cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the Default Mode and Central Executive Networks Across Early Adolescence: a Longitudinal Study

The mature brain is organized into distinct neural networks defined by regions demonstrating correlated activity during task performance as well as rest. While research has begun to examine differences in these networks between children and adults, little is known about developmental changes during early adolescence. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the Default Mode Network (DMN) and the Central Executive Network (CEN) at ages 10 and 13 in a longitudinal sample of 45 participants. In the DMN, participants showed increasing integration (i.e., stronger within-network correlations) between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex. During this time frame participants also showed increased segregation (i.e., weaker between-network correlations) between the PCC and the CEN. Similarly, from age 10 to 13, participants showed increased connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other CEN nodes, as well as increasing DMN segregation. IQ was significantly positively related to CEN integration at age 10, and between-network segregation at both ages. These findings highlight early adolescence as a period of significant maturation for the brain's functional architecture and demonstrate the utility of longitudinal designs to investigate neural network development.
A stroll in the forest of the fucoids: Status of Melatercichnus burkei , the doctrine of ichnotaxonomic conservatism and the behavioral ecology of trace fossil variation

Abstract The ichnogenus Melatercichnus was described in 1991 from Cretaceous deep-ocean turbidte beds at Trinidad Bay, northern California. The type (and only) ichnospecies, Melatercichnus burkei, features all the primary characters (ichnotaxobases) of Phymatoderma, and is here reassigned to this ichnogenus. In so doing, Phymatoderma now consists of two palmate forms (P. penicillum and P. alcicorne), two digitate forms (P. melvillensis and P. granulata), and the reassigned ichnospecies (P. burkei) representing a kind of intermediate form. Reassignment follows the doctrine of ichnotaxonomic conservatism, by employing a limited number of primary characters and abandoning a superfluous ichnotaxon. All of the ichnospecies now included within Phymatoderma–as seems to be true of many of the so-called fucoids and certain other groups of trace fossils–are extremely variable in terms of morphology, although basic structure (in this case bunches of outward branching, unlined tunnels stuffed with fecal pellets) is consistent. This aspect of trace fossils needs more attention, both from an ichnotaxonomic and a biologic point of view. At the Trinidad Bay collecting site, the ‘perfect’ examples of P. burkei featuring all the characters of the ichnospecies grade into specimens that would be identified with P. granulata or possibly Alcyonidiopsis isp. if preserved in isolation or if the ‘perfect’ specimens had never been observed. These variants are difficult to accommodate in traditional ichnotaxonomy, pointing to a need for special categories in open nomenclature (e.g., identification of some of the ‘imperfect’ specimens as ‘Phymatoderma forma variabilis’ or possibly ‘Phymatoderma f. v. P. burkei–P. granulata’—to reflect the kind and degree of variation). In terms of behavioral ecology, P. burkei appears to be a fancy cesspit: the producer either fed at a different level and simultaneously deposited fecal pellets at depth (polychaete, echiuran?), or fed at or near the seafloor then dove into the turbidite sand blanket to discharge the pellets (sipunculan?). Variations in the structure could have resulted from the producer encountering different conditions in the substrate at different times and places (e.g., owing to dewatering), interruptions in the typical pattern caused by encounters with other organisms, limited time available to construct the usual pellet-filled structure, avoidance of other conspecific burrowers, or simply the inability of some individuals to execute precisely the construction plan.
Atomic force microscopy demonstration of cytoskeleton instability in mouse erythrocytes with dematin‐headpiece and β‐adducin deficiency

The pattern of disassembly of the cytoskeletal network of murine erythrocytes with deficiency of either dematin-headpiece or β-adducin or both proteins were investigated using atomic force microscopy. A heterogeneous complex structure with fine filament features and coarse features was observed in the cytoskeleton of wild type mouse erythrocytes, whereas a significant amount of rearrangement and aggregation occurred in the mutants, particularly in the cells carrying double gene mutations. These results are consistent with the cellular and biochemical phenotype of the mutant cell membranes as being more fragile due to weakened vertical connections with the plasma membrane. SCANNING 33:426–436, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of individual C60 molecules on Si(100)-(2 × 1) surfaces

Abstract Individual C 60 molecules chemisorbed on Si(100)-(2 × 1) surfaces have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. Chemisorption was realized by annealing the samples with room-temperature deposited adsorbates to 600°C. Spectroscopic results on individual adsorbates reveal a transition of their electronic structure from that of a near-free adsorbate to that of SiC, as the adsorbate-substrate interaction increases.
Right ventricular infarction with tricuspid insufficiency and chronic right heart failure.

Abstract A patient with chronic right heart failure and probable tricuspid insufficiency associated with an inferior myocardial infarction is described. Angiograms demonstrated total occlusion of the right coronary artery at its origin, a patent venous bypass graft to the mid-right coronary artery and hypokinesia of the inferior wall of both the right and left ventricles. Clinical data indicated a greater impairment of right than of left ventricular function. It is proposed that infarction of the right ventricle resulted in chronic right heart failure and tricuspid insufficiency.
Towards realistic benchmarks for multiple alignments of non-coding sequences

With the continued development of new computational tools for multiple sequence alignment, it is necessary today to develop benchmarks that aid the selection of the most effective tools. Simulation-based benchmarks have been proposed to meet this necessity, especially for non-coding sequences. However, it is not clear if such benchmarks truly represent real sequence data from any given group of species, in terms of the difficulty of alignment tasks. We find that the conventional simulation approach, which relies on empirically estimated values for various parameters such as substitution rate or insertion/deletion rates, is unable to generate synthetic sequences reflecting the broad genomic variation in conservation levels. We tackle this problem with a new method for simulating non-coding sequence evolution, by relying on genome-wide distributions of evolutionary parameters rather than their averages. We then generate synthetic data sets to mimic orthologous sequences from the Drosophila group of species, and show that these data sets truly represent the variability observed in genomic data in terms of the difficulty of the alignment task. This allows us to make significant progress towards estimating the alignment accuracy of current tools in an absolute sense, going beyond only a relative assessment of different tools. We evaluate six widely used multiple alignment tools in the context of Drosophila non-coding sequences, and find the accuracy to be significantly different from previously reported values. Interestingly, the performance of most tools degrades more rapidly when there are more insertions than deletions in the data set, suggesting an asymmetric handling of insertions and deletions, even though none of the evaluated tools explicitly distinguishes these two types of events. We also examine the accuracy of two existing tools for annotating insertions versus deletions, and find their performance to be close to optimal in Drosophila non-coding sequences if provided with the true alignments. We have developed a method to generate benchmarks for multiple alignments of Drosophila non-coding sequences, and shown it to be more realistic than traditional benchmarks. Apart from helping to select the most effective tools, these benchmarks will help practitioners of comparative genomics deal with the effects of alignment errors, by providing accurate estimates of the extent of these errors.
Uniformity Effects when Electrodepositing Cu onto Resistive Substrates in the Presence of Organic Additives

Cu electrodeposition on thin-film, highly resistive, Pt electrodes was studied experimentally. Electroplating additives can have a large impact on thickness uniformity across long resistive electrodes. Results are compared to simulations, and it is shown that nucleation influences thin-film uniformity and that electroplating additives may also cause an increase in the nonuniformity due to the spatial variation in their acceleration or inhibition across the electrode. The spatial variations in suppression are particularly strong in the presence of bis(3-sulfopropyl disulfide), whose deleterious effect can be reduced by a leveler.
DI-tert-BUTYL4-[(2-tert-BUTOXYCARBONYL)ETHYL]-4-AMINOHEPTANEDICARBOXYLATE

(1996). DI-tert-BUTYL4-[(2-tert-BUTOXYCARBONYL)ETHYL]-4-AMINOHEPTANEDICARBOXYLATE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 495-498.
QUICK: A quasi-interactive computer-based instructional system

Traditionally, CAI has been characterized by (1) individualized instruction based on performance, and (2) real-time interaction. Efforts to provide CAI on general purpose equipment have not been successful, and as a result many have turned to dedicated equipment (TICCIT, PLATO). An alternate approach to CAI, on general purpose equipment, is proposed in this paper. A typical interaction between a student and a CAI system can be viewed as a stimulus from the system, followed by a response from the student, followed by feedback plus another stimulus from the system. In many applications, the student response interval can be relatively long. The approach used by QUICK is to purposely extend this student response time by means of the type of stimulus issued; then it is no longer necessary to have an interactive program waiting for the student to respond. Instead, the interaction can be accomplished via a batch job triggered by student input. In the QUICK system, the unit of courseware is a task, consisting of information, instructions, and a number of questions to be answered, which may take the student from a few minutes to several hours or days to complete. In a science course, for example, a task might contain instructions for performing an experiment. Such a system has a wide range of applications, from CMI type uses which primarily direct the student to existing materials for study, to CAI type uses which provide tutorials and drill excercises for the student. The QUICK system has been implemented and used in a first year Biology course and an introductory FORTRAN programming course at PURDUE. Student input can be accomplished via several devices - teletype terminal, punched card reader, or marked sense card reader. This paper presents some details of the currently implemented QUICK system, as well as some goals and future directions.
Photochemistry of transition metal germylenes and metallacycles

Group 10 metal germylene complexes of general formula (R3P)2MGeQ2 are found to be highly photosensitive. Ambient fluoresent lighting causes complete decomposition of nickel germylene species in less than one minute in the presence of germylene traps. The formation of metallacycle (Et3P)2Pt(μ-η2-H2CO)Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2 and the photochemical cycloreversion reaction are also reported.
A linear representation of the mapping class group M and the theory of winding numbers

Abstract This paper describes a linear representation Ф of the mapping class group M , of an orientable surface S with one boundary component. The representation Ф extends the symplectic representation, and is defined for surfaces of arbitrary genus g > 1. The main tools used to define Ф are crossed homomorphisms e x : M ↦H 1 (S;Z) which are defined using nonvanishing vector fields X on S , and the theory of winding numbers of curves on surfaces described by Chillingworth in [1,2]. These crossed homomorphisms were essentially described by Morita in [6]. A geometric interpretation of Ф is then given. If T 1 S denotes the unit tangent bundle of S 1 then Ф records the action of M on H 1 ( T 1 S ; Z ). The kernel of Ф is then characterized using knowledge of the crossed homomorphisms e x . If matrix entries are taken modulo 2 g −2, the representation Ф factors through the mapping class group M of a closed orientable surface of genus g > 1. Thus Ф induces representations of Д n of M for any n ⧹2 g −2. The Д n were discovered by Sipe in [7, 8], and it is noted that her characterization of the image of Д n carries over to the integer valued case. The structure found in characterizing ker Ф is then used to study ker Д n . In particular, it is shown that a uotient of ker Д n is a semidirect product for each even n dividing 2 g −2.
On The Interpretation Of Laws

. The essay is an attempt to examine aspects of legal interpretation from an external, sociological point of view. “Interpretation”, in its normal juristic sense, is primarily a process in which decision-makers with secondary legitimacy link their decisions to authority of primary legitimacy. The type of legitimacy which is dominant within the legal system greatly influences the style of interpretation - in “closed” systems, where the stock of premises is fixed, “legalism” will abound. Legal interpretation is not concerned with what a text really means, in any literal sense; and standards for judging legal interpretation are different from the standards of judging other forms of communication, for example, literature. Indeed, a judge can be considered great precisely because of his creative acts of misinterpretation.
Influence of Coadsorbed Hydrogen on Ethylene Adsorption and Reaction on a (√3×√3)R30°-Sn/Pt(111) Surface Alloy

The effect of surface-bound hydrogen adatoms on adsorption, desorption, and reaction of ethylene (CH(2)=CH(2)) on a (radical3 x radical3)R30 degrees-Sn/Pt(111) surface alloy with theta(Sn) = 0.33 was investigated by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Preadsorbed H decreased the saturation coverage of chemisorbed ethylene and less H was required to completely block ethylene chemisorption on this alloy than that on Pt(111). This is also the first report of extensive H site-blocking of ethylene chemisorption on Pt(111). Preadsorbed H also decreased the desorption activation energy of ethylene on the alloy surface. The reaction chemistry of ethylene on this Sn/Pt(111) alloy is dramatically different than on the Pt(111) surface: the H-addition reaction channel taking ethylene to ethane on Pt(111) is totally inhibited on the alloy. This is important information for advancing understanding of the surface chemistry involved in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysis.
Iso-concentration ordering kinetics of block copolymers in solution during solvent extraction using dynamic oscillatory measurements

Abstract The iso-concentration ordering kinetics of poly(styrene-b-butadiene) in a neutral solvent, toluene, at several concentrations along the solvent extraction path at room temperature were studied using dynamic mechanical rheological measurements and SAXS. These experiments are in contrast to more common studies of the ordering kinetics of block copolymers in which phase separation following temperature quenches is considered. Poly(styrene-b-butadiene) in toluene was found to order into hexagonally-packed cylinders beginning at a polymer concentration of 30 wt%. The half-time was found to be governed by a competition between thermodynamic and kinetic effects as concentration changes. An Avrami exponent of 1.0 was obtained at all concentrations and was correlated to two-dimensional diffusion-controlled growth or heterogeneous nucleation and linear growth at higher concentrations. A comparison of the rheological and SAXS data suggested that changes in the dynamic mechanical response during ordering were induced by the development of individual microstructures acting as physical crosslinks. A correlation between microstructure and the Avrami exponent was not found.
Rural residence and Hispanic ethnicity: doubly disadvantaged for diabetes?

: Context: Hispanics are at increased risk for diabetes, while rural residents have historically had decreased access to care. Purpose: To determine whether living in a rural area and being Hispanic confers special risks for diagnosis and control of diabetes. Methods: We analyzed the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Hispanics and non-Hispanic white adults were classified according to rural/urban residence to create 4 ethnicity-residence groups. Investigated outcomes were previously diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. Among those with diagnosed diabetes, we investigated control of glucose, hypertension, and lipids. Findings: The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was greatest for rural residents, especially for rural Hispanics (8.2%) versus that for urban whites (4.6%), rural whites (6.5%), or urban Hispanics (4.5%), (P < .01). However, urban Hispanics were most likely to have undiagnosed diabetes at 3.7%, versus 2.3% of rural whites, 2.8% of urban whites, and 2.7% of rural Hispanics (P = .04). Among people with diagnosed diabetes, there was no difference in glycemic control between the 4 groups. Rural Hispanics with diagnosed diabetes had the greatest prevalence of elevated systolic blood pressure at 45%, compared to 37% of urban whites, 29% of rural whites, 28% of urban Hispanics (P = .01). In regression models controlling for potential confounders, there were no differences among urban and rural whites and Hispanics in the likelihood of undiagnosed diabetes or in glycemic control for those with diagnosed diabetes. Conclusions: Initiatives that target Hispanic health, and especially diabetes, should acknowledge rural/urban Hispanic health differences.
Generalization of the equivalent linearization method for non-linear random vibration problems

Abstract The method of equivalent linearization is generalized such that the response of a non-linear oscillator subject to both parametric and external random white-noise excitations can be determined approximately. The main objective of the new method is to obtain a closed system of differential equations for certain statistical moments of the response. This can be achieved by linearizing the drift term of the corresponding Ito-equations and by replacing the square of the diffusion term by a second degree polynomial. It is found that the accuracy of the mean square amplitudes is improved considerably compared with the original equivalent linearization.
Prediction of the Dependence of the Fuel Cell Oxygen Reduction Reactions on Operating Voltage from DFT Calculations

To use density functional theory (DFT) to seek improved catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, we developed a systematic way to handle the barriers of electron transfer reactions (e.g., H^+ + e^– + O_(ad) → OH_(ad)) within the DFT framework. We report applications of this new method to determining the dependence for the barriers of various ORR reaction steps on the operating electrochemical potential for the Pt-catalyzed fuel cell. This method is used to estimate the optimum operating potential. In the Article, we show how to estimate the change in efficiency from changes in the reaction barriers. On the basis of our mechanism and calculated barriers, the optimum operating voltage for the ORR on Pt is found to be 0.68 V/NHE, which is close to the standard operating voltage of ~0.8 V/NHE, validating this analysis.
Frequency-dependent depletion of secretory vesicle pools modulates bursting in vasopressin neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus

When stimulated, vasopressin neurones discharge lengthy, repeating bursts of action potentials. An increase in the stimulus strength causes both a lengthening of the bursts' active phase and an increase in the intra-burst firing frequency. Here we extend our earlier model (P. Roper, J. Callaway, W. Armstrong. J. Neurosci. 24(20) (2004) 4831.) for phasic bursting at a constant stimulus. We show that an increase in burst length could be due to a reduction of the co-secretion of an inhibitory factor, dynorphin, and we propose this to be caused by a frequency-dependent depletion of the pool of secretory vesicles.
PRODUCTION OF ANTIRENIN TO HOMOLOGOUS RENIN AND ITS EFFECT ON EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION

1. Procedures are described for the extraction and partial purification of dog renin, on a large scale, as well as for the acetylation of rat, rabbit, and dog renin. 2. Untreated homologous renin was not antigenic in rat, rabbit, or dog, but the acetylation of homologous renin made it antigenic. 3. Immunization of rats, rabbits, and dogs, with acetylated rat, rabbit, and dog renin, respectively, resulted in each case in the development of anti-renin to the homologous, untreated, as well as to the acetylated renin. 4. The progressive development of antirenin as a result of repeated, subcutaneous injections of acetylated dog renin, in a dog with experimental renal hypertension for more than 6 years, was accompanied by a correspondingly progressive fall of the mean arterial blood pressure to the prehypertensive level. This points up the important part played by the renin-angiotensin mechanism in the maintenance of the hypertension, even in the chronic phase of experimental renal hypertension.
Is engineering ethics optional

nce upon a time, lessthan a third of a repre-sentative sample of U.S.engineering educatorsconsidered the study ofdifferential equations tobe necessary for an engineer’s edu-cation. When the Society for the Pro-motion of Engineering Education sur-veyed over 500 teachers of engineeringduring the 1920s, it found that only29% of the instructors believed thatdifferential equations were of primaryimportance in the standard engineeringcurriculum [1].
Paying for Ecosystem Services—Promise and Peril

have for long recognized human well-being. The explanation lies partly in the publicgood regulation through carbon sequestration), partly in the lack of well-defi ned property rights diction), and partly in the various costs of forming the historic Many environmental markets created years intended these are Prices of changes in resource scarcity if they capture all signifi cant use 12). Mech
Gene Delivery Systems in Surgery

Increased understanding of the genetic basis of human disease has led to a number of potential gene-based therapies for various medical and surgical disorders. The development of efficient methods for delivering genes to mammalian cells in vitro has increased the potential clinical utility of gene-based therapies; however, a major focus of research has been more efficient delivery to appropriate target cells, in vivo as well as in vitro, to establish gene therapy as an effective clinical modality for common disorders. Despite substantial progress, a number of critical technical issues to enhance and optimize not only gene transfer but also gene expression must be resolved. These future technological developments will be essential for the widespread clinical implementation of gene-based therapy. (Arch Surg. 1993;128:1197-1206)
Alteration of Auxin Polar Transport in the Arabidopsis ifl1 Mutants

The INTERFASCICULAR FIBERLESS/REVOLUTA (IFL1/REV) gene is essential for the normal differentiation of interfascicular fibers and secondary xylem in the inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis. It has been proposed that IFL1/REV influences auxin polar flow or the transduction of auxin signal, which is required for fiber and vascular differentiation. Assay of auxin polar transport showed that the ifl1 mutations dramatically reduced auxin polar flow along the inflorescence stems and in the hypocotyls. The null mutant allele ifl1-2 was accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression level of two putative auxin efflux carriers. The ifl1 mutants remained sensitive to auxin and an auxin transport inhibitor. The ifl1-2 mutant exhibited visible phenotypes associated with defects in auxin polar transport such as pin-like inflorescence, reduced numbers of cauline branches, reduced numbers of secondary rosette inflorescence, and dark green leaves with delayed senescence. The visible phenotypes displayed by the ifl1 mutants could be mimicked by treatment of wild-type plants with an auxin polar transport inhibitor. In addition, the auxin polar transport inhibitor altered the normal differentiation of interfascicular fibers in the inflorescence stems of wild-type Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results suggest a correlation between the reduced auxin polar transport and the alteration of cell differentiation and morphology in the ifl1 mutants.
Intel architecture for military and space applications

Sandia National Laboratories, in partnership with NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office, and the Air Force Research Laboratory, is developing a radiation-hardened emulation of the popular Pentium/spl reg/ architecture for use in military and space applications. This interagency program addresses the critical need for high performance computing in military and space applications. Support, affordability, and risk are being addressed by migrating commercial designs, debugged and supported by the high-volume consumer marketplace, into military and space applications. This paper provides the reader with a brief introduction to the issues involved in migrating commercial technology to military and space applications. The paper starts with the basic technological need, describes the issues involved in obtaining a licensing agreement, discusses the technical designs involved, and concludes with performance specifications and availability of chips to final users. While the treatment is brief, the reader should gain a good appreciation for why migrating complex commercial designs to the military market place is a non-trivial undertaking.
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on symptoms associated with resistance to Phytophthora infestans after leaf penetration in susceptible and resistant potato cultivars

The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the expression of resistance against Phytophthora infestans in five potato cultivars with and without resistance (R) genes was investigated. Four experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in growth chambers. Two cultivars (393295.236 and 391046.22) without known R genes from the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima, Peru, two Mexican cultivars with major R genes (Tollocan and Malinche), and a susceptible cultivar (Atlantic) were used in this study. Plants were grown for 32 days in growth chambers at two temperatures (16 and 24 C) and two photoperiods (12 and 16 h day length), then inoculated with a compatible isolate of P. infestans and incubated in a mist chamber at 18 C. The inoculation efficiency, the percentage of lesions that did not grow beyond the inoculation spot, the sporangia density, and the AUDPC were recorded. The percentage of arrested lesions decreased with temperature in the two most resistant cultivars (393295.236 and Malinche), and the AUDPC was lower at 16 than at 24 C in four of the five cultivars. The inoculation efficiency and the sporangia density were not affected by change in temperature. Sporangia density increased at 16 h photoperiod; however, the final infected leaf area was not affected. Our results demonstrate that the expression of horizontal and vertical resistance was affected by temperature; however, the relative resistance ranking among cultivars was the same in the four experiments with different temperatures and photoperiods. It is assumed that the resistance in the Mexican cultivars may be conferred by minor resistance genes and by the residual effect of defeated R genes. These results emphasize the difficulty in differentiating between horizontal and vertical resistance.
Ganglioside Inhibition of CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxicity: Interference with Lytic Granule Trafficking and Exocytosis

Granule exocytosis-mediated cytotoxicity by CD8(+) CTL plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity to tumors and to intracellular pathogens. This T cell effector function has been shown to be defective in various murine tumor models and in human cancer. However, factors and their mechanisms that cause inhibition of CD8(+) T cell lytic function in tumor-bearing hosts remain to be fully defined. We postulate that gangliosides, highly expressed on tumor cell membranes, actively shed into the tumor microenvironment, and having well-established immunosuppressive properties, may be such a factor. We exposed primary mouse CD8(+) CTL to gangliosides derived from three sources (tumors and normal brain). This significantly inhibited cytotoxicity-mediated by granule exocytosis, that is, cytotoxicity of alloantigen-specific and polyclonal CD8(+) CTL in vitro. These molecules did not interfere with the interaction of CD8(+) T cells with their cognate targets. Rather, they inhibited lytic granule release in response both to TCR engagement and to stimuli that induce granule release in a nonpolarized manner. At the subcellular level, confocal microscopic imaging identified inhibition of polarization of lytic granules to the immunological synapse upon target cell recognition. Thus, tumor-shed gangliosides suppress lytic activity of CD8(+) T cells by a novel mechanism, that is, inhibition of trafficking of lytic granules in response to TCR engagement, as well as by interfering with the process of granule exocytosis in CD8(+) T cells.
Money and happiness: does age make a difference?

Although the factors that influence people's perception of happiness have long been a focus for scholars, research to date has not offered conclusive findings on the relationships between income, age and happiness. This study examined the relationship between money and happiness across age groups. Analysing data from United States General Social Surveys from 1972 to 2006, this study finds that even after controlling for all the major socio-demographic variables, income (whether household income or personal equivalised income) had a significant positive association with happiness for young and middle-age adults, but it was not the same case with older adults. After controlling for the major socio-demographic variables, there was no evidence of a significant relationship between income (whichever definition) and happiness for older adults. The results also showed that the effect of household income on happiness was significantly smaller for older adults than for young or middle-age adults in the model controlling for major socio-demographic variables. The relationship between household income and happiness no longer differed significantly across age groups after social comparison variables were included. The relationship between equivalised income and happiness did not vary significantly by age group after controlling for the major socio-demographic variables.
Modification of phallus development and sexual behavior in rats treated with gonadotropin antiserum neonatally.

Male rats were injected with gonadotropin antiserum (GTH A/S) or normal rabbit serum on days 1, 3, and 5 of life. The former animals had normal testis growth and spermatic development at maturity; however, they failed to impregnate normal females with which they cohabited. The reproductive failure of these rats may have been largely a result of an incomplete pattern of masculine sexual behavior. It was found that the experimental males achieved very few intromissions and ejaculations in sex behavior tests when compared to control males injected with normal rabbit serum. Since the phallus was underdeveloped in GTH A/S treated males, these data do not distinguish between a peripheral or central neural cause for the behavioral deficit. However, the same males showed high levels of feminine sexual behavior after estrogen-progesterone priming, suggesting that behavioral centers in the CNS had not been “masculinized” during neonatal life. Nevertheless, masculinization of the GTH release mechanism(s) apparently ...
Effect of thiourea on body fat and liver glycogen of rats.

NUMEROUS PAPERS have been published in the past few years showing that thiourea suppresses the formation of thyroxin by the thyroid gland, although the exact mechanism has not been fully explained. Since thyroxin is such an important metabolic stimulant, the experiments here reported were started to determine whether this suppression of thyroxin formation affected the neutral fat and cholesterol content of the animal's bodies, skins, and livers. Studies are also reported on the possible inhibiting action of the feeding of dried thyroid gland on the changes from the thiourea administration. In one experiment liver glycogen was also determined since the histological picture of the liver indicated a high glycogen content of the livers of the thiourea fed animals. Young Albino rats of the Wister strain were used in all the experiments. In experiment 1 the animals were fed Rockland rat diet without additional vitamin supplements. Diets of known composition were used in experiments 2-10.
An enhanced bloom filter for longest prefix matching

A Bloom filter is a succinct data structure for membership queries. While the filter enables a compact storage, it allows false positives when queried and exhibits an inherent tradeoff between the false positive rate and space complexity. Among many applications, IP address lookup shows promise for improvement using on-chip Bloom filters; however, high false positive rates may cause more off-chip memory access and degrade the performance significantly. We introduce a new Bloom filter called the length-aware Bloom filter (LABF) for multiple pattern matching problems. The primary idea is to explore the discrepancy in length distribution between the set of patterns and the set of prefixes of input text that are examined against the patterns. While maintaining the simplicity, LABFs outperform the standard Bloom filter when the pattern lengths are nonuniformly distributed in a wide range. Such pattern length distributions frequently occur in multiple pattern matching, e.g., longest prefix matching in IP address lookup. We derive a simple formula to configure parameters for the construction of an LABF and provide a provable guarantee for the average number of false positives. Our experimental results show that LABFs reduce the average false positive rates by a factor of 4 and 16, for IPv4 and IPv6, respectively.
A use-and-transformation model for evaluating public R&D: Illustrations from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) research

Evaluating federally funded research and development (RD Rogers, J. D., & Bozeman, B. (2001). ‘‘Knowledge value alliances’’: An alternative to the R&D project focus in evaluation. Science Technology & Human Values, 26(1), 23–55]. r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Climate change and vulnerability of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a fire-prone landscape

Linked atmospheric and wildfire changes will complicate future management of native coldwater fishes in fire-prone landscapes, and new approaches to management that incorporate uncertainty are needed to address this challenge. We used a Bayesian network (BN) approach to evaluate population vulnerability of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Wenatchee River basin, Washington, USA, under current and future climate and fire scenarios. The BN was based on modeled estimates of wildfire, water temperature, and physical habitat prior to, and following, simulated fires throughout the basin. We found that bull trout population vulnerability depended on the extent to which climate effects can be at least partially offset by managing factors such as habitat connectivity and fire size. Moreover, our analysis showed that local management can significantly reduce the vulnerability of bull trout to climate change given appropriate management actions. Tools such as our BN that explicitly integrate the linked natu...
Dual-Gate MoS 2 FET With a Coplanar-Gate Engineering

A dual-gate multilayer MoS2 FET with a standard backside gate and a nonstandard coplanar top gate is demonstrated and analyzed. The special feature of this device is that the gate and MoS2 channel can be directly coupled on the same plane through the bottom-conducting Si substrate. The coplanar-gate MoS2 FET shows a good performance with a large ON–OFF ratio ( $I_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle {ON/OFF}}}$ ) of $1.5\times 10^{4}$ , a small subthreshold swing ( $S$ ) of 0.13 V/decade, and a field-effect mobility ( $\mu $ ) of 0.69 cm2/Vs, respectively. Furthermore, a large $V_{\mathrm {{th}}}$ modulation ( $- 0.55\sim 6.4$ V) can be obtained in a dual-gate MoS2 FET by changing the coplanar-gate bias, which makes the device switch from depletion-mode to enhancement-mode operation, without affecting $\mu $ and $S$ , regardless of the coplanar-gate bias. In such a dual-gate MoS2 FET, both top and bottom gates can share the same SiO2 dielectric, and the deposition of source/drain/gate contact can be combined to a single step. A band diagram with the body effect theory is proposed to explain the device operation mechanism. The coplanar-gate MoS2 FET with its dual-gate operation and simple fabrication process can provide a good candidate for low-cost 2-D planar nanoelectronics and sensor applications.
An Analysis of Open Source Business Models

Open-source software is not for hobbyists any more. Instead, it is a business strategy with broad applicability. Businesses can be built around this idea. In this paper, I want the reader to grapple with the specifics of how to build and grow such a business. To this end, I have proposed three fundamental business models - Distributor, Software producer [GPL and non-GPL] and the Third-Party Service Provider. These are sustainable models that can lead to robust revenue streams. The business models provided here can be enhanced by the addition of further revenue streams. For instance, we now know that certification of developers on an Open-Source product can lead to strong revenues. Not all products have the same profit potential. Therefore, not all Open Source Software products have the same profit potential. I have classified Open Source Software products into four categories - Stars, High-profile nichers, Low-profile nichers and Mainstream utilities. Businesses can be built around Stars. High-profile nichers can lead to robust revenue streams if properly marketed. The other two categories may not lead to high profits. Since many Open Source Software products are freely available, managers must scan public repositories to find out which products will be suitable for their business. The future of Open Source Software is bright. Increasingly, we will find that these products will take a central role in the realm of software and will find a larger place in all our lives.
The Two Banquets: Mark’s Vision of Anti-Imperial Economics:

This article examines Mark’s depiction of the empire, specifically the intrinsic and symbiotic link between the empire and economics within first-century Judea. It highlights Mark’s critique of Rom...
Preparation of Copper-Ruby Glasses by Sputtering and Their Optical Properties

Copper-ruby glasses, which exhibit an absorption maximum at about 570nm, were prepared by simultaneous sputtering of copper and silica glass. The glasses turned red by heat treatment for less than 30min at 650°-800°C. The optimum heat treatment temperature was 700°C. Changes of optical absorption with heat treatment time were measured. X-ray diffraction analysis identified precipitated particles to ba Cu particles. The nonlinear optical property of these glasses was evaluated by the degenerate four-wave mixing method. The |χ(3)| value of this glass was 4.0×10-9esu at the wavelength of 532nm
Computations of the flow characteristics of aerodynamic deceleratorsusing computational fluid dynamics

This paper reports current work at the U S . Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center on aerodynamic decelerators using computational fluid dynamics. Results from two different problems are presented. First, predicted aerodynamic characteristics of twodimensional circular arcs of various sizes are reported and compared with known results. Secondly, the effect of the vent size on the performance of an annular decelerator was investigated and predicted results are presented.
Expected Relative Responses to Selection for Alternative Measures of Life Cycle Economic Efficiency of Pork Production

Relative genetic responses to selection for alternative measures of economic efficiency of pork production were examined. The analysis was based on results from a deterministic bio-economic model of lifecycle pork production. Alternative aggregate breeding values considered were based on cost (+)/unit of live weight or of carcass output lean for different production systems and for different breeding roles of the selected stocks. For cost/unit of lean, changes in leanness (or fatness) dominated the index. For cost/unit of live weight, however, no one trait dominated the index, and changes in growth and reproductive traits as well as the breeding role of the stock (purebred, maternal or paternal) were important in defining selection objectives. Management and production systems were less important than breeding role for cost/unit live weight output, except that importance of growth rate was increased by marketing at the mean weight reached at a fixed age rather than at a fixed weight irrespective of age. Implications of these results for goals and systems of pig improvement are discussed.
Indexing Multispectral Images for Content-Based Retrieval

This paper discusses our view of image databases, content-based retrieval, and our experiences with an experimental system. We present a methodology in which efficient representation and indexing are the basis for retrieval of images by content as well as associated external information. In the example system images are indexed and accessed based on properties of the individual regions in the image. Regions in each image are indexed by their spectral characteristics, as well as by their shape descriptors and position information. The goal of the system is to reduce the number of images that need to be inspected by a user by quickly excluding substantial parts of the database. The system avoids exhaustive searching through the image database when a query is submitted.
Selective Enhancement of Dopamine Release in the Ventral Pallidum of Methamphetamine-Sensitized Mice

Drugs of abuse induce sensitization, which is defined as enhanced response to additional drug following a period of withdrawal. Sensitization occurs in both humans and animal models of drug reinforcement and contributes substantially to the addictive nature of drugs of abuse, because it is thought to represent enhanced motivational wanting for drug. The ventral pallidum, a key member of the reward pathway, contributes to behaviors associated with reward, such as sensitization. Dopamine inputs to the ventral pallidum have not been directly characterized. Here we provide anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral evidence demonstrating that dopamine terminals in the ventral pallidum contribute to reward in mice. We report subregional differences in dopamine release, measured by ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry: rostral ventral pallidum exhibits increased dopamine release and uptake compared with caudal ventral pallidum, which is correlated with tissue expression of dopaminergic proteins. We then subjecte...
Excitation of lateral habenula neurons as a neural mechanism underlying ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion

Ethanol, like other drugs of abuse, has both rewarding and aversive properties. Previous work suggests that sensitivity to ethanol's aversive effects negatively modulates voluntary alcohol intake and thus may be important in vulnerability to developing alcohol use disorders. We previously found that rats with lesions of the lateral habenula (LHb), which is implicated in aversion-mediated learning, show accelerated escalation of voluntary ethanol consumption. To understand neural encoding in the LHb contributing to ethanol-induced aversion, we recorded neural firing in the LHb of freely behaving, water-deprived rats before and after an ethanol-induced (1.5 g kg−1 20% ethanol, IP) conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to saccharin taste. Ethanol-induced CTA strongly decreased motivation for saccharin in an operant task to obtain the tastant. Comparison of LHb neural firing before and after CTA induction revealed four main differences in firing properties. First, baseline firing after CTA induction was significantly higher. Second, firing evoked by cues signalling saccharin availability shifted from a pattern of primarily inhibition before CTA to primarily excitation after CTA induction. Third, CTA induction reduced the magnitude of lever press-evoked inhibition. Finally, firing rates were significantly higher during consumption of the devalued saccharin solution after CTA induction. Next, we studied sham- and LHb-lesioned rats in our operant CTA paradigm and found that LHb lesion significantly attenuated CTA effects in the operant task. Our data demonstrate the importance of LHb excitation in regulating expression of ethanol-induced aversion and suggest a mechanism for its role in modulating escalation of voluntary ethanol intake. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Sleep Neurophysiological Dynamics Through the Lens of Multitaper Spectral Analysis.

During sleep, cortical and subcortical structures within the brain engage in highly structured oscillatory dynamics that can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The ability to accurately...
Loving and Loving: Eroding the Stance of Other

Race as a social construct has the core function of "other"ing. Loving v. Virginia erodes the stance of "other," both for those in interracial marriages and relationships and those who are multiracial or mixed. The social effects that flow from the legal decision in Loving enable a transformed approach to "others" based on a recognition of shared though distinct humanity and difference.
Differences in Characteristics of Postsecondary Technical Students in Pennsylvania Community Colleges and Two-Year Proprietary Institutions

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences among the personal, situational, and outcome characteristics of students in15 Pennsylvania community colleges and 16 two-year proprietary institutions, and the nature of differences in gender at both types of institutions. The study, under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Department of Education-Bureau of Vocational Technical education, was divided into three phases: Planning and Organization, Implementation, and Follow-up. This article describes results of the second phase, which involved surveying a large sample of 3,100 students currently enrolled in postsecondary programs in Pennsylvania. Although this study is oriented to community colleges and two-year proprietary institutions in Pennsylvania, other states may find parts of the research useful if they are studying the nature and performance of postsecondary technical students. The results may provokea debate for more diversity in student enrollment in community colleges technical fields of study.