cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On differential independence of the Riemann zeta function and the Euler gamma function

It is well-known ([2] and [4]) that Γ , as well as ζ, is not a solution of any algebraic differential equation with coefficients in C. In other words, if P (u0, u1, . . . , um) is any polynomial in u0, u1, . . . , um over C, and P (Γ, Γ ′, . . . , Γ )(z) ≡ 0 or P (ζ, ζ ′, . . . , ζ)(z) ≡ 0, for all z ∈ C, then the polynomial P is identically zero. This answers Hilbert’s conjecture [1] in his 18th problem. For a detailed discussion of this subject and other related topics, we refer the reader to [5]. Let h(z) = ζ(sin(2πz)). Recently, Markus [3] proved that if P (h, h′, . . . , h;Γ, Γ ′, . . . , Γ )(z) ≡ 0 for z ∈ C, then the polynomial P (u0, u1, . . . , um; v0, v1, . . . , vn) is identically zero. Thus, in the terminology of differential algebraic theory, Γ and h are differentially independent over C (hence, over C(z)). Furthermore, Markus [3] conjectured that if P (ζ, ζ ′, . . . , ζ;Γ, Γ ′, . . . , Γ )(z) ≡ 0 for z ∈ C, then the polynomial P (u0, u1, . . . , um; v0, v1, . . . , vn) is identically zero, i.e. Γ and ζ are differentially independent. In this short note, we prove that ζ and Γ cannot satisfy a class of algebraic differential equations. Let P (u0, u1, . . . , um; v0, v1, . . . , vn) be any polynomial with coefficients in C. For a non-negative integer μ, we let Λ = Λ(μ) = {(λ0, λ1, . . . , λμ) : λj is a non-negative integer and 0 ≤ j ≤ μ <∞}
Left ventricular diverticulum: case report and review of the literature.

We describe two patients with left ventricular diverticula which were seen during routine left ventriculography. The diverticula were probably incidental findings and asymptomatic. A review of the literature to determine associated cardiac and extra-cardiac abnormalities and related morbidity and mortality with emphasis of potential treatment strategies is presented. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is CAD/CAM Ready for AI?

Abstract In this paper we explore the possibility of merging CAD/CAM with Artificial Intelligence technology. A brief tutorial on expert systems is presented. Several observations are noted which link existing expert system applications with various CAD/CAM problems. In conclusion, these existing expert system applications may provide guidance for implementing AI solutions to certain CAD/CAM problems.
Dynamics of an epidemic model with quadratic treatment

Abstract This paper introduces a novel treatment function into an SIR model with bi-linear infection force. Treatment is assumed to increase at a decreasing rate as the sub-population of infected rises. But at some finite number of infected individuals, society’s ability to treat the infected reaches a peak and then begins to fall, perhaps due to diminishing supplies or efficiency of health care resources. The system is found to have as many as four equilibria, with possible bi-stability, backward bifurcations, and limit cycles. Particular attention is paid to the effect of variations in the key treatment parameter, r . It is found that when r is either low or high, small changes in r do not affect the equilibrium outcome.
Cortical connections of the pulvinar nucleus in Galago.

In the first series of experiments, small amounts of HRP were injected into areas 17, 18, and 19 and each of the cytoarchitectonic areas of the temporal lobe. The resulting distributions of labeled cells fell into a number of distinctive classes. For example, after injecting the temporal anterior area (Ta), the labeled cells occupied a band on the ventral border of the inferior division of the pulvinar complex; after injecting the temporal ventral area (Tv), the labeled cells were concentrated in the medial extremity of the superior division. In spite of the distinctiveness of these different distributions, there was evidence that in areas that we know to contain a representation of the visual field, the injection of the same part of the field led to labeled cells in the same part of the pulvinar nucleus. Thus, when the representation of the center of the field was injected in areas 17 or 18 or Tm (the temporal middle area), labeled cells were found in the dorsal part of the rostral half of the inferior division. The distinctiveness of the different distributions did not obscure certain features common to all experiments: labeled cells were always found in both subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, and there was always continuity between the population of labeled cells in the inferior division and the population of cells in the superior division. Wherever the site of the injection in the extrastriate region, some labeled cells were found in the caudal half of the inferior division. Since the caudal half of the inferior division corresponds approximately to the tecto-recipient zone as defined earlier, the entire temporal lobe, except for the auditory areas, is visual cortex. Evidence was also found for an overlap in the striate cortex between the projections of the lateral geniculate body and the pulvinar nucleus. In conclusion, the pulvinar complex projects to a vast area of cortex, including all of the occipital lobe and most of the lateral surface of the temporal lobe. This entire region, which comprises a good part of the whole of the neocortex, can be regarded as visual cortex. A second series of experiments involved cortical injections of tritiated amino acids. The results showed that the projections from the thalamus to cortex were precisely reciprocated by descending projections from cortex to thalamus. The results also served as a way of confirming the results of the first set of experiments.
Assessing out-of-band flare effects at the wafer level for EUV lithography

To accurately estimate the flare contribution from the out-of-band (OOB), the integration of a DUV source into the SEMATECH Berkeley 0.3-NA Micro-field Exposure tool is proposed, enabling precisely controlled exposures along with the EUV patterning of resists in vacuum. First measurements evaluating the impact of bandwidth selected exposures with a table-top set-up and subsequent EUV patterning show significant impact on line-edge roughness and process performance. We outline a simulation-based method for computing the effective flare from resist sensitive wavelengths as a function of mask pattern types and sizes. This simulation method is benchmarked against measured OOB flare measurements and the results obtained are in agreement.
Distinctive Cranial and Cervical Innervation of Wing Muscles: New Evidence for Bat Monophyly

The traditional view that Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and insect bats (Microchiroptera) are closely related has been challenged by claims that Megachiroptera are the sister group to flying lemurs (Dermoptera) or Primates. We found that the specialized muscles of the rostral part of the wing in Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera receive double innervation by both the facial nerve and cervical spinal nerves, suggesting that bats are monophyletic. Innervation by the facial nerve also occurs in Dermoptera and suggests that bats and Dermoptera share a common ancestor that had wings.
Lymphomatoid papulosis in a young adult of African descent.

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is an indolent skin disease characterized by chronic, recurrent, self-healing papules and nodules with histologic findings suggestive of malignant lymphoma. LyP is classified as a CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder according to the 2005 World Health Organization/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification and has 5 histologic subtypes (A-E).1 Differential diagnoses of LyP includes other CD30+ cutaneous lymphomas, systemic T-cell or B-cell lymphomas, and reactive processes that exhibit CD30 expression.1 LyP rarely affects black skin, with only 2 previously reported cases.2, 3 We present a case of LyP in a male of African descent.
Teología y Literatura História, hermenéutica y programa desde una perspectiva europea

Religion and literature are two broad areas which are in origin connected with each other. On one hand, the great religious traditions rely on Sacred scripture. On the other hand, the modern national literatures emerged in the religious universe, and since the 17th century there was a fast detachment and growing autonomy of culture from Christianity. Below, It will be examined how this very tense relationship between literature and theology became the subject of scientific debate in Europe.
A Silicon Cochlea With Active Coupling

We present a mixed-signal very-large-scale-integrated chip that emulates nonlinear active cochlear signal processing. Modeling the cochlea's micromechanics, including outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility, this silicon (Si) cochlea features active coupling between neighboring basilar membrane (BM) segments-a first. Neighboring BM segments, each implemented as a class AB log-domain second-order section, exchange currents representing OHC forces. This novel active-coupling architecture overcomes the major shortcomings of existing cascade and parallel filter-bank architectures, while achieving the highest number of digital outputs in an Si cochlea to date. An active-coupling architecture Si cochlea with 360 frequency channels and 2160 pulse-stream outputs occupies 10.9 mm2 in a five-metal 1-poly 0.25-mum CMOS process. The chip's responses resemble that of a living cochlea's: Frequency responses become larger and more sharply tuned when active coupling is turned on. For instance, gain increases by 18 dB and Q 10 increases from 0.45 to 1.14. This enhancement decreases with increasing input intensity, realizing frequency-selective automatic gain control. Further work is required to improve performance by reducing large variations from tap to tap.
How Serious Is Nonresponse Bias in Advertising Conversion Research

The results from three advertising conversion studies are presented. Mail questionnaires were sent to advertising coupon inquirers in each study. Nonrespon dents of first and second questionnaire mailings were less likely to visit compared to the respondents of the first questionnaire mailings. Respondents from second and third compared to first mailings who did convert into visitors had different travel behavior patterns.
Revisiting Global Time Synchronization

A comparison between global and local time synchronization when applying beacon mechanism of IEEE 802.11 Time Synchronization Function (TSF) to MANETs (Multi-hop ad hoc network) is presented. The evaluation has been carried out with reference to convergence of time while providing robustness towards mobility and stochastic time-delay. The focus is to demonstrate that in most MANET implementations, global time synchronization strategies are physically more pertinent and attain faster convergence than local time synchronization strategies - the more traditional time synchronization strategies for MANETs.
White-Collar Blues: Management Loyalties in an Age of Corporate Restructuring

The article reviews the book “White-Collar Blues: Management Loyalties in an Age of Corporate Restructuring,” by Charles Heckscher.
Semantic essence of AsmL

The Abstract State Machine Language, AsmL, is a novel executable specification language based on the theory of Abstract State Machines. AsmL is object-oriented, provides high-level mathematical data-structures, and is built around the notion of synchronous updates and finite choice. AsmL is fully integrated into the .NET framework and Microsoft development tools. In this paper, we explain the design rationale of AsmL and provide static and dynamic semantics for a kernel of the language.
Multiuser spatio-temporal coding for wireless communications

In this paper, we consider how to design the optimal space-temporal communication systems for multiple access channels with intersymbol interference (ISI) under the assumption that the transmitters know the channel state information (CSI) perfectly. We optimize the spatio-temporal vector coding (STVC) and the space-frequency multiple input multiple output (MIMO) discrete matrix multitone (DMMT) information structure for the multiple access channels such that the total information capacity is maximized. The optimization problem is a convex programming problem and the iterative waterfilling algorithm is employed to find the optimal solution. The simulation results show that a remarkable capacity improvement is achievable by the joint multiuser spatio-temporal optimization.
Association of laboratory test result availability and rehospitalizations in an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy programme

OBJECTIVES Laboratory tests are usually requested for monitoring during outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT), but these recommendations are not always followed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether rehospitalization during the OPAT course is associated with the availability of these test results to the treating physician. METHODS Electronic health records (EHRs) from all patients in the Cleveland Clinic OPAT registry with start dates from 1 January to 28 February 2011 were reviewed in a retrospective cohort study. Comprehensive data on patient and OPAT characteristics were obtained for the first OPAT course per patient. Availability of laboratory test results was defined as documentation of results of at least one recommended test in the health system's EHR. Proportions of patients rehospitalized were compared for OPAT courses with test results available and non-available. Adjustments were made for patient age, hospital length of stay, anticipated OPAT duration, OPAT site and Charlson comorbidity index score. RESULTS Four hundred patients received OPAT during the study period; 60% at home, 36% in skilled nursing facilities or long-term acute care facilities and 4% in other settings. Recommended monitoring laboratory test results were available to infectious disease physicians in 291 (73%) OPAT episodes. There were 82 patient readmissions (21%) while on OPAT. In a multivariable logistic regression model, non-availability of recommended test results was independently associated with readmissions while on OPAT (adjusted OR 2.53; 95% CI 1.36-4.73). CONCLUSIONS Non-availability of recommended test results to treating physicians for patients on OPAT is associated with increased readmissions during OPAT.
Upper Bounding the Deletion Channel Capacity by Auxiliary Memoryless Channels

We present two upper bounds on the capacity of the binary deletion channel. Both bounds are obtained by providing the transmitter and the receiver with genie-aided information on suitably-defined random processes. Since the closed-form expressions of the proposed bounds involve infinite series, we also introduce provable inequalities that lead to more manageable results. For most values of the deletion probability, these bounds improve the existing ones and significantly narrow the gap with the available lower bounds.
A model for teaching multidisciplinary capstone design in mechanical engineering

This paper describes a model for a multidisciplinary approach to teaching capstone design in mechanical engineering. The multidisciplinary approach described in this paper includes the involvement of four departments that have not traditionally collaborated effectively in providing capstone design experiences for students. Students in the mechanical engineering department work in teams with students from the departments of electrical engineering, marketing in the school of Business, and art in the Division of Fine Arts of the College of Arts and Sciences to complete an industry sponsored capstone design project The level of involvement of the industrial partner and the process of defining meaningful design projects that meet the goals of the mechanical engineering curriculum are described. Examples of student team solutions to design problems from the automotive industry are presented to demonstrate the multidisciplinary nature of the design projects in meeting the goals and objectives of the mechanical engineering program. The roles played by faculty from the four collaborating departments, the grading process, resource requirements, and the summative evaluation process of the educational experience are described. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of challenges involved in carrying out capstone design projects with multidisciplinary teams and suggestions for overcoming such obstacles.
Effect of an Oral Water Load on Serum TSH in Normal Subjects, and on TSH and Prolactin Responses to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) in Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism

Reports of suppression of plasma prolactin (PRL) in humans by water loading led us to examine the effect of a 20 cc/kg water load on serum TSH in 21 normal volunteers. In addition, the effects of a water load on basal and TRH-stimulated TSH and PRL levels were evaluated in seven patients with primary hypothyroidism. The water load had no effect on pasal serum TSH levels in either normal or hypothyroid subjects, and did not alter the TSH response to TRH in hypothyroid subjects. Basal or TRH-stimulated plasma PRL was also unaffected by water loading in the hypothyrpid subjects. These data suggest that a water load of 20 cc/kg does not significantly affect TSH release by the anterior pituitary, and also provide further evidence that water loading does not consistently suppress PRL secretion.
Does The Outpatient Setting Provide The Best Environment For Medical Student Learning Of Urology

Purpose: To determine in which environment medical students learn clinical urology most effectively, we retrospectively reviewed a natural experiment in which medical students were randomly assigned to complete the 1-week rotation in clinical urology in an outpatient/clinic based or inpatient/operative setting.Materials and Methods: Exit surveys were completed by 25 of the 39 medical students (64%) who had just completed the mandatory 1-week rotation in urology. Students were asked to record on a 5-point scale the amount learned in regard to 13 urological topics and skills, and to document the number of patient encounters experienced per topic and skill.Results: Students randomized to the outpatient/clinic based setting tended to be 1) more likely to have exposure to a greater number and breadth of patients with common urological problems, 2) more likely to perform pertinent physical examination skills and 3) more likely to perceive that they learned more about a given curricular topic or skill.Conclusion...
Using Medical Devices to Teach Formal Modeling

Formal modeling can be used as an effective technique to improve the quality and reliability of software-intensive systems in general, and medical devices in particular. However, for formal modeling to be accessible to practicing engineers and domain specialists, suitable educational materials need to be developed. We report on the development of educational materials designed to give students the necessary experience to infuse formal modeling into practice. A core component of this effort is a set of modeling tasks drawn from the medical device domain.
New adversary and new threats: security in unattended sensor networks

Some wireless sensor networks preclude the constant presence of a centralized data collection point, that is, a sink. In such a disconnected or unattended setting, nodes must accumulate sensed data until it can be off loaded to an itinerant sink. Furthermore, if the operating environment is hostile, there is a very real danger of node and data compromise. The unattended nature of the network makes it an attractive target for attacks that aim to learn, erase, or modify potentially valuable data collected and held by sensors. We argue that adversarial models and defense techniques in prior WSN literature about security are unsuitable for the unattended WSN setting. We define a new adversarial model by taking into account special features of the UWSN environment. We show that in the presence of a powerful mobile adversary, securing data stored on unattended sensors presents interesting challenges and opens an exciting new line of research.
Miocene stable isotopic stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Buff Bay, Jamaica

Previously reported biostratigraphic relationships from middle-upper Miocene sections exposed near Buff Bay, Jamaica (18°N, tropical bioprovince), differ from the subtropical North Atlantic (Sites 563 and 558). Time scales for this interval rely on correlations established at these subtropical sites, and the differences with the tropical section have implications to global correlations. Planktonic foraminiferal Zones N13 and N15 are thick at Buff Bay but are virtually absent at Sites 563 and 558; nannofossil Zone NN9 is associated with Zone N15 and uppermost Zone N14 at Buff Bay but is associated with Zone N16 at the other sites. Magnetostratigraphic data presented here further complicate the interpretation: Zone NN9 is associated with a thick normal magnetozone at Sites 563 and 558; at Buff Bay, it is associated with a thick reversed magnetozone. Although a secondary magnetization at Buff Bay makes it difficult to identify confidently Miocene normal magnetozones, the thick reversed magnetozone most likely represents the paleomagnetic field and correlates with Chron C5r. The magnetobiostratigraphic relationships require either diachrony of taxa or two mutually exclusive hiatuses in Jamaica and the North Atlantic. We address this problem by analyzing benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O and δ 13 C from the Buff Bay section. These isotopic data allow us to evaluate three hypotheses that reconcile the magneto-, bio-, and isotopic stratigraphic data and conclude that the first and last occurrences of five taxa were diachronous by ∼0.3-0.5 m.y. between tropical and subtropical locations. This requires revised age estimates for late middle to early late Miocene biostratigraphic datum levels. We suggest that the ranges of several taxa are useful for endemic tropical or subtropical zonations, but correlations between the low and midlatitudes were affected by an increase in latitudinal thermal gradients during the late middle Miocene. However, we admit that further studies are needed before this issue is resolved.
Use of allochthonous resources by zooplankton in reservoirs

Aquatic food webs are supported by primary production from within the system (autochthony) as well as organic matter produced outside of and transported into the system (allochthony). Zooplankton use allochthonous resources, especially in systems with high terrestrial loading and moderate to low internal primary production. We hypothesized that due to high terrestrial loads and remnant submerged terrestrial material, allochthonous resource use by zooplankton would be significant in all reservoirs and would decline along an increasing reservoir age gradient. Using hydrogen stable isotopes and a Bayesian mixing model, we estimated the contribution of allochthonous sources to organic matter pools and crustaceous zooplankton biomass for ten reservoirs. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in all systems was dominated by allochthonous sources (posterior distribution median >92% allochthonous), while particulate organic matter (POM) composition varied (2–68% allochthonous) and had a lower allochthonous fraction in older reservoirs. There was no relationship between zooplankton allochthony and reservoir age. Crustaceous zooplankton allochthony varied among systems from 26 to 94%, and Chaoborus allochthony, measured in four reservoirs, was similarly variable (33–94%). Consumer allochthony was higher than POM allochthony in some reservoirs, potentially due to terrestrial DOM pathways being important and/or algal resources being inedible (e.g., cyanobacteria). As with many lakes, in the reservoirs we studied, allochthonous inputs account for a significant fraction of the organic matter of basal consumers.
Culture: A Possible Predictor of Morality for African American Adolescents

This study examined the ways in which cultural orientation (communalism and material well-being) and empathy influence the moral reasoning of African American middle to late adolescents. Specifically, this study utilized path analysis to investigate Ward's (1995) hypothesis that a communal orientation would promote morality among African American adolescents, while a material well-being orientation would mitigate against it. In addition, it was hypothesized that empathy would mediate the relationship between cultural orientation and moral reasoning. Thirty-seven high school students and 35 college students participated in the study. Results revealed that communalism was a significant predictor of empathy. Despite prediction, communalism and material well-being were not predictors of moral reasoning. The findings did not yield support for empathy functioning as a mediator between communalism and moral reasoning. These findings are discussed in terms of previous findings, methodological limitations, and implications for future research.
A generic OO architecture language for semantics analysis of OO specification

Formal specification enables a rigorous analysis and model checking for ensuring the correctness of specification. Formal OO specification methods are of mathematical nature and the semantics of specification is purposely defined such that it is not related to the semantics of code. We propose a new language, which will lay a common semantics ground for both specification and code.
Observation and description of phonon interactions in molecular dynamics simulations

Three-phonon interactions are identified and analyzed in nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of the Lennard-Jones face-centered cubic crystal. The small simulation cells studied and the classical nature of the simulations lead to a different description of the phonon transport than the quantum-particle model. The selection process is strictly governed by the mode wave vectors. In determining the strength of an allowed interaction, one must consider the mode polarizations and frequencies—the latter in the context of internal resonance. The results are consistent with intrinsic scattering rates calculated directly from the Lennard-Jones potential.
Shape-based Stiction Detection Using Area Calculations

The chapter describes a method for detecting stiction-like behaviour in feedback control loops based on extracting features from a time-series record of the plant output. The method only requires measurements of the plant output and does not require tuning or any expert engineering knowledge for configuration. The features that are extracted are the areas before and after the peak between zero-crossing events of the oscillating control error signal, i.e. the difference between the setpoint (SP) and the controlled variable (PV). The output of the method is the probability that stiction is present (0–100%). The chapter describes the method and the basis for its development and presents results from tests on a wide range of data sets. Also described are key assumptions and issues for practical implementation of the method.
Groundwater flow, nutrient, and stable isotope dynamics in the parafluvial-hyporheic zone of the regulated Lower Colorado River (Texas, USA) over the course of a small flood

Periodic releases from an upstream dam cause rapid stage fluctuations in the Lower Colorado River near Austin, Texas, USA. These daily pulses modulate fluid exchange and residence times in the hyporheic zone where biogeochemical reactions are typically pronounced. The effects of a small flood pulse under low-flow conditions on surface-water/groundwater exchange and biogeochemical processes were studied by monitoring and sampling from two dense transects of wells perpendicular to the river. The first transect recorded water levels and the second transect was used for water sample collection at three depths. Samples were collected from 12 wells every 2 h over a 24-h period which had a 16-cm flood pulse. Analyses included nutrients, carbon, major ions, and stable isotopes of water. The relatively small flood pulse did not cause significant mixing in the parafluvial zone. Under these conditions, the river and groundwater were decoupled, showed potentially minimal mixing at the interface, and did not exhibit any discernible denitrification of river-borne nitrate. The chemical patterns observed in the parafluvial zone can be explained by evaporation of groundwater with little mixing with river water. Thus, large pulses may be necessary in order for substantial hyporheic mixing and exchange to occur. The large regulated river under a low-flow and small flood pulse regime functioned mainly as a gaining river with little hydrologic connectivity beyond a narrow hyporheic zone.
A Dedicated Education Unit for Maternal–Newborn Nursing Clinical Education

Designing a quality maternal-newborn clinical practice experience for undergraduate nursing students is often challenging. A dedicated education unit (DEU) is a partnership model of clinical education in which students partner with a designated unit-based nurse in providing nursing care within a typical patient care assignment. This article describes the experience of implementing a DEU in a junior level (third year) nursing practice course in a bachelor of science in nursing program curriculum. A DEU model is a perfect fit for maternal-newborn clinical learning experiences and provides a win-win outcome for academic and clinical partners as well as safe patient care. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2015.12.005.
Regulatory Disruption and Arbitrage in Healthcare Data Protection

Regulatory turbulence, disruption and arbitrage presuppose the juxtaposition of at least two regulatory domains. In the simplest case one domain would be highly regulated; the other unregulated. Turbulence and disruption exist on a continuum. Regulatory turbulence may be only transient or, in the scheme of things, relatively benign. Regulatory disruption has more permanent and serious implications. Regulatory arbitrage occurs when a business purposefully exploits disruption, making business choices on the basis of the differential between the two regulatory domains. Policymakers’ persistent, systemic failure to safeguard healthcare data outside the HIPAA domain is now exemplified by the minimal, sub-HIPAA data protection afforded healthcare data either held by data brokers or created by mobile apps and wearables outside of the conventional health care space. The former, healthcare data held by data brokers is an example of regulatory arbitrage. The latter, mobile health is presenting with regulatory turbulence and disruption. This article explains how the structure of U.S. healthcare data protection (specifically its sectoral and downstream properties) has led to a chronically uneven policy environment for different types of healthcare data. It examines claims for healthcare data protection exceptionalism and competing demands such as data liquidity. In conclusion the article takes the position that healthcare data exceptionalism remains a valid imperative and that even current concerns about data liquidity can be accommodated in an exceptional protective model. However, re-calibrating our protection of healthcare data residing outside of the traditional healthcare domain is challenging, currently even politically impossible. Notwithstanding, a hybrid model is envisioned with downstream HIPAA model remaining the dominant force within the healthcare domain, but being supplemented by targeted upstream and point-of-use protections applying to healthcare data in disrupted spaces.
Food production relationships between entrée combinations and forecasted demand.

Macro elements and values for associated Time Measurement Units were applied to three classifications of entrees to synthesize production time for 100, 300, and 500 portions. Average handling and process time for each classification and time per portion were calculated. Data revealed that roast and single-item entrees required greater average handling time than combination entrees, because more individual handling of portions was required as forecasted demand increased. Process time for combination and single-item entrees increased as forecasted demand increased. The time for the single-item classification doubled for 300 and 500 portions, because oven capacity was exceeded. Production time data were applied to six combinations (menu mixes) and quantity levels of entree classifications to determine production feasibility in a simulated foodservice system. Production problems were encountered in five of the six menu mixes because of system constraints. This study indicated that total production time estimates would be useful to foodservice managers when planning a menu mix, scheduling production personnel, and forecasting labor costs.
A study of selected health education implications.

Abstract This study was the identification of certain health education implications for secondary schools. Selected health problems of local communities were surveyed by means of a checklist administered to 164 professional workers concerned with health. Those areas of health neglected by the public schools were determined by means of a checklist completed by 180 school teachers and administrators. Further health education implications were determined by surveying the needs and interests of 360 secondary school students. It was found that (a) health curriculums should be vitally concerned with the teaching of the effects of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco; mental health; and sex education; (b) secondary schools need to add mental health education and sex education to the school curriculum; (c) more effective means of health instruction need to be devised in certain health areas; (d) certain health areas need to be emphasized at different stages in the secondary schools; and (e) interests and worries differ gr...
The Internal Dynamics of the Human Crystalline Lens with Accommodation

The normal crystalline lens of the human eye develops and ages in a programmed series of additions and modifications that provides a surprising degree of similarity interindividually for a given subject age.
Intestinal microcirculation in the neonate

The hypermetabolic neonatal intestine requires an appropriate supply of energy to meet its needs. Adequate regulatory mechanisms for intestinal blood flow must be present to cope with a high oxygen demand. In the developing intestine, intrinsic hemodynamic control matures as a function of postnatal age, and the newborn appears to balance this vascular immaturity by an enhanced ability to extract oxygen from the blood. When this mechanism is maximized and an additional stress is superimposed, the neonatal intestine may be at a higher risk of ischemia and injury than older intestine. Furthermore, sympathetic vasoconstrictor control predominates at birth, and the newborn is less capable of vasodilatation. This extrinsic control provides and additional ischemic risk during conditions involving sympathetic discharge. An understanding of circulatory hemodynamics in the developing intestine may allow elucidation of the role played by ischemia in mucosal injury in the newborn.
White Mother to a Dark Race: Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the American West and Australia, 1880–1940 Margaret Jacobs, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009, 557 pages.

At the 53rd annual meeting for the Western Social Science Association (WSSA) in April 2011, the New Zealand and Australian Studies section and the Rural Studies section cross-listed a roundtable di...
Does the ecological concept of disturbance have utility in urban social–ecological–technological systems?

The ecological concept of disturbance has scarcely been applied in urban systems except in the erroneous but commonplace assumption that urbanization itself is a disturbance and cities are therefore perennially disturbed systems. We evaluate the usefulness of the concept in urban ecology by exploring how a recent conceptual framework for disturbance (Peters et al. 2011, Ecosphere, 2, art 81) applies to these social–ecological–technological systems (). Case studies, especially from the Long‐Term Ecological Research sites of Baltimore and Phoenix, are presented to show the applicability of the framework for disturbances to different elements of these systems at different scales. We find that the framework is easily adapted to urban and that incorporating social and technological drivers and responders can contribute additional insights to disturbance research beyond urban systems.
Pregnant adolescent women's perceptions of depression and psychiatric services in the United States

Abstract Problem Adolescent mothers and their children are at high-risk for depression and the associated negative educational, social, health, and economic outcomes. Background However, few pregnant adolescent women with depression receive psychiatric services, especially low-income or racial/ethnic minority adolescent women. Aim This qualitative study explores perceptions of depression, psychiatric services, and barriers to accessing services in a sample of low-income, pregnant racial/ethnic minority adolescent women. Our goal was to better understand the experiences of depression during pregnancy for these vulnerable adolescent women, and thereby improve their engagement and retention in services for perinatal depression. Methods We recruited 20 pregnant adolescent women who screened positive for depression from 2 public health prenatal clinics in the southeastern United States. Participants were low-income and primarily racial/ethnic minority women between 14 and 20 years old. Data were collected through individual in-depth, ethnographically informed interviews. Findings Generally, participants lacked experience with psychiatric services and did not recognize their symptoms as depression. However, participants perceived a need for mood improvement and were interested in engaging in services that incorporated their perspective and openly addressed stigma. Discussion Participants reported practical and psychological barriers to service engagement, but identified few cultural barriers. Family perceptions of psychiatric services served as both a barrier and support. Conclusion Adolescent women are more likely to engage in psychiatric services if those services reduce practical and psychological barriers, promise relief from the symptoms perceived as most meaningful, and address underlying causes of depression. Culture may affect Latina adolescent women’s perceptions of depression and services.
Determining Band-Edge Energies and Morphology-Dependent Stability of Formamidinium Lead Perovskite Films Using Spectroelectrochemistry and Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

We show for the first time that the frontier orbital energetics (conduction band minimum (CBM) and valence band maximum (VBM)) of device-relevant, methylammonium bromide (MABr)-doped, formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite (FA-PVSK) thin films can be characterized using UV–vis spectroelectrochemistry, which provides an additional and straightforward experimental technique for determining energy band values relative to more traditional methods based on photoelectron spectroscopy. FA-PVSK films are processed via a two-step deposition process, known to provide high efficiency solar cells, on semitransparent indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrodes. Spectroelectrochemical characterization is carried out in a nonsolvent electrolyte, and the onset potential for bleaching of the FA-PVSK absorbance is used to estimate the CBM, which provides values of ca. −4.0 eV versus vacuum on both ITO and TiO2 electrodes. Since electron injection occurs from the electrode to the perovskite, the CBM is un...
The calculus dashboard — leveraging intelligent tutor techniques to provide automated fine-grained student assessment

Automatic grading systems, such as WebWork, are becoming much more widely used as they relieve the instructor from needing to grade student work, provide students with automatic feedback, and can allow for immediate resubmission. They have also been shown to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. In this paper, we apply Item Response Theory (IRT) to a large WebWork Calculus homework dataset to provide a skill level for each student and item characteristics curves for each problem which we then show accurately predict the probability a given student will get a particular problem correct. A student's skill level at the end of a course represents a kind of summative assessment which can be used to accurately predict how well they would answer future questions, and hence is perhaps a better indicator of subject mastery than the grade on the final exam. We also apply the Performance Factors Analysis (PFA) approach to our data and use it to provide a more fine-grained analysis of the student's mastery. PFA requires labeling each problem with a set of skills that are required to solve that problem. It produces a formula that accurately predicts the probability that students will correctly answer a new question based on their previous answers. We use the PFA approach to produce a dashboard for every student which isolates their mastery of different skills. Our dataset consisted of 703,743 attempted solutions to 243 different questions by 1609 students in 87 sections of Calculus I at a large university. Both the IRT and PFA approaches produced accurate predictions, and PFA enabled a dashboard to be constructed for each of the students.
Detection of p53 mutations by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and their clinical implications in colorectal adenocarcinoma

1262 Purpose: Technical variations have remarkable influence in determining the clinical usefulness of molecular markers of colorectal cancer (CRC). E.g., we have reported that nuclear accumulation of p53 (p53nac), detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) without using antigen retrieval (AR) methods, is a prognostic marker of poor survival only for non-Hispanic Caucasian patients with CRCs (Cancer 1998;83:2456-2467). In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of IHC using multiple antibody (Ab) clones of p53 in detecting p53nac in CRCs with and without p53 genetic alterations to find highest concordance between IHC and DNA sequencing methods. Methods: We evaluated 45 randomly selected CRC specimens from non-Hispanic Caucasian patients for p53nac using multiple Ab clones of p53 (Clones, CM1, DO-1, DO-7, PAb1801, BP53.12.1 & combination of PAb1801 and BP53.12.1) with and without citrate buffer-microwave AR method. All these cases were previously assessed for p53 status by direct DNA sequencing method. We selected >0%, ≥10%, ≥20% and ≥50% immunopositive cells in a tissue section as cut-off values to categorize tumors as positive for p53nac and correlated tumor positivity with underlying genetic mutations. We calculated sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for all clones in detecting tumors with mutations or wild-type. We analyzed prognostic value of IHC data generated by different clones using Kaplan-Meier method. Results: In molecular analysis, 17 cases exhibited missense mutations and 8 cases were with complex mutations. The range of proportion of tumors positive for p53nac, using >0%, ≥10%, ≥20% and ≥50% as cut-off values, was 33 to 84 without AR and 60 to 89 with AR. All point mutations were detected by all Ab clones of p53 with and without AR when >0% and ≥10% cut-offs were used; however, there was a significant difference in Sn, Sp, PPV and NPV values between the methods and among different Ab clones. At 10% cut-off value in non-AR condition, PAb1801 and DO-1 clones exhibited better concordance, based on Sn, Sp, PPV and NPV values, between IHC and molecular sequence analyses methods. However, the non-AR p53nac data generated by BP53.12.1 (long-rank P=0.0354) and DO-1 (long-rank P=0.0399) clones had better correlation with patient survival at 10 years post-surgery when compared to all other Ab clones of p53. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that the citrate buffer-microwave antigen enhancement method should not be used for the detection of p53nac because it increases the sensitivity of the assay and results in detecting false positives. Also, these findings suggest that detection of p53nac by routine IHC, using either BP53.12.1 or DO-1 clones, can be used as a prognostic marker of colorectal cancer specifically for Caucasian patients. This study is supported by a NCI/NIH grant CA098932-01.
Understanding and Assessing the User Burden of Urden of Mobile Apps

When evaluating the design of a mobile app, many designers focus on a number of varying metrics related to the user experience, namely its usability, look and feel, usefulness, and overall delight that users experience when using it. However, even the most usable, beautiful, and delightful application can have an impact on its user in a negative way. Have you ever thought about how the application might burden the user, even in light of these positive attributes? For example, maybe the game that you designed to be irresistibly engaging makes the user feel guilty about how much time she spends with it. Or consider how a food-tracking application, which allows the user to take photos of his food to monitor his diet, may violate his family rules about no phones at the dinner table. Perhaps the fitness tracker you've designed to help people be more active only serves to make them feel badly about themselves for not exercising after sustaining an injury.
A Tale of Two Families: Helping Military Couples Understand and Accept a Returning Soldier’s “Unit Family” Into Their Relationship

During military deployment, soldiers can become part of a system of people and experiences in their assigned military unit that may rival the importance of relationships and experiences within thei...
Functions of Bounded Variation

A function of bounded variation of one variable can be characterized as an integrable function whose derivative in the sense of distributions is a signed measure with finite total variation. This chapter is directed to the multivariate analog of these functions, namely the class of L1functions whose partial derivatives are measures in the sense of distributions. Just as absolutely continuous functions form a subclass of BV functions, so it is that Sobolev functions are contained within the class of BV functions of several variables. While functions of bounded variation of one variable have a relatively simple structure that is easy to expose, the multivariate theory produces a rich and beautiful structure that draws heavily from geometric measure theory. An interesting and important aspect of the theory is the analysis of sets whose characteristic functions are BV (called sets of finite perimeter). These sets have applications in a variety of settings because of their generality and utility. For example, they include the class of Lipschitz domains and the fact that the Gauss-Green theorem is valid for them underscores their usefulness. One of our main objectives is to establish Poincare-type inequalities for functions of bounded variation in a context similar to that developed in Chapter 4 for Sobolev functions. This will require an analysis of the structure of BV functions including the notion of trace on the boundary of an open set.
ESR and Slow Motions in Liquid Crystals

The theory of slow motional ESR is outlined, with applications to nitroxide spectra in liquid crystals. The computer algorithms for implementing the theory based on the stochastic Liouville equation are also discussed.