cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extension of the scapulohumeral joint increases the likelihood of success of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

Summary The accuracy of a technique for centesis of the bicipital bursa using a 9 cm, spinal needle inserted through the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle was evaluated. A veterinary radiologist who had no previous experience of performing centesis of the bicipital bursa and an equine clinician who had little experience in performing the procedure, attempted to inject a solution of aqueous radiopaque contrast medium into the bicipital bursae of 8 horses using an approach in which the bursa was accessed by directing a needle through the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle until cartilage in the lateral portion of the intertubercular groove was contacted. Centesis of the bicipital bursa using this approach in horses having no signs of disease of the bursa was consistently successful if the cubital joint was flexed and the scapulohumoral joint extended.
FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild: An Old Fashioned Remedy for What Ails Current Judicial Review Law

A 1981 dialogue among D. C. Circuit and the Supreme Court jurists, several of the most influential in the history of administrative law, provides valuable guidance for today's floundering judicial review law. The case, FCC v. WNCN, involved administrative authority at the dawn of the major policy shift to deregulation. The FCC had determined to rely on the market to make programming decisions but the D.C. Circuit concluded that the Act compelled regulation. The Supreme Court held that the agency acted within its policymaking powers and hence the appellate court arrogated authority. Judge McGowan, in the D.C. Circuit's en banc opinion, took pains to distinguish the judiciary's authority over statutory interpretation from its authority over policymaking and the final resolution pivoted on the application of this distinction. Particularly noteworthy was Judge McGowan's warning: "Although the distinction between law and policy is never clearcut, it is nonetheless a touchstone of the proper relation between court and agency that we ignore at our peril." This is the voice of the products of administrative law's formative years. They worried about the proper allocation of authority between the courts and the legislature, and the courts and the legislature's agents. They worried about this because they were a generation who still had faith in democracy. Intuitively at least, they understood that conceptualizing interpretation as just policymaking by another name threatens fundamental principles. In the end then, this article explores the extent to which this "peril" has in fact manifest itself in current review law.
Contact Operations Using an Instrumented Compliant Wrist

Teleprogramming was developed as a solution to problems of teleoperation systems with significant time delays [5]. In teleprogramming, the human operator interacts in real time with a graphical model of the remote site, which provides for real time visual and force feedback. The master system automatically generates symbolic commands based on the motions of the master arm and the manipulator/model interactions, given predefined criteria of what types of motions are to be expected. These commands are then sent via a communication link, which may delay the signals, to the remote site. Based upon a remote world model, predefined and possibly refined as more information is obtained, the slave carries out commanded operations in the remote world and decides whether each step has been executed correctly.
A simplified linear optic-flow motion algorithm

The purpose of the article is to establish the relationship between rigid body motion and the optic flow image and solve motion parameters from optic flow image points. A basic equation relating optic flow image points to rigid body motion which involves only the instantaneous rotation and translation velocities without depths is established. A linear algorithm is developed to determine the mode of motion (whether the instantaneous translation is zero or not), the instantaneous rotation velocity, the direction of the instantaneous translation velocity, and the relative depth map (or surface structure) under the rank assumption. The algorithm represents a simplification to the linear optic flow-motion algorithm proposed in ( Zhuang and Haralick , in Proceedings, IEEE First Conf. on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Denver, CO, 1984, pp. 366–375).
Debulking nephrectomy in metastatic renal cancer

Up to one third of patients with renal cell carcinoma will present with metastatic disease, and 20 to 40% of those with clinically localized disease will eventually be found to have metastatic involvement. Prognosis continues to be guarded for this population, with a 2-year survival of only 10 to 30%. Although advances are being made in the medical management of renal cell carcinoma, the role of surgery in the treatment algorithm is also being additionally refined. Palliative surgery either via nephrectomy or metastasectomy has a role in certain well-selected patients. There are also data to support total metastasectomy at the time of either nephrectomy or recurrence in a small subset of patients with minimal, resectable metastases. More controversial is the idea of cytoreductive nephrectomy as an adjunct to immunotherapy. Recent phase III trials indicate that nephrectomy may play an important role in management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in conjunction with cytokine-based immunotherapy. Nephrectomy is also an essential component of tumor-based vaccine and adoptive immunotherapy protocols and may play a role in other novel therapies.
Incorporation of Ornithine-2-C14 into Scopolamine

Radioactive hyoscyamine and scopolamine were isolated from 7-week-old Datura stramonium plants after the administration of ornithine-2-C 14 . Degradation of the scopolamine showed that the radioactivity was located at the numbers 1 and 5 carbon atoms of the tropane ring.
Determination of permanent magnet synchronous motor parameters for use in brushless DC motor drive analysis

Test procedures for the determination of stator resistance, synchronous reactance(s), subtransient reactance(s), leakage reactance, and commutating inductance (special case of cylindrical rotor) values suitable for use in brushless DC-motor analysis are described. Experimental measurements of a set of parameters for a 0.55 kW permanent magnet synchronous machine are presented. In addition, leakage reactance as determined by the proposed method is compared against results from applying the Potier method for both a cylindrical and salient pole-wound field machine. >
Outcomes of an interdisciplinary study abroad course: learning Spanish and multicultural education concurrently

This study reports the outcomes of undergraduate students completing a pilot Interdisciplinary Intensive Course Abroad (IICA) with a service learning component. The IICA model is comprised of a thr...
A corrected displacement solution to linearly varying surface pressure over a triangular region on the elastic half-space

Abstract This paper provides a closed-form derivation for the surface normal displacement at an arbitrary point on an elastic half-space subjected to linearly varying normal surface pressure over an arbitrarily shaped triangular region. For the special case of an equilateral triangle, the resulting displacements are shown to vanish at infinity, and the results agree with those obtained using numerical quadrature and with previously published solutions.
Holocene aridity and storm phases, Gulf and Atlantic coasts, USA

A bottomland flora that prevailed between ∼9900 and 6000 cal yr B.P. in a North Carolina stream valley may not reflect a regionally much wetter Atlantic climate, coeval with record drought in the Great Plains region and assumed dry Gulf coastal conditions. Such conditions were inferred for 6000 ± 1000 yr ago when the Bermuda High may have consistently occupied summer positions far to the NE. Arid episodes coeval with the Little River local wet interval are known from eolian sediments and pollen spectra in the Atlantic and the Gulf coastal plain. For multiple reasons, the regional extent, intensity, and duration of coastal aridity and alternating wet phases and the Bermuda High positions are not yet adequately constrained. The climate and edaphic causes for the steadily growing predominance of southern pines over hardwoods, achieved between ∼8900 and 4200 cal yr B.P. at different sites at different times are similarly still unresolved. New data from Shelby Lake, AL, reconfirms that no credible field or other proxy evidence exists for a previously postulated “catastrophic Gulf hurricane phase” in the late Holocene.
An approach to assessment of flow regimes of groundwater-dominated lakes in arid environments

Summary We investigate the conditions and criteria for identifying flow regimes in shallow groundwater-dominated lakes in arid environments. Relying on regional and local water-table configurations, we develop a steady-state model of lake-aquifer systems. Using dimensional analysis and numerical simulations, we investigate relationships between groundwater inflow and outflow. A new framework uses the concepts of gradient ratio G , defined as the ratio of regional-to-local head gradients, and the topohydrologic offset (THO), defined as the difference between actual lake level and regional groundwater level. It is shown that a critical value of gradient ratio, G c , exists for each aquifer thickness and anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity. In cases where the regional gradient is larger than the local gradient and G > G c , the lake is “flushed” in a flow-through regime. When the local gradient is larger than the regional head gradient and G G c , the lake gains and large evaporative losses occur. G c becomes progressively larger with increasing aquifer thickness and anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity. Variation in the ratio of groundwater inflow-to-outflow as G approaches G c is consistent with observed variability in lake salinity. Transition from flow-through conditions to other regimes in groundwater-dominated lakes in arid environments may occur with subtle changes in the gradient ratio, regional water-table slope, lake size, and THO. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of using a geographic information system to delineate the potential for lake to retain solutes in areas with numerous lakes, similar to Nebraska, USA.
Sister Woman Chainsaw II: Reading Chris Cuomo's Feminism and Ecological Communities: An Ethic of Flourishing

It is December, and it is cold. I am standing outside, but my attention is focused on the light shining through cracks in the barn door. I can hear men shouting, exclaiming, laughing. A voice, rising above the whistles and shouts, hollers, "Get him!" I hear one woman cry, "Stop it! This is cruel! The poor things!" I move closer, but part of me wants to turn and walk away. The thought of what is happening inside the barn upsets and disgusts me, and I'm not sure I will be able to stomach what I'll see if I go inside. Another part of me is afraid because many of the men are drunk, and I don't like the idea of a group of drunk men laughing and cheering excitedly at a violent spectacle. Still, another part of me is curious because I know some of the men who are there, and I want to witness what their behavior is like in this male-centered space. In this space, one fs gender identity is defined by one 's reaction to and participation in the spectacle. The men prove that they are men by laughing or chuckling nervously as the two roosters slash each other with pieces of sharp wire attached to their feet. The men prove their manhood by laughing and cheering as two men stand in the fenced-in fighting area to prevent the two roosters from escaping. The fight will be encouraged until one or both of the roosters is either dead or mortally wounded. In this space, many of the women prove that they are women by staying far away from the barn. Or, if some women happen to be inside the barn, they cover their eyes, cling to their boyfriends or husbands, express pity for the roosters, and exclaim that this is a horrible thing to do to these animals. The men (even those who don 7 necessarily support cockfighting) just laugh. I am pushed toward the barn by my feeling of moral outrage and my sense of ethical and political responsibility to the wives, girlfriends, mothers, daughters of the
Cognitive, Environmental, and Linguistic Predictors of Syntax in Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome

Purpose To examine which cognitive, environmental, and speech-language variables predict expressive syntax in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), boys with Down syndrome (DS), and typically develop...
International Justice and Developing Countries (Continued): A Qualitative Analysis

This article is the second part of a study on the use of international judicial bodies by developing countries. The first part (International Justice and Developing Countries: A Quantitative Analysis, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, Vol. 1, issue 2, 2002, ISSN 1569-1853, pp. 367-399), presenting the rationale of the study, the methodology and quantitative aspects, has been posted on SSRN as well. The aim of the second part of this study is to explore three key aspects of the resort to international judicial bodies by developing countries: access to judicial bodies; capacity to use them; and willingness to use them.
Essential Role of Wnt3a-Mediated Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38 for the Stimulation of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Matrix Mineralization in C3H10T1/2 Mesenchymal Cells

Signaling pathways involved in the development of osteoprogenitors induced by Wnts remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPKs in the development of mesenchymal cells into osteoprogenitors. In C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells, Wnt3a induced a rapid and transient activation of MAPKs p38 and ERK. Dickkopf 1, a selective antagonist of Wnt proteins binding to low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein-5/6 did not influence activation of p38 and ERK induced by Wnt3a. A MAPK kinase-1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor blocked, whereas a p38 inhibitor had no effect on, Wnt3a-induced cell proliferation. In contrast, both inhibitors significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase stimulation with a more pronounced effect of the p38 inhibitor. The p38 inhibitor also blunted nodule mineralization induced by Wnt3a. Associated with these effects, β-catenin transcriptional activity, assessed with the TOPflash system, was dose-dependently decreased by the p38 but not by the ERK inhibitor. Both the reduced a...
REPORT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY MEETINGS

AbstractPurpose: We summarize presentations on topics of interest to the pediatric urologist from the annual meeting of the American Society of Nephrology, November 1996.Materials and Methods: We reviewed all abstracts submitted for presentation and subsequently published in abstract form. Only those abstracts containing information pertinent to the field of pediatric urology were summarized for this report.Results: A total of 24 abstracts addressing a variety of topics were summarized. Obstructive uropathy was represented by the greatest number of papers and reflects the multiple investigative efforts currently evaluating the cellular aspects of this disorder. The genetic basis of hypercalciuria and the impact of water metabolism on nephroliathisis were also discussed.Conclusions: Clinical and basic research activities that are of mutual interest to pediatric urologists and nephrologists are being conducted. The topic of obstructive uropathy has received the greatest attention during the last year. Howev...
Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction 1. Roman theories of translation: the fusion of grammar and rhetoric 2. From antiquity to the Middle Ages I: the place of translation and the value of hermeneutics 3. The rhetorical character of academic commentary 4. Translation and interlingual commentary: Notker of St Gall and the Ovide moralise 5. Translation and intralingual reception: French and English traditions of Boethius' Consolatio 6. From antiquity to the Middle Ages II: rhetorical invention as hermeneutical performance 7. Translation as rhetorical invention: Chaucer and Gower Afterword Notes Bibliography Index of names and titles General index.
Transonic shock oscillations calculated with a new interactive boundary layer coupling method

A new viscous-inviscid interactive coupling method is described with the aim of allowing time-accurate computation of unsteady transonic flows involving separation and reattachment. A lag-entrainment integral boundary layer method is used in conjunction with a transonic small disturbance potential code. The solutions are coupled with a novel variable gain, integral control method for the boundary layer displacement thickness. Efficient and robust computations of steady and unsteady separated flows, including steady separation bubbles and self-excited shock-induced oscillations, are presented. The buffet onset boundary for the NACA 0012 airfoil is accurately predicted and shown computationally to be a Hopf bifurcation. Shock-induced oscillations are also presented for the 18 percent thick circular arc airfoil. The oscillation onset boundaries and frequencies are accurately predicted, as is the experimentally observed hysteresis of the oscillations with Mach number; this latter stability boundary is identified as a jump phenomenon.
Probabilistic Framework for Uncertainty Propagation With Both Probabilistic and Interval Variables

This paper develops and illustrates a probabilistic approach for uncertainty representation and propagation in system analysis, when the information on the uncertain input variables and/or their distribution parameters may be available as either probability distributions or simply intervals (single or multiple). A unique aggregation technique is used to combine multiple interval data and to compute rigorous bounds on the system response cumulative distribution function. The uncertainty described by interval data is represented through a flexible family of probability distributions. Conversion of interval data to a probabilistic format enables the use of computationally efficient methods for probabilistic uncertainty propagation. Two methods are explored for the implementation of the proposed approach, based on (1) sampling and (2) optimization. The sampling-based strategy is more expensive and tends to underestimate the output bounds. The optimization-based methodology improves both aspects. The proposed methods are used to develop new solutions to challenge problems posed by the Sandia epistemic uncertainty workshop (Oberkampf et al., 2004, "Challenge Problems: Uncertainty in System Response Given Uncertain Parameters," Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 85, pp. 11―19). Results for the challenge problems are compared with earlier solutions.
The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: A chemical equilibrium model for the Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system to high concentration from 0 to 250°C

A chemical equilibrium model is described which is used to calculate solubilities within experimental uncertainties in the Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system from zero to high ionic strength and from 0 to 250°C. This model is an expansion of the variable temperature Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O model of Moller (1988). It is parameterized by fitting available osmotic and solubility data in all common ion systems involving the potassium ion: Na-K-Cl-H2O, Na-K-SO4-H2O, K-Cl-SO4-H2O, K-Ca-Cl-H2O, and K-Ca-SO4-H2O. Limitations of the model due to data insufficiencies are discussed and comparisons of model calculations with the available data are given. Model predictions for solubility in the complex reciprocal systems, Na-K-Cl-SO4-H2O and K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O, are compared with experiment. Data for the two systems were available only in the temperature ranges 0–100°C and 25–55°C, respectively. The phase diagram predicted for the halite-saturated Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O quinary system at 100°C is also presented. This model will be used to extend the Harvie et al. (1984) model for the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4-CO2-H2O seawater system to high temperature.
Toxoplasma gondii: genetic recombination between drug resistant mutants.

Abstract Mutants resistant to adenine arabinoside (ara-A) or to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) were isolated from a newly isolated oocyst producing strain of Toxoplasma gondii . The selection and characterization of these mutants were carried out in human fibroblast cultures. The ara-A-resistant mutant lacked the enzyme adenosine kinase. The biochemical basis of FUDR resistance remains unknown. Both mutants were used to infect mice to produce brain cysts that contained bradyzoites. Mouse brains that contained cysts were fed to kittens to complete the sexual cycle of T. gondii . Those kittens fed cysts of only one drug-resistant mutant excreted oocysts that yielded no detectable recombinant doubly resistant parasites that could make plaques in the presence of both ara-A and FUDR. Kittens fed a mixture of cysts that contained both mutants excreted oocysts that contained approximately 12% doubly resistant parasites. The reciprocal recombinant, sensitive to both drugs, was also isolated. The doubly resistant recombinant was totally deficient in adenosine kinase activity. This pattern of inheritance is consistant only with a haploid genome for all stages of T. gondii except the zygote formed by fusion of gametes and the unsporulated oocyst. Two FUDR-resistant mutants were also defective in the production of oocysts. These mutants failed to recombine with an ara-A-resistant mutant of proven fertility and thus their inability to make oocysts must result from a defect in the production of both microgametes and macrogametes.
Development of small-molecule probes that selectively kill cells induced to express mutant RAS

Synthetic lethal screening is a chemical biology approach to identify small molecules that selectively kill oncogene-expressing cell lines with the goal of identifying pathways that provide specific targets against cancer cells. We performed a high-throughput screen of 303,282 compounds from the National Institutes of Health-Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (NIH-MLSMR) against immortalized BJ fibroblasts expressing HRAS(G12V) followed by a counterscreen of lethal compounds in a series of isogenic cells lacking the HRAS(G12V) oncogene. This effort led to the identification of two novel molecular probes (PubChem CID 3689413, ML162 and CID 49766530, ML210) with nanomolar potencies and 4-23-fold selectivities, which can potentially be used for identifying oncogene-specific pathways and targets in cancer cells.
Activation of aldosterone and renin secretion by thermal stress.

Un stress thermique aigu est un activateur rapide et puissant de la secretion du systeme renineangiotensine et de l'aldosterone au cours d'une alimentation normo ou hyposodee, et peut etre utilise pour mesurer l'integrite des systemes de production de ces hormones.
Carboplatin and etoposide with hyperfractionated radiotherapy in children with newly diagnosed diffuse pontine gliomas: A phase I/II study

Background Diffuse pontine gliomas remain one of the most lethal of pediatric malignancies despite the use of increasingly intensive therapies. We delivered intensive chemotherapy during and following 70.2 Gy of hyperfractionated radiation therapy in an attempt to improve survival. Procedure Nine consecutive children with diffuse pontine gliomas were treated on this single arm study. Carboplatin, given in combination with fixed dose etoposide, was escalated in successive cohorts to determine its maximum tolerated systemic exposure (AUC). Outcome was coded based on imaging characteristics and clinical status. Results Eight of the nine children on thisstudy died of their disease at a median of 44 weeks, essentially the same survival as those treated on a previous Pediatric Oncology Group study using hyperfractionated radiation therapy alone. Toxicity was almost exclusively hematologic and not associated with significant morbidity. Conclusions The use of concurrent carboplatin and etoposide with hyperfractionated radiation therapy did not appear to improve the survival in this group of children with diffuse pontine gliomas. The toxicity of this chemotherapy during radiation therapy was primarily hematologic and well tolerated. New approaches to the treatment of these tumors need to be investigated. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 30:28–33, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear Equalization of Multimode Fiber Links Considering VCSEL Non-Idealities

VCSEL beam divergence and hence link bandwidth dependence on data patterns are taken into account to equalize multimode links. An algorithm is introduced that improves receiver sensitivity by 2 dB compared to linear equalization.
Thermoplastic Deformation and Residual Stress Topography of 4H-SiC Wafers

We have measured thermoplastic deformation in as-received, single-side polished, 4H-SiC wafers and also residual stresses in homoepitaxially grown epilayers on wafers by radius curvature measurements. The wafers studied had n-type resistivities of 0.010-0.011 ω-cm and p-type resistivities of 4.42, 4.72, 9.57 ω-cm. In a first thermal excursion to 900 °C in vacuum, the bow height of the bare substrates in all cases decreased with temperature. Upon cooling down, however, the bow heights remained largely unchanged from their values at 900 °C. A second cyclic excursion to 900 °C did not yield any significant change in the curvature, thus indicating that the substrates had thermoplastically deformed in the first heating cycle. Epilayers having nitrogen doping between 5 × 1017 and 2 × 1019 cm−3 grown on the n- and p-type substrates resulted in compressive stresses ranging between 190 and 400 MPa in the epilayers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the n-type epilayer (with doping levels of 5 × 1017 cm−3 and 5 × 1018 cm−3) on the n-type substrate, revealed bands of stacking faults (SFs) confined within the epilayers after the bicrystals were further annealed at 1150°C in nitrogen for thirty minutes. These doping levels are approximately one and two orders of magnitude below the reported threshold value of 3 × 1019 cm−3 previously suggested for the onset generation of SFs in annealed n-type 4H-SiC epilayers. The calculated residual stresses in all the epilayers were above the critical stress for the motion of dislocations above 1000 °C in 4H-SiC. Thus the SFs that form by glide of pre-existing partial dislocations may actually be stress induced and occur across a much wider range of doping levels. Therefore, it is possible that a significant mechanism for formation of the stacking faults and 3C bands observed in thermally treated 4H-SiC wafer is stress relief via the generation and motion of new and pre-existing partial dislocations on the basal planes of 4H-SiC.
Some properties of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase.

Abstract Some aspects of the kinetics of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase have been studied. Thiosemicarbazide exerts a type of inhibition on the enzyme which indicates the presence of a carbonyl group on the catalytic site of the protein. The possibility of the dehydrogenase being one enzyme catalyzing both the oxidation steps involved in the conversion of uridine diphosphoglucose to uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid was discussed.
Benign acute cerebellitis.

Two patients are described as examples of a benign acute cerebellar syndrome. Each had abnormal ocular oscillations and truncal ataxia after an upper respiratory infection. One had myoclonus of the head and neck; the other had ataxic dysarthria. Each exhibited a lymphocytic pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid. Historically similar cases have been identified as benign postviral encephalitis. No viral etiology was identified in these two patients or the reference cases. No other underlying pathology proposed for this syndrome has been proven in these two cases. In addition, the physical findings of each patient are most closely associated with isolated cerebellar dysfunction. Therefore, the authors prefer to label these cases, benign acute cerebellitis.
Quantum Theory of a Laser Model

We derive the kinetic equations for the coupled single-particle density matrix $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and the electromagnetic density matrix $R$ to lowest order in the dimensionless coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}})}^{2}$. The laser frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ is ${(4\ensuremath{\pi})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}{(\mathfrak{N}{r}_{0}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ where $\mathfrak{N}$ is the number of two-level systems per unit volume, ${r}_{0}$ is the classical electron radius, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the wavelength of the radiation, and $k{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ is the two-level energy difference. The Doppler frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}$ characterizes the center-of-mass motion. For gas lasers ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}$ is much less than 1 and, consequently, we generalize and use the Bogoliubov derivation of kinetic equations for weak interactions. We find solutions when the average field vanishes and which include spontaneous emission correctly. The single-particle density matrix and the radiation density matrix are coupled through their second moments. When we substitute the solution of the second-moment equations into the density-matrix equations, we find that each density matrix satisfies an uncoupled linear equation with known time-dependent coefficients. We introduce and discuss dissipation from the density-matrix point of view. With the use of the density-matrix formalism we indicate that the correct expansion parameter for higher order kinetic equations is ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}$.
Prohibitin inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear translocation via the novel mechanism of decreasing importin α3 expression.

Expression of prohibitin 1 (PHB), a multifunctional protein in the cell, is decreased during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Little is known regarding the regulation and role of PHB during intestinal inflammation. We examined the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD, on PHB expression and the effect of sustained PHB expression on TNF-α activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and epithelial barrier dysfunction, two hallmarks of intestinal inflammation. We show that TNF-α decreased PHB protein and mRNA abundance in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in colon mucosa in vivo. Sustained expression of prohibitin in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo (prohibitin transgenic mice, PHB TG) resulted in a marked decrease in TNF-α–induced nuclear translocation of the NF-κB protein p65, NF-κB/DNA binding, and NF-κB–mediated transcriptional activation despite robust IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation and increased cytosolic p65. Cells overexpressing PHB were protected from TNF-α–induced increased epithelial permeability. Expression of importin α3, a protein involved in p50/p65 nuclear import, was decreased in cells overexpressing PHB and in colon mucosa of PHB TG mice. Restoration of importin α3 levels sustained NF-κB activation by TNF-α during PHB transfection. These results suggest that PHB inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation via a novel mechanism involving alteration of importin α3 levels. TNF-α decreases PHB expression in intestinal epithelial cells and restoration of PHB expression in these cells can protect against the deleterious effects of TNF-α and NF-κB on barrier function.
Ascorbic acid content of adrenal glands of young albino rats after cold and other stresses.

Infant albino rats are unable to regulate their body temperatures under cold stress prior to 18 days of age. This was first reported by Hill (1947) and was corroborated by Fairfield (1948), Adolph (1948) and Holtkamp et al. (1949). The possibility that the adrenals of infant rats are incapable of active response to ACTH is suggested by the investigations of Emery and Winter (1934) while the report of Holtkamp et al. leads to speculation that, whereas the adrenals of the infant rat may be reactive to stimulation, their products (corticosteroids) may still not be utilized by the rat to maintain its temperature under cold stress. In the light of this possibility it was deemed pertinent to determine the ability of infant rats’ adrenals to respond to the stimulation of other types of stress than cold. methods and materials
Pharmacologic characterization of cloned α1-adrenoceptor subtypes: selective antagonists suggest the existence of a fourth subtype☆

Abstract In membranes prepared from Cos-7 or HeLa cells expressing one of three individual cloned α1-adrenoceptor subtypes, competition with 2-{(β-(4-hydroxy-3-[125I]iodophenyl)ethylaminomethyl}-tetralone ([125I]HEAT) by the selective compounds [+] niguldipine, 5-methyl-urapidil and benoxathian reveals high affinity for the clones α1-adrenoceptor subtype and low affinity for both the cloned α1A-adrenoceptor and α1B-adrenoceptor. Competition with [125I]HEAT by spiperone revealed high affinity for the cloned α1C-adrenoceptor, intermediate affinity for the cloned α1B-adrenoceptor, and low affinity for the cloned α1A-adrenoceptor. Combining pharmacological properties previously described for α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat membranes and here described from cloned receptors, these data suggest the existence of a fourth distinct α1-adrenoceptor subtype.
Fine structure of fluid segregation organelles of Paramecium contractile vacuoles.

The fluid segregation organelles of the Paramecium contractile vacuole are 50-nm diameter tubules, one end of which terminates blindly in the cytoplasm, the other open to the radial canals throughout the vacuolar cycle. The tubules are composed of coated membrane exhibiting 6 × 12 nm peg-shaped elements attached to the cytoplasmic dense lamina. Morphologically similar coated membranes have been demonstrated as the fluid segregation organelles in ciliate, flagellate, amoeboid, and sponge contractile vacuoles, as well as in numerous metazoan cells at sites of osmotic stress or water and electrolyte transport. The coat elements are perfectly situated to influence the properties of unstirred layers at the membrane interface, and this feature suggests a basic model of membrane permeability modulation.
On retiring the TRA/TPB without retiring the lessons learned: a commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau and Araújo-Soares

Sniehotta, Presseau, and Araujo-Soares (2014) questioned whether the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; e.g., Ajzen, 1988) has validity and utility. These are reasonable concerns. From the point of ...
Disruption of Reproductive Development in Male Rat Offspring Following in Utero Exposure to Phthalate Esters

Certain Phthalate esters have been shown to produce reproductive toxicity in male rodents with an age dependent sensitivity in effects with foetal animals being more sensitive than neonates which are in turn more sensitive than pubertal and adult animals. While the testicular effects of phthalates in rats have been known for more than 30 years, recent attention has been focused on the ability of these agents to produce effects on reproductive development in male offspring after in utero exposure. These esters and in particular di-butyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl) and butyl benzyl phthalates have been shown to produce a syndrome of reproductive abnormalities characterized by malformations of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, external genitalia (hypospadias), cryptorchidism and testicular injury together with permanent changes (feminization) in the retention of nipples/areolae (sexually dimorphic structures in rodents) and demasculinization of the growth of the perineum resulting in a reduced anogenital distance (AGD). Critical to the induction of these effects is a marked reduction in foetal testicular testosterone production at the critical window for the development of the reproductive tract normally under androgen control. A second Leydig cell product, insl3, is also significantly down regulated and is likely responsible for the cryptorchidism commonly seen in these phthalate-treated animals. The testosterone decrease is mediated by changes in gene expression of a number of enzymes and transport proteins involved in normal testosterone biosynthesis and transport in the foetal Leydig cell. Alterations in the foetal seminiferous cords are also noted after in utero phthalate treatment with the induction of multinucleate gonocytes that contribute to lowered spermatocyte numbers in postnatal animals. The phthalate syndrome of effects on reproductive development has parallels with the reported human testicular dysgenesis syndrome, although no cause and effect relationship exists after exposure of humans to phthalate esters. However humans are exposed to and produce the critical phthalate metabolites that have been detected in blood of the general population, in children and also human amniotic fluid.
On the first eigenfunction of the fixed membrane: Some extensions of results of Payne and Stakgold

A l'aide des deux principes de maximum de E. Hopf [3], [4], on obtient des bornes pour grad2w en fonction du quotientw=u/h, ouu est la premiere fonction propre d'une membrane vibranteD fixee sur son contour, et ouh est une solution positive de l'equation de Helmholz dansD. Dans le cas particulierh ≡ 1, on retrouve les resultats de L. E. Payne et I. Stakgold [7].
FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SUSPENDED SILICON CARBIDE NANOWIRE DEVICES AND DEFLECTION

In this paper, we report the measurement of the deflection of β-SiC nanowires supported at both ends. Such wires hold promise as active elements in NEMS/MEMS devices. To ensure the stable mechanical clamping and electrical contacts between electrodes and nanowires, we have developed a method of metal deposition to improve the contacts. This method consists of multiple depositions at different angles in order to avoid the shadow effect and reduce the compressive residual stress. The improvement of the contacts was verified via SEM observation and electrical transport measurements. To suspend the nanowire, a dielectric layer underneath was removed, followed by critical point drying. The change of electrical resistance was measured when the suspended nanowires were deflected by either capillary forces arising from the surface tension or electrostatic forces.
Advancements to the planogram frequency–distance rebinning algorithm

In this paper we consider the task of image reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET) with the planogram frequency–distance rebinning (PFDR) algorithm. The PFDR algorithm is a rebinning algorithm for PET systems with panel detectors. The algorithm is derived in the planogram coordinate system which is a native data format for PET systems with panel detectors. A rebinning algorithm averages over the redundant four-dimensional set of PET data to produce a three-dimensional set of data. Images can be reconstructed from this rebinned three-dimensional set of data. This process enables one to reconstruct PET images more quickly than reconstructing directly from the four-dimensional PET data. The PFDR algorithm is an approximate rebinning algorithm. We show that implementing the PFDR algorithm followed by the (ramp) filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm in linogram coordinates from multiple views reconstructs a filtered version of our image. We develop an explicit formula for this filter which can be used to achieve exact reconstruction by means of a modified FBP algorithm applied to the stack of rebinned linograms and can also be used to quantify the errors introduced by the PFDR algorithm. This filter is similar to the filter in the planogram filtered backprojection algorithm derived by Brasse et al. The planogram filtered backprojection and exact reconstruction with the PFDR algorithm require complete projections which can be completed with a reprojection algorithm. The PFDR algorithm is similar to the rebinning algorithm developed by Kao et al. By expressing the PFDR algorithm in detector coordinates, we provide a comparative analysis between the two algorithms. Numerical experiments using both simulated data and measured data from a positron emission mammography/tomography (PEM/PET) system are performed. Images are reconstructed by PFDR+FBP (PFDR followed by 2D FBP reconstruction), PFDRX (PFDR followed by the modified FBP algorithm for exact reconstruction) and planogram filtered backprojection image reconstruction algorithms. We show that the PFDRX algorithm produces images that are nearly as accurate as images reconstructed with the planogram filtered backprojection algorithm and more accurate than images reconstructed with the PFDR+FBP algorithm. Both the PFDR+FBP and PFDRX algorithms provide a dramatic improvement in computation time over the planogram filtered backprojection algorithm.
Low temperature atomic layer growth of aluminum nitride on Si(100) using dimethylethylamine alane and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine

Abstract Surface chemistry investigations of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (DMHy) and dimethylethylamine alane (DMEAA) on Si(100) and DMHy on aluminum were conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). DMHy and DMEAA both showed adsorption and decomposition behavior under certain conditions on Si(100) that was promising for aluminum nitride (AlN) deposition. For DMHy, a temperature window existed between approximately 600–720 K where adsorption of only NH x ( x =0–2) species occurred. DMEAA adsorption was self-limiting below approximately 420 K with the predominant species at 420 K being AlH y ( y =0–3). DMHy also showed promising adsorption and decomposition behavior under certain conditions on an aluminum film deposited on Si(100). At 660 K, nitridation of aluminum is observed with carbon contamination at the noise level. Using these results, a growth strategy was developed for the deposition of AlN thin films at low temperature employing a temperature modulated atomic layer growth (ALG) process. Exposure temperatures of 420 K for the DMEAA and 660 K for DMHy were selected. The growth strategy was implemented in an investigation of the first few cycles of ALG, and AlN was successfully deposited with carbon contamination at the noise level. No distinct advantage was observed for beginning the cycle with either DMEAA or DMHy. In either sequence, the growth proceeded primarily through the dehydrogenation of AlH y NH x , where regeneration of these species occurred in each cycle. This was also found to be the primary mechanism for ALG of AlN under similar processing conditions using DMEAA and ammonia.
PneumoniaCheck: A Device for Sampling Lower Airway Aerosols

The pathogens causing pneumonia are difficult to identify because a high quality specimen from the lower lung is difficult to obtain. A new specimen collection device is designed to collect aerosol specimens selectively from the lower lung generated during deep coughing. The PneumoniaCheck device utilizes a separation reservoir and Venturi valve to segregate contents from the upper and lower airways. The device also includes several specially designed features to exclude oral contaminants from the sample and a filter to collect the aerosolized pathogens. Verification testing of PneumoniaCheck demonstrates effective separation of upper airway gas from the lower airway gas (p <0.0001) and exclusion of both liquid and viscous oral material (p<0.0001) from the collection chamber. The filters can collect 99.9997% of virus and bacteria sized particles from the sampled lower lung aerosols. The selective collection of specimens from the lower airway may aid in the diagnosis of specific pathogens causing pneumonia.
Adrenergic and cholinergic mediated glucose oxidation by rat parotid gland acinar cells during aging

Abstract Adrenergic (both α and β) and cholinergic agonists stimulated glucose oxidation in dispersed parotid acinar cells obtained from various aged rats. Basal levels of glucose oxidation were constant over the adult rat life span. Epinephrine and norepinephrine effects on parotid cell glucose oxidation were reduced about 50% in cells from 24 mo rats compared to results with 3 and 12 mo rats. The epinephrine effect was mediated primarily via the α-adrenergic system. In addition, an α-adrenergic agonist (phenylephrine) stimulated glucose oxidation significantly less in parotid cells from 24 mo rats than in those from younger rats. β-Adrenergic (isoproterenol) and cholinergic (carbachol) stimulation did not change with age. These results suggest that an age-related impairment occurs specifically in the α-adrenergic system of rat parotid acinar cells.
Molecular structure and genetic stability of human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene duplications

We have determined the genetic stability of three independent intragenic human HPRT gene duplications and the structure of each duplication at the nucleotide sequence level. Two of the duplications were isolated as spontaneous mutations from the HL60 human myeloid leukemia cell line, while the third was originally identified in a Lesch-Nyhan patient. All three duplications are genetically unstable and have a reversion rate approximately 100-fold higher than the rate of duplication formation. The molecular structures of these duplications are similar, with direct duplication of HPRT exons 2 and 3 and of 6.8 kb (HL60 duplications) or 13.7 kb (Lesch-Nyhan duplication) of surrounding HPRT sequence. Nucleotide sequence analyses of duplication junctions revealed that the HL60-derived duplications were generated by unequal homologous recombination between clusters of Alu repeats contained in HPRT introns 1 and 3, while the Lesch-Nyhan duplication was generated by the nonhomologous insertion of duplicated HPRT DNA into HPRT intron 1. These results suggest that duplication substrates of different lengths can be generated from the human HPRT exon 2-3 region and can undergo either homologous or nonhomologous recombination with the HPRT locus to form gene duplications.
The basics of performance-monitoring hardware

Most modern, high-performance processors have special, on-chip hardware that monitors processor performance. Data collected by this hardware provides performance information on applications, the operating system, and the processor. These data can guide performance improvement efforts by providing information that helps programmers tune the algorithms used by the applications and operating system, and the code sequences that implement those algorithms.