cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of magnetic fields for engineering devices

This paper deals with the methodology of magnet technology and its application to various engineering devices. Magnet technology has experienced a rapid growth in the past few years as a result of the advances made in superconductivity, numerical methods and computational techniques. Specifically, this paper concerns itself with: (a) Mathematical models for solving magnetic field problems; (b) The applicability, usefulness, and limitations of computer programs that utilize these models; (c) Examples of application in various engineering disciplines; (d) Areas where further contributions are needed. The author hopes that this paper will facilitate the communication of information between scientists and engineers, and the exchange of new ideas.
SSB protein diffusion on single-stranded DNA stimulates RecA filament formation

Single-stranded DNA generated in the cell during DNA metabolism is stabilized and protected by binding of ssDNA-binding (SSB) proteins. Escherichia coli SSB, a representative homotetrameric SSB, binds to ssDNA by wrapping the DNA using its four subunits. However, such a tightly wrapped, high-affinity protein-DNA complex still needs to be removed or repositioned quickly for unhindered action of other proteins. Here we show, using single-molecule two- and three-colour fluorescence resonance energy transfer, that tetrameric SSB can spontaneously migrate along ssDNA. Diffusional migration of SSB helps in the local displacement of SSB by an elongating RecA filament. SSB diffusion also melts short DNA hairpins transiently and stimulates RecA filament elongation on DNA with secondary structure. This observation of diffusional movement of a protein on ssDNA introduces a new model for how an SSB protein can be redistributed, while remaining tightly bound to ssDNA during recombination and repair processes.
A model for discharge patterns of primary auditory-nerve fibers

Abstract A model for the synapse between an inner hair cell and afferent fiber is presented. The hair cell is assumed to release 25–100 quantized neurotransmitter packets per sec. Each packet causes an exponentially shaped unitary excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Any particular afferent fiber is assumed to have a discharge threshold either above or below that of the unitary EPSP. Using any reasonable distribution of threshold values, the model produces a bimodal distribution of spontaneous discharge patterns. The group producing high spontaneous rates (greater than 20/sec) all have discharge thresholds below the unitary EPSP level, while the low-spontaneous group (rates less than 20/sec) all have discharge thresholds above that level. Other physiologically realistic results are obtained from the two groups.
A comparison of functional MR activation patterns during silent and audible language tasks

PURPOSE To compare word generation tasks performed silently and aloud as paradigms for functional MR. METHODS Images were obtained at 1.5 T, with echoplanar acquisition in nine subjects performing word generation aloud or silently. Functional images created from the echoplanar images by means of cross-correlation techniques were superimposed on anatomic reference images. The location of activation from the two tasks was tabulated; the number of activated pixels in each region from the two tasks was compared. RESULTS Both silent and aloud word generation produced activation in the inferior frontal lobes, sensorimotor cortex regions, supplementary motor areas, and anterior cingulate gyri, predominantly in the dominant hemisphere. Significantly more activated pixels and fewer artifacts were detected with silent word generation than with word generation aloud. CONCLUSION Word generation silently or aloud produce activation in the brain. Greater activation can be detected in the left frontal lobe with silent word generation, although the subject9s performance of the task cannot be monitored independently during silent word generation.
IMPROVING JOB SHOP PERFORMANCE THROUGH PROCESS QUEUE MANAGEMENT UNDER TRANSFER BATCHING

This research investigated the value of protecting the continuity of release batchs in a transfer batching environment, by modifying the SPT rule. A simulation model of a job shop was used to test the modified SPT rule. The performance measures evaluated were mean flow time, flow time variance, and mean lateness. Conditions under which the SPT modification improved results were as follows: large number of transfer batches, small setup time to process time ratio, and large variation in process times from station to station. The results suggest that shop loading is not a significant factor affecting performance of the modified SPT rule.
Stimulants for Pediatric Neuroenhancement

Dr Millichap has disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device. The Ethics, Law, and Humanities Committee (ELHC) of the American Academy of Neurology recently published a position paper that focuses on various implications of pediatric neuroenhancement, the use of prescription stimulants and other medications intended for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), to augment cognitive or affective function in children and adolescents who have no medical dysfunction - ie, normal children. 1 Pediatric neuroenhancement appears to be increasing in parallel with the rising rates of ADHD …
Submillimeter Wavelength Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Astronomical Sources

At high, dry observatory sites, the transmission of the atmosphere at near-millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths provides access to frequency “windows” which encompass roughly half a terahertz of bandwidth. Broadband spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform spectroscopy, provide an effective means of exploring these vast tracts quickly, being especially useful for studies of wideband source spectra, and broad-line sources. As is outlined here, the former is applicable to studies of the interstellar medium, while the latter is particularly useful for planetary spectroscopy.
Rites of Pedagogical Passage: How Graduate Student Instructors Negotiate the Challenges of First-Time Teaching.

This study examines the dynamics of the first-time teaching experience of graduate instructors, drawing on interview and focus group data from 35 sociology students in a doctoral program at a large university in the United States. Results indicate the majority of graduate instructors felt a great deal of anxiety due to challenges they faced when teaching their own course for the first time: challenges such as feelings of unpreparedness, constant and unremitting time demands, problems with students, a lack of confidence, and insufficient support. Instructors employed a number of informal strategies in attempts to mediate the personal and professional impact of these challenges. Strategies included adjusting expectations, making sacrifices, becoming savvy, and creating informal peer networks that provided social support and increased access to resources. Findings indicate the need for institutional-level changes, including how graduate student teaching is viewed within the discipline and the ways graduate i...
Virus-Specific Cellular Immune Correlates of Survival in Vaccinated Monkeys after Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge

Understanding the characteristics of the virus-specific T-lymphocyte response that will confer optimal protection against the clinical progression of AIDS will inform the development of an effective cellular immunity-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccine. We have recently shown that survival in plasmid DNA-primed/recombinant adenovirus-boosted rhesus monkeys that are challenged with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 is associated with the preservation postchallenge of central memory CD4+ T lymphocytes and robust gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing SIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses. The present studies were initiated to extend these observations to determine which virus-specific T-lymphocyte subpopulations play a primary role in controlling disease progression and to characterize the functional repertoire of these cells. We show that the preservation of the SIV-specific central memory CD8+ T-lymphocyte population and a linked SIV-specific CD4+ T-lymphocyte response are associated with prolonged survival in vaccinated monkeys following challenge. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SIV-specific IFN-γ-, tumor necrosis factor alpha-, and interleukin-2-producing T lymphocytes are all comparably associated with protection against disease progression. These findings underscore the contribution of virus-specific central memory T lymphocytes to controlling clinical progression in vaccinated individuals following a primate immunodeficiency virus infection.
An educational Java applet for linear systems

We describe an educational Web applet for students studying linear systems and feedback control. The applet allows students to manipulate a pole-zero diagram and immediately see the corresponding changes that occur in the Bode plot, Nyquist diagram, Nichols chart, and step response. The program is written in Java, so that it runs in any Web browser, and it is free software, distributed under the GNU General Public License.
Dielectric Constant of Sodium Silicate Glasses in Relation to Their Chemical Structure

The chemical structure of a series of aluminum substituted sodium trisilicate glasses is determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It reveals a significant change of the chemical structure around the sodium cations and oxygen anions with the addition of aluminum. A microscopic model is developed to understand the composition dependence of the dielectric constant of these glasses in terms of the changes of chemical structure.
The impact of surface conditioning and area on the pulsed breakdown strength of water

Experimental results are presented on the degree to which electrode surface conditioning and surface area impact the dielectric strength of water. The applied pulse to the test gap reached electric field levels greater than 1.5 MV/cm with risetimes around 200 and 50 ns, respectively. The test gap is composed of 304 stainless steel electrodes machined with a Bruce profile. Electrode surface roughness ranged from 0.34 to 1.41 /spl mu/m and effective areas ranged from 0.5 to 75 cm/sup 2/. Additional results are presented on the pulsed breakdown strength of Rexolite with various surface finishes ranging from .025 to 5.715 /spl mu/m. Conclusions are made as to the effect electrode surface area and surface roughness has on the holdoff voltage of water dielectric systems. Conclusions are also made as to the impact of the surface condition of Rexolite has on its bulk breakdown strength.
Skillful Coaching: New Directions In Teaching Health Assessment

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in nursing student’s assessment skills before and after the implementation of a cognitive apprenticeship didactic approach including think-aloud and critical dialogue. In the nursing care of clients, a through and accurate holistic health assessment is essential. The content of the assessment task is taught in all nursing programs. Students must be competent not only in performing the examination but also in evaluating the information obtained and integrating it with the health history and lab findings. This extensive criteria makes assessment a challenging skill to master. Problems arise when students in nursing attempt to apply the theoretical assessment approaches to the clinical setting with real clients. Consequently, student’s performance outcomes are often unsatisfactory, as the teaching format usually focuses on the students’ acquisition of domain knowledge and psychomotor skills rather than on shaping the thinking processes involved. Students’ common problems with physical assessment shows that they struggle to manipulate the abstract positions involved.
Motion in an asymmetric double well

The problem of the periodic motion of a particle in an asymmetric double-well (quartic) potential is solved explicitly in terms of the Weierstrass and Jacobi elliptic functions. While the solution of the orbital motion is expressed simply in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic function, the period of oscillation is more directly expressed in terms of periods of the Jacobi elliptic functions.
A Nontrivial Solution to a Stochastic Matrix Equation

If A is a nonsingular matrix such that its inverse is a stochastic matrix, the classic Brouwer fixed point theorem implies that the matrix equation AXA = XAX has a nontrivial solution. An explicit expression of this nontrivial solution is found via the mean ergodic theorem, and fixed point iteration is considered to find a nontrivial solution.
Regeneration of Light-Harvesting Complexes via Dynamic Replacement of Photodegraded Chromophores.

All-synthetic molecular donor–acceptor complexes are designed, which are capable of counteracting the effect of photoinduced degradation of donor chromophores. Anionic gallium protoporphyrin IX (GaPP) and semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) are used as a model donor–acceptor complex, which is assembled using DNA oligonucleotides. The GaPP-DNA-CNT complex produces an anodic photocurrent in a photoelectrochemical cell, which steadily decays due to photo-oxidation. By modulating the chemical environment, we showed that the photodegraded chromophores may be dissociated from the complex, whereas the DNA-coated carbon nanotube acceptors are kept intact. Reassociation with fresh porphyrins leads to the full recovery of GaPP absorption and photocurrents. This strategy could form a basis for improving the light-harvesting performance of molecular donor–acceptor complexes and extending their operation lifetime.
RESERVOIR AND CONTROLLING FACTORS OF THE SECONDARY MEMBER OFTHE JIALING RIVER FORMATION IN THE HIT AND THESOUTH TRANSITION STRIP OF SICHUAN

The Jia-2 member is the best developed segment in the Jialing River formation of resourceful region. The Jia-2 member develops the enclosed sands, platform, restricted lagoon, half-restricted lagoon and open subtidal sedimentary subfacies mostly. The different porosity show that the enclosed sands subfacies and the platform's dolomite flat microfacies in the native Jialing River formation is the best reservoir facies belt. But because of the alteration caused by the diagenesis in anaphase, the different reservoir facies belt can transform together. Therefore this segment's reservoir is mainly controlled by the tape of the sedimentary facies, the effect of syngenetic solution, the embedding solution and the structure burst and so on. According to this area's condition, the Jia-2's reservoir was divided to good, better, ecumenical and non-reservoir four types.
Application of Generalized Additive Model in Forecasting Cases of Medical Sites in Expo 2010 Shanghai China

[Objective] To explore application of generalized additive model in forecasting cases of medical sites in Expo 2010 Shanghai China. [Methods] By using a generalized additive model with time series adjustment for weekend, the daily cases of medical sites, the total visitors to the Expo and the meteorological factors from May 1st to Aug 8th were analyzed and the forecast was compared with the actual cases. [Results] The number of medical site cases showed a weekend effect. With the total visitors increasing, the number of cases increased first and then decreased. With the daily temperature increased, the number of cases increases. The average relative error of prediction was 10.44%. [Conclusion] A generalized additive model fit the number of cases of the Expo medical stations and can be used for similar forecast in mass gathering in the future.
Effects of CRF and ANG II on ACTH and vasopressin release in conscious dogs

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in conscious dogs and to determine whether the stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release by angiotensin II (ANG II) results from potentiation of the action of CRF. In addition, the possible role of CRF in the stimulation of vasopressin released by ANG II was investigated. The following experiments were performed: 1) intravenous saline infusion; 2) ANG II (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) alone; 3) vasopressin (1 ng.kg-1.min-1) alone; 4) CRF (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 microgram/kg iv) bolus; 5) vasopressin (1 ng.kg-1.min-1) and CRF (0.1 microgram/kg) together; 6) CRF (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 microgram/kg) and ANG II (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) together; 7) ANG II (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) followed 15 min later with CRF (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 microgram/kg). Each dose of CRF was tested on a different day. Infusion of ANG II alone stimulated the release of ACTH, cortisol, and vasopressin. Administration of CRF produced dose-dependent increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations, and the highest dose of CRF increased plasma vasopressin concentration. CRF given together with ANG II did not potentiate the stimulation of ACTH release by CRF. Vasopressin at the dose tested did not stimulate ACTH release but potentiated the ACTH response to CRF. ANG II stimulated vasopressin release but did not potentiate the AVP response to CRF. These results show that, in conscious dogs, ANG II and CRF each increase plasma ACTH concentration and that the ACTH response to CRF is potentiated by vasopressin but not by ANG II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Drug-Specific Design of Telodendrimer Architecture for Effective Doxorubicin Encapsulation

Designing a versatile nanocarrier platform that can be tailored to deliver specific drug payloads is challenging. In general, effective drug encapsulation, high drug-loading capacity, uniform shape and size distribution, and enhanced stability are among the fundamental attributes of a successful nanocarrier design. These physiochemical features of the nanocarriers are intimately tied to the specific drug payload that they are tasked to deliver. The molecular architecture of the nanocarrier’s scaffold often needs to be tuned for each drug, especially if the target drugs are structurally and chemically distinct as in the case of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX). Starting from our previously reported telodendrimeric block copolymer platform optimized for PTX, we analyze three generations of telodendrimer architectures to arrive at the design that is capable of encapsulating another important chemotherapeutic drug, DOX. Multiple long-time-scale self-assembly simulations were performed both in atomistic ...
Angels everywhere? How beliefs in pure evil and pure good predict perceptions of heroic behavior

Abstract We examined the effects of belief in pure evil (BPE) and belief in pure good (BPG) on perceptions and evaluations of a stereotypically altruistic (vs. egoistic) hero who apprehended a criminal perpetrator. Overall, participants appreciably supported formal, public accolades for the altruistic hero because they more greatly deified (i.e., venerated) the altruistic hero. Greater levels of BPG were associated with greater deification only of the altruistic hero, and levels of BPG did not predict support for awards or rewards for either hero. Levels of BPE were not associated with deification of either the altruistic or egoistic hero, although greater levels of BPE were associated with greater support for rewarding the hero because such individuals more strongly believe that rewards foster prosocial behavior. Ultimately, characterizing others as altruistic meaningfully impacts perceptions of their heroic behavior, but preexisting beliefs about good and evil importantly appear to impact such perceptions as well.
Demonization in Historical Context

Normand highlights the intimate historical relationship between religion and politics, arguing that while the origins of demonization are religious, the reasons for its continued presence are fundamentally political. Drawing upon illustrative examples from historical and modern conflicts, the chapter reveals how a visible demonic thread weaves itself through the centuries. Normand introduces the religious character of the Devil and explains how “Satan myths” were a crucial prerequisite for demonization because they forged a link between the underworld and human protagonists that would spread into popular belief systems and became generators of religious persecution campaigns. The chapter concludes by showing the transition from demonization in the context of religious wars to the more secularized demonization in modern political conflict.
Reticulant doped semiconductive epoxies and plastics for high voltage applications

Various techniques of doping epoxies and plastics for use in solving high-voltage problems associated with particle accelerators and high-voltage power supplies have been investigated. These studies have centered on two categories of dopants: antistatic additives and the organic charge-transfer salts tetrathiofulvalene (TF) and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). A small percentage ( >
Targeting Cancer Cells with BET Bromodomain Inhibitors

Cancer cells are often hypersensitive to the targeting of transcriptional regulators, which may reflect the deregulated gene expression programs that underlie malignant transformation. One of the most prominent transcriptional vulnerabilities in human cancer to emerge in recent years is the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of proteins, which are coactivators that link acetylated transcription factors and histones to the activation of RNA polymerase II. Despite unclear mechanisms underlying the gene specificity of BET protein function, small molecules targeting these regulators preferentially suppress the transcription of cancer-promoting genes. As a consequence, BET inhibitors elicit anticancer activity in numerous malignant contexts at doses that can be tolerated by normal tissues, a finding supported by animal studies and by phase I clinical trials in human cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the remarkable, and often perplexing, therapeutic effects of BET bromodomain inhibition in cancer.
Adaptive Sports Event Planning

Medical support for an adaptive sporting event requires coordinated preplanning with consideration of a variety of factors that will dictate the delivery of health care. The venue, time of year, type of events, and amount of coverage are some of the major questions that must be asked. Site visits and rehearsals are required to synchronize the effort. Coordination with the local medical and law enforcement should be incorporated into the planning. Dissemination and rehearsal of the communication plan and medical protocols will ensure their success during the actual event. Required personnel and medial logistics are dictated both by the amount and level of support planned but also by historic norms. Injury surveillance and record keeping are paramount to establish those norms and to base further decisions. Liability coverage may come from a combination of race organizer’s insurance, private malpractice insurance, or the Volunteer Protection Act. An after-action report should be completed soon after the event to help sustain those efforts that were successful and to discover areas of improvement.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION ALONG A MISSISSIPPIAN PERIPHERY: A FORT ANCIENT EXAMPLE

Archaeologists have long recognized an important relationship between climate change and the trajectory of the Mississippian polity at Cahokia, with twelfth- and thirteenth-century droughts playing a key role in transforming social relationships and the pace of monument construction. This environmental transition may have spurred emigration from Cahokia and surrounding farming communities. This raises the questions: What was the nature of environmental change and cultural transformations on the Mississippian peripheries and where did these Mississippian emigrants go? This paper provides a case study from the Middle Ohio Valley that brings together spatiotemporal patterns in moisture availability between AD 1000 and AD 1300 and new archaeological data from Fort Ancient villages located in southeast Indiana and southwest Ohio that were occupied during this same temporal interval. We suggest that droughts in the American Bottom region pushed Mississippians to less drought-stricken areas such as the Middle Ohio Valley, which experienced concurrent periods of wetness. This pattern builds on a growing body of data suggesting that the movement of individuals and communities played a large role in the process of Mississippianization throughout the midcontinental and southeastern United States.
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas 1909)

Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi is essentially limited to Central and South America, although a few cases of T. cruzi have been diagnosed in the United States in California1 and Texas.2 The disease caused by this organism, Chagas disease, has a case fatality rate of about 5% in its acute phase3; the fatality rate in the chronic stage is difficult to assess. It is estimated that between 10 million and 12 million people at present are infected with T. cruzi.4 T. cruzi is a flagellate, transmitted by vectors in the order Hemiptera, family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae (see Chap. 38), which consists of nine genera, the most common of which are Panstrongylus and Rhodnius. In addition, the infection can be transmitted through blood transfusion.5 In Mexico 4.4% of the donated blood was found to be serologically positive for T. cruzi.6
Population ensemble modeling of biomass dissolution

Abstract A major barrier to the efficient utilization of biomass is the recalcitrance to dissolution of semicrystalline cellulose. The present study addresses the kinetics of swelling and dissolution of cellulose particles at conditions emulating large-scale biomass processing where the particles exhibit a broad distribution of size. To this end, we have developed a model in which the behavior of a population of particles is obtained from an ensemble of individual particle dissolution models. The dissolution of an individual semicrystalline polymer particle involves decrystallization and disentanglement as two important and potentially rate-determining steps in the process. Using this population ensemble model, novel results on the evolution of cellulose particle size distribution and polydispersity over the dissolution time have been obtained, and the impact on dissolution of the particle size distribution width and mean particle size has been examined at different conditions. The high number of smaller particles determines initially the dissolution behavior of a polydisperse system, however, at long dissolution times, relatively small numbers of larger particles dictate the overall dissolution behavior. Reducing the mean particle size increases the dissolved fraction more at disentanglement control conditions than at decrystallization control conditions. Having a wider particle size distribution would always increase the cellulosic biomass solubility at disentanglement control conditions. At decrystallization control conditions, a wider size distribution is beneficial initially, however, at long times a system with narrower particle distribution dissolves more. Findings from this study would benefit the rational design and optimization of pretreatment processes to reduce the particle size for enhanced biomass utilization. The developed model can be applied to the dissolution of polydisperse particles for various polymers of interest to drug delivery and plastics recycling.
Macrophage Receptors and Leishmania

Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites of mammalian macrophages. The protozoa cause a spectrum of diseases, the characteristics of which vary depending on the species of the parasite and the host response. The life cycle of Leishmania includes two stages. Extracellular promastigotes are inoculated by a sandfly vector into mammalian skin, after which they are ingested by tissue macrophages. The parasites then convert to obligate intracellular amastigotes, which reside and multiply intercellularly in macrophage phagolysosomes.1 Leishmania-infected macrophages either remain locally in the skin and cause cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. major, L. amazonenesis, L. mexicana, L. braziliensis), or they disseminate to distant locations resulting in visceral leishmaniasis (L. donovani, L. donovani chagasi) or mucosal leishmaniasis (L. braziliensis). The outcome of visceral leishmaniasis frequently is fatal, but the other forms of the disease rarely cause death of the host. 1
Using course portfolios to create a disciplinary commons across institutions

A key concern among faculty in Computer Science at both 2-year and 4-year institutions is ensuring a smooth transition for students between institutions. In this paper, we describe a joint a collaborative effort in bridging this institutional divide. Our goal was to open our classroom doors to one another, to critically examine the teaching that we are enacting and the learning that our students are undertaking. We wanted to ask of ourselves and of one another why we are teaching the topics that we teach, in the ways in which we teach them. And we wanted to more systematically examine and reflect upon evidence of student learning from the work that students are providing to us. Our mechanism for carrying out this project was to each construct a course portfolio for a course that we separately teach at our respective institutions. Our use of the course portfolio is novel, not in the concurrent preparation and critique of our portfolios, but in our using this setting to examine different courses within the same discipline and curricula across institutions. This paper situates our use of the course portfolio in the literature on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, describes the contents of our portfolios and rationale for these contents, and discusses lessons learned, both about our own courses and about the use of course portfolios as a means for disseminating knowledge and practice.
Urban Planning (Chinese), History of

The principles of Chinese urban planning grew out of the heartland of Chinese history and culture. In broad historical perspective, Chinese city planning can be divided into millennia-old imperial planning and twentieth century modern planning. Chinese urban planning ultimately reflected Chinese cultural visions, political ideologies, and power relations. Characterized by its basic design principles of centrality, axiality, and rectilinearity, Chinese imperial urban planning was based on a syncretic world view which emphasized the centrality of the emperor as the pivot of four quarters of the universe, and traditional Chinese cosmology and geomancy. Modern city planning is a product of the interaction and fusion between Western concepts of city development and Chinese indigenous urban traditions. It reflects tensions, conflicts, and accommodations between impulses of global forces or ideological and political movements to reduce Chinese cities into decontextualized uniformity and the heightened appreciation for Chinese cultural roots and local sensibilities in spatial arrangements. The future of Chinese urban planning is destined to transcend both modernism driven by the pursuit of rationality and functionality and rigidified socialist politics and return to a pluralistic and multidimensional sense of Chinese history and culture.
A Project Designed to Assess Overall Programming Skills

This paper examines the process and outcomes of a final project given to students at the end of their third course in Java programming. The purpose of the project was to assess the students' knowledge of program design and the various Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts covered throughout the three-course sequence. This project required the students to work in teams of two then interact with all the other teams in the class. A communication protocol was specified to ensure that each team’s program could work with every other team's program. At the end of the course each team had to present their results and experiences to the class. Every team's response was positive, but the surprising result was the overwhelming response from the students extolling the benefits and strengths of preliminary design, following established protocols, the use of core OOP concepts, and how it helped them create good, stable programs. This project surpassed our expectations and this paper discusses the details of the assignment, the student's progress throughout the project, and the final results.
The Transbilayer Distribution of Glucosylceramide in Plant Plasma Membrane

Glucosylceramides, the predominant sphingolipids in plant tissues, are quantitatively important structural components of the plasma membrane and tonoplast. Here, we describe studies undertaken to determine the transbilayer distribution of glucosylceramides in the plasma membrane of squash. The results indicate that glucosylceramides are present predominantly in the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane.
Intracellular Proteinases of Invertebrates: Calcium-Dependent and Proteasome/Ubiquitin-Dependent Systems

Cytosolic proteinases carry out a variety of regulatory functions by controlling protein levels and/or activities within cells. Calcium-dependent and ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathways are common to all eukaryotes. The former pathway consists of a diverse group of Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteinases (CDPs; calpains in vertebrate tissues). The latter pathway is highly conserved and consists of ubiquitin, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, deubiquitinases, and the proteasome. This review summarizes the biochemical properties and genetics of invertebrate CDPs and proteasomes and their roles in programmed cell death, stress responses (heat shock and anoxia), skeletal muscle atrophy, gametogenesis and fertilization, development and pattern formation, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction and learning, and photoreceptor light adaptation. These pathways carry out bulk protein degradation in the programmed death of the intersegmental and flight muscles of insects and of individuals in a colonial ascidian; molt-induced atrophy of crustacean claw muscle; and responses of brine shrimp, mussels, and insects to environmental stress. Selective proteolysis occurs in response to specific signals, such as in modulating protein kinase A activity in sea hare and fruit fly associated with learning; gametogenesis, differentiation, and development in sponge, echinoderms, nematode, ascidian, and insects; and in light adaptation of photoreceptors in the eyes of squid, insects, and crustaceans. Proteolytic activities and specificities are regulated through proteinase gene expression (CDP isozymes and proteasomal subunits), allosteric regulators, and posttranslational modifications, as well as through specific targeting of protein substrates by a diverse assemblage of ubiquitin-conjugases and deubiquitinases. Thus, the regulation of intracellular proteolysis approaches the complexity and versatility of transcriptional and translational mechanisms.
7.34 Hillslope Processes in Arid Environments

This chapter describes how arid hillslopes are affected by the primary sources of energy in deserts: wind, salt, water, life, and seismicity. Though quantification of these processes is incomplete, these landscapes still contribute to our understanding of hillslope response to climate change (and desertification) and inform our interpretation of extraterrestrial, rocky hillslopes.
Brief Report: Tinder Users Are Risk Takers and Have Low Sexual Disgust Sensitivity

Tinder is the leading online dating application. The users have different motivations to use the application, and casual sex is one of the major ones. Having casual sex has risks for the individuals’ health and safety. Casual sex may also result in suboptimal sexual behaviors. This study aimed to answer three questions: (1) Do Tinder users and non-users differ in their sexual disgust and health/safety risk-taking? (2) Does sexual disgust sensitivity and health/safety risk-taking predict the motivation use Tinder for casual sex? And, (3) does sex influence these differences? Results from 271 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers showed that Tinder users take more health/safety risks and have lower sexual disgust sensitivity than non-users. Also, propensity of health/safety risk-taking and sexual disgust sensitivity predicts the motivation to use Tinder for casual sex. Furthermore, the effects of health/safety risk-taking and sexual disgust on Tinder use operated differently according to sex.
Do Ethics Matter? Investigating Donor Responses to Primary and Tertiary Ethical Violations:

This study examines how frequently committed ethical misconduct regarding values closely aligned to an organizational mission affects stakeholders’ pro-organizational responses to an offending nonp...
Arrhythmogenic propensity of the fibrotic substrate after atrial fibrillation ablation: a longitudinal study using magnetic resonance imaging-based atrial models

Aims Inadequate modification of the atrial fibrotic substrate necessary to sustain re-entrant drivers (RDs) may explain atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following failed pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Personalized computational models of the fibrotic atrial substrate derived from late gadolinium enhanced (LGE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to non-invasively determine the presence of RDs. The objective of this study is to assess the changes of the arrhythmogenic propensity of the fibrotic substrate after PVI. Methods and results Pre- and post-ablation individualized left atrial models were constructed from 12 AF patients who underwent pre- and post-PVI LGE-MRI, in six of whom PVI failed. Pre-ablation AF sustained by RDs was induced in 10 models. RDs in the post-ablation models were classified as either preserved or emergent. Pre-ablation models derived from patients for whom the procedure failed exhibited a higher number of RDs and larger areas defined as promoting RD formation when compared with atrial models from patients who had successful ablation, 2.6 ± 0.9 vs. 1.8 ± 0.2 and 18.9 ± 1.6% vs. 13.8 ± 1.5%, respectively. In cases of successful ablation, PVI eliminated completely the RDs sustaining AF. Preserved RDs unaffected by ablation were documented only in post-ablation models of patients who experienced recurrent AF (2/5 models); all of these models had also one or more emergent RDs at locations distinct from those of pre-ablation RDs. Emergent RDs occurred in regions that had the same characteristics of the fibrosis spatial distribution (entropy and density) as regions that harboured RDs in pre-ablation models. Conclusion Recurrent AF after PVI in the fibrotic atria may be attributable to both preserved RDs that sustain AF pre- and post-ablation, and the emergence of new RDs following ablation. The same levels of fibrosis entropy and density underlie the pro-RD propensity in both pre- and post-ablation substrates.
Hemoglobin-A1c level to predict for clinical outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer.

4039 Background: An association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has long been recognized. While long-standing DM may be a risk factor for developing PDA, n...
Genetics of the human circadian clock and sleep homeostat.

Timing and duration of sleep are controlled by the circadian system, which keeps an ~24-h internal rhythm that entrains to environmental stimuli, and the sleep homeostat, which rises as a function of time awake. There is a normal distribution across the population in how the circadian system aligns with typical day and night resulting in varying circadian preferences called chronotypes. A portion of the variation in the population is controlled by genetics as shown by the single-gene mutations that confer extreme early or late chronotypes. Similarly, there is a normal distribution across the population in sleep duration. Genetic variations have been identified that lead to a short sleep phenotype in which individuals sleep only 4–6.5 h nightly. Negative health consequences have been identified when individuals do not sleep at their ideal circadian timing or are sleep deprived relative to intrinsic sleep need. Whether familial natural short sleepers are at risk of the health consequences associated with a short sleep duration based on population data is not known. More work needs to be done to better assess for an individual’s chronotype and degree of sleep deprivation to answer these questions.
The Firearm Suicide Crisis: Physicians Can Make a Difference

Firearm suicide receives relatively little public attention in the United States, however, the United States is in the midst of a firearm suicide crisis. Most suicides are completed using a firearm. The age-adjusted firearm suicide rate increased 22.6% from 2005 to 2017, and globally the US firearm suicide rate is 8 times higher than the average firearm suicide rate of 22 other developed countries. The debate over how to solve the firearm suicide epidemic tends to focus on reducing the firearm supply or increasing access to behavioral health treatment. Ineffectual federal firearm control policies and inadequate behavioral health treatment access has heightened the need for primary care physicians to play a more meaningful role in firearm suicide prevention. We offer suggestions for how individual physicians and the collective medical community can take action to reduce mortality arising from firearm suicide and firearm deaths.
Linked Open Data

In Chap. 9 we have studied semantic wiki, where semantic information is manually added to the Web content. In Chap. 10, we have studied DBpedia project, where semantic documents are automatically generated. As we have discussed in Chap. 7, besides annotating the pages manually or generating the markup documents automatically, there is indeed another solution: to create a machine-readable Web all from the scratch.
EFFECT OF SPLIT APPLICATION OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM TO SK2047 HYBRID RICE

Two field experiments were conduced at Rice Research and TrainingCenter, Sakha Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt in 2007 and 2008 summer seasons to study the effect of split application of N and K to SK2047 hybrid rice [IR70368A/Giza 178R]. One level of N fertilization was used, 165 kg N/ha in the form of urea applied in three different times (N1) as two splits [2/3 incorporated into dry soil before transplanting + 1/3 before panicle initiation), (N2) as three equal splits [1/3 incorporated into dry soil before transplanting + 1/3 at mid tillering + 1/3 before panicle initiation], (N3) as three splits [1/2 incorporated into dry soil before transplanting + 1/4 at mid-tillering + 1/4 at panicle initiation]. One level of potassium (60 kg K2O/ha) was applied. All amount was applied as follow: (K1) without potassium (control), (K2) the total amount was applied as basal (100% B), (K3) one half as basal and one half at panicle initiation (50% B + 50% PI), (K4) one half as basal and other half in two equal splits; at mid-tillering and at panicle initiation (50% B + 25% T + 25% PI) and (K5) in four equal splits: basal, mid-tillering, panicle initiation and heading (25% B + 25% MT + 25% PI and 25% at heading). The main results could be summarized as follows: Three equal split applications of nitrogen (N2); [1/3 B + 1/3 MT + 1/3 PI) was superior in dry matter (DM), flag leaf area (FLA), leaf area index (LAI), N and K shoot content, panicle number, % of filled grains/panicle, panicle weight, 1000-grain weight, harvest index (HI) and grain yield. Potassium applications increased growth characters, grain yield and its components and N and K shoot content compared with the control. While, split-applied potassium with three doses (K4); 50% B + 25% MT + 25% PI, gave the highest values of studied parameters without any significant differences with those produced by (K5); 25% B + 25% MT + 25% PI + 25% heading in rice grain yield. The interaction between split application of N and K was significant for filled grains percentage and K shoot content in 2007 season. It could be concluded that for raising hybrid rice productivity, both nitrogen and potassium should be applied in the following formulas; 1/3 basal (B) + 1/3 at mid tillering stage (MT) + 1/3 at panicle initiation (PI) and 50% basal (B) + 25% at mid tillering stage (MT) + 25% at panicle initiation (PI) for nitrogen and potassium respectively.
The Shape and Experimental Tests of the Q^2-Invariant Polarized Gluon Asymmetry

The absence of "valence-gluon" degrees of freedom combined with an examination of radiative QCD diagrams leads to an implication that the gluon spin asymmetry in a proton, defined as A_G(x,Q^2) = (Delta G)/G, should be approximately Q^2 invariant. The condition for scale invariance completely determines the x-dependence of this asymmetry, which satisfies the constituent counting rules and reproduces the basic results of the Bremsstrahlung model originated by Close and Sivers. This asymmetry can be combined with the measured unpolarized gluon density, G(x,Q^2) to provide a prediction for Delta G(x,Q^2). Existing and proposed experiments can test both the prediction of scale invariance for A_G and the nature of Delta G itself.
Adam Smith and the not so invisible hand: A revision for the undergraduate classroom

Abstract Students in introductory economics rarely get much exposure to historical ideas, but they often hear about at least one historical concept: “the invisible hand.” Unfortunately, what they learn about the invisible hand – at least as far as is evident in the leading undergraduate textbooks – is flawed, largely because it is removed from its historical context. In this paper, we describe recent research on Smith’s metaphor and suggest some simple ways for instructors to use it – informed by the context in which it was written and Smith’s original intent. We also describe some simple classroom experiments that aid in these discussions.
Lipid Metabolism as a Targetable Metabolic Vulnerability in Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths according to the World Health Organization, remains a substantial public health problem worldwide [...]
The competitiveness of fair trade and organic versus conventional coffee based on consumer panel data

Abstract This paper analyzed the competitiveness of premium and regular Fair Trade and Organic (FTO) coffees relative to conventional coffee using consumer panel data. The coffees were categorized into four groups based on their certification labels and prices: Premium or Regular Conventional, and Premium or Regular FTO. Competitiveness was measured in terms of price sensitivity and substitution behavior in the entire market and in segments of core consumers who spent most of their coffee budgets on FTO coffees. We found that most consumers were more likely to substitute both FTO products for conventional products, and less likely to substitute out of conventional products. Even the core consumers of Premium FTO coffees, who had inelastic demand for that type of coffee, were more likely to switch to Regular Conventional coffees than to Regular FTO coffees, even though both alternatives were similarly low-priced. The results suggest that even core FTO market segments were not strongly committed to certified products. Companies making and selling certified products need to do more beyond matching prices and using sustainability certification labels to increase their market competitiveness and potential options are discussed in this paper.
An asynchronous recovery algorithm based on a staggered quasi-synchronous checkpointing algorithm

Checkpointing and rollback recovery are established techniques for handling failures in distributed systems. Under synchronous checkpointing, each process involved in the distributed computation takes checkpoint almost simultaneously. This causes contention for network stable storage and hence degrades performance. To overcome this problem, checkpoint staggering under which checkpoints by various processes are taken in a staggered manner, has been proposed. In this paper, we propose a staggered quasi-synchronous checkpointing algorithm which reduces contention for network stable storage without any synchronization overhead. We also present an asynchronous recovery algorithm based on the checkpointing algorithm.