cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disaggregation of rainfall for one-way coupling of atmospheric and hydrological models in regions of complex terrain

Abstract The objective of this work is to incorporate orographic effects in the disaggregation of rainfall fields from atmospheric to hydrological models. For this purpose, a downscaling methodology based on the principles of fractal interpolation is proposed. The new orographic rainfall disaggregation scheme takes into account the spatial characteristics of topography and wind fields over the domain, and how these relate to the spatial variability of rainfall in the region. We illustrate the methodology for two simulated precipitation events in Pennsylvania, and the results are compared against observations at 200 raingauges within the region. Disaggregation of mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) rainfall fields from 4-km down to 1-km resolution using the orographic scheme resulted in average improvements of quantitative precipitation forecasts about 50% of total precipitation amounts. An overall improvement in the temporal correlation between observed and predicted hourly rainfall was also obtained (on the average, the correlation coefficient increased from 0.2 to 0.5), thus suggesting that the methodology may be used effectively to improve the timing of precipitation forecasts. The effect of spatial variability of precipitation on the hydrologic response of a large watershed was also assessed. In particular, MM5 output and disaggregated rainfall fields were used to force a distributed hydrological model of the watershed of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River (14,710 km2 areal extent). Improvements of 30% were obtained in the prediction of peak streamflow and runoff volumes just by including small-scale (1 km2) orographic effects on the space–time variability of rainfall. The intrinsic relationship between rainfall forcing and “optimal” hydrological parameters obtained through calibration is discussed.
Leadership styles and information security in small businesses

Purpose – The objective of this study is to examine information security issues within small businesses and determine whether and to what degree any relationship exists between leadership styles and the level of concern for information security problems.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents an empirical study of 122 small business owners from the state of Hawaii with regards to their leadership styles and information security concerns.Findings – The results of this study showed a significant correlation between transactional and transformational leadership styles and the level of concern towards information security problems within small businesses.Practical implications – This research suggests that small businesses leaders need to demonstrate more than one leadership style to broaden their preparation against a range of information security issues and problems.Originality/value – The findings may be applicable to small business leaders who proactively search for a cost‐effective and optimal ...
Proactive interference in infant recognition memory

Preference for novel photographs of faces was tested in 5- to 7-month-old infants following three different proactive interfering conditions that replicated those in which retroactive interference had previously been demonstrated by Fagan (1973). One group of infants was presented with three successive presentations of upside-down caricatures of faces prior to the familiarization and novelty test, whereas the other two groups experienced three successive presentations of either upside-down or upright photographs of faces. Consistent with demonstrations of retroactive interference, preference for novelty existed following presentation of the rotated caricatures but not following rotated photographs. However, contrary to the effects due to retroaction, upright photographs did not lead to a preference for novelty. This differential disruption of preference for novelty is discussed as indicating either the existence of proactive interference in which the effects of perceptual similarity are different from those of retroaction, or the presence of a differential release from proactive interference that does not operate in retroaction.
Prognosis of severe congestive heart failure patients refractory to high-dose frosemide and treated with continuous hemodiafiltration

Abstract Continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) is an effective alternative to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) with renal dysfunction by forcibly normalizing volume overload. In order to assess the efficacy of CHDF for patients with severe chronic CHF refractory to high-dose frosemide, we retrospectively analyzed the echocardiography and blood examination from 33 cases (total 29 patients) with severe CHF (New York Heart Association Class IV) who underwent CHDF during the past 5 years in our hospital. The cause of CHF was ischemic in 15 cases, valvular in 8, hypertensive in 6, and cardiomyopathy in 4. Seventeen cases showed improvement of NYHA Class IV to III and discharged (survival group), while the rest 16 cases could not discontinue CHDF and died in hospital (non-survival group). There was no significant difference between age, sex, and echocardiographic data. Only serum sodium level (sNa) showed significant difference (135 ± 4.5 mmol/l vs 12 ± 95.1 mmol/l, p
Photoelectrolysis of water at bare and electrocatalyst covered thin film iron oxide electrode

Abstract The photoelectrochemical effect on bare and electrocatalyst covered iron oxide thin film electrodes for water splitting reaction has been studied under both front and back illumination conditions. The semiconducting iron oxide films of optimum thickness of ∼33 nm, produced spray pyrolytically by 20 s spray time, gave the maximum photocurrent density of 0.7 mA cm−2. The band gap of the optimum thick film was found to be 2.3 eV. Importantly, the photocurrent density under back illumination was found comparable to that under front illumination. The electrocatalyst ruthenium oxide reduced the onset potential of the iron oxide film by 120 mV but did not increase the limiting photocurrent density. Lead oxide, manganese oxide and cobalt oxide deposited on the iron oxide thin film did not show any electrocatalytic effect but rather reduced the photocurrent density compared to the bare iron oxide film.
Collaborative Planning Gameplay from Disaster Response Practice

Disaster response involves collaborative planning with contingencies, an activity rarely featured in gameplay. Working from years of ethnographic investigation of fire emergency response, urban search and rescue, and incident command, we develop design implications for game mechanics to support planning. We connect case studies of games that feature planning gameplay. Our objective is to inform future games for training disaster responders as well as gaming in general.
Thermodynamic calculations in the system CH4-H2O and methane hydrate phase equilibria.

Using the Gibbs function of reaction, equilibrium pressure, temperature conditions for the formation of methane clathrate hydrate have been calculated from the thermodynamic properties of phases in the system CH4−H2O. The thermodynamic model accurately reproduces the published phase-equilibria data to within ±2 K of the observed equilibrium boundaries in the range 0.08−117 MPa and 190−307 K. The model also provides an estimate of the third-law entropy of methane hydrate at 273.15 K, 0.1 MPa of 56.2 J mol-1 K-1 for 1/n CH4·H2O, where n is the hydrate number. Agreement between the calculated and published phase-equilibria data is optimized when the hydrate composition is fixed and independent of the pressure and temperature for the conditions modeled.
Susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro to acyclic adenosine analogs and synergy of the analogs with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.

The replication of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro is inhibited by some acyclic adenosine derivatives, such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine [(S)-HPMPDAP], as well as by 39-azido-39-deoxythymidine (AZT). In a human T-lymphocyte cell line, C3, at 6 days postinfection, the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of AZT was 0.02 microM and the 90% effective concentration (EC90) was 0.33 microM; for PMEA, the EC50 was 1.9 microM and the EC90 was 27 microM. For (S)-HPMPDAP, the EC50 was 2.3 microM and the EC90 was 36 microM. Most combinations of AZT and PMEA produced a synergistic effect. In the T-cell line C3, the combination indices for 50 to 90% inhibition of virus replication ranged from 0.25 to 1.25. Combinations of PMEA (or other members of this group) with AZT appear to be worth further study for the possible treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Dimpled Planar Lightguide Solar Concentrators

Lightguide concentrators show tremendous promise for thin form-factor, lightweight, and inexpensive replacements for the current generation of refractive and reflective solar concentrators. We propose a new type of structure for reducing optical losses and dramatically increasing the practical upper limit on concentration within micro-structured lightguide concentrators.
Immunoglobulins in uterine secretions of mares with differing resistance to endometritis

Abstract The immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgG(T) and IgM were measured in uterine secretions from mares with normal uterine defense capability against bacterial contamination, and in mares with lowered resistance. Samples were collected for analysis at two stages of estrus and two stages of diestrus. All mares were then challenged with a pathogenic culture of Streptococci inoculated into the uterus. The immunoglobulins were quantitated on a similar schedule post-inoculation. Generally higher amounts of IgA, IgG and IgG(T) were found in the uterine secretions of mares which had an imparied resistance to endometritis than in mares with an efficient defense mechanisms. IgM was not detected in enough samples to suggest any differences.
Fail-awareness in timed asynchronous systems

The guaranteed response paradigm is currently favored by some parts of the research community to design distributed hard real-time systems. It uses peak load and bounded failure rate assumptions to guarantee that the real-time system reacts to events of the controlled object within an a priori known time. Much of the off-the-shelf hardware and software makes it very hard to guarantee the bounded failure rate hypothesis at run-time. If this hypothesis, fundamental to all synchronous service implementations, can be violated at run-time, these implementations can be subject to unpredictable behavior. We address this problem by proposing an approach intended to support the construction of fail-safe or complex real-time systems: fail-awareness. This is a systematic approach to mask all failures whenever the failure rate is within a given bound and if not all failures can be masked, fail-aware services have to provide a well defined exception semantics. The goal of fail-awareness is as follows: as long as the underlying communication and process services are affected only by a bounded rate of failures, all services have to provide their standard synchronous semantics, i.e. the system reacts within the given time, and each service knows that it provides its synchronous semantics. Each server maintains an (exception) indicator which tells the clients of the server if it currently provides its standard or an exception semantics. When the failure rate rises above some a priori given threshold, a server is allowed to switch to its exception semantics but it has to notify its clients that it has switched to exception semantics. An application can use the indicators to switch to a safe state in case of non-maskable failures. We show how fail-awareness can be applied in partitionable systems, i.e. systems in which communication is not certain due to network failures or excessive performance failures. Our approach allows the servers in each partition to make progress independent of the servers in other partitions. In case a server provides its standard semantics, its indicator signals its clients to what logical partition they belong. Otherwise, it just signals that the server provides its exception semantics. We describe several fail-aware partitionable services to show the applicability of our approach.
Voltammetric determination of agriculturally-significant benzenearsonic acids

Abstract Direct current and differential pulse polarographic measurements are reported on a series of substituted benzenearsonic acid compounds that are important in agricultural applications. Compounds studied were o-aminobenzenearsonic acid, p-aminobenzene-arsonic acid, p-nitrobenzenearsonic acid, p-ureidobenzenearsonic acid, and 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzenearsonic acid. Polarographic reduction potentials varied with pH for all compounds, shifting to more negative values as the pH was increased. Although diffusion-controlled reduction waves were observed in all cases, some compounds exhibited a dependence of E 1 2 on concentration, especially at relatively high concentrations. Differential pulse polarographic peak currents were proportional to concentration from 10-4 M to 10-6 M.
904-53 Left Ventricular Structure and Function Eleven Years After Doxorubicin Treatment for Childhood Leukemia: Is this a Restrictive Cardiomyopathic Process?

We previously characterized the progressive abnormalities of left ventricular (LV) structure and function in 115 survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia 6.4 years (mean) after completion of doxorubicin therapy. 65% of patients having received g228 mg/m2of doxorubicin had either increased afterload or decreased contractility, or both. Progressive increases in afterload due to a thin LV wall appeared related to an inability to increase LV mass in response to somatic growth. Of these 115 patients, 36 have died, relapsed, or are no longer followed at our institution. 8 patients had both early and late congestive heart failure. Findings noted in patients with late heart failure included normal LV size in the setting of a mean LV fractional shortening l10%, as well as frequent pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary resistance, and left atrial dilation. We wished to characterize the late outcome of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by reviewing the long-term echocardiographic findings of this cohort. The remaining 79 of the original 115 patients have had echocardiographic follow-up 11.1 years (mean) after completing doxorubicin. Changes in LV structure and function adjusted for age or body surface area at 3 time points were compared: prior to doxorubicin (A), 6.4 years after doxorubicin (B), and 11.1 years after doxorubicin (C). LV fractional shortening fell from normal at A to significantly depressed at B, and remained stable but depressed at C. LV mass was normal for body surface area at A, below normal at B, and continued to become more abnormal at C (p = 0.001). LV wall thickness was normal for body surface area at A below normal at B, and continued to become more abnormal at C(p = 0.03). LV end-diastolic dimension was normal for body surface area at A and B, but during the subsequent 4.7 years, a significant fall in LV end-diastolic dimension for body surface area occurred (p = 0.03). LV afterload increased significantly from A to B, but remained elevated without further increase at C. LV contractility remained normal at all 3 times. In conclusion, the fall in LV dimension to subnormal levels with increasing follow-up, in spite of a reduced mass:volume ratio, is the pattern seen in restrictive cardiomyopathy with a loss of the capacity of the LV to dilate. Both the echocardiographic and clinical findings suggest that the moderate to long term course of children treated with boluses of doxorubicin may follow the clinical findings of a restrictive cardiomyopathic process with decreased LV compliance and a small thin-walled LV.
A shortest path algorithm in robotics and its implementation on the FPS T-20 Hypercube

A broad class of problems involving the optimal control of robot arms can be formulated as dynamic programming problems whose structure is particularly attractive for parallel processing. For certain simple cost functions the dynamic programming formulation reduces to determining the shortest path through a network. This algorithm has been implemented on a Floating Point Systems' T-20 hypercube computer. An analysis of the performance of the algorithm provides several important insights into the interplay between problem size and the number of processors in a parallel computer. The results also underscore the potential for parallel computers in real-time control applications.
Chemical closure of chronic tympanic membrane perforations.

Background: The purposes of closing chronic dry perforations of the tympanic membrane are to improve hearing and prevent middle ear infections. Before the use of the operating microscope and improved instrumentation, tympanic membrane perforations were closed by application of chemicals or with a temporary patch. Today, although surgery is the treatment of choice, small dry perforations may be successfully closed by chemical means in an office setting. Methods: Twenty-eight of the 69 patients with chronic dry tympanic membrane perforations on the surgical waiting list at Hawke’s Bay Regional Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand, underwent attempts at chemical myringoplasty. Two techniques were used: (i) cautery of the rim of the perforation with a silver nitrate bead on a metal probe and (ii) application of a urea ointment patch covering and overlapping the perforation. Results: Eighteen of the 28 patients (64%) treated by chemical means experienced closure of their tympanic membrane perforations. Successful closure was achieved in 26% of the patients on the waiting list during the 6-month period. Conclusion: Chemical myringoplasty is not only of historical interest. It is an effective means of tympanic membrane closure in selected patients, thereby reducing the surgical waiting list and saving time and money for the patient, surgeon and hospital.
Design of a high-efficiency discrete servo-flap actuator for helicopter rotor control

Discrete trailing edge servo-flap actuator designs for use in rotor control applications are considered. A survey was conducted comparing the pros and cons of a number of feasible actuator designs. The major conclusions from this survey indicate that any successful actuator design will utilize a high bandwidth active material, produce large amplification of the active material stroke, and incorporate a simple compressive pre-stress mechanism while remaining efficient in a mass normalized sense. The mass efficiency, defined as the ratio of the specific work performed to the specific energy available, was used as a metric to rate the actuators considered in this survey. Thus, unnecessarily heavy actuators are penalized, which is appropriate when designing components operating under high centrifugal forces. The most feasible discrete actuators are those where the active material reacts against an inert support frame housing. An upper bound on the mass efficiency of this type of actuator is shown to be a function of the ratio of active material to frame specific moduli. A new high efficiency discrete actuator called the x- frame actuator, developed at MIT, and designed in accordance with the lessons learned from the actuator survey, is described. A prototype of this actuator, 150% of model scale, was built and tested on the bench top to confirm the predicted performance. The prototype demonstrates an output energy density of 14.6 ft-lb/slug. It also has a bandwidth of 543 Hz upon driving a nearly impedance matched load. This performance is shown to correspond to a mass efficiency between 18 and 31%.
Dual Energy Analysis Using Phoswich Scintillation Detectors for Low-Level In-Vivo Counting

Electronics developed for a whole body counting system analyze the pulse heights of signals from both the sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) and cesium iodide (CsI(Na)) crystals of a phoswich scintillation detector. Pulse shape discrimination is used to determine the origin of the scintillation, NaI or CsI, while rejecting coincident Compton-scattered events and photomultiplier tube noise. Both energy spectra are accumulated simultaneously in separate memory quadrants of a multichannel analyzer. The system allows for low-energy (5 keV - 125 keV) x-ray analysis from the NaI(Tl) crystal and high-energy (100 keV - 2.5 MeV) x-ray or ?-ray analysis from the CsI(Na) crystal. The discrimination system is better than 95% efficient over both energy ranges, with a low-energy (12-24keV) shielded background count of less than 2 cpm for a single 5-in.-diam phoswich detector. This system thus extends the detector's normal energy range by more than an order of magnitude.
A comparison of six methods for assessing the importance of perceived consequences in behavioral decisions: Applications from attitude research

Abstract Six different approaches to measuring the importance of perceived consequences in behavioral decisions were compared: (1) an elicitation approach, (2) a subjective probability model, (3) Jacoby's behavioral process technology, (4) a Bayesian model, (5) a direct rating approach, and (6) a correlational approach. The convergence among the methods was evaluated for two different decision topics: (1) emphasizing a career relative to marriage, and (2) use of birth control pills. Results indicated that the six approaches yielded estimates of importance that were, by and large, unrelated to each other.
Characterization of the in Vivo Sites of Serine Phosphorylation on Lck Identifying Serine 59 as a Site of Mitotic Phosphorylation

The lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase Lck plays a critical role in T cell activation. In response to T cell antigen receptor binding Lck undergoes phosphorylation on serine residues that include serines 59 and 194. Serine 59 is phosphorylated by ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase. Recently, we showed that in mitotic T cells Lck becomes hyper-phosphorylated on serine residues. In this report, using one-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping analysis, we identify serine 59 as a site of in vivo mitotic phosphorylation in Lck. The mitotic phosphorylation of serine 59 did not require either the catalytic activity or functional SH2 or SH3 domains of Lck. In addition, the presence of ZAP-70 also was dispensable for the phosphorylation of serine 59. Although previous studies demonstrated that serine 59 is a substrate for the ERK MAPK pathway, inhibitors of this pathway did not block the mitotic phosphorylation of serine 59. These results identify serine 59 as a site of mitotic phosphorylation in Lck and suggest that a pathway distinct from that induced by antigen receptor signaling is responsible for its phosphorylation. Thus, the phosphorylation of serine 59 is the result of two distinct signaling pathways, differentially activated in response to the physiological state of the T cell.
Analysis of a Scale-Similarity Model of the Motion of Large Eddies in Turbulent Flows☆☆☆

Abstract In turbulent flow, the normal procedure has been to seek means ū of the fluid velocity u rather than the velocity itself. If these means are defined by local spacial averaging with an averaging radius of δ the approach is known as large eddy simulation, and ū denotes the eddies of size 0(δ) and larger. One approach to the closure problem which arises from averaging the nonlinear term is use of a scale-similarity hypothesis. We consider one such scale-similarity model. For this model we show the solution w to the model for ū converging to u as the averaging radius δ → 0. We also show that the error ‖ū − w‖ is bounded by the modeling error (perhaps better termed “modeling residual”), evaluated on the true solution u. This last bound suggests one path to validating the model in either computational or physical experiments.
100 kW RF Power Amplifier

A 100 kW RF power amplifier is described which will power the RF cavities in both the booster accelerator and the main accelerator of the NAL proton synchrotron.
Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Pulse Oximeter Derived Photoplethysmographic Signals

Objectives:Increasing awareness of the high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its impact on health in conjunction with high cost, inconvenience, and short supply of in-lab polysomnogr...
Digital Innovation and the Division of Innovative Labor: Digital Controls in the Automotive Industry

In this study of the U.S. automobile industry, we highlight the way the division of innovative labor across firms in the supply chain can be influenced by a particular form of digital innovation known as “digital control systems.” Digital control systems are becoming ubiquitous in complex products, and these digital innovations integrate other components across a product structure and introduce a level of indeterminacy and unpredictability in the organization of the interfirm division of innovative labor. Much of organizational scholarship holds that accompanying a shift toward increasingly modular product structures, component suppliers are engaging in relatively more design and invention around the components that they supply. We find that the evolution of digital controls may reverse this pattern, because in the wake of a major shift in the digital controls technology, suppliers actually engage in relatively less component innovation in comparison with their large manufacturing customers. To explain this shift, we characterize complex product structures in terms of two distinct product hierarchies: the inclusionary and the digital control hierarchy. In using this distinction to analyze the evolution of automotive emission control systems from 1970 to 1998, we reconcile two competing views about the interfirm division of innovative labor.
Yb and Yb-K fulleride formation, bonding, and electrical character.

Yb mixing with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ produces a phase with approximately two Yb atoms per fullerene but showed no indication of ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ phases with x=3, 4, and 6. Thin-film resistivity measurements indicate that this Yb fulleride is a semiconductor with a resistivity of 100 m\ensuremath{\Omega} cm at 300 K and 38 m\ensuremath{\Omega} cm at 400 K. Yb condensation onto metallic ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ produces a ternary compound.
Voicing assimilation of French /t/

Abstract This study presents a detailed acoustic–phonetic account of voicing assimilation of French stop closures in /t/#/C 2 / sequences occurring at word boundaries. Voicing ratios (i.e. proportion of voicing in closures) are analyzed as a function of assimilatory contexts, speakers' articulation rate and C 2 place of articulation. Data show that at rapid articulation rates, visible /t/ acoustic releases are infrequent, while at moderate articulation rates, speakers often produce a visible /t/ acoustic release. Furthermore, the extent of voicing assimilation is rate dependent: at rapid articulation rates, voicing assimilation of single closures is obligatory (i.e., systematic) and extensive (i.e., affects primary and secondary acoustic correlates of the voicing distinction), whereas at moderate speaking rates, voicing assimilation of /t/ closures is optional (i.e., not systematic) and selective (i.e., affects the proportion of voicing in the closures only). The effect of C 2 place of articulation on voicing ratios is only evidenced when the /t/ release is visible spectrographically. Finally, regardless of variations in speaking rate, voicing assimilation is predominantly regressive.
Biomedical Informatics Techniques for Processing and Analyzing Web Blogs of Military Service Members

Introduction: Web logs (“blogs”) have become a popular mechanism for people to express their daily thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Many of these expressions contain health care-related themes, both physical and mental, similar to information discussed during a clinical interview or medical consultation. Thus, some of the information contained in blogs might be important for health care research, especially in mental health where stress-related conditions may be difficult and expensive to diagnose and where early recognition is often key to successful treatment. In the field of biomedical informatics, techniques such as information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP) are often used to unlock information contained in free-text notes. These methods might assist the clinical research community to better understand feelings and emotions post deployment and the burden of symptoms of stress among US military service members. Methods: In total, 90 military blog posts describing deployment situations and 60 control posts of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) were collected. After “stop” word exclusion and stemming, a “bag-of-words” representation and term weighting was performed, and the most relevant words were manually selected out of the high-weight words. A pilot ontology was created using Collaborative Protege, a knowledge management application. The word lists and the ontology were then used within General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE), an NLP framework, to create an automated pipeline for recognition and analysis of blogs related to combat exposure. An independent expert opinion was used to create a reference standard and evaluate the results of the GATE pipeline. Results: The 2 dimensions of combat exposure descriptors identified were: words dealing with physical exposure and the soldiers’ emotional reactions to it. GATE pipeline was able to retrieve blog texts describing combat exposure with precision 0.9, recall 0.75, and F-score 0.82. Discussion: Natural language processing and automated information retrieval might potentially provide valuable tools for retrieving and analyzing military blog posts and uncovering military service members’ emotions and experiences of combat exposure. [J Med Internet Res 2010;12(4):e45]
Mesiolingual amalgam rest seat for a mandibular canine.

Axial transmission of vertical forces is critical for canine TECHNIQUE abutments of mandibular distal-extension removable partial dentures. The contour and thin enamel of the lingual surface of mandibular canines make it difficult to prepare an adequate rest seat. An alternate incisal rest seat may be unesthetic. If no cast restoration is required, an adequate rest seat can be prepared on the mesiolingual or distolingual surface of a canine abutment with an amalgam or composite resin placed in it.l, 2
Use of the weight-for-height (Nabarro) chart to screen young children for wasting.

Etat nutritionnel des enfants en Tanzanie, en Zambie et au Zaire. On note un faible taux d'amaigrissement des enfants dans les 3 pays
SiGe Coherent Islanding and Stress Relaxation in the High Mobility Regime

Real-time stress measurements during Si{sub 8 }Ge{sub 2}/Si(001) heteroepitaxy, combined with {ital ex situ} microscopy, are used to examine islanding dynamics under conditions of relatively low strain and high adatom mobility, where morphological evolution bypasses dislocation formation. We show that growth in this regime proceeds similarly to growth of Ge/Si(001) (i.e., at high strain, low temperature), but with the length scales expanded by the reduced strain. This greatly facilitates measurement of the coupled kinetics of morphological evolution and stress relaxation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
1-Pentene oxidation and its interaction with nitric oxide in the low and negative temperature coefficient regions

Abstract The oxidation of 1-pentene and the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on this oxidation has been examined in a pressurized flow reactor facility. The experiments were conducted at 6 atmospheres over the temperature range of 600–800 K and an equivalence ratio of 0.4. 1-Pentene showed alkane type behavior exhibiting low temperature reactivity and strong negative temperature coefficient behavior. An examination of stable species composition revealed that hydrogen abstraction reactions leading to allyl radicals are more important than radical addition to the double bond. This is in contrast to previous studies on terminal olefins where the addition route was proposed as the dominant fuel consumption pathway. We believe that as carbon number of the terminal olefin increases alkane type reaction behavior occurs at the other end of the molecule and this is the reactivity observed under our experimental conditions. The presence of small concentrations of nitric oxide (0–500 ppm mole fraction) significantly altered 1-pentene oxidation at these temperatures. The effect of NO is a result of the competion between its promoting effect through reaction with HO 2 · radicals and its retarding effect through reaction with OH · radicals. Thus the effect depends strongly on the underlying fuel oxidation chemistry which generates the HO 2 · and OH · radicals and the concentration of the nitric oxide added. An explanation for this behavior is presented in the paper.
Interventional Electrophysiology and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Delivering Electrical Therapies for Heart Failure

Implantable devices have become a readily available option for patients with heart failure. Not only do these patients develop bradycardia and ventricular tachycardia, but their ventricular dysfunction can often improve with cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, this is a complex and rapidly developing clinical science for which the physician chooses techniques and selects patients on the basis of the results of clinical trials, clinical experience, and rapidly evolving tools. The results depend on the interplay of these complex variables. Placement of the left ventricular lead has forced the device physician to develop new skills and/or interdisciplinary relationships with physicians with vascular intervention, imaging, and surgical skills. Familiarity with the cardiac venous anatomy, occlusive venography, venoplasty, guide wire tools, guiding catheters, stenting, and new intracardiac visualization and magnetic intracardiac lead positioning tools are examples of just a few of the novel skills that are useful in the delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Beyond implantation, these patients and devices require specialized follow-up with continued medical therapy and echo-guided adjustments of device programming. Finally, there are ongoing controversies and many as yet unanswered questions that are the subject of ongoing and planned clinical trials.
Properties of two cataract-associated mutations located in the NH2 terminus of connexin 46

Mutations in connexin 46 are associated with congenital cataracts. The purpose of this project was to characterize cellular and functional properties of two congenital cataract-associated mutations...
Preparation and Characterization of Nanoscale Silver Colloids by Two Novel Synthetic Routes

We report the results of treating a dense, chemically produced silver colloidal suspension with high-power laser pulses and with exposure to supercritical water (SCW) conditions. The initial colloid has a mean particle diameter measured by transmission electron microscopy to be 28.4 nm and exhibits a broad absorption band in the visible region with a small maximum near 420 nm. Both treatments result in smaller particles. The laser treatment fragments the original colloidal particles and produces an average particle diameter of 5.4 nm. The SCW treatment appears to dissociate aggregates in the original colloid, resulting in particles with a mean diameter of 9.9 nm. Plasmon resonances for the two colloids produced by these treatments appear at 400 nm and 390 nm for laser- and SCW-treated colloids, respectively. The plasmon resonance of the laser-treated colloid is typical of small silver colloids produced by most methods, whereas the 390-nm resonance of the SCW-treated colloid implies a strongly negative colloidal surface charge.
The diffusion constant of Cypridina luciferase.

Abstract The diffusion constant, D , of Cypridina luciferase was measured by the porous disk method of Northrop and Anson 3 , and a value of 7.4·10 −7 cm 2 /sec was found. This would indicate an upper limit of about 80,000 for the molecular weight of this enzyme.
Pretreatment Mitochondrial Priming Correlates with Clinical Response to Cytotoxic Chemotherapy

Cytotoxic chemotherapy targets elements common to all nucleated human cells, such as DNA and microtubules, yet it selectively kills tumor cells. Here we show that clinical response to these drugs correlates with, and may be partially governed by, the pretreatment proximity of tumor cell mitochondria to the apoptotic threshold, a property called mitochondrial priming. We used BH3 profiling to measure priming in tumor cells from patients with multiple myeloma, acute myelogenous and lymphoblastic leukemia, and ovarian cancer. This assay measures mitochondrial response to peptides derived from proapoptotic BH3 domains of proteins critical for death signaling to mitochondria. Patients with highly primed cancers exhibited superior clinical response to chemotherapy. In contrast, chemoresistant cancers and normal tissues were poorly primed. Manipulation of mitochondrial priming might enhance the efficacy of cytotoxic agents.
Avoiding a giant component

Let e1, e′1; e2, e′2;…;ei, e′i;⋅⋅⋅ be a sequence of ordered pairs of edges chosen uniformly at random from the edge set of the complete graph Kn (i.e. we sample with replacement). This sequence is used to form a graph by choosing at stage i, i=1,…, one edge from ei,e′i to be an edge in the graph, where the choice at stage i is based only on the observation of the edges that have appeared by stage i. We show that these choices can be made so that whp the size of the largest component of the graph formed at stage 0.535n is polylogarithmic in n. This resolves a question of Achlioptas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19, 75–85, 2001
Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of spatio-temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence risk in Georgia, USA: 2000–2007

Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women in Georgia, USA. However, the spatio-temporal patterns of lung cancer risk in Georgia have not been fully studied. Hierarchical Bayesian models are used here to explore the spatio-temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence risk by race and gender in Georgia for the period of 2000–2007. With the census tract level as the spatial scale and the 2-year period aggregation as the temporal scale, we compare a total of seven Bayesian spatio-temporal models including two under a separate modeling framework and five under a joint modeling framework. One joint model outperforms others based on the deviance information criterion. Results show that the northwest region of Georgia has consistently high lung cancer incidence risk for all population groups during the study period. In addition, there are inverse relationships between the socioeconomic status and the lung cancer incidence risk among all Georgian population groups, and the relationships in males are stronger than those in females. By mapping more reliable variations in lung cancer incidence risk at a relatively fine spatio-temporal scale for different Georgian population groups, our study aims to better support healthcare performance assessment, etiological hypothesis generation, and health policy making.
Revision medialization thyroplasty with hydroxylapatite implants.

INTRODUCTION Medialization thyroplasty is a useful tool in the management of dysphonia and dysphagia with aspiration secondary to unilateral vocal fold impairment. A variety of implant materials have been used for medialization thyroplasty including silicone elastomer (Silastic, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex, Gore, Newark, DE), and hydroxylapatite (VoCoM, Gyrus ENT, Bartlett, TN). Successful revision with like-material replacement of both Silastic and Gore-Tex medialization thyroplasty has previously been reported; however, no similar description exists for hydroxylapatite revisions. The approach to revision is dependant upon the initial implant material due to varying degrees of incorporation of the prosthesis into the surrounding tissues. Histologic examination following implantation of either Silastic or Gore-Tex prostheses in a rabbit model demonstrated fibrous encapsulation. In contrast, following implantation of a hydroxylapatite prosthesis, osteogenesis with lamellar bone formation was identified between the thyroid lamina fenestra and the implant. This osteogenesis, that provides implant stability and decreased potential for migration, also creates difficulty in regard to removal due to loss of tissue planes. This article will address the surgical method of revision medialization thyroplasty when hydroxylapatite has been used as the initial implant material. In addition, we will present previously unpublished retrospective data to support the safety and effectiveness of this revision technique.
Radiation Inhibition of Arterial Restenosis: A New Frontier

(1999). Radiation Inhibition of Arterial Restenosis: A New Frontier. Acta Oncologica: Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 407-424.
Crosspresentation by nonhematopoietic and direct presentation by hematopoietic cells induce central tolerance to myelin basic protein

Central tolerance plays a critical role in eliminating self-reactive T cells specific for peripheral antigens. Here we show that central tolerance of MHC class I-restricted T cells specific for classic myelin basic protein (MBP), a component of the myelin sheath, is mediated by both bone marrow (BM)-derived and nonBM-derived cells. Unexpectedly, BM-derived cells induce tolerance directly by using classic MBP that they synthesize, whereas nonBM-derived cells mediate tolerance by crosspresenting classic MBP acquired from an exogenous source. Thus, tolerance to tissue-specific antigens can involve multiple cell types and mechanisms in the thymus, which may account for the limited spectrum of autoimmune syndromes observed when expression of tissue-specific antigens is impaired only in thymic epithelial cells.
THE THINNING OF ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE HOLLOW STATE

During the past 20 years or so, governments worldwide have embarked on an ambitious journey to improve government performance. Relying on a multitude of administrative technologies broadly classifi...
Emergency Resection for Massive Hemoptysis

Abstract Pulmonary resection for massive bleeding was performed in 6 patients over a 5-year period at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Houston, Texas. A broad spectrum of diseases was represented, including 2 large lung cavities, 1 containing an aspergilloma, both of which were due to granulomatous processes; a metastatic sarcoma that was responding to cancer chemo-therapeutic drugs; 1 lobar atelectasis; 1 bronchiectasis; and 1 patient with persistent massive bleeding from an upper lobe that was normal on pathological examination. Our experience demonstrates that lung resection can control hemorrhage, but localizing the source of bleeding by bronchoscopy and limiting intrabronchial spread of blood during operation are important in the successful management of these patients.
Direct test of the Gaussian-chain model for treating residual charge-charge interactions in the unfolded state of proteins.

The Gaussian-chain model for treating residual charge−charge interactions was critically tested by recent experimental pKa results for individual Asp, Glu, and His residues in the unfolded drkN SH3...
Application classification through monitoring and learning of resource consumption patterns

Application awareness is an important factor of efficient resource scheduling. This paper introduces a novel approach for application classification based on the principal component analysis (PCA) and the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier. This approach is used to assist scheduling in heterogeneous computing environments. It helps to reduce the dimensionality of the performance feature space and classify applications based on extracted features. The classification considers four dimensions: CPU-intensive, I/O and paging-intensive, network-intensive, and idle. Application class information and the statistical abstracts of the application behavior are learned over historical runs and used to assist multi-dimensional resource scheduling. This paper describes a prototype classifier for application-centric virtual machines. Experimental results show that scheduling decisions made with the assistance of the application class information, improved system throughput by 22.11% on average, for a set of three benchmark applications.
The joint influence of technology uncertainty and interorganizational interaction on external technology integration success

This paper empirically examines the acquisition of a technology from a source outside the firm and its incorporation into a new or existing operational process. We refer to this key activity in process innovation as external technology integration. This paper develops a conceptual framework of external technology integration based on organizational information processing theory and technology management literature. The primary hypothesis underlying the conceptual framework is that external technology integration will be most successful when the level of interaction between the source of the technology and recipient of the technology is appropriately matched, or fit, to the characteristics of the technology to be integrated. The conceptual framework also develops other hypotheses relating to contextual factors that may also influence the success of external technology integration. A cross-sectional survey methodology is employed to test thefour hypotheses of the conceptual framework, with theresults indicating strong support for the fit hypothesis and general support for the contextual hypotheses. The paper closes with a discussion of the implications of this study for both theory and practice. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Direct correlation between specific trap formation and electric stress-induced degradation in MBE-grown AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

DC stressing of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is found to degrade device performance primarily due to increased defect/trap formation. Using constant drain-current deep level optical/transient spectroscopy (CID-DLOS/DLTS) methods, a specific virtual-gate related electron trap with energy E C -0.45 eV was observed to increase in concentration following DC stressing. The enhanced formation of this defect correlates quantitatively with a stress-induced knee-walkout (performance-degradation) of the HEMT that manifests itself in the pulsed I–V measurements.
Power Management of MIMO Network Interfaces on Mobile Systems

High-speed wireless network interfaces are among the most power-hungry components on mobile systems. This is particularly true for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) network interfaces which use multiple RF chains simultaneously. In this paper, we present a novel power management solution for MIMO network interfaces on mobile systems, called antenna management. The key idea is to adaptively disable a subset of antennas and their RF chains to reduce circuit power consumption, when the capacity improvement of using a large number of antennas is small. Antenna management judiciously determines the number of active antennas to minimize energy per bit while satisfying the data rate requirement. This work provides both theoretical framework and system design of antenna management. We first present an algorithm that efficiently solves the problem of minimizing energy per bit and, then offer its 802.11n-compliant system designs. We employ both Matlab-based simulation and prototype-based experiment to validate the energy efficiency benefit of antenna management. The results show that antenna management can achieve 21% one-end energy per bit reduction to the front end of the MIMO network interface, compared to a static MIMO configuration that keeps all antennas active.