cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the postnatal development of Clarke's column in the kitten.

Studies on the postnatal development of Clarke's column were undertaken in order to ascertain if there were changes observed morphologically that would be compatible with the results so far reported both anatomically and physiologically on the afferent supply and the cerebellar end-point of this system. The studies were carried out on the L.2 and L.3 segments of the spinal cord of kittens ranging in age from newborn to eight weeks. The principal staining methods employed were the Ha modification of the Golgi-Cox, the Rasmussen technique for synapses, and Bodian's fiber stain. The sections were viewed using substage and reflected illumination. The most pertinent findings involved (1) the number of synapses and their distribution over the cell body and dendrites and (2) the number of stem dendrites and their orientation. There is an apparent lack of stainable synapses at birth, by eight days synaptic endings are present and by three weeks the entire cell is encrusted with two distinct types of synaptic end bulbs. Regarding the second point, a noticeable decrease was seen in the number of stem dendrites with a concomitant centripetal orientation of the dendritic tree in relation to the center of Clarke's column. The significance of these changes on the maturation of Clarke's column, on its afferent input and on the development of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract as a functional system is discussed.
Empirical Analysis of Drill Ratio Research Refining the Instructional Level for Drill Tasks

Providing students an appropriate level of challenge, called the instructional level, is an important component of effective instruction. Research regarding the optimal ratio of known to unknown items for drill tasks has been inconsistent. The author of the current article conducted an empirical meta-analysis of research on drill ratios by using the following groupings: < 50% known, 50% to 69% known, 70% to 85% known, and 90% known. Fifty-five effect size coefficients were computed, after eliminating outlying data, from 13 articles, with the 3 least challenging ratios resulting in strong mean effects. The most challenging (< 50% known) ratio resulted in a small to moderate effect. A mean effect size of .82 computed for various student outcomes compared to .43 for student preferences. Much stronger effects were also noted for tasks involving acquisition of new skills compared to proficiency tasks. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Performance of the High-Energy Pion Beam at LAMPF

The Los Alamos Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) high-energy pion beam (P3) is a three-bend channel with two achromatic output legs designed for high-intensity and moderate resolution. The best resolution was measured to be 0.2% in ?p/ p. A phase space of about 25 ? mr-cm is transmitted by the channel. A ?+ flux of 2 × 107 pions/s was measured for 300 MeV/c momentum when a 7 ?A proton beam struck a 6 cm graphite target. Proton contamination for good quality ?+ beams up to 450 MeV is negligible when an energy degrader (graphite) is used to separate protons from pions. In actual operation, very little beam tuning is required. Focusing elements are set according to the TRANSPORT computer code. Additional rate and contamination data will be presented, as well as additional information gained from operating experience.
Constructing a fuzzy controller

The author illustrates the structure and operation of a fuzzy-based setpoint controller. However, the presented structure is abstracted from implementation details, such as data structures and algorithms. These kinds of low level details are important, especially when incorporating fuzzy in low-cost, mass-produced products. The RLC circuit shown is used to examine an interesting control problem.
Correlates of food patterns in young Latino children at high risk of obesity

Objective The present paper examines the influence of age and gender on food patterns of Latino children. Design Data are from baseline of a 5-year, quasi-experimental obesity prevention study: Ninos Sanos, Familia Sana (NSFS; Healthy Children, Healthy Families). In 2012, the researchers interviewed Latino parents, using a thirty-item questionnaire to ask about their children's food consumption and feeding practices. Statistical tests included t tests and ANCOVA. Setting Rural communities in California's Central Valley, USA. Subjects Two hundred and seventeen parents (87-89% born in Mexico) and their children (aged 2-8 years). Results Fifty-one per cent of the children were overweight or obese (≥85th percentile of BMI for age and gender). Mean BMI Z-scores were not significantly different in boys (1·10 (SD 1·07)) and girls (0·92 (SD 1·04); P=0·12). In bivariate analysis, children aged 2-4 years consumed fast and convenience foods less often (P=0·04) and WIC (Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children)-allowable foods more often than children aged 5-8 years (P=0·01). In ANCOVA, neither age nor gender was significantly related to food patterns. Mother's acculturation level was positively related to children's consumption of fast and convenience foods (P=0·0002) and negatively related to consumption of WIC foods (P=0·01). Providing role modelling and structure in scheduling meals and snacks had a positive effect on the vegetable pattern (P=0·0007), whereas meal skipping was associated with more frequent fast and convenience food consumption (P=0·04). Conclusions Acculturation and child feeding practices jointly influence food patterns in Latino immigrant children and indicate a need for interventions that maintain diet quality as children transition to school.
Kinematic evidence for downdip movement on the Mormon Peak detachment

Province to the west and the little extended Colorado Plateau to the east. The most enigmatic feature of the range, the Mormon Peak detachment (Wernicke, 1981), is a sharp, locally planar surface that cuts nearly all other structures, dips on average ~20° away from the center of the range, and generally places younger, mostly limestone Paleozoic strata from the hanging wall of the Mormon thrust on top of older, mostly dolostone Paleozoic strata from the footwall of the same thrust (GSA Data Repository Fig. DR1 1
An endogenous foamy-like viral element in the coelacanth genome.

Little is known about the origin and long-term evolutionary mode of retroviruses. Retroviruses can integrate into their hosts' genomes, providing a molecular fossil record for studying their deep history. Here we report the discovery of an endogenous foamy virus-like element, which we designate ‘coelacanth endogenous foamy-like virus’ (CoeEFV), within the genome of the coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae). Phylogenetic analyses place CoeEFV basal to all known foamy viruses, strongly suggesting an ancient ocean origin of this major retroviral lineage, which had previously been known to infect only land mammals. The discovery of CoeEFV reveals the presence of foamy-like viruses in species outside the Mammalia. We show that foamy-like viruses have likely codiverged with their vertebrate hosts for more than 407 million years and underwent an evolutionary transition from water to land with their vertebrate hosts. These findings suggest an ancient marine origin of retroviruses and have important implications in understanding foamy virus biology.
Uncertainty in manufacture and assembly of multiple-joint solder self-assembled microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

Surface-micromachined microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are two dimensional in their “as fabricated” form. Surface-micromachined MEMS can be assembled after fabrication to realize systems with a more three-dimensional form and function. One reliable method of assembly, suited to commercial mass production, is to use the surface tension of microsized droplets of molten solder to assemble the microsized structures, otherwise known as “solder selfassembly.” In other works, single-joint solder self-assembled structures have been demonstrated without emphasis on the uncertainty involved in the assembly position. In this work, a reliable process for manufacturing multiple-joint solder self-assembled MEMS was developed, and the impact of process and component tolerances on assembly precision was investigated using statistical and worst-case tolerance analysis techniques. It was determined that assembly precision was affected, from greatest to least impact, by the following assembly variables: solder volume, scavenging and overwetting, residual stress in bilayer structures, temperature, structure dimension, solder pad warpage, hinge play, and residual stress in single-layer structures, respectively. Guidelines on increasing assembly precision are discussed.
Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes anatomical and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves in the avascular cornea

Peripheral nerve injury is a major neurological disorder that can cause severe motor and sensory dysfunction. Neurogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been found in the central nervous system, and we examined whether VEGF could promote anatomical and functional recovery of peripheral nerves after injury using an avascular corneal nerve injury model. We found that VEGF enhanced neurite elongation in isolated trigeminal ganglion neurons in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was suppressed by neutralizing antibodies for VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and 2 or neuropilin receptor 1 or by VEGFR2 inhibitors (SU 1498 and Ki 8751). In vivo, mice receiving sustained VEGF via implanted pellets showed increased corneal nerve regeneration after superficial injury compared with those receiving vehicle. VEGF injected subconjunctivally at the time of injury accelerated reinnervation, the recovery of mechanosensation, and epithelial wound healing. Endogenous VEGF expression was up-regulated in the corneal epithelium and stroma after wounding. Thus, VEGF can mediate peripheral neuron growth but requires the activation of multiple VEGF receptor types. In addition, VEGF can accelerate the return of sensory and trophic functions of damaged peripheral nerves. Wounding induces the expression of VEFG, which may modulate physiological nerve repair.—Pan, Z., Fukuoka, S., Karagianni, N., Guaiquil, V. H., Rosenblatt, M. I. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes anatomical and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves in the avascular cornea.
The randomized discontinuation trial: a phase II design to assess growth-inhibitory agents

An increasing number of putative anticancer targets and drugs have been identified with many of these expected to be growth inhibitory. Clinical development of these agents in the phase II setting is challenging because tumor shrinkages, or at least tumor shrinkages that meet the standard definitions of objective response, are not expected. Time to progression end points are however problematic because expected times in the absence of therapy (the null hypothesis) cannot be predicted accurately, thus requiring trials to enroll a concurrent control group. Another problem is that the patient population that will benefit from a new drug remains poorly defined in early-phase development. The randomized discontinuation trial design addresses both of these issues. All patients are initially treated with the drug; patients with an objective response continue therapy; patients who do not progress or experience excess toxicity within a prespecified "run-in" period are then randomized to continuing or discontinuing therapy in a double-blind, placebo controlled manner. Despite certain limitations that need to be recognized, the ability of this design to "select" a cohort most likely to benefit and to rigorously evaluate the disease-stabilizing activity of an investigational agent provides multiple advantages.
Preemptive donor apoptotic cell infusions induce IFN-γ-producing myeloid-derived suppressor cells for cardiac allograft protection

We have previously shown that preemptive infusion of apoptotic donor splenocytes treated with the chemical cross-linker ethylcarbodiimide (ECDI-SPs) induces long-term allograft survival in full MHC-mismatched models of allogeneic islet and cardiac transplantation. The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the graft protection provided by ECDI-SPs is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that infusions of ECDI-SPs increase two populations of CD11b(+) cells in the spleen that phenotypically resemble monocytic-like (CD11b(+)Ly6C(high)) and granulocytic-like (CD11b(+)Gr1(high)) MDSCs. Both populations suppress T cell proliferation in vitro and traffic to the cardiac allografts in vivo to mediate their protection via inhibition of local CD8 T cell accumulation and potentially also via induction and homing of regulatory T cells. Importantly, repeated treatments with ECDI-SPs induce the CD11b(+)Gr1(high) cells to produce a high level of IFN-γ and to exhibit an enhanced responsiveness to IFN-γ by expressing higher levels of downstream effector molecules ido and nos2. Consequently, neutralization of IFN-γ completely abolishes the suppressive capacity of this population. We conclude that donor ECDI-SPs induce the expansion of two populations of MDSCs important for allograft protection mediated in part by intrinsic IFN-γ-dependent mechanisms. This form of preemptive donor apoptotic cell infusions has significant potential for the therapeutic manipulation of MDSCs for transplant tolerance induction.
Q-learning and Pontryagin's Minimum Principle

Q-learning is a technique used to compute an optimal policy for a controlled Markov chain based on observations of the system controlled using a non-optimal policy. It has proven to be effective for models with finite state and action space. This paper establishes connections between Q-learning and nonlinear control of continuous-time models with general state space and general action space. The main contributions are summarized as follows.
Mesothelin expression in the leptomeninges and meningiomas.

The identity and functions of surface proteins on human leptomeningeal and meningioma cells are incompletely characterized. Some structural and functional similarities between the leptomeninges and pleura suggest that proteins important to pleural function and tumorigenesis might also be relevant to leptomeningeal disease. Mesothelin is a recently described, 40-kDa membrane protein expressed in pleura. Its functions in this tissue are under investigation. Sections of 20 normal adult brains with leptomeninges and 49 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 21 grade II, and 2 grade III meningiomas were analyzed using an extensively characterized monoclonal antibody to mesothelin and streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry. Five meningiomas were also evaluated by Western blot. Mesothelin immunoreactivity was detected in the arachnoid in 6 of 20 cases and in 23 of 49 WHO grade I meningiomas. It was also detected in 7 of 21 WHO II tumors and 1 of the 2 anaplastic meningiomas. By Western blot, all five meningiomas exhibited mesothelin precursor protein, including one where notable immunoreactivity was not identified in a formalin-fixed tissue section. These findings suggest that mesothelin is expressed in at least some arachnoid and meningioma cells. Future studies may clarify its role in the development of meningiomas, meningeal seeding of gliomas, and metastases to the leptomeninges. (J Histochem Cytochem 56:579–585, 2008)
Single-cell information extraction and viability analysis using automated microscopy

We present the use of an automated microscope routine for long-term single cell viability analysis. Murine macrophage cells were monitored for more than 10 hours at physiological conditions. The information of each cell was extracted from time-lapse raw fluorescence and bright-field images to study single cell dynamic behaviors. Two methods were applied to analyze single cell viability: the popular method using live/dead fluorescent dye, and a new morphology-based, dye-free method that estimates viability with optical appearance. Both methods yielded similar death event estimation, indicating the new morphology-based method can be an alternative when using live/dead fluorescent dye is difficult or not allowed
In situ measurement of power conversion efficiency and molecular ordering during thermal annealing in P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells

Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells hold much promise as commercially viable sources of renewable energy due to their relatively inexpensive fabrication. Developing a fundamental knowledge of how processing conditions influence solar power conversion efficiency will enable rational and efficient design, optimization, and control of new organic solar cell materials. In this report, we use a combination of in situ current–voltage measurements and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments at elevated temperature to correlate the changes in photoconversion efficiency to the changes in the molecular ordering of a poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) bulk heterojunction active layer. In situ measurements of current–voltage characteristics were used to optimize the power conversion efficiency and the resulting thermal processing was in agreement with studies from repeated heating and cooling cycles. The improvements in short circuit current with thermal annealing were correlated to an increase in the population of face-on oriented crystallites of P3HT rather than improvements in molecular ordering of PCBM.
Analysis of the competitive adsorption of pharmaceuticals on waste derived materials

Abstract To simulate complex pollutant conditions encountered in wastewater treatment plant influents, a solution containing three common pharmaceuticals was prepared. The adsorbents were exposed to various dilutions (1–100 mg/L) of a solution containing equal amounts carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and trimethoprim (TMP). The adsorbents were composed of varying proportions of sewage sludge and fish waste, such that the former represented 100%, 90%, 75% and 25% of the composition, while the remainder consisted of fish waste. Adsorption isotherms were used to determine adsorption capacity for each pharmaceutical. To understand the surface changes during adsorption, analysis by TA-MS and potentiometric titration were carried out. The results were compared to those obtained for single-component pharmaceutical solutions. CBZ was consistently adsorbed from the multi-component solution in greater quantities than was either SMX or TMP on all adsorbents. The adsorption of SMX was most negatively impacted by the presence of multiple pharmaceuticals. The best adsorbent performance varied depending on the pharmaceutical, as the mechanism of adsorption varied between pharmaceuticals, with CBZ interacting more with the carbon phase of the material, whereas SMX and TMP were more apt to react with the inorganic content.
Model analysis of check dam impacts on long-term sediment and water budgets in Southeast Arizona, USA

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of check dam infrastructure on soil and water conservation at the catchment scale using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This paired watershed study includes a watershed treated with over 2000 check dams and a Control watershed which has none, in the West Turkey Creek watershed, Southeast Arizona, USA. SWAT was calibrated for streamflow using discharge documented during the summer of 2013 at the Control site. Model results depict the necessity to eliminate lateral flow from SWAT models of aridland environments, the urgency to standardize geospatial soils data, and the care for which modelers must document altering parameters when presenting findings. Performance was assessed using the percent bias (PBIAS), with values of ±2.34%. The calibrated model was then used to examine the impacts of check dams at the Treated watershed. Approximately 630 tons of sediment is estimated to be stored behind check dams in the Treated watershed over the 3-year simulation, increasing water quality for fish habitat. A minimum precipitation event of 15 mm was necessary to instigate the detachment of soil, sediments, or rock from the study area, which occurred 2% of the time. The resulting watershed model is useful as a predictive framework and decision-support tool to consider long-term impacts of restoration and potential for future restoration.
Prophylaxis of scoliosis.

1. Gravity acting upon a growing spine which is not straight can produce structural scoliosis due to pressure-arrest of epiphyseal growth. 2. The early recognition and treatment of functional curvatures is therefore of primary importance in the prophylaxis of structural scoliosis. 3. Certain common types of functional curvatures can be corrected by tilting the pelvis by shoe and buttock lifts, thus preventing progression into structural scoliosis.
Distributed Consensus Control of Multi-Agent Systems With Higher Order Agent Dynamics and Dynamically Changing Directed Interaction Topologies

In 2005, Ren and Beard, under the network connectivity assumption that the union of the directed interaction graphs contains a spanning tree frequently enough, proposed a control protocol to solve the distributed consensus control problem for a multi-agent system with first order integrator agent dynamics. The consensus control protocol for second order systems proposed by the same authors, Ren and Beard, requires that the switching directed interaction graph has a spanning tree at every time instant to guarantee consensus. In this technical note, we propose a distributed consensus control protocol which extends the first order system results of Ren and Beard to agents represented by a general higher order controllable linear system, under the same network connectivity assumption that the union of the directed interaction graphs contains a spanning tree frequently enough. We show that the consensus can be achieved asymptotically by the group of agents under our proposed distributed control protocol. Simulation study illustrates the effectiveness of our proposed method.
SP0019 Estrogens Effects on B Cells and Implications for Sex Bias in Development of Autoimmunity

The female sex hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) increases the risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren syndrome (SS), in genetically susceptible women and certain mouse strains. E2 signals through two nuclear receptors, namely estrogen receptor ERα and ERβ. These receptors are expressed in most immune cell types, including B cells. Both ERα and ERβ receptors differentially regulate the maturation and selection of B cells. Accordingly, studies have noted that steady-state levels of the ERα mRNA and protein are significantly higher in PBMCs from SLE patients when compared with gender- and age-matched normal individuals. Further, studies on lupus in mouse models indicated a prominent role of ERα, but not ERβ, in the development of disease. ERs are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that can either directly bind to estrogen responsive elements (EREs) that are present in gene promoters or serve as cofactors with other transcription factors (such as AP-1 and NF-κB) to activate the transcription of the target genes. The E2 target genes that influence B cell development and functions include: BCL2 (survival of autoreactive cells), BAFF (survival and differentiation of autoreactive cells), AID (production of pathogenic autoantibodies), and IRF5 (B cell differentiation). E2-mediated increased expression of these (and other) genes results in an increased production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Several clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases are thought to be the result of autoantibody and immune complex deposition in tissues and organs; thus, leading to secondary inflammatory responses and organ damage. Evidence indicates that activation of toll-like receptors (TLR)-dependent and independent innate immune responses, which result in increased production of type I interferon-α/β (IFN-α/β) and an increased expression of the IFN-inducible genes (“IFN-signature”), contribute to the development of disease phenotype in certain autoimmune diseases (e.g., SLE and SS). We have identified a feedforward loop between IFN-α/β and ERα in B cells. Further, our studies revealed that the expression of certain E2-responsive genes such as BAFF, IRF5, and UNC93b (encodes for a transporter of certain TLRs) is also induced by type I IFNs in immune cells, including B cells. Notably, activation of IFN-signaling in murine B cells (CD19+) induced inflammasome activity, thus increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-18). Although recent advancement in the field have provided new insights into the role of E2/ERα-signaling in B cells and implicated its role in sex bias in the development of certain autoimmune diseases, further work is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms. These studies are integral to identifying new approaches to effectively treat autoimmune diseases. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Experimental Study on Scale Effects in Surges Caused by Sudden Air Pocket Entrapments

Surges triggered by entrapped air pockets have the potential of causing significant structural damage in hydraulic systems. In many cases surge calculations in stormwater tunnels and other hydraulic structures do not account explicitly for these adverse air-water interactions. Vasconcelos and Leite (2012) recently explored the relationship between discharge, pressure, pipeline slope and air pocket volume using a 102-mm diameter clear PVC pipeline. Results were expressed using Froude-base scaling, which neglects the two-phase nature of the flow. Thus, an important and open question is whether scale effects have an impact in these results, considering air-water interactions are determinant. This work presents an ongoing investigation on this topic and has involved the use of different clear PVC pipelines (52.5-mm and 202.7mm diameters) with essentially the same configuration as the one used by Vasconcelos and Leite (2012). Systematic variation of flow rates and slopes caused entrapped air pockets upon rapid valve closure (partial/complete) at the downstream end of the pipeline. Pressure surges were recorded with transducers and velocity changes were recorded with a MicroADV probe for all tested scenarios. These research findings will be useful in the improvement of hydraulic models able to account for two-phase conditions in unsteady closed pipe flows.
Learning From the Experience of Governing Party of Other Countries to Improve CPC' s Governing Copability

The CPC' s governing capability cannot be well improved without comparing and learning form the experience of governing party of other countries. Instead of closing our eyes to improve ourselves, we should turn our eyes to how the governing parties of other countries enhance their governing capability. By comparing and learning form their experience we can more easily get to know the proper way of improving governing capability.
Thrombophlebitis. Prevention, recognition, and management.

SUMMARY Every patient is at risk for thrombophlebitis. Patients with trauma, cancer, serious illnesses, pregnancy, and excessive weight have increased risks. The incidence of thrombophlebitis can be lowered by reducing venous stasis, the coagulability of blood, the ability of platelets to adhere and aggregate, and the degree of intimal damage. Maintaining an active fibrinolytic mechanism also limits the extent of the clinical thrombotic process. The diagnosis of thrombophlebitis should be confirmed by objective tests, e.g., the phlebogram. Patients with superficial thrombophlebitis can be treated, most often, with limited activity, local heat, analgesics and, on rare occasions, anticoagulation. Patients with deep thrombophlebitis should initially be treated with hospitalization, bed rest with elevation of the afflicted part and heparin anticoagulation (or fibrinolytic therapy). Subsequent therapy should include anticoagulation for 3 to 6 months. The thrombophlebitis usually destroys the valves in the area of the thrombosis. Patients with destroyed valves frequently have venous stasis with venous hypertension and must utilize some form of elastic support and avoid positions of stasis for the rest of their lives. Surgery is indicated only rarely in the management of patients with thrombophlebitis and/or pulmonary embolism because the vast majority of these patients respond in a satisfactory manner to proper nonoperative therapy.
Communicating Social Support: Conceptualizing Enacted Support as Communication

Chapter 1 explains that although there is great intuitive appeal to the notion that talking about problems with friends and family helps to buffer the negative effects of stress, the empirical support for this belief is problematic. One conclusion we might draw from this lack of empirical support is that common sense is wrong – troubles talk has less effect on coping than we think. Alternatively, studies that have attended closely to the fit between support and features of the situation, to the risks and benefits of enacted support, and to the ways in which support is communicated in conversations suggest that enacted social support can assist individuals in coping with daily hassles, acute crises, and chronic difficulties. However, the conditions under which this occurs and the characteristics of the behaviors that work appear to be complex. To understand how and when enacted support may facilitate improved coping with stress, it is useful to reconceptualize enacted support as a communication phenomenon. By studying the communication processes that occur when support is enacted in conversation, it is possible to derive some baseline predictions about the types of behaviors support recipients are most likely to judge as positive under various conditions. It is also possible to develop general principles that can help individuals understand supportive interactions and improve their abilities to enact and negotiate social support in their close relationships. The rest of this book is devoted to elaborating and supporting these claims.
Introduction: Emotions and Intelligence in Investing

Investors make decisions in two ways, the intelligent way and the emotional way. The intelligent way involves a careful examination of macroeconomic and microeconomic fundamentals that determine the p-price of different assets and individual stocks. The emotional way involves intuition and emotions. Each decision-making style has its advantages and disadvantages, especially emotional investing, which is subject to fundamental biases and errors of the human brain that can end being very costly for investors.
Design consideration of high temperature SiC power modules

SiC power semiconductors can safely operate at a junction temperature of 500degC. Such a high operating temperature range can substantially relax or completely eliminate the need for bulky and costly cooling components commonly used in silicon-based power electronic systems. However, a major limitation to fully realizing the potential of SiC and other wide band-gap semiconductor materials is the lack of qualified high-temperature packaging systems, particularly those with high-current and high-voltage capabilities required for power conversion applications. This paper proposes a new hybrid power module architecture that allows wide bandgap semiconductor power devices to operate at a junction temperature of 300degC. The concept is based on the use of double metal or DCB leadframes, direct leadframe-to-chip bonding, and high temperature encapsulation materials. The leadframes, serving as both the external leads and the internal interconnect to the semiconductor chips, need to provide excellent high temperature stability, adequate electrical and thermal conductivity, and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) closely matching that of SiC. The SiC chips are sandwiched between and bonded to the top and bottom leadframes using a brazing or adhesion process. Extensive electrical, thermal, and mechanical modeling has been performed on this new concept. Several prototypes are fabricated, and a finite element model is evaluated. Packaging architecture and materials considerations are discussed.
Picture Perfect Bodies: Visualizing Hegemonic Masculinities Produced for/by Male Fitness Spaces

This study examines hegemonic masculinity as both a motivator for and a product of body improvement within male body culture. Through photovoice methodology and multi-phase, in-depth qualitative interviews, 24 men who were actively pursuing muscularity and/or fitness captured what it meant to pursue the ideal male body. Using Foucault to situate the body as a theoretical construct, the results validate male body culture as a unique space for the production of masculine identities. These masculinities echo the traits of hegemonic masculinity, and are discussed in light of five distinct themes—(1) dominance and intimidation, (2) demanding respect, (3) weapons and violence, (4) social capital, and (5) sexual dominance. Results are discussed in light of Foucauldian readings of fitness, with regard to the potentials of photovoice for better understanding the complexities of identity formation and enactment within fitness spaces.
On the Pleasures and Gains of Collaboration in Microeconomics

Baumol classifies his coauthors as either “profound” or “fleeting,” and suggests that it is a “crime” to hold up the former over the latter. Collaboration was a medium to spread his knowledge into other areas such as the performing arts, and in subdisciplines of economics such as mathematics and industrial organization. In working out the idea of contestable markets in industrialization, Baumol suggested something like a relay-race method in collaboration where “Each of us can claim our individual contributions, usually then taken up by the others and carried forward far beyond the relatively primitive original idea. For example, John and Bobby provided a set of necessary conditions for subadditivity of the cost function, while I arrived at a set of sufficient conditions” (p. 19). Perhaps this method can be taken as a linear progression in collaborative efforts.
General Potential for Anisotropic Colloid–Surface Interactions

A general closed-form, analytical potential is developed for the interaction of planar surfaces with superellipsoidal particles (which includes shapes such as spheres, ellipsoids, cylinders, polygons, superspheres, etc.). The Derjaguin approximation is used with DLVO half-space interactions (e.g., electrostatics and van der Waals) to yield potentials for arbitrary particle–wall separation and orientation. The resulting potential is a function of the minimum distance between surfaces and the particle’s local Gaussian curvature at the minimum distance position. The validity of the solution is reported in terms of the local Gaussian curvature (Γ) and characteristic interaction range (e.g., Debye length, κ–1, for electrostatics) based on the limits of the Derjaguin approximation. This solution is limited for superellipsoids with convex shapes and orientations where the condition κ/Γ1/2 > 2 is satisfied. The potentials reported in this work should be useful for modeling a wide range of natural and synthetic no...
Goethes Ikonisierung der Poesie Zur Schriftmagie des West-östlichen Divans

In Goethes Divan-Phase erfahrt die Materialitat der Schrift eine bislang nicht angemessen untersuchte Aufwertung. Die arabische Schrift wird zur Chiffre einer von Reprasentationszwangen befreiten, nicht-instrumentellen Dichtungsweise. Die Suche nach poetischen Urschriften stellt eine Annaherung an die Romantik und einen Versuch dar, die Kunst ihrer Legitimitat zu versichern.
A fine LINE-1 in mouse embryonic chromatin regulation

The functional role of repetitive elements in mammalian genomes is still largely unexplored. A new study provides evidence that LINE-1 retrotransposons regulate chromatin dynamics and are essential for normal embryonic development in mice.
Basic Properties of Fast Axonal Transport and the Role of Fast Transport in Axonal Growth

In many respects, the extension of axons by neurons during development and regeneration reflects the aggregate effects of axonal transport processes that underlie this growth. For membranous organelles and structures in the axon, this means fast axonal transport. A number of functions have been suggested for fast transport during growth and regeneration, including the supply of plasma membrane components, regulation of growth cone activity, and delivery of trophic substances. Some of these are described in other chapters of this volume. However, new insights into the basic properties of fast axonal transport are beginning to illuminate the roles that it may play during axonal growth.
Breeding Dispersal By Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) In Idaho

Abstract Breeding dispersal, the movement between successive breeding sites, is important to many aspects of life history and population dynamics but poorly understood for many raptor populations. We used longitudinal data collected from Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) nesting in southwestern Idaho from 1994–2007 to examine characteristics of breeding dispersal behavior. First, we measured frequency and distance of breeding dispersal and compared those to published results from other owl populations. The dispersal frequency (78%, n = 86) was greater than previously reported for any Burrowing Owl population and for most owl species. The mean distance dispersed (835 ± 98 m [SE]) was slightly greater than reported distances for most other Burrowing Owl populations. Second, we examined factors associated with two decisions owls faced between breeding seasons: whether to move to a new nest site (dispersal likelihood), and how far to move if dispersing to a new site (dispersal distance). We assessed the pot...
A network scission model for wormlike micellar solutions: I. Model formulation and viscometric flow predictions

Abstract In this paper a network model for wormlike micellar solutions is presented which incorporates scission and reforming of the chains, based on a discrete version of Cates’ ‘living polymer’ theory. Specifically we consider two elastically active Hookean species: long chains which can break to form two short chains, which can themselves recombine to form a long chain. The chains undergo rupture at a rate dependent on the local elongation and deformation rate. This two species model, developed ultimately to enable understanding of inhomogeneous flows, is examined in this paper for various deformations; steady-state shear flow, step strain, extension, and linear small amplitude oscillatory flow in homogeneous conditions. We also examine how systematic variations in the model parameters affect the rheological predictions and material functions.
Parameters Affecting Radionuclide Migration in Geologic Media

If geologic repositories are used for the isolation of nuclear waste, intruding groundwater could lead to dissolution of radionuclides and their subsequent transport to the biosphere. Interaction with the geologic media is one of the most important factors retarding such transport. It is therefore necessary to understand the many interrelated factors and processes that govern radionuclide transport. The effects of some of the parameters that may influence sorption and transport properties are being systematically investigated (1–6) at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Earlier studies were performed on three rock types specific to the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These are a quartz monzonite porphyry (Climax Stock), an argillite (Eleana Formation), and several varieties of rhyolitic tuff (Jackass Flats), described in Refs. 1–4. Several additional tuff samples have now been investigated (5, 6).
Goethe and the Sciences: An Annotated Bibliography

The literature on Goethe and the sciences is immense. Gunther Schmid’s compilation, reasonably complete through 1932, contains 4,554 entries; a full accounting of the intervening half-century might yield as many again. Improbable though it may seem, the following bibliography of 500 titles is but the tip of an iceberg.
Intracellular Translocation of Inorganic Particles

A variety of inorganic particles may be inhaled during environmental or occupational exposures. A number of studies with animals have shown that inhaled toxic particles such as silica (Brody et al., 1982) and asbestos (Brody et al., 1981; Brody and Hill, 1982) accumulate in the lung interstitium soon after exposure. The presence of interstitial asbestos is known to induce the progression of fibrotic scarring (Selikoff and Lee, 1978) by undefined mechanisms.
Analysis and Processing of Colorimetric Data for Food Materials

The measurement of any food material, be it transparent, translucent or opaque, may be carried out on existing equipment, as long as appropriate precautions are taken, and the optical characteristics of the food material have been defined.
No Causal Link between Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibition and Melanoma

Purpose To examine the association between phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor use and melanoma by 1) conducting a systematic review of observational studies; and 2) determining if low PDE5A gene expression in human melanoma correlated with decreased overall survival. Materials and methods A systematic search of observational studies examining the association between PDE5 inhibitor use and melanoma was performed through ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, and seven eligible studies were identified. PDE5A gene expression was analyzed with RNA sequencing data from 471 human melanoma samples obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results Four studies reported a positive association between PDE5 inhibitor use and melanoma, and three studies found no correlation. RNA sequencing data analysis revealed that under-expression of the PDE5A gene did not impact clinical outcomes in melanoma. Conclusions There is currently no evidence to suggest that PDE5 inhibition in patients causes increased risk for melanoma. The few observational studies that demonstrated a positive association between PDE5 inhibitor use and melanoma often failed to account for major confounders. Nonetheless, the substantial evidence implicating PDE5 inhibition in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-mediated melanoma pathway warrants further investigation in the clinical setting.
Speciation and anagenesis in the genus Cyprinella of Mexico (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): a case study of Model III allopatric speciation

Allozyme variation at 42 presumptive gene lociis presented for members of the C. formosa species group. This group iscorroborated as a monophyletic assemblage whosecommon ancestor occupied pluvial Lake Palomasof the Guzman Basin. With increasingaridity during the Pleistocene this basin andassociated populations of this commonancestor were fragmented into several lineagesthat diverged independently of oneanother. The pattern of relationships andlevels of anagenetic change observed inindependent lineages for this clade are notconsistent with expectations of the mostcommon modes of speciation, Model I large-scalevicariance or Model II peripheralisolation. Rather, divergence in these fishlineages is consistent with the rarely observedModel III allopatric speciation. Consistentwith predictions of this model, thephylogenetic pattern recovered revealspolychotomous relationships (a hard polytomy)and varied rates of anagenetic change acrossexamined lineages.
A century of research on the Franciscan missions of Spanish Florida

Scholarly interest in the Franciscan missions (1573-1763) of La Florida can be traced to 1925 and books by historians Herbert E. Bolton and Mary Ross. During the 1930s and 1940s, historians used documents to gather more information and to attempt to locate mission sites. From the late 1940s into the 1950s archaeologists joined in that task, a process which continued again in the 1970s.
Speech-Language Pathologist–Guided Morphological Awareness Instruction in the General Education Classroom

Purpose Research has shown that instruction in morphological awareness improves students' understanding and use of affixes. However, morphological awareness instruction, typically, is not provided ...
Parental Attitudes Toward Deep Brain Stimulation in Adolescents with Treatment-Resistant Conditions

Objective: To examine parent's perceptions of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and whether DBS is perceived to be a viable and safe treatment for their adolescent child presenting with a severe, treatm...
On the minimality of stable models

The class of logic programs covered by the original definition of a stable model has the property that all stable models of a program in this class are minimal. In the course of research on answer set programming, the concept of a stable model was extended to several new programming constructs, and for some of these extensions the minimality property does not hold. We are interested in syntactic conditions on a logic program that guarantee the minimality of its stable models. This question is addressed here in the context of the general theory of stable models of first-order sentences.
Clinical Features of Late-onset Semantic Dementia.

BACKGROUND Semantic dementia (SD) is characterized by progressive semantic anomia extending to a multimodal loss of semantic knowledge. Although often considered an early-onset dementia, SD also occurs in later life, when it may be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate late-onset SD in comparison to early-onset SD and to AD. METHODS We identified 74 individuals with SD and then compared those with late-onset SD (≥65 years of age) to those with early-onset SD (<65) on demographic and clinical features. We also compared a subgroup of 23 of the late-onset SD individuals with an equal number of individuals with clinically probable AD. RESULTS Twenty-six (35.1%) of the SD individuals were late onset, and 48 (64.9%) were early onset. There were no differences between the two groups on clinical measures, although greater asymmetry of temporal involvement trended to significance in the late-onset SD group. Compared to the 23 AD individuals, the subgroup of 23 late-onset SD individuals had worse performance on confrontational naming, irregular word reading, and face recognition; however, this subgroup displayed better verbal delayed recall and constructions. The late-onset SD individuals also experienced early personality changes at a time when most individuals with AD had not yet developed behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of SD individuals may be late onset, and the differentiation of late-onset SD from AD can lead to better disease management, education, and prognosis. SD may be distinguished by screening for disproportionate changes in reading, face recognition, and personality.