cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The formation of Afrikaans

'If we go back in time, the problem of what Afrikaans is becomes more and more difficult', wrote Valkhoff more than two decades ago (1972:2), and notwithstanding a far better understanding of the material facts, his words remain true today. In what follows I shall elucidate the sociolinguistic nature of the formation of Afrikaans at the Cape of Good Hope. In section 2 I explore the social bases of glottogenesis within a pantheoretical framework in the sense that the parameters I identify will hold for any theory or model of glottogenesis at the Cape. To paraphrase Woolford (1983:2): Although there are internal principles that govern the theoretically possible linguistic paths along which .. language may evolve in an extraterritorial setting, it is the external factors that determine how radically its linguistic structure will diverge from metropolitan norms. Section 3 is devoted to a critical overview of both current and selected older writings on how Afrikaans came into being. No one who has investigated its history would seriously dispute that the emergence of the new code was as much a social fact as it was a purely linguistic one. But not everyone has put equal emphasis on this truism. In numerous writings on our subject we find widely varying degrees of concern with sociolinguistic relations underlying the formation of Afrikaans. Section 4 explores the implications entailed by adoption of the view that periods of marked shifts in linguistic patterns are largely congruent with significant changes in culture. An eminent linguist/anthropologist of another generation, Harry Hoijer, was of the opinion that in order to understand linguistic change, one must see it as a part of a wider process of cultural change. Naturally, this is not to suggest a causal connection between sociocultural trends and specific linguistic changes. Rather, changes within the various aspects of culture cannot be regarded as distinct and unrelated but must be seen as different realizations of a single process (Hoijer 1948:335). In section 5 I discuss the directional gradience of linguistic items across social class by the end of the Dutch India Company (VOC) era in 1795, with a view toward elaborating on my claim (Roberge 1994) that the Cape Colony was a continuum ~peech community. More precisely, the Netherlandic speech community at the Cape consisted of a spectrum of lects ranging from the 'High' Dutch of the expatriot power elite to a Cape Dutch Creole. Rather than concern myself narrowly with the origins of these linguistic items, I focus on their social transmission and development in a context of interacting social groups alternating among variants in their linguistic ,repertoires. As such, this essay departs somewhat from the usual method of historical disquisition in Afrikaans linguistics, which concentrates on single-feature etymologies and takes for granted the formation of a socially accepted grammar.
Development of a New Underwater Bathymetric Laser Imaging System: L-Bath

The design, construction, and performance of a new high-resolution underwater bathymetric prototype system (L-Bath) with extended imaging capability is presented. The design offers simultaneous reflectance and depth information on a pixel-by-pixel basis so that high-resolution reflectance and bathymetric maps of underwater targets can be provided with exact registration. The design supports operation in shallow coastal waters under daylight conditions where high turbidity and the influence of ambient backscatter are particularly limiting for underwater imaging systems. Its configuration is similar to existing laser line scanning systems but uses a pulsed laser for the source and a fixed field-of-view high-resolution linear charge-coupled device (CCD) as receiver. The pulsed laser allows short camera integration times, thereby reducing the influence of the ambient daylight signal, and the fixed field of view of the detector provides a precision nonmoving multielement receiver with imaging capability. As the laser sweeps across the field of view of the CCD, the position and signal strength of each laser target spot is imaged, permitting a measure of bathymetry and reflectance. Using the CCD, a highresolution slice through the reflected target spot radiance distribution is imaged so that system resolution can exceed the target spot size. The image of the target spot radiance distribution, modified by in-water scattering and target reflectance, provides new opportunities for image manipulation compared to typical underwater laser line scanning based systems. The simultaneous acquisition of reflectance and bathymetric maps permits discrimination capability between real objects of relief from scene reflectance variations.
Essential Bioinformatics: Genome Mapping, Assembly, and Comparison

Genomics is the study of genomes. Genomic studies are characterized by simultaneous analysis of a large number of genes using automated data gathering tools. The topics of genomics range from genome mapping, sequencing, and functional genomic analysis to comparative genomic analysis. The advent of genomics and the ensuing explosion of sequence information are the main driving force behind the rapid development of bioinformatics today. Genomic study can be tentatively divided into structural genomics and functional genomics. Structural genomics refers to the initial phase of genome analysis, which includes construction of genetic and physical maps of a genome, identification of genes, annotation of gene features, and comparison of genome structures. This is the major theme of discussion of this chapter. However, it should to be mentioned that the term structural genomics has already been used by a structural biology group for an initiative to determine three-dimensional structures of all proteins in a cell. Strictly speaking, the initiative of structural determination of proteins falls within the realm of structural proteomics and should not be confused as a subdiscipline of genomics. The structure genomics discussed herein mainly deals with structures of genome sequences. Functional genomics refers to the analysis of global gene expression and gene functions in a genome, which is discussed in Chapter 18. GENOME MAPPING The first step to understanding a genome structure is through genome mapping, which is a process of identifying relative locations of genes, mutations or traits on a chromosome.
Life History of a Mesquite Looper, Semiothisa cyda (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in Central Texas

Larvae of the geometrid moth, Semiothisa cyda (Druce), fed on the foliage of honey mesquite trees, Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Females laid an average of 279 eggs each, and a generation required 34 days in the laboratory at 25°C: 3.8 days for the egg, 19 for the larva, 7.2 for the pupa, and 4 days for the adult to reach peak oviposition. Populations in the laboratory increased 1.13 times per day and doubled each 5.5 days. Larvae had five or six instars and ate 17 cm2 of leaf material each (ca. one mesquite leaf, including some material killed but not eaten). Full-grown larvae were 24 mm long and pupated under litter on the soil surface. In cages on trees, one larva per one or two leaves produced 50% defoliation, and two larvae per leaf produced 95% defoliation.
REAL-TIME CONSTRAINED TRAJECTORY GENERATION APPLIED TO A FLIGHT CONTROL EXPERIMENT

Abstract A computational approach to generate real-time, optimal trajectories for a flight control experiment is presented. Minimum time trajectories are computed for hover-to-hover and forward flight maneuvers. Instantaneous changes in the trajectory constraints that model obstacles and threats are also investigated. Experimental results using the Nonlinear Trajectory Generation software package show good closed-loop performance for all maneuvers. Success of the algorithm demonstrates that high-confidence real-time trajectory generation is achievable in spite of the highly nonlinear and non-convex nature of the problem.
Principles of time resolved CARS studies of molecular solids

Recent studies of vibrational phase and population relaxation in molecular crystals at liquid helium temperatures are discussed. The technique of coherent antiStokes Raman scattering is becoming the method of choice for very high resolution Raman spectroscopy in those systems, so the important aspects of both time and frequency resolved CARS measurements are discussed in this article. In addition, the contributions to the residual low temperature vibron linewidth are systematically explored, drawing on experimental observations in crystalline N2 , H2 , benzene and naphthalene as examples. These observations are then brought into relation with current theories of exciton dynamics in condensed molecular systems. An important conclusion from these studies is the vibrational population relaxation rates show a high degree of mode selectivity, which has an impact on theories of chemical reaction dynamics. A qualitative, but detailed discussion of the mechanisms of trapping vibrational excitations by isotopic impurities is also presented.
Mars 2020 sampling and caching subsystem environmental development testing and preliminary results

The Environmental Development Testing program supported the development test efforts of the Mars 2020 Sampling and Caching Subsystem from May to November 2015. The engineering prototype Brassboard Corer was attached to a five degree-of-freedom robotic arm to execute a 96-test matrix of ambient and low pressure tests in the 10 ft. thermal vacuum chamber at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. The Pretest, Test, and Post Test procedures are described, and some preliminary results are discussed. Data and observations from this test campaign inform the future development of the software and hardware toward the Mars 2020 flight design, including the next iteration of the rock coring drill, the Engineering Development Unit Corer.
The Clash Between Serial Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists on Valuation and Timing

What is the effect of mixing serial entrepreneurs with venture capitalists especially in the case of high-growth technology IPO firms? This study advances our knowledge of venture capitalists and serial entrepreneurs. The study examines the interplay between venture capitalists and serial entrepreneurs on IPO firm valuation and on the speed of IPO. Data is hand collected from US IPO firm prospectuses. We find that venture capital backing does impact IPO valuation positively, and as expected accelerates the time to IPO. We also find that the moderator variable, serial entrepreneurs, also leads to even higher valuations at IPO but tends to slow down the process.
Entheogenesis: Toward an Expanded Worldview for Our Time:

Whereas the terminology of psychedelics has acquired spurious cultural associations of “tripping,” the historically primal concept of consciousness expansion has two advantages. One, it connects psychedelic drugs with other modes of consciousness expansion, such as meditation and creative visioning; and two, it suggests contrasting comparison with the consciousness contraction involved in concentration and focus. Both expansions and contractions can be observed at the level of an individual’s states of consciousness and also at the level of the shared worldview of society. Contemporary world culture is moving toward an expanded worldview that recognizes both the material and the spiritual dimensions of our existence.
Eyes-free In-vehicle Gesture Controls: Auditory-only Displays Reduced Visual Distraction and Workload

Visual distractions increase crash risk while driving. Our research focuses on creating and evaluating an air gesture control system that is less visually demanding than current infotainment systems. We completed a within-subjects experiment with 24 participants, each of whom completed a simulated drive while using six different prototypes, in turn. The primary research questions were the influence of combinations of visual and auditory displays (visual, visual/auditory, auditory) and control orientation (vertical vs horizontal). We recorded lane departures, eye glance behavior, secondary task performance, and driver workload. Results demonstrated that for lane departures all prototypes performed comparably, with the auditory-only showing a strong tendency of improvements. A deeper look illustrated a tradeoff between eyes-on-road time and secondary task completion time for the auditory-only display -- the safest but slowest among the six prototypes. The auditory-only also reduced overall workload. Control orientation showed only small subjective effect in favor of vertical controls.
Epigenetic modifiers promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism leading to enhanced differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells

During neural development, epigenetic modulation of chromatin acetylation is part of a dynamic, sequential and critical process to steer the fate of multipotent neural progenitors toward a specific lineage. Pan-HDAC inhibitors (HDCis) trigger neuronal differentiation by generating an “acetylation” signature and promoting the expression of neurogenic bHLH transcription factors. Our studies and others have revealed a link between neuronal differentiation and increase of mitochondrial mass. However, the neuronal regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis has remained largely unexplored. Here, we show that the HDACi, sodium butyrate (NaBt), promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via the NRF-1/Tfam axis in embryonic hippocampal progenitor cells and neuroprogenitor-like PC12-NeuroD6 cells, thereby enhancing their neuronal differentiation competency. Increased mitochondrial DNA replication by several pan-HDACis indicates a common mechanism by which they regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. NaBt also induces coordinates mitochondrial ultrastructural changes and enhanced OXPHOS metabolism, thereby increasing key mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters in neural progenitor cells. NaBt also endows the neuronal cells with increased mitochondrial spare capacity to confer resistance to oxidative stress associated with neuronal differentiation. We demonstrate that mitochondrial biogenesis is under HDAC-mediated epigenetic regulation, the timing of which is consistent with its integrative role during neuronal differentiation. Thus, our findings add a new facet to our mechanistic understanding of how pan-HDACis induce differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Our results reveal the concept that epigenetic modulation of the mitochondrial pool prior to neurotrophic signaling dictates the efficiency of initiation of neuronal differentiation during the transition from progenitor to differentiating neuronal cells. The histone acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein plays a key role in regulating the mitochondrial biomass. By ChIP-seq analysis, we show that NaBt confers an H3K27ac epigenetic signature in several interconnected nodes of nuclear genes vital for neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial reprogramming. Collectively, our study reports a novel developmental epigenetic layer that couples mitochondrial biogenesis to neuronal differentiation.
Photorefraction quenching in high quality LiNbO 3 photonic crystal nanocavities

We report extremely strong cavity tuning by photorefraction in LiNbO 3 photonic crystal nanocavities, with a tuning rate up to ∼84 MHz/photon. In particular, we report for the first time intriguing quenching of photorefraction in these devices.
Development of quantitative HPTLC-densitometry methods following a model approach for transfer of TLC screening methods for pharmaceutical products of atenolol, chloramphenicol, furosemide, glibenclamide, penicillin V potassium, and praziquantel

ABSTRACTTransfer of six thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Global Pharma Health Fund E.V. Minilab manual protocols for detecting fake drugs in pharmaceutical products to quantitative high-performance ...
The Role of Alzheimer Aβ Peptides in Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Accumulation of beta amyloid (Aβ) fibrils in senile plaques and cerebral blood vessel walls is characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We discuss several models that seek to explain the neurotoxic consequences, in particular the manner in which the neurotoxicity promotes cell dysfunction and cell death by an increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration. To base correctly a new therapy on in vitro experiments, one must choose the right model mechanism.
Can the Court Protect a Fetus from Maternal Harm

When a pregnant woman is knowingly causing harm to her unborn child, there are various legal interventions that can be taken to protect the rights if the fetus. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Take-Overs and Tenders: A Stock Exchange Viewpoint

A number of specialized and highly complex techniques have been developed and used by companies seeking to diversify their activities through the acquisition of other companies. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of tender offers to shareholders by companies seeking to gain control of others. The securities issued in some of these tenders by conglomerate corporations, have presented new problems for securities exchanges. This paper discusses the policies of the New York Stock Exchange with respect to the securities of conglomerate corporations. The New York Stock Exchange's primary role in the financial community is to provide a marketplace where members and member organizations can conveniently execute transactions in listed securities. The Exchange's listing standards are designed to assure that shares traded on the Exchange have that degree of marketability which the public investor has come to expect.1 By and large, the Exchange's relations with listed companies engaging in tender and take-over activities have centered on joint efforts to insure that such offers are presented fairly and in accordance with good business practice. The vast majority of companies have indeed
High information rate and efficient color barcode decoding

The necessity of increasing information density in a given space motivates the use of more colors in color barcodes. A popular system, Microsoft's HCCB technology, uses four or eight colors per patch. This system displays a color palette of four or eight colors in the color barcode to solve the problem with the dependency of the surface color on the illuminant spectrum, viewing parameters, and other sources. Since the displayed colors cannot be used to encode information, this solution comes at the cost of reduced information rate. In this contribution, we introduce a new approach to color barcode decoding that uses 24 colors per patch and requires a small number of reference colors to display in a barcode. Our algorithm builds groups of colors from each color patch and a small number of reference color patches, and models their evolution due to changing illuminant using a linear subspace. Therefore, each group of colors is represented by one such subspace. Our experimental results show that our barcode decoding algorithm achieves higher information rate with a very low probability of decoding error compared to systems that do display a color palette. The computational complexity of our algorithm is relatively low due to searching for the nearest subspace among 24 subspaces only.
The Hamada Equation Reconsidered

A relationship between levered β and unlevered β that is consistent with the Miller-Modigliani Theorem (MM) is presented as a Modified Hamada Equation (MHE). It differs from the Original Hamada Equation (OHE). A scenario analysis reveals that the OHE results are anomalous when the firm's cost of debt is not equal to the risk-free rate and when its operating returns are different from market returns. The MHE is proposed as a more stable and reliable alternative
Synthesis of Macrocyclic Complexes

Since the recognition of the importance of complexes containing macro- cyclic ligands, considerable effort has been directed toward the development of reliable syntheses for these interesting and important compounds. Several review articles which deal primarily with the synthesis of complexes containing synthetic macrocyclic ligands* have appeared.(1–13)
When slippery slope arguments miss the mark: a lesson from one against physician-assisted death

In 1989, Susan Wolf convincingly warned of a troublesome consequence that should discourage any movement in American society towards physician-assisted death-a legal backlash against the gains made for limiting life-sustaining treatment. The authors demonstrate that this dire consequence did not come to pass. As physician-assisted suicide gains a foothold in USA and elsewhere, many other slippery slope arguments are being put forward. Although many of these speculations should be taken seriously, they do not justify halting the new practice. Instead, our courts, regulatory agencies, journalists, professional organisations and researchers should carefully monitor and study it as it unfolds, allowing continuous improvement just as our society has done in implementing the practice of limiting life-sustaining treatment.
Investigating challenges of in situ delivery of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) in fine-grain sands and silty sand

Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a sustainable soil improvement method with the potential for improving the engineering properties of sand and silty soils and therefore t...
Drones and Support for the Use of Force: by James Igoe Walsh and Marcus Schulzke, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2018, 252 pp., $75.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-47213-101-3

Drones and Support for the Use of Force, by James Igoe Walsh and Marcus Schulzke, offers academics, policymakers, and the public alike with new insights into a rapidly-developing component of warfa...
INFLUENCE OF CUSTOMER CARE SYSTEM ON SERVICE DELIVERY IN COUNTY GOVERNMENTS IN KENYA

The changing global business environment has also dramatically transformed the way public sector organizations operate. Consequently, new opportunities have emerged following elimination of old constraints. Central to devolved functions in County Governments delivery is the level of expectation of citizens. Citizens expectations transcend economic status, methods of service delivery, funding methods and geographical boundaries. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of customer care System on service delivery in County Governments in Kenya. The study was anchored on the administrative management theory of Henri Fayol. This study adopted mix method referred to as concurred-explanatory design. A sample of 431 respondents was selected by first clustering them into respective counties, stratified into departments from which purposive sampling was done to select respondents with the required information for the study. Data was collected using questionnaires that were structured according to the 5 Likert scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with results displayed using figures and tables. Inferential statistics namely correlation and Chi-Square were used to test the validity of the study hypothesis at 5 % levels of significance. The Karl Pearson Correlation coefficients was found to be r (398) = 0.584, p-value=0.000. The Pearson Chi-Square was χ 2 (16, N=398) = 129.78 , p=0.000< 0.05. This revealed that there is a strong positive influence of customer care System on service delivery that is significant at 5% levels of significant. Customer service systems in the county governments should be established so as to enhance personal relationships, reduce misunderstanding and conflicts, strengthen cooperation, reduce time taken to respond to customers’ requests and foster understanding. Key Words: Devolved system of Governance, Customer Care System, Service Delivery. CITATION: Kimilu, J. M., Mwenja, D., Kiambati, K., & Mbugua, L. (2020). Influence of customer care system on service delivery in county governments in Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management , 7(1), 827 – 833.
Strassen’s Algorithm Reloaded on GPUs

Conventional Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) implementations of Strassen’s algorithm (Strassen) rely on the existing high-performance matrix multiplication (gemm), trading space for time. As a result, such approaches can only achieve practical speedup for relatively large, “squarish” matrices due to the extra memory overhead, and their usages are limited due to the considerable workspace. We present novel Strassen primitives for GPUs that can be composed to generate a family of Strassen algorithms. Our algorithms utilize both the memory and thread hierarchies on GPUs, reusing shared memory and register files inherited from gemm, fusing additional operations, and avoiding extra workspace. We further exploit intra- and inter-kernel parallelism by batching, streaming, and employing atomic operations. We develop a performance model for NVIDIA Volta GPUs to select the appropriate blocking parameters and predict the performance for gemm and Strassen. Overall, our 1-level Strassen can achieve up to 1.11× speedup with a crossover point as small as 1,536 compared to cublasSgemm on a NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU. With additional workspace, our 2-level Strassen can achieve 1.19× speedup with a crossover point at 7,680.
Overcoming Redox Reactions at Perovskite-Nickel Oxide Interfaces to Boost Voltages in Perovskite Solar Cells

Summary Nickel oxide (NiOx) hole transport layers (HTLs) are desirable contacts for perovskite photovoltaics because they are low cost, stable, and readily scalable; however, they deliver lower open-circuit voltages (VOCs) compared to organic HTLs. Here, we characterize and mitigate electron transfer-proton transfer reactions between NiOx HTLs and perovskite precursors. Using XPS and UPS characterization, we identify that Ni≥3+ metal cation sites in NiOx thin films act both as Bronsted proton acceptors and Lewis electron acceptors, deprotonating cationic amines and oxidizing iodide species, forming PbI2−xBrx-rich hole extraction barriers at the perovskite-NiOx interface. Titrating reactive Ni≥3+ surface states with excess A-site cation salts during perovskite active layer deposition yielded an increase in VOC values to 1.15 V and power conversion efficiencies of ∼20%. This may be a general finding for metal oxide contacts that act as Bronsted and Lewis acid-base reactants toward perovskite precursors, an observation that has also been made recently for TiO2 and SnO2 contacts.
The Materials Utilized in Cranial Reconstruction: Past, Current, and Future.

Background:Cranioplasty (CP) is associated with high complication rates compared to other common neurosurgical procedures. Several graft materials are used for CP, which may contribute to the high ...
A Qualitative Examination of Gabapentin Misuse Inside of Treatment and Recovery Settings.

Objective:Gabapentin, an anti-convulsant medication used to treat seizures and neuralgia, is also prescribed off-label for the treatment of substance use disorders and withdrawal symptoms in treatm...
Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Pre-Procedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening.

BACKGROUND: Several vaccines are now clinically available under emergency use authorization in the United States and have demonstrated efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19. The impact of vaccines on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is largely unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive, asymptomatic adult patients (n = 39,156) within a large United States healthcare system who underwent 48,333 pre-procedural SARS-CoV-2 molecular screening tests between December 17, 2020 and February 8, 2021. The primary exposure of interest was vaccination with at least one dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. The primary outcome was relative risk of a positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test among those asymptomatic persons who had received at least one dose of vaccine, as compared to persons who had not received vaccine during the same time period. Relative risk was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, patient residence relative to the hospital (local vs. non-local), healthcare system regions, and repeated screenings among patients using mixed effects log-binomial regression. RESULTS: Positive molecular tests in asymptomatic individuals were reported in 42 (1.4%) of 3,006 tests performed on vaccinated patients and 1,436 (3.2%) of 45,327 tests performed on unvaccinated patients (RR=0.44 95% CI: 0.33-0.60; p 10 days after 1 st dose (RR=0.21; 95% CI: 0.12-0.37; p 0 days after 2 nd dose (RR=0.20; 95% CI: 0.09-0.44; p<.0001) in the adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination with an mRNA-based vaccine showed a significant association with a reduced risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection as measured during pre-procedural molecular screening. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of the vaccines on reduction in asymptomatic infections supplementing the randomized trial results on symptomatic patients.
Background Parenchymal Enhancement on Breast MRI: Assessment and Clinical Implications

To present recent literature regarding the assessment and clinical implications of background parenchymal enhancement on breast MRI. The qualitative assessment of BPE remains variable within the literature, as well as in clinical practice. Several different quantitative approaches have been investigated in recent years, most commonly region of interest-based and segmentation-based assessments. However, quantitative assessment has not become standard in clinical practice to date. Numerous studies have demonstrated a clear association between higher BPE and future breast cancer risk. While higher BPE does not appear to significantly impact cancer detection, it may result in a higher abnormal interpretation rate. BPE is also likely a marker of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with decreases in BPE during and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy correlated with pCR. In contrast, pre-treatment BPE does not appear to be predictive of pCR. The association between BPE and prognosis is less clear, with heterogeneous results in the literature. Assessment of BPE continues to evolve, with heterogeneity in approaches to both qualitative and quantitative assessment. The level of BPE has important clinical implications, with associations with future breast cancer risk and treatment response. BPE may also be an imaging marker of prognosis, but future research is needed on this topic.
Amyloidogenesis and light chains

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the modern concept of amyloidogenesis and the role that has been played by immunoglobulin light chains in the genesis of amyloid and in the development of the concept.
Transport of barrel and spherical shaped colloids in unsaturated porous media

Model colloids are usually spherical, but natural colloids have irregular geometries. Transport experiments of spherical colloids may not reflect the transport characteristics of natural colloids in porous media. We investigated saturated and unsaturated transport of colloids with spherical and angular shapes under steady-state, flow conditions. A pulse of negatively-charged colloids was introduced into a silica sand column at three different effective water saturations (Se = 0.31, 0.45, and 1.0). Colloids were introduced under high ionic strength of [106]mM to cause attachment to the secondary energy minimum and later released by changing the pore water to low ionic strength. After the experiment, sand was sampled from different depths (0, -4, and -11 cm) for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and colloid extraction. Water saturation affected colloid transport with more retention under low than under high saturation. Colloids were retained and released from a secondary energy minimum with more angular-shaped colloids being retained and released. Colloids extracted from the sand revealed highest colloid deposition in the top layer and decreasing deposition with depth. Pore straining and grain-grain wedging dominated colloid retention.
A new species of multicopy single-stranded DNA from Myxococcus xanthus with conserved structural features.

Abstract Myxobacteria have been shown to contain a large number of branched RNA-linked single-stranded DNA (multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA] molecules. In addition, we found that Myxococcus xanthus contains another smaller msDNA-like molecule, designated mrDNA, consisting of a 65-base single-stranded DNA covalently linked by a 2',5'-phosphodiester linkage to a 49-base branched RNA. In spite of their different primary sequences, the RNA-linked mrDNA is remarkably similar in secondary structure to msDNA, sharing similar stem-loop folding as well as the unique 2',5'-phosphodiester linkage. These results indicate that these novel molecules are synthesized by common molecular mechanisms.
Approximation of realistic errors by Clifford channels and Pauli measurements

The Gottesman-Knill theorem allows for the efficient simulation of stabilizer-based quantum error-correction circuits. Errors in these circuits are commonly modeled as depolarizing channels by using Monte Carlo methods to insert Pauli gates randomly throughout the circuit. Although convenient, these channels are poor approximations of common, realistic channels such as amplitude damping. Here we analyze a larger set of efficiently simulable error channels by allowing the random insertion of any one-qubit gate or measurement that can be efficiently simulated within the stabilizer formalism. Our error channels are shown to be a viable method for accurately approximating realistic error channels.
Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride

The composition of Europa's surface may be representative of the subsurface ocean; however, considerable debate persists regarding the endogenous or exogenous nature of a hydrated sulfate feature on Europa. Direct evidence of oceanic salts on Europa's surface has been largely inconclusive. We show that the observed color within geologically young features on Europa's surface can be explained by sodium chloride delivered from the ocean below. We find that sodium chloride, when exposed to Europa surface conditions, accumulates electrons in F and M centers, yielding a yellow-brown discoloration comparable to Europa's surface. Irradiation of sodium chloride from Europa's ocean thus provides a simple and elegant solution to the color of the non-ice material observed on Europa. This evidence for endogenous salts suggests that Europa's ocean is interacting with a silicate seafloor, a critical consideration for assessing habitability.
The Problem of "Civil Society" in Late Imperial China:

The question underlying this and a growing number of other scholarly convocations these days-"Did China ever possess a civil society?"-is, on the very surface of it, one that I confess is deeply troubling to me. I want to know from the outset why we feel impelled and empowered to ask this question. Are we justified in expecting China (or any other non-Western historical society) to have had, or to have required, anything like the complex of attitudes, values, and institutions that we amalgamate and reify under the term civil society? In simply asking this question are we in fact not presuming a "normal" path of sociopolitical development, transcending the specificities of local culture? Is what we hope to find simply a projection of our own, culturally specific path of development-or, worse, of what we merely idealize our own path to have been? Is our very inquiry tautological, formed around a noncontrovertible proposition? That is to say, can we even conceive of a set of developments in China substantially differing from the history of early modern Europe of which we might equally approve? I fear the enormous potential for travesty involved in such an inquiry. Consider for example the spectacle of Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba's highly influential 1963 book The Civic Culture, in which the authors, certainly two of the most respected social scientists of the postwar era, trot around the globe toting up on a scorecard the pattern variables present in a range of national cultures, ranking them numerically agaimst an idealized (read: American) standard of values and institutions appropriate for democracy (Almond and Verba, 1963).
The effects of age on alkaline phosphatase and other serologic liver function tests in normal subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis.

Interpretation of tests for liver function in children is often complicated by age differences in normal values. Sera from 91 normal individuals (ages 4 to 30 years) and 49 patients with cystic fibrosis (ages 3 to 41) were examined for alkaline phosphatase and its various isoenzymes, transaminases, 5′-nucleotidase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Results led to the following conclusions: (1) measurement of total alkaline phosphatase without regard to organ source ignores variations in the bone isoenzyme and results in imprecise norms in childhood and a “masking” effect on a moderately elevated liver alkaline phosphatase; (2) in normal children, levels of SGOT, γ-GTP, total alkaline phosphatase, and its bone isoenzyme are age dependent, whereas SGPT, 5′N, and intestinal and liver fractions of alkaline phosphatase are independent of age up to 30 years; (3) comparison of age-matched data of normal subjects with those of cystic fibrosis patients discloses that about one third of cystic fibrosis patients have serologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease before clinical signs are evident and that γ-GTP, the transaminases, and the liver isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase are the most reliable indicators of this complication.
A SWITCH FOR SILENCING γ-GLOBIN

![Figure][1] The switch from foetal to adult expression of the globin genes that encode the subunits of haemoglobin is the textbook example of developmentally regulated gene expression. γ-globin is expressed in red blood cells during the early stages of human foetal development and is later
Clinical pharmacokinetics of toremifene

Toremifene is a chlorinated triphenylethylene derivative of tamoxifen approved for use in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Toremifene is well tolerated in patients, and common adverse effects of this drag include vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal discharge. This compound is administered to patients orally at a dose of 60 mg/day, although alternative methods of administration have been investigated. Oral bioavailability is estimated to be approximately 100%. At steady state, toremifene and its metabolites are highly protein bound (>95%). Toremifene is metabolised in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and it is eliminated primarily in the faeces following enterohepatic circulation. The half-life of toremifene is approximately 5 days, and steady state is reached by 6 weeks depending on the dose given. The pharmacokinetics of toremifene have been shown to be altered by certain liver conditions, but age and kidney function do not appear to be as significant.
Shape Grammars: Five Questions:

In the paper “Shape grammars: six types”, the issue of decidability in relation to shape grammars was introduced. Decidability concerns, first, the identification of different types of grammars, and, second, the answerability or solvability of questions about these types of grammars. The first of these two topics was explored in “Six types”. Six different types of shape grammars were defined in terms of different restrictions on rule format and rule ordering. The generative power, practicality, pedagogical value, and other characteristics of each type of shape grammars were discussed. In this paper, the second of the two topics in decidability is addressed. Five questions about the different types of shape grammars defined in “Six types” are posed. These questions are formulated for their practical value in design applications of shape grammars, as well as their theoretical interest. The answerability of each question is examined in detail for each type of shape grammar.
Mammalian Brain Alkaline Phosphatase: Expression of Liver/Bone/Kidney Locus Comparison of Fetal and Adult Activities

The alkaline phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.1) are determined by at least three gene loci, which can be sharply distinguished one from another by their sensitivity to inhibition with various amino acids and peptides and by thermostability. Alkaline phosphatase is present in the brains of guinea pig, rat, mouse, hamster, squirrel, rabbit, cat, sheep, cow, tamarin, baboon, and man. The gene locus coding for alkaline phosphatase in all these brains is the liver/bone/kidney locus, as indicated by thermostability studies and by inhibition studies with L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, and L-phenylalanylglycylglycine. The average brain alkaline phosphatase activity is about 35% of the average for the livers and only 7.2% and 4.4% of the average kidney and placental activities, respectively. During growth and development, brain alkaline phosphatase activity decreases in the mammals studied. The amount of change is tissue- and species-dependent.
Mechanism of Genome Expression in a Single‐stranded RNA Virus from the Cultivated Mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach]

The single-stranded RNA genome of a bacilliform virus from the common cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, was translated in an in vitro rabbit reticulocyte system. Optimal conditions for translation of mushroom bacilliform virus (MBV) RNA were 2.5 mM Mg2+, 70 mM K+, pH 7.2, and 60μg/ml RNA. Gel electrophoretic analysis showed that MBV RNA directs the synthesis of two major polypeptides of MW 77,000 and 37,000 and possibly several minor polypeptides (MW 21,000—28,000). An RNA polymerase activity could not be detected in purified virus preparations. The findings support the notion that the MBV genome functions directly as messenger for protein synthesis and further establishes the closer similarity between MBV and viruses of higher plants than mycoviruses.
“8/18/97 Bite me”: Resistance in learning and work

This article examines characterizations of resistance in learning and at work and provides an alternative interpretive position and empirical work concerning the productive role of the performance of resistance in learning and self‐development at work. Specifically in contrast with more traditional views of resistance as an obstacle or impediment to learning, I suggest that resistance can be read as a constructive and deconstructive process in which learners forge bridges between pasts and presents and emerge themselves as authorial participants in workplace change.
A benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist inhibits stress-induced ulcer formation

Abstract The effects of a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist (FG 7142) on gastric ulcer formation were studied in restrained rats. FG 7142 (10–50 mg/kg) reduced in a dose-dependent fashion both the number and cumulative length of gastric ulcers elicited by restraint for 2 hr at 4°C, but did not affect ulcer formation in unrestrained animals maintained in this environment. FG 7142 also reduced gastric ulcer formation in restrained rats maintained at 22°C for 5 hr. The ability of FG 7142 to reduce restraint-stress induced gastric ulcer formation was blocked by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist ZK 93426 and the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. These findings suggest that FG 7142 produces a benzodiazepine-receptor mediated reduction in gastric ulcer formation, which may result from its ability to increase activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Interpretation of the x-ray photoemission spectra of cobalt oxides and cobalt oxide surfaces

Abstract CoO and Co3O4 have been studied by high-resolution X-ray photoemission. The characteristic binding energies in the Co 2p 3 2 , 2p 1 2 , and 3s regions, their band shapes and widths, the associated shake-up structure, the O(1s) and O(2s) BE's, and the valence band spectra have been examined. The two oxides are readily distinguished from their spectra though it is shown that the O(1s) BE's are identical at 529.50 ± 0.14 eV. Argon and oxygen ion sputtered surfaces were examined to establish the integrity of the oxides. A higher BE O(1s) component (530.7–531.6 eV), the intensity and BE of which vary with the treatments mentioned above, corresponds to non-stoichiometric surface oxygen. The results are discussed with respect to the electronic structures of the oxides and the often conflicting earlier studies of these oxides.
Quantitation of proteinuria with urinary protein/creatinine ratios and random testing with dipsticks in nephrotic children.

We examined the relative feasibility of using random urinary dipstick testiing and urinary protein/creatinine ratios in the quantitation of proteinuria. Sixty-four children with relapsing nephrotic syndrome, ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 16 years, contributed 145 timed urine collections and 150 random specimens, which were analyzed by urinary protein dipstick, quantitation of protein and creatininne, or both. Total protein excretion was expressed as grams per surface area per day and the urinary protein/creatinine ratio as milligrams of protein per milligram of creatinine. Degrees of proteinuria were designated as physiologic ( 2 /day), intermediate (>0.1 and 2 /day), or nephrotic (>1.0 gm/m 2 /day). The log regression analysis of the 24-hour urinary protein/creatinine ratio ( y ) and total protein excretion ( x ) was highly significant ( r =0.97; p 2 /day)=0.63 (U P/Cr) at all levels of proteinuria. The random urinary protein/creatinine ratio appeared to offer the most sensitive test for classification of proteinuria in children with nephrosis, with the advantages of ease and expediency not afforded by the 24-hour urine quantitation.
Electrorheology of a zeolite/silicone oil suspension with dc and ac fields

The electrorheology of a zeolite/silicone oil suspension with direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) electric fields was determined at room temperature. The shear yield stress changed only slightly with the field frequency, but the current density increased considerably. Good agreement occurs between the experimental results and those predicted by our model for both the shear yield stress and the current density. This study shows that there is a significant electrorheological (ER) effect over a large frequency range when a suspension has both a high conductivity ratio and a high dielectric ratio of the particles to the host oil.
Density Functional Theory Investigation into the Mechanism for η2-Alkyne to Vinylidene Isomerization by the Addition of Phenylacetylene to [(η3-C3H5)Rh(PiPr3)2]

The mechanism for the formation of the alkynyl, vinylidene complex [(PiPr3)2Rh(CCPh)(CC(H)(Ph))] (2) by the addition of 2 equiv of phenylacetylene to [(η3-C3H5)Rh(PiPr3)2] (1) was studied through DFT calculations. At the B3LYP/DZP level of theory, the formation of 2 is exothermic and exergonic by 25.6 and 18.1 kcal·mol−1, respectively. The experimentally observed η2-phenyacetylene, alkynyl complex [(PiPr3)2Rh(η2-HCCPh)(CCPh)] (Ia), is exothermic and exergonic by 22.4 and 12.5 kcal·mol−1, respectively. In the lowest energy pathway from Ia to 2, the η2-phenylacetylene of Ia slips to bind through the σ-C−H bond to form the intermediate [(PiPr3)2Rh(σ-HCCPh)(CCPh)]. Then, a single transition state (TS) (ΔH⧧ = 24.6 kcal·mol−1) connects this intermediate to 2. In an alternative route, oxidative splitting of the σ-C−H bond results in the experimentally observed bis-alkynyl rhodium hydride complex [(PiPr3)2Rh(H)(CCPh)2] (Ib), which was observed experimentally to be in equilibrium with Ia. Species Ib is isoenthalpi...