cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of ambient lighting during colonoscopy and its effect on adenoma detection rate and eye fatigue: results of a pilot study.

Background and study aims Adenoma detection rate (ADR) appears to decrease as the number of consecutive hours performing procedures increases, and eye strain may be a contributing factor. Ambient light may improve symptoms of eye strain, but its effects have yet to be explored in the field of gastroenterology. We aim to determine if using ambient lighting during screening colonoscopy will maintain ADRs and improve eye strain symptoms compared with low lighting. Methods At a single center, retrospective data were collected on colonoscopies performed under low lighting and compared to prospective data collected on colonoscopies with ambient lighting. Eye fatigue surveys were completed by gastroenterologists. Satisfaction surveys were completed by physicians and staff. Results Of 498 low light and 611 ambient light cases, 172 and 220 adenomas were detected, respectively (P = 0.611). Under low lighting, the ADR decreased 5.6 % from first to last case of the day (P = 0.2658). With ambient lighting, the ADR increased by 2.80 % (P = 0.5445). The difference in the overall change in ADR between first and last cases with ambient light versus low light was statistically significant (8.40 % total unit change, P = 0.01). The average eye strain scores were 8.12 with low light, and 5.63 with ambient light (P = 0.3341). Conclusions Performing screening colonoscopies with ambient light may improve the differential change in ADR that occurs from the beginning to the end of the day. This improvement in ADR may be related to improvement in operator fatigue. The effect of ambient light on eye strain is unclear. Further investigation is warranted on the impact of ambient light on symptoms of eye strain and ADR.
Institutional quality and the wealth of autocrats

One frequently given explanation for why autocrats maintain corrupt and inefficient institutions is that the autocrats benefit personally even though the citizens of their countries are worse off. The empirical evidence does not support this hypothesis. Autocrats in countries with low-quality institutions do tend to be wealthy, but typically, they were wealthy before they assumed power. A plausible explanation, consistent with the data, is that wealthy individuals in countries with inefficient and corrupt institutions face the threat of having their wealth appropriated by government, so have the incentive to use some of their wealth to seek political power to protect the rest of their wealth from confiscation. While autocrats may use government institutions to increase their wealth, autocrats in countries with low-quality institutions tend to be wealthy when they assume power, because wealthy individuals have the incentive to use their wealth to acquire political power to protect themselves from a potentially predatory government.
A Call for Support for Refugee Families and Their Children with Disabilities

Around the world, we are seeing the highest number of displaced people to date, with an increasing trend since 2012. With the U.S. historically being leaders as a receiving country for refugee rese...
Building and Sustaining Community in an Online EdD Program

Abstract In this essay, we have described how we build and sustain community in our online EdD program. Initially, we discussed our understanding of community and its influence on our efforts. Then, we discussed three important theoretical frameworks—Wenger’s Community of Practice, Garrison et al.’s Community of Inquiry, and Morris and Stommel’s Critical Digital Pedagogy—and how those frameworks helped to shape our efforts in building and sustaining an online community. Next, we discussed strategies/processes that we have successfully used to build and sustain community in our online program. These strategies were grouped around three kinds of relationships that have been central to community formation, interaction, and continuation—student-to-student, student-to-faculty, and student-to-broader-community. We discussed specific strategies such as the Leadership Challenge, Doctoral Research Conference, an online program “Hub,” comprehensive and immediate feedback, mentoring, and Leader Scholar Communities, that we have found to be particularly useful in building and sustaining an online community.
Examining racial disparities in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment

Black individuals are less likely to receive an accurate diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than their White counterparts, possibly because diagnoses are typically made by a physician, often without reference to objective neuropsychological test data. We examined racial differences in actuarial MCI diagnoses among individuals diagnosed with MCI via semi-structured clinical interview (the Clinical Dementia Rating) to examine for possible biases in the diagnostic process. Participants were drawn from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set and included 491 individuals self-identifying as Black and 2,818 individuals self-identifying as White. Chi-square tests were used to examine racial differences in rates of low scores for each cognitive test (domains assessed included attention, processing speed/executive functioning, memory, language, and visual skills). Next, we tested for racial differences in probability of meeting actuarial criteria for MCI by race. Compared to Black participants diagnosed with MCI via clinical interview, White individuals diagnosed with MCI via clinical interview demonstrated significantly higher rates of low demographically-adjusted z-scores on tests of memory, attention, processing speed, and verbal fluency. Furthermore, White individuals were significantly more likely to meet actuarial criteria for MCI (71.60%) than Black individuals (57.90%). Results suggest there may be bias in MCI classification based on semi-structured interview, leading to over diagnosis among Black individuals and/or under diagnosis among White individuals. Examination of neuropsychological test data and use of actuarial approaches may reduce racial disparities in the diagnosis of MCI. Nonetheless, issues related to race-based norming and differential symptom presentations complicate interpretation of results.
Subsampling and DNA pooling can increase gains through genomic selection in switchgrass.

Genomic selection (GS) can accelerate breeding cycles in perennial crops such as the bioenergy grass switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The sequencing costs of GS can be reduced by pooling DNA samples in the training population (TP), only sequencing TP phenotypic outliers, or pooling candidate population (CP) samples. These strategies were simulated for two traits (spring vigor and anthesis date) in three breeding populations. Sequencing only the outlier 50% of the TP phenotype distribution resulted in a penalty of 80% predictive ability relative to individual TP sequencing. Novel group testing methods allowed greater than one CP individual to be screened per sequenced DNA sample but resulted in a predictive ability penalty. To determine the impact of reduced sequencing, genetic gain was calculated for seven GS scenarios with variable sequencing budgets. Reduced TP sequencing and most CP pooling methods were superior to individual sequence-based GS when sequencing resources were restricted (2,000 DNA samples per 5-yr cycle). Only one scenario was superior to individual sequencing when sequencing budgets were large (8,000 DNA samples per 5-yr cycle). This study highlights multiple routes for reduced sequencing costs in GS.
Numerische Simulation des Tropfenaufwirbelvorganges eines Einzelreifens

Im folgenden Abschnitt werden die Ergebnisse der numerischen Simulation des Tropfenaufwirbelvorganges an einem Reifen vorgestellt. Hierbei wird im Rahmen einer neuartigen CFD-Simulation ein einzelner Reifen uber einen Wasserfilm fahren gelassen, um somit durch die Wassermitnahme und den Entstehungsprozess an der Reifenoberflache ein virtuelles Tropfenfeld zu erzeugen. Auf diese Weise soll eine neue Tropfenrandbedingung fur eine Gesamtfahrzeug-Eigenverschmutzungssimulation generiert werden, die gegenuber dem vereinfachendem Reifen-Spray-Modell nach dem Stand der Technik realistischer ist.
Quasi-Global GNSS-R Soil Moisture Retrievals at High Spatio-Temporal Resolution from Cygnss and Smap Data

Global soil moisture mapping at high spatial and temporal resolution is important for its related meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural applications. Using the L-band signals, several satellite-based microwave sensors are providing global soil moisture retrievals at a spatial resolution of about 40 km and a revisit time of 2–3 days. Recent research shows that the forward scattered Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals at L-band can convey high-resolution information of land surface conditions, including surface soil moisture. However, these signals are often affected by complex land surface characteristics and the bistatic nature of GNSS-R technique, leading to nonlinear relation between the signals and surface soil moisture. In this work, a machine learning (ML) approach is used to map quasi-global soil moisture from Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) observables. Specifically, several land surface parameters are obtained and used in combination with CYGNSS data in the ML model by using the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) data as reference. A good performance of the ML method is achieved with median ubRMSDs of 0.0426 m3/m3 and 0.034 m3/m3 for global coverage and regions with vegetation water content less than 4 kg/m2, respectively. Moreover, an independent evaluation of the CYGNSS data against in-situ measurements suggests that the overall accuracy of CYGNSS soil moisture is comparable with SMAP data. With an increased sampling frequency of CYGNSS, the generated products can supplement current global soil moisture database. In addition, the ML-based CYGNSS products are published via a website portal for future users11https://www.gri.msstate.edu/research/ssm/.
Detecting False Sharing in OpenMP Applications Using the DARWIN Framework

Writing a parallel shared memory application that achieves good performance and scales well as the number of threads increases can be challenging. One of the reasons is that as threads proliferate, the contention among shared resources increases and this may cause performance degradation. In particular, multi-threaded applications can suffer from the false sharing problem, which can degrade the performance of an application significantly. The work in this paper focuses on detecting performance bottlenecks caused by false sharing in OpenMP applications. We introduce a dynamic framework to help application developers detect instances of false sharing as well as identify the data objects in an OpenMP code that cause the problem. The framework that we have developed leverages features of the OpenMP collector API to interact with the OpenMP compiler’s runtime library and utilizes the information from hardware counters. We demonstrate the usefulness of this framework on actual applications that exhibit poor scaling because of false sharing. To show the benefit of our technique, we manually modify the identified problem code by adjusting the alignment of the data that are causing false sharing; we then compare the performance with the original version.
Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes: Introduction to surface processes

In this opening chapter, section 1.1 introduces some of the thermodynamic ideas which are used to discuss small systems. In section 1.2 these ideas are developed in more detail for small crystals, both within the terrace–ledge–kink (TLK) model, and with examples taken from real materials. Section 1.3 explores important differences between thermodynamics and kinetics; the examples given are the vapor pressure (an equilibrium thermodynamic phenomenon) and ideas about crystal growth (a non-equilibrium phenomenon approachable via kinetic arguments); both discussions include the role of atomic vibrations. Finally, in section 1.4 the ideas behind reconstruction of crystal surfaces are discussed, and section 1.5 introduces some concepts related to surface electronics. These sections provide groundwork for the chapters which follow. You may wish to come back to individual topics later; for example, although the thermodynamics of small crystals is studied here, we will not have covered many experimental examples, nor more than the simplest models. The reason is that not everyone will want to study this topic in detail. In addition to the material in the text, some topics which may be generally useful are covered in appendices. Elementary thermodynamic ideas of surfaces Thermodynamic potentials and the dividing surface The idea that thermodynamic reasoning can be applied to surfaces was pioneered by the American scientist J.W. Gibbs in the 1870s and 1880s. This work has been assembled in his collected works (Gibbs 1928, 1961) and has been summarized in several books, listed in the further reading at the end of the chapter and in Appendix A.
Superior Serum Concentrations with Posaconazole Delayed-Release Tablets Compared to Suspension Formulation in Hematological Malignancies

Posaconazole (PCZ), approved for prophylaxis against invasive fungal disease in high-risk patients, is commercially available orally as a suspension formulation (PCZ-susp) and as a delayed-release tablet (PCZ-tab). We evaluated the serum steady-state concentrations (Css) of PCZ stratified by the administered formulation for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with myeloid malignancies (n = 150). The primary outcome was the attainment rate of the target Css of ≥700 ng/ml. Secondary outcomes included toxicity assessment (hepatotoxicity and corrected QT [QTc] interval prolongation) and breakthrough fungal infections. Patients who received the PCZ-susp (n = 118) or PCZ-tab (n = 32) and had PCZ Css assessment after at least 7 days of therapy were eligible. The median Css in the PCZ-susp group was 390 ng/ml (range, 51 to 1,870 ng/ml; mean, 436 ng/ml) compared to 1,740 ng/ml (range, 662 to 3,350 ng/ml; mean, 1,781 ng/ml) in the PCZ-tab group (P < 0.0001). The percentages of patients achieving the target goal of ≥700 ng/ml were 17% versus 97%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Hepatotoxicity (grade 2 or higher) occurred in 1 patient in each group. QTc interval measurements were available for 32 patients in the PCZ-susp group and for 12 patients in the PCZ-tab group, and prolonged intervals of grade 2 or higher were noted in 9% (n = 3) and 17% (n = 2), respectively (P = 0.6). Breakthrough fungal infections in the PCZ-susp and PCZ-tab groups were 7% (n = 8) and 3% (n = 1), respectively (P = 0.68). We conclude that the use of PCZ-tab was associated with higher Css and with the probability of achieving therapeutic goals without worsening of adverse effects.
Instructional computing in space physics moves ahead

As the number of spacecraft stationed in the Earth's magnetosphere exponentiates and society becomes more technologically sophisticated and dependent on these spacebased resources, both the importance of space physics and the need to train people in this field will increase. Space physics is a very difficult subject for students to master. Both mechanical and electromagnetic forces are important. The treatment of problems can be very mathematical, and the scale sizes of phenomena are usually such that laboratory studies become impossible, and experimentation, when possible at all, must be carried out in deep space. Fortunately, computers have evolved to the point that they are able to greatly facilitate instruction in space physics.
Molecular Clips and Tweezers with Corannulene Pincers

Abstract Application of the synthetic methodology developed in our laboratory yields molecular clips and tweezers with corannulene pincers and cyclooctadiene or cyclooctatetraene tethers. These highly nonplanar systems possess a potential for binding guest molecules of various sizes. One of the clips, bis(benzocorannulene)[a,e]cyclooctadiene, exists in a ‘open’ chair conformation encapsulating solvating nitrobenzene in the solid state, while it is expected to prefer an internally π–π stacked twist-boat conformation in the gas phase.
ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, AND SOCIAL SERVICES: Mapping the Potential for Local Positive‐Sum Strategies

: This study examines how local leaders in Boulder, Colorado, perceive the linkages among environmental quality, economic development, and social policy issues. The objective is to identify the extent to which declining resources create perceptions of a zero-sum situation forcing policy trade offs and the bases for potentially reframing these issues as a positive-sum agenda. The study utilized Q methodology and cluster analysis to identify different dimensions in participant viewpoints. The most notable finding is that there are more points of consensus than of conflict among leaders. These patterns appear relatively stable over time, but the introduction of social program issues fragments existing community coalitions. The local political context now appears more fluid, more complex, and more competitive with some indication of support across sectors for positive-sum policy strategies.
Downstream gene flow and genetic structure of Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) populations

Twelve populations of Gambusia holbrooki were sampled in three drainages of Florida and southern Georgia and their genetic structure was determined from the electrophoretic variation of 13 loci. There was less genetic variation (H = 0.199 vs. 0.242) and more differentiation within (D = 0.108 vs. 0.097) and among (D = 0.192 vs. 0.148) drainages in upstream than in downstream populations. Estimated levels of gene flow were lower (Nm = 1.2 vs. 2.5) among upstream than among downstream populations. Florida populations were genetically differentiated from those in Georgia (D = 0.184). This differentiation could result from the isolation of peninsular Florida and downstream gene flow after it rejoined the mainland.
Quantitative Characterization of Membrane Deformation by Syndapin (pacsin) and its Autoinhibition

Membrane curvature (MC) is an important feature of biological membranes in both static and dynamic aspects of cellular functions. However, the molecular machineries for MC sensing and generation are not thoroughly understood. Syndapin (pacsin) is an FBAR domain containing peripheral membrane protein, which participates in different endocytosis pathways and cytoskeletal interactions. The full length syndapin is known to lack membrane deformation ability in the absence of SH3 domain binding partners. This inhibition of membrane tubulation proposed due to an intramolecular BAR/SH3 domain clamping mechanism. However, in order to find out how exactly the SH3 domain interaction perturbs the capacity to deform the membrane requires more quantitative investigation.We characterize the role of autoinhibition in syndapin MC sensing and generation regulation, using an SH3 domain binding ligand believed to be able to release this autoinhibition. Our major experimental approach is pulling highly bent membrane tethers from pipette-aspirated giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). We monitored protein partitioning in the curvature gradient as well as mechanical effects on the membrane through protein binding. With low syndapin concentration, and excess ligand, we observe protein curvature sorting but no curvature generation. With intermediate syndapin concentration, the protein with bound ligand could sense membrane curvature and lower membrane rigidity. When syndapin concentration is high, polymerization of released syndapin on the tethers likely occurs. This research aims to provide thermodynamic explanations to the mechanism of autoinihition regulation of syndapin MC sensing and generation.
Theory of a Charged Bose Gas. I

This is the first of two papers in which the high-density charged Bose gas at zero temperature is treated by two independent and self-contained methods. In this paper, we are concerned with the excitation spectrum of the system. An analysis of the formal and physical aspects of the theory is followed by a simple numerical calculation. We apply the usual field-theoretic formulation for a Bose system. The Green's functions and other response functions, or propagators, are analyzed, emphasizing the role of the dielectric constant. The general features of the excitation spectrum are described. To apply and to further illustrate the formalism, the low-lying levels are numerically determined to the order of ${{r}_{s}}^{\frac{3}{4}}$ in units of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}$ (the next order beyond the Bogoliubov approximation). ${r}_{s}$ is the ratio of the average interparticle distance to the Bohr radius and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}$ is the plasma frequency.
Immunoaugmenting Effect of FK 506 on Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats

The effect of the immunosuppressive drug FK 506 on encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats was studied. Treatment that began during EAE induction delayed EAE onset, but when the disease started it was chronic/progressive and of unusual severity and duration, leading to death in many animals. Treatment started after onset of EAE shortened the disease. Forty seven days after immunization, extensive demyelination and inflammation were observed in the spinal cords of rats treated with FK 506 from the day of EAE induction. Rats treated after EAE onset had only minimal pathological abnormalities.
Pocket card and dedicated feedback session to improve feedback to ward residents: A randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Residents are often dissatisfied with feedback received on the wards, and hospital attendings are often uncomfortable and unskilled at giving feedback. OBJECTIVE: Determine the impact of a pocket card and feedback session on Internal Medicine (IM) residents' perceptions of feedback and attendings' comfort giving feedback. DESIGN: Prospective randomized trial using chi-square analysis. SETTING: Inpatient wards at 1 academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eleven IM residents and 36 attendings. INTERVENTION: We introduced a pocket feedback card, structured around the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies, and a feedback session to guide mid-rotation feedback. Control group attendings received the usual reminder to provide feedback. MEASUREMENTS: Attendings' and residents' survey responses, after the inpatient month, assessing attitudes towards feedback and qualitative interviews with intervention attendings. RESULTS: Intervention residents were more likely than controls to report sufficient and useful feedback from attendings. They reported more feedback regarding skills needing improvement and how to improve their skills (51.3% vs 25.5%, P = 0.02), and felt their clinical (61.5% vs 27.8%, P = 0.001) and professionalism/communication (51.3% vs 29.1%, P = 0.03) skills improved based on this feedback. Intervention attendings, as compared to controls, agreed that residents improved their professionalism/communication skills (76.9% vs 31.1%, P = 0.02) based on feedback. Most intervention attendings found the card and session acceptable and would use both in the future. CONCLUSIONS: A pocket feedback card and dedicated feedback session improved the quantity and quality of feedback delivered to IM residents by their attendings on the inpatient wards. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Why the Scottish Enlightenment Was Useful to the Framers of the American Constitution

A large body of research conducted over a period of many years has demonstrated the enormous contribution that Scottish thought made to early America. Curiously enough, the evidence for this important influence accumulated gradually without attracting widespread attention until 1978, when Garry Wills published a book on the Declaration of Independence, orienting that document within the context of Scottish thinking. All of a sudden, eighteenth-century Scottish moral philosophy was being discussed in the New York Times, the New York Review of Books, and all the major relevant professional journals. Wills' work aroused a storm of controversy, and by now it appears certain that his discussion of the philosophical issues underlying the Declaration was garbled. Nevertheless, his book proved to be a landmark of a certain kind: It focused attention on the relevance of the Scottish Enlightenment to the American Revolutionary generation. Sometimes a forceful statement, even if wrong, can have a constructive effect, and so it seems to have been with Garry Wills's account, Inventing America.
Endoscopic Necrosectomy for Walled-Off Pancreatic Necrosis

Approximately 20% of patients with acute pancreatitis develop pancreatic necrosis with significant mortality. Surgical debridement is the traditional management of necrotizing pancreatitis, but it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic necrosectomy using repeats session of debridement and stent insertion has been more frequently used within the last decade and half. This technique continues to evolve as we attempt to optimize the post-procedural outcomes.
Geochronology and distribution of silicic volcanic rocks of Plio-Pleistocene age from the central sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift

Abstract Plio-Pleistocene silicic volcanoes, calderas, and their eruptive products are common throughout the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). A compllation of KAr and 40 Ar 39 Ar dating results for the central sector of the MER demonstrate that the most voluminous and widespread ignimbrites of this region are Pliocene in age, between 4.2 and 3.5 Ma. These units occur in and around: (1) The Awasa and Wagebeta calderas, (2) the Guraghe and Munesa escarpments, where a major buried caldera is believed to occur in the adjacent rift floor, (3) the Addis Ababa-Nazret area, and (4) the foothills and shoulders of the northern sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift. The older units are overlain by less volumious and in most cases, rift-bound late Pliocene and Pleistocene pyroclastic rocks. The Pliocene ignimbrites in this area are likely to be the near-source equivalents of widespread a ash-fall units associated with fossil hominid deposits of the Turkana and Afar sedimentary basins.
Clinicopathological Characteristics of Adamantinomatous and Papillary Craniopharyngiomas: University of California, San Francisco Experience 1985–2005

Background Craniopharyngiomas are rare epithelial tumors that are presumed to arise from the remnants of Rathke's pouch. Objective This study was designed to evaluate the outcome characteristics of craniopharyngiomas treated in a single institution and to determine whether the adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma should be considered more aggressive than a World Health Organization (WHO) grade I neoplasm. Methods We identified all patients with craniopharyngioma given their diagnoses at University of California, San Francisco in a 20-year period and performed a retrospective analysis of clinicopathological and outcome characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed to determine factors that affect survival characteristics. Results Eighty patients were included in the study based on the selection criteria. Sixty-nine tumors were adamantinomatous, 9 were papillary, and 2 were unclassified. All pediatric tumors were adamantinomatous. Visual field examination in 60 patients revealed a defect in 39 and only 14 showed bitemporal field defects. Hormonal tests with abnormal results were more common in younger patients. During a median follow-up of 82 months, 38 tumors recurred. Four of 9 gross total resections and 34 of 59 subtotal resections recurred. Median time to recurrence was 16.3 months for gross total and 11.7 for subtotal resections. Progression-free survival did not differ between males and females or children and adults. There was a negative correlation between age and overall survival. Conclusion Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma is a locally aggressive neoplasm with a significant rate of recurrence. This is not in keeping with the current designation of a WHO grade I neoplasm. Subtotal resection is associated with less mortality/morbidity but a higher recurrence rate. Given the high numbers of "silent" defects, formal visual field testing should be performed in all patients with craniopharyngiomas.
Using Internet Resources to Research Dates of Birth and Death of Relatively Obscure Individuals for Inclusion in Name Authority Records

Establishing unique name headings for relatively obscure and deceased individuals who lived in the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be challenging for the Name Authority Cooperative (NACO) cataloger. These people are not well documented in conventional reference materials, nor are they still alive to contact directly. Adding dates to personal name headings to disambiguate persons is recognized in both the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and in Resource Description and Access as serving user needs. Dates of birth and death are not only useful for establishing distinctive name headings, they also provide chronological context. There is an increasing amount of information available at Internet sites on people who lived in the United States. While genealogists are the primary audience for many of these sites, they can also aid the NACO cataloger. A few key sites are described.
Identity of Resources and Entities on the Web

One of the main strengths of the Web is that it allows any party of its global community to share information with any other party. This goal has been achieved by making use of a unique and uniform mechanism of identification, the uniform resource identifiers (URI). Although URIs succeed when used for retrieving resources on the Web, their suitability for identifying any kind of thing, for example, resources that are not on the Web, is not guaranteed. In this article we investigate the meaning of the identity of a Web resource, and how the current situation, as well as existing and possible future improvements, can be modeled and implemented on the Web. In particular, we propose an ontology, IRE, that provides a formal way to model both the problem and the solution spaces. IRE describes the concept of resource from the viewpoint of the Web, by reusing an ontology of information objects, built on top of DOLCE+ and its extensions. In particular, we formalize the concept of Web resource, as distinguished from the concept of a generic entity, and how those and other concepts are related, for example, by different proxy for relations. Based on the analysis formalized in IRE, we propose a formal pattern for modeling and comparing different solutions to the problems of the identity of resources.
The neuronal basis for consciousness

Attempting to understand how the brain, as a whole, might be organized seems, for the first time, to be a serious topic of inquiry. One aspect of its neuronal organization that seems particularly central to global function is the rich thalamocortical interconnectivity, and most particularly the reciprocal nature of the thalamocortical neuronal loop function. Moreover, the interaction between the specific and non-specific thalamic loops suggests that rather than a gate into the brain, the thalamus represents a hub from which any site in the cortex can communicate with any other such site or sites. The goal of this paper is to explore the basic assumption that large–scale, temporal coincidence of specific and non–specific thalamic activity generates the functional states that characterize human cognition.
Proverb Comprehension as a Function of Reading Proficiency in Preadolescents.

Purpose: Proverb comprehension through reading was examined in 42 preadolescents (mean age=12:2 [years:months]) attending a rural public middle school. The study was designed to learn about individ...
“Phase-Change Memories for nano-scale technology and design”

In this paper we will review the evolution of Phase-Change Memories (PCM) through the last decade, starting from the first electrical results on single cells and ending with the latest news of multi-Gb chips. Entering into the sub-30nm realm, PCM is demonstrating the capability to enter the broad memory market and to become a mainstream technology.
Rules for Correcting External Imbalances

Three aspects to adjustment are sufficiently distinct to be treated separately. The first is the balance of payments concept that is to be adjusted. The candidates are the overall balance of payments, the “basic balance”, and the current account balance. The latter is the preferred concept; specifically, all countries should aim to keep their current balances within a range of +/− 3% of GDP. The second are the instruments to be used to adjust a payments imbalance. The basic analyses are due to Hume and Meade, for the cases in which the country respectively does not and does use variations in the exchange rate as an instrument to facilitate the adjustment process. The third relates to the question of whether the international community should build some mechanism, besides the threat of reserve depletion, that will encourage its members to pursue adjustment. Most deficit countries already have an incentive to adjust. In contrast, the incentives for surplus countries to adjust are weak and need strengthening, perhaps by permitting trade retaliation for an undervalued exchange rate through the WTO or perhaps by taxation. The United States are the most difficult case because the construction of a suitable incentive for this country would probably be dependent on reform of the reserve supply mechanism.
Electronic modulation of vibrational frequencies: effect on the conductivity and thermopower of a narrow Hubbard band

If the electronic bandwidth is small compared to intrasite vibrational frequencies, an electron stays at a site over several vibrational periods and has a chance to modulate the frequency. The effects of the resulting electron-vibration coupling on the properties of a narrow half-filled Hubbard band of electrons are studied. At low temperatures, the principal effect is the alteration of the Mott-Hubbard gap. The high-temperature conductivity falls of as $\frac{1}{{T}^{2}}$. The coupling breaks the particle-hole symmetry of the half-filled band and gives rise to a nonzero thermopower. If additional electrons on a site cause vibrational softening, the thermpower increases from zero with increasing temperature, reaches a maximum, decreases, changes sign and saturates. The relevance of these results to the tetracyanoquinodimethane salts is discussed.
Human ferrochelatase: characterization of substrate-iron binding and proton-abstracting residues.

The terminal step in heme biosynthesis, the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme, is catalyzed by the enzyme ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1). A number of highly conserved residues identified from the crystal structure of human ferrochelatase as being in the active site were examined by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutants Y123F, Y165F, Y191H, and R164L each had an increased Km for iron without an altered Km for porphyrin. The double mutant R164L/Y165F had a 6-fold increased Km for iron and a 10-fold decreased Vmax. The double mutant Y123F/Y191F had low activity with an elevated Km for iron, and Y123F/Y165F had no measurable activity. The mutants H263A/C/N, D340N, E343Q, E343H, and E343K had no measurable enzyme activity, while E343D, E347Q, and H341C had decreased Vmaxs without significant alteration of the Kms for either substrate. D340E had near-normal kinetic parameters, while D383A and H231A had increased Kms for iron. On the basis of these data and the crystal structure o...
Intra-articular chromic phosphate (32P) in the treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis

Abstract Purpose Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is an uncommon proliferative lesion of synovial tissue. In diffuse PVNS, recurrence rates are high after resection alone. Adjuvant external beam radiation therapy contributes to improved local control. Limited data exist for intra-articular radioisotope therapy after surgical resection. We report institutional experience with intra-articular chromic phosphate ( 32 P). Methods and Materials Records were reviewed from the Department of Radiation Oncology at Indiana University. Nine cases of PVNS treated with 32 P were identified (mean age = 40). Seven patients were treated at time of recurrence and 2 patients were treated prophylactically. Intra-articular injections were performed by accessing the joint space, aspirating joint fluid, reinjecting 1–2 mCi of 32 P, and barbitaging to ensure good distribution in the joint space. No external beam radiation therapy was delivered. One patient was lost to followup. Mean followup of remaining patients was 20 months (range, 2–48). Results Eleven injections were performed in 9 patients. Eight had PVNS in the knee(s) and 1 patient had involvement of the hip. Two patients were treated more than once, one for a recurrence in the same joint at 13 months and another for PVNS of a contralateral joint. Three clinical recurrences (2, 13, and 28 months) were noted. Two of three recurrences were in patients who had bulky diffuse PVNS at the time of injection. Overall local control was 70%. In patients without bulky diffuse PVNS at the time of injection, local control was 88%. Conclusion We report success using intra-articular injections of 32 P after synovectomy in patients with PVNS.
Low-Voltage Tunnel Transistors for Beyond CMOS Logic

Steep subthreshold swing transistors based on interband tunneling are examined toward extending the performance of electronics systems. In particular, this review introduces and summarizes progress in the development of the tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) including its origin, current experimental and theoretical performance relative to the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), basic current-transport theory, design tradeoffs, and fundamental challenges. The promise of the TFET is in its ability to provide higher drive current than the MOSFET as supply voltages approach 0.1 V.
An Analysis of Game Controller and Touchscreen Devices for Input into a Complex High-Information Display

Recently, there has been rapid growth in different methods of providing input into a computer system. Increased familiarity with the unique button layouts of game controllers and direct manipulation touchscreen devices has afforded an opportunity to evaluate how these new input methods can increase efficiency of computer systems that involve the display of complex, densely-packed information. Here, alternative button layouts (through various game controllers) and touchscreen devices were used to navigate through a simulated workflow in a submarine contact management task. Task completion time and errors were recorded, and results show that only some of the alternative input devices sped up the time it takes to cycle through a commonly used workflow. Implications for integration of these devices with already-existing systems are discussed along with future research directions.
Population-Based Surveillance for Hospitalizations Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza Virus, and Parainfluenza Viruses Among Young Children

Objective. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) cause significant morbidity in young children. Although only influenza virus infection and illness is currently vaccine-preventable, vaccines are under development for RSV and PIV. We established a prospective, active population-based surveillance network to provide precise estimates of hospitalization rates for viral acute respiratory illness (ARI) in young children and to measure the potential impact of enhanced vaccine usage on these rates. Methods. Prospective, active population-based surveillance was conducted in young children who were hospitalized for ARI from October 1, 2000, to September 30, 2001, in Monroe County, New York (Rochester area) and Davidson County, Tennessee (Nashville area). Eligible children younger than 5 years were those who resided in surveillance counties and were hospitalized for febrile or acute respiratory illness. Viral culture and polymerase chain reaction identified viruses from nasal and throat samples obtained from all surveillance children. We measured population-based rates of hospitalization for RSV, influenza virus, and PIV as well as demographic, clinical, and risk factor assessment for each virus. Results. Of 812 eligible hospital admissions, 592 (73%) children were enrolled. Of the enrolled children, RSV was identified in 20%, influenza in 3%, PIV in 7%, other respiratory viruses in 36%, and no detectable virus in 39%. Population-based rates of ARI hospitalizations in children younger than 5 years were 18 per 1000. Virus-positive hospitalization rates per 1000 children were 3.5 for RSV, 1.2 for PIV, and 0.6 for influenza virus. Younger age (particularly Conclusions. This study confirms that children younger than 5 years and particularly children younger than 1 year have a high burden of hospitalization from RSV, influenza, and PIV. The enhanced use of influenza vaccine and the development of RSV and PIV vaccines have the potential to reduce markedly the pediatric morbidity from ARIs.
Development of a lunar infrastructure

The problem of building an infrastructure on the moon is discussed, assuming that earth-to-moon and moon-to-earth transport will be available. The sequence of events which would occur in the process of building an infrastructure is examined. The human needs which must be met on a lunar base are discussed, including minimal life support, quality of life, and growth stages. The technology available to meet these needs is reviewed and further research in fields related to a lunar base, such as the study of the moon's polar regions and the limits of lunar agriculture, is recommended.
Condyloma Acuminata of the Urethral Meatus in Children

Abstract Urethral meatal condyloma acuminata are not usually seen in children. 1–3 Two recent cases of condyloma acuminata involving the urethral meatus in children are the basis for this report.
Creation of an innovative inpatient medical procedure service and a method to evaluate house staff competency.

INTRODUCTION: Training residents in medical procedures is an area of growing interest. Studies demonstrate that internal medicine residents are inadequately trained to perform common medical procedures, and program directors report residents do not master these essential skills. The American Board of Internal Medicine requires substantiation of competence in procedure skills for all internal medicine residents; however, for most procedures, standards of competence do not exist.
The structures of the reduced and oxidized forms of barium silicon tantalum oxide, Ba3Si4Ta6O23 and Ba3Si4Ta6O26

Abstract The compound once reported as Ba0.5−xTaO3−x has now been shown to be Ba3Si4Ta6O23. The silicon is readily introduced from the silica reaction capsule if fluoride is present. The symmetry is hexagonal, space group P 6 2m, a = 8.997 ± 0.003, c = 7.745 ± 0.005 A. The structure contains layers with tantalum coordinated by a square pyramid of oxygens and silicon coordinated tetrahedrally by oxygens. These layers are mirrored to form double layers which are interleaved with barium ions. The oxidized phase, Ba3Si4Ta6O26, which may be formed by oxidation of the reduced phase, has the same space group, and cell dimensions a = 8.99 ± 0.01, c = 7.79 ± 0.01 A. The additional oxygens complete octahedra about the tantalum atoms.
The processing of monodisperse boron-doped SiO2 particles

Two processing methods were developed to add B2O3 to monodispersed, spherical (0.4 μm in diameter) Si02 particles. In each case the average bulk concentration of 1.5 wt% B203 was added to the surface of the silica particles. In the first process B203 was added with a boron alkoxide, B(OC4H9)3, during the precipitation of monodispersed silica particles; in the second process boric acid was precipitated on the surface of monodispersed silica particles from aqueous solutions. The particles were settled, dried, and then sintered at temperatures from 1000 to 1100° C. Several problems were encountered in these steps, but it was possible to sinter thin pieces ∼500 μm thick of boron-doped silica particles at 1000° C in 1 h. Also, cakes ∼ 20 to 30 mm thick of boron-doped padcles coated with boric acid and a sodium salt (to add Na2O) sintered to nearly full density at 1050° C in less than 2 h. It was not possible to form sintered, continuous thin films ∼ 1 to 5 μm thick of boron-doped silica from casts of particles on a substrate, due to shrinkage cracks.
Radiosynthesis of 6-[C-11]-D-glucose.

Abstract Availability of 6-[C-11]- d -glucose will permit positron emission tomography (PET) investigations of glucose utilization derived from the pentose shunt which supports biosynthesis in tissues. The first radiosynthesis of 6-[C-11]- d -glucose is described. As much as 1 mCi of 6-[C-11]- d -glucose, sufficient for animal studies, is obtained from [C-11]CO 2 after 100 min with a 16% radiochemical yield (EOB). The radiosynthesis has many attractive features. The method uses [C-11]CH 3 I and combines a Wittig reaction and a stereoselective OsO 4 catalyzed alkene hydroxylation. The OsO 4 hydroxylation of the [C-11]-labeled alkene ( 9 ) is accomplished in less than 10 min with high stereoselectivity (94:6) in favor of the 6-[C-11]- d - gluco -isomer. HPLC purification (C-18) of the protected labeled sugar removes the undesired 6-[C-11]- l - ido -sugar at an early stage and avoids the use of an expensive low-capacity ion-exchange HPLC column. OsO 4 , a highly toxic reagent, is removed in the process by adsorption and inactivation on polymer-bound triphenylphosphine.
Electron transport in calcium-based metallic glasses

New measurements of the x-ray structure factor, electrical resistivity, and thermopower for Ca-Al-Ga metallic glasses are reported and compared with our previous measurements for Ca-Al glassy metals. Comparison of results from electronic-structure calculations for CaAl, ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}$Al, CaGa, and ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}$Ga alloys in a close-packed crystalline structure with experiment indicates that the Ca d band may dominate the electron-transport properties of these glassy metals.
Self-help health groups: Some clarifications

Abstract This article proposes some alternative views of the functioning, social role and significant variables for the analysis of self-help health groups. The writer discusses his differences with formulations advanced by Victor and Ruth Sidel, and by John Williamson, in articles in recent (1977) issues of Social Science and Medicine . He rejects the Sidels' contentions that self-help health groups are not concerned with prevention, with improving universal access to medical care, and that they are themselves engaged in primary care. The weaknesses of Williamson's analytical variables are discussed, and other, more significant variables presented.
The Preventing Coal and Gas Outburst Technology of Middle Distance and Low Permeability and Upper Protective Layer

Protective layer mining is the main regional measures for control coal and gas outburst . According to the defects of the preventing coal and gas outburst technology of middle distance and low permeability and upper protective layer in western Shuicheng mining area, the coal seams coal and gas outburst original danger are analyzed and protective layer is choosed initially using gas geological theory,the choice upper protective layer feasibility is analyzed using protection layer theory. the preventing coal and gas outburst technology of middle distance and low permeability and upper protective layer control effect is studied by numerical simulation and spot investigation. The conclusions from this research：the preventing coal and gas outburst technology of middle distance and low permeability and upper protective layer can decrease coal and gas outburst prediction index and control coal and gas outburst; the coal seams coal and gas outburst original danger can be preliminarily evaluated and the evaluation result can provide the basis for protective layer choice; the preventing coal and gas outburst technology of middle distance and low permeability and upper protective layer can be applied in western marine-continental transitional facies coal measure strata.