cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value of Serum-Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 for the Noninvasive Risk Assessment of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease, Posttransplant Ischemic Events, and Cardiac Graft Failure

Background —Adhesion molecules on arterial endothelium have been implicated in spontaneous atherosclerosis and transplant coronary artery disease (CAD). We studied whether elevated serum-soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) during the immediate posttransplant period was a risk factor for CAD, posttransplant ischemic events, or cardiac graft failure. Methods and Results —We initially studied serum sICAM-1 in a subset of 16 cardiac allograft recipients (5.5±0.7 samples per patient) to determine a cutoff point that best correlated with presence of arterial and arteriolar endothelial ICAM-1 in matching endomyocardial biopsies. The cutoff value was 308 ng/mL. Subsequently, we prospectively evaluated serum sICAM-1 in serial samples (5.3±0.1 per patient) obtained during the first 3 months after transplantation in a validation subset of 130 recipients and correlated early sICAM-1 levels with long-term outcome. Serum sICAM-1 >308 ng/mL correlated significantly with ICAM-1 on arterial and arteriolar endothelium ( P =0.02). Cardiac allograft recipients with serum sICAM-1 >308 ng/mL had 2.67 (95% CI, 1.28 to 5.59, P =0.009) times greater risk of CAD and 3.63 (95% CI, 1.05 to 12.5, P =0.04) times greater risk of graft failure. Recipients with sICAM-1 >308 ng/mL also developed more severe CAD ( P =0.009) and more ischemic events ( P =0.03) after transplantation. Conclusions —Serum sICAM-1 levels can be used to noninvasively assess risk of transplant CAD, posttransplant ischemic events, and cardiac graft failure.
FHAST: FPGA-Based Acceleration of Bowtie in Hardware

While the sequencing capability of modern instruments continues to increase exponentially, the computational problem of mapping short sequenced reads to a reference genome still constitutes a bottleneck in the analysis pipeline. A variety of mapping tools (e.g., Bowtie , BWA ) is available for general-purpose computer architectures. These tools can take many hours or even days to deliver mapping results, depending on the number of input reads, the size of the reference genome and the number of allowed mismatches or insertion/deletions, making the mapping problem an ideal candidate for hardware acceleration. In this paper, we present FHAST (FPGA hardware accelerated sequence-matching tool), a drop-in replacement for Bowtie that uses a hardware design based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Our architecture masks memory latency by executing multiple concurrent hardware threads accessing memory simultaneously. FHAST is composed by multiple parallel engines to exploit the parallelism available to us on an FPGA. We have implemented and tested FHAST on the Convey HC-1 and later ported on the Convey HC-2ex, taking advantage of the large memory bandwidth available to these systems and the shared memory image between hardware and software. A preliminary version of FHAST running on the Convey HC-1 achieved up to 70x speedup compared to Bowtie (single-threaded). An improved version of FHAST running on the Convey HC-2ex FPGAs achieved up to 12x fold speed gain compared to Bowtie running eight threads on an eight-core conventional architecture, while maintaining almost identical mapping accuracy. FHAST is a drop-in replacement for Bowtie , so it can be incorporated in any analysis pipeline that uses Bowtie (e.g., TopHat ).
The system CaOMnOC02: Solid-solution and decomposition relations

Abstract A complete series of solid solutions between CaCO3 and MnCO3 (manganoan calcites and calcian rhodochrosites) exists above 550°C at CO2 pressures sufficient to prevent decomposition. A solubility gap is observed below this temperature in the Mn-rich half of the system. The relation of the solubility gap to the ordered compound CaMn(CO3)2 is briefly described. At 400°C and below, experimentation is hampered by very slow reaction rates, both in hydrothermal runs and in dry runs using Li2CO3 as a flux. The equilibrium thermal decomposition relations in the system are shown as a family of curves, including that for the reaction MnCO3 → MnO + CO2. The P, T curve for this reaction is a straight line between375° and 575° C expressed by the equation log 10 Plb/in. 2 = −5740 T + 10.014. In the region 575° to 775° C, the relation is log 10 Plb/in. 2 = −10,320 T − 11.910 log T + 50.289. The ΔH of this reaction ranges from 25.5 to 26.6 kcal/mole between 375° and 750°C. An X-ray method for the determination of compositions in this system is described, and the cell constants of the hexagonal unit cell of rhodochrosite were determined tobe α0 = 4.7768 A, c0 = 15.664A.
Effects of Varying Irrelevant Information on Adult Age Differences in Problem Solving

Sixty young (M = 20.6), middle-aged (M = 52.4), and elderly (M = 72.6) men and women solved problems which required them to match one of two stimulus arrays to a standard. On each problem one dimension (color, form, number, or position) was relevant to correct matching, and three dimensions, which were either variable or constant, were irrelevant to solution. Age and the number of variable irrelevant dimensions were the best predictors of reaction time and error scores. Young were significantly faster than middle-aged and the middle-aged were faster than the elderly. The elderly made most errors, but the young and middle-aged were not significantly different from each other. Reaction times and errors increased as the number of variable irrelevant dimensions increased. For the elderly there was a disproportionate increase in both reaction times and errors as levels of irrelevancy increased. No reliable differences were found with regard to gender. The results were discussed in terms of an age-related decline in the ability to ignore irrelevant information.
The use of metallochromic Ca indicators in skeletal muscle.

Abstract Absorbance signals recorded with metallochromic indicators in skeletal muscle fibers show rapid time courses that probably closely track the fast kinetic process of Ca++ release and retrapping by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the formation of more than one complex in cuvette calibrations, both for Arsenazo III (ArIII) and Antipyrylazo III (ApIII), suggest that care needs to be taken in the deconvolution of in vivo absorbance signals. Since the kinetic rate constants have not yet been obtained for these probes, attempts to deconvolute absorbance signals should be considered approximate. The evidence suggesting that more than one complex is formed during a skeletal muscle transient with ArIII is more compelling than for the case of ApIII. The differences between the ArIII and ApIII signals may not be readily explained assuming 1:1 dye:Ca complexation and kinetic differences between the probes. Competition for Ca++ with cell Ca buffers and/or multiple complex formation by at least one of these probes needs to be invoked. Based on a simple model to simulate the behavior of the Ca signals in muscle, it may be suggested that an ApIII-like probe would more closely track pCa changes in the fiber than would an ArIII-like probe, which would show more interference with intracellular buffers; an even higher affinity probe would tend to sense the total release of Ca by the SR.
Nitric Oxide and the Vascular Endothelium in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injurya

The normal coronary vascular endothelium (VE) tonically releases nitric oxide (NO) by converting L-arginine to citrulline by a constitutive NO synthase. Reperfusion after myocardial ischemia reduces basal and stimulated release of NO. This "vascular reperfusion injury" is mediated largely by neutrophils (PMN) through specific interactions between adhesion molecules on the endothelium and the PMN, an interaction that precedes myocyte injury. NO inhibits the PMN-mediated reperfusion injury by direct effects on both the PMN and the vascular endothelium. Cardioprotective strategies include augmentation of endogenous NO by the precursor L-arginine and the administration of exogenous NO donors at the time of perfusion, which (1) attenuates PMN adherence to the coronary artery and venous endothelium, (2) reduces PMN-mediated endothelial dysfunction, (3) reduces PMN accumulation in the area at risk, and (4) reduces infarct size. Hence, NO represents a powerful therapeutic tool with which to attenuate the consequences of ischemia-reperfusion injury on vascular injury and infarction.
Rainforest fragmentation and the structure of small mammal communities in tropical Queensland

There is a dire need to assess the impacts of habitat fragmentation on tropical forest biotas. In 1986–1987 three live-trapping methods were used to census small mammals at 52 sites in fragmented and unfragmented rainforest in NE Queensland, Australia. Forest structural, floristic, edaphic and landscape data from each site were used to assess patterns of microhabitat use in common species. Trapping censuses yielded 5,784 captures of 15 species of rodents or marsupials. Species encountered in modified habitats surrounding fragments usually remained stable or increased in fragments (Melomys cervinipes, Rattus leucopus, R. fuscipes, Uromys caudimaculatus, Antechinus flavipes, Hydromys chrysogaster), whereas those that avoided these habitats declined or disappeared (A. stuartii, A. godmani, Hypsiprimnodon moschatus). Fragments were more heavily disturbed within 200–500 m of forest edges, and mammals that favored disturbed forest or edges (Melomys, R. leucopus, A. flavipes) increased in many fragments. Assemblages of abundant native rodents appeared more intensively structured in fragments than in unfragmented forest, with strong competitive interactions occurring between ecologically similar species in fragments.
Determining the carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio of natural phytoplankton

For field samples, regression analyses of plots of chemically determined particulate organic carbon on chlorophyll are often employed to estimate the algal carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio (F) in the presence of appreciable amounts of nonalgal particulate organic carbon. Spurious results will be obtained, however, if the temporal rate of change of the algae or the nonplant matter reverses its sign during the sampling interval and the samples cannot be ordered correctly in time or space. Previously recognized sources of bias inherent in the chemical approach are also discussed. The great uncertainty of our present knowledge of F is pointed out. It is shown that the concentration of microscopically visible, nonliving particles in the sea isnot known. Renewed studies are suggested as a means of improving on the chemical approach to determining F. The general argument holds for the ratios of nitrogen (particle volume, etc.)-to-chlorophyll, carbon (nitrogen, particle volume, etc.)-to-ATP, and similar conversion factors.
Considerations in humidification by nebulization

Summary Available information plus knowledge of the physical processes involved in respiratory air conditioning provide a rational basis for the use of therapeutic humidification. Definite indications for humidification of dry air include gross drying of the upper airways, respiration by tracheostomy, and the presence of thick tracheo-bronchial exudate or decreased ability to move exudate and secretions through the trachea. Medication may be important in the treatment of airway drying, but its effects should not be confused with that of humidification. With one exception, the nebulizers tested were found to produce total humidities of 30 to 60 per cent B.H.; this seems sufficient for most therapeutic needs. If near body humidity is required, nebulizers must be heated. Some of the variables concerned with final liquid humidity delivery in nebulization are: design, gas flow rate, apparatus used for delivery, and the patients' airways. The usual side stream nebulization technique is not adequate in continuous IPPB assistance. A mainstream nebulization technique which provides adequate humidity is described. The convenient absolute humidity expression "per cent body humidity" is proposed for use in respiratory physiology. Extension of experimental work and further application of evaporative process principles to respiratory air conditioning in disease states are indicated to confirm and amplify the conclusions of this study. Further knowledge of the humidity provided in various inhalation therapy situations would be desirable.
Hypothermia as a means of performing intracardiac surgery under direct vision.

1) By the use of hypothermia, metabolism and oxygen requirements of the body may be decreased. With such a method, the period of circulatory arrest can be increased to such an extent that direct intracardiac surgery for definitive repair of valves and septa may be possible. 2) We have presented our technic for an efficient and safe method of producing hypothermia in the experimental animal. 3) By the use of caval occlusion, a relatively bloodless heart can be obtained. Such a method has allowed us to perform cardiotomy on the right auricle and right ventricle for varying periods of time (12 to 30 minutes). This much time would obviously be sufficient for definitive surgery upon the valves and septa. 4) We have presented a preliminary report concerning the technic of hypothermia and cardiotomy. The procedure was performed on 32 dogs, with survival in 80 per cent of the animals with caval occlusion for 12 minutes, and 40 per cent survival in those having caval occlusion for 30 minutes. 5) It is our feeling that such a method will be useful in the surgical management of various disorders of the circulatory System—in particular, defects of the auricular and ventricular septa.
Determinants of invention commercialization: an empirical examination of academically sourced inventions

We examine the attributes of technological inventions that influence their commercialization. Using a unique dataset of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-licensed patents, we show that the likelihood of invention commercialization, which we measure by the achievement of first sale, is positively associated with two characteristics of licensed technological inventions—scope and pioneering nature—and has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the age of the invention. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of a Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Spallation Target Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

A liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) spallation target has been developed for the subcritical multiplier (SCM) station of the Accelerator-Driven Test Facility (ADTF). Target design objectives and constraints were defined and utilized to satisfy the engineering requirements and to minimize the design development time and cost. Physics, heat transfer, hydraulics, structural, radiological and safety analyses were iterated to arrive at the final design concept. The optimization of the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the target concept through the parametric evaluation of multiple design alternatives using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict fluid dynamics and heat transfer behaviors is described in this paper.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An evaluation of the perceived stress scale in two clinical populations

The relation of perceived stress and psychosocial dysfunction was examined in two clinical samples identifying stress as a personal problem. Perceived stress was significantly correlated with self-reported negative affect and physical symptoms. Negative and total major life event scores also were significantly correlated with self-reported negative affect and physical symptoms. However, the perceived stress scale and the life events measures were moderately correlated, indicating that the two scales assess different features of the stress experience. A major finding of this study was that perceived stress scores were significantly correlated with affective and physical symptoms even after the variance associated with life events had been partialed out.
Parametric probabilistic routing in sensor networks

Motivated by realistic sensor network scenarios that have mis-informed nodes and variable network topologies, we propose an approach to routing that combines the best features of limited-flooding and information-sensitive path-finding protocols into a reliable, low-power method that can make delivery guarantees independent of parameter values or information noise levels. We introduce Parametric Probabilistic Sensor Network Routing Protocols, a family of light-weight and robust multi-path routing protocols for sensor networks in which an intermediate sensor decides to forward a message with a probability that depends on various parameters, such as the distance of the sensor to the destination, the distance of the source sensor to the destination, or the number of hops a packet has already traveled. We propose two protocol variants of this family and compare the new methods to other probabilistic and deterministic protocols, namely constant-probability gossiping, uncontrolled flooding, random wandering, shortest path routing (and a variation), and a load-spreading shortest-path protocol inspired by (Servetto and Barrenechea, 2002). We consider sensor networks where a sensor's knowledge of the local or global information is uncertain (parametrically noised) due to sensor mobility, and investigate the trade-off between robustness of the protocol as measured by quality of service (in particular, successful delivery rate and delivery lag) and use of resources (total network load). Our results for networks with randomly placed nodes and realistic urban networks with varying density show that the multi-path protocols are less sensitive to misinformation, and suggest that in the presence of noisy data, a limited flooding strategy will actually perform better and use fewer resources than an attempted single-path routing strategy, with the Parametric Probabilistic Sensor Network Routing Protocols outperforming other protocols. Our results also suggest that protocols using network information perform better than protocols that do not, even in the presence of strong noise.
A program for 2D modeling (cross) correlogram tables using fast Fourier transform

An alternative to the traditional fitting of analytical correlogram models or of a linear model of coregionalization has been recently proposed, whereby the conditions for permissibility of a set of (cross) correlogram tables are imposed on their Fourier transforms, that is on the corresponding set of (cross) spectrum tables. The resulting model is entirely non-parametric and consists of a set of permissible (cross) correlogram tables from which gridded correlogram values can be read directly. This paper gives the suite of GSLIB-type programs to implement this correlogram modeling approach. Presentation of the program is backed by a case study using actual petroleum reservoir data (porosity and seismic reflection energy).
The Influence of Hormones on Breast Hyperplasia and Tumor Growths in White Rats

In a previous communication (1) dealing with benign fibro-adenomata of the rat's breast, morphologic changes appearing in the transplanted tumors were described. From time to time there occurred variations in the rate of growth, and in the size and consistency of the growing transplants. Differences in the proliferative ratio of stroma and glandular substance also appeared. These changes seemed to be associated with factors relating to sex, to the age of the animal at the time of inoculation, and to pregnancy. The relationship of age, sex, and other factors to the origin and growth of spontaneous and transplanted malignant tumors in mice is discussed by Woglom (2). He quotes Gierke (3) to the effect that young mice (before puberty had supervened) were as suitable as older animals for transplanting tumors, and mentions Loeb (4), Ehrlich (5), Gierke (3), and Lewin (6) as finding no difference in susceptibility between males and females. The influence of gestation and lactation is also mentioned, but here the observations are contradictory. No reference is made to the role of the above factors in benign tumor growth. The present report attempts, in the first place, to determine whether endogenous hormonal factors play a role in experimentally produced benign fibro-adenomata of the rat's breast, growing in animals of different age groups, different sexes, and during pregnancy and lactation. A further study deals with results in male and female castrates, while other series of experiments were undertaken to determine the effect on transplanted tumors and on normal breast tissue of exogenous hormones injected subcutaneously in white rats. I. Endogenous Hormonal Factors The Age Factor: As previously mentioned, the age of the animal at the time of tumor inoculation influences the morphology of the implanted benign fibro-adenoma. The age of the animal from which the tumor is derived and the age of the tumor must also be taken into consideration.
Callous–Unemotional Traits in Predicting the Severity and Stability of Conduct Problems and Delinquency

The current study tests whether the presence of callous–unemotional (CU) traits designates a group of children with conduct problems who show an especially severe and chronic pattern of conduct problems and delinquency. Ninety-eight children who were selected from a large community screening of school children in grades 3, 4, 6 and 7 were followed across four yearly assessments. Children with conduct problems who also showed CU traits exhibited the highest rates of conduct problems, self-reported delinquency, and police contacts across the four years of the study. In fact, this group accounted for at least half of all of the police contacts reported in the sample across the last three waves of data collection. In contrast, children with conduct problems who did not show CU traits continued to show higher rates of conduct problems across the follow-up assessments compared to non-conduct problem children. However, they did not show higher rates of self-reported delinquency than non-conduct problem children. In fact, the second highest rate of self-reported delinquency in the sample was found for the group of children who were high on CU traits but without conduct problems at the start of the study.
Interactions between dopamine and excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants

Mesoaccumbens dopamine transmission at least partly mediates the initiation and expression of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. The initiation arises from an action by psychostimulants on dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) while the expression of behavioral sensitization involves enhanced pre- and postsynaptic dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Evidence is emerging that excitatory amino acid (EAA) transmission is also involved in behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. In this report, evidence is presented that the initiation of behavioral sensitization involves stimulation of NMDA receptors in the VTA which may occur via enhanced presynaptic release of EAAs following activation of D1 receptors. It is further posited that EAA transmission in the nucleus accumbens may promote the expression of sensitization by increasing presynaptic dopamine release and modulating the postsynaptic actions of dopamine.
Effect of specific anion on templated crystal nucleation at the liquid-liquid interface.

In this work, we have investigated the effect of potassium salts of different anions upon the crystal nucleation of K2SO4 as interfacially templated by a surfactant monolayer of 1-octadecylamine (ODA), in an aqueous microdroplet system bounded by a liquid−liquid interface with 1-decanol. The salts used were K2HPO4, KCl, KBr, KI, KNO3, and KSCN, present at an initial concentration of 10 mM within an aqueous microdroplet containing K2SO4 at an initial concentration of 287 mM. Supersaturation and subsequent crystallization were isothermally induced by droplet dissolution into the dehydrating decanol phase. The K2SO4 solute crystallization behavior was studied by measurement of the calculated concentration of the solute in the microdroplet at the onset of crystallization, i.e., at the first perceptible microscopic appearance of a solid phase, and by crystal habit. Certain salts, e.g., K2HPO4, had almost no influence on the templating ability of ODA, while the ability of ODA to template nucleation and direct t...
Stapled Golgi cisternae remain in place as cargo passes through the stack

Most plant and animal cells contain an organelle known as the Golgi apparatus, which consists of a series of four to six stacked cisternae. Almost all the proteins that are secreted from the cell, or targeted to its plasma membrane, transit through the Golgi. This process takes roughly 5–20 min. Although transport of proteins through the Golgi was first observed more than 50 years ago, it is still unclear exactly how this process occurs. One possibility is that proteins to be packaged move through the cisternae enclosed in vesicles, as if on a conveyor belt. Alternatively, the proteins themselves may remain stationary while the Golgi cisternae move over them. Now, Lavieu et al. provide evidence that the Golgi shows both mobile and static behaviour depending on the type and size of the cargo being processed. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, they created a new type of protein cargo—which they called a ‘staple’—that became fixed to the walls on each side of the cisternae and could not, therefore, move freely through the Golgi. They compared the processing of this protein to that of a more typical soluble protein cargo, which could move freely through the Golgi stack. Surprisingly, the Golgi processed these two types of cargo in very different ways. The staples remained embedded in the walls in the center of the cisternae, whereas the conventional soluble cargo was transported past the staples and collected at the edges of the cisternae, which are known as rims. These are wider than the center of the cisternae, and the staples are too narrow to span them. Lavieu et al. suggest that the Golgi cisternae can be divided into two functionally distinct domains: the centers of cisternae, which remain stationary, and the edges or rims, which can move. In addition to increasing our understanding of how proteins are prepared for transport inside cells, this new mechanism reconciles seemingly conflicting data by revealing that the Golgi can be both mobile and static.
Selective dimerization of cysteines in glycopeptides and phosphopeptides

To study the influence of phosphorylation and oxidation on the repeat domains of human Tau protein, we faced the challenge to selectively dimerize two cysteine-containing peptides in the presence of a nearby phosphate group. To this end, we were able to demonstrate the utility of a selective dimerization approach by forming disulfide bonds in unprotected phosphopeptides and extended the methodology to unprotected glycopeptides. Activation of one cysteine of a peptide chain with 2,2′-dithiodipyridine and coupling this thiopyridyl-peptide to another peptide chain, containing an unprotected cysteine residue, yielded the mixed dimers in high purities and reasonable yields. Phosphate or sugar side chains on either peptide component remained unaffected during the activation and dimerization processes. While for mixed dimers the activated peptides were isolated by chromatography, homodimers were obtained by a simple one-pot reaction after 1 h. We demonstrate that cysteines can be dimerized in unprotected phosphopeptides and glycopeptides, without any side reactions affecting these posttranslational modifications.
Micelle formation in ethylammonium nitrate, a low-melting fused salt

Abstract Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) are determined from surface tension measurements for alkyltrimethylammonium bromides and alkylpyridinium bromides at 50°C and for Triton X-100 at 20 and 50°C in ethylammonium nitrate, a low-melting anhydrous fused salt. The CMC's are approximately 5 to 10 times larger than those observed in water. From the change of CMC with surfactant chain length, the free energy of transfer of a methylene group from the fused salt to the micelle interior is calculated to be −370 cal/mole compared to −680 cal/mole for a similar transfer from water to the micelle. It is concluded that in respect to solvophobic behavior ethylammonium nitrate and water show a number of similarities.
The social world and the reality of mental illness: lessons from colonial psychiatry.

(2003). The Social World and the Reality of Mental Illness: Lessons from Colonial Psychiatry. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 210-214.
Comparison of successive discrimination reversal (SDR) performances of seven mammalian species on a spatial task

The successive discrimination performances of four species of Procyonidae, one species of Mustelidae, and two species of Cebidae were compared. Capuchin monkey and Cacomistle differed significantly from each other and from the remaining species.
Bradykinin B1 receptor blocks PDGF-induced mitogenesis by prolonging ERK activation and increasing p27Kip1

The mechanism by which the bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R) inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated proliferation was investigated in cultured rat mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells. The B1R agonist des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK) was found to inhibit PDGF-mediated activation of the cyclin E-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) complex and to prevent hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. DABK did not inhibit upregulation of cyclin E expression but increased expression of the Cdk2 inhibitor p27Kip1 and the association of p27Kip1 with the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex. In addition, DABK inhibited the PDGF-stimulated expression of cyclin D that would otherwise siphon p27Kip1 away from inhibition of cyclin E-Cdk2. The signaling mechanism by which DABK regulated p27Kip1 was explored. DABK was found to stimulate the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and to prolong activation of MEK and ERK by PDGF. Inhibition of ERK activation with the MEK inhibitors PD-98059 and U-0126 as well as the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 completely blocked the effect of DABK to increase p27Kip1 and partially reversed the DABK-mediated inhibition of PDGF-stimulated proliferation. These studies demonstrate that the B1R inhibits PDGF-stimulated mitogenesis in part by prolonged activation of ERK leading to increased expression of p27Kip1.
Electrochemistry of omeprazole, active metabolites and a bound enzyme model. Possible involvement of electron transfer in anti-ulcer action

Electrochemical studies were performed with omeprazole, active metabolites and a bound enzyme model. The active metabolites, cyclic sulfenamide and sulfur radical entities, exhibited reduction potentials of - 0.3 V and - 0.2 V respectively. The value for the bound enzyme model was - 0.7 V and that for omeprazole was > - 1.4 V. The results lend credence to the hypothesis that electron transfer comprises part of the mode of action in addition to (H+/K+ J ATPase inhibition.
Theoretical Bond Energies: A Critical Evaluation

The recently proposed scheme of Grimme (BE scheme) (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1529) to calculate intrinsic bond energies (BE's) of hydrocarbons, which define seminal equilibrium quantities of chemical structures, is evaluated critically. CH and regular CC bonds are treated well; the corresponding BE's are reliable and self-consistent. In contrast, the performance of the method is markedly reduced for bonds of unusual length, if the bond length is not determined by bond bending or by conjugation. Differences between BE's for CH bonds, which lie within the remarkably narrow range from ca. 103 to 110 kcal mol-1, and CH bond dissociation energies (BDE's, ca. 86−132 kcal mol-1, linear correlation, Rc = 0.9291) give a measure of radical (de)stabilization. BE's of spx−spy CC single bonds correlate linearly with the respective BDE's (Rc = 0.9987) and can be used for a reliable prediction of BDE's at almost no computational cost. Individual intrinsic bond energies are used to establish CC and CH bond length−bon...
Free vibration analysis of spinning structural systems

This article presents an efficient digital computer procedure, along with the complete listing of the associated computer program, which may be conveniently utilized for the accurate solution of a wide range of practical eigenvalue problems. Important applications of the present work are envisaged in the natural frequency analysis of spinning structures discretized by the finite element technique, and in the determination of transfer functions associated with the dynamic blocks of control systems of spacecraft utilizing gas jets or reaction wheels for attitude control, as well as of spin-stabilized and dual-spin-stabilized satellites. The validity of the Sturm sequence property is first established for the related matrix formulation involving Hermitian and real symmetric, positive-definite matrices, both being usually of highly banded configuration. A numerically stable algorithm based on the Sturm sequence method is then developed which fully exploits the banded form of the associated matrices.
Self‐policing and reinforcement as alternatives to government regulation for quality assurance in research

The issue of government regulation of scientific research exists in the context of an increasingly litigious society and a growing reliance on legal contracts in lieu of informal agreements. These trends suggest regulation of research may intensify in the absence of countermeasures by the researchers themselves. This paper explores the possibility that increased or altered discipline within the research community itself could result in sufficient quality control to obviate the need for increased government regulation. Possible actions are suggested for program managers, for universities, and for researchers.
Automated analysis of twins in hexagonal close-packed metals using molecular dynamics

Motivated by a need to characterize twinning and slip–twin interactions in hexagonal close-packed metals, we have developed a novel method that facilitates analyses of twin activities in molecular dynamics simulations. The basal plane vector method described herein calculates the basal plane orientation for each atom based on bond angles and first nearest neighbors to accurately identify crystallographic orientations. This method is able to unambiguously identify twin embryos and twin variants, calculate twin volume fractions and analyze grain evolution.
Simplified approach for modelling pilot pursuit control behaviour in multi-loop flight control tasks:

AbstractA control-theoretic procedure for modelling human pilot pursuit control behaviour is presented. The procedure allows for the development of human pilot behavioural models in multi-loop flight control tasks in a simplified framework emphasizing frequency-domain techniques. Beginning with the primary control loops, each control loop is closed using a combination of output-rate feedback and output-error feedback. It is demonstrated that this approach can accommodate any vehicle dynamics that can be stabilized by a human pilot. In addition, the modelling approach identifies vehicle dynamics that approach the limits of human pilot controllability. The well-documented increase in pilot effective time delays that have been shown to accompany vehicle dynamics requiring lead compensation is also replicated by this modelling approach. A method for predicting handling-qualitiy levels that would be assigned to a particular vehicle and task is presented. A visual cue model is included, which can approximate th...
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Atypical Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): When Functional Assessment Reveals Social Fears Function, Such as Worry, in GAD

Cognitive behavior therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social phobia. However, little is known regarding best treatment practices when ...
Diagnostic imaging of the brain in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The central nervous system is commonly involved in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), resulting in a variety of lesions and diseases. They can be divided into the primary effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections, tumors, and vascular disease. This article is a review of the major imaging findings observed in each disease, with clinical and pathological correlations relevant to the goal of differential diagnosis.
Characterization of PC2 Cterm Calcium-Binding Interaction and its Structural Implications

Polycystin-2 (PC2) is a Ca2+-regulated Ca2+-channel from the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. Mutations in PC2 can cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of human PC2 (HPC2 Cterm) is crucial for channel assembly and function. We have combined biophysical and structural approaches to characterize the Ca2+-dependent molecular mechanism within the C-terminal tail that is involved in channel assembly and functional regulation. We have determined that HPC2 Cterm forms a trimer in solution with and without Ca2+-bound, even though TRP channels are generally tetrameric. We have definitively shown that there is only one Ca2+-binding site in HPC2 Cterm, located within its EF-hand domain. However, its Ca2+-binding affinity is greatly enhanced relative to its intrinsic binding affinity in the isolated EF-hand, possibly due to the positive cooperativity from the trimer interaction. We also employed sea urchin PC2 as a parallel model to study. The sea urchin C-terminal domain construct (SUPC2 Ccore) also trimerizes in solution independent of Ca2+-binding. In contrast, the SUPC2 Ccore contains two Ca2+-binding sites within its EF-hand domain, which exhibit cooperative Ca2+-binding due to internal stabilization. Consequently, trimerization does not further improve Ca2+-binding affinity in SUPC2 Ccore relative to the isolated EF-hand domain. Using both hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, we have localized the Ca2+-binding sites in PC2 C-terminal tail and mapped the conformational changes induced by Ca2+-binding. We demonstrate that in addition to the direct, local stabilizing effects within the EF-hand, Ca2+-binding also causes conformational changes in the distal coiled-coil domain. This study provides a structural basis for regulation of the PC2 channel by its cytosolic C-terminal domain, with an improved understanding of the functional role of PC2 in regulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling.
Superconformal algebras from pseudoparticle mechanics

Abstract We consider a one-dimensional Osp( N |2 M ) pseudoparticle mechanical model which may be written as a phase space gauge theory. We show how the pseudoparticle model naturally encodes and explains the two-dimensional zero curvature approach to finding extended conformal symmetries. We describe a procedure of partial gauge fixing of the pseudoparticle model that yields theories in which the Lagrange multiplier gauge fields may be identified with the generators of superconformally extended W -algebras. The residual gauge transformations of the gauge fields give the superconformally extended W -algebra transformations of the generators, while those of the pseudoparticle matter give the transformations of matter under the superconformally extended W -algebra. Furthermore, the pseudoparticle model allows one to derive the finite versions of these generally nonlinear transformations. In particular, the partial gauge fixing of the Osp( N |2) pseudoparticle mechanical model allows one to obtain the SO( N ) invariant N -extended superconformal symmetry algebras of Bershadsky and Knizhnik. These algebras are nonlinear for N ⩾ 3. We discuss in detail the cases of N = 1 and N = 2, giving two new derivations of the superschwarzian derivatives. Some comments are made in the N = 2 case on how twisted and topological theories represent a significant deformation of the original particle model. The particle model also allows one to interpret superconformal transformations as deformations of flags in super jet bundles over the associated super Riemann surface.
Energy transfer through chains of impacting rods

A solution has been formulated, which allows one to analyse all the major performance characteristics in a chain of impacting elastic ‘rods’. By allowing one end of the elastic chain to impact against a surface which resists penetration according to a specified penetration law it is possible to analyse the impact system of a variety of mechanical devices such as percussive tools and squeeze film dampers. Virtually, unlimited variety in the number and geometry of the impacting rods, and virtually unlimited complexity in the form of the reaction of the terminal face is permitted. A computer program for treating one or two elastic rods has been developed. The program prints out all important stresses as well as the stress history at several selected points. It also prints out the depth of penetration, the energy transferred from rod to rod, the overall energy transfer into the receiver, rebound velocities and times of separation between rods and between rod and 4receiver. Agreement with exact solutions and experiments is demonstrated.
Will Open Access Get Me Cited? An Analysis of the Efficacy of Open Access Publishing in Political Science

The digital revolution has made it easier for political scientists to share and access high-quality research online. However, many articles are stored in proprietary databases that some institutions cannot afford. High-quality, peer-reviewed, top-tier journal articles that have been made open access (OA) (i.e., freely available online) theoretically should be accessed and cited more easily than articles of similar quality that are available only to paying customers. Research into the efficacy of OA publishing thus far has focused mainly on the natural sciences, and the results have been mixed. Because OA has not been as widely adopted in the social sciences, disciplines such as political science have received little attention in the OA research. In this article, we seek to determine the efficacy of OA in political science. Our primary hypothesis is that OA articles will be cited at higher rates than articles that are toll access (TA), which means available only to paying customers. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the mean citation rates of OA and TA articles from eight top-ranked political science journals. We find that OA publication results in a clear citation advantage in political science publishing.
Directed Self-Assembly at the 10 nm Scale by Using Capillary Force-Induced Nanocohesion

We demonstrated a new nanoassembly strategy based on capillary force-induced cohesion of high-aspect ratio nanostructures made by electron-beam lithography. Using this strategy, ordered complex pattern were fabricated from individual nanostructures at the 10 nm length scale. This method enables the formation of complex designed networks from a sparse array of nanostructures, suggesting a number of potential applications in fabrication of nanodevices, nanopatterning, and fluid-flow investigations.
Use of Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors: Comparison of the 1994 and 1997 American Society of Clinical Oncology Surveys Regarding ASCO Clinical Practice Guidelines

PURPOSE: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Health Services Research Committee sought to assess whether more appropriate patterns of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) use occurred after the publication of ASCO evidence-based practice guidelines in 1994 and 1996 for patients with solid tumors or lymphoma. METHODS: In 1994 and 1997, questionnaires describing clinical scenarios were mailed to ASCO members who practiced medical oncology. Physicians were asked the extent to which they preferred to use a CSF for primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, or treatment of neutropenic complications. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine predictors of overall propensity to use CSFs and, when using a CSF, propensity to support longer schedules of CSF use. RESULTS: Decreased use of CSFs was shown in the following situations: (1) treatment for febrile neutropenia without localizing signs (39% in 1994 v 29% in 1997) or with a right lower lobe infiltrate (54% v 46%); (2) primary prophylaxis wi...
Self-reported chemicals exposure, beliefs about disease causation, and risk of breast cancer in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study: a case-control study

Household cleaning and pesticide products may contribute to breast cancer because many contain endocrine disrupting chemicals or mammary gland carcinogens. This population-based case-control study investigated whether use of household cleaners and pesticides increases breast cancer risk. Participants were 787 Cape Cod, Massachusetts, women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1988 and 1995 and 721 controls. Telephone interviews asked about product use, beliefs about breast cancer etiology, and established and suspected breast cancer risk factors. To evaluate potential recall bias, we stratified product-use odds ratios by beliefs about whether chemicals and pollutants contribute to breast cancer; we compared these results with odds ratios for family history (which are less subject to recall bias) stratified by beliefs about heredity. Breast cancer risk increased two-fold in the highest compared with lowest quartile of self-reported combined cleaning product use (Adjusted OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.3) and combined air freshener use (Adjusted OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0). Little association was observed with pesticide use. In stratified analyses, cleaning products odds ratios were more elevated among participants who believed pollutants contribute "a lot" to breast cancer and moved towards the null among the other participants. In comparison, the odds ratio for breast cancer and family history was markedly higher among women who believed that heredity contributes "a lot" (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.9, 3.6) and not elevated among others (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.1). Results of this study suggest that cleaning product use contributes to increased breast cancer risk. However, results also highlight the difficulty of distinguishing in retrospective self-report studies between valid associations and the influence of recall bias. Recall bias may influence higher odds ratios for product use among participants who believed that chemicals and pollutants contribute to breast cancer. Alternatively, the influence of experience on beliefs is another explanation, illustrated by the protective odds ratio for family history among women who do not believe heredity contributes "a lot." Because exposure to chemicals from household cleaning products is a biologically plausible cause of breast cancer and avoidable, associations reported here should be further examined prospectively.
Neutral species densities in an electron cyclotron resonance CF/sub 4/ plasma etching system

Summary form only given. A new procedure for the calculation of neutral transport at long mean-free paths is applied to describing plasma chemistry in a low neutral pressure high plasma density plasma etching reactor. The Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) etching system is run with CF/sub 4/ feed gas at pressures from less than one mTorr to around ten mTorr. In this pressure regime, the mean-free-path of neutral molecules if on the order of the diameter of the system, limiting the application of fluid models. A novel propagator method has been developed which is well suited to the long-mean-free path regime for multiple, interacting and reacting neutral species. The calculation of the propagators allows for various effects such as variable mean-free-path and anisotropic scattering. The effects of truncating the hot tail of the electron distribution function are shown to be relatively small provided the power deposition by electrons into the neutral gas is held constant.