cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USE OF INTERNAL SCINTILLATION STANDARDS IN HETEROGENEOUS COUNTING SYSTEMS.

Abstract In the course of determining the distribution of H3 and C14 in samples of rat liver glycogen-glucose by the procedure of Bloom (1), which utilizes homogeneous counting systems, it became desirable to check the H3 content of positions 2–6 of the liver hexose by an independent method. The procedure attempted consisted of oxidation of the hexose to potassium gluconate (2), suspension of the salt in a thixotropic gel powder phosphor system (TGP), and assay for H3 and C14 in accord with the discriminator ratio method of Okita et al. (3). In order to compare the results obtained from the assay of potassium gluconate in TGP with those obtained from the hexose degradation procedure (1), the relative H3 and C14 efficiencies of the individual systems were evaluated using toluene-H3 and toluene-C14 as the internal scintillation standards (ISS). The data obtained by the two procedures proved mutually incompatible. The discrepancy has been shown to be related to the ISS used to evaluate the relative efficiencies. In the heterogeneous TGP phosphor system the added ISS makes up the solvent phase, which has strikingly different counting characteristics as compared to that of the particulate phase of the system.
Evidence of Chemical Signaling in the Sand Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionida: Vaejovida)

This study presents evidence of intraspecific chemical communication in scorpions. The subject of our investigation was the nocturnal sand scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis. During the mating season, mature males show a sex-specific wandering behavior ostensibly directed at locating conspecific females that remain in the vicinity of their home burrows. Searching behavior was stimulated in the laboratory by releasing males onto substrates that had previously been occupied by females. Receptive males exhibited changes in locomotory behavior that favored occupation of the female-exposed area. Males occasionally displayed a precourtship behavior, called juddering, indicating the presence of a pheromone on the substrate. Juddering, and two newly described behavior patterns, tail-wagging and pedipalp-reaching, were also induced by solvent extracts of female cuticle. Most behavioral responses began vigorously within the first few s of stimulus contact and gradually adapted within 10 min. The potential importance of specialized sensory appendages, the pectines, for mediating chemosensitivity is discussed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mate identification and localization in sand scorpions are mediated in part by a contact sex pheromone.
UTILIZATION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON BY NATURAL POPULATIONS OF EPIBENTHIC SALT MARSH DIATOMS1

Natural populations of pennate diatoms collected from the mudflats of a Georgia salt marsh were cleansed by differential centrifugation and tested for their ability to assimilate and respire 14C-acetate, lactate and glucose at 1 μM concentrations. A correction was made for contaminating bacterial activity. Utilization rates were measured in the light and dark and in the presence of a second substrate. Mean incorporation rates were (in pmol ·μg chl a−1· h−1± SE): acetate, 117 ± 37; lactate, 53.7 ± 20.4; glucose 13.0 ± 5.8. Using a carbon/chlorophyll ratio of 53.2 and a generation time of 48 h we calculate these algae could obtain up to 1% of their carbon heterotrophically if several usable substrates were each available at 1 μM concentrations.
A Decision-Theoretic Formulation of Fisher’s Approach to Testing

In Fisher’s interpretation of statistical testing, a test is seen as a ‘screening’ procedure; one either reports some scientific findings, or alternatively gives no firm conclusions. These choices differ fundamentally from hypothesis testing, in the style of Neyman and Pearson, which does not consider a noncommittal response; tests are developed as choices between two complementary hypotheses, typically labeled ‘null’ and ‘alternative.’ The same choices are presented in typical Bayesian tests, where Bayes Factors are used to judge the relative support for a null or alternative model. In this article, we use decision theory to show that Bayesian tests can also describe Fisher-style ‘screening’ procedures, and that such approaches lead directly to Bayesian analogs of the Wald test and two-sided p-value, and to Bayesian tests with frequentist properties that can be determined easily and accurately. In contrast to hypothesis testing, these ‘screening’ decisions do not exhibit the Lindley/Jeffreys paradox, tha...
Effects of neglecting volt/VAR optimization on marginal cost-based pricing for wheeling transactions and independent power producers

Abstract Practical implementation of open transmission access will require a pricing policy for wheeling transactions and independent power producers that will ensure economic and secure power system operation. Various pricing schemes have been proposed, but typically without accounting for the cost of producing reactive power in a direct manner. In this paper, a marginal cost-based pricing philosophy that offers insight into an appropriate new price component associated with reactive power is presented. Under the proposed philosophy, compensation is provided to those producers of reactive power who participate in achieving the required system VARs. The proposed method and the effects of neglecting the voltage/VAR optimization problem is demonstrated on the IEEE 6- and 30-bus test systems for wheeling transaction and independent power producer pricing.
Measuring quality: are we ready to compare the quality of care among physician groups?

The study by Greenfield and colleagues in this issue prompts us to ask whether the data that compare physician groups—and, by extension, the data that compare individual physicians, hospitals, or h...
Dorsal root projections to nucleus cuneatus of the cat.

Abstract Following single, dorsal rhizotomies in 9 cats, axonal degeneration was traced ipsilaterally throughout nucleus cuneatus with the Nauta-Laidlaw and Fink-Heimer 1 silver stains. (1) Cytoarchitectonic differences permitted a division of the nucleus into a rostral ‘reticular’ region and a caudal ‘cell nest’ region. (2) Degeneration from each root was found at all rostrocaudal levels of the nucleus, but in unequal amounts. (3) Two patterns of degeneration were evidenced with the Nauta-Laidlaw technique: (A) focal; characterized by localized areas of degeneration and minimal intersegmental overlap which was found in the caudal ‘cell nest’ region, and (B) diffuse; exhibiting less discrete areas of degeneration and greater intersegmental overlap which was found predominantly in the rostral ‘reticular’ region, but was also notable in ventral portions of the caudal region. The two patterns were less evident with the Fink-Heimer 1 technique which stains more terminal and preterminal degenerating fibers; however, focal degeneration in the caudal region was still discernible from the less localized degeneration of the rostral region. (4) The extent and amount of degeneration from each root was related to both the size and the proximodistal position of its peripheral dermatome. (5) Terminal degeneration from all of the roots was arranged somatotopically: cranial roots terminated laterally, caudal roots medially, whereas distal dermatomes projected dorsally, proximal dermatomes ventrally. (6) The somatotopia is maintained in the rostral ‘reticular’ region, although some lateral skewing of the fibers occurs. (7) A ventrolateral region of asomatotopia was noted and discussed. (8) Some degeneration in other brain stem nuclei was noted. The variations in the disposition of dorsal root fibers in the cuneate nucleus augment anatomical and physiological findings, and support the division of the cuneate nucleus into rostral and caudal regions.
Looking time: Experimenter and instruction effects

A 2 by 3 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of the instructions and the presence of E on looking time. Two hundred thirty-nine college students viewed 30 colored stimuli of landscapes, single objects, and arrays of objects under three different sets of instructions, with E either present or absent while S viewed the stimuli. The results demonstrated that E’s presence depressed the time spent looking at the stimuli Evidence was also found suggesting that ambiguity in the typical instructions given Ss in looking-time experiments may result in artifactually long looking times. It was concluded that a more appropriate situation to investigate looking time would (1) utilize sham GSR instructions to reduce S’s uncertainty concerning the experiment’s purpose, and (2) arrange for E’s absence while S is viewing the stimuli
Viral transport through soil columns under conditions of saturated flow

Abstract Movement of poliovirus 1, reovirus 3, and bacteriophage OX174 was studied in 8 different soils. Soils were sampled to a depth of 100 cm in three 33 cm profiles, and packed into acrylic cylinders, 10 cm in dia. and 33.66 and 100 cm in length according to the vertical distribution and bulk density of the soil as found in the field. Sequential flooding of the columns with wastewater and distilled water resulted in a cyclical pattern of viral release in column percolates. The total number of viruses detected in percolates differed among the soils tested. This was due to the differences among soil properties. Poliovirus recovery correlated most favorably with low soil cation exchange capacity and high organic carbon and clay content. The recovery of OX174 was related to low soil organic carbon and residence time of liquid within a column in combination with either high soil pH or per cent clay. As with poliovirus, detection of reovirus in soil column percolates was negatively correlated with soil cation exchange capacity.
Human-human hybrids secreting pneumococcal antibodies

Abstract Starting with a nonimmunoglobulin producing human myeloma cell line, we have constructed a human myeloma “analog” (LSM 2.7) which supports the synthesis and secretion of human immunoglobulin in vitro upon fusion with human peripheral blood and spleen mononuclear cells. Fusions between LSM 2.7 and spleen cells obtained from patients immunized against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides consistently gave rise to hybrids which synthesized and secreted human immunoglobulin. In three of ten independent fusions a large proportion of the hybrid cultures produced specific pneumococcal antibodies. All three spleens which yielded antibody producing hybrids were from patients immunized 3 to 4 days prior to staging splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease. Antibody secreting hybrid cells ceased producing immunogobulin 28 to 42 days post fusion. However, refusion of a HAT sensitive clone derived from a hybrid which had secreted antibody, with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, resulted in reactivation of specific antibody secretion.
Determining directional dependency in causal associations.

Directional dependency is a method to determine the likely causal direction of effect between two variables. This article aims to critique and improve upon the use of directional dependency as a technique to infer causal associations. We comment on several issues raised by von Eye and DeShon (2012), including: encouraging the use of the signs of skewness and excessive kurtosis of both variables, discouraging the use of D’Agostino’s K2, and encouraging the use of directional dependency to compare variables only within time points. We offer improved steps for determining directional dependency that fix the problems we note. Next, we discuss how to integrate directional dependency into longitudinal data analysis with two variables. We also examine the accuracy of directional dependency evaluations when several regression assumptions are violated. Directional dependency can suggest the direction of a relation if: (a) the regression error in population is normal; (b) an unobserved explanatory variable correlat...
Nicotine content and abstinence state have different effects on subjective ratings of positive versus negative reinforcement from smoking

Despite the well-known adverse health consequences of smoking, approximately 20% of US adults smoke tobacco cigarettes. Much of the research on smoking reinforcement and the maintenance of tobacco smoking behavior has focused on nicotine; however, a number of other non-nicotine factors are likely to influence the reinforcing effects of smoked tobacco. A growing number of studies suggest that non-nicotine factors, through many pairings with nicotine, are partially responsible for the reinforcing effect of smoking. Additionally, both clinical studies and preclinical advances in our understanding of nicotinic receptor regulation suggest that abstinence from smoking may influence smoking reinforcement. These experiments were conducted for 2 reasons: to validate a MRI-compatible cigarette smoking device; and to simultaneously investigate the impact of nicotine, smoking-associated conditioned reinforcers, and smoking abstinence state on subjective ratings of smoking reinforcement. Participants smoked nicotine and placebo cigarettes through an fMRI compatible device in an overnight-abstinent state or in a nonabstinent state, after having smoked a cigarette 25minutes prior. Outcome measures were within-subject changes in physiology and subjective ratings of craving and drug effect during the smoking of nicotine or placebo cigarettes on different days in both abstinence states. Cigarette type (nicotine vs. placebo) had a significant effect on positive subjective ratings of smoking reinforcement ("High", "Like Drug", "Feel Drug"; nicotine>placebo). In contrast, abstinence state was found to have significant effects on both positive and negative ratings of smoking reinforcement ("Crave", "Anxiety", "Irritability"; abstinence>nonabstinence). Interaction effects between abstinence and nicotine provide clues about the importance of neuroadaptive mechanisms operating in dependence, as well as the impact of conditioned reinforcement on subjective ratings of smoking-induced high.
Making History: A Personal Narrative of My Presidential Year

In her informative essay titled, “My Four Revolutions,” Jessie Bernard (1973) referred to the roots of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. She labeled its development following the unfolding of the post-World War II era as the “third revolution”—one to which she was enthusiastically committed (Wilkinson 1998). Her focus centered not only on the national political culture with its multiple social and political problems, but the leading and oldest professional association for sociologists at the time—the American Sociological Association. Along with Alfred McClung, Betty Lee, and many other colleagues, Jessie felt that an elitist group attracted to abstracted empiricism and research that lacked relevance to the real world dominated the ASA. In the view of this modern assemblage of dissidents, the association had a minimal stake in actual problems, but instead, had become an instrument of business. This standpoint resonated in the 1970s when women and African American sociologists rightfully began to claim the ASA as their organization as well (Blackwell 1974, 1992). In her social history critique and personal odyssey, Jessie articulated the mission and goals of the Society. These centered on the promotion of the study of social problems and applying social science research to devise policy. She also felt that the organization should be engaged in initiating new opportunities as well as in improving working conditions for the members of the profession. Along with others, she envisioned its role as encompassing both the protection of basic academic freedoms pertaining to teaching and research and the enhancement of interdisciplinary cooperation. Such beliefs and values embraced my perspective long before becoming President of the SSSP.
Perfusion changes in human skeletal muscle during reactive hyperemia measured by echo-planar imaging.

Muscle performance is markedly influenced by tissue perfusion. Techniques that allow quantification of microvascular flow are limited by the use of ionizing radiation. In this investigation, we apply an NMR model previously developed by Detre et al. to the measurement of human muscle perfusion during reactive hyperemia. We compare our results with conventional plethysmography adapted to NMR. Using echo-planar imaging, T 1 and T 2 were measured in 14 subjects during rest, ischemia, and reactive hyperemia. Mean leg muscle T 1 in healthy volunteers is 850 ms at rest and 834 ms at reperfusion, leading to a calculated reactive hyperemia flow increase (T 1 flow) of 103 ± 40 ml/100 ml/min. T 1 flows correlate well with NMR-plethysmography values. Changes in T 2 , which are sensitive to both deoxyhemoglobin content and vessel diameter variations, are also correlated with perfusion measurements. T 1 changes allow quantification of regional perfusion in human muscle during reactive hyperemia.
Recombinant Dicer efficiently converts large dsRNAs into siRNAs suitable for gene silencing.

Recombinant Dicer efficiently converts large dsRNAs into siRNAs suitable for gene silencing
Mathematical Model of the Effective Properties of a Fiber Reinforced Composite with a Linearly Graded Transition Zone

Abstract Tires are fabricated using single ply fiber reinforced composite materials, which consist of a set of aligned stiff fibers of steel material embedded in a softer matrix of rubber material....
Engaging Pennsylvania Teachers in Watershed Education.

Water-resource scientists have become increasingly concerned about global water quality and quantity issues. Water and watershed education are now mandated topics for schoolaged youth. Pennsylvania teachers lack consistent and accessible curricula to teach students about water quality and quantity. A mail survey administered in 2004 determined what curricula teachers use, how they use it, and their confidence in teaching about watersheds. The authors empirically tested a conceptual model of curricular behavior using survey data from science teachers across Pennsylvania. The analysis revealed that gender, age, classroom confidence, and self-efficacy significantly influenced teachers' curricular behavior. The authors discuss implications for curriculum developers, state agencies, and conservation organizations.
“Molecular trinity” for soft nanomaterials: integrating nucleobases, amino acids, and glycosides to construct multifunctional hydrogelators

This highlight introduces the development of hydrogelators consisting of nucleobases, amino acids, and glycosides (i.e., molecular trinity), or nucleobases and amino acids (i.e., nucleopeptides). These novel small molecule hydrogelators self-assemble in water to form stable supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels and exhibit useful biological properties (e.g., biocompatibility, biostability, and the ability to bind and transport DNA into live cells). The approach discussed here not only provides a new strategy to develop soft biomaterials as a form of nanomedicines, but also contributes to the understanding of molecular self-assembly in water by modulating the non-covalent interactions derived from the three basic building blocks used in living organisms.
Chromatography and hormonal activities of dog hypothalamus.

Extracts of hypothalamus of dogs sacrificed in the laboratory with Nembutal were chromatographed on carboxymethylcellulose. The following substances were tentatively identified in the effluents based on elution volumes and biological activities: oxytocin, β- and αMSH, arginine vasopressin, CRF, an αMSH-like or ACTHlike peptide and ACTH. In the canine hypothalamus, β-MSH and αMSH are present in much the same ratio in contrast to the porcine tissue.
Performance modeling and optimizations for decomposition-based large-scale packet classification on multi-core processors

Large-scale packet classification such as Open-Flow table lookup in Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a key task performed at the Internet routers. However, the increasing size of the rule set and the increasing width of each individual rule make large-scale packet classification a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a decomposition-based approach for large-scale packet classification on multicore processors. We develop a model to predict the performance of the classification engine with respect to throughput and latency. This model involves the architectural parameters of the multi-core processors and the design requirements of packet classification. Based on this model, we employ optimization techniques such as grouping short fields in the search phase and early termination of the merge phase. The performance model can be applied to other generic multi-field classification problems as well. To evaluate the accuracy of the performance model, we implement a 15-field classification engine on state-of-the-art multi-core processors. Experimental results show that, the proposed model predicts the performance with less than ±10% error. For a 32 K 15-field rule set, the optimized decomposition-based approach achieves 2000 ns per packet latency and 33 Million Packets Per Second (MPPS) throughput (49% of the peak throughput). The peak performance assumes an ideal execution model that uses an optimized execution sequence and ignores memory access latency, data dependencies, and context switch overhead.
A one-dimensional ecological model of summer oxygen distributions within the Chukchi Sea

Abstract A one-dimensional numerical model was constructed to simulate phytoplankton nutrient uptake, production and oxygen evolution within the Chukchi Sea. Included were estimates of grazing and respiration by both zooplankton herbivores and benthos. The patterns of surface water oxygen saturations from the 1922–1924 drift of the Maud and 1968–1969 ice-breaker cruises in the Chukchi Sea were simulated using this model. The variation between the surface oxygen saturation in the East Siberian Sea and the surface oxygen saturation of the western Chukchi Sea (measured by the Maud ) is found to be a result of light limitation of phytoplankton growth (due to ice cover in the East Siberian Sea). The variation in the 1968–1969 oxygen data between the east and west Chukchi Sea is due instead to biogenic nutrient variations between these two regions.
Caregiver Responsiveness to the Family Bereavement Program: What predicts responsiveness? What does responsiveness predict?

The study developed a multidimensional measure to assess participant responsiveness to a preventive intervention and applied this measure to study how participant baseline characteristics predict responsiveness and how responsiveness predicts program outcomes. The study was conducted with caregivers who participated in the parenting-focused component of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), a prevention program for families that have experienced parental death. The sample consisted of 89 caregivers assigned to the intervention condition in the efficacy trial of the FBP. Positive parenting, caregiver depression, and child externalizing problems at baseline were found to predict caregivers' use of program skills outside the group, and more child internalizing problems predicted more positive perceptions of the group environment. Higher levels of skill use during the program predicted increased positive parenting at the 11-month follow-up, whereas positive perceptions of the group environment predicted decreased caregiver depressive symptoms at follow-up. Caregiver skill use mediated the relation between baseline positive parenting and improvements in positive parenting at 11-month follow-up, and skill use and perceived group environment mediated changes in caregiver depression from baseline to 11-month follow-up.
Moving Cast Shadows Induce Apparent Motion in Depth

Phenomenally strong visual illusions are described in which the motion of an object's cast shadow determines the perceived 3-D trajectory of the object. Simply adjusting the motion of a shadow is sufficient to induce dramatically different apparent trajectories of the object casting the shadow. Psychophysical results obtained with the use of 3-D graphics are reported which show that: (i) the information provided by the motion of an object's shadow overrides other strong sources of information and perceptual biases, such as the assumption of constant object size and a general viewpoint; (ii) the natural constraint of shadow darkness plays a role in the interpretation of a moving image patch as a shadow, but under some conditions even unnatural light shadows can induce apparent motion in depth of an object; (iii) when shadow motion is caused by a moving light source, the visual system incorrectly interprets the shadow motion as consistent with a moving object, rather than a moving light source. The results support the hypothesis that the human visual system incorporates a stationary light-source constraint in the perceptual processing of spatial layout of scenes.
Resorcinarene-based cavitands with chiral amino acid substituents for chiral amine recognition

Resorcinarene-based deep cavitands alanine methyl resorcinarene acid (AMA), alanine undecyl resorcinarene acid (AUA) and glycine undecyl resorcinarene acid (GUA), which contain chiral amino acids, have been synthesized. The upper rim of the resorcinarene host is elongated with four identical substituents topped with alanine and glycine groups. The structures of the new resorcinarenes were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and the sustained off-resonance irradiation collision induced dissociation (SORI-CID) technique in FTICR-MS. These studies revealed that eight water molecules associate to the cavitand, two for each alanine group. The alanine substituent groups are proposed to form a kite-like structure around the resorcinarene scaffold. The binding of AMA, AUA, and GUA with chiral R- and S-methyl benzyl amines was studied by 1H NMR titration, and compared to that of a binary L-tartaric acid and the monoacid phthalyl alanine (PA). The results show that these compounds interact with amine guests; however, with four carboxylic acid groups, they bind several amine molecules strongly while the binary L-tartaric acid only binds one amine guest strongly. The simple compound PA, which contains one carboxylic group, shows weak binding to the amines. The 1H NMR titration of AUA with primary, secondary, and tertiary chiral amines showed that it can discriminate between these three types of amines and showed chiral discrimination for chiral secondary amines.
Identification of uronic acids in mucopolysaccharides.

The isolation or identification of uronic acids from acid mucopolysaccharides can be achieved by hydrolysis with formic acid and chromatography of the hydrolyzates.
On the stability of dual-spin bodies with unbalancing mass.

This paper contains a straight-forward spin stability analysis of a composite body composed of a platform, rotor and unbalancing mass. The system is considered to be in a torque-free environment. The stability region for the high spin rotor system is obtained from the linearized momentum equation by the method of first variation.
Los escenarios de la memoria: psicodrama en El trato de Argel de Cervantes

Analizado desde la optica de las ideas de la psicoanalista Joyce McDougall en Theaters of the Mind y el psicodrama de Jacob Levy Moreno, El trato de Argel sirve como posible e hipotetico reflejo del mundo interno de Cervantes. Por medio del psicodrama, el individuo examina su persona y sus relaciones personales mediante la actuacion improvisada sobre un escenario solo o con otros personajes. Existen diferentes tecnicas utilizadas en el psicodrama (representaciones del yo, soliloquios, proyecciones, intercambio de papeles, personajes antagonicos, juegos de dobles o la tecnica del espejo) por medio de las cuales el individuo sometido a estudio explora conflictos internos puestos en escena a traves de diferentes personajes que dramatizan la experiencia. Este conjunto de tecnicas utilizadas en el psicodrama se observan igualmente en El trato de Argel , donde Cervantes reconstruye su pasado dando rienda suelta a los fantasmas del cautiverio argelino. En la pieza teatral, Cervantes pone en escena una treintena de personajes antagonicos y complementarios entre si que hacen eco de las experiencias vividas por el mismo escritor durante su cautiverio en Argel, reconstruyendo el pasado desde distintos angulos y perspectivas. El espectador tiene ante si un "yo" fragmentado a traves de personajes en contradiccion que buscan salida por medio de la puesta en escena y que se mueven en espacios ambivalentes y heterogeneos. El Trato de Argel se convierte en psicodrama que captura metaforicamente los conflictos internos propios de la psicologia tradicional del cautivo como son los diferentes niveles del cautiverio, la tortura, la sensacion de abandono por parte del gobierno y la familia, la apostasia, el rescate, la huida o el suicidio.
Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan for a Small Tourism Firm

Because of the dearth of both financial and managerial resources, many small tourism f m s are constrained to develop a competitive marketing strategy. They are continuously challenged by major multinational chains in the tourism industry both in marketing orientation and competitive advantages. This paper is designed to acquaint entrepreneurs and managers of such small tourism firms with the basics of marketing and offers practical hands-on advice on how to develop a suitable marketing strategy for competing effectively in the contemporary environment.
Clinical pharmacists: Essential members of the pediatric critical care team

Guidelines for pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) were recently published jointly by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Society of Critical Care Medicine.[1][1] This report is both a timely and valuable document for the pediatric critical care community, especially given the national
Unusual regiochemistry in a beckmann-like rearrangement of camphor. α-Camphidone via methylene migration.

Abstract Reaction of camphor with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid affords the nitrogen insertion product α-camphidone by migration of the methylene group rather than the bridgehead. Since Beckmann rearrangements of trigonal oximes afford bridgehead cleavage products with camphor, an alternative synchronous rearrangement of a tetrahedral intermediate is proposed for this Beckmann-like reaction.
Developmental exposure to ethanol or nicotine inhibits the hypercapnic ventilatory response in tadpoles.

Abstract Tadpoles, Lithobates (formerly Rana ) catesbeiana , were held for 8–12 weeks in pond water that was either teratogen free or contained 0.15% ethanol or 30 μg/L nicotine. The ventilatory and neuroventilatory consequences of these developmental exposures were assessed. Developmental exposure to ethanol or nicotine blocked the hypercapnia-induced increase in surfacing frequency typically exhibited by tadpoles, as well as the hypercapnia-induced increase in putative lung ventilation exhibited by isolated tadpole brainstems. It was specifically the hypercapnic ventilatory response, previously characterized as an increase in lung activity, that was affected by developmental exposure to these teratogens. Developmental exposure to ethanol or nicotine did not affect the frequency of surfacing or putative lung breaths exhibited by the intact tadpoles or their isolated brainstems when not subjected to a hypercapnic challenge.
Gly25-Ser26 Amyloid β-Protein Structural Isomorphs Produce Distinct Aβ42 Conformational Dynamics and Assembly Characteristics

One of the earliest events in amyloid β-protein (Aβ) self-association is nucleation of Aβ monomer folding through formation of a turn at Gly25-Lys28. We report here the effects of structural changes at the center of the turn, Gly25-Ser26, on Aβ42 conformational dynamics and assembly. We used "click peptide" chemistry to quasi-synchronously create Aβ42 from 26-O-acyliso-Aβ42 (iAβ42) through a pH jump from 3 to 7.4. We also synthesized Nα-acetyl-Ser26-iAβ42 (Ac-iAβ42), which cannot undergo O→N acyl chemistry, to study the behavior of this ester form of Aβ42 itself at neutral pH. Data from experiments monitoring increases in β-sheet formation (thioflavin T, CD), hydrodynamic radius (RH), scattering intensity (quasielastic light scattering spectroscopy), and extent of oligomerization (ion mobility spectroscopy-mass spectrometry) were quite consistent. A rank order of Ac-iAβ42>iAβ42>Aβ42 was observed. Photochemically cross-linked iAβ42 displayed an oligomer distribution with a prominent dimer band that was not present with Aβ42. These dimers also were observed selectively in iAβ42 in ion mobility spectrometry experiments. The distinct biophysical behaviors of iAβ42 and Aβ42 appear to be due to the conversion of iAβ42 into "pure" Aβ42 monomer, a nascent form of Aβ42 that does not comprise the variety of oligomeric and aggregated states present in pre-existent Aβ42. These results emphasize the importance of the Gly25-Ser26 dipeptide in organizing Aβ42 monomer structure and thus suggest that drugs altering the interactions of this dipeptide with neighboring side-chain atoms or with the peptide backbone could be useful in therapeutic strategies targeting formation of Aβ oligomers and higher-order assemblies.
Evaluation of preoperative expectations and patient satisfaction after carpal tunnel release.

Purpose We tested the hypothesis that preoperative expectations affect postoperative satisfaction and arm-specific, self-reported health status after elective carpal tunnel release. Methods Forty-nine patients having elective carpal tunnel release completed questionnaires evaluating self-rated upper extremity–specific disability using the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, expectations regarding surgery (Preop Expectations Score), personal importance of upper-extremity function, measures of general optimism, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), as well as health-specific optimism, and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale. Six months after surgery, patients completed a 10-point Likert scale to assess satisfaction, the DASH, and measures determining (1) fulfillment of expectations (Postop Met Expectations Score) and (2) relief of specific systems (Postop Help Score). Results The DASH scores decreased significantly from an average of 37 points before surgery to an average of 15 points 6 months after carpal tunnel release (p Conclusions As measured in this study, the strongest predictor of satisfaction after carpal tunnel release was relief of symptoms, and the strongest predictors of postoperative disability were met expectations and optimism; however, the majority of the variance in postoperative satisfaction remains unexplained. Type of study/Level of evidence Prognostic III.
Magnitude bias in the Great Basin and its implications for explosion magnitude versus yield estimates

Comparison of teleseismic P-wave delays in the vicinity of the Central Nevada Test Site in Hot Creek Valley, Nevada, with P-delay data over a wider region in the Great Basin, shows that upper mantle speeds under Hot Creek Valley stations are higher than the average for the Great Basin as a whole, but lower than those beneath Pahute Mesa. These observations indicate that the caldera complex in Hot Creek Valley may have a high speed root similar to that proposed to exist beneath the Silent Canyon caldera at Pahute Mesa, however the Hot Creek Valley anomaly is not as strong as the Pahute Mesa anomaly. These high-speed upper mantle structures cause defocusing for outgoing rays resulting in a shadow zone at the distance range corresponding to many European stations. The shadow zone caused by the Pahute Mesa structure is much more pronounced and consequently magnitudes of Pahute Mesa explosions can be underestimated relative to the magnitude of Hot Creek Valley explosions of similar yield. When magnitude versus yield relationships developed using Pahute Mesa data are applied to other areas, such as Hot Creek Valley, they can result in a biased estimate of yield.
Changing Racial Prejudice Through Diversity Education

The Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986) was used to assess the impact of education and personality variables on college students' prejudicial attitudes toward African Americans. Prejudice was lower in students who completed a diversity course specifically addressing race and gender issues and in students who measured high in need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982). A weak correlation between the prejudice scale and a social desirability scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) suggested that students were not grossly underreporting their prejudicial beliefs. Diversity courses in higher education were effective in improving students' intergroup tolerance.
Fabric reactivation: an example from the Hualapai Mountains, NW Arizona, USA

Abstract Foliation reactivation involves renewed movement on preexisting fabrics and can lead to difficulty in determining temporal and spatial relationships of fabrics to larger structures as well as correlation of fabrics to tectonic events. Porphyroblasts that contain internal fabrics allow for interpretation of the structural history of an area including the potential for foliation reactivation. In Boriana Canyon, Hualapai Mountains, NW Arizona, three vertical foliations ( S 2 – S 4 ) are preserved in the contact aureole of the 1.40 Ga Boriana granite. Foliation S 2 strikes northeast and is parallel with regional foliation that formed post- or syn-1.68 Ga. Foliation S 3 occurs throughout the canyon but is most prevalent in the contact aureole where, close to the pluton, it forms the main cleavage. Andalusite and garnet porphyroblasts overgrew S 3 crenulations. Foliation S 4 is parallel to the S 2 regional fabric and, in some outcrops, deformation associated with S 4 has decrenulated the S 3 fabric although S 3 is preserved in garnet and andalusite porphyroblasts. In these outcrops S 4 is also axial planar to F 2 folds. Recognition of fabric reactivation of this aureole allows for discrimination of foliation-forming episodes that are separated by ∼250 m.y. and a better understanding of the Proterozoic geologic history for this part of NW Arizona.
A retail and lifecycle cost analysis of hybrid electric vehicles

This paper analyzes the manufacturing costs, retail prices, and lifecycle costs of five hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle types in high-volume production. Updating and major modifications are made to a detailed motor vehicle retail and lifecycle cost spreadsheet model that had previously been used to analyze the costs of conventional vehicles, electric-drive vehicles, and other alternative-fuel vehicles. This cost model is combined with a hybrid vehicle design and performance analysis using the ADVISOR vehicle simulation model. Five hybrid vehicle designs were examined for each vehicle type, for a total of 25 hybrid vehicle cases and a set of five baseline gasoline vehicles for comparison. It is found under various assumptions that combining the advanced package of vehicle improvements with mild vehicle hybridization provides the least-cost the hybrid vehicle option, with lifecycle costs very close to those of the baseline vehicles even using the relatively low historical gasoline price of $1.46 per gallon. However, with recent higher gasoline prices then many of the more fuel efficient, but costlier, hybrid vehicle designs become competitive from a lifecycle cost perspective.
A Strategic Sign: The Geopolitical Significance of ‘Bosnia’ in US Foreign Policy

Why did the United States government eventually intervene decisively in the Bosnian war in the summer of 1995, first with sustained NATO bombing, subsequently by forging the Dayton Peace Accords, a...
Arousal and Arousability in Repeated Isolation Experiences

Four young adult college men provided estimates of 30 min. during three spaced trials of 6 hr. each Mean heart rates before and after estimates were significantly different. Mean preestimates of rates by trial were higher but postestimate rates were similar over trials. A stimulating event can arouse though the subject is relaxed.
Coronary artery fistula embolization in an infant with pulmonary atresia intact ventricular septum: a case report.

This report presents a case of pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum with right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation. At 7 months of age, the infant underwent coil embolization of the connection between the right ventricle and the coronary circulation. The child is currently well following surgical decompression of the right ventricle.
Interpretations in the control theory of thermal anemometers

The cut-off frequency, or frequency range, of a dynamically optimized constant temperature hot-wire anemometer is well known in terms of time constants of the wire and of the feedback amplifier, within the framework of a linear control theory of third order. A more convenient interpretation, in terms of a characteristic frequency of the wire and in terms of gain - bandwidths products of the amplifier, is presented both for an amplifier with a second-order response and for an amplifier with a first-order response. These convenient and intuitively appealing interpretations are also extended to hot-film anemometers.
Linking an Obesity-Associated Gene Variant, Ghrelin, and the Brain

One in six people of European descent are homozygotes for the obesity-risk A allele of the FTO gene (fat-mass and obesity-associated gene). This obesity-associated variant increases a person’s risk of obesity by nearly 70%. Because the genome-wide association studies (GWASs) unearthed the FTO obesity-risk allele in 2007, scientists have worked to elucidate the mechanisms by which this variant predisposes individuals to weight gain and obesity. The hope is that a mechanistic understanding will lead to identification of new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity. In a recent study, Karra et al . investigated whether a relationship exists between the obesity-risk FTO gene variant, ghrelin (the hunger hormone), and neural responses to visual food cues. From a cohort of 359 healthy, lean [mean body-mass index (BMI) of 22.5 kg/m2], young (mean age 22.9) European men, the authors matched 10 men who were homozygotes for the obesity-risk A allele (genotype AA) and 10 who were homozygotes for the low obesity-risk T allele (genotype TT) on the basis of age, BMI, fat mass, and visceral fat area. Compared to their TT counterparts, the AA men were found to have attenuated decreases in both postprandial hunger and ghrelin levels in response to eating a standard meal. Next, using functional MRI the authors examined neural activation of 12 AA men and 12 TT men in response to viewing pictures of high-calorie foods, low-calorie foods, and nonfoods. When viewing food versus nonfood pictures, AA individuals exhibited decreased neural responses (compared with those of TT individuals) in the hypothalamus, an area of the brain involved in energy homeostasis and satiety, and striatal-limbic regions involved in various functions including reward-motivation. In addition, correlations between ghrelin levels and neural response in the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens (a key neural reward region) were positive in TT men and negative in AA men, thus suggesting that the obesity-risk FTO gene variant affects the brain’s response to ghrelin. This study provides a possible neurobiological mechanism by which the obesity-associated FTO gene variant may predispose individuals to weight gain: by attenuating postprandial decreases in subjective hunger and ghrelin levels and by altering neural responsivity to visual food cues in areas of the brain implicated in satiety and reward-motivation. Indeed, this interdisciplinary study lends credence to further development of potential therapeutic agents, such as ghrelin receptor antagonists, as well as continued investigation of possible new molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity. E. Karra et al ., A link between FTO, ghrelin, and impaired brain food-cue responsivity. J. Clin. Invest ., published online 15 July 2013 (10.1172/JCI44403). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/44403
Césaire/Lumumba: a season of solidarity

In February 1961, Patrice Lumumba, first prime minister of the independent Congo, was assassinated. This article analyzes the play written five years later by Martinican politician and poet Aime Cesaire about Lumumba’s short political life and sudden death, focusing on the ways in which Cesaire recuperated the figure of Lumumba from hostile discourse and transformed him into a martyr, a “poet of action”. Cesaire’s gesture, the article argues, is one of transnational anti-colonial solidarity.
Children’s Dietary Recalls from Three Validation Studies: Types of Intrusion Vary with Retention Interval

Using previously collected data of fourth-grade children observed eating school meals and then interviewed, we categorized intrusions (food items reported but not observed eaten) as stretches (on the child’s tray) or confabulations (not on the child’s tray). We investigated intrusions, confabulations, and stretches, and the role of liking, at different retention intervals (morning interviews about the previous day’s intake; evening interviews about that day’s intake) and under different reporting-order prompts (forward; reverse). As retention interval between consumption and report increased, the likelihood 1) increased that reported items were intrusions, that reported items were confabulations, and that intrusions were confabulations; and 2) was constant that reported items were stretches. Results concerning reporting-order prompts were inconclusive. Liking ratings were higher for matches (reports of items observed eaten) than stretches, for confabulations than stretches, and for matches than omissions (unreported items observed eaten), but did not vary by retention interval or reporting-order prompts.
Existence and uniqueness of entropy solutions to the Riemann problem for hyperbolic systems of two nonlinear conservation laws

Abstract This paper contains a proof of the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Riemann problem for systems of two hyperbolic conservation laws in one space variable. Our main assumptions are that the system is strictly hyperbolic and genuinely nonlinear. We also require that the system satisfy standard conditions on the second Frechet derivatives, and one other hypothesis, which we have called the half-plane condition. This hypothesis replaces other, more restrictive hypotheses required by previous authors. The methods and results of this paper are designed to be applicable to systems of conservation laws which are not strictly hyperbolic.
Theory of Galvanomagnetic Effects in Metals

A solution to the linearized Boltzmann equation has been found that describes the galvanomagnetic properties of metals. The use of a vector mean-free-path function results in a solution for the conductivity tensor that is valid for any strength and orientation of the applied magnetic field. A discussion is given of the implementation of this theory to give a quantitative description of the galvanomagnetic properties of a metal when the Fermi surface and a model for the scattering of the conduction electrons are specified.
Diving behaviour of chinstrap penguins at Seal Island

Diving behaviour of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis anturctica) was studied in four adults brooding chicks on Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. During foraging trips to sea, chinstrap penguins made shallow, short duration dives almost continuously, for the most part within 50 m of the surface. Diving effort was concentrated during the daylight hours (10h00-15h00), although a second peak in effort was seen around midnight (22h00-02hOO). These peaks were possibly due to the constraints of visual location of prey, chick provisioning, or the need to take advantage of diurnal changes in krill swarm densities or behaviour. It was estimated that most effort was concentrated 3-20 km from shore. Dive depth and duration averaged 31.0 m (2 26.3m)and72s(+36 s),respectively. Maximumdivedepthanddurationwere 121mand180s, respectively. Received 23 April 1991, accepted 20 August 1992