cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovering Modes of an Image Population through Mixture Modeling

We present iCluster, a fast and efficient algorithm that clusters a set of images while co-registering them using a parameterized, nonlinear transformation model. The output is a small number of template images that represent different modes in a population. This is in contrast with traditional approaches that assume a single template to construct atlases. We validate and explore the algorithm in two experiments. First, we employ iCluster to partition a data set of 416 whole brain MR volumes of subjects aged 18-96 years into three sub-groups, which mainly correspond to age groups. The templates reveal significant structural differences across these age groups that confirm previous findings in aging research. In the second experiment, we run iCluster on a group of 30 patients with dementia and 30 age-matched healthy controls. The algorithm produced three modes that mainly corresponded to a sub-population of healthy controls, a sub-population of patients with dementia and a mixture group that contained both types. These results suggest that the algorithm can be used to discover sub-populations that correspond to interesting structural or functional "modes."
Wireless Broadband for Municipal Police: Evaluating Clearance Times of Calls for Service

Though research has explored impacts of mobile computing and information tech- nology on police operations, the literature lacks exploration of large-bandwidth data- sharing technologies that enhance the utility of mobile computing terminals. As part of a federally funded project, the present study employs a longitudinal pre- and postdesign utilizing 7 years of computer-aided dispatch data from a medium-sized municipal police department in the New England region. Pooled time series analyses are employed to examine the effect of wireless broadband implementation on clear- ance time of calls for service. Findings offer tentative support that clearance times for service calls decreased with the implementation of a wireless broadband network. Implementation did not appear to generate differential effects in areas that had experienced past challenges with cellular communication signals. Implications are provided, with an emphasis on the development of additional knowledge on techno- logical evaluations.
The “Grammar Correction” Debate in L2 Writing: Where are we, and where do we go from here? (and what do we do in the meantime …?)

Abstract The efficacy of teacher error/grammar correction in second language writing classes has been the subject of much controversy, including a published debate in an earlier volume of this journal [J. Second Language Writing 8 (1999) 1; J. Second Language Writing 8 (1999) 111]. In this paper, the state-of-the-art in error correction research in L2 writing is described (“Where are we?”), directions for future research are outlined (“Where do we go from here?”) and implications for current L2 composition pedagogy are suggested (“What do we do in the meantime?”). The primary thesis of the paper is that, despite the published debate and several decades of research activity in this area, we are virtually at Square One, as the existing research base is incomplete and inconsistent, and it would certainly be premature to formulate any conclusions about this topic. Thus, findings from previous research on this controversial yet ubiquitous pedagogical issue are recast as “predictions” about what future research might discover, rather than “conclusions” about what the previous research shows us.
Buonocore Memorial Lecture

Abstract For many years, operative dentistry has been using regenerative approaches to treat dental disease. The use of calcium hydroxide to stimulate reparative or reactionary dentin is clearly an example of such a therapeutic strategy. The advent of tissue engineering is allowing dentistry to move forward in the use of regeneration as an underlying principle for the treatment of dental disease. Tissue engineering is a multi-disciplinary science that brings together biology, engineering and clinical sciences with developing new tissues and organs. It is based on fundamental principles that involve the identification of appropriate cells, the development of conducive scaffolds and an understanding of the morphogenic signals required to induce cells to regenerate the tissues that were lost. This review is focused on the presentation and discussion of existing literature that covers the engineering of enamel, dentin and pulp, as well on the engineering of entire teeth. There are clearly major roadblocks to ...
Protective role of fingolimod (FTY720) in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurological emergency with limited pharmacological treatment options. Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key pathogenic contributor to brain injury in this condition. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of the immunomodulatory agent, fingolimod, in rats subjected to SAH. We utilized an endovascular rat perforation model of SAH. Animals were divided into four groups: (1) sham-vehicle; (2) sham-fingolimod; (3) SAH-vehicle; and (4) SAH-fingolimod. Rats received either vehicle solution or fingolimod (0.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 3 hours after sham surgery or SAH. A closed cranial window and intravital microscope system was used at 48 hours to assess neuroinflammation, which was represented by rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocyte trafficking in pial venules, and pial arteriolar dilating responses to a variety of vasodilators, including hypercapnia, and topically-applied acetylcholine, adenosine, and S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine. In addition, motor-sensory function was evaluated. Compared to sham-vehicle rats, SAH-vehicle animals displayed a four-times greater increase in pial venular intraluminal leukocyte adhesion. Treatment with fingolimod largely reduced the intravascular leukocyte adhesion. Vehicle-treated SAH animals displayed a significant decrease in pial arteriolar responses to all the vasodilators tested and vascular reactivity was preserved, to a significant degree, in the presence of fingolimod. In addition, neurological scores obtained at 48 hours post-SAH indicated significant neurological deficits in the vehicle-treated group (versus sham-vehicle surgical control). Those deficiencies were partially reduced by fingolimod (P < 0.0001 compared to the vehicle-treated SAH group). Treatment of rats with fingolimod was associated with a marked limitation in the intravascular adhesion of leukocytes to pial venules, preserved pial arteriolar dilating function, and improved neurological outcome in rats subjected to SAH.
RNA methylation under heat shock control

Structural, biochemical, and genetic techniques were applied to investigate the function of FtsJ, a recently identified heat shock protein. FtsJ is well conserved, from bacteria to humans. The 1.5 A crystal structure of FtsJ in complex with its cofactor S-adenosylmethionine revealed that FtsJ has a methyltransferase fold. The molecular surface of FtsJ exposes a putative nucleic acid binding groove composed of highly conserved, positively charged residues. Substrate analysis showed that FtsJ methylates 23S rRNA within 50S ribosomal subunits in vitro and in vivo. Null mutations in ftsJ show a dramatically altered ribosome profile, a severe growth disadvantage, and a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Our results reveal an unexpected link between the heat shock response and RNA metabolism.
Official Indiscretions: Considering Sex Bargains with Government Informants

This article addresses an alarming new investigatory practice employed by law enforcement officials: requiring arrestees to carry out sexual tasks as confidential informants. Requiring arrestee informants to engage in sexual activities in exchange for a reduction or possible elimination of criminal penalties they might otherwise incur raises constitutional concerns. Informants can and do accept a variety of investigative assignments. But, as this article shows by drawing on sociological research, sex tasks differ fundamentally from more conventional informant undertakings. The importance of this distinction is that while adult individuals undoubtedly can provide consent to sexual matters, the validity of such consent is questionable in view of the coercive context for negotiating these deals. Without authentic consent, an informant who must complete a sex task suffers a violation of her substantive due process right to bodily integrity. Accordingly, this article takes an essential first step towards ensuring effective consent and avoiding constitutional injury by providing an interdisciplinary analysis to address this previously overlooked problem.
Green Building/Site Elements and Attributes

Given the focus of the study, a necessary step was to identify green building features to consider. The following table reflects green building elements and attributes that were selected for this effort based on the literature review and survey responses (see Appendices A, B and C). While this list is extensive, it may not be exhaustive, and it is recommended that the list be updated by future studies as knowledge of other green materials, features, elements and attributes is identified.
Critical review: impacts of macromolecular coatings on critical physicochemical processes controlling environmental fate of nanomaterials

Attachment of engineered and naturally occurring macromolecules greatly affects the environmental fate and toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). A better understanding of macromolecule–ENM interactions at the nanoscale will improve the ability to predict the effects of macromolecular coatings, e.g. natural organic matter (NOM), on ENM fate, reactivity, and toxicity. This review briefly discusses relevant theory from colloid and polymer science for highly idealized polymers on surfaces that can be used to describe ENM environmental behaviors and introduces classes of macromolecules of interest in the field of environmental nanotechnology. Methods to characterize adsorbed macromolecules on ENMs are presented along with their limitations for ENMs in natural systems. Finally, the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of attached organic macromolecules, both engineered and incidental, on the environmental fate and reactivity of ENMs is critically reviewed. These concepts in whole are synthesized to identify the fundamental gaps in understanding and metrology that must be addressed to improve our mechanistic understanding of the effects of organic macromolecules on ENM environmental fate, and approaches to correlate the properties of coated ENMs to their environmental fate are discussed. We postulate that a first principles approach to modeling ENM–macromolecule interactions is not warranted, particularly for complex and heterogeneous natural macromolecules. On the other hand, a mechanistic understanding is needed to inform parameter selection for empirical correlations, which may offer tractable alternatives to predicting the behavior of macromolecule–coated ENMs. Development of these empirical correlations and prediction of the long-term fate of ENMs is currently hampered by incomplete characterization of the adsorbed macromolecule layer properties and their evolution over time in natural systems.
Bonghits4jesus.com? Tracing the Boundaries of Public School Authority Over Student Cyberspeech

As more and more public school students express themselves via email, instant messages, and online communities such as MySpace and Facebook, more and more school administrators reach beyond the schoolhouse gates to censor and punish students for that online expression. While First Amendment jurisprudence provides a framework for determining when a school may censor a student's on-campus speech, authority to regulate off-campus - much less online - speech remains a gray area. Consonant with the Supreme Court's repeated admonition that the school environment itself possesses special characteristics which permit more intrusive regulation of student speech, this Note contends that courts should evaluate the connection between a particular student online expression and the school environment in order to determine whether or not the school has the authority to censor it. In Part I, this Note sets forth the jurisprudential framework whereby schools may censor student speech and examines lower court cases addressing student cyberspeech. Part II demonstrates that the prevailing approach fails utterly to help courts draw meaningful distinctions between which cyberspeech is "student speech" and which is not. Finally, Part III argues that courts should apply the principles of personal jurisdiction to student cyberspeech by analogy to ensure that any school's censorship is supported by minimum contacts between the online speech and the school environment such that the exercise of school power does not offend notions of fair play and substantial justice.
San-Lun Approaches to Emptiness

The word k’ung (empty or emptiness), which is the main theme of Nāgārjuna’s Twelve Gate Treatise, seems to have multiple usages and multiple meanings in Chinese San-lun literature. A variety of implications are well developed in the Chinese master Chi-tsang’s Profound Meaning of Three Treatises (San-lan-hsuan-i) and his The Meaning of Twofold Truth (Erh-ti-i). Both were a result of years of study of Nāgārjuna’s work, including the Twelve Gate Treatise.
Theory of Ω − Decay

The ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ nonleptonic decays are investigated in the framework of a chiral Lagrangian model. In this way, ambiguities of extension of meson momenta to zero which are present in the current-algebra approach are made explicit. We find that these decays may possess a rather complicated structure and a discussion of approximation schemes is given which may help to explain the present experimental data. The approximation of the $\ensuremath{\Xi}2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay mode by ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}$ is also discussed.
Method for separation of human epidermis into cellular and keratinous components.

SummaryA method is described for the separation of human epidermis into a nucleated cellular and into a keratinous component. Estimations of -SH groups and -S-S- bonds in these 2 components support a previous theory that epidermal keratinization starts in the depth of the Malpighian layer.
Vitamin C prevents the acute decline of flow-mediated dilation after altered shear rate patterns

Oscillatory and retrograde shear rate (SR) impairs endothelial function, potentially through shear-induced oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that acute vitamin C supplementation would prevent the attenuation of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after a period of augmented oscillatory and retrograde SR. Twelve healthy men (aged 26 ± 3 years) participated in two 30-min study visits in which one arm was subjected to increased oscillatory and retrograde SR, using 60 mm Hg of forearm cuff compression, and the contralateral arm served as the control. Subjects ingested capsules containing either placebo (sucrose) or vitamin C at 90 and 120 min (1000 mg total vitamin C) prior to cuff compression periods in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. Oscillatory and retrograde SR in the cuffed arms increased during the compression periods in the placebo and vitamin C study visits (p 0.05). Antegrade SR remained unchanged throughout the compression periods (p > 0.05), and mean SR was lower in the cuffed arm than in the control arm for both study visits (p 0.05). No FMD changes were observed in the control arm for either study visit (p > 0.05). These data demonstrate that acute vitamin C supplementation prevents the attenuation of FMD due to altered SR patterns, suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to the oscillatory and retrograde SR-induced impairment of FMD.
Twins for life? A comparative analysis of the Type Ia supernovae 2011fe and 2011by

The nearby Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) 2011fe and 2011by had nearly identical photospheric phase optical spectra, light-curve widths, and photometric colours, but at peak brightness SN 2011by reached a fainter absolute magnitude in all optical bands and exhibited lower flux in the near-ultraviolet (NUV). Based on those data, Foley & Kirshner (2013) argue that the progenitors of SNe 2011by and 2011fe were supersolar and subsolar, respectively, and that SN 2011fe generated 1.7 times the amount of 56Ni as SN 2011by. With this work, we extend the comparison of these SNe Ia to 10 days before and 300 days after maximum brightness with new spectra and photometry. We show that the nebular phase spectra of SNe 2011fe and 2011by are almost identical, and do not support a factor of 1.7 difference in 56Ni mass. Instead, we find it plausible that the Tully-Fisher distance for SN 2011by is an underestimate, in which case these SNe Ia may have reached similar peak luminosity, formed similar amounts of 56Ni, and had lower metallicity progenitors than previously estimated. Regardless of the true distance to SN 2011by, we find that the relative progenitor metallicity difference remains well supported by their disparity in NUV flux, which we show to be even stronger at pre-maximum epochs --- although contributions from differences in total ejecta mass, viewing angle, or progenitor density cannot be ruled out. We also demonstrate that, independent of distance modulus, SN 2011by exhibits a late-time luminosity excess that cannot be explained by a light echo, but is more likely to be the result of greater energy trapping by the nucleosynthetic products of SN 2011by.
Sampling-Based Roadmap Methods for a Visual Reconnaissance UAV ∗

This article considers a path planning problem for a single fixed-wing aircraft performing a reconnaissance mission using EO (Electro-Optical) camera(s). A mathematical formulation of the general aircraft visual reconnaissance problem for static ground targets in terrain is given and it is shown, under simplifying assumptions, that it can be reduced to what we call the PVDTSP (Polygon-Visiting Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem), a variation of the famous TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem). Two algorithms are developed to solve the PVDTSP. They fall into the class of algorithms known as sampling-based roadmap methods because they operate by sampling a finite set of points from a continuous state space in order to reduce a continuous motion planning problem to planning on a finite discrete graph. The first method is resolution complete, which means it provably converges to a nonisolated global optimum as the number of samples grows. The second method achieves slightly shorter computation times by using approximate dynamic programming, but consequently is only guaranteed to converge to a nonisolated global optimum modulo target order. Numerical experiments indicate that, for up to about 20 targets, both methods deliver good solutions suitably quickly for online purposes. Additionally, both algorithms allow trade-off of computation time for solution quality and are shown extensible to handle wind, airspace constraints, any vehicle dynamics, and open-path (vs. closed-tour) problems.
Research of influence of Wenchuan earthquake on endemic fluorosis epidemiology in Gansu Province

Objective To study potential effects of natural disasters such as earthquake disasters on endemic fluorosis epidemiology,so as to provide scientific basis for direct control of endemic fluorosis.Methods On the 100th day after Wenchuan earthquake,with field epidemiology method in counties of Wenxian,Zhouqu,Liangdang,Chengxian and Huixian in Gansu Province,40 water samples in each county were collected from different water resources included the mountain spring,well water and valley water,meanwhile situation of water changes was investigated.The content of fluoride in drinking water was determined by F-ion selective electrode.Results Out of the water samples,201 distributed at 92 villages of 5 towns in the 5 counties.There were 61 water samples of well water,83 of mountain spring and 57 of valley water.6 samples included 2 samples of well water and 4 samples of the mountain spring had water fluoride content over 1.00 mg/L,accounting for 2.99%(6/201),and the fluoride content averaged 1.35 mg/L(1.05-1.72 mg/L),and covered 767 people.Among 7 villages of endemic fluorosis area,there was 1 project of water-improvement project worked normally with water fluoride content of 1.72 mg/L at another village of historical light endemic fluorosis areas.Water resource of 18 sites in Wenxian County and 21 sites in Liangdang County of the mountain spring had changed and 2 sites in Wenxian County had water fluoride content over 1.00 mg/L.Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in local ring would be potential danger after earthquake,so the long-term mechanism of endemic fluorosis control and prevention should be established by the government.
Dueling Experiences and Dual Ambivalences: Emotional and Motivational Ambivalence of Women in High Status Positions

A laboratory study demonstrates that women in high status positions experience emotional ambivalence (simultaneous experience of positive and negative affect) and motivational ambivalence (simultaneous desires to build relationships and display power). These effects were found with 2 different measures of ambivalence, 1 derived from the attitudinal ambivalence literature and the other from the structure of affect literature. These findings have implications about the experience of women in the workplace, as well as the current debates concerning structure of affect.
Projecting the Impact of the Affordable Care Act Provisions on Accessibility and Availability of Primary Care Providers for the Adult Population in Georgia.

Objectives. To evaluate how met need for accessibility and availability of primary care among nonelderly individuals in Georgia will be affected by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) over the next 10 years.Methods. We used a stock-and-flow model to predict the number of available visits from 2013 to 2025, regression models to project needed visits, and an optimization model to estimate met need. The outputs of these models were used to estimate unmet need and the availability and accessibility of primary care.Results. Our findings showed that the number of primary care providers will increase by 9.2% to 11.7% by 2025 and that the number of needed visits will increase by 20%. Under Medicaid expansion, the percentage of met need will increase from 67% to 80%. Accessibility will improve by 20% under expansion, and availability will decrease by 13% to 19% under expansion.Conclusions. The ACAs’ provisions will reduce unmet need and positively affect accessibility while reducing availability i...
Incremental Dynamic Analyses of Steel Moment Resisting Frames with Superelastic Viscous Dampers

This study aims to evaluate the seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames upgraded with shape memory alloy (SMA)-based self-centering viscous dampers. The superelastic viscous damper (SVD) relies on SMA cables for re-centering capability and employs viscoelastic (VE) damper that consists of two layers of a high damped (HD) blended butyl elastomer compound to augment its energy dissipation capacity. First, the design and mechanical behavior of SVDs are described. A nine-story steel frame building is selected for the numerical analyses. The building is analyzed as (1) a conventional special moment resisting frame (SMRF), (2) a dual SMRF-buckling restrained brace (BRB) system, and (3) a SMRF with SVDs. A model of the steel building for each configuration is developed to determine the dynamic response of the structure. The incremental dynamic analysis is used to evaluate the behavior of each building under seven ground-motion records. The analytical results indicate that the SVDs improve the response of steel frame buildings under different level of seismic hazards.
The War Documentary: Restrepo and the Synecdoche of Masculinity

Chapter 3 distills the documentary war film, which, on the one hand, attempts to deconstruct the perils of war, and on the other, still manages to reinscribe the tropes of brotherhood, bravery, and masculinity. As a genre, documentaries about war are often problematic because they straddle the fine line of revealing truth through photographic evidence and manipulating those same photographic images to espouse a myopic, political position.
Calm Water Mechanics

This chapter reviews some of the physical characteristics of planing, some well known and well understood and others not well known nor well understood. The FORTRAN program VsSea has been used in supporting this undertaking. VsSea is useful in establishing orders of magnitude of performance variables, but like all engineering tools, it cannot be expected to produce precision, and engineering precision is not needed for engineering design of planing craft. As versatile as it is, VsSea does not deal with time-varying boat speed except in a quasi-static approximation where the speed varies discontinuously in steps of steady speed.
“Dangerous Streets”: Sexual Assassination, Impunity and Industrial Zones in Ciudad Juárez

In this chapter, it is argued that a lack of social investment in neighborhood public security and equipment, a failure of private security and a lack of vetting of public and private security personnel for sexual violence facilitated sexual assassinations in three main specific mixed industrial neighborhoods zones in Juarez: the Poniente [West], South/South-East and the Border. A spatial analysis finds that lethal sexual assaults upon girls, teens and women engaged in routine activities (walking to and from school and work) took place on public streets and unlighted foot pathways in all zones. In the Poniente, frequently-used pedestrian pathways along abandoned railroad land corridors to and from urban industrial parks greatly increased the risk for sexual assassination. In the South/South-Eastern zones, sexual assassination also took place near the railroad corridor, federal lands and maquiladora plants located at uninhabited areas of the city. Very high levels of impunity in the criminal justice system particularly fueled blitz auto abductions and produced “pockets of opportunity” for repetitive crimes at the neighborhood level in all zones.
Carbon cycle: Ocean dissolved organics matter

Large quantities of organic carbon are stored in the ocean, but its biogeochemical behaviour is elusive. Size–age–composition relations now quantify the production of tiny organic molecules as a major pathway for carbon sequestration.
Co-Occurrence of and Recovery from Substance Abuse and Lifespan Victimization: A Qualitative Study of Female Residents in Trauma-Informed Sober Living Homes

ABSTRACTDespite the co-occurrence of substance use disorders (SUDs) and domestic and/or sexual violence (DSV) in the lives of women, there remains a dearth of research on how and why these phenomena intersect as well as the role that trauma-informed sober living homes (SLHs) may play in promoting recovery. Following a detailed description of a unique trauma-informed SLH (Support, Education, Empowerment, and Directions [SEEDs]), we present findings from a qualitative study that documented the perceptions and lived experiences of 28 female current or former residents of a trauma-informed SLH; all women had histories of SUDs and DSV. Results uncovered four themes (fractured foundations, points of intersection of SUDs and DSV, pervasiveness of SUDS and DSV, resiliency) and a constitutive pattern (moving away from instability and harnessing self-agency). Women noted that their engagement with SEEDs played a significant role in their recovery, specifically through fulfilling their needs for tangible resources (...
Primary CNS lymphoma; a review of the University of Michigan experience 2004-2013.

e13012 Background: Evidence supports high dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), rituximab, and cytarabine treatment for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), but no regimen is standard. Since 2004, t...
Outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer.

92Background: The use of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) after neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (NCR) and surgery for esophageal cancer is controversial. The purpose of this study is determine if AC is associated with an overall survival (OS) benefit after NCR. Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried to identify esophageal cancer patients who underwent NCR and surgery between 2006 and 2013 and stratified by treatment with AC. Propensity score matching was utilized against age, pathologic tumor and nodal stage, histology, and margin status. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analysis was used to determine OS benefit. Univariate (UVA) and multivariate (MVA) was performed with Cox proportional hazard ratio analysis. Results: We identified 1816 patients. AC was associated with improved OS. The median and 3-year OS for AC versus none was 36.4 months and 50% versus 30.9 months and 45%, respectively, (p = 0.02), however, the benefit was restricted to node positive (N+) patients. The median and 3-year OS for AC versus n...
Discovery of Specific Antigens That Can Predict Microfilarial Intensity in Loa loa Infection.

Antigen-based immunoassays are currently needed for point-of-care quantification of Loa loa microfilariae (mf). Coupling transcriptomic approaches with bioinformatic analysis, we have identified 11 specific putative proteins (coding mRNAs) with potential utility as biomarkers of patent (mf + ) L. loa infection. We successfully developed antigen capture immunoassays to quantify 2 (LOAG_14221 and LOAG_15846) of these proteins in individual plasma/serum samples. Of the 2 quantifiable circulating biomarkers, LOAG_14221 showed the highest degree of specificity, particularly with a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. Moreover, the levels of LOAG_14221 in L. loa mf + patients were positively correlated to the mf densities in the corresponding blood samples (r = 0.53 and P = 0.008 for polyclonal assay; r = 0.54 and P = 0.004 for monoclonal assay). Thus, LOAG_14221 is a very promising biomarker that will be exploited in a quantitative point-of-care immunoassay for determination of L. loa mf densities.
A factor study of the traits of the dionne quintuplets

From data presented by Blatz (1) the writer determined the rank order of the Dionne quintuplets on 23 mental, physical and social traits. Rank order correlations were computed and the matrix factored by the centroid method. It was found that 4 factors will account for all the intercorrelations and for 100 per cent of the variance of every trait. Simple structure, however, could not be obtained. Consequently a psychological description of only one factor, alleged to be a maturational process, is attempted. Its relative contributions to different traits are summarized.
White Conceptions of Racial Hierarchy: Temporary versus Permanent Preferences

Ideas of race, racial identity, and racial categorization, reflect the inconsistent, context-specific and fluctuating nature of racial meaning (Nagel, 1986; Forbes, 1990; Davis, 1991; Nagel, 1994; Haney-Lopez, 1995; Ignatiev, 1995; Kibria, 1996,1998; Niven & Zilber, 2000; Morning, 2001; Lacy, 2004). Studies of racial hierarchy, specifically, enable an understanding of not only the social construction of race, but also the manner in which ideas of race operate to influence human reality.” Within the United States, race “permeates the lives of the native-born and immigrants alike” (Bashi & McDaniel, 1997, p. 686, see also Bashi, 1998). More specifically, a continuum between white and black persists and is a critical conceptual schema grounding the many manifestations of racism in the United States. This white-to-black continuum is hierarchical as well with whites at the top and blacks at the bottom (Feagin, 2000, p. 220). While the specific history of the United States facilitates this hierarchy, it has also been found beyond the borders of the United States (Small, 1994, Twine, 1998).
Synchronous machine field excitation utilizing a single phase matrix converter excited rotary transformer

This paper introduces a single-phase matrix converter (SPMC) excited rotary transformer system to replace the slip rings of traditional wound field synchronous machine (WFSM). Compared to an inverter excited rotary transformer system, the matrix converter is compact due to the absence of a bulky DC Link capacitor. In this paper, the proposed SPMC uses a new constant volts per Hz modulation method that generates a medium frequency voltage waveform to reduce the size and loss of a rotary transformer. The new modulation method maintains the flux in the rotary transformer over each switching cycle to be a nearly constant value so that the loss and the size of the rotary transformer are minimized. A new commutation strategy is also developed by the authors to ensure safe commutation of the converter switches. Simulation results for the proposed excitation system are discussed and verified by hardware prototypes of the matrix converter with two different types of topologies.
Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure Refocusing on the Myocardial Interstitium

New therapeutic targets, agents, and strategies are needed to prevent and treat heart failure (HF) after a decade of failed research efforts to improve long-term patient outcomes, especially in patients after hospitalization for HF. Conceptually, an accurate assessment of left ventricular structure is an essential step in the development of novel therapies because heterogeneous pathophysiologies underlie chronic HF and hospitalization for HF. Improved left ventricular characterization permits the identification and targeting of the intrinsic fundamental disease-modifying pathways that culminate in HF. Interstitial heart disease is one such pathway, characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) expansion that is associated with mechanical, electrical, and vasomotor dysfunction and adverse outcomes. Previous landmark trials that appear to treat interstitial heart disease were effective in improving outcomes. Advances in cardiovascular magnetic resonance now enable clinicians and researchers to assess the interstitium and quantify ECM expansion using extracellular volume fraction measures and other derangements in cardiovascular structure. These capabilities may provide a mechanistic platform to advance understanding of the role of the ECM, foster the development of novel therapeutics, and target specific disease-modifying pathways intrinsic to the ventricle. Refocusing on the interstitium may potentially improve care through the identification and targeted treatment of key patient subgroups.
PUF Modeling Attack using Active Learning

Along with the rapid development of hardware security techniques, the revolutionary growth of countermeasures or attacking methods developed by intelligent and adaptive adversaries have significantly complicated the ability to create secure hardware systems. Thus, there is a critical need to (re)evaluate existing or new hardware security techniques against these state-of-the-art attacking methods. With this in mind, this paper presents a novel framework for incorporating active learning techniques into hardware security field. We demonstrate that active learning can significantly improve the learning efficiency of physical unclonable function (PUF) modeling attack, which samples the least confident and the most informative challenge-response pair (CRP) for training in each iteration. For example, our experimental results show that in order to obtain a prediction error below 4%, 2790 CRPs are required in passive learning, while only 811 CRPs are required in active learning. The sampling strategies and detailed applications of PUF modeling attack under various environmental conditions are also discussed. When the environment is very noisy, active learning may sample a large number of mislabeled CRPs and hence result in high prediction error. We present two methods to mitigate the contradiction between informative and noisy CRPs.
Weighted Fractional Leibniz-Type Rules for Bilinear Multiplier Operators

We prove weighted fractional Leibniz-type rules for Coifman–Meyer and biparameter Coifman–Meyer multiplier operators. Mapping properties of such operators in the scale of weighted Sobolev spaces then follow. Our results constitute natural extensions of the estimates corresponding to a multiplier identically equal to one and, even in this situation, they lead to new weighted inequalities.
Study of agents for the prevention of the fatty liver produced by prolonged alcohol intake.

Summary To test their effectiveness in the prevention of alcoholic fatty liver, various agents were added to nutritionally adequate liquid diets, containing 36% of calories as ethanol or sucrose, fed to rats for 24 days. Large amounts of additives (α - tocopherol, 0.5; N,N'-dipheny 1- p -phenylenediamine (DPPD), 1.5; asparagine, 10 mg per cal), reported by others to protect against steatosis following a single large dose of ethanol were found to be ineffective in preventing the fatty liver produced by prolonged ethanol intake. Similarly, cyanocobalamin, 0.0005; methylene blue, 0.125; menadione, 0.5; carnitine, 1.0; and inositol, 2.5 mg per cal were ineffective. In contrast, partial protection was achieved with large amounts of DL-methionine or choline (2.5 and 5 mg per cal), with an average 70 to 80% reduction in triglyceride accumulation. This effect may be considered as "pharmacological," since the basic diet already contained methionine, 1.5, and choline, 0.25 mg per cal, amounts of lipotropes reported to fully protect against steatosis from choline deficient diets. The incomplete protection also suggests that prolonged ethanol intake produces steatosis through effects other than or in addition to those related to lipotrope metabolism. A 72% decrease in hepatic triglyceride accumulation after ethanol was also obtained by isocaloric replacement of the regular long chain dietary triglycerides (41% of calories) by medium chain triglycerides (MCT).
The Failed Anastomosis

Leak and stricture are two ways an anastomosis can fail. Prevention and avoidance depend upon an understanding of why our current techniques fail. Risk factors for leak are related to both the patient and underlying disease, all of which ultimately affect the healing process. A thorough understanding of this knowledge can help to prevent or diminish the impact of a leak by performing upfront selective proximal diversion. New techniques may also be able to prevent leaks. When leaks do occur, it is important to make a timely diagnosis. Initial management depends on the severity of symptoms, location of the anastomosis, and presence of diversion. Ineffective treatment of leaks can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, even in patients who are diverted. A minimally invasive approach with stenting, percutaneous drainage, and bowel rest may be sufficient in certain patients, while others require formal exploration. For patients that develop a stricture, symptoms will dictate the need for intervention. Symptomatic stenosis should be treated, with most amenable to finger dilation or simple endoscopic dilation methods.
The contribution of hormone sensitive lipase to adipose tissue lipolysis and its regulation by insulin in periparturient dairy cows

Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) activation is part of the metabolic adaptations to the negative energy balance common to the mammalian periparturient period. This study determined HSL contribution to adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis and how insulin regulates its activity in periparturient dairy cows. Subcutaneous AT (SCAT) samples were collected at 11 d prepartum (dry) and 11 (fresh) and 24 d (lactation) postpartum. Basal and stimulated lipolysis (ISO) responses were determined using explant cultures. HSL contribution to lipolysis was assessed using an HSL inhibitor (CAY). Basal lipolysis was higher in SCAT at dry compared with fresh. CAY inhibited basal lipolysis negligibly at dry, but at fresh and lactation it reduced basal lipolysis by 36.1 ± 4.51% and 43.1 ± 4.83%, respectively. Insulin inhibited lipolysis more pronouncedly in dry compared to fresh. Results demonstrate that HSL contribution to basal lipolysis is negligible prepartum. However, HSL is a major driver of SCAT lipolytic responses postpartum. Lower basal lipolysis postpartum suggests that reduced lipogenesis is an important contributor to fatty acid release from SCAT. Loss of adipocyte sensitivity to the antilipolytic action of insulin develops in the early lactation period and supports a state of insulin resistance in AT of cows during the first month postpartum.
Trip Energy Estimation Methodology and Model Based on Real-World Driving Data for Green-Routing Applications:

A data-informed model to predict energy use for a proposed vehicle trip has been developed in this paper. The methodology leverages roughly one million miles of real-world driving data to generate ...
Multiplane Intracardiac Echocardiography: A Novel System to Guide Percutaneous Tricuspid Repair.

A 79-year-old man with a history of long-standing atrial fibrillation and surgical annuloplasty for mitral valve prolapse presented with ascites and lower extremity edema refractory to diuretics and serial paracenteses. Transthoracic echocardiography confirmed the presence of severe tricuspid
Disruptive Technologies and Innovations in Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief: An Integrative Approach

In our previous chapters, we defined the nature of an array of innovation processes as well as their applications and development for humanitarian medicine. But once again, we have merely scratched the surface when it comes to the boundless potential for innovation in humanitarian response and management. In particular, we are currently in the midst of huge tangential shift in disaster response and mitigation responses employed by multilateral agencies. This is of course thanks to the rapid advancement and integration of novel technologies and user interfaces that hold promise in changing how we as humans respond to conflict and disaster. In this chapter, we take a holistic approach in examining a spectrum of disruptive technologies and innovation that seek to propel a new era of humanitarian medicine and the alleviation of human suffering. These innovations encompass an array of fields ranging from data collection and crisis management to the integration of mobile health (mHealth) applications and blockchain platforms to better treat refugees and conflict victims. What is fascinating is that each one of these innovations has the innate capacity to revolutionize the humanitarian relief paradigm. But when these innovations are put together, they create a highly dynamic, functional innovation ecosystem that serves as an impetus for unlimited value-creation and problem-solution discovery.
Book Review: Imagining the Americas in Medici Florence by Lia Markey

Imagining the Americas in Medici Florence , by Lia Markey. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2016, 264 pp., 68 color and 58 b/w illus. $79.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-271-07115-2. Reviewed by Sean Roberts. Particularly in the case of the early modern period, the so-called global turn in art
Defining picky eating and its relationship to feeding behaviors and weight status.

We assessed the individual constructs that comprise “picky eaters” and determined the relationship of each construct to parental perception of their child’s weight status, parental pressure-to-eat, and the child’s body mass index z-score (BMIz). We developed a questionnaire including 7 commonly used measures of picky eating, which was completed by parents of 2–8 year-olds in pediatric clinics. We performed exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and model fit. Regression models assessed the association of each picky eating factor to weight perception, pressure-to-eat, and BMIz. We identified three distinct picky eating factors: trying new foods, eating sufficient quantity, and desire for specific food preparation. Each factor had Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7 and acceptable model fit. No factors were associated with weight perception. Parents who were more concerned their child did not eat enough were more likely to pressure-to-eat, and these children had lower BMIz. These components of picky eating should be addressed by primary care providers.
A Four-year Analysis of Labor Trafficking Cases in the United States: Exploring Characteristics and Labor Trafficking Patterns

The scope of labor trafficking in the United States has been difficult to estimate due to a number of factors including the hidden nature of the crimes of labor trafficking. This study explores a c...
Nanometric targeting of type 9 adenylyl cyclase in heart

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) convert ATP into the classical second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Cardiac ACs, specifically AC5, AC6, and AC9, regulate cAMP signaling controlling functional outcomes such as heart rate, contractility and relaxation, gene regulation, stress responses, and glucose and lipid metabolism. With so many distinct functional outcomes for a single second messenger, the cell creates local domains of cAMP signaling to correctly relay signals. Targeting of ACs to A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) not only localizes ACs, but also places them within signaling nanodomains, where cAMP levels and effects can be highly regulated. Here we will discuss the recent work on the structure, regulation and physiological functions of AC9 in the heart, where it accounts for <3% of total AC activity. Despite the small contribution of AC9 to total cardiac cAMP production, AC9 binds and regulates local PKA phosphorylation of Yotiao-IKs and Hsp20, demonstrating a role for nanometric targeting of AC9.
Sodium Nitroprusside-Enhanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improves Blood Flow by Pulmonary Vasodilation Leading to Higher Oxygen Requirements.

Highlights •SNPeCPR improves coronary perfusion pressure, tissue perfusion, and carotid blood flow compared to epinephrine-based standard advanced cardiac life support. •In a porcine model of prolonged resuscitation, SNPeCPR was associated with decreased arterial oxygen saturation but improved tissue oxygen delivery due to improvement in blood flow. •Oxygen supplementation led to alleviation of hypoxemia and maintenance of the SNPeCPR hemodynamic benefits. •Arterial oxygen saturation must be a safety endpoint that will be prospectively assessed in the first SNPeCPR clinical trial in humans.
Translating and Transgendering Orestes in Early Modern England

In early modern theatres, beyond his appearances in productions of classical plays, Orestes featured in new plays by writers including Pickering, Chettle, Dekker, Heywood, and Goffe, as well as ins...
Shaping the Future of Exercise Oncology

The field of exercise oncology has grown exponentially over the past decade. Despite this, there remain many unanswered questions regarding primary and secondary prevention, mechanisms by which exercise may prevent cancer incidence, mortality, or adverse effects. There are multiple symptoms and side effects for which there is evidence of efficacy, and just as many for which there is a need for more evidence to establish the efficacy of exercise for prevention, treatment, or remediation. Key among these is treatment efficacy and tolerance and chemotherapy completion rate. There is promising evidence that prehabilitation (exercise prior to treatment) has meaningful benefit for clinical outcomes. Finally, given the mounting evidence of exercise benefits for people living with and beyond cancer, there is a pressing need for behavioral research, implementation science, and policy research to translate this evidence base into practice.