cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief intensive therapy for older adults with newly diagnosed Burkitt or atypical Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia

Older patients with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia (BL) have inferior outcomes. Because cyclophosphamide is highly active in BL and can be dose-escalated without stem-cell rescue, we designed a short, cyclophosphamide-intensive regimen without anthracyclines for patients aged ≥ 30 with untreated, non-HIV-associated BL/atypical BL. Two cycles involving cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m(2), vincristine, rituximab, prednisone, methotrexate 3 g/m(2), and intrathecal cytarabine were delivered 2 weeks apart, followed by intensification with high-dose cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg/day for 4 days) and rituximab. Of 21 patients, median age 53 (range, 34-75), 71% had stage IV, 95% were high-risk and 29% had performance status 3-4. Response occurred in all evaluable patients post-cycle 2 and in 76% post-intensification. Five non-relapse deaths occurred (four before intensification). The estimated 1-year and 3-year event-free survival was 52%; 1-year and 3-year overall survival was 57%. Seventeen (81%) received intensification (median 30 days to intensification). Brief, anthracycline-sparing, intensive cyclophosphamide (BASIC) therapy yields durable remissions in poorer-risk BL/atypical BL.
Dithered signed-error CMA: robust, computationally efficient blind adaptive equalization

Adaptive blind equalization has gained widespread use in communication systems that operate without training signals. In particular, the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) has become a favorite of practitioners due to its LMS-like complexity and desirable robustness properties. The desire for further reduction in computational complexity has motivated signed-error versions of CMA, which have been found to lack the robustness properties of CMA. This paper presents a simple modification of signed-error CMA, based on the judicious use of dither, that results in an algorithm with robustness properties closely resembling those of CMA. We establish the fundamental transient and steady-state properties of dithered signed-error CMA and compare them with those of CMA.
Bacterial Nitric-oxide Synthases Operate without a Dedicated Redox Partner

Bacterial nitric-oxide (NO) synthases (bNOSs) are smaller than their mammalian counterparts. They lack an essential reductase domain that supplies electrons during NO biosynthesis. This and other structural peculiarities have raised doubts about whether bNOSs were capable of producing NO in vivo. Here we demonstrate that bNOS enzymes from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis do indeed produce NO in living cells and accomplish this task by hijacking available cellular redox partners that are not normally committed to NO production. These “promiscuous” bacterial reductases also support NO synthesis by the oxygenase domain of mammalian NOS expressed in Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that bNOS is an early precursor of eukaryotic NOS and that it acquired its dedicated reductase domain later in evolution. This work also suggests that alternatively spliced forms of mammalian NOSs lacking their reductase domains could still be functional in vivo. On a practical side, bNOS-containing probiotic bacteria offer a unique advantage over conventional chemical NO donors in generating continuous, readily controllable physiological levels of NO, suggesting a possibility of utilizing such live NO donors for research and clinical needs.
Blood culture time to positivity in febrile infants with bacteremia

Importance Blood cultures are often obtained as part of the evaluation of infants with fever and these infants are typically observed until their cultures are determined to have no growth. However, the time to positivity of blood culture results in this population is not known. Objective To determine the time to positivity of blood culture results in febrile infants admitted to a general inpatient unit. Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional evaluation of blood culture time to positivity. Data were collected by community and academic hospital systems associated with the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings Network. The study included febrile infants 90 days of age or younger with bacteremia and without surgical histories outside of an intensive care unit. Exposures Blood culture growing pathogenic bacteria. Main Outcomes and Measures Time to positivity and proportion of positive blood culture results that become positive more than 24 hours after placement in the analyzer. Results A total of 392 pathogenic blood cultures were included from 17 hospital systems across the United States. The mean (SD) time to positivity was 15.41 (8.30) hours. By 24 hours, 91% (95% CI, 88-93) had turned positive. By 36 and 48 hours, 96% (95% CI, 95-98) and 99% (95% CI, 97-100) had become positive, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Most pathogens in febrile, bacteremic infants 90 days of age or younger hospitalized on a general inpatient unit will be identified within 24 hours of collection. These data suggest that inpatient observation of febrile infants for more than 24 hours may be unnecessary in most infants.
Design and installation of a Prototype Geohazard Monitoring System near Machu Picchu, Peru

Abstract. The town of Machu Picchu, Peru, serves the >700 000 tourists visiting Machu Picchu annually. It has grown threefold in population in the past two decades. Due to the limited low-lying ground, construction is occurring on the unstable valley slopes. Slopes range from 70° in the surrounding mountains. The town has grown on a delta formed at the confluence of the Alcamayo, Aguas Calientes and Vilcanota Rivers. Geohazards in and around the town of particular concern are 1) large rocks falling onto the town and/or the rail line, 2) flash flooding by any one of its three rivers, and 3) mudflows and landslides. A prototype early warning system that could monitor weather, river flow and slope stability was installed along the Aguas Calientes River in 2009. This has a distributed modular construction allowing components to be installed, maintained, salvaged, and repaired by local technicians. A diverse set of candidate power, communication and sensor technologies was evaluated. Most of the technologies had never been deployed in similar terrain, altitude or weather. The successful deployment of the prototype proved that it is technically feasible to develop early warning capacity in the town.
Basic concepts in population health and health care

These definitions are intended to be operational definitions; that is, they are designed to facilitate the development of specific measures to assess their attainment, on the assumption that it does no good to provide a definition if it does not facilitate assessment of change or the extent to which a goal has been reached. For example, most definitions of equity use the terms “fairness” or “just”, but these characteristics seem to defy measurement. This is why the definitions may be quite different from those you are accustomed to seeing or have encountered. The concepts defined herein are ones that either have no well accepted definitions or have definitions that have not proved useful either in informing my own research or in interpreting the literature. They derive from my experiences in designing research and trying to glean useful ideas from a diverse set of readings. Although the definitions are not likely to be readily accepted by everyone who considers them, the intent is to generate discussion so that research may move ahead with better conceptualisation of research topics and variables and more consistent interpretation of research findings. #### Access and use (1) : Accessibility (of health services): aspects of the structure of health services or health facilities that enhance the ability of people to reach a health care practitioner, in terms of location, time, and ease of approach. (2) : Access (to health services): the perceptions and experiences of people as to their ease in reaching health services or health facilities in terms of location, time, and ease of approach. (3) : Utilisation/use (of health services): experience of people as to their receipt of health care services of different types. C hronic disease, illness, or condition: a disease, illness, or condition that increases the risk of long term disability, handicap, or death and is unlikely to remit, although the occurrence and/or severity of its manifestations may vary over time. The distinction between a chronic illness and a non-chronic illness is generally made according to the likelihood of its lasting for 12 months or more and resulting in functional limitations and/or need for ongoing medical care.1 Data from population-based studies of visits to medical facilities show that people with a “diagnosed” chronic illness often do not have that diagnosis from year to year, and people who have one or …
The use of an enhanced simplified habit-reversal procedure to reduce disruptive outbursts during athletic performance

An enhanced simplified habit-reversal procedure was used with a 14-year old boy who presented with a long history of disruptive, angry outbursts during tennis matches. Initial treatment involved simplified habit-reversal procedures delivered in a multiple baseline design across settings. Modest results led to additional supporting contingencies, including response costs. Results showed elimination of disruptive outbursts during both nontournament and tournament matches and highlight the importance of adding additional supporting contingencies to simplified habit reversal for some self-control problems.
Second-Site Revertants of a Semliki Forest Virus Fusion-Block Mutation Reveal the Dynamics of a Class II Membrane Fusion Protein

The alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infects cells through low-pH-induced membrane fusion mediated by the E1 protein, a class II virus membrane fusion protein. During fusion, E1 inserts into target membranes via its hydrophobic fusion loop and refolds to form a stable E1 homotrimer. Mutation of a highly conserved histidine (the H230A mutation) within a loop adjacent to the fusion loop was previously shown to block SFV fusion and infection, although the mutant E1 protein still inserts into target membranes and forms a homotrimer. Here we report on second-site mutations in E1 that rescue the H230A mutant. These mutations were located in a cluster within the hinge region, at the membrane-interacting tip, and within the groove where the E1 stem is believed to pack. Together the revertants reveal specific and interconnected aspects of the fusion protein refolding reaction.
Novel ideas of local anaesthetic actions on various ion channels to ameliorate postoperative pain

This review considers the ion channels that underlie transduction of nociceptive energies in the periphery, that are involved in impulse initiation and propagation in peripheral sensory neurones, and that participate in pre- and post-synaptic actions in the spinal cord dorsal horn, in light of their susceptibility to local anaesthetics. Although there are results from experiments on isolated cells and tissues ex vivo that support the hypothesized actions, their extrapolation to actions in vivo and the consequences for peri- and postoperative pain control are largely speculative.
Macronutrient Substitutes and Weight-reduction Practices of Obese, Dieting, and Eating-disordered Women

One in three adult Americans is reported to be obese. Data from the 1989-91 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) place the prevalence of obesity at 33%.' This represents a sharp increase from the 1976-80 NHANES II survey, which found that 24.4% of men and 26.7% of women were obese? Obesity was defined by the 85th percentile cutpoint of BMI values (BMI = wt/ht2) for a reference population in the third decade of life.2 According to some reports, the prevalence of obesity has increased most rapidly among children, teenagers, minorities, and newly immigrant ethnic group^.^.^ Adolescent women, in particular, showed the greatest increase in both energy intakes and body weightsS and appear to be the population at most risk. Dieting to lose weight is a relatively common behavior, particularly among women. Most women, regardless of their body weight, wish to be thinner than they are? However, the precise nature of weight management practices can be difficult to establish, partly because of differing definitions of the word "diet." Survey studies that define dieting as restricting calories for the purpose of losing weight suggest that two out of five adult women are dieting at any one time! Lifetime prevalence of dieting to lose weight is, of course, much higher, and it is estimated that 80 or 90% of the female population have dieted at some point in their Psychologists and social scientists have noted that dieting to lose weight has become a normative behavior among young women, even among those women who are not overweight or The management of body weight is a major societal preoccupation and a multibillion dollar industry. Studies of weight management practices of overweight men and women suggest that reducing the amount of sugar and fat in the diet is the most common option by far.7*10 Most dieters, whether male or female, have at some point used foods containing macronutrient substitutes for weight control. Such foods are likely to contain intense sweeteners, fat replacement products, or both. Though not intended as appetite suppressants, foods containing macronutrient substitutes help to
A technique for catheterization of the urinary bladder in the ferret

Summary The technique of catheterization of the urinary bladder, an important clinical skill for the diagnosis of urinary tract disorders, has not been described for the ferret. The bladder was catheterized in 23 ferrets [10 intact females; 11 spayed females; and 2 intact males) using a 3 \.-S. French, red rubber urethral catheter fitted with a steel wire stylet. Ferrets were anaesthetized with isoflurane or ketamine (30 mg/kg IM) and xylazine (3 mg/kg IM). Females were positioned in ventral recumbency with the rear quarters elevated by a rolled surgical towel. The urethra was catheterized by direct visualization of the external urethral orifice using a vaginal speculum. The orifice was approximately 1 cm cranial to the clitoral fossa on the ventral floor of the vestibule. Blind passage was used in several spayed females. In males, the distal end of the penis was exteriorized from the prepuce and the external urethral orifice cannulated without stylet. No difficulty was encountered in advancing the catheter past the os penis. This catheterization technique allows urinary tract access for urine collection, pneumocystography, contrast cystography, double contrast cystography, and urine output determination in pharmacologic studies or in critical care of debilitated animals.
Arsenite stimulates plasma membrane NADPH oxidase in vascular endothelial cells

Low-level arsenite treatment of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) stimulated superoxide accumulation that was attenuated by inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase. To demonstrate whether arsenite stim...
Influence of genetic differences in feed efficiency of young chickens on derivation of metabolizable energy from the diet and nitrogen retention

The relationship of efficiency of efficiency of feed utilization with metabolizable energy derived from the diet and nitrogen retention was studied in broiler strains and in lines selected for divergence in feed conversion ratio. Individual feed conversion (g feed/g gain) and metabolizable energy derived from the diet and nitrogen retention (determined by chromic oxide method) of these strains and lines were measured, and correlations were determined at various intervals from 4 to 9 weeks of age to determine the effects of age, sex, strain, feed conversion, growth, and feed consumption on the metabolizable energy derived from the diet and nitrogen retained. Although there were significant differences in feed conversion between sexes, strains, and lines selected for divergence in feed conversion, there were no associated differences in metabolizable energy derived from the diet or in nitrogen retention. There were no significant correlations of consumption, growth, or feed conversion with metabolizable energy derived from the diet or nitrogen retention. Nitrogen retention of the White Plymouth Rock strain was significantly higher for all ages. These results show that differences observed in growth, consumption, or feed conversion do not influence derivation of metabolizable energy from the diet or nitrogen retention.
Candidate Attractants for Control of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly

Seventy-five chemicals were evaluated as potential attractants for controlling the Mediterranean fruit fly (medlly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Many of the compounds are related to siglure, medlure, and trimedlure, which are highly effective medlure lures, and many are new compounds. Attractants to be effective in the control of insect pests may have properties different from those needed for detection purposes. For example, they must be compatible with an added insect control agent and allow contact or consumption of the lure-pesticide combination. Also, intensity and duration of effectiveness are important, especially when the attractant is exposed to weathering. Cost of production must also be considered. Of the compounds tested the 1,1-dimethylacetonyl, cyclopentyl, 2-bromethyl, and 2-chloroethyl esters of siglure acid were the most promising.
An analysis on the influencing factors of pregnant women's choice of abortion methods by the combination of decision tree and logistic regression model

Objective To understand the influencing factors of pregnant women's choice of abortion methods by exhaustive CHAID decision tree and logistic regression model,and to evaluate the two statistical methods. Methods Pregnant women who underwent artificial abortion in 2011 were selected from 30 medical institutions of 10 cities in Zhejiang province. And a questionnaire survey was conducted. The influencing factors of pregnant women's choice of abortion methods were analyzed by exhaustive CHAID decision tree and logistic regression model,and the two methods were compared. Results Exhaustive CHAID tree analysis showed that the choice of artificial abortion methods were associated with preferences,gestational age,induced abortion history,marital status,fertility condition and abortion cognitive such as slight pain in drug abortion,the time limitation of drug abortion,greater possibility of curettage after induced abortion. Preferences and gestational age were the two major influencing factors. The model was stable and well fitting with the risk estimation 0. 119 and prediction error11. 90%. And the logistic regression analysis showed the similar results expect induced abortion history and marital status.Age,education level and decision source were also the influencing factors in the logistic regression model. Conclusion The combination of decision tree and logistic regression analysis can analysis the influencing factors of pregnant women's choice of abortion methods,and information from the two methods should be combined to improve the efficiency of analysis.
Colocalization and release of angiotensin and renin in renal cortical cells.

Angiotensin is generated within the kidney, but the precise loci for the formation of angiotensin I (ANG I) and angiotensin II (ANG II) have not been demonstrated. We performed electron microscopy immunocytochemistry in kidney sections of 10-day-old (newborn) and adult Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats using specific antibodies to renin, ANG I, ANG II, and angiotensinogen (AO). Renin, ANG I, ANG II, and AO were present in juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. Renin was largely confined to cytoplasmic granules; ANG I and ANG II were colocalized to these granules but also were present in the cytoplasm; AO was distributed throughout the cytoplasm. AO also was present in a renal cortical distribution in proximal tubular cells. Northern blot analysis demonstrated AO mRNA in total kidney and liver but not in renal microvessels. Using the reverse hemolytic plaque assay, we demonstrated release of ANG I and renin from individual renocortical cells of adult WKY rats. Under control conditions, the number of releasing cells was 11 +/- 1 for ANG I and 10 +/- 1 for renin. Addition of rat renin inhibitor (RI) (1 x 10(-5) M), which inhibited renin activity in the medium from 37 to 9 pg ANG I.ml-1.h-1, did not alter ANG I plaque number. Addition of rat AO increased ANG I plaque number to 17 +/- 2 (P less than 0.05). Incubation with both RI and AO prevented the increase in ANG I plaque number obtained with AO alone. Enalapril treatment (7 days; n = 5) increased the number of plaque-forming cells to 22 +/- 2 for ANG I (P less than 0.0005) and to 39 +/- 7 for renin (P less than 0.001). The results suggest an intracellular location for AO and angiotensin and release of renin and ANG I by renal cortical cells and suggest that released angiotensin is produced intracellularly and that secretion of ANG I is augmented by converting enzyme inhibition.
Commentary on Betts et al. (2016): Polysubstance use and opioid substitution therapy among people who inject drugs.

Keywords: Causal inference; clinical trials; heroin; opioid substitution therapy; people who inject drugs (PWID); polysubstance use; prescription drug abuse; propensity score matching; Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS)
Effect of influent groundwater quality on adsorption of low concentrations of 1,2 dichloroethane by granular activated carbon.

AbstractThe overall goal of this research was to understand and quantify the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and character on the granular (GAC) adsorption of the carcinogenic volatile organic compound (cVOC) 1,2 dichloroethane (1,2 DCA). Three different groundwaters and one surface water were spiked with low concentrations of cVOCs (0.1–50 μg/L) and treated with GAC using bench-scale flow-through adsorbers with empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 7.5 and 15 min. Little difference—less than 10%—was found in breakthrough behavior as a function of EBCT. Relative to results in clean water, DOM reduced GAC capacity for 1,2 DCA by almost 50%. Unlike other efforts with low- and sub-μg/L influent target compound concentrations, this effort did not find normalized target compound breakthrough to be independent of influent concentration. The lack of an EBCT effect and dependence on influent 1,2 DCA concentration were attributed to the DOM’s weak adsorbing character and its low concentrations. Reg...
32P-postlabelling analysis of small aromatic and of bulky non-aromatic DNA adducts.

The 32P-postlabelling methodology for analysis of DNA adducts derived from carcinogens containing one aromatic ring (e.g., safrole, styrene oxide, benzene metabolites, 1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile) or a bulky non-aromatic moiety (e.g., mitomycin C, diaziquone) is reviewed. Six steps are involved: digestion of DNA to 3'-nucleotides, enrichment of adducts, 32P-labelling of adducts, separation of labelled adducts by TLC, detection, and quantitation. The first step, DNA digestion with micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase, is applicable to DNA modified with most carcinogens independent of their size and structure. Of the two commonly used procedures for enrichment of aromatic adducts in DNA digests, the nuclease P1 treatment is substantially more effective than butanol extraction for small aromatic and bulky non-aromatic adducts. For initial purification of these adducts from unadducted material after 32P-labelling, multi-directional polyethyleneimine (PEI)-cellulose TLC using 1 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.0, as the D1 solvent is not suitable, because they are not retained on PEI-cellulose under these conditions. A higher concentration of sodium phosphate (e.g., 2.3 M) or development with D1 and D3 solvents in the same direction helps to retain adducts of safrole and of benzene metabolites. Also, transfer of adducts from multiple cut-outs above the origin after D1 chromatography, as adopted for analysis of I-compounds, is potentially applicable. However, initial purification by reverse-phase TLC, followed by in situ transfer and resolution by PEI-cellulose TLC has been found to be most effective for these adducts. Reverse-phase TLC at 4 degrees C or in a stronger salt solution further improves retention of some adducts (e.g., mitomycin C and diaziquone adducts). For adduct separation by PEI-cellulose TLC, salt solutions with or without urea are used.
Imaging in turbid media: a transmission detector gives 2-3 order of magnitude enhanced sensitivity compared to epi-detection schemes

Imaging depth in turbid media by two-photon fluorescence microscopy depends on the ability of the optical system to detect weak fluorescence signals. We have shown that use of a wide area detector in transmission geometry allows increasing imaging depth in turbid media due to efficient photon collection. Compared to the conventional epi-detection scheme used in most commercial microscopes, the transmission detector was found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude more sensitive when used for in depth imaging in scattering samples simulating brain optical properties.
Science, democracy, and the American university: from the civil war to the cold war, by Andrew Jewett

Early twentieth-century scholars’ deep commitment to science and their widespread promotion of ‘scientific’ approaches to every dimension of life and study can easily seem bewildering and problemat...
[Posttraumatic deformities of the knee joint : Intra-articular osteotomy after malreduction of tibial head fractures].

Fehlverheilte Tibiakopffrakturen fuhren haufig zu Fehlstellungen an der unteren Extremitat, Schmerzen, Bewegungseinschrankung und Instabilitat. Das Ausmas der Beschwerden und der Deformitat erfordert die exakte Analyse und ein standardisiertes Vorgehen. Echte ligamentare Instabilitaten sind von Pseudoinstabilitaten zu unterscheiden. Extra- und intraartikulare Fehlstellungen sind zu differenzieren. Bei Letzteren sollte die Lokalisation von Gelenkstufen, Spalten oder Defekten exakt evaluiert werden. Fur die Revision ist ein Zugang zu wahlen, mit dem die betroffene Region am Tibiakopf gut visualisiert, osteotomiert und anschliesend fixiert werden kann. Intraartikulare Osteotomien erzielen im Langzeitverlauf gute klinische Ergebnisse. Bei nichtrekonstruierbarer Zerstorung des Gelenks oder bereits fortgeschrittener posttraumatischer Arthrose kann die Implantation einer Endoprothese notwendig werden. Wann immer moglich und sinnvoll, sollte das Gelenk jedoch rekonstruiert und erhalten werden.
The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 1: What Politically Motivated Reasoning Is and How to Measure It

Recent research identifies politically motivated reasoning as the source of persistent public conflict over policy-relevant facts. This essay, the first in a two-part set, presents a basic conceptual model—the Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm—and an experimental setup—the PMRP design—geared to distinguishing the influence of PMRP from a truth-seeking Bayesian process of information processing and from recurring biases understood to be inimical to the same. It also discusses alternative schemes for operationalizing “motivating” group predispositions and the characteristics of valid study samples for examining this phenomenon. Keywords: public conflict; policy; politically motivated reasoning; motivation; information processing
Importance weighted consensus Monte Carlo for distributed Bayesian inference

The recent explosion in big data has created a significant challenge for efficient and scalable Bayesian inference. In this paper, we consider a divide-and-conquer setting in which the data is partitioned into different subsets with communication constraints, and a proper combination strategy is used to aggregate the Monte Carlo samples drawn from the local posteriors based on the dataset subsets. We propose a new importance weighted consensus Monte Carlo method for efficient Bayesian inference in this setting. Our method outperforms the previous one-shot combination strategies in terms of accuracy, and is more computation- and communication-efficient than the previous iterative combination methods that require iterative re-sampling and communication steps. We provide two practical versions of our approach, and illustrate their properties both theoretically and empirically.
The Vitamin B 12-Dependent Photoreceptor AerR Relieves Photosystem Gene Repression by Extending the Interaction of CrtJ with Photosystem Promoters

Purple nonsulfur bacteria adapt their physiology to a wide variety of environmental conditions often through the control of transcription. One of the main transcription factors involved in controlling expression of the Rhodobacter capsulatus photosystem is CrtJ, which functions as an aerobic repressor of photosystem genes. Recently, we reported that a vitamin B12 binding antirepressor of CrtJ called AerR is required for anaerobic expression of the photosystem. However, the mechanism whereby AerR regulates CrtJ activity is unclear. In this study, we used a combination of next-generation sequencing and biochemical methods to globally identify genes under control of CrtJ and the role of AerR in controlling this regulation. Our results indicate that CrtJ has a much larger regulon than previously known, with a surprising regulatory function under both aerobic and anaerobic photosynthetic growth conditions. A combination of in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) and ChIP-seq and exonuclease digestion (ChIP-exo) studies and in vitro biochemical studies demonstrate that AerR forms a 1:2 complex with CrtJ (AerR-CrtJ2) and that this complex binds to many promoters under photosynthetic conditions. The results of in vitro and in vivo DNA binding studies indicate that AerR-CrtJ2 anaerobically forms an extended interaction with the bacteriochlorophyll bchC promoter to relieve repression by CrtJ. This is contrasted by aerobic growth conditions where CrtJ alone functions as an aerobic repressor of bchC expression. These results indicate that the DNA binding activity of CrtJ is modified by interacting with AerR in a redox-regulated manner and that this interaction alters CrtJ's function.IMPORTANCE Photoreceptors control a wide range of physiology often by regulating downstream gene expression in response to light absorption via a bound chromophore. Different photoreceptors are known to utilize a number of different compounds for light absorption, including the use of such compounds as flavins, linearized tetrapyrroles (bilins), and carotenoids. Recently, a novel class of photoreceptors that use vitamin B12 (cobalamin) as a blue-light-absorbing chromophore have been described. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism by which the vitamin B12 binding photoreceptor AerR controls the DNA binding activity of the photosystem regulator CrtJ. This study shows that a direct interaction between the vitamin B12 binding photoreceptor AerR with CrtJ modulates CrtJ binding to DNA and importantly, the regulatory outcome of gene expression, as shown here with photosystem promoters.
Nutrition and metabolism in burn patients

Severe burn causes significant metabolic derangements that make nutritional support uniquely important and challenging for burned patients. Burn injury causes a persistent and prolonged hypermetabolic state and increased catabolism that results in increased muscle wasting and cachexia. Metabolic rates of burn patients can surpass twice normal, and failure to fulfill these energy requirements causes impaired wound healing, organ dysfunction, and susceptibility to infection. Adequate assessment and provision of nutritional needs is imperative to care for these patients. There is no consensus regarding the optimal timing, route, amount, and composition of nutritional support for burn patients, but most clinicians advocate for early enteral nutrition with high-carbohydrate formulas. Nutritional support must be individualized, monitored, and adjusted throughout recovery. Further investigation is needed regarding optimal nutritional support and accurate nutritional endpoints and goals.
Focusing or Narrowing: Trade‐Offs in the Development of Adult Basic Education, 1991–2015

This chapter reviews the implications of policy as it has affected adult basic education over the last 25 years and problematizes the increasing institutionalization and stability that it has brought to the field.
Literacy, Equity, and the Employment of iPads in the Classroom: A Comparison of Secure and Developing Readers.

This study explored 6th grade students reading of science text on the iPad to better understand how students with varying strengths of comprehending text and current academic abilities interpret text on their iPads. Our study sample compared three students with strong reading scores based on informal reading inventories, standardized tests, and other literacy measures with students who have not yet demonstrated strong reading scores on the same assessments. Verbal protocols allowed us to look at individual student‟s cognitive processes while reading assigned science text on the iPad. We analyzed data based on the theory of Constructively Responsive reading (Pressley & Afflerbach, 1995). Our data shows that while secure readers fit Pressley and Afflerbach‟s description of a „massively active‟ reader, verbal protocols for developing readers revealed students‟ difficulty constructing meaning with the text. In addition, self-efficacy and navigational skills on the iPad differed between secure and developing readers. The differences in processing between students in our secure and developing groups points to the need for increased support for developing readers as they navigate reading of science texts on the iPad.
Methotrexate treatment of generalized granuloma annulare: a retrospective case series

Background: Management of generalized granuloma annulare (GGA) poses challenges for both patients and dermatologists. Currently, there are no established first-line therapies for GGA and the availa...
Fundamentals of Basic Laparoscopic Setup

The advent of laparoscopic surgery has revolutionized the field of general surgery. This chapter will cover the basic setup laparoscopic surgery, ranging from equipment and setup to troubleshooting as well as reviewing a variety of common laparoscopic surgical approaches. While each patient and each surgery are unique, a working knowledge of the common features will help ensure the safest possible outcome for the patient.
Do Distractions and Interruptions Mitigate Online Impulse Purchasing?: An Empirical Investigation

Impulse purchases represent an important source of short-term business revenue. However, impulse purchases can lead to an increase in product returns and can contribute to feelings of buyers’ remorse. In this paper, we examine strategies to mitigate online impulse purchasing behavior. Specifically, we apply distraction-conflict theory to a model of impulse buying to investigate a moderating relationship between perceived enjoyment and the urge to buy impulsively. The moderation effect is tested through online distractions and/or interruptions. A controlled laboratory experiment with three interfaces (control, distraction, interruption) was used to test the impact of the moderators. Results indicate that neither a distraction nor an interruption has a significant effect on mitigating the urge to purchase impulsively. Future research opportunities and suggestions for human-computer interfaces are discussed.
Bearing Fault Diagnosis of a PWM Inverter Fed-Induction Motor Using an Improved Short Time Fourier Transform

Induction motor diagnosis using the Power Spectral Density (PSD) estimation based on the Fourier Transform calculation has been widely used as an analysis method for its simplicity and low computation time. However, the use of PSD is not recommended for processing non stationary signals (case of variable speed applications) and therefore the analysis with PSD is not reliable. To overcome this handicap, the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is proposed in this paper; giving additional information on changes of the frequencies over time for stator current signal analysis. Furthermore, the use of a new approach called Maxima’s Location Algorithm is also proposed. This later will be associated with the STFT analysis to show only those harmonics with useful information on existing faults. This approach will be used in the diagnosis of bearing faults of a PWM inverter-fed induction motor operating at variable speed. Several experimental results in the transient state are carried out firstly to validate the results and secondly to illustrate the merits and effectiveness of the combined STFT/MLA proposed approach.
2505: Understanding quality of life transitions for women: Assessing the impact of EPIC decision support tools to address untreated menopausal symptoms on women’s quality of life and provider workflow

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of this study is to assess how quality of life scores change in menopausal women before and after implementation of this aid. In addition, we are also interested in 2 process evaluation objectives: (1) determine if MyChart, the patient portal, is an effective way for this patient population to provide insight their quality of life to their providers and (2) to evaluate providers use of and reactions to the decision support tool. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This project is a collaboration between University of Rochester Medical Center and S.U.N.Y. Upstate Medical University. Participants were recruited through Upstate’s Family Medicine and OB/GYN practices via a MyChart invitation sent by the practices. Participating patients will be asked to complete a survey, through MyChart, every 3 months for 18 months. Participating health providers will be trained to use the decision support tool and participate in 3 interviews with the researchers to gain insight into the usefulness and effectiveness of the tool. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 465 eligible women, 117 women responded to our MyChart invitation to join our study. Of these, 105 agreed to participate and 98 met eligibility criteria. Only half of the women currently enrolled in our study had spoken to a provider about menopause related symptoms (56.1%) prior to study enrollment. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The goal of this study is to improve menopause related symptoms in women, thus increasing their quality of life, but it will also provide important process evaluation for using EPIC and MyChart for future research studies.
Clinical Outcomes of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Unresectable Stage IIIA/IIIB Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase 1/2 Trial

Importance Local failure after chemoradiotherapy (CT-RT) significantly contributes to mortality in patients with locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). One approach to improve local control is through targeted radiosensitization of the tumor. Objective To evaluate the dose-limiting toxic effects, maximally tolerated dose, and recommended phase 2 dose of the protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate, administered concurrently with CT-RT in patients with LA-NSCLC, and, in the phase 2 portion of the study, to estimate the objective response rate, local and distant failure rates, and overall survival. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, open-label, single-group, single-institution phase 1/2 trial tested the oral protease inhibitor nelfinavir in combination with concurrent CT-RT in 35 patients aged 18 to 89 years with biopsy-confirmed unresectable stage IIIA/IIIB LA-NSCLC and a minimum Karnofsky performance status from June 29, 2007, to February 22, 2012, with an analysis date of May 9, 2017. Median follow-up for all patients was 6.8 years, with a minimum 5 years of follow-up for all survivors. Interventions Oral nelfinavir mesylate, 625 mg, twice daily or 1250 mg, twice daily was administered for 7 to 14 days before and during concurrent CT-RT. Main Outcomes and Measures Graded toxic effects, overall survival, local failure, distant failure, objective response rate, and progression-free survival as measured by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. Results Thirty-five patients (16 women and 19 men; median age, 60 years [range, 39-79 years]) enrolled and met protocol-specified criteria for adherence, with 5 at a dose of 625 mg twice daily and 30 at a dose of 1250 mg twice daily. No dose-limiting toxic effects were observed. No grade 4 or higher nonhematologic toxic effects were observed. Thirty-three of the 35 patients had evaluable posttreatment computed tomographic scans, with an objective response rate of 94% (31 of 33; 95% CI, 86%-100%). The cumulative incidence of local failure was 39% (95% CI, 30.5%-47.5%). Median progression-free survival was 11.7 months (95% CI, 6.2-17.1 months). Median overall survival for all patients was 41.1 months (95% CI, 19.0-63.1 months); the 5-year mean (SE) overall survival rate was 37.1% (8.2%). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that nelfinavir administered with concurrent CT-RT is associated with acceptable toxic effects and a promising objective response rate, local failure, progression-free survival, and overall survival in unresectable LA-NSCLC. These data suggest that nelfinavir may enhance the efficacy of standard CT-RT in this disease. Additional testing in the randomized phase 3 setting should be conducted to establish the improvement associated with nelfinavir with concurrent CT-RT. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT00589056
Elucidating mechanisms of invasion success: effects of parasite removal on growth and survival rates of invasive and native frogs

Identifying the mechanisms underlying biological invasions can inform the management of invasive species. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) suggests that invasive species have a competitive advantage in their introduced range because they leave behind many of their predators and parasites from their native range, allowing them to shift resources from defenses to growth, reproduction, and dispersal. Many studies have demonstrated that invasive species have fewer parasites than their native counterparts, but few studies have tested whether the loss of these natural enemies appears to be a primary driver of the invasion process.To test the ERH, we conducted a mark-recapture study in which we used an anthelmintic drug to successfully reduce parasitic worms in invasive Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) and native treefrogs (Hyla spp.) at half of 12 wetlands, marking nearly 4,200 frogs. If the ERH is supported, we would expect that treating for parasitic worms would have a greater benefit to native than invasive hosts.Growth and survival rates of invasive and native treefrogs responded similarly to the anthelmintic treatment, suggesting that the Cuban treefrog's release from parasitic worms does not appear to significantly contribute to its invasiveness in established areas. Instead, it appears that the overall faster rates of growth and maturation, higher survival rates, and larger body sizes of Cuban treefrogs that we observed may contribute to their expansion and proliferation.Synthesis and applications. Although Cuban treefrogs have a lower diversity of parasitic worms in their invasive than native range, this does not appear to significantly contribute to their invasion success in areas where they have been established for more than 20 years. This suggests that any manipulation of parasites in invasive or native hosts would not be an effective method of controlling Cuban treefrogs or reducing their impacts. Further research into other hypotheses is needed to explain the Cuban treefrog's success and help guide management actions to reduce their spread and negative impacts. Our study demonstrates that enemy release may not be a primary driver of invasiveness, highlighting the need for more experimental tests of the enemy release hypothesis to examine its generality.
Diminished Heme Oxygenase Potentiates Cell Death: Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate Mediates Oxidative Stress:

Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a metal-chelating compound that exerts both pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects and is widely used as an antitumor and anti-inflammatory agent. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a redox-sensitive-inducible protein that provides efficient cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Because it has been reported that several angiogenic stimulating factors upregulating HO-1 in endothelial cells cause a significant increase in angiogenesis, we investigated the effect of PDTC on cell proliferation and angiogenesis and the effect of overexpression and underexpression of HO-1. The evaluation of PDTC (20 or 50 micro M) in endothelial cells resulted in significant increase in HO-1 mRNA and protein (P < 0.001), but a decrease in cell proliferation. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with SnCl(2) (10 micro M), an inducer of HO-1 attenuated the PDTC-mediated decrease in cell proliferation (P < 0.05). In contrast, pretreatment with SnMP, an inhibitor of HO activity, magnified the inhibiting effect of PDTC on cell proliferation. Upregulation of HO-1 gene expression by retrovirus-mediated delivery of the human HO-1 gene also attenuated the PDTC-induced decrease in cell proliferation. Underexpression of HO-1, by delivery of the human HO-1 in antisense orientation, enhanced the PDTC-mediated decrease in cell proliferation. The decrease, by PDTC, in proliferation of cells underexpressing HO-1 is related to an increase in O(-)(2) production. Collectively, these results demonstrate that upregulation of HO-1 was able to attenuate the PDTC-mediated cell proliferation, but was unable to reverse the high concentration of PDTC-induced decrease in angiogenesis.
Tackling global challenges in pediatric rheumatology.

Purpose of the review To highlight the current challenges in diagnosis and clinical care of pediatric rheumatic disease and barriers to research and education of pediatric rheumatologists worldwide. Recent findings Recent studies and reports demonstrate a paucity of studies on epidemiology, outcomes, and management guidelines from many regions of the world. There have been noteworthy efforts to bridge the gap in under resourced areas. An analysis of the global burden of rheumatic disease has demonstrated that while understudied, musculoskeletal diseases are prevalent and increasingly contribute to loss of years of healthy life. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, two milestone publications in global pediatric rheumatology have recently been published. An international study evaluated the epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and demonstrated global diversity in both clinical manifestations and outcomes. Notably, the first guidelines for managing pediatric rheumatic disease in a less resourced setting have been published for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. This document offers the first publication targeted to address challenges faced by pediatric rheumatology caregivers in low-resourced settings. These documents serve as exemplars for international collaboration in pediatric rheumatology and can be used as models for other pediatric rheumatic disease research. Other efforts are making progress in various arenas towards increasing access to care, education, and training in pediatric rheumatology. Summary The global burden of rheumatic disease in the pediatric population is poorly understood but unrecognized disease greatly impacts the overall morbidity and mortality in this population. More studies in lesser resourced regions are needed to prioritize access to pediatric rheumatology care and prioritize a further increase in research capacity and education moving forward.