cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sulfur 2p study of organic thiol and disulfide binding interactions with gold surfaces

The presence of two sulfur species was detected in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of thiol and disulfide molecules adsorbed onto gold surfaces. These species are assigned to bound thiolate (S2p3/2 binding energy of 162 eV) and unbound thiol/disulfide (S2p3/2 binding energy from 163.5 to 164 eV). These assignments are consistent with XPS data obtained from different thiols (C12, C16, C18, and C22 alkane thiols, a fluorinated thiol, and a cyclic polysiloxane thiol) and different adsorption conditions (solvent type, thiol concentration, temperature, and rinsing). In particular, the use of a poor solvent for thiol adsorption solutions (e.g., ethanol for long chain alkanethiols) and the lack of a rinsing step both resulted in unbound thiol molecules present at the surface of the bound thiolate monolayer. This has implications for recent studies asserting the presence of multiple binding sites for gold−thiolate species in organic monolayers.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and cigarette smoking.

Although the cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) remains unknown, hyperactivity of the sympathetic nerves and secondary vasospasm may be pathogenic in this syndrome. A retrospective epidemiologic study of RSD was done on 53 in-patients from 1978–1985. Cigarette smoking was strikingly increased in patient frequency in RSD (68% versus 37% of hospitalized controls, p
Antenna structure and excitation dynamics in photosystem I. I. Studies of detergent-isolated photosystem I preparations using time-resolved fluorescence analysis.

The temporal and spectral properties of fluorescence decay in isolated photosystem I (PS I) preparations from algae and higher plants were measured using time-correlated single photon counting. Excitations in the PS I core antenna decay with lifetimes of 15–40 ps and 5–6 ns. The fast decay results from efficient photochemical quenching by P700, whereas the slow decay is attributed to core antenna complexes lacking a trap. Samples containing core and peripheral antenna complexes exhibited an additional intermediate lifetime (150–350 ps) decay. The PS I core antenna is composed of several spectral forms of chlorophyll a that are not temporally resolved in the decays. Analysis of the temporal and spectral properties of the decays provides a description of the composition, structure, and dynamics of energy transfer and trapping reactions in PS I. The core antenna size dependence of the spectral properties and the contributions of the spectral forms to the time-resolved decays show that energy is not concentrated in the longest wavelength absorbing pigments but is nearly homogenized among the spectral forms. These data suggest that the "funnel" description of antenna structure and energy transfer (Seely, G. R. 1973. J. Theor. Biol. 40:189–199) may not be applicable to the PS I core antenna.
“ChilDrive”: A Technique of Combining Regional Cutaneous Hypothermia with Iontophoresis for the Delivery of Drugs to Synovial Fluid

Purpose Bioavailability of drugs in the synovial fluid when administered via transdermal route is highly limited due to the dermal clearance. The purpose of this project was to assess the efficiency of ChilDrive (CD) technique to improve the drug targeting to the synovial fluid. CD is a technique of transdermal delivery of drugs combining regional hypothermia and iontophoresis.
Reforming Presidential Nominations: Rotating State Primaries or a National Primary?

As part of their ongoing efforts to address frontloading and other perceived problems, both the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and Republican National Committee (RNC) proposed revised schedules and rules for 2008. The major changes for the Democrats were that two new states were allowed to join Iowa and New Hampshire in violating the official February 5 start date. The idea was that these states—Nevada from the West and South Carolina from the South—would enhance participation by more diverse populations (Latinos and African Americans). While the Republican rules called for states to lose half of their delegate vote if they violated the timing rules, the Democrats implemented a “death penalty” requiring any state violating the timing rules to lose all of its delegates. The New York Times called these changes the biggest shift in the way Democrats have nominated their presidential candidates in 30 years. Yet in the end these changes did little to lessen frontloading, as 70% of all delegates were actually chosen by the beginning of March. Two large states (Michigan and Florida) defied both national parties and voted before February 5.
Frequency-Offset Cartesian Feedback Based on Polyphase Difference Amplifiers

A modified Cartesian feedback method called "frequency-offset Cartesian feedback" and based on polyphase difference amplifiers is described that significantly reduces the problems associated with quadrature errors and dc offsets in classic Cartesian feedback power amplifier control systems. In this method, the reference input and feedback signals are down-converted and compared at a low IF instead of at dc. The polyphase difference amplifiers create a complex control bandwidth centered at this low IF, which is typically offset from dc by 200-1500 kHz. Consequently, the loop gain peak does not overlap dc where voltage offsets, drift, and local oscillator leakage create errors. Moreover, quadrature mismatch errors are significantly attenuated in the control bandwidth. Since the polyphase amplifiers selectively amplify the complex signals characterized by a + 90° phase relationship representing positive frequency signals, the control system operates somewhat like single sideband modulation. However, the approach still allows the same modulation bandwidth control as classic Cartesian feedback. In this paper, the behavior of the polyphase difference amplifier is described through both the results of simulations, based on a theoretical analysis of their architecture, and experiments. We then describe our first printed circuit board prototype of a frequency-offset Cartesian feedback transmitter and its performance in open and closed-loop configuration. This approach should be especially useful in magnetic-resonance-imaging transmit array systems.
Rule of five cyclizations in 5-hexenyl radicals and photocycloadditions of 1,5-hexadienes: effect of 4-oxa substitution

The effect of 4-oxa substitution on the regiochemistry and rate of 5-hexenyl radical cyclizations was investigated, as a potential model for [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of 2-acyl-4-oxa-1,5-hexadienes. Increasing the electron density in the alkene decreases the rate of cyclization in the 4-oxa-hexenyl radicals, relative to the all carbon analogs, but has little effect on the regioselectivity of the cyclization. The radical model does not reproduce the high degree of 1,6 closure, observed in the [2 + 2] photocycloadditions for 4-oxa-1,5-hexadiene 1a. However, the radical model does reinforce the interpretation that ground state conformational effects, engendered by substitution remote from the reacting centers have important rate consequences for cyclization reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoiding sorting and grouping in processing queries

Sorting and grouping are amongst the most costly operations performed during query evaluation. System R [6] used simple inference strategies to determine orderings held of intermediate relations to avoid unnecessary sorting, and to influence join plan selection. Since then, others have proposed using integrity constraint information to infer orderings of intermediate query results. However, these proposals do not consider how to avoid grouping operations by inferring groupings, nor do they consider secondary orderings (where records in the same group satisfy some ordering). In this paper, we introduce a formalism for expressing and reasoning about order properties: ordering and grouping constraints that hold of physical representations of relations. In so doing, we can reason about how the relation is ordered or grouped, both in terms of primary and secondary orders. After formally defining order properties, we introduce a plan refinement algorithm that infers order properties for intermediate and final query results on the basis of those known to hold of query inputs, and then exploits these inferences to avoid unnecessary sorting and grouping. We then show empirical results demonstrating the benefits of plan refinement, and show that the overhead that our algorithm adds to query optimization is low.
Responses of oaks and tanoaks to the sudden oak death pathogen after 8 y of monitoring in two coastal California forests

Sudden oak death, caused byPhytophthora ramorum, is widely established in mesic forests of coastal central and northern California. In 2000, we placed 18 plots in two Marin County sites to monitor dis- ease progression in coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia), California black oaks (Q. kelloggii), and tanoaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus), the species that are most consistently killed by the pathogen in these areas. Through early 2008, the numbers of newly infected trees increased for all species. The infection rate for trees that were asymptomatic in 2000 was 5.0%y "1 for coast live oaks, 4.1%y "1 for black oaks and
Infecting epidemiology with genetics: a new frontier in disease ecology

Disease ecologists strive to understand the causes and consequences of parasite infection, including the emergence, spread, persistence and evolution of infectious disease. These processes can be illuminated by parasite genetic markers, which can be used to track parasite spread and infer population history. Recently, a growing number of studies have used molecular tools to examine questions on the ecology of infectious diseases. We review this burgeoning area of research by focusing on three topics where genetic tools will increasingly make major contributions: inferring parasite transmission, reconstructing epidemiological history and identifying physical and environmental drivers of disease spread. We also discuss areas for future research and highlight the promise of multidisciplinary collaborations among geneticists, ecologists and epidemiologists.
Abstract A119: Photoimmunotherapeutic nanoparticles for combination therapy.

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a promising field for cancer treatment that combines the phototoxic and immune stimulating ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the widespread effectiveness of the immune system. We speculated that co-delivery of an immune-stimulant with a photosensitizer (PS) using a nanoparticle (NP) delivery platform will be a useful means to attack metastatic cancer. To probe this, we have initiated the construction of new PIT agents using a multifunctional NP delivery platform. Briefly, we encapsulated a PS within a polymeric NP core made up of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG). After coating the outside of the polymeric core with gold nanoparticles, we modified the gold surface with CpG-ODN, a single-stranded DNA that is a known immunostimulant. Synthesis, biological activity, and immune stimulatory effects of these constructs will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A119.
Dynamic optimization of dissipative PDE systems using empirical eigenfunctions

We propose a computationally efficient method for the solution of dynamic constraint optimization problems arising in the context of spatially-distributed processes governed by highly-dissipative nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The method is based on spatial discretization using a combination of the method of weighted residuals with spatially-global empirical eigenfunctions as basis functions. We use a diffusion-reaction process with nonlinearities and spatially-varying coefficients to demonstrate the implementation and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method.
Temperature Dependence of Elastic Constants of Vitreous Silica

The relation between the elastic moduli and temperature from room temperature to about 1300°C was determined for a group of vitreous silica specimens by a dynamic resonance method. All the curves were approximately parabolic in shape, reaching a maximum near 1050° to 1200°C. At the maximum value, Young's modulus was more than 11% higher and the shear modulus was about 9% higher than their room-temperature values. Poisson's ratio was then computed to rise from about 1/6 at room temperature to about 1/5 at the temperature of maximum elastic modulus. Small but significant differences were observed in the temperature-modulus curves for specimens from different sources. These differences were found to be related to differences in the infrared transmission curves.
Sidney Katz, MD: A New Paradigm for Chronic Illness and Long-Term Care

Dr. Sidney Katz's legacy to the field of gerontology is internationally recognized as his success at developing standardized measures and processes, beginning with the activities of daily living index, for the functional assessment of older adults with chronic conditions necessitating long-term services and supports. That work served as the bedrock for his subsequent major accomplishments, which improved rehabilitation services through interdisciplinary team work and attention to the patient-family constellation; reformed the regulation of nursing homes, refocusing it on resident outcomes and quality of life; and promulgated the concept of active life expectancy as a new approach to measuring the quality of later life. Few other scholars and researchers in the history of the field of aging can claim one, much less multiple monumental contributions leading to major advances in the treatment of chronic illness and the quality of long-term care.
Maximum-likelihood template matching

In image matching applications such as tracking and stereo matching, it is common to use the sum-of-squared-differences (SSD) measure to determine the best match for an image template. However, this measure is sensitive to outliers and is not robust to template variations. We describe a robust measure and efficient search strategy for template matching with a binary or greyscale template using a maximum-likelihood formulation. In addition to subpixel localization and uncertainty estimation, these techniques allow optimal feature selection based on minimizing the localization uncertainty. We examine the use of these techniques for object recognition, stereo matching, feature selection, and tracking.
Expression Patterns of Retinoblastoma and E2F Family Proteins during Corneal Development

PURPOSE. To determine the expression patterns of the retinoblastoma protein and the E2F transcription factor families in limbal and corneal epithelia and in corneal keratocytes in situ during corneal development and differentiation. METHODS. Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and its family members p107 and p130; E2F-1, -2, and -4, members of the E2F family of transcription factors; and Ki67, a marker of actively cycling cells, were localized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, in corneas of neonatal, juvenile, and adult rats. Presence of mRNA for pRb, p107, p130, and E2F types 1 to 5 in adult corneal epithelium was determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS. mRNA for all members of pRb and E2F families was present in adult corneal epithelium. The greatest number of Ki67-positive corneal and limbal epithelial cells were present at days 13 to 19, and Ki67-positive stromal keratocytes at day 2. pRb and E2F-2 were localized to all cells in neonatal, juvenile, and adult corneas. With age, p130 localization became more intense and nuclear in stromal keratocytes and suprabasal cells of corneal and limbal epithelia; p107, initially nuclear in limbal and corneal epithelia, became increasingly cytoplasmic in corneal epithelium. E2F-1 was initially nuclear in keratocytes and diminished after day 10. E2F-1 was localized in the basal cell layer of limbal and corneal epithelia after day 10. E2F-4 was always nuclear in limbal epithelium and cytoplasmic in corneal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS. Expression patterns of pRb and E2F family proteins vary with corneal cell differentiation, but are most apparent with p130 and p107. Nuclear localization of p130 appears to correlate with terminal differentiation in epithelium and entrance into a quiescent state by keratocytes. In contrast, p107 is nuclear in the undifferentiated limbal basal cells and is cytoplasmic in the remainder of the corneal epithelial cells. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1054 ‐1062)
A realtime shrug detector

A realtime system for shrug detection is discussed in this paper. The system is automatically initialized by a face detector based on Ada-boost [P. Viola and M. Jones, May 2004]. After frontal face is localized by the face detector, shoulder position is detected by fitting a parabola to the nearby horizontal edges using weighted Hough transform [K. Sugawara, 1997]. Since shrug is an action which is defined not only by the distance between face and shoulder but also the relative temporal-spatial changing between them, we propose a parameterizing scheme using two different parabolas, named as "stable parabola" (SP) and "transient parabola" (TP) to characterize the action shrug. Stable parabola represents the mean shoulder position over a long time duration, while transient parabola represents the mean shoulder position of a very short time duration. By using this scheme (only 6 dimensions), we avoid the high dimensional representation of the temporal process-shrug, and therefore make the realtime implementation possible. The shrug detector is then trained in the parameter space using Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). The experiments show that the proposed shrug detector is able to not only detect the shrug action correctly and efficiently (in realtime), but also tolerate the large in-class variation caused by different subject, different action speed, illumination, partial occlusion, and background clutter. So the proposed realtime shrug detector is promising in video analysis under an uncontrolled environment.
Age-Related Differences in Hippocampal Extracellular Fluid Glucose Concentration During Behavioral Testing and Following Systemic Glucose Administration

Recent evidence indicates that the level of glucose in the brain's extracellular fluid (ECF) is not constant, as traditionally thought, but fluctuates. We determined the effect of aging on hippocampal ECF glucose before, during, and after spatial memory testing. Fischer-344 rats (24 months old) showed a greater decrease in ECF glucose than 3-month-old rats (48% vs 12%); the decrease seen in 24-month-old rats persisted for much longer following testing. These changes were associated with an age-related deficit in spontaneous alternation performance. Following systemic glucose administration, the decrease in ECF glucose was reversed in both aged and young rats, and performance in aged versus young rats following glucose administration did not differ. These findings suggest that increased susceptibility to depletion of ECF glucose in aged rats may contribute to age-related deficits in learning and memory and that administration of glucose may enhance memory by providing additional glucose to the brain at times of increased cognitive demand.
Gangliosides Inhibit Flagellin Signaling in the Absence of an Effect on Flagellin Binding to Toll-like Receptor 5

A recent study (Ogushi, K., Wada, A., Niidome, T., Okuda, T., Llanes, R., Nakayama, M., Nishi, Y., Kurazono, H., Smith, K. D., Aderem, A., Moss, J., and Hirayama, T. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12213-12219) concluded that gangliosides serve as co-receptors for flagellin signaling via toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). In view of several findings in this study that were inconsistent with a role for gangliosides as co-receptors, we re-examined this important issue. Using TLR5-negative RAW 264.7 cells and a TLR5-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein chimera, we established an assay for specific binding of flagellin to cells. Inhibition of clatherin-mediated internalization of flagellin.TLR5-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein complexes did not impair flagellin activation of IRAK-1. Thus flagellin signal occurs at the cell surface and not intracellularly. Exogenous addition of mixed gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, and GT1b) as well as GD1a itself inhibited flagellin-induced interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase activation as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha production in HeNC2, THP-1, and RAW 264.7 cells. Gangliosides inhibited flagellin signaling in the absence of an effect on flagellin binding to TLR5. Depletion of gangliosides in RAW 264.7 cells did not alter the concentration dependence or magnitude of flagellin signaling as measured by interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase activation or tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Our findings are consistent with the conclusions that gangliosides are not essential co-receptors for flagellin and that the inhibitory effect of gangliosides is mediated by at least one mechanism that is distinct from any effect on the binding of flagellin to TLR5.
Maximum output power control of permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance generator

In this paper, the design and performance analysis of a robust and inexpensive permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance generator (PMa-SynRG) with its corresponding control topology is studied. More specifically, the topology based on vector control for the maximum output power of generator is investigated. The torque of PMa-SynRG is controlled by a combustion engine speed and the maximum power operating point is obtained by the maximum power control. In order to control the three-phase voltage source rectifier, the control system is being implemented on a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor board. Simulations results and experimental results verify the proposed system.
An overview on dynamics and controls modelling of hypersonic vehicles

In order to appropriately design control laws for hypersonic vehicles, it is paramount to understand how the flight dynamics are impacted by the interactions between the aerothermodynamics, propulsion system, structural dynamics, and control system. To this end, there has been a significant investment into the modelling of these sub-systems and their integration into a comprehensive model that can be used to the characterize the flight dynamics of scramjet-powered hypersonic aircraft and still remain amenable to control law design and analysis. In this paper, the development of a comprehensive model of the longitudinal dynamics of generic hypersonic vehicle with an outward-turning, two-dimensional inlet is described. The sub-system models, for the most part, are simple models derived from first-principles and are intended to capture the interactions between the different sub-systems to provide a representative vehicle model. We also will discuss the areas that are important to realizing a hypersonic modelling approach that can take any given vehicle geometry and permit a thorough analysis of its stability and control characteristics and any practical constraints on its operability, the design of a control law, an assessment of it closed-loop performance.
Can Children with ADHD Be Motivated to Reduce Bias in Self-Reports of Competence?

Objective: Our purpose in the current study was to examine whether children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comparison children, if adequately motivated, are able to purposefully match their teachers’ ratings of competence in multiple domains and whether any reductions in self-perceptual bias normalize self-views in relation to comparison children’s self-perceptions. Method: Participants included children with ADHD (n 178) and comparison children (n 86), between 7 and 12 years of age. The majority of participants were Caucasian (81.4%) and male (77.3%). Primary measures included the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985), which was administered during a baseline assessment. In a subsequent session, children completed the SPPC twice more following instructions to first attempt to match their teachers’ ratings of competence and then following the offer of an incentive for matching their teachers’ ratings. Repeated measures analyses of covariance were conducted with between- and within-subjects factors. Results: Significant reductions in 2 of 3 domains (scholastic, behavioral conduct) were found for children with ADHD. No reductions were found across domains for comparison children or in the social domain for children with ADHD. Across conditions, the amount of bias exhibited by children with ADHD was never normalized in relation to comparison children’s ratings. Conclusions: Explicit instructions to match teacher ratings of competence and implementation of incentives were only partially effective in reducing the biased self-perceptions of children with ADHD. Results suggest that children with ADHD, on average, cannot view themselves in a completely unbiased fashion, rather than that they will not do so, although self-protection clearly plays a partial role.
Role Performance and Role Distance in a Low Status Occupation: The Puller*

(1964). Role Performance and Role Distance in a Low Status Occupation: The Puller. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 251-260.
On the Intersubjectivity of Occupational Status Evaluations: A Test of a Key Assumption Underlying the “Wisconsin Model” of Status Attainment

In the twelve years since the publication of Blau and Duncan's classic study, The American Occupational Structure, work on intergenerational manpower flows in an urban-industrial society has been moving towards explanations fully adequate in the sense of Weber or Schutz. Especially notable are the empirically based model-building efforts of Sewell and his associates at Wisconsin and elsewhere. The results of these efforts seem rich with promise. Nevertheless, as the "Wisconsin" status attainment findings are usually interpreted, they rest on a very strong assumption about the collective consciousness of actors within a society. This assumption is that each actor carries within his or her memory a status-differentiated conception of the occupational structure of the society, and every actor's conception agrees with every other actor's conception. Unless this assumption, perhaps with suitable minor qualifications, is at least approximately satisfied, the results generated by the status attainment research tradition are not understandable in the terms in which they typically have been set forth. The present paper reports a direct test of this pivotal assumption. The results show the assumption to be satisfied to a substantial degree. There does appear to be ample individual-level consensus in occupational
Polaris: Improving the Effectiveness of Parallelizing Compilers

It is the goal of the Polaris project to develop a new parallelizing compiler that will overcome limitations of current compilers. While current parallelizing compilers may succeed on small kernels, they often fail to extract any meaningful parallelism from large applications. After a study of application codes, it was concluded that by adding a few new techniques to current compilers, automatic parallelization becomes possible. The techniques needed are interprocedural analysis, scalar and array privatization, symbolic dependence analysis, and advanced induction and reduction recognition and elimination, along with run-time techniques to allow data dependent behavior.
Application of an hp-adaptive Finite Element Method for Thermal Flow Problems

*† Numerical results are presented for a set of convective thermal flow problems using an hpadaptive finite element technique. The hp-adaptive model is based on mesh refinement and spectral order incensement to produce enhanced accuracy while attempting to minimize computational requirements. An a-posteriori error estimator based on the L2 norm is employed to guide the adaptation procedure. Example test cases consisting of natural convection in a differentially heated enclosure, flow with forced convection heat transfer over a backward facing step and natural convection within an enclosed partition are presented. Numerical results are compared with published data in the literature.
PEEP is necessary for exogenous surfactant to reduce pulmonary edema in canine aspiration pneumonitis

Alveolar edema inactivates surfactant, and surfactant depletion causes edema by reducing lung interstitial pressure (Pis). We reasoned that surfactant repletion might reduce edema by raising Pis after acute lung injury and that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) might facilitate this effect. One hour after tracheal administration of hydrochloric acid in 18 anesthetized dogs with transmural pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 8 Torr, the animals were randomized into three groups: in the SURF + PEEP group, 50 mg/kg of calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE) was instilled into each main stem bronchus with 8 cmH2O of PEEP; in the SAL + PEEP group, PEEP was followed by an equal volume of saline (SAL); in the SURF group, CLSE was given without PEEP. After 5 h, edema in excised lungs (wet-to-dry weight ratios) was significantly less in the SURF + PEEP group (9.1 +/- 1.0) than in the other groups (11.3 +/- 1.8 and 11.3 +/- 1.8, respectively). In the SURF + PEEP group, pulmonary venous admixture fell by 6%; this change was different from the 7% increase in the SAL + PEEP group and 40% increase in the SURF group (P less than 0.05). Airway secretions obtained in the SURF + PEEP group had normal minimum surface tensions of 4 +/- 2 mN/m, a value much lower than in SAL + PEEP and SURF groups (32 +/- 4 and 22 +/- 7 mN/m, respectively). We conclude that surfactant normalizes surface tension and decreases transcapillary hydrostatic forces in this lung injury model, thereby reducing edema formation and improving gas exchange. These benefits occur only if surfactant is given with PEEP, allowing surfactant access to the alveoli and/or minimizing its inhibition by edema proteins.
Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma arising in adductor magnus with metastatic foci

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare and aggressive chondrogenic neoplasm arising from the bone or the soft tissue. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas develop outside the osseous structures in about one-third of cases, and the majority of these occur in the meninges and the brain parenchyma. Intramuscular extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (EMC) is exceedingly rare, with very few cases reported in the literature. Although mesenchymal chondrosarcoma has a high potential for metastasis, there have been no reports of pulmonary metastasis from an EMC of intramuscular origin. Here, we describe a patient who came to our facility with a history of progressively worsening left lower extremity pain and swelling, and was found to have pathology-proven EMC originating in the left adductor magnus, with complete workup demonstrating multiple bilateral pulmonary metastases in addition to a possible metastatic focus in the right adrenal gland discovered during the interval surveillance period.
North Korea in 2012: Kim Jong Un’s Succession

Thus far, North Korea appears to have made a successful transition of power to the third generation of Kims, installing the 28-year-old Kim Jong Un as the country9s supreme leader. However, due to the diminishing legitimacy of multiple generations of inherited leadership, Kim Jong Un must deliver what North Korea needs most, namely, economic development. Kim has promised to give it priority, but structural (political, economic, and social) constraints do not allow him much room to maneuver.
Understanding Ecosystem Effects of Dams

Understanding the effects of dams on rivers, and how to manage these structures, is covered in this chapter’s case study. Specifically, the case study centered on planned dam removals in Wisconsin. An accounting of dams in Wisconsin waterways emphasized how effective human engineering has been at reconfiguring flowing water systems, and that strategic removal of aging infrastructure may also present an excellent opportunity for ecosystem restoration.
Conversion of Isopropanol and Mixed Alcohols to Hydrocarbons Using HZSM‐5 Catalyst in the MixAlco™ Process Part 2: Studies at 5000 kPa (abs)

This study employed HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 280 mol/mol) to produce hydrocarbons from reagent-grade isopropanol and mixed alcohols made from lignocellulosic biomass (waste office paper and chicken manure) using the MixAlco™ process. All studies were performed at P = 5000 kPa (abs). The experiments were conducted in two sets: (1) vary temperature (300–450°C) at weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) = 1.92 h−1, and (2) vary WHSV (1.92–11.52 h−1) at T = 370°C. For isopropanol at higher temperatures, the olefins undergo more cracking reactions to produce smaller molecules and more aromatics. At low temperatures, the molecules have less energy so they do not crack and therefore form larger molecules. At T = 300°C, the carbon distribution is bimodal at C9 and C12, which shows trimerization and tetramerization of propene. At 300°C, propene was the only gas produced, cracking did not occur and therefore preserved high-molecular-weight molecules. For mixed alcohols, higher temperatures show significant catalyst deactivation; however, isopropanol did not show any catalyst deactivation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1707–1715, 2016
Hollow organ abdominal ischemia, part II: clinical features, etiology, imaging findings and management

Acute hollow organ ischemia commonly presents with acute pain prompting radiologic evaluation and almost always requires urgent treatment. Despite different risk factors and anatomic differences, ischemia is commonly due to low flow states but can also be due to arterial and venous occlusion. Radiologic diagnosis is critical as many present with nonspecific symptoms. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is preferred in suspected appendicitis in pregnant patients and is superior in biliary necrosis. This article provides a pictorial review of the CT/MRI features of hollow abdominal organ ischemia while highlighting key clinical features, pathogenesis, and management.
Myc-Driven Glycolysis Is a Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma

Purpose: Deregulated Myc drives an oncogenic metabolic state, including pseudohypoxic glycolysis, adapted for the constitutive production of biomolecular precursors to feed rapid tumor cell growth. In glioblastoma, Myc facilitates renewal of the tumor-initiating cell reservoir contributing to tumor maintenance. We investigated whether targeting the Myc-driven metabolic state could be a selectively toxic therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma. Experimental Design: The glycolytic dependency of Myc-driven glioblastoma was tested using 13 C metabolic flux analysis, glucose-limiting culture assays, and glycolysis inhibitors, including inhibitors of the NAD + salvage enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT), in MYC and MYCN shRNA knockdown and lentivirus overexpression systems and in patient-derived glioblastoma tumorspheres with and without MYC / MYCN amplification. The in vivo efficacy of glycolyic inhibition was tested using NAMPT inhibitors in MYCN -amplified patient-derived glioblastoma orthotopic xenograft mouse models. Results: Enforced Myc overexpression increased glucose flux and expression of glycolytic enzymes in glioblastoma cells. Myc and N-Myc knockdown and Myc overexpression systems demonstrated that Myc activity determined sensitivity and resistance to inhibition of glycolysis. Small-molecule inhibitors of glycolysis, particularly NAMPT inhibitors, were selectively toxic to MYC / MYCN –amplified patient-derived glioblastoma tumorspheres. NAMPT inhibitors were potently cytotoxic, inducing apoptosis and significantly extended the survival of mice bearing MYCN -amplified patient-derived glioblastoma orthotopic xenografts. Conclusions: Myc activation in glioblastoma generates a dependency on glycolysis and an addiction to metabolites required for glycolysis. Glycolytic inhibition via NAMPT inhibition represents a novel metabolically targeted therapeutic strategy for MYC or MYCN -amplified glioblastoma and potentially other cancers genetically driven by Myc. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4452–65. ©2016 AACR .
Effect of Temperature on Postyield Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glasses: Thermally Activated Transitions Are Important

Optical probe reorientation measurements were utilized to investigate the effect of temperature on the segmental dynamics of a glassy polymer during deformation. Constant strain rate deformations were performed on poly(methyl methacrylate) glasses at temperatures from Tg – 27 K to Tg – 11 K and engineering strain rates from 3 × 10–6 to 3 × 10–5 s–1. Deformation enhances segmental mobility by up to a factor of 100 in these experiments. In the postyield flow state at a given strain rate, the effect of temperature on dynamics is reduced, relative to the undeformed polymer glass. However, we still observe a significant effect of temperature on segmental dynamics during flow, with calculated free energy barriers of ∼39 kTg. The Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts parameter βKWW, a measure of spatially heterogeneous dynamics, is observed to increase in the postyield regime with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature, indicating more homogeneous dynamics. βKWW is correlated with the enhancement of segmental dyn...
Switchgear bus bars coated by the fluidized bed process

A fluidized bed coating for the insulation of bus bars has been incorporated into a new design of metal enclosed switchgear. The dip-type coating process allows rather complex bus bar configurations to be uniformly coated and insulated with a newly developed epoxy-base insulating material. The switchgear design utilizes the horizontal draw-out of the breaker components from the switchgear cubicles. These cubicles, in turn, are available in factory-assembled groups of from one to five units, depending upon customer needs. Figure 1 shows a typical assembly of cubicles.
Extra Vesical Ureteroneocystostomy in 170 Renal Transplant Patients

Urinary tract reconstitution was done in 170 consecutive renal transplant patients, using an extravesical ureteronecystostomy. The urologic complication rate was 8.5 per cent but complications associated directly with the anastomosis occurred in only 5 per cent of the cases. There have been no anastomotic complications in the last 104 transplants. Vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 20 per cent of 50 patients surveyed. Death in 2 cases and loss of the kidney in 1 were associated with urologic complications.
Tissue Uptake of Manganese as a Measure of Its Bioavailability for Chicks

Inorganic forms of Mn are used routinely as supplemental dietary sources of the element for livestock and poultry. Early research indicated that most chemical forms of manganese were of equal value to the chick, while studies by Watson et al. (1971) suggested that there were differences in the biological availability of manganese among commercially available feed grade products. The latter studies were conducted with a purified diet containing about 5 ppm manganese. Recently, studies have been conducted with manganese sources for chicks using a method described by Ammerman et al. (1985). This method is based on tissue uptake of the element when elevated levels are fed for short periods of time in a diet based on natural ingredients.
Automated training-set creation for software architecture traceability problem

Automated trace retrieval methods based on machine-learning algorithms can significantly reduce the cost and effort needed to create and maintain traceability links between requirements, architecture and source code. However, there is always an upfront cost to train such algorithms to detect relevant architectural information for each quality attribute in the code. In practice, training supervised or semi-supervised algorithms requires the expert to collect several files of architectural tactics that implement a quality requirement and train a learning method. Establishing such a training set can take weeks to months to complete. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this approach is largely dependent upon the knowledge of the expert. In this paper, we present three baseline approaches for the creation of training data. These approaches are (i) Manual Expert-Based, (ii) Automated Web-Mining, which generates training sets by automatically mining tactic's APIs from technical programming websites, and lastly (iii) Automated Big-Data Analysis, which mines ultra-large scale code repositories to generate training sets. We compare the trace-link creation accuracy achieved using each of these three baseline approaches and discuss the costs and benefits associated with them. Additionally, in a separate study, we investigate the impact of training set size on the accuracy of recovering trace links. The results indicate that automated techniques can create a reliable training set for the problem of tracing architectural tactics.
Adjusting Spectrum of MIM Optical Filters by Stub Inclination

We analyze the stub inclination on stub-based MIM optical filters. Analytical analysis and simulation results show that inclination of stub generally causes a blue shift to the transmission spectrum, while emphasizing certain resonances.
D-FACTS for Improved Reliability of the Transmission System During Contingencies

This paper reports on an investigation of the impact of the addition of Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) devices on specific transmission lines to reduce line loading and eliminate potential bottlenecks under contingency conditions as a study for a utility. The D-FACTS devices potentially have reduced costs compared to reconductoring an existing line or installing a new line. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of installing a limited number of these devices on selecting lines to improve system performance under N-1 contingency, N-2 contingency and N-1 contingency at conditions occurring on a neighboring system. The lines are modeled appropriately with existing data from this utility which is a part of WECC. Then D-FACTS devices are integrated with line models for appropriate simulation studies to identify appropriate degrees of compensation and the impacts on system performance. Finally, analysis of these results will be used to develop a practical implementation plan for general use of these D-FACTS devices.
Interpreting fiber structure from polarization dependent optical anisotropy

Polarized light is commonly used to detect optical anisotropies, such as birefringence, in tissues. This optical anisotropy is often attributed to underlying structural anisotropy in tissue, which may originate from regularly aligned collagen fibers. In these cases, the optical anisotropy, such as birefringence, is interpreted as a relative measure of the structural anisotropy of the collagen fibers. However, the relative amplitude of optical anisotropy depends on factors other than fiber orientation, and few models allow quantitative interpretation of absolute measures of true fiber orientation distribution from the optical signal. Our model uses the Mie solution to scattering of linearly polarized light from infinite cylindrical scatterers. The model is expanded to include populations of scatterers with physiologically relevant size and orientation distributions. We investigated the influences of fiber diameter, orientation distribution, and wavelength on the back-scattering signal with our computational model, and used these results to extract structural information from experimental fiber phantoms and bovine tendon. Our results demonstrated that by fitting our model to the experimental data using limited assumptions, we could extract fiber orientation distributions and diameters that were comparable to those found in scanning electron microscope images of the same fiber sample. We found a higher alignment of fibers in the bovine tendon sample, and the extracted fiber diameter was within the expected physiological range. Our model showed that the amplitude of optical anisotropy can vary widely due to factors other than the orientation distribution of fiber structures, including index of refraction, and therefore should not be taken as a sole indicator of structural anisotropy. This work highlights that the accuracy of model assumptions plays a crucial role in extracting quantitative structural information from optical anisotropy.
Do Airports Boost Economic Development by Attracting Talent? An Empirical Investigation at the Subcounty Level

Objective The objectives of this study were to examine (1) the linkage from airports to regional talent distribution and (2) the effect of talent on regional economic development. Methods Using the data collected in Wisconsin at the municipal level, a subcounty level, in a region of the North Central United States from 1970 to 2010 and the American Community Survey 2006–2010 five‐year estimates, and random effects models and structural equation models, we employ descriptive and inferential statistics to examine the linkage from airports to talent to regional economic development. Results We find that the farther a location is away from the airport, the lower its talent share tends to be, while greater passenger flow at the nearest airport increases a location's talent share. Given the quantity of passenger flow, a longer distance from the airport also reduces a location's talent share. The results furthermore suggest that economic development is impacted positively by passenger flow and talent share and negatively by distance to an airport. Conclusion Our results underscore the intermediate role of talent between airports and regional economic development; building the linkage from airports to talent within the context of regional economic development provides important insights for local policy making aimed at attracting talented migrants.
The Short-term Effects of the Kansas Income Tax Cuts on Employment Growth:

The state of Kansas made dramatic changes to the structure of its personal income tax by eliminating taxation of business income and lowering marginal tax rates on other personal income sources. Pr...
Fundamentals of Temporary Abdominal Wall Closure

Temporary abdominal closure is a critical treatment modality in select abdominal surgery patients. Although this technique can be lifesaving and morbidity reducing, it is also associated with specific risks. These risks can be mitigated via appropriate understanding of technical treatment options while maintaining a high index of suspicion for common complications. The following chapter will review contemporary technical options inclusive of available materials and commercial devices. It will also review adjuncts of care that should reduce morbidity.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease--state of the art.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus; heartburn, its most common manifestation, occurs in 7% to 10% of the U.S. population on a daily basis. In addition, many so-called extraesophageal or atypical symptoms, including chronic cough, laryngitis and other otolaryngologic conditions, asthma, and unexplained chest pain, can be associated with GERD, but these patients appear to have a decreased frequency of heartburn, making the diagnosis of GERD difficult. All patients can be successfully managed with appropriate, titrated use of pharmacologic therapy. Antireflux surgery should thus be considered as an option only for patients who cannot afford or choose not to continue long-term medical therapy and for the rare patient with side effects or resistance to proton pump inhibitors. Endoscopic therapy for reflex should be considered as an experimental technology needing continuing evaluation.