture toughness of the materials in the irradiated condition.
Petrology and K-Ar ages of dredged samples from Laysan Island and Northampton Bank volcanoes, Hawaiian Ridge, and evolution of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain: Summary

The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain is made up of at least 107 indentifiable shield volcanoes (Chase and others, 1970; Bargar and Jackson, 1974; Clague and others, 1980) and is the longest linear island and seamount chain in the Pacific (Fig. 1). Beginning at the active volcanoes Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii, this chain of volcanoes extends west-northwestward along the Hawaiian Ridge for a distance of 3,500 km, where it turns northward and continues another 2,300 km as the Emperor Seamounts, ending near the intersection of the Aleutian and Kurile Trenches. It is now thought that the Hawaiian-Emperor chain was formed as the Pacific lithospheric plate moved first northward and then northwestward relative to the Hawaiian hot spot, a more or less stable melting anomaly in the asthenosphere, and that the bend in the chain reflects a major change in Pacific plate motion. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the Hawaiian (and other) hot spots, including a propagating fracture (Betz and Hess, 1942; Jackson and Wright, 1970); diapiric upwelling along a line of structural weakness (Green, 1971; McDougall, 1971); thermal (Morgan, 1972a, 1972b) or chemical (Anderson, 1975) plumes of gravitationally unstable material rising from the deep mantle; shear melting coupled with thermal feedback (Shaw, 1973) and geographically stabilized by gravitational sinking of refractory residua (Shaw and Jackson, 1973); and extrusion induced by lateral motion along plate boundaries (Handschumacher, 1973). Despite the variety of dynamic models proposed, there has yet to be devised a definitive experiment to test any of them. All these mechanisms are, however, encompassed by the general (or kinematic) hot spot hypothesis, which, when used in the broadest sense, implies neither mechanism nor excess heat.
Cyclical Behavior of Inventories and Growth Projections Recent Evidence from Europe and the United States

In the United States and a few European countries, inventory behavior is mainly the outcome of demand shocks: a standard buffer-stock model best characterizes these economies. But most European countries are described by a modified buffer-stock model where supply shocks dominate. In contrast to the United States, inventories boost growth with a one-year lag in Europe. Moreover, inventories provide limited information to improve growth forecasts particularly when a modified buffer-stock model characterizes inventory behavior.
Pulse radiolysis of aqueous solids at 76 K. An absorption band in the infrared

Abstract An IR absorption band with a maximum beyond 2400 nm has been found and assigned to the electron in the following systems irradiated at 76 K: crystalline D 2 O, and D 2 O glasses of ethylene glycol, MgCl 2 and LiCl. The band is tentatively attributed to an electron captured in a D-defect.
Interaction of protein kinase C with filamentous actin: isozyme specificity resulting from divergent phorbol ester and calcium dependencies.

The mechanism of activation of protein kinase C isoforms by filamentous actin (F-actin) was investigated with respect to isozyme specificity and phorbol ester and Ca2+ dependencies. It was found that the “conventional” (cPKC), α, βI, βII, and γ, “novel” (nPKC) δ and e, and “atypical” (aPKC) ζ isoforms were each activated by F-actin with varying potencies. The level of activity along with the affinity for binding to F-actin was further potentiated by the phorbol ester 4β-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), the potency of which again varied for each isoform. By contrast to the other cPKC isoforms, the level of cPKC-γ activity was unaffected by TPA, as was also the case for aPKC-ζ. It was found that whereas in the absence of F-actin the soluble form of cPKC-βI contained two phorbol ester binding sites of low and high affinity, respectively, as previously reported for cPKC-α [Slater et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23160−23168], the F-actin-bound form of the isozyme contained only a single site of re...
Is an Orlicz–Poincaré inequality an open ended condition, and what does that mean?

Abstract In [16] , Keith and Zhong prove that spaces admitting Poincare inequalities also admit a priori stronger Poincare inequalities. We use their technique, with slight adjustments, to obtain a similar result in the case of Orlicz–Poincare inequalities. We give examples in the plane that show all hypotheses are required.
Statistics requantitates the central dogma

Mammalian proteins are expressed at ∼103 to 108 molecules per cell ( 1 ). Differences between cell types, between normal and disease states, and between individuals are largely defined by changes in the abundance of proteins, which are in turn determined by rates of transcription, messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, translation, and protein degradation. If the rates for one of these steps differ much more than the rates of the other three, that step would be dominant in defining the variation in protein expression. Over the past decade, system-wide studies have claimed that in animals, differences in translation rates predominate ( 2 – 5 ). On page 1112 of this issue, Jovanovic et al. ( 6 ), as well as recent studies by Battle et al. ( 7 ) and Li et al. ( 1 ), challenge this conclusion, suggesting that transcriptional control makes the larger contribution.
Search Strategies in Shopping Engines: An Experimental Investigation

Shopping engines of different designs were researched in respect to convenience as a mode of access to goods and services offered on the Web. Some shopping engines function autonomously in one stage, quickly maximizing decision accuracy as a function of several parameters. Others strongly involve the user, searching in multiple stages to satisfy decision accuracy requirements. Single-stage and multiple-stage shopping engines designed with two approaches, QuickSearch and AdaptiveSearch, were tested on 205 users trying to attain maximal accuracy with minimal effort. The best-performing shopping engine used two stages, QuickSearch first, then AdaptiveSearch. The results imply that QuickSearch and AdaptiveSearch, although logically equivalent, have different impacts on shopping for differentiated, multi-attribute goods and services. This suggests that shopping engines should be designed to first save the shopper effort and then provide attribute-focused support for examining the resulting set of items.
Communicative interaction between mothers and their autistic children: application of a new instrument and changes after treatment.

Abstract Five children with autism and one with dysphasia were studied using a pragmatic measure of dyadic interpretation formerly used only in normal populations. It was shown that such a measure could be used to describe the interactive behavior of deviant children in a reliable and valid way. Mothers of these children are, by and large, less able to set up successful dialogues because they frequently redirect them. After a nursery program of 5 to 8 months, mothers became less asynchronous and approximated a teacher's success in synchronous dialogue. Autistic children's development can be enhanced by better interaction with their adult environment. This study demonstrates how this new application of a method can measure such changes.
Polytheism: Establishment or Liberation Religion?

Abook has just been given us which proclaims that the gods and goddesses are returning to modern America. It is David L. Miller's The New Polytheism: Rebirth of the Gods and Goddesses (Harper & Row, 1974). Some of the basic ideas of this book were earlier set forth in the author's "Polytheism and Archetypal Theology: A Discussion," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 40 (December 1972). The New Polytheism is the next step beyond the Death of God; the exiles from Olympus are rushing back to fill the void left by that psychic implosion. They animate the polycentric life that then becomes available, teaching us in the process that a pluralism of values, without a fixed center, is a delightful thing though they also seem to impose a rather strenuous task of identification: we are to see eschatology as the domain of Hermes, the military-industrial complex as Hera-Heracles-Hephaestus, as well as divine the obvious sways of Pan and Aphrodite. Ontological questions are not faced; the whole business seems intrapsychic. Miller is much influenced by the resolutely undogmatic psychotherapeutic theories of James Hillman and Ronald Laing. But the real fountainhead of the New Polytheism, like the Death of God, is clearly Friedrich Nietzsche in this case, The Joyful Wisdom. Here is posed one problem: whether the New Polytheism, or the Death of God theology, will ever be more than curiosities depends partly on whether Nietzsche really speaks the vocabulary and experience of twentieth-century America. We may have our hang-ups, but they are not exactly the same as those of Wilhelmine Germany. As I read this provocative book, a series of memories a little more contemporary and concrete than Nietzsche's breathless blasphemies wove back and forth through my mind. I thought of the year I spent in Japan studying Shinto, the only thorough-going polytheism today associated with a major advanced
Polynomial hulls with convex fibers and complex geodesics

Let X be a compact subset of {|z| = 1} × Cn with convex fibers. Several equivalent conditions are obtained that characterize polynomially convex hulls Y = X with nonempty interior. Under the latter assumption, it is shown that every (z0, w0) ϵ ∂ Y and such that ¦z0¦ < 1 is contained in a closed n-dimensional complex submanifold of d × Cn which is tangent to Y along an analytic disc. We show, as an application, that some results of Lempert on complex geodesies in convex domains are direct consequences of properties of polynomial hulls.
NMR Relaxation times of 3He adsorbed on graphite below 4.2 K

Pulsed NMR measurements were performed at 10 and 20 MHz on thin 3He films on graphitic surfaces in the temperature range between 0.35 and 4.2 K. Most of the measurements reported here have been obtained with basal-plane oriented graphite (Grafoil) outgassed at 130 ‡C, but in some experiments graphitized carbon black powder (Sterling FT), vacuum-baked at 1100 ‡C, was used for comparison. The 3He coverages examined range from 0.1 to 80 monolayers on Grafoil and from 0.3 to 1.0 monolayers on Sterling FT. Measurements have also been made on 3He-4He films on Grafoil with one-monolayer quantity of 3He mixed with various amounts of 4He. The measured free-induction decay time T 2 ′, the spin-echo decay time T 2 ‡, and the spin-lattice relaxation time T 1suggest that the observed relaxation phenomena in 3He are largely governed by the 3He-substrate interaction. In the case of 3He on Grafoil, T 2 ‡ is much longer than T 2 ′, evidently as a result of large local magnetic field gradients and significant lateral mobility of 3He on this substrate. These results, in conjunction with a simple model of spin diffusion in restricted geometries, lead to values of the diffusion coefficient D sof about 2.1 × 10−5 cm2/sec at 4.2 K and 7.0 × 10−6 cm2/sec at 1.2 K for one-monolayer coverages ; these values of D sare indicative of a nonlocalized 3He system. To verify the model used, the restricted diffusion analysis was applied to room-temperature measurements on C6F6 in Grafoil ; the values of the diffusion coefficient obtained in this way are in good agreement with diffusion rates measured directly in bulk liquid C6F6 at room temperature. In the case of 3He on Sterling FT, the restricted diffusion analysis of the T 2 ‡ data gives D s\t`t2 × 10−8 cm2/sec for 0.6 monolayer of 3He; this value of D ssuggests a relatively localized system. The measured T 2 ′ is found to decrease monotonically with coverage and there is no evidence of any phase transition in 3He films for coverages up to one monolayer.
A new class of distributed-element models for cyclic plasticity. II: On important properties of material behavior

A general theory is developed to elucidate important properties of inelastic material behavior under cyclic multi-axial loading conditions based on the behavior of the new Distributed-Element Models proposed in Part I. By establishing some important theorems on the behavior of the DEMs, the property of erasure-of-memory exhibited by real materials is shown to be closely related to the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium states, which is in turn a consequence of the property that the admissible stress region bounded by the limit surface associated with a Distributed-Element Model is bounded and strictly convex.
Tobacco, Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways, and CVD Risk

Cardiovascular diseases account for 25% of all deaths worldwide; 64% of all deaths are due to chronic noncommunicable diseases, and 39% of these are due to cardiovascular diseases [1]. As demonstrated in the INTERHEART, a study of risk factors for first myocardial infarction in 52 countries and over 27,000 subjects [2], and INTERSTROKE, a study of the importance of conventional and emerging risk factors of stroke in different regions and ethnic groups of the world [3], multicountry case–control studies, tobacco use is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarctions and strokes, and these associations are consistent across countries. It is estimated that there are 1 billion tobacco users worldwide, and tobacco is a leading cause of global mortality, responsible for 6 million deaths annually [4]. In addition to the growing body of literature regarding the epidemiology of tobacco use, there have been extensive studies investigating the biochemical pathways that link smoking with cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and the evolution of atherothrombotic plaque. However, this literature is wide-ranging and complex as tobacco products such as cigarettes contain over 4,720 chemical compounds and 10 to 10 free radicals, and this is in addition to the well-known compounds such as carbon monoxide and nicotine [5]. Also, each pathway is neither mutually exclusive nor linear, and there are a vast number of interactions between chemicals, and interconnectivity between the inflammatory and biochemical pathways that they induce. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to distill this literature and provide a comprehensive but concise overview of the pathways that connect tobacco use, and particularly smoking, with the development of cardiovascular disease. We use a framework (Fig. 1) as an overview of the topic to
Political Society and Cicero's Ideal State

Abstract Quantitative methods of content analysis have become established in most subfields of political science, but remain relatively unutilized in studies of political theory, despite the exclusive focus of that subfield on textual sources. This article develops a variation of content analysis—termed usage analysis—and employs it to resolve a standing debate in scholarship on Cicero's political theory regarding the synonymy of the major Latin terms for the state (civitas and res publica). The resulting distinction between these concepts then informs an exposition of Cicero's ideal state not as the Roman Republic itself or the mixed constitution alone, but as a universal, everlasting political society supported by justice, a mixed constitution, and active citizenship.
The electronic spreadsheet as a professional productivity tool

One focus of this paper is on the use of a personal computer and its applications programs as a professional productivity tool. The intent is to illustrate ways faculty can use computer technology in managing complexity and change in their professional lives. After briefly reviewing some conventional uses of personal computer applications programs, the paper describes techniques by which an electronic spreadsheet can be used to contribute to professional productivity. Examples illustrate the use of an electronic spreadsheet as a memory aid and tool in monitoring work habits and setting task priorities. A second focus is on the study of human-computer interaction. After suggesting the generality of certain phenomena, the paper describes some implications for research and for the design of computer applications programs.