cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myonuclear domains in muscle adaptation and disease

Adult skeletal muscle fibers are among the few cell types that are truly multinucleated. Recently, evidence has accumulated supporting a role for the modulation of myonuclear number during muscle remodeling in response to injury, adaptation, and disease. These studies have demonstrated that muscle hypertrophy is associated with, and is dependent on, the addition of newly formed myonuclei via the fusion of myogenic cells to the adult myofiber, whereas muscle atrophy and disease appear to be associated with the loss of myonuclei, possibly through apoptotic-like mechanisms. Moreover, these studies also have demonstrated that myonuclear domain size, i. e., the amount of cytoplasm per myonucleus, is unchanged following the acute phase of hypertrophy but is reduced following atrophy. Together these data demonstrate that modulation of myonuclear number or myonuclear domain size (or both) is a mechanism contributing to the remodeling of adult skeletal muscle in response to alterations in the level of normal neuromuscular activity. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Delimiting the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region to 750 kilobase pairs

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a multiple anomaly condition characterized by mental and developmental defects, resulting from the absence of the distal segment of one chromosome 4 short arm (4p16.3). Owing to the complex and variable expression of this disorder, it is thought that the WHS is a contiguous gene syndrome with an undefined number of genes contributing to the phenotype. The 2.2 Mbp genomic segment previously defined as the critical region by the analyses of patients with terminal or interstitial deletions is extremely gene dense and an intensive investigation of the developmental role of all the genes contained within it would be daunting and expensive. Further refinement in the definition of the critical region would be valuable but depends on available patient material and accurate clinical evaluation. In this study, we have utilized fluorescence in situ hybridization to further characterize a WHS patient previously demonstrated to have an interstitial deletion and demonstrate that the distal breakpoint occurs between the loci FGFR3 and D4S168. This reduces the critical region for this syndrome to less than 750 kbp. This has the effect of eliminating several genes previously proposed as contributing to this syndrome and allows further research to focus on a more restricted region of the genome and a limited set of genes for their role in the WHS syndrome.
Energy dissipation in sloshing waves in a rolling rectangular tank—II. Solution method and analysis of numerical technique

Abstract In Part I of these series of papers, the complete problem formulation in a linearized form was presented. In order to provide the engineer with an in-depth knowledge about the exact solution of the problem, it is natural and essential to start with a linear solution. This will be the objective of Part II, together with an exposition to the analysis of numerical technique utilized. A truncated infinite Fourier series-type solution is adopted for the linearized boundary value problem. It is shown that such a solution is mathematically consistent and represents the phenomenon properly by satisfying all of the field equations and the imposed boundary conditions. The dependence of the Fourier coefficients on the truncation limit has been investigated. The best lower and upper “cutoff limits” for the truncation of an infinite series are determined. An error analysis of the solution technique is performed.
Differences in orientation and swimming of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in a trawl net under light and dark conditions: concordance between field and laboratory observations

The success of modifications to fishing gear in reducing or eliminating bycatch mortality requires in many cases that escaping fish be able to use vision for volitional guiding out of gear. Light adequate for vision is often not present as fishing operations are commonly conducted at depths or at night when light quantity is below visual capability. Previous observations of walleye pollock behavior in the laboratory indicated that darkness inhibited their ability to respond and orient to trawling gear. The goal of the present study was to test this result in situ by comparing swimming and orientation capabilities of walleye pollock under light and dark conditions in commercial type trawl gear using infrared illumination and video cameras to monitor these behaviors. Under light conditions, fish swam actively and were oriented parallel to the principle axis of the trawl. In contrast, under dark conditions there was little or no active swimming and the fish showed a significant degree of deviation from the principle axis of the trawl. These results showed that vision plays a major role in trawl gear interactions for walleye pollock and points out the importance of measuring light quantity in field studies of bycatch processes and mortality.
Separation of specific antibodies to H-2 isoantigens.

Antibodies against various H-2 antigens were separated by an adsorption-elation procedure. The findings might have implications for both antibody and antigen purification.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF T AND B MEMORY LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT

The adoptive secondary antibody response of rats to the hapten-protein conjugate dinitrophenyl-diphtheria toxoid (DNP-DT) was used to investigate the migratory properties and rate of formation of T and B memory cells in the spleen. The experimental findings show that hapten (DNP-BSA)- and carrier (DT)-primed spleen cells act synergistically in the restoration of the adoptive anti-DNP response. Passage of both hapten- and carrier-primed spleen cells through an intermediate host (intravenous injection and subsequent collection in the thoracic duct lymph) showed that both cell types are able to recirculate from the blood to the lymph. In addition, memory to the hapten or carrier could be withdrawn from the spleen by prolonged thoracic duct drainage. The rate of formation of hapten- and carrier-primed spleen cells was studied by treating donors with [3H]thymidine for 48 h before cell transfer in an attempt to "suicide" rapidly dividing cells. Only a slight reduction in the adoptive response to the hapten or carrier was noted upon transfer of treated cells to irradiated hosts. In further experiments, the cell lineage of hapten- and carrier-primed cells was determined by treating each cell type in vitro with rabbit antirat B cell serum (RARBS) and complement. Although treatment with RARBS did not affect the adoptive response restored by carrier-primed cells, the same treatment abolished the response restored by hapten-primed cells. These findings indicate that T and B memory cells in the spleen of the rat are relatively long-lived, recirculating lymphocytes. The contribution of fixed or rapidly turning over cells to immunological memory is small or negligible as compared with the latter cells.
Two rapid and improved techniques for chromatographic fractionation of casein.

The major components of casein, alphas-, beta-, kappa-, and gamma-caseins, were chromatographically fractionated on diethylaminoethyl ion-exchange cellulose in stepwise elution with pH 8, .03 M glycine, or pH 7, .005 M phosphate buffers in the presence of 3.3 M urea and .1% 2-mercaptoethanol. Fractionation was at room temperature (around 25 C) in 4 to 4.5 h. The components showed a reasonable purity electrophoretically. These techniques can be used for quantitative estimation of casein composition.
Double-blind study of ACTH vs prednisone therapy in infantile spasms

Twenty-four patients with infantile spasms were entered in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to compare the therapeutic effectiveness of ACTH (20 to 30 units/day) with that of prednisone (2 mg/kg/day). Response to therapy was determined by utilizing a comprehensive monitoring system and was defined as a complete cessation of spasms and disappearance of the hypsarrhythmic EEG pattern. A major difference between the effectiveness of ACTH and that of prednisone in stopping the spasms and improving the EEG pattern was not demonstrated. Nine patients responded to ACTH (five initial drug four crossover), and seven patients responded to prednisone (four initial drug, three crossover). Twelve responded within two weeks of initiation of therapy, and four within six weeks. Therapy was tapered and discontinued immediately after a response was obtained. Five patients had a relapse; four responded rapidly to a second course of therapy. Of the eight patients who failed to respond to hormonal therapy, seven were given clonazepam with no improvement.
Microbial lipid production from xylose by Mortierella isabellina.

Abstract Culture conditions including nitrogen source and concentration, xylose concentration, and inoculum level were evaluated for the effect on cell growth and lipid production of an oleaginous fungus, Mortierella isabellina , grown on xylose. Yeast extract and ammonium sulfate were found to be the best amongst the organic and inorganic nitrogen sources tested, respectively. Subsequent combination of these two nitrogen sources at a nitrogen ratio of 1:1 further enhanced lipid production. The highest cell biomass 28.8 g L −1 and lipid 18.5 g L −1 were obtained on a medium containing 100 g L −1 xylose and 50.4 mM nitrogen with a spore concentration of 10 8 mL −1 . Specifically, nitrogen concentration and inoculum level were demonstrated to be important for obtaining a high lipid yield on xylose consumed of 0.182 g g −1 . The results suggest that M. isabellina holds great potential to be a candidate for biofuel production from xylose, the second most abundant sugar from lignocellulose.
1024 × 1024 Si:As IBC detector arrays for JWST MIRI

1K × 1K Si:As Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) arrays have been developed by RVS for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). MIRI provides imaging, coronagraphy, and low and medium resolution spectroscopy over the 5 - 28 μm band. The IBC devices are also suitable for other low-background applications. The Si:As IBC detectors have a pixel dimension of 25 μm and respond to infrared radiation between 5 and 28 μm, covering an important Mid-IR region beyond the 1 - 5 μm range covered by the JWST NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments. Due to high terrestrial backgrounds at the longer Mid-IR wavelengths, it is very difficult to conduct ground-based observations at these wavelengths. Hence, the MIRI instrument on JWST can provide science not obtainable from the ground. We describe results of the development of a new 1024 × 1024 Si:As IBC array that responds with high quantum efficiency over the wavelength range 5 to 28 μm. The previous generation's largest, most sensitive infrared (IR) detectors at these wavelengths were the 256 × 256 / 30 μm pitch Si:As IBC devices built by Raytheon for the SIRTF/IRAC instrument 1 . Detector performance results will be discussed, including relative spectral response, Responsive Quantum Efficiency (RQE) vs. detector bias, and dark current versus temperature. In addition, Sensor Chip Assembly (SCA) data will be presented from the first Engineering SCAs. The detector ROIC utilizes a PMOS Source Follower per Detector (SFD) input circuit with a well capacity of about 2 × 105 electrons. The read noise of the "bare" MUX is less than 12 e- rms with Fowler-8 sampling at an operating temperature of 7 K. A companion paper by Craig McMurtry (University of Rochester) will discuss the details of SB305 MUX noise measurements 2 . Other features of the IBC array include 4 video outputs and a separate reference output with a frame rate of 0.36 Hz (2.75 sec frame time). Power dissipation is about 0.5 mW at a 0.36 Hz frame rate. Reset modes include both global reset and reset by row (ripple mode). Reference pixels are built-in to the output data stream. The 1K × 1K IBC is packaged in a robust modular package that consists of a multilayer motherboard, SiC pedestal, and cable assembly with 51-pin MDM connector. All materials of construction were chosen to match the thermal expansion coefficient of Silicon to provide excellent module thermal cycle reliability for cycling between room temperature and 7 K.
Trust Method for Multi-Agent Consensus

The consensus problem in multi-agent systems often assumes that all agents are equally trustworthy to seek agreement. But for multi-agent military applications - particularly those that deal with sensor fusion or multi-robot formation control - this assumption may create the potential for compromised network security or poor cooperative performance. As such, we present a trust-based solution for the discrete-time multi-agent consensus problem and prove its asymptotic convergence in strongly connected digraphs. The novelty of the paper is a new trust algorithm called RoboTrust, which is used to calculate trustworthiness in agents using observations and statistical inferences from various historical perspectives. The performance of RoboTrust is evaluated within the trust-based consensus protocol under different conditions of tolerance and confirmation.
Treatment of preinfarction angina with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and surgery

Abstract Sixteen patients with preinfarction angina unresponsive to medical therapy were treated by Counterpulsation with the intraaortic balloon pump. Chest pain and electrocardiographic changes were abolished or significantly decreased in all but one patient. Counterpulsation reduced peak systolic blood pressure, but had little effect on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or cardiac output. Coronary anatomy was then defined by coronary angiography. Significant obstructive atherosclerosis of the main left or left anterior descending coronary artery was present in all but one patient. All patients underwent coronary revascularization by saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass graft. Fifteen of 16 patients survived the operation. All survivors are clinically improved, and 13 are completely asymptomatic from 1 to 20 months postoperatively.
Drum talk: sweet and tasty rhythms for the orichas

This article explores how the ‘drum talk’ of Santeria ritual drummers amplifies a larger discourse about Afro‐Cuban memorial geography. I examine territory as a cognitive realm by comparing the way...
Chronic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy facilitate induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia in dogs 3 hours after left circumflex coronary artery occlusion

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrophysiology of acute ischemia in hypertrophic as compared with nonhypertrophic myocardium. Left circumflex coronary artery occlusion was produced in anesthetized open chest dogs. Of 40 dogs studied, 22 were normotensive and 18 had chronic hypertension produced by a single kidney renal clamp procedure. Recordings of electrograms and extrastimulus testing were performed in endocardial and epicardial sites in both normal and ischemically damaged zones documented by triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In the hypertrophy group, there was greater endocardial to epicardial conduction delay in ischemic zones, mean ± SEM 57 ± 4 ms versus 31 ± 2 ms in the normotensive group (p Thus, the electrophysiologic response to ischemia is altered in hypertrophied myocardium, which predisposes to rapid sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.
Shared and distinct factors driving attention and temporal processing across modalities.

Abstract In addition to the classic finding that “sounds are judged longer than lights,” the timing of auditory stimuli is often more precise and accurate than is the timing of visual stimuli. In cognitive models of temporal processing, these modality differences are explained by positing that auditory stimuli more automatically capture and hold attention, more efficiently closing an attentional switch that allows the accumulation of pulses marking the passage of time (Penney, Gibbon, & Meck, 2000). However, attention is a multifaceted construct, and there has been little attempt to determine which aspects of attention may be related to modality effects. We used visual and auditory versions of the Continuous Temporal Expectancy Task (CTET; O'Connell et al., 2009) a timing task previously linked to behavioral and electrophysiological measures of mind-wandering and attention lapses, and tested participants with or without the presence of a video distractor. Performance in the auditory condition was generally superior to that in the visual condition, replicating standard results in the timing literature. The auditory modality was also less affected by declines in sustained attention indexed by declines in performance over time. In contrast, distraction had an equivalent impact on performance in the two modalities. Analysis of individual differences in performance revealed further differences between the two modalities: Poor performance in the auditory condition was primarily related to boredom whereas poor performance in the visual condition was primarily related to distractibility. These results suggest that: 1) challenges to different aspects of attention reveal both modality-specific and nonspecific effects on temporal processing, and 2) different factors drive individual differences when testing across modalities.
Identifying Effective Test Cases through K-Means Clustering for Enhancing Regression Testing

Testing is the most time consuming and expensive process in the software development life cycle. In order to reduce the cost of regression testing, we propose a test case classification methodology based on k-means clustering with the purpose of classifying test cases into two groups of effective and non-effective test cases. The clustering strategy is based on Hamming distances measured over the differences between coverage information obtained for current and the previous releases of the program under test. Our empirical study shows that the clustering-based test case classification can identify effective test cases with high recall ratio and considerable accuracy percentage. The paper also investigates and compares the performance of the proposed clustering-based approach with various factors including coverage criteria and the weights factor used in measuring distances.
Intracellular divalent cations block smooth muscle K+ channels.

The patch-clamp technique was used to examine the sensitivity of delayed rectifier K+ channels to changes in intracellular divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+). During voltage-step and ramp depolarizations, a delayed rectifier K+ current (IK(dr)) was identified in renal, pulmonary, coronary, and colonic smooth muscle cells as a low-noise outward current that activated near -40 mV, was sensitive to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and was insensitive to charybdotoxin. During whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments in each of the cell types, the 4-AP-sensitive IK(dr) was significantly less in cells dialyzed with 10 mM Mg2+ as compared with cells in which no Mg2+ was added to the internal dialysis solution (P or = 4). In coronary artery cells, 100 microM 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine (an H1 receptor agonist) or 10 microM ryanodine, agents that cause an increase in [Ca2+]i, also caused a significant reduction of the 4-AP-sensitive IK(dr) similar to that produced by Mg2+. 4-AP (5 mM) significantly depolarized single renal arterial cells that were dialyzed with Mg(2+)-free solution but not those dialyzed with 10 mM Mg2+ (P < .01, n = 4). In inside-out patches of renal arterial smooth muscle cells, with 200 nM charybdotoxin in the patch pipette to block large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels, a 59 +/- 10-picosiemen K+ channel that was sensitive to cytoplasmic Mg2+ was identified. In Mg(2+)-free solution, channel open probability was 0.028 +/- 0.012 (n = 8) and 0.095 +/- 0.011 (n = 8) at +40 and +80 mV, respectively. When the bath solution was changed to one containing 5 or 15 mM Mg2+, channel open probability was significantly reduced by 66% and 68% (+40 mV) or 93% and 96% (+80 mV), respectively. This decrease in the open probability of the delayed rectifier K+ channel resulted from a concentration- and voltage-dependent decrease in mean open time. At +40 mV, time constants for the open time distribution were significantly decreased from 5.5 +/- 0.52 to 1.2 +/- 0.14 milliseconds, whereas the closed time constant was significantly increased from 634 +/- 11.1 to 820 +/- 14.4 milliseconds (P < .01, n = 4). It is concluded that a 4-AP-sensitive delayed rectifier K+ channel in both vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells is modulated by changes in intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ that may alter membrane potential and the contractile state of smooth muscle.
THE PRODUCTION OF OVULATION AND FUNCTIONAL CORPORA LUTEA IN RABBITS BEFORE AND AFTER TRANSECTION OF THE HYPOPHYSIAL STALK1

TRANSECTION of the hypophysial stalk in the rabbit prevents the occurrence of I mating induced ovulation and the associated corpus luteum formation (i). J L Failure of stalk-cut animals to ovulate is not due to an absence of ovulation producing material in the hypophysis. The glands of such animals contain normal concentrations of follicle stimulating and luteinizing substances (2). Additional evidence that the pars distalis retains some functional ability after transection of the hypophysial stalk is furnished by the fact that the ovaries do not become atrophic. Follicular development occurs to such a degree that ovulation can be produced readily by injections of pregnancy urine extracts (1). Ovarian reactivity to the ovulation producing material of pregnancy urine decreases rapidly following removal of the hypophysis (3). White and Leonard (4) found that in order to induce ovulation in rabbits injected 1 hour after hypohysectomy it was necessary to use 50% more pregnancy urine than the minimal dose for ...
Electric-field-induced reconnection of severed axons

We report the first successful axon reconnection in the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) medial giant axon (MGA) by electric fields generated by electrical pulses of 10-100 microseconds duration and 80-200 V amplitude. Reconnection was documented by light and electron microscopy, and by transport of Lucifer yellow dye across the reconnected MGA segments. Direct repair of a severed nerve axon promises the advantages of preserving axon viability and distal connections.
Rotational diffusion of rhodopsin in the visual receptor membrane.

Transient photodichroism in the frog retina reveals that rhodopsin has a relaxation time of 20 µs. The site rhodopsin occupies in the membrane must therefore be highly fluid. This suggests rhodopsin may be a diffusional carrier.
Etiology and frequency of rhabdomyolysis.

Study Objectives. To describe the etiology and characteristics of patients with clinically diagnosed rhabdomyolysis in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database (GPRD), and to estimate the risk of rhabdomyolysis in general and that associated with lipid-lowering agents in particular. Design. Retrospective analysis. Setting. The GPRD. Patients. A base population of patients aged 20–75 years. Intervention. Patients hospitalized with a computer-recorded code for acute myositis or myoglobinuria, or with “rhabdo” recorded in free text comments were reviewed for evidence of rhabdomyolysis. Lipid-lowering treatment among the base population also was calculated. Measurements and Main Results. We identified 25 patients with rhabdomyolysis among 2.5 million in the base population between 1990 and 1999. Seven cases (28%) occurred after a drug overdose and 5 (20%) after septicemia. Among the 2935 concurrent users of statin and fibrate agents, one developed rhabdomyolysis. Conclusion. Only 25 patients out of 2.5 million were found to have rhabdomyolysis. Of those, only one patient was taking a statin and fibrate concurrently, out of almost 3000 concurrent users. The free-text comments field in the GPRD helped to identify patients with rhabdomyolysis.
Photophysics and photochemistry of colloidal poly (p-phenylinevinylene) (PPV) polymer

Abstract The photophysical and photochemical behaviour of colloidal PPV polymers has been investigated by emission and photoelectrochemical studies. Emission studies indicated an increased conjugation length for PPV polymers on going from solution to the solid state. The quenching of the emission of PPV polymer by iodine can be used to probe the hole transfer by PPV–iodide complex with subsequent formation of I*−. To elucidate the role of hole trapping in the process of photo-generation charge separation in various PPV/OTE electrodes, various electrolytes have been used. The values of photon-to-photocurrent conversion efficiency (IPCE) were evaluated from the short circuit photocurrent measurements at different excitation wavelengths. The close match between the IPCE and the absorption spectra shows that the photosensitization mechanism is operative in extending the photocurrent response of OTE/PPV into the visible. The maximum IPCE observed in the present experiments was ∼1.5% in the wavelength region of 425 nm which commensurates well with the reported values [M. Jonforsen, I. Ahmad, T. Johansson, J. Larsson, L.S. Roman, M. Svensson, O. Inganas, M.R. Andersson, Synth. Met. 119 (2001) 185]. From the photoelectrochemical response of an OTE/PPV electrode to visible light irradiation, the generation of photovoltage and photocurrent was prompt and was reproducible under several on–off cycles of illumination. Optimization of redox couple, electrolyte and film thickness is essential for improving the performance of PPV-based photoelectrochemical cells.
A model of the world oil market for project LINK Integrating economics, geology and politics

Abstract This paper describes a new model of the world oil market for Project LINK that integrates the effect of changes in the economic, geological and political environment. The model forecasts non-OPEC oil production using a new technique that quantifies the effect of geological, economic and political variables. The model forecasts real oil prices based on changes in market conditions and OPEC behaviour. Scenarios indicate that OPEC can influence the price for oil over the medium and long term by adjusting the rate at which it adds capacity. On the other hand, OPEC will find it difficult to influence oil prices by shutting in operable capacity.
Comparison: Proof or ornament?

This essay notes that in some mid‐eighteenth and early nineteenth‐century treatises on rhetoric, the concepts of stylistic figure and proof by analogy were blended in a manner which has rarely occurred until recently. A second suggestion is that this phenomenon occurred in a manner which reflected the thinking of the age. These contentions are supported by drawing upon the works of George Campbell, Joseph Priestley, and Richard Whately.
Structural Insights into Ail-Mediated Adhesion in Yersinia pestis.

Ail is an outer membrane protein from Yersinia pestis that is highly expressed in a rodent model of bubonic plague, making it a good candidate for vaccine development. Ail is important for attaching to host cells and evading host immune responses, facilitating rapid progression of a plague infection. Binding to host cells is important for injection of cytotoxic Yersinia outer proteins. To learn more about how Ail mediates adhesion, we solved two high-resolution crystal structures of Ail, with no ligand bound and in complex with a heparin analog called sucrose octasulfate. We identified multiple adhesion targets, including laminin and heparin, and showed that a 40 kDa domain of laminin called LG4-5 specifically binds to Ail. We also evaluated the contribution of laminin to delivery of Yops to HEp-2 cells. This work constitutes a structural description of how a bacterial outer membrane protein uses a multivalent approach to bind host cells.
A robust, electrochemically driven microwell drug delivery system for controlled vasopressin release

Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) based implantable drug delivery devices represent a promising approach to achieving more precise dosing, faster release and better localization of therapeutic compounds than is possible with existing technology. Despite recent advancements, there remain challenges in being able to build systems that enable active control over the dose rate and release time, in a robust, low power but simple to fabricate package. Here we demonstrate an implantable microreservoir device that enables delivery of dose volumes as high as 15 μl using an electrochemically based transport mechanism. This approach allows for a significant reduction in the amount of time required for drug delivery as well as reducing the dependence on the external physiological conditions. We present the overall design, operating principle and construction of the device, and experimental results showing the volume transport rate as a function of the strength of the applied electric field. The concentration profile vs. time, the power consumption, and ejection efficiency are also investigated. To demonstrate the medical utility of the device we also characterize the in-vitro release of vasopressin.
Student outcomes assessment (panel session): what works and what doesn't

Panelists will describe their schools' approaches to outcomes assessment for computer science students. Both successful and failed approaches will be discussed. Approaches to assessment start with the identification of program goals and selection of appropriate measures. Measurable results include student performance on standardized and locally developed tests, placement statistics, alumni interviews, employer perceptions, and other skills assessment. Pitfalls will be discussed. Results of outcomes assessment at each institution will be presented, including the management of collected data, interpretation of results, and integration of the results into the curriculum development process.
Acquiring English at different ages: the English displacement effect and other findings.

An analysis of the language backgrounds of 237 persons in a psychology department subject pool is presented. Specific findings indicate that (a) only about two-thirds of the subjects were native speakers of English, (b) native English speakers can be divided into several different groups on the basis of bilingual background and age of acquisition of their second language, (c) the number of native English speakers who would be considered “ideal” for psycholinguistic experiments in English (e.g., monolinguals and bilinguals who acquired a second language in or after adolescence) is only about a third of the sample, (d) nonnative English speakers appear to have their native, non-English-language abilities reduced as a function of their acquisition of English; that is, English appears to displace other languages that a person knows (the English displacement effect), and (e) age of English acquisition is shown to be an important factor, by correlating negatively with rated English abilities and reported Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, and positively with rated ability in a non-English language.
The effects of hypophysectomy and replacement therapy with prolactin, cortisone, or their combination on the blood of the black bullhead Ictalurus melas

Experiments are done on intact and hypophysectimized Ictalurus melas maintained in approximately isotonic saline. Serum Na+ decreases after hypophysectomy but serum Cl− is not affected. Prolactin increases both serum Na+ and Cl− in intact fish, but only Na+ increases in hypophysectomized recipients. Cortisone decreases serum Na+ in hypophysectomized fish but increases serum Cl−. When prolactin and cortisone are administered together, the Na+-increasing effect of prolactin is dominant, while the Cl−-increasing effect of cortisone is greatly enhanced. It is concluded that the two ions are regulated separately and that both hormones are necessary to maintain normal levels in hypophysectomized recipients. Serum Ca2+ is higher in adult females than in males and low in juveniles, irrespective of treatment. Serum inorganic P is lower in juveniles than in adults and is unaffected by hypophysectomy. Serum organic P increases in hypophysectomized fish receiving cortisone, perhaps in correlation with the increase in serum proteins. Saline injections are hyperglycemic in intact fish but prolactin injections are hypoglycemic, as is hypophysectomy. Serum cholesterol tends to increase after hypophysectomy and injections of prolactin and/or cortisone result in a significant decrease. No sexual differences in serum proteins are detected in adult, postspawning fish and hypophysectomy has no effect in September, but low levels characterize winter fish at low temperature. Cortisone increases serum proteins in hypophysectomized fish in winter, but otherwise no hormonal effects are observed. Prolactin significantly lowers the pH of the blood, alone or in combination with cortisone.
Bacterial surface-layer proteins for electrochemical nanofabrication

We have used electrochemical processing to fabricate ordered arrays of metals and metal oxides on surfaces at densities exceeding 10 12 cm -2 , on mm 2 areas, and with typical feature sizes of 2-3 nm. This is achieved via masks obtained from naturally occurring proteins that assemble into two-dimensional crystals containing internal porous structure within each unit cell of the crystalline lattice. We have proven this process with bacterial cell surface proteins (S-layer proteins) from Deinococcus radiodurans and Sporosarcina ureae. Each of these S-layer proteins has unique lattice geometry and internal structure. Substrates are coated by adsorption from a dilute suspension of purified, stabilized protein extract. Electrochemical deposition proceeds through solvent accessible pores of the S-layer crystal to build surface structures with nanometer scale feature sizes and spacings precisely matching the geometry of the protein "mask". Comparisons between the structure of the electrodeposited material through the protein mask and the protein surface topography suggest that the S-layers of D. radiodurans possess pores providing straight through-holes to the surface, whereas the S-layers of S. ureae presents a more tortuous pathway to the electrode surface.
Theoretical developments in cavity quantum optics : a brief review

Abstract We review some recent developments in theoretical cavity quantum optics, with special attention to the microwave regime and to aspects related to quantum measurement theory.
Enhancing Collaborative Learning: Discussion Boards and Chat Rooms as Project Communication Tools:

Group projects are integral to the business curriculum and can be useful in devel oping students' skills and abilities as managers. However, fuculty encounter sev eral problerns with group projects, including assessing students' efforts, aiding good communication and coordination among members, and making sure the project is a truly collaborative effort. Technology may aid in addressing these problems; elec tronic discussion boards and chat rooms, for example, can help faculty and stu dents enhance collaboration and increase the accountability of group members.
Particle size effects in vinyl acetate synthesis over Pd/SiO2

Pd catalysts with varying particle size supported on a high-surface-area (600 m2/g) SiO2 were prepared by wet impregnation. The kinetics of vinyl acetate (VA) synthesis at atmospheric pressure was investigated in a fix-bed microreactor. With transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the average diameter of the Pd particles was estimated to be 4.0±0.24.0±0.2 and 2.5±0.1 nm2.5±0.1 nm over the reduced Pd(5.0 wt%)/SiO2 and Pd(1.0 wt%)/SiO2 catalysts, respectively; limited sintering of the Pd particles during the reaction was observed for both catalysts. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed primarily metallic Pd crystallites on the reduced catalyst and the formation of Pd carbide (PdCx) on the reacted catalyst. The Pd kinetics shows that the apparent activation energy increases with a decrease in the Pd particle size, varying from 17.0 kJ/mol over Pd(5.0 wt%)/SiO2 to 39.0 kJ/mol over Pd(1.0 wt%)/SiO2, and the rate of VA formation was significantly enhanced. On the other hand, the reaction orders (i.e., negative order with respect to ethylene and positive order with respect to oxygen) showed very little dependence on the Pd particle size.
Errors in kinesthetic transformations for hand apposition

We investigated the ability of human subjects to duplicate with the left hand the spatial location of the right hand, using only kinesthetic cues. Under this experimental condition, subjects produced large and idiosyncratic errors which varied with the spatial location of the hand. Tactile cues originating from contact of the hand with a rigid surface generally led to a decrease in the variable error. However, even without tactile cues, the variable error was small compared with other tasks in which subjects are required to estimate the spatial location of the hand on the basis of kinesthetic cues. The results suggest that subjects did not derive an estimate of the location of the right hand in extrapersonal space, but rather that they performed the task within intrapersonal space.
6 W, 5 mJ amplification with a 28% efficient, kHz, Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier

Summary form only given. Sumamry form only given. We use laser design methodology provides the highest energy from a regenerative amplifier possible with a modern pump laser (Quantronix 527 DQ) and minimizes the spectral and phase distortion for a regeneratively amplified ultrafast pulse. In most high-power laser systems, the regenerative amplifier is only a preamplifier that is followed by a multipass amplifier to increase the pulse energy to the several millijoule level. Our regenerative amplifier, however, produces 6 watts of average power at 2 kHz or 5 mJ of pulse energy at 1 kHz. We are aware of no previous Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier whose average power exceeds 1.5 watts. The regenerative amplifier is a symmetric, two-rod, ring cavity that is stable with pump powers from 0 watts (single shot) to >28 watts.
Fiscal Crisis and Police Union Bargaining: The Case of New York

This article is a case study exploration of the impact offinancial crisis and bureaucratic retrenchment on the bargaining strategies of big-city police unions. Questions considered include: Can police unions sustain their role in the urban policymaking process during a period offiscal crisis? To what extent do they alter bargaining strategies in order to maintain influence? Evidence from a case study of bargaining in New York suggests that police unions may shift tactics to include more multilateral negotiating during afiscal crisis with an emphasis on access to the courts and use of public confrontations.
Efficient composite designs with small number of runs

A new method of constructing of composite designs using the robustness property against deletion of runs (points) is given. Composite designs are presented with small number of runs. These designs are in general more efficient in terms of both prediction of response and estimation of parameters, than their competitors that are available in the literature.
A Three-Question Framework to Facilitate Clinical Decision Making

Context: Highly developed critical thinking and the ability to discriminate among many possible therapeutic interventions is a core behavior for the practicing athletic trainer. However, while athletic training students receive a great deal of clinically applicable information, many are not explicitly trained in efficient methods for channeling this great volume of data into sound clinical decisions. Objective: To propose a simple, three-question framework for prudent clinical decision making in therapeutic modalities and rehabilitation contexts. Background: Athletic training education occurs in various settings, where students are immersed in basic cognitive and psychomotor proficiencies germane to the prevention, evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation of injury and illness in the physically active. In clinical practice, the knowledge and demonstration of these proficiencies are vital to the development of sound clinical decision making. Description: I propose a simple and repeatable three-question de...
The spectrum of Gram-positive bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies, and the in vitro activity of various quinolones against Gram-positive bacteria isolated from cancer patients.

Summary Objectives To determine the current spectrum of Gram-positive bloodstream infections (BSI) in patients with hematologic malignancies at our institution, and to determine the in vitro activity of various fluoroquinolones against clinical Gram-positive isolates collected from such patients. Methods Institutional microbiology records from 493 consecutive episodes of Gram-positive BSI were reviewed. The in vitro activity of six fluoroquinolones against 477 clinical isolates was determined using an NCCLS approved, broth-dilution method. Results The most common Gram-positive organisms isolated from the bloodstream of patients with hematological malignancies were coagulase-negative staphylococci (33%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), viridans group streptococci (10%), and the enterococci (8%). Acute leukemias were the most common underlying malignancies, and 73% of patients were neutropenic when they developed their BSI. The newer generation quinolones – moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin – had the best overall in vitro activity against the Gram-positive isolates tested, and were at least 2 to 8-fold more potent than the early generation quinolones (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin). Of the 477 isolates tested, 405 (85%) were from patients receiving quinolone (ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) prophylaxis. Conclusions In patients with hematologic malignancies, Gram-positive BSI are caused by a large number of bacterial species and many occur despite antimicrobial prophylaxis. The newer generation quinolones – moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin – have better in vitro activity against these organisms than early generation agents (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin).
Atomic Clusters of Pd and Au N Pd M in Polyaniline

The previously described cyclic pathway method for deposition of atomic metals has been used to create Pd1–6 atomic clusters and Au1–5Pd1 and Au1–4Pd2 bimetallic atomic clusters in polyaniline (PANI). The controlled deposition of predetermined atomic size clusters of metals has been examined by testing the electrochemical oxidation of n-propanol in 1 M NaOH. The oxidation peak currents from the cyclic voltammograms were found to follow the same trend as the changes of the calculated HOMO–LUMO gap energies. The FTIR signature of PANI for these films also followed the calculated trend. This study also looks at the effects of atomic arrangement in the atomic structure on the support matrix of PANI. The results presented here have shown that the cyclic pathway is a versatile method for the atomic deposition of single metal, bimetallic, or even trimetallic atomic clusters in PANI.
The salience of social referents: a field experiment on collective norms and harassment behavior in a school social network.

Persistent, widespread harassment in schools can be understood as a product of collective school norms that deem harassment, and behavior allowing harassment to escalate, as typical and even desirable. Thus, one approach to reducing harassment is to change students’ perceptions of these collective norms. Theory suggests that the public behavior of highly connected and chronically salient actors in a group, called social referents, may provide influential cues for individuals’ perception of collective norms. Using repeated, complete social network surveys of a public high school, we demonstrate that changing the public behavior of a randomly assigned subset of student social referents changes their peers’ perceptions of school collective norms and their harassment behavior. Social referents exert their influence over peers’ perceptions of collective norms through the mechanism of everyday social interaction, particularly interaction that is frequent and personally motivated, in contrast to interaction shaped by institutional channels like shared classes. These findings clarify the development of collective social norms: They depend on certain patterns of and motivations for social interactions within groups across time, and are not static but constantly reshaped and reproduced through these interactions. Understanding this process creates opportunities for changing collective norms and behavior.
The nature of glass dynamics: thermal reversibility of spectral diffusion in a low temperature glass

Abstract Temperature cycling optical hole-burning experiments on cresyl violet in ethanol glass are reported. At 1.3 K a hole is burned and measured. The temperature if then raised to 2.1 K; the hole is measured. The temperature is returned to 1.3 K, and the hole is again measured. The hole is observed to be narrow at 1.3 K, broader at 2.1 K, and then narrow again when the temperature is returned to 1.3 K. Using the time-dependent hole widths and photon echo data at the two temperatures, the results can be accounted for quantitatively using the tunneling two-level system model of glasses. Models of glasses, which involve processes such as spatial diffusion of defects, cannot account for the data.
Effect of Surface Layers on Mechanical Characteristics of MgO

Magnesium oxide single crystals were coated with copper, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, iron, and gold to determine what effect, if any, altering the surface would have on the mechanical strength of the MgO. The coated crystals were given various heat treatments to allow a metal oxide to form on the MgO surface. The specimens were bent, using a three-point loading machine to determine the flow stress. These geld strengths were then compared. It was found that the iron, nickel, and cobalt oxide layers decidedly lowered the yield strength whereas aluminum, gold, and copper had no effect.
Systems biology approach for mapping the response of human urothelial cells to infection by Enterococcus faecalis

To better understand the response of urinary epithelial (urothelial) cells to Enterococcus faecalis, a uropathogen that exhibits resistance to multiple antibiotics, a genome-wide scan of gene expression was obtained as a time series from urothelial cells growing as a layered 3-dimensional culture similar to normal urothelium. We herein describe a novel means of analysis that is based on deconvolution of gene variability into technical and biological components. Analysis of the expression of 21,521 genes from 30 minutes to 10 hours post infection, showed 9553 genes were expressed 3 standard deviations (SD) above the system zero-point noise in at least 1 time point. The asymmetric distribution of relative variances of the expressed genes was deconvoluted into technical variation (with a 6.5% relative SD) and biological variation components (>3 SD above the mode technical variability). These 1409 hypervariable (HV) genes encapsulated the effect of infection on gene expression. Pathway analysis of the HV genes revealed an orchestrated response to infection in which early events included initiation of immune response, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell signaling followed at the end by apoptosis and shutting down cell metabolism. The number of poorly annotated genes in the earliest time points suggests heretofore unknown processes likely also are involved. Enterococcus infection produced an orchestrated response by the host cells involving several pathways and transcription factors that potentially drive these pathways. The early time points potentially identify novel targets for enhancing the host response. These approaches combine rigorous statistical principles with a biological context and are readily applied by biologists.
Closed-loop artificial pancreas: current studies and promise for the future.

Purpose of reviewThe availability of glucose sensors and insulin pumps has enabled the development of devices and software to partially or completely automate insulin delivery. Over the last 2 years, the number of centers developing and evaluating such systems, as well as the number of reports of th