cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of (Al,Ga)As/GaAs heterostructures and Si doping characterization study on vicinal (110) GaAs substrates

Abstract The growth of device quality (Al,Ga)As/GaAs heterostructures on [110]-oriented GaAs substrates is reported. In-situ reflection high energy electron diffration (RHEED) oscillation and ex-situ photoluminescence measurements are used to optimize the growth conditions. Si-doped GaAs epi-layers with different dopant concentrations grown at various substrate temperatures and differing As 4 ⧸Ga flux ratios were characterized by room temperature Hall effect measurements. It is found that silicon, as a dopant, can behave amphoterically in [110]-oriented GaAs epi-layers. By appropriately adjusting either the substrate temperature or the As 4 ⧸Ga flux ratio, it is possible to grow high quality n-type or p-type material using only silicon as a dopant. Up to a transition temperature of about 630°C, silicon atoms can be incorporated as donor impurities for an As 4 ⧸Ga flux ratio of 5. At and above this temperature, the atoms occupy lattice sites where they behave as acceptors for the same flux ratio.
Precambrian dolomites: Petrographic and isotopic evidence that they differ from Phanerozoic dolomites

Dolomites are more common in Precambrian than in Phanerozoic rocks and, from a petrographic-isotopic study of the middle to upper Proterozoic Beck Spring Dolomite of eastern California, it is suggested that Precambrian dolomites are different from those of the Phanerozoic. Petrographically, all fabric details of Precambrian dolomites studied are preserved, just as if they were limestones, and isotopically, they show the same trend as limestones: increasingly negative δ I8 O and to a lesser extent increasingly light δ I8 C, from depositional components, through early fibrous dolomite cements to later dolomite spar cements. The data suggest that in Precambrian time dolomite was the principal carbonate mineral precipitated from seawater and during diagenesis, and this implies that Precambrian seawater was different from that of the Phanerozoic.
SU‐E‐T‐693: Comparison of Discrete Spot Scanning and Passive Scattering Craniospinal Proton Irradiation

Purpose: To compare plan robustness, dose variations at field junctions, and overall dose conformity to target between passive scattering and discrete spot scanning (DSS) proton craniospinal irradiation. Methods: A DSS treatment plan was generated for three craniospinal CT image sets. A forward planning approach was used to generate treatment plans for the cranium and lower spine, which exhibited dose tapering of about 10 Gy/cm towards the thoracic spine to facilitate the low‐gradient field junctions. In‐house software accomplished optimization of discrete spot weights for the thoracic‐level field, which was then imported into the Varian Eclipse clinical treatment planning system for dose calculation. Planning was guided using clinical targets defined for craniospinal irradiation with passively scattered proton beams. Robustness analysis was performed by varying the position of each beam isocenter +/−3 mm along each cardinal axis, simulating setup errors, as well as adjusting the CT number to relative stopping power curve to mimic +/−3.5% range variation, and then analyzing the resulting dose distribution. Dose profiles along the craniospinal axis were used to evaluate intrafraction dose variation at field junctions. Dose volume histograms (DVH) were generated for each robustness element, and then combined to create composite DVH illustrating a range of possible delivered dose. Results: Results of robustness analysis indicate that field isocenter shifts along the craniospinal axis can Result in dose intrafraction variations at the junction in excess of 25% for passive scattering proton plans. This value is markedly reduced for the same shifts applied to DSS plans using a tapered‐dose field matching technique. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the potential for improved robustness of proton craniospinal irradiations using a DSS delivery method, as well as significant decreases in clinic expenses. The use of apertures to define the sagittal plane field edge for DSS delivery improves the dose to target.
Stability analysis of explicit entropy viscosity methods for non-linear scalar conservation equations

This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Homeland Security under agreement 2008-DN-077-ARI018-02, National Science Foundation grants DMS-0811041, DMS-0914977, DMS-1015984, AF Office of Scientific Research grant FA99550-12-0358, and is partially supported by award KUS-C1-016-04, made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Effect of Pinus radiata needle monoterpenes on spore germination and mycelial growth of Dothistroma pini in vitro in relation to mature tree resistance

Abstract Mixtures of volatile compounds have been obtained from Pinus radiata foliage of populations of young, Dothistroma pini susceptible and mature, resistant trees. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis showed the mixtures to consist mainly of 13 monoterpene hydrocarbons. Yields of volatile compounds from young trees were about twice that of mature trees. Relative amounts of monoterpenes, in particular β-pinene, β-phellandene and car-3-ene, in the mixtures varied with population age. The monoterpene mixtures stimulated the germination of D. pini spores, and also stimulated mycelial growth when incorporated into D. pini liquid shake cultures at concentrations of 10, 100, and 300 p.p.m. Inhibition of mycelial growth occurred only at 1000 p.p.m. The monoterpene composition does not bear any simple relationship to mature tree resistance.
The impact of observer and patient factors on the occurrence of digit preference for zero in blood pressure measurement in a hypertension specialty clinic: evidence for the need of continued observation.

Background Many investigators have reported unconscious over-reporting of the terminal digit zero but little literature exists on observer or patient-related factors that may predict the occurrence. This study analyzes the occurrence of zero preference in 52,827 blood pressure (BP) measurements in 8513 patients by 11 hypertension nurse specialists in the Hypertension Division at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Methods Data from the electronic database of the Hypertension Division from April 1997 to September 2001 were analyzed for the occurrence of zero preference. Nurse-specific zero preference was stratified on four variables: number of BPs performed, years as hypertension nurse specialist, time of day BP performed (fatigue), and nursing degree. Three patient-specific factors were analyzed: age at visit (stratified by decade), type of care (continuing versus short-term), and hypertension status. Results We found significantly increased frequency of zero preference for all BPs with mean frequency of 31% v 20% expected ( P v 30.2%; P v 33.3%; P = .006). Zero preference was also more common at higher categories of hypertension ( P Conclusions Digit preference was demonstrated and varied significantly among well-trained hypertension nurse specialists. Further studies in a larger number of observers are required.
Growth and poverty: Evidence for developing countries in the 1980s

Abstract Measures of consumption-poverty for a sample of developing countries in the 1980s respond elastically to changes in mean consumption, although there is a high variance in poverty outcomes at a given rate of growth. There is no sign of systematic effects of growth on inequality.
Timing and velocity of petroleum migration in the Los Angeles Basin

Petroleum in the Los Angeles Basin took a relatively short time to migrate through carrier beds from the deep basin to present-day reservoirs. We use a numerical model to reconstruct, beginning in Miocene time, subsidence, sedimentation, compaction, thermal evolution, and fluid migration in the basin's central block. The modeling indicates that the heat flow is currently near the continental average (1.5 HFU) but was higher (~2 HFU) during the early evolution of the basin. The thermal history predicted by the model suggests deeply subsided source rocks of late Miocene age began to generate oil about 2.2 Ma. In the simulations, compaction slowly drives groundwater from mature source beds toward reservoir rocks. These slow rates combined with the low solubility of petroleum in water preclude the possibility that oil migrated by a miscible process; instead, the oil must have moved as a phase separate from the groundwater. The buoyant force acting on the oil phase along the steeply dipping carrier beds was as...
Sirolimus as a potential radiosensitizer in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck

Background. An estimated 34,000 cases of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) will be diagnosed in 2007 with 7500 estimated deaths. Radiation is commonly used to treat these patients. Preclinical studies have suggested that sirolimus may be an effective radiosensitizer in HNSCC. Methods. The present case report describes a patient, status post liver transplant, who was switched to sirolimus for immunosupression. The patient subsequently underwent radiation therapy for a T2N0M0 SCC of the larynx. Results. The patient had an unusually early response to radiation, with a clinical complete response after 7 fractions of radiation. However, the patients also had toxicity earlier than expected and required a break from radiation after 11 fractions. Conclusions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first observation to suggest that sirolimus is an effective radiosensitizer in patients with HNSCC. We hope that our results will create interest in future clinical studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Service Learning and Literacy Tutoring: Academic Impact on Pre-Service Teachers.

Abstract How does service learning impact content acquisition? Undergraduate pre-service teachers participating in a literacy tutoring service-learning experience are compared with pre-service teachers engaged in self-selected and independently directed tutoring sessions. The findings of this study support previous assertions that service-learning positively influences student academic achievement. The data gathered provide evidence that this positive influence is related to several design features. Specifically, the value placed on the service increased student motivation to learn course content. The frequency and variety of opportunities to reflect coupled with academic goals being embedded into the actual service experience strengthened connections between service and academic content.
Dedolomitization and Calcitization of Gypsum in Mississippian Arroyo Penasco Group, North-Central New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Espiritu Santo Formation of the Mississippian Arroyo Penasco Group represents the oldest Paleozoic stratigraphic unit preserved in north-central New Mexico. The Espiritu Santo Formation is a diagenetically complex carbonate unit that exhibits a well-developed cement stratigraphy reflecting changes from meteoric fresh to marine-phreatic environments. Recrystallization of the algal-laminated sediments occurred during subaerial exposure of the overlying Macho Member of the Tererro Formation, a collapse breccia produced by the dissolution and removal of gypsum. The breccia and recrystallized limestone are indicative of broad, low-relief topography and shallow water table. Cathodolumninescent petrography reveals the presence of pseudomorphs of dolomite and gypsum throughout the Espiritu Santo carbonates. Typical dedolomite morphologies are: inclusion-rich cores surrounded by limpid rims; corroded Mn-rich rhombs within calcite pseudospar; highly zoned rhombs; and uniformly luminescent rhombs enclosed in gypsum pseudomorphs. Calcitized gypsum, occurring as bladed to hexagonal crystals and nodules, varies from highly zoned to uniformly luminescent crystals. The varying luminosity is a possible relict of the original trace-element distribution and/or the diagenetic environment. Meteoric waters migrating from the Macho Member were enriched, but undersaturated, in dissolved CaSO4 and have low Mg/Ca ratio. Thus these pore fluids within the Espiritu Santo carbonates dissolved gypsum and dolomite. The solution, supersaturated with respect to CaCO3, precipitated calcite. Therefore, the dissolution of gypsum and dolomite and the precipitation of calcite occurred simultaneously during diagenesis. The reaction terminated once the supply of gypsum was exhausted. End_of_Article - Last_Page 536------------
Single incision ("scarless") laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy for ulcerative colitis.

Introduction Total abdominal colectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis is the intervention of choice for patients with medically uncontrolled ulcerative colitis. A three-stage approach is preferred in particularly debilitated patients. In this setting, laparoscopic surgery has shown to be safe, offering several advantages over the open approach. Single incision laparoscopic surgery is a new minimally invasive approach which represents a true scarless procedure for the first step of the restorative proctocolectomy. In this article, we describe our technique in performing the single-incision total abdominal colectomy.
Photooxidation and the evolution of circadian rhythmicity.

Abstract It is proposed that one of the original selective forces involved in the evolution of circadian rhythmicity was the joint effect of the light-dark cycle and the increasing level of free oxygen early in eukaryote evolution. Circadian rhythmicity would have provided a protective mechanism for minimizing the deleterious effects of the resulting diurnal photooxidative exposures.
An asymmetric synthesis of vigabatrin

Summary Enantiomerically pure vigabatrin is available in four steps and 59% overall yield from butadiene monoepoxide.
Disambiguating phrasal verbs

Like regular one-word verbs, verb-particle combinations or phrasal verbs can be ambiguous in the lexicon. This study examines ways to disambiguate by adding specific semantic features or “classes d’objets” to the lexicon-grammar, along with characteristic syntactic selectional restrictions. We first enlarged the systematic description of the most productive particle used in English phrasal verb constructions: "up". The initial database, composed of 300 transitive and neutral occurrences of phrasal verbs with "up" was expanded, and in the final database of 721 "up" expressions, 64% were shown to be ambiguous. Of these ambiguous expressions, over 60% involve just two or three homonyms, such as "crack up the audience" [= make laugh] vs. "crack up the car" [= damage], while another 20% comprise four or five homonyms. The rest involve six or more homonyms, with the expression "pick up" having fourteen distinct meanings. Following Gaston Gross (1994, 2004), Le Pesant & Mathieu-Colas (1998), and other researchers at LLI, we introduce hyperclasses, semantic classes, and domains to the object description of some of our data. These subcategorization refinements seem to help mitigate ambiguity and underscore the importance of a lexicon-grammar approach, which includes both syntactic and semantic information, to English phrasal verbs.
Correction of constriction rings

A refinement in the correction of deep and shallow constriction rings, in which subcutaneous fat and fascial flaps are advanced into the defect to prevent recurrent contour deformities, is presented. A straight-line dorsal closure is preferred, with Z-plasties placed along the side of the digits, forearm, or arm. Long-term follow-up is presented in 58 patients with 116 constriction rings corrected by either traditional serial Z-plasties of skin ( n = 61 rings) or this new method of contour correction ( n = 55 rings). Specific correction of soft tissue is recommended when tissue is available.
Green-manure legume effects on soil nitrogen, grain yield and nitrogen nutrition of wheat.

Knowledge of legume N production and legume effects on subsequent crop yield and quality is necessary to encourage legume use instead of the traditional fallow on set-aside land. Objectives of these studies were to: (i) compare seeding-year herbage and N yields of five forage legume species, (ii) determine soil NO 3 -N status in the spring following green-manure legume crops, and (iii) evaluate effects of green-manure legumes on grain yield, grain yield components, and N nutrition of the subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop when fertilized with 0, 75, and 150 kg N ha -1
Evaluation of the calibration matrix condition number as a criterion for optimal derivative-spectrophotometric multicomponent quantitation

Abstract A criterion is described that will help predict the optimal derivative order to be used for a given quantitative procedure. The procedure is tested with a two-component sample of acid-base indicators at pH 4 and pH 6. The method predicted that the second derivative should be used at pH 4 while the first derivative is optimal at pH 6.
Bose-Einstein to BCS crossover picture for high-Tc cuprates

Abstract Combining (1) the universal correlations between Tc and n s /m ∗ (superconducting carrier density/effective mass) and (2) the pseudo-gap behavior in the underdoped region, we obtain a picture to describe superconductivity in cuprate systems in evolution from Bose-Einstein to BCS condensation. Overdoped and Zn-substituted cuprate systems show signatures of reduced superfluid density in a microscopic phase separation. Scaling of Tc to the superfluid volume density ns in all these cases indicate importance of Bose condensation.
Polymer ligands that can regulate reaction temperature in “smart” catalysts†

It is shown that the inverse temperature-dependent solubility common to many polymers can be adapted to produce a useful new type of homogeneous catalyst. Such catalyst are active at low temperature but have decreased activity at high temperature, where the catalyst is phase separated from the continuous phase contaning the substrate. The temperature range for such catalysts can be affected by modest changes in end group and polymer ligand microstructure
The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology

Abstract Myopia is the commonest ocular abnormality but as a research topic remains at the margins of mainstream ophthalmology. The concept that most myopes fall into the category of ‘physiological myopia’ undoubtedly contributes to this position. Yet detailed analysis of epidemiological data linking myopia with a range of ocular pathologies from glaucoma to retinal detachment demonstrates statistically significant disease association in the 0 to −6 D range of ‘physiological myopia’. The calculated risks from myopia are comparable to those between hypertension, smoking and cardiovascular disease. In the case of myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment the risks are an order of magnitude greater. This finding highlights the potential benefits of interventions that can limit or prevent myopia progression. Our understanding of the regulatory processes that guide an eye to emmetropia and, conversely how the failure of such mechanisms can lead to refractive errors, is certainly incomplete but has grown enormously in the last few decades. Animal studies, observational clinical studies and more recently randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that the retinal image can influence the eye’s growth. To date human intervention trials in myopia progression using optical means have had limited success but have been designed on the basis of simple hypotheses regarding the amount of defocus at the fovea. Recent animal studies, backed by observational clinical studies, have revealed that the mechanisms of optically guided eye growth are influenced by the retinal image across a wide area of the retina and not solely the fovea. Such results necessitate a fundamental shift in how refractive errors are defined. In the context of understanding eye growth a single sphero-cylindrical definition of foveal refraction is insufficient. Instead refractive error must be considered across the curved surface of the retina. This carries the consequence that local retinal image defocus can only be determined once the 3D structure of the viewed scene, off axis performance of the eye and eye shape has been accurately defined. This, in turn, introduces an under-appreciated level of complexity and interaction between the environment, ocular optics and eye shape that needs to be considered when planning and interpreting the results of clinical trials on myopia prevention.
Evaluation Capacity in K-12 School Counseling Programs

The K-12 school counseling field continues to develop and implement Comprehensive, Developmental, Guidance and Counseling (CDGC) programs to organize services provided by school counselors. Given the program evaluation requirement to guide refinement and renewal efforts, enhancement of CDGC evaluation infrastructure is needed. This paper presents the results of a literature review, organized by the Milstein and Cotton (2000) evaluation capacity framework, detailing and analyzing the contextual factors and system features that impact the evaluation capacity of school counseling programs. The paper fills a need in the literature for more substantive work focused on evaluation capacity, particularly with respect to the school counseling field. The analytic approach is a test case that could be applied to the analysis of evaluation capacity in other settings.
Targeting aerosol deposition in patients with cystic fibrosis: effects of alterations in particle size and inspiratory flow rate.

Study objective: To determine if aerosolizedmedications can be targeted to deposit in the smaller, peripheralairways or the larger, central airways of adult cystic fibrosis (CF)patients by varying particle size and inspiratory flow rate. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: Outpatient research laboratory. Patients: Nine adult patients with CF. Interventions: Patients inhaled an aerosol comprised of3.68 ± 0.04 μm saline solution droplets (two visits) or1.01 ± 0.2 μm saline solution droplets (two visits) for 30 s, starting from functional residual capacity and breathing at a slow orfaster inspiratory flow rate. On all visits, the saline solution wasadmixed with the radioisotope 99m Tc. Immediately afterinhalation, a gamma camera recorded the deposition pattern of theradioaerosol in the lungs. Deposition images were analyzed in terms of the inner:outer zone (I: O) ratio, a measure of deposition in an innerzone (large, central airways) vs an outer zone (small airways andalveoli). Measurements and results: For the 3.68-μmaerosol, I: O ratios averaged 2.29 ± 1.45 and 2.54 ± 1.48(p > 0.05), indicating that aerosol distribution within the lungswas unchanged while breathing at 12 ± 2 L/min vs 31 ± 5 L/min, respectively. For the 1.01-μm aerosol, I: O ratios averaged2.09 ± 0.96 and 3.19 ± 1.95 (p Conclusions: These resultssuggest that the targeted delivery of an aerosol to the smaller, peripheral airways or the larger, central airways of adult CF patientsmay be achieved by generating an aerosol comprised of approximately1.0-μm particles and inspiring from functional residual capacity atapproximately 18 L/min and ∼ 38 L/min, respectively.
The dermal-epidermal junction

Recent insights into the structure and function of the dermal-epidermal junction have resulted from two converging lines of experimental evidence, namely, the study of inherited blistering disorders of the skin, in which mutations in genes encoding proteins of this region have been discovered, and the targeted ablation of the same genes in knockout mouse models. In addition to these studies, elegant analyses of the cell biology of the hemidesmosome/anchoring filament complex have revealed not only functionally important interactions between structural protein components, but also the role of certain of these proteins in mediating cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction of messages from the extracellular matrix into the keratinocyte. Our current understanding of the dermal-epidermal junction forms a new model encapsulating the nature both of the hemidesmosomal attachment structures and of the interhemidesmosomal attachments that are mediated by differential cell type specific expression of proteins of the cutaneous adhesion zone.
Na+/solute symport in membrane vesicles from Bacillus alcalophilus

Abstract The characteristics of α-aminoisobutyric acid translocation were examined in membrane vesicles from obligately alkalophilic Bacillus alcalophilus and its non-alkalophilic mutant derivative, KM23. Vesicles from both strains exhibited α-aminoisobutyric acid uptake upon energization with ascorbate and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The presence of Na+ caused a pronounced reduction in the Km for α-aminoisobutyric acid in wild-type but not KM23 vesicles; the maximum velocity (V) was unaffected in vesicles from both strains. Passive efflux and exchange of α-aminoisobutyric acid from wild-type vesicles were Na+-dependent and occurred at comparable rates (with efflux slightly faster than exchange). This latter observation suggests that the return of the unloaded carrier to the inner surface is not rate-limiting for efflux. The rates of α-aminoisobutyric acid efflux and exchange were also comparable in KM23 vesicles, but were Na+-independent. Furthermore, in vesicles from the two strains, both efflux and exchange were inhibited by generation of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient of protons, outside positive. This suggests that the ternary complex between solute, carrier, and coupling ion bears a positive charge in both strains even though the coupling ion is changed. Evidence from experiments with an alkalophilic strain that was deficient in l -methionine transport indicated that the porters, i.e., the solute-translocating elements, used by non-alkalophilic mutants are not genetically distinct from those used by the alkalophilic parent; that is, the change in coupling ion cannot be explained by the expression of a completely new set of Na+-independent, H+-coupled porters upon mutation of B. alcalophilus to non-alkalophily.
Nucleic acid affinity of clustered-charge anion exchange adsorbents: Effects of ionic strength and ligand density

Abstract In previous work we demonstrated the improved protein-binding capacity and selectivity of ion-exchange adsorbents displaying a “clustered” rather than random, distribution of surface charges. For example, anion-exchange adsorbents displaying 5 mM of positive charge in the form of 1 mM penta-argininamide show much higher affinity and capacity for alpha-lactalbumin than do adsorbents displaying the same 5 mM total charge in the form of single dispersed argininamide charges. We also found that clustered adsorbents selectively favor proteins with inherent charge clustering. In the present work, “clustered” penta-argininamide adsorbents showed DNA binding capacity comparable to that of conventional dispersed adsorbents with 10–100-fold higher ligand density. We also observed that at moderate ionic strength the DNA affinity of all adsorbents tested increased with salt while RNA affinity decreased, so that selectivity for DNA over RNA was enhanced as salt concentration increased.
ControlH: an algorithm specification language and code generator

In this article, we describe the language and code generator ControlH. The development of ControlH is being supported by the ARPA domain-specific software architectures (DSSA) program. The language is designed for describing guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) algorithms in a concise yet rigorous manner. Both textual and graphical syntaxes exist. The code generator generates high-quality, modular Ada or C from ControlH specifications. Together, the language and the code generator provide software reuse and configuration at the level of the GN&C algorithm specification. >
A Theory of the Behavior of Paramecium Aurelia and Behavioral Effects of Feeding, Fission, and Ultraviolet Microbeam Irradiation

Paramecium aurelia is the subject of a theory of behavior composed of postulates describing the presence, action, and interaction of three pacemakers: a posterior pacemaker which produces ciliary beat backward along the kineties; a buccal pacemaker which produces ciliary beat toward the suture line and the buccal overture in the vestibulum ; and an anterior pacemaker which produces ciliary beat away from the suture line and the buccal overture in the vestibulum and forward along the kineties elsewhere. Commonly observed behaviors of paramecia are derived from the theory and six experiments relevant to the theory are described. In three experiments, the culture medium in which paramecia were observed was varied. Presence of bacteria and non-nutritive particulate matter decreased swimming scores and increased swimming turn rates. In one of these experiments prior as well as immediate presence of bacteria in culture fluid varied. Prior availability of food bacteria increased swimming scores and contact turn rates. These results are consistent with the theory if it is assumed that immediate presence of particulate matter increases buccal pacemaker activity and that prior availability of food bacteria increases posterior pacemaker activity. In another experiment animals were observed during and following binary fission. During fission swimming scores decreased, and following fission the proters had lower swimming scores and contact turn rates than opisthes. These results are consistent with the theory if it is assumed that periods in which all ciliary beat is absent occur in parent animals during fission, and in proters following fission. Such periods were observed in dividing animals. Opisthes had higher swimming turn rates following fission than prior to it; this result is consistent with the theory if it is assumed that newly organized buccal pacemakers are unusually active. In two other experiments, the anterior tips, buccal cavities, and posterior tips of paramecia were subjected to ultraviolet microbeam irradiation. Irradiated animals moved more during and immediately following irradiation than they moved prior to irradiation or than control animals did. Posteriorly irradiated animals moved forward, anteriorly irradiated animals moved backward. Irradiation also influenced behavior during a subsequent two-minute observation period. Anteriorly irradiated animals had higher swimming scores, lower contact turn rates, and a greater tendency to swim backward. Animals irradiated in the buccal cavity had lower swimming turn rates and higher swimming turn durations; posteriorly irradiated animals had lower swimming scores, contact turn rates, and swimming turn rates. These results are consistent with the theory if pacemakers near irradiated areas are temporarily activated by irradiation and are hyposensitive and hyperreactive following irradiation. A number of research problems were suggested.
The effects of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine on in vitro fertilisation of porcine oocytes.

High incidences of polyspermic penetration continue to challenge researchers during porcine in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The aim of this study was to reduce the incidence of polyspermy by increasing the perivitelline space thickness with glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplementation during oocyte maturation. After maturation, zona pellucida and perivitelline space thicknesses, intracellular glutathione concentrations and fertilisation kinetics were measured, in addition to embryonic cleavage and blastocyst formation at 48 h and 144 h after IVF, respectively. There were no significant differences between the treatments for zona pellucida thickness, penetration rates, male pronuclear formation or cortical granule exocytosis. Glucuronic acid supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the perivitelline space thickness and significantly lowered the incidence (P < 0.05) of polyspermy. GlcNAc supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) intracellular glutathione concentrations. Supplementation with 0.005 mM glucuronic acid plus 0.005 mM GlcNAc during oocyte maturation produced significantly higher rates (P < 0.05) of cleavage and blastocyst formation by 48 and 144 h after IVF compared with all other groups. These results indicate that supplementing with 0.005 mM glucuronic acid and 0.005 mM GlcNAc during oocyte maturation decreases the incidence of polyspermic penetration by increasing perivitelline space thickness and improving embryo development in pigs.
The temperature dependence of the crystal-melt interfacial tension: a simple model

Abstract The interfacial tension between a crystal and a slightly undercooled melt is calculated for an interface of constant thickness with uniform enthalpy and entropy. The tension and its temperature coefficient are proportional to the excess free energy and entropy respectively, calculated with respect to the surface of tension, which lies in the middle of the interface. A positive temperature coefficient of the tension implies a substantial lowering of the entropy of the interface with respect to the liquid.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LOCALIZED INFECTIONS : THIRD PAPER: SOME FURTHER OBSERVATIONS UPON THE ACTION OF CERTAIN SOAPS ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS.

In the test tube, sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate kill and dissolve virulent pneumococci more rapidly and in higher dilutions than sodium oleate; otherwise their action is the same. The intensity of action on the cocci is directly proportional to the degree of unsaturation of the acid. Blood serum inhibits the bacteriolytic and hemolytic action of unsaturated soaps partially or completely, according to definitive quantitative relations between serum and soap. Small quantities of serum completely inhibit the action of dilute soap solutions, but even whole serum does not prevent bacteriolysis and hemolysis by relatively concentrated soap solutions, i. e . 1 per cent. and 0.5 per cent. A given quantity of serum inhibits the action of the soaps in inverse ratio to their degree of unsaturation. The hemolytic and bacteriolytic action of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids is probably due in part to their avidity for protein and not wholly to their ability to dissolve lipoids. Attempts to prevent serum inhibition of the lytic action of sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate were unsuccessful. The more unsaturated soaps are not as efficient in preventing fatal pneumococcic infection of animals as sodium oleate.
Non-destructive leaf area estimation model for faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Abstract In this study, a leaf area estimation model was developed for faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) using the linear measurements such as lamina length (L) and width (W) by stepwise regression analysis. Leaflets from fourteen faba bean genotypes, including three cultivars (Eresen-87, Filiz-99 and Lara), two lines (FLIP85-172FB and FLIP86-116FB) and nine local genotypes, were used to develop the model in 2003-2004. The proposed leaf area (LA) estimation model is LA = 0.919 + 0.682LW, R 2 = 0.977. In 2004–2005 growing season, this model was validated by measuring new leaf samples from the different level of the plant canopy (lower, middle and upper) of faba bean cvs. Eresen-87 and Filiz-99 sown in both autumn and late winter. Produced model in this study can be reliably used for estimating area of leaf samples from the different level of the plant canopy of faba bean cvs. Eresen-87 and Filiz-99 sown in both autumn and late winter.
A solid solvent as processing aid for polystyrene

Many polymers suffer from excessive heat generation during processing due to high viscosity, and reduction of viscosity is desired to control the melt temperature during processing. The concept of solid solvent was recently proposed based on thermally reversible compatibility between a polymer-additive pair. Benzenesulfonamide was found to be virtually a perfect solid solvent for polystyrene, and this finding clearly proves that solid solvents can be used as processing aid for polymers to effectively reduce the viscosity.
Regeneration of the NADH Cofactor by a Rhodium Complex Immobilized on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The regeneration of the enzymatic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by rhodium-based catalysts such as [Rh(Cp∗)(bpy)Cl]+ (Cp∗ = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy = 2,2� -bipyridine) and derivatives have previously been studied extensively in solution. In this work, we report a synthetic route of a rhodium complex with a pyrene-substituted phenanthroline ligand (pyr-Rh). The immobilization of the pyr-Rh complex was accomplished on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via π-π stacking to obtain effective and durable indirect electrochemical regeneration of NADH. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry were used to demonstrate the electrochemical activity of the surface-confined pyr-Rh complex. The loading quantity of the pyr-Rh complex was found to be 47 ± 2 nmol/mg of MWCNTs. The reusability of the electrodes modified with the pyr-Rh complex was investigated and an average turnover frequency of 3.6 ± 0.1 s −1 over ten cycles in the presence of 2 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) was observed. Lastly, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), a NADH-dependent enzyme, was evaluated in the presence of the immobilized pyr-Rh complex to confirm the catalyst’s capability to regenerate biologically active NADH for biocatalysis. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any
Encouraging Reductions in Nonpoint Source Pollution through Point-nonpoint Trading: The Roles of Baseline Choice and Practice Subsidies

Water quality regulations in the United States apply almost exclusively to point sources. In impaired watersheds where both point and nonpoint sources contribute to pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is encouraging the use of point-nonpoint trading to reduce the cost of point sources to meet their permit requirement, and to encourage nonpoint sources to voluntarily contribute more towards meeting overall water quality goals. The EPA guidance encourages trading programs to set a nonpoint source eligibility baseline that extracts some "extra" abatement from nonpoint sources. Research has shown that setting an eligibility baseline that is substantially more stringent than current management could discourage nonpoint source participation and significantly hinder trading. In this paper we examine how choosing the eligibility baseline for agricultural sources affects the efficiency goal of trading (reducing costs to point sources), as well as how it affects the EPA goal of encouraging nonpoint abatement. Using data from the Chesapeake Bay Watershed we find that eligibility baselines set to encourage additional nonpoint source abatement reduce the supply of credits in a market; the more stringent the baseline, the fewer the trades and the smaller the overall abatement from nonpoint sources. A subsidy to farmers for reducing the cost of meeting a baseline encourages greater nonpoint source abatement, but may not benefit the trading market.
Surgical management of facial nerve paralysis in the pediatric population

Abstract Background In the pediatric patient population, both the pathology and the surgical managements of seventh cranial nerve palsy are complicated by the small size of the patients. Adding to the technical difficulty is the relative infrequency of the diagnosis, thus making it harder to become proficient in the management of the condition. The magnitude of the functional and aesthetic deficits these children manifest is significantly troubling to both the patient and the parents, which makes immediate attention, treatment, and functional restoration essential. Methods A literature search using PubMed (http://www.pubmed.org) was undertaken to identify the current state of surgical management of pediatric facial paralysis. Results Although a multitude of techniques have been used, the ideal reconstructive procedure that addresses all of the functional and cosmetic needs of these children has yet to be described. Certainly, future research and innovative thinking will yield progressively better techniques that may, one day, emulate the native facial musculature with remarkable precision. Conclusion The necessity for surgical intervention in children with facial nerve paralysis differs depending on many factors including the acute/chronic nature of the defect as well as the extent of functional and cosmetic damage. In this article, we review the surgical procedures that have been used to treat pediatric facial nerve paralysis and provide therapeutic facial reanimation.
The enzymology of nitric oxide in bacterial pathogenesis and resistance

Mammalian NOSs (nitric oxide synthases) are haem-based monoxygenases that oxidize the amino acid arginine to the intracellular signal and protective cytotoxin nitric oxide (NO). Certain strains of mostly Gram-positive bacteria contain homologues of the mammalian NOS catalytic domain that can act as NOSs when suitable reductants are supplied. Crystallographic analyses of bacterial NOSs, with substrates and haem-ligands, have disclosed important features of assembly and active-centre chemistry, both general to the NOS family and specific to the bacterial proteins. The slow reaction profiles and especially stable haem-oxygen species of NOSs derived from bacterial thermophiles have facilitated the study of NOS reaction intermediates. Functionally, bacterial NOSs are distinct from their mammalian counterparts. In certain strains of Streptomyces, they participate in the biosynthetic nitration of plant toxins. In the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, NOSs are also likely to be involved in biosynthetic nitration reactions, but, furthermore, appear to play an important role in the recovery from damage induced by UV radiation.
Design Improvements to High-Explosive Pulsed-Power Isentropic-Compression Experiments

A series of 1-D isentropic-compression experiments (ICE) has been initiated using the high-explosive pulsed-power (HEPP) system. Accurate high-stress isentropic equation-of-state (EOS) data had been reported using the HEPP-ICE system. A number of important advantages of the system were demonstrated, including higher stresses, higher accuracy, and larger sample sizes than those of other methods. Several potential design improvements have since been identified and tested. The storage inductor was eliminated, and the experiment was performed before the output of the plate flux compression generator could short-circuit itself. This eliminated the loss of current that occurs when the generator plates bounce apart. A new design of explosively formed fuse opening switch was employed with a multipoint initiation system that reduced the explosive mass, significantly reduced the timing jitter by eliminating air gaps, and minimized flux losses. In addition, with this new switch, the resistance-versus-time profile may be adjusted by controlling the initiation times of its four quadrants. Anomalous results were obtained with the new switch. The results of using this switch in an EOS experiment on pure tantalum are reported.
Linewidth and step resistance distribution measurements using an addressable array

A test structure is introduced which uses column and row decoding to measure variations in linewidths and step-coverage resistances for a large sample size within a small area. A model was developed to explain the results. The structure is intended to qualify manufacturing lines used in producing ASICs. Therefore, it is designed using parameterized features to accommodate geometrical design rules. The structure was fabricated using a 2- mu m CMOS process and tested with a parametric test system. Test results show that linewidth and step resistance control is best for polysilicon layers and worst for secondary metallic layers. >
Modeling of Thermophoretic Soot Deposition and Hydrocarbon Condensation in EGR Coolers

EGR coolers are effective to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines due to lower intake charge temperature. EGR cooler fouling reduces heat transfer capacity of the cooler significantly and increases pressure drop across the cooler. Engine coolant provided at 40-90 C is used to cool EGR coolers. The presence of a cold surface in the cooler causes particulate soot deposition and hydrocarbon condensation. The experimental data also indicates that the fouling is mainly caused by soot and hydrocarbons. In this study, a 1-D model is extended to simulate particulate soot and hydrocarbon deposition on a concentric tube EGR cooler with a constant wall temperature. The soot deposition caused by thermophoresis phenomena is taken into account the model. Condensation of a wide range of hydrocarbon molecules are also modeled but the results show condensation of only heavy molecules at coolant temperature. Thermal properties of fouled layer are calculated based on mass fraction of deposited soot and hydrocarbons. The experiments with the same conditions ran to validate the model. Hot EGR gases flow through the inner pipe and the coolant circulates around it in the outer pipe to keep a constant wall temperature. Effectiveness, deposited soot mass, condensed hydrocarbon mass, and pressuremore » drop across the cooler are the parameters that have been compared. The results of the model are in a reasonably good agreement with the experimental results although there are some fields that need to be studied in future to improve the model.« less
Effect of Nonlinear Parametric Model Accuracy in Crack Prediction and Detection

The use of nonlinear system identification has been applied to predicting and tracking cracks as they form and propagate through a vibrating cantilevered beam. Continuous Time based nonlinear system identification is used in application to the harmonically excited system. Model parameters are shown to vary as the beam transitions to failure, though no attention has been given to the accuracy of the parameters identified. In this application the effects of fixing sets of model parameters to their known, accurate values is explored as a method to enhance the health monitoring technique.
Discipline: Still A Four Letter Word?

Discipline is an unpleasant part of the manager’s job and often handled poorly. This article examines the reason for this phenomenon and focuses on the need for due process. The traditional and nonpunitive discipline systems are compared and contrasted. Guidelines are presented for setting up workable discipline systems and for becoming more proficient at handing discipline situations.
Numerical simulation of plasma double layers

Numerical simulation results are presented for a plasma double layer, the computer model being a finite one-dimensional particle-in-cell plasma with specified potential difference across the system. A single pulse is formed which crosses the system with constant velocity; this is followed by the formation of a potential drop across a limited region of the plasma. An approximate expression relating the spatial extent of the double layer and the potential drop is presented. Electron and ion beams are generated which tend to lead to instabilities in the upstream and downstream regions.