cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I am worth more than you think I am: Investigating the effects of upcycling on event attendees' recycling intention

Abstract The event industry generates a significant amount of solid waste and creates substantial adverse environmental and economic impacts. Promoting event attendees' recycling behaviors is critical for minimizing such negative impacts. This study examined effective ways to promote event attendees' intention to recycle by exploring three aspects in green messages: product transformation salience (PTS) levels (upcycling versus recycling), message framing (gain- versus loss-framing), and anthropomorphism (anthropomorphic versus non-anthropomorphic). The results indicated that upcycling (versus recycling) messages generated more positive reactions toward recycling among event attendees, especially when the messages were gain-framed. This joint effect between PTS levels and message framing varies by different anthropomorphism levels. The study also examined the underlying mechanism of the proposed effects and identified that perceived tangibility of the recycling benefit was a full mediator between green messages and attendees' attitude and intention toward recycling. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Effects of bromide adsorption on the direct synthesis of H2O2 on Pd nanoparticles: Formation rates, selectivities, and apparent barriers at steady-state

Abstract The direct synthesis reaction (H2 + O2 → H2O2) may provide a low-cost method to form H2O2 if catalytic systems with sufficient selectivities and stabilities are developed. Here, we examine how sodium bromide, a ubiquitous promoter for direct synthesis, impacts steady-state rates and apparent barriers for H2O2 and H2O formation in water and relate changes to the effect of NaBr on surface and bulk properties of Pd nanoparticle catalysts. Comparisons of turnover rates and selectivities measured over an extended period (>80 h) demonstrate that these systems require more than 10 h to reach steady-state, whereupon, H2O2 selectivities depend strongly upon [NaBr] and increase from 17% in pure water to ~65% at 10−4 M NaBr (55 kPa H2, 200 kPa O2). Contact with these NaBr solutions irreversibly modifies Pd nanoparticles, such that H2O2 selectivities remain at 40% in pure water, due to irreversible uptake of Br*-atoms. Bromide adsorption isotherms measured show that reduced Pd nanoparticles adsorb several monolayers of Br*-atoms, which suggests Br saturates surfaces but also resides within the near-surface region of Pd nanoparticles. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that Br*-atoms withdraw charge from Pd atoms and yield greater fractions of Pd2+. Comparisons among infrared spectra of adsorbed CO imply that persistent Br atoms preferentially bind to undercoordinated sites. H2O2 and H2O formation rates, both in the presence and absence of Br*-atoms, change with H2 and O2 pressures in ways consistent with elementary steps that involve H2O-mediated proton-electron transfer (PET). Therefore, increased selectivities on Br*-modified surfaces reflect differences in apparent activation enthalpies for H2O2 ( Δ H ‡ H 2 O 2 ) and H2O ( Δ H ‡ H 2 O ) formation. Δ H ‡ H 2 O 2 and Δ H ‡ H 2 O increase systematically with [NaBr], although with different sensitivities. Comparisons of activation enthalpies alongside ex situ characterization provide compelling evidence that Br atoms adsorb onto and intercalate beneath the surfaces of Pd nanoparticles and increase steady-state H2O2 selectivities, which persist without further addition of liquid-phase bromide for at least 15 h. These findings indicate H2O2 selectivities for a continuous catalytic process may be increased by a one-time (or infrequent) addition of halide promoters, which can reduce the complexity of subsequent product purification for many applications of H2O2.
Historical Roots of Chicago's Contemporary Violence: An Interpretation of Chicago's Early Sociologists' Texts on Black Assimilation

Early 20th century Chicago witnessed an in-migration of foreign-born immigrants and black American migrants fleeing slavery. As the black Americans population increased and dispersed across urban neighborhoods, whites’ anti-black aggression and violence intensified. This paper outlines the mechanisms that account for this discord through an examination of sociological texts. We propose that, first, contemporary racial discord has diachronic origins; second, 21st century synchronic analysis of racial discord, absent of historical insight, cannot adequately account for a century of racial violence by attributing it to poverty and employment going overseas; and, third, a century of racism cannot be mitigated by replacing personnel in administrative agencies, retraining law enforcement personnel, and tightening police oversight. Mitigation of systemic law enforcement violence toward black Americans must first recognize the contemporary effects of the history of law enforcement agencies’ institutionalized racism documented by sociologists a century ago. A synchronic account of the origin of that racism lays deeply buried in the intellectual history of early 20th century social science when decades of social researchers misinterpreted the influence of culture and biology on racial behavior.
Main Trends and Conclusions for December 2017

Hi-tech and IT products are keeping rather low profile amidst all the other, more relevant phenomena of Russia's economic reality. As before, that reality is being shaped, quite logically, by one dominant vector: relevant developments occur where money, projects, support and attention are concentrated. The natural gas market is one of the few areas where the concentration of all these factors, acting simultaneously, is highest.
Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Radiographic Visceral-to-Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Ratio in Patients with Cirrhosis

Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, suggestive of its metabolic and inflammatory properties. We aimed to examine the histologic findings of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and to associate these findings with clinical and radiologic characteristics in patients with cirrhosis. Included were 55 adults with cirrhosis who underwent liver transplantation from 3/2017–12/2018 and had an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan within 6 months prior to transplant. Visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (VSR) was calculated using visceral (VATI) and subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI) quantified by CT at the L3-vertebral level and normalized for height (cm2/m2). VAT (greater omentum), SAT (abdominal wall), and skeletal muscle (rectus abdominis) biopsies were collected at transplant. Majority of patients had VAT inflammation (71%); only one patient (2%) had SAT inflammation. Patients with VAT inflammation had similar median VATI (42 vs 41 cm2/m2), lower median SATI (64 vs 97 cm2/m2), and higher median VSR (0.63 vs 0.37, p = 0.002) than patients without inflammation. In univariable logistic regression, VSR was associated with VAT inflammation (OR 1.47, 95%CI 1.11–1.96); this association remained significant even after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, HCC, or MELD-Na on bivariable analyses. In patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation, histologic VAT inflammation was common, but SAT inflammation was not. Increased VSR was independently associated with VAT inflammation. Given the emerging data demonstrating the prognostic value of VSR, our findings support the value of CT-quantified VSR as a prognostic marker for adverse outcomes in the liver transplant setting.
Enjoyable Physical Therapy Experience with Interactive Drawing Games in Immersive Virtual Reality

While virtual reality games have shown a lot of potential for rehabilitation, research on creative virtual therapy is still growing. Considering many possibilities for therapeutic interventions in VR, we can create activities with an appropriate balance between intensity level of therapy intervention with enjoyment and entertainment. In this paper, we propose a creative line art drawing game in an immersive VR environment as a tool for enjoyable upper extremity physical therapy. To examine the validity of the proposed virtual therapy system, we conduct a human-subjects experiment in a mixed design varying the drawing content (Easy vs. Hard; a between-subjects factor) and the user’s position (Seated vs. Standing; a within-subjects factor). Our results with 16 non-clinical participants (8 females) show that the change of drawing content objectively influenced their drawing performance, e.g., the completion time and the number of mistakes, while they did not feel the difference in the difficulty level between the contents subjectively. Interestingly, participants reported more enjoyment from drawing the Hard content than the Easy content, and more substantial body stretches in the Seated setting than the Standing setting. Here, we present the main effects of the study factors and the correlations among the objective and subjective measures, while discussing implications of the findings in the context of enjoyable and customizable physical therapy using the creative VR drawing game.
Polo-like kinase 4 homodimerization is not required for catalytic activation, autodestruction, or centriole assembly

Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is the master-regulator of centriole assembly and cell cycle-dependent regulation of its activity maintains proper centrosome number. During most of the cell cycle, Plk4 levels are nearly undetectable due to its ability to autophosphorylate and trigger its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation. However, during mitotic exit, Plk4 forms a single aggregate on the centriole surface to stimulate centriole duplication. Whereas most Polo-like kinase family members are monomeric, Plk4 is unique because it forms homodimers. Notably, Plk4 trans-autophosphorylates a degron near its kinase domain, a critical step in autodestruction. While it is thought that the purpose of homodimerization is to promote trans-autophosphorylation, this has not been tested. Here, we generate separation-of-function Plk4 mutants that fail to dimerize, and we show that homodimerization is required to create a binding site for the Plk4 activator, Asterless. Surprisingly, Plk4 dimer mutants are catalytically active in cells, promote centriole assembly, and can trans-autophosphorylate by a process based its on concentration-dependent aggregation. Our findings implicate a concentration-dependent pathway of Plk4 activation that does not require Asterless binding or homodimerization. Lastly, we propose a model of Plk4 cell cycle regulation that utilizes both activation pathways - Asterless-dependent and aggregation-driven - to restrict centriole assembly to mother centrioles.
Nash-Bargaining-Based Models for Matching Markets: One-Sided and Two-Sided; Fisher and Arrow-Debreu.

This paper addresses two deficiencies of models in the area of matching-based market design. The first arises from the recent realization that the most prominent solution that uses cardinal utilities, namely the Hylland-Zeckhauser (HZ) mechanism, is intractable; in particular, the problem of computing even an approximate equilibrium for it is PPAD-complete. The second is the extreme paucity of models that use cardinal utilities; this stands in sharp contrast with general equilibrium theory, which has defined and extensively studied several fundamental market models to address a number of specialized and realistic situations. Our paper addresses both these issues by proposing Nash-bargaining-based matching market models. Since the Nash bargaining solution is captured by a convex program, efficiency follow; in addition, it possesses a number of desirable game-theoretic properties. Our approach yields a rich collection of models: for one-sided as well as two-sided markets, for Fisher as well as Arrow-Debreu settings, and for a wide range of utility functions, all the way from linear to Leontief. We also give very fast implementations for these models which solve large instances, with $n = 2000$, in one hour on a PC, even for a two-sided matching market. A number of new ideas were needed, beyond the standard methods, to obtain these implementations.
Death due to the initial hemorrhage in placenta previa without manipulation.

H ERMAN JOHNSON in 1950 stated that he had never seen or heard of a fatality from the initial bleeding of placenta previa, in the absence of digital manipulation of the cervix. The history of this case was obtained from the husband, mother, and sister-in-law of the patient, and from the midwife. M. 0. was a 39-year-old gravida vii, para iv. She WS and a small tub able to hold about a gallon of fluid was more than filled with blood, clots, and pads-and yet she bled more. A rag was tied around the abdomen as an abdominal binder. The midwife arrived a little before 2 :00 P.M. She examined the sides of the abdomen by palpation and felt the baby kick. The sister-in-law, who was with the patient the entire time, testified that the midwife did no vaginal examination of any type. :Reeause of the importance of proving the lack of any manipulation, it is well to emphasize this point. The history here is reliable. The family was not trying to protect the midwife, but rather was very vehement in denunciation of her, placing much of the blame for t,he patient’s death on the failure of the midwife to do anything. Thus, the sister-in-law, having been with the patient from the beginning, was able to certify that absolutely no digital manipulation was done. On seeing the bleeding, the midwife took the patient’s legs down from the stool on which they were propped and recommended calling a doctor (telling the patient at the time that the bleeding was due to ‘I too much alcohol in the veins “). She was with the patient no more than 10 minutes. The ambulance arrived at 2 :05 P.M. Meantime, the patient had cold sweats and vomited twice (only food, no blood) : once at home and once in the ambulance. She arrived at St. Joseph’s hospital at 2:30 P.M. Dr. V., a general practitioner, had been called by the family. When the patient arrived at the emergency room, the nurse immediately informed Dr. B., who told the nurse to put her on the table for examination. However, when the nurse saw the pool of blood with the huge clots, she sent her immediately to the delivery floor. She was admitted to the delivery floor at 2:50 P.M. She was still bleeding profusely; there were about 2,000 PP. of blood on the bed and numerous large blood clots. The blood pressure could not be heard at this time.
Studies on the elimination reaction of D-amino acid oxidase with -amino- -chlorobutyrate. Further evidence for abstraction of substrate -hydrogen as a proton.

Abstract d-Amino acid oxidase catalyzes the nonoxidative conversion of α-amino-β-chlorobutyrate to α-ketobutyrate, but does not catalyze its oxidation to β-chloroketobutyrate. The elimination reaction requires the oxidized flavoprotein, i.e. it does not occur with the apoenzyme or when the enzyme-bound flavin is reduced. The occurrence of this elimination reaction supports the proposal that removal of the substrate α proton is an early step in reactions catalyzed by d-amino acid oxidase. Addition of α-amino-β-chlorobutyrate to d-amino acid oxidase leads to the sequential formation of three spectroscopically recognizable complexes (I, II, and III). All of these complexes have the spectra of oxidized flavin and in addition have long wave length absorbance extending to 800 nm. They are formed with the following rate constants: ki, 2000 min-1; kii, 40; and kiii, ∼1. (ki is dependent on substrate concentration. The value given is the limiting value at infinite substrate concentration.) When an α deuterated substrate is used, ki shows a deuterium isotope effect of about 5. Therefore, formation of Complex I must involve breaking of the substrate α C—H bond. Complex I could be a complex between flavin and a substrate-derived carbanion, or, if the elimination of HCl is complete at this stage, a complex between substrate-derived enamine and flavin. Formation of Complex I cannot be rate-determining, since the turnover number for the catalytic process is 6 to 9.5 min-1. From experiments carried out with α-amino-β-chloro[α-2H]butyrate and in 2H2O, it is concluded that the action of d-amino acid oxidase on the substrate results in the formation of an enzyme-bound enamine which then undergoes two competing reactions: (a) It is released to the medium and spontaneously ketonizes to form ketobutyrate. (b) The β position of the enamine is protonated on the enzyme to form α-iminobutyric acid, which is then released and hydrolyzes to α-ketobutyrate. The proton which is added to the β position is originally derived from the α position of the substrate. The enzyme thus has the capability of sequestering the α proton of the substrate so that it does not exchange with the solvent. The relative extent to which these two processes (enamine reprotonation versus release) occur is temperature-dependent.
Motion Capture Data Manipulation and Reuse via B-splines

This paper presents an integrated set of tools to facilitate the manipulation and reuse of motion capture data. A functional representation in terms of nonuniform B-splines provides a compact and efficient description of motion sequences. A collection of B-spline curves attached to a hierarchical structure is used to represent the animation of articulated figures. A set of primitive operators acting on these curves and their application to motion editing is presented.We have successfully used these primitives to generate smooth transitions between motion sequences, motion interpolation and motion cyclification.
UWB dielectric rod antenna designs

This paper discusses about single-layer and multi-layer dielectric rod antenna design. These dielectric rod antennas share several desirable features including ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB), symmetric patterns, dual-polarization, pattern shaping, and phase center control. This paper presents design examples of circular dielectric rod antennas made of one to four dielectric layers. It will be shown that the single dielectric rod antenna can operate over 2:1 bandwidth, and each additional dielectric layer can increase operational bandwidth by a factor of two.
Why did my detector do that?!: predicting keystroke-dynamics error rates

A major challenge in anomaly-detection studies lies in identifying the myriad factors that influence error rates. In keystroke dynamics, where detectors distinguish the typing rhythms of genuine users and impostors, influential factors may include the algorithm itself, amount of training, choice of features, use of updating, impostor practice, and typist-to-typist variation. In this work, we consider two problems. (1) Which of these factors influence keystroke-dynamics error rates and how? (2) What methodology should we use to establish the effects of multiple factors on detector error rates? Our approach is simple: experimentation using a benchmark data set, statistical analysis using linear mixed-effects models, and validation of the model's predictions using new data. The algorithm, amount of training, and use of updating were strongly influential while, contrary to intuition, impostor practice and feature set had minor effect. Some typists were substantially easier to distinguish than others. The validation was successful, giving unprecedented confidence in these results, and establishing the methodology as a powerful tool for future anomaly-detection studies.
Mg-gluconate provides superior protection against postischemic dysfunction and oxidative injury compared to Mg-sulfate.

Cardioprotection by Mg Sulfate (MgSO4) during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is attributed largely to the Mg2+ cation. However, Mg-gluconate (MgGl2) may provide added benefit, possibly through its anion's antioxidant properties. Protective effects of both Mg-salts and their anions during 30 min global I and 50 min R were assessed in Langendorff-perfused (Krebs-Henseleit buffer) rat hearts. Recovery of function was compared between untreated hearts and those receiving supplement (2.4 mM MgGl2, MgSO4, or Na2SO4, or 4.8 mM NaGl) for 5 min prior to I and during the initial 30 min R. The final 20 min R was conducted without supplement. End diastolic pressure (EDP, mmHg) of the 50 min reperfused MgGl2 group (2.6) was lower than MgSO4 (16.2) and untreated (35.6) groups, and the NaGl group (25.2) was considerably lower than Na2SO4 (38.8). Recovery of developed pressure (% preischemic DP) at the onset of R for MgGl2 (74.9) was greater than MgSO4 (37.9) and untreated (33.2). After 50 min, MgGl2 (77.9) and MgSO4 (66.9) provided protection compared to untreated (51.8). In separate studies, ESR spin trapping with α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (3 mM PBN) showed that I/R alkoxyl radical production was reduced with MgGl2 (0.0 vs. 2.4 vs. 3.6 mM: 184 vs. 97 vs. 54.8 nM/g tissue × min) to a greater extent than seen with MgSO4 (3.6 mM: 108). Additional studies suggest that Gl1−, unlike SO42−, may scavenge hydroxyl radicals, accounting for the added protection. MgGl2 treated hearts exhibited less postischemic dysfunction and oxidative injury compared to MgSO4, suggesting the contribution of Gl1− to cardioprotection.
Strategies for staffing the information systems department

The chapter explores the main factors contributing to high IS staff skill shortages, high turnover rates, job stress, and burnout. We provide managerial implications and practical "best practice" recommendations for action. Some of the recommendations are that: Information System department managers must learn how to leverage the career orientations of all Information System department employees. They should realize that not all IS employees are driven by the same sets of values and goals. IS employees should discuss their needs, values, and career orientations with their managers, and jointly develop realistic and meaningful career goals. Managers should be rewarded for assuming this role. Since an employee's career orientation influences his/her value system, it is imperative that organizations provide different types of incentives for different employees. Top management must make sure that the working environment is equitable, fair, and consistent for all its employees regardless of gender, age, or race.
Dendritic Cell IL-23 and IL-1 Production in Response to Schistosome Eggs Induces Th17 Cells in a Mouse Strain Prone to Severe Immunopathology

Infection with schistosomes results in a CD4 T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction against parasite eggs that varies greatly in magnitude both in humans as well as in mice. In the murine disease, the severe form of immunopathology correlates with high levels of IL-17. We now report that live schistosome eggs stimulate dendritic cells from high pathology-prone CBA mice to produce IL-12p40, IL-6, and TGF-β, whereas those from low pathology-prone BL/6 mice only make TGF-β. Moreover, egg-stimulated dendritic cells plus naive CD4 T cells from CBA mice resulted in increased levels of IL-6, IL-23, IL-1β, as well as IL-17 and the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2, whereas similarly treated BL/6 cell cocultures instead expressed higher IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and the transcription factor Foxp3. Neutralization of IL-23 and IL-1, but not of IL-6 or IL-21, profoundly inhibited egg-induced IL-17 production in the CBA cocultures. Conversely, stimulation with schistosome eggs in the presence of exogenous IL-23 and IL-1β induced BL/6 cells to make IL-17. These findings identify IL-23 and IL-1 as critical host factors that drive IL-17 production, and suggest that parasite recognition followed by a genetically determined innate proinflammatory response induces the development of Th17 cells and thus controls the outcome of immunopathology in schistosomiasis.
A Case Study in Engineering SQL Constraint Database Systems (Extended Abstract)

Practical contexts for constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) often involve large relational databases. The recent proposal by Cadoli and Mancini, CONSQL, shows that a simple extension to SQL provides a viable basis for modeling CSP [1]. This enables the transparent integration of CSP solvers with databases using SQL --- the most widely known and popular database language, and opens the possibility for making the power of CSP technology accessible to SQL knowledgeable users.
RESTING HEART RATE AND PRESSURE-RATE PRODUCT OF CHILDREN IN A TOTAL BIRACIAL COMMUNITY THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY

Resting heart rates were ascertained during the 1978-1979 school year in 3590 children aged 5-17 years in the biracial geographic population of Bogalusa, Louisiana. These rates were found to be relatively independent of the method of measurement, whether supine by physician's stethoscope or dressed sitting radial pulse taken by a nurse, and in either case adhering to a strict measurement protocol. Apart from the known influences of age and sex, the authors found a small but consistent racial influence, with whites having 3-4 beats/min higher rates than blacks. Controlling for age, the authors found heart rate to be positively correlated with blood pressure in whites and with subcapsular skinfold thickness in boys. No consistent relation between heart rate and amount of cigarettes smoked was observed. Boys in the upper five percentiles of blood pressure-heart rate ("double") product values were found to have about twice the subscapular skinfold thickness compared to the lower five percentiles. Likewise, boys in the upper five percentiles of subscapular skinfold thickness had significantly increased double products. Since the double product is an index of cardiac oxygen consumption, this finding could point to a possible etiologic link between obesity and chronic cardiac stress in males beyond the mediation of lipoproteins, cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus in contributing to atherosclerotic heart disease, but this issue needs further study. Ascertainment of resting heart rate provides an additional parameter in the study of cardiovascular risk factor variables, in youth as in adulthood, to supplement the natural history of the atherosclerosis-hypertension syndrome with its sequelae.
Incidence of cereal viruses on winter barley grown in Tekirdağ, Turkey.

A survey for detection of Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), Brome mosaic virus (BMV), Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) was carried out during May 2003 covering 9 barley-growing counties (Tekirdag-center, Corlu, Cerkezkoy, Hayrabolu, Saray, Sarkoy, Malkara, Murath, Marmara Eregsi) of Tekirdag, Turkey. 290 samples with yellowing, stunting, or striping were collected from 29 barley fields. These samples were tested for the presence of 7 viruses by ELISA using polyclonal antisera. Serological tests showed that 7 tested viruses were present in barley fields in Tekirdag, Turkey. Among the viruses detected, BYDV-PAV was the commonest, being detected in 65 barley samples out of 290 tested (22.41 %), followed by BYDV-MAV (17.93 %), WDV (16.20 %), BaYMV (13.44 %), BMV and CYDV (7.93 %) and BSMV (3.10 %), respectively. This is the first report for the presence of BaYMV, BMV and BSMV in cereals in Turkey.
Limitations of atom-centered dielectric functions in implicit solvent models.

Many recent advances in Poisson−Boltzmann and generalized Born implicit solvent models have used atom-centered polynomial or Gaussian functions to define the boundary separating low and high dielectric regions. In contrast to the Lee and Richards molecular surface, atom-centered surfaces result in interatomic crevices and buried pockets of high dielectric which are too small for a solvent molecule to occupy. We show that these interstitial high dielectric regions are of significant magnitude in globular proteins, that they artificially increase solvation energies, and that they distort the free energy surface of nonbonded interactions. These results suggest that implicit solvent dielectric functions must exclude interstitial high dielectric regions in order to yield physically meaningful results.
Recent Examples of Natural Products Isolation by Countercurrent Chromatographic Methods

Abstract The efficient isolation of two steroidal glycoalkaloids from the Andean potato “papa negra”, three bitter quassinoids from the bark of Castela tortuosa, and several phytoecdysteroids from the root barks of Vitex strickeri was accomplished by countercurrent chromatographic methods.
The rise of Chicago functionalism

Recent philosophical accounts of progress in science describe science as essentially a problem-solving activity. Laudan's Progress and Its Prob? lems,1 the most recent account to achieve prominence, holds that the solved problem is the unit of scientific progress. This view is more extreme than those of Kuhn and Lakatos, and is fundamentally at odds with such accounts as that of Toulmin. But Laudan's view is false, since there are examples of scientific progress in the absence of solving any previously recognised problem. The rise of functionalism in psychology, centered at the University of Chicago at the end of the nineteenth century, is the example I discuss in what follows. For Kuhn, "Paradigms gain their status because they are more success? ful than their competitors in solving a few problems that the group of practitioners has come to regard as acute." But "To be more successful is not... to be either completely successful with a single problem or notably successful with any large number. The success of a paradigm... is at the start largely a promise of success.. ."2 Lakatos requires that "each step of a research programme be consistently content-increasing" for the pro? gramme to be progressive, but only that "at least every now and then the increase in content should be seen to be retrospectively corroborated".3 Toulmin characterises scientific progress rather as the production and se? lection of new concepts.4 Both Kuhn and Toulmin have even pointed out historical examples of what they take to be scientific progress in the ab? sence of solutions to previously-recognised problems. Kuhn asserts. "No fundamental astronomical discovery, no new sort of astronomical observa? tion, persuaded Copernicus of ancient astronomy's inadequacy or of the necessity for change;" and his new theory initially offered no improvement in problem-solving effectiveness, and resolved no external conceptual problems. For Toulmin the biological innovation of identifying genes with DNA was successfully introduced in the absence of any crisis in the field of biology, simply "from a desire to bring physical and biological under? standing into closer relation."5 Somehow this point gets overlooked or its importance underestimated. So strong is our natural inclination to sup
Constrained expressions: toward broad applicability of analysis methods for distributed software systems

It is extremely difficult to characterize the possible behaviors of a distributed software system through informal reasoning. Developers of distributed systems require tools that support formal reasoning about properties of the behaviors of their systems. These tools should be applicable to designs and other preimplementation descriptions of a system, as well as to completed programs. Furthermore, they should not limit a developer's choice of development languages.In this paper we present a basis for broadly applicable analysis methods for distributed software systems. The constrained expression formalism can be used with a wide variety of distributed system development notations to give a uniform closed-form representation of a system's behavior. A collection of formal analysis techniques can then be applied with this representation to establish properties of the system. Examples of these formal analysis techniques appear elsewhere. Here we illustrate the broad applicability of the constrained expression formalism by showing how constrained expression representations are obtained from descriptions of systems in three different notations: SDYMOL, CSP, and Petri nets. Features of these three notations span most of the significant alternatives for describing distributed software systems. Our examples thus offer persuasive evidence for the broad applicability of the constrained expression approach.
Inhibition of rat heart mitochondrial electron transport in vitro: implications for the cardiotoxic action of allylamine or its primary metabolite, acrolein.

Abstract Allylamine (3-aminopropene) is a specific cardiac toxicant that causes aortic, valvular and myocardial lesions in many species. Myocardial necrosis can be observed 24 h after a single dose. Acute toxicity is believed to involve metabolism of allylamine to highly reactive acrolein (2-propenal). Allylamine has been shown to bind to mitochondria from aorta and heart, suggesting that the subcellular site of injury is at or near the mitochondrion. The present investigation compared the effect of allylamine and its primary metabolite, acrolein, on electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from rat heart (RHM). Both compounds weakly inhibited mitochondrial electron transport with either the combination of glutamate, malate, and malonate (GMM, NADH-linked) or succinate as substrate. Comparisons of the slopes of concentration-effect regression (range of concentrations tested, 0.20–2.0 mM) lines showed acrolein to have significantly greater inhibitory effects than allylamine (range of concentrations tested, 0.22–6.4 mM) on GMM oxidation, while no significant difference in the abilities of the compounds to inhibit succinate oxidation were observed, indicating site preferences for inhibitory action. The addition of an uncoupling agent could not reverse inhibition with either substrate system. These results indicate that both the parent compound and its proposed metabolite primarily inhibit electron transport with little direct effect on the coupling mechanism. The State III EC 50 (effective concentrations for 50% inhibition of control mitochondrial enzyme activities) for allylamine (2.29 mM with succinate as substrate and 1.22 mM with GMM) and acrolein (0.80 mM with succinate as substrate and 0.39 mM with GMM) are probably too great to invoke the direct action of either the parent compound or its oxidized metabolite on mitochondrial electron transport as a primary mechanism in the cardiotoxic action of allylamine.
Some Observations on the Effect of Temperature of Pasteurization on the Acid Coagulation of Skimmilk

Summary Increasing the temperature of pasteurization of skimmilk was found to have several significant effects on its coagulation by lactic culture. The firmness of the coagulum, or the curd tension, at the time a jelly-like curd first formed, was roughly twice as great for raw skimmilk and skimmilks pasteurized at 62.8°, 68.3°, 73.9°C. as for those pasteurized at 79.4° and 85°C. Increase in temperature of pasteurization reduced the H-ion concentration and also the amount of acid present at the time of coagulation. This decrease was slight up to 68.3°, above which the change was more marked with increasing temperature. The time required for coagulation under uniform setting conditions was little changed by pasteurization at temperatures up to 68.3°, but was reduced materially at 73.9°C, beyond which there was little further change.
Oxygen nuclear magnetic resonance on the 90 K plateau of YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract We examine the body of 17O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data obtained in samples of YBa2Cu3O7-δ with T c ≳ 90 K. We point out significant deviations from typical metallic behaviour, contrary to conventional characterizations of these data. Furthermore, there is a surprisingly strong sample-to-sample variation in the 17O NMR properties, given the narrow range of oxygen content. We suggest that this strong sample variability merits further study.
Factors affecting Rodents' responses to odours of strangers encountered in the field: Experiments with odour-baited traps

1. Live traps baited with deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii) odours were preferred over neutral traps by trap-naive deer mice in reproductive condition, whereas neutral traps were preferred by those not in reproductive condition (Fig. 1). Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys agilis and D. merriami) similarly preferred conspecific odours if in reproductive condition, and neutral traps otherwise (Fig. 2). This response pattern is interpreted as indicative of varying inclinations to risk or avoid social encounters. 2. A similar pattern of preferences as a function of the respondents' reproductive condition was apparent in pocket mouse (Perognathus fallax) responses to deer mouse odours, and in deer mouse responses to Merriam's kangaroo rat odours. Such interspecific responsivity may characterize competing species of similar body size. 3. Deer mouse odour-trapping trials were conducted in four evenly spaced periods from November to June. Deer mouse captures were maximal and reproductive activity was minimal in January, whereas the sex ratio increased monotonically from fall to spring in each of two years. Captured deer mice of both sexes changed from preferentially approaching female odours in winter to a spring preference for male odours.
Recent developments in measuring the intensity and phase of ultrashort laser pulses using frequency-resolved optical gating

Recent developments in frequency-resolved optical gating include an analysis of the iterative algorithm's performance in the presence of noise and the development of a direct, rapid retrieval method using a computational neural network.
"Burn catatonia": a case report and literature review.

Thermal injuries have been recognized to cause significant neuropsychiatric symptoms and disability in their sufferers since the middle of the 20th century, when Drs. Stanley Cobb and Erich Lindemann of the Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA) studied survivors of the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire in Boston. Although "burn encephalopathy" or burn-induced delirium is a common occurrence in the acute phase, catatonia in burn patients is not often reported. This report describes a case of malignant catatonia occurring in a 51-year-old male patient acutely suffering from burns acquired in a chemical explosion, effectively treated with reinstitution of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The literature on burn encephalopathy and catatonia in burns is reviewed. Few examples of burn catatonia exist. Burn encephalopathy is common, and may occur in patients with low TBSA burns such as described in the case above. Descriptions of burn encephalopathy are numerous, but have not included catatonia as a possible etiology. Catatonia in burn patients as an etiology of burn encephalopathy is likely underrecognized. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of catatonia when a patient's confusional state after a burn does not respond to usual care. Language: en
Microscopic equations of state of polyethylene: Hard-chain contribution to the pressure

The athermal contribution to the pressure of polyethylene is investigated via integral equations and mean field generalized Flory‐type theories. The molecules are modeled as fused‐hard‐sphere chains with fixed bond lengths and bond angles; torsional rotations are treated via the rotational isomeric state approximation with literature values for the trans–gauche energies. The hard sphere diameter is obtained by matching structure factor predictions of the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) theory for hard chains to data from wide‐angle scattering experiments. In all, five hard chain equations of state are investigated: three via different thermodynamic routes in the PRISM theory, and two via different extensions (to fused‐sphere chains) of the generalized Flory‐dimer (GFD) theory. The integral equation approaches consist of a free energy ‘‘charging’’ route, the compressibility route, and the ‘‘wall’’ route (where the pressure is obtained from the density profile of the fluid at a hard wall). ...
Delayed Anaphylaxis to Red Meat Masquerading as Idiopathic Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is traditionally recognized as a rapidly developing combination of symptoms that often includes hives and hypotension or respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, when a specific cause is identified, exposure to this cause is usually noted to have occurred within minutes to 2 hours before the onset of symptoms. This case is of a 79-year-old woman who developed a severe episode of anaphylaxis 3 hours after eating pork. Before 2012, she had not experienced any symptoms after ingestion of meat products. Delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat has many contrasting features to immediate food-induced anaphylaxis. The relevant IgE antibody is specific for the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. There is evidence from Australia, Sweden, and the United States that the primary cause of this IgE antibody response is tick bites. These bites characteristically itch for 10 days or more. Diagnosis can be made by the presence of specific IgE to beef, pork, lamb, and milk, and the lack of IgE to chicken, turkey, and fish. Skin prick tests (but not intradermal tests) generally are negative. Management of these cases, now common across the southeastern United States, consists of education combined with avoidance of both ingestion of red meat and further tick bites.
Evaluation of ammonium and soluble salts on grass sod production in compost. I. Addition of ammonium or nitrate salts

Abstract Inhibitions in seed germination and in plant growth in some composts have been associated with high concentrations of ammonium or soluble salts in the media. This experiment was conducted to determine changes in ammonium and soluble salts in fertilizer‐amended compost with time and their impacts on plant growth. Turfgrass (Lolium perenne L.) was seeded into an ammonium‐depleted municipal solid waste (MSW) or leaf composts or into MSW or leaf composts with 1,500 or 2,300 mg N/kg (dry weight) from (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 added to simulate immature composts. Seeding occurred on the day that the composts were treated and applied to flats. Ammonium‐nitrogen (N) and nitrate‐N concentrations and electrical conductivity were measured on the day of seeding and after 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Germination or growth was assessed after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Ammonium‐N in the compost declined with time, whereas nitrate‐N and electrical conductivity initially increased then decreased with time. Ammonium‐N from...
Oxide acid-base reactions relating to the inhibition of vanadium attack on REY zeolite catalysts

Certain materials, especially Sn, passivate the rare earth-exchanged Y zeolite (REY) used in petrochemical fluid-cracking catalysts against vanadium degradation caused by V impurities in the feed oil. The mechanism of passivation was investigated here from the standpoint of high-temperature oxide acid-base reaction; i.e., where the controlling factors were considered to be Lewis acid-base reactions between V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, the RE oxides, SnO{sub 2}, etc. Molten salt tests at 680{degree}C showed SnO{sub 2}, presumably because of its acidic nature, to be essentially nonreactive with V{sub 2}O{sub 5} or Na{sub 2}O-V{sub 2}O{sub 5} compounds. A hypothesis was developed to explain how the passivation effect by Sn might result from the unique resistivity of SnO{sub 2} to reaction with V{sub 2}O{sub 5}.
Technical aspects of image-based treatment planning of rectal carcinoma

The role of 3-dimensional treatment planning in the management of rectal cancer is not well defined. This report reviews technical guidelines for simulation, defining target volumes, and suggested beam configurations. Outcome from pilot clinical trials, with emphasis on the impact of volume and dose on tumor response and treatment morbidity is discussed.
Design and Synthesis of C5 Methylated l-Arginine Analogues as Active Site Probes for Nitric Oxide Synthase

The role of nitric oxide (NO) as a biological signaling molecule is well established. NO is produced by the nitric oxide synthases (NOSs, EC 1.14.13.39), a class of heme proteins capable of converting l-arginine to NO and l-citrulline. Despite the large body of knowledge associated with the NOSs, mechanistic details relating to the unique oxidative chemistry performed by these enzymes remain to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, a number of disease states are associated with either the over- or underproduction of NO, making the NOS pathway an attractive target for the development of therapeutics. For these reasons, molecular tools capable of providing mechanistic insights into the production of NO and/or the inhibition of the NOSs remain of interest. We report here the stereospecific synthesis and testing of a number of new l-arginine analogues bearing a minimal substitution, methylation at position 5 of the amino acid side chain (such analogues have not been previously reported). The synthetic approach em...
Will regulation be the death of cell therapy in the United States

Advanced cell-based therapies are rapidly evolving and there is apparent increasing tension between regulation and introduction of new scientific advances. The model and concept of product development has introduced new challenges for laboratories developing cell-based therapies. The scale-up of experimental processes to production processes is an expensive but poorly compensated activity. The regulatory issues including personnel and facility requirements for manufacturing creates significant economic barriers to academic centers entering the field. As yet the model of product development envisioned by regulatory agencies is a patented commercial product to be manufactured by a company or its licensed manufacturers. The alternative model of advanced blood banks producing products may provide wider dissemination of products to patients. Although regulations have sometimes been perceived to be delaying advances, the regulatory agencies are evolving into a cooperative, supportive position that will ultimately speed the introduction of safe and effective cell-based therapies to broad clinical use. The vision for cell-based therapies needs scientific breadth and regulatory understanding to benefit the greatest number of patients.
How Domains Constrain Creativity The Case of Traditional Chinese and Western Painting

Creativity has been traditionally studied from the point of view of the individual creator, and it has been assumed that creativity is the same across all knowledge domains. An argument is advanced...
Effect of Confining Wall on Properties of Gas Flow Through Metal Foam: An Experimental Study

While the Darcy and Forchheimer relations are widely applied to determine the permeability and the form drag coefficient of open-cell metal foam, they both assume that the porous medium is infinite in all directions, i.e., large enough so that the effect of any confining walls is negligible. Many researchers, however, pay little or no attention to the size of metal foam samples in pressure-drop studies. The size of a foam sample perpendicular to the flow direction may be small enough such that wall effects are significant. This article experimentally investigates the wall effect on the permeability and form drag coefficient for two types of open-cell aluminum foam subjected to airflow entering the foam in the Forchheimer regime. The Forchheimer equation was recast in two different manners, which resulted in new non-dimensional numbers that correlated very well with the diameter of the foam samples measured in cells. The correlations are valid for a confining-tube-diameter-based Reynolds number ranging from approximately 13,000 to 105,000, and for diameters ranging from 12 to 36 cells and 24 to 60 cells for 10- and 20-pore per inch foam, respectively. The obtained correlations allow for determining pressure drop given only the velocity and the diameter of an aluminum foam sample.