cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal parasites and human diseases.

PARASITES fall only roughly into the two categories implied in the title of this discussion. While a few of them are totally dependent upon human hosts, and some are able to develop only in other animals, a majority of the parasites commonly referred to as "parasites of man" are in reality parasites of other animals. In the latter group are such familiar examples as Trichinella, found in rats and many other animals, including pigs; Balantidium and some lesser protozoa of pigs; Toxoplasma, which occurs in many wild and domesticated animals. Trypanosoma cruzi, which is carried by a variety of animals, is the cause of Chagas9 disease commonly seen in parts of South America and found recently in a child in Texas. Other examples include Isospora of undetermined hosts, possibly including the dog; Trichostrongylus species that commonly are found in sheep and goats; the small tapeworms, Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta, of rats and mice; and the common dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum. There are others whose endemicity in any area depends somewhat on the presence of suitable non-human hosts, and still others that are able to reach maturity in man but are rarely involved in medical problems because infection is acquired only by eating uncooked earthworms and insects. It might be mentioned, as a matter of interest, that occasionally other animals may acquire parasitic diseases from their human associates, as for example dysentery and diarrhea in dogs, caused by Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis. In all of the above mentioned parasitic infections, diagnosis is usually based on conventional laboratory methods, and both clinical and laboratory workers are generally familiar with the problems presented by them.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated Transformation of Plant Cells

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that causes plant tumours by transferring a portion of DNA from a resident 'tumour inducing' (Ti) plasmid into plant cells where it is integrated into a plant chromosome and expressed. This bacteria's capacity for DNA transfer is the basis of most current plant genetic engineering and make it a model system for the study of pathogenic bacteria that transfer virulence factors to any eukaryotic cell.
A Note On Measures of Party System Change

In this symposium Mogens Pedersen argues against measuring party system change by comparing static measures of “fractionalization, ” and proposes a measure based on changes in party strength from time 1 to time 2. Shankar Bose proposes a related measure of party system change that combines changes in strength with changes in party continuity over time. This article compares their measures as applied to data from ten party-systems.
Test time impact of redundancy repair in embedded flash memory

Summary form only given. Redundancy repair of high-density commodity flash memory is an effective technique to improve per-wafer yield by trading-off increased die size and increased time at wafer-probe for the ATE system to analyze the failing bits and make the necessary repairs. In embedded flash, where densities are typically much lower and test requirements more diverse, the benefit of redundancy repair is less certain. This paper discusses two key aspects of redundancy repair for embedded flash memory blocks.
Promoting Positive Youth Development Through Organized After-School Activities: Taking a Closer Look at Participation of Ethnic Minority Youth

Youth participation in organized after-school activities provides opportunities for positive growth and development. Unfortunately, ethnic minority youth, especially those living in low-income communities, par- ticipate in these activities at lower rates and less consis- tently than nonminority youth. This article reviews the research on the academic, psychological, and behavioral outcomes of participation in organized activities for African American and Latino youth. Second, it highlights individual and contextual factors associated with these youth's initial and ongoing participation. It concludes by outlining the gaps in the literature on ethnic minority youth and articulates areas that require additional theory and research. KEYWORDS—extracurricular activities; after-school pro- grams; ethnic minority youth
Electrochemical Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Properties of Au@Pt Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles

Dendrimer-encapsulated Au nanoparticles comprised of an average of 147 atoms were synthesized and immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode. A one-atom-thick shell of Cu was added to the Au core by electrochemical underpotential deposition, and then this shell was replaced with Pt by galvanic exchange. The results indicate that this synthetic approach leads to well-defined core/shell nanoparticles <2 nm in diameter. The rates of oxygen reduction at the Au@Pt electrocatalysts were compared to Pt-only and Au-only, 147-atom dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles.
SV40 DNA transfection of cells in suspension: analysis of the efficiency of transcription and translation of T-antigen

Abstract A modification of the Graham and Van der Eb (1973) DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique is shown to routinely transfect 15% of CV-1 cells with SV40 DNA. The transfection is done in suspension after detachment of cells by trypsin digestion. Transfection efficiency was measured by staining cells for the presence of SV40 T-antigen by indirect immunofluorescence and by assaying for the presence of SV40 early message by the Berk and Sharp (1978) technique.
Dynamic join optimization in multi-hop wireless sensor networks

To enable smart environments and self-tuning data centers, we are developing the Aspen system for integrating physical sensor data, as well as stream data coming from machine logical state, and database or Web data from the Internet. A key component of this system is a query processor optimized for limited-bandwidth, possibly battery-powered devices with multiple hop wireless radio communications. This query processor is given a portion of a data integration query, possibly including joins among sensors, to execute.Several recent papers have developed techniques for computing joins in sensors, but these techniques are static and are only appropriate for specific join selectivity ratios. We consider the problem of dynamic join optimization for sensor networks, developing solutions that employ cost modeling, as well as adaptive learning and self-tuning heuristics to choose the best algorithm under real and variable selectivity values. We focus on in-network join computation, but our architecture extends to other approaches (and we compare against these). We develop basic techniques assuming selectivities are uniform and known in advance, and optimization can be done on a pairwise basis; we then extend the work to handle joins between multiple pairs, when selectivities are not fully known. We experimentally validate our work at scale using standard datasets.
Fine structure of class groups of cyclic p-groups☆

In this paper we study the module structure of the locally free class group CZ(zCP,+l) of the cyclic p-group CDncl of order pn+l, p prime (compare earlier results [2, 3, 5, 6, 131). The standard involution c of CD,+, extends to ZC,,+, and acts on the class group and the kernel group D(ZC,,+1); it is useful to look at the symmetric and skew symmetric elements with respect to c. As modules, if (P) is the class in CZ(ZC,,+l) of a locally free module P, then (P)” is the inverse of the class of the contragredient module of P (see [4]). More generally, the whole automorphism group of CD,+, acts on the class group. For p odd, one then considers the eigenspaces %‘I (0 < i < p 2) of thep-Sylow subgroup of the class group with respect to the action of the subgroup A of Aut C,,+, of order p 1; these eigenspaces afford the A-decomposition. Further one defines a A= Z,[[T]]module structure on each eigenspace. In particular the iD(ZCP,+,) contain a large cyclic A-submodule iv, . A generator of iTfn is given explicitly and the A-annihilator of iV, is determined for odd i. Similarly V, is completely determined if p = 2. In Sections 2,3 results from the theory of cyclotomic fields are applied to prove firstly that the restriction map CZ(ZC,,+l) + CZ(ZC,,) is surjective and the induction map CZ(ZC,,)+ CZ(ZC,,+l)is injective. Secondly we prove the map CZ(ZC,n+1) -+ CZ (maximal order of QC Pn+~ is not split for p a properly irregular ) prime, n 3 1. Finally a counterexample to an assertion of [5] is given, and as an example the p-Sylow subgroup of CZ(ZC, ) 2 is computed exactly for p < 30,000.
NEAT Particles: Design, Representation, and Animation of Particle System Effects

Particle systems are a representation, computation, and rendering method for special effects such as fire, smoke, explosions, electricity, water, magic, and many other phenomena. This paper presents NEAT particles, a new design, representation, and animation method for particle systems tailored to real-time effects in video games and simulations. In NEAT particles, the neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) method evolves artificial neural networks (ANN) that control the appearance and motion of particles. NEAT particles affords three primary advantages over traditional particle effect development methods. First, it decouples the creation of new particle effects from mathematics and programming, enabling users with little knowledge of either to produce complex effects. Second, it allows content designers to evolve a broader range of effects than typical development tools through a form of interactive evolutionary computation (IEC). And finally, it acts as a concept generator, allowing users to interactively explore the space of possible effects. In the future such a system may allow content to be evolved in the game itself, as it is played
Studies on the organelle genomes of sugarbeet with male-fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms.

Chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) from male-fertile and cytoplasmically male-sterile (cms) sugarbeet has been investigated by restriction endonuclease digestion. Three enzymes (SalGI, BamHI and PstI) did not distinguish between the ctDNA from the two different types of plant. Another enzyme (EcoRI) revealed one variant fragment in one of the male-fertile lines examined, but this variant is not thought to be associated with the cms trait. This situation contrasts with that for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) since it has previously been shown that mtDNA of cms sugarbeet differs considerably from that of male-fertile sugarbeet. The presently used form of cms in sugarbeet was discovered in the variety ‘US1’. Individual plants of this variety were examined to determine which types of mtDNA they contained. Some plants contained mtDNA typical of male-fertile plants and some mtDNA typical of cms plants. These results suggest that the cms trait in sugarbeet is encoded by mtDNA and not ctDNA. The small, circular DNA species previously found in mitochondria were cloned and used in hybridization experiments to determine their homologies to the other mtDNA molecules. The small DNA species showed no homology to the main band of high molecular weight DNA, but they did hybridize to molecules which were apparently their own dimers, tetramers, octamers, etc. If a small DNA species was absent from a particular sugarbeet line then no hybridization to any mtDNA of that line was detected.
FcγRIIa requires lipid rafts, but not co-localization into rafts, for effector function.

Objective To determine if receptor localization into lipid rafts, or the lipid rafts themselves, are important for FcγRIIa effector functions.
Thermo-Regulation of Genes Mediating Motility and Plant Interactions in Pseudomonas syringae

Pseudomonas syringae is an important phyllosphere colonist that utilizes flagellum-mediated motility both as a means to explore leaf surfaces, as well as to invade into leaf interiors, where it survives as a pathogen. We found that multiple forms of flagellum-mediated motility are thermo-suppressed, including swarming and swimming motility. Suppression of swarming motility occurs between 28° and 30°C, which coincides with the optimal growth temperature of P. syringae. Both fliC (encoding flagellin) and syfA (encoding a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase involved in syringafactin biosynthesis) were suppressed with increasing temperature. RNA-seq revealed 1440 genes of the P. syringae genome are temperature sensitive in expression. Genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis and regulation, phage and IS elements, type VI secretion, chemosensing and chemotaxis, translation, flagellar synthesis and motility, and phytotoxin synthesis and transport were generally repressed at 30°C, while genes involved in transcriptional regulation, quaternary ammonium compound metabolism and transport, chaperone/heat shock proteins, and hypothetical genes were generally induced at 30°C. Deletion of flgM, a key regulator in the transition from class III to class IV gene expression, led to elevated and constitutive expression of fliC regardless of temperature, but did not affect thermo-regulation of syfA. This work highlights the importance of temperature in the biology of P. syringae, as many genes encoding traits important for plant-microbe interactions were thermo-regulated.
Impact of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene exposure on connexin gap junction proteins in cultured rat ovaries

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) destroys ovarian follicles in a concentration-dependent manner. The impact of DMBA on connexin (CX) proteins that mediate communication between follicular cell types along with pro-apoptotic factors p53 and Bax were investigated. Postnatal day (PND) 4 Fisher 344 rat ovaries were cultured for 4days in vehicle medium (1% DMSO) followed by a single exposure to vehicle control (1% DMSO) or DMBA (12.5nM or 75nM) and cultured for 4 or 8days. RT-PCR was performed to quantify Cx37, Cx43, p53 and Bax mRNA level. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to determine CX37 or CX43 level and/or localization. Cx37 mRNA and protein increased (P<0.05) at 4days of 12.5 nM DMBA exposure. Relative to vehicle control-treated ovaries, mRNA encoding Cx43 decreased (P<0.05) but CX43 protein increased (P<0.05) at 4days by both DMBA exposures. mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic p53 was decreased (P<0.05) but no changes in Bax expression were observed after 4days of DMBA exposures. In contrast, after 8days, DMBA decreased Cx37 and Cx43 mRNA and protein but increased both p53 and Bax mRNA levels. CX43 protein was located between granulosa cells, while CX37 was located at the oocyte cell surface of all follicle stages. These findings support that DMBA exposure impacts ovarian Cx37 and Cx43 mRNA and protein prior to both observed changes in pro-apoptotic p53 and Bax and follicle loss. It is possible that such interference in follicular cell communication is detrimental to follicle viability, and may play a role in DMBA-induced follicular atresia.
Heritable Connective Tissue Disorders and Stroke

Stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome caused by multiple etiologies. Heritable defects in connective tissue cause a small fraction of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. They are the consequence of mutations in genes encoding extracellular matrix constituents such as collagens and proteoglycans. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxantoma elasticum are the most common disorders responsible for cerebrovascular manifestations. Neurofibromatosis and polycystic kidney disease, although not connective tissue disorders, are hereditary diseases with a high prevalence of vascular complications. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type IV is the most frequent and most life-threatening form due to the presence of intracranial aneurysms, carotid-cavernous fistulas, and arterial dissections. Marfan’s syndrome has a typical phenotype associated with arterial dissections and intracranial aneurysms. Osteogenesis imperfecta, although infrequent, can present with aneurysms, dissections, fistulas, and stenosis of cerebral vessels. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is commonly associated with occlusive disease of small vessels and other complications such as aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations. Autosomal–dominant polycystic kidney disease is a common cause of multiple intracranial aneurysms. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is characterized by multiple neurofibromas; it is responsible for stenosis or occlusions of intracranial arteries and vascular malformations. These vasculopathies are associated with a relatively high prevalence of cerebrovascular disease; their early recognition should help in the investigation of asymptomatic carriers, and to provide genetic counseling. The growing knowledge of molecular biology could help in the understanding of the underlying mechanism of these complex disorders as well as identify future therapeutic interventions.
Properties of placental alkaline phosphatase. II. Interactions of fast- and slow-migrating components

The relationship between the rapidly (component I) and slowly (components II) migrating components of placental alkaline phosphatase has been studied. Storage of components II resulted in conversion into component I with a parallel increase of activity. The conversion rate increased with temperature. The fastest of the slow-moving components (component IIα) was less stable than the very slow-migrating ones (components IIβ). Component IIα was not identifiable after 25 days at 37 C, while some of the IIβ components were still present after a period of 1 year. No conversion of component I into II was observed. Data from this study suggest that the apparent thermostability of placental alkaline phosphatase results partly from the increase in activity after the conversion of components II into component I.
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPERATIVE TECHNIC IN THE REMOVAL OF THE PITUITARY

ADVANCE in physiological knowledge has often depended upon the tech′ meal development of an operative procedure. The contributions of operative technic to biology are comparable to those of analytical′chemical determinations. Owing to its surgical inaccessibility, difficulty has been en′ countered in removing the pituitary in mammals and the results following hypophysectomy have varied with the operative approach used. It is the purpose of this paper to describe a new operative technic in the dog which has proved advantageous in differentiating between effects of pituitary re′ moval and those of injury to the brain. From 1886, when Horsley (1) first recorded the successful removal of the pitui′ tary, until as late as 1925 (2) discussion concerning pituitary function centered on whether or not the pituitary is essential for maintenance of life. Present knowl′ edge suggests that the difficulty in answering this question depended upon two things: first, the operative technic used, and second, the failure to ...
Ultrastructural cytochemistry of monoamines in cultured human fetal sympathetic neurons.

Abstract The presence and storage of adrenergic neurotransmitter (monoamines) in cultured human fetal sympathetic neurons was investigated by chromate-dichromate cytochemistry, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and potassium permanganate fixation. Monoamines were specifically identified in the neurons by the presence of an electron dense precipitate following cytochemical treatment. Reaction product was found in cell somas and processes in all chromate—dichromate treated cultures. The size range and morphology of the precipitate indicated a vesicular storage site within large dense core vesicles. Neurons fluoresced after treatment with formaldehyde vapors, further confirming the presence of monoamines. When potassium permanganate was employed as the fixative, occasional positive dense core vesicles were found but their frequency was greatly reduced from that seen in the chromate-dichromate treated cultures. These findings show that cultured human fetal sympathetic neurons retain an adrenergic phenotype during long-term serum-free culture. In addition, the storage site for the adrenergic neurotransmitter in the developing neuron is within large dense core vesicles. The lack of dense core vesicles in potassium permanganate fixed material is believed to be due to the depletion of monoamines during fixation.
Analysis of phenylthiohydantoin amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography on DuPont Zorbax cyanopropylsilane columns

Abstract The phenylthiohydantoins (Pth) of the common amino acids can be resolved in a single analysis using a 25 × 0.46-cm DuPont Zorbax cyanopropylsilane (CN) column developed with a gradient of methanol/acetonitrile (17:3) in sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.4. The Zorbax CN columns exhibit greater durability, reproducibility, and sensitivity than do columns with an octadecylsilane (C 18 ) support when used for Pth amino acid analysis in automated polypeptide sequencing.
Evaluation of series coefficients for classical equations of state

Equations of state such as Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Peng-Robinson give thermodynamic properties which can be expanded as analytic power series in density and temperature around the critical point. Although these classical equations are not valid near the critical point, they provide accurate results away from the critical point. Methods for determining power series coefficients were applied to give general expressions for accurate estimation of thermodynamic properties, as explicit functions of temperature, in the vapor-liquid coexistence region away from the critical point. Results for terms up to 10th order in temperature were determined; those which were not impractically lengthy were tabulated here.
Is Economic Growth Good for Investors?1

When measured over long periods of time, the correlation of countries' inflation-adjusted per capita GDP growth and stock returns is negative. This result holds for both developed countries (for which the correlation coefficient is –0.39 using data from 1900–2011) and emerging markets (the correlation is –0.41 over the period 1988–2011). And this means that investors would have been better off investing in countries with lower per capita GDP growth than in countries experiencing the highest growth rates. This seems surprising since economic growth is generally assumed to be good for corporate profits. In attempting to explain this finding, the author begins by noting that economic growth can be achieved through increased inputs of capital and labor, which don't necessarily benefit the stockholders of existing companies. Growth also comes from technological advances, which do not necessarily lead to higher profits since competition among firms often results in the benefits accruing to consumers and workers. What's more, it's important to recognize that growth has both an expected and an unexpected component. And one explanation for the negative correlation between growth and stock returns is the tendency for investors to overpay for expected growth. But there is another—and in the author's view, a more important—part of the explanation. Along with the negative correlation between long-run average stock returns and per capita growth rates, the author also reports a strong positive association between (per share) dividend growth rates and overall stock returns. Such an association is not surprising since unusual growth in dividends is a fairly reliable predictor of increases in future earnings. But another effect at work here is the role of dividends—and, in the U.S., stock repurchases too—in limiting what might be called the corporate “overinvestment problem,” the natural tendency of corporate managers to pursue growth, if necessary at the expense of profitability. One of the main messages of this article is that corporate growth adds value only when companies reinvest their earnings in projects that are expected to earn at least their cost of capital—while at the same time committing to return excess cash and capital to their shareholders through dividends and stock buybacks.
A nonalgebraic approach to the theory of linear topological spaces

The basic theory developed in the setting of an algebraic system endowed with a topology which renders the operations continuous (e.g. a topological linear space) can be produced entirely by geometric (set-theoretic) notions without using algebra. This theory affords an interesting synthesis of classical results, and is more general. For example, our theory applies to a larger class of spaces than linear topological spaces, but is powerful enough to prove the appropriate formulation in this setting of the Krein-Milman theorem on extreme points. This theorem is the goal of this particular article, as an example of the direction which the theory can be made to take.
The Economics of Academic Publishing

This paper defines rational behavior for an academic writer as conduct which seeks to maximize the differential between the expected returns and the expected costs of publishing. Schweser presents evidence suggesting that academic researchers perceive that they are faced with diminishing returns and that they act in a rational manner.
Market wages, family composition and the time allocation of children in agricultural households

This article draws upon a time allocation survey of a four‐year panel of households from six villages in semi‐arid tropic rural India. The inter‐relationships among adult male. female and child market wage rates, and time allocated to domestic activities, leisure and schooling by boys and girls are analysed. The results based on the pooled time‐series and cross‐section individual observations suggest that adult and child wage rates play an important role in the time allocation of both boys and girls.
Carbonyl Hypofluorite-A Density Functional Theoretical Study

Calculations on FOC(O)OF are reported at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d)+ZPC level of theory. The molecule is predicted to exist as a mixture of rotamers. The lowest-energy rotamer, the syn−anti, is predicted to be planar. The syn−syn rotamer appears to be conformationally floppy; a nonplanar (C2) form, with O−F bonds rotated from the CO3 plane by 16.4°, and a planar (C2v) form are separated by only 0.01 kcal/mol. The anti−anti rotamer is predicted to be nonplanar (C2 symmetry); the O−F bonds are rotated out of the CO3 plane by 27.9°. Calculated barriers for interconversion of rotamers are less than 10 kcal/mol. We also calculate vibrational frequencies for the rotamers. The calculated O−F bond enthalpy is 30.2 kcal/mol.
Absence of Compressible Edge Channel Rings in Quantum Antidots

We report resonant tunneling experiments in a quantum antidot sample in the integer quantum Hall regime. In particular, we have measured the temperature $T$ dependence of the peak value of a conductance peak on the $i\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$ plateau, where there are two peaks per magnetic flux quantum ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$. We observe a ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ dependence as expected when tunneling through only one electron state is possible. This result is incompatible with tunneling through a compressible ring of several degenerate states. We also observe, for the first time, three conductance peaks per ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$ on the $i\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3$ plateau.
Transgenic Christmas Trees Regenerated from Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated Transformation of Zygotic Embryos Using the Green Fluorescence Protein as a Reporter

Mature zygotic embryos of recalcitrant Christmas tree species Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir], and Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana L.k.), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) were used as explants for Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3850-mediated transformation using the gfp (green fluorescent protein) gene as a reporter. Factors including media used for inoculation and co-cultivation, concentrations of acetosyringone, and antibiotics in tissue culture media have been evaluated. A high transformation frequency was obtained on TE medium containing 50μM acetosyringone and using 500 mg/l timentin to eliminate bacteria. Transient gene expression was observed in all three Christmas tree species, but transgenic plants were only produced from Virginia pine. Stable integration and expression of transgenes in the plant genome of Virginia pine was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern and northern blot analyses. These results demonstrated that a stable transformation system has been established in Virginia pine and this system would provide an opportunity to transfer economically important genes into Christmas tree species.
Predicted superconducting T c of 31–35 K for a β -W type Nb 3 Si

A simple empirical approach indicates that a stoichiometric β-W type Nb3Si should have a superconducting transition temperature of between 31 and 35 K. Thus far, several experimental approaches have failed to produce the compound which should have a lattice constant of 5.06±0.02 A.
Central Pontine Myelinolysis and the Rate of Correction of Hyponatremia-Reply

In Reply. —We appreciate the comments by Gledhill and Thompson. Provided there are no life-threatening manifestations of hyponatremia, such as coma or convulsions, their suggestion of a serum sodium correction rate of 12 mmol/L/d is a prudent one.
Gravitationally repulsive domain wall

The Gauss-Codazzi formalism is used to obtain exact solutions to Einstein's equations in the presence of domain walls. Domain walls are shown to have repulsive gravitational fields. The most general solution to Einstein's equations for a planar domain wall is obtained. Also, the motion of a spherical domain wall in an asymptotically flat space-time is derived.
Simple Statistical Measures for Diagnostic Accuracy Assessment

The aim of diagnostic medicine research is to estimate and compare the accuracy of diagnostic tests to provide reliable information about a patient's disease status and thereby influencing patient care. When developing screening tools, researchers evaluate the discriminating power of the screening test by using simple measures such as the sensitivity and specificity of the test, as well as the positive and negative predictive values. In this brief report, we discuss these simple statistical measures that are used to quantify the diagnostic ability of a test.
Everolimus for renal cell carcinoma: predictive factors for response and future directions

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have emerged as a major addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for renal cell carcinoma. Temsirolimus extended survival when employed as frontline therapy for poor-risk advanced renal cell carcinoma. Everolimus has demonstrated improved progression-free survival for all risk groups of RCC in the salvage setting following other anti-angiogenic agents. Preliminary data indicates that baseline activation of the mTOR signaling pathway and increased FDG-PET uptake as well as early pharmacodynamic modulations of the mTOR pathway and down-modulation of FDG-PET uptake may predict for the activity of mTOR inhibitors. Ongoing trials are attempting to validate these data with everolimus therapy for metastatic RCC and may enable the goal of personalized therapy.
Ideal Body Weight in Children

There is no clear consensus on the correct definition of ideal body weight (IBW) in children or on the best method used to calculate IBW. There are at least 3 ways of obtaining IBW in children. They are (1) the McLaren method, (2) the Moore method, and (3) the body mass index method. In children under the age of 8 years, all of these methods provide relatively similar results across all percentiles. In older children, especially at the lowest and highest percentiles, the different methods provide widely disparate results for IBW. It is important to be consistent in the method used as the different methods will provide different results for IBW.
Denitrification Potentials in Restored and Natural Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands

Wetland restoration projects are frequently evaluated by their hydrologic roles and vegetation characteristics, but their success in restoring biogeochemical processes, such as denitrification, is less well known. To determine how restoration of structure affects specific ecosystem processes, denitrification potential, soluble organic C (SOC) concentrations, and soil moisture were measured seasonally over a 1-yr period in replicated natural bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetlands (NAT), restored BLH wetlands with hydrology reestablished (RWH), and restored BLH wetlands without hydrology reestablished (RWOH). Denitrification potential was significantly higher in NAT wetlands (657 ng N 2 O-N g -1 soil h -1 ) than in RWOH (167 ng N 2 O-N g -1 soil h -1 ) (P = 0.07). Soil moisture was highest in NAT wetlands and lowest in RWOH (P = 0.01), but no differences were measured in SOC concentrations in three out of the four seasons sampled. Because RWOH wetlands exhibited denitrification potentials which were significantly lower than NAT wetland sites, these results demonstrate that a BLH wetland restored without the natural hydrologic regime reestablished will not be a replacement for a natural BLH wetland in terms of biogeochemical processes such as denitrification.
Systemic effects of intranasal steroids : An endocrinologist's perspective

Intranasal steroids (INSs) are established as first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis. Extensive use of INSs with few reported adverse events supports the safety of these medications. Nevertheless, the prescription of more potent INSs for consistent and more prolonged use to younger and older patients, often in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, justifies the careful examination of their potential adverse systemic effects. Systemic bioavailability of INSs, by way of nasal and intestinal absorption, can be substantial; but current INSs vary significantly in their degree of first-pass hepatic inactivation and clearance from the body of the swallowed drug. For safety studies of INSs, distinguishing detectable physiologic perturbations from important adverse events is aided by an understanding of normal endocrine physiology and the methods used to test these systems. A review of available information indicates that (1) sensitive tests can measure the effects of INSs on biologic feedback systems, but they do not accurately predict clinically relevant adverse effects; (2) the primary factors that influence the relationship between therapeutic and adverse systemic effects of INSs are dosing frequency and efficiency of hepatic inactivation of swallowed drug; (3) INS treatment in recommended doses does not cause clinically significant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression; (4) growth suppression can occur with twice-daily administration of certain INSs but does not appear to occur with once-daily dosing or with agents with more complete first-pass hepatic inactivation; (5) harmful effects of INSs on bone metabolism have not yet been adequately studied but would not be expected with the use of an INS dose and dosing frequency that do not suppress basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function or growth; and (6) these conclusions apply to INS treatment alone and in recommended doses-the risk of adverse effects in individual patients who are treated with INSs is increased by excessive dosing or concomitant inhaled corticosteroid or other topical corticosteroid therapy.
Increase of integrated intensities of H2O infrared bands produced by hydrogen bonding

Abstract Infrared absorption measurements of Goldstein (1964) on the 1.38, 1.87 and 2.7 μ regions of water vapor have been used to determine integrated intensities of the monomer and to estimate increased absorption produced by formation of the hydrogen-bonded dimer. The new integrated intensity for the 2.7 μ monomer band is somewhat smaller than that reported by Goldstein (1964). Examination of measurements by other authors over a wide range of temperature suggests that high-temperature data are in accord with our revised estimates for the 2.7 μ band of the monomer. The new integrated intensities for the 1.38 and 1.87 μ monomer bands do not differ significantly from those reported by Goldstein (1964). The factors by which the integrated intensities under standard conditions are increased by the formation of the hydrogen-bonded dimer were found to vary from 10 to 24 for the three spectral regions investigated.
Boundary Layer Control with Atmospheric Plasma Discharges

Recent studies have investigated the use of plasma actuators for the active control of the boundary layer on turbine blades. Although the overall effects have been quantified through experiments, the exact nature of the plasma and its momentum-transfer mechanisms have not been well characterized. In this study, particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo methods are used to computationally explore the plasma discharge and its interaction with the flow. The plasma composition, its methods of momentum addition, and the physics of its generation are quantified. Comparisons with experiments are made in order to support the findings. Simulations indicate that the plasma is generated through an electron avalanche in a dielectric barrier discharge. The plasma is created as the electrons stream to the dielectric on the first half of the electrode bias cycle and stream back on the second half. Momentum is imparted to the flow on both half-cycles, but the ionization is not equal during both half-cycles. This results in the plasma actuator producing a net force in one direction.
The vibrational spectra of 2,5-dihydrothiophene

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of 2,5-dihydrothiophene have been measured from 4000 to 70 cm −1 . The fundamental vibrations conform to the symmetry species of the C 2 v point group in support of previous findings which state that the ring skeleton of the molecule is planar. Frequency assignments based on vapor-phase band contours, depolarization data and group-frequency correlations are presented for the twenty-seven normal vibrations.
Reassessment of the Current American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background Adopting a unified staging system for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) has been challenging. Currently, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) recommends use of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging system for PNETs. We sought to explore the prognostic usefulness of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging system for PNETs. Study Design The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program data were used to identify patients with PNETs who underwent curative-intent surgical resection from 1983 to 2008. The discriminatory ability of the AJCC system was examined and a new TNM system was devised using extent of disease variables. Results In 1,202 patients identified, lymph node metastasis was associated with worse 10-year overall survival after resection (51% vs 63%; p 4.0 cm) and revising the TNM subgroups, we propose a novel TNM system with improved discriminatory ability between disease stages (stages I vs II; p = 0.16; II vs III; p Conclusions In this study evaluating the current AJCC staging system for PNETs, there were no significant differences detected between stages II and III or stages III and IV. We propose a novel TNM system that might better discriminate between outcomes after surgical resection of PNETs.
Strategies for Coping with Work Stressors and Family Stressors: Scale Development and Validation

Both individuals and organizations benefit when workers can effectively cope with stressors in the work and family domains. This study takes an inductive approach to the development of a work stressor coping scale and a family stressor coping scale. In phase one, a comprehensive list of coping strategies was generated through a multi-step content analysis of qualitative interviews. In phase two, the content validity of the work stressor and family stressor coping strategy scales was established using data from three samples; and in phase three, convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity evidence were obtained using data from two samples. A multi-step content analysis of qualitative interview data was used to develop a list of 365 coping strategy statements (182 work and 183 family) representing 11 work and 14 family stressor coping strategies. Multiple samples were used to reduce the number of scale items, and establish evidence for the scales’ content, construct, and criterion-related validity. The final work stressor coping scale consisted of 36 items assessing 12 different strategies, and the final family stressor coping scale consisted of 45 items assessing 15 different strategies. Findings from the present study suggest that individuals may use a wider variety of strategies to cope with work stressors and family stressors than previously thought, and these strategies may be differentially effective depending on the stressor domain (i.e., work or family) and outcome (e.g., work-to-family conflict vs. family-to-work conflict). The inductive nature of our study resulted in a comprehensive and domain-specific scales assessing how individuals cope with work stressors and family stressors.
DESPERATELY SEEKING SAMMI: RE-INVENTING WOMEN'S DANCE IN PUNJAB

Based on original fieldwork among professional performing artists, interviews with culture promoters, and observation of unfolding events, this article details the history of a dance form little known outside Punjab. The dance samm? is, in fact, little known within India?s Punjab state as well, despite recent efforts to revive it through staged presentations. In the late 20th twentieth century, culture promoters in Punjab began to recognize dances that had previously been marginalized – by the over-commodified bhangra – in an effort to regain a sense of the region?s diverse yet fading artistic heritage. Sammi, a dance of the Western Punjab, was among those that were promoted. Yet unlike the case for some other dances, information on sammi, mostly possessed in India by displaced tribal people – and especially the cloistered women of those communities – was not readily available. After surveying the historical sammi dance, the article presents the recent history of modern stagings of the dance, wherein it n...
Facilitation of self-stimulation in rats by methadone.

Abstract The effects of morphine and its derivatives on self-stimulation behavior have been widely studied. In those experiments which have used multiple injections (over days) and multiple post-injection tests (within days), the typical findings includes a depression of responding after the initial injections followed by a facilitation of responding on subsequent days. There have been only a few reports which have tested the effects of methadone in this paradigm. Some investigators have observed only depression of self-stimulation while others have reported both the transient depression and the subsequent facilitation generally obtained with morphine. In the present experiment we administered either 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg methadone IP over a five day period and tested MFB-LH self-stimulation at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 23 hours post-injection. Compared to saline controls, the 10 mg/kg dose produced the typical opiate-induced changes in self-stimulation, i.e., an initial depression which lasted for two hours on the first two days but was replaced by significant facilitation by hour 4 of day 3. This facilitation persisted for at least 10 hours on all 5 days of the experiment. Except for a transient (days 2–3) depression of self-stimulation, 5 mg/kg was without effect. The present experiment demonstrates that methadone does facilitate self-stimulation but that its ability to do so is highly dose-dependent.
PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF SOFT-SHELLED CRAWFISH

Production technology for soft-shelled red swamp crawfish (Procam barus clarkii) was investigated. Immature trapped crawfish molted when placed under intense (100/m2) short-term culture at a rate of 3.8% of the population/day when provided a diet of floating trout pellets. Other diets (carrots, cracked corn and milo, and low protein duckweed) yielded daily molting rates of 2, 1.6 and 1.4%, respectively. Pre- and postmolt weights of crawfish were not different. Processing by (1) removal of rostrum and gastroliths; (2) removal of internal organs, plus (1); and (3) removal of carapace plus (1) and (2) yielded 92, 79 and 72% edible product. Crawfish collected by seining yielded a greater number of molts over a 10-day period than trapped crawfish.
Identifying the influences on sport spectator recycling behaviours using the theory of planned behaviour.

The purpose of this paper is to further the understanding of sport spectator recycling behaviour. Specifically, the author utilises the theory of planned behaviour to understand how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural controls influence sport spectator recycling behaviours during a large-scale sporting event. Findings indicate that recycling at a large-scale sporting event has nuances that differentiate the context unique from other settings (e.g., household and workplace recycling). Recommendations for policy makers and sport managers are made to increase spectator participation in recycling efforts while attending large-scale sporting events.
Osmotic concentration of the contractile vacuole of Amoeba proteus following UV-light irradiation.

Nach UV-Bestrahlung erweist sich die osmotische Konzentration der pulsatilen Vakuolen vonAmoeba proteus als unverandert.
A Summary of Bulk Dynamics from Quark Matter 2009

Abstract I review the recent progress in measuring elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions. These measurements show clearly how hydrodynamics starts to develop as the system size is increased from peripheral to central collisions. During this transition, the momentum range described by hydrodynamics increases as the system progresses from a kinetic to a hydrodynamic regime. Many of the systematic deviations from ideal hydrodynamics are reproduced effortlessly once the shear viscosity is included. In order to extract the shear viscosity from the data, kinetic theory can be used to determine which aspects of the elliptic flow reflect the details of the microscopic interactions, and which aspects reflect the underlying transport coefficients. I also review the identified hadron elliptic flow and the predictions of hydrodynamics for the LHC.
Crisis and lachrymosity: on Salo Baron, Neobaronianism, and the study of modern European Jewish history

Salo Baron (1895–1989) remains an iconic figure among historians of the Jews, who routinely cite his dissent from the ‘lachrymose conception of Jewish history’ as a ideal to be upheld. Contemporary historians have generally understood the Baronian imperative to favor a historiography that seeks continuities instead of ruptures, deemphasizes Jews’ victimhood in favor of their achievements and successful integration, and affirms diaspora creativity in opposition to Zionist disparagement of exile. They have also affirmed that imperative equally for all periods and places in Jewish history. Close analysis of Baron’s corpus suggests that such a reading is better termed ‘neo-Baronian,’ for Baron himself employed his injunction against lachrymosity in reference to the middle ages only, whereas his depiction of the modern era stressed sustained crisis, conflict, and insecurity throughout the Jewish world. Such a depiction is fully consistent with his conception of the conditions under which Jews were most likely to find safety and prosperity. That conception, which posited the preferability of ‘states of nationalities’ to ‘nation-states’ and stressed the need for a strong international order capable of checking unrestrained state sovereignty, was evidently born out of Baron’s own experience as a refugee in Vienna during and after the First World War.