cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The unified airway

The upper and lower respiratory tracts function as an interdependent physiologic mechanism, and stimuli that trigger pathophysiologic changes in one portion of the airway can provoke similar changes throughout the airway. The unified airway model acknowledges these shared airway features, suggesting the importance of comprehensive evaluation of patients with any respiratory symptoms. Two areas are of specific importance to the septoplasty/rhinoplasty surgeon: (1) preoperative evaluation of the patient with rhinitis undergoing nasal surgery, and (2) perioperative and postoperative management of the nose. Management of potential cardiopulmonary risks among susceptible individuals is vital in the perioperative management of these patients.
Two-photon-induced fluorescence of biological markers based on optical fibers.

Optical fibers were used to induce fluorescence by means of two-photon absorption in fluorophores. The effect, studied in a solution of 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, demonstrated that a single-mode fiber is a more efficient two-photon excitation source than a multimode fiber. This was shown with three different fibers.
The mechanical properties of platelet reinforced composites

Abstract The effective moduli of platelet reinforced media are derived for aligned and randomly oriented circular platelets at both dilute and finite concentrations. The platelets are modeled as very thin oblate spheroids in which edge effects caused by the presence of the sharp corners can be significant, depending upon the relative magnitudes of the thickness-to-diameter ratio and the ratio of the matrix stiffness to that of the reinforcer. The edge effects become negligible when the latter ratio greatly exceeds the former, in which case the platelets act effectively as infinite layers. In general, the non-uniform stress fields in the vicinity of the sharp corners or edges cause a reduction in the effective moduli. When the aspect ratio greatly exceeds the stiffness ratio, the inclusions become equivalent to rigid disks, and the pertinent concentration parameter is not the volume fraction, which is zero, but a number analogous to the crack density parameter for solids containing cracks. Effective medium theories for finite concentrations of rigid disks predict that the effective Poisson's ratio tends to the value 0.1557… as the concentration increases, and the self-consistent theory displays a critical disk density at which the composite becomes rigid.
Iatrogenic Complications from Chronic Ear Surgery

Iatrogenic complications can and do occur in ear surgery. Whether the surgery is undertaken to treat chronic infectious disease or for other purposes (eg, for cochlear implants, shunts, or skull base approaches), the key to avoiding iatrogenic injuries and untoward events is attention to detail. Knowledge of what to do when the unexpected happens is the key to minimizing any negative outcome for the patient.
THE SPIN-STATISTICS THEOREM ON A CIRCLE

Recently, there has been a certain interest in the statistics of identical particles on a one-dimensional space. In this paper we extend this discussion to a circle by allowing the existence of antiparticles in addition to particles, and to creation-annihilation processes. This leads to much more complicated possibilities for statistics due to the change of the appropriate fundamental group.
Contingencies and Communications in Cyberspace: The World Wide Web and Non‐Hierarchical Co‐ordination

The widespread public deployment of the World Wide Web may initiate substantial changes in the organizations tasked to deal with crises, contingencies and disasters, particularly in the systems responsible for communications and coordination. A number of properties of the Web make it an attractive addition to the communications systems in place today. These include the Web's potential for speed, interactivity, hyper-textuality and character as both a broadcast, as well as a more restricted, communications vehicle. When viewed in light of recent work on organizational complexity, the Web seems to be an appropriate technical infrastructure for communications and organizational design and may have some useful properties in making such organizations better equipped to deal with emergencies or other unexpected events. Whether the Web is purposefully integrated into communications and coordination systems or not, it is likely to be relied on increasingly as an informal and adaptable system used by community members and by a broad array of public and private organizations. Emergency preparedness and emergency response organizations may wish to understand more about how key communication and coordination tasks can be achieved by using the Web.
Laparoscopic management of median arcuate ligament syndrome

Median arcuate ligament syndrome is a rare disorder resulting from luminal narrowing of the celiac artery by the insertion of the diaphragmatic muscle fibers or fibrous bands of the celiac nervous plexus [1, 3]. The syndrome is characterized by weight loss, postprandial abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and an epigastric bruit [2]. Surgical management entails complete division of the median arcuate ligament [4]. The video demonstrates the laparoscopic release of the median arcuate ligament in a patient with median arcuate ligament syndrome. The patient is a 22-year-old male with a 6-month history of epigastric abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, a 140-lb. weight loss, and an epigastric bruit on physical exam. Aortography demonstrated a ≥90% extrinsic compression of the celiac artery. A full laparoscopic skeletonization of the celiac artery and branch vessels was performed. Intraoperative duplex U/S demonstrated flow rate reduction after the median arcuate ligament release. A postoperative CT angiogram demonstrated no residual stenosis. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3 and remained asymptomatic after 7 months of follow-up. Laparoscopic release of the median arcuate ligament is a novel approach to the management of celiac artery compression syndrome [2]. The role of minimally invasive techniques to manage median arcuate ligament syndrome is evolving but they appear to be a safe alternative to open surgery.
The impact of data caps on ISP competition

We consider how data caps affect competition between a cable ISP and a DSL ISP. Utility is a function of users' relative interest, time devoted to each application, and application performance. Users maximize surplus by making ISP subscription choices and by controlling the time devoted to Internet activities. ISPs maximize profit by competing through tier prices, tier rates, network capacities, data caps and overage charges. We illustrate how users' utilities are affected by data caps, and the resulting impact upon ISP market shares. The initial incentives for both ISPs to update tier prices and tier rates are predicted. The final Nash equilibrium with data caps is analyzed through simulation, and compared to the Nash equilibrium without data caps. We find that a DSL ISP may not set data caps, and that the use of data caps may thus result in an advantage for a cable ISP over a DSL ISP.
Overview of continuous optimization advances and applications to circuit tuning

This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in continuous nonlinear optimization and makes the case that due to tremendous recent progress, larger and more complex problems can be solved than previously thought possible. The two basic paradigms, trust-region and line-search methods, are briefly described. In addition, various nonlinear optimization techniques are reviewed. The application of these nonlinear optimization methods to circuit sizing is presented by describing a pair of circuit sizing tools, one for dynamic tuning and one for tuning based on static timing analysis. Particular emphasis has been given to the customization of nonlinear optimization to the circuit sizing application.
Assessing Alternative Measures of Wealth in Health Research

Objectives. We assessed whether it would be feasible to replace the standard measure of net worth with simpler measures of wealth in population-based studies examining associations between wealth and health.Methods. We used data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances (respondents aged 25–64 years) and the 2004 Health and Retirement Survey (respondents aged 50 years or older) to construct logistic regression models relating wealth to health status and smoking. For our wealth measure, we used the standard measure of net worth as well as 9 simpler measures of wealth, and we compared results among the 10 models.Results. In both data sets and for both health indicators, models using simpler wealth measures generated conclusions about the association between wealth and health that were similar to the conclusions generated by models using net worth. The magnitude and significance of the odds ratios were similar for the covariates in multivariate models, and the model-fit statistics for models using these simp...
Seismic behaviour of framed tubes

A framed tube, consisting of closely spaced columns connected by deep spandrel beams, is designed in reinforced concrete for building code loads. The members of the frame are proportioned using strength concepts. A planar model of the tube is developed and its behaviour is compared to that of the three-dimensional structure. The planar model is then used to evaluate the inelastic behaviour of the framed tube when subjected to strong ground motion. The effects of the finite element discretization and the ground motion characteristics are investigated. Results show that ductility requirements of the spandrel beams are minimum at the top and maximum at the bottom of the tube. Ductility requirements in the columns are well controlled and are within acceptable limits. Participation of the higher modes of vibration is significant and requires increasing damping. It also is shown that the increased stiffness due to finite member sizes at a joint cannot be neglected.
An unusual reaction of Rh(SbPh3)3(CO)Cl with propargyl halides: the formation of rhodiacyclopent-3-ene-2-one complexes

Abstract Reactions of Rh(SbPh3)3(CO)Cl (1) with PhCCCH2X (X = Cl, Br, p-TolSO3) and with HCCCH2X (X = p-TolSO3, PhSO3) in CH2Cl2 at room temperature result in the formation of the propargyl complexes Rh(SbPh3)2(η1-CH2CCPh) (CO) (C1)X and the allenyl complexes Rh(SbPh3)2(η1-CHCCH2)(CO)(Cl)X, respectively. However, treatment of 1 with unsubstituted propargyl halides under similar conditions unexpectedly affords the rhodiacyclopent-3-ene-2-one complexes Rh(SbPh3)3(η2-C(O)CHCXCH2) Cl (X = Cl (5), Br (6)). The molecular structure of 5 was elucidated by an X-ray diffraction analysis of 5 · 1 /2CH2Cl2.
Survival Estimates for Downstream Migrant Yearling Juvenile Salmonids through the Snake and Columbia Rivers Hydropower System, 1966–1980 and 1993–1999

Abstract This paper examines average annual survival of juvenile spring–summer chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss during migration through the hydropower system of the Snake and Columbia rivers from 1966 to 1980 and 1993 to 1999. In each year, survival was estimated from observations of marked fish in a portion of the hydropower system corridor. We expanded these estimates to calculate an annual estimate of survival over the entire system (head of uppermost reservoir to tailrace of lowermost dam). Temporal changes in the hydropower system were compared with trends in estimated survival to evaluate the effects of dams on survival of downstream migrants. When only four dams were in place (1966–1967), estimates of survival through the hydropower system were 32–56%. Four additional dams were constructed between 1968 and 1975. Survival estimates during the 1970s typically were 10–30% for spring–summer chinook salmon, but less than 3% in the drought years of 1973 and 1977. From 1993...
Quantum Chemical Prediction of Redox Reactivity and Degradation Pathways for Aqueous Phase Contaminants: An Example with HMPA

Models used to predict the fate of aqueous phase contaminants are often limited by their inability to address the widely varying redox conditions in natural and engineered systems. Here, we present a novel approach based on quantum chemical calculations that identifies the thermodynamic conditions necessary for redox-promoted degradation and predicts potential degradation pathways. Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), a widely used solvent and potential groundwater contaminant, is used as a test case. Its oxidation is estimated to require at least iron-reducing conditions at low to neutral pH and nitrate-reducing conditions at high pH. Furthermore, the transformation of HMPA by permanganate is predicted to proceed through sequential N-demethylation. Experimental validation based on LC/TOF-MS analysis confirms the predicted pathways of HMPA oxidation by permanganate to phosphoramide via the formation of less methylated as well as singly and multiply oxygenated reaction intermediates. Pathways predicted to be thermodynamically or kinetically unfavorable are similarly absent in the experimental studies. Our newly developed methodology will enable scientists and engineers to estimate the favorability of contaminant degradation at a specific field site, suitable approaches to enhance degradation, and the persistence of a contaminant and its reaction intermediates.
Decomposition of lysine and leucine in soil aggregates: Adsorption and compartmentalization

Abstract The mode of amino acid stabilization in soil was examined in the laboratory using synthetic aggregates prepared from a ⩽20 μm soil fraction. 14 C-labelled lysine or leucine was added throughout the aggregate by mixing during preparation or surficially by means of spray application after aggregate preparation. Synthetic aggregates were inoculated with soil microbes. The 14 CO 2 released by the microbes was measured and used as an index of decomposition. Greater quantities of lysine and leucine were decomposed in the spray-applied aggregates compared to the aggregates which had amino acid mixed throughout. A minimum depth of microbial activity into the aggregates was estimated. Binding to mineral surfaces suppressed the decomposition of lysine. The results imply that compounds with net positive charge originating from amino groups are stabilized in soils having permanent negative charge. Further, microbial decomposition of the amino acids depended upon their location relative to tne aggregate surface.
Robust Fault Detection and Isolation of Linear Systems with Distributed Delays

Abstract This paper investigates development of robust Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) filters for linear system with both unknown point-wise as well as distributed delays. The notion of a finite unobservability subspace is introduced for distributed time-delay systems and an algorithm for its construction is presented. A bank of residual generators is designed based on our developed geometric framework so that each residual is affected by one fault and is partially decoupled from the others while the H ∞ norm of the transfer function between the disturbance and uncertainties in delays and the residual signals are kept at less than a prespecified value. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and capabilities of our proposed FDI algorithm.
A novel calibration algorithm with auxiliary signal source for sensor array errors

The presence of sensor array errors due to mutual coupling and channel mismatch among array sensors severely degrades the performance of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms. This paper proposes a novel sensor array errors calibration algorithm based on iterative least squares with projection (ILSP) algorithm, which suits for arbitrary array and only needs one auxiliary signal source. This algorithm firstly estimates the true steering vector by using ILSP, then estimates the sensor array errors by solving the equation between the nominal steering vector and the true steering vector. Comparative computer simulation results are presented to illustrate that the proposed algorithm still has lower computational complexity and higher calibration accuracy on the condition of less snapshots and minor DOA intervals of different sampling time.
NGC 7027: Analysis of 7.8–20 Micron Continuum, Silicate and PAH Grain Distributions

Images of mid-infrared (5 – 20 μn) circumstellar dust sources have been obtained with a new 58 x 62 pixel infrared array camera system. A seven-color imaging study of the bright planetary nebula NGC 7027 challenges the assertion that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) may extend further from the center of the nebula than the continuum emission from silicate dust grains. It appears that the overall distributions are nearly identical, ruling out differences in intensity between the PAH emission and the general “silicate” dust material. A rigorous comparison between the infrared image data and new visible CCD images of NGC 7027 is made
Implementations Of Optical Parallel Logic Using Magneto-Optic Spatial Light Modulators, Liquid Crystal Televisions And Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator

Optical and electro-optical switches have been extensively studied for applications such as optical computing, opto-digital circuit, and optical communication networks. As complement to the rapidly emerging photonic devices, many optical parallel logic gates have been successfully implemented using current technology. This paper demonstrates three implementations of optical parellel logic using magneto-optic spatial light modulators (MOSLMs), liquid crystal televisions (LCTVs) and microchannel spatial light modulator (MSLM), respectively.
Spectroscopic and Fluorometric Characterization of Oxacyanine Dyes in Water and Nitrobenzene

The spectroscopic and fluorometric properties of nine oxacyanine dyes (3,3'-dimethyloxacarbocyanine through 3,3'-diheptyloxacarbocyanine, 3,3'-diethyl-, and 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine iodides) were determined in two solvents, water and nitrobenzene. In nitrobenzene the absorbance and fluorometric spectra of the dyes showed a red shift of 15 to 20 nm when compared with the spectra in water. In addition, the fluorescence emission intensity of the dyes is lower in nitrobenzene than in water, by one to two orders of magnitude. Thus it is possible to measure fluorescence in water in water/nitrobenzene systems without interference from the nitrobenzene part. The molar absorptivities of the dyes were calculated and used to determine the solubility of the dyes in water and the partition coefficients of the dyes between nitrobenzene and water. These dyes were characterized in order to provide a better understanding of the properties of the dyes in a water/nitrobenzene interface system which will be used in electrochemical studies of the dyes.
Tripartite assessment of the effects of systematic desensitization in a multi-phobic child: An experimental analysis

Abstract A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of relaxation training and systematic desensitization in an 11-yr-old, multi-phobic child. Responses on motoric, cognitive, and physiological channels were assessed. While change was minimal during relaxation, substantial improvement was shown in motoric and cognitive systems with sequential introduction of desensitization. Changes on physiological measures were less substantial. All gains were maintained over 1, 4 and 6-month follow-up periods.
Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets

In his most recent book, Gang Leader for a Day (GLD), sociologist Sudhir Venkatesh chronicles his first foray into social science research at the tender age of 23 when he began his graduate studies at the University of Chicago. This is the "back story" for his two previous books, American Project and Off the Books. The audience for GLD seems to be nonacademics specifically, middle-class and affluent whites (or "honorary" whites nonwhites like Venkatesh himself who nonetheless live lives that
Estimating Detection Limits in Ultratrace Analysis. Part III: Monitoring Atoms and Molecules with Laser-Induced Fluorescence

Laser spectroscopic methods which are sensitive enough to detect single atoms or molecules are termed single-atom detection (SAD) techniques. The detection theory of SAD methods, presented in the second paper in this series and summarized here, allows for the evaluation and comparison of these techniques. In this paper, SAD theory is applied to one task in particular: monitoring analyte atoms or molecules as they flow through a continuous-wave laser beam using fluorescence detection (CWLIF). Several possible signal-processing methods are described and evaluated through the use of SAD theory and Monte Carlo simulations. The relative merits of these methods for SAD by CW-LIF are illustrated.
Protein conformer selection by ligand binding observed with crystallography

A large-scale movement between "closed" and "open" conformations of a protein loop was observed directly with protein crystallography by trapping individual conformers through binding of an exogenous ligand and characterization with solution kinetics. The buried indole ring of Trp191 in cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) was displaced by exogenous ligands, causing a conformational change of loop Pro190-Asn195 and exposing Trp191 to the protein surface. Kinetic measurements are consistent with a two-step binding mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is a transition of the protein to the open state, which then binds the ligand. This large-scale conformational change of a functionally important region of CCP is independent of ligand and indicates that about 4% of the wild-type protein is in the open form in solution at any given time.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SHOCK-CONDITIONED TUFF

Abstract Shock-conditioning is a term used to describe changes in geologic materials resulting from the passage of an explosively driven ground shock. Laboratory and microscopy studies performed on two suites of tuff retrieved prior to and after an underground explosion reveal that: (1) bulk physical properties of shock-conditioned tuff are similar to those of pristine tuff; (2) strength and moduli of tuff shocked to peak radial stresses of 200 MPa and greater are significantly degraded; (3) this degradation is associated with microstructural damage in the form of microcracks and crushed pores; and (4) damage introduced by field (dynamic) loading is greater than that induced by laboratory (quasi-static) loading along the simulated field load path.
Anthropologist in the White House

Like many other anthropologists of my generation, I came to my first applied job in Washington, D.C. during World war II. I liked the place and the work, never missed the academy, and stayed on after the war — filled with a sense of tasks unfinished. The Truman era turned me on and the McCarthy era did not permanently sour me, although it switched my opportunities to zero at the end of the Truman administration. I turned then to the academy, but the departments I approached were fearful, or discounted my thirteen years of government service as a void, or both.
The potency of mu-opioid hyperpolarization of hypothalamic arcuate neurons is rapidly attenuated by 17 beta-estradiol

The mu-opioid agonist DAMGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol) hyperpolarizes the majority of arcuate hypothalamic (ARC) neurons by opening an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance. The EC50 for the DAMGO-induced hyperpolarization was 60 +/- 3 nM in ARC neurons from ovariectomized guinea pigs. Superfusion of 17 beta-estradiol (E2; 100 nM) for 20 min in vitro resulted in a significant decrease in DAMGO potency (EC50 = 212 +/- 16 nM) in 40% of the neurons that were tested. This rapid effect of E2 on the mu-opioid response was not mimicked by the biologically inactive isomer 17 alpha-estradiol. Multiple concentrations of E2 were used to generate an E2 concentration-response curve, with an EC50 of 9 nM and a maximal increase in the DAMGO EX50 of 411% of controls. The membrane properties and firing rate of E2-sensitive and E2-insensitive neurons were not different. Streptavidin-FITC labeling did not reveal any significant morphological differences between the groups, but a higher number of E2-sensitive cells was found in the lateral ARC and cell-poor zone. Moreover, immunocytochemical staining of the recorded cells revealed that beta-endorphin neurons were among those sensitive to E2. Therefore, E2 could increase beta-endorphin release by decreasing the potency of beta-endorphinergic autoinhibition, thus increasing the tonic opioid inhibition of E2-insensitive cells. Furthermore, the diffuse projections of hypothalamic beta-endorphin neurons would allow E2 to alter processes throughout the brain, as well as having local effects in the hypothalamus.
Dose volume assessment of high dose rate 192IR endobronchial implants

Purpose : To study the dose distributions of high dose rate (HDR) endobronchial implants using the dose nonuniformity ratio (DNR) and three volumetric irradiation indices. Methods and Materials : Multiple implants were configured by allowing a single HDR 192 Ir source to step through a length of 6 cm along an endobronchial catheter. Dwell times were computed to deliver a dose of 5 Gy to points 1 cm away from the catheter axis. Five sets of source configurations, each with different dwell position spacings from 0.5 to 3.0 cm, were evaluated. Three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions were then generated for each source configuration. Differential and cumulative dose-volume curves were generated to quantify the degree of target volume coverage, dose nonuniformity within the target volume, and irradiation of tissues outside the target volume. Evaluation of the implants were made using the DNR and three volumetric irradiation indices. Results : The observed isodose distributions were not able to satisfy all the dose constraints. The ability to optimally satisfy the dose constraints depended on the choice of dwell position spacing and the specification of the dose constraint points. The DNR and irradiation indices suggest that small dwell position spacing does not result in a more homogeneous dose distribution for the implant. This study supports the existence of a relationship between the dwell position spacing and the distance from the catheter axis to the reference dose or dose constraint points. Better dose homogeneity for an implant can be obtained if the spacing of the dwell positions are about twice the distance from the catheter axis to the reference dose or dose constraint points.
PATHOLOGY TEACH AND TELL: ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLY TYPE I (APERT SYNDROME)

The mother, a 29-year-old G2P0010, was admitted at 34 weeks' gestation with hypertension and severe proteinuria. Her prenatal care was complicated by chronic hypertension and severe preeclampsia. S...
Quantitative Abundance Estimates From Bidirectional Reflectance Measurements

A simplified approach for estimating mineral abundances in mineral mixtures from bidirectional reflectance measurements is presented. Fundamental to this approach is a priori information concerning reflectance spectra of the individual minerals and an estimate of the particle sizes of the components. Simplified equations for bidirectional reflectance are used to linearize the systematics of spectral mixing. The method was used to determine the relative proportions of olivine, magnetite, enstatite, and anorthite in a mixture; the mass fractions of mixture components were calculated on the basis of known particle diameters. The results indicate that for materials without strongly adsorbing components, the accuracy of abundance determinations is better than 5 percent.
Older victims of sexual assault: an underrecognized population

Objective We performed this study to determine if sexual assault characteristics differ in women presenting for evaluation as women age. Study Design All females 20 years or older presenting after sexual assault to an urban emergency department during a nine year period underwent standardized evaluation. Analysis was performed by χ 2 . Results We evaluated 2399 women: 1743 women 20-39 years, 554 women 40-55 years, and 102 women over 55 years of age. Compared with the other age groups, older women were more commonly assaulted in their own home (36%) or care facility (33%), P P P P P = .04, and less likely to have a weapon used (7.8%), P = .003. Conclusion Sexual assault in older women has distinct characteristics, which may be useful in planning intervention and prevention strategies.
Design and Manufacturing of Sheet Metal Parts: Using Features to Aid Process Planning and Resolve Manufacturability Problems

Abstract This paper describes an integrated system for the design and production of sheet-metal parts. We have identified some important features for the sheet-metal bending process. These features are automatically generated as the design progresses. After the designs are complete, our automatic process planning system uses the features and generates new ones to aid the production of plans with near-minimum manufacturing costs. Finally, these plans are used to produce parts on an automatic bending system. Once a plan is generated, it can be used to manufacture the part, and to provide feedback to design and other factory systems. The application of features and the potential feature interaction problems are discussed. Several key manufacturing problems are also considered and the result of planning is used to resolve these problems. By solving these feature interaction problems and often practical manufacturing issues, we are able to plan and manufacture the majority of the parts we have tested less than one hour after the flat patterns are prepared.
Paper and Board, 4. Stock Preparation

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Main Unit Processes and Equipment 2.1. Fiber Materials Feeding 2.2. Disintegration 2.2.1. Repulping/Slushing 2.2.2. Deflaking 2.3. Screening and Fractionation 2.3.1. Screening 2.3.2. Fractionation 2.4. Centrifugal Cleaning 2.5. Refining 2.6. Flotation 2.7. Bleaching of Secondary Fibers 2.8. Washing 2.9. Dewatering 2.9.1. Drum Thickeners 2.9.2. Belt Filters, Twin Wire Presses 2.9.3. Disk Thickener 2.9.4. Disk Filters 2.9.5. Screw Presses 2.10. Dispersion 2.11. Mixing and Storing 3. Systems for Fiber Stock Preparation 3.1. Systems for Primary Fiber Preparation 3.2. Systems for Secondary Fiber Preparation 3.2.1. Systems for Graphic Paper Grades 3.2.2. Systems for Packaging Paper and Board Grades 3.3. Systems for Broke Treatment 3.4. Peripheral Systems in Secondary Fiber Preparation 3.5. Process Engineering and Automation
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF A REINTRODUCED POPULATION OF BOBCATS

Abstract The spacing patterns and mating systems of solitary carnivores have important implications for social behavior and for the survival and reproduction of individuals. Over 2 years, we reintroduced 32 (15 males and 17 females) bobcats (Lynx rufus) to a barrier island off the coast of Georgia and studied patterns of bobcat spatial distribution. Population density increased to 3.1 bobcats/10 km2. We found overlap of the home range for all females on the island increased during 1989–1991 such that, on average, each female shared a home-range area with the equivalent of >2 other females, and for core areas overlap was equivalent to sharing a core area with nearly 1 other female. Reproduction and home-range overlap were related inversely and food resources did not seem to be limiting. Our results were consistent with the land tenure concept in that the initial reintroduced bobcats established home ranges that changed little in size and location. However, bobcats resident on the island for ≥1 year did not...
Kinematics of the west-central Walker Lane: Spatially and temporally variable rotations evident in the Late Miocene Stanislaus Group

The Walker Lane currently accommodates ∼20% of the dextral motion between the Pacific and North American plates. This accommodation occurs on regional-scale systems of strike-slip and normal faults located between the northwestward-translating Sierra Nevada microplate and the east-west–extending Basin and Range. At the western edge of the central Walker Lane (lat ∼38°–39°N) is a region of crustal blocks bounded by asymmetric basins and normal faults, here defined as the west-central Walker Lane. Although this region is apparently devoid of major active strike-slip faults, the presence of Neogene clockwise vertical-axis tectonic block rotations indicates the accommodation of dextral shear. We measured vertical-axis rotation by comparing remanence directions of widespread members of the Eureka Valley Tuff of the Late Miocene Stanislaus Group within the west-central Walker Lane to the same units on the Sierra Nevada microplate. Results show that the study area is organized into discrete domains with heterogeneous regional distribution of clockwise vertical-axis rotation, ranging from ∼10° to 60°, since ca. 9.5 Ma. The highest measured magnitudes of vertical-axis rotation (∼50°–60° clockwise) are interpreted as a region of high deformation that includes the asymmetric Bridgeport Valley. Previous work underestimated vertical-axis rotation magnitudes in the region because published reference directions for two of the three members of the Eureka Valley Tuff (By-Day Member and Upper member) derive from the rotated region. We recalculate a reference direction for the By-Day Member of declination 353.2°, inclination 43.7°; α 95 = 10.8°. This corroborates a reference direction for the By-Day Member from the Stanislaus Group type section, situated on the relatively stable Sierra Nevada microplate, providing a robust reference direction for paleomagnetic studies. We present a kinematic model in which dextral shear in the west-central Walker Lane is accommodated by ∼30° of clockwise rotation in the Sweetwater Mountains and Bodie Hills since the Late Miocene. This model incorporates rotation magnitudes, paleostress orientations, edge effects, and bounding faults of rotating tectonic blocks to reveal timing, patterns, and mechanisms of crustal deformation. The results and models presented here elucidate the complex and evolving nature of the west-central Walker Lane. The rotational history of dextral shear accommodation demonstrates that the west-central Walker Lane should be included as an important part of the Walker Lane transtensional zone. The results presented in this study not only improve understanding of deformation in the Walker Lane, but illuminate the potentially significant contribution of crustal block vertical-axis rotations in other transtensional regions of the world.
A Stable Vanadium Redox-Flow Battery with High Energy Density for Large-scale Energy Storage

The all-vanadium redox flow battery is a promising technology for large-scale renewable and grid energy storage, but is limited by the low energy density and poor stability of the vanadium electrolyte solutions. A new vanadium redox flow battery with a significant improvement over the current technology is reported in this paper. This battery uses sulfate-chloride mixed electrolytes, which are capable of dissolving 2.5 M vanadium, representing about a 70% increase in energy capacity over the current sulfate system. More importantly, the new electrolyte remains stable over a wide temperature range of −5 to 50 °C, potentially eliminating the need for electrolyte temperature control in practical applications. This development would lead to a significant reduction in the cost of energy storage, thus accelerating its market penetration.
Storage Allocation in Unreliable Peer-to-Peer Systems

Peer-to-peer systems provide the opportunity to pool large amounts of distributed resources to enable Internet-scale applications. However, the participant nodes are highly dynamic and unreliable. Thus, any shared resource such as file objects must incorporate redundancy to be useful. While many studies have proposed heuristics to determine redundancy levels based on object popularity, there has been little work in determining optimal or near-optimal resource allocation based on node reliability. In this paper, we present a strategy for the allocation of objects in the presence of dynamic and unreliable peers. We have built an availability model of peer-to-peer storage systems based on the bimodal and time-dependent availability characteristics of a P2P node. Using this model, we can select the size of a candidate node set for storage allocation and assign storage objects to maximize availability while still maintaining a balanced distribution of objects
Customer Satisfaction Across Organizational Units

This article examines customer satisfaction models for assessing the relationship of overall satisfaction with a product or service and satisfaction with specific aspects of the product or service for organizations having multiple units or subunits. These units could be stores, markets, dealers, divisions, and so on. The authors suggest a method for studying whether the drivers of overall satisfaction vary across such units. For cases where the drivers do vary across subunits, they show how additional variables can be included in a model to account for the variation. The authors illustrate this approach by studying customer satisfaction in the newspaper and health care industries. They use generalizability theory to evaluate the reliability of scales from multistage cluster sample designs. It is argued that the approach has important implications for both theory and practice.
Recovery of Gas Exchange Variables and Heart Rate After Maximal Exercise in COPD

Studies of the limited exercise capacity in patients with COPD have not assessed the recovery phase, although the phenomenon of increased oxygen uptake after exercise has been thoroughly investigated in normal subjects. Therefore, we compared the recovery of gas exchange variables and HR after maximal cycle ergometry in 16 patients with varying seventies of airflow obstruction and ten aged control subjects. Aerobic capacity was reduced in the patients with COPD, and the rates of recovery of VE, Vo,, Vco,, excess Vco,, and HR were all significantly slower in the patients with COPD than in the controls. When expressed as the half-time for recovery, patients with COPD had values which were approximately twice that of control subjects for gas exchange and HR. The extent of recovery was similar in patients and controls. We conclude that in patients with COPD, postexercise relative hyperpnea and hypermetabolism are significantly prolonged. In addition, impaired elimination of increased body stores of carbon dioxide may contribute to impaired adjustment to acid-base disorders in these patients. (Chest 1990; 97:276-79)
Sportscasting and Sports Reporting: The Power of Gender Bias

Comparison of the sportscasting on ESPN and CNN and sports reporting in The New York Times and USA Today revealed the very high degree of embedded favoritism toward men’s sports and men athletes, e...
A Comparison of Optimized Link State Routing with Traditional Routing Protocols in Marine Wireless Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks

The performance of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) is related to the efficiency of the routing protocols in adapting to frequently changing network topology and link status. This paper addresses the issue by comparing the relative performance of three key ad-hoc routing protocols: destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and optimized link state routing (OLSR). The protocols are tested based on two scenarios, namely, tactical networks for ships and sensor-based network nodes. Four performance metrics were measured by varying the maximum speed of mobile hosts, network size and traffic load, to assess the routing capability and protocol efficiency. The simulation results indicate that AODV performs better than OSLR and DSDV in the first scenario. Although OLSR also performed relatively well, the associated high routing overhead is the dominant reason for not choosing it. On the other hand, OLSR emerged as the protocol of choice for sensor networks, where the high routing overhead is counteracted by consistently better performance in all other metrics. Due to the slow evolution of the sensor network topology, OLSR performed satisfactorily for best effort traffic but needed subtle adjustments to balance between latency and bandwidth to meet the requirements of delay-sensitive applications
Prediction of the upper limit of feedrate for robot translational contouring

The problem of how fast a robot can move without exceeding the limits of the joint motor capacities is addressed. For a robot translational contouring, it has been theoretically established that the joint velocities and the joint accelerations can be expressed as products of a feedrate-dependent term and a spatial function called the specific joint velocities and the specific joint accelerations, respectively. On the basis of this separation of variables, a simple efficient algorithms has been developed to determine the maximum feedrate under the constraints on the joint velocities and accelerations. A computer simulation of a typical task in robot translational contouring has been carried out to demonstrate the methodology and its applications in the design of joint motor capacities and selection process conditions. >
Molecular call-and-response: how Salmonella learns the gospel from its host

Host-microbe interactions are often portrayed as a game of molecular hide-and-seek or tug-of-war where one partner seeks to establish an upper-hand over the other. Perhaps a more useful analogy is the traditional call-and-response preaching method used so effectively in churches of the southern USA to encourage participation by the assembled parishioners. The preacher calls out a line of a gospel or hymn and the congregation responds as one to the cue. A recent paper identifies Nramp as a potential molecular preacher, and Salmonella, and probably other pathogenic bacteria, are singing back full-throated.
PhenologyMMS: A program to simulate crop phenological responses to water stress

Abstract Crop phenology is fundamental for understanding crop growth and development, and increasingly influences many agricultural management practices. Water deficits are one environmental factor that can influence crop phenology through shortening or lengthening the developmental phase, yet the phenological responses to water deficits have rarely been quantified. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of a decision support technology software tool, PhenologyMMS V1.2, developed to simulate the phenology of various crops for varying levels of soil water. The program is intended to be simple to use, requires minimal information for calibration, and can be incorporated into other crop simulation models. It consists of a Java interface connected to FORTRAN science modules to simulate phenological responses. The complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex correlated with phenological events, and the response to soil water availability for winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), proso millet (Panicum milaceum L.), hay/foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) were created based on experimental data and the literature. Model evaluation consisted of testing algorithms using “generic” default phenology parameters for wheat (i.e., no calibration for specific cultivars was used) for a variety of field experiments to predict developmental events. Results demonstrated that the program has general applicability for predicting crop phenology and can aid in crop management.
Preoperative patient expectations of total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background: Very little data exist regarding patients’ preoperative expectations of the outcome of total shoulder arthroplasty. We hypothesized that younger patients and patients with worse function and worse general health would have greater expectations of total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods: Ninety-eight patients who underwent unilateral primary total shoulder arthroplasty at one institution were studied prospectively. The preoperative evaluation included the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Shoulder Activity Scale, Short Form-36 (SF-36), and visual analog scale scores for shoulder pain, fatigue, and general health. Expectations were evaluated with use of the Hospital for Special Surgery’s Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey. Results: Relief of daytime pain, relief of nighttime pain, and improvement of shoulder range of motion were very important to 86%, 82%, and 84% of the patients, respectively. Expectations were not associated with education, history of previous joint replacement, or comorbidities. Greater expectations were associated with younger age, worse general health on the visual analog scale, and worse ASES scores (p < 0.05 for all), with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.25 to 0.28. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age was the only independent predictor of greater expectations (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Younger patients had greater expectations of total shoulder arthroplasty, which may have implications for outcome and implant longevity.
Chapter 43 - Synbiotics in the Intensive Care Unit

Patients who require intensive care are a uniquely vulnerable population. Their concurrent comorbidities, altered nutrition, required medications, and impaired barrier function predisposes them to a host of complications including nosocomial infections. Unfortunately, such intensive care unit-acquired infections are increasingly caused by resistant pathogens, further complicating their optimal care. As such, nonantibiotic prophylaxis and/or treatment strategies are particularly appealing in this subset of patients. An increasing amount of literature, both basic science and clinical in nature. suggests that probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic therapies may be effective in reducing nosocomial infection rates and the adverse implications of these infections. Although existing synbiotic studies in critically ill populations often suffer from small sample sizes and methodologic limitations, our current collective knowledge suggests that synbiotic therapy is safe and viable across an array of disease states. This review summarizes our current knowledge in this area, including limitations to our current investigations.
The “Rediscovery” of Religion in Contemporary Nigerian Art History

(2008). The “Rediscovery” of Religion in Contemporary Nigerian Art History. Critical Interventions: Vol. 2, Interrogating African Modernity, pp. 160-175.
Induced Resistance Using Pathogens and Nonpathogens

It is increasingly evident that the use of certain pesticides in plant production will become restricted at the same time that the productivity, profitability and competitiveness of agriculture must increase. Pesticides contribute to the problem of environmental deterioration which in turn has a marked influence on the economy, health, and the quality of life. At the same time, pesticides have been a major factor contributing to the increased crop yields and quality attained in modern agriculture.