cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Interactional Justice to Citizenship Behaviors: Role Enlargement or Role Discretion?

An organizational field study examined the mechanisms through which supervisors’ interactional justice influences employees’ individual-directed organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Although, previous research supports the relationship between interactional fairness and OCBs, the mechanisms of operation remain unclear. Separate frameworks, based on role enlargement and role discretion exist, with no prior attempts to compare them. In this study, I examine two competitive models, (a) a role enlargement model, using employees’ role definitions as a mediator and (b) a role discretion model, using employees’ role definitions as a moderator. The results, based on data collected from 141 employee-manager dyads in a work organization, confirm that role definitions moderate the relationships between interactional justice and OCBs. The findings are discussed to derive theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research.
Chromatographic alterations in transfer RNA's accompanying speciation, differentiation and tumor formation☆

Abstract Specific aminoacyl-tRNA's from different mammalian organs and species have been compared by methylated albumin column chromatography. The elution profile of such chromatographs were usually similar, both between tRNA's from different organs in the same animal, and across widely divergent mammalian species. Species differences were found in the elution profile of avian leucyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA's, but not among other tRNA's. In contrast to the similarities of methylated albumin-kieselguhr elution profiles of specific tRNA's from most mammalian organs, the elution profile of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells phenylalanyl-, seryl-, glycyl-and tyrosyl-tRNA differed from normal mouse organ tRNA. An extra peak of tyrosyl-tRNA has also been found in HeLa cells and adeno-7 virus transformed cells, but not in all tumor cells. The tyrosyl-tRNA of mammalian and chick fibroblasts in cell culture, and fibroblasts in the body exhibited a markedly different elution profile from the tyrosyl-tRNA of epithelial cells in culture and of normal organs. The tRNA differences discovered by in vitro charging have all been confirmed in vivo . Possible reasons for these variations are discussed.
The Educational Platform: Constructing Conceptual Frameworks

Abstract In preparation for an NCATE accreditation visit, the education faculty at Eastern New Mexico University chose to use educational platforms as means to develop the unit's conceptual framework. Education platforms are statements about personal beliefs and values about education. Each faculty member developed a personal platform. Faculty members in each curricular area discussed their individual platforms and synthesized them into one curricular area platform. All of the unit faculty met to discuss similarities and differences in curricular area platforms with the goal of discovering commonalities in beliefs and practices with which all faculty members could agree. The resultant unit educational platform became the basis for the unit's conceptual framework, which reflects diversity of thought and practice and became the basis for program and student evaluation.
A Comparison of Occupational Attitudes between Taiwanese and American Police Officers

This study examines attitudinal differences between Taiwanese and American police officers. Data used in this research were collected from two Taiwanese cities, Taipei and Kaohsiung, and two Americ...
Image Restoration and Decomposition via Bounded Total Variation and Negative Hilbert-Sobolev Spaces

We propose a new class of models for image restoration and decomposition by functional minimization. Following ideas of Y. Meyer in a total variation minimization framework of L. Rudin, S. Osher, and E. Fatemi, our model decomposes a given (degraded or textured) image u 0 into a sum u+v. Here u∈BV is a function of bounded variation (a cartoon component), while the noisy (or textured) component v is modeled by tempered distributions belonging to the negative Hilbert-Sobolev space H −s . The proposed models can be seen as generalizations of a model proposed by S. Osher, A. Sole, L. Vese and have been also motivated by D. Mumford and B. Gidas. We present existence, uniqueness and two characterizations of minimizers using duality and the notion of convex functions of measures with linear growth, following I. Ekeland and R. Temam, F. Demengel and R. Temam. We also give a numerical algorithm for solving the minimization problem, and we present numerical results of denoising, deblurring, and decompositions of both synthetic and real images.
Brain Injury in Battered Women

The goals of the present study were to examine (a) whether battered women in a sample of both shelter and nonshelter women are sustaining brain injuries from their partners and (b) if so, whether such brain injuries are associated with partner abuse severity, cognitive functioning, or psychopathology. Ninety-nine battered women were assessed using neuropsychological, psychopathology, and abuse history measures. Almost three quarters of the sample sustained at least 1 partner-related brain injury and half sustained multiple partner-related brain injuries. Further, in a subset of women (n = 57), brain injury severity was negatively associated with measures of memory, learning, and cognitive flexibility and was positively associated with partner abuse severity, general distress, anhedonic depression, worry, anxious arousal, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology.
Cholesterol for synthesis of myelin is made locally, not imported into brain

We examined whether cholesterol needed for myelin formation is locally synthesized or whether it comes from the circulation. The experimental design was to inject [3H]water and to use incorporation of label into brain cholesterol as a measure of the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized cholesterol in brain. The contribution of the circulation to this labeled cholesterol pool was minimized by repressing liver synthesis of cholesterol with a high cholesterol diet. The rate of accumulation of total cholesterol was calculated from the increasing amounts of sterol in brain regions at successive time intervals during development. Thus, accumulating cholesterol not explained as being newly synthesized (radioactive) could be assumed to have come from the circulation. Long-Evans rats, ranging in age from birth to 35 days, were injected intraperitoneally with [3H]water (0.3-1.0 mCi/g of body weight) and killed 2 h later. The brain was dissected into brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres, and total lipids were extracted. Cholesterol and its precursors were quantified by HPLC. The radioactivity associated with the sterol fractions and the specific activity of body water determined from serum were used to calculate the absolute amount of newly synthesized sterol. The rates of cholesterol synthesis were compared with the rates of accumulation of total cholesterol in each brain region. The rate of accumulation of total sterol (cholesterol and desmosterol) closely followed that of newly synthesized total sterol in all brain regions from the second through the fifth postnatal weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations, Dietary Fat Intake, and Cholesterol Intake in Pharmacy Students

Objective: To evaluate the impact of formal education on hyperlipidemia on pharmacy students' dietary fat consumption and plasma cholesterol concentrations over a 3-month period. Design : Prospective, open, nonrandomized, controlled trial. Setting : College of pharmacy. Participants : First professional-year (P1) and second professional-year (P2) pharmacy students. Intervention : P2 students received 6 hours of formal education regarding cardiovascular risk factors and National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for detection and treatment of hyperlipidemia. Main Outcome Measures : Percentage of total caloric intake from fat and saturated fat and plasma cholesterol concentrations after 1 and 3 months. Results : Significant differences were found between the percentage of total caloric intake from total and saturated fat for P1 and P2 students at all time points, with P1 > P2. A significant time effect was also found for percentage of total caloric intake from total and saturated fat as well as dietary cholesterol consumption for both groups, indicating no net effect of the formal educational intervention. No differences were found in average percentage of total caloric intakes from total and saturated fat between our student sample and that of a national sample of Americans of similar age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Series III (NHANES III). Female pharmacy students appeared to have lower plasma cholesterol concentrations than women of the same age group in the general American population. Conclusion : Formal education did not alter students' percentage of total caloric intake from total and saturated fat or plasma cholesterol concentrations. Approximately 20% of pharmacy students may be eligible for more intensive diet and, perhaps, drug therapy for treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
LIPID CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOSOCIAL DWARFISM (PSD)

Turbidity of fasting serum and a distinctive pattern of changing blood lipids was observed during the first week of hospitalization in 14 children aged 1.9-14.3 yrs with PSD. All demonstrated remarkable catch-up growth with changed environment. On day 1 (morning of admission) mean (X) fasting triglyceride (TG) was 69% and cholesterol (C) 156 mg%. Fasting sera in 11/12 were turbid without clearing after 48 hrs. During the first 4 days, serial observations in 10/11 children showed dramatic rise in TC (36-594%) with decrease to normal by day 6-8. Serum C gradually rose in 6/14 by day 6-9 (29-52%). During this time serum turbidity cleared. Paper lipoprotein electrophoresis of 10 hr fasting serum was normal except for a light chyle spectrum in 7/13 and an increased beta band in 1/13. An increase in prebeta fraction occurred on day 2-4 in 10/12. Recurrence of turbidity occurred after 15/21 parent visits, clearing again with parent-child separation. By contrast, 5 children with growth failure and protein-calorie malnutrition, 1.2-3.9 yrs, 24 children with hypopituitarism, 1.2-17.1 yrs (X TC 66 mg%; x C 182 mg%) and 16 children with other endocrine disorders undergoing similar hospital evaluations (X C 163 mg%) had clear fasting sera on day 1. No change in serum appearance, TG or C was seen in 8/8 of these followed serially during days 1-4. The presence of serum turbidity may provide a clue to diagnosis in psychologically induced growth retardation. The mechanism of this phenomenon is as yet unexplained.
Empowering lesbian and gay communities: a call for collaboration with community psychology

This article traces the history of empowerment efforts in lesbian and gay communities. Despite considerable progress, lesbians and gay men remain marginalized in American society. Their personal, family, and community development is hampered by social and institutional barriers to empowerment. Three powerful disempowering problems of contemporary lesbian and gay communities are detailed: (1) stresses related to coming out; (2) heterosexism; and, (3) difficulties identifying with a community. Four domains are suggested for future collaboration between community psychologists and lesbian/gay communities: (1) anti-lesbian/anti-gay prejudice, discrimination, and violence; (2) mental health and health enhancement; (3) the HIV/AIDS epidemic; and, (4) civil rights. Future collaborations must build on successful-social change strategies already used by activists in lesbian and gay communities.
The affective auditory verbal learning test

The study of emotion is hindered by the lack of tests for affect perception or comprehension. One solution is to develop affective versions of well-known tests. Using an index of word norms (Toglia & Battig, 1978), positively and negatively valenced word lists were developed as alternate forms of the affectively neutral Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVL; Rey, 1964). Participants (N=102) received either the original RAVL list, the positively valenced list, or the negatively valenced list. Results are depicted across acquisition trials and location within the list for comparison of primacy and recency effects. Each word list yielded comparable patterns of acquisition. Participants receiving the negative list evidenced an enhanced primacy effect, while participants receiving the positive list evidenced an enhanced recency effect. The positive and negative lists may prove useful in the evaluation of individuals with affective disorders and may provide an alternative for affect induction through an active learning paradigm.
Laser-assisted thermal angioplasty in human peripheral artery occlusions: Mechanism of recanalization

Recanalization of completely occluded superficial femoral or popliteal arteries was attempted in 18 patients with use of an Argon laser-mediated thermal probe. The length of the occluded segments varied between 0.5 and 26.0 cm, but 67% of the occlusions were greater than 9 cm long. The initial success rate was 67%. Arterial perforation occurred in six patients but was not associated with major complications. To study the mechanism of the laser-mediated thermal probe, thermal recanalization was performed on 11 human arterial segments in vitro obtained after amputation, and mechanical recanalization was performed in vitro in 10 human peripheral arteries with use of a guide wire and catheter technique. An additional four arteries were studied with the laser probe as a non-heated mechanical device. Both the mechanical and thermal devices appear to follow a similar pathway through a complete obstruction. These studies suggest that the thermal probe burns through soft fibrous tissue but is mechanically deflected away from hard fibrocalcific plaque. The probe then advances along the plane between the intimal plaque and the media for a variable length before perforating through the adventitia. These observations suggest that the major mechanism of thermal probe recanalization may be a mechanical process. It appears that thermal probe devices do not inherently seek the true lumen of an occluded artery and that better guidance systems need to be developed.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Training as Acculturative Experience for International Medical Graduates: A Commentary.

“Preparing International Medical Graduates (IMGs) for Psychiatry Residency: AMulti-Site NeedsAssessment” (1) addresses the needs of IMGs entering psychiatry residency training in Canada. On the basis of a survey of five psychiatric residency training programs, the authors report that respondents ranked (in order of importance) understanding the Canadian healthcare system, learning medical documentation, practicing evidence-based medicine, and providing mental health care among the greatest challenges they face in successfully adapting to postgraduate medical training. Language barriers and social isolation were particularly difficult for those residents who did not speak English as their first language. Furthermore, residents who had lived in Canada for 12 months or less reported greater perceived knowledge gaps in psychotherapy. This commentary will focus on acculturation issues that underlie the survey’s findings, including language difficulties causing social isolation that may affect the psychotherapeutic competence of IMGs. Among the cultural challenges, we will examine how differences between the collectivistic cultures of origin (for the majority of IMGs originating in non-Western countries) and the host country’s individualistic culture (2) can affect an IMG’s performance in psychiatry. After assessing various approaches to acculturation of IMGs, we will explore how training in psychodynamic psychotherapy can serve as an acculturation tool, offering IMGs unique opportunities for letting go of their old cultures and adapting to the new culture in a phase-appropriate manner. In this commentary, we use the term psychotherapy to refer to psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Serrodyne frequency translation of continuous optical signals using ultrawide-band electrical sawtooth waveforms

Serrodyne frequency translation of continuous optical signals by /spl plusmn/1.28 GHz is reported, significantly exceeding the highest previously published serrodyne shifts. To achieve these shifts, an ultrawide-band high-power electrical sawtooth created by spectral modulation of dispersed optical pulses was used. Its amplification involved a novel predistortion technique to compensate for the gain and phase ripple in the amplifier bandwidth.
Teaching Cultural Competency Through a Pharmacy Skills and Applications Course Series

Objective. To incorporate cultural competency in a Pharmacy Skills and Application course series and assess the level of cultural competency in students who did and did not complete the courses.Des...
3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoylferrocene induction of heme oxygenase activity in normal hepatocytes

Abstract Recent work showed that the combination of 50 μM glutethimide plus 50 μM ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) synergistically induces heme oxygenase (HO) activity in cultured chick embryo liver cells (Cable et al. , Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168 : 176–181, 1990). This synergistic induction is due to increased heme synthesis, which then acts to increase HO gene transcription. The aim of the current studies was to characterize the effects of hepatic heme metabolism of (3,,5,5-trimeylhexanoyl) ferrocene (TMH-ferrocene), which causes hepatic iron-loading in rats. Unlike FeNTA, TMH-ferrocene alone maximally induced HO activity at 5–10 μM TMH-ferrocene. At higher concentrations, HO activities declined, as did total cellular protein synthesis. Induction of HO was maximal after a 12 hr exposure to TMH-ferrocene, similar to induction by glutethimide plus FeNTA.The effect of TMH-ferrocene on HO could not be ascribed to greater cellular uptake of iron, since cell-associated iron levels were higher after FeNTA than after TMH-ferrocene treatment. TMH-ferrocene (up to 20 μM) did not induce δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity. Uroporphyrin accumulation in cells treated with TMH-ferrocene was minimal, but the combination of TMH-ferrocene and glutethimide caused a synergistic increase in uroporphyrin accumulation, similar to treatment with glutethimide plus FeNTA. 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid, an inhibitor of heme synthesis, blocked the induction of HO caused by glutethimide and FeNTA, but did not decrease the induction of HO by TMH-ferrocene. TMH-ferrocene-mediated induction of HO does not appear to be due to lipid peroxidation, since malondialdehyde formation was greater for ferrocene (a structural analog of TMH-ferrocene that does not induce HO) than for TMH-ferrocene. Furthermore, the anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole, which prevented lipid peroxidation, decreased HO induced by glutethimide plus FeNTA, but butylated hydroxyanisole did not affect HO induced by TMH-ferrocene. We conclude that, unlike the combination of glutethimide plus FeNTA, TMH-ferrocene induces HO activity by a mechanism that is independent of cellular heme synthesis.
When Words Are Represented in Memory Like Pictures: Evidence for Spatial Encoding of Study Materials.

Abstract We examined whether different word displays also differ in terms of the format in which they are represented in memory. Undergraduates studied a text, an outline, a graphic organizer, or a concept map and then were shown either a verbal (digits) or spatial (dots) display. They were then tested on comprehension of the first display and recognition of the second display. Comprehending graphic organizers and concept maps interfered with the spatial concurrent task and vice versa, whereas the verbal concurrent task interfered with comprehension of texts and outlines. These results are consistent with the conjoint retention hypothesis suggesting that spatial encoding may explain the facilitative effects of graphic organizers and concept maps.
What is the pain of interstitial cystitis like

To describe the characteristics of pain experienced by patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) in terms of pain site, severity, and character, we performed a secondary analysis of data from the IC database (ICDB), which was a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study of IC patients. We analyzed the cross-sectional baseline data from 629 patients who had a completed baseline symptom questionnaire. Patients answered questions about whether they had pain or discomfort associated with urinary symptoms over the past 4 weeks and if so, about the location, characteristics, intensity, and frequency of their pain. Logistic regression examined associations between pain location and the presence of urinary symptoms. Analyses were performed using SAS version 8.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and considered significant at the 5% level. Five hundred and eighty-nine (94%) patients with a mean age of 45 years (SD 14 years) reported baseline pain or discomfort associated with their urinary symptoms. The most common baseline pain site was lower abdominal (80%), with urethral (74%) and low back pain (65%) also commonly reported. The majority of patients described their pain as intermittent, regardless of the pain site. Most patients reported moderate pain intensity, across all pain sites. There was a statistically significant link between pain in the urethra, lower back, and lower abdomen, and urinary symptoms. Patients with IC report pain at several sites other than the bladder, possibly arising from the previously well-described myofascial abnormalities of pelvic floor and abdominal wall present in patients with IC and other chronic pelvic pain syndromes.
Analysis of variability in albumin content of sister hepatoma cells and a model for geometric phenotypic variability (quantitative shift model).

A model (quantitative shift model) is presented that can account for the phenomenon termed geometric phenotypic variability in which quantitative variation occurs along a √2-fold geometric series. The model is based on data for variability in albumin content in hepatoma cells and has three basic assumptions: (i) The albumin genes on each chromosome are active and under independent quantitative regulation, (ii) The rate of albumin gene transcription per cell is the sum of the rates of transcription of the genes of each chromosome. (iii) The mechanism that controls the rate of transcription is highly variable so that at each cell cycle there is a high probability (P=0.1–0.3) that on the newly synthesized chromatid the rate of transcription of the albumin gene will be different from that of the old chromatid. However, if the rate is different, it will usually be either half or twice the levels of the old chromatid. A computer program was developed based on the model that can generate quantitative diversity in single cells that mimics the pattern of variability in albumin content between sister hepatoma cells, among cells in clonal colonies, and in cell populations where the periodicities in single-cell distributions are compared by Fourier transform analysis. It was determined that the rate of phenotypic variability is indirectly proportional to the magnitude of the quantitative shift in albumin content and that it can be as high as 0.3 per cell per generation. Also, the √2 factor in geometric phenotypic variability appears to be an average of a family of values and not the actual value of the smallest quantal shift.
Distal facial nerve exposure: A key to partial parotidectomy:

OBJECTIVES: 1) Compare outcomes of distal facial nerve identification with antegrade exposure in partial parotidectomy; 2) Be able to incorporate other modifications of parotidectomy including preservation of the great auricular nerve, superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS), and parotid duct. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review of partial parotidectomy for benign neoplasms and intraparotid lymph nodes, using antegrade (Group 1) or distal (Group 2) facial nerve exposure, and those conserving the great auricular nerve, SMAS, and parotid duct (Group 3). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Outcomes for the three groups were reviewed. The great auricular nerve, parotid duct, and SMAS were preserved when possible. Outcomes examined included postoperative facial nerve function, earlobe sensation, allograft use for SMAS defects, surgical duration, sialocele, or salivary fistula. RESULTS: No difference in facial nerve function was found between the groups. Group 3 had better ear lobule cutaneous sensation. No sialoceles occurred in the 10 of 14 Group 3 cases in which parotid ducts were preserved. CONCLUSIONS: Partial parotidectomy utilizing distal facial nerve exposure can reduce the extent of surgical dissection, facilitate preservation of the parotid duct and great auricular nerve, and allow greater flexibility in the choice of skin and SMAS incisions.
Charitable investments: A strategy for improving the business environment

Firms are beginning to evaluate requests for donations as they would investments. Critics argue that a strategy of charitable investing is conceptually inconsistent, disguised self-interest, and violates the dignity of those who receive charity. This paper argues that charity and investment are consistent (and even complementary in some cases), can preserve the virtue and the dignity of the giver and receiver, and may result in a wider distribution of charitable funds. The paper also discusses how a policy of charitable investing could be implemented within a firm so as to avoid it being used merely as a public relations tool. Finally, it is suggested that charitable investments can help maintain the conditions necessary for a free market economy.
Precipitation Storage Efficiency during Fallow in Wheat-Fallow Systems

Precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) is the fraction of precipitation received in a given time period that is stored in the soil. Average fallow PSE for Great Plains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (W-F) production systems have ranged widely (10-53%). Study objectives were to compare PSE in conventionally tilled (CT) and no-till (NT) W-F systems over 10 seasons at Akron, CO, against published values and to identify meteorological conditions that may influence PSE. Soil water measurements were made four times during each fallow period, dividing the fallow season into three periods (first summer, fall-winter-spring, second summer). Precipitation was measured in the plot area and other meteorological conditions were measured at a nearby weather station. The 14-mo fallow PSE averaged 20% (range 8-34%) for CT and 35% (range 20-51%) for NT, much lower than previously reported for NT at Akron. During the second summer period, PSE was not different between the two systems. The largest PSE difference between the two systems was seen during the fall—winter—spring period (32 vs. 81%). Fallow soil water increased an average of 111 mm under CT and 188 mm under NT. The PSE during the three fallow periods was related to tillage, precipitation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and wind speed, but sometimes counter-intuitively. A simple linear regression using inputs of tillage system, percentage of fallow precipitation events with amounts between 5 and 15 mm, and percentage of fallow precipitation events with amounts > 25 mm can be used to estimate PSE and fallow period water storage.
Quantifying the value of web services in supplier networks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach for quantifying the operational value of IT‐enabled reliability improvement in a supplier network.Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, the paper investigates an e‐procurement scenario involving emergency material purchases where web services provide for real‐time response, a dynamic supplier set, and the ability to perform cross‐enterprise purchase processes in an inter‐operable fashion. The paper proposes engineering reliability models for three network configurations as a basis for quantifying the value of web services, and develops a numerical illustration to both test its usefulness and to derive preliminary insights into supplier network design in this environment.Findings – This research finds that a stand‐by model is descriptive of reliability in networks where suppliers are identified and managed using web services, and that this approach quantifies operational improvement in this type of e‐procurement system. The research also f...
Control of a directly excited structural dynamic model of an F-15 tail section

Abstract We used two simple control laws based on linear velocity and cubic velocity feedback to suppress the high-amplitude vibrations of a structural dynamic model of the twin-tail assembly of an F-15 fighter when subjected to primary resonance excitations. We developed the nonlinear differential equations of motion and obtained an approximate solution using the method of multiple scales. Then, we conducted bifurcation analyses for the open- and closed-loop responses of the system and investigated theoretically the performance of the control strategies. The theoretical findings indicate that the control laws lead to effective vibration suppression and bifurcation control. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to verify the theoretical analysis. We built a digital control system that consists of a SIMULINK modeling software and a dSPACE controller installed in a personal computer. Actuators made of piezoelectric ceramic material were used. The results show that both laws are effective at suppressing the vibrations. To compare the performance of both techniques, we calculated the power requirements for a simple system.
On Local ☆-Completely Integrally Closed Domains

Let ☆ be a star operation on an integral domain R. The domain R is a ☆-CICD if (AA −1)☆ = R for all nonzero (fractional) ideals A of R. In this article, we prove that, if the maximal ideal of a local ☆-CICD is a ☆-ideal, then R is ☆-principal ideal domain. We also establish that any ☆-CICD R is locally a PID when ☆ is induced by the localizations at prime ideals of R.
STATISTICS OF PARTICLE DIFFUSION IN SPHERICAL GEOMETRY

The diffusion of particles from the center of a sphere of radius R is considered theoretically. An expression is obtained for the probability that a particle will be collected at a small probe within the sphere rather than at the surface. This result forms the basis for an experiment to determine the momentum transfer cross section Q/sub m/ for electrons in a gas. The only parameter which must be known in order to obtain absolute cross sections by the technique proposed is the acceptance coefficient for electrons at the probe. The probability A/sub c/ that a particle will have exactly c collisions characterized by a constant cross section Q before striking the surface of the sphere for the first time is evaluated. It is assumed that these collisions are not correlated with the diffusion process. In contrast with previous work the present method takes into account the variation of total diffusion time as well as the probability of a particular number of collisions during a given time. The probabilities A/sub 0/, A/sub 1/, and A/sub 2/ are given in terms of elementary functions and a recursion relationship is given for the other A's. The expression A/sub 0/ = y cschmore » y (where y = RN(3QQm)/sup 1/2/ and N is the gas density) is useful in an experiment to determine the cross section for inelastic collisions between electrons and gases. The probability of more than any given number of collisions, the average number of collisions, and the mean-square deviation from this average are also evaluated. (auth)« less
Time-Average Surface-Reflected Energy Received from a Collimated Beam of Radiant Energy Normally Incident on the Ocean Surface*

The geometrical-optics solution for the time-average surface-reflected energy received from a collimated beam of radiant energy normally incident on a rough ocean surface is developed. The received power is expressed as a function of the transmitter power, the height of the receiver aperture above the surface, the areas of the receiver and transmitter apertures, the distance between them, and the wind velocity and direction.
Parents Inability to Recognize the Home as a Possible Source of Lead 609

Lead toxicity is the number one pediatric public health problem in the United States today. Lead based paint is the primary source of contamination leading to lead toxicity. A study conducted by the New York State Health Department in 1990, demonstrated that home renovations were a significant factor as a cause for children becoming lead toxic. With this in mind, this study was undertaken to determine if parents are cognizant that home renovations may be a source of lead contamination in the environment as well as their knowledge of lead toxicity. One hundred twenty five parents living in Westchester County, NY filled out the survey during a regular pediatric visit with their children. Of those filling out the survey instrument 78.4% owned their own homes, 10% were apartment or condo residents, and 3.2% lived in shelters. Where identified, the average home age reported was 37.9 years(median 36.5). Of the 90 responders who knew the age of their home, 69 lived in homes built prior to 1978 (old homes) and 21 lived in homes built after 1978 (new homes). Any residence built before 1978 was considered a possible source of lead. The inhabitants of homes made after 1978 were significantly more knowledgeable (p<0.05) of the home as a source of lead than those in homes built prior to 1978 that by definition had lead paint used in construction. Of the older home responders, only 10 of 69 (19%) knew that their home was a potential source of lead. Only two of 33 responders of older homes that had undergone renovations knew that they could expose their family to environmental lead. Only 26% could identify 1978 as the time period when non-lead paint was widely used in home construction, while 48% had no idea as to when it was introduced. In conclusion, parents of children living in older homes in Westchester County are not cognizant of the fact that their homes may be a possible source of lead exposure and poisoning. This study suggests that an intensive educational program needs to be undertaken in Westchester County to prevent children in older homes from being exposed to lead.
Simulating sensitivity of soil moisture and evapotranspiration under heterogeneous soils and land uses

Abstract Soil moisture (SM) plays an important role in land surface and atmospheric interactions. It modifies energy balance at the surface and the rate of water cycling between the land and atmosphere. In this paper we provide a sensitivity assessment of SM and ET for heterogeneous soil physical properties and for three land uses including irrigated maize, rainfed maize, and grass at a climatological time-scale by using a water balance model. Not surprisingly, the study finds increased soil water content in the root zone throughout the year under irrigated farming. Soil water depletes to its lowest level under rainfed maize cultivation. We find a ‘land use’ effect as high as 36 percent of annual total evapotranspiration, under irrigated maize compared to rainfed maize and grass, respectively. Sensitivity analyses consisting of comparative simulations using the model show that soil characteristics, like water holding capacity, influence SM in the root zone and affect seasonal total ET estimates at the climatological time-scale. This ‘soils’ effect is smaller than the ‘land use’ effect associated with irrigation but, it is a source of consistent bias for both SM and ET estimates. The ‘climate’ effect basically masks the ‘soils’ effect under wet conditions. These results lead us to conclude that appropriate representation of land use, soils, and climate are necessary to accurately represent the water and energy balance in real landscapes.
Lack of Interleukin-12 in p40-Deficient Mice Leads to Poor CD8+ T-Cell Immunity against Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection

ABSTRACT A CD8+ T-cell response is critical for protection against Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. However, the factors responsible for the generation of CD8+ T-cell immunity during E. cuniculi infection and the cytokines involved in this process have not been identified. In the present study, we demonstrated that p40-deficient animals, which are unable to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12), have a serious defect in expansion of the CD8+ T-cell response which compromises the survival of an infected host. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from immunocompetent donors protected SCID mice infected with E. cuniculi, whereas administration of CD8+ T cells from p40−/− mice failed to protect infected SCID mice. In vitro dendritic cell (DC) cultures from knockout mice pulsed with E. cuniculi spores were unable to develop a robust CD8+ T-cell immune response. Addition of exogenous IL-12 or transfer of CD8+ T cells that were initially primed with DC from p40−/− animals to DC cultures from immunocompetent mice (directly or via transwells) led to optimal expansion of these cells. This IL-12-mediated reinstatement of CD8+ T-effector immunity was independent of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) as addition of antibody to the cultures failed to have an effect. These studies demonstrated that IL-12 plays a predominant role in the expansion of effector CD8+ T-cell immunity against E. cuniculi, which is critical for host survival. These findings are very important for understanding the protective immune mechanisms needed to protect an immunocompromised host against an opportunistic infection and can be extended to other microsporidial pathogens.
Reconsidering the Green Revolution: Diversity and Stability in Cradle Areas of Crop Domestication

This paper reconsiders two widely held hypotheses about the effects of the green revolution, that it led to biological simplification and instability. The hypothesis of biological simplification (genetic erosion) is tested with evidence from Andean agriculture, where farmers maintain a significant degree of crop diversity even as they adopt modern crop varieties. The hypothesis of increased instability is tested with evidence from Asia where wheat and rice yields show no general pattern of increased instability. Neither of these hypotheses is confirmed. The conventional wisdom about the green revolution should be reconsidered with emphasis on resilience and variation in modernizing farming systems.
The Wintertime Arctic Front and Its Effect on Fairbanks, Alaska

Abstract Surface and upper air data for November 1974–February 1975 were examined in order to determine a method to locate and predict the movement of the wintertime arctic front over Alaska. Ten cases each of the front passing north and south over Fairbanks were studied, Frontal effects an Fairbanks were noted and methods to forecast the timing of the frontal passage at Fairbanks were determined. Movement of the arctic front over interior Alaska was found to be directly related to the location and movement of large low-pressure systems in the Gulf of Alaska. Only very light snowfall accompanied the front as it passed northward over Fairbanks. However, southward passage of the front accounted for 77% of the Fairbanks snowfall during the four mouth period. A marked temperature and moisture difference was evident between the two air masses separated by the arctic front. Periods of extremely low temperatures with clear skies and ice fog were observed when the front remained south of Fairbanks for several day...
Sub-Doppler laser cooling and magnetic trapping of erbium

We investigate cooling mechanisms in magneto-optically and magnetically trapped erbium. We find efficient sub-Doppler cooling in our trap, which can persist even in large magnetic fields due to the near degeneracy of two Land\'e $g$ factors. Furthermore, a continuously loaded magnetic trap is demonstrated where we observe temperatures below $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. These favorable cooling and trapping properties suggest a number of scientific possibilities for rare-earth-metal atomic physics, including narrow linewidth laser cooling and spectroscopy, unique collision studies, and degenerate bosonic and fermionic gases with long-range magnetic dipole coupling.
Observations of Jupiter at 26.3 MHz using a large array

A 640 element phase-steerable dipole array has been used to make highly sensitive observations of the planet Jupiter during the 1973 apparition. The satellite Io is found to have very little influence at the low flux levels, whereas the definition of sources A and B appears to be relatively flux independent. A two-dimensional analysis of the data in the Jupiter-Io plane has revealed considerable source B activity at low intensities which is not influenced by Io.
Increased Risk of Bone Loss without Fracture Risk in Long-Term Survivors after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

We studied bone mineral density (BMD) in 79 long-term survivors of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) (median follow-up: 78 months; range: 38-160). Seventy patients received a total body irradiation (TBI)-based myeloablative SCT and 9 patients received a non-TBI, reduced-intensity SCT. Fourteen (18%) patients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) beyond 3 years from SCT. Fifty-eight (73.4%) of patients had bone loss (BL): 33 (41.8%) with osteopenia and 25 (31.6%) with osteoporosis. Factors associated with a significantly increased risk of osteoporosis were age and prolonged IST and for overall BL prolonged IST. However, BL was not associated with an increased fracture risk, despite the fact that most patients had not received prophylactic biphosphonates. Our data shows that BL is a long-term posttransplant complication, and emphasize the importance of serial BMD scans, and the treatment of BL with biphosphonates reserved for worsening BL or additional risk factors.
Saccadic latencies for achromatic and chromatic targets.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to compare saccadic latencies for supra-threshold achromatic and chromatic targets of equivalent contrast. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, subjects made saccades to horizontal and vertical chromatic (red, green, and blue) targets. The luminance of these targets was matched to the luminance of the white background. In the second experiment, subjects made saccades to horizontal and vertical achromatic targets whose luminance contrast was matched to the chromatic contrast of the targets in the first experiment using the CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ color space. In the first experiment, the saccadic latencies did not vary significantly ( p = 0.074) for the different target colors. However, in the second experiment the mean latency for achromatic targets (268.6 ms ± 53.1) varied significantly from the pooled latency for color targets (318.4 ms ± 75.1).
Using viewpoint consistency in active stereo vision

Surface models embedded in Bayesian or regularization style stereo vision algorithms bias the solution in a nonviewpoint invariant way. This lack of invariance reveals itself when the surface is computed from different viewpoints. Using the consistency between views one can try to adapt the prior surface models in a way that renders them more viewpoint invariant. The goal is to be able to adapt the stereo algorithm over time so that the same surface shape is obtained from different views. The method described in this paper uses the surface consistency measure to choose between the solutions provided by a set of simple prior surface models.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stability of Cooked Chicken Wieners During Frozen Storage

Abstract One-hundred spent hens were processed in the K.S.U. poultry laboratory and chilled overnight. The carcasses were coarsely ground and the bone separated from the meat in a Beehive mechanical deboner. The emulsified chicken meat was used to prepare wieners, which were cooked and frozen at three temperatures. After 2, 4, or 6 months storage, the wieners were reheated by pan frying or in a micro-wave oven and evaluated for rancidity, color, flavor, texture, and aroma. Wieners frozen at −30°C. maintained excellent quality through six months’ storage. The reheated product was rated high on flavor and texture by taste panel evaluation. Wieners reheated by pan frying were scored higher on color and aroma than those reheated in the microwave oven.
Nurse-initiated telephone follow-up after acute myocardial infarction: A pilot study

Objectives To determine the receptivity of patients with acute myocardial infarction and their spouses to postdischarge follow-up telephone calls from a nurse, and to describe the content of nurse-patient/spouse telephone conversation during early convalescence at home. Design Descriptive pilot study using qualitative methods. Setting University medical center and home. Sample Twenty-one male patients with acute myocardial infarction and their wives who agreed to participate in the study. Results All subjects were receptive to telephone follow-up by cardiac nurse clinicians. From data analysis of telephone calls, five content themes emerged. These included (1) difficulty accepting changed health status, (2) reports of attempts at risk factor reduction, (3) concern for financial difficulties, (4) dealing with uncertainty, and (5) expression of appreciation for the nurse-initiated telephone call. Nurse investigators provided information and emotional support and made referrals. Conclusions Further research should be done to test the feasibility and effectiveness of nurse-initiated telephone follow-up after hospital discharge for acute myocardial infarction in reducing patient and spouse stress and increasing patient/spouse information about self-care regimens. The clinical trial should also determine whether telephone follow-up by nurses increases patient satisfaction with the health care delivery system.
Regeneration and Tolerance Factor: a Correlate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated T-Cell Activation

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes extensive phenotypic alterations in lymphocytes. Cellular markers that are normally absent or expressed at low levels on quiescent cells are upregulated throughout the disease course. The transmembrane form of regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) is expressed at negligible levels on resting T cells but is quickly upregulated following in vitro stimulation and activation. Recently, we reported that expression of RTF was significantly higher in cells from HIV-seropositive (HIV 1 ) individuals than in cells from HIV-seronegative (HIV 2 ) individuals. Because T cells from HIV 1 individuals express markers reflecting chronic activation, we hypothesized that these in vivo-activated cells would coexpress RTF. Flow cytometry was used to assess RTF expression on activated (CD38 1 and HLA-DR 1 ) CD4 1 and CD8 1 T cells. HIV 1 individuals had higher percentages of RTF 1 CD38 1 (P < 0.0001) or RTF 1 HLA-DR 1 (P 5 0.0001) CD4 1 T cells than HIV 2 individuals. In HIV 1 individuals, increased percentages of CD4 1 T cells that were RTF 1 , RTF 1 CD38 1 , and RTF 1 HLA-DR 1 correlated inversely with the absolute number and percentage of CD4 1 T cells and correlated positively with plasma b2-microglobulin concentrations. HIV 1 individuals had higher percentages of CD8 1 T cells that were RTF 1 CD38 1 (P 5 0.0001) or RTF 1 HLA-DR 1 (P 5 0.0010). In HIV 1 individuals, increased percentages of CD8 1 T cells that were RTF 1 HLA-DR 1 correlated inversely with the percentage of CD4 1 T cells, and high percentages of CD8 1 T cells that were RTF 1 CD38 1 correlated positively with plasma b2-microglobulin levels. These findings strongly suggest that increased RTF expression is a correlate of HIV-associated immune system activation.