cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical evaluation of chains of recurrences for array dependence testing

Code restructuring compilers rely heavily on program analysis techniques to automatically detect data dependences between program statements. Dependences between statement instances in the iteration space of a loop nest impose ordering constraints that must be preserved in order to produce valid optimized, vectorized, and parallelized loop nests. This paper evaluates a new approach for fast and accurate nonlinear array dependence testing using Chains of Recurrences (CRs). A flow-sensitive loop analysis algorithm is presented for constructing the CR forms of array index expressions. Unlike other approaches, the CR forms are directly integrated into a standard dependence test to solve nonlinear CR-based dependence equations. To study the coverage and performance of the proposed CR-based enhancements of a standard test, we chose the inexact Banerjee test. We implemented a new CR-based Banerjee test in the Polaris compiler and compared the results to the Omega test and Range test on a set of SPEC and LAPACK Benchmark programs. The experimental results suggest that a CR enhancement can dramatically increase the effectiveness of a dependence test without a significant cost increase. More surprisingly, the findings indicate that the enhanced test exceeds the capabilities of the Omega and Range tests for many nonlinear dependence relations detected in the PERFECT Club and LAPACK Benchmark programs.
The Columbia River Basalts

Between 17 million and 6 million years ago, 200,000 square kilometers of the American Northwest were flooded by basaltic lava that erupted through fissures in the crust up to 150 kilometers long. Larger individual eruptions covered over a third of the Columbia Plateau in a few days. The lavas represent partial melts of the earth's mantle that were only slightly modified by near-surface, upper crustal processes. The abundant chemical and mineralogical data now available offer an opportunity to study mantle composition and the processes involved in the evolution of the earth's crust.
Metabolic Fate and Solubility of Triamterene—Not an Explanation for Triamterene Nephrolithiasis

In an attempt to explain the triamterene stone diathesis, we studied the excretion and solubility of triamterene, 1, and its metabolite, the sulfate ester of the hydroxy derivative of triamterene, 3. The urinary excretion pattern and metabolism in stone formers was the same as in other chronic users of triamterene or healthy volunteers. The solubility of triamterene in urine was approximately one-half of its solubility in buffer solution, whereas the sulfate ester, 3, was nearly twice as soluble in urine as in the buffer solution. In the majority of the subjects studied, we found concentrations of 3 which approached or exceeded apparent solubility limits in urine. This was not true for triamterene where most measured urine concentrations were less than the apparent solubility as determined by equilibration. Alteration in the metabolism of triamterene is probably not a causative factor for triamterene nephrolithiasis. The saturation of urine with triamterene and especially with the sulfate ester, 3, may be related to stone formation, but other physical factors play a role in determining the relative amounts of drug found in calculus material.
Design of partially adaptive arrays using the singular-value decomposition

The objective of partially adaptive array design is to reduce the number of adaptive weights without significantly degrading the performance of the adaptive array. Previous work includes numerical techniques for approximately minimizing the average generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) output power for a desired number of adaptive weights, where the average is over a range of jammer parameters. Our new "power-space method" also attempts to minimize the average GSC output power, but under a constraint that the reduced-dimensional solutions for all of the scenario trials lie in the same subspace. This constraint allows us to use the singular value decomposition to get the rank-reducing transformation, thereby simplifying the optimization problem. Using computer simulation, we show that our transformation yields lower output power in comparison with a previously reported example that used the numerical methods. The simplicity of the method allows large ranges of jammer parameters to be considered, Using our transformation, we consider how closely the reduced-rank solutions match the full-rank solutions and how the quality of this match relates to the output power of the partially adaptive array.
Effect of immune serum on hemorrhagic shock and on metabolism of endotoxemia by the R. E. system.

Summary and conclusionSerum containing antibody specific for an endotoxin improves uptake of the endotoxin by the damaged R.E. system. But breakdown of the endotoxin taken up by this system is not thereby improved. Such immune sera given to rabbits in severe hemorrhagic shock for the purpose of improving the clearance of circulating endotoxin do not lower the mortality rate.
The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) support network of Kentucky: an informational support group using interactive video

Support groups are beneficial to ALS patients and their families by providing a forum for discussion and emotional support. The low prevalence of ALS and the patients limited mobility make it difficult to sustain support groups in rural environments. We describe the organization of an ALS support network in the Commonwealth of Kentucky using real-time, interactive video.
Two-Stage Minimax Regret Robust Unit Commitment

In addition to long-existing load uncertainty on power systems, continuously increasing renewable energy injections (such as wind and solar) have further made the power grid more volatile and uncertain. Stochastic and recently introduced robust optimization approaches have been studied to provide the day-ahead unit commitment decision with the consideration of real-time load and supply uncertainties. In this paper, we introduce an innovative minimax regret unit commitment model aiming to minimize the maximum regret of the day-ahead decision from the actual realization of the uncertain real-time wind power generation. Our approach will ensure the robustness of the unit commitment decision considering the inherent uncertainty in wind generation. Meanwhile, our approach will provide a system operator a clear picture in terms of the maximum regret value among all possible scenarios. A Benders' decomposition algorithm is developed to solve the problem. Finally, our extensive case studies compare the performances of three different approaches (robust optimization, minimax regret, and stochastic optimization) and verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
Urinary diversion: evidence-based outcomes assessment and integration into patient decision-making.

There continues to be keen interest in assessing quality of life (QoL) after cystectomy and urinary diversion, given the recent evidence-based analyses [1,2] and systematic reviews [3–6] evaluating QoL studies in this population. A resounding characteristic of contemporary reports is the preponderance of cross-sectional, retrospective, single-institution studies. Very few prospective longitudinal studies and no randomized controlled trials have been reported, greatly limiting the ability to draw conclusions from reported observations. Despite this limitation, most of these studies show similarly favourable overall QoL after cystectomy, irrespective of the chosen urinary diversion.
Failsafe AC Hi-Lo Limit Detector

A very accurate alternating current limit detector is presented. Its design philosophy, specially suited for multi-channel applications is based on dynamic monitoring of both limits through the same channel. Completely solid-state, this limit detector exhibits an accuracy of ± 0.1 % over a temperature range from 0 to 45° C. The design is inherently failsafe; and reliability evaluations were performed for a 1000 channel application. Design philosophy, circuit diagrams and system operation are presented in detail and discussed.
Robotic follower experimentation results: ready for FCS increment I

Robotics is a fundamental enabling technology required to meet the U.S. Army's vision to be a strategically responsive force capable of domination across the entire spectrum of conflict. The U. S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) Tank Automotive Research, Development & Engineering Center (TARDEC), in partnership with the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, is developing a leader-follower capability for Future Combat Systems. The Robotic Follower Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) utilizes a manned leader to provide a highlevel proofing of the follower's path, which operates with minimal user intervention. This paper will give a programmatic overview and discuss both the technical approach and operational experimentation results obtained during testing conducted at Ft. Bliss, New Mexico in February-March 2003.
Effects of growth-promoting technology on feedlot cattle behavior in the 21 days before slaughter

Abstract There is growing interest in the animal welfare implications of growth-promoting technology used in feedlot cattle, namely hormonal implants, ionophores, antibiotics and β 2 -adrenergic agonists. Previous studies have focused on the effects of implants on aggression, but little work has evaluated other behavioral changes anecdotally reported with β 2 -adrenergic agonists, such as an increase in lateral lying, a posture seen when cattle rest. The objectives of the present experiment were to quantify the effects of these technologies on lying and agonistic behavior in the 21 days before slaughter and to examine the sampling strategy required to measure lateral lying. Angus crossbred steers were assigned to 16 pens of 10 animals each. Treatments were applied in an additive manner to represent the decisions that feedlot managers would likely make about technology use. They were: (1) control (CON; no technology application), (2) monensin and tylosin phosphate (MON), (3) MON and growth implant (trenbolone acetate and estradiol, IMP) and (4) IMP and zilpaterol hydrochloride, a β 2 -adrenergic agonist (fed day 24–3 before slaughter; BAA). Agonistic (pushing, displacements) and bulling behaviors were recorded on day 21, 17, 12, 7 and 3 before slaughter and lying behavior, including time and number of bouts of lateral and sternal lying, was measured on day 12, 7, and 3. These time points were chosen to overlap with the feeding period for zilpaterol. BAA cattle spent 31% more time lying laterally, compared to all other treatments (BAA: 2.4 vs. others: 1.7h/24h, SE: 0.18h/24h, P =0.020), perhaps because of changes associated with muscle growth. Continuous measurement is needed to measure lateral lying; estimates generated with instantaneous scan sampling never met all of our criteria for accuracy ( R 2 >0.9, slope=1, intercept=0). BAA cattle engaged in more pushing and displacements than MON or CON ( P ≤0.05); IMP also increased pushing compared to MON or CON, but only during day 12, 7 and 3 before slaughter (IMP and BAA 12.5pushes/steer/h vs. MON and CON 6.8pushes/steer/h, SE 1.4pushes/steer/h, P =0.007). Together, these findings indicate that combined use of growth-promoting technologies tested in this experiment affected both agonistic and lying behavior.
Conserved properties of the Drosophila homeodomain protein, Ind

Abstract Ind–Gsh-type homeodomain proteins are critical to patterning of intermediate domains in the developing CNS; yet, the molecular basis for the activities of these homeodomain proteins is not well understood. Here we identify domains within the Ind protein that are responsible for transcriptional repression, as well as those required for its interaction with the co-repressor, Groucho. To do this, we utilized a combination of chimeric transient transfection assays, co-immunoprecipitation and in vivo expression assays. We show that Ind’s candidate Eh1 domain is essential to the embryonic repression activity of this protein, and that Groucho interacts with Ind via this domain. However, when activity is assayed in transient transfection assays using Ind-Gal4 DNA binding domain chimeras to determine domain activity, the repression activity of the Eh1 domain is minimal. This result is similar to previous results on the transcription factors, Vnd and Engrailed. Furthermore, the Eh1 domain is necessary, but not sufficient, for binding to Groucho; the C terminus of Ind, including the homeodomain also affects the interaction with this co-repressor in co-immunoprecipitations. Finally, we show that aspects of the cross-repressive activities of Ind/Gsh2-Ey/Pax6 are evolutionarily conserved. Taken together, these results point to conserved mechanisms used by Gsh/Ind-type homeodomain protein in regulating the expression of target genes.
Update on biological actions of 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (rapid effects) and 24R,25(OH)2-vitamin D3

All biologic responses to vitamin D are now known to arise as a consequence of the metabolism of this seco-steroid into its two principal biologically active metabolites 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (1ALPHA;,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and 24R,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (24R,25(OH)(2)D(3)). 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) is the dominant metabolite and produces a wide array of biological responses via interacting both with the classical vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR(nuc)) that regulates gene transcription in over 30 target organs and with a putative cell membrane receptor (VDR(mem1,25)) that mediates rapid (within seconds to minutes) biological responses. Ligand occupancy of VDR(mem1,25) is linked to signal transduction systems that can mediate the opening of Ca(2+) and chloride voltage gated channels as well as activation of MAP-kinase. MAP-kinase activation in some cells containing VDR(mem1,25)+VDR(nuc) then results in "cross-talk" from VDR(mem1,25) to VDR(nuc) which modulates transactivation of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) responsive gene promoters. The 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) metabolite has been shown to be an essential hormone for the process of bone fracture healing. The activity of the enzyme responsible for the production of 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3), the renal 25(OH)D-24-hydroxylase, becomes elevated within 4-11 days after imposition of a tibial fracture, thereby increasing the blood concentrations of 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) by threefold. The 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) likely initiates its biological responses via binding to the ligand binding domain of a second cell membrane receptor, the VDR(mem24,25), which is stereospecific for 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) in comparison with 24S,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). This report summarizes the status of several current research frontiers in this arena of the vitamin D endocrine system.
LATE ONSET LACTASE DEFICIENCY: EVIDENCE OF ALTERATIONS IN THE POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF LACTASE

LATE ONSET LACTASE DEFICIENCY: EVIDENCE OF ALTERATIONS IN THE POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF LACTASE
Duct Tape for Broken Chromosomes

A cell undergoing mitosis is presented with a potentially catastrophic situation when a DNA double-strand break creates a chromosome fragment that lacks connection to a centromere. Royou et al. (2010) now reveal that this cellular crisis is averted in fruit fly neuroblasts by thin chromatin tethers that hold on to the ends of the broken chromosomes.
The impact of green initiatives on environmental legitimacy and admiration of the organization

Abstract Communication about environmental policies and practices has become a critical area of focus for corporations. Through an online experiment this study explored the impact of awareness of environmental initiatives on perceived environmental legitimacy and the subsequent impact of legitimacy on organizational admiration. Findings suggest that raising awareness of an organization's environmental initiatives improves environmental legitimacy; however, investigation of the relationship between legitimacy and admiration found that only one dimension of environmental legitimacy influences the level of admiration of an organization.
World War II and Electrical Technology

This chapter contains sections titled: The World War Resumed Electrical Technology in Battle Control Systems and Computers The Battle of the Atlantic, Codebreaking, and Sonar
Dragline deposition patterns among male and female Hogna helluo (Araneae, Lycosidae) in the presence of chemical cues from prey

Prey are able to show adaptive antipredator responses in the presence of silk from the wolf spider Hogna helluo (Walckenaer 1837). Hogna helluo also is attracted to chemical cues associated with previously consumed prey. Consequently H. helluo may benefit by modifying its silk deposition when encountering prey cues to avoid detection. Silk is an important medium for female wolf spiders to attract prospective mates, whereas silk is putatively less important for males to attract females. Females also consume much more food than males after maturity; therefore, male and female H. helluo may differ in the relative costs and benefits of silk deposition with respect to improved feeding efficiency. We tested whether field-caught male and female Hogna helluo changed silk deposition patterns in the presence of excreta deposited by domestic crickets, Acheta domesticus, (Linnaeus). Hungry male and female H. helluo were allowed to deposit silk for four hours in containers either previously occupied by five crickets for 24 h or devoid of cues (n 5 36). We found no significant decrease in silk dragline deposition among males or females in the presence of prey cues; however, female spiders showed a significant decrease in the number of attachment disks produced in the presence of cricket cues whereas males did not. Our results suggest that Hogna helluo do change silk deposition patterns in the presence of crickets, but that these changes are sex-specific.
Depth formulas for certain graded rings associated to an ideal

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the depths of the Rees algebra R[It] and the associated graded ring gr I ( R ) of an ideal I in a local ring ( R, m) of dimension d > 0. Here and .
Voxelwise genome-wide association study (vGWAS)

Abstract The structure of the human brain is highly heritable, and is thought to be influenced by many common genetic variants, many of which are currently unknown. Recent advances in neuroimaging and genetics have allowed collection of both highly detailed structural brain scans and genome-wide genotype information. This wealth of information presents a new opportunity to find the genes influencing brain structure. Here we explore the relation between 448,293 single nucleotide polymorphisms in each of 31,622 voxels of the entire brain across 740 elderly subjects (mean age ± s.d.: 75.52 ± 6.82 years; 438 male) including subjects with Alzheimer's disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and healthy elderly controls from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We used tensor-based morphometry to measure individual differences in brain structure at the voxel level relative to a study-specific template based on healthy elderly subjects. We then conducted a genome-wide association at each voxel to identify genetic variants of interest. By studying only the most associated variant at each voxel, we developed a novel method to address the multiple comparisons problem and computational burden associated with the unprecedented amount of data. No variant survived the strict significance criterion, but several genes worthy of further exploration were identified, including CSMD2 and CADPS2. These genes have high relevance to brain structure. This is the first voxelwise genome wide association study to our knowledge, and offers a novel method to discover genetic influences on brain structure.
Flight Dynamics and Control of Evasive Maneuvers: The Fruit Fly's Takeoff

We have approached the problem of reverse-engineering the flight control mechanism of the fruit fly by studying the dynamics of the responses to a visual stimulus during takeoff. Building upon a prior framework [G. Card and M. Dickinson, J. Exp. Biol., vol. 211, pp. 341-353, 2008], we seek to understand the strategies employed by the animal to stabilize attitude and orientation during these evasive, highly dynamical maneuvers. As a first step, we consider the dynamics from a gray-box perspective: examining lumped forces produced by the insect's legs and wings. The reconstruction of the flight initiation dynamics, based on the unconstrained motion formulation for a rigid body, allows us to assess the fly's responses to a variety of initial conditions induced by its jump. Such assessment permits refinement by using a visual tracking algorithm to extract the kinematic envelope of the wings [E. I. Fontaine, F. Zabala, M. Dickinson, and J. Burdick, "Wing and body motion during flight initiation in Drosophila revealed by automated visual tracking," submitted for publication] in order to estimate lift and drag forces [F. Zabala, M. Dickinson, and R. Murray, "Control and stability of insect flight during highly dynamical maneuvers," submitted for publication], and recording actual leg-joint kinematics and using them to estimate jump forces [F. Zabala, "A bio-inspired model for directionality control of flight initiation," to be published.]. In this paper, we present the details of our approach in a comprehensive manner, including the salient results.
Functional integrin subunits regulating cell–matrix interactions in the intervertebral disc

Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix are key factors regulating cell survival, differentiation, and response to environmental stimuli in cartilagenous tissues. Much is known about the extracellular matrix proteins in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and their variations with region, age, or degenerative state of the tissue. In contrast, little is known of the integrin cell surface receptors that directly bind to and interact with these matrix proteins in the IVD. In almost all tissues, these integrin-mediated cell–matrix interactions are important for transducing environmental cues arising from mechanical stimuli, matrix degradation fragments, and cytokines into intracellular signals. In this study, cells from the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus regions of porcine IVDs were analyzed via flow cytometry to quantify integrin expression levels upon isolation and after monolayer culture. Assays of cell attachment to collagens, fibronectin, and laminin were performed after functional blocking of select integrin subunits to evaluate the role of specific integrins in cell attachment. In situ distribution and co-localization of integrins and laminin were also characterized. Results identify integrin receptors critical for IVD cell interactions with collagens (α1β1) and fibronectin (α5β1). Additionally, dramatic differences in cell–laminin interactions were observed between cells of the nucleus and anulus regions, including differences in α6 integrin expression, cell adhesion to laminin, and in situ pericellular environments. These findings suggest laminin–cell interactions may be important and unique to the nucleus pulposus region of the IVD. The results of this study provide new information on functional cell–matrix interactions in tissues of the IVD. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 829–840, 2007
ECG enhancement and QRS detection based on sparse derivatives

Abstract Electrocardiography (ECG) signals are often contaminated by various kinds of noise or artifacts, for example, morphological changes due to motion artifact, non-stationary noise due to muscular contraction (EMG), etc. Some of these contaminations severely affect the usefulness of ECG signals, especially when computer aided algorithms are utilized. In this paper, a novel ECG enhancement algorithm is proposed based on sparse derivatives. By solving a convex l1 optimization problem, artifacts are reduced by modeling the clean ECG signal as a sum of two signals whose second and third-order derivatives (differences) are sparse respectively. The algorithm is applied to a QRS detection system and validated using the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database (109,452 anotations), resulting a sensitivity of Se = 99.87% and a positive prediction of +P = 99.88%.
Electron-Lattice-Interaction Induced Localization in Solids

The idea that the electron-lattice interaction could provide a strong driving force for electronic localization in solids originated with Landau in 1933.1 He suggested that an electron might find itself bound in the potential well established by the displacements of the atoms of a solid from their carrier-free equilibrium positions. The lowering of the electron’s energy resulting from its being bound may more than offset the strain energy associated with the atomic displacements. Then, it is energetically favorable for the atoms to displace so as to form such a well with the electron trapped within it. In other words, the atomic displacment pattern is stablized by the trapping of the electron. The atoms then assume “new” equilibrium positions consistent with the presence of the trapped electron. Since the electron is trapped in the atomic displacement pattern which is itself stablized by the presence of the trapped charge, the electron is said to be self-trapped. Reflecting early considerations of self-trapping in polar semiconductors, the unit composed of the self-trapped carrier and its atomic displacment pattern is termed a polaron. This terminology prevails today and is currently applied to self-trapped carriers in both polar and nonpol ar materials. The adjectives “small” and “large” affixed to the term polaron denote the spatial extent of the wavefunction of the self-trapped carrier. A large polaron has a length or radius which is large compared with unit-cell dimensions. A small polaron is severely localized on this scale.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the regulation of physiological arousal

Neuroimaging studies show a correlation between activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and skin conductance measurements. However, little is known whether this brain region plays a causal role in regulating physiological arousal. To address this question, we employed Granger causality analysis (GCA) to establish causality between cerebral blood oxygenation level-dependent and skin conductance signals in 24 healthy adults performing a cognitive task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that activity of the vmPFC not only negatively correlated with skin conductance level (SCL) but also Granger caused SCL, thus establishing the direction of influence. Importantly, across participants, the strength of Granger causality was negatively correlated to phasic skin conductance responses elicited by external events during the behavioral task. In contrast, activity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex positively correlated with SCL but did not show a causal relationship in GCA. These new findings indicate that the vmPFC plays a causal role in regulating physiological arousal. Increased vmPFC activity leads to a decrease in skin conductance. The findings may also advance our understanding of dysfunctions of the vmPFC in mood and anxiety disorders that involve altered control of physiological arousal.
Cellular polymer composites based on bi-component fibers

Abstract Traditionally, bi-component fibers are used as non-woven fabrics where stiffness is not a primary concern. In this work, we show that solvent activation of the polyethylene sheath leads to significant swelling that can induce and form entanglement gel structures between fibers. Fiber-reinforced cellular polymers are produced using bi-component fibers containing a polyester core and a HDPE sheath. Upon removal of the solvent from the gel, a polyethylene membrane structure forms between polyester cores, creating a cellular fiber composite. Swelling of the polyethylene sheath is analogous to a micro-scale “blowing” process. The reinforced cellular structure exhibits improved mechanical properties compared to hot-bonded systems based on similar bi-component fibers. Other possible variants of the micro-scale “blowing” process are discussed.
Aqueductal (pencil) glioma presenting as neurogenic pulmonary edema: a case report.

Abstract A case of neurogenic pulmonary edema due to hydrocephalus, without initial neurological deficit, is described. Computed tomography demonstrated a ring enhancing lesion in the tectum of the mesencephalon obstructing the aqueduct of Sylvius. The lesion, on autopsy, was a rare mesencephalic glioma described in the literature as a “pencil glioma” of the aqueduct.
Social Organization of Nine-banded Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in a Riparian Habitat

Abstract I investigated spatial relationships and mating in a population of individually marked nine-banded armadillos, Dasypus novemcinctus, in a riparian habitat in south Texas. Adults had larger home ranges than younger individuals. Home ranges of adult females overlapped extensively with those of other adult females and breeding and nonbreeding males. Breeding males had almost exclusive home ranges from one another, but overlapped considerably with adult females and nonbreeding males. Observations of paired males and females indicated a well-defined breeding season, from June through November, with 83% of pairings occurring from June through August, confirming morphological data reported previously. The mating system was polygynous because most breeding males paired with more than one female during the breeding season, although most females paired with just one male. Polygyny and competition among males for mates was further suggested by sexual dimorphism in body mass and by the observation that just ...
Synchronization of a nonlinear oscillator: processing the cf component of the echo-response signal in the cochlea of the mustached bat.

Cochlear microphonic potential (CM) was recorded from the CF2 region and the sparsely innervated zone (the mustached bat's cochlea fovea) that is specialized for analyzing the Doppler-shifted echoes of the first-harmonic (~61 kHz) of the constant-frequency component of the echolocation call. Temporal analysis of the CM, which is tuned sharply to the 61 kHz cochlear resonance, revealed that at the resonance frequency, and within 1 msec of tone onset, CM is broadly tuned with linear magnitude level functions. CM measured during the ongoing tone and in the ringing after tone offset is 50 dB more sensitive, is sharply tuned, has compressive level functions, and the phase leads onset CM by 90°: an indication that cochlear responses are amplified during maximum basilar membrane velocity. For high-level tones above the resonance frequency, CM appears at tone onset and after tone offset. Measurements indicate that the two oscillators responsible for the cochlear resonance, presumably the basilar and tectorial membranes, move together in phase during the ongoing tone, thereby minimizing net shear between them and hair cell excitation. For tones within 2 kHz of the cochlear resonance the frequency of CM measured within 2 msec of tone onset is not that of the stimulus but is proportional to it. For tones just below the cochlear resonance region CM frequency is a constant amount below that of the stimulus depending on CM measurement delay from tone onset. The frequency responses of the CM recorded from the cochlear fovea can be accounted for through synchronization between the nonlinear oscillators responsible for the cochlear resonance and the stimulus tone.
Experimental Demonstration of Optical Sectioning by Spatial Filtering and Its Possible Use in Transmission of Three Dimensional Pictures

A method of spatial filtering which allows one to obtain optical cross sections of a three-dimensional object is demonstrated. The essence of the method is to photograph the object, which is illuminated by a fine pattern of light, with a camera of limited depth of field. The fine pattern appears in focus on the photographic negative of a selected cross section of the object while the foreground and background parts of the object are blurred. The photographic transparency is then placed in a standard spatial filtering setup, and the desired cross section thus obtained. The optical sectioning technique for generating three-dimensional images will then be compared according to information density with holographic and fly’s eye lenslet methods.
On identifying global optima in cooperative coevolution

When applied to optimization problems, Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms(CCEA) have been observed to exhibit a behavior called relative overgeneralization. Roughly, they tend to identify local optima with large basins of attraction which may or may not correspond to global optima. A question which arises is whether one can modify the algorithm to promote the discovery of global optima. We argue that a mechanism from Pareto coevolution can achieve this end. We observe that in CCEAs candidate individuals from one population are used as tests or measurements of individuals in other populations; by treating individuals as tests in this way, a finer-grained comparison can be made among candidate individuals. This finer-grained view permits an algorithm to see when two candidates are differently capable, even when one's evident value is higher than the other's. By modifying an existing CCEA to compare individuals using Pareto dominance we have produced an algorithm which reliably finds global optima. We demonstrate the algorithm on two Maximum of Two Quadratics problems and discuss why it works.
CuMPE: Cluster-Management and Power-Efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN), a type of distributed wireless ad-hoc network, is characterized by large amount of sensors and low power supply. In WSN, it is important for sensor nodes to have low transmission delay (due to large number of sensor nodes) and low power consumption (due to limited power supply). In this paper, we propose a new routing and MAC protocol $Cluster-Management and Power Efficient (CuMPE) protocol, to meet the above objectives. The routing part of CuMPE is cluster-based and uses a selective flooding algorithm to propagate transmission cost. Based on the cost information, every sensor in the network tries to establish the minimum cost path to the cluster head. The MAC part of CuMPE first finds the critical path that has the longest transmission delay to a cluster head and schedules sensor nodes using TDMA scheduling to avoid extending the critical path. Simulation results have shown that CuMPE protocol is more power efficient and has shorter transmission delay than existing protocols, such as LEACH, PEGASIS, and HIT.
Effects of Visual Experience on the Representation of Objects in the Prefrontal Cortex

The perception and recognition of objects are improved by experience. Here, we show that monkeys' ability to recognize degraded objects was improved by several days of practice with these objects. This improvement was reflected in the activity of neurons in the prefrontal (PF) cortex, a brain region critical for a wide range of visual behaviors. Familiar objects activated fewer neurons than did novel objects, but these neurons were more narrowly tuned, and the object representation was more resistant to the effects of degradation, after experience. These results demonstrate a neural correlate of visual learning in the PF cortex of adult monkeys.
Prediction of alternatively spliced exons using Support Vector Machines

Alternative splicing is a mechanism for generating different gene transcripts (called isoforms) from the same genomic sequence. In this paper, we explore the predictive power of a large set of diverse gene features that have been experimentally shown to have effect on alternative splicing. We use such features to build support vector machine classifiers for predicting alternatively spliced exons. Experimental results show that classifiers built from the diverse set of features give better results than those that consider only basic sequence features. Furthermore, we use feature selection methods to identify the most informative features for the prediction problem at hand.
Raw corpus word sense disambiguation

A wide range of approaches have been applied to word sense disambiguation. However, most require manually crafted knowledge such as annotated text, machine readable dictionaries or thesari, semantic networks, or aligned bilingual corpora. The reliance on these knowledge sources limits portability since they generally exist only for selected domains and languages. This poster presents a corpus-based approach where multiple usages of an ambiguous word are divided into a specified number of sense groups based strictly on features that are automatically obtained from the immediately surrounding raw text. We are given N sentences, each of which contains a usage of a particular ambiguous word. Each sentence is converted into a feature vector (F1, F2,...,Fn, S) where (F1,...,Fn) represent the observed contextual properties of the sentence and S represents the unobserved sense of the ambiguous word. A probabilistic model is built from this data. First, a parametric form that describes the interactions among the observed contextual features and the unknown sense is specified. We use the form commonly known as Naive Bayes due to its favorable performance in previous studies of supervised disambiguation (e.g., Gale et. al., 1992, Mooney, 1996, Ng 1997). The Naive Bayes model, when applied to disambiguation, implies that all contextual features are conditionally independent given the sense of the ambiguous word: n
The effect of chronic progressive nephropathy on the incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms in control male F344 rats

Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) is the most frequently diagnosed lesion in the rat kidney. It has many components including degeneration and regeneration of renal tubule (RT) epithelium, glomerular lesions and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. The incidence and severity of CPN is strain, age, and sex dependent and may be altered by a number of factors including exposure to xenobiotics. In National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year bioassays, xenobiotic-associated increased severity (exacerbation) of CPN often occurs in association with a marginal increased incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms (RTCN). The relationship between CPN and RTCN development has not been definitively determined. The present study evaluated the association between severity of CPN and the occurrence of RTCN in control male F344 rats. A slight but statistically significant increase in CPN severity was present in those animals with RTCN compared to aged-matched controls without RTCN. Although these data suggest there is a positive correlation between CPN and RTCN, cause and effect were not determined. This marginal association suggests that the number of RTCNs that may develop secondary to chemically exacerbated nephropathy would be few.
A new era in esophageal diagnostics: the image-based paradigm of high-resolution manometry.

Background The development of high-resolution (HRM) catheters and software displays of manometric recordings in color-coded pressure plots has changed the diagnostic assessment of esophageal disease. HRM may offer advantages over conventional methods, including improved identification of motility disorders, hiatal hernia, and outflow obstruction, and ease interpretation. Study Design HRM studies were obtained in 50 healthy volunteers and 106 patients. HRM was performed using a 36-channel catheter, with sensors spaced at 1-cm intervals. Manometric findings were classified into abnormalities of the gastroesophageal barrier and those of the esophageal body and validated by comparison with endoscopic and radiographic diagnostic methods. Results The mean time for HRM was significantly lower than that for a conventional method (8.1versus 24.4 minutes; p Conclusions HRM studies are shorter than those using conventional methods. Interpretation is image based, and correlation with objective endoscopic and physiologic findings confirms the accuracy of interpretation. The introduction of HRM is a significant advance in the outpatient evaluation of esophageal function.
Body weight, not facial width-to-height ratio, predicts aggression in pro hockey players

Studies indicate that facial characteristics may predict behavior, but it is unclear if this will hold within highly selective populations. One relevant characteristic is the face’s width-to-height ratio (FWHR), a sexually dimorphic trait that has been shown to predict aggression. That FWHR may predict aggression within highly selective populations was suggested by Carre and McCormick’s (2008) finding that professional hockey players with greater FWHRs accrued more penalties. We attempted to replicate this result using all NHL players. We also explored fighting penalties as another aggression measure and height and weight as additional aggression predictors. We found that body weight predicted substantial variance in aggression but FWHR did not. Thus, in highly selective populations, inferences based on faces may be inaccurate.
Modeling of Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media

Modeling of flow and heat transfer in rotating porous media is introduced in this chapter. The governing equations are presented and transformed into dimensionless form in order, among others, to identifying conditions for neglecting terms in these equations. The classification of different types of rotating flows in porous media concludes the chapter.
Reconstruction of Groundwater Contamination History in Hadnot Point Area of Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Using Linear Stochastic Control Model

In Hadnot Point area of U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, there is an ongoing health study to determine if an association exists between exposure to contaminated drinking water and birth defects and childhood cancers in children born to women who were pregnant while living at the base during the period 1968–1985. Since there are no historical data on groundwater contamination at the water-supply wells prior to 1985, the contamination history at this site during the period needs to be reconstructed for assisting the epidemiologic study in determining the historical exposure scenarios. Considering limited concentration data at some observation sites and pumping schedule available, a linear stochastic control model is developed to approximately recover contamination history at the site. The model incorporates the effects of both system and pumping as well as errors of modeling and measurement, which are recognized based on available historical data. The Kalman filtering method coupled with Monte Carlo simulation is applied for solution of the linear stochastic control model. The model and algorithm proposed are then applied to the Hadnot Point area to obtain temporal confidence “corridor” of concentration distributions for a given confidence level and probability distributions at observation sites. These results provide the necessary information for the epidemiologic study.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering from Anisotropic Superconductors

The magnetic fluctuation spectra are calculated for various phases of anisotropic superconductors. Both singlet and triplet superconducting phases can support anti-ferromagnetic fluctuations. For small values of the Coulomb repulsion, the spectra show power law frequency dependencies due to the nodes in the superconducting order parameter. For larger strengths of the Coulomb interaction, low energy critically damped collective excitations develop from the density of states in the gap. The q and ω dependence of the spectra can be used to deduce the character of the superconducting order parameter.
Combining Ligand Design with Photoligation to Provide Compact, Colloidally Stable, and Easy to Conjugate Quantum Dots

We describe the design and synthesis of two compact multicoordinating (lipoic acid-appended) zwitterion ligands for the capping of luminescent quantum dots, QDs. This design is combined with a novel and easy to implement photoligation strategy to promote the in situ ligand exchange and transfer of the QDs to buffer media. This method involves the irradiation of the native hydrophobic nanocrystals in the presence of the ligands, which promotes in situ cap exchange and phase transfer of the QDs, eliminating the need for a chemical reduction of the dithiolane groups. Applied to the present LA-zwitterion ligands, this route has provided QDs with high photoluminescence yields and excellent colloidal stability over a broad range of conditions, including acidic and basic pH, in the presence of growth media and excess salt conditions. The small lateral extension of the capping layer allowed easy conjugation of the QDs to globular proteins expressing a terminal polyhistidine tag, where binding is promoted by metal...
A Descent Property for the Univalent Foundations

We present a version of the descent property [4, 5] which is formulated using families rather than morphisms. By the univalence axiom [3], there is an equivalence \((\sum _{Y:\text{Type}}Y \rightarrow X) \simeq (X \rightarrow \text{Type})\) for every type X [1]. A similar equivalence will hold for the kind of families over graphs we will study here: the equifibered families. This equivalence can be used to translate our simple version of the descent property back into the usual formulation of it.
Analysis on Influencing Factors of Unknown Transmission Route of HIV/AIDS Case Reports in Xicheng District of Beijing

[Objective]With unknown transmission route of HIV/AIDS as an example,to find out the key problem by analyzing the influencing factors which caused the unknown transmission route in previous reported HIV/AIDS cases,so as to improve the integrity of reported cases in the future. [Methods]All HIV/AIDS verification cases of Xicheng district from 1996 to November 30,2010 were derived from China HIV/AIDS direct network reporting system.With SAS 9.1 software,the Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze the corresponding variables. [Results]Age,sex,sample source and report time were significantly associated with unknown transmission route. [Conclusion]In the future,the epidemiological investigation in older and female patients should be strengthened,and the registration of non-correlation test and street blood donors should be improved.The awareness of epidemiological investigation,training of medical ethics and laws should be strengthened among medical staff.It is necessary to provide a relaxed social atmosphere for HIV/AIDS infections and patients.With further improvement of the integrity of case reports,the comprehensive prevention and treatment of AIDS would be effectively implemented in population.
Some recent developments in the molecular epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infections.

Abstract We have applied two different recombinant DNA techniques to the study of the epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infections. In the first application, cloned subfragments of viral DNA were used as probes to detect EBV DNA in a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and in lymphoid cell lines. Patients who are epidemiologically unrelated harbor EBV genotypes which can readily be distinguished from each other. Patients who are epidemiologically related (such as mothers and infants) have similar EBV genotypes. Some patients, especially those who are immunocompromised, are infected with two distinct genotypes. In the second application, we have examined the immune response to specific EBV antigens expressed from small cloned viral DNA subfragments. We have identified a group of patients with presumed chronic EBV infection who selectively fail to recognize one subcomponent of the EB nuclear antigen complex.