cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yield and Fruit Quality Traits of Two Plantain Cultivars Grown at Two Locations in Puerto Rico under Black Leaf Streak Disease Pressure

Plantain (Musa balbisiana AAB) is a tropical rhizomatous perennial plant in the genus Musa spp., closely related to banana (Musa acuminata AAA). It is an important cash crop and staple for inhabitants in many parts of the world, including various ethnic groups in the United States. Black leaf streak disease (BLSD) or black sigatoka, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis (formerly Mycosphaerella fijiensis), is responsible for significant losses of this crop due to the high susceptibility of the most economically important cultivars. BLSD does not immediately kill plantain plants, but it causes severe leaf necrosis, which results in reduced photosynthetic area, thereby adversely impacting bunch weight and fruit production.Without cultural and chemical control, yields can be reduced by 20% to 80%, depending on severity. This study evaluated a BLSD-resistant cultivar, FHIA-21, against Maricongo, a standard commercial cultivar with no BLSD tolerance, at two locations in Puerto Rico on Ultisol (Corozal site) and Oxisol (Isabela site) soils. Total number of fruit and bunch yield were significantly higher at Isabela, with BLSD severity being significantly lower at this location. Average fruit production of FHIA-21’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Maricongo’ at both locations, with fruit yields of 122,522 and 99,948 fruit/ha at Isabela and Corozal, respectively. Overall, fruit of ‘FHIA-21’ were significantly longer and had greater diameters than those of ‘Maricongo’. At Isabela, the mean bunch fruit weight was significantly higher for ‘FHIA-21’, but both cultivars exceeded the minimum local marketable fruit weight criterion of 270 g. At both locations, the numbers of functional leaves present at flowering and at harvest were significantly higher for ‘FHIA-21’ than for ‘Maricongo’, indicating more availability of photosynthetic area for ‘FHIA-21’ during the fruit-filling period. There were no significant differences between cultivars regarding the concentration of starch and soluble sugars for green fruit. Regarding ripe fruit, ‘FHIA-21’ had a significantly higher concentration of soluble sugars and less starch. In this study, ‘FHIA-21’ had good resistance against BLSD and, if accepted by consumers, is a viable alternative to current commercial cultivars. We also conclude from this study that the expression of the Banana streak virus (BSV) in planting material of this cultivar remains an unknown threat in yield decline of 'FHIA-21’.
Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in citrus

Abstract Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in the world (grown in six continents). Due to its diverse adaptation to different climates, soil types, and production practices, there are number of challenges to nutrition management of citrus for optimal fruit production. Citrus is an evergreen perennial tree with long fruit-growing period, mostly grown in regions where soil has limited organic matter and nutrient-holding capacity. Therefore, citrus production needs good fertilization program year round. Furthermore, Huanglongbing (HLB) has become a serious threat to citrus industry especially in the United States and Brazil. HLB affects the root system of the tree and therefore limits the nutrient uptake potential, therefore posing challenge for nutrition management of trees. In this chapter, we will discuss the citrus production and producing regions (soil type, spoil pH, etc.), effect of nutrition of citrus yield and fruit quality, type of fertilization, and, finally, HLB and nutrition interaction.
The Political-Economy of Local Land-Use Policy: Place-Making and the Relative Power of Business, Civil Society, and Government

This study takes a new look at place development, analyzing the power of local business actors as compared to civic society and government in localities across the United States. We address the con...
Human $\neq$ AGI

Terms Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Human-Level Artificial Intelligence (HLAI) have been used interchangeably to refer to the Holy Grail of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, creation of a machine capable of achieving goals in a wide range of environments. However, widespread implicit assumption of equivalence between capabilities of AGI and HLAI appears to be unjustified, as humans are not general intelligences. In this paper, we will prove this distinction.
Multidisciplinary Systems Analysis of a Six Passenger Quadrotor Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Powertrain

There is a high degree of research interest in the design space for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, because these vehicles are seen as key enablers for urban air mobility. This work further explores the eVTOL design space, by presenting an analysis of a six-passenger eVTOL quadrotor powertrain, with integrated power, propulsion, and thermal management systems modeled using the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) and the NPSS Power System Library. Four powertrain architectures are modeled at the same design point and compared over a design mission. Results from an architecture trade study show that a hybrid architecture performs best in terms of range, however, the hybrid needs batteries with high specific energy and specific power in order to obtain a benefit over turboelectric architectures. Parameteric sensitivity studies are conducted to determine correlations between component parameters and system metrics. This data provides useful indicators for further technological improvement. Lastly an initial TMS model is presented, and sensitivity studies on TMS design parameters are presented as well, to show high level TMS design trends.
Simultaneous Bilateral Patellar Tendon Rupture in a Young Adult Male: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A bilateral patellar tendon rupture is extremely rare and has only been documented in case reports. Although the etiology remains unknown, predisposing factors include steroid usage, systemic diseases, and tendinopathies. In the present case, a healthy 33-year-old male with a prior history of bilateral patellar tendonitis and a diagnosis of Osgood-Schlatter disease during adolescence experienced simultaneous bilateral patellar tendon rupture after playing volleyball. He underwent bilateral patellar repair without complications. In the absence of trauma, spontaneous bilateral patellar tendon ruptures are associated with several predisposing factors, including systemic diseases, prior corticosteroid or fluoroquinolone usage, and history of tendinopathy. Injuries can be classified based on the location of the rupture. Bilateral patellar tendon ruptures can be misdiagnosed due to the rarity of cases and the lack of a normal comparative knee. Radiographic techniques can aid in the diagnosis, leading to early surgical treatment and improved outcomes. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical repair contribute to good functional outcomes in this potentially debilitating injury pattern.
Risk Factors for and Cost Implications of Free Flap Take‐backs: A Single Institution Review

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS For patients undergoing microvascular free tissue transfer (MFTT), we evaluated risk factors and financial implications of operating room (OR) take-back procedures. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review at a tertiary care center. METHODS Patients who underwent MFTT for head and neck reconstruction from 2011 to 2018 were identified. We compared hospital length of stay and overall costs associated with OR take-back procedures. Multivariable regression analysis evaluated factors associated with OR take-backs during the same hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 727 free flaps were reviewed, and 70 OR take-backs (9.6%) were identified. Mean total length of stay (LOS) in the ICU was 3.4 days versus 6.7 days for non-take-back and take-back flaps, respectively (P < .001). Mean total LOS on the regular floor was 6.3 days versus 13.1 days, respectively (P < .001). This resulted in a cost differential of $33,507 (94.3% increase relative to non-take-back flaps). The total cost associated with an OR take-back was $39,786. Hematomas were the most common cause of take-backs and wound dehiscence was associated with the highest costs. On multivariable analysis, higher ASA class (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.11-3.99; P = .026) and shorter ischemia times (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29-0.95; P = .030) were independently associated with increased risk of take-backs. CONCLUSIONS OR take-backs infrequently occur but are associated with a significant increase in financial burden when compared to free flap cases not requiring OR take-back. The large majority of the cost differential lies in a substantial increase of ICU and floor LOS for take-back flaps when compared to non-take-back flaps. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1821-E1829, 2021.
Una aproximación crítica al ciclo de Abraham en la literatura hispanoamericana contemporánea

The Bible has been a source of inspiration for many types of artistic expressions, and its impact on different places and times is the subject of discipline, Cultural Biblical Studies. From this point of view, this article analyzes the retelling of the Abraham Cycle in the novel Sara from Sergio Ramirez (2015) through the construction of the characters, the role of the narrator and the use of intertextuality. In the novel, Sara is a woman of action, who criticizes the status quo and demands spaces of freedom. The past tense of the biblical narrative and the present tense of the autor are combined to offer a new interpretation based on a contemporary mentality that questions divinity and emphasizes the predominance of reason and feminism. Through the narrator, the author questions the reader and creates an intriguing text between tradition and innovation. From the point of view of a woman, Ramirez recreates, transforms, and invents the biblical texts, showing that the Bible is still an active creator of culture.
Reclaiming the urban: an intersectional analysis of women’s and men’s experiences of Kolkata’s public spaces

Do we roam in streets at midnight as we got Independence at midnight? It would have been better if the girl did not travel by a bus at that time. (News 18, December 24, 2012)This quote is from a ma...
Seven Mathematical Models of Hemorrhagic Shock

Although mathematical modelling of pressure-flow dynamics in the cardiocirculatory system has a lengthy history, readily finding the appropriate model for the experimental situation at hand is often a challenge in and of itself. An ideal model would be relatively easy to use and reliable, besides being ethically acceptable. Furthermore, it would address the pathogenic features of the cardiovascular disease that one seeks to investigate. No universally valid model has been identified, even though a host of models have been developed. The object of this review is to describe several of the most relevant mathematical models of the cardiovascular system: the physiological features of circulatory dynamics are explained, and their mathematical formulations are compared. The focus is on the whole-body scale mathematical models that portray the subject's responses to hypovolemic shock. The models contained in this review differ from one another, both in the mathematical methodology adopted and in the physiological or pathological aspects described. Each model, in fact, mimics different aspects of cardiocirculatory physiology and pathophysiology to varying degrees: some of these models are geared to better understand the mechanisms of vascular hemodynamics, whereas others focus more on disease states so as to develop therapeutic standards of care or to test novel approaches. We will elucidate key issues involved in the modeling of cardiovascular system and its control by reviewing seven of these models developed to address these specific purposes.
Finite differences for higher order derivatives of low resolution data

Abstract The viability of finite difference stencils for higher-order derivatives of low-resolution data, encountered in various applications, is examined. This study’s illustrative example involves the evaluation of the fourth derivative of the digitized free surface radius obtained from pixelated images. Procedures to obtain an optimal approximation to the derivative are made from estimates of truncation and roundoff error, with emphasis on the analysis of roundoff error. A method of successive approximations to evaluate the optimal grid spacing is presented. Higher-order stencils allow for larger optimal grid spacing, thereby reducing the roundoff error that would otherwise dominate. Hence, higher-order stencils are effective for low precision data.
Machine Learning in Epigenomics: Insights into Cancer Biology and Medicine

Abstract The recent deluge of genome-wide technologies for the mapping of the epigenome and resulting data in cancer samples has provided the opportunity for gaining insights into and understanding the roles of epigenetic processes in cancer. However, the complexity, high-dimensionality, sparsity, and noise associated with these data pose challenges for extensive integrative analyses. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are particularly suited for epigenomic data analyses due to their flexibility and ability to learn underlying hidden structures. We will discuss four overlapping but distinct major categories under ML: dimensionality reduction, unsupervised methods, supervised methods, and deep learning (DL). We review the preferred use cases of these algorithms in analyses of cancer epigenomics data with the hope to provide an overview of how ML approaches can be used to explore fundamental questions on the roles of epigenome in cancer biology and medicine.
MR Perfusion in the Evaluation of Mechanical Thrombectomy Candidacy.

ABSTRACT Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality, and the incidence of ischemic stroke is projected to continue to rise in coming decades. These projections emphasize the need for improved imaging techniques for accurate diagnosis allowing effective treatments for ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke is commonly evaluated with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Noncontrast CT is typically used within 4.5 hours of symptom onset to identify candidates for thrombolysis. Beyond this time window, thrombolytic therapy may lead to poor outcomes if patients are not optimally selected using appropriate imaging. MRI provides an accurate method for the earliest identification of core infarct, and MR perfusion can identify salvageable hypoperfused penumbra. The prognostic value for a better outcome in these patients lies in the ability to distinguish between core infarct and salvageable brain at risk-the ischemic penumbra-which is a function of the degree of ischemia and time. Many centers underutilize MRI for acute evaluation of ischemic stroke. This review will illustrate how perfusion-diffusion mismatch calculated from diffusion-weighted MRI and MR perfusion is a reliable approach for patient selection for stroke therapy and can be performed in timeframes that are comparable to CT-based algorithms while providing potentially superior diagnostic information.
Equivariant perverse sheaves and quasi-hereditary algebras

Abstract Let X denote a quasi-projective variety over a field on which a connected linear algebraic group G acts with finitely many orbits. Then, the G-orbits define a stratification of X. We establish several key properties of the category of equivariant perverse sheaves on X, which have locally constant cohomology sheaves on each of the orbits. Under the above assumptions, we show that this category comes close to being a highest weight category in the sense of Cline, Parshall and Scott and defines a quasi-hereditary algebra. We observe that the above hypotheses are satisfied by all toric varieties and by all spherical varieties associated to connected reductive groups over any algebraically closed field. Next we show that the odd dimensional intersection cohomology sheaves vanish on all spherical varieties defined over algebraically closed fields of positive characteristics, extending similar results for spherical varieties defined over the field of complex numbers by Michel Brion and the author in prior work. Assuming that the linear algebraic group G and the action of G on X are defined over a finite field F q , and where the odd dimensional intersection cohomology sheaves on the orbit closures vanish, we also establish several basic properties of the mixed category of mixed equivariant perverse sheaves so that the associated terms in the weight filtration are finite sums of the shifted equivariant intersection cohomology complexes on the orbit closures.
I didn't understand the damage it did: Narrative Factors Influencing the Selection of Sexual Abuse as Epiphany

The epiphany, or turning point, is the foundation of the life narrative. Consequently, the classification of life experiences as epiphanies is a task critical to personal growth. This paper employs narrative analysis to illuminate the factors that seem to influence the choice of events as epiphanies for survivors of sexual abuse. Implications for the narrative therapist are provided.
Why Do Countries Pursue Reciprocal Trade Agreements? A Case Study of North America

Despite the considerable effort that has been directed to global trade agreements, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, much of the trade liberalization achieved in the postwar era has in fact come from far-reaching reciprocal regional trade agreements that have involved just a few players. Early regional trade pacts, such as the European Union (EU), involved countries of roughly equal size, while the trend over the last decade has been for regional agreements that bring together one or more small countries and a large country or an established free-trade zone.1,2 This trend has captured the attention of trade theorists because while trade theory argues that the best course of action for large countries may be reciprocal trade agreements, it also argues that the best course of action for a small country is always unilateral trade liberalization.3
When Corporate Leaders Behave Badly

The polish version of article was published on free CD added to paper version HRM(ZZL) 2011 6(83)
Effects of Cadmium-Spiked Sediment on Cadmium Accumulation and Bioturbation by Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia bilineata

We assessed accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineataas indicators of exposure to Cd-spiked sediment in a 21-d test. Surficial sediments (top 5 cm) from Pool 7 of the Upper Mississippi River were spiked with Cd to concentra- tions of 3, 7, and 15 gC d g 1 dry weight. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three Cd-spiked sediment treatments plus an unspiked sediment control (1 gC d g 1 dry weight), and 10 nymphs in each of six replicates per treatment. Nymphs accumulated Cd during the 21-d exposure; mean concentrations varied from 0.22 to 6.24 gg 1 dry weight, and tissue concentrations were correlated with Cd concentration in unfiltered test water (r = 0.93, P <0.01) and test sediment (r = 0.93, P<0.01). The effect of Cd on bioturbation by nymphs, as indicated by turbidity, differed significantly among treatments ( P = 0.045) and over time within treatments (P = 0.01). Turbidity progressively decreased as Cd concentration in the sediment increased, up to 7 g g 1 ; however, turbidity in the 15 gg 1 treatment (our greatest exposure concentration) did not differ significantly from the control. Concentrations of Cd in unfiltered, overlying test water increased significantly within treatments during the test, indicating that nymphs mobilized sediment-associated Cd into the overlying water, presumably through burrowing and respiratory activities.
Infant Mortality Over the Business Cycle in the Developing World

The diffusion of cost-effective life saving technologies has reduced infant mortality in much of the developing world. Income gains may also play a direct, protective role in ensuring child survival, although the empirical findings to date on this issue have been mixed. This paper assembles data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 59 countries to analyze the relationship between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality. The authors show that there is a strong, negative association between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality- in a first-differenced specification the implied elasticity of infant mortality with respect to per capita GDP is approximately -0.56. In addition to this central result, two findings are noteworthy. First, although there is some evidence of changes in the composition of women giving birth during economic upturns and downturns, the observed changes in infant mortality are not a result of mothers with protective characteristics timing fertility to correspond with the business cycle. Second, the association between infant mortality and per capita GDP is particularly pronounced for periods of large contractions in GDP, suggesting the inability of developing country households or health systems (or both) to smooth resources. Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations using the estimates suggest that there may have been more than 1 million"excess"deaths in the developing world since 1980 as a result of large, negative contractions in per capita GDP.
PROGRESS IN PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING: NONLINEAR RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES

A variety of nonlinear retrieval methods have been applied to passive microwave remote sensing problems. These problems can be characterized in part by the degree to which their underlying physics and statistics can be understood and characterized in a simple way. Four examples of varying complexity are considered here; the simplest problem requires only analytic expressions for retrievals, whereas the most complex problem has been handled only with pattern classification techniques. The four examples are: (1) Doppler measurements of winds at 70 to 100 km, (2) retrieval of atmospheric water vapor profiles using the opaque 183-GHz water vapor resonance, (3) retrieval of snow accumulation rate by means of combined theoretical and empirical procedures, and (4) classification of diverse polar terrain by means of pattern recognition techniques.
Broadband compact models for transformers integrated on conductive silicon substrates

A broadband scalable lumped-element model for multiport transformers integrated on a silicon substrate is presented. The model is based on a pi-T network for the primary and secondary coils and utilizes only frequency-independent elements to model the frequency-dependent resistive losses. Four-port S-parameters are measured for multiport transformers up to 15 GHz and accurate compact models extracted up to 4 GHz, which covers the fundamental frequency bands and their second harmonics of interest for European and US GSM/EGSM and DCS/PCS cellular bands. Good agreement is obtained between modeled and measured transformer performance attributes.
Perilunate Injuries: Diagnosis and Treatment

Perilunate injuries are severe disruptions of the carpus, which present a formidable challenge to the treating physician. Accurate recognition of the pattern of injury is not always straightforward. The injury can propagate through ligaments and/or bone, creating multiple variations of a basic injury pattern. Posteroanterior and lateral radiographs will depict a perilunate injury, but additional views may be necessary to appreciate subtle carpal fractures. Once the diagnosis has been established, early intervention is necessary for optimal results. An initial closed reduction with sedation and traction is performed to restore overall carpal alignment. However, subsequent closed or open reduction is necessary to restore anatomic alignment of all injured structures. The outcome of perilunate injuries correlates with the adequacy of reduction. Complications such as chondrolysis, carpal instability, and traumatic arthritis can occur despite satisfactory treatment.
Rat Macrophages in Experimental IgA Nephropathy

To test whether the peripheral macrophage functions as an early index of oxygen free radical release in association with the development of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), we studied female Lewis rats. IgAN was produced by treatment over 8 weeks with 0.1% bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in drinking water, followed by three daily intravenous injections of BGG, 1 mg/dose. Fifteen rats were divided randomly into three groups: control, IgAN, and IgAN fed vitamin E 100 IU/kg chow. At the end of the treatment period, rats were placed in individual metabolic cages for 24-h urine collections and then anesthetized with Inactin (100 mg/kg BW) for aspiration of peritoneal macrophages. The results (means ± SD) extended our previous data in male rats, confirming that the elevated proteinuria of IgAN (3.62 ± 0.79 mg/day) was significantly reduced with vitamin E treatment (2.59 ± 0.28 mg/day) in female rats (P< 0.002) More importantly, we indicated for the first time that oxygen free radicals' production by peritoneal macrophages in IgAN was significantly reduced by vitamin E: 1.58 ± 0.91 nmol/106cells/15 min in the untreated group vs 3.28 ± 0.54 nmol/106cells/15 min in the vitamin E-treated group (P< 0.05).
Duality in Truncated Steady-State Erlang Distribution-Based Queueing Processes

In this paper, the notion of duality and a generalized methodology to identify the dual for an Erlang distribution-based truncated steady-state queueing process is suggested. This procedure provides insight into truncated queueing processes. At first glance, the relationship between the primal problem and the dual problem may not be intuitive. Several such relationships are identified. For example, the dual of the M/Es/C/C queueing process is shown to be the M/M/1 machine interference problem with C machines and the solution to one of these provides the solution to the other. An example is presented.
An edge detection algorithm using multi-state adalines

Abstract An edge detection algorithm using multi-state adaptive linear neurons (ADALINES) is presented. Although the tri-state ADALINE is only considered in this work, general multi-state input vectors with extreme values are shown to be linearly separable from the rest of the vectors with the same dimension. The input state of each ADALINE is defined using the local mean in a predefined mask. In addition to the binary input states ± 1, the 0 input state is introduced for controlling the noise effect. If the input pattern matches one of the predefined edge patterns, the corresponding pixel is detected as an edge pixel. Experimental results are shown where the proposed detector is compared with both the Canny and LOG edge detectors.
A backtracing-oriented procedure for the analysis of combinational gate-level designs

Abstract We present an approach to the analysis of combinational gate-level designs, which produces information conducive to the acceleration of the backtracing process, pervasive in automatic test pattern generation algorithms. This analysis yields information which can be used to make intelligent decisions within the search space spanned by the backtracing process. A procedure which embodies this approach is presented, together with experimental results.
Phosphorylation of MDMX Mediated by Akt Leads to Stabilization and Induces 14-3-3 Binding

The critical tumor suppressor p53 is mutated or functionally inactivated in nearly all cancers. We have shown previously that the MDM2-MDMX complex functions as an integral unit in targeting p53 for degradation. Here we identify the small protein 14-3-3 as a binding partner of MDMX, which binds at the C terminus (Ser367) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Importantly, we demonstrate that the serine/threonine kinase Akt mediates phosphorylation of MDMX at Ser367. This phosphorylation leads to stabilization of MDMX and consequent stabilization of MDM2. Previous studies have shown that Akt phosphorylates and stabilizes MDM2. Our data suggest that stabilization of MDMX by Akt may be an alternative mechanism by which Akt up-regulates MDM2 protein levels and exerts its oncogenic effects on p53 in tumor cells.
Simulations of anisotropic grain growth in single phase materials using Q-state Monte Carlo

Abstract The Q-state Monte Carlo, Potts model is used to investigate 2D, anisotropic, grain growth in single-phase materials using hexagonal grain elements. While many factors can affect the microstructure anisotropy, this research focusses on the role played by grain boundary energy anisotropy. Specifically, for each computed grain orientation and surface normal, the corresponding surface energy is assigned through a mapping process using Wulff plots. Various Wulff plot geometries are considered, and their respective impact on the grain growth anisotropy is evaluated. In addition to demonstrating the utility of this method for use with anisotropic grain growth models, this work advances the state of the art by providing a means of quantifying the degree of anisotropy through the use of statistics generated by frequency distributions of normalized grain radii.
Terrain classification in SAR images using principal components analysis and neural networks

The development of a neural-network-based classifier for classifying three distinct scenes (urban, park, and water) from several polarized SAR images of the San Francisco Bay area is discussed. The principal components (PC) scheme or Karhunen-Loeve transform is used to extract the salient features of the input data, and to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space prior to the application to the neural networks. Using the PC scheme along with the polarized images used in the present study led to substantial improvements in the classification rates when compared with previous studies. When a combined polarization architecture was used, the classification rate for water, urban, and park areas improved to 100%, 98.7%, and 96.1%, respectively. >
Structural Modeling of Double-Braided Synthetic Fiber Ropes

This study is primarily concerned with the performance of double-braided ropes. widely used in marine applications. The mechanical properties of such ropes are ob tained by combining their structural features and the constitutive behavior of individual rope components. Emphasis in this study is on the tensile behavior of straight ropes as well as bent ropes, either an eye splice or in a continuous loop around a bollard- like pin. In the former case, precycling and water effects on the model predictions are discussed. For new small ropes, bending rigidity is negligible, so the bending effect is considered by modifying the geometry of the rope to allow for variation of helix periods and change of cross-sectional shapes from circular to elliptical ( flattened ) . For two extreme frictional conditions considered, i.e., infinite and zero friction, predictions of small nylon rope behavior agree well with experimental results for both simple tension and tension plus bending. There is less agreement for small PET...
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma. A clinicopathologic review of 26 cases

The clinical records and histopathologic features in 26 cases of extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) diagnosed at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston) between 1950 and 1987 were reviewed. Presentation was usually that of an enlarging soft tissue mass. The thigh (11 cases), upper extremity/shoulder girdle (three cases), and retroperitoneum (three cases) were the most common anatomic sites. Tumor size ranged from 2.5 to 30 cm. The predominant histologic pattern was osteoblastic in four cases, chondroblastic in two, fibroblastic or pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)-like in four, giant cell type MFH-like in one, and small cell in one. Various mixtures of these patterns were seen in the remaining 14 tumors. The telangiectatic pattern was not seen as the predominant component in any primary tumor but was observed as a minor component. Thirteen tumors recurred locally and 16 metastasized; five patients had distant metastases at presentation. The lungs, bone, and soft tissue were the most frequent metastatic sites. Sixteen patients died of disease at 2 to 54 months, one patient died of unrelated causes at 61 months, seven patients were alive with no evidence of disease (NED) at 30 to 122 months, and two patients were alive with disease at 28 and 54 months, respectively. Tumor size (less than 5 cm versus greater than or equal to 5 cm) was the main prognostic factor; all patients alive with NED for whom accurate tumor measurements were available (six of seven) had neoplasms measuring less than 5 cm that were amenable to complete surgical excision. Histologic pattern and other clinicopathologic features did not significantly affect outcome.
Cutting a Polyomino into Triangles of Equal Areas

(1999). Cutting a Polyomino into Triangles of Equal Areas. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 255-257.
Evaluation of accuracy in frame-based versus fiducial-based registration for stereotaxy in Parkinson's deep electrode implantation

After several years of levodopa treatment, patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) can develop difficult-to-control motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). Surgical options for these medically intractable PD patients include deep nucleus lesioning and stimulation. Because it is adjustable and reversible, deep brain stimulations (DBS) is preferable to ablative procedures. Traditionally, frame- based stereotaxy has been used to register these patients during deep electrode implantation. This study investigated the accuracy of the less invasive frameless registration method in 9 patients and found an overall mean error of 1.9mm (range: 1.1mm min, 2.7mm max) with an overall SD of 0.7mm. This error range is not acceptable for the submillimeter precision needed in microelectrode implantation. The lab is currently investing the accuracy of the frameless bone-screw marker method that is still less invasive and cumbersome than the frame-based system.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using augmented reality to support observations about trees during summer camp

This research examines how augmented reality (AR) learning experiences supported children's engagement in science. We conducted a video-based study of seven sessions over two weeks at a summer camp program. We investigated how scientific talk related to observational practices could be supported by a mobile app incorporating AR. Researchers coded videos of youth (n=35) during an outdoor program on the tree life cycle to understand science talk related to observations of trees. Findings suggested that the use of AR to support tree identification led to learner-initiated talk and observations as demonstrated by high levels of perceptual (describing) talk. Learners relied on the AR technology and peers in order to engage in this observational work.
Heterologous expression and purification of Vibrio proteolyticus (Aeromonas proteolytica) aminopeptidase: a rapid protocol

Metalloaminopeptidases (mAPs) are enzymes that are involved in HIV infectivity, tumor growth and metastasis, angiogenesis, and bacterial infection. Investigation of structure-function relationships in mAPs is a prerequisite to rational design of anti-mAP chemotherapeutics. The most intensively studied member of the biomedically important dinuclear mAPs is the prototypical secreted Vibrio proteolyticus di-zinc aminopeptidase (VpAP). The wild-type enzyme is readily purified from the supernatant of cultures of V. proteolyticus, but recombinant variants require expression in Escherichia coli. A greatly improved system for the purification of recombinant VpAP is described. A VpAP-(His)(6) polypeptide, containing an N-terminal propeptide, and a C-terminal (His)(6) adduct, was purified by metal ion affinity chromatography from the supernatant of cultures of E. coli. This single step replaced the sequence of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, and anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatographic separations of earlier methods. Traditionally, recombinant VpAP proenzyme has been treated with proteinase K and with heat (70 degrees C), to remove the N- and C-terminal regions, and yield the mature active enzyme. This method is unsuitable for VpAP variants that are unstable towards these treatments. In the new method, the hitherto noted, but not fully appreciated, ability of VpAP to autocatalyze the hydrolysis of the N-terminal propeptide and C-terminal regions was exploited; extensive dialysis of the highly purified VpAP-(His)(6) full-length polypeptide yielded the mature active protein without recourse to proteinase K or heat treatment. Purification of variants that have previously defied isolation as mature forms of the protein was thus carried out.
A general theory of neutron noise in fast reactors and its implications for the interpretation of experimental data

Abstract A general space- and energy-dependent formalism for the analysis of zero-power neutron noise experiments in fast systems has been developed. The formalism makes it possible to calculate directly the power spectral density, the experimentally measured quantity, and to infer the subcritical reactivity of fast reactor systems using more realistic descriptions of neutron migration than the point kinetics model currently used to interpret most neutron noise measurements. The general formalism is implemented for several spatial and energy-dependent descriptions using model cross sections, slowing-down kernels and fission spectra. The expressions obtained from the model analyses are applied to an engineering mockup of the Fast Flux Test Facility to determine the effect on the inferred subcritical reactivity of including energy loss by scattering for a typical large fast reactor. Results obtained indicate that the subcritical reactivities inferred from neutron noise measurements in fast systems using a point kinetics model are non-conservative when compared with subcritical reactivities inferred using more complicated neutron migration descriptions.
Ontogeny of behavioral sensitization in the rat: effects of direct and indirect dopamine agonists

In the present study, the abilities of NPA (a direct DA receptor agonist) and amphetamine (an indirect DA receptor agonist) to induce short- and long-term behavioral sensitization were assessed in 11- and 17-day-old rats (age at initial injection). Rats were injected on 4 consecutive days with amphetamine (1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg), NPA (1.0 mg/kg), or saline. A final test day occurred either 2 days (experiment 1) or 8 days (experiment 2) later. On the test day, rats given successive agonist injections received a single injection of the same agonist again; whereas rats given successive saline injections received either amphetamine or NPA for the first time. Five minutes after injection, locomotor activity (line-crosses), stereotyped sniffing, and vertical activity were measured during a 30-min testing session. The results showed that 11- and 17-day-old rats exhibited behavioral sensitization when tested with NPA or amphetamine after a 2-day interval. In contrast, neither NPA nor amphetamine was able to sensitize the behaviors of preweanling rats when measured 8 days after initial drug treatments. Therefore, these results show that both direct and indirect DA agonists are able to induce short-term behavioral sensitization in preweanling rats, but that the mechanisms responsible for mediating long-term behavioral sensitization have not yet matured.
Fast Switching Characteristics of 4H-SiC RESURF-Type JFET

400V/2.5A 4H-SiC JFETs having a reduced surface field (RESURF) structure were fabricated. Measurements on the static and switching characteristics were carried out. The on-resistance was 0.86 W. The turn-on time (ton) and the turn-off time (toff) were 8ns and 10 ns, respectively. The fabricated JFETs showed low on-resistance and fast switching characteristics. 4H-SiC RESURF-type JFETs, which is a sort of lateral transistor, are preferable to a module configuration of switching devices. Moreover, they are promising for application to DC power supplies with higher efficiency and smaller size owing to their low on-resistance and fast switching characteristics.
Potential mechanisms connecting asthma, esophageal reflux, and obesity/sleep apnea complex--a hypothetical review.

Summary Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and asthma are potentially linked at several levels. The pathophysiology of these two conditions seems to overlap significantly, as airway obstruction, inflammation, obesity, and several other factors are implicated in the development of both diseases. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), cardiovascular complications, obesity itself, and the underlying inflammatory processes are all complex contributory factors that provide hypothetical links. Furthermore, a collateral rise in prevalence of both OSA and asthma has been noticed during the past few years, occurring in association with the emerging epidemic of obesity, a common risk factor for both conditions. OSA and asthma share many other risk factors as well. We propose a hypothetical OSA–asthma relationship that has implications on the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with either condition singly. Clinicians should be aware that OSA might complicate asthma management. Based on this hypothesis, we suggest that the treatment of the individual patient who experiences both asthma and OSA needs to be multidisciplinary and comprehensive. This hypothetical association of asthma and OSA, though described anecdotally, has not been systematically studied. In particular, the influence of continuous positive airway pressure therapy (for sleep apnea) on asthma outcomes (such as quality of life, steroid utilization, emergency room visits) and fatality needs to be studied further.
Some remarkable combinatorial matrices

In this paper we describe, in combinatorial terms, some matrices which arise as Laplacians connected to the three-dimensional Heisenberg Lie algebra. We pose the problem of finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrices. We state a number of conjectures including the conjecture that all eigenvalues of these matrices are non-negative integers. We determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors explicitly for an important subclass of these matrices.
Surgical approaches to improving intestinal function in the short-bowel syndrome.

Hypothesis Nontransplantation surgical approaches to improve intestinal function in patients with the short-bowel syndrome have a satisfactory outcome in selected patients. Patients Ninety adult (aged >18 years) patients with intestinal remnants shorter than 180 cm were evaluated between 1980 and 1998. Main Outcome Measures Clinical improvement (reduction in parenteral nutrition, resolution of anatomical problems, decreased symptoms, or improved oral intake) and postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Results There were 17 deaths within 30 days after resection. Thirty-seven (51%) of the surviving 73 patients underwent 43 procedures to improve intestinal function. Fourteen procedures (33%) were intended to expand intestinal surface area by restoring intestinal continuity (n=10), recruiting additional length (n=3), or longitudinal lengthening (n=1). Twenty-six procedures (60%) aimed to alter intestinal function, either by relieving obstruction (n=10), repairing fistulas (n=8), slowing transit (n=4), eliminating diseased bowel (n=3), or improving motility (n=1). Three patients had stomas created to improve oral intake and relieve perianal symptoms. Postoperatively, 2 anastomoses leaked, 2 fistulas recurred, and there was 1 death (mortality, 2%). Thirty-seven procedures (86%) resulted in clinical improvement. Eleven (46%) of the 24 patients receiving parenteral nutrition were able to discontinue it and 5 patients were able to reduce the amount of parenteral nutrition received. Twelve procedures that increased surface area (86%) and 22 procedures that addressed functional problems (85%) resulted in clinical improvement. Success was lowest (50%) in patients having procedures to prolong transit time. Conclusions Various nontransplantation surgical procedures have a role in improving intestinal function in short-bowel syndrome. These procedures usually result in clinical improvement in properly selected patients. Success is lowest for procedures designed to prolong intestinal transit time; thus, these procedures should be used only in carefully selected patients.
Efficacy of intravitreal ocriplasmin on vitreomacular traction and full-thickness macular holes.

Purpose To analyze a single center's experiences with ocriplasmin on vitreomacular traction (VMT) and the rate of VMT release, full-thickness macular hole (full-thickness MH) closure, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) changes. Design Retrospective interventional case series. Methods Single-center study of 58 eyes of 56 patients who received intravitreal ocriplasmin for VMT with or without full-thickness MH. VMT release, full-thickness MH closure, visual acuity changes, and anatomic characteristics on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) were analyzed. Results VMT resolved in 29 of 58 eyes (50%) and nonsurgical closure of full-thickness MH was achieved in 4 of 15 eyes (27%). Mean logMAR BCVA among all treated eyes improved from 0.51 (20/65) at baseline to 0.36 (20/46) at final follow-up ( P = .0018) with mean follow-up of 8.7 months. When compared to eyes without VMT release, eyes with successful vitreomacular release had a better pretreatment BCVA (20/48 vs 20/89, P = .004) and final follow-up BCVA (20/31 vs 20/68, P = .0001). Improvement in BCVA was significant in eyes with VMT release ( P = .0001). Transient ellipsoid zone changes were noted in 26% of treated eyes (n = 15), of which 14 had successful VMT release. Transient subfoveal fluid accumulation was noted in all these patients with vitreomacular release. Mean time to resolution of ellipsoid zone changes was within 38 days. Conclusion In clinical practice, intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin achieved VMT release in approximately one half of treated eyes, with a 27% closure rate for full-thickness MH. Transient ellipsoid changes were evident in 26% of treated eyes, more common in eyes with successful VMT release.
A scalar anisotropy model for turbulent eddy viscosity

Abstract A three-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model using transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy ( k ), dissipation rate ( ϵ ), and a scalar measure of the Reynolds-stress anisotropy is described. Away from walls, where the turbulence anisotropy goes to zero, the model naturally reverts to the isotropic k – ϵ formulation, with only a slightly modified value of the eddy-viscosity coefficient. This leverages the predictive capability of k – ϵ for free shear flows, while still providing accurate predictions of wall-bounded flows without resorting to wall-damping functions. The computed model predictions are compared against experimental Reynolds-stress measurements for a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate boundary layer, a planar mixing-layer, and the separated flow over periodic hills. Further, the computed results show improvements over standard one- and two-equation models, most notably for the smooth-body separation and recirculation encountered in the flow over periodic hills.
NATURE OF THE ACTION CURRENT IN NITELLA : III. SOME ADDITIONAL FEATURES.

Several forms of the action curve are described which might be accounted for on the ground that the outer protoplasmic surface shows no rapid electrical change. This may be due to the fact that the longitudinal flow of the outgoing current of action is in the protoplasm instead of in the cellulose wall. Hence the action curve has a short period with a single peak which does not reach zero. On this basis we can estimate the P.D. across the inner and outer protoplasmic surfaces separately. These P.D.'s can vary independently. In many cases there are successive action currents with incomplete recovery (with an increase or decrease or no change of magnitude). Some of the records resemble those obtained with nerve (including bursts of action currents and after-positivity).