cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Tools for Supporting Emergent Critical Language Awareness in the Elementary School

In a design-based professional development initiative, language-focused activities supported by SFL metalanguage enabled primary school children who were learning English as an additional language to begin to develop awareness of themselves as readers in dialogue with authors and as readers positioned in particular ways by what they read. Professional development prepared their teachers to support discussion about interpersonal meaning in the language of stories and informational texts. By exploring, interpreting, and evaluating attitudes in texts, and then presenting their own views in writing, the children began to develop the critical and evaluative perspectives needed for success in secondary and tertiary contexts.
Variation in Results Release and Patient Portal Access to Diagnostic Test Results at an Academic Medical Center.

Background: Electronic health records (EHRs) are commonplace in industrialized countries. Many hospitals are granting their patients access to their medical information through online patient portals. In this report, we describe a retrospective analysis of patient access to diagnostic test results released through the patient portal (MyChart; Epic, Inc.) at a state academic medical center. Methods: We analyzed 6 months of data for anatomic pathology, clinical laboratory, and radiology test results to evaluate variations in results release (automated vs. manual) and subsequent patient access to the institutional patient portal. During this period, diagnostic test results were released for all patient encounters including inpatient units, outpatient clinics, and the emergency department. Results: Manual results release by providers before automated release time occurred most commonly in the outpatient setting. The highest rates of access of diagnostic test results occurred for outpatients (about 30% overall view rate), females (two times or more compared to males in nearly every age bracket), and 20–45-year-old. Access rates of diagnostic tests in the emergency department or inpatient units were <10% across all populations. Access of diagnostic test results was very low for 12–17-year-old, likely influenced by institutional policies limiting parental proxy access within this pediatric age range. Approximately 20% of outpatient laboratory results were viewed by patients within 8 h of release from the EHR to the patient portal and 10% within 2 h of release. Conclusions: Patient accessing of diagnostic test results were generally higher for females, outpatients, and 20–45-year-old. Approximately, 20% of outpatient results were viewed quickly by patients after release to the EHR.
Early Elective Delivery Disparities between Non-Hispanic Black and White Women after Statewide Policy Implementation.

Abstract Background In 2011, Oregon implemented a policy that reduced the state's rate of early (before 39 weeks' gestation) elective (without medical need) births. Objective This analysis measured differential policy effects by race, examining whether Oregon's policy was associated with changes in non-Hispanic Black–White disparities in early elective cesarean and labor induction. Methods We used Oregon birth certificate data, defining prepolicy (2008–2010) and postpolicy (2012–2014) periods, including non-Hispanic Black and White women who gave birth during these periods ( n = 121,272). We used longitudinal spline models to assess policy impacts by race and probability models to measure policy-associated changes in Black–White disparities. Results We found that the prepolicy Black–White differences in early elective cesarean (6.1% vs. 4.3%) were eliminated after policy implementation (2.8% vs. 2.5%); adjusted models show decreases in the odds of elective early cesarean among Black women after the policy change (adjusted odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.22–1.00; p = .050) and among White women (adjusted odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.93; p = .006). Adjusted probability models indicated that policy implementation resulted in a 1.75-percentage point narrowing ( p = .011) in the Black–White disparity in early elective cesarean. Early elective induction also decreased, from 4.9% and 4.7% for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White women to 3.8% and 2.5%, respectively; the policy was not associated with a statistically significant change in disparities. Conclusions A statewide policy reduced racial disparities in early elective cesarean, but not early elective induction. Attention to differential policy effects by race may reveal changes in disparities, even when that is not the intended focus of the policy.
Establishing a Hernia Program

Hernia repair is one of the most common operations performed by surgeons; however, there is neither consistency in practice nor broadly accepted guidelines to advise best practices. Hernia Programs can help shape guidelines through voluntary participation, inclusion, continuous quality improvement, education, and research by all stakeholders involved in hernia surgery at the institution. Once established, a Hernia Program can improve the delivery of care and outcomes of hernia patients, leading to added value for the institution and health care system.
Importance of Variability in Moisture Content in the Soil While Mapping Ground Layers with ‘Ground-Penetrating Radar’

Predicting how contaminants dissolved in water move in the vadose zone has been proven to be very difficult. A (fairly new) way of dealing with this problem is the use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). GPR can be used to map the subsoil by generating pictures on which distinctions between relatively wet and dry zones can be spotted.
Sexuality and Intimacy in Alzheimer's Patients and Their Partners

Geriatric Sexuality remains one of the more sensitive and controversial issues to be confronted in today's clinical setting. Research indicates that older adults continue to be sexually active well into later life. Older adults with dementing illnesses experience deleterious changes in sexual functioning that can affect their quality of life. However, few health care professionals ask older adults about their sexual functioning. This paper addresses means of fostering acceptance by professionals and families and creating an environment that nurtures sexuality in couples coping with dementia.
Predicting Supportive Behaviors for Human-Robot Collaboration

We present a model for predicting what supportive behaviors a robot should offer to a person during a human-robot collaboration (HRC) scenario. We train and test our model in simulation, using noisy data that mimics a real-world HRC interaction. Our results show that we can achieve accurate predictions, using only a small set of labeled demonstrations. We also show transfer learning capability: we train our model on an initial task and test it on a new task composed of the same building blocks but structured differently.
Authority without privilege: How to be a Dretskean conciliatory skeptic on self-knowledge

Dretske is a “conciliatory skeptic” on self-knowledge. Take some subject S such that (1) S thinks that P and (2) S knows that she has thoughts. Dretske’s theory can be put as follows: S has a privileged way of knowing what she thinks, but she has no privileged way of knowing that she thinks it. There is much to be said on behalf of conciliatory skepticism (“CS” for short) and Dretske’s defense of it. We aim to show, however, that Dretske’s defense fails, in that (in part) if his defense of CS’s skeptical half succeeds, then his defense of CS’s conciliatory half fails. We then suggest a potential way forward. We suggest in particular that the correct way of being a Dretskean conciliatory skeptic is to deny that S has a privileged way of knowing about her thoughts, but to grant that she is nonetheless an authority on her thoughts.
Compressive Initial Access and Beamforming Training for Millimeter-Wave Cellular Systems

Initial access (IA) is a fundamental procedure in cellular systems where user equipment (UE) detects base station (BS) and acquires synchronization. Due to the necessity of using antenna arrays for IA in millimeter-wave (mmW) systems, BS simultaneously performs beam training to acquire angular channel state information. The state-of-the-art directional IA (DIA) uses a set of narrow sounding beams in IA, where different beam pairs are sequentially measured, and the best candidate is determined. However, the directional beam training accuracy depends on scanning beam angular resolution, and consequently its improvement requires additional dedicated radio resources, access latency, and overhead. To remedy the problem of access latency and overhead in DIA, this paper proposes to use quasi-omni pseudorandom sounding beams for IA, and develops an algorithm for joint initial access and fine resolution initial beam training without requiring additional radio resources. It comprehensively models realistic timing and frequency synchronization errors encountered in IA. We provide the analysis of the proposed algorithm's miss detection rate under timing synchronization errors, and we further derive Cramer–Rao lower bound of angular estimation under frequency offset, considering the 5G-NR compliant IA procedure. To accommodate the ever increasing bandwidth for beam training in standard evolution beyond 5G, we design the beam squint robust algorithm. For realistic performance evaluation under mmW channels, we use QuaDRiGa simulator with mmMAGIC model at 28 GHz to show that the proposed approach is advantageous to DIA. The proposed algorithm offers orders of magnitude access latency saving compared to DIA, when the same discovery, post training SNR, and overhead performance are targeted. This conclusion holds true in various propagation environments and three-dimensional locations of a mmW pico-cell with up to 140 m radius. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the proposed beam squint robust algorithm is able to retain unaffected performance with increased beam training bandwidth.
Promoting gas hydrate formation with ice-nucleating additives for hydrate-based applications

Abstract Gas hydrates are crystalline icy compounds capturing small gas molecules in the cavities made of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Hydrates can store a large amount of gas and selectively capture certain gas species depending on thermodynamic conditions and formation pathways. In addition, any impurities that are not stabilized in hydrates are excluded upon hydrate formation. Such interesting properties have allowed the proposal of a variety of hydrate-based applications, including energy storage, CO2 capture, gas separation, and desalination. However, they are not yet utilized as viable technologies, mainly because of the low process efficiency. The major challenges here are to improve the formation kinetics and to enable hydrates to be properly managed in industrial processes. Here, inspired by the similarities in crystallization processes of ice and gas hydrates, we identified the capabilities of two ice-nucleating additives, Icemax® (protein) and Drift® (surfactant), as kinetic promoters for hydrate-based applications. Our experimental results demonstrate that both additives increase the formation kinetics of CH4 (structure I) and CH4/C2H6 (structure II) hydrates under high and low shear. Drift® enlarges the interfacial area at the gas-liquid interface, enhancing the mass transfer, and thus increases the hydrate conversion 18 times under non-stirred cases. Icemax® can better accelerate the initiation of hydrate formation by providing additional nuclei for heterogeneous nucleation. According to visual observations, both additives form porous and soft hydrates, which can be easily handled in industrial scale processes. Major findings confirm the potential of ice-nucleating additives to facilitate hydrate-based applications by improving the production rate and process efficiency.
A different branch of the high Tc family

In PNAS, Li et al. (1) suggest that B a 2 Cu O 4 − y is a member of a different branch of high- T c cuprate superconducting materials. This branch is characterized as heavily overdoped with an exceptionally short Cu apical O spacing and O vacancies that are located in the C u O 2 planes. These characteristics, illustrated in Fig. 1, differ in significant ways from those of the traditional cuprate superconducting materials (2). Fig. 1. ( A ) A schematic cuprate phase diagram as a function of hole doping x. On the left at low doping are the familiar antiferromagnetic (AF), pseudogap (PG), and d-wave superconducting (SC) regions of La 2 − x S r x C u O 4 . On the right is the heavily overdoped x ∼ 0.4 region of superconductivity Li et al. (1) discuss for B a 2 C u O 4 − y . ( B ) The center panel shows a fictitious B a 2 C u O 4 compound with the same K 2 N i F 4 structure as L a 2 C u O 4 . The structures shown on the left and right have the compressed c-axis structure of B a 2 Cu O 4 − y . In this case the hole doping is controlled by the O vacancies. For the structure on the right, … [↵][1]1Email: djs{at}physics.ucsb.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
17. A CURRICULUM TO SUPPORT SCHOLARSHIP PRODUCTIVITY IN A PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY PROGRAM

Background Resident scholarly activity is desirable component of a pediatric training program. Frequently cited challenges include mentorship and time. To address these issues the training program at Cohen Children's Medical Center designed a three year process to promote resident scholarly activity through enhanced mentorship and protected time. Objective The objective of this longitudinal curriculum was to increase resident involvement in scholarly activity. Methods In 2013 the pediatric program launched a longitudinal curriculum to promote resident scholarly productivity. The program included the following major curricular elements: (1) A two week research/quality improvement rotation in the PGY1 year. This rotation included individual meetings with senior faculty, completion of 6 on-line research modules, SPSS statistical training, completion of the CITI Course, instruction on the formulation of a research question and the creation of an individual scholarly activity timeline. This was followed by (2) Semiannual Scholarly Oversight Committee Meetings, (3) 1-2 dedicated research blocks for individual residents and an opportunity to present at an Annual Pediatric Resident Research Day. Funding for residents to present at national meetings was made available. Results Scholarly activity, as defined by the number of resident presentations at a national meetings, has increased substantially from 2013-2017. When the curriculum was introduced 7 out of 100 residents had either a poster or platform presentation accepted to a national meeting. This number increased steadily year over year and has reached 40 presentations in 2017. Conclusion A longitudinal curriculum focused on scholarly achievement was successful in increasing resident scholarly output. This curriculum can be easily emulated at other programs to increase resident scholarly productivity.
Complementary Incentives of Yield and Reliability for Ensuring Defect Detections in Wafer-Manufacturing

Yield defects and reliability defects in wafer- manufacturing are often related. To vividly illustrate in detail the complementary incentives of yield and reliability, we have provided in this paper a case study of ensuring the defect detections. In addition, an extensive review was also provided for the first time from I-V characteristics of defects to stress test failures at product sort. Our broad and multidisciplinary efforts have safeguarded the defect detections in quality manufacturing.
Bilateral acetylsulfapyridine nephrolithiasis associated with chronic sulfasalazine therapy

AbstractWe report on formation of bilateral renal calculi secondary to sulfasalazine therapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The condition was successfully treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Analysis of the fragments with thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance revealed acetylsulfapyridine, a metabolite of sulfasalazine.
Substitution effects on the binding interactions of redox-active arylazothioformamide ligands and copper(I) salts

The straightforward synthesis of redox-active arylazothioformamide (ATF) ligands allows for electronic diversity as to measure the weak-binding interactions of transition metal salts in supramolecu...
Disaggregating the Latina/o/x “umbrella”: The political attitudes of US Colombians

Although scholars theoretically acknowledge the diversity of the Latina/o/x vote, few studies have investigated similarities or differences beyond those of the largest Latina/o/x groups. To better understand the nuance of the Latina/o/x vote, this article examines the political preferences of Colombian Americans relative to those of other Latina/o/x subgroups in the United States. We pool data from six surveys of Latinas/os/xs during the 2016 presidential election to construct the first and largest nationally representative sample of US Colombians. Our findings highlight many similarities between Colombian Americans and other Latinas/os/xs, including partisan affiliation and likelihood of voting. At the same time, there are differences in support for individual political candidates, which suggests that important sources of heterogeneity are present within the Latina/o/x vote. Although the concept of the “Latina/o/x vote” holds ground because of the commonalities shared by subgroups under this umbrella, the notable differences warrant careful analysis and consideration.
Treatment of Anemia

In this chapter we will review anemia in traumatic brain injury (TBI), the pathophysiology of anemia, the effects of anemia on outcome, the physiology of transfusion, and the relationship between red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) and outcome. The role of hematopoiesis-stimulating agents and hemoglobin-based blood substitutes will be briefly considered, and the chapter will conclude with a suggested approach to anemia management in TBI. Coagulation, coagulopathy, and the administration of other blood products (e.g., platelets or coagulation factors) are beyond the scope of this chapter.
David Washbrook- a memoir

I recall first meeting David in the fall of 2001 when I started my D.Phil course at Oxford. I had never met him before, and I only really started my introduction into the world of the history of In...
Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Eye Disease

The xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin are oxygenated carotenoids that preferentially accumulate in the macular region of the retina. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin (a conversion product of lutein formed in the macula) are referred to as macular pigment. Lutein and zeaxanthin are also present in all other ocular structures except the vitreous, cornea, and sclera; although, their concentrations are much lower than in the macular region. Lutein and zeaxanthin protect the ocular tissues by their ability to filter damaging blue light and their antioxidant potential.
Interplanetary Measures Can Not Bound the Cosmological Constant

The effect of a cosmological constant on the precession of the line of apsides is O(\Lambda c^2 r^3/GM) which is 3(H_\circ P)^2/8\pi^2 \approx 10^{-23} for a vacuum-dominated Universe with Hubble constant H_\circ = 65 km/sec/Mpc and for the orbital period P = 88 days of Mercury. This is unmeasurably small, so planetary perturbations cannot be used to limit the cosmological constant, contrary to the suggestion by Cardona & Tejeiro (1998).
The Etiology of Erysipelas

Excerpt The clinical history of erysipelas, when studied in combination with the pathological and bacteriological investigations expended on this disease, embraces almost every stage in the evoluti...
Faculty Diversity and the Traditions of Academic Governance

This chapter explores eliminating faculty-related glass ceiling effects through academic governance.
Sensor-aided teleoperated grasping of transparent objects

This paper presents a method of augmenting streaming point cloud data with pretouch proximity sensor information for the purposes of teleoperated grasping of transparent targets. When using commercial RGB-Depth (RGB-D) cameras, material properties can significantly affect depth measurements. In particular, transparent objects are difficult to perceive with RGB images and commercially available depth sensors. Geometric information of such objects needs to be gathered with additional sensors, and in many scenarios, it is of interest to gather this information without physical contact. In this work, a non-contact pretouch sensor fixed to the robot end effector is used to sense and explore physical geometries previously unobserved. Thus, the point cloud representation of an unknown, transparent grasp target, can be enhanced through telerobotic exploration in real-time. Furthermore, real-time haptic rendering algorithms and haptic virtual fixtures used in combination with the augmented streaming point clouds assist the teleoperator in collision avoidance during exploration. Theoretical analyses are performed to design virtual fixtures suitable for pretouch sensing, and experiments show the effectiveness of this method to gather geometry data without collision and eventually to successfully grasp a transparent object.
N-linked glycosylation in Archaea: two paths to the same glycan.

Summary N-linked protein glycosylation occurs in all three branches of life, eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. The simplest system is that of the bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, in which a heptasaccharide glycan is added to multiple proteins from a single lipid carrier molecule. In the eukaryotic system a conserved tetradecasaccharide modification is first added to target proteins, but is then modified by trimming and addition of other glycans from additional carrier molecules resulting in a diverse array of glycans of distinct functionality. In the halophilic Archaea from the Dead Sea, Haloferax volcanii, the surface array or S-layer protein is glycosylated with a pentasaccharide. This glycan is synthesized from two separate carrier molecules, one that carries a tetrasaccharide and another that carries the terminal mannose, in a process that is analogous to that of eukaryotes. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology the glycosylation of the S-layer of another halophilic Archaea from the Dead Sea, Haloarcula marismortui is characterized (Calo et al., 2011). This S-layer is glycosylated with the same pentasaccharide as that of Hfx. volcanii, but the intact pentasaccharide is synthesized on a single carrier molecule in Har. marismortui in a process that more closely resembles that of the bacterial N-linked system.
PPARadigms and PPARadoxes: expanding roles for PPARγ in the control of lipid metabolism

The nuclear receptor PPARgamma is a central regulator of adipose tissue development and an important modulator of gene expression in a number of specialized cell types including adipocytes, epithelial cells, and macrophages. PPARgamma signaling pathways impact both cellular and systemic lipid metabolism and have links to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The ability to activate this receptor with small molecule ligands has made PPARgamma an attractive target for intervention in human metabolic disease. As our understanding of PPARgamma biology has expanded, so has the therapeutic potential of PPARgamma ligands. Recent studies have provided insight into the paradoxical relationship between PPARgamma and metabolic disease and established new paradigms for the control of lipid metabolism. This review focuses on recent advances in PPARgamma biology in the areas of adipocyte differentiation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.
Parent Training Programs

Behavior therapists have been particularly strong advocates of programs that educate the general public about the use of behavior change techniques and that employ nonprofessionals as behavior change agents. Such programs emphasize not only the remedial effects of behavior change but the preventive aspects as well. In no area of psychology is this attitude of “giving away psychology” more manifest than in parent training programs. Although parent training programs may differ in their immediate goals, all these programs share a commitment to provide parents the skills necessary for coping with the everyday problems of family life.
Cognitive Style: Effects of Structure at Acquisition and Testing.

Abstract This experiment examined the recall and recognition performance of 53 field-independent and 55 field-dependent learners who were with or without structure at the time of acquisition and/or at the time of recall. Structure was provided in the form of an organizational chart that prompted reorganization of textual material while taking notes at acquisition, and that cued the recall of textual material at testing. Field-dependent learners recalled more of the textual material when provided with structure during both acquisition and recall or when structure was not provided at all. Conversely, field-independent learners recalled more of the textual material when structure was provided only at acquisition or recall. This pattern of interaction was also apparent for multiple-choice performance and for learningtechnique preference as indicated by responses to a questionnaire.
KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF KAOLINITE DISSOLUTION : EFFECTS OF ORGANIC LIGANDS

The effect of protons, low molecular weight organic ligands, soil humic acid (HA), and stream water dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the rate of dissolution of kaolinite was examined. In acid solution (no ligands present) the rate of dissolution increased with increasing [H+] and the rate of Si dissolution was generally faster than Al. Low molecular weight organic ligands markedly increased the dissolution rates of both Al and Si in the following order: oxalate > malonate ≈ salicylate > o-phthalate. In the presence of organic ligands, the rate of Al dissolution was generally much greater than Si. Soil HA and stream water DOM did not promote the dissolution of kaolinite under the experimental conditions examined in this study. The dissolution kinetics of Al were interpreted in terms of a surface complexation model and the rate equations described in terms of the concentrations of specific (i.e. inner sphere) surface complexes.
Sixth Stanford-Berkeley Summer School on Synchrotron Radiation and its Applications in Physical Science

The sixth joint Stanford-Berkeley summer school on synchrotron radiation and its applications in physical science was held on August 17−22, 2008, at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The Stanford-Berkeley summer school is jointly organized by the Stanford University, University of California Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). Anders Nilsson (Stanford) and Dave Attwood (Berkeley) have been the organizers of this one-week summer school since 2001. It alternates between Stanford and Berkeley. The summer school provides lecture programs on synchrotron radiation and its broad range of scientific applications in the physical science, visits to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and the Advanced Light Source, where the students also have the opportunity to join a beamline. The program is designed to introduce students and postdocs to the fundamental properties of synchrotron radiation and how to understand an...
Thiohydrazides and acetylene esters, A new route to 1,3,4-thiadiazoles

Aromatic thiohydrazides react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or methyl propiolate to yield carbomethoxymethyl-substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles. In a 2:1 ratio of methyl propiolate to aromatic thiohydrazide, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with acrylate ester side chains are formed.
Laparoscopic Removal of Eroded Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band

A 38-year-old woman had undergone laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding at an outside facility in July 2007. Her preoperative weight was 135 kg; her current weight was 108 kg. Her last fill was 13 months before presentation. She presented with a 3-day history of abdominal pain and fever, and diarrhea for 1 day. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed intense inflammation of the omentum around the band tubing. Esophagogastroscopy confirmed the diagnosis of band erosion. She was treated with antibiotics and had her band removed 1 month later. At surgery (see video) pneumoperitoneum was created using the Veress needle technique, and access to the peritoneal cavity was gained using the Visiport. Additional 5-mm trocars were placed, 2 in the left upper quadrant and 1 in the right upper quadrant for placement of the Diamond Flex liver retractor. We started by inspecting the peritoneal cavity and assessing the position of the band tubing. We then dissected the area of the gastroesophageal junction where the band should have been. We could not identify the band there and, therefore, proceeded with a retrograde dissection, beginning with the band tubing. We dissected the tubing from around the intense omental inflammation around it and traced the tubing to its connection to the band. Having identified the band, we then dissected it from the tunnel created by the gastrorrhaphy. We were able to remove the band after cutting the buckle. We identified the hole in the stomach and closed this with interrupted silk stitches. Finally, we performed endoscopy to identify complete closure of the hole. The trocar site through which the eroded band was removed had the fascia closed but the skin was left open for wet-to-dry dressings. Results
Development and Validation of HIV-Related Dyadic Measures for Men Who Have Sex with Men

The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the psychometric properties of several scales that measure dyadic constructs derived from an integrated model of interdependence theory and communal coping perspectives. The scales are specific to HIV risk and men who have sex with men who are in an intimate relationship. These scales are newly developed measures of perceived severity of HIV, preferences for sexual health outcomes, outcome and couple efficacy to avoid HIV, and communal coping strategies. Scale items were created based on theoretical definitions and results from six focus groups with men who have sex with men. Face and content validity of the scales were assessed with a panel of six experts in the field of HIV prevention. Revised scales were subsequently administered to an online sample of 638 men who have sex with men, who indicated being in a relationship for at least three months. All scales showed adequate reliability, and evidence for construct validity was obtained for all scales, e...
Kinetics of electron transfer reactions of metal complexes at impermeable redox active polymeric films on electrode surfaces and charge transport within the polymer film

Abstract At rotated Pt disk electrodes coated with thin films of the redox polymer poly-[Ru(vbpy)3]2+, ruthenium and iron bipyridine complexes dissolved in acetonitrile can become oxidized by two pathways. The first is diffusion of the solute complex through the polymeric film to react at its normal potential Esub0, at the Pt/polymer interface. The second is a mediated electron transfer cross-reaction between the solute complex and poly-[Ru(vbpy) 3]2+ sites generated in the film at adequately positive potentials. The mediated reaction, as judged from the lack of variation of its rate kcrsΓ with the quantity of polymer mediator sites present in the multimolecular layer film, and from other evidence, is confined to the outer few (one?) monolayers of ruthenium polymer film sites. The mediated reaction becomes the dominant pathway for films with ΓT ∼2×10−9 mol/cm2 of ruthenium polymer sites, owing to the low permeability (measured independently) of the solutecomplexes into the film. The rate kcrsΓ could be measured when the solute complex oxidation potential is more positive than that of the redox film, and is too fast to measure when Esub0, is more negative than the redox film Ecal−0, New theory is presented and evaluated to describe the rising portions of the voitammetric waves for the nine solute complexes studied. The rate of charge transport through the poly-[Ru(vbpy)3]2+ film becomes controlling under certain conditions and can be thereby measured as well.
Adolescents’ Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in the Family Context: A Longitudinal Study

Children's empathy and prosocial behavior play an important role in their social competence. Of the influential factors, research has demonstrated that parental behaviors and the quality of the parent-child relationship are important correlates of children's development of empathy and prosocial behavior. The current study examined the associations between different types of parental behaviors (i.e., parental knowledge, parental solicitation, and parental psychological control), "balanced connectedness" in the parent-child relationship, which allows for both closeness and autonomy, and empathy and prosocial behavior in adolescents. The participants were 335 married couples (more than 80 % European American) and their adolescent child (49.0 % female; 10-13 years). Data were collected at three time points for parental behaviors, balanced parent-child connectedness, and adolescents' empathy and prosocial behavior, respectively. The results of structural equation modeling suggested that adolescents' perceptions of parental solicitation and parental psychological control may be associated with their empathy and prosocial behavior through their perceived balanced connectedness with parents. These findings suggest that enhancing balanced connectedness in the parent-child relationship may contribute to promoting empathy and prosocial behavior in adolescents over time. Further, this study suggests that parental solicitation may play a role in adolescents' empathic and prosocial development, possibly depending on the quality of the parent-child relationship.
Sleepiness in Medical ICU Residents

Background and methods Sleepiness in medical residents has crucial implications for the safety of both patients and residents. Measures to improve this have primarily included an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-mandated reduction in work hours in residency programs. The impact of these work-hour limitations has not been consistent. The purpose of this study was to provide an objective assessment of daytime sleepiness in medical residents working in the medical ICU. Sleep times for 2 days/nights prior to on call and on the day/night of being on call were assessed by actigraphy and sleep diaries. On-call and post-call measurements of residents' sleepiness were measured both objectively, by means of a modified multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) [two nap sessions], as well as subjectively, by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Results Our data showed that despite an average sleep time of 7.15 h on nights leading to being on call, the mean sleep latency (MSL) on the on-call day was (± SD) 9 ± 4.4 min, and 4.8 ± 4.1 min (p Conclusion Our results demonstrate that residents working in the ICU despite reductions in work hours demonstrate severe degree of sleepiness post-call.
Pride and sorrow in Embers by Sándor Márai

This article argues that Marai’s novel Embers (Budapest, 1942) is one of the few adultery novels in which sorrow is not only the woman’s share. The three main characters—two men and a woman—belong to the elite of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire and are intimately linked to each other by friendship, marriage, and love. The adulterous affair deeply affects these links without fully destroying them: in the end the woman and the two men are equally worthy of admiration and compassion.
Above- and below-ground plant biomass response to experimental warming in northern Alaska

Question: Does experimental warming, designed to simulate future warming of the Arctic, change the biomass allocation and mycorrhizal infection of tundra plants? Location: High Arctic tundra near Barrow, Alaska, USA (71118 0 N 156140 0 W). Methods: Above and below ground plant biomass of all species was harvested following 3–4 yr of 1-21C of experimental warming. Biomass allocation and arbuscular mycorrhizal infection were also examined in the two dominant species, Salix rotundifolia and Carex aquatilis. Results: Above-ground biomass of graminoids increased in response to warming but there was no difference in total plant biomass or the ratio of above-ground to below-ground biomass for the community as a whole. Carex aquatilis increased above-ground biomass and proportionally allocated more biomass above ground in response to warming. Salix rotundifolia increased the amount of above- and below-ground biomass allocated per leaf in response to warming. Mycorrhizal infection rates showed no direct response to warming, but total abundance was estimated to have likely increased in response to warming owing to increased root biomass of S. rotundifolia. Conclusions: The community as a whole was resistant to short-term warming and showed no significant changes in above- or below-ground biomass despite significant increases in above-ground biomass of graminoids. However, the patterns of biomass allocation for C. aquatilis and S. rotundifolia did change with warming. This suggests that long-term warming may result in changes in the above-ground to below-ground biomass ratio of the community.
High-efficiency receiver architecture for resonance-fluorescence and Doppler lidars.

A high-efficiency lidar receiver architecture that emphasizes boosting the receiver collection efficiency of resonance-fluorescence and Doppler lidars has opened up new avenues of study for the mesosphere and lower thermosphere-extended (MLT-X) at sites in Boulder, Colorado, USA, and Cerro Pachon, Chile. Described in this work are in-depth considerations in the design, construction, and alignment of Na Doppler lidar receivers that have yielded signal levels typically 5–10 times higher per power-aperture product than any demonstrated in the literature, to these authors’ knowledge, making studies of fine-scale MLT turbulence and tenuous thermospheric layers in Na possible with temperature and vertical wind capability for the first time. A lowering of the detection threshold by higher receiver collection efficiency at Cerro Pachon has enabled this Na Doppler lidar to extend its measurement range far higher into the thermosphere, to regions with Na density less than 3 cm−3. With renewed interest in the MLT-X region prompted by recent lidar discoveries of Fe in the thermosphere reaching 170 km at McMurdo, Antarctica, the receiver optimizations we have made now enable addressing an important need in the community. In addition, the higher spatial and temporal resolutions afforded by high signal-to-noise ratio, down to resolutions of ∼20 s and ∼20 m, promise to make the first direct measurements of eddy flux in the mesopause region possible. Results from deployment of optimized receivers at the Table Mountain Lidar Observatory in Boulder, the Andes Lidar Observatory at Cerro Pachon, and the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico are presented to demonstrate the power and portability of our methods that are readily applicable to other lidar varieties, including, but not limited to, the newly developed Fe Doppler lidar and recently upgraded K Doppler lidar.
Polysialic acid regulates growth cone behavior during sorting of motor axons in the plexus region

Removal of polysialic acid (PSA) from N-CAM during the time when chick motoneuron axons are segregating into target-specific fascicles at the base of the limb was previously shown to result in motoneuron projection errors. Here, it is established that these errors are associated with altered growth cone behavior in the plexus. In contrast to control embryos, in which individual axons were observed to exhibit dramatic changes in direction and extensive divergence, axonal trajectories following the removal of PSA were relatively straight. To determine whether enhanced axon-axon fasciculation following PSA removal had prevented growth cones from responding appropriately to guidance cues at the base of the limb, we also examined the role of L1, a major mediator of axon-axon fasciculation in this system. Anti-L1 reversed the effects of PSA removal on both growth cone trajectories and projection errors. These results indicate that PSA plays a permissive role, attenuating axon-axon interactions in the plexus and thereby allowing the axonal reorganization that is essential for the formation of specific motoneuron projections.
Innovation Within a Bureaucratic Education System — Part II

Bureaucratic theory, systems theory and a review of research on innovation, provide a conceptual framework on which seven predictions are posited. The predictions relate to the innovative behaviour of a bureaucratic education system throughout a period of twenty years. An innovation is defined as a new structure or process that appeared for the first time in the education system. One hundred and sixty‐four innovations are identified and classified as task‐oriented, personnel‐oriented and organization‐oriented. When tested the predictions reveal inter alia, (1) an upward trend in the annual frequencies of innovation through the period 1946 to 1965, (2) educational policies of state governments appear to be distinguished by different rates of innovation, (3) the frequency of innovation tends to increase following the succession to office of a new Director‐General and (4) innovation tends to occur least in the central office system.
Ultrafast photo-induced nuclear relaxation of a conformationally disordered conjugated polymer probed with transient absorption and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopies

A combination of transient absorption (TAS) and femtosecond stimulated Raman (FSRS) spectroscopies were used to interrogate the photo-induced nuclear relaxation dynamics of poly(3-cyclohexyl,4-methylthiophene) (PCMT). The large difference in inter-ring dihedral angles of ground and excited-state PCMT make it an ideal candidate for studying large-amplitude vibrational relaxation associated with exciton trapping. Spectral shifting in the S1 TA spectra on sub-ps timescales (110 ± 20 and 800 ± 100 fs) is similar to spectroscopic signatures of excited-state relaxation observed with related photoexcited conjugated polymers and which have been attributed to exciton localization and a combination of resonant energy transfer and torsional relaxation, respectively. Measurements made with both techniques reveal fast PCMT S1 decay and triplet formation (τS1 = 25–32 ps), which is similar to the excited-state dynamics of short oligothiophenes and highly twisted polyconjugated molecules. On ultrafast timescales FSRS of S1 PCMT offers a new perspective on the nuclear dynamics that underlie localization of excitons in photoexcited conjugated polymers: Spectral dynamics in the C=C stretching region (1400–1600 cm−1) include a red-shift of the in-phase C=C stretching frequency, as well as a change in the relative intensity of in-phase and out-of-phase stretch intensities on a timescale of ∼100 fs. Both changes indicate an ultrafast vibrational distortion that increases the conjugation length in the region of the localized excitation and are consistent with exciton self-localization or trapping. Wavelength-dependent excited-state FSRS measurements further demonstrate that the C=C stretching frequency provides a useful spectroscopic handle for interrogating the degree of delocalization in excited conjugated polymers given the selectivity achieved via resonance enhancement.
Measuring the consumer welfare effects of time-differentiated electricity prices

Abstract The paper derives measures of the consumer welfare effects of a change from flat- to time-differentiated prices for electricity using July 1977 data from the Wisconsin Residential Time-of-Use Electricity Pricing Experiment. Preferences are assumed to be homothetically separable, and generalized Leontief conditional demand functions are estimated for four distinct time periods. Conditional elasticities of substitution are small, but significant. Welfare effects of the experimental price changes are small because price changes were designed to be revenue-neutral. The data show evidence of a ‘treatment’ effect that is not explained by a standard neoclassical model of consumer choice.
Reading the Markets: Forecasting Public Opinion of Political Candidates by News Analysis

Media reporting shapes public opinion which can in turn influence events, particularly in political elections, in which candidates both respond to and shape public perception of their campaigns. We use computational linguistics to automatically predict the impact of news on public perception of political candidates. Our system uses daily newspaper articles to predict shifts in public opinion as reflected in prediction markets. We discuss various types of features designed for this problem. The news system improves market prediction over baseline market systems.
Undetected hypoglycemia in a patient receiving TPN.

Abstract Case report A 58-year-old female was admitted to the hospital in a severely malnourished state. She was treated for Crohn's disease with total parental nutrition (TPN). The patient's blood glucose was monitored by point of care (POC) testing every 4 h, and a specimen is also drawn daily for metabolic assessment. The POC blood glucose values were consistently much higher than the lab values. Humalog insulin (5 U) was given to the patient to decrease high blood glucose levels that developed following administration of TPN. The patient then became hypoglycemic as a result of this insulin treatment. POC glucose testing, performed every 4 h, did not detect the iatrogenic hypoglycemia, while lab glucose results were not given close attention. The lab sample was always drawn 1–2 h after insulin was given to the patient and resulted in a lower blood glucose value. In addition, the symptoms of hypoglycemia such as shaking and dizziness were masked by the patient's poor health status, supine position, and the continuously given TPN. Conclusions These findings highlighted the importance of the correct sampling time following insulin administration and the consideration of the lab results in addition to POC. The patient's insulin regimen was modified to prevent further hypoglycemic events.
The influence of vacancy concentration on the mechanical behavior of Fe-40Al

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of vacancies on mechanical behavior room-temperature compression tests have been performed on polycrystals and single-slip oriented single crystals of Fe-40 at% Al annealed at different temperatures and quenched. Vacancy concentrations were determined using a combination of X-ray lattice parameter measurements and dilatometry. Both polycrystals and single crystals displayed a rapid initial increase in yield stress with increasing vacancy concentration (when [111] slip occurred on (101) and (110) in the single crystals), followed by a much slower increase at high vacancy concentrations (> 4 × 10 −3 ). This slower increase corresponded to the activation of (211) slip in the single crystals. The effects of vacancies on the yield strength are consistent with a frictional strengthening mechanism. In contrast, the work-hardening rate of both polycrystals and single crystals was only weakly dependent on the vacancy concentration. Dislocation pinning points, debris and loops were produced through the interactions between gliding dislocations and the quenched-in vacancies.