cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ankle and knee kinetics between strike patterns at common training speeds in competitive male runners

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of foot strike and common speeds on sagittal plane ankle and knee joint kinetics in competitive rear foot strike (RFS) runners when running with a RFS pattern and an imposed forefoot strike (FFS) pattern. Sixteen competitive habitual male RFS runners ran at two different speeds (i.e. 8 and 6 min mile(-1)) using their habitual RFS and an imposed FFS pattern. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess a potential interaction between strike pattern and speed for selected ground reaction force (GRF) variables and, sagittal plane ankle and knee kinematic and kinetic variables. No foot strike and speed interaction was observed for any of the kinetic variables. Habitual RFS yielded a greater loading rate of the vertical GRF, peak ankle dorsiflexor moment, peak knee extensor moment, peak knee eccentric extensor power, peak dorsiflexion and sagittal plane knee range of motion compared to imposed FFS. Imposed FFS yielded greater maximum vertical GRF, peak ankle plantarflexor moment, peak ankle eccentric plantarflexor power and sagittal plane ankle ROM compared to habitual RFS. Consistent with previous literature, imposed FFS in habitual RFS reduces eccentric knee extensor and ankle dorsiflexor involvement but produce greater eccentric ankle plantarflexor action compared to RFS. These acute differences between strike patterns were independent of running speeds equivalent to typical easy and hard training runs in competitive male runners. Current findings along with previous literature suggest differences in lower extremity kinetics between habitual RFS and imposed FFS running are consistent among a variety of runner populations.
Scalable cellular computational network based WLS state estimator for power systems

Modern interconnected electric power systems are made up of a large number of buses to meet the demand of electricity across large geographical distances. The large number of buses and interconnections across multiple areas result in a complex network and cause an increase in computational requirements on the processor. In order to meet the requirements of this increased complexity for state estimation, distributed estimation is getting attention nowadays. A new approach based on Cellular Computational Network (CCN) for static state estimation is proposed to overcome the computational demand of large power networks in general. The CCN architecture requires a cell at every bus where the states need to be estimated. A cell uses locally available information to estimate voltage magnitude and angle of its bus. The cells exploit output information of other cells in some electrical proximity prior to computing the outputs for next time step. Beside the promise of scalability of the CCN architecture, a fully observable system for state estimation and other applications can be realized. As the traditional estimators take all the measurements at a time and executes the estimation, missing some of the measurements may cause it to loose observability. In this paper, CCN based architecture is implemented with the popular Weighted Least Square (WLS) estimator on nonlinear power flow equations to estimate off-line data. Through simulation, the scalability and observability of the CCN based framework is investigated.
Fast mapping of words in event contexts by children with Down syndrome.

Fast mapping of novel words for objects was compared in 48 children and adolescents with Down syndrome (ages 5:6-20:6), who were delayed in expressive language acquisition compared to mental age, a...
A New Framework for Comparative Study of Philosophy

The aim of this essay is to outline a conceptual framework for a type of philosophy (or approach to philosophy) to be herein called “non-sentential philosophy.” Although I will primarily concern myself with the conceptual coherence of the framework in this essay, illustrations will be provided to show that the notion has rich implications for comparative studies. In particular, I believe this theoretical framework will be of interest to those looking for a way to capture the differences between certain non-Western philosophical traditions—such as Chinese philosophy—and Western philosophy, a tradition in which the sentential approach is dominant.
Toward Homogeneous Erythropoietin: Fine Tuning of the C-Terminal Acyl Donor in the Chemical Synthesis of the Cys29−Gly77 Glycopeptide Domain

Described herein is the chemical synthesis of the Cys29−Gly77 glycopeptide domain (22) of erythropoietin. Our initial ligation strategy targeted a C → N termini condensation between glycopeptide 3 and peptide 4. However, the reaction was hindered by the “unattainable” reactivity, mismatched polarity, and severe aggregation of the (glyco)peptide substrates. In contrast, by tuning the C-terminal acyl donor and using smaller peptide fragments, the Cys29−Gly77 glycopeptide domain of erythropoietin was prepared through unconventional N → C termini condensation reactions. The use of a p-cyanonitrophenyl ester and the development of a masked thiophenyl ester as acyl donors enabled us to promptly access glycopeptides bearing complex carbohydrates and offer potential synthetic applications beyond our current work.
On the Internal Consistency of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model

We study the information structure implied by models in which the asset price is always risky and there are no arbitrage opportunities. Using the martingale representation of Harrison and Kreps [1], a claim takes its value from the stream of discounted expected payments. Equivalently, a pricing-kernel is sufficient to value the payment stream. If a price process is always risky, then either the payment or the discount factor must also be continually risky. This observation substantially complicates the valuation of contingent claims. Many classical option pricing formulas abstract from both risky dividends and risky discount rates. In order to value contingent claims, one of the assumptions must be abandoned.
Preparation of 2′-thio-2′-deoxycytidine 2′ : 3′-phosphorothioate

The synthesis of a novel ribonucleotide analog 2'-thio-2' deoxycytidine 2':3'-O,S-phosphorothioate is described. In the first step, 2,2'-anhydro 1-beta-D-arabinosylcytosine was thiophosphorylated by the action of dithiophosphate, a process which gave predominantly the 3'-O-phosphorothioate isomer. An intramolecular displacement reaction led to the formation of the title compound. Structure and reactivity of this thioanalog differ substantially from 2':3'-CMP.
Vinorelbine Tartrate and Paclitaxel Combinations: Enhanced Activity Against In Vivo P388 Murine Leukemia Cells

Background : Many critical cellular functions such as mitosis, cell movement, and maintenance of cell structure are performed by microtubules. Antimicrotubule agents (which disrupt or block the formation of microtubules) are among the most widely used anticancer drugs and have contributed to the curative therapy of many neoplasms. Recently, two new antimicrotubule agents, vinorelbine tartrate (Navelbine) and paclitaxel (Taxol) have demonstrated clinical activity against ovarian, breast, and non-small-cell lung carcinomas. These agents target microtubules at different sites, and they both interfere with mitotic spindle function. Since vinorelbine tartrate and paclitaxel have shown a similar antitumor profile in clinical trials thus far, it is reasonable to expect that they may be used interchangeably in some combination therapies or perhaps with each other in the same treatment regimen. Purpose : On the basis of their similar activity profile in clinical trials, we decided to investigate the therapeutic outcome of a vinorelbine tartrate and paclitaxel binary drug combination, even though they appeared to have overlapping toxic effects. We wanted to ascertain the effect of this binary drug combination, in an in vivo setting, as it related to host toxicity and antitumor activity. Methods : CDF-1 female mice that were implanted intraperitoneally with one million P388 murine leukemia cells were treated intraperitoneally with vinorelbine tartrate, paclitaxel, or a combination of the two drugs on a day-1, -5, and -9 dosing schedule. Experimental groups had between five and eight mice per group. Vinorelbine tartrate was administered at either 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 mg/kg and paclitaxel at either 4.5, 18, or 36 mg/kg. Results : As single agents, neither vinorelbine tartrate nor paclitaxel generated meaningful numbers of 60-day cures (i.e., tumor free at day 60). In contrast, optimal combination regimens produced 60-day cures in more than 80% of the mice. The LD 10 (dose lethal to 10% of the mice) of vinorelbine tartrate increased approximately 2.5-fold in the presence of paclitaxel and allowed otherwise lethal vinorelbine tartrate doses to be administered safely, which may have contributed to the antitumor efficacy of the combinations. The effect of the time delay between vinorelbine tartrate and paclitaxel administration on toxicity and cures appeared to be contingent on the vinorelbine tartrate dose. Conclusions : Results suggest that the overlapping toxic effects of vinorelbine tartrate and paclitaxel might not be a deterrent to their use in combination drug therapy. When used appropriately, rather than having enhanced toxic effects, otherwise toxic doses were better tolerated and survival improved over single-agent therapy.
The optical absorption of oxygen films on porous glass—Initial studies of a unique system

We report preliminary measurements of the optical absorption of oxygen adsorbed on porous glass. Results are discussed in terms of existing theory which relates the optical properties of oxygen to the observed magnetic interaction between molecules.
Five Uneasy Peaces: Perfect Storm Meets Professional Autonomy in Surgical Education

p t g l n July 2003, the Accreditation Council for Graduate edical Education (ACGME) required that all accredted graduate medical education programs implement a late of reforms, developed in response to tragic anecotes of supervisory failure and resident fatigue. To prempt threatened federal legislation, the reforms were imlemented with strong fiscal and licensure penalties for onenforcement. In the process, and absent evidence of heir direct applicability to surgery, the supervision, raining, and deployment standards from the airline inustry, the trucking industry, and the training of internal edicine residents were extrapolated to craft major reorm in a century-old paradigm of graduate surgery edcation. Changes were neither evidence-based in all ases nor supported with the investigational rigor reuired to change other practice paradigms. Nevertheess, their magnitude and concurrent philosophic and emographic changes in the nation’s medical schools ow invite an exploration of the discourse that produced hem; the questions arising from surgeons’ introspecion; and a review of the uneasy compromises made by merican surgery to achieve compliance. Although the ifficulty that surgeons have had coming to peaceful cceptance of the mandated restriction of the resident ork week to 80 hours has received the most publicity, here are at least five uneasy peaces associated with the eform.
Scaling affordances for human reach actions.

Abstract A methodology developed by Cesari and Newell [Cesari, P., & Newell, K. M. (1999). The scaling of human grip configuration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25, 927–935; Cesari, P., & Newell, K. M. (2000). The body-scaling of grip configurations in children aged 6–12 years. Developmental Psychobiology 36, 301–310] was used to delineate the roles of an object’s weight ( W ) and distance ( D ) as well as the actor’s strength ( S ) in determining the macroscopic action used to reach for the object. Participants reached for objects of five different weights placed at 10 distances. The findings of a single discriminant analysis revealed that when object weight is scaled in terms of each individual’s strength and reach distance is scaled in terms of each individual’s maximum-seated reach distance, a single discriminant analysis was able to predict 90% of the reach modes used by both men and women. The result of the discriminant analysis was used to construct a body-scaled equation, K = ln D + ln( W / S )/36, similar in form to the one derived by Cesari and Newell, accurately predicted the reach action used. Our findings indicate that Cesari and Newell’s method can identify a complex relationship between geometric and dynamic constraints that determine the affordances for different reach actions.
Cross-resistance to cisplatin in cells with acquired resistance to copper

Purpose Cells selected for resistance to cisplatin (DDP) demonstrate cross-resistance to copper (Cu) suggesting one or more common mechanisms of cellular defense. We sought to determine whether cells selected for resistance to Cu are cross-resistant to DDP.
Acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) inhibitors exhibit anxiolytic-like activity in preclinical pharmacological models.

Rationale Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated ion channels located in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Of particular interest is ASIC1a, which is located in areas associated with fear and anxiety behaviors. Recent reports suggest a role for ASIC1a in preclinical models of fear conditioning and anxiety.
Activity coefficients of nine normal and branched alkanes in n-octadecane at 303.15 K

Abstract The systems studied at 303.15 K are each of n-pentane, five isomeric hexanes, and three isomeric heptanes (solutes) + n-octadecane (solvent). A modified McBain-Bakr apparatus (static method) is employed to obtain solute activity coefficients at finite mole fractions. G.l.c. is used for direct determination of activity coefficients at infinite dilution. The static measurements are well represented by the Flory-Huggins equation and are extrapolated to infinite dilution. The average difference between the g.l.c. values and the extrapolated static values is found to be 0.4 per cent.
Semi-infinite relaxation of joint chance constraints in chance-constrained programming Part 1. Zero-order stochastic decision rules†

A new class of semi-infinite deterministic (‘determinizations’) dominants and relaxations of joint chance-constraints in chance-constrained programming is developed and specialized to zero-order stochastic decision rule situations. Tight constraint relaxations are obtained where only the partial information of means and variances is known. The tight non-linear semi-infinite relaxations are related to an accessible finite subsystem. When the chance constraints involve linear inequalities, for a large class, the non-linear tight system is proved equivalent to a linear program. Its solutions for the Prekopa-Szantai reservoir construction examples agree well with theirs
Common problems and cooperative solutions. Organizational activity in evolutionary studies, 1936-1947.

La periode de synthese, 1936-1947, consiste en un regroupement multidisciplinaire international pour promouvoir l'etude de l'evolution. Analyse de la mise en place d'une telle organisation scientifique
The Current Status and Evolving Role of Sunitinib in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Sunitinib, a small molecule, is a multitargeted receptor kinase inhibitor which targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor as well as several others. Initially approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma as well as imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the activity of sunitinib has been explored in several other solid tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An initial phase II trial in 63 previously treated NSCLC patients using a dose of 50 mg daily 4 of 6 weeks showed a response rate of 11.1% and a stable disease rate of 26.8%. The median time to disease progression and overall survival was 12.0 and 23.4 weeks, respectively. The principal toxicities included fatigue, pain, myalgias, nausea/vomiting, and hypertension. Three hemorrhagic deaths were reported (two pulmonary and one central nervous system). After this trial was completed, a subsequent sequential cohort of 47 previously treated NSCLC patients were treated on a continuous dosing schedule of sunitinib at 37.5 mg daily. A response rate of 2.1% was reported with a stable disease rate of 19.X%. The median time to progression was 12.3 weeks with a median survival time of 38.1 week. Toxicities were, in general, less frequent and similar to those noted in the initial trial. Sunitinib is currently being evaluated in combination with a number of standard regimens commonly used in NSCLC as well as a maintenance drug after first-line platinum-based treatment of advanced NSCLC. Results of these trials are eagerly awaited and will help define the role of sunitinib in the therapeutic approach to NSCLC.
The metabolism of myosin, the meromyosins, actin and tropomyosin in the rabbit.

Abstract 1. 1. Two rabbits were injected with an intravenous dose of phenylalanine-3-14C. From these rabbits the following proteins were crystallized or isolated in forms which appeared physically homogeneous: (rabbit-A), aldolase, myosin, L-meromyosin, H-meromyosin, actin, tropomyosin, and serum albumin: (rabbit-B) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, actin, tropomyosin, and serum albumin. 2. 2. Pure phenylalanine and tyrosine, labelled metabolically, were isolated from hydrolysates of these proteins and the specific radioactivities of the amino acids were determined. 3. 3. From the specific activity ratios, phenylalanine to tyrosine, it seemed likely that H-meromyosin, actin, and the glycolytic enzymes were synthesized from the same acid precursor pools. 4. 4. The specific activities of amino acids in L- and H-meromyosins were significantly different. It is suggested that subunits of more than one kind in myosin are synthesized independently and turn over metabolically at different rates. 5. 5. The apparent half-lives of phenylalanine in the individual muscle proteins were estimated by comparison with serum albumin the approximate half-life of which is known. The validity of the assumptions involved in making such comparisons is discussed.
The Instrument Model: performance prediction simulator for SIM PlanetQuest

The SIM Instrument Model performs single tile simulations for the SIM Instrument. It provides a tool to combine the effects of errors in the different subsystems such as the science interferometer, guide interferometer, external metrology sensor, and roll sensor. The inputs to the Instrument Model are the sensor errors for the internal instrument measurements. These errors can be derived from testbeds or other physical models. The Instrument Model perturbs ideal sensors and replicates the fundamental SIM processing called delay regularization. This process reconstructs the science interferometer measurements by using additional sensor measurements. The output of the Instrument Model is the regularized delay, which is the principal science measurement for various observing scenarios such as Wide Angle Grid, and Narrow Angle observations. The primary role of the Instrument Model has been single tile performance prediction but it also serves as variety of different system engineering activities such as validation of the SIM Astrometric Error Budget, demonstration of SIM's capability for picometer sensing for the SIM Technology Milestone 8, development of instrument calibrations, analysis of system level errors, and validation of the averaging approach for the science data processing. The Instrument Model will continue to be an integral part of the SIM modeling plan to predict single tile performance for the SIM mission.
Conditions for reliable time-resolved dosimetry of electronic portal imaging devices for fixed-gantry IMRT and VMAT

Purpose: The continuous scanning mode of electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) that offers time-resolved information has been newly explored for verifying dynamic radiation deliveries. This study seeks to determine operating conditions (dose rate stability and time resolution) under which that mode can be used accurately for the time-resolved dosimetry of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) beams. Methods: The authors have designed the following test beams with variable beam holdoffs and dose rate regulations: a 10 × 10 cm open beam to serve as a reference beam; a sliding window (SW) beam utilizing the motion of a pair of multileaf collimator (MLC) leaves outside the 10 × 10 cm jaw; a step and shoot (SS) beam to move the pair in step; a volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) beam. The beams were designed in such a way that they all produce the same open beam output of 10 × 10 cm. Time-resolved ion chamber measurements at isocenter and time-resolved and integrating EPID measurements were performed for all beams. The time-resolved EPID measurements were evaluated through comparison with the ion chamber and integrating EPID measurements, as the latter are accepted procedures. For two-dimensional, time-resolved evaluation, a VMAT beam with an infield MLC travel was designed. Time-resolved EPID measurements and Monte Carlo calculations of such EPID dose images for this beam were performed and intercompared. Results: For IMRT beams (SW and SS), the authors found disagreement greater than 2%, caused by frame missing of the time-resolved mode. However, frame missing disappeared, yielding agreement better than 2%, when the dose rate of irradiation (and thus the frame acquisition rates) reached a stable and planned rate as the dose of irradiation was raised past certain thresholds (a minimum 12 s of irradiation per shoot used for SS IMRT). For VMAT, the authors found that dose rate does not affect the frame acquisition rate, thereby causing no frame missing. However, serious inplanar nonuniformities were found. This could be overcome by sacrificing temporal resolution (10 frames or 0.95 s/image): the continuous images agreed with ion chamber responses at the center of EPID and the calculation two-dimensionally in a time-resolved manner. Conclusions: The authors have determined conditions under which the continuous mode can be used for time-resolved dosimetry of fixed-gantry IMRT and VMAT and demonstrated it for VMAT.
Comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and 111In pentetreotide scan for detection of Merkel cell carcinoma.

BackgroundMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine neoplasm with propensity for nodal metastases. A few reports have presented imaging results with FDG PET/CT or 111In- pentetreotide (OctreoScan, OCT) indicating a higher sensitivity for FDG than OCT, but no reports have directl
Global expression profiling identifies a novel biosignature for protein aggregation R120GCryAB cardiomyopathy in mice

Protein aggregation cardiomyopathy is a life-threatening manifestation of a multisystem disorder caused by the exchange mutation in the gene encoding the human small heat shock protein αB-crystallin (hR120GCryAB). Genetic studies in mice have established cardiac hR120GCryAB expression causes increased activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and “reductive stress” (Rajasekaran et al., Cell 130: 427–439, 2007). However, the initiating molecular events in the pathogenesis of this novel toxic gain-of-function mechanism remain poorly defined. In an integrated systems approach using gene expression profiling, we identified a “biosignature,” whose features can be validated to predict the onset, rate of progression, and clinical outcome of R120GCryAB cardiomyopathy. At the 3 mo disease-related but compensated stage, we demonstrate that transcripts were only upregulated in three distinct pathways: stress response (e.g., Hsp70, Hsp90), glutathione metabolism (Gpx1, Gpx3, glutathione S-transferase), and complement and coagulation cascades in hR120GCryAB transgenic mouse hearts compared with either hCryAB WT transgenic mice or nontransgenic controls. In 6 mo old myopathic hearts, ribosomal synthesis and cellular remodeling associated with increased cardiac hypertrophy were additional upregulated pathways. In contrast, the predominant downregulated pathways were for oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, intermediate metabolism, and energetic balance, supporting their primary pathogenic roles by which G6PD-dependent reductive stress causes cardiac decompensation and overt heart failure in hR120GCryAB cardiomyopathy. This study extends and confirms our previous findings that reductive stress is a causal mechanism for hR120G CryAB cardiomyopathy and demonstrates that alteration in glutathione pathway gene expression is an early biosignature with utility for presymptomatic detection.
Lipase and Glycerokinose Activities in the Adipose Tissue of Obese-Hyperglycæmic Mice

IT has previously been reported that free fatty acid mobilization from the adipose tissue of hereditary obese–hyperglycaemie mice after incubation with epinephrine or fat-mobilizing substance1 or prolonged fast is far smaller than is seen with tissue from non-obese litter-mates2,3. It has also been shown that lipogenesis from acetate in adipose tissue from this animal proceeds at 10–15 times the normal rate4. The diminished free fatty release and the increased lipogenesis from acetate occurring in spite of a decrease in glucose uptake5 and utilization2,5 suggested to us that this syndrome might entail two abnormalities, possibly interrelated: an impaired lipolytic activity directly related to the epinephrine-sensitive lipolytic system in adipose tissue described by Rizack6; and an ability of this tissue to utilize ‘non-active’ glycerol in the esterification process possibly through a specific ‘glycero-kinase’.
Challenging dogma in neuropsychology and related disciplines.

Abstract Challenging “dogmas” in neuropsychology and related fields is important for the advancement of our professional development. Five dogmas that I have found worth challenging are reviewed in this article.
Sunlight, cholesterol and coronary heart disease

We investigated the relationship between geography and incidence of coronary heart disease, looking at deficiency of sunlight and thus of vitamin D as a factor that might influence susceptibility and thus disease incidence. Sunlight deficiency could increase blood cholesterol by allowing squalene metabolism to progress to cholesterol synthesis rather than to vitamin D synthesis as would occur with greater amounts of sunlight exposure, and the increased concentration of blood cholesterol during the winter months, confirmed in this study, may well be due to reduced sunlight exposure. We show evidence that outdoor activity (gardening) is associated with a lower concentration of blood cholesterol in the summer but not in the winter. We suggest that the geographical variation of coronary heart disease is not specific, but is seen in other diseases and sunlight influences susceptibility to a number of chronic diseases, of which coronary heart disease is one.
Alteration by methadone of catecholamine uptake and release in isolated rat adrenomedullary storage vesicles.

Abstract Incubation of isolated rat adrenomedullary storage vesicles with methadone produced inhibition of 3H-epinephrine uptake and promotion of release of endogenous catecholamines. Neither effect was seen using morphine, nor could morphine antagonize methadone-induced catecholamine release, suggesting that these actions are not mediated by opiate receptors. Inhibition of uptake by methadone appeared to contain a competitive component with a lower Ki for methadone compared to the Km for 3H-epinephrine. Despite competitive inhibition by methadone, the maximal uptake capacity (analogous to Vmax) as determined by double-reciprocal plots, was increased by the drug, probably as a result of greater availability of intravesicular storage sites because of the drug-induced of release endogenous catecholamines. Agents which enhance or block catecholamine transport into vehicles had no effect on the catecholamine release by methadone, indicating that the latter is separable from the action on uptake. These alterations of catecholamine uptake and release may play a role in the effects of methadone on the adrenal medulla in vivo .
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function

Creatine is a popular supplement used by athletes in an effort to increase muscle performance. The purpose of this review was to assess the literature evaluating the effects of creatine supplementation on renal function. A PubMed search was conducted to identify relevant articles using the keywords, creatine, supplementation, supplements, renal dysfunction, ergogenic aid and renal function. Twelve pertinent articles and case reports were identified. According to the existing literature, creatine supplementation appears safe when used by healthy adults at the recommended loading (20 gm/day for five days) and maintenance doses (</=3 gm/day). In people with a history of renal disease or those taking nephrotoxic medications, creatine may be associated with an increased risk of renal dysfunction. One case report of acute renal failure was reported in a 20-year-old man taking 20 gm/day of creatine for a period of four weeks. There are few trials investigating the long-term use of creatine supplementation in doses exceeding 10 gm/day. Furthermore, the safety of creatine in children and adolescents has not been established. Since creatine supplementation may increase creatinine levels, it may act as a false indicator of renal dysfunction. Future studies should include renal function markers other than serum creatinine and creatinine clearance.
The purification of cytochrome f and plastocyanin using affinity chromatography.

Abstract Both plastocyanin and cytochrome f were purified using a combination of affinity chromatography together with established methods. Plastocyanin was partially purified using the method of Davis and San Pietro (Anal. Biochem. 95 (1979) 254–259), after which it was further purified using a column of cytochrome c covalently attached to Sepharose 4B. The affinity column was prepared using the method of Godinot and Gautheron (Methods Enzymol. 54 (1979) 112–114). The final purity index ratio ( A 278 A 597 ) was less than 1.2, which is equal to that obtained using the more expensive FPLC procedure (Anderson, G.P., Sanderson, D.G., Lee, C.H., Durell, S., Anderson, L.B. and Gross, E.L. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 894, issue 3). Cytochrome f was partially purified using a modification of the method of Matazaki et al. (Plant Cell. Physiol. 16 (1975) 237–246) and bound to an affinity column of plastocyanin covalently attached to Sepharose 4B. Cytochrome f purified using this procedure had a purity index ratio ( A 554.5 A 277 ) of 1.2. Both proteins are tyrosine proteins containing no tryptophan residues. After the affinity chromatography step, the fluorescence emission spectrum of either plastocyanin or cytochrome f was typical of a tyrosine protein free from tryptophan contamination.
Telencephalic Afferents to the Caudolateral Neostriatum of the Pigeon

The pigeon caudolateral neostriatum (NCL) shares a dopaminergic innervation with mammalian frontal cortical areas and is implicated in the regulation of avian cognitive behavior. Retrograde tracing methods were used to identify forebrain projections to NCL and to suggest a possible role of this area in mediating spatial behavior. NCL receives telencephalic projections from the hyperstriatum accessorium, cells along the border of hyperstriatum dorsale and hyperstriatum ventrale, anterolateral hyperstriatum adjacent to the vallecula, confined cell groups within the anterior neostriatum, and subdivisions of the archistriatum. In addition, labeling of a small number of large cells near the fasciculus prosencephali lateralis was observed at the level of the anterior commissure. In accordance with previous studies, projections of subtelencephalic areas were revealed to originate from the thalamic posterior dorsolateral nucleus and nucleus subrotundus, as well as from the tegmental nucleus pedunculopontinus and locus coeruleus. Forebrain connections of NCL show that somatosensory, visual, and olfactory information can combine in this division of the neostriatum. NCL is therefore suited to participate in a neural circuit that regulates spatial behavior. Moreover, the present study reveals that NCL is reached by a limbic projection from the nucleus taeniae. This projection also suggests similarity between NCL and mammalian frontal cortical areas.
Transforming convolution and correlation

We give an explicit expression for the transform of a signal in an arbitrary representation which has first been filtered in another representation. Using this formula we connect the work of Cohen for obtaining convolution and correlation theorems in arbitrary representations with the work of Lindsey and Suter for partitioning the space of integral transforms.
Lasercom for high definition video to a moving platform using cat's eye modulating retro-reflectors

An Ethernet boat-to-shore lasercom link was established using a cat's eye modulating retro-reflector. High-definition video and data were transferred bi-directionally at ranges of 2 – 7.7 km.
Evidence for two calcium transport systems in the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum

Light-dependent Ca2+ efflux via the Ca2+/H+ antiport in the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum was inhibited by three phenothiazines: chlorpromazine; trifluoperazine and phenothiazine. The inhibitors had no effect on Ca2+ uptake by C. vinosum in the dark nor any effect on the light-dependent efflux of either Na+ or Tl+ catalyzed, respectively, by the C. vinosum Na+/H+ or K+/H+ antiports. Ruthenium red and LaCl3, neither of which inhibited light-dependent Ca2+ efflux in C. vinosum, markedly inhibited Ca2+ uptake in the dark by C. vinosum cells. Ruthenium red had no effect on the uptake of either Na+or the K+ analog T1+ by C. vinosum cells in the dark. These results have been interpreted in terms of two separate Ca2+ transport systems in C. vinosum: (i) a phenothiazine-sensitive and ruthenium red, La3+-insensitive Ca2+/H+ antiport responsible for Ca2+ efflux in the light; and (ii) a ruthenium red and La3+-sensitive but phenothiazine-insensitive Ca2+ uptake system.
First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of natural and cultured biogenic magnetic particles

[1] First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams are rapidly becoming a standard tool for characterizing magnetic particles because they simultaneously incorporate information regarding magnetostatic interaction and domain states. The simplest interpretation of FORC diagrams of single-domain (SD) particles is based on the Neel interpretation of Preisach theory, which predicts that the FORC function is the product of a coercivity and an interaction field distribution. Although the underlying assumptions of this interpretation are not correct, a strictly quantitative model of weakly interacting SD grains proves that the distributions of coercivities and interaction fields can be retrieved from a FORC diagram. To test this model, we present the possibility of a quantitative interpretation of FORC diagrams, and we present measurements of samples containing magnetosomes from cultures of magnetotactic bacteria and from a lake sediment. Two samples are investigated under the electron microscope to characterize the geometrical arrangement of the particles. We find that the clustering of otherwise similar particles has a strong influence on FORC diagrams. We also obtained a crude estimate of packing densities form the FORC diagrams, which were consistent with transmission electron microscopy observations and measurements of the anhysteretic remanent magnetization.
Freeze: The Literature of the Nuclear Weapons Debate:

Abstract : This report deals with the author's views on debates and examines same of the literature which has, by and large, informed the anti-nuclear movement and inquires as to the intelligence of the debate.
Molecular Markers in Plant Improvement: Manipulation of Genes Affecting Quantitative Traits

The use of molecular markers to enhance plant breeding efforts is being widely studied. A major area of research is the use of molecular markers to identify and manipulate chromosome segments QTL (quantitative trait locus or loci depending on context) controlling quantitative traits. The objective of this paper is to review the theory and results associated with the use of molecular markers to manipulate QTL in plant breeding programs. First, methods of identifying marker-QTL associations are considered (.)
Automatic alignment of multiple magnets into Halbach cylinders

Abstract Halbach cylinders have found various applications for their ability to produce strong and homogenous magnetostatic fields. Contrary to their conventional manual fabrication, we introduce a novel approach to automatically align multiple permanent magnets into a Halbach cylinder. The approach uses the magnetic field distribution from a diametrically magnetized cylindrical magnet to simultaneously align multiple magnets. The extent to which the automatic assembly can approximate a Halbach cylinder was analyzed using 3D Finite Element Modeling. Prototypes were built that demonstrated automatic alignment of eight magnets into Halbach cylinders. Automatic alignment eliminates the complexity of manually aligning Halbach cylinders.
Autonomous Detection of Thermal Anomalies in Data Centers

In recent years, there has been a significant growth in number, size and power densities of data centers. A significant part of data center power consumption is attributed to the cooling infrastructure, consisting of computer air conditioning units (CRACs), chillers and cooling towers. For energy efficient operation and management of the cooling resources, data centers are beginning to be extensively instrumented with temperature sensors. While this allows cooling actuators, such as CRAC set point temperature, to be dynamically controlled and data centers operated at higher temperatures to save energy, it also increases chances of thermal anomalies. Furthermore, considering that large data centers can contain thousands to tens of thousands of such sensors, it is virtually impossible to manually inspect and analyze the large volumes of dynamic data generated by these sensors, thus necessitating autonomous mechanisms for thermal anomaly detection. Also, in addition to threshold-based detection methods, other mechanisms of anomaly detection are also necessary. In this paper, we describe the commonly occurring thermal anomalies in a data center. Furthermore, we describe — with examples from a production data center — techniques to autonomously detect these anomalies. In particular, we show the usefulness of a principal component analysis (PCA) based methodology to a large temperature sensor network. Specifically, we examine thermal anomalies such as those related to misconfiguration of equipment, blocked vent tiles, faulty sensor and CRAC related anomalies. Furthermore, several of these anomalies normally go undetected since no temperature thresholds are violated. We present examples of the thermal anomalies and their detection from a real data center.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A balanced tobacco control policy.

By raising the price of cigarettes through tobacco taxes, policymakers might only be delaying some smokers’ initiation of smoking rather than permanently preventing them from smoking. This is one of several reasons for adopting a balanced tobacco control policy that relies only in part on cigarette taxation.
Sequences required for 3′ end formation of human U2 small nuclear RNA

Xenopus oocytes injected with human U2 snRNA genes synthesize mature U2 as well as a U2 precursor with about 10 extra 3' nucleotides (human pre-U2 RNA). Formation of the pre-U2 3' end requires a downstream element located between position +16 and +37 in the U2 3'-flanking sequence. The distance between this element and the U2 coding region can be increased without affecting formation of the pre-U2 3' end. When the natural sequence surrounding the pre-U2 3' end is changed, novel 3' ends are still generated within a narrow range upstream from the element. The 3' terminal stem-loop of U2 snRNA is not required for pre-U2 3' end formation. A sequence within the 3' element (GTTTN0-3AAAPuNNAGA) is conserved among snRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Our results suggest that the 3' ends of pre-U2 RNA and histone mRNA may be generated by related but distinct RNA processing mechanisms.
Use of Landsat Thematic Mapper band ratios for soil investigations

Abstract Thematic Mapper (TM) data expressed as band ratios were used to investigate soils of the Palouse formation in eastern Washington State, U.S.A. Ratioed data were clustered and plotted to reveal relationships between soil and green vegetation. Plots of TM 5/4 against 3/4 showed a triangular distribution of data clusters. One point of the triangle was located near the origin of the plot. It was formed by clusters of data from green plants. A line of clusters from bare soil made up the side opposite the origin point of the triangle. The adjacent sides represented the upper and lower bounds of soil organic carbon content. Distribution of data along the soil line was related to the amount of organic carbon in the soil.
Strategies to resolve conflict in partnerships: reflections on UK urban regeneration

Partnerships to lead on urban regeneration initiatives in the UK claim to facilitate inter‐agency working and local involvement. They are presented both as ways of ensuring the effective management of services within neighbourhoods and as potential “change agents” in the way they bring together different (and sometimes competing) interest groups. Regeneration partnerships are, therefore, often the sites of unresolved conflict. This paper, which draws upon interviews with local regeneration managers and local community representatives in Manchester explores possible strategies for resolving such conflict. In particular it suggests that the use of supervision in the public and community sector needs reforming in order to provide externality for those involved.
Quaternary Structures of a Catalytic Subunit-Regulatory Subunit Dimeric Complex and the Holoenzyme of the cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase by Neutron Contrast Variation

Abstract Chimeric molecules of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) holoenzyme (R2C2) and of a Δ1–91RC dimer were reconstituted using deuterated regulatory (R) and protiated catalytic (C) subunits. Small angle scattering with contrast variation has revealed the shapes and dispositions of R and C in the reconstituted complexes, leading to low resolution models for both forms. The crystal structures of C and a truncation mutant of R fit well within the molecular boundaries of the RC dimer model. The area of interaction between R and C is small, seemingly poised for dissociation upon a conformational transition within R induced by cAMP binding. Within the RC dimer, C has a “closed” conformation similar to that seen for C with a bound pseudosubstrate peptide. The model for the PKA holoenzyme has an extended dumbbell shape. The interconnecting bar is formed from the dimerization domains of the R subunits, arranged in an antiparallel configuration, while each lobe contains the cAMP-binding domains of one R interacting with one C. Our studies suggest that the PKA structure may be flexible via a hinge movement of each dumbbell lobe with respect to the dimerization domain. Sequence comparisons suggest that this hinge might be a property of the RII PKA isoforms.
Metabolic changes in skin caused by Scd1 deficiency: a focus on retinol metabolism

We previously reported that mice with skin-specific deletion of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1) recapitulated the skin phenotype and hypermetabolism observed in mice with a whole-body deletion of Scd1. In this study, we first performed a diet-induced obesity experiment at thermoneutral temperature (33°C) and found that skin-specific Scd1 knockout (SKO) mice still remain resistant to obesity. To elucidate the metabolic changes in the skin that contribute to the obesity resistance and skin phenotype, we performed microarray analysis of skin gene expression in male SKO and control mice fed a standard rodent diet. We identified an extraordinary number of differentially expressed genes that support the previously documented histological observations of sebaceous gland hypoplasia, inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia in SKO mice. Additionally, transcript levels were reduced in skin of SKO mice for genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, elongation and desaturation, which may be attributed to decreased abundance of key transcription factors including SREBP1c, ChREBP and LXRα. Conversely, genes involved in cholesterol synthesis were increased, suggesting an imbalance between skin fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Unexpectedly, we observed a robust elevation in skin retinol, retinoic acid and retinoic acid-induced genes in SKO mice. Furthermore, SEB-1 sebocytes treated with retinol and SCD inhibitor also display an elevation in retinoic acid-induced genes. These results highlight the importance of monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis for maintaining retinol homeostasis and point to disturbed retinol metabolism as a novel contributor to the Scd1 deficiency-induced skin phenotype.
Many-to-Many Mapping of Phenotype to Performance: An Extension of the F-Matrix for Studying Functional Complexity

Performance capacity influences ecology, behavior and fitness, and is determined by the underlying phenotype. The phenotype-performance relationship can influence the evolutionary trajectory of an organism. Several types of phenotype-performance relationships have been described, including one-to-one relationships between a single phenotypic trait and performance measure, trade-offs and facilitations between a phenotypic trait and multiple performance measures, and redundancies between multiple phenotypic traits and a single performance measure. The F-matrix is an intraspecific matrix of measures of statistical association between phenotype and performance that is used to quantify these relationships. We extend the F-matrix in two ways. First, we use the F-matrix to describe how the different phenotype-performance relationships occur simultaneously and interact in functional systems, a phenomenon we call many-to-many mapping. Second, we develop methods to compare F-matrices among species and compare phenotype-performance relationships at microevolutionary and macroevolutionary levels. We demonstrate the expanded F-matrix approach with a dataset of eight phrynosomatine lizard species, including six phenotypic traits and two measures of locomotor performance. Our results suggest that all types of relationships occur in this system and that phenotypic traits involved in trade-offs are more functionally constrained and tend evolve slower interspecifically than those involved in facilitations or one-to-one relationships.