cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portable high performance and scalability of partitioned global address space languages

Large scale parallel simulations are fundamental tools for engineers and scientists. Consequently, it is critical to develop both programming models and tools that enhance development time productivity, enable harnessing of massively-parallel systems, and to guide the diagnosis of poorly scaling programs. This thesis addresses this challenge in two ways. First, we show that Co-array Fortran (CAF), a shared-memory parallel programming model, can be used to write scientific codes that exhibit high performance on modern parallel systems. Second, we describe a novel technique for analyzing parallel program performance and identifying scalability bottlenecks, and apply it across multiple programming models. Although the message passing parallel programming model provides both portability and high performance, it is cumbersome to program. CAF eases this burden by providing a partitioned global address space, but has before now only been implemented on shared-memory machines. To significantly broaden CAF's appeal, we show that CAF programs can deliver high-performance on commodity cluster platforms. We designed and implemented cafc, the first multiplatform CAF compiler, which transforms CAF programs into Fortran 90 plus communication primitives. Our studies show that CAF applications matched or exceeded the performance of the corresponding message passing programs. For good node performance, cafc employs an automatic transformation called procedure splitting, for high performance on clusters, we vectorize and aggregate communication at the source level. We extend CAF with hints enabling overlap of communication with computation. Overall, our experiments show that CAF versions of NAS benchmarks match the performance of their MPI counterparts on multiple platforms. The increasing scale of parallel systems makes it critical to pinpoint and fix scalability bottlenecks in parallel programs. To automatize this process, we present a novel analysis technique that uses parallel scaling expectations to compute scalability scores for calling contexts, and then guides an analyst to hot spots using an interactive viewer. Our technique is general and may thus be applied to several programming models; in particular, we used it to analyze CAF and MPI codes, among others. Applying our analysis to CAF programs highlighted the need for language-level collective operations which we both propose and evaluate.
Rising Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels Two Years After Postoperative Irradiation

This 46-year-old woman had a low anterior resection of a grade 1 polypoid adenocarcinoma of the rectum at 10 cm. One of ten nodes was positive. Preoperatively and postoperatively, her level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was 12 ng/ml. Postoperative irradiation was given.
An Evidential Argument for Theism from the Cognitive Science of Religion

What are the epistemological implications of the cognitive science of religion (CSR)? The lion’s share of discussion fixates on whether CSR undermines (or debunks or explains away) theistic belief. But could the field offer positive support for theism? If so, how? That is our question. Our answer takes the form of an evidential argument for theism from standard models and research in the field. According to CSR, we are naturally disposed to believe in supernatural agents and these beliefs are constrained in certain ways. The three main theories of this supernatural disposition are byproduct theories, adaptationist theories, and hybrid theories. We argue that our supernatural disposition—as understood by any of the main theories—is more surprising and improbable given naturalism than theism and thus serves as evidence for theism over naturalism.
Stem cell receptor degradation by niche cells restricts signaling

The stem cell niche utilizes short-range signalling, such that only stem cells but not their differentiating progeny receive self-renewing signals. A cellular projection, the microtubule-based nanotube (MT-nanotube), projects from Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs) into niche, hub cells, ensuring that GSC-produced receptor Thickveins (Tkv) receives sufficient hub-produced ligand Decapentaplegic (Dpp) while excluding non-stem cells from self-renewing signal activation. Here we show that GSC-produced Tkv is taken up by hub cells from the MT-nanotube and degraded in lysosomes. Failure of the hub cells to take up Tkv, or perturbation of hub cell lysosomal function lead to excess Tkv within GSCs, elevated downstream signal activation, and GSC tumor formation in non-niche locations. We propose that down-regulation of the self-renewal factor receptor by niche cells restricts the ligand/receptor interaction to the surface of the MT-nanotube membrane, fine-tuning the span of the short-range niche-stem cell signalling, and that this may be a general feature of contact-dependent signalling.
Trends in the Filipino Nurse Migration to the U.S. A Humanist Approach

The global nursing shortage created opportunities for registered nurses from developing countries to seek professionally and financially rewarding careers in progressive countries like the United States. Using Maslow’s theory on the Hierarchy of Needs as the framework, this phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of eleven indigenous Filipino nurses who migrated to the United States. It looked into the meaning of the migration as the participants lived through their experience, approaching it from a humanist perspective. Ultimately, this study could be used as a guide in the development of employment and health care policies that are more responsive to the current state of the nursing profession.
Settling into the country: Comparison of Clovis and Folsom lithic networks in western North America shows increasing redundancy of toolstone use

Abstract The Peopling of the Americas was a multi-millennium process involving both the hunter-gatherer colonization of new landscapes as well as the ‘settling in’ to local environments. This process is typically identified archaeologically by an increase in the number of recognized point types, site frequency, changes in subsistence patterns, and increased geographic patterning in stone tool variation. Here, we add to this list by examining preferential toolstone use by Clovis and Folsom peoples, reasoning that Folsom groups formed stricter habits of toolstone procurement relative to Clovis people as the former pursued their increasingly familiar seasonal rounds. After generating lithic raw material data from 49 Folsom assemblages, we constructed a ‘Folsom lithic network’ that we compared to a ‘Clovis lithic network’, which consisted of 38 assemblages. Our results show that the Folsom lithic network is significantly denser than the Clovis lithic network. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Folsom people started to form regular habits of toolstone procurement relative to Clovis people. More broadly, our comparison of lithic networks further supports the hypothesis that the Clovis-to-Folsom transition represents the process of foragers increasingly adapting to their local resource distribution.
A New Model of Venture Capital Risk and Return

Risk and return are difficult to observe and measure due to the idiosyncrasies of venture capital: lack of public information, extreme returns, and infrequent prices. Cochrane (2005) found an alpha of 32% and a beta of 1.7 on a database covering 1987-2000. I use an updated and larger database with over 55,000 financing events and 10,000 returns covering 1987 to 2007. The returns model accounts for sample selection, endogenous holding periods and return outliers. In contrast to Cochrane, I find an alpha in a three-factor model of 27% and a beta of 2.4 which suggests venture capital investments earn excess returns and have a large systematic risk exposure. This is a significant drop from a raw alpha of 65% and increase of beta from 1.6 after correcting for sample selection, endogeneity and including the standard size and market-to-book factors. The mixture model results show that over 60% of all venture capital investments have a negative mean log return and substantial idiosyncratic volatility.
Application of the transfer model to understand how naturally occurring osmolytes affect protein stability.

Abstract A primary thermodynamic goal in protein biochemistry is to attain a predictive understanding of the energetic changes responsible for solvent‐induced folding and unfolding. This chapter demonstrates the use of Tanford's transfer model to predict solvent‐dependent cooperative protein folding/unfolding free energy changes ( m values). This approach provides a thermodynamic description of these free energy changes in terms of individual contributions from the peptide backbone and residue side chains. The quantitative success of the transfer model has been hindered for many years because of unresolved issues involving proper measurement of the group transfer‐free energies of amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone unit. This chapter demonstrates what is necessary to design experiments properly so that reliable values of group transfer‐free energies are obtainable. It then demonstrates how to derive a prediction of the m value for the description of protein folding/unfolding cooperativity and that the calculated values using the transfer model agree quite well with experimentally measured values.
Membrane domains and phosphatase exclusion produce robust signaling responses in B cells engaged with natural ligands and artificial cross-linkers presented on lipid bilayers.

Abstract B cells respond to a wide variety of antigens with varying valiancy and mode of presentation to the highly expressed B cell receptor (BCR). We previously demonstrated that clustering the IgM isotype of BCR with an artificial soluble cross-linker led to the stabilization of an ordered phase-like domain. This domain sorted minimal peptides and full-length proteins to generate local hot-spots for tyrosine phosphorylation at receptor clusters, facilitating receptor activation. BCR can also be activated through interactions with natural ligands or artificial cross-linkers presented at bilayer surfaces, where it is proposed that alternate mechanisms play important roles in receptor clustering and activation, including one mechanism involving the exclusion phosphatases due to their bulky extracellular domains. The goals of the current study are to determine if markers of membrane phases are sorted by BCR clusters formed through engagement with bilayer-presented natural ligands or cross-linkers, and to estimate the contribution that membrane phase partitioning plays in organizing regulatory proteins with respect to BCR clusters under these stimulation conditions. We use super-resolution fluorescence localization microscopy to find that BCR engagement with either a bilayer-presented natural ligand or artificial cross-linker generates ordered phase-like domains that are more robust than those observed with soluble cross-linkers. In addition, we provide evidence that interactions between regulatory proteins and BCR are partially determined through their preference for ordered membrane domains and present a minimal model of receptor activation that incorporates both ordered domains and steric exclusion mechanisms to produce a more sensitive response. Overall, this work highlights that cells are capable of integrating multiple interaction modalities to give rise to cellular functions, likely conferring flexibility and robustness to cellular responses.
THE EVOLUTION OF REGULATORY MECHANISMS STUDIES ON THE MULTIPLE GENES FOR LYSOZYME

ABSTRACT . Two forms of lysozyme are known in birds. They differ markedly in molecular weight, amino-terminal amino acid sequence, amino acid composition and immunological cross reactivity; and they appear to be coded for by two distinct genetic loci.
Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a US College Sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted college students' coursework, stress levels, and perceived health. Various estimates indicate that high proportions of college students have experienced increased amounts of stress (Dziech, Inside Higher Education, 2020; Hartocollis, New York Times, 2020), yet other sources indicate that many college students respond to these changes with resilience (Kelley, Cornell Chronicle, 2020). A method for assessing student anxiety regarding the pandemic is thus needed. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) (Ahorsu et al., International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2020) is a seven-item scale which has been validated and shown to possess good psychometric qualities in studies of participants from multiple countries. The current study used a cross-sectional convenience sample of US college student participants (n = 237) and found that the FCV-19S has high reliability and validity as demonstrated by its internal consistency and strong one-factor solution. Scores on the FCV-19S were positively correlated with anxiety for students who were married or of Asian descent. Additionally, the FCV-19S was only moderately correlated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale (GAD-7), suggesting that the FCV-19S may bring added utility to research and clinical practice with populations impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methodological Clarity in Religious Perspectives of Bioethical Issues: Lessons from Islamic Studies.

The declining influence of religious approaches to bioethical issues in academic medical discourse has been increasingly evident over recent decades. Most bioethical scholarship today is dominated ...
Development of a Gamma-Ray Radionuclide Library for the Identification of Gamma Spectra

Since radionuclides have unique characteristic gamma-ray spectra, usually maintained as a set of (energy, counts/energy) ordered pairs, an explicit functional representation would be indisputably u...
Ankle Sonoanatomy and US Guided Joint Blocks

The ankle joint is one of the most frequently injured joints in the lower extremity. Ultrasound has become increasingly popular in the diagnosis and treatment of ankle injuries and abnormalities. The superficial nature of ligaments, tendon, nerves, and joints allows visualization, diagnosis, and treatment of foot and ankle problems.
LaTeX-Numeric: Language-agnostic text attribute eXtraction for e-commerce numeric attributes

In this paper, we present LaTeX-Numeric - a high-precision fully-automated scalable framework for extracting E-commerce numeric attributes from product text like product description. Most of the past work on attribute extraction is not scalable as they rely on manually curated training data, either with or without the use of active learning. We rely on distant supervision for training data generation, removing dependency on manual labels. One issue with distant supervision is that it leads to incomplete training annotation due to missing attribute values while matching. We propose a multi-task learning architecture to deal with missing labels in the training data, leading to F1 improvement of 9.2% for numeric attributes over single-task architecture. While multi-task architecture benefits both numeric and non-numeric attributes, we present automated techniques to further improve the numeric attributes extraction models. Numeric attributes require a list of units (or aliases) for better matching with distant supervision. We propose an automated algorithm for alias creation using product text and attribute values, leading to a 20.2% F1 improvement. Extensive experiments on real world dataset for 20 numeric attributes across 5 product categories and 3 English marketplaces show that LaTeX-Numeric achieves a high F1-score, without any manual intervention, making it suitable for practical applications. Finally, we show that the improvements are language-agnostic and LaTeX-Numeric achieves 13.9% F1 improvement for 3 Romance languages.
The Association of High School Sport Participation and Injury History in Collegiate Club Sport Athletes.

Context Sport specialization during adolescence may affect future injury risk. This association has been demonstrated in some professional sports athletes. Objective Determine the association between adolescent sport specialization levels in high school and injuries sustained during collegiate club sports. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Paper and online surveys. Patients Collegiate club sport athletes. Intervention An anonymous survey was administered from September 2019-May 2020. The survey included sport specialization classification via commonly used 3-point scale (Low, Moderate, High) for each high school year (9th-12th), high school sports participation, and collegiate club sport injury history. The number of years an individual was highly specialized in high school was calculated (0-4 years). Individuals who participated in the same sport in high school and college were compared to individuals who were playing a different sport in college than their high school sports. Main outcome measures An injury related to sport club activities and classified as arising from a contact, non-contact, or overuse mechanism that required the individual to seek medical treatment or diagnosis. Injuries were classified into overuse and acute injury mechanisms for the upper and lower extremity, (UE and LE respectively) and head/neck. Results Single sport participation or number of years highly specialized in high school sport were not associated with college club sport injuries (p>0.1). Individuals who played a different collegiate club sport than their high school sports were more likely to report a LE and head/neck acute injury compared to athletes who played the same collegiate and high school sport (LE=20% vs 8%, χ2=7.4 p=0.006; head/neck=16% vs 3%, χ2=19.4 p Conclusions Adolescent sport specialization was not associated with reported club sport injuries in collegiate club sport athletes. Collegiate club sport athletic trainers should be aware that incoming students exploring a new sport may be at risk for LE and head/neck acute injuries.
Policing, Race, & Technology

An American President has limited powers of intervention. In no real sense is President Biden in charge of the more than 18,000 police departments around the country. Like schools and fire departments, policing is largely a local institution. Even so, we see some early signs that President Biden feels the gravity of the moment. His nominations of civil rights lawyers to assume top leader-ship positions at the Justice Department reflect that seriousness. So too does Attorney General Garland’s announcement that the Department will investigate the policies and procedures of the Minneapolis Police Department after Derek Chauvin’s conviction for killing George Floyd. But it is still early in the President’s term. What are some key challenges that lay ahead, subjects worthy of policy focus for this new administration? There are two urgent issues, seemingly unrelated, that have closer connections than might be obvious at first glance.
Structural basis for C-type inactivation in a Shaker family voltage gated K+ channel

C-type inactivation is a process by which ion flux through a voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel is regulated at the selectivity filter. While prior studies have indicated that C-type inactivation involves structural changes at the selectivity filter, the nature of the changes have not been resolved. Here we report the crystal structure of the Kv1.2 channel in a C-type inactivated state. The structure shows that C-type inactivation involves changes in the selectivity filter that disrupt the outer two ion binding sites in the filter. The changes at the selectivity filter propagate to the extracellular mouth and the turret regions of the channel pore. The structural changes observed are consistent with the functional hallmarks of C-type inactivation. This study highlights the intricate interplay between K+ occupancy at the ion binding sites and the interactions of the selectivity filter in determining the balance between the conductive and the inactivated conformations of the filter.
Further Development of the Mechanically-Actuated Reconfigurable Reflectarry (MARR) for the Microwave Single Pixel Imager (MSPI)

The Microwave Single Pixel Imager is a project to determine whether compressive sensing techniques can be leveraged to reduce the required aperture size for microwave radiometers. A novel antenna assembly, the Mechanically-Actuated Reconfigurable Reflectarray, is a key enabler, allowing the development of a number of known sampling patterns which can properly sample the scene according to the needs of the compressive sensing imaging algorithm. Further development and testing of this novel antenna assembly is discussed, including further design details, expected parameter values for the prototype version, and an updated schedule for the hardware development and laboratory measurements to verify the simulated and expected parameter values.
Bayesian Networks with Degenerate Gaussian Distributions

Bayesian networks compute marginal distributions through the “message passing” algorithm—a series of local calculations involving neighboring cliques of variables in a clique tree. In this work, these message passing computations are extended to the case of degenerate Gaussian potentials which are multivariate Gaussian densities that can have two different kinds of degeneracies corresponding to projections with zero variance and projections with infinite variance. The basic operations of the message passing algorithm, such as representing conditional distributions, extending potentials, and conditioning on observations, create or operate on potentials with various kinds of degeneracies thereby demonstrating the need for such methodology. Computer implementation of this scheme follows easily from the details within and some computational aspects are discussed. We also demonstrate an application of our methodology to automatic musical accompaniment.
Depths and focal mechanisms of crustal earthquakes in the central Andes determined from teleseismic waveform analysis and InSAR

[1] We investigate the depths of crustal earthquakes ( Mw ≳ 5.5) earthquakes from the Global CMT catalog and previous work spanning 1944–2007. For 38 well-recorded events, we use teleseismic P and SH waveforms to model the strike, dip, rake, focal depth, and source time function. We use InSAR observations of surface deformation from 9 earthquakes to compare inferred fault parameters with the waveform inversions and global catalogs to assess their accuracies. While the depths from the InSAR and waveform analyses generally agree within error, horizontal and depth errors in global catalogs are 10 to 50 km, as found elsewhere. As noted in previous work, the majority of crustal earthquakes occur in the Eastern Cordillera and foreland regions of the central Andes, although a few normal and strike-slip earthquakes occur beneath the Altiplano plateau and in the forearc in southern Peru and northernmost Chile. We propose a new interpretation of one of the basement thrusts (Shira Mountain, Peru) as a pop up block on the basis of our new earthquake depths. We confirm that earthquakes in the flat slab areas of Peru and Argentina are within the sometimes aseismic lower crust. Lower crustal earthquakes are globally found in all types of tectonic settings only when the thermal lithosphere is more than 80 km thick and the amount of recent shortening/extension is <30%.
Private Benefit: What Is It – And What Do We Want It To Be?

Beginning with the landmark decision American Campaign Academy v. Commissioner in 1989, the Internal Revenue Service has used the “private benefit” doctrine as a primary tool to police the activities of charitable organizations exempt under Code Section 501(c)(3). Unfortunately, the doctrine literally has no doctrinal content. Unlike its sibling, the private inurement doctrine, the private benefit doctrine has no statutory basis in 501(c)(3). Though the IRS claims the doctrine flows from the 1959 Treasury Regulations, it is a claim that is questionable given the language used, and in any event, this interpretation of the regulations appears not to have been “discovered” until some at least a decade after the regulations were promulgated.This paper reviews the history and application of the private benefit doctrine, and suggests a specific normative test for application of the doctrine to situations involving a “failure to conserve” charitable assets.
H ∞ control and filtering with sampled measurements

In this paper, H∞ control and filtering problems for sampled-data systems are studied. Necessary and sufficent conditions are obtained for the existence of controllers and filters that satisfy a specified H∞ performance bound. And when these conditions hold formulae for controller and filter satisfying the H∞ bound are alos given.
Robust reconstruction of indoor scenes

We present an approach to indoor scene reconstruction from RGB-D video. The key idea is to combine geometric registration of scene fragments with robust global optimization based on line processes. Geometric registration is error-prone due to sensor noise, which leads to aliasing of geometric detail and inability to disambiguate different surfaces in the scene. The presented optimization approach disables erroneous geometric alignments even when they significantly outnumber correct ones. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented approach substantially increases the accuracy of reconstructed scene models.
Atmospheric deposition of PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides to Corpus Christi Bay, Texas

Abstract Air and rain samples were collected at an atmospheric sampling site on Corpus Christi Bay from 20 August 1998 to 16 September 1999. Water samples were periodically collected from Corpus Christi Bay concurrently with air samples for calculation of the air–water gas exchange. Wet deposition, dry deposition and air–water gas exchange rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Corpus Christi Bay were estimated as 182, 68, and −38.4 μg m −2 yr − 1 (negative values indicate loss from surface water to the air), and those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were estimated as 3.93, 0.98, and −67.2 μg m −2 yr − 1 . Total input of PAHs and PCBs directly to the surface of Corpus Christi Bay were estimated to be 298 and −87.9 kg yr −1 , respectively. The estimation indicates that Corpus Christi Bay is currently acting as a net sink for PAHs and as a net source for PCBs to the atmosphere. Total atmospheric input of PAHs to Corpus Christi Bay is not as large as inputs from land runoff and periodic oil spills. The daily and annual gas exchange fluxes of most pesticides appear to be approaching equilibrium between the atmosphere and bay water (flux in is nearly equal to flux out).
The activity of the erythrocyte monosaccharide transport system is not correlated with crosslinkage of band 3 protein

Abstract We have prepared sealed vesicles from erythrocyte membranes in which 90% of band 3, the predominant intrinsic polypeptide, had been crosslinked by Cu2+/o-phenanthroline treatment. The initial rates of L-sorbose uptake via the monosaccharide transport system in the vesicles varied from 72 to 176% of the rates for the corresponding control vesicles with uncrosslinked band 3. These results suggest that band 3 does not participate in monosaccharide transport.
Opioid Receptor-Induced GTPγ35S Binding during Mouse Development

Although a large superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors serves multiple functions, little is known about their functional activation during ontogeny. To examine the functional activation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) during development, sections of mouse embryos and fetuses from e11.5 until birth were treated with DAMGO and DPDPE, respectively, and the ability of these drugs to induce G-protein coupling was assessed by using GTPgamma(35)S binding autoradiography. MOR activation was first detected in the caudate-putamen (CPU) at e12.5, and by e15.5, activity had not only increased in this region but also expanded to include the midbrain, medial habenula, hypothalamus, pons, and medulla. DOR activity first appeared at e17.5 in the hypothalamus, pons, medial habenula, and medulla and at p1 in the CPU at levels noticeably less than those of the MOR. In general, MOR and DOR activation lagged only slightly behind the appearance of MOR-1 and DOR-1 mRNA but delayed activation was particularly pronounced in the trigeminal ganglia, where MOR-1 gene expression was first detected at e13.5, but MOR activity was not observed even at birth. Thus, the data demonstrate temporal and often region-specific differences in the appearance and magnitude of functional activity in cell groups expressing either the MOR-1 or DOR-1 genes, suggesting that interaction between the opioid receptors, G-proteins, and other signaling cofactors is developmentally regulated.
Characteristics of families of children who refuse post-divorce visits

Compared to 88 non-refusers, 12 children who refused post-divorce visits with their noncustodial parents were significantly more likely to be female, to be the oldest child at home, to be in special education, and to have at least one parent with evidence of psychopathology, particularly substance abuse, violence toward spouse, suicidal behavior, or psychosis. Most children in both groups lived primarily with their mothers.
Near-infrared spectrophotometry of the satellites and rings of Uranus

New spectrophotometry from 1.5 to 2.5 μm is reported for the Uranian satellites Titania, Oberon, and Umbriel. A spectrum of the rings of Uranus from 2.0 to 2.4 μm is also reported. No evidence is found for frost covering the surface of the ring material, consistent with the low albedo of the rings (P_K = 0.03) previously reported by Nicholson and Jones (1980). The surfaces of the satellites are found to be covered by dirty water frost. Assuming albedos of the frost and gray components covering the Uranian satellites to be the same as the light and dark faces of Iapetus, radii are derived that are roughly twice those inferred from the assumption of a visual albedo of 0.5.
Same Differences: Comparing Social Service Policy Networks in the US and Korea

AbstractThough many polities have adopted collaborative approaches to policy decision processes, few cross-national comparative studies exist. To fill that gap the article presents a comparative study of the US and Korea, posing this question: to what extent are differences in the structure of Korean and US policy networks explained by differences in political-institutional and cultural contexts? A set of propositions regarding this question are generated through the analysis of two policy networks related to public service delivery: (1) an adult basic education (ABE) policy network in a US state, and (2) a transportation policy network in a major South Korean city. The analysis suggests that (1) public policy decision-making in the US and Korea is developing differentiated power and network structures, (2) structural differences may be traced to differences in the constitution of formal authority, and (3) culture seems to play a role in structuring organizational type-based collaborative patterns.
Biomimetic Templating of Porous Lamellar Silicas by Vesicular Surfactant Assemblies

A biomimetic templating approach to the synthesis of lamellar silicas is demonstrated. The procedure is based on the hydrolysis and cross-linking of a neutral silicon alkoxide precursor in the interlayered regions of multilamellar vesicles formed from a neutral diamine bola-amphiphile. Unlike earlier surfactant-templating approaches, this method produces porous lamellar silicas (designated MSU-V) with vesicular particle morphology, exceptional thermal stability, a high degree of framework cross-linking, unusually high specific surface area and pore volume, and sorption properties that are typical of pillared lamellar materials. This approach circumvents the need for a separate pillaring step in building porosity into a lamellar host structure and offers new opportunities for the direct fabrication of adsorbents, catalysts, and nanoscale devices.
Mission and activities of the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements

Major initiatives of the US National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) include development of analytical methods and reference materials to make the development of analytically substantiated dietary supplement databases possible in the future. ODS has an active evidence-based review program focused on efficacy and safety of dietary supplements. It also sponsors basic and clinical research, and information and educational resources, including continuing education conferences and training efforts.
Load relaxation studies of germanium

A series of compressive load relaxation experiments were conducted on germanium single crystals in the temperature range 400 to 885° C. The curvature of the logσ-log $$\dot \in $$ data obtained from load relaxation tests changes from concave upward to concave downward as the test temperature increases at fixed stress level, or as the strain level increases at fixed temperature. At intermediate temperatures, ∼600° C, the transition from concave upward to concave downward curvature happens on a single relaxation curve. These observations are consistent with the two-branch rheological model proposed by Hart to explain the deformation behaviour of metals and were analysed in terms of this model. The transition from concave upward to concave downward curvature could be moved to higher temperature by doping germanium with gallium, which decreases the dislocation glide velocity relative to that in pure germanium. The transition could be shifted to lower temperature by compressing samples along [1 $$\bar 1$$ 1] rather than [1 $$\bar 1$$ 0] because the [1 $$\bar 1$$ 1] orientation favours cross-slip while the [1 $$\bar 1$$ 0] orientation does not. Dislocation dipoles and straight dislocations dominated the microstructure of samples which had concave upward logσ-log $$\dot \in $$ curves, while well-developed dislocation cell structures dominated the microstructure of samples which yielded concave downward curves. The observed changes in the curvature of the load relaxation curves and the dislocation structure both indicate the increased importance of dislocation climb with increasing temperature. When compared through the Orowan equation, the load relaxation results are in good agreement with published stress-dislocation velocity data.
Identifying annual variations in the spending behavior and economic impacts of day trippers to Sacramento, California, USA

‘Day tripper’ is an emerging distinct market segment in tourism that has received little attention in research literature. This study analyzes the spending behavior and economic impact of day trippers to Sacramento County, California, USA. An average day tripper is found to be between 39 and 45 years of age and is a self planner with vacation being the main purpose of visit. The results indicate that younger day trippers in the higher income bracket have a higher propensity to spend. Leisure is the main purpose of travel for the majority of the day trippers. Furthermore, day trippers generate significant economic impacts with a maximum contribution from the leisure day trippers. The study findings provide a better understanding of the day tripper market to tourism marketers.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Characterization of Legume Exudates

Exudates from the plant family Fabaceae have been characterized by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 79 identified species from 38 genera represent all three subfamilies of this widespread and economically important angiospermous (flowering) family. The observed exudates include resins, gums, kinos, gum resins, and a few materials as yet unclassified molecularly. Exudates from the subfamily Caesalpinoideae are primarily resins, whereas those from the Mimoisoideae and Faboideae are primarily gums. Three species of the Mimoisoideae produce both gums and kinos.
My Name is a Blackbird: release, transparency, and agency

This essay traces the author’s embodied practices toward the creation of an evening-length, spontaneously composed solo. Specifically, the author focuses on her work to release superficial and deep abdominal musculature to discover a new movement vocabulary, and greater access to the mobility of the pelvis/belly, ribs, and spine. The author reflects on the process through the overlapping lenses of her study of the works of Moshe Feldenkrais during the creative process and her contemporaneous engagement with Michel Foucault and feminist theorists Iris Marion Young, Elizabeth Grosz, and Judith Butler.
3368 Training in endoscopic ultrasound (eus) for practicing gastroenterologists (pgi). the role of tutorial courses.

Introduction: The increased interest in EUS training among PGI has increased the demand for small group EUS tutorial courses. The role of the tutorials in EUS training of PGI is unknown. Aims: To determine 1) a relationship between the characteristics of the referral base and the need for EUS training, 2) the role of the tutorials in development of EUS skills of the attendants, 3) obstacles to developing EUS in clinical practice and 4) methods to improve EUS skills. Methods:Twenty six EUS tutorial courses were conducted at our institution from 4/95-8/99.We surveyed attendants of the tutorials in 10/99. Results:Forty eight percent (63/131) of the attendants completed the questionnaire. The size of their referral base was; 1 million for 27%. Seventy seven percent had a cancer center within the referral base. Most PGI took our course prior to performing any EUS examinations. Thirteen percent had a preference for didactic lectures with direct observation of cases, 12% for animal laboratory training and 75% found both useful. The median number of monthly EUS procedures increased from 0 (Range 0-25) before the course to 4 (Range 0-40) after the course. Forty one percent performed both diagnostic and interventional EUS after the course, compared to only 5% before the course. Seventy five percent sought additional EUS training, either before the course (47%) or after the course (52%); 46% attended additional tutorials, 46% observed additional cases, 72% reviewed books, 74% used CD-ROMs and 20% had hands-on training with an expert. Obstacles to developing EUS in the practice were reported by the attendants; not enough referrals (52%), need for additional training (48%), lack of time (37%), insufficient equipment (34%) and insufficient reimbursement (15%). The attendants also rated methods to improve their EUS skills; hands-on training with an expert (48%), observation of cases (48%), EUS tutorials (47%), CD-ROMs (38%) and video tapes (34%). Conclusions: 1) Most PGI interested in EUS training have a large referral base with a cancer center. 2) The tutorial courses play an important role in their EUS training. 3) The major obstacles to developing EUS in their practice are lack of referrals and need for additional training. 4) The participants rated hands-on training with an expert and direct observation of cases as the most valuable methods to improve EUS skills.
deDacota: toward preventing server-side XSS via automatic code and data separation

Web applications are constantly under attack. They are popular, typically accessible from anywhere on the Internet, and they can be abused as malware delivery systems.Cross-site scripting flaws are one of the most common types of vulnerabilities that are leveraged to compromise a web application and its users. A large set of cross-site scripting vulnerabilities originates from the browser's confusion between data and code. That is, untrusted data input to the web application is sent to the clients' browser, where it is then interpreted as code and executed. While new applications can be designed with code and data separated from the start, legacy web applications do not have that luxury.This paper presents a novel approach to securing legacy web applications by automatically and statically rewriting an application so that the code and data are clearly separated in its web pages. This transformation protects the application and its users from a large range of server-side cross-site scripting attacks. Moreover, the code and data separation can be efficiently enforced at run time via the Content Security Policy enforcement mechanism available in modern browsers.We implemented our approach in a tool, called deDacota, that operates on binary ASP.NET applications. We demonstrate on six real-world applications that our tool is able to automatically separate code and data, while keeping the application's semantics unchanged.
YOUNG SUPERNOVA REMNANTS IN NONUNIFORM MEDIA

We investigate the dynamics of young supernova remnants (SNRs) in the presence of a nonuniform external density such as might be present at the edge of a molecular cloud. Using a two-dimensional, Total Variation Diminishing, hydrodynamic code, we perform high-resolution (1024 by 2048) simulations in cylindrical symmetry of explosions in the vicinity of a smooth density transition. We improve upon previous calculations by including the inertia and kinetic energy of the stellar ejecta. The evolution is followed until the outer blast wave has swept up roughly 20 times the initial ejected mass We (14.5 M☉). and that the presence of the density transition has important dynamical effects on the remnant during the pre-Sedov-Taylor evolution. When the remnant is smaller than the width of the density transition, the apparent SNR center shifts while maintaining a nearly circular shape. At this stage, the morphology of such a SNR would be difficult to distinguish from one expanding in a uniform medium. Once the remnant size exceeds the transition width, it expands as distinct lobes into the high- and low-density regions. The radii of these lobes, as measured from the explosion center, approach the self-similar Sedov-Taylor solution appropriate for the gas density that is local to each lobe. The nonuniform density also creates a pressure imbalance in the SNR interior that drives gas from the high-density side to the low-density side. This sets up asymmetric, nonradial flows in the remnant interior, which may be directly observable. At early stages, the nonspherical motions should serve as a better indicator of a nonuniform external density than the morphology.
Optical Second Order Nonlinearity in Collagen: Molecular Origins Determined by Sum-Frequency, Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

The molecular origins of second order nonlinear effects in collagen fibril assemblies have been identified with sum-frequency generation, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopies.
Strongly Resonant Transmission in Periodic Anisotropic Layered Media

Novel photonic metamaterials have been engineered from spatially periodic, strongly birefringent dielectric materials and have been studied with microwaves to demonstrate extraordinary field amplitude growth within their structure at the photonic band edge transmission resonances.
Molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, and energetics of the HOCO+ ion

Equilibrium geometries have been optimized and harmonic vibrational frequencies obtained for each of the neutral and protonated structures of HOCO employing augmented coupled cluster methods. Calculations on CO and CO2 have been performed to assist in calibrating the computed results. The proton affinity is estimated to be 130.7 kcal mol−1 and is in good agreement with experiments. Adiabatic ionization potential for HOCO is estimated to be 184.4 kcal mol−1 (8.01 eV) and is found to be discrepant with the measurements of Ruscic, Schwarz, and Berkowitz [J. Chem. Phys. 91, 6780 (1989)].
A Surprised Amygdala Looks to the Cortex for Meaning

Learning models propose a role for both signed and unsigned prediction errors in updating associations between cues and aversive outcomes. In this issue of Neuron, Klavir et al. (2013) show how these errors arise from the interplay between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex.
Convergence in distribution of products of d × d random matrices

Abstract In this paper we present limit theorems on the convergence in distribution of products of i.i.d. matrices based on easily verifiable conditions on the support of the distribution.
Light on the Pauli legend

Wolfgang Pauli: Scientific Correspondence with Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, A.O. Volume I: 1919–1929. Edited by A. Hermann, K. von Meyenn and V.F. Weisskopf. Pp. 577. (Springer: Heidelberg and New York, 1979.) DM 160, $88.
Phyllodoce (Polychaeta, Phyllodocidae) from Northern Europe

Descriptions of species of Phyllodoce Savigny, 1818 from Northern Europe [P. laminosa Savigny, 1818, P. citrna Malmgren, 1865, P. groenlandicaOrsted, 1843, P. lineata (Claparede, 1870), P. longipes Kinberg, 1866, P. maculata (Linnaeus, 1767), P. mucosaOrsted, 1843 and P. rosea (Melntosh, 1877) comb.n.] are given. A key to the species is included. The examined material consists of newly collected material as well as collections in museums. Available type material has been checked. A number of junior synonyms are proposed. Anaitides Czerniavsky, 1882 and Aponaitides MeCammon & Montagne, 1979 are considered not valid.
Analysis of Photonic Crystal Filters by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique

A special finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) formulation which allows electromagnetic (EM) wave wideband simulations of oblique incidence for periodic media is used for the design and analysis of an infrared photonic crystal filter with dual stopbands at 3–5 and 8–12 μm. The transmission coefficient in the main stopband (8–12 μm) is below −10 dB. Scattering coefficients are calculated for different incidence angles, and the stopbands are shown to exist for different angles of incidence. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 81–87, 2000.
The enzymatic acylation and hydrolysis of lysolecithin.

The present experiments show that lysolecithin is converted to lecithin by ratliver preparations which are free from cell particles. In this process lysolecithin is esterfied directly rather than being degraded to simpler compounds which are subsequently incorporated into lecithin. Two separate reactions are postulated whereby lysolecithin is converted to lecithin. These reactions are as follows: 2 lysolecithin → lecithin + glycerophosphorylcholine (1) lysolecithin + acyl-CoA → lecithin (2) Reaction 1 is from a quantitative standpoint the more important reaction although Reaction 2 has a faster rate. The Michaelis-Menten plot of lecithin synthesis vs. lysolecithin concentration gave support for Reactions 1 and 2 since the rate curve was anomalous, being composed of two separate parts which gave Km values of 0.08 mM (Reaction 2) and 3.3. mM (Reaction 1). The value of Km obtained for lysolecithin hydrolysis was 1.03 mM. When [32P]lysolecithin was used as substrate, the synthesis of lecithin as measured by either 32P-incorporation or by chemical phosphorus was the same and either method could be used to quantitate lysolecithin esterification or lysolecithin hydrolysis. The studies given here show that the rate of metabolism of lysolecithin was essentially constant at pH values between 6.2 and 6.9 but at values greater than 6.9 there was suppression of both lecithin synthesis and lysolecithin hydrolysis. Iodoacetic acid failed to inhibit either lecithin synthesis or lysolecithin hydrolysis whereas HgCl2 inhibited both. CN- inhibited lecithin synthesis but not lysolecithin hydrolysis. Stearylglycollecithin was found to be inactive as a substrate for lysolecithinase in the rat-liver supernatant fluid but inhibited lysolecithin hydrolysis and lecithin synthesis 73 and 80% respectively. Transesterification has been shown to occur by the use of doubly-labeled lysolecithin.