cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of in vitro insulin and 2,4-thiazolidinedione on the function of neutrophils harvested from blood of cows in different physiological states.

Neutrophils [polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL)] were isolated from 26 Holstein cows in different physiological states (12 ± 1.7 d prepartum, n = 8; 7 ± 0 d postpartum, n = 9; 253 ± 25.2 d postpartum, n = 9) and incubated in vitro for 120 min in a factorial arrangement of treatments with 0, 1.5, or 15 ng/mL of bovine insulin and 0 or 300 μg/mL of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD). Following the incubations, PMNL functional assays were performed to determine treatment effects on proxies for total, extracellular, and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and phagocytic killing abilities. The ROS production of PMNL collected from cows at 7 d postpartum was reduced compared with that of PMNL from midlactation and prepartum cows, but neutrophil extracellular trap expression was 23 and 36% greater in PMNL from prepartum cows compared with that in PMNL from midlactation and postpartum cows, respectively. Insulin had no effect on PMNL functional assay results. In contrast, TZD inhibited a measurement of total ROS production by 89%, increased extracellular superoxide generation by 43%, but had no effect on the intracellular ROS measured. Interestingly, TZD did not alter the ability of the PMNL to release neutrophil extracellular traps and engulf or kill Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest a possible anti-inflammatory effect of TZD that may result in reduced extracellular oxidative damage with maintenance of PMNL antimicrobial activity.
Absence of adaptive learning from the oviposition foraging behaviour of a checkerspot butterfly

A population of Edith's checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha, laid eggs on two morpho- logically distinct host-plant species, one of which it had recently colonized. Search behaviour of two groups of females was compared in thefield. 'Naive' females were experimentally deprived of bothflight experience and host encounter, while 'experienced' females were observed without intervention. Three analyses failed to show evidence for adaptive learning that might have allowed the butterflies to increase their eYciency of host finding with experience: (1) proportions of alights on hosts were not diVerent between the naive and experienced groups, (2) rates of alighting on hosts did not diVer between the naive and experienced groups, and (3) probabilities of alighting on hosts did not increase during searching bouts. Both groups searched eYciently for their traditional host species, Pedicularis semibarbata (dwarf lousewort), and ineYciently for the novel host, Collinsia torreyi (blue-eyed Mary). There was also no evidence for behavioural diVerences among individuals of either group. The distribution among individuals of alight frequencies on C. torreyi appeared Poisson, with a single mode near the frequency expected from random alighting. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that no females recognized C. torreyi as a host in flight, and that diVerences between butterflies in observed alight frequencies stemmed simply from random variation in the composition of the vegetation over which they flew. Thus, the absence of adaptive learning impeded the evolutionary incorporation of the novel host into the diet. These results complement previous findings that E. editha from the same population failed to learn to accept particular hosts after alighting and are in contrast to other studies of insect foraging, all of which have shown that learning is an important component of foraging behaviour, causing search eYciency to improve with experience. It is suggested that E. editha could be a model 'non-learning' insect in comparative studies that empirically test the role of learning in resource choice. ? 1995 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Statistical methods in optimal curve fitting

Many optimal curve fitting and approximation problems have the same structure as certain estimation problems involving random processes. This structural correspondence has many useful consequences for curve fitting problems, including recursive algorithms and computable error bounds. The basic facts of this correspondence are reviewed and some new results on error bounds and optimal sampling are presented.
Drosophila melanogaster Is a Genetically Tractable Model Host for Mycobacterium marinum

Mycobacterium marinum is a pathogenic mycobacterial species that is closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and causes tuberculosis-like disease in fish and frogs. We infected the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with M. marinum. This bacterium caused a lethal infection in the fly, with a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 5 CFU. Death was accompanied by widespread tissue damage. M. marinum initially proliferated inside the phagocytes of the fly; later in infection, bacteria were found both inside and outside host cells. Intracellular M. marinum blocked vacuolar acidification and failed to colocalize with dead Escherichia coli, similar to infections of mouse macrophages. M. marinum lacking the mag24 gene were less virulent, as determined both by LD50 and by death kinetics. Finally, in contrast to all other bacteria examined, mycobacteria failed to elicit the production of antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. We believe that this system should be a useful genetically tractable model for mycobacterial infection.
A review of studies of drinking patterns in the United States since 1940

Objective:This article reviews changes in drinking patterns in the general U.S. population since the first appearance of the Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol in June 1940.Method:Contents of the three iterations of the journal (Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, and Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs) were reviewed along with additional prominent key articles on the subject known to the author.Results:Early articles in the field tended to focus on alcoholics and alcoholism, usually with a biological emphasis. The earliest “scientific investigation” of drinking patterns that appeared in iterations of JSAD reported data based on a survey in 1946, and the earliest report of trends in drinking patterns compared the 1946 data with data from 1963. Since then, there have been numerous evaluations of drinking patterns in the general U.S. population.Conclusions:There have been major changes over the past 75 years in the manner in which drinking patterns are measured ...
Graphical Models, Exponential Families, and Variational Inference

The formalism of probabilistic graphical models provides a unifying framework for capturing complex dependencies among random variables, and building large-scale multivariate statistical models. Graphical models have become a focus of research in many statistical, computational and mathematical fields, including bioinformatics, communication theory, statistical physics, combinatorial optimization, signal and image processing, information retrieval and statistical machine learning. Many problems that arise in specific instances — including the key problems of computing marginals and modes of probability distributions — are best studied in the general setting. Working with exponential family representations, and exploiting the conjugate duality between the cumulant function and the entropy for exponential families, we develop general variational representations of the problems of computing likelihoods, marginal probabilities and most probable configurations. We describe how a wide variety of algorithms — among them sum-product, cluster variational methods, expectation-propagation, mean field methods, max-product and linear programming relaxation, as well as conic programming relaxations — can all be understood in terms of exact or approximate forms of these variational representations. The variational approach provides a complementary alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo as a general source of approximation methods for inference in large-scale statistical models.
MOCVD-grown InAs/GaAs quantum dots

We discuss a growth technique for producing a high quality quantum dot (QD) ensemble that has both high QD density and low defect density. The growth conditions under which the QDs nucleate, are optimized to form high density QDs with few defects, however, it is very difficult to prevent coalescence completely. Pausing the AsH3 flow for a few seconds after nucleation allows surface adatoms to migrate from poly-crystalline defect sites where the bond strengths are weak to crystalline QD sites. We will discuss statistical analysis based on atomic force microscope (AFM) images, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and electroluminescence (EL) to characterize the effects of AsH3 pauses on the QD density and crystallographic shape. Ground state PL from capped QDs is measured at 1.38 μm with a 40 meV linewidth. We demonstrate lasing from the first excited state under room-temperature pulsed characteristics.
Characterization of the ovarian transcriptome through the use of differential analysis of gene expression methodologies

Prior to the development of high-throughput methods for the analysis of differential gene expression, genes required for proper ovarian function were identified on a case-by-case basis. Recently, however, several techniques have been developed that enable investigators to study large-scale changes in gene expression under a variety of experimental conditions. The utilization of these methodologies has led to the identification of a number of novel or previously unappreciated genes that are expressed within distinct cell types in the ovary or at specific stages of the ovarian cycle. This review details the recent use of differential analysis strategies in identifying (i) genes that are expressed exclusively or preferentially in the ovary, (ii) genes that are differentially expressed in isolated ovarian cells in response to hormonal stimulation, and (iii) those genes that are expressed at specific stages of the ovarian cycle. The genes identified through the use of these approaches represent potential targets for designing agents capable of regulating ovarian physiology and thus fertility.
Activity-wheel running attenuates suppression of natural killer cell activity after footshock

We studied whether voluntary running in an activity wheel moderates splenic natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity after footshock. Young (50-day) male Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to 1) sedentary (n = 16) or 2) activity-wheel (n = 16) groups that each received controllable or uncontrollable footshock on 2 consecutive days or 3) a sedentary home-cage control group (n = 8). Spleens and trunk blood were collected 30 min after the second footshock session. Cytotoxicity was determined by a standard 4-h 51Cr release assay. Percentages of OX6+ (B), OX8+ [T suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c)], W3/25+ (T helper), Thy-1.1 (Pan T cell marker), and 5C6+ (NK) cells were determined by flow cytometry. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay as modulators of NK activity. Percentage of specific lysis after footshock was approximately 52% of control values for sedentary animals compared with approximately 96% of control values for activity-wheel animals. The groups did not differ in percentages of NK or Ts/c cells. We conclude that voluntary activity-wheel running protects against the suppression of splenic NK activity induced by footshock. This protective effect of wheel running is not explained by an elevation in baseline NK activity; increased percentages of splenic NK or Ts/c cells; or plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and prolactin.
Bacterial Blight, a New Disease of Lobelia ricardii Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii.

Lobelia ricardii is a small perennial bedding plant grown for its abundant purple flowers. During April 1998, young lobelia plants with severe leaf blight were observed in a commercial nursery in Washington State. Symptoms consisted primarily of watersoaking of leaves, followed by collapse of leaves, watersoaking of stems, and eventual dieback of all foliage. Isolations from affected tissues were made on King's medium B (KMB). A fluorescent, gram-negative, oxidase-positive, arginine dihydrolase- and potato rot-negative, levan-producing bacterium was recovered that produced a hypersensitive response in tobacco. The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas cichorii by carbohydrate utilization profiling (Biolog, Hayward, CA). A single-colony isolate of the bacterium was raised on KMB. A bacterial suspension was made from a 24-h agar culture of the isolate, using 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, with 0.2% gelatin (PBG). The suspension concentration was adjusted to 1 × 107 cells per ml by direct enumeration. The...
C–S bond activation of thioethers using (dippe)Pt(NBE)2

Abstract The complex (dippe)Pt(NBE)2 (NBE = norbornene) reacts with thioethers RSR′ upon heating to give C–S oxidative addition products (RSR′ = Ph2S, PhSMe, PhSallyl, MeSallyl, PhSvinyl, PhCH2SMe, PhSCF3, and dithiane). Continued heating leads to disproportionation and formation of R′2 and (dippe)Pt(SR)2 in several cases.
Cell Biology of Mating in Candida albicans

It was recently demonstrated that strains homozygous for either of the mating type-like loci MTLa and MTLα of Candida albicans undergo white-opaque switching and that expression of the opaque-phase phenotype greatly enhances mating between strains. Exploiting the latter property to obtain high-frequency mating, we have characterized the cell biology of the mating process of C. albicans. Employing continuous videomicroscopy, computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of living cells, and fluorescence microscopy, we have monitored the mating-associated processes of conjugation, tube formation, fusion, budding, septum formation, and daughter cell development and the spatial and temporal dynamics of nuclear migration and division. From these observations, a model for the stages in C. albicans mating is formulated. The stages include shmooing, chemotropism of conjugation tubes, fusion of tubes and nuclear association, vacuole expansion and nuclear separation in the conjugation bridge, asynchronous nuclear division in the zygote, bud growth, nuclear migration into the daughter cell, septation, and daughter cell budding. Since there was no cytological indication of karyogamy, genetic experiments were performed to assess marker segregation. Recombination was not observed, suggesting that mating takes place in the absence of karyogamy between naturally occurring, homozygous a and α strains. This study provides the first description of the cell biology of the mating process of C. albicans.
Generation of genetically-altered mice producing very low levels of coagulation factor VII

It has been shown earlier that mice with a total targeted deletion of the factorVII gene (FVII-/- ) die perinatally,thereby precluding study of adult animals with this total deficiency. Consequently, mice producing very low levels of FVII were developed by targeted replacement of the wild-type (WT) murine FVII gene with its corresponding cDNA,under control of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) promoter. When backcrossed into the C57Bl/6 strain, unchallenged mice containing two re placed FVIItTA alleles (FVIItTA/tTA ) produce approximately 0.7% of WT FVII levels, but yet live to adulthood despite displaying severely downregulated overall thrombin production and spontaneously developing cardiac fibrosis at a young adult age.This genetically- altered mouse line provides an excellent animal model to study consequences of a severe FVII deficiency in unchallenged mice and in mice subjected to a variety of experimental challenges.
A transient TGA study on oxygen permeation properties of perovskite-type ceramic membrane

Abstract This paper reports transient weight curves of La 0.2 Sr 0.8 CoO 3− δ (LSC) membrane (crashed in small grains) subject to an instantaneous change of oxygen activity in the gas phase. When the surrounding gas changes between pure oxygen and helium, the LSC sample experiences a slow weight loss in the oxygen desorption period and a rapid weight gain in the oxygen absorption period due mainly to the difference in the driving force. The LSC sample undergoes phase transformation/chemical reaction with the surrounding gas changing between the pure oxygen and methane. A mathematical model considering surface reaction as the rate-limiting step is presented to describe the oxygen transport through the membrane material, and employed to obtain the surface reaction rate constants. A simple correlation between the oxygen permeation flux and rate constants measured by the transient thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method is given. The oxygen permeation fluxes calculated from the data measured by the present TGA method are consistent with the data measured by the permeation method. The TGA method is found particularly useful for studying the surface reaction rates of oxygen permeation through thin mixed-conducting ceramic membranes.
Logistics issues in autonomous food production systems for extended duration space exploration

To enable longer space missions, systems for production of food in space will be necessary. The Autonomous Life Support System (ALSS) program of NASA is an on-going research effort in this direction. This research uses intelligent agents to relieve the crew of substantial efforts relating to the food production tasks. In this paper, we propose a contract net protocol approach to schedule transportation activities within this environment. A discrete-event simulation model using QUEST software (by Deneb Robotics, Inc.) is used to represent the flow of the transportation traffic within the system.
Identifying native applications with high assurance

Main stream operating system kernels lack a strong and reliable mechanism for identifying the running processes and binding them to the corresponding executable applications. In this paper, we address the identification problem by proposing a novel secure application identification model in which user-level applications are required to present identification proofs at run time to be authenticated to the kernel. In our model, applications are supplied with unique secret keys. The secret key of an application is registered with a trusted kernel at the installation time and is used to uniquely authenticate the application. We present a protocol for the secure authentication of applications. Additionally, we develop a system call monitoring architecture that uses our model to verify the identity of applications when making designated system calls. Our system call monitoring can be integrated with existing mandatory access control systems to enforce application-level access rights. We implement and evaluate a prototype of our monitoring architecture in Linux as device drivers with no modification of the kernel. The results from our extensive performance evaluation shows that our prototype incurs low overhead, indicating the feasibility of our approach for cryptographically identifying and authenticating applications in the operating system.
Physical erosion studies of plain and lithiated graphite

Abstract It has been observed that a thin lithium film evaporated on graphite wall tiles in tokamak fusion devices acts to improve plasma conditions. The present focus is to measure the physical erosion rate of various conditions of lithiated graphite under deuterium ion bombardment to help understand this effect. Sputter yields on untreated ATJ-graphite, pure lithium, and lithium-on-ATJ-graphite have been measured for 150, 300, 600 and 1500 nm of evaporated lithium, at an ion energy of 500 eV/ion, 45° incidence, and sample temperatures of 25 and 200 °C by using a QCM to collect the sputtered material. Sputter yields for untreated graphite were measured around 0.06 C-atoms/ion, while yields for pure lithium were around 0.10 Li-atoms/ion. However, combined lithium-on-carbon sputtering yields appeared notably lower than yields for the individual materials. TOF–SIMS analysis was used to estimate relative Li/C levels in collected sputtered material, as well as to look at the concentration versus depth of intercalated lithium in graphite.
Truncation of Sp1 transcription factor by myeloblastin in undifferentiated HL60 cells

When HL60 cells are exposed to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), they undergo changes approximating the phenotype of the monocyte. Little is known, however, about the regulation and the mechanisms of this transition. It was previously noted that DNA binding by the Sp1 transcription factor in nuclear extracts of HL60 cells is profoundly altered when these cells are induced to differentiate by 1,25D3. In the present study, we show that in untreated HL60 cells only a truncated, approximately 30-kDa Sp1 fragment, encompassing the C-terminal region, binds to the GC element-containing DNA. Full-length 105-kDa Sp1 protein cannot be detected in these cells, although reverse transriptase–polymerase chain reaction reveals the presence of both 5′ and 3′ ends of Sp1 mRNA. Following treatment with 10−7 M 1,25D3 for 96 hr or in cells made resistant to 1,25D3 or to 1-β-D-arabinocytosine, the Sp1 protein can be demonstrated. After an exposure to purified myeloblastin, a serine protease, purified recombinant Sp1 protein and extracts of 1,25D3-treated cells show a pattern of DNA binding similar to the pattern seen using extracts of untreated HL60 cells, indicating that the Sp1 protein is a target for myeloblastin. Because myeloblastin is present in naive HL60 cells and is downregulated during their differentiation, inhibition of proteolysis of these transcription factors seems to provide a mechanism through which differentiating HL60 cells can acquire a new repertoire of gene expression, perhaps for the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype. J. Cell. Physiol. 175:121–128, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural Validity of the WISC-IV for Students With Learning Disabilities

The structural validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis for a clinical sample of 1,537 students diagnosed with specific learning disabilities (SLD) by school psychologists in two large southwestern school districts. Results indicated that a bifactor model consisting of four first-order domain specific factors and a general intelligence breadth factor fit the data best. Consequently, the structural validity of the WISC-IV for students with SLD was supported by the results of the present study. The general intelligence factor contributed the most information, accounting for 48% of the common variance. Given this structure, it was recommended that score interpretation should emphasize the Full-Scale IQ score because of the marginal contributions of the first-order domain-specific factors and their low precision of measurement independent of the general factor.
Supernova-driven outflows and chemical evolution of dwarf spheroidal galaxies

We present a general phenomenological model for the metallicity distribution (MD) in terms of [Fe/H] for dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). These galaxies appear to have stopped accreting gas from the intergalactic medium and are fossilized systems with their stars undergoing slow internal evolution. For a wide variety of infall histories of unprocessed baryonic matter to feed star formation, most of the observed MDs can be well described by our model. The key requirement is that the fraction of the gas mass lost by supernova-driven outflows is close to unity. This model also predicts a relationship between the total stellar mass and the mean metallicity for dSphs in accord with properties of their dark matter halos. The model further predicts as a natural consequence that the abundance ratios [E/Fe] for elements such as O, Mg, and Si decrease for stellar populations at the higher end of the [Fe/H] range in a dSph. We show that, for infall rates far below the net rate of gas loss to star formation and outflows, the MD in our model is very sharply peaked at one [Fe/H] value, similar to what is observed in most globular clusters. This result suggests that globular clusters may be end members of the same family as dSphs.
School-Based Early Intervention and Child Well-Being in the Chicago Longitudinal Study.

Chicago Child-Parent Centers provide comprehensive education and family support services to young, low-income children. Using data from 1,539 children in the Chicago Longitudinal Study, preschool participation was associated with significantly higher levels of school readiness, achievement, and educational attainment, and with lower rates of child maltreatment, juvenile delinquency, special education placement, and grade retention. Every dollar invested in the preschool program returned 7.14 dollars to society at large. School-age intervention also provided economic returns that exceeded costs. Findings provided strong evidence that large-scale, public, early interventions can enhance children's well-being. The authors recommend greater investments in programs with elements similar to the Child-Parent Centers.
Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women’s Field Hockey

Background:While there is concern regarding head, face, and eye injuries in field hockey, prompting some to recommend the use of protective equipment such as goggles and helmets, little has been written about their incidence and mechanism of injury in the modern game of field hockey. The elucidation of this information will better inform the development of maximally effective injury prevention schemes to protect the athlete while maintaining the integrity of the game.Purpose:To determine the incidence and epidemiology of head, face, and eye injuries in United States collegiate women’s field hockey players from 2004-2005 to 2008-2009.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:All head, face, and eye injuries reported to the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System for collegiate women’s field hockey athletes from the 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 seasons were analyzed. Data regarding the event type, injury mechanism, body part injured, type of injury, outcome, and time ...
ATP-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems.

Advances in material science brought about a wide range of drug delivery systems, from traditional bulk controlled release formulations to modern nanotechnology based carriers, for improved drug ef...
Justification and Knowledge

It is obvious that we can be justified in believing something even though it is false. Juries sometimes convict innocent people because they have overwhelming evidence of their guilt. We can also be justified in believing something that is true yet not know that it is. Suppose, unbeknownst to me, a Hollywood film company has erected many barn facades in the area that, from the road, are indistinguishable from real barns. Then, even if I see a real barn and form the belief that there is a barn there, I do not know there is, even though my belief is true and I am justified in holding it.1 When I am just as likely to be mistaken as correct in my judgment about something, I don’t know it, even if I am justified in believing it.
Analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit

Available drug types Several types of sedative available are commonly used in the ICU: opioid analgesics • benzodiazepines • intravenous anesthetic agents (eg, propofol) • other sedatives/tranquilizing agents (eg, haloperidol, dexmedetomidine) • regional anesthetic techniques. • Drug regimens should of course be matched to the particular needs of individual patients; however, generally speaking, no single drug is ideal and what follows is a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each drug.
Low-Temperature Thermocouple Thermometry

Precision temperature measurements are becoming increasingly Important in industrial and military cryogenic engineering. Of the many ways of measuring cryogenic temperatures, thermocouples are among the simplest and most useful. Four general considerations are of importance in designing and determining the feasibility of thermocouple systems. First, the selection of the best thermocouple pair depends on the temperature range since both the sensitivity and reliability of a junction change markedly with temperature and are quite different for different systems. Second, a calibration curve must be obtained for each junction pair since the thermoelectric potential differences are not primary temperature scales, Third, estimates must be made of the effects of inhomogeneities and other sources of error that will affect the reliability of the temperature readings. And fourth, for high accuracy at the lowest temperatures the electrical circuitry and measuring apparatus must be carefully designed. The last item is one of instrumentation and will not be discussed here. The other three considerations are discussed for gold-cobalt and constantan versus copper or “normal” silver, chromel versus aiumel, and iron versus constantan.
The precipitin test in the diagnosis of tuberculosis

The precipitin test has been found to give reliable results in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. The antigen is prepared by disrupting tubercle bacilli, preferable an old culture, with carbon dioxide by the method described by Larson, Hartzell and Diehl.1 The disrupted bacteria are filtered through paper in order to remove the shells. The clear filtrate is layered over the serum to be tested, and the tubes incubated for a period up to two hours. A definite cloudy ring at the interface of the two fluids indicates a positive reaction. The cloud often appears within the first five minutes. In the far advanced cases, however, the reaction develops more slowly, but is usually very definite. Upon standing several hours the ring gradually becomes dispersed.Thus far the blood serum of 190 cases have been examined. Of these, 100 were patients in the University Hospital and Dispensary, but not in the tubercular clinics. Ninety cases, representing all stages of tuberculosis, were from a local sanatorium. From th...
USM3D Simulations of Saturn V Plume Induced Flow Separation

The NASA Constellation Program included the Ares V heavy lift cargo vehicle. During the design stage, engineers questioned if the Plume Induced Flow Separation (PIFS) that occurred along Saturn V rocket during moon missions at some flight conditions, would also plague the newly proposed rocket. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was offered as a tool for initiating the investigation of PIFS along the Ares V rocket. However, CFD best practice guidelines were not available for such an investigation. In an effort to establish a CFD process and define guidelines for Ares V powered simulations, the Saturn V vehicle was used because PIFS flight data existed. The ideal gas, computational flow solver USM3D was evaluated for its viability in computing PIFS along the Saturn V vehicle with F-1 engines firing. Solutions were computed at supersonic freestream conditions, zero degree angle of attack, zero degree sideslip, and at flight Reynolds numbers. The effects of solution sensitivity to grid refinement, turbulence models, and the engine boundary conditions on the predicted PIFS distance along the Saturn V were discussed and compared to flight data from the Apollo 11 mission AS-506.
Screening for Traumatic Brain Injury: Findings and Public Health Implications

Objective To provide an overview of a series of projects that used a structured self-report screening tool in diverse settings and samples to screen for lifetime history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Setting Diverse community settings. Participants Homeless persons (n = 111), individuals with HIV seeking vocational rehabilitation (n = 173), youth in the juvenile justice system (n = 271), public schoolchildren (n = 174), substance users (n = 845), intercollegiate athletes (n = 90), and other community-based samples (n = 396). Design Cross-sectional. Main measure Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire. Results Screening using the Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire finds that 27% to 54% of those in high-risk populations report a history of TBI with chronic symptoms. Associations between TBI and social, academic, or other problems are evident in several studies. In non-high-risk community samples, 9% to 12% of individuals report TBI with chronic symptoms. Conclusion Systematic TBI screening can be implemented efficiently and inexpensively in a variety of settings. Lifetime TBI history data gathered using a structured self-report instrument can augment existing estimates of the prevalence of TBI, both as an acute event and as a chronic condition. Identification of individuals with TBI can facilitate primary prevention efforts, such as reducing risk for reinjury in high-risk groups, and provide access to appropriate interventions that can reduce the personal and societal costs of TBI (tertiary prevention).
On Snap-Through Buckling

Snap-through buckling can reduce the life-span of structural systems such as aircraft surface paneling. This is envisioned to be a specific problem in hypersonic vehicles in which severe thermal loading and acoustic excitation conspire to create an especially hostile environment for structural elements. A shallow arch, and two simplified link models are used to investigate the mechanisms of snap-through buckling from a fundamental, or phenomenological, standpoint. The complexities introduced by modal interactions are introduced and a method for identifying snap-through buckling is developed.
Closing the loop on the bone-resorbing osteoclast

A new study shows in mice that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11, also known as RANKL), which stimulates osteoclasts to remove bone, binds to the G-protein-coupled receptor LGR4 to prevent excessive bone removal. In mouse models of osteoporosis, a recombinant LGR4 ectodomain reduces bone loss.
Research on the Improvement of the Integrated Simulation Model of the Double-fed Induction Generator

As there's a large error between the simulation results of the DFIG output characteristics and the measurement data,a method uses the measuring data of the wind farm to improve the DFIG model is proposed.The data fitting is used to get the mathematical model of the operating turbine,then the model is studied to improve its control strategy.The example results in PSCAD shows:the modified model reflects the output characteristics of the operating turbine truthfully and has improved the simulation accuracy of wind power integration.
Application of bioinformatics in pharmaceutical research and development

New drug development is a hot point in life sciences. For a developing country like China,it is always economically and socially important to deliver a series of new drugs or repurposed drugs in order to provide people with safe,effective and affordable therapies. Because of low throughput pharmacology /toxicology assays and clinical trials,traditional drug development pipelines are subject to long cycles,high cost and failure risk. As an interdisciplinary subject,bioinformatics shows specific advantage in management and processing of large-scale biological and medical data,at relatively low cost and high throughput. In drug development,bioinformatics is more often used to discover drug efficacy,mechanisms of action and side effects and to guide research and development. Based on the experience of drug development and drug repositioning in international pharmaceutical enterprises, the authors proposed the application of bioinformatics to new drug development and illustrated the importance and necessity of bioinformatics platforms in China.
Should Moral Individuals Ever Lie? Insights from Jewish Law

A study conducted in Britain found that the average man lied about 42 times a week, twice as often as the average woman. Of course, many of these lies are white lies such as “I’ve got a headache” or “Nothing’s wrong, I’m fine.” Dishonesty and deception are serious crimes in Jewish law. The Bible explicitly demands that one should “Distance himself from a false matter.” There are, however, situations in which Jewish law permits or even demands that one engage in deception. This paper will discuss when it is permissible in Jewish law to prevaricate and deceive.
The measurement of fine particulate semivolatile material in urban aerosols.

Abstract Ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic material (SVOM) are significant components of fine particles in urban atmospheres. These components, however, are not properly determined with methods such as the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) Federal Reference Method (FRM) or other single filter samplers because of significant losses of semivolatile material (SVM) from particles collected on the filter during sampling. The R&P tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) monitor also does not measure SVM, because this method heats the sample to remove particle bound water, which also results in evaporation of SVM. Recent advances in monitoring techniques have resulted in samplers for both integrated and continuous measurement of total PM2.5, including the particle concentrator Brigham Young University organic sampling system (PC-BOSS), the real time total ambient mass sampler (RAMS), and the R&P filter dynamics measurement system (FDMS) TEOM monitor. Results obtained using these samplers have been c...
Nosocomial respiratory infection: The essential role of the laboratory in control efforts.

Nosocomial pneumonia continues to represent a major problem for hospital infection control efforts. Gram-negative aerobic bacilli are still identified most frequently as etiologic agents, but a number of new pathogens recently have been recognized to play a role. The functions of the clinical microbiology laboratory in efforts to minimize the occurrence of nosocomial pneumonia are identified.
Extraction of Botulinum Toxin with Urea-Buffer

Portions of wieners and soybean foods (tofu and tempeh) remaining from inoculated pack studies using Clostridium botulinum spores were extracted with buffers which differed in having or not having 2 M urea. More samples had botulinum toxin when tested with extracts made in urea-buffer. Based on the LD50 of toxin extracted from wieners, urea-buffer extracted 30 to 100% more toxin than normal buffer.
The Protonymph of Pimeliaphilus (Pterygosomatidae) and Its Significance Relative to the Calyptostases in the Parasitengona

The number of active nymphal instars in the Trombidiformes ranges from none (e.g. Podapolipodidae) to three (e.g. Isobactrus, Halacaridae). Other genera have one active nymphal instar (Copidognathus, Halacaridae) or two (Tetranychus, Tetranychidae). In the last three examples, all of the nymphs are active; there are no calyptostases. Each larva or nymph does, however, go through an obligatory inactive period toward the end of its development, when it is unable to move. This is associated with the production of the cuticle of the next instar, and the establishment of new myocuticular junctions. The quiescent period is ended by the splitting of the old cuticle and the emergence of the next instar. Only one cuticle is left behind, that of the preceding larva or nymph.
Pedaling on the Periphery: The African American Twenty-fifth Infantry Bicycle Corps and the Roads of American Expansion

In the late 1890s, African American infantrymen stationed in Montana tested the bicycle for its military utility through a series of extended trips. Representations of the bicycle corps in photographs, newspapers, and Army reports demonstrate the differences and similarities in race relations between the new western states and the East.
old DOI 10.1109/MAHC.2015.49- EH - Correct DOI is 10.1109/MAHC.2015.16 - EH Production and Interpretation of ARPANET Maps

Correct DOI is 10.1109/MAHC.2015.16 - EH - This paper explores a twenty-year series of ARPANET maps produced by the firm Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). These BBN maps signify the earliest efforts to represent an early and central piece of the modern Internet, and they wind up as illustrations in contemporary discussions of ARPANET history and the early Internet. Once a functional tool for engineers, they now serve as an aesthetic backdrop used without explicit recognition of their intended purpose. We propose an excavation of their production, design conventions, and symbolic functions. We find that the maps represent a very specific technological focus - the subnet - that worked well with the maps' network graph form and also aligned with the map creators' purposes during the network's early years.
Mitigating Climate Change at the Carbon Water Nexus: A Call to Action for the Environmental Engineering Community

Abstract Environmental engineers have played a critical role in improving human and ecosystem health over the past several decades. These contributions have focused on providing clean water and air as well as managing waste streams and remediating polluted sites. As environmental problems have become more global in scale and more deeply entrenched in sociotechnical systems, the discipline of environmental engineering must grow to be ready to respond to the challenges of the coming decades. Here we make the case that environmental engineers should play a leadership role in the development of climate change mitigation technologies at the carbon-water nexus (CWN). Climate change, driven largely by unfettered emissions of fossil carbon into the atmosphere, is a far-reaching and enormously complex environmental risk with the potential to negatively affect food security, human health, infrastructure, and other systems. Solving this problem will require a massive mobilization of existing and innovative new techn...
Tolerance of Mammalian Retina to Circulatory Arrest

How long the mammalian retina tolerates total stoppage of its circulation is not completely clear. In the rat Smith & Baird (1953) found that ischemic periods of longer than 15 minutes produced irreversible histological damage to the retina. In the rabbit both Bornschein & Zwiauer (1952) and Popp (1955) found that the electroretinogram (ERG) recovered completely after 15 minutes of total ischemia but only incompletely after longer periods. Similar periods of tolerance were also observed in the superfused rabbit retina by Ames & Gurian (1963) and Webster & Ames (1965). In man Wegner (1928) reported that normal visual function could recover after 22 minutes of total circulatory arrest, and Bock, Bornschein & Hommer (1963) observed complete recovery of the ERG and visual function after 60 minutes of such ischemia. In the cat Reinecke, Kuwabara, Cogan & Weis (1962) found complete histological recovery up to 90 minutes of total ischemia.
A multimodal intervention to enhance sexual function and quality of life (QOL) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) survivors.

191Background: Although sexual dysfunction is a common long-term complication in allogeneic HCT survivors, interventions to address sexual dysfunction are lacking. Methods: We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a multimodal sexual dysfunction intervention to improve sexual function in allogeneic HCT survivors. Transplant clinicians systematically screened all HCT survivors ≥ 3 months post-HCT for sexual dysfunction causing distress using the NCCN Survivorship Guidelines. Those who screened positive attended monthly intervention visits with trained study clinicians that focused on 1) assessing sexual dysfunction; 2) educating and empowering patients to address this topic; and 3) implementing therapeutic interventions. We used the PROMIS Sexual Function and Satisfaction Measure, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess sexual function, QOL, and mood at baseline and six mont...
Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Diphenhydramine Ingestion.

Diphenhydramine is a widely used first-generation histamine (H1) antagonist that can be obtained without prescription in many countries. Massive ingestions can result in severe toxicity and even death. We describe a case of diphenhydramine overdose leading to cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulation for refractory ventricular fibrillation, a process we refer to as extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). Responding to a call for altered mental status, emergency medical service (EMS) personnel found an unconscious and seizing 17-year-old male. He had reportedly developed generalized tonic-clonic seizures and dysrhythmias after ingesting approximately 800 25-mg diphenhydramine tablets. He was transferred to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after stabilization at a local emergency center. After approximately 7 hours of clinical stability and normalization of cardiac rhythm, electrolytes, and acidosis, he developed renewed seizure activity and accelerated ventricular rhythm leading to hemodynamic collapse and cardiac arrest. He was cannulated for veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VAECMO) with CPR in progress. A pharmacobezoar located in his stomach was presumed to be the cause of his biphasic clinical deterioration. After 5 days, the patient was successfully weaned from ECMO support. Ten days later, his convalescence continued in the step-down unit and was discharged with good functional outcome. Significant ingestion of anticholinergic substances is often fatal. This case describes a favorable outcome after ECPR and aggressive supportive management following a large intentional overdose of diphenhydramine.
Selective Extraction with Chelates, Macrocycles and Calixarenes

When choosing a compound for use as an extractant for metal ions several factors must be considered. One is how strongly it binds to the metal, and although this stability constant of the metal complex is not the only factor, it is still an important consideration. Since it is likely that the in situ environment contains complexants such as chloride, nitrate or sulfate ions, possibly at high concentrations, it is necessary that the added extractant is a competitve complexant under such conditions. As a result, extractants are usually not simple monodentate complexants. Multidentate complexants such as chelates have higher metal ion stability constants than do monodentates, mainly because of entropic effects. They are therefore often chosen as extractants.
Right-sided patent ductus arteriosus with right aortic arch.

Summary A right aortic arch is frequently associated with other anomalies of the great vessels or congenital intracardiac abnormalities. Rarely a right-sided patent ductus arteriosus may be found as the only clinically important vascular lesion present with the right-sided arch. Such a patent ductus may connect the pulmonary artery and components of the aortic arch system in a variety of ways and thus lead to varied clinical and roentgen findings. Cardiac catheterization and angiography are usually necessary for a complete diagnosis but, in the case reported, the diagnosis was established on the basis of the clinical findings and roentgenograms of the chest. The surgical management of a right-sided patent ductus may present some special problems which are discussed.
MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION

Solid–liquid phase changes, including melting and solidification, are treated in this chapter, starting with the classification of solid–liquid phase changes and generalized boundary conditions at the interface. Different approaches to the solution of melting and solidification problems are introduced, including exact, integral, and numerical solutions. Finally, solidification in contact melting is presented.