cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Delirium as a Complication of Maxillofacial Surgery

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a temporary state of acute confusion that can occur immediately following surgery to several days postoperatively, frequently having an initial lucid state. POD is the most common postsurgical complication in older adults and if unrecognized can lead to other major postoperative complications, prolonged hospitalization, and possibly death. Various terms have been used to describe POD, such as “sundowning,” “ICU psychosis,” or “ICU syndrome,” but delirium is the medically accepted term. There are many causes of POD, and the pathophysiology is uncertain and likely multifactorial. The best management is prevention through recognition of those patients who are high risk. Treatment consists of both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. Prognosis is excellent if recognized early and managed effectively.
Geometric Rash on the Leg.

A healthy 62-year-old woman presented with a pruritic rash on her ankle three days after applying a lidocaine patch.
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: results of transcervical fluoroscopic catheter recanalization *†

Objective To investigate the role of transcervical tubal catheterization in diagnosis and treatment of proximal tubal obstruction associated with salpingitis isthmica nodosa. Design Retrospective case study. Setting University hospital and outpatient radiology practice. Patients Fifty-two women with proximal tubal obstruction associated with salpingitis isthmica nodosa. Intervention Selective salpingography and catheter recanalization using fluoroscopic guidance. Main Outcome Measures The number of tubes visualized to the fimbria as a percentage of the tubes with proximal tubal obstruction on the initial hysterosalpingogram was determined as a measure of diagnostic efficacy. To evaluate the treatment potential of catheter recanalization, the patients were grouped according to tubal status at the conclusion of the procedure and subsequent pregnancies were evaluated. Results Forty-seven of 65 tubes (72%) with proximal tubal obstruction were recanalized successfully. Among the 19 women who were able to conceive only via a recanalized salpingitis isthmica nodosa tube, there were 6 live births (32%) and two tubal pregnancies (10%). Conclusion Selective salpingography allows complete tubal diagnosis in almost three fourths of patients with proximal tubal obstruction and salpingitis isthmica nodosa. The radiographic diagnosis of salpingitis isthmica nodosa may be pressure dependent. Intrauterine pregnancies occur via recanalized salpingitis isthmica nodosa tubes, therefore catheter recanalization may be attempted before tubal microsurgery or IVF in patients with proximal tubal obstruction and associated salpingitis isthmica nodosa.
The Endemic Marine Invertebrates of Easter Island: How Many Species and for How Long?

By whatever name it is called, Easter Island, Isla de Pascua, or Rapa Nui, this small (ca. 106 km2) spot of land in the central Pacific Ocean (27° 08’S, 109°20’W) has the distinction of being perhaps the most isolated spot on earth. It is approximately 3800 km from the South American mainland to the east, and over 2200 km from it’s nearest neighbor to the west, Pitcairn Island. The closest landmass is tiny Sala y Gomez 415 km to the east, a bleak uninhabited rock. Easter Island is, of course, most famous for its anthropological history, and the numerous stone statues (moai) that dot the landscape. Not surprisingly, most of the preservation effort directed at Easter Island in this century has been towards these archaeological and cultural artifacts. That the biological component of the island has received less attention is also not surprising, given the relatively depauperate fauna and flora reported on and around the island. What animals lived on the island in historical times is unknown and the few terrestrial species living there today, from the common isopods to the ubiquitous hawks, were introduced either on purpose (hawks from Chile for rodent control; see Klemmer and Zizka, 1993) or by accident (cosmopolitan isopod species brought in on plants). Of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna, only the insects have been studied in any detail (Compos & Pena, 1973); there are no comprehensive published accounts of the sparse isopod, mollusk, or flatwork freshwater faunas to date (see Kuschel, 1963; Klemmer and Zizka, 1993).
Basic Imaging Properties of Radiographic Systems and Their Measurement

The physical image quality of radiographs is known to be affected by at least three fundamental factors, namely, contrast, resolution (or sharpness), and noise (or radiographic mottle).(1,2) The contrast of a radiograph, commonly referred to as radiographic contrast, is related to the film contrast (or gradient), radiation contrast, and primary (or scatter) fraction. The gradient is usually derived from the characteristic curve (or H and D curve) of the screen-film system on which the radiographic image is recorded. The H and D curve is a basic imaging characteristic in radiographic systems and has been measured by a technique called sensitometry.
The Universal Ethiopian Students’ Association

Against the backdrop of the deportation of Marcus Garvey and the New Negro Movement, The Universal Ethiopian Students’ Association (UESA) emerged in Harlem in 1927. Formed by activist scholars from the United States, Caribbean, and Africa, the UESA sought to mobilize against Italian fascism in Ethiopia and imperialism across the Diaspora. This chapter will demonstrate the developments of the UESA and their efforts to mobilize in Harlem.
Dysphagia Management of Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

Dysphagia management for those treated for head and neck cancer is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Virtually all head and neck cancer patients will experience difficulty swallowing at some point throughout the continuum of cancer care. Regardless of the severity of dysphagia or its cause, proactive dysphagia assessment and management optimizes long-term functional outcomes and quality of life for this patient population. This chapter will provide a framework for dysphagia management of surgically treated oral cavity and oropharynx cancers and nonsurgically treated oropharynx cancers.
Nuevas y viejas reflexiones literarias en el ‘Discurso sobre la Poesía Castellana’ (1575) de Gonzalo Argote de Molina

In 1575, Gonzalo Argote de Molina published in Seville an edition of El conde Lucanor in which he includes as a colophon an interesting reflection on contemporary Castilian poetics, entitled ‘Discu...
3-D Printed Millimeter Wave Quasi-Optical Lens System for 60 and 100 GHz Applications

This study explores the potential of 3-D printing technologies for the development of free space quasioptical (Q-O) components operating in the millimeter wave frequency regime. Q-O techniques are used to focus millimeter wave signals for power combining applications. This study includes the design process, simulation, fabrication, and testing of dual biconvex shaped lens systems designed for 60 and 100 GHz center frequencies. Test results demonstrate the resultant gain across a 15-wavelength gap between the input and output waveguides in comparison to free space coupling between the two. This study presents a set of unique designs that includes separated lens and alignments structures to facilitate efficient high-resolution lens printing. The 60 GHz system features lenses placed in a self-aligning cavity, while the 100 GHz system requires external alignment due to the small size of the component lenses. The resulting data showed a focusing gain of 18.3 dB at 60 GHz and a gain of 22.1 dB at 100 GHz.
Effect of Collisions on the Intensities of Nebular Lines

THERE appears to be a widespread misconception concerning the effect of electron collisions on the intensities of forbidden lines. The prevailing view appears to be that, at high densities, collisions of the second kind operate to de-excite atoms from the metastable levels before the atoms have a chance to radiate, and that only at low densities, as in the gaseous nebulae, can a sufficiently high population of atoms be obtained to give appreciable intensity to the forbidden lines. The mathematical reasoning advanced to support this argument1 is as follows. Let N1b12be the number of atoms excited per second from the ground to the metastable level by inelastic electron impact, which process is ordinarily assumed to be the predominant source of excitation. Let N2b21 be the number of super-elastic collisions per second. Let A21 be the Einstein probability of spontaneous emission. Then the intensity of the line may be written: The customary argument is that the increase of b21 with density causes the value of I to decrease.
Acculturation and alcohol use outcomes: Incremental roles of bicultural orientations among Asian American undergraduate and graduate students.

Objectives There has been a steep increase in alcohol involvement and alcohol use disorder among Asian Americans in recent decades. Cultural orientations have been shown to be robust correlates of alcohol use. Yet, the literature is limited in illuminating within-group differences in the complex relations among acculturation, enculturation, bicultural orientations, and alcohol use. Most alcohol research has focused on undergraduate students; little is known about the roles of cultural orientations in graduate student drinking outcomes. Method Asian American undergraduate (N = 357, 60.1% women, Mage = 20.32) and graduate students (N = 230, 30.4% women, Mage = 24.76) completed survey questionnaires assessing their levels of acculturation and enculturation, and alcohol consumption and drinking-related consequences. Results Accounting for acculturation, enculturation was not associated with alcohol use outcomes. Acculturation was positively associated with alcohol consumption among undergraduates, and was negatively associated with various alcohol use outcomes among graduate students. Bicultural orientations indicated by Acculturation × Enculturation predicted alcohol use above and beyond acculturation and enculturation alone, and gender moderated these relations. Among undergraduates, women who scored lower on acculturation and enculturation reported more personal drinking-related consequences. Among graduate students, men who scored lower on enculturation reported more social drinking-related consequences, whereas women who scored higher on acculturation and enculturation reported lower levels of social consequences. Conclusion These results can be interpreted in the contexts of social norms and stress theory, and highlight the possible protective roles of ethnic society immersion in alcohol misuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
A pilot study on pediatric mononucleosis presenting with abscess.

Abstract Context To describe this new clinical entity, diagnosis, and potential management of pediatric intratonsillar/peritonsillar abscesses in children affected by infectious mononucleosis. Methods After institutional review board approval, a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent testing for infectious mononucleosis and also had a computed tomography scan of the head and neck was completed. Those who did not have imaging showing the palatine tonsils and those with insufficient testing to diagnose infectious mononucleosis were excluded. Main findings One hundred patients were included in the study; 15 had a peritonsillar abscess and 29 had an intratonsillar abscess. Four of the patients with a peritonsillar abscess (26.7%) had a positive Monospot or Epstein-Barr virus IgM result, and two of 15 (13.3%) had positive rapid strep or culture results. Of the 29 patients with an intratonsillar abscess, eight (27.6%) had a positive Monospot or Epstein-Barr virus IgM result while two (6.9%) had a positive rapid strep or culture result. Of those with bilateral intratonsillar abscess, five of 12 (41.7%) patients showed laboratory markers for infectious mononucleosis compared with three of 17 (17.6%) with unilateral intratonsillar abscess. This difference was not statistically significant (Fischer's, p = 0.218). Conclusion In our cohort of patients undergoing computed tomography scan and acute infectious mononucleosis testing, patients with intratonsillar and peritonsillar abscess tested positive for mononucleosis markers more commonly than for streptococcus markers. Recognizing uncomplicated intratonsillar and peritonsillar abscess in the setting of infectious mononucleosis in these pediatric patients may help tailor management in this population.
A Printed MWCNTs/PDMS Based Flexible Resistive Temperature Detector

A multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite based resistive temperature detector (RTD) was developed for temperature measurements. The homogenous mixture of MWCNTs/PDMS composite was prepared by magnetic stirring and sonication process. The RTD was fabricated by depositing silver (Ag) on Kapton® polyimide substrate using screen printing process and MWCNTs/PDMS composite on Ag/Kapton using bar coating process. The capability of the RTD was investigated by subjecting it to different temperatures varying from -20 °C to 50 °C. The response demonstrated an overall resistance change of ~20% for temperatures ranging from - 20 °C to 50 °C.
Formate‐Mediated Cross‐Electrophile Reductive Coupling of Aryl Iodides and Bromopyridines

Two catalytic systems for the formate-mediated cross-electrophile reductive coupling of 4-iodoansiole with 6-bromopyridines are described. Using homogenous rhodium or heterogeneous palladium catalysts, the product of reductive biaryl cross-coupling could be formed in moderate yield with excellent levels of chemoselectivity.
Unstructured global to coastal wave modeling for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model using WAVEWATCH III version 6.07

Abstract. Wind-wave processes have generally been excluded from coupled Earth system models due to the high computational expense of spectral wave models, which resolve a frequency and direction spectrum of waves across space and time. Existing uniform-resolution wave modeling approaches used in Earth system models cannot appropriately represent wave climates from global to coastal ocean scales, largely because of tradeoffs between coastal resolution and computational costs. To resolve this challenge, we introduce a global unstructured mesh capability for the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model that is suitable for coupling within the US Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The new unstructured WW3 global wave modeling approach can provide the accuracy of higher global resolutions in coastal areas at the relative cost of lower uniform global resolutions. This new capability enables simulation of waves at physically relevant scales as needed for coastal applications.
Bigraded cohomology of ℤ∕2–equivariant Grassmannians

We determine the RO.G/‐graded Eilenberg‐MacLane cohomology (with mod 2 coefficients) of the real, infinite Grassmannians in the case GD Z=2. Possible connections to motivic characteristic classes of quadratic bundles are briefly discussed. 55N91; 55R40
Deep-sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the South Atlantic

Brazil has the longest coastline in South America with more than 7491 km of hydrologically and topologically complex continental margin. Despite its extensive coast, the sea anemone fauna of the country is sparsely known with only 54 species recorded. Difficulties of accessing Brazil's highly diversified coast and the historical small number of dredging expeditions and sea anemone taxonomists have contributed to the limited knowledge of its sea anemone diversity particularly in deep waters. Most species recorded from Brazil correspond to large, conspicuous intertidal species and only five species have been recorded from depths greater than 200 m: two small burrowing edwardsiids and three hormathiids from the southern coast of Brazil. Here, we provide complete descriptions, images of external and internal anatomy, microanatomy, cnidae, and geographic distribution for 10 species, six off the coast of Brazil and four from the southern portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, one of which is also present in the Southern Ocean. Four of the six species found in Brazil represent new records of geographically widespread species for the country and the remaining two endemic species have their geographic and bathymetric ranges significantly extended northward. As a result, the number of species known for the Brazilian coast is raised to 63 species, 14 of which are known from the deep sea. We also recorded four deep-sea species in the south Mid-Atlantic Ridge (SMAR), including Actinernus mercedae, sp. nov., and two new records for the South Atlantic. We found that the deep-sea fauna of Brazil shares two deep-sea species with Argentina and two with the North Atlantic. Thus, La Plata River acts as a filter for shallow water species between Brazil and Argentina but is less effective for deep-sea anemones. The diversity of sea anemones recorded for SMAR shows similarities to the southwestern Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Finally, our finding of representatives of Bolocera in the SMAR and Actinoscyphia off the Brazilian coast suggests that they are bipolar genera with tropical emergence.
The role of nearshore air‐sea interactions for landfalling atmospheric rivers on the U.S. West Coast

Research on Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) has focused primarily on AR (thermo)dynamics and hydrological impacts over land. However, the evolution and potential role of nearshore air-sea fluxes during la...
Economics of Visual Art: Market Practice and Market Resistance

How can arts managers, artists, and art market observers approach the study of economics? Accompanied by hand-drawn illustrations, wide-ranging case studies, and expansive discussion resources, this interdisciplinary microeconomics primer engages with complex – and, at turns, political – questions of value and resourcefulness with the artist or manager as the decision-maker and the gallery, museum or studio as 'the firm'. Whitaker arms the reader with analytic and creative tools that can be used in service to economic sustainability for artists and organizations. By exploring the complexities of economics in application to art, design and creative industries, this book offers ways to approach the larger world as an art project.
A novel canine kidney cell line model for the evaluation of neoplastic development: karyotype evolution associated with spontaneous immortalization and tumorigenicity

The molecular mechanisms underlying spontaneous neoplastic transformation in cultured mammalian cells remain poorly understood, confounding recognition of parallels with the biology of naturally occurring cancer. The broad use of tumorigenic canine cell lines as research tools, coupled with the accumulation of cytogenomic data from naturally occurring canine cancers, makes the domestic dog an ideal system in which to investigate these relationships. We developed a canine kidney cell line, CKB1-3T7, which allows prospective examination of the onset of spontaneous immortalization and tumorigenicity. We documented the accumulation of cytogenomic aberrations in CKB1-3T7 over 24 months in continuous culture. The majority of aberrations emerged in parallel with key phenotypic changes in cell morphology, growth kinetics, and tumor incidence and latency. Focal deletion of CDKN2A/B emerged first, preceding the onset and progression of tumorigenic potential, and progressed to a homozygous deletion across the cell population during extended culture. Interestingly, CKB1-3T7 demonstrated a tumorigenic phenotype in vivo prior to exhibiting loss of contact inhibition in vitro. We also performed the first genome-wide characterization of the canine tumorigenic cell line MDCK, which also exhibited CDKN2A/B deletion. MDCK and CKB1-3T7 cells shared several additional aberrations that we have reported previously as being highly recurrent in spontaneous canine cancers, many of which, as with CDKN2A/B deletion, are evolutionarily conserved in their human counterparts. The conservation of these molecular events across multiple species, in vitro and in vivo, despite their contrasting karyotypic architecture, is a powerful indicator of a common mechanism underlying emerging neoplastic activity. Through integrated cytogenomic and phenotypic characterization of serial passages of CKB1-3T7 from initiation to development of a tumorigenic phenotype, we present a robust and readily accessible model (to be made available through the American Type Culture Collection) of spontaneous neoplastic transformation that overcomes many of the limitations of earlier studies.
Neural Mechanisms of Response Modification in Insects

The last few decades have seen dramatic changes in our concepts of the neural control of invertebrate behavior. The extent of these changes becomes clear on reading the following statement, written by Sherrington twenty-five years ago: The behaviour of the spider is reported to be entirely reflexive, but reflex action … would go little way toward meeting the life of external relation of a horse or cat or dog, still less of ourselves. As life develops it would seem that … conscious behaviour tends to replace [the] reflex … (Sherrington 1947).
A rapid, directional RNA-seq library preparation workflow for Illumina[reg] sequencing

Most current RNA-seq library preparation methods are time-consuming, multistep processes. We describe a workflow that includes the Ribo-Zero™ and ScriptSeq™ v2 Kits that enables researchers to go from total RNA to cluster-ready RNA-seq libraries in less than 1 d. The RNA-seq libraries produced are virtually free of contaminating ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and provide for directional paired-end and multiplex sequencing on Illumina® sequencing platforms.
Design and Analysis of TQS01, a 90 mm $hboxNb_3hboxSn$ Model Quadrupole for LHC Luminosity Upgrade Based on a Key and Bladder Assembly

The US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) is developing Nb 3Sn accelerator magnet technology for the LHC luminosity upgrade. Two 90 mm "Technology Quadrupole" models (TQS01, TQC01) are being developed in close collaboration between LBNL and FNAL, using identical coil design, but two different support structures. The TQS01 structure was developed and tested at LBNL. With this approach coils are supported by an outer aluminum shell and assembled using keys and bladders. In contrast, the second model TQC01, utilize stainless steel collars and a thick stainless steel skin. This paper describes the TQS01 model magnet, its 3D ANSYS stress analysis, and anticipated instrumentation and assembly procedure
Constraining learning with search control

Many learning systems must confront the problem of run time after learning being greater than run time before learning. This utility problem has been a particular focus of research in explanation-based learning. In past work we have examined an approach to the utility problem that is based on restricting the expressiveness of the rule language so as to guarantee polynomial bounds on the cost of using learned rules. In this article we propose a new approach that limits the cost of learned rules without guaranteeing an a priori bound on the match process or restricting the expressibility of rule conditions. By making the learning mechanism sensitive to the control knowledge utilized during the problem solving that led to the creation of the new rule — i.e., by incorporating such control knowledge into the explanation - the cost of using the learned rule becomes bounded by the cost of the problem solving from which it was learned.
Method for electroacoustic transducer transient suppression

The problem of determining the driving voltage waveform required to stimulate an electroacoustic transducer so as to produce no transients in the sound radiated into the surrounding fluid medium is considered. The goal is to produce a sound wave in the fluid that is a section of a steady-state sine. The method of analysis involves evaluating an equivalent circuit for the transducer of interest. In the case of a simple LCR circuit, the method achieves 100% transient suppression. Experimental measurements verifying the validity of the approach are presented. The experimental work involved the study of spherical transducers. The complex electrical impedance of the transducer under test was first measured as a function of frequency. A nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm was then used to determine the best-fit equivalent circuit model parameters, which were then used in the transient-suppression theory to determine the proper transient-suppressing driving voltage waveshape. >
Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941, Kay, Alex J., Rutherford, Jeff, and Stahel, David, eds

Operation Barbarossa was one of the most herculean military undertakings of the 20th century. Its failure to ‘knock out’ the Soviet Union was subscribed to poor planning, Adolf Hitler's incessant i...
Examining population bias relative to severe thunderstorm hazard reporting trends in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region

Historic severe thunderstorm hazard reports consist of spatial and temporal disparities in reporting frequencies, which are attributed partially to changes in assessment and reporting techniques witnessed throughout the U.S. over the years. Population bias, however, has been cited as a key underlying factor creating inhomogeneities in severe weather reporting frequencies in the past. Given the nature of the historic population distribution patterns found throughout the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region, this location serves as a focus to determine potential statistical associations that may exist between population numbers and historic severe weather hazard reporting frequencies. To address this potential association, statistical one-way ANOVA, post-hoc and correlation tests are conducted for this study. Results indicate that Atlanta-area severe wind and hail reporting frequency patterns display some significant associations with respect to the region's historic population patterns. Tornado reporting frequencies conversely display the weakest statistical associations, and are least affected by the area's human settlement patterns since 1960.
Universal trend in the heat capacity of YBa2Cu3O7-x near Tc(x).

The reduction in transition temperature that occurs as oxygen is removed from YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][ital x]] is accompanied by a rapid decrease in the size of the heat-capacity anomaly at [ital T][sub [ital c]]. We treat the fluctuation effects in the context of [ital XY]-like behavior and demonstrate that their dependence on the transition temperature agrees in detail with a relationship between [ital T][sub [ital c]] and the hole concentration proposed by Schneider and Keller. Further, we show that this empirical relationship can be understood by combining scaling arguments with the nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi-liquid model of Monthoux and Pines.
Centration of optical elements

Axisymmetric optical components such as lenses are frequently centered with the use of rotary air bearings, guided by optical instrumentation that use reflected or transmitted light. This report systematically explores methods of adjusting optical elements including wedged-shims, fine pitch screws, and positioning rods with a goal of defining the accuracy that can be expected. Analysis of the performance is supported with experimental data. A characterization and discussion of the merits of each positioning method is additionally presented.
Renal hypouricemia: Prevention of exercise-induced acute renal failure and a review of the literature

Isolated renal hypouricemia from defective uric acid reabsorption and/or secretion is a well-described entity, with a prevalence of 0.12% to 0.20% in Japan. It is rarely associated with exercise-induced acute renal failure (ARF). The etiology of ARF is debated. Prevention of ARF in renal hypouricemia has not been previously addressed. A 29-year-old Pakistani man had recurrent exercise-induced ARF. He was found to have isolated renal hypouricemia; serum uric acid 0.5 mg/dL, 24-hour urine uric acid 472 +/- 25 mg (+/- SD), and fractional excretion of uric acid 55.2% to 69.4%. Both pyrazinamide and probenecid decreased fractional excretion of uric acid and uric acid excretion rate (UV(Urate)) in our patient, suggesting either a partial presecretory and postsecretory reabsorption defect or increased secretion. We investigated renal uric acid excretion during exercise in our patient and four control subjects. All five subjects underwent a physical fitness test (PFT). Our patient developed ARF. Uric acid excretion rate increased in our patient, from 0.48 mg/min at baseline to 1.49 mg/min 4 hours after the PFT, as did the urine uric acid to urine creatinine ratio (UUa)/UCr) (0.29 to 1.49). In the controls, UV(Urate) and UUA/UCr were unchanged after the PFT: UV(Urate) was 0.46 +/- 0.10 mg/min at baseline and 0.59 +/- 0.04 mg/min 4 hours after the PFT, while UUA/UCr was 0.30 +/- 0.04 at baseline and 0.36 +/- 0.04 at 4 hours. All five subjects took allopurinol 300 mg daily for 5 days and repeated the PFT. In our patient, allopurinol prevented the ARF as well as the exercise-induced increases in UV(Urate) (0.28 mg/min to 0.22 mg/min) and UUA/UCr (0.25 to 0.17). In the controls, the UV(Urate) and UUA/UCr responses to exercise were not altered. We conclude that increased renal excretion of uric acid during exercise was responsible for the ARF in our patient with renal hypouricemia and that successful prophylaxis with allopurinol is possible.
Bayesian Analysis of Climate Change Effects on Observed and Projected Airborne Levels of Birch Pollen.

A Bayesian framework is presented for modeling effects of climate change on pollen indices such as annual birch pollen count, maximum daily birch pollen count, start date of birch pollen season and the date of maximum daily birch pollen count. Annual mean CO2 concentration, mean spring temperature and the corresponding pollen index of prior year were found to be statistically significant accounting for effects of climate change on four pollen indices. Results suggest that annual productions and peak values from 2020 to 2100 under different scenarios will be 1.3–8.0 and 1.1–7.3 times higher respectively than the mean values for 2000, and start and peak dates will occur around two to four weeks earlier. These results have been partly confirmed by the available historical data. As a demonstration, the emission profiles in future years were generated by incorporating the predicted pollen indices into an existing emission model.
Molecular orbital studies of conformation

Abstract The application of single-configuration molecular orbital theory to the conformations of small organic molecules is reviewed. Emphasis is laid on systematic ab initio studies using simple gaussion-type basis sets for expansion of the molecular orbitals. Topics dealt with include the prediction of bond angles, single-rotor potential functions, effects of single and double (1,2) substitutions on such rotors and double-rotor potentials involving two internal rotation coordinates.
Radiology of the hands: review and self-assessment module.

ObjectiveThe educational objectives of this continuing medical education activity are for the reader to exercise, self-assess, and improve skills in diagnostic radiology with regard to the interpretation of radiographs, CT, and MRI of the hand and to improve understanding of the appropriate use of CT and MRI in evaluating lesions of the hand.ConclusionThe conditions illustrated in this article include erosive osteoarthritis, sarcoidosis, metastatic calcification, and synovial sarcoma. This article is qualified by the American Board of Radiology (ABR) in meeting the criteria for self-assessment toward the purpose of fulfilling requirements in the ABR Maintenance of Certification.
Thrombophilia: clinical-practical aspects.

No consensus exists as to who should be tested for thrombophilia, mainly due to the lack of good quality clinical outcome data in relationship to presence or absence of a given thrombophilia. Testing may be considered if (a) finding a thrombophilia predicts recurrent thrombosis and, thus, influences length of anticoagulation treatment decisions; (b) identifying a thrombophilia has implications on management of asymptomatic family members who are carriers of the detected thrombophilia; (c) a patient wishes to better understand why a thrombotic event occurred. Testing may be helpful in patients with venous thromboembolism at intermediate risk of recurrence in whom the finding of a strong thrombophilia can be one of the arguments for long-term anticoagulation - the “risk-of-recurrence-triangle” may be a useful aid in this decision process. Patients whose venous thromboembolism was provoked by a major transient risk factor should not be tested for thrombophilia. Thrombophilia tests should only be ordered by health care professionals who can provide the “4P”: (a) appropriately select which patient to test, (b) provide pre-test counseling, (c) properly interpret the test results, and (d) provide education and advice to the patient. If testing is embarked on in patients with venous thromboembolism, it is advisable to be done at the time of decision making whether to stop or continue anticoagulation, i.e. typically after 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Thrombophilia testing is best not done at the time of an acute thrombotic event and while a patient is on an anticoagulant.
Water fluxes in red efts, prolactin-injected efts and newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) exposed to freshwater

Abstract 1. 1. Water effluxes in Notophthalmus viridescens were substantially greater in terrestrial red efts than in prolactin-induced transformed efts or aquatic adult newts. 2. 2. The rates of water efflux per animal were directly related on a logarithmic basis to surface area in efts and to both surface area and weight in newts. 3. 3. Water effluxes appear to occur predominantly across the integument. 4. 4. All animals experienced a slight theoretical net diffusional water uptake proportional to the measured water efflux, but came very close to maintaining water balance. 5. 5. The estimated cutaneous water permeability coefficients are significantly larger in efts than in either transformed efts or newts.
Heterogeneous Reaction of Boron in CHNO and CHNOF Environments Using High-Pressure Matrix Isolation

We have developed a technique in which the decomposition of energetic materials can be initiated under high pressure conditions which resemble the pressures reached in the non-ideal detonation process. A gem anvil cell is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, 50 K, and remains in thermal contact with the cooling element throughout the experiment. Following initiation, the reaction products are rapidly cooled and quenched on the microsecond time scale and detected using FTIR spectroscopy. In the present study, binary mixtures of boron with energetic materials containing (CHNOF) and lacking fluorine (CHNO) are compared. The differences in the reaction products suggest that the presence of the fluorine substituent leads to a complete combustion of boron to B2O3. In the decomposition of binary mixtures lacking the fluorine substituent, the boron in appears to be unchanged following the reaction of the oxidizer. The observed products are compared to predict the affect of fluorine on the formation of boron combustion products in the two environments.
Implanted programmable insulin pumps: one hundred fifty-three patient years of surgical experience.

Abstract Background. Implanted insulin pumps (IIPs) are an alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. To maintain good glycemic control, patients with an IIP require frequent surgical interventions. Methods. Since November 1986, 21 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at the Johns Hopkins Hospital have undergone implantation of pumps subcutaneously with a catheter delivering insulin into the peritoneal space. Patients were followed up with self-monitoring of blood glucose levels two to four times daily and percutaneous refills of the pump with U-400 insulin every 6 to 12 weeks. Results. In 153 patient-years, 77 pumps were placed. The mean pump life was 29 ± 2 months. Morbidity was limited to pump site infections (3.9%) and one small bowel obstruction. Inadvertent insulin overdelivery has never occurred. Episodes of insulin underdelivery were caused by backflow anomalies (n = 67), which were cleared by percutaneous rinses, or catheter obstructions (n = 12), which required catheter replacements. Ninety-one operations were required to maintain pump function. All patients are alive and report improvements in quality of life. Significant reductions in hemoglobin A1C and plasma glucose levels were also seen. Conclusions. Long-term use of IIPs results in significant improvements in clinical parameters and quality of life for individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Relatively frequent operations are required for maintaining pump function, which are done with a local anesthetic with minimal morbidity.
Dual modality fluorescence confocal and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography microendoscope

Optical biopsy facilitates in vivo disease diagnoses by providing a real-time in situ view of tissue in a clinical setting. Fluorescence confocal microendoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are two methods that have demonstrated significant potential in this context. These techniques provide complementary viewpoints. The high resolution and contrast associated with confocal systems allow en face visualization of sub-cellular details and cellular organization within a thin layer of biological tissue. OCT provides cross-sectional images showing the tissue micro-architecture to a depth beyond the reach of confocal systems. We present a novel design for a bench-top imaging system that incorporates both confocal and OCT modalities in the same optical train allowing the potential for rapid switching between the two imaging techniques. Preliminary results using simple phantoms show that it is possible to realize both confocal microendoscopy and OCT through a fiber bundle based imaging system.
Swedish development aid policy: A discussion with reference to Ethiopia

Formal Ethio-Swedish development co-operation began in 1945 with the signing of a technical assistance treaty in vocational and technical education. Since then Swedish aid has been extended to health, nutrition and agriculture, with agricultural aid constituting the largest share since 1967. Swedish agricultural aid could be classified broadly into the comprehensive and the minimum package programmes. This paper discusses the changes in Swedish rural development assistance from the project to the country programming approach as reflected in the comprehensive and minimum package programme. This paper shows that the country programming approach to international development assistance is an important contribution to the strategies of delivering foreign assistance. Since the approach utilizes existing government programmes as the starting point for development assistance, and attempts to integrate aid into the national resource base, it can build confidence and mutual working relationships among donors and aid recipients. Moreover, the approach as utilized by Sweden has a three-year time-frame, allowing the transfer of funds within Swedish sponsored programmes. The overall strategy objective supports and broadens existing programmes directed to improving the welfare of the rural poor.
Influence of interatomic bonding potentials on detonation properties.

The dependences of the macroscopic detonation properties of a two-dimensional (2D) diatomic (AB) molecular system on the fundamental molecular properties were investigated. This includes examining the detonation velocity, reaction zone thickness, and critical width as functions of the exothermicity $(Q)$ of the gas-phase reaction $[\mathrm{AB}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(1∕2)({\mathrm{A}}_{2}+{\mathrm{B}}_{2})]$ and the gas-phase dissociation energy $({D}_{e}^{\mathrm{AB}})$ for $\mathrm{AB}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{A}+\mathrm{B}$. Following previous work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a reactive empirical bond-order potential were used to characterize the shock-induced response of a diatomic AB molecular solid, which exothermically reacts to produce ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ gaseous products. Nonequilibrium MD simulations reveal that there is a linear dependence between the square of the detonation velocity and both of these molecular parameters. The detonation velocities were shown to be consistent with the Chapman--Jouguet (CJ) model, demonstrating that these dependences arise from how the equation of state of the products and reactants are affected. Equilibrium MD simulations of microcanonical ensembles were used to determine the CJ states for varying $Q$'s, and radial distribution functions characterize the atomic structure. The character of this material near the CJ conditions was found to be somewhat unusual, consisting of polyatomic clusters rather than discrete molecular species. It was also found that there was a minimum value of $Q$ and a maximum value of ${D}_{e}^{\mathrm{AB}}$ for which a pseudo-one-dimensional detonation could not be sustained. The reaction zone of this material was characterized under both equilibrium (CJ) and transient (underdriven) conditions. The basic structure is consistent with the Zeldovich--von Neumann-D\"oring model, with a sharp shock rise and a reaction zone that extends to $200--300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$. The underdriven systems show a buildup process which requires an extensive time to approach equilibrium conditions. The rate stick failure diameter (critical width in 2D) was also found to depend on $Q$ and ${D}_{e}^{\mathrm{AB}}$. The dependence on $Q$ could be explained in terms of the reaction zone properties.
Differential survival in blacks and Hispanics with AIDS.

Objective The object of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in survival by ethnicity in people with AIDS. Design The CDC Public Access Dataset was analysed. To estimate survival more accurately, a cohort of individuals diagnosed in 1987 was chosen from the dataset. Using this analysis, probabilities of survival were estimated. Results There were significant differences in survival in blacks and Hispanics as compared to whites diagnosed in 1987. Although there are differences in survival by transmission category, survival differences by ethnicity persisted when analysed within specific transmission categories. A model where the frequency distributions of survival were log-transformed suggests that disease progression per se may not be the most important factor, but time of diagnosis may be. In addition, in looking at median survival by year of diagnosis, it is clear that blacks and Hispanics have not shown the same magnitude of improvement in survival time, and lag behind whites. Conclusions This study clearly shows differences in survival with AIDS by ethnicity. Differential access to health care may underlie such ethnic differences in survival.
Adaptation and Growth Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Deuterium

Arabidopsis seeds were sown aseptically on mineral media containing between 0 and 90% of heavy water (D2O). Initially, a D2O level of over 50% was lethal for the plants. However, after culture for six successive generations on 50% D2O, plants were capable of growing marginally on media containing up to 70% D2O, but not higher. With increasing concentration, deuterium progressively delays germination, slows growth, reduces survival, results in bleaching of the leaves and delays flowering. Pollen fertility is not affected measurably but seed set is reduced with increasing levels of deuteration so that at 70% D2O few seeds were obtained. The viability of the seeds harvested from plants grown on deuterated media is low. No chlorophyll or morphological mutants were observed among a large number of plant progenies. Seeds from plants cultured on D2O media for several generations grow normally on proteated media in the very first generation.
Suppression of cortisol levels in subordinate female marmosets : Reproductive and social contributions

Socially subordinate female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) have markedly lower plasma cortisol levels than dominant females. Subordinate females also undergo hypoestrogenemic anovulation, and estrogen can elevate glucocorticoid levels. Therefore, we previously hypothesized that this cortisol difference is mediated by rank-related differences in reproductive hormones, probably estradiol. To test this possibility, we characterized the effects of the ovarian cycle and ovariectomy on plasma cortisol concentrations. Beginning in the early follicular phase, basal blood samples were collected from seven cycling female marmosets daily for 16 days and at 2- to 3-day intervals for another 16 days. Samples were collected identically from seven anovulatory subordinate females and seven long-term ovariectomized females. Cortisol levels changed reliably across the ovarian cycle, with levels in the mid- to late follicular, peri-ovulatory, and early luteal phases higher than those in the remainder of the cycle. Cortisol levels of cycling females were significantly higher than those of subordinates at all parts of the cycle, but were significantly higher than those of ovariectomized females only during the midcycle elevation. Unexpectedly, subordinates had significantly lower cortisol levels than ovariectomized females, as well as higher estradiol and estrone levels and lower progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. These results confirm that circulating cortisol concentrations are modulated by reproductive function in female marmosets but also indicate that low cortisol levels in subordinate females cannot be attributed simply to hypoestrogenemia. Instead, other factors, such as direct effects of social subordination or suppression of LH levels, contribute to suppression of cortisol in subordinates.
6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase: Hemizygous Manifestation in a Patient with Leukemia

In a study of 41 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, two were found to have the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase heterozygous phenotype A-B, and two had the phenotype characteristic of PdB homozygosity. Since one of the two with PdB homozygosity was the mother of two children with the A phenotype, it was presumed that she carried a PdA gene not expressed in her blood cells. his was confirmed by electrophoretic analysis of her fibroblasts, which had the A-B phenotypic pattern. Gene deletion is considered to be the most likely explanation.