cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) factor analytic research to date has not provided a clear consensus on the structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Seven hypothesized factor structures were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, a paper-and-pencil measure of posttraumatic stress symptom severity, in a sample of 1,218 women who experienced a broad range of workplace sexual harassment. The model specifying correlated re-experiencing, effortful avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal factors provided the best fit to the data. Virtually no support was obtained for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) three-factor model of re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal factors. Different patterns of correlations with external variables were found for the avoidance and emotional numbing factors, providing further validation of the supported model.
1-(3′-methoxy-4′-hydroxy benzyl) 6–7 dimethoxy isoquinoline, a major metabolite of papaverine

An Glukoronsaure gebundenes 1-(3′-Methoxy-4′-hydroxy-phenyl)-6, 7-dimethoxy-chinolin ist als Metabolit des Papaverins beim Menschen und bei Saugetieren erkannt und isoliert worden. Ein in den Lebermikrosomen enthaltenes Ferment, dassauerstoff-und TPNH-abhangig ist, bewirkt die Methoxylspaltung, und ein weiteres Ferment ubertragt die Glukuronsaure aus ihrer Verbindung mit Uridinphosphat auf die entstandene phenolische Verbindung.
Microscopic calculation of the dynamic structure function in the deep-inelastic regime

We study the dynamic structure function S(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) of Bose liquids in the asymptotic limit k,\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} at constant y==(m/k)(\ensuremath{\omega}-${\mathit{k}}^{2}$/2m), using the orthogonal correlated basis of Feynman phonon states. This approach has been traditionally and successfully used to study the S(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) at small k,\ensuremath{\omega}, and it appears possible to develop it further to obtain a unified theory of S(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) at all k and \ensuremath{\omega}. In the present work, we prove within this approach that the S(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) scales exactly in the k,\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} limit, as is well known. We also show that, within a very good approximation, the scaling function J(y) is determined solely by the static structure function S(q) of the liquid. In contrast, the traditional approach to the S(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) at large k,\ensuremath{\omega} is based on the impulse approximation (IA), and the ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{IA}}$(y) is solely determined by the momentum distribution n(q) of the particles in the liquid. In weakly interacting systems, where the IA is exact, we show that the J(y) calculated from the Feynman phonon basis is identical to the ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{IA}}$(y). The theory is applied to liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and the J(y) is calculated using the experimental S(q). This J(y) is quite similar to the ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{IA}}$(y) obtained from the theoretical n(q) of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. A number of technical developments in orthogonal-correlated-basis theories are reported.
Evaluation of bone mineral density using three-dimensional solid state phosphorus-31 NMR projection imaging.

A solid state magnetic resonance imaging technique is used to measure true three-dimensional mineral density of synthetic hydroxyapatite phantoms and specimens of bone ex vivo. The phosphorus-31 free induction decay at 2.0 T magnetic field strength is sampled following application of a short, hard radiofrequency excitation pulse in the presence of a fixed amplitude magnetic field gradient. Multiple gradient directions covering the unit sphere are used in an efficient spherical polar to Cartesian interpolation and Fourier transform projection reconstruction scheme to image the three-dimensional distribution of phosphorus within the specimen. Using 3–6 Gauss/cm magnetic field gradients, a spatial resolution of 0.2 cm over a field of view of 10 cm is achieved in an imaging time of 20–35 minutes. Comparison of solid state magnetic resonance imaging with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), gravimetric analysis, and chemical analysis of calcium and phosphorus demonstrates good quantitative accuracy. Direct measurement of bone mineral by solid state magnetic resonance opens up the possibility of imaging variations in mineral composition as well as density. Advantages of the solid state magnetic resonance technique include avoidance of ionizing radiation; direct measurement of a constituent of the mineral without reliance on assumptions about, or models of, tissue composition; the absence of shielding, beam hardening, or multiple scattering artifacts; and its three-dimensional character. Disadvantages include longer measurement times and lower spatial resolution than DXA and computed tomography, and the inability to scan large areas of the body in a single measurement, although spatial resolution is sufficient to resolve cortical from trabecular bone for the purpose of measuring bone mineral density.
The non-transitivity of the contingent and occasional identity relations

This paper establishes that the occasional identity relation and the contingent identity relation are both non-transitive and as such are not properly classified as identity relations. This is achieved by appealing to cases where multiple fissions and fusions occur simultaneously. These cases show that the contingent and occasional identity relations do not even satisfy the time-indexed and world-indexed versions of the transitivity requirement and hence are non-transitive relations.
Electricity company managers’ views of environmental issues: Implications for environmental groups and government

Abstract The electricity industry's environmental impacts are a matter of acute interest to many outsiders, including government and environmental groups—and they have sought to affect those impacts through regulations, public pressure, and technical assistance. These approaches reflect outsiders’ intuitive theories regarding the industry's goals, practices, and capabilities. The research reported here provides a systematic insiders’ view on these processes, based on in-depth interviews with 70 middle managers in two electricity companies heavily reliant on coal. It finds managers sincerely committed to environmental action, but often frustrated by confusing regulatory requirements, perceived costs, and other challenges. It identifies ways of enabling middle managers to act on their commitment, with lessons relevant for outside groups and those within companies seeking to effect change.
Using ORBIT for evaluating wireless content-centric network transport

Evaluation of Content-Centric Networking (CCN) transport protocols, especially over wireless networks, brings about new requirements for testbeds. Typical CCN transport features such as hop-by-hop transfer, caching support, and receiver-driven traffic and congestion control differ significantly from those of classical transport protocols, most notably TCP. In this paper, we highlight an implementation of a transport protocol designed specifically for CCN and demonstrating its over-the-air, real time operation using ORBIT - an open access platform maintained by WINLAB, Rutgers University, USA.
Methodological issues and challenges in data collection and analysis of qualitative meta-synthesis

Qualitative meta-synthesis is an emerging method for synthesis of findings of qualitative studies. Based on a qualitative meta-synthesis study on the lived experiences of immigrant Asian nurses working in Western countries (Xu, 2007), this paper discusses several methodological issues and challenges encountered during the data collection and analysis processes and strategies used to resolve them. These issues and challenges include, but are not limited to: adequacy of qualifying studies and inclusion criteria; availability and accessibility of qualified studies; publication bias; quality versus quantity of primary studies; studies containing both quantitative and qualitative data; studies based on identical samples; separation of relevant data for analysis; and validity of synthesis findings. The strategies used (or desired) to resolve these issues and challenges were illustrated with exemplars from the published meta-synthesis study. This paper argues and concludes that: (a) the quality of qualified available studies is more essential for a qualitative meta-synthesis study and the quality versus quantity issue must be dealt with in context and perspective; (b) creativity and flexibility consistent with the principles and spirit of qualitative inquiry is required in resolving these issues; and (c) working within multiple constraints, the meta-synthesist frequently has to settle with less than ideal solutions during the research process in the real world.
The effect of lauryl alcohol on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The effect of addition of lauryl alcohol was determined on the rate at which oil was separated in an ultracentrifuge from emulsions of Nujol and of olive oil in water, stabilized with 0.2% or 0.4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In a Nujol-water-0.2% SDS emulsion with a specific interfacial area of 1.08 × 10 4 cm 2 /ml emulsified oil the stability increases with added lauryl alcohol up to 56% on the basis of the SDS, after which it remains constant. The stability of the olive oil-water-SDS emulsions is unaffected by addition of lauryl alcohol. Calculations show that the increase in stability of the Nujol emulsions can be attributed to adsorption of lauryl alcohol on areas of the oil-water interface not occupied by adsorbed SDS. The absence of any stabilizing effect in the case of the olive oil emulsions is attributed to the greater solubility of lauryl alcohol in olive oil than in Nujol.
Source and movement of helium in the eastern Morongo groundwater Basin: The influence of regional tectonics on crustal and mantle helium fluxes

Abstract We assess the role of fracturing and seismicity on fluid-driven mass transport of helium using groundwaters from the eastern Morongo Basin (EMB), California, USA. The EMB, located ∼200 km east of Los Angeles, lies within a tectonically active region known as the Eastern California Shear Zone that exhibits both strike-slip and extensional deformation. Helium concentrations from 27 groundwaters range from 0.97 to 253.7 × 10−7 cm3 STP g−1H2O, with corresponding 3He/4He ratios falling between 1.0 and 0.26 RA (where RA is the 3He/4He ratio of air). All groundwaters had helium isotope ratios significantly higher than the crustal production value of ∼0.02 RA. Dissolved helium concentrations were resolved into components associated with solubility equilibration, air entrainment, in situ production within the aquifer, and extraneous fluxes (both crustal and mantle derived). All samples contained a mantle helium-3 (3Hem) flux in the range of 4.5 to 1351 × 10−14 cm3 STP 3He cm−2 yr−1 and a crustal flux (J0) between 0.03 and 300 × 10−7 cm3 STP 4He cm−2 yr−1. Groundwaters from the eastern part of the basin contained significantly higher 3Hem and deep crustal helium-4 (4Hedc) concentrations than other areas, suggesting a localized source for these components. 4Hedc and 3Hem are strongly correlated, and are associated with faults in the basin. A shallow thermal anomaly in a >3,000 m deep graben in the eastern basin suggests upflow of fluids through active faults associated with extensional tectonics. Regional tectonics appears to drive large scale crustal fluid transport, whereas episodic hydrofracturing provides an effective mechanism for mantle-crust volatile transport identified by variability in the magnitude of degassing fluxes (3Hem and J0) across the basin.
First and midtrimester abortion with intramuscular injections of Sulprostone

An intramuscular injection of a newer PGE2 analogue (Sulprostone) was given to fifty-seven patients for a late first or second trimester abortion. The drug was injected in doses of 500 microgram every 6 hours for a maximum of 24 hours. Fifty-two patients aborted. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was similar to patients receiving intramuscular 15-methyl PGF2 alpha and there were no serious complications.
The past, present, and future of sex segregation methodoloqy

We review the logic underlying margin-free analyses of sex segregation arrays. In the course of our review, we show that the Karmel-MacLachlan decomposition does not live up to its margin-free billing, as the index upon which it rests, Ip, is itself margin-sensitive. Moreover, because the implicit individualism of D is necessarily inconsistent with margin-free analysis, the field would do well to abandon not merely the Karmel-MacLachlan decomposition but all related efforts to purge marginal dependencies from D-inspired measures. The criticisms that Watts (1998) levels against our log-multiplicative approach are likewise unconvincing. We demonstrate that our preferred models pass the test of organizational equivalence, that the “problem⤎ of zero cells can be solved by applying well-developed methods for ransacking incomplete or sparse tables, and that simple log-multiplicative models can be readily devised to analyze disaggregate arrays. We illustrate these conclusions by analyzing a new cross-national archive of detailed segregation data.
Discerning Immunity for Governmental Entities: Analyzing Legislative Choices

In 2006, three disagreements about the scope of immunity for governmental entities were considered by the U.S. Supreme Court. Governmental entities were seeking to avoid liability for their actions, claiming the defense of sovereign immunity. Other lawsuits involving governmental immunity under state constitutional and statutory provisions disclose controversies concerning the responsibilities of governments to injured persons. The complicated jurisprudence governing immunity for governmental entities shows two alternatives for legislatures. They have the ability to increase liability by waiving immunity or to add defenses that defeat liability. The trend seems to be to waive immunity for governmental entities while adding statutory defenses that are available to both the private sector and governmental entities.
Cardiac auscultatory skills of physicians-in-training: a comparison of three English-speaking countries

Abstract PURPOSE: Cardiac auscultation is suffering from a declining interest caused by competing diagnostic technology and, possibly, inadequate teaching and testing of physicians-in-training. Because access to technology, traditional teaching practices, and methods of trainees' assessment vary among different countries, we speculated that trainees' proficiency in auscultation might also vary. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We tested the cardiac auscultatory skills of 314 internal medicine residents (189 from the United States, 89 from Canada, and 36 from England) from 14 programs. All participants were asked to listen by stethophones to 12 prerecorded cardiac events and to answer a multiple-choice questionnaire. They also completed a survey concerning attitudes toward cardiac auscultation and auscultatory teaching received during training. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) identification scores for the 12 cardiac events ranged from 0% to 58% for American trainees (mean 22% ± 12%), 0% to 58% for Canadians (mean 26% ± 13%), and 0% to 42% for British trainees (mean 20% ± 12%). Canadians' cumulative scores were slightly but significantly greater than those of American ( P = 0.02) and British house officers ( P = 0.05). British house officers improved the most during the 3 years of training ( P P CONCLUSIONS: Auscultatory proficiency was poor in all three countries. Although there were slight differences among countries, the most striking finding was the consistent inaccuracy of all trainees. This suggests that variables other than teaching and testing affect proficiency.
Sandstorms and eolian erosion on Mars

Erosion rates are calculated for Mars from first principles and calibrated from wind tunnel experiments. The deduced abrasion rates are higher than eolian erosion rates on the earth because of the higher threshold velocities on Mars but lower than the total erosion rates on the earth because of the absence of aqueous erosion processes on contemporary Mars. The high erosion rates imply that, for scale lengths of less than a few hundred kilometers, Mars may be viewed only part way back to its ancient history. Because the meteorology of Mars is position-dependent, erosion rates may vary greatly from place to place. Martian sandstorms may be characterized by frequent grain-grain collisions, and the grain velocities and cloud height may approach values implied by the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution.
Graphite-strip-heater zone-melting recrystallization of Si films

Abstract We have recently developed a zone-melting recrystallization technique for preparing large-area, high-quality Si films on SiO 2 . The key feature of this technique is the use of two graphite strip heaters, one of which is movable. The substrates used are bulk fused silica, sapphire, or single-crystal Si wafers that have been overcoated with SiO 2 . Films recrystallized without seeding contain widely-spaced grain boundaries and many sub-boundaries within each grain. Grain boundaries can be eliminated by either multiple-seeding or single-seeding methods. Extensive electrical measurements have been made on films recrystallized without seeding on SiO 2 -coated Si wafers. Sub-boundaries are found to have no significant effect on n-channel MOSFETs, which have characteristics comparable to those of such devices facricated directly on single-crystal Si wafers. High-yield transistor arrays and CMOS circuits have been made in films on 2 inch diameter wafers. Some remaining materials issues, such as film uniformity and wafer flatness, must still be addressed. We believe that most of these issues can be resolved, so that zone-melting recrystallization should become an effective technique for producing high-quality silicon-on-insulator wafers for commercial IC processing.
The Effect of Dietary Sargassum natans and Ascophyllum nodosum on Salmonella gallinarum Infection in Chicks

Abstract MARTINEZ Nadal et al. (1964, 1965) reported the presence of antibiotic substances in extracts of the brown alga, Sargassum natans, as well as the red alga, Chondria littoralis, and the green alga, Cymopolia barbata. Among the organisms affected in vitro by these substances was Salmonella gallinarum, the causative agent of fowl typhoid. The studies presented in this report were undertaken to determine whether the inclusion of Sargassum natans in the diet of chicks would affect the outcome of an infection with S. gallinarum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chicks used in these studies were White Plymouth Rocks obtained from a commercial hatchery. The diet used was based on soybean meal and corn. The composition is presented in Table 1. Two lots of 20 chicks each were fed each diet. In the first experiment the diets were fed from the day of hatching, and in the second experiment they were fed from . . .
Performance of a gas-Cherenkov gamma-ray telescope

Abstract The first balloon flight of a novel telescope for high-energy gamma rays provided a short period of operation at altitude which served mainly to confirm the correct functioning of the instrument, including its orientation control. In 13 min exposure to the Crab Nebula, upper limits were determined (with 95% confidence) of 6×10 −6 cm −2 s −1 for the pulsed flux and 13×10 −6 cm −2 s −1 for the total flux of gamma rays above 220 MeV. An upper limit of 1.2×10 −4 cm −2 s −1 rad −1 was found for the gamma rays above 120 MeV from the galactic disk near the anticenter. The atmospheric background above 120 MeV was measured as 1.1×10 −3 per g s sr, in agreement with a number of earlier determinations.
Ethnic Notions about Alien Nations: American Ethnic Groups' Changing Sentiments toward Foreign Nations

Abstract This paper examines changes in American ethnic groups' sentiments toward various European, Asian, African, and American countries. While the bivariate results suggest high levels of agreement among Americans about which foreign nations they like and dislike, the multivariate results indicate little consensus among ethnic groups concerning which alien nations are viewed favorably and unfavorably. American ethnic groups hold varied opinions toward foreign countries depending on historical period and cultural similarities between the homelands of the groups in question. Results are most consistent with a “group conflict” perspective, as there are also variatiotis in affect and animus toward nations which occurs along racial lines, with non-European ancestry groups being more favorably disposed toward “non-Western” nations than are their European ancestry group counterparts. Finally, the data show that correlates of tolerance such as education, income, age, region, political ideology, gender, urbanic...
Chemical exposure as a risk factor for hearing loss.

In 2002, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the National Hearing Conservation Association cosponsored the "Best Practices Workshop: Combined Effects of Chemicals and Noise on Hearing." This article summarizes the main results of the Workshop. Its goals were to review the knowledge of chemical ototoxicity and to stimulate participant discussion on how to address this risk. Speakers provided an overview of the effects of chemicals on the auditory system (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/noise/noiseandchem/noiseandchem.html). Research priorities were discussed in concurrent working group sessions. The Workshop concluded with a panel of the groups' facilitators reporting on these sessions. The following key issues were identified: rationale and proposal of a list of priority chemicals; valid procedures for exposure (animal studies), exposure assessment, and audiological testing; need for mechanistic research and a Response Level; recommendations for preventive actions; and information dissemination.
ATYPICAL SOLUBLE HAEM PROTEINS FROM A STRAIN OF RHODOPSEUDOMONAS PALUSTRIS SP.

Abstract A strain of Rhodopseudomonas has been found to contain atypical specimens of the Rhodopseudomonas haem-type protein and c -type cytochrome. These proteins exhibit anomalies with respect to solubility, spectroscopic behavior, midpoint potential, as well as the presence of blocked NH 2 -terminal groups. The main findings are the wholly uncharacteristic high midpoint potential (about 105 mV) and a relatively low degree of auto-oxidizability of the RHP-type protein.
Bending Properties of Al-Steel and Steel-Steel Composite Metal Foams

The performance of new composite metal foams (CMFs) under bending was evaluated with simultaneous acoustic emission (AE) monitoring on samples processed by cast and powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. The results showed high maximum strength in all samples up to 86 MPa with more ductile failure in PM samples. Acoustic emission behavior confirmed that the dominating failure mechanism of cast CMF is the brittle fracture of intermetallic phases that mostly exist at the interface of the steel spheres with the aluminum matrix, whereas in PM samples (100 pct steel), the failure is governed by the propagation of preexisting microporosities in the matrix resulting in a complete ductile failure. SEM imaging of the fracture surfaces supported these findings.
Influence of predation risk on diet selection: A simple example in the grey squirrel.

Abstract Current models of the optimal diet are special cases of a more general (and complex) model which incorporates the effects of predation risk on diet selection; this follows from an assumption implicit in current models that all prey items are eaten where they are encountered. Relaxing this assumption so that a forager might carry a prey item to protective cover for consumption leads to the conclusion that the value of a prey item is a function of its distance to cover as well as its energy content and handling time. Such considerations can significantly alter the outcome of diet selection relative to that expected from simple diet theory. We found that grey squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) may reject more energetically profitable, but small food items in favour of locating larger, less energetically profitable items that can be carried to protective cover for consumption without greatly sacrificing foraging efficiency. The squirrel's tendency to reject a more profitable item is a function of its distance from cover and the size of the less profitable items. Such behaviour is inconsistent with predictions of current diet models, but is consistent with our qualitative predictions based on a previously determined predation-risk-foraging-efficiency trade-off in the grey squirrel.
Ferritic stainless steels as bipolar plate material for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Abstract Both interfacial contact resistance (ICR) measurements and electrochemical corrosion techniques were applied to ferritic stainless steels in a solution simulating the environment of a bipolar plate in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Stainless steel samples of AISI434, AISI436, AISI441, AISI444, and AISI446 were studied, and the results suggest that AISI446 could be considered as a candidate bipolar plate material. In both polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell anode and cathode environments, AISI446 steel underwent passivation and the passive films were very stable. An increase in the ICR between the steel and the carbon backing material due to the passive film formation was noted. The thickness of the passive film on AISI446 was estimated to be 2.6 nm for the film formed at −0.1 V in the simulated PEMFC anode environment and 3.0 nm for the film formed at 0.6 V in the simulated PEMFC cathode environment. Further improvement in the ICR will require some modification of the passive film, which is dominated by chromium oxide.
SU-C-144-06: Detectability Index and Its Variation in Differential Phase Contrast CT Compared with the Conventional CT - A Channelized Hotelling Observer Study

Purpose: As an emerging imaging method for preclinical and eventually clinical applications, the grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast (DPC) CT has drawn increasing interest. It has been hoped that the potential detectability index d' in the DPC-CT can be significantly larger than its counterpart in the conventional attenuation-based CT. In this study, with the channelized Hotelling (CHO) model observer, we investigate the detectability d' and its variation in the DPC-CT and compare it with that of the conventional CT. Methods: The CHO study of the DPC-CT's detectability index d' and its comparison with that of the conventional CT are carried out under the framework of signal and background exactly known (SKE/BKE). Using the Gabor channel template, we investigate the detectability index d' and its variation over dimension of the target to be detected and the detector cells used for data acquisition, while the x-ray exposure is kept constant between the DPC-CT and conventional CT over all the cases. In addition, the internal noise, through which the CHO model deals with the psychological uncertainty existing in a human observer, is assumed identical in both the DPC-CT and conventional CT. Results: Preliminary data show that, the DPC-CT outperforms the conventional CT significantly in detectability while both the object to be detected and the cell of detector used for data acquisition are relatively small. However, the DPC-CT's dominance in the detectability diminishes with increasing dimension of either object or detector cell, and virtually disappears while the dimension of object or detector cell approaches a threshold, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the CHO study, the potential imaging performance of the grating-based DPC-CT in comparison to the conventional CT can be further understood and appreciated, providing insightful guidelines on the design and performance optimization of DPC-CT as a new imaging technology. Department of Defense Grant: U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (USAMRMC) via the award under contract number: W81XWH-12-1-0138 (PI: Xiangyang Tang)
Media Effects Reconsidered Some New Strategies for Communication Research

Arguments are presented for looking at cognitive outcomes as dependent variables in communication research rather than placing emphasis only on affective realms. This approach also brings attention to the independent-dependent variable emphases found in the communication literature over the last few decades. The social context of media use and the motivations that spring from this contextual embeddedness are also discussed with regard to information utility and the distribution of information availability. Finally a comment is offered on how these perspectives may relate to developments in new media technology.
Hearing Aid Design and Evaluation for a Patient with a Severe Discrimination Loss for Speech

Results of intelligibility tests on a single patient with a severe discrimination loss for speech are reported. The patient was tested with four different hearing aids and with no aid, and the effe...
Mitigating the effect of family poverty on academic and behavioral outcomes: The role of school climate in middle and high school.

Abstract The persistent achievement gap between students from poor families and their peers calls for research that examines risk factors associated with poverty and strategies for promoting resilience. Research demonstrates the impact of school climate on behavior and academic achievement, especially in high-poverty schools. The present study examines associations between family poverty, social supports, students' perceptions of school climate, behavior, and grades. Poverty is associated with poor grades and behavior, while positive perceptions of school climate are associated with positive grades and behavior. Perceptions of school climate moderate the association between poverty and behavior, such that students from poor families who perceive a positive school climate exhibit similar behaviors to their peers from higher income families. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Multi-species time-history measurements during n-heptane oxidation behind reflected shock waves

Abstract Concentration time-histories were measured behind reflected shock waves during n -heptane oxidation for five species: n -heptane, C 2 H 4 , OH, CO 2 , and H 2 O. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 1300–1600 K and a pressure of 2 atm using a mixture of 300 ppm n -heptane and 3300 ppm oxygen ( ϕ = 1) in argon. n -Heptane and ethylene were monitored using IR gas laser absorption at 3.39 and 10.53 μm, respectively; OH was monitored using UV laser absorption at 306.5 nm; and CO 2 and H 2 O were monitored using tunable IR diode laser absorption at 2.7 and 2.5 μm, respectively. These time-histories provide kinetic targets to test and refine large reaction mechanisms for n -heptane and demonstrate the potential of this type of data for validation of large reaction mechanisms. Comparisons are made with the predictions of several recently developed reaction mechanisms.
The Elder Abuse of Custodial Grandparents: A Hidden Phenomenon

SUMMARY The abuse of older custodial grandparents is believed to be among the most invisible social problems in society. Using a family systems perspective, the possible abuse of these grandparents is discussed to exist as a result of high risk grandchildren, the vulnerability of older grandparents, and the existence adult children. Custodial grandparents are unlikely to report their abuse by grandchildren; thus, there are profound implications for those from the helping professions.
Cognitive, Neuropsychological, and Academic Sequelae in Children with Leukemia

The literature concerning the cognitive and neuropsychological sequelae of children in whom leukemia has been diagnosed indicates that these children exhibit deficits in cognitive and neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement in response to the iatrogenic effects of central nervous system (CNS) irradiation. Preliminary studies suggest that similar emanative effects may follow intrathecal chemotherapy, an alternative to CNS irradiation for children given a favorable prognosis. It is concluded that treatment advances have lengthened the life expectancy of many children with leukemia, thereby changing their prognosis to a more favorable one. This has resulted in a recognition of the difficulties accompanying school reentry. In light of their documented neuropsychological, academic, and social adjustment problems, many of these children require special education services.
Customer-Centric Science: Reporting Significant Research Results With Rigor, Relevance, and Practical Impact in Mind:

In response to the ongoing concern regarding a science-practice gap, we propose a customer-centric approach to reporting significant research results that involves a sequence of three interdependent steps. The first step involves setting an alpha level (i.e., a priori Type I error rate) that considers the relative seriousness of falsely rejecting a null hypothesis of no effect or relationship (i.e., Type I error) relative to not detecting an existing effect or relationship (i.e., Type II error) and reporting the actual observed p value (i.e., probability that the data would be obtained if the null hypothesis is true). The second step involves reporting estimates of the size of the effect or relationship, which indicate the extent to which an outcome is explained or predicted. The third step includes reporting results of a qualitative study to gather evidence regarding the practical significance of the effect or relationship. Our proposal to report research results with rigor, relevance, and practical impa...
Fatal Lactic Acidosis and Acute Renal Failure after Addition of Tenofovir to an Antiretroviral Regimen Containing Didanosine

We describe a 49-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus infection and stable chronic renal insufficiency who developed acute oliguric renal failure and severe lactic acidosis and who died several weeks after tenofovir was added to an antiretroviral regimen that included didanosine. Although the role of tenofovir in precipitating acute renal failure is unclear, progressive accumulation of the drug and pharmacologic interaction that caused increased levels of didanosine were the likely antecedents of increased mitochondrial toxicity that led to lactic acidosis.
Agonistic signals received by an arthropod filiform hair allude to the prevalence of near-field sound communication

Arthropod filiform hairs respond to air particle movements and are among the most sensitive animal sensory organs. In many species, they are tuned to detect predators or prey and trigger escape or prey capture behaviours. Here we show for the first time that these hairs also receive intraspecific near-field sound signals in an arachnid. During agonistic encounters, whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi) perform antenniform leg vibration (ALV) displays that have significantly longer duration in contest winners than losers. During an ALV display: (i) the vibrating antenniform leg of the displaying whip spider is positioned close to the trichobothria (filiform hairs) on its opponent's walking legs, (ii) the vibrating antenniform leg can excite these trichobothria via air movements and without direct contact, (iii) the antenniform leg of the displaying whip spider vibrates at a frequency that causes particularly strong, sustained excitation and little adaptation in the trichobothria, and (iv) the duration of an ALV display can be extracted from the response of a trichobothrium. Since filiform hairs are widespread among arthropods, communication via such hairs could be extremely prevalent.
Simple aspiration in acute myocardial infarction: too simple to be true?

This editorial refers to ‘Impact of thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction’†, by A. Noman et al. , on page 3054 Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has contributed to dramatic declines in cardiovascular mortality over the last three decades.1 Nonetheless, normal myocardial perfusion is not restored in approximately one-third of patients after primary PCI, prompting investigation of novel drugs, technologies, and approaches to improve reperfusion success further. While numerous mechanisms may contribute to reperfusion failure, distal embolization of thrombus and friable atheromatous debris is believed to be ubiquitous during primary PCI, and results in microvascular obstruction.2 Preventing embolization is therefore intuitive, and theoretically should result in improved reperfusion success as measured angiographically (better epicardial and myocardial blood flow), electrocardiographically [increased ST-segment resolution (STR)], functionally (greater myocardial salvage with reduced infarct size), and clinically (enhanced survival free from heart failure events). Four types of devices have been developed to prevent embolization during PCI: distal embolic protection catheters; ‘active’ vacuum-type thrombectomy systems; manual aspiration; and micronet mesh-covered stents (the latter of which is currently undergoing investigation). Despite their innate appeal, in randomized trials distal embolic protection devices and active thrombectomy systems have surprisingly not been shown to be beneficial.3 In contrast, outcomes with ‘simple’ aspiration systems in which intracoronary thrombus is extracted through a hollow catheter prior to stent implantation have been more favourable, although not uniformly so. In TAPAS, the largest such randomized trial to date, aspiration resulted in modestly better rates of myocardial blush [without improving TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) flow or preventing macroscopic coronary thrombo-emboli] and STR, with a trend toward improved 30-day survival which became significant by 1 year.4,5 However, other trials have reported conflicting or negative results, …
When is it Right to Rescue? A Response to Pasic and Weiss

Although humanitarian intervention is never politically neutral, Mapel maintains that this point can be overdrawn. Arguing that humanitarian agencies cannot always actively pursue political agendas, Mapel asserts that the objectives of such missions must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Pushing the issue a step further, he argues that in deciding whether there is an obligation to intervene, the nature of the conflict, the costs and risks of intervention, and other factors must all be taken into consideration. Mapel concludes in support of Winston's call for a standing UN military force for humanitarian interventions but notes that debates over the objectives of interventions and the nature of justice in complex situations remain obstacles to the establishment of such a force.
Ligand Steric and Fluoroalkyl Substituent Effects on Enchainment Cooperativity and Stability in Bimetallic Nickel(II) Polymerization Catalysts

The synthesis and characterization of two neutrally charged bimetallic NiII ethylene polymerization catalysts, {2,7-di-[2,6-(3,5-di-methylphenylimino)methyl]1,8-naphthalenediolato}-bis-NiII(methyl)(trimethylphosphine) [(CH3)FI2-Ni2] and {2,7-di-[2,6-(3,5-di-trifluoromethyl-phenylimino)methyl]-1,8-naphthalenediolato}-bis-NiII(methyl)(trimethyl-phosphine) [(CF3)FI2-Ni2)], are reported. The diffraction-derived molecular structure of (CF3)FI2-Ni2 reveals a Ni⋅⋅⋅Ni distance of 5.8024(5) A. In the presence of ethylene and Ni(COD)2 or B(C6F5)3 co-catalysts, these complexes along with their monometallic analogues [2-tert-butyl-6-((2,6-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phenylimino)methyl)-phenolate]-NiII-methyl(trimethylphosphine) [(CH3)FI-Ni] and [2-tert-butyl-6-((2,6-(3,5-ditrifluoromethyl-phenyl)phenylimino)methyl)phenolato]-NiII-methyl-(trimethylphosphine) [(CF3)FI-Ni], produce polyethylenes ranging from highly branched Mw=1400 oligomers (91 methyl branches per 1000 C) to low branch density Mw=92 000 polyethylenes (7 methyl branches per 1000 C). In the bimetallic catalysts, Ni⋅⋅⋅Ni cooperative effects are evidenced by increased product polyethylene branching in ethylene homopolymerizations (∼3× for (CF3)FI2-Ni2 vs. monometallic (CF3)FI-Ni), as well as by enhanced norbornene co-monomer incorporation selectivity, with bimetallic (CH3)FI2-Ni2 and (CF3)FI2-Ni2 enchaining approximately three- and six-times more norbornene, respectively, than monometallic (CH3)FI-Ni and (CF3)FI-Ni. Additionally, (CH3)FI2-Ni2 and (CF3)FI2-Ni2 exhibit significantly enhanced thermal stability versus the less sterically encumbered dinickel catalyst {2,7-di-[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]-1,8-naphthalenediolato}-bis-NiII(methyl)(trimethylphosphine). The pathway for bimetallic catalyst thermal deactivation is shown to involve an unexpected polymerization-active intermediate, {2,7-di-[2,6-(3,5-di-trifluoromethyl-phenylimino)methyl]-1-hydroxy,8-naphthalenediolato-NiII(methyl)-(trimethylphosphine).
Glimpses of Some Hungarian Libraries and Library Schools

In July 1982, I visited Hungary for a week at the invitation of the Association of Hungarian Librarians. The reason for the invitation was a special program in the Kent State University School of Library Science which has been in continuous operation since 1974. Known in Hungary as the Istvan Gombocz Scholarship, in memory of a distinguished library leader who suffered an untimely death in 1973, the program (since 1979) has evolved into a three-way partnership: ( 1) The Association of Hungarian Librarians selects a candidate each year, after a national competition, and the Hungarian Government provides transportation to and from the United States; (2) The US International Communication Agency (through the Institute of International Education) provides a maintenance allowance which covers room, board, books and, if the student is frugal, a few modest extras, like visits to American libraries or general travel; (3) The Kent State University School of Library Science provides a quarter-time graduate assistantship. In exchange for five hours of work per week in the Center for the Study of Ethnic Publications, the student’s instructional and general fees are covered. Several graduates of this special program are now in leadership positions and others may well occupy leadership roles in time. A number of them have given lectures and written articles (published in Hungarian library periodicals) about their American experiences. A few names (with dates ofstudy at Kent) will illustrate these generalities. Ilona Kovacs (1974/75) is Head, Cataloging Department, National Szechtnyi Library, Budapest. Peter Szanto (1976/77) is Head, Coordination Department, National Technical Information Centre and Library, Budapest. Tomas Rbnai (1977/78) is Deputy Head, Department of Information Services, Library of Parliament, Budapest. Peter Hegediis (1978/79) and Arpad Kiss (1979/80) are in the libraries of Karl Marx University, Budapest, and the University of Heavy
Measurement and analysis of traction force dynamics in response to vasoactive agonists

Mechanical traction forces exerted by adherent cells on their surroundings serve an important role in a multitude of cellular and physiological processes including cell motility and multicellular rearrangements. For endothelial cells, contraction also provides a means to disrupt cell–cell junctions during inflammation to increase permeability between blood and interstitial tissue compartments. The degree of contractility exhibited by endothelial cells is influenced by numerous soluble factors, such as thrombin, histamine, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Upon binding to cell surface receptors, these agents trigger changes in cytoskeletal organization, adhesion and myosin II activity to varying degrees. While conventional antibody-based biochemical assays are suitable for detecting relatively large changes in biomarkers of contractility in an end-point format, they cannot resolve subtle or rapid changes in contractility and cannot do so noninvasively. To overcome these limitations, we developed an approach to measure the contractile response of single cells exposed to contractility agonists with high spatiotemporal resolution. A previously developed traction force sensor, comprised of dense arrays of elastomeric microposts on which cells are cultured, was combined with custom, semi-automated software developed here to extract strain energy measurements from thousands of time-lapse images of micropost arrays deformed by adherent cells. Using this approach we corroborated the differential effects of known agonists of contractility and characterized the dynamics of their effects. All of these agonists produced a characteristic first-order rise and plateau in forces, except VEGF, which stimulated an early transient spike in strain energy followed by a sustained increase. This novel, two-phase contractile response was present in a subpopulation of cells, was mediated through both VEGFR2 and ROCK activation, and its magnitude was modulated by receptor internalization. Interestingly, the concentration of VEGF could shift the proportion of cells that responded with a spike versus only a gradual increase in forces. Furthermore, cells repeatedly exposed to VEGF were found to contract with different dynamics after pretreatment, suggesting that exposure history can impact the mechanical response. These studies highlight the importance of direct measurements of traction force dynamics as a tool for studies of mechanotransduction.
Chemokine CXCL12 activates dual CXCR4 and CXCR7-mediated signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer cells

Previously assumed to be a select ligand for chemokine receptor CXCR4, chemokine CXCL12 is now known to activate both CXCR4 and CXCR7. However, very little is known about the co-expression of these receptors in cancer cells. We used immunohistochemistry to determine the extent of co-expression in pancreatic cancer tissue samples and immunoblotting to verify expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines. In cell culture studies, siRNA was used to knock down expression of CXCR4, CXCR7, K-Ras and β-arrestin -2 prior to stimulating the cells with CXCL12. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) was assessed using both a Raf-pull down assay and western blotting. The involvement of the receptors in CXCL12-mediated increases in cell proliferation was examined via an ATP-based proliferation assay. First, we discovered frequent CXCR4/CXCR7 co-expression in human pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines. Next, we observed consistent increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation after exposure to CXCL12 or CXCL11, a CXCR7 agonist, in pancreatic cancer cell lines co-expressing CXCR4/CXCR7. To better characterize the receptor-mediated pathway(s), we knocked down CXCR4 or CXCR7, exposed the cells to CXCL12 and examined subsequent effects on ERK1/2. We observed that CXCR7 mediates the CXCL12-driven increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Knockdown of CXCR4 expression however, decreased levels of K-Ras activity. Conversely, KRAS knockdown greatly reduced CXCL12-mediated increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We then evaluated the role of β-arrestin-2, a protein directly recruited by chemokine receptors. We observed that β-arrestin-2 knockdown also inhibited increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediated by both CXCR4 and CXCR7. Finally, we investigated the mechanism for CXCL12-enhanced cell proliferation and found that either receptor can modulate cell proliferation. In summary, our data demonstrate that CXCR4 and CXCR7 are frequently co-expressed in human pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines. We show that β-arrestin-2 and K-Ras dependent pathways coordinate the transduction of CXCL12 signals. Our results suggest that the development of therapies based on inhibiting CXCL12 signaling to halt the growth of pancreatic cancer should be focused at the ligand level in order to account for the contributions of both receptors to this signaling pathway.