cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoemission Study Of The Surface Chemistry And The Electronic Structure Of Copper Oxide Superconducting Thin Films

We report our experimental results of the surface chemistry and the electronic structure of YBa2Cu307_δthin film by photoemission study. An experimental technique has been successfully used to clean superconducting thin films for photoemission experiments, while still preserving the superconducting properties of the films. The photoemission spectra obtained are consistent with our earlier results from bulk ceramic samples. This technique is then applied to study the surface chemistry of thin films under different annealing conditions. The films which have been ex situ post annealed and the films which have not been ex situ post annealed have been studied and compared. It is found that the oxidation of copper in the film strongly depends on the history of the thermal treatment of the film. On the other hand, Ba seems very stable in its doubly ionized state under all annealing conditions.
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Studies of the Complexes [Ni2(μ-CNR)(CNR)2(μ-dppm)2]n+ (n = 0, 1, 2): Unusual Examples of Nickel(0)−Nickel(I) and Nickel(0)−Nickel(II) Mixed Valency

Reaction of Ni(COD)2 (COD = cyclooctadiene) with dppm (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino) methane) followed by addition of alkyl or aryl isocyanides yields the class of nickel(0) dimers Ni2(μ-CNR)(CNR)2(μ-dppm)2 (R = CH3 (1), n-C4H9 (2), CH2C6H5 (3), i-C3H7 (4), C6H11 (5), t-C4H9 (6), p-IC6H4 (7), 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3 (8)). The cyclic voltammograms of the dimers exhibit two sequential single electron oxidations to the +1 and +2 forms. Specular reflectance infrared spectroelectrochemical (IRSEC) measurements demonstrate reversible interconversions between the neutral Ni(0) dimers and their +1 and +2 forms. Bulk samples of the +2 forms are prepared by chemical oxidation using [FeCp2][PF6], while the +1 forms are prepared by the comproportionation of neutral and +2 forms. The neutral complexes 6 and 8 were characterized by X-ray diffraction as symmetric, locally tetrahedral binuclear Ni(0) complexes. The +2 forms of these complexes, 62+ and 82+, have asymmetric structures with one locally square planar and one locally ...
THE CHEMICAL FORM OF DISSOLVED SI TAKEN UP BY MARINE DIATOMS

Results of past studies of the pH-dependent Si uptake kinetics of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin suggested that the anion SiO(OH) is the chemical form of dissolved Si taken up by marine diatoms. We determined the chemical form of Si taken up by three other marine diatom species and P. tricornutum by examining the kinetics of Si use under two dramatically different SiO(OH):Si(OH)4 ratios in seawater by varying pH from ≈8 to ≈9.6. Uptake rates were determined using a precise and sensitive 32Si tracer methodology. The pH-dependent uptake kinetics obtained for all species except P. tricornutum suggest that marine diatoms transport Si(OH)4. The half-saturation constant (Km) varies strongly as a function of pH for all species when the substrate of transport is assumed to be SiO(OH). Kinetic curves for Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle et Heimdal, Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) G. Fryxell et Hasle, and Cylindrotheca fusiformis Reimann et Lewin have statistically identical values of Km at each pH when the substrate for transport is assumed to be Si(OH)4 (T. pseudonana and T. weissflogii) or total dissolved silicon (C. fusiformis). In contrast, P. tricornutum exhibits unusual biphasic uptake kinetics: uptake conforms to Michaelis–Menten kinetics up to 15 to 25 μM, above which uptake increases linearly. This enigmatic response may have biased conclusions drawn from past experiments using this species. However, based on the consistency of the results for the three other species, a new model of Si transport in marine diatoms is proposed on the basis of the direct formation of a complex between the Si-transport protein and Si(OH)4.
Superovulation and multiple birth: in search of kryptonite

The contribution of superovulation and ovulation induction to the multiple pregnancy epidemic in the U.S. is substantial. Further understanding of the contributing factors and, most importantly, preventive strategies are needed.
Common and Specific Genetic Influences on Aggressive and Nonaggressive Conduct Disorder Domains

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the genetic and environmental influences on DSM-IV conduct disorder (CD) aggressive and nonaggressive subscales, taking into account age and sex differences. Method A community sample of 1,100 twin pairs (ages 11-18) was interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Bivariate analyses, using variable threshold models accounting for age and sex differences, were used to determine the extent to which the genetic and environmental influences on aggressive and nonaggressive CD domains are shared or unique. Results The phenotypic correlation between aggressive and nonaggressive CD domains was 0.32. The most parsimonious bivariate model included additive genetic effects and nonshared environmental effects only (AE model). Conclusions The results of behavior genetic model fitting suggest that the DSM-IV CD domains are influenced by unique genetic and environmental factors, but also share some common genetic and environmental influences. A large percentage of the covariation (61%) is caused by genetic factors. These results are consistent with a previous report on the bivariate heritability of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior, but extend the findings to DSM-IV domains. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2006;45(5):570-577.
The use of host resistance in disease management of rust in common bean

Bean rust, caused by Uramyces appendiculatus, is one of the major diseases in dry and snap bean production world-wide. Numerous advancements in disease management have been made to reduce rust losses. Host resistance is an important component of rust management. However, durability of disease resistance has often been short due to the use of single genes for resistance interacting with extremely high virulence diversity of the bean rust fungus. The challenge to increase durability of resistance has led to strategies such as gene pyramiding of race-specific resistance, selection and use of partial resistance, and investigation and discovery of leaf morphological features that may slow the rust epidemic. Germplasm with multiple sources of rust resistance has been developed in specific bean seed classes and released for public and commercial use in intensive production systems such as those in the United States. However, progress to develop rust resistant germplasm for the subsistence agriculture of Latin America and Africa where intercropping and mixed cultivars dominate the production system has been slow. Incorporation of high yielding, disease-resistant components as partial replacement in farmer's mixtures has the potential to reduce severity in the crop and increase yield in the presence of rust. This strategy would not erode the genetic diversity that is historically known to enhance resistance durability and for many years has given stability in production in the subsistent agriculture systems.
Comment on “proposed neutron interferometry test of Einstein's “Einweg” assumption in the Bohr-Einstein controversy”

Abstract The gedankenexperiment recently proposed by Vigier and Rauch is not necessarily supporting Einstein's Einweg paradigm. It can be more easily comprehended within the traditional framework of quantum mechanics.
Photoelastic analysis of T-tail stresses

Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine the stress values and distribution in the T-tail connection for pole-pieces used in the construction of high-speed alternating current generators and motors.A comparison is made between the results of the photoelastic studies and the conventional methods of calculation.
Modeling fracture in the context of a strain-limiting theory of elasticity: A single plane-strain crack

Abstract Implicit constitutive relations afford a logically consistent framework for formulating strain-limiting, nonlinear elastic constitutive models utilizing the classical linearized strain tensor. This is in marked contrast to traditional Cauchy or Green elastic formulations which give rise to customary linear elasticity in the infinitesimal strain limit. Within this strain-limiting elastic constitutive setting, the present paper investigates the asymptotic behavior of the stress field at the tip of a straight plane-strain fracture. It is shown that within the general class of crack-tip asymptotic expansions considered, the only cases satisfying the required boundary conditions correspond to bounded stresses. This is in agreement with previous results for the corresponding anti-plane shear fracture problem.
How Hyper-Network Analysis Helps Understand Human Networks?

Service enterprises are value cocreation networks. From this perspective, we analyze how hyper-network models can lead to new understanding for service science. A hyper-network is an integration of multi-layered (role-based) connections of members in a community, such as the Internet and an ecosystem. Hyper-network analysis provides new results of multi-dimensional understanding of human networks, such as identifying the centers of connections between layers (the hyper-hubs or “value wormholes”) and the shortened distance between nodes (or, the centrality of members) due to such value wormholes. This paper shows that the common practices of adding new links to an existing random graph (e.g., merging a Website with other social networking/ecommerce sites) is equivalent to creating a hyper-network; and hyper-network analysis may reveal otherwise hidden social structures and thereby yield more accurate estimates for network performance. Estimation formulae are provided for determining the average vertex-vert...
Reaction of methyl formate with VC(1 0 0) and TiC(1 0 0) surfaces

Abstract The chemistry of the (1 0 0) surface of the tribologically important materials vanadium carbide (VC) and titanium carbide (TiC) with methyl formate (CH 3 OCHO) has been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The molecule reacts with each surface at temperatures below 150 K, although the extent of reaction is greater on the TiC surface. XPS and HREELS results indicate that the first step in this chemistry is the cleavage of the CH 3 O–CHO bond, generating surface methoxy groups (CH 3 O–) and either carbon monoxide on VC or a formyl (CHO) group on TiC. The methoxy group reacts further on both surfaces via pathways expected based on previous methanol adsorption studies, primarily decomposing through a formyl intermediate on VC to generate formaldehyde and evolving methanol on TiC. The formyl group formed directly from methyl formate on TiC enables the production and evolution of formaldehyde, and also appears to break down further to the elements. These results indicate a propensity for these carbides to react with esters, leading potentially to the beneficial formation of friction lowering surface films or the deleterious degradation of ester-based lubricants.
The Religion Gap

As the 2004 presidential election approached, journalists discovered an apparently new political phenomenon: the “religion gap,” or the tendency of the most religious Americans to espouse conservative political beliefs and prefer Republican candidates. As a typical news story put it, “Want to know how Americans will vote next Election Day? Watch what they do the weekend before. If they attend religious services regularly, they probably will vote Republican by a 2-1 margin. If they never go, they likely will vote Democratic by a 2-1 margin” (Thomma 2003). The religion gap was illustrated frequently and clearly by public opinion polls. A Pew Research Center (2003) study, for example, found the American public sharply divided between the Republicans and Democrats on the eve of the 2004 campaign, with frequency of worship attendance emerging as a powerful predictor of party preference. In fact, most evidence of the religion gap was linked to differences in worship attendance.
Histoplasmosis in hairy cell leukemia : case report and review of the literature

Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) has been described in only six patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Herein we describe an additional patient with HCL and disseminated histoplasmosis. Additionally, we note that three of seven cases of disseminated histoplasmosis and HCL have occurred in East Texas. PDH is to be suspected in febrile HCL patients in an endemic area who fail to respond to antibacterial therapy. We emphasize that serologic studies are useful in the diagnosis of PDH in HCL patients, and these patients respond well to therapy.
Factors influencing a patient's decision regarding riluzole: an early experience

Riluzole is the first drug to be approved in the United States for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). During the first 8 months of the drug's availability by prescription, its use was discussed with 46 patients with probable or definite ALS as defined by the E1 Escorial criteria. Seventeen of the patients (37%) chose to take riluzole while 29 (63%) refused. Increased duration of symptoms, increased time since diagnosis, and participation in either the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) trials were all associated with decreased likelihood of starting the drug. The most common reason given for not wanting to take the medication was insufficient benefit.
The outcome problem in psychotherapy revisited.

This reprinted article originally appeared in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, & Practice, 1963, 1 (1), 1-13. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1965-15636-001) "… the therapeutic situation itself should be used to a much greater extent than has heretofore been the case to generate and develop criteria of outcome… . no-where else do we have an opportunity to make as penetrating, intensive, systematic, and undistorted observations as in the therapeutic situation… . transference is the most faithful replica of the patients' capacity for intimate interpersonal relatedness." Researchers should systematize and objectify intratherapeutic observations and where possible relate them to the patients' interpersonal performances outside therapy. There is a class association between quality of patients' relationship to the therapist and the quality of his relationship with others, including his adaptation to reality. Difficulties encountered in using the therapeutic situation as a criterion-generating situation are "(1) the problem of conceptualizing, specifying, and quantifying the multidimensional observations made in therapy; (2) the therapists reliability as on O (by which is meant more than countertransference); and (3) limitations inherent in the 2-person setting, which provide representative, but incomplete, data about the patients' interactions with others".
Medical Therapies and Invasive Treatments for Coronary Artery Disease by Body Mass: The “Obesity Paradox” in the Get With The Guidelines Database

Previous studies of hospitalized patients have suggested an "obesity paradox" with lower short-term mortality as weight increases. We hypothesized that some of this difference might be related to more aggressive management. To evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on treatments and outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), the Get With The Guidelines database was investigated. From 409 United States hospitals, 130,139 hospitalizations for CAD were identified with documented height and weight. Patients were stratified by BMI, with 3,305 (2.5%) underweight (BMI or =40 kg/m(2)). As BMI increased, patients were significantly younger but more likely to be men and have hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality was highest in the underweight group (10.4%) and significantly lower in the healthy-weight (5.4%), overweight (3.1%), obese (2.4%), and extremely obese (2.9%) patients. Higher BMI was associated with increased use of standard medical therapies such as aspirin, beta blockers, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, and lipid-lowering therapy in the hospital and at discharge. In adjusted analyses, compared with the healthy-weight group, overweight and obese patients were more likely to undergo invasive procedures and had lower mortality (p <0.01 for all odds ratios). In conclusion, increasing BMI appears to be associated with better use of guideline-recommended medical treatment and invasive management of CAD, which may explain the observed lower rates of in-hospital mortality.
Die elektrochemische Bestimmung des im Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffs mit Hilfe einer modifizierten Membranelektrodentechnik

Die Anwendungsmoglichkeiten der elektrochemischen Sauerstoffbestimmung wurden durch die Einfuhrung der Kurzzeitmessung erweitert. Diese Methode gibt eine grossere Empfindlichkeit und erlaubt somit die Sauerstoffbestimmung im μg/l-Bereich. Ferner wurde ein System entwickelt, das von der Membrandicke und dem Membranmaterial unabhangig ist. Das ist ein Vorteil, der speziell fur Sauerstoffmessungen in Klaranlagen interessant sein durfte.
Reynolds number scaling of particle clustering in turbulent aerosols

Particles with finite inertia in turbulent flow cluster in low-vorticity regions of the fluid due to the inertial imbalance between the denser particles and the lighter surrounding fluid. This effect, sometimes referred to as preferential concentration, has been investigated in several recent numerical studies. Sundaram and Collins (1997 J. Fluid Mech. 335 75) considered the effect of particle clustering on the interparticle collision rate and showed that the radial distribution function, evaluated at contact, precisely corrects the collision kernel for this effect. An open question is how preferential concentration scales with Reynolds number. We investigate this question using direct numerical simulations (DNS). Over the limited range accessible by DNS, it appears that the radial distribution function approaches a plateau with increasing Reynolds number. This contradicts earlier studies that predicted linear growth with Reynolds number. The implications of these findings for very high Reynolds number applications such as cloud formation in the upper atmosphere is briefly discussed.
Factors Influencing Teenage Mothers’ Participation in Unprotected Sex

Objective To study the values, beliefs, and lived experiences of 8 teenage mothers who participated in unprotected sex at the time their babies were conceived, in order to enhance understanding of adolescent sexual behavior from a nursing science perspective. Design A qualitative, heuristic approach that subscribed to the basic tenets of descriptive phenomenology, in which teenagers were allowed to discuss in their own words the sentiments, opinions, ideologies, and intentions that affected their sexual decision-making. Setting Data collection consisted of a series of audiotaped interviews conducted by the researcher in the participants' homes over an 8-week period from November 1997 through January 1998. Participants A convenience sample of 8 teenage mothers who met the inclusion criteria for having participated in unprotected sex at the time of conception, recruited from a facility specializing in education, support, and intervention for teenage parents. Main Outcome Measures Thematic analysis of transcribed text began once the first interview was completed and continued throughout the data collection process. The process included open coding of key words and phrases, bracketing out conventional knowledge, and immersion in the data in order to identify prevalent and recurring themes. Results Results are reported in terms of the six prevalent themes that emerged from the interview data relevant to factors which contributed to the teenagers' participation in unprotected sexual intercourse: Desiring Pregnancy, Handing It Over to Fate, Lacking a Plan, Doubting the Chances, Fearing Harm, and Fearing Loss. Conclusions Key themes identified in this study represent a foundational step in achieving a more cogent view of the issues involved in adolescent sexual decision-making. Awareness of these experiences and intentions can be used to enhance meaningful interaction between adolescents and the health care system as well as to serve as a resource in the development and implementation of programs designed to prevent adolescent pregnancy. Further studies are required before specific practice applications can be identified. JOGNN, 28, 493–500; 1999.
On the equilibrium shape of dislocation etch pits

Abstract The equilibrium shape of the pit formed at the intersection of a dislocation with a crystal surface is described for both isotropic and anisotropic surface energies. Preliminary experimental data are analysed in terms of the theory to obtain estimates of dislocation line energy and surface torques relative to the surface energy.
Ocular immune privilege in the immunosuppressive intraocular microenvironment

Immune privilege exists in the normal eye (anterior chamber, vitreous cavity, subretinal space): when foreign tissue/cellular grafts are placed in the eye, rejection is largely, if not completely, avoided. The ineffectiveness of the immune response in this circumstance results from eye-dependent alterations in (a) the induction of systemic immunity to graft antigens, and (b) the expression of cell-mediated immunity within the eye. Recent evidence indicates that eye-derived factors, present in the intraocular microenvironment, modify the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response. Studies of aqueous humor as a prototype of the intraocular microenvironment have demonstrated that this fluid profoundly inhibits antigen-driven T cell activation such that proliferation and lymphokine production are curtailed. Moreover, aqueous humor modifies the functional properties of conventional antigen presenting cells (APC) such that exogenous antigens are processed uniquely. When antigen-pulsed APC exposed to aqu...
Differential behavioral and biochemical effects of regional injection of cycloheximide into mouse brain

Results of numerous experimental studies support the notion that antibiotic inhibitors which disrupt brain RNA or protein synthesis can selectively block the formation of long-term memory for various tasks in several species 1-3,5,12,1a. There is, however, little evidence to suggest whether one can anatomically localize the site of the amnesic effect of these agents. While Flexner et al. 9 compared the effects of injection of puromycin into frontal, temporal and ventricular regions of mouse brain on Y-maze retention, subsequent reports suggested that the resulting amnesia in mice may be unrelated to the effect of the drug on protein synthesis 10. Consolidation, as evidenced by a rapidly growing insusceptibility of memory to subcutaneous or intracerebral injections of antibiotica, 4, was not observed in Flexner's experiments. Subcutaneous injection of another protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, results in profound inhibition of protein synthesis throughout the body, including the brain, and is accompanied by amnesia 3. The parenteral injection does not permit demonstration of putative brain regions that might mediate the amnesic effect. We recently demonstrated by means of radioautography that a zone of inhibition can be demarcated following stereotaxic intracerebral injection of small volumes of either puromycin or cycloheximide in the monkey v. The present report summarizes experimental results which suggest localization of the effects of small stereotaxically injected doses of cycloheximide (CXM) on protein synthesis and memory in the mouse. Eight-week-old female CD-1 mice (Charles River) were housed individually 3 days before one-trial step-through passive avoidance training. Apparatus and training procedures were based on a procedure reported by Flood et al. s. A subject was placed into the small compartment of a two-chamber test box. After a 1 rain habituation period, a sliding door separating the two chambers was opened, allowing the mouse to enter the large shock chamber. Five seconds after entry, the door was closed and a 0.15 mA scrambled shock was delivered through the grid floor. After a 2 sec * Present address: Dept. of Psychology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. ** To whom communications should be sent.
Analysis of seizure EEG in kindled epileptic rats

Using wavelet analysis we have detected the presence of chirps in seizure EEG signals recorded from kindled epileptic rats. Seizures were induced by electrical stimulation of the amygdala and the EEG signals recorded from the amygdala were analyzed using a continuous wavelet transform. A time–frequency representation of the wavelet power spectrum revealed that during seizure the EEG signal is characterized by a chirp-like waveform whose frequency changes with time from the onset of seizure to its completion. Similar chirp-like time–frequency profiles have been observed in newborn and adult patients undergoing epileptic seizures. The global wavelet spectrum depicting the variation of power with frequency showed two dominant frequencies with the largest amounts of power during seizure. Our results indicate that a kindling paradigm in rats can be used as an animal model of human temporal lobe epilepsy to detect seizures by identifying chirp-like time–frequency variations in the EEG signal.
Photobleaching-a Common Phenomenon

YELLOWING or darkening in sunlight is a common occurrence. Ultraviolet light with photon energies in excess of bond energies disrupts molecules and produces coloured and/or reactive groups. Wool yellowing increases below 365 mµ; at 254 mµ greening and free radicals occur1,2. Other materials form free radicals3. Skin reddens only below 320 mµ (ref. 4). Cellulose yellows in middle ultraviolet5. Yellowing is often caused by reactions after irradiation: wool did not yellow in Berkeley sunlight unless liquid water was present during or after exposure1. Lignin did not yellow in near ultraviolet unless oxygen and water vapour were present6.
Staphylococcus aureus CidA and LrgA Proteins Exhibit Holin-Like Properties

The Staphylococcus aureus cid and lrg operons are known to be involved in biofilm formation by controlling cell lysis and the release of genomic DNA, which ultimately becomes a structural component of the biofilm matrix. Although the molecular mechanisms controlling cell death and lysis are unknown, it has been hypothesized that the cidA and lrgA genes encode holin- and antiholin-like proteins and function to regulate these processes similarly to bacteriophage-induced death and lysis. In this study, we focused on the biochemical and molecular characterization of CidA and LrgA with the goal of testing the holin model. First, membrane fractionation and fluorescent protein fusion studies revealed that CidA and LrgA are membrane-associated proteins. Furthermore, similarly to holins, CidA and LrgA were found to oligomerize into high-molecular-mass complexes whose formation was dependent on disulfide bonds formed between cysteine residues. To determine the function of disulfide bond-dependent oligomerization of CidA, an S. aureus mutant in which the wild-type copy of the cidA gene was replaced with the cysteine mutant allele was generated. As determined by β-galactosidase release assays, this mutant exhibited increased cell lysis during stationary phase, suggesting that oligomerization has a negative impact on this process. When analyzed for biofilm development and maturation, this mutant displayed increased biofilm adhesion in a static assay and a greater amount of dead-cell accumulation during biofilm maturation. These studies support the model that CidA and LrgA proteins are bacterial holin-/antiholin-like proteins that function to control cell death and lysis during biofilm development.
Gene Exchange in Biofilms

Mechanisms of Gene Transfer In Situ Frequencies of Gene Exchange Keywords: biofilms; gene exchange in biofilms
Understanding GPU Programming for Statistical Computation: Studies in Massively Parallel Massive Mixtures

This article describes advances in statistical computation for large-scale data analysis in structured Bayesian mixture models via graphics processing unit (GPU) programming. The developments are partly motivated by computational challenges arising in fitting models of increasing heterogeneity to increasingly large datasets. An example context concerns common biological studies using high-throughput technologies generating many, very large datasets and requiring increasingly high-dimensional mixture models with large numbers of mixture components. We outline important strategies and processes for GPU computation in Bayesian simulation and optimization approaches, give examples of the benefits of GPU implementations in terms of processing speed and scale-up in ability to analyze large datasets, and provide a detailed, tutorial-style exposition that will benefit readers interested in developing GPU-based approaches in other statistical models. Novel, GPU-oriented approaches to modifying existing algorithms software design can lead to vast speed-up and, critically, enable statistical analyses that presently will not be performed due to compute time limitations in traditional computational environments. Supplemental materials are provided with all source code, example data, and details that will enable readers to implement and explore the GPU approach in this mixture modeling context.
Trapped Anions in Organic Crystals

This chapter describes the structure and reaction of the radical anions of organic molecules studied mainly by single crystal ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. The study makes it possible to precisely determine ESR parameters such as g, hyperfine, and quadrupole tensors. The geometrical and electronic structures of the radicals can be deduced from these parameters by comparing the tensor axes with the molecular orientation in the crystals. Analysis of the matrix ENDOR spectra yields information on the crystalline environment of the radicals which provides for a better understanding of the radical reactions in crystals. The radical anions can be formed along with the counter cations by irradiating the crystal with ionizing radiation. The anions are usually unstable but can be trapped in low temperature solids. Firstly, a characterization of the anions is given in terms of simple molecular orbital theory. Secondly, the details of the structures and reactions of the anions reflecting the electronic state, conformation, and crystalline environment of the radical are discussed.
The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease

We investigated the range of behavioral abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with normal age-matched control subjects. The range of behavioral disturbances manifested and the relationship between specific abnormalities with the level of cognitive impairment have not been established. Fifty consecutive outpatients with mild (n = 17), moderate (n = 20), and severe (n = 13) AD and 40 age-matched normal controls were evaluated for behavioral abnormalities occurring in the month preceding the interview. The caregivers of the patients and the spouses of the control subjects were interviewed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The frequency and severity of the following 10 behaviors were assessed: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, dysphoria, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, and aberrant motor behavior. Correlations among these 10 behaviors and their relationship with cognitive impairment were also investigated. Eighty-eight percent of AD patients had measurable behavioral changes. All 10 behaviors were significantly increased in the AD patients compared with normal subjects. The most common behavior was apathy, which was exhibited by 72% of patients, followed by agitation (60%), anxiety (48%), irritability (42%), dysphoria and aberrant motor behavior (both 38%), disinhibition (36%), delusions (22%), and hallucinations (10%). Agitation, dysphoria, apathy, and aberrant motor behavior were significantly correlated wit cognitive impairment.
Optimal buffer size for a stochastic processing network in heavy traffic

We consider a one-dimensional stochastic control problem that arises from queueing network applications. The state process corresponding to the queue-length process is given by a stochastic differential equation which reflects at the origin. The controller can choose the drift coefficient which represents the service rate and the buffer size b>0. When the queue length reaches b, the new customers are rejected and this incurs a penalty. There are three types of costs involved: A "control cost" related to the dynamically controlled service rate, a "congestion cost" which depends on the queue length and a "rejection penalty" for the rejection of the customers. We consider the problem of minimizing long-term average cost, which is also known as the ergodic cost criterion. We obtain an optimal drift rate (i.e. an optimal service rate) as well as the optimal buffer size b *>0. When the buffer size b>0 is fixed and where there is no congestion cost, this problem is similar to the work in Ata, Harrison and Shepp (Ann. Appl. Probab. 15, 1145---1160, 2005). Our method is quite different from that of (Ata, Harrison and Shepp (Ann. Appl. Probab. 15, 1145---1160, 2005)). To obtain a solution to the corresponding Hamilton---Jacobi---Bellman (HJB) equation, we analyze a family of ordinary differential equations. We make use of some specific characteristics of this family of solutions to obtain the optimal buffer size b *>0.
Management of Medial-Sided Knee Injuries, Part 1 Medial Collateral Ligament

The medial collateral ligament complex is a primary stabilizer that combines static and dynamic resistance to direct valgus stress while contributing significant restraints to rotatory motion and anterior-posterior translation. Varying opinions exist among investigators regarding injury classification and treatment algorithms. Whereas most agree that the majority of isolated medial collateral ligament complex injuries can be treated nonoperatively, isolated injuries with chronic instability and multiligament injuries may require operative intervention. Substantial confounding factors are present within published reports, making comparative analyses and systematic review challenging. This review focuses on the anatomy and biomechanics of the medial structures of the knee; it discusses the clinical evaluation of complex injuries; and it reviews nonoperative and operative treatment methods.
Nonisocyanate Exposures in Three Flexible Polyurethane Manufacturing Facilities

Abstract Although toluene diisocyanate (TDI) has been widely used for about 50 years, industrial hygiene characterizations of other chemical exposures used in conjunction with TDI have generally received much less attention. As part of a retrospective, cohort mortality study, industrial hygiene evaluations were performed in three facilities manufacturing flexible (TDI-based) foam. This report is concerned only with nonisocyanate exposures in that industry. In each facility, the concentrations of several air contaminants, other than TDI, were assessed, including aliphatic amines, nitrosamines, nitrogen dioxide, thermal degradation products, organic solvents, polyurethane dust, and flame retardants. Air samples were also collected for subsequent assay of mutagenic activity using Salmonella bacterial tester strains TA98 and TA100. Workers were found to have respiratory and probably dermal exposure to methylene chloride in each facility. Traces of nitrogen dioxide and some aliphatic amines were evident. Howev...
In Defense of Analogical Reasoning

I offer a defense of ana-logical accounts of scientific models by meeting certain logical objections to the legitimacy of analogical reasoning. I examine an argument by Joseph Agassi that purports to show that all putative cases of analogical inference succumb to the following dilemma: either (1) the reasoning remains hopelessly vague and thus establishes no conclusion, or (2) can be analyzed into a logically preferable non-analogical form. In rebuttal, I offer a class of scientific models for which (a) there is no satisfactory non-analogical analysis, and (b) we can gain sufficient clarity for the legitimacy of the inference to be assessed. This result constitutes an existence proof for a class of analogical models that escape Agassi’s dilemma.
Using a signature function to determine resonant and attenuant 2-cycles in the Smith–Slatkin population model

We study the responses of discretely reproducing populations to periodic fluctuations in three parameters: the carrying capacity and two demographic characteristics of the species. We prove that small 2-periodic fluctuations of the three parameters generate 2-cyclic oscillations of the population. We develop a signature function for predicting the responses of populations to 2-periodic fluctuations. Our signature function is the sign of a weighted sum of the relative strengths of the oscillations of the three parameters. Periodic environments are deleterious for populations when the signature function is negative, while positive signature functions signal favorable environments. We compute the signature function for the Smith–Slatkin model, and use it to determine regions in parameter space that are either favorable or detrimental to the species.
High energy spectrogram with integrated prior knowledge for EMG-based locomotion classification

Electromyogram (EMG) signal representation is crucial in classification applications specific to locomotion and transitions. For a given signal, classification can be performed using discriminant functions or if-else rule sets, using learning algorithms derived from training examples. In the present work, a spectrogram based approach was developed to classify (EMG) signals for locomotion mode. Spectrograms for each muscle were calculated and summed to develop a histogram. If-else rules were used to classify test data based on a matching score. Prior knowledge of locomotion type reduced class space to exclusive locomotion modes. The EMG data were collected from seven leg muscles in a sample of able-bodied subjects while walking over ground (W), ascending stairs (SA) and the transition between (W-SA). Three muscles with least discriminating power were removed from the original data set to examine the effect on classification accuracy. Initial classification error was <20% across all modes, using leave one out cross validation. Use of prior knowledge reduced the average classification error to <11%. Removing three EMG channels decreased the classification accuracy by 10.8%, 24.3%, and 8.1% for W, W-SA, and SA respectively, and reduced computation time by 42.8%. This approach may be useful in the control of multi-mode assistive devices.
Behavioral Consumers in Industrial Organization: An Overview

This paper overviews three primary branches of the industrial organization literature with behavioral consumers. The literature is organized according to whether consumers: (1) have non-standard preferences; (2) are overconfident or otherwise biased such that they systematically misweight different dimensions of price and other product attributes; or (3) fail to choose the best price due to suboptimal search, confusion comparing prices, or excessive inertia. The importance of consumer heterogeneity and equilibrium effects are also highlighted along with recent empirical work.
A class of efficient quadrature-based predictor-corrector methods for solving nonlinear systems

We extend a class of quadrature-based predictor-corrector techniques for root-finding to multivariate systems. They are found to have a rate of convergence of 1 + 2 regardless of the degree of precision for the quadrature technique from which they are derived, provided it is at least one. By reusing the linear system from the previous iterate, this class incorporates a significant improvement in computational time relative to the standard class through the inclusion of an LU-decomposition during the iteration. Complexity is equivalent to Newton's Method, as they only require knowledge of F(x) and F'(x).
Control of distortion in thin ship panels

The increased use of thin section (i.e., less than 10-mm (3/8-in.) thick) steel in ship panel construction has aggravated distortion problems, adding to the costs for fitting and flame straightening. This paper describes the results of a study to evaluate techniques for control of distortion in thin panels used in ship construction. The objective of this project is to identify cost effective techniques for controlling distortion. Buckling is usually the dominant mode of distortion in thin panels, followed by angular distortion. Means of reducing both forms of distortion are discussed. During the design phase relatively small adjustments to the design, such as changing plate thickness or stiffener spacing, can significantly reduce distortion. Improving manufacturing techniques, including reducing weld size, implementing intermittent welding, and restraining the panel during welding, can also make a major impact on reducing distortion. New techniques such as egg-crate construction, laser welding, thermal tensioning, back-side line heating, back-bending, and weld quenching also show promise.
Functional Engineering of Load-Supporting Soft Tissues

This paper reviews the properties, composition and structure of two types of load-supporting soft-tissues: articular cartilage and intervertebral disks. The study also addresses key concepts on tissue engineering for these materials. Polymers are the class of biomaterials used as scaffolds in the present application, so ceramic and metallic scaffolds are not considered. Mechanical and electrochemical behavior of hydrated soft-tissues is considered on cell functions and biosynthetic activities of soft-tissues.
A nonlinear manifold-based reduced order model for multiscale analysis of heterogeneous hyperelastic materials

A new manifold-based reduced order model for nonlinear problems in multiscale modeling of heterogeneous hyperelastic materials is presented. The model relies on a global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction (Isomap), and the macroscopic loading parameters are linked to the reduced space using a Neural Network. The proposed model provides both homogenization and localization of the multiscale solution in the context of computational homogenization. To construct the manifold, we perform a number of large three-dimensional simulations of a statistically representative unit cell using a parallel finite strain finite element solver. The manifold-based reduced order model is verified using common principles from the machine-learning community. Both homogenization and localization of the multiscale solution are demonstrated on a large three-dimensional example and the local microscopic fields as well as the homogenized macroscopic potential are obtained with acceptable engineering accuracy.
Management of Athletic Turf Toe Using Biologics

Turf toe is a common injury in a variety of different athletes, especially those involved in contact sports played on rigid surfaces. It is caused by a hyperextension injury to the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint resulting in attenuation or tearing of the plantar capsular ligamentous complex. Treatment generally consists of nonoperative measures such as rest, ice, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, taping, a stiff-sole shoe, walking boot, or casting. There has been a recent increase in the use of biologics, such as platelet-rich plasma and autologous conditioned plasma for the treatment of a variety of orthopaedic conditions. This study reports on 2 cases of turf toe treated with a combination of Toradol and autologous conditioned plasma. These case presentations are followed by a literature review on the use of biologics in the treatment of sports injuries.
Evaporation from Snow in the Central Sierra Nevada of California

Evaporation from snow was calculated with the mean-profile method using single-level meteorological data at eight locations representing a variety of alpine and sub-alpine terrain in the central Sierra Nevada, California. Four to six years of data were analyzed at most of the sites. Evaporation from snow was highest in mid-winter, when the vapor pressure gradient between the snow surface and the air was at its maximum, and declined throughout the snowmelt season. Near the end of snowmelt, condensation of water vapor on the snow surface often matched or exceeded evaporative loss. Annual evaporation from the snowpack varied from 12 to 156 mm. We estimate mean annual regional evaporation in the sub-alpine and alpine zones (excluding evaporation from tree-captured snow and during wind re-deposition) as 80 to 100 mm, approximately 7 per cent of the maximum accumulation during an average snow year. Evaporation during snowmelt contributed only minor amounts to the total seasonal loss, typically around 25 mm, or about 2% of the maximum average accumulation.
Coordination and spin states in vanadium carbonyl complexes (V(CO)n+, n = 1-7) revealed with IR spectroscopy.

The vibrational spectra of vanadium carbonyl cations of the form V(CO)n+, where n = 1–7, were obtained via mass-selected infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy in the carbonyl stretching region. The cations and their argon and neon “tagged” analogues were produced in a molecular beam via laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source. The relative intensities and frequency positions of the infrared bands observed provide distinctive patterns from which information on the coordination and spin states of these complexes can be obtained. Density functional theory is carried out in support of the experimental spectra. Infrared spectra obtained by experiment and predicted by theory provide evidence for a reduction in spin state as the ligand coordination number increases. The octahedral V(CO)6+ complex is the fully coordinated experimental species. A single band at 2097 cm–1 was observed for this complex red-shifted from the free CO vibration at 2143 cm–1.
The temperature dependent, infrared absorption cross-sections for the chlorofluorocarbons: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-14, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115

The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed.