cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light cone gauge for (1+1) strings

Abstract Explicit construction of the light-cone gauge quantum theory of bosonic strings in 1 + 1 space-time dimensions reveals unexpected structures. One is the existence of a gauge choice that gives a free action at the price of propagating ghosts and a nontrivial BRST charge. Fixing this gauge leaves a U(1) Kac-Moody algebra of residual symmetry, generated by a conformal tensor of rank two and a conformal scalar. Another is that the BRST charge made from these currents is nilpotent when the action includes a linear dilaton background, independent of the particular value of the dilaton gradient. Space-time Lorentz invariance in this theory is still elusive, however, because of the linear dilaton background and the nature of the gauge symmetries.
Optimization of actuator arrays for aircraft interior noise control

A numerical procedure for grouping actuators in order to reduce the number of degrees of freedom in an active noise control system is evaluated using experimental data. Piezoceramic actuators for reducing aircraft interior noise are arranged into groups using a nonlinear optimization routine and clustering algorithm. An actuator group is created when two or more actuators are driven with the same control input. This procedure is suitable for active control applications where actuators are already mounted on a structure. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated using measured data from the aft cabin of a Douglas DC-9 fuselage. The measured data include transfer functions between 34 piezoceramic actuators and 29 interior microphones and microphone responses due to the primary noise produced by external speakers. Control inputs for the grouped actuators were calculated so that a cost function, defined as a quadratic pressure term and a penalty term, was a minimum. The measured transfer functions and microphone responses are checked by comparing calculated noise reductions with measured noise reductions for four frequencies. The grouping procedure is then used to determine actuator groups that improve overall interior noise reductions by 5.3 to 15 dB, compared to the baseline experimental configuration.
RACIAL PROFILING OR RACIST POLICING? BOUNDS TESTS IN AGGREGATE DATA*

State-wide reports on police traffic stops and searches summarize very large populations, making them potentially powerful tools for identifying racial bias, particularly when statistics on search outcomes are included. But when the reported statistics conflate searches involving different levels of police discretion, standard tests for racial bias are not applicable. This article develops a model of police search decisions that allows for nondiscretionary searches and derives tests for racial bias in data that mix different search types. Our tests reject unbiased policing as an explanation of the disparate impact of motor-vehicle searches on minorities in Missouri.
Angular-momentum effects in weak gravitational fields

It is shown that, contrary to what is normally expected, it is possible to have angular-momentum effects on the geometry of space-time at the laboratory scale, much bigger than the purely Newtonian effects. This is due to the fact that the ratio between the angular momentum of a body and its mass, expressed as a length, is easily greater than the mass itself, again expressed as a length.
Uncovering the Nature of the X-Ray Transient 4U 1730–22: Discovery of X-Ray Emission from a Neutron Star in Quiescence with Chandra

The X-ray transient 4U 1730-22 has not been detected in outburst since 1972, when a single ~200 day outburst was detected by the Uhuru satellite. This neutron star or black hole X-ray binary is presumably in quiescence now, and here we report on X-ray and optical observations of the 4U 1730-22 field designed to identify the system's quiescent counterpart. Using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we have found a very likely counterpart. The candidate counterpart, CXOU J173357.5-220156, is close to the center of the Uhuru error region and has a thermal spectrum. The 0.3-8 keV spectrum is well described by a neutron star atmosphere model with an effective temperature of 131 ± 21 eV. For a neutron star with a 10 km radius, the implied source distance is 10^(+12)_(-4) kpc, and the X-ray luminosity is 1.9 × 10^(33) (d/10 kpc)^2 ergs s^(-1). Accretion from a companion star is likely required to maintain the temperature of this neutron star, which would imply that it is an X-ray binary, and therefore almost certainly the 4U 1730-22 counterpart. We do not detect an optical source at the position of the Chandra source down to R > 22.1, and this is consistent with the system being a low-mass X-ray binary at a distance greater than a few kpc. If our identification is correct, 4U 1730-22 is one of the 5 most luminous of the 20 neutron star transients that have quiescent X-ray luminosity measurements. We discuss the results in the context of neutron star cooling and the comparison between neutron stars and black holes in quiescence.
Quantum super spheres and their transformation groups, representations, and little $t$-Jacobi polynomials

Abstract Quantum super 2-spheres and the corresponding quantum super transformation group are introduced in analogy to the well-known quantum 2-spheres and quantum SL (2), connection between little t -Jacobi polynomials and the finite-dimensional representations of the quantum super group is formulated, and the Peter–Weyl theorem is obtained.
College Student Binge Drinking and the “Prevention Paradox”: Implications for Prevention and Harm Reduction:

Considerable attention has been paid to heavy episodic or "binge" drinking among college youth in the United States. Despite widespread use, the binge measure is perceived by some as a low intervention threshold. We use data from the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (n = 49,163) to describe patterns of consumption and harms along a continuum including the binge measure to demonstrate the validity of the binge threshold and prevention paradox in college. While the heaviest drinkers are at greatest risk for harm, they are relatively few and generate proportionately small amounts of all drinking-harms. The risk of harms is not zero among lower level drinkers in college. Because they are numerous, they account for the majority of harms. This paradoxical pattern suggests we moderate consumption among the majority using environmental approaches, the efficacy of which are described using case study data from a national prevention demonstration. Implications for prevention policy, programming, and media advocacy are discussed.
Recognition of handwritten word: first and second order hidden Markov model based approach

Abstract In this work, handwritten word recognition problem is modeled in the framework of hidden Markov model (HMM). The states of HMM are identified with the letters of the alphabet. The optimum symbols are then generated by experimental study using fifteen different features. Both the first and second order HMM are used for the recognition task. Using the existing statistical knowledge of English, the calculation scheme for model probabilities are immensely simplified. Once the model is established, Viterbi algorithm is used to recognize the sequence of letters consisting the word. Very high recognition accuracy is obtained with the new scheme.
The susceptibility of mental accounting principles to evaluation mode effects

The present research shows that the predictions and outcomes of mental-accounting tests depend on whether preferences are measured separately (one at a time) or jointly (comparatively). Across five studies, we show that joint evaluation weakens some decision biases (the theater ticket problem, the calculator and jacket problem), but exacerbates others (the basketball game problem). Joint evaluations serve as a check on whether people think the answers they give in separate evaluations make sense or require adjustment. We discuss how the findings impact (1) tests of mental accounting predictions (between vs. within subjects designs), and (2) the normative status of mental accounting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer aided heat penetration tests for the food canning industry

If food is to be preserved without refrigeration, drying, or curing of some form, then it must be thermally "processed." The result of processing is a commercially sterile product usually in a hermetically sealed container. Although food may be rendered sterile before it is packaged (the aseptic process), we will focus on the more common practice in which the product is sterilized after it is packaged. We will use the word "can" to represent both the container and the operation of sealing the container even though the words "glass jar" or "composite pouch" may be substituted for the container in most cases.
Modifications of the beam profile in the new inclined crystal geometry

Abstract The new inclined crystal geometry has been successfully used in high heat load X-ray monochromator tests. The important aspect of this geometry is that from a diffraction point of view, when properly aligned, it is a symmetric Bragg reflection, i.e., b = k i · n / k out · n =−1. An interesting result of this geometry is that with a single reflection from an inclined crystal the output X-ray beam shape changes dramatically, while maintaining the same beam cross sectional area. For example, a parallel 8 keV input X-ray beam using Si(111) reflection, with an inclination angle of 70.5°, the output beam size is compressed by about a factor of 5.6 in one direction and expanded by the same factor in the other direction. This geometry can therefore be used to alter the source line profile of in house X-ray generators, and in some cases to better match the sample size and the X-ray beam. The effect of this geometry on beam profiles, beam divergences and acceptance angles will be discussed.
A Landau-de Gennes theory of liquid crystal elastomers

In this article, we study minimization of the energy of a Landau-de Gennes liquid crystal elastomer. The total energy consists of the sum of the Lagrangian elastic stored energy function of the elastomer and the Eulerian Landau-de Gennes energy of the liquid crystal. There are two related sources of anisotropy in the model, that of the rigid units represented by the traceless nematic order tensor $Q$, and the positive definite step-length tensor $L$ characterizing the anisotropy of the network. This work is motivated by the study of cytoskeletal networks which can be regarded as consisting of rigid rod units crosslinked into a polymeric-type network. Due to the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian structure of the energy, it is essential that the deformation maps $\varphi$ be invertible. For this, we require sufficient regularity of the fields $(\varphi, Q)$ of the problem, and that the deformation map satisfies the Ciarlet-Necas injectivity condition. These, in turn, determine what boundary conditions are admissible, which include the case of Dirichlet conditions on both fields. Alternatively, the approach of including the Rapini-Papoular surface energy for the pull-back tensor $\tilde Q$ is also discussed. The regularity requirements also lead us to consider powers of the gradient of the order tensor $Q$ higher than quadratic in the energy. We assume polyconvexity of the stored energy function with respect to the effective deformation tensor and apply methods of calculus of variations from isotropic nonlinear elasticity. Recovery of minimizing sequences of deformation gradients from the corresponding sequences of effective deformation tensors requires invertibility of the anisotropic shape tensor $L$. We formulate a necessary and sufficient condition to guarantee this invertibility property in terms of the growth to infinity of the bulk liquid crystal energy $f(Q)$, as the minimum eigenvalue of $Q$ approaches the singular limit of $-\frac{1}{3}$. It turns out that $L$ becomes singular as the minimum eigenvalue of $Q$ reaches $-\frac{1}{3}$. Lower bounds on the eigenvalues of $Q$ are needed to ensure compatibility between the theories of Landau-de Gennes and Maier-Saupe of nematics [5].
Newly Synthesized Elements and Pristine Dust in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant

Spectroscopic observations at 2.4-45 μm of the young supernova remnant Cas A with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) Short Wavelength Spectrometer reveal strong emission lines of O, Ne, Si, S, and Ar. These lines are observed at high velocities (several 103 km s-1) and are therefore associated with the supernova ejecta known as the fast-moving knots (FMKs). Continuum emission from dust is also seen in the Cas A spectrum. The continuum strength is spatially well correlated with the O and Ar line strengths, which indicates that the dust emission also arises from the FMKs. The dust continuum has an emission feature at ~22 μm which cannot be fitted by typical astronomical silicates but can be fitted with a particular class of silicate minerals. This suggests that the dust in Cas A is silicate material that has freshly condensed from the Cas A ejecta into a mineral form that is uncharacteristic of typical ISM dust grains.
Discovery of Molecular Gas in the Outflow and Tidal Arms around M82

We present the first fully sampled map of 12CO (1-0) emission from M82 covering the entire galaxy. Our map contains an ~12 × 15 kpc2 area. We find that extraplanar CO emission, previously reported at short distances above the galactic plane, extends to heights of up to 6 kpc above the disk. Some of this emission is associated with tidal arms seen in H I, implying either that M82 contained substantial amounts of molecular gas in the outer disk or that molecular gas formed after the tidal features. CO emission along the direction of the outflow extends to distances of ~3 kpc above and below the disk. At this distance, the line is shifted in velocity ~100 km s-1 and has the same sense as the galactic outflow from the central starburst. This implies that molecular gas may be entrained into the outflow.
One world money, then and now

The case for monetary simplification and unification has been made since the middle of the nineteenth century. It rests on four principal arguments; reduced transaction costs; establishing credibility; preventing bad policy in other states; political integration via money. In this paper we argue that the case for monetary integration is becoming increasingly less persuasive. In making our case we posit a different concept of money to the one that underlay the nineteenth century discussions which we term “Newtonian” since it was based on the assumption of a single reference external to the state reflected in the definition of value in terms of precious metals. In the twentieth century, views of money have shifted to a more “Einsteinian” or relativistic conception. Measures of value that move relative to each other are helpful in terms of dealing with large shifts in relative prices that affect different countries very differently. In the current age of globalization, “Einsteinian” money is capable of accommodating shifts that were politically destructive in the “Newtonian” world.
Space-Efficient Estimation of Statistics Over Sub-Sampled Streams

In many stream monitoring situations, the data arrival rate is so high that it is not even possible to observe each element of the stream. The most common solution is to sub-sample the data stream and use the sample to infer properties and estimate aggregates of the original stream. However, in many cases, the estimation of aggregates on the original stream cannot be accomplished through simply estimating them on the sampled stream, followed by a normalization. We present algorithms for estimating frequency moments, support size, entropy, and heavy hitters of the original stream, through a single pass over the sampled stream.
Equivariant quantum Schubert calculus

Abstract We study the T -equivariant quantum cohomology of the Grassmannian. We prove the vanishing of a certain class of equivariant quantum Littlewood–Richardson coefficients, which implies an equivariant quantum Pieri rule. As in the equivariant case, this implies an algorithm to compute the equivariant quantum Littlewood–Richardson coefficients.
Cooperation by indirect revelation through strategic behavior

The paper deals with a one-shot prisoners' dilemma when the players have an option to go to court but cannot verify their testimonies. To solve the problem a second stage is added to a game. At the first stage the players are involved in the prisoners' dilemma and at the second stage they play another game in which their actions are verifiable. In such a setup the information about the actions chosen at the prisoners' dilemma stage can be revealed through strategic behavior of the players during second stage. A mechanism for such revelation in the extended game is described. It provides an existence of a unique sequential equilibrium, which may be obtained by an iterative elimination of dominated strategies and has a number of desirable properties.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of liver from 2-D tomographic slices

Visualization of liver image data in three dimensions (3-D) can reveal new information to aid physicians in volume calculation and surgical planning. Liver image data are first extracted from a series of 2-D cross-sectional abdominal images by using an automated segmentation technique. An interpolation technique is then applied to construct a 3-D liver image data set having the same spatial resolution in all three directions. This 3-D liver image data set is used as an input in surface rendering and volume rendering to generate two sets of 3-D liver displays. We have applied our methods to clinical liver images obtained from cases of a living-donor liver transplant program. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the existence of states saturating the Bogomol'nyi bound in N = 4 supersymmetry

Abstract We give an argument showing that in N = 4 supersymmetric gauge theories there exists at least one bound state saturating the Bogomol'nyi bound with electric charge p and magnetic charge q , for each p and q relatively prime, and we comment on the uniqueness of such state. This result is a necessary condition for the existence of an exact S-duality in N = 4 supersymmetric theories.
A Natural Hierarchy and a low New Physics scale from a Bulk Higgs

We show that a bulk Higgs with a mass saturating the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound can naturally generate and stabilize an exponential hierarchy on an asymptotically AdS background provided appropriate UV boundary conditions are chosen. Such a framework is dual to a strongly coupled, large N CFT deformed by a marginally relevant Higgs mass operator. On the gravity side, the marginally relevant nature of the Higgs mass operator implies that the Higgs VEV is maximally spread in the bulk. This feature significantly decreases the lower bound on the new physics scale in models that address the SM flavor problem. In this framework the radion has a mass strictly lighter than the Kaluza-Klein scale, and the collider phenomenology resembles that of composite Higgs models.
Determination of the Cause of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage Switchboards

It is widely recognized that arcing faults in switchboards contain large amounts of power and can create significant damage, including melting switchboards, destroying substations, disabling ships, and causing human fatalities. While arcing faults occur with a fairly high frequency, electricity is so ubiquitous in our lives that most engineers will not personally be associated with a major arcing fault. The Navy has invested 25 years investigating the causes, behavior, and prevention of arcing failures in low- and medium-voltage switchboards. Laboratory testing used to help understand the behavior of arcs in switchboards is presented. Those data are then used to analyze actual switchboard arcing events and, thus, to determine the root causes of the events. Additional testing used to confirm the cause of each event is discussed.
The Impact of Academic Patenting on the Rate, Quality, and Direction of (Public) Research Output

We examine the influence of faculty patenting activity on the rate, quality, and content of public research outputs in a panel dataset spanning the careers of 3,862 academic life scientists. Using inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW) to account for the dynamics of self-selection into patenting, we find that patenting has a positive effect on the rate of publication of journal articles, but no effect on the quality of these publications. Using several measures of the "patentability" of the content of research papers, we also find that patenters may be shifting their research focus to questions of commercial interest. We conclude that the often-voiced concern that patenting in academe has a nefarious effect on public research output is, at least in its simplest form, misplaced.
Panoramic Views of the Cygnus Loop

We present a complete atlas of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant in the light of [O III] (λ5007), Hα, and [S II] (λλ6717, 6731). We include low-resolution (25'') global maps and smaller fields at 6'' resolution from observations using the Prime Focus Corrector on the 0.8 m telescope at McDonald Observatory. Despite its shell-like appearance, the Cygnus Loop is not a current example of a Sedov-Taylor blast wave. Rather, the optical emission traces interactions of the supernova blast wave with clumps of gas. The surrounding interstellar medium forms the walls of a cavity through which the blast wave now propagates, including a nearly complete shell in which nonradiative filaments are detected. We identify nonradiative shocks around half the perimeter of the Cygnus Loop, and they trace a circle of radius R = 14 (19 pc) in the spherical cavity walls. The Cygnus Loop blast wave is not breaking out of a dense cloud but is instead running into confining walls. Modification of the shock velocity and gas temperature due to interaction of the blast wave with the surrounding medium introduces errors in estimates of the age of this supernova remnant. The optical emission of radiative shocks arises only where the blast wave encounters inhomogeneities in the ambient medium; it is not a consequence of gradual evolution to a global radiative phase. Distance measurements that rely on this uniform blast wave evolution are uncertain, but the radiative shocks can be used as distance indicators because of the spherical symmetry of the surrounding medium. The interstellar medium dominates not only the appearance of the Cygnus Loop but also the continued evolution of the blast wave. If this is a typical example of a supernova remnant, then global models of the interstellar medium must account for such significant blast wave deceleration.
Effect of halogenation reagents on halocyclization and Overman rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates

Electrophilic halogen can promote either halocyclization or Overman rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates. We found that the chemoselectivity was dependent on the nature of the halogenation reagents for primary allylic trichloroacetimidates. A one-pot procedure was developed for the preparation of allylic trichloroacetamides directly from allylic alcohols at room temperature.
Modeling the Thermostructural Capability of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Composites

There exists today considerable interest in developing continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMC) that can operate as hot-section components in advanced gas turbine engines. The objective of this paper is to present simple analytical and empirical models for predicting the effects of time and temperature on CMC tensile rupture under various composite and engine conditions. These models are based on the average rupture behavior measured in air for oxide and SiC-based fibers of current technical interest. For example, assuming a cracked matrix and Larson-Miller rupture curves for single fibers, it is shown that model predictions agree quite well with high-temperature stress-rupture data for SiC/SiC CMC. Rupture models, yet to be validated, are also presented for three other relevant conditions: (a) SiC fibers become oxidatively bonded to each other in a cracked CMC, (b) applied CMC stresses are low enough to avoid matrix cracking, and (c) Si-based CMC are subjected to surface recession in high-temperature combustion gases. The practical implications of the modeling results are discussed, particularly in regard to the optimum fibers and matrices for CMC engine applications and the thermostructural capability of SiC/SiC CMC in comparison to nickel-based superalloys, monolithic ceramics, and oxide/oxide CMC.
Transformational plasmon optics.

We propose and demonstrate efficiently molding surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) based on transformation optics. SPPs are surface modes of electromagnetic waves tightly bound at metal-dielectric interfaces, which allow us to scale optics beyond the diffraction limit. Taking advantage of transformation optics, here we show that the propagation of SPPs can be manipulated in a prescribed manner by careful control of the dielectric material properties adjacent to a metal. Since the metal properties are completely unaltered, this methodology provides a practical way for routing light at very small scales. For instance, our approach enables SPPs to travel at uneven and curved surfaces over a broad wavelength range, where SPPs would normally suffer significant scattering losses. In addition, a plasmonic 180° waveguide bend and a plasmonic Luneburg lens with simple designs are presented. The unique design flexibility of the transformational plasmon optics introduced here may open a new door to nano optics and downscaling of photonic circuits.
Design and Evaluation of Composite Fuselage Panels Subjected to Combined Loading Conditions

Methodologies used in industry for designing transport aircraft composite fuselage structures are discussed. Several aspects of the design methodologies are based on assumptions from metallic fuselage technology, which requires that full-scale structures be tested with the actual loading conditions to validate the designs. Composite panels that represent crown and side regions of a fuselage structure are designed by the use of this approach and tested in biaxial tension. Descriptions of the state-of-the-art test facilities used for this structural evaluation are presented. These facilities include a pressure-box test machine and a D-box test fixture in a combined loads test machine, which are part of a combined loads test system. Nonlinear analysis results for a reference shell and a stiffened composite panel tested in the pressure-box test machine with and without damage are presented. The analytical and test results are compared to assess the ability of the pressure-box test machine to simulate a shell stress state with and without damage. A combined loads test machine for testing aircraft primary structures is described. This test machine includes a D-box test fixture to accommodate curved stiffened panels, and the design features of this test fixture are presented. Finite element analysis results for a curved panel to be tested in the D-box test fixture are also discussed.
Effects of deltamethrin on protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process in the nerve fibers of the American lobster, Homerus americanus L

Abstract Deltamethrin, a powerful synthetic pyrethroid, was found to affect protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes both in intact and in axolemma preparations from the lobster leg nerves. In intact nerve preparation the most significant result was inhibition of endogenous protein phosphorylation, particularly that on the 70-kDa protein. The overal effect of deltamethrin, tested at 10 −7 M , was very similar to that caused by lowering the external Ca 2+ concentration with regard to inhibition of phosphorylation. Such an effect of deltamethrin was abolished when the concentration of the external Ca 2+ was raised from 50 to 100 m M . The effect of deltamethrin was also similar to that observed in preparations treated with 10 −4 M veratridine. In a cell-free in vitro system, using axolemma preparation, deltamethrin at 10 −11 to 10 −7 M was found to inhibit calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase(s). All these results indicate that deltamethrin has the property to affect protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation activities in the lobster nervous system. One of the proteins of which the rate of phosphorylation was affected by deltamethrin was the 260-kDa protein, likely representing the α-subunit of the sodium channel.
Financial autarky and international business cycles

Abstract We present a two-country, two-good model in which there do not exist any markets for international trade in financial assets. We compare the predictions of this model to those of two other models, one in which markets are complete and a second in which a single non-contingent bond is traded. We find that only the financial autarky model can generate volatility in the terms of trade similar to that in data for the floating rate period and, at the same time, account for observed cross-country output, consumption, investment and employment correlations. We interpret our findings as evidence that the extent of international borrowing and lending opportunities is important for the international business cycle.
Vocal Tract Limitations on the Vowel Repertoires of Rhesus Monkey and other Nonhuman Primates

The vowel repertoire of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was explored by means of a computer program that calculated formant frequencies from the area function of the animal's supralaryngeal vocal tract, which was systematically varied within the limits imposed by anatomical constraints. The resulting vowels were compared with those of humans and with recorded vocalizations of nonhuman primates. The computer model indicates that the acoustic "vowel space" of a rhesus monkey is quite restricted compared to that of the human. This limitation results from the lack of a pharyngeal region that can change its cross-sectional area. These animals thus lack the output mechanism necessary for production of human speech. Man's speech output mechanism is apparently species-specific.
Rhode Island Disaster Initiative.

The Rhode Island Disaster Initiative (RIDI) is providing research in the areas of readiness, technology and training to address the significant gaps that remain in real-time medical response to events involving the use of weapons of mass destruction; terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive devices; mass casualty incidents and toxic industrial chemical and material accidents. Through a series of focused studies and full-scale exercises, RIDI is examining the underpinnings of common failures in disaster response, researching a number of potential best practice solutions to these failures and disseminating recommended solutions. Failed logistics, coordination, communication and inadequate decontamination practices are among the addressed areas.
Quantum certificate complexity

Given a Boolean function f, we study two natural generalizations of the certificate complexity C(f): the randomized certificate complexity RC(f) and the quantum certificate complexity QC(f). Using Ambainis' adversary method, we exactly characterize QC(f) as the square root of RC(f). We then use this result to prove the new relation R"0(f)=O(Q"2(f)^2Q"0(f)logn) for total f, where R"0, Q"2, and Q"0 are zero-error randomized, bounded-error quantum, and zero-error quantum query complexities respectively. Finally we give asymptotic gaps between the measures, including a total f for which C(f) is superquadratic in QC(f), and a symmetric partial f for which QC(f)=O(1) yet Q"2(f)=@W(n/logn).
Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Infrared Luminous Galaxies at z~2. II. Diagnostics

We present mid-IR spectral decomposition of a sample of 48 Spitzer-selected ULIRGs spanning z ~ 1-3 and likely L_(IR) ~ 10^(12)-10^(13) L_⊙. Our study aims at quantifying the star formation and active galactic nucleus (AGN) processes in these sources that recent results suggest have evolved strongly between the observed epoch and today. To do this, we study the mid-IR contribution of PAH emission, continuum, and extinction. About 3/4 of our sample are continuum (i.e., AGN) dominated sources, but ~60% of these show PAH emission, suggesting the presence of star formation activity. These sources have redder mid-IR colors than typical optically selected quasars. About 25% of our sample have strong PAH emission, but none are likely to be pure starbursts as reflected in their relatively high 5 μm hot dust continua. However, their steep 30-14 μm slopes suggest that star formation might dominate the total infrared luminosity. Six of our z ~ 2 sources have EW_(6.2) ≳ 0.3 μm and L_(14 μm) ≳ 10^(12) L_⊙ (implying L_(IR) ≳ 10^(13) L_⊙). At these luminosities, such high EW_(6.2) ULIRGs do not exist in the local universe. We find a median optical depth at 9.7 μm of = 1.4. This is consistent with local IRAS-selected ULIRGs but differs from early results on SCUBA-selected z ~ 2 ULIRGs. Similar to local ULIRGs, about 25% of our sample shows extreme obscuration (τ_(9.7 μm) ≳ 3), suggesting buried nuclei. In general, we find that our sources are similar to local ULIRGs but are an order of magnitude more luminous. It is not clear whether our z ~ 2 ULIRGs are simply scaled-up versions of local ULIRGs or subject to fundamentally different physical processes.
A STUDY OF COUNTS OF BERNOULLI STRINGS VIA CONDITIONAL POISSON PROCESSES

A sequence of random variables, each taking values 0 or 1, is called a Bernoulli sequence. We say that a string of length d occurs, in a Bernoulli sequence, if a success is followed by exactly (d 1) failures before the next success. The counts of such d-strings are of interest, and in specific independent Bernoulli sequences are known to correspond to asymptotic d- cycle counts in random permutations. In this note, we give a new framework, in terms of conditional Poisson processes, which allows for a quick characterization of the joint distribution of the counts of all d-strings, in a general class of Bernoulli sequences, as certain mixtures of the product of Poisson measures. In particular, this general class includes all Bernoulli sequences considered in the literature, as well as a host of new sequences.
Optical Design and Engineering: Lessons Learned

This paper contains some recommendations for the optics curricula that seek to serve students intent on a career in optical engineering, as well as suggestions for the young professional embarking on such a career. It also illustrates the suggestions with some examples of actual optical systems.
Allies as rivals: internal and external rent seeking

An owner or other leader can more effectively obtain rents or other benefits for his organization the higher the quality of his staff. These staff may, however, also seek rents inside the firm, with the most able staff best able to do so. The paper finds that an employer will hire better staff the stiffer the competition for external rents, and the smaller the assets of the firm. The relation between the quality of an owner and the quality of his staff is not monotonic: both high-and low-ability owners may prefer staff of low ability.
A graph theoretic method for determining generating sets of prime ideals in quantum matrices

Abstract We take a graph theoretic approach to the problem of finding generators for those prime ideals of O q ( M m , n ( K ) ) which are invariant under the torus action ( K ⁎ ) m + n . Launois (2004) [15] has shown that the generators consist of certain quantum minors of the matrix of canonical generators of O q ( M m , n ( K ) ) and in Launois (2004) [14] gives an algorithm to find them. In this paper we modify a classic result of Lindstrom (1973) [17] and Gessel and Viennot (1985) [6] to show that a quantum minor is in the generating set for a particular ideal if and only if we can find a particular set of vertex-disjoint directed paths in an associated directed graph.
A look at supernova 1987A

Abstract Supernova 1987A is reviewed with emphasis on the neutrino observations. It is shown that the results fit well with the expectations for neutrino temperatures (T ∼ 4 to 4.5 MeV) and total energy emitted (2 to 4 × 10 5 3 ergs). It is argued that the detection tends to favor collapse models that yield emission for 10 second timescales with a 1 to 2 second early accretion phase followed by Kelvin-Helmholtz cooling as opposed to prompt shocks with the immediate onset of cooling. It is also argued that the probable detection of one or more electron scattering event favors a superthermal tail at high energies. Neutrino mass limits and flavor limits are comparable to laboratory experiments. An estimate for future collapse rates in our galaxy of 1/7 year is made based on nucleosynthesis yields. The supernova also has eliminated many axion and majoron models.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Cyclization of Unsaturated Hydroperoxides for the Synthesis of 1,2-Dioxanes

The cyclization of γ,δ-unsaturated tertiary hydroperoxides in the presence of a palladium(II) catalyst afforded 1,2-dioxanes resembling biologically active natural products. A variety of substrates were screened, and synthetic manipulations were accomplished to construct compounds with structural similarity to antimalarial targets.
Correlation method for the measure of mask-induced line-edge roughness in extreme ultraviolet lithography

As critical dimensions for leading-edge semiconductor devices shrink, the line-edge roughness (LER) requirements are pushing well into the single digit nanometer regime. At these scales many new sources of LER must be considered. In the case of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, modeling has shown the lithographic mask to be a source of significant concern. Here we present a correlation-based methodology for experimentally measuring the magnitude of mask contributors to printed LER. The method is applied to recent printing results from a 0.3 numerical aperture EUV microfield exposure tool. The measurements demonstrate that such effects are indeed present and of significant magnitude. The method is also used to explore the effects of illumination coherence and defocus and has been used to verify model-based predictions of mask-induced LER.
Pacific Climate Change and ENSO Activity in the Mid-Holocene

Abstract The authors argue that a reduction to the stochastic forcing of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wrought by Pacific-wide climate changes in response to mid-Holocene (6000 BP) orbital forcing is a viable hypothesis for the observed reduction of ENSO activity during that time. This conclusion is based on comprehensive analysis of an intermediate coupled model that achieves significant reduction to ENSO variance in response to mid-Holocene orbital forcing. The model’s excellent simulation of the tropical Pacific interannual variability lends credibility to the results. Idealized simulations demonstrate that the mid-Holocene influence is communicated to the tropical Pacific largely via climate changes outside of the tropical Pacific, rather than from insolation changes directly on the tropical Pacific. This is particularly true for changes to the ENSO, but also with changes to the cold tongue annual cycle. Previously proposed mechanisms for teleconnected mid-Holocene ENSO changes, including fo...
Astros for reliability-based multidisciplinary structural analysis and optimization

Abstract In conducting multidisciplinary structural optimization, there is uncertainty and randomness in the input information of finite element models, material properties and boundary conditions. Because of the stringent performance requirements on the missions of modern aircraft, there is a need for reducing the structural failure probability due to uncertainties by conducting stochastic analysis instead of a deterministic approach. This paper presents a strategy for conducting such an analysis in a widely used structural analysis and optimization program ASTROS. The execution control sequence of ASTROS is modified and reliability analysis modules are incorporated for analysis and multidisciplinary optimization. The implementation and modification of ASTROS for incorporating the random nature of input information is demonstrated through truss and wing structure examples.
Flexible Polar Nanowires of Cs5BiP4Se12 from Weak Interactions between Coordination Complexes: Strong Nonlinear Optical Second Harmonic Generation

The Cs5BiP4Se12 salt grows naturally as nanowires that crystallize in the polar space group Pmc21, with a = 7.5357(2) A, b = 13.7783(6) A, c = 28.0807(8) A, and Z = 4 at 293(2) K. The compound features octahedral [Bi(P2Se6)2]5− coordination complexes that stack via weak intermolecular Se···Se interactions to form long, flexible fibers and nanowires. The Cs5BiP4Se12 fibers are transparent in the near- and mid-IR ranges and were found to exhibit a nonlinear optical second harmonic generation response at 1 μm that is approximately twice that of the benchmark material AgGaSe2. The material has a nearly direct band gap of 1.85 eV and melts congruently at 590 °C. Ab initio electronic structure calculations performed with the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method show that the band gap increases from its local density approximation (LDA) spin−orbit coupling value of 1.15 eV to the higher value of 2.0 eV when the screened-exchange LDA method is invoked and explain how the long nanowire nat...
Lubrication by Diamond and Diamondlike Carbon Coatings

Regardless of environment (ultrahigh vacuum, humid air, dry nitrogen, or water), ion-beam-deposited diamondlike carbon (DLC) and nitrogen-ion-implanted, chemical-vapor-deposited ( CVD ) diamond films had low steady-state coefficients of friction (<0.1) and low wear rates (≤10 -6 mm 3 /N.m). These films can be used as effective wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings regardless of environment. On the other hand, as-deposited, fine-grain CVD diamond films; polished, coarse-grain CVD diamond films; and polished and then fluorinated, coarse-grain CVD diamond films can be used as effective wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings in humid air, in dry nitrogen, and in water, but they had a high coefficient of friction and a high wear rate in ultrahigh vacuum. The polished, coarse-grain CVD diamond film revealed an extremely low wear rate, far less than 10 -10 mm 3 /N.m, in water.
The Competitive Advantage of Interconnected Firms: An Extension of the Resource-Based View

I extend the resource-based view to incorporate the network resources of interconnected firms. My model distinguishes shared resources from nonshared resources; identifies new types of rent; and illustrates how firm-, relation-, and partner-specific factors determine the contribution of network resources to the rents extracted from alliance networks. After reassessing the heterogeneity, imperfect mobility, imitability, and substitutability conditions, I conclude that the nature of relationships may matter more than the nature of resources in networked environments.
The Chern-Simons invariant as the natural time variable for classical and quantum cosmology

Abstract We propose that the Chern-Simons invariant of the Ashtekar-sen connection is the natural internal time coordinate for classical and quantum cosmology. The reasons for this are a number of interesting properties of this functional, which we describe here. (1) It is a function on the gauge and diffeomorphism invariant configuration space, whose gradient is orthogonal to the two physical degrees of freedom, in the metric defined by the Ashtekar formulation of general relativity. (2) The imaginary part of the Chern-Simons form reduces in the limit of small cosmological constant, Λ, and solutions close to DeSitter spacetime, to the York extrinsic time coordinate. (3) Small matter-field excitations of the Chern-Simons state satisfy, by virtue for the quantum constraints, a functional Schrodinger equation in which the matter fields evolve on a DeSitter background in the Chern-Simons time. We than propose this is the natural vacuum state of the theory for Λ ≠ 0. (4) This time coordinate is periodic on the configuration space of Euclideanized spacetimes, due to the large gauge transformations, which means that physical expectation values for all states in non-perturbative quantum gravity will satisfy the KMS condition, and may then be interpreted as thermal states. (5) Forms for the physical Hamiltonians and inner product which support the proposal are suggested, and a new action principle for general relativity, as a geodesic principle on the connection superspace, is found.
Gravitational instability of finite isothermal spheres

We investigate the stability of bounded self-gravitating systems in the canonical ensemble by using a thermodynamical approach. Our study extends the earlier work of Padmanabhan ([CITE]) in the microcanonical ensemble. By studying the second variations of the free energy, we find that instability sets in precisely at the point of minimum temperature in agreement with the theorem of Katz ([CITE]). The perturbation that induces instability at this point is calculated explicitly; it has not a “core-halo” structure contrary to what happens in the microcanonical ensemble. We also study Jeans type gravitational instability of isothermal gaseous spheres described by Navier-Stokes equations. The introduction of a container and the consideration of an inhomogeneous distribution of matter avoids the Jeans swindle. We show analytically the equivalence between dynamical stability and thermodynamical stability and the fact that the stability of isothermal gas spheres does not depend on the viscosity. This confirms the findings of Semelin et al. ([CITE]) who used numerical methods or approximations. We also give a simpler derivation of the geometric hierarchy of scales inducing instability discovered by these authors. The density profiles that trigger these instabilities are calculated explicitly; high order modes of instability present numerous oscillations whose nodes also follow a geometric progression. This suggests that the system will fragment in a series of “clumps” and that these “clumps” will themselves fragment in substructures. The fact that both the domain sizes leading to instability and the “clumps” sizes within a domain follow a geometric progression with the same ratio suggests a fractal-like behavior. This gives further support to the interpretation of de Vega et al. (1996) concerning the fractal structure of the interstellar medium.
Synthesis of (2R, 3R)-1,4-dimethoxy-1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-2,3-butanediol: A new C2-symmetric vicinal diol from dimethyl L-tartrate

Abstract A practical synthesis of a new C2-symmetric vicinal diol, (2R, 3R)-1,4-dimethoxy-1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-2,3-butanediol, from dimethyl L-tartrate involving five steps in overall yield of 38% is described.
Magnetic reconnection in space and laboratory plasmas

AGU is publishing Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory Plasmas, as volume 30 of the Geophysical Monograph Series (members $23.10; nonmembers $33.00). This volume is based on the Chapman Conference on Magnetic Reconnection, which was held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in October 1983. Organization of that conference was first considered in early 1981, at a time when the body of evidence for the occurrence and importance of magnetic reconnection in earth's magnetosphere had already become impressive and was continuing to increase rapidly. There had not been a major conference on the subject since 1977, and the intervening years had seen important new strides being made. Initial plans called for holding the conference in October 1982, but conflicts with other conferences forced its postponement for 1 year. The 1-year postponement turned out to be a blessing in disguise because it permitted major new magnetospheric observations, made during that year by the ISEE 3 satellite, to be reported at the conference.