cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Rumen Fungi in Fiber Degradation

Anaerobic fungi inhabit the rumen and actively degrade plant cell walls. Rumen fungi produce high levels of cellulases and hemicellulases and are particularly proficient in producing xylanases. These enzymes are regulated by substrate (especially soluble sugars) available to the organisms. Fungi degrade unlignified (i.e., no histochemical reaction for phenolics) plant walls totally, indicating that enzymes are able to hydrolyze or solubilize the entire plant wall. These organisms are better able to colonize and degrade the lignin-containing tissues than are bacteria; phenolics are solubilized but not metabolized from the plant wall by fungi. Anaerobic fungi are unique among rumen microorganisms in that they penetrate the cuticle. Residues after incubation with fungi are physically weaker than those incubated with whole rumen fluid or with rumen bacteria, suggesting that fungi could alter the fibrous residue for easier mastication by the animal. Data indicate that cocultures of anaerobic fungi with methanogenic bacteria stimulate cellulose degradation; other data suggest that fungi are inhibited by certain rumen microorganisms. The interaction of rumen fungi with other organisms in relation to fiber degradation in the rumen requires additional study. Rumen fungi have the potential to degrade the more recalcitrant plant walls in forages, but this potential is not always reached in the rumen.
METRIC: Memory tracing via dynamic binary rewriting to identify cache inefficiencies

With the diverging improvements in CPU speeds and memory access latencies, detecting and removing memory access bottlenecks becomes increasingly important. In this work we present METRIC, a software framework for isolating and understanding such bottlenecks using partial access traces. METRIC extracts access traces from executing programs without special compiler or linker support. We make four primary contributions. First, we present a framework for extracting partial access traces based on dynamic binary rewriting of the executing application. Second, we introduce a novel algorithm for compressing these traces. The algorithm generates constant space representations for regular accesses occurring in nested loop structures. Third, we use these traces for offline incremental memory hierarchy simulation. We extract symbolic information from the application executable and use this to generate detailed source-code correlated statistics including per-reference metrics, cache evictor information, and stream metrics. Finally, we demonstrate how this information can be used to isolate and understand memory access inefficiencies. This illustrates a potential advantage of METRIC over compile-time analysis for sample codes, particularly when interprocedural analysis is required.
Crystal structure of dichloro(ethylenediaminediaceticacid-N,N′)platinumII)

Abstract Crystals of the title compound (PtC6H12N2O4Cl2, mol. wt. = 442.17) are pale yellow plates. The compound is in the primitive orthorhombic space group Pccm (No. 49), with a = 7.9289(7), b = 3.723(3), c = 19.604(5) A, V = 580.1(9) A3 and Z = 2. The structure was refined to R = 0.071 andRw = 0.070 for 627 reflections with I> 3.00σ(I). The Pt atom sits on the intersection of a mirror planed and two-fold axis. The ligand atoms are disordered and are present with one half occupancy. The Pt center is roughly square planar as expected, coordinated by a total of two N and two Cl atoms.
The enthalpies of combustion and formation of 1,8-dimethyInaphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene

The enthalpies of combustion of 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene were measured by precision oxygenbomb calorimetry. The following values, based on the mass of carbon dioxide produced, are reported for the standard enthalpy of combustion, ΔHoo(298.15 K)/kcalth mol−1, of these compounds in the crystalline state: 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene, -(1544.70 ± 0.25); 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, -(1537.95 ± 0.21); 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, -(1537.14 ± 0.38); and 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene, -(1537.21 ± 0.23). † None of these values would have been predicatable within experimental uncertainty, and a predicted value for 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene probably would have been different by 7 kcalthmol−1 from the experimental value.
Human-Arm-and-Hand-Dynamic Model With Variability Analyses for a Stylus-Based Haptic Interface

Haptic interface research benefits from accurate human arm models for control and system design. The literature contains many human arm dynamic models but lacks detailed variability analyses. Without accurate measurements, variability is modeled in a very conservative manner, leading to less than optimal controller and system designs. This paper not only presents models for human arm dynamics but also develops inter- and intrasubject variability models for a stylus-based haptic device. Data from 15 human subjects (nine male, six female, ages 20-32) were collected using a Phantom Premium 1.5a haptic device for system identification. In this paper, grip-force-dependent models were identified for 1-3-N grip forces in the three spatial axes. Also, variability due to human subjects and grip-force variation were modeled as both structured and unstructured uncertainties. For both forms of variability, the maximum variation, 95%, and 67% confidence interval limits were examined. All models were in the frequency domain with force as input and position as output. The identified models enable precise controllers targeted to a subset of possible human operator dynamics.
Building Blocks for a Clinical Imaging Informatics Environment

Over the past 20 years, imaging informatics has been driven by the widespread adoption of radiology information and picture archiving and communication and speech recognition systems. These three clinical information systems are commonplace and are intuitive to most radiologists as they replicate familiar paper and film workflow. So what is next? There is a surge of innovation in imaging informatics around advanced workflow, search, electronic medical record aggregation, dashboarding, and analytics tools for quality measures (Nance et al., AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:1064–1070, 2013). The challenge lies in not having to rebuild the technological wheel for each of these new applications but instead attempt to share common components through open standards and modern development techniques. The next generation of applications will be built with moving parts that work together to satisfy advanced use cases without replicating databases and without requiring fragile, intense synchronization from clinical systems. The purpose of this paper is to identify building blocks that can position a practice to be able to quickly innovate when addressing clinical, educational, and research-related problems. This paper is the result of identifying common components in the construction of over two dozen clinical informatics projects developed at the University of Maryland Radiology Informatics Research Laboratory. The systems outlined are intended as a mere foundation rather than an exhaustive list of possible extensions.
Effect of nutrient enrichment on naturally occurring macroalgal species in six cave pools in Bermuda

Abstract Maloney B., Iliffe T.M., Gelwick F. and Quigg A. 2011. Effect of nutrient enrichment on naturally occurring macroalgal species in six cave pools in Bermuda. Phycologia 50: 132–143. DOI: 10.2216/09-83.1 Bermuda has one of the highest concentrations of cave systems of any country in the world. As the island's resident human population and tourism expand, its unique subterranean habitats are becoming increasingly threatened by development and eutrophication. The response to nutrient enrichment of six macroalgal species found in Bermuda's anchialine cave pools (landlocked body with a subterranean connection to the ocean) was examined during summer of 2007. We used a combination of nutrient bioassays, productivity measurements, and water quality analysis. Ulva sp. (Chlorophyta) responded similarly across all nutrient treatments (+N as 30 µM nitrate, +P as 2 µM phosphate, and +NP as 30 µM nitrate + 2 µM phosphate) at Calabash, which had dissolved inorganic N (DIN):soluble reactive P (SRP) ratios of 13–...
Associating SSR Markers with Soybean Resistance to Iron Deficiency Chlorosis

Abstract Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) causes soybean yield loss to growers when certain varieties are planted on calcareous soils. Planting IDC‐resistant varieties is the best management practice, although they may still exhibit chlorosis under certain environmental conditions. Environmental variation for chlorosis expression impedes progress in improving IDC resistance. Breeders could use molecular marker‐assisted selection (MAS), an environment‐independent tool, to improve soybeans' resistance to IDC. Our objective was to determine the efficiency of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in selecting for IDC resistance in soybean. A breeding population was developed using parents differing in IDC resistance and yield potential. The population was advanced to the F2 and F2:4 generations. Foliar chlorosis data were recorded for parents and F2:4 lines in replicated field tests planted on calcareous soils at two Iowa locations in 2000 and 2001. Chlorosis scores between parents and F2:4 lines varied accordi...
Extraction atherectomy for the recanalization of totally occluded aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts.

This report describes the successful treatment of totally occluded aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with percutaneous transluminal extraction atherectomy (TEC) in three patients with severe angina and high reoperative surgical risk. The method presented here may provide an alternative to overnight urokinase infusion or repeat surgery in high risk patients. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Residual stress and stress distribution in a WC-Ni composite

Abstract The differential thermal stress state in a WC-15.6wt.%Ni cemented carbide composite has been studied using neutron powder diffraction. Absolute stress values have been obtained from the difference in WC cell parameters in a stress-free, loose WC powder and the WC phase in the composite over the temperature range 20–700 K. In addition, the stress distribution in the WC phase was determined by analysis of WC peak breadths in the reference powder and the composite. The peak breadths were corrected for particle size effects using a procedure based on the integral peak breadth method of particle size-strain analysis. The resultant full width at half-maximum values of the elastic strain distribution indicate that a broad range of strain, and thus stress, is present in the carbide phase of the composite. The distribution is centered on an average compressive stress and ranges from very compressive to very tensile values. The stress distribution results are consistent with prior results in other WC-Co and NbC-Co cemented carbides.
Uptake of point source depleted 15N fertilizer by neighboring corn plants.

Ground-based active (self-illuminating) sensors make it possible to collect canopy data that are useful for making on-the-go N fertilizer application decisions. These technologies raise questions about plant-to-plant competition for targeted fertilizer N applications. This study evaluated the extent to which fertilizer N applied to an individual corn (Zea mays L.) plant might be intercepted by adjacent plants in the row. Depleted 15 N ammonium-nitrate was injected under the center maize plant while the four neighboring plants on each side in the row received the same rate as natural abundance ammonium-nitrate fertilizer. Aboveground biomass was collected 10 (at V12) and 7 (at R1) d after each fertilizer application. Plants were separated into three components at each sampling date. The uptake pattern of depleted 15 N indicated an individual maize plant acquires most of its in-season N from an area within a ∼40-cm radius. Adjacent plants ∼18-cm away from the tagged-N source contained 32 to 40% of the total depleted 15 N that was taken up by all nine plants in the sequence. Maize plants ∼36 cm from the point source only acquired 5 to 13% of the depleted 15 N source that was taken up by all nine plants. It is presently impractical to position in-season by-plant N applications beneath plants as done in this study. Surface applications of liquid N near target plants is presently possible, but the relative effectiveness would likely be less than for injection of the fertilizer beneath each plant.
Synthesis of a high-density phosphonic acid functional mesoporous adsorbent : Application to chromium(III) removal

A high-capacity phosphonic acid functional adsorbent is prepared by co-condensing oligomers of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylphosphonate (DEPPS). Hydrolysis/condensation reactions for both silanes are monitored in the sol-state using 29Si NMR spectroscopy, and the dependency of the resulting physicochemical properties on these reaction times is investigated. The molar ratio of TEOS to DEPPS is varied to determine the ratio at which high DEPPS incorporation could be attained without evidence of structural perturbation. The phosphonic acid adsorbent is characterized by solid-state 29Si and 31P NMR spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption, and elemental analysis. The adsorbent exhibits a ligand density of 10.0 mmol P/g, and maximum values of SBET of 437 m2/g, Dp of 59 A, and Vp of 0.65 cm3/g. Further characterization shows an equilibrium chromium(III) adsorption capacity of 82 mg/g at pH 3.6 and rapid adsorption kinetics. Column adsorption at a high space velocity of 156 h-1 is achieved wi...
What Is Observable in Classical and Quantum Gravity

The problem of the identification of the observable quantities in quantum gravity (or in any diffeomorphism invariant quantum theory) is considered. The author recalls Einstein's 'hole argument' on the impossibility of a priori identifying spacetime points. He argues that only by explicitly taking into account the physical nature of the bodies that form the reference system and their gravitational interactions one can get well defined gauge-invariant (and 'local') observables and a definition of physical spacetime points. A model is considered in which general relativity is coupled to matter: the matter represents the physical reference system. The gauge-invariant physical observables of this theory are displayed.
Urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction in Asian-American women

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of urinary incontinence and other pelvic floor disorders among Asian-American women. Study design: This was a population-based cohort study of older women randomly selected from age and race strata. Results: Weekly urinary incontinence was reported by 65 of 345 Asian women (18%), with stress and urge incontinence being approximately equally common. In multivariate analysis, higher body mass index (greater than 25 kg/m 2 ) was associated with both stress incontinence (odds ratio 4.90, 95% confidence interval 1.76 to 13.68) and urge incontinence (odds ratio 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 6.16) in Asians. Hysterectomy was a significant risk factor for stress incontinence (odds ratio 2.79, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 7.54). Only 34% of Asian women with weekly urinary incontinence reported ever having sought treatment. Pelvic floor exercises were the most common form of treatment, being used by 29% of Asian women with weekly incontinence. Asians were less likely then white women to report anal incontinence (21% versus 29%, P = .007), although this difference became nonsignificant after adjusting for differences in risk factors. Conclusion: Asian women share some risk factors for stress and urge urinary incontinence with white women. Urinary incontinence is associated with anal incontinence among Asian women.
A metric for positional games

Abstract We define an extended real-valued metric, ρ , for positional games and prove that this class of games is a topological semigroup. We then show that two games are finitely separated iff they are path-connected and iff two closely related Conway games are equivalent. If two games are at a finite distance then this distance is bounded by the maximum difference of any two atoms found in the games. We may improve on this estimate when two games have the same form, as given by a form match. Finally, we show that if ρ(G,H)=∞ then for all X we have G+X ≢ H+X , a step towards proving cancellation for positional games.
The Physicians' Labeling Rule: An Evaluation of Compliance

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate compliance of newly approved labeling with the Physicians' Labeling Rule (PLR). Labeling (prescribing information) for 221 products in PLR format approved during the first 30 months following the regulation effective date were compared with requirements set by the PLR regulation, as well as with available FDA guidances and prespecified best practices. Although compliance with regulation and guidances was more than or equal to 95% for 54% of all parameters examined, there were several areas for improvement. Deviations from guidances were more likely than deviations from regulation, and the majority were related to content and redundancy issues rather than formatting. An evaluation of deviations by date of approval revealed a trend for an increasing number of deviations over time. Continued evaluation of compliance will be important to ensure that prescribing information remains in compliance with the PLR regulations.
Infection as a cause of death in the extremely-low-birth-weight infant.

Objective: To determine the causes of neonatal death for extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. Methods: All liveborn infants below 1000 g birth weight born from 1994 to 1998 who died and were autopsied were included. Maternal and infant characteristics, placental histology, autopsy material and culture results were obtained. Results: A total of 263 ELBW infants were born alive, 104 (40%) died and 44 (42%) were autopsied. Placentas were available for 41 (93%). Infection was the leading cause of death in the autopsied babies (25/44; 57%). Sixteen (64%) of these deaths occurred within the first 48 h and were classified as being due to congenital infections. Twenty-two of 41 (54%) placentas showed evidence of infection. Infection as a cause of death peaked at 22 weeks. Other causes of death were lethal anomalies (20%), respiratory distress and its complications (9%) and immaturity, intraventricular hemorrhage and other conditions (14%). Conclusion: Congenital infection is the leading cause of death in EL...
Roundtable on Pedagogy: Response: Curiosity as Pedagogy

THE POET ROBERT FROST had a forty-plus-year association with Amherst College, a fact proudly featured on its website. However, the school discreetly notes that beginning in 1926, less than a decade after his faculty appointment, the poet’s “formal teaching duties ended,” and he held “informal classes and readings rather than running regular course assignments” (http://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/holdings/frost). Although the website gives no reason for his change in duties—other than a vague allusion to Frost’s view of teaching as a distraction from writing poetry—I think I know why Frost never resumed formal teaching: Robert Frost refused to assign grades. I know this because my college philosophy professor was a student of Frost’s at Amherst in the 1920s, and he often told us stories about his experience in Frost’s classroom. The story we especially admired (and wished our professor would emulate) related the day during class when the college registrar timidly knocked on Frost’s door and asked to speak to him. Frost ignored the registrar until the knocks became unbearably loud and he refused to leave, insisting that Frost must assign final grades for his students from the past semester. In a dramatic gesture of indifference and defiance, Frost swept his arms across his desk, delivering the student work piled up there into the wastepaper basket. “I might as well
Preparation and Activity of β-Substituted Acetylcholine Iodides

The enantiometers of (—)- and (+)-acetyl β-ethylcholine iodide were prepared following the resolution of 1-dimethylamino-2-butanol from (+)-tartaric acid and (+)-bromocamphor-sulfonic acid for the (—)- and (+)-isomers, respectively. The absolute configuration of the (—)-enantiomer was determined by the synthesis of (—)-acetyl β-ethylcholine iodide from R(—)-2-hydroxybutyric acid. The optically active acetyl β-phenylcholine iodides were prepared from the optically active mandelic acids. These enantiomers show that the R(—)-isomers have greater affinity for the acetylchohnesterase receptor and that the S(+)-isomers are more potent agonists on guinea pig ileum.
Timeliness of Childhood Immunizations

Objective.To examine the timeliness of vaccine administration among infants and young children in the United States. Methods. We analyzed age at receipt of vaccines among 16 211 children aged 24 to 35 months in the 2000 National Immunization Survey and examined receipt at the recommended time of each dose and selected vaccination series, as well as receipt at 4 additional time frames: acceptably early, late, never by 24 months, and too early to be considered valid. We also examined the relationship between timeliness of vaccinations and characteristics of the child, mother, and immunization provider, using multivariate logistic regression. Results. Only 9% of children received all recommended vaccines at the recommended ages. The rates varied significantly by antigen, ranging from 24% for all Haemophilus influenzae type b doses to 75% for all hepatitis B doses as recommended. Overall, 55% of children did not receive all recommended doses by 24 months of age, and 8% of children received at least 1 vaccination dose too early to be considered valid. Factors associated with not receiving all vaccines as recommended were having more children in the household, mothers younger than 30 years, use of public providers, and multiple vaccination providers. Conclusions. By 24 months of age, 9 of 10 children received at least 1 vaccine outside the recommended age ranges. High vaccination status of children at 24 months of age does not reflect the reality that many vaccinations are not given at the appropriate ages. Timeliness of vaccination is critical to prevent disease outbreaks, protect children through their first 2 years of life, and minimize the need to repeat doses.
The occurrence and structure of centrosomes in Lycopodium complanatum

Evidence indicates that centrosomes arisede novo in the spermatid mother cells (SMC). Each of the two centrosomes per SMC is composed of a pair of coaxial centrioles which are apposed at their proximal ends and connected only by the central cartwheel portion. Serial transections show that the triplets of the constituent centrioles imbricate in opposite directions. The centrioles later become separated, undergo planar rotation and displacement, and ultimately function as flagellar basal bodies. In structure and behavior the centrosomes and centrioles ofLycopodium are closely comparable to those of bryophytes.
New anti-complement drugs: not so far away.

In this issue of Blood , Risitano et al demonstrate that small-molecule inhibitors of C3 cleavage prevent complement activation on erythrocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); the authors demonstrate that these agents reach therapeutic concentrations after subcutaneous
Real-time Kinetics of High-mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Oxidation in Extracellular Fluids Studied by in Situ Protein NMR Spectroscopy

Some extracellular proteins are initially secreted in reduced forms via a non-canonical pathway bypassing the endoplasmic reticulum and become oxidized in the extracellular space. One such protein is HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1). Extracellular HMGB1 has different redox states that play distinct roles in inflammation. Using a unique NMR-based approach, we have investigated the kinetics of HMGB1 oxidation and the half-lives of all-thiol and disulfide HMGB1 species in serum, saliva, and cell culture medium. In this approach, salt-free lyophilized 15N-labeled all-thiol HMGB1 was dissolved in actual extracellular fluids, and the oxidation and clearance kinetics were monitored in situ by recording a series of heteronuclear 1H-15N correlation spectra. We found that the half-life depends significantly on the extracellular environment. For example, the half-life of all-thiol HMGB1 ranged from ∼17 min (in human serum and saliva) to 3 h (in prostate cancer cell culture medium). Furthermore, the binding of ligands (glycyrrhizin and heparin) to HMGB1 significantly modulated the oxidation kinetics. Thus, the balance between the roles of all-thiol and disulfide HMGB1 proteins depends significantly on the extracellular environment and can also be artificially modulated by ligands. This is important because extracellular HMGB1 has been suggested as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases and cancer. Our work demonstrates that the in situ protein NMR approach is powerful for investigating the behavior of proteins in actual extracellular fluids containing an enormous number of different molecules.
Ionization energies of tungsten ions: W2+ through W71+

Abstract A semi-empirical method is used to determine ionization energies of multiply charged tungsten ions, W2+ through W71+. The method is based on Hartree-Fock calculations of electron binding energies scaled according to experimental results. The relative uncertainties vary from 1.7% for W2+ to 0.015% for W71+. The resulting values are tabulated with results of experiments and precise theoretical calculations in a list of ionization energies for tungsten in all stages of ionization, W through W73+.
Total body irradiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Incidence and duration of remission

The results of total body irradiation for 17 consecutive patients with symptomatic (active) chronic lymphocytic leukemia who had received no prior therapy are reviewed. All patients were given an induction course of treatment and subsequently observed without maintenance therapy to determine the duration of remission. Using a described classification to measure therapeutic response, 16 of the 17 patients were evaluated to have had favorable clinical responses. Eight of these responders had complete disappearance of palpable disease and symptoms, correction of anemia when present, and restoration of the white blood count and differential count to normal following completion of therapy (Type I response). The remaining 8 responders had less complete but definite improvement both objectively and subjectively (Type II response). The duration of unmaintained remission was measured from completion of induction therapy to relapse, the latter being defined as any evidence of recurring disease, even though asymptomatic. The median duration of remission was significantly longer for the Type I (19 months) as compared to the Type II (4 months) responders. This parallels the experience with both experimental L1210 and human acute leukemia wherein the duration of unmaintained remission is inversely related to the number of residual leukemic cells surviving treatment. The ability to achieve these high quality remissions offers some prospect of materially improving both the quality of life and survival time of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients in the future.
Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuo

The presence of clathrate hydrates in cometary ice has been suggested to account for anomalous gas release at large radial distances from the sun as well as the retention of volatiles in comets to elevated temperatures. However, how clathrate hydrates can form in low-pressure environments, such as in cold interstellar molecular clouds, in the outer reaches of the early solar nebula, or in cometary ices, has been poorly understood. Experiments performed with the use of a modified electron microscope demonstrate that during the warming of vapor-deposited amorphous ices in vacuo, clathrate hydrates can form by rearrangements in the solid state. Phase separations and microporous textures that are the result of these rearrangements may account for a variety of anomalous cometary phenomena.
Dissociation between process-based and data-based limitations for conscious perception in the human brain.

Abstract Successful performance of a cognitive task depends upon both the quality of the sensory information and the processing resources available to perform that task. Thus, task performance can either be data-limited or process-limited (D. A. Norman and D. G. Bobrow, 1975). Using fMRI, we show that these conceptual distinctions are neurally dissociable: A parieto-frontal network involved in conscious perception is modulated by target interference manipulations that strain attentional processing, but not by equally difficult manipulations that limit the quality of target information. These results suggest that limitations imposed by processing capacity have distinct neural effects from those arising from the quality of sensory input, and provide empirical support for an influential neurobiological theory of consciousness (S. Dehaene, J.‐P. Changeux, L. Naccache, J. Sackur, and C. Sergent, 2006).
Another Look at Yes/No Questions: Native Speakers and Non-native Speakers1

L'A. examine la production des questions oui-non chez des locuteurs natifs (anglais americain) et des locuteurs non-natifs (anglais de Singapour). Les resultats montrent certaines similarites entre les deux groupes, comme une preference pour un ordre invariant SVO et l'elimination d'elements syntaxiques semantiquement redondants. Les deux groupes utilisent des strategies similaires (ex: changement d'intonation) pour indiquer que la phrase SVO est une question
Emergency Response Planning and Training through Interactive Simulation and Visualization with Decision Support

Teams of first responders work together to effectively manage a community-wide crisis. Traditionally, key groups such as police, fire, and medical are each trained for specific emergency procedures. Emergency response teams design training exercises to augment an individual's cognition associated with performing time critical roles. The aggregation of all individual cognition, distributed through communications, suggests a situation awareness that an incident commander requires to perform optimal decision-making. We are developing a computer-supported simulation environment with a decision support tool called the RimSim, to facilitate emergency response planning and training of first responders. We modularize RimSim for synchronous multi-player use or asynchronous individual use with simulated participants. Through interactive computer- supported role-play with shared visualizations, we are able to study distributed cognition with a long-term goal of identifying opportunities for improving information management during emergency response. We aim to improve mindful distributed cognition for first responders during emergency response to natural and man-made crises.
Synovial response to intra-articular metal debris

Purpose: Intra-articular metal debris is occasionally seen after completion of an endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue response to intra-articular stainless steel metal debris in order to better understand its role in the inflammatory process. Type of Study: Animal case control study. Methods: Metal filings created from a Beath pin were injected into 10 rabbit knees. The opposite knee of each rabbit was used as a control. The animals were killed at 4 weeks. The knee joints were fixed, sectioned, stained, and examined under light microscopy. Results: Mild to moderate levels of synovial proliferation were observed in all knees injected with metal particles. There was no evidence of phagocytosis of the metal particles, nor was there any evidence of an inflammatory response. No articular cartilage damage was observed as a result of the metal debris. Conclusions: We believe that the few particles of stainless steel that may be produced during the reaming process in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction do not pose a significant risk of inciting an inflammatory reaction or cause articular cartilage damage within the knee joint.
System-9: a new positive tone novalac-based high-resolution electron-beam resist

The performance of a new positive tone novalac-based resist, SYSTEM-9, has been characterized on a Cambridge Instruments EBMF-1O.5 electron beam lithography tool. Resist characteristics and the optimum processing conditions for a variety of commercially available developers have been investigated. This resist yields relative contrasts of up to 14, sensitivities from 19 to 32 (jtC/cm2) and a good resolution of 0.2 jim. SYSTEM-9 has excellent dry etch resistance. Outstanding applications in submicron micro-electronic device fabrication are demonstrated.
Evaluating Alternative Migration Estimation Techniques for Population Estimates and Projections

Accurate population estimates are critical to effective planning and policy. This study evaluates county population estimates using three different approaches to estimate domestic migration—typical...
Gyldén systems: Rotation of pericenters

A canonical transformation in phase space and a rescaling of time are proposed to reduce a Keplerian system with a time-dependent Gaussian parameter to a perturbed Keplerian system with a constant Gaussian parameter. When the time variation is slow, the perturbation through second order in the reduced problem is conservative, and, as a result, the orbital space of the averaged system is a sphere on which the phase flow causes a differential rotation representing a circulation of the line of apsides. The flow presents two isolated singularities corresponding to circular orbits travelled respectively in the direct and in the retrograde sense, and a degenerate manifold of fixed points corresponding to the collision orbits. Normalization beyond order two does not break the degeneracy. Adiabatic invariants, which are conservative functions, may be computed from the normalized Hamiltonian evaluated here to the fourth order. Nonetheless so high an approximation gives little information because the normalizing Lie transformation depends explicitly on the time through mixed secular-periodic terms. As an application, an estimate is offered for the apsidal rotation that a second order time derivative in the mass of the sun would induce on planetary orbits. This suggests an observational method for determining the latter parameter for the solar wind, but the predicted motions are too slow for the current level of observational precision.
mTOR Mediated Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase and the founding member of a signaling pathway that regulates many fundamental features of cell growth and division. In cells, mTOR acts as the catalytic subunit of two functionally distinct complexes, called mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2). Together, these complexes coordinate a variety of processes that include protein translation, autophagy, proliferation, survival and metabolism in response to nutrient, energy and growth factor signals. Consistent with its role as a growth-promoting pathway, numerous studies have found that Mtor signaling is hyper-activated in a broad spectrum of human cancers. In particular, mTORC2 is considered a primary effector of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, which is mutated in a majority of human cancers, in part through its ability to phosphorylate and regulate the proto-oncogene Akt/PKB. Many biological functions of mTOR have been pharmacologically explored using the natural product rapamycin, an allosteric inhibitor that has been reviewed extensively elsewhere. This review will focus specifically on the development of small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR and their prospects as a targeted therapy.
The fate of p21CDKN1A in cells surviving UV-irradiation.

Abstract p21 CDKN1A is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage. There are conflicting conclusions as to whether p21 CDKN1A levels increase or decrease after ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation and recently it was even reported to disappear entirely following 2.5–30 J m −2 of UV-irradiation in the presence of growth medium. The latter would suggest an alternative mechanism for cell cycle arrest after UV-irradiation, since p21 CDKN1A induction has been considered to be the major mediator of p53-mediated cell cycle arrest after DNA damage. Using physiological UV doses based on cell-killing, we previously observed and here verify that low doses (1.2–6 J m −2 ) induce p21 CDKN1A immediately after UV-irradiation, though higher doses cause a latency during which p21 CDKN1A levels remain fairly constant before increasing. As expected, p53 induction preceded p21 CDKN1A induction at all doses. Thus, p21 CDKN1A levels after low doses of UV-irradiation may be controlled in a p53-dependent manner without severe reduction. We propose that physiological relevant UV doses should be determined for each target cell type prior to studying UV-induced responses and that p21 CDKN1A is indeed critical for cell cycle arrest in cells that survive UV-irradiation.
Identifying Rare Events in Rare Diseases

Utilizing genomic signatures from diagnostic tumor samples to forecast clinical behavior and response to therapy has long been a goal, and we are now poised to further refine how we can identify the relatively rare patients with aggressive neuroblastoma masquerading as patients with a more benign form of the disease. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1782–5. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Oberthuer et al., p. 1904
Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy

The selection of a chemotherapeutic regimen for the oncology patient is based on a thorough assessment of potential hazards relating to the patient's clinical condition and the toxicities of chemotherapy. Liver function abnormalities are commonly seen in this patient population and deducing their aetiology may be difficult. Immunosuppression, paraneoplastic phenomena, infectious disease, metastases and polypharmacy may all confound the clinical picture. While criteria for standardising liver injury have been established, dose modifications often rely on empirical clinical judgement. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of hepatotoxic manifestations for the most common chemotherapeutic agents is essential. This article reviews the hepatotoxicity of commonly utilised antineoplastic agents.
African trypanosomes: Inheritance of factors involved in resistance

The C3HeB/FeJ mouse strain has a shorter survival time and is therefore more susceptible to a Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection than the B10.BR/SgSnJ strain. The work reported here demonstrated that survival time is inherited as a recessive trait, whereas the ability to produce antibody to the first variant antigen population is inherited as a dominant trait. It was therefore not possible to correlate survival time with the ability to produce antibody in the F-1 and F-2 offspring. Both characteristics appeared to be multigenic. In addition, it was not possible to link the ability of an animal to control its early parasitemia, or its change in hematocrit, with either antibody production or survival time. The work strongly suggests that the increased survival time of the B10.BR/SgSnJ mouse is due at least partially to nonspecific but unidentified factors which do not segregate with VSG-specific immune responses. These nonspecific factors could include differences in susceptibility to toxic trypanosome catabolites.
The Lateral View Radiograph for Assessment of the Tibiofemoral Joint Space in Knee Osteoarthritis Its Reliability, Sensitivity to Change, and Longitudinal Validity

Objective. To evaluate the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of tibiofemoral (TF) narrowing on lateral radiographic views. Methods. In a natural history study of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA), both lateral view and fluoroscopically positioned posteroanterior (PA) semiflexed view radiographs of the knee in 30° of flexion and with weight bearing were obtained at baseline and at 30 months. Test–retest reliability was evaluated using repeat radiographs, with joint space width measured using electronic calipers. All radiographs were scored on a 0–3 scale, and progression of joint space loss was defined as narrowing of the joint space by 1 grade. We evaluated sensitivity to change compared with the PA view. We evaluated validity by examining whether knees with progression showed expected malalignment on full-limb films. Results. Test–retest reliability of the TF joint space using the lateral view had a root mean square error of 0.303 mm, with 92.5% of repeats within 1 mm. More knees showed progression on the lateral view alone (n 41) than on the PA view alone (n 27). Compared with knees without joint space loss, knees with medial compartment loss on the lateral view only were more varus malaligned (P < 0.001), while those with lateral compartment loss were more valgus malaligned (P 0.008). Conclusion. In the assessment of TF joint space loss, lateral view radiographs are reliable, valid, and more sensitive to change than fluoroscopically positioned PA radiographs.
The case for pain neuroimaging in the courtroom: lessons from deception detection

From an observer's perspective, pain is a fairly nebulous concept-it is not externally visible, its cause is not obvious, and perceptions of its intensity are mainly subjective. If difficulties in understanding the source and degree of pain are troublesome in contexts requiring social empathy, they are especially problematic in the legal setting. Tort law applies to both acute and chronic pain cases, but the lack of objective measures demands high thresholds of proof. However, recent developments in pain neuroimaging may clarify some of these inherent uncertainties, as studies purport detection of pain on an individual level. In analyzing the scientific and legal barriers of utilizing pain neuroimaging in court, it is prudent to discuss neuroimaging for deception, a topic that has garnered significant controversy due to premature attempts at introduction in the courtroom. Through comparing and contrasting the two applications of neuroimaging to the legal setting, this paper argues that the nature of tort law, the distinct features of pain, and the reduced vulnerability to countermeasures distinguish pain neuroimaging in a promising way. This paper further contends that the mistakes and lessons involving deception detection are essential to consider for pain neuroimaging to have a meaningful future in court.
Structural characterization of the catalytic subunit of a novel RNA splicing endonuclease.

The RNA splicing endonuclease is responsible for recognition and excision of nuclear tRNA and all archaeal introns. Despite the conserved RNA cleavage chemistry and a similar enzyme assembly, currently known splicing endonuclease families have limited RNA specificity. Different from previously characterized splicing endonucleases in Archaea, the splicing endonuclease from archaeum Sulfolobus solfataricus was found to contain two different subunits and accept a broader range of substrates. Here, we report a crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of the S. solfataricus endonuclease at 3.1 A resolution. The structure, together with analytical ultracentrifugation analysis, identifies the catalytic subunit as an inactive but stable homodimer, thus suggesting the possibility of two modes of functional assembly for the active enzyme.
Reduction of spectral interferences in inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry by selective spectral-line modulation

Abstract Spectral interferences in inductively-coupled plasma (i.c.p.) emission spectrometry can be significantly reduced through the use of selective spectral-line modulation. In this method, a mirrored, rotating chopper directs the emission from an i.e.p. alternately through and past a flame; selective modulation is achieved when the flame contains absorbing atoms identical to emitting atoms in the i.c.p. The ability of selective spectral-line modulation to minimize broadband, narrow line, and scattered light spectral interferences is demonstrated. Signal-to-background ratios for detection with spectral-line modulation are shown to be higher than those obtained by conventional detection. The effect of modulating conditions on working curve slope and linearity is discussed and the limitations of the proposed method are critically evaluated.
Aberration Reduction in Acoustical Holography

This paper examines the aberrations in holographic systems characterized by a ratio of reconstruction wavelength to recording wavelength of the order of 10−3. The study is restricted to those systems using a plane reference beam and with the hologram scaled by a factor greater than the wavelength ratio. An inline hologram geometry is examined where the reconstruction beam is placed such that the image of a selected object point on the optical axis has zero aberrations. The aberrations for object points off axis then are calculated. For off-axis holograms, a technique for balancing spherical aberration and astigmatism has been modified to apply to scaled holograms. Some general rules for the optimum recording geometry are developed. The aberrations for the balanced off-axis system are calculated and compared to those of the in-line system.
The Globalization of Mexican Cuisine

The international presence of Mexican cuisine has expanded tremendously since the 1960s. Before that time it was hard to find tacos or enchiladas outside Mexico or its former territory in the Southwestern United States, but Mexican restaurants and processed foods are now available around the world. This transformation has come about largely as a result of North American marketing of Tex-Mex, which raises important questions for theories of globalization. This article begins by surveying the political and cultural economy of the early modern Columbian Exchange, the mechanization of tortilla production, and the incorporation of Mexican agriculture into international commodity chains. This is followed by an examination of ethnic stereotypes and the class position of Mexican food within the United States. The article concludes by considering ethnic fast food and the origins of the taco shell as a tool for rethinking McDonaldization.
Studies on Salting and Drying Fish. II. Dynamic Aspects of the Salting of Fish

SUMMARY— The diffusion coefficient for the penetration of salt into swordfish muscle was not constant but depended upon the salt concentration in the muscle and upon the temperature; the coefficient-salt concentration curve for 25°C had a minimum value at a salt concentration of approximately 1.5 moles/liter and was always lower in fish muscle than in aqueous salt solutions of the same salt concentration as the muscle. Other parameters which also served to characterize the migration of salt in fish muscle were determined as follows: the equivalent conductance of salted fish muscle was found to be an inverse linear function of the square root of the salt concentration in the muscle and to be always lower in muscle than in aqueous solutions of the same concentration as the muscle; the sodium and chloride ion transference numbers, found to be approximately of the same magnitude in muscle and in water, exhibited the same qualitative variation with salt concentration and with temperature in both media. As in aqueous solution, the diffusion coefficient and the equivalent conductance of salt in fish muscle were found to increase with increasing temperature. It was found that experimental values of the diffusion coefficient at a given temperature agreed reasonably well with values predicted by the equation is the diffusion coefficient in the muscle at infinite dilution and γ is the “mean molar activity coefficient” of salt, also in the muscle, at concentration c. The activation energies for salt diffusion in fish muscle and in water at infinite dilution were both found to be of the order of 4700 calories per gram-mole, a value within the region of hydrogen-bonding energies.