cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of posterior occlusion in duplicate dentures

Abstract We know that the mandible will follow the occlusal pattern which we build with close exactness within certain limits. We know from past experience that the adaptability and tolerance of different individuals varies greatly. The efficiency of the types of posterior teeth also differs according to the types of food, the character and relationship of the jaws and their tissue coverings, and the adaptability of the individual. We must emphasize the importance of using better judgment and more care, not less, in order to make possible the construction of better dentures for our patients.
Numerical Studies of Scattering Properties of Leaves and Leaf Moisture Influences on the Scattering at Microwave Wavelengths

This paper uses a 3-D finite-difference time-domain method to accurately calculate the single-scattering properties of randomly oriented leaves and evaluate the influence of vegetation water content (VWC) on these properties at frequencies of 19.35 and 37.0 GHz. The studied leaves are assumed to be thin elliptical disks with two different sizes and have various VWC values. Although leaf moisture causes considerable absorption in the scattering process, the effective efficiencies of extinction and scattering of leaves essentially linearly increase with VWC, which is critical for forest remote sensing. Calculated asymmetry factors and phase functions also indicate that there is a significant amount of scattered energy at large scattering angles at microwave wavelengths. This paper can improve the modeling of the radiative transfer by vegetation canopies at the higher frequencies of the microwave spectrum, which is important for passive microwave remote sensing.
The Combined Use of Fasciocutaneous, Muscular and Myocutaneous Flaps and Graft Onlays in Urethral Reconstruction

For refractory urethral strictures and fistulas with compromised vascularity and multiple failed previous procedures, salvage methods for successful reconstruction require tissue transfer of muscle-assisted skin and buccal graft composites, such as with the gracilis muscle flap, the perineal artery —medial thigh —fasciocutaneous flap, and the inferior gluteus maximus muscle flap. Such extragenital axial flaps are reliable and suitable for local genital skin substitution. These muscle flap composites are relatively simple in design, easy to harvest and transfer, possess reliable vascular and cutaneous landmarks, and can be mobilized to the perineum without tension or significant donor site morbidity.
Hot Embossing Lithography: Release Layer Characterization by Chemical Force Microscopy

Hot embossing lithography is a powerful method of replicating three-dimensional micro-and nano-structures (see Figure 1) using a stamp that is pressed into a heat-softened polymer resin. Cooling below the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer cures the motifs and the stamp and substrate are then separated. Successful replication is therefore contingent on interfacial interactions during the embossing phase and most importantly during the separation or release phase. Various organo- and perfluoro-silane release layers have been proposed and studied. We have employed variable temperature chemical force microscopy (VT-CFM) using tips silanized with four different SAMs interacting with a thin-film of poly(cyclic olefin), (PCO). The silanized-tip/polymer interaction was studied over a temperature range spanning the Tg of the PCO (∼373 K). Adhesion between a saturated hydrocarbon-decorated tip (OTS) and PCO was comparatively strong (170 nN) 30 K above the Tg of the polymer. Adhesion among the perfluorinated tips was 20 to 50 nN lower at 373 K with a relative increase in perfluoromethyl groups (w/w).
Abstract 19185: Upregulation of DJ-1 Protein after Prolonged Ischemia in a Murine Model for Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Introduction: Upregulation of cardiac DJ-1 protein might be a cardio-protective mechanism under conditions of ischemia or ischemia and reperfusion by regulating mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases or inducing enzymes for detoxification and glutathione metabolism. We recently observed that significantly elevated DJ-1 protein expression was associated with decreased expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and increased phosphorylation of the cell protective kinase AKT (protein kinase B) in human heart tissue samples from patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. Hypothesis: The expression of DJ-1 protein and its interaction with PTEN and AKT during ischemia or ischemia and reperfusion in a murine heart model might play a cardio-protective role. Methods: The level of DJ-1 was analyzed from the area at risk after 30 or 60-minute ischemia or 30-minute ischemia with 30 or 60 minutes of reperfusion using C57BL/6J mice (n=3). The changes in DJ-1 expression were correlated with the expression of PTEN and AKT and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase) and P38. The protein levels and their phosphorylation were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results: Expression of DJ-1 increased significantly after 60 minutes of ischemia while PTEN decreased after 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 or 60 minutes of reperfusion both were associated with increased phosphorylation of AKT. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased at all time points of ischemia or ischemia and reperfusion while phosphorylation of P38 was increased only during ischemia and reperfusion. Conclusions: The increased expression of DJ-1 protein is a potential marker for prolonged ischemia. Although, PTEN expression were not decreased with increased DJ-1 levels, a direct inhibiting effect of DJ-1 on PTEN might increase the phosphorylation of the cell protective AKT during 60-minute ischemia. A DJ-1 independent decrease of PTEN expression might contribute to the increased AKT phosphorylation during ischemia reperfusion. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was a sensitive marker of early or late ischemia and ischemia and reperfusion. The role of the DJ-1-AKT interaction in preventing P38 phosphorylation during ischemia needs further investigation.
Valuing Water Quality as a Function of Water Quality Measures

Employing a unique and rich data set of water quality attributes in conjunction with detailed household characteristics and trip information, we develop a mixed logit model of recreational lake usage and undertake thorough model specification and fitting procedures to identify the best set of explanatory variables, and their functional form for the estimated model. Our empirical analysis shows that individuals are responsive to the full set of water quality measures used by biologists to identify the impaired status of lakes. Thus, changes in these quality measures are not simply a scientific exercise, but they also translate into changes in the recreational usage patterns and well-being of individual households. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates are reported based on improvements in these physical measures.
Mitigation of the Effects of High Levels of High-Frequency Noise on MEMS Gyroscopes Using Microfibrous Cloth

MEMS gyroscopes are being used in a variety of applications such as camcorders, vehicle stability control and game controllers. Sometimes they are used in harsh environments such as high levels of high-frequency noise. If the frequency of the noise coincides with the natural frequency of the gyroscope, the output of the latter is corrupted. Experiments were performed to demonstrate the effects of noise on MEMS gyroscopes. The focus of this research is to investigate a passive approach to attenuate the effects of noise on MEMS gyroscopes using microfibrous cloth. The candidate materials are made by intermingling and fusing micro metal fibers together using cellulose in wet-lay papermaking technique and sintering of the resulting product to remove the cellulose and bonds the metallic fibers. In this regard, four types of nickel microfibrous material were fabricated using three diameters of nickel fibers. The Delany-Bazley analytical acoustical model was used to determine the optimum acoustical properties of the material. The properties were then used to calculate the absorption coefficients of the microfibrous media. Enclosures were then designed and fabricated from these materials to evaluate the noise attenuation effects on MEMS gyroscopes. Acoustical tests performed in a reverberation room show up to 90% reduction in the amplitude of the effects of noise. The results from simulation modeling and from these experimental evaluations are presented and discussed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Functional Localization Within the Anterior Cerebellum

SummaryAblation studies in the dog, cat and monkey reveal a functional type of localization within the anterior cerebellar lobe. This localization is so precise that functional units in single extremities, the neck and the labyrinths are discretely represented in isolated anterior cerebellar subdivisions.
Structure, bonding, and linear optical properties of a series of silver and gold nanorod clusters: DFT/TDDFT studies.

DFT/TDDFT calculations have been carried out for a series of silver and gold nanorod clusters (Agn, Aun, n = 12−120) whose structures are of cigar-type. Pentagonal Agn clusters with n = 49−121 and hexagonal Aun clusters with n = 14−74 were also calculated for comparison. Metal−metal distances, binding energies per atom, ionization potentials, and electron affinities were determined, and their trends with cluster size were examined. The TDDFT calculated excitation energies and oscillator strengths were fit by a Lorentz line shape modification, which gives rise to the simulated absorption spectra. The significant features of the experimental spectra for actual silver and gold nanorod particles are well reproduced by the calculations on the clusters. The calculated spectral patterns are also in agreement with previous theoretical results on different-type Agn clusters. Many differences in the calculated properties are found between the Agn and Aun clusters, which can be explained by relativistic effects.
International Economic Dependence and Human Misery, 1938–1980: A Global Perspective:

Previous quantitative cross-national studies of international inequality have skirted several basic questions raised by dependency and world-system theories. These shortcomings stem from data limitations and from difficult problems in design and conceptualization. This paper attempts to overcome some of these problems by: (1) complementing the study of economic development with analyses of cross-national variation in physical quality of life; (2) using data at five points in time (1938, 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980) and reporting the results of a variety of panel models with different time lags; and (3) implementing a multiple indicator approach to the measurement of economic development, dependency, and physical quality of life. Overall, the analyses show that dependency has a more harmful effect on physical quality of life than on economic development. This holds for a variety of panels and sample definitions. The analysis shows, further, that these effects become stronger with a greater time lag, support...
Technical note: pig model for studying nutrient assimilation by the intestine and colon.

We have developed a system for chronically catheterizing 10- to 25-d-old pigs that permits stable isotope tracer studies of intestinal or colonic assimilation of nutrients. This model also can be used to ensure constant enteral feeding or to assess the rate of entry into the terminal ileum of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. A plastic cannula with a luminal flange can be surgically placed in the stomach for tracer studies of sugar digestion or for controlled infusion of any formula diet. A similar cannula can be placed in the cecum for infusion of tracer and(or) substrates for studies of fermentation. The cannula has been machined so that a washer and nut can be threaded onto it, allowing the entire apparatus to be fixed to the abdominal wall. The distal end protruding above the skin was tapered to fit standard i.v. extension tubing. A carotid arterial catheter was used to sample substrates for isotopic enrichment measurements.
Synergy of Light and Radiofrequency Energy for Hair Removal

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the synergy of light and radiofrequency energy for hair removal. Hair removal using lasers and light-based methodologies are limited by the chromophore dependence on melanin located in the hair shaft, creating a small window of efficacy and safety for the treatment of light hair hues and darker skin phenotypes. More recently, using an alternative source of energy, RF, and synthesizing its use with current light and laser modalities have eliminated this dependence on the melanin chromophore. The combination of optical and RF has proven to be a safe and effective method for the permanent removal of unwanted hair, and has shown promising effects in both those individuals with darker skin types as well as in those with blond or white hair, while also creating a high safety profile with minimal patient discomfort. Further investigation with more long-term studies and comparison trials are needed to further elucidate the integrated RF and optical energy technology, especially in the earlier refractory group of photoepilatory individuals.
Efficacy of Performing a Second Non-Myeloablative Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant.

Introduction: Non-myeloablative stem cell transplants are being performed for a variety of benign and malignant hematologic conditions. The reported graft failure rates have been as high as 20%. Little is reported on the safety and efficacy of a second attempt at a nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplant. Methods: Patients who underwent at least 2 nonmyeloablative allogenic transplants at either Duke University or Dana Farber Cancer Centers were included. Results: 9 patients were identified who underwent at least 2 preparatory regimens with stem cell infusion. 7 patients underwent related donor stem cell infusions and 2 patients had an umbilical cord donor. 4 patients, including the 2 with an umbilical cord donor, had primary graft failure. The remaining had secondary graft failure within 1–9 months from viral disease/therapy or disease progression. 5 of 9 received a 5 day regimen of fludarabine 125mg/m2, campath100mg and cyclophosphomide 2 gm/m2 total for a secondary preparatory regimen (FCC). Two patients received a one-day prep with fludarabine 30mg/m2, 200cGyTBI, cyclophosphamide 2gm/m2 and campath 20mg (FCC/TBI). The two umbilical cord patients received a one day prep that included TBI, cyclophosphamide 500mg/m2, fludarabine 30 mg/m2, and campath 30 mg (FCC/One). One patient with refractory CML failed to engraft, though 8/9 did (1 required a 3rd attempt), including 4 patients who had the same donor as their first transplant. Long-term follow-up revealed the graft was intact in 5 patients at 6, 7, 8, 21, 39, and 63 months. Three patients died. Conclusion: Patients who have graft failure can be transplanted with a second nonmyeloablative allotransplant. Response and long-term engraftment is possible, even using the same donor.
TNFα enhances force generation in airway smooth muscle

Airway inflammation is a hallmark of asthma, triggering airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperreactivity and airway remodeling. TNFα increases both agonist-induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) and force in ASM. The effects of TNFα on ASM force may also be due to an increase in Ca2+ sensitivity, cytoskeletal remodeling, and/or changes in contractile protein content. We hypothesized that 24 h of exposure to TNFα increases ASM force by changing actin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content and/or polymerization. Porcine ASM strips were permeabilized with 10% Triton X-100, and force was measured in response to increasing concentrations of Ca2+ (pCa 9.0 to 4.0) in control and TNFα-treated groups. Relative phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (p-MLC) and total actin, MLC, and MyHC concentrations were quantified at pCa 9.0, 6.1, and 4.0. Actin polymerization was quantified by the ratio of filamentous to globular actin at pCa 9.0 and 4.0. For determination of total cross-bridge formation, isometric ATP hydrolysis rate at pCa 4.0 was measured using an enzyme-coupled NADH-linked fluorometric technique. Exposure to TNFα significantly increased force across the range of Ca2+ activation but did not affect the intrinsic Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation. The TNFα-induced increase in ASM force was associated with an increase in total actin, MLC, and MyHC content, as well as an increase in actin polymerization and an increase in maximum isometric ATP hydrolysis rate. The results of this study support our hypothesis that TNFα increases force generation in ASM by increasing the number of contractile units (actin-myosin content) contributing to force generation.
How Social Media Is Changing the Practice of Regional Anesthesiology

This review summarizes the current applications of social media in regional anesthesiology, describes ways that specific platforms may promote growth, and briefly discusses limitations and future directions. Although Facebook users outnumber Twitter users, the latter has been better studied in regional anesthesiology and may have the advantages of speed and expansion of reach. Highly tweeted publications are more likely to be cited in the medical literature, and twitter-enhanced journal clubs facilitate communication regarding important articles with international colleagues. In both the USA and internationally, Twitter has been shown to enhance the anesthesiology conference experience, changing communication amongst attendees and non-attendees. YouTube and podcasts are quickly finding a niche in regional anesthesiology for just-in-time training and continuing professional development. Social media use is rapidly growing in regional anesthesiology, and benefits include global interaction and knowledge translation within the specialty and with the general public.
Molecular Clouds and the Onset of Star Formation

This chapter is concerned with the main physical processes that lead to star formation in gas that has already evolved to the molecular cloud state. Although this material is already relatively cold and dense, in general it has too much magnetic, rotational, thermal, and turbulent energy to allow collapse into low-mass stars. A number of physical processes, however, tend to dissipate these energies, or allow local collapse in spite of them, on time scales up to 107 yr. The main effects that need to be considered are heating, cooling, the role of shock waves, magnetic braking of rotation, diffusion of the magnetic field with respect to the gas, and the generation and decay of turbulence. After a review of the general properties of molecular clouds, the chapter discusses the physical processes relevant to the phase known as “star formation” (Table 1.1). It then discusses three important scenarios: magnetically controlled star formation, turbulence-controlled star formation, and induced star formation.
Incidence of cholecystectomy after bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery predisposes patients to development of cholelithiasis, and therefore the need of a subsequent cholecystectomy; however, the incidence of cholecystectomy after bariatric surgery is debated. Objective The purpose of our study is to assess the incidence of cholecystectomy after 3 of the most common bariatric procedures. Setting University Hospital, involving a large database in New York State. Methods The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System administrative longitudinal database was used to identify all patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) between 2004 and 2010. Through the use of a unique identifier patients were followed to evaluate for the need of a subsequent cholecystectomy over at least 5 years. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for subsequent cholecystectomy. Results During this time period, there were 15,301 LAGB procedures, 19,996 RYGB, and 1650 SG. There were 989 (6.5%) patients who underwent cholecystectomy after LAGB, 1931 (9.7%) patients after RYGB, and 167 (10.1%) after SG. Approximately one quarter of follow-up cholecystectomies were performed at the same institutions. LAGB and RYGB were less likely to have a subsequent cholecystectomy compared with SG (hazard ratio .5, 95% confidence interval .4–.6 for LAGB; and hazard ratio .7, 95% confidence interval .6–.9 for RYGB). Risk factors for a subsequent cholecystectomy included age, sex, race, and some co-morbidities and complications (P Conclusion The rate of cholecystectomy after LAGB, RYGB, and SG was 6.5%, 9.7% and 10.1%, respectively. Patients should be counseled preoperatively about this risk and biliary prophylaxis should be contemplated.
From Epidemiology to Epigenetics: Evidence for the Importance of Nutrition to Optimal Health Development Across the Life Course

Nutrition is a young science. For thousands of years, foods and herbs were a major component in the armamentarium of the physician and his predecessors.
A sensitive UPLC-APCI-MS/MS method for the determination of dexamethasone and its application in an ocular tissue distribution study in rabbits following topical administration

A sensitive, specific and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-APCI-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone (DEX) in ocular tissues and biofluids of rabbits. Dexamethasone-d5 (DEX-d5) was used as an internal standard. Protein precipitation was used to extract the drug from ocular tissue homogenates, biofluids and plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using a gradient run with a mobile phase composed of methanol and 5 mM ammonium formate in 0.1% formic acid in water buffer at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. A detailed method validation in two matrices (bovine serum albumin and phosphate buffer) was performed as per the FDA guidelines and the calibration curve obtained was linear (r2 = 999) over the concentration range 200–100 000 pg mL−1. A Sciex 6500+ coupled with a Waters Acquity UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) system was operated in the multiple monitoring mode (MRM) during the analysis. The proposed method was applied to a rabbit ocular tissue distribution study after topical ophthalmic administration of dexamethasone and tobramycin suspension.
AXIAL SARCOPENIA, SUBCUTANEOUS, ABDOMINAL VISCERAL AND PERICARDIAL ADIPOSITY IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED AND REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION

Abnormalities in body composition (subcutaneous adiposity, visceral adiposity, sarcopenia) can influence metabolic dysfunction and exercise capacity in heart failure. However, a comprehensive assessment of subcutaneous, abdominal visceral and pericardial fat, as well as skeletal muscle mass in heart
Signature of charge migration in modulations of double ionization

We present a theoretical investigation of charge migration following strong-field ionization in a multielectron system. We study a model homonuclear molecule with two electrons, each restricted to one dimension ($1+1D$), interacting with a strong, static electric field. We show that in this system charge migration results from the interplay between multiple ionization channels that overlap in space, creating a coherent electron-hole wave packet in the cation. We also find that, in our case, charge migration following the first ionization manifests as a modulation of the subsequent double-ionization signal. We derive a parametrized semiclassical model from the full multielectron system and we discuss the importance of the choice of cation electronic-structure basis for the efficacy of the semiclassical representation. We use the ab initio solution of the full $1+1D$ system as a reference for the qualitative and quantitative results of the parametrized semiclassical model. We discuss the extension of our model to long-wavelength time-dependent fields with full-dimension, many-electron targets.
Response to Pharmacy History Courses May - and Should - Offer More Than Professionalism.

To the Editor: We thank Dr. Tekiner for his insightful and positive comments in response to our manuscript.[1][1] Dr. Tekiner observes that the teaching of the history of pharmacy has been neglected in many countries. This has also been the case in the United States, and the findings of our study
Information theory optimization based feature selection in breast mammography lesion classification

Quantitative imaging features of intensity, texture, and shape were extracted from breast lesions and surrounding tissue in 287 mammograms (150 malignant, 137 benign). A feature set reduction method to remove highly intra-correlated features was devised using k-medoids clustering and k-fold cross validation. A novel feature selection method using information theory was introduced which builds a feature set for classification by determining a group of class-informative features with low set co-information. An artificial neural network was built from the selected feature set using 10-hidden layer nodes and the tanh activation function. The resulting computer-aided diagnosis tool achieved a training accuracy of 96.2%, sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 95.2%, and area-under-the-curve of 0.971 along with 97.1% sensitivity and 94.9% specificity a blinded validation set.
Semiclassical Methods in Field Theories

Most of the materials presented in these lectures are taken from a series of publications listed in Refs. 1–4. The first three lectures are dealing with generalized WKB methods. In the last lecture, we discuss the physical origin of the instability associated with a constant B field in a classical Yang-Mills field theory.
Going beyond James: A pragmatic argument for God's existence

L'A. developpe sous forme de syllogisme l'argument pragmatique en faveur de l'existence de Dieu a partir du bien produit par la religion, qui se trouve deja chez William James.
Mechanics of structure genome-based global buckling analysis of stiffened composite panels

Stiffened panels buckle under compressive loads which would degrade load-bearing capabilities of the structures. Fast yet accurate estimations of buckling loads and associated mode shapes are critical in the early stages of design and optimization. This paper presents a method based on the mechanics of structure genome (MSG) for the global buckling analysis of stiffened composite panels. The original geometrically nonlinear problem is mathematically reduced to a geometrically linear constitutive modeling of the structure genome and a geometrically nonlinear formulation of the macroscopic plate analysis. Validation case studies show that MSG is highly accurate and efficient as compared to the detailed finite element analysis. The buckling behaviors of stiffened panels under various boundary conditions and loadings are investigated.
Pacific Ocean Forcing and Atmospheric Variability Are the Dominant Causes of Spatially Widespread Droughts in the Contiguous United States

The contributions of oceanic and atmospheric variability to spatially widespread summer droughts in the contiguous United States (hereafter, pan-CONUS droughts) are investigated using 16-member ensembles of the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from 1856 to 2012. The employed SST forcing fields are either (i) global or restricted to the (ii) tropical Pacific or (iii) tropical Atlantic to isolate the impacts of these two ocean regions on pan-CONUS droughts. Model results show that SST forcing of pan-CONUS droughts originates almost entirely from the tropical Pacific because of atmospheric highs from the northern Pacific to eastern North America established by La Nina conditions, with little contribution from the tropical Atlantic. Notably, in all three model configurations, internal atmospheric variability influences pan-CONUS drought occurrence by as much or more than the ocean forcing and can alone cause pan-CONUS droughts by establishing a dominant high centered over the US montane West. Similar results are found for the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). Model results are compared to the observational record, which supports model-inferred contributions to pan-CONUS droughts from La Ninas and internal atmospheric variability. While there may be an additional association with warm Atlantic SSTs in the observational record, this association is ambiguous due to the limited number of observed pan-CONUS. The ambiguity thus opens the possibility that the observational results are limited by sampling over the 20th-century and not at odds with the suggested dominance of Pacific Ocean forcing in the model ensembles.
Teamwork makes the dream work in thrombopoiesis

In this issue of Blood, Chiu et al report the presence of functional redundancy between the transcription factors lymphoblastic leukemia 1 protein (LYL1) and stem cell leukemia protein (SCL) in the process of megakaryocyte (MK) maturation and platelet production in mice.1 This discovery may provide an answer to the long-standing mystery of why mutations in SCL protein do not present with any phenotypic platelet disorder, whereas mutations in its binding partner proteins GATA1, FLI1, RUNX1, and GFI1B cause hereditary thrombocytopenia.
Changes in trauma-potentiated startle, skin conductance, and heart rate within prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD in high and low treatment responders.

Abstract While exposure-based psychotherapy is recommended as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) given strong evidence for its effectiveness, some patients fail to receive full benefit. Psychophysiological data may be important complementary indices for investigating variability in treatment response and changes over the course of treatment. The focus of the present investigation was to examine change in psychophysiological indices pre- to post-treatment and to investigate if changes differed for high versus low PTSD treatment responders. Participants included veterans with primary PTSD diagnoses who received a two-week intensive prolonged exposure (PE) treatment. Psychophysiological assessment included trauma-potentiated startle, heart rate, and skin conductance recordings during presentation of three standard virtual reality (VR)-based, trauma-relevant scenes presented through a head mounted display. Results indicate that 48.6% were classified as high treatment responders (≥50% reduction in PCL-5 from baseline). Trauma-potentiated startle was observed in all patients at pre-treatment, F = 13.58, p
Some Novel Aspects of the Function of Prostaglandin E2 in the Coronary Circulation

Recently, much work has centered on the effects and possible physiological and pathological importance of coronary prostacyclin synthesis (Fitzpatrick et al., 1978; Hyman et al., 1978; Needleman and Kaley, 1978; Dusting et al., 1979; Lefer et al., 1979; Aiken et al., 1980; Jugdutt et al., 1981). Prostacyclin, however, is not the only cyclooxygenase product that is produced in the coronary vasculature. In this context, recent work by Gerritsen and Printz (1981) has shown that PGE2 is produced in large coronary arteries, coronary micro vessels, and also in microvas-cular endothelial cells (Gerritsen and Cheli, 1984). Additionally, we have demonstrated that PGE2 has potent effects on coronary blood flow (Hintze and Kaley, 1977) and under special conditions may activate cardiac ventricular receptors, leading to reflex effects on the circulation in general (Hintze and Kaley, 1984). Furthermore, Jugdutt et al. (1981) have shown that infusions of PGE1 ameliorate some of the harmful consequences of ischemia on the myocardium. The purpose of this chapter is to review the effects of PGE2 on the myocardium and coronary circulation and to describe our own, more recent observations on the effects of PGE2 on blood flow distribution in the myocardium, on large coronary vessels in conscious dogs, and on the possible reflex regulation of circulatory function.
Data and Databases

Multivariate data consist of multiple measurements, observations, or responses obtained on a collection of selected variables. The types of variables usually encountered often depend upon those who collect the data (the domain experts), possibly together with some statistical colleagues; for it is these people who actively decide which variables are of interest in studying a particular phenomenon. In other circumstances, data are collected automatically and routinely without a research direction in mind, using software that records every observation or transaction made regardless of whether it may be important or not.
Marsh zhizni. Kak spasali dolginovskikh evreev [March of life: how the Jews of Dolginovo were saved]: by Irina Gerasimova, Moscow, AST, 2016, 352 pp., $25 (hardback), ISBN: 978-5-17-095128-4

The interaction of Jewish refugees from Nazi-era ghettos with the Soviet partisan movement continues to trouble scholars and anyone interested in the history of the Holocaust and of Jewish survival...
Optical Pumping in Xenon Atoms

We experimentally invistigate the optimal production of metastable xenon using RF discharge techniques combined with optical pumping from an auxiliary state in xenon. This provides a robust platform for producing large long-term metastable densities.
Migrant Allies and Sexual Remittances: How International Students Change the Sexual Attitudes of Those Who Remain Behind:

How does moving from a sexually conservative country to a liberal one alter the way international students think about homosexuality and same-sex rights, and how does this impact their communities ...
New Insights into the Role of Visit-to-Visit Glycemic Variability and Blood Pressure Variability in Cardiovascular Disease Risk

There is evidence from epidemiologic studies that variability in cardiovascular risk factors influences risk of cardiovascular disease. We review new studies and novel findings in the relationship between visit-to-visit glycemic variability and blood pressure variability and risk of adverse outcomes. Visit-to-visit glycemic variability is consistently linked to macrovascular disease. This relationship has been observed in both clinical trials and retrospective studies of electronic health records. Long-term blood pressure variability also predicts cardiovascular outcomes, and the association appears stronger in those with lower levels of systolic and diastolic function. As epidemiologic evidence increases in support of a role for metabolic risk factor variability in cardiovascular risk, there is a corresponding rise in interest in applying this information toward improving risk factor prediction and treatment. Future investigation of underlying mechanisms for these associations as well as implications for therapy is also warranted. The potential additive contribution of variability of multiple parameters also merits additional scrutiny. As our technology for capturing risk factor variability continues to improve, this will only enhance our understanding of its links with vascular disease and how to best utilize this information to reduce cardiovascular outcomes.
The Lender as Unconventional Fiduciary

This Article examines one kind of fiduciary relationship - one that develops from an ordinary, arms-length commercial relationship between a lender and a borrower. Although this prototype relationship exists in the broader context of "lender liability," to which academic commentators and the practicing bar have paid a good deal of attention in recent years, the suggested analysis has as much to do with fiduciary relationships generally as it does with issues of lender liability. The unconventional fiduciary relationship examined here differs in several respects from the conventional fiduciary relationship, for example that of trustee-beneficiary. Perhaps the most obvious difference is that the parties to an unconventional fiduciary relationship begin their relationship with a different set of goals and expectations than do the parties to a conventional fiduciary relationship. The differences between conventional and unconventional fiduciary relationships have not been evaluated for their impact on the goals of fiduciary law, the process of determining whether a relationship is fiduciary, or whether fiduciary duties have been breached. This Article reveals that the distinction between conventional and unconventional fiduciaries is important in at least two respects. First, imprecision serves no useful purpose in the analysis of unconventional fiduciary cases; in fact, in such cases, imprecision hinders the achievement of the goals of fiduciary law. Second, it is both possible and useful to clarify fiduciary principles as they are applied to unconventional fiduciaries.
Improved Reconfiguration Optimization for Maximum Power Extraction in Total-Cross-Tied PV Arrays under Nonuniform Irradiance

One of the main obstacles to solar power production is the problem of partial shading and irradiance variation. The degree to which these factors can diminish the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system depends on the specific shading pattern, PV array topology, and the physical location of the shaded PV modules within the array. The cause of which could be due to changing weather conditions, or particulate obstructions such as snow, ice, ash, or dust. An array that is capable of rapidly and purposefully rearranging its electrical interconnections is empowered to adapt to variable irradiation patterns, to failures of constituent solar modules, or even self-regulating power production in response to changing energy demands. In this paper, a block rearrangement technique, commonly used in the assembly line crew scheduling problems, is applied to equalize the irradiance summations of each row in a Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) array. The Block Rearrangement with Variance Equalization algorithm is based on the theory that for row sums to have minimum variance, the elements in each column need to be oppositely ordered to the row sums of the remaining columns. The performance of the proposed technique is verified under three shading scenarios. The results show that the applied technique can significantly reduce the mismatch power losses in partially shaded PV systems.
Icosapent ethyl: safely reducing cardiovascular risk in adults with elevated triglycerides.

In patients at high cardiovascular risk, the rate of events remains elevated despite traditional, evidence-based lipid-lowering therapy. Residual hypertriglyceridemia is an important contributor to...
Does feeding type matter? Contribution of organic matter sources to benthic invertebrates on the Arctic Chukchi Sea shelf

Abstract Benthic communities play an important role in the nutrient cycling of settling organic matter and provide an energy link to higher trophic levels. These benthic communities are highly dependent on the food sources provided through sinking organic material, with pelagic-benthic coupling particularly strong on Arctic shelf systems. Arctic shelves, however, are experiencing shifts in the timing of sea ice breakup that can have severe implications on the amount and composition of organic matter from different primary production sources supplied to the benthos. The role of benthic invertebrates in processing organic matter is typically classified by feeding types. The goal of this study was to evaluate if benthic invertebrate feeding types are a useful concept for understanding how organic matter from various biosynthetic sources is used by benthic invertebrates across the Arctic Chukchi Sea. We employed essential amino acid (EAA) specific stable isotope fingerprinting to identify proportional contributions of three EAA sources (from bacterial, phytoplankton, and terrestrial production) as a proxy of carbon sources to the diets of benthic consumers. When grouped by feeding types, the proportional contributions of the three EAA sources were similar among suspension, deposit feeders and predators/scavengers. Different genera within the same feeding type, however, showed significant differences among the EAA sources, indicating that EAA use is genus-specific rather than feeding type-specific. We discuss characteristics other than feeding mode among genera that could account for different EAA use, including mobility, selectivity of available EAA in sediments, and other trophic aspects such as assimilation efficiency. These characteristics provide useful additional considerations when grouping organisms by feeding types. High proportions of terrestrial EAA were found in the majority of benthic genera across all feeding types and characteristics in this study, reflecting the high proportions of this organic matter source in sediments and confirming that this source is being used by benthic consumers in the Arctic. EAA contributions to various benthic genera across the Chukchi Sea shelf had only weak correlations with environmental variables. While the distinctly different uses of different EAA sources by benthic-feeding genera but not by feeding types may represent high trophic plasticity in Arctic benthic invertebrates, expected climate change-driven shifts in the supply of EAA sources to the Chukchi Sea shelf benthos may still have implications for the composition of benthic communities and energy flow through the benthic food web, including energy pathways that support current top predators.
Developing a Comprehensive Decoding Instruction Observation Protocol for Special Education Teachers

This study describes the development of a special education teacher observation protocol detailing the elements of effective decoding instruction. The psychometric properties of the protocol were i...
Proof of the universal density of charged states in QFT

We prove a recent conjecture by Harlow and Ooguri concerning a universal formula for the charged density of states in QFT at high energies for global symmetries associated with finite groups. An equivalent statement, based on the entropic order parameter associated with charged operators in the thermofield double state, was proven in a previous article by Casini, Huerta, Pontello, and the present author. Here we describe how the statement about the entropic order parameter arises, and how it gets transformed into the universal density of states. The use of the certainty principle, relating the entropic order and disorder parameters, is crucial for the proof. We remark that although the immediate application of this result concerns charged states, the origin and physics of such density can be understood by looking at the vacuum sector only. We also describe how these arguments lie at the origin of the so-called entropy equipartition in these type of systems, and how they generalize to QFT's on non-compact manifolds.
God and Reason in the Middle Ages

Introduction 1. The emergence of a transformed Europe in the twelfth century 2. Reason asserts itself: the challenge to authority in the Early Middle Ages to 1200 3. Reason takes hold: Aristotle and the Medieval University 4. Reason in action: logic in the Faculty of Arts 5. Reason in action: natural philosophy in the Faculty of Arts 6. Reason in action: theology in the Faculty of Arts 7. The assault on the Middle Ages Conclusion: the culture and spirit of 'poking around'.
Disclosing the potential impact of placebo controls in antidepressant trials.

Background Although placebo-control clinical trials that withhold effective treatments can be permissible, how best to inform participants of the placebo design has received little attention. Aims To determine the effect of disclosing quantitative outcome estimates of individual treatment v . entering placebo-control randomised control trial (RCT) on willingness to enrol in such an RCT. Method We randomised 278 adult patients at a depression clinic to receive standard disclosure ( n = 129) or enhanced ( n = 149) quantitative outcome estimates (based on decision analysis) of individual treatment v . RCT, and assessed their willingness to enrol in the RCT. Results A greater proportion of those in the standard arm preferred enrolling in RCT (41.3% v . 23.8%, P = 0.002). Those in the standard arm preferred RCT more for direct benefit than altruism reasons, whereas the opposite was true in the enhanced arm. Conclusions Disclosing the quantitative outcome implications of placebos may select for fewer but more altruistic participants. Declaration of interest S.Y.H.K. was a DSMB member of a clinical trial sponsored by Hoffman-LaRoche and he receives royalties from Oxford University Press for his book Evaluation of Capacity to Consent to Treatment and Research . C.M. has served in the past year on a scientific advisory board and as a consultant for Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Copyright and usage This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
Leucine aminopeptidase activity by flow cytometry.

Publisher Summary A flow cytometric assay to stain for leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity was originally described by Dolbeare and Smith. The flow cytometric assay has been used to study macrophage heterogeneity, the effects of interferon on monocyte and macrophage development, activation states of tumor-associated macrophages, and the effects of dietary fatty acids on peritoneal macrophage activation. The advantage of the assay is that it requires a minimum of preparation time and may be performed very rapidly. The assay also provides accurate information related to the activation status of macrophages, despite the heterogeneous nature of these cells, particularly when isolated from the lung or peritoneal cavity. An additional advantage is that the use of ultra violet light excitation reduces the very real problem of autofluorescence levels associated with macrophages. This assay is primarily used to assess monocyte or macrophage activation, but it may also be used for other cell types.
A Contemporary Assessment of the Mesospheric Energy Budget

The energy budget of the terrestrial mesosphere is a frontier of research in the atmospheric sciences. A fundamental difference between the mesospheric energy budget and that in lower atmospheric regions is that the primary mesospheric heating and cooling mechanisms involve processes that are far removed from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In the past decade there has been a great advance in the knowledge of many of these processes. For example, we currently believe that exothermic chemical reactions generate more heat in the upper mesosphere than is provided directly by solar radiation. We also believe that radiative emission and cooling by carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is governed primarily by collisional energy transfer from atomic oxygen, and that the CQ molecule is a variable species in the upper mesosphere. Airglow is thought to significantly reduce the heating efficiencies of both solar radiation and exothermic reactions. Dynamical processes including gravity waves and tides are also clearly important. To date there is not an extant data set from which the mesospheric energy budget can be confidently derived on a global basis, and thus we know very little concerning the relative importance of the various sources and sinks of energy from observation. In this paper we will review the current status of knowledge of the energy balance in the mesosphere and will contrast it with the rather well-known energy balance in the stratosphere. Contemporary calculations are given of solar energy deposition and heating, infrared radiative cooling, exothermic chemical reactions, and the global mean radiative balance, as derived from the Solar-Mesosphere Explorer data set.