cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REGULATION OF THE SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VITRO : ENHANCEMENT BY ACTINOMYCIN D AND INHIBITION BY A MACROMOLECULAR PRODUCT OF STIMULATED LYMPH NODE CULTURES

Two opposite effects of actinomycin D on antibody synthesis have been studied in organ cultures of rabbit lymph node fragments. These cultures were prepared from previously primed rabbits and stimulated with antigen(s) on day 0 to yield a secondary response, whose inductive phase extended to about day 9 and whose productive phase may last for several months in the serum-free medium described here. Concentrations of actinomycin D above 0.01 µM (0.012 µg/ml) produce inhibition of antibody synthesis during both phases of the response. However, antibody synthesis is about 10 times more sensitive to inhibition by this drug when it is added during the inductive phase than during the productive phase. During the latter phase, synthesis is more rapidly terminated as the drug level approaches 10 /µM (12.5 µg/ml). At this level the 50% synthesis time is about 2.8 hr, which is identical with that found when 5–10 µM puromycin is added to the medium of parallel cultures. Transient enhancement of antibody synthesis is frequently produced by a brief exposure to low levels of actinomycin D (generally less than 0.01 µM). Enhancement appears in precise temporal association with actinomycin pulses added for 2 days or less only between days 6 and 16. This apparent enhancement of antibody synthesis resembles the increased enzyme synthesis described by Garren et al. (6) and led to a search for an antibody-inhibitory material (AIM) whose synthesis might be stopped preferentially by low levels of the drug. Stimulated lymph node cultures produce between days 6 and 15 a nondialyzable material which inhibits antibody synthesis during the productive phase of heterologous antigen-antibody culture systems. Just as enhancement with low levels of actinomycin D appears within 2 hr after the drug has been added to cultures, so inhibition occurs within 4 hr of adding AIM to cultures during their productive phase. These observations suggest that AIM is analogous to the translational "repressor" postulated by Garren et al. (6). AIM has relevance in two areas of immunology: (a) it may be the explanation for many examples of antigenic competition, and (b) it may represent a normal control mechanism for the productive phase.
Early diagnosis and thyroidectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a feature of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b (MEN 2b). Thecancer frequently gives rise to metastases in early life and is therefore often incurable by age 4 years. Because MEN 2b frequently appears as a spontaneous mutation, and because the characteristic phenotypic features are absent in the early life of most affected patients, both MEN 2b and its medullary thyroid cancer may elude diagnosis for years. Total thyroidectomy is the only established treatment for medullary thyroid carcinoma. The timing of thyroidectomy must take into account risks and benefits in small children, but the operation may well not cure after age 4 years. Thyroidectomies in two of our patients were accomplished at ages 2 and 2 1/2 years; no complications were encountered, and no metastatic disease was found in either child. Feeding difficulties—poor suck to the point of failure to thrive—were present in the neonatal periods of seven of our nine patients who had MEN 2b. Infants with feeding difficulties should be examined periodically for the onset of pathognomonic features of MEN 2b, particularly the ganglioneuromas, which usually appear before age three years.
The noncentral chi-squared distribution with zero degrees of freedom and testing for uniformity

Abstract : The noncentral chi-squared distribution with zero degrees of freedom is defined as a Poisson mixture of mass at zero together with chi-squared distributions that have even degrees of freedom. Their name is justified by the decomposition of the classical noncentral chi-squared distributions as the sum of a central chi-squared component having the full number of degrees of freedom and an independent noncentral chi-squared component having zero degrees of freedom. The basic properties of this one-parameter family of distributions are given, and they are shown to be useful in the computation of approximate critical values of a test for uniformity. (Author)
Center manifold reduction and normal form transformations in systems with additive noise

Abstract The center manifold reduction and normal form transformations may be applied stochastic differential equations in a manner analogous to the treatment of ordinary differential equations. Results are identical to those obtained from an analysis of Fokker-Planck equations, but the formal manipulations are much simpler.
Deep impurities in silicon

Abstract The properties of deep-level impurities in silicon are reviewed. The impurities discussed include In, Tl, Zn, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, W, O, S, Se and Te. A few other impurities that can contribute to infrared absorption or impurity interactions are noted. Under suitable conditions, most deep level impurities interact with other lattice imperfections, and mention is made of such interactions, where known. Radiation defect levels have been treated in other recent summary papers and are not reviewed.
Esmolol: A titratable short-acting intravenous beta blocker for acute critical care settings

Esmolol (Brevibloc) is an intravenous, short-acting, titratable, cardioselective beta blocker with a very rapid onset and offset of action (t1/2 = 9.2 minutes). Esmolol-induced beta blockade can be maintained as long as infusion is continued. It exhibits neither intrinsic sympathomimetic activity nor significant membrane-stabilizing activity. It is rapidly metabolized by an esterase in the erythrocyte cytosol to an inactive acid metabolite. Its hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects are similar to those of other beta blockers. Unlike the effects of other beta blockers, however, the effects of esmolol dissipate rapidly to baseline within 30 minutes after its discontinuation. Evidence obtained from clinical studies indicates that esmolol is effective and safe in reducing the ventricular rate in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, and in reducing the heart rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction and/or unstable angina. Esmolol has also been shown to be effective and safe in attenuating the tachycardia and hypertension seen during the intraoperative period. Data from postoperative patients indicate that esmolol is ideal as sole-agent therapy for the treatment of moderate postoperative hypertension associated with a hyperdynamic state. The short duration of action and titratability of esmolol make it an ideal drug for use in patients in whom the clinical need for beta blockade is limited in duration, and it offers additional safety in patients in whom beta blockade is beneficial; however, it might be precluded because of coexisting contraindications. To date, experience with esmolol in over 1200 patients has been gathered, and the adverse effect profile is basically similar to that reported here.
Self-decomposition of iodine-125 labelled human luteinizing hormone

Abstract A measure of the rate of self-decomposition of human luteinizing hormone (HLH) labelled with iodine-125 has been determined as a function of time at -10°C, 22°C, and 37°C. Particular attention was given to the data at -10°C, as this has been the recommended storage temperature of the tagged hormone used as a tracer in the radioimmunoassay of HLH. A standard procedure was used to iodinate the hormone, and the corresponding data from it indicated 3.7 to 4.7 iodine-125 atoms per molecule of luteinizing hormone. Chromatography of HLH-125 on columns of Sephadex G-100 dextran gel as a function of storage time indicated lower molecular weight degradation products as well as polymerized species. It was surmised that these reactions were essentially the result of primary and secondary radiation effects leading to a variety of radiolysis products along with the normal chemical breakdown.
Crystal Growth of A3A′MO6 Oxides

Single crystals of two new oxides, Sr3LiNbO6 and Sr3LiTaO6, and the analogous antimonates, Ba3NaSbO6, Sr3NaSbO6 and Sr3LiSbO6, were grown out of hydroxide melts contained in silver/alumina crucibles. The crystal structures of all five oxides are isotypic with that of the 2H-hexagonal perovskite related A3A′MO6 family of oxides and consist of one-dimensional chains of face-shared MO6 octahedra and A′O6 trigonal prisms; infinite chains of distorted AO8 square antiprisms separate these chains from one another. Two new oxides, Sr3LiMO6 (M = Nb, Ta) and analogous Sr3NaSbO6, Sr3LiSbO6 and Ba3NaSbO6, isostructural with the 2-H hexagonal perovskite related structure type, were synthesized from hydroxide fluxes.
Inertial transfers in the helical decomposition

The directions of the triadic energy transfers assumed in a previous paper [Phys. Fluids A 4, 350 (1992)] agree with the spectral closures, in a similarity range, if the exponent of the power‐law energy spectrum is less than unity. The helical interactions showing a strong local energy transfer when the triad is nonlocal, sum up to a reverse cascade unless the spectrum falls off faster than a −7/3 power of the wave number. The energy cascades from each type of helical interaction are calculated for a −5/3 inertial range using the eddy damped quasinormal Markovian (EDQNM) model. One type of interaction is responsible for 86% of the cascade. The contributions of the two classes of helical interactions to the subgrid‐scale eddy viscosity are presented, together with the contributions from the forward and reverse cascading interactions. An application of the assumption on the triadic energy transfers to turbulence under rapid rotation gives a simple argument for the tendency toward nonlinear two‐dimensionalization of the flow.
Category-specific naming deficit following cerebral infarction

Studies aimed at characterizing the operation of cognitive functions in normal individuals have examined data from patients with focal cerebral insult. These studies assume that brain damage impairs functions of the cognitive processes along lines that honour the 'normal' pre-morbid organization of the cognitive system. For example, detailed study of individual brain-damaged patients has revealed apparently selective disruption of cognitive functions such as auditory/verbal working memory, phonological processing ability, grapheme-to-phoneme translation procedures and semantic processing. Warrington et al. have studied patients with even more fine-grained selective disturbances of the semantic system. The most selective deficits have been reported for four patients who were significantly better at identifying inanimate objects than they were at identifying living things and foods. These patterns of selective deficit after localized brain damage provide important information about the normal organization of the lexicon, and ultimately about how components of the lexical system are related to particular neural substrates. Here, we report a case study of a patient demonstrating a very selective disturbance of the ability to name items from two related semantic categories. Despite normal performance on a large battery of lexical/semantic tasks, the patient shows a consistent and striking disability in naming members of the semantic categories of 'fruits' and 'vegetables'. The selectivity of this deficit supports a category-specific organization of the mental lexicon, and suggests independence of the processing routes involving naming and name recognition.
Curriculum and Study

(2004). Curriculum and Study. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-24.
Cost factors in limb-threatening ischaemia due to infrainguinal arteriosclerosis

Cost factors are an increasingly important aspect of medical care. In the United States, more than 150 000 patients per year have limb-threatening ischaemia due to infrainguinal atherosclerosis. We studied the economic impact of this disease process and its treatment in 313 consecutive patients seen at our hospital between 1979 and 1981. Minimum follow-up was 3 years. Seventy-nine percent of our patients undergoing revascularisation attempts had limb salvage with full function at 1 year and 60% had full function at 3 years. Of the patients who died, 85% died with their limbs intact. The mean patient cost for all 289 arterial reconstructions was $26 194 ± $876 s.e. ($23 026 ± $1117 for 166 femoropopliteal bypasses; $30 380 ± $1349 for 123 distal bypasses). The mean length of stay (LOS) for the reconstruction group was 50 days. In this patient population, the following adverse risk factors were present: Gangrene or necrosis in the foot (72%), age more than 70 (56%), and previous vascular surgery (21%). A significantly higher cost was associated with each of these factors (gangrene, $32 653 ± $1534; age > 70, $28 089 ± $1235; previous bypass, $29 666 ± $1962). During the same time period, initial patient costs for 24 patients undergoing primary below-knee amputation and rehabilitation were $27 225 ± $2896 s.e. Twenty-nine percent of the patients with below-knee amputations never walked again. The nonambulatory patients had a significant continuing expenditure for institutionalisation ($100/day) or home care ($270/week). These facts document the high cost of limb-threatening arteriosclerosis and its treatment by vascular reconstruction or primary below-knee amputation. Decisions regarding the choice of treatment should be based on patient factors and quality of life and not on cost alone.
Some Mapping Properties of RC and RL Driving-Point Impedance Functions

We show that an RC or RL driving-point impedance function Z(s) maps the closed right-half s plane onto a region in the Z plane which is covered by the closed circular disk with the straight line segment joining Z(0) and Z(\infty) as a diameter; and which covers the open circular disk with center at Z(u) and radius |{1/2}uZ'(u)| , and the straight line segment Z = Z(u) + jtuZ'(u) , -1 , for any real positive number u .
Supply and demand factors in the output decline in East and Central Europe

What are the relative weights of supply and demand factors in generating the output declines observed in Poland during its transition to the market? And how important are the factors that fit under the rubric of “supply and demand” in comparison to other potential reasons for the output decline, especially adjustment away from the Soviet-style economic system? The initial decline seems to have been due to a combination of aggregate demand shocks associated with the stabilization, declines in inventory investment due to the transition from a shortage economy, and especially shifts in demand away from socialized sector industry towards other sectors of the economy. Growth has come primarily from expansion in new sectors, such as services and residential construction, and in new enterprises. The applicability of one-good macroeconomics is limited in understanding either the output decline or the subsequent growth in Poland.
Sleep in pilots flying short-haul commercial schedules

Abstract To observe the effects of commercial short-haul flight operations on sleep, 74 pilot volunteers were monitored before, during and after three- or four-day duty schedules. Subjects kept daily logs of times of going to bed, falling asleep, waking up and getting out of bed, and of the number of nocturnal awakenings and the duration of sleep (not including time in bed but awake). They also rated the quality of each night's sleep. Heart rate and the activity of the non-dominant wrist were recorded every 2 min throughout the study, using portable physiological monitors. Average heart rate and wrist activity during sleep were used as physiological indicators of sleep quality. Pilots fell asleep later and woke up earlier on trip nights. The timing and duration of sleep were strongly correlated with the timing and duration of the time available for sleep, i.e. the time between duty days. In particular, early duty report times necessitated early arousals. On the other hand, sleep quality was most consisten...
EFFECT OF SUBCUTANEOUS TRANSPLANTS OF PITUITARY GLAND AND HYPOTHALAMUS ON THE ESTROUS CYCLE OF THE MOUSE.

Seventy-three female Fl hybrid mice (BC×C3H), 9–13 weeks of age, were treated in the following manner: (a) 26 received subcutaneous transplants of 2 whole pituitary glands from male or female donors of the same genetic constitution; (b) 11 received transplants of 2 pituitary glands and 2 pieces of cerebral cortical tissue in close proximity; (c) 24 received 2 pituitary glands and 2 pieces of hypothalamic tissue in close proximity; (d) 12 received 2 pituitary glands subcutaneously in one flank and 2 pieces of hypothalamic tissue in the opposite flank. Vaginal smears were taken daily or 6 days a week for 60 days. Vaginal cycles characterized by incomplete estrus and periods of prolonged diestrus developed soon in 21 of the 26 mice in group (a) and in 9 of the 11 mice in group (b). Such pseudopregnancy-like cycles have been shown previously to be indicative of an increased secretion of prolactin from the ectopic pituitary glands. Seventeen of the 24 mice of group (c) continued to have relatively normal cycle...
The Determinants of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries:

This article examines a range of potential causal variables of state legitimacy using a globally representative set of 72 countries accounting for 83 percent of the world’s population. Major theories of legitimacy determinants are advanced and tested using survey and expert data. Three variables (which measure good governance, democratic rights, and welfare gains) are then chosen from among all strongly correlated variables as being the most plausible basis for a causal theory. The theory is then further tested using 31 pairs of countries with similar income levels and in similar regions, which shows a significant positive correlation between performance and legitimacy. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.
Jamaican Sayings: With Notes on Folklore, Aesthetics, and Social Control

Jamaican Sayings: With Notes on Folklore, Aesthetics, and Social Control. G. Llewllyn Watson. Tallahassee: Florida A & M University Press, 1991. xiii + 289 pp., appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–8130–1053–5.
Scaling of Electron and Ion Transport in the High-Power Spherical Torus NSTX

Dedicated $H$-mode parameter scans in the high-power National Spherical Torus Experiment have been used to establish the confinement scaling and underlying transport trends at low aspect ratio ($R/a\ensuremath{\simeq}1.3$). These scans indicate a strong dependence of the global and thermal energy confinement times on the toroidal field, ${B}_{T}^{0.9}$, while their dependence on plasma current is weaker, ${I}_{p}^{0.4}$. Local transport analysis indicates that the electrons control the ${B}_{T}$ scaling, whereas the ions control the ${I}_{p}$ scaling, with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{i}$ outside $r/a=0.5$ at the neoclassical level.
Fatty acid differences amongst leukemia cell types, with special reference to hairy cell leukemia: a preliminary report

Fatty acid analyses of malignant cells from hairy cell leukemia patients revealed a profile which was rich in arachidonate and relatively low in linoleate and oleate. This profile was distinct from that of mononuclear cells derived from patients with other lymphoproliferative diseases or myeloproliferative disorders, and may reflect the unique membrane morphology of the hairy cell.
Nanoimmunoassay to Detect Responses in Head and Neck Cancer: Feasibility in a Mouse Model

ObjectiveTo demonstrate the feasibility of detecting and quantifying extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation status using nanoimmunoassay (NIA).Study DesignAnalyses using Cal27, S...
The contribution of sociodemographic, medical, and attitudinal factors to blood donation among the general public.

BACKGROUND : Few studies have simultaneously assessed the relative importance of sociodemographic, medical, and attitudinal factors in explaining which individuals are more likely to donate blood. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A cross-sectional telephone survey of households in Maryland was conducted to identify the relation of sociodemographic, medical, and attitudinal factors to blood donation history among the general public. Random digit dialing was used to identify households; individuals aged 18 to 75 years were randomly selected within households. In multivariate analyses, the independent relationship of these factors with prior history of blood donation was assessed, and the amount of variation in prior history of blood donation among the study population that could be explained by these factors was determined. RESULTS : Of 385 participants (84% of randomized homes), 228 (59%) had donated blood at least once in the past. After adjusting for potential confounders, women, black participants, and those agreeing with the statement “I am afraid of hospitals” had 60 to 80 percent lower odds of prior donation when compared with men, white participants, and those who did not agree with the statement (OR [95% CI]: 0.2 [0.1-0.4], 0.4 [0.2-0.8], and 0.3 [0.2-0.6], respectively). The effect of fear of hospitals was consistent across sex and race. Trust, fear, and suspicion of hospitals were among factors contributing most to variation in prior donation history. CONCLUSION : Female sex, black race, and fear of hospitals are three major factors negatively associated with prior history of blood donation. Fear of hospitals affects blood donation patterns across race and sex groups. Future study is needed to determine whether recruitment of blood donors may be more efficient if focused toward women, minorities, and donors' fears of healthcare facilities or hospitals.
Morphological plasticity in the sympathetic chain

Abstract The electron microscope has been used to study cellular changes that accompany the vigorous nerve sprouting which has been demonstrated previously in sympathetic chain by neurophysiological techniques. The ventral nerve roots C8-T3 were transected unilaterally in young cats. Fixation was by aldehyde perfusion after survival times of 3 days to 6 weeks. Following division of ventral roots C8-T3, about 90% of the preganglionic fibers were destroyed and digestion chambers containing organizing axonal debris were found in neurilemma cells and macrophages up to 3 weeks after operation. Completely eliminated were the large S1 axons of the pathway for pupillodilatation. Within 3 days after nerve section, numerous small groups of sheath cell “fingers,” oriented parallel to surviving axons, were found in the preganglionic trunk. These sheath cell assemblies are subsequently invaded by neurites (presumed collateral sprouts derived from surviving preganglionic axons), which possess less electron-dense cytoplasm than the neurilemma cells. Most collaterals arise from unmyelinated (S4) axons, and then ramify in parallel with the parent nerve fibers. Naked nerve sprouts were extremely rare, and axonal growth cones seldom encountered. Within 7 days after subtotal preganglionic section, presumed collateral sprouting of surviving axons was observed. Groups of neurilemma cell fingers accompanied by tiny neurites were observed very occasionally in normal tissue. It is possible that sprouting is a slow but continuing process in the normal animals and, if so, our experimental procedure greatly accelerates the process.
Principles, priorities, and pressures: personal and organizational

Early discussion regarding a talk at the First-Timers Luncheon highlighted the opportunity for an oldtimer to welcome first timers, encourage participation, and provide perspectives.Throughout my career, I have been privileged to be able to connect my personal career with activities for the broad, educational-computing community. This talk reflects on factors that have impacted both my own career and the evolution of broader groups --- particularly SIGCSE.Some general principles (e.g., inclusion, respect, service and social responsibility) seem clear, but even then circumstances present challenges and contradictions. Other principles (e.g., encouraging creative brainstorming, utilizing serendipity, listening to people) may be less obvious, but equally vital.Many have described the SIGCSE community as a professional family, and this talk seeks to celebrate that community as promotes a vision for fulfilling personal careers and continued organizational development.
Future science at next generation neutron sources

We review some of the scientific opportunities which will become available with the advent of increased fluxes of polarized neutrons and corresponding advances in neutron instrumentation. These range from the study of magnetism in thin films and novel nanostructures with application in magnetic information storage and retrieval, to the study of spin-dependent inelastic scattering from highly correlated magnetic systems, frustrated magnetic systems, etc. Extensions of neutron spin echo techniques offer further opportunities for advances in our knowledge of the dynamics of soft condensed matter systems.
Depression symptomatology as a non-requisite for successful treatment of panic with antidepressant medications.

Abstract Studies were reviewed to address the question of whether antidepressant medications were effective in the treatment of panic attacks, and whether this effect was primary or secondary to their effect on depression. Evidence was gathered from studies examining comorbidity of panic and depression, level of depression in panic-disordered patients responsive to antidepressant drugs, and the correlation of initial level of depression to change in panic in patients treated with antidepressants. These lines of evidence converge to demonstrate that there is no support for a link between depressive symptomatology and change in panic symptoms as a consequence of treatment with antidepressant medications.
The role of deictics in discourse coherence: French voici/voilà and Russian vot/von☆

Abstract Both French and Russian utilize a binary system of deictic presentatives, most commonly described on the basis of ±proximal. However, in actual usage, one deictic is systematically favored over the other and can be seen as unmarked. The remaining member of the deictic pair is thus marked and less frequent. However, French and Russian differ in which member of the pair has been marked: in French the +proximal presentative is marked and in Russian the −proximal is marked. In both languages, the choice between the members of the pair is made on the basis of the proximity of the object presented relative to the deictic center. Moreover, these simple presentatives have taken on broader discourse functions which separate their usage from the qualities of the immediate complement and depend instead on the wider context of the discourse. Not only are these elements used to organize and mark the progression of a discourse, but they are used as active interactions between the speaker and the receiver, assuring that both are assisting in building the frame of reference of the discourse and aiding in local cohesion and global coherence of the discourse.
C2-1: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Patient Navigator Intervention to Reduce Hospital Readmissions in a Safety Net Health Care System

Background/Aims Poor care coordination at hospital discharge can result in avoidable hospital readmissions. This study’s aim was to evaluate the effect of a community health worker (CHW) intervention, the Patient Navigator (PN), on readmission rates and post-discharge health care use in a safety net population.
High Field/High Frequency Saturation Transfer Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Increased Sensitivity to Very Slow Rotational Motions

Saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR) spectroscopy has been employed to characterize the very slow microsecond to millisecond rotational dynamics of a wide range of nitroxide spin-labeled proteins and other macromolecules in the past three decades. The vast majority of this previous work has been carried out on spectrometers that operate at X-band (∼9 GHz) microwave frequency with a few investigations reported at Q-band (∼34 GHz). EPR spectrometers that operate in the 94–250-GHz range and that are capable of making conventional linear EPR measurements on small aqueous samples have now been developed. This work addresses potential advantages of utilizing these same high frequencies for ST-EPR studies that seek to quantitatively analyze the very slow rotational dynamics of spin-labeled macromolecules. For example, the uniaxial rotational diffusion (URD) model has been shown to be particularly applicable to the study of the rotational dynamics of integral membrane proteins. Computational algorithms have been employed to define the sensitivity of ST-EPR signals at 94, 140, and 250 GHz to the correlation time for URD, to the amplitude of constrained URD, and to the orientation of the spin label relative to the URD axis. The calculations presented in this work demonstrate that these higher microwave frequencies provide substantial increases in sensitivity to the correlation time for URD, to small constraints in URD, and to the geometry of the spin label relative to the URD axis as compared with measurements made at X-band. Moreover, the calculations at these higher frequencies indicate sensitivity to rotational motions in the 1–100-ms time window, particularly at 250 GHz, thereby extending the slow motion limit for ST-EPR by two orders of magnitude relative to X- and Q-bands.
Automated generation of intent-based 3D Illustrations

This paper describes an automated intent-based approach to illustration. An illustrution is a picture that is designed to fulfill a communicative intent such as showing the location of an object or showing how an object is manipulated. An illustration is generated by implementing a set of stylistic decisions, ranging from determining the way in which an individual object is lit, to deciding the general composition of the illustration. The design of an illustration is treated as a goal-driven process within a system of constraints. The goal is to achieve communicative intent; the constraints are the illustrative techniques an illustrator can apply.We have developed IBIS (Intent-Based Illustration System), a system that puts these ideas into practice. IBIS designs illustrations using a generate-and-test approach, relying upon a rule-based system of methods and evaluators. Methods are rules that specify how to accomplish visual effects, while evaluators are rules that specify how to determine how well a visual effect is accomplished in an illustration. Examples of illustrations designed by IBIS are included.
Radio frequency pulse compression experiments at SLAC

Proposed future positron-electron linear colliders1 would be capable of investigating fundamental processes of interest in the 0.5—5 TeV beam-energy range. At the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC) gradient of about 20 MV/m this would imply prohibitive lengths of about 50—250 kilometers per linac. We can reduce the length by increasing the gradient but this implies high peak power, on the order of 400- to 1000-MW at X-Band. One possible way to generate high peak power is to generate a relatively long pulse at a relatively low power and compress it into a shorter pulse with higher peak power. It is possible to compress before DC to RF conversion, as is done using magnetic switching for induction linacs, or after DC to RF conversion, as is done for the SLC. Using RF pulse compression it is possible to boost the 50- to 100-MW output that has already been obtained from high-power X-Band klystrons to the levels required by the linear colliders. In this note only radio frequency pulse compression (RFPC) is considered. The advantages of RFPC are: 1. Generally the higher the power the harder it is to increase it further. This is not the case with RFPC because the control elements operates at low power. 2. With RFPC we can alternate between low power un-compressed pulses and high power compressed pulses by turning the modulation off and on. It is much more difficult to design tubes that function both at low and high peak power levels. 3. RFPC may have lower capital, maintenance and replacement costs per watt of peak power. 4. For a given compression ratio, the cost of RFPC is independent of pulse energy or peak power. Three methods of RF pulse compression that are in use or have been proposed at SLAC will be reported on. The SLAC Energy Development (SLED),2 where RF energy is stored in cavities; the Resonant Line SLED (RELS),3 where the energy is stored in long resonant lines; and the Binary Pulse Compressor (BPC) ,where the energy is stored in traveling wave delay lines.
Short distance counting rules for low pT fragmentation

Abstract Recent experimental data provides evidence in favor of a model in which hadronic collisions are initiated by a factorizing mechanism, such as gluon exchange. We propose that fast fragments resulting from such collisions arise via quantum chromodynamics diagrams in which the required quarks and/or antiquark are produced in “point-like” fashion; these can be shown to be the leading diagrams as x , the momentum fraction of the secondary hadron, approaches 1. We obtain good agreement with the observed power law behaviors, dN / dx ∼ (1 − x ) n , of single particle low p T spectra.
Power and Politics: The Story of Malaysia's Orang Asli

This book is about the Orang Asli, an indigenous minority people inhabiting West Malaysia. The study of three time periods (pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence) reveals that the Orang Asli have developed a common pan-Orang Asli identity and political consciousness. This study contributes to applied political science by identifying a polity among the Orang Asli, and thus refutes earlier scholarly work portraying the Orang Asli as a fragmented people void of political import. Specifically two issues land and Islam are identified as the motivational forces behind Orang Asli ethnogenesis and politization. Land suitable to their quasi nomadic lifestyle has gradually become scarce and state sponsored Islam is increasingly omnipresent. Thus, Orang Asli's concerns about their land rights and religious freedom have over time compelled them to negotiate their existence with the Malaysian state. This ongoing relationship substantiates the coherent political force of the Orang Asli in Malaysia. This case study also addresses broader issues of race relations in Malaysia, Islam in Southeast Asia, and regime relations with indigenous minority groups in the region.
A quantitative comparison of the growth of the embryonic chick tibiotarsus in vivo and in vitro.

The increase in length, wet weight, dry weight, DNA content and chondroitin sulfate content of the tibiotarsus of the embryonic chick has been compared in vivo and in vitro on a chemically defined medium. Both the rate and magnitude of increase were lower in tibiotarsi in organ culture than those in the whole animal. Comparison of ratios of various growth responses gave some indication of the mode of growth in the two situations. The dry weight/wet weight ratio of tibiotarsi in vivo remained virtually unchanged during the growth period in this study, while the ratio of tibiotarsi in vitro declined continually during the cultivation period. The hydration of skeletal elements growing in culture is probably due to degenerative phenomena. The ratio of dry weight to DNA showed that the cells of tibiotarsi in culture did not synthesize dry matter as rapidly as those in the whole chick. On the other hand, the ratio of chondroitin sulfate to DNA indicated that the cells of tibiotarsi in culture were producing chondroitin sulfate at a rate similar to that in vivo. Furthermore, the proportion of chondroitin sulfate in vitro tended to be greater than in the chick embryo. These findings suggest that the matrix of skeletal elements growing in culture, although chondroitin sulfate rich, may be deficient in one or more matrix components.
A New Technique for Positioning of chipless RFID tags

In this paper, a new method is proposed for the accurate positioning of chipless RFID tags located in the reader area. The reader area is subdivided into some triangular unit cells. Each unit cell is covered by three antennas located at the vertices of the triangles in order to extract the position of the tags. Employing mathematical formulation, it is shown that by applying Narrow-frequency matrix pencil method (NFMPM) to the frequency response of the tag, the distance of the tag from the antennas can be found in the space-frequency diagram.
EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE ON BASAL GASTRIN LEVELS OF NEONATAL PIGS

The elevated serum gastrin of the neonate may be the result of maximum stimulation of the G-cell. Epinephrine is a stimulant of gastrin release in adult man. This study evaluated the effects of epinephrine on basal serum gastrin in neonatal pigs. Thirteen Landrace piglets less than fourteen days of age were administered halothane, nitrous oxide, oxygen mixture. After a 15 minute period, IV epinephrine was administered at 25 or 50ng/kg/min for 15 minutes. After a second 30 min stablization, epinephrine was administered at 100 or 200ng/kg/min. Blood samples for gastrin and epinephrine were obtained at 5, 10, and 15 minutes of infusion. Samples were assayed for gastrin by radioimmunoassay and epinephrine by high performance liquid chromatography. 1) Epinephrine in doses of 25 and 50 ng/kg/min result in a significant decrease in serum gastrin levels. Doses of 100 and 200ng/kg/min had no effect on basal gastrin levels. 2) Neonatal gastrin levels appear maximal and the G-cell cannot be stimulated by epinephrine.
Spin and parity of the 1644 keV state in 40K

Abstract An angular distribution has been obtained for the 42 Ca(p, 3 He) reaction to the 1644 keV state in 40 K at an incident proton energy of 40.0 MeV. Previous investigations have resulted in conflicting spin and parity assignments for this level. The characteristic l = 0 shape of the present distribution and the fact that the state is not excited in the (d, α) reaction confirm the previous J π = 0 + assignment.
Probability logic and probabilistic induction

This article reviews some philosophical aspects of probability and describes how probability logic can give precise meanings to the concepts of inductive support, corroboration, refutation, and related notions, as well as provide a foundation for logically sound statistical inference. Probability logic also provides a basis for recognizing prior distributions as an integral component of statistical analysis, rather than the current misleading practice of pretending that statistics applied to observational data are objective. This basis is important, because the use of realistic priors in a statistical analysis can yield more stringent tests of hypotheses and more accurate estimates than conventional procedures.
Wet deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban and background areas of the Mid-Atlantic States.

Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in precipitation were measured at urban and background sites as part of the New Jersey Atmospheric Deposition Network (NJADN). The volume weighted mean concentration (VWM) of ΣPCBs (sum of PCBs) based on precipitation measurements at three background sites was in the range of 0.30−0.50 ng/L. Concentrations in precipitation at two urban-industrial sites were on average 7−43 times higher than background concentrations. Wet deposition fluxes of ΣPCBs at the two urbanized sites were 16 ± 3.4 and 3.9 ± 0.72 μg/m2-yr, while the background flux was approximately 0.30 μg/m2-yr. On average, 97% of the total atmospheric washout (WT) of PCBs resulted from particle scavenging. The fraction of atmospheric PCBs on particles was the best predictor of atmospheric washout in both urban (log WT = 0.71 (±0.049) log φ + 4.9 (±0.11); r2 = 0.81) and nonurban areas (log WT = 0.77 (±0.083) log φ + 5.6 (±0.16); r2 = 0.64). Wet deposition fluxes of ΣPCBs ...
Quasimolecular states and nuclear structure: An experimental survey

Abstract On the basis of recent experimental results it is argued that signatures of quasimolecular structure are observed for many heavy ion systems with combined mass number A⪅60. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of extracting nuclear structure information from the data. We try to summarize existing interpretations and point out interesting avenues for further study.
Directly Observed Physical Activity Levels in Preschool Children

Background: Millions of young children attend preschools and other structured child development programs, but little is known about their physical activity levels while in those settings. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity levels and demographic and school-related correlates of physical activity in children attending preschools, using a direct observation measurement system. Methods: The Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children-Preschool Version was used to measure physical activity levels and related factors in four hundred ninety-three 3- to 5-year-old children in 24 preschools. A minimum of six hundred 30-second observation intervals were recorded for each child. Physical (height/weight) and demographic data also were collected. Results: Children engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during less than 3% of the observation intervals and were sedentary during more than 80% of the observation intervals. Boys were more likely than girls to engage in MVPA (p = .01), and 3-year-old boys were more active than 4- and 5-year-old boys (p = .01). The preschool that a child attended explained 27% of the variance in activity levels. Conclusions: The study indicates that young children are physically inactive during most of their time in preschool. The preschool that a child attended was a stronger predictor of physical activity level than any other factor examined. Additional research is needed to identify the characteristics of preschools in which children are more active.
Novel approach to the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an infant with CF after outpatient treatment failure.

Intravenous continuous infusion of betalactam (CIBL) antibiotic and high dose extended interval (HDEI) aminoglycoside therapy theoretically maximize bacterial killing in treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) in pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF). We present the case of a 3-month-old female infant with CF who failed outpatient eradication of PsA with subsequent eradication using intravenous CIBL antibiotic and HDEI aminoglycoside therapy. This antibiotic combination should be considered in order to optimize pharmacodynamics for PsA eradication in CF patients before development of chronic colonization. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:511–513. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Blind block partitioned tensor decomposition for radio activity estimation by a single sensor

We consider a scenario where a single sensor is observing a bandwidth of the radio spectrum occupied by several signals which are non-orthogonal in both time and frequency. We form a tensor using anti-diagonal slices of the trispectrum and show that it can be modeled by a block-partitioned tensor (BPT) structure. Current BPT decomposition algorithms assume known factor-matrix partitioning which does not apply in our setting. Hence we develop a blind BPT decomposition strategy to estimate each individual signals' power spectrum and activity-in-time. We verify the functioning of the algorithm through Monte Carlo simulations and observe that it can accurately estimate the BPT paritioning and factor matrices. The accuracy of the estimates is a function of the correlation between factor matrix columns and the frequency resolution used.
Nutrient Metabolism by Gut Tissues

The gut uses a disproportionate amount of energy (about 25% of total oxygen consumption) for the size of the tissue (about 6% of body weight). Therefore, knowledge of metabolites used in gut tissues is important to assess nutrient needs. The VFA produced intraruminally are used to varying degrees by rumen epithelial tissue. A review of net portal absorption data essentially confirms earlier studies that show acetate, propionate, and butyrate metabolism by stomach tissue to be 30, 50, and 90%, respectively, of ruminant production. Glucose also is used by rumen epithelial tissue; however, glutamine appears to be a poor substrate for energy production. Tissue of the small intestine uses glutamine, glucose, and ketones but does not use VFA very well for energy. Cecal and colonic tissues can use glucose and glutamine for energy, but butyrate is the preferred substrate in both tissues.
The role of deeper levels and ancillary studies (p16Ink4a and ProExC) in reducing the discordance rate of Papanicolaou findings of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and follow-up cervical biopsies

BACKGROUND: Discordant results of cervical biopsy histology after a cytologic diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) are often attributed to sampling variation. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether deeper levels and ancillary staining (p16Ink4a and ProExC) reduce the discordant rate. METHODS: A total of 246 cases of HSIL were retrieved from the computerized database from 2005 and 2006. Of these cases, 151 were followed by cervical biopsy. There was cytologic-histologic correlation in 87 cases, as defined by the presence of high-grade (2 or 3) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCIN). For each discordant biopsy (n = 64), 2 deeper levels for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were taken at 30-μ and 90-μ depths, and 4 sections for p16Ink4a and ProExC staining were taken at a 60-μ depth. All cytologic and histologic material from these 64 cases was reviewed by 3 cytopathologists. In 2 cases, the original HSIL diagnoses were downgraded and the cases censored from the study. RESULTS: Fifty-seven of the 62 discordant cases had sufficient tissue for deeper levels and ancillary staining. Two of 57 cases were reclassified to HGCIN. In both of these cases, reclassification was suggested by results of immunostains; however, the H&E sections were necessary for definitive interpretation of the immunostain results. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, deeper levels and ancillary staining with p16Ink4a and ProExC did not significantly reduce the discordance rate. Although there are many known causes of sampling variation, including factors related to colposcopic technique, regression of infection, and insufficient histologic sectioning, sampling variation remains a valid justification of noncorrelation in women with HSIL followed up by cervical biopsy alone. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
It's all Rel-ative: NF-κB and CD28 costimulation of T-cell activation

Costimulatory signals complement or modify the signals provided to a lymphocyte through antigen receptors. For productive T-cell activation, the CD28 molecule is apparently the most important, although not the only, costimulatory receptor. CD28 can provide a signal that is at least partially distinct from that delivered by the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Several lines of evidence indicate that the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway is perhaps the most relevant biochemical or transcriptional target for the costimulatory activity of CD28. Although many questions remain, recent years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the signal transduction pathways leading from the TCR and CD28 to Rel/NF-kappaB-dependent transcription.
Mean airflow and heat transport patterns generated by wind machines with applications to frost protection

In this paper we develop theoretical flow patterns for idealization of several types of wind-machine settings of particular interest in the field of the wind-machine protection of fruit orchards from frost damage. We further develop from dimensional analysis and asymptotic considerations a semi-empirical formula for the effective velocity of a turning jet. We compute the time of arrival of air from a turning jet and by considering its relation to the transport we establish a semi-empirical formula relating the thermal response (a measure of the heat transported) to the mean arrival time.