cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Round Robin for ASR Expansion

Alkali-silica reactivity(ASR) has been recognized as one of the most deleterious phenomena in concrete. In fact, ASR can cause significant loss of mechanical properties and cracking in concrete structures that could lead to structural failure. The challenge now exists in evaluating the degree of the ASR damage in existing structures so that informed decisions can be made toward mitigating ASR progression and damage. Reliable methods and tools are needed in order to evaluate the condition of ASR affected structures. This evaluation includes (a) tests to determine the degree of expansion that has already occurred; (b) the degree of expansion that can be expected; and (c) the rate at which that expansion can take place.
Clinical Reasoning: A 63-Year-Old Woman Presenting With Bilateral Leg Pain

A 63-year-old Hispanic woman presented with 5 days of abrupt onset bilateral leg pain. The pain was maximal at onset and worst in her hamstrings and calves. She described it as “soreness, like lactic acid buildup after a workout.” Touch or muscle use exacerbated the pain. It was not accompanied by muscle spasm, numbness, or tingling. She reported mild weakness and difficulty walking due to pain. She reported no symptoms above the waist. There were no constitutional symptoms, swollen joints, or bowel or bladder incontinence. She had no known infections in the weeks before symptom onset. There was no recent strenuous exercise or physical activity. She had 2+ pitting edema of both legs at baseline.
Foragers on America’s Western Edge: The Archaeology of California's Pecho Coast: by Terry L. Jones and Brian F. Codding, Salt Lake City, UT, University of Utah Press, 2019, xii + 291 pp., $50.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1607816430, $40.00 (ebook), ISBN 978-1607816447.

Terry Jones has shown time and again an uncanny ability to shepherd archaeological projects from a good idea, to dirt in the screen, to publication. He has also shown a knack for choosing collabora...
Characteristics and genesis of phyllosilicate hydrothermal assemblages from Neoproterozoic epithermal Au-Ag mineralization of the Avalon Zone of Newfoundland, Canada

Abstract The Avalon Zone hosts well-preserved examples of high- and low-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag mineralization and associated phyllosilicate alteration. Using examples from the Hope Brook and Hickey's Pond high-sulfidation systems (HSS) and the Heritage low-sulfidation system (LSS), this study presents new data on the mineralogical and chemical characterization of phyllosilicates associated with epithermal Au-Ag deposits. Electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the HSS examples contain Fe muscovite ((K0.62–0.79Na0.10–0.37Ca0.00–0.01)Al1.31–1.72(Mg0.01–0.08Fe0.05–0.19)(Al1.00–1.24Si2.76–3.00O10)(OH)2), paragonite ((K0.05–0.30Na0.78–1.02Ca0.00–0.01)Al1.66–1.84(Mg0.00–0.01Fe0.02–0.04)(Al1.01–1.11Si2.89–2.99O10)(OH)2), Al clinochlore ((Mg2.42–2.65Fe1.62–1.78)(Si2.57–2.69Al1.31–1.43O10)(OH)8), pyrophyllite, kaolin minerals, illite-smectite (I-Sme) and chlorite-smectite (C-Sme). Conversely, the LSS examples contain Fe-Mg muscovite ((K0.44–0.76Na0.00–0.02Ca0.00–0.01)Al1.55–1.82(Mg0.17–0.31Fe0.05–0.12)(Al0.55–0.71Si3.29–3.45O10)(OH)2), Al clinochlore ((Mg2.17–2.56Fe1.59–2.01)(Si2.71–2.92Al1.08–1.29O10)(OH)8), and I-Sme and C-Sme intermediates. Chlorite geothermometry indicated that HSS and LSS assemblages crystallized at average temperatures of 261 °C and 145 °C, respectively. Mica and chlorite from HSS and LSS are defined by Tschermak substitution and high-temperature polytypism (2M1 and IIb, respectively). In the HSS examples, one or more pulses of hot, acidic fluid reacted with host rocks generating an envelope of advanced argillic alteration (Fe-Ms, Kln, Pg, Prl) around a vuggy silica core. This is bounded by a zone of argillic alteration (Fe-Ms, Kln), with sericitic/chloritic alterations (Fe-Ms, Al-Clc) developed in distal parts of the systems. In the LSS, near-neutral hydrothermal fluids led to the formation of broad phyllic/chloritic zones (Fe-Mg Ms and Al-Clc). A low temperature overprint with 1M mica, Ib clinochlore ((Mg2.48–2.74Fe1.58–1.73)(Si3.05–3.15Al0.85–0.95O10)(OH)8), kaolinite and Sme-poor I-Sme and C-Sme is attributed to late waning stage hydrothermal activity and/or weathering. A close paragenetic link was established between Fe-Mg muscovite and Ag mineralization at Heritage, as well as between Fe-Mg muscovite and bladed calcite, suggesting boiling as the precipitation mechanism. The present study provides guidance on how phyllosilicate assemblages have the potential to discern HSS versus LSS mineralization during early prospection in terranes with limited exposure, and to contribute to the reconstruction of their hydrothermal record.
4D chromosome reconstruction elucidates the spatial reorganization of the mammalian X-chromosome

Abstract Chromosomes are segmented into domains and compartments; yet, how these structures are spatially related in 3D is unclear. Here, by directly integrating Hi-C capture experiments and 3D modeling, we use X-inactivation as a model to examine the time evolution of 3D chromosome architecture during substantial changes in gene expression. First, we show that gene expression A/B compartments are consistent with phase separation in 3D space. Second, we show that residuals of smaller scale structures persist through transitions, despite further large-scale reorganization into the final inactive configuration, comprising two “megadomains”. Interestingly, these previously hidden residual structures were not detectable in 2D Hi-C maps or principal component analyses. Third, time-dependent reaction-diffusion simulations reveal how Xist RNA particles diffuse across the 3D X-superstructure as it reorganizes. Our 4DHiC pipeline helps satisfy the growing demand for methodologies that produce 3D chromosome reconstructions directly from 2D datasets, which are consistent with the empirical data.
Biological variation of major gut-derived uremic toxins in the serum of healthy adult cats.

Background Biological variation of serum indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol sulfate (pCS), and trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO) concentrations in cats is unknown. Objectives To determine short- and medium-term biological variation, index of individuality (II), and reference change values for serum IS, pCS, and TMAO concentrations in healthy adult cats. To determine the effect of feeding on serum concentrations. Animals Twelve healthy adult cats. Methods Prospective, cohort study. Seven serum samples over a 12-hour period (short-term) and 5 serum samples over a 19-day period (medium-term) were collected. Serum concentrations of total IS, pCS, and TMAO were measured every 2 hours in a 12-hour period (hours 0-12) after a meal in 9 cats and compared to concentrations in a nonfed state. Results For IS, the II was high using short-term (1.96) and low using medium-term (0.65) biological variation estimates. Individuality was intermediate for pCS (short-term, 0.98; medium-term, 1.17) and TMAO (short-term, 1.47; medium-term, 0.83). Serum IS, pCS, and TMAO concentrations were significantly lower in a fed state compared to a nonfed state at hours 4, 6, 8, and 12; at hours 4 and 6; and at hours 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, respectively. Conclusion and clinical importance Population-based reference intervals with reference to the subject-based interval can be used to monitor serum pCS and TMAO concentrations. For IS, a subject-based and a population-based reference interval is best for short-term and medium-term monitoring, respectively. To compare serial measurements, it would be prudent to collect samples at the same time of day and consistently in either a fed or nonfed state.
Delayed Rise of Oral Fluid Antibodies, Elevated BMI, and Absence of Early Fever Correlate With Longer Time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA Clearance in a Longitudinally Sampled Cohort of COVID-19 Outpatients

Background Sustained molecular detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the upper respiratory tract (URT) in mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common. We sought to identify host and immune determinants of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. Methods Ninety-five symptomatic outpatients self-collected midturbinate nasal, oropharyngeal (OP), and gingival crevicular fluid (oral fluid) samples at home and in a research clinic a median of 6 times over 1-3 months. Samples were tested for viral RNA, virus culture, and SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus antibodies, and associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Viral RNA clearance, as measured by SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in 507 URT samples occurred a median (interquartile range) 33.5 (17-63.5) days post-symptom onset. Sixteen nasal-OP samples collected 2-11 days post-symptom onset were virus culture positive out of 183 RT-PCR-positive samples tested. All participants but 1 with positive virus culture were negative for concomitant oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The mean time to first antibody detection in oral fluid was 8-13 days post-symptom onset. A longer time to first detection of oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99; P = .020) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (aHR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.78; P = .009) were independently associated with a longer time to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA clearance. Fever as 1 of first 3 COVID-19 symptoms correlated with shorter time to viral RNA clearance (aHR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.02-4.18; P = .044). Conclusions We demonstrate that delayed rise of oral fluid SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever are independently associated with delayed URT viral RNA clearance.
Exocyst protein subnetworks integrate Hippo and mTOR signaling to promote virus detection and cancer.

Summary The exocyst is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex that regulates vesicular trafficking and scaffolds signal transduction. Key upstream components of the exocyst include monomeric RAL GTPases, which help mount cell-autonomous responses to trophic and immunogenic signals. Here, we present a quantitative proteomics-based characterization of dynamic and signal-dependent exocyst protein interactomes. Under viral infection, an Exo84 exocyst subcomplex assembles the immune kinase Protein Kinase R (PKR) together with the Hippo kinase Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MST1). PKR phosphorylates MST1 to activate Hippo signaling and inactivate Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1). By contrast, a Sec5 exocyst subcomplex recruits another immune kinase, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which interacted with and activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). RALB was necessary and sufficient for induction of Hippo and mTOR signaling through parallel exocyst subcomplex engagement, supporting the cellular response to virus infection and oncogenic signaling. This study highlights RALB-exocyst signaling subcomplexes as mechanisms for the integrated engagement of Hippo and mTOR signaling in cells challenged by viral pathogens or oncogenic signaling.
Searching and Sorting

This chapter covers how to search for specific values within Interactive Data Language (IDL) arrays and sort the values of IDL arrays into increasing or decreasing order. The following IDL procedures are discussed: (1) WHERE function: COUNT, COMPLEMENT, and NCOMPLEMENT keywords, (2) SORT function, and (3) VALUE_LOCATE function. A common programming task is to find the elements of an array that satisfy a particular condition. The WHERE function is an essential tool for doing fast conditional array operations in IDL. Most operations that could be done in a Fortran-like style using FOR loops and IF statements can be done faster and more elegantly in IDL using WHERE. WHERE applies the logical test to every element of the array. The built-in IDL function to sort the elements of an array is SORT. In a manner similar to WHERE, SORT returns a list of the indices of the array sorted in the proper order, not the elements themselves.
Plant Selection in Grazing

Diet selection affects not only the grazing animal's nutrient status but also the successional processes in plant communities. Selecting some plant species against others, large herbivores have a profound effect on the competitive relationships of plants growing in mixed plant communities. The impact of livestock on rangelands occurs primarily because they selectively defoliate the available herbage, rather than indiscriminately consuming herbage according to its availability. Restricting the term “palatability” to plant characteristics or conditions and the term “preference” to the reactions of the animal to these differences provides a proper basis for evaluating the extent and causes of selectivity. Palatability refers to that combination of plant characteristics that stimulates animals to prefer one forage over another, or can be extended to any feedstuff. Preference refers to the selective response made by the animal to plant differences and is essentially behavioral. Selectivity by an animal may be influenced by the presence, either concurrently or previously, of one or more other animal species in the area, either by changing the short-term relative availability of the different plant species or differentially affecting the palatability of the remaining forage; even rodents and insects may affect food preference by the grazing animal.
Software Engineering: Methods and Management

Textbook for a two-semester course sequence on software engineering in a computer science curriculum, appropriate at the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level. The first course teaches methods and techniques for developing software, and the second introduces the management of software
Optimization of Enzyme Production in Continuous Cultures with Mixed Substrates

The problems of modeling diauxic growth and optimizing enzyme production are addressed. A cybernetic growth model is presented which is simpler than other cybernetic models but can still adequately predict available experimental data. The model is then used to study the optimization of inducible enzyme synthesis. The model predicts that growth on a single substrate is not always the best mode of operation but rather growth on two substrates may improve inducible enzyme productivity.
Human liver steroid sulphotransferase sulphates bile acids

Abstract The sulphation of bile acids is an important pathway for the detoxification and elimination of bile acids during cholestatic liver disease. A dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulphotransferase has been purified from male and female human liver cytosol using DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate-agarose affinity chromatography [Falany, Vazquez & Kalb (1989) Biochem. J. 260, 641-646]. Results in the present paper show that the DHEA sulphotransferase, purified to homogeneity, is also reactive towards bile acids, including lithocholic acid and 6-hydroxylated bile acids, as well as 3-hydroxylated short-chain bile acids. The highest activity towards bile acids was observed with lithocholic acid (54.3 +/- 3.6 nmol/min per mg of protein); of the substrates tested, the lowest activity was detected with hyodeoxycholic acid (4.2 +/- 0.01 nmol/min per mg of protein). The apparent Km values for the enzyme are 1.5 +/- 0.31 microM for lithocholic acid and 4.2 +/- 0.73 microM for taurolithocholic acid. Lithocholic acid also competitively inhibits DHEA sulphation by the purified sulphotransferase (Ki 1.4 microM). No evidence was found for the formation of bile acid sulphates by sulphotransferases different from the DHEA sulphotransferase during purification work. The above results suggest that a single steroid sulphotransferase with broad specificity encompassing neutral steroids and bile acids exists in human liver.
Clusters of Perfectionists: Two Studies of Emotional Adjustment and Academic Achievement

These two studies extended research on the recently developed Almost Perfect Scale—Revised (APS—R; R. B. Slaney, M. Mobley, J. Trippi, J. S. Ashby, & D. Johnson, 1996). Cluster analyses were used t...
Bayesian priors for the eccentricity of transiting planets

Planets on eccentric orbits have a higher geometric probability of transiting their host star. By application of Bayes' theorem, we reverse this logic to show that the eccentricity distribution of transiting planets is positively biased. Adopting the flexible Beta distribution as the underlying prior for eccentricity, we derive the marginalized transit probability as well as the a-priori joint probability distribution of eccentricity and argument of periastron, given that a planet is known to transit. These results allow to demonstrate that most planet occurrence rate calculations using Kepler data have overestimated the prevalence of planets by ~10%. Indeed, the true occurrence of planets from transit surveys is fundamentally intractable without a prior assumption for the eccentricity distribution. Further more, we show that previously extracted eccentricity distributions using Kepler data are positively biased. In cases where one wishes to impose an informative eccentricity prior, we provide a recursive algorithm to apply inverse transform sampling of our joint prior probability distribution. Computer code of this algorithm, ECCSAMPLES, is provided to enable the community to sample directly from the prior.
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

No-fault compensation is a popular solution to controversial problems. It has been proposed as an alternative to litigating medical malpractice, adverse reactions to future acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccines, and asbestos injuries. The idea is to reduce the expense and uncertainty of litigation and to ensure more equitable compensation to injured persons. Except for state-level workers’ compensation and auto accident insurance programs and the Black Lung Benefits Act, the United States has little experience with nofault compensation. For all of these reasons, the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program is attracting attention. The federal vaccine program provides no-fault compensation to persons injured by vaccines used to prevent seven infectious childhood diseases. Because it awards compensation primarily for specific injuries occurring within a specified time after vaccination, it is the country’s simplest program of no-fault compensation. The number of adverse reactions to childhood vaccines is small relative to the number of injuries from other products, medical malpractice, or motor vehicle accidents. Also, the program is designed to operate expeditiously. In spite of its simplicity, the program has encountered surprises. At first, fewer petitions were received than expected, but deciding these few claims was more difficult than anticipated. The statute governing the
Comparison between sieving and settling-tube determinations of sand sizes by using discriminant analysis

There is much controversy regarding the method that best measures the representative grain sizes used to calculate sediment statistics. Twenty-five sand-sized sediment samples were collected in barrier-island subenvironments and analyzed by a sieving technique and a settling-tube technique. On the basis of graphic sediment statistics as variables, discriminant analysis indicates that the more conventional sieving method correctly characterized 96 percent of the samples by subenvironments, while the settling-tube technique correctly characterized only 72 percent of the samples.
Current Status of the Implementation of Good Clinical Practice in China

If a medical institution in China wishes to carry out clinical studies on humans they must first gain accreditation from the relevant regulatory department of the State Council.
Modeling small diameter straw tubes in terms of their high frequency electrical characteristics

As a part of the effort to design a prototype of a low-mass tracking detector, an empirical model of the high-frequency behavior of small-diameter proportional straw tubes was developed. The equivalent circuit is a distributed network RLC-clusters, where the value of the discrete components is directly related to measurable characteristics of the em straws. The model is an approximation of the straw as a low-loss transmission line, and it yields very good agreement with measurements of transmission and reflection coefficients. Measurements and simulations of input impedance in the frequency domain agree well at frequencies below 120 MHz, when termination is close to Z/sub 0/, the characteristic impedance. >
Encouraging Cognitive Flexibility and Interdisciplinarity in Public Administration Programs

In response to the increased complexity that comes from a shift away from government and toward governance, public administration programs need to adjust their traditional curriculum and encourage ...
Transient and persistent spectral hole burning in Eu3+-doped sol–gel produced SiO2 glass

Abstract Transient and persistent spectral hole burning (TSHB and PSHB) experiments were performed on Eu 3+ ions in sol–gel SiO 2 glasses with aluminum co-doping. Differences in the hole burning behavior were observed among samples made from two organosilicate precursors that were annealed to a series of final temperatures. All glasses exhibited persistent spectral holes when annealed to 800°C but, as the annealing temperature was raised to 1000°C, an increasing number of Eu 3+ ions exhibited TSHB with a corresponding decrease in the number of ions showing PSHB behavior. The transient hole burning behavior is similar in nature to that observed for Eu 3+ -doped silicate melt glass.
Seasoned Long Enough in Concentration: Suburbanization and Transnational Citizenship in Southern California’s South Bay

Communities of color in post–World War II California sought, with varying degrees of success, to participate in the suburban dream of upward mobility. In the process, they reshaped the physical and...
Development of Reacted Channel During Flow of CO2 Rich Water Along a Cement Fracture

Abstract Lab scale experiments were performed to characterize how coupling between reaction and flow affect time-dependent flux of CO2-rich water along leaky wells. The core flow system applies confining stress to a cement core with a single tensile fracture while CO2-rich water is injected at constant rate and elevated pore pressure. Results show no significant variation in pressure differential, despite the development of a texturally distinct calcium depleted channel along the fracture surfaces which is bounded by thin rims of precipitation. Silicon rich material remains in the channel and prevents wormhole development and large increases in aperture. Implications for time-dependent CO2 leakage are that even with high fluid flux, the leak does not get appreciably worse.
The interrelationships between ultraviolet irradiation and the thermal reactivation of the bacterium, E. coli B.

Abstract Ultraviolet action on E. coli B bacterium, irradiated while in the logarithmic phase of growth, appears to be of three kinds which differ in being either quickly, or slowly, or not at all reversible by heat. The principal concern here has been the kinetics of the slow reactivation in liquid broth agar medium at 46.5 °C. The data suggest that more than one damage must be nullified in order to reactivate bacteria exposed to more than 23 ergs/sq. mm. For bacteria exposed to 100 ergs/sq. mm., the number of steps in the reaction is a maximum; and the shape of the reactivation curve is unchanged even for doses up to 1000 ergs/sq. mm. A theoretical model is proposed which assumes that six sensitive sites exist per bacterium and that the presence of a single damaged site in a bacterium inactivates it. Arguments are presented favoring the view that the primary radiation action is to transform cell metabolite into poison. The bacterium survives under conditions which inhibit growth and which would allow such a poison to diffuse away before acting on j the sensitive site. The ultraviolet sensitivity of the bacterium decreases as it approaches the resting state in a way that points to decrease in the number rather than in the average sensitivity of the targets. Incubating the bacterium at 46.5 ° causes an apparently similar decrease in sensitivity.
Heat-inducible amplifier vector for high-level expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Purpose: In cytokine immunotherapy of cancer it is critical to deliver sufficiently high local cytokine concentrations in order to reach the therapeutic threshold needed for clinical efficacy. Simultaneously, for optimal clinical safety adverse effects caused by high systemic cytokine levels must be minimized. One of the most promising anti-cancer therapeutic cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), has elicited anti-tumour immune responses in animal studies and clinical trials. However, the clinical efficacy has been limited, with local GM-CSF levels being therapeutically insufficient and systemic toxicity being a limiting factor.Methods: To address these problems we have developed a novel GM-CSF expression vector, pAD-HotAmp-GM-CSF, which can provide high levels of GM-CSF expression, and induction of cytokine expression to limited tissue areas. This expression system combines inducible and amplifying elements in a single multi-genic construct. The first transcriptional unit ...
Low-dimensional lattices. III: Perfect forms

The perfect lattices or quadratic forms in dimensions n $\leqslant$ 7 found by Barnes, Stacey and others are studied, and their automorphism groups, orbits of minimal vectors and eutactic coefficients are determined. It is shown that just 30 of the 33 known seven-dimensional perfect lattices are extreme. A simple and self-contained proof is given of the classification of perfect lattices in dimensions n $\leqslant$ 4 and hence of the determination of the densest lattice packings in these dimensions.
Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time.

Aims To examine incidence density rate and correlates of incident diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals compared with matched non-HIV-infected persons. Methods Data were obtained from the South Carolina Medicaid system and the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System surveillance database for persons ≥ 18 years of age who had been attended to during the period 1994 to 2011. Time-dependent proportional hazards analysis and marginal structural models were used to analyse the data. Results A total of 13 632 individuals (6816, 1:1 matched HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons; median age 39 years; 57% male) contributed 88 359 person-years of follow-up. Incidence rate of diabetes was higher in the non-HIV-infected group compared with the HIV-infected group (13.60 vs. 11.35 per 1000 person-years). Multivariable hazards analysis suggested a significantly lower risk of incident diabetes among HIV-infected persons treated with combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the matched non-HIV-infected persons (adjusted hazards ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.46–0.65). Among HIV-infected persons, marginal structural modelling suggested a significantly higher risk of diabetes with cumulative exposure to protease inhibitors over the observation period (adjusted relative risk 1.35; 95% CI 1.03–1.78), but this association was not significant for exposure to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Overall, female gender, older age, non-white race/ethnicity, and pre-existing hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and hepatitis C infection were associated with higher risk of diabetes incidence. Conclusions HIV infection may not be independently associated with increased risk of diabetes. Among HIV-infected persons, exposure to protease inhibitor-based regimens may increase the risk of diabetes. Healthcare providers should make every effort to use combination antiretroviral therapy regimens with a better cardiometabolic profile.
Developmental fate of skeletal muscle satellite cells

Radioisotopically labeled satellite cells from clonal cultures were implanted into normal muscle of the original donor. Implanted cells invariably retained their myogenic potential by participating in the regeneration of damaged myofibers or in the development of existing fibers.
The growth of unstable thermoplastic shear with application to steady-wave shock compression in solids*

Abstract T he catastrophic growth of unstable thermoplastic shear following the transition from homogeneous deformation to heterogeneous localized deformation through distributed shear banding is studied through approximate analytic and computational methods. The calculations provide expressions for shear band widths, spacing, catastrophic growth times and the rate of stress communication between shear bands. The optimum shear band width and spacing are found to be consistent with a minimum work principle. The model predicts that the product of the energy dissipated and the localization time in the shear localization process is invariant with respect to changes in the driving strain rate. Such behavior has been noted in the steady-wave shock compression of a number of solids. The calculations are applied to heterogeneous shear localization observed in the shock compression of aluminum.
Stereoacuity testing in patients with retinal and optic nerve disorders

A study comparing the relative sensitivity for detecting abnormal stereoacuity in patients with retinal or optic nerve disease on clinically used stereoacuity tests is not available. It is also not apparent from the ophthalmic literature if optic nerve or retinal diseases are likely to have a greater impact on stereoacuity performance. We were also interested in determining a level of visual acuity loss that would likely result in an impairment of stereoacuity on these clinical tests. Forty-two patients with various retinal and optic nerve disorders and eighteen normal subjects were evaluated for stereoacuity using three tests: Titmus Stereoacuity Test (TST), Randot Stereoacuity Test (RST), and TNO Stereoacuity Test (TNO). The performance on these three stereoacuity tests was compared with the normal subjects. Additionally, TST scores from our patients were compared to predicted TST scores derived from a previously published nomogram. For patients with retinal and optic nerve disease, an abnormal score on one clinical test of stereoacuity was likely to predict an abnormality on the other tests. Performance on the TST relative to the predicted value derived from a nomogram was not significantly different for patients with retinal vs. optic nerve disease. With some exceptions, patients with visual acuities of 20/30 or worse in at least one eye were likely to show abnormal stereoacuity.
Prenatal Education for Adolescents in a Delinquent Youth Facility

A prenatal education program for adolescent girls in a delinquent youth facility was designed to address the teenagers' developmental needs as well as specific needs arising because of pregnancy. The course was designed using Erikson's developmental tasks of adolescence as the theoretical framework. Analysis of the cognitive effectiveness of the program and the value of the theoretical approach used yielded positive results in both areas.
An Airborne Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) Pushbroom Imaging System Using A 64-Element PbS Detector Array

Research evidence indicates that data in the short wave infrared (SWIR) spectral region will greatly improve the information content of remotely sensed data. Bands are required in the 1.55-1.75 micron and 2.08-2.35 micron spectral regions for a variety of agricultural and geological investigations. It is anticipated that future Landsat sensors will use pushbroom linear array technology to obtain high resolution, improved sensitivity and increased system reliability. To obtain early laboratory and field data, an airborne pushbroom image system has been designed for operation in the short wave infrared spectral region. The system uses a 64-element staggered PbS array and is operated at 195 K; the instrument has been designed to operate in an aircraft and will view a 19 degree swath width with a 5.8 mrad IFOV. The spectral bandwidth of each channel is .05 micron and the noise equivalent reflectivity in the order of .2% is provided. The requirements for more advanced detector arrays for use in future NASA spacecraft remote sensing instruments are also discussed.
The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation and hypoxia on the blood-nerve barrier

We measured the permeability coefficient--surface area product (PA) of peripheral nerve to [14C]sucrose in rat sciatic nerve in experimental chronic hypoxic hypoxia of up to 8 weeks and following hyperbaric oxygenation for 1 to 4 weeks. Chronic hypoxia caused an increase in PA presumably indicating impairment of the blood-nerve barrier at 4 weeks with restoration to normal by 8 weeks. Hyperbaric oxygenation (100% oxygen at 2.5 ata for 120 min/day 5 days per week) caused a mild but time dependent increase in PA reaching statistical significance by 4 weeks.
Extreme isotopic homogeneity among basalts from the southern East Pacific Rise: mantle or mixing effect?

Basaltic lavas which have erupted along the great oceanic ridge system are characterized by their overall chemical and isotopic homogeneity. Nevertheless, they show evidence for variability in the chemical and isotopic composition of the ocean ridge basalt (ORB) source whose scale and distribution remain uncertain. Isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, Pb and Hf and ratios of some highly incompatible elements have been used as tracers of ORB source compositions, usually permitting source characteristics to be distinguished from petrogenetic effects. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), in particular, shows correlations in the isotopic compositions of several elements, between isotopic compositions and topography and between these parameters and incompatible element concentrations and ratios1–3. We report here isotopic measurements for basalts, dredged between approximately 30 and 34° S on the East Pacific Rise and adjacent Maddingly Rise, which show highly uniform Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, possibly resulting, in part, from mixing associated with a high rate of magma generation and rapid spreading (∼170 mm yr−1). However, a ridge segment of comparable length between 18 and 22° S and with only a slightly lower spreading rate shows much greater isotopic variability. Hence we are apparently sampling small but detectable regional differences in mantle composition. The isotopic homogeneity among the basalts from 30 to 34° S implies that any heterogeneity in the underlying upper mantle is uniformly distributed on a scale much smaller than the volume sampled in individual magma batches, and is thus averaged out in the resulting lavas.
Using quality management as a bridge in educating for sustainability in a business school

Purpose – To demonstrate how quality management (QM), a widely accepted management paradigm, can be used to advance education for sustainability in the business curriculum.Design/methodology/approach – The assumptions of QM and environmental sustainability are explored. A class exercise is developed that uses QM tools – and in particular, Deming's 14 management points – to help management students to examine and critique environmentally sustainable practices in organizations.Findings – QM can be used as a bridge between management theory and environmental sustainability. QM can also be used as a framework for teaching environmental sustainability in management classes. The class exercise helps students to enhance their critical skills as they examine and assess sustainable practices in organizations.Practical implications – A useful perspective on integrating management theory and environmental sustainability. A very useful class exercise for teaching environmental sustainability in management classes, an...
PROGRESSIVE DILATION FOR BLADDER TISSUE EXPANSION

AbstractPurpose: The use of gastrointestinal tissue for augmentation cystoplasty is associated with numerous complications. We previously reported the development of a system in which ureters were progressively dilated and used for ureterocystoplasty. We have now applied a similar system for the progressive expansion of native bladder tissue. We investigated whether the expanded bladder tissue retained normal functional and phenotypic characteristics.Materials and Methods: Urodynamic studies were performed in 5 beagle dogs and the bladder was divided horizontally into a superior bladder neo-reservoir, and an intact smaller bladder inferiorly with both ureters left intact and draining. A silicone catheter was threaded into the newly formed, superiorly located neo-reservoir, and connected to an injection port which was secured subcutaneously. A saline antibiotic solution was injected daily into the palpable injection port 4 weeks after surgery, dilating the neo-reservoir through the silicone catheter. Basel...
Fabrication of TiO2 Nanofibers from a Mesoporous Silica Film

TiO2 nanofibers have been made by impregnating a mesoporous silica film with TiCl4 followed by hydrolysis in air. The TiO2 nanofiber morphology can be varied by controlling the pore size and pore volume of the mesoporous silica film. TiO2 nanofiber diameters were in the range of 30−200 nm. The as-synthesized nanofibers are amorphous but crystallize to anatase at 250 °C without a change in morphology.
A Note on State Individual Differences in Accuracy of Response Imagery: Aftereffects and Reminiscence☆

In two sessions, separated by 7 days, subjects imagined themselves performing a tracking task under a massed practice schedule. After conditions of interpolated rest and no-rest, which were counterbalanced across sessions, subjects actually performed the tracking task. During imagery practice, subjects verbally reported the temporal component of the task. The temporal accuracy of verbal reports varied widely across subjects, but not within subjects. Furthermore, a performance gain was demonstrated as a function of interpolated rest versus no-rest (reminiscence effect). Finally, the accuracy of verbal reports predicted imagery aftereffects, but not reminiscence effects.
Population dynamics of islet-infiltrating cells in autoimmune diabetes

Type-1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse starts with an insulitis stage, wherein a mixed population of leukocytes invades the pancreas, followed by overt diabetes once enough insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed by invading immunocytes. Little is known of the dynamics of lymphocyte movement into the pancreas during disease progression. We used the Kaede transgenic mouse, whose photoconvertible fluorescent reporter permits noninvasive labeling and subsequent tracking of immunocytes, to investigate pancreatic infiltrate dynamics and the requirement for antigen specificity during progression of autoimmune diabetes in the unmanipulated NOD mouse. Our results indicate that the insulitic lesion is very open with constant cell influx and active turnover, predominantly of B and T lymphocytes, but also CD11b+c+ myeloid cells. Both naive- and memory-phenotype lymphocytes trafficked to the insulitis, but Foxp3+ regulatory T cells circulated less than their conventional CD4+ counterparts. Receptor specificity for pancreatic antigens seemed irrelevant for this homing, because similar kinetics were observed in polyclonal and antigen-specific transgenic contexts. This “open” configuration was also observed after reversal of overt diabetes by anti-CD3 treatment. These results portray insulitis as a dynamic lesion at all stages of disease, continuously fed by a mixed influx of immunocytes, and thus susceptible to evolve over time in response to immunologic or environmental influences.
Improving biomedical document retrieval using domain knowledge

Research articles typically introduce new results or findings and relate them to knowledge entities of immediate relevance. However, a large body of context knowledge related to the results is often not explicitly mentioned in the article. To overcome this limitation the state-of-the-art information retrieval approaches rely on the latent semantic analysis in which terms in articles are projected to a lower dimensional latent space and best possible matches in this space are identified. However, this approach may not perform well enough if the number of explicit knowledge entities in the articles is too small compared to the amount of knowledge in the domain. We address the problem by exploiting a domain knowledge layer, a rich network of relations among knowledge entities in the domain extracted from a large corpus of documents. The knowledge layer supplies the context knowledge that lets us relate different knowledge entities and hence improve the information retrieval performance. We develop and study a new framework for i) learning and aggregating the relations in the knowledge layer from the literature corpus; ii) and for exploiting these relations to improve the information-retrieval of relevant documents.
A statistical constraint dependency grammar (CDG) parser

CDG represents a sentence's grammatical structure as assignments of dependency relations to functional variables associated with each word in the sentence. In this paper, we describe a statistical CDG (SCDG) parser that performs parsing incrementally and evaluate it on the Wall Street Journal Penn Treebank. Using a tight integration of multiple knowledge sources, together with distance modeling and synergistic dependencies, this parser achieves a parsing accuracy comparable to several state-of-the-art context-free grammar (CFG) based statistical parsers using a dependency-based evaluation metric. Factors contributing to the SCDG parser's performance are analyzed.
Analogs of merons and meron pairs in the XY model

A path-integral formula for the vacuum wave functional is used to show that merons in quantum chromodynamics produce long-range vacuum fluctuations of the form of Wu-Yang monopoles, whereas meron pairs or instantons produce only short-range fluctuations. The existence of long-range vacuum fluctuations may be related to the problem of quark confinement. The XY model, which describes classical two-component spins on a two-dimensional lattice, is reviewed. Vortex spin-field configurations, which are responsible for the existence of a disordered phase in the XY model, are shown to be analogous to merons in that they produce long-range fluctuations of the spins along a given axis. The analogy is emphasized by considering the analog of the vacuum wave functional in the XY model. It is argued that the vortex-antivortex pairs that occur in the ordered phase of the XY model are analogous to meron pairs or instantons in quantum chromodynamics.
Length-dependent optical effects in single walled carbon nanotubes.

Recently, Heller et al. reported length-dependent effects on the relative photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) [Heller et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 14567−14573]. We propose a simple model involving thermal diffusion of excitons along the nanotube axis and quenching at the ends, to explain the observed trend in their data. By fitting to our model, we extract a diffusion coefficient of 6 cm2/s for excitons in SWNTs. Assuming a mono exponential decay of exciton PL, we also predict that effective length-dependent PL lifetimes for these excitons lie in the range of 1−27 ps. Experimental observations are shown to be consistent with stochastic rather than wavepacket-like exciton migration, which is in agreement with ultrafast excitonic dephasing. Edge effects seem to limit the use of short SWNTs in imaging and optical sensing applications.
Microinvasive lentigo maligna melanoma

Ninety-one skin biopsy specimens previously identified as lentigo maligna were examined for the presence of microinvasion, using the demonstration of S 100 protein within atypical cells as the means for locating these superficial foci. In 14 cases, atypical melanocytes were identified, most often in the papillary dermis. The mean depth of invasion in this group was 0.23 mm with a range of 0.10 mm to 0.75 mm. In these cases, atypical cells were difficult if not impossible to identify in routinely processed sections, either because the invasive cell was a spindle cell variant and indistinguishable from a fibrohistiocytic cell, because the invasive cells were occasionally solitary or in small groups, or because there was an inflammatory infiltrate that obscured the tumor cells. Recent studies of lentigo maligna melanoma have revealed no better prognosis when compared to that of other forms of malignant melanoma after normalization for depth and body location. We therefore advocate close examination of lentigo maligna with the use of appropriate immunohistochemical techniques if there are areas of dermal fibrosis or inflammation that might obscure invasion.
Photosensitization of experimental atheromas by porphyrins.

Arteriosclerotic arteries have been shown to fluoresce when treated with hematoporphyrin derivative. This study investigates the incorporation and distribution of a partially purified form of hematoporphyrin derivative (Pho-tofrin II) in normal and arteriosclerotic rabbit aortas. A thoracoabdominal exploration was performed in 15 rabbits. Group I comprised normal rabbits, Group II normal rabbits given 5 mg/kg Photofrin II 48 hours before surgery, Group III arteriosclerotic rabbits and Group IV arteriosclerotic rabbits given 5 mg/kg Photofrin II 48 hours before surgery. Multiple aortic biopsy specimens for frozen section were taken from all rabbits. In addition, open laser endarterectomy (with an argon ion laser) was performed on Group III and Group IV rabbits. Frozen sections were studied by digital video fluorescence microscopy to determine the distribution of Photofrin II within the layers of the aortic wall. The fluorescence of the intima of Group IV rabbits was found to be significantly greater than that of the intima, internal elastic lamina, media or adventitia of the other groups (p
Training abusive parents in child management and self-control skills

The present study examined the effects of parent training and self-control techniques with child-abusing parents. Prior to intervention, eight baseline sessions were conducted in the home in which each family's interactions were analyzed with the Patterson Coding System. Parent-training and self-control techniques were administered using a two-variable withdrawal design. The parent-training component focused on teaching positive reinforcement skills and alleviating inappropriate or punitive child management techniques. The cognitive-behavioral training focused on helping the parents cope with their aggressive impulses and feelings of anger and frustration. Analysis of the data showed a reduction in total aversive behavior and an increase in prosocial behaviors (e.g., attention, approval) during treatment and follow-up observations. In addition, the target children in both families revealed an increase in prosocial and less aversive behavior during treatment and follow-up. The efficacy of teaching abusive parents anger-control techniques was examined along with implications for further research.