cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytic solution for a static black hole in the RSII model

Abstract We present here a static solution for a large black hole (whose horizon radius is larger than the AdS radius) located on the brane in RSII model. According to some arguments based on the AdS/CFT conjecture, a solution for the black hole located on the brane in RSII model must encode quantum gravitational effects and therefore cannot be static. We demonstrated that a static solution can be found if the bulk is not empty. The stress energy tensor of the matter distribution in the bulk for the solution we found is physical (i.e. it is non-singular with the energy density and pressure not violating any energy conditions). The scale of the solution is given by a parameter “a”. For large values of the parameter “a” we have a limit of an almost empty AdS bulk. It is interesting that the solution cannot be transformed into the Schwarzschild-like form and does not reduce to the Schwarzschild solution on the brane. We also present two other related static solutions. At the end, we discuss why the numerical methods failed so far in finding static solutions in this context, including the solutions we found analytically here.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lipids from Pythium irregulare

Lipids that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have therapeutic value. PUFA, however, degrade in high-temperature, oxygen-rich conditions typical of conventional hot solvent-extraction and distillation methods. Supercritical CO2 extraction was chosen as an alternative method to recover these valuable compounds from the lower fungus, Pythium irregulare. Freeze-dried biomass was subjected to an aqueous phase and placed into a flow-through extraction apparatus. Extraction of oil from this biomass showed some success for moisture contents as high as 30% (wet basis). The addition of a novel CO2-philic surfactant to the wet biomass with moisture contents as high as 95% (wet basis) increased the extraction rate of fungal oil by more than an order of magnitude. For tests with extraction times of 5 to 6 h, data for the diffusion-controlled region were modeled with an analytical solution to Fick’s second law. Equilibrium data were also obtained for the fungal oil at two isotherms (40 and 60°C) over a pressure range of 13.7 to 27.5 MPa.
An algorithm for the management of urinary stress incontinence.

An algorithm for the management of urinary incontinence in the female is presented. The performance of history, physical examination, and simple office bladder testing are reviewed. Patients are categorized into a complex group which require multichannel urodynamic testing or a non-complex group which may proceed to surgical intervention without such testing. Indications for collagen injection and pubo-vaginal sling procedure are discussed.
Protein and isozyme electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing for the characterization of apple clones

Abstract To identify apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) clones, electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing of protein and isozyme pattern differences were investigated. Existing electrophoretic methods were adapted to obtain satisfactory separation and reproducibility of patterns. Several protein extraction buffers and procedures were evaluated to optimize protein recovery and enzyme activity from shoot bark tissue and other organs and to counteract the interference of other cell components. Sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) did not reveal useful differences among cultivars, nor did total native protein patterns (non-denaturing PAGE). Peroxidase, esterase, acid phosphatase and indoleacetic acid oxidase extracted from shoot bark tissue did, however, show isozymic differences useful for identification. These enzymes expressed constant isozyme patterns at different times of the year and from trees growing under different conditions, and patterns were independent of wood age and rootstock influence.
Planning for bus rapid transit in single dedicated bus lane

Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems with dedicated lanes have shown advantages over traditional bus systems and have attracted more transit riders. However, it is not always possible to build BRT systems with double dedicated lanes because of physical and cost constraints. A BRT system with a single dedicated lane is more practical in such situations. In a single-lane configuration, buses approaching from opposite directions have to share the same road section and can overtake or pass each other only at the bus stops. An optimization model is proposed to describe the synchronization requirements of the BRT buses with the objective of minimizing the total travel and dwell time. The computational results show that a BRT system with a single dedicated lane yields total travel time that is similar to that of a BRT system with double dedicated lanes when the headway is not short (e.g., more than 20 min). In addition, to address possible delay at intersections, a simple speed control algorithm is implemented to adj...
STRATEGIC MARKET PLANNING: THE JAPANESE APPROACH

The decisive Japanese victories in competitive confrontations with U.S. and European companies in a broad range of basic industries and in certain high technology industries like integrated circuits, has attracted the attention of the world. In exploring Japanese business practices, much attention has been focused on government/business cooperation, research and development, rates of savings, quality circles, productivity, and financial strategies. To date, little attention has been given to the role of marketing in the Japanese success. One of the most significant developments in marketing during the past decade has been the growing importance of Strategic Market Planning. This article focuses on the Japanese approach to Strategic Market Planning and its role in the competitive performance of Japanese companies. Part one outlines the basic principles of Strategic Market Planning. Part two describes Japanese strategic market planning practices. Part three is an evaluation of the implications of Japanese practice for Western marketers, and especially for U.S. companies.
Incorporation of Effects of Diffusion into Advection-Mediated Dispersion in Porous Media

The distribution of solute arrival times, W(t;x), at position x in disordered porous media does not generally follow Gaussian statistics. A previous publication determined W(t;x) in the absence of diffusion from a synthesis of critical path, percolation scaling, and cluster statistics of percolation. In that publication, W(t;x) as obtained from theory, was compared with simulations in the particular case of advective solute transport through a two-dimensional model porous medium at the percolation threshold for various lengths x. The simulations also did not include the effects of diffusion. Our prediction was apparently verified. In the current work we present numerical results related to moments of W(x;t), the spatial solute distribution at arbitrary time, and extend the theory to consider effects of molecular diffusion in an asymptotic sense for large Peclet numbers, Pe. However, results for the scaling of the dispersion coefficient in the range 1<Pe<100 agree with those of other authors, while results for the dispersivity as a function of spatial scale also appear to explain experiment.
The prospective effects of impulsivity on alcohol and tobacco use in a college sample.

Abstract Alcohol and tobacco use are strongly associated, particularly in younger populations, and concurrent use may encourage progression toward dependence on both substances. Impulsivity has been linked to the use of alcohol and tobacco individually, but has not been studied in terms of its association with use of both. This study tested the hypothesis that the effects of impulsivity (sensation seeking and negative urgency) on smoking initiation in a sample of college students (n = 400) would be mediated by alcohol consumption. We also predicted that sensation seeking and negative urgency would predict alcohol and cigarette use and overlap among initiators. Sensation seeking and negative urgency both predicted smoking initiation, but only the former effect was mediated by alcohol use. Among initiators, sensation seeking was associated with more frequent alcohol use as well as more frequent overlap between alcohol and tobacco use but not with smoking frequency. Higher negative urgency was associated wit...
The generation of tunable near IR radiation using a nitrogen laser pumped dye laser

Abstract Excitation transfer between the two components of a dye mixture has allowed a near IR dye laser to be pumped by a nitrogen laser. Several dye mixtures were employed to achieve lasing at all wavelengths within the range 6400–7720 A. The output pulse powers were in excess of 10 kW over most of this range.
IBM POWER6 reliability

This paper describes the state-of-the art reliability features of the IBM POWER6™ microprocessor. The POWER6 microprocessor includes a high degree of detection of soft and hard errors in both dataflow and control logic, as well as a feature--instruction retry recovery (IRR)--usually available only on mainframe systems. IRR provides full hardware error recovery of those registers that are defined by the instruction set architecture. This is accomplished by taking a checkpoint of the defined state for both of the core threads and recovering the machine state back to a known good point. To allow changing memory accessibility without using different page table entries, the POWER6 microprocessor implements virtual page class keys, a new architectural extension that enables the OS (operating system) to manage eight classes of memory with efficiently modifiable access authority for each class. With this feature, malfunctioning kernel extensions can be prevented from destroying OS data that may, in turn, bring an OS down.
The Social Orienting Continuum and Response Scale (SOC-RS): A Dimensional Measure for Preschool-aged Children

Children with autism show deficits in social referencing, joint attention, orienting to their names, and social smiling as early as the first year of life. The present study describes the development of the Social Orienting Continuum and Response Scale (SOC-RS), a quantitative scale assessing each of these behaviors during the course of video-recorded Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) sessions. The SOC-RS was shown to be reliable and valid, and when applied to a longitudinal sample of children studied at 2 and 4 years of age, was shown to be sensitive to decreased levels of social referencing, joint attention, orienting to name, and social smiling in autism. The implications of these findings and potential applications of the SOC-RS are discussed.
Frequency Shifts in the Hydrogen-Bonded OH Stretch in Halide−Water Clusters. The Importance of Charge Transfer

We investigate the nature of the hydrogen bonding in the gas-phase halide−water clusters (X-···H2O), with special emphasis on how the hydrogen bonding affects the frequency of the hydrogen-bonded OH stretch. We present two models for describing the electronic structure of the hydrogen bond. The first model (non-charge-transfer, or non-CT) includes only electrostatic interactions between the halide ion and the water molecule. The second is a two-valence-bond (VB) state model in which the first VB state has the charge character X-···H2O and the second is a charge-transfer VB state with electronic structure XH···OH-. We find that the non-CT model is inadequate for describing the frequency shifts in the hydrogen-bonded OH stretch for the halide−water clusters as compared with both experimental and ab initio results. Further, analysis of the charge distributions of the clusters obtained from ab initio calculations indicates significant contribution of charge transfer in the electronic structure. This analysis ...
The Henry B. Favill School of Occupations and Eleanor Clarke Slagle

During the World War I era, Eleanor Clarke Slagle directed Special Courses in Curative Occupations and Recreation at the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations, in cooperation with the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, in Chicago, Illinois. This paper describes this pioneer course in occupational therapy education. The influence of the settlement house setting, course descriptions from the school's bulletin, and Slagle's philosophy with related experiences drawn from her correspondence and curriculum vitae are presented. The program of study was short-lived (1915 to 1920). There are indications that although this program was highly regarded under Slagle's leadership, it was not continued after her resignation and departure from Chicago in 1920.
Cystoscopic biopsies in pancreaticoduodenal transplantation. Are duodenal biopsies indicative of pancreas dysfunction

Tissue diagnosis of pancreas graft dysfunction is desirable. Bladder-drained pancreaticoduodenal transplants allow tissue diagnosis by cystoscopic biopsy procedures of the pancreas and duodenum. To assess the diagnostic utility of duodenal biopsies, we reviewed all cystoscopically obtained pancreas
Biomass-derived liquid cooking fuels for household use in rural China: potential for reducing health costs and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions

Given the prevalence of solid cooking fuels and their highly polluting nature, a large number of people worldwide -- and more than half of China’s total population -- receive enormous doses of particulate matter (PM) from cooking with solid fuels in indoor environments. In China, hundreds of millions are routinely exposed to indoor pollutant concentrations that exceed any international or domestic standard by an order of magnitude. Accordingly, significant health benefits could be realized if solid fuels were replaced by cleaner-burni ng fuels in rural China. Moreover, emissions of health-damagi ng air pollutants (HDPs) from rural indoor use of solid fuels are concomitant with a significant share of China’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, parallel assessments of the magnitude of health benefits and GHG emission mitigation associated with large-scale substitution of solid cooking fuels are warranted. This paper explores the plausible scope, potential health benefits, and possible GHG emission reduction of replacing a major portion of China’s rural household solid fuel combustion with liquid cooking fuels derived from agricultural residues. Health endpoints are not limited to mortality, but include several morbidity outcomes, and are assessed using the World Health Organization’s yardstick of disability adjusted life years (DALYs). A range of values is presented to reflect uncertainty associated with epidemiologic dose-response functions. If biomass-deriv ed liquid fuels were employed on a large scale, health benefits could include a dramatic reduction in rural mortality attributable to air pollution, with even greater health benefits associated with non-fatal endpoints.
Origins of Inward Torquoselectivity by Silyl Groups and Other σ-Acceptors in Electrocyclic Reactions of Cyclobutenes

Recent reports of inward torquoselectivities in thermal electrocyclic ring-opening reactions of 3-silylcyclobutenes have revealed that saturated silyl substituents, just like the extensively studied π-acceptors, can exert contrasteric effects. The origins of torquoselectivity for substituents lacking π orbitals have been explained using B3LYP density functional calculations. Orbital interactions involving the substituent vacant orbitals and the occupied orbitals associated with the breaking bonds are found to control these contrasteric torquoselectivities, with minor contributions from electrostatic effects. Reaction energetics and transition states for electrocyclic ring-opening reactions of 3-silyl, fluorosilyl, difluorosilyl, trifluorosilyl, methylsilyl, methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, ammonio, phosphonio, formyl, and borohydrido cyclobutenes are reported to complement previous extensive studies of unsaturated substituents. Inward stereoselectivities are predicted for various sil...
Crystal growth of Li2MSiO4 (M = Mg, Zn) by flux method

Abstract Single crystals of Li 2 MgSiO 4 and Li 2 ZnSiO 4 have been grown by the slow cooling flux method using Li 2 MoO 4 , Li 2 WO 4 and LiCl as solvents. Li 2 ZnSiO 4 crystals as large as 2.5 mm across and Li 2 MgSiO 4 platelets, 8 mm across and 1 mm thick, were grown from Li 2 MoO 4 flux at a soaking temperature of 1420°C. The Li 2 ZnSiO 4 crystals were generally translucent and often contained ZnO inclusions. The Li 2 MgSiO 4 crystals were usually colorless and transparent, being free from inclusions and superior in quality. The X-ray data of Li 2 ZnSiO 4 heat-treated above the transition temperature of about 950°C are similar to the reported data for tetragonal Li 2 ZnSiO 4 . In contrast, the data for this compound heat-treated below this temperature correspond to an orthorhombic structure with cell constants of a 0 = 6.3 A , b 0 = 10.7 A and c 0 = 5.0 A . The powder X-ray data of Li 2 MgSiO 4 are in fair agreement with those of the reported tetragonal Li 2 MgSiO 4 .
Sulfanilamide and Sulfapyridine in Type III Lobar Pneumonia of Rats

SummaryWhen treatment was begun 4 hours after the time of inoculation with the infecting dose, both sulfanilamide and sulfa-pyridine were partly effective in protecting rats against Type III pneumococcal pneumonia. There was no significant difference under the conditions stated between the effects of the 2 drugs in preserving life but the survival time of animals dying of infection was on the average 2 days longer in the group treated with sulfapyridine. Prolongation of the period of treatment from 6 to 10 days did not appear to reduce the mortality but the number of animals used was insufficient to permit definite conclusions on this point. The complications of empyema and purulent pericarditis were less frequent in animals treated with sulfapyridine even though the period of survival was longer in the treated animals.
Sketch planning a street network

A sketch planning methodology is used to determine the optimal spacing of through streets as a function of residential density. Unlike earlier efforts to relate street spacing to residential density, this methodology accounts for changes in mode share, trip length, time of travel, and intersection capacity as residential density increases. The methodology is transferable to other areas by modifying assumptions relating to travel demand and street network characteristics. Planners can derive their own spacing requirements for purposes of community master planning, site-plan review and approval, access management, or zoning and subdivision regulation.
The role of partial nephrectomy in the treatment of pediatric renal hypertension.

ABSTRACTPurpose: From 5% to 25% of hypertension in children is renovascular compared with only 1% in adults. Although much attention is given to renovascular disease involving the main renal arteries, renin producing renal disease may also be intrarenal, involving abnormalities of the segmental vessels or renal parenchyma. We present our results of partial nephrectomy in this unique group of pediatric patients with hypertension in whom renin dependent hypertension involved only a segment of the kidney.Materials and Methods: Six patients 10 months to 16 years old were referred for the evaluation of hypertension. Initial evaluations included computerized tomography, ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography and radionuclide renal scan. Renal arteriography with renal vein renin sampling was performed in 5 patients, of whom 4 underwent selective segmental renal vein sampling. Diagnoses included segmental hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark kidney), reflux associated scarring and renal arteriovenous malformation.Results: In p...
Signal Detection Using Bit-Slice Microprocessors

A bit-slice microprocessor configuration is presented which is applicable to implementation of real-time signal detection algorithms. The general hardware configuration and appropriate software functions are described. General algorithms which are of wide utility in signal detection applications are discussed in the context of the defined hardware configuration. To facilitate the presentation and indicate the practicality of this system configuration, the application of the hardware configuration and software techniques to target detection for passively received signals using multiple receive beams is discussed.
Further description of theLy-5 system

TheLy-5 system of alloantigens was reevaluated with the aid of an Ly-5 congenic mouse strain and an additional serological technique, the PA-SRBC rosette assay, not previously applied to Ly-5. In the PA-SRBC assay, SRBC to which PA (Staphylococcal Protein A) has been coupled react with antibodycoated cells to form rosettes. The PA-SRBC assay was more sensitive than the cytotoxicity assay in detecting Ly-5 on all cell types tested, with the exception of thymocytes, on which Ly-5 was more efficiently demonstrable by the latter test. Thus, the use of both assays gave a more complete picture of theLy-5 system. Evidently Ly-5 is expressed on most cells of the hematopoietic lineage, but on no other cells so far tested. The Ly-5+ cell population includes all known sets of T cells, prothymocytes, sets of B cells, cells of myeloid and monocyte-macrophage types and natural killer cells. Erythrocytes and proerythroblasts are Ly-5−, but the Ly-5 phenotype of less differentiated erythrocytic cells is uncertain. By means of radiation chimeras, made by restoring lethally irradiated mice with Ly-5 congenic bone marrow, the weakly Ly-5+ phenotype of liver and of kidney was shown to be due to immigrant circulating cells. The Ly-5 phenotypes of tumors conform to this scheme of Ly-5 tissue representation. The Ly-5+ tumors included more than 40 leukemias tested, plasmacytomas, putative transformed equivalents of slg−: Lyb-2+ early B cells, a mastocytoma, a monocytic line, and three lines related to the macrophage. The other tumors tested -a sarcoma, a spontaneous mammary carcinoma, a teratocarcinoma and a neuroblastoma — were Ly-5−.
Arm-span, height, and age in Black and White women

This paper presents the results of an anthropometric study of 293 Black and 298 White females, ages 35–89 years, who were healthy, non-institutionalized residents of North Carolina. All subjects we...
Changes of mean spatial QRS and T vectors and of conventional electrocardiographic items in hard anaerobic work.

In 35 normal men, conventional and vectorial electrocardiographic items were studied after severe, anaerobic exercise over a recovery period of 8 min. The changes, especially of the T vector, are pronounced, but are different from those observed in coronary insufficiency. The hypothesis is advanced that the changes in anaerobic exercise are due to general myocarclial hypoxia, in contrast to the localized ischemia in coronary insufficiency.
An experimental investigation of strain-induced extinction of diluted hydrogen-air counterflow diffusion flames

Previous studies about turbulent combustion in hydrogen-air systems for application in supersonic-combustion devices such as the National Aerospace Plane have suggested that combustion in such devices takes place in thin reaction sheets that are convoluted, distorted, and in some cases locally extinguished by turbulence. Sharing this view, a number of researchers have focused their attention on characterizing the structure and extinction properties of laminar hydrogen-air diffusion flames. Most of the research has been of a numerical or theoretical nature and only a few experiments have been performed to test the detailed numerical diffusion-flame models. The objective of the present communication is to report results of some experiments designed to characterize the extinction properties of diluted laminar counterflow diffusion flames between air and hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures.
Expectations matter: Job prospects and turnover dynamics

Abstract This paper presents evidence on the effects of worker expectations on labor turnover, a topic largely ignored in the voluminous literature on labor mobility. Two survey instruments related to expected job duration and chances of promotion in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth are used to analyze the role of job prospects in predicting turnover dynamics. The key empirical finding is that workers with favorable job assessments have a lower and flatter tenure-turnover profile—i.e. the well-known negative structural relationship between the turnover rate and job tenure-than their counterparts with less favorable job assessments. This finding is consistent with search-and-matching theories that explicitly incorporate heterogeneity of prior beliefs about match quality.
Subjective rating of emotionally salient stimuli modulates neural activity

Abstract Studies using emotionally salient stimuli have demonstrated neural activation in limbic and paralimbic brain regions. In some studies, subjects passively perceive evocative stimuli, while in other studies, they perform specific cognitive tasks. Evidence is emerging that even a simple cognitive task performed on emotionally salient stimuli can affect neural activation in emotion-associated brain regions. We tested the hypothesis that rating the subjective experience of an aversive visual stimulus would decrease limbic/paralimbic activation and increase activity in medial frontal regions. Ten healthy subjects underwent 15O PET scans while they viewed pictures of aversive (AV) and nonaversive (NA) content, taken from the International Affective Picture System. Subjects appraised pictures on a scale of pleasantness/unpleasantness during one set of scans (RTNG), and they passively viewed pictures during another set (PSVW). After each scan, emotional responses were assessed. RTNG was associated with significantly less intensity of sadness and significantly less activation (AV − NA) of the right insula/amygdala and left insula, relative to PSVW. RTNG also activated the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate sulcus, which were not differentially activated during PSVW. For both RTNG and PSVW, subjects activated the left fusiform gyrus. The results support the proposition that task instructions about how subjects should process evocative stimuli can affect neural activity.
Methods for measuring aptamer-protein equilibria: A review

Aptamers are single stranded DNA or RNA molecules that have been selected using in vitro techniques to bind target molecules with high affinity and selectivity, rivaling antibodies in many ways. In order to use aptamers in research and clinical applications, a thorough understanding of aptamer-target binding is necessary. In this article, we review methods for assessing aptamer-protein binding using separation based techniques such as dialysis, ultrafiltration, gel and capillary electrophoresis, and HPLC; as well as mixture based techniques such as fluorescence intensity and anisotropy, UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism, surface plasmon resonance, and isothermal titration calorimetry. For each method the principle, range of application and important features, such as sample consumption, experimental time and complexity, are summarized and compared.
The matrix attachment regions (MARs) associated with the heat Shock Cognate 80 gene (HSC80) of tomato represent specific regulatory elements

Matrix Attachment Regions (MARs) flank certain plant genes and appear in certain cases to be necessary for their proper regulation. For example, we previously demonstrated that the MARs and introns from the Heat Shock Cognate 80 gene of tomato (HSC80) are necessary for efficient expression of HSC80-based transgenes. MARs may exert their effect by anchoring the ends of a chromatin loop to the nuclear matrix, thereby establishing an independent chromatin domain. Alternatively, MARs may facilitate interactions between activating complexes and DNA. In the first case, MARs should enhance the expression of most genes, while in the latter case, their action might be gene-specific. We addressed this problem by testing whether the HSC80 MARs affected the regulation of an unrelated transgene. We constructed a chimeric transgene composed of the Arabidopsis ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE (APT) promoter fused to the maize gene Lc, which encodes a regulator of anthocyanin synthesis, and compared the expression of Lc in Arabidopsis transparent testa glabra (ttg) mutants (which lack anthocyanin pigments) transformed with transgene constructs incorporating the MARs or control DNA fragments that do not bind to the nuclear matrix. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to compare Lc expression in the different transgenic lines. Whether the APT-Lc transgene was flanked by the HSC80 MARs or a control fragment had no effect on expression, while the use of a different MAR, the ARS1 MAR from yeast, significantly decreased expression (P=0.03). Comparison of single-copy and multicopy T-DNA insertions indicated that neither the HSC80 MARs nor the ARS1 MAR could protect the APT-Lc transgene from the negative effect of the integration of multiple copies. In conclusion, this work supports a model in which different regulatory elements within the HSC80 locus interact with the nuclear matrix to induce transcriptional competence.
Electrostatic polarization is crucial in reproducing Cu(I) interaction energies and hydration.

We have explored suitability of fixed-charges and polarizable force fields for modeling interactions of the monovalent Cu(I) ion. Parameters for this ion have been tested and refitted within the fixed-charges OPLS-AA and polarizable force field (PFF) frameworks. While this ion plays an important role in many protein interactions, the attention to it in developing empirical force fields is limited. Our PFF parameters for the copper ion worked very well for the Cu(I) interactions with water, while both the original OPLS2005 and our refitted OPLS versions moderately underestimated the copper-water interaction energy. However, the greatest problem in using the non-polarizable fixed-charges OPLS force field was observed while calculating interaction energies and distances for Cu(I) – benzene complexes. The OPLS2005 model underestimates the interaction energy by a factor of four. Refitting the OPLS parameters reduced this underestimation to a factor of 2.2 to 2.4, but only at a cost of distorting the complex geometry. At the same time, the polarizable calculations had an error of about 4%. Moreover, we then used the PFF and non-polarizable refitted OPLS models for finding free energy of hydration for copper ion via molecular dynamics simulations. While the OPLS calculations lead to a 22% error in the solvation energy, the PFF result was off by only 1.8%. This was achieved with no refitting of the parameters but simply by employing the model developed for the Cu(I) interaction with a single water molecule. We believe that the presented results not only lead to a conclusion about a qualitatively greater suitability of polarizable force fields for simulating molecular interactions with ions but also attest to the excellent level of transferability of PFF parameters.
Relevance and insight in experimental studies

As its name suggests, artificial intelligence is a science of the artificial. As with other conscious creations, there is a great temptation to assume that we can understand the behavior of AI systems entirely through formal analysis. However, the complexity of most AI constructs makes this impractical, forcing us to rely on the same experimental approach that has been so useful in the natural sciences. Many of the same issues and methods apply directly to AI systems, including the need to identify clearly one's dependent and independent variables, the importance of careful experimental design, and the need to average across random variables outside one's control. However, beyond these obvious features, a compelling experimental study of intelligent behavior must satisfy two additional criteria: it must have relevance and it must produce insight. I will illustrate these ideas with examples from machine learning, one of the most experimentally oriented subfields within artificial intelligence. Moreover, because AI researchers are often concerned with extending some existing method to improve its behavior, I will focus on this paradigm.
The Differential Aptitude Tests as Predictors of Success in a High School for Engineering Program

This study examined (1) the predictive validity of the Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT) relative to achievement criteria for seniors in a high school for engineering as measured by (a) the students' (N = 89) grades in engineering, mathematics, and science courses and (b) cumulative grade point average (CGPA) and (2) the differential validity of the 8 DAT scales in comparison of high (N = 35) and low (N = 54) achievers. The following selected results became apparent: (1) Numerical Ability (NA) scores were correlated .39 and .31, respectively, with performance in science courses and CGPA at the .001 level of significance and .25 with performance in mathematics courses (p < .01); (2) Abstract Reasoning (AR) scores were correlated .46, .47, and .49, respectively, with performance in engineering, mathematics, and science courses (p < .001) and .48 with CGPA (p < .001); and (3) corresponding correlations of .38, .37, .49, and .44—all significant beyond the .001 level—were found between Space Relations (SR) and...
Properties of Time Domain Vs. Frequency Domain Methods used in Atrial Fibrillation

Complex Fractionated Electrogram (CFE) and Dominant Frequency (DF) are two methods commonly used to guide radio frequency ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). CFE is based on the time domain and DF on the frequency domain.We generated electrograms, composed of two components representing near- and far-field effects, with varying amplitude and white noise. Cycle lengths (CL) ranged from 80 to 180 ms. The electrograms were analyzed using time domain (CFE), and frequency domain (DF) methods, both in computer simulations and using the NavX system, routinely used in clinical practice to locate fast (<120ms) AF sources.In computer simulations, DF approach estimated accurately CL of the fast (80 ms) and the slow (180 ms) signal and yielded 96 ms for equally combined signal. CFE method estimated CL of 129, 80 and 80 ms, respectively. When signals were fed into the NavX system via its hardware interface, DF yielded values of 190, 84 and 73 ms, respectively. CFE yielded 268, 85 and 95 ms, respectively.The DF approach was more robust, since CFE tended to overdetect short CLs (see figure), thus unnecessarily prompting ablation more often than DF.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The tunneling action of group VIII metal particles in catalyzed graphite hydrogenation

Abstract A new catalyst action in catalyzed graphite hydrogenation, termed tunneling, is observed and studied for Pt, Ni, and Ru. The metal particles undergo tunneling in the a direction of graphite (parallel to the basal plane), gasifying carbon. The linear speed of tunneling is independent of particle size. The sequential steps in the reaction are CC bond breakage and dissolution of carbon into the metal at the leading-edge carbon-metal interface, diffusion of carbon in metal, and reaction between C and H on metal surface. The last step is rate limiting, and is a common step for deep-layer channeling, monolayer channeling, as well as the methanation reaction. Both tunneling and monolayer channeling actions are at least as important as deep-layer channeling in the overall rate for graphite hydrogenation.
Achieving Ultralow Standby Power With an Efficient SCCMOS Bias Generator

Standby power frequently dominates the power budget of battery-operated ultralow power sensor nodes. Reducing standby power is therefore a key challenge for further power reduction. Applying known circuit techniques for standby power reduction is challenging since standby power of state-of-the-art sensor node systems is now on the order of nanowatts or less. Hence, the overhead of any leakage reduction technique quickly overshadows any gains. This brief proposes an efficient implementation method for super cutoff CMOS that exploits the unique conditions of power gating to enable a highly efficient charge pump design. The proposed techniques are applied to logic blocks and memory devices. For a very low initial standby power value of tens of picowatts, standby power reduction of up to 19.3 × and 29% is achieved for logic blocks and memory, respectively.
Virial expansion of a quantum particle in a classical gas: Application to the orthopositronium decay rate

Experiments measuring the decay of positrons and orthopositronium in gases show a complicated dependence of the annihilation rate on the gas density. Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that the nonlinear dependence of the decay rate on gas density is the result of local alterations in the gas density surrounding the decaying particle. In this paper the virial expansion of the decay rate of both free positrons and positronium atoms in powers of the gas density is developed. The temperature-dependent coefficients in the density expansion of the decay rate are expressed in terms of modified cluster integrals that are determined by the interaction of the free positron or positronium atom with the host gas. Explicit expressions are given for the decay rate through terms of order ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}$ in the gas density. The term linear in the gas density is investigated analytically for the specific case of a hard-sphere interaction and its relevance to the decay of orthopositronium is demonstrated. Both the low- and high-temperature limits of the decay rate are determined analytically and the lack of temperature dependence observed in most experimental measurements of the decay rate at low density is explained. Finally, the results of path-integral Monte Carlo calculations for the decay rate over a wide temperature range are presented. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Increased Basal REM Sleep But No Difference in Dark Induction or Light Suppression of REM Sleep in Flinders Rats with Cholinergic Supersensitivity

Increased cholinergic sensitivity in the central nervous system has been postulated to account for some of the neuroendocrine abnormalities and sleep disturbances seen in human depressives. The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, which exhibit increased sensitivity to cholinergic agents, have been shown to have REM sleep patterns similar to those seen in depressives, including shorter REM sleep latency and increased daily percentage of REM sleep. We studied the response of FSL and control rats to brief dark pulses administered during the normal light period (which are known to stimulate REM sleep in albino rats) and to brief light pulses during the normal dark period (which suppress REM sleep in albino rats) to determine whether these responses are affected by central cholinergic hypersensitivity. FSL rats showed REM sleep patterns indistinguishable from controls during light or dark pulses, which does not support the primary involvement of cholinergic systems in this mechanism of REM sleep regulation. We also examined REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep patterns in FSL rats and their controls to determine whether they show sleep continuity disturbances or decreased sleep intensity as seen in depression. In agreement with an earlier study, we found that FSL rats had more daily REM sleep and accumulated less NREM sleep between REM bouts than controls. Duration of NREM sleep bouts, total daily NREM sleep time, and EEG amplitude of NREM sleep did not differ between FSL and control rats, suggesting that the cholinergic abnormalities in FSL rats do not produce substantial NREM sleep changes.
Production Characteristics, Costs, and Risk of Producing Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fingerlings on Farms with Thinning

Abstract A pond production trial was conducted to compare yield, growth, feed conversion ratio, costs, and economic risk of producing catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fingerlings with thinning. Catfish fry were stocked at 625,000 fry/ha, thinned when they reached 5.6 cm total length, and re-stocked at either 291,500/ha, 145,750/ha, or 70,000/ha. Mean weight (g) and length (cm) at harvest decreased as a logarithmic function of stocking rate (y = 191.236 2 14.128[ln X]; R2 = 0.86 for weight and y = 46.831 2 2.781[ln X]; R2 = 0.88 for length), while yield increased linearly (y = 962 + 0.00812X; R2 = 0.57) with stocking rate. There was no significant difference in survival, feed conversion ratio, or condition of the fish due to the stocking treatments. The significantly higher yield of fingerlings at the higher densities resulted in lower costs per fingerling, per kilogram, and per centimeter. The risk analysis showed little risk of incurring cost per centimeter higher than commercial rates. Additional research ...
Public choice and political philosophy

That economists gladly embrace public choice theory is not hard to explain—indeed, to explain using the precepts of public choice itself. Economics is an imperialist discipline that has extended the range of its theorizing from comparative pricing of deer and beaver to markets for spouses, rational criminal behavior, and the comparative return to Batting Averages versus On Base Percentages. That it should also plant a flag in the landmass of politics and claim it in the name of homo economicus is entirely in character. And as was the case with imperialists of late 19th Century expansion, it announces itself thereby to be doing good for both, colonizer and colonized. Political philosophy, it would seem, has less reason to welcome public choice. From Plato to John Rawls, philosophers have aimed to chart out the configuration of a truly good society, one that operates according to precepts of justice. Political philosophy, then, is a normative discipline, one that attempts to ascertain how people ought to act one with another rather than how they do comport themselves. This can be pursued as a purely theoretical exercise, like reviewing the course of an ancient battle and contemplating what might have happened had the Persians adopted a different strategy at Marathon. Such detached speculation, however, is secondary in the practice of political philosophy. Rather, the discipline is self-consciously practical, purporting to offer guidance concerning the actual practice of political organization and rule. The hope is that if we come to know more about the requisites for successful sociality, then we will be more able to live according to these principles. Of course that knowledge is not itself a sufficient condition for living well. It also helps to enjoy abundant material means and security from external aggressors. Another kind of obstacle that needs to be overcome is moral failings on the part of political actors. Good philosophy does not remedy vicious character. Nor does it have much value for mostly virtuous kings and legislators if they take their advice elsewhere. Nonetheless, and with full acknowledgment of pitfalls along the way, the central goal of traditional political philosophy has been
Membrane extraction for detoxification of biomass hydrolysates

Membrane extraction was used for the removal of sulfuric acid, acetic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and furfural from corn stover hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid. Microporous polypropylene hollow fiber membranes were used. The organic extractant consisted of 15% Alamine 336 in: octanol, a 50:50 mixture of oleyl alcohol:octanol or oleyl alcohol. Rapid removal of sulfuric acid, 5-hydroxymethyl and furfural was observed. The rate of acetic acid removal decreased as the pH of the hydrolysate increased. Regeneration of the organic extractant was achieved by back extraction into an aqueous phase containing NaOH and ethanol. A cleaning protocol consisting of flushing the hydrolysate compartment with NaOH and the organic phase compartment with pure organic phase enabled regeneration and reuse of the module. Ethanol yields from hydrolysates detoxified by membrane extraction using 15% Alamine 336 in oleyl alcohol were about 10% higher than those from hydrolysates detoxified using ammonium hydroxide treatment.
CALCIUM INDUCES BINDING AND FORMATION OF A SPIN-COUPLED DIMANGANESE(II,II)CENTER IN THE APO-WATER OXIDATION COMPLEX OF PHOTOSYSTEM II AS PRECURSOR TO THE FUNCTIONAL TETRA-MN/CA CLUSTER

Two new intermediates are described which form in the dark as precursors to the light-induced assembly of the photosynthetic water oxidation complex (WOC) from the inorganic components. Mn2+ binds to the apo-WOC-PSII protein in the absence of calcium at a high-affinity site. By using a hydrophobic chelator to remove Mn2+ and Ca2+ from the WOC and nonspecific Fe3+, a new EPR signal becomes visible upon binding of Mn2+ to this site, characterized by six-line 55Mn hyperfine structure (DeltaHpp = 96 +/- 1 G) and effective g = 8.3. These features indicate a high-spin electronic ground state (S = 5/2) for Mn2+ and a strong ligand field with large anisotropy. This signal is eliminated if excess Ca2+ or Mg2+ is present. A second Mn2+ EPR signal forms in place of this signal upon addition of Ca2+ in the dark. The yield of this Ca-induced Mn signal is optimum at a ratio of 2 Mn/PSII, and saturates with increasing [Ca2+] >/= 8 mM, exhibiting a calcium dissociation constant of KD = 1.4 mM. The EPR signal of the Ca-induced Mn center at 25 K is asymmetric with major g value of approximately 2.04 (DeltaHpp = 380 G) and a shoulder near g approximately 3.1. It also exhibits resolved 55Mn hyperfine splitting with separation DeltaHpp = 42-45 G. These spectral features are diagnostic of a variety of weakly interacting Mn2(II, II) pairs with electronic spins that are magnetic dipolar coupled in the range of intermanganese separations 4.1 +/- 0.4 A, and commonly associated with one or two carboxylate bridges. The calcium requirement for induction of the Mn2(II,II) signal matches the value observed for steady-state O2 evolution (Michaelis constant, KM approximately 1.4 mM), and for light-induced assembly of the WOC by photoactivation. The Ca-induced Mn2(II,II) center is a more efficient electron donor to the photooxidized tyrosine radical, TyrZ+, than is the mononuclear Mn center present in the absence of Ca2+. The Ca-induced Mn2(II,II) signal serves as a precursor for photoactivation of the functional WOC and is abolished by the presence of Mg2+. Formation of the Mn2(II,II) EPR signal by addition of Ca2+ correlates with reduction of flash-induced catalase activity, indicating that calcium modulates the accessibility or reactivity of the Mn2(II,II) core with H2O2. We propose that calcium organizes the binding site for Mn ions in the apo-WOC protein and may even interact directly with the Mn2(II,II) pair via solvent or protein-derived bridging ligands.
Evaluating a breadth-first cs 1 for scientists

This paper presents a thorough evaluation of CS for Scientists, a CS 1 course designed to provide future scientists with an overview of the discipline. The course takes a breadth-first approach that leverages its students' interest and experience in science, mathematics, and engineering. In contrast to many other styles of CS 1, this course does not presume that its students will study more computer science, but it does seek to prepare them should they choose to. We summarize the past year's worth of assessments of student learning, retention, and affect -- with particular attention paid to women's voices. Where possible, we contrast these student measures with those from a traditional, imperative-first CS1 that this new course replaced. The data thus far suggest that CS for Scientists significantly improves students' understanding of CS, its applications, and practice.