cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte infiltration into injectable collagen-based hydrogels containing FGF-2 to treat spinal cord injury.

Astrocytes can play dual roles in the response to spinal cord injury (SCI) acting as both an inhibitory barrier and a trophic support for growth axons. Therefore, migration of these cells into the defect as opposed to forming a scar at the periphery, may promote axon regeneration through the lesion. However, infiltration requires the conformal filling of the cyst-like lesion, which often forms after SCI, with a biomaterial scaffold encouraging of astrocyte migration. For this application, we investigated injectable collagen-based hydrogels covalently cross-linked with genipin and incorporating fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) either freely or encapsulated within lipid microtubules (LMTs). An outgrowth assay was used to evaluate in vitro the number of primary rat astrocytes infiltrating into the collagen gels and the distance to which they infiltrated. The presence of FGF-2 within the encapsulating gel significantly increased the number of astrocytes within the gel, their penetration distance into the gel, and caused them to move out in a chain-like pattern, compared to control gels without FGF-2. Genipin cross-linking of the collagen gel decreased the number of infiltrating astrocytes, compared to the non-cross-linked control gel; however, incorporation of FGF-2-containing LMTs within genipin-cross-linked gels restored the astrocyte infiltration to levels approaching non-cross-linked gels incorporating FGF-2. Overall, injectable collagen-genipin hydrogels containing FGF-2-containing LMTs are a promising candidate for the treatment for SCI through the attraction of astrocytes into the graft.
Samarium iodide-mediated Reformatsky reactions for the stereoselective preparation of β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids: synthesis of isostatine and dolaisoleucine.

The synthesis of β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids via SmI2-mediated Reformatsky reactions of α-chloroacetyloxazolidinones with aminoaldehydes is reported. Diastereoselective coupling is demonstrated to depend on the absolute configuration of the Evans chiral auxiliary employed in the reaction, allowing erythro or threo products to be obtained selectively. The potential utility of the methodology is exemplified by the facile synthesis of biologically relevant N-Boc-isostatine (2b) and N-Boc-dolaisoleucine (3c).
DIFFERENCES IN SERUM ALBUMINS REFLECTED IN ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF A BOUND DYE.

Abstract Binding of the anionic dye 2-(4′-hydroxyphenylazo)-benzoic acid (HABA) by human and other serum albumins in phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, was studied by using equilibrium dialysis. Absorption spectra of the bound dye were determined. Free HABA has an absorption maximum at 348 mμ. When the dye is bound by albumin, its 348 mμ absorption band alters, and an impressive new band develops at about 480 mμ. The changes vary in a characteristic manner depending on the type of albumin employed. The new absorption band of albumin-bound HABA is pH dependent, reaching maximum intensity at about pH 6. The band does not develop if dyes differing slightly from HABA are used, indicating that the structural requirements of the dye are highly specific. The changes in absorption of HABA induced by albumin-binding may be closely simulated by dissolving HABA, but not related dyes, in certain organic solvents or detergent solutions. Thus it appears that the changes depend on certain environmental conditions not uniquely associated with albumins. Differences in absorption of HABA that is bound to different albumins are attributed to differences in binding-site structure of the albumins.
Negative relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations and ad libitum food intake.

Ghrelin is a novel GH secretagogue with orexigenic effects. We hypothesized that high fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations (FxGhr) might predict high ad libitum food intake. FxGhr were measured in 30 normoglycemic subjects: 15 Pima Indians (8 male/7 female; age, 32 ± 7 yr; body weight, 87 ± 21 kg; mean ±sd) and 15 Caucasians (12 male/3 female, 36 ± 8 yr, 94 ± 26 kg) in energy balance for 3 d before testing. Subjects then self-selected their food ad libitum for the following 3 d. Mean daily energy intake (DEI) was calculated from the weight of foods consumed and expressed as a percent of weight maintenance energy needs. FxGhr were twice as high in Caucasians as in Pima Indians (103 ± 53 vs. 52 ± 18 fmol/ml, P < 0.001) and remained higher after adjustment for age, gender, and body weight (P < 0.0001). Neither DEI, nor percent of weight maintenance energy needs, nor percent of calories from fat differed between the races. In both groups, FxGhr were negatively correlated with DEI (r = −0.61, P = 0.01; r = −0...
Preparing to ramp up large-scale CCS demonstrations: An engineering-economic assessment of CO2 pipeline transportation in China

Abstract An integrated carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) system requires safe and cost-efficient solutions for transportation of the CO2 from the capturing facility to the location of storage. While growing efforts in China are underway to understand CO2 capture and storage, comparatively less attention has been paid to CO2 transportation issues. Also, to the best of our knowledge, there are no publicly available China-specific cost models for CO2 pipeline transportation that have been published in peer-reviewed journals. This paper has been developed to determine a first-order estimate of China's cost of onshore CO2 pipeline transportation. An engineering-economic model based on China-specific data, codes, and standards to the greatest extent possible has been developed for this purpose. Based on the model, five illustrative case studies on pipelines for transporting captured CO2 from typical Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Ultra-supercritical (USC) generating units of 250 megawatt (MW), 400 MW, 660 MW, 1000 MW, and 2× 1000 MW are carried out. The results show the capital costs of constructing a 100-kilometers (km) pipeline are between $18 million and $102 million, depending on the amount of CO2 transported. Corresponding figures for the levelized costs are $1.84–$3.06 per tonne of CO2. Sensitivity analyses are also performed examining the effect of pipeline length and soil temperature on pipeline diameter, as well as flow rate and capital cost on levelized cost. The pipeline length is found to impact the diameter significantly, whereas soil temperature demonstrates insensitivity to pipeline diameter. Both flow rate and capital cost have significant effects on levelized cost. Comparison to other existing models based on either North American or European data implies a major cost difference between developed countries and China: China's cost of onshore CO2 pipeline transportation is very likely much lower than those estimated in the developed countries. For a 0.02 MtCO2/d case, for example, the levelized cost of CO2 transportation in China is about two-thirds that of the developed countries.
Ultrafast THz Studies of Electronic Dynamics and Correlations in Carbon Nanomaterials

This talk will review applications of tunable THz and mid-infrared pulses for studies of carbon nanomaterials, yielding insight into the dynamics of quasi-2-D Dirac fermions in graphene and quasi-1-D intraexcitonic resonances in single-walled carbon nanotubes.
A nonhydrostatic primitive-equation model for studying small-scale processes : An object-oriented approach

Abstract A nonhydrostatic model for simulating small-scale processes in the ocean is described. The model is developed using the object-oriented approach. The system is modeled as a set of cooperating objects to manage both the behavioral and information complexity associated with modeling oceanic processes. Objects are storage variables that are created based on classes. A class defines the variables and routines that are members of all objects of that class. The program accesses data stored in these objects using the defined interfaces. Because both data and function are accessed through objects, the model is better organized than one written in a procedural language. The program is easier to understand, debug, maintain, and evolve. Abstraction of the data in the nonhydrostatic model is implemented in both C++ and Matlab. Three examples obtained from the Matlab version of the code illustrate the capabilities of the model in cases where nonhydrostatic effects are important. The model successfully simulates nonhydrostatic atmospheric lee waves, internal waves at a discharge plume, and internal solitary waves generated by tidal flow over a sill. These examples show that the model is capable of studying strongly nonlinear, nonhydrostatic flow processes.
Preliminary studies of 3,4-dichloroaniline amides as antiparasitic agents: Structure–activity analysis of a compound library in vitro against Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis, a human-infectious protozoan, can display resistance to treatment by metronidazole. A library of 3,4-dichloroaniline amides based on propanil, an herbicide, has been synthesized and screened to test susceptibility to these analogs. From this preliminary study, the most effective compound 15, inhibits growth of the organism by 66% and 69% on the two strains tested, T1 and G3, respectively.
Structural, elastic, and transport anomalies in molybdenum/nickel superlattices

Metallic superlattices of nickel and molybdenum have been synthesized for a wide range of layer thicknesses by alternate sputtering. X-ray examination shows that they are composed of layers of fcc nickel and bcc molybdenum oriented along [111] and [110] directions, respectively. Anomalies have been observed in the lattice spacings, elastic moduli, and electrical resistivity versus modulation wavelength. These anomalies occur simultaneously at the same superlattice wavelength. The anomalies have been interpreted as due to strains in the nickel lattice.
Global biogeography of highly diverse protistan communities in soil

Protists are ubiquitous members of soil microbial communities, but the structure of these communities, and the factors that influence their diversity, are poorly understood. We used barcoded pyrosequencing to survey comprehensively the diversity of soil protists from 40 sites across a broad geographic range that represent a variety of biome types, from tropical forests to deserts. In addition to taxa known to be dominant in soil, including Cercozoa and Ciliophora, we found high relative abundances of groups such as Apicomplexa and Dinophyceae that have not previously been recognized as being important components of soil microbial communities. Soil protistan communities were highly diverse, approaching the extreme diversity of their bacterial counterparts across the same sites. Like bacterial taxa, protistan taxa were not globally distributed, and the composition of these communities diverged considerably across large geographic distances. However, soil protistan and bacterial communities exhibit very different global-scale biogeographical patterns, with protistan communities strongly structured by climatic conditions that regulate annual soil moisture availability.
A new algorithm for calculating adomian polynomials for nonlinear operators

In this paper, a reliable technique for calculating Adomian polynomials for nonlinear operators will be developed. The new algorithm offers a promising approach for calculating Adomian polynomials for all forms of nonlinearity. The algorithm will be illustrated by studying suitable forms of nonlinearity. A nonlinear evolution model will be investigated.
Low-temperature growth of InGaN films over the entire composition range by MBE

Abstract The surface morphology, microstructural, and optical properties of indium gallium nitride (InGaN) films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy under low growth temperatures and slightly nitrogen-rich growth conditions are studied. The single-phase InGaN films exhibit improved defect density, an absence of stacking faults, efficient In incorporation, enhanced optical properties, but a grain-like morphology. With increasing In content, we observe an increase in the degree of relaxation and a complete misfit strain relaxation through the formation of a uniform array of misfit dislocations at the InGaN/GaN interface for InGaN films with indium contents higher than 55–60%.
1170 PHARYNGEAL PRESSURE DURING NASAL CPAP

The pressure in an infant's airway when CPAP is delivered by nasal prongs has not been previously reported. Using air-filled catheters and differential pressure transducers we have measured simultaneous pressures in nasal prongs (Ppr) and pharynx(Ppx) in 18 newborns. After a steady state was achieved, end expiratory pressure in five consecutive breaths was measured: these were usually identical but otherwise were averaged. The pressure difference (Ppr-Ppx=ΔP) was low in infants with visual evidence of tight palato-glossal apposition. Though there was much variation, babies whose mouths were a) spontaneously open without tongue/palate seal had a %ΔP=48% ± 4% (weighted average ± SEM), b) spontaneously closed or who had a demonstrable seal had a %ΔP=8% ± 3%; these are significantly different means (p=<.001). In the latter group there was a close correlation between Ppr and Ppx (r = 0.965). The ability to maintain a good seal was not related to gestational age, post natal age, severity or type of disease. However, babies who maintained a good seal frequently had an active gag reflex (Fishers exact test p=.04). Spontaneous closure of the mouth usually indicated a good seal but forcible closure did not consistently decrease the pressure drop.
The Demand for Irrigation Water in the High Plains of Texas, 1957–80

A new method of calculating groundwater pumpage is used to estimate water demand. These results are used, via the Gisser-Sanchez model, to show that pumpage regulation is unlikely to be beneficial in the Texas High Plains. A sensitivity analysis is performed on present value profits under optimal control and competitive schemes, using different (water demand) slope and intercept values. The results indicate that the Gisser-Sanchez rule is useful in determining the divergence in pumpage time paths and percentage difference in profits, under the two schemes, but it is not insightful in determining the nominal difference in profits.
Vibrational Frequencies and Conformational Stability of 1,4-Cyclohexanedione in the Gas Phase As Studied by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy and ab Initio Calculations

The gas-phase infrared and Raman spectra of 1,4-cyclohexanedione have been measured at 225 and 300 °C, respectively. Geometry optimizations and vibrational ab initio calculations were carried out a...
THE EMERGENCE OF CENTRALITY IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY: COMPARING LAND MARKET DYNAMICS MEASURED UNDER MONOCENTRIC AND SEMIPARAMETRIC MODELS*

This paper focuses on the emergence of Krakow's historic core as the city's economic center after Poland's economic reforms of 1989—reforms that introduced market forces into land markets. Using a semiparametric approach to identify pricing centers, an evolving and polycentric price surface is revealed. While the traditional city center emerges as the dominant node, the evolution of the price surface is far more complex than that found using alternative approaches. Accordingly, it yields superior explanatory power compared to simpler monocentric models and should caution against their use in metropolitan areas in transition or those that are polycentric.
Drug Use Among Disaffected High School Youth.

Drug use among disaffected students was studied in three different high schools—public urban, public suburban and private residential. The disaffected youths were volunteer participants in Project Community, a growth program for the more “turned off” adolescents. Results showed disaffected urbans and suburbans were greater drug users than their respective matched controls. No differences were found between groups in the residential school. The results also disclosed greater drug use in suburban and private residential schools than in the urban setting. These results were discussed.
Nanoparticle stripes, grids, and ribbons produced by flow coating.

Multicomponent and robust structures of quantum dots, in the form of stripes and grids, are produced by a simple flow coating method giving unprecedented control over macroscopic architectures from nanoscopic components. Crosslinking and lift-off of stripes lead to free-floating structures of nanoparticles that are flexible, robust, and fluorescent.
Novel roles for neurotrophins are suggested by BDNF and NT-3 mRNA expression in developing neurons

The results of our in situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motoneurons express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and/or neurotrophin-3 mRNAs during development in mouse. In accordance with previous data, we also find neurotrophins in the targets of sensory neurons (skin) and motoneurons (muscle) and the neurotrophin receptors p75, trkA, and trkB in sensory and sympathetic ganglia. These results suggest that neurotrophins have roles other than being target-derived factors that support neuron survival during developmental cell death (neurotrophic hypothesis), but may be transported in an orthograde fashion in neurons and released from axon terminals. We discuss several novel roles for neurotrophins, including autocrine/paracrine regulation of neuron survival, regulation of Schwann cell activity, and neuron to target signaling.
How Does a Crossed-Coil NMR Spectrometer Work?

(1968). How Does a Crossed-Coil NMR Spectrometer Work? Spectroscopy Letters: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 131-137.
Determining risk sources and strategies among farmers of contrasting risk awareness: A case study for Cukurova region of Turkey

Abstract In this paper, the results of a survey conducted in the Cukurova region of Turkey are presented. The aim of this research is to identify groups of farmers who differ in their risk sources and risk management strategies. The respondents to the survey were divided into three risk attitude groups, risk averse, risk seeking and risk neutral. Factor analysis has been conducted on information obtained from 112 farmers in 2000. From the findings of the research, risk sources were labelled as environmental, price, catastrophe, input costs, production and technological, political, finance, personal, marketing, health and social security. The dimensions of risk strategies were named as diversification, off-farm income, marketing, planning, financing and security.
The Neural Contribution to Passive Joint Movement in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

The original objective of this study was to quantify spasticity in a spastic subject using the Pendulum Knee Drop test. An interesting phenomenon was observed while analyzing the collected data. The neural contribution in defining or changing the set point for a passive joint movement is not well understood, therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explain the noted phenomenon according to the Equilibrium Point Hypothesis with which we can justify the changes in moments during PKD test. In passive limb movements the virtual trajectory follows the actual trajectory; in contrast for an active movement the desired trajectory precedes the actual trajectory. The present data explains passive knee movement during PKD for a CP individual and describe the changes in joint moment as function of θvt assigned by the CNS.
Coloration in sea anemones—II. Comparative studies on the column carotenoid polymorphism for two species of Bunodosoma (anthozoa: actiniaria)

Abstract 1. 1. The carotenoids responsible for the column color of Bunodosoma cavernata were examined. 2. 2. Three color morphs derive their colors from various proportions of the three major carotenoid diesters of astaxanthin (2), 2′-norastaxanthin (4) and 2,2′-bisnorastaxanthin (5). 3. 3. The population of B. cavernata differs from both previously examined populations of B. granulifera in the mean percentages and frequency distributions of the major carotenoids. 4. 4. These differences in carotenoid proportions are interpreted as evidence of genetic differentiation between these species at the enzyme loci involved in the carotenoid biotransformation. 5. 5. It is suggested that actinioerythrin may be useful for chemosystematics at taxonomic levels higher than the species.
INTERDEPENDENT PREFERENCES AND RECIPROCITY

Experiments, ethnography, and introspection provide evidence economic agents do not act to maximize their narrowly defined self interest. Expanding the domain of preferences to include the utility of others provides a coherent way to extend rational choice theory.There are two approaches for including extended or social preferences in strategic models. One posits that agents have extended preferences, but maintains the conventional assumption that these preferences are stable. Prominent examples of this approach permit agents to exhibit concern for status, inequality, and social welfare. The other approach permits the strategic context to determine the nature of individual preferences. Context-dependent preferences can capture the possibility that agents are motivated in part by reciprocity. They may sacrifice personal consumption in order to lower the utility of unkind agents or to raise the utility of kind agents.This paper surveys the evidence in favor of social preferences and describes the implications of the leading theoretical models of extended preferences. It presents behavioral assumptions that characterize different types of social preferences. It investigates the extent to which social preferences may arise as the limit of evolutionary processes. It discusses the relationship between norms of reciprocity and social preferences in repeated interactions.
Methane Activation by Laser-Ablated Group 3 Metal Atoms: Infrared Spectra and Structures of the CH3−MH and CH2−MH2 Complexes

Methane activation reactions with group 3 metal atoms find that Sc, Y, and La are just as effective as other early transition metals. Two primary products, CH3−MH and CH2−MH2, are identified for each metal from the matrix IR spectra. The single insertion product becomes more favorable with increasing atomic mass of the metal, opposite the general trend observed from other early transition metal systems. The C−M bond lengths of CH3−MH and CH2−MH2 are comparable to each other, on the basis of electronic structure calculations, and the methylidene dihydride complex is symmetrical without agostic distortion. The number of valence electrons of the metal is evidently an important factor in the magnitude of the agostic interaction in these simple methylidene systems.
Microlithiasis, endoscopic ultrasound, and children: not just little gallstones in little adults.

Abstract Purpose Biliary microlithiasis is an uncommon but recognized cause of upper abdominal pain, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and pancreatitis in adults. Gallstones smaller than 3 mm may not be seen on transabdominal ultrasound and may only be seen on endoscopic ultrasound. This condition is poorly described in children. The aim of this study is to review the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to treat biliary microlithiasis in a pediatric case series. Methods We performed a retrospective case review of children with biliary microlithiasis who were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results Three children were diagnosed with biliary microlithiasis. Two patients had recurrent right upper quadrant pain and nausea. A third patient had midepigastric pain and idiopathic pancreatitis. All 3 had a normal gallbladder on transabdominal ultrasound. Additional imaging with hepatobiliary scan, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed no biliary source for symptoms. Endoscopic ultrasound was performed on all 3 children, demonstrating microlithiasis of the gallbladder. Each child had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiogram. No abnormalities were seen on intraoperative cholangiogram. All 3 children had alleviation of pain and improvement of symptoms in postoperative follow-up. Conclusion Children with biliary microlithiasis and associated clinical symptoms can be successfully treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopic ultrasound should be considered in the evaluation of the child with clinical biliary symptoms and a negative transabdominal ultrasound result.
Detection of cracks in beam structures using measurements of natural frequencies

Abstract A method based on measurements of natural frequencies of structures has been developed for the detection of crack location and quantification of damage magnitude in a uniform beam under simply supported or cantilever boundary conditions. The method adopts rotational massless springs in the beam element as a mechanical model to represent the local flexibility introduced by a crack. For a given natural frequency and a damage location, the characteristic equation can be solved to provide numerical value of the stiffness of the rotational spring. The intersection points of the values of the normalized crack stiffness K at various natural frequencies ω i along the axial direction of the beam represent the possible locations of the crack. Furthermore, the numerical value K has been shown to be directly related to the damage magnitude as Δ I⧸I , where Δ I is the reduction of section modulus and I is the original undamaged section modulus. Two numerical case studies are given to demonstrate the validity of the method.
Late consequential surgical bed soft tissue necrosis in advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas treated with transoral robotic surgery and postoperative radiation therapy.

Purpose A subset of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OP-SCC) managed with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) developed soft tissue necrosis (STN) in the surgical bed months after completion of PORT. We investigated the frequency and risk factors. Materials and Methods This retrospective analysis included 170 consecutive OP-SCC patients treated with TORS and PORT between 2006 and 2012, with >6 months' of follow-up. STN was defined as ulceration of the surgical bed >6 weeks after completion of PORT, requiring opioids, biopsy, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Results A total of 47 of 170 patients (28%) had a diagnosis of STN. Tonsillar patients were more susceptible than base-of-tongue (BOT) patients, 39% (41 of 104) versus 9% (6 of 66), respectively. For patients with STN, median tumor size was 3.0 cm (range 1.0-5.6 cm), and depth of resection was 2.2 cm (range 1.0-5.1 cm). Median radiation dose and dose of fraction to the surgical bed were 6600 cGy and 220 cGy, respectively. Thirty-one patients (66%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Median time to STN was 2.5 months after PORT. All patients had resolution of STN after a median of 3.7 months. Multivariate analysis identified tonsillar primary (odds ratio [OR] 4.73, P =.01), depth of resection (OR 3.12, P =.001), total radiation dose to the resection bed (OR 1.51 per Gy, P P =.02) as risk factors for STN. Beginning May 2011, after implementing aggressive avoidance of delivering >2 Gy/day to the resection bed mucosa, only 8% (2 of 26 patients) experienced STN (all grade 2). Conclusions A subset of OP-SCC patients treated with TORS and PORT are at risk for developing late consequential surgical bed STN. Risk factors include tonsillar location, depth of resection, radiation dose to the surgical bed, and severe mucositis. STN risk is significantly decreased with carefully avoiding a radiation dosage of >2 Gy/day to the surgical bed.
TIME AND INTENSITY IN PHOTOSENSORY STIMULATION.

In its photosensory effect, the action of light depends on two variables,—intensity and time. If the intensity alone is varied, the photochemical effect is proportional to the logarithm of the intensity. If the time alone is varied, the effect is proportional to the time. Experiments here reported show that when both the intensity and the time are varied, the photochemical effect is equal to the product of their separate activities: E = kt log I. These results furnish the means of expressing directly the relation between the intensity of illumination and the reaction time of Mya.
Hypoglycemia in hypopituitary children.

• Fifty-two children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency were examined for factors that might influence development of hypoglycemia. Symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycemia occurred with equal frequency in children with isolated GH and multiple anterior pituitary deficiencies. Of 52 children, nine (17%) had symptomatic hypoglycemia and 14 (27%) had asymptomatic hypoglycemia. Symptomatic hypoglycemia was more frequent in children who were both young ( Insulin responses to oral glucose and intravenous arginine administration were substantially lowered in children with symptomatic hypoglycemia. A deficiency of gluconeogenic substrate or impairment of amino acid mobilization may be a factor in the development of hypoglycemia in hypopituitarism similar to that postulated for ketotic hypoglycemia. ( Am J Dis Child 129:918-929, 1975)
The politics of madness the construction and manipulation of the ‘Baul’ image in modern Bengal

(1999). The politics of madness the construction and manipulation of the ‘Baul’ image in modern Bengal. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 13-46.
The Business Community and the Origins of the 1875 Resumption Act

Far from being a manifestation of the rising tide of business influence in society, the 1875 Resumption Act really demonstrated that to legislators of the day the wishes of important segments of the community were less important than considerations of party politics.
Isotopic anomalies of noble gases in meteorites and their origins. VI Presolar components in the Murchison C2 chondrite

Rare gases were analyzed by stepped heating in five fractions of a chemically resistant residue from Murchison that had been separated according to grain size and resistance to HClO4. Nine gas components were recognized, of which three appear to be presolar: (1) Ne-E(H) released at 1000-1600 C and located in spinel; (2) Ne-E(L) released at less than 800 C and apparently located in a carbonaceous phase of grain size up to 10 microns; and (3) s-process Xe and Kr released at 1200-1600 C and located in a poorly characterized, possibly carbonaceous phase, distinct from the host phase of Ne-E(L).
Chatter on the red: what hazards threat reveals about the social life of microblogged information

This paper considers a subset of the computer-mediated communication (CMC) that took place during the flooding of the Red River Valley in the US and Canada in March and April 2009. Focusing on the use of Twitter, a microblogging service, we identified mechanisms of information production, distribution, and organization. The Red River event resulted in a rapid generation of Twitter communications by numerous sources using a variety of communications forms, including autobiographical and mainstream media reporting, among other types. We examine the social life of microblogged information, identifying generative, synthetic, derivative and innovative properties that sustain the broader system of interaction. The landscape of Twitter is such that the production of new information is supported through derivative activities of directing, relaying, synthesizing, and redistributing, and is additionally complemented by socio-technical innovation. These activities comprise self-organization of information.
Vascular biology in uremia: insights into novel mechanisms of vascular injury

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease. Although the prevalance of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors is increased in patients with chronic kidney disease, these traditional risk factors alone do not seem to account for the increased cardiovascular mortality. It has been proposed that additional risk factors may play a role in vascular injury. Among nontraditional risk factors, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular calcification have been implicated in the accelerated athersclerosis of chronic kidney disease. Uremia is a proinflammatory state. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and suppressed levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 are present in chronic kidney disease and have been implicated in accelerated atherosclerosis. Uremia also results in increased oxidative stress. Asymmetric dimethyl arginine and myeloperoxidase may be critical mediators of the endothelial damage that results from oxidative stress. Finally, the uremic milieu seems to promote vascular calcification. The abundance of proinflamatory cytokines, the possible deficiency in calcification inhibitory proteins and the high phosphorus that are often present in uremia contribute to vascular calcification. Smooth muscle cells in calcifying lesions undergo phenotypic changes and molecular reprogramming that are reminiscent of endochondral bone formation during embryogenesis.
Movements of attention across the visual field

Vocal reaction times were measured for targets presented at three distances from fixation. The targets were preceded by a cue, and the time interval between the cue and the target (stimulus-onset asynchrony; SOA) was varied. For each peripheral distance, the reaction time function initially declined as SOA was increased and then reached asymptote. The further the target from fixation, the longer the SOA at which the function reached asymptote. The asymptotic SOA values were taken as a measure of the time it takes attention to reach a given target. Comparisons of these values for the three peripheral distances permitted estimating the velocity of attention movements. These measurements suggest that when summoned by a peripheral cue, attention travels through space at a constant velocity of about 1 degree per 8 msec. Language: en
Comments on "A new imaging principle"

Comments are offered on a new imaging principle described in two papers by Professor N. H. Farhat claiming the ability to separate targets closely spaced in angle. It is shown here that the proposed "transmitter-receiver system" leads to resolution in range, not angle.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children: An Overview of Condition Requiring Nonoperative Management

Gastrointestinal bleeding in infants and children is a common problem in the practice of general pediatrics. This report outlines the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding in children that does not require surgical or invasive intervention. The spectrum of responsible entities are quite diverse and include a variety of immune-mediated diseases, peptic diseases, drug induced disorders, infections, and coagulation disorders. Through understanding the nature of the above-described problems, appropriate diagnostic and management principles can be applied.
Thermal design of the Cosmic Background Explorer cryogenic optical assembly

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) is a satellite which is designed to study the 3-K cosmic background radiation. Two cryogenic instruments and a common support structure comprise the Cryogenic Optical Assembly (COA). In order to make definitive measurements of the low-energy FIR radiation, the temperature of the COA must be maintained below 3 K. Temperature control of the COA elements is achieved by the use of a superfluid helium dewar. The thermal design also minimizes power dissipation, transient operational effects, and thermal gradients within the COA. This is accomplished by isolating selected components and heat-sinking others to various locations on the cryogen tank. The thermal design was developed primarily through analysis. Analytical models were created to perform parametric design studies. Ground testing was performed to correlate the thermal models and validate the thermal design. Both test and flight data confirmed that all design requirements were either met or exceeded.
Synthetic studies toward phorboxazole A. Stereoselective synthesis of the C3C19 and C20C32 subunits

A stereocontrolled synthesis of two fragments comprising the macrocyclic core of Phorboxazole A is described. The C3C19 bis-pyran segment is prepared utilizing reiterative enantioselective allylations from homochiral allylstannanes followed by stereoselective cyclizations. The pentasubstituted tetrahydropyran of the C20C32 fragment is prepared via an intramolecular stereoselective cationic cyclization of a methoxymethyl ether derivative.
Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Segmented Copolymers

A series of segmented copolymers was synthesized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) chemistry by copolymerizing either an aliphatic carbonate hard segment diene or an aromatic ester hard segment diene with a telechelic oligomer soft segment diene of either poly(tetramethylene oxide) or polyisobutylene. The thermal behavior of these copolymers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The data show that these unsaturated copolymers are semicrystalline, thermally stable materials which exhibit phase separation between the hard and soft phases. The carbonate copolymers were hydrogenated to yield saturated counterparts which display an increase in melting temperature when compared with their unsaturated analogues while maintaining approximately the same glass transition temperature. In some cases hydrogenation also led to the appearance of two melting endotherms.
A nomogram for predicting disease-specific survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer.

Purpose: To develop a tool for predicting survival after liver resection for patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. By using a nomogram we are trying to improve on the current practice of using prognostic scores for evaluating risks of therapeutic failure. Patients and Methods: All patients admitted to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) for curative intent for treatment of metastatic disease from colorectal cancer between January 1986 and December 1999 were included. A nomogram was developed as a graphical representation of a Cox proportional hazards regression model. The nomogram was verified for discrimination and calibration, both employing bootstrapping to obtain relatively unbiased estimates. Results: Using nodal status of the primary tumor, disease-free interval, size of the largest metastatic tumor, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen, bilateral resection, extensive resection (lobectomy or more), gender, number of hepatic tumors, primary cancer site (colon vs. rectum), and age, the nomogram achieved a concordance index of 0.61, statistically significantly greater than chance. The nomogram also had very good calibration. Conclusion: This nomogram is a predictive tool, upon external validation, that can routinely be used to counsel patients in making treatment decisions. The discriminatory ability of the nomogram indicates that this population should not be considered homogeneous with respect to risk of death.
First-principles study of competing mechanisms of nondilute Li diffusion in spinel Li x TiS 2

We report on a first-principles study of nondilute Li diffusion in spinel Li{sub x} TiS{sub 2} with the aim of elucidating the role of crystal structure and chemistry on Li mobility in intercalation compounds used as electrodes in Li-ion batteries. In contrast to transition-metal oxide spinels, where Li ions occupy tetrahedral interstitial sites, Li ions in spinel Li{sub x} TiS{sub 2} preferentially occupy octahedral sites. This makes spinel Li{sub x} TiS{sub 2} a useful model system to explore diffusion mechanisms in three-dimensional intercalation compounds with octahedral Li occupancy. Elementary Li hops between neighboring octahedral sites pass through intermediate tetrahedral sites. High coordination of these intermediate tetrahedral sites by octahedral sites causes the migration barrier to be sensitive to the local Li concentration and configuration. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations predict diffusion mechanisms mediated by triple vacancies and divacancies, which leads to a strong concentration dependence of the chemical diffusion coefficient. Insights from this study combined with those gathered in past first-principles studies of layered intercalation compounds indicate that crystal structures with activated states that are highly coordinated by Li sites will result in diffusion mechanisms mediated by vacancy clusters, producing a chemical diffusion coefficient that decreases with increasing Li composition.
New laparoscopic sterilization with exteriorization of tubes (cauterization, ligation): a preliminary report.

Abstract The fallopian tube's remarkable mobility and inherent length makes possible its exteriorization from the abdominal cavity to perform any kind of tubal sterilization. We offer a new laparoscopic technique utilizing 1. (1) exteriorization of the tube and the performance of either (a) tubal ligation (Pomeroy technique); or (b) unipolar cauterization, or 2. (2) intraabdominal in-sleeve cauterization in case of failure to exteriorize the tube. Our approach, on the one hand, was to avoid laparotomy but still preserve the advantages of tubal ligation, and on the other hand, to avoid possible bowel burn but still retain the beneficiary effect of electrical cauterization. To accomplish this, a simple second puncture uninsulated trocar-sleeve and grasping forceps were designed. With this technique, 325 patients have had voluntary interval sterilization at Olive View Medical Center—UCLA Campus (1977–1980). No bowel burn or pregnancies have occurred. No laparotomies have been necessary. Complications were minor and compared favorably with those cases in which other techniques were used.
Simple knowledge structures for perceptual classification expert systems

A new approach is described for the development and structure of perceptual knowledge-based systems. This systematic method for acquiring perceptual knowledge for use in knowledge-based systems and for representing perceptual knowledge within the systems has revealed that two broad classes of perceptual activity can each be characterized by a single logical operator. The number of rules necessary to accomplish particular perceptual tasks can also be estimated.
Opportunities for smaller U.S. industrial firms in Europe

Abstract This article discusses the growing role of small U.S. businesses in the international trade arena. It provides a brief historical overview of the European Community, with special emphasis on the 1992 project. It also outlines why the EC is becoming more attractive to small U.S. businesses and discusses the main opportunities as well as the major threats associated with these developments. The primary objective is to discuss the strategic options of small U.S. businesses in dealing with the EC.
Effects of ketamine on endotoxin and traumatic brain injury induced cytokine production in the rat.

Background Endotoxemia from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces systemic cytokine production, whereas traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases intracerebral cytokine production. In anesthetic doses, ketamine has potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, its anti-inflammatory effects at sub-anesthetic doses and its effects upon TBI induced inflammation have not been fully investigated. We hypothesized that ketamine would attenuate both LPS and TBI induced inflammatory responses.
Locus of Control: Implications for Clinical Nursing Practice

Compliance, adherence, and a therapeutic alliance are terms that, when used in a health care context, refer to the process whereby a patient assumes the various tasks that comprise a therapeutic regimen. When a patient is said to be compliant there is the suggestion that he has been coerced; when he is said to be adherent it appears that he is conforming to some norm or standard set for him; when he forms an alliance it seems he has negotiated what it is he will do to care for himself. Coercion, conformity, and negotiation make up a continuum that varies in the degree to which a patient is active in the decisions being made about himself, or inversely, the degree to which others determine the patient's behavior (Barofsky 1978). All too often a person's experience with the health care system is coercive, thereby restricting the individual's need to freely direct and control his life affairs freely, which in turn leads potentially to noncompliance behaviors. Individuals perceptions of their control over the environment and its relationship to other areas of cognitive functioning and to behavior have aroused considerable interest. Health beliefs and behaviors, however, have received little attention as a specific area in which to investigate perceptions of control. Since many health actions depend on voluntary behaviors and many health programs are predicated on an assumption of controllability, patients'expectancies concerning control seem to be a worthwhile area for examination. Locus of control, an individual difference construct from social learning theory, has shown some promise in predicting and explaining specific health-related behaviors. Yet compliance problems, being highly complex, are not easily reducible to a single simple explanation. This paper will review research demonstrating the utility of locus of control in understanding health behaviors. A method for incorporating the construct into the nursing process will be described. Using this framework as a basis, the author will explore methods of increasing client participation in treatment programs while maintaining a therapeutic alliance.
Interacting particle systems and generalized evolution of fronts

We study the limiting behavior (the macroscopic limit) of an appropriately scaled spin system with Glauber-Kawasaki dynamics. We rigorously establish the existence in the limit of an interface evolving according to motion by mean curvature. This limit is valid for all positive times, past possible geometric singularities of the motion, which is interpreted in the viscosity sense.
Adrenergic control of motor activity: effects of PNMT inhibition upon open field behavior in the rat.

Abstract Two inhibitors of brain PNMT were given to rats in doses which caused equivalent reductions in enzyme activity. Each drug produced similar and dose-related decreases in ambulation, rearing and defecation during open field behavioral testing. Central adrenergic (epinephrine containing) systems may be necessaryfor normal open field behavior. This may reflect an interaction with other monoamines, particularly dopamine.
The South Carolina Confederate Flag: The Politics of Race and Citizenship

The interest group and social movement mobilizations to remove the Confederate flag, which had been flying since 1962, from atop the South Carolina State Capitol dome provides an instance where large, issue-specific coalitions successfully expanded the scope of a conflict and framed an issue in a universalistic discourse of inclusive citizenship. The groups and movements seeking to keep the flag on the dome of the capitol experienced cascading defections in part based on a narrow vision of history, the political context, and goals for the future. Based on seventeen in-depth interviews with interest group activists; key members of the South Carolina legislature: and educational, religious, and business leaders active in the issue along with observations at five pro and anti-flag demonstrations and rallies, this study seeks to explain how the effort to remove the Confederate flag was partially successful. The analysis includes media attention from 1962 to 2000 in South Carolina regarding the Confederate flag and public opinion on the flag over time. Prior interest group work helped prepare the terrain for the mobilizing effects of several galvanizing events—the NAACP tourism boycott and national media attention during the highly contested 2000 Republican primary in the state, which in turn pressured institutions—parties, the legislature, and the governor—to respond. The struggle was an instance of applied philosophy.