cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compatible meshfree discretization of surface PDEs

Meshfree discretization of surface partial differential equations is appealing, due to their ability to naturally adapt to deforming motion of the underlying manifold. In this work, we consider an existing scheme proposed by Liang et al. reinterpreted in the context of generalized moving least squares (GMLS), showing that existing numerical analysis from the GMLS literature applies to their scheme. With this interpretation, their approach may then be unified with recent work developing compatible meshfree discretizations for the div-grad problem in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$. Informally, this is analogous to an extension of collocated finite differences to staggered finite difference methods, but in the manifold setting and with unstructured nodal data. In this way, we obtain a compatible meshfree discretization of elliptic problems on manifolds which is naturally stable for problems with material interfaces, without the need to introduce numerical dissipation or local enrichment near the interface. We provide convergence studies illustrating the high-order convergence and stability of the approach for manufactured solutions and for an adaptation of the classical five-strip benchmark to a cylindrical manifold.
EXPRESS: Angiogenic Profile Identifies Pulmonary Hypertension in Children with Down Syndrome.

Past studies have shown that lung angiogenic signaling may be abnormal in children with Down syndrome, but whether differences in circulating angiogenic proteins can identify pulmonary hypertension...
Use of Surgical Tissue Adhesive and Body Mass Change to Assess Ring-necked Pheasant Brood Foraging Habitat

Foraging rates (arthropod consumption [g/min/chick]) of human-imprinted chicks provide a reasonable metric for assessing the quality of brood-rearing habitats for gallinaceous species. Arthropod fo...
Nerve growth factor in dogs: Assessment of two immunoassays and selected ocular parameters following a nicergoline challenge per os

Impairment of corneal nerves can result in the development of ocular surface diseases such as aqueous tear deficiency and neurotrophic keratopathy. This study investigates oral nicergoline, an α-adrenoceptor antagonist shown to enhance endogenous secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the lacrimal gland, as a potential therapy for these conditions. Five female spayed Beagle dogs received a 2-week course of oral nicergoline (10 mg twice daily). Drug safety was evaluated with ophthalmic and physical examinations, blood pressure monitoring, bloodwork, and urinalysis. The effect of nicergoline on the ocular surface was assessed with corneal esthesiometry, Schirmer tear test-1, and tear film breakup time. Drug effect on NGF levels was assessed by collecting tears and blood at baseline and completion of therapy using a bead-based immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although nicergoline was well tolerated in all dogs, it did not have a significant impact on corneal sensitivity, tear production, or tear stability. Of note, NGF was below the limit of quantification in all tear samples and was only detected in 8/20 serum samples with no significant difference between levels at baseline (189.4 ± 145.1 pg/mL) and completion of therapy (149.4 ± 79.4 pg/mL). Further validation of NGF analytical assays is warranted before nicergoline is investigated in clinical patients.
Thick grain boundary induced strengthening in nanocrystalline Ni alloy

Grain refinement has been extensively used to strengthen metallic materials for decades. Grain boundaries act as effective barriers to the transmission of dislocations, consequently leading to strengthening. Conventional grain boundaries have a thickness of 1–2 atomic layers, typically ∼0.5 nm for most metallic materials. Here, we report, however, the formation of ∼3 nm thick grain boundaries in a nanocrystalline Ni alloy. In situ micropillar compression studies coupled with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the thick grain boundaries are stronger barriers than conventional grain boundaries to the transmission of dislocations. This study provides a fresh perspective for the design of high strength, deformable nanostructured metallic materials.
Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms Are Real

The statins are highly efficacious drugs for lowering the burden of atherogenic lipoproteins in plasma. These drugs have demonstrable long-term safety. Despite reducing risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, statin discontinuation rates are high. This leaves patients at risk for first time and recurrent cardiovascular events, thereby increasing the potential for substantial disability and of dying from atherosclerotic disease. Far and away the leading cause of premature statin discontinuation is the development of such skeletal muscle-related side effects as myalgia, cramping, and perceived motor weakness. Serious muscle-related adverse events including myopathy and rhabdoymolysis are relatively rare. This chapter explores the evidence linking statin usage to muscle-related adverse events. Despite the efforts of some to minimize the clinical importance of statin-associated muscle symptoms, their development is quite real and pose a major challenge to clinicians caring for patients with dyslipidemia in both the primary and secondary prevention settings.
Analysis of a Near Peer Tutoring Program to Improve Medical Students' Note Writing Skills.

AbstractProblem: The ability to document a patient encounter is integral for any physician. Previous studies indicate that medical students’ note writing skills are poor due to a lack of formal cli...
The plant cuticle regulates apoplastic transport of salicylic acid during systemic acquired resistance

The plant cuticle is often considered a passive barrier from the environment. We show that the cuticle regulates active transport of the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA). SA, an important regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), is preferentially transported from pathogen-infected to uninfected parts via the apoplast. Apoplastic accumulation of SA, which precedes its accumulation in the cytosol, is driven by the pH gradient and deprotonation of SA. In cuticle-defective mutants, increased transpiration and reduced water potential preferentially routes SA to cuticle wax rather than to the apoplast. This results in defective long-distance transport of SA, which in turn impairs distal accumulation of the SAR-inducer pipecolic acid. High humidity reduces transpiration to restore systemic SA transport and, thereby, SAR in cuticle-defective mutants. Together, our results demonstrate that long-distance mobility of SA is essential for SAR and that partitioning of SA between the symplast and cuticle is regulated by transpiration.
Immune-based therapies in the management of multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy affecting a predominantly elderly population. The continued development of newer therapies with novel mechanisms of action has reshaped the treatment paradigm of this disorder in the last two decades, leading to a significantly improved prognosis. This has in turn resulted in an increasing number of patients in need of therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. Immune-based therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and most promisingly, adoptive cellular therapies represent important therapeutic strategies in these patients due to their non-cross resistant mechanisms of actions with the usual frontline therapies comprising of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs). The anti-CD38 antibodies daratumumab and more recently isatuximab, with their excellent efficacy and safety profile along with its synergy in combination with IMiDs and PIs, are being increasingly incorporated in the frontline setting. Chimeric antigen receptor–T cell (CART) therapies and bi-specific T-cell engager (BiTE) represent exciting new options that have demonstrated efficacy in heavily pretreated and refractory MM. In this review, we discuss the rationale for use of immune-based therapies in MM and summarize the currently available literature for common antibodies and CAR-T therapies that are utilized in MM.
Stroke in COVID-19: a single-centre initial experience in a hotspot of the pandemic

Background COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global pandemic that has been an immense burden on healthcare systems all over the world. These patients may be at higher risk for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). We present our experience with AIS in patients with COVID-19. Methods We reviewed all patients admitted to our hospital during a 6-week period with a positive nasopharyngeal swab test for SARS-CoV-2. Among these patients, we identified AIS. We reviewed the demographics, clinical, laboratory, imaging characteristics, treatments received and outcomes of AIS in patients with COVID-19. Results We identified 683 patients admitted with COVID-19 during the study period, of which 20 patients had AIS. Large-vessel occlusion (LVO) was noted in 11 patients (55%). Intravenous alteplase was administered in four patients (20%) and mechanical thrombectomy was performed in five patients (25%). Respiratory symptoms preceded the onset of AIS in most of the patients (70%) by 1 to 21 days. Mortality in patients with AIS was 50% compared with 26% of all COVID-19 admissions. Most of these patients died due to non-neurological causes (70%). Three patients with AIS had clinical and imaging findings consistent with COVID-19, but were negative for multiple nasopharyngeal swab tests. Interpretation LVO was more common in patients with AIS and COVID-19. They had more severe disease and higher mortality rates. Most of the patients had respiratory symptoms preceding AIS by days to weeks. This could explain certain patients with clinical picture of COVID-19 but negative nasopharyngeal swab tests.
Acute Vision Loss

Acute vision loss has many etiologies with a large differential. These conditions can range from benign to those resulting in permanent vision loss. Many of these diagnoses are time-sensitive, and the emergency physician may improve patient outcome through the consideration of several acute etiologies. This chapter evaluates the emergency medicine evaluation and management of vision loss.
A Novel Interaction-based Methodology Towards Explainable AI with Better Understanding of Pneumonia Chest X-ray Images.

In the field of eXplainable AI (XAI), robust "blackbox" algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are known for making high prediction performance. However, the ability to explain and interpret these algorithms still require innovation in the understanding of influential and, more importantly, explainable features that directly or indirectly impact the performance of predictivity. A number of methods existing in literature focus on visualization techniques but the concepts of explainability and interpretability still require rigorous definition. In view of the above needs, this paper proposes an interaction-based methodology -- Influence Score (I-score) -- to screen out the noisy and non-informative variables in the images hence it nourishes an environment with explainable and interpretable features that are directly associated to feature predictivity. We apply the proposed method on a real world application in Pneumonia Chest X-ray Image data set and produced state-of-the-art results. We demonstrate how to apply the proposed approach for more general big data problems by improving the explainability and interpretability without sacrificing the prediction performance. The contribution of this paper opens a novel angle that moves the community closer to the future pipelines of XAI problems.
May It Please the Court: Judicial Processes and Politics in America

Courts and Judges in the Political Process Law and Politics: Myth and Reality The Political Context of Judging Reconciling Law and Politics Conclusion: Law, Politics, and Judicial Decisions Epilogue: The Law and Politics of Flag Burning American Courts-Structures and Procedures Federalism and the Judiciary State Court Systems The Federal Court System Federal Court Administration Relations between State and Federal Courts Conclusion Epilogue: The Roots of Judicial Federalism Lawyers and Lawyering Introduction A Brief History of the Legal Profession The Legal Profession Today Conclusion Epilogue: Client Solicitation and Free Speech Judicial Selection and Removal Law, Politics, and Judicial Nominations Judicial Selection in the States Discipline and Removal of State Judges Selection of Federal Judges Discipline and Removal of Federal Judges Conclusion Epilogue: Free Speech and Judicial Elections Norm Enforcement-The Criminal Justice Process Introduction State v. Johnson: Facts State v. Johnson: Participants State v. Johnson: Process Conclusion Epilogue: Dr. Sheppard's Trial Dispute Resolution-The Civil Justice Process Introduction Peterson v. Big Pine Mountain Ski Corporation: Facts Participants Process Conclusion Epilogue: Punishing Deceit Policy Making-The Appellate Process Introduction State v. Johnson On Appeal Peterson On Appeal Conclusion Epilogue: Open Fields and a "Tumbledown" House Legal and Political Influences on Judicial Decision Making Introduction Legal Influences Political Influences Reconciling Legal and Political Perspectives Conclusion Epilogue: The Law and Politics of Abortion The Limits of Judicial Policy Making Introduction The Debate about Judicial Policy Making An Assessment of Judicial Policy Making Conclusion Epilogue: A School System Flunks Out Summary and Conclusion Summary Conclusion Appendix A: Researching the Law Appendix B: Documents of Litigation Index
Modification of SCWR Assembly Designs with Coupled MCNP5/SCA Methods to Promote Safer Operation

This work concerns the comparison of supercritical water reactor (SCWR) assembly designs using coupled reactor physics and thermal-hydraulic methods. In the SCWR, large density gradients in the sup...
Corrupt and Inert Schools Can Be Vibrant and Dynamic

For 25 years, politicians and businesspeople have lamented the status of kindergarten through Grade-12 (K–12) public schooling in the United States. The conventional wisdom tends to take this form:...
Spruce Budworm Dynamics

A classical example for the implications of catastrophes for ecosystem management is the spruce budworm dynamics. Spruce budworm is a caterpillar that feeds on spruce and fir forests in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada. For many years, population sizes of spruce budworm are low and have little impact on trees. When forest stands reach maturity, however, spruce budworm populations explode, seriously affecting the forest by defoliating the trees. As a result of defoliation, trees are weakened and ultimately may die. With the death of trees comes a loss of the food source for spruce budworm and a consequent population crash. In this chapter, we explore these dynamics and the domains within which catastrophic behavior may emerge.
Chern-Simons Gauge Theory and projectively flat vector bundles on 421-1421-1421-1

We consider a vector bundle on Teichmuller space which arises naturally from Witten's analysis of Chern-Simons Gauge Theory, and define a natural connection on it. In the case when the gauge group isU(1) we compute the curvature, showing, in particular, that the connection is projectively flat.
Thiophosphorylation causes Ca2+-independent norepinephrine secretion from permeabilized PC12 cells.

Abstract Adenosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP gamma S) was used to examine the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of norepinephrine secretion by digitonin-permeabilized PC12 cells. While most kinases will use ATP gamma S to thiophosphorylate proteins, thiophosphorylated proteins are relatively resistant to dethiophosphorylation by protein phosphatases. Norepinephrine secretion by permeabilized PC12 cells was ATP- and Ca2+-dependent but resistant to calmodulin antagonists. Half-maximum secretion was obtained in 0.75 microM Ca2+. Permeabilized PC12 cells were incubated with ATP gamma S in the absence of Ca2+, the ATP gamma S was removed, and norepinephrine secretion was determined. Preincubation with ATP gamma S increased the amount of norepinephrine secreted in the absence of Ca2+, but it had no effect on the amount released in the presence of Ca2+. After a 15-min preincubation in 1 mM ATP gamma S, there was almost as much secretion in the absence of Ca2+ as in its presence. Inclusion of ATP in the preincubation inhibited the effect of ATP gamma S. Ca2+ stimulated the rate of modification by ATP gamma S as brief preincubations with ATP gamma S in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in higher levels of Ca2+-independent secretion than did preincubations with ATP gamma S in the absence of Ca2+. Similarly, brief preincubations of permeabilized cells with ATP in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in elevated levels of Ca2+-independent secretion. Secretion of norepinephrine from ATP gamma S-treated cells was ATP-dependent. These results suggest that norepinephrine secretion by PC12 cells is regulated by a Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation. Once this phosphorylation has occurred, secretion is still ATP-dependent, but it no longer requires Ca2+.
Studies on the antigenicity of the NKG2D ligand H60a in tumour cells.

Summary H60a is a minor histocompatibility antigen expressed in BALB and 129/Sv but not C57BL/6 mouse strains. The majority of CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice responding to BALB.B splenocytes are specific for H60a. Interestingly, H60a is expressed constitutively on tumour cells, but its nature as a tumour rejection antigen, as a parallel to its function as a transplant rejection antigen, has not been studied. In this report, we show that tumour cells that constitutively express H60a at the cell surface can be recognized by H60a-specific T cells. Furthermore, when H60a-expressing sarcoma cell lines are transplanted into C57BL/6 mice, H60a-specific T cells can be found at high percentages among the tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. These findings were seen in C57BL/6 but not F1 (C57BL/6 × 129) mice (which express H60a), suggesting that endogenous tolerance mechanisms suppress the antigenic properties of H60a. Our findings have implications for the generation of tumour vaccines against human natural killer group 2D ligands, such as MHC class I chain-like gene A, that are also transplantation antigens.
SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN THE NEWBORN.

Two hundred and thirty-eight determinations of serum magnesium levels during the first 4 days of life were carried out on 78 infants. No statistically significant differences were found when these values were compared to those determined in 111 older children and adults. Differences in mean values between any of the first 5 days were not statistically significant nor were any significant differences found when the values of each day were compared with the mean value of older children and adults or the mean value of the cord bloods. The mean values on days 3, 4, and 5 were higher in breast-fed infants than in infants fed evaporated milk. Higher values in breast-fed infants and lower values in evaporated-milk-fed infants on days 3 and 4 when compared to day 1 in the same infant were found in a significant number of cases. The possibility that the observed differences in these two groups of infants may be related to the difference in phosphate to magnesium ratio in cow9s milk as compared to human milk is discussed. Further investigation of this problem is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.
Route of Antigen Uptake Differentially Impacts Presentation by Dendritic Cells and Activated Monocytes

Dendritic cells (DCs), which maintain tolerance and orchestrate T cell immune responses, comprise a heterogeneous group of cells. For example, in the steady state, murine spleen contains pre-DC-derived CD8(+) and CD8(-) conventional DCs. During inflammation, monocytes become activated and acquire some DC-like features, such as expression of CD11c and MHC class II. Although each of these cell types can present Ag, the relative efficiency of processing and presentation after Ag capture by different routes has not yet been systematically compared. To this end, we administered OVA to various conventional DCs and activated monocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, or phagocytosis and measured internalization and presentation to MHC class I- and MHC class II-restricted T cells. We find that CD8(-) DCs are more efficient than any other type of APC tested in terms of presenting Ag to MHC class II-restricted T cells, irrespective of the route of Ag capture. In contrast, both subsets of splenic DCs are highly effective in cross-presenting Ags to CD8(+) T cells. DCs and activated monocytes cross-presented Ags delivered by DEC205-mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis. However, DCs differ from activated monocytes in that the latter are several orders of magnitude less efficient in presenting Ags captured by phagocytosis to CD8(+) or CD4(+) T cells. We conclude that DCs derived from pre-DCs differ from monocyte-derived cells in that DCs process and present Ags efficiently irrespective of the route of Ag capture. Our observations have significant implications for understanding initiation of immune responses and vaccination strategies targeting DCs and activated monocytes.
Teaching bedside sonography using peer mentoring: a prospective randomized trial

Objectives Bedside sonography is a growing field of medicine, but there is little evidence about how to teach it to medical students. A peer-mentoring system may help preclinical medical students learn bedside sonography. Methods In 2008 and 2009, participating first-year medical students completed an image recognition test at 0, 2, and 4 months and were randomized to an early or a late intervention group. In hands-on sessions, senior medical students taught the early intervention group how to perform a Trinity hypotensive ultrasound protocol between months 0 and 2 and then taught the late intervention group the Trinity protocol between months 2 and 4. Participants completed a practical examination at month 4. We measured the improvement in knowledge after the intervention and retention of knowledge and skills in the early intervention group at month 4. First-year medical students completed precourse and postcourse surveys about comfort and skills with sonography. Results Eighty-six first-year medical students enrolled; 79 completed the precourse survey; 54 completed all knowledge tests; 52 completed the practical examination; and 49 completed the postcourse survey. Of the 125 nonparticipants, 109 completed the precourse survey, and 25 completed the postcourse survey. Participants' knowledge scores increased by 30% after the intervention. The early intervention group retained 92% of the knowledge gained. Thirty-six percent of participants were able to complete the Trinity protocol in 15 minutes during the practical examination, with no significant difference between the early and late intervention groups. Participants responded positively about the experience and indicated that hands-on sessions were helpful. Conclusions Peer mentoring is a useful method for teaching sonography to preclinical medical students.
Learning with meaning through marker events

A marker event is an event that is remembered well after the surrounding activity is forgotten. On the basis of interviews with students and faculty, as well as review of the educational literature, the authors have identified certain educational activities which have marker potential. It is argued that, properly used, these events increase the likelihood of a marker occurring for students in a course, thereby increasing the event's significance and serving as an anchor for future recall of the whole course. Twelve educational activities with marker potential are described and their effectiveness as potential marker events is discussed. >
Young adolescents' adjustment to the experience of relocating overseas

Abstract One hundred and seventy-four 8th grade students attending Englishspeaking international schools in Tokyo were surveyed to examine the relationship between their adjustment overseas and a number of factors believed to be associated with adjustment. Students who had lived in Tokyo less than 6 years completed a self-administered 98-item questionnaire which included questions related to preparation time, familiarity with culture and language, feelings about living in Tokyo, school performance, family and peer relationships, and emotional adjustment. Correlations and multivariate analysis revealed three main findings: children overall report high levels of satisfaction abroad and appear to fare well; the most important correlate of a child's sense of well-being relates to his or her family life; and the degree to which children like living in Tokyo does not correlate with their well-being while abroad. These findings refute some claims in the popular press, but they are consistent with research on within-country moves, which has found few significant or enduring negative effects on children. The implications for professionals working with children who have recently relocated overseas are discussed.
Treatment of infertility in men with spinal cord injury: Medical progress and ethical considerations

Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs most often in young men at the peak of their reproductive health. Following SCI, most men require medical assistance to reproduce. Recent improvements treating male factor infertility in general have led to a problem for men with SCI. Often, their ejaculates are not examined as a source of sperm for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Instead, sperm are retrieved surgically from their testes or epididymes as a first line of treatment for anejaculation. This development has resulted in many centers performing expensive and invasive ART to overcome the low sperm numbers typically obtained with surgical sperm retrieval (SSR). Expensive and invasive ART, however, is often unnecessary. Ninety-five percent of men with SCI respond to semen retrieval by penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) or electroejaculation (EEJ) and do not require SSR. Compared to SSR, PVS and EEJ usually result in higher yields of total motile sperm, thus increasing potentials for simpler, less expensive op...
Preparation of Core‐Sheath Nanofibers from Conducting Polymer Blends

Summary: Core-sheath nanofibers with conductive polyaniline as the core and an insulating polymer as the sheath were prepared by electrospinning of blends of polyaniline with either polystyrene or polycarbonate. These unique core-sheath structures offer potential in a number of applications including nanoelectronics. When polyaniline was blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene oxide), only isolated domains of polyaniline in beadlike structures were formed. The phase morphology of electrospun fibers is thought to be dependent on the high-surface tension of the solution and the molecular weight of the polymers. Incompatibility of the polymers and low molecular weight of compositions played a key role in the formation of core-sheath structures, as opposed to co-continuous morphologies. TEM image of electrospun polyaniline/polystyrene nanofiber after staining by OsO4. The dark regions are polyaniline.
Effect of a hypothalamic extract on serum prolactin levels during the estrous cycle and lactation.

SummaryOn the morning of proestrus or estrus, mature rats were injected with an extract of eight rat hypothalami or an equivalent amount of cerebral tissue. Blood was removed just prior to injection of hypothalamic extract and at 1 and/or 4 hr after injection, for assay of prolactin by radioimmunoassay. In each of the three experiments, hypothalamic extract significantly depressed serum prolactin values, confirming the presence of prolactin-inhibiting activity in the hypothalamus. Cerebral extract had no effect. In another experiment, the litters of postpartum lactating rats were removed for 12 hr and the rats were injected with an extract of four or eight rat hypothalami or an equivalent amount of cerebral tissue. The litters were then returned for 3 hr of suckling. Blood samples taken before and after suckling, showed that neither brain extract prevented the suckling stimulus from producing a 5- to 6-fold increase in serum prolactin values. This indicates that 3 hr of suckling is a more powerful stimulu...
Evaluation of Optical Radiation Hazards

Methodology for the evaluation of potential optical radiation hazards has been developed in response to the increasing use of high radiance optical sources, such as lasers, compact arc lamps, tungsten-halogen lamps, and electronic flash lamps. Recent biological investigations of injury from ultraviolet radiation and studies of chorioretinal injury from high radiance sources permit a realistic ocular hazard evaluation. Safe exposure criteria that may be readily applied to practical situations have been developed from the available biological data and from experience with occupational hazards. Hazard evaluation techniques, hazard data, and general control measures are provided for a number of commonly encountered ultraviolet, visible, and infrared sources.
A weighing method for measuring the induction period of marine and other oils

A convenient method for measuring the length of the induction period of marine and other oils and unsaturated fatty acid esters depends upon determining the increases in weight. Small amounts of oil with or without additives are held in constant temperature ovens and weighed at regular intervals. Some of the details of technique are described.
The Association of Maternal Socialization in Childhood and Adolescence with Adult Offsprings' Sympathy/Caring.

The purpose of the study was to examine associations between mothers' socialization practices in childhood and adolescence and offsprings' (N = 32, 16 female) sympathy/concern in early adulthood. Mothers reported on their socialization practices and beliefs a total of 6 times using a Q-sort during their offsprings' childhood (between 7-8 and 11-12 years of age) and adolescence (between 13-14 and 17-18 years of age). Adult offsprings' sympathy/caring was assessed 3 times in early adulthood (at ages 19-20 to 23-24 years) and in their mid-20s to 30s (ages 25-26 to 31-32 years). In general, friends' reports of participants' sympathy/concern at ages 25-32 years related positively to mother-reported rational discipline (including inductions) and warmth and support during childhood and adolescence and negatively to mother-reported negative affect during adolescence. Self-reported sympathy/concern during early adulthood was positively related to maternal warmth and support during childhood and almost significantly negatively related to mother-reported negative affect during childhood and adolescence. Most of the relations held when the prior level of self-reported childhood empathy or adolescent sympathy was controlled.
High harmonic ion cyclotron heating in DIII-D: beam ion absorption and sawtooth stabilization

Combined neutral beam injection and fast wave heating at the fourth cyclotron harmonic produce an energetic deuterium beam ion tail in the DIII-D tokamak. When the concentration of thermal hydrogen exceeds ~5%, the beam ion absorption is suppressed in favour of second harmonic hydrogen absorption. As theoretically expected, the beam absorption increases with beam ion gyro-radius; also, central absorption at the fifth harmonic is weaker than central absorption at the fourth harmonic. For central heating at the fourth harmonic, an energetic, perpendicular, beam population forms inside the q = 1 surface. The beam ion tail transiently stabilizes the sawtooth instability but destabilizes toroidicity induced Alfv?n? eigenmodes (TAEs). Saturation of the central heating correlates with the onset of the TAEs. Continued expansion of the q = 1 radius eventually precipitates a sawtooth crash; complete magnetic reconnection is observed.
A STUDY OF THE FERMENTS AND FERMENT-INHIBITING SUBSTANCES IN TUBERCULOUS CASEOUS MATERIAL STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XII.

1. Caseous matter obtained from lymph glands which have not become secondarily infected contains substances which inhibit enzyme activity. These substances consist chiefly of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids. 2. The inhibiting substances are present in relatively smaller amounts when the caseous matter has become secondarily infected. This is probably due to the dilution and washing out of the soaps. 3. Ferments are either entirely absent or present in very small amounts, unless the caseous matter has become secondarily infected. 4. Caseous material from the lungs contains smaller amounts of the inhibiting substances. This may be due to the acuteness of the process, which does not permit an accumulation of the soaps, or to the binding of the soaps with the ferments. 5. Ferments are present in caseous pneumonia. In the whole emulsion the ferments are less active in an alkaline than in an acid reaction; but removal of the soaps shows that those active in an alkaline reaction are also present in considerable amounts. 6. The previous treatment with iodin of caseous matter from both lymph glands and lungs increases the action of the trypsin.
Surf-Beat Origin for Pulsating Bottom Currents in the Rio Balsas Submarine Canyon, Mexico

A previously unreported process was observed at the head of a tributary to the Rio Balsas submarine canyon system in Mexico. During a period of large surf, river discharge deflected a pulsating longshore current [peaking at over 7 km/hr (2 m/sec)] seaward over the tributary heading in the surf zone. This pulsating flow occasionally entered the river mouth, causing rhythmic fluctuations with amplitudes of at least 30 cm and a period of about 3 minutes within the mouth, as recorded by a partially filtered tide gage. In diving to the bottom of the tributary at a depth of 18 m, we encountered current pulses with estimated velocities of 4 km/hr (more than 1 m/sec) transporting large amounts of suspended sand down an axial slope of 26°. This bottom flow was at least 3 m thick, and was characterized by pulses separated by quiet periods in phase with the surface rip current. The upper 20 cm of the canyon fill during this time consisted of sand smoothly laminated parallel to the bottom, indicating net deposition on the steeply sloping floor. Estimated water budget suggested that the entire water column below the rip current at 18 m was not flowing seaward during the pulses. The bottom flow landward of the dive site probably separated from the surface flow and was propagated downslope as a turbidity current. Its magnitude was sufficient t o erode the canyon walls. These observations substantiate that rip currents play a role in the formation of some submarine canyons. Surf-beat induced rhythmic flushing of the river mouth, however, did not cause density currents in the main canyon head. The need for future canyon studies under extreme conditions is pointed out.
The short-term effects of volcanic ash on the small airways of the respiratory system

Abstract The effect of respirable-size volcanic ash particles was studied in the guinea pig model. The postexposure intervals consisted of 2 or 4 hr or 1–7 days. The animals were killed by vascular perfusion and the tissue reactions were studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally, an early alveolitis consisting of macrophages and neutrophils was noted. The number of neutrophils in the early response was dose related. Most of the phagocytosis was carried out by the macrophages with only a minor participation by the neutrophils. Small atelectatic areas containing ash were commonly found within the lungs from Day 1 through Day 7. Some edematous changes were observed in Type I pneumocytes, while a prominence of type II cells was seen in some alveoli. Nonciliated epithelial cells in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles were found to be capable of ingesting ash particles. The tissue response through the 1-week interval indicated limited cytotoxic influence. However, the reactions are sufficiently complex to require longer-term evaluations before pathological ramifications can be defined.
Rates of Quaternary Glacial Erosion and Corrie Formation, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

Three volcanoes composed of subice palagonite breccia form nunataks in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. They have been extensively modified by glacial erosion to give numerous large corries (cirques). Two of the volcanoes are radiometrically dated, which enables estimates to be made of the rate of erosion. The estimates are based on the computation of change in volume from a frustum of a cone. Rates of denudation of 360 to 460 mm per 1,000 yr are obtained, but differences in corrie size indicate that local headward erosion is ∼ 5,800 mm per 1,000 yr and lateral erosion is 800 mm per 1,000 yr. The rates apply to relatively incompetent rock. Subaerial flows of comparable age in the same region are not as intensively eroded. Erosion is probably caused by mechanical riving induced by the freezing of melt-water, which is in turn produced by local radiation conditions in the corries. Thus, glacial erosion seems to depend upon the existence of bedrock exposed above the ice sheet and the production of melt-water from the exposed rock.
Lipschitz continuity of solutions of linear inequalities, programs and complementarity problems

It is shown that solutions of linear inequalities, linear programs and certain linear complementarity problems (e.g. those with P-matrices or Z-matrices but not semidefinite matrices) are Lipschitz continuous with respect to changes in the right-hand side data of the problem. Solutions of linear programs are not Lipschitz continuous with respect to the coefficients of the objective function. The Lipschitz constant given here is a generalization of the role played by the norm of the inverse of a nonsingular matrix in bounding the perturbation of the solution of a system of equations in terms of a right-hand side perturbation.
X-Ray photoelectron and auger electroo forward scattering: A new tool for surface crystallography

Abstract A critical review is given of a new technique, developed during the past several years, for surface crystallography. The technique is based on the observation that X-ray photoelectrons and Auger electrons with kinetic energies of a few hundred electron volts and above exhibit enhanced intensities along internuclear axes, or bond directions, connecting the emitting atom with its nearest and next-nearest neighbor atoms. This affect is a result of forward scattering, or forward focusing, of the outgoing electron wave by the potential of atoms overlying the emitter. As a corollary, atoms present in the top atomic layer do not exhibit such forward-scattering enhancements. Consequently, this effect is an excellent diagnostic of whether or not an atom is in the top layer, and if not, it is an excellent diagnostic of the local structural environment around the emitting atom. As a new probe of short-range order, this technique finds important applications in areas such as the orientation of adsorbed molec...
Uterine and ovarian conservation in advanced small cell carcinoma of the ovary

Abstract Background: The decision to recommend removal or conservation of a normal ovary and uterus in a young woman with advanced ovarian cancer is difficult and controversial. Case: A 21-year-old patient with a large-cell variant of small-cell carcinoma of the ovary stage IIIc underwent optimal debulking surgery with preservation of the normal appearing uterus and opposite adnexa followed by aggressive multi-agent chemotherapy. She is menstruating normally and is free of disease, more than 2 years since completion of chemotherapy. Conclusion: In selected cases, conservation of the uninvolved ovary and uterus in patients with advanced-stage, small-cell carcinoma of the ovary may not compromise survival.
Cyanine dye labeling reagents—carboxymethylindocyanine succinimidyl esters

Ten carboxymethylindocyanine dyes which form the basis of a new series of fluorescent probes have been synthesized and converted into succinimidyl active esters for fluorescent labeling of proteins or other amino-containing substances. Fluorescence emission maxima for members of the series range from 575 to 780 nm. Hydrophilic, water-soluble reagents have been obtained which yield labeled antibodies with little tendency to form precipitates. The fluorescence intensities achieved are higher than those produced by labeling with the cyanine isothiocyanates described previously (Mujumdar et al.: Cytometry 10:11-19, 1989). The utility of these reagents has been demonstrated in antibody labeling for two-color immunofluorescent imaging of internal structures in a mammalian cell and for two-color flow-cytometry experiments. The use of values of chromophore-equivalent weight (W/Ceq), calculated from quantitative absorption data on dye samples, is proposed as an aid in formulating labeling procedures.
The visual cliff: cardiac and behavioral responses on the deep and shallow sides at five and nine months of age.

Abstract Cardiac and behavioral reactions of 5- and 9-month-old infants placed directly atop the two sides of the visual cliff were studied. Evidence of a developmental shift in infant responses on the deep side of the cliff was obtained in heart rate, which shifted from the deceleration previously obtained with younger subjects, to the acceleration obtained with the 9-month-olds of the present study. Behaviorally, visual attention on the two sides was similar at 5 months, but differed at 9 months, being significantly greater on the deep side. Limb movement showed less of an increase on the deep side than on the shallow at both ages tested. Negative vocalization and positive vocalization recordings failed to show any significant effects. The cardiac data are interpreted as indicating a possible shift from attentiveness to fearfulness on the deep side with age.
Does clean water matter? An updated meta-analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions and diarrhoeal diseases

Abstract Background There is conflicting evidence on the effect of water and sanitation interventions on diarrhoeal diseases. Quantification of their impact is complicated by the different comparison groups used across epidemiological studies and the combination of interventions examined under the umbrella of improved water or sanitation. Methods We conducted an updated review of epidemiological studies on the effect of water and sanitation interventions on self-reported diarrhoea episodes. We supplemented existing reviews with a Google Scholar search for studies published between 2010 and March, 2012. 84 studies were used in a meta-analysis that was designed to adjust for intervention and baseline group characteristics. First, we compared indicator variables for each intervention component (improved sanitation, hygiene, point-of-use water treatment, source water treatment, and piped water) with a reference category (improved water source). Second, we also included indicator variables for the baseline characteristics—ie, whether the baseline was an unimproved or improved water source or sanitation—as covariates to account for the heterogeneous control groups. Subanalyses were conducted to investigate differential effects by type of intervention and age. Findings Significant effects were found for both improved water and improved sanitation relative risks: 1·34 (95% CI 1·02–1·72) and 1·33 (1·02–1·74), respectively. We did not find significantly greater effects of piped water or source water treatment compared with improved water supply (p=0·50 and p=0·65, respectively) or significant effects by age (p=0·19). Furthermore, we found no difference in point-of-use interventions when blinding was taken into account (p=0·08). Unimproved water and sanitation together accounted for 0·9% (0·4–1·6) of global disability-adjusted life-years in 2010, ranking 22nd and 26th, respectively, in terms of top global risks. These proportions are substantially smaller than 6·8% in 1990, and 3·7% in 2000, estimated in previous Global Burden of Disease studies for water, sanitation, and hygiene combined. Interpretation Our reanalysis of quasi-experimental and experimental studies suggests much smaller impacts of water and sanitation interventions than previously thought. Given the emphasis placed on these interventions in improving livelihood, continued epidemiological research to assess the full effects of such interventions remains imperative. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
A new method for the determination of the effectiveness of sleep-inducing agents in humans.

Summary Observers' judgments of the sleep continuum from the electroencephalographic graphic record are positively correlated with a frequency count of the brain waves exceeding one-third of the amplitude of the alpha rhythm. The frequency count is made automatically and directly as the EEG is generated and is presented instantaneously on a standard millivolt recorder. This method of continuous determination of the depth of sleep has been employed to distinguish the effect of a standard hypnotic and a newer sleep-inducing agent. Five subjects each received five different treatments ordered by a 5×5 Latin square design: placebo, 50 and 100 mg, of secobarbital, and 50 and 100 mg. of thalidomide. Although only the 100 mg. dose of thalidomide significantly increased the depth of sleep, it is evident that greater depth of sleep is produced by increasing the dose of either secobarbital or thalidomide. The rational pattern of effect thus serves to substantiate the validity of this means of EEG analysis of sleep. The automatic reduction of the electroencephalographic sleep record in the manner described makes possible the measurement of the relative effectiveness of sleep-inducing and sleep-maintaining drugs in humans.
Crystal Structure of the Ribonucleotide Reductase R2 Mutant that Accumulates a μ-1,2-Peroxodiiron(III) Intermediate during Oxygen Activation

The R2 subunit of Escherichia coli (aerobic) ribonucleotide reductase activates molecular oxygen at its diiron center to produce a functionally essential stable tyrosyl radical from residue Y122. It was previously shown that the D84E site-directed mutant of R2 (R2-D84E) accumulates a μ-1,2-peroxodiiron(III) intermediate on the pathway to tyrosyl radical formation. This intermediate does not accumulate in the reaction of wildtype (wt) R2, but an analogous complex does accumulate during oxygen activation by the structurally similar diiron protein, methane monooxygenase hydroxylase (MMOH). Herein we describe the crystallographically determined three-dimensional structures of the reduced, diiron(II) reactant and oxidized, diiron(III) product forms of R2-D84E. The reduced R2-D84E structure differs from that of reduced wt R2 in the conformations of three carboxylate ligands, E84, E204, and E238. The adjustments in these ligands render the coordination sphere of the diiron(II) center very similar to that in redu...
Israel's Development: Past Accomplishments and Future Problems

Introduction, 63. — I. Growth of output and resources, 64. — II. Resource allocation and income distribution, 76. — III. Future problems, 83.
A radiation chemical study of the oxidation of hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical by ferricyanide(1)

Abstract The rate constant for the oxidation of hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical by ferricyanide has been determined by optical and conductometric pulse radiolysis methods to be 1.8 ± 0.2 × 10 7 M −1 sec −1 . The reaction is, however, somewhat more complicated than might be expected since spectroscopic studies on the 100 μsec time scale show that ferrocyanide is not the sole immediate reduction product but rather that an intermediate which absorbs in the region of 300 nm is initially produced.