cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GPU-Based Algorithm for Fast Computation of Cartilage Contact Patterns During Simulations of Movement

Direct measurement of cartilage contact is not feasible, necessitating the use of musculoskeletal models to estimate the internal soft tissue loading associated with movement2. However, current computational models used to simulate movement often utilize simplified joint kinematic constraints which can only provide an estimate of the net joint reaction force1. Detailed finite element models of the knee have been created14 which can provide estimates of cartilage tissue stress, but are too computationally expensive to solve within the context of a whole body simulation of movement. Discrete element analysis (DEA) provides a viable alternative for rapidly computing contact stress patterns in movement15, However, even DEA models can be computationally expensive as high resolution polygonal meshes are needed to accurately represent complex cartilage geometries such as that seen on the femoral condyles and tibia plateau. In a DEA model, much of the computation time is spent querying for contact between triangles of two polygonal surfaces. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for using graphic processor computation (GPU) to expedite contact detection5. To do this, we use a contact detection algorithm that pre-constructs hierarchical bounding-volumes (BVH) of the target body to increase the efficiency of contact detection. We then show that implementing a parallel computational version of this algorithm on the GPU greatly speed up performance and thus make it more viable to simulate cartilage contact within the context of human movement.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Intramolecular aminolysis of trichloroethyl esters: a mild macrocyclization protocol for the preparation of cryptophycin derivatives

Abstract The bifunctional catalyst 2-hydroxypyridine (2-pyridone) is shown to promote the intramolecular aminolysis of the polyfunctionalized long-chain amino trichloroethyl ester 8 to afford cryptophycin-51 ( 4 ). This process for the construction of the macrocyclic core of cryptophycin derivatives is noteworthy for its convenience, avoidance of expensive coupling reagents, and use of mild reaction conditions.
Interactions among Lp(a) phenotypes, Lp(a) concentrations and lipoprotein response to fat-modified diets

Abstract Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), an LDL-like particle containing apo(a), a highly glycosylated protein, is a significant genetic risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Lp(a) phenotypes are characterized into single-band and double-band phenotypes according to electrophoretic mobility compared to that of apo B-100. The first goal was to assess whether Lp(a) phenotype influences the concentrations and metabolism of other serum lipoproteins. A second focus was to evaluate the effect on Lp(a) concentrations of substituting medium chain saturated fat for a polyunsaturated, baseline diet. In this two-way cross-over study 18 females are a baseline, polyunsaturated fat diet ( Poly Sat en% ratio = 10.5 11.9 ) for 1 week, and then a high saturated fat diet for 4 weeks ( Poly Sat en% ratio = 3.4 19.8 ) providing either 14 energy % medium chain triglycerides (MCT) 8:0 + 10:0 or 12:0, whereas monounsaturated fat was held constant. Subjects with double-band Lp(a) phenotypes had higher (P = 0.000) Lp(a) levels on the baseline diet compared to single-band phenotypes. Both diets decreased serum Lp(a) concentration about 30% (P
New set-theoretic axioms derived from a lean metamathematics

I will formulate in this paper three set-theoretic axioms, (A 1 ), (A 2 ), and (A 3 ), which appear natural and settle some well-known questions, and I will give some metamathematical evidence supporting these axioms. I build upon a distinction between pure mathematics and applied metamathematics which views the first as an art dealing with imaginary objects, where following Poincare we can say to exist is to be free of contradiction , and the second as a science describing the phenomenon of mathematics, where science means a description of some physical reality (in this case the reality of thoughts in our brains which underlie spoken or written mathematics). Of course this distinction is not new, but it has been disregarded by many mathematicians and philosophers who wrote about the nature of mathematics, e.g. by the Platonists, and even by some empiricists who thought that mathematics is a science. Since applied metamathematics is a science, unlike pure mathematics it has to be lean, i.e., to obey Ockham's principle of economy of concepts ( entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem ). In this lean metamathematics we describe pure mathematics as a finite structure of thoughts in our brains, and we think that written or spoken mathematics is an abstract description of this structure. (I think that this is the view which Poincare expressed informally in his discussions with the logicians and set theorists of his times, although his idea has to be modified to some extent; see Remark 4 at the end of this paper.) We claim that all mathematical objects which are imagined when we develop a (first-order) theory T can be represented by means of terms of the language of a Skolemization of the set of sentences consisting of the axioms of T and of all theorems of logic.
Abstract A35: A role for drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: Upregulatation of CD133, activation of IGF-1R signaling, and IGF-1R nuclear translocation

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive neoplasm that is resistant to chemotherapy with mechanisms underlying this drug resistance not well understood. CD133 is a known cancer stem cell (CSC) marker whose high expression is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway has been shown to play a significant role in tumor behavior. To examine possible mechanisms of drug resistance in HCC, we investigated the role of CD133 expression and IGF-1R signaling activation using geftinib. Methods: We evaluated and separated five different human HCC cell lines (Mahlavu, Huh7, HepG2, Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5) using based on CD133 expression. We subjected these cells to geftinib at different doses, and determined IGF-1R signaling pathway activation using immunoblotting against relevant proteins in the pathway. CD133 mRNA level was examined using quantitative real-time PCR and its expression level was detected using immunofluorescence imaging and flow cytometry after drug treatment. Cell viability and sensitivity to drug treatment were measured using the MTT assay. Results: HCC cell lines showed variable percentages of total cell populations expressing CD133: Mahlavu 0.12 %, HepG2 46 %, Huh7 80.2 %, Hep3B 98.2 %, and PLC/PRF/5 83.5 %. Mahlavu and PLC/PRF/5 were found to be the most resistant cell lines even at higher doses (17.5 uM). Since Mahlavu cells displayed reduced CD133 expression, experiments were focused on this cell line to evaluate the CD133 expression changes after geftinib treatment. After three rounds (9 days) of high dose geftinib treatment, CD133 expression was increased in a dose dependent manner; the percentages of total cell populations expressing CD133 increased to 43.9 % at 10 uM concentration and 52.9 % at 15 uM concentration as compared to 0.12 % in untreated cells. In addition, we found a significant increase in IGF-1R and AKT phosphorylation as well as IGFBP3 expression in those geftinib treated cells. Furthermore, after cell sorting of Huh7 cells by CD133 expression using flow cytometry, we observed that CD133 positive cells showed more resistant to geftinib treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging analysis demonstrated that increased IGF-1R protein translocated to nuclei after geftinib treatment. Conclusion: Geftinib treatment enhanced CD133 expression level and activated IGF-1R signaling in HCC Mahlavu cells, one of the possible mechanism could be the nuclear translocation of IGF-1R. Our findings underscore the importance of a combined therapeutic approach with geftinib and IGF-1R blockage in the treatment of human HCC. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A35.
Potential Impact of Changes in Health Care Financing on Clinical Research

AbstractProspective reimbursement places hospitals at increased financial risk. Relatively fixed payment rates provide a strong incentive for hospitals to reduce the cost of each inpatient stay. Cost control strategies of hospitals are numerous and varied. Cost of clinical research not paid by project sponsors is currently undergoing scrutiny. Preliminary data suggests that hospitals and third party payers have subsidized clinical research in the past by supporting research related patient case costs including extended patient stays, payment of ancillary diagnostic and therapeutic services and supporting acquisition and operation of expensive technical equipment. Hospitals cannot thrive if they lose money in the name of research. New patterns of fair and equitable cost-sharing between hospitals and clinical research sponsors must occur if hospital-based clinical research and medical progress is to be maximized.
How informative are dermatopathology requisition forms completed by dermatologists? A review of the clinical information provided for 100 consecutive melanocytic lesions

Background Accurate clinicopathologic correlation can be crucial to arriving at the correct microscopic diagnosis. Objective We reviewed the clinical information provided on the dermatopathology requisition forms for melanocytic lesions submitted by community dermatologists. Methods The clinical information provided and the microscopic diagnoses rendered were recorded in a retrospective, unblinded fashion for 100 consecutive melanocytic lesions submitted as wet tissue to our dermatopathology department. Results Biopsy specimens were received from 60 community dermatologists and 5 nurse practitioners/physician assistants. Clinical morphology (ie, papule) was provided in 33% of cases. With respect to the ABCDE criteria, 55% of cases had none, 12% had one criterion, 21% had two criteria, 10% had 3 criteria, 2% had 4 criteria, and none had all 5 criteria. No forms stated whether the biopsy specimen was a partial or complete sampling of the lesion. Asymmetry was provided 4% of the time, border irregularity 8%, color 39%, diameter 22%, and evolution 10%. A family or personal history of melanoma was provided in 8% of cases. No requisition forms mentioned the "ugly duckling" sign. Dermatoscopy information and a clinical photograph were provided once each. In 19 cases, the only information on the requisition form was one of the phrases: "r/o atypia," "r/o atypical nevus," "r/o Clark's," or "r/o dysplastic nevus." In 10 cases, the only information was "r/o nevus." Limitations Only 100 consecutive melanocytic lesions were studied in a retrospective, unblinded fashion. Conclusion Important clinical information regarding pigmented lesions is often not provided on the requisition form. Potential reasons for this deficit and suggestions for improvement are discussed.
Carbonization of high-temperature resins

The pyrolysis of two high-temperature thermosetting polymers has been studied as potential carbon precursor materials. Both resins are easily processed into shaped and void-free components. The polymers and corresponding pyrolysates exhibit outstanding thermal properties. As the heat treatment is progressively increased, a carbonaceous mass is produced yielding a high char yield. As the pyrolysis temperature was raised to 700°C, the density increased and remained at a fairly constant value to 1200°C. Further heat treatment to 2700°C resulted in a reduction in the density. Shrinkage appears to occur at about the same rate as free volume is being produced within the developing pyrolysates causing collapse to essentially microporous systems.
Virtual Learning, Decorating, and Skateboarding

New products related to the special issue on cross-reality environments are discussed including the Second Life island of learning created by Memorial University in Newfoundland, Canada, an iPhone application called iLiving, the new video game Tony Hawk: Ride, the nPower Personal Energy Generator, and the Bomo Baby Carriage.
Local fiscal policies, default risk, and municipal borrowing costs

Abstract This paper provides an empirical study of the effects that a local government's fiscal decisions exert on its cost of borrowing, using a sample of New Jersey municipalities. The results are consistent with the view that current period fiscal decisions do impact the cost of borrowing. A one standard deviation increase in the amount borrowed is associated with a 66 basis point increase in the annual yield. Furthermore, that the standard approach of treating current period policy variables as exogenous regressors leads to a downward bias in the effect of additional borrowing on the interest rate.
Risk Factors for Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair

INTRODUCTION Chronic postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair has an incidence of 0.7-36.7%. This study aimed to look for any relationship between patients presenting with severe pain at initial presentation or a past history of chronic pain conditions and the development of severe chronic pain following inguinal hernia repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study in which 24 patients referred to a chronic pain clinic following inguinal hernia repair were compared with 24 age- and sex-matched controls. Hospital notes were reviewed for the severity of presenting pain and a past history of chronic pain. RESULTS Average age was 55.4 years. In the chronic postoperative pain group, 14 (58%) presented with severe pain versus 3 (13%) in the pain-free group. Twelve (50%) of the chronic postoperative pain group had a past history of chronic pain conditions versus none of the pain-free group. Both of these factors showed a significant (P < 0.005) association with severe chronic pain postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with severe pain at presentation or with a past history of chronic pain conditions are at increased risk of severe chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. A prospective study is needed to quantify any increased risk, although this would need to be of significant size.
Distribution, excretion and skeletal muscle effects of the mycotoxin [14C]cyclopiazonic acid in rats

The distribution of the mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), in tissues and its excretion in urine and faeces was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Radiolabelled CPA was biosynthetically produced by cultures of Penicillium griseofulvum and was administered to rats either intraperitoneally (ip) or intragastrically (ig). Radiolabelled material was excreted in both urine and faeces from rats dosed by either route. There was no excretion of radioactivity as expired 14CO2. Biliary excretion apparently had a major role in the disposition of CPA, since 38% of the dose of radioactivity was excreted in the faeces of ip-dosed rats within 72 hr. Skeletal muscle tissue contained 48% of the radioactive dose 6 hr after either ip or ig administration. At 72 hr, skeletal muscle of the ip-dosed rats contained 3% of the dose, whereas rats dosed ig retained 8% of the dose in muscle. Degeneration was observed in muscle from rats treated with 8 mg CPA/kg/day for 4 days. The results indicate that some of the toxic effects observed in animals exposed to CPA (hyperaesthesia, hypokinesis, abnormal posture, opisthotonos and convulsions) may be due in part to direct effects of the toxin on muscle. Furthermore, if CPA or its metabolic products distributes in the tissues of other animals as it does in the rat, the potential exists for the exposure of humans to this mycotoxin by consumption of the meat of domestic animals fed contaminated feed.
Restriction and modification determined by a Pseudomonas R plasmid.

Abstract Pseudomonas plasmid pMG7 interferes with the propagation of bacteriophages B3, D3, F116, and G101 by determining a restriction and modification system. This system also acts on plasmids RP1-1 and RP8 to limit transfer into a pMG7+ recipient.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation of Ordered Thin Films of Bis(4-dioctadecylamino-phenyl) Squaraine on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to investigate the two-dimensional (2D) ordered structures of bis(4-dioctadecylamino-phenyl) squaraine (referred to as 18-18HSQ), adsorbed from phenyloctane onto the (0001) surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Nucleation and growth of the 2D ordered structures could be observed on the STM time scale for adsorption from lower concentrations of 18-18HSQ in phenyloctane. A number of polymorphs and multiple-layer structures were formed from both low and high deposition solution concentrations; however, single-layer structures were only observed to form from low concentrations. Growth of layers up to three molecules deep could be observed with STM. Although 18-18HSQ is an achiral molecule, 2D chiral polymorphs were observed. The unit cells of the 2D structures of 18-18HSQ were determined to be coincident with the HOPG lattice.
Charge-charge interactions in the denatured state influence the folding kinetics of ribonuclease Sa.

Gaining a better understanding of the denatured state ensemble of proteins is important for understanding protein stability and the mechanism of protein folding. We studied the folding kinetics of ribonuclease Sa (RNase Sa) and a charge-reversal variant (D17R). The refolding kinetics are similar, but the unfolding rate constant is 10-fold greater for the variant. This suggests that charge–charge interactions in the denatured state and the transition state ensembles are more favorable in the variant than in RNase Sa, and shows that charge–charge interactions can influence the kinetics and mechanism of protein folding.
Acoustical properties of blood: A look at the basic assumptions

The results from the literature on acoustics in suspensions, excluding the phenomena of relaxation, have been applied to study the effects of red‐cell and plasma densities, compressibilities, viscosities,thermal conductivities, and surface tension on the propagation of sound in blood. For the calculations of the viscous and the thermal absorptions and of the velocity of sound in blood, the red cell may be treated as a rigid spherical particle containing the same volume. For the calculation of the thermal absorption, the erythrocyte may be treated as a spherical particle of finite thermal conductivity at all frequencies; but for the calculation of the velocity of sound, the effect of heat conduction can be ignored above 1 MHz and Wood's soundvelocity formula may be used. The calculated sound absorption due to shear viscosity and thermal conduction in whole blood constitutes a significant portion (about 60% or more) of the measured value of the total absorption toward the lower‐frequency range (1 MHz or less) and a negligible portion (about 15% or less) of the total absorption toward the higher‐frequency range (10 MHz or more).
Massachusetts Signing Bonus Program for New Teachers

This article examines the Massachusetts Signing Bonus Program for New Teachers, a nationally prominent program that has recruited and prepared $20,000 bonus recipients to teach after seven weeks' training at the Massachusetts Institute for New Teachers (MINT). Although state officials have trumpeted this initiative as a national model that other states are copying, they announced in November 2002 that they were radically changing it. The changes included halting the state's national recruitment efforts and replacing the seven-week, fast-track training program designed by the New Teacher Project with year-long programs to be designed by three of the state's education schools. Even though the state spent more than $50,000 recruiting individuals from states outside the Northeast over the first four program years, it garnered just seven bonus recipients from the non-Northeast states its recruiters visited, only four of whom were still teaching in Fall 2002. The state did, however, generate a substantial number of applicants in each program year (ranging from 783 to nearly 950), most of whom came from Massachusetts or nearby states. Contrary to state officials' claims, though, it appears that many of these individuals had substantial prior educational experience. Although officials stated that all bonus teachers would go to 13 designated high-need urban districts, the state has never met this commitment, sending fewer bonus teachers to these districts in each of the first three years of the program. The state has lost a high percentage of its bonus teachers to attrition particularly in state-designated, high-need districts. These attrition rates are substantially higher than comparable national rates. Although the state has portrayed the Bonus and MINT programs, combined, as highly successful, officials exaggerated many of the purported positive outcomes. On the positive side, independent survey data (Churchill et al., 2002) indicated that principals rated MINT graduates' performance favorably, when compared to traditionally-trained teachers. It is not clear, though, whether such ratings varied either by a) the extent of the teacher's prior educational experience or b) the nature of the teacher's placement (urban vs. suburban). The Bonus Program has produced relatively few urban teachers, relatively few minority teachers, and low rates of teacher retention, even though this effort was modeled after Teach for America and critical parts of it were designed and often managed by the New Teacher Project'two organizations that the Bush administration has praised for their ability to design and run programs of this type. Policy makers are urged to resist calls to embrace rapid certification, an approach that has produced, in Massachusetts, low numbers of urban teachers and high numbers of exiting teachers, all at a cost of more than four million dollars.
The 2.5–5.0 μm spectra of Io: Evidence for H2S and H2O frozen in SO2

Infrared spectra of Io in the region 2.5-5.0 micrometers, including new observational data, are analyzed using detailed laboratory studies of plausible surface ices. Besides the absorption bands attributable to sulfur dioxide frosts, four infrared spectral features of Io are shown to be unidentified. These unidentified features show spatial and temporal band strength variations. One pair is centered around 3.9 micrometers (3.85 and 3.91 micrometers) and the second pair is centered around 3.0 micrometers (2.97 and 3.15 micrometers). These absorptions fall close to the fundamental stretching modes in H2S and H2O, respectively. The infrared absorption spectra of an extensive set of laboratory ices ranging from pure materials, to binary mixtures of H2S and H2O (either mixed at different concentrations or layered), to H2O:H2S:SO2 mixtures are discussed. The effects of ultraviolet irradiation (120 and 160 nm) and temperature variation (from 9 to 130 K) on the infrared spectra of the ices are examined. This comparative study of Io reflectance spectra with the laboratory mixed ice transmission data shows the following: (1) Io's surface most likely contains H2S and H2O mixed with SO2. The 3.85- and 3.91-micrometers bands in the Io spectra can be accounted for by the absorption of the S-H stretching vibration (nu 1) in H2S clusters and isolated molecules in an SO2-dominated ice. The weak 2.97- and 3.15-micrometers bands which vary spatially and temporally in the Io spectra coincide with the nu 3 and nu 1 O-H stretching vibrations of clusters of H2O molecules complexed, through hydrogen bonding and charge transfer interactions, with SO2. (2) The observations are well matched qualitatively by the transmission spectra of SO2 ices containing about 3% H2S and 0.1% H2O which have been formed by the condensation of a mixture of the gases onto a 100 K surface. (3) No new features are produced in the region 2.5 to 5.0 micrometers in the spectrum of these ices under prolonged ultraviolet irradiation or temperature variation up to 120 K. (4) Comparison of the Io spectra to transmission spectra of both mixed molecular ices and layered ices indicates that only the former can explain the shifts and splitting of the absorption bands seen in the Io spectrum and additionally can account for the fact that solid H2S is observed in the surface material of Io at temperature and pressure conditions above the sublimation point of pure H2S.
Effects of material properties and crush conditions on the crush energy absorption of fiber composite rods

Crushing along the fiber axis of unidirectional E-glass fiber composite rods was examined to determine the effects of fiber volume fraction, fiber diameter, matrix compressive yield strength, crush rate, fiber surface treatment, and crush plate geometry. The volume specific energy absorption was found to increase with fiber content, fiber diameter, matrix yield strength, and crush rate. The crush load stability was found to be independent of fiber content and fiber diameter but not of matrix yield strength. The crush load became less stable as the yield strength increased. The crush behavior of specimens containing clean fibers was about the same as with sized fibers, but specimens with a release agent on the fiber surface crushed with less energy absorption that decreased even as the fiber content increased, but the crush load was more stable than with sized or clean fibers. The volume specific energy absorption was greater when the rod specimens were crushed against concave surfaces than against a flat plate. A relatively simple model was able to account for the dependence of the energy absorption on fiber volume fraction and matrix yield strength.
The growth of niacin-requiring strains ofNeurospora crassa with normal and altered phospholipid compositions

Abstract The growth response of niacin-requiring strains ofNeurospora crassa to niacin supplements was employed as a means for estimating the metabolic availability of this vitamin to cells with normal and abnormal phospholipid compositions. A lecithin-deficient strain utilizes exogenous nicotinic acid and nicotinamide less efficiently for growth than does an organism with normal phospholipids. This poor growth response to niacin is more pronounced in surface-growing cultures than in liquid cultures. The growth of the lecithin-deficient mold on exogenous nicotinic acid is more dependent on the pH of the culture medium than is a lecithin-containing strain. Both the entrance of niacin into cells as well as the vitamin's subsequent utilization for growth appear to be dependent on the phospholipid composition of the organism.
Justice as a larger loyalty

All of us would expect help if, pursued by the police, we asked our family to hide us. Most of us would extend such help even when we know our child or our parent to be guilty of a sordid crime. Many of us would be willing to perjure ourselves in order to supply such a child or parent with a false alibi. But if an innocent person is wrongly convicted as a result of our perjury, most of us will be torn by a conflict between loyalty and justice. Such a conflict will be felt, however, only to the extent to which we can identify with the innocent person whom we have harmed. If the person is a neighbor, the conflict will probably be intense. If a stranger, especially one of a different race, class, or nation, it may be considerably weaker. There has to be some sense in which he or she is “one of us,” before we start to be tormented by the question of whether or not we did the right thing when we committed perjury. So it may be equally appropriate to describe us as torn between conflicting loyalties – loyalty to our family and to a group large enough to include the victim of our perjury – rather than between loyalty and justice. Our loyalty to such larger groups will, however, weaken, or even vanish altogether, when things get really tough.
H. Allen Brooks, 1925–2010

H. Allen Brooks, Georgian Bay, Ontario, in 2005 (Barbara Nettleton photograph) Harold Allen Brooks died quietly on 8 August 2010 in Hanover, New Hampshire. A renowned Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier scholar and past president of the Society of Architectural Historians (1965–67), Brooks spent most of his career teaching in the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Toronto. Born on 6 November 1925, in New Haven, Connecticut, he attributed his interest in architectural history to his parents' decision, when he was fourteen, to commission an architect to design their family home. As the family searched for an architect, young Brooks searched through design magazines for houses he liked. They eventually selected Andrew Euston, whose presentation drawing adorned Brooks's room at the end of his life. Brooks was drafted into the army in 1946 during his first year at Dartmouth College and spent two years stationed in the Philippines as an engineer. Back at Dartmouth, Brooks majored in art history, but it was the architectural history lectures of Hugh Morrison that influenced the course of his future career. He received his BA in 1950 and, interested in becoming an architect, spent the next two years …
Obesity and PCOS: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment

There appears to be an epidemic of both obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the world today. However, obesity per se is not a part of the phenotype in many parts of the world. Obesity is likely not a cause of PCOS, as the high prevalence of PCOS among relatively thin populations demonstrates. However, obesity does exacerbate many aspects of the phenotype, especially cardiovascular risk factors such as glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. It is also associated with a poor response to infertility treatment and likely an increased risk for pregnancy complications in those women who do conceive. Although most treatments of obesity, with the exception of bariatric surgery, achieve modest reductions in weight and improvements in the PCOS phenotype, encouraging weight loss in the obese patient remains one of the front-line therapies. However, further studies are needed to identify the best treatments, and the role of lifestyle therapies in women of normal weight with PCOS is uncertain.
Radiological manifestations ofStrongyloides stercoralis

Nine patients with radiological changes due toStrongyloides stercoralis (SS) are described. A wide variation in appearance exists ranging from mild edema of the duodenal and small bowel mucosa to grossly enlarged, prominent valvulae conniventes. Small bowel dilatation is significant, and in overwhelming infestation toxic dilatation with paresis results. Spasm, ulceration, and stricture are encountered in addition. The appearances usually improve and reverse with treatment. Ampullary involvement is responsible for reflux of barium into the pancreatic duct and biliary tree through a patulous sphincter. In 1 patient the colonic changes resembled ulcerative colitis.
Method of particular solutions for linear, two-point boundary-value problems

The methods commonly employed for solving linear, two-point boundary-value problems require the use of two sets of differential equations: the original set and the derived set. This derived set is the adjoint set if the method of adjoint equations is used, the Green's functions set if the method of Green's functions is used, and the homogeneous set if the method of complementary functions is used. With particular regard to high-speed digital computing operations, this paper explores an alternate method, the method of particular solutions, in which only the original, nonhomogeneous set is used. A general theory is presented for a linear differential system ofnth order. The boundary-value problem is solved by combining linearly several particular solutions of the original, nonhomogeneous set. Both the case of an uncontrolled system and the case of a controlled system are considered.
Development of High-Resolution N 2 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for Measuring Pressure, Temperature, and Density in High-Speed Gas Flows

Mean and instantaneous measurements of pressure, temperature, and density have been acquired in an optically accessible gas cell and in the flow field of an underexpanded sonic jet by use of the high-resolution N2 coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique. This nonintrusive method resolves the pressure- and temperature-sensitive rotational transitions of the ν = 0 → 1 N2Q-branch to within Δω = 0.10 cm-1. To extract thermodynamic information from the experimental spectra, theoretical spectra, generated by a N2 spectral modeling program, are fit to the experimental spectra in a least-squares manner. In the gas cell, the CARS-measured pressures compare favorably with transducer-measured pressures. The precision and accuracy of the single-shot CARS pressure measurements increase at subatmospheric conditions. Along the centerline of the underexpanded jet, the agreement between the mean CARS P/ T/ρ measurements and similar quantities extracted from a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamic simulation is generally excellent. This CARS technique is able to capture the low-pressure and low-temperature conditions of the M = 3.4 flow entering the Mach disk, as well as the subsonic conditions immediately downstream of this normal shock.
CD28 loss in senescent CD4+ T cells: reversal by interleukin-12 stimulation.

CD28 is the quintessential costimulatory molecule expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. During chronic infections and the normal aging process, CD28 expression is lost, compromising the functional activity of T cells. CD28 loss is promoted by replicative stress, particularly in the presence of tumor necrosis factor–α, owing to an inoperative CD28 initiator element. It is currently unknown whether CD28 loss is irreversible. The present study examined cytokines for their ability to reinduce CD28 expression. CD4+CD28null T cells constitutively expressed interleukin-12 (IL-12) α and β receptors, which were functional and allowed for the up-regulation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription–4 (STAT-4)–dependent gene CD161. Costimulation of the T-cell and IL-12 receptors induced the transcription of CD28 in approximately 50% of CD4+CD28null T-cell clones and lines. IL-12 by itself did not restore CD28 expression. Up-regulation of CD28 after IL-12 exposure correlated with the reassembly of the CD28–initiator protein complex. The re-expressed CD28 was functional and restored the ability of CD4+CD28null T cells to express CD25 and CD40 ligand. Our data suggest that IL-12 may, in part, functionally rescue senescent CD4+ T cells.
Local-global processing in the upper versus lower visual fields

Two experiments examining differences in the processing of local versus global information as a function of visual field location are reported. Both experiments demonstrated the presence of upper versus lower visual field advantages in the processing of local versus global information, respectively. In addition, previous findings of right versus left visual field advantages in the processing of local versus global information, respectively, were partially replicated. Results are interpreted in terms of Previc’s (1990) hypothesis of functional specialization of the visual field.
On pyrochlore-type bismuth platinum oxide

Bi2Pt2O7 with a pyrochlore structure was formed in an air atmosphere. Its powder diffraction data are presented.
A note on solving bicriteria linear programming problems using single criteria software

Abstract An algorithm for the bicriteria linear programming problem is presented. The algorithm determines the set of efficient extreme points in objective function space and involves solving a sequence of single criteria linear programming problems and can thus be used with any LP package.
SMALL SCALE PILOT PROJECT AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING LARGE SCALE RESTORATION

ABSTRACT The use of pilot studies can be a useful tool in determining the most appropriate location, method and design for a large scale restoration project. This paper provides a case study where Trustees implemented a small pilot project and feasibility study to determine the best approach for a large scale oyster reef creation project. While the specific case study is the result of a CERCLA settlement (Alafia River Acid Spill of 1997), this model is transferable to other instances where Trustees are scoping for the most appropriate sites and methods to conduct settlement funded restoration. The Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment on which the case settlement was based called for creation of approximately 4 acres of oyster reef in addition to 4 acres of estuarine marsh restoration. Through an initial scoping process, the Trustees determined that more information was needed to select the most appropriate locations and techniques to implement the large scale oyster restoration project. The Trust...
Gamma-ray deexcitation of 0+, 2+ states in 188,190Os

Abstract The γ-ray deexcitation of eight 0+ states in 188,190Os was studied with the (n, γ) reaction. For all eight 0+ states the depopulation was primarily to the 2γ+ rather than to the 2g+ level. The 2+ level above the lowest excited 0+ state in each nucleus was found to decay predominantly to the excited 0+ level. Comparisons of these results to the longitudinal correspondence model and to the calculations of Kumar and Barranger are made.
Caffeine physical dependence: a review of human and laboratory animal studies.

Although caffeine is the most widely used behaviorally active drug in the world, caffeine physical dependence has been poorly characterized in laboratory animals and only moderately well characterized in humans. In humans, a review of 37 clinical reports and experimental studies dating back to 1833 shows that headache and fatigue are the most frequent withdrawal symptoms, with a wide variety of other signs and symptoms occurring at lower frequency (e.g. anxiety, impaired psychomotor performance, nausea/vomiting and craving). When caffeine withdrawal occurs, severity can vary from mild to extreme (i.e. incapacitating). The withdrawal syndrome has an onset at 12–24 h, peak at 20–48 h, and duration of about 1 week. The pharmacological specificity of caffeine withdrawal has been established. The proportion of heavy caffeine users who will experience withdrawal symptoms has been estimated from experimental studies to range from 25% to 100%. Withdrawal symptoms have been documented after relatively short-term exposure to high doses of caffeine (i.e. 6–15 days of ≥600 mg/day). Although animal and human studies suggest that physical dependence may potentiate the reinforcing effects of caffeine, human studies also demonstrate that a history of substantial caffeine intake is not a necessary condition for caffeine to function as a reinforcer. The similarities and differences between caffeine and classic drugs of abuse are discussed.
La performance des nouveaux produits industriels: réexamen des recherches empiriques:

Dans cet article, nous reexaminons les resultats des recherches sur les determinants de la performance de l'innovation industrielle. Les determinants majeurs sont: a) Les facteurs strategiques et organisationnels qui incluent le soutien de la direction generale, l'adequation du projet a l'entreprise et l'interaction entre la RD b) Les facteurs de RD et c) Les facteurs de marche et d'environnement qui incluent le degre de competition et la croissance du marche. Une analyse empirique montre la relation dynamique entre ces determinants et la date de lancement du produit.
Gestational diabetes in the BHE rat: influence of dietary fat.

Two studies were performed to assess the effects of fat feeding on glucose tolerance before, during, and after gestation of BHE rats. In the first study 5% or 22% fat diets were fed from 3 weeks before mating until after gestation. In the second study, these diets were fed from weaning until 400 days of age. Glucose tolerance before and after gestation was not affected by diet in the short-term study. At 19 days' gestation, glucose tolerance had deteriorated in the pregnant rats that were fed with 22% fat diet. In the long-term study, abnormal glucose tolerance was observed before mating in rats that were fed the 22% fat diet. Tolerance improved during gestation and post oartum, but still was not normal. Fertility and pup survival were significantly (50%) reduced in rats that were fed the 22% fat diet. These findings suggest that either short-term or long-term feeding of a 22% fat diet to BHE rats results in a model for human gestational diabetes that might be worthy of further study.
Dose mapping of complex-shaped foods using electron-beam accelerators

Abstract Obtaining a uniform dose in inherently irregularly shaped foods, such as an apple, is very difficult, and development of accurate dose calculation methodologies is needed. The objective was to determine the most uniform irradiation treatment on apple surrogates and GAFCHROMIC ® HD-810 films using electron beams from a 2 MeV Van de Graaff (VDG) accelerator, a l0 MeV Linear Accelerator (LINAC), and X-rays from a 5 MeV LINAC. We manufactured a solid 3-D apple-surrogate from a mixture of paraffin wax, chloroform, and methyl yellow biological indicator. The surrogate showed electron interaction characteristics very similar to an actual apple. Evaluation of food positioning strategies in front of the e-beam source of the VDG demonstrated that tilting axial rotation ensure uniform dose distribution of the entire surface of the surrogate, even reaching the critical regions of the stem and calyx ends. Irradiation with 10 MeV dual e-beam showed uniform penetration (top to bottom) in the HD-810 film and surrogates. X-ray irradiation completely penetrated the apple surrogate (top to bottom) showing excellent lateral uniformity at different penetration depths. The measured dose distributions in the surrogate showed good agreement with the calculated doses. These results support the validity of using chemical surrogate techniques for accurate planning of food irradiation treatments.
Noncontact transient temperature mapping of active electronic devices using the thermoreflectance method

This work presents a demonstration of the applicability and efficacy of an experimental system capable of noninvasively and nondestructively scanning the transient surface temperature of pulsed microelectronic devices with submicron spatial and sub-microsecond temporal resolutions. The article describes the features of the experimental setup, provides details of the calibration process used to map the changes in the measured surface reflectivity to absolute temperature values, and explains the data acquisition procedure used to measure the transient temperature over a given active region. This thermoreflectance thermometry system is shown to be particularly suited for directly measuring the surface temperature field of devices undergoing the fast transients that are typical of next generation microelectronic devices. To illustrate the experimental approach, both quasisteady and transient temperature measurement results are presented for standard MOSFET devices.
Sexual Boundary Violation Index: A Validation Study

This paper explores the psychometric properties of the Boundary Violation Index (BVI), a screening instrument designed to assess the attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors of physicians at risk of sexual misconduct with patients and staff. Items for the BVI were selected and validated using a two phase process of administration of the tool along with the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) to physicians referred to a CME course for boundary violating behaviors (n = 60 and 272) along with a control group (n = 118). Criterion-related validity in relation to the SAST was strong (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and construct validity was demonstrated by the difference between intervention and comparison group BVI scores (p < 0.001). A BVI score of ≥ 6 for interpreting substantive risk had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 81%, and represented a greater than 20-fold greater risk (Exp B = 20.5, 95% CI 11.8–35.7, model p < 0.001) for membership in the intervention group. The BVI offers promise as a preliminary tool fo...
The Consultancy Protocol: Future School Leaders Engage in Collaborative Inquiry.

Decision-making is key to being an effective administrator. The saying, “You are only as good as your last shot,” sometimes applies to the way principals feel when a new plan that addresses a problem is met with opposition from disapproving faculty, staff, parents, or students. Experienced school principals learned early in their career that asking the right questions underscores the search for the best solution to the problem. In framing and reframing the issue through comprehensive query and gathering input from others, it is more likely that the school leader will seek all the relevant data and then be able to formulate, weigh, and determine a plan of action that will engender support. This brief discusses the use of a collaborative role-playing format based on consultancy protocol to develop aspiring school leaders’ skill at in-depth problem-solving and enhance the quality of their decisions through peer input.
Blended Interdisciplinary Teacher Preparation in Early Education and Intervention: A National Study

Interdisciplinary teacher preparation programs that blend personnel standards from early childhood special education and early childhood education are being developed across the country. States are...
Some applications of coarse inner model theory

The Martin-Steel coarse inner model theory is employed in obtaining new results in descriptive set theory. determinacy implies that for every thin equivalence relation there is a real, N , over which every equivalence class is generic—and hence there is a good ( N # ) wellordering of the equivalence classes. Analogous results are obtained for and quasilinear orderings and determinacy is shown to imply that every prewellorder has rank less than .
Prescriber Compliance with a New Computerized Insulin Guideline for Noncritically Ill Adults

BACKGROUND:In March 2008, the University of California, Davis Medical Center (UCDMC), implemented a guideline for the inpatient management of diabetes in noncritically ill adults. In accordance with national guidelines, all patients with type 2 diabetes are prescribed basal, nutritional, and correctional insulin. The guideline was added to the electronic medical record as a standardized physician order set in April 2008 and provider training on the insulin guideline occurred in May 2008.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate provider compliance with a new electronic standardized insulin order set in a hospital setting.METHODS:All patients with insulin orders admitted to the general internal medicine service between June 1, 2008, and November 1, 2008, were evaluated in this single-center retrospective chart review at UCDMC in Sacramento. Patients older than 18 years with a history of type 2 diabetes were included in the analysis. Insulin orders were categorized as preferred (followed the guideline) or nonpreferred regimens...
Maximum Likelihood Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Underwater Acoustic Signals Containing Sinusoidal and Random Components

We consider the problem of maximum-likelihood (ML) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of underwater acoustic signals from ships, submarines, or torpedoes, which contain both sinusoidal and random components, and are called mixed signals in this paper. We model the mixed signals as the mixture of deterministic sinusoidal signals and stochastic Gaussian signals, and derive the ML DOA estimator for the mixed signals under spatially white noise. We compute the asymptotic error covariance matrix of the proposed ML estimator, as well as that of the typical stochastic estimator assuming zero-mean Gaussian signals, for DOA estimation of mixed signals. Our analytical comparison and numerical examples show that the proposed ML estimator, which takes advantage of the sinusoidal components in the mixed signals, improves the DOA estimation accuracy for the mixed signals compared with the typical stochastic estimator assuming zero-mean Gaussian signals.