cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spared and impaired aspects of motivated cognitive control in schizophrenia.

The ability to upregulate cognitive control in motivationally salient situations was examined in individuals with schizophrenia (patients) and healthy controls. Fifty-four patients and thirty-nine healthy controls were recruited. A computerized monetary response conflict task required participants to identity a picture, over which was printed a matching (congruent), neutral, or incongruent word. This baseline condition was followed by an incentive condition, in which participants were given the opportunity to win money on reward-cued trials. These reward-cued trials were interleaved with non-reward cued trials. Reaction times (RT) were examined for both incentive context effects (difference in RT between baseline and non-reward cue trials in the incentive condition) and incentive cue effects (difference in RT between non-reward and reward cue trials in the incentive condition). Compared to baseline, controls showed a speeding of responses during both the non-reward (incentive context effect) and reward cued (incentive cue effect) trials during the incentive condition, but with a larger incentive context than incentive cue effect, suggesting a reliance on proactive control strategies. Although patients also showed a speeding of responses to both non-reward and reward cued trials, they showed a significantly smaller incentive context effect than controls, suggesting a reduction in the use of proactive control and a greater reliance on the use of “just-in-time,” reactive control strategies. These results are discussed in light of the relationship between motivation and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, and the potential role of impairments in prefrontally mediated active maintenance mechanisms.
Review of the Applicability of FSW Processing to Aircraft Applications

Recently, the National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR) at Wichita State University, in Wichita, Kansas, conducted a literature review of the friction stir welding (FSW) process, and a comprehensive evaluation of the weld properties of butt-welded 2024T3 and 7075-T73 thin sheet, two of the most commonly used aerospace alloys. During the review, comprehensive design data including tensile, fatigue, fracture toughness, fatigue crack propagation, and exfoliation were generally found not to be all reported together for welds in 2XXX and 7XXX series alloys. Also, critical tooling and welding parameters are often proprietary, preventing duplication of results. The literature review was conducted in the following areas: material properties and performance, process developments, process modeling, quality control, and applications to aircraft structure. The objective of the study was to perform a comprehensive testing and properties evaluation of butt-welds made in the common aerospace alloys: 2024-T3 and 7075-T73 plates of 0.040” and 0.125” thicknesses, naturally aged for a minimum of 3 months. The FSW joints were produced on an MTS ISTIR Gantry 10 machine in collaboration with the South Dakota School of Mines. The results of those tests, with the weld parameters and tooling utilized, are presented and discussed. The results indicate a Poisson’s ratio of about 0.35. The 7075 specimens have an ultimate strength averaging 69 ksi for 0.125” and 65 ksi for 0.040” sheet, while the 2024 specimens had an average ultimate strength of 63 ksi for 0.125” and 59 ksi for 0.040” sheet. Ultimate elongations ranged from 6% for the 0.040” 2024 to 14% for the 0.125” 7075 alloy. For fatigue crack growth, the 7075 specimens generally cracked down the center of the weld. However, the cracks in the 2024 material grew quickly towards the base material. The exfoliation test was performed per ASTM G34. Both the 2024 and the 7075 specimens show notable attack in the heat affected zone in the naturally aged condition. Weld microstructure characterization is also included. Future work will include generating additional test data, specifically in fatigue, fatigue crack propagation, and stress corrosion. A study on post weld artificial aging for comparison with naturally aged results and other strategies for enhancing the corrosion resistance and fatigue life of FSW joints is also under way.
Improved adaptive bit-interleaved coded modulation for mobile radio OFDM systems aided by fading prediction

Adaptive bit-interleaved coded modulation (ABICM) is attractive for rapidly varying mobile radio channels due to its robustness to imperfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. Novel ABCIM method based on the expurgated bound is proposed. This method improves upon previously investigated ABICM techniques since it is able to maintain the target bit error rate for diverse CSI conditions. Spectral efficiencies of the proposed ABICM method, adaptive trellis-coded modulation, and uncoded adaptive modulation are compared for an adaptive mobile radio orthogonal frequency division-multiplex (OFDM) system aided by the long-range fading prediction. It is demonstrated that ABICM is much less sensitive to prediction errors than the other two adaptive modulation techniques, which do not employ interleaving, but reliable fading prediction is still necessary to achieve high spectral efficiency of ABICM for practical channel conditions.
Early impact of social isolation and breast tumor progression in mice

Evidence from cancer patients and animal models of cancer indicates that exposure to psychosocial stress can promote tumor growth and metastasis, but the pathways underlying stress-induced cancer pathogenesis are not fully understood. Social isolation has been shown to promote tumor progression. We examined the impact of social isolation on breast cancer pathogenesis in adult female severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice using the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, a high β-adrenergic receptor (AR) expressing line. When group-adapted mice were transferred into single housing (social isolation) one week prior to MB-231 tumor cell injection into a mammary fat pad (orthotopic), no alterations in tumor growth or metastasis were detected compared to group-housed mice. When social isolation was delayed until tumors were palpable, tumor growth was transiently increased in singly-housed mice. To determine if sympathetic nervous system activation was associated with increased tumor growth, spleen and tumor norepinephrine (NE) was measured after social isolation, in conjunction with tumor-promoting macrophage populations. Three days after transfer to single housing, spleen weight was transiently increased in tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing mice in conjunction with reduced splenic NE concentration and elevated CD11b+Gr-1+ macrophages. At day 10 after social isolation, no changes in spleen CD11b+ populations or NE were detected in singly-housed mice. In the tumors, social isolation increased CD11b+Gr-1+, CD11b+Gr-1-, and F4/80+ macrophage populations, with no change in tumor NE. The results indicate that a psychological stressor, social isolation, elicits dynamic but transient effects on macrophage populations that may facilitate tumor growth. The transiency of the changes in peripheral NE suggest that homeostatic mechanisms may mitigate the impact of social isolation over time. Studies are underway to define the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of social isolation, and to determine the contributions of increased tumor macrophages to tumor pathogenesis.
Aligning Features with Sense Distinction Dimensions

In this paper we present word sense disambiguation (WSD) experiments on ten highly polysemous verbs in Chinese, where significant performance improvements are achieved using rich linguistic features. Our system performs significantly better, and in some cases substantially better, than the baseline on all ten verbs. Our results also demonstrate that features extracted from the output of an automatic Chinese semantic role labeling system in general benefited the WSD system, even though the amount of improvement was not consistent across the verbs. For a few verbs, semantic role information actually hurt WSD performance. The inconsistency of feature performance is a general characteristic of the WSD task, as has been observed by others. We argue that this result can be explained by the fact that word senses are partitioned along different dimensions for different verbs and the features therefore need to be tailored to particular verbs in order to achieve adequate accuracy on verb sense disambiguation.
The effects of collector surface area with electrostatic flows resulting from multiple corona discharges

To initiate an ionic induced flow within atmospheric air, the high voltages are applied to the atmosphere by the coronas, creating an ionic flow to a grounded collector or ring. In experiments with a focus on the viability of applying the ionic wind as a cooling mechanism, using a shallow ring as the grounded collector for the ionized air, it was found that there is a relationship between the size of the grounded ring and the velocity of the flow caused by the ionization from the electrodes, maintaining voltage as a constant, a smaller ring provides higher efficiencies, while larger rings provide higher flow rates at larger dynamic pressures. Further research is being conducted on the influence of multiple corona discharges on the velocity and the effective static pressure of ionic flows in air as well as combustible flows
Emotional adjustment and catecholamine excretion during early recovery from myocardial infarction

Abstract Thirty-eight patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infraction in a cardiac care unit were studied by means of nurses' behavioral ratings, interviews and bedside observations during the first five days after admission. Urinary epinephrine was measured for the same days from 8hr collections corresponding to the period of behaviioral observation. Anxiety-fear, hostility and depression were intercorrelated for the group as a whole. Significant differences in “upset” behavior between two subgroups were accompanied by differences in norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion. A separate analysis of the behavior according to an expression-repression dimension showed that rating periods characterized by high expression were associated with lower epinephrine excretion than periods characterized by high repression. Patient groups showing adjustment or no adjustment did not differ by incidence or type of complications or by use of tranquilizing or sedative medication during the 5 day period. A higher mortality rate following the period of study was seen in the no adjust group.
A Hybrid Fuzzy Clustering Method with a Robust Validity Index

A robust validity index for fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The purpose of fuzzy clustering is to partition a given set of training data into several different clusters that can then be modeled by fuzzy theory. The FCM algorithm has become the most widely used method in fuzzy clustering. Although, there are some successful applications of FCM have been proposed, a disadvantage of FCM is that the number of clusters must be predetermined. After clustering, it is often necessary to evaluate the fitness of the results obtained by FCM. Such assessment techniques are called cluster validity. In this paper, a new cluster validity index is proposed to evaluate the fitness of clusters obtained by FCM and four examples show the results of proposed index have good performances than other cluster validities.
Lifting the fog: Navigating penalties in the Affordable Care Act

This article provides an analysis and critique of tax penalties affecting employers and individuals in the Affordable Care Act. After an overview of the Act and its intended role in addressing problems in the health insurance system, the article turns to examine the employer and individual mandates, along with the requirement of minimum essential coverage. It argues that behavioral effects of these provisions are unlikely to achieve the desired policy outcomes. Moreover, the failure to accommodate conscience exemptions for employers and citizens with objections to contraceptive coverage likewise erects a barrier to achieving the desired policy goal of expanded coverage. Finally, the article briefly touches on the problems associated with state exchanges and their implications for employers and citizens seeking health insurance coverage. An appendix shows hypothetical computations affecting an employer decision to shift employees to exchanges rather than to continue employer-provided coverage.
Analysis of Torispherical Pressure Vessels

The stress analysis of a torispherical pressure vessel is studied with the aid of two asymptotic expansions, one valid for large toroidal segments and another valid for smaller knuckles. A simple design formula for the maximum stress in the toroidal segment is obtained, which is in close agreement with experimental and with direct numerical results. Nonlinear prestress effect is also included. Graphs are presented from which stress concentration can be easily determined for a wide variation of parameters. A simple condition that yields the optimum toroidal radius for prescribed spherical cap and cylinder geometries is presented. Also, a reasonable lower limit for the critical internal pressure at which wrinkles are formed along the circumference of the toroid is found.
Adenosine induces initial hypoxic-ischemic depression of synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus in vivo.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of adenosine in the hypoxic depression of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. An in vivo model of hypoxic synaptic depression was develo...
Vitamin D Status and Supplementation in the Critically Ill

Vitamin D deficiency has recently been recognized as a widespread global disorder. Generally considered a direct extension of malnutrition, even subclinical hypovitaminosis D is now recognized in adequately nourished populations. Compared to the general population, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is greater in the critically ill population. In fact, several studies have shown poorer outcomes in critically ill patients discovered to be vitamin D deficient or insufficient. Controversy persists regarding vitamin D measurements, quantity of supplementation, and appropriate target level in various populations. Vitamin D has a vital role in calcium homeostasis and extra-skeletal health, such as immune function. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation may have a role for improving outcomes in critically ill patients. In this review, we will first discuss the metabolism and function of vitamin D under normal physiologic conditions. We will then explore the prevalence and prognostic value of vitamin D deficiency in critical illness. Finally, we will examine recent trials focusing on appropriate dosing, route of administration, and outcomes associated with vitamin D supplementation in the ICU.
Direct interrogation of DNA content distribution in nanoparticles by a novel microfluidics-based single-particle analysis.

Nonviral gene delivery holds great promise not just as a safer alternative to viral vectors in traditional gene therapy applications, but also for regenerative medicine, induction of pluripotency in somatic cells, and RNA interference for gene silencing. Although it continues to be an active area of research, there remain many challenges to the rational design of vectors. Among these, the inability to characterize the composition of nanoparticles and its distribution has made it difficult to probe the mechanism of gene transfection process, since differences in the nanoparticle-mediated transfection exist even when the same vector is used. There is a lack of sensitive methods that allow for full characterization of DNA content in single nanoparticles and its distribution among particles in the same preparation. Here we report a novel spectroscopic approach that is capable of interrogating nanoparticles on a particle-by-particle basis. Using PEI/DNA and PEI-g-PEG/DNA nanoparticles as examples, we have show...
Newer procedures using the fiberoptic bronchoscope in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

The overall survival rate from lung cancer is barely over 10%, and in the last 25 years there has been no major therapeutic advancement. Chemotherapy has extended the survival among patients with small cell carcinoma by a few months, while resectional lung surgery remains the only curative procedure for other types. Making the diagnosis at the first suspicion of the disease, while it is still in a limited stage or resectable, is currently the only hope to improve the outcome of bronchogenic carcinoma. Fiber-optic bronchoscopy is a high-yield and noninvasive means of diagnosing this condition. The present article is a review of newer tests being developed to increase the utility of fiberoptic bronchos-copy in diagnosing and staging of bronchogenic carcinoma.
Study and Simulation of Fuzzy-PID Control System of BLDCM

This paper presented a new method based on the Fuzzy self-adaptive PID for BLDCM.This method overcomes some defects of the traditional PID control,such as lower control precision and worse anti-jamming performance.At first,the dynamic model of BLDCM was built,and the speed was contolled by Fuzzy-PID control.Then,the paper presented the method of how to design the Fuzzy-PID controller and implemented the design and simulation of the system by the MATLAB software.At last,it compared simulation results of PID control method with Fuzzy-PID control method.The results show that the Fuzzy-PID control method has more excellent dynamic and static performances,as well as anti-jamming performance.
Novel Dispersant for Formation Damage Prevention in CO2: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The injection of supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) into depleted or overproduced oil reservoirs has become a popular practice for enhancing oil recovery over the last several decades, because of the favorable mobility characteristics of miscible CO2 floods. Unfortunately, dissolved CO2 often causes mass precipitation of heavy-end hydrocarbon fractions such as asphaltenes, leading to formation damage. The prevention of formation damage ensuing from asphaltene deposition in porous rocks often requires the use of chemical additives such as solvents or inhibitors. Effective additives are able to disperse asphaltene aggregates by curbing their growth in the bulk phase. In particular, CO2-soluble polymers represent a promising type of asphaltene dispersants, since they can eliminate the need for large amounts of hydrocarbon solvent additives to injection mixtures. However, most of these polymers have been relatively untested and their interactions with asphaltenes in sc-CO2 are still unclear. In this study,...
Steady-state and transient temperature distribution in GaAs microwave circuits

This work models and simulates the electrothermal properties of GaAs pHEMT based Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC). The temperature increase of each component due to the self heating of the power devices in the packages was simulated coupled with the static electromagnetic analysis. A linear RC thermal macromodel was developed for the die, and the temperatures are solved by using nodal equations numerically. Stead-state and transient simulations of temperature distribution of the MMIC structures were performed. The need for thermal vias was demonstrated as essential parts of the package for thermal cooling purposes.
Excitation and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on non-structured surface with gradient permittivity

We have theoretically analyzed the excitation and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on a planar interface between a homogeneous dielectric and a gradient negative permittivity material. This theory may lead to various applications, including “rainbow trapping”.
A man with chest pain and acute ST elevations on electrocardiogram

A 45 year old man with a history of dyslipidemia presented to the emergency department with chest pain. He was awakened from sleep one hour earlier with burning, pressure-like substernal chest pain radiating to his left arm with associated nausea. He denied dyspnoea, diaphoresis, or lightheadedness. The pain was constant, not worse with exertion, and not relieved by an antacid medication. He reported good health throughout his life, managing his dyslipidemia with diet and exercise and he did not take prescription medications. The man’s family history was notable for coronary artery disease in his father. He denied smoking cigarettes and using any drugs, and was quite physically active in martial arts. His blood pressure was 160/101 mm Hg on arrival, and his cardiovascular and respiratory examinations were unremarkable. A 12 lead electrocardiogram (fig 1⇓) and an emergent coronary angiogram were taken. Contrast ventriculography showed preserved left ventricular ejection fraction with hypokinesis of the inferior left ventricular wall. Serum creatine kinase was elevated to 1942 U/L (reference range 47-171 U/L) the morning after presentation. Fig 1 Presenting electrocardiogram 1. What is the most likely diagnosis? 2. What is the underlying aetiology? 3. How would you manage this patient? ### 1. What is the most likely diagnosis? #### Short answer The electrocardiogram shows inferior ST segment elevations consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography shows coronary artery aneurysm of the right coronary artery with acute intracoronary thrombosis. #### Discussion The electrocardiogram shows sinus arrhythmia with first degree heart block, ST segment elevations in all three inferior leads (II, III, and aVF), and ST segment depressions in the right precordial leads (V1 and V2). Inferior ST segment elevations are generally observed with acute inferior wall …
Stability and electrical properties of MoSi2- and WSi2-oxide electroconductive composites

MoSi2- and WSi2-based electroconductive ceramic composites were fabricated using 40-80 vol% fine- and coarse-Al2O3, and ZrO2 particles (refractory oxides) after sintering in argon. Their chemical and thermal stability was tested between 1400°-1600°C for up to 48 h. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of secondary 5-3 metal silicide (Mo5Si3, W5Si3) and silica phases on the grain boundaries and surface. The fraction of the W5Si3 (11.4-38.8 vol%) was significantly higher than that of the Mo5Si3 (3.3-7.3 vol%) in the composites after annealing at 1400°C for 48 h. The rates of grain growth in the composites (0.013-0.023 μm/h) were highly decreased by a grain boundary pinning effect. This effect was relatively better with addition of the coarse-grained oxides due to their more homogeneous distribution throughout the microstructure. The percolation threshold for the composites was generally above 20 vol% silicide addition except for the MoSi2-Al2O3 (fine-grained), which exhibited 8.8 and 8.1 S/cm electrical conductivity at 900° and 1000°C, respectively. At 60 vol% silicide content, MoSi2-Al2O3 (coarse-grained) and WSi2-Al2O3 (fine-grained) showed higher electrical conductivity (126-128 S/cm) at 900°C. The density, porosity level, particle distribution, intrinsic conductivity of silicide phase, particle size, and fraction of the secondary 5-3 silicide phase highly influenced their electrical properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography-Guided Placement of Bicaval Dual-Lumen Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannula.

Live imaging with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is frequently used to guide placement for interventional cardiothoracic procedures. The Avalon Bi-Caval Dual Lumen Catheter (Avalon Laboratories, Rancho Dominguez, CA) can establish venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with single cannulation via the right internal jugular vein. The Avalon Bi-Caval Dual Lumen Catheter is a single-cannula VV ECMO system used in patients with isolated severe respiratory failure and preserved cardiac function. Historically, VV ECMO has been achieved using dual cannulation via the jugular and femoral veins.1 Advantages of single-site VV ECMO include increased patient mobility, less site infection, and decreased chance of accidental dislodgement.2 The Avalon cannula has proximal and distal inflow orifices in the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (IVC) to drain deoxygenated blood (Figure 1). The outflow port is aimed toward the tricuspid valve to deliver oxygenated blood through the valve and into the right ventricle. TEE is used to guide placement of the cannula as well as evaluate the final position and directionality of outflow once VV ECMO has been initiated. Malposition of the cannula may cause low ECMO flow or hypoxia because of recirculation. Despite proper placement, cannula migration into the hepatic vein or right ventricle is possible postoperatively.4 The following case describes the use of TEE to optimize the position of the cannula tip using two-dimensional echocardiography and ensure laminar outflow through the tricuspid valve using color flow Doppler. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Illustration of Avalon Bi-Caval Dual Lumen cannula in correct position.
Shipboard Hydraulic Breakwater

Model hydraulic breakwater was constructed on 1:86.5 scale model Liberty Ship; ship was moored in model basin in 7 in, of water and subjected to series of different wave conditions; mooring forces and wave attenuation were measured; graphs showing relationship between wave attenuation and jet-flow rate and dependence of mooring force on wave height are included.
The Historicality of das Man: Foucault on Docility and Optimality

To address the question of the nature and function of conventions, this essay explores a possible systematic link between Heidegger’s hermeneutical phenomenology and Foucault’s historical ontology. It argues that these analyses establish, contra to the cognitivist interpretation, dominant then and now, that conventions are properly understood not as “common knowledge” (Lewis) nor even as “jointly accepted beliefs” (Gilbert)—that they are not, at least at their most fundamental layer, cognitive states at all—but are instead (individual and social) bodily dispositions that are forged by historically shifting entwinements of practices of power and forms of knowledge.
Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Pediatric ICU: A 12-Year Experience.

Background:In the pediatric population, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is as common as ischemic stroke and accounts for significant mortality and morbidity. Differently from the ischem...
Telemedicine in Respiratory Care

This chapter will attempt to introduce “telemedicine” from multiple perspectives and for multiple purposes. It will briefly review some recent past uses in the home for respiratory care and then provide evidence from present experiences. To understand a future scenario from the present situation, current universal trends will be described from a global perspective. Then a preferred scenario (future vision) will be described to justify more universal acceptance and utilization of telemedicine in the care of patients, provision of services, and education of health care professionals and patients that will foster communication, collaboration, and a care partnership between patients and physicians.
Synthesis of Modeling and Simulation Methods on Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies Research

National security, economic prosperity, and the quality of life of today’s societies depend on the continuous and reliable operation of interdependent infrastructures. Models to capture the performance and operation of these systems have been developed to support planning, maintenance, and retrofit decision making from multiple view points, including infrastructure owners or investors, private and public users, and government entities that ensure reliability, economic vitality and security. The study of interdependent infrastructures is challenging due to heterogeneous quality and insufficient data availability and the need to account for their spatial and temporal aspects of complex supply-demand operation. Research and implementation studies have attempted to address interdependence modeling through various techniques, such as Agent Based simulation, Input- Output Inoperability, system reliability theory, nonlinear dynamics, and graph theory. These studies are mainly targeted at understanding infrastructure behavior and response to disruptions through single modeling techniques. However, hybrid modeling techniques, multi-scale analyses, and other realizable innovative approaches are lacking, in part because few studies have characterized existing models into a single source to provide a current state of the field, elucidate connections across existing studies, and synthesize a directive for future research. This chapter introduces a conceptualization of current research that integrates the multiple ideas in the field of infrastructure interdependencies into a unified hierarchical structure that navigates through research advances from early papers in the1980’s to date. The body of knowledge is categorized according to several attributes identified in the field, such as mathematical method, modeling objective, scale of analysis, quality and quantity of input data, targeted discipline, and end user type. The hierarchical conceptualization approach synthesizes available data and is expected to ease the research and application process of interdependencies concepts by finding differences and commonalities in data collection, analyses techniques, and desired outputs. This research survey highlights that most of the existing interdependence modeling strategies are not competing but rather complementary approaches, which can provide a vehicle for immediate innovative studies on coupled infrastructures, such as stochastic interdependence, cascading failures across systems, and the establishment of risk mitigation principles. New linkages across existing research can facilitate implementation and dissemination of results, inform areas of data collection, enable benchmark models for validation predictions and model comparisons, and point to long term broader and emergent unresolved research issues in infrastructure interdependence research, possibly including smart technologies, bio-inspiration, sustainability, scalability of analysis algorithms, and dimension reduction of network abstractions.
Rule Ordering and Derivation in Phonology

This article reviews relations that hold between phonological rules. These relations become essential when rules interact in derivation, an interaction that changes underlying representations into surface representations. It is shown that some rules are in a nonaffecting order, whereas other rules either order themselves automatically (intrinsic order) or must be ordered by stipulation (extrinsic order). In the latter class of cases, ordering is of four types: feeding, counterfeeding, bleeding, and counterbleeding. From the point of view of surface effects, rules are either transparent or opaque. Opaque rules are those that are not surface-true or are not surface apparent.
Diagnosis and treatment of viral meningitis.

Description of the signs and symptoms of viral meningitis and how to treat it. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Mourning, Large-Group Identity, and the Refugee Experience

The refugee experience varies tremendously. I have interviewed some who barely escaped to safety by literally running over dead bodies. In October 2016, the Associated Press stated that at least 3800 refugees had died in the Mediterranean Sea so far that year in an attempt to reach Europe. We can easily imagine the “survival guilt” experienced by their relatives or friends who did not lose their lives. I also have interviewed children who were babies when they were saved and taken to a foreign place, and as they grew up they had no recollection of their parents who had been killed. Other refugees face less traumatic but still impactful conditions.
Prologue: On the Art of Analysis

The work presented in this volume is a selection of short essays dedicated to the analyses of various timely issues: international law, human rights, the proper role of the intellectual, US domestic concerns, foreign policy, and problems presented to us by Israel and its guiding ideology of Zionism.
Latinx Students and Secondary Music Education in the United States

As of 2014, Latinx youth have comprised roughly a quarter of the U.S. population younger than 18 years. Yet Latinx students have not been found to participate in school ensembles at rates consisten...
Inducing nonlocal constraints from baseline phonotactics

Nonlocal phonological patterns such as vowel harmony and long-distance consonant assimilation and dissimilation motivate representations that include only the interacting segments—projections. We present an implemented computational learner that induces projections based on phonotactic properties of a language that are observable without nonlocal representations. The learner builds on the base grammar induced by the MaxEnt Phonotactic Learner (Hayes and Wilson 2008). Our model searches this baseline grammar for constraints that suggest nonlocal interactions, capitalizing on the observations that (a) nonlocal interactions can be seen in trigrams if the language has simple syllable structure, and (b) nonlocally interacting segments define a natural class. We show that this model finds nonlocal restrictions on laryngeal consonants in corpora of Quechua and Aymara, and vowel co-occurrence restrictions in Shona.
The MERiT Onboard the CeREs: A Novel Instrument to Study Energetic Particles in the Earth's Radiation Belts

The Miniaturized Electron pRoton Telescope, MERiT, is a low‐mass, low‐power, compact instrument using an innovative combination of particle detectors, sensor electronics, and onboard processing. MERiT is flying on the Compact Radiation belt Explorer, CeREs, a 3U CubeSat launched into a low earth orbit of 500‐km altitude and inclination of 85° on 16 December 2018. The primary and secondary science goals of CeREs are to investigate electron microbursts and to study solar particles. MERiT comprises a stack of solid state detectors (SSD) behind space facing avalanche photo diodes (APDs) surrounded by W‐Al shielding to reduce side‐penetrating particle background. The APD‐SSD combination enables measurement of electrons from 5 to 200 keV and 1 to 8 MeV; protons from 200–400 keV and 7–100 MeV in differential channels with energy resolution ΔE/E≈30% for both electrons and protons. MERiT measures microbursts with a high time resolution ranging from 4 to 16 ms and solar particles with a cadence of 1 s. MERiT energy channels and cadences are software configurable via algorithms and lookup tables residing on a field‐programmable gate array. The lookup tables can be changed via ground commands. MERiT geometry factor is 31 sq.cm‐sr and optimized to measure microbursts with the instrument viewing the local zenith in orbit. MERiT enables investigation of dynamical processes of radiation belt electron energization and loss, solar electron and proton transport, and their access to the Earth's polar caps. We describe the MERiT sensor design, calibration, operational modes, data products, and science goals.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Addition of Amines to Acrylic Acid Derivatives. A High-Throughput Method for Evaluating Hydroamination of Primary and Secondary Alkylamines

Several new classes of transition metal-catalyzed reactions of amines with the CC bond of acrylic acid derivatives were discovered using a high-throughput colorimetric assay. This assay is general for the reactions of primary and secondary alkylamines with acrylic acid derivatives, and the screening of potential catalysts using this assay revealed a number of different metal/ligand combinations that promote these hydroaminations. The colorimetric assay revealed catalysts for the addition of piperidine to methacrylonitrile, crotononitrile, ethyl crotonate, and ethyl methacrylate, as well as catalysts for reactions of butylamine and aniline with methacrylonitrile. A catalyst for the addition of aniline to crotononitrile at 100 °C was also discovered. The products of these reactions are basic building blocks for the synthesis of β-amino acids, amino alcohols, and diamines. These reactions may ultimately produce an enantioselective route to optically active difunctional materials from commodity reagents.
Conflict-of-Interest-Infected Virtual Representatives and a Cure

The general rule that a person cannot be bound by an agreement or a decree unless she received notice encounters practical difficulties where a person is missing, incompetent, a minor, unascertained, or even unborn. In many trust proceedings, all beneficiaries are necessary parties. But short of appointing a guardian ad litem to represent persons who are difficult to notice, uncertainty and inefficiencies would be encountered were it not for the doctrines of representation and virtual representation. Under these common law doctrines persons – even if not yet in existence – can be held to be parties to a proceeding “virtually so.” The doctrine was developed by courts in the 1800s and was significantly expanded by New York by statute in 1967. Fifty years later, South Dakota enacted a comprehensive and detailed statutory scheme for virtual representation in trust matters, whether in judicial or non-judicial proceedings. South Dakota has quietly revolutionized virtual representation by validating proceedings even where a representative has a conflict of interest. This article contextualizes, comments upon, and explicates that statutory scheme, including statutory amendments enacted in 2018.
Channel Estimation for TDD Uplink Massive MIMO Systems via Compressed Sensing

Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) is expected to be one of the key feature technology for the next cellular communication networks due to its significant benefits in terms of energy efficiency and increased spectral. To fully exploit these advantages, an accurate estimation of the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) between each transmit-receive antenna pair is crucial. In literature, it has been demonstrated that wireless communication tends to have a sparse structured CIR in delay and/or spatial domains. Several channel estimation strategies have exploited the sparsity in the massive MIMO channel based on additional assumptions on shared common support between uplink channels. In this paper, we propose a general approach which highlights the individual sparsity in the different uplink channels without any other additional assumption. To achieve this purpose, a training sequence, also known as pilot sequence and compressed sensing based CIR estimation techniques have been proposed for the massive MIMO sparse uplink channels. In order to underline the performance of proposed techniques, a comparison in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is performed with other CS algorithms. The simulation results have shown that proposed algorithm presents a performance gain between 5 dB and 10 dB in terms of NMSE, and a gain of 1dB to 9dB in terms of BER.
Increase in Blood Pressure Associated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Abstract Objectives This study quantified the change in blood pressure (BP) during antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, compared BPs between TKIs, ...
Myocardial Stress Perfusion MRI Using Regadenoson: A Weight-based Approach in Infants and Young Children

Weight-based dosing of regadenoson (8 μg/kg) for stress cardiac MRI was safe and feasible in infants and young children less than 40 kg and impacts clinical decision-making.
Right-Sized Consumption: Should Doughnut Economics Inform the Textile and Apparel Industry?

One of the toughest challenges our industry faces is how to Right-Size Consumption in a way that supports our environment while at the same time sustains business profitability. Companies are scrambling to find the right balance that meets this consumer shift while at the same time endures the demands of share holders in a capitalist marketplace. The purpose of this concept paper is to inspire a discussion on how ITAA scholars can begin to develop an economic model of sustainability where environment, economics, and humans not only co-exist—but thrive.
Draft Genome Sequence of Red-Heat-Causing Halomonas eurihalina MS1, a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Saline Soil in Alicante, Spain.

ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Halomonas eurihalina MS1, which was isolated from saline soil in Alicante, Spain, and causes the condition known as “red heat” in salt-packed cured hides, decreasing their commercial value for leather production.
Mechanically induced ferroelectric switching in BaTiO3 thin films

Abstract The ability to reverse or switch the polarization of a ferroelectric thin film through a mechanical force under an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip offers the exciting possibility of a voltage-free control of ferroelectricity. One of the important metrics for characterizing such a switching process is the critical force Fc required to reverse a polarization. However, the experimentally measured values of Fc display a large uncertainty and vary significantly even for the same ferroelectric film. Here, using BaTiO3 thin films as a model system, we systematically evaluate Fc using a combination of AFM-based experiments and phase-field simulations. In particular, we study the influence of the AFM tip radius, misfit strain, and film thickness on Fc as well as the interplay between the flexoelectric and piezoelectric effects. This work provides a deeper understanding on the mechanism and control of mechanically induced ferroelectric switching and thus guidance for exploring potential ferroelectric-based nanodevices based on mechanical switching.
"The Adjunct Faculty Are Our Lifeblood" An Institution's Response to Deliver Value to Volunteer Community Faculty.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Because of the importance of and increasing competition for unpaid community faculty's time, we qualitatively evaluated the adjunct community faculty experience in order to identify mechanisms to improve the recruitment, training, and retention of these faculty members. METHODS The authors captured community faculty and key stakeholder opinion through interviews, focus groups, and a survey to elucidate their perspective of roles, responsibilities, facilitators, and barriers for providing quality teaching and learning experiences. After evaluating the data, we created an impact/effort matrix to guide suggested changes. RESULTS Key medical education stakeholders reported adjunct community faculty members were critical to delivery of the medical school curriculum and shared methods and barriers for retaining members. Adjunct community faculty focus groups revealed two major themes: (1) personal experience and motivation, and (2) individual advantages and institutional barriers that influence being a faculty member. The survey and impact/effort matrix led to interventions including an Office of Community Faculty to implement recruitment and retention programs and provide more comprehensive oversight, a clinical scheduling hub, improved access to specialists for community faculty, and awards to recognize the critical contributions of community faculty members. CONCLUSIONS As competition for community placements increases, including community faculty voices to inform action is an effective investment that enables an institution to direct resources towards interventions that maximize their support and engagement. Including community faculty perspectives also increases faculty's ability to participate in training the next generation of physicians.
Perceptual learning of multiple talkers requires additional exposure

Because different talkers produce their speech sounds differently, listeners benefit from maintaining distinct generative models (sets of beliefs) about the correspondence between acoustic information and phonetic categories for different talkers. A robust literature on phonetic recalibration indicates that when listeners encounter a talker who produces their speech sounds idiosyncratically (e.g., a talker who produces their /s/ sound atypically), they can update their generative model for that talker. Such recalibration has been shown to occur in a relatively talker-specific way. Because listeners in ecological situations often meet several new talkers at once, the present study considered how the process of simultaneously updating two distinct generative models compares to updating one model at a time. Listeners were exposed to two talkers, one who produced /s/ atypically and one who produced /∫/ atypically. Critically, these talkers only produced these sounds in contexts where lexical information disambiguated the phoneme’s identity (e.g., epi_ode, flouri_ing). When initial exposure to the two talkers was blocked by voice (Experiment 1), listeners recalibrated to these talkers after relatively little exposure to each talker (32 instances per talker, of which 16 contained ambiguous fricatives). However, when the talkers were intermixed during learning (Experiment 2), listeners required more exposure trials before they were able to adapt to the idiosyncratic productions of these talkers (64 instances per talker, of which 32 contained ambiguous fricatives). Results suggest that there is a perceptual cost to simultaneously updating multiple distinct generative models, potentially because listeners must first select which generative model to update.
Weather effects on U.S. cow‐calf production: A long‐term panel analysis

Extreme weather events can significantly affect beef cow production. For example, unfavorable weather conditions deteriorate pasture quality and reduce pasture growth, forcing livestock producers to use high‐cost alternative feedstuffs, which consequently increases production costs. Extreme weather may also reduce overall animal performance, including decreased feed gain efficiency, and breeding performance. By exploiting seasonal weather changes and using 67 years of state‐level beef cow inventories, we estimate the impact of weather on cow‐calf production throughout 25 states in the United States. Results suggest that the U.S. cow‐calf industry is sensitive to changes in seasonal temperature. Results of an out‐of‐sample prediction using rolling window assessments prove that adding seasonal weather information to the forecasting model improves the prediction accuracy of state‐level beef cow inventories. Investigating the effects of seasonal temperature and precipitation on cow‐calf production will enhance the management and future production planning. [EconLit Citations: Q11].
Unique evolutionary trajectories of breast cancers with distinct genomic and spatial heterogeneity.

Breast cancers exhibit intratumoral heterogeneity associated with disease progression and therapeutic resistance. To define the sources and the extent of heterogeneity, we performed an in-depth analysis of the genomic architecture of three chemoradiation-naive breast cancers with well-defined clinical features including variable ER, PR, ERBB2 receptor expression and two distinct pathogenic BRCA2mut genotypes. The latter included a germ line carrier and a patient with a somatic variant. In each case we combined DNA content-based flow cytometry with whole exome sequencing and genome wide copy number variant (CNV) analysis of distinct populations sorted from multiple (4-18) mapped biopsies within the tumors and involved lymph nodes. Interrogating flow-sorted tumor populations from each biopsy provided an objective method to distinguish fixed and variable genomic lesions in each tumor. Notably we show that tumors exploit CNVs to fix mutations and deletions in distinct populations throughout each tumor. The identification of fixed genomic lesions that are shared or unique within each tumor, has broad implications for the study of tumor heterogeneity including the presence of tumor markers and therapeutic targets, and of candidate neoepitopes in breast and other solid tumors that can advance more effective treatment and clinical management of patients with disease.