cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of systems with consumers that maintain a constant ratio of intake rates of two resources

Abstract This article explores the population dynamics that result when either one- or two-consumer populations optimally exploit two nutritionally complementary or nonsubstitutable resources. It is assumed that the capture rates of the two resources are negatively related, the resources are self-reproducing, and the consumers adjust their capture rates to maximize individual fitness. The result is that consumers maintain a constant ratio of intake rates of the two resources. A model with a single-consumer and two logistically growing resources is analyzed. It is shown that different parameter values can result in a single stable equilibrium, a single unstable equilibrium, or three equilibria. When there are three equilibria, the one with intermediate resource densities is always an unstable node. At least one of the other two equilibria is locally stable. The third equilibrium may be locally stable, locally unstable, and surrounded by a limit cycle or more complex attractor, or may be globally unstable. Increasing consumer death rates in these systems may result in counterintuitive behavior that includes increasing equilibrium or average consumer population size. Modifications of the single-consumer models to include time lags in consumer response or different resource growth functions extends the possible behavior to include 2 alternative limit cycles. Two-consumer models have a single equilibrium point, which is unstable when the resource density at the equilibrium point is sufficiently low. The cycles that occur in such systems may be complex in form, and often involve highly correlated changes in the populations of the two competing consumers. Two competitively equal consumers with very different resource utilization may be unable to coexist in such models, and invasion analysis is inadequate to determine whether consumers will coexist. Several other unusual features of these consumer-resource models are discussed.
Recurrent pole-to-pole movements of the sex chromosome during prometaphase I in Melanoplus differentials spermatocytes

1. The behavior of the X-chromosome in Melanoplus differentialis during the spermatocyte prometaphase-metaphase I has been studied in living and in fixed material. 2. During this time the X usually makes several movements from one pole to the other. With few exceptions these movements cover the whole interpolar distance without pauses or reversals of direction. The kinetochore leads the way to the pole. In a single cell the path of the X is usually the same in all the pole-to-pole movements, and the velocity of movement shows little change as prometaphase progresses. Kinetochore and spindle fiber reorientation precede each pole-to-pole trip. The one unpredictable feature is the length of time spent at a pole before beginning another movement. 3. The results are considered in relation to the congression, orientation, and distribution behavior of prometaphase chromosomes generally. It is concluded that our present conceptions of chromosome orientation and distribution cannot explain these processes in the X-chromosome. The information now available is consistent with the conception that X-chromosome movements are the result of forces whose direction and origin are the same as those producing autosomal congression. X-chromosome behavior is consistent with the view that poleward forces involved in congression decline during prometaphase.
Optical treatment reduces amblyopia in astigmatic children who receive spectacles before kindergarten.

Objective To examine the effect of spectacle correction of astigmatism during preschool on best-corrected recognition visual acuity (VA), grating VA, and meridional amblyopia (difference between acuity for vertical versus horizontal gratings) once the children reach kindergarten. Design Comparative case series. Participants Seventy-three astigmatic (right eye ≥1.50 diopters [D] cylinder) Native American (Tohono O'odham) children 5 to 7 years of age. All had with-the-rule astigmatism. In 28 children, the astigmatism was simple myopic, compound myopic, or mixed (M/MA), and in 45 children, it was simple or compound hyperopic (HA). Intervention Thirty-nine children (Treated Group) had spectacle correction of refractive error, prescribed for full-time wear, in preschool (0.8–2.4 years before testing). Thirty-four children (Untreated Group) had no prior correction. Main Outcome Measure Comparison of Treated versus Untreated Groups for mean best-corrected right-eye recognition VA, measured with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart and the Lea Symbols chart, for grating VA, measured with modified Teller acuity card stimuli, and for meridional amblyopia, based on grating acuity results. Results Mean ETDRS VA was significantly better in the Treated Group (20/37) than in the Untreated Group (20/48; P Conclusions Spectacle correction during the preschool years results in a significant improvement in best-corrected letter recognition acuity in astigmatic children by the time they reach kindergarten. However, grating acuity was not improved and magnitude of meridional amblyopia was not reduced in children who had received early spectacle correction. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
The Central American Republics.

This survey of Central American history, includes the five republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica. There is a summary of events in 1960-62, with special reference to Central American economic collaboration, the role of the United States, and the reluctance of the local moneyed class to give up its privileged position.
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE SCOPE AND IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN HUMAN SUBSISTENCE

A CONSIDERABLE body of research, classified academically as the field of food habits, has accumulated in the past decade. Since the problems in this literature extend from anthropogeography to psychodynamics, it is possible to describe the field in somewhat broader terms. For the purposes of this paper, therefore, we will define it provisionally as: research in the area of subsistence in nonliterate, rural and urban societies, from the standpoint of environmental, social, economic, cultural, socio-psychological, and psychological categories, and the interrelations of these.' The objectives of this paper are as follows: (a) To describe and classify the structure and problem areas of social scientific research in subsistence; (b) to point out the valuational and political2 implications of such research and its application in human affairs; (c) to approach a definition of the social role of the scientist in so applying this knowledge.3
A decade (1991–2000) of increasing incidence of endoscopic and histologic Barrett's esophagus (BE) at a single academic medical center

Purpose: BE is being diagnosed increasingly by endoscopists. The aim of this study was to determine whether increased EGD reporting of BE can be confirmed histologically, and whether it represents a true increasing incidence of BE or is the result of increasing number of EGDs.
Kernel estimators of density function of directional data

Abstract Let X be a unit vector random variable taking values on a k-dimensional sphere Ω with probability density function f(x). The problem considered is one of estimating f(x) based on n independent observation X1,…,Xn on X. The proposed estimator is of the form f n (x) = (nh k−1 ) −1 C(h) Σ i=1 n K[ (1−x′X i ) h 2 ] , x ∈ Ω , where K is a kernel function defined on R+. Conditions are imposed on K and f to prove pointwise strong consistency, uniform strong consistency, and strong L1-norm consistency of fn as an estimator of f.
Measuring the Impact of Inner City Markets on CBD Retail Sales

(1980). MEASURING THE IMPACT OF INNER CITY MARKETS ON CBD RETAIL SALES. Urban Geography: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 130-140.
Reintegrating family therapy training in psychiatric residency programs: making the case.

Given the marginalization of couples and family therapy in psychiatric residency programs over the past two decades, the authors propose a rationale for the reintegration of these important psychosocial treatments into the mainstream of general psychiatric residency education. After reviewing recent trends in the field that call for a more prominent role for couples and family therapy in residency training, the authors summarize the literature on family therapy training in psychiatry over the past four decades. Because biopsychosocial systemic thinking provides a powerful framework for looking at multiple levels of systems and their interrelationships, developing a strong family-systems perspective and acquiring basic “family skills” represent the minimum requirement for general psychiatric training. The authors argue for the addition of couples and family therapy to the five required psychotherapy competencies defined by the residency review committee in psychiatry. A rationale for a family-systems training model is proposed with the objective of encouraging residency programs to integrate the family-systems model more fully into their curricula.
Genomics In Premature Infants: A Non-Invasive Strategy To Obtain High-Quality DNA

We used a cost-effective, non-invasive method to obtain high-quality DNA from buccal epithelial-cells (BEC) of premature infants for genomic analysis. DNAs from BEC were obtained from premature infants with gestational age ≤ 36 weeks. Short terminal repeats (STRs) were performed simultaneously on DNA obtained from the buccal swabs and blood from the same patient. The STR profiles demonstrated that the samples originated from the same individual and exclude any contamination by external DNAs. Whole exome sequencing was performed on DNAs obtained from BEC on premature infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis, and successfully provided a total number of reads and variants corroborating with those obtained from healthy blood donors. We provide a proof of concept that BEC is a reliable and preferable source of DNA for high-throughput sequencing in premature infants.
In vitro selection of non-cross hybridizing oligonucleotides for computation

Since they minimize errors from cross-hybridizations, DNA oligonucleotides that anneal as designed are beneficial to DNA computing. By in vitro selection, huge libraries of non-crosshybridizing oligonucleotides might be evolved in the test tube. As a first step, a fitness function corresponding to non-crosshybridization was based upon the duplex stability of randomly matched oligonucleotides. By melting pairs that have a low thermal stability, a protocol based on DNA polymerization selectively amplifies maximally mismatched oligonucleotides over those that were more closely matched. Experiments confirmed this property of the protocol, and in addition, a reaction temperature window was identified in which discrimination between matched and mismatched might be obtained. The protocol was iterated on a set of random starting material, and there was evidence that non-crosshybridizing libraries were in fact being created. These results are a step toward practical manufacture of very large libraries of non-crosshybridizing oligonucleotides in the test tube.
Insertional mutagenesis of the murine cytomegalovirus genome: One prominent α gene (ie2) is dispensable for growth

Abstract We have utilized insertional mutagenesis to investigate the functional importance of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) immediate early (IE or α) region 2 (ie2) in replication. We constructed a recombinant virus, RM408, that carries the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under transcriptional control of the MCMV α promoter/enhancer inserted within the ie2 transcription unit. RM408 carries the first defined genetic mutation in a specific CMV gene. After infection of NIH3T3 cells, RM408 expressed β-galactosidase in abundance and with kinetics indistinguishable from those of the natural ie1 gene product which is left intact in the recombinant. We detected no expression from the ie2 region in RM408-infected cells. Growth kinetics, yield, and expression of other viral genes in RM408 was similar to wild-type MCMV, indicating that the ie2 gene product was nonessential for growth in cell culture.
Structural principles of the hydrated polyborates

Abstract The principles governing the structures of the stable hydrated polyborates are postulated on the basis of an analysis of the known configurations. The fundamental unit of the polyanionic structures is a trimeric ring containing both trigonal and tetrahedral boron atoms. The formation of the tetramer, pentamers, etc. and long-chain polyanions results from the fusion of two or more rings at the tetrahedral boron atoms, or from dehydration.
On the Reliability of Meta-Analytic Reviews: The Role of Intercoder Agreement

clusters of coded variables. These clusters form a hierarchy in which the correctness of coding decisions at a given level of the hierarchy is contingent on decisions made at higher levels. Two separate studies of intercoder agreement in meta-analysis are presented to assess the validity of the model.
Defying the perpetual exception: culture and power in South Asian Islam

In a recent anthology of writings on Muslim South Asian culture and history,1 Barbara Metcalf discusses South Asia’s frequent casting as ‘marginal’ to the historical and cultural centres of the Isl...
Results of primary tendon repair with closure of the tendon sheath.

This study reports the results of primary flexor tendon repair combined with closure of the tendon sheath in 31 Zone 2 injuries. In 3 digits, the profundus tendon alone was divided. IN a further 7 digits, one tendon was completely divided and the other was incompletely divided. The remaining 21 digits involved complete division of both tendons. Assessment of the results according to the total active motion (TAM) system found 86% of the repairs in the excellent, good and fair categories. Two ruptures occurred (6%). A second assessment employed the criteria of Strickland, excluding the motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The results obtained following suture of both tendons were: excellent (39%); good (36%); fair (14%); poor (4%); and rupture (7%). These results lend support to the belief that closure of the tendon sheath dereases external adhesion formation and improves motion without increasing the risks of rupture.
Unidirectional fiber–polymer composites: Swelling and modulus anisotropy

The solvent swelling of unidirectional rubber–fiber composites was studied. The amount of matrix swelling was constrained to the extent that would be predicted from the thermodynamic theories of elasticity and polymer–solvent interaction. The geometry of swelling was found to be orthotropic in nature. A simple trigonometric function was derived to relate linear deformation due to swelling to the angle which the direction of its measurement makes with the fiber direction. The validity of the derivation was demonstrated experimentally. Considering swelling to be the imposition of tensile forces of equal magnitude in all directions, and considering a swelling-induced linear deformation to be analogous to a tensile compliance, a simple set of relationships between elastic parameters and their direction of measurement was derived: where Eθ, Gθ, vθ, and ηθ are Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and the shear coupling ratio measured in a longitudinal transverse plane at an angle with the fiber direction, respectively, and EL, GLT, and θLT are the longitudinal Young's modulus, the longitudinal transverse shear modulus, and the longitudinal transverse Poisson ratio, respectively. Further simplifying the case of combined transverse isotropy and special orthotropy was the conclusion that 1/GLT = 1/ET + (1 + 2vLT)/EL. The relationships for G and E were experimentally demonstrated.
Teaching computers and the humanities courses: A survey

This is the fifth in a series of surveys of computer courses for humanists published by Computers and the Humanities.' These have been undertaken to provide information about past and existing courses to those who might be designing a course on the use of the computer for humanists. This information is intended to help avoid past mistakes and to build on past successes. Although the form used in the present survey (see Appendix A) is almost identical to that used in the 1978 survey,2 the method of reporting the results is quite different. With 346 courses reported to date (210 in U.S. 136 non-U.S.), only limited treatment can be given in this paper: some overall statistics on the numbers of courses offered by deparments, the texts used, the types of equipment available, and the programming languages taught. More questionnaires continue to trickle in and the number of reported courses-including those mentioned in the literature3, at conferences, or in the responses to the survey-should reach well over 400. To distribute this information, a clearinghouse is being established by the Association for Computers and the Humanities. The present plan for this clearinghouse is that the entire database of survey information, along with other information on computer courses for humanists gathered from the literature, will be provided on a floppy disk along with a shareware database program. This will allow access to all of the desired information, cross-tabulated to in-
Muscles of mastication in small children : An electromyographic analysis

The temporalis, masseter, and depressor muscles of fifteen normal children were studied electromyographically to determine their activities during the position of resting tonus, during various movements of the mandible, and during the act of swallowing. Analysis of our results led to the following conclusions: 1. Resting tonus of the mandible does not depend on neuromuscular activity in the three portions of the temporalis, masseter, and depressor muscle group; they were inactive bilaterally. 2. Opening of the jaw either slowly or maximally, and against resistance, is brought about by the contraction of the depressor muscle group. 3. Closing of the jaw quickly is brought about mainly by greater contraction of the masseter muscle, and slightly by contraction of the temporalis. 4. Closing the jaw quickly with occlusal contact of the teeth is effected by the temporalis and masseter muscles. 5. Protraction of the jaw is performed by contraction of the masseter muscles. The depressor muscle group contracts to maintain the slight depression followed by the protraction. 6. Swallowing saliva and water is accompanied by contractions of the depressor muscle group. 7. Incisor chewing of gum and peanuts mainly recruits marked contraction of the masseter muscle. Some slight-to-moderate activity is achieved by the temporalis. The depressor muscle group acts in antagonism with the elevator muscles. 8. Chewing gum on the right and left molar sides and normal mastication are effected by the contraction of the temporal and masseter muscles. The suprahyoid muscle group acts in antagonism with the elevator muscles. 9. Normal children with deciduous teeth have patterns that are similar to those of normal adults.
EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON BOREAL TOADS IN COLORADO

Field exposures of Bufo boreas embryos to fractions of ambient UV-B radiation at two sites in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, were conducted to evaluate UV-B as a possible cause of recent severe declines of this species. There were no differences in hatching success of B. boreas embryos exposed to 0–100% of ambient UV-B radiation at either study site, results that are different from those of recent studies in Oregon that found increased mortality of B. boreas embryos exposed to ambient UV-B. The reasons for these differing results are not apparent, and several possible explanations exist, including differences in experimental design, presence or absence of a pathogenic fungus, and geographic genetic variation. Bufo boreas embryos were probably not receiving higher doses of UV-B radiation during the experiments in Oregon compared to the experiments in this study. Results of this study do not support UV-B radiation alone as the cause of the decline of B. boreas during the past 20 yr in the southern Rocky Mountains, but UV-B cannot be dismissed because of the contradictory results from other studies.
Geospace Environment Modeling Program flourishes

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) program is now in its fifth year. Each of its active and planned campaigns is aimed at understanding and describing the physics of a particular region of geospace. They collect and analyze ground- and space-based measurements relevant to their region and develop, test, and refine quantitative physical or empirical models of their respective regions. The campaigns interact with the Geospace General Circulation Model (GGCM) campaign, which is synthesizing the various models into a single global one.
Tumor Suppressor and Immediate Early Transcription Factor Genes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) is a disease that exhibits multiple genetic lesions. Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) 871 was designed to analyze this group of malignancies for alterations in growth factors and/or their receptors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and immediate early transcription factor genes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that 32% of evaluable cases studied contained absent or abnormal Rb expression. Sequence analysis of the p53 gene revealed that 58% of these cancers contained structural alterations of this gene, whereas only 45% of these cases overexpressed p53 by immunohistochemical analysis. Finally, both Northern blot and immunohistochemical analysis showed that these tumors exhibited changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels respectively of the immediate early transcription factor genes c-fos, c-jun, and EGR, in that less expression of these genes was evident in the tumors compared with adjacent normal tissue. Understanding both the biologic and molecular significance of these findings may allow us to explore novel modalities for treatment of this disease.
Configurations of base-pair complexes in solutions

A theoretical search for the most stable conformations (i.e., stacked or hydrogen bonded) of the base pairs A-U and G-C in water, CCl4, and CHCl3 solutions is presented. The calculations of free energies indicate a significant role of the solvent in determining the conformations of the base-pair complexes. The application of the continuum method yields preferred conformations in good agreement with experiment. Results of the calculations with this method emphasize the importance of both the electrostatic interactions between the two bases in a complex, and the dipolar interaction of the complex with the entire medium. In calculations with the solvation shell method, the last term, i.e., dipolar interaction of the complex with the entire medium, was added. With this modification the prediction of the solvation shell model agrees both with the continuum model and with experiment, i.e., in water the stacked conformation of the bases is preferred.
Factors Affecting the Marketing of a Public Safety Message: The Third-Person Effect and Uses and Gratifications Theory in Public Reaction to a Crime Reduction Program

Abstract This research examines the third-person effect through the lens of the uses and gratifications paradigm. A telephone survey (n = 835) was used. This is the first study to examine the marketing of a public safety campaign in relation to third-person effect and uses and gratifications paradigm types. For the first time, it was found that habituated use has a significant linear relationship in predicting the third-person effect. While third-person effect research tends to focus on message content and consequences to society, the presence of a uses and gratifications paradigm link suggests a focus on people's use of the media is extremely important in understanding the third-person effect. In light of these findings, the author suggests researchers reexamine previous third-person effect studies through the lens of uses and gratifications in order to determine if uses and gratifications types may have been the root cause of some of the findings in previous studies.
Olfaction, Emotion and Associative Learning: Effects on Motivated Behavior

Two experiments were conducted to investigate emotional associative learning to odors and subsequent behavioral effects. In Experiment 1, participants experienced a frustration mood induction in the presence of an unfamiliar ambient odor and later worked on puzzle tests in a room scented with either the same-odor, a different-odor, or no-odor. Participants in the same-odor condition spent significantly less time working on the tests than participants in the other conditions; however, test accuracy did not vary. To clarify the findings, Experiment 2 included a test-only control and an emotionally neutral same-odor conditions. Results were compatible with the conclusion that decreased time spent by participants in the negative-same-odor condition was due to emotions elicited by associative learning to the ambient odor, although alternative interpretations remain possible. These data extend our previous results with children and suggest that odors readily become associated to emotions and can thereby influence behavior.
Genetic mapping and characterization of aldehyde oxidase of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aldehyde oxidase (Ao) of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann was mapped on chromosome 3. The sequence is hexokinase-1-19.2±1.8-stripe-28.3±2.2-β-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase-3.6±0.3-aldehyde oxidase-2.6±0.4-esterase-8-6.1±1.9-esterase-4-?-esterase-6 (Phosphoglucomutase). Aldehyde oxidase is 26.1±2.5 from phosphoglucomutase and 27.2±1.6 from esterase-6. The one-band electromorph of Ao in homozygotes and the three-band type in heterozygotes suggest that the enzyme is a dimer. The isoelectric points of slow and fast allozymes are 5.5 and 4.8, respectively. A variety of electrophoretic techniques was used to determine if the allozymes of Ao can be differentiated on a basis other than mobility. The slow, fast, and hybrid genotypes were analyzed for differences in thermostability, reactivity to thiol reagent, susceptibility to urea denaturation, substrate specificities, and response to chelating agents. The relative effect of pH on allozymes was tested by varying the pH of the staining buffer over a range of 4–12. No significant differences were detected among allozymes and no additional allelic variations were observed.
Assembly-dependent expression of antigenic epitopes by β2-microglobulinb

In this report we provide evidence for the expression of antigenic epitopes on mouse (β2-microglobulinb β2mb) that result from assembly with cognate H-2 class I heavy chains. For the cell line 69.9.15 (β2ma × β2mb), which expresses a mutant cytosolic form of H-2Kb and wild-type H-2Db, flow cytometry with rabbit antiserum against mouse β2m displayed β2m expression by cells grown in the presence or absence of fetal calf serum. By contrast, the epitopes identified by the β2mb-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) S19.8 and clone 23 were not expressed by 69.9.15 cells grown in serum-containing conditions, and although S19.8 reactivity was weakly recovered by culture in the absence of serum, no such reacitivity was observed with clone 23. Strong expression of these epitopes was achieved following transfection of 69.9.15 cells with the wild-type H-2Kb gene, indicating that the β2mb epitopes defined by mAb S19.8 and clone 23 were expressed when β2mb was assembled with an appropriate heavy chain. In support of this conclusion, we observed the recovery of the S19.8 and clone 23 epitopes by in vitro assembly of H-2Kb heavy chains with β2mb in the presence of the VSV N protein p52–59; however, such epitopes were expressed neither by β2mb prior to heterodimer assembly nor by non-conformed β2mb present in tissue culture supernatants recovered from H-2 class I surface positive cells. Taken together, these data indicate that in addition to the property of β2m to modify the antigenicity of the MHC class I heavy chains, β2m epitopes are induced in a reciprocal manner by assembly with MHC class I heavy chain molecules.
Hypnosis for liposuction surgery: a clinical review and guide for hypnotic dialogue

Hypnosis is used to reduce the amount of intravenous anaesthesia required to perform liposuction surgery. The patient listens to a hypnotic audiocassette tape intraoperatively. This explains the procedure to the patient. First, relaxation techniques are used to comfort and relax the patient. The patient is then guided to experience their favourite place and then progressed through future positive imagery. Post-hypnotic suggestions for healing and recovery are incorporated and distraction techniques are used to dissociate the patient from the procedure. The author has used this hypnotic tape for more than 300 patients and there has either been a marked reduction in the amount of intravenous medication needed, or frequently no intravenous medication has been needed at all. The patient returns to the recovery area fully awake and ready for discharge. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
An Adaptive Weighted Differential Game Guidance Law

Abstract For intercepting modern high maneuverable targets, a novel adaptive weighted differential game guidance law based on the game theory of mixed strategy is proposed, combining two guidance laws which are derived from the perfect and imperfect information pattern, respectively. The weights vary according to the estimated error of the target's acceleration, the guidance law is generated by directly using the estimation of target's acceleration when the estimated error is small, and a differential game guidance law with adaptive penalty coefficient is implemented when the estimated error is large. The adaptive penalty coefficients are not constants and they can be adjusted with current target maneuverability. The superior homing performance of the new guidance law is verified by computer simulations.
Finite-size study of the excitation and thermodynamics of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet: Comparison with spin-wave theory

Presentation des calculs de taille finie, des proprietes thermodynamiques et magnetiques et des proprietes a la temperature zero, du modele de Heisenberg de reseau carre pour des reseaux ayant jusqu'a 18 sites, incluant les systemes de taille impaire. Ces calculs donnent des resultats convergents pour les temperatures moyennes et elevees. Pour les basses temperatures, les resultats des calculs de taille finie n'apparaissent converger vers aucune limite evidente
A GPM Dual-Frequency Retrieval Algorithm: DSD Profile-Optimization Method

Abstract A new dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) will be included on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite, which will succeed the highly successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite launched in 1997. New dual-frequency drop size distribution (DSD) and rain-rate estimation algorithms are being developed to take advantage of the enhanced capabilities of the DPR. It has been shown that the backward-iteration algorithm can be embedded within a single-loop (SL) feedback model. However, the SL model is unable to correctly estimate DSD profiles for a significant portion of global median volume diameter Do and normalized DSD intercept parameter Nw combinations in rain because of a multiple-value solution space. For the remaining Do, Nw pairs, another retrieval method is necessary. This paper proposes a supplementary profile-optimization technique to find those DSD profiles in the rain region that the SL model cannot correctly determine. The optimization method is bas...
Our brotherhood and your sister: building anti-rape community in the fraternity.

SUMMARY Research shows that male peer influence is a significant predictor of violent sexual behavior. However, men challenging sexual violence within their male peer communities may exert a counter-influence, shifting community norms and behaviors. Using the Fraternity Peer Rape Education Program as a case study, this article examines the ways that fraternity men in a peer rape education program make sense of and interact within their communities. Through coded interviews, this article examines participants' perceptions of change within themselves, within their interactions with fraternity brothers, and within their fraternities. Learning about sexual violence altered participants' worldview and created a communal sense of partnership and responsibility, while simultaneously limiting the traditional ways that fraternal communities are maintained. This experience provides lessons for how we may begin creating communities of men against sexual violence, as well as what support may be required for such mess...
Delayed presentation of acute aortic syndrome.

A 69-year-old woman with a history of myocardial infarction came to hospital after more than 24 h of intermittent chest pain, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis. On admission, a 12-lead ECG showed sinus tachycardia without evidence of ischaemia. Biomarkers of myocardial necrosis were negative. A portable chest radiograph and a bedside transthoracic echocardiogram showed pathognomonic fi ndings of acute type A aortic dissection (fi gure; videos). The patient underwent urgent repair of the aortic root. The patient survived the immediate postoperative course despite complications of haemo dynamic instability, hypotension, and acute renal failure, but later succumbed to multiorgan failure. Delayed presentation of acute aortic syndrome is plagued by high mortality and morbidity. The location of the intimal tear in acute type A aortic dissection is in the immediate vicinity of the sinuses of Valsalva 65% of the time. The sensitivity and specifi city of chest radiography is 81% and 89%, respectively. The sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography is between 78% and 100%; its specifi city ranges from 87% to 96%. Transthoracic echocardiography is a valuable diagnostic tool in cases when more sensitive techniques (transoesophageal echocardiography, CT, magnetic resonance angiography) are not readily available or are impractical. Lancet 2014; 383: 2238
Under which conditions do the skin and probe decouple during sinusoidal vibrations

Previous experiments performed on monkey and human fingertips suggested that the skin surface and stimulus probe decouple for sinusoidal displacements applied perpendicularly to the skin surface. From these observations, it was concluded that sinusoidal vibration may not be a suitable stimulus for understanding and modeling the tactile system. We repeated these experiments on human observers using stimulus frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 240 Hz and with displacement amplitudes up to 1 mm peak-to-peak (p-p). The skin and probe movements were measured in the steady-state using stroboscopic illumination and video microscopy. Contrary to previous conclusions, we found that decoupling did not occur for amplitudes less then 0.25 mm p-p, regardless of stimulus frequency. Decoupling was only observed for stimulus amplitudes greater than 0.25 mm over the stimulus-frequency range investigated. To further investigate this effect, a modified stimulus contactor was used, which permitted the measurement of the skin's movement using reflected light. Measurements were made on both the index fingertip and the thenar eminence. Regardless of body site, no decoupling between the skin and stimulus probe was observed for frequencies ranging from 20 to 100 Hz up to displacements of 0.25 mm p-p. These levels are well within the range used in most human psychophysical experiments performed on these parts of the body. We conclude that sinusoidal vibration can be used reliably to stimulate the tactile system and is an appropriate stimulus for developing models of touch.
Mineral physics constraints on the chemical composition of the Earth's lower mantle

Mineralogical modeling of the lower mantle critically depends on thermoelastic parameters, such as the expansion coefficient and the Gruneisen parameters. Significant experimental discrepancies exist for these properties of silicate perovskite. We calculate density and seismic velocities of mineral assemblages of (Mg, Fe)SiO_3 perovskite and (Mg, Fe)O magnesiowustite at lower-mantle pressures and temperatures. The results are compared with seismological results (PREM; Preliminary Reference Earth Model) and a statistical test of goodness of fit is applied. We plot the chemical composition of the lower mantle as a function of the thermoelastic parameters of perovskite. The inferred chemical composition depends on the adopted properties. The present uncertainty in the data accommodates most proposed compositional models. A better understanding of lower-mantle mineralogy requires better thermoelastic data, particularly of silicate perovskite. A preferred compositional model is constrained by combining mineral physics with seismological observations of the Earth's deep interior. It appears that the upper mantle and lower mantle are chemically distinct. A chondritic lower mantle cannot be ruled out with present data.
Biographical Sketch: Sir John Charnley MD, 1911–1982

This biographical sketch of Sir John Charnley corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: The Bonding of Prostheses to Bone by Cement, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1545-8.
Combination chemotherapy of disseminated kaposi's sarcoma in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Two clinical trials were conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of a combination chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Eighteen consecutive patients with disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma were treated with a six-drug regimen of doxorubicin (Adriamycin), vinblastine, bleomycin/actinomycin D, vincristine, dacarbazine (ABV/ADV). A brief partial or complete response was achieved in 13 patients. Most patients died of opportunistic infections. Eighteen consecutive patients with disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma were then randomly assigned to therapy with either recombinant alpha interferon or ABV/ADV. The treatment responses in these two groups were comparable to results of earlier trials, and the incidence of opportunistic infections during therapy did not differ between the two treatment arms. It is concluded that chemotherapy is effective and safe for use in palliative management of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS.
Crossing the water: spiritual growth in Bridge to Terabithia and Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy

The author analyses two award-winning juvenile novels, Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson and Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy by Gary Schmidt. Each novel portrays a deep friendship between a boy and girl who cross a stream (or river) into a world that includes fantasy, play, closeness to nature and animals, and a sense of the sacred. Within a year, the girl dies, leaving the boy changed forever. The friendship, the journey, and the loss all contribute to the boy’s maturation. While both novels offer a compelling portrait of spiritual growth in children approaching puberty, Schmidt’s adds complexity by placing the friendship within a larger cultural context; he explores the interplay of religious tradition, racism, and economics. Spiritual maturation is portrayed as a gradual process that is rooted in personal experience, allowing room for doubts and questions. These novels can help readers to think more deeply about the following five themes: (1) the value of ‘soul friendship’ (what the Iris...
Improved relaxation time coverage in ramp-strain histories

Standard methods for deriving relaxation data from measurements invariably involve some form of ramp-type deformation history, the initial portion of which is typically not employed for modulus evaluation. In fact, the “ten-times-rule” or a variant thereof is widely used at the expense of short term data acquisition. This paper suggests a simple if (not) obvious method to extend the range of relaxation data that can be acquired from a single test at a single temperature. The method draws on new computational developments for inverting ill-conditioned systems of equations which allows the determination of relaxation parameters nearly routinely and trouble-free. We demonstrate this process for extraction of relaxation characterization from ramp strain histories through (a) numerical evaluation with a virtual test sequence, as well as through (b) data measured in the laboratory. Limitations regarding the time range over which the relaxation modulus can be extracted from laboratory measurements in terms of equipment resolution and stability are discussed. With these constraints in mind it appears feasible to extend the time range by three to four decades towards shorter times when compared with the application of the “ten-times-rule”. Similar treatments apply to the acquisition of creep compliance data.
Future perspectives for studies on the inhibition of carcinogenesis and their relationship to the prevention of human cancer

Abstract Before summarizing papers presented in this symposium tribute is paid to pioneering cancer biologists who demonstrated the importance of genetic patterns to rodent cancers, the roles of gonadol and pituitary hormones in the development of certain spontaneous and carcinogen-induced cancers, the chemical identification of certain potent carcinogens, and the importance of epidemiological studies in focusing our attention on environmental causal or promotional factors. Investigators participating in this symposium have focused our attention on carcinogen inhibitors—vitamin C, several antioxidants with particular emphasis on BHT and BHA, and selenium. Reports on the intragastric and intracolonic synthesis of carcinogenic nitroso compounds which can be inhibited by vitamin C are provocative. The reports on the carcinogen-inhibiting properties of soy bean meal and of the stimulating effects of cabbage and related brassica plants on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes emphasize the need to investigate other nutrients. The need to investigate the protective effects of carcinogen inhibitors on individuals at high risk is emphasized.
Historical Slogans in Teaching American History

(1944). Historical Slogans in Teaching American History. The Social Studies: Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 204-207.
Intelligibility of foreign-accented speech for older adults with and without hearing loss.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated that the negative effect of noise and other distortions on speech understanding is greater for older adults than for younger adults. Anecdotal evidence suggests that older adults may also be disproportionately negatively affected by foreign accent. While two previous studies found no interaction between foreign accent and listener age, these studies reported no audiometric data and assessed speech understanding in quiet only. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of foreign accent, listening condition, and listener age and hearing status on word identification. RESEARCH DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study. STUDY SAMPLE: Experiments 1 and 2 tested young adults with normal hearing (n = 20 and n = 5, respectively), older adults with essentially normal hearing (n = 20 and n = 10, respectively), and older adults with sloping sensorineural hearing loss (n = 20 and n = 10, respectively). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The intelligibility of English words produced by a native speaker of English and by a native speaker of Spanish was assessed. In Experiment 1, word intelligibility was measured in quiet, in noise (+3 dB signal-to-babble ratio, or SBR), and in a telephone filter condition. In Experiment 2, intelligibility was measured in three additional noise conditions (+6, +9, and +12 dB SBR). RESULTS: English words produced by the native speaker of English were significantly more intelligible than those produced by the native speaker of Spanish. While the negative effect of noise was significantly greater for older listeners than for younger listeners, the effect of foreign accent was independent of listener age, listener hearing status, and listening condition. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, unlike with other forms of distortion, older adults are not disproportionately affected by foreign accent. This suggests, in turn, that talker-related distortions of the speech signal have a qualitatively different impact on speech perception than distortions that are applied to the signal after it has been produced. The nature of these different types of distortion may be a fruitful area for future investigations of speech understanding in older adults.
Helicopter Gearbox Fault Detection: A Neural Network Based Approach

One of the most dangerous problems that can occur in both military and civilian helicopters is the failure of the main gearbox. Currently, the principal method of controlling gearbox failure is to regularly overhaul the complete system. This paper considers the feasibility of using a neural network to perform fault detection on vibration measurements given by accelerometer data. The details and results obtained from studying the neural network approach are presented. Some of the elementary underlying physics will be discussed along with the preprocessing necessary for analysis. Several networks were investigated for detection and classification of the gearbox faults. The performance of each network will be presented. Finally, the network weights will be related back to the underlying physics of the problem.
Migration of alcator C-Mod computer infrastructure to Linux

Abstract The Alcator C-Mod fusion experiment at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts has been operating for twelve years. The data handling for the experiment during most of this period was based on MDSplus running on a cluster of VAX and Alpha computers using the OpenVMS operating system. While the OpenVMS operating system provided a stable reliable platform, the support of the operating system and the software layered on the system has deteriorated in recent years. With the advent of extremely powerful low cost personal computers and the increasing popularity and robustness of the Linux operating system a decision was made to migrate the data handling systems for C-Mod to a collection of PC’s running Linux. This paper will describe the new system configuration, the effort involved in the migration from OpenVMS, the results of the first run campaign under the new configuration and the impact the switch may have on the rest of the MDSplus community.
Hospital Discharge Instructions: Comprehension and Compliance Among Older Adults

BACKGROUND Little is known regarding the prevalence or risk factors for non-comprehension and non-compliance with discharge instructions among older adults.