cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TU‐G‐BRA‐09: Utility of 4D‐PET/CT for ITV Definition

Purpose: The potential role of four‐dimensional (4D) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in defining the internal target volume (ITV), relative to the standard three‐dimensional (3D) PET/CT, was examined. Methods: Eleven patients with respiratory‐induced tumor motion (8 lung, 2 liver, and 1 pancreas) were imaged using 3D and 4D FDG [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans while in the radiation therapytreatment position. Both 3D and 4D PET ITV's were manually contoured by two expert radiation oncologists based on their clinical judgment. Similar window and level values were used for both 3D and 4D PETimages to ensure consistency in ITV representation. For 4D PET, five breathing phases were used to contour the ITV that would encompass the full tumor motion. Student t‐test was performed to determine significance in the 3D and 4D volume difference. Results: Analysis of 11 patient tumors was conducted for calculation of 3D and 4D PET average volumes, standard deviation, percent difference, and t‐test significance. 4D PET average volume values were consistently larger than 3D PET average volumes over all eleven patient cases for both radiation oncologists. Results of radiation oncologist #1 revealed: 4DVOL‐AVG = 40.2 +/− 59.8 cc, 3DVOL‐AVG = 32.5 +/− 55.5 cc with %DIFF = 32.4 +/− 30.9% and p < 0.05. Likewise, results of radiation oncologist #2 shows: 4DVOL‐AVG = 48.1 +/− 66.1 cc, 3DVOL‐AVG = 39.9 +/− 60.7 cc with %DIFF = 27.8 +/− 18.7% and p \lt; 0.03. Both t‐test results show statistical significance. Conclusions: The use of 4D PETimages may lessen the probability of tumor volume underestimation due to undetected tumor motion when using the 3D PET modality. With 4D PET, a more accurate ITV which includes breathing motion may Result in improved radiation treatment delivery to the full, appropriate tumor volume, thus potentially improving treatment outcomes.
Measurements of terahertz electrical conductivity of intense laser-heated dense aluminum plasmas.

We report the electrical conductivity of laser-produced warm dense aluminum plasmas measured using single-shot ultrafast terahertz (THz) frequency spectroscopy. In contrast with experiments performed at optical frequencies, measurements based upon THz probe reflectivity directly determine a quasi-dc electrical conductivity, and therefore the analysis does not require a free-electron Drude model based extrapolation to recover the near zero frequency conductivity. In fact, our experimental results indicate that the Drude model breaks down for warm ($g0.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$), moderate-dense ($l1.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) aluminum at THz frequencies. A calculation of THz reflectivity over a non-Fresnel boundary in dense plasmas is also presented.
Agmatine: biological role and therapeutic potentials in morphine analgesia and dependence

Agmatine is an amine that is formed by decarboxylation of L-arginine by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and hydrolyzed by the enzyme agmatinase to putrescine. Agmatine binds to several target receptors in the brain and has been proposed as a novel neuromodulator. In animal studies, agmatine potentiated morphine analgesia and reduced dependence/withdrawal. While the exact mechanism is not clear, the interactions with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, α2-adrenergic receptors, and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling have been proposed as possible targets. Like other monoamine transmitter molecules, agmatine is rapidly metabolized in the periphery and has poor penetration into the brain, which limits the use of agmatine itself as a therapeutic agent. However, the development of agmatinase inhibitors will offer a useful method to increase endogenous agmatine in the brain as a possible therapeutic approach to potentiate morphine analgesia and reduce dependence/ withdrawal. This review provides a succinct discussion of the biological role/therapeutic potential of agmatine during morphine exposure/pain modulation, with an extensive amount of literature cited for further details.
Metrics of Scholarly Impact

Assessments of scientific contribution are important for a variety of reasons. For individuals early in their career, metrics of scientific work can provide valuable feedback about where they stand...
Gender-related assessment of childhood play.

Parent-report based scales for the assessment of sex-dimorphic behavior are an important tool in research on psychosexual differentiation and its disorders. This paper presents the factor analysis and corresponding scale development for the slightly expanded Child Game Participation Questionnaire (Bates & Bentler, 1973), based on the parents of a demographically diverse school sample of 355 girls and 333 boys aged 6 to 10 years. Evidence supporting each of three theoretical positions in gender assessment — unidimensional bipolar, two-dimensional unipolar, and multidimensional — was provided. Effect sizes were unusually large for gender, but small for age, socioeconomic level, and race/ethnicity.
The rat kidney contains high levels of prouroguanylin (the uroguanylin precursor) but does not express GC-C (the enteric uroguanylin receptor).

The peptide uroguanylin (Ugn) regulates enteric and renal electrolyte transport. Previous studies have shown that Ugn and its receptor GC-C (a ligand-activated guanylate cyclase) are abundant in the intestine. Less is known about Ugn and GC-C expression in the kidney. Here, we identify a 9.4-kDa polypeptide in rat kidney extracts that appears, based on its biochemical and immunological properties, to be authentic prouroguanylin (proUgn). This propeptide is relatively plentiful in the kidney (∼16% of intestinal levels), whereas its mRNA is marginally present (<1% of intestinal levels), and free Ugn peptide levels are below detection limits (<0.4% of renal proUgn levels). The paucity of preproUgn-encoding mRNA and free Ugn peptide raises the possibility that the kidney might absorb intact proUgn from plasma, where the concentration of propeptide greatly exceeds that of Ugn. However, immunocytochemical analysis reveals that renal proUgn is found exclusively in distal tubular segments, sites previously shown not to accumulate radiolabeled proUgn after intravascular infusions. Thus proUgn appears to be synthesized within the kidney, but the factors that determine its abundance (rates of transcription, translation, processing, and secretion) must be balanced quite differently than in the gut. Surprisingly, we also find negligible expression of GC-C in the rat kidney, a result confirmed both by RT-PCR and by functional assays that measure Ugn-activated cGMP synthesis. Taken together, these data provide evidence for an intrarenal Ugn system that differs from the well-described intestinal system in its regulatory mechanisms and in the receptor targeted by the peptide.
Developmental physiology of cestodes—X. The effect of crowding on carbohydrate levels and on RNA, DNA and protein synthesis in Hymenolepis diminuta☆

Abstract 1. 1. The carbohydrate concentration in the germinative and immature regions of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) was not affected by high population density. 2. 2. Crowding resulted in lower carbohydrate concentration in the mature and gravid regions. 3. 3. High population density partially inhibited RNA, DNA and protein synthesis along the strobila of 12-day-old H. diminuta . 4. 4. Uptake of precursors to macromolecular synthesis was also inhibited, but the inhibition of uptake was less than that of synthesis. 5. 5. RNA and DNA synthesis were more severely inhibited in the germinative, immature and mature regions than in the gravid area, protein synthesis was least affected in the germinative region of the strobila. 6. 6. The implications of the results in relation to the operational mechanism of the “crowding effect” in cestodes is discussed.
Alcohol-Associated Acute Head Trauma in Human Subjects Is Associated With Early Deficits in Serum Ionized Mg and Ca

Abstract Acute head trauma (AHT) (caused by motor vehicle accidents that did not produce loss of consciousness or observed brain lesions on CT scan, or falls) was found to result in early (1–8 h after injury) serum deficits in ionized magnesium (IMg 2+ ) and ionized calcium (ICa 2+ ) assessed with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Total Mg (TMg) and other electrolytes as well as serum biochemical analytes were all within the normal reference ranges. AHT patients with acute alcohol intoxication (BAC ≥ 150 mg/dl) or alcohol abuse (BAC > 200 mg/dl) demonstrated deficits (15–35% less than normal) in IMg 2+ , but serum TMg levels were normal as were electrolytes and serum biochemical analytes. AHT patients with alcohol intoxication or alcohol abuse required hospitalization for 1–3 days prior to release, whereas AHT patients without alcohol intoxication were released in less than 24 h. The ICa 2+ /IMg 2+ ratio, a sign of increased vascular tone and vascular reactivity, was significantly elevated in AHT patients with alcohol intoxication but not in AHT patients without alcohol intoxication or abuse. These serum divalent cation changes early after traumatic brain injury could be of considerable practicable diagnostic value in the assessment of alcohol-associated head injury. Use of ion-selective electrodes to accurately measure IMg 2+ could serve as a logical basis for monitoring the response of the body to AHT.
Efficacy of Dietary and Injected Vitamin E for Poults

An experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of two dietary sources and an injectable form of vitamin E (VE) to improve the VE status of poults. Six of the treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of three concentrations and two sources of dietary VE. Turkeys in these treatments received 12, 80, or 150 IU of either dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or d-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-TOC)/kg of diet. The seventh treatment consisted of a single subcutaneous injection of d-alpha-TOC at 1 d of age. Poults in this treatment were subcutaneously injected in the dorsal area of the neck with 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC, this amount being approximately equivalent to the amount poults would consume if their diet was supplemented with 150 IU of VE/kg during their 1st wk of life. Concentration, source, or route of VE administration did not affect growth parameters, plasma creatine kinase, plasma triglycerides, or liver lipid peroxidation as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS). Plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and liver alpha-TOC decreased from hatching to 14 d of age in poults fed either source of VE. The use of 80 or 150 IU of dietary VE (either source) reduced (P < 0.05) the extent of depletion of alpha-TOC at all ages and also reduced the susceptibility of RBC to hemolysis. There was no effect of source of dietary VE on concentration of alpha-TOC in plasma, RBC, or liver, or on RBC hemolysis. Subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC at Day 1 increased (P < 0.05) alpha-TOC concentration until 7 d of age. Also, d-alpha-TOC injection reduced (P < 0.05) RBC susceptibility to hemolysis through 21 d of age. Data showed that one single subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC at 1 d of age was as effective as 80 IU or more of dietary VE through 21 d to improve the alpha-TOC status of poults.
The role of semantic and syntactic constraints in the memorization of English sentences

Summary Ninety-six Ss learned normal sentences, anomalous sentences, anagram strings, and word-lists for five trials by the method of free recall. The results demonstrate a differentiation between semantic and syntactic factors and a facilitory effect of both on learning.
Student perceptions of the use of pre-recorded lecture modules and class exercises in a molecular biology course ☆

Abstract Objective To describe the design, implementation, and assessment of a hybrid learning molecular biology course. Design Students were assigned to watch pre-recorded lectures (modules) prior to class. Class time was used for applying the theory in the modules to exercises designed to explore the material at a deeper level. Student perceptions of the use of modules and class exercises as a tool to enhance learning were examined using a survey with a 5-point Likert Disagree–Agree response scale. Assessment One hundred percent of the students participating in the survey indicated that the pre-recorded modules and class exercises helped enhance their learning, and that the hybrid course design effectively combined active and passive learning methods. Over 95% of the students indicated that the course design helped them to learn the material more effectively at all levels of Bloom’s taxonomy compared to a traditional lecture-based course. Conclusion Providing students with modules allows them to review a recorded lecture multiple times and learn the course material at their own pace. Use of the modules also frees up classroom time that can then be used for active learning exercises and detailed application of the material. Students believed that combining pre-recorded modules with class exercises allowed them to become more actively engaged in the learning process and develop better understanding of the course material. Students also perceived that the hybrid learning approach in molecular biology promoted better recall, understanding, application, analysis, and integration of the material compared to a traditional lecture-based course.
Exogenous IL-7 induces Fas-mediated human neuronal apoptosis: potential effects during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

The use of exogenous cytokines is part of translational immune-antiretroviral approaches to induce immune reconstitution and possibly eliminate the persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in virally suppressed infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Recently, our laboratories demonstrated that interleukin-7 (IL-7) has significant efficiency in stimulating HIV-1 replication from proviral latency in CD4+ T lymphocytes of infected patients. The authors now investigated the possible role of IL-7 in HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). The authors demonstrated that the IL-7 receptor is expressed on both human neurons (i.e., differentiated NT2 cells) and human astrocytes, with relatively higher mRNA levels in neurons. The translational protein levels of IL-7 receptor α were not proportional to those of the mRNA levels in these central nervous system (CNS)-based cell types. Exogenous IL-7 was observed to only slightly down-regulate IL-7 receptor α expression on both neurons and astrocytes, as assayed by Western blotting. Instead of promoting survival, surprisingly, exogenous IL-7 induced neuronal apoptosis, as detected by TUNEL assays. Furthermore, IL-7 augmented neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120. Human apoptosis genomic microarray analyses of IL-7-treated human neurons showed up-regulated expression of proapoptotic genes: protein kinases, caspase-10, FAST kinase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, and BCL2-antagonist of cell death. These data suggest that IL-7 leads to neuronal apoptosis by a molecular mechanism(s) that occurs via Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death. These studies may therefore not only be key in evaluating the potential use of IL-7 in vivo as a therapeutic modality, but also suggest that IL-7, which is increased endogenously in HIV-1-infected individuals late in disease, may be involved in the neuronal apoptosis demonstrated during HAD.
Empirical comparison of robustness of classifiers on IR imagery

Many classifiers have been proposed for ATR applications. Given a set of training data, a classifier is built from the labeled training data, and then applied to predict the label of a new test point. If there is enough training data, and the test points are drawn from the same distribution (i.i.d.) as training data, then many classifiers perform quite well. However, in reality, there will never be enough training data or with limited computational resources we can only use part of the training data. Likewise, the distribution of new test points might be different from that of the training data, whereby the training data is not representative of the test data. In this paper, we empirically compare several classifiers, namely support vector machines, regularized least squares classifiers, C4.4, C4.5, random decision trees, bagged C4.4, and bagged C4.5 on IR imagery. We reduce the training data by half (less representative of the test data) each time and evaluate the resulting classifiers on the test data. This allows us to assess the robustness of classifiers against a varying knowledge base. A robust classifier is the one whose accuracy is the least sensitive to changes in the training data. Our results show that ensemble methods (random decision trees, bagged C4.4 and bagged C4.5) outlast single classifiers as the training data size decreases.
Bed load motion and grain sorting in a meandering stream

A three-dimensional moment analysis defines both particle mobility and the average orientation angle of moving bedload particles in meander bends. Accordingly, under identical bed shear stress and near-bed streamline orientation angle on a side slope, bedload particles of different sizes move in different directions. This sorting mechanism has been verified in the sharp meander bends of Fall River, Colorado. The extensive field data set includes near-bed sediment transport measurements by size fractions from 0.125 to 32 mm using a Helley-Smith sampler. The field measurements in two meander bends corroborate the theoretical model: particles finer than d50preferentially move up the point bar and particles coarser than d50 move toward the thalweg. The measured deviation angle between the mean trajectory of 0.125 mm and 32 mm particles reaches 20° near the bend apex.
Expression and assembly of the erythroid membrane-skeletal proteins ankyrin (goblin) and spectrin in the morphogenesis of chicken neurons.

The membrane-skeleton of adult chicken neurons in the cerebellum and optic system is composed of polypeptides structurally and functionally related to the erythroid proteins spectrin and ankyrin, respectively. Neuronal spectrin comprises two distinct complexes that share a common α subunit (Mr 240,000) but which have structurally distinct polymorphic subunits (β′β spectrin; Mr 220/225,000; γ spectrin, Mr 235,000): the brain-specific form (αγ spectrin or fodrin) and an erythrocyte-specific form (αβ′β spectrin). Two structurally related isoforms of ankyrin have also been identified and are termed α (Mr 260,000) and β (Mr 237,000) ankyrin. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that the variants of spectrin and ankyrin, respectively, have different distributions within neurons. On the one hand, αγ spectrin and β ankyrin are present throughout the neuron, in the perikaryon, dendrites and axon, whereas αβ′ spectrin and α ankyrin are localized exclusively in the perikaryon and dendrites where they are actively segregated from αγ spectrin and other components of axonal transport. This asymmetric distribution of spectrin and ankyrin isoforms is established in distinct stages during neuronal morphogenesis. Early in cerebellar and retinal development, αγ spectrin is expressed in mitotic cells. Subsequently β ankyrin and αγ spectrin are co-expressed in postmitotic cells and gradually accumulate on the plasma membrane in a uniform pattern throughout the neuron during the phase of cell growth. At the onset of synaptogenesis and the cessation of cell growth, their levels of synthesis decline sharply while the assembled proteins remained as stable membrane components. Concomitantly, there is a dramatic induction in the accumulation of α ankyrin and αβ′ spectrin, whose assembly is limited to the plasma membrane of the perikarya and dendrites. These results demonstrate that two successive, developmentally regulated programs of ankyrin and spectrin expression and patterning on the plasma membrane are involved in the assembly of the spectrin-based asymmetry in the neuronal membrane-skeleton, and that their asymmetric distribution is actively maintained throughout the life of the neuron.
The Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits in a Founder Population

We estimated broad heritabilities (H 2 ) and narrow heritabilities (h 2 ) and conducted genomewide screens, using a novel association-based mapping approach for 20 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) among the Hutterites, a founder population that practices a communal lifestyle. Heritability estimates ranged from .21 for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) to .99 for whole-blood serotonin levels. Using a multipoint method to detect association under a recessive model we found evidence of major QTLs for six traits: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]), systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum cortisol, and whole-blood serotonin. Second major QTLs for Lp(a) and for cortisol were identified using a single-point method to detect association under a general two-allele model. The heritabilities for these six traits ranged from .37 for triglycerides to .99 for serotonin, and three traits (LDL, SBP, and serotonin) had significant dominance variances (i.e., H 2 1 h 2 ). Surprisingly, there was little correlation between measures of heritability and the strength of association on a genomewide screen ( ), suggesting that P 1 .50 heritability estimates per se do not identify phenotypes that are influenced by genes with major effects. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of genomewide association studies for QTL mapping. However, even in this young founder population that has extensive linkage disequilibrium, map densities !!5 cM may be required to detect all major QTLs.
Stiction in Low Humidity Environment

The susceptibility of MEMS devices, treated with anti-stiction coatings, to stiction in a low humidity environment has been investigated for the first time. Wafer-level testing with a pull-in/pull-out voltage technique and current compliant source was used to detect stiction on capped and uncapped wafers. Devices capped in dry Nitrogen environment were found to be sticky at both the wafer-level pull-in/pull-out test as well as the packaged part tap test. Although uncapped devices did not show stiction in a room environment using the pull-in/pull-out detection technique, successive drops in pull-out voltage were detected as the conditions of the test control chamber became drier. The ability of the anti-stiction coating to retain charge was analyzed using KLA-Tencor Quantox XP system where the deposited charge decayed in 6 minutes when measured in room air conditions. Successive pull-in/pull-out cycles separated by a delay of 15 seconds showed decay in pull-out voltage of 22mV/cycle. This unprecedented demonstration opens up new opportunities for understanding stiction in MEMS devices and implementing the necessary solutions.
Use of Rubidium to Label Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Greenbugs (Homoptera: Aphididae), for Dispersal Studies

A reliable method of labeling is needed to study dispersal of the braconid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), an important biological control of greenbugs, Schizaphisgraminum (Rondani), on grain sorghum, Sorghumbieolor (L.) Moench. The feasibility of using aqueous solutions of rubidium chloride (RbCl) applied as a foliar spray or soil drench to label greenbugs and 1. testaceipes developing within greenbugs was studied. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to identify the minimal concentration of RbCl to assure labeling of greenbugs and wasps, persistence of Rb throughout the wasp's life span, mobility of Rb to unsprayed sorghum leaves, and feasibility of studying dispersal using a release-recapture technique with Rb-labeled wasps. Both greenbugs and wasps could be labeled using RbCl at concentrations of 2,500-10,000 ppm. Rubidium content in labeled wasps did not significantly vary during the first 7 d after emergence. Greenbugs feeding on unsprayed leaves were labeled up to 4 wk after leaves were sprayed. Rb-labeled wasps were found at the maximum trap distance from the release site (60 m) within 1 d after release.
DYNAMIC NUCLEAR ORIENTATION FOR NUCLEI OF SPIN I = 1

Abstract Dynamic nuclear polarization and alignmemt by both the Overhauser and Jeffries-Abragam techniques are investigated analytically for nuclei of spin I = 1 interacting with paramagnetic electrons of spin S = 1 2 in a strong magnetic field. Various assumptions are made regarding the relative magnitude of the nuclear Zeeman interaction and the hyperfine interaction, the algebraic signs of γn and A and the type of relaxation. It is found in all cases treated that high percentage values of nuclear orientation may be achieve for H 0 T ≈ 4×10 4 G/deg . Both positive and negative polarization and alignment are possible. One unusual case of alignment approaching minus two while the polarization goes to zero is found to be the result of the filling up at low temperature of the m = 0 nuclear spin state.
Numerical analysis of the response of reinforced soils to direct shearing: Part 2

A soil-reinforcement load transfer model was developed by the authors1 to simulate the response of the reinforced soil material to triaxial compression and direct shearing. This paper presents the application of the proposed model for the numerical analysis of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of the mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility (elastic modulus) of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface on the response of the reinforced soil material to direct shearing. An attempt is made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical test simulations with experimental results reported by Jewell,2 and Gray and Ohashi.3 Comparisons of predicted and experimental results illustrate that the model can provide adequate simulations of the response of the reinforced soil material to shearing. In particular, it allows an evaluation of the effect of soil dilatancy (or contractancy), and extensibility of the reinforcement on tension forces generated in inclusions during shearing.
Relevance of phenotypic variation in risk assessment: The scientific viewpoint

Everyone knows that people vary widely in their responses to local environmental changes such as heat or cold, pollen, rotation, or high altitudes. We know a great deal about such responses; how they depend on an individual’s previous exposures, lifestyle and age, for example. A much more difficult problem, because of the absence of good, human data, is the evaluation of dose-response curves for exposures to radiations or environmental chemicals. If we had such data, it would be possible to estimate risk from exposure; unfortunately, almost all the human data that exist are not the result of chronic exposures, but come from acute, high doses. Likewise, animal data almost always represent effects at high doses. Thus the problem is how to extrapolate from high doses to low doses. One can either do the extrapolation arbitrarily or take some scientific approach to the problem. One such approach is to understand the mechanisms at the molecular level responsible for the observed effects and then to use this understanding to construct theories permitting the extrapolation from high to low doses. Therefore, what we need are good biological theories. However, superimposed on such theories must be an analysis of the variability in the responses of the human population. These variabilities can be thought of as subsets within rather broad categories, as indicated in Table 1.
Acidification in the medullary collecting duct following ureteral obstruction

Acidification in the medullary collecting duct following ureteral obstruction. A defect in urine acidification has been described in obstructive uropathy. Since the collecting tubule from the inner stripe of the outer medulla (OMCTi) is the major site for distal acidification, isolated OMCTi nephron segments from control rabbits and from rabbits after 24hr of unilateral (UUO) or bilateral (BUO) ureteral obstruction were studied. Tubules were perfused (4 nliter/min) and bcithed with an artificial solution resembling rabbit serum ultrafiltrate, and 3 H inulin was incorporated in the perfusate as a volume marker. Water absorption (Jv) was -0.03 ± 0.03 nliter · mm -1 · min -1 in control tubules, and was significantly (P -1 · min -1 ) and BUO (-0.29 ± 0.07 nliter/mm -1 · min -1 ) tubules, as a result of an inulin leak. Bicarbonate absorption (J HCO 3 ) in control tubules was 11.61 ± 1.21 pmole · mm -1 · min -1 and was significantly lower in UUO tubules (7.59 ± 1.09 pmole · mm -1 · min -1 , P HCO 3 in BUO tubules although lower than control (7.96 ± 2.75 pmole · mm -1 · min -1 ) did not achieve statistical significance because of a high degree of heterogeneity among tubules. To determine whether the acidification disorder was due to a gradient or capacity defect, the ability of the tubules to lower HCO 3 - concentration (ΔHC0 3 ) at low rate of perfusion (1 nliter/min) was examined. No difference in ΔHCO 3 was found among the three groups being 8.98 ± 0.54, 9.95 ± 1.76, and 8.93 ± 2.19 mmole in control, UUO and BUO tubules respectively. We conclude that ureteral obstruction results in an acidification defect due to a reduced capacity for H + secretion.
Pho Phai and faux Phais : The market for fakes and the appropriation of a Vietnamese national symbol

Abstract When Hanoi's favorite painter Bui Xuan Phai died in 1988, he became a legend in Vietnamese art circles. He was known as much for his paintings of ‘Old’ Hanoi streets ‐ earning him the nickname of Pho'Phai or ‘street’ Phai‐ as for his frequent visits to the underground cafes where banned writers spent their evenings drinking and philosophizing. As the Vietnamese economy improved in the early 1990s, a clientele for his paintings began to develop among Westerners visiting Hanoi. Gradually, it became increasingly clear that most of the paintings on the market attributed to Phai were in fact forgeries. This article will discuss the expectations of Westerners and their interest in an ‘authentic’ Vietnamese painting and its contrast to Vietnamese visions of their city in decay. The article illustrates how opposite notions of ‘authenticity’ and history define the cultural production of taste and alter perceptions about art and the ‘Orient.’
Residual-ion orientation after autoionization

We have measured the relative population in the two ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{j}}$ states of barium 6${\mathit{p}}_{1/2}$ ions produced by the autoionization of (6${\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$nd${)}_{\mathit{J}=\mathit{M}\mathit{J}}$=3 states by detecting the helicity of the emitted fluorescence. These populations can be related to the relative branching ratio into the 6${\mathit{p}}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$ and 6${\mathit{p}}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathit{g}}_{7/2}$ continuum channels. Rydberg states with n=16\char21{}23 have similar branching ratios, producing approximately six times as much 6${\mathit{p}}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$ population as 6${\mathit{p}}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathit{g}}_{7/2}$ population.
Proteomics based on high-efficiency capillary separations

Identifying and quantifying in a high throughput manner the proteins expressed by cells, tissues or an organism provides the basis for understanding the functions of its constituents at a "systems" level. As a result, proteome analysis has increasingly become the focus of significant interest and research over the past decade. This is especially true following the recent stunning achievements in genomics analyses. However, unlike the static genome, the complexities and dynamism of the proteome present significant analytical challenges and demand highly efficient separations and detection technologies. A number of recent technological advancements have been in direct response to these challenges. Currently, strategically mated combinations of sophisticated separations techniques and advanced mass spectrometric detection represent the best approach to addressing the intricacies of the proteome. Liquid-phase separations, often within capillaries, are increasingly recognized as the best separations technique for this approach. In combination on-line with mass spectrometry, liquid-phase separations provide the improved analytical sensitivity, sample throughput, and quantitation capabilities necessitated by the multifaceted problems within proteomics analyses. This review focuses primarily on current high-efficiency capillary separations techniques, including both capillary liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, applied to the analysis of complex proteomic samples. We emphasize developments at our laboratory and illustrate technical advances that attempt to review the role of separations within the broader context of a state-of-the-art integrated proteomics effort.
Mechanism of the sensitization of bacterial transforming DNA to ultraviolet light by the incorporation of 5-bromouracil.

Abstract It is shown that the introduction of 5-bromouracil into Bacillus subtilis DNA allows ultraviolet light of wavelength 254 nm to produce single-strand breaks in fully substituted DNA at the rate of about 0.007 break/106 daltons/erg/mm2. This rate is at least 500-fold greater than the rate for induction of breaks in DNA containing no bromouracil. Breaks are not produced in the strand containing thymine in hybrid DNA. It is also shown that the loss of transforming activity by ultraviolet irradiation of B. subtilis DNA with all thymine replaced by bromouracil is quantitatively accounted for by the single-strand breaks, with negligible contribution from other damage to the bases. When thymine is fully replaced by bromouracil, the shape of the survival curve for transforming activity changes from the usual concave curve to an exponential one. The loss of transforming activity of hybrid DNA is greater than that which would be calculated under the assumption that the individual strands lose activity in the same way as the normal unsubstituted DNA and the fully substituted DNA.
PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE TO INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF AMINO ACIDS.

The Development of a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay method for the determination of human growth hormone has made it possible to measure changes of plasma levels of endogenous growth hormone in response to a number of physiologic stimuli. Plasma levels of growth hormone have been shown to rise during or following spontaneous and experimentally induced hypoglycemia (1–3), prolonged fasting (1), vigorous muscular exercise (1, 2), surgical stress (4), inhibition of glucose utilization by 2-desoxy-glucose (1), and a rapid and significant fall in blood glucose levels (5). Administration of glucose to normal individuals promptly suppresses such elevated plasma levels of growth hormone (1, 5). It has been suggested that oral feeding of protein will also reduce levels of growth hormone (2).
Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of cobalt(II) 4,4',4",4"'-tetrasulfophthalocyanine by 2-mercaptoethanol under anoxic conditions

The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of cobalt(II) 4,4’,4’’,4'’’-tetrasulfophthalocyanine by 2-mercaptoethanol to yield cobalt(I) tetrasulfophthalocyanine and 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide under anoxic conditions were investigated and the following rate law was found: v = -d[Co^(II)TSP]_T/dt = k_2K_1[RSH]_T[Co^(II)TSP]_T{2(1 + ɑ_H+ /Ka_1,+ Ka_2/ɑ_H+)(l+ ɑ[RSH]_T)}, where k_2 is a rate constant for the rate-limiting electron-transfer step, and K_1 is the equilibrium constant for the complexation of a CoTSP dimer with thioethanol; K_(a1) and K_(a2) are the apparent acid dissociation constants of HOC_2H_4SH and HOC_2H_4S^-, respectively; ɑ is K_1/(1 + ɑ_(H+)/K_(a1)+ K_(a2)/ɑ_(H+)):ɑ_H+ is the hydrogen ion activity. A nonlinear least-squares fit of the experimental data to the above rate law gave k_2 = 228 ± 3.8 s^(-l) and K_1 = 117 ± 2.5 M^(-1) at 27 oC at µ = 0.4 M.
Myosin II-Mediated Focal Adhesion Maturation Is Tension Insensitive

Myosin II motors drive changes in focal adhesion morphology and composition in a “maturation process” that is crucial for regulating adhesion dynamics and signaling guiding cell adhesion, migration and fate. The underlying mechanisms of maturation, however, have been obscured by the intermingled effects of myosin II on lamellar actin architecture, dynamics and force transmission. Here, we show that focal adhesion growth rate stays constant even when cellular tension is reduced by 75%. Focal adhesion growth halts only when myosin stresses are sufficiently low to impair actin retrograde flow. Focal adhesion lifetime is reduced at low levels of cellular tension, but adhesion stability can be rescued at low levels of force by over-expression of α-actinin or constitutively active Dia1. Our work identifies a minimal myosin activity threshold that is necessary to drive lamellar actin retrograde flow is sufficient to permit focal adhesion elongation. Above this nominal threshold, myosin-mediated actin organization and dynamics regulate focal adhesion growth and stability in a force-insensitive fashion.
Emissions from 200 000 vehicles: a remote sensing study

Abstract We have a device capable of remotely monitoring the mass emissions of CO and HC from passing vehicles in gm/l of fuel used in under 1 s/vehicle. The results from measuring the emissions of over 200 000 vehicles using this device show that a few vehicles, typically less than 10% of the fleet, are responsible for half the total emissions. This 10% of the fleet are referred to as ‘gross polluters’. The majority of gross polluters in the USA have had their emissions control systems tampered with despite laws to the contrary. Results from the USA, Canada, Mexico, the UK, and Sweden show that the USA imposition of emission controls has achieved a 50% reduction in fleet emissions, but for fleets everywhere, proper identification, diagnosis, and repair of gross polluters is the low-cost key to future emissions reductions.
Integral test and Abel's test

It is known that the Abel's test is quite powerful for testing the convergence of an infinite series. In this note, we shall see how one may incorporate the derivative form of the integral test with Abel's test to obtain some additional results. We shall also see how the computer algebra system, Maple, could help us make educated conjectures on checking if the conditions of the theorems are met which will enable us to determine the convergence of a given series.
Chemistry and biodiversity.

Abstract Complex structures produced by noncatalyzed multi-step chemical processes must have highly probable origins and assembly routes. Within any frame of reference, life is easily the most-complex self-assembled structure known to man. It is not possible to calculate a finite time for biogenesis by statistical mechanics, but the abundance of life makes it reasonable to propose an accelerating principle of nature that naturally shortened the time for cell formation to a billion years or less. This hypothetical principle, which I have called valence-orbital bias, is thought to be responsible for the discrepancy between statistics and observation, and carries with it, as a conditio sine qua non, multiple origins of life.The new concept resolves the differences between the predictions based on statistical mechanics and the relatively rapid appearance of life during the post-accretion period. It suggests as well that species and variants, the units of propagation, may also have been the units of evolution. Produced in profusion by chemistry, the origins are culled by natural selection, whereby failure means extinction, not adaptation. Biodiversity, thus, becomes a direct consequence of chemistry without positive feedback from the environment and without a constructive role for mutation.
Selective growth of MWCNT on patterned tungsten at room temperature using oxygen plasma and photo-resist

A unique method of growing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on patterned tungsten regions at room temperature is presented. This technique involves converting photo-resist (PR) on tungsten to CNTs using an oxygen plasma process. Interestingly, regions with PR on un-patterned tungsten do not produce CNTs. Additionally, a CNT density gradient is observed due to “hot spots” created on convex regions of patterned tungsten. These hot spots may be caused by large plasma E-fields in convex regions acting as “lightening” rods. This method can be used to deposit CNTs on patterned metals on plastics and other low temperature substrates.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments by parents of children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may elect to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments with their children in place of, or in addition to, conventional treatments. CAM treatments are controversial and understudied and, for most, the efficacy has not been established. The current study ( n = 248) examined reports (via an internet survey) from parents of children with an ASD, asking of CAM usage, recommendation sources, expectations, costs, parent-rated assessments of efficacy, and reasons for stopping use of CAMs. Over 70% had tried at least one CAM treatment with their child, and about half were currently using one or more CAMs. Parents entered treatment with high expectations, although they varied considerably in their assessment of whether CAMs helped their child. Odds ratios of parent-rated efficacy give small leaning toward improvement over non-improvement for CAM treatments. The findings highlight the need for methodologically sound research on CAM treatments. Also needed is dissemination about treatment efficacy to help parents and professionals make educated judgments regarding both CAM and routine interventions.
Neural Substrates of Increased Memory Sensitivity for Negative Stimuli in Major Depression

Background Although memory biases for negatively valenced stimuli have been reliably associated with depression and have been postulated to play a critical role in the maintenance of this disorder, the neural bases of these biases have received little attention. In this study, we tested a model of heightened memory sensitivity for negative information in depression in which neural mechanisms that normally facilitate memory for affective material are over-recruited during encoding of negative material in depression. Methods We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine amygdala activity and functional connectivity with the hippocampus and caudate-putamen during successful encoding—as assessed by a recognition memory probe 1 week after scanning—of negative, neutral, and positive pictures by 14 depressed and 12 nondepressed individuals. Results Depressed individuals demonstrated greater memory sensitivity than nondepressed participants to negative but not to neutral or positive stimuli. The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functional connectivity with the hippocampus and caudate-putamen in depressed than in control participants during encoding of subsequently remembered negative but not neutral or positive stimuli. The degree of memory-related right amygdala responsivity in the depressed participants was significantly correlated with depressive severity. Conclusions These findings support the formulation that, in remembering negative information better than nondepressed persons, depressed individuals over-recruit a neural network involved more generally in enhancing memory for affective stimuli and that the degree to which they over-recruit this system is related to the severity of clinical symptomatology.
NEPHELINE SYENITE IN HOTEL CHINAWARE BODIES

A series of hotel chinaware bodies, based on a commercial body composition, was prepared. The greater fluxing activity of nepheline syenite compared to potash feldspar was compensated for (1) by lowering the firing temperature, (2) by reducing the amount of the principal flux, and (3) by reducing or eliminating the auxiliary flux.
Retention of Large-Format, Soft Visible Implant Alphanumeric Tags in Walleye

Abstract We evaluated the effects of fish length, fish sex, and number of days posttagging on retention of large-format, soft visible implant (VI) alphanumeric tags that were injected underneath the clear tissue on the lower mandible of Walleyes Sander vitreus. We also evaluated whether the direction of insertion or the application of surgical-grade tissue adhesive to the tag incision site would affect tag retention. Adult Walleyes were collected with gill nets from natural lakes in Iowa during spring and then were transported to a hatchery, where they were measured, sexed, and tagged. One worker injected 752 Walleyes (mean TL = 21.8 in; SE = 0.16) with two identical VI tags; each side (left and right) of the lower mandible received one tag. Incisions were dried with a cloth, and tissue adhesive was applied to one of the two tag injection sites. Walleyes were released back into the lake and were recaptured with gill nets and by anglers. Of the 129 Walleyes recaptured up to 5 years posttagging, 80 fish (62...
Parameter dependence of stochastic layers in a quasicrystalline web.

Stochastic web maps with approximate quasicrystalline symmetry possess an infinite number of inequivalent fixed points embedded in stochastic layers of varying thickness. In this investigation exploratory steps are taken toward a systematic numerical determination of the widths of the stochastic layers as a function of the web map’s control parameter. The study concentrates on a particular stochastic layer in the approximately fivefold symmetric web. Computer graphics and a simple stretching‐and‐folding criterion provide a coarse view, which is supplemented at finer scales by Greene’s residue method. The exact reflection symmetries of invariant sets, as well as a five‐dimensional representation of the map, are exploited to improve numerical precision. As the control parameter varies, one finds not only variations expected from island chain structures, but also larger‐scale oscillations whose origin is not understood.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 74. Geometric and molecular orbital study of the role of halide ion in determining cluster or chain hydrate formation in quaternary ammonium ion halide monohydrates

Abstract We have used molecular modeling derived from crystallographic parameters and ab initio (3-21G( ∗ )) calculations of structure energies to determine the role played by halide anion in determining whether a quaternary ammonium halide monohydrate adopts the Type I (planar C 2 h (H 2 O·X − ) 2 cluster) or Type II (extended ⋯HOH⋯X⋯HOH⋯X − ⋯ chain) water–halide structure. Fluoride ion, which always forms Type I clusters, has the highest enthalpy for insertion of an X − ·H 2 O into a growing chain, as the effect of strong hydrogen bonds is counteracted by large inter-anion repulsions from the small F − ⋯HOH⋯F − units in the chain. In addition, the (H 2 O·F − ) 2 cluster is extraordinarily stable relative to those of the other halides, and chain formation would come at large enthalpic cost. In contrast, iodide ion, which, with a single exception, always forms Type II chains, has the lowest enthalpy for insertion of an X − ·H 2 O into a growing chain—even though hydrogen bonds are weak, the large span of the chain unit reduces inter-anion repulsions even further—and a much less stable planar cluster. Bromide and chloride monohydrates behave very similarly to each other, and are intermediate between the fluoride and iodide cases. Cation effects are paramount in the nearly even distribution of chloride and bromide monohydrates between Type I cluster and Type II chain structures.