cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amanita Pantherina of Western Washington

In the fall of 1912 W. A. Murrill, during a visit in western Washington, described a new species of Amanita as Venenarius pantherinoides (Amanita pantherinoides) (10), closely related to Amanita pantherina Fries. This was prior to any definite knowl? edge that the latter species existed in North America. It was not until 1929 that Zeller (17) reported Amanita pantherina Fries as fruiting in the spring in Oregon. Since then attention has been focused on both spring and fall specimens, due to their striking appearance and abundance around the Puget Sound section. Specimens were collected in the spring and again in the fall for detailed examination and comparison. This was not difficult as there was an abundance of material available, in season, around Fort Lewis, on the Tacoma " prairies," and in the vicinity of Seattle. It has also been reported from Grays Harbor, Anacortes, Olympia, and Mount Rainier. This species is found most abundantly late in the fall from November first until the frosts come. A specimen was collected Christmas Day, 1933 in the Nisqually Valley. It commonly occurs under young Douglas firs that have abundant branches near the ground, less frequently in the open. In some instances the spring and fall collections were from under the same tree. The following is a description of Amanita pan? therina as it occurs in the Puget Sound region. Pileus uniform Prout's brown (15) to warm buff (15) with a darker center, sometimes yellowish, especially around the margin, covered with white persistent scales often uniformly distributed but may be nearly or completely washed off by heavy rains (Fig. 2), 5-11 cm. broad, globose when young, expanded when mature, sometimes slightly depressed in mature specimens (plate 46), viscid when moist, shiny when dry, cuticle peeling readily; margin
Hydrogeologic Electric Analog ComputerS

Electric analog computers are versatile and simple equipment that allow ground-water development schemes to be rapidly and accurately tested and allow the relative merits of alternate choices of development to be appraised. The electric analog computer consists of an analog model and excitation-response apparatus, i.e., waveform generator, pulse generator, and oscilloscope. The analog model is a regular array of resistors and capacitors whose values vary in accordance with the irregular physical dimensions and properties of nonhomogeneous aquifers. The behavior of the electrical network is described by an equation that has the same form as the finite-difference equation for nonsteady state three-dimensional flow of ground water. Electrical and hydraulic units are connected by four scale factors. Excitation-response equipment force electrical energy in the proper time phase into the analog model and measure energy levels within the energy-dissipative resistor-capacitor network. Close agreement between analog computer and exact analytical solutions for three selected idealized aquifer situations is noted.
Gastric ischemia: the primary factor in neonatal perforation.

The incidence of perinatal asphyxia and evidence for gastric ischemia were investigated in six patients from the Yale-New Haven Hospital and 87 previously reported cases having neonatal gastric per...
Immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations in solid tumors: opportunities and challenges

The emergence of immune ‘checkpoint inhibitors’ such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) has revolutionized treatment of solid tumors including melanoma, lung cancer, among many others. The goal of checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy is to improve clinical response and minimize toxicities. Rational design of checkpoint combinations considers immune-mediated mechanisms of antitumor activity: immunogenic cell death, antigen release and presentation, activation of T-cell responses, lymphocytic infiltration into tumors and depletion of immunosuppression. Potential synergistic combinations include checkpoint blockade with conventional (radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapies) and newer immunotherapies (cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, among others). Reliable biomarkers are necessary to define patients who will achieve best clinical benefit with minimal toxicity in combination therapy.
Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Physical Activity on Cancer

There are numerous biological mechanisms that have been proposed to explain how physical activity might prevent cancer, including effects on body size, sex hormone levels, insulin resistance, immune surveillance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. There is very little human epidemiologic data supporting or refuting proposed mechanistic hypotheses. Thus at this point in time, our understanding of the mechanisms through which physical activity impacts cancer incidence is more theoretical than practical. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that physical activity is protective against cancers of the colon and breast. Using these cancers as a lens, this chapter will review and critique major areas of the mechanistic literature on physical activity and suggest other mechanistic hypotheses that might explain the effects of physical activity.
Optical Activity of Glycoproteins and Lipoproteins

Many proteins contain chemically bound carbohydrate. If the carbohydrate component is relatively small, e.g. 3 or 4%, its effect on the optical rotatory properties is negligible. Most of such proteins, for instance the immunoglobulins and ovalbumin, have been mentioned previously, and their conformation will not be discussed in this chapter. But there are several proteins which contain 20 to 50%, and more, carbohydrate, and in these cases it is legitimate to question the effect of the carbohydrate component on the optical activity. These carbohydrate-containing proteins are called glycoproteins, mucoproteins, mucoids, and the distinction is made sometimes on the basis of the carbohydrate composition. Since we shall not discuss carbohydrate chemistry, the term glycoprotein will be used for all the proteins which contain a substantial quantity of carbohydrate. Hexoses, hexosamines, and sialic acids are the most common building blocks of the carbohydrate components in glycoproteins. Galactose, mannose, and the methylpentose fucose are the most common monosaccharides. Glucosamine and galactosamine appear often, and the amino group of the hexosamine is usually acetylated. The monosaccharides are linked among themselves in oligo- or polysaccharide chains which may be branched. The carbohydrate in the glycoprotein may be either in one polysaccharide moiety or in the form of several such components which have molecular weights of about 500 to 4000. The carbohydrate in glycoproteins is linked to the polypeptide chain by covalent bonds, such as between the anomeric carbon atom of N-acetylhexosamine and the amide of asparagine, or an O-glycosidic linkage involving the reducing group of hexosamine and the hydroxygroup of serine or threonine. A good review on the fundamental structures in glycoproteins is provided by Gottschalk and Graham (1966).
Development of the Connected Chemistry as Formative Assessment Pedagogy for High School Chemistry Teaching

This paper describes the development of Connected Chemistry as Formative Assessment (CCFA) pedagogy, which integrates three promising teaching and learning approaches, computer models, formative assessments, and learning progressions, to promote student understanding in chemistry. CCFA supports student learning in making connections among the three domains of chemistry: the macroscopic; the submicroscopic; and the representational. There were 10 sets of computer models and computer-model-based formative assessment tests developed for 10 chemistry topics to enhance student understanding of matter and energy, and models. This article reports the development process of CCFA and evidence supporting the reliability and validity of measures of the formative assessment tests in CCFA based on the Rasch measurement application.
Researching Urban Slum Health in Nima, a Slum in Accra

The UN-Habitat defines a slum as a human settlement with inadequate access to safe water, inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure, poor structural quality of housing, overcrowding; and insecure residential status (UN-Habitat 2005; Riley et al. 2007). In 2007, these characteristics defined 43 % of combined urban populations in developing countries and about 78 % of the urban population in least developed countries (Vlahov et al. 2007). An estimated one billion people live in slums and this number is expected to rise to about two billion by 2030 and about three billion by 2050 if current trends continue (UN-Habitat 2005). Slum growth is mostly a result of high population growth with low industrialization, a predominant feature in less developed countries (LDCs) of Asia and Africa. The huge gap between the available facilities and needs of slum dwellers produces rapid deterioration of amenities due to excessive pressure (Arku et al. 2011).
Correlated Friends' Impacts in Social-crowdsensing

Social sensing is a typical application of the crowdsourcing system. With the consideration of system timeliness, flexibility, and stability, it could not be more natural to build a self-organized, distributed, and cross-platform crowdsourcing system. Social-crowdsensing (SC) is the first attempt. In SC, a huge sensing task is gradually partitioned into smaller pieces, and the pieces are propagated to potential workers via stochastic social contacts. During these contacts, allocating the workload is a critical problem, which affects the work's completion time and system resource utilization. By analyzing real data, we notice that the times of social contact occurrences are partially correlated. Whether it is necessary to purposely incorporate workers' correlation into the decision-making phase of workload allocation becomes an open question. In this paper, we systematically study the impacts of users' correlated behaviors.
Evaluation of anti-botulinum neurotoxin single domain antibodies with additional optimization for improved production and stability

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a highly potent and lethal toxin, which even in minute quantities can lead to death. BoNT occurs in seven well described serotypes, A-G, and it is critical to not only detect the presence of BoNT, but also to determine the serotype to which a person has been exposed, as the degree of toxicity and persistence of symptoms varies greatly between the various types. Recently, Conway et al. 2010 developed single domain antibodies (sdAb), the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies derived from camelids, for the detection of all seven serotypes of BoNT; identifying pairs of sdAb for each serotype they demonstrated the sensitive detection of each toxin. Using the sequence information provided in that work, fourteen of their sdAb were recreated with one goal being confirmation of their binding ability and specificity for the seven serotypes of BoNT. This was accomplished using a direct binding assay with the toxins immobilized on microtiter plates. In addition, the melting temperatures and production yields from E. coli shake flask fermentation were determined for each of the sdAb produced. In several instances, alternatives or variants of the previously described sdAb were prepared, either to improve the stability or production yields of the anti-BoNT sdAb. Insertion of four framework 1 point mutations (1E or D, 3Q, 5V, and 6E) gave repeated improvement in thermal stability by 5-9 °C, offering a method for increasing sdAb melting temperatures. This work provides for the independent verification of the ability of these sdAb to recognize all seven serotypes of BoNT, furnishing melting temperature, relative affinity, and production yield information that will allow for their future utilization with increased confidence.
Association of serum magnesium with all-cause mortality in patients with and without chronic kidney disease in the Dallas Heart Study

Background Low serum magnesium (SMg) has been linked to increased mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. We examined whether this association is similar in participants with versus without prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the multiethnic Dallas Heart Study (DHS) cohort. Methods SMg was analyzed as a continuous variable and divided into tertiles. Study outcomes were all-cause death, cardiovascular (CV) death or event, and CVD surrogate markers, evaluated using multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for demographics, comorbidity, anthropometric and biochemical parameters including albumin, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone, and diuretic use. Median follow-up was 12.3 years (11.9-12.8, 25th percentile-75th percentile). Results Among 3551 participants, 306 (8.6%) had prevalent CKD. Mean SMg was 2.08 ± 0.19 mg/dL (0.85 ± 0.08 mM, mean ± SD) in the CKD and 2.07 ± 0.18 mg/dL (0.85 ± 0.07 mM) in the non-CKD subgroups. During the follow-up period, 329 all-cause deaths and 306 CV deaths or events occurred. In a fully adjusted model, every 0.2 mg/dL decrease in SMg was associated with ∼20-40% increased hazard for all-cause death in both CKD and non-CKD subgroups. In CKD participants, the lowest SMg tertile was also independently associated with all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.31; 95% confidence interval 1.23-4.36 versus 1.15; 0.55-2.41; for low versus high tertile, respectively). Conclusions Low SMg levels (1.4-1.9 mg/dL; 0.58-0.78 mM) were independently associated with all-cause death in patients with prevalent CKD in the DHS cohort. Randomized clinical trials are important to determine whether Mg supplementation affects survival in CKD patients.
Analysis of Oblique Angle Scanning in the Imaging of Multilayered Targets

The ultrasonic scanning of multilayered targets, using pulse-echo detection, results in reverberations which complicate the direct characterization of the boundaries. In the nondestructive material evaluation, the problem of reverberation arises frequently. In fact some structures by their very nature are so reverberant that the reverberations comprise the entire received signal. A practical example of such a problem occurs in connection with the inspection of steam generator tubing. Steam generators currently in use contain inconel tubing which is held loosely within a steel support structure. The integrity of the tube/support structure can be evaluated by sending ultrasonic pulses through the tube wall which are highly reverberant. The multilayered model of the tube/support structure is shown in Figure 1, where Region I is inside the tube, Region II is the tube wall, Region III is the water gap, and Region IV is the support plate. Through earlier investigations [1, 2], an ultrasonic classification technique using a normal incident angle scheme has been developed that facilitates the imaging of targets (Region IV) hidden by highly reverberant thin layers (Region II).
Personalized medicine in non-small cell lung cancer: a review from a pharmacogenomics perspective.

Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer is a prevalent and rapidly-expanding challenge to modern medicine. While generalized medicine with traditional chemotherapy yielded comparatively poor response rates and treatment results, the cornerstone of personalized medicine using genetic profiling to direct treatment has exalted the successes seen in the field and raised the standard for patient treatment in lung and other cancers. Here, we discuss the current state and advances in the field of personalized medicine for lung cancer, reviewing several of the mutation-targeting strategies that are approved for clinical use and how they are guided by patient genetic information. These classes include inhibitors of tyrosine kinase (TKI), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and monoclonal antibodies. Selecting from these treatment plans and determining the optimal dosage requires in-depth genetic guidance with consideration towards not only the underlying target genes but also other factors such as individual metabolic capability and presence of resistance-conferring mutations both directly on the target gene and along its cascade(s). Finally, we provide our viewpoints on the future of personalized medicine in lung cancer, including target-based drug combination, mutation-guided drug design and the necessity for data of population genetics, to provide rough guidance on treating patients who are unable to get genetic testing.
Standard of Care for the Practicing Structural Engineer

AbstractAll engineers have a personal standard to which they practice; however, the legal standard of care is the standard to which engineers will be held if sued for professional negligence (also ...
Binary Files, Random Access, and Dynamic Allocation

In this section we will discuss a different kind of file that stores information in a binary format rather than as text. Recall from previous examples throughout this book that data files were always text files in the sense that they could be created with a text editor or a word processor in a human-readable format. Even numerical information was stored in terms of readable characters—the digits 0-9 plus other appropriate characters such as a period serving as a decimal point. Through the use of appropriate conversion specifiers, the contents of this kind of file could be interpreted by a program either as text (characters) or as numerical information. We treated such files as sequential access files in which we always started reading information at the beginning of the file and proceeded sequentially from one value to the next. We stopped either when we found what we were looking for or, more typically, when we got to the end of the file.
Electrical Driving of Plasmonic Optical Antennas

We present a light emitting plasmonic tunnel junction in which plasmonic nanoparticles are driven by the shot noise of a direct electrical current. We observe light emission from the nanoparticles as a result of the decay of the electrically excited plasmons. Our scheme provides a spectral tunability beyond that of the previous reports.
Trade-offs direct the evolution of coloration in Galápagos land snails

Increasingly, multiple selective factors are recognized as jointly contributing to the evolution of morphology. What is not clear is how these forces vary across communities to promote morphological diversification among related species. In this study of Galapagos endemic snails (genus Naesiotus), we test several hypotheses of colour evolution. We observe mockingbirds (genus Mimus) predating live snails and find that avian predation selects against conspicuous shells. The evolutionary outcome of this selection is a diversity of shell colours across snails of the archipelago, each closely matching local backgrounds. We also find that snails more regularly exposed to the hot, equatorial sun reflect more light than shells of species from shadier habitats, suggesting a role for thermoregulatory constraints directing colour evolution. The signature of thermoregulatory selection is most clear in comparatively young communities (on the youngest islands), while the signature of selection from predators is most evident in older communities (on the older islands). Together, our findings point to a scenario of shifting selective forces along island ontogeny and community maturity that lead to the distribution of snail coloration we observe in Galapagos. Complex selective regimes such as these may have more responsibility for morphological diversity than is currently recognized.
Evaluation of Planned versus Unplanned Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Resection Using PROMIS Measures.

Background. The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a tool developed by the National Institutes of Health that allows comparisons across conditions or even the United States (U.S.) general population. Objectives. Our purpose was to compare PROMIS outcomes between patients who underwent a planned resection to those who underwent an initial unplanned excision of their sarcoma followed by a definitive oncologic resection. We then compared these groups to the U.S. general population. Methods. Eighty-five patients were included and were divided into those who underwent an initial planned resection (67) and unplanned excision (18). These patients were then further categorized based on the length of follow-up since their last surgery, either early ( 12 months). Results. We evaluated seven PROMIS domains and found no differences between patients who underwent planned resection versus those who underwent an initial unplanned excision followed by a wide resection of the previous wound bed. When compared to the U.S. population, both cohorts demonstrated significantly improved scores in several emotional health domains. Conclusions. Patients who undergo an unplanned excision followed by a definitive oncologic procedure have similar PROMIS scores compared to patients who undergo an initial planned resection.
Establishing a System for the Stable Expression of Torpedo Acetylcholine Receptors

Several laboratories have shown that functional Torpedo acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) can be transiently expressed on the surface of Xenopus oocytes (1–3, Claudio & Sigworth, unpublished). Our laboratory is interested in studying several aspects of receptor biology. Many of the problems we wish to address can best be studied if AChR is expresssed continuously, in a stable fashion, rather than transiently. We are interested in the process of subunit assembly, the interactions of the nAChR with other components of nerve and muscle cells, and we would like to determine how certain regions of the molecule are folded and how they effect ion permeation. Our approach to beginning to study some of these processes is to introduce the 4 subunit cDNAs into the chromosomes of tissue culture cells and establish new lines that stably express functional Torpedo AChRs on their cell surface. There are several advantages of such a stable system over the currently popular system of transient expression of AChRs in Xenopus oocytes: 1) The expression of receptor is stable and continuous, not transient, therefore eliminating the need to establish expression every time one wishes to do an experiment. 2) Because new cell lines can be derived from a single transduced cell, all the cells are identical and the line only need be characterized once. 3) Large quantities of identical cells are easily obtained, making feasible, many types of biochemical and kinetic studies that would be difficult, tedious or impossible to perform on oocytes. 4) Several cell biological processes and protein-protein interactions can only be studied in a system where the proteins are continuously expressed for long periods of time. 5) Certain biophysical studies, such as single channel recordings using patch clamp techniques, are more easily performed on tissue culture cells than oocytes.
Structural Rietveld Refinement and Vibrational Study of M-Type BaFe12O19 Nanoparticles

Abstract M-type barium hexaferrites with the general formula BaFe12O19 was synthesized by the sol-gel auto combustion method and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The XRD diffraction patterns confirmed that the ferrite samples are in the hexagonal structure with space group P63/mmc which is further validated by Rietveld refinement. The crystal structure and cell parameters were refined by Rietveld analysis. The vibrational spectrum obtained using Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy was reported. Three vibrational modes were observed in FT-IR spectra of the samples, which indicated the presence of metal-oxygen stretching bands in hexaferrite structure. A Raman spectrum shows eight strong and sharp modes, identifying the presence of barium hexaferrite phase.
Parents' and healthcare professionals' perceptions of the quality of care: A PITSTOP model of caring.

Background Quality of care is measured by various indicators. Besides objective quantifications, it is necessary to understand the meaning of quality of care from the perspectives of patients, families, and healthcare professionals. Objectives This study aimed to understand parents' and healthcare professionals' perceptions of the quality of care. Methods This was a secondary data analysis of two qualitative studies examining parents' and healthcare professionals' perceptions of caring in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Both studies took place in a children's hospital in the United States. There were 40 participants, 13 parents of children undergoing heart surgery and 27 healthcare professionals. The current study focused on parents' and healthcare professionals' viewpoints about the quality of care. Results Seven themes emerged: patient-centered care, interprofessional collaboration, team communication, safety and security, trusting relationships, optimal outcomes, and positive patient experiences. The acronym PITSTOP was developed to enable healthcare professionals to recall the elements deemed as important to the quality of care by parents and professionals. Conclusions This study brought up a novice opinion that healthcare should be like a "pitstop," not just a "repair shop." Healthcare encounters may be brief but invaluable in helping patients and families succeed in their health promotion.
A Phase I/II Trial of Bortezomib, Tacrolimus and Methotrexate for Prophylaxis of Acute Graft Versus Host Disease after HLA Mismatched Reduced Intensity Transplantation.

There remains a need for better control of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) after HLA mismatched peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) allogeneic transplantation. Bortezomib is a small molecule proteasome inhibitor with immunomodulatory properties, and preclinical data indicate utility in GVHD control after allogeneic transplantation. We report on Phase I of a Phase I/II trial of bortezomib, tacrolimus and low dose methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis after HLA mismatched reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) PBSC transplantation for patients with hematologic malignancies. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) by day 45 after PBSC infusion is the primary endpoint, evaluating both acute bortezomib toxicity (e.g. neuropathy) and impact on stem cell function. Secondary endpoints include incidence of acute and chronic GVHD. Patients with 1–2 locus antigen/allele mismatch (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1) are eligible. Pretransplant conditioning consists of busulfex (0.8 mg/kg/d) and fludarabine (30 mg/m 2 /d) each for 4 days. GVHD prophylaxis is bortezomib (dose level cohorts of 1, 1.3 or 1.5 mg/m 2 on days +1, +4, +7), tacrolimus (days −3 to +180) and low dose methotrexate (5 mg/m 2 on days +1, +3, +6, +11). 13 patients were enrolled on the bortezomib dose finding Phase I portion of the study. At bortezomib dose level 1, one of 5 patients had a possible DLT, with poor engraftment likely related to progression of underlying MDS/AML. At bortezomib dose level 1.3, none of 3 patients had a DLT. At bortezomib dose level 1.5, two of 5 patients had a possible DLT. One patient failed to engraft in the setting of minimally treated myeloproliferative disease; the other had graft rejection in the setting of persistent CLL post transplant. Bortezomib dose level 1.3 is considered the MTD, and 6 additional patients have been enrolled at this dose on the expanded Phase I/II portion of the study thus far. Overall, the 19 patients on study have a median follow-up of 12 months. No neurotoxicity has been noted. No platelet or neutrophil nadir was noted in 8 patients. The median time to neutrophil engraftment (ANC >500) was 13 days in 7 patients experiencing a nadir; and the median time to platelet engraftment (Plts >20,000) was 19 days in 8 patients with a nadir. Grade 2–4 acute GVHD has occurred in 2 of 17 evaluable patients (one each at bortezomib dose level 1 and 1.5), for a 180 day cumulative incidence of 14%, with relapse or death as a competing risk. Chronic GVHD has occurred in 6 of 12 evaluable patients, for a 1 year cumulative incidence of 50%. Overall and relapse free survival at 1 year are 73% and 58% respectively. In summary, GVHD prophylaxis with bortezomib, tacrolimus and low dose methotrexate after busulfex/fludarabine RIC PBSC transplantation is well tolerated. The low rate of acute GVHD in the HLA mismatched context is encouraging, and additional accrual is ongoing.
An exploratory, hypothesis-generating, meta-analytic study of damage control resuscitation in acute hemorrhagic shock: Examining the behavior of patient morbidity and mortality in the context of plasma-to-packed red blood cell ratios

Both traumatic and nontraumatic hemorrhagic shock continues to be associated with unacceptably high mortality and morbidity. Although significant progress has been made within the transfusion science in terms of research and subsequent implementation of life-saving massive transfusion protocols, controversies persist regarding the optimal fresh frozen plasma-to-packed red blood cell (FFP-to-PRBC) ratios in the setting of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation, especially in the context of postresuscitation sequelae. To further compound the problem, there continues to be a paucity of prospective and high-quality retrospective data in this important clinical area. The goal of this hypothesis-generating, meta-analytic study was to combine data from all available high-quality literature sources in order to enhance our understanding of the relationship between FFP-to-PRBC ratios and associated morbidity/mortality across the entire reported spectrum of transfusion component combinations. Major findings of this analysis include the significant association between increasing FFP-to-PRBC ratios and decreasing mortality, as well as the concurrent increase in morbidity among survivors. More specifically, mortality odds were significantly lower with “higher” versus “lower” FFP-to-PRBC ratios (odds ratio [OR] 0.569; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.463–0.700) in a combined cohort of 10,610 patients. At the same time, multi-organ failure was more likely to occur in the “higher” FFP-to-PRBC ratio group (OR 1.417, 95% CI 1.243–1.616). Formal studies that focus on risk-benefit aspects of higher FFP-to-PRBC ratios are needed. Research efforts should be directed at continued mortality reduction following massive transfusion while focusing on strategies designed to minimize the incidence and severity of complications among survivors of hemorrhagic shock. The current study provides a potentially useful platform for planning and implementation of future research efforts in the area of damage control resuscitation. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care, practice-based learning and improvement, systems based practice, medical knowledge
The “work” of being a bilingual: Exploring effects of forced language switching on language production and stress level in a real-world setting

Research using single-word paradigms has established that forced language switching incurs processing costs for some bilinguals, yet, less research has addressed this phenomenon at the utterance level or considered real-world applications. The current study examined the impacts of forced language switching on spoken output and stress using a simulated virtual meeting. Twenty Spanish–English heritage bilinguals responded to general work-oriented questions in monolingual English (control) or language-switching (experimental) conditions. Responses were analyzed for mean length of utterance (MLU) and type-token-ratio (TTR). Multilevel modeling revealed an interaction effect of Condition (control vs. experimental) and question order on MLU, such that participants in the experimental condition produced significantly shorter utterances by the end of the task. Participants also had significantly lower lexical variation (TTR) overall in the experimental than the control condition. A 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant effect of Condition and an interaction of Task (pre- vs. posttask) and Condition, such that participants in the control condition reported significantly lower stress after the activity. Results demonstrated the impact of a forced switching condition on production at the utterance level. Findings have implications for theory and scenarios in which heritage bilinguals are asked to use multiple languages in the workplace.
Hispanic Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis Have Decreased Access to Care Compared to Non-Hispanics.

Background and Aims: Hispanic patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have reduced rates of biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and increased risk of disease progression compared to non-Hispanic patients. In this study, we sought to identify differences in demographics, comorbidities, environmental risk factors and socioeconomic status between Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients with PBC.
Q#: Enabling Scalable Quantum Computing and Development with a High-level DSL

Quantum computing exploits quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to realize a form of parallelism that is not available to traditional computing. It offers the potential of significant computational speed-ups in quantum chemistry, materials science, cryptography, and machine learning.The dominant approach to programming quantum computers is to provide an existing high-level language with libraries that allow for the expression of quantum programs. This approach can permit computations that are meaningless in a quantum context; prohibits succint expression of interaction between classical and quantum logic; and does not provide important constructs that are required for quantum programming.We present Q#, a quantum-focused domain-specific language explicitly designed to correctly, clearly and completely express quantum algorithms. Q# provides a type system; a tightly constrained environment to safely interleave classical and quantum computations; specialized syntax; symbolic code manipulation to automatically generate correct transformations of quantum operations; and powerful functional constructs which aid composition.
Durability Assessment of 15- To 20-Year-Old GFRP Bars Extracted from Bridges in the US. II: GFRP Bar Assessment

Abstract A multilaboratory investigation into the durability of glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars extracted from eleven 15- to 20-year-old bridges in the US will be performed. Part 1 (Benz...
Learning from Conservation Planning for the U.S. National Wildlife Refuges

The U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System has nearly completed its first round of unit-level, comprehensive conservation plans (CCPs) and will soon begin required revisions. Laws and policies governing refuge planning emphasize ecological integrity, landscape-scale conservation, and adaptive management. We evaluated 185 CCPs completed during 2005–2011, which cover 324 of 555 national wildlife refuges. We reviewed CCP prescriptions addressing 5 common conservation issues (habitat and game, nongame, imperiled, and invasive species) and 3 specialized topics (landscape-scale conservation, climate change, and environmental quality). Common conservation issues received prescriptions in >90% of CCPs. Specialized topics received more variable treatment. Prescriptions for aquatic connectivity, water quantity, and climate-change impacts increased over the study period. Except for climate change, direct actions were the most common type of management prescription, followed by plans or studies. Most CCPs stated a commitment to adaptive management and prescribed monitoring for common conservation objectives; other aspects of planning for adaptive management were often lacking, despite strong support for adaptive management in the conservation planning literature. To better address refuge-specific threats, we recommend that revised plans explicitly match identified refuge issues with prescriptions, particularly for under-represented concerns such as novel pests and pathogens. We recommend incorporating triggers into monitoring frameworks and specifying actions that will occur when threshold values are reached to improve support for adaptive management. Revised CCPs should better reflect work that refuges already undertake to extend conservation objectives beyond their borders and better engage with regional conservation efforts to continue this work. More thorough landscape-scale threat assessments and explicit prioritization of planned actions would further improve conservation effectiveness. Excellent examples of all recommended practices exist within the CCPs we examined; sharing best planning practices would improve planning efficiency within the refuge system.
LiveObj: Object Semantics-based Viewport Prediction for Live Mobile Virtual Reality Streaming

Virtual reality (VR) video streaming (a.k.a., 360-degree video streaming) has been gaining popularity recently as a new form of multimedia providing the users with immersive viewing experience. However, the high volume of data for the 360-degree video frames creates significant bandwidth challenges. Research efforts have been made to reduce the bandwidth consumption by predicting and selectively streaming the user's viewports. However, the existing approaches require historical user or video data and cannot be applied to live streaming, the most attractive VR streaming scenario. We develop a live viewport prediction mechanism, namely LiveObj , by detecting the objects in the video based on their semantics. The detected objects are then tracked to infer the user's viewport in real time by employing a reinforcement learning algorithm. Our evaluations based on 48 users watching 10 VR videos demonstrate high prediction accuracy and significant bandwidth savings obtained by LiveObj . Also, LiveObj achieves real-time performance with low processing delays, meeting the requirement of live VR streaming.
Saga: Sparse Adversarial Attack on EEG-Based Brain Computer Interface

With the recent advancement of the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), Electroencephalogram (EEG) analytics gain a lot of research attention from various domains. Understanding the vulnerabilities of EEG analytics is important for safely applying this emerging technology in our daily life. Recent studies show that EEG analytics are vulnerable to adversarial attacks when adding small perturbations on the EEG data. However, fewer research efforts have been devoted to the robustness of EEG analytics under sparse perturbations that attack only small portions of the data. In this paper, we conduct the first in-depth study on the robustness of EEG analytics under sparse perturbations and propose the first Sparse Adversarial eeG Attack, SAGA, to identify weakness of EEG analytics. Specifically, by viewing EEG data as time series collected from several channels, we design an adaptive mask to uniformly represent diverse sparsity in adversarial attacks. We further introduce a PGD-based iterative solver to automatically select the time steps and channels under the given sparsity constraints and effectively identify the adversarial examples on EEG data. Extensive experiments show that SAGA can effectively generate sparse perturbations and introduces a 77.02% accuracy drop on average by only perturbing 5% channels and time steps.
Mechanism of CFTR correction by type I folding correctors

Small molecule chaperones have been exploited as therapeutics for the hundreds of diseases caused by protein misfolding. The most successful examples are the CFTR correctors, which transformed cystic fibrosis therapy. These molecules revert folding defects of the {Delta}F508 mutant and are widely used to treat patients. However, their mechanism of action is unknown. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of CFTR in complex with two FDA-approved correctors: lumacaftor and tezacaftor. Both drugs insert into a hydrophobic pocket in the first transmembrane domain (TMD1), linking together four helices that are thermodynamically unstable. Mutating residues at the binding site rendered {Delta}F508-CFTR insensitive to lumacaftor and tezacaftor, underscoring the functional significance of the structural discovery. These results support a mechanism in which the correctors stabilize TMD1 at an early stage of biogenesis, prevent its pre-mature degradation, and thereby allosterically rescue a large number of disease-causing mutations.
CHAPTER 13 – Pyrometry

All materials in thermal equilibrium emit thermal radiation characterized by a spectrum that depends on the temperature T, Pyrometry or radiation thermometry is the determination of temperature by analyzing this emission spectrum. Depending on the wavelength range studied, this procedure is called either optical or infrared pyrometry and is performed with an instrument called a pyrometer. The wafer temperature in thin film processing is often monitored by measuring the intensity of the emitted radiation in a narrow spectral band about one or several wavelengths by using a (photoelectric) automatic pyrometer; such an instrument is also called a narrow-band, "brightness," or "monochromatic" pyrometer. This method is often used in rapid thermal processing because of its fast response. In a wide-band or "total" radiation pyrometer, essentially all thermal radiation is collected on a radiation sensor; it is rarely used in thin film processing. Also less commonly used in these applications is the "disappearing-filament" optical pyrometer, which is a version of narrow-band interferometry that is useful at relatively high temperatures. In this instrument, based on visual comparison, the source of radiation is imaged through a tungsten ribbon filament of a "standard lamp." The current through the filament is changed until the brightness of the filament matches that of the measured object, whereupon it disappears. This procedure can be performed visually by the operator or automatically. Pyrometry is sometimes performed in comparison with a standard reference temperature, such as the normal melting point of gold, 1064.43°C, in the International Practical Temperature Scale.
A Particle Migrating Randomly on a Sphere

Consider a particle moving on the surface of the unit sphere in R 3 and heading towards a specific destination with a constant average speed, but subject to random deviations.
The dreams of theory

Computing power and sophisticated data acquisition mask the fact that, in many sciences and engineering, the balance between theory and experiment is getting increasingly out of whack. The imbalance becomes an even greater concern in light of the increasingly complex natural systems science now confronts and the increasingly complex and interdependent sociotechnical systems modern engineering allows us to construct. Given its critical role in understanding such complex systems, Big Theory deserves a place alongside Big Data and Big Iron, says Jim Crutchfield. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Family Tribute in Charitable Bequest Giving: An Experimental Test of the Effect of Reminders on Giving Intentions.

The propensity for charitable bequest giving is much lower than for current charitable giving. Some nonexperimental evidence suggests that this difference may be due to the relatively greater importance of family benefit considerations in charitable bequest giving than in current charitable giving. To test this concept experimentally, the effects of a family–charity conflict reduction message (that is, a reminder of family connections to a cause and an opportunity to make a tribute gift) are measured for both current and bequest giving. For those with family connections to a cause, the message generated increased interest in charitable bequest giving but not in current charitable giving. This result provides experimental support for previous suggestions regarding the special role of family considerations in charitable bequest giving. Managers may profitably consider the use of tribute messages to encourage bequest, but not necessarily current, charitable giving. Such messages were effective at increasing bequest intentions for all organization types and demographic groups tested, especially where the tribute was in honor of an ascendant such as a mother, grandmother, grandfather, or uncle.
The pro-atherosclerotic milieu promotes the conversion of murine T regulatory cells to a spectrum of Foxp3+IFNγ+ T cell phenotypes. (IRC8P.481)

T cell subsets play diverse roles in inflammation but may also display limited plasticity. The existence of a population of Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells that co-express Interferon-γ (IFNγ), has been demonstrated in several models of inflammation. In atherosclerosis, circulating Treg content inversely corresponds with atherogenesis, suggesting that inflammation affects peripheral Treg (pTregs) maintenance. Thus, we sought to examine the fate of pTregs within atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Foxp3+IFNγ+ T cells were elevated within the aorta, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) of atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice in comparison to C57BL/6 mice. Further phenotyping of Foxp3+IFNγ+ T cells revealed variable expression of both Treg and Th1 markers, including PD1, GITR, CD25, CD73, Tbet, CXCR3, and CCR5. To determine whether Foxp3+IFNγ+ T cells arise from de novo differentiation or peripheral conversion, we performed fate tracking experiments with co-adoptively transferred naive T cells and pTregs within Apoe-/- mice. In this system, naive T cells failed to generate Foxp3+IFNγ+ T cells. In contrast, adoptively transferred Tregs lost Foxp3 expression (50%), maintained Foxp3 expression (40-45%), or adopted a Foxp3+IFNγ+ phenotype (5-10%) within all of the tissues examined. Together, these results demonstrate that inflammation during atherogenesis affects the maintenance of pTregs, resulting in the generation of phenotypically diverse Foxp3+IFNγ+ T cells.
Traceable and automatic compliance of privacy policies in federated digital identity management

Digital identity is defined as the digital representation of the information known about a specific individual or organization. An emerging approach for protecting identities of individuals while at the same time enhancing user convenience is to focus on inter-organization management of identity information. This is referred to as federated identity management. In this paper we develop an approach to support privacy controlled sharing of identity attributes and harmonization of privacy policies in federated environments. Policy harmonizations mechanisms make it possible to determine whether or not the transfer of identity attributes from one entity to another violate the privacy policies stated by the former. We also provide mechanisms for tracing the release of user's identity attributes within the federation. Such approach entails a form of accountability since an entity non-compliant with the users original privacy preferences can be identified. Finally, a comprehensive security analysis details security properties is also offered.