cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classroom teachers' attitudes toward children with articulatory disorders.

A group of 116 elementary and junior high school educators were asked to list terms descriptive of children with articulatory disorders. A list of 20 terms was established and then rated for desira...
IMPLICATIONS OF ENDEMICS-AREA RELATIONSHIPS FOR ESTIMATES OF SPECIES EXTINCTIONS

Species are disappearing at unprecedented rates because of habitat destruc- tion. Lack of detailed knowledge about total numbers of species and their global or regional distributions, however, makes it difficult to quantify extinction rates precisely. Current estimates of extinction rates attributed to habitat destruction generally rely on species-area relationships. Many of the predictions based on species-area relationships, however, appear to overestimate the extent of current species extinction. In a previous paper, we used the species-area relationship as our starting point to derive a relationship for the areal distri- bution of endemics within a habitat, or an "endemics-area relationship." The endemics- area relationship is logically and mathematically consistent with the species-area relation- ship, but it provides additional information about the distribution of species within a biome. In this paper, we use the endemics-area relationship to improve estimates of species ex- tinction rates attributed to habitat destruction or conversion. At low levels of habitat de- struction, estimates of species loss using the endemics-area relationship are significantly lower than existing estimates, but a rapid rise in predicted species loss when a threshold of habitat loss is exceeded suggests that extrapolation of recent rates of species loss may underestimate future species extinctions under continued land clearing.
uv free electron lasers for synchrotron radiation sources

The possibility of operating a free electron laser in an electron storage ring similar to those being designed or built as synchrotron radiation sources is discussed. The laser output power is proportional to the total power radiated as synchrotron radiation in the ring. The electron beam properties make the storage ring particularly suitable for operating a laser in the UV region. Small signal gain per pass larger than one at wavelengths near 600 A can be obtained in a 500 MeV storage ring.
An analysis of excessive running in the development of activity anorexia

Abstract Food restriction combined with activity wheel access produces activity anorexia: a combination of excessive running, reduced food intake and rapid weight loss. Temporal distributions of running in activity anorexia were examined in a reversal design with one of 2 × 2 × 2 factorial combinations (pelleted-vs-powdered food × deprivation × wheel access) as the treatment condition. Wheel revolutions were recorded in 30 min intervals; body weights, food and water intakes were measured daily. Only wheel access combined with food deprivation reliably produced activity anorexia. Excessive running occurred in the absence of schedule-induced polydipsia, was unaffected by food form, and showed distributional characteristics of facultative behavior. These results are inconsistent with schedule-induced behavior explanations. Running distributions appeared consistent with chronobiological models with light/dark onset and feeding serving as zeitgebers.
The Economics of International Cooperation in the Apprehension and Prosecution of Maritime Pirates

Article 100 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea requires parties to “cooperate” against maritime piracy, but how this cooperation is to be achieved is undefined. Enforcement is a public good—creating uncompensated benefits for others, thus suffering from free rider problems. The analysis in this article explains why more pirates captured are released than prosecuted, why the United Nations and the International Maritime Organization are seeking to reduce enforcement costs, why some in the shipping industry want to apply the 1988 Convention Against Terrorism at Sea, and why still others want to move prosecution of pirates from national courts to an international court.
A Stable Platform for Micro-Scale Studies of Velocity, Temperature and Conductivity

In the past ten years, several investigators have constructed instruments to measure small scale processes in the oceans. In attempting to describe these processes, insufficient attention has been given to the problem of the sensors or the recording of body motion relative to the media which is being measured. Many investigators chose to limit their studies to scales which are unaffected by sensor motion or to make certain assumptions about frequencies and amplitudes of the sources of noise. When attempting to resolve microscale phenomena, these problems become acute if not absolutely limiting. An instrument was developed at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1974 to attempt to advance the state-of-the-art in ability to accurately resolve these small scale processes. It has at its heart a free falling body which employs a large overmass and uniform drag characteristics to stabilize its motion during data acquisition. In addition, several body motion parameters are carefully recorded. The sensors are selected for optimum resolution in time and space and very careful examination of sampling techniques were undertaken.
Exploring why young African American women do not change condom-use behavior following participation in an STI/HIV prevention intervention

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interventions can significantly reduce risky sexual behaviors among vulnerable populations. However, not everyone exposed to an intervention will reduce their sexual risk behavior. This qualitative study sought to identify factors associated with young African American females' lack of increase in condom use post-participation in an HIV prevention intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 young African American women (18-23 years; approximately half were mothers) after participating in a demonstrated effective HIV prevention intervention; 24 did not increase condom use post-intervention. Interviews were thematically coded for barriers to condom-use post-intervention. Although nearly all young women reported partner-associated challenges to using condoms, there were relational differences observed among those who changed their condom use versus those who did not. Many 'non-changers' were engaged in non-stable 'on and off' relationships, with high rates of infidelity, often with the father of their child, in which they were fearful of requesting condom use. 'Non-changers' also reported more substance use, feeling incapable of change and not thinking about condom use. Thus, future HIV prevention efforts may benefit from incorporating strategies on how young mothers can maintain a non-sexual relationship with their child's father, as well as elaborating on the intersection of substance use and risky sexual decision-making.
Control of the differentiation of regulatory T cells and T(H)17 cells by the DNA-binding inhibitor Id3.

TGF-β and Foxp3 are required for the development of regulatory T cells. Chen and colleagues show that the helix-loop-helix proteins E2A and Id3 enhance Foxp3 expression and relieve it from inhibition by other transcription factors.
Effects of Multiple Pituitary Homografts or Progesterone on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-lnduced Mammary Tumors in Rats

This investigation evaluates the effects of prolactin-secreting pituitary homografts and progesterone on the induction of mamary tumors in female rats subsequently treated with 712-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA). Immature female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: group 1 intact controls; group 2 ovariectomized; group 3 intact and 4 pituitary homografts; group 4 ovariectomized and 4 pituitary homografts; and group 5 intact and given injection of 4 mg progesterone daily. Pituitary transplantation and/or ovariectomy were performed at age 25 days. Progesterone was injected beginning at 30 days of age and continued for 40 consecutive days. At age 55 days all animals were given a single intravenous dose of 5 mg DMBA. At the end of the study the percent of tumor incidence average number of tumors/rat and average total weight of tumors/rat (g) were: group 1 100% 12.2 +or- 1.2 16.2 +or- 3.5; group 2 0; group 3 73% 4.7 +or- 1.3 5.4 +or- 2.0; group 4 0; and group 5 79% 3.3 +or- 0.7 5.9 +or- 4.6. Percentage of rats with tumors average number of tumors/rat and average total weight of tumors/rat were significantly decreased in intact rats bearing 4 pituitary homografts and in intact rats given injections of progesterone as compared to the intact controls. The inhibitory effect of the prolactin-secreting pituitary homografts appears to be mediated at least in part through the ovary since daily injections of progesterone resulted in a comparable inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis. These data indicate that prolactin and/or progesterone by stimulating growth and development growth of the mammary gland inhibit DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis if given sufficiently prior to carcinogen treatment. (authors)
THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOURS FOR GENETICALLY RELATED FISHES. II.

The flicker response contour has been determined for several species and types of the teleosts Xiphophorus (X.) and Platypoecilius (P.) under the same conditions. The curve (F vs. log Im) is the same for representatives of each generic type, but is different for the two genera. Its duplex nature is analyzable in each instance by application of the probability integral equation to the rod and cone constituent parts. The parameters of this function provide rational measures of invariant properties of the curves, which have specific values according to the genetic constitution of the animal. The F1 hybrids (H'') of X. montezuma x P. variatus show dominance of the X. properties with respect to cone Fmax. and σ' log I, but an intermediate value of the abscissa of inflection (τ'). The rod segment shows dominance of σ' log I from P., but an intermediate value of Fmax. and of τ'. The composite flicker curve involves the operation of two distinct assemblages of excitable elements, differing quantitatively but not qualitatively in physicochemical organization, probably only secondarily related to the histological differentiation of rods and cones because almost certainly of central nervous locus, but following different rules in hereditary determination, and therefore necessarily different in physical organization. The interpretation of the diverse behavior of the three parameters of the probability summation is discussed, particularly in relation to the physical significance of these parameters as revealed by their quantitative relations to temperature, retinal area, and light time fraction in the flash cycle, and to their interrelations in producing the decline of rod effects at higher intensities. It is stressed that in general the properties of the parameters of a chosen interpretive analytical function must be shown experimentally to possess the physical properties implied by the equation selected before the equation can be regarded as describing those invariant properties of the organic system concerned upon which alone can deduction of the nature of the system proceed. The importance of genetic procedures in furthering demonstration that the biological performance considered in any particular case exhibits constitutionally invariant features provides a potentially powerful instrument in such rational analysis.
A global map of the ocean's climate

Drawing on a massive set of ocean observations, Schmidtko et al. designed and built a map of the climate of the upper ocean, charting the regional properties in temperature and salinity for the global ocean. The authors’ map takes aspects of ocean physics into account to better detail the ocean's properties from the surface down to where the pressure hits around 1950 decibars. The authors’ map has a horizontal grid resolution of 0.5 degree and covers all the Earth's oceans, from the Southern Ocean to the Arctic Ocean.
Persistent hemolysis in a patient with pancreatitis.

A 43-year-old man with a history of acute and chronic pancreatitis presented with a 1-day history of severe burning and squeezing epigastric pain without nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The pain was similar to the patient's previous episodes of acute pancreatitis, for which he had had multiple hospitalizations. The patient's other diagnoses were hypertriglyceridemia, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes. On physical examination, the patient was afebrile and his abdomen was firm, with epigastric tenderness, guarding, and decreased bowel sounds. On admission, serum lipase activity was 1506 U/L [reference interval (RI), 8–78 U/L]; amylase was not measured. Serum triglycerides were 1606 mg/dL (18.15 mmol/L) [RI, 55–320 mg/dL (0.62–3.62 mmol/L)]. The total cholesterol was 205 mg/dL (5.31 mmol/L) [RI, <200 mg/dL (<5.18 mmol/L)] and HDL was 14 mg/dL (0.36 mmol/L) [RI, 30–65 mg/dL (0.78–1.68 mg/dL)]. The creatinine concentration was 1.1 mg/dL (83 μmol/L) [RI, 0.7–1.3 mg/dL (53.4–99.1 μmol/L)] and blood urea nitrogen was 14 mg/dL (5.0 mmol/L) [RI, 8.9–20.6 mg/dL (3.2–7.4 mmol/L)]. Imaging by computed tomography demonstrated intrapancreatic pseudocysts and peripancreatic fat stranding. The patient was treated with bowel rest, aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation, and pain management. On day 2 of hospitalization, laboratory testing was complicated by significant hemolysis, raising the questions of in vivo vs in vitro hemolysis and whether or not to release laboratory results. Hemolysis had not been seen in blood drawn on day 1, but starting on day 2 every sample was hemolyzed in multiple tube types (including EDTA, lithium heparin, and sodium citrate tubes) throughout the course of the patient's hospital stay. Between the first and second day, the hemoglobin concentration decreased from 14.6–13.8 g/dL (146–138 g/L) [RI, 14.0–18.0 g/dL (140–180 g/L)], potassium increased from 4.2–6.3 mmol/L (RI, 3.4–4.8 mmol/L), sodium decreased from 137–133 mmol/L (RI, 136–145 mmol/L), and chloride was unaffected. Serum haptoglobin concentration was 56 mg/dL …
Validation and Evaluation of QuikSCAT Ultra-High Resolution Wind Retrieval in the Gulf of Maine

Researchers at Brigham Young University have created an experimental 2.5 km ultra-high resolution (UHR) wind product from the QuikSCAT scatterometer. This product adds to the standard 25 km and new 12.5 km resolution data provided by that satellite, and offers the potential for new access to coastal surface wind dynamics at the sub-mesoscale level. With its nineteen meteorological buoys, the Gulf of Maine provides an excellent test site for evaluating the UHR wind retrievals. Comparison with these buoys, mesoscale meteorological model winds, and standard QuikSCAT products throughout the month of October 2006 allows detailed investigation of UHR wind speed and direction. Even with a land contamination mask, the UHR product provides extended coverage near the coast. An additional ambiguity reselection routine improves wind direction agreement between the UHR winds and the other products. With this refinement, the ultra-high resolution winds show great promise in the coastal region.
Nicotine effects on proliferation and the bombesin-like peptide autocrine system in human small cell lung carcinoma SHP77 cells in culture.

Abstract Objectives : To determine whether nicotine affects the proliferation and expression of the bombesin-like peptide autocrine system in human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) SHP77 cells compared with nonmalignant human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells as non-neuroendocrine controls. Methods : Human lung cells were cultured in defined serum-free medium with various concentrations of nicotine added for various times. Proliferation was measured by cell counts and colorimetric assay, bombesin-like peptide receptor expression was assayed by specific binding assays and quantitative competitive PCR, and bombesin-like peptides determined by ELISA. Results : Nicotine significantly stimulated the growth of human SCLC SHP77 and NCI-H865 cells, but not BEAS 2B cells. Bombesin-like peptide receptor specific binding and mRNA expression were not affected by nicotine exposure in SHP77 cells or BEAS 2B cells. An increase in SHP77 cellular bombesin-like peptide content was observed. Conclusions : Human SCLC SHP77 cells express the components of the bombesin-like peptide autocrine system. Increased proliferation in the presence of nicotine may be due in part to increased levels of bombesin-like peptides in SHP77 cultured in nicotine. Nicotine effects on nonmalignant pulmonary neuroendocrine cells may provide additional insight into how nicotine itself may promote lung carcinogenesis.
Proteomic analysis of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5 during growth at subzero temperatures.

It is crucial to examine the physiological processes of psychrophiles at temperatures below 4°C, particularly to facilitate extrapolation of laboratory results to in situ activity. Using two dimensional electrophoresis, we examined patterns of protein abundance during growth at 16, 4, and −4°C of the eurypsychrophile Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5 and report the first identification of cold inducible proteins (CIPs) present during growth at subzero temperatures. Growth temperature substantially reprogrammed the proteome; the relative abundance of 303 of the 618 protein spots detected (∼31% of the proteins at each growth temperature) varied significantly with temperature. Five CIPs were detected specifically at −4°C; their identities (AtpF, EF-Ts, TolC, Pcryo_1988, and FecA) suggested specific stress on energy production, protein synthesis, and transport during growth at subzero temperatures. The need for continual relief of low-temperature stress on these cellular processes was confirmed via identification of 22 additional CIPs whose abundance increased during growth at −4°C (relative to higher temperatures). Our data suggested that iron may be limiting during growth at subzero temperatures and that a cold-adapted allele was employed at −4°C for transport of iron. In summary, these data suggest that low-temperature stresses continue to intensify as growth temperatures decrease to −4°C.
The Natural Philosophy of Work

Abstract: Work, by dissipative structures (DS), imposes delay on energy gradient degradation. It diverts energy flow into DS maintenance while enhancing energy degradation. DS can be viewed as tradeoffs between enhancing entropy production maximization (the maximum entropy production principle, MEP) by way of convective gradient degradation, and the need to maintain DS form, which is what mediates the convective dissipation. This tradeoff frameworked the origin of living DS. In the Big Bang, the Universe departed increasingly from an ordered state of low entropy. As a result the Second Law (locally, dS> or = 0) became an ever more powerful attractor, insuring that work could have only limited energy efficiency (utilization / throughput). That is, the ‘>’ in ‘dS > or = 0’ increased on average locally as the universe departed further from thermodynamic equilibrium. Energy efficiency becomes significant in the context of possible energy shortage, which implies embodied agency, implying in turn the possibility of some stability into the future. Energy efficiency is needed in living DS which yet serve MEP by becoming relatively less energy efficient when striving. Biodiversity multiplies modes of energy consumption, also furthering MEP by compensating for the diversion of energy flow into the maintenance of living DS. Modular (hierarchical) structure is very stable to perturbations, and also generates the variety requisite for adaptive flexibility, affording as well evolutionary access to increased adjacent possibilities. Dynamical rate separation between hierarchical levels streamlines energy flows, enhancing orderly energy gradient degradation. I conjecture that new levels are interpolated when that fosters MEP overall. Of the three phases of energy flow -- low level conduction, mid level convection, and high level explosion -- orderly convection associates with DS form, constraining moderated energy flows, and defusing potential explosions.
The Determinants of FDI Choices: The Importance of Investment Climate and Clustering

Recent work on factors that determine the choices made by foreign investors within and across countries has been growing rapidly – see Mukim and Nunnenkamp (2012) for a comprehensive review. However, the cross-country literature on how the investment climate affects decisions made by foreign investors using robust methodological approaches is lacking. Indicators of foreign investment regulation that has been standardised across countries could lend itself for different types of empirical analysis. This paper will use data made available by the Investing Across Borders database of the World Bank Group, to study how the investment climate across sectors and countries affects the choice of new investment projects across different countries.
Arctic Vortex changes alter the sources and isotopic values of precipitation in northeastern US.

Altered atmospheric circulation, reductions in Arctic sea ice, ocean warming, and changes in evaporation and transpiration are driving changes in the global hydrologic cycle. Precipitation isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) measurements can help provide a mechanistic understanding of hydrologic change at global and regional scales. To study the changing water cycle in the northeastern US, we examined the longest (1968–2010) record of precipitation isotope values, collected at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, US (43o56′N, 71o45′W). We found a significant reduction in δ18O and δ2H values over the 43-year record, coupled with a significant increase in d-excess values. This gradual reduction in δ18O and δ2H values unexpectedly occurred during a period of regional warming. We provide evidence that these changes are governed by the interactions among the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, loss of Arctic sea ice, the fluctuating jet stream, and regular incursions of polar air into the northeastern US.
Abstract A125: Universal homogenous bioluminescent assay to monitor the effect of modulators on various classes of methyltransferases in vitro.

Methylation/demethylation of DNA and proteins play major roles in modulation of the epigenome and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. Recent biochemical and biological data suggest that the enzymatic activities of several of these enzymes have pathogenic roles in cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, pharmacological modulation of these enzymes by small molecules will be beneficial in developing novel therapeutics for multiple unmet medical needs. Towards this goal of searching for activators/inhibitors of these enzymes for the development of next generation of drugs, screening assays for these modulators are urgently needed. To address these unmet needs, we have developed a novel assay that monitors the activities of these enzymes and their modulation by small molecules. The assay is bioluminescent based, HTS formatted, and highly sensitive. The assay is universal since it is based on monitoring the formation of the universal product S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), i.e., capable of detecting changes in activity of a broad range of methyltransferases such as DNA, protein, and small molecules methyltransferases. In addition, the assay has been validated for all classes of protein methyltransferases (lysine and arginine), and with different types of substrates (small peptides, large proteins, or even nucleosomes). This enables determining the specificity of these enzymes and their substrate requirements. The assay has high signal to background and low C.V. The assay is robust (Z’ value>0.7) and has been validated using various plate densities such as 96-, 384, and 1536-well plates. A strong feature of this assay is its utility with broad range of substrates with no limitations on the use of high concentrations of substrates or the composition of the substrates (short vs. long peptides), thus enabling the generation of kinetic data and determining the mechanism of action of various modulators of methyltransferases of interest. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A125. Citation Format: Said A. Goueli, Kevin Hsaio. Universal homogenous bioluminescent assay to monitor the effect of modulators on various classes of methyltransferases in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A125.
The Validity Bounds of Analytical Force and Moment Predictions for Pitch- and Plunge Oscillating Low Reynolds Number Airfoils

An SD7003 airfoil has been tested for cancelation of lift due to pure plunge oscillation through superposition of pitching and plunging oscillatory motion. Lift force was measured experimentally using a planar motion mechanism in a water tunnel and cross-validated with CFD simulations. Five cases with varying amplitude and frequency were studied. For all cases the motion fundamental frequency of lift can be canceled out through a pitch-plunge combination motion. The higher order lift oscillation amplitude is low as long as either oscillation frequency or amplitude is low and grows when both motion frequency and amplitude are large.
Epidemiological Analysis of Mumps in Siping City in 2012

Objective:To investigate the incidence of mumps epidemic in Siping city in 2012.Method:Siping city in 2012 mumps epidemic in our city was accounted and monitored,and the popular trend of mumps disease was observed.Result:According to the visible high incidence districts Siping city Yitong county and public ridge respectively,accounted for 32.77% of the total cases and 29.06%,high occupation for students,a total of1009 cases,accounted for 56.62% of the total cases,followed by preschool children.By age and sex in 0-20 years old for my age parotitis,accounted for94.83% of the total cases,higher overall incidence of male,1114 cases,accounted for 62.5% of the total cases.The statistics in April and May for the incidence of mumps incidence rate was 40.01% of the annual.Conclusion:Analysis of the research on the epidemiology of mumps,high-risk population,have a definite object in view of the age,health education regional focus,control.To achieve early discovery,early isolation,the morning newspaper,early diagnosis,early treatment.Through the clear cognition on mumps disease and prevention and treatment actively,so as to reduce the incidence of mumps in our city.
Application and comparison of Elman neural network model and ARIMA model to predict the incidence of influenza

Aim: To compare the efficiency of Elman neural network model and autoregressive integrated moving average( ARIMA) model to predict the incidence of influenza. Methods: Elman neural network model and ARIMA model were established using the epidemic data of influenza in Henan Province from January 1,2006 to December 31,2010,and the predictive performance was measured and accessed using the data from January 1 to December 31,2011. Results: The optimal ARIMA model was ARIMA( 1,0,0) model,the optimal Elman neural network model was 4-12-1-1. The mean absolute error( MAE),mean error rate( MER) and nonlinear correlation coefficient( RNL) of prediction results of the test set using the optimal ARIMA model and Elman neural network model were 0. 133,0. 238,0. 708 and 0. 152,0. 271,0. 725, respectively. Conclusion: The predictive efficiency of models based on time series and Elman neural network model is equivalent,and they perform well in predicting the incidence of influenza.
Mixtures of wheat and high-moisture corn in finishing diets: feedlot performance and in situ rate of starch digestion in steers.

Wheat and high-moisture corn (HMC) were fed singly and in three combinations using dry-rolled wheat (DRW) (ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, respectively, Trial 1), or singly and in two combinations using steam-rolled wheat (SRW) (ratios of 67:33 and 33:67, respectively, Trial 2) to finishing beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. In situ rate of starch digestion (Trial 3) was measured on grains used in Trial 1 (excluding the 25 HMC: 75 DRW mixture) and ground dry corn. In Trial 1 (132 d), gain/feed did not differ (P greater than .10); however, final weight, hot carcass weight, and ADG decreased linearly (P less than .05) and DMI exhibited a cubic response (P less than .05) as the percentage of wheat in the diet increased. Carcass characteristics were not different. In Trial 2 (113 d), there were no differences attributable to treatment for ADG, DMI, gain/feed, or carcass characteristics. Positive associative responses for gain efficiency (gain/feed) were greatest for the first increment of wheat addition (25% DRW and 33% SRW in Trials 1 and 2, respectively) and for the early portion of the feeding period (57 and 28 d for Trials 1 and 2, respectively), indicating a more rapid diet adaptation and(or) less propensity for subacute acidosis. In Trial 3, the treatment grains or mixtures did not differ in rate of starch digestion. Although the differences were not statistically significant, starch in the 100% wheat diet was digested twice as fast as the 100 or 75% HMC mixtures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Methods for Analysis of Poxvirus DNA Replication

Cytoplasmic replication of poxviruses dictates the encoding of most, if not all, of the trans-acting factors required for faithful genome duplication. Several of these proteins have been identified through genetic and biochemical evaluation, including the catalytic DNA polymerase (E9), an essential and stoichiometric component of the processive polymerase (A20), a single-strand DNA-binding protein (I3), a type I topoisomerase (H6), the uracil DNA glycosylase (D4), a nucleic acid-independent nucleoside triphosphatase (D5), a serine/threonine protein kinase (B1), and a Holliday Junction resolvase (A22). All of these factors work in concert to faithfully duplicate the viral genome. Although a replication origin has not been defined for the poxviruses, cis-acting sequences found within the telomeric 200 bp have been implicated as necessary and sufficient for minichromosome replication. Replication occurs within cytoplasmic foci from approx 3 to 12 h postinfection. This chapter includes several methodologies to assay and quantitate replication in vivo, visualize replication foci microscopically, and test the integrity of central replication enzymes in vitro.
The Critiques of Intervention Reconsidered

Extensive criticisms of government regulation have appeared in the economics literature for more than two centuries. Economics as a formal discipline began in the eighteenth century as an attack on ill-advised controls. Ever since, traditional economics has stressed the desirability of fostering competition and limiting government interference, particularly in the markets for individual commodities. The fervor for free markets of the century after Adam Smith eventually weakened and many commentators turned to stress market imperfections. The tradition of skepticism about government, nevertheless, remains a powerful force in economic analyses. The classic arguments of Hume, Smith, and their successors, therefore, have proved among the most valuable and enduring contributions to human knowledge. The need to reform ill-advised government policies remains the area over which the greatest consensus exists in the economics literature.
Effects of specific D-1 and D-2 dopamine agonists (LY141865 and SKF-38393) and pergolide on urinary output of rats.

Pergolide, LY141865 and SKF-38393 were compared to clonidine for their effects on urine output in normally hydrated rats. SKF-38393 and LY141865 have been considered to be specific D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor agonists, respectively. Clonidine had a marked effect to increase urine output (17-18 ml at doses as low as 0.08 mg/kg s.c.), whereas the specific dopamine agonists SKF-38393 (0.32-5 mg/kg s.c.) and LY141865 (0.16-1.25 mg/kg s.c.) did not affect urine output. Pergolide, a nonspecific dopamine agonist, slightly increased urine output at the highest dose (0.64 mg/kg s.c.). Specific dopamine agonists do not increase urine output in normally hydrated rats.
Sources of errors in the simulation of south Asian summer monsoon in the CMIP5 GCMs

Accurate simulation of the South Asian summer monsoon (SAM) is still an unresolved challenge. There has not been a benchmark effort to decipher the origin of undesired yet virtually invariable unsuccessfulness of general circulation models (GCMs) over this region. This study analyzes a large ensemble of CMIP5 GCMs to show that most of the simulation errors in the precipitation distribution and their driving mechanisms are systematic and of similar nature across the GCMs, with biases in meridional differential heating playing a critical role in determining the timing of monsoon onset over land, the magnitude of seasonal precipitation distribution and the trajectories of monsoon depressions. Errors in the pre-monsoon heat low over the lower latitudes and atmospheric latent heating over the slopes of Himalayas and Karakoram Range induce significant errors in the atmospheric circulations and meridional differential heating. Lack of timely precipitation further exacerbates such errors by limiting local moisture recycling and latent heating aloft from convection. Most of the summer monsoon errors and their sources are reproducible in the land–atmosphere configuration of a GCM when it is configured at horizontal grid spacing comparable to the CMIP5 GCMs. While an increase in resolution overcomes many modeling challenges, coarse resolution is not necessarily the primary driver in the exhibition of errors over South Asia. These results highlight the importance of previously less well known pre-monsoon mechanisms that critically influence the strength of SAM in the GCMs and highlight the importance of land–atmosphere interactions in the development and maintenance of SAM.
Hydrocarbon Oil Found in the Interior of a “Cold Fusion” Electrolysis Cell After Fatal Explosion

Forensic analyses of debris from the fatal explosion of an electrochemical “cold fusion” cell revealed the presence of unanticipated organic residues that could be very important in the future desi...
Music and Politics, a Utopian Narrative

This chapter deals with informants’ political/musical experiences. It puts forth the view that music inspires political meanings by being situated in a cultural context, following authors such as John Blacking and David Howes for whom music is an embodied medium through which an individual enacts his or her own agency. The music in itself is found to have no inherent meaning, political or otherwise. Amongst alter-globalization activists, music is the terrain of expression for a number of non-musical concepts, which coalesce to create what can be called the movement’s utopian narrative. This narrative comprises three basic utopian stereotypes. First, a better world is possible; second, we should adopt a more “authentic” way of life; and third, we need to value “black culture” over “white culture.”
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease)

Discontinue tobacco use is definitive treatment; even a few cigarettes a day may cause disease progression
Avataṃsaka 華嚴 Transnationalism in Modern Sinitic Buddhism

This article describes the important but overlooked influence of Avataṃsaka thought within East Asian Buddhism from the nineteenth century to the 1930s. It shows that Avataṃsaka was transnational in two significant ways: First, its popularity is illustrative of the connections that existed between Buddhists in China, Japan, and Korea during that time. Second, Avataṃsaka thought served as the basis for discourses of transnationalism.
Update on the CONSER BIBFRAME Task Group

This column provides an update on the Cooperative Online Serials Program (CONSER) Bibliographic Framework Initiative (BIBFRAME) Task Group, which was expanded as the Program for Cooperative Catalog...
THU0419 Risk of total hip and knee replacement in gout patients prior to and following diagnosis: a national population study in taiwan

Background Total joint replacement (TJR) is a major surgical procedure aiming to replace damaged natural joints with artificial prosthesis to restore function and alleviate pain. Total knee replacement (TKR) and total hip replacement (THR) are two common replacement procedures, mainly as a result of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, fracture and infection. Whether gout associates with a greater risk of TJR independent of these primary risk factors is controversial, despite tophaceous or chronic deforming gouty arthritis may lead to joint destruction and subsequent TJR Objectives We carried out a case control study using the National Health Insurance (NHI) database with full coverage of the general population of Taiwan to investigate the burden of TJR in gout patients at diagnosis compared to matched controls. We further followed incident gout patients and their matched controls after diagnosis to compare their subsequent risk for TJR. Methods The Taiwan National Health Insurance database was used to identify 74,729 new diagnosis gout patients in 2005. These were matched 1:1 to 74,729 controls by birth year and sex with people who did not have gout diagnosis or urate-lowering treatment prescription. Odds ratios (ORs) of total hip or knee replacement (THR or TJR) at diagnosis and hazards ratios (HRs) after diagnosis were estimated adjusted for gender, age at diagnosis, comorbidities, co-medications, place of residence, income and occupation. Results Gout was associated with adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of 0.87 (0.54 to 1.40), 1.01 (0.57 to 1.79), 0.93 (0.64 to 1.35) for the THR, TKR and TJR at diagnosis, respectively. The incidence rate of THR or TKR in the patients with gout was 1.60 and 1.76 (per 1,000 person-years) which was higher than matched controls (0.99 and 0.98, respectively). Gout was also associated with an adjusted HR (95% CI) of 1.41 (1.19 to 1.68), 1.37 (1.16 to 1.61) and 1.37 (1.22 to 1.56) for developing THR, TKR and TJR. Conclusions Compared to matched controls people with gout did not have an increased risk of TJR at diagnosis but the risk increased substantially after diagnosis. Whether adequate urate-lowering treatment reduces the risk requires further study. References Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Zhang W, Doherty M. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2015;11:649–62. Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M. Are joints affected by gout also affected by osteoarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1374–7. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Assessing Parenting Stress: Review of the Use and Interpretation of the Parental Stress Scale

Parenting stress is a cross-cultural concept and is impacted by specific family and life circumstances. Parenting stress is amplified by challenging life situations including poverty, single parent...
Selected Interamerican Public Policy Issues. The Need for Improved Basic Economic Rights

The aim of public policy is to create an environment within which economic agents can produce efficiently the composite commodities, and components thereof, which are needed to satisfy their economic needs.
Management of Pain, Agitation and Delirium

Pain and anxiety are almost universal feature of ICU patients. Clinically significant pain and anxiety have been reported in up to 70 % of ICU patients. Anxiety is often caused or exacerbated by uncontrolled pain. Severe anxiety is not limited to mechanically ventilated patients; indeed Treggiari-Venzi and colleagues demonstrated that up to 30 % of non-intubated SICU patients had severe anxiety [1]. Anxiety has numerous adverse effects, consequently, the control of anxiety is an integral component of the management of the ICU patient. Traditionally, the liberal use of sedatives was recommended in order to treat anxiety, with ventilated patients being heavily sedated with continuous infusions of sedative agents. The traditional approach to sedation in the ICU was one of deep sedation in which the patient was “snowed”. We now know that is approach to harmful and associated with numerous complications. Furthermore, ICU patients can be effectively managed with minimal or no sedation. Indeed, Strom et al. performed a RCT in which 140 mechanically ventilated patients were randomized to standard sedation or no sedation [2]. In this study patients were randomized to receive no sedation or sedation with propofol for 48 h. After 48 h the sedative was change to an infusion of midazolam. Both groups were treated with bolus doses of morphine (2·5 or 5 mg) as required for pain control. In cases in which delirium was suspected, intravenous haloperidol was given as bolus doses. Patients who received no sedation had greater ventilator and ICU free days with no apparent adverse events. This study dispels the common myth that all patients who require mechanical ventilation should receive sedative medications [3].
States of an Atom in a Laser

As we have seen in the preceding chapter an atom in a laser field is distorted or dressed by the field. Its wave function is changed, its energy shifted, and it has a finite lifetime since the laser can induce transitions among the dressed states. These finite lifetime effects can also be described as widths of the dressed states1 and only when the widths are small compared to the spacings between the energy levels of the dressed states does it make sense to talk about discrete states. For example, if one looks at the fluorescent spectrum emitted by the atom in the laser the lines in the spectrum will have energies determined by the separation of the dressed states and widths determined by the widths of these states. If the widths are as big as the energy separations the lines will merge into a continuum and the picture of discrete dressed states will fail.
Solving Complex Word Problems

Learning outcome: Be able to solve complex EG word problems with irrelevant or missing information and with decimals in the answer. Materials Needed: Diagrams EG and MC Diagram Equation Models Posters EG and MC Word Problem Story Grammar Posters DOTS Checklist Poster Overhead Modelling Modelling Complex Problem Solving 1–4 Student Worksheets Modelling Complex Problem Solving 1–4 Try-it-Out and Independent Worksheet–Solving Complex Problems 5–8 Reference Guide Reference Guide–Solving Complex Problems 1–8
The effectiveness of parking policies to reduce parking demand pressure and car use

Abstract Evaluating the effectiveness of parking policies to relieve parking demand pressure in central areas and to reduce car use requires an investigation of traveler responses to different parking attributes, including the money and time costs associated with parking. Existing parking studies on this topic are inadequate in two ways. First, few studies have modeled parking choice and mode choice simultaneously, thus ignoring the interaction between these two choice realms. Second, existing studies of travel choice behavior have largely focused on the money cost of parking while giving less attention to non-price-related variables such as parking search time and egress time from parking lot to destination. To address these issues, this paper calibrates a joint model of travel mode and parking location choice, using revealed-preference survey data on commuters to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, a large university campus. Key policy variables examined include parking cost, parking search time, and egress time. A comparison of elasticity estimates suggested that travelers were very sensitive to changes in egress time, even more so than parking cost, but they were less sensitive to changes in search time. Travelers responded to parking policies primarily by shifting parking locations rather than switching travel mode. Finally, our policy simulation results imply some synergistic effects between policy measures; that is, when pricing and policy measures that reduce search and egress time are combined, they shape parking demand more than the sum of their individual effects if implemented in isolation.
SiC DC Fast Charger Control for Electric Vehicles

Demand for high-power dc fast chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) is growing. In this paper, an outline and control of a SiC-based 60-kW high-efficiency level-3 dc fast charger is narrated. The three-phase EV ac/dc battery charger is based on the patented differential-mode converter topology. Such differential-mode rectifiers (DMRs) are single-stage ac/dc converters that reduce the number of controlled switching devices and hence, the system cost while achieving higher power density and higher efficiency. A control formulation demonstrating power-factor-correction (PFC) based unity-power-factor (UPF) operation with low total harmonic distortion (THD) is presented. Simulation results containing steady-state operation, transient waveforms with loss analysis, efficiency, and THD parametric plots are presented.
Residential exposure to urban traffic is associated with the poorer neurobehavioral health of Ecuadorian schoolchildren

Abstract Purpose We investigated whether chronic traffic-generated air pollution containing fine and ultrafine particulate matter is associated with reduced neurobehavioral performance and behavioral dysfunction in urban Ecuadorian schoolchildren. Also, we examined the effect of child hemoglobin and sociodemographic risk factors on these neurocognitive outcomes. Methods A convenience sample of healthy children aged 8–14 years attending public schools were recruited in Quito, Ecuador. Child residential proximity to the nearest heavily trafficked road was used as a proxy for traffic-related pollutant exposure. These included high exposure ( Results Children with the highest residential exposure to traffic pollutants ( Conclusion The study findings suggest that children living within 100 m of heavy traffic appear to experience subtle neurobehavioral deficits that may result from fine and ultrafine particulate matter exposure.
Technology and Racist Frameworks in Early Childhood Education

Utilizing Critical Race theory I analyzed empirical data from a larger study that I conducted in 2014 on deficit discourses in early childhood education. In this auxillary project I unpack how the lack of access to technology directly perpetuates a racist framework in our schools. Technology segregation and it's practices further excludes and marginalizes low-income Black children. This study examines one school district and the difference in access and attitudes about access that are a part of taken for granted practices relating to technology. Inequities in fundings via PTO's directly affect five low-income Black children observed throughout this study. Their learning trajectories and inability to make progress are tied to this lack of technology. These findings are more than just about inequities in funding for technology they are about a call for action. Interruptions and disturbances in these racist practices need to be addressed throughout this particular school district and in society itself.
Polarizing brain organoids.

Human brain organoids are endowed with regional topography using engineered signaling centers.