cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes and a General Metric

Hydrologic responses to earthquakes, including liquefaction, changes in stream and spring discharge, changes in the properties of groundwater such as geochemistry, temperature and turbidity, changes in the water level in wells, and the eruption of mud volcanoes, have been documented for thousands of years. Except for some water-level changes in the near field which can be explained by poroelastic responses to static stress changes, most hydrologic responses, both within and beyond the near field, can only be explained by the dynamic responses associated with seismic waves. For these responses, the seismic energy density e may be used as a general metric to relate and compare the various hydrologic responses. We show that liquefaction, eruption of mud volcanoes and increases in streamflow are bounded by e � 10 )1 Jm )3 ; temperature changes in hot springs are bounded by e � 10 )2 Jm )3 ; most sustained groundwater changes are bounded by e � 10 )3 Jm )3 ; geysers and triggered seismicity may respond to seismic energy density as small as 10 )3 and 10 )4 Jm )3 , respectively. Comparing the threshold energy densities with published laboratory measurements, we show that undrained consolidation induced by dynamic stresses can explain liquefaction only in the near field, but not beyond the near field. We propose that in the intermediate field and far field, most responses are triggered by changes in permeability that in turn are a response to the cyclic deformation and oscillatory fluid flow. Published laboratory measurements confirm that changes in flow and time-varying stresses can change permeability, inducing both increases and decreases. Field measurements in wells also indicate that permeability can be changed by earthquakes in the intermediate field and far field. Further work, in particular field monitoring and measurements, are needed to assess the generality of permeability changes in explaining far-field hydrologic responses to earthquakes.
1066 ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HSV-2 GENITALLY INFECTED GUINEA PIGS: EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR (ACV)

Recent studies have suggested that the production of antibodies to specific herpes simplex virus (HSV) polypeptides can modify recurrent disease and be affected by ACV therapy. We examined the sequential response to HSV-2 polypeptides and the production of neutralizing antibodies following intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation of weanling Hartley guinea pigs. This response was then compared to simultaneously infected animals who received ACV (5 mg/ml in drinking water) for 21 days. The initial response, seen at 14 days in both ACV and control animals, was directed predominantly at two nonglycosylated proteins of MW 40 and 43K. The response to the major nucleocapsid protein (146K) was also seen initially on day 14 in the majority (9/14) of control animals but not until day 21 (7/16), and in some cases day 28, in ACV recipients. The response to glycoprotein B and a number of other proteins between 70 and 90K was also delayed in ACV recipients. By day 60 there was no apparent difference between ACV and control animals. Similarily, the mean titer of neutralizing antibody was significantly lower in ACV animals compared to controls on day 14 (2.8. vs. 5.8) (P <.025) and 21 (10.5 vs 29.5) (p<.05); however, by day 28 while titers were still lower (18.2 vs. 35.5) the difference was no longer significant. Control guinea pigs intravaginally inoculated with HSV-2 develop a characteristic antibody response while ACV-treated, HSV-2 infected guinea pigs developed similar but delayed antibody response.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the binding site for ribosomal protein S8 within 16S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli

Twelve specific alterations have been introduced into the binding site for ribosomal protein S8 in Escherichia coli 16S rRNA. Appropriate rDNA segments were first cloned into bacteriophage M13 vectors and subjected to bisulfite and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis in vitro. Subsequently, the mutagenized sequences were placed within the rrnB operon of plasmid pNO1301 and the mutant plasmids were used to transform E. coli recipients. The growth rates of cells containing the mutant plasmids were determined and compared with that of cells containing the wild-type plasmid. Only those mutations which occurred at highly conserved positions, or were expected to disrupt the secondary structure of the binding site, increased the doubling time appreciably. The most striking changes in growth rate resulted from mutations that altered a small internal loop within the S8 binding site. This structure is phylogenetically conserved in prokaryotic 16S rRNAs and may play a direct role in S8-16S rRNA recognition and interaction.
ARABSKI, JANUSZ, & WOJTASZEK, ADAM. (Eds.). The Acquisition of L2 Phonology. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2011. Pp. vii, 182. $119.95, cloth. ISBN 978–1–84769–375–4.

The article reviews the book "The Acquisition of L2 Phonology," edited by Janusz Arabski and Adam Wojtaszek.
School‐age Children's Perceptions of Coping with Distress: Strategies for Emotion Regulation and the Moderation of Adjustment

An inventory was developed to assess children's perceptions of what they did to feel better in stressful situations, and to examine the role of these perceptions in moderating the relationship between stress and outcome. A total of 345 6-12 year old children from diverse backgrounds were interviewed. Children's perceptions of what they do to relieve distress could be organized into six factors including the use of social support, distraction/avoidance, and other categories of coping which show continuity with those identified for infants and toddlers. Several types of coping served as compensatory moderators of the relationship between stress and self-worth.
Conductance model of gold-molecule-silicon and carbon nanotube-molecule-silicon junctions

We estimate the conductance of molecular junctions composed of an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) molecule sandwiched between a metallic gold or carbon nanotube on one end and a semiconducting silicon contact on the other end. Two very well defined, low and high, states of conductance (logic ``0'' and ``1'') are obtained through changes in conformation or charge states of the OPE when two metallic contacts address the molecule. However, when a combination of a semiconducting and metallic contacts are used, the bistable states are lost at low bias voltages where a flat region of nearly zero current in the current-voltage characteristic is predicted regardless of the conformation or charge state.
An alternative evaluation approach for the problem-solving training program: A utilization-focused evaluation process

Abstract A utilization-focused approach in evaluating this program would have placed more emphasis on clearly identifying evaluation users, their information needs, and likely use of findings. With the advantages of hindsight, it appears that such an approach might have led to greater focus on critical implementation issues that affected the eventual decision not to continue the program despite seemingly positive outcomes evaluation findings. Other methods options are also discussed, including the potential usefulness of critical case studies. Finally, there is discussion of how to prepare decision makers for utilization and work with them to interpret and apply findings.
Modeling Soot Formation Using Reduced PAH Chemistry in n-Heptane Lifted Flames With Application to Low Temperature Combustion

A numerical study of in-cylinder soot formation and oxidation processes in n-heptane lifted flames using various soot inception species has been conducted. In a recent study by the authors, it was found that the soot formation and growth regions in lifted flames were not adequately represented by using acetylene alone as the soot inception species. Comparisons with a conceptual model and available experimental data suggested that the location of soot formation regions could be better represented if polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species were considered as alternatives to acetylene for soot formation processes. Since the local temperatures are much lower under low temperature combustion (LTC) conditions, it is believed that significant soot mass contribution can be attributed to PAH rather than to acetylene. To quantify and validate the above observations, a reduced n-heptane chemistry mechanism has been extended to include PAH species up to four fused aromatic rings (pyrene). The resulting chemistry mechanism was integrated into the multidimensional CFD code KIVA-CHEMKIN for modeling soot formation in lifted flames in a constant volume chamber. The investigation revealed that a simpler model that only considers up to phenanthrene (three fused rings) as the soot inception species has good possibilities for better soot location predictions. The present work highlights and illustrates the various research challenges toward accurate qualitative and quantitative predictions of soot for new low emission combustion strategies for I.C. engines.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Parallel optimization of tumor model parameters for fast registration of brain tumor images

The motivation of this work is to register MR brain tumor images with a brain atlas. Such a registration method can make possible the pooling of data from different brain tumor patients into a common stereotaxic space, thereby enabling the construction of statistical brain tumor atlases. Moreover, it allows the mapping of neuroanatomical brain atlases into the patient's space, for segmenting brains and thus facilitating surgical or radiotherapy treatment planning. However, the methods developed for registration of normal brain images are not directly applicable to the registration of a normal atlas with a tumor-bearing image, due to substantial dissimilarity and lack of equivalent image content between the two images, as well as severe deformation or shift of anatomical structures around the tumor. Accordingly, a model that can simulate brain tissue death and deformation induced by the tumor is considered to facilitate the registration. Such tumor growth simulation models are usually initialized by placing a small seed in the normal atlas. The shape, size and location of the initial seed are critical for achieving topological equivalence between the atlas and patient's images. In this study, we focus on the automatic estimation of these parameters, pertaining to tumor simulation. In particular, we propose an objective function reflecting feature-based similarity and elastic stretching energy and optimize it with APPSPACK (Asynchronous Parallel Pattern Search), for achieving significant reduction of the computational cost. The results indicate that the registration accuracy is high in areas around the tumor, as well as in the healthy portion of the brain.
Suicide attempt history in depressed patients with and without a history of panic attacks

This study of 346 depressed outpatients found a significant difference in the frequency of suicide attempts in those with a history of panic attacks (26.9%) compared with those without (16.8%). Further investigation showed that depressed patients with a history of infrequent panic attacks had a higher incidence of suicide attempts (32.3%) than those with panic disorder (21.5%). However, multiple regression analysis including a number of sociodemographic and diagnostic variables revealed that female gender and history of psychosis (but not panic attack history) significantly contributed to the variance in the history of suicide attempts. These data for depressed patients are compared with data from other studies regarding the association of panic attacks and suicidal behavior.
Hepatitis C among noninjecting drug users: a report.

Objectives: This report documents the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among self-reported noninjecting drug users recruited from two New York City neighborhoods. Methods: Participants were recruited in separate studies from East Harlem and the Lower East Side of Manhattan and were administered structured questionnaires and tested for HCV. Results: HCV prevalence rates among those reporting no history of injecting drugs ranged from 5% to 29%, according to age, gender, and study location. Conclusions: Our results suggest that more research is needed to elucidate potential noninjecting routes of HCV transmission among drug users. Moreover, policies that rely predominantly on injector status as the only drug-related risk factor for HCV screening need to be reassessed in light of these findings.
DIASPORA INVOLVEMENT IN INSURGENCIES: INSIGHTS FROM THE KHALISTAN AND TAMIL EELAM MOVEMENTS

This article exposits and contrasts the roles of two diasporas in ethnic conflict waged in their homelands, namely the Sikh diaspora's involvement in the Punjab insurgency in north India and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora's role in Sri Lanka's Tamil insurgency. It draws out the various similarities and distinctions between the two in their use of technology, means of mobilization and identity production, and the geographical and political reach of their institutional arrangements. The article argues that the varying means by which these diasporas came into being affected the ways in which they mobilized and the positions they espoused towards homeland politics. It finds that the abilities of the two diasporas to contribute to events “back home” differed in part because of the scope of their respective institutional arrangements.
Frequency Dependent Tradeoffs in Multivariable Systems

We discuss the generalized gain-phase relation developed in [1]. The role of gain is taken by a singular value, and that of phase by the phase difference between the associated singular vectors. The integral relation is analogous to that for scalar systems, except for an additional surface integral due to directionality properties. We develop a method for analyzing this surface integral and explaining its presence in intuitive terms. We then apply our results to analyse the design utility of the "phase-transfer" phenomenon noted in [1].
Does winter region affect spring arrival time and body mass of king eiders in northern Alaska

Events during the non-breeding season may affect the body condition of migratory birds and influence performance during the following breeding season. Migratory birds nesting in the Arctic often rely on endogenous nutrients for reproductive efforts, and are thus potentially subject to such carry-over effects. We tested whether king eider (Somateria spectabilis) arrival time and body mass upon arrival at breeding grounds in northern Alaska were affected by their choice of a winter region in the Bering Sea. We captured birds shortly after arrival on breeding grounds in early June 2002–2006 at two sites in northern Alaska and determined the region in which individuals wintered using satellite telemetry or stable isotope ratios of head feathers. We used generalized linear models to assess whether winter region explained variation in arrival body mass among individuals by accounting for sex, site, annual variation, and the date a bird was captured. We found no support for our hypothesis that either arrival time or arrival body mass of king eiders differed among winter regions. We conclude that wintering in different regions in the Bering Sea is unlikely to have reproductive consequences for king eiders in our study areas.
Effects of pressure and temperature on the survival rate of adherent A-172 cells

Preservation of cells under high pressure is an important alternative to cryopreservation. We studied the effect of temperature (4, 25, 37°C) and pressure (0.1–350 MPa) on the survival rate of A-172 glioblastoma cells. The survival rate was not changed by brief (10 min) pressurization of up to 150 MPa, but the survival rate began to decrease from 150 MPa, and most of the A-172 cells died when treated with over 200 MPa. Lengthy pressurization (4 days) at lower pressure (upto 20.1 MPa) without medium exchange showed complex results. The survival rate of cells preserved at 25°C showed two maxima at 1.6 and 20.1 MPa. After preservation, cells adhered and proliferated in the same way as normal cells when cultured at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. The other two temperatures, 4° and 37°C, showed no maximum survival rate. Therefore, a high survival rate can be maintained with high pressure treatment.
Complexation kinetics of f-elements and polydentate ligands

Abstract Owing to the ionic nature of the bonding in lanthanide complexes, their kinetics of formation and dissociation are normally very rapid. An exception are complexes with polydentate ligands. The kinetics of dissociation of aminopolycarboxylates show a path whose rate is dependent on the H+ concentration. By contrast, the dissociation rates of Ln-aminopolyphosphonate complexes are dependent on the reciprocal of the H+ concentration. These effects, as well as those due to chelate ring size and donor nature, are reviewed.
There's No Place Like Home: The Influence of Home-State Going-Concern Reporting Rates on Going-Concern Opinion Propensity and Accuracy

SUMMARY: Prior research has had success identifying client financial characteristics that influence auditors' going-concern reporting decisions. In contrast, relatively little research has addressed whether auditors' circumstances and surroundings influence their propensities to issue modified opinions. We investigate whether auditors' decisions to issue GC opinions are affected by the rate of GC opinions being given in their proximate area. Controlling for factors that prior research associates with going-concern opinions and state-level economics, we find that non-Big 4 auditors located in states with relatively high first-time going-concern rates in the prior year are up to 6 percent more likely to issue first-time going-concern opinions. The results from our state-based GC measure casts doubt that this increased propensity is explained by economic factors and suggests that psychological factors may explain this behavior among auditors. Interestingly, this higher propensity increases auditors' Type I e...
VirB Alleviates H-NS Repression of the icsP Promoter in Shigella flexneri from Sites More Than One Kilobase Upstream of the Transcription Start Site

The icsP promoter of Shigella spp. is repressed by H-NS and derepressed by VirB. Here, we show that an inverted repeat located between positions -1144 and -1130 relative to the icsP transcription start site is necessary for VirB-dependent derepression. The atypical location of this cis-acting site is discussed.
Suppression of Vaccine Immunity by Inflammatory Monocytes

Vaccine adjuvant-induced inflammation augments vaccine immunity in part by recruiting APCs to vaccine draining lymph nodes (LNs). However, the role of one APC subtype, inflammatory monocytes, in regulating vaccine immunity in healthy animals has not been fully examined in detail. Therefore, vaccine-mediated monocyte recruitment and subsequent immune responses were investigated using murine vaccination models and in vitro assays. Recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to vaccine draining LNs was rapid and mediated primarily by local production of MCP-1, as revealed by studies in MCP-1(-/-) mice. Interrupting monocyte recruitment to LNs by either transient monocyte depletion or monocyte migration blockade led to marked amplification of both cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccination. These results were most consistent with the idea that rapidly mobilized inflammatory monocytes were actually suppressing vaccine responses. The suppressive nature of vaccine-elicited monocytes was confirmed using in vitro cocultures of murine monocytes and T cells. Furthermore, it was determined that inflammatory monocytes suppressed T cell responses by sequestering cysteine, as cysteine supplementation in vitro and in vivo appreciably augmented vaccine responses. These findings indicated, therefore, that vaccination-elicited inflammation, although necessary for effective immunity, also generated potent counter-regulatory immune responses that were mediated primarily by inflammatory monocytes. Therefore, interrupting monocyte-mediated vaccine counterregulatory responses may serve as an effective new strategy for broadly amplifying vaccine immunity.
Monoamine oxidase, phenylethylamine, norepinephrine and schizophrenia.

Summary The chain of events from decreased MAO activity in the peripheral blood of certain schizophrenic patients, particularly paranoid patients, to in creased concentrations of PEA, to increased NE and NE turnover in the brain of schizophrenic patients, may prove not to be as closely linked as the current hypothesis and available data suggest. Nevertheless, the notion that this chain exists is testable and provides an integrated hypothesis of etiology for a subgroup of schizophrenic patients.
What Can Health Communication Science Offer for ACA Implementation? Five Evidence-Informed Strategies for Expanding Medicaid Enrollment

Context Implementing the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014 will require effective enrollment and outreach efforts to previously uninsured individuals now eligible for coverage. Methods From 1996 to 2013, the Health Communication Research Laboratory conducted more than 40 original studies with more than 30,000 participants to learn how to improve the reach to and effectiveness of health information for low-income and racial/ethnic minority populations. We synthesized the findings from this body of research and used them to inform current challenges in implementing the ACA. Findings We found empirical support for 5 recommendations regarding partnerships, outreach, messages and messengers, life priorities of low-income individuals and families, and the information environment. We translated these into 12 action steps. Conclusions Health communication science can inform the development and execution of strategies to increase the public's understanding of the ACA and to support the enrollment of eligible individuals into Medicaid or the Health Insurance Marketplace.
Non-publication of large randomized clinical trials: cross sectional analysis

Objective To estimate the frequency with which results of large randomized clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov are not available to the public. Design Cross sectional analysis Setting Trials with at least 500 participants that were prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov and completed prior to January 2009. Data sources PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched to identify published manuscripts containing trial results. The final literature search occurred in November 2012. Registry entries for unpublished trials were reviewed to determine whether results for these studies were available in the ClinicalTrials.gov results database. Main outcome measures The frequency of non-publication of trial results and, among unpublished studies, the frequency with which results are unavailable in the ClinicalTrials.gov database. Results Of 585 registered trials, 171 (29%) remained unpublished. These 171 unpublished trials had an estimated total enrollment of 299 763 study participants. The median time between study completion and the final literature search was 60 months for unpublished trials. Non-publication was more common among trials that received industry funding (150/468, 32%) than those that did not (21/117, 18%), P=0.003. Of the 171 unpublished trials, 133 (78%) had no results available in ClinicalTrials.gov. Conclusions Among this group of large clinical trials, non-publication of results was common and the availability of results in the ClinicalTrials.gov database was limited. A substantial number of study participants were exposed to the risks of trial participation without the societal benefits that accompany the dissemination of trial results.
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in hippocampal theta rhythm

Hippocampal theta rhythm (HPCtheta) may be important for various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPCtheta (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under urethane anesthesia. The circuit of HPCtheta synchronization includes the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MSDB), with cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons comprising the two main projections from MSDB to HPC. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the effects of GABAergic MSDB lesions on urethane- and locomotion-related HPCtheta, and compare these effects to those of cholinergic MSDB lesions. Saline, kainic acid (KA), or 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) was injected into MSDB before recording. KA preferentially destroys GABAergic MSDB neurons, whereas SAP selectively eliminates cholinergic MSDB neurons. A fixed recording electrode was placed in the dentate mid-molecular layer, and stimulating electrodes were placed in the posterior hypothalamus (PH), and medial perforant path (PP). Under urethane anesthesia, HPCtheta was induced by tail pinch, PH stimulation, and systemic physostigmine; none of the rats with KA or SAP showed HPCtheta in any of these conditions. During locomotion, HPCtheta was attenuated, but not eliminated, in rats with KA or SAP lesions. Intraseptal KA in combination with either intraseptal SAP or PP lesions reduced locomotion-related HPCtheta beyond that observed with each lesion alone, virtually eliminating HPCtheta. In contrast, intraseptal SAP combined with PP lesions did not reduce HPCtheta beyond the effect of each lesion alone. We conclude that both GABAergic and cholinergic MSDB neurons are necessary for HPCtheta under urethane, and that each of these septohippocampal projections contributes to HPCtheta during locomotion.
Dental Care and Children with Special Health Care Needs: A Population-Based Perspective

This paper grew out of a project reviewing progress in children's oral health after Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General was published in 2000. It includes a summary of advances in national surveillance of children with special health care needs (CSHCN), and presents more recent data on unmet dental care need among CSHCN. To that end, we used the 2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs to determine the prevalence of unmet dental care need among CSHCN and to compare this within subgroups of CSHCN, as well as to children without special health care needs, and to results from the previous iteration of this survey. Dental care remains the most frequently cited unmet health need for CSHCN. More CSHCN had unmet needs for nonpreventive than preventive dental care. CSHCN who are teens, poorer, uninsured, had insurance lapses, or are more severely affected by their condition had higher adjusted odds of unmet dental care needs. CSHCN who were both low income and severely affected had 13.4 times the adjusted odds of unmet dental care need. In summary, CSHCN are more likely to be insured and to receive preventive dental care at equal or higher rates than children without special health care needs. Nevertheless, CSHCN, particularly lower income and severely affected, are more likely to report unmet dental care need compared with unaffected children. Despite advances in knowledge about dental care among CSHCN, unanswered questions remain. Recommendations are provided toward obtaining additional data and facilitating dental care access for this vulnerable population.
Process Integration issues for Interlevel Dielectric Materials for Sub-quarter Micron Silicon Integrated Circuits

The continued miniaturization towards sub-quarter micron feature size mandates the search for low dielectric constant interlayer dielectric materials. A large number of materials and processing techniques has been suggested, but so far none of the proposed dielectric materials as well as processing techniques have been integrated into standard integrated circuit processing. In this paper, a new approach has been formulated for integration of low-k dielectric materials for future integrated circuits.
Glenohumeral Abduction Contracture in Children with Unresolved Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy

Background: Following neonatal brachial plexus palsy, the Putti sign—obligatory tilt of the scapula with brachiothoracic adduction—suggests the presence of glenohumeral abduction contracture. In the present study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify this glenohumeral abduction contracture and evaluate its relationship to shoulder joint deformity, muscle atrophy, and function. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed MRIs of the thorax and shoulders obtained before and after shoulder rebalancing surgery (internal rotation contracture release and external rotation tendon transfer) for twenty-eight children with unresolved neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Two raters measured the coronal positions of the scapula, thoracic spine, and humeral shaft bilaterally on coronal images, correcting trigonometrically for scapular protraction on axial images. Supraspinatus, deltoid, and latissimus dorsi muscle atrophy was assessed, blinded to other measures. Correlations between glenohumeral abduction contracture and glenoid version, humeral head subluxation, passive external rotation, and Mallet shoulder function before and after surgery were performed. Results: MRI measurements were highly reliable between raters. Glenohumeral abduction contractures were present in twenty-five of twenty-eight patients, averaging 33° (range, 10° to 65°). Among those patients, abductor atrophy was present in twenty-three of twenty-five, with adductor atrophy in twelve of twenty-five. Preoperatively, greater abduction contracture severity correlated with greater Mallet global abduction and hand-to-neck function. Abduction contracture severity did not correlate preoperatively with axial measurements of glenohumeral dysplasia, but greater glenoid retroversion was associated with worse abduction contractures postoperatively. Surgery improved passive external rotation, active abduction, and hand-to-neck function, but did not change the abduction contracture. Conclusions: A majority of patients with persistent shoulder weakness following neonatal brachial plexus palsy have glenohumeral abduction deformities, with contractures as severe as 65°. The abduction contracture occurs with abductor atrophy, with or without associated adductor atrophy. This contracture may improve global shoulder abduction by positioning the glenohumeral joint in abduction. Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic kinematics and muscle pathology must be further elucidated to advance an understanding of the etiology and the prevention and treatment of the complex shoulder deformity following neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Cyberguide: a mobile context-aware tour guide

Future computing environments will free the user from the constraints of the desktop. Applications for a mobile environment should take advantage of contextual information, such as position, to offer greater services to the user. In this paper, we present the Cyberguide project, in which we are building prototypes of a mobile context-aware tour guide. Knowledge of the user's current location, as well as a history of past locations, are used to provide more of the kind of services that we come to expect from a real tour guide. We describe the architecture and features of a variety of Cyberguide prototypes developed for indoor and outdoor use on a number of different hand-held platforms. We also discuss the general research issues that have emerged in our context-aware applications development in a mobile environment.
Unsymbolized Thinking, Sensory Awareness, and Mindreading

Carruthers views unsymbolized thinking as “purely propositional” and, therefore, as a potential threat to his mindreading-is-prior position. I argue that unsymbolized thinking may involve (non-symbolic) sensory aspects; it is therefore not purely propositional, and therefore poses no threat to mindreading-is-prior. Furthermore, Descriptive Experience Sampling lends empirical support to the view that access to our own propositional attitudes is interpretative, not introspective.
Rapid Dissolution of Massive Intracoronary Thrombosis With Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibitor

This 56-year-old man presented with unstable angina and acute pulmonary edema. He underwent cardiac catheterization, which revealed extensive thrombotic occlusion of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), the second diagonal branch, and the second septal perforating branch (Figure 1⇓). Recanalization of the mid-LAD with …
Emerging strategies for the early detection and prevention of head and neck squamous cell cancer

Despite significant improvements in therapeutic protocols, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major health problem worldwide. The 5-year post-therapeutic survival rate is among the lowest of the major cancers with loco-regional relapse being the main cause of death. Moreover, in most instances, the quality of life of the afflicted patient is severely compromised. The poor prognosis for HNSCC is primarily due to disease detection at advanced stages. Accordingly, development of early detection and preventive strategies are essential. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and etiology of HNSCC should facilitate development of improved intervention and therapeutic approaches. The present review discusses the potential role of such factors for developing preventive and early diagnostic strategies for HNSCC management. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 467–473, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embryonic stem cells form an organized, functional cardiac conduction system in vitro.

A functional pacemaking-conduction system is essential for maintaining normal cardiac function. However, no reproducible model system exists for studying the specialized cardiac pacemaking-conducti...
Stem cell proliferative history in tissue revealed by temporal halogenated thymidine analog discrimination

Detection of proliferating cells based on bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and determination of phenotype by immunofluorescence labeling are standard approaches for studying stem and progenitor cell populations in developing and adult tissue as well as in histopathology studies. We describe incorporation of different halogenated thymidine analogs for temporal discrimination of cell cycle in the rat. With equimolar delivery, these analogs are suitable for quantitative histological studies including assessment of the regulation of proliferation, clonal analysis and simultaneous profiling of cell phenotype relative to proliferative history.
Thioacetamide I: Substitute for Hydrogen Sulfide in Medicinal Chemicals for Identity and Purity

Identification tests and tests for heavy metals in inorganic chemicals using thioacetamide solution and hydrogen sulfide solution gave identical results. Difficulty was encountered only when solutions of organic drugs in volatile flammable solvents interfered with the hydrolysis of thioacetamide. In this case, the length of time for the completion of the test was increased in order to insure complete hydrolysis of the thioacetamide. In testing acetylsalicylic acid, methenamine, and salicylic acid contaminated with the minimum amount of solution of lead salt sensitive to hydrogen sulfide test solution, the color of the precipitate was brown instead of black.
From Late-Onset Stress Symptomatology to Later-Adulthood Trauma Reengagement in Aging Combat Veterans: Taking a Broader View

About a decade ago we proposed the notion of late-onset stress symptomatology, to characterize the later-life emergence of symptoms related to early-life warzone trauma among aging combat Veterans. We hypothesized that aging-related challenges (role transition and loss, death of family members and friends, physical and cognitive decline) might lead to increased reminiscence, and possibly distress, among Veterans who had previously dealt successfully with earlier traumatic events. Recently, we have reexamined our earlier ideas, to better reflect our developing understanding of this phenomenon, and to incorporate more contemporary perspectives on posttraumatic growth and resilience. As a result, we have broadened our conceptualization to later-adulthood trauma reengagement (LATR). We suggest that in later life many combat Veterans confront and rework their wartime memories in an effort to find meaning and build coherence. Through reminiscence, life review, and wrestling with issues such as integrity versus despair, they intentionally reengage with experiences they avoided or managed successfully earlier in life, perhaps without resolution or integration. This article links LATR to classic gerontologic notions, and elaborates how the LATR process can lead positively to personal growth or negatively to increased symptomatology. We also address the role of preventive intervention in enhancing positive outcomes for Veterans who reengage with their wartime memories in later life.
Peer Review: Using Time, Place, and Manner Constraints to Maximize Learning

This article discusses a commonly used teaching technique -- peer review -- with specific parameters to increase effectiveness in the first-year legal writing classroom.
Should Criteria for Atypical Meningioma Be Changed

Current WHO classification of atypical meningiomas can be subjective, and there are multiple criteria by which a meningioma may qualify for grade II designation. A meningioma is labeled atypical or WHO grade II if any one of the following five criteria are met: four or more mitotic figures per ten high-power fields; brain invasion; clear cell morphology; chordoid phenotype; or three or more “soft” criteria (necrosis, hypercellularity, small cell change, prominent nucleoli, and sheeting architecture). Whether a meningioma has one or more of these criteria, the tumor is still given the same grade II designation and therefore, the same implied prognosis. We hypothesize that meningiomas with greater numbers of grade II qualifying criteria may behave worse than those with only one. Our institution’s archives were searched for atypical meningiomas from 1986 to 2007. Fifty meningiomas that qualify as atypical by today’s standards were obtained. Each case was evaluated for the above histologic criteria. The number of qualifying criteria present in each case was then tallied, and the meningiomas were placed into one of four groups (having 1, 2, 3, or 4 different grade II criteria). The time to recurrence was then compared between the four groups. Preliminary statistical analysis suggests a trend that meningiomas with three or four criteria tend to have a shorter time to recurrence than do those with only one or two criteria. In addition, meningiomas with four different atypical criteria recurred more often than those tumors with one, two or three criteria. Additional data collection and statistical analysis is underway. Additional data collection and statistical analysis is underway.
Theorem-Proving Analysis of Digital Control Logic Interacting with Continuous Dynamics

This work outlines an equation-based formulation of a digital control program and transducer interacting with a continuous physical process, and an approach using the Coq theorem prover for verifying the performance of the combined hybrid system. Considering thermal dynamics with linear dissipation for simplicity, we focus on a generalizable, physically consistent description of the interaction of the real-valued temperature and the digital program acting as a thermostat. Of interest in this work is the discovery and formal proof of bounds on the temperature, the degree of variation, and other performance characteristics. Our approach explicitly addresses the need to mathematically represent the decision problem inherent in an analog-to-digital converter, which for rare values can take an arbitrarily long time to produce a digital answer (the so-called Buridan's Principle); this constraint ineluctably manifests itself in the verification of thermostat performance. Furthermore, the temporal causality constraints in the thermal physics must be made explicit to obtain a consistent model for analysis. We discuss the significance of these findings toward the verification of digital control for more complex physical variables and fields.
Modeling and Trajectory Control of an Autonomous Sailboat for Path Planning

Payload directed flight research focuses on closing control loops around sensor data to optimize mission objectives for manned and unmanned vehicle systems. A critical element in optimized sensor based control is the ability to plan trajectories based on expected sensor return. This paper describes the modeling and simulation of a sailboat for the implementation of a new trajectory planning algorithm. The trajectory planning algorithm is a closed loop system, based on probabilistic roadmaps and rapidly expanding root tree algorithm. The sailboat is modeled as a 5 Degree of Freedom (DOF) system. The control system design describes the implementation of a sail, heading command and waypoint tracking system. Simulation and testing of the model and controller are also discussed.
Pleasure as Ultimate Good in Sidgwick’s Ethics

The notion of pleasure lies at the very heart of Sidgwick's moral philosophy.1 For Sidgwick holds not merely that pleasure is a good, but that ultimately it is the only good. And hence it is the good of pleasure which grounds his utilitarianism. It would seem, therefore, that to understand Sidgwick's moral philosophy fully, one must understand his account of the concept of pleasure and the role that it plays in his utilitarian view. These will be the two main aims of this paper. I shall argue that Sidgwick is mistaken about the concept of pleasure, and furthermore, that to comprehend the character of this mistake is to understand the em piricist nature of Sidgwick's moral view. Sidgwick styles himself an intuitionist and Broad remarks that we are to construe this category as being the contrary of empiricism.2 Nevertheless, I shall argue that in large measure Sidgwick's position is the analogue in practical philosophy of an empiricist epistemology, and that this arises out of Sidgwick's characterization of pleasure and its role as the ultimate good. Finally I shall suggest that to understand Sidgwick's view in this way is to see why it is mistaken. For the empiricist methodology (both in matters of theory and in matters of practice) blinds one to the possibility and necessity of asking what Kant would have called transcendental questions, viz., what are the conditions under which an experience of a certain kind (theoretical or practical) is possible? For it is only by considering such questions that one can fully ground a moral theory and see why, as Rawls has put it, a theory of right is prior to a theory of value.3
A Definition of Sociology Derived from Titles of Courses

T HIS paper ventures a definition of sociology as reflected in the courses which are offered in the subject at representative American Universities for the academic year of I93 I-I932. The forty institutions whose catalogues were studied represent not only geographic divisions but also state and privately endowed universities. Of this number two universities offer no sociology, three have departments combined with economics, two with anthropology, one with social technology, and there is one where sociology is sandwiched in between economics and government,-all three being in one department. The faculties of these universities count among their number the leading American sociologists. The total of some 803 courses offered by these faculties of sociology provides a wide and varied range of study. It is from the courses which are offered by ten or more universities that a definition of sociology has been made. Sociology is a discipline embodying a set of theories and principles (Introductory courses-38; Social Theory-35; Recent or Contemporary Theory-io; Principles of Sociology-I,) which studies normal social phenomena (Social Control -i8; Community Organization-I3; Family-z6; Rural Sociology-zI; Urban Sociology-I7) as well as pathological social phenomena (Social Pathology-zz; Child Welfare-I9; Criminology-35; Immigration-I5; Population-z5; Poverty-I3) with some attention to anthropological and psychological implications (Anthropology-Io; Social Psychology-i5) and which offers a method of dealing with the material (Methods of Social Research -I8; Statistics-I4; Social Work-z3; Case WorkI5) in which research and direction are carried on. Such is sociology when the most typical courses alone are considered, but it is scarcely a true picture of sociology as it is taught in American Universities. When all the offerings in the subject are considered, sociology appears to be some kind of glorified Irish stew in which are found liberal amounts of the usual ingredients and also a surprising conglomeration of other materials to give it variety and a spice to suit anyone's taste. In order to support this contention, lists of the courses are arranged in the frequency of their occurrence.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Wounds: The Spectrum from Basic to Advanced Therapy.

Significance: Almost 7 million Americans have chronic cutaneous wounds and billions of dollars are spent on their treatment. The number of patients with nonhealing wounds keeps increasing worldwide due to an ever-aging population, increasing number of obese and diabetic patients, and cardiovascular disease. Recent Advances: Advanced treatments for difficult wounds are needed. Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is attractive due to their differentiating potential, their immunomodulating properties, and their paracrine effects. Critical Issues: New technologies (including growth factors and skin substitutes) are now widely used for stimulating wound healing. However, in spite of these advances, the percentage of complete wound closure in most clinical situations is around 50–60%. Moreover, there is a high rate of wound recurrence. Future Directions: Recently, it has been demonstrated that MSCs speed up wound healing by decreasing inflammation, by promoting angiogenesis, and by decreasing scarring. H...
Passive Transfer of Protection Against Lethality of Homologous and Heterologous Endotoxins

SummarySerum of rabbits rendered tolerant by a brief schedule of endotoxin administration protects mice against the lethality of homologous or heterologous endotoxin and this protective effect is not attributable to antibody content of the serum.
Understanding the Food Insecurity and Obesity Relationship by Examining Potential Mediators: An Exploratory Analysis

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a positive association between obesity and food insecurity, but the mechanisms of this relationship are not well established. The purpose of the current study was to explore 5 potential mediating variables of the relationship between food insecurity and obesity: (1) home food environment, (2) eating out, (3) unhealthy food preparation, (4) food cost, and (5) mental health. Data were from 116 participants enrolled in a community-based weight gain prevention study in rural south Georgia. No evidence of complete mediation was found; however, strong relationships among demographic factors, food insecurity, and obesity were documented. Future research should seek to confirm our findings in larger, more diverse samples. Practice implications include working with communities to develop multilevel interventions that could address both overweight and food insecurity.
Effect of preparation conditions on the surface acidity of ZrO_2

The surface acidity of ZrO2 catalyst was determined by Hammett indicator method.Effect of preparation condition on the surface acidity of ZrO2 was studied.Acid feature characterization results show that the calcination has little effect on surface acidity,but the total amount of acid sites on ZrO2 will be decreased,with increasing calcination temperature and time.As the decresing CTAB,the optimum conditions for the preparation of catalysts were as follows:mole ratio of Zr/CTAB was 2,calcination temperature was 450 ℃,and calcination time was 6 h.