cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Principles of Reflection in Axiomatic Set Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the principles of reflection of axiomatic set theory. The chapter describes the set theory that is formalized in the first-order to predicate calculus with equality and with the binary predicate symbol ɛ, as its only non logical constant. The chapter also indicates S as the set theory consisting of the axioms of extensionality, pairing, union-set, power-set, and the axiom schemata of subsets and foundation. It also includes the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) as the set theory obtained from S by addition of the axiom of infinity and the axiom schema of replacement. All the theorems in this chapter are theorems in respective axiomatic set theories. The theory in which the theorem is proved can be explicitly indicated for each numbered theorem. The chapter uses the theorem schema of S on definitions by recursion that asserts that a term F(α) can be defined by recursion so that F(α) satisfies the recursive condition, if α is such that there is a set containing all ordered pairs for β , and F(α) is 0 otherwise.
The Goldstone Report and the Goldstone Retreat: Truths Told by Law and Reviled by Geopolitics

The Goldstone Report gained its prominence because of its UN auspices and the high credibility of Richard Goldstone as the Chair of the Fact Finding Mission appointed by the Human Rights Council. Other reputable inquiries (John Dugard’s parallel mission set up by the Arab League, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch), aside from a host of journalistic and credible eyewitness accounts, converged on the overall criminality under international law of Operation Cast Lead. The video reports, together with the 100:1 casualty ratio, reinforced this impression, which has since been further validated by the testimony of IDF soldiers, diaries of persons living in Gaza at the time, by the Norwegian film Tears of Gaza, as well as by informal reports by UN staff stationed at the time of the attacks in Gaza. What the Goldstone Report did was to provide greater detail, especially in relation to several incidents, a set of recommendations for further action, and significantly, encouragement for accountability by way of the less conventional means of Universal Jurisdiction (application of norms of international criminal law by national courts against persons charged with violations regardless of where perpetrated) and civil society action.
Composition and Cardinal Rules

This chapter emphasizes the need to develop a photographer's eye and consider the elements of composition. It stresses on several elements of composition. It suggests that photographers must first consider their own viewpoint of the subject. The same object or area may be best viewed from one direction rather than from another direction. What considerations may affect this choice? One viewpoint may include too many distracting elements, which are easily eliminated from a different viewpoint. One viewpoint may include the photographer's shadow, which should always be avoided if possible. If it is impossible to exclude a partial shadow from being seen from one viewpoint, then totally covering a small area in shadow should be considered. Once the “primary subject” is determined, additional elements in the foreground and background and to the left and to the right of the “primary subject” should be eliminated from the field of view. This can sometimes be accomplished best by framing the subject with the camera held either horizontally or vertically, depending on the shape of the subject. Composition suggests that the photographer makes choices to optimally frame the subject matter. Composition should be as carefully considered as either exposure issues or focusing techniques.
Embracing an Innovation Stimulus Package

Over the past several years, Google has partnered with a number of thought leaders to evaluate and quantify the Internet’s impact on the broader macro-economy. Our work has demonstrated that the Internet has a truly phenomenal impact on economic activity and opportunity, contributing to 21% of GDP growth across the G-20 from 2005-2010. However, since 2008 the global economy has fallen into a state of malaise. GDP growth is slowing worldwide and employment is stagnating as we enter a period some are calling “muddling through.” There is widespread recognition that neither a fiscal stimulus nor a prolonged period of austerity will truly remedy the situation. We believe there remain untapped opportunities to innovate across a range of critical macroeconomic activities by applying core characteristics of the Internet, which has been a source of such astounding innovation in the past decade. What we propose here will not be a panacea for our current economic ills, but by embracing the Innovation Stimulus Agenda we outline, we believe policymakers can move the economic needle in meaningful, positive and sustainable ways.
INTEREST, AWARENESS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF GENETIC TESTING AMONG HISPANIC FAMILY MEMBERS OF BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS

Objective: To provide a preliminary description of the interest, awareness, and perceptions of genetic testing among Hispanics with a family history of breast cancer Design: This cross-sectional pilot study used interpersonal structured interviews for data collection. Participants: We interviewed 48 Hispanics without breast cancer but who had a family member with breast cancer; participants lived in San Antonio and the surrounding area. Main Outcome: The outcomes were interest in breast cancer genetic testing, awareness about genetic testing, perceived risk of carrying a breast cancer susceptibility gene, and the perceived benefits and risks associated with a genetic test. Measures: Items previously used in research regarding interest and perceived genetic risk and a previously validated benefits and riskslimitations scale for genetic testing commonly used by other researchers were used to measure the outcomes. Results: Awareness of genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility was very low, yet most(82%) participants were interested in a genetic test for breast cancersusceptibility. Participantswere more likely to identify with the benefits than the potential risks of genetic testing. The most highly endorsed benefits were to know to take better care of one’s self and to undergo more frequent screening. Conclusions: Hispanics seem to have positive perceptions about genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility. However, the high level of interest in genetic testing may be driven by a lack of knowledge about genetic testing. Culturally sensitive and appropriate educational programs about breast cancer genetic testing and the surrounding issues are needed for the Hispanic population.
Energy-coupled influx of thiomethylgalactoside into Escherichia coli.

Abstract A method was devised for rapid separation of Escherichia coli cells from relatively thick suspensions by centrifugation through silicone. This permits estimation of the rate of equilibration of external thiomethylgalactoside via influx along its concentration gradient into cells treated with metabolic inhibitors. The influx of galactoside is thereby shown to be markedly dependent upon energy coupling. Kinetic studies of influx into energy-uncoupled cells show a markedly decreased maximal velocity and an increased apparent Michaelis-Menten dissociation constant. Counter-flow experiments indicate that galactoside carriers are functional in inhibited cells despite the reduction in initial rate of entry. Inhibited cells show much greater counterflow in the influx direction at low temperatures than do uninhibited cells. Energy-uncoupled entry increases logarithmically with temperature, and the Q10 is relatively high as compared to energy-coupled entry. The results can all be interpreted in terms of a single mechanism for energy coupling, based on the dual influx model described previously.
Effect of small and moderate doses of alcohol on exercise heart rate and oxygen consumption.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on the acute effects of small and moderate doses of alcohol on heart rate and oxygen consumption before, during, and after a progressive workload. Nine male university faculty and students underwent three separate trials of a 9-min. work task consisting of 3 min. each at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 kpm. Prior to each trial, the subjects consumed either a placebo (.0cc/lb.), small (.2cc/lb.), or moderate (4cc/lb.) dose of ethanol. Although a significant F ratio was obtained for the last minute of the 1,000 kpm workload, the overall analysis by within-group t test and repeated-measures A NOV A supported the conclusion that neither a small nor moderate dose of alcohol significantly affected the heart rate or oxygen uptake during rest, exercise, or recovery.
A Model Cerium Oxide Matrix Composite Reinforced with a Homogeneous Dispersion of Silver Participate-Prepared Using the Glycine-Nitrate Process

Recently a new method of ceramic brazing has been developed. Based on a two-phase liquid composed of silver and copper oxide, brazing is conducted directly in air without the need of an inert cover gas or the use of surface reactive fluxes. Because the braze displays excellent wetting characteristics on a number ceramic surfaces, including alumina, various perovskites, zirconia, and ceria, we were interested in investigating whether a metal-reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) could be developed with this material. In the present study, two sets of homogeneously mixed silver/copper oxide/ceria powders were synthesized using a combustion synthesis technique. The powders were compacted and heat treated in air above the liquidus temperature for the chosen Ag-CuO composition. Metallographic analysis indicates that the resulting composite microstructures are extremely uniform with respect to both the size of the metallic reinforcement as well as its spatial distribution within the ceramic matrix. The size, morphology, and spacing of the metal particulate in the densified composite appears to be dependent on the original size and the structure of the starting combustion synthesized powders.
Cholesterol Inhibition of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Δ3,Δ2-Isomerase in Mycoplasma laidlawii

Cholesterol inhibits isopentenyl Δ3,Δ2-isomerase of Mycoplasma laidlawii in an apparently competitive fashion. The conversion of mevalonic acid to isopentenyl pyrophosphate is slightly stimulated. Organisms grown in the presence of mevalonic-2-14C acid contain small amounts of radio-label in nucleic acid and protein fractions. Most of the label is found in the lipids and is reduced dramatically in organisms grown with cholesterol. No significant accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates of polyterpene biosynthesis was observed in cells or culture supernatant fluid. All of the radioactivity appearing in the nucleic acid fraction occurs in the minor nucleoside, isopentenyl adenosine, of the transfer ribonucleic acid. The necessity for synthesis by the organisms of this minor nucleoside from mevalonic acid may explain the site of enzyme inhibition by cholesterol of polyterpene biosynthesis.
The long term reliability of a switched-capacitor relative humidity sensor system

The authors investigated the reliability of a solid-state relative humidity (RH) sensor system. The sensor was a 15 pF parallel plate capacitor that employed polyimide as the dielectric. The integrated driving circuit was based on a charge sharing technique. The frequency response, hysteresis, dielectric stability, and long term reliability for the sensor system were determined experimentally. The experimental results indicated that the sensor device capacitance-RH characteristic change when aged at 85 degrees C and 85% RH. The capacitance values at the lowest frequencies and highest ambient RH were affected the most by aging. The performance of the CMOS measuring circuit was not affected when aged at 85 degrees C and 85% RH for a period of 390 h. The effects of change in the aged sensor device on the system output signal were determined. Suggestions are made for maximizing the system stability. >
Probablistic self-scheduling

Scheduling for large parallel systems such as clusters and grids presents new challenges due to multiprogramming/polyprocessing [1]. In such systems, several jobs (each consisting of a number of parallel tasks) of multiple users may run at the same time. Processors are allocated to the different jobs either statically or dynamically; further, a processor may be taken away from a task of one job and be reassigned to a task of another job. Thus, the number of processors available to a job varies with time. Although several approaches have been proposed in the past for scheduling tasks on multiprocessors, they assume a dedicated availability of processors. Consequently, the existing scheduling approaches are not suitable for multiprogrammed systems. In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic approach for scheduling parallel tasks on multiprogrammed parallel systems. The key characteristic of the proposed scheme is its self-adaptive nature, i.e., it is responsive to systemic parameters such as number of processors available. Self-adaptation helps achieve better load balance between the different processors and helps reduce the synchronization overhead (number of allocation points). Experimental results show the effectiveness of our technique.
A New Binary Surfactant Mixture Improved Foam Performance in Gas Well Production

A binary surfactant mixture that can generate stable, high quality foam at in-situ conditions has been developed in this study. This paper presents laboratory results of this surfactant system and discusses its application in the gas well production. The authors have used Ross-Miles, Waring Blender and Drill-Aid methods to evaluate foamability, half life of foam volume decay, and foam stability. It was found that a mixture composed of THSP, a derivative of Tea Plant, and SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a desirable aqueous base surfactant foaming liquid. It presents much better foam performance than other surfactants used before. The effects of H{sub 2}S, salts and surfactant concentrations, condensate and reservoir temperatures on the THSP-SDS mixture in foamability and foam stability are investigated. At in-situ conditions, this surfactant mixture is only one that can be used to drain water out from the gas well, and therefore enhanced gas well productivity. In this paper, the authors present chemical compositions of the THSP-SDS, show all the laboratory data and test procedures, and illustrate field application results. Research findings in this work provide useful information for engineers involved in using foam drainage in gas well production.
The Development of Perception of Interleaved Melodies and Control of Auditory Attention

Between the ages of 5 and 10, children gain skill in focusing expectancies and attention. We asked children in that age range (and adults) to discern familiar target melodies whose notes were temporally interleaved with distractor notes. Targets varied in perceptual salience: the most hidden targets were interleaved with distractors of the same pitch range, loudness, and timbre, whereas the most salient targets differed in those dimensions from their distractors. Targets either retained their familiar "straight" form or wandered in pitch. Wandering targets preserved contour (ups and downs) but not pitch intervals, and either remained within the original key ("tonal") or deviated from it ("atonal"). Distractors were drawn from the original key ("tonal") or a distant key ("atonal"). Performance improved with age and experience, was better with salient (vs. hidden) targets, and better with straight (vs. wandering) targets. All but the 5- and 6-year-olds found salient targets easier with tonal distractors and hidden targets easier with atonal distractors. Only the youngest children found same-timbre distractors outside the pitch range of the target as disruptive as same-timbre distractors within that range. By 7—8 years of age, children were able to focus attention within the target pitch range to follow straight targets, indicating the focusing of attention in pitch; and by 9-10 years of age they were able to discern clearly the most hidden straight targets, demonstrating a rhythmic control of expectancies.
Analytic treatment of a bridged crack problem

The analysis of the mcchanics of a partially bridged crack leads to studying a strongly singularly perturbed integral equation. Rigorous methods are employed to obtain a solution and give its principal asymptotic term. This is done by using an adaption of the Wiener-Hopf factorization to this problem which requires the use of psendo-differential calculus.
High-energy, phase-stable, ultrabroadband kHz OPCPA at 2.1 μm pumped by a picosecond cryogenic Yb:YAG laser

We report on a kHz, mJ-level, carrier-envelope phase (CEP)-stable ultrabroadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier (OPCPA) at 2.1-μm wavelength, pumped by a high-energy, 14 ps, cryogenic Yb:YAG pump laser, and its application to high-order harmonic generation (HHG) with Xe. The pre-amplifier chain is pumped by a 12-ps Nd:YLF pump laser and both pump lasers are optically synchronized to the signal pulse of the OPCPA. An amplified pulse energy of 0.85 mJ was obtained at the final OPCPA stage with good beam profile. The pulse is compressed to 4.5 optical cycles ( 85 eV with an efficiency of ~10-10 per harmonic, limited by the maximum gas pressure and flow into the chamber. This demonstrates the potential of this 2.1-μm source for scaling of photon energy and flux in the water-window range when applied to Ne and He at kHz repetition rate.
Sharing in public: working with others in Ghanaian cybercafés

In this paper, we explore the different ways in which people collaborate and share knowledge in public Internet venues, or cybercafes, in Ghana, West Africa. Based on 150 survey interviews conducted in two different cybercafes, one urban and business-oriented and the other peri-urban and family-oriented, we find that most cybercafe customers, largely regardless of their demographic, would like to engage in collaborative work in public Internet venues and that a large percentage already are. Contrary to the belief of resource constraints driving shared use, those participants who reported already working together in the cybercafes generally did not cite economic motivations for their collaboration but instead identified enhanced productivity as the main reason. These collaborating respondents also reported performing more instrumental activities in the cafe and were more likely to have learned critical computing skills there when compared to those who were not already collaborating. Furthermore, they report being more social in their activities at the venue. Finally, we note that collaboration and peer learning is not always planned or made public; voyeuristic forms of knowledge sharing, such as when someone glances at a stranger's computer screen, are also cited by our survey participants as a learning opportunity in these public venues. We argue that these reported benefits demonstrate a unique value of public Internet venues, where collaboration is shown to be a tool for learning, enhancing productivity, and facilitating instrumental output.
Emergency radiology credentialing examination: 4 years’ experience

A credentialing examination in emergency radiology was given to all residents in radiology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center. A written and practical examination was given yearly to credential each resident as to his/her ability to accurately provide "solo" interpretation (without immediate supervision) of studies performed on an emergency basis. Eighty-four residents took the examination. Four residents failed the examination and either took make-up examinations or were closely monitored for the remainder of the residency program.
Continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of NR/SBR blends

The ultrasonic devulcanization of sulfur-cured natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) blends was studied with the goal of understanding the devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in which two networks of different natures were present. Also, similarities and differences in the devulcanization behaviors of NR, SBR, and their blends were found. During the devulcanization of cured NR/SBR blends, we observed that, as for NR, the ultrasonic power consumption for 75/25 and 50/50 (w/w) NR/SBR blends passed through a maximum at 7.5 μm. For SBR and 25/75 (w/w) NR/SBR blends, the power consumption increased with increasing ultrasonic amplitude. The higher power consumption led to a higher degree of devulcanization. The crosslink densities of the devulcanized 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25 (w/w) NR/SBR blends were lower than those of the devulcanized NR and SBR, possibly because of the reduced degree of unsaturation. The tensile properties of the revulcanized blends were lower than those of the virgin vulcanized blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 160–168, 2002
Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine protects human low density lipoproteins against oxidation.

LDL oxidation may promote atherosclerosis. We found that polyenyphosphatidylcholine (PPC), a mixture of polyunsaturated phospholipids extracted from soybeans, has antioxidant effects in in vivo models of oxidative stress. To assess whether components of PPC affect the in vitro oxidizability of LDL, plasma from 15 healthy volunteers was incubated with 10 m Mo f either dilinoleoyl-, palmitoyl-linoleoyl-, linoleoyl-palmitoyl- or distearoyl-phosphatidylcholine as well as 10 m Ma nd 1m M a-tocopherol. LDL oxidation was initiated with 5 m MC u 2 sulfate and monitored by conjugated diene production, or with 2,2%-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, a free radical generator, and monitored by O2 consumption. After addition of Cu 2 , the lag phase (indicative of resistance of LDL to oxidation) was longer (140% of controls; PB 0.001) for LDL incubated with dilinoleoyl-, but not with the other phosphatidylcholine species. This effect was similar to that of 1 mM a-tocopherol (135%). After addition of 2,2%-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, the inhibition time (also reflecting the antioxidant content of LDL) was prolonged (PB0.001) for a-tocopherol (206%) and dilinoleoyl-(188%), but not for distearoyl-phosphatidyl-choline. Thus, dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (the main component of PPC) protects against LDL oxidation, a possible mechanism for its reported anti-atherosclerosis effects. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of Reduced Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations on Corpus Luteum Function during the Menstrual Cycle of Rhesus Monkeys

To further define the relationship between plasma LH concentrations and progesterone secretion by the primate corpus luteum, we examined luteal function in rhesus monkeys in response to reduced LH concentrations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Five anovulatory rhesus monkeys received a pulsatile infusion of synthetic GnRH (6 μg/ pulse; one pulse per h, iv) to restore menstrual cyclicity. During the early luteal phase (4–5 days after ovulation), the amount of GnRH administered per pulse was reduced to l/250th or l/750th of the standard GnRH infusion regimen. Plasma LH concentrations, determined by bioassay, were reduced by approximately 50% during cycles maintained by reduced GnRH concentrations compared with the standard GnRH dosage. Serum progesterone concentrations were maintained for 5–6 days after GnRH reduction and declined thereafter, and premature menstruations were observed in four of seven cycles maintained by the l/250th GnRH reduction and four of six cycles maintained with the 1...
A quantum model of restricted vibrational energy flow on the way to the transition state in unimolecular reactions

Recent spectroscopic experiments and theoretical work have shown how restricted or insufficiently rapid intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) mediates the kinetics of conformational isomerisation, and that the rates can be very different from the RRKM theory rate. Here we use the state space picture to provide a quantum mechanical description of how bottlenecks to energy flow can influence reaction kinetics, giving rise to states above the IVR threshold that are localised to a conformer and potentially contribute to a lower rate compared with the RRKM theory estimate. We illustrate the effect of quantum bottlenecks with a numerical example based on an alkyl chain molecule, and discuss how spectroscopic interrogation of nearly isoenergetic vibrational states of two conformers with similar energy minima and separated by a modest barrier may reveal reaction in only one direction.
PERCEIVED FUNCTIONAL HEALTH OF DISABLED ELDERLY PERSONS IN A FOLLOW-UP PROGRAM FOR PRIMARY CARE '

Szrmrnary.-180 disabled elderly persons were followed in a home care program aFter acute care rehabilitation in order to correlate subjective and objective ratings of medical, physical, and social functioning. To assess the benefits of case management services, 95 test patients receiving such care at home were compared with 85 controls who did not receive services. Borh groups reported gains in functional health and their reports were verified with objective measures. There was no dzference, however, benveen the groups in outcome. Our €indings indicated that self-assessments correlate highly with measures of functional health. Procedures for self-ratings should be developed as important complemenrs to objective funccionnl health measures. A major goal of medical care is to prevent exacerbation of chronic diseases and to improve functional abhties (1). Functional health is often more important than other aspects of health for many persons. In fact, the effectiveness of melcal and social interventions has been objectively assessed by their influence on functional health (14); however, objective measurement of functional health is seldom done routinely in chical practice because most health care professionals are not rratned in assessing functional health (3, 6, 10). Nevertheless, many studies indicate functional health which is self-rated by disabled elderly persons is a valid measure of their objective health status (2, 7, 11, 12, 14). The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between primary home-care case-management services and self-rated functional health. The specific aim was to examine how self-rated functions of disabled elderly persons are related to objectively rated functions.
Few-nucleon SU(3) parentage coefficients and α-particle spectroscopic amplitudes for core excited states in s-d shell nuclei

Abstract The SU(6)/SU(3) factors of few-nucleon fractional parentage coefficients in 1s-0d shell nuclei are calculated directly without being generated recursively from one-nucleon c.f.p. Tabulations are given for x -nucleon reduced matrix elements, ( x = 4, 3, 2, 1), connecting states of high SU(3) symmetry, where the x -nucleon states are limited to states of totally symmetric space and oscillator quanta symmetry, i.e. SU(3) representations (80), (60), (40), (20) for states of space symmetries [4], [3], [2], [1]. Together with the SU(3)/R(3) factors calculated by Draayer, these reduced matrix elements make it possible to predict spectroscopic amplitudes for reactions in which the x -nucleon groups are transferred in unexcited (0s) internal states. In a specific application, α-particle spectroscopic amplitudes are calculated for core-excited states in s-d shell nuclei, reached by the transfer of (0p) −1 (1s0d) −3 , or (0p) −2 (1s0d) −2 groups in pickup reactions and (1s0d) 3 (1p0f) 1 or (1s0d) 2 (1p0f) 2 groups in stripping reactions, where states in the final residual nuclei are approximated by SU(3) strong coupling states, (free of spurious c.m. excitation), corresponding ot the largest possible intrinsic deformations in these nuclei. The effect of a difference in α-particle size parameters in projectile and residual nuclei is discussed.
An evolution of minimalist models for protein folding: from the behavior of protein-like polymers to protein function

Abstract This overview highlights several folding studies that have used simple models to describe specific proteins, beyond just the shared topology of a protein family. A shift in focus to specific proteins (rather than protein-like polymers) facilitates comparison to experiment, and more detailed models allow rationalization of specific experimental observations, and the suggestion of specific, testable predictions. This new class of models and their investigation opens the door to understanding the origins of folding behavior in the context of evolved structure and function.
Dispersion anomalies in cuprate superconductors

We argue that the shape of the dispersion along the nodal and antinodal directions in the cuprates can be understood as a consequence of the interaction of the electrons with collective spin excitations. In the normal state, the dispersion displays a crossover at an energy where the decay into spin fluctuations becomes relevant. In the superconducting state, the antinodal dispersion is strongly affected by the $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$ spin resonance and displays an $S$ shape whose magnitude scales with the resonance intensity. For nodal fermions, relevant spin excitations do not have resonance behavior, rather they are better characterized as a gapped continuum. As a consequence, the $S$ shape becomes a kink, and superconductivity does not affect the dispersion as strongly. Finally, we note that optical phonons typically lead to a temperature-independent $S$ shape, in disagreement with the observed dispersion.
Forward and backward-wave propagation in “below cut-off ” waveguides loaded with dielectric resonators

Dispersion properties of a rectangular metallic waveguide periodically loaded with dielectric resonators (DRs) are investigated both theoretically and by full-wave simulations. Forward and backward wave propagation has been observed in the waveguide at below cut-off frequencies for the fundamental TE10 mode, when the DRs exhibited electric and magnetic resonances, respectively. It is demonstrated that the “below cutoff” forward wave propagation is related to shifting of the cut-off frequency of the waveguide filled with DRs with respect to that of an empty waveguide to lower frequencies in dependence on the effective permittivity component along the electric field direction. This effective permittivity increases substantially at the frequency just below that of the electric-type resonance in DRs.
A development environment for distributed synchronous collaborative programming

While collaborative approaches in the classroom have been shown to be highly beneficial for students of computer science, obstacles inherent in today's academic environment often prevent collocated collaborative approaches from being implemented. One solution to the collocation problem may lie with tools that facilitate distributed collaboration. This paper presents RIPPLE (Remote Interactive Pair Programming and Learning Environment), a development environment for distributed synchronous collaborative programming. RIPPLE is an open source software tool. Initial user tests demonstrate positive responses from students, and the potential for long term learning, motivation, and retention benefits is significant. In addition to its benefits for students, RIPPLE is a tool for computing education researchers who wish to collect data on collaborative programming.
485 GASTROENTERITIS CAUSED BY A PROBABLE VIRAL AGENT PERSISTING IN IODINATED WATER AT A SUMMER CAMP

485 GASTROENTERITIS CAUSED BY A PROBABLE VIRAL AGENT PERSISTING IN IODINATED WATER AT A SUMMER CAMP
Pulsed laser deposition of oriented PbZr.54Ti.46O3

We report the growth of oriented PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) films, formed in situ by pulsed laser deposition onto heated substrates. The films were deposited from a pressed pellet of PbO - ZrO2 - PbTiO3 of composition PbZr.54Ti.46O3 using a KrF excimer laser (248 nm, ∽2 J/cm2, 5 hz). Typically, 300 to 1500-nm-thick films were deposited onto a heated substrate of MgO or SrTiO3. The deposition temperature was varied from RT to 750°C in ambient oxygen pressures between 10-6 and 0.3 Torr. Films were analyzed form structure (XRD), composition and thickness (EBS), and surface morphology (SEM). For substrate temperatures up to at least 250°C, an amorphous film was deposited. Isochronal annealing of such a film produced crystallization only after heating for 1 h at 550°C. In contrast, crystalline films were deposited at temperatures as low as 350°C, although <100gt; oriented PZT required at least 550°C. Films deposited beyond 600°C, or in too low an oxygen pressure were Pb deficient.
To Practice What One Preaches: Deepening Civic Education

AbstractAmerican democracy is in disarray. While many colleges and universities have responded to the democracy crisis, their efforts are falling short. This article reviews the current situation of civic education in higher education, explores its promise and current shortcomings, and provides a radical proposal for deepening civic education and reinvigorating our democracy.
Air transport in neonatal medicine

Since its beginnings in the early 1970s, air transport in neonatal medicine has registered significant growth, recognition and acceptance to assume an increasingly major role in today's dynamic healthcare milieu. In this context, our paper briefly reviews and discusses selected primary concerns relative to personnel, vehicle selection, equipment, safety, administration and basic flight physiology. With the rapid expansion of neonatal air transport services, attention should continue to be directed towards providing safe, cost-effective, expedient and quality health care to the neonate.
Importance of surveillance for multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 and surgery in patients with sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Background & Aims Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a rare disorder characterized by gastrin-secreting tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and gastric acid hypersecretion. There is controversy over the best way to manage these patients; we investigated outcomes of patients with different forms of the disease, who did and did not undergo surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with ZES associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) (n = 16) and those with sporadic ZES (n = 33) seen at a tertiary care center from August 1994 to January 2012. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to compare survival times among groups, based on treatment with surgery (n = 34) and the presence of MEN-1 (n = 9 with surgery; n=7 without surgery). Differences were compared using the unpaired Student t test and the Fisher exact test. Results Patients with MEN-1 syndrome-associated ZES presented at a younger age than patients with sporadic ZES (34.9 vs 45.7 y, respectively; P P P = .91). None of the patients with MEN-1–associated ZES died of progressive disease, compared with 86% of deaths among patients with sporadic ZES ( P P = .13) and lack of cure by surgery ( P = .01). Surgery reduced all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.6; P = .011) and disease-related mortality (hazard ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.84; P = .032) of patients with sporadic, but not MEN-1 syndrome-associated, ZES. Conclusions The presence of MEN-1 is associated with earlier onset and diagnosis of ZES, but a benign clinical course that rarely results in disease-related death; surgery therefore can be deferred for these patients. However, 86% of deaths among patients with sporadic ZES are attributed to disease-related causes, and mortality is reduced by early surgical intervention. Patients with sporadic ZES should undergo surgery soon after diagnosis.
Comparison of models for calculating the RRKM unimolecular rate constant k(E, J)

Abstract Both adiabatic and active treatments of the rotational quantum number K are considered in evaluating the RRKM unimolecular rate constant k ( E, J ). If K is treated adiabatically, k ( E, J ) is a weighted average of individual k ( E, J, K ) unimolecular rate constants. For non-variational transition states, this k ( E, J ) is identical to the one which results by treating K as an active degree of freedom with the proper limits placed on K . Another model for treating K as active is to let energy exchange statistically between the vibrational modes and the K -dependent term of the rotational energy. If a separable rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator model is used to calculate the sum and density of states for the transition state and reactant, respectively, the latter K active model is found to give a substantially smaller k ( E, J ).
Dynamics imaging of lipid phases and lipid-marker interactions in model biomembranes

Biomembranes are complex systems that regulate numerous biological processes. Lipid phases that constitute these membranes influence their properties and transport characteristics. Here, we demonstrate the potential of short-range dynamics imaging (excited-state lifetime, rotational diffusion, and order parameter) as a sensitive probe of lipid phases in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Liquid-disordered and gel phases were labeled with Bodipy-PC at room temperature. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of single-phase GUVs reveals more heterogeneity in fluorescence lifetimes of Bodipy in the gel phase (DPPC: 3.8 ± 0.6 ns) as compared with the fluid phase (DOPC: 5.2 ± 0.2 ns). The phase-specificity of excited-state lifetime of Bodipy-PC is attributed to the stacking of ordered lipid molecules that possibly enhances homo-FRET. Fluorescence polarization anisotropy imaging also reveals distinctive molecular order that is phase specific. The results are compared with DiI-C12-labeled fluid GUVs to investigate the sensitivity of our fluorescence dynamics assay to different lipid-marker interactions. Our results provide a molecular perspective of lipid phase dynamics and the nature of their microenvironments that will ultimately help our understanding of the structure–function relationship of biomembranes in vivo. Furthermore, these ultrafast excited-state dynamics will be used for molecular dynamics simulation of lipid–lipid, lipid–marker and lipid–protein interactions.
Fast, easy measurements for assessing vital signs of tall grassland

Abstract We present a small set of measurements for monitoring the recovery of tallgrass ecosystems. The measures incorporate indices of water retention, nutrient cycling, primary production, and the condition of the plant community. Careful novices can make the measurements in a few minutes per sample with simple tools. Our measurements are intended for tallgrass restorations on degraded pastures or former croplands in situations where budgets are tight and neither experienced botanists nor skilled specialists are available for data collection (e.g. restorations that rely on volunteers for data collection, grazing lands whose managers seek improved ecological condition, or sites monitored by novice students). We searched the literature for grassland condition measures that did not require substantial time per measurement, specialized equipment or expert judgments, field tested candidate measurements at six sites that spanned an extreme range of ecological condition, and eliminated those that did not correspond to expert assessments of site condition, that suffered from technical problems, or that depended on recent weather or subtle judgments. We then tested whether different workers could confidently apply the remaining measurements, and used them to assess the condition of 11 fields involved in a prairie restoration experiment. The recommended measurements are presence of bare ground, abundance of five important native perennial grass species, and abundance of two invasive species. These measurements are analogous to vital signs. They provide basic information on the condition of a site rapidly and inexpensively, and can alert analysts to situations that warrant more detailed evaluation.
A circular skip-cluster scheme to support video-on-demand services

The major drawback of the existing cluster placement scheme is the long response time caused by admission control if the number of clusters and the number of users are large. A circular skip-cluster placement scheme is proposed to reduce the size of the data buffer as well as the system response time. Furthermore, the popularity of each video is different in the real world. We propose a new popularity-based data allocation scheme to allocate data units within a cluster such that the corresponding data units of these popular videos are stored in those cylinders at one end of each cluster. Due to a higher spatial locality within these hot cylinders, some data units requested by the users are stored in the same cylinder such that one seek operation, one rotation, and one transfer operation are required to retrieve these data units. Therefore, the time required to retrieve data for these requests can be reduced, thus also reducing the system response time. Based on our results, the buffer size and the system response time can be reduced by half or more. These findings are essential for constructing video-on-demand systems that provide satisfactory performance.
Relationships among daily mean and maximum wind speeds, with application to data quality assurance

A growing number of climate change and variability studies, as well as applied research toward improving engineering design climatographies, require high-quality, long-term, extreme-value climate data sets for accurate and reliable estimates and assessments. As part of a historical weather data rescue project of the US government, new data quality control procedures are being developed and applied for daily maximum wind speeds. Not only are existing quality assurance procedures mostly lacking for such data but the climatological relationships upon which such quality checks may be based are also grossly underexploited. Therefore, this study seeks to elucidate relationships among peak-gust, fastest-mile, and fastest 5-min wind speeds, utilizing the peak gust factor model but generalizing it for these and other extreme wind-speed elements. The relationship between peak-gust factor and daily mean wind speed is also adapted for quality assurance and for a wider range of climates than previously studied. Fastest-interval wind-speed factors are found to follow Gaussian, gamma, or Weibull probability distributions, included within mixed models to handle zeros. Resistant prediction interval estimates about a resistant regression were developed for quality assurance of peak-gust factor, given the daily mean wind speed. Flagging thresholds were estimated using parametric bootstrapping. Flag rates from 0.05 to 0.5% are in line with rates reported in the literature, from work with similar data sets; overall Type I and Type II error rates are in the range 0.03–0.3%. The approach outlined lends itself straightforwardly to application in data quality assurance. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
The Mg II resonance line emission at 2800 A in stars with different rotational velocities and different metal abundances

In many investigations, a study of the Mg II 2800 A emission was conducted in order to derive more information about the correlation of chromospheric emission with the properties of the convection zone. It has been suggested by Ayres and Linsky (1980) that there is a positive correlation between rotation and chromospheric emission at least for binary stars. The present investigation is concerned with such a correlation between rotation and chromospheric emission. Since large differences in rotational velocities are observed for F stars for which also strong chromospheric emission is observable, this particular study deals mainly with F stars. On the basis of observations of the Mg II emission in F and G stars, it is found that the emission is abnormally strong in close binary F stars. This may be explained by the generation of a large differential rotation due to tidal effects which may give very efficient dynamo generation of a surface magnetic field.
Molecular analysis of gamma-ray-induced mutations at the hprt locus in primary human skin fibroblasts by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

A total of 153 hprt mutants (23 spontaneous, 130 gamma-ray-induced) of primary human skin fibroblasts were isolated and genetic alterations at the locus were studied by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The analyses showed that 51% (66/130) of gamma-ray-induced genetic changes were large deletions, whereas the majority of spontaneous mutants (21/23) exhibited point mutations. The spectrum of large genetic alterations appeared to be dependent on dose in gamma-ray-induced (1-4 Gy) mutations; mutants with complete loss of the hprt locus comprised 21 (3/14) or 39% (15/38) of clones isolated after irradiation with 1 or 4 Gy, respectively. The frequency of partial deletions was found to be higher in the mutants isolated from clones irradiated with 2 Gy (38%) than from those irradiated with 4 Gy (8%). Mapping of all intragenic deletion breakpoints exhibited a nonrandom distribution of breakpoints toward the 3' end of the hprt gene.
Climatology of katabatic winds in the McMurdo dry valleys, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

[1] Katabatic winds dramatically affect the climate of the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica. Winter wind events can increase local air temperatures by 30°C. The frequency of katabatic winds largely controls winter (June to August) temperatures, increasing 1°C per 1% increase in katabatic frequency, and it overwhelms the effect of topographic elevation (lapse rate). Summer katabatic winds are important, but their influence on summer temperature is less. The spatial distribution of katabatic winds varies significantly. Winter events increase by 14% for every 10 km up valley toward the ice sheet, and summer events increase by 3%. The spatial distribution of katabatic frequency seems to be partly controlled by inversions. The relatively slow propagation speed of a katabatic front compared to its wind speed suggests a highly turbulent flow. The apparent wind skip (down-valley stations can be affected before up-valley ones) may be caused by flow deflection in the complex topography and by flow over inversions, which eventually break down. A strong return flow occurs at down-valley stations prior to onset of the katabatic winds and after they dissipate. Although the onset and termination of the katabatic winds are typically abrupt, elevated air temperatures remain for days afterward. We estimate that current frequencies of katabatic winds increase annual average temperatures by 0.7° to 2.2°C, depending on location. Seasonally, they increase (decrease) winter average temperatures (relative humidity) by 0.8° to 4.2° (−1.8 to −8.5%) and summer temperatures by 0.1° to 0.4°C (−0.9% to −4.1%). Long-term changes of dry valley air temperatures cannot be understood without knowledge of changes in katabatic winds.