cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of health insurance on patient demand for physician services

In recent years, policymakers have sought to reduce health disparities between the insured and uninsured through a federal health insurance expansion policy; however, disparities continue to persist among the insured population. One potential explanation is that the use of healthcare services varies by the type of health insurance coverage due to differences in the design of coverage. The aim of this study is to examine whether health insurance coverage type is associated with the structure and use of healthcare services. The nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and multinomial logistic regression are used to estimate the effects of different types of health coverage on the combinations of routine and emergency care sought and received. The multinomial logistic regression analysis for the overall sample revealed privately insured respondents reported higher use of routine care only p < 0.01 and lower use of emergency room care only (− 2.13%; p < 0.01) than the uninsured. The publicly insured reported similar trends for use of routine care only (17.93%; p < 0.01) as the privately insured, as compared to the uninsured. Both the privately and publicly insured reported higher use of a mixture of care; however, publicly insured were more likely to use a mixture of care (8.57%, p < 0.01). The results show that health insurance is associated with higher use of the physician services, but does not promote the use of cost-effective schedules of care among the publicly insured.
Sugar- The Sweet Silent Killer

Sugar being a basic ingredient in almost all food culture, from ancient times till date performs various technological functions in food. It also has a significant role in our body. Sugar is a carbohydrate which has sweet taste. Also, a rapid and easy fuel for body to use. However, sugar consumption can implicate similar responses as consumption of drug of abuse. Sugar imbalance can result in sweet craving. It is important to eat sugar but if it is over consumed then it can be one of the reasons for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity. It has also negative implications on body and brain. The reason behind over consumption of sugar is whenever sugar or sugary products are consumed by our body the reward system of our brain get activated due to which the individual feels better. Replacing or removing will alter the characteristic such as texture, taste, appearance of a food. For this, sugar substitutes can be the way to compensate will the reformulation giving the exact desired product. This review is focused on ‘sugar’ a term that simply mean sucrose and combined term for glucose, fructose and galactose. Aims on sugar and its potential impact on health on human health. Also, addiction of sugar, which is a controversial issue.
Deciding when to exit

A new imaging approach can distinguish between cells destined to stop proliferating and those committed to re-entering the cell cycle in live animals.
Improved Glycemic Outcomes with Early Initiation of Insulin Pump Therapy in Pediatric Postoperative Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation.

Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a surgical procedure for patients with chronic pancreatitis and poor quality of life. Euglycemia is critical for islet cell survival and engraftment. We reviewed clinical care practice and hypothesized that early in-hospital transition from intravenous insulin to insulin pump therapy, managed by an endocrine unit trained on post-surgical care, would improve glucose control and impact the length of hospital stay. We completed a retrospective analysis of 40 pediatric patients who underwent TPIAT. Comparative hospitalized postoperative groups included those who received insulin intravenously, followed by multiple daily injections, subsequently managed by pump therapy (n = 14), versus those who received insulin intravenously followed by early pump therapy provided on the endocrine unit trained to manage post-surgical patients (n = 26). The outcomes analyzed included percentage of blood glucoses in target (4.44-6.66 mmol/L (80-120 mg/dL)), hypoglycemia ( 7.77 mmol/L (>140 mg/dL)), blood glucose variability, and length of hospital unit stay post-ICU. Hospitalized patients with early transition to pump therapy on a specialized endocrine unit had a higher proportion of glucose values in the target range (61% vs. 51%, p = 0.0003), a lower proportion of hyperglycemia (15% vs. 19%, p = 0.04), and a lower proportion of hypoglycemia, though not statistically significant (3.4% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.33). Early pump users also had lower variability in glucose values over 10 days post-intravenous insulin (p = 0.001), and the post-transition median length of stay was shorter by 5 days (median: 11.5 vs. 16.5 days, p = 0.005). Early in-hospital pump therapy managed by the specialized endocrine unit improved glucose outcomes and reduced the duration of in-unit stay.
Investigating the effect of positional variation on mid-lactation mammary gland transcriptomics in mice fed either a low-fat or high-fat diet

Little attention has been given to the effect of positional variation of gene expression in the mammary gland. However, more research is shedding light regarding the physiological differences that mammary gland location can have on the murine mammary gland. Here we examined the differentially expressed genes between mammary gland positions under either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) in the mid-lactation mammary gland (lactation day 11; L11). Three-week old WT C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high fat diet (HFD) (n = 3/group) and either the right thoracic mammary gland (TMG) or inguinal mammary gland (IMG) was collected from each dam for a total of 12 unique glands. Within each diet, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were first filtered by adjusted p-value (cutoff ≤ 0.05) and fold-change (FC, cutoff ≥2). Genes were further filtered by mean normalized read count with a cutoff≥10. We observed that mammary gland position had a significant impact on mammary gland gene expression with either LFD or HFD diet, with 1264 DEGs in LFD dams and 777 DEGs in HFD dams. We found that genes related to snRNP binding and translation initiation were most significantly altered between the TMG and IMG. Although we were not able to discern a molecular mechanism, many small nuclear RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs were differentially expressed between the TMG and IMG responsible for cellular functions such as splicing and ribosome biogenesis, which provides and interesting avenue for future research. Our study supports the hypothesis that collection of the mammary gland from a particular location influences mammary gland gene expression, thereby highlighting the importance for researchers to be vigilant in documenting and reporting which mammary gland they are using for their studies.
Tragic Pathos: Pity and Fear in Greek Philosophy and Tragedy

Scholars have often focused on understanding Aristotle's poetic theory, and particularly the concept of catharsis in the Poetics, as a response to Plato's critique of pity in the Republic. However, this book shows that, while Greek thinkers all acknowledge pity and some form of fear as responses to tragedy, each assumes for the two emotions a different purpose, mode of presentation and, to a degree, understanding. This book reassesses expressions of the emotions within different tragedies and explores emotional responses to and discussions of the tragedies by contemporary philosophers, providing insights into the ethical and social implications of the emotions.
Field Plant Physiology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between plants and its environment. The environmental elements that affect the growth of plants include radiant energy, temperature, water, and humidity. Analysis of light relationships in plant communities is complicated. Under field conditions, the intensity of solar illumination is not static, but varies erratically, frequently from minute to minute. In addition, the diurnal light cycle and the yearly seasonal light rhythm both impart predictable aberrations that are related to latitude. The intensity and wavelength components of light environment are markedly altered by these factors, but within the plant canopy, even more important are the factors such as the quantity and quality of plant parts that absorb, reflect, and transmit the incident radiation. Crop production research on plant–temperature relations falls into three general categories: the optimum temperature regime for the various crop species; the maximum temperature endured by the crop species without either reduced dry matter accumulation or death of the plant; and the lowest temperature tolerated by the crop species. In crop production, plant–soil–water relations are of paramount importance. Under field conditions, water loss is due both to evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from plant surfaces. A plant may undergo water stress even when soil moisture is near field capacity and, likewise, encounter little moisture stress even though soil moisture is low, depending on atmospheric conditions. The internal water status of a plant is a function of water absorption versus transpiration.
A comparison of dual heuristic programming (DHP) and neural network based stochastic optimization approach on collective robotic search problem

An important application of mobile robots is searching a region to locate the origin of a specific phenomenon. A variety of optimization algorithms can be employed to locate the target source, which has the maximum intensity of the distribution of some detected function. We propose two neural network algorithms: stochastic optimization algorithm and dual heuristic programming (DHP) to solve the collective robotic search problem. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of noise and the number of robots on the task performance, as well as the expenses. The experimental results showed that the performance of the dual heuristic programming (DHP) is better than the stochastic optimization method.
Community integration following traumatic brain injury.

Community integration is the assumption or resumption of culturally and developmentally appropriate social roles following disability. This article describes characteristics of a model system of professional and social services required to address the long-term, community integration of individuals who have experienced traumatic brain injury (TBI). Emphasis is given to defining the goals and values of a model system rather than the structure itself. Goals are defined from the point of view of the individual who has incurred a TBI, the professional providing rehabilitation services, and the society in which they both function. Optimal quality of life is described as the attainment of desirable outcomes from all three perspectives. Common barriers to optimal quality of life are discussed in relation to six salient dimensions of life activities. Values of a model system are drawn from recently delineated principles of community­ based services. Implications for the structure of a model system built on these goals and values are suggested.
A New Generalizable Test for Detection of Mutations Affecting Tn10 Transposition

We describe here a new rapid screen that allows easy detection of transposon or host mutations that affect Tn10 transposition in Escherichia coli. This test involves a new Tn10 derivative called the "mini-lacZ-kanR fusion hopper" or mini-Tn10-LK for short. This element does not direct expression of β-galactosidase when present at its original starting location on a suitably engineered plasmid or phage genome because it lacks appropriate transcription and translation start signals. However, transposition of this element into the chromosome of E. coli lacZ- bacteria leads to productive fusions in which the lacZ gene within the transposon is expressed from external chromosomal signals. Such fusions are readily detectable on MacConkey lactose indicator plates as red (Lac+) papillae inside of white (LacZ- ) colonies. The length of time required to see red papillae appearing in a white colony sensitively and accurately reflects the transposition frequency of the mini-transposon within the colonies. Differences in times for color formation are sensitive enough that 10-fold differences in transposition frequency can readily be detected. This papillation assay can be used to identify mutant clones in which the frequency of Tn10 transposition is either increased or decreased. We have successfully used the assay to identify mutations in the terminal sequences of Tn10; mutations in the Tn10 transposase gene or the bacterial host can be isolated just as easily. This screen should be readily adaptable to transposable elements other than Tn10.
Long-Term Outcome of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Childhood

Abstract A review of the records of one psychiatric clinic over a 16-year period revealed 17 cases who met the criteria for a diagnosis of severe obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Retrospective review of these cases revealed that 82% of the children's parents themselves suffered from severe psychiatric or medical impairment, and that 29% of the children suffered from serious medical illnesses. All 17 cases had been treated, most with “intensive” psychotherapy. Fifteen patients could be located for follow-up, of whom 10 agreed to a structured interview. Seven of the 10 still suffered from obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and all reported serious problems with social life and peer relationships. We hypothesize that the obsessive-compulsive symptoms of the children served as a defense against anxiety generated by their extremely stressful life situations. The children's intellectual cognitive style and the availability in some instances of obsessive-compulsive parental models may have contributed to their choice of an obsessive-compulsive defense.
Transplantable mouse tumor line induced by injection of SV40‐transformed mouse kidney cells

A transplantable tumor of inbred mice was obtained by inoculating BALB/c mice subcutaneously with SV40-transformed mouse kidney (mKS-A) cells. Tumors were produced by mKS-A cells in the 71st cell culture passage, but not by cells in the 26th passage. The tumor line has been serially passed in BALB/c mice 14 times. In vitro cell culture lines were derived from tumors after 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12 passages in mice. The tumors, as well as the In vitro tumor cell lines, contained SV40 T-antigen, and sera from the tumor-bearing mice contained antibodies to the SV40 T-antigen. SV40 was rescued from the In vitro tumor cell lines after fusion with green monkey kidney (CV-1) cells in the presence of UV-irradiated Sendai virus. The In vitro tumor cell lines derived from mouse passages 8, 10 and 12 were used as SV40 virus; 2) SV40-transformed cell lines; 3) primary mouse (BALB/c or Yale Swiss) kidney cells, or 4) primary mouse (BALB/c or Yale Swiss) embryo cells. These results showed that the tumor line and the In vitro tumor cell lines have the transplantation antigen.
A Numerical Solution for Dry Sliding Line Contact of Multilayered Elastic Bodies

A dry sliding contact analysis for two elastic bodies coated with multiple layers is presented. Green's functions for a unit normal load and a unit tangential load for the generalized plane strain problem are derived. The contact problem is reduced to an integral equation in which the contact pressure profile is unknown. A systematic and efficient numerical model for the developed integral equation is also introduced. The results for two different cases are presented and discussed
What Do They Know? Integrating the Core Concept of Customer Value into the Undergraduate Marketing Curriculum and Its Assessment

The purpose of this article is to encourage discussion among marketing educators about the logic and structure of current undergraduate marketing curricula. The authors offer one alternative conceptualization of marketing, whereby current marketing knowledge is organized around the core concept of capturing and creating customer value for a sustainable competitive advantage. They argue that one of the primary benefits to this approach is that marketing students, future business decision makers, will be better able to grasp the linkages between key concepts. A guide for curriculum conceptualization and assessment is provided.
Steroids induce acetylcholine receptors on cultured human muscle: implications for myasthenia gravis.

Abstract Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), which are diagnostic of the human autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis, block AChR function and increase the rate of AChR degradation leading to impaired neuromuscular transmission. Steroids are frequently used to alleviate symptoms of muscle fatigue and weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis because of their well-documented immunosuppressive effects. We show here that the steroid dexamethasone significantly increases total surface AChRs on cultured human muscle exposed to myasthenia gravis sera. Our results suggest that the clinical improvement observed in myasthenic patients treated with steroids is due not only to an effect on the immune system but also to a direct effect on muscle. We propose that the identification and development of pharmacologic agents that augment receptors and other proteins that are reduced by human genetic or autoimmune disease will have broad therapeutic applications.
Ultrastructural localization of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the rat locus coeruleus.

Abstract Adrenergic afferents from the rostral ventrolateral medulla are known to modulate the activity of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC). The light and electron microscopic localization of a polyclonal antiserum directed against the adrenaline synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) was used to determine the identity and targets of the adrenergic afferents to the LC the rat brain. By light microscopy, varicose processes showing intense PNMT-like immunoreactivity (LI) were seen throughout the neuropil surrounding neuronal perikarya which in adjacent sections were shown to contain immunoreactivity for the noradrenaline synthesizing enzyme, dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Electron microscopy confirmed that these labeled varicose processes were primarily axon terminals. Terminals containing PNMT-LI constituted 30% (141 out of 464) of all identifiable terminals within the LC. These terminals were 0.5–1.8 μm in diameter and contained many small, clear and from 2 to 10 larger dense-core vesicles. The targets of the terminals with PNMT-LI were principally unlabeled (i.e. non-PNMT-containing) perikarya and dendrites. The synaptic junctions on perikaya were rare and exclusively symmetric; whereas, those on proximal (large) dendrites were somewhat more numerous and included symmetric as well as asymmetric membrane specializations. However, the vast majority (85% from a total of 141) of the terminals with PNMT-LI formed asymmetric synaptic junctions on unlabeled distal (small) dendrites and dendritic spines. In rare instances, the PNMT-immunoreactive terminals also formed synaptic junctions with other similarly labeled terminals. These findings provide the first ultrastructural evidence that adrenergic terminals in the LC (1) are one of the more prevalent synaptic inputs to the principally noradrenergic neurons; (2) have both symmetric and asymmetric synaptic specializations conventionally associated with inhibition and excitation, respectively; and (3) may modulate other adrenergic terminals through presynaptic mechanisms. In addition to the varicose processes, light microscopy revealed diffuse PNMT-LI throughout the LC. The ultrastructural correlate of this labeling was seen as patches of peroxidase product within the cytoplasm of a few perikaya and dendrites and throughout the cytoplasm of astrocytes identified by their discrete bundles of microfilaments. The detection of PNMT-LI in cells that are not known to synthesize adrenaline is surprising and suggests either a functional diversity for PNMT or amino acid sequence homologies with related enzymes which are enriched in the LC.
Responses of Normal and Active Males of Callosobruchus Subinnotatus to Female Sex Pheromone

Rearing of Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic) under crowded condition at 30°C and 80% RH produced active males and females. The active individuals emerged later than normal individuals and were lighter in weight. The responses of normal and active males of C. subinnotatus to sex pheromone were compared in electroantennogram (EAG) and olfactometry bioassays. The olfactometry bioassay involved observing males in Y-tubes containing blends of the components of the sex pheromone in one arm and a blank filter paper in the other. Behavioral characteristics of males were analyzed as they walked upwind in the tubes. The latency periods were shorter in active than in normal males. More normal males reached the source and spent more time on the source compared with active males. The normal males clearly demonstrated preference for 2 blends of the sex pheromone containing the (E)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid (E32C7) and (Z)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid (Z32C7) isomers in the ratio of 75%:25% and 50%:50%, whereas active males showed preference for blends comprising >50% of the Z isomer. The EAG bioassay showed that responses of normal males to female pheromone extracts were twice those of active males.
Preparation and properties of an alkylated brain protein relaetd to the structural subunit of microtubules

Abstract The procedure for preparing a stable, purified protein from calf brain is described. The protein has the physical and chemical characteristics of the colchicine-binding protein of mammalian brain, which is presumably a component of the neural microtubules. The presence of a reducing agent during the preparative procedure and the alkylation of the sulfhydryl groups just prior to isolation of the purified protein circumvent the problem of aggregation which had complicated previous isolation procedures. The material is a glycoprotein of 70,000 mol wt which does not appear to contain any significant amount of α-helix or β-conformation. Depolarization of fluorescence studies show that it is a highly stable, compact molecule with a rotational relaxation time of 240 nsec at 5 °.
Gelation of Beef Heart Surimi as Affected by Antioxidants

Oxidation of proteins (carbonyls) and lipids (TBARS) in beef heart surimi-like materials during preparation and storage (2°C) was inhibited by propyl gallate (0.02%) or α-tocopherol (0.2%). Inhibition of oxidation did not affect surimi gel property (storage modulus, G'). Storage promoted oxidation of proteins in 0.2% ascorbate-washed mince, leading to increases in peak ( 55°C) and final (70°C) G' of thermally induced surimi gel. Protein carbonyls in stored surimi and its sol (salted), as well as TBARS of the sol, strongly correlated with both peak and final G' of gels. Incorporation of tripolyphosphate into washed mince promoted gelation whether the surimi-like material was oxidized or not.
Reproductive Factors, Exogenous Estrogen Use, and Risk of Parkinson's Disease

To determine if reproductive factors or exogenous estrogen are associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), we conducted a prospective study with 22 years of follow-up among postmenopausal participants in the Nurses' Health Study. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PD were estimated from a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential confounders. Risk of PD was not significantly associated with any of the reproductive factors measured or exogenous estrogen use. Use of postmenopausal hormones, however, may modify the associations of smoking and caffeine intake with PD risk. The inverse relation between smoking and PD risk was attenuated among ever users of postmenopausal hormones (P for interaction = 0.05). Similar results were obtained for caffeine (P for interaction = 0.09). In exploratory analyses, women using progestin-only hormones were found to have an increased PD risk, but this result was based on a very small number of cases (n = 4). In this large longitudinal study, we found no evidence of a beneficial effect of exogenous or endogenous estrogens on risk of PD. The use of postmenopausal hormone use may interact with other risk factors, but findings are preliminary and need confirmation in other populations.
Effect of varying pacing waveform shapes on propagation and hemodynamics in the rabbit heart

The propagation characteristics of myocardium stimulated with anodal, cathodal, and equiphasic biphasic pacing pulses were examined in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Conduction velocity measurements were made using an array of bipolar extracellular electrodes, transmembrane potentials recorded using floating intracellular microelectrodes, and hemodynamics measured by fluid-filled catheter transducer systems. Anodal (A) stimulation pulses improved the electrical conduction at all the stimulus amplitudes tested in both longitudinal (e.g., 5 V 2-msec pulse: [A]54.9 ± 0.7 cm/sec; cathodal [C]49.7 ± 1.5 cm/sec) and transverse (e.g., 5 V 2 msec pulse: [A]31.3 ± 1.7 cm/sec; [C]23.3 ± 2.9 cm/sec) directions. Microelectrode recordings verified that increased conduction velocities of the anodal pulses were associated with faster upstrokes of the action potentials. The increased threshold associated with anodal pulses may be overcome by using a biphasic (B) waveform, in effect adding a second phase (e.g., 2-msec pulse: [A] 2.03 ± 1.3 V; [C]3.85 ± 1.5 V; [B]2.15 ± 0.9 V). The conduction speeds achieved by the biphasic pulses were found to be comparable to the equivalent anodal pulses (e.g., 5 V 2-msec pulse: [B]55.2 ± 1.7 cm/sec longitudinal and 32.4 ± 2.1 cm/sec tranverse). It is postulated that the enhanced conduction by anodal and biphasic pulses may be due to preconditioning of the myocardium before stimulation, resulting in more vigorous action potential upstrokes. In preliminary experiments, it was observed that improved conduction elicited by these pulses also resulted in enhanced contractility as measured by shortened electromechanical delays and faster rate of rise of pressure development (dP/dt max : [A] 25.4 ± 0.4 mm Hg/sec; [C]19.4 ± 0.8 mm Hg/sec; [B] 25.7 ± 1.2 mm Hg/sec, respectively). Use of novel hybrid pulses involving an anodal component may offer a way for implanted pacemakers to enhance the electromechanical response of the heart.
714 AMINO-ACID (AA) INDUCED REDUCTION OF BILE FLOW IS INDEPENDENT OF TAUROCHOLATE (TC) TRANSPORT

Studies in vivo and in perfused rat liver have reported AA induced decrease in bile flow, but conflicting effects on bile salt transport. We studied the effect of a synthetic AA solution (Aminosyn) on bile flow and TC transport in the isolated perfused rat liver. After a 30 min bile collection period, livers of 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with KRB buffer, 2 gm% albumin and .1 gm% dextrose in a recirculating oxygenated system for eight 15 min intervals. 14C-TC was continuously infused at 0.25 uM/min. After the initial four 15 min intervals (Period 1), 0.25 gm AA (final cone. 0.1 gm%) was added to the perfusate of six rats (for Period 2). There was no difference between experimental and control rats in weight, pre-perfusion bile flow rate, O2 consumption, perfusion pressure or flow rate. After initial stabilization, 14C TC secretion and bile flow rate were measured. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Physiologic portal vein concentrations of AA persistently decrease bile flow rate. 2) Initial TC secretion rate is transiently decreased by AA (P<.05, data not shown) but returns to control levels without concomitant recovery of bile flow rate. 3) Steady state TC secretion rate is unchanged by AA. 4) These results suggest that AA influence bile water flux via mechanisms unrelated to bile salt transport.
Ethical Implications of Anonymous Comments Posted to Online News Stories

Many news organizations invite readers to post online comments to news stories. Comments may get posted automatically and most are signed with pseudonyms. Many are insensitive, even rude, and use speculation and language that would be rejected if written by a staff member or in a letter to the editor. Are news organizations holding true to their ethical guidelines when they publish anonymous reader comments on their Web sites while rejecting them for their hard-copy editions?
Can commonly used antibiotics disrupt formation of new memories

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected 0.5 h prior to training in a passive-avoidance task with chloramphenicol, a protein synthesis inhibitor. The rats were retested 7 days later and found to have impaired memory.
Simplified determination of arterial insufficiency; plethysmographic observation of reactive hyperemia following fifteen minute arterial occlusion at the ankle.

Reactive hyperemia following 15 minute arterial occlusion at the ankle was studied in plethysmographic tracings using the venous occlusion technic. The resulting curves present an essentially different pattern in normal subjects and patients with various types of peripheral arterial disease. Several characteristic features can be distinguished, notably the level of highest blood flow after release of arterial occlusion, the time required until the highest blood flow is reached, and the degree of secondary vasoconstriction. Evaluation of these factors permits an estimate of the therapeutic value of lumbar sympathectomy.
Ultrastructural alterations in serial liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees experimentally infected with a human non-A, non-B hepatitis agent.

Four chimpanzees experimentally infected with an agent of human non-A, non-B hepatitis were studied to determine the sequence of ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes during infection. Three of the four types of cytoplasmic alterations previously described in association with non-A, non-B hepatitis were observed in the hepatocytes. Sponge-like cytoplasmic inclusions (designated C-I) were detected at or near the time of peak serum aminotransferase elevations in two of the four chimpanzees. Undulating membranes (designated C-II) were observed in all four chimpanzees, at the time of the first elevation of serum aminotransferase levels. Cytoplasmic tubules (designated C-III) were first observed four, eight, and twelve weeks, respectively, after inoculation in three of the chimpanzees. Four weeks after the peak of serum aminotransferase elevations, cytoplasmic alterations could no longer be detected in hepatocytes of the four chimpanzees. Intranuclear inclusions consisting of 20–27 nm granules and vermicular particles were observed in hepatocytes from preinoculation liver biopsy specimens, as well as biopsies obtained during non-A, non-B hepatitis. The number of these particles was greatest near the time of peak elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, however. Tubulo-crystalline inclusions were noted as well in the endothelial cells from both preinoculated and infected chimpanzees. Cytoplasmic alterations in hepatocytes of chimpanzees experimentally infected with an agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis appear characteristic of infection with this agent. In contrast, intranuclear particles were not specifically related to the non-A, non-B hepatitis infection.
Pore waters of the central Pacific Ocean: Nutrient results

Interstitial waters from the MANOP siliceous and calcareous ooze sites in the central Pacific Ocean were recovered by shipboard squeezing and centrifuging techniques and an in situ harpoon sampler. The pore waters were analyzed for nutrients, carbonate system species, Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ , total alkaline earth metals and dissolved oxygen (siliceous ooze site only). In calcareous sediments, the ΣCO 2 , alkalinity, PO 4 3− , and Ca 2+ results obtained from shipboard techniques are significantly different than those recovered in situ. The other species measured as well as all of the data from the siliceous ooze site, reveal no significant dependence on the method used to sample the pore water. The relative changes in O 2 , NO 3 − , Mn 2+ , alkalinity, and ΣCO 2 indicate that respiration using O 2 , NO 3 − , and MnO 2 as electron acceptors is the dominant reaction affecting the pore water species. We develop a model which simulates the fate of pore water oxygen and nitrate and particulate organic carbon in sediments. This model includes the effects of pore water diffusion, oxygen and nitrate respiration, sediment accumulation, sediment mixing, and changes in sediment porosity. We observe that factor of 2 variations in the rates of sediment mixing and accumulation have only a minor effect on the pore water profiles. The major factor controlling the pore water profiles is the flux of organic carbon across the sediment-water interface. We conclude that the large intra-site variability observed in the interstitial water nitrate profiles is probably caused by small-scale variations in the flux of organic material.
Environmental effects on fiber‐reinforced composites

The use of fiber-reinforced composites in structures is discussed with emphasis on the need for a method to obtain long time properties from short time tests. Results of vibration, constant strain-rate and creep tests are presented for boron epoxy laminates. The data is statistically conditioned and a time-temperature shifting procedure is used to obtain master curves for response at an individual temperature. Three analytical linear viscoelastic characterization techniques are used to obtain long term creep response from dynamic data. Comparisons between analytical predictions are given for vibration and constant strain-rate data. Creep predictions are also compared to experimental observations.
Professional Pluralism in an Industrial Organization

Large, technologically-based industrial organizations are composed of many-specialist functions whose interests are frequently seen to be in conflict with those of management. Conflict within such organizations occurs over mutually dependent claims to shares of limited resources necessary to further specialist aims and programs. To understand the management process---the allocation of these resources---that takes place in such organizations the following points are crucial: 1 The technology-based organization generally has many “managements” that pursue goals relevant to their specialties e.g. engineering or manufacturing. 2 Conflict occurs among managements over specialist interests that have often been described as professional interests. 3 Where specialties have become bureaucratized, where projects have a complex division of labor over both individuals and time, specialist interests will be protected not by professionals or the “profession” but rather by someone with formal executive authority who is responsible for a work force of specialists. For not only is the work force one of both managers and specialists, but their tasks are group tasks. Survey and interview data from one large technologically-based company illustrate the existence of horizontally contending factions rather than the customarily envisioned management-specialist schism. Specialists become managers and executives in order to perform “professional” functions.
Examining the relationship between degree of innovation and new product success

Abstract We report an empirical study of over 140 U.S. firms engaged in industrial product innovation. The relationship between the degree of innovation in these firms and the extent of success with new products in these firms is examined in the context of an integrative model of new product success. The model is tested using path analysis. The results indicate that factors in the industry environment, the aggressiveness of the strategic posture taken by the firm, and the organizational structure adopted by the firm are all more important precursors of product success than the degree of innovation. Several implications of the findings for managers of firms engaged in product development are presented.
Parent‐specific expression of a human keratin 18/β‐galactosidase fusion gene in transgenic mice

Insertion of a human keratin 18 (K18)-bacterial beta-galactosidase (LacZ) fusion gene into mice has led to a unique transgenic line in which expression of the transgene is subject to unusual germ line-specific, genomic imprinting effects. Fetal expression of the LacZ reporter gene depends on the gender of the transmitting parent, with appropriate expression in liver after maternal inheritance, and ectopic expression in retina and mesodermal tissues after paternal inheritance. This tissue-specific imprinting pattern is superimposed upon a basic expression pattern which is unaffected by parental inheritance. Insertion of the transgene has led to a recessive-lethal phenotype, with no parent-of-origin effects on viability, suggesting that the transgene has not inserted into an imprinted region of the genome. HpaII and HhaI methylation sensitive restriction sites within the bacterial LacZ reporter gene are completely methylated when activity of the maternally inherited transgene is detected in the fetal liver, and not methylated when the paternally inherited transgene is silent. Thus DNA methylation of LacZ is correlated with maternal inheritance and may be implicated in the genomic imprinting mechanism as others have suggested. However, in contrast to the commonly found correlation of expression and low DNA methylation, the LacZ gene was expressed in fetal liver when fully methylated. This result may imply the existence of negative regulatory activities that recognize the unmethylated LacZ gene.
Anion and divalent cation activation of phosphoglycolate phosphatase from leaves

Phosphoglycolate (P-glycolate) phosphatase was purified 223-fold from spinach leaves by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The partially purified enzyme had a broad pH optimum between 5.6 and 8.0 and was specific for the hydrolysis of P-glycolate with a Km (P-glycolate) of 26 microM. The enzyme was activated by divalent cations including Mg2+, Co2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+, and by anions including Cl-, Br-, NO-3, and HCOO-. Neither anions nor divalent cations activated the enzyme without the other. The P-glycolate phosphatase activities from tobacco leaves or the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, also required Mg2+ and were activated by chloride. In addition, the enzyme was allosterically inhibited by ribose 5-phosphate. The activation of P-glycolate phosphatase by both anions and divalent cations and the inhibition by ribose 5-phosphate may be involved in the in vivo regulation of P-glycolate phosphatase activity.
Ferromagnetic resonance in an ultrathin manganate film

Abstract The ferromagnetic resonance of an ultrathin 7.5 nm Pr 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 film which possesses a large low-field magnetoresistive effect was investigated with a view to determine the orientation of the film's magnetization vector. By comparing resonance fields oriented parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the film, we determined that the easy axis of magnetization is perpendicular to the plane. The low-temperature perpendicular anisotropy field was estimated to be ∼10 kOe. A possible link between the perpendicular anisotropy and the magnetoresistance is briefly discussed.
Quantitative EEG analysis in clinical settings

Quantitative EEG techniques are becoming more available. Eventually, all EEG will be digital. Various digital utility programs can help even now with storage and viewing the polygraph EEG itself. Techniques of frequency analysis, topographic mapping and discriminant functions are also available but have limited clinical use. Application as a monitoring tool and careful analysis of epileptic spikes have shown some promise but need further study to identify their proper clinical roles.
Anthropogenic influences on estuarine sedimentation and ecology: examples from the varved sediments of the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary, Rhode Island

Estuaries and lakes are undergoing anthropogenic alterations as development and industry intensify in the modern world. Assessing the ecological health of such water bodies is difficult because accurate accounts of pre-anthropogenic estuarine/lacustrine conditions do not exist. Sediments preserved in water bodies provide archives of environmental changes that can be used to understand both natural and anthropogenic forcings. Here, a high-resolution, multi-proxy approach is used to reconstruct environmental conditions of the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary, Rhode Island, over the last millennium. Two specific time periods reveal anthropogenic alterations to sediment supply and water-column productivity. First, European land clearance at the end of the seventeenth century caused two decades of increased sediment transport through the watershed and increased primary productivity in the water column. Turbidity increases associated with increased water column biomass likely limited green sulfur bacteria that reside below the oxycline. The second anthropogenic effect began in the 1950s with increased residential development in the watershed. Evidence of resulting cultural eutrophication is apparent in both stable nitrogen isotope values as well as in productivity proxies. This effect is likely related to residential development in the watershed and the use of septic systems to treat human waste. These results demonstrate that true base-line conditions of the estuary have not occurred for over three centuries, and that anthropogenic effects can last on the order of decades. The Pettaquamscutt River record serves as a model for using high-resolution sediment records to better understand anthropogenic forcing to natural estuarine/lacustrine systems.
Working memory, attention, and mathematical problem solving: A longitudinal study of elementary school children.

The role of working memory (WM) in children's growth in mathematical problem solving was examined in a longitudinal study of children (N = 127). A battery of tests was administered that assessed problem solving, achievement, WM, and cognitive processing (inhibition, speed, phonological coding) in Grade 1 children, with follow-up testing in Grades 2 and 3. The results were that (a) Grade 1 predictors that contributed unique variance to Grade 3 word problem-solving performance were WM, naming speed, and inhibition and (b) growth in the executive component of WM was significantly related to growth in word problem-solving accuracy. The results support the notion that growth in the executive system of WM is an important predictor of growth in children's problem solving beyond the contribution of cognitive measures of inattention, inhibition, and processing speed as well as achievement measures related to calculation and reading.
Toward efficient carbon nanotube/P3HT solar cells: active layer morphology, electrical, and optical properties.

We demonstrate single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/P3HT polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells with an AM1.5 efficiency of 0.72%, significantly higher than previously reported (0.05%). A key step in achieving high efficiency is the utilization of semiconducting SWCNTs coated with an ordered P3HT layer to enhance the charge separation and transport in the device active layer. Electrical characteristics of devices with SWCNT concentrations up to 40 wt % were measured and are shown to be strongly dependent on the SWCNT loading. A maximum open circuit voltage was measured for SWCNT concentration of 3 wt % with a value of 1.04 V, higher than expected based on the interface band alignment. Modeling of the open-circuit voltage suggests that despite the large carrier mobility in SWCNTs device power conversion efficiency is governed by carrier recombination. Optical characterization shows that only SWCNT with diameter of 1.3–1.4 nm can contribute to the photocurrent with internal quantum efficiency up to 26%. O...
Social impacts of a video blogging system for clinical instruction

In the past decade, digital technology has become widely integrated into many professional training settings, yet at present we lack a detailed understanding of how new technology alters networks of social and technology-mediated interactions present in such environments. I have been engaged in a multi-year ethnography-for-design study in a dental hygiene training program in National City, CA. During the project, I helped design a new clinical training laboratory, equipped with embedded digital media technology, such as flat-panel monitors, computer workstations and overhead cameras. Here, I detail the ethnographic motivations for the design of the technology integrated into the training program. I also present an analysis of how a collaborative video blogging system (a .vlog.), used in an introductory clinical instruction course, affects the network of social and technology-mediated interactions. In particular, I examine how interactions with videos structured the way students and instructors work with each other in the clinic. Additionally, I report how the faculty.s acceptance of technology was influenced by the presentation of divergent methodology in the vlog content.
Journal literature on behavior therapy 1970–1976: Analysis of the subject characteristics, target behaviors, and treatment techniques

Abstract Recent trends in behavioral research were analyzed in terms of subject characteristics, target behaviors and treatment techniques. The sample of literature examined included all of the articles published from 1970 to 1976 in the four major behavioral journals. Results indicate that the majority of research has been conducted with (1) college are persons who were treated for fears or anxiety with systematic desensitization, and (2) elementary school age children who were treated for overt behavior problems or academic skills deficits with positive reinforcement procedures. Several trends in the data suggest that additional behavioral techniques and other target behaviors have been receiving greater attention in recent years. In general, the trends indicate that behavior therapy is expanding in its scope to provide a more balanced coverage of the various target behaviors and treatment methods.
Use of statins in patients with liver disease

Cardiovascular disease is as common in individuals with chronic liver disease as in the general population. Moreover, recent data suggest that patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may have a cardiovascular risk greater than that conferred by the conventional risk factors. There is unequivocal evidence that cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population and thus requires consideration of aggressive therapy with lipid-lowering agents such as statins. Because all statins are hepatically cleared and can cause elevations in liver biochemistries, there is a concern that patients with underlying liver disease may be at increased risk for hepatotoxicity. However, recent data, along with an assessment of statin safety by the Liver Expert Panel, suggest that statins are generally well tolerated in patients with chronic liver disease such as NAFLD, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hepatitis C virus. These drugs also appear to be safe in patients with stable/compensated cirrhosis. However, decompensated cirrhosis and acute liver failure should be considered contraindications for lipid-lowering therapy as these patients are unlikely to benefit because of their generally grave prognosis. Although routine hepatic biochemical test monitoring is recommended, the cost-effectiveness of this approach has been questioned. The benefit of statins in patients with underlying liver disease who are otherwise important candidates for statin therapy far outweighs the risk of a very rare event of serious liver injury.
A top surface imaging method using area selective ALD on chemically amplified polymer photoresist films

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