cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FRAP, FLIM, and FRET: Detection and analysis of cellular dynamics on a molecular scale using fluorescence microscopy

The combination of fluorescent-probe technology plus modern optical microscopes allows investigators to monitor dynamic events in living cells with exquisite temporal and spatial resolution. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), for example, has long been used to monitor molecular dynamics both within cells and on cellular surfaces. Although bound by the diffraction limit imposed on all optical microscopes, the combination of digital cameras and the application of fluorescence intensity information on large-pixel arrays have allowed such dynamic information to be monitored and quantified. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), on the other hand, utilizes the information from an ensemble of fluorophores to probe changes in the local environment. Using either fluorescence-intensity or lifetime approaches, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy provides information about molecular interactions, with Angstrom resolution. In this review, we summarize the theoretical framework underlying these methods and illustrate their utility in addressing important problems in reproductive and developmental systems.
Comparative Studies on the Endogenous Phosphorylation of Microsomal Membrane Derived from Morris Hepatoma, Eight-Day-Old Rats, and Host Livers in the Presence of Micromolar Levels of Mg2+ Ion

Abstract When microsomes from normal and control livers were incubated with adenosine [γ-32P]triphosphate in the absence of added metal ions, two intrinsic polypeptides with molecular weights of 145,000 and 130,000 were selectively phosphorylated (K. S. Lam and C. B. Kasper, J. Biol. Chem., 255: 259–266, 1980). Microsomes derived from 8-day-old rats catalyzed the same reaction, but the extent of 32P incorporation into the M.W. 130,000 polypeptide was greatly diminished. Similar studies using microsomes derived from various Morris hepatomas showed qualitative as well as quantitative differences. In Morris hepatomas 7800 and 5123C, two polypeptides with molecular weights of 160,000 and 145,000 were phosphorylated, while Morris hepatoma 7777 phosphorylated only the M.W. 160,000 polypeptide. With the exception of Morris hepatoma 7777, the phosphoproteins existed in the native membrane primarily as homo- and/or heterodimers joined by disulfide bridges. Using partial enzymic digestion on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, a close sequence homology between the M.W. 145,000 and 130,000 polypeptides was demonstrated; however, no such homology was detected between the M.W. 160,000 and 145,000 polypeptides. Time course studies showed that the reaction was biphasic for control microsomes, but, in membranes derived from 8-day-old rats and the hepatomas, the second burst of phosphorylation was absent, and overall 32P incorporation into these polypeptide(s) was one-third to one-fifth that of the control. This study demonstrates a subtle phenotypic heterogeneity among the tumors and livers derived from 8-day-old rats and control animals. The M.W. 160,000 phosphoprotein, shared by all three tumors but not by the livers of control or of the 8-day-old rats, may be an important component of cancer.
Mining Text Data

Text mining applications have experienced tremendous advances because of web 2.0 and social networking applications. Recent advances in hardware and software technology have lead to a number of unique scenarios where text mining algorithms are learned. Mining Text Data introduces an important niche in the text analytics field, and is an edited volume contributed by leading international researchers and practitioners focused on social networks & data mining. This book contains a wide swath in topics across social networks & data mining. Each chapter contains a comprehensive survey including the key research content on the topic, and the future directions of research in the field. There is a special focus on Text Embedded with Heterogeneous and Multimedia Data which makes the mining process much more challenging. A number of methods have been designed such as transfer learning and cross-lingual mining for such cases. Mining Text Data simplifies the content, so that advanced-level students, practitioners and researchers in computer science can benefit from this book. Academic and corporate libraries, as well as ACM, IEEE, and Management Science focused on information security, electronic commerce, databases, data mining, machine learning, and statistics are the primary buyers for this reference book.
Objectives, Inputs, and Outputs A Planning Model for CETA Training Programs

The U.S. Department of Labor provided incentives to the prime sponsors of CETA programs to improve their programs by rewarding those that generated large percentages of positive terminations and imposing penalties on others. The City of Indianapolis requested an analysis designed to improve its performance in generating positive terminations. We found sponsors can improve performances by selecting participants with particular characteristics or, more important, by altering the types of services available to participants, with on-the-job training the most effective . While these results are both temporarily and geographically limited, the techniques used to generate them may be more broadly applicable to social service programs.
Defining subdomains of the K domain important for protein–protein interactions of plant MADS proteins

The MADS proteins APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), SEP2, SEP3, AGAMOUS, and APETALA1 are required for proper floral organ identity in Arabidopsis flowers. All of these floral MADS proteins conserve twodomains: the MADS domain that mediates DNA binding and dimerization, and the K domain that mediates protein-protein interaction. The K domain is postulated to form a several amphipathic α-helices referred to as K1, K2, and K3. The K1 and K2 helicies are located entirely within the K domain while the K3 helix spans the K domain-C domain boundary. Here we report on our studies on the interactions Of the B class MADS proteins AP3 and PI with the E class MADS proteins SEP1, SEP2, and SEP3. A comparative analysis of mutants in the K domain reveals that the subdomains mediating the PI/AP3 interaction are different from the subdomains mediating the P1/SEP3 (or PI/SEP1) interaction. The strong PI/SEP3 (or PI/SEP1) interaction requires K2, part of K3, and the interhelical region between K1 and K2. By contrast, K1, K2 and the region between K1 and K2 are important for strong AP3/PI interaction. Most of the K3 helix does not appear to be important for either the PI/AP3 or the PI/SEP3 (or PI/SEPI) interaction. Conserved hydrophobic positions are most important for the strength of both PI/AP3 and PI/SEP3 dimerization, though ionic and/or polar interactions appear to play a secondary role.
A real time human–machine interface for an ultrahigh temperature MEMS sensor–igniter

Abstract The progress of numerous emerging technologies is currently hampered by a disconnect between material science and engineering applications. The potential of nano-scale engineering can not be fully exploited as long as basic material science and engineering are not integrated. This paper is concerned with the development of a novel computational methodology that unites fundamental materials science, mechanical design, reliability analysis, and system level performance assessment in an interactive environment called the human–machine interface (HMI). The HMI serves as a real time display of the performance and the status of the device, e.g. the remaining life, and provides a simulation platform for design and optimization. The architecture and performance of the HMI is demonstrated by the example of an ultrahigh temperature MEMS sensor–igniter. The device is fabricated from a novel polymer derived ceramic (PDC) called silicon carbonitride (SiCN). The HMI methodology is portable to health monitoring of other high temperature systems such as gas turbine engines, missile systems, and high temperature processing of advanced materials.
Benefit of higher closed-loop bandwidths in ocular adaptive optics

We present an ocular adaptive optics system with a wavefront sampling rate of 240 Hz and maximum recorded closed-loop bandwidth close to 25 Hz, but with typical performances around 10 Hz. The measured bandwidth depended on the specific system configuration and the particular subject tested. An analysis of the system performance as a function of achieved bandwidth showed consistently higher Strehl ratios for higher closed-loop bandwidths. This may be attributed to a combination of limitations on the available technology and the dynamics of ocular aberrations. We observed dynamic behaviour with a maximum frequency content around 30 Hz.
Real-time condition assessment of the Bill Emerson cable-stayed bridge using artificial neural networks

The Bill Emerson Cable-stayed Bridge is a newly built 1206 meter long structure crossing the Mississippi River. Due to its criticality and proximity to the New Madrid Seismic Zone, a seismic monitoring system consisting of 84 accelerometers was established for the bridge and its adjacent area. This paper is focused on a three-step artificial neural network strategy that was developed to identify the stiff of the bridge structure using the field measured dynamic response time histories without performing any eigenvalue analysis. The first step is to develop and train an emulator neural network for accurate prediction of the responses of the Bill Emerson Cable-stayed Bridge model, which represents the healthy state of the structure. A finite element model of the cable-stayed bridge was established, which represents the as-built bridge and was calibrated with the measured earthquake data from the seismic monitoring system. The second step is to establish and train a parameter evaluator neural network for relating the stiff reduction in the model bridge to the response prediction error by the emulator neural network. The third and last step is to identify the location and degree of stiff reduction in the Bill Emerson Cable-stayed Bridge.
Chisholm on freedom

: This critical examination of Roderick Chisholm's agent causal brand of libertarianism develops a problem about luck that undermines his earlier and later libertarian views on free will and moral responsibility and defends the thesis that a modest libertarian alternative considerably softens the problem. The alternative calls for an indeterministic connection in the action-producing process that is further removed from action than Chisholm demands. The article also explores the implications of a relatively new variant of a Frankfurt-style case for Chisholm's views of free will and moral responsibility and for libertarianism in general. It is suggested that Chisholm's efforts will and should continue to offer important assistance to libertarians who are determined to succeed where he apparently fell short.
The rotation of a suspended axisymmetric ellipsoid in a magnetic field

Under the influence of a uniform and parallel magnetic field, a ferromagnetic fiber suspended in a Newtonian fluid rotates to align with the field direction. This study examines the field-induced rotation process for an individual non-Brownian axisymmetric ellipsoid suspended in a stagnant Newtonian fluid. Theoretical predictions are derived by a perturbation analysis for the limiting case where the strength of the applied magnetic field far exceeds the saturation magnetization of the ellipsoid. Numerical calculations are performed for the more general problem of an ellipsoid with known isotropic, non-hysteretic magnetic properties, using nickel and a stainless steel as examples. The analysis encompasses materials with field-induced, nonlinear magnetic properties, distinguishing these results from the simpler cases where the particle magnetization is either independent of, or linearly dependent on, the strength of the applied external field. In this study, predictions indicate that when the ellipsoid is magnetically saturated, the particle rotation is governed by the magnetoviscous time constant,τ MV = ηs/e0 M s 2 . It is found that the rotation rate depends strongly on the aspect ratio,a/b, of the ellipsoid, but only weakly on the dimensionless magnetization,M s/H 0.
Differential Thermal Analysis of Thallous Azide

IN their review of inorganic azides, Evans, Yoffe and Gray1 note that the crystal structure of thallium azide is body-centred tetragonal and that the compound melts with decomposition at about 334° C. On differential thermal analysis, a solid-state transition is shown before the fusion process. As shown in Fig. 1A this transition has a maximum peak temperature at 291° C. If the sample is allowed to undergo a cooling cycle before decomposition sets in, then the transition is seen to be reversible. Fig. 1A, however, takes the sample through the decomposition process. The exothermic peak is caused by oxidation of the azide group to molecular nitrogen. Thallium metal is the other product of the thermal decomposition and Fig. 1B shows the hexagonal-cubic transition near 234° C, previously reported by Mazieres2, followed by melting at 299° C.
Biomass trends in a Nebraska sedge meadow, Sierra national forest, California

Abstract Nebraska sedge ( Carex nebraskensis Dewey) is an important forage species in meadows of the Western United States, but there is a lack of information about its management. Above-ground and below-ground biomass trends were studied within a livestock exclosure on a Nebraska sedge meadow site in Tule Meadow, Sierra National Forest, California. Standing crop, litter and soil samples were collected at 2-week intervals from early spring to late autumn in 1980 and 1981. Above ground standing crops are maximum (474 g m −2 ) when seeds are ripening. Net primary production averaged 405 g m −2 year −1 . Standing live biomass is also maximum (306 g m −2 ) at seed ripening. Standing dead biomass and litter biomass are both maximum at senescence (378 g m −2 and 1155 g m −2 , respectively). Little standing dead biomass flows to the litter layer until snow compacts the vegetation. High amounts of litter in autumn result from rooth growth. As above-ground growth accelerates, below-ground biomass declines. It increases during flowering, dips as seeds ripen and is maximum (30 g dm −3 ) in autumn. Below-ground production averaged 24 g dm −3 year −1 . Nitrogen concenrations in standing crops, litter and the soil, and phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the soil are discussed.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

PURPOSE. To provide an in-depth exploration of the complex and potentially life-threatening condition, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CONCLUSIONS. CAH affects adrenal gland function, resulting in abnormal steroidogenesis caused by a deficiency or complete lack of the enzyme 21-hydroxylase (accounting for 90% of CAH cases). Clinical manifestations include ambiguous genitalia in female newborns and life-threatening salt-wasting crisis in both male and female newborns. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Nurses should encourage and assist CAH patients and their parents in taking an active role in the management of their condition. Each stage of growth and development will bring new challenges and questions for patients and their parents.
Toward a Synthetic Measure of Good Settlement Form

By discerning a gap existing in urban design/planning theories and methodologies, this paper develops a synthetic approach which sets out to link “functional” analysis on the one side and multivalented “normative” analysis of community design on the other. Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to bridge the gap between functional and normative explanation, and to reconcile certain dilemmas posed by concepts and methods of design and planning in order to address the question of good settlement form. This new approach is tested empirically in the context of the historic Radburn plan (1929), well-known for its ingenuity of conception and treatment of community physical form and function. The AHP is used to “scan” and to make explicit the normative values implicit in the Radburn plan, and the paper shows how the functional (proportional) relationships among the land uses were affected by them.
Electrodynamics of Lipid Membrane Interactions in the Presence of Zwitterionic Buffers

Due to thermal motion and molecular polarizability, electrical interactions in biological systems have a dynamic character. Zwitterions are dipolar molecules that typically are highly polarizable and exhibit both a positive and a negative charge depending on the pH of the solution. We use multilamellar structures of common lipids to identify and quantify the effects of zwitterionic buffers that go beyond the control of pH. We use the fact that the repeat spacing of multilamellar lipid bilayers is a sensitive and accurate indicator of the force balance between membranes. We show that common buffers can in fact charge up neutral membranes. However, this electrostatic effect is not immediately recognized because of the concomitant modification of dispersion (van der Waals) forces. We show that although surface charging can be weak, electrostatic forces are significant even at large distances because of reduced ionic screening and reduced van der Waals attraction. The zwitterionic interactions that we identify are expected to be relevant for interfacial biological processes involving lipid bilayers, and for a wide range of biomaterials, including amino acids, detergents, and pharmaceutical drugs. An appreciation of zwitterionic electrodynamic character can lead to a better understanding of molecular interactions in biological systems and in soft materials in general.
Surface structure sensitivity of high-pressure CO dissociation on Pt(557), Pt(100) and Pt(111) using sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract Using sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy, the interaction of CO and platinum single crystals was investigated at high pressure and high temperatures. Under 40 Torr of CO, the molecule was found to dissociate on Pt(1 1 1), Pt(5 5 7) and Pt(1 0 0) at 673, 548 and 500 K, respectively. The CO top site frequency was observed to shift to lower frequencies as a function of temperature. At a particular temperature, dependent on the surface structure, the SFG spectra evolved with time, indicating the surface was being modified. The observed frequency shift before CO dissociation is attributed to anharmonic coupling to the frustrated translational mode. At the temperature at which dissociation occurs, the frequency shift is attributed to surface roughening. The surface roughening is believed to result from the formation of platinum carbonyl species, which would be a driving force to extract platinum atoms from the surface lattice. For both the (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) surfaces of platinum, the crystal must be heated to a temperature at which platinum carbonyls are formed to produce step and kink sites, which are needed for dissociation. The Pt(1 1 1) surface exhibits a much higher CO dissociation temperature as compared to Pt(1 0 0) because it is the most stable surface for platinum. Pt(5 5 7) is essentially a (1 1 1) surface with steps already present in the structure, and so the crystal does not need to be heated to a temperature to produce step and kink sites necessary for CO dissociation through the production of platinum carbonyls. CO can dissociate on the existing steps of Pt(5 5 7).
Electrokinetic lift effects observed in the transport of submicrometer particles through microcapillary tubes

Experimental evidence for the electrokinetic lifting of submicrometer colloidal particles in laminar flow through microcapillary tubes is presented. Electrokinetic lift is a new colloidal force originating when a charged particle and the diffuse part of the electrical double layer surrounding it are made to move relative to each other in the presence of another surface. This force occurs in the absence of an applied external field and is comparable to double-layer repulsion for low conductivity fluids. Our measurements of the average residence time of monodisperse polystyrene latexes being pumped under laminar flow through microcapillaries have shown a strong flow rate dependence using eluants ofless than 10 -3 M ionic strength. This behavior was most noticeable at the lowest electrolyte concentration (3 x 10 -6 M) using a surfactant-free eluant. Deviation from theoretically-predicted separation factors (a parameter equal to the ratio of the mean displacement velocities of particle and eluant) became more pronounced with increasing particle size and decreasing tube diameter. The mathematical model which was developed from first principles predicts that particles in this size range will not be influenced significantly by hydrodynamic forces, thus precluding any dependence of the average particle velocity on the eluant flow rate. A repulsive force of electrokinetic origin may be responsible for the anomalous data which show good qualitative agreement with theoretical results when we incorporate a recently derived lift force expression into the model.
User-interface design for a clinical neurophysiological intensive monitoring system

We describe the functional requirements and design reasoning leading to a user-interface for an automated clinical neurophysiological monitoring system. The design provides a versatile, high-performance system in which computer-naive users have access to functions typically requiring dedicated training.The system provides real-time data acquisition, signal processing, and graphical output, specifically tailored for the diagnosis and characterization of cases of epilepsy. The development of a user-interface was based on a collaborative effort, in which designers and users worked with a common functional model, and developed working metaphors for system operations. In addition, an interactive screen was designed to facilitate the management of multiple concurrent operations in an intuitive and easy to learn fashion.
TU‐E‐304A‐03: Does New Lightweight Leaded Eyewear Provide Adequate Radiation Protection for Fluoroscopists?

Purpose: Leaded eyewear is commonly recommended for physicians routinely performing interventional fluoroscopy procedures. However, radiation‐attenuating glasses and goggles can be heavy and uncomfortable. Recently, several new lightweight eyewear designs have become available. Two such designs were investigated to determine how well they are able to reduce eye dose under clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: The eye dose was measured using OSLnanodot dosimeters positioned on a Rando head phantom. The phantom was positioned next to an acrylic phantom to duplicate the position of an operator exposed to scattered x‐rays. Eye dose was measured with and without leaded eyewear in three different positions: head directed toward the scatter volume and angled 45 and 90 degrees. The eyewear investigated included standard style glasses with 0.75 mm lead equivalent lenses (Type A), sport‐wrap glasses with 0.75 mm lead equivalent lenses (Type B) and a panorama shield with 0.07 mm lead equivalent acrylic lenses (Type C). Results: With the phantom head directed toward the scatter volume, the eye dose was reduced by 90%, 88% and 61% for Type A, B and C, respectively. Each value is lower than expected from the attenuation of the lenses alone, indicating backscatter is a significant contribution. At 90 degrees, eye protection dropped somewhat for Type A (75%), significantly for Type B (31%), while remaining the same for Type C (61%). The poor protection afforded by Type B at 90 degrees was primarily due to limited side coverage. Conclusion: Even though the lead equivalent thickness of Type C is much lower than other designs tested, increased side coverage resulted in nearly equivalent eye dose reduction when side exposure was predominant. The use of 0.75 mm lead equivalent lenses appears to have diminishing returns given that backscatter and side exposure are a significant source of eye exposure.
“The Divine Impatience”: Ritual, Narrative, and Symbolization in the Practice of Martyrdom in Palestine

Violence is obscured by habits of thought, which predispose us to reject that which falls outside of our notion of "normal' human behavior. By dismissing as incomprehensible, or "pathologic" embodied practices that do not correspond to a "rationally ordered'' everyday life, some anthropologists concerned with issues of violence forsake a fundamental responsibility to foster an understanding of phenomena that affronts, offends, or questions our own cultural norms and assumptions. Situations of violence, whether due to contextual or individual instability, by definition defy pregiven notions of "rationality" and "normal behavior.” This article is about Palestinian martyrs, youths killed in confrontations with the Israeli military. It seeks to identify the cultural and psychological processes that make Palestinian martyrdom possible within the specific context of Israeli military occupation. It elaborates the ritual, narrative, and symbolic dimensions of a practice that exists within a Palestinian discourse of sacrifice and of national liberation. [Palestinian, martyrdom, embodiment, psychoanalysis, violence]
Acceleration of growth and bone maturation in childhood thyrotoxicosis.

Eight hyperthyroid children who exhibited advanced linear growth and bone maturation are described. Five of the eight children were studied prior to onset of treatment. In all five, the bone ages were advanced 2 to 4 S.D. above the mean, and the height ages were more than 3 S.D. above the mean. However, the relationship of bone age to height age fell within the normal range of proportionate growth. Assessments of bone maturation and linear growth of these children in the follow-up treatment periods suggest that hyperthyroidism in childhood is not likely to lead to curtailment of adult height.
The Effects of Chronic Morphine Administration on Tooth Pulp Thresholds in Dogs and Cats

SummaryThe effects of acute and chronically administered morphine on the threshold voltage required to elicit a response to tooth pulp stimulation in the dog and cat were quantitatively compared. A single dose of morphine elevated tooth pulp thresholds to a greater extent in dogs than in cats. After chronic administration, a decrease in the threshold occurred in cats but not in dogs. In the latter, a tolerance to (but not a reversal) of the threshold elevating effect was observed. Tolerance was seen to the overt depressant effects of morphine in dogs but not to the overt excitatory effects in cats. Studies concerned with attempts to delineate the reason (s) for these differences may be useful in advancing our knowledge concerning the mechanisms responsible for the analgesic effect of morphine and the development of tolerance to this drug.
Protein Kinase Cβ Is an Effective Target for Chemoprevention of Colon Cancer

Colon cancer develops over a period of 10 to 15 years, providing a window of opportunity for chemoprevention and early intervention. However, few molecular targets for effective colon cancer chemoprevention have been characterized and validated. Protein kinase CβII (PKCβII) plays a requisite role in the initiation of colon carcinogenesis in a preclinical mouse model by promoting proliferation and increased β-catenin accumulation. In this study, we test the hypothesis that PKCβII is an effective target for colon cancer chemoprevention using enzastaurin (LY317615), a PKCβ-selective inhibitor, in a mouse model of colon carcinogenesis. We find that enzastaurin potently reduces azoxymethane-induced colon tumor initiation and progression by inhibiting PKCβII-mediated tumor cell proliferation and β-catenin accumulation. Biochemically, enzastaurin reduces expression of the PKCβII- and β-catenin/T-cell factor–regulated genes PKCβII, cyclooxygenase II, and vascular endothelial growth factor, three genes implicated in colon carcinogenesis. Our results show that enzastaurin is an effective chemopreventive agent in a mouse model of sporadic colon cancer that significantly reduces both tumor initiation and progression by inhibiting expression of proproliferative genes. Thus, PKCβII is an important target for colon cancer chemoprevention and the PKCβ-selective inhibitor enzastaurin may represent an effective chemopreventive agent in patients at high risk for colon cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1643–50]
On the consistent measurement of attainment and shortfall inequality

In measuring inequality of a bounded variable such as health status, one can focus on attainments or shortfalls. However, rankings of social states by attainment and shortfall inequality do not necessarily mirror one another. We propose a requirement, that attainment inequality and shortfall inequality be measured consistently, and we examine the performance of partial orderings and indices of inequality in this respect. For relative inequality and all currently documented intermediate inequality concepts, the orderings fail our consistency requirement, as do all indices which respect these orderings. However, the absolute inequality partial ordering satisfies consistency. We identify two classes of indices of absolute inequality, one containing rank-independent and the other rank-dependent indices, which measure attainment and shortfall inequality consistently (in fact identically). The only subgroup decomposable inequality index, of any type, which measures attainment and shortfall inequality consistently is the variance. We discuss implications for the study of pure health inequality.
Razzia: A Turning Point in Modern Strategy

The razzia, a tactic of swift and brutal raids used by the French military against recalcitrant tribes in Algeria in the 1840s, was a necessary step in modern military thought. At first glance the destructive and violent razzias stand in stark contrast to the constructive and non-violent bureaux arabes—an institutional ancestor of Provincial Reconstruction Teams. But both were developed in the same conflict and by the same men. These two innovations, this article argues, were also flipsides of the same coin: what today is called war “among the people.” The razzia consequently appears as a necessary historic precursor for contemporary counterinsurgency doctrine.
SAMPLING OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS FOR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY.

Abstract Various methods for examining the infrared spectra of proteins have been investigated using yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and ribonuclease as typical proteins. These methods include films cast from aqueous solutions, KBr disks, and agar films. The effect of preparation method was examined by measuring the enzymic activities of these proteins. The yeast alcohol dehydrogenase loses activity in all cases, and the infrared spectra show that the enzyme is in the stretched or random coil form. Ribonuclease is not denatured as a film but is denatured with the other sampling procedures. However, the spectra indicate no change in the structure of this latter protein. The sampling procedure to be used will depend upon the nature of the protein, and the extent of denaturation of the protein should be checked by an independent method before interpreting its infrared spectrum. Tissue spectra are unreliable for determining the structure of its protein components.
The Incidence of Antibiotics, Sulfa Drugs and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in the Fluid Milk Supply of New York State

Summary An analysis of 1,794 samples of fresh blended pasteurized milks obtained throughout New York State during the early spring and late summer months indicated the presence of about 7 per cent inhibitory milks of varying degree of intensity. Approximately 1 per cent were strongly inhibitory toward commercial lactic starter. Antibiotics in these milks were indicated in relatively few cases and, where present, the amounts generally were between 0.05 and 0.1 unit per milliliter of milk. It was apparent from the results at the time this study was made that the incidence of inhibitory milks or antibiotics milks was not high enough to create any grave general problem for the New York dairy industry insofar as fermented dairy products are concerned. However, the few instances where antibiotics were found in significant quantities would create a serious individual problem for the manufacturer of fermented dairy products. No sulfa drugs were found in 922 samples of milk tested specifically for this chemical. Quaternary ammonium compounds were indicated in about 4 per cent of 832 milks analyzed and in most of these positive cases they existed from a trace to 3 ppm. Milks containing this compound apparently did not show on the average any greater inhibitory properties. Milks obtained during the hot summer months showed a significantly smaller incidence of inhibitory samples than milks obtained during the early spring months.
Reliability and State Dependence of Pyramidal Cell–Interneuron Synapses in the Hippocampus: an Ensemble Approach in the Behaving Rat

Spike transmission probability between pyramidal cells and interneurons in the CA1 pyramidal layer was investigated in the behaving rat by the simultaneous recording of neuronal ensembles. Population synchrony was strongest during sharp wave (SPW) bursts. However, the increase was three times larger for pyramidal cells than for interneurons. The contribution of single pyramidal cells to the discharge of interneurons was often large (up to 0.6 probability), as assessed by the presence of significant (<3 ms) peaks in the cross-correlogram. Complex-spike bursts were more effective than single spikes. Single cell contribution was higher between SPW bursts than during SPWs or theta activity. Hence, single pyramidal cells can reliably discharge interneurons, and the probability of spike transmission is behavior dependent.
Quetiapine monotherapy for bipolar depression.

Introduction: Depression, in the context of bipolar disorder, is more prevalent than hypomania or mania and accounts for most of the disability. Furthermore, the treatment of bipolar depression is more complicated than the treatment of unipolar major depression. Finally, the evidence base for pharmacotherapy of bipolar depression is much smaller than for unipolar depression or hypomania/mania. Areas covered: The article examines the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of quetiapine, its evidence base as a treatment for bipolar depression and related issues of safety and tolerability. Expert opinion: In the context of bipolar disorder, quetiapine is the only monotherapy approved for the treatment of hypomania/mania, depression and as an adjunctive maintenance therapy. In addition to its antipsychotic properties, this broad mood stabilizing potential may uniquely benefit and simplify the management of some bipolar patients who can tolerate this agent.
Characterization of vacuum grown thin films of ZnSnP2

Abstract Near stoichiometric thin films of ternary semiconductor material ZnSnP2 have been grown by the vacuum growth technique. Surface morphology of the grown films is examined. Maximum value of the absorption coefficient, α, of > 105 cm− and band gap of 1.62 eV have been observed from optical transmission analysis. X-ray diffraction studies on the grown films showed diffraction peaks appropriate for the I42d space group. The observed lattice-constant values in the grown films ranged from 5.64 to 5.67 A which compared well with the reported value of 5.651 A for single-crystal ZnSnP2.
Linkage of creatinine clearance to chromosome 10 in Utah pedigrees replicates a locus for end-stage renal disease in humans and renal failure in the fawn-hooded rat

grees replicates a locus for end-stage renal disease in humans Identification of the responsible gene may help in predicting and renal failure in the fawn-hooded rat. renal disease progression in susceptible patients. Background. Renal failure is an important health concern for persons with hypertension and diabetes. In the fawnhooded rat, a renal failure locus, Rf-1, has been identified on rat chromosome 1. A study of African American sibpairs with Kidney disease and declining renal function leading end-stage renal disease (ESRD) replicated this finding on the to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are important health orthologous region in humans, chromosome 10, with a maxiproblems and are extremely costly to manage. Although mum logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 3.4. An important question is whether this region can be detected in healthy risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes may be subjects prior to onset of ESRD by examining creatinine clear- associated with or accelerate a decline in renal function, ance as an indicator of early renal damage. other factors are clearly involved. In addition, it appears Methods. We analyzed 49 Utah Caucasian pedigrees and that there is a strong familial aggregation of ESRD that performed quantitative nonparametric linkage analysis using
THE IMPACT OF THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA ON SERUM POTASSIUM

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been shown to improve survival and neurological outcome in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Electrolyte disturbances and especially hypokalemia are commonly noted during TH. Experimental data suggest that transient potassium (K) shifts into cells may be
Influences of Increased Sand Delivery on the Morphology of Sand and Gravel Channels

A flume study was conducted to examine (1)changes in the particle-size distribution of sediments in riffles due to the proportion of sand in transport and the total rate of bedload transport at the time the riffle is deposited and (2) the effect of high sand transport rates on the stability of gravel riffles. The median particle size of sediment deposited in the riffle was larger than that of the sediment in transport. Small but significant (a = 0.05) decreases in the median particle size of riffle sediments resulted as the sand-to-gravel ratio. Increased concentrations of sand in transport caused previously stable gravel riffles to undergo scour. These results, in combination with information from other studies, suggest that an alluvial channel with pool-riffle sequences and with sand and gravel beds may respond to an increased delivery of sand by reducing form roughness. Form roughness can be reduced by degrading riffles and filling pools. Subsequent responses may be increases in width-to-depth ratio and slope.
Barriers to Physical Activity Between Adults with Stroke and Their Care Partners

AbstractBackground and Purpose: Healthy living includes meeting daily physical activity guidelines. This study compares daily physical activity rates and barriers to physical activity for people with stroke and their partners (spouse or significant other). Methods: Physical abilities, energy expenditure, daily steps, and barriers to physical activity are evaluated in people who have completed stroke rehabilitation and their partners. Results: Twenty pairs of adults (mean age 69.7 years) participated. Participants with stroke were classified as sedentary, averaging 2,990 (± 2,488) steps per day. Their partners are classified as low active, averaging 6,378 (± 2,149) steps per day. For stroke survivors, physical abilities were positively correlated to daily activity rates. The number of steps walked per day was moderately correlated to 6-minute walk tests (r = 0.550, P < .05), comfortable gait speeds (r = 0.588, P < .05), and fast gait speeds (r = 0.677, P < .01). For care partners, physical abilities were n...
Nature of Shear-Induced Primary Nuclei in iPP Melt

Although observations of molecular processes in the formation of primary nuclei prior to actual crystallization are beyond the detection limits of current instrumentation, we attempted to probe the nature of primary nuclei in sheared isotactic polypropylene (iPP) polymer melt. In situ rheo-SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) and -WAXD (wide angle X-ray diffraction) experiments using synchrotron radiation were carried out to evaluate the effects of an addition of a high molecular weight atactic polypropylene (aPP) (5 wt%), which is compatible with the iPP matrix but does not crystallize, on the evolution of oriented structures in the sheared iPP melt and its crystallization kinetics. It is unlikely that the aPP chain segments can be incorporated into iPP nuclei or crystal; hence, its addition effects, if any, would be seen only in the amorphous melt prior to crystallization. The results showed stonger orientation and improved crystallization kinetics in the iPP/aPP blend compared to pure iPP. Observations ...
Magnetic-field dependence of impurity-induced muon depolarization in noble metals

We have measured the magnetic field dependence of the muon depolarization rate up to 5 kOe in AuGd (350 ppm), AgGd (340 ppm) and AgEr (300 ppm). A simple model which includes both dipolar and nearest-neighbor contact interactions between the muon and the magnetic impurity does not fit the data. An axial crystal-field interaction, arising from the electric field gradient induced by the muon at the site of the impurity, is found to dominate the Hamiltonian, and may have a large effect on the field dependence.
The use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide sternal division for cardiac operations via mini-sternotomy

Cardiac surgery utilizing the mini-sternotomy technique offers many advantages, including lessened pain and hospitalization. Mid-line upper sternotomy (or mini-sternotomy) can provide adequate exposure of the ascending aorta, the aortic root, the right atrial appendage and the dome of the left atrium. Inherent in providing adequate exposure is the level at which the sternum is "T'd" off. The lower aspect of the sternotomy is "T'd" off at the second, third, or fourth intercostal space depending on the patient's anatomy. We describe a technique that uses transesophageal echocardiography to determine the precise location for "T'ing" off the sternotomy, rather than approximating the sternotomy site by physical exam and chest radiograph. This technique will reliably delineate the sternotomy site, irrespective of a patient's body size and habitus.
Confronting the liquor industry in Los Angeles

Investigates the anti‐liquor store campaign in Los Angeles, California, USA, against Korean immigrants led by African Americans and Latino Americans. Shows that inner city areas in Los Angeles are not as deeply segregated as portrayed. Demonstrates how a coalition of immigrants/minorities were able to disrupt and change the way the liquour industry had impacted on their communities.
Sections along 35°N in the Pacific

Abstract Sections along 35°N in the Pacific were occupied on INDOPAC leg 1 (March and April 1976) between California (122°W) and Japan (141°E) and on INDOPAC leg 16 (July 1977) between 139 and 163°W. The station spacing was 91 km. Samples to 1000 m were taken at standard depths on all stations and to 6000 m (or to the bottom) on alternate stations. Temperature, salinity, and the concentrations of oxygen and three nutrients were observed; thermosteric anomaly was computed. Features of the sections include basin-wide vertical extrema in salinity, oxygen, and nutrients at intermediate depths, the smaller (500-km scale) structure in the western Pacific, extending from the surface to near the bottom, and the most extreme bottom water properties, which were found in the basin at 165°E. The oxygen minimum and nutrient maxima near 1000 m at 35°N and the silica maximum near 2000 m probably originate in the Gulf of Alaska. The salinity minimum near 500 m also has a source in the eastern North Pacific north of 35°N. The warm water in the deep (300-m) mixed layers between the Emperor seamounts and Japan is inferred to move northward. The 165°E basin, between the Emperor seamounts and the Shatsky Rise, contains the lowest in situ and potential temperatures, the lowest thermosteric anomaly values, the highest salinities and oxygen concentrations, and the lowest nutrient concentrations from 4500 m to the bottom. The values are consistent with northward flow, which must have come more directly or more quickly (or both) from the South Pacific into the basin than into any other part of the sections.
Humalog Mix50 before carbohydrate-rich meals in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To compare pre-meal injection of Humalog® Mix50™ (Mix50) and Humalog® Mix25™ (Humalog® Mix75/25™ in the US; Mix25) with respect to 2 h postprandial (2 h pp) blood glucose (BG) control after a carbohydrate-rich breakfast in patients with type 2 diabetes. Research Design and Methods: One hundred and sixteen patients were enrolled in a 16-week crossover trial and received two treatment regimens in a randomized crossover fashion: (i) Mix50 before breakfast and Mix25 before the evening meal (Mix50/Mix25) and (ii) Mix25 before both breakfast and the evening meal (Mix25 twice daily). Insulin doses were adjusted according to stated glycaemic targets. After 6 and 8 weeks of treatment, the patient's usual morning insulin dose was administered, followed immediately by a test breakfast representative of the patient's usual breakfast meal. Fasting and 2 h pp BG concentrations were measured at the time of the test meal. Haemoglobin A1c (A1C) was measured, and information regarding hypoglycaemia (symptoms) was collected at the end of each treatment period. Results: Insulin doses were similar between treatments (morning = 31–33 U, evening = 26–28 U) at endpoint. Following the test breakfast, the 2 h pp BG was lower (10.9 ± 0.3 mmol/l vs. 12.4 ± 0.3 mmol/l, p = 0.0012) and the 2 h pp BG excursion was smaller (1.4 ± 0.28 mmol/l vs. 3.5 ± 0.28 mmol/l, p < 0.001) during treatment with Mix50/Mix25 than during treatment with Mix25 twice daily. There was no difference between the treatments with respect to fasting BG (Mix50/Mix25, 9.5 ± 0.3 mmol/l vs. Mix25 twice daily, 8.9 ± 0.3 mmol/l; p = NS), A1C (8.14% ± 1.14% vs. 8.14% ± 1.07%; p = NS) or the incidence of self-reported hypoglycaemia (34% vs. 23%; p = NS). Conclusions: Compared with treatment with Mix25 twice daily, treatment with Mix50 before breakfast and Mix25 before the evening meal resulted in better pp glycaemic control following a carbohydrate-rich meal, and similar fasting BG, A1C and incidence of hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
A new source for polarized 6,7Li negative ions

Thermal polarized 6,7Li atoms, produced by an atomic-beam source, were bombarded by a beam of fast Cs0 atoms in order to form polarized negative 6,7Li ions for injection into a tandem accelerator. A beam intensity of 0.28 μA has been achieved. The measured tensor polarization of the 6Li beam was Pζζ = 0.88. The beam intensity agrees well with the value calculated using the known charge exchange cross section.
Solid oxide fuel cell with corrugated thin film electrolyte.

A low temperature micro solid oxide fuel cell with corrugated electrolyte membrane was developed and tested. To increase the electrochemically active surface area, yttria-stabilized zirconia membranes with thickness of 70 nm were deposited onto prepatterned silicon substrates. Fuel cell performance of the corrugated electrolyte membranes released from silicon substrate showed an increase of power density relative to membranes with planar electrolytes. Maximum power densities of the corrugated fuel cells of 677 mW/cm2 and 861 mW/cm2 were obtained at 400 and 450 °C, respectively.