cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between family history of suicide attempt and neurocognitive functioning in community youth.

Background Suicidal behavior is highly familial. Neurocognitive deficits have been proposed as an endophenotype for suicide risk that may contribute to the familial transmission of suicide. Yet, there is a lack of research on the neurocognitive functioning of first-degree biological relatives of suicide attempters. The aim of the present study is to conduct the largest investigation to date of neurocognitive functioning in community youth with a family history of a fatal or nonfatal suicide attempt (FH). Methods Participants aged 8-21 years from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort completed detailed clinical and neurocognitive evaluations. A subsample of 501 participants with a FH was matched to a comparison group of 3,006 participants without a family history of suicide attempt (no-FH) on age, sex, race, and lifetime depression. Results After adjusting for multiple comparisons and including relevant clinical and demographic covariates, youth with a FH had significantly lower executive function factor scores (F[1,3432] = 6.63, p = .010) and performed worse on individual tests of attention (F[1,3382] = 7.08, p = .008) and language reasoning (F[1,3387] = 5.12, p = .024) than no-FH youth. Conclusions Youth with a FH show small differences in executive function, attention, and language reasoning compared to youth without a FH. Further research is warranted to investigate neurocognitive functioning as an endophenotype for suicide risk. Implications for the prevention and treatment of suicidal behaviors are discussed.
4 – Inspection data

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the inspection data. Prior to the introduction of formal inspection into the software development process, testing provided the only opportunity in the product life-cycle to discover and remove errors. Inspection allows error removal during the design and coding steps, so errors are found closer to their point of entry into the software and are not allowed to affect product quality for any extended period. The result has been a dramatic improvement in the quality of released software products. Further enhancements of the formal inspection concept concentrate on provable correctness rather than error discovery. The verification audit is defined as the formal verification of the correctness proof for a software design as constructed by its developer and is a check on the correctness arguments rather than the design itself. The introduction of software engineering design methods has stressed the concept of software correctness and identified a more effective method of formal review—the verification audit.
Exit from Hegemony: The Unraveling of the American Global Order

In recent years, a number of books have appeared noting and often lamenting the decline of the so-called Liberal World order crafted in the aftermath of World War II (although some, most notably Jo...
Randomized trial assessing impact of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiome and clinical outcome from targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Studies suggest a link between the gut microbiome and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) outcomes, including evidence that mRCC patients possess a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. compared to healthy adults. We sought to assess if a Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt product could modulate the gut microbiome and clinical outcome from vascular endothelial growth factor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKIs). mRCC patients initiating VEGF-TKIs, regardless of the line of therapy, were randomized to probiotic-supplemented (two 4 oz. servings of the probiotic yogurt product daily) or probiotic-restricted arms. Stool samples were collected prior to therapy and at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 12. Microbiome composition was assessed using whole-metagenome sequencing. A total of 20 patients were randomized. Bifidobacterium animalis, the active ingredient of the probiotic supplement, reached detectable levels in all patients in the probiotic-supplemented arm versus two patients in the probiotic-restricted arm. Clinical benefit rate was similar in probiotic-supplemented versus probiotic-restricted arms (70% vs. 80%, p = 0.606). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis of MetaPhIAn2 abundance data predicted 25 enriched species demonstrating an LDA score >3 in either clinical benefit or no clinical benefit. In patients with clinical benefit (vs. no clinical benefit), Barnesiella intestinihominis and Akkermansia muciniphila were significantly more abundant (p = 7.4 × 10-6 and p = 5.6 × 10-3 , respectively). This is the first prospective randomized study demonstrating modulation of the gut microbiome with a probiotic in mRCC. Probiotic supplementation successfully increased the Bifidobacterium spp. levels. Analysis of longitudinal stool specimens identified an association between B. intestinihominis, A. muciniphila, and clinical benefit with therapy. Trial Registration: NCT02944617.
Hα Emission Variability in Active M Dwarfs

We use ~12,000 spectra of ~3500 magnetically active M0-M9 dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey taken at 10-15 minute intervals, together with ~300 spectra of ~60 M0-M8 stars obtained hourly with the Hydra multiobject spectrometer, to probe Hα variability on timescales of minutes to weeks. With multiple observations for every star examined, we are able to characterize fluctuations in Hα emission as a function of activity strength and spectral type. Stars with greater magnetic activity (as quantified by LHα/Lbol) are found to be less variable at all spectral types. We attribute this result to the stronger level of persistent emission in the high-activity stars, requiring a larger heating event in order to produce measurable variability. We also construct Hα structure functions to constrain the timescale of variability. The more active objects with lower variability exhibit a characteristic timescale longer than 1 hr, likely due to larger, longer lasting heating events, while the less active objects with higher variability have a characteristic timescale shorter than 15 minutes.
The life course of homeless female Veterans: Qualitative study findings

Introduction: Homelessness among Veterans is a significant problem in the United States, and female Veterans, one of the fastest-growing groups in the homeless population, are four times more likel...
Stroke and HIV-associated neurological complications: A retrospective nationwide study

There is an increased risk of stroke and other neurological complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with no large population-based studies in the literature. We aim to evaluate the prevalence of stroke, HIV-associated neurological complications, and identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes of stroke among HIV admissions in the United States. In the nationwide inpatient sample with adult HIV hospitalizations, patients with primary cerebrovascular disease (CeVDs) and HIV-associated neurological complications were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. We performed a retrospective study with weighted analysis to evaluate the prevalence of stroke and neurological complications and outcomes of stroke among HIV patients. We included 1,559,351 HIV admissions from 2003 to 2014, of which 22470 (1.4%) patients had CeVDs (transient ischemic attack [TIA]: 3240 [0.2%], acute ischemic stroke [AIS]: 14895 [0.93%], and hemorrhagic stroke [HS]: 4334 [0.27%]), 7781 (0.49%) had neurosyphilis, 29,925 (1.87%) meningitis, 39,190 (2.45%) cytomegalovirus encephalitis, 4699 (0.29%) toxoplasmosis, 9964 (0.62%) progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and 142,910 (8.94%) epilepsy. There is increased overall prevalence trend for CeVDs (TIA: 0.17%-0.24%; AIS: 0.62%-1.29%; HS: 0.26%-0.31%; pTrend < .0001) from 2003 to 2014. Among HIV admissions, variables associated with AIS were neurosyphilis (odds ratio: 4.38; 95% confidence interval: 3.21-5.97), meningitis (4.87 [4.10-5.79]), and central nervous system tuberculosis (6.72 [3.85-11.71]). Toxoplasmosis [4.27 [2.34-7.76]), meningitis (2.91 [2.09-4.06)], and cytomegalovirus encephalitis (1.62 [1.11-2.37]) were associated with higher odds of HS compared to patients without HS. There was an increasing trend of CeVDs over time among HIV hospitalizations. HIV-associated neurological complications were associated with the risk of stroke, together with increased mortality, morbidity, disability, and discharge to long-term care facilities. Further research would clarify stroke risk factors in HIV patients to mitigate adverse outcomes.
Applying High Leverage Practices to Increase Active Engagement and On-task Behavior of Students with Intellectual Disabilities during Literacy Activities:

The high leverage practices of promoting active student engagement and using assistive and instructional technology can be implemented simultaneously in resource settings. The purpose of the study ...
Local field potentials identify features of cortico-hippocampal communication impacted by stroke and environmental enrichment therapy

Objective Cognitive and memory impairments are common sequelae after stroke, yet how middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke chronically affects the neural activity of the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory but remote from the stroke epicenter, is poorly understood. Environmental enrichment (EE) improves cognition following stroke; however, the electrophysiology that underlies this behavioral intervention is still elusive. Approach: We recorded extracellular local field potentials simultaneously from sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus in rats during urethane anesthesia following MCA occlusion and subsequent EE treatment. Main results: We found that MCA stroke significantly impacted the electrophysiology in the hippocampus, in particular it disrupted characteristics of sharp-wave associated ripples (SPW-Rs) altered brain state, and disrupted phase amplitude coupling (PAC) within the hippocampus and between the cortex and hippocampus. Importantly, we show that EE mitigates stroke-induced changes to SPW-R characteristics but does not restore hippocampal brain state or PAC. Significance: These results begin to uncover the complex interaction between cognitive deficit following stroke and EE treatment, providing a testbed to assess different strategies for therapeutics following stroke.
Urinary metals and metal mixtures and timing of natural menopause in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Abstract Background Exposure to metals and metal mixtures may influence ovarian aging. However, epidemiologic evidence of their potential impact is lacking. Objective We prospectively examined the associations of 15 urinary metal concentrations and their mixtures with natural menopause in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Multi-Pollutant Study. Methods The study population consisted of 1082 premenopausal women from multiple racial/ethnic groups, aged 45–56 years at baseline (1999–2000), with the median follow-up of 4.1 years. Urinary concentrations of 15 metals, including arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, copper, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, tin, thallium, and zinc, were measured at baseline. Natural menopause was defined as the final bleeding episode prior to at least 12 months of amenorrhea, not due to surgery or hormone therapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between individual metal concentrations and timing of natural menopause. The associations between metal mixtures and natural menopause were evaluated using elastic net penalized Cox regression, and an environmental risk score (ERS) was computed to represent individual risks of natural menopause related to metal mixtures. Results The median age at natural menopause was 53.2 years. Using the Cox proportional hazards models, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (and its 95% confidence interval (CI)) for natural menopause was 1.32 (1.03, 1.67) for arsenic and 1.36 (1.05, 1.76) for lead, comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of metal concentrations. The predicted ages at natural menopause in the highest and lowest quartiles were 52.7 and 53.5 years for arsenic; and 52.9 and 53.8 years for lead. A significant association between ERS and menopause was also observed. Women in the highest vs. the lowest quartiles of ERS had an HR of 1.71 (1.36, 2.15), equivalent to a 1.6 year earlier median time to natural menopause. Conclusion This study suggests that arsenic, lead, and metal mixtures are associated with earlier natural menopause, a risk factor for adverse health outcomes in later life.
Photonic TPU & Memory for Machine Intelligence

Here, I introduce a Photonic TPU (P-TPU), a PIC-based ASIC for vector matrix multiplication acceleration and report on a programmable multi-level non-volatile photonic random access memory (P-RAM).
A prospective cohort study on the intersectionality of obesity, chronic disease, social factors, and incident risk of COVID-19 in US low-income minority middle-age mothers.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionally affected communities of color. We aimed to determine what factors are associated with COVID-19 testing and test positivity in an underrepresented, understudied, and underreported (U3) population of mothers. This study included 2996 middle-aged mothers of the Boston Birth Cohort (a sample of predominantly urban, low-income, Black and Hispanic mothers) who were enrolled shortly after they gave birth and followed onward at the Boston Medical Center. COVID-19 testing and test positivity were defined by the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test. Two-probit Heckman selection models were performed to identify factors associated with test positivity while accounting for potential selection associated with COVID testing. The mean (SD) age of study mothers was 41.9 (±7.7) years. In the sample, 1741 (58.1%) and 667 (22.3%) mothers were self-identified as Black and Hispanic, respectively. A total of 396 mothers had COVID-19 testing and of those, 95 mothers tested positive from March 2020 to February 2021. Among a multitude of factors examined, factors associated with the probability of being tested were obesity (RR = 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.49); and presence of preexisting chronic medical conditions including hypertension, asthma, stroke, and other comorbidities (coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and sickle cell disease) with a corresponding RR = 1.40 (95% CI: 1.23–1.60); 1.29 (95% CI: 1.11–1.50); 1.44 (95% CI: 1.23–1.68); and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.12–1.67), respectively. Factors associated with higher incident risk of a positive COVID-19 test were body mass index, birthplace outside of the USA, and being without a college-level education. This study demonstrated the intersectionality of obesity and social factors in modulating incident risk of COVID-19 in this sample of US Black and Hispanic middle-aged mothers. Methodologically, our findings underscore the importance of accounting for potential selection bias in COVID-19 testing in order to obtain unbiased estimates of COVID-19 infection.
Beyond form and function: Why do consumers value product design?

Abstract Product design is often the first point of contact between the product and the buyer in retail aisles and search results on the Internet. Researchers and managers understand that product design is important in consumer and buyer behavior, yet they may not clearly and fully grasp the broad values that product design creates for consumers. Based on an extensive qualitative study that integrates previous value typologies, this research shows that product design can create not only “form” and “function” related value but also a self-expressive dimension (social and altruistic value) that is communicated through the design's holistic properties. After developing and testing a reliable and valid scale for this value typology, this research demonstrates that consumers who have higher design acumen tend to perceive aspects of self-expressive value more than consumers with low design acumen. Finally, the implications for research and practice are considered here.
Ubiquitous Computing and The Disappearing Computer - Research Agendas, Issues, and Strategies

The goal of this panel is twofold. The first objective is to present different research initiatives on the topics addressed by the UBICOMP 2001 conference, as they currently exist in Europe and in the US.
The Chemistry of Internal Combustion Engine Deposits — I. Microanalysis, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Infrared Spectroscopy

As an automobile engine runs, its fuel quality requirements, as measured by the octane number of the fuel needed to inhibit knocking, may change in time. Historically, this phenomenon is referred to as the “ORI”, standing for octane requirement increase.
AIDS AND BEREAVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA

AIDS is the leading cause of death in South Africa and attention needs to be focused on the needs of countless individuals who grieve AIDS-related deaths. Social workers must be prepared to assist those who grieve AIDS-related losses, especially children, women, and the elderly. AIDS-related bereavement must be understood in terms of the complex social, political, and economic factors inherent in South African society. Strategies are suggested for addressing AIDS-related bereavement in the local context.
Milky way structure in Sagittarius and Carina: A study in contrasts

The stellar distribution for the section of the Milky Way in Sagittarius, l = 325° to 330°, b = 0° to - 10°, is contrasted with that for the Carina section, l = 250° to 263°, b = -5° to +5°. The Sagittarius section appears to be almost pure Population II, with a thin overlying Population I structure, whereas the Carina section is as completely Population I as one finds anywhere along the galactic circle. For the Sagittarius section, attention is drawn to the concentration of cosmic dust at distances mostly less than 2000 parsecs from the Sun. It is also noted that the section of the southern spiral arm in Sagittarius-Scorpio is viewed against the obscured part of the Milky Way between b = -3° and +3° and no parts of it are seen projected against the bright Milky Way Band at b = -4° to -6°. For the Carina section, we note the abundance of OB stars and associated emission nebulosity, and also the presence at l = 250° to 263° of a bridge of high-density for the A stars between our Sun and the point at 1500 parsecs or more from the Sun where the most marked spiral structure prevails.
Psychomotor epilepsy in childhood.

The most poorly understood and most frequently misdiagnosed seizure state of childhood is psychomotor epilepsy. Difficulties in diagnosis are related to the variety of possible clinical manifestations which characteristically differ from one child to another. In addition, psychomotor epilepsy can occur at any age, even during infancy. Therefore, the child9s ability to verbalize the perceptive and affective sensations of this seizure state is obviously limited by his chronologic age. The diagnostic dilemma is further complicated as physicians tend to confuse psychomotor seizures and petit ma! epilepsy. INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY The terms psychomotor and temporal lobe epilepsy are often used synonymously and interchangeably. At times the seizure state may also be called uncinate epilepsy, epileptic automatisms or epileptic fuges. However, not all psychomotor seizures are associated with temporal lobe lesions, nor is temporal lobe pathology always productive of psychomotor epilepsy. Abnormalities and electrical foci from areas other than the temporal lobe can produce this seizure state. For these reasons, the term psychomotor epilepsy is preferred, and temporal lobe epilepsy, if used, should be restricted to those psychomotor seizures that result from primary temporal lobe pathology. Ten to 20% of children in most pediatric seizure clinics have psychomotor epilepsy. Focal lesions are often considered to be the responsible etiologic factor, but diffuse encephalopathies, above all in children, are more commonly encountered. Prolonged febrile convulsions, perinatal trauma and hypoxia, craniocerebral trauma or meningoencephalitis can be the specific etiologic condition. Expansive lesions including neoplasms, vascular malformations, cysts and abscesses must be considered, especially when there is clinical or electrical evidence of a focal lesion.
Can the Long-Term Complications of Adjustable Gastric Banding Be Overcome? Preliminary Results of Adding Gastric Plication in Patients with Impending Gastric Band Failure.

Abstract Background: A small percentage of patients fitted with a gastric band still experience “failure.” Here, the authors demonstrate the safety and feasibility of band preserving–laparoscopic gastric plication (BP-LGP), which was designed to improve weight loss and decrease gastric band adjustment frequency and thereby improve patient quality of life. Materials and Methods: All 6 patients involved in this study had a gastric band in place for more than 1 year; the median interval from gastric banding to BP-LGP was 31.7 months (range, 19.7–49.9 months). Five (83.3%) patients were female. Preoperative median body mass index (BMI) at gastric banding was 35.4 kg/m2 (range, 31.9–43.9 kg/m2), median nadir BMI with the gastric band was 25.7 kg/m2 (range, 20.9–31.0 kg/m2), and percentage excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) ranged from 24.3% to 123.6%. Indications for BP-LGP were as follows: chronic gastric prolapse in 2 patients (33.3%), pouch-esophageal dilatation in 3 (50.0%), and insufficient weight loss in 4 (66.6%)...
Explicitly solvable control problems with nonholonomic constraints

The article describes a family of explicitly solvable optimal control problems involving nonholonomic systems. It appears that the optimal trajectories for these problems need only be piecewise smooth with the smooth arcs being given in terms of a product of matrix exponentials. The solvability of matrix equations of the form e/sup /spl Omega//e/sup H-/spl Omega//=X plays a key role.
Formative evaluation of individual student programs: A new role for school psychologists.

Problems associated with the school psychologist's traditional assessment functions and methodology are identified and contrasted with the need for assessment information that can contribute meanin...
In situ photopolymerization of PEGDA‐protein hydrogels on nanotube surfaces

Peptide nanotubes were used as templates for the growth of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based nanoscale hydrogels via photopolymerization. A Rose Bengal di-amine derivative comprised of a photoactivator and coinitiator within the same molecule was used as the photoinitiator to increase photopolymerization efficiency. The nanotubes were covalently bound to the protein BSA before formation of the hydrogels. We also examined the photopolymerization efficiency in reactions involving nanotubes in the absence of BSA. Although photopolymerization occurred efficiently under both conditions, higher yields of highly crosslinked nanostructures were obtained for the protein bound nanotube-PEGDA hydrogels. It was observed that the swelling ratios were also dependent upon whether or not BSA was bound to the nanotubes before photopolymerization. The thermal properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry analyses and the morphologies were examined using TEM, SEM, and AFM analyses. Such nanocomposites prepared by low cost, mild methods could be extremely efficient for the in situ preparation of three-dimensional arrays of peptide nanotube grafted hydrogels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A factor analytic study of teaching in off-campus general practice clerkships.

Summary The Preceptor-evaluation questionnaire (PEQ) was developed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center to evaluate the clinical teaching behaviour of general practice doctors in private practice who have one or more third-year medical students per year in their offices for a required general practice clerkship. The PEQ was designed to provide feedback to these doctors and the sponsoring department in an effort to improve teaching in this setting. Developed from the input of family practice doctors who have supervised students in their offices and from a review of related literature, the instrument was given to students to determine the level of importance they attributed to each teaching characteristic. A principle components factor analysis and subsequent varimax rotation produced six significant teaching factors in this setting. These six factors were: 1 demonstrates a humanistic orientation toward patients and staff; 2 demonstrates a humanistic orientation toward student; 3 provides opportunity for practice; 4 motivates and stimulates student's thinking; 5 communicates effectively with student; and 6 demonstrates comfort and confidence in the roles of doctor and teacher. The factor relating to the humanistic orientation toward student has not appeared as a separate factor in other studies of clinical teaching. This may be due to the unique aspects of the relationship between student and doctor in this setting which may not occur in other settings. The PEQ and similar reliable and valid instruments can provide valuable information for the doctors in these off-campus teaching situations as well as provide useful programme planning information for the sponsoring academic departments. This information may also be valuable for off-campus residency training.
The effects of route choice decisions on vehicle energy consumption and emissions

Motorists typically select routes that minimize their travel time or generalized cost. This may entail traveling on longer but faster routes. This raises questions concerning whether traveling along a longer but faster route results in energy and/or air quality improvements. We investigate the impacts of route choice decisions on vehicle energy consumption and emission rates for different vehicle types using microscopic and macroscopic emission estimation tools. The results demonstrate that the faster highway route choice is not always the best from an environmental and energy consumption perspective. Specifically, significant improvements to energy and air quality can be achieved when motorists utilize a slower arterial route although they incur additional travel time. The study also demonstrates that macroscopic emission estimation tools (e.g., MOBILE6) can produce erroneous conclusions given that they ignore transient vehicle behavior along a route. The findings suggest that an emission- and energy-optimized traffic assignment can significantly improve emissions over the standard user equilibrium and system optimum assignment formulations. Finally, the study demonstrates that a small portion of the entire trip involves high engine-load conditions that produce significant increases in emissions; demonstrating that by minimizing high-emitting driving behavior, air quality can be improved significantly.
4-Methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside, a fluorogenic substrate for N-acetyl-α-D-glucos-aminidase

Condensation of dimeric 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-nitroso-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride with 4-methylumbelliferone gave crystalline 4-methylumbelliferyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-oximino-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside. Acetylation of this adduct, reduction of the resulting crude O-acetyloxime with borane in oxolane, and acetylation gave the 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl derivative of 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (1). A new sensitive assay of N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.50) is made possible by fluorometric measurement of 4-methylumbelliferone liberated by enzymic hydrolysis of glycoside 1. Such assays are illustrated by results obtained with enzyme preparations from pig liver and human-blood serum.
Schistosoma mansoni: glycogen content and utilization of glucose, pyruvate, glutamate, and citric acid cycle intermediates by cercariae and schistosomules.

Abstract We investigated the metabolism of three larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni: the developing cercaria infecting Biomphalaria glabrata, the freeliving cercaria, and the schistosomule collected after penetration through rat skin membrane. The metabolism of the developing cercaria was studied by exposing infected snails to 14C-glucose and thereafter determining the distribution of 14C in the emerging cercariae. In one experiment, the radioactivity in the cercariae increased to a high peak on day 6 after 14C exposure, declined rapidly to day 12, and less rapidly to day 30. In a second experiment, increase and decrease were more moderate and the peak was reached on day 13. Protein, nucleic acid, lipid, and glycogen fractions were labeled with 14C. Radioactivity was highest during the first few days after infection and declined rapidly thereafter in most fractions, but the nucleic acid fraction retained a relatively high level of radioactivity for 19 days. When 14C-labeled cercariae were maintained free-living overnight, most of the radioactivity of the glycogen fraction disappeared. Free-living cercariae metabolized exogenous glucose to a very slight degree shortly after emergence, but activity increased after 18 hours of free-living existence and deletion of endogenous glycogen. Pyruvate was utilized very rapidly under both conditions resulting in production of CO2 from all three carbons and incorporation of a small fraction of the pyruvate carbon into the principal macromolecules. α-Ketoglutarate and acetate, and, to a small extent, glutamate, glutamine, and some of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle were also catabolized. The metabolic activity of the schistosomule appeared to differ considerably from that of the cercaria—the most pronounced difference being a great reduction in the level of pyruvate catabolism. We concluded that the developing cercaria is primarily engaged in synthesis and storage of glycogen. The free-living cercaria is geared to the production of energy either from its stores of glycogen or from an exogenous substrate such as pyruvate. The schistosomule loses its adaptation to rapid production of energy and, presumably, is again primarily engaged in synthesis.
Symmetrical peripheral gangrene complicating pulmonary embolism

Abstract A unique case of symmetrical peripheral gangrene following pulmonary embolism is reported. Pre-existing peripheral vascular disease of the sclerotic type was present. Excessive peripheral vasoconstriction secondary to circulatory collapse is considered the principal factor, although poor oxygenation due to impaired pulmonary function contributed. The patient survived, but sustained extensive loss of tissue. Seven months after discharge, the patient expired suddenly in another city. Post-mortem examination was not done.
Treatment approaches for Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.

GBS and CIDP are important treatable forms of acquired peripheral neuropathies. GBS is a heterogeneous disorder representing at least five different entities. Three are predominantly motor: AIDP, AMSAN, and AMAN. Fisher syndrome and acute panautonomic neuropathy are other variants. Treatment for all of these conditions is the same and includes either plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin. There is no indication that Guillain-Barre patients respond to corticosteroids. At the present time, it is uncertain if CIDP represents one or more disorders. Evidence favors a syndrome composed of more than one entity accounting for (1) clinical variations from subject-to-subject, ranging from symmetrical to focal neurologic deficits; (2) course variations from slowly progressive to step-wise, to relapsing; and, (3) laboratory variations in nerve conduction studies, spinal fluid protein, and nerve biopsy findings. CIDP patients respond to corticosteroids in contrast to those with GBS. CIDP improves with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, paralleling the findings in GBS. Specific regimens of treatment for both GBS and CIDP are presented in this article and considerations that might influence one treatment regimen over another are discussed.
Assembly of the glomerular filtration surface: Differentiation of anionic sites in glomerular capillaries of newborn rat kidney

Glomerular development was studied in the newborn rat kidney by electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Glomerular structure at different developmental stages was related to the permeability properties of its components and to the differentiation of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and on endothelial and epithelia cell surfaces. Cationic probes (cationized ferritin, ruthenium red, colloidal iron) were used to determine the time of appearance and distribution of anionic sites, and digestion with specific enzymes (neuraminidase, heparinase, chondroitinases, hyaluronidases) was used to determine their nature. Native (anionic) ferritin was used to investigate glomerular permeability. The main findings were: (a) The first endothelial fenestrae (which appear before the GBM is fully assembled) possess transient, negatively charged diaphragms that bind cationized ferritin and are impermeable to native ferritin. (b). Two types of glycosaminoglycan particles can be identified by staining with ruthenium red. Large (30-nm) granules are seen only in the cleft of the S-shaped body at the time of mesenchymal migration into the renal vesicle. They consist of hyaluronic acid and possibly also chondroitin sulfate. Smaller (10-15-nm) particles are seen in the earliest endothelial and epithelial basement membranes (S-shaped body stage), become concentrated in the laminae rarae after fusion of these two membranes to form the GBM, and contain heparan sulfate. They are assumed to be precursors of the heparan sulfate-rich granules present in the mature GBM. (c) Distinctive sialic acid-rich, and sialic acid-poor plasmalemmal domains have been delineated on both the epithelial and endothelial cell surfaces. (d) The appearance of sialoglycoproteins on the epithelial cell surface concides with the development of foot processes and filtration slits. (e) Initially the GBM is loosely organized and quite permeable to native ferritin ;it becomes increasinly impermeable to ferritin as the lamina densa becomes more compact. (f) The number of endothelial fenestrae and open epithelial slits increases as the GBM matures and becomes organized into an effective barrier to the passage of native ferritin.
History of mathematics: illuminating understanding of school mathematics concepts for prospective mathematics teachers

The use of the history of mathematics in teaching has long been considered a tool for enriching students’ mathematical learning. However, in the USA few, if any, research efforts have investigated how the study of history of mathematics contributes to a person's mathematical knowledge for teaching. In this article, I present the results of research conducted over four semesters in which I sought to characterize what prospective mathematics teachers (PMTs) understand about the topics that they will be called upon to teach in the future and how that teaching might include an historical component. In particular, I focus on how the study and application of the history of solving quadratic equations illuminates what PMTs know (or do not know) about this essential secondary school algebraic topic. Additionally, I discuss how the results signal important considerations for mathematics teacher preparation programs with regard to connecting PMTs' mathematical and pedagogical knowledge, and their ability to engage in historical perspectives to improve their own and their future students' understanding of solving quadratic equations.
The ferric-hydroperoxo complex of chloroperoxidase.

Abstract The hydroperoxo-ferric complex, or Compound 0 (Cpd 0), is an unstable transient intermediate common for oxygen activating heme enzymes such as the cytochromes P450, nitric oxide synthases, and heme oxygenases, as well as the peroxidases and catalases which utilize hydrogen peroxide as a source of oxygen and reducing equivalents. Detailed understanding of the mechanism of oxygen activation and formation of the higher valent catalytically active intermediates in heme enzyme catalysis requires the structural and spectroscopic characterization of this immediate precursor, Cpd 0. Using the method of cryoradiolytic reduction of the oxy-ferrous heme complex, we have prepared and characterized hydroperoxo-ferric complex in chloroperoxidase (CPO) and compared this to the same intermediate generated in cytochrome P450 CYP101. Optical absorption spectrum of Cpd 0 in CPO has a Soret band at 449 nm and poorly resolved α, β bands at 576 and 546 nm.
Consumers' Purchase Intentions and Their Behavior

Introduction. Importance of understanding purchase intentions for marketing managers. Do marketing actions that change purchase intentions in a market research study ultimately change behavior in the marketplace? Why are purchase intentions an imperfect measure of what consumers do? Factors that impact the strength of the relationship between intentions and behavior. Forecasting from purchase intentions - best practices for marketers. General Discussion. Conclusions. References
Effects of ouabain on frog gastric mucosa in vitro

Abstract The effect of the addition of ouabain to the nutrient solution was determined on resistance, potential difference (p.d.) and H+ secretion rate. In NaCl media, 10−3 M ouabain decreased significantly the p.d. from 25.6 mV to 16.1 mV in 30 min and to 11.0 mV in 60 min. NO significant changes occurred in resistance and H+ secretion rate. In Na2SO4 (Cl−-free) media, ouabain produced a biphasic effect on p.d. The p.d. changed from −28.0 mV (nutrient-negative) to a nadir of −37.4 mV in 7 min and then increased to −16.4 mV in 60 min. At the nadir there was no significant change in resistance or H+ secretion rate but at 60 min, unlike Cl− media, resistance increased by 36% and H+ secretion rate decreased by 43%. To decide whether the ouabain-caused decrease in H+ rate in Na2SO4 media was due to an effect on the H+ pump or on resistance of the return pathways, the voltage was clamped at 0 and 40 mV. Clamping the voltage showed that in the case of a marked decrease in the H+ secretion rate, the H+ transport mechanism itself was inhibited (and not the parallel pathway). The decrease in p.d. due to ouabain in Cl− and SO42− media indicates that the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase mechanism may be electrogenic.
Physostigmine: Effects on cognition and affect in normal subjects

Physostigmine was given intravenously to a total dose of 3 mg to 13 subjects; a placebo of 0.25 N saline was given intravenously to 10 other subjects; both groups received 1 mg of methscopolamine bromide subcutaneously preceding the intravenous infusions. A “physostigmine syndrome” consisting of decreased speech, slowed thoughts, mild sedation, expressionless faces, nausea, and decreased spontaneous activity was evident following doses of 1.5 to 2.0 mg of physostigmine. The capacity of short-term memory (STM) as measured by digit span tasks was significantly less for the subjects who received physostigmine than for the subjects who received placebo. No difference was observed between the two groups on tasks of consolidation from STM to long-term memory (LTM).
Practical Recommendations for Using Homework with Students with Learning Disabilities

Homework is a commonly used school practice. Its importance for students with learning disabilities has increased in recent years as these students have spent more instructional time in inclusive settings where homework is regularly given and as educational reforms have influenced the amount of homework being given. The first part of the article reviews selected issues that relate to using homework with students who have been identified as learning disabled. The major part of the article highlights effective (i.e., empirically validated) and recommended (i.e., suggested in the literature or determined by field-based reports) practices for using homework with this population.
Why We All Care About Inequality (But Some of Us Are Loathe to Admit It)

Many economists dismiss the relevance of inequality (if everybody's income goes up, who cares if inequality is up too?), and argue that only poverty alleviation should matter. This note shows that we all do care about inequality, and to hold that we should be concerned with poverty solely and not with inequality is internally inconsistent.
An energy-efficient millimeter-wave wireless NoC with congestion-aware routing and DVFS

Traditional multicore designs, based on the Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm, suffer from high latency, significant power consumption and temperature hotspots as the system size scales up due to the inherent multi-hop nature of the communication fabric. NoCs have been shown to achieve increased performance by inserting long-range wired links following the principles of small-world graphs [1]. Design and optimization of multi- and many-core systems on chip (SoCs) that exploit small-world effects have already been demonstrated [1]. Small-world graphs are characterized by many short-distance links between neighboring nodes as well as a few relatively long-distance direct shortcuts. These networks can be further improved by replacing the long-distance shortcuts with single-hop, energy-efficient, wireless links. Wireless NoCs (WiNoCs) with millimeter (mm)-wave wireless links working at 10–100 GHz is envisioned as an enabling technology to design low-power and high-bandwidth massive multicore architectures [2]. These mm-wave small-world NoC (mSWNoC) networks are used as the interconnection backbone in this work.
Age of the Cutler Dam Alloformation (Late Pleistocene), Bonneville Basin, Utah

Luminescence geochronology, especially infrared stimulated luminescence analyses on marsh mud, shows that a relatively deep lake reached its peak (∼1340 m above sea level) in the Bonneville basin 59,000±5000 yr ago. The age is consistent with nonfinite 14C ages and with amino acid geochronology on ostracodes. The Cutler Dam Alloformation was deposited during this lake cycle, which, like the subsequent Bonneville lake cycle, appears to have reached its maximum highstand following the peak of a global glacial stage (marine oxygen-isotope stage 4) but at a time when other records from North America show evidence for cold climate and expanded glacier ice.
Mass transfer studies across liquid/liquid interfaces (use of an analytical ultracentrifuge)

Experimental data have been obtained using an Analytical Ultracentrifuge, in regions much closer to the interface in immiscible liquid/liquid systems than have hitherto been reported. The water/toluene system was investigated with acetic and propionic acids as the transfer solutes. The direction of mass transfer was from the water to the toluene phase. The data derived from the study indicates that the maximum mass transfer flux in the water/toluene system occurs, not at the interface, but at regions further away from it and that the water/toluene system offers significant interfacial resistance of about 104 s/cm to the transfer of acetic and propionic acids. The water/n-butanol system was also studied and found to offer negligible resistance to the transfer of acetic acid across the interface. Diffusion coefficients for ethylene glycol, glycerol, and n-butanol in water were also determined with the Ultracentrifuge. The values derived in this study were reproducible to within 5% and were in close agreement with those derived from classical diffusion experiments.
Serological studies of two hybrid sea urchins

Abstract Embryos of the intergeneric hybrid of Lytechinus variegatus eggs and Tripneustes esculentus sperm and the interordinal hybrid of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs and Dendraster excentricus sperm were described, their developmental rate and morphology were compared, and the influence of the paternal nucleus was observed. The antigens present in the unfertilized eggs, mesenchyme blastulae, gastrulae, and larvae of the two hybrids and the four parental species were investigated with the Ouchterlony double diffusion technique, immunoelectrophoresis, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in conjunction with specific absorption of the antisera. No paternal antigens or hybrid-specific antigens were detected in extracts of the embryos of either hybrid. Thus, hybrid pluteus larvae of two different crosses which show paternal characteristics are formed without any indication that the zygote nucleus directs the synthesis of any major class of antigenic protein. No molecules of new antigenic specificity were detected in developmental stages of the four parental species investigated. The implications of these findings were discussed.
Accessibilities of reactive minerals in consolidated sedimentary rock: An imaging study of three sandstones

Abstract Widespread implementation of geological storage of CO 2 requires an understanding of dissolution reactions with formation minerals. This will be aided by reactive transport modeling, which relies on accurate estimates of the accessible surface areas of reactive minerals in consolidated sedimentary rocks. For three Viking sandstones (Alberta sedimentary basin, Canada), we have employed backscattered electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to examine mineral content and to statistically characterize mineral contact with pore space. Porosities range from 20% in a lightly-cemented sandstone with grains on the order of 100 μm, to 8% in a highly-cemented shaly sandstone with a mix of primary pore space and fractures, to 7% in a lightly-cemented conglomerate sandstone with grain sizes between 500 μm and 1 mm. In all three specimens, kaolinite is the primary authigenic clay mineral cementing quartz grains. It accounts for only 5% to 31% of mineral content, but 65% to 86% of pore-mineral contact boundaries. The sandstone specimen has 6% minerals in the “reactive” category, which in this study includes minerals other than kaolinite and quartz, such as K-feldspar, apatite and pyrite. For this specimen, only one third of the reactive minerals are accessible to pore fluids due to clay-mineral grain coatings. For the shaly sandstone, only one fifth of its 5% reactive minerals are accessible to pore fluids due to regions of cementation of fine detrital matrix. Thus, if a mineral volume fraction is used in reactive transport modeling as a proportional measure of accessible surface area in consolidated sandstones, the reaction rates are likely to be overestimated by three to five times. The conglomerate sandstone has only 1% of its mineral matter in this category, and these are often found as inclusions rather than grains.
Frequency and amplitude analysis of the EMG during exercise on the bicycle ergometer

The surface EMG was recorded from above the quadriceps muscle in 3 male subjects during bicycle ergometry at work loads between 20 and 100% of the VO2 max to measure the EMG amplitude (RMS) and frequency (assessed from the center frequency of the power spectra) during this type of work. During brief (3 min) bouts of work the RMS amplitude of the EMG was linearly related to the work load; the center frequency of the EMG power spectra was the same at all work loads examined. In contrast, during sustained bouts of work maintained for 80 min at 20 and 40% of the VO2 max, the RMS amplitude of the EMG remained constant while the center frequency initially increased for the first 20 min of work and then progressively decreased as the work continued. When work loads of 60, 80, and 100% of the VO2 max were sustained to fatigue, the RMS amplitude continually increased while the EMG frequency decreased from the beginning to the end of the work periods. The results of this study showed that the EMG is a complex waveform, being influenced not only by fatigue, but to even a larger extent in many cases, the temperature of the exercising muscles. Therefore, although muscular fatigue caused an increase in the RMS amplitude and decrease in the center frequency, the increase in muscle temperature associated with the work opposed these changes by causing a reduction in the RMS amplitude and an increase in the center frequency.