cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An effect of closure on the structure of principal components

The principal components transformation generates, from any data array, a new set of variables—the scores of the components—characterized by a total variance exactly equal to that of the initial set. It is in this sense that the transformed variables are said to “contain,” “preserve,” or “account for,” the variance of the original set. The scores, however, are uncorrelated. In the course of the transformation, what becomes of the strong interdependence of variance and covariance so characteristic of closed arrays? The question seems to have attracted little attention; we are aware of no study of it in the earth sciences. Experimental work reported here shows quite clearly that the overall equivalence of variance and covariance imposed by closure, though absent from the component scores,may emerge in relations between the coefficientsof each of the lower-order components; if the raw data are “complete” rock analyses, the sum of all the covariances of the coefficients of such a component is negative, and is very nearly equal to the sum of all the variances in absolute value. (In all cases so far examined, the absolute value of the first sum is a little less than that of the second.) The principal components transformation provides an elegant escape from closure correlation if a petrographic problem can be restated entirely in terms of component scores, but not if a physical interpretation of the component vectors is required.
Data-conversion controller for ink-jet printing

An effective and flexible data conversion controller for ink jet printing is proposed in this paper. It provides the capability of processing firing data to meet the requirements of both firing sequence and firing timing of the cartridge. This print data is arranged according to the nozzle layout of a selected print cartridge and the printing direction. Then output the arranged data to the firing driver of print cartridge. A hardware architecture is proposed to serve the needs of data conversion. It is an effective design that consists of two appointed selections of nozzle firing sequence and fixed nozzle pad mapping. Moreover, the proposed architecture provides programmable firing timing and it can be switched between black or color printing mode. The core technology of this data conversion hardware is now applied to an ASIC of ink jet fax engine by OES/ITRI.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mobilitas-Dick; Or, Herman Melville's Whale as Mobility

Herman Melville begins Moby-Dick with an etymological meditation on the word whale by drawing parallels between Webster's Dictionary and Richardson's Dictionary, emphasizing whale as motion (Melvi...
Chemical characteristics and microbial degradation of humate

Abstract Humates are often used in agriculture as a source of organic matter. This study was conducted to characterize a commercial humate and to evaluate its chemical and decomposition characteristics. Characterization methods included fractionization of humic and fulvic acids of the humate, based on their alkali/acid insolubility; elemental analysis; acidic functional group analysis; and E4/E6 ratio determinations. The humate consisted of the following: 58% organic matter, 32% ash, and 10% moisture. Humic fraction was mostly humic acid (76%), with some fulvic acid (18%). Organic elemental composition [59% carbon (C), 5% hydrogen (H), and 36% oxygen (O)] also suggests a humic‐acid nature. Inorganic elemental content of this humate, which was primarily aluminum (Al) [4.9%] and iron (Fe) [0.46%], reflects its spodic origin. Much of the Al present, however, results from the flocculant (alum) used at the mining site to precipitate the humate. The relatively low total acidity of this humate (250 cmol/kg) sugg...
The effect of pregnancy on retinal hemodynamics in diabetic versus nondiabetic mothers.

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate retinal circulatory changes that occur during the third trimester of pregnancy in diabetic patients and control subjects. METHODS: Bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry and monochromatic fundus photography were used to assess the retinal circulation in seven pregnant diabetic patients and 13 age-matched pregnant control subjects. Retinal venous diameter (D), maximum erythrocyte velocity (Vmax), and retinal volumetric blood flow rate (Q) were measured in one eye of each subject during the third trimester of pregnancy (DPREG, VmaxPREG, and QPREG, respectively). These measurements were repeated during the postpartum period for both diabetic patients (11 ± 7 weeks postpartum) and control subjects (16 ± 6 weeks postpartum; P = .203; DPOST, VmaxPOST, and QPOST). RESULTS: In control subjects, DPREG was significantly reduced by −4.5% ± 4.4% (mean percent difference ± 1 standard deviation; paired t test, P = .006) relative to DPOST. In diabetic women, DPREG was also significantly reduced by −8.1% ± 3.2% compared with DPOST ( P = .001), a change that was significantly larger than that seen in control subjects (unpaired t test; P = .035). Compared with QPOST, QPREG was reduced by −7.1% ± 14.2% ( P = .123), in control subjects. In diabetic women, QPREG was significantly decreased by −18.4% ± 9.3% compared with QPOST ( P = .012). This reduction in QPREG was significantly greater in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic control subjects (unpaired t test, P = .040). No significant differences between VmaxPREG and VmaxPOST were observed in either diabetic patients (−3.1% ± 12.9%; P = .400) or control subjects (+1.9% ± 14.4%; P = .787). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal venous diameter is decreased during the third trimester of pregnancy in both diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. This decrease is significantly larger in diabetic than in nondiabetic mothers. In addition, we observed a reduction in retinal volumetric blood flow in diabetic patients during pregnancy that was significantly larger than that present in nondiabetic women. This fall in retinal volumetric blood flow in diabetic patients may exacerbate retinal ischemia and hypoxia and thus may be associated with the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Elementary derivation of slichter and ailion's spin-lattice relaxation times of ultraslow motions

Abstract This paper presents an elementary derivation of Slichter and Ailion's spin-relaxation times of ultraslow motions using Mori's linear response theory Our formalism gives explicit expressions for various relaxation times in terms of time integrals of autocorrelation functions.
Investigation of turbulent jet impingement in a confined crossflow

Abstract : Measurements and computations are reported for the flow of a turbulent jet discharging into a crossflow confined between two parallel plates. For jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios R equal to 2 and 4, mean and fluctuating velocity components are measured by a laser Doppler anemometer. High order statistics of the streamwise velocity and its time derivative have been measured in the plane of symmetry of a jet in a confined crossflow. The existence of universal similarity of the fine scale structure of a developing turbulent velocity field and the validity of original Kolmogorov local similarity theory and later formulations were investigated. Construction of normalized spectral for energy content, dissipation, and higher order moments enable an examination of the Reynolds number dissipation, and higher order moments enable an examination of the Reynolds number dependence of these functions for the Re sub lamda range from 16 to 800. Estimates of the Kolmogorov constant, mu, ranging from 0.27 to 0.43 were obtained with the arithmetic average equal to 0.38. The fractal dimension of the fine scale structure was estimated from the functional relationship between the flatness of the velocity time derivative and Re sub lambda. For unfiltered data, the fractal dimension was estimated to be 2.45. However, with a + or - 12 sigma bandwidth, the fractal dimension increased to 2. 73.
Development of a Multiplexed Microcapillary Liquid Chromatography System for High-Throughput Proteome Analysis

Comprehensive proteome analysis requires the identification (and quantification) of the proteins in samples consisting of thousands of proteins spanning a range of abundance of several orders of magnitude. The currency of proteome analysis by mass spectrometry is the peptides generated by protein proteolysis. The high sample complexity of such samples requires a large separation capacity, which is commonly achieved by fractionation of the mixture followed by further serial separations of each fraction. The sample throughput of proteome analysis is therefore limited by the need to sequentially process large numbers of samples. We have developed a novel fourplexed microcapillary liquid chromatography system for automated, high-throughput separation of complex peptide samples. The system supports the concurrent separation of four different samples by directing identically split solvent−gradient flows into four microcapillary C18 columns. The simple design of the system achieves multiplexed separation without...
Alcohol use and the fear of weight gain in college: Reconciling two social norms

Recent research reports a, link between diet-related behavior and alcohol abuse among women, but fails to explain this relationship. In the present study, a grounded theory approach is used to explore the link between diet-related behavior, body image, and alcohol use among a sample of college students. In the feminist tradition of “giving voice,” 78 college students participated in semi-structured, face-to-face interview to generate insight into the sociocultural practice of diet behavior and its association with alcohol use. Four specific categories of diet-related behaviors in the context of alcohol use emerged. Students reported altering their eating and drinking patterns, self-induced purging, or exercising to stave off unwanted weight gain believed to be caused by alcohol use. These categories are useful for understanding the alcohol-use and diet-related behavior associations reported in previous studies Results suggest drinking behavior among some college students is perhaps mutually influenced by socio-cultural pressures to conform both to dody-image norms and to drinking, norms. Interventions to reduce college alcohol use and the social consequences that accompany such behavior may need to take into account these social and psychological factors.
Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied. To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.
THE MACHINERY AND POLITICS OF MONETARY POLICY‐MAKING

THE TONE OF THE Douglas Subcommittee of 1949 was: "Money is important after all. Restore monetary policy!" The theme of the Patman Subcommittee investigation is: "Yes-but how can we really make it work?" In the Patman hearings, there was surprisingly little dissent from the need to increase the role of monetary policy in economic stabilization. In this setting, the machinery of policy-making came in for much attention. Indeed, before the hearings began it was suggested in the financial press that the committee was no more than a subterfuge for getting the Treasury ready to absorb the Federal Reserve. Mr. Patman, Treasury Secretary Snyder, and others were variously identified as the chief plotters. This vivid billing, to the disappointment of sensation-seekers, had little relation to the careful, sober behavior of the committee and its chief witnesses. Nobody, certainly not the Treasury, wanted to do away with the Federal Reserve. Still, just about everybody had something to say on how the Federal Reserve ought to be heard. To a few, the answer was simple: "Make the Federal Reserve independent! Have nothing to do with those rascals in the Treasury and the White House. Call the monetary tune, and let the government dance to it!" But to the vast majority, including every government and Federal Reserve official, the answer was much harder, and more complex.
Comparison of the crystal chemistry and electrical properties of La2−xAxNiO4 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba)

Abstract With an objective to understand the influence of the size of the A cations, the crystal chemistry and electrical properties of La2−xAxNiO4 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) are compared. The solubility limits of the A cations in La2−xAxNiO4 are 0.6, 1.5, and 1.1, respectively, for A = Ca, Sr, and Ba. At a given value of x, the Ca and Ba systems have lower oxygen content than that of the Sr system. The lower solubility limit and oxygen content for the Ca and Ba systems are due to a preference of Ca2+ for eightfold coordination and a larger degree of tensile stress in the Ni–O bonds of La2−xBaxNiO4 at higher doping levels. For x 0.6, the a parameter increases in the Sr and Ba systems, while the c parameter decreases in the Sr system and remains almost constant in the Ba system with increasing x. The increase in a parameter and the decrease or constancy of c parameter for x > 0.6 is due to a transfer of electron density from the dz2 band to the dx2−y2 band. While the Sr system exhibits a semiconductor-to-metal transition with increasing x, both the Ca and Ba systems are semiconducting for all values of x.
Movement of the decoding region of the 16 S ribosomal RNA accompanies tRNA translocation.

Abstract The ribosome undergoes pronounced periodic conformational changes during protein synthesis. Of particular importance are those occurring around the decoding site, the region of the 16 S rRNA interacting with the mRNA-(tRNA)2 complex. We have incorporated structural information from X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance into cryo-electron microscopic maps of ribosomal complexes designed to capture structural changes at the translocation step of the polypeptide elongation cycle. The A-site region of the decoding site actively participates in the translocation of the tRNA from the A to the P-site upon GTP hydrolysis by elongation factor G, shifting approximately 8 A toward the P-site. This implies that elongation factor G actively pushes both the decoding site and the mRNA/tRNA complex during translocation.
Contingency judgment: primacy effects and attention decrement

Subjects made judgments concerning the strength and direction of the contingency between two dichotomous variables in a situation in which no contingency actually existed. The judgments exhibited a significant primacy effect. The effects of warning and not warning the subjects that they would be required to recall the frequencies of observed event co-occurrences implied that this primacy effect was due to ‘attention decrement’ (Anderson 1981). According to this hypothesis, attention to contingency-relevant information diminishes after the subject is exposed to only a small portion of the available information.
Target tracking with asynchronous measurements by a network of distributed mobile agents

In this paper we consider the problem of target tracking in a network of mobile agents that receive asynchronous measurements. The agents measure received signal strengths from the target and broadcast the information to the remaining agents engaged in the tracking. We propose several non-centralized schemes based on particle filtering that account for the lack of synchronization. We demonstrate the proposed methods by computer simulations and compare their performance to the synchronous scenario. The obtained results reveal that the proposed strategies efficiently compensate for the asynchronism of the measurements.
Crystal Structure of Poliovirus 3CD Protein: Virally Encoded Protease and Precursor to the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

Poliovirus 3CD is a multifunctional protein that serves as a precursor to the protease 3Cpro and the viral polymerase 3Dpol and also plays a role in the control of viral replication. Although 3CD is a fully functional protease, it lacks polymerase activity. We have solved the crystal structures of 3CD at a 3.4-A resolution and the G64S fidelity mutant of 3Dpol at a 3.0-A resolution. In the 3CD structure, the 3C and 3D domains are joined by a poorly ordered polypeptide linker, possibly to facilitate its cleavage, in an arrangement that precludes intramolecular proteolysis. The polymerase active site is intact in both the 3CD and the 3Dpol G64S structures, despite the disruption of a network proposed to position key residues in the active site. Therefore, changes in molecular flexibility may be responsible for the differences in fidelity and polymerase activities. Extensive packing contacts between symmetry-related 3CD molecules and the approach of the 3C domain's N terminus to the VPg binding site suggest how 3Dpol makes biologically relevant interactions with the 3C, 3CD, and 3BCD proteins that control the uridylylation of VPg during the initiation of viral replication. Indeed, mutations designed to disrupt these interfaces have pronounced effects on the uridylylation reaction in vitro.
Multi-resolution edge detection with edge pattern analysis

Edge detection is defined as the process of detecting and representing the presence of and locations of image signal discontinuities, which serves as the basic transformation of signals into symbols and it influences the performance of subsequent processing. In general, the edge detection operation has two main steps: filtering, and detection and localization. In the first step, finding an optimal scale of the filter is an ill-posed problem, especially when a single—global—scale is used over the entire image. Multi-resolution description of the image which can fully represent the image features occurring in a range of scales is used, where a combination of Gaussian filters with different scales can ameliorate the single scale issue. In the second step, often edge detectors have been designed to capture simple ideal step functions in image data, but real image signal discontinuities deviate from this ideal form. Another three types of deviations from the step function which relate to real distortions occurring in natural images are examined. These types are impulse, ramp, and sigmoid functions which respectively represent narrow line signals, simplified blur effects, and more accurate blur modeling. General rules for edge detection based upon the classification of edge types into four categories-ramp, impulse, step, and sigmoid are developed from this analysis. The performance analysis on experiments supports that the proposed multi-resolution edge detection algorithm with edge pattern analysis does lead to more effective edge detection and localization with improved accuracies.
High-frequency link inverter for fuel cells based on multiple-carrier PWM

Fuel-cell inverter applications typically have a relatively low voltage input, and require a battery bus for energy buffering. Circuit topology issues are examined based on these needs. The need for high step-up ratios, current control, low ripple, and battery storage leads to a current-sourced link converter as perhaps the best choice of conversion topology. High-frequency ac link conversion offers a possible way to reduce the number of power stages, in the form of a cycloconverter, known from previous work. It is shown that the control complexity in this converter can be addressed by adapting pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques. Here, a multicarrier PWM approach is introduced as a convenient way to implement a high-frequency link inverter. The approach is a direct extension of conventional PWM, and supports square-wave cycloconversion methods that have appeared in prior literature. Simulation and experimental results are developed for a low-voltage ac link inverter, leading to a 48-V fuel cell input design.
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN SEXUAL ISOLATION IN THE JEWEL WASP NASONIA

Divergence in mate recognition systems can lead to reproductive isolation. In this study, we investigate patterns of intraspecific variation that contribute to premating isolation within and between two haplodiploid species, Nasonia vitripennis and N. longicornis. In a broad-scale survey of 17 North American isofemale lines encompassing the two species, we report strong asymmetric sexual isolation between species and a dramatic level of intraspecific variation for mate discrimination between species. A general lack of incipient speciation was found, with the exception of low levels of interpopulational sexual isolation within N. vitripennis. Regression analysis shows that the degree of intraspecific variation for within-species mating frequency is not associated with the degree for between-species mating frequency. Reinforcement or reproductive character displacement may be involved in some of the variation in inter- species premating isolation.
Formation and Reactivity of Five-Coordinate Gallium Supported by Salen Ligands

This work is an exploration into the synthesis and reactivity of five-coordinate gallium complexes of the ligands, Salen(tBu)H2 [N,N′-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine), (1)], Salpen(tBu)H2 [N,N′-propylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine), (2)], Salophen(tBu)H2 [N,N′-phenylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine), (3)], and Salomphen(tBu)H2 [N,N′-(4,5-dimethyl)phenylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine), (4)]. Fully characterized examples include those of general formula LGaX, where L = 1, X = Cl (5), Et (6); 3, X = Cl (7), Et (10); 4, X = Cl (8), Me (9) Et (11). X-ray structural data is presented for 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11. The ability of these complexes to undergo either alkane or salt elimination reactions is described. In one reaction the unusual salt: [{Salophen(tBu)Ga(MeOH)}2]+BPh−4 (12) is obtained.
Coevolution of Gyral Folding and Structural Connection Patterns in Primate Brains

Both cortical folding and structural connection patterns are more elaborated during the evolution of primate neocortex. For instance, cortical gyral shapes and structural connection patterns in humans are more complex and variable than those in chimpanzees and macaques. However, the intrinsic relationship between gyral folding and structural connection and their coevolution patterns across primates remain unclear. Here, our qualitative and quantitative analyses of in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data consistently demonstrate that structural fiber connection patterns closely follow gyral folding patterns in the direction “tangent” to the cortical sphere, and this close relationship is well preserved in the neocortices of macaque, chimpanzee, and human brains, despite the progressively increasing complexity and variability of cortical folding and structural connection patterns. The findings suggest a hypothesis that a common axonal fiber pushing mechanism sculpts the curved patterns of gyri in the tangent direction during primate brain evolution. Our DTI/MRI data analysis provides novel insights into the structural architecture of primate brains, a new viewpoint of the relationship between cortical morphology and connection, and a basis for future elucidation of the functional implication of coevolution of cortical folding and structural connection patterns.
Correlation Between Computed Gas-Phase and Experimentally Determined Solution-Phase Infrared Spectra: Models of the Iron-Iron Hydrogenase Enzyme Active Site

Gas-phase density functional theory calculations (B3LYP, double zeta plus polarization basis sets) are used to predict the solution-phase infrared spectra for a series of CO- and CN-containing iron complexes. It is shown that simple linear scaling of the computed CO and CN stretching frequencies yields accurate predictions of the the experimentally determined ν(CO) and ν(CN) values for a variety of complexes of different charges and in solvents of varying polarity. As examples of the technique, the resulting correlation is used to assign structures to spectroscopically observed but structurally ambiguous species in two different systems. For the (μ-SCH2CH2CH2S)[Fe(CO)3]2 complex in tetrahydrofuran solution, our calculations show that the initial electrochemical reduction process leads to a simple one-electron reduced product with a structure very similar to the (μ-SCH2CH2CH2S)[Fe(CO)3]2 parent complex. For the iron–iron hydrogenase enzyme active site, our computations show that the absence or presence of a water molecule near the distal iron center (the iron center further from the [4Fe4S] cluster and protein backbone) has very little effect on the predicted infrared spectra. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1454–1462, 2006
Human centered automation: oxymoron or common sense?

Though human centered automation is currently a fashionable idea in many context, its precise meaning is not well or commonly understood. The human is seen as an essential element in the system for monitoring the automation, to act as a supervisory controller over the subordinate but presumably less intelligent subsystems, and to be able to step in when the automation fails. But it has become evident that human, when put in the role of monitor, supervisor, and automation backup in case of failure, may not perform well.
Cosmochemistry: Meteorites: a record of nebular and planetary processes

Overview Most meteorites (~86%) are chondrites, which are primitive rocks that have elemental compositions similar to that of the Sun. They are named for the millimeter-sized droplets of quenched silicate melt, called chondrules, that are particularly abundant in these meteorites. Chondrites come from the asteroid belt. They are physical mixtures of accreted components (chondrules, refractory inclusions, metal and sulfide, dust) whose characteristics and mineralogy we will describe. The classification of chondrites utilizes a combination of primary features (bulk chemical composition, oxygen isotopes) and secondary features (thermal metamorphism or aqueous alteration). About 14% of meteorites arriving on Earth consist of differentiated materials. Their compositions have been affected by melting and crystallization, and they include various kinds of achondritic meteorites, irons, and stony irons from the asteroid belt, along with lunar samples and Martian meteorites. Achondrites, so-named because they do not contain chondrules, are divided into two types. Primitive achondrites are the solid residues left behind after extraction of partial melts from chondritic material. Magmatic achondrites crystallized from the extracted melts or from completely melted and differentiated chondritic material. Irons and stony irons formed by separation of molten metal/sulfide from silicates. Lunar rocks include cumulates from the ancient highlands and mare basalts that flooded huge craters. Martian meteorites include basalts and cumulates formed from basaltic magmas. Primitive versus differentiated Cosmochemistry is the study of the chemical compositions of various solar system materials. Chondrites are the most abundant primitive samples.
Electronic-textile system for the evaluation of wearable technology

Wearable technology used in spaceflight has many applications. Electronic sensing, interaction, and computing designed into comfortable on-body form factors has the potential to augment human capabilities while improving safety, efficiency, autonomy, and ergonomics. This paper discusses our design methods and approach to improving the E-SEWT (Electronic-textile System for the Evaluation of Wearable Technology) project for The Wearable Electronics Application and Research Lab (WEAR Lab) in the Avionic Systems Division at the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC).The E-SEWT project is a design-lead study in the form and function of a reconfigurable smart garment to be worn on board the International Space Station (ISS). This specialized garment consists of a base unit and removable sensor components called "swatches." This configuration allows the garment to be customized by the wearer to meet their needs to complete a particular task or to suit their personal preferences. The values of a smart garment with a variety of reconfigurable modular units include customization between wearers and tasks, ease in replacing parts and/or updating components for both replacement and testing and flexibility in prototyping and eventually manufacturing. The focus of the design solutions evolved through a process of interacting with test users with a focus on mobility, ergonomics comfort, and ease of use while maintaining optimal data flow.
The New York University Nerve Sparing Algorithm Decreases the Rate of Positive Surgical Margins Following Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: We developed an algorithm that prospectively defines when to excise the neurovascular bundles during radical retropubic prostatectomy with the goal of maximizing the performance of nerve sparing procedures while minimizing positive surgical margins.Materials and Methods: From January 1 to December 31, 2000 a single surgeon performed 272 radical retropubic prostatectomies and 263 were performed from January 1 to December 31, 2001. A single pathologist analyzed all specimens with positive margins. There were no prospectively defined criteria to guide decisions regarding excision of the neurovascular bundles in the 2000 study cohort. Gleason score, percent tumor volume and perineural invasion were independently analyzed in the biopsy specimens according to the site of origin (right versus left side) for the 2001 group only. The ipsilateral neurovascular bundle was excised for Gleason 6 or less tumors when there were 50% or greater tumor volume in the biopsy specimen and perineural invasion, ...
A CONSIDERATION OF DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF FUZZY COVERING RELATIONS

Fuzzy spatial models map a substantial degree of preference indifference. It has been shown that different definitions of covering result in different elements in the uncovered set when preference indifference is present. We consider several of the most frequently used definitions of covering relations found in the literature. The first definition that we examine yields an uncovered set, some of the elements of which are not Pareto efficient. Given that there is no reason to expect a set of players comprising a majority to settle for a Pareto deficient outcome, the remainder of the paper considers the ability of alternative definitions to avoid such a result.
Agricultural Land Use and Asset Accumulation in Migrant Households: the Case of El Salvador

Abstract This paper examines the effect that international migration and remittances have on agricultural outcomes at the household level in El Salvador. Panel data are used to examine land use allocations, agricultural asset accumulation, and agricultural input use and returns. Findings suggest that migration and remittances cause a household to reallocate land away from commercial cash crops toward the production of subsistence food crops. There is weak evidence that migration and remittances contribute positively to agricultural asset accumulation in the form of land and livestock holdings. Further, results suggest that migration and remittance do not affect agricultural input use and may decrease the returns to land and labour on farm, as migrant households farm their land less intensively than non-migrant households.
What Can a Looking Glass Reflect? Trait Observability Predicts What Feedback is Incorporated into Self-Knowledge

In this work we suggest that trait observability is an important predictor of what kind of feedback will be incorporated into self-knowledge. In two studies we find evidence that feedback about ones own observable traits, referencing social or physical characteristics, becomes incorporated into self-knowledge. In our work, feedback on less observable traits, referencing internal states or competency, was not incorporated into self-knowledge. This pattern holds for both positive and negative feedback, regardless of whether the feedback is explicitly or implicitly provided. Importantly, this pattern holds when we both controlled for how consensual the feedback was, and when we allowed feedback consensuality to vary naturally. Our work suggests that trait observability is an important dimension in understanding what feedback is likely to be incorporated into self-knowledge.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Upper Extremity Deformity

n/a Supporting material: Figure 1. Open left forearm deformity with sagittal ultrasound image of the left forearm demonstrating a foreign body radial to the ulna. Figure 2. Wooden foreign body removed from the left forearm.
Abstract WP8: Determinants Of Benefit From Endovascular Recanalization In Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis

Background: While endovascular recanalization therapy for acute ischemic stroke has made substantial technical advance, demonstration of clinical benefit has to date been elusive. We performed a systematic meta-analysis of all clinical trials and large series of endovascular recanalization to identify features associated with good clinical outcome. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials to identify all randomized trials and large cohort series of endovascular recan for acute stroke published from 1999 - 2012. Reports were included if they used any endovascular recanalization technique in a sample of 50 or more subjects. Studies confined to patients with post circulation or ICA occlusions were excluded. Results: A total of 22 studies reporting 2185 patients met selection criteria. Interventions were intra-arterial fibrinolysis (IAF) in 6 series (467 patients), the Merci retriever in 5 (508 patients), the Penumbra system in 3 (373 patients), and stent retrievers in 5 (571 patients). Across series, average patient age was 66, 49% were female, median pretreatment NIHSS was 17, and avg time from onset to recanalization was 293 minutes. Target occlusion locations included the ICA in 17% and MCA in MCA 63%. Independent final clinical outcome (mRS ≤ 2 or nearest equivalent) was achieved in 41%, SICH occurred in 8%, and mortality rate was 23%. Factors associated with independent clinical outcome were: lower NIHSS pretreatment (r = 0.5), achievement of partial or better recanalization (r = 0.4), and onset to recanalization time (r =-0.4). A factor associated with mortality was longer time to recan (r = 0.4). With individual interventions, rates of good outcome were: IAF 51%, Merci 29%, Penumbra 32%, and stent retrievers 51%. Rates of mortality were: IAF 15%, Merci 33%, Penumbra 26%, and stent retrievers 22%. Conclusions: Independent clinical outcome after endovascular recanalization therapy is associated with lower pretreatment deficit severity, achievement of recanalization, and shorter time to recanalization. Differences in functional outcomes are noted between different endovascular recanalization techniques, likely reflecting differences in case mix and in recanalization efficiency.
Differentiating neuromyelitis optica from other causes of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis on spinal magnetic resonance imaging

Background:Although spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) have been described, there is limited data available that help differentiate NMO from other causes of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM).Objective:To investigate the spinal MRI findings of LETM that help differentiate NMO at the acute stage from multiple sclerosis (MS) and other causes of LETM.Methods:We enrolled 94 patients with LETM into our study. Bright spotty lesions (BSL), the lesion distribution and location were evaluated on axial T2-weighted images. Brainstem extension, cord expansion, T1 darkness and lesion enhancement were noted. We also reviewed the brain MRI of the patients during LETM.Results:Patients with NMO had a greater amount of BSL and T1 dark lesions (p < 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). The lesions in NMO patients were more likely to involve greater than one-half of the spinal cord’s cross-sectional area; to enhance and be centrally-located, or both centrally- and periph...
Influence of transepithelial potential difference on acidification in the toad urinary bladder

Influence of transepithelial potential difference on acidification in the toad urinary bladder. The rate of urinary acidification by toad urinary bladders was measured in vitro by following the pH changes of the HCO 3 - /CO 2 -buffered Ringer's solutions bathing the mucosal and serosal sides of the bladder. Within the tolerated range of transepithelial potential differences (PD) (-100 to +100 mv), the rate of acidification was found to be a linear function of the PD. The rate of acidification could be increased by a favorable PD whether the PD was the spontaneous transepithelial PD due to sodium transport or a PD imposed in the absence of sodium transport, as when choline was substituted for Na or when amiloride blocked sodium transport. Acetazolamide inhibited both active and PD-driven acidification. Acidification rate was the same in 2.4mM HCO 3 - and 1% CO 2 as in 12mM HCO 3 - and 5% CO 2 ; again, acidification was increased equally by a favorable PD. PD-driven acidification was found to be linearly correlated with acidification occurring at short-circuit conditions. These findings suggest that the rate of acidification can be accelerated by the transepithelial PD in the absence of sodium transport and that the PD-driven component of acidification utilizes a transcellular pathway. Effet de la difference de potentiel trans-epitheliale sur l'acidification dans la vessie urinaire du crapaud. Le debit d'acidification urinaire par des vessies de crapauds a ete mesure in vitro en observant les modifications de pH d'une solution de Ringer HCO 3 - /CO 2 placee sur les faces muqueuse et sereuse de la vessie. Dans l'intervalle des valeurs de la difference de potentiel (PD) (-100 a + 100 mv) le debit d'acidification est une fonction lineaire de la PD. Le debit d'acidification peut etre augmente par une PD favorable, que cette PD soit celle spontanee, trans-epitheliale, liee au transport de sodium ou qu'il s'agisse d'une PD imposee en l'absence de transport de sodium, comme c'est le cas quand de la choline est substituee au sodium ou quand le transport du sodium est bloque par l'amiloride. L'acetazolamide inhibe a la fois l'acidification active et celle induite par la PD. Le debit d'acidification est le meme dans HCO 3 - 2, 4mM et 1% CO 2 que dans HCO 3 - 12mM et 5% CO 2 . L'acidification est egalement augmentee par une PD favorable. L'acidification induite par la PD est lineairement correlee avec celle observee dans des conditions de court-circuit. Ces constatations suggerent que le debit d'acidification peut etre augmente par la PD trans-epitheliale en l'absence de transport de sodium et que la composante de l'acidification induite par la PD utilise une voie trans-cellulaire.
ARLP: an adaptive link layer protocol to improve TCP performance over wireless fading channels: Research Articles

Improving the performance of Internet services is essential for future generation wireless networks. However, the correlated fading channels are found to be very unfriendly to transmission control protocol (TCP) performance in such networks. The variation in fading rate brings further challenge to wireless networks when supporting Internet applications, most of which run TCP as the transport layer protocol. In this paper, we first analytically study the performance of different radio link protocol (RLP) retransmission schemes in supporting TCP. In particular, we investigate the key quality of service (QoS) parameters of RLP such as average delay, delay variance and recovery rate of lost frames. Our analytical and simulation results show that a single retransmission scheme does not yield the best performance for different fading rates. To address this problem, we propose an adaptive radio link protocol (ARLP) that dynamically estimates the channel fading rate and also adaptively chooses those retransmission schemes that best fit the estimated fading rate. The performance of ARLP is evaluated in terms of response time (the time ARLP takes to respond to fading rate change), throughput improvement and energy consumption. The results show that ARLP can improve the performance of a particular mobile host as well as the total throughput of wireless networks, at the cost of a little extra energy consumption at low frame error rate. On the other hand, at high frame error rate, ARLP saves energy because of fewer retransmissions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotyping of enterovirus 71 strains isolated in Fujian Province,2010

Enterovirus type 71(EV71) is a common cause of pediatric hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD).The genetic background of current EV71 isolates was investigated,and the distribution and transmission characteristics of EV71 strains in Fujian Province were analysed in this study.The complete VP1 sequences of 50 EV71 strains,isolating from specimens of 50 HFMD patients in Fujian in 2010,were sequenced,homologically compared and phylogenetically analysed.Sequences analysis revealed that the full-length VP1 region of 50 Fujian EV71 strains was 891bp.Within 50 Fujian EV71 isolates,the nucleotide and amino acid identity were 95.4%-100% and 97.3%-100% respectively,sharing high homology with Fuyang 17.08-2 both in nucleotide and amino acid sequences,with the identity of 97.1%-99.3% in nucleotides and 98.7%-100% in amino acids,respectively.Phylogenetic analysis based on complete VP1 sequence also indicated that 50 Fujian EV71 strains had a close genetic relationship with Fuyang 17.08-2,which also belonged to the same subgenotype,C4a.Therefore,no obvious antigenic drift or mutation was observed.However,as closely related subgenotype C4a EV71 have multiple transmission chains in Fujian Province and in each prefecture,extensive surveillance and analysis are required.
Effects of time of suckling during the solar day on duration of the postpartum anovulatory interval in Brahman x Hereford (F1) cows.

Previously published reports have indicated that postpartum anovulatory intervals can be markedly reduced and rebreeding performance enhanced in Bos taurus cows by eliminating nighttime suckling. We sought to confirm this hypothesis by examining the effects of day, nighttime, and ad libitum suckling on suckling behavior of calves, duration of the postpartum anovulatory interval, and pregnancy rates in 45 fall-calving Brahman x Hereford (F 1 ) cows. Beginning on d 9 to 12 postpartum, calves were removed from lactating cows from 0700 to 1900 (Night-Suckled, n = 15) or from 1900 to 0700 (Day-Suckled, n = 15), or remained with their dams continuously (Ad Libitum-Suckled, n = 15). Cows in each group were maintained with fertile Angus bulls from d 10 postpartum until the first normal luteal phase or 100 d postpartum, whichever occurred first. Cows were observed for estrous behavior twice daily, and jugular blood samples were collected twice weekly for the determination of serum progesterone concentration. Mean number of suckling episodes per 24 h was greater (P .05) among the three groups. Similarly, cumulative pregnancy rates within 100 d after calving did not differ (P >.05). These results in Bos indicus x Bos taurus (F 1 ) cattle do not support the previous conclusions in Bos taurus that eliminating nighttime suckling reduces the postpartum anovulatory interval.
Global liberalization on homosexuality: Explaining the African gap

Abstract We are trapped in two divergent worlds when it comes to global views on homosexuality. There is the liberal world epitomized by Spain and other nations, where homosexuality is increasingly accepted; gays and lesbians are claiming their human rights; and laws are changing to codify that transformation. The second is the extremely anti-gay world symbolized by Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia, where attitudes are favorable to criminalization. This research explains the “African Gap” in attitudes toward homosexuality in a comparative analysis of six African nations and Argentina and Canada, South and North America's most liberal nations on gay rights. Using Pew's 2015 Spring Global Attitudes Survey data, we find that the major variables have essentially similar effects on opinion in any context. Africa's distinction is explained by its comparatively higher levels of factors such as religion, morality dogma, and low socioeconomic status that generally retard support for homosexuality, at the same time of lower levels of factors such as education, urbanization, and personal liberty that increase gay support. Africa's extreme anti-gay outlook is mutable. Two social forces will facilitate this softening: expansion of liberalizing agents such as education and urbanization, and repositioning away from “traditionalism” toward modernism emphasizing individualism, civil rights, and personal liberties.
The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use.

Abstract Background We examined associations between childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse (PPRM) and injection drug use (IDU) in a nationally-representative U.S. sample to further understanding of factors associated with these epidemics. Methods National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data (N = 12,288) yielded nine childhood traumas: neglect; emotional, physical, sexual abuse; parental incarceration and binge drinking; witnessed, threatened with, and experienced violence. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals for the association of each trauma and cumulative trauma and drug initiation in emerging and later adulthood. Results Outcome prevalences were 20% (PPRM) and 1% (IDU) in emerging adulthood and 10% PPRM in adulthood. We observed dose-response relationships that varied across outcomes. Cumulative trauma (referent = none) was associated with 34–79% greater odds of PPRM (emerging adulthood) across one to five+ trauma categories. The gradient was most consistent and associations strongest for adulthood PPRM: one trauma AOR = 1.46(1.12, 1.91); two AOR = 1.71(1.23, 2.36); three AOR = 2.16(1.43, 2.36); four AOR = 2.70(1.42, 5.62); five+ AOR = 3.09(1.52, 6.30). Dose-response was less consistent for IDU, but 4 and 5+ traumas were associated with approximately seven and five times the odds of IDU. Neglect, emotional abuse, and parental incarceration and binge drinking were associated with 25–55% increased odds of PPRM. Sexual abuse and witnessed violence were associated with nearly 3 and 5 times the odds of IDU. Conclusions Associations between childhood trauma and PPRM/IDU highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions for drug users and early trauma screening and treatment for prevention of drug misuse over the life course.
I-TRACH: Validating A Tool for Predicting Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation.

Purpose:We previously developed a bedside model (I-TRACH), which used commonly obtained data at the time of intubation to predict the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV). We now sought to valid...
World Development Report, 1997: The State in a Changing World

(1999). World Development Report, 1997: The State in a Changing World. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 204-208.