cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A biomechanical impact test system for head and facial injury assessment and model development

Abstract A biomechanical test system has been developed and validated to conduct controlled uniaxial impact experiments of head and facial trauma. The design reduces off-axis accelerations which are not in the direction of impact and allows accurate positioning of test specimens. Impact forces, displacement histories, impulses at impact and spectral responses are compared to free-fall test results at contact velocities representative of facial injuries (2.5, 3.1 and 3.8 m s −1 ). Models based on the experimental results are developed to reveal stiffness and inertial properties of impact for use in the design of biomechanically protective steering wheels, air bags and other potential impact structures. The results indicate that the system provides a flexible yet controllable method for positioning and testing impact structures reliably.
Ultrastructural changes associated with K+-evoked peptide secretion from a neurohemal organ of the crab, Cardisoma carnifex.

Electron-microscopic comparison of K+-stimulated and unstimulated crab sinus glands reveals significant differences in neurosecretory terminal morphology. Sinus glands exposed to elevated K+ saline for increasing periods of time show increasing numbers of exocytotic release profiles, vacuoles, and multilamellate bodies, and a decrease in the number of microvesicles within 10 μm of release sites. These morphological changes are well correlated with secretion of red-pigment-concentrating hormone, as determined by bioassay of perfusate from the individual preparations.
Electronic theory for surface segregation: Noble-metal alloys

A theory for segregation at the surface of noble-metal alloys is presented. The calculation involves a self-consistent solution of the tight-binding Hartree Hamiltonian within the cluster-Bethe-lattice approximation. The effects of electronic charge transfer on surface segregation are given particular attention. The theory is applied to the study of the systems AuAg, AuCu, and AgCu. Comparisons are made with existing experimental data.
Brief report: Influenza vaccination and health care workers in the united states

OBJECTIVE: To determine influenza vaccination rates among U.S. health care workers (HCWs) by demographic and occupational categories. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Weighted multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the association between HCW occupation and other variables potentially related to receipt of influenza vaccination. HCWs were categorized based on standard occupational classifications as health-diagnosing professions, health-assessing professions, health aides, health technicians; or health administrators. MAIN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Demographic characteristics and occupation category. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Receipt of influenza vaccination within 12 months of survey. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and weighted multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 1,651 HCWs in the final sample. The overall influenza vaccination rate for HCWs was 38%. After weighted multivariable analyses, HCWs who were under 50 (odds ratio [OR] 0.67%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50 to 0.89, compared with HCWs 50 to 64), black (OR 0.57 95% CI: 0.42, 0.78, compared with white HCWs), or were health aides (OR 0.73%, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.04, compared with health care administrators and administrative support staff) had lower odds of having been vaccinated against influenza. CONCLUSIONS: The overall influenza vaccination rate among HCWs in the United States is low. Workers who are under 50, black, or health aides have the lowest rates of vaccinations. Interventions seeking to improve HCW vaccination rates may need to target these specific subgroups.
Multi‐Locus DNA Fingerprinting of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract.— Similarities among multi-locus DNA fingerprints of five channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus strains and the ability to identify the strain of a fish based on its fingerprint pattern were investigated. Five restriction enzymes and 13 multi-locus DNA probes were screened to identify enzyme-probe combination useful for DNA fingerprinting channel catfish. Restriction enzymes Hinf I and Dpn II, in combination with probes (CAC)n, (CGC)n, (CTC)n, (ATCC)n, and (GATA)n, produced useful fingerprints (20–30 resolvable bands for each enzyme-probe combination). Thirty individuals (3 pools of 10 individuals each) from each of five channel catfish strains (albino, Mississippi normal, USDA-102, USDA-102 select, and USDA-103) were fingerprinted with all useful enzyme-probe combinations. Band sharing among samples was higher within strains than among strains and band sharing among strains was higher for strains whose breeding history indicated a high degree of relatedness. Individual fingerprints of 18 fish from each of the USDA-102 select and USDA-103 strains revealed no strain-specific bands, but several diagnostic bands (present at high frequencies in either USDA-102 select or USDA-103 strains and at a low frequencies in other strains) were identified. Band sharing at diagnostic bands was used to correctly identify fish as USDA-102 select or USDA-103 strains with 82% accuracy from fingerprints of 17 USDA-102 select strain fish, 18 USDA-103 strain fish, and 38 fish collected from three commercial farms.
Impacts of Climate Change and Urban Development on Water Resources in the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon

We investigated the relative importance of future climate change and land use change in determining the quantity and quality of freshwater resources in northwestern Oregon's Tualatin River Basin using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) modeling system. Models were calibrated and validated using historic flow and water quality data between 1990 and 2006. The goodness of fit for the calibrated models was high, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.72 to 0.93 in the calibration period. The calibrated models were run under a range of eight statistically downscaled climate change, two regional land use change, and four combined scenarios. Results included average increases in winter flows of 10 percent, decreases in summer flows of 37 percent, and increases in fifth-percentile flows of up to 80 percent as a result of climate change in the Tualatin River Basin. For land use change, the results included an increase in a...
A rapid quantitative assay for activated neutrophils

We present here a rapid, sensitive, and convenient assay for activated human PMNs based on detecting the decreased optical density (OD) of aggregated cell suspensions. This quantitative assay uses an ELIZA machine to measure OD changes, with time, of activated cells (5 × 105 cells/well) in microtiter plates. The assay is sensitive, detecting aggregation induced by as little as 0.0001 μg/ml of LPS, or lymphokines in Con-A-activated supernatant diluted 1/500. The assay permits analysis of 400 separate PMN suspensions on the same day starting with less than 80 ml of blood.
Fine organic aerosols collected in a humid, rural location (Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, USA): Chemical and temporal characteristics

Abstract Fine organic aerosols collected at the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Tennessee (USA) during 15 July –25 August 1995 as part of the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS) were chemically characterized. The water-soluble organic species (WSOS) often dominated over the solvent-soluble organic species (SSOS) at this remote, humid sampling site, contributing 76–98% of the total identified organic mass in 17 out of the 21 daytime samples analyzed. Nighttime samples tended to have slightly larger concentrations of total SSOS than the daytime, with nocturnal/diurnal organic mass ratios greater than 1.0 in 7 out of the 10 paired samples. However, for total WSOS mass, the nocturnal-to-diurnal ratios were less than 0.3 in 7 out of the 10 paired samples, reflecting much more substantial depletion and/or less production of the more polar organics during nighttime. Based on identified species, the organic-mass-to-organic-carbon (OM–OC) ratios at the SEAVS site are estimated as 2.0, 2.2, and 1.3 for the daytime total organics, WSOS, and SSOS, respectively. For the nighttime samples, the OM–OC ratio for total identified organics is estimated to be 1.8, slightly lower than the daytime ratio due to the smaller mass fraction of WSOS present at night.
Student achievement and efficiency in Missouri schools and the No Child Left Behind Act

Abstract The 2001 No Child Left Behind Act requires that schools make “annual yearly progress” in raising student achievement, or face possible sanctions. The No Child Left Behind Act places added emphasis on test scores, such as scores from the Missouri Assessment Program (MAP), to evaluate the performance of schools. In this paper, we investigate school performance in Missouri by measuring the efficiency with which schools provide their education services using a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. We simulate the effects of two sanctions (school transfer, and supplemental tutoring services) under the No Child Left Behind Act on the performance of failing schools. We find that the two sanctions differ in their impact on the failing school districts’ managerial efficiency. If student performance improves as a result of the sanctions, the transfer of students sanction is more likely to improve managerial efficiency than is the tutoring services sanction.
Benchmark studies of the BCRLM reactive scattering code: Implications for accurate quantum calculations

The Bending Corrected Rotating Linear Model (BCRLM), developed by Hayes and Walker, is a simple approximation to the true multidimensional scattering problem for reactions of the type: A + BC → AB + C. While the BCRLM method is simpler than methods designed to obtain accurate three-dimensional quantum scattering results, this turns out to be a major advantage in terms of our benchmarking studies. The computer code used to obtain BCRLM scattering results is written for the most part in standard FORTRAN and has been ported to several scalar, vector, and parallel architecture computers including the IBM 3090-600J, the Cray XMP and YMP, the Ardent Titan, IBM RISC System/6000, Convex C-1 and the MIPS 2000. Benchmark results will be reported for each of these machines with an emphasis on comparing the scalar, vector, and parallel performance for the standard code with minimum modifications. Detailed analysis of the mapping of the BCRLM approach onto both shared and distributed memory parallel architecture machines indicates the importance of introducing several key changes in the basic strategy and algorithms used to calculate scattering results. This analysis of the BCRLM approach provides some insights into optimal strategies for mapping three-dimensional quantum scattering methods, such as the Parker-Pack method, onto shared or distributed memory parallel computers.
The effect of poly-L-lysine, amiloride and methyl-L-lysine on gill ion transport and permeability in the rainbow trout.

The action of poly-l-lysine (PLL) on Na and Cl transport across freshwater fish gills was studied. Low concentrations (10−6M) were added to the external medium for brief periods (1–5 min), then removed. During the next 20 min there was a rapid net loss of Na (117±17 μEquiv[100 g]−1 hr−1) and Cl (129±17 μEquiv[100 g]−1 hr−1). Both values are an order of magnitude larger than unidirectional effluxes in control fish. The efflux of both ions decreased to control values within 60 min after application and removal of PLL. In contrast, unidirectional influxes (J in Cl andJ in Na ) were inhibited by about 40% and showed no sign of returning to the original rates for 3 hr. Thus, PLL has two independent actions, causing a large increase in gill permeability which is reversible within an hour and a partial inhibition of influx which showed no sign of reversing for 2–3 hr. When PLL was applied for a longer period (60 min, the results were qualitatively similar but the permeability change was larger and persisted longer. These effects were compared with those of the small organic amines, amiloride and methyl-l-lysine. The latter inhibitedJ in Na , but there was no other similarity to PLL. Neither affected sodium efflux, nor did they have any effect on Cl movements, in or out, across the gill. Inhibition ofJ in Na , was rapidly and completely reversible, amd amiloride was shown to act by competing with Na for an entry site.
A bound for linear recurrence relations with unbounded order

This paper considers linear recurrence relations with unbounded order where the coefficients are restricted to intervals of negative real numbers. The optimal inequalities, under the given constraints, exhibit a second-order structure.
3D Simulation of Combining Flows in 90° Rectangular Closed Conduits

Combining flows are encountered often in environmental engineering and hydraulic engineering. Experimental data are available to assist the engineers who need the various loss coefficients associated with combining flows in closed conduits. For the combining flows in 90° rectangular conduit junctions, the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations are applied, while using the three-dimensional k-ω model. The energy loss coefficients and the mean flow pattern are obtained and validated by experimental data. The numerical modeling is less time-consuming and less expensive to obtain the various flow parameters needed for engineering design.
Phase‐distortion‐free in vivo surface coil proton spectroscopy

A 1-17 water suppression pulse sequence for phase-distortion-free surface coil NMR spectroscopy was constructed and tested in vivo on cat brain. The sequence produces brain spectra free of phase distortions, but some degradation of water suppression quality compared to closely related sequences which produce phase distortions was observed. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Lay rescuer automated external defibrillator programs for children and adolescents

This article summarizes the controversies regarding the establishment of lay rescuer automated external defibrillator (AED) programs in schools. It describes the elements of one successful program and provides recommendations for critical elements of AED programs in schools, using the recommendations that were described by the American Heart Association statement and experience gained in the establishment of AED programs in high schools in Wisconsin.
A Review of “Yes to the Mess: Surprising Leadership Lessons From Jazz”

Frank Barrett is an astute sociologist and an accomplished jazz pianist. This rare combination has produced far more than the sum of the parts, for Yes to the Mess: Surprising Leadership Lessons Fr...
Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Heart Disease: A Systematic Review

Background The benefits of anemia treatment in patients with heart disease are uncertain. Purpose To evaluate the benefits and harms of treatments for anemia in adults with heart disease. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases; clinical trial registries; reference lists; and technical advisors. Study selection English-language trials of blood transfusions, iron, or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in adults with anemia and congestive heart failure or coronary heart disease and observational studies of transfusion. Data extraction Data on study design, population characteristics, hemoglobin levels, and health outcomes were extracted. Trials were assessed for quality. Data synthesis Low-strength evidence from 6 trials and 26 observational studies suggests that liberal transfusion protocols do not improve short-term mortality rates compared with less aggressive protocols (combined relative risk among trials, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.61 to 1.42]; I2 = 16.8%), although decreased mortality rates occurred in a small trial of patients with the acute coronary syndrome (1.8% vs. 13.0%; P = 0.032). Moderate-strength evidence from 3 trials of intravenous iron found improved short-term exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Moderate- to high-strength evidence from 17 trials of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy found they offered no consistent benefits, but their use may be associated with harms, such as venous thromboembolism. Limitations Few trials have examined transfusions in patients with heart disease, and observational studies are potentially confounded by indication. Data supporting iron use come mainly from 1 large trial, and long-term effects are unknown. Conclusion Higher transfusion thresholds do not consistently improve mortality rates, but large trials are needed. Intravenous iron may help to alleviate symptoms in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency and also warrants further study. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents do not seem to benefit patients with mild to moderate anemia and heart disease and may be associated with serious harms. Primary funding source U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Endogenous breath acetaldehyde levels among alcoholic and non-alcoholic probands: Effect of alcohol use and smoking

Abstract 1. The effects of possible confounding factors on endogenous breath acetaldehyde levels were examined in alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects. 2. Demographic characteristics, family history for alcoholism, smoking and drinking history, and breath acetaldehyde levels were assessed. 3. Differences in endogenous breath acetaldehyde levels could not be attributed to age, sex, or having a family history positive for alcoholism. 4. Individuals who smoke or abuse alcohol had higher endogenous breath acetaldehyde levels than persons who did not.
Selective nigral toxicity after systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrine (MPTP) in the squirrel monkey

Abstract 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was administered via the intraperitoneal route to squirrel monkeys. Akinesia, rigidity and hypophonia were seen after repeated doses of 2 mg/kg. Postural tremor was present in one animal. Neuropathologic examination revealed cell loss restricted to the zona compacta of the substantia nigra. MPTP appears effective in producing an animal model for Parkinson's disease in the squirell monkey, and may be one of themore selective neurotoxins described to date.
Students First! Improving and Evaluating Faculty Responsiveness to Students A Case Illustration

This article provides a case illustration of a school psychologist trainer’s efforts to improve responsiveness to students and evaluate the success of those efforts. During the fall semester of the 2000-2001 academic year I developed, implemented and evaluated a policy entitled - Students First! The Students First! policy was developed in order to assure that I was being responsive to students. Responsiveness to students also implies being culturally sensitive. Policy goals highlighted the importance of timely, quality, helpful interactions with students during recruitment, advising and mentoring activities. The means by which I evaluated the effectiveness of the Students First! policy were through the use of the Interaction Monitoring Form and the Responsiveness to Students Survey. Use of the Interaction Monitoring Form facilitated recording the types of interactions with students and the timeliness of those interactions. Data indicated that I was timely in my responses to student requests for assistance...
Prominence and phrasing in spoken discourse processing

We review psycholinguistic research on the use of intonation in dialogue, focusing on our own recent work. In experiments using complex real-world tasks and naive speakers and listeners, we show that speakers reliably specific prosodic cues to signal their intensions, and that listeners use these cues to recognize syntactic and pragmatic aspects of discourse meaning.
Maximizing The Coefficient Of Generalizability In Multi-Facet Decision Studies.

For random-model, fully-crossed, two- and three-facet experimental designs the following two problems were considered. First, equations were developed for determining the optimal number of conditions of a facet for maximizing the coefficient of generalizability under the constraint that the total number of observations per subject is constant. Second, the problem of determining the minimum number of observations per subject for a specified generalizability coefficient is solved for the two-facet crossed design.
Predicting congregate meal program participation: Applying the extended theory of planned behavior

Abstract Authorized under Title III-C of Older Americans Act, congregate meal programs provides individuals 60 years of age and older nutritious meals in senior centers. Declining participation in recent years underscores the need to understand factors that affects participation. This study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explain the intention of community-dwelling older adults to participate in congregate meal programs. One additional variable, past behavior, was added to increase the prediction power of participation intention. A total of 238 participant surveys were collected and analyzed. Seven hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The data fits the TPB model well. All predictor variables (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control and past behavior) had a significant positive effect on participation intention. Perceived behavior control (PBC) had the greatest prediction power on intention. Based on the research findings suggestions were made to increase congregate meal program participation.
Studies of a supramolecular photoelectrochemical cell using magnesium tetraphenylporphyrin as photosensitizer

Magnesium tetrapyrrole, the natural choice of metal tetrapyrrole in photosynthesis, as a photosensitizer in dye sensitized solar cell applications is performed by constructing solar cells using metal-ligand axial coordination approach on TiO2 surface modified with 4-carboxyphenyl imidazole and compared with cells constructed using traditionally used zinc porphyrin as sensitizer. Studies involving optical absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, and differential pulse voltammetry, suggested that the employed magnesium tetraphenylporphyrin (MgTPP) to be a better photosentizer compared to zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) for dye sensitized solar cell applications under the employed self-assembly conditions. Consequently, the constructed solar cells using MgTPP outperformed the cells constructed using ZnTPP in all aspects. That is, the open circuit potential, short circuit current, fill-factor, incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency, and overall efficiency of the solar cell were found to be better for the cells built using MgTPP photosensitizer. In order to further improve the performance of the solar cells, efforts were made to increase the fill-facotor by adding polar acetonitrile to the mediator solvent media made out of dichlorobenzene. Moderate additions of acetonitrile improved the performance of the solar cells. However, the performance of DSSC constructed using pure acetonitrile was poor due to acetonitrile competatively binding to MgTPP instead of imidazolde on the TiO2 surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies suggested that the significant decrease in the resistance at platinum electrolyte interface facilitating better iodide/iodine mediation and dye regeneration are main contributing factors for this improved cell performance.
Predictors of outcome in pancreatic duct disruption managed by endoscopic transpapillary stent placement

Background The aim of this study was to identify predictors of outcome for pancreatic duct (PD) disruption managed by endoscopic transpapillary stent insertion. Methods An endoscopy database was used to identify patients with PD disruption, defined as extravasation of contrast from the PD during ERCP. Data collected included demographic information, the results of imaging studies, management before endoscopic intervention, and outcomes after stent placement. Stents typically were exchanged at intervals of 6 to 8 weeks. Success was defined as clinical and pancreatographic resolution of the PD disruption. Results Ninety-seven consecutive patients (34 women, 63 men; mean age, 53.7 [12.3] years) with PD disruption seen from 1995 to 2002 were identified. Causes of the disruption were the following: chronic pancreatitis (47), acute pancreatitis (44), operative injury (4), and trauma (2). Transpapillary PD stent insertion was technically successful in 92 (95%) patients; two underwent a combined cystenterostomy. The median duration of stent placement was 58 days (range 4-640 days). The outcome of stent insertion was successful in 52 patients (55%), unsuccessful in 32 (36%), and indeterminate in 8 (9%). On univariate analysis, a partially disrupted PD (p Conclusions Successful resolution of PD disruption by transpapillary stent insertion depends on the type of disruption and the ability to bridge the disrupted duct with a stent.
Culturally Responsive Differentiated Instruction: Narrowing Gaps between Best Pedagogical Practices Benefiting All Learners.

Background/Context: Because of its special education association, differentiated instruction (DI) is a topic of concern for many educators working with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners, whereby bilingual, multicultural, and culturally responsive teaching (CRT) is considered more appropriate for responding to cultural and linguistic diversity. Furthermore, although the literature base on DI recognizes cultural and linguistic diversity, it offers little in terms of ways to address these differences. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: The focus of this contribution is to assist the educational community in recognizing pedagogical differences, while finding common ground, in identifying complementary teaching practices for all students, including culturally diverse students and English language learners (ELLs). CRT and DI provide frameworks with which to discuss a reconciliation of both theory-to-practice approaches with the hope that a common framework will better serve educators and preservice teachers working with diverse students in complex multidimensional classrooms. Setting: This research took place at two CLD elementary schools serving ELLs in North San Diego County, California. Schools were chosen because both are reaching high levels of academic achievement and are closing achievement gaps, dispelling the myth that high levels of poverty and/or CLD student populations lead to lower student achievement. Research Design: The research design employed was a qualitative case study. Data Collection and Analysis: Over 5 years, observations, recorded conversations among teachers, administrators, students, and parents, and supporting documents collected from both schools were initially coded by reading through responses and documents. Using
Bells, whistles, and alarms: HCI lessons using AJAX for a page-turning web application

This case study describes creating a version of METS Navigator, a page-turning web application for multi-part digital objects, using an AJAX library with user interface components. The design for this version created problems for customized user interactions and accessibility problems for users, including those using assistive technologies and mobile devices. A review of the literature considers AJAX, accessibility, and universal usability and possible steps to take moving forward to correct these problems in METS Navigator.
Blood Sport: Hunting in Britain since 1066 – By Emma Griffin

Political debate about hunting in Britain reached its height between 1997 and 2004 when parliament spent over seven hundred hours on the issue before passing the Hunting with Dogs Act. As Emma Grif...
GABAA Receptor Subunit Profiles of Tangentially Migrating Neurons Derived From the Medial Ganglionic Eminence

During rodent corticogenesis, a sizeable subpopulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons arises extracortically from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). These neurons progressively acquire responsiveness to GABA in the course of corticopetal tangential migration, a process regulated by ambient GABA and mediated by GABAA receptors. Here, we combined patch clamp electrophysiology and single-cell reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to examine GABAA receptor expression in green fluorescent MGE-derived (eGFP+) cells in telencephalic slices from gestational day 14.5 BAC-Lhx6 embryos. GABA concentration–response curves revealed lower apparent affinity and efficacy in eGFP+ cells in and around the MGE than their counterparts in the cortex. Pharmacological tests revealed subunit-selective response profiles in the MGE and cortex consistent with differential expression of GABAA receptor isoforms. Profiling of GABAA receptor subunit transcripts (α1–5, β1–3, and γ1–3, δ) uncovered increased expression of the α1-, α2-, α5-, γ2-, and γ3-subunit messenger RNAs in the cortex. We propose that the dynamic expression of certain GABAA receptor subunits contributes to assembling receptor isoforms that confer functional attributes important in regulating the migration and maturation of primordial GABAergic cortical interneurons.
Cell Cycle Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells following Treatment with Lytic Cycle-Inducing Agents

While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency-associated gene expression is associated with cell cycle progression, the relationship between the EBV lytic program and the cell cycle is less clear. Using four different EBV lytic induction systems, we address the relationship between lytic cycle activation and the cell cycle. In three of these systems, G0 or G1 cell growth arrest signaling is observed prior to detection of the EBV immediate-early gene product Zta. In tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-treated P3HR1 cultures and in 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine-treated NPC-KT cultures, cell cycle analysis of Zta-expressing cell populations showed a significant G1 bias during the early stages of lytic cycle progression. In contrast, treatment of the cell line Akata with anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) results in rapid induction of immediate-early gene expression, and accordingly, activation of the immediate-early gene product Zta precedes significant anti-Ig-induced cell cycle effects. Nevertheless, cell cycle analysis of the Zta-expressing population following anti-Ig treatment shows a bias for cells in G1, indicating that anti-Ig-mediated induction of Zta occurs more efficiently in cells traversing G1. Last, although 5-azacytidine treatment of Rael cells results in a G1 arrest in the total cell population which precedes the induction of Zta, cell cycle analysis of the Zta-expressing population shows a significant bias for cells with an apparent G2/M DNA content. This bias may result, in part, from activation of Zta expression following demethylation of the Zta promoter during S-phase. Together, these studies indicate that induction of Zta occurs through several distinct mechanisms, some of which may involve checkpoint signaling.
Identification of deformation using invariant surface information

To compensate for soft-tissue deformation during image-guided surgical procedures, non-rigid methods are often used as compensation. However, most of these algorithms first implement a rigid registration to provide an initial alignment. In liver tumor resections, the organ is deformed on a large scale, causing visual shape change on the organ. Unlike neurosurgery, there is no rigid reference available, so the initial rigid alignment is based on the organ surface. Any deformation present might lead to misalignment of non-deformed areas. This study attempts to develop a technique for the identification of organ deformation and its separation from the problem of rigid alignment. The basic premise is to identify areas of the surface that are minimally deformed and use only these regions for a rigid registration. To that end, two methods were developed. First, the observation is made that deformations of this scale cause noticeable changes in measurements based on differential geometry, such as surface normals and curvature. Since these values are sensitive to noise, smooth surfaces were tesselated from point cloud representations. The second approach was to develop a cost function which rewarded large regions with low closest point distances. Experiments were performed using analytic and phantom data, acquiring surface data both before and after deformation. Multiple registration trials were performed by randomly perturbing the post-deformed surface from a ground truth position. After registration, subsurface target positions were compared with those of the ground truth. While the curvature-based algorithm was successful with analytic data, it could not identify enough significant changes in the surface to be useful for phantom data. The minimal distance algorithm proved much more effective in separating the registration, providing significantly improved error measurements for subsurface targets throughout the whole surface.
From CHAOS/sup base/ to CHAOS/sup arc/: a family of real-time kernels

The authors present a family of object-based real-time operating system kernels that address portability, extensibility, and customizability for low-level and subsystem-level operations. The family is extensible in that new abstractions and functionalities can be added easily and efficiently, thereby maintaining uniform kernel interfaces and permitting the implementation of domain or target machine specific features while preserving some given kernel interface for existing programs. It also provides an environment for experimenting with and prototyping of new operating system constructs and policies. The family is customizable in that existing kernel abstractions and functions can be modified easily, facilitating changes to an operating system for uses with different target architectures or application domains. The family is portable in that its implementation is based on the Mach C threads standard as a base layer for uniprocessors and parallel architectures. >
Consumer Education and Commercial Arithmetic

Abstract This is the concluding article of a series of four articles begun in the November, 1934, issue.
Rapid strain improvement through optimized evolution in the cytostat

Acetate is present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates at growth inhibiting concentrations. Industrial processes based on such feedstock require strains that are tolerant of this and other inhibitors present. We investigated the effect of acetate on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that elevated acetate concentrations result in a decreased specific growth rate, an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and an increased cell size. With the cytostat cultivation technology under previously derived optimal operating conditions, several acetate resistant mutants were enriched and isolated in the shortest possible time. In each case, the isolation time was less than 5 days. The independently isolated mutant strains have increased specific growth rates under conditions of high acetate concentrations, high ethanol concentrations, and high temperature. In the presence of high acetate concentrations, the isolated mutants produce ethanol at higher rates and titers than the parental strain and a commercial ethanol producing strain that has been analyzed for comparison. Whole genome microarray analysis revealed gene amplifications in each mutant. In one case, the LPP1 gene, coding for lipid phosphate phosphatase, was amplified. Two mutants contained amplified ENA1, ENA2, and ENA5 genes, which code for P-type ATPase sodium pumps. LPP1 was overexpressed on a plasmid, and the growth data at elevated acetate concentrations suggest that LPP1 likely contributes to the phenotype of acetate tolerance. A diploid cross of the two mutants with the amplified ENA genes grew faster than either individual haploid parent strain when 20 g/L acetate was supplemented to the medium, which suggests that these genes contribute to acetate tolerance in a gene dosage dependent manner.
Presence of intrahepatic (total and ccc) HBV DNA is not predictive of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation

Previous studies reported that hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be detected in livers of patients who received transplants for hepatitis B despite the absence of serological markers of HBV recurrence. Quantification of HBV DNA was not performed and presence of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA was not analyzed in most studies. We aimed to quantify total and ccc HBV DNA in explant liver and post-orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) biopsies and to correlate the values with HBV recurrence post-OLT. Frozen liver tissue from 34 patients (9 with explant liver only, 9 with explant liver and post-OLT liver biopsies, and 16 with post-OLT biopsies only) in the National Institutes of Health HBV-OLT study was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the 18 patients with explant liver, 7 were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive, 8 had detectable serum HBV DNA, and 10 received antiviral therapy prior to OLT. Total and ccc HBV DNA was detected in explant livers of 17 and 16 patients, respectively. Of the 10 patients who received antiviral therapy pre-OLT, serum HBV DNA was undetectable in 8 at transplantation but 7 had detectable total and ccc HBV DNA in their explant liver. Of the 25 patients with post-OLT biopsies, total HBV DNA was detected in 83% and ccc DNA in 17% of 47 biopsies, although only 2 patients had HBV recurrence. In conclusion, total and ccc HBV DNA could be detected in explant livers of most patients despite antiviral therapy pre-OLT. Total but not ccc HBV DNA could be detected in post-OLT liver biopsies of most patients despite undetectable serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Our findings suggest that occult HBV reinfection occurs in most HBV patients after OLT and continued administration of appropriate prophylactic therapy is important in preventing overt HBV recurrence.
Dysregulated microRNA Expression in Serum of Non-Vaccinated Children with Varicella

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may play an important role in pathogen-host interactions and can serve as molecular markers for the detection of infectious diseases. To date, the relationship between circulating miRNAs and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) caused varicella has not been reported. Using TaqMan Low-Density Array (TLDA) analysis, expression levels of miRNAs in serum samples from 29 patients with varicella and 60 patients with Bordetella pertussis (BP), measles virus (MEV) and enterovirus (EV) were analyzed. The array results showed that 247 miRNAs were differentially expressed in sera of the varicella patients compared with healthy controls (215 up-regulated and 32 down-regulated). Through the following qRT-PCR confirmation and receiver operational characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, five miRNAs (miR-197, miR-629, miR-363, miR-132 and miR-122) were shown to distinguish varicella patients from healthy controls and other microbial infections with moderate sensitivity and specificity. A number of significantly enriched pathways regulated by these circulating miRNAs were predicted, and some of them were involved in inflammatory response, nervous system and respiratory system development. Our results, for the first time, revealed that a number of miRNAs were differentially expressed during VZV infection, and these five serum miRNAs have great potential to serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of VZV infection in varicella patients.
Electromagnetically Assisted Sheet Metal Stamping and Deep Drawing

Factors such as limited draw in and friction against tool surfaces cause difficulty in forming of sheet metals. Most of the strain tends to localize in the wall of the formed part while the bottom, in contact with the punch surface, and the flange, held down with the blank holder do not undergo much deformation. Augmentation of conventional forming processes with electromagnetic forming has been proposed as a method to attain higher draw depths by distributing strains more uniformly and encouraging draw in. In separate experiments, electromagnetic forming coils were embedded either in the bottom of the punch or in the blank holder. In both cases, multiple electromagnetic pulses in the coils followed by movement of the punch lead to higher draw depth as compared to corresponding stamping or deep drawing processes.
A four-chip microcomputer for undergraduate engineering courses

The BASIC interpreter version of the 80C52 is found to be a simple but powerful microcontroller that is ideal for teaching about the function and roles of microcontrollers in control applications. A complete BASIC language microcomputer may be breadboarded in the laboratory with as few as three additional integrated circuits at a very modest investment in time and dollars. The finished computer provides ready access to the control signals, the data signals, and the peripheral components that are present in much more complex systems. It is easily programmed for a variety of experiments and control tasks, and has proved to be an excellent tool for teaching and exploring ways to use microprocessor control of systems. >
Crystallographic plane dependent Fe and Si dopant incorporation and activation in InP

Various crystallographic planes are exposed when growing along mesa sidewalls during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Dopant incorporation and activation on these higher index surfaces can be quite different from that observed on (001) surfaces. Incorporation and activation of Si and Fe in MOVPE grown InP on (001), (110), and (311)A and B surfaces are reported. The Si donor concentration is higher on the P-terminated B surface than the A surface while the opposite behavior is observed for Fe incorporation. In the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, it must be remembered that it is the carrier concentration, that is, activated atomic species, that is relevant for device performance and not the incorporation of atomic species alone. Activation of Si is >1 on all surfaces; however, Fe is shown to be an effective compensating species only on the (001) and (311)A crystallographic surfaces. Data for the presence of oscillations in the iron concentration on (001) surfaces are also reported. The active Fe concentration is shown to be related to the Fe atomic concentration relative to the donor density on the different crystallographic surfaces, suggesting that Fermi level position sets a limit to the fraction of Fe centers which are electrically active as a deep trap. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical Mechanics of Modularity and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Biological structure organizes over evolutionary timescales. This review discusses the spontaneous emergence of hierarchical structure in biology as a result of environmental change. A body of theoretical and experimental work on evolutionary dynamics is reviewed, and a theory for these results based on a principle of least action is discussed. The structure that has emerged in biology is complementary to a type of evolutionary dynamics known as horizontal gene transfer. How horizontal gene transfer ameliorates the difficulty that finite populations would otherwise have to evolve on rugged fitness landscapes is also discussed.
Differential Impact of Involuntary Job Loss on Physical Disability Among Older Workers Does Predisposition Matter

Older workers' share of involuntary job losses in the United States has grown fairly consistently in recent decades, prompting greater interest in the health consequences of involuntary unemployment among individuals nearing retirement. In this study, the authors applied the multifactorial model of geriatric health to investigate whether late-career involuntary job loss was associated with subsequent physical disability and whether the effect of involuntary job loss on physical disability varied by predisposition. Using data from the first four waves (1992 to 1998) of the Health and Retirement Survey, the authors measured predisposition with individual risk factors for functional disability and indices of aggregate risk. The results of gender-specific models fit with generalized estimating equations revealed that unmarried women and those with low predisplacement incomes had heightened risk for subsequent functional disability. No differential effects of job loss were found for men.
Dual canted undulators at the Advanced Photon Source

At the Advanced Photon Source (APS), 34 straight sections are reserved for the installation of insertion devices for users. Each straight section allows space for up to two 2.4-meter-long devices. By sacrificing 0.4 m of undulator from each device and introducing a one milliradian chicane with three small electromagnets, two separate experimental programs can be conducted using the same straight section, thereby potentially doubling the scientific output with the same real estate. The design of the straight section and front end and plans for implementation and commissioning of this scheme at the APS during May 2003 are presented.
Managing Within aCreative Environment

Managing a complex system, such as a design group, is not a matter of facilitating a sequence of discrete steps. It involves the interaction of self-management, cooperative behavior, feedback, and flexibility in processes that orchestrate these elements to the benefit of organizational strategy and the development of specific projects. Sarah Meyer defines this approach and illustrates the significance of these issues with "in-the-trenches" commentary from design managers.
Fatigue, dyspnea, and intermittent symptoms are associated with treatment-seeking delay for symptoms of atrial fibrillation before diagnosis.

Background:Delay in seeking treatment for symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AF) at onset results in a missed opportunity for vital early treatment of AF which is important for reducing stroke, tachy...
Who Evoked that Frame? Some Thoughts on Context Effects and Event Types

Lexical substitution is an annotation task in which annotators provide one-word paraphrases (lexical substitutes) for individual target words in a sentence context. Lexical substitution yields a fine-grained characterization of word meaning that can be done by non-expert annotators. We discuss results of a recent lexical substitution annotation effort, where we found strong contextual modulation effects: Many substitutes were not synonyms, hyponyms or hypernyms of the targets, but were highly specific to the situation at hand. This data provides some food for thought for framesemantic analysis.
Financial Intermediation and the Human Development Index

The relationship between economic development and financial activity is examined using regression analysis. The Human Development Index (HDI), a relatively new measure of development, is used as a proxy for the level of economic development. A variety of measures of financial depth are employed as proxies of the size of the financial system. GDP per capita is also used to establish benchmarks. For an all country sample (133 countries) wide measures of financial depth perform very well in explaining both HDI and GDP per capita. For a sample restricted to underdeveloped countries only (88 countries), wide measures of financial depth perform nearly as well. This suggests that financial markets are important in determining both economic growth and economic development.
Software review: How is geography supporting marketing in today's commercial organisations?

The wider availability of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for use in marketing is encouraging growth in the business application of these technologies. This paper explores how geography is now being used to support marketing activities in a range of industry sectors.
ISO Standards and Enterprise Software: A Case Study Using SUMI and SUS in an International Sale

Usability standards play an important role in Europe, where companies are legally obligated to ensure that the workplace meets software ergonomic standards. Therefore, usability can be a critical factor in a company’s decision about which enterprise software solution to implement. In this paper, we provide a real-world case study where meeting ISO standards and providing usability data to a customer heavily influenced a competitive sales deal.