cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of methanogenie activity in anaerobic digestion: Apparatus and method

An apparatus is described for the rapid measurement and recording of methanogenic activity in anaerobic fermentations, and its application is demonstrated in the evaluation of the anaerobic contact process, using pear waste. The method is based on recording the rate of manometer liquid displacement in a Warburgtype vessel by means of optical sensors, appropriate electronic circuitry, and an event marking recorder or time-interval printer. Optimum conditions for measuring methanogenic activity included a pH of 6.7–6.9, a final phosphate buffer concentration of 0.07–015M, and formic and acetic acid contents of over 500 and 200 mg/liter, respectively. In comparisons of fermenter liquid and settled effluent, methanogenic activity can be assumed to be proportional to the number of methane formers present. The apparatus should be generally useful in recording rates of gas production or consumption.
Protection of Mice against Radiation Injury by Phenylhydrazine

SummaryRadioprotection by phenylhydrazine was observed for mice exposed to 800 R of 250 kVp X-rays. Maximum protection, as measured by 30-day survival, was achieved when mice were irradiated on day 5, 6, 7, or 8 after the third of 3 daily phenylhydrazine injections. We postulate that improved survival resulted from an increase in the number of hemopoietic stem cells at the time of irradiation.
Mild alcohol methylation procedure for the synthesis of polyoxygenated natural products. Applications to the synthesis of lonomycin A

Abstract Studies directed toward the formation of methyl ethers in key intermediates for the synthesis of lonomycin A are described. Several highly functionalized secondary alcohols have been methylated in excellent yields using the powerful methylating reagents methyl triflate (MeOTf) and trimethyloxonium fluoroborate (Me 3 OBF 4 ).
High-resolution scanning electron microscopy for the characterization of supported metal catalysts

A scanning electron microscope with a short-focal-length “immersion” lens and subnanometer resolution has been used to characterize several oxide-supported metal particle catalysts. Nanometer-sized metal particles in the Pt/TiO2 and Pd/SiO2 systems could be imaged with best clarity at the upper end of the operating voltage range (20–30 kV). However, visibility depended upon an adequate yield of secondary electrons relative to the support: small Pt particles on CeO2 could not be located by secondary electron imaging. Best visibility of the surface topography of the support was obtained at lower accelerating voltages.
Positron trapping in an electrostatic well by inelastic collisions with nitrogen molecules.

Positrons from a radioactive source are slowed to electron-volt energies and accumulated and stored in a trap which uses a magnetic field for radial confinement and an electrostatic well for axial confinement. The positrons lose energy and become trapped through inelastic collisions with nitrogen molecules introduced into the trap for this purpose. The trap has three stages with progressively lower nitrogen pressure. It is found that the trapping in each stage is due primarily to electronic excitation of the nitrogen molecules, with the energy loss being approximately 9 eV per collision. Positronium formation is believed to be the dominant loss mechanism during the trapping process. Trapping efficiencies of greater than 25% have been achieved. Using a 150-mCi $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$ source, a maximum stored number of \ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ positrons have been stored with a lifetime of 40 s, limited by the annihilation on the nitrogen gas at a pressure of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Torr. The positrons cool to room temperature in a few seconds via rotational and momentum transfer collisions with the nitrogen.
Subjective sampling distributions and conservatism

Abstract When people revise subjective probabilities in light of data, revisions are less than the amount prescribed by the normative model, Bayes's theorem. Previous research suggests that this results from the subjects' lack of understanding of the implications of the data; i.e., from inaccurate subjective sampling distributions. This experiment examined the effects on conservative revisions of training subjects about the implications of data. The subjects estimated sampling distributions for two binomial populations, were shown samples from the populations in order to teach them veridical distributions, and again estimated sampling distributions. Estimated sampling distributions were good predictors of revisions and, as a result of training, both the sampling distributions and the revisions became more veridical.
Heat Pipes for Cooling High Flux/High Power Semiconductor Chips

Results of an experimental study are reported which demonstrate the ability of heat pipes to simultaneously dissipate high heat fluxes and high total power at low surface temperatures. The application is to cooling high power density (and high total power) semiconductor chip modules. The two designs studied incorporate air or liquid cooling in the condenser sections. The air-cooled design consisted of a manifold base plate with a series of holes drilled in it each of which was lined with sintered copper powder which served as the wick. An array of wick lined tubes was attached normal to the plate and served as the condenser section. The other heat pipe was disk shaped and also had a sintered wick structure. Cooling water channels were placed over the entire periphery of the housing except in the region of heat input. Reported steady heat fluxes are up to 31 W/cm2 corresponding to total power dissipation of up to 1400 W for the water cooled heat pipe and up to 47 W/cm2 (900 W total power) for the air cooled heat pipe with surface temperatures under 100°C.
Examining the mediation of power in a collaborative community: engaging in informal science as authentic practice

Focusing on the interplay of context and language, this study examined a group of high school students and their mentors’ use of language during a robotics competition. This informal setting allowed us to gain insights into the mediation and manifestation of power within the group. Using critical discourse analysis of competition transcripts and interviews we found that both students and mentors felt a sense of ownership and community leading to symmetry in power amongst them. The shift in power led to greater student ownership and agency and created a space for authentic and meaningful science learning. The context of the robotics competition mediated discourse practices that were different from students’ classroom experiences in that they were descriptive, relational, explanatory, and had an authentic evaluative dimension. This engaged the participants to co-construct and critique each other’s knowledge claims thereby engaging in scientific practices that approximated the practices of scientists. Our study presents an argument that language and context reflexively influenced one another and reduced the imbalance of power amongst the participants thereby adding a new dimension to what has already been established about the conditions under which authentic science learning is likely to occur.
Development of Transdural Anastomosis After Craniotomy in a Patient with Atherothrombotic Carotid Occlusion

Development of transdural anastomosis is extremely rare in the patients with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. We report a rare case of development of transdural anastomosis after craniotomy in the patient with atherothrombotic carotid occlusion.
Extinction of human eyelid conditioning as a function of components of a masking procedure

Eyelid conditioning and extinction procedures were embedded in a masking probability learning task. On non-CS trials interspersed with extinction trials, a 100% masking (100% M) group received the US along with the masking stimuli, whereas a masking + free-shock (M + FS) group received US-alone presentations. A control (C) group received the same stimuli as did Group 100% M but with neutral instructions. Group 100% M revealed more, but Group M + FS revealed less, resistance to extinction than did Group C. Only the M + FS group extinguished completely.
A 20-Year Experience with Liver Transplantation for Polycystic Liver Disease: Does Previous Palliative Surgical Intervention Affect Outcomes?

Background Although it is the only curative treatment for polycystic liver disease (PLD), orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been reserved for severely symptomatic, malnourished, or refractory patients who are not candidates for palliative disease-directed interventions (DDI). Data on the effect of previous DDIs on post-transplant morbidity and mortality are scarce. We analyzed the outcomes after OLT for PLD recipients, and determined the effects of previous palliative surgical intervention on post-transplantation morbidity and mortality. Study Design We performed a retrospective analysis of factors affecting perioperative outcomes after OLT for PLD between 1992 and 2013, including comparisons of recipients with previous major open DDIs (Open DDI, n = 12) with recipients with minimally invasive or no previous DDIs (minimal DDI, n = 16). Results Over the 20-year period, 28 recipients underwent OLT for PLD, with overall 30-day, 1-, and 5-year graft and patient survivals of 96%, 89%, 75%, and 96%, 93%, 79%, respectively. Compared with the minimal DDI group, open DDI recipients accounted for all 5 deaths, had inferior 90-day and 1- and 5-year survivals (83%, 83%, and 48% vs 100%, 100%, 100%; p = 0.009), and greater intraoperative (42% vs 0%; p = 0.003), total (58% vs 19%; p = 0.031), and Clavien grade IV or greater (50% vs 6%; p = 0.007) postoperative complications, more unplanned reoperations (50% vs 13%; p = 0.003), and longer total hospital (27 days vs 17 days; p = 0.035) and ICU (10 days vs 4 days; p = 0.045) stays. Conclusions In one of the largest single-institution experiences of OLT for PLD, we report excellent long-term graft and patient survival. Previous open DDIs are associated with increased risks of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Improved identification of PLD patients bound for OLT may mitigate perioperative complications and potentially improve post-transplantation outcomes.
Explosives Detection By Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (CT)

Through the use of dual-energy CT, it is possible to obtain a two-dimensional mapping of average electron density and average atomic number within the imaged plane. Preliminary results obtained with medical scanners indicate that these data may provide a reliable criterion for differentiating between explosives and innocent materials contained within a package or suitcase without resorting to imaging, pattern recognition, or operator interpretation. The results of a preliminary systems study indicate that a practical system based on this principle of detection is feasible. Currently, there is a program for the development of a breadboard dual-energy Cm explosives detection system tailored to meet the performance characteristics reauired for a checkpoint operational scenario.
A nonlinear observer design for a rigid body in the proximity of a spherical asteroid

We consider an observer design for a spacecraft modeled as a rigid body in the proximity of an asteroid. The nonlinear observer is constructed on the nonlinear state space of motion of a rigid body, which is the tangent bundle of the Lie group of rigid body motions in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The framework of geometric mechanics is used for the observer design. States of motion of the spacecraft are estimated based on state measurements. In addition, the observer designed can also estimate the gravity parameter of the asteroid, assuming the asteroid to have a spherically symmetric mass distribution. Almost global convergence of state estimates and gravity parameter estimate to their corresponding true values is demonstrated analytically, and verified numerically.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Neurotrophins can enhance spiral ganglion cell survival after inner hair cell loss

Following destruction of sensory cells of the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells (SGC) in the guinea pig degenerate. Chronic electrical stimulation via cochlear prostheses can enhance their survival, with the effect blocked by stopping the electrically elicited action potentials with tetrodotoxin. Blocking action potentials in the normal hearing ear with tetrodotoxin, however, does not cause degeneration. This suggests that in the pathological ear VIII N activity acts as a survival factor, while in the normal ear there are other survival factors that maintain SGCs. We examined neurotrophins, as survival factors in the deafened ear. Two weeks of treatment with BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) administered chronically via a mini-osmotic pump into scala tympani at 50 ng/ml, provided a statistically significant enhanced SGC survival over untreated deafened ears or deafened ears treated with artificial perilymph. Neurotrophin 3 provided some enhanced survival, but this was not statistically significant over untreated deafened ears. These observations suggest there are survival factors in the inner ear, including those coupled to direct activation of the auditory nerve fibers, that may serve to maintain the auditory nerve. These factors may be applied following deafness to maintain and enhance neural populations and to increase benefits to the profoundly deaf receiving cochlear implants.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 14-alkoxymorphinans. 18. N-substituted 14-phenylpropyloxymorphinan-6-ones with unanticipated agonist properties: extending the scope of common structure-activity relationships.

The synthesis, biological, and pharmacological evaluations of 14β-O-phenylpropyl-substituted morphinan-6-ones are described. The most striking finding of this study was that all of the compounds from the novel series of differently N-substituted 14β-O-phenylpropylmorphinans acted as powerful opioid agonists. Even with N-substituents such as cyclopropylmethyl and allyl, which are usually associated with distinct antagonist properties, only agonists were obtained. Compared to morphine, the N-cyclopropylmethyl derivative 15 showed considerably increased potency in the in vivo assays in mice (600-fold in the tail-flick assay, 60-fold in the paraphenylquinone writhing test, and 400-fold in the hot-plate assay). Remarkably, most of the new ligands were nonselective and exhibited binding affinities in the subnanomolar range at opioid receptors (μ, κ, δ), with the N-propyl derivative 19 displaying the highest affinity for the μ-receptor (Ki = 0.09 nM).
Late recurrence from salivary gland cancer: when does "cure" mean cure?

BACKGROUND. The purpose of the current study was to determine the incidence of late recurrences, which were defined as those occurring ≥5 years after initial therapy, among patients treated for salivary gland cancer. METHODS. Between 1960 and 2000, 145 patients underwent definitive therapy for localized carcinomas of the salivary glands and were clinically without evidence of disease at 5 years of follow-up. Cumulative probabilities for developing a subsequent late recurrence were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS. The 10-year and 15-year cumulative probabilities of late recurrence in patients who were free of disease at 5 years were 13% and 18%, respectively. The crude rates of late recurrence by histologic subtype were adenoid cystic carcinoma (26%), mixed malignant tumor (25%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (17%), adenocarcinoma (10%), and acinic cell carcinoma (8%). Sites of late recurrence included distant metastasis (17 patients), local recurrence (8 patients), and regional recurrence (2 patients). The median time to late recurrence was 7.1 years (range, 5.2–23.1 years) from the date of initial surgery. Salvage treatment varied according to location of disease recurrence and initial treatment characteristics. The 15-year estimate of overall survival was 39% for patients who experienced a late recurrence compared with 71% for those who remained free of disease (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS. A significant proportion of patients who are presumed to be cured of their disease at 5 years after initial treatment for salivary gland cancer will be found to develop late disease recurrence with additional follow-up. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A complete femtocell network modeling and development platform

Femtocells have emerged as an alternative solution for operators to improve coverage and throughput in indoor environments. However, modeling and development platforms are still needed in order to test implementation-specific characteristics of femtocells, such as interference mitigation techniques and self-organizing algorithms. Using OPNET, a high fidelity simulation environment for wireless networks, a femtocell modeling and development platform is created, closely following the specifications dictated by 3GPP regarding the entities, functionalities, procedures, and message formats for femtocell networks. It is shown how the platform reflects the effect of both interference and backhaul degradation on the overall performance of the network, which represent the key concerns for operators nowadays regarding femtocell deployments.
Adult Western Corn Rootworms: Oviposition, Fecundity, and Longevity in the Laboratory

In the laboratory, adults of Diabrotica virgifera LeConte had a mean preoviposition period of 14.3 days, a mean longevity of 94.8 days, and a mean fecundity of 1023 eggs per female (or 10.4 eggs per female per day). The pattern of egg laying indicated that oviposition began at a high level, peaked after about 10–15 days, and then slowly declined. Female beetles apparently were able to lay viable eggs for at least 60 days after mating.
Endometrial ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Role of GnRH agonists

OBJECTIVE: To discuss a new alternative to treat patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding who fail to respond to hormonal treatments, and to outline the role of GnRH analogs in the presurgical preparation of these patients. METHOD: The causes and various hormonal treatments of dysfunctional uterine bleeding are outlined, and various methods of endometrial ablation, with hormonal and non-hormonal preparations, are reviewed. RESULT: In endometrial ablation, while hormonal preoperative treatments are more advantagous than no endometrial suppression, GnRH analogs prepare the endometrium better by reducing thickness uniformly, decreasing edema, and avoiding pseudodecidual reaction usually present with other hormonal treatments. CONCLUSION: Because success of endometrial ablation seems to correlate with uniform destruction of endometrium and superficial portion of myometrium, thinning of the endometrium hormonally simplifies the procedure, adds in the overall success of endometrial ablation, and reduces additional blood loss by controlling the bleeding preoperatively.
Stimulation of Neuron Proliferation by Means of Growth Hormone

IN further investigation of the theory I have already outlined1,2 that by means of the growth hormone preparation it may be possible to stimulate artificially the proliferation of prospective cerebral neurons in mammals, I have used 385 albino rats in an attempt to improve the level of the psychical functions of the animal.
Inert gases in lunar samples.

Sample 10084,40 (fines, less than 1 millimeter) contains substantial amounts of the inert gases. Their concentrations are inversely proportional to particle size; hence the gases appear to be surface-correlated in the soil fragments. The most likely origin of the gas is solar wind or solar cosmic rays. Glass and feldspar are generally poorer in gas than lithic fragments. Ratios of elements in the sample differ significantly from solar values. Ratios of isotopes in the sample are similar to those in meteorites. Argon-40 appears to consist of a radiogenic and a surface-correlated component. An apparent potassium-argon age of 4.42+0.24-0.28 billion years is calculated.
Enhanced transmission through truncated compound periodic arrays of subwavelength holes

Enhanced transmission through metal films perforated by single or arrayed subwavelength holes has been observed in the optical as well as in the microwave regime. In the microwave regime, the phenomenon is associated with dielectric slab guided waves and surface waves arising due to the periodic hole arrangements. A surface comprising rows of small holes interspaced by solid perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) strips, referred to as a two-period hole array (TPHA), was shown to be especially effective. Scattering from so-called compound TPHAs, comprising multiple finite TPHAs with different periodicities, is studied. The transmission properties of these structures are investigated for a wide range of problem parameters including the angle, polarization, and frequency of the incident field. It is shown that the signals transmitted through compound TPHAs contain features that are anticipated to render them useful in identification applications.
Urinary estrogens. II. Excretion of estrogens in rhesus monkeys stimulated with human gonadotropins.

Abstract Spontaneously non-cycling rhesus monkeys were treated with gonadotropins extracted from human pituitaries and an HMG preparation. Treatment was carried out for 10 – 11 days with 75 IU FSH daily followed by a single injection of 2000 IU LH. Daily urinary estrogen levels were determined by a method involving conjugate extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and phenolic separation followed by two thin layer separations and gas chromatography. Estrone was found to be the major urinary estrogen. Estradiol-17β and estriol were detectable only in small quantities coinciding with high concentrations of estrone. Estrone levels as high as 56 μg/24 hours were found when multiple ovulations occurred. Ovulation time and ovarian size were determined by laparotomy.
Familial Handedness and Its Relation to Spatial Ability following Strategy Instructions.

Abstract This study compared subjects from right-handed families with subjects from nonrighthanded families in their ability to solve a mental-rotation task when instructed to use one of two different spatial strategies. All subjects completed a pretest Vandenberg. Next, one of the following procedures was presented prior to administering the Vandenberg posttest: Group 1 was given mental-rotation instructions, Group 2 was given spatial-orientation instructions, and Group 3 (control group) was given no special directions. For familial right-handers, no condition effects were found. In contrast, familial nonright-handers benefited significantly from mental-rotation instructions when compared both to their own control group and to familial right-handed subjects given the same instructions. However, with orientation instructions, the familial nonright-handers showed significantly less posttest improventnt than their control group. These results suggests familial non-rright-handers may be stronger in ability to use one spatial strategy, transformation of mental images, and weaker on a second, reorientation in relation to left-right cues. The educational and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Female homicide offenders: Trends over time in an institutionalized population

The records of 460 female homicide offenders, admitted to a state prison for women between 1940–66 and 1981–83, were examined to determine changes in the character of the offender and the criminal event itself. While there were several respects in which the contemporary murderess differs from her predecessor, overall the data have questioned the extent to which changing roles for women have influenced the character of female homicide over time. Whatever influence the women's movement might have had on middle- and upper-class women, the contemporary murderess seems as far from liberation as her sisters in the '40s, '50s, and '60s.
STAT 5 and NF-Y are involved in expression and growth hormone-mediated sexually dimorphic regulation of cytochrome P450 3A10/lithocholic acid 6β-hydroxylase

The level of expression of a number of sexually differentiated liver proteins is primarily determined by plasma growth hormone (GH). Adult males have a pulsatile profile of GH release, while females have a relatively steady-state pattern of GH release. An important subset of these sexually differentiated hepatic proteins is certain cytochrome P450s (P450s). CYP3A10/6beta-hydroxylase is a male-specific P450 that catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid, and the pattern of GH secretion is directly responsible for male-specific expression of this gene. The DNA element involved in GH-mediated regulation of CYP3A10/6beta-hydroxylase promoter activity binds a member of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family of proteins. In this study we functionally demonstrate that two members of the STAT family, STAT 5a and STAT 5b, mediate GH-dependent regulation of CYP3A10/6beta-hydroxylase promoter activity. Furthermore, a neighboring DNA element binds NF-Y, a transcription factor involved in maintaining high levels of transcription of many genes and known to functionally interact with other factors. In the CYP3A10/6beta-hydroxylase gene, NF-Y also modulates binding of STAT 5, thereby modulating GH-mediated activation of its transcription.
Caffeine and Pharmaceuticals as Indicators of Waste Water Contamination in Wells

The presence of caffeine or human Pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations can provide a clear, unambiguous indication that domestic waste water is a source of some of the nitrate. Water from domestic, public supply, and monitoring wells in three communities near Reno, Nevada, was sampled to test if caffeine or Pharmaceuticals are common, persistent, and mobile enough in the environment that they can be detected in nitrate-contaminated ground water and, thus, can be useful indicators of recharge from domestic waste water. Results of this study indicate that these compounds can be used as indicators of recharge from domestic waste water, although their usefulness is limited because caffeine is apparently nonconservative and the presence of prescription Pharmaceuticals is unpredictable. The absence of caffeine or Pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations does not demonstrate that the aquifer is free of waste water contamination. Caffeine was detected in ground water samples at concentrations up to 0.23 μg/L. The human Pharmaceuticals chlorpropamide, phensuximide, and carbamazepine also were detected in some samples.
Large Natural pH, CO2 and O2 Fluctuations in a Temperate Tidal Salt Marsh on Diel, Seasonal, and Interannual Time Scales

Coastal marine organisms experience dynamic pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in their natural habitats, which may impact their susceptibility to long-term anthropogenic changes. Robust characterizations of all temporal scales of natural pH and DO fluctuations in different marine habitats are needed; however, appropriate time series of pH and DO are still scarce. We used multiyear (2008–2012), high-frequency (6 min) monitoring data to quantify diel, seasonal, and interannual scales of pH and DO variability in a productive, temperate tidal salt marsh (Flax Pond, Long Island, US). pHNBS and DO showed strong and similar seasonal patterns, with average (minimum) conditions declining from 8.2 (8.1) and 12.5 (11.4) mg l−1 at the end of winter to 7.6 (7.2) and 6.3 (2.8) mg l−1 in late summer, respectively. Concomitantly, average diel fluctuations increased from 0.22 and 2.2 mg l−1 (February) to 0.74 and 6.5 mg l−1 (August), respectively. Diel patterns were modulated by tides and time of day, eliciting the most extreme minima when low tides aligned with the end of the night. Simultaneous in situ pCO2 measurements showed striking fluctuations between ∼330 and ∼1,200 (early May), ∼2,200 (mid June), and ∼4,000 μatm (end of July) within single tidal cycles. These patterns also indicate that the marsh’s strong net heterotrophy influences its adjacent estuary by ‘outwelling’ acidified and hypoxic water during ebb tides. Our analyses emphasize the coupled and fluctuating nature of pH and DO conditions in productive coastal and estuarine environments, which have yet to be adequately represented by experiments.
Milk drip via an indwelling naso-gastric rubber tube for feeding premature infants.

Summary A modification of naso-gastric feeding of prematures and other infants utilizing an indwelling rubber catheter, and nutrient administration by continuous drip is presented. Successful use of this technique has been demonstrated in 72 premature infants. This method is more advantageous than previous feeding techniques because the frequency of vomiting is decreased, the infant is disturbed less and may be fed without removal from an incubator, the administration of nutrient may be given by less skilled assistants in less time, irritation to the mucous membranes is minimal, greater quantities of nutrient may be given during a 24-hour period, and statistical comparison with previous techniques suggests that more infants weighing less than 1,500 g have survived. A review of the literature is presented. Introduction d'un tube naso-gastrique en caoutchouc pour l'alimentation de nourrissons prematwres. Les aliments ont ete donnes en goutte a goutte lent par une sonde a demeure en caoutchouc (Nelaton N° 6) pendant une longue periode. Cette methode a ete employee depuis 1952 par routine chaque fois que l'alimentation par sonde etait necessaire. On en a fait visage chez 72 nourrissons prematures pendant un total de 1500 journees d'alimentation a la sonde. Certains enfants ont ete alimentes a la sonde jusqu'a l'âge de 2–3 mois. Grâce a sa mollesse, son elasticite et sa resistance pendant la sterilisation le caoutchouc est pour cet usage superieur au polyethylene. Naso-gustriseher Dauer-Gummikatheter zur Ernahrung pramaturer Sauglinge. Die Nahrung wurde durch einen Gummikatheter (Nelaton Nr. 6) in Form langsamen Dauertropfs wahrend einer langen Periode zugefuhrt. Die Methode wurde seit 1952 routinemassig durchgefuhrt, sobald Sondenernahrung benotigt wurde. Sie wurde bei 72 pramaturen Sauglingen wahrend einer totalen Anzahl von 1500 Sondentagen angewandt. Einige Kinder wurden bis zu einem Alter von 2–3 Monaten mit Hilfe der Sonde gefuttert. Mit Hinblick auf seine Weichheit, Elastizitat und Widerstandskraft in Bezug auf Sterilisierung ist Gummi dem Polyaethylen fur diese Anwendung uberlegen. Sonda naso-gastrica permanente de caucho para alimentacion del premuturo. Los alimentos han sido administrados por medio de un cateter de caucho (Nelaton N. 7) en forma de perfusion continua durante largos periodos. Este ha sido el metodo de rutina desde 1952 cada vez que un prematuro ha requerido alimentacion por sonda. Ha sido empleado en 72 ninos con un total de 1.500 dias -sonda. En algunos casos se use este metodo hasta la edad de 2–3 meses. El tubo de caucho ha demostrado ser superior al de polyethylene por su elasticidad, blandura y resistencia a la esterilizacion.
The short-rooted vitamin B6-deficient mutant pdx1 has impaired local auxin biosynthesis

The phytohormone auxin regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin often acts distantly from the site of its biosynthesis and this long-distance-transported auxin is well known to play a critical role in eliciting physiological responses including regulating root development. Auxin can be produced in roots, yet the function of locally synthesized auxin in root growth is unclear. The major auxin in plants, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), is mainly synthesized through tryptophan (Trp)-dependent pathways that require pyridoxal phosphate (an active form of vitamin B6)-dependent enzymes. We previously reported that the Arabidopsis vitamin B6 biosynthesis mutant pdx1 has stunted root growth although the underlying cause is unknown. Here we showed that the pdx1 root is deficient in auxin biosynthesis. By reciprocal grafting of pdx1 and the wild type, we demonstrated that the stunted root growth in pdx1 is caused by a locally generated signal(s) in roots. To test whether auxin might be one such signal, the auxin responsive DR5::GUS reporter was introduced into the mutant. The DR5::GUS activity in pdx1 root tips was greatly reduced compared with that in the wild type although the auxin response was unaltered. pdx1 also suppresses the root hair growth defects in the auxin overproduction mutant yucca. These data indicate that pdx1 is impaired in Trp-dependent auxin biosynthesis, which may contribute to the short-root phenotype of pdx1. We suggest that locally synthesized auxin may play a critical role in postembryonic root growth.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Novel Benzochlorins Derived from Chlorophyll a

Methylpheophorbide-a (a chlorophyll a analog) was converted into methyl 131-deoxypyropheophorbide-a 2 in excellent yield. The Ni(II) complex of 2 on hydrogenation and subsequent Vilsmeier reaction with phosphorus oxychloride and 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)acrolein produced Ni(II) methyl 20-(2-formylvinyl)-131-deoxypyropheophorbide-a 4. In contrast to other synthetic and naturally occurring isobacteriochlorins, the isobacteriochlorin obtained by acid-catalyzed cyclization of 4 was found to be unstable and oxidized to the corresponding benzochlorin. The free base benzochlorin 7, obtained by demetalation, up on DDQ/methanol treatment produced a mixture of 132-oxo- and 131-methoxy-132-oxobenzochlorins 8, 9. Surprisingly, under similar reaction conditions, an ethanolic solution of DDQ afforded 131,132-dioxobenzochlorin 13 as a major product. Vilsmeier reaction (POCl3/DMF) of Ni(II) benzochlorin 6 gave unexpected 5-formyl-132-oxobenzochlorin 15. Zn(II) complexes of the newly synthesized benzochlorins showed long wave...
Fast packet switch architectures for broadband integrated services digital networks

Background information on networking and switching is provided, and the various architectures that have been considered for fast packet switches are described. The focus is solely on switches designed to be implemented electronically. A set of definitions and a brief description of the functionality required of fast packet switches are given. Three basic types of packet switches are identified: the shared-memory, shared-medium, and space-division types. Each of these is described, and examples are given. >
Systemic contact dermatitis to hydroxyzine

Systemic contact dermatitis is an underreported type of delayed hypersensitivity caused by a systemically administered substance. When interpreting patch test reactions, it is important to obtain a history of all current related oral medications. Many oral medications can cross-react with structurally similar topical antigens and induce systemic contact dermatitis. Identification and elimination of the inciting agent can lead to resolution of otherwise chronic, unresponsive eczema. We report a case of systemic contact dermatitis to hydroxyzine in a patient who was patch tested positive to ethylenediamine. Repeated oral provocation with hydroxyzine reproduced her eczema on several occasions. We conclude that systemic contact dermatitis to hydroxyzine, a common medication used to treat pruritus, must be considered as a potential cause for unresponsive eczema.
The horror autotoxicus and multiple-organ failure.

• An injury or operation with tissue injury, ischemia, and sepsis provokes a neuroendocrine, immune, and inflammatory response to promote survival and heal the wound. If the injury is massive or complicated by infection, the inflammatory response may become generalized and excessive, producing organ and tissue damage and multiple-organ failure, a modern "horror autotoxicus." Many inflammatory mediators have been identified. In isolated organs, the use of blocking mediators to prevent combined ischemia-reperfusion injury is feasible. With regional ischemia, activator attenuation may be possible. It is unclear whether blockade or modulation of all or part of an excessive inflammatory response will be possible, helpful, and without hazard in patients with multisystem injuries or sepsis. Feedback loops and control mechanisms of these systems will better define such possibilities. Employment of growth factors and other protective agents to stimulate wound healing, infection control, and host resistance may be more helpful. Ultimately, prevention of multiple-organ failure requires sound surgical judgment, techniques, and organ support. (Arch Surg. 1992;127:1451-1462)
Three-dimensional hindcast simulation of internal soliton propagation in the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment area

[1] Internal solitary waves referred to as solitons are common occurrences in the South China Sea. The Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX) experiment was carried out in April-May 2001 to perform measurements on these solitons, which are often highly energetic, having isopycnal displacements well over 100 m and phase speeds greater than 2.5 m/s. Of particular interest is the interaction of a soliton with the sloping shelf bottom that occurs as the soliton shoals to water depths less than its wave height. Observations during the experiment show that at such shallow depths, a soliton undergoes strong refraction and transformation. In this article, we present hindcast simulation of a particular soliton observed during the experiment, using a fully nonlinear, nonhydrostatic, three-dimensional model and the actual bathymetry from the ASIAEX area. The computation begins with the soliton at a distance about 100 km from the shelf and obtains the propagation and evolution of the soliton over the shelf-slope. The three-dimensional hindcast is able to reproduce the refraction of the soliton propagation observed during the experiment as well as the propagation speed and direction in the range observed. The final nonlinear transformation of the soliton from symmetrical to skewed elongated waveform is also obtained in the model consistent with the observations. The hindcast simulation reveals that the relative position of soliton's vorticity core to the local water depth is a crucial indicator of the onset of transformation and formation of elevation waves.
Nd- and Sr-isotopic compositions of lavas from the northern Mariana and southern Volcano arcs: implications for the origin of island arc melts

Nd- and Sr-isotopic data are reported for lavas from 23 submarine and 3 subaerial volcanoes in the northern Mariana and southern Volcano arcs. Values of eNd range from +2.4 to +9.5 whereas 87Sr/86Sr ranges from 0.70319 to 0.70392; these vary systematically between and sometimes within arc segments. The Nd-and Sr-isotopic compositions fall in the field of ocean island basalt (OIB) and extend along the mantle array. Lavas from the Volcano arc, Mariana Central Island Province and the southern part of the Northern Seamount Province have eNd to +10 and 87Sr/86Sr=0.7032 to 0.7039. These are often slightly displaced toward higher 87Sr/86Sr at similar eNd. In contrast, those lavas from the northern part of the Mariana Northern Seamount Province as far north as Iwo Jima show OIB isotopic characteristics, with eNd and 87Sr/86Sr=0.7035 to 0.7039. Plots of 87Sr/86Sr and eNd versus Ba/La and (La/Yb)n support a model in which melts from the Mariana and Volcano arcs are derived by mixing of OIB-type mantle (or melts therefrom) and a metasomatized MORB-type mantle (or melts therefrom). An alternate interpretation is that anomalous trends on the plots of Nd- and Sr-isotopic composition versus incompatible-element ratios, found in some S-NSP lavas, suggest that the addition of a sedimentary component may be locally superimposed on the two-component mixing of mantle end-members.
Reversible symptoms and clearance of mutant prion protein in an inducible model of a genetic prion disease in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Prion diseases are progressive disorders that affect the central nervous system leading to memory loss, personality changes, ataxia and neurodegeneration. In humans, these disorders include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, kuru and Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, the latter being a dominantly inherited prion disease associated with missense mutations in the gene that codes for the prion protein. The exact mechanism by which mutant prion proteins affect the central nervous system and cause neurological disease is not well understood. We have generated an inducible model of GSS disease in Drosophila melanogaster by temporally expressing a misfolded form of the murine prion protein in cholinergic neurons. Flies accumulating this mutant protein develop motor abnormalities which are associated with electrophysiological defects in cholinergic neurons. We find that, upon blocking the expression of the mutant protein, both behavioral and electrophysiological defects can be reversed. This represents the first case of reversibility reported in a model of genetic prion disease. Additionally, we observe that endogenous mechanisms exist within Drosophila that are capable of clearing the accumulated prion protein.
Adherence and biofilm formation of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium abscessus to household plumbing materials.

Aims Measure adherence and biofilm formation by cells of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium abscessus on common household plumbing materials namely stainless steel, glass, zinc-galvanized steel, copper and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Methods and Results Coupons in a CDC biofilm reactor were exposed to cell suspensions containing 105 NTM colony forming units (CFU) per ml and adherence measured for 6 h. Biofilm formation (increased numbers of adherent CFU) was measured weekly to 21 days in the absence of substantial numbers of suspended mycobacterial cells. Adherence was rapid and substantial with 2000–15 000 CFU cm−2 adhering within 1–6 h at room temperature. Biofilm numbers reached as high as 107 CFU cm−2. Biofilm-grown cells of Myco. avium were more adherent compared with suspension-grown cells. Conclusions Mycobacterium avium, Myco. intracellulare and Myco. abscessus readily adhered and formed biofilms on all types of plumbing materials. Factors influencing adherence and biofilm formation were species, plumbing material and prior growth.
A closed-form solution for inverse kinematics of robot manipulators with redundancy

A closed-form solution formula for inverse kinematics of manipulators with redundancy is derived using the Lagrangian multiplier method. The proposed method is proved to provide the exact equilibrium state for the resolved-motion method. The repeatability problem in the resolved-motion method does not exist in the proposed method. The method is demonstrated to give more accurate trajectories than the resolved-motion method.
Tightening methods for continuous‐time mixed‐integer programming models for chemical production scheduling

Significance Important advances in modeling chemical production scheduling problems have been made in recent years, yet effective solution methods are still required. We use an algorithm that uses process network and customer demand information to formulate powerful valid inequalities that substantially improve the solution process. In particular, we extend the ideas recently developed for discrete-time formulations to continuous-time models and show that these tightening methods lead to a significant decrease in computational time, up to more than three orders of magnitude for some instances. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4461–4467, 2013
Fractional Governing Equations of Diffusion Wave and Kinematic Wave Open-Channel Flow in Fractional Time-Space. I. Development of the Equations

AbstractIn this study the fractional governing equations for diffusion wave and kinematic wave approximations to unsteady open-channel flow in prismatic channels in fractional time-space were developed. The governing fractional equations were developed from the mass and motion conservation equations in order to provide a physical basis to these equations. A fractional form of the resistance formula for open-channel flow was also developed. Detailed dimensional analyses of the derived equations were then performed in order to ensure dimensional consistency of the derivations. It is shown that these fractional equations of unsteady open-channel flow are fundamentally nonlocal in terms of nonlocal fluxes. The derived fractional governing equations of diffusion wave and kinematic wave open-channel flow can accommodate both the long-memory nonlocal behavior of open-channel flow as well as its local, finite memory behavior, as is numerically demonstrated in the accompanying paper by the authors.
The histomorphologic spectrum of peripheral ossifying fibroma

A series of 207 cases of peripheral ossifying fibroma was analyzed both clinically and histologically. Almost 60% of the lesions occurred in the maxilla, and in both jaws more than 50% occurred in the incisor-cuspid region. The lesion was most common in the second decade. Females were affected more frequently than males; the ratio was 1.7:1. The recurrence rate--16%--was relatively high. Histologically, in 66% of the cases the surface epithelium was ulcerated and in the remainder it was intact. The ulcerated lesions were composed of highly cellular fibroblastic connective tissue, whereas in the nonulcerated lesions part of the tissue was more collagenized. Both types contained mineralized products in the form of bone, cementum-like material, and/or a dystrophic type of calcification. The dystrophic calcification was most prevalent in the ulcerated lesions. The mean duration at time of excision for the ulcerated lesions was 5.6 months and for the nonulcerated lesions was 24 months. It is proposed that the ulcerated and nonulcerated lesions represent a spectrum of one lesion with different stages of maturation.
Linear combination of concomitants of order statistics with application to testing and estimation

Let (X 1,Y 1), (X 2,Y 2),…, (X n,Y n) be i.i.d. as (X, Y). TheY-variate paired with therth orderedX-variateX rn is denoted byY rn and terms the concomitant of therth order statistic. Statistics of the form $$T_n = n^{ - 1} \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {J\left( {t_{ni} } \right)} Y_{in} $$ are considered. The asymptotic normality ofT n is established. The asymptotic results are used to test univariate and bivariate normality, to test independence and linearity ofX andY, and to estimate regression coefficient based on complete and censored samples.
Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma using high-pressure liquid chromatography

A rapid, relatively sensitive and highly accurate method of determining 25-hydroxyvitamin D/sub 2/ and 25-hydroxyvitamin D/sub 3/ levels in plasma has been devised. The method involves methanol-chloroform extraction of 4 ml of serum, prepurification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D on batch columns of Sephadex LH-20, and detection by absorption at 254 nm coincident with high-pressure liquid chromatography. Recoveries are monitored by adding known amounts of 25-hydroxy-(/sup 3/H)vitamin D/sub 3/ to the serum initially and counting the /sup 3/H recovered in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D/sub 3/ peak on high-pressure liquid chromatography. Normal human serum collected during the summer contains 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 31.9 +- 1.7 ng/ml (mean +- SE, n = 19).