cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors associated with etiological severe cases of Hand-foot-mouth disease in Beijing, 2012

Objective To provide basis for the prevention of HFMD,we analyzed the data of 2012 HFMD etiology monitoring,and to find the characteristics and risk factors of HFMD severe cases in Beijing.Methods The data of 2012 HFMD etiology monitoring was analyzed by the method of cross-sectional study.We divided the positive cases into two groups (the severe eases group and the mild eases group).Excel 2007 was used to set up database,SPSS 17.0 was used to carry out statistical analysis.Results Single-factor analysis showed that age,place of residence,kindergarten child or not (diaspora pattern),and EV71 infection had influence on severe cases.In the study,the multivariate logistic regression revealed that ≤ 3years old,diaspora pattern,prevalence season,living in suburb and EV71 infection were risk factors of HFMD severe cases.Interaction analysis showed that there were interactions between living place,age,and diaspora pattern,interactions also existed between diaspora pattern and gender,and it was the same to EV71infection and diaspora pattern.Conclusions ≤ 3 years old,scattered children,resident suburb,and EV71 infection are risk factors of HFMD severe cases. Key words: Hand-foot-mouth disease ; Severe case ; Etiology ; Risk factor
Active swimmers interacting with stratified fluids during collective vertical migration

Coordinated laboratory experiments and computational simulations are conducted that explore the collective vertical migration of a swarm of inertial swimmers through a stably stratified density interface. Values of the governing parameters such as the swimmer- and swarm-scale Reynolds numbers, the Richardson number, as well as the animal number density in the swarm closely match each other in the simulations and experiments. In addition to intense mixing at the swimmer scale, the experiments and simulations demonstrate that the hydrodynamic interaction of the individual swimmers produces a spatially coherent source of thrust that results in the formation of a swarm-scale jet in the direction opposite to the migration. The jet velocity is seen to increase monotonically with the animal number density, at a sublinear rate. For steadily moving dilute swarms, the jet velocity is well predicted by a simple analytical model that assumes spatially uniform jet and swimmer velocities. Experimental measurements demonstrate effective diffusivity values up to three orders of magnitude larger than the molecular value. Numerical results are consistent with these observations, although they employ a larger molecular diffusivity and, hence, yield a lower ratio. The effective diffusivity is seen to increase linearly with the volume fraction of the swimmers. A continuum model is proposed for the generation of the swarm-scale jet, based on an idealization of the swarm as a self-propelled porous sphere. This model suggests that large swarms generate most of their mixing through the coherent swarm-scale jet, rather than by processes at the scale of individual swimmers.
Far Infrared Spectroscopy of Intersubband Transitions in Multiple Quantum well Structures.

We review a series of spectroscopic studies of intersubband transitions in lightly doped GaAs/AlGsAs quantum well structures. The oscillator strength was determined from measurements of intersubband absorption coefficient, photogenerated electron density, and a calculation of grating coupling efficiency. We also report recent linear and nonlinear saturation absorption experiments on coupled double-quantum-well structures, and present the results of the subband structures and hot electron relaxation in a coupled subband-Landau-level system.
Measurement of Allocative Biases of Production Control Policies

Because of growing stocks of grain and the reinstitution of production controls, the question of what allocative impacts such controls imply is once again relevant. The prospect that restrictions on land use may initiate an intensification in the use of substitute inputs such as fertilizer, which are already high in price, is discouraging. Although the issue is an old one, empirical evidence on the extent of these effects is incomplete.1 The purpose of this article is to derive a convenient means of measuring the allocative effects of changes in input restrictions. As an example of empirical application, results are presented which indicate the impact of acreage restrictions during the marketing quota years in North and South Dakota.
Inhibition of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase by palmitoyl coenzyme A.

Abstract Low concentrations of palmitoyl coenzyme A inhibit yeast glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (Taketa, K., and Pogell, B. M. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 720). This inhibition is prevented or reversed by bovine serum albumin, mycobacterial polysaccharides, or alkylated cyclodextrins. Sephadex chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation show that palmitoyl-CoA inhibits by dissociating the tetrameric dehydrogenase to dimeric, enzymatically inactive subunits. These structural changes are accompanied by firm binding of palmitoyl-CoA to the dimeric subunit and by release of NADP. After removal of the (nondialyzable) inhibitor from the palmitoyl-CoA-dimer complex by alkylated cyclodextrin the subunits reaggregate to enzymatically active tetramer. Reaggregation does not require NADP. In contrast to palmitoyl-CoA, sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociates yeast dehydrogenase to monomers. It is concluded that palmitoyl-CoA, unlike the synthetic anionic detergent, perturbs the dehydrogenase subunit structure in a controlled manner which may be important for regulating the activity of lipogenic enzymes. The dimeric glucose-6-P dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides is inhibited only by high concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA. In this instance palmitoyl-CoA neither binds to the enzyme nor dissociates it. Torulopsis utilis glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, also dimeric, is irreversibly converted to inactive monomers by low concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA.
Space rendezvous using visual cues only.

Seven trained subjects flew simulated short range coplanar orbital rendezvous maneuvers, using direct visual cues only. Two rendezvous techniques were compared: line-of-sight and trajectory. In the former, the subject could control up-down and fore-aft thrust only; in the latter, he could, in addition, control pitch. Using either technique, all subjects were able to maneuver successfully to a position 100 ft directly in front of the target at a terminal velocity of less than 5 ft/sec. Significantly less fuel was expended in performing the trajectory maneuver.The principal man-machine performance factors in the line-of-sight maneuver were tentatively described as the ability to conserve fuel used for longitudinal and vertical translation, the ability to conserve mission time, and the ability to proficiently close with the target. The principal factors for the trajectory maneuver were tentatively described as the ability to conserve fuel for longitudinal translation, the ability to conserve mission time, th...
PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND THE BOOKS THAT MADE IT HAPPEN

On the centennial of the death of William James (1842-1910), I approached faculty members at eighteen major theological centers of learning requesting them to identify the twelve most important books in the field of the psychology of religion written between James' 1902 classic The Varieties of Religious Experience up to Peter Homan's 1970 Theology After Freud. The request was for each faculty member (by agreement to remain anonymous) to identify the twelve books during that time period (1902-1970) which, in their opinion, constituted major contributions to the development of the discipline of psychology of religion. By mutual agreement, James was credited with being the purported founder of the psychology of religion and Homans the quintessential culmination of the discipline's respectability. Though obviously subjective, the survey did register a consensus of scholars teaching in the field and what follows is a critical assessment of the merits of those books which they selected.
SAMI3 simulation of plasmasphere refilling

[1] The Naval Research Laboratory three-dimensional, first-principles simulation code SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) is used to model plasmasphere refilling. A time-dependent Volland-Stern-Maynard-Chen potential is used to model an idealized magnetic storm that erodes the plasmasphere to L<3. The potential is then relaxed to the prestorm state, and refilling is simulated for a range of L shells 3≤L≤5 over a period of 7 days. Refilling rates compare well to observed refilling rates. The model plasmasphere during this quiet period displays a day-to-day repetition in its morphology that has not been previously observed.
Microwave ionization of Rydberg atoms

Summary form only given. An atom can be ionized by a static field if the field depresses the potential below the binding energy W, leading to the requirement E=W/sup 2//4 in atomic units. The atomic units of field and energy are 5.14/spl times/10/sup 9/ V/cm and 27.2 eV. The ionization field is often expressed in terms of the principal quantum number n of the state in question as E=1/16n/sup 4/. In a microwave field with frequency far less than the separation /spl Delta/W=1/n/sup 3/ between adjacent n states, atoms other than H ionize at the much lower microwave field amplitude of E=1/3n/sup 5/. This field corresponds to the Inglis-Teller limit, where it is impossible to resolve spectrally adjacent n states due to Stark broadening in a plasma. In H ionization occurs as it does in a static field. The difference exists because the finite sized ionic core of a non hydrogenic atom breaks one of the symmetries found in H. In non hydrogenic atoms the microwave field drives a series of transitions through successively higher n states culminating in ionization. These transitions can be understood in terms of a Landau-Zener picture based on the variation of the energies of the atoms produced by the time varying field or as the resonant multiphoton absorption of the microwave photons. In either case, the atoms make transitions through real intermediate states en route to ionization. With short, four cycle, microwave pulses complete ionization does not occur with fields of E=1/3n/sup 5/, and population is left in intermediate states. The transition from ionization at fields near E=1/3n/sup 5/ to fields of E=1/16n/sup 4/ occurs when the frequency becomes low enough that the energies of the states vary adiabatically in the temporally varying field.
Rapid synthesis of ketenes from carboxylic acids on functionalized silica monoliths

The synthesis of ketene and dimethylketene have been investigated on functionalized silica monoliths from acetic acid and isobutyric acid respectively. With contact times of about 10 milliseconds, yields of ketene and dimethylketene of 70% per pass are routinely achieved. These results indicates that the control of contact time is a valid strategy for synthesis of ketenes.
Proceedings of the 2008 international symposium on Physical design

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2008 International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD). This year's symposium continues its tradition as a small-scale, but dedicated and premier forum for presenting leading-edge research results related to physical design. The mission of the symposium is to share novel physical design ideas and solutions that fulfill the ever-demanding needs in deep sub-micron designs, and to identify new directions for future research and development. The call for papers attracted over 60 submissions from all over the world. The program committee accepted only 20 papers that cover a variety of topics from fundamental physical design algorithms to DFM (Design for Manufacturability) issues. The regular papers are complemented by invited talks from both industry and academia. We are delighted to start the symposium with a keynote address by Dr. Antun Domic from Synopsys. His talk will address the increasing complexity of current designs with power and manufacturing yield constraints, and how EDA tools must evolve to tackle these demands. Monday afternoon wraps up with a full invited session on the most controversial topic from last ISPD: the statistical and physical design for manufacturability. Four industry talks from Freescale, Intel, BlazeDFM and Mentor Graphics will continue the heated discussions/debates. Tuesday features two invited sessions. The first invited session addresses future interconnect issues, from the more immediate concerns of interconnect synthesis, to the more futuristic RF interconnects, to structured ASIC placement. The second invited session is about the 2 nd ISPD global routing contest. It shows the continued efforts and interests of ISPD in benchmarking and open competitions. The most recent benchmarks and contest results will be presented, and both academic and industrial perspectives on global routing will be discussed. Finally, Wednesday includes invited talks from Duke University and Carnegie Mellon University on emerging topics in Physical Design for Bio-Microfluidics, as ISPD's efforts to explore new frontiers
Language and Brain

The major structural features of language systems are systematically reflected in specialized neural systems of the human brain. Evidence for this conclusion derives from patterns of language breakdown and from physical measures of brain activity made during normal language use. Keywords: linguistics; psycholinguistics; brain imaging; aphasia; ERP
Screen Savers of the World Unite

Unused CPU time on desktop computers could be put to good use, if distributed computing succeeds in capturing people9s imagination. In their Perspective, Shirts and Pande describe existing distributed computing projects and recent efforts to overcome parallelization problems. This vast underused resource could raise biological and other scientific computation to fundamentally new predictive levels.
Salmonella Virulence Plasmid: Modular Acquisition of the spv Virulence Region by an F-Plasmid in Salmonella enterica Subspecies I and Insertion Into the Chromosome of Subspecies II, IIIa, IV and VII Isolates

The spv operon is common to all Salmonella virulence plasmids. DNA hybridization analysis indicates that the spv region is limited in distribution to serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies I, II, IIIa, IV, and VII and is absent from Salmonella bongori isolates. Among strains of subspecies II, IIIa, and VII, all isolates examined contained sequences that hybridized with the spv region. However, among isolates of subspecies I, DNA sequences capable of hybridizing with the spv region were found in some isolates of certain serovars. Furthermore, in isolates of subspecies I, the virulence plasmid was found in the same set of isolates as an F-related plasmid, as determined by the presence of the spv region of the virulence plasmid and the finO, traD, and repA sequences of the F-plasmid. The concordance of the virulence plasmid and all three F-plasmid sequences in subspecies I serovar Choleraesuis, Paratyphi, and Typhimurium is most easily explained if the spv region is carried in an F-related plasmid in these isolates. In contrast, among S. enterica subspecies II, IIIa, IV, and VII, the isolates that contain spv sequences did not hybridize with an F-related plasmid or any other identifiable plasmid. With the use of pulse-field gel electrophoresis, the spv region in subspecies II, IIIa, and VII was found to be encoded on the chromosome. Analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of spv among Salmonella isolates and comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of spvA and spvC suggests that the spv region was acquired very recently, after speciation of the salmonellae.
Laser action and photoexcitations dynamics in PbI_2 films

We have grown high quality PbI2 films by thermal evaporation. We obtained in these films two amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) lines around ~2.23 eV at relatively low pump excitation threshold using 10 ns pulsed laser, along with a broad photoluminescence (PL) band that results from trapped electron and hole (e-h) pairs in shallow traps. We discuss the two ASE lines as due to the anisotropic PbI2 crystal structure. In addition, we also studied the ultrafast transient response of photoexcitations in the PbI2 films using a broadband pump-probe correlation spectroscopy in the broad spectral range of 0.3-2.4 eV with 150 fs time resolution. The transient photomodulation spectrum is dominated by two photoinduced absorption bands and a stimulated emission band that agrees with the obtained ASE band. We ascribed the low threshold laser action in PbI2 films as due to the e-h confinement in ‘quantum wells’ like structures formed between the main 2H-PbI2 crystalline and other polytypes with lower optical gap.
β1 integrins mediate resistance to ionizing radiation in vivo by inhibiting c‐Jun amino terminal kinase 1

This study was carried out to dissect the mechanism by which β1 integrins promote resistance to radiation. For this purpose, we conditionally ablated β1 integrins in the prostatic epithelium of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. The ability of β1 to promote resistance to radiation was also analyzed by using an inhibitory antibody to β1, AIIB2, in a xenograft model. The role of β1 integrins and of a β1 downstream target, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), in regulating radiation-induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro was studied. We show that β1 integrins promote prostate cancer (PrCa) progression and resistance to radiation in vivo. Mechanistically, β1 integrins are shown here to suppress activation of JNK1 and, consequently apoptosis, in response to irradiation. Downregulation of JNK1 is necessary to preserve the effect of β1 on resistance to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Finally, given the established crosstalk between β1 integrins and type1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), we analyzed the ability of IGF-IR to modulate β1 integrin levels. We report that IGF-IR regulates the expression of β1 integrins, which in turn confer resistance to radiation in PrCa cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that β1 integrins mediate resistance to ionizing radiation through inhibition of JNK1 activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1601–1609, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrocardiographic studies in pulmonary disease. I. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in diffuse lung disease.

Electrocardiograms of 79 consecutively admitted patients with diffuse lung diseases were analyzed. The frontal plane P-wave axis and the P-wave configuration in limb and precordial leads emerged as the common denominator for the large majority of the group. Other abnormalities were common but not so characteristic.
Evaluating Responsiveness to Intervention for English-Language Learners: A Comparison of Response Modes on Letter Naming Rates

An alternating treatments design was used to compare the effects of two response modes on acquisition and retention rates of letter naming fluency performance (LNF) by six kindergarten English Language Learners (ELLs) performing below the average letter naming level and slope of other ELL classmates. With equal amounts of practice opportunities, ELLs practiced by orally reading printed letters (see/say) or practiced by pointing to a printed letter that was orally read to them (hear/point). The see/say intervention practiced printed letter sounds to enhance oral reading competence. Alternatively, the hear/point intervention confirmed a non-verbal recognition of oral letter sounds to increase attention and information processing of oral and printed letters prior to an oral LNF assessment. The see/say intervention was moderately more effective on LNF rates than the hear/point intervention for all ELLs on the acquisition assessment and for 4 of the 6 ELLs on the retention assessment. Results are discussed in terms of efficiency as well as effectiveness when making decisions about selecting and implementing responsiveness to intervention assessments when ELLs students are not responding to an effective general education program.
Low-power high-precision timing hardware for sensor networks

In this demonstration, we will present three key technologies we recently developed to improve time synchronization accuracy in sensor networks: (1) Temperature Driven Time Synchronization, (2) Low-Power Sub-μSecond Time Synchronization, and (3) Low-Power FPGA implementation of a High-Low Timer.
Synthesis, DNA Cross-Linking Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Dimeric Mitomycins

Dimeric DNA cross-linking compounds have emerged as important new antitumor agents. We report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a select set of dimeric mitomycins in which the two mitomycin units are tethered at either the mitomycin C(7) amino or the aziridine N(1a) positions. Significantly, mitomycin C (1) itself is the prototypical bioreductive DNA cross-linking agent. DNA cross-linking experiments using a denaturing-gel-electrophoresis-based assay showed that the extent of DNA cross-linking for select dimeric mitomycins can exceed that of the parent compound, mitomycin C, and that the reaction proceeds, in part, at the two distal C(1) sites in the mitomycins. The efficiency of DNA cross-linking depended on the nature of the linker and the position of linker unit's attachment. When we compared the efficiency of DNA cross-linking for the dimeric mitomycins with their in vitro cytotoxicities in cultured human tumor cells, we observed a poor correlation. The mitomycins that gave the highest levels of DNA cross-linked adducts displayed the weakest cytotoxicities. These findings determined that the denaturing-gel-electrophoresis-based assay was a poor predictor of cytotoxic activity.
Network Structure Implied by Initial Axon Outgrowth in Rodent Cortex: Empirical Measurement and Models

The developmental mechanisms by which the network organization of the adult cortex is established are incompletely understood. Here we report on empirical data on the development of connections in hamster isocortex and use these data to parameterize a network model of early cortical connectivity. Using anterograde tracers at a series of postnatal ages, we investigate the growth of connections in the early cortical sheet and systematically map initial axon extension from sites in anterior (motor), middle (somatosensory) and posterior (visual) cortex. As a general rule, developing axons extend from all sites to cover relatively large portions of the cortical field that include multiple cortical areas. From all sites, outgrowth is anisotropic, covering a greater distance along the medial/lateral axis than along the anterior/posterior axis. These observations are summarized as 2-dimensional probability distributions of axon terminal sites over the cortical sheet. Our network model consists of nodes, representing parcels of cortex, embedded in 2-dimensional space. Network nodes are connected via directed edges, representing axons, drawn according to the empirically derived anisotropic probability distribution. The networks generated are described by a number of graph theoretic measurements including graph efficiency, node betweenness centrality and average shortest path length. To determine if connectional anisotropy helps reduce the total volume occupied by axons, we define and measure a simple metric for the extra volume required by axons crossing. We investigate the impact of different levels of anisotropy on network structure and volume. The empirically observed level of anisotropy suggests a good trade-off between volume reduction and maintenance of both network efficiency and robustness. Future work will test the model's predictions for connectivity in larger cortices to gain insight into how the regulation of axonal outgrowth may have evolved to achieve efficient and economical connectivity in larger brains.
Implementing Linda for distributed and parallel processing

In a recent paper [17], we described experiments using the VAX LINDA system. VAX LINDA allows a single application program to utilize many machines on a network simultaneously. Applications implemented on the network at Sandia National Laboratories have achieved speeds considerably greater than that of a Cray-1S.In this paper, we discuss the implementation of the VAX LINDA system. The Linda language was originally conceived as a tool for programming parallel applications on multicomputers, and in fact VAX LINDA supports such programming on multiprocessor VAXes. We have demonstrated that, for suitable applications, we are able to treat an arbitrary collection of separate machines on a network as a “virtual multicomputer.” Accomplishing this requires careful implementation. It also involves some effort to get around limitations in operating systems and network implementations which were not designed with this kind of usage in mind.1
The hydrostatic stiffness of flexible floating structures for linear hydroelasticity

The formulation of the hydrostatic stiffness for linear rigid body hydrodynamics is well known. An explicit formulation for an analogous hydrostatic stiffness in linear hydroelasticity, which is applicable to both rigid body and flexible displacement, is not as well-known. Three such formulations have been proposed previously in the literature, none of which is quite correct; all produce an unsymmetric stiffness matrix. An explicit formulation for the complete hydrostatic stiffness for flexible floating structures at rest in calm water is derived based on a consistent linearization of the external hydrostatic pressure and the internal structural stresses. The symmetry of the present formulation for a floating structure is proven analytically, and the unsymmetry of the hydrostatic stiffness for individual finite elements is discussed. The formulation will be of most interest to those who wish to extend linear potential theory hydrodynamic codes for rigid body analysis to deformable bodies. Several issues that are significant for practical implementation are discussed and several examples are presented.
Ecology predicts levels of genetic differentiation in neotropical birds.

Abstract: Despite the theoretical link between the ecology and the population genetics of species, little empirical evidence is available that corroborates the association. Here, we examined genetic variation in 40 codistributed species of lowland Neotropical rain forest birds that have populations isolated on either side of the Andes, the Amazon River, and the Madeira River. We found widely varying levels of genetic divergence among these taxa across the same biogeographic barriers. Our investigation of the extent to which ecological traits predicted the amount of cross‐barrier divergence revealed a strongly significant relationship between the forest stratum at which a species forages and the level of cross‐barrier genetic differentiation. Canopy species had statistically lower genetic divergence values across the Andes and the two Amazonian rivers than did understory birds. We hypothesize that the association reflects an effect of dispersal propensity, which is greater in canopy birds, on the movement ...
The VLSI Complexity of Selected Graph Problems

General lower bound techniques are developed to determine the VLSI complexity of graph problems with some surprising results that show a striking difference between this class of problems and the other classes studied in the literature. The results show that the VLSI complexity of graph problems depends crucially on several parameters such as the I/O formats, the locations of the I/O ports, and the timing of the I/O bits. Almost all of our lower bounds can be matched with existing upper bounds or bounds obtained by some minor modifications of existing algorithms. 17 references.
Lysophosphatidylcholine triggers intracellular calcium release and activation of non-selective cation channels in renal arterial smooth muscle cells

The effects of a lipid component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), l-α-palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), on membrane currents of isolated canine renal artery smooth muscle cells (RASMC) were examined using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. In RASMC exposed to nominally Ca2+-free solutions and dialyzed with 0.1 mM EGTA and 140 mM K+, superfusion with LPC (10 µM) elicited spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) and/or spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs), followed by the activation of a large voltage-independent current with a reversal potential (Er) close to 0 mV. Buffering intracellular Ca2+ with 10 mM BAPTA prevented the appearance of STOCs and STICs, but not the activation of the voltage-independent current. Er of the LPC-induced voltage-independent current exhibited sensitivity to changes in [K+]o and [Na+]o in a manner consistent with a non-selective cation current (INSC) and was blocked by gadolinium (Gd3+; 10 µM). Shifts in Er of the LPC-induced INSC in response to changes in [Ca2+]o were used to estimate a relative Ca2+ to Na+ permeability ratio (PCa/PNa) of 1.67. These results suggest that LPC causes abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ regulation, leading to the appearance of STOCs and STICs, and the activation of INSC in vascular smooth muscle cells. These effects may explain the ability of ox-LDLs to elevate [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle and inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation.
Culprit Lesion Seen 1 Hour Before Occlusion Limits of Coronary Angiography in Detecting Vulnerable Plaques

A 58-year-old man with recent inferolateral myocardial infarction was admitted to our critical care unit after an episode of typical chest pain. At hospital admission, the physical examination was normal, and an ECG performed after the resolution of symptoms showed signs of the previous myocardial infarction and a mild (0.5 mm) up-slowing ST-segment elevation in leads V3 through V6, with resolution in …
Student Expectations of Course Content Affect Faculty Evaluations in an Abnormal Psychology Course

If course subject matter is highly visible in the public media, student expectations may be more apt to modify ratings of the teacher.
Microtubule nucleation and organization in teleost photoreceptors: microtubule recovery after elimination by cold.

Retinal photoreceptors have two separate populations of microtubules: axonemal microtubules of the modified cilium of the outer segment and cytoplasmic microtubules of the cell body. The axonemal microtubules originate from a basal body located at the distal tip of the photoreceptor inner segment and extend in a 9+0 configuration into the outer segment of rods and accessory outer segment of cones. The cytoplasmic microtubules of the cell body are axially aligned from the distal tip of the inner segment to proximal synapse, and are oriented with uniform polarity, their minus ends distal toward the outer segment and plus ends proximal toward the synapse (Troutt & Burnside, 1988). To investigate how this regular cytoplasmic microtubule array is generated, we have attempted to identify microtubule nucleation sites in the cones of the tropical teleost fish, Tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambicus) by examining the regrowth of cytoplasmic microtubules after cold disruption in whole retinas or in isolated cone fragments consisting of inner and outer segments (CIS-COS). Incremental stages of microtubule reassembly were examined both by electron microscopy of thin sections and by immunofluorescent localization of microtubules with an antitubulin antibody. Cold treatment completely abolished all cytoplasmic microtubules but did not disrupt axonemal microtubules. Within 2 min after rewarming, cytoplasmic microtubules reappeared in the most distal portion of the inner segment in a small aster-like array associated with the basal body, and subsequently appeared in more proximal parts of the cone. These observations suggest that a favoured microtubule nucleation site is associated with the basal body region of the cone outer segment, and thus that the basal body region could function as a microtubule organizing centre for the photoreceptor. These results are consistent with the findings of our previous investigation of cone microtubule polarity, which showed that the minus ends of the cytoplasmic microtubules of the cone are associated with the basal body region.
Direct action of 4-β-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel independent of protein kinase C activation

Abstract Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) has a protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site, which modulates channel properties, on the α and δ subunit. The effect of a potent PKC activator, PDBu on AChR expressed into Xenopus oocytes was examined by whole cell voltage clamp recordings. The pretreatment with 4-β-PDBu reversely accelerated desensitization of ACh-elicited membrane currents and the same effect was shown by co-application of 4-β-PDBu and ACh without pre-incubation. Treatment with the inactive stereoisomer of phorbol ester, 4-α-PDBu also demonstrated an acceleration of desensitization. Furthermore, 4-β-PDBu enhanced the rate of desensitization in mutant AChR deleting PKC phosphorylation sites on the α and δ subunit. These results indicate that phorbol ester directly acts on the AChR channel independent of PKC activation.
Undocumented Students’ Narratives of Liminal Citizenship: High Aspirations, Exclusion, and “In-Between” Identities

This study illustrates how national immigration policy relegates undocumented immigrant children to spaces of liminal citizenship, which shape their aspirations for higher education. Recognizing the power of migrant narratives, and the importance of privileging youths’ voices through children's geographies, we present the narratives of undocumented high school students from several rural North Carolina communities. Despite various barriers facing undocumented students, most have high academic aspirations. Students construct new forms of citizenship, legitimating their claims to higher education access through their achievement. Their liminal status, however, contributes to the formation of conflicted, “in-between” identities.
Left Ventricular Volumes in Valvular Heart Disease

Left ventricular volumes were determined in 86 patients with aortic and mitral valve disease by use of a biplane angiocardiographic technic in conjunction with cardiac catheterization. Total stroke output of the left ventricle was grossly increased by severe degrees of valvular incompetence. Although both end-systolic and total stroke volume varied directly with the end-diastolic volume, there was no correlation between end-diastolic pressure and either total stroke volume or end-diastolic volume.
Surface Water Vapor and Momentum Fluxes under Unstable Conditions from a Rugged-Complex Area.

Abstract Measurements were made of the profiles of mean wind velocity, of temperature, and of specific humidity in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer over macro-rough terrain; these data were obtained from radiosonde observations in a calibrated watershed of 3.2 km2 in the hilly Pre-Alps of Switzerland during the summer of 1982. The regional evaporation was reasonably well correlated (R = 0.7) with these profile measurements through a logarithmic height dependency between roughly 2h0 (where h0 ≈ 100 m is the mean height of the roughness obstacles) and 0.6h (where h is the height of the boundary layer above the mean valley level). The shapes of the profiles appear to be essentially independent of the Monin–Obukhov parameter (z− d0)/L, but they display a dependency on the wind shear aloft and on the value of (z0/h) (where z0 is the roughness height). Over this rugged surface the relative importance of mechanical turbulence, as compared to convective turbulence, is larger than over terrain with smaller ...
Radiofrequency Identification Applications in Private and Public Sector Operations: Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue of the Production and Operations Management journal offers a sample of ongoing research arising from the deployment of radiofrequency identification technology in organizational operations. The articles were selected to cover a spectrum of application areas and methodologies. There is also an attempt to identify interesting open areas for further investigation.
Transcriptional profiling of testosterone-regulated genes in the skeletal muscle of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men experiencing weight loss

Context: HIV-associated wasting and weight loss remain clinically significant concerns even in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Although androgen treatment increases muscle mass, the cell-intrinsic mechanisms engaged remain poorly understood. Objective: This study was an unbiased approach to identify expression profiles associated with testosterone treatment using genome-wide microarray analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies. Design, Setting, and Participants: Forty-four HIV-positive men with weight loss were randomized to receive either 300 mg testosterone enanthate or placebo injections im weekly for 16 wk. Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline and on treatment d 14. A subset of specimens was chosen for microarray analysis, with changes in selected genes confirmed by real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and in vitro culture of muscle precursor cells. Results: Significantly greater gains in body mass (+2.05 and −1.07 kg, respectively; P = 0.003) and lean body mass by dual-energy x-ray absorpt...
Relation Between Resource Acquisition and Effective Resource Use Study of a Heterogeneous Set of Locally Monitored Human Service Agencies

Although the organizational effectiveness literature hasfocused on resource acquisition as well as effective resource use, there have been few attempts to study the relationship between these two measures. An understanding of this is particularly critical for not-for- profit organizations because there is some doubt as to whether the strong input-output the suggested by open systems theorists applies. This study examines the relationship among a group of locally monitored human service agencies.
Airbag Tire Modeling by the Explicit Finite Element Method

Abstract An explicit finite element code FCRASH has been applied to both static and dynamic tire modeling. The computational procedure for predicting tire loads has been investigated. The typical tire model used in the simulation consists of a tire and rim. The tire is defined by membrane elements and the rim by rigid body with shell elements. The tire and rim form a closed volume. The airbag functionality in FCRASH, an explicit finite element code developed by Ford Motor Company, has been employed to simulate the test and to monitor the pressure and volume changes in the tire. Three static tire models (Taurus spare tire, P145/75R12, and P225/60R16) have been studied and the force‐deflection curves are compared with test data. All of them exhibit a very good agreement. The standard spindle test for the P145/75R12 tire at three different speeds (10, 20, and 30 mph) is also simulated. The prediction of vertical and horizontal forces at 30 mph shows an excellent agreement with the test. The results for 20 an...
Synthetic, spectral and structural studies of mononuclear tris(κ2-amidate) aluminium complexes supported by tripodal ligands

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of mononuclear tris( κ 2 -amidate) aluminium complexes supported by the tripodal ligands, [N( o -PhNC(O)R) 3 ] 3− (R = i Pr and t Bu), are described. The molecular structures of [Al(N( o -PhNC(O) i Pr) 3 )] and [Al(N( o -PhNC(O) t Bu) 3 )] have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Both neutral six-coordinate aluminium complexes display coordination geometries that are intermediate between octahedral and trigonal prismatic. Solution-state NMR studies ( 1 H, 13 C and 27 Al) indicate that these structures are non-fluxional in solution. Detailed analysis of the solid-state structures shows that slight changes in the relative size of the amidate acyl substituents do not significantly impact the solid-state structures. However, large substituents may be required to prevent the formation of multinuclear species.
Surgical Treatment of Mineralized and Nonmineralized Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in Twenty‐four Dogs

Objective— To report and compare the clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, histopathologic changes, and outcomes of dogs with mineralized and nonmineralized supraspinatus tendinopathy (ST). Study Design— Case series. Animals— Dogs (n=24) with ST. Methods— Medical records (1995–2006) of dogs with ST that had surgical treatment were reviewed. Results of clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, surgery, histopathology of resected tendon tissue, and outcome were compared between dogs with mineralized and nonmineralized ST. Results— There were 15 dogs with mineralized ST and 9 with nonmineralized ST. Chronic, unilateral, intermittent or waxing-waning lameness, and pain elicited on palpation of the cranial aspect of the shoulder were the most consistent findings. On ultrasonographic or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 35 shoulders, enlargement of the supraspinatus tendon (54%), increased fluid content (63%), and medial displacement of the biceps tendon (60%) were observed. Eleven of 12 dogs with bilateral abnormalities only had unilateral lameness. Surgery was performed in 30 shoulders. Resected tendon specimens had myxomatous degeneration and/or cartilaginous metaplasia in 11 of 13 dogs in the mineralized group and all 9 dogs in the nonmineralized group. Functional outcome after surgery was poor in 3 dogs and good-to-excellent in 16. Conclusions— Mineralized and nonmineralized ST have many similarities. Although lameness is usually unilateral, the supraspinatus tendon may be affected bilaterally. Clinical Relevance— Ultrasonography and MRI are good imaging techniques for detection of ST especially the nonmineralized form. Surgical treatment results in good recovery of limb function. Nonmineralized ST is a recently described disorder in dogs and evaluation of more cases is necessary to determine outcome after surgical or medical treatment.
The residency match in radiation oncology.

Abstract Centralized matching of postgraduate training positions has been successfully implemented nationwide since 1951. Specialty and subspecialty matches have proliferated in the 1970's and early 1980's, and Radiation Oncology was the last residency program that did not have a centralized match arrangement. Responding to pressures from training program directors who were dissatisfied with the non-centralized matching of resident applicants, made especially acute by a rapid increase in the number of students interested in Radiation Oncology, the first centralized matching program for Radiation Oncology-the Radiation Oncology Matching Program (ROMP)-began in 1989. Two years of experience with the ROMP are summarized in this paper. Interest in training positions in Rdiation Oncology remains high, with approximately 1.3 to 1.5 qualified applicants per each residency position. The major problem with the current arrangement in ROMP is lack of full participation. In 1989, approximately 7094 of first year positions were offered through ROMP, and in 1990 this was closer to 60%. While the majority of programs desire and participate in a centralized match, participation at less than an 85 to 90% level will likely cause the centralized match to disband. Reasons for and against a centralized matching process and a history of matching programs in other specialties are discussed.
User-focused database management

This talk describes two projects whose over goal is to make database management systems usable by a wider audience. Dataspaces aim to eliminate the upfront effort involved in creating a database. Data mangement for collaboration attempts to shift the focus of data mangement to supporting users in their natural environments and workflow.
RADIOSURGERY FOR SKULL BASE MALIGNANCIES AND NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Purpose: Patients with skull base lesions present a challenging management problem because of intractable symptoms and limited therapeutic options. In 1989 we began treating selected patients with skull base lesions using linac stereotactic radiosurgery. In this study the efficacy and toxicity of this therapeutic modality is investigated. Methods and Materials: Forty-seven patients with 59 malignant skull base lesions were treated with linac radiosurgery between 1989 and 1995. Eleven patients were treated for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma using radiosurgery as a boost (7 Gy-16 Gy, median: 12 Gy) to the nasopharynx after a course of fractionated radiotherapy (64.8-70 Gy) without chemotherapy. Another 37 patients were treated for 48 skull base metastases or local recurrences from primary head and neck cancers. Eight of these patients had 12 locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma lesions occuring 6-96 months after standard radiotherapy, including one patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who developed a regional relapse after radiotherapy with a stereotactic boost. Lesion volumes by CT or MRI ranged from 0 to 51 cc (median: 8 cc). Radiation doses of 7.0 Gy-35.0 Gy (median: 20.0 Gy ) were delivered to recurrent lesions, usually as a single fraction. Results: All 11 patients who received radiosurgery as a nasopharyngeal boost after standard fractionated radiotherapy remain locally controlled (follow-up: 2-34 months, median: 18). However, one patient required a second radiosurgical treatment for regional relapse outside the initial radiosurgery volume. Thirty-three of 48 (69%) recurrent/metastatic lesions have been locally controlled, including 7 of 12 locally recurrent nasopharyngeal lesions. Follow-up for all patients with recurrent lesions ranged from 1 to 60 months (median: 9 months). Local control did not correlate with lesion size (p = 0.80), histology (p = 0.78), or radiosurgical dose (p = 0.44). Major complications developed after 5 of 59 treatments (8.4%), including three cranial nerve palsies, one CSF leak, and one trismus. Complications were not correlated with radiosurgical volume (p = 0.20), prior skull base irradiation (p = 0.90), or radiosurgery dose > 20 Gy (p = 0.49). Conclusion: Stereotactic radiosurgery is a reasonable treatment modality for patients with skull base malignancies, including patients with primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The dose distribution obtained with stereotactic radiosurgery provides better homogeneity than an intracavitary implant when used as a boost for nasopharyngeal lesions, especially lesions which involve areas distant to the nasopharyngeal mucosa.
CVD Al/PVD Al integration for advanced via and interconnect technology

A metallization process that can fill the ever-shrinking vias and form the interconnect at the same time is highly desirable. An integrated Al plug and interconnect process offers advantages of improved electrical performance, and reduced cost of ownership through process simplification for 0.25 μm and beyond. In this report, an enabling technology that integrates Al deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with an overlayer of sputtered AlCu is discussed. The ability to deposit in-situ sequential layers without a vacuum break was a key factor in developing a technology for consistent void-free fill of sub-0.25 μm structures. This approach has resulted in a low resistivity (∼ 3 μΩ cm), low temperature ( < 380°C) via fill process with copper doping of CVD Al. Sub-0.2 μm via/contact fill with aspect ratio greater than 4 was achieved. This technology was integrated in a two-level 0.35 μm design rule with conventional BEOL processing. A better than 2 x improvement in via resistance was achieved compared to W technology. No problems were encountered with oxide CMP, photolithography or metal etch. Data on via fill capability and electrical performance of the integrated CVD Al/PVD AlCu process is presented. Studies on copper doping of CVD Al are discussed. Investigation of morphology and texture dependence on wetting layer for CVD Al is reported.