cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Play is natural to childhood but school is not: The problem of integrating play into the curriculum

This article explores the tensions that often develop when there is an attempt to integrate an emphasis on children's play into the school curriculum. Borrowing a phrase from Valerie Suransky, the article suggests that these tensions may, in fact, be inevitable due to some ‘unremitting contradictions’ that exist between the essential nature of childhood and children's play, and the essential nature of school. These ‘unremitting contradictions’ are discussed as a series of dualistic concepts including: Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation; Vygotsky's constructs of spontaneous and scientific concepts; the linguistic constructs of descriptive and prescriptive grammars; invented and conventional spellings; space versus time as a way of organizing activity; and Nietzche's concepts of Dionysian and Apollonian music. In each case, it is suggested that the first term of the pair best describes the play of children while the second term best describes the nature of school and schooling. The article ...
Application of Risk Concepts to Wildlife Management: Special Issue Introduction

The degree to which professionals can improve wildlife management processes and outcomes depends in part on their ability to integrate knowledge from multiple disciplines, including those that deta...
Diplomacy and desired pasts

The following article addresses the question of how desired pasts function in cultural diplomatic relations, why they constitute a largely unacknowledged barrier in achieving cultural understanding and why they persist in both scholarly literature and in the popular imagination. Four desired pasts are considered in this context as represented by the institutions that sustain them. The Israeli desired past is represented primarily by the Israeli Government and, secondarily, by Jewish organizations in the United States. The Conservative Christian desired past is supported primarily by Christian fundamentalist organizations and, in part, by the American Schools of Oriental Research and the Biblical Archaeology Society. The Palestinian desired past is promoted by Palestinian rights organizations but, to some extent, is supported by Palestinian archaeologists and intellectuals. Finally, the `diplomatic' desired past is represented by appointed officials of the US Department of State. The analysis includes an e...
Ecosystem management: expanding the resource management `tool kit'

Abstract Ecosystem management can be thought of as the minimum set of tools a land manager should have available in attempting to define sustainable alternatives for the interactions of people and the environment. It is a term that specifically refers to a process or set of activities for addressing resource management, not a prescribed outcome. As a pre-decisional process, ecosystem management amends and expands the resource management tool kit that field-level professionals rely on to understand and manage lands and resources in an ecological context. The focus of this paper is to highlight the activities in the ecosystem management `tool kit' that are common for many agencies and organizations. Natural resources exist within certain limits and capacities. Humans are faced with difficult choices in determining how they will interact with the environment to provide for essential materials and services and maintain a healthy environment. The approach does not necessarily make hard choices any easier. The ecosystem management tool kit does support making difficult choices in the most informed and professional manner possible.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization ofM2Te3O8(M=Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn): A Series of Compounds with the Spiroffite Structure

Abstract Several compounds isotypic to the mineral spiroffite were obtained as high quality single crystals via hydrothermal reactions. These materials, which have the general formula M 2 Te 3 O 8 , crystallize in the monoclinic space group C 2/ c and contain divalent transition metal ions and tellurite building blocks. Typical synthetic conditions for the preparation of these materials are 375°C for 3–5 days in an aqueous NH 4 Cl solution. This structure type is based on slabs containing Te 2 O 6 groups joined by M cations. These Te 2 O 6 groups are made up of two edge-sharing TeO 3+1 polyhedra. The metal tellurite slabs are connected to one another through tellurium(IV) atoms, which are coordinated by four oxygen atoms in a regular TeO 4 trigonal bipyramidal configuration. A detailed structural characterization via single crystal X-ray diffraction was performed on four compounds (Co 2 Te 3 O 8 : a =12.690(1) A, b =5.211(2) A, c =11.632(2) A, β =98.98(1)°, V =759.7(3) A 3 , R ( R w )=0.023 (0.046); Ni 2 Te 3 O 8 : a =12.407(1) A, b =5.207(1)A, c =11.509(1) A, β =98.723(9)°, V =735.0(2) A 3 , R ( R w )=0.025 (0.033); Cu 2 Te 3 O 8 : a =11.8368(8) A, b =5.266(2) A, c =12.2419(8) A, β =100.316(6)°, V =750.7(2) A 3 , R ( R w )=0.025 (0.032); Zn 2 Te 3 O 8 : a =12.681(2) A, b =5.200(2) A, c =11.786(2) A, β =99.60(1)°, V =766.3(3) A 3 , R (R w )=0.031 (0.041)). The manganese analog ( a =12.896(5) A, b =5.398(2) A, c =11.907(5) A, β = 98.14(4)°) was identified via powder diffraction patterns. The cobalt, nickel, and copper compounds were observed to have an antiferromagnetic transition by DC magnetic susceptibility measurements. The band gaps were obtained by optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and show that these compounds are all wide band gap materials.
Cell surface changes in the egg at fertilization

An egg changes dramatically at fertilization. These changes include its developmental potential, its physiology, its gene expression profile, and its cell surface. This review highlights the changes in the cell surface of the egg that occur in response to sperm. These changes include modifications to the extracellular matrix, to the plasma membrane, and to the secretory vesicles whose contents direct many of these events. In some species, these changes occur within minutes of fertilization, and are sufficiently dramatic so that they can be seen by the light microscope. Many of these morphological changes were documented in remarkable detail early in the 1900s by Ernest Everett Just. A recent conference in honor of his contributions stimulated this overview. We highlight the major cell surface changes that occur in echinoderms, one of Just's preferred research organisms. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 942–953, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Viscosity of 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane and 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane at Saturated-Liquid Conditions from 262 K to 353 K

Viscosities are reported for two fluorinated propane isomers in the saturated-liquid state at temperatures from 262 K to 353 K. The compounds are 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R236ea) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R236fa). The measurements were performed in a capillary viscometer designed for fluids with vapor pressures above ambient. The estimated uncertainty of the viscosity measurements is ±3%. A free-volume model was used to correlate the experimental results, and they were also compared with predictions from an extended corresponding states model.
Editorial: A New Direction for the IEEE Transactions on Education: Part II. Increasing the Relevance of Your Manuscript

Members of the global community of engineers and educators share their work through the IEEE Transactions on Education. To enhance this interaction, the Editorial Board (Associate Editors and Editor-in-Chief) intends that the journal will emerge as the definitive source of scholarship for education in electrical engineering, computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, and other fields within the scope of interest of the IEEE. For this to be accomplished, the quality and value of the published work must increase. One step toward this goal has been to develop and propagate new review criteria, adopted in July 2013, that articulate expectations for published papers. This is the second in a series of editorials designed to help authors address these review criteria effectively, and thus improve the likelihood that their manuscripts will be accepted.
ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES IN REACTIONS OF LITHIUM DIALKYLAMIDES. USE OF THE N‐PROPYLCYCLOBUTYLAMINYL RADICAL RING OPENING AS A PROBE REACTION

Abstract N-Lithio-N-propylcyclobutylamine has been used as a qualitative mechanistic probe for electron transfer processes in several reactions.
Toward the soil poultice and a new separations methodology: rebinding of macrocyclic metal complexes to molecularly imprinted polymers specifically templated via noncovalent interactions

The siderophore-based extraction of iron from the soil by bacteria is proposed as a model for a new separation methodology labeled the soil poultice, a molecular device that would selectively retrieve the complex of a targeted metal ion. In this first feasibility study we describe the synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers based on noncovalent interactions, and their application in the specific recognition of macrocyclic metal complexes. The imprinting by salts of {N, N′, N′′, N′′′-tetra(2-cyanoethyl)cyclam}nickel(II) and {N, N′, N′′, N′′′-tetra(2-carbamoylethyl)cyclam}nickel(II) involves multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions when combined during copolymerization with the functional monomer acrylamide or with the crosslinking monomer N,N′-ethylenebisacrylamide. Good rebinding capacity for the imprinting metal complex was observed in both acetonitrile and water. Parallel experiments using the vinylsulfonate salt of either nickel(II) complex adds electrostatic interactions, and us...
Dynamic Holographic Imaging of the Beating Human Heart

Background—Currently, the reporting and archiving of echocardiographic data suffer from the difficulty of representing heart motion on printable 2-dimensional (2D) media. Methods and Results—We stu...
Verification of Public Weather Forecasts Available via the Media

The question of who is the “best” forecaster in a particular media market is one that the public frequently asks. The authors have collected approximately one year's forecasts from the National Weather Service and major media presentations for Oklahoma City. Diagnostic verification procedures indicate that the question of best does not have a clear answer. All of the forecast sources have strengths and weaknesses, and it is possible that a user could take information from a variety of sources to come up with a forecast that has more value than any one individual source provides. The analysis provides numerous examples of the utility of a distributions-oriented approach to verification while also providing insight into the problems the public faces in evaluating the array of forecasts presented to them.
A gamma-level portable ring-core magnetometer

A four-transistor circuit is described for a battery operated magnetometer that has 0.1γ resolution using 1-in diameter 4-79 or 6-81 Mo-Permalloy tape cores of 20-40 Mx capacity. The center-tapped drive winding also serves as the sense winding, simplifying the sensor assembly. Some signal-to-noise results are presented to illustrate the fairly wide difference that may exist between cores of the same cross section and to demonstrate the advantage of reducing core area.
Factors Affecting Bromus Tectorum Seed Bank Carryover in Western Utah

Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is a winter annual weed that presents a serious obstacle to rangeland restoration in the Intermountain West. The objective of this study was to evaluate factors regulating the size and persistence of cheatgrass carryover seed banks on semiarid sites in western Utah. We prevented current-year seed production in each of four habitats, then tallied emerging seedlings over the next 4 yr. Two iterations of the study were conducted during consecutive years. One year before initiation of each iteration, we estimated seed rain at each site. Above-average precipitation in 1998–1999 resulted in relatively high seed rain (13 942 seeds ? m 22 ) for the first iteration, whereas seed rain for the second iteration averaged only 3 567 ? m 22 because of drought conditions in 1999–2000. Mean total number of seedlings emerging from carryover seeds for the first and second iterations were 1 304 and 270 seedlings ? m 22 . Seedling emergence from carryover seed was positively correlated with production-year seed rain (R 2 5 0.69). The fraction of seed rain that carried over tended to be lower when precipitation the year following production favored fall emergence of the transient seed bank. First-year emergence of carryover seeds averaged 96% of total emergence, whereas third-year emergence averaged , 1% and was zero for six of eight cases. Carryover seeds persisted somewhat longer at the xeric black greasewood site than at more upland sites. Our study shows that cheatgrass seeds rarely persist beyond the second carryover year even on semiarid sites. Emergence from the carryover seed bank can be predicted from site attributes and precipitation patterns in previous years.
Mediators of Opportunity: High School Counselors in the 21st Century

Over the second half of the 20th century sociologists of education and inequality variously criticized high school counselors (seeing them as stratifying gatekeepers) or downplayed their significance (seeing them as impartial but ineffective). Today, sociologists of education might predict that counselors have little ability to shape students’ long-run educational or occupational trajectories. This essay outlines two models that have led to this prediction: the concerted gatekeeping and the impartial cultivator models. It then identifies a set of trends that suggest that high school counselors – whether by serving students in one-on-one interactions or serving them more collectively – should be viewed as intermediaries, occupying a place in the broader population of intermediaries in our society. Specifically, like other intermediaries, school counselors have the organizational capacity and the professional mandate to take responsibility for their clients’ well-being and mobility and are structurally positioned to do so.
Genetic changes and bioassays in bleomycin- and phleomycin-treated cells, and their relationship to chromosomal breaks

The recombinogenicity of damaged chromosomes in diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with bleomycin and structurally related phleomycin was measured, along with aneuploidy and mutation events. Phleomycin was substantially (up to 26-fold) more effective than bleomycin in producing genetic changes at all concentrations, even when colony-forming abilities of cells growing in the presence of bleomycin or phleomycin were similar. These results suggest that the DNA lesions produced by the two structurally related analogs could differ in their nature or frequency, or could be processed differently by the cells. Bioassays were developed and used to compare the cytotoxicities of freshly dissolved bleomycin and phleomycin with the cytotoxicities of lysates prepared from bleomycin- and phleomycin-treated cells. Unexpectedly, lysates prepared from bleomycin-treated cells were 1.5-3.5 times more cytotoxic than freshly dissolved bleomycin after 45-min treatments (3-33 x 10(-6) M). In contrast, lysates prepared from phleomycin-treated cells were 3-38 times less cytotoxic than freshly dissolved phleomycin (0.5-6.4 x 10(-6) M). Cytotoxicities of all lysates were higher after 36-h treatments than after 45-min treatments. At 3.3 x 10(-6) M, this increase was eightfold for bleomycin and 15-fold for phleomycin. Nevertheless, lysates from phleomycin-treated cells were considerably more cytotoxic than lysates from bleomycin-treated cells or freshly prepared bleomycin, consistent with the higher effectiveness of phleomycin than bleomycin in producing chromosomal breaks, genetic changes, and cell killing.
Atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis: histologic, hemodynamic and metabolic factors

We examined the histologic, hemodynamic and metabolic factors associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Eighteen patients comprised three groups: Group I - 7 patients in sinus rhythm; Group II - 5 patients in intermittent atrial fibrillation; Group III - 6 patients in chronic atrial fibrillation. The left atrial dimension was determined by echocardiography. Left atrial pressure, mitral valve gradient, mitral valve area and the presence or absence of calcium in the mitral valve were determined at catheterization. The left atrial appendage was removed during open heart surgery and the tissue was analyzed for cell size, percent fibrosis and content of cyclic AMP and GMP. There was no difference between the groups in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, mitral valve gradient, mitral valve area or the presence of calcium. The Group I left atrial dimension (51 +/- 2 mm, means +/- SE) was significantly smaller than that of Group III (56 +/- 2 mm, P less than 0.05). Group II was not different from Groups I or III. Although the concentration of cyclic AMP did not differ among the groups, the cyclic GMP was significantly depressed in Group III (0.15 +/- 0.02 fmol/microgram protein) when compared to Group I (0.24 +/- 0.05 fmol/microgram protein, P less than 0.01). Group II had intermediate values which did not differ from Groups I or III. The percent fibrosis was greatest in Group III (34.8 +/- 1.8%) and least in Group I (27.2 +/- 2.8%, P less than 0.05). There was no difference in cell size among the groups. Although atrial fibrillation may lead to some of these irregularities, a depressed cyclic GMP, increased fibrosis and increased left atrial dimension may play a role in the pathogenesis of irreversible atrial fibrillation.
tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl Perchlorate

[67124-66-7] C6H15ClO4Si (MW 214.72) InChI = 1S/C6H15ClO4Si/c1-6(2,3)12(4,5)11-7(8,9)10/h1-5H3 InChIKey = BXYDGBRPSASXFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (silylating reagent) Form Supplied in: clear liquid. Preparative Methods: prepared in a one-step trityl salt–silyl hydride exchange reaction between tert-butyldimethylsilane and Triphenylmethyl Perchlorate (eq 1).1 (1) Purification: distillation under reduced pressure.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: potentially explosive; moisture sensitive; safety shield recommended.
Complexity in large-scale technical project management

Complexity is a catch-all term that is used to express many different factors that cause problems in the management of projects. This paper presents a framework for systematising the description of different types and measures of complexity. First, the attributes that appear in different definitions and uses of the word complexity are compared. Some are shown to be causes of system and project complexity, and some are shown to be effects. Next, types of complexity from previous work are explained. Finally, those types of complexity are applied to different aspects of a large-scale technical development projects: the project building a technological system, that system itself, the environment into which the system will be inserted, and, to some extent, the interpretation of these factors as being ‘complex’ or not by the humans involved in the system.
Not All Avoidance Help Seekers Are Created Equal: Individual Differences in Adaptive and Executive Help Seeking

This study examined 86 teacher candidates’ use of help seeking strategies and beliefs for preparing to pass a state certification examination. Using cluster analysis, we identified three different kinds of help seekers among the participants. One of the clusters represented teacher candidates for whom help seeking was an important and adaptive self-regulatory strategy and essential to their successful academic performance. The other two clusters represented the group of teacher candidates who had help-avoidance tendencies, but they were different in that for one group, seeking help implied inadequate use and maladaptive self-regulatory strategies while for the other, coping and adaptive self-regulatory strategies were utilized to ask for help when needed. The results revealed that students’ tendencies for help seeking vary according to their teacher’s selfefficacy beliefs, and use of self-regulatory strategies, such as delay of gratification. These findings suggested that help seeking is indeed a self-regulatory learning strategy used by learners to pursue valuable academic goals, and that differences do exist in approaches to help avoidance.
Runtime Detection of a Bandwidth Denial Attack from a Rogue Network-on-Chip

In this paper, we propose a covert threat model for MPSoCs designed using 3rd party Network-on-Chips (NoC). We illustrate that a malicious NoC can disrupt the availability of on-chip resources, thereby causing large performance bottlenecks for the software running on the MPSoC platform. We then propose a runtime latency auditor that enables an MPSoC integrator to monitor the trustworthiness of the deployed NoC throughout the chip lifetime. For the proposed technique, our comprehensive cross-layer analysis indicates modest overheads of 12.73% in area, 9.844% in power and 5.4% in terms of network latency.
Clinical Pharmacy: Reflections and Forecasts:

2006 marked the 40th year of publication for The Annals. Throughout its history. The Annals has provided important contributions to the development of clinical pharmacy. In 2007, we are continuing to publish articles reflecting on the history of clinical pharmacy through the eyes of practitioners, including those pioneering clinical pharmacy, as well as those who have more recently entered the profession and a well-established specialty. In addition, we are presenting articles and editorials from the early history of The Annals that have given direction and shape to the practice of clinical pharmacy (see page 329).
Social Disadvantage and Network Turnover

Objectives. Research sho ws that socially disadvantaged groups—especially African Americans and people of low socioeconomic status (SES)—experience more unstable social environments. I argue that this causes higher rates of turnover within their personal social networks. This is a particularly important issue among disadvantaged older adults, who may benefit from stable networks. This article, therefore, examines whether social disadvantage is related to various aspects of personal network change. Method. Social netw ork change was assessed using longitudinal egocentric network data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a study of older adults conducted between 2005 and 2011. Data collection in Wave 2 included a technique for comparing respondents’ confidant network rosters between waves. Rates of network losses, deaths, and additions were modeled using multivariate Poisson regression. Results. African Americans and low-SES individuals lost more confidants—especially due to death—than did whites and college-educated respondents. African Americans also added more confidants than whites. However, neither African Americans nor low-SES individuals were able to match confidant losses with new additions to the extent that others did, resulting in higher levels of confidant network shrinkage. These trends are partly, but not entirely, explained by disadvantaged individuals’ poorer health and their greater risk of widowhood or marital dissolution. Discussion. Additional w ork is needed to shed light on the role played by race- and class-based segregation on group differences in social network turnover. Social gerontologists should examine the role these differences play in explaining the link between social disadvantage and important outcomes in later life, such as health decline.
Spontaneous recovery and ABC renewal from retroactive cue interference

Two conditioned suppression experiments with rats were conducted to determine whether the spontaneous recovery and renewal that are commonly observed in retroactive outcome interference (e.g., extinction) also occur in retroactive cue interference. Experiment 1 showed that a long delay between Phase 2 (the interfering phase) and testing produces a recovery from the cue interference (i.e., the delay enhanced responding to the target cue trained in Phase 1), which is analogous to the spontaneous recovery effect observed in extinction and other retroactive outcome interference procedures. Experiment 2 showed that, when target and interfering cues are trained in separate contexts and testing occurs in a different but familiar context, a recovery from the cue interference is also observed (i.e., the context shift enhanced responding to the target), which is analogous to ABC renewal from extinction. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that similar associative mechanisms underlie cue and outcome interference.
BOUNDS ON THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A RANDOM ARRAY OF CYLINDERS.

We consider the problem of determining rigorous third-order and fourth-order bounds on the effective conductivity $\sigma\_e$ of a composite material composed of aligned, infinitely long, equisized, rigid, circular cylinders of conductivity $\sigma\_2$ randomly distributed throughout a matrix of conductivity $\sigma\_1$. Both bounds involve the microstructural parameter $\zeta\_2$ which is an integral that depends upon S$\_3$, the three-point probability function of the composite (G. W. Milton, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 30, 177-191 (1982)). The key multidimensional integral $\zeta\_2$ is greatly simplified by expanding the orientation-dependent terms of its integrand in Chebyshev polynomials and using the orthogonality properties of this basis set. The resulting simplified expression is computed for an equilibrium distribution of rigid cylinders at selected $\phi\_2$ (cylinder volume fraction) values in the range $0 \leqslant \phi\_2 \leqslant 0.65$. The physical significance of the parameter $\zeta\_2$ for general microstructures is briefly discussed. For a wide range of $\phi\_2$ and $\alpha = \sigma\_2/\sigma\_1,$ the third-order bounds significantly improve upon second-order bounds which only incorporate volume fraction information; the fourth-order bounds, in turn, are always more restrictive than the third-order bounds. The fourth-order bounds on $\sigma\_e$ are found to be sharp enough to yield good estimates of $\sigma\_e$ for a wide range of $\phi\_2$, even when the phase conductivities differ by as much as two orders of magnitude. When the cylinders are perfectly conducting ($\alpha = \infty$), moreover, the fourth-order lower bound on $\sigma\_e$ provides an excellent estimate of this quantity for the entire volume-fraction range studied here, i.e. up to a volume fraction of 65%.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN SARCOIDOSIS

We have reviewed and compared our clinical, roentgenographic and histological material from 63 patients with sarcoidosis, berylliosis, and biological dust sensitivity. Among the histological features interstitial cellular infiltration proved to be the best for correlation with abnormal function, especially with arterial oxygen pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference at exercise, single-breath pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differnce at exercise, single-breath diffusing capacity, forced vital capacity, and a composite index of overall functional impairment. There was also a significant correlation between pathological changes and a composite index of clinical severity. Some of the imperfections in these correlations may be related to strategic locations of granulomata that could alter ventilation-perfusion relationships, but part of the functional change remains unexplained by our histological measurements. Correlations of physiological and pathological features with radiographic parenchymal changes generally was poor except in the most severe cases. The finding of 4 cases with biological dust sensitivity or "allergic alveolitis" in this series reemphasizes that it is worth reviewing all cases of routinely labeled sarcoidosis in which the diagnosis has been based on the histological finding of granulomata. This is especially true in patients whose roentgenograms show no hilar nodes and minimal or "groudn-glass" changes in the lung fields despite significantly abnormal lung function and also in patients who have rapid remissions and exacerbations without therapy. Almost all of the features of berylliosis overlapped those of sarcoidosis and no distinction could be made histologically. The mean values were worse in the berylliosis group and the long-term results in treated patients were not nearly as good as in the sarcoidosis group.
IDENTIFICATION: IT'S PERFORMANCE THAT COUNTS

This paper discusses two different forms of identifying restrictions and compares them in a Monte Carlo framework. A similar analysis is performed to illuminate how the identification procedures affect problems of mis-specification. It is found that, using ordinary least squares as the estimating technique, the two types of identification perform much differently and thus they should not be confused. Similar results hold in the mis-specification case.
Detection of the t(2;13)(q35;q14) and PAX3‐FKHR fusion in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Cytogenetic studies of the pediatric solid tumor alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma have demonstrated the presence of a consistent chromosomal translocation, t(2;13)(q35;q14). We recently identified PAX3 and FKHR as the genes on chromosomes 2 and 13, respectively, that are juxtaposed by this translocation. As one means of detecting the t(2;13) translocation in clinical specimens, we have developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay that may be used for both interphase and metaphase cells. Translocation of the 5' region of the FKHR gene to the derivative chromosome 2, and retention of the 3' region of FKHR on the derivative chromosome 13 [(der(13)], were demonstrated in metaphase cells from a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line with a previously identified t(2;13) translocation. A 5' PAX3 cosmid probe was shown to localize to 2q35 in normal cells, and to translocate to the der(13) in the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. In order to detect the der(13) in interphase nuclei, we labeled the 3'FKHR and the 5'PAX3 cosmid probes with digoxigenin and biotin, respectively, and used these in a two-color FISH assay. The presence of the der(13) was visualized as juxtaposed or overlapping red and green signals in metaphase and interphase tumor cells. The PAX3-FKHR FISH assay was then applied to a series of cytogenetically characterized pediatric sarcoma cell lines. The presence of the der(13) was demonstrated by FISH in all cases containing a cytogenetically detectable t(2;13). The FISH assay was then applied to a series of 20 embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma samples. All 10 of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma specimens demonstrated a der(13) with the FISH assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hospital costs associated with surgical site infections in general and vascular surgery patients.

Background Although much has been written about excess cost and duration of stay (DOS) associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) after cardiothoracic surgery, less has been reported after vascular and general surgery. We used data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to estimate the total cost and DOS associated with SSIs in patients undergoing general and vascular surgery. Methods Using standard NSQIP practices, data were collected on patients undergoing general and vascular surgery at a single academic center between 2007 and 2009 and were merged with fully loaded operating costs obtained from the hospital accounting database. Logistic regression was used to determine which patient and preoperative variables influenced the occurrence of SSIs. After adjusting for patient characteristics, costs and DOS were fit to linear regression models to determine the effect of SSIs. Results Of the 2,250 general and vascular surgery patients sampled, SSIs were observed in 186 inpatients. Predisposing factors of SSIs were male sex, insulin-dependent diabetes, steroid use, wound classification, and operative time ( P P P Conclusion SSIs complicating general and vascular surgical procedures share many risk factors with SSIs after cardiothoracic surgery. Although the excess costs and DOS associated with SSIs after general and vascular surgery are somewhat less, they still represent substantial financial and opportunity costs to hospitals and suggest, along with the implications for patient care, a continuing need for cost-effective quality improvement and programs of infection prevention.
Evidence-based psychosocial treatment in the community: considerations for dissemination and implementation.

Background In psycho-oncology care, steps toward dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) have not been made. For this to change, factors associated with real-world dissemination and implementation must be identified. In the community, providers, their organizations, and patients are key stakeholders. Method A focused review of literatures in continuing education, dissemination, and implementation of mental health services is provided. Results Early-career providers are most ready to implement as they have greater openness and more positive attitudes toward EBTs. Current continuing education practices to teach EBTs have limited effectiveness. Instruction using interactive strategies tailored to therapists' clinical needs and the provision of post-education consultation is needed. There is tension between EBT delivery with fidelity and the necessity for adaptation. EBT service provision is the key outcome of implementation, and documenting such is important to patients, providers, and organizations. Conclusion A multilevel conceptual framework, Setting, Therapist, Education, imPlementation, and Sustainability, is offered and provides directions for dissemination and sustainable implementation. Guidelines from the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons and the American Society of Clinical Oncology underscore the timeliness of the proposed framework to move EBTs from the research settings where they were developed to the practice settings where they are needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil‐related habitat specialization in dipterocarp rain forest tree species in Borneo

Summary 1 We conducted a field experiment to test whether aggregated spatial distributions were related to soil variation in locally sympatric tree species in the rain forests of Sarawak, Malaysia. Dryobalanops aromatica , Shorea laxa , and Swintonia schwenkii are naturally aggregated on low-fertility humult ultisols, Dryobalanops lanceolata and Hopea dryobalanoides on moderate-fertility udult ultisols and Shorea balanocarpoides is found on both soil types. 2 Seedlings of all six species were grown in a nested-factorial experiment for 20 months in humult and udult soils in gaps and in the understorey to test for soil-specific differences in performance. Phosphorus addition was used to test for effects due to P-limitation. 3 Four species showed significantly higher growth on their natural soils, but one humultsoil species ( D. aromatica ) and the broadly distributed species were not significantly affected by soil type. 4 One udult-soil species, D. lanceolata , had both lower relative growth rate and lower mycorrhizal colonization on humult soil. However, humult soils also had lower levels of Ca, Mg, K, N and probably water availability. 5 The overall ranking of growth rates among species was similar on the two soils. Growth rates were strongly positively correlated with leaf area ratio and specific leaf area among species in both soils. With the exception of D. aromatica , species of the higher-nutrient soils had higher growth rates on both soils. 6 Although P addition led to elevated soil-P concentrations, elevated root- and leaf-tissue P concentrations on both soils, there was no significant growth enhancement and therefore no evidence that P availability limits the growth or constrains the distribution of any of the six species in the field. Differences in soil water availability between soils may be more important. 7 Our results suggest that habitat-mediated differences in seedling performance strongly influence the spatial distributions of tropical trees and are therefore likely to play a key role in structuring tropical rain forest communities.
Historical sources as a teaching tool

The session will introduce participants to curricular modules (projects) based entirely on primary historical source material, developed by an interdisciplinary team of seven computer science and mathematical sciences faculty at New Mexico State University and Colorado State University Pueblo. More than twenty projects have been developed and are available on the Internet at: http://www.cs.nmsu.edu/historical-projects/ . The projects are intended for courses in discrete mathematics, algorithm design, automata, graph theory, and logic.
A Non-Leaching Technic for Autoradiography

A paraffin ribbon is fastened on a perforated metal plate having a rectangular hole wide enough to allow the ribbon to be suspended freely. The desired section is centered over the hole and straightened by softening the paraffin over a hot plate and blowing gently on the section. The section is then cut loose on the end of a rubber stopper under a safelight and pressed against the albuminized photographic emulsion. Mayer's albumin does not affect the sensitivity or produce chemical fog in the emulsion.
Differences in Risk Factors for Anemia Between Adolescent and Adult Women

Abstract Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects 2%–5% of reproductive-age women. Screening is based on risk factors, such as a low-iron diet and menstruation. However, published IDA risk factors fail to consider age-related risks specific to adolescent women, potentially limiting identification of high-risk adolescents for objective testing. The goal of the study was to examine IDA risk factors in a nationally representative sample of younger (12–21 years) and older (22–49 years) reproductive-age women. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2010. IDA was defined using hemoglobin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, standard NHANES laboratory measures. Sex-, age-, and race-specific hemoglobin values defined anemia. Iron deficiency was calculated using ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor in the body iron formula. Logistic regression assessed the association of potential risk factors (race, body mass index, povert...
Evolution and models for skewed parton distributions

We discuss the structure of the ``forward visible'' (FV) parts of double and skewed distributions related to the usual distributions through reduction relations. We use factorized models for double distributions (DD's) $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}(x,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ in which one factor coincides with the usual (forward) parton distribution and another specifies the profile characterizing the spread of the longitudinal momentum transfer. The model DD's are used to construct skewed parton distributions (SPD's). For small skewedness, the FV parts of SPD's $H(\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{x},\ensuremath{\xi})$ can be obtained by averaging forward parton densities $f(\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{x}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ with the weight $\ensuremath{\rho}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ coinciding with the profile function of the double distribution $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}(x,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ at small x. We show that if the ${x}^{n}$ moments ${f}_{n}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ of DD's have the asymptotic $(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{)}^{n+1}$ profile, then the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ profile of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}(x,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ for small x is completely determined by the small-$x$ behavior of the usual parton distribution. We demonstrate that, for small $\ensuremath{\xi},$ the model with asymptotic profiles for ${f}_{n}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ is equivalent to that proposed recently by Shuvaev et al., in which the Gegenbauer moments of SPD's do not depend on $\ensuremath{\xi}.$ We perform a numerical investigation of the evolution patterns of SPD's and give an interpretation of the results of these studies within the formalism of double distributions.
Urological complications of uterine leiomyoma: a review of literature

Uterine leiomyomas are common gynecologic tumor in reproductive-aged women, by age 50, diagnosis shared by urologist, gynecologists and radiologists. The goal of this article is to review the current literature, study the impact of leiomyoma on female lower urinary tract, examine the cause female sexual dysfunction and provide a comprehensive review of current diagnostic, imaging studies, and current treatment of leiomyoma. Clinical leiomyoma studies published from 1956 through 2015 were identified using the PubMed search engines and the key words leiomyoma, fibroid in the current literature. Impact of leiomyoma on the lower urinary tract including female sexual dysfunction was reviewed with terms of “urinary retention”, “bladder”, “urethra”, “dyspareunia”, “incontinence”, “incomplete bladder emptying”, “female sexual dysfunction”, and “lower urinary tract” to study the urological and sexual effects of leiomyoma. Literature related to leiomyoma was reviewed from 1965 to present. Women with uterine leiomyomata complained of pelvic pain, menstrual irregularities, infertility, lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Leiomyoma is a common tumor of the uterus that often clinically impacts on the lower urinary tract and results in urological and sexual symptoms. Leiomyoma can compress and grow into and become adherent to the bladder and surrounding pelvic organs or metastasize into peritoneal organs. Leiomyoma can enlarge and compress the urinary bladder, urethra, and lower end of the ureters. Leiomyoma can cause embarrassing sexual dysfunction in females. Current literature of non-surgical and surgical therapy of leiomyoma is described.
Abstract LB-38: VPS34 lipid kinase activity is positively regulated by Src phosphorylation and is required for Src-mediated cellular transformation.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC VPS34 is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) that catalyzes phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol. In response to nutrients, VPS34 contributes to the activation of mTOR/S6K1 signaling which regulates proliferation, protein synthesis, and cell survival. Intracellular mechanisms leading to VPS34 activation are just beginning to be elucidated. Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that signals downstream of numerous pathways to regulate cell proliferation, survival, and cancer metastasis. Here, we report that Src directly phosphorylates VPS34 leading to activation of VPS34 lipid kinase activity, and that VPS34 lipid kinase activity is required for Src-mediated cellular transformation. Silencing VPS34 specifically inhibits Src-Y527F-induced colony formation in soft agar, but not Ras-G12V-induced colony formation. We have identified two novel VPS34 mutations, which either eliminate lipid kinase activity (KD mutant) or reduce tyrosine phosphorylation (Y231F mutant) by Src-Y527F. When VPS34-KD is stably expressed in Src-Y527F-transformed cells, proliferation and anchorage independent growth are significantly inhibited. Additionally, stable expression of VPS34-KD causes an increased number of binucleate and multinucleate cells, suggesting that VPS34 kinase activity is also required for cytokinesis. Stable expression of VPS34-Y231F in Src-Y527F transformed cells also reduces colony formation. We additionally found that VPS34 protein levels and tyrosine phosphorylation correlate with the tumorigenic activity of breast cancer cell lines. Together these data suggest that Src to VPS34 signaling may contribute to the development and progression of human cancers. Citation Format: Dianne S. Hirsch, Yi Shen, Milos Dokmanovic, Wen Jin Wu. VPS34 lipid kinase activity is positively regulated by Src phosphorylation and is required for Src-mediated cellular transformation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-38. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-38
Plastic flies: the regulation and evolution of trait variability in Drosophila.

Individuals within species and populations vary. Such variation arises through environmental and genetic factors and ensures that no two individuals are identical. However, it is clear that not all traits show the same degree of intraspecific variation. Some traits, in particular secondary sexual characteristics used by males to compete for and attract females, are extremely variable among individuals in a population. Other traits, for example brain size in mammals, are not. Recent research has begun to explore the possibility that the extent of phenotypic variation (here referred to as “variability”) may be a character itself and subject to natural selection. While these studies support the concept of variability as an evolvable trait, controversy remains over what precisely the trait is. At the heart of this controversy is the fact that there are very few examples of developmental mechanisms that regulate trait variability in response to any source of variation, be it environmental or genetic. Here, we ...
Enhanced densification under shock compression in porous silicon

Under shock compression, most porous materials exhibit lower densities for a given pressure than that of a full-dense sample of the same material. However, some porous materials exhibit an anomalous, or enhanced, densification under shock compression. The mechanism driving this behavior was not completely determined. We present evidence from atomistic simulation that pure silicon belongs to this anomalous class of materials and demonstrate the associated mechanisms responsible for the effect in porous silicon. Atomistic response indicates that local shear strain in the neighborhood of collapsing pores catalyzes a local solid-solid phase transformation even when bulk pressures are below the thermodynamic phase transformation pressure. This metastable, local, and partial, solid-solid phase transformation, which accounts for the enhanced densification in silicon, is driven by the local stress state near the void, not equilibrium thermodynamics. This mechanism may also explain the phenomenon in other covalently bonded materials.
Three-stage binary switching of azoaromatic polybase.

An OFF–ON–OFF-type three-stage binary switching was realized with an azoaniline-based polybase 1. The optical properties of 1 and [1·2H]2+ are essentially indistinguishable to the naked eye but distinctively different from those of [1·H]+ to produce an unusual bell-shaped response as a function of protonation state; the underlying molecular mechanism was unraveled by a combination of experimental and DFT computational studies.
The FFTRR-based fast decomposition methods for solving complex biharmonic problems and incompressible flows

In this work we present several computational results on the complex biharmonic problems. First, we derive FFTRR based fast algorithms for solving Dirichlet and Neumann type complex Poisson problems in the complex plane. These are based on the use of fast Fourier transform (FFT), analysis based recursive relations (RR) in Fourier space, and high order quadrature methods. Our second result is the application of these fast Poisson algorithms to solving four types of inhomogeneous biharmonic problems in the complex plane using decomposition methods. Lastly, we apply these high order accurate fast algorithms for the complex inhomogeneous biharmonic problems to solving Stokes flow problems at low and moderate Reynolds number. All these algorithms are inherently parallelizable though only sequential implementations have been performed. These algorithms have theoretical complexity of the order O(logN) per grid point where N is the total number of grid points in the discretization of the domain. These algorithms have many other desirable features some of which are discussed in the paper. Numerical results have been presented which show performance of these algorithms.