cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Evidence of syn H-N-Fe-H Configurational Requirement for Iron-Based Bifunctional Hydrogenation Catalysts.

Iron hydrides supported by a pincer ligand of the type HN(CH2CH2PR2)2 (RPNHP) are versatile hydrogenation catalysts. Previous efforts have focused on using CO as an additional ligand to stabilize the hydride species. In this work, CO is replaced with isocyanide ligands, leading to the isolation of two different types of iron hydride complexes: (RPNHP)FeH(CNR')(BH4) (R = iPr, R' = 2,6-Me2C6H3, tBu; R = Cy, R' = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and [(iPrPNHP)FeH(CNtBu)2]X (X = BPh4, Br, or a mixture of Br and BH4). The neutral iron hydrides are capable of catalyzing the hydrogenation of PhCO2CH2Ph to PhCH2OH, although the activity is lower than for (iPrPNHP)FeH(CO)(BH4). The cationic iron hydrides are active hydrogenation catalysts only for more reactive carbonyl substrates such as PhCHO, and only when the NH and FeH hydrogens are syn to each other. The cationic species and their synthetic precursors [(iPrPNHP)FeBr(CNtBu)2]X (X = BPh4, Br) can have different configurations for the isocyanide ligands (cis or trans) and the H-N-Fe-H(Br) unit (syn or anti). Unlike tetraphenylborate, the bromide counterion participates in a hydrogen-bonding interaction with the NH group, which influences the relative stability of the cis,anti and cis,syn isomers. These structural differences have been elucidated by X-ray crystallography, and the geometric isomerization processes have been studied by NMR spectroscopy.
Microscale electrokinetic-based analysis of intact cells and viruses

Miniaturized electrokinetic methods have proven to be robust platforms for the analysis and assessment of intact microorganisms, offering short response times and higher integration than their bench-scale counterparts. The present review article discusses three types of electrokinetic-based methodologies: electromigration or motion-based techniques, electrode-based electrokinetics, and insulator-based electrokinetics. The fundamentals of each type of methodology are discussed and relevant examples from recent reports are examined, to provide the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art on the latest advancements on the analysis of intact cells and viruses with microscale electrokinetic techniques. The concluding remarks discuss the potential applications and future directions.
Cartilage immunoprivilege depends on donor source and lesion location.

Abstract The ability to repair damaged cartilage is a major goal of musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Allogeneic (same species, different individual) or xenogeneic (different species) sources can provide an attractive source of chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering, since autologous (same individual) cells are scarce. Immune rejection of non-autologous hyaline articular cartilage has seldom been considered due to the popular notion of “cartilage immunoprivilege”. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of allogeneic and xenogeneic engineered neocartilage tissue for cartilage repair. To address this, scaffold-free tissue engineered articular cartilage of syngeneic (same genetic background), allogeneic, and xenogeneic origin were implanted into two different locations of the rabbit knee ( n = 3 per group/location). Xenogeneic engineered cartilage and control xenogeneic chondral explants provoked profound innate inflammatory and adaptive cellular responses, regardless of transplant location. Cytological quantification of immune cells showed that, while allogeneic neocartilage elicited an immune response in the patella, negligible responses were observed when implanted into the trochlea; instead the responses were comparable to microfracture-treated empty defect controls. Allogeneic neocartilage survived within the trochlea implant site and demonstrated graft integration into the underlying bone. In conclusion, the knee joint cartilage does not represent an immune privileged site, strongly rejecting xenogeneic but not allogeneic chondrocytes in a location-dependent fashion. This difference in location-dependent survival of allogeneic tissue may be associated with proximity to the synovium. Statement of Significance Through a series of in vivo studies this research demonstrates that articular cartilage is not fully immunoprivileged. In addition, we now show that anatomical location of the defect, even within the same joint compartment, strongly influences the degree of the resultant immune response. This is one of the first investigations to show that (1) immune tolerance to allogeneic tissue engineered cartilage and (2) subsequent implant survival are dependent on the implant location and proximity to the synovium.
COURTS Juvenile Proceedings, Parental Rights: Provide Guidance for Family Reunification, Termination of Parental Rights, and Permanent Placement of Children Removed from the Home

The Act brings state law into compliance with federal guidelines and qualifies the state for funding under the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. It establishes that the safety and welfare of a child is the paramount consideration in a court's decision to remove a child from an allegedly abusive or neglectful parent. The Act identifies certain aggravated circumstances under which a court may remove a child from the home without the need for a finding of reasonable efforts by the Georgia Department of Human Resources to reunify the family. It encourages courts and government agencies to assure the expeditious placement of the child in a permanent home through adoption or other means, and allows for the termination of parental rights when in the best interest of the child. Further, the Act promotes aggressive efforts to place the child in an adoptive home and establishes certain procedural safeguards for children placed in out-of-state homes. Finally, the Act allows foster parents, preadoptive parents, or relatives providing care for the child to participate in any hearing or review involving the child.
El escabroso camino hacia la integracion economica hemisferica. Analisis regional de antecedentes orientado al futuro

El Hemisferio Occidental ha llegado a una circunstancia ironica. Los Estados Unidos durante muchos anos fueron campeones del multilateralismo y promotores del comercio libre global, pero ahora presionan en favor del regionalismo. Los paises latinoamericanos, que durante muchos anos estuvieron limitados por la industrializacion con sustitucion de importaciones y fracasaron en sus esfuerzos de integracion economica regional, finalmente se han movido hacia la apertura de sus economias al mundo, pero ahora son tentados por una iniciativa estadounidense para asociarse a un bloque regional...
Cannabidiol and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolism. In vitro comparison of mouse and rat liver crude microsome preparations.

Abstract The in vitro biotransformations of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC) by hepatic microsomal preparations from mouse and rat were compared and it was found that both cannabinoids are metabolized approximately two to three times faster by a mouse preparation than by a similar preparation from the rat. In both species, however, CBD was metabolized more slowly than Δ 9 -THC. The metabolite patterns resulting from the biotransformations of radioactive CBD and Δ 9 -THC were examined by thin-layer chromatography and were found to be qualitatively identical in both the mouse and rat. In contrast, studies of the rate of cannabinoid metabolism in the presence of excess substrate revealed that CBD metabolism was only linear for about 10 min, whereas Δ 9 -THC metabolism was linear for about 60 min. This difference was noted in both species. The evidence suggests that CBD metabolism is inhibited by its own metabolites. Furthermore, the results of other experiments indicate that CBD metabolites can also inhibit Δ 9 -THC and aminopyrine metabolism. The established ability of CBD to inhibit hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in vivo may also be the consequence of the formation of inhibitory metabolites.
A model of joint activity participation between household members

A proportional shares model of daily time allocation is developed and applied to the analysis of joint activity participation between adult household members. The model is unique in its simultaneous representation of each decision maker's decisions concerning independent activity participation, allocation of time to joint activities, and the interplay between individual and joint activities. Further, the model structure ensures that predicted shares of joint activity outcomes be the same for both decision makers, an improvement over models that do not make interpersonal linkages explicit. The empirical analysis of travel diary data shows that employment commitments and childcare responsibilities have significant effects on tradeoffs between joint and independent activities. In addition, evidence is presented for the continued relevance of gender-based role differences in caring for children and employment participation.
Quantification, sentences, and truth-values

The paper maintains (1) that Frege's quantification of sentence positions motivates his identification of sentences as proper names of truth-values; (2) that this identification is fully compatible with the Context Principle; (3) that the relation of a thought to its truthvalue is the primary case of the relation of sense to meaning. The paper offers a reconstruction of Frege's defense of (1) in pp. 33-5 of “On Sense and Meaning”O artigo sustenta (1) que a quantificacao Fregeana sobre posicoes de sentenca motiva sua identificacao de sentencas como nomes proprios de valores de verdade; (2) que esta identificacao e inteiramente compativel com o Principio do Contexto; (3) que a relacao de um pensamento com o seu valor de verdade e o caso primario da relacao do sentido para com o significado. O artigo oferece uma reconstrucao da defesa de Frege de (1) nas pp. 33-5 de “Sobre o Sentido e o Significado”.
Teach Me In The Way I Learn: Education And The Internet Generation

College students learn differently than their professors. This disconnect between learning styles is not a new problem, however the problem has been magnified by the technology driven environment which exists in contemporary higher education. Students who grew up using computers and Playstations while surfing MySpace blogs and listening to their MP3 players are frequently neither receptive to traditional lectures nor able to relate to examples based on 20 th century technologies. Numerous tools and technologies, however, can be used effectively to teach college students. This paper discusses several methods of addressing this disconnect through both pedagogical technique and classroom technologies.
Risk of malignancy in palpable solid breast masses considered probably benign or low suspicion: implications for management.

Objectives To determine whether solid palpable breast masses with benign sonographic features have less than 2% incidence of malignancy, allowing management by surveillance instead of biopsy. Methods With Institutional Review Board approval, sonography reports of palpable solid breast masses from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2009, prospectively classified as probably benign (American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System [BI-RADS] 3) or low suspicion (BI-RADS 4A) were reviewed. Category 4A lesions were included because many palpable benign-appearing masses at our institution are classified as 4A for palpability. The BI-RADS categories were correlated with outcome data, comprising tissue diagnosis, imaging stability for at least 24 months, or decrease/resolution during imaging surveillance. Results The study population included 440 lesions in 381 patients (mean age, 31.0 years; range, 15-68 years). A total of 161 lesions were prospectively classified as BI-RADS 3 and 279 as BI-RADS 4A. A total of 295 lesions (67%) had biopsy within 4.5 months of presentation, with 3 invasive malignancies; 145 of 440 lesions (33%) underwent surveillance. Forty-one lesions were considered benign for the following reasons: stability for at least 24 months (n = 28), benign tissue diagnosis during surveillance (n = 5), and decrease/resolution during follow-up (n = 8). The malignancy rate in lesions with adequate follow-up or biopsy was 3 of 336 (0.9%). All 3 malignancies occurred in women older than 40 years. Conclusions The incidence of malignancy in palpable solid breast masses classified as BI-RADS 3 or 4A in this study was less than 2%. In young women, surveillance rather than biopsy is appropriate for BI-RADS 3 palpable lesions. Palpability does not merit a BI-RADS 4A classification in solid masses with otherwise benign-appearing morphologic features, particularly in young women.
Visualization of Drosophila melanogaster chorion genes undergoing amplification.

The authors visualized by electron microscopy the preferential amplification of Drosophila chorion genes in late-stage follicle cells. Chromatin spreads revealed large clusters of actively transcribed genes of the appropriate size, spacing, and orientation for chorion genes that were expressed with the correct temporal specificity. Occasionally the active genes were observed within or contiguous with intact replicons and replication forks. In every case, our micrographs are consistent with the hypothesis that the central region of each chorion domain contains a replication origin(s) used during the amplification event. In one case, a small replication bubble was observed precisely at the site of the essential region of the X chromosome amplification control element. The micrographs also suggest that forks at either end of a replicon frequently progress very different distances, presumably due to different times in initiation or different rates of movement. It appears that all chorion genes (even those coding for minor proteins) are transcribed in a ''fully on'' condition, albeit for varied durations, and that if replication fork passage does inactivate a promoter, it does so very transiently. Furthermore, a DNA segment containing one active gene is likely to have an additional active gene(s). Surprisingly, during the time frame of expectedmore » maximum activity, approximately half of the chorion sequences appear transciptionally inactive.« less
Comparative Analyses of Stressors Experienced by Rural Low‐Income Pregnant Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence and Those Who Are Not

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the daily lives of rural pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy, with a focus on their sources of stress and the compounding effects of intimate partner violence. Design A qualitative study using content analysis of research nurses' telephone logs from a large smoking cessation randomized controlled trial ( N =695) in which 33% of the sample ( n =227) experienced intimate partner violence in the past year. Participants Fifty pregnant women, 25 who had experienced intimate partner violence in the past year and 25 who had never experienced intimate partner violence, were randomly selected from those who received a nurse-delivered telephone intervention for smoking cessation ( n =345). The mean age of the sample was 22 years, and the majority were White and living in a married-like relationship. Results Women experiencing intimate partner violence discussed certain stressors significantly more often than nonabused women. These stressors included finances, lack of social support, legal issues, transportation issues, and abuse by the intimate partner and others. Conclusion Health care providers need to recognize that intimate partner violence creates a stress, which can compound the stressors of pregnancy and poverty in rural areas. Offering these women a chance to talk about their lives can help them not only to locate necessary resources, but also to break down the barriers of isolation.
An improved electron bremsstrahlung cross-section formula for Monte Carlo transport simulation

Abstract An improved cross-section formula for thin-target electron bremsstrahlung was devised by replacing the screening functions in the Bethe-Heitler integral cross-section formula by a function obtained through a fit to experimental bremsstrahlung cross-section data. Two empirical correction functions were added to the screening portion of the cross section to offset the early drop of the theoretical formula prediction relative to experiment near the high-energy tip of the bremsstrahlung spectrum, and to compensate for its underestimation of the experimental cross sections for low-energy electrons incident on high- Z targets. Predictions of the proposed formula exhibit better agreement with experiment than existing bremsstrahlung cross sections over wide ranges of electron energies (1 MeV ≤ T ≤ 250 MeV) and target atomic numbers (4 ≤ Z ≤ 82). An efficient algorithm, based on the acceptance-rejection method, was developed for random sampling of the formula in a Monte Carlo code. The algorithm uses an “envelope” type rejection function which enhances the sampling efficiency to more than 85% for high-energy electrons.
Dosimetry of a dual photon energy linear accelerator.

We describe the dosimetric characteristics of a newly introduced dual photon energy linear accelerator, the Varian Clinac 1800. Depth doses are compared with other accelerators of the same nominal accelerating potentials (6 and 10 MV). Field flatness at d max and at 10 cm depth, depth of d max, wedge characteristics, output factors, and doses in the buildup region are presented.
Infinite Horizon Strategies for Replenishment Systems with a General Pool of Suppliers

We consider a general infinite horizon inventory control model that combines demand and supply risks and the firm's ability to mitigate the supply risks by diversifying its procurement orders among a set of N potential suppliers. Supply risks arise because only a random percentage of any given replenishment order is delivered as useable units. The suppliers are characterized by the price they charge and the distribution of their yield factor. Assuming unsatisfied demand is backlogged, the firm incurs, as in standard inventory models, three types of costs: i procurement costs, ii inventory carrying costs for units carried over from one period to the next, and iii backlogging costs. We establish the existence of an optimal stationary policy, under both the long-run discounted and average cost criteria, and characterize its structure. Assuming each period's inventory level distribution can be approximated as a normal, we develop an efficient solution method identifying additional structural properties. Finally, we identify a simple class of heuristic policies that come close to being optimal.
Disease boundaries in the retina of patients with Usher syndrome caused by MYO7A gene mutations.

PURPOSE. To study retinal microstructure in Usher Syndrome type 1B (USH1B) caused by MY07A mutations as a prelude to treatment initiatives. METHODS. Patients with MYO7A-USH1B (n = 17; ages 5-61) were studied with optical coherence tomography. Retinal laminae across horizontal and vertical meridians were measured. Colocalized visual sensitivity was measured with automated perimetry to enable comparisons of function and structure in the transition zones. RESULTS. Laminar architecture of the central retina in MY07A-USH1B ranged from normal to severely abnormal. Within the transition zone between normal and abnormal retina, the first detectable abnormality was an increase in prominence of the OLM (outer limiting membrane). Declining ONL thickness was accompanied by increased thickness of the OPL and normal or increased INL. Undetectable ONL and OPL and hyperthick INL were features of severe laminopathy at further eccentricities into the transition zone. Visual sensitivity in the transition zone declined with the decrease in ONL thickness. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with MYO7A-USH1B can have regions of structurally and functionally normal retina with definable transitions to severe laminopathy and visual loss. The earliest detectable structural markers of disease may represent Miiller glial cell response to photoreceptor stress and apoptosis. Visual losses were predictably related to a decline in ONL thickness. The prospect of focal treatment of MYO7A-USH1B, such as subretinal gene therapy, prompts the need to identify retinal locations that warrant consideration for treatment in early phase trials. The transition zones are candidate sites for treatment, and laminar architecture and visual sensitivity are possible outcomes to assess safety and efficacy.
Developing an internship program that benefits everyone

When properly planned and executed, an internship in laboratory animal science can benefit both the intern and the host institution. The authors provide suggestions for hosting a successful internship.
VEGF and angiopoietin-1 exert opposing effects on cell junctions by regulating the Rho GEF Syx

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ang1 (Angiopoietin-1) have opposing effects on vascular permeability, but the molecular basis of these effects is not fully known. We report in this paper that VEGF and Ang1 regulate endothelial cell (EC) junctions by determining the localization of the RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Syx. Syx was recruited to junctions by members of the Crumbs polarity complex and promoted junction integrity by activating Diaphanous. VEGF caused translocation of Syx from cell junctions, promoting junction disassembly, whereas Ang1 maintained Syx at the junctions, inducing junction stabilization. The VEGF-induced translocation of Syx from EC junctions was caused by PKD1 (protein kinase D1)-mediated phosphorylation of Syx at Ser806, which reduced Syx association to its junctional anchors. In support of the pivotal role of Syx in regulating EC junctions, syx−/− mice had defective junctions, resulting in vascular leakiness, edema, and impaired heart function.
On succinct convex greedy drawing of 3-connected plane graphs

Geometric routing by using virtual locations is an elegant way for solving network routing problems. In its simplest form, greedy routing, a message is simply for warded to a neighbor that is closer to the destination. It has been an open conjecture whether every 3-connected plane graph has a greedy drawing in R2 (by Papadimitriou and Ratajczak [23]). Leighton and Moitra [20] recently settled this conjecture positively. One main drawback of this approach is that the coordinates of the virtual locations requires Ω(n log n) bits to represent (the same space usage as traditional routing table approaches). This makes greedy routing infeasible in applications. A similar result was obtained by Angelini et al. [2]. However, neither of the two papers give the time efficiency analysis of their algorithms. In addition, as pointed out in [16], the drawings in these two papers are not necessarily planar nor convex.In this paper, we show that the classical Schnyder drawing in R2 of plane triangulations is greedy with respect to a simple natural metric function H(u, v) over R2 that is equivalent to Euclidean metric DE(u, v) (in the sense that DE(u, v)
The gamma-ray laser–status and issues in 1988

Efforts to demonstrate the feasibility of a gamma-ray laser scored major advances in 1987. Culminating with the successes in optically pumping the first of the 29 actual candidate isomers, priority issues were brought into better focus by the lessons learned from a wealth of new results. Perceptions were advanced so greatly that we must reassess the critical issues for 1988. Only the bottom line remains the same. A gamma-ray laser is feasible if the right combination of energy levels occurs in some real material. The likelihood of this favorable arrangement has been markedly increased by the experimental results to date.
A comparative analysis of SET‐LRP of MA in solvents mediating different degrees of disproportionation of Cu(I)Br

Cu(I)Br/Μe 6 .TREN species are unstable and disproportionate into metallic Cu(0) and Cu(II)Br 2 /Μe 6 -TREN in DMSO, whereas in toluene are stable and do not undergo disproportionation, at least at 25 °C. To estimate the role of the disproportionating solvent in single electron-transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) a comparative analysis of Cu(0)/Me 6 -TREN-catalyzed polymerization of MA initiated with methyl 2-bromopropionate at 25 °C was performed in DMSO and toluene. A combination of kinetic experiments and chain end analysis by 500-MHz 1 H NMR spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that disproportionation represents the crucial requirement for a successful SET-LRP of MA at 25 °C. In DMSO a perfect SET-LRP occurs and yields close to 100% conversion in 45 min. A first order polymerization in growing species up to 100% conversion and a PMA with perfectly functional chain ends are obtained. However, in toluene within 17 h only about 60% conversion is obtained, the polymerization does not show first order in growing species and therefore is not a living polymerization. Moreover, at 60% conversion the resulting PMA has only 80% active chain ends.
“The New World of Realities in Which We Live”: How Speaking in Tongues Empowered Early Pentecostals

Histories of Pentecostalism have recounted how early adherents anticipated preaching in their newfound languages until disappointing reports from missionaries trickled home. Yet, in the years from 1901 to 1908, many Pentecostals recognized the value of glossolalic utterances to include languages not only for preaching but also as a means of prayer, with the latter especially denoting their willingness to step beyond the border of rational spirituality into the realm of Christian mysticism. At the same time, they addressed the connection of Spirit baptism to love in the Spirit-filled life and struggled with questions that arose about the meaning of the gift of interpretation. This essay proposes that the early literature reveals a consistently held role for adoration and prayerful intercession that enabled the faithful to withstand the impact of other changes in meaning.
The rheology of blood. A survey

Blood is a very special organ, consisting of a complex of cellular elements suspended in a fluid phase, plasma. In both its cellular and plasmatic components, blood consti tutes an assortment of vehicles of transport , and in its behavior is anomalous as compared to other organs. The cellular elements and the plasma circulate at various velocities. Physiologically, the cellular components are not cemented to each other, but move as single, separate bodies. The complexity of blood as a rheological system is augmented by the great var ie ty in the size, shape, and functions of pathways through which it flows, after continuously being pumped through this intricate system of endothelial-lined channels by the action of the heart . 3 Papers on the rheology of blood are scarce and have not been properly connected in textbooks or manuals dealing with blood or the blood circulation. RheologicM phenomena have been described mainly in connection with some other investigation. Reviews on the viscosity of blood deal largely with data on apparent viscosities. The relative pauci ty of rheological t rea tments of blood is contrasted by the large number of observations of rheological phenomena of this humor. In a recent survey of biorheological problems a brief summary of the rheology of blood was given (1).
Biosynthesis and characterization of a phosphatidic acid analog containing beta-hydroxy fatty acid.

Abstract A new phospholipid was shown to be biosynthesized in liver mitochondria from labeled 1-alkyl- sn -glycerol-3-phosphate and labeled fatty acid in the presence of ATP and CoA and its structure was shown to be 1-alkyl-2-(3-hydroxy)acyl- sn -glycerol-3-phosphate. Fatty acids in mitochondria were oxidized to the β-hydroxy derivatives which were utilized for the acylation of alkyl glycerophosphate. Free long chain β-hydroxy acids were also utilized by mitochondria and microsomes in the presence of ATP and CoA for the acylation of glycerophosphate derivatives to form the phosphatidate analogs.
The ATPase activity of avian erythromyeloblastic leukosis virus I. Introductory kinetics

Abstract An introductory kinetic study of the viral ATPase activity has been based on enzyme particle counts obtained from electron micrographic photographs. This approach has circumvented the necessity of determining enzyme nitrogen, purity and molecular weight. The values obtained for Ks and k30 are 7.34 ± 0.84·10−5 and 0.556 ± 0.022·107, respectively. The close agreement among the values of k30 for five different preparations lends further support for the contention that the virus particle is the enzyme. A value of 5 million has been calculated for the number of molecules of ATP turned over by each enzyme particle per minute. This large turnover number has been discussed.
Novel SSBP2-JAK2 fusion gene resulting from a t(5;9)(q14.1;p24.1) in pre-B acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Activating mutations in JAK2 are found in virtually all patients with polycythemia vera, and about half of those with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. In addition, less common aberrations (particularly gene fusions) involving JAK2 have been described in acute leukemias. With the advent of JAK2 inhibitor trials in myeloproliferative disorders, tumors with JAK2 mutations or rearrangements have become candidates for targeted therapy. In this report, we identify SSBP2 as a new JAK2 fusion partner in a patient with pre-B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. This finding adds to the expanding compendium of JAK2 aberrations found in various hematopoietic malignancies, as well as the potential need for a diagnostic FISH analysis in the appropriate clinical setting. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich feeds over mesoporous copper manganese oxides synthesized by a redox method

Abstract Mesoporous copper manganese oxides with high surface areas (>268 m 2 /g) were prepared using the redox method and tested in the preferential oxidation of CO. These materials were highly active and selective under typical operating conditions of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell. The synthesized catalysts preferentially oxidized CO with a stoichiometric amount of oxygen in the feed gas. The presence of CO 2 and H 2 O in the feed gas retarded catalytic activity significantly at low ( 2 oxidation.
Long Path Atmospheric Ozone Absorption in the 9–10-μ Region Observed from a Balloon-Borne Spectrometer

A balloon-borne spectrometer was used to measure the atmospheric absorption of solar radiation in the 9–10-μ region as a function of altitude. Among the numerous spectra recorded, several were made with very long optical paths above the troposphere obtained from floating altitude (~30 km) while the sun set. When the experimental results are compared with calculated spectra, based on line by line parameters of the ν3 and ν1 fundamentals of ordinary ozone, 16O3, combined with the Curtis-Godson approximation, large discrepancies are found for the long path spectra. It is shown that the hot bands ν3 + ν2 − ν2 and ν3 + ν3 − ν3 of the 16O3, and the ν3 fundamentals of the isotopic species 16O18O16O and 16O16O18O, can contribute significant absorption for long paths such as obtained in this experiment. Such long paths also give rise to significant absorptions by the ν3 − ν1 and the ν3 − 2ν2° bands of CO2. Including these weak bands in the calculated spectra leads to good agreement with the observed data.
Superkiller yeast strain contains additional species of double-stranded RNA

Abstract A superkiller yeast strain, T158C, was found to contain four new species of ds RNA designated P3, P4, P5, and P6. The new components were found to have molecular weights of 880,000 daltons, 620,000 daltons, 500,000 daltons, and 330,000 daltons, respectively. The new species were shown to be double-stranded RNA by their resistance to pancreatic RNAse (E.C.3.1.4.22) in high salt and their sensitivity in low salt. Curing of the killer character by growth at high temperature resulted in the loss of P3–6 as well as M ds RNA. Since T158C is a superkiller, these new molecules may play an important role in the expression of the killer character.
Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat

We investigated (1) the topography of projection neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) with efferents to restricted regions of the primary somatosensory (SI), the second somatosensory (SII), and the primary motor (MI) cortices in the rat; (2) the percentage of these NBM projection neurons that were cholinergic; and (3) the collateralization, if any, of single NBM neurons to different subdivisions within SI, to homotopic areas of SI and SII, and to homotopic areas of SI and MI. Retrograde single- and double-labeling techniques were used to study NBM projections to electrophysiologically identified subdivisions of SI and to homotopic representational areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry was done to identify cholinergic NBM neurons. Of the retrogradely labeled NBM neurons that projected to selective subdivisions of SI, SII, and MI, 89%, 87%, and 88%, respectively, were cholinergic. We found a rostral-to-caudal progression of retrogradely labeled NBM neurons following a medial-to-lateral sequence of injections into subdivisions of SI. Overlapping groups of single-labeled NBM neurons were observed after injections of different tracers into adjacent subdivisions within SI or homotopic areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. We conclude that NBM innervation to SI, SII, and MI is mostly cholinergic in the rat, that each cortical area receives cholinergic afferents from neurons widely distributed within the NBM, and that each NBM neuron projects to a restricted cortical area without significant collateralization to adjacent subdivisions within SI or to homotopic areas of SI and SII, or SI and MI.
Relationship of growth stimulated by lithium, estradiol, and EGF to phospholipase C activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Lithium-stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation was compared to proliferation stimulated by other mitogens for this cell line - estradiol (E2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) - and lithium was found to be effective within a narrow concentration range. Mitogenic effects of lithium on proliferation stimulated by E2 and EGF were additive below maximum, but were not synergistic. The phosphoinositide pathway is a cell signaling system involved in cell proliferation, within which phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] leads to the production of the second messengers inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and diacylglycerol (DAG), as well as to calcium mobilization. At mitogen concentrations which maximally stimulated cell growth, estradiol stimulated both growth and PLC activity, while EGF and lithium stimulated cell growth but had little effect on the activity of the enzyme. Dose-responses with EGF revealed that a low concentration (0.1 ng/ml, 0.017 nM) of EGF appeared to stimulate both PLC activity and cell growth, but that higher concentrations of EGF which stimulated greater proliferation inhibited PLC activity. Steady-state levels of inositol phosphates including inositol trisphosphate were increased by all three mitogens. In growth assays, the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), which mimics the actions of DAG, stimulated some cell growth, but dioctanoylglycerol, an additional DAG analog, and the calcium ionophore A23187, alone or with the DAG analogs, had no effect. These results suggest that PLC-mediated PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis is not primarily associated with signaling proliferation by lithium or EGF in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
A problem of restricted partitions

This paper presents a simple algorithm for finding the number of restricted k-partitions of a natural number n. The unrestricted k-partitions of n are expressed as the sum of these restricted k-partitions, called inadmissible, and the admissible k-partitions. The simplicity of the algorithm is striking, though all the implications are unclear.
Experimental determination of fluence correction factors at depths beyond dmax for a Farmer type cylindrical ionization chamber in clinical electron beams.

Recently, it has been recommended that electron beamcalibrations be performed at a new reference depth [Burns et al., Med. Phys. 23, 383 (1996)] given by d ref =0.6R 50 −0.1 cm , where R 50 is the depth of 50% depth dose. In order to calibrate electron beams at d ref with a Farmer type cylindrical ionization chamber, the values of the perturbation correction factors P wall and P fl at d ref are required. Using a parallel plate Holt chamber as a reference chamber, the product P wall P fl has been determined for a 6.1-mm-diameter PTW cylindrical ionization chamber at d ref as a function of R 50 of clinical electron beams ( 6⩽ nominal energy E⩽22 MeV ). Assuming that P wall for the PTW chamber is unity in electron beams, the measured P fl values ranged from 0.96 to 0.98 as the energy is increased. These results are in close agreement with recently reported calculated values. Determination of d ref requires the knowledge of R 50 . A relation between I 50 and R 50 is given in the IAEA Protocol [TRS No. 277 (IAEA, Vienna, 1987), pp. 1–98] for broad beams at SSD=100 cm. It has been shown experimentally that the equation R 50 =1.029×I 50 −0.063 cm , derived by Ding et al. [Med. Phys. 22, 489 (1995)] from Monte Carlo simulations of realistic clinical electron beams, can be used satisfactorily to obtain R 50 from I 50 , where I 50 is the depth of 50% ionization. The largest difference between the measured value of R 50 and that calculated by using the above equation has been found to be about 1 mm at 22 MeV.
Super Brønsted acid catalysis

Bronsted acid catalysis has emerged as a new class of catalysis in modern organic synthesis. However, in order to make the utility of the Bronsted acid catalysis as broad as the well-developed Lewis acid catalysis, it is desirable to develop Bronsted acids demonstrating both high reactivities and selectivities. In this feature article, we will present our achievement in the design and development of strong Bronsted acids and their application to organic reactions. Furthermore, we will describe the Tf2NH-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reaction of super silyl enol ethers. We also will highlight the differences in reactivity and chemo- and stereo-selectivity between Bronsted and Lewis acid catalysis.
Isolevuglandin-protein Adducts in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein and Human Plasma: A Strong Connection with Cardiovascular Disease

Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) are extremely reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes that avidly bind covalently with proteins and cause protein-protein as well as DNA-protein crosslinking. IsoLG-protein adducts are generated upon oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and may contribute to atherogenesis since such adducts cause recognition and endocytosis of the modified LDL by macrophage cells. Levels of isoLG-protein adducts in human blood plasma are more closely correlated with disease than are the classical risk factors LDL or total cholesterol. We review the basic research that eventuated in the discovery of isoLGs and describe what is known about their natural occurrence and close connection with cardiovascular disease.
A primate-specific POTE-actin fusion protein plays a role in apoptosis

The primate-specific gene family, POTE, is expressed in many cancers but only in a limited number of normal tissues (testis, ovary, prostate). The 13 POTE paralogs are dispersed among 8 human chromosomes. They evolved by gene duplication and remodeling from an ancestral gene, Ankrd26, recently implicated in controlling body size and obesity. In addition, several POTE paralogs are fused to an actin retrogene producing POTE-actin fusion proteins. The biological function of the POTE genes is unknown, but their high expression in primary spermatocytes, some of which are undergoing apoptosis, suggests a role in inducing programmed cell death. We have chosen Hela cells as a model to study POTE function in human cancer, and have identified POTE-2α-actin as the major transcript and the protein it encodes in Hela cells. Transfection experiments show that both POTE-2α-actin and POTE-2γC are localized to actin filaments close to the inner plasma membrane. Transient expression of POTE-2α-actin or POTE-2γC induces apoptosis in Hela cells. Using wild-type and mutant mouse embryo cells, we find apoptosis induced by over-expression of POTE-2γC is decreased in Bak −/− or Bak −/− Bax −/− cells indicating POTE is acting through a mitochondrial pathway. Endogenous POTE-actin protein levels but not RNA levels increased in a time dependent manner by stimulation of death receptors with their cognate ligands. Our data indicates that the POTE gene family encodes a new family of proapoptotic proteins.
Reliability of high power diode laser systems based on single emitters

Diode laser modules based on arrays of single emitters offer a number of advantages over bar-based solutions including enhanced reliability, higher brightness, and lower cost per bright watt. This approach has enabled a rapid proliferation of commercially available high-brightness fiber-coupled diode laser modules. Incorporating ever-greater numbers of emitters within a single module offers a direct path for power scaling while simultaneously maintaining high brightness and minimizing overall cost. While reports of long lifetimes for single emitter diode laser technology are widespread, the complex relationship between the standalone chip reliability and package-induced failure modes, as well as the impact of built-in redundancy offered by multiple emitters, are not often discussed. In this work, we present our approach to the modeling of fiber-coupled laser systems based on single-emitter laser diodes.
Examining Quiet Standing Center of Pressure Data Using Invariant Density Analysis

Posturographic data collected during quiet stance using force plates is widely used to assess postural stability [1]. Center of pressure (COP) is a commonly used experimental variable for several types of analyses. Traditionally, COP data have been analyzed using measures that describe the shape or speed of the trajectory [1]. Unfortunately, these parameters do not provide insight into the physiological system as a whole and have been shown to have questionable reliability [2].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Biological water: femtosecond dynamics of macromolecular hydration

The unique features of a macromolecule and water as a solvent make the issue of solvation unconventional, with questions about the static versus dynamic nature of hydration and the physics of orientational and translational diffusion at the boundary. For proteins, the hydration shell that covers the surface is critical to the stability of its structure and function. Dynamically speaking, the residence time of water at the surface is a signature of its mobility and binding. With femtosecond time resolution it is possible to unravel the shortest residence times which are key for the description of the hydration layer, static or dynamic. In this article we review these issues guided by experimental studies, from this laboratory, of polar hydration dynamics at the surfaces of two proteins (Subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) and Monellin). The natural probe tryptophan amino acid was used for the interrogation of the dynamics, and for direct comparison we also studied the behavior in bulk watera complete hydration in 1 ...
PERIODIC HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECTLY OPPOSED FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION FLOW

Abstract An experimental study of the heat transfer from small circular cylinders placed horizontal to a downward flowing air stream is reported. Based on heat-transfer measurements and flow visualization, a model for directly opposed free and forced convection was developed. Three modes of flow were observed. For very low velocities the free convection, buoyant plume dominates the heat transfer. At a “lower critical” Reynolds number, when the free and forced convections are of the same order of magnitude, a well defined periodic heat transfer was obtained. The periodic heat transfer was due to the build-up of the buoyant forces to a magnitude where they overcame the downward force of the air flow. At an “upper critical” Reynolds number the periodic heat transfer abruptly ceases. For velocities greater than the upper critical limit the forces due to the air flow dominate. A potential like, laminar sheet forms, as a shroud around the thermal layer of the hot cylinder. The average heat transfer from the cylinder decreases with increasing Reynolds number for both the case of dominant free convection and the periodic heat-transfer regime. The minimum value of the heat transfer occurred at the upper critical Reynolds number.
Attenuation and interaction

A significance test is proposed for determining whether a correlation coefficient is less than unity by an amount greater than that attributable to errors of measurement.
Clinical trials of preventives for dental caries.

Dr. Horowitz presents in detail the methods of examining for carious lesions in those subjects studied for the effect of agents used in prevention. These methods are enforced for examiners by the Staff of the Community Programs Section of the National Institute of Dental Research.
FUZZY DYNAMIC LOGIC

Fuzzy logic is extended toward dynamic adaptation of the degree of fuzziness. The motivation is to explain the process of learning as a joint model improvement and fuzziness reduction. A learning system with fuzzy models is introduced. Initially, the system is in a highly fuzzy state of uncertain knowledge, and it dynamically evolves into a low-fuzzy state of certain knowledge. We present an image recognition example of patterns below clutter. The paper discusses relationships to formal logic, fuzzy logic, complexity and draws tentative connections to Aristotelian theory of forms and working of the mind.
Syntheses and optical properties of triphenylene-containing conjugated polymers

Abstract In this paper, we report the detailed synthesis and optical properties of three new conjugated polymers containing triphenylene units in the backbone. Polymer PTPT exhibits strong folding propensity and forms foldamers in both polar and nonpolar solvents. PTPA, with two long alkyl chains attached to the bridging phenyl ring, exhibits mainly as interchain aggregates in “poor” solvents (DMSO and acetonitrile), but adopts a folding conformation in solvent mixtures with a high poor solvent content. PTPV, on the other hand, adopts a random nonfolding conformation in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The low folding propensity of PTPV is likely due to the added geometrical flexibility of the vinyl bonds. Among the three polymers, PTPV is most fluorescent with a fluorescence quantum yield as high as 0.87, suggesting its potential applications as light-emitting materials or fluorescence-based sensors. PTPT, on the other hand, with its strong folding property, may find applications as efficient charge-transporting materials.
Brain network markers of abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow in Parkinson's disease

Neuroimaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow is ideally suited to assay widely-distributed brain circuits as a result of local molecular events and behavioral modulation in the central nervous system. With the progress in novel analytical methodology, this endeavor has succeeded in unraveling the mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, statistical brain mapping studies have made significant strides in describing the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related disorders by providing signature biomarkers to determine the systemic abnormalities in brain function and evaluate disease progression, therapeutic responses, and clinical correlates in patients. In this article, we review the relevant clinical applications in patients in relation to healthy volunteers with a focus on the generation of unique spatial covariance patterns associated with the motor and cognitive symptoms underlying PD. These characteristic biomarkers can be potentially used not only to improve patient recruitment but also to predict outcomes in clinical trials.