cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of cesium and ethanol on tumor bearing rats

The effect of separate and combined administration of 15% ethanol and 0.2% CsCl solution on life span of rats with Novikoff hepatoma implants was studied as a function of time of initiation of treatment. Pretreatment with CsCl alone or combined with ethanol resulted in earlier onset on morbidity compared to the ethanol-treatment or to controls. As high as 87.5% of Cs-treated animals died 16 days post tumor implantation compared to 33% of rats receiving CsCl and ethanol combined. This protective action of ethanol against Cs-evoked toxicity in tumor-bearing rats persisted through the experiment. Animals subjected to drug treatment immediately after tumor transplantation displayed delayed onset of morbidity compared to drug pretreated rats. In both cases the Cs-treatment enhanced morbidity by approximately 2 folds from corresponding controls. Animals sacrificed 18 days post tumor inoculation showed an induction of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase and an increase in Vmax without changes in the apparent Km by the Cs-treatment. There was an increase in liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase of hepatoma-bearing rats from tumor-free controls which was associated with an increase in the apparent Km value. The results indicate potentiation of the hepatoma toxicity by CsCl which may be minimized by ethanol. A role for hepatic enzymes determined in the pathogenesis of tumor line studied and/or their use as a biochemical correlate is suggested.
Prediction of menopausal status from estrogen-related gene expression in benign breast tissue.

The utility of archived paraffin-embedded breast tissue for risk-related research is often limited by missing menopausal status data. We tested the hypothesis that breast tissue gene expression patterns can improve menopausal stratification. Healthy high-risk participants in a clinical trial underwent breast random fine-needle aspiration (rFNA); 100 ng of RNA extracted from rFNA samples was reverse-transcribed; the expression of 28 estrogen-responsive genes was evaluated by real-time PCR. True menopausal status (TMS) was determined by measurement of plasma hormones and age. Differentially expressed genes and age were analyzed by logistic regression. The accuracy of the menopause prediction was assessed using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, and validated in a second independent set of 44 women. In the test set, postmenopausal women demonstrated significantly lower expression of five estrogen-responsive genes: GREB1, PGR, TFF1, PRLR, and CCND1 (adjusted P 50 alone (AUC 96.1% vs. 87.2%, P = 0.002), and remained better than for age alone in the validation set (99.0% vs. 95.5%, P = 0.16). Estrogen-related gene expression in breast specimens can be used to improve menopausal classification, reducing the biological noise related to menopause in studies that seek to identify RNA or protein risk biomarkers in archived breast samples.
Exploitation of asymmetric predator-prey interactions by trophically transmitted parasites

The directionality of asymmetric interactions between predators (definitive hosts) and prey (intermediate hosts) should impact trophic transmission in parasites. This study tests the prediction that trophically transmitted parasites are funneled towards asymmetric predator–prey interactions where intermediate hosts have few predators and definitive hosts feed upon many prey (‘downward asymmetry’). The distribution of trophically transmitted parasites was examined in four published food webs in relation to mismatch asymmetry of predator–prey interactions. We found that trophically transmitted parasites exploit downwardly asymmetric interactions in a nonrandom manner, and particular predator–prey pairs contain more trophically transmitted parasites than would be expected by random chance alone. These findings suggest that food web topology has great bearing on the ecology of trophically transmitted parasites, and that consideration of parasite life cycles in the context of food web organization can provide insights into the forces affecting the evolution of trophic transmission.
Balance complaints and panic disorder: A clinical study of panic symptoms in members of a self-help group for balance disorders

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess symptoms of panic and agoraphobia by questionnaire in subjects presenting to a self-help group for patients with balance disorders. Of 227 patients contacted, 103 responded. Twenty-one met criteria for panic disorder, and an additional nine met criteria for agoraphobia. Compared to subjects without a history of panic attacks (n = 45), balance disordered subjects with panic disorder and agoraphobia had an earlier age of onset of symptoms and higher levels of both anxiety and depression. Alternative hypotheses for explaining this assocation are discussed.
Personality and "success" among a selected group of lawyers.

As part of a larger study, eleven subjects — male, Caucasian, native-born, early 70s, lawyers, life-long (since 1922) participants in the Terman Study of the Gifted — were interviewed. From the edited tapes, seven qualified raters evaluated Various measures of life success and completed a 100-item Q-sort for all subjects. In general, the very highest successes were related to contentment, self-confidence, openness and spontaneity, a wide range of cultural interests, and relative freedom from pervasive feelings of hostility, irritability and dissatisfaction. The general results are corroborated by Terman Study data available for these same subjects for years 1922, 1927, and 1940. Some implications of these findings for child-rearing, marriage and the possible governance of one's life are explored.
Cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation of RUNX1/AML1 on 3 sites increases transactivation potency and stimulates cell proliferation

RUNX1/AML1 regulates lineage-specific genes during hematopoiesis and stimulates G1 cell-cycle progression. Within RUNX1, S48, S303, and S424 fit the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) phosphorylation consensus, (S/T)PX(R/K). Phosphorylation of RUNX1 by cdks on serine 303 was shown to mediate destabilization of RUNX1 in G2/M. We now use an in vitro kinase assay, phosphopeptide-specific antiserum, and the cdk inhibitor roscovitine to demonstrate that S48 and S424 are also phosphorylated by cdk1 or cdk6 in hematopoietic cells. S48 phosphorylation of RUNX1 paralleled total RUNX1 levels during cell-cycle progression, S303 was more effectively phosphorylated in G2/M, and S424 in G1. Single, double, and triple mutation of the cdk sites to the partially phosphomimetic aspartic acid mildly reduced DNA affinity while progressively increasing transactivation of a model reporter. Mutation to alanine increased DNA affinity, suggesting that in other gene or cellular contexts phosphorylation of RUNX1 by cdks may reduce transactivation. The tripleD RUNX1 mutant rescued Ba/F3 cells from inhibition of proliferation by CBFβ-SMMHC more effectively than the tripleA mutant. Together these findings indicate that cdk phosphorylation of RUNX1 potentially couples stem/progenitor proliferation and lineage progression.
A system for parallel programming

The programming of efficient parallel software typically requires extensive experimentation with program prototypes. A programming system that supports rapid prototyping of parallel programs should provide high-level primitives with which programs can be explicitly, statically or dynamically tuned with respect to performance and reliability. When using such primitives, programmers should not need to interact explicitly or even be aware of the software tools involved in program construction and tuning, such as compilers, linkers, and loaders. In addition, programmers should be provided with the information about the executing program and the parallel hardware required for tuning. Such information may include monitoring data about the current or previous program or even hints regarding appropriate tuning decisions.A programming system that includes primitives and tools for program tuning is presented in this paper. The system has been implemented, and has been tested with a variety of parallel applications on a network of Unix workstations.
Design of coordinated energy and environmental policies: use of multi-criteria decision-making

Abstract Conventional economic modeling tools that depend upon one criterion to select among possible alternatives for inclusion in an energy or environmental policy have limitations. Formulation of both sets of policies involves large numbers of stakeholders with differing views and preferences. Those views and preferences cannot always be determined in advance or with certainty since many of the attributes of these policy alternatives are non-market valued. The use of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods in an integrated assessment (IA) framework offers a far better alternative to cost/benefit and similar methods. To facilitate understanding of MCDM methods, we offer a typology for this broad class of models, suggest some of the types of problems that may be analyzed with these methods, and recommend the implementation of several MCDM methods in currently evolving IA frameworks. Depending upon the choice of method from this family of methods, a wide range of attributes associated with multi-pollutant reduction and energy system development strategies, and a diversity of stakeholder preferences may be incorporated into the analysis. The resulting policy space can then provide a basis for comparison and selection of policy alternatives in a political or negotiated process.
Imperfect Competition and the Resource Allocative Effects of Effective Protection

Given the importance of intermediate goods as inputs into production and in international trade flows, Corden [10] and others have argued that calculating effective rates of protection would yield more accurate information on the resource allocative effects of a given tariff structure than would calculations of nominal tariff rates. Subsequently, a number of authors have attempted to clarify the conditions under which particular measures of effective protection would be appropriate-appropriate in the sense of correctly indicating the resource allocative effects of a particular tariff structure. The principal concern has been to define an appropriate measure of effective protection when the input-output coefficients of intermediate inputs are variable. In fact, [1], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] are but a few of the papers that have dealt with this question. A second major direction for enquiry has been the exchange rate effects of increasing or decreasing tariff protection. For example, [3], [11], [17] and [18] contributed to this literature and to the development of the concept of net effective protective rates. Recent work, including [3], [9], [11] and [19] has shed light on the affect of the existence of nontraded intermediate inputs on the formulation of an appropriate measure of effective protection. Finally [23] and [25] developed extensions of effective protection theory under general equilibrium conditions. The purpose of this note is to explore the effects of imperfect competition in input and output markets on the appropriateness of currently used measures of effective protection. Our simple contention is that market imperfections are as relevant and significant in their impact on whether or not effective protective rates will reveal the resource allocative effects of a given tariff policy as any of the factors already mentioned. To illustrate this point, we present a simple two-commodity, two-factor model in which each commodity is a fixed coefficient intermediate input into the production of the other. We assume that domestic production of importables occurs under conditions of pure monopoly. Under these conditions, we show that a tariff change leads to ambiguous results. The effect of tariff changes on the allocation of resources when factor markets are imperfectly competitive is explored in Section 2. Assuming that a labour union maintains wages in the importable goods sector at some fixed proportion above the wage rate in the production of exportables, we again demonstrate that the effects of a given tariff change on factor allocation, and production levels are uncertain.
An in vivo reporter of BMP signaling in organogenesis reveals targets in the developing kidney

Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate essential processes during organogenesis, and a functional understanding of these secreted proteins depends on identification of their target cells. In this study, we generate a transgenic reporter for organogenesis studies that we use to define BMP pathway activation in the developing kidney.
Modeling local behavior for predicting social interactions towards human tracking

Human interaction dynamics are known to play an important role in the development of robust pedestrian trackers that are needed for a variety of applications in video surveillance. Traditional approaches to pedestrian tracking assume that each pedestrian walks independently and the tracker predicts the location based on an underlying motion model, such as a constant velocity or autoregressive model. Recent approaches have begun to leverage interaction, especially by modeling the repulsion forces among pedestrians to improve motion predictions. However, human interaction is more complex and is influenced by multiple social effects. This motivates the use of a more complex human interaction model for pedestrian tracking. In this paper, we propose a novel human tracking method by modeling complex social interactions. We present an algorithm that decomposes social interactions into multiple potential interaction modes. We integrate these multiple social interaction modes into an interactive Markov Chain Monte Carlo tracker and demonstrate how the developed method translates into a more informed motion prediction, resulting in robust tracking performance. We test our method on videos from unconstrained outdoor environments and evaluate it against common multi-object trackers.
γ-Amino butyrate pyruvate transaminase in plants

Les auteurs ont decele la presence de la transaminaseγ-butarate dans les feuilles de quelques plantes de l'Inde.
Submicron-gate ion-implanted In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs MESFETs with graded indium composition

0.25 µm and 0.5 µm gate ion-implanted MESFETs have been fabricated on In0.15Ga0.85As epitaxial layers. These layers are grown by MOCVD on three inch diameter GaAs substrates with the indium mole fraction graded from 15% at the InGaAs/GaAs heterointerface to 0% at the surface. Both devices show excellent DC and microwave performance. From S-parameter measurements, extrinsic current gain cutoff frequencies fts of 120 and 61 GHz are obtained for the 0.25µm and 0.5µm gate MESFETs, respectively. This work investigates the potential of small-bandgap InGaAs materials for submicron-gate MESFET applications.
Species, thallus size and substrate determine macroalgal break force and break location in a low-energy soft-bottom lagoon

Abstract Biomechanical pull-tests were used to determine if thallus size and substrate type affect break force and break location of six macroalgal species ( Ulva curvata , Gracilaria verrucosa , Gracilaria foliifera , Agardhiella subulata , Fucus vesiculosus and the alien Codium fragile ) from a low-energy soft-bottom lagoon in Virginia, USA. Both small and large individuals of all six species incorporated into polychaeta ( Diopatra cuprea ) tube caps were weakly attached ( U. curvata had the weakest attachment (small individuals = 0.6 N, large = 1.2 N), followed by G. verrucosa (2.5, 4.5 N), A. subulata (2.9, 4.4 N), F. vesiculosus (3.5, 8.4 N), G. foliifera (5.0, 7.6 N) and C. fragile (6.4, 12.2 N). Most species on shells had dislodgment (substrate-holdfast breakage) to pruning (algae breakage) ratios of ca. 50:50, compared to 90:10 on tube caps, suggesting that recovery following disturbances may be more important for individuals attached to shells. From break force and size data, mean break velocities were calculated for large individuals incorporated onto tube caps (the group most susceptible to hydrodynamic forces) to 0.4–1.2 m s −1 . Because currents often reach 1.5 m s −1 in tidal lagoons, breakage may be common in these systems, limiting algal size, particularly when attached to soft substrates.
The association between incentive spirometry performance and pain in postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia.

Background and Objectives Effective use of postoperative incentive spirometry improves patient outcomes but is limited by pain after thoracic and upper abdominal surgery. Thoracic epidurals are frequently used to provide analgesia and attenuate postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. We hypothesized that, in patients with thoracic epidurals for thoracic and abdominal surgery, high pain scores would be associated with poorer incentive spirometry performance, even when accounting for other variables. Methods Retrospective study of 468 patients who underwent upper abdominal or thoracic surgery using postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia between June 1, 2009, and August 31, 2013, at a single tertiary academic center. The association between incentive spirometry performance and pain was assessed as the primary outcome. Other independent predictors of incentive spirometry performance were also identified. Results Postoperative incentive spirometry performance was found to be inversely proportional to pain score, which correlated significantly stronger with deep breathing pain compared with pain at rest (−0.33 vs −0.14 on postoperative day 1; −0.23 vs −0.12 on postoperative day 2). Pain with deep breathing was independently associated with poorer incentive spirometry performance in the multivariable linear regression model (P Conclusions The present study suggests that pain with deep breathing is more indicative of thoracic epidural efficacy than is pain at rest. Furthermore, incentive spirometry performance could be used as another indicator of thoracic epidural efficacy. This may be particularly useful in patients reporting high pain scores postoperatively.
Blind Children's Language: Resolving Some Differences.

Although the role of visual perception is central to many theories of language development, researchers have disagreed sharply on the effects of blindness on the acquisition process: some claim major differences between blind and sighted children; others find great similarities. With audio-and video-recorded longitudinal data from six children (with varying degrees of vision) aged 0; 9–3; 4, we show that there ARE basic differences in early language, which appear to reflect differences in cognitive development. We focus here on early lexical acquisition and on verbal role-play, demonstrating how previous analyses have failed to observe aspects of the blind child's language system because language was considered out of the context of use. While a comparison of early vocabularies does suggest surface similarities, we found that when sighted peers are actively forming hypotheses about word meanings, totally blind children are acquiring largely unanalysed ‘labels’. They are slow to extend words and rarely overextended any. Similarly, although verbal role-play appears early, attempts to incorporate this kind of language into conversations with others reveal clear problems with reversibility – specifically, the ability to understand the role of shifting perspectives in determining word meaning. Examination of language in context suggests that blind children have difficulties in just those areas of language acquisition where visual information can provide input about the world and be a stimulus for forming hypotheses about pertinent aspects of the linguistic system.
A randomized clinical trial of continuous low-level heat therapy for acute muscular low back pain in the workplace

Objectives We sought to compare the therapeutic benefits of ThermaCare Heat Wrap combined with an education program to an education-only program on reducing pain and disability from acute work-related low back pain. Methods Forty-three eligible patients, aged 20 to 62 years who presented to an occupational injury clinic, were randomized into one of two intervention arms: 1) education regarding back therapy and pain management alone or 2) education regarding back therapy and pain management combined with three consecutive days of topical heat therapy (104 degrees F or 40 degrees C for 8 hours). The primary endpoints in this trial were measures of pain intensity and pain relief levels obtained approximately four times per day for the three consecutive working days of treatment, followed by measures of pain intensity and pain relief levels obtained in three follow-up visits at day 4 and 14 from treatment initiation. The secondary measures were overall impairment due to injury and disability caused by low back pain assessed at Intake, Visit 2 (day 4), 3 (day 7), and 4 (day 14). Results and conclusion A total of 18 individuals enrolled in the education-only group and 25 in the treatment group completed the intervention and all follow-up visits. The general linear model adjusting for age, sex, baseline pain intensity, and pain medication indicated that the topical heat therapy had significantly reduced pain intensity, increased pain relief, and improved disability scores during and after treatment.
Counterstreaming beams and flat-top electron distributions observed with Langmuir, Whistler, and compressional Alfvén waves in earth's magnetic tail.

Relevant new clues to wave-particle interactions have been obtained in Earth's plasma sheet (PS). The plasma measurements made on Cluster spacecraft show that broadband ($\ensuremath{\sim}2--6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kHz}$) electrostatic emissions, in the PS boundary layer, are associated with cold counterstreaming electrons flowing at $5--12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ through hot Maxwellian plasma. In the current sheet (CS), electromagnetic whistler mode waves ($\ensuremath{\sim}10--80\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$) and compressional Alfv\'en waves ($l2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$) are detected with flat-topped electron distributions whose cutoff speeds are $\ensuremath{\sim}15--17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These waves are damped in the central CS where $|B|\ensuremath{\le}1.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nT}$, plasma $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}100$, and electron distributions isotropic. Three mechanisms are at work: the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-dependent lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI), acceleration of electrons along the $B$ field by the LHD waves and whistler mode emissions triggered by the cyclotron resonance instability.
A hominoid clavicle from the Mio‐Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya

The first definitive hominoid from the Libyan Mio-Pliocene site of Sahabi is described. The specimen is a left clavicle, lacking a portion of the acromial end. In superior view it shows a marked sternal curvature, similar to hominids, but it also shows a curvature in the coronal plane, similar to the pongid condition. Muscle attachments for sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and the anterior portion of deltoid are preserved. The robust attachment for the latter suggests relative hypertrophy of this muscle. These considerations and certain morphological similarities to hominids do not suggest a functional reconstruction of locomotor behavior similar to Miocene dryopithecines. Nevertheless, more complete functional and taxonomic discussions must await further work at Sahabi.
Inversion of the uterus during methoxyflurane anaesthesia.

A case of postpartum uterine inversion is presented as a possible complication of prolonged methoxyflurane-oxygen anaesthesia.
The potential environment about the water molecule in gypsum

Abstract A study of the vibrationally uncoupled stretching bands of HDO molecules in gypsum has revealed the absence of vibrational splittings associated with a double minimum potential for proton motion in the solid. Furthermore, the water molecule in CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O has been shown to be considerably distorted vibrationally by its potential environment.
A sensitive and rapid HPLC‐ECD method for the simultaneous analysis of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and their primary metabolites in brain tissue

This report details a very sensitive, rapid and accurate ion-pair HPLC-ECD method for the analysis of biogenic amines and their metabolites in brain tissue. The method described enables detection of picogram amounts of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenethyleneglycol (MHPG) (37 pg), 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (18 pg), norepinephrine (NE) (12 pg), epinephrine (E) (6 pg), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (18 pg), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA) (6 pg), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) (12 pg) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (12 pg). The linearity of the method is from 18.75 ng/mL to 300 ng/mL for MHPG; 9.37 to 150 ng/mL for DOPAC and 5-HIAA; 6.25 to 100 ng/mL for NE, HVA and 5-HT; and from 3.12 to 100 ng/mL for E and DA. The reproducibility, expressed as coefficient of variance (CV%) within-run and between-run groups, was 2.25% and 19.49% for MHPG; 3.84% and 29.84% for DOPAC; 0.89% and 8.97% for NE; 1.26% and 5.61% for E; 1.07% and 28.77% for 5-HIAA; 2.65% and 10.65% for DA; 5.97% and 24.38% for HVA; and 4.44% and 9.45% for 5-HT.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CAT MYOCARDIUM: I. Ventricular Papillary Muscle

The ultrastructure of cat papillary muscle was studied with respect to the organization of the contractile material, the structure of the organelles, and the cell junctions. The morphological changes during prolonged work in vitro and some effects of fixation were assessed. The myofilaments are associated in a single coherent bundle extending throughout the fiber cross-section. The absence of discrete "myofibrils" in well preserved cardiac muscle is emphasized. The abundant mitochondria confined in clefts among the myofilaments often have slender prolongations, possibly related to changes in their number or their distribution as energy sources within the contractile mass. The large T tubules that penetrate ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at successive I bands are arranged in rows and are lined with a layer of protein-polysaccharide. Longitudinal connections between T tubules are common. The simple plexiform sarcoplasmic reticulum is continuous across the Z lines, and no circumferential "Z tubules" were identified. Specialized contacts between the reticulum and the sarcolemma are established on the T tubules and the cell periphery via subsarcolemmal saccules or cisterns. At cell junctions, a 20 A gap can be demonstrated between the apposed membranes in those areas commonly interpreted as sites of membrane fusion. In papillary muscles worked in vitro without added substrate, there is a marked depletion of both glycogen and lipid. No morphological evidence for preferential use of glycogen was found.
Computational Study of the Reactions of Methane with XO Radicals (X = F, Cl, or Br): Implications in Combustion Chemistry

Theoretical calculations were carried out on the H atom abstraction reaction from methane by XO (X ) F, Cl or Br) radical attack. Geometry optimizations and vibrational frequency calculations were performed using three methods: Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2), quadratic configuration interaction in the space of single and double excitations (QCISD), and the “hybrid” three-parameter exchange functional with Becke’s gradient corrected exchange and Lee -Yang-Parr correlation functional (B3LYP). Single-point energy calculations were performed using several high quality basis sets. Canonical transition-state theory was used to predict the rate constants as a function of temperature (700-2500 K), and three-parameter Arrhenius expressions were obtained by fitting to the computed rate constants. The possible impact of the title reactions in combustion chemistry is also discussed.
Parameterization of Raindrop Size Distributions.

Abstract The processes of condensation, coalescence and drop breakup tend to produce exponential raindrop size spectra. The intercept n0 and slope λ of the exponential distribution are given by differential equations expressing the conservation of raindrop concentration and rainwater content M. The differential equations are solved numerically using published experimental data on coalescence efficiency and spontaneous breakup. The number of fragments resulting from a collisional breakup S0 is taken as a variable parameter. Calculations show that 1) the effects of collisional breakup usually predominate over those of spontaneous breakup, 2) for dM/dt=0, a stationary λ results which is a function of S0, and 3) for dM/dt>0, λ tends to a quasi-static value which depends upon S0 and (1/M2) (dM/dt) but is close to the stationary value for the same S0. In each case n0 is determined by the values of λ and M. Binary interactions, i.e., drop coalescence and collisional breakup, tend to produce raindrop size spectra...
Correlation of H2 heat of adsorption and ethylene hydrogenation activity for supported Re@Pd overlayer catalysts

Abstract Alumina-supported bimetallic overlayer Pd on Re (Re@Pd) catalysts were synthesized using the directed deposition technique. Hydrogen chemisorption, TEM, EDS, XRD, and ethylene hydrogenation studies were used to characterize the catalysts and provide indication of electronic modification of the Pd surface layer due to the overlayer particle structure. First principles computation and single crystal studies of Pd overlayers on Re in the literature have shown that electronic modification of the Pd overlayer is observed and leads to decreased binding strength for chemisorbed species such as H 2 , C 2 H 4 , and CO. Measured hydrogen chemisorption isotherms indicated that Pd was deposited on the Re and not as pure isolated Pd particles. H 2 heats of adsorption, as determined by chemisorption, indicated that the Re@Pd overlayer catalysts were lower than either pure Pd or Re. The Re@Pd catalysts were slightly less active for ethylene hydrogenation than pure Pd but displayed similar apparent activation energies and H 2 and C 2 H 4 reaction orders. A linear correlation between turnover frequency and maximum heat of H 2 adsorption was observed for the Pd and Re@Pd catalysts. This suggests an electronic modification of the Re@Pd catalyst surface compared to Pd as predicted in the literature by first principles computational studies.
Entry, productivity, and investment

The transition in Eastern Europe from a planned and governmentally-owned economy to a free market system has been discussed primarily in terms of the transfer of ownership of existing firms and productive assets from the government sector to private hands. It appears to me that this process of privatization has proceeded more rapidly that is optimal and has eclipsed an alternative process of private capital acquisition and creation, namely through entry. The process of privatization implies retention of the capital structure and, to some extent at least, of the organizational structure of the previous regime.
Determining the helical tilt angle of a transmembrane helix in mechanically aligned lipid bilayers using EPR spectroscopy.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining structural topology and helical tilt information of an integral transmembrane helix inserted into aligned planner-supported phospholipid bilayers (mechanically aligned bilayers) using a spin-label EPR approach. Significant changes are observed in the hyperfine splitting values at various orientations of the spin-labeled transmembrane helix with respect to the static magnetic field (B0). The hyperfine splitting values gleaned from the orientational dependent EPR spectra allow the helical tilt of the transmembrane helix to be determined.
Assessment of teachers' attitudes about professional development

This article reports three studies in which a scale for assessing teachers’ beliefs about professional-development initiatives was developed and its scores evaluated for reliability and validity. Results indicated that the Teachers’ Attitudes About Professional Development (TAP) scale produced scores with high reliability, a stable one-factor structure, and satisfactory construct and discriminant validity (relative to measures of need for social approval, need for cognition, authoritarianism, and teacher self-efficacy). The studies support the theoretical and practical utility of the construct and measure of teachers’ beliefs about professional development.
Expression and regulation of rat 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA

6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase catalyzes the second step in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. In the present study, the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique was used to clone a portion of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase cDNA from rat pineal gland RNA. The sequence of this cDNA was found to be essentially identical to that previously reported for the rat liver. 6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA levels in various rat tissues, including the brain, were then analyzed by Northern blot and nuclease protection assay. A single 1.35 kb transcript of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA was detected by Northern blot analysis in the rat adrenal gland, brain-stem, and liver. Quantitation by nuclease protection assay demonstrated that 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA was most abundant in the adrenal gland, kidney, and pineal gland (19.5-25.5 amol/microgram RNA). Relatively homogeneous levels of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA were found in various brain regions including the cerebellum, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus (4.12-12 amol/microgram RNA). In the adrenal gland, 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNAs were elevated between 3 and 4-fold 24 h after a single dose of reserpine (10 mg/kg), a treatment known to increase tetrahydrobiopterin levels in this tissue. This result suggests that although 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase is not believed to be rate-limiting in the tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic pathway, control of gene expression for this enzyme may play an essential role in regulating the synthesis of this important cofactor.
American boy's aviation books and the humanizing of technology

Abstract In the thirty years following the Wright Brothers' first flight, the United States experienced a widespread effort to “sell” aviation to the public, culminating in Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1934 creation of the Bureau of Air Commerce. Long before the New Deal embraced aviation, though, the subject was being championed in over two hundred series books written for American boys between the ages of ten and sixteen. These books present aviation as a powerful, progressive influence with profound social consequences. Their argument that mastery of aviation technology, with all its responsibilities, will create a technically sophisticated but humanely, globally aware citizenry, parallels arguments found in the social reform writings of Lewis Mumford and makes the books potentially important social documents.
Local context and extreme right support in England: The British National Party in the 2002 and 2003 local elections

Abstract This paper investigates the contextual determinants of support for the British National Party (BNP) in the 2002 and 2003 local elections in England. Aggregate electoral data are matched to contextual data at two geographic levels to estimate a multivariate Tobit model of support for the BNP. At the district level, large ethnic minority (particularly Pakistani and Bangladeshi) populations are associated with greater support for the BNP. Within these districts, though, the party is strongest within predominantly white neighborhoods. The BNP also seems to be strongest in economically deprived urban areas. In particular, local housing market conditions are found to have a greater effect on BNP support.
Manganese superoxide dismutase from Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract The investigation of the response of Biomphalaria glabrata snails to Echinostoma paraensei (digenea) at 2 days post-exposure by suppression subtractive hybridization yielded a partial sequence of the anti-oxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Full-length MnSOD (669 nt) from M line and BS-90 strains of B. glabrata differed by one synonymous nucleotide replacement. B. glabrata has 1–4 MnSOD loci (Southern hybridization). Both snail strains expressed MnSOD at equal baseline levels (quantitative PCR). Susceptible snails increased expression of MnSOD following infection with E. paraensei or Schistosoma mansoni, and expression was reduced in the incompatible combination (BS-90 B. glabrata and S. mansoni). Thus, MnSOD did not determine resistance or susceptibility for these parasites, but expression of MnSOD is consistent with its involvement in a stress response of B. glabrata.
Eye movements do not cause induced motion

An eye-movement theory of induced motion was compared to one based on object-relative displacement as modified by adjacency. Two lines moving in opposite directions served as the inducing stimuli, and a stationary target could be placed in one of three positions: adjacent to the top line, midway between the lines, or adjacent to the bottom line. In the fixation condition, the observer was instructed to fixate the stationary target during each of the three target placements. In the tracking condition, the subject was instructed to follow with his eyes one of the moving lines when the target was in each of its placements. Adjacency determined the results in both conditions, suggesting that eye movements do not cause induced motion.
A new bowel elongation technique for the short-bowel syndrome using the isolated bowel segment iowa models

For the management of infants with the short-bowel syndrome, we developed a two-stage bowel elongation procedure based on experimental studies of what we term as an isolated bowel segment. The procedure consists of: (1) initial coaptation of the antimesenteric surface of a segment of bowel to host organs such as liver and abdominal wall, and (2) after collaterals have developed from these host organs, secondary longitudinal split of the bowel to provide two bowel loops, one from its antimesenteric half and the other from its mesenteric half. These are arranged in series by end-to-end anastomosis to double the original bowel length. The antimesenteric loop is totally free of its original mesenteric attachment but viable by vascular collaterals formed across the coaptation site. This procedure was successfully used for an infant who was born with 17 cm of duodenum and 17 cm of the distal colon from first trimester intrauterine midgut volvulus. At completion of the multistaged procedures at the age of 1 year when we reentered the abdomen for duodenoplasty, his small bowel measured 90 cm in length. He is currently taking 50% to 60% of required calories via the enteric route at 18 months of age. This procedure is suitable for elongating the duodenum of infants when other alternatives such as the Bianci procedure are not feasible because of mesenteric absence.
American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust

Theodore Herzl, a Vienna journalist, realized that anti-Semitism, dramatically illustrated by the Dreyfus Affair in 1890s France, would never be stemmed by the attempts of Jews to assimilate. The publication of his "Der Judenstaat" in 1896 began the political movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It caught on in Europe, but was moribund in the United States until World War I. Melvin I. Urofsky shows how the Zionist movement was Americanized by Louis D. Brandeis and other reformers. He portrays the disputes between assimilationist and conservative Jews and the difficulties impeding the movement until Arab riots, British treachery, and the Nazi horrors of World War II reunited American Jewry. Melvin I. Urofsky, a professor of history at Virginia Commonwealth University, has written a new preface for this Bison Book edition. His other books include "Felix Frankfurter: Judicial Restraint and Individual Liberties".
The function of double chees in orange-fronted conures (Aratinga canicularis; Psittacidae)

Orange-fronted conures use individually distinctive contact calls (chees) to mediate social interactions. During vocal exchanges, individuals are known to imitate each other's contact calls. Chees are most often given singularly, but also occur in doublets, known as double chees. We used interactive playback to assess the function of double chees in imitative contexts. By using stimuli with varying levels of similarity between the chees within a double chee, we found that wild-caught conures held for short periods in an aviary imitate the second chee of the double chee more than the first chee. This suggests that the more relevant information in mediating the exchange is contained in the second chee, and the first serves some alternative function. Double chees do not increase the overall intensity of an interaction, nor do they improve the overall accuracy of imitation. However, double chees may serve a role in signaling and directing changes during chee exchanges.
Influence of Bowen ratio on boundary-layer cloud structure

Abstract An investigation of the influence of the ratio of surface sensible heat flux to latent heat flux, the Bowen ratio. on the structure of boundary-layer clouds is carried out utilizing numerical large eddy simulations (LES). The role of cloud-top radiational cooling, cloud-top temperature and moisture jump conditions, and wind shear are included in a secondary way. Although no detailed comparisons have been made, the LES results appear to be qualitatively consistent with the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment, the recent field study on marine boundary-layer cloud structure. Some conclusions that follow from an examination of these LES results are the following: First, there is a highly bimodal character to the cloud ceiling frequency within a very low Bowen ratio boundary layer. The updrafts tend to produce a lower cloud ceiling than the surrounding environment with its weak downdrafts. Second, a very low Bowen ratio with the aid of some boundary-layer shear makes the development of persis...
Imputation of missing variance data using non-linear mixed effects modelling to enable an inverse variance weighted meta-analysis of summary-level longitudinal data: a case study

Missing variances, on the basis of the summary-level data, can be a problem when an inverse variance weighted meta-analysis is undertaken. A wide range of approaches in dealing with this issue exist, such as excluding data without a variance measure, using a function of sample size as a weight and imputing the missing standard errors/deviations. A non-linear mixed effects modelling approach was taken to describe the time-course of standard deviations across 14 studies. The model was then used to make predictions of the missing standard deviations, thus, enabling a precision weighted model-based meta-analysis of a mean pain endpoint over time. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches were implemented with example code to illustrate how this imputation can be carried out and to compare the output from each method. The resultant imputations were nearly identical for the two approaches. This modelling approach acknowledges the fact that standard deviations are not necessarily constant over time and can differ between treatments and across studies in a predictable way.
Behavioral and attitudes survey about Lyme disease among a Brazilian population in the endemic area of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.

Disease prevention models have shown individuals are more likely to engage in precautionary behavior if they have confidence in their ability to identify disease symptoms and understand health risks. In immigrant populations, communicating the risks poses greater challenges since linguistic and cultural barriers may impede acceptance of the new behavior. The Brazilian population on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, is at high risk for Lyme disease (LD), the most common vector-borne illness in the United States largely preventable by limiting tick exposure. We surveyed 103 Brazilians on MV about their health beliefs and perceptions of LD risk and assessed their level of precautionary behaviors and the cultural factors influencing them. The population had only a moderate perception of risk and little understanding of LD. Forty-one percent did not think LD posed a risk, while 79% were not sure they could recognize symptoms. Accordingly, the population as a whole reported taking few precautions.
Proton affinity correlations for alkyl chlorides

Abstract Ab initio SCF calculations with minimal STO-3G and extended 44-31G basis sets have been performed on the simple alkyl chlorides, HCl to t -BuCl, and their protonated analogs. MINDO/3 calculations are also reported for these species and a variety of cyclic and bicyclic chlorides. The much closer agreement with experiment for STO-3G proton affinities than for 44-31G values is in sharp contrast to the results for first-row bases. An excellent correlation is found between both the STO-3G and MINDO/3 proton affinities and the charge on the CIH fragment in RCIH + . For the acyclic chlorides, correlations of PA's with the polar substituent constant, σ*, and IP's are also reasonable. In addition, the calculated carbonium ion-HCl interaction energy for t -BuClH + indicates that protonated tertiary chlorides are no more than marginally stable in the gas phase.
Transcarboxylase 12S crystal structure: hexamer assembly and substrate binding to a multienzyme core

Transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium shermanii is a 1.2 MDa multienzyme complex that couples two carboxylation reactions, transferring CO(2)(-) from methylmalonyl-CoA to pyruvate, yielding propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The 1.9 A resolution crystal structure of the central 12S hexameric core, which catalyzes the first carboxylation reaction, has been solved bound to its substrate methylmalonyl-CoA. Overall, the structure reveals two stacked trimers related by 2-fold symmetry, and a domain duplication in the monomer. In the active site, the labile carboxylate group of methylmalonyl-CoA is stabilized by interaction with the N-termini of two alpha-helices. The 12S domains are structurally similar to the crotonase/isomerase superfamily, although only domain 1 of each 12S monomer binds ligand. The 12S reaction is similar to that of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase, whose beta-subunit has 50% sequence identity with 12S. A homology model of the propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta-subunit, based on this 12S crystal structure, provides new insight into the propionyl-CoA carboxylase mechanism, its oligomeric structure and the molecular basis of mutations responsible for enzyme deficiency in propionic acidemia.
Photoelectrocatalytic production of active chlorine on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide thin-film electrodes

The production of chlorine and hypochlorite is of great economical and technological interest due to their large-scale use in many kinds of commercial applications. Yet, the current processes are not without problems such as inevitable side reactions and the high cost of production. This work reports the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of chloride ions to free chlorine as it has been investigated by using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and several metal-doped titanium dioxide (M-TiO2) material electrodes. An average concentration of 800 mg L-1 of free chlorine was obtained in an open-air reactor using a TiO2 thin-film electrode biased at +1.0 V (SCE) and illuminated by UV light. The M-doped electrodes have performed poorly compared with the pure TiO2 counterpart. Test solutions containing 0.05 mol L-1 NaCl pH 2.0−4.0 were found to be the best conditions for fast production of free chlorine. A complete investigation of all parameters that influence the global process of chlorine production by the photoelectrocata...