cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective diffusivity of nonspherical, sedimenting particles

Abstract The coupling of Brownian rotation with sideways drift of nonspherical particles sedimenting in response to an external force Fex results in an effective translational diffusion over and above the Brownian translational diffusion. This paper considers particles possessing an axis of symmetry and a plane of symmetry normal to this axis. The effective translational diffusivity in a plane perpendicular to the external force is shown to be D EFF = Fex2(f1−1 − f2−1)2/64 D R, where f1 is the friction coefficient for translation along the axis of symmetry, f2 is the friction coefficient for translation normal to the axis of symmetry, and D R is the rotary diffusion coefficient. Because of fluctuations of velocity in the direction of Fex with fluctuations in orientation, there is also an effective translational diffusivity for this direction over and above the Brownian translational diffusivity; this is found to be twice the lateral diffusivity. Values of D EFF/ D , where D is the Brownian translational diffusion coefficient, have been computed for particles of several shapes. For example, a cylinder of length L very much greater than its radius yields D EFF/ D = (FexL/32kT)2.
Bangerter foils in the treatment of moderate amblyopia.

To investigate Bangerter foils as an alternative method of treating amblyopia.Thirty-three amblyopic children with vision of 20/60 or better in the amblyopic eye were treated with Bangerter foils. ...
Photophysics of organic emissive semiconductors under hydrostatic pressure

The impact of hydrostatic pressure on conjugated organic semiconductors has been studied using optical spectroscopic techniques. This work focuses on three blue emitters with distinct backbone conformations: planar methylated ladder-type poly para phenylene, semi-planar polyfluorene (PF), and nonplanar para hexaphenyl. The effect of pressure on the backbone emission and defect related emission allows an understanding of the localized, delocalized electronic states and energy transfer mechanisms of the singlet excitons into defect states. The Raman spectrum of the organic emitters under pressure demonstrates changes in the backbone conformation and mesomorphic phases. The Raman peaks in PF exhibit asymmetric Fano-type line shapes beyond 40 kbar, where the defect emission is enhanced.
The cohesiveness of blocks in social networks: Node connectivity and conditional density

This study shows several ways that formal graph theoretic statements map patterns of network ties into substantive hypotheses about social cohesion. If network cohesion is enhanced by multiple connections between members of a group, for example, then the higher the global minimum of the number of independent paths that connect every pair of nodes in the network, the higher the social cohesion. The cohesiveness of a group is also measured by the extent to which it is not disconnected by removal of 1, 2, 3, . . . , k actors. Menger's Theorem proves that these two measures are equivalent. Within this graph theoretic framework, we evaluate various concepts of cohesion and establish the validity of a pair of related measures:.
A Mechanistic Model for End Milling Cutting Forces in Brittle Porous Material

A mechanistic model capable of predicting end milling cutting forces in brittle porous media is described. A coefficient which is capable of reproducing the random shape and variation in cutting forces due to porosity is proposed. In addition, a method of experimental determination of cutting force coefficients is outlined. The proposed model is based on the hypothesis that the random shape and variation in cutting forces of brittle porous media coincide with the shape and variation of pore size and distribution in the media. The developed coefficient and model is compared to end milling tests conducted in CB1100, a porous machinable alumina based ceramic manufactured by UMECO. High correlation between predicted and measured cutting forces is shown. Experiments show that the model is capable of accurate prediction of variation in individual cutting tooth force profile shape and overall magnitude over the entire range of machining conditions tested. The benefit of the model lies in its ability to greatly reduce the number of cutting tests required when investigating cutting forces in novel brittle porous materials.
THE THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE HEAT OF ADSORPTION FOR GASES PHYSICALLY ADSORBED ON CARBON SURFACES

The results of theoretical computations of the differential heat of adsorption for the low boiling gases, nitrogen, argon, neon, orthodeuterium, parahydrogen and helium (He4), adsorbed on a graphite surface are compared with the experimental values which have been observed for these gases adsorbed on finely divided graphitic surfaces. The role of the zero point energy in the heat of adsorption is discussed. In the case of parahydrogen and orthodeuterium, the difference in the zero point energies arising from the difference in masses accounts satisfactorily for the higher heat of adsorption observed for ortho-deuterium. The effect of energy barriers in the surface on the heat of adsorption is considered. For the particular case of a graphitic surface, it is shown that the energy barriers are small, and therefore, a “liquid like” behavior is reasonable for the adsorbed layers. With this behavior as a basis, an application of simple lattice-liquid theory for the characterizing of the differential heat of adsorption on a graphitic surface for surface coverage to approximately two monolayers is carried out.
High-speed photonic analog-to-digital converter

This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of a novel photonic high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) approach and its anticipated performance. Compelling analytic models, experimental dat, and simulation results will convince the reader that the system will achieve the goal of developing an ADC with a resolution on the order of 12-bits and with conversion speeds in excess of 10 Gsps.
Factors influencing sperm transfer and insemination in cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) fed on an artificial membrane system.

Sperm transfer through the epididymis, a prerequisite for insemination of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) was stimulated by exposure of unfed male fleas to juvenile hormone III residues for 3 d at 25 degrees C or exposure of unfed fleas to 37 degrees C for 6 d. Sperm transfer was completed at least three times faster in unfed males held at 37 degrees C than in those held at 25 degrees C. Although percentage sperm transfer in fleas fed water or 0.15 M saline at 37 degrees C was not significantly increased over that of unfed fleas, a significantly greater percentage of blood-fed males completed sperm transfer at 2, 3, and 6 d. At least two factors influenced insemination: exposure of fleas to host body temperature and amount of food consumption. When blood-fed males and females were paired and fed 0.15 M saline, 0% were inseminated at 25 degrees C versus 35% at 37 degrees C. Because percentage insemination did not increase in blood-fed males and females that were paired and fed 0.15 M saline at 37 degrees C for an additional 48 h, continuous bloodfeeding appeared to be required for maximal rates of mating and insemination. Furthermore, no females were inseminated when blood-fed males and females were paired at 37 degrees C and starved. Treatment of unfed fleas with juvenile hormone III did not substitute for bloodfeeding in stimulating mating and insemination; when blood-fed males were paired with JH III-treated females and vice versa and fed 0.15 M saline at 37 degrees C, 0% were inseminated. However, when fleas were fed 0.15 M saline and exposed to 1,250 ppm juvenile hormone III or fed whole blood and exposed to 12.5, 125, or 1,250 ppm juvenile hormone III, percent insemination was significantly increased in comparison to the controls. Therefore, juvenile hormone secretion in blood-fed fleas may regulate mating success indirectly by stimulating sperm transfer.
The Origin of the Moon

Recent studies of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the early solar nebula have provided a basis for a theory of the origin of the moon which is consistent with presently developed views of the origin of the solar system. The hypothesis of inhomogeneous planetary accretion is extended. It is suggested that the anomalous properties of the moon, such as its enrichment in Ca, Al, Ti, and other refractories and its depletion in iron and volatiles can be explained if the bulk of the moon represents a high temperature condensate. It is proposed that the moon is composed chiefly of compounds that condense before iron and that the volatile content of the moon was brought in as a thin veneer after the solar nebula dissipated.
Kinetic mechanism of acetyl-CoA synthase: steady-state synthesis at variable Co/Co2 pressures.

Steady-state initial rates of acetyl-CoA synthesis (υ/[Etot]) catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthase from Clostridium thermoaceticum (ACS) were determined at various partial pressures of CO and CO2. When [CO] was varied from 0 to 100 μM in a balance of Ar, rates increased sharply from 0.3 to 100 min-1. At [CO] > 100 μM, rates declined sharply and eventually stabilized at 10 min-1 at 980 μM CO. Equivalent experiments carried out in CO2 revealed similar inhibitory behavior and residual activity under saturating [CO]. Plots of υ/[Etot] vs [CO2] at different fixed inhibitory [CO] revealed that Vmax/[Etot] (kcat) decreased with increasing [CO]. Plots of υ/[Etot] vs [CO2] at different fixed noninhibitory [CO] showed that Vmax/[Etot] was insensitive to changes in [CO]. Of eleven candidate mechanisms, the simplest one that fit the data best had the following key features: (a) either CO or CO2 (at a designated reductant level and pH) activate the enzyme (E‘ + CO ⇄ E, E‘ + CO2/2e-/2H+ ⇄ E); (b) CO and CO2 are both subst...
The pressure dependence of laminar burning velocity by the spherical bomb method

Abstract The effect of pressure on the burning velocity of four fuel-air and three fuel-oxygen mixtures, all in stoichiometric stoichiometric proportions, was determined using the constant-volume bomb method. Ionization gaps were employed to obtain the flame radius/time data. The pressure range investigated was from 0·2 to 20 atmospheres. Burning velocity values were calculated from flame speed measurements using the recently developed equations of Eschenbach and Agnew. Possible sources of errors which are peculiar to the ionization gap technique of measuring flame speeds are discussed along with the [precautions. taken to minimize their effects.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocols for the Horse

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides the opportunity to evaluate structures within the limbs and head that were previously unable to be visualized in live horses. MR imaging has also enabled osseous and soft tissue structures, visible with radiography and ultrasonography, to be evaluated in greater anatomic and physiologic detail. For MR imaging to provide the most accurate and useful information in horses, it is important that the examinations be standardized. It is also important that collection of the images be performed in the most time-efficient manner. This chapter outlines the imaging planes and sequence selection that are most useful when imaging the limbs and head of the horse using a 1.0 Tesla superconducting magnet with the horse under general anesthesia. With this system, imaging of the head, cranial cervical vertebrae, feet, pasterns, fetlocks, metacarpal and metatarsal regions, carpi, and tarsi is possible in the adult horse. In foals and miniature horses, it is possible to image more proximally on the limbs and more caudally in the cervical vertebrae.
Quantification of inflammatory cellular responses using real-time polymerase chain reaction

The introduction of tissue engineering strategies for the repair and replacement of human body components extends the application and importance of biomaterials. Implanted biomaterials frequently evoke inflammatory responses that are complex and not well understood at present. The goals of this work were to develop improved measurement methods for the quantification of cellular inflammatory responses to biomaterials and obtain data that lead to an enhanced understanding of the ways in which the body responds to the introduction of biomaterials. To evaluate the biocompatibility of materials, we established a system that allows for the analysis and quantitation of cellular inflammatory responses in vitro. In this study, the inflammatory responses of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were analyzed. The cells were incubated with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 8 and 18 h. The analysis of the genetic material obtained from the cells was quantitated using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cell populations treated with LPS or PMMA microspheres singly resulted in an elevation of cytokine levels compared to the untreated control. LPS resulted in a 258-fold increase, while PMMA resulted in an 87.9-fold increase at 8 h. RAW 264.7 cells incubated with LPS and PMMA particles demonstrated a synergistic effect by producing a marked increase in the level of cytokine expression, 336-fold greater than that of the untreated control at 8 h. Fluorescence microscopy studies that assessed cellular viability were also performed and are consistent with the RT-PCR results.
Geometrical Determinations of Photon-Beam Limit Angle (LA) Related to Maximum Pencil-Beam Divergence Angle for Standard Radiotherapy Wedges

Wedge filters constitute a useful type of Beam Modification Devices (BME) in Radiation Therapy. Its use is routinary in both Forward and Inverse Treatment Planning Optimization (ITPO). In previous contributions we presented the exact/approximated path of a Pencil Photon-Beam (AAA Model, Anisothropic Analytic Algorithm), through standard manufacturing alloy wedges. It was found a so-defined Limit-Angle (LA), beyond of which the outpoint of the beam is located improperly at the lateral side of the wedge. LA exists because of the photon-beam physical divergence phenomenon. In this paper we carry out the Geometrical and Analytical determination of the LA in function of the beam divergence angle, collimator output distance, and the size parameters of the wedge filter. Two methods are used, Geometrical and Analytical. A series of Mathematical Formulations for LAs, is shown with basic approximations according to the industrial manufacturing wedge standards. Formulation is verified with Optimization Mathematical Methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Blends of polycarbonate and poly(hexamethylene sebacate): IV. Polymer blend intrinsic viscosity behavior and its relationship to solid‐state blend compatibility

The intrinsic viscosities of blends of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and poly(hexamethylene sebacate) have been measured in chloroform as a function of blend composition for a variety of molecular weight species. The compatibility of the polymer blend mixtures is characterized by the parameter δb, from the Krigbaum and Wall theory. Using Tg of the blend as a measure of bulk solid-state compatibility, a correlation is obtained with the Krigbaum and Wall parameter δb for each of the molecular weight pairs studied. Slopes of the correlation are invariant, as expected, as the chemical composition is the same for the different molecular weight pairs studied.
Regional Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature Change: A Source of Uncertainty in Future Projections of Precipitation and Atmospheric Circulation*

AbstractPrecipitation change in response to global warming has profound impacts on environment for life but is highly uncertain. Effects of sea surface temperature (SST) warming on the response of rainfall and atmospheric overturning circulation are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulations. The SST warming is decomposed into a spatially uniform SST increase (SUSI) and deviations from it. The SST pattern effect is found to be important in explaining both the multimodel ensemble mean distribution and intermodel variability of rainfall change over tropical oceans. In the ensemble mean, the annual rainfall change follows a “warmer-get-wetter” pattern, increasing where the SST warming exceeds the tropical mean, and vice versa. Two SST patterns stand out both in the ensemble mean and intermodel variability: an equatorial peak anchoring a local precipitation increase and a meridional dipole mode with increased rainfall and weakened trade winds over the warmer hemisphere. These two mod...
Cytochalasin-B: effects on cytokinesis, glycogen and 3 H-D-gluconse incorporation.

Time-lapse pictures of He La cells grown in a medium with low concentrations of Cytochalasin-B revealed that during division furrowing proceeds normally until the mid-body forms. Only then was the centripetal contraction of the furrow blocked. In time the contracted furrow relaxed, resulting in a binucleated cell. Cytochalasin-B exerted a profound depression on the level of glycogen in the cells and on the incorporation of 3H-D-glucose into glycogen, glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharides. These observations suggest that sensitivity to the drug may be due more to interference with glucose uptake and utilization than to disruption of putative contractile microfilaments in the cell cortex.
Epitaxial growth of CdSexTe1−x thin films on Si(1 0 0) by molecular beam epitaxy using lattice mismatch graded structures

Abstract CdSeTe epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (1 0 0)-oriented vicinal silicon wafers. By controlling the growth conditions, either multiple-phase or single-phase epilayers could be deposited. In this paper we present a detailed investigation of the structure of a single-phase CdSeTe epilayer using X-ray diffraction, Rutherford back scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Photoreflectance and photocurrent results are also presented.
Fiber Transmission of Picosecond Pulsed Laser Beam

The transmission of kilowatt level, picosecond laser pulses through a 100-ft large mode area polarization maintaining optical fiber is experimentally studied for laser based ion-beam diagnostics at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS).
Cardiac arrhythmia classification: A heart-beat interval-Markov chain approach

Abstract A sequence of heart-beat intervals (R-R wave intervals) is automatically transformed into a three-symbol Markov chain sequence. For convenience the symbols used may be thought of as S-R-L for short, regular, and long heart-beat intervals, respectively. The probability that the observed sequence was generated by each of a set of prototype models characteristic of different cardiac disorders is computed. That prototype corresponding to the largest probability of observed sequence generation is designated as the disorder. This procedure is the equivalent of Kullback's classification by the minimization of directed divergence procedure. In a preliminary experiment primarily using data sequences of 100 heart-beat intervals, 35 different known cases were automatically classified into six cardiac disorders without error. The disorders considered were atrial fibrillation, APC and VPC, bigeminy, sinus tachycardia with occasional bigeminy, sinus tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia.
Non-enzymatic and enzymatic hydrolysis of alkyl halides: A haloalkane dehalogenation enzyme evolved to stabilize the gas-phase transition state of an SN2 displacement reaction

The semiempirical PM3 method, calibrated against ab initio HF/6–31+G(d) theory, has been used to elucidate the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) with the carboxylate of Asp-124 at the active site of haloalkane dehalogenase of Xanthobacter autothropicus. Asp-124 and 13 other amino acid side chains that make up the active site cavity (Glu-56, Trp-125, Phe-128, Phe-172, Trp-175, Leu-179, Val-219, Phe-222, Pro-223, Val-226, Leu-262, Leu-263, and His-289) were included in the calculations. The three most significant observations of the present study are that: (i) the DCE substrate and Asp-124 carboxylate, in the reactive ES complex, are present as an ion-molecule complex with a structure similar to that seen in the gas-phase reaction of AcO− with DCE; (ii) the structures of the transition states in the gas-phase and enzymatic reaction are much the same where the structure formed at the active site is somewhat exploded; and (iii) the enthalpies in going from ground states to transition states in the enzymatic and gas-phase reactions differ by only a couple kcal/mol. The dehalogenase derives its catalytic power from: (i) bringing the electrophile and nucleophile together in a low-dielectric environment in an orientation that allows the reaction to occur without much structural reorganization; (ii) desolvation; and (iii) stabilizing the leaving chloride anion by Trp-125 and Trp-175 through hydrogen bonding.
Non-uniform labelling of geraniol biosynthesized from 14CO2 in Pelargonium graveolens

Abstract Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens ) cuttings were exposed to a 2 hr pulse of 14 CO 2 then allowed to metabolize the label in circulating air for an additional 22 hr. Geraniol isolated from cuttings 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr after the start of the experiment revealed the label in this compound to suffer substantial turnover. Chemical degradation of the labelled geraniol to yield the C 3 -isopropylidene fragment showed the distribution of label favored the isopentenyl pyrophosphate-derived half of the molecule. Between 2 and 12 hr of the time-course the distribution of label between the halves of the molecule showed the proportion of label associated with the isopentenyl pyrophosphate-derived half to increase to 78 %. From 12 to 24 hr this preferential labelling declined and approached an equal distribution between the halves. Hypotheses presented to rationalize these observations include the existence of a dimethylallyl pyrophosphate pool and multiple compartments of isoprenoid biosynthesis.
Krüppel-like factors: Three fingers in control

Kruppel-like factors (KLFs), members of the zinc-finger family of transcription factors capable of binding GC-rich sequences, have emerged as critical regulators of important functions all over the body. They are characterised by a highly conserved C-terminal DNA-binding motif containing three C2H2 zinc-finger domains, with variable N-terminal regulatory domains. Currently, there are 17 KLFs annotated in the human genome. In spite of their structural similarity to one another, the genes encoding different KLFs are scattered all over the genome. By virtue of their ability to activate and/or repress the expression of a large number of genes, KLFs regulate a diverse array of developmental events and cellular processes, such as erythropoiesis, cardiac remodelling, adipogenesis, maintenance of stem cells, epithelial barrier formation, control of cell proliferation and neoplasia, flow-mediated endothelial gene expression, skeletal and smooth muscle development, gluconeogenesis, monocyte activation, intestinal and conjunctival goblet cell development, retinal neuronal regeneration and neonatal lung development. Characteristic features, nomenclature, evolution and functional diversities of the human KLFs are reviewed here.
The Drosophila Polycomb Group Gene pleiohomeotic Encodes a DNA Binding Protein with Homology to the Transcription Factor YY1

Genes of the Polycomb group (PcG) of Drosophila encode proteins necessary for the maintenance of transcriptional repression of homeotic genes. PcG proteins are thought to act by binding as multiprotein complexes to DNA through Polycomb group response elements (PREs); however, specific DNA binding has not been demonstrated for any of the PcG proteins. We have identified a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that interacts with a PRE from the Drosophila engrailed gene. This protein (PHO) is a homolog of the ubiquitous mammalian transcription factor Yin Yang-1 and is encoded by pleiohomeotic, a known member of the PcG. We propose that PHO acts to anchor PcG protein complexes to DNA.
Repeated respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in mice: effect of host genetic background

Respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) infection is involved in several acute and chronic lung diseases including community-acquired pneumonia, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the chronic disease process, recurrent respiratory bacterial infections could occur, which may result in varying degrees of symptoms and lung inflammation among patients. However, the lung immunologic differences of host responses to repeated bacterial (i.e., Mp) infections remain to be determined. In the present study, we examined cellular and humoral responses to multiple (up to 3) Mp infections in two genetically different strains of mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6). Mice were intranasally inoculated with one Mp infection, two or three Mp infections (4 weeks apart), and sacrificed on days 3, 7 and 14 after the last Mp infection. Overall, compared to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice demonstrated a significantly higher degree of lung tissue inflammatory cell infiltrate, BAL cellularity, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC, a mouse homolog of human chemokine Gro-alpha [CXCL1], and IFN-gamma). In addition, BALB/c mice presented higher levels of serum Mp-specific IgG and IgM, but not IgA. Consistently with lung and serum data, Mp load in BAL and lung specimens was significantly higher in BALB/c mice than C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, repeated Mp infections in BALB/c, but not C57BL/6 mice, produced a greater inflammatory response than did a single Mp infection. Our results suggest that hosts with different genetic background may have different susceptibility to repeated respiratory Mp infections along with inflammatory responses.
Relationship Between Antenatal Steroid Administration and Blood Pressure Regulation in Preterm Infants 1054

Increases in neonatal blood pressure (BP) have been reported to occur with antenatal steroid (ANS) administration for fetal lung maturation in some, but not all reports. Prior to 5/1/94, ANS were used rarely at Parkland Memorial Hospital. However, after that date ANS were commonly used for pregnancies between 24-34wk gestation. To study the relationship between ANS use and neonatal BP regulation in the first 72h after birth, we examined infants with birth weight (BW) ≤1500g. 70 neonates born between 5/1/94 and 4/30/95 were exposed to ANS (Group I) and were compared with 46 matched non-exposed infants born between 5/1/93 and 4/30/94 (Group II). Infants were matched for BW(1166±253g vs 1100±241g; mean±SD), gestational age(28.7±2.1wks vs 28.9±1.8wks), gender and race. The groups were comparable for route of delivery, method of measuring BP (direct vs oscillometric), frequency of RDS, surfactant Rx, need for assisted ventilation, airleak, and fluid intake. There were no significant differences between Groups for systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) or mean (MBP) BP at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h after birth (Table:mmHg). Further, the need for volume and/or pressor support did not differ significantly, 11.4% vs 6.5%, respectively. When only Group I infants whose mothers received ≥3 doses of ANS (N=35) were examined, there still were no differences between groups. BP differences were not observed when infants with BW ≤750g or≤1000g were analyzed. We conclude from these results that ANS did not modify the initial BP, subsequent BP measurements during the first 72h after birth, the rate of rise of neonatal BP in the first 72h postnatally, or the use of volume expanders or pressor agents in infants ≤1500g BW.
Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

In this article, we advocate the need for better understanding and treatment of children exhibiting inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive behaviors, by in-depth questioning on sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing or problematic behaviors at bedtime, during the night and upon awakening, as well as night-to-night sleep duration variability. The relationships between sleep and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are complex and are routinely overlooked by practitioners. Motricity and somnolence, the most consistent complaints and objectively measured sleep problems in children with ADHD, may develop as a consequence of multidirectional and multifactorial pathways. Therefore, subjectively perceived or reported restless sleep should be evaluated with specific attention to restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder, and awakenings should be queried with regard to parasomnias, dyssomnias and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep hygiene logs detailing sleep onset and offset quantitatively, as well as qualitatively, are required. More studies in children with ADHD are needed to reveal the 24-h phenotype, or its sleep comorbidities.
Depressive Symptoms and Diabetes Control in African Americans

This study of African Americans with diabetes investigated: (1) the relationship between depressive symptoms and glycemic control; (2) the relationship between depressive symptoms and long-term diabetes complications; (3) the relationship between depressive symptoms and medication usage; and (4) the effects of demographic and diabetes variables on these relationships. One-hundred twenty five African American diabetic adults who were attending health fairs reported demographic and medical history and provided blood samples for A1c assessment of glycemic control. They also completed the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression questionnaire, and the Diabetes Self-Care Inventory. After controlling for confounders, higher depressive symptoms were associated with higher A1c, more long-term diabetes complications, and more diabetes medications. Diabetes self-care did not fully account for these relationships. The relationship between depression and poor diabetes control exists in African Americans as it does in Whites. Providers are encouraged to attend to depression in their African American patients with diabetes.
Market rationality and dividend announcements

Abstract We investigate stock market rationality by examining the timeliness and unbiasedness of the market's response to dividend announcements. Our initial findings for market timeliness show a sluggish market reaction to dividend announcements; however, when the ex-dividend effect is controlled for, we find no evidence of a sluggish market reaction. We examine the unbiasedness of the market's response by testing whether the net announcement effect across a sample that is devoid of ex-post selection bias sums to zero. We observe a significant positive net announcement effect and examine several plausible conjectures for this puzzling phenomenon, but none provides a satisfactory explanation.
Predictors of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes in Tennessee

In planning and implementing programs to treat substance abuse, it is important to understand which factors influence post-treatment abstinence. This article identifies and analyzes several variables important in predicting the likelihood of abstinence among substance abuse clients. The data used in this study was collected from 1,350 clients treated for alcohol or drug abuse in residential, halfway house, or outpatient facilities in Tennessee. We analyzed 22 variables as possible treatment outcome predictors by using two statistical procedures: stepwise logistic regression analysis and Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree (QUEST) analysis, a tree-structured classification algorithm analysis. We found one pre-treatment, five in-treatment, and three post-treatment variables to be significant predictors of treatment outcome: previous treatment history, perceived helpfulness of the treatment, simultaneous treatment for mental health, number of days in treatment, completion of treatment, special skills training during treatment, obtaining healthcare services for major physical health problem after treatment, living with someone using alcohol or drugs post treatment, and arrest record since treatment.
On the failure of ‘meaning’: Bible reading in the anthropology of Christianity

In this article I contribute to research in the anthropology of Christianity by exploring the practice of group Bible reading. I focus on the analytical category of ‘meaning’ and what happens when readers continually fail to produce defined, resolved readings of particular Biblical texts. To investigate these issues I draw on ethnographic fieldwork with a Missouri-Synod Lutheran men's group in the Midwestern United States, and their 12-week study of the book of Proverbs. Based on in-depth analyses of group interactions, I argue that, despite the lingering of multiple and conflicting interpretations, the search for meaning encodes a distinct set of cultural concerns. For example, presuppositions about the Bible's authority, textuality and relevance, and notions of religious identity are embedded within the group's interpretive discourse. Following research in the recent volume The limits of meaning, I maintain that ‘meaning’ is best conceptualized as a process that unfolds through social practice rather th...
Patient reporting of seizure exacerbation near the time of menses helps distinguish epileptic from nonepileptic seizures

The purpose of this study was to determine whether patient reporting of a relationship between seizure exacerbation and menses helps distinguish premenopausal women with epileptic seizures from those with nonepileptic seizures (NES). We reviewed the responses to the question "What tends to bring on your seizures?", administered during the initial evaluation of women ages 18–45 years with epileptic seizures ( n = 27) and NES ( n = 38) at our outpatient clinic. Only one out of 38 women with NES versus 13 of 27 women with epilepsy reported a relationship of seizures with the menstrual cycle ( p = .0001). Other precipitants identified for seizure exacerbation such as stress, or emotional upset, did not distinguish these two groups. Patient reporting of a relationship between seizure exacerbation and menses can help distinguish epileptic from NES in premenopausal women.
Recognition and management of accessory mitral tissue causing severe subaortic stenosis

Abstract Failure to recognize the presence of accessory mitral tissue causing subaortic stenosis can lead to not only the performance of inappropriate operations, but the persistence and recurrence of obstruction or even death. Over a 12-month period, we treated 2 children with severe subaortic stenosis caused by accessory mitral tissue. In 1 patient, who was 4 years old, the echocardiogram showed the accessory mitral tissue to be attached to the anterior mitral leaflet and ballooning into the subaortic area. The other patient, as a newborn, underwent simultaneous repair of a complete canal defect and coarctation. Two years later, the patient was seen because of syncopal episodes, progressive mitral insufficiency, and subaortic stenosis thought to be caused by anterior displacement of the anterior mitral leaflet. Mitral valvuloplasty and a conal enlargement procedure were planned. Intraoperatively, after the mitral valvuloplasty had been done, the subaortic stenosis was found to be due to a tight subaortic ring formed by accessory mitral tissue located at the septum and its fibrous extension to the anterior mitral leaflet. In both patients, excision of the accessory mitral and fibrous tissues resulted in a wide-open subaortic area. Both patients had an uneventful hospital course, and follow-up echocardiography showed no noteworthy residual left ventricular outflow gradient. We believe that increased awareness and sophisticated edchocardiographic techniques should lead to an increased recognition of accessory mitral tissue causing subaortic stenosis. Simple resection of the accessory mitral tissue and its secondary fibrous tissues can be curative.
Prolongation and potentiation of oral codeine analgesia in the rat.

Summary1. The reaction product of codeine and appropriate synthetic ion exchange resins has been demonstrated to possess analgetic properties of codeine. The resin-complex has a longer duration of action than does soluble forms of the drug. 2. Codeine analgesia has been potentiated by methylatropine and 2-methyl-3-orthotolyl-4-quinazolone. Both the resin complex and soluble salt forms of codeine are potentiated by these agents. 3. Resin reaction products of methylatropine and 2-methyl-3-orthotolyl-4-quinazolone have been prepared. Both of the drug resin combinations exhibit prolongation of action, including the property of codeine potentiation, the latter drug beng more potent in this respect. 4. Combinations of codeine-resin complex and of methylatropine or 2-methyl-3-orthotolyl-4-quinazolone in resin complex form are potent, long acting analgesics in the rat. 5. Analgesiometric data obtained in the rat by the D'Amour-Smith method have been treated so as to express both duration and intensity of action. ...
Everolimus plus exemestane for the treatment of advanced breast cancer: a review of subanalyses from BOLERO-2.

Hormone receptor–positive breast cancer is typically managed with endocrine therapies. However, resistance to endocrine therapy results in disease progression in a large proportion of breast cancers. Through the understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine resistance, identification of implicated pathways and targets has led to the development of novel agents targeting these pathways. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway aberrations are common in breast cancer, with increased PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling associated with resistance to endocrine and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–targeted therapies. The mTOR inhibitor everolimus, in combination with exemestane, has been approved for patients with advanced hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative breast cancer who progress on prior nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor therapy based on results reported in the Breast Cancer Trials of Oral Everolimus-2 (BOLERO-2) study. This review will summarize the overall findings from BOLERO-2 and will consider available subanalyses by age, Asian origin, visceral or bone metastases, and prior therapy, with the aim of identifying populations most likely to benefit from everolimus therapy. The review will also summarize safety findings and their management and the effects of everolimus on quality of life.
Extending Groups by Monoids

A study is made of the problem of extending groups by monoids. Given a group K and a monoid Q, a category Ext(Q, K) is defined and studied by means of functors, natural transformations, factor systems, and various homological concepts which generalize from group extension theory. Comparisons are made between group-by-monoid extensions and both group extensions and Zkoextensions of monoids. In this paper we study normal extensions of a group K by a monoid Q. By a normal extension of K by Q is meant a monoid S containing K in its group of units G(S) so that K is a normal subgroup of S and S/K 2 Q. We study such extensions by reducing various questions we may ask about them to questions involving functors, natural transformations, and the computations of certain cocycle and cohomology groups. In this aspect our study will be quite similar to classical group cohomology theory as found in Chap. 4 of PI* As was shown in [5], the part of monoid theory corresponding to group extension theory is R-coextension theory. For Z-coextensions, most of the concepts of group extension theory and group cohomology generalize. However, there is only modest success in generalizing many of the cohomological results to R-coextensions. This is not the case for the subject of this paper. Almost all of the results of classical group cohomology can be successfully generalized. Hence group-by-monoid extension theory is in some sense a halfway point between group extension theory and Z-coextension theory. Thus this extension theory should prove to be useful in establishing the structural similarities and differences between the Schreier-EilenbergMacLane theory of group extensions and R-coextension theory for monoids. The first section of this paper is comprised mainly of definitions and some basic lemmas. In particular, the definition is given of the extension category, Ext(Q, K). In the second section, which consists of the main part of this paper, we study this category by means of a generalized Schreier-Eilenberg
The effects of acute hypertriglyceridemia and high levels of free fatty acids on left ventricular function

The effects of acute hypertriglyceridemia and of high levels of free fatty acids on the left ventricular ejection fraction were studied by radionuclide ventriculography in 20 subjects with and without coronary artery disease. An infusion of approximately 125 ml of a 20% fat emulsion over 25 minutes resulted in an increase of plasma triglycerides to the mean of 820 mg/dl and a fall of the left ventricular ejection fraction from the baseline mean of 62% to 58% (p less than 0.05). Ninety minutes after the intravenous administration of 5000 units of heparin, plasma free fatty acids rose to the mean of 4.6 mmol/L and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction increased to 69% (p less than 0.001). The observed changes in blood lipids were not associated with clinical or ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia. We conclude that acute hypertriglyceridemia causes slight depression of left ventricular performance, while high levels of free fatty acids augment it. However, neither hypertriglyceridemia per se nor its rapid conversion to free fatty acids are likely to cause angina in stable patients with coronary artery disease.
True incidence and clinical significance of pneumoperitoneum after PEG placement: a prospective study

Background PEG is a widely used method for providing nutritional support. Although pneumoperitoneum is a known finding after PEG placement, its true incidence is subject to debate. Small retrospective studies have found varied rates of free air after PEG placement. Patients There were a total of 65 patients. Objective To assess the true incidence of pneumoperitoneum and its clinical significance. Design Prospective study. Setting Long Island Jewish Medical Center. Interventions We obtained upright and anterior-posterior chest radiographs of 65 patients within 3 hours after PEG placement. Type of PEG tube, gauge of the needle used, number of sticks, and indications were recorded. The presence of pneumoperitoneum on the initial chest film was considered to be a positive finding. After a positive result, a repeat chest film was obtained 72 hours later to determine whether there was progression or resolution of the free air. Patients enrolled in the study were also monitored clinically for evidence of peritonitis. Main Outcome Of the 65 patients who underwent PEG placement, 13 developed a pneumoperitoneum on the initial chest radiograph; there was complete resolution of pneumoperitoneum at 72 hours in 10 of the 13 patients. In 3 patients, the free air persisted but was of no clinical significance. Measurements The free air was quantified by measuring the height of the air column under the diaphragm and was graded with a scoring system (0, no air; 1, small; 2, moderate; 3, large). Results Eleven patients who underwent PEG died during the hospitalization; none of the deaths were related to the PEG placement or pneumoperitoneum. The other 54 patients were discharged to a skilled nursing facility. No patients in the study had clinical evidence of peritonitis. There were no adverse events, ie, infection or bleeding, associated with the PEG placement in any of the patients. Conclusions Our data suggest that pneumoperitoneum after PEG placement is common and, in the absence of clinical symptoms, is of no clinical significance and does not warrant any further intervention.
Parallel analysis of large graph-structured data in genomics and proteomics

This talk presents two new software tools that our research group is developing: lark, a de novo genome assembler, and FASCIA, a tool to approximately count and enumerate network motifs. Our de novo genome assembly approach involves construction, traversal, and simplification of de Bruijn graphs on large multicore clusters. We present new parallelization strategies and optimizations for various steps of the assembly process, focusing on techniques for scalable de Bruijn graph construction from short-read data. We demonstrate the parallel efficiency and scalability of our assembler with performance results and analysis of several recent metagenomic data sets. The problem of subgraph counting refers to determining the frequency of occurrence of a given subgraph or template within a large network. Subgraph counting is used to detect and characterize local structure (network motifs) in several biological networks, including protein interaction networks and metabolic networks. Exhaustive enumeration and exact counting is extremely compute-intensive, with running time growing exponentially with the number of vertices in the template. In FASCIA, we combine parallelism with the color coding technique to determine approximate counts of non-induced occurrences of the subgraph in the original network. The color coding technique gives a fast approximate algorithm for this problem, using a dynamic programming-based counting approach. Our new contributions are a multilevel shared-memory parallelization of the counting scheme and several optimizations to reduce the memory footprint. We show that approximate counts can be obtained for templates with up to 12 vertices, on networks with up to millions of vertices and edges.
Computed tomography of liver trauma due to surgical retraction

Focal hepatic abnormalities demonstrated with computerized tomography (CT] and related to trauma have been reported [l-5]. One case of diffuse hepatic infarction secondary to vascular compromise has also been reported [6]. We wish to describe a case of surgically induced liver trauma and emphasize that the CT image changes in the appearance of the liver parenchyma may be secondary to such trauma and not represent metastatic disease, infection, or focal fatty infiltration in the early postoperative period.
FISH OSMOREGULATE WITH OUABAIN

![Figure][1] OSMOREGULATION Ouabain, a potent inhibitor of the enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase, is known to be a steroid hormone in mammals that is involved in blood pressure and volume regulation. Recently, a group from the University of Hawaii examined whether ouabain also acts as a hormone in fish
Institutional Change and American Economic Growth: A critique of Davis and North

Lance Davis and Douglass North’s Institutional Change and American Economic Growth’ redirects (at least in its title) the emphasis of the profession back 50 years to the days when Ely, Commons, and Veblen pondered the evolution of economic institutions. In the first four chapters Davis and North develop a theory which they proceed to apply to major historical issues ranging from the growth of unions to the development of financial markets. Their theory is a blend and extension of recent developments in the theories of public choice, property rights, and technological change. Individuals combining in primary action groups and seeking profits provide the moving force leading to institutional change in Davis and North’s mode1.2 Innovators will be able to profit mainly by capturing scale economies, internalizing externalities, reducing risks, lowering transaction costs, or by redistributing income. The speed with which primary action groups will seize an opportunity and develop new institutions depends on a host of factors affecting the perceived benefits and costs of the innovations. For example, the greater the profits, or the easier the organizational problems, the faster will new innovations develop. Davis and North divide the world into two parts consisting of exogenous variables, the entire set of which make up the institutional environment, and endogenous variables, which they call institutional arrangements. They define the institutional environment as: