cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The progress function in the aerospace industry — A historical analysis

The progress function is a predictive model developed by the airframe industry in the 1930's. It is also called the “improvement curve” or the “learning curve.” It reflects the relationship between gross production output and the effect required to produce each unit of production. The history of these curves in the airframe industry is reviewed. Modifications of the basic function are examined. Seven major uses of progress curves by the aerospace industry are 1) cost estimates, 2) scheduling, 3) efficiency comparisons, 4) procurement and subcontracting, 5) facilities planning, 6) personnel planning and 7) long-range planning. An evaluation is made of current usage.
Current asthma guidelines may not identify young children who have experienced significant morbidity.

BACKGROUND. The current guideline for classifying asthma severity, the National Asthma Education Prevention Program (NAEPP) 2002, is not evidence-based. We had the opportunity to validate this guideline in an untreated inner-city population, both in those ≤5 and those >5 years of age. The basis for this retrospective validation model was to determine how well the NAEPP severity classification based on symptom-frequency criteria alone identified patients in those age groups demonstrating significant morbidity the previous year and thus the potential need for controller therapy. METHODS. Using a mobile asthma van (Breathmobile) at the school site, children not receiving controller medication were evaluated by an asthma specialist for severity according to NAEPP guideline clinical criteria. Validation was determined by the relationship of guideline severity to ≥2 emergency department (ED) visits, any hospitalization, health care utilization (any ED visit, hospitalization), number of exacerbations, and school absenteeism resulting from asthma the prior year. RESULTS. Eight hundred twenty-six asthmatic children were evaluated; 89 (10.8%) were ≤2 years, 222 (26.9%) were 3 to 5 years, and 515 (62.3%) were >5 years of age; 60.5% were male, and 80.9% were Hispanic. Classification of asthma severity included 34.4% with mild intermittent, 10.2% with mild persistent, 31.5% with moderate persistent, and 24.0% with severe persistent asthma categories. There were significantly more Hispanic children and children ≤5 years classified as having mild intermittant asthma. Morbidity was clearly related to severity in the overall population. However, although the health care utilization was significantly related to severity, it was borderline in those 3 to 5 years and nonsignificant in children ≤2 years. CONCLUSIONS. The NAEPP guidelines 2002, based on symptom-frequency criteria as assessed in this study, seem to offer a valid basis for classifying asthma severity in those >5 years of age but may underclassify younger children. Our data suggest that morbidity experienced in the prior year may provide a useful additional criterion for classifying asthma severity, particularly in those children ≤5 years of age.
Numerical simulation of packed beds with monosized spheres in cylindrical containers

Abstract Several sequential packing models are applied to numerically construct packed beds of identical spheres in right circular cylindrical containers. The fixed packed beds are assembled on a base layer so that a newly added sphere is always placed at a vertical location that is stable under gravity. The newly added sphere may be positioned so that it is in contact with two spheres and the container wall (wall spheres) or three other spheres in the interior of the packing (inner spheres). The particular procedure by which wall spheres and inner spheres are added to the packing is determined by a given model. The sequential models calculate the center coordinates of each newly added sphere. The center coordinates are used to determine the overall void fraction and the radial void fraction in cylindrical containers with D / d ≥3 and are compared with experimental data.
Efficient synthesis of the benzo[a]pyrene metabolic adducts of 2'-deoxyguanosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine and their direct incorporation into DNA.

A new and efficient method is described for the synthesis in gram quantities of the benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolic adducts of 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2‘-deoxyadenosine (dA) substituted, respectively, at the N2- and N6- positions. When the racemic form of the tris(benzoyloxy)amine 5 (related to the notoriously carcinogenic epoxydiol 2) is coupled with the bromoinosine derivative 6 by means of a Buchwald−Hartwig reaction, the expected pair of diastereomers, 7 and 8, is obtained in high (combined) yield. Selective deblocking of this mixture then gave cleanly the pair of diastereomers 9. These were used in the synthesis of a series of DNA oligomers via their 5‘-O-DMT-3‘-O-phosphoramidites (10) using standard automated methods. Coupling efficiencies were 94−98% at the point of introduction of the xeno-2‘-deoxynucleoside, and in all cases the mixtures of the two diastereomeric oligomers (DMT-off stage) were easily separated by HPLC. By a similar sequence of reactions beginning with 5 and the protected 6-br...
Imaging of laser-produced plasmas at 44 Å using a multilayer mirror

Abstract Images of imploding laser-fusion targets have been obtained using a spherical multilayer mirror. The mirror was coated to reflect Si XII 44.1 A radiation and produced images of the coronal plasma regions of the glass microballoon and stalk. Clearly visible in the images are emission features as small as 40 μm.
Fixed, Mixed, and Random Models*

Abstract * Presented at American Statistical Association meetings, Montreal, September 1954. Some explicit questions are raised regarding the adequacy of assumed linear models as a basis for the interpretation of the analysis of variance of randomized experiments. A generally applicable method for the derivation of a linear statistical model, based on the experimental situation and the design of the experiment, is exemplified. The central features of the method are the notion of “experimental unit,” the concept of “true response,” and the use of randomization in the design. A model is derived for the case where two factors having A and B levels respectively, are to be examined with respect to a population of P experimental units, where selection of levels of the factors to be tested, selection of experimental units to be used, and the allocation of selected treatment combinations to units is at random. First a linear population model is given, based on the structure of the experimental situation, whose co...
Calcium current variation between acutely isolated adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons of different size.

1. The distribution of pharmacologically and/or biophysically unique Ca2+ current subtypes was studied in different diameter rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cell bodies. DRG cells which fell into three diameter ranges, small (20-27 microns), medium (33-38 microns) and large (45-51 microns), were studied. T-type Ca2+ current was defined as low-threshold, rapidly inactivating current evoked by a weak test depolarization (-50 mV) from negative holding potentials (-80 to -100 mV), and which was sensitive to changes in holding potential. L-type Ca2+ current was defined as peak high-threshold Ca2+ current evoked from a holding potential of -60 mV and sensitive to blockade by 2 microM-nimodipine. N-type Ca2+ current was defined as peak high-threshold Ca2+ current evoked from a holding potential of -60 mV and sensitive to blockade by 0.9 microM-omega-conotoxin GVIA. 2. T-type Ca2+ currents were observed in small and medium diameter, but not in large diameter, DRG cell bodies. Large diameter DRG cell bodies had a small amount of low-threshold Ca2+ current but this current did not inactivate and was insensitive to a change in holding potential from -80 to -90 mV, and thus did not appear to be conducted through T-type Ca2+ channels. The T-type Ca2+ currents observed in medium diameter DRG cell bodies were considerably larger in amplitude (1-6 nA) than those observed in small diameter DRG cell bodies (100 pA-1 nA). This difference could not be accounted for by the difference in membrane surface area of small versus medium diameter DRG cell bodies. 3. The T-type Ca2+ currents observed in medium diameter DRG cells were sensitive to blockade by amiloride. Amiloride (500 microM) blocked 79.4 +/- 0.9% (mean +/- S.E.M.) of T-type Ca2+ current amplitude in six medium diameter DRG cell bodies which were held at -80 mV and depolarized to -50 or -40 mV. Amiloride (500 microM) failed to block high-threshold current in five medium diameter DRG cell bodies, indicating that it was specific for T-type Ca2+ current in these cells. 4. The percentage of peak whole-cell L-type Ca2+ current was significantly larger in small diameter DRG cell bodies (52.9 +/- 4.7% of total whole-cell Ca2+ current) than in medium diameter DRG cell bodies (6.6 +/- 3.9% of total whole-cell Ca2+ current) or large diameter DRG cell bodies (19.4 +/- 5.7% of total whole-cell Ca2+ current).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ruling eldership in civil war england, the scottish kirk, and early New England : A comparative study of secular and spiritual aspects

Within early modern Christianity the idea of church government always entailed a basic contradiction. How could a spiritual body, devoted to Christ's teachings of love and forgiveness, exercise coercive authority? Given the widely accepted need of any sixteenth- or seventeenth-century government to enforce religiously based codes of behavior, churches and church officials were inevitably involved with the secular authorities in detecting and judging offenders. Inasmuch as such judgment had to include the threat of punishment, church officials of any kind were open to the charge of violating their Christian mission, which by nature was to be persuasive and educative rather than punitive, and also their Christian character, which, even among more radical Protestant sects, was to be more otherworldly than that of the laity.
Spatiotemporal transformation of social media geostreams: a case study of Twitter for flu risk analysis

Georeferenced social media data streams (social media geostreams) are providing promising opportunities to gain new insights into spatiotemporal aspects of human interactions on cyber space and their relation with real-world activities. In particular, such opportunities are motivating public health researchers to improve the surveillance of disease epidemics by means of spatiotemporal analysis of social media geostreams. One essential requirement in achieving such geostream-based disease surveillance is to establish scalable data infrastructures capable of real-time transformation of massive geostreams into spatiotemporally organized data to which analytical methods are readily applicable. To fulfill this requirement, this study develops a data pipeline solution where multiple computational components are integrated to collect, process, and aggregate social media geostreams in near real time. As a test case, this solution focuses on one well-known social media geostream, the Twitter data stream, and one type of disease epidemics, the flu. The pipeline solution facilitates multiscale spatiotemporal analysis of flu risks by collecting geotagged tweets from the Twitter Streaming API, identifying flu-related tweets through keyword match, aggregating tweets at multiple spatial granularities in near real time, and storing tweets and the aggregate statistics in a distributed NoSQL database. Although developed for the surveillance of flu epidemics, the pipeline would serve as a general framework for building scalable data infrastructures that can support real-time spatiotemporal analysis of social media geostreams in the application domains beyond disease mapping and public health.
A Contractarian approach to Public Administration

This article seeks to apply a contractarian approach to the design of public administrative structures and processes. It speculates as to what kind of public administration could have emerged hypothetically from unanimous agreement between rational individuals in a constitutional setting. The contractarian approach suggest the desirability of a system of public administration which provides administrators with significant discretion in following the directives of political leaders while at the same time constraining the use of that discretion for private purposes. Normative implications for various schools of public administration theory are discussed.
Differential use of sensory information in sexual behavior as a function of gender.

Olfactory information is critical to mammalian sexual behavior. Based on parental investment theory the relative importance of olfaction compared with vision, touch, and hearing should be different for human males and females. In particular, because of its link to immunological profile and offspring viability, odor should be a more important determinant of sexual choice and arousal for females than for males. To test this hypothesis a questionnaire was developed and administered to 332 adults (166 males, 166 females). Subjects used a 1–7 scale to indicate how much they agreed with a series of statements concerning the importance of olfactory, visual, auditory, and tactile information for their sexual responsivity. The data reveal that males rated visual and olfactory information as being equally important for selecting a lover, while females considered olfactory information to be the single most important variable in mate choice. Additionally, when considering sexual activity, females singled out body odor from all other sensory experiences as most able to negatively affect desire, while males regarded odors as much more neutral stimuli for sexual arousal. The present results support recent findings in mice and humans concerning the relation of female preferences in body odor and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility and can be explained by an evolutionary analysis of sex differences in reproductive strategies. This work represents the first direct examination of the role of different forms of sensory information in human sexual behavior.
The spin structure of the proton

Abstract The spin dependent structure function g p 1 ( x ) and g n 1 ( x ) are calculated using a momentum projected version of the soliton bag model. The results are evolved to high Q 2 using QCD perturbation theory for the nonsinglet distribution g p 1 ( x )− g n 1 ( x ). Following Jaffe, we assume that the isosinglet contribution to g 1 ( x ) is negligible at high Q 2 , enabling us to compare our calculation with recent EMC data. We find remarkable agreement between experiment and the model, which lends support to the idea that the flavor singlet distribution g s 1 ( x ) is very small.
A statistical approach to resonance energies of large molecules

Abstract For large conjugated molecules, resonance energies of SCF MO quality are not available. Here we outline a method of determining molecular resonance energies by combining a graph theoretical approach to aromaticity with a statistical analysis of random Kekule valence structures. The approach involves construction of random Kekule valence forms and subsequent enumeration of conjugated circuits within each such structure.
Allergic airway inflammation

Several genes, including ADAM33, DPP10, PHF11, GPRA, and TIM-1, have been implicated in the pathogenesis and susceptibility to atopy and asthma. Advances have been made in defining the mechanism for the control of allergic airway inflammation in response to inhaled antigens. There is growing evidence that associates asthma with a systemic propensity for allergic type 2 T-cell cytokines. Disordered coagulation and fibrinolysis could also exacerbate asthma symptoms. Major emphasis on immunotherapy for asthma during the past decade has been to direct the immune response to a type 1 response. Recent literature supports the pivotal role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and allergen-specific T-regulatory cells in the development of tolerance to allergens. In this review article, we discuss the current information on the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and potential allergen immunotherapies, which could be beneficial in the treatment of airway inflammation, allergy, and asthma.
CI chondrite-like clasts in the Nilpena polymict ureilite: Implications for aqueous alteration processes in CI chondrites

Petrographic studies of Nilpena polymict ureilite have revealed the presence of small quantities of carbonaceous chondrite matrix clasts. Detailed electron microprobe and TEM studies show that the chemistry and fine-scale mineralogy of one of these clasts is consistent with CI carbonaceous chondrite matrix. Compared to Orgeuil, the phyllosilicate, sulfide, and oxide mineralogy suggests that the Nilpena clasts may represent a less altered type of CI matrix. It is suggested that increased oxidation and aqueous alteration of Nilpena-type materials could result in the formation of the type of mineral assemblage observed in Orgueil. Increased alteration produces progressive more Mg-rich phyllosilicates and more Fe(3+)-rich iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite. As a function of increased alteration, Ca is also progressively leached from the matrix material to form carbonate veins. The depletion of Ca in CI chondrite matrices suggests the Ivuna and Alais may be intermediate in their degree of alteration to Nilpena and Orgueil.
Modeling of cutting geometry and forces for 5-axis sculptured surface machining

5-Axis sculptured surface machining is simulated using discrete geometric models of the tool and workpiece to determine the tool contact area, and a discrete mechanistic model to estimate the cutting forces. An extended Z-buffer model represents the workpiece, while a discrete axial slice model represents the cutting tool. Determination of the contact area for a given tool move requires a swept envelope (SWE) of the tool path. The SWE is used to find the intersections of the tool envelope with Z-buffer elements (ZDVs) representing the workpiece. A 3-axis approximation of the 5-axis tool movement is used to simplify the calculations while maintaining a desired level of accuracy. The intersection of the SWE with each ZDV yields segments which are used to find the contact area between the cutter and the workpiece for a given tool path. The contact area is subsequently used with the discrete force model to calculate the vector cutting force acting on the tool.
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Ionic Liquid and Poly(vinyl alcohol)

We report a new kind of thermoplastic elastomer using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and a high-melting ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethylpyridinium bromide. Wide angle X-ray scattering results indicate that t...
Impact of multiple antimicrobial interventions on ground beef quality

Multiple antimicrobial intervention strategies are employed in beef manufacturing, and some may impact quality and palatability of ground beef patties. Combinations of antimicrobial treatments – hot water (at least 82 °C), lactic acid (4.0 to 5.0%), acidified sodium chlorite (pH of 2.7 to 2.8) and Beefxide (lactic/citric acid mixture; up to 2.5%) – were applied to hot or chilled carcasses and trimmings before manufacturing ground beef patties, which were designated for color evaluation, consumer panel, or trained panel evaluation. Few significant changes were seen in color space values for each treatment combination. Consumer scores for overall liking, flavor liking, and beefy flavor liking were impacted (P < 0.05) by combined antimicrobial treatment effects. Trained panelists detected 18 out of 33 attributes with only scores for fat-like (P = 0.0391) and cardboardy (P < 0.0001) being impacted by treatments. No clear trends were related to any single or combined antimicrobial treatment, and findings support that these food safety interventions have minimal negative impacts on beef patty quality.
Keratinocyte differentiation marker suppression by arsenic: mediation by AP1 response elements and antagonism by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate.

Culture models of target cells are anticipated to help elucidate the mechanism by which inorganic arsenic acts as a carcinogen in humans. Present work characterizes the response of human keratinocytes, a target cell type, to arsenic suppression of their differentiation program. Four representative differentiation marker mRNAs (involucrin, keratinocyte transglutaminase, small proline-rich protein 1, and filaggrin) were suppressed by both arsenate and arsenite in normal, spontaneously immortalized (premalignant), and malignant keratinocytes with EC50 values in the low micromolar range. The suppression was almost completely reversed 9 days after removal of arsenate from the culture medium. In the case of the involucrin gene, suppression was mediated primarily by two functional AP1 response elements in the gene promoter. Both glucocorticoid and serum stimulation of differentiation occurred to a similar extent in the presence and absence of arsenic, indicating neither stimulation was a specific target of arsenic action and neither agent could overcome arsenic suppression. In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate prevented the suppression of keratinocyte transglutaminase, suggesting that arsenic acts upstream of protein kinase C.
Polycomb group gene expression in the sea urchin.

Embryonic development in metazoan animals involves a remarkable degree of both genetic and epigenetic regulation. Polycomb group (PcG) genes are essential for initiation and maintenance of epigenetic developmental regulation. This report identifies homologous PcG genes representing the core components of three known Polycomb repressive complexes in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Quantitative, temporal, and spatial analyses revealed two significant aspects of their transcript expression during embryonic development. First, almost all showed a localized expression pattern in mesenchyme blastula and gastrula-stage embryos. As the embryo specifies its three germ layers, it may require its PcG gene transcripts to remain in localized stem cell populations, but turn-over in differentiating tissues. Second, their transcript levels gradually decreased during larval pluteus stages. This finding is consistent with progressive cell differentiation in the embryo. Taken together, these results suggest that PcG genes are conserved in S. purpuratus and are actively expressed during early embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 237:1851–1861, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dental complaints in emergency departments: A national perspective

Abstract Study objective: Using nationally representative data, we sought to describe the incidence of emergency department (ED) visits for dental-related complaints for children and adults in the United States. We hypothesized that dental-related ED visits were more likely than other ED visits to have Medicaid or no insurance as the payer. Methods: We used data from the 1997 to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample survey of hospital ED visits that is conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. From these data, all ED visits in which one of the reasons for the visit was toothache or tooth injury were compiled and used to determine national estimates of counts and rates of ED visits for dental-related complaints. Logistic regression analysis on the outcome variable, presentation to the ED with a dental complaint (versus other problem), was performed to determine the association with payer and other covariates. Results: During the 4-year period from 1997 to 2000, there were an estimated 2.95 million ED visits in the United States for complaints of tooth pain or tooth injury, for an average of 738,000 visits annually. Population-based rates and proportion of all ED visits for dental complaints were highest in the 19- to 35-year-old group, accounting for 1.3% of all ED visits and 5.6 ED visits per 1,000 people in this age category. "Dental problem, not otherwise specified" was the most commonly assigned International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , Clinical Modification diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression results indicated that the adjusted odds of presentation to the ED for a dental complaint compared with other problems were significantly elevated for visits in which Medicaid or self-pay was listed as the payer relative to those with private insurance. Conclusion: EDs are an important point of care for dental-related complaints, particularly for individuals who lack private insurance. ED providers should be equipped to triage, diagnose, provide basic treatment, and ensure appropriate follow-up care for dental problems, which may require enhancement of dental training for emergency medicine providers and improved dental care during and after ED visits. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:93-99.]
Spontaneous emission of atoms coupled to frequency-dependent reservoirs

We study the spontaneous emission of atoms coupled to frequency-dependent photon-mode reservoirs, and find atomic emission spectra qualitatively different from those of free space. Frequency-dependent photon-mode reservoirs are found in a variety of physical situations (e.g., in waveguides, microcavities, dielectrics, systems with photonic spectral gaps, etc.), and are shown to lead to nonexponential decay and concomitant complicated non-Lorentzian emission line shapes. By studying Autler-Townes spectra in the presence of a frequency-dependent photon-mode density, we present simple examples of dynamical modifications of spontaneous decay properties.
Non-parametric tests of the efficacy of money stock control strategies

Abstract This paper develops and performs a series of non-parametric tests to find which among various hypothetical policy regimes would have been best at controlling the money stock. Non-activist use of the federal funds rate or of one of several versions of the base is compared to observed activist use of the federal funds rate in the 1970s and of the borrowed reserves base after 1982 in the USA. The results indicate that the observed activist use of the federal funds rate in the earlier period was superior to non-activist use of either the federal funds rate or non-borrowed reserves, but inferior to non-activist use of the monetary base; and the actual policy was underactive relative to the optimum. For the latter period the evidence shows that the observed activist use of the borrowed reserves base is superior to non-activist use of borrowed reserves while comparison to a non-activist use of the federal funds rate is inconclusive regarding which policy was superior. Finally, when compared to the optimum, actual policy was deemed to be underactive.
Prescription Privileges: Attitudes of Clinical Social Workers

From an initial survey on prescription privileges of a national sample of social workers, of the 176 respondents, 52% were opposed and 19% were in favor of prescription privileges.
A new mode for heme-heme interactions in hemoglobin associated with distal perturbations

The distal side of the heme pocket, known to regulate ligand affinity, is shown to be directly involved in subunit interactions. Valency hybrids with oxygen or carbon monoxide bound to the reduced chain are used to model R-state hemoglobin with different distal perturbations. Electron paramagnetic resonance of the oxidized chains shows that the carbon monoxide perturbation is transmitted between subunits to the distal histidine and the oxidized iron center. A comparison of hybrids with only one type of chain oxidized and hybrids with a single alpha beta dimer oxidized is consistent with this perturbation being transmitted across the alpha 1 beta 1 interface. This represents a new mode of subunit interactions in hemoglobin.
Neonatal hypothyroidism: enhanced incorporation of precursors into cerebral RNA in vivo and normalizing effect of a semi-acute injection of thyroxine.

The incorporation of radioactivity from intracisternally injected (6−14C) orotic acid into cerebral RNA and precursor pool was markedly elevated in 25 day-old hypothyroid rats compared to controls. Similar results were achieved with (2−14C) uridine as the isotopic precursor. The increase in specific radioactivity of cerebral ribosomal RNA and the purified nucleotide precursor pool was essentially restored to normal by a single injection of L-thyroxine at 22 days of age (72 hours prior to sacrifice). The results are compatible with an increased intracellular uptake (transport) of RNA precursors and reflect the participation of thyroid hormones in the regulation of events at the membrane during brain development.
Supersymmetric regularized path-integral measure in x space.

The complete supersymmetric Liouville action for a scalar multiplet coupled to supergravity in two-dimensional x space is obtained by integrating all anomalies, and not only the conformal anomaly. The resulting action is supersymmetric, but supersymmetry is derived, and not merely used as a device to extend the integrated conformal anomaly to the complete supersymmetric Liouville action. The integration variables are obtained from the matter variables not only (as usual) by multiplication by powers of dete(x), but also by addition of terms containing products of matter fields and supergravity fields. The dependence of the action on dete, \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\psi}, and S is removed by rescaling and shifting the new matter variables. As a regulator we use a matrix operator which contains the D'Alembertian in each diagonal entry and which is obtained from the matter action by squaring and introducing a ``twist'' operator. Because the regulator contains off-diagonal elements, all three anomalies (Weyl, super-Weyl, and ``auxiliary'') contribute.
Evolution of the Food and Drug Administration Approach to Liver Safety Assessment for New Drugs: Current Status and Challenges

Prompted by approval in 1997 of troglitazone and bromfenac, two drugs that promptly began to show serious and sometimes fatal liver toxicity, we began at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a series of annual conferences in 1999 to consider issues of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). First inviting reviewers of new drug applications we opened the audiences in 2001 to pharmaceutical industry and academic consultants to industry and FDA, and slides shown at the meetings were posted on the internet to be available at the website of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)–go to ( http://www.aasld.org/dili/Pages/default.aspx ). Observations by Dr. Hyman J. Zimmerman that “drug-induced hepatocellular jaundice is a serious lesion” with possible mortality formed a basis for developing a computer program to plot peak serum values for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TBL) in an x–y log–log graph for all subjects enrolled in clinical trials. This program had the capability to show the time course of all liver tests for individuals who had both hepatocellular injury and reduced whole liver function, plus clinical narratives to diagnose the severity and most likely cause of the abnormalities. We called the program eDISH (for evaluation of Drug-Induced Serious Hepatotoxicity), and began in 2004 to use it to assess DILI in clinical trial subjects. From 2008, comments made by the presenters at the conferences about their slides and ensuing discussions have been added to the website. All this has raised awareness of the problem, and since 1997, the FDA has not had to withdraw a single drug because of post-marketing hepatotoxicity. Many issues still remain to be resolved; among the most controversial is the best method to estimate likelihood that a given liver injury was actually caused by the drug in question. On November 9, 2012, a workshop was convened to discuss the best practices for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in clinical trials.
Synthesis and properties of cellulose 2-thenoates. Nucleophilic displacement reactions of bromo-substituted 2-thenoates of cellulose with tertiary amines.

Abstract The 2-thenoate and some substituted 2-thenoates of cellulose were prepared by the reaction of purified cotton cellulose with 2-thenoyl chloride ( 1 ), 5-methyl-2-thenoyl chloride ( 2 ), 2-thiopheneacryloyl chloride ( 3 ), 5-bromo-2-thenoyl chloride ( 4 ), and 5-bromo-2-thiopheneacryloyl chloride ( 5 ), in pyridine as the acid scavenger, with N , N -dimethylformamide as diluent. The bromo-substituted 2-thenoates of cellulose, obtained by reaction with 4 and 5 , respectively, undergo nucleophilic displacement reactions with pyridine, N , N -dimethylcyclohexylamine, and triethylamine to give the corresponding quaternary salts; the mechanism of the nucleophilic displacement reaction is discussed. The infrared spectra and other physical properties of the fibrous 2-thenoate and substituted 2-thenoates of cellulose are reported.
The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. Neil Smith

(1999). The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. Neil Smith. Urban Geography: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 93-94.
KNOWLEDGE OF AND ATTITUDES TOWARD AGING IN YOUNG, MIDDLE‐AGED, AND OLDER COLLEGE STUDENTS: A COMPARISON OF TWO MEASURES OF KNOWLEDGE OF AGING

Scores on two measures of knowledge of aging were compared and correlated with direct and indirect measures of attitudes toward aging. Knowledge scores were not strongly related (r = .2‐.3) to either indirect or direct measures of attitudes toward older adults, and scores on the knowledge tests were not strongly correlated with each other (r = .25). In general, older subjects had higher knowledge scores and more positive attitude scores than did younger subjects. The age effect for knowledge remained after attitude was controlled. Suggestions for improving tests of general knowledge of aging are offered.
What undergraduate physical education majors learn during a field experience.

Abstract Early field experiences and student teaching have a significant impact on the development of prospective teachers' perceptions of teaching and themselves as teachers (Dodds, 1989). The purpose of this study was to describe what happened to physical education majors during a secondary physical education methodology course that included two field experiences in which the undergraduates taught at least one lesson a day. The four research questions that guided the study were (a) What issues did the majors attend to as significant incidents from their teaching, and did these issues change during their field experiences? (b) What were the characteristics of field experience lessons they perceived as successful? (c) What were the characteristics of field experience lessons they perceived as unsuccessful? and (d) What were the physical education majors' conceptions of teaching? Participants in the study were 39 junior-year physical education teacher education majors. Data were collected using the critica...
Demand-revealing processes and accounting standard-setting

This paper addresses the need to learn more about the relative desirability of the current FASB and its alternatives. It responds to this need by demonstrating how a given standards-setting alternative might be preliminarily analyzed in terms of its feasibility and the degree to which its theoretical objectives are operationally attainable. The analysis emphasizes that it is not the existence of possible operational shortcomings that is important, but how its operational properties compare with those of other available alternatives. The analysis itself reveals that, in spite of operational shortcomings, standards-setting by means of a demand-revealing process may be an alternative worthy of further consideration both in its own right, and as a basis of comparison for assessing the relative strengths and limitations of the current FASB.
Sleep induction by microinjection of pentobarbital into the medial preoptic area in rats

Abstract In a previous study we have shown that microinjection of the benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam into the medial preoptic area increases sleep in rats. In order to determine whether this effect is specific to benzodiazepines, or whether it occurs with hypnotic medications from other pharmacologic classes, we have microinjected pentobarbital (1 and 100 ug) and vehicle in random sequence into rats and performed two hour sleep studies in the daytime with the lights on. Both doses significantly decreased sleep latency and increased nonREM and total sleep. The amount of REM sleep, REM latency, and intermittent waking time were not significantly altered. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the medial preoptic area may be involved in sleep induction by both benzodiazepine and barbiturate hypnotic medications.
Direct measurement of the viscosity of glycerol under laser driven shock compression: Fluorescence lifetime changes in crystal violet

Abstract The viscosity of a shock-loaded liquid has been measured directly for the first time using a laser-induced fluorescence probe technique. A guest molecule, crystal violet, was added to glycerol and the solution shocked to 19 kbar using a laser generation scheme. The viscosity was estimated from its effect on the streak camera measured fluorescence lifetime following 527 nm excitation. Viscosities varied from 12 P at ambient pressure to 57 P at 19 kbar. Lifetimes varied from 100 to 260 ps. Comparison of our data with high-pressure static measurements allows an estimate of the ring-up shock temperature as well. At 11.5 kbar, a temperature rise of 52°C above ambient is observed.
Feeding times in (HI, xnγ) reactions

Abstract Feeding times, T f , for population of the quasi-rotational bands in a number of doubly even nuclei formed in ( d HI, xn ) reactions have been measured with the recoil-distance Doppler-shift technique. Values of 11±3, 5±2.5, 3±3 and 12 −4 +2.5 ps were obtained for T f the 166, 168, 170 Hf and 178 Os nuclei populated by the 150,152,154 Sm( 20 Ne,4n) and 154 Sm( 28 Si,4n) reactions, respectively. In all cases the fraction of slow-feeding component was less than a few percent.
Determining the Strength of the Deep Western Boundary Current Using the Chlorofluoromethane Ratio

Abstract The dilution of a passive tracer during deep water formation and the subsequent advection/mixing in a deep boundary current is modeled with application to chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) in the North Atlantic. Two different types of boundary currents are considered: a uniform flow and a simple shear flow. In each case the core of the flow mixes with surrounding water, which continually accumulates CFMs. In an extreme case the coupled systems predicts that the CFM ratio in the current is unaltered from the ratio of its source water (save for a time lag). More realistic cases however suggests that the ratio is not a conserved quantity, but is substantially altered in both the overflow basin and boundary current. Matching the model results to CFM data collected near the Grand Banks gives a predicted (average) core speed of 5–10 cm s−1 for the Deep Western Boundary Current, and provides a constraint on the transport and diffusivity of the flow as well.
Three-dimensional mixed convection flows in a horizontal annulus with a heated rotating inner circular cylinder

Abstract The existence of hydrodynamic instabilities leads to the formation of Taylor vortices in flows in the annulus between two concentric cylinders with one or both cylinders rotating. The study of heat transfer within the rotating enclosure is complex. For horizontal configuration, the buoyancy and the centrifugal effects (created by the heated rotating cylinder) are orthogonal and give rise to fully three-dimensional flows. The results of a three-dimensional numerical analysis of flows and heat transfer in a horizontal annulus with a heated rotating inner circular cylinder are presented. Solutions are presented over a wide range of the rotational Reynolds (Taylor) number and the Grashof number. The effect of the centrifugal instability on the heat transfer is examined. The aspect ratio Γ is varied from 1.0 to 10.0 while the radius ratio η for the annulus is maintained at the value of 2.6 for the results presented.
Aspects of artificial photosynthesis in surfatant vesicles

Abstract Advantage has been taken of the separate compartments provided by completely synthetic surfactant vesicles to organize the sensitizers, donors and acceptors needed for photochemical solar energy conversion. Chemically dissymmetrical polymerized surfactant vesicles proved to be particularly useful media for membrane-mimetic photochemistry. Efficient charge separation followed by electron transfer across the bilayer of the vesicle and hydrogen generation have been demonstrated. Details of these systems are discussed critically.
Human alveolar macrophages are markedly deficient in REF-1 and AP-1 DNA binding activity.

Although many functions of human alveolar macrophages are altered compared with their precursor cell, the blood monocyte (monocyte), the reason(s) for these functional changes have not been determined. We recently reported that human alveolar macrophages do not express AP-1 DNA binding activity (Monick, M. M., Carter, A. B., Gudmundsson, G., Geist, L. J., and Hunninghake, G. W. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 275, L389—L397). To determine why alveolar macrophages do not express AP-1 DNA binding activity, we first showed that there was not a decrease in expression of the FOS and JUN proteins that make up the AP-1 complex. There was, however, a significant difference in the amounts of the nuclear protein, REF-1 (which regulates AP-1 DNA binding by altering the redox status of FOS and JUN proteins), in alveolar macrophages compared with monocytes. In addition, in vitrodifferentiation of monocytes to a macrophage-like cell resulted in decreased amounts of REF-1. Finally, addition of REF-1 from activated monocytes to alveolar macrophage nuclear proteins resulted in a marked increase in AP-1 DNA binding. These studies strongly suggest that the process of differentiation of monocytes into alveolar macrophages is associated with a loss of REF-1 and AP-1 activity. This observation may explain, in part, some of the functional differences observed for alveolar macrophages compared with monocytes.
Supported Community Life Disability Policy and the Renewal of Mediating Structures

The paper describes an emerging model for dramatically restructuring disability policy in America. This model for policy reform attempts to escape the excessive individualism and loss of community that many social critics find at the heart of our current "system" of disability services. First, we review the failures of the existing melange of disability programs. The sociological construct of mediating structures is used to understand how these programmatic failures have tended to perpetuate the social isolation of people with disabilities and their families. Then we identify some common features of progressive reform efforts now occurring within the field of developmental disabilities. We argue that, taken together, these features outline a new model for disability policy that can renew a sense of community and mutual support. Examples of programs consistent with the Supported Community Life Model are presented from the specific area of family policy. The paper concludes with some cautionary comments abo...
Atmospheric variability of biogenic VOCs in the surface layer measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry

Fast response measurements of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) were conducted above a deciduous temperate, a tropical rain and an evergreen needle forest. We explore how the variance of a compound relates to the surface flux and lifetime ( τ) at these sites. Our results suggest that a modified variance method can be used for estimating surface fluxes of isoprene and methanol above sites characterized by homogenous surface emissions. The normalized variability σC/C, generally used for variability–lifetime relationships, increases as a function of averaging period, and follows an inverse lifetime-dependence. The variability of short-lived compound lies within the predicted range for mixed layer parameterizations such as the top-down (TD)–bottom-up (BU) variance functions. For lifetimes >1 day, significant deviation due to mesoscale processes adds to the variability on timescales above ∼30 min. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Parametric study of micropillar array solar cells

Micro/nano pillar arrays are a promising architecture for high-efficiency solar cells that employ inexpensive photovoltaic materials with short minority carrier diffusion lengths (L n, p ). To investigate design tradeoffs of the radial junction array solar cells, we fabricated 25 μm tall c-Si pillar array devices having different diameters and pillar filling ratios. The high-aspect-ratio radial n+-p+ junctions were formed by gas phase diffusion of an n-type dopant into etched p-type Si pillars. The c-Si pillar arrays showed clear rectifying properties. The spectral reflectance decreased as the pillar filling ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.5, and no subsequent decrease was observed above a filling ratio of 0.5. Approximately two times higher cell efficiency was obtained with an 8 μm diameter ( n ) pillar array than with a 32 μm diameter (>3 L n ) pillar array having the same pillar filling ratio.
Robust Rare Variant Association Testing for Quantitative Traits in Samples With Related Individuals

The recent development of high-throughput sequencing technologies calls for powerful statistical tests to detect rare genetic variants associated with complex human traits. Sampling related individuals in sequencing studies offers advantages over sampling unrelated individuals only, including improved protection against sequencing error, the ability to use imputation to make more efficient use of sequence data, and the possibility of power boost due to more observed copies of extremely rare alleles among relatives. With related individuals, familial correlation needs to be accounted for to ensure correct control over type I error and to improve power. Recognizing the limitations of existing rare-variant association tests for family data, we propose MONSTER (Minimum P-value Optimized Nuisance parameter Score Test Extended to Relatives), a robust rare-variant association test, which generalizes the SKAT-O method for independent samples. MONSTER uses a mixed effects model that accounts for covariates and additive polygenic effects. To obtain a powerful test, MONSTER adaptively adjusts to the unknown configuration of effects of rare-variant sites. MONSTER also offers an analytical way of assessing P-values, which is desirable because permutation is not straightforward to conduct in related samples. In simulation studies, we demonstrate that MONSTER effectively accounts for family structure, is computationally efficient and compares very favorably, in terms of power, to previously proposed tests that allow related individuals. We apply MONSTER to an analysis of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the Framingham Heart Study, where we are able to replicate association with three genes.
Effect of aliphatic alcohols on bovine alkaline phosphatases.

Abstract Ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol (5–20%) are inhibitory to bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase at pH 9.7. The bovine milk phosphatase is not affected by alcohols at pH 9.7 but is stimulated at higher pH values. Studies over a range of pH values, and concentrations of ethanol and the substrate phenyl phosphate, suggest that the ethanol, by reducing the dielectric constant of the medium, influences the enzyme-substrate interaction both directly and through the dissociation of charged groups involved in phosphatase activity. Differences in the degree of dissociation of the specific charged groups could account for the different properties of the two phosphatases.