cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting englacial layer deformation in the presence of complex ice flow history with synthetic radargrams

Fast ice flow on the Antarctic continent constitutes much of the mass loss from the ice sheet. However, geophysical methods struggle to constrain ice flow history at depth, or separate the signatures of topography, ice dynamics and basal conditions on layer structure. We develop and demonstrate a methodology to compare layer signatures in multiple airborne radar transects in order to characterize ice flow at depth, or improve coverage of existing radar surveys. We apply this technique to generate synthetic, along-flow radargrams and compare different deformation regimes to observed radargram structure. Specifically, we investigate flow around the central sticky spot of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica. Our study suggests that present-day velocity flowlines are insufficient to characterize flow at depth as expressed in layer geometry, and streaklines provide a better characterization of flow around a basal sticky spot. For Whillans Ice Stream, this suggests that ice flow wraps around the central sticky spot, supported by idealized flow simulations. While tracking isochrone translation and rotation across survey lines is complex, we demonstrate that our approach to combine radargram interpretation and modeling can reveal critical details of past ice flow.
Inflection points in the conduction-band structure of BaSn O 3

$\mathrm{BaSn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (BSO) is a wide-band-gap oxide in which very high levels of $n$-type doping have been demonstrated. Here we perform a detailed investigation of the conduction-band structure of BSO, reporting band velocities and effective masses as a function of energy, and explore whether sufficiently high doping levels can be achieved to fill the conduction band to energies near the inflection point. The presence of carriers near the inflection point can lead to negative differential resistance (NDR) due to the effective mass above the inflection point being negative. Our first-principles calculations, based on density functional theory with a hybrid functional, show that BSO has an inflection point 2.29 eV above the conduction-band minimum and that secondary conduction-band valleys are at least 2 eV higher in energy. We discuss the options available to achieve the required $n$-type doping levels to reach the inflection point in BSO.
Linking vegetation spectral reflectance with ecosystem carbon phenology in a temperate salt marsh

Abstract Salt marshes constitute an important terrestrial-aquatic interface that remains underrepresented in Earth System Models due to constraining biophysical controls and spatially limited land cover. One promising approach to improve representativeness is the application of proximal remote sensing to generate phenological information, yet we lack detailed knowledge on how proximal sensors and indices perform within these ecosystems. We use measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from eddy covariance (EC) and derive ecologically-relevant phenology parameters (i.e., phenoperiods) to use as carbon phenology benchmarks. These benchmarks are compared against vegetation indices and spectral bands derived from spaceborne (i.e., MODIS) or common proximal sensors (i.e., phenocam and spectral reflectance sensors; SRS). Phenocam derived indices, which exclude infrared wavelengths (i.e., vegetation contrast index; VCI and greenness chromatic coordinate; GCC), aligned closely with NEP benchmarks and provided best predictions of carbon sink season length (within 1–6 days of benchmark). Although isolating infrared from vegetation (NIRv) offered improvements, other indices utilizing infrared bands (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index; NDVI and enhanced vegetation index; EVI) primarily underestimated season start dates (5–30 days prior to benchmark) while overestimating season end dates (7–47 days after benchmark). These discrepancies are greatest for indices derived from MODIS and SRS sensors, which have narrower full width half maximum spectral bandwidths and sharper orientation angles. The phenocam (VCI and GCC) provides the most accurate phenology parameters while offering near-infrared (NIR) response which can generate additional information on seasonal changes in canopy structure and function. The distinctive characteristics of the salt marsh environment and vegetation properties including standing dead biomass can introduce interpretation challenges for commonly used vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI). Incorporating information from proximal sensors utilizing only visible wavelengths (VCI, GCC) or isolating the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) offers improvements for studying carbon phenology within salt marshes.
Emerging from Obscurity: Understanding Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Syndromes, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology of Human Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections

This chapter explores the fascinating biology and history of human mycoplasma infections with a focus on disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It addresses the association of M. pneumoniae infections with asthma. An important question is whether mycoplasmas are a primary cause of asthma, or if mycoplasma infection is at least a cofactor in the development of asthma. The suggestion that M. pneumoniae may play a role beyond simple, acute exacerbation comes from multiple lines of evidence. First, M. pneumoniae can be recovered more often from the airways of patients with chronic, stable asthma than from matched control patients . Second, chronic reductions in lung function tests 1 year, 3 years, and up to 9 years or more after an episode of mycoplasma respiratory tract infection have been reported, establishing the ability of mycoplasmas to induce chronic to permanent lung damage long after resolution of respiratory tract symptoms. Third, M. pneumoniae is known to induce a number of inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. A number of important research questions need renewed attention to provide a better understanding of pathogenesis. These include the role of autoimmunity induction in a variety of mycoplasma syndromes, the existence and importance of an asymptomatic carrier state, and a much better understanding of the role of direct invasion in extrapulmonary syndromes.
Communication stations: cameras reveal river otter (Lontra canadensis) behavior and activity patterns at latrines

Little is known about the behaviors river otters (Lontra canadensis) commonly exhibit when visiting latrine sites. By use of video data we constructed an ethogram to describe and quantify latrine behaviors. The most common behaviors were standing (20.5 %) and sniffing (18.6 %), lending support to the hypothesis that latrines are used for olfactory communication. Surprisingly, defecation was rarely observed (1.4 %); body rubbing occurred more than defecation (10.5 %). It is possible that, in addition to feces, urine, and anal jelly, river otters use body rubbing to scent mark. To monitor site use, we determined seasonal, monthly, and daily visitation rates and calculated visit duration. River otters most frequently visited the latrine in the winter (December and January) but the longest visits occurred in the fall. Very few visits were recorded during the summer. Latrines were most often visited at night, but nocturnal and diurnal visit durations were not different. River otters were more likely to visit the latrine and engage in a specific behavior rather than travel straight through the site. Our data supported the idea that river otters are primarily solitary mammals, with most latrine visits by single otters. However, we documented groups of up to 4 individuals using the area, and group visits lasted longer than solitary visits. Therefore, whether visits are solitary or social, latrine sites are likely to act as communication stations to transmit information between individuals.
Genes that Modulate Longevity and Senescence

Modern gerontology is faced with a major paradox. On the one hand, we have the evolutionary biologists who have concluded that the modulation of longevity and senescence is under highly polygenic controls, that multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved, and that much of the pathology that unfolds is stochastic in origin. Let us refer to members of this camp as the “complificationists.” On the other hand, some biologists point to three lines of evidence that seem to challenge this view. They believe that aging may be produced by a small number of major mechanisms, perhaps even a single major mechanism, such as oxidative damage to macromolecules. Let us refer to members of this camp as the “simplificationists.” They emphasize the exceedingly well documented observations that calorically restricted rodents have substantially greater life spans than their well fed brethren do. They also point to experiments with nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). In both organisms, simple genetic manipulation, including single gene mutations, may lead to substantial increments of life span. For the case of aging in man, they emphasize research on the Werner syndrome, a recessive progeroid syndrome caused by a mutation in a helicase gene. Homozygotes exhibit an acceleration of multiple aspects of the senescent phenotype, including four of the major geriatric disorders associated with human aging (arteriosclerosis, cancer, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis).
Many choices, one destination: multimodal university brand construction in an urban public transportation system

Amidst global competition in higher education, colleges and universities adopt strategies that mimic and adapt business practices. Branding is now a widespread practice in higher education; multimodal advertisement is a manifestation of emerging branding strategies for universities. While the visibility of brands in higher education has grown substantially in recent years, its empirical study has lagged. This article reports on the findings from a study that employed social semiotic and multimodal analysis to explore text and visual rhetoric as brand construction strategies in publicly displayed university advertisements. After analyzing photographs representing advertising campaigns from 16 different universities displayed in an urban public transportation system, I suggest that universities construct their brand identity through messages that emphasize multiple choices and convenience, but construct success primarily according to corporate standards and values.
Balancing exploration and exploitation in agent learning

Abstract : Controlling the ratio of exploration and exploitation in agent learning in dynamic environments is a continuing challenge in applying agent-learning techniques. Methods to control this ratio in a manner that mimics human behavior are required for use in the representation of human behavior in simulations, where the goal is to constrain agent-learning mechanisms in a manner similar to that observed in human cognition. The Cultural Geography (CG) model, under development in TRAC Monterey, is an agent-based social simulation. It simulates a wide variety of situations and scenarios so that a dynamic ratio between exploration and exploitation makes the decisions more sensible. As part of an attempt to improve the model, this thesis investigates enhancements to the exploration-exploitation balance by using different techniques. The work includes design of experiments with a range of factors in multiple environments and statistical analysis related to these experiments. As a main finding from this research, for small environments and for short runs techniques based on subjective utility give better results, while for long runs techniques based on time obtain higher utilities than other techniques. In more complex and bigger environments, a combined technique performed better in long runs.
Fat in the fire? Science, the news media, and the "obesity epidemic."

In recent years, the "obesity epidemic" has emerged as a putative public health crisis. This article examines the interconnected role of medical science and news reporting in shaping the way obesity is framed as a social problem. Drawing on a sample of scientific publications on weight and health, and press releases and news reporting on these publications, we compare and con trast social problem frames in medical science and news reporting. We find substantial overlap in science and news reporting, but the news media do dra matize more than the studies on which they are reporting and are more likely than the original science to highlight individual blame for weight. This is partly due to the news media s tendency to report more heavily on the most alarmist and individual-blaming scientific studies. We find some evidence that press releases also shape which articles receive media coverage and how they are framed.
Strength of cellular adhesion to specific biomaterial surfaces

The jet impingement method was used to discover the variation in strength of cellular adhesion between different biomaterial surfaces. Fibroblasts were cultured on circular discs of each material such that the surface was covered but the layer was subconfluent. A fluid jet of known temperature and flow conditions was used to erode the cells from the surface by perpendicular impingement. The lesions formed were viewed and measured using a fluorescent microscopy technique and a digitizing tablet. From these measurements the maximum shear stress that the cells could resist before being washed off was calculated according to theoretical principles previously described. Calculated shear stresses for three materials, Ti-6Al-4V, tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) and glass, showed noticeable differences between materials with the glass showing the lowest stress to erosion and the Ti-6Al-4V showing the highest. The glass result was as expected, since cell culture specialists consider this material to be suboptimal in terms of encouraging cell growth and proliferation on this material. The comparison of the Ti-6Al-4V results with the TCP indicates that the cells adhere better to the metal. In general, the results show that the jet impingement method is a useful technique for quantifying the strength of cellular adhesion. >
Settlers and Immigrants in the Formation of American Law

This paper argues that the early American republic is best understood as a constitutional experiment in “settler empire,” and that related migration policies played a central role in shaping collective identity and structures of authority. Initial colonists, along with their 19th century descendants, viewed society as grounded in an ideal of freedom that emphasized continuous popular mobilization and direct economic and political decision-making. However, many settlers believed that this ideal required Indian dispossession and the coercive use of dependent groups, most prominently slaves, in order to ensure that they themselves had access to property and did not have to engage in menial but essential forms of work. Crucially, settlers recognized that in order to sustain such a project of republican freedom and territorial conquest, they would need new migrants beyond the flow of English colonists. This promoted strong commitments to open immigration – but only from ethnically appropriate communities – as a central engine of settler development and expansion. Thus, although we often think of immigration and settlerism as competing national identities, I contend that for centuries the idea of the United States as a European immigrant nation – as well as the constitutional structures supporting that vision – was directly bound to settler needs and institutions.
Characteristics of Injuries in the Logging Industry of Louisiana, USA: 1986 to 1998

Characterizing injuries and their trends will allow safety managers to concentrate their resources on the areas of safety that will be most effective in the workplace. Injuries reported to the Louisiana Office of Workers' Compensation Administration for 1986 to 1998 were characterized according to the part of the body affected, the nature of the injury, the source of the injury, and the type of accident for the timber harvesting industry. Many of the injuries in the logging sector were sprains / strains to the knees. Injuries resulting from falling onto structures and surfaces were common and rising. Although the number of accidents in each category is generally decreasing, some trends should be of concern. There was no significant linear trend in overall accident rates since 1991. While the proportion of cuts and lacerations declined, the proportion of fractures increased. This coincided with a time period when logging operations in Louisiana experienced rapid mechanization and insurance companies started enforcing the use of personal protective equipment. The proportion of transportation accidents rose more than any other category. Some suggestions on focusing and improving current safety programs are given. The need for continued and improved training of managers and employees seems to be most critical.
Victory in the Heartland

From 1994 to 1999, the workers at Beverly Farm Home for the Developmentally Disabled in Godfrey, Illinois, struggled to unionize. The local union, affiliated with American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Council 31, had won a representation election in 1994, but employer stall tactics caused a five-year delay. The union responded with a multipronged attack, which included a bitter four-month strike that eventually resulted in a victory for the union.
Blood pressure at rest and during exercise among Sherpas and Tibetan migrants in Nepal

Abstract Tibetan migrants living in an urban environment at low altitude show higher resting systolic blood pressures and more gradual increases in systolic blood pressure during exercise than do Tibetan migrants and Sherpas living at high altitude. Exercise differences are probably related to variations in activity pattern. Resting differences are probably not due to altitude or morphology; but are more likely associated with Western influences on diet and lifestyle.
Vir-115 gene product is required to stabilize D1 translation intermediates in chloroplasts

The nuclear gene mutant of barley, vir-115, shows a developmentally induced loss of D1 synthesis that results in inactivation of Photosystem II. Translation in plastids isolated from 1 h illuminated vir-115 seedlings is similar to wild type. In wild-type barley, illumination of plants for 16 to 72 h results in increased radiolabel incorporation into the D1 translation intermediates of 15-24 kDa. In contrast, these D1 translation intermediates were not observed in vir-115 plastids isolated from plants illuminated for 16-72 h. In addition, after 72 h of illumination, radiolabel incorporation into D1 was undetectable in vir-115 plastids. The level and distribution of psbA mRNA in membrane-associated polysomes was similar in wild-type and vir-115 mutant plastids isolated from plants illuminated for 16-72 h. Toeprint analysis showed similar levels of translation initiation complexes on psbA mRNA in vir-115 and wild-type plastids. These results indicate that translation initiation and elongation of D1 is not significantly altered in the mutant plastids. Ribosome pausing on psbA mRNA was observed in wild-type and vir-115 mutant plastids. Therefore, the absence of D1 translation intermediates in mutant plastids is not due to a lack of ribosome pausing on psbA mRNA. Based on these results, it is proposed that vir-115 lacks or contains a modified nuclear-encoded gene product which normally stabilizes the D1 translation intermediates. In wild-type plastids, ribosome pausing and stabilization of D1 translation intermediates is proposed to facilitate assembly of cofactors such as chlorophyll with D1 allowing continued D1 synthesis and accumulation in mature chloroplasts.
Association of OPRM1 A118G variant with the relative reinforcing value of nicotine

Rationale The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in substance abuse and response to pharmacotherapies for nicotine and alcohol addiction. We examined (1) the association of the functional OPRM1 A118G variant with the relative reinforcing value of nicotine and (2) the main and interacting effects of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone on nicotine reinforcement.
High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG recordings.

Summary Removal of electrocardiographic (ECG) contamination of electromyographic (EMG) signals from torso muscles is often attempted by high-pass filtering. This study investigated the effects of the cut-off frequency used in this high-pass filtering technique on the resulting EMG signal. Surface EMGs were recorded on five subjects from the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles. These signals were then digitally high-pass filtered at cut-off frequencies of 10, 30, and 60 Hz. Integration and power analyses of the filtered EMGs were subsequently performed. It was found that an increase in the cut-off frequency affects the integrated EMG signal by (1) reducing the ECG contamination, (2) decreasing the amplitude, and (3) smoothing the signal. It was concluded that the use of a high-pass filter is effective in reducing ECG interference in integrated EMG recordings, and a cut-off frequency of approximately 30 Hz was optimal. Relevance Electromyographic recordings of torso muscles are often used in the development of lowback biomechanical models. Unfortunately, these recordings are usually contaminated by electrocardiographic interference. High-pass filtering methods are sometimes used to diminish the influence of ECG from surface EMGs; however, the effects of these filters on the recorded and processed EMG have not been reported. The findings show that high-pass filtering is effective in reducing ECG contamination and motion artefact from integrated EMGs when the appropriate cut-off frequency is used. Inappropriate cut-off frequencies lead to either incomplete ECG removal or excess filtering of the EMG signal.
Genetic relationship between calf livability and calving difficulty of Holsteins.

Abstract Multitrait procedure was used to investigate the genetic relationship between calf livability and calving difficulty of Holsteins. The genetic correlation between calf livability and calving difficulty was .66. Heritabilities were .9% for calf livability and 4.1% for calving difficulty. The product-moment correlation (.4) between sires' transmitting abilities estimated separately for livability and dystocia, with properties of Best Linear Unbiased Predictor, underestimated the genetic correlation (.66). The correlated response of calf livability is expected to be 41% greater when selection is for dystocia than is expected from direct selection on calf livability.
RESULTS OF ORAL PROPRANOLOL TREATMENT IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Propranolol has been extensively studied in adults but its use in children has been infrequently reported. Fifty infants and children treated with oral propranolol are presented. In 34 subjects, an investigational liquid form of the drug was used. The diagnoses were: 1) tachydysrhythmias (27),2) decreased pulmonary blood flow and hypoxemic spells (17) and 3) idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) (6). In each group, effectiveness, dose used, and side effects, including postoperative problems, were analyzed. In the patients with decreased pulmonary flow and “spells,” propranolol treatment was effective in 76.4% (13 of 17). Tachydysrhythmias were abolished in 62.9% (17 of 27). Propranolol relieved the symptoms in each of the 6 patients with IHSS. Use of the liquid form enhanced treatment in infants by case of administration and the ability to make small changes in doses. The liquid form was found to be equally as effective as the tablet. Side effects to propranolol included bradycardia in 4 patients, somnolence in 3, increased signs of congestive heart failure in 1 and wheezing in 1. Postoperative low cardiac output was not observed. Based on this study, we conclude that propranolol is an effective and safe drug for use in pediatric patients with certain types of cardiac disease.
Evaluation of Broth Microdilution Testing Parameters and Agar Diffusion Etest Procedure for Testing Susceptibilities of Aspergillus spp. to Caspofungin Acetate (MK-0991)

The NCCLS M38-A document does not describe guidelines for testing caspofungin acetate (MK-0991) and other echinocandins against molds. This study evaluated the susceptibilities of 200 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and A. terreus to caspofungin (MICs and minimum effective concentrations [MECs]) by using standard RPMI 1640 (RPMI) and antibiotic medium 3 (M3), two inoculum sizes (103 and 104 CFU/ml), and two MIC determination criteria (complete [MICs-0] and prominent growth inhibition [MICs-2]) at 24 and 48 h. Etest MICs were also determined. In general, caspofungin MIC-2 and MEC pairs were comparable with both media and inocula (geometric mean ranges of MECs and MICs, respectively, with larger inoculum: 0.12 to 0.64 μg/ml and 0.12 to 0.44 μg/ml with RPMI versus 0.04 to 0.51 μg/ml and 0.03 to 0.21 μg/ml with M3); however, MEC results were less influenced by testing conditions than MICs, especially with the larger inoculum. Overall, the agreement between caspofungin Etest MICs and broth dilution values was higher with MECs obtained with M3 (>90%) and the large inoculum than under the other testing conditions. Because RPMI is a more stable and chemically defined medium than M3, the determination at 24 h of the easier visual MECs with RPMI and the inoculum recommended in the M38-A document appears to be a suitable procedure at present for in vitro testing of caspofungin against Aspergillus spp. Future in vitro correlations with in vivo outcome of both microdilution and Etest procedures may detect more-relevant testing conditions.
New opportunities for nurses as patient advocates.

Objectives: To define the role of nurses as patient advocates and to explore new strategies for the future. Data Sources: Review articles, research studies, education and communications materials, and personal experience with oncology professionals, patients, and family members. Conclusions: Cancer nurses' roles in patient advocacy have progressed and grown as the profession of oncology nursing has itself matured. As resources continue to diminish, nurses need to consider the power of their roles as change agents, coordinators, and directors as well as interventionists. Implications for Nursing Practice: There are many needs for research in this area as well as new roles for nurses who care for patients. Nurses need to be aware of ongoing research in areas such as health communications and consider partnering with persons in these other disciplines to enhance productivity and to use their time most efficiently.
Patellofemoral Syndrome a Paradigm for Current Surgical Strategies

The literature regarding suggested treatments for patellofemoral problems is often conflicting and confusing. In this discussion I present the approach I take in evaluating and considering surgery for patients with any of a wide variety of anterior knee pain problems. It has been useful to concentrate on the biomechanics—the mechanical consequence to each tissue affected by any surgical change. In the proposed paradigm, it is assumed that pain is the result of an abnormal load—related either to tension or compression—being applied to each tissue in question. The challenge is to understand how and why that abnormal load was generated. It is essential to make an independent assessment of the condition of the lower limb skeleton, the patellofemoral ligaments, and the trochlear and patellar articular cartilage in each patient. While only a long book can address this subject in detail, this discussion provides a guide for formulating an analysis of the key issues when planning the operative treatment of patellofemoral pain and dysfunction.
A behavior analytic interpretation of attributions in the context of behavior therapy.

Clients often provide reasons, justifications, and explanations (i.e., attributions) about the causes of their problems and what they believe needs to be done to ameliorate them. Behavior therapists also frequently generate hypotheses about causal factors contributing to client behavior problems. We discuss the function of attributing in the context of behavior therapy and interpret the cognitive construct of attributions from a behavior analytic perspective as a verbal act of relating otherwise arbitrary events with origins in a social-verbal community. The applied implications of our interpretive analysis of attributions and their role in client problems suggest different therapeutic strategies.
The Immune-Enhancing Enteral Agents Arginine and Glutamine Differentially Modulate Gut Barrier Function following Mesenteric Ischemia/Reperfusion

Background: Immune-enhancing enteral diets have been shown to improve patient outcome. One contributing mechanism may be via maintenance of gut barrier function. While recent data has shown that glutamine is beneficial, arginine may be harmful. We therefore hypothesized that the immune-enhancing agents, glutamine and arginine, differentially modulate gut barrier function. Methods: At laparotomy, rats had jejunal sacs filled with 10 mmol/L glutamine, arginine, fructose, or magnesium sulfate (osmotic control) followed by 60 minutes of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. Jejunum was harvested for histology, deconvolution microscopy, F:G actin, ATP, and permeability measurements. Results: Glutamine and fructose minimized mucosal injury compared with controls and arginine. Deconvolution microscopy confirmed that glutamine and fructose preserved the actin cytoskeleton but there was disruption by arginine which correlated with F:G actin ratios and tissue ATP levels. Permeability was enhanced by arginine compared with the other groups. Conclusion: Arginine resulted in worsened mucosal injury, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, decreased tissue ATP and enhanced permeability compared with glutamine which appeared protective. The immune-enhancing agent arginine results in breakdown of gut barrier function which may have important implications for critically injured patients.
Future directions in the surgical management of ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective The surgical management of ovarian cancer is surrounded by controversy. This review summarizes our current understanding of these issues with the goal of improving survival, enhancing quality of life, and containing costs. Methods Six currently unresolved issues are addressed through a review of the existing literature: (1) the extent of surgery indicated in the primary surgical management of advanced-stage disease, (2) the prognostic features of ovarian cancer, (3) the role of interval debulking following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, (4) the role of fertility-sparing surgery, (5) the role of “second-look” surgery, and (6) the role of secondary tumor debulking. Results The criteria for justifying extraordinary measures to reduce the tumor burden in patients with advanced disease to an “optimal” state have not been established. Likewise, the factors that influence prognosis and treatment are not well defined or understood. Interval debulking following neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a promising approach to the management of advanced-stage disease, but no clinical trials have been conducted comparing it to primary surgery followed by chemotherapy. Fertility-sparing surgery may be appropriate even for women with frankly malignant epithelial cancers when disease is confined to one ovary. No convincing data are available showing that second-look surgery improves the chances for cure or prolongs survival. Finally, few data show a benefit from secondary tumor resection in patients who progress while undergoing first-line chemotherapy or have a recurrence soon afterward. Conclusions Controlled clinical trials are needed to guide clinicians in making appropriate management decisions for their patients.
Role of NADPH oxidase in interleukin-4-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in vascular endothelium

Objective and design The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in vascular endothelium and examined the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process.
Cultural and situational influences on the process of persuasive strategy selection

Abstract This investigation explored compliance gaining attempts by members of two cultures: Asian and North America. Using the 16 Marwell and Schmitt compliance-gaining strategies, this study found significant differences in strategy use based on culture, but was unable to find a consistent underlying dimensionality for the Marwell and Schmitt typology. Effects for communicative context and locus of benefit were also found, indicating that strategy selection is influenced by situational as well as cultural variables. The results show that these latter two variables operate similarly in both cultures.
IRON FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSIS — PROPERTIES OF AN ULTRAFINE IRON OXIDE CATALYST

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been conducted starting with an ultrafine iron oxide catalyst with an average particle size of 30A. Catalyst activity gradually increased during the first 400 hour of synthesis and then remained stable for 250 days. Potassium promotion greatly increased the initial activity of the catalyst; however, the stability decreased. The CO conversion of the unpromoted catalyst was found to vary linearly with the reciprocal of the space velocity up to 60% conversion. Alkene selectivity increased with increasing space velocity but remained constant above GHSV = 2,0. Secondary reactions are believed to account for the higher alkane content at low space velocity. Methane, ethane and alkane formation increased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure up to a H2/CO ratio of 1. CO conversion is highest at lowest CO partial pressure and likewise for hydrogen. In general it is observed that this ultrafine catalyst is not as active as precipitated catalysts and h...
“'Cause I'm a G”: Identity Work of a Lesbian Teen in Language Arts

Framed around the perspective that identities matter in relation to literacy learning, this case study examined the identity work of June (pseudonym), a lesbian youth in an 11th-grade high school language arts classroom. Informal interviews with June about her work on a multigenre research project in relation to LGBTQ issues were analyzed using the constant-comparative method and discourse analysis. Findings indicate that she positioned herself as a reader and writer in new ways because of an assignment that provided her the opportunity to explore her sexuality. I propose that teachers consider making youth's experiences, including LGBTQ experiences, the centerpiece of literacy instruction. More work, however, needs to be done to explore how educators can create curricula and school communities that recognize and celebrate sexual identities as a part of literacy learning.
The Esophageal Obturator Airway: A Clinical Comparison to Ventilation with a Mask and Oropharyngeal Airway

We compared controlled ventilation with the esophageal obturator airway to ventilation with a conventional rubber mask and oropharyngeal airway in ten anesthetized patients. Measurements of exhaled tidal volume, mask-to-face fit (leakage of mask), supraglottic obstruction, and the operator's effort were all inferior using the esophageal obturator airway. No consistent peak airway pressure could be obtained with the esophageal obturator airway. Placement of the device was difficult in three of ten patients, and two of ten had inadvertent tracheal intubations. Edentulous patients were difficult to impossible to ventilate using the esophageal obturator airway.
The Theory of Homogeneous Isentropic Compression and its Application to Laser Fusion

The hydrodynamic theory and properties of spherical homogeneous isentropic compression are discussed. Computer results are described showing that a close approximation to compressions of this type may be accomplished by light-induced pellet ablation if the light absorbed by the pellet is properly programmed with time, and is spatially uniform over the pellet surface. Pellet compressions in excess of ten thousand-fold are computed.
The dynamics of hole burning in 4fn–4fn−15d1 transition of Eu2+ in MgS

Abstract It is known that MgS : Eu 2+ /Eu 3+ shows the most promising characteristics of any frequency domain optical storage material (Hasan et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 (1998) 2373, 3399). Efficient photon-gated hole burning is observed in 4f 7 –4f 6 5d 1 ZPL transition of Eu 2+ in MgS. In this study, the dynamics of hole burning and hole erasure is investigated. The dependence of the holedepth and holewidth on the burning time and the burn power levels has been experimentally studied. To explain the experimental data a theoretical model has been developed. The model shows very good agreement with the experimental data. The same model explains the behavior of the erasure and thermal cycling of holes.
Numerical Simulation and Verification of Curtain Wall Systems under Shock Pressure

AbstractWhen properly designed, framed, and anchored, blast-resistant laminates for curtain walls can greatly reduce or eliminate the hazard and injury from flying glass, and are capable of maintaining the integrity of a building envelope and reducing interior damage in an explosion event. Existing blast-resistant glazing research and design practice ignores the negative phase of the shock wave, which can affect the response of a curtain wall system and anchorage. Therefore, dynamic modeling and high-explosive field testing of two full-scale curtain wall systems using a shock tube are presented in this paper. The LS-DYNA numerical simulations were verified using the blast testing of two curtain wall systems, an original design and a blast-retrofitted design. The response of the glazing system to the positive and negative phases was investigated. The modeled dynamic response correlated well with the measured response of the glass laminates and the mullion supporting the curtain wall units. This study can b...
Soybean leaf analysis of washed versus unwashed samples from boron‐manganese studies

Abstract Elemental analyses of soybean leaf tissue from B & Mn field studies Indicate that washing tissue in deiontzed water did not appreciably change the concentration of most elements in the tissue. An exception was N which was decreased 0.54 per cent for one location and 0.33 per cent for the average of 3‐ sites when washed in deionized water prior to analyses. Although the tissue did not Indicate appreciable change tn K content when washed, the water In which the tissue had been washed Increased In K content by 6 ppm. The content of four of the micro elements in the plant tissue was affected by washing as compared to the unwashed samples. Mo and Ni were decreased while Zn and Cu were Increased.
Evolution of functional specialization in a morphologically homogeneous robot

A central tenet of embodied artificial intelligence is that intelligent behavior arises out of the coupled dynamics between an agent's body, brain and environment. It follows that the complexity of an agents's controller and morphology must match the complexity of a given task. However, more complex task environments require the agent to exhibit different behaviors, which raises the question as to how to distribute responsibility for these behaviors across the agents's controller and morphology. In this work a robot is trained to locomote and manipulate an object, but the assumption of functional specialization is relaxed: the robot has a segmented body plan in which the front segment may participate in locomotion and object manipulation, or it may specialize to only participate in object manipulation. In this way, selection pressure dictates the presence and degree of functional specialization rather than such specialization being enforced a priori. It is shown that for the given task, evolution tends to produce functionally specialized controllers, even though successful generalized controllers can also be evolved. Moreover, the robot's initial conditions and training order have little effect on the frequency of finding specialized controllers, while the inclusion of additional proprioceptive feedback increases this frequency.
Modeling Landscape Evapotranspiration by Integrating Land Surface Phenology and a Water Balance Algorithm

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to present an improved modeling technique called Vegetation ET (VegET) that integrates commonly used water balance algorithms with remotely sensed Land Surface Phenology (LSP) parameter to conduct operational vegetation water balance modeling of rainfed systems at the LSP’s spatial scale using readily available global data sets. Evaluation of the VegET model was conducted using Flux Tower data and two-year simulation for the conterminous US. The VegET model is capable of estimating actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of rainfed crops and other vegetation types at the spatial resolution of the LSP on a daily basis, replacing the need to estimate crop- and region-specific crop coefficients. Keywords: Evapotranspiration, modeling, phenology, land surface, VegET, remote sensing 1. Introduction Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the hydrologic budget because it expresses the exchange of mass and energy between the soil-water-vegetation system and the atmosphere. The prevailing weather conditions influence the potential, or reference, ET through variables such as radiation, temperature, wind, and relativity humidity. In addition to these weather variables, actual ET (ETa) is also affected by land cover type, land cover condition, and soil moisture. ETa’s dependence on land cover and soil moisture, along with its direct relationship with carbon dioxide assimilation in plants, makes it an important variable to monitor and estimate crop yield and biomass for decision makers interested in food security, grain markets, water allocation, and carbon sequestration. Although the estimation of ETa is the ultimate goal of many researchers for hydrological and agronomical applications, it is often difficult to quantify and requires expensive instrumentation.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition negates bombesin-induced gastroprotection.

Abstract Background. Bombesin prevents gastric injury primarily by the release of endogenous gastrin. Gastroprotection by exogenous gastrin is negated by nitric oxide synthase inhibition, which implicates a role for nitric oxide as a protective mediator. Because both endothelial and inducible isoforms of this enzyme can play a role in mucosal defense, this study was done to examine the contrasting effects of 2 nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on bombesin-induced gastroprotection. Methods. Rats were given subcutaneous saline or bombesin (10–100 μg/kg) 30 minutes before they received a 1-mL orogastric bolus of acidified ethanol (150 mmol/L of hydrochloric acid/50% ethanol) and rats were killed 5 minutes later for assessment of macroscopic injury (mm 2 ). Gastric mucosal blood flow was measured by laser Doppler. Endothelial, neural, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were assessed by using Western immunoblot. Results. Bombesin decreased gastric mucosal damage, and dose-dependently increased blood flow when compared with saline-treated rats. Endothelial but not neural or inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was increased by bombesin. In additional studies, intraperitoneal administration of N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME, 5–10 mg/kg), a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, negated bombesin-induced gastroprotection and hyperemia, whereas the selective inducible inhibitor aminoguanidine (45 mg/kg) did not. Subcutaneous (SC) l -arginine (300 mg/kg), but not d -arginine, abolished the effects of l -NAME. Conclusions. Taken together, these data suggest that nitric oxide produced by the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase plays an important role in mediating the gastroprotective and hyperemic actions associated with bombesin. (Surgery 2000;128:422–8.)
Automation in the graphic arts

The CHIMES (Computer-Human Interaction Models) tool was designed to help solve a simply-stated but important problem, i.e., the problem of generating a user interface to a system that complies with established human factors standards and guidelines. Though designed for use in a fairly restricted user domain, i.e., spacecraft mission operations, the CHIMES system is essentially domain independent and applicable wherever graphical user interfaces of displays are to be encountered. The CHIMES philosophy and operating strategy are quite simple. Instead of requiring a human designer to actively maintain in his or her head the now encyclopedic knowledge that human factors and user interface specialists have evolved, CHIMES incorporates this information in its knowledge bases. When directed to evaluated a design, CHIMES determines and accesses the appropriate knowledge, performs an evaluation of the design against that information, determines whether the design is compliant with the selected guidelines and suggests corrective actions if deviations from guidelines are discovered. This paper will provide an overview of the capabilities of the current CHIMES tool and discuss the potential integration of CHIMES-like technology in automated graphic arts systems.
Comparative study of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in acanthocephalans from homothermic and poikilothermic hosts

1. 1. Phosphoriboisomerase, d-xylulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase, transketolase, transaldolase and 6-phophogluconate dehydrogenase were studied in extracts of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus and Neoechinorhynchus spp. 2. 2. Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes of M. hirudinaceus, with respect to extract incubation temperatures, exhibited peaks of maximal specific activity which coincide with the body temperature of the homeothermic swine host. 3. 3. Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes of Neoechinorhynchus spp., with respect to extract incubation temperatures, exhibited broad specific activity peaks which may coincide with thermal changes of the poikilothermic turtle host. 4. 4. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from M. hirudinaceus and Neoechinorhynchus spp. exhibited specificity for NADP+ as compared to NAD+.