cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood Flow Restriction Therapy after Closed Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures.

Background Blood flow restriction (BFR) therapy is an innovative rehabilitative program that enables patients to increase strength at a fraction of the weight typically necessary in endurance exercises. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study evaluating patient outcomes with a BFR therapy program for closed management after a distal radius fracture compared to a traditional rehabilitation protocol. Literature review A randomized-controlled study was conducted comparing a standardized hand therapy rehabilitation protocol alone to a combined protocol with the use of BFR therapy in patients who were initially treated with closed reduction and short arm cast immobilization for a displaced distal radius fracture between May 1, 2015 and August 1, 2016. BFR therapy was performed with a restrictive tourniquet applied to the upper brachium, performing the same strengthening exercises as the control group but with the restrictive tourniquet in place. Clinical assessment was conducted at 6, 10, and 14 weeks from the date of initial cast immobilization. Outcome measures collected included wrist range of motion; grip strength; pinch strength; visual analogue scale for pain with activity and at rest; patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores; and disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand scores. Results Thirteen patients were enrolled and randomized between the BFR (n = 6) and control (n = 7) groups. The BFR group noted significantly greater reduction in pain with activity compared to the control group after 8 weeks of therapy (Δ −4.0 vs. −2.3, p = 0.03). Similarly, patients in the BFR group displayed greater reduction in PRWE scores compared to the control group after 8 weeks of BFR therapy (Δ −57.9 vs. 30.8, p = 0.01). The two groups did not demonstrate any significant difference in radiographic outcomes at any time point or throughout the course of the study. All patients tolerated the BFR therapy program and there were no complications. Clinical relevance The addition of BFR therapy to the rehabilitative program after closed management of a distal radius fracture is safe, well tolerated by patients, without any deleterious effects on radiographic outcomes. This pilot study noted that BFR therapy in patients with nonoperative distal radius fractures may result in a larger reduction in pain with activity and greater improvement in overall self-perceived function.
EnsembleNet: End-to-End Optimization of Multi-headed Models

Ensembling is a universally useful approach to boost the performance of machine learning models. However, individual models in an ensemble were traditionally trained independently in separate stages without information access about the overall ensemble. Many co-distillation approaches were proposed in order to treat model ensembling as first-class citizens. In this paper, we reveal a deeper connection between ensembling and distillation, and come up with a simpler yet more effective co-distillation architecture. On large-scale datasets including ImageNet, YouTube-8M, and Kinetics, we demonstrate a general procedure that can convert a single deep neural network to a multi-headed model that has not only a smaller size but also better performance. The model can be optimized end-to-end with our proposed co-distillation loss in a single stage without human intervention.
Creating social capital on soccer fields: immigrant opportunities and gendered barriers in adult soccer leagues

This paper examines adult soccer leagues in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area and the level of social capital that exists through participation in these ethnically diverse social groups. Given ...
What Are the Indications and Contraindications for Irrigation and Debridement and Retention of Prosthesis (DAIR) in Patients With Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)

Recommendation:Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) with polyethylene exchange may be indicated in early postoperative infection (<4 weeks) or acute hematogenous infection (<4 wee...
Foot Compartment Syndrome Controversy

Foot compartment syndrome is a rare but debilitating condition. Clinical presentation and evaluation can differ with classically reported signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome in other areas. Controversy exists in the amount of existing myofascial compartments of the foot. Multiple surgical approaches have been described for myofascial decompression. Controversy exists regarding acute versus delayed management of foot compartment syndrome.
Capillary rarefaction is more closely associated with CKD progression after cisplatin, rhabdomyolysis, and ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI than renal fibrosis.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a strong independent predictor of mortality and often results in incomplete recovery of renal function, leading to progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many clinic...
Pyridoxine responsive anemia.

A patient is reported with pyridoxine responsive anemia superimposed upon a chronic hypochromic anemia with excess iron storage. A specific response to pyridoxine was demonstrated on several occasions with restoration of the blood picture to its original state. Dietary estimates of vitamin B6 intake demonstrated an increased requirement for the vitamin, approximately 2.5 mg. per day being required for hematologic remission. Splenectomy was followed by high circulating siderocyte levels and severe thromboembolic problems. The possible mechanisms for the development of pyridoxine responsive anemia are discussed briefly.
Starting and Sustaining a Laboratory Safety Team (LST)

The laboratory safety team (LST) movement was triggered in 2012 by Dow Chemical’s exploration of ways to strengthen academic research safety culture from the bottom up. This necessitated a new form...
A Cooperative Jamming Game in Wireless Networks under Uncertainty

Considered is a multi-channel wireless network for secret communication that uses the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) as the performance measure. An eavesdropper can intercept encoded messages through a degraded channel of each legitimate transmitter-receiver communication pair. A friendly interferer, on the other hand, may send cooperative jamming signals to enhance the secrecy performance of the whole network. Besides, the state information of the eavesdropping channel may not be known completely. The transmitters and the friendly interferer have to cooperatively decide on the optimal jamming power allocation strategy that balances the secrecy performance with the cost of employing intentional interference, while the eavesdropper tries to maximize her eavesdropping capacity. To solve this problem, we propose and analyze a non-zero sum game between the network defender and the eavesdropper who can only attack a limited number of channels. We show that the Nash equilibrium strategies for the players are of threshold type. We present an algorithm to find the equilibrium strategy pair. Numerical examples demonstrate the equilibrium and contrast it to baseline strategies.
Fusion of Ultrasonic Tracking with an Inertial Measurement Unit for High-Accuracy 3D Space Localization

Object position and orientation tracking using ultrasound (US) alone has been met with limited success. We achieved substantially improved tracking accuracy in three-dimensional (3D) space by fusing data from an US tracking system with that of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) using a position-adaptive Kalman filter. Compared to US tracking alone, the fused system improved stationary positional tracking accuracy and stability by 10.91% and 21.57%, respectively. These results indicate that a fused system that incorporates both US tracking and a low-profile IMU can deliver high-accuracy 3D space localization.
Interdiffusion of Elements During Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing

This paper reports evidence for enhanced elemental interdiffusion during ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) across metal boundaries of copper-aluminum, nickel-gold, and nickel-gold-aluminum. The high solute interdiffusion measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy line scans is rationalized with calculated vacancy concentrations orders of magnitude larger than thermal equilibrium values. The above estimates are supported by existing knowledge related to defect physics and UAM thermal cycles. The observation of pronounced elemental mixing are evidence for the presence of enhanced non-equilibrium immiscible metal interdiffusion during UAM processing.
Assessing Differences between University and Federal Laboratory Postdoctoral Scientists in Technology Transfer

Although there are numerous studies of university technology transfer, there have been relatively few recent studies of technology transfer at federal labs. Studies of university technology transfer have also focused on faculty, not post-doctoral scientists and have ignored identity and sense-making theories in organizational behavior, which are relevant in the context of technology transfer. We fill these gaps by analyzing differences between university scientists and federal lab scientists, in terms of how they engage in technology transfer. Based on extensive interviews of postdoctoral scientists and their supervisors/principal investigators (PIs) at two major research universities and four large federal labs, we find that federal lab scientists are more influenced by mission-driven research and their sense of public service. These motivational differences may constitute significant barriers to technology transfer. Thus, federal lab scientists experience more cognitive dissonance in pursuing commercialization of their research and have more sophisticated resolution strategies than their university counterparts. Principal investigators at federal labs are also not highly incentivized to engage in technology transfer.
Abstract 1047: Dual targeting of CK2 and MTOR as a novel therapeutic approach for high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Genomic defect and Casein Kinase II-mediated hyper-phosphorylation of Ikaros tumor suppressor cause the loss of function of Ikaros, and Ikaros dysfunction is characteristics of high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR B-ALL) with poor prognosis. The increased activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is also observed in HR B-ALL and identifies mTOR as an attractive therapeutic target in HR B-ALL. Here, we report that Ikaros represses MTOR transcription and Ikaros9 ability to repress MTOR in leukemia is impaired by oncogenic CK2 kinase. Treatment with the CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945, enhances Ikaros activity as a repressor of MTOR, resulting in reduced expression of MTOR in HR B-ALL. Thus, we designed a novel therapeutic approach that implements dual targeting of mTOR: direct inhibition of the mTOR protein (with rapamycin), in combination with Ikaros-mediated transcriptional repression of the MTOR gene (using the CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945). Combination treatment with rapamycin and CX-4945 shows synergistic therapeutic effects in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts from HR B-ALL. These data suggest that such therapy has the potential to reduce the death rate in HR B-ALL. The dual targeting of oncogene transcription, combined with inhibition of the corresponding oncoprotein provides a paradigm for a novel precision medicine approach for treating hematological malignancies. Citation Format: Chunhua Song, Zheng Ge, Yali Ding, Bihua Tan, Elanora Dovat, Yiping Yang, Chandrika Gowda, Sinisa Dovat. Dual targeting of CK2 and MTOR as a novel therapeutic approach for high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1047.
Threshold Upsilon-meson Photoproduction at EIC and EicC

High-accuracy $\Upsilon$-meson photoproduction data from EIC and EicC experiments will allow the measurement of the near-threshold total cross section of the reaction $\gamma p\to\Upsilon p$, from which the absolute value of the $\Upsilon p$ scattering length, $|\alpha_{\Upsilon p}|$, can be extracted using a Vector-Meson Dominance model. For this evaluation, we used $\Upsilon$-meson photoproduction quasi-data from the QCD approach (the production amplitude can be factorized in terms of gluonic generalized parton distributions and the quarkonium distribution amplitude). A comparative analysis of $|\alpha_{\Upsilon p}|$ with the recently determined scattering lengths for $\omega p$, $\phi p$, and $J/\psi p$ using the A2, CLAS, and GlueX experimental data are performed. The role of the "young" vector-meson effect is evaluated.
Interleukin-6 Produces Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Absence of a Single Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene

The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that heterozygous endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficiency is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction produced by interleukin-6 (IL-6). Carotid arteries from eNOS+/+ and eNOS+/- mice were incubated with either vehicle or interleukin-6 (100 or 300 nM) for 22 hrs. IL-6 produced concentration-dependent impairment (P 0.05) on endothelial responses or superoxide levels in eNOS+/+ mice. The effects of IL-6 were selective for endothelium as responses to nitroprusside were unaltered (P>0.05) by IL-6 or genotype. Taken together, these findings demonstrate tha...
A Whole Language Approach for Foreign Language Writing Using Computers

My objective in writing this dissertation is to concentrate on improving the learner's writing ability in a foreign language by using a whole language approach with the help of the computer. Computer programs and sites on the Internet contain a variety of aids that can be used for improving writing such as email programs, pen-pal networks, and chat groups that can provide incentives for students wanting to learn to improve in the target language they are studying. Networking electronically, student to student or teacher to student is another means of enabling students to share their ideas and ways of improving their writing skills. In this work, the author has selected the whole language approach as her theoretical underpinning for helping students to learn how to write using technology. Yet, it is important to state that the whole language approach is by no means a method of instruction. It is an approach that encourages students to extend themselves based on the premise that language is acquired through active use. Learning a language necessarily involves social interaction and the process of writing is a part of this interaction. A well-informed whole language approach thus integrates interactions and an interactive learning that becomes student centered. This type of learning often allows students to take control of their learning and to make their own choices in their writing. Working with the computer and writing out their thoughts with the computer enables students to rewrite their work on multiple occasions, to store their ideas as needed, to share their work with others, and collaborate with other students and their teachers to revise their work.
PDAs and CFGs

In this lecture and the next we will show that nondeterministic pushdown automata and context-free grammars are equivalent in expressive power: the languages accepted by NPDAs are exactly the context-free languages. In this lecture we will show how to convert a given CFG to an equivalent NPDA. We will do the other direction in Lecture 25.
Corrective Justice, Equal Opportunity, and the Legacy of Slavery and Jim Crow

After abolition, freedmen received no compensation for the terrible wrongs of slavery, the post-Civil War “reconstruction” of former slave states was aborted, and the brutally exploitative and oppressive system of Jim Crow was permitted to replace slavery. From the birth of the Republic to the late 20th century, racial subordination was supported by federal policy, which has left a legacy of disadvantage and indignity. In addition to tracing that history, this paper analyzes arguments for reparations and defends a collective approach, which it reinforces with an appeal to the ideal of equal opportunity for all children. It argues that the federal government has a special obligation to rectify those wrongs and sketches a range of programs that are needed for those purposes.
The industrial revolution and the Netherlands: Why did it not happen?

Why was the Netherlands not a leader in the first Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) despite its advanced economy in the eighteenth century? This paper argues that the Industrial Revolution in its early stages required a close cooperation between knowledge of nature and its application to technology. The closeness of natural philosophers, engineers, and entrepreneurs was a key to success in Britain. In the Netherlands, a combination of cultural relics from the Golden Age and unfortunate political events after 1780 combined to delay the technological development. As a small, open economy, the country eventually overcame its obstacles and joined modern western industrial progress after 1860.
Temperature dependent characteristics of the JPL silicon MEMS gyroscope

Advances in aeronautics and space technology have created a need for miniaturized navigation instruments such as gyroscopes, a need which is currently being addressed by a number of micromachined designs. While micromachined devices have already proven their advantages being light-weight and low-power, the performance limitations of these devices have not been thoroughly investigated. In particular the effects of the temperature environment on the performance is of great interest since they can be a dominant source of error in micromachined devices. We have investigated the temperature-dependent drift and noise characteristics of a packaged silicon MEMS gyroscopes. Packaged devices were subjected to various temperatures environments between -60 and +60/spl deg/C, and their resonant frequencies, signal drifts and quadrature drifts were monitored. The results obtained from these tests point out the mechanisms of temperature-dependent and temperature-independent drift and suggest a scheme for temperature compensation.
Intracortical cartography in an agranular area.

A well-defined granular layer 4 is a defining cytoarchitectonic feature associated with sensory areas of mammalian cerebral cortex, and one with hodological significance: the local axons ascending from cells in thalamorecipient layer 4 and connecting to layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons form a major feedforward excitatory interlaminar projection. Conversely, agranular cortical areas, lacking a distinct layer 4, pose a hodological conundrum: without a laminar basis for the canonical layer 4→2/3 pathway, what is the basic circuit organization? This review highlights current challenges and prospects for local-circuit electroanatomy and electrophysiology in agranular cortex, focusing on the mouse. Different lines of evidence, drawn primarily from studies of motor areas in frontal cortex in rodents, support the view that synaptic circuits in agranular cortex are organized around prominent descending excitatory layer 2/3→5 pathways targeting multiple classes of projection neurons.
Stochastic, spatiotemporal intensity dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a two-mode optical fiber

We report stochastic, spatiotemporal dynamics in stimulated Brillouin scattering from single-mode pump pulses propagating through a fiber that supports LP01 and LP11 modes. Comparison with experiments in single-mode fiber indicates that independent scattering from different modes plays a key role. We also investigate the role of transverse pump fluctuations in driving the observed spatiotemporal intensity dynamics in the scattered beam.
Plasma catecholamines in the lamprey: intrinsic cardiovascular messengers?

Abstract The widely scattered cardiovascular chromaffin cells of Petromyzon marinus appear to form an intrinsic control system of circulatory function. In response to blood-borne stimuli, a checkpoint-like accumulation of epinephrine cells in the heart releases its hormone; epinephrine, in turn, stimulates the release of norepinephrine, and probably also of dopamine, from other cardiovascular chromaffin cells. The myocardium seems to be a major target of norepinephrine. On the other hand, high disappearance rates of epinephrine and dopamine in the gills point to these organs as possible major targets of the latter two secretions. 4. Carbon dioxide and hypovolemia are strong stimuli of catecholamine release.
Antibody, antigen, and glomerular capillary wall charge interactions: Influence of antigen location on in situ immune complex formation

Antibody, antigen, and glomerular capillary wall charge interactions: Influence of antigen location on in situ immune complex formation. These studies examined the charge interactions between the glomerular capillary wall, antibody and antigen at different sites in the glomerulus. Sheep IgG was separated into differently charged subclasses and immunologically placed in one of two glomerular locations (subepithelial or subendothelial) to serve as planted antigen. Single kidneys with planted antigen were transplanted into uninephrectomized recipients that received affinity-purified, cationic and anionic rat anti-sheep IgG labelled with 125 I and 131 I, respectively. Glomerular bound antibody was determined and corrected for antibody delivery. Specificity of antibody binding was confirmed by comparison of kidneys with or without planted antigen. The results indicate that the influence of charge on glomerular antibody binding depends on the site of the antigen. When antigen was planted in the subepithelial space, significantly more (15 to 25%) cationic than anionic antibody bound despite the fact that the antigen was cationic. Conversely, when the antigen was planted subendothelially, significantly more anionic (13 to 22%) antibody bound when the antigen was cationic, and significantly more cationic (7 to 16%) antibody bound when the antigen was anionic. Thus, the negatively-charged glomerular filtration barrier retards the permeation of anionic antibodies that complex with antigens located in the subepithelial space, but antigen-antibody charge interactions appear to predominate when the antigen is more proximally located.
Men's Perceptions of Nurturing Behavior in other Men

87 young adult male students were randomly divided into two groups. One group read an account of a young man interacting with preschool-age children in a nurturing manner. The other group read a nonnurturing account of the same interaction. The subjects rated the nurturing male as higher in goodness and obedience and lower in masculinity, potency, activity, and instrumental achievement potential than the nonnurturing male. From this it was concluded that some men may experience sex-role anxieties when they observe other men behave in a nurturing manner.
African American preschoolers' language, emergent literacy skills, and use of African American English: a complex relation.

Purpose This study examined the relation between African American preschoolers' use of African American English (AAE) and their language and emergent literacy skills in an effort to better understand the perplexing and persistent difficulties many African American children experience learning to read proficiently. Method African American preschoolers' (n = 63) vocabulary skills were assessed in the fall and their language and emergent literacy skills were assessed in the spring. The relation between students' AAE use and their vocabulary and emergent literacy skills was examined using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), controlling for fall vocabulary and other child, family, and school variables. Children’s use of AAE was examined across two contexts—sentence imitation and oral narrative using a wordless storybook prompt. Results There was a significant U-shaped relation between the frequency with which preschoolers used AAE features and their language and emergent literacy skills. Students who used AAE ...
Epidemic of Sexually Transmitted Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among HIV-Infected Men

Sexual contact is thought to be an inefficient mode of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. However, reports of sexually transmitted HCV infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) began to appear in 2004. The patients were of early middle age with well-controlled HIV infection, participated in unprotected receptive sex, and frequently used noninjection recreational drugs. Molecular studies showed evidence of clusters of transmission between patients in different countries in Europe. Spontaneous clearance was relatively rare, but treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin resulted in cure in about two thirds of patients. Of concern was the finding of moderately advanced fibrosis during the early stages of HCV infection. HIV-infected MSM are a new risk group for HCV infection and so should be screened regularly for HCV infection.
Gertrude Stein, Opium Queen: Notes on a Mistaken Embrace

Gertrude Stein was not only a fairly open lesbian but also Jewish, expatriate, and androgynous-all attributes that often retarded mass-market success. Why then was she so popular? The article offers original research highlighting how Stein was constructed as a kind of "opium queen" in the popular American press, and the ways that this decadent, bohemian celebrity persona allowed her to operate as "broadly queer" rather than "specifically gay" in the American cultural imaginary-a negotiation that accounts for the mass-market success rather than censure of The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas despite the unparalleled visibility of its lesbian erotics.
Passive millimeter-wave imaging system for automobile applications

In this paper we describe the capability of passive millimeter-wave imaging in obstacle width and clearance measurement for automobile applications. To confirm the capabilities, a passive millimeter-wave imaging (PMMWI) test system has been developed. This test system employs the Dicke configuration, which includes a 150mm diameter antenna, a PIN switch, a reference terminator, a 50dB RF amplifier, a 76-77GHz BPF, a W-band detector, a lock-in-amplifier, an elevation and azimuth scanning stage, and a PC for scan control and data acquisition. A van and sedans are utilized as targets. The vehicle width and the clearance between two vehicles measured from PMMWIs show fairly good agreement with real values. Therefore, the capability of PMMWI in width and clearance measurement is confirmed. In addition, the experimentally obtained PMMWIs of vehicles represent the vehicle shapes. This result indicates that obstacle distinction is possible by PMMWI.
Vitamin Profiles of Eggs as Indicators of Nutritional Status in the Laying Hen: Riboflavin Study

Two experiments determined the effect of dietary riboflavin supplementation on egg yolk and albumen riboflavin concentrations, egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, hen weight, hatchability, incidence of clubbed down, and incidence of hemorrhagic embryos. In the first experiment, hens were fed rations containing 1.55, 2.20, 4.40, and 8.80 mg of riboflavin/kg of diet for 27 wk. Significant (P < .05) depressions in both yolk and albumen riboflavin concentrations were noted at the two lower riboflavin levels after 1 wk. Egg production, egg weight, hatchability, and hen weight were all significantly depressed by the two lower riboflavin levels later in the experiment when compared with the two higher levels. Results indicate that egg riboflavin concentrations are related to important production parameters that may be used to predict future dietary riboflavin inadequacies. In the second experiment, hens were fed either an unsupplemented diet or a riboflavin-adequate diet. Measurements of egg albumen riboflavin content, egg production, hatchability, and embryo abnormalities were made twice each week. Results showed depressed albumen riboflavin concentrations and hatchability and increased incidence of hemorrhagic embryos and clubbed down without changes in egg production during the 4- to 7-day period following feeding of the unsupplemented diet. These results show that low albumen riboflavin content immediately affect hatchability and embryonic development. The estimated minimum critical albumen riboflavin concentrations needed to support maximum reproductive function are between 1.9 and 2.9 micrograms of riboflavin/g of egg albumen. These critical values might be used to evaluate riboflavin status of laying and breeding flocks.
Quantitative evaluation of α-Al nano-particles in amorphous Al87Ni7Gd6––comparison of XRD, DSC, and TEM

Abstract Quantitative transmission electron microscopy measurements of the volume fraction of α-Al nano-particles in amorphous Al87Ni7Gd6 have been conducted after isothermal annealing for 30 min at 188, 205 and 232 °C. Comparisons to results obtained via DSC and XRD reveals significant differences. Potential sources for such differences are discussed.
Melting of solvents nanoconfined by polymers and networks

Thermoporosimetry is becoming increasingly used to study nanoscale heterogeneity and structure in polymer networks. The starting point for thermoporosimetry is the Gibbs-Thomson (GT) relation between melting point and inverse crystal size. In the case of polymers, the Flory-Huggins (FH) model also predicts that there is a depression of the melting point because of the mixing of the polymer and the solvent molecules, and this needs to be taken into account. The first step in analysis of size heterogeneity using thermoporosimetry and the GT equation requires that there be quantitative agreement between the FH theory and the melting points of the diluent in the uncrosslinked rubber. We find that both benzene and hexadecane exhibit excessive melting point depressions in uncrosslinked polyisoprene. This may imply that the uncrosslinked polymer is divided into 'nanoheterogeneities'. We further find that the heat of fusion decreases as polymer concentration increases for the benzene, but not for the hexadecane. Finally, we compare pore size distributions obtained for a crosslinked polyisoprene as determined from the melting behavior of n-hexadecane as a diluent, using different references for how the uncrosslinked polymer behaves. While number average distribution is not very different between the different analyses, the weight average distribution is.
Initial Pythium species composition and Brassicaceae seed meal type influence extent of Pythium-induced plant growth suppression in soil

The composition of Pythium spp. communities differs among orchard soils resulting in variation in the relative importance of these pathogens to development of the biologically complex apple replant disease. Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) amendments differentially influence quantitative dynamics of Pythium populations resident to soil systems. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of initial species composition and Brassicaceae and non-Brassicaceae SM type on qualitative attributes of Pythium spp. communities and resulting effects on plant growth and disease development in two orchard soils (Soil 1 and Soil 2). Quantitatively, Pythium densities were similar between two study soils, but apple seedling mortality and suppression of wheat emergence were only observed in Soil 1. Correspondingly, application of Pythium suppressive Brassica juncea SM only improved emergence and reduced seedling mortality in Soil 1. Although Brassica napus, Glycine max and Sinapis alba SM amendments consistently elevated Pythium spp. soil densities, the corresponding effect on plant growth was more deleterious in Soil 1 than Soil 2. These differences corresponded with the initial Pythium species composition resident to the soils, with highly virulent Pythium ultimum var. ultimum dominant in Soil 1 and less virulent Pythium heterothallicum most prevalent in Soil 2. Although Pythium densities were lower in Soil 2 amended with S. alba than B. napus SM, plant damage consistently was greater in S. alba amended soil. This result corresponded with the finding that S. alba SM application preferentially elevated recovery of P. ultimum var. ultimum from Soil 2 and the roots of plants grown in this soil while less virulent species continued to dominate B. napus SM treated soil. The effect of SM type on Pythium soil densities as well as species composition should be considered to effectively employ Brassicaceae seed meals as a fertility management or soilborne disease control strategy in plant production systems.
The Need for Jewish Education Today

* Address delivered at the Jewish educational rally in Cedarhurst, L. I., held under the auspices of the Jewish Education Committee of New York and the Congregations of the Far Rockaway Section of Long Island.
Subject Specialization and Subject Dispersion in Historical Scholarship: Qualitative Preliminary Explorations in Disciplinary Cultures

Since monographs constitute the gold standard for historians, this cursory examination explores various history fields of specialization as found within book reviews triaged from the American Historical Review and Journal of Modern History. JSTOR was used for gathering data within decennial years to discern ossification as well as evolution of sample fields, establishing growth, decline, or stability. Periodization’s and geographical dispersion, as well as subdisciplinary fields were explored. Interdisciplinary and emerging theoretical innovations are clearly profiled. Substantive disciplinary and historiographical knowledge is employed to analyse tabulated data.
Medically unnecessary pediatric ambulance transports: a medical taxi service?

Objective: To characterize ambulance utilization in a pediatric population and pediatric emergency physicians' judgment of the medical need for ambulance transport. Methods: A convenience sample of ambulance transports were studied prospectively during a 5-week period. Exclusion criteria included transfer from another medical facility, study physician not available, need for immediate resuscitation, or trauma team activation. A questionnaire completed by the physician assessed medical need for the ambulance based on chief complaint, general appearance, vital signs, and ambulance run sheet information. A separate questionnaire was administered to the parents regarding reasons for ambulance use and other available means of transportation. Caregivers were contacted by telephone 2–3 days later to determine the mode of transportation home and the clinical outcome. Results: Of 172 eligible patients, 92 (53%) were enrolled. Most (61%; 56/92) transports were considered medically unnecessary. Interestingly, 40% (37/92) of the subjects had no other means of transportation; 86% (32/37) of ambulance transports for this group were judged medically unnecessary. Overall, 86% (79/92) of families had not called their physician. There was no association between having spoken with the physician and medical need for an ambulance. Many (82%; 46/56) Medicaid transports were judged medically unnecessary. Overall, follow-up was achieved for 91% (85/92) of the patients. No patient for whom transport was medically unnecessary had a repeat ED visit for the same complaint or required admission. Most patients (74%; 68/92) returned home without any assistance. Among the medically unnecessary transports, 52% (32/ 60) of the caregivers cited no other means of transportation, yet 34% (11/32) of these patients returned home by private car. Conclusions: Most pediatric ambulance transports in this sample, which excluded patients requiring immediate resuscitation or trauma team care, were judged to be medically unnecessary. Caregivers often use an ambulance as a convenience or as the only means of transportation. An alternate, less resource-intensive transportation system may be more appropriate for this population.
Algorithm 752: SRFPACK: software for scattered data fitting with a constrained surface under tension

SRFPACK is a Fortran 77 software package that constructs a smooth interpolatory or approximating surface to data values associated with arbitrarily distributed points in the plane. It employs automatically selected tension factors to preserve shape properties of the data and to avoid overshoot and undershoot associated with steep gradients. The domain of the fitting function may be nonconvex or multiply connected, and the surface may be constrained to have discontinuous value or derivative across a user-specified curve representing, for example, a geological fault line. Although triangle based, the method provides a means of avoiding the inaccuracy associated with long thin triangles on the boundary of the convex hull of the data abscissae.
Subwavelength spectoscopy, exciton supertips and mesoscopic light-matter interactions

Abstract Subwavelength optical light sources and probes are leading to new devices, technologies and techniques such as near-field microscopy, spectroscopy and biochemical sensing. We have prepared nanometer light sources as small as 40 nm in diameter and exciton sources that are even smaller by adding various inorganic and organic crystals and molecularly doped polymers to micropipettes and nanofabricated fiber-optic tips. We demonstrate subwavelength spectroscopy with highly spatially resolved flourescence spectral of nanocrystals (perylene) in polymeric glasses (PMMA). We also demontrate an interfacial Kasha (external heavy-atom) effect on a perylene nanocrystal surface. We give results on near-field optics and energy transfer at interfaces of nanocrystals (anthracene or diphenyl-anthracene) and dyes (rhodamine B) or dyes embedded in Langmuir-Blodgett films. We discuss the rise of new phenomena when the light source and the sample form a combined mesoscopic system, with subsequent quantum optics effects.
European mental health policy should target everybody

In this issue, Fears and Hoschl underline the opportunities for strengthening the research base of psychiatry in light of the recent mental health policy actions on EU level. The mental health statement by the Federation of the European Academies of Medicine (FEAM), representing academies of medical science in 13 EU Member States, highlights the relative underfunding of brain research. However, the statement also raises a concern that European mental health policy is being sidetracked by strong stakeholders from the psychiatric community with an interest in policy support for the development of mental health services and treatments. Such a development weakens the legitimacy of EU mental health actions, and detracts the focus from population mental health and EU-wide actions on mental health determinants. Mental health is not merely the absence of mental disorders, but a mental resource of importance for the well-being of individuals, families and societies. In spite of their public health impact, mental health issues were largely neglected in the international public health agenda until the 1990s. Then, to introduce successfully mental health issues on the European political agenda, a new approach was developed.1 Neither the high prevalence of mental disorders, nor the need for more resources in psychiatry were used as entry points, thus avoiding the stigma associated with mental disorders. Instead, it was stressed that mental health is an indivisible part of public health, and it has a significant impact on countries and their human, social and economic capital. The aim was to raise mental health from its professional, organisational and even political isolation to a broader sphere of public health, i.e. to shift the focus from the individual level towards strengthening the mental health approach at the population level. It was stressed that mental health should cannot be reduced to an issue about mental disorders. …
PLASMA EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE LEVELS DURING INSULIN-INDUCED HYPOGLYCEMIA IN MAN*†

Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured by the ethylenediamine technic before and during hypoglycemia in 11 patients undergoing insulin-coma therapy. In 6 studies carried out during the first week of treatment, plasma epinephrine levels increased from a mean value of 0.2 μg. per liter (control) to 1.4 μg. per liter following administration of insulin. In 9 studies carried out during the second and third weeks of therapy, the control values were significantly elevated (0.9 μg. per liter), although peak epinephrine concentrations reached after insulin were similar to those observed during the first week. In 9 studies performed in patients treated for more than three weeks, the control epinephrine concentration was 0.15 μg. per liter and no significant increase was observed during hypoglycemia. Norepinephrine levels remained unchanged in the 2½-hour period following administration of insulin in these subjects. However, a significant increase was noted in samples obtained between tw...
Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by contrast versus color Doppler by transesophageal echocardiography: Relation to atrial size

To ascertain the factors related to the transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of patent foramen ovale, the primary echocardiographic data were reviewed from 74 patients with that diagnosis. Similar detection rates were observed with contrast echocardiography (82%) and color flow mapping (78%), but contrast was more sensitive in patients with normal-sized atria (94%) and isolated right atrial enlargement (100%) than in those with enlarged left atria, all but three of whom had biatrial enlargement (52%) (p < 0.001 by chi-square test). Doppler flow mapping was less sensitive for normal-sized atria (66%) than for isolated enlarged right atria (81%) and left (bi-) atrial enlargement (96%) (p = 0.024). Patent foramen ovale was directly visualized by two-dimensional echocardiography in 80%, with close agreement to the size of the color flow jet (r = 0.90, delta = 0.1 +/- 0.4 mm); foramen ovale size was related to right atrial area (r = 0.31, p = 0.015). Thus both saline contrast and color flow imaging are necessary to exclude the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale.
Seromucous cystadenoma of the oral cavity

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Metabolic changes induced in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by the parasitism of Boonea impressa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The ectoparasitic snail Boonea (= Odostomia) impressa is an important parasite of oysters. Although results varied among tissues and levels of parasitism, all oysters parasitized by B. impressa exhibited alterations in biochemical composition after 1 month. 2. 2. Few changes were observed in small (2–4 cm) or large (6–8 cm) oysters parasitized by 5 or 10 snails, respectively. In contrast, carbohydrate concentration decreased in small oysters parasitized by 15 or 25 snails and increased in large oysters parasitized by 30 snails. 3. 3. Decreased carbohydrate content probably resulted from direct removal of assimiliated carbon by B. impressa. Increased carbohydrate concentration may be due to the combined impact of B. impressa with infections by the protozoan Perkinsus (= Dermocystidium) marinus. P. marinus infection increased in intensity with snail parasitism. Increased lipid content in the mantle tissue of large oysters and increased taurine content in most oysters and oyster tissues could be similarly explained. 4. 4. Overall, mantle tissue was the most severely affected, possibly because snail parasitism produces direct injury to this tissue as well as the systemic impact caused by removal of assimilated carbon.
Effects of finite rifting times on the development of sedimentary basins

Abstract Most thermo-mechanical models for the development of sedimentary basins have assumed that the rifting responsible for the formation of the basin occurred instantaneously and have examined the post-rift development of the basin. This assumption greatly simplifies the mathematical treatment, but is not in accord with what is found in nature, where 10-to 50-m.y. rifting events commonly accompany the formation of sedimentary basins and continental margins. The effects of a finite rifting time on the development of sedimentary basins are examined using an analytic technique which allows an arbitrary rifting history in both time and space and which considers the effects of both vertical and horizontal heat transfer. This technique allows the thermal structure of the lithosphere to be calculated throughout the rifting event and thus permits the subsidence history and surface heat flow of the developing basin to be traced. The effect of a finite-duration extension event is that heat is lost during rifting increasing the syn-rift subsidence at the expense of the post-rift. Lateral heat flow, which was not included in previous studies of the effect of finite rifting times, has a significant effect on the subsidence history, distribution of sediments and thermal history. In particular, the post-rift subsidence is decreased by more than 25% for a 20-m.y. rifting event and by more than 10–15% for a rifting event as short as 10 m.y. This will significantly decrease the subsidence rates in the post-rift stage and implies that inferences concerning the structure, development and thermal history of the basin derived from using “β-curves” to interpret backstripped subsidence can be greatly in error. Variations in syn-rift sediment accumulation and lithospheric thermal structure at the end of rifting resulting from different rifting histories can interact with other factors, such as the flexural response of the lithosphere to sediment loading, to affect the final width of the basin, the total amount of sediments that accumulate and the basin stratigraphy.
A Clustering-Based Optimization Algorithm in Zero-Skew Routings

A zero-skew routing algorithm with clustering and improvement methods is proposed. This algorithm generates a zero-skew routing in O(n log n) time for n pins, and it is proven that the order of the total wire length is best possible. Our algorithm achieves 20% reduction of the total wire length on benchmark data compared with the best known algorithm.