cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics of forced unsteady flow for a NACA 0015 airfoil undergoing constant-rate pitch-up motion

The unsteady Navier-Stokes (NS) analysis of Osswald, Ghia and Ghia in velocity-vorticity variables is modified to study the dynamic stall phenomenon for a NACA 0015 airfoil undergoing constant Ω0 pitch-up maneuvers at Reynolds number Re = 10 000 and 45000. The use of third-order accurate biased upwind differencing for the nonlinear convective terms in the vorticity transport equation removes the spurious oscillations observed in the earlier studies by the authors for these values of Re. The fully implicit and vectorized ADI-BGE method of the authors is used to solve the unsteady NS equations. Instantaneous inertial surface vorticity, which is an invariant of the choice of reference frame selected, is employed to determine the location of separation of the boundary-layer flow on the suction surface; also a separation bubble embedded within the boundary layer is observed for both cases somewhere between the leading edge and the quarter-chord point. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary vortices have been observed before the dynamic-stall vortex evolves and gathers its maximum strength.
Transitive affine planes admitting elations

Affine planes which admit a point transitive collineation group and at least one affine elation are considered. Such a plane is shown to be (A,l∞)-transitive for some point A on lt8 and to be a translation plane if at least two distinct elation centers exist. If the plane has at least (order)1/2+1 distinct elation centers and the group generated by the elations is nonsolvable then the plane is either Desarguesian or Luneburg-Tits.
Surveillance of Burn Wound Infections: A Proposal for Definitions

The diagnosis of burn wound infections is a subjective art, with no recent attempts to standardize or validate the definitions of terms used to discuss such infections. The Centers for Disease Control included definitions of types of burn wound infections in its definitions for nosocomial infections in 1988. Although the other Centers for Disease Control criteria for nosocomial infections have epidemiological applications, its criteria for burn wound infections have neither clinical nor epidemiological value to burn centers and their health care providers. With the approval of the Board of Trustees of the American Burn Association, the authors of this article formed a working subcommittee of the Committee on the Organization and Delivery of Burn Care. Definitions of burn wound infections are presented for consideration for application in either of 2 areas: (1) surveillance of burn wound infections in burn centers and (2) standardized criteria for multicenter clinical trials or national registries.
Seasonal levels of serum vitellogenin and oocyte growth in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus.

Abstract Seasonal levels of serum vitellogenin (VG) were measured in adult and juvenile (10–30 months old) female channel catfish using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In adults sampled during a 2-year period, the highest mean (±s.e.) VG level was 30.21 ± 5.36 mg/ml in May before spawning and declined to 3.79 ± 0.89 mg/ml in June after the fish had spawned. Oocyte diameter increased from September to November, remained the same until February, then increased again until maximum mean diameter of 2356 ± 49 μm was measured in May. Vitellogenin was detected in the serum of juvenile fish that were 12 months old, but yolk granules were not visible in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of oocytes until the fish were 18 months old. Mean serum VG levels of juvenile fish were lower than the adults, and no VG peak was observed in the juvenile fish. Vitellogenin was present in the serum throughout the year in adult fish and in juveniles older than 12 months.
Assessment of myocardial perfusion with real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography: methodology and clinical applications.

Real-time myocardial contrast perfusion imaging (RTMCI) with echocardiography is a promising technique for evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. The technique is based on the utilization of small (<10 µm) microbubbles, which are capable of crossing the pulmonary circulation after intravenous injection. Unlike radioactive isotopes, which are taken actively or diffuse passively in the myocytes, myocardial contrast agents remain extracellularly in the capillaries and present a measure of the myocardial capillary blood volume and microvascular integrity. RTMCI has been shown to be a safe and feasible method for the assessment of myocardial perfusion at rest and with pharmacologie stress. Recent studies have shown the value of RTMCI with dobutamine stress in improving overall and regional detection of coronary artery disease and detecting of abnormalities at submaximal stress, therefore improving sensitivity in patients who are unable to achieve the target heart rate. The advantages of the technique include the ability to assess perfusion at bedside in one setting, simultaneous assessment of myocardial function, shorter imaging time, no need for ionizing irradiation, immediate availability of the results, and the ability to determine the ischemic threshold. Recent studies have shown that RTMCI improves the prognostic utility of standard dobutamine stress in addition to wall motion analysis. Patients with normal perfusion had a better outcome than those with normal wall motion. The combination of abnormal wall motion and perfusion identified patients at greatest risk of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Perfusion abnormalities were also shown to predict short-term cardiac events in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation. Refinement of imaging techniques is expected to improve the specificity of RTMCI, particularly in differentiating true perfusion defects from artifacts. This review will discuss the physiologic basis, methodology, clinical utility, and limitations of RTMCI in the assessment of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. (J Nucl Cardiol 2005;12:582-90.)
Radiative transfer mixing models of meteoritic assemblages

[1] A spectral mixing model for the expected conditions on asteroid surfaces based on Hapke's radiative transfer theory for intimate mixtures is presented. This model calculates the visible/near-infrared reflectance spectrum of an intimate mixture incorporating the modal mineralogy, the mineral chemistry, the particle size, and the degree of space weathering as factors, and includes an improved treatment for the spectral effects of coarse-grained Fe,Ni-metal. This model can reproduce the spectra of geologically plausible mixtures of silicate components and meteorites with known mineral abundances, chemistry, and particle sizes. We compare the model spectral effects of the coarse-grained Fe,Ni-metal naturally present on asteroid surfaces to the spectral effects of submicroscopic iron produced by lunar-style space weathering. The model spectral effects of large asteroid surface concentrations of coarse-grained Fe,Ni-metal are similar to the spectral effects of SMFe in some cases. We model the composition of asteroid 4 Vesta and find it to be consistent with a minimally space-weathered eucritic composition. Finally, we predict the spectral properties of some example of ordinary chondrite parent bodies. When modeled with particle sizes matching the optically dominant particle size of the lunar surface and minimal abundances of SMFe, these model ordinary chondrite parent bodies plot outside the S(IV) asteroid field on a Band area ratio versus Band I center plot. We find that a combination of larger particle sizes and increased SMFe abundances is the most effective way to move these models into the S(IV) field.
Minimum X2 and Maximum Likelihood Solution in Terms of a Linear Transform, with Particular Reference to Bio-Assay

Abstract An old and commonly used device for fitting a curve y = F(x, α, β) is to find a function of y which is linearly related to x, or a function of x which is linearly related to y, or functions of y and x which are linearly related to each other. The linearly related functions are plotted against one another, and a line is fitted to the points, usually by eye, sometimes by “least squares” in terms of the transforms. Texts dealing with empirical curve-fitting characteristically use this scheme [6]. Before Bliss and Fisher [2], no attempt was made to adjust the transforms systematically in order to achieve a fit that fulfilled defined criteria in terms of the original measures y and x, nor was it known that such adjustments were possible. These authors presented for the bio-assay experiment a method in terms of probits, which as shown by Garwood, [5] accomplished a maximum likelihood estimate of the integrated normal curve, when the observations were distributed binomially. Following the procedures use...
Attitudinal Differences of College Students and Their Parents

--47 students of both sexes living in 5 different housing units listed areas of perceived anitudinal differences with their parents on an openended questionnaire. A total of 89 items were elicited, ranging in number for each individual response from 0 to 31 ( M = 6.25, mode = 5 ) . 11 categories were organized to cover these items. Differences in characteristics of responses for males and females were observed.
Pediatric Pain Management: Clinical Aspects for the Nineties

Summary No patient should be denied safe and effective postoperative analgesia. The well-informed pain management specialist has the opportunity to dramatically alter the perioperative pain experience of children undergoing medical procedures and surgery by making pain treatment a priority. This includes dispelling the misconception among anesthesiologist, surgeon, and nurse colleagues that pain is unimportant in the very young and that its treatment is unnecessary and unsafe. There are a variety of new and refined techniques that allow the pain management specialist to individualize the analgesic therapy based on the nature of the surgery, the patient's underlying medical condition and expectations, and the anesthesiologist's training and experience. Several regional anesthesia techniques provide safe and effective analgesia for the ambulatory pediatric patient. The availability of trained pain-management staff members 24 hours a day enables patients to receive safe and effective analgesia by means of epidural catheters or PCA. Both opioid and nonopioid agents may be used as an alternatives or supplements to regional anesthesia techniques. Psychological methods of pain relief for children and adolescents are not as widely used and understood as they might be. Both pleasant imagery and progressive muscle relaxation have been shown to decrease self-reported pain intensity and pain distress. Pain management in children and adolescents seems best addressed with an integrated multidisciplinary approach that begins in the postoperative period or initial acute phase of injury and extends through the patient's convalescence period. Hopefully, this article will enable health care providers to make more educated decisions about analgesic use and, particularly, about the need for opioid narcotics in the pediatric patient. Also, health care providers must be made more aware of the dimensions and safeness of regional anesthesia/analgesic techniques.
Note on Carroll's analytic simple structure

A method for computing the transformation matrix for Carroll's analytic simple structure (1) is presented. The procedure involves successively finding the smallest latent root and associated vector of symmetric matrices.
Autonomy vs. Accountability in Higher Education: The Quest for a Proper Tension

(1981). Autonomy vs. Accountability in Higher Education: The Quest for a Proper Tension. The Review of Education: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 159-166.
Effect of an Inductive Hydrogel Composed of Urinary Bladder Matrix Upon Functional Recovery Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem with no effective clinical treatment. Use of bioactive scaffold materials has been shown to be a promising strategy for tissue regeneration and repair in a number of injury models. Of these scaffold materials, urinary bladder matrix (UBM) derived from porcine bladder tissue, has demonstrated desirable properties for supporting and promoting the growth of neural cells in vitro, suggesting its potential as a scaffold for brain tissue repair in the treatment of TBI. Herein we evaluate the biocompatibility of UBM within brain tissue and the effects of UBM delivery upon functional outcome following TBI. A hydrogel form of UBM was injected into healthy rat brains for 1, 3, and 21 days to examine the tissue response to UBM. Multiple measures of tissue injury, including reactive astrocytosis, microglial activation, and neuron degeneration showed that UBM had no deleterious effects on normal brain. Following TBI, the brains were evaluated histologically and behaviorally between sham-operated controls and UBM- and vehicle-treated groups. Application of UBM reduced lesion volume and attenuated trauma-induced myelin disruption. Importantly, UBM treatment resulted in significant neurobehavioral recovery following TBI as demonstrated by improvements in vestibulomotor function; however, no differences in cognitive recovery were observed between the UBM- and vehicle-treated groups. The present study demonstrated that UBM is not only biocompatible within the brain tissue, but also can exert protective effects upon injured brain.
Enhanced inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium from blueberries by combinations of sodium dodecyl sulfate with organic acids or hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Increasing consumption of raw blueberries has led to the need for improved food safety in the berry fruit industry. This study was undertaken to evaluate an enhanced Salmonella inactivation on blueberries by washing with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in combination with one of common antimicrobial agents (chlorine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and hydrogen peroxide). In addition, the impacts of most effective treatments on apparent quality, total phenolic, anthocyanin content, mold and yeast, and Salmonella survivors during the storage of blueberries were also determined. Maximum reductions of Salmonella after washing with 0.5 mg/ml acetic acid plus 5000 ppm SDS and 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide containing 5000 ppm SDS were 4.0 and 4.2 log10 CFU/g, respectively. Addition of SDS enhanced Salmonella inactivation of the acetic acid or hydrogen peroxide solutions. These treatments showed similar Salmonella reductions with 200 ppm chlorine (P > 0.05). None of these washings decreased the total phenolic, anthocyanin content and apparent quality. Following the two effective antimicrobial washes, 0.5 mg/ml acetic acid plus 5000 ppm SDS and 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide containing 5000 ppm SDS, populations of Salmonella on blueberries remained constant throughout the 3-day storage with no appreciable growth. Both treatments decreased counts of yeasts and molds throughout the storage. Therefore, the use of 0.5 mg/ml acetic acid plus 5000 ppm SDS, 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide in combination with 5000 ppm SDS may have practical potential as an alternative to the use of chlorine-based washing solution for blueberries.
Estimation of Downtime-Related Revenue Losses in Seaports following Scenario Earthquakes:

Abstract Seaports are critical nodes in regional transportation networks and can have important impact to the local economy. During recent earthquakes, seaports have demonstrated that they can be h...
CLUSTERING OF LARGE CELL POPULATIONS: METHOD AND APPLICATION TO THE BASAL FOREBRAIN CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM

Functionally related groups of neurons spatially cluster together in the brain. To detect groups of functionally related neurons from 3D histological data, we developed an objective clustering method that provides a description of detected cell clusters that is quantitative and amenable to visual exploration. This method is based on bubble clustering (Gupta and Ghosh, 2008). Our implementation consists of three steps: (i) an initial data exploration for scanning the clustering parameter space; (ii) determination of the optimal clustering parameters; and (iii) final clustering. We designed this algorithm to flexibly detect clusters without assumptions about the underlying cell distribution within a cluster or the number and sizes of clusters. We implemented the clustering function as an integral part of the neuroanatomical data visualization software Virtual RatBrain (http://www.virtualratbrain.org). We applied this algorithm to the basal forebrain cholinergic system, which consists of a diffuse but inhomogeneous population of neurons (Zaborszky, 1992). With this clustering method, we confirmed the inhomogeneity in this system, defined cell clusters, quantified and localized them, and determined the cell density within clusters. Furthermore, by applying the clustering method to multiple specimens from both rat and monkey, we found that cholinergic clusters display remarkable cross-species preservation of cell density within clusters. This method is efficient not only for clustering cell body distributions but may also be used to study other distributed neuronal structural elements, including synapses, receptors, dendritic spines and molecular markers.
Improved patency in reversed femoral-infrapopliteal autogenous vein grafts by early detection and treatment of the failing graft

Abstract One hundred two femoral-infrapopliteal bypasses, in which reversed autogenous saphenous vein grafts were used, were performed from January 1978 to July 1984, in 94 patients with severe claudication (14%) or threatened limb loss (86%). Follow-up examinations at 3-month intervals during the first 18 months and at 6-month intervals thereafter were performed to document the return of ischemic symptoms or loss of peripheral pulses. Ankle pressure index and pulse volume recordings were also measured. A decrease in ankle pressure index equal to or greater than 0.2 or a pulse volume recording decrease of 5 mm or more with or without confirmatory symptoms were indications for repeat arteriography. Twenty-two primary graft or anastomotic stenoses were discovered in 19 grafts during follow-up. Seventy-eight percent of these lesions were treated primarily by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and the remainder were treated by short proximal interposition grafts or patch graft angioplasty. Twenty-five grafts occluded during follow-up and all of these were considered to have failed for purpose of life-table analysis. Stenotic lesions, which were corrected before occlusion, were listed as continuously patent under secondary patency and as failed under primary patency life-table analysis. The secondary graft patency rate was 70% at 5 years, which was significantly higher (p
Alprazolam attenuates metabolic stress-induced neuroendocrine and behavioral effects in humans

The effects of benzodiazepine drugs and the role of their recognition site, the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor, in acute glucoprivic stress are not known. In the present study, the effects of acute glucoprivation were examined in ten healthy human subjects. Glucoprivation was induced by infusion of the glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), at doses sufficient (50 mg/kg) to competitively inhibit glucose metabolism. In addition, the effects of the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam (1.5 mg) on the 2DG-induced stress response was assessed. 2DG produced significant elevations in plasma cortisol (P = 0.0001) and glucose (P = 0.0003) levels. Alprazolam pretreatment attenuated the 2DG-related cortisol elevations (P = 0.05) but did not effect 2DG-induced glucose increases. In addition, 2DG caused significant increases in hunger (P = 0.01) and thirst (P = 0.001), and alprazolam significantly blunted both of these responses. Lastly, 2DG had significant effects on heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and body temperature (P less than 0.05). Alprazolam did not effect these physiologic indices. The significance of these data for the mechanisms involved in acute glucoprivic stress are examined and the implications of the data for the pathophysiology of affective illness and eating disorders are discussed.
Remote manipulation with transmission delay.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1964.
Diagnosis and intraoperative localization of a deep orbital organic foreign body

The extent of orbital damage following an apparently trivial injury with a benign history can be difficult to assess. Organic orbital foreign bodies are a rare occurrence, and present a challenge to all diagnosticians involved. A case is presented here which demonstrates the valuable diagnostic role of Standardized Echography in detecting a wooden foreign body located in the posterior orbit and the orbital apex, and the important contribution of this diagnostic mode in real-time intraoperative guiding. A review of the limited available literature on this subject is summarized. the limitations of various diagnostic tests and possible changes occurring over time in the wooden fragment as well as in the surrounding orbital tissues are reported and discussed. the patient's slow and incomplete recovery in spite of appropriate treatment was a clue to the retained foreign body.
Training and aging effects on shape memory behavior in a two-phase NiAlFe alloy

Abstract Training and aging effects on the shape memory behavior in a two-phase Ni-25 Al-15 Fe alloy have been investigated by tensile tests. In comparison with previous results, the mechanisms of training and aging effects are discussed in terms of the original microstructures and their changes arising from training and aging. The mechanical property changes are also reported in consideration of the formation of Ni5Al3 and its deleterious effects.
Transfer reactions involving boron. XXIII. Radical reactivity of alkaneboronates and borinates

TRANSFER REACTIONS INVOLVING BORON. XXIII. RADICAL REACTIVITY OF ALKANEBORONATES AND BORINATES' Daniel J. Pasto and Kent MeReynolds Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 (Received in USA 17 February 1971; received in UK for publication 3 March 1971) Organoboron derivatives can conceivably undergo two different types of reactions with a radical reagent: 1) Attack at boron with the displacement of another radical group; or 2) Abstraction of an a-hydrogen atom forming a stabilized a-boryl radical. The former type of reactivity has been demonstrated in the autoxidation of alkylboranes2 and in the SH2 displacement of an alkyl radical from a trialkylborane with g-butoxy radical.3 The latter type of
An examination of the contributions of interactive peer play to salient classroom competencies for urban head start children

Relations between children's peer play competence and other relevant competencies were investigated using two samples of urban Head Start children. Dimensions of peer play were examined concurrently with emotion regulation, autonomy, and language. Children exhibiting high levels of peer play interaction were found to demonstrate more competent emotional-regulation, initiation, self-determination, and receptive vocabulary skills. Assessments of positive engagement in play early in the year were associated with lower levels of aggressive, shy, and withdrawn adjustment problems at the end of the year. Children who successfully interacted with peers early in the year evidenced greater cognitive, social, and movement/coordination outcomes. Disruptive and disconnected peer play behaviors were associated with negative emotional and behavioral outcomes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 323–336, 2004.
Use of computed tomography renal angiography for screening feline renal transplant donors.

Preoperative knowledge of the renal vascular anatomy is important for selection of the appropriate feline renal donor. Intravenous urograms (IVUs) have been performed routinely to screen potential donors at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (VHUP), but the vascular phase views lack sufficient detail of the renal vascular anatomy. Computed tomography angiography (CTA), which requires a helical computed tomography (CT) scanner, has been found to provide superior renal vascular anatomic information of prospective human renal donors. The specific aims of this study were as follows: 1) develop the CTA technique for the feline patient; and 2) obtain preliminary information on feline renal vessel anatomy in potential renal donors. Ten healthy, potential feline renal donors were anesthetized and imaged using a third-generation helical CT scanner. The time delay between i.v. contrast medium injection and image acquisition, and other parameters of slice collimation, slice interval, pitch, exposure settings, and reconstruction algorithms were varied to maximize contrast medium opacification of the renal vascular anatomy. Optimal CTA acquisition parameters were determined to be: 1) 10-sec delay post-i.v. bolus of iodinated contrast medium; 2) two serially acquired (corresponding to arterial and venous phases) helical scans through the renal vasculature; 3) pitch of 2 (4 mm/sec patient translation, 2 mm slice collimation); and 4) 120-kVp, 160-mA, and 1-sec exposure settings. Retrospective reconstructed CTA transverse images obtained at a 2-mm slice width and a 1-mm slice interval in combination with two-dimensional reformatted images and three-dimensional reconstructed images were qualitatively evaluated for vascular anatomy; vascular anatomy was confirmed at surgery. Four cats had single renal arteries and veins bilaterally; four cats had double renal veins. One cat had a small accessory artery supplying the caudal pole of the left kidney. One cat had a left renal artery originating from the aorta at a 90 degrees angle with the cranial mesenteric artery. CTA of the feline renal vascular anatomy is feasible, and reconstruction techniques provide excellent anatomic vascular detail. CTA is now used routinely at VHUP to screen all potential feline renal donors.
Use of an implant in repair of a fixed partial denture. A clinical report

A repair technique for a fractured solder joint in a multiple-unit fixed partial denture has been presented. The advantages of this technique include (1) retention of part of an existing restoration; (2) provision of additional support to minimize future fracture; (3) removal of the implant crown for periodic evaluation and/or treatment; and (4) retention of a fixed partial denture where a removable prosthesis might otherwise be needed. The primary disadvantage of this technique is the time and expense associated with implant placement.
A MITE-Based Translinear FPAA

While the development of reconfigurable analog platforms is a blossoming field, the tradeoff between usability and flexibility continues to be a major barrier. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAAs) built with translinear elements offer a promising solution to this problem. These FPAAs can be built to use previously developed synthesis procedures for translinear circuits. Furthermore, large-scale translinear FPAAs can be built using floating-gate transistors as both the computational elements and the reconfigurable interconnect network. An FPAA built using Multiple Input Translinear Elements (MITEs) has been designed, fabricated in 0.35 μ m CMOS, and tested. These devices have been programmed to implement various circuits including multipliers, squaring circuits, RMS-to-DC converters, and filters. In addition, synthesis, place-and-route, and programming tools have been created in order to implement a reconfigurable system where the circuits implemented are described only by equations. The continued development of translinear FPAAs will lead to a reconfigurable analog system that allows for a large portion of the design to be abstracted away from the user.
Genetic basis of the effects of ultraviolet light B on cutaneous immunity. Evidence that polymorphism at the Tnfa and Lps loci governs susceptibility.

The ability of local ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation to impair the induction of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-specific contact hypersensitivity (CH) in mice has been shown to be genetically determined. We have explored the possibility that the mouse Tnfa and Lps loci are involved. We demonstrate that C3H/HeN (Lps n strains are UVB-susceptible, whereas C3H/HeJ (Lps d ) strains are UVB-resistant. Our results indicate that local intradermal (ID) injection of mouse recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) into sites painted with DNFB impaired the induction of CH, and in a dose response experiment the effect was found to be more marked in C3H/HeN than in C3H/HeJ. Systemic administration of neutralizing TNFa-specific antibody reconstituted the UVB-induced defect in induction of CH in UVB-susceptible mice, confirming that TNFa is a major mediator of the deleterious effects of UVB on induction of cutaneous immunity. The UVB-susceptibility trait (revealed by effects on CH) correlates positively with a recently described restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the Tnfa locus (allele b) and with the wild-type Lps n allele. These results suggest that appropriate alleles at the Tnfa and Lps loci conspire to render mice susceptible to the impairment of CH induction by UVB. We propose that the mechanism may function through the capacity of UVB to elicit excessive local (cutaneous) production of TNFa, which mediates the immune defect.
Existential dialectics in therapeutic groups.

The paper proposes that existential dialectics is one way of reaching clinically inaccessible material in group psychotherapy. Existential dialectics aims at fusing intra-personal, subjective reality with transubjective, social one, with the aid of face to face encounters with others. Its “techniques” include antithetical and synthetical questioning and attentive listening. The specific psycho-social dialetics outlined include participant-observation and the play of norms and counternorms. These dialectics are especially designed to help patients find meaning, reality, approval and feelings.
Interdependence and Conflict

The questions of whether and how interdependence affects international conflict have received increased attention since the end of the Cold War. Yet, adherents to various schools of political and economic research have frequendy talked past one another. After reviewing theoretical arguments linking interdependence and conflict, drawn from both liberalism and realism, this essay analyzes the findings of twenty empirical studies (formal models, case studies, and quantitative research). Although the majority of these studies tend to support the hypothesis that interdependence, measured in terms of trade, inhibits violent conflict, they leave many important questions unanswered or with ambiguous answers. The essay concludes that further research is needed, not only to sort out how the cosdy and beneficial aspects of interdependence combine to affect interstate conflict, but also to identify the relationships among the various dimensions of interdependence and conflict themselves.
Fluxomics of the Eastern Oyster for Environmental Stress Studies

The metabolism of 2-13C/15N-glycine and U-13C-glucose was determined in four tissue blocks (adductor muscle, stomach and digestive gland, mantle, and gills) of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) using proton (1H) and carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The oysters were treated in aerated seawater with three treatments (5.5 mM U-13C-glucose, 2.7 mM 2-13C/15N-glycine, and 5.5 mM U-13C-glucose plus 2.7 mM 2-13C/15N-glycine) and the relative mass balance and 13C fractional enrichments were determined in the four tissue blocks. In all tissues, glycine was metabolized by the glycine cycle forming serine exclusively in the mitochondria by the glycine cleavage system forming 2,3-13C-serine. In muscle, a minor amount of serine-derived pyruvate entered the Krebs cycle as substantiated by detection of a trace of 2,3-13C-aspartate. In all tissues, U-13C-glucose formed glycogen by glycogen synthesis, alanine by glycolysis, and glutamate and aspartate through the Krebs cycle. Alanine was formed exclusively from glucose via alanine transaminase and not glycine via alanine-glyoxylate transaminase. Based on isotopomer analysis, pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase appeared to be equal points for pyruvate entry into the Krebs cycle. In the 5.5 mM U-13C-glucose plus 2.7 mM 2-13C/15N-glycine emergence treatment used to simulate 12 h of “low tide”, oysters accumulated more 13C-labeled metabolites, including both anaerobic glycolytic and aerobic Krebs cycle intermediates. The aerobic metabolites could be the biochemical result of the gaping behavior of mollusks during emergence. The change in tissue distribution and mass balance of 13C-labeled nutrients (U-13C-glucose and 2-13C/15N-glycine) provides the basis for a new quantitative fluxomic method for elucidating sub-lethal environmental effects in marine organisms called whole body mass balance phenotyping (WoMBaP).
EPA's atmospheric P2 division succeeds with voluntary programs

Skeptics charge that voluntary P2 programs are just “feel good” exercises. But the pollution reductions being chalked up by EPA's voluntary atmospheric P2 programs tell a more hopeful story.
Single Species as Indicators of Species Richness and Composition in California Coastal Sage Scrub Birds and Small Mammals

Individual species may be useful as indicators of biodiversity if an association exists between the presence of a species and another component of biodiversity. We evaluated 40 species of birds and small mammals, including 11 species of conservation concern, as potential indicators of species richness and spe- cies composition in southern California coastal sage scrub habitats. This habitat, which is the target of large- scale conservation planning, has been greatly reduced by human development and supports many plants and animals of conservation concern. We asked whether there is an association between the presence of a po- tential indicator species and the species richness and composition of the bird or small-mammal community in which it is found. We used point counts and live-trapping to quantify the distribution of birds and small mammals, respectively, at 155 points in 16 sites located in three counties. Of the few species we found associ- ated with species richness, some were associated with higher species richness and others with lower richness, and species of conservation concern were not more frequently associated with species richness than were common species. Ordination analysis revealed a geographic gradient in coastal sage scrub bird and small- mammal species composition across southern California, and 18 of the species we evaluated were associated with the composition of the bird and small-mammal community in which they were found. Our results sug- gest that efforts to conserve bird and small-mammal biodiversity in coastal sage scrub should not focus exclu- sively on rare species or on locations with the highest species richness, but instead should focus on a diverse suite of species that are representative of the range of variation in communities found in coastal sage scrub habitats.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SYNOPTIC VARIABLES AND SATELLITE RADIATION DATA1

Various synoptic variables are related to satellite radiation data. It is shown that: (1) Vertical motion is related jointly to window radiation and water vapor radiation. (2) Surface relative humidity can be estimated from window radiation and cloud brightness. (3) Ceilings can be estimated from window radiation and cloud brightness.
Looking Holistically in a Climate of Partiality: Identities of Students Labeled Long-Term English Language Learners

In recent years there has been growing awareness about a sub-group of students labeled Long-Term English Language Learners (LTELLs). Our study seeks to show how students who fall within the LTELL category see themselves through the lens of their lived experiences as (emergent) bilinguals, students, family/community members and transnational individuals. Countering discourses which frame these students as deficient, we apply the discourse of partiality framework as a lens through which to better understand how these students perceive themselves via their languages, ethnic-connectivity and academic trajectories. We argue that the discourse around the label can be understood as a racial project that serves to perpetuate white supremacy through the marginalization of the language practices of communities of color. We conclude by exploring how schools can take a broader view of this population to create positive learning opportunities that build on who they are and how they see themselves.
On the Nonconvergence of Fictitious Play in Coordination Games

Abstract It is shown by example that learning rules of the fictitious play type fail to converge in certain kinds of coordination games. Variants of fictitious play in which past actions are eventually forgotten and that incorporate small stochastic perturbations are better behaved for this class of games: over the long run, players coordinate with probability one. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C70, C72.
Evidence for sibling species in Cryptocercus punctulatus, the wood roach, from variation in mitochondrial DNA and karyotype

Evidence for sibling species in Cryptocercus punctulatus , the wood roach, from variation in mitochondrial DNA and karyotype
A retrospective correlation of percutaneous feeding tube stoma length in sitting and supine positions compared with body mass index.

Background Accurate knowledge of stoma tract length is important to prevent gastric ulcer formation, buried bumper syndrome, and peristomal leakage/infection. Current guidelines suggest 0.5-1.0 cm of play between the skin and external bolster. The aim of this study was to determine if stoma tract length changes from supine and sitting position and if this change is related to BMI. Methods Patients undergoing percutaneous feeding tube change from November 2006 to September 2009 were enrolled. Correlations were made between BMI and stoma tract length in both sitting and supine positions. Results Twenty-eight patients (24 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [PEG], 4 direct percutaneous jejunal feeding tube) were included; 19 (68%) were female. The mean ± SD stoma length was 3.6 ± 0.9 cm in the supine position and 4.9 ± 1.4 cm in the sitting position. The mean ± SD stoma length change from supine to sitting position was 1.53 ± 0.9 cm. Mean ± SD BMI was 21.2 ± 4.5 (range, 14.9-33.8). Stoma length in the supine position (r = 0.65, P = .0002) and sitting position (r = 0.6, P = .0009) was strongly correlated with BMI. Change in stoma tract length was correlated with BMI (r = 0.43, P = .02). Conclusion Stoma tract length is strongly correlated with BMI in both the sitting and supine positions. PEG stoma tract length changes significantly from the supine and sitting position. To prevent complications, most patients should have a longer distance set between internal and external bolsters than is recommended.
Nickel-Tin Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) Wafer Bonding for MEMS Vacuum Packaging

This paper reports vacuum data for nickel-tin transient liquid phase (TLP) wafer bonding. Two wafers, one with a titanium getter and another with Pirani vacuum sensors, were bonded for 1.5 hours at 300 °C. Initial pressures were as low as 200 mTorr and have remained stable for half a month. After several days, some of the packages were heated to 400 °C for 10 minutes to test the thermal integrity of the TLP bond. The bond remained intact; the pressure inside each of the cavities dropped by further activating the getter and has remained steady at the new lower pressure for several weeks.
Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization Accuracy via Fisher Information

Determination of position accuracy for geolocation is a fundamental issue in wireless sensor networks. This paper derives the position error bound (PEB), a fundamental limit for localization accuracy, by using information inequality. In particular, the authors consider all multipath propagation parameters, and hence our bound is tighter than those of previous work. To alleviate computation complexity, the authors put forth the notion of equivalent Fisher information (EFI) to characterize the localization accuracy. This approach also unifies the contributions from line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS), and a priori knowledge to the PEB in a consistent form. These results are applicable to ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) systems as a specific case.
The mother-child interaction and clinical judgment during acute pediatric illnesses.

Objectives: For acutely ill children living in less than optimal environments, mothers and pediatricians may have a heightened perception of illness severity, a lower specificity of clinical judgments, and a tendency to over-utilize resources. We examined the mother-child interaction in order to understand the relation of less optimal environments to clinical judgment and resource use. Study design: At the 2-week and 6-, 15-, and 24-month well child visits of 316 children, the mother-well child interaction was assessed by using the Biringen's Emotional Availability Scales (EAS). Data were gathered regarding maternal depression and sense of competence, infant temperament, maternal social support, life events, the home environment, and demographics. At ill visits, the mother- ill child interaction was assessed by using the EAS, and mothers and pediatricians independently assessed illness severity using the Acute Illness Observation Scales. Resource use during the illness was evaluated. Results: One thousand nine hundred eight-three acute illnesses were assessed. A less optimal mother-child interaction was significantly ( P r = 0.68) and mother-ill child ( r = 0.80) interaction, a heightened perception of illness severity, and greater resource use. Conclusion: Less optimal environments adversely affect the mother-child interaction; a poor mother-child interaction is correlated with low specificity of clinical judgment and over-utilization of resources.
An Application of Complex Bifurcation to a Problem in Computer Graphics

The ray-tracing algorithm for rendering three dimensional objects in two dimensions has created some of the most realistic computer generated images ever made. However, it requires a large amount of computation time, as much as seven CPU hours per image.
The Dolezal affair: race, gender, and the micropolitics of identity

ABSTRACTThis article treats the pairing of “transgender” and “transracial” in the intertwined discussion of Caitlyn Jenner and Rachel Dolezal as an intellectual opportunity rather than a political provocation. I situate the Dolezal affair in the context of the massive destabilization of long taken-for-granted categorical frameworks, which has significantly enlarged the scope for choice and self-fashioning in the domains of race, ethnicity, sex, gender, and sexuality. Anxieties about opportunistic, exploitative, or fraudulent identity claims have generated efforts to “police” unorthodox claims – as well as efforts to defend such claims against policing – in the name of authentic, objective, and unchosen identities. Instead of a shift from given to chosen identities, as posited by theories of reflexive modernity, we see a sharpened tension between idioms of choice, autonomy, subjectivity, and self-fashioning on the one hand and idioms of givenness, essence, objectivity, and nature on the other.
Motivations for genetic testing for lung cancer risk among young smokers

Objective To examine why young people might want to undergo genetic susceptibility testing for lung cancer despite knowing that tested gene variants are associated with small increases in disease risk. Methods The authors used a mixed-method approach to evaluate motives for and against genetic testing and the association between these motivations and testing intentions in 128 college students who smoke. Results Exploratory factor analysis yielded four reliable factors: Test Scepticism , Test Optimism , Knowledge Enhancement and Smoking Optimism . Test Optimism and Knowledge Enhancement correlated positively with intentions to test in bivariate and multivariate analyses (ps Conclusion In addition to learning about health risks, young people may be motivated to seek genetic testing for reasons, such as gaining knowledge about new genetic technologies more broadly.
Occupant use of switching and dimming controls in offices

As part of a larger study sponsored by the Light Right Consortium, temporary office workers spent a day in an office working under one of four different lighting installations. For two of these ins...
The American Crocodile in Biscayne Bay, Florida

Intensive crocodile monitoring programs conducted during the late 1970s and early 1980s in southern Florida resulted in an optimistic outlook for recovery of the protected species population. However, some areas with suitable crocodile habitat were not investigated, such as Biscayne Bay and the mainland shorelines of Barnes and Card Sounds. The objective of our study was to determine status and habitat use of crocodiles in the aforementioned areas. Spotlight and nesting surveys were conducted from September 1996 to December 2005. The results revealed annual increases in the number of crocodiles. Crocodiles preferred protected habitats such as canals and ponds. Fewer crocodiles were observed in higher salinity water. The distribution and abundance of crocodilians in estuaries is directly dependent on timing, amount, and location of freshwater delivery, providing an opportunity to integrate habitat enhancement with ongoing ecosystem restoration and management activities.
Procedure for assessment of neurodevelopmental delay in young children: preliminary report.

Summary This report describes the development of a new procedure for assessing neurodevelopmental delay in young children. The Primitive Reflex and Postural Adjustment Assessment procedure is designed to measure degrees of occurrence of remnants of primitive reflexes and immature postural adjustment. Preliminary findings show that the Primitive Reflex and Postural Adjustment Assessment procedure can successfully identify degrees of neurodevelopmental delay in young children, and that the procedure differentiates normal children from mentally retarded and emotionally disturbed children. Additional work is needed to assess the validity and reliability of this procedure.
Reply to “Letter to the Editor: ‘Mapping genes for hypertension using experimental models: a challenging and unanticipated very long journey’”

reply: This is a reply in response to Dr. Jose E. Krieger's commentary about our article ([8][1]) in Physiological Genomics . We appreciate Dr. Krieger's encouraging remarks on our study as representing “a remarkable step.” Dr. Krieger however opines that genetic dissection of quantitative trait
The Impact Of LIFO In The Fortune 500 In 2007

Recent legislative consideration to end the use of the Last-in, First-out (LIFO) inventory method, as well as the movement to adopt international accounting standards which do not permit LIFO, have created anew the debate over how important LIFO is to U.S. businesses. This paper catalogs the use of LIFO during 2007 among the largest 500 U.S. companies by analyzing disclosures from the Form 10-K annual report (or the corporate annual report for privately-held firms). Analysis of the data provides evidence of the frequency of use of LIFO, the financial impact on reported income and on reported assets due to its use, and the particular industry categories that are the major beneficiaries of the method.
The relationship of mammary temperature to parturition in human subjects.

Abstract Four hundred and seventy thermography studies were performed on 210 women to measure mammary temperature prior to, during, and immediately following pregnancy. Mean mammary temperature of 33.3 ± 0.1° C. (S.E.M.) obtained in 14 nonpregnant patients increased to 34.2 ± 0.1° C. (S.E.M.) by nine weeks of gestation (p