cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Awareness status and prevalence of hypertension in a group of urban Haitians: findings of a population-based survey.

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this project was to evaluate knowledge and awareness status about hypertension among a group of Haitian adults in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and also to assess treatment status among hypertensive persons within this group. METHODS: Adults (> or =18 yrs) accompanying a sick person to a private clinic or a health center were asked to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Face-to-face questionnaires were administered to volunteers. Blood pressure measurements, weight, and height were obtained on site. RESULTS: A total of 382 subjects enrolled. Two hundred and eighty-nine subjects (approximately 76%) were normotensives. Among hypertensives: thirty-nine (10%) had borderline hypertension with systolic pressure > or =140 or =90 or =160/95 mm Hg. Among subjects classified as hypertensive, fifty-seven (61%) were unaware of their high blood pressure and its risk. Only 3 of those aware (8%) reported receiving regular therapy. Thirty percent (30%) of participants believed hypertension was not a serious problem. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need for information about awareness, prevalence, and control of hypertension in Haiti's population. This information could be used as the baseline in the planning of a cost-effective national primary prevention strategy.
Reduced Levels of Tear Lacritin Are Associated With Corneal Neuropathy in Patients With the Ocular Component of Sjögren's Syndrome.

Purpose To determine whether levels of endogenous tear protein, lacritin, are linked to altered corneal innervation and dry eye severity in patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Methods Clinical data were obtained from 10 SS and 10 age-matched controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess total tear lacritin extracted from Schirmer strips. Western blot was used to detect active lacritin monomer (∼25 kDa), active lacritin fragment (∼12-15 kDa), and inactive tissue transglutaminase-generated lacritin (≥40 kDa). In vivo confocal microscopy was used to assess nerve fiber density (NFD) and length (NFL). Relationships between nerve morphology and tear lacritin were examined by Spearman correlation. Diagnostic performance of tear lacritin was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic. Results Active tear lacritin was significantly reduced in SS patients (3.72 ± 5.62 [SS] versus 18.17 ± 4.57 ng/100 ng total tear protein [controls]; P < 0.001), while inactive lacritin was increased (84.99% ± 11.15% [SS] versus 51.04% ± 12.03% [controls]; P < 0.001). Nerve fiber density (21.70 ± 18.93 vs. 31.80 ± 9.35; P = 0.03) and NFL (4.18 ± 3.44 vs. 6.54 ± 2.47; P < 0.05) were significantly decreased in SS patients compared to controls. Reduced NFL (r = 0.74, P < 0.01) and NFD (r = 0.70, P < 0.01) were highly correlated with reduced tear lacritin. Similarly, total tear lacritin was highly correlated with Schirmers (r = 0.77, P < 0.01), ocular staining (r = -0.80, P < 0.01), and corneal sensitivity (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Tear lacritin showed equivalent or better diagnostic performance compared to traditional clinical measures for SS (100.00% sensitivity, 85.71% specificity, cutoff = 14.50 ng/100 ng tear protein). Conclusions Reduced tear lacritin levels in SS patients are highly correlated with clinical signs of dry eye, as well as decreased NFD and NFL. Lacritin and its components provide excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in SS.
Robert E. Gross

Robert E. Gross devoted his lifetime to pediatric surgery. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2, 1905, the son of Charles Jacob and Emma Houch. His father was the manager of the Stief Piano Company, and young Bob grew up in Baltimore, together with five sisters and two brothers.
Troop Withdrawal and Border Incidents

Soldier go home! — All three United Nations Commissions in Korea had assignments connected with the withdrawal of occupation forces. These assignments forced them to deal with governments of enormous power whose headquarters were too distant to approach by the face-to-face methods suitable in Korea itself. Thus, the question of troop withdrawal put them on the threshold of world politics on a grand scale. To a degree they might be influential. But in general their work on troop withdrawal would be controlled by decisions in which they had little or no part.
Identifying and analysing uncertainty structures in the TRMM microwave imager precipitation product over tropical ocean basins

Despite continuous improvements in microwave sensors and retrieval algorithms, our understanding of precipitation uncertainty is quite limited, due primarily to inconsistent findings in studies that compare satellite estimates to in situ observations over different parts of the world. This study seeks to characterize the temporal and spatial properties of uncertainty in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager surface rainfall product over tropical ocean basins. Two uncertainty analysis frameworks are introduced to qualitatively evaluate the properties of uncertainty under a hierarchy of spatiotemporal data resolutions. The first framework i.e. ‘climate method’ demonstrates that, apart from random errors and regionally dependent biases, a large component of the overall precipitation uncertainty is manifested in cyclical patterns that are closely related to large-scale atmospheric modes of variability. By estimating the magnitudes of major uncertainty sources independently, the climate method is able to explain 45–88% of the monthly uncertainty variability. The percentage is largely resolution dependent with the lowest percentage explained associated with a 1° × 1° spatial/1 month temporal resolution, and highest associated with a 3° × 3° spatial/3 month temporal resolution. The second framework i.e. ‘weather method’ explains regional mean precipitation uncertainty as a summation of uncertainties associated with individual precipitation systems. By further assuming that self-similar recurring precipitation systems yield qualitatively comparable precipitation uncertainties, the weather method can consistently resolve about 50% of the daily uncertainty variability, with only limited dependence on the regions of interest.
The Meaning of Property in Things

What is property, and why does our species happen to have it? In this paper I explore how Homo sapiens acquires and cognizes the custom of property and why this might be relevant to understanding how property works in the 21st century. I first draw upon anthropology, archeology, biology, cognitive linguistics, and law to argue that humans locate the meaning of property within a thing. Using philosophy of property law and actual property disputes, I then explain how my theory generates a testable hypothesis and how social scientists, chiefly economists, can no longer think about property as an external constraint imposed upon an individual.
Pennsylvania State Core Competencies for Education on Opioids and Addiction.

Objective The objective of this project was to develop core competencies for education on opioids and addiction to be used in all Pennsylvania medical schools. Methods The Pennsylvania Physician General created a task force that was responsible for the creation of the core competencies. A literature review was completed, and a survey of graduating medical students was conducted. The task force then developed, reviewed, and approved the core competencies. Results The competencies were grouped into nine domains: understanding core aspects of addiction; patient screening for substance use disorder; proper referral for specialty evaluation and treatment of substance use disorder; proper patient assessment when treating pain; proper use of multimodal treatment options when treating acute pain; proper use of opioids for the treatment of acute pain (after consideration of alternatives); the role of opioids in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain; patient risk assessment related to the use of opioids to treat chronic noncancer pain, including the assessment for substance use disorder or increased risk for aberrant drug-related behavior; and the process for patient education, initiation of treatment, careful patient monitoring, and discontinuation of therapy when using opioids to treat chronic noncancer pain. Specific competencies were developed for each domain. Conclusions These competencies will be incorporated into the educational process at all Pennsylvania medical schools. It is hoped that these curriculum changes will improve student knowledge and attitudes in these areas, thus improving patient outcomes.
Feed your head

The season has passed into myth: San Francisco’s 1967 “Summer of Love,” a sybaritic outpouring of song, sex, dance, poetry, and drugs when tens-of-thousands of young people flooded into the Haight-...
Lattice dynamics and thermomechanical properties of zirconium(IV) chloride: Evidence for low-temperature negative thermal expansion

Abstract The crystal structure, lattice dynamics and themomechanical properties of bulk monoclinic zirconium tetrachloride ( ZrCl 4 ) have been investigated using zero-damping dispersion-corrected density functional theory [DFT-D3(zero)]. Phonon analysis reveals that ZrCl 4 (cr) undergoes negative thermal expansion (NTE) near T ≈ 10 K, with a coefficient of thermal expansion of α = - 1.2 ppm K −1 and a Gruneisen parameter of γ = - 1.1 . The bulk modulus is predicted to vary from K 0 = 8.7 to 7.0 GPa in the temperature range 0–550 K. The isobaric molar heat capacity derived from phonon calculations within the quasi-harmonic approximation is in fair agreement with existing calorimetric data.
Investigating the relationships among elementary teachers’ perceptions of the use of students’ thinking, their professional noticing skills, and their teaching practices

Abstract This study is an investigation of relationships among elementary teachers’ perceptions of the use of students’ thinking in instructional decision-making, their professional noticing skills, and their use of students’ thinking during instruction. Interviews were conducted with 33 participants using a two-part, semi-structured protocol and 25 teachers’ instructional videos were collected. The data were analyzed using the Mathematical Quality of Instruction instrument and grounded theory techniques including open coding, identification of themes, and the development and description of categories. Preliminary findings suggest that there is a relationship between elementary teachers’ perceptions of the use of students’ thinking and their professional noticing skills, but misalignment was found between teachers’ perceptions of the use of students’ thinking and their practices as observed in videos of their own teaching. Implications are discussed for teacher knowledge and the design of effective professional development programs to encourage productive use of students’ thinking in lesson planning and teaching.
Optimization of Potent and Selective Tricyclic Indole Diazepinone Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 Inhibitors Using Structure-Based Design

Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, has emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Mcl-1 upregulation is often found in many human cancers and is associated with high tumor grade, poor survival, and resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we describe a series of potent and selective tricyclic indole diazepinone Mcl-1 inhibitors that were discovered and further optimized using structure-based design. These compounds exhibit picomolar binding affinity and mechanism-based cellular efficacy, including growth inhibition and caspase induction in Mcl-1-sensitive cells. Thus, they represent useful compounds to study the implication of Mcl-1 inhibition in cancer and serve as potentially useful starting points toward the discovery of anti-Mcl-1 therapeutics.
οἱ πιστεύοντες: An Early Christ-Group Self-Designation and Paul's Rhetoric of Faith

Although it is widely recognised that οἱ πιστeύοντeς was a self-designation of the early Christ groups, this is not reflected in scholarship on Romans and Galatians, where the participle is usually taken as a generic substantive. Such a rendering obscures the force of Paul's rhetoric, which presupposes the status of οἱ πιστeύοντeς as a shared self-designation and mobilises it in an effort to naturalise Paul's claims regarding the exclusive justificatory value of his addressees’ πίστις. Accordingly, in Rom 3.22 and Gal 3.22, where οἱ πιστeύοντeς appears in close connection with πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, it is unlikely that the latter phrase designates Christ's own faithfulness.
A Human Factors Study to Update a Recently Proposed Manual Blind Use Algorithm for Energy and Daylight Simulations

Although a broad range of studies reveal that occupants move their blinds far less frequently, current manual blind control algorithms are too active and often overestimate the way people adjust manual blinds. Accordingly, a longitudinal human factors field study was conducted based on observations including 92,480 blinds position recordings of 7,080 window groups in 6 mid-rise office buildings located in Boise, Idaho to provide more accurate predictions of actual user behavior and develop a revised manual blind algorithm - called Blindswitch 2018 (updated version of Blindswitch-2017). Results revealed that roughly 94 % of the monitored blinds were not adjusted during a given average day, and 50% of blinds didn't have any movement during the entire period of study. Moreover, the findings showed that only 10% of occupants are active in adjusting blinds, while large portion of occupants behave as “non-users” (50%) or “passive users” (40%). In comparison to current “manual” blind use algorithms that assume all occupants as active users, the proposed algorithm would be a significant step forward to accurately simulate actual user behavior in actual buildings. Blindswitch-2018 algorithm is considered to be an improved basis for predicting the state of manual blinds in office buildings and can be implemented as a more realistic baseline to estimate overall performance of manual blinds in energy, daylighting, and electric lighting simulations.
Apes on TV: Medium specificity and considerations of continuity in early transmedia storytelling

In 1974, CBS premiered a television series based on the popular Planet of the Apes films. Despite high expectations from the network, the series was a critical and ratings flop and CBS quickly canc...
Extreme angle, tip-tilt MEMS micromirror enabling full hemispheric, quasi-static optical coverage

Beam steering is essential for a variety of optical applications such as communication, LIDAR, and imaging. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirrors are an effective method of achieving modest speeds and angular range at low cost. Typically there are a number of tradeoffs considered when designing a tip-tilt mirror, such as tilt angle and speed. For example, many mirrors are designed to scan at their resonant frequency to achieve large angles. This is effective for a scanning mode; however, this makes the device slow and ineffective as a galvo (quasi-static). Here, we present a magnetic MEMS mirror with extreme quasi-static mechanical tilt angles of ±60° (±120° optical) about two rotation axes. This micromirror enables full hemispheric optical coverage without compromising speed; settling in 4.5 ms using advanced drive techniques. This mirror will enable new applications for MEMS micromirrors previously thought impossible due to their limited angular range and speed.
From the curriculum to the classroom: The urgent need for preservice human rights teacher education in the United States

Despite recent progress made by the human rights education movement in the United States to bring human rights education into curriculum standards, textbooks, and classrooms, preservice and in-serv...
Protein Structure Analysis: Introducing Students to Rational Drug Design

We describe a series of engaging exercises in which students emulate the process that researchers use to efficiently develop new pharmaceutical drugs, that of rational drug design. The activities are taken from a three- to four-hour workshop regularly conducted with first-year college students and presented here to take place over three to four class periods. Although targeted at college students, these activities may be appropriate at the high school level as well, particularly in an AP Biology course. The exercises introduce students to the topics of bioinformatics and computer modeling, in the context of rational drug design, using free online resources such as databases and computer programs. Through the process of learning about computational drug design and drug optimization, students also learn content such as elements of protein structure and protein–ligand interactions. Based on our assessment, students enjoy the exercises, become more interested in bioinformatics and computer modeling, and demonstrate an increase in content knowledge relevant to the topics.
Cerebellar D1DR-expressing neurons modulate the frontal cortex during timing tasks

Abstract Converging lines of evidence suggest that the cerebellum plays an integral role in cognitive function through its interactions with association cortices like the medial frontal cortex (MFC). It is unknown precisely how the cerebellum influences the frontal cortex and what type of information is reciprocally relayed between these two regions. A subset of neurons in the cerebellar dentate nuclei, or the homologous lateral cerebellar nuclei (LCN) in rodents, express D1 dopamine receptors (D1DRs) and may play a role in cognitive processes. We investigated how pharmacologically blocking LCN D1DRs influences performance in an interval timing task and impacts neuronal activity in the frontal cortex. Interval timing requires executive processes such as working memory, attention, and planning and is known to rely on both the frontal cortex and cerebellum. In our interval timing task, male rats indicated their estimates of the passage of a period of several seconds by making lever presses for a water reward. We have shown that a cue-evoked burst of low-frequency activity in the MFC initiates ramping activity (i.e., monotonic increases or decreases of firing rate over time) in single MFC neurons. These patterns of activity are associated with successful interval timing performance. Here we explored how blocking right LCN D1DRs with the D1DR antagonist SCH23390 influences timing performance and neural activity in the contralateral (left) MFC. Our results indicate that blocking LCN D1DRs impaired some measures of interval timing performance. Additionally, ramping activity of MFC single units was significantly attenuated. These data provide insight into how catecholamines in the LCN may drive MFC neuronal dynamics to influence cognitive function.
Integrated platform for operating and interrogating organs-on-chips

The development of microphysiological systems, also known as organs-on-chips, has highlighted the need for improved in vitro models for drug discovery. However, the highly specialized skillset required to design, build, and operate these systems has hindered adoption. Here, we describe an integrated platform that enables both continuous perifusion culture and dynamic cell secretion assays. We also developed a graphical user interface that allows the user to not only control the hardware components, but also define automated programs. The system's functionality was validated by maintaining pancreatic islets in culture under continuous perifusion for 24 hours, then performing a functional glucose stimulated insulin secretion assay. We demonstrate that islets remained both viable and functional on the platform with minimal user involvement.
Is Propranolol as Safe as Reported in Managing All Pediatric Hemangiomas

Introduction: Hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular tumors of infancy. Infantile (IHs) and congenital (CHs) hemangiomas are similar in appearance, but differ in their presentation and behavior. Definitive diagnosis of IHs reflects presence of the GLUT1 marker; CHs have different markers. Despite the hypoglycemia seen in beta-blocker overdose, propranolol has a long-standing record of safety in various pediatric indications. With this history, and its effectiveness in IHs, it has become the drug of choice in IHs, and initial therapy in CHs. Case Report: A 4-year-old previously healthy African-American girl …
Patient advocacy organizations’ information for patients on pre-approval access to investigational treatments

To evaluate the availability of information regarding patient access to investigational treatments through clinical trials and non-trial pre-approval access pathways from a sample of patient advocacy organization (PAO) websites in the United States. We systematically analyzed the content of 118 randomly selected PAO websites to assess whether they contained information on clinical trials and non-trial pathways—e.g., the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded access (EA) program and right to try—over the course of two months from February to March 2019. A majority (81%, n = 96) of PAOs provided a link to ClinicalTrials.gov, and 73% (n = 86) had their own clinical trial finder or list of relevant trials. 23% (n = 27) mentioned EA, with 8% (n = 9) providing specific resources for FDA’s EA program. 8% (n = 10) provided a statement on the passage of the federal right to try law. A majority of PAO websites contained information on clinical trials, but a minority discussed non-trial pre-approval access. The lack of information on the latter highlights an area in need of improvement.
Extending Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocols to the Post-Discharge Setting: A Phone Call Intervention to Support Patients after Expedited Discharge after Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

The goal of this pilot study was to track patient outcomes after an expedited discharge after enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). A quantitative content...
Emotional Valence Tracking and Classification via State-Space Analysis of Facial Electromyography

Tracking the emotional valence state of an individual can serve as an important marker of personal health and well-being. Through automatic detection of emotional valence, timely intervention can be provided in the events of long periods of negative valence, such as anxiety, particularly for people prone to cardiovascular diseases. Our goal here is to use facial electromyogram (EMG) signal to estimate one’s hidden self-labelled emotional valence (EV) state during presentation of emotion eliciting music videos via a state-space approach. We present a novel technique to extract binary and continuous features from EMG signals. We then present a state-space model of valence in which the observation process includes both the continuous and binary extracted features. We use these features simultaneously to estimate the model parameters and unobserved EV state via an expectation maximization algorithm. Using experimental data, we illustrate that the estimated EV State of the subject matches the music video stimuli through different trials. Using three different classifiers: support vector machine, linear discriminant analysis, and k-nearest neighbors, a maximum classification accuracy of 89% was achieved for valence prediction based on the estimated emotional valance state. The results illustrate our system’s ability to track valence for personal well-being monitoring.
QT Interval and Arrhythmic Safety of Hydroxychloroquine Monotherapy in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Background Observational studies have suggested increased arrhythmic and cardiovascular risk with the combination use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective The arrhythmic safety profile of HCQ monotherapy, which remains under investigation as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in COVID-19, is less established and we sought to evaluate this. Methods In 245 consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to the University of Washington hospital system between March 9, 2020, and May 10, 2020, we identified 111 treated with HCQ monotherapy. Patients treated with HCQ underwent a systematic arrhythmia and QT interval surveillance protocol including serial electrocardiograms (ECG) (baseline, following second HCQ dose). The primary endpoint was in-hospital sustained ventricular arrhythmia or arrhythmic cardiac arrest. Secondary endpoints included clinically significant QTc prolongation. Results A total of 111 patients with COVID-19 underwent treatment with HCQ monotherapy (mean age 62 ± 16 years, 44 women [39%], serum creatinine 0.9 [interquartile range 0.4] mg/dL). There were no instances of sustained ventricular arrythmia or arrhythmic cardiac arrest. In 75 patients with serial ECGs, clinically significant corrected QT (QTc) prolongation was observed in a minority (n = 5 [7%]). In patients with serial ECGs, there was no significant change in the QTc interval in prespecified subgroups of interest, including those with prevalent cardiovascular disease or baseline use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis inhibitors. Conclusions In the context of a systematic monitoring protocol, HCQ monotherapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was not associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. A minority of patients demonstrated clinically significant QTc prolongation during HCQ therapy.
The political economy of historic districts: The private, the public, and the collective

Abstract This paper studies the political economy of historic district designation, with a focus on how historic district designation influences housing prices. I provide transaction-level empirical evidence from Denver, Colorado from 1990 to 2016 using hedonic price models with multiple fixed-effects. Results suggest that being in a historic district generates a 12–23% premium for house transactions after designation. Given the institutional context of Denver, I argue that one possible mechanism of the premium is the collective action problem in the historic district designation process. Meanwhile, a 10–20% positive spillover to the neighboring homes of historic districts is found, and the specific characteristics of historic districts influence the spillovers.
3-point major cardiovascular event outcome for patients with T2D treated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in addition to metformin monotherapy.

Background The global incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to increase annually, and persons with T2D typically require regular changes in pharmacologic invention for achieving glycemic targets. Healthcare providers must consider multiple factors when selecting a 2nd line. This retrospective cohort study evaluates impact of two common anti-diabetes medication classes (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) on the well-known composite 3-point major cardiovascular events outcome (3P-MACE, comprised of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke). No significant impact was found. Persons with T2D face increased risks of many adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This study duplicated common inclusion and exclusion criteria to create an observational cohort from a large healthcare system's electronic health records for testing DPP-4i and GLP-1RA against each other to evaluate impact on likelihood to develop 3P-MACE. Methods The statistical model and analyses were based on a cohort of 5,518 adult patients with T2D who were prescribed metformin and either DPP-4i or GLP-1RA to control glycemia during clinic visits between January 2005 and September 2019. A Cox proportional hazards model was developed from the cohort to predict the 3P-MACE endpoint. Results The model did not show a meaningful difference in likelihood of developing the 3P-MACE outcome between patients treated with DPP-4i compared to patients treated with GLP-1RA. Conclusions Prior history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) did not impact this small difference between the two classes of drug.
CRISPR screening identifies novel PARP inhibitor classification based on distinct base excision repair pathway dependencies

ABSTRACT DNA repair deficiencies have become an increasingly promising target for novel therapeutics within the realm of clinical oncology. Recently, several inhibitors of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases (PARPs) have received approval for the treatment of cancers primarily with deleterious mutations in the homologous recombination (HR) proteins, BRCA1 and BRCA2. Despite numerous clinical trials which have been completed or are currently ongoing, the mechanism of action by which PARP inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells is poorly understood. While many believe “trapping” of PARP proteins to DNA at sites of damage is the most important determinant driving cytotoxicity by these drugs, clinically effective inhibitors exist with a diverse range of PARP-trapping qualities. These findings suggest that characterization of inhibitors as strong versus weak trappers does not properly capture the intra-class characteristics of these drugs. Here, we use a novel, targeted DNA damage response (DDR) CRISPR/Cas9 screening library to reveal heterogenous genetic dependencies on the base excision repair (BER) pathway for PARP inhibitors, which is not correlated with PARP trapping ability or catalytic inhibition of PARP. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of PARylation and induction of PARP trapping are not the only factors contributing to distinct biological activity for different PARP inhibitors, and they provide insight into the optimal choice of PARP inhibitors for use in the setting of specific DDR defects. AUTHOR SUMMARY Targeted cancer therapies rely on our general understanding of which genetic mutations are involved in both sensitivity and resistance to such anticancer agents. In this study, we describe the use of functional genetic screening to evaluate the role of various DNA repair proteins in response to inhibitors of PARP, a quintessential example of targeted therapy. While PARP inhibitors are best known for their utility in cancers with homologous recombination defects, we show that some inhibitors within this class may have additional functionality in cancers with deficient base excision repair. These findings highlight not only the importance of PARP inhibitor selection in the appropriate context, but also the mechanistic differences that exist within this class of inhibitors. It is our hope that our findings will inspire future work evaluating the use of specific PARP inhibitor selection in designing clinical trials to further expand the use of PARP inhibitors beyond tumors with homologous recombination deficiencies.
Using Critical Incident Technique to Investigate Anxiety in Physical Activity Settings

Physical activity participation is linked with many benefits including a reduction in anxiety; it is, however, also important to explore aspects of activity that incite anxiety. One way to investigate sources of anxiety in physical activity is to use the critical incident technique (CIT). The purpose of this study was to explore anxiety-inducing events in physical activity settings and to evaluate the impact on future behavior. A total of 122 participants (M = 21.23 ± 1.77 years) completed an online survey asking when a physical activity setting incited anxiety using the CIT. Four common sources of anxiety were evident in the responses: fragile self-beliefs, social interaction and the threat of negative social evaluation, competition, and a lack of knowledge or unfamiliarity with surroundings. Tenets from achievement goal theory can help to explain the incitement of anxiety and can help shape physical activity settings to be more inclusive and welcoming for all.
Optical spectra and interfacial band offsets of pulse-laser-deposited metal-oxides: SnO2, TiO2, and ZnO

Transparent conducting oxides are electrically conductive materials with high optical transmittance in the visible region of the spectrum and are useful in a wide range of applications. In this study, the optical spectra of a set of single-phase transparent conducting oxides TiO2, ZnO, and SnO2 grown by pulse laser deposition are measured by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic ellipsometry and the optical bandgaps are determined to be 3.30 ± 0.05 eV, 3.13 ± 0.05 eV, and 3.95 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. Differences between these values and previous measurements are discussed. SnO2 and ZnO optical responses at the bandgap reveal that they are a direct bandgap, while TiO2 appears to show an indirect type. For the interfacial electronic characteristics, the internal photoemission measurement shows that the electronic barriers of these naturally n-type-doped metal oxides adjacent to an Al2O3 layer originate from the Fermi level in their conduction bands. The band offset determination shows that the barrier heights are similar and have a small internal field dependence. The work functions are then estimated from the measured barrier heights.
Quantitative Mining of Compositional Heterogeneity in Cryo-EM Datasets of Ribosome Assembly Intermediates

Macromolecular complexes are dynamic entities whose function is often intertwined with their many structural configurations. Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) offers a unique opportunity to characterize macromolecular structural heterogeneity by virtue of its ability to place distinct populations into different groups through computational classification. However, current workflows are limited, and there is a dearth of tools for surveying the heterogeneity landscape, quantitatively analyzing heterogeneous particle populations after classification, deciding how many unique classes are represented by the data, and accurately cross-comparing reconstructions. Here, we develop a workflow that contains discovery and analysis modules to quantitatively mine cryo-EM data for a set of structures with maximal diversity. This workflow was applied to a dataset of E. coli 50S ribosome assembly intermediates, which is characterized by significant structural heterogeneity. We identified new branch points in the assembly process and characterized the interactions of an assembly factor with immature intermediates. While the tools described here were developed for ribosome assembly, they should be broadly applicable to the analysis of other heterogeneous cryo-EM datasets.
GRAS-microparticle microarrays identify dendritic cell tolerogenic marker-inducing formulations

Microarrays, miniaturized platforms used for high-content studies, provide potential advantages over traditional in vitro investigation in terms of time, cost, and parallel analyses. Recently, microarrays have been leveraged to investigate immune cell biology by providing a platform with which to systematically investigate the effects of various agents on a wide variety of cellular processes, including those giving rise to immune regulation for application toward curtailing autoimmunity. A specific embodiment incorporates dendritic cells cultured on microarrays containing biodegradable microparticles. Such an approach allows immune cell and microparticle co-localization and release of compounds on small, isolated populations of cells, enabling a quick, convenient method to quantify a variety of cellular responses in parallel. In this study, the microparticle microarray platform was utilized to investigate a small library of sixteen generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds (ascorbic acid, aspirin, capsaicin, celastrol, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ergosterol, hemin, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, menadione, naproxen, resveratrol, retinoic acid, α-tocopherol, vitamin D3) for their ability to induce suppressive phenotypes in murine dendritic cells. Two complementary tolerogenic index ranking systems were proposed to summarize dendritic cell responses and suggested several lead compounds (celastrol, ergosterol, vitamin D3) and two secondary compounds (hemin, capsaicin), which warrant further investigation for applications toward suppression and tolerance.
Identifying and Providing Alternatives to Detention for Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the Juvenile Justice System

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are common but rarely diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders. Although research estimates FASDs occur in up to 2–5% of the general population, the conditions are even more prevalent in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. Diagnosis helps inform alternatives to detention and appropriate treatment planning to reduce risk of recidivism. This chapter outlines a process for forensic teams to use in identifying young offenders with possible FASD and obtaining appropriate evidence to support diagnosis in court under the most recent diagnostic guidelines. Recommendations for interventions target changing the trajectory of delinquency with treatment plans that recognize neurological impairments and include supportive services that maximize the likelihood of independent pro-social living.
A Time-Course-Based Estimation of the Human Medial Olivocochlear Reflex Function Using Clicks

The auditory efferent system, especially the medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR), is implicated in both typical auditory processing and in auditory disorders in animal models. Despite the significant strides in both basic and translational research on the MOCR, its clinical applicability remains under-utilized in humans due to the lack of a recommended clinical method. Conventional tests employ broadband noise in one ear while monitoring change in otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) in the other ear to index efferent activity. These methods, (1) can only assay the contralateral MOCR pathway and (2) are unable to extract the kinetics of the reflexes. We have developed a method that re-purposes the same OAE-evoking click-train to also concurrently elicit bilateral MOCR activity. Data from click-train presentations at 80 dB peSPL at 62.5 Hz in 13 young normal-hearing adults demonstrate the feasibility of our method. Mean MOCR magnitude (1.7 dB) and activation time-constant (0.2 s) are consistent with prior MOCR reports. The data also suggest several advantages of this method including, (1) the ability to monitor MEMR, (2) obtain both magnitude and kinetics (time constants) of the MOCR, (3) visual and statistical confirmation of MOCR activation.
Rent Seeking and Inefficiencies Resulting from Pecuniary Externalities

We argue that pecuniary externalities are subject to rent seeking and hence must be accounted for in some fashion when one analyzes public projects and policies. We illustrate this point using the example of fairtrade and the compensation of indigenous workers.
A Study of Surge in Compressors and Jet Engines

C AND J E T engines are occasionally subject to a form of instability called ' 'surging," which usually occurs near the peak of the pressure-flow characteristic and which seems to involve an overall oscillation of flow. Some general surveys and some analyses concerning this phenomenon will be found in references 1 to 6. The present analysis deals with a theoretical model of a je t engine (or compressor, as a special case) consisting of a compressor, a "burn ing" chamber in which heat bu t not mass is added, and an exit nozzle which is assumed choked so t ha t the turbine has no aerodynamic coupling to the compressor. Shaft coupling between turbine and compressor is assumed to have bu t a secondary effect on the incidence of surge. A number of idealizations (such as the assumption tha t burner temperature varies linearly from inlet to exit) are made in order to render tractable the manipulation of the mass and energy conservation equations as applied to each element of the model. A certain experiment indicates t ha t the character of the airflow in the compressor under transient conditions depends only on the instantaneous flow rate and compressor r .p.m.; this generalization allows a type of entropy conservation theorem to be writ ten for the compressor section. The resulting set of ordinary differential equations must be obeyed by the airflow a t all t imes; it is now necessary to examine these equations to see if solutions exist which oscillate with increasing amplitude. Because of the nonlinearity of the equations, a direct instability analysis is not feasible; therefore it is assumed with reasonable justification t h a t if a solution becomes unstable then so does any perturbation in this solution. The instability of the set of linear equations resulting from perturbation of the original equations is examined, and three analytic criteria obtained.
Emerging topics in epigenetics: ants, brains, and noncoding RNAs

One of the greatest wonders in biology is the high degree of molecular organization and complexity achieved by multicellular life forms, which are typically composed by hundreds of cell types, each with a unique identity and function and all sharing the same genome. Long-term maintenance of these distinct cell identities requires epigenetic signals, molecular signatures that regulate gene expression and can be inherited during cell division. Some epigenetic signals also appear to have an intimate connection with brain function, with important implications for neuroscience and medicine. To better understand these phenomena, new technologies must be developed and nonconventional model organisms should be studied. For example, the genomes of eusocial insects, such as ants and honeybees, specify drastically different morphologies (polyphenism) and behaviors (polyethism) that yield adult individuals belonging to different castes, which carry out separate functions inside the colony. These sharp epigenetic differences present unique opportunities for the experimental dissection of molecular pathways that may be conserved in other organisms, including humans.
Another Way Through the Two-Way Mirror: A Review of Psychotherapy.net

Abstract Psychotherapy.net is an online magazine and video production company geared to a target audience of psychotherapy practitioners, educators, and trainees. At present, the Web site offers two “Netflix-style” video streaming subscription plans for individual use: (a) a “choice plan,” which allows access to two monthly videos for a fee of $39 each month; and (b) an “unlimited plan” for $79 monthly, which allows unlimited access to the full online library of over 200 training videos. Additionally, group streaming licenses and the sale of individual videos (in either DVD or online streaming formats) are available at variable cost. The primary strength of the Web site is the breadth of available psychotherapy training videos, which cover several major theoretical orientations, modalities, and clinical populations. However, the impressive capacity of psychotherapy.net to advance treatment dissemination and implementation efforts is limited by the current absence of information related to evidence-based practice recommendations.
Vitamin A Transport Mechanism of the Multitransmembrane Cell-Surface Receptor STRA6

Vitamin A has biological functions as diverse as sensing light for vision, regulating stem cell differentiation, maintaining epithelial integrity, promoting immune competency, regulating learning and memory, and acting as a key developmental morphogen. Vitamin A derivatives have also been used in treating human diseases. If vitamin A is considered a drug that everyone needs to take to survive, evolution has come up with a natural drug delivery system that combines sustained release with precise and controlled delivery to the cells or tissues that depend on it. This "drug delivery system" is mediated by plasma retinol binding protein (RBP), the principle and specific vitamin A carrier protein in the blood, and STRA6, the cell-surface receptor for RBP that mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. The mechanism by which the RBP receptor absorbs vitamin A from the blood is distinct from other known cellular uptake mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in elucidating the fundamental molecular mechanism mediated by the RBP receptor and multiple newly discovered catalytic activities of this receptor, and compares this transport system with retinoid transport independent of RBP/STRA6. How to target this new type of transmembrane receptor using small molecules in treating diseases is also discussed.
Optical Lift: from micro-transport to space travel

Radiation pressure exerted by a uniform plane wave on an asymmetrical refractive body is found to torque into a position of stable rotational equilibrium and thereafter experience forces parallel and perpendicular to the incident beam.
Pronoun reference and aging

We investigated whether an age‐related deficit occurs for pronoun‐reference resolution. Young (ages 19–31) and older (ages 60–74) adults read stories varying in length and selected the antecedent noun for sentences that contained information that was expected, neutral, or unexpected with respect to prior knowledge. The qualitative factor (Expectedness) produced an age‐related effect for accuracy of noun choice but the quantitative factor (Memory Load or the distance between noun and pronoun) was equivalent for all subjects. Additionally, older adults took longer to read the text than the young, although there was no interaction with age. It is argued that expectedness of information may be more relevant for pronoun‐reference processing rather than memory load alone in older adult readers.
Anticipatory nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment: Prevalence, etiology, and behavioral interventions.

Abstract Nausea and vomiting are common side effects that occur after chemotherapeutic drugs are given to treat cancer. Recent attention has been focused on the occurrence of nausea and vomiting in anticipation of a treatment. Prevalence data from a variety of studies show that approximately 25% of patients receiving chemotherapy treatments for cancer develop anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV) by the time of their fourth treatment. A review of studies examining models and variables associated with potential etiology indicates that no single demographic, clinical, or psychologic characteristic appears to be as related to the development of anticipatory side effects as are several characteristics in concert. Specifically, patients under 50 years of age who are treated with potentially emetic chemotherapy and who experience distressing nausea and vomiting after treatment appear to be at risk for the development of anticipatory nausea and vomiting. The development of anticipatory side effects appears to follow a classically conditioned model; no compelling data contradict a view that anticipatory side effects are learned. A review of both case and controlled studies on the biobehavioral treatment of ANV indicates that: (a) while studies on Hypnosis have been methodologically weak, they provide support for continued controlled investigations in children; (b) Progressive Relaxation Training appears effective in controlling posttreatment nausea and vomiting; and (c) Systematic Desensitization appears effective in controlling both anticipatory and posttreatment nausea and vomiting. The review concludes with a brief consideration of several methodologic and practical issues that point to promising directions for future research in the area.
Creating “Maneuvering Room”: A Grounded Theory of Language and Influence in Marriage and Family Therapy

Influence in psychotherapy has been described as a characteristic of the therapist, a characteristic of the therapeutic relationship, and a negotiated process. This study combines grounded theory and task analysis to explore language patterns in facilitating change in family therapy. Thirty-one episodes of therapy were analyzed, resulting in the emergent concept of creating “maneuvering room.” Therapists introduce uncertainty into clients’ beliefs about problems then offer new ways of defining problems by speaking from three dimensions: therapist as expert or non-expert, therapist as participant or observer, or family members’ experiences as similar or different. The findings of this study support a possible common factor in family therapy.