cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reassessing the Cardiac Risk Profile in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Hypothesis on the Role of Oxidant Stress and Other Non-Traditional Cardiac Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease is the single largest cause of mortality in the general population (1) and, as such, it is not surprising that it is also the leading cause of mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients, accounting for nearly half of all deaths in this population in the United States (2). Numerous studies have described the high prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (2,3) and congestive heart failure in the ESRD population (4,5), with these entities accounting for a great majority of cardiovascular mortality in the chronic hemodialysis population.
Experiences with lower-cost access to tactile graphics in India

Tactile graphics allow the visually impaired to perceive two-dimensional imagery, which is an essential part of experiencing the world and learning several subjects such as science and geography. In the developed world, such graphics are available to blind students from an early age, and students grow up familiar with tactile representations of images. The production of tactile graphics, however, requires extensive manual labor by sighted people, or costly graphical braille printers. Thus, blind students in developing regions often grow up without any exposure to these learning aids and as a consequence are often prevented from studying the sciences.In this work, we explore the potential of enhancing access to tactile graphics in the developing world through a software tool that can convert images to a form that can be printed as tactile images using lower-cost braille text printers. We investigate the effectiveness of this tool in producing different types of tactile graphics, and also explore the impact of these graphics on students and visually impaired teachers at a school for the blind in India. We find that our subjects are highly enthusiastic about tactile graphics, are quickly able to understand them, and learn how to write the alphabet using them.
HLA class I-mediated stress fiber formation requires ERK1/2 activation in the absence of an increase in intracellular Ca2+ in human aortic endothelial cells

Following transplantation, HLA class I antibodies targeting donor endothelium stimulate cell proliferation and migration, which contribute to the development of transplant vasculopathy and chronic ...
A Collaborative Training Algorithm for Distributed Learning

In this paper, an algorithm is developed for collaboratively training networks of kernel-linear least-squares regression estimators. The algorithm is shown to distributively solve a relaxation of the classical centralized least-squares regression problem. A statistical analysis shows that the generalization error afforded agents by the collaborative training algorithm can be bounded in terms of the relationship between the network topology and the representational capacity of the relevant reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Numerical experiments suggest that the algorithm is effective at reducing noise. The algorithm is relevant to the problem of distributed learning in wireless sensor networks by virtue of its exploitation of local communication. Several new questions for statistical learning theory are proposed.
Bio-inspired arene cis-dihydroxylation by a non-haem iron catalyst modeling the action of naphthalene dioxygenase.

Reported in this paper is the first example of a biomimetic iron complex, ([FeII(TPA)(NCMe)2]2+ (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), that catalyses the cis-dihydroxylation of an aromatic double bond, mimicking the action of the non-haem iron enzymenaphthalene dioxygenase and shedding light on its possible mechanism of action.
HSF1 transcriptional activity mediates alcohol induction of Vamp2 expression and GABA release.

Many central synapses are highly sensitive to alcohol, and it is now accepted that short-term alterations in synaptic function may lead to longer term changes in circuit function. The regulation of postsynaptic receptors by alcohol has been well studied, but the mechanisms underlying the effects of alcohol on the presynaptic terminal are relatively unexplored. To identify a pathway by which alcohol regulates neurotransmitter release, we recently investigated the mechanism by which ethanol induces the Vamp2 gene, but not Vamp1, in mouse primary cortical cultures. These two genes encode isoforms of synaptobrevin, a vesicular soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein required for synaptic vesicle fusion. We found that alcohol activates the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) to induce Vamp2 gene expression, while Vamp1 mRNA levels remain unaffected. As the Vamp2 gene encodes a SNARE protein, we then investigated whether ethanol exposure and HSF1 transcriptional activity alter neurotransmitter release using electrophysiology. We found that alcohol increased the frequency of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated miniature IPSCs via HSF1, but had no effect on mEPSCs. Overall, these data indicate that alcohol induces HSF1 transcriptional activity to trigger a specific coordinated adaptation in GABAergic presynaptic terminals. This mechanism could explain some of the changes in synaptic function that occur soon after alcohol exposure, and may underlie some of the more enduring effects of chronic alcohol intake on local circuit function.
The diagnostic and statistical manual for primary care (DSM-PC), child and adolescent version: what pediatric psychologists need to know.

Objective To address the need for a comprehensive, developmentally appropriate method to facilitate primary care pediatricians' recognition, management, and referral of a wide spectrum of childrens' behavioral and developmental problems, as well as stressful situations. Methods Use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Primary Care (DSM-PC), Child and Adolescent Version can facilitate psychologists' abilities to conduct research concerning the prevalence of behavioral and developmental problems, describe collaborative practice in primary care, and train pediatricians to recognize and manage common behavioral and developmental problems. Conclusions Strategies to enhance utilization of the DSM-PC include more widespread dissemination of information concerning the manual and its practical utility, promotion of reimbursement for its use, and documenting applications of the DSM-PC in teaching, practice, and research.
Crossroads Tempered Radicalism and the Politics of Ambivalence and Change

“Tempered Radicals” are individuals who identify with and are committed to their organizations, and are also committed to a cause, community, or ideology that is fundamentally different from, and possibly at odds with the dominant culture of their organization. The ambivalent stance of these individuals creates a number of special challenges and opportunities. Based on interviews, conversations, personal reflections, and archival reports, this paper describes the special circumstances faced by tempered radicals and documents some of the strategies used by these individuals as they try to make change in their organizations and sustain their ambivalent identities.
Administration: Role and Function in Education:

Concerned about the differences that sometime arise between teachers and administrators in implementing the curriculum, the author clarifies some educational and personal relationships between the two to promote a more effective in structional program for students.
The Characterization of Defects in Silicon Carbide Crystals by X-Ray Topography in the Back-Reflection Geometry

Synchrotron white-beam x-ray topographs taken in the back-reflection mode have proved a powerful tool in the study of defects in semiconductor-grade silicon carbide crystals. Capable of mapping the distribution of axial dislocations across a wafer's area (notably the devastating micropipe defect), it can also provide information on their natures. Under favorable conditions, various other types of defect may be observed in back-reflection topographs of SiC, among which are subgrain boundaries, inclusions, and basal plane dislocations. Observed defect images in backreflection topographs may be simulated using relatively simple computer algorithms based on ray tracing. It has been possible to use back-reflection topographs of SiC substrates with device structures deposited upon them to relate the incidence of defects to device failure.
Measurements of the A ⇄ B transition in a magnetic field for superfluid3He near the polycritical point

Measurements of both A→B and B→A transitions have been made as a function of magnetic field up to ∼100 G at temperatures and pressures close to the polycritical point (PCP). Forms for the specific heat differenceCA−CB=C0(P)−α(P)(Tc−T)/Tc and for the magnetization differenceMA−MB=βH(Tc−T)/Tc fit the data satisfactorily except very nearTc, where some other mechanism, thought to be a free energy difference due to residual heat flows, tends to stabilize the A phase. The pressure of the PCP, taken to be that at whichC0=0, is found to be 21.22±0.02 bar.
Cost-Effective Alternatives to Palladium Activation – A Study on Autocatalytic Electroless Copper Deposition

Electroless copper plating is the most important and critical step for through-hole metallization of printed circuit boards. Conventional electroless copper solutions contain formaldehyde as the standard reducing agent. Due to the toxic nature of formaldehyde, there is a need to change to a reducing agent that is more environmentally friendly and safer to use. Many reducing compounds have been proposed to replace formaldehyde. For example, glyoxylic acid has been described in the literature as an especially attractive alternative because of its relative safety. In preparation for electroless copper plating, substrates are typically catalyzed by the adsorption of palladium. However, a change in the reducing agent can also lead to a change in the activation process, primarily because there is no single metal that appears to be a good catalyst for the oxidation of all reducing agents that have been employed for electroless deposition. In the present study, electrochemical measurements were carried out in ord...
Poor adherence to staging guidelines for children with malignant ovarian tumors

Abstract Purpose Historically, surgical staging practices for pediatric malignant ovarian tumors mirrored adult guidelines. In 2004, the Children's Oncology Group (COG) developed guidelines specific to pediatric patients with ovarian germ cell tumors. We sought to characterize the operative management of pediatric ovarian lesions and adherence to COG surgical staging guidelines. Methods We conducted a single institution, retrospective study of pediatric patients who underwent surgical intervention for ovarian lesions between 1995 and 2012. The primary outcome was adherence to COG staging guidelines. Results Among 502 patients, 44 (8.8%) had malignant ovarian tumors. Two patients (2/44, 4.5%) underwent correct surgical staging. Therefore, 95.5% (42/44) underwent incorrect surgical staging by omitting recommended maneuvers (surgical understaging) or performing clinically unnecessary surgical staging steps (surgical overstaging). Of the 42 patients with incorrect surgical staging, 85.7% (36/42) were surgically overstaged and 76.2% (32/42) were surgically understaged. In the entire cohort, 12 (27.3%) patients had complete staging procedures, including 10 surgically overstaged patients (10/12, 83.3%). Staging practices were not significantly different before and after the release of the 2004 COG guidelines. Conclusion Incorrect surgical staging of pediatric ovarian malignancies is commonplace. These data stress the need for greater education among all surgeons caring for children with malignant ovarian tumors.
Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging for Clinical Diagnostics

This presentation provides an overview of clinically compatible time-resolved fluorescence techniques including a fast scanning fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) technique. We will present applications of these techniques in diagnosis of cancer and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Article not available.
Research of Arcless DC Fast Circuit Breaker and Key Techniques

The DC fast circuit breaker without arc included vacuum interrupter,high-speed stability actuator,and intelligent controller.It had the advantage of environmental friendly and efficient,safe and reliable.The key techniques of DC fast circuit breaker arc quenching principle,without arc DC rapid circuit breaker critical technology,and the development of DC circuit breakers were researched.
Osmotic barrier of the parietal peritoneum

Fluid movement into the peritoneal cavity results after instillation of a hypertonic solution. Some investigators have assumed that the peritoneum is a significant barrier to small solutes and have predicted that fluid would be drawn by an osmotic gradient into the cavity from the tissue surrounding the peritoneal cavity, resulting in tissue hydrostatic pressures well below atmospheric pressure. Contrary to this, we have previously shown that protein and fluid cross the peritoneum and enter the tissue at the same rate during either isotonic or hypertonic dialysis. To investigate the nature of the osmotic barrier of the peritoneum, the hydrostatic pressure profiles were measured in the abdominal wall of the rat during conditions of either isotonicity or hypertonicity in the peritoneal cavity and constant intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure (Pip). Measurements were made with a micropipette mounted on a micromanipulator and connected to a servo-null pressure measurement system. No interstitial pressures below atmospheric pressure were observed with either type of solution in the peritoneal cavity. For the three Pip values tested, there were few significant differences between the corresponding pressure profiles of isotonic or hypertonic solutions. It is concluded that the parietal peritoneum is not a functional barrier to small solutes, which are often used to raise the osmolality of intraperitoneal solutions. This finding also implies that the tissue interstitium underlying the parietal peritoneum is not the source of water flow into the cavity, which is observed during hypertonic dialysis.
The death spiral: predicting death in Drosophila cohorts

Drosophila research has identified a new feature of aging that has been called the death spiral. The death spiral is a period prior to death during which there is a decline in life-history characters, such as fecundity, as well as physiological characters. First, we review the data from the Drosophila and medfly literature that suggest the existence of death spirals. Second, we re-analyze five cases with such data from four laboratories using a generalized statistical framework, a re-analysis that strengthens the case for the salience of the death spiral phenomenon. Third, we raise the issue whether death spirals need to be taken into account in the analysis of functional characters over age, in aging research with model species as well as human data.
Utilization of prescription-assistance program for medically uninsured cancer patients: A case study of a public hospital experience in New York state.

e17537 Background: With the advances in early detection, prevention, and treatment of some cancers, mortality rates in the United States have been consistently falling. However, with these successe...
MEKC‐UV as an effective tool for the separation and identification of explosives, high explosives, and their degradation products in environmental samples

MEKC has been used in conjunction with UV detection for identification and quantitation of high explosives in environmental samples. To ensure the compatibility of the technique with ESI-MS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a volatile micelle, was used. Separation of EPA Method 8330 Mixes A and B using various concentrations of the micelle showed that the 80 mM solution of PFOA was the optimum concentration for the separation of the explosives. MEKC analysis of explosives with ESI-MS under optimum micelle concentration provided excellent results indicating the compatibility of the method with ESI-MS. Finally, the MEKC-UV method was applied to the detection and quantitation of explosives in various environmental samples including water, sand, and soil. The results demonstrate that the MEKC method described herein is a viable technique for detection of explosives in environmental samples using UV detection, while maintaining the compatibility of the technique with MS detection without any modification to the separation method, if laboratories decided to pursue this route in the future.
Evaluation of Human-Computer Interface Development Tools: Problems and Promises

The computer industry has seen an explosive emergence of user interface management system (UIMS) toolkits in the last few years. However, there are no standards for the components of such toolkits, and no procedure for systematically evaluating or comparing these toolkits. With their proliferation, ad hoc evaluations and comparisons are constantly being done, without a formal, structured approach.
Quantum-Coherence Emergent Self-Organized Criticality and Nonequilibrium Light Localization

We introduce a quantum-coherence driven many-body photonic nanostructure, in which we observe self-organized phase-transitions to a new type of non-potential light localization, resilient to dissipation, fluctuations, and nonlinear interactions.
Gluconeogenesis in the kidney cortex. Flow of malate between compartments.

1. Kidney-cortex slices from starved rats were incubated with l-[U-14C]lactate or l-[U-14C]malate plus unlabelled acetate and the specific radioactivity of the glucose formed was determined. In parallel experiments the specific radioactivity of the glucose formed from [1-14C]acetate plus unlabelled l-lactate and l-malate was determined. 2. By analytical methods the major products formed from the substrates were measured. The glucose formed was purified by paper chromatography for determination of specific radioactivity. 3. The specific radioactivity of the glucose formed from l-[U-14C]lactate agrees with predictions of a model based on interaction of the gluconeogenic and the oxidative pathways. 4. The specific radioactivity of the glucose formed from l-[U-14C]malate agrees with the predicted value if rapid malate exchange between the cytosol and mitochondria is assumed. 5. The rate of malate exchange between compartments was estimated to be rapid and at least several times the rate of glucose formation. 6. The specific radioactivity of the glucose formed from [1-14C]acetate plus unlabelled l-lactate or l-malate agrees with the predictions from the model, again assuming rapid malate exchange between compartments. 7. Malate exchange between compartments together with reversible malate dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria and cytosol also tends to equilibrate isotopically the NADH pool in these compartments. 3H from compounds such as l-[2-3H]lactate, which form NAD3H in the cytosol, appears in part in water; and 3H from dl-β-hydroxy[3-3H]butyrate, which forms NAD3H in the mitochondria, appears in part in glucose, largely on C-4.
Becoming Madison: The Extraordinary Origins of the Least Likely Founding Father. By Michael Signer. (New York, NY: PublicAffairs Books, 2015. Pp. xii, 372. $27.99.)

Why was James Madison the “least likely” Founder? Journalist, political consultant, and attorney Michael Signer answers this question in this study. The author's response is that young Madison not ...
Missile Autopilot Design Based on a Unified Spectral Theory for Linear Time-Varying Systems

Abstract This paper presents the design of a missile autopilot for angle of attack and nominal acceleration tracking using a recently developed Extended-Mean Assignment (EMA) control technique for linear time-varying (LTV) systems. The EMA control technique is based on a new eigenvalue concept, called Series D-eigenvalue, for LTV systems. Closed-loop stability is achieved by the assignment of the extended-mean of these time-varying SD-eigenvalues to the left-half complex plane in a way similar to the eigenvalue (pole) assignment technique for linear time invariant systems. The autopilot has good tracking performance for arbitrary trajectories without scheduling of any constant design parameters throughout the entire Mach operating range.
Analysis and Design Procedures for Strain Hardening Flexural Beam and Panel

This paper presents design procedures for 1-D and 2-D strain hardening cement composites (SHCC) members based on analytical models. Closed-form solutions of moment-curvature responses of SHCC are derived based on elastic perfectly plastic compressive model and trilinear strain hardening tension model. Tension stiffening behavior of SHCC due to fiber toughening and distributed cracking are considered and incorporated in the cross-sectional analysis. Load-deflection responses for beam and panel members are obtained using several different methods including moment-area, direct integration and Yield Line Theory. The proposed models provide insights in the design of SHCC to utilize the hardening properties after cracking. Using proper parameters, generalized materials model are applicable to both SHCC and strain softening cement composites such as steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), textile reinforced concrete (TRC) and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC).
Evaluation of in-vivo kinematics of cervical spines by co-registering dynamic ultrasound with MRI

Workers who are repeatedly exposed to high cyclic loading are at high risk for degenerative cervical spine disease. Standard methods to evaluate spine motion using optical tracking or dual fluoroscopy are impractical for imaging patients in the work environment. Portable ultrasound can image cervical spine kinematics in real time, and may be able to detect abnormal spine function not apparent by static imaging of the spine pathoanatomy. We have developed a novel technique to merge dynamic real-time 2D ultrasound analysis of cervical spine kinematics with 3D static MRI images. Dynamic 2D ultrasound image profiles of the cervical spine were spatially co-registered with 3D MRI models of cervical functional spinal units. Using this approach we were able to measure the vectorial response of the cervical spine to applied loads in real time.
Vacuum alignment in composite technicolor standard models

Abstract We consider the question of vacuum alignment in the recently proposed “composite technicolor standard models” (CTSMs). In these models, explicit chiral symmetry breaking due to masses of electroweak-singlet “ultrafermions” is communicated to the quarks and leptons by a chiral condensate produced by strong “ultracolor” gauge interactions. In these models the ultracolor vacuum alignment is determined by the competition between ultrafermion masses and “flavor” gauge boson exchange. In order for these models to work, the gauge contribution to the effective potential is assumed to dominate the contribution from ultrafermion masses and stabilize the desired vacuum. Using spectral function sum rules and a vector-meson saturation approximation known to work well in QCD, we determine the gauge contribution to the effective potential for perturbative flavor gauge boson couplings in the limit where the number of ultracolors is large. We find that the flavor gauge interactions do not favor the vacuum required by CTSMs for weak couplings. While realistic models require nonperturbative values of the flavor gauge couplings, we interpret this as evidence against the vacuum required by CTSMs.
INTERNET SEARCH HABITS REFLECT PREVALENCE OF AND MORTALITY FROM HEART DISEASE

Aggregate internet search data has demonstrated value in real-time monitoring of infectious disease outbreaks and has been described to be a more accurate reflection of true preferences or concerns of a given cohort, in part by minimizing social desirability bias. To our knowledge, there has been no
The national implementation of Contingency Management (CM) in the Department of Veterans Affairs: Attendance at CM sessions and substance use outcomes.

Abstract Background In 2011, the Department of Veterans Affairs launched an initiative to expand patients’ access to contingency management (CM) for the treatment of substance use disorders, particularly stimulant use disorder. This study evaluates the uptake and effectiveness of the VA initiative by presenting data on participation in coaching, fidelity to key components of the CM protocol, and clinical outcomes (CM attendance and substance use). Methods Fifty-five months after the first VA stations began offering CM to patients in June 2011, 94 stations had made CM available to 2060 patients. As those 94 VA stations began delivering CM to Veterans, their staff participated in coaching calls to maintain fidelity to CM procedures. As a part of the CM coaching process, those 94 implementation sites provided data describing the setting and structure of their CM programs as well as their fidelity practices. Additional data on patients’ CM attendance and urine test results also were collected from the 94 implementation sites. Results The mean number of coaching calls the 94 programs participated in was 6.5. The majority of sites implemented CM according to recommended standard guidelines and reported high fidelity with most CM practices. On average, patients attended more than half their scheduled CM sessions, and the average percent of samples that tested negative for the target substance was 91.1%. Conclusion The VA’s CM implementation initiative has resulted in widespread uptake of CM and produced attendance and substance use outcomes comparable to those found in controlled clinical trials.
Dark Sectors at the Fermilab SeaQuest Experiment

We analyze the unique capability of the existing SeaQuest experiment at Fermilab to discover well-motivated dark sector physics by measuring displaced electron, photon, and hadron decay signals behind a compact shield. A planned installation of a refurbished electromagnetic calorimeter could provide powerful new sensitivity to GeV-scale vectors, dark Higgs bosons, scalars, axions, and inelastic and strongly interacting dark matter models. This sensitivity is both comparable and complementary to NA62, SHiP, and FASER. SeaQuest’s ability to collect data now and over the next few years provides an especially exciting opportunity.
Manifestly soft gauge invariant formulation of vNRQCD

Abstract Homogeneous power counting in Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD) implies the simultaneous existence of both soft and ultrasoft gluons. In the velocity renormalization group (vNRQCD) formalism we show that operators involving soft fields interacting with heavy potential quarks can be put in a manifestly gauge invariant form by utilizing gluon and quark building blocks which contain Wilson lines, and are analogous to those used in the soft collinear effective theory. This leads to several simplifications, in particular significantly reducing the size of the operator basis, which stream-lines matching and anomalous dimension calculations at subleading order in the velocity expansion. Also, soft ghosts no longer couple via potential like interactions to the heavy quark fields, and hence do not appear until two loops. Furthermore, the color structures that appear at each order in α s in the static potential are only those which should arise according to non-Abelian exponentiation. We also discuss how zero-bin subtractions clarify the role of ie terms in the heavy quark propagator poles carrying soft momenta. Even though the choice of the direction of the soft Wilson lines in our building blocks does not matter, there is still a limited set of consistent choices, and the predicted form of the eikonal poles does influence results at two-loops and beyond.
Implied Bivariate State Price Density

In this paper, we extend the research on state price density (SPD) to a bivariate setting. This extention allows us to price derivative securities whose value depends on several state variables. As an example, we examine a bivariate SPD of stock price and discount rate. We propose a semi-nonparametric (SNP) method of estimating the bivariate SPD implicit in prices of the long- term S&P 500 index options (LEAPS) and treasury bills and notes. The bivariate SPD approach can be potentially extended to account for multiple state variables.
Studies on the Formation and Maintenance of the Corpus Luteum

Factors favouring the growth of the corpus luteum and secretion of progestational compounds are said to be ‘luteotrophic’ while factors causing luteal regression and diminution of progesterone secretion are generally referred to as ‘luteolytic’. However, luteal tissue maintenance and progesterone secretion may not always be closely associated. For example, corpora lutea persist ‘morphologically’ for relatively long periods of time in hypophysectomized rats, but these corpora do not produce progesterone and can be readily differentiated from truly functional corpora on histological grounds. On the other hand, stimulation of bovine luteal tissue growth by methods described below has almost invariably been associated with an increased total progesterone content of the tissue, and often with an increased concentration, as well. Most studies indicate that luteal tissue contents and ovarian vein blood levels of progesterone are correlated.
Velikovsky Versus Academic Lag (The Problem of Hypothesis)

Professor E. A. Burtt 1 suggested that we might add “tertiary” qualities to our primary and secondary qualities when we undertake an analysis of reality. These tertiary qualities are the ones embodied in the human institutions of the world. He suggests that we may be arranging nature with our methodologies due to main conditions in us rather than due to main conditions in nature. Nothing can provide the satisfactory generalized concept of the world that does not entail extensive historical analysis of the major factors that have conditioned us, according to Burtt. The new cosmology would hardly be worth the effort, if it were merely the synthesis of scientific data or the logical criticism of the basic assumptions of that data, for Burtt. Sound insight must supplement scientific data and its assumptions, through the reasoned expression of the intellectual insight of all the ages. He goes on to point out that we see readily the role that wishful thinking has played in older methodologies, but we do not understand the role that wishful thinking plays in our own methodologies. The mechano-morphic period was absorbed in the mathematical nature of physical motion: they ignored the ultimate suppositions that they used in order to frame their laws and their hypotheses. Clarification is necessary and cannot proceed without the historical studies that can expose the fundamental motives and human factors in each of the characteristic analyses that have been adopted. In choosing between hypotheses of two kinds, the tertiary qualities are at work in us. The rise and fall of scholarly interests is conditioned by factors as yet totally unexplored. Burtt goes on to state that though science may reject final cause, it does harbor in its fundamental categories functioning values or tertiary qualities that remain completely unseen. A comparative study of the different stages of the growth of scientific thinking would throw light on the nature of our models of the universe and the tertiary qualities of the structure of contemporary scientific procedure.
Understanding Students of Poverty in the Multicultural Classroom

In 2016 the poverty rate in the United States was 14.0%, which equates to 43.1 million Americans living below the poverty line. Students who fall within this category are faced with barriers—such a...
Chapter 4.5 Polymer crystallography

The two primary crystallographic techniques used for studying polymer structure, X-ray fibre diffraction analysis and polymer electron crystallography, are described in this chapter. X-ray fibre diffraction analysis is a collection of crystallographic techniques used to determine molecular and crystal structures of molecules, or molecular assemblies, that form specimens (often fibres) in which the molecules, assemblies or crystallites are approximately parallel but not otherwise ordered. The theory and techniques of structure determination by X-ray fibre diffraction analysis are reviewed. Fibre specimens, the theory of diffraction by these specimens, intensity data collection and processing, and the variety of structure determination methods used for the various kinds of specimens studied by fibre diffraction are described. Polymer electron crystallography may be defined as the quantitative use of electron micrographs and electron diffraction intensities for the determination of polymer crystal structures. Data from thin single microcrystals are required for successful structure determination. Crystallization and data-collection techniques are described and two approaches to crystal structure analysis are discussed. Keywords: polymer crystallography; fibres; helical symmetry; random copolymers; polymer electron crystallography; X-ray fibre diffraction analysis; noncrystalline fibres; polycrystalline fibres; partially crystalline fibres; multidimensional isomorphous replacement; molecular-dynamics refinement; electron-diffraction data
EVOLUTION OF EKG READING SKILLS FROM MEDICAL SCHOOL TO RESIDENCY

Studies rate non-cardiologist physicians an accuracy of 36% to 96% in detecting ECG abnormalities. The objective of this study is to gain insights into level-based competency and level of comfort among trainees in various disciplines: medical students and residents in internal medicine (IM),
Histories and Realignments: Museum Anthropology Review in a New Era

In an editorial, Museum Anthropology Review editor Jason Baird Jackson discusses the history of the journal as a context for explaining plans to reorient it to focus more closely on the work of the Mathers Museum of World Cultures and its museum and community partners; reducing the amount of unsolicited content published and increasing invited content arising from the research, exhibitions, and outreach work of the museum and its collaborators.
Total Synthesis of Everninomicin 13,384-1—Part 2: Synthesis of the FGHA2 Fragment

The stereoselective synthesis of everninomicin's 13,384-1 (1) FGHA2 fragment (2) in a suitable form for incorporation into the final target (1) is described. The construction of the FG 1,1′-disaccharide linkage relied on a new method based on tin-acetal chemistry, while for the GH orthoester bridge, a number of approaches were explored. Final success for the latter construction came when a novel 1,2-phenylseleno migration reaction was applied to couple rings G and H, followed by ketene acetal and orthoester formation.
Explaining incompleteness and conditionality in alliance agreements

ABSTRACTWhat explains the form of international alliances? Conventional wisdom forecasts that audience cost-averse states like democracies demand that their alliances include conditions, such as li...
Estimating and leveraging protein diffusion on ion-exchange resin surfaces

Protein mobility at solid-liquid interfaces can affect the performance of applications such as bioseparations and biosensors by facilitating reorganization of adsorbed protein, accelerating molecular recognition, and informing the fundamentals of adsorption. In the case of ion-exchange chromatographic beads with small, tortuous pores, where the existence of surface diffusion is often not recognized, slow mass transfer can result in lower resin capacity utilization. We demonstrate that accounting for and exploiting protein surface diffusion can alleviate the mass-transfer limitations on multiple significant length scales. Although the surface diffusivity has previously been shown to correlate with ionic strength (IS) and binding affinity, we show that the dependence is solely on the binding affinity, irrespective of pH, IS, and resin ligand density. Different surface diffusivities give rise to different protein distributions within the resin, as characterized using confocal microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering (length scales of micrometer and nanometer, respectively). The binding dependence of surface diffusion inspired a protein-loading approach in which the binding affinity, and hence the surface diffusivity, is modulated by varying IS. Such gradient loading increased the protein uptake efficiency by up to 43%, corroborating the importance of protein surface diffusion in protein transport in ion-exchange chromatography.
Alicia Moreau de Justo: Transcending Generations

In 1823, the government of Argentina, which had only formally declared independence seven years prior, established a secular organization designed to take over the social services. Although hampered by the political turmoil that split the nation in the 1860s, this Sociedad de Beneficencia (Beneficent Society) provided an early opportunity for women to formally participate in government social service, and its leadership was soon dominated by the wives and daughters of the elite. While later criticized for this elite outlook, the Society thus opened the path for women to find “respectable” employment in education, particularly following the educational reform of President Domingo Sarmiento (1868–1874). By the end of the century, some of the women who had excelled in these educational careers began to enter new professions, such as medicine, while also joining some of the political organizations that sought to challenge the monopoly on power and wealth possessed by the Argentine elite, most notably the Radical Civic Union (Radical Party) and the Socialist Party. It was in this context that Dr. Cecilia Grierson, Argentina’s first woman physician, joined with the then-head of the Beneficent Society, Alvina Van Praet de Sala, to create a chapter of the International Council of Women (ICW) in 1900. The Argentine National Council of Women would ultimately serve as the starting point for women leaders in the twentieth century, and of these none led the charge for women’s rights longer than Alicia Moreau de Justo.
Linking online self-presentation to identity coherence, identity confusion, and social anxiety in emerging adulthood

The present study examined the role of social media in psychosocial development and adjustment in emerging adulthood. Survey data from a diverse college sample of 220 emerging adults (M age ≈ 23, 175 women) were collected and analysed using a series of multiple regressions. Results revealed that emerging adults high in general identity coherence (indicative of high self-concept clarity) reported presenting the real self and the ideal self on Facebook, suggesting that they were more truthful and positively realistic in their online self-presentation. Emerging adults high in general identity confusion (indicative of less self-concept clarity) reported presenting the ideal self and the false self on Facebook, suggesting that they were less truthful, less realistic, and more socially desirable in their online self-presentation. Moreover, emerging adults who experienced both identity coherence and identity confusion reported presenting the false self on Facebook motivated by self-exploration. Emerging adults experiencing high social anxiety reported presenting the false self on Facebook; they engaged in an extensive self-exploratory and socially desirable online self-presentation. Further, emerging adults experiencing both high identity confusion and high social anxiety reported presenting themselves on Facebook in a less truthful manner. Findings have important implications for identity integration during the emerging adulthood transition in the digital age.
Single-well production history matching and geostatistical modeling as proxy to multi-well reservoir simulation for evaluating dynamic reservoir properties of coal seams

Abstract Reservoir properties of coal seams such as gas and water effective permeabilities and gas content, as well as spatial distributions thereof, affect the success of gas production and CO2-enhanced gas recovery (EGR) with simultaneous CO2 sequestration. These properties change during production and injection operations due to variations in reservoir pressure, matrix shrinkage/swelling, and water saturation and are therefore referred to as dynamic properties. Predicting distribution of such important reservoir properties and how they evolve during production, or injection, at unsampled locations can be particularly important for field development and project economics. In this work, dynamic properties of Black Creek coal seam of Black Warrior Basin, Alabama were mapped using pointwise results from single-well production history matching of 45 wells and classical geostatistics. It is explored if this approach can be a proxy, with its limitations, to multi-well reservoir simulation. For this purpose, a reservoir model was built using available reservoir, well and production data to compare its results with those of the geostatistical maps for the same properties. Despite the expected local discrepancies due to differences between the two approaches, the results showed similar patterns and global distributions. Specific results showed that despite long-time operation of the wells in this area, there were still areas with high gas content and low gas effective permeability within the modeled time interval that might have benefited from further development using additional wells.
Examination on the Flow Characteristic of Crude Oil: Evidence from the Risk-Neutral Moments

This paper examines the information content of risk-neutral moments to explain crude oil futures returns. Implied volatility and higher moments are extracted from observed crude oil option prices using a model-free implied volatility framework and the Black-Scholes model. We find a tenuous and time-varying association between returns and implied volatility and its innovations. Specifically, changes in implied volatility are found to be meaningfully associated with crude returns only over the period spanning the recent financial crisis. Overall, results are consistent with prior evidence that crude oil prices are determined primarily in a flow demand/supply environment. Finally, we document that oil risk is priced into the cross-section of stock returns in the oil and transportation sectors.
Isolation and Characterization of a Lysolecithin-Adenosine Triphosphatase Complex from Lobster Muscle Microsomes

Abstract The ATPase of lobster abdominal muscle microsomes may be partially purified by addition of lysolecithin (1 to 2 mg per mg of protein) followed by differential centrifugation. The pellet contains most of the ATPase activity and the specific activity is increased 2-fold. The ATPase composes half the protein of the crude microsomes and 70 to 80% of the protein of a purified microsome fraction. Lysolecithin displaces much of the lipid of the microsomes and represents 65% of the lipid phosphate in the lysolecithin-ATPase complex. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the ATPase preparation shows a single major band of 105,000 daltons. This band is not affected by reduction with mercaptoethanol. Freeze-etch microscopy of the microsomes reveals numerous 70- to 80-A particles within the plane of the membranes. In the lysolecithin-ATPase complex similar particles compose essentially all of the membrane fracture surface as viewed by freeze-etching. These results are in agreement with an earlier suggestion that the freeze-etch particles of the microsomes are correlated with calcium transport ATPase sites.
Eclamptic manifestations occurring in pregnancy complicated by brain tumor.

Abstract 1. 1. A case is presented of convulsions, hypertension, albuminuria, and edema in the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy, followed by coma and death after three days in a Drinker respirator. Autopsy showed lesions characteristic of eclampsia and a large meningioma of the right frontal lobe. 2. 2. A partial review of the literature shows that a relatively small number of cases of brain tumors in pregnancy are on record, probably less than fifty. 3. 3. No previous case was noted in which brain tumor was present in a pregnant woman with clinical and pathological findings of eclampsia. 4. 4. Lesions of the liver, kidneys, adrenals, and placenta in eclampsia are probably the result of vasospasm and tissue ischemia. 5. 5. Brain tumor occurring in pregnancy may exactly simulate the clinical picture of eclampsia, and under certain conditions may cause pathological changes in the visceral organs similar to those of eclampsia.
Exploring the effects of cell seeding density on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to brain microvascular endothelial cells

Brain microvascular-like endothelial cells (BMECs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have significant promise as tools for drug screening and studying the structure and function of the BBB in health and disease. The density of hPSCs is a key factor in regulating cell fate and yield during differentiation. Prior reports of hPSC differentiation to BMECs have seeded hPSCs in aggregates, leading to non-uniform cell densities that may result in differentiation heterogeneity. Here we report a singularized-cell seeding approach compatible with hPSC-derived BMEC differentiation protocols and evaluate the effects of initial hPSC seeding density on the subsequent differentiation, yield, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) phenotype. A range of densities of hPSCs was seeded and differentiated, with the resultant endothelial cell yield quantified via VE-cadherin flow cytometry. Barrier phenotype of purified hPSC-derived BMECs was measured via transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and purification protocols were subsequently optimized to maximize TEER. Expression of characteristic vascular markers, tight junction proteins, and transporters was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and quantified by flow cytometry. P-glycoprotein and MRP-family transporter activity was assessed by intracellular accumulation assay. The initial hPSC seeding density of approximately 30,000 cells/cm2 served to maximize the yield of VE-cadherin+ BMECs per input hPSC. BMECs displayed the highest TEER (>2,000 Ω × cm2) within this same range of initial seeding densities, although optimization of the BMEC purification method could minimize the seeding density dependence for some lines. Localization and expression levels of tight junction proteins as well as efflux transporter activity were largely independent of hPSC seeding density. Finally, the utility of the singularized-cell seeding approach was demonstrated by scaling the differentiation and purification process down from 6-well to 96-well culture without impacting BBB phenotype. Given the yield and barrier dependence on initial seeding density, the singularized-cell seeding approach reported here should enhance the reproducibility and scalability of hPSC-derived BBB models, particularly for the application to new pluripotent stem cell lines.