cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression and Partial Characterization of Kinesin-related Proteins in Differentiating and Adult Skeletal Muscle

Using pan-kinesin antibodies to screen a differentiating C2C12 cell library, we identified the kinesin proteins KIF3A, KIF3B, and conventional kinesin heavy chain to be present in differentiating skeletal muscle. We compared the expression and subcellular localization characteristics of these kinesins in myogenic cells to others previously identified in muscle, neuronal, and mitotic systems (KIF1C, KIF3C, and mitotic-centromere-associated kinesin). Because members of the KIF3 subfamily of kinesin-related proteins showed altered subcellular fractionation characteristics in differentiating cells, we focused our study of kinesins in muscle on the function of kinesin-II. Kinesin-II is a motor complex comprised of dimerized KIF3A and KIF3B proteins and a tail-associated protein, KAP. The Xenopus homologue of KIF3B, Xklp3, is predominantly localized to the region of the Golgi apparatus, and overexpression of motorless-Xklp3 in Xenopus A6 cells causes mislocalization of Golgi components (Le Bot et al., 1998 ). In C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes, KIF3B is diffuse and punctate, and not primarily associated with the Golgi. Overexpression of motorless-KIF3B does not perturb localization of Golgi components in myogenic cells, and myofibrillogenesis is normal. In adult skeletal muscle, KIF3B colocalizes with the excitation–contraction-coupling membranes. We propose that these membranes, consisting of the transverse-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum, are dynamic structures in which kinesin-II may function to actively assemble and maintain in myogenic cells.
Duplicated genes evolve slower than singletons despite the initial rate increase

Gene duplication is an important mechanism that can lead to the emergence of new functions during evolution. The impact of duplication on the mode of gene evolution has been the subject of several theoretical and empirical comparative-genomic studies. It has been shown that, shortly after the duplication, genes seem to experience a considerable relaxation of purifying selection. Here we demonstrate two opposite effects of gene duplication on evolutionary rates. Sequence comparisons between paralogs show that, in accord with previous observations, a substantial acceleration in the evolution of paralogs occurs after duplication, presumably due to relaxation of purifying selection. The effect of gene duplication on evolutionary rate was also assessed by sequence comparison between orthologs that have paralogs (duplicates) and those that do not (singletons). It is shown that, in eukaryotes, duplicates, on average, evolve significantly slower than singletons. Eukaryotic ortholog evolutionary rates for duplicates are also negatively correlated with the number of paralogs per gene and the strength of selection between paralogs. A tally of annotated gene functions shows that duplicates tend to be enriched for proteins with known functions, particularly those involved in signaling and related cellular processes; by contrast, singletons include an over-abundance of poorly characterized proteins. These results suggest that whether or not a gene duplicate is retained by selection depends critically on the pre-existing functional utility of the protein encoded by the ancestral singleton. Duplicates of genes of a higher biological import, which are subject to strong functional constraints on the sequence, are retained relatively more often. Thus, the evolutionary trajectory of duplicated genes appears to be determined by two opposing trends, namely, the post-duplication rate acceleration and the generally slow evolutionary rate owing to the high level of functional constraints.
MR imaging of surgical complications of systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunts

Patients with a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt and positive findings on traditional imaging modalities such as chest X-ray, echocardiography, or cardiac angiography often can benefit from additional noninvasive imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diagnostic dilemmas encountered include: pseudoaneurysms, contained fluid collection (seroma) surrounding a shunt, and stenosis of the shunt anastomoses. MRI studies using traditional cardiac-triggered spin-echo (SE) imaging and the newer breathhold MRI studies with k-space segmented gradient-recalled echo (GRE) imaging can greatly help resolve diagnostic dilemmas. By combining different MR imaging techniques it becomes possible to clearly distinguish between pseudoaneurysms and seroma, to exclude an active leak and to sometimes visualize the distal anastomosis with more precision than conventional angiography. MRI is often able to add information needed for clinical decision making prior to surgical repair.
Do Soy Sterols Interfere with Absorption of Cholesterol

Summary1. The effect of soy sterols upon recoveries of digitonin-precipitable C14 in thoracic duct lymph of rats fed C14-labeled cholesterol was studied. That administered soy sterols depress cholesterol absorption is fully confirmed, when as little as 4 mg or as much as 100 mg of cholesterol were fed. 2. The validity of absorption studies for cholesterol based on the amounts of digitonin-precipitable, Liebermann-Burchard positive materials recovered in lymph is discussed.
Role of the Natural Hazards and Disaster Field in the Aftermath of September 11

On September 11, 2001, four passenger airplanes were hijacked from three airports on the east coast. Two of these planes collided into the 110-story twin towers of the World Trade Center ~WTC! in New York City, ultimately causing the collapse of both towers and several surrounding buildings. Another plane crashed into the Pentagon office building outside Washington, D.C. A fourth plane, whose intended mission is unknown, crashed in a rural area of Pennsylvania. Thousands of lives were lost in these various incidents, including passengers, building occupants, and emergency response personnel. This is a disaster unlike any other in U.S. history, and the intended and unintended consequences of this catastrophic event are only beginning to be understood. In the aftermath of the event, many turned to experts in the natural hazards and disaster field for answers. We contend that there is much to be learned from the existing body of natural hazards and disaster research, and given the unique nature of this event, many new questions to be explored. First, we discuss knowledge that can be applied from the field of natural hazards, and then we examine avenues for new exploration, both from a social science and an engineering perspective. For over 50 years, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers have worked to better understand the causes and consequences of natural and technological risks. While there has been less work in the field related to terrorist disasters, primarily due to our lack of experience with such events, much of the knowledge gained from a half century of disaster research is relevant in studying the events of September 11. In the social and behavioral sciences, we have learned to observe and document individual and group preparation for and response to ‘‘environmental jolts.’’ This documentation has led to a greater understanding of preand postdisaster risk and vulnerability, as well as human and organizational response. For example, we know that following a disaster, people tend to set aside individual identities and focus on the impacted community. The collective priority takes precedence over individual goals. Social and behavioral scientists possess the methodological know-how and have the research experience to enter the field and document human behavior following disastrous events. The events of September 11 provided a similar opportunity. In fact, the National Science Foundation and the Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado sent over 20 social and behavioral scientists into the field to gather perishable data in the days and weeks following the attacks. Moreover, social and behavioral sci-
To Help or To Harm? Food Stamp Receipt and Mortality Risk Prior to the 1996 Welfare Reform Act

We use data from the National Health Interview Survey-Family Resources Supplement to examine the relationship between Food Stamp receipt and prospective adult mortality, among eligible households. We specify a switching probit model to adjust for observed and unobserved factors that correlate with selection into the Food Stamp Program and mortality, and to estimate mortality under counterfactual conditions that we do not observe. The average individual, based on observed characteristics, has higher mortality when participating than when not participating. But due to unobserved differences between participants and nonparticipants, those who self-select into participation experience lower mortality than if they did not participate. Our findings suggest that Food Stamps provide an important safety net that protects the health of those who are most likely to participate.
Sources of Test Information

In this article the author lists and discusses sources of test information, with special attention on information given to what will be valuable to employment and career counselors.
The hazards of lack of co-registration of ictal brain SPECT with MRI: A case report of sinusitis mimicking a brainstem seizure focus.

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) following injection of radiotracer during a seizure is known as ictal SPECT. Comparison of an ictal SPECT study to a baseline or interictal study can aid identification of a seizure focus. A young woman with encephalitis and refractory seizures underwent brain SPECT during a period of frequent seizure-like episodes, and during a seizure-free period. A focal area of increased radiotracer uptake present only when she was experiencing frequent seizure-like episodes was originally localized to the brainstem, but with later computerized co-registration of SPECT to MRI, was found to lie outside the brain, in the region of the sphenoid sinus. Low-resolution SPECT images present difficulties in interpretation, which can be overcome through co-registration to higher-resolution structural images.
Reliable Nonlinear Parameter Estimation in VLE Modeling

Abstract The reliable solution of nonlinear parameter estimation problems is an important computational problem in the modeling of vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE). Conventional solution methods may not be reliable since they do not guarantee convergence to the global optimum sought in the parameter estimation problem. We demonstrate here a technique that is based on interval analysis, which can solve the nonlinear parameter estimation problem with complete reliability, and provides a mathematical and computational guarantee that the global optimum is found. As an example, we consider the estimation of parameters in the Wilson equation, using VLE data sets from a variety of binary systems. Results indicate that several sets of parameter values published in the DECHEMA VLE Data Collection correspond to local optima only, with new globally optimal parameter values found by using the interval approach. When applied to VLE modeling, the globally optimal parameters can provide significant improvements in predictive capability. For example, in one case, when the previously published locally optimal parameters are used, the Wilson equation does not predict experimentally observed homogeneous azeotropes, but, when the globally optimal parameters are used, the azeotropes are predicted.
Implications among linkage properties in graphs

Given a graph H with vertices w1, …, wm, a graph G with at least m vertices is H-linked if for every choice of vertices v1, …, vm in G, there is a subdivision of H in G such that vi is the branch vertex representing wi (for all i ). This concept generalizes the notions of k-linked, k-connected, and k-ordered graphs. For graphs H1 and H2 with the same order that are not contained in stars, the property of being H1-linked implies that of being H2-linked if and only if H2⊆H1. The implication also holds when H1 is obtained from H2 by replacing an edge xy with an edge from y to a new vertex x′. Other instances of nonimplication are obtained, using a lemma that the number of vertices appearing in minimum vertex covers of a graph G is at most the vertex cover number plus the size of a maximum matching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 327-337, 2009
Auditory Backward Masking Deficits in Children with Reading Disabilities.

Studies evaluating temporal auditory processing among individuals with reading and other language deficits have yielded inconsistent findings due to methodological problems (Studdert-Kennedy & Mody, 1995) and sample differences. In the current study, seven auditory masking thresholds were measured in fifty-two 7- to 10-year-old children (26 diagnosed with reading disability [RD], 26 without reading disability). Hierarchic multiple regression analyses indicated that RD status predicted performance only in the backward-bandpass noise (p < .05) and backward notched-noise conditions (p < .05), suggesting both temporal and spectral auditory processing deficits. These results suggest that any auditory deficit associated with RD may be more complex than previously hypothesized.
The effect of histamine receptor antagonists on specific and nonspecific suppression of experimental contact sensitivity

Abstract We studied the effects of H 1 and H 2 histamine receptor antagonists on down regulation of contact sensitivity (CS) to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Two H 2 receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, reversed the nonspecific immunosuppression of CS induced by burns. On the other hand, these two drugs did not affect the antigen-specific suppressor T cell-mediated tolerance to DNFB induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Two H 1 antagonists did not affect the down regulation of CS induced by either tolerance or burning. The differential sensitivities to histamine 2 -receptor antagonists indicate that the mechanisms for nonspecific burn-induced immunosuppression are different from those for hapten-specific tolerance to DNFB.
Topographic response to mantle lithosphere removal in the southern Sierra Nevada region, California

Geological studies of mantle xenoliths entrained in late Neogene‐Quaternary lavas from the southern Sierra Nevada region and regional geophysical studies suggest that the highdensity mantle lithosphere that formed beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith in conjunction with arc magmatism is being convectively removed as a ‘‘drip’’ structure. This structure, as imaged seismically, is roughly cylindrical in shape with a diameter of ;100 km, and extends to ;225 km depth. Centered above this structure is a region ;120 km in diameter that is undergoing active subsidence relative to adjacent regions. Such subsidence is seen in the active fluvial-alluvial sediment flooding of mountainous topography of the southwestern Sierra and in the development of the adjacent Tulare Lake basin of the San Joaquin Valley. Dynamic modeling of such upper-mantle drip structures predicts a phase of overlying surface subsidence during the most vigorous phase of drip formation. The southern Sierra upper mantle drip and the overlying crust appear to be in this phase of their dynamically coupled evolution.
Multivariate Trimmed Means Based on Data Depth

Multivariate analogues of the univariate median have been successfully introduced based on data depth. Like their univariate counterpart, these multivariate medians in general are quite robust but not very efficient. Univariate trimmed means, which can keep a desirable balance between robustness and efficiency, are known to be the alternatives to the univariate median. Multivariate analogues of univariate trimmed means can also be introduced based on data depth. In this article, we study multivariate depth trimmed means with a main focus on their limiting distribution, robustness, and efficiency.
Increased Mortality of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Exposed to Eicosanoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors and Serratia marcescens (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae)

The biological control of termites may be facilitated if their highly evolved immune systems can be suppressed. Eicosanoids are C20 polyunsaturated acids that are of widespread biochemical importance, including their role in protecting insects from bacterial infection. In laboratory experiments, the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors dexamethasone, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen sodium salt were each provided along with a red-pigmented isolate of Serratia marcescens Bizio, a bacterial pathogen, to the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, by means of treated filter paper. The increased mortality that resulted with dexamethasone and ibuprofen supported, but alone was insufficient to prove, the hypothesis that the termites’ immune systems were suppressed by these compounds, making the insects more vulnerable to infection by S. marcescens. This effect on mortality was noted only at 3.4 × 1010 colony-forming units per milliliter, a high treatment level. A significant amount of the infection and subsequent mortality may have resulted from direct contact with the bacterium and the remainder from its ingestion. Water-soluble ibuprofen sodium salt demonstrated a protective effect that was unexpected in light of the increased termite mortality observed with the relatively water insoluble, free acid form.
Environmental Satisfaction in High- and Low-Rise Residential Settings: A Lewinian Perspective

Lewin’s classic formula, B = f (P,E), has for almost 40 years remained a keystone in the framework of social psychological theory. The formula serves less as a precise mathematical function than as a working definition of a broad sphere of research and inquiry. Yet, despite its generality, it affords a conceptual backdrop for a broad spectrum of contemporary research concerned with investigating personal versus situational effects in predicting social behavior. The results of this research have consistently demonstrated that both personal and situational variables and, especially, the interaction between personal and environmental factors are of importance in accounting for the total behavioral variance (cf. Bern & Allen, 1974; Ekehammer, 1974; Endler & Hunt, 1968; Mischel, 1973; Raush, Dittmann, & Taylor, 1959; Raush, Farbman, & Llewellyn, 1960). The present study was concerned with applying such an interactional framework in investigating environmental satisfaction in high- and low-rise student housing.
ELID Fine Grinding of SiC Bearing Rollers

Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding is drawing more and more attention by the researchers for its smart method of in-process dressing of the grinding wheel. Many researches place emphasis on study of in-processing dressing and oxide layer. In this study, the effects of three grinding factors, including wheel speed, load applied on workpiece and eccentricity of three parts in one holder, on surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR) were investigated in a single-side ELID grinding experiment. Each factor has three levels. The experimental results show that each factor has different influence: 1. Applied load is the main factor which significantly affects the Ra and MRR; 2. the speed of grinding wheel doesn’t show much influence; 3. eccentricity has a great influence on roughness but not on material removal rate.
No evidence for [O iii] variability in Mrk 142

Author(s): Barth, AJ; Bentz, MC | Abstract: Using archival data from the 2008 Lick AGN Monitoring Project, Zhang a Feng claimed to find evidence for flux variations in the narrow [O III] emission of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 142 over a two-month time span. If correct, this would imply a surprisingly compact size for the narrow-line region.We show that the claimed [O III] variations are merely the result of random errors in the overall flux calibration of the spectra. The data do not provide any support for the hypothesis that the [OIII] flux was variable during the 2008 monitoring period.
The Role of Effectuation in New Product Development of New Ventures

The literature indicates that effectuation, non-predictive model of decision making, influences entrepreneurial processes, including venture creation and venture performance. Extending these findin...
Phase Control in Nanophase Materials Formed from Ultrafine Ti Or Pd Powders

The effect of He gas pressure during evaporation and post-evaporation O2 exposure on phase formation in nanophase materials has been examined. Ultrafine powders of Ti and Pd were prepared by the inert gas-condensation technique and bulk nanophase samples were formed by consolidation of these powders with or without prior exposure to O2. Evaporation of Ti in He pressures greater than 500 Pa followed by exposure to O2 results in the formation of ultrafine powders of crystalline rutile (TiO2) which are compacted to form nanocrystalline TiO2. Surprisingly, reducing the He pressure used during evaporation to less than approximately 500 Pa results in the formation of ultrafine powders of an amorphous phase. Room temperature consolidation of this powder under vacuum, however, results in nanocrystalline Ti being formed if the powder is not exposed to O2 prior to consolidation, and a mixture of rutile and an unidentified crystalline phase if the powder has been previously exposed to O2. Further reduction of the He pressure during evaporation of Ti to less than approximately 10 Pa results in the formation of crystalline Ti having a film-like morphology rather than than the desired ultrafine particles. Experiments on Pd evaporated in 10 to 6000 Pa of He have yielded ultrafine powders and consolidated samples of only the crystalline fcc phase, regardless of the He pressure
Myocardial perfusion imaging in myocardial infarction and unstable angina

The role of radionuclide perfusion imaging during acute coronary syndromes are discussed. The development of Tc-99m sestamibi has provided for significant advances in this field. This radionuclide enables a measurement of myocardium at risk and final infarct size and, consequently, myocardial salvage during reperfusion therapy. Analysis of acute images during infarction also allows for a measure of collateral flow to the infarct zone. This agent also can be used to triage patients with spontaneous chest pain suggestive of unstable angina.
Under the Golden Psi.

M. Brewster-Smith (1968) divided the history of psychiatry into three revolutionary periods. The first was the unshackling of the lunatics and the conception of mental illness. The second revolution was the spread of the dynamic theory of Freud with its emphasis on the one-to-one therapeutic relationship. The third revolution was the community mental health movement with its emphasis on bringing treatment into the community. We are now on the verge of yet another revolution. The new revolution is quiet and its leaders come from within the psychiatric profession. The major feature of this revolution is the binding together of medical authority and social treatment models within a corporate structure. The new movement takes the individually oriented private practitioners and shows them that in union there is profit.
Incidence of cryptorchidism.

SUMMARY The incidence of cryptorchidism after the first year of age approximates 0.8 per cent of the male population. Prior to age one, spontaneous descent of cryptorchid testes may occur especially during the first three months of age but relatively rarely thereafter. As a result, postponement of correction of cryptorchidism in the patient over one year of age to provide opportunity for spontaneous descent appears not to be entirely warranted.
The organization of Jupiter's upper tropospheric temperature structure and its evolution, 1996-1997

High signal-to-noise images of Jupiter were made at wavelengths between 13.2 and 22.8 µm in five separate observing runs between 1996 June and 1997 November at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. Maps of Jupiter’s upper-tropospheric temperatures at pressures of 100 and 400 mbar were made from these images. We use the relatively frequent, well sampled data sets to examine in detail the short-term evolution of the temperature structure. Our 2–6 month sampling periods demonstrate that the longitudinal temperature structures evolve significantly in these short periods and exhibit wave features. Using a three-dimensional general circulation model simulation of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere, we show that the thermal structures are consistent with convectively generated Rossby waves that propagate upward from the lower to the upper atmosphere.
Literature, imagination, and the study of ultimate reality

Le projet de recherche sur la realite et le sens ultimes a maintenant plus de 25 ans. L'A. tente de dresser un bilan de cette synthese interdisciplinaire. Afin d'etablir un cadre et des principes, il est necessaire de poser les questions fondamentales de cette synthese des idees humaines: ce qu'est la litterature et ses caracteristiques distinctives, comment la litterature utilise l'imagination et le symbolisme, comment elle est liee a la critique litteraire, a la reflection philosophique et religieuse, comment ces approches (litteraire, philosophique et religieuse) peuvent etre unifiees
Preliminary study of optimization-based image reconstruction from dental cone-beam CT data

Cone-beam CT (CBCT) has gained considerable popularity in dentistry over the past decade. The increasing use of dental CBCT also raised concern about potential radiation risk. It is thus desirable to lower the radiation dose in CBCT data acquisition. However, image quality may be degraded when current analytic-based algorithms are used for reconstructing images from low-dose CBCT data. Recently, optimization-based algorithms have been investigated for image reconstruction from data containing high levels of noise. In this work, we apply an optimization-based algorithm to reconstructing images from standard- and low-dose dental CBCT data sets. The result shows that optimization-based reconstructions from standard-dose data are comparable to images clinically used, and that optimization-based reconstructions from low-dose data show improved quality over clinical ones.
Environment in the Community, Community in the Environment

AbstractThe project of community sustainability unites concerns for the environment, the economy and social justice. Public administration scholars and practitioners are in privileged positions from which to contribute to this project. Public administration theory and practice need an alternative orientation in order to sustain our communities and the local and regional environmental qualities upon which they depend. This anicle discusses the place of the environment in our communities’ agendas, and the place of communities in the environmental agenda. Sustaining communities requires attention to the ongoing rediscovery and perpetuation of public service, the public trust, and environmental and community stewardship in a democracy.
Educational Research on Indigenous Knowledge in Science Teaching

In this chapter I return to thinking about teaching science. A failed university course in Lesotho suggested a reexamination of basic principles of teaching science in Africa. I offer a model of teaching and learning, and discuss the criteria for a functional educational curriculum. My recent investigations of the indigenous knowledge of traditional healers concerning the education of children in both South Africa and Lesotho indicate agreement amongst the traditional healers. They also suggest a way forward in trans-cultural teaching.
'Does ________ predict neurodevelopmental impairment in former preterm infants?' Is this the right question to be asked?

‘Does ________ predict neurodevelopmental impairment in former preterm infants?’ Is this the right question to be asked?
The Application of Piagetian Learning Theory to a Science Curriculum Project

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of Piagetian theory to the development of an individualized science program. From this seemingly simple sentence emerge several very complex issues: the nature of science, the nature of science teaching, the nature of individualization, the process of curriculum development, and the nature of Piagetian theory. It is possible in this discussion merely to touch upon these issues and to show how an attempt to resolve the problems has resulted in a Personalized Approach to Science Education (PASE), a K–8 science program based on the developmental theory of Jean Piaget.
Challenges of Debris-Impact Risk Assessment for Robotic Spacecraft

Abstract This paper describes an orbital debris impact risk assessment performed on the command and data subsystem electronics box of QuikSCAT, a functioning spacecraft with approximately 18 years on orbit. Several aspects of the analysis are paid particular attention. First is the modeling of a thermal blanket at a small stand-off distance from the box chassis. The properties of the blanket are such that under some assumptions, it may be treated as an effective bumper shield, and under other assumptions, it may not. The assumptions and their effects on the results of the analysis are explored. Similarly, the configuration of the electronic components inside the chassis are such that several definitions of failure criteria appear plausible. The results of each treatment are presented together and compared with the status of the actual electronics box. The failure predictions vary widely between treatments, and the more conservative assumption sets predict incredulously high probabilities of failure. This is problematic because the conservative assumptions are the ones typically used in analyses for flight projects.
Downstream dispersal of zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) under different flow conditions in a coupled lake-stream ecosystem

Dispersal, establishment, and spread of aquatic invasive species such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) can be influenced by riverine velocities and volumetric flows in invaded lake-stream ecosystems. Zebra mussels, which have a planktonic larval form (veliger), disperse rapidly downstream from a source population. Concentrations, dispersal, and body conditions of zebra mussel veligers were studied under different volumetric flow, or discharge, conditions in a coupled lake-stream ecosystem in northern Texas, USA. Veliger densities in lotic environments were strongly related to population dynamics in upstream lentic source populations. A strong exponential decrease in veliger density was observed through a 28-km downstream study reach. Increased water releases from the source reservoir increased veliger flux and dispersal potential, concomitantly increasing veliger flux and decreasing transit time. However, passage through release gates in the dam and increased turbulence in the river during high-discharge events could negatively affect body condition of veligers, and veliger body condition generally decreased from the source population to the farthest downstream site and was lower for veligers during periods of high discharge. Thus increased discharge appears to reduce the proportion of viable veligers because of increased turbulence-induced mortality. Colonization of distant downstream reservoirs can occur if discharge and propagule pressure are sufficient or if interim habitats are suitable for establishment of in-stream populations.
Do the Tenets of Late-Life Disability Apply to Middle Age?

Brown and colleagues used longitudinal data from a large, nationally representative sample of nondisabled persons aged 50 to 56 years who were interviewed every 2 years for up to 20 years to descri...
Correction to: Optimization of Cold Spray Deposition of High-Density Polyethylene Powders

We regret that the original article contained an incorrect initial for the first listed author. The name should have been published to read: Trenton P. Bush.
Crystal structure of bis­(aceto­nitrile-κN)(4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bi­pyridine-κ2N,N′)platinum(II) bis­(tetra­fluorido­borate) packing as head-to-head dimers

The crystal structure of a platinum(II) supra­molecular building block, [Pt(dbbpy)(NCCH3)2](BF4)2 (dbbpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bi­pyridine, C18H24N2) is an example of a rare head-to-head dimer, even with the bulky tert-butyl groups of the bi­pyridine. This packing motif still enables significant π–π inter­actions between two pyridyl groups, and may result from the close proximity of the tetra­fluorido­borate ions to the platinum(II) complexes, resulting in intra­molecular H⋯F distances between 2.156 and 2.573 A.
Regulation of fibroblast Fas expression by soluble and mechanical pro-fibrotic stimuli

Fibroblast apoptosis is a critical component of normal repair and the acquisition of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype contributes to the pathogenesis of fibrotic repair. Fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs of humans and mice demonstrate resistance to apoptosis induced by Fas-ligand and prior studies have shown that susceptibility to apoptosis is enhanced when Fas (CD95) expression is increased in these cells. Moreover, prior work shows that Fas expression in fibrotic lung fibroblasts is reduced by epigenetic silencing of the Fas promoter. However, the mechanisms by which microenvironmental stimuli such as TGF-β1 and substrate stiffness affect fibroblast Fas expression are not well understood. Primary normal human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were cultured on tissue culture plastic or on polyacrylamide hydrogels with Young’s moduli to recapitulate the compliance of normal (400 Pa) or fibrotic (6400 Pa) lung tissue and treated with or without TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of protein kinase inhibitors and/or inflammatory cytokines. Expression of Fas was assessed by quantitative real time RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blotting. Soluble Fas (sFas) was measured in conditioned media by ELISA. Apoptosis was assessed using the Cell Death Detection Kit and by Western blotting for cleaved PARP. Fas expression and susceptibility to apoptosis was diminished in fibroblasts cultured on 6400 Pa substrates compared to 400 Pa substrates. TGF-β1 reduced Fas mRNA and protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner dependent on focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Surprisingly, TGF-β1 did not significantly alter cell-surface Fas expression, but did stimulate secretion of sFas. Finally, enhanced Fas expression and increased susceptibility to apoptosis was induced by combined treatment with TNF-α/IFN-γ and was not inhibited by TGF-β1. Soluble and matrix-mediated pro-fibrotic stimuli promote fibroblast resistance to apoptosis by decreasing Fas transcription while stimulating soluble Fas secretion. These findings suggest that distinct mechanisms regulating Fas expression in fibroblasts may serve different functions in the complex temporal and spatial evolution of normal and fibrotic wound-repair responses.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Accelerate Plasma Coagulation by Inhibiting Annexin-V Binding to Phospholipids: A “Lupus Procoagulant” Phenomenon

The antiphospholipid syndrome is a thrombophilic condition marked by antibodies that recognize anionic phospholipid-protein cofactor complexes. We recently reported that exposure to IgG fractions from antiphospholipid patients reduces the level of annexin-V, a phospholipid-binding anticoagulant protein, on cultured trophoblasts and endothelial cells and accelerates coagulation of plasma exposed to these cells. Therefore, we asked whether antiphospholipid antibodies might directly reduce annexin-V binding to noncellular phospholipid substrates. Using ellipsometry, we found that antiphospholipid IgGs reduce the quantity of annexin-V bound to phospholipid bilayers; this reduction is dependent on the presence of beta2-glycoprotein I. Also, exposure to plasmas containing antiphospholipid antibodies reduces annexin-V binding to phosphatidyl serine-coated microtiter plates, frozen thawed washed platelets, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) reagent and prothrombin time reagent and reduces the anticoagulant effect of the protein. These studies show that antiphospholipid antibodies interfere with the binding of annexin-V to anionic phospholipid and with its anticoagulant activity. This acceleration of coagulation, due to reduced binding of annexin V, stands in marked contrast to the "lupus anticoagulant effect" previously described in these patients. These results are the first direct demonstration of the displacement of annexin-V and the consequent acceleration of coagulation on noncellular phospholipid surfaces by antiphospholipid antibodies.
New Species of Galerina from North America

(1953). New Species of Galerina from North America. Mycologia: Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 892-925.
A Rationale-Driven Team Plan Representation for Autonomous Intra-Robot Replanning *

For autonomous multi-robot teams, the individual team members are tasked with completing their assigned tasks as defined by a team plan provided by a centralized team planner. However in complex dynamic domains, the team plans are generated by the team planner with assumptions due to the complexity of modeling the domain. Failures in execution are therefore inevitable for the team members, and as such, replanning will occur for the team. In this paper, we introduce a rationale-driven team plan representation that provides rationales on why actions were chosen by the team planner. During a failure, the individual team members autonomously use our described intra-robot replanning algorithm to select all applicable replan policies for a given rationale. We then describe a method to learn the predicted cost of each replan policy, given a state of the environment, in order for the individual robots to select the lowest costing replan policy to improve team performance.
Varicella Vaccine: What Have You Done for Me Lately?

* Abbreviation: VZV — : varicella zoster virus The live attenuated varicella vaccine remains the only vaccine in use against a virus that has a latent form and therefore causes 2 illnesses: varicella and zoster (also known as shingles).1 Zoster occurs after latent infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivates, after either chickenpox or vaccination. Viral latency lasts a lifetime. In countries where the vaccine is not used, varicella is mainly a disease of children, and zoster is a disease of adults. Because of declining cell-mediated immunity in older individuals, the incidence of zoster increases sharply after age 50. However, zoster may occur at any age in individuals who have previously been infected with VZV, and children vaccinated against chickenpox are at risk. In addition to waning cellular immunity with age, other factors that may precipitate zoster include immunosuppression, other viral infections, and stress.1 The varicella vaccine was developed in Japan in 1974, after Takahashi et al2 successfully attenuated VZV that was obtained from an otherwise healthy child with chickenpox. When the varicella vaccine was initially tested in the United States in the late 1970s, children with leukemia were frequently on their way to being cured of … Address correspondence to Anne A. Gershon, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032. E-mail: aag1{at}cumc.columbia.edu
Dual function antibody conjugates (DFACs) for drug quantification and therapy (Conference Presentation)

Imaging technologies such as Ultrasound, OCT, MRI and CT are useful for diagnostics and tomographic assessment of therapy response. Fluorescence imaging with its high sensitivity is a promising approach and is extensively used for lesion localization, surgical guidance and monitoring response to therapies. While conjugating fluorophores to antibodies improves specificity, further conjugation of drugs provides a dual function, where fluorescence monitoring may simultaneously reveal drug pharmacokinetics. Fluorescence imaging, however, is limited by low penetration of light, which can be partially overcome by photoacoustic imaging (PAI). In this study, by conjugating a fluorophore and photoacoustic molecule to an antibody (Dual Function Antibody Conjugate (DFAC)), we evaluate whether PAI can significantly improve deep-tissue imaging. To provide a systematic comparison of these imaging modalities we developed a DFAC, comprising of Cetuximab (anti-EGFR antibody) conjugated with a fluorophore (AF647) and a photoacoustic dye (IRDye800) in a 1:2:2 ratio. We hypothesize that, conjugating quantifiable probes to an antibody, would provide information about different depths within the confines of optical approaches. Such quantification is particularly important in photodynamic therapy, for determination of tissue concentration of photosensitizers and in chemotherapy for quantification of drug concentrations non-invasively. The relationship between the photoacoustic and fluorescence signals from the DFAC is demonstrated through spectroscopic techniques and their EGFR specificity along with deep tissue photoacoustic quantification is established using EGFR positive/negative cell lines and tissue mimicking phantoms. The DFAC, presented in this study, demonstrates a combination of two complimentary imaging modalities for non-invasive determination of pharmacokinetics and in vivo drug quantification.
Disrupted ER membrane protein complex–mediated topogenesis drives congenital neural crest defects

Multipass membrane proteins have a myriad of functions, including transduction of cell-cell signals, ion transport, and photoreception. Insertion of these proteins into the membrane depends on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein complex (EMC). Recently, birth defects have been observed in patients with variants in the gene encoding a member of this complex, EMC1. Patient phenotypes include congenital heart disease, craniofacial malformations, and neurodevelopmental disease. However, a molecular connection between EMC1 and these birth defects is lacking. Using Xenopus, we identified defects in neural crest cells (NCCs) upon emc1 depletion. We then used unbiased proteomics and discovered a critical role for emc1 in WNT signaling. Consistent with this, readouts of WNT signaling and Frizzled (Fzd) levels were reduced in emc1-depleted embryos, while NCC defects could be rescued with β-catenin. Interestingly, other transmembrane proteins were mislocalized upon emc1 depletion, providing insight into additional patient phenotypes. To translate our findings back to humans, we found that EMC1 was necessary for human NCC development in vitro. Finally, we tested patient variants in our Xenopus model and found the majority to be loss-of-function alleles. Our findings define molecular mechanisms whereby EMC1 dysfunction causes disease phenotypes through dysfunctional multipass membrane protein topogenesis.
Forests do not limit bumble bee foraging movements in a montane meadow complex

1. Understanding the roles of habitat fragmentation and resource availability in shaping animal movement are integral for promoting species persistence and conservation. For insects such as bumble bees, their movement patterns affect the survival and reproductive potential of their colonies, as well as the pollen flow of plant species. However, the understanding of their mobility or the impact of putative barriers in natural environments is limited due to the technical difficulties of studying wild populations. 2. Genetic mark–recapture was used to estimate the foraging distance, resource use, and site connectivity of two bumble bee species in a montane meadow complex composed of open meadows within a matrix of forest. 3. There was no evidence that forests or changes in landcover function as barriers to the fine‐scale movement for either species. Substantially greater colony‐specific foraging distances were found for Bombus vosnesenskii (maximum: 1867 m) compared to Bombus bifarius (maximum: 362 m). Despite this difference in absolute range, both species were detected across putative forest barriers at frequencies expected by uninhibited movement. Siblings separated by greater distances were more likely to be foraging on different floral species, potentially suggesting a resource‐based motivation for movement. 4. These results suggest that bumble bee foraging patterns are influenced by species‐specific differences in movement capacity, with little influence of matrix composition between resource patches. They also support the perspective that habitat conservation for bumble bees should prioritise providing abundant and diverse patches of resources within species‐specific movement radii with less emphasis on matrix composition.
Resistance-Conferring Mutations on Whole-Genome Sequencing of Fluoroquinolone-resistant and -Susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates: A Proposed Threshold for Identifying Resistance.

Background Fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is conferred by DNA gyrase mutations, but not all fluoroquinolone-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates have mutations detected. The optimal allele frequency threshold to identify resistance-conferring mutations by whole-genome sequencing is unknown. Methods Phenotypically ofloxacin-resistant and lineage-matched ofloxacin-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing at an average coverage depth of 868 reads. Polymorphisms within the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and gyrB were identified. The allele frequency threshold using the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) pipeline was ~8%; allele-level data identified the predominant variant allele frequency and mutational burden (i.e., sum of all variant allele frequencies in the QRDR) in gyrA, gyrB, and gyrA + gyrB for each isolate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed the optimal measure of allele frequency and potential thresholds for identifying phenotypically- resistant isolates. Results Of 42 ofloxacin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates, area under the ROC curve was highest for predominant variant allele frequency, so that measure was used to evaluate optimal mutation detection thresholds. Areas under the ROC curve for 8%, 2.5%, and 0.8% thresholds were 0.8452, 0.9286, and 0.9069, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were (69%,100%) for 8%; (86%,100%) for 2.5%;(91%,91%) for 0.8%. The sensitivity of the 2.5% and 0.8% thresholds were significantly higher than the 8% threshold(P=0.016 and P=0.004, respectively) but not significantly different between one another(P=0.5). Conclusions A predominant mutation allele frequency threshold of 2.5% had the highest area under the ROC curve for detecting DNA gyrase mutations that confer ofloxacin resistance, and was therefore the optimal threshold.