cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and preliminary validation of a questionnaire assessment of expressed emotion.

Summary.-A questionnaire for measurement of expressed emotion was constructed. It consisted of two scales, criticism and emotional overinvolvemenr. The questionnaire and the Camberwell Family Interview were then administered to relatives of schizophrenics, and preliminary assessments of scale reliabilities and concurrent validities were done. Both questiormaire scales were reliable. With respect to validity, the criticism scale correctly classified 88% of the subjects relative to the criticism scale of the interview. The emotional over~nvolvernent scale was less satisfactory (67%) but still assisted in classification of over-all expressed emotion. Expressed emotion, classification by the questionnaire, correctly identified 84% of the subjects with respect to the interview. In 1958 Brown, Carstairs, and Topping found evidence that the rate of relapse among schizophrenic patients during the year following hospital discharge was related to the living situation into which they were discharged. Subsequent research showed the likelihood that a schizophrenic patient will suffer relapse depends in part on the attitudes of the relatives (parents or spouse) with whom he lives. A highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitude on the part of a relative toward a patient predicts a higher likehood of relapse. Such attitudes have been designated high "expressed emotion." The Camberwell Family Interview was developed for assessing expressed emotion (Brown & Rutter, 1966; Rutter & Brown, 1966; Vaughn & Leff, 1976a, 1976b). This is a semistructured interview designed to tap the attitudes in question by asking relatives about the patient's behavior and the quality of the family relationships. The interview can be rated reliably on several dimensions. The dimensions which have been identified as predictive of relapse are criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement. Criticism, which is the clearest predictor of relapse, refers to critical comments about specific behaviors, while hostility refers to a more generalized negative attitude toward the patient. These two ratings have considerable overlap. Both may occur together or there may be a high rating on criticism without a high rating on hostility. Very rarely does a high rating on hostility occur without a
An Experimental Model of Brain Ischemia Combining Hypotension and Hypoxia

A variety of experimental models for cerebral ischemia are currently available, but none are entirely satisfactory. We are reporting a model which combines hypotension, produced by intravenous Arfonad, with hypoxia, produced by respiring 4% oxygen. Rabbits used are awake but paralyzed with succinylcholine and ventilated mechanically. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is monitored with durally implanted electrodes. Onset of an isoelectric EEG ensues 4.5 ± 0.7 minutes in 17 rabbits studied and is used to measure the degree of ischemic insult. After three minutes of an isoelectric EEG, circulatory restoration is followed by complete functional recovery. After five minutes of an isoelectric EEG, rabbits do not recover or show neurological deficits such as limb weakness. The potential effects of systemic ischemia on these animals are minimized because of the rapid onset of ischemic brain damage. Examination of arterial blood gases, pH, platelets, various organs histologically, and the distribution of carbon-particles in the intracerebral circulation reveals that systemic factors are minimal. Moderately delayed onset of cortical EEG activity and the presence of motor impairment or an inability to respire satisfactorily after extubation indicates that the brunt of ischemic insult is upon brain. Our model has the advantages of simplicity and predictability and offers the opportunity to assess functional impairment after graded degrees of cerebral ischemia. We conclude that our model of cerebral ischemia produced by hypotension and hypoxia is a reasonable alternative to existing methods.
AEA Members’ Opinions Concerning Evaluator Certification

Professional certification is sometimes advocated as a means of assuring consumers that they are getting someone who is skilled and knowledgeable within their trade. Certification is also sometimes viewed as advantageous for enhancing professions’ prestige, promoting professionalism, improving academic programs, and helping to define a profession. Without the acceptance by an organization’s members, however, any efforts to implement a certification process are likely instead to be divisive and dysfunctional. This article presents the results of a survey carried out by a recent AEA Task Force on certification.
The Land of Israel (Eretz Yisra’el) in Jewish and Christian Understanding

One of the principal issues confronting Christians in the dialogue is the significance of the land in the Jewish and Christian Scriptures. This article explores the significance of the Land of Israel in the Scriptures as land given, retained and holy – especially to Christians. The history of the significant Christian religious relationship to the land is reviewed and finally a re-imaging of our relationship to the Holy Land in terms of a post-Vatican II expansion of our understanding of Catholic sacramental theology is suggested: that as Christ is the sacrament of encounter with God, so the Holy Land is a sacrament of our encounter with Christ.
Are theoretically calculated periods of vibration for skeletal structures error-free?

Simplified equations for fundamental period of vibration of skeletal structures provided by most seismic design provisions suffer from the absence of any associated confidence levels and of any reference to their empirical basis. Therefore, such equations may typically give a sector of designers the false impression of yielding a fairly accurate value of the period of vibration. This paper, although not addressing simplified codes equations, introduces a set of mathematical equations utilizing the theory of error propagation and First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) techniques to determine bounds on the relative error in theoretically calculated fundamental period of vibration of skeletal structures. In a complementary step, and for verification purposes, Monte Carlo simulation technique has been also applied. The latter, despite involving larger computational effort, is expected to provide more precise estimates than FOSM methods. Studies of parametric uncertainties applied to reinforced concrete frame bents - potentially idealized as SDOF systems - are conducted demonstrating the effect of randomness and uncertainty of various relevant properties, shaping both mass and stiffness, on the variance (i.e. relative error) in the estimated period of vibration. Correlation between mass and stiffness parameters - regarded as random variables - is also thoroughly discussed. According to achieved results, a relative error in the period of vibration in the order of 19% for new designs/constructions and of about 25% for existing structures for assessment purposes - and even climbing up to about 36% in some special applications and/or circumstances - is acknowledged when adopting estimates gathered from the literature for relative errors in the relevant random input variables.
Multicultural Issues in the Delivery of Group Interventions

Innovative preventive interventions are increasingly delivered in small group settings to children in school who are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes. In addition to reducing children's risk, these interventions present the possibility of enhancing students' awareness and understanding of cross-ethnic peers. To be effective with children from diverse ethnic backgrounds, these programs must examine their underlying assumptions regarding the definitions of social competence and methods of behavior change, tailor the program for each ethnic group served, and examine the impact of the interventions across different domains of the children's life.
Intact humoral and cell-mediated immunity in chronic marijuana smoking

The immune system of 12 healthy chronic marijuana-smoking adults was evaluated while they smoked marijuana daily for 64 consecutive days under controlled hospitalized conditions. Studies included enumeration of B and T cell subpopulations, lymphocyte proliferative responses to PHA and to allogeneic cells, and serum immunoglobulin levels. Percent B cells, initially low in 2 patients, became normal. Baseline total B cells, determined either by surface immunoglobulins (338 cells/mm3 +/- 60 SEM) or complement receptors (162 cells/mms +/- 27) were significantly (p less than 0.05) less than control but increased to normal (485 +/- 97 and 239 +/- 47) over time. Percent T cells, initially low (less than 40%) in 4 patients, became normal. Baseline T cells (951 cells/mm3 +/- 70 SEM), significantly lower than controls (2,010 +/- 210, p less than 0.05), increased to normal by day 63 (1,875 +/- 281). In vitro lymphocyte response to graded doses of PHA and to allogeneic cells was normal initially and did not change over time. Serum IgG (1,064 +/- 33), IgA (166 +/- 13), and IgM (96 +/- 6) were normal. Serum IgE levels increased in 4 subjects without evidence of allergy. Short-term chronic marijuana use does not have a substantial adverse effect on B or T cells of young healthy adults.
Overview of analytical methods for inorganic constituents in coal

Abstract Environmental legislation has had significant impact on coal utilization, especially coal combustion for power generation, in limiting emissions of potentially hazardous materials to the environment. For the most part, such emissions derive from the inorganic constituents in coal. However, as such legislation becomes ever more encompassing, it has increased the need to understand better the behavior of the inorganic species in coal processing to ensure, in part, that such legislation is not unduly burdensome. Consequently, it has led to significant development of new models for the behavior of inorganics in coal combustion and a complementary enhancement of many analytical methods for determining inorganics in coal. In this paper, analytical methods for inorganics in coal are reviewed on three fronts: (i) methods for determining elemental concentrations; (ii) methods for determining the mineralogy of coals; and (iii) methods for determining modes of occurrence (speciation) of trace elements in coal. The concept of association with respect to mineral–maceral and mineral–mineral occurrences is also discussed. Where possible, comparison of different analysis methods has been made by reference to data on well-characterized suites of coals, such as the Argonne premium coal samples. Incremental enhancements will continue to be made in analytical methods for elemental concentrations; however, major improvements are needed in the other two areas. There is a great need to verify and corroborate by direct speciation methods, the many inferences made by indirect methods regarding trace element speciation. Also, improvements in the measurement of mineral association and its integration into the coal mineral analysis by means of the computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) would be a significant advance. Accurate determinations of both association and coal mineralogy would lead to significant and much-needed refinements of models for the behavior of inorganics in both coal cleaning processes and coal combustion.
Distribution and habitat use of Mexican spotted owls in Arizona.

Distribution and habitat use of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in Arizona were studied from 1984-1988. Owls were widely but patchily distributed throughout the state except for the arid southwestern portion. Distribution of the owl corresponded with distribution of forested mountains and canyonlands within the state. Owls occurred either in rocky canyons or in any of several forest types, and were most common where unlogged closed canopy (> 80%) forests occurred in steep canyons. Several forest types provided these habitat characteristics in southern Arizona, and owls occurred in all of them. Only unlogged mixed-conifer forest provided these characteristics in northern Arizona, and most owls (67%) were found in this forest type in northern Arizona. Many owls in northern Arizona (54%) were located in areas where timber harvest was either occurring now or was planned in the next 5 years. Owls could not be located at 27% of the historic sites resurveyed, indicating that population levels may have declined in Arizona.
A molecular orbital study of amiloride

Molecular orbital calculations with geometry optimization in the 3-21G(*) basis set were carried out for the acylimino (A, 1a) and the isoimino (E, 1b) tautomers of the free base form of amiloride, and for the protonated form (F, 1c) of amiloride. The results showed the E1 tautomer to be 16.8 kcal/mol higher in energy than the A conformer of lowest energy, A1. The protonation energy of the A1 species was found to be 269.4 kcal/mol. Similar results were obtained using the AM1 method. These results are in agreement with the NMR results of Smith et al. which show the A and F species to be predominant in solution. The 3-21G(*) rotational barrier for the acylimino tautomer was found to be 19.0 kcal/mol, with the A4 conformer 2.50 kcal/mol higher in energy than the A1.
Preceding the procedure: medical devices and shared decision making.

Carl Thomas is a man in his early fifties with osteoarthritis of the hip. He and his orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Jones, discuss various treatment options and ultimately decide on total hip replacement (THR). Dr. Jones reviews the procedure with him and confirms that he understands his options. Then Mr. Thomas signs the surgical consent form. This discussion appears to include all the elements of informed consent, but several ethical questions linger beneath the surface. Dr. Jones discussed the risks and benefits of total hip replacement in some detail to help Mr. Thomas decide whether or not to have surgery, but should Mr. Thomas also have participated in the decision about the specific implant to be used? This article teases out the ethical issues underlying the choice of a medical device for surgical procedures, using the example of total joint arthroplasty to illustrate the interactions between surgeons and their patients. We highlight shortcomings in the current regulatory process that result in a thin evidence base on which to anchor these technical decisions, and we note the potential for decisions to be influenced by the surgeon’s personal beliefs and possible conflicts of interest. We suggest that the informed consent process could be enriched with a greater focus on shared decision-making. This would include discussing the choice of implant and other technical decisions that may affect the outcome of the procedure, in addition to disclosing any relevant financial relationships. We note the challenge of providing patients with easily digestible information that helps them make decisions consistent with their own values. The Table highlights the most salient aspects of the conversations that we suggest occur between surgeons and their patients. We focus our discussion around the example of total joint replacement, but these issues are generalizable to decisions about non-orthopedic devices such as cardiac pacemakers, stents, and implantable defibrillators, as well as innovative, technically complex, and potentially risky non-surgical therapies like biologic agents for rheumatic conditions.
Investigation on Intertube Falling-Film Heat Transfer and Mode Transitions of Aqueous-Alumina Nanofluids

Horizontal-tube falling-film heat transfer characteristics of aqueous aluminum oxide nanofluids at concentrations of 0 vol %, 0.05 vol %(0.20 wt %), 0.5 vol %(1.96 wt %), 1 vol %(3.86 wt %) (with and without sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), and 2 vol %(7.51 wt %) are investigated and compared with predictions developed for conventional fluids. The thermophysical properties of the nanofluids, including thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, and surface tension, are reported, as is the mode transition behavior of the nanofluids. The experimental results for heat transfer are in good agreement with predictions for falling-film flow and no unusual Nu enhancement was observed in the present studies. Additionally, a 20% mode transitional Reynolds number increase was recorded for transitions between sheets and jets and jet-droplet mode to droplet mode. Although the findings with water-alumina nanofluids are not encouraging with respect to heat transfer, the results extend nanofluid data to a new type of flow and may help improve our understanding of nanofluid behavior. Moreover, this work provides a basis for further work on falling-film nanofluids.
A Field-Deployable Multi-Spectral Imaging System for Indirect CO2 Leak Detection through Vegetation Imaging

To reduce human influence on the global environment, carbon capture and sequestration <CCS) is proposed as a means of collecting CO2 generated through industrial and consumer processes and sequestering it to prevent atmospheric emission.
Emission spectrum of a dipole in a semi-infinite periodic dielectric structure: Effect of the boundary

The emission spectrum of a dipole embedded in a semi-infinite photonic crystal is calculated. For simplicity we study the case in which the dielectric function is sinusoidally modulated only along the direction perpendicular to the boundary surface plane. In addition to oscillations of the emission rate with the distance of the dipole from the interface, we also observed that the shape of the emission spectrum srongly depends on the initial phase of the dielectric modulation. When the direction of light propagation inside the periodic structure is not normal to the boundary surface plane, we observed aditional singularities in the emission spectrum, which arise due to different angle dependence of the Bragg stop band for TE and TM polarizations.
Biodegradable Magnetic Nanocomposite Spheres Fabrication by O∕O Emulsion∕Solvent Evaporation Technique for Drug Delivery Purposes

Drug targeting systems are important research areas for many diseases treatments (e.g., cancer, nerve damage, heart and artery, diabetic, eye and other medical treatments). Currently, magnetic field, electric field, ultrasound, temperature, UV light and∕or mechanical force systems are considered more for research and development. Magnetic targeted drug delivery system is usually preferred because targeted systems improve the therapeutic index of drug molecules by minimizing the toxic side effects on healthy cells and tissues. In this study, magnetic nanoparticles (∼10nm) were prepared by a chemical coprecipitation of ferric and ferrous chloride salts in the presence of a strong base (ammonium hydroxide) and used for a drug delivery purposes. An oil-in-oil emulsion∕solvent evaporation technique was chosen for the synthesis of nanocomposite spheres. Percentages of magnetic nanoparticles (%5, %10, %20 and%30) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) were combined together to produce nanocomposite particles with diameters of 500nmto1.2micronmeter. The effect of particle concentrations on nanocomposite particle size and distribution and morphology were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser light scattering (LLS). Additionally, external magnetic fields with various magnet distance, magnetic field, pump speed and solid contents were applied to the nanocomposite particles in a liquid media to find out the effect of variables for the targeting of drug carrying nanocomposite spheres.
Inference of manganese nodule coverage from Sea Beam acoustic backscattering data

Normal incidence reflectivity from a manganese nodule field was measured with a 12 kHz Sea Beam multibeam echo‐sounding system, aboard the R/V Thomas Washington and used to infer nodule coverage. A reflectivity map of the area was produced using the intensity of the specular return from each ping. The patchiness of the nodule coverage is evidenced by definite highs and lows in the reflectivity pattern. Ground truth was provided by near‐bottom acoustic measurements and photographs taken with the Deep Tow instrument package of the Marine Physical Laboratory. Agreement between the simple nodule coverage predictions from Sea Beam acoustic data and the bottom photographs taken throughout the area is 98 percent. Although the Sea Beam system is limited in its dynamic range, this paper shows that it can be used very effectively to determine both topography and nodule coverage in potential mining areas.
A class of convolution algebras on compact fuzzy semigroups

Abstract The structure theory for a class of convolution measure algebras on compact fuzzy semigroups is obtained.
Peace and Post-2015 – Into The Home Stretch

In September 2015, the Special Summit on Sustainable Development will take place at the United Nations, at which it is expected that world leaders will embrace a new and transformative vision for people and the planet by 2030, codified in a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs – the much-expanded successors to the Millennium Development Goals [MDGs] which have prioritized development action for the last decade and a half).1
On error management: lessons from aviation

Pilots and doctors operate in complex environments where teams interact with technology. In both domains, risk varies from low to high with threats coming from a variety of sources in the environment. Safety is paramount for both professions, but cost issues can influence the commitment of resources for safety efforts. Aircraft accidents are infrequent, highly visible, and often involve massive loss of life, resulting in exhaustive investigation into causal factors, public reports, and remedial action. Research by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration into aviation accidents has found that 70% involve human error.1 In contrast, medical adverse events happen to individual patients and seldom receive national publicity. More importantly, there is no standardised method of investigation, documentation, and dissemination. The US Institute of Medicine estimates that each year between 44 000 and 98 000 people die as a result of medical errors. When error is suspected, litigation and new regulations are threats in both medicine and aviation. #### Summary points In aviation, accidents are usually highly visible, and as a result aviation has developed standardised methods of investigating, documenting, and disseminating errors and their lessons Although operating theatres are not cockpits, medicine could learn from aviation Observation of flights in operation has identified failures of compliance, communication, procedures, proficiency, and decision making in contributing to errors Surveys in operating theatres have confirmed that pilots and doctors have common interpersonal problem areas and similarities in professional culture Accepting the inevitability of error and the importance of reliable data on error and its management will allow systematic efforts to reduce the frequency and severity of adverse events Error results from physiological and psychological limitations of humans.2 Causes of error include fatigue, workload, and fear as well as cognitive overload, poor interpersonal communications, imperfect information processing, and flawed decision making.3 In both aviation …
Identification and Characterization of a Monofunctional Glycosyltransferase from Staphylococcus aureus

A gene (mgt) encoding a monofunctional glycosyltransferase (MGT) from Staphylococcus aureus has been identified. This first reported gram-positive MGT shared significant homology with several MGTs from gram-negative bacteria and the N-terminal glycosyltransferase domain of class A high-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins from different species. S. aureus MGT contained an N-terminal hydrophobic domain perhaps involved with membrane association. It was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as a truncated protein lacking the hydrophobic domain and purified to homogeneity. Analysis by circular dichroism revealed that secondary structural elements of purified truncated S. aureus MGT were consistent with predicted structural elements, indicating that the protein might exhibit the expected folding. In addition, purified S. aureus MGT catalyzed incorporation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into peptidoglycan, proving that it was enzymatically active. MGT activity was inhibited by moenomycin A, and the reaction product was sensitive to lysozyme treatment. Moreover, a protein matching the calculated molecular weight of S. aureus MGT was identified from an S. aureus cell lysate using antibodies developed against purified MGT. Taken together, our results suggest that this enzyme is natively present in S. aureus cells and that it may play a role in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
Influence of Genetic Obesity on Tissue Concentrations of Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Iron in Mice

The concentrations (micrograms/gram dry wt) of four essential trace metals in various tissues from C57BL/6J lean (+/?) and obese (ob/ob) mice were determined. Lower concentrations of zinc were found in liver, femur, small intestine and muscle from obese mice than in those from lean mice at 22 wk of age. The concentrations of copper in liver, femur, small intestine, muscle and testes, iron in liver, femur, muscle and plasma, and manganese in liver, femur and small intestine from adult obese mice were also significantly below the concentrations present in tissues from age-matched lean mice. Hepatic concentrations of zinc, copper and manganese in obese mice were also lower than those in lean mice when the different amounts of neutral lipid in obese and lean liver were considered. In contrast with the trend towards lower concentrations of trace metals in tissues from adult obese mice, plasma zinc and copper levels and ceruloplasmin activity were higher in adult obese mice than in lean controls. The effect of genetic obesity on tissue trace metals concentrations was similar in male and female mice. Several tissues from young (5-6 wk of age) obese mice also had lower concentrations of the trace metals than age-matched lean mice, although the differences were not as great as in adults. These data demonstrate that chronic obesity in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse is associated with lower concentrations, but not necessarily lower total quantities, of several inorganic micronutrients in tissues. The possibility tht chronic obesity alters the nutritional requirements for these trace metals is discussed.
Identification of ERdj3 and OBF-1/BOB-1/OCA-B as Direct Targets of XBP-1 during Plasma Cell Differentiation

Plasma cell differentiation is accompanied by a modified unfolded protein response (UPR), which involves activation of the Ire1 and activating transcription factor 6 branches, but not the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase branch. Ire1-mediated splicing of XBP-1 (XBP-1(S)) is required for terminal differentiation, although the direct targets of XBP-1(S) in this process have not been identified. We demonstrate that XBP-1(S) binds to the promoter of ERdj3 in plasmacytoma cells and in LPS-stimulated primary splenic B cells, which corresponds to increased expression of ERdj3 transcripts in both cases. When small hairpin RNA was used to decrease XBP-1 expression in plasmacytoma lines, ERdj3 transcripts were concomitantly reduced. The accumulation of Ig gamma H chain protein was also diminished, but unexpectedly this occurred at the transcriptional level as opposed to effects on H chain stability. The decrease in H chain transcripts correlated with a reduction in mRNA encoding the H chain transcription factor, OBF-1/BOB-1/OCA-B. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that XBP-1(S) binds to the OBF-1/BOB-1/OCA-B promoter in the plasmacytoma line and in primary B cells not only during plasma cell differentiation, but also in response to classical UPR activation. Gel shift assays suggest that XBP-1(S) binding occurs through a UPR element conserved in both murine and human OBF-1/BOB-1/OCA-B promoters as opposed to endoplasmic reticulum stress response elements. Our studies are the first to identify direct downstream targets of XBP-1(S) during either plasma cell differentiation or the UPR. In addition, our data further define the XBP-1(S)-binding sequence and provide yet another role for this protein as a master regulator of plasma cell differentiation.
Developing an online learning environment for international technical communication

As technical communication scholars (Maylath, 1997; Weiss, 1999) have recently pointed out, the increasing need for international technical communication in the Information Age requires new resources for technical communicators. Growing demands for improved quality and faster simultaneous release of information products in the global market also call for new forms of collaboration in order to overcome the current gulf among the professional groups involved in international technical communication projects, such as technical communicators, translators, and localization engineers. Currently, these professional groups work on the same projects for the same international users, but often know very little about each other's work. To alleviate this situation, this paper describes the potential and the ongoing design of an online learning environment that serves both as a resource and as a network for connecting communities of practitioners in international technical communication.
Phase Aligned Clock Multiplier

Phase aligned clock multiplier is designed for high performance applications where high-speed clocks are needed including PCs, workstations, and telecom applications. In this paper, a clock multiplier is designed based on the ideology of phase locked loops. It has the following features: operating supply voltage is 1.8 V ; input frequency range is 10-83.33 MHz; output frequency range is 5-166.67 MHz ; input-to-output skew is 200 ps ; 3-multiplier configuration ; output selectable pin phase alignment; single phase locked loop architecture; internal loop filter.
Alcohol and other drug disorders, comorbidity, and violence: comparison of rural African American and Caucasian women

Tremendous health disparities exist across various segments of the United States population with rural women particularly at risk. African Americans have higher rates of death, disease, and disability than Caucasians. Although prevalence rates for alcohol and other drug use vary across studies, African American women generally report less use than Caucasians. However, African Americans disproportionately experience negative health and social consequence of AOD use. The findings of this study provide rare information about substance abuse in rural African American women. Specifically, this manuscript reports differences between rural African American and Caucasian women (n=267) on AOD use, comorbid Axis I disorders, and violence.
Is&#8220;Network&#8221; the Next &#8220;Big Idea&#8221; in Design?

As the complexity of nowadays systems continues to grow, we are moving away from creating individual components from scratch, toward methodologies that emphasize composition of re-usable components via the network paradigm. Complex component interactions can create a range of amazing behaviors, some useful, some unwanted, some even dangerous. To manage them, a “science” for network design is evolving, applicable in some surprising areas. In this paper, we consider a few application domains and discus the design challenges involved from a methodology standpoint. From large-scale hardware/software systems, to dynamically adaptive sensor networks, and network-on-chip architectures, these ideas find wide application.
The relation of cembral vasospasrn to the extent and location of subarachnoid blood visualized by CT scan A prospective study

In 41 cases of verified ruptured saccular aneurysm, we prospectively predicted the presence or absence of delayed symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. CT criteria quantifying the extent and location of subarachnoid blood (developed in our previous retrospective study) were used in this prospective series of patients. Twenty-two patients had recognizable subarachnoid clots larger than 3 X 5 mm or layers of blood more than 1 mm thick (measured on reproduced images). In 20 of the 22 patients with severe significant clot or thick layer, severe vasospasm was correctly predicted and localized (2 false positives). In 19 patients with no blood, or diffuse blood, or blood outside the subarachnoid space, the absence of severe vasospasm was correctly predicted in 14 (5 false negatives). All of the false-positive and false-negative cases could be explained by inadequate CT technique. The data indicate that the extent and location of blood in the subarachnoid space determine the severity and location of vasospasm and that patients in jeopardy of developing symptomatic cerebral vasospasm can now be identified. Early preventive measures may now be assessed more accurately.
Unrecognized pathologic fractures of the cervical spine: two case reports and review of the literature

Two cases of undiagnosed pathologic fractures of the cervical spine are presented. A discussion of the pathogenesis, typical presentation, and the optimal emergency department evaluation of a possible pathologic fracture of the cervical spine follows the reports.
Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi: case report and review of the literature.

Background Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi is an uncommon form of pigmented purpuric dermatosis which may present a therapeutic challenge. Given the rare nature of this condition, there is limited anecdotal information available regarding optimal therapy. Although pigmented purpuric dermatoses are generally innocuous, in some cases they may cause patients significant distress, and there is a need to exclude cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Methods We reviewed the literature on the treatment of pigmented purpuric dermatoses and managed a 69-year-old woman who presented with purpuric annular patches on the legs. Results Three separate biopsies demonstrated an interstitial to perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with erythrocyte extravasation, consistent with pigmented purpuric dermatosis. The patient's condition proved refractory to many of the previously reported modes of management, but markedly improved with methotrexate. Treatment alternatives for pigmented purpuric dermatosis are reviewed, and a treatment algorithm is proposed. Conclusion This is the first reported case regarding the successful use of methotrexate for pigmented purpuric dermatosis. Methotrexate may offer a therapeutic alternative to patients with highly symptomatic pigmented purpuric dermatosis refractory to other, more conservative, treatment modalities.
Attitudes of Principals and Special Education Teachers Toward the Inclusion of Students with Mild Disabilities: Critical Differences of Opinion

Attitudes of 49 principals and 64 special education teachers regarding the inclusion of students with mild disabilities were investigated. Results of a discriminant analysis indicated that principals and special educators were separated into groups with 76% accuracy according to their responses to items drawn from the Regular Education Initiative Teacher Survey (Semmel, Abernathy, Butera, & Lesar, 1991). items measuring attitudes toward the efficacy of included placements with consultative services, the academic outcomes associated with included placements, and the protection of resources devoted to students with mild disabilities correlated most highly with the discriminant function. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for the implementation of inclusion reforms and the educational opportunities of students with mild disabilities.
A peptide from autoantigen La blocks poliovirus and hepatitis C virus cap-independent translation and reveals a single tyrosine critical for La RNA binding and translation stimulation

La, a 52-kDa autoantigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, was one of the first cellular proteins identified to interact with viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements and stimulate poliovirus (PV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES-mediated translation. Previous results from our laboratory have shown that a small, yeast RNA (IRNA) could selectively inhibit PV and HCV IRES-mediated translation by sequestering the La protein. Here we have identified an 18-amino-acid-long sequence from the N-terminal "La motif" which is required for efficient interaction of La with IRNA and viral 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) elements. A synthetic peptide (called LAP, for La peptide) corresponding to this sequence (amino acids 11 to 28) of La was found to efficiently inhibit viral IRES-mediated translation in vitro. The LAP efficiently enters Huh-7 cells and preferentially inhibits HCV IRES-mediated translation programmed by a bicistronic RNA in vivo. The LAP does not bind RNA directly but appears to block La binding to IRNA and PV 5'-UTR. Competition UV cross-link and translation rescue experiments suggested that LAP inhibits IRES-mediated translation by interacting with proteins rather than RNA. Mutagenesis of LAP demonstrates that single amino acid changes in a highly conserved sequence within LAP are sufficient to eliminate the translation-inhibitory activity of LAP. When one of these mutations (Y23Q) is introduced into full-length La, the mutant protein is severely defective in interacting with the PV IRES element and consequently unable to stimulate IRES-mediated translation. However, the La protein with a mutation of the next tyrosine moiety (Y24Q) could still interact with PV 5'-UTR and stimulate viral IRES-mediated translation significantly. These results underscore the importance of the La N-terminal amino acids in RNA binding and viral RNA translation. The possible role of the LAP sequence in La-RNA binding and stimulation of viral IRES-mediated translation is discussed.
Investigation of wind power potential at Oran, northwest of Algeria

Abstract In this work, ten years of wind data from Oran meteorological station have been used to evaluate the potential of wind power on the Oranie region, in the North-western part of Algeria, open on the Mediterranean Sea. The WAsP program was used to analyze the wind Atlas of the region to find the windiest areas. Three regions were chosen for their great wind potential. The study proposes to assess wind power cost per kW h of electricity produced using six types of WECs. The investigation at 10 m above ground at the location of the meteorological station shows that Oran has an average wind potential, with an annual mean wind speed equal to 4.2 m/s and an annual mean power density of 129 W/m 2 . The temporal study shows that spring period is the windiest with 4.9 m/s. In terms of energy production, the results show that the second site is the best location for harnessing the wind power to generate electricity. The minimum cost per kW h of electricity generated in that location is about 0.0181$/kW h with a capacity factor equal to 51.36% for an annual energy production equal to 11.14 GW h, given by the Power Wind 90 wind turbine of 2.5 MW power rated capacity.
Category V: Suspicious (for Malignancy)

The diagnostic category “Suspicious for Malignancy” is utilized for endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration specimens obtained from solid lesions and brushing specimens of strictures containing cytologic features falling just short of those necessary for a definitive diagnosis of a high-grade malignancy (pancreatic ductal carcinoma, acinar carcinoma or metastasis). “Suspicious for Malignancy” is the appropriate category for brushing specimens with features of high-grade dysplasia (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia III). Specimens categorized as “Suspicious for Malignancy” have a high risk for malignancy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ancillary testing or next-generation sequencing may be appropriate to further define specimens placed in this category.
Pittsburgh as a High Risk Population: The Potential Savings of a Personalized Dental Care Plan

Objectives. Little evidence exists for the current standard of two annual preventative care visits. The purpose of this study was investigate this claim by modeling the potential savings of implementing a personalized care plan for high risk individuals in the Pittsburgh region. Methods. Using radiographs from 39 patients in the University of Pittsburgh Dental Registry and DNA Repository database, two models were created to analyse the direct savings of implementing a more aggressive preventative treatment plan and to view the longitudinal cost of increased annual yearly visits. Results. There is a significant decrease () between original and modeled treatment cost when treatment severity is reduced. In addition, there is a significant decrease in adult lifetime treatment cost () for up to four annual visits. Conclusions. Patients in high risk populations may see significant cost benefits in treatment cost when a personalized care plan, or higher annual preventative care visits, is implemented.
Learning Semantic Maps Through Dialog for A Voice-Commandable Wheelchair

In this paper, we propose an algorithm that enables a voice-commandable wheelchair to learn a semantic model of a user’s environment by engaging them in dialog. The algorithm reduces the entropy in maps formulated based upon userprovided natural language descriptions (e.g., “The kitchen is down the hallway”). The robot’s available information-gathering actions take the form of targeted questions intended to reduce the entropy over the grounding of the user’s descriptions. These questions include those that query the robot’s local surround (e.g., “Are we in the kitchen?”) as well as areas distant from the robot (e.g., “Is the lab near the kitchen?”). Our algorithm treats dialog as an optimization problem that seeks to balance informationtheoretic value of candidate questions with a measure of cost associated with dialog. In this manner, the method determines the best questions to ask based upon expected entropy reduction while accounting for the burden on the user. We evaluate the entropy reduction based upon a joint distribution over a hybrid metric, topological, and semantic representation of the environment learned from user-provided descriptions and the robot’s sensor data. We demonstrate that, by asking deliberate questions of the user, the method results in significant improvements in the accuracy of the resulting map.
On the Hunt: Searching for Poorly Defined Camouflaged Targets

As camouflaged targets share visual characteristics with the environment within which they are embedded, searchers rarely have access to a perfect visual template of such targets. Instead, they must rely on less specific representations to guide search. Although search for camouflaged and non-specified targets have both received attention in the literature, to date they have not been explored in a combined context. Here we introduce a new paradigm for characterizing behavior during search for camouflaged targets in natural scenes, while also exploring how the fidelity of the target template affects search processes. Search scenes were created from forest images, with targets a distortion (varied size) of that image at a random location. In Experiment 1 a preview of the target was provided; in Experiment 2 there was no preview. No differences were found between experiments on nearly all measures. Generally, reaction times and accuracy improved with familiarity on the task (more so for small targets). Analysis of eye movements indicated that performance benefits were related to improvements in both Search and Target Verification time. Combined, our data suggest that search for camouflaged targets can be improved over a short time-scale, even when targets are poorly defined.
Morphologic effects of DDT on nerve endings, neurosomes, and fiber types in voluntary muscles.

SummaryThe limited experimental evidence presented in this paper tends to support the statement that DDT increases the discharge of auriphilic neurogenic substances from some motor end plates into the myoplasm of some of the voluntary muscle fibers. These neurogenic substances form massive aggregates of neurosomes in parts of some voluntary muscle fibers. This results in a partial or complete dissociation of the neurogenic from the myogenic substances in the muscle fiber. Auriphilic granules are likewise found at the 2 poles of the elongated nuclei in the dark muscle fibers. The supporting evidence that some of the auriphilic granules and masses found after DDT toxicity are neurogenic in origin follows : (1) anatomical continuity of the auriphilic bodies in muscle with the auriphilic hypolemmal axons of the motor end plates; (2) similarity of staining reaction of the masses in muscle and axons of nerve endings with gold impregnation; (3) massive aggregation of auriphilic bodies in some muscle fibers conte...
Characterization of hydrophobic nanoporous particle liquids for energy absorption

Recently, the development of hydrophobic nanoporous technologies has drawn increased attention, especially for the applications of energy absorption and impact protection. Although significant amount of research has been conducted to synthesis and characterize materials to protect structures from impact damage, the tradition methods focused on converting kinetic energy to other forms, such as heat and cell buckling. Due to their high energy absorption efficiency, hydrophobic nanoporous particle liquids (NPLs) are one of the most attractive impact mitigation materials. During impact, such particles directly trap liquid molecules inside the non-wetting surface of nanopores in the particles. The captured impact energy is simply stored temporarily and isolated from the original energy transmission path. In this paper we will investigate the energy absorption efficiency of combinations of silica nanoporous particles and with multiple liquids. Inorganic particles, such as nanoporous silica, are characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Small molecule promoters, such as methanol and ethanol, are introduced to the prepared NPLs. Their effects on the energy absorption efficiency are studied in this paper. NPLs are prepared by dispersing the studied materials in deionized water. Energy absorption efficiency of these liquids are experimentally characterized using an Instron mechanical testing frame and in-house develop stainless steel hydraulic cylinder system.
Stress determination through diffraction: establishing the link between Kröner and Voigt/Reuss limits

The quantification of stress in polycrystalline materials by diffraction-based methods relies on the proper choice of grain interaction model that links the observed strain to the elastic stress state in the aggregate. X-ray elastic constants (XEC) relate the strain as measured using X-rays to the state of stress in a quasi-isotropic ensemble of grains. However, the corresponding interaction models (e.g., Voigt and Reuss limits) often possess unlikely assumptions as to mechanical response of the individual grains. The Kroner limit, which employs a self-consistent scheme based on the Eshelby inclusion method, is based on a more physical representation of isotropic grain interaction. For polycrystalline aggregates composed of crystals with cubic symmetry, Kroner limit XEC are equal to those calculated from a linear combination of Reuss and Voigt XEC, where the weighting fraction, x Kr, is solely a function of the single-crystal elastic constants and scales with the material's elastic anisotropy. This weighting fraction can also be experimentally determined using a linear, least-squares regression of diffraction data from multiple reflections. Data on metallic thin films reveals that this optimal experimental weighting fraction, x*, can vary significantly from x Kr, as well as that of the Neerfeld limit (x = 0.5).