cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simulation Approach Analyzing Random Motion Events Between a Machine and its Operator

This paper presents an approach for representing and analyzing random motions and hazardous events in a simulated three-dimensional workplace, providing designers and analysts with a new technique for evaluating operator-machine interaction hazards in virtual environments. Technical data in this paper is based upon a project striving to reduce workers’ risks from being hit by underground mining machinery in a confined space. The project’s methodology includes human factors design considerations, ergonomic modeling and simulation tools, laboratory validation, and collaboration with a mining equipment manufacturer. Hazardous conditions can be analyzed in virtual environments using collision detection. By simulating an operator’s random behavior and machine’s appendage velocity, researchers can accurately identify hazards, and use that information to form safe design parameters for mining equipment. Analysts must be discerning with the model and not read more from the databases than what the simulation model was designed to deliver. Simulations provided an interesting approach to data gathering in that there was no need for live subjects and logistics – test sites and costs associated with experiments–became insignificant. Collisions versus speed, operators’ size, and risk behaviors proved the versatility found in the data obtained from the model. Preliminary results show that response time significantly affects the number of collisions experienced by the virtual subject. Also simulation data suggests that more mishaps occur with hand-on-boom-arm risk behavior.
Clonal Karyotypic Hematopoietic Cell Abnormalities Occurring After Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation for Hodgkin's Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Over a 6-year period, 275 patients were treated with autologous bone marrow transplantation (auto-BMT) for advanced-stage malignant lymphoma. After BMT, clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in hematopoietic cells from 10 patients. All 10 had morphologically and cytogenetically normal BMs at the time of stem cell harvest. The cytogenetic changes were first detected 1.8 to 6.5 years (mean, 3.9) after induction chemotherapy, and 0.5 to 3.1 years (mean, 1.4) after transplantation, and were characteristic of those reported for therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in 9 of the patients: abnormalities of chromosome 5 or 7 (classical-form) were present in 4, 11q23 or 21q22 abnormalities (topoisomerase II-related form) were detected in 3, and a combination of both forms was seen in 2 patients. Clonal 2p abnormalities were found in the 1 remaining patient. The abnormal karyotypes were associated with morphologically recognizable MDS in 3 patients and with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arising in MDS in 2. Four of these patients have died: 3 of AML and 1 of infection. One patient is still alive with cytopenia. The clonal cytogenetic abnormalities were not associated with MDS in 5 patients: 1 has died of recurrent lymphoma, 2 have cytopenia, and 2 still have no morphologic or clinical evidence of MDS after short follow-up (4 and 13 months). Compared with a control group matched for disease, length of follow-up, and treatment with auto-BMT, there were no statistically significant associations between the development of clonal chromosomal abnormalities and age, number of chemotherapeutic regimens, prior local radiation, BMT conditioning regimen (with or without total body irradiation), or type of lymphoma. These studies show that the risk of developing clonal cytogenetic changes after auto-BMT for malignant lymphoma is approximately 9% at 3 years, even when pre-BMT karyotypic studies are normal. The exact significance of these cytogenetic abnormalities in the absence of MDS or AML is unclear.
Use of Tracheal Aspirate Culture in Newly Intubated Patients with Community-Onset Pneumonia

Rationale: Successful treatment of life-threatening community-acquired pneumonia requires appropriate empiric antibiotic coverage. But using conventional diagnostic techniques, a microbiological diagnosis is often not achieved. The diagnostic usefulness of tracheal aspirate at the time of intubation in patients with severe pneumonia has not been well studied.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of tracheal aspirate culture in identifying pneumonia pathogens.Methods: We identified all patients older than 18 years of age with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes and radiographic evidence of pneumonia seen in the emergency departments at 2 university-affiliated Utah hospitals from December 2009 to November 2010 and from December 2011 to November 2012. Patients intubated within 24 hours of arrival were then identified electronically. Postintubation orders instructed respiratory therapists to obtain tracheal aspirate for culture. All culture results were review...
Acculturation-based and everyday parent-adolescent conflict among Chinese American adolescents: longitudinal trajectories and implications for mental health.

The purpose of the study was to examine 2 types of conflict for Chinese American families that have not been integrated in previous literature: everyday conflict and acculturation-based conflict. We explored the relation between the 2 types of conflict over time and their associations with adolescent adjustment (i.e., anxiety/somatization, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem). The sample consisted of 316 Chinese American adolescents (M 14.8 years, SD .73 at Wave 1) who participated in a 3-wave longitudinal study. The results showed that everyday and acculturation-based conflict are related and change in parallel over time. However, the 2 types of conflict are unique predictors of the 4 different indicators of psychological functioning. Results also suggested that psychological functioning is a better predictor of trajectories of conflict than vice versa. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of considering how the acculturation process contributes to parent–adolescent conflict regarding everyday issues and deeper cultural values.
Readability indices: Do they inform or misinform?

This paper discusses recent criticism of readability formulas, in this issue of IDJ and elsewhere; the author points to evidence in their favor and focuses on three aspects of their application: when, how and why. He distinguishes between the valid use of formulas to predict reading difficulty and the invalid use to produce clear writing. Finally he points to recent research which explores new and more subtle variables.
Application of PDCA management mode in inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine in children

Objective To investigate and analyze the function and value of PDCA management mode in hepatitis B vaccine immunization in children. Methods Four hundred children and their parents accepted health examination in Jingning County, Gansu during January 2011 to July 2013, were selected as the research object, and randomly divided into control and research groups, with 200 individuals in each group. The control group received management of routine vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine, while the study group was under the implementation of PDAC management mode. Results Score of prevention knowledge about hepatitis B(t=22.32) and satisfaction rate of service(χ2=30.81) of children's parents in research group were higher than those in the control group(P0.05), and successful inoculation rate of children was also higher than that in the control group, with statistical differences between the two groups(χ2=20.63, P0.05). In the research group, coefficient of life quality such as energy, pain, emotional reactions, sleep, physical activity and so on improved significantly after inoculation; and the total index(0.94 ± 0.17) was obviously better than that before innoculation(0.85 ± 0.15), with statistical difference(t=5.61, P0.05). Conclusions PDCA management mode in hepatitis B vaccine innoculation in children can improve awareness of knowledge about hepatitis B prevention in children's parents. It is worthy to spread application.
Thoracic duct laceration. Closure under conservative management based on lymphangiography evaluation.

Summary Experimental and clinical evidence is reported which justifies the conservative treatment of thoracic duct lacerations in patients in whom complete severance of the duct has not occurred. Lymphangiography of the lower extremity has proved reliable in demonstrating the extent of the injury of the thoracic duct and the adequacy of the collateral circulation. A case of chylothorax is reported in which conservative treatment based upon lymphangiography permitted the sealing of a traumatic (operative) thoracic duct fistula without surgical intervention.
Myocardial damage caused by keeping pH 7.40 during systemic deep hypothermia

With rare exception, hypothermia is routine during cardiac operations and pH (measured at 37° C) is kept at 7.4. This clinical constraint does not occur in nature, for blood pH in ectotherms varies in concordance with a temperature-dependent neutrality point of water. This study tests the hypothesis that keeping pH 7.4 during hypothermia produces a degree of myocardial damage and limitation of effectiveness of cardioplegic protection which is avoidable by appropriate pH management. In 12 puppies, body temperature was lowered to 22° C with surface hypothermia, then to 17° C with extracorporeal circulation. During 60 minutes of circulatory arrest all hearts were protected with the same multidose K+ cardioplegic solution. In six dogs pH was kept at 7.4 and in six others pH was varied as in ectotherms (i.e., 7.9 at 17° C), principally by adjusting P co 2 during cooling and rewarming. During surface cooling, keeping pH at 7.4 caused inadequate cardiac output (hypotension, systemic lactic acidosis, 11% ± 5% production). Conversely, pH adjustment allowed 25%* higher cardiac output with normal systemic lactate metabolism. Keeping pH 7.4, P co 2 40 mm Hg at 22° C caused cerebral blood flow to fall 75%* (from 26 ± 6 to 10 ± 3 cc/100/min); raising pH to 7.75 by lowering P co 2 below 10 mm Hg allowed twice as much cerebral flow (20 ± 6 cc/100 gm/min*). Despite optimum myocardial protection with blood cardioplegia during circulatory arrest, postischemic myocardial performance was depressed 50% by keeping pH 7.4. In contrast, postischemic performance was normal when pH was varied appropriately during cooling and rewarming (stroke work index 0.62 versus 1.27 at a left atrial pressure of 25 mm Hg). Constraining pH to 7.4 during hypothermia causes a degree of myocardial damage and limitation of cardioplegic protection which is avoidable by adjusting pH to maintain relative alkalinity as in ectotherms. These findings have major implication in the routine management of hypothermia during all cardiac operations.
Mimicking Directed Binary Networks for Exploring Systemic Sensitivity: Is NCAA FBS a Fragile Competition System?

Can a popular real-world competition system indeed be fragile? To address this question, we represent such a system by a directed binary network. Upon observed network data, typically in a form of win-and-loss matrix, our computational developments begin with collectively extracting network's information flows. And then we compute and discover network's macrostate. This computable macrostate is further shown to contain deterministic structures embedded with randomness mechanisms. Such coupled deterministic and stochastic components becomes the basis for generating the microstate ensemble. Specifically a network mimicking algorithm is proposed to generate a microstate ensemble by subject to the statistical mechanics principle: All generated microscopic states have to conform to its macrostate of the target system. We demonstrate that such a microstate ensemble is an effective platform for exploring systemic sensitivity. Throughout our computational developments, we employ the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as an illustrating example system. Upon this system, its macrostate is discovered by having a nonlinear global ranking hierarchy as its deterministic component, while its constrained randomness component is embraced within the nearly completely recovered conference schedule . Based on the computed microstate ensemble, we are able to conclude that the NCAA FBS is overall a fragile competition system because it retains highly heterogeneous degrees of sensitivity with its ranking hierarchy.
Developing a quality measurement tool and reporting format for long- term care.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Quality measurement in long term care (LTC) presents many challenges: the lack of a uniform definition of quality, the existence of multiple domains for measurement, a multitude of potential perspectives, and regulatory influences that emphasize measurement only of poor quality. Research efforts have yet to solve the issues of measurement; however, operators of long term care facilities must use the current state of the art in quality measurement as the basis for their quality improvement efforts. A project was commissioned by management of a large integrated delivery system with a robust network of LTC facilities who wished to implement a continuous quality improvement process on the basis of a measurement tool that provides a comprehensive resident-centered assessment of quality. The objectives of this project, therefore, were to identify domains of quality, to select and adapt validated instruments for measurement within each domain, to pilot test a data collection process, and to develop an operational quality profiling report format for LTC facilities. Design and methods Using an expert panel and the LTC research literature, an operational measurement tool was developed, consisting of four domains of quality: organizational, clinical, environmental, and social. Discussion A pilot study conducted in two nursing facilities demonstrated that the data collection process could be operationalized within tight resource and budgetary constraints. The development of an operational quality assessment tool enables management to take a consistent view of diverse institutions, focusing in detail on quality of care as it is perceived by residents. The tool allows evaluation of trends over time and comparison to external norms.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2): positive advanced breast cancer.

Purpose The EMILIA trial demonstrated that trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) significantly increased the median profession-free and overall survival relative to combination therapy with lapatinib plus capecitabine (LC) in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (ABC) previously treated with trastuzumab and a taxane. We performed an economic analysis of T-DM1 as a second-line therapy compared to LC and monotherapy with capecitabine (C) from both perspectives of the US payer and society.
Plasmon-Enhanced Photocleaving Dynamics in Colloidal MicroRNA-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles Monitored with Second Harmonic Generation.

The photocleaving dynamics of colloidal microRNA-functionalized nanoparticles are studied using time-dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. Model drug-delivery systems composed of oligonucleotides attached to either silver nanoparticles or polystyrene nanoparticles using a nitrobenzyl photocleavable linker are prepared and characterized. The photoactivated controlled release is observed to be most efficient on resonance at 365 nm irradiation, with pseudo-first-order rate constants that are linearly proportional to irradiation powers. Additionally, silver nanoparticles show a 6-fold plasmon enhancement in photocleaving efficiency over corresponding polystyrene nanoparticle rates, while our previous measurements on gold nanoparticles show a 2-fold plasmon enhancement compared to polystyrene nanoparticles. Characterizations including extinction spectroscopy, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorimetry measurements confirm the analysis from the SHG results. The real-time SHG measurements are s...
Adrenal, Alacrimal, Achalasia Syndrome

The results of a British and European Paediatric Endocrinology Society, multicenter collaborative, questionnnaire study of the neurological complications of familial glucocorticoid deficiency syndrome are reported from the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London.
Areas of residential development in the southern Appalachian Mountains are characterized by low riparian zone nitrogen cycling and no increase in soil greenhouse gas emissions

The critical role streamside riparian zones play in mitigating the movement of nitrogen (N) and other elements from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems could be threatened by residential development in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Many studies have investigated the influence of agriculture on N loading to streams but less is known about the impacts of residential development. Here we consider the dynamics of changing riparian land use in the southern Appalachians that includes increased residential development at the expense of both forests and agriculture. We hypothesized that increased inputs of inorganic N from residential development will increase nitrogen cycling rates relative to forests, thereby preventing terrestrial N retention and increasing soil nitrate losses through leaching. In addition, we hypothesized that such development will increase emissions of N2O, CO2, and CH4, all potent greenhouse gases. We found riparian soil potential N cycling rates as well as N2O and CO2 efflux to be much greater with agricultural land use compared to either forested or residential land use. Our data suggest that residential development of forested riparian ecosystems does not increase N cycling or removal and, thus, might allow for greater potential N leaching into streams. Both agricultural and residential land use exhibited CH4 efflux while forested ecosystems were responsible for CH4 uptake. Overall, regional greenhouse gas emissions are projected to decline as high N2O and CO2 emitting agricultural land is converted to residential use.
Elucidation of the Stereospecificity of C-Methyltransferases from trans-AT Polyketide Synthases.

S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent C-methyltransferases are responsible for the C2-methylation of 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) intermediates to give the corresponding 2-methy-3-ketoacyl-ACP products during bacterial polyketide biosynthesis mediated by trans-AT polyketide synthases that lack integrated acyl transferase (AT) domains. A coupled ketoreductase (KR) assay was used to assign the stereochemistry of the C-methyltransferase-catalyzed reaction. Samples of chemoenzymatically generated 3-ketopentanoyl-ACP (9) were incubated with SAM and BonMT2 from module 2 of the bongkrekic acid polyketide synthase. The resulting 2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-ACP (10) was incubated separately with five (2R)- or (2S)-methyl specific KR domains. Analysis of the derived 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate methyl esters (8) by chiral GC-MS established that the BonMT2-catalyzed methylation generated exclusively (2R)-2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-ACP ((2R)-10). Identical results were also obtained with three additional C-methyl...
Phylogeny of Dynastor and Brassolis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a tough nut to crack

This study examines the phylogenetic relationships among species of the butterfly genera Dynastor and Brassolis using 57 characters from adult morphology and wing coloration. We provide evidence for the monophyly of both genera. The relationships among Dynastor species are well resolved, but we were unable to find informative characters that could resolve the relationships inside Brassolis. We provide diagnoses for Dynastor and Brassolis and all species included in these genera, including illustrations that show geographical variation in wing color. The status of one subspecies is changed to species; Brassolis dinizi d’Almeida, 1956, NEW STATUS.
Quality indicators of laryngeal cancer care in commercially insured patients.

Objective To examine associations between quality, complications, and costs in commercially insured patients treated for laryngeal cancer. Study Design Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of MarketScan Commercial Claim and Encounters data (Truven Health Analytics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.). Methods We evaluated 10,969 patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer from 2010 to 2012 using cross-tabulations and multivariate regression. Using quality indicators derived from guidelines for recommended care, summary measures of quality were calculated for diagnosis, initial treatment, surveillance, treatment for recurrence, performance, and an overall summary measure of quality. Results Higher-quality care in the initial treatment period was associated with lower odds of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.04–0.98]), surgical complications (OR = 0.39 [0.17–0.88]), and medical complications (OR = 0.68 [0.49–0.96]). Mean incremental 1-year costs were higher for higher-quality diagnosis ($20,126 [$14,785–$25,466]), initial treatment ($17,918 [$10,481–$25,355]), and surveillance ($25,424 [$20,014–$30,834]) quality indicators, whereas costs were lower for higher-quality performance measures (−$45,723 [−$56,246–−$35,199]) after controlling for all other variables. Higher-quality care was associated with significant differences in mean incremental costs for initial treatment in surgical patients ($−37,303 [−$68,832–−$5,775]), and for the overall summary measure of quality in patients treated nonoperatively ($10,473 [$1,121–$19,825]). After controlling for the overall summary measure of quality, costs were significantly lower for patients receiving high-volume surgical care (mean −$18,953 [−$28,381–−$9,426]). Conclusion Higher-quality larynx cancer care in commercially insured patients was associated with lower 30-day mortality and morbidity. High-volume surgical care was associated with lower 1-year costs, even after controlling for quality. These data have implications for discussions of value and quality in an era of healthcare reform. Level of Evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 127:2805–2812, 2017
Preventive Cardiovascular Health in Schools: Current Status

This report presents a critical review and synthesis of selected school-based research that has been instrumental in demonstrating the feasibility and potential of schools as a population-based venue for preventive cardiovascular care and recent data on the status of school-based cardiovascular disease prevention initiatives. Results underscore the importance of evidence-based approaches for promoting healthy behaviors and heart health in the school environment, indicate the need for policies that enhance the food and physical environments of schools, and provide data indicating substantial (state, school district, and school level) variability in implementation of policies designed to promote heart health in schools. Multilevel, evidence-based polices and dedicated resources are central and essential to promote heart health in school environments. Research is needed to evaluate the process and outcomes of school-based programs and policies and optimize schools as a delivery channel for preventive cardiovascular care.
MtlR negatively regulates mannitol utilization by Vibrio cholerae.

The phosphoenopyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) enables Vibrio cholerae – and other bacteria – to recognize and transport exogenous carbon sources for energy, including the six-carbon sugar alcohol, mannitol. The mannitol-specific PTS transporter is encoded by mtlA and its expression is expected to be regulated by the putative repressor encoded by the mtlR gene. Here, we show that mtlR overexpression inhibits V. cholerae growth in medium supplied with mannitol as the sole carbon source and represses MtlA-mediated biofilm formation. We demonstrate that when V. cholerae is grown in non-mannitol medium, knocking out mtlR leads to both increased MtlA protein and mtlA mRNA levels, with these increases being especially pronounced in non-glucose sugars. We propose that in non-mannitol, non-glucose growth conditions, MtlR is a major regulator of mtlA transcription. Surprisingly, with regard to mtlR expression, transcript and protein levels are highest in mannitol medium, conditions where mtlA expression should not be repressed. We further show that MtlR levels increase during growth of the bacteria and linger in cells switched from mannitol to non-mannitol medium. Our data suggests an expression paradigm for mtlA where MtlR acts as a transcriptional repressor responsible for calibrating MtlA levels during environmental transitions.
Pseudo-static cyclic loading comparison of reinforced masonry walls strengthened with FRCM or NSM FRP

Abstract Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have demonstrated poor performance in high temperature environments where the glass transition temperature of the resin is exceeded and this justifies the need to examine alternative strengthening techniques such as near surface mounted (NSM) reinforcement with cementitious adhesive or fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems. Evaluation of pseudo-static cyclic performance of these strengthening systems is of high interest. In this study, twelve reinforced masonry walls were strengthened in out-of-plane direction using FRCM composite or NSM with cementitious adhesive that were built as a part of this study. FRCM strengthening composite materials consisted of one or two plies of carbon or PBO (polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole) fabric embedded in cementitious mortar. The NSM technique consisted of carbon or glass bar(s) installed in slots that had been grooved into the masonry tension surface. For all these specimens, a constant mild steel reinforcement ratio (ρ) was used in fully grouted walls. These simply supported walls were tested under out-of-plane constant-amplitude displacement cycles. The key parameters for this investigation were bond pattern (stack and running) and the type and amount of fabric/NSM product. The behavior of the specimens is discussed with emphasis on the load deflection response, flexural capacity, energy dissipation, stiffness degradation, and ductility index. The test results indicated that the behavior of the slender (i.e. non-arching) reinforced masonry walls was significantly dependent on the type of fiber used. The maximum flexural enhancement was found to be 97% and 75%, and the dissipated energy of the specimen with stack bond pattern was increased by 38% and 62% for masonry walls strengthened with FRCM and NSM system, respectively, compared to the control specimen. Different modes of failure occurred in the strengthened reinforced walls, including crushing of concrete block, as well as a debonding of NSM bar or fabric sheet from the masonry substrate and slippage of fabric within the cementitious matrix.
Adaptive Methods for Irregular Parallel Discrete Event Simulation Workloads

Parallel Discrete Event Simulations (PDES) running at large scales involve the coordination of billions of very fine grain events distributed across a large number of processes. At such large scales optimistic synchronization protocols, such as TimeWarp, allow for a high degree of parallelism between processes, but with the additional complexity of managing event rollback and cancellation. This can become especially problematic in models that exhibit imbalance resulting in low event efficiency, which increases the total amount of work required to run a simulation to completion. Managing this complexity becomes key to achieving a high degree of performance across a wide range of models. In this paper, we address this issue by analyzing the relationship between synchronization cost and event efficiency. We first look at how these two characteristics are coupled via the computation of Global Virtual Time (GVT). We then introduce dynamic load balancing, and show how, when combined with low overhead GVT computation, we can achieve higher efficiency with less synchronization cost. In doing so, we achieve up to 2x better performance on a variety of benchmarks and models of practical importance.
Use of Perforated Bone Matrix for Osteoinduction and Stimulation of Bone Regeneration

It has been previously shown (1–4) that implantation of demineraiized allogenic bone matrix into non-skeletal tissue produces activation of mesenchymal cells which subsequently differentiate into chondrogenic and osteogenic cells producing cartilage and bone tissue on the site of implantation.
Afferents to basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons: an update.

The basal forebrain cholinergic projection (BFC) system has been the focus of considerable attention as a result of evidence implicating it in a number of behavioral functions, including arousal, sensory processing, motivation, emotion, learning, and memory (Deutsch, 1983; Buzsaki et al., 1988; Richardson and DeLong, 1988; Durkin, 1989; Rolls 1989, Steriade and McCarley, 1990). Moreover, neuropathological changes in the BFC have been reported in a surprisingly large number of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (for ref. see Coyle et al., 1983; Mesulam and Geula, 1988; Arendt et al., 1989). BFC neurons in the rat are dispersed across a number of classically defined territories of the basal forebrain, as illustrated from a series of coronal sections in Fig. 1. However, using a computer graphic three-dimensional reconstruction technique (Schwaber et al., 1987) or manual reconstruction from camera lucida drawings (Fig. 2) it is evident that BFC neurons form a continuum, rather than being arranged as distinct nuclear groups.
Following the Golden Rule and Finding Gold: Generosity and Success in Negotiation

Is generosity a good negotiation strategy? The thesis that generosity is a good negotiation strategy is counterintuitive: when we think of negotiation we think of the enterprise as being about getting something we want or need not about generously giving away things of value. So, how could generosity possibly be a successful approach? In this essay, Prof. Love and I discuss the impact of generosity to the field of negotiation.
Far out: predicting long-term human mobility

Much work has been done on predicting where is one going to be in the immediate future, typically within the next hour. By contrast, we address the open problem of predicting human mobility far into the future, a scale of months and years. We propose an efficient nonparametric method that extracts significant and robust patterns in location data, learns their associations with contextual features (such as day of week), and subsequently leverages this information to predict the most likely location at any given time in the future. The entire process is formulated in a principled way as an eigendecomposition problem. Evaluation on a massive dataset with more than 32,000 days worth of GPS data across 703 diverse subjects shows that our model predicts the correct location with high accuracy, even years into the future. This result opens a number of interesting avenues for future research and applications.
Theory and practice of parallel direct optimization.

Our ability to collect and distribute genomic and other biological data is growing at a staggering rate (Pagel, 1999). However, the synthesis of these data into knowledge of evolution is incomplete. Phylogenetic systematics provides a unifying intellectual approach to understanding evolution but presents formidable computational challenges. A fundamental goal of systematics, the generation of evolutionary trees, is typically approached as two distinct NP-complete problems: multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree search. The number of cells in a multiple alignment matrix are exponentially related to sequence length. In addition, the number of evolutionary trees expands combinatorially with respect to the number of organisms or sequences to be examined. Biologically interesting datasets are currently comprised of hundreds of taxa and thousands of nucleotides and morphological characters. This standard will continue to grow with the advent of highly automated sequencing and development of character databases. Three areas of innovation are changing how evolutionary computation can be addressed: (1) novel concepts for determination of sequence homology, (2) heuristics and shortcuts in tree-search algorithms, and (3) parallel computing. In this paper and the online software documentation we describe the basic usage of parallel direct optimization as implemented in the software POY (ftp://ftp.amnh.org/pub/molecular/poy).
From Student to Scholar: Making the Leap to Writing for Publication

Whether non-native English speaking students (NNES) are fundamentally disadvantaged by their NNES status is a major concern in English for Specific Purposes, English for Academic Purposes, and English for Research Publication Purposes. To investigate this question, we present a comparative study of six early career scholars—three “native” and three “non-native”—who are actively publishing in international peer-reviewed journals. Findings indicate that these scholars shared the same basic experiences in writing for publication, and that the “non-native” scholars did not feel significantly disadvantaged due to their NES status. These results question the usefulness of binary NES–NNES distinctions in explaining the complex activity of publishing for academic purposes.This is the abstract we would like to use for the printed version of the chapter.
Genetic Structure at the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Endangered Barrens Topminnow (Fundulus julisia)

Genetic diversity at the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is particularly important for species viability as it allows populations to respond to emerging pathogens and infectious disease. Patterns of variation at this gene complex serve as a useful complement to information obtained from neutral loci for planning management and conservation strategies that seek to ensure the adaptive potential of at-risk species. In this study, we investigated patterns of genetic variation at exon 2 of the MHC class II gene in the critically endangered Fundulus julisia (Barrens Topminnow). This species has undergone dramatic declines over the last 30 years, leading to its recent proposal for federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Patterns of nucleotide substitution and phylogenetic analyses revealing trans-species polymorphisms suggest that this locus has been of adaptive importance in the history of this species. Despite recent population declines and documented population bottlenecks, measures of genetic diversity were high in comparison to patterns observed at putatively neutral microsatellite and mitochondrial markers. Results from this study are discussed in the context of recovery plans for the Barrens Topminnow and lend support to the previous designation of evolutionary significant units and management units based on neutral markers.
When is a wolf a dog? Combined geometric morphometrics and stable isotope analyses for differentiating wild from domestic canids on the Northern Plains

Domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) were an important resource for many indigenous groups, including Plains peoples. Plains people used dogs for hauling materials, as camp or village warning syste...
Present Trends in the Theory of Radiationless Processes

The diversity of radiationless processes, e.g. inelastic collisions, electronic-vibrational relaxation, deexcitation, energy transfer, are unified by considering a system, molecular or solid, divided into two subsystems; one characterized as “fast”; the other, as “slow”. Thus, the adiabatic (Born-Oppenheimer) approximation can be applied and partially separates the eigen-states of the two subsystems. These are frequently the electronic states and vibrational levels, but for some processes are local modes (vibrons) and normal modes (phonons). Most radiationless processes are characterized by the irreversible degradation of a single large quantum of the “fast” subsystem into many small quanta of the “slow” subsystem, however, the inverse occurs in special cases, for example thermal excitation and anti-Stokes emission. The calculation of radiationless transition probabilities is difficult mainly because, in contrast to radiative transitions, the operator coupling the two subsystems is not simple, the static (Condon) approximation to the “fast” eigen-functions is not valid, and the origin of the irreversibility is often not obvious. The methods of calculation are reviewed; and current trends, emphasized. The trends include: (a) non-Condon analyses, (b) attention to collective effects, (c) novel phenomenological theories, and (d) detailed calculations on specific materials. A glossary of terms used in publications on radiationless processes and a bibliography of theoretical studies thereon are included.
Autophagy is inhibited by ubiquitin ligase activity in the nervous system.

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process prominent in starvation, aging and disease. Neuronal autophagy is particularly important, as it affects the development and function of the nervous system, and is heavily implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Nonetheless, how autophagy is regulated in neurons remains poorly understood. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we demonstrate that the primary initiator of autophagy, the UNC-51/ULK kinase, is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin ligase RPM-1. RPM-1 ubiquitin ligase activity restricts UNC-51 and autophagosome formation within specific axonal compartments, and exerts effects broadly across the nervous system. By restraining UNC-51 activity, RPM-1 inhibits autophagosome formation to affect axon termination, synapse maintenance and behavioral habituation. These results demonstrate how UNC-51 and autophagy are regulated subcellularly in axons, and unveils a mechanism for restricting initiation of autophagy across the nervous system. Our findings have important implications beyond nervous system development, given growing links between altered autophagy regulation and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite growing interest in the role of autophagy in neurons, it remains unclear how this process is regulated, in particular, how autophagy is spatially restricted in subcellular compartments in neurons. In this study, the authors use an unbiased proteomic approach to show that the autophagy initiating kinase UNC-51/ULK and autophagosome formation are inhibited by the ubiquitin ligase RPM-1, and demonstrate that this interaction is within specific axonal compartments.
Build Momentum for Police Reform through Organizational Justice

This paper provides an overview of organizational justice theory with respect to police departments and provides a road map of sorts for practitioners to incorporate the principles of organizational justice into their department.
Application of Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Agriculture

Plant volatiles facilitates communication between plants and organisms of other trophic levels, i.e., herbivores and their natural enemies. There is also mounting evidence that plant VOCs provide direct defense against various abiotic and biotic stresses. The ability of plant volatile compounds to act as reliable attraction and deterrence cue for herbivores and pathogens and attraction cue for beneficial insects presents new prospects for its commercial use as baits in sustainable agriculture. Considerable progress has been made in utilizing the VOC-mediated signaling in pest control, plant defense priming, and growth stimulation. At present, the use of genetically modified (GM) crops with altered VOC emission and synthetic plant VOCs in field setting has shown promising results. In this chapter, we review the different areas in which the possible benefits of plant VOCs can be utilized. We also discuss the potential use of GM crops and commercial VOC formulations in agriculture for their defensive role against abiotic and biotic stresses.
The evil demon in the lab: skepticism, introspection, and introspection of introspection

In part one, I clarify the crucial notion of “introspection”, and give novel cases for the coherence of scenarios of local and global deception about how we access our own minds, drawing on empirical work. In part two, I evaluate a series of skeptical arguments based on such scenarios of error, and in each case explain why the skeptical argument fails. The first main upshot is that we should not over-estimate what it takes to introspect: introspection need not be accurate, or non-inferential, or exclusive of perception, or even exclusive of confabulation. The second main upshot is that, while skeptical challenges by figures such as Carruthers, Doris, and Schwitzgebel are rich and empirically informed, these skeptical challenges founder on how they are epistemologically under-informed.
Impact of mineral composition and distribution on the mechanical properties of porous media

Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep saline formations is a promising means of reducing atmospheric CO2 emissions. Once injected, CO2 dissolves into formation brine, lowering pH and creating conditions favorable for mineral dissolution. Cations released from dissolving minerals may create conditions favorable for secondary mineral precipitation, which can result in the long-term mineralogical trapping of injected CO2 . These reactions may alter the natural rock mechanical properties, which can affect the safety and efficiency of geological sequestration. This work aims to investigate the impact of mineral composition and distribution on the mechanical properties of porous media. In this study, the mineralogy, mineral distribution, and mechanical properties of samples from Escambia County, AL, are evaluated. The mechanical properties of the rock samples are evaluated using the unconfined compression and indirect tensile tests in the combination with digital image correlation. The mineral composition and distribution are determined through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy images of thin sections. These analyses showed that the mechanical properties vary with composition, which may have significant practical consequences for geological sequestration of CO2 .
Investigating the Influence of Tablet Location Inside Dissolution Test Apparatus on Polymer Erosion and Drug Release of a Surface-Erodible Sustained-Release Tablet Using Computational Simulation Methods

The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of tablet location along the bottom of a USP apparatus II vessel on polymer erosion and drug release of surface-erodible sustained-release tablets using computational simulation methods. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were performed to simulate the velocity distribution. A mathematical model was developed to describe polymer erosion and tablet deformation according to the mass transfer coefficient. Numerical analysis was used to simulate drug release controlled by drug diffusion and polymer erosion. The results indicated that tablets located at the off-center position deformed faster than the tablets located at the center position. However, tablet location had no profound impact on drug release rate since all drug release profiles were “similar” according to the f2 similarity values which were above 50. Hence, our simulation supported that the USP apparatus II was a reliable and robust device for the dissolution testing of surface-erodible sustained-release tablets.
Shear Transformation Zone (STZ) plasticity analysis of constrained shear

Abstract The response in constrained shear of materials characterized by discrete Shear Transformation Zone (STZ) plasticity is investigated. A plane strain strip of finite thickness is analyzed within a small deformation framework and with the STZs modeled as Eshelby inclusions in an isotropic elastic solid. The strip is unbounded and consists of periodic unit cells in the shear direction. Within each unit cell, potential STZ sites are randomly distributed with a specified density and with randomly distributed critical values of shear strain energy density for STZ activation. For both a narrow and a broad distribution of values of critical shear strain energy density, the maximum shear stress is essentially independent of cell geometry but the post-maximum stress–strain response can vary with the geometry and size of the unit cell. The distribution of critical values of STZ shear strain energy density plays a key role in determining the post-maximum stress–strain response, with the post stress maximum shear stress dropping sharply for a narrow distribution of values of critical shear strain energy density and more gradually for a broader distribution of values of critical shear strain energy density. The deformation mode involves bands of enhanced shear strain that are nearly uniformly spaced for a narrow distribution of values of critical shear strain energy density, while for a broad distribution of values of critical shear strain energy density, the band spacing is more irregular. Within the bands the Mises effective stress magnitude can exceed the theoretical strength estimate E ∕ 10 .
ACL Reconstruction Delay in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients Is Associated with a Progressive Increased Risk of Medial Meniscal Tears.

BACKGROUND We sought to investigate the relationship between the time from an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear to the surgical procedure and meniscal tears in the pediatric and adolescent population. METHODS Patients who were ≤18 years of age and had undergone an ACL reconstruction from 2006 to 2018 were identified in a retrospective, multicenter cohort. The primary outcomes were arthroscopically confirmed medial meniscal or lateral meniscal tears specifically and, in general, if any meniscal tear was present (medial and/or lateral). A multivariable Poisson regression model was used to determine whether the time from the injury to the surgical procedure was a risk factor for subsequent meniscal injury, after controlling for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Multivariable Poisson regression was also used to characterize associations of age, sex, and BMI with meniscal injury. RESULTS In this study, 546 patients with a mean age (and standard deviation) of 15.3 ± 1.6 years were identified. For each week that the surgical procedure was delayed, there was a 2% increased risk of a medial meniscal tear (adjusted relative risk [ARR], 1.02 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01 to 1.03]). The weekly increase in risk of a medial meniscal injury was significant for male patients (ARR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05]), but not for female patients (ARR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.97 to 1.04]), even though the effect modification was not significant (p = 0.24). Obese male patients had a 77.9% increased risk of medial meniscal tear for each 10-week delay (p < 0.001). The use of crutches was associated with a decreased risk of medial meniscal tears (ARR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.34 to 0.64]). CONCLUSIONS In pediatric and adolescent patients, the risk of meniscal injury is substantial after an ACL tear. A delay from the injury to the surgical procedure was associated with a 3% weekly increased risk of medial meniscal injury for male patients, but not for female patients. The increased risk of medial meniscal injury with delays to the surgical procedure was particularly high for obese male patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Efficient evaluation of composite correlations for streaming time series

In applications ranging from stock trading to space mission operations, it is important to monitor the correlations among multiple streaming time series efficiently in order to make timely decisions. The challenge is that both the number of streaming time series and the number of interested correlations can be large. The straightforward way of performing the evaluation by computing the correlation value for each relevant stream pair at each time position is not efficient enough in many situations.