cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing stakeholders in the design of effective community-level geophysics programs

Despite the challenges involved in implementing “humanitarian geophysics” projects, the potential impact of these projects is vast—particularly for engaging the public and encouraging a new and diverse generation of students to pursue careers in geophysics. Established programs like Engineers without Borders and emerging programs like Geoscientists Without Borders (GWB), which is administered through the SEG Foundation, provide unprecedented opportunities for geoscientists to become engaged in projects with a humanitarian focus. Many of us are excited by the prospect of using our knowledge and skills to make impacts on communities in a direct and immediate way. As scientists, it is easy for us to focus on addressing the technical issues of a project, such as selecting appropriate measurement methods and overcoming the daunting logistics of field operations—particularly if the project is in a foreign country. To create effective programs, however, it is equally important for us to consider nontechnical iss...
Space-Based Visible Metric Accuracy

In April 1996 theMidcourse SpaceExperiment satellite, sponsoredby theBallisticMissile Defense Organization, was launched into an 898-km altitude, nearly sun-synchronous orbit. One of the principal sensors onboard the spacecraft is the Space-Based Visible, a visible-band electrooptical camera used for space surveillance. The instrument is equipped with four adjacent 420 £ 420 pixel charge-couple devices and was designed with high off-axis stray light rejection characteristics for observing near the earthlimb. As the  rst space-based space surveillance sensor, the Space-Based Visible’s principal role is to gather metric and photometric information on a wide variety of resident space objects. To assess the metric performance of the sensor, routine on-orbit metric calibration is performed. In addition, a complete error assessment was made using actual  ight data. The goal of producing 4-arc-s (1-sigma) observations of resident space objects was set during design, and early results show that this goal is being reached. The analysis of each of the error sources within the Space-Based Visible error budget is presented and results from both calibration and routine surveillance data collection events are shown. Error sources such as those associated with the sensor boresight pointing, including star catalog errors, spacecraft jitter, star centroiding, and optical distortion, along with the Midcourse Space Experiment ephemeris and the streak endpoint determination are discussed. The principal  nding, as revealed through the discrepency between the theoretical error assessment and on-orbitmetric calibration, spawned the identi cation of an unmodeledmetric error source for the Space-Based Visible. With the identi cation and modeling of this error source, a 50% reduction in the metric error budget of the sensor is possible.
The role of amygdala glutamate receptors in fear learning, fear-potentiated startle, and extinction.

Using a paradigm known as fear-potentiated startle, we have examined the neurobiological substrates of Pavlovian fear conditioning. In these experiments, rats are trained to fear an initially neutral stimulus by pairing that stimulus with shock. The amount of fear elicited by the stimulus [i.e., now a conditioned stimulus (CS)] is later assessed by presenting startle-eliciting noise bursts both in the presence and also the absence of the CS. After training, startle responses are typically greater in the presence of the CS. Findings reviewed here suggest that amygdala N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a key role in triggering the neural changes that support fear learning and also the loss of fear that accompanies extinction training. Amygdala (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors also participate in fear learning. However, unlike NMDA receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor antagonists also block fear-potentiated startle when infused prior to testing. Very recent data indicate that glutamate metabotropic Group II receptor agonists also block fear learning when infused into the amygdala prior to training, and block fear-potentiated startle when infused prior to testing. A fuller understanding of the role of amygdala glutamate systems in fear and fear learning may suggest novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of clinical anxiety disorders.
Measuring Liability to Schizophrenia: Progress Report 1994: Editors' Introduction

The first aim of this issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin is to provide an up-to-date review of the major domains of research in the experimental psychopathology of schizophrenia , in which important contributions to our understanding of putative pathophysiologic mechanisms have been made. This research has identified several biobehavioral traits as measures of enhanced liability to schizophrenia . Rather than present a substantive review of the research on a particular trait, the authors of several articles focus on a critical appraisal and evaluation of the literature since 1987 in their particular area. The second aim of this issue is to present new methodologic approaches and conceptualizations for incorporating biobehavioral trait data in future psychiatric research designs. Now is the time not only to recognize past contributions but also to recognize that further advances in our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia may depend on continued research in experimental psychopathology that culminates in an integration in both methods and research design across disparate scientific fields.
Problem of High Heat Flow and Volcanism associated with Zones of Descending Mantle Convective Flow

EVER since the discovery by Vening Meinesz1 of the large negative gravity anomalies associated with the deep oceanic trenches found in the south-west Pacific and elsewhere, it has frequently been proposed that trenches are the loci of some form of descending mantle flow. With the development of concepts of sea-floor spreading, oceanic trenches have been interpreted as areas where the spreading ocean floor turns downwards into the upper mantle and is destroyed. Zones of earthquake activity extending from close to the bottom of the trench down to depths of 700 km suggest that the shearing associated with downward motion of the oceanic crust and upper mantle occurs parallel to a plane which dips downwards in the direction of motion at an angle of about 45° to the surface2 (Fig. 1). Fault plane solutions for the earthquakes along these zones, and apparently anomalous distributions of Q (anelasticity) with depth3, tend to support this interpretation, although the presence of undeformed sedimentary filling in many trenches must be explained.
Evaluation of a generalizable approach to clinical information retrieval using the automated retrieval console (ARC)

Reducing custom software development effort is an important goal in information retrieval (IR). This study evaluated a generalizable approach involving with no custom software or rules development. The study used documents “consistent with cancer” to evaluate system performance in the domains of colorectal (CRC), prostate (PC), and lung (LC) cancer. Using an end-user-supplied reference set, the automated retrieval console (ARC) iteratively calculated performance of combinations of natural language processing-derived features and supervised classification algorithms. Training and testing involved 10-fold cross-validation for three sets of 500 documents each. Performance metrics included recall, precision, and F-measure. Annotation time for five physicians was also measured. Top performing algorithms had recall, precision, and F-measure values as follows: for CRC, 0.90, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively; for PC, 0.97, 0.95, and 0.94; and for LC, 0.76, 0.80, and 0.75. In all but one case, conditional random fields outperformed maximum entropy-based classifiers. Algorithms had good performance without custom code or rules development, but performance varied by specific application.
ENTREPRENEURIALISM IN THE GLOBALISING CITY‐REGION OF TANGIER, MOROCCO

This paper inspects the territorial and state restructuring of the globalising city-region of Tangier. It argues that recent economic growth and transnational connections follow new forms of entrepreneurial development that aggravate social and spatial inequalities. The analysis shows that these forms of urban and regional management are embedded in the neoliberalised, yet monarch-centric Moroccan state. Analysis of local governance arrangements demonstrates the pivotal importance of an elite cadre of urban managers within the monarchic power structure. Fieldwork evidence documents the emergence of megaprojects as preferred vehicles for entrepreneurial development through site observations, indepth interviews and archival research. The Tanger City Center project presents a case that illustrates the social and spatial implications of a restructuring territorial economy and the effects of new polarities being overlaid on existing urban and regional geographies. The paper concludes with a reflection on the comparative and relational lessons that can be drawn from Tangier's restructuring.
Herbal Compounds: Important Role as TRPV1 Channel Modulator in Pain Sensation

Ion channels play a significant role in pain perception. Among them, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons plays a pivotal role. Considering the potential side effects and high risk of dependence from opiates commonly coprescribed with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), alternative compounds from plants need to be identified. For years, herbal medicines treated pain worldwide, but their precise action was not clear until recently. The role of individual ion channels in pain detection and transmission can be separated and understood better now than ever before. Additionally, through improvements in active compound purification techniques and alteration of active compounds by synthetic chemistry, many herbal and naturally derived compounds are waiting to be screened for their probable role as analgesic. In this small review, some very familiar plant-based compounds, which act on TRPV1 channels and in turn influence pain sensation, are discussed.
Late varus instability with equinus deformity

Four cases of late varus instability of the hindfoot in elderly patients with fixed equinus deformities are reviewed. A first metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy provided increased stability and is an attractive alternative to major hindfoot procedures for this instability pattern.
Grounding Language Performance in the Anticipatory Dynamics of the Body

Speech acts, conversations, and other language activities emerge from anticipatory dynamics that situate minds and bodies near critical states. Critical states entail a kind of symmetry in which possible actions exist simultaneously as propensities to act. To speak or understand is to break the symmetry of these possibilities and realize the utterance that is expressed. This hypothesis is derived from complexity theory and agrees with findings that concern action generally and linguistic performance in particular.
Multidimensional information retrieval in peer-to-peer networks

This paper summarizes a key finding in our NSF project CNS-0615055/0753066. The project is aimed at development and implementation of a complete architectural design for information retrieval in decentralized networks. In this paper, we particularly focus on two main components: the communication architecture and the indexing architecture. The communication component serves as the foundation for the nodes to maintain connectivity in the system, while the indexing component prepares the information in a way that enables fast and efficient future search operations. A challenge is to overcome the curse of dimensionality. From both network and database perspectives, decentralized networks are complex; not only we have to accommodate the rapid growth of the network size, but also the multi-dimensionality of the data space. We describe our solution in the context of P2P networks, but it is also applicable to any Internet-based decentralized networks.
Strategies for Improving the Classroom Environment

This paper describes some strategies for the educator seeking to better his/her classroom effectiveness. It was inspired by one of the technical sessions of the 29 th Annual IEEE/ASEE Frontiers in Education Conference in which over a dozen experienced college instructors engaged in a roundtable discussion of ways to improve a classroom environment. In this paper, those ideas are discussed and then supplemented with general advice and specific suggestions from the experience of the authors. The paper concludes with a bibliography of related reference material from a wide variety of educational sources.
Noncytopathic Replication of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicons in Mammalian Cells

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses are important, naturally emerging zoonotic viruses. They are significant human and equine pathogens which still pose a serious public health threat. Both VEE and EEE cause chronic infection in mosquitoes and persistent or chronic infection in mosquito-derived cell lines. In contrast, vertebrate hosts infected with either virus develop an acute infection with high-titer viremia and encephalitis, followed by host death or virus clearance by the immune system. Accordingly, EEE and VEE infection in vertebrate cell lines is highly cytopathic. To further understand the pathogenesis of alphaviruses on molecular and cellular levels, we designed EEE- and VEE-based replicons and investigated their replication and their ability to generate cytopathic effect (CPE) and to interfere with other viral infections. VEE and EEE replicons appeared to be less cytopathic than Sindbis virus-based constructs that we designed in our previous research and readily established persistent replication in BHK-21 cells. VEE replicons required additional mutations in the 5' untranslated region and nsP2 or nsP3 genes to further reduce cytopathicity and to become capable of persisting in cells with no defects in alpha/beta interferon production or signaling. The results indicated that alphaviruses strongly differ in virus-host cell interactions, and the ability to cause CPE in tissue culture does not necessarily correlate with pathogenesis and strongly depends on the sequence of viral nonstructural proteins.
Antidepressants and suicidality: History, the black-box warning, consequences, and current evidence

Abstract Introduction: The first published literature on the topic of antidepressants and suicidality dates back to the mid-1950s. Today, 10 years after the black-box warning was issued, this controversial topic is still debated. This article will review the data behind the black-box warning and its revision; address the subsequent impact the warning had on depression diagnoses, prescribing patterns, follow-up visits, and suicide rates in the United States; and summarize meta-analyses on this topic published since the revised warning was issued in 2007. Methods: A PubMed database search using the MeSH terms Antidepressive Agents and Suicide was conducted from January 2012 through October 2014 to identify articles published on the impact the Food and Drug Administration's black-box warning had on health care at a national level and from January 2007 through October 2014 using the same MeSH terms to identify meta-analyses on the current research regarding the link between antidepressants and suicidality. Se...
uv-laser photofragmentation of a 2-MeV H 2 + beam

A 2-MeV beam of $\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ molecular ions was excited by 193-nm photons from an ArF laser. The ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ photofragments were energy analyzed by an electrostatic analyzer, and the potential energy released in the $\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ rest frame was determined. The released energy corresponds to absorption from low-lying vibrational levels of the $1s{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}$ ground state to the $2p{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ state of $\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$.
Validation of a New Recombinant Antibody Fragment (rFab)-Based Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay for the Highly Specific Detection of 6-Acetylmorphine in Urine

The detection of 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) in urine by immunoassay methods is challenging due to its short half-life and its similarity in structure to many commonly abused opiates that are often present at very high concentrations in urine. Current 6-AM homogeneous enzyme immunoassays use lyophilized reagents because of the instability of 6-AM in water or lack of the required specificity due to high cross-reactivity with morphine. A new 6-AM rFab-based homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) has been developed with highly improved specificity. Using a cutoff concentration of 10 ng/mL, morphine or morphine glucuronides did not produce a positive signal up to 300,000 or 1,000,000 ng/mL, respectively. Assay imprecision (n = 80) was less than 1.5% using four replicates per day for 20 days over the range 0-20 ng/mL. Cross-reactivity with structurally related or non-related compounds was assessed at concentrations up to 1,000,000 ng/mL. Interferences from endogenous compounds at ±25% cutoff were also performed at the concentrations ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 ng/mL. The effect of varied pH values on assay performance at ±25% cutoff was investigated; no false-positive or false-negative results were observed between pH 4 and -11. Based on the analysis of 149 authentic urine samples, the accuracy of the 6-AM HEIA compared with LC-MS-MS was 100%. These results demonstrated that rFab can be suitable for traditional HEIA with desired detection sensitivity and stability.
Viewer’s Manual for the Film Red State/Blue State: Lawyers, Politics & Moral Counseling

This Viewer’s Manual provides a lesson plan for classroom or continuing legal education discussion of the film, “Red State/Blue State: Lawyers, Politics & Moral Counseling” (http address in Viewer’s Manual). The Viewers Manual and film use the question of why lawyers are more politically liberal than non-lawyers as a way to explore the foundation in political philosophy for the dominant conception of lawyers as amoral partisans and to consider whether engaging in moral conversation with clients is permitted or preferable. The film attempts to make this inquiry both fun and accessible. It features an entertaining narrative, musical selections from R.E.M., and comments from law students, lawyers, clients, and scholars from diverse political backgrounds, including Doug Ammar, Robin Barnes, Erwin Chemerinsky, Lawrence Fox, Heather MacDonald, John McGinnis, Russell Pearce, Deborah Rhode, William Simon, Ken Starr, and David Wilkins. The Viewer’s Guide and the film build on “The Legal Profession as a Blue State: Reflections on Public Philosophy, Jurisprudence, and Legal Ethics,” available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=988196.
Effect of the reduced pairing interaction on α -decay half-lives of multi-quasiparticle isomeric states

The role of the pairing interaction in multi-quasiparticle isomeric states was examined by calculating $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay half-lives with the superfluid tunneling model. We found that this model reproduces the experimental $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay half-lives with an accuracy typical of current $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay models. In spite of the simplicity of the model, we are able to demonstrate how the reduction of pairing in multi-quasiparticle isomers has a remarkable effect on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay half-lives. Taking this effect into account may be important for spin and parity assignments of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decaying multi-quasiparticle isomers.
Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Management in Shrinking Cities

Population decline in once vibrant cities has introduced challenges to managing civil infrastructure. These challenges, such as fiscal constraints, reduced personnel, and increasing regulatory stan...
Oral History and Music

From 1968 to 1972, when I conducted oral histories on the life and work of American composer Charles Ives, I was motivated by the urgent need to search out Ives's friends and colleagues while they were still alive. At the time I was not aware of oral history as an independent discipline, one with a national organization and numerous workshops, courses, and archives around the country. It was only after the Ives Project was completed, its materials published and hailed as a new kind of biography-the first documentary oral history on a composer-that I became fully aware of oral history and its potential for use in musicological research. Ironically, musicologists, those studying music as the art of sound, lagged behind scholars in other disciplines in applying oral history documentation techniques, in part because of basic premises of traditional musicology and in part because of deeply ingrained attitudes in the world of academic music. Oral history presupposes contemporary or recent activities. In contrast, traditional musicology, based on a Germanic pre-World War II discipline, came to the United States with the attitudes that the twentieth century was not yet old enough to qualify as history and that American music was unworthy of study.' The student musicologist is trained to delve into the distant past; musicological studies include the development of bibliographic skills and research methods for examining primary and secondary sources, often in a foreign language. Furthermore, the musicologist tends to work alone, burrowing into library stacks and archival collections. Except for preinterview preparation, which requires familiarity with existing sources, oral history methods are the antithesis of musicology. The act of interviewing resembles performance more than research. It requires two players who perform (and sometimes improvise) to create an artifact that did not exist previously. The slow acceptance of oral history in music has been also due to the longstanding divisions between musicology and ethnomusicology and between concert music and popular music. Until recently, musicology did not encompass folk or popular music. The lines were clearly drawn: concert music for musicology; folk music for ethnomusicology; popular music and jazz for an occasional renegade scholar or for cultural historians. Considering the divisions in the music world, it is hardly surprising that the oral
Death by Installments: The Ordeal of Willie Francis

The Botched Execution The Arrest and Trial The Appeal and Pardon Process Supreme Court Disarray Briefs and Oral Argument Supreme Court Consideration of Death by Installments Reed Struggles to Hold a Majority Critique of Frankfurter's Concurring Opinion Reaction to the Court's Decision Frankfurter's Extrajudicial Machinations Wright and DeBlan's Last-Ditch Attempt Bibliography Index
THE QUADRATIC ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM USING A GENERALIZED DEFORMABLE MODEL

The quadratic assignment problem (QAP) belongs to the category of NP-complete, combinatorial optimization problems. Given a set of locations, the problem is one of obtaining an optimal assignment of a set of factories to these locations with the minimum cost. Though several procedures have been developed since the QAP was proposed in 1957, none of them is computationally feasible for any but small size problems. The present paper describes a solution strategy to the QAP that is based on a generalized deformable model. Recursive relations required in the solution of the problem are identified as being similar in form to those of the Hopfield neural networks. Each factory, initially placed randomly along a circle centered at the centroid of the distribution of locations, is gradually moved towards some location until it is eventually close enough to define an assignment. Good results are obtained in solving standard problems where the number of factories is less than or equal to twenty. Even for larger dime...
Computational analysis of cancer epigenome and transcriptome Wei Li Baylor college of medicine

A elaborate system of epigenetic regulation is responsible for the complexity in higher eukaryotes. This regulatory system consists of diverse trans-acting factors, cis-acting regulatory sequences and the epigenomic background, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation. Recently, ChIP-seq, Bisulfite-seq and RNA-seq have evolved as powerful and unbiased approaches to study this genome-wide regulatory system. However, it also poses great challenges for the development of effective data analysis and integration algorithms, the key link between massive raw data and biological hypotheses. In the first part of my talk, I will briefly introduce a series of algorithms for second-generation sequencing data analysis, including Model Based Analysis of ChIP-seq (MACS), Bisulfite Sequence MAPping program (BSMAP), and Dynamic Analysis of Nucleosome Position and Occupancy by Sequencing (DANPOS). In the second part, I will present one case study on the role of SIRT7 in chromatin regulation and tumor formation in vivo.
A Gradient-Boosting Machine for Hierarchically Clustered Data

As increasingly larger data sets are collected (big data), exploratory data analysis to develop predictive models becomes more important but more challenging. Variable selection focuses on identify...
I, Mugwump: projection, abjection, and Cronenbergian monstrosity in Naked Lunch

AbstractThe art film Naked Lunch (1991) may have marked a turn away from the horror genre for David Cronenberg, but it also features both monsters and monstrosity. Protagonist Bill Lee wanders passively through a surreal landscape populated with fantastical creatures feeding him orders that correspond to the impulses he does not recognize within himself. By Cronenberg’s own description, these monsters are projections, excusing and externalizing Lee’s internal, unacknowledged anxieties. Since these monsters are embodied outside himself, Lee never has to confront his internal conflicts as such. Engaging with writings on horror and monsters by Julia Kristeva, Noel Carroll, and Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, this essay uses Naked Lunch to develop a Cronenbergian theory of monstrosity. Monsters objectify the abject, but in doing so evade the sources of abjection. Cronenberg, a filmmaker constantly exploring abjection and monstrosity, for the first time in his filmography articulates this problematic relationship betwee...
Frequency chirped self-amplified spontaneous-emission free-electron lasers

We present a statistical analysis of the temporal and spectral properties of self-amplified spontaneous emission from an energy-chirped electron beam passing through a long undulator. It is found that the coherence time is independent of the chirp, while the range of spectral coherence is linearly proportional to it. We consider the use of a monochromator to pick out a small temporal slice of the radiation output. For the filtered radiation pulse, we determine the pulse duration, the number of modes, and the energy fluctuation. We apply our analysis to schemes proposed to generate short x-ray pulses at the Linac Coherent Light Source.
Effects of Punishment Proportion and Condition Sequence on Contrast and Induction with Humans

When human subjects lose money in 50% of multiple-schedule components, the most common finding is a decreased response rate in the other components (i.e., punishment induction). When money is lost in only 10% of components, however, the most common finding is an increased response rate in the other components (i.e., punishment contrast). The purpose of the present study was to provide an experimental assessment of the relation between proportion of punishment components and contrast and induction. Four adult humans pressed a lever or pulled a plunger for money on a multiple VI VI schedule arranged with green and red rectangles. The proportion of red rectangles was either 10% or 50%. After responding was stable in both components, every response in the red component was followed by money loss. Across 10 punishment conditions, there was no systematic relation between proportion of punishment components and contrast and induction. With both the 10% and 50% proportions, induction occurred in four punishment conditions and contrast occurred in one. There were, however, systematic effects of condition sequence. For all subjects, the pattern across punishment conditions was induction, then contrast or less induction, then induction. Present results show that proportion of punishment components cannot account for discrepancies found in previous studies, and that effects of punishment on unpunished responses change over time, perhaps because of punisher novelty.
Impact of Amyloid PET Imaging in the Memory Clinic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Patients with cognitive impairment or dementias of uncertain etiology are frequently referred to a memory disorders specialty clinic. The impact of and role for amyloid PET imaging (Aβ-PET) may be most appropriate in this clinical setting. Objective The primary objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Aβ-PET on etiological diagnosis and clinical management in the memory clinic setting. Methods A search of the literature on the impact of Aβ-PET in the memory clinic setting between 1 January 2004 and 12 February 2018 was conducted. Meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed to determine the pooled estimate of the impact of Aβ-PET in the changes of diagnoses and changes in management plan. Results After rigorous review, results from 13 studies were extracted, involving 1,489 patients. Meta-analysis revealed a pooled effect of change in diagnoses of 35.2% (95% CI 24.6-47.5). Sub-analyses showed that the pooled effect in change in diagnoses if Aβ-PET was used under the appropriate use criteria (AUC) or non-AUC criteria were 47.8% (95% CI 25.9-70.5) and 29.6% (95% CI: 21.5-39.3), respectively. The pooled effect of a change of diagnosis from Alzheimer's disease (AD) to non-AD and from non-AD to AD were 22.7% (95% CI: 17.1-29.5) and 25.6% (95% CI: 17.6-35.8), respectively. The pooled effect leading to a change of management was 59.6% (95% CI 39.4-77.0). Conclusions Aβ-PET has a highly significant impact on both changes in diagnosis and management among patients being seen at a specialty memory clinic.
BEPS, ATAP and the New Tax Dialogue: A Transatlantic Competition?

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TRA17) signed into law by President Trump on 22 December 2017 contains multiple provisions that incorporate the principles of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) into domestic US tax law. Together with the changes in the 2016 US Model Tax Treaty, these provisions mean that the United States is following the European Union in implementing BEPS and particularly its underlying principle, the single tax principle (all income should be subject to tax once at the rate derived from the benefits principle, i.e. active income at a minimum source tax rate and passive at the residence state rate). This represents a triumph for the G20/OECD and is incongruent with the generally held view that the United States will never adopt BEPS.
Microbial community structure and functions differ between native and novel (exotic-dominated) grassland ecosystems in an 8-year experiment

Grasslands dominated by non-native (exotic) species have replaced purely native-dominated areas in many parts of the world forming ‘novel’ ecosystems. Altered precipitation patterns are predicted to exacerbate this trend. It is still poorly understood how soil microbial communities and their functions differ between high diversity native- and low diversity exotic-dominated sites and how altered precipitation will impact this difference. We sampled 64 experimental grassland plots in central Texas with plant species mixtures of either all native or all exotic species; half with summer irrigation. We tested how native vs. exotic plant species mixtures and summer irrigation affected bacterial and fungal community composition and structure, the influence of niche vs. neutral processes for microbial phylotype co-occurrence (C-score analysis), and rates of phosphorus and nitrogen mineralization across an 8-year experiment. Native and exotic-dominated plots had significantly different fungal community composition and structure, but not diversity, throughout the length of the study, while changes in bacterial communities were limited to certain wet and cool years. Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization rates were higher under native plant mixtures and correlated with the abundance of particular fungal species. Microbial communities were more structured in exotic than native grassland plots, especially for the fungal community. The results indicate that conversion of native to exotic C4 dominated grasslands will more strongly impact fungal than bacterial community structure. Furthermore, these impacts can alter ecosystem functioning belowground via changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling.
Diabetic nephropathy after kidney transplantation in patients with pretransplantation type II diabetes: A retrospective case series study from a high‐volume center in the United States

Background Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing renal transplantation are at risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the transplanted kidney. The true risk of developing post-transplantation DN is unknown, and post-transplantation DN is poorly characterized in the literature. Methods The biopsy database at the University of Maryland Medical Center was queried for kidney transplant biopsies which demonstrated evidence of DN. The time from transplantation to biopsy-proven DN (time to diagnosis, TTD) was calculated and analyzed in the context of demographics, serum creatinine, and onset of diabetes. By extrapolating the total number of patients who developed DN in the last 2 years, we estimated the recurrence rate of DN. Results Sixty patients whose renal biopsies met criteria were identified. The mean age was 56.6 (±1.58) years, and the mean creatinine level at time of biopsy was 1.65 (±0.12) mg/dL. Simultaneous pathological diagnoses were frequent on kidney biopsy; rejection was present at variable rates: classes I, IIA, IIB, and III were 5.0%, 66.7%, 18.4%, and 10%, respectively. The mean TTD was 1456 (±206) days. TTD was significantly shorter for patients receiving a cadaveric vs living donor renal transplant (1118 ± 184 vs 2470 ± 547 days, P = 0.004). Older patients (r = 0.378, P = 0.003) and patients with higher serum creatinine (r = 0.282, P = 0.029) had shorter TTDs. Extrapolations showed that 74.7% of patients would be free of DN 10 years after renal transplantation. Conclusions Diabetic nephropathy occurs after transplantation, and this appears to be due to both donor and recipient-derived factors. Encouragingly, our estimates suggest that as many as 75% of patients may be free of DN at 10 years following kidney transplantation.
Second-order sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the Roussopoulos-functional for a subcritical multiplying nuclear system with source

Abstract The Roussopoulos-functional has long been used for selecting trial functions for the forward and adjoint fluxes when computing reaction rates in nuclear systems and/or particle detector responses, because this functional was considered in previous works and textbooks to be accurate to second-order in variations of the model’s forward and adjoint fluxes. However, by applying the Second-Order Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology (2nd-ASAM), this work shows that the first-order sensitivities of the Roussopoulos-functional to the system’s parameters (including isotopic number densities, microscopic cross sections, fission spectrum, forward and adjoint sources) are not identically zero. This means that the Roussopoulos-functional is not accurate to second-order in the flux variations if the system parameters are imprecisely (rather than perfectly well) known, as is invariably the case in practice. This work also illustrates the application of the 2nd-ASAM for computing efficiently the correct expressions of the second-order sensitivities of the Roussopoulos-functional to model parameters. The results presented in this work indicate the correct path for future possible uses of the Roussopoulos-functional for performing sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of both forward and inverse problems in nuclear systems.
Systemic reactions to subcutaneous immunotherapy: Effects of dosing and aeroallergen content.

Abstract Background Systemic reactions are a known risk of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for aeroallergens. Objective To identify the dose of SCIT that results in the most systemic reactions to SCIT (SCITSRs) and other risk factors for SCITSRs. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all SCIT encounters from 2013 to 2017 at a multisite allergy/immunology practice. SCITSRs were identified from the electronic health record through immunotherapy encounters in which epinephrine was administered. Collected data included patient demographics, the dose of immunotherapy at the time of the SCITSR, the presence or absence of asthma, and aeroallergen content. The control group was generated randomly from the same cohort during the same period. Results There were 86,949 SCIT visits, with 81 SCITSRs (0.9 per 1000 injections). A total of 77.8% of reactions occurred at a dose of 1:1 0.1 mL and above. The presence of cat (81.5% vs 63.0%, P = .01), dog (67.9% vs 37.0%, P Conclusion Risk factors for SCITSRs in a multisite allergy/immunology practice included administration of the highest immunotherapy doses; inclusion of cat, dog, and grass extracts; and the number of aeroallergenic groups included in the extract. This information helps further characterize risk for patients receiving SCIT.
Enhanced Recovery Program in the Ambulatory Surgery Setting

Enhanced recovery pathways are comprehensive, multidisciplinary (e.g., anesthesiologists, surgeons, pharmacists, and nursing), procedure-specific clinical pathways that involve the entire perioperative course (i.e., preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, and post-discharge periods). Preoperative patient assessment and optimization of comorbid conditions and appropriate patient selection are critical in avoiding perioperative complications and improving postoperative outcomes. Because residual effects of the hypnotic-sedatives, muscle relaxants, and opioids can increase postoperative morbidity and delay recovery, it is prudent to use minimal number of drugs, and the drugs that have to be used should be shorter-acting and administered at the lowest possible dose. Post-discharge planning should include prevention and treatment of postoperative complications particularly pain and nausea. The primary postoperative goals include early ambulation and early oral intake. Measuring compliance with ERP through an audit program is essential to evaluate success and need for protocol modification. A continuous quality improvement approach allows ERP to be sustainable with continuous education and evaluation. Further research is needed in the area of postoperative management in regards to optimal type, timing, and duration of physical therapy, as well as factors that influence readmission.
DHPS-dependent hypusination of eIF5A1/2 is necessary for TGFβ/fibronectin-induced breast cancer metastasis and associates with prognostically unfavorable genomic alterations in TP53.

Abstract Metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in patients with solid tumors. In this regard, we previously reported that Pseudopodium-Enriched Atypical Kinase One (PEAK1) is necessary for non-canonical Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) signaling and TGFβ/fibronectin-induced metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of DHPS-dependent eIF5A1/2 hypusination blocks PEAK1 and E-Cadherin expression, breast cancer cell viability and TGFβ/fibronectin-induced PEAK1-dependent breast cancer metastasis. Interestingly, TGFβ stimulation of high-grade metastatic breast cancer cells increases and sustains eIF5A1/2 hypusination. We used a suite of bioinformatics platforms to search biochemical/functional interactions and clinical databases for additional control points in eIF5A1/2 and PEAK1-Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EPE) pathways. This effort revealed that interacting EPE genes were enriched for TP53 transcriptional targets and were commonly co-amplified in breast cancer patients harboring inactivating TP53 mutations. Taken together, these results suggest that combinatorial therapies targeting DHPS and protein activities elevated in TP53-mutant breast cancers may reduce systemic tumor burden and improve patient outcomes.
Valuing Minority Interests

For many firms, the value of common equity is affected by the value of two types of minority interests: equity method investments (the company’s significant minority stakes in affiliated entities), and non-controlling interests (outside minority interests in the company’s partially-owned subsidiaries). In most cases little information is provided on these claims, and their value is accordingly estimated using book value. This study develops an algorithm to estimate the value of minority interests using book value, earnings, and the average pricing of these fundamentals in the firm’s industry. Valuing minority interests using the algorithm instead of book value results in statistically and economically significant improvement in the accuracy of the estimated value of common equity.
The Role of Conjunctive Representations in Controlling Actions

Abstract Prominent theories of action control propose that conjunctive representations, which integrate task-relevant features in a nonlinear manner, are critical for successful action control. Thus, in order to stop an initiated action, which is a key aspect of self-control, conjunctive representations should be the primary target of the stopping process. We tested this hypothesis by combining a rule-based action selection task with the stop-signal paradigm. Participants selected actions based on abstract stimulus-response rules and occasionally received a stop-signal as a prompt to halt the intended action. Using time-resolved representational similarity analysis of the EEG signal, we decoded both orthogonal, constituent action-relevant representations (rules, stimuli, and responses) and conjunctions of these features in a time-resolved manner and on the level of single trials. In Exp. 1, where a short stop-signal interval (100 ms) ensured high stopping success, simple action-relevant features and their nonlinear conjunction were robustly expressed in the EEG signal. Importantly, the conjunctive representation was selectively suppressed on stop trials. In Exp. 2, an adaptive staircase targeting a stopping success of 50%. Here, conjunctions were selectively suppressed on successful stop trials compared to both go and failed stop trials. Moreover, the strength of conjunctive representations at the time of the stop-signal uniquely predicted stopping failures. Combined, these results clarify that the stopping process does not just target motor output representations. Rather, conjunctive representations seem to be critical for selecting a specific action and for that reason also need to be suppressed by the stopping process in order to cancel intended actions. Significance Statement The neural-cognitive machinery behind stopping an intended action—a critical aspect of self-control—is relatively well understood. However, we do not know the exact target of this stopping processes: Does it simply suppress motor output? Or does it affect higher-level representations? Using EEG decoding techniques, we show that stopping affects a highly integrated, conjunctive representation that nonlinearly combines all action relevant features (stimuli, responses, and rules). Further, the stronger this representation is expressed, the harder it is to strop the intended action. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that conjunctive representations are a necessary precursor for successfully executing a specific action. For that reason, suppressing these representations is the key to stopping an initiated action.
ACOUSTIC WAVEGUIDING RODS OF GRADED VELOCITY PROFILES

Experimental investigations of graded acoustic index rods are presented. These rods made by ion-exchange and chemical vapor deposition methods have graded acoustic velocity profiles in the radial direction that are shown to have an ability to focus acoustic waves. The focussing behavior is visualized with a Schlieren system. Potential applications are discussed.
Piezoelectric RF MEMS Switches on Si-on-Sapphire Substrates

This paper reports the development of piezoelectrically actuated radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switches on Si-on-sapphire substrates using a novel greyscale lithography fabrication technique. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) thin-film actuators are used to close a series ohmic contact single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch implemented in co-planar waveguide (CPW). The switch design on a Si substrate has maximum insertion loss of 2.6 dB from DC – 67 GHz. While over the same frequency span, the switch on a sapphire substrate exhibits insertion loss better than 1.4 dB and isolation better than 15 dB. [2020-0071]
First and last authorship by gender in emergency medicine publications- a comparison of 2008 vs. 2018.

Abstract Background and objectives Recently, investigators reported that there remain substantial disparities in the proportion of women within emergency medicine (EM) who have achieved promotion to higher academic rankings, received grant funding, and attained departmental leadership positions. In 2007, women were first authors on 24% of EM-based peer-reviewed articles. Currently, 28% of the academic EM physician workforce is comprised of women. The goal of this study was to identify whether the proportion of female first authors of original research published in three U.S.-based EM journals increased in 2018 as compared to 2008. Methods This was a retrospective review of published original research articles during 2008 and 2018 in the journals Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM), American Journal of Emergency Medicine (AJEM), and Annals of Emergency Medicine (Annals). Review articles, opinion pieces, consensus statements, practice recommendations based on current guidelines, and case reports were excluded from analysis. Investigators conducted a review of each article to identify the gender of the study's first and last authors. A study author blinded to the previous author's data abstraction reviewed a sample of 25 articles to assess for inter-rater reliability (kappa). Categorical data are presented as frequency of occurrence and analyzed by chi-square. Results Overall for the study journals, there were 368 original research articles published in 2008 vs. 580 in 2018. There were no significant differences noted for the proportion of female first author publications during 2008 vs 2018 overall (28% vs 30%; p = 0.38), within AJEM (29% vs 28%; p = 0.85), and observed at Annals (25% vs 24%; p = 0.82) respectively. However, there was a significant increase in the number of first author publications by females between the two periods within AEM (28% vs 45%; p Conclusion While female physicians make up a disproportionate 28% of the academic workforce, we found that they were proportionally represented as first authors within several of the most prominent U.S.-based EM journals. Female resident physicians remain underrepresented as first authors and women remain underrepresented as last authors in the same journals.
E 2 and gamma distributions in polygonal networks

This paper shows the onset of of an exponential distribution in the deformation tensor norm in polygonal tessellations and its intrinsic relationship with Gamma distributions in polygon aspect ratio.