cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Messages from the Front: Hard Earned Lessons on Information Security from the IP Wars

Cyberspace is often a battlefield with a wide array of armies posed to challenge one another across the increasing array of rhetoric and technology that has made it such a potent arena for global digital commerce. Perry Barlow’s infamous demand that cyberspace be left to its own devices because of its unique unregulated nature may have been answered by Larry Lessig’s reply that code may in fact be used to regulate cyberspace, but the reality is that social norming demands, the evanescence of technological controls and the perceived utility of illicit conduct utilizing the internet make any regulation problematic at best. Similarities between critical issues in the two areas suggest that some of the lessons learned in the hard-fought battles over legal protection for intellectual property in the digital world may provide guidance for the critical issues currently under discussion in the on-going efforts to establish international protection norms in the e-commerce domain. Compressed into ten lessons, involving such critical issues as the distinction between protected information in the hard goods world versus cyberspace, the role of technology, and the international needs of electronic communication, these lessons lead to the ultimate conclusion that in crafting rules, policy must be created with a firm view toward the special nature of the internet and in maintaining ts potential to level the commercial playing field to allow all countries to participate in their own economic and commercial development.
Muslim women and the veil: an experimental study of social bias

While certain minority groups have gained acceptance in contemporary American society, others continue to experience high levels of bias. Currently, Muslims are one of the most “othered” social groups in American society. In this research, I examine social bias toward Muslims, with a specific focus on Muslim women who veil. Using a 2 (skin tone) X 3 (veil coverage) between-subjects experimental design, participants were shown a female face, and asked to answer a number of survey items designed to measure social bias. Measures of social bias included: attraction, similarity, social distance, moral outrage and stereotypes. There were six experimental conditions in which respondents were assigned to view one of six images of a female face, which varied in terms of skin tone and type of head covering. I find that veil coverage is an important predictor of social bias. In most cases, when controlling for all other variables, as veil coverage increased, so did social bias. There were also statistically significant differences in social bias based on skin tone. Participants reported significantly less similarity and understanding toward dark skinned targets than light skinned targets. Participants also suggested that dark skinned targets had significantly less social status then light skinned targets. When the main effects of skin tone and veil coverage interacted, social bias based on veil coverage was more pronounced for light skinned targets. Overall, social bias was better predicted by veil coverage than skin tone, which indicated that religion, as derived from veil coverage, is more important in predicting social bias than race, as derived from skin tone. In addition, Islamophobia, or the fear of Muslims, helped to predict social bias toward Muslim
Integrated arrays of low power SOS chip-to-chip interconnects for efficient parallel communication in CMOS

In this paper we present an array silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) interconnects for high speed, low power communication between CMOS integrated circuits. We demonstrate integrated 1Gbps links with total power consumption below 25 mW per channel.
Dress Casual: How College Students Redefined American Style Deirdre Clemente. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

Dress Casual: How College Students Redefined American Style Deirdre Clemente. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.Over the course of the twentieth century, formality has diminished in many areas of American society. Dress Casual by Deirdre Clemente explores changing standards in fashion, an aspect of material culture that is both "profoundly visual and utterly inescapable" (144), and through which larger changes in the cultural landscape can be examined. Clemente, while acknowledging that there have been many forces instrumental in the casualization of fashion, credits its mainstream acceptance to the influence of college students during the first half of the twentieth century.The author traces the evolution of dress from Gilded Age formality to sweatshirts and shorts using numerous sources, including personal letters from students, campus newspapers, student handbooks, and other university publications. Though she did not explain the choice of specific institutions in this study, Clemente analyzes documents from a wide variety, including private all-men's and all-women's universities and colleges, public coeducational colleges, and historically black colleges. Dress Casual incorporates perspectives from students, school administrators, social critics, and representatives of the fashion industry, such as manufacturers and retailers, as well as advice columnists. She provides twenty-five images to illustrate the text, mostly photographs of college students from 1908 through 1959, each with informative captions. The images offer a pictorial overview of the ever-increasing informality of college wardrobes.Casual daywear, prized for its comfort and practicality, was adapted from clothes worn for sports like rowing, tennis, and golf that have since retained the nomenclature "sportswear." Clemente positions the origins of the style with the upper class white students of Ivy League schools, men who could most afford to withstand condemnation for "sloppiness" from those who equated a unkempt appearance "with loose morals" (42). Although students across the country yearned for a versatile, comfortable, easy-care wardrobe (apparently, many clothing decisions were made on the basis of available laundry facilities), the rate of adoption of casual styles varied by gender, race, and class. From the Ivy League, the casual style first migrated to larger public colleges, which educated a more diverse and less wealthy population. Clemente found that, whether at elite schools or those with more open enrollment, it was less problematic for men to dress casually than for women and more acceptable for whites of both genders than African Americans. …
Effects of power supply mode on deposition rate in middle-frequency magnetron sputtering

On the experimental setup for middle -frequency twin -target magnetron sputtering process, the relationships between deposition rate, working gas pressure and electrical parameters were investigated under conditions of constant voltage/ current and sputtering power. Then the effects of voltage, current, power, duty ratio and frequency on the deposition rate in different power supply modes were thus given. The stabilization of deposition rate is best at constant current and worst under constant voltage, and is stable if the power and current are both constant but the pressure is changing. The deposition rate decreases with increasing duty ratio but increases with increasing frequency.
A Clockless Sequential PUF with Autonomous Majority Voting

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) leverage minute silicon process variations to produce device-tied secret keys. The energy and area costs of creating keys from PUFs can far exceed the costs of the basic PUF circuits alone. Minimizing the end-to-end cost of reliable key generation is critical to enable broader adoption of PUFs. In this work, we introduce a new style of PUF that employs autonomous majority voting to improve reliability. The novelty of this design, and the source of its efficiency, is that the inherently sequential majority voting procedure is carried out by a self-timed circuit without orchestration by a global clock. We use circuit simulation to evaluate the energy versus reliability tradeoffs achieved by different parameterizations of the design, to show that the design performs well across a range of supply voltages, and to quantify the robustness of the design across a broad range of operating temperatures.
Preoxidation and Cyanidation Study on Floatation Concentrates of Cyanide Leaching Residue of a Gold Ore

The floatation concentrates of cyanidation tailings was very refractory,for which the dissolution of gold by NaCN for leaching 24 h under the grinding size of 37 μm of 99.5% was only 3.95%.After the pre-oxidation of intensified alkaline leaching under normal temperature and pressure,the dissolution of gold by NaCN was enhanced to 85.85%,and the adsorption recovery by activated charcoal was 99.62%.
Emergency physician–performed transesophageal echocardiography for extracorporeal life support vascular cannula placement

Abstract Introduction There is growing interest and application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a life-saving procedure for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), also called extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation with ongoing chest compressions is challenging, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an invaluable tool with which to guide ECMO wire guidance and cannula positioning. Methods We describe our protocol for TEE guidance by emergency physicians in our hospital. Results Of our first 12 cases of ECLS, 10 have had TEE guidance by an emergency physician with successful placement and without complication or need for repositioning. Emergency physician–performed TEE for ECLS vascular cannula placement has been both feasible and useful in our experience and warrants further study.
The Death of Thucydidean History

Henry St John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751), played a vital part in the politics of the eighteenth century, first as a prominent member of the last tory administration before the onset of whig rule, then briefly as a supporter of the Pretender to the throne, James Francis Stuart, and finally as a leader of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole in the 1720s and 1730s. Bolingbroke and his circle also played a decisive part in the historiography of the age of party. As we have already seen, English history was largely written along party lines, and so whigs and tories scrutinized the past to score political points with partisan historiography. For their part, Bolingbroke and his associates championed the tory peace, which he had negotiated to end the War of Spanish Succession, and the Church of England, which he had campaigned to preserve from endangerment by dissenters and Catholics. In terms of their historiography, tories took a particular interest in guarding the reputation of Clarendon and his History of the Rebellion, whose prestige and political capital they wished to monopolize. They challenged whig initiatives to write the history of their own times, a genre which Clarendon had perfected and which was seemingly reserved for tories alone to pursue.
Dissociation of JNK Activation from Elevated Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species, Cytochrome c Release, and Cell Death in NGF-Deprived Sympathetic Neurons

Withdrawal of nerve growth factor (NGF) from sympathetic neurons causes their apoptotic death. Activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) may contribute to this death by the induction and phosphorylation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bax, that are involved in cytochrome c release from mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Induction of either JNK or ROS may stimulate the other, and both may regulate release of apoptogenic factors from the mitochondria. In order to discern the relationship between JNK and ROS in apoptosis, we treated NGF-deprived, mouse sympathetic neurons with a JNK inhibitor and examined the effect on several important apoptotic events. Block of JNK activation prevented induction of c-Jun expression and resulted in a dose-dependent, yet surprisingly modest, increase in cell survival after 48 h of NGF deprivation. JNK suppression was also not sufficient to prevent the elevation in ROS or the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. Bax deletion prevents apoptotic death of NGF-deprived neurons by preventing release of cytochrome c from their mitochondria. It also prevents increased ROS on NGF deprivation. However, we found that induction of c-Jun in cells lacking Bax was equivalent to that in wild-type neurons. Our results suggest that while JNK activation plays an important role in many forms of apoptosis, it may not be a crucial regulator of Bax-dependent events involved in the apoptotic death of mouse sympathetic neurons deprived of NGF and that ROS is not involved in its activation in these cells.
Abstract 563: Axl Regulates Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC-II) Expression through STAT1 Pathway in Smooth Muscle Cells

Introduction Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is upregulated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to injury. Previously we found that Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is important for vascular remodeling via regulation of MHC-II in vivo . The aim of this study was to identify Axl-mediated intracellular signaling that is responsible for upregulation of MHC-II in VSMCs. Methods and Results Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MASMCs) were isolated from Axl wild type (Axl+/+) or knockout (Axl-/-) littermates from our colony. Cells were treated with interferon gamma (IFNγ; 1,000U/ml) or PBS for various times (10min-24hrs). There was no difference in apoptosis as measured by cleaved caspase-3 in Axl-/- vs. Axl+/+ after treatment with IFNγ. Likewise, phosphorylation levels of Akt were similar between the groups. Expression of MHC-II mRNA and protein was significantly lower in Axl-/- vs. Axl+/+ MASMCs. Levels of major histocompatibility class II transactivator (CIITA) mRNA was also significantly reduced in Axl-/- MASMCs. Reduced expression of number of cytokines and chemokines was observed in Axl-/- vs. Axl+/+ MASMCs after treatment with IFNγ. Similar to our in vivo results, a complement component 3 (C3) expression was drastically reduced in Axl-/- vs. Axl+/+ MASMCs. We found that STAT1, a major regulator for CIITA-MHC-II and C3 pathways, was not phosphorylated in Axl-/- vs. Axl+/+ MASMCs upon IFNγ treatment. Conclusions This is the first study that demonstrates that Axl affects STAT1-signaling in VSMCs. Our findings suggest that Axl contributes to vascular remodeling via enhancement of pro-inflammatory signals in smooth muscle cells.
Sensorimotor EEG operant conditioning: experimental and clinical effects.

Neurophysiological studies in cats have established a functional relationship between waking 12–15 Hz sensorimotor cortex rhythmic EEG activity (the sensorimotor rhythm or SMR) and a similar pattern during sleep, the sleep spindle. Both result from oscillatory thalamocortical discharge involving ventrobasal thalamus and sensorimotor cortex, and both are associated with a state of suppressed motor excitability. Enhancement of the SMR with operant conditioning methods in the cat clearly led to reduced seizure susceptibility. The experimental application of this approach to seizure control in epileptics has resulted in (A) evidence that EEG patterns can be manipulated significantly in man with operant conditioning, (B) suggestive observations concerning a potential component of pathology in epilepsy, and (C) strong preliminary evidence that SMR operant conditioning in epileptics is specifically therapeutic.
Regulation of human glioblastoma cell death by combined treatment of cannabidiol, γ-radiation and small molecule inhibitors of cell signaling pathways

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The challenging problem in cancer treatment is to find a way to upregulate radiosensitivity of GBM while protecting neurons and neural stem/progenitor cells in the brain. The goal of the present study was upregulation of the cytotoxic effect of γ-irradiation in GBM by non-psychotropic and non-toxic cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD). We emphasized three main aspects of signaling mechanisms induced by CBD treatment (alone or in combination with γ-irradiation) in human GBM that govern cell death: 1) CBD significantly upregulated the active (phosphorylated) JNK1/2 and MAPK p38 levels with the subsequent downregulation of the active phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-AKT1 levels. MAPK p38 was one of the main drivers of CBD-induced cell death, while death levels after combined treatment of CBD and radiation were dependent on both MAPK p38 and JNK. Both MAPK p38 and JNK regulate the endogenous TRAIL expression. 2) NF-κB p65-P(Ser536) was not the main target of CBD treatment and this transcription factor was found at high levels in CBD-treated GBM cells. Additional suppression of p65-P(Ser536) levels using specific small molecule inhibitors significantly increased CBD-induced apoptosis. 3) CBD treatment substantially upregulated TNF/TNFR1 and TRAIL/TRAIL-R2 signaling by modulation of both ligand and receptor levels followed by apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that radiation-induced death in GBM could be enhanced by CBD-mediated signaling in concert with its marginal effects for neural stem/progenitor cells and astrocytes. It will allow selecting efficient targets for sensitization of GBM and overcoming cancer therapy-induced severe adverse sequelae.
Macrosegregation During Re-melting and Holding of Directionally Solidified Al-7 wt.% Si Alloy in Microgravity

As-cast aluminum-7 wt.% ailicon alloy sample rods were re-melted and directionally solidified on Earth which resulted in uniform dendritically aligned arrays. These arrays were then partially back-melted through an imposed, and constant, temperature gradient in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station. The mushy zones that developed in the seed crystals were held for different periods prior to initiating directional solidification. Upon return, examination of the initial mushy-zone regions exhibited significant macrosegregation in terms of a solute-depleted zone that increased as a function of the holding time. The silicon (solute) content in these regions was measured on prepared longitudinal sections by electron microprobe analysis as well as by determining the fraction eutectic on several transverse sections. The silicon content was found to increase up the temperature gradient resulting in significant silicon concentration immediately ahead of the mushy-zone tips. The measured macrosegregation agrees well with calculations from a mathematical model developed to simulate the re-melting and holding process. The results, due to processing in a microgravity environment where buoyancy and thermosolutal convection are minimized, serve as benchmark solidification data.
An Assessment of Contagion on Social Networking Sites

Social network influence has been recognized as an important determinant for consumer behaviour. Through a web-based survey using restaurant consumption as a research context, this study explores social influence resulting from two distinct social reference processes: communication and comparison. The relationship between social interactions and social influence is moderated by opinion leadership and attitude towards status consumption, which are conceptualized to represent consumers’ competitiveness. Consumers’ status consumption contributes negatively to recommendation-based consumption, but positively to competitionbased consumption. In other words, the more competitive the consumers are, the less they tend to follow others’ recommendation, the more they consume products and services to establish or maintain their status in the social network. Several managerial implications are provided.
Interpersonal outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronically suicidal borderline patients

Objective: This study reports the efficacy ofa cognitive behavioral outpatient treatment on interpersonal outcome variables for patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Method: In a 1-year clinical trial, 26 female patients with borderline personality disorder were randomly assigned to either dialectical behavior therapy or a treatment-as-usual comparison condition. All subjects met criteria of DSM-III-R and Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients for borderline personality disorder and were chronically suicidal. Results: In both the intent-to-treat and treatment completion groups, dialectical behavior therapy subjects had significantly better scores on measures of anger, interviewer-rated global social adjustment, and the Global Assessment Scale and tended to rate themselves better on overall socialadjustment than treatment-as-usual subjects. Conclusions: These results suggest that dialectical behavior therapy is a promising psychosocial intervention for improving interpersonal functioning among severely dysfunctional patients with borderline personality disorder. (Am J Psychiatry 1994; 15 1:1771-1776)
CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE | Radioactivity: Cosmogenic Radionuclides

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 5, pp 1891–1990, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
Addressing sexual harassment in a sexually charged national culture: a Journal of Applied Communication Research forum

ABSTRACTSexual harassment remains a persistent workplace problem. The 2017 #Metoo movement and what-have-come-to-be routine news stories about sexual hostility, sexual assault, and sexual harassmen...
Combining two separate series into a single ordering: Testing the local and global distinctiveness theories with absolute and relative judgments

Abstract This study examined the differential effects of an absolute versus a relative judgment task on the retrieval of the border-position items after the combining of two separate serial lists. Under the absolute judgment condition (Experiment 1), the border-position items showed a local distinctiveness effect (faster judgment on these items than on the neighboring items), consistent with the prediction of the local distinctiveness theory of order memory, but not under the relative judgment condition (Experiment 2). The absence of the local distinctiveness effect under the relative judgment condition was consistent with the prediction of the global distinctiveness theory that a midseries item cannot be remembered better than its neighbors. The causes of the differential effects of the two judgment tasks were discussed.
Development and Evaluation of a Theory-Based Approach to Reducing Carbon Monoxide (CO) Morbidity and Mortality: The CO Blitz Model

ABSTRACTCarbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is preventable yet remains the most common cause of U.S. non-drug poisoning. The purpose of this non-experimental study was to develop and evaluate the theory...
Use of NDVI for characterizing winter wheat response to water stress in a semi-arid environment

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been widely used to quantify vegetation by measuring the difference between near-infrared (NIR) and red light. Measuring NDVI throughout a grow...
The Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Promotions (HELP) Program for Kids

Background: Obesity is a major concern to our national health as it contributes to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other conditions. Childhood obesity is closely associated with adult obesity. Early intervention allows for a shift in the obesity prognosis and helps guide youth to a healthier lifestyle. Health education is particularly essential for adolescents who soon will make decisions on their own and, unless there is an intervention, are likely to repeat childhood habits. Per the 2015 US Census, the population of Moreno Valley, CA, located within Riverside County, was 204,198. …
Zeolites and Mesoporous Silica: From Greener Synthesis to Surface Chemistry of Environmental and Biological Interactions

Abstract Greener, more sustainable methods for the synthesis of zeolites and mesoporous silica have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of producing large quantities of these versatile materials that are used in applications such as catalysis, adsorption, separations, and biomedicine. Many different strategies have been implemented to improve the sustainability of the syntheses including template-free, solvent-free, and ionothermal methods and combinations thereof. This chapter will provide an overview of the progress to date in achieving greener, more sustainable syntheses of zeolites and mesoporous silica. Furthermore, after synthesis and use in applications, these materials inevitably make their way into the environment and into biological systems. However, relatively little is known about the molecular level details of the surface chemistry of zeolites and mesoporous silica when exposed to complexes commonly found in biological and environmental systems. Thus, in the second part of this chapter, the surface chemistry of mesoporous silica nanomaterials after exposure to natural organic matter and proteins will be presented.
Sweat and saliva cortisol response to stress and nutrition factors.

Cortisol is a biomarker for stress monitoring; however, the biomedical and clinical relevance is still controversial due to the complexity of cortisol secretion mechanisms and their circadian cycles as well as environmental factors that affect physiological cortisol level, which include individual mood and dietary intake. To further investigate this multifaceted relationship, a human pilot study examined cortisol concentration in sweat and saliva samples collected from 48 college-aged participants during aerobic exercise sessions along with mental distress and nutrition surveys. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays determined highly significant differences between apocrine-dominant sweat (AP), saliva before exercise (SBE), and saliva after exercise (SAE) cortisol concentration (AP-SBE: p = 0.0017, AP-SAE: p = 0.0102). A significantly greater AP cortisol concentration was detected in males compared to females (p = 0.0559), and significant SAE cortisol concentration differences were also recorded between recreational athletes and non-athletes (p = 0.044). However, Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10) scores, an examination administered to deduce overall wellness, provided no significant differences between males and females or athletes and non-athletes in distress levels, which statistically signifies a direct relationship to cortisol was not present. For further analysis, dietary intake from all participants was considered to investigate whether a multiplexed association was prevalent between nutrition, mood, and cortisol release. Significant positive correlations between AP cortisol, SAE cortisol, K10 scores, and fat intake among female participants and athletes were discovered. The various machine learning algorithms utilized the extensive connections between dietary intake, overall well-being, sex factors, athletic activity, and cortisol concentrations in various biofluids to predict K10 scores. Indeed, the understanding of physiochemical stress response and the associations between studied factors can advance algorithm developments for cortisol biosensing systems to mitigate stress-based illnesses and improve an individual’s quality of life.
Quantifying the contributions of energy storage in a thermoset shape memory polymer with high stress recovery: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to understand the mechanical and energy storage properties of bisphenyl-A diglycidyl ether cured with isophorone diamine — a thermoset shape memory polymer (TSMP) with both excellent shape memory and stress memory properties. Different cross-linked systems were created to determine which cross-linking percentage gave best agreement with experimental properties. It was found that for a 50% compression programming strain, higher cross-linking percentages stored more bond energy, but at the expense of a lower shape recovery. While bond energy was stored in the change in bond stretches, angles, and dihedrals, the bond angular and dihedral energies stored were significantly higher than bond stretches. Alkyl cyclic rings were able to store the most angular energy, but little to no stretching or dihedral energy, while non-ring polymer backbone atoms stored a significant amount of stretching, angular, and dihedral energies. Aromatic rings stored dihedral energy, but little angular energy. The results show that the type of functional group has a significant impact on how bond energy is stored, and could potentially be used to finely tune the shape recovery properties of TSMPs.
Possibility of an integrated transmission electron microscope: enabling complex in-situ experiments

Multimodal in-situ experiments are the wave of the future, as this approach will permit multispectral data collection and analysis during real-time nanoscale observation. In contrast, the evolution of technique development in the electron microscopy field has generally trended toward specialization and subsequent bifurcation into more and more niche instruments, creating a challenge for reintegration and backward compatibility for in-situ experiments on state-of-the-art microscopes. We do not believe this to be a requirement in the field; therefore, we propose an adaptive instrument that is designed to allow nearly simultaneous collection of data from aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), probe-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, ultrafast TEM, and dynamic TEM with a flexible in-situ testing chamber, where the entire instrument can be modified as future technologies are developed. The value would be to obtain a holistic understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry of the process-structure–property relationships in materials exposed to controlled extreme environments. Such a tool would permit the ability to explore, in-situ, the active reaction mechanisms in a controlled manner emulating those of real-world applications with nanometer and nanosecond resolution. If such a powerful tool is developed, it has the potential to revolutionize our materials understanding of nanoscale mechanisms and transients.
Diffusion-based modeling of film growth of hydrates on gas-liquid interfaces

Abstract Formation of gas hydrates occurs in three stages: nucleation, film growth, and bulk growth. As per past literature, the rate of film growth (on gas-liquid interface) depends on heat transfer from the vicinity of the film front to the surrounding medium. We present analyses to show that heat transfer is not a significant factor in film growth, as previously believed. We then present an alternative theory for film growth, which considers film growth as gas diffusion limited. We note that gas diffusion through hydrates is a limiting phenomena for bulk growth; we presently show that diffusion from the gas phase is the limiting phenomena for film growth as well. This fundamentals-based analytical model does not need the significant assumptions invoked in previous studies and relies on only one fitting parameter. Importantly, the model shows excellent agreement with experimental results on film growth of hydrates from pure gases and mixtures of gases.
Xylaria necrophora, sp. nov., is an emerging root-associated pathogen responsible for taproot decline of soybean in the southern United States

Taproot decline (TRD) is a disease of soybean that has been reported recently from the southern United States (U.S.). Symptoms of TRD include foliar interveinal chlorosis followed by necrosis. Darkened, charcoal-colored areas of thin stromatic tissue are evident on the taproot and lateral roots along with areas of necrosis within the root and white mycelia within the pith. Upright stromata typical of Xylaria can be observed on crop debris and emerging from infested roots in fields where taproot decline is present, but these have not been determined to contain fertile perithecia. Symptomatic plant material was collected across the known range of the disease in the southern U.S., and the causal agent was isolated from roots. Four loci, ⍺-actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers (nrITS), and the RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2), were sequenced from representative isolates. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses showed consistent clustering of representative TRD isolates in a highly supported clade within the Xylaria arbuscula species complex in the "HY" clade of the family Xylariaceae, distinct from any previously described taxa. In order to understand the origin of this pathogen, we sequenced herbarium specimens previously determined to be "Xylaria arbuscula" based on morphology and xylariaceous endophytes collected in the southern U.S. Some historical specimens from U.S. herbaria collected in the southern region as saprophytes as well as a single specimen from Martinique clustered within the "TRD" clade in phylogenetic analyses, suggesting a possible shift in lifestyle. The remaining specimens that clustered within the family Xylariaceae, but outside of the "TRD" clade, are reported. Both morphological evidence and molecular evidence indicate that the TRD pathogen is a novel species, which is described as Xylaria necrophora.
Impact of Early Literacy Parent Education in Immigrant Communities on the U.S.-Mexico Border

This study describes the impact of an early childhood literacy development program in a low-income, immigrant community. The non-profit sponsored program serves families and child-care providers in the southwestern United States who live along the U.S.-Mexico border. A series of research activities was implemented over several years to examine the program’s impact on care-givers’ interactions with pre-school children in this literacy-development context. The data show a consistent positive impact in the home setting as adult participants implement early literacy learning in daily childcare.
Assessing Classic Maya multi-scalar household inequality in southern Belize.

Inequality is present to varying degrees in all human societies, pre-modern and contemporary. For archaeological contexts, variation in house size reflects differences in labor investments and serves as a robust means to assess wealth across populations small and large. The Gini coefficient, which measures the degree of concentration in the distribution of units within a population, has been employed as a standardized metric to evaluate the extent of inequality. Here, we employ Gini coefficients to assess wealth inequality at four nested socio-spatial scales–the micro-region, the polity, the district, and the neighborhood–at two medium size, peripheral Classic Maya polities located in southern Belize. We then compare our findings to Gini coefficients for other Classic Maya polities in the Maya heartland and to contemporaneous polities across Mesoamerica. We see the patterning of wealth inequality across the polities as a consequence of variable access to networks of exchange. Different forms of governance played a role in the degree of wealth inequality in Mesoamerica. More autocratic Classic Maya polities, where principals exercised degrees of control over exclusionary exchange networks, maintained high degrees of wealth inequality compared to most other Mesoamerican states, which generally are characterized by more collective forms of governance. We examine how household wealth inequality was reproduced at peripheral Classic Maya polities, and illustrate that economic inequity trickled down to local socio-spatial units in this prehispanic context.
Amodal completion of acoustic signals by a nonhuman primate

Evidence of amodal completion exists for both visual and auditory stimuli in humans. The importance of this mechanism in forming stable representations of sensory information suggests that it may be common among multiple modalities and species. Here we show that a species of nonhuman primate amodally completes biologically meaningful acoustic stimuli, which provides evidence that the neural mechanism mediating this aspect of auditory perception is shared among primates, and perhaps other taxonomic groups as well.
Perturbing the dual feasible region for solving convex quadratic programs

A dual lp-norm perturbation approach is introduced for solving convex quadratic programming problems. The feasible region of the Lagrangian dual program is approximated by a proper subset that is defined by a single smooth convex constraint involving the lp-norm of a vector measure of constraint violation. It is shown that the perturbed dual program becomes the dual program as p→∞ and, under some standard conditions, the optimal solution of the perturbed dual program converges to a dual optimal solution. A closed-form formula that converts an optimal solution of the perturbed dual program into a feasible solution of the primal convex quadratic program is also provided. Such primal feasible solutions converge to an optimal primal solution as p→∞. The proposed approach generalizes the previously proposed primal perturbation approach with an entropic barrier function. Its theory specializes easily for linear programming.
Milestones and future directions in applications of optical scatterometry

Significant applications of scatterometry to a wide variety of diffracting structures made from semiconductor materials are reviewed. Data from investigations that have spanned more than 10 years and studied several types of scatterometers will be presented, and the salient results of these efforts summarized. As a metrology technique scatterometry is shown to be capable of measuring developed photoresist gratings, etched poly-Si gratings, film layer thickness', several types of photomask gratings, DRAM memory cell arrays and can even be used to characterize subtle profile features that may exist on these materials. As a sensor or process monitor, the technique is shown to have the ability to monitor stepper focus and exposure dose, post exposure bake time and photoresist silylation. To validate the success of these investigations, comparisons to measurements made by conventional metrologies like scanning electron microscopes (SEM), atomic force microscopes (AFM) and ellipsometers will be presented for much of the data. In all instances scatterometry measurements are shown to agree well with these other methods. Finally, some discussion on possible future applications, and the direction in which the technique is evolving, will be presented.
Sustainable development agenda: 2030

On 25 to 27 September, United Nations member states will formally adopt the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as key elements of the post-2015 development agenda ( 1 ), successors to the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that focused attention from 2000 to 2015. The final 2030 agenda text for adoption proposes 17 SDGs with 169 targets, to be supplemented in 2016 with numerous indicators. All of the text emphasizing science, technology, and innovation (STI) is most welcome but achieving desired outcomes by 2030 will require deep understanding of how to maximize the contributions of STI. Having had the privilege of addressing this topic to the UN High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) that will oversee the SDG effort, I discuss areas that I believe are essential to success. I focus on three issues: (i) using the Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR) process to bridge SDGs and scientific communities, (ii) choosing targets, indicators, and roadmaps related to STI, and (iii) the imperative of building knowledge-based societies.
Ignition and Oxidation of Ethylene-Oxygen-Diluent Mixtures with and Without Silane

Several dilute mixtures of varying concentrations and equivalence ratios (Φ = 0.5, 1.0) of C 2 H 4 /O 2 /Ar/SiH 4 were studied between 1115-1900 K and 0.9-3.3 atm. Argon dilution ranged from 96-98% with total concentrations between 0.67 and 3.2 x 10 - 5 mol/cm 3 . Reaction progress was monitored using chemiluminescence emission from the hydroxyl radical near 307 nm. For SiH 4 concentrations less than 10% of the ethylene in the mixture by volume, the ignition delay time was reduced by approximately 30% to greater than 50%. The addition of SiH 4 had a small effect on ignition activation energy, indicating the chain branching mechanism for C 2 H 4 ignition is sped up but not altered greatly by the silane at higher temperatures. After adding an appropriate OH* submechanism, several modern kinetics mechanisms containing high-temperature ethylene chemistry were compared to the data without SiH4. Most of the mechanisms captured the ignition activation energy quite well, but only the mechanism of Wang and Laskin (1998) was typically within 10% of the absolute experimental ignition times over the entire range of conditions. The basic formation and quenching characteristics of the OH* profiles were reproduced by most mechanisms, but each requires some improvement to match all features.
Increasing blood availability by changing donation patterns.

BACKGROUND : There is a declining margin between US blood collections and transfusions. Donation patterns were examined to characterize returning first-time donors and predict the impact on blood availability of decreasing the number of nonreturning donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : First-time donors giving between 1991 and 1994 were followed for 3 to 6 years. The impact of decreasing the number of nonreturning donors in a 12-month period was projected using the Poisson distribution to model the donation patterns of 539,063 donors who gave in 1995. Repeat donors were classified as “returning first-time” (gave a first-time donation within 12 months of their index donation), “established” (gave a repeat donation), and “inactive” (didn't donate in the 12 months before their index donation). RESULTS : A total of 49 percent of first-time donors did not return within 6 years. Returning first-time donors tended to be US born, white, and had more than a high school education. In 1995, 30 percent of donors were first time, 31 percent were established, 7 percent were returning first time, and 32 percent were inactive, giving 1.5, 2.4, 1.9, and 1.7 donations in 12 months, respectively. Reducing nonreturning donors by 5 percent could increase blood collections by 2.7 percent. Similarly, 15 or 25 percent reductions in nonreturns could increase collections by 8.6 or 16.0 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Most donors are not giving near the donation limit. A substantial increase in donations could be achieved by a relatively small decrease in donor nonreturn. Research is needed to understand why approximately half of first-time donors donate only once.
DIFICULTADES O DESABILIDADES DE APRENDIZAJE

Special education textbooks (e.g., Friend, 2005; Turnbull, Turnbull, Shank, & Smith, 2004) seem to suggest that the field of learning disabilities (LD) either knows very little about Latino students in the United States or that no cultural or linguistic considerations are necessary in its assessments, prevalence rates, or curricula and instruction (e.g., Bradley, Danielson, & Hallahan, 2002). This article argues the former and proposes that the future of LD could mimic the field of mental retardation if it does not counter the potential problems of social construction in diagnosis and irreparable educational harm in pedagogy for Latino students. Among the many factors associated with Latino students’ educational outcomes, two stand out: culture and bilingualism. The first manifests itself in multiple national origins, traditions, and histories. These interact with American culture, producing unique sociocultural and socioeconomic outcomes. More than anything, however, what impacts Latino populations in the United States is the failure of the American educational system to meet the needs of students who manage two language systems. This article focuses on Latino children who come from homes where Spanish is spoken, who spoke Spanish as their primary language, or who speak English and Spanish. They are all designated as being “bilingual” in that, historically, the term uniquely predicts their academic underachievement in the public schools. One aspect of Latino students’ underachievement was documented as early as the 1920s when they were found to overpopulate classes for the educable mentally retarded (Chandler & Platkos, 1969; Reynolds, 1933). General educators and special educators ignored the problematic history of bilingualism and psychometrics (Brigham, 1930), naively relying on English IQ tests to explain underachievement as mental retardation rather than as limited English proficiency.
Failure characteristics of short anchor bolts embedded in a brittle material

The results of an analytical and experimental investigation into the failure mechanisms caused by short anchor bolts, embedded in a brittle matrix and loaded monotonically in tension, are presented and discussed. Several engineering applications are included which describe the limita­tions of currently available design procedures. A mathematical model, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, is used to predict crack paths, determine the stability of the crack growth, and obtain the tensile capacity of the anchor bolts. The theoretical results are consistent with those obtained from experiments conducted with the use of mortar as a matrix material.
MMPI-2 patterns in African-American females

Researchers have reported conflicting conclusions about the relation of the MMPI (MMPI-2) clinical scale elevations and race. Consequently, this study examined the concurrent validity of the MMPI-2 in evaluating African-American females. Seventy-eight (78) African American college student volunteers were administered the MMPI-2, along with other measures of personality, achievement, and coping style. Scores revealed 76% of the sample had elevated profiles. Subjects were divided into three groups based on frequency of clinical scale code type. Subjects with the 5/9 profile elevations functioned as well as normals on measures of coping skills and mood disorders. Discussion emphasizes the importance of clinical interpretation of MMPI data in research programs and the relationship of the data to coping style.
Development of the Career Exploration Survey (CES)

Abstract The development, properties, and uses of the Career Exploration Survey (CES) are described. The CES is intended to (a) facilitate further theory development and empirical research on how exploration affects career decisions, development, and job outcomes, such as job satisfaction, commitment, and turnover; (b) provide a network of variables for investigating the dynamics of the exploration process; and (c) provide a set of criterion measures for examining the effects of personal characteristics and educational treatments on career exploration behaviors and beliefs. The CES is based on a conceptual framework derived from theories of exploration, stress, motivation, and career preference. It consists of seven measures of the career exploration process, three reactions to exploration, and six beliefs about exploration. Dimensionality, reliability, and validity data are presented for four studies comprising 680 observations across 601 individuals.
Olfaction in Artibeus jamaicensis and Myotis lucifugus in the context of vision and echolocation.

Calculated retinal and olfactory surface areas of the Mexican fruit-batArtibeus jamaicensis and the little brown batMyotis lucifugus, when compared with known eye sizes and echolocation capabilities, suggest that vision and olfaction both may diminish in relative importance as facility for orientation by echolocation increases.