cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing the hedonic treadmill: Is happiness autoregressive?

Abstract Affective habituation is well-documented in social sciences: people seem to adapt to many life events, ranging from lottery windfalls to terminal illnesses. A group of studies have tried to measure habituation by seeing how lagged values of life events affect present happiness. We propose an additional adaptation channel: current happiness may depend directly on past happiness, which amounts to assessing whether happiness is autoregressive. We run dynamic happiness regressions using individual-level panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, the British Household Panel Survey and the Swiss Household Panel. As in previous studies, the coefficients on lagged events (e.g., becoming unemployed, getting married) suggest strong habituation. However, all the econometric models suggest that the coefficient on lagged happiness is positive and significant. We discuss whether this may be evidence of happiness having an inertial force (besides the usual habituation channel).
Distal Superior Mesenteric Artery Endarterectomy Remains an Excellent Option for Mesenteric Revascularization in the Endovascular Era.

Abstract: Background Endovascular treatment of mesenteric lesions has become increasingly prevalent. Mesenteric bypass, however, remains the optimal treatment in the cases of chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) in young, medically fit patients given its durability. Endarterectomy, has gone by the wayside, but in certain situations, this technique remains surgically relevant and should still be employed. Herein we present two cases of distal superior mesenteric artery (SMA) endarterectomy for mesenteric revascularization. Case Reports Case 1 is a 40-year-old male with history of antithrombin III deficiency, myocardial infarction, bilateral pulmonary embolism, acute aortic thrombus, and mesenteric ischemia status post placement of a proximal SMA stent, and was transferred to our institution due to concern for ischemic bowel. Intraoperative angiography showed mid to distal SMA chronic thromboembolism with narrow lumen of recanalization and distal flow. No intervention was performed at that time. He developed worsening abdominal pain and weight loss over several months which required initiation of total parenteral nutrition, complicated by line-associated sepsis. Subsequent distal SMA endarterectomy was performed. He recovered well and had improved enteral intake at 1-month follow-up and radiographic imaging at 2-months showed patent vessels. Case 2 is a 50-year-old female with extensive smoking history and hyperlipidemia and gastroesophageal reflux who presented with post-prandial abdominal pain and a forty-pound weight loss over the past year. Attempted angiographic cannulation with stent was not successful due to flush occlusion of the SMA approximately one centimeter distal to the ostium that was unable to be crossed. Computed tomography angiography confirmed that the SMA origin was free of atherosclerotic disease with a distal focal segment of occlusion. She underwent successful endarterectomy of this occlusion. The post-operative course was uneventful and at 1-month follow up, she reported continued improvement in pain and appetite. Conclusion SMA endarterectomy can be successfully performed on mid- to distal-lesions of the SMA. This operation should remain a viable option in the management of CMI.
New compact quasi-periodic and aperiodic mode converters for 60 and 140 GHz gyrotrons

New shorter, broader bandwidth designs are discussed for TE 03 -TE 02 and TE 02 -TE 01 varying-radius mode converters and TE 01 -TE 11 serpentine mode converters for a 2.779 cm diameter circular waveguide at 60 and 140 GHz. Designs combining TE on -TE on-1 converters and a 6.35–2.779 cm taper are also presented.
The Effect of Moisture Intake on the Mode-II Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites

An experimental investigation of the mode-II dynamic fracture behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy composites when exposed to moisture intake in excess of 1 wt% was conducted. In particular, one goal was to investigate if the different moisture intake methods result in different dynamic fracture responses. Experiments were performed by launching a projectile from a gas gun onto pre-notched unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy rectangular specimens manufactured in-house. Additionally, the material was characterized in-house to account for material property degradation due to water intake. Two different aging techniques were used to obtain the desired moisture contents. First, hygrothermal aging was used to obtain 1.5 wt% moisture uptake by having samples submerged in water at $$65\,^\circ$$ C. Second, submersion in water at room temperature was used to obtain the same effect, resulting in longer soaking times. Ultra high-speed photography combined with digital image correlation were used to extract stress intensity factors from each experiment. The experiment successfully obtained dominant mode-II loading of the crack. It was found that carbon fiber/epoxy samples with no significant moisture content had a a higher mode-II critical stress intensity factor compared to samples that were aged. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the different types of aging techniques.
A uvbyCaHβ CCD Analysis of the Open Cluster Standard NGC 752

Precision uvbyCaHβ photometry of the nearby old open cluster, NGC 752, is presented. The mosaic of CCD fields covers an area ~42' on a side with internal precision at the 0.005–0.010 mag level for the majority of stars down to V ~ 15. The CCD photometry is tied to the standard system using an extensive set of published photoelectric observations adopted as secondary standards within the cluster. Multicolor indices are used to eliminate as nonmembers a large fraction of the low probability proper-motion members near the faint end of the main sequence, while identifying 24 potential dwarf members between V = 15.0 and 16.5, eight of which have been noted before from Vilnius photometry. From 68 highly probable F dwarf members, we derive a reddening estimate of E(b − y) = 0.025 ± 0.003 (E(B − V) = 0.034 ± 0.004), where the error includes the internal photometric uncertainty and the systematic error arising from the choice of the standard (b − y, Hβ) relation. With reddening fixed, [Fe/H] is derived from the F dwarf members using both m1 and hk, leading to [Fe/H] = −0.071 ± 0.014 (sem) and −0.017 ± 0.008 (sem), respectively. Taking the internal precision and possible systematics in the standard relations into account, [Fe/H] for NGC 752 becomes −0.03 ± 0.02. With the reddening and metallicity defined, we use the Victoria-Regina isochrones on the Stromgren system and find an excellent match for (m − M) = 8.30 ± 0.05 and an age of 1.45 ± 0.05 Gyr at the appropriate metallicity.
Additivity of segregation cues in simulated cocktail-party listening

An approach is borrowed from Measurement Theory [Krantz et al. (1971). Foundations of Measurement (Academic, New York), Vol. 1] to evaluate the interaction of voice fundamental frequency and spatial cues in the segregation of talkers in simulated cocktail-party listening. The goal is to find a mathematical expression whereby the combined effect of cues can be simply related to their individual effects. On each trial, the listener judged whether an interleaved sequence of four vowel triplets (heard over headphones) were spoken by the same (MMM) or different (FMF) talkers. The talkers had nominally different fundamental frequencies and spoke from nominally different locations (simulated using head-related transfer functions). Natural variation in these cues was simulated by adding a small, random perturbation to the nominal values independently for each vowel on each trial. Psychometric functions (PFs) relating d' performance to the difference in nominal values were obtained for the cues presented individually and in combination. The results revealed a synergistic interaction of cues wherein the PFs for cues presented in combination exceeded the simple vector sum of the PFs for the cues presented individually. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for possible emergent properties of cues affecting performance in simulated cocktail-party listening.
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems: Development, Structure, and Function

This chapter examines the development, structure, and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems within the context of caring for critically ill children. The development of the nervous system begins with the establishment of the neuroectoderm and continues through neurogenesis, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and programmed cell death. This chapter describes these processes using both normal and pathologic consequences of various developmental stages. An illustrated overview of the structures and function of the nervous system is then provided using clinical correlates to emphasize key concepts.
Direct Extraction of Mode I and Mode II Traction–Separation Relationships of Polymer Modified Bitumen Using Rigid Cantilever Beam Experiments Combined with StereoDIC

Cohesive zone traction–separation (T–S) relationships of a polymer modified bitumen commonly used as a sealant material in three-tab shingles are obtained by performing both Mode I and Mode II loading of the sealant material using a rigid double cantilever beam (RDCB) fixture. The RDCB experiments are performed for adhesive samples bonded at two different temperatures. The measured T–S relationships show significant differences between the Mode I and Mode II responses. The Mode II facture toughness is found to be much higher than the Mode I fracture toughness and the adhesive is more ductile in Mode II. The maximum traction in the T–S relationship for Mode II loading is marginally lower than measured for Mode I. The adhesive having a higher bonding temperature showed higher toughness and maximum traction for both Mode I and Mode II loading compared to the adhesive bonded at a lower temperature.
Oxidative Stress and Metabolism: The NF–Erythroid 2 p45–Related Factor 2:Kelch–like ECH–Associated Protein 1 System and Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Ischemic AKI

Ischemia/reperfusion causes AKI by exposing renal cells to oxidative stress and depriving them of nutrients. One part of the complex response to such stresses is activation of NF–erythroid 2 p45–related factor 2 (Nrf2).[1][1] Nrf2 is a member of the cap’n’collar family of genes, so-called
Fungi Isolated from Damaged Flue-cured Tobacco.

Species of Aspergillus were the most prevalent fungi isolated from 51 samples of damaged flue-cured tobacco of the 1966 U.S. crop, comprising 57% of the total isolates. Other prevalent fungi were Penicillium (16%), Alternaria (8%), Cladosporium (4%), and Chaetomium (4%). Members of the Aspergillus glaucus group were isolated most frequently from samples with moisture contents ranging from 18 to 28%, whereas Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Penicillium were isolated consistently from samples containing 24 to 32% moisture. Aspergillus niger was prevalent in tobacco ranging in moisture content from 18 to 30%.
Lazy acquisition of place knowledge

In this paper we define the task of place learning and describe one approach to this problem. Our framework represents distinct places as evidence grids, a probabilistic description of occupancy. Place recognition relies on nearest neighbor classification, augmented by a registration process to correct for translational differences between the two grids. The learning mechanism is lazy in that it involves the simple storage of inferred evidence grids. Experimental studies with physical and simulated robots suggest that this approach improves place recognition with experience, that it can handle significant sensor noise, that it benefits from improved quality in stored cases, and that it scales well to environments with many distinct places. Additional studies suggest that using historical information about the robot‘s path through the environment can actually reduce recognition accuracy. Previous researchers have studied evidence grids and place learning, but they have not combined these two powerful concepts, nor have they used systematic experimentation to evaluate their methods‘ abilities.
The 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign - An Early Review

Two B707-type research aircraft of the 452nd Flight Test Squadron at Edwards Air Force Base were deployed to study the Leonid meteor storm of 1999 over the Mediterranean Sea on Nov. 18. The mission was sponsored by various science programs of NASA, and offered an international team of 35 researchers observing conditions free of clouds and low altitude extinction at a prime location for viewing the storm. This 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign followed a similar effort in 1998, improving upon mission strategy and scope. As before, spectroscopic and imaging experiments targeted meteors and persistent trains, but also airglow, aurora, elves and sprites. The research aimed to address outstanding questions in astrobiology, planetary science, astronomy, and upper atmospheric research. In addition, USAF co-sponsored the mission to provide near real-time flux measurements for space weather awareness. First results are presented in these issues of Earth, Moon, and Planets in preparation for future missions that will target the exceptional Leonid returns of 2001 and 2002. An early review of the scientific achievements in the context of campaign objectives is given.
Removal of Polypropylene Sling Mesh From the Urethra: An Anatomic Technique.

Objective To describe a technique for removal of intraurethral mesh with minimal disruption of the periurethral anatomy. Materials and Methods Through a midline transvaginal approach the sling is located lateral to the urethra and divided. The medial portion of the divided sling is carefully dissected back to its entrance laterally into the urethral lumen. A stay suture is placed on the dissected sling. The sling is located on the contralateral side and likewise divided and dissected back to the urethral lumen. The completely dissected sling is pulled through such that the holding stitch is through and through the urethral lumen, allowing easy localization of the urethral defect on lateral walls of the urethra. These defects are closed with an absorbable suture and the vaginal incision is closed. Results Three patients have undergone a transvaginal removal of their intraurethral mesh using the described technique. At a mean follow-up of 6.0 months, there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. All patients were obstructed preoperatively and all developed stress urinary incontinence postoperatively requiring 0-1 pads per day. Conclusion Current approaches to the surgical repair of chronic intraurethral mesh have significant limitations that are minimized by the described technique. This anatomic removal of mesh from the urethra has several advantages including no disruption of the ventral wall of the urethra, complete removal of foreign body from the urethra, and simplified localization of the urethral wall defect to allow for anatomic closure.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COLLAGEN TYPES IN NORMAL AND INFLAMMED HUMAN INTESTINE

We have studied the connective tissue changes in the bowel wall of patients with Crohn's disease. Surgically resected specimens from normal margins and inflammed areas were compared. The various collagen types were identified by specific purification schemes followed by slab gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and by specific staining with antibodies directed against collagen types IV & V. Results. Histological sections from inflammed areas demonstrated expansion of the muscularis propria and the muscularis mucosa, and vascular proliferation in the submucosa. Collagen had accumulated in the latter two areas. Collagen isolated from inflammed bowel and separated by electrophoresis contained in addition to the type I found in normal margins, bands that comigrated with a type V standard. The presence of type V was confirmed by immunoblotting. Immunohisto-chemistry of sections from inflammed areas revealed marked accumulation of types IV and V in the submucosa. Conclusion. In Crohn's disease, chronic inflammation of the intestine leads to the accumulation of abnormal amounts of collagen types IV & V. As these collagen types are synthesized by smooth muscle cells, we postulate that these cells may play a role in the stricture formation characteristic of Crohn's disease. (Supported by a grant from the National Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis.)
Direct evidence for the site of substitutional carbon in GaAs using localized vibrational mode spectroscopy

Abstract High resolution transmission measurements using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the localized vibrational mode (LVM) due to substitutional carbon in GaAs provide direct evidence that the carbon resides predominantly on the As sublattice (C As ). These spectra are found to be the near superposition of at least four bands which may be fit to a combination of Lorentzian functions. The LVM produced by Si As in GaAs exhibits similar structure which also may be fitted by Lorentzians. The only satisfactory explanation is that these spectral features arise from shifts due to different nearest neighbor configurations of the two Ga isotopes. There is no experimental indication of C Ga . In addition, the full widths at half maximum of these bands are much smaller than previously believed.
Urinary and Sexual Quality of Life 1 Year Following Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: We evaluated urinary and sexual quality of life 1 year following robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and identified preoperative variables predictive of a severe decrease from baseline.Materials and Methods: Using a prospective robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy database we identified patients with greater than 1 year of postoperative followup. The UCLA-PCI SF-36v2™ questionnaire was used to evaluate urinary and sexual quality of life before and 1 year after surgery. Severe worsening of the postoperative score was defined as a greater than 1 SD decrease. Demographic and preoperative clinical variables were evaluated along with baseline scores on univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: Between February 2003 and September 2007 a total of 1,225 robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomies were performed at our center and 361 patients (52%) met inclusion criteria. On multivariate analysis baseline urinary function was the only predictor of significant worsening of urinary functio...
Two diastereomers of (+-)-cis-2-(3-oxo-1,3,4,5,6, 7-hexahydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

The structures are presented for both diastereomers of the title compound, C 1 5H 2 0O 4 , produced by base-catalized self-condensation of cyclohexane-cis-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride in refluxing triethylamine. Equilibration of either diastereomer under the condensation conditions yielded the same 5:3 mixture. In the crystal, one diastereomer, (II), is ordered, while the other, (I), displays both flexional ring disorder and carboxyl disorder; both aggregate as centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers [for (I), O...O = 2.680 (2) A; for (II), O...O = 2.635 (4) A].
Pattern Recognition with Three Added Requirements

A number of additional constraints are added to the usual problem of forming a pattern recognition scheme using adaptive techniques. These require that the system formed be 1) capable of adding a new class without requiring excessive change of the original structure, 2) able to handle sequential patterns as generated by events which occur over a period of time, and 3) able to predict parts of the sequential pattern. A particular scheme is simulated on a large digital computer and tested on problems in speaker identification, speech recognition, and electroencephalogram recognition.
Acoustic emissions produced by discrete fracture in rock Part 1—Source location and orientation effects

Abstract An experimental programme was undertaken to develop a servo-controlled loading and high-fidelity data acquisition system to investigate acoustic emission (AE) waveforms produced during discrete fracture propagation in rock. Large ( 0.3 × 0.3 × 1m ) chevron-notched specimens were loaded in controlled conditions, and characteristic acoustic emissions associated with Mode I and Mode II fracture were isolated. Two different rocks, granite and dolostone, were tested. Only the initial segment of each AE waveform was used for analysis, ensuring an analysis free from effects of sample size and shape, with propagation effectively through an infinite half-space. High-fidelity, NIST-type, piezoelectric displacement transducers were built and used. The entire experimental system was calibrated, and the system inverse filter was applied to recorded signals. The system had little effect on the recorded signals and deconvolution was not necessary for these tests. The effects of AE source position and orientation relative to the transducer were studied. A reproducible step impulse source was used. Changes in source orientation were found to result in two types of waveform from a common source—a step-like waveform which changes to a ramp-like waveform when the source was directed with a large angle to the surface being monitored. The effects of source position were small.
Signalling pathways linking proliferation and survival in oligodendrocyte progenitors

Our previous results support the idea that the transcription factor CREB mediates the action of neuroligand and growth factor signals that coupled to different signalling pathways, play different roles at specific stages of oligodendrocyte (OLG) development. We have found before that the stimulation of OLG progenitor cell proliferation by neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is preceded by a dramatic increase in CREB phosphorylation by both MAPK and PKC signalling pathways. In addition, we showed that inhibition of CREB expression abolished the NT-3 dependent stimulation of OLG proliferation. We have now found that treatment of OLG progenitors with NT-3 also stimulates the expression of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2. Interestingly, the bcl-2 gene promoter contains a CREB binding site and thus, this transcription factor may also be involved in modulating the survival of OLG progenitors. In support of this hypothesis, we found that the NT-3 dependent stimulation of bcl-2 expression is dramatically decreased when CREB levels in the cells are down regulated by treatment with CREB antisense oligonucleotide. The role of CREB in regulating bcl-2 expression in the OLG progenitors is further supported by transient transfection experiments using a luciferase reporter gene driven by the promoter region of the bcl-2 gene. The experiments indicated that the activity of the bcl-2 promoter was significantly enhanced by incubating the cells with NT-3. However, this response was abolished by mutations in the promoter at the CREB binding site. Altogether, these results support the idea that signalling pathways targeting CREB may play an important role in linking cell proliferation and survival of OLG progenitors.
The Boulder model: a history of psychology at the University of Colorado.

Psychology has been taught at the University of Colorado since shortly after it opened in the late 1870s. Initially, it was tied closely to education, but by the 1920s the Psychology Department stood on its own. Strong doctoral programs emerged by the middle of the twentieth century, including that in clinical psychology. Federal training and research funds soon further strengthened the department, providing national recognition and the resources to establish prominent affiliated research institutes. The department's orientation has been national rather than regional almost from the start.
Optical security system employing shifted phase-encoded joint transform correlation

A new optical security system is proposed using a shifted phase-encoded joint transform correlation (JTC) architecture. In the proposed technique, at first, the address code is fed into two channels where one channel is shifted by 180°. The output signals from both the channels are phase-masked and then added with the input image to be encrypted. The joint power spectrum (JPS) obtained from one channel is subtracted from the JPS of the other channel, and the modified JPS is inverse Fourier transformed to yield the encrypted image. For decryption, the received signal is Fourier transformed and multiplied by the phase mask and the address code, which is then inverse Fourier transformed to generate the output signal. The proposed technique does not require complex conjugate of the address code otherwise required in the classical double random phase encryption. Also the decryption result is much more enhanced when compared to the output generated by alternate JTC techniques. Computer simulation results verify that the encryption and decryption are very much secure and efficient in both noise-free and noisy conditions.
The Effect of Ante-Mortem Injection of Papain on Tenderness of Chickens

Abstract THE effect of the administration of papain by ante-mortem injection in meat animals has been investigated by Beuk et al. (1959) and Palmer et al. (1957). According to Beuk et al. (1959), a tenderizing effect resulted when papain was injected ante-mortem into chickens, sheep, goats and cattle; a shorter ante-mortem time was required for tenderization when the papain was injected into the blood stream than when the injection was made into the peritoneal cavity. Ante-mortem treatments were administrated from two minutes to two hours before slaughter for an intravenous injection and from six to 24 hours for an intraperitoneal injection. Thomas (1956) reported that a more purified crystalline papain did not produce the same histological changes as a crude papain preparation when injected in rabbits. Thus, the report introduced the possible additive effect of an enzyme activator present in the crude preparation but not in the crystalline preparation. The purpose…
Implementing a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant model into grid simulations

A pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant model (NPP) representing one unit of the Palo Verde Nuclear Power Generating Station is incorporated into Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) software. The nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) model comprises a point kinetics description of neutronics and thermodynamics in the reactor core, pressurizer, plenums, hot and cold legs. In addition, the PWR considered here utilizes a recirculation (U-tube) steam generator. A sliding-average-temperature control program for the reactor, pressurizer pressure controller, and simple turbine and governor models are also developed. Subsequently, the NSSS representation is implemented into PSLF by user-defined modeling. Simulation results of isolated plant for a step change in reactivity due to control rod withdrawal are presented and then effect of a disturbance in the medium-sized power system on the developed model of NPP is evaluated.
Effect of histamine on equivalent pore radius in capillaries of isolated dog hindlimb.

Abstract Measurements were made of filtration coefficients (Lp), area per unit path length ( A Δx ) and of equivalent pore radius (Rp) in the control state and during continuous intraarterial infusion of histamine (20–60 μg/min per kg limb weight) in the isolated dog hindlimb. The osmotic transient procedure was utilized with lipid-insoluble molecules: urea, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, inulin and Dextran 10 (Pharmacia), employed to produce transient osmotic-pressure effects. The net flux of these substances across the capillary membrane was determined from the arterial-venous concentration difference by chemical analysis. Independent of the absolute value of the reflection coefficient (σ), the A s Δx for diffusion of all substances but Dextran 10 was increased during histamine infusion. Rp calculated from the theory of restricted diffusion yielded values of 39 Angstroms (A) for control and 38 A during histamine infusion. Combination of hydrodynamic data (Lp) with diffusion data A w Δx yielded values for Rp of 31 A for control and 29 A for histamine. Measurements of plasma-protein osmotic pressure, tissue-protein osmotic pressure, tissue hydrostatic pressure and capillary hydrostatic pressure support the conclusion that histamine (20–60 μg/min per kg limb weight) when administered intraarterially does not affect capillary-membrane porosity. The transient increase in fluid movement across the capillary produced by histamine could result from a change in capillary surface area, an increase in the number of pores per unit surface area, or both. Whatever the mechanism, the increase in fluid movement was not persistent in this preparation and Lp reverted to control value 10–20 min after beginning histamine infusion even though the agent continued to be infused.
Detecting Substitutions and Transpositions of Characters

Substitution errors, where individual characters are altered, and transposition errors, where two consecutive characters are interchanged, are commonly caused by human operators. In this paper, codes that detect a single substitution error or a single transposition error are studied. In particular, it is shown that such codes of length n over an alphabet of q characters have at most q n-1 codewords if q > 3 and at most [2 n /3] codewords if q = 2. Codes which have that many codewords are called optimal codes. We present optimal codes for all values of n and q. Simple encoding techniques for these codes are also described.
Assessing the counselling needs of high school students in Kenya

The Student Counselling Needs Scale (SCNS) was administered to 867 participants recruited from high schools in Kenya. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis yielding five factors: human relationships, career development, self development, social values, and learning skills were assessed. The findings highlighted the importance of using assessment instruments to identify students’ counselling needs in Kenya.
Structural experiments with arrays of functions

Proposals have been made to include function arrays in APL syntax. Strand syntax extends to provide vectors; bracket semantics, to provide reshaping.Herein the structure phase of expression evaluation, which is APL's unique addition to the more familiar syntax and semantics phases, is analyzed. To the two argument shapes of VSAPL must be added the function shape. The extension of the conformance rules is straightforward; scalar conformance is the driving mechanism; applied recursively it is the basis of pervasion. Function and data arrays used with EACH and ENCLOSE, respectively, to produce scalars, lead to identities involving TRANSPOSE, DISCLOSE, and OUTER PRODUCT.Analysis of the nonpervasive scalar function RHO EACH suggests what structural information must be retained in an empty function array. A vector of derived functions is a useful alternative to a derived function with an EACH in some common circumstances. A historical survey suggests that adding function vectors to APL2 would enhance the symmetry and balance of the language.
Designing and implementing multi-user applications: a case study

We have developed a new multi-user application that integrates and extends the concepts in a variety of current multi-user applications. It allows multiple users to store, retrieve and browse through information, communicate information both synchronously and asynchronously, create ‘pipes’ of consistent, editable and persistent views, and interactively specify handlers for events. It has been implemented using the experimental technologies of distributed objects and multi-user editor generation. Our work on this application suggests a new and practical model for designing and implementing multi-user applications. In this paper, we describe the user interface and implementation of the application, give the rationale for our design choices, describe our experience with the tools and techniques used in the implementation, and present conclusions and directions for future work.
The Globalization of our Mental Maps: Evaluating the Geographic Scope of JIBS Coverage

This article analyzes patterns of country coverage in the Journal of International Business Studies during the twenty-five years of its existence. The analysis shows a substantial expansion in the journal's geographic reach over the years, but also a somewhat narrow “mental map,” with many countries and areas receiving only minimal coverage. Explanations for country preferences among researchers are explored and implications for the future are discussed.
Some applications of ultraviolet spectrophotometry in drying oil research

An alkaline-solution technique has been developed permitting the study of the drying and aging process of an oil film using the ultraviolet spectrophotometer. This technique has been found to be a valuable tool for investigating some of the chemical changes which occur as a vegetable oil film dries and ages. The drying or autoxidation of an oil film has been shown to proceed along the general lines of a three-stage reaction with the short initial stage being characterized by an accumulation of conjugated diene and triene structures which reaches a maximum at the time the film has set up or becomes continuous. The second or curing stage was characterized by a slow decrease in the measurable conjugated diene and triene structures. The third or deterioration stage was not investigated; however, this method should be readily adaptable to studies involving film breakdown as represented by phenomena such as after-yellowing since the development of absorption peaks characteristic of linolenic ketones, for example, would permit an early prediction of yellowing long before the concentration of the chromophore groups became great enough for visual observation. During the initial stage of drying there was also evidence for an increase in the alpha-keto structures capable of enolizing in alkali to give absorption maxima characteristic of triene and tetraene conjugated systems. These enolizable structures also decreased in amount during the film curing period and are not characterizable on the basis of observed absorption maxima and published information. The method of obtaining a spectral solution of a dry, infusible oil film through the medium of alcoholic KOH was applied to investigations on the relationship existing between the light absorption of the film solution and the durability or weather resistance of the straight oil film. The results obtained verified the principle previously reported that the quantity of light absorbed by an oil film in the region of 320–400 mμ was indicative of the durability of the film upon exposure to accelerated weathering conditions.
On the global attractivity and the periodic character of some difference equations

We establish a global convergence result and then apply it to show that every positive solution of the difference equation converges to a period p solution, where the period p is easily determined in terms of the coefficients
Modeling of coupled deformation-induced twinning and dislocation slip using incremental energy minimization

The complex interplay between dislocations and deformation-induced twinning leads to a relatively poor formability of magnesium at room temperature. For understanding the complicated behavior of this metal, a novel model is presented. It is based on a variational principle. Within this principle based on energy minimization, dislocation slip is modeled by crystal plasticity theory, while the phase decomposition associated with twinning is considered by sequential laminates. The proposed model captures the transformation of the crystal lattice due to twinning in a continuous fashion by simultaneously taking dislocation slip within both, possibly co-existent, phases into account. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neogene Stratigraphy of Paratethys of Central Europe and Its Correlation with Other Areas: ABSTRACT

During the last 10 years, a group of Neogene specialists has restudied the Neogene sections in the Alpine and Carpathian foredeep (molasse zone) and the inner Alpine and Carpathian basins. These studies have given rise to a new Neogene stratigraphic concept for this area--the so-called "Paratethys." The lower boundaries of these Miocene and Pliocene stages (Egerian, Eggenburgian, Ottnangian, Carpathian, Badenian, Sarmatian, Pannonian, Pontian, Dacian, and Romanian, in ascending order) are defined by planktonic and larger foraminifers, calcareous nannoplankton, ostracods, mollusks, microvertebrates, and macrovertebrates. From radiometric age determinations of biostratigraphically dated glauconite and rhyolitic or andesitic tuff zones, correlations are possible with the Neogene planktonic zonation of Blow on one side, and with vertebrate Neogene scales on the other. Correlations can be made between the boreal, Atlantic, and Mediterranean bioprovinces of Europe and, therefore, with most of the stratotypes of the international Neogene time scale. On the basis of Paratethys faunas, th bioprovinces of western Europe can be correlated with the eastern Neogene deposits as far as the Crimean and Caspian Sea areas. Planktonic and larger foraminifers, as well as microvertebrates and macrovertebrate correlation levels, can be related to the Neogene of the United States. There are major conflicts between the early and middle Miocene radiometric dates obtained in the Paratethys and those from deep-sea cores. End_of_Article - Last_Page 807------------
Preneoplastic and Precancerous Lesions in Rodents: Morphologic and Molecular Characteristics

Cancer evolves through a sequential process from normal cells in many tissues of humans and animals. The natural history of tumor development can be seen histologically and by biochemical and molecular changes. There are two common basic pathways for the formation of malignant epithelial tumors; through preneoplastic foci and benign tumors (carcinoma developing in an adenoma) in parenchymal tissue or progression from intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) (atypical hyperplasia, noninvasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ), a lesion in flat or lining epithelium. In epithelial-lining tissues of humans and rodents (e.g. cervix, mammary gland, prostate, skin), these lesions have been described as IN. In solid epithelial organs (liver, kidney, endocrine tissues) focal hyperplasia leads to adenomas. Adenomas develop foci of carcinoma, a process that is more common in rodents than in humans. These precancerous lesions in many rodent tissues often have multiple biochemical and molecular lesions which can be similar or different from those found in malignant tumors. The rodent molecular lesions include mutations in oncogenes (K-ras, H-ras) and tumor suppressor genes (p53, β-catenin, apc) or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor suppressor genes of mutant mouse models. This manuscript will review specific sequential morphologic and molecular lesions in the histopathogenesis of cancer in several rodent tissues. The significance of molecular lesions for diagnosis of rodent lesions will be discussed.
Hemolysis in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient boy with rheumatic fever

A 12-year-old black boy with the A type of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency had a hemolytic episode concurrent with acute rheumatic fever. Aspirin nevertheless remains the drug of choice for acute rheumatic fever even in the A type of G6PD deficiency.
Representation of Evoked Potentials by Fourier-Bessel Expansions

Fourier-Bessel expansions and Fourier series are used to represent the average evoked cortical potentials obtained by stimulation of the olfactory tract in cats. The applicability of various mathematical representations of potentials to the modeling of neural systems is discussed.
Electron-beam systems for precision micron and submicron lithography

This paper discusses the engineering of electron-beam systems for the generation of micron and submicron lithography. Design objectives and options for the electron-beam column, X-Y workpiece stage, laser interferometer, pattern generator, software, and general engineering are the major topics.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in liver disease: A systematic review

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) may develop in patients with liver disease, a fact highlighted by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcements cautioning against the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in select liver disease patients. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to characterize the risk of NSF in patients with liver disease. All published articles on NSF from September 2000 through August 2008, were identified via PubMed searches and examination of articles' reference lists. Two reviewers independently read each article and identified unique patients with biopsy-proven or suspected NSF. Data on demographics, liver status, renal status, and GBCA exposure were collected. A total of 324 articles were reviewed, with 108 articles containing case descriptions of 335 unique NSF patients. After excluding the 95/335 (28%) patients in whom the presence or absence of liver disease was uncertain, liver disease was confirmed present in 41/239 (17%) patients. Renal insufficiency could be assessed in 35 of the liver disease patients; severe renal insufficiency, defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or estimated GFR (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or dialysis requirement, was present in 34/35 (97%) patients. The lone patient who developed NSF with mild/moderate renal insufficiency was atypical and received a total gadodiamide load of 0.76 mmol/kg over a 10-week period periliver transplantation. The published medical literature demonstrates that patients with liver disease who develop NSF also have severe renal insufficiency, suggesting that liver disease does not confer a risk for NSF beyond that of the underlying renal insufficiency. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:1313-1322. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation of intestinal apolipoprotein A-I synthesis by dietary phosphatidylcholine in newborn swine

Phospholipid (PL) from both dietary sources and biliary secretions may be important in the regulation of intestinal apolipoprotein (apo) synthesis. We previously demonstrated the up-regulation of apo A-I secretion by phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a newborn piglet intestinal epithelial cell line. We hypothesized that dietary PC increases small intestinal apo A-I synthesis in vivo in the newborn piglet. Two-day-old female swine were fed by gavage for 48 h. Diets consisted of a formula containing 51% of calories as triacylglycerol providing 180 kcal/kg/24 h. The experimental group (+PC, n=7) received 1 g/L added soybean PC, and the control group (−PC, n=7) received no added PC. At the end of the study period, jejunal apo A-I, B, and A-IV synthesis was measured, and apo A-I mRNA levels were quantitated. Jejunal mucosal PI content and serum lipids and apo B and A-I levels were measured. Jejunal apo A-I synthesis was almost twice as high in the +PC group as compared to the −PC group with no difference in apo A-I mRNA levels. Jejunal content of PL was higher in the +PC group than in the −PC group. There were no differences in jejunal apo B and A-IV synthesis or serum levels of lipids and apo-lipoproteins between the two groups. Dietary PC supplementation in newborn swine up-regulated jejunal apo A-I synthesis. Apo A-IV synthesis, which is sensitive to fatty acid flux, was not significantly increased, which suggests a specific effect of PC on apo A-I synthesis. Lumenal PC may be important in the regulation of intestinal apo A-I synthesis in the neonate.
Neuromuscular junction disorders

Disorders of the neuromuscular junction, such as myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, constitute an important and treatable class of diseases. Both disorders are typically caused by an immunologically mediated attack on discrete components of the neuromuscular junction, compromise the efficacy of neurotransmitter transmission, and produce clinically distinct syndromes of fatigable muscle weakness. Although the history, clinical examination, and routine antibody testing can be diagnostic in many cases, specialized neurophysiological tests, such as repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography, are essential tools in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with more complicated or atypical conditions. In this review, we introduce primary disorders of the neuromuscular junction, and discuss the salient clinical and laboratory workup appropriate for recognizing these disorders, and the typical findings seen on electrodiagnostic testing with repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography.
Congener-Specific Determination of Chlorobiphenyls in Biological Tissues Using an Aroclor-Based Secondary Calibration Standard

Abstract A secondary calibration standard was developed from a mixture of Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260. The composition of this standard (≤ 130 components) was established by high resolution gas chromato-graphic retention time and mass spectral data supplemented by coinjection of individual congeners. Hydrogen flame ionization detection (FID) and electron impact mass spectrometry (MS) were used for independent quantitation of the mixture. Total chlorobiphenyl concentrations measured in the Arodor mixture were in both cases within 7% of the gravimetrically determined concentration. However, discrepancies were found between results obtained with the two methods for individual chromato-graphic peaks. These discrepancies were largely restricted to minor constituents of the Aroclor mixture. Variations for major peaks are attributable to deviations of individual congener response factors from those representative of the corresponding isomer group. The secondary calibration standard was used to determine c...
Inorganic contaminants in Arctic Alaskan ecosystems: long-range atmospheric transport or local point sources?

The moss monitoring technique (Hylocomium splendens) for tracking environmental concentrations of atmospheric contaminants is applied to arctic Alaska. Median 1990–1992 concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, V, and Zn are ≤ median 1990 concentrations in northernmost parts of the Nordic/European monitoring network. Extremely low Pb concentrations (median, 0.6 μg/g) indicate that long-range atmospheric transport (LRTAP) of Pb to arctic Alaskan ecosystems is neglible. However, samples taken adjacent to a local source point (the Dalton Highway) have elevated Pb, V, and Cu. Site-specific watershed studies indicate that natural within- and between-site variability does not affect the interpretation of our Alaskan data relative to the Nordic/European network for Pb, V and Cu. Variability is greater relative to regional data for Cd and Zn, but neither LRTAP nor the Dalton Highway appear to be significant contributors to local concentrations of Cd and Zn. Pilot studies of blueberries and other selected wildlife forage foods indicate that concentrations inH. splendens are generally comparable to those in a common carbou forage lichen, but thatH. splendens may underestimate Cu and overestimate Pb, Hg, and in some cases Cd, relative to selected forage fruits. More studies of contaminants in arctic Alaskan forage foods are needed to characterize potential exposure of human and wildlife populations to airborne contaminants in this region.