cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who is at risk of limb loss and what to do about it

Lower limb amputations were performed on over 105,000 individuals in United States short-stay hospitals between 1989 and 1992. Additional amputations were performed in VA, military, Indian Health, and charitable orthopaedic hospitals. Half of all lower extremity amputations occurred in individuals with diabetes. When the causal chain leading to diabetic amputations was examined in 80 consecutive patients at the VA Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 23 unique pathways were identified. Multiple pathway components were identified for 96% of patients, while in 4% a single ischemic pathway was sufficient in itself to require amputation. The majority of the scenarios leading to amputation began when patients with absent peripheral sensation sustained a pivotal event that initiated the causal chain to amputation. In nearly half the patients, this event was foot-wear-related. The pivotal event was followed by ulceration and faulty wound healing in 73% of patients. Each year thousands of individuals with diabetes undergo amputation in VA facilities, resulting in substantial cost to the Department of Veterans Affairs and to themselves. If the VA is to address the prevention or delay of limb loss, the causal pathway information indicates that attention to the footwear of diabetic patients is necessary.
A Modular Single-Phase Bidirectional EV Charger with Current Sharing Optimization

Developing electric vehicle (EV) technologies puts EV chargers in scope for successful integration into the smart grid. The energy and power need for grid charging of EV batteries may have an adverse impact on the distribution grid depending on the architecture of the distribution system and charging control structure employed. This effect can be minimized utilizing on-board EV battery chargers. For the wide-scale adoption of EV, an improvement in the charging operation of the batteries will have a large cumulative impact on the grid. Therefore, this paper presents a bidirectional modular single-phase on-board charger with optimized current sharing for more efficient smart grid integration. The results of the implementation have been presented to verify the proposed idea in simulation and experimental test environments.
RAT LIVER TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE: PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETING CHANGES IN MULTIPLE FORM PATTERNS

ABSTRACT. Following Cortisol administration, three peaks of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase activity can be resolved by CM-Sephadex chromatography. The proportion of enzyme activity in the three forms is dependent on the method of cell disruption and the pH and ionic strength of the buffers used. Homogenization with glass-teflon tissue homogenizers in 0.01–0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) yields predominatly form I of the enzyme. This form of the enzyme is the last to be eluted from the column. Increasing ionic strength and/or elevating pH causes most of the enzyme to appear as form III, the first major peak to be eluted from the column. Further results indicated that freeze-thawing or sonication cause conversion of form III to form I. By pressing liver slices between glass slides and analyzing the exudate, almost all of the tyrosine aminotransferase activity was in form III. Presumably, this is the predominant form of the enzyme in vivo. The manner in which other forms arise in vitro is unresolved.
Field Induced Resonance and Chaos in Nonlinear Conservative Systems

Two models are discussed which show how dynamic external fields can induce internal chaos and enhance dissociation in nonlinear conservative systems.
Selection of Efficient Clustering Index to Estimate the Number of Dynamic Brain States from Functional Network Connectivity

Clustering analysis is employed in brain dynamic functional connectivity to cluster the data into a set of dynamic states. These states correspond to different patterns of functional connectivity that iterate through time. Although several methods to determine the best clustering partition exists, the appropriateness of methods to apply in the case of dynamic connectivity analysis has not been determined. In this work we examine the use of the Davies-Bouldin clustering validity index via simulation and real data analysis. Currently employed indexes, such as the Silhouette index, do not provide an effective estimation requiring the use of an elbow criterion. All elbow criteria rely on users experience and introduce uncertainty into the estimation. We demonstrate the feasibility of using the Davies-Bouldin index as a method delivering a unique discrete response to provide automated selection of the number of clusters.
Disparate Exciton-Phonon Couplings for Zone-Center and Boundary Phonons in Solid-State Graphite

The exciton-phonon coupling in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is studied using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectroscopy. With ∼70 meV energy resolution, multiple low energy excitations associated with coupling to phonons can be clearly resolved in the RIXS spectra. Using resonance dependence and the closed form for RIXS cross section without considering the intermediate state mixing of phonon modes, the dimensionless coupling constant g is determined to be 5 and 0.35, corresponding to the coupling strength of 0.42 eV+/-20 meV and 0.20 eV+/-20 meV, for zone center and boundary phonons, respectively. The reduced g value for the zone-boundary phonon may be related to its double resonance nature.
Comprehensive Finite Element Modeling for Pulsed Magnet Design Using COMSOL and Java

Ultra-high field pulsed magnets must simultaneously satisfy a number of often competing electrical, electromagnetic, structural, thermal, and economic constraints. To produce the highest field possible, nondestructive pulsed magnets are designed to operate at the limits of mechanical strength and electrical capacity of conductors. In this presentation, we will introduce a coupled multi-engineering finite element method (FEM) implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics package for detailed and accurate calculations of the mechanical, thermal and electromagnetic performances in entire longitudinal cross-section of the pulsed magnet. These transient FEM simulations are performed for entire pulse length and take into account the temperature and magnetic field dependences of electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of all the materials to provide better accuracy. Application Programming Interface (API) feature of COMSOL was used to automate repetitive modeling steps to significantly reduce the necessary time to create FEM models for a pulsed magnet which may consists up to thousands of turns and insulation/reinforcement layers. Computational results for our signature 100T non-destructive pulsed magnet will be presented.
A Novel Device Model Validation System for 1.5 T and 3 T MRI Safety Assessment

In this paper, a novel device model validation system is presented for the validation of transfer functions of active implantable medical devices (AIMD). The system consists of an efficient test fixture and a set of Hadamard matrix-based pathways. The test fixture integrates 1.5 T and 3 T test in one design and consequently generate uniform electric field. The cavity model-based resonator design allows it to do tests under multiple frequencies with lumped element matching circuits. Compared with the ASTM standard tests, it is easier to handle and provides more stable test environments. Furthermore, the developed Hadamard matrix-based pathways have high orthogonality and anti-noise ability. These pathways could be a preferable substitution of the recommended ones by ISO/TS 10974, which are too complicated to achieve experimentally and not independent enough to characterize a transfer function. Two generic AIMDs with different lead length are applied to verify the transfer function validation ability of the proposed system. The induced heating levels of 7 pathways are measured for both AIMDs under both frequencies These results are compared with those obtained by theoretically calculation using the transfer functions. Results show that the presented system could be an efficient and effective alternative for the future AIMDs transfer function validation test.
Deletion analysis of the itaconic acid biosynthesis gene cluster components in Aspergillus pseudoterreus ATCC32359

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus has been successfully used for industrial production of itaconic acid (IA) for many years. The IA biosynthesis pathway has recently been characterized at a molecular genetic level as an IA gene cluster by a clone-based transcriptomic approach. The cluster consists of four genes, including genes for cis-aconitic acid decarboxylase (cadA), a predicted transcription factor (tf), a mitochondrial organic acid transporter (mttA) and an MFS (major facilitator superfamily) type transporter (mfsA). In this research, we performed expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis and systematic gene deletions to further investigate the role of those genes during IA biosynthesis in A. pseudoterreus ATCC32359. EST analysis showed a similar expression pattern among those four genes that were distinct from neighboring genes and further confirmed that they belong to the same biosynthesis cluster. Systematic gene deletion analysis demonstrated that tf, cadA, mttA and mfsA genes in the cluster are essential for IA production; deletion of any of them will either completely abolish the IA production or dramatically decrease the amount of IA produced. The tf gene plays a regulatory role in this cluster. Deletion of tf led to decreased expression levels of cadA, mttA and mfsA. More importantly, a significant amount of aconitic acid was detected in the cadA deletion strain but not in the other deletion strains. Therefore, by deleting only one gene, the cadA, we established a novel microbial host for the production of aconitic acid and other value-added chemicals from sugars in lignocellulosic biomass.
One Size Fits All: Do Dual-Income Couples and Families Require Different Benefits?:

Dual-income couples are increasing in all types of workplaces across the globe. Assumptions about the family structure of the typical employee must be challenged. Responsive compensation and benefi...
Decline in Racial Disparities for United States Hospital Admissions After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction From 2007 to 2015.

Background:Racial disparities in perioperative complications have been shown to exist for many procedures in orthopaedic surgery. Although anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is common...
Serological Evaluation of Five Unvaccinated Heifers as a Method for Detecting Herds Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Cattle persistently infected (Pl) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are the major reservoir of infection within and between herds. The key to eradicating BVDV is the identification and removal of all PI cattle. This requires testing all cattle within a herd, which is costly and labor-intensive for the producer. It would be desirable to accurately identify herds infected with the virus prior to committing the resources necessary for whole-herd screening. The objective of this study was to determine if the evaluation of BVDV antibody titers in five randomly selected unvaccinated heifers (sentinel heifers) was an accurate way to predict if a herd was infected with the virus.
Industry-level versus firm-level forecasts of long-term earnings growth

Abstract This study assesses whether industry-level forecasts of long-term earnings growth (LTG) are more accurate than firm-level LTG forecasts commonly employed in prior work. I find that industry-level forecasts of LTG are more accurate than (i) firm-level forecasts, (ii) the median I/B/E/S consensus analyst LTG forecast, (iii) a zero growth forecast, and (iv) an LTG forecast combining industry and firm information. Industry-level forecasts are more accurate than firm-level forecasts for firms experiencing extreme growth and firms with high earnings variability, and are less accurate for firms in the Decline life-cycle stage.
Pilot evaluation of sailplane handling qualities

The evaluation sailplanes were found generally deficient in the area of cockpit layout. The pilots indicated general dissatisfaction with high pitch sensitivity especially when coupled with inertially induced stick forces. While all sailplanes were judged satisfactory for centering thermals and in the ease of speed control in circling flight, pilot opinions diverged on the maneuvering response, pull-out characteristics from a dive, and on phugoid damping. Lateral-directional control problems were noted mainly during takeoff and landing for most sailplanes with the landing wheel ahead of center of gravity. Pilot opinion of in-flight lateral-directional stability and control was generally satisfactory. Five of the evaluation sailplanes exhibited a very narrow airspeed band in which perceptible stall warning buffet occurred. However, this characteristic was considered not objectionable when stall recovery was easy. The pilots objected to the characteristics of a wide airspeed band of stall warning followed by a stall with yawing and rolling tendency and substantial loss of altitude during the stall. Glide path control for the evaluation sailplanes was found to be generally objectionable.
SCREENING FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) AMONG A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF WSW(M).

ABSTRACTObjectives: This study explored predictors of STI screening among a heterogeneous group of women who have sex with women and men. Methods: Following bivariate analyses, a multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to assess the relationship between testing and sociodemographic, relationship characteristics. Results: The majority of participants reported not receiving STI screening in the past year. Gender expression, and not sexual orientation, was a significant predictor of screening. For each increase in masculinity, participants had lower odds of receiving an STI test. Conclusions: More research is needed to understand how gender expression of WSW(M) relates to preventative health behaviors.
Inactivation of Clostridium perfringens Type A Spores at Ultrahigh Temperatures

The inactivation of Clostridium perfringens type A spores (three strains of different heat resistances) at ultrahigh temperatures was studied. Aqueous spore suspensions were heated at 85 to 135 C by the capillary tube method. When survivors were enumerated on the standard plating medium, the spores appeared to have been rapidly inactivated at temperatures above 100 C. The addition of lysozyme to the plating medium did not affect the recovery of spores surviving the early stages of heating, but lysozyme was required for maximal recovery of spores surviving extended heat treatments. The percentage of survivors requiring lysozyme for colony formation increased greatly with longer exposure times or increasing treatment temperature. Time-survivor curves indicated that each spore suspension was heterogeneous with respect to the heat resistance of spore outgrowth system or in the sensitivity of the spores to lysozyme. Recovery of survivors on the lysozyme containing medium revealed greater heat resistance for one strain than has been reported for spores of many mesophilic aerobes and anaerobes. The spores of all three strains were more resistant to heat inactivation when suspended in phosphate buffer, but a greater percentage of the survivors required lysozyme for colony formation.
Calibration and validation of spectrophotometers: a vendor's view

Abstract The validation of UV-Visible specrophotometers is discussed with particular reference to diode array based instruments. In a practical approach, the properties of currently available primary standards were tested for useability and applicability. The focus of the validation approach is on optical performance taking into account the requirements for measurements in solution. In addition, the importance of reproducibility and linearity in quantitative measurements involving calibrations is discussed
Vertical Profiles and Column Density Measurements of Ozone from Ground-Based MM-Wave Spectroscopy at Mauna Kea, Hawaii a Demonstration of Capabilities

Using ground-based microwave techniques, we have observed the pressure broadened emission line of stratospheric ozone at 273.0509 GHz, due to the 181,17 →180,18 transition in the ground vibrational state of 1603. Observations were made at approximately 23h local time on 8, 9, 10 and 11 June 1983 from the Mauna Kea Observatory, on the island of Hawaii, at latitude 19°8 N, and an altitude of 4.2 km. The integration time for each observation was 20 minutes, which under good conditions at this high, dry site gives a signal/noise (ratio of peak intensity of line to rms of noise). of 500 or better, at our maximum frequency resolution of 1 MHz/channel, and even higher if the data is smoothed over a few channels.
Phase Space Issues in Ultrawideband/Short Pulse Wave Modeling

Continuing advances in the development of radiators and receivers for electromagnetic, acoustic, elastic, etc., waves, have provided the capability for reliable data gathering. Recent trends have been toward ever wider signal bandwidths because of the enlarged data base provided thereby. This has led to the serious consideration of ultrawideband/short pulse systems with high temporal-spatial resolution. To extract from received signals in the data the desired information for missions pertaining to communication, target location and identification, remote sensing, and others, one requires data processing methods that link the features (observables) in the signal to features in the environment encountered by the signal during its travel from source to receiver. The writer has termed such methods Observable-Based Parametrizations (OBP) (Fig. 1). The presentation here raises in outline relevant issues pertaining to the systematic construction of predictive OBP algorithms for forward and inverse modeling of time-dependent wave phenomena in complex environments.
Complement in Cancer

The concept of immunological surveillance as a major host defense against foreign cells has been used to explain both graft rejection and the recognition and elimination of cancer cells (Thomas, 1959; Burnett, 1970). Simply stated, this theory proposes that lymphocytes possess the ability to recognize and destroy cells of a foreign graft or cancer cells that are recognized as nonself by the host. The rapid development of this area of investigation into cancer immunology was so heavily weighted in the direction of cell-mediated immune reactions as to neglect the role of humoral immune parameters in the host response. Recent experiments have demonstrated that complement can play a limiting role in both graft rejection (Koene et al., 1973) and tumor cell destruction (Old et al., 1967; Kassel et al., 1973). These results emphasize the need to reevaluate our present concepts of tumor immunology. This was done in a recent review by Nishioka (1976), who reiterates the need to take an overview of the entire immune system and the interplay of its component parts in the tumor-host relationship. Nishioka divides the immunological surveillance system into four segments: (1) the classical pathway of the complement system; (2) the C3 shunt or alternate pathway of complement; (3) the cell-mediated immunity (mainly lymphocytes) system; and (4) the immunoglobulin-mediated system. The stress placed on the role of the lymphocyte-mediated system in tumor immunology thus covers only one-fourth of the host defense mechanism, whereas the complement system works synergistically with those segments of the immune system involving immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.
Interaction of tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin with model lipid membranes

TNF and LT are two pleiotropic lymphokines produced mainly by activated macrophages and lymphocytes. TNF has recently been shown to damage liposome membranes. Here, we have tested recombinant TNF and LT (rTNF and rLT) on high-resistance planar lipid bilayers and assessed changes in transmembrane current. Under the conditions tested (pH range 4.5-8), membrane permeability was not altered by these cytokines alone or in combination with gamma-interferon, in marked contrast to previously published results. Moreover, less than 5% of rTNF and rLT bound to liposomes even under low pH conditions. These results suggest TNF and LT must interact with other cellular factors (perhaps receptors) in order to mediate their activity.
The Role of Computer Simulation in Studying Fluid Phase Equilibria

Abstract Computer simulations provide a method for studying mixtures in which the intermolecular forces are precisely defined. They can be used to study specific systems, where laboratory experiments may be too costly, time consuming, or difficult, or to develop better theoretical equations of state. In this paper we first review some of the most promising methods for studying phase equilibria in fluid mixtures. These can be divided into direct methods, which simulate the two-phase system itself, and indirect methods in which the chemical potential of a homogeneous phase is determined. Examples of the use of each of these approaches given, including the determination of vapour-liquid equilibria for binary mixtures and of the properties of dilute solutions. This is followed by an application in which the objective is to develop a better equation of state for polar and associated fluids. Here, computer simulation is used to develop a more suitable reference term in the equation of state for such fluids.
Effect of Dietary Sodium Intake on the Responses to Bicuculline in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Rats

The tachycardic, pressor, and renal sympathoexcitatory responses produced by administration of the γ-aminobutyric acid antagonist bicuculline into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat are attenuated by the administration of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, into the ipsilateral rostroventrolateral medulla. Therefore, excitatory synaptic inputs to pressor neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla that arise from activation of the paraventricular nucleus are mediated predominantly by the action of angiotensin II on angiotensin II type 1 receptors. To examine whether such responses are influenced by physiological changes in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system, we measured heart rate, arterial pressure, and renal sympathetic nerve activity responses to the administration of bicuculline in the paraventricular nucleus in normal rats that were fed low-, normal-, and high-sodium diets and in rats with congestive heart failure. The rank order of both plasma renin activity and renal sympathoexcitatory responses was congestive heart failure>low-sodium diet>normal-sodium diet>high-sodium diet. The rank order of pressor and tachycardic responses exhibited a similar trend, but the differences between the groups were smaller and not statistically significant. The results indicate that the renal sympathoexcitatory responses to activation of the paraventricular nucleus are modulated by physiological alterations in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
Resistivity, oxidation kinetics and diffusion barrier properties of thin film ZrB2☆

Abstract Thin films of ZrB2 prepared by r.f. diode sputtering have been evaluated in terms of sheet resistivity for both as-deposited and rapidly annealed material. Their oxidation characteristics and their compatibility with aluminum in a potential two-level metallization scheme have also been studied. Annealed resistivities as low as 25–30 μΩ cm have been obtained. Oxide films form slowly at low (600°C) temperature; at higher (675°C) temperature, the more rapidly formed oxide is shown to be extremely fine-grained polycrystalline material, and the oxidation process is complicated by the formation and loss of liquid B2O3 from the oxidizing films. Excellent stability against aluminum to temperatures up to 600°C has been observed.
In Situ XAFS Spectroscopic Studies of Direct Coal Liquefaction Catalysts

An in situ cell capable of withstanding typical coal liquefaction reaction conditions was designed and built for XAFS investigations. Three different Fe-based catalysts for direct coal liquefaction were studied at the reaction conditions of 1000 psig (cold) hydrogen pressure and up to 500 °C temperature. Both near-edge (XANES) and radial structure function (EXAFS) data showed gradual conversion from iron oxyhydroxide to pyrrhotite. The starting temperature and the temperature range over which such transformations occur vary significantly with the catalyst system being investigated.
Interferon regulatory factor-2 is protective against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is a nuclear transcription factor that induces inflammatory cytokine mediators and contributes to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. No strategies to mitigate IRF1-mediated liver damage exist. IRF2 is a structurally similar endogenous protein that competes with IRF1 for DNA binding sites in IRF-responsive target genes and acts as a competitive inhibitor. However, the role of IRF2 in hepatic injury during hypoxic or inflammatory conditions is unknown. We hypothesize that IRF2 overexpression may mitigate IRF1-mediated I/R damage. Endogenous IRF2 is basally expressed in normal livers and is mildly increased by ischemia alone. Overexpression of IRF2 protects against hepatic warm I/R injury. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IRF2 overexpression limits production of IRF1-dependent proinflammatory genes, such as IL-12, IFNβ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, even in the presence of IRF1 induction. Additionally, isograft liver transplantation with IRF2 heterozygote knockout (IRF2+/−) donor grafts that have reduced endogenous IRF2 levels results in worse injury following cold I/R during murine orthotopic liver transplantation. These findings indicate that endogenous intrahepatic IRF2 protein is protective, because the IRF2-deficient liver donor grafts exhibited increased liver damage compared with the wild-type donor grafts. In summary, IRF2 overexpression protects against I/R injury by decreasing IRF1-dependent injury and may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
Problems of associativity: A simple proof for the lattice property of systems ordered by a semi-associative law

Abstract The notions of right bracketing and its associated bracketing function or family of sets lead to a short proof of the lattice property of (Tn, →), the system of binary bracketings ordered by a semi-associative law.
Trends of thought concerning meteorological research

Certain problems of synoptic meteorology relating to the nature of the large quasi-stationary cyclonic and anticyclonic centers aloft are examined from the standpoint of an hypothesis which seeks to connect their maintenance with that of the smaller transient disturbances. The suggested link between these two scales of eddies is in many ways similar to that operating in the general circulaton in order to account for the sustained existence of the circumpolar mean zonal motions, according to the more modern concepts. Newer views concerning the dynamcis of large convective processes, and the essential nonlinearity of the laws governing motions in the atmosphere, figure importantly in the arguments advanced.
Glucose-induced Translational Control of Proinsulin Biosynthesis Is Proportional to Preproinsulin mRNA Levels in Islet β-Cells but Not Regulated via a Positive Feedback of Secreted Insulin

Proinsulin biosynthesis is regulated in response to nutrients, most notably glucose. In the short term ( /=10-fold). Importantly, neither exogenously added nor secreted insulin were found to play any role in regulating insulin secretion, proinsulin translation, preproinsulin mRNA levels, or total protein synthesis. The results presented here indicate that long term nutritional state sets the preproinsulin mRNA level in the beta-cell at which translation control regulates short term changes in rates of proinsulin biosynthesis in response to glucose, but this is not mediated by any autocrine effect of insulin.
Airway Smooth Muscle Dynamics are Governed by the Imposed Rate of Strain

It is commonly believed that the time scale governing the rheology of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is set by the internal viscosity and elasticity of the muscle. We show here, to the contrary, that this time scale is set by the externally imposed rate of strain.For any fixed strain rate amplitude (SRA), the elastic modulus of the ASM showed a sigmoidal dependence upon frequency. Remarkably, as the SRA was increased over a range spanning almost four decades, sigmoidal response curves demonstrated little change of shape but shifted dramatically to higher frequencies. As such, the time scale of underlying molecular processes is set not by any internal viscosity, elasticity, or any spontaneous internal rate process, but instead is set by the imposed rate of strain. When the muscle is loaded at a small strain-rate, the molecular dynamics are slow; when loaded at a large strain-rate, the dynamics are fast.Using numerical computations, we then assessed the contribution of myosin bridge kinetics to this behavior. In the regime where frequency was the highest, a good agreement between data and computations was obtained; ASM dynamics could, therefore, be attributed to forced acto-myosin crossbridge dynamics. But at the lowest frequencies, the slopes differed dramatically and stiffness values differed by an order of magnitude, exposing a new domain of slow dynamics that cannot be accounted for by acto-myosin interactions.Interestingly, these results unify scale-free dynamics, fluidization, and length adaptation. While this unification is not explained by any traditional physical picture of cell rheology or polymer dynamics, it deepens substantially the analogy between living and inert soft matter, and in doing so, reveals a central role for microstructural fragility.
Duplicate detection in pay-per-click streams using temporal stateful Bloom filters

Detecting duplicates in click data streams is an important task to fight against click fraud, which is the act of generating false clicks in internet advertising. Revenue generation advertising models, that charge advertisers for each click, leave space for individuals or rival companies to generate false clicks. The extent of click fraud's damage to online advertising has grown tremendously over the years. In this paper, we consider the problem of detecting duplicates in click data streams. Our solution uses a modified version of the counting Bloom filter. The temporal stateful Bloom filter (TSBF) extends the standard counting Bloom filter by replacing the bit-vector with an array of counters of states. These counters are dynamic and decay with time. We conducted a comprehensive set of experiments using synthetic and real world data. Results are compared with buffering techniques used in NetMosaics, a click fraud detection and prevention solution. Our results show that TSBF approach achieves 99% accuracy on duplicate detection, while keeping its space requirement a constant.
Management strategy for fetal tachycardia.

Abstract Objective: To develop a management strategy for fetal tachycardia. Methods: Forty-four fetuses (20–40 weeks’ gestation) with nonsinus tachycardia were divided into three groups based on duration of tachycardia and degree of heart failure. Fetuses with intermittent tachycardia were treated expectantly. Fetuses with sustained tachycardia were treated with transplacental antiarrhythmic agents alone if heart failure was mild to moderate, and with direct intramuscular therapy if heart failure was severe. Degree of heart failure was determined by echocardiographic variables of ventricular function, atrioventricular valve insufficiency, and hydrops. Fetal well-being and response to treatment were evaluated by daily heart rate surveillance and frequent fetal echocardiograms and ultrasounds. Results: Fifteen fetuses with intermittent tachycardia (n = 15, group 1) did not progress to sustained tachycardia or heart failure. Fetuses with sustained tachycardia and mild-to-moderate heart failure (n = 14, group 2) were cardioverted or rate controlled with transplacental agents (n = 9); three term fetuses were delivered electively without treatment and two progressed to severe heart failure and were treated in group 3. Seventeen fetuses (15 initially, two progressing) with severe heart failure were cardioverted (in 0.25–21 days; mean 4.3 days) with fetal intramuscular plus transplacental antiarrhythmic therapy (group 3). Overall, 43 of 44 fetuses were delivered at 32 to 41 (mean 37) weeks with minimal morbidity and a mortality rate of 2.2% (95% confidence interval 0.06%, 12.0%). Conclusion: Perinatal mortality and morbidity were low after following a management strategy based on duration of tachycardia, degree of heart failure, and biophysical profile combined with vigilant ongoing fetal surveillance.
h-Cobordisms between simply connected 4-manifolds

Abstract h -cobordisms between simply connected 4-manifolds are studied. It is shown that most inertial h -cobordisms have a handle decomposition with one 2-handle and one 3-handle, and h -cobordisms between nondiffeomorphic manifolds have handle decompositions with the minimal number of handles consistent with a diffeomorphism between the stabilized ends. Also the number of distinct h -cobordisms between two fixed manifolds is described in terms of isomorphisms of their quadratic forms. These results are applied to Dolgachev surfaces and the Kummer surface using recent work of Donaldson, Friedman and Morgan, and Matumoto.
What Does it Mean to be Autistic? Inter-state Variation in Special Education Criteria for Autism Services

The prevalence of Autism and other Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) has increased dramatically in recent years. The criterion for a clinical diagnosis of Autism, however, is independent from the special education eligibility requirements for Autism services. While the DSM-IV-TR provides a nationally-accepted definition for Autism and ASD, under federal law, the special education criteria for Autism services can vary from state to state. By analyzing federal, special education child-count data as well as each state’s legal code, this study examines and compares eligibility criteria in all 50 states and Washington DC. Our results reveal inter-state variability in Autism eligibility requirements within special education, and this variability can have an impact on prevalence rates. Implications and recommendations for researchers and practitioners in clinical psychology, public health, education, pediatrics, and public policy are discussed.
Lizard myogenesis in vitro: a time-lapse and scanning electron microscopic study.

Abstract Cultured lizard myoblasts exhibit a distinctive rounded morphology during the G 1 (G 0 ?) period of the cell cycle immediately preceding cell fusion (Cox, P. G. (1968). J. Morphol. 126, 1–18). To characterize further these prefusion myoblasts, developing colonies of cultured lizard myogenic cells were studied with the aid of time-lapse cinemicrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Time-lapse observations have shown that the postmitotic prefusion myoblast has both a distinctive morphology and a behavior that serve to distinguish it from other myogenic cells within a developing colony. The rounded morphology of these cells, although initially unstable, becomes highly stable once these cells constitute 68–70% of the cell population in a colony. Stable rounded prefusion cells were not observed to undergo cell division. SEM observations of cells in fixed staged myogenic colonies have shown that the rounded prefusion myoblasts in pre-, early, and late aggregation stage colonies exhibit different surface topographies. The different surface topographies are independent of the medium (fusion permissive or nonfusion) that the cells are grown in. This study, although primarily descriptive, serves to define for the first time a discrete set of changes in both cell behavior and cell surface topography exhibited by prefusion myoblasts.
Optimizing Filter Design for Optical Scatter Microscopy

We show a method to quantify the morphology of biological structures by observing the sample through two-dimensional optical Fourier filters implemented on a liquid crystal device. We present filter configurations with sensitivity to sample texture.
Graphical aids in the use of equivalent index in multilayer-filter design

The equivalent index of a symmetrical nonabsorbing three-layer stack is plotted vs the thickness ratio and index ratio of the high-index and low-index layers. This furnishes some useful insight into the behavior of the equivalent index and is useful in the design of antireflection coatings and edge filters.
A demonstration of JPie: an environment for live software construction in Java

JPie is a tightly integrated development environment supporting live object-oriented software construction in Java. JPie embodies the notion of a dynamic class whose signature and implementation can be modified at run time, with changes taking effect immediately upon existing instances of the class. The result is complete elimination of the edit-compile-test cycle. JPie users create and modify class definitions through direct manipulation of visual representations of program abstractions. This support is provided without modification of the language or run-time system. In this demonstration, we illustrate central features of JPie through the construction of a sample application. These include dynamic declaration of instance variables and methods, dynamic modification of method bodies and threads, dynamic user interface construction and event handling, and on-the-fly exception handling in JPie's integrated thread-oriented debugger.
Insurgency and Genocide: La Vendée

The struggle between the peasant population of the Vendee and the revolutionary government in Paris during the 1790s was perhaps the first, and certainly one of the earliest, of the modern ideologi...
Toxicity of four alkylating agents on in vitro rat embryo differentiation and development.

Abstract Toxicity of Four Alkylating Agents on in Vitro Rat Embryo Differentiation and Development. Seeley, M. R., and Faustman, E. M. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 26, 136-142. The relative developmental toxicity of four direct acting, alkylating agents was determined in primary cultures of differentiating rat embryo midbrain (CNS) and limb bud (LB) cells and compared with that observed in the rat whole embryo postimplantation culture system. The alkylating agents tested include methylnitrosourea (MNU), ethylnitrosourea (ENU), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). These alkylating agents have been shown to produce developmental toxicity following either in vitro or in vivo exposure. Viability for both CNS and LB was assessed by a neutral red dye assay. Differentiation of CNS cells was assessed by hematoxylin staining of neurons; differentiation of LB cells was assessed by Alcian blue staining of extracellular proteoglycans. Relative potencies of these compounds in the cell culture system were not the same as those observed in the embryo culture system. Whereas rank order of potency in the cell culture system, for viability and differentiation, was MMS > MNU > ENU > EMS, rank order in the embryo culture system, for embryo lethality and malformations, was MNU > ENU > MMS > EMS. Effective concentrations for cell culture viability and differentiation by MNU and ENU in cell culture were about three to nine times higher than comparable values previously reported for embryos, while effective concentrations for MMS and EMS were two to seven times lower than those observed in the embryos. Differences in potency between the two culture systems may be related to differences in formation and repair of DNA adduces, as well as differences in culture conditions.
Paper-substrate room-temperature phosphorescence of phenothiazine derivatives enhanced by thallium(I) nitrate and surface-active agents

Abstract The effects of anionic, non-ionic, and cationic surfactants and thallium(I) nitrate on the paper-substrate room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of eleven phenothiazine derivatives are described. Enhancement factors within the range 1.5–10 are observed after addition of sodium dodecylsulfate, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and thallium(I) nitrate. The influence of surfactant on phosphor characteristics as well as effects of moisture are discussed. Limits of detection were in the range 0.2–2 ng. Results are also reported for p -aminobenzoic acid, carbazole and o -terphenyl.
Designing VLSI network nodes to reduce memory traffic in a shared memory parallel computer

Serialization of memory access can be a critical bottleneck in shared memory parallel computers. The NYU Ultracomputer, a large-scale MIMD (multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream) shared memory architecture, may be viewed as a column of processors and a column of memory modules connected by a rectangular network of enhanced 2×2 buffered crossbars. These VLSI nodes enable the network to combine multiple requests directed at the same memory location. Such requests include a new coordination primitive, fetch- and-add, which permits task coordination to be achieved in a highly parallel manner. Processing within the network is used to reduce serialization at the memory modules.
Synthesis and chromatographic properties of polysiloxane stationary phases containing biphenylcarboxylate ester liquid-crystalline side groups

Abstract Ten new liquid-crystalline alkene compounds based on the biphenylcarboxylate ester have been prepared. Some of these alkenes, along with liquid-crystalline alkenes previously reported, were attached to polysiloxane polymers and tested as stationary phases in capillary column gas chromatography. The phase containing nearly 50% substitution with the biphenylcarboxylate ester side groups which were each separated from the polysiloxane backbone by a three-carbon and an ether- oxygen spacer proved to have the best chromatographic properties.
Dispersion of a particle-laden air jet in a confined rectangular crossflow

Abstract Dispersion of a particle-laden air jet issuing into a confined rectangular crossflow has been studied experimentally by means of a planar light-scattering technique. Experiments were run for a jet injected at 24° to the crossflow, using three jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios (Vr=0.5, 1.0 and 1.5), five downstream measurement locations (x/D=7.5, 12, 16, 20, 25) and mass fractions (σ) of particles-to-jet air ranging from 3.5×10−2 to 1.8×10−1. Spherical particles with a mean diameter of dp=130–200 μm and material density ρp=1050 kg/m3 and nonspherical particles with a mean diameter of dp=200 μm and ρp=1200 kg/m3 were studied. The distribution of the 200-μm spherical particles downstream of the jet-crossflow intersection is more uniform than that of nonspherical particles, indicating that particle shape affects dispersion. The dispersion of both types of 200-μm particles in the crossflow is generally greater with increasing downstream distance. However, dispersion of 130-μm spherical particles becomes non-uniform with increasing downstream distance due to the action of a large-scale counter-rotating vortex pair. Dispersion of the particle-laden air jet in the crossflow is not greatly dependent on loading rate over the range of loadings studied. For both spherical and nonspherical particles, the penetration of particle-laden air jet issuing into the crossflow is greater than that of a single-phase air jet. Measurements of static pressure along the top of the main duct (crossflow) indicate that the effect of particles on the air-phase static pressure downstream of the jet-crossflow intersection is significant only for the higher particle loading rates.
Tribological Studies of Compressor Surfaces in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide Under Extreme Environmental Pressure Conditions

The refrigeration industry has shown an inclination towards the use of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as a refrigerant in some applications. While extensive thermodynamic studies exist, tribological studies with CO2 are limited and tribological testing has further been restricted to low environmental pressures up to 1.38 MPa (200 psi) due to limitations in equipment capabilities. In this work, experiments were performed using an Ultra High Pressure Tribometer (UHPT) that was custom designed and built for tribological testing of compressor contact interfaces at very high environmental pressures up to 13.8 MPa (2000 psi). These tests demonstrate the possibility of testing at very high pressures similar to the internal pressures of CO2 compressors.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Preclinical Efficacy of Cystatin C to Target the Oncogenic Activity of Transforming Growth Factor β in Breast Cancer

We previously identified cystatin C (CystC) as a novel antagonist of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling in normal and malignant cells. However, whether the anti-TGF-β activities of CystC can be translated to preclinical animal models of breast cancer growth and metastasis remains unproven. Assessing the preclinical efficacy of CystC was accomplished using metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells, whose oncogenic responses to TGF-β were inhibited both in vitro and in vivo . Indeed, we observed CystC to prevent TGF-β from stimulating the growth and pulmonary metastasis of 4T1 tumors in mice in part by reducing the extent of Smad2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation present in 4T1 tumors. We also found CystC to significantly antagonize angiogenesis in developing 4T1 tumors, suggesting a novel role for CystC in uncoupling TGF-β signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Accordingly, CystC dramatically reduced murine and human EC responsiveness to TGF-β, including their ability to regulate the expression of 1) TGF-β signaling components, 2) inhibitor of differentiation (ID) family members, and 3) matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (TIMPs) and to undergo cell invasion and angiogenic sprouting stimulated by TGF-β. Importantly, CystC prevented TGF-β from stimulating vessel development in Matrigel plugs implanted into genetically normal mice. Collectively, our findings provide the first preclinical evidence that CystC is efficacious in preventing breast cancer progression and angiogenesis stimulated by the oncogenic TGF-β signaling system and suggest that CystC-based chemotherapeutics possesses translational efficacy to one day treat and improve the clinical course of late-stage breast cancers.
The epileptic pre-aura.

The term “pre-aura” is used for the designation of earliest pre-ictal manifestations that escape detection by conventional EEG and both objective and subjective behavioral signs. Fairly recent repo...
A Roman tradition of Alexander the Great counterfactual history

The military success of Alexander and his early death lends itself perfectly to the realm of counterfactual history. No less than nine authors partook in the creation and propagation of Alexander counterfactual history. Our extant examples range from as early as the third century BCE to the sixth century CE. This paper examines first the scholarly debates surrounding the placement of Livy’s digression in his larger narrative, the objectives of Livy’s digression, and the reasons for its existence. It then turns to a discussion of the popularity and consistency of the Roman tradition of Alexander counterfactual history. The tradition not only attempted to represent Rome and Italy as places of relative international importance in the late forth century BCE but also served to compare a young Roman state, which would rise to dominance in the Mediterranean world, favorably to the mightiest conqueror in all of ancient history.
Oral Antineoplastics in Nononcology Units: Moving Toward Safer Ordering, Administration, and Handling

About 25% of all chemotherapy agents prescribed for patients with cancer are oral formulations. As a result, more patients in the acute care setting and tertiary care settings are receiving oral chemotherapy agents on nononcology units. This creates concerns about safe handling for patients, caregivers, and staff.