cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Love or money: The effect of CEO divorce on firm risk and compensation

Abstract I find lower firm risk in the year of a CEO divorce. This lower volatility is consistent with a reduction in risk incentives, as CEOs pay large divorce settlements and are less able to diversify firm-specific risk from their portfolios. Divorce has a larger impact on firms with cash-poor CEOs who lack diversification. Cash flow and accruals have lower volatility in the year of divorce, which is likely due to smoother discretionary expenses. The sensitivity of compensation to both price and volatility is significantly higher after divorce, suggesting compensation incentives adjust to portfolio incentives, with total compensation increasing by over $2 million on average. I find no evidence the results relate to increased distraction or alternative explanations.
Shaped beams: unlocking new geometry for efficient structures

Society is building at an unprecedented rate: to house over 200,000 people moving to cities each day building stock will need to double by 2060. Importantly, the embodied carbon of construction due to material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, and demolition accounts for 11% of global carbon emissions, and this number is only expected to rise. With no end to construction in sight, it is essential that we develop better building practices. The research presented in this paper begins with the critical issue of embodied energy in horizontal structural systems. In high-rise buildings, between 60 and 80% of the mass and embodied energy of the structure can be found in the floors, suggesting a compelling starting point for materially efficient design. A reduction in a floor system’s mass can lead to a similar reduction in the mass of vertical (columns, walls) and lateral systems. This paper focuses on the design of horizontal spanning elements, such as floor beams and slabs, and has two parts. The first part evaluates and compares historic methods of shaped beam design and classical methods of structural optimization. The second part presents a new flexible method of beam shape optimization. These design methods for structural efficiency allow us to build far more with far less, reducing the environmental and economic costs of construction while meeting the demands of a growing population.
Optimal Dynamic Information Acquisition

In this paper, I studied an information acquisition problem: a decision maker acquires information about payoff relevant states to facilitate decision making. My primary focus is on flexibility: the decision maker can choose any dynamic signal process as information source, subject to cost on signal informativeness in unit time. I fully characterized optimal learning dynamics with posterior separable informativeness measure: the decision maker will seek for an informative evidence arriving as a Poisson process which Confirms prior belief and lead to Immediate action . Learning has Increasing precision and Decreasing intensity over time. Moreover, I showed that the learning dynamics has a proper discrete time foundation and optimality of Poisson is robust to general informativeness measure.
Evaluation of 9 treatments, including notreatment, for efficacy against 21 different bovine mastitis pathogens

Milk culture results from approximately 540,000 cows housed in approximately 3,500 dairy herds located in New York and northern Pennsylvania were retrospectively reviewed. 9563 cases included in analysis were cultured in consecutive months, had permanent cow identification, records of clinical mastitis signs (if present), records of whether mastitis was treated with an antibiotic, unknown or antibiotic combination, or no treatment at all. Overall bacteriological cure rate was 68.0% (6503/9563); subclinical cases, 67.9% cure rate (6311/9290), did not differ from clinical cases, 70.3% cure rate (192/273). Treated cases had a higher cure rate (75.3%) than untreated cases (64.8%). Antibiotic treatments that significantly differed from the overall cure rate of 68.0% were: amoxicillin 82.4%; unknown/combined treatments 76.3%; erythromycin 76.2%; cloxacillin 73.6%; pirlimycin 43.8%. Cephapirin, hetacillin, and penicillin did not differ from the mean cure rate or from the untreated cure rate. Agents for which some antibiotics were associated with increased cure rates, compared with no treatment, included Streptococcus agalactiae, streptococci other than Strep ag, and Corynebacterium bovis. The antibiotic most commonly associated with higher cure rates was amoxicillin. Most mastitis agents showed no difference in bacteriologic cure rates in association with any treatment, including no treatment.
Code Liberation - a Tool for Refitting Code to a Parallel Envionment

Extended applications of the Code Liberation technique are presented, showing it to be a unified and efficient approach to the solution of several problems of interest in the parallel environment: the computation of global dataflow, application of parallelizing transformations, program partitioning, and debugging parallelized code. The technique (presented elsewhere in detail) is presented in overview. It enables programs to be transformed or analyzed in an equivalent single assignment form. Storage enlargement is controlled by a second stage which reclaims unneeded names.
Molecular Spectroscopy by Stepwise Two-Photon Ion-Pair Production at 71 nm

The Rydberg states of H2 have been a continuing subject of intensive study by various research groups.[l-4] However, understanding of the high lying electronic states of this molecule has been inhibited by the lack of spectroscopic data in the region < 75 nm. Experimental studies have been difficult because spectroscopic features are generally buried under an intense absorption or photoionization continuum.[5] Intense, high-resolution excitation sources are not easily available. Recent developments on tun-able, narrowband, coherent XUV sources [6] provide new means of studying the spectroscopy in this region with high resolution (± .0005 nm). We have applied the technique of stepwise two-photon excitation to study photoionization of H2 in a molecular beam using the two lowest excited states of H2 as the intermediate level. This excitation, coupled with the detection of background-free H- ions has enabled us to uncover, for the first time, spectroscopic features that are difficult to observe in positive ion detection.[7] These features have been successfully assigned to new Rydberg series converging to the high vibrations of the H2 + ground electronic state.
Effect of high-selenium wheat on visceral organ mass, and intestinal cellularity and vascularity in finishing beef steers

Twelve crossbred steers (351 +/- 24 kg initial BW) were used to determine effects of high-Se wheat on visceral tissue mass, intestinal cell growth, and intestinal cellularity and vascularity. Steers were allotted randomly by BW to one of two treatments consisting of 75% concentrate diets that supplied 1) adequate Se concentration (7 to 12 microg x kg x BW(-1) x d(-1)) or 2) high-Se concentration (60 to 70 microg x kg x BW(-1) x d(-1)). Diets were similar in composition, including 25% grass hay, 25% wheat, 39% corn, 5% desugared molasses, and 6% wheat middlings supplement on a DM basis. In the Se treatment, high-Se wheat (10 ppm Se, DM basis) was replaced with low-Se wheat (0.35 ppm Se, DM basis). Diets were formulated to be similar in CP and energy (14.0% CP, 2.12 Mcal of NEm/kg, and 1.26 Mcal NEg/kg of DM) and were offered daily (1500) to individual steers in an electronic feeding system. Diets were fed at 2.38% BW. After 126 d, steers were slaughtered, and individual visceral tissue weights determined. Concentrations of DNA, RNA, and protein of duodenum, ileum, and total small intestine were not affected (P > or = 0.33) by treatment. Similarly, RNA:DNA and protein:DNA ratios in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and whole small intestine were not (P > or = 0.33) affected by feeding high-Se wheat. Conversely, jejunal weight was greater (P < 0.002) in steers fed high-Se wheat than in controls (916 vs. 1,427 +/- 84 g). Jejunal DNA was increased (P < 0.04) in steers fed high-Se wheat (2.95 vs. 3.56 +/- 0.19 mg/g), suggesting increased cell number. Concentrations of jejunal RNA and protein were not altered by treatment; however, because the jejunal weight increased in high-Se steers, DNA, RNA, and protein contents (grams) were greater than in control steers (P < 0.05). Vascularity of jejunal tissue decreased (P < 0.10) with high-Se wheat; however, because jejunal mass was greater for the high-Se wheat treatment, total microvascular volume was not affected by treatment. Percentage of jejunal crypt cell proliferation was not affected (P = 0.48) by treatment; however, total number of cells proliferating within the jejunum was increased in steers fed high-Se wheat. Data indicate that the lower jejunal vascularity in the diet high in Se (provided from wheat) may have resulted in increased jejunal mass to meet physiological nutrient demand. Therefore, negative effects of Se level used in this study on productive performance of feedlot steers are not expected.
Theory of neutron scattering as a probe of the superconducting gap in the iron pnictides

Inelastic neutron scattering provides a probe for studying the spin and momentum structure of the superconducting gap. Here, using a two-orbital model for the Fe-pnictide superconductors and a random-phase approximation--BCS approximation for the dynamic spin susceptibility, we explore the scattering response for various gaps that have been proposed.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Meso‐Porous Frameworks

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention as a new type of prospective materials with various metrics and functionalities. In comparison with microporous MOFs (pore size < 2 nm), mesoporous metal–organic frameworks (mesoMOFs) have largely expanded the utility of MOFs on diverse fields because of their enlarged pore size (2–50 nm) as well as the special characteristics of the mesoporous cages or channels, such as the shape and chemical environments. Herein the strategies for the design and synthesis of mesoMOFs and the structural features of representative mesoMOFs under different catalogs are reviewed. Recent advances of mesoMOFs in diverse applications are also covered, such as gas storage and separation, catalysis, sensing and drug delivery, and the relationship between their functions and the structural specificities are discussed as well. Keywords: metal–organic frameworks; mesoporous; gas storage; gas separation; catalysis; biocatalysis; sensors; drug delivery
Spatial patterns of drought persistence in the Southeastern United States

Short-term drought forecasting can be aided with an understanding of the likelihood of dry periods persisting from one season to the next. This research examines drought persistence in the Southeastern United States by identifying spatial patterns of seasonal drought frequency and persistence, using logistic regression to calculate the odds and probability of drought persisting from one season to the next, and examining the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought persistence in the Southeast. The 3-month climate division-scale Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) data from 1895 to 2011 is used to examine meteorological drought. Logistic regression is well-suited to examining a binary independent variable (drought or no drought) and also circumvents many of the assumptions that limit linear regression. Results show generally weak seasonal drought persistence throughout the region. However, we do find that some areas in the Southeast United States, like North-Central Alabama are more prone to drought and drought persistence than others. Logistic regression model outcome shows that the probability of spring drought varies as a strong function of winter SPI in the central Southeast United States region. While areas in the western portion of the study region, including Texas and Oklahoma are more prone to summer-to-fall drought persistence, as the probability of fall drought is strongly related to summer SPI. Overall we conclude that seasonal drought forecasts are difficult in the Southeast United States because of infrequent drought persistence. However, the logistic regression model does provide an accurate method for probabilistic seasonal drought forecasts in the region.
A neuro-computational model of economic decisions.

Neuronal recordings and lesion studies indicate that key aspects of economic decisions take place in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Previous work identified in this area three groups of neurons en...
Real-time and functional optical coherence tomography

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a novel biomedical imaging technique which uses low-coherence optical interferometry to obtain micron-scale resolution tomographic images of sub-surface tissue structure noninvasively. We report on recent technical advances in OCT which have enhanced its potential for biological research and for minimally invasive medical diagnostics. We have developed OCT scanners compatible with minimally invasive delivery technologies (i.e., biomicroscopy, endoscopy) capable of imaging up to video rate. Clinical studies of OCT imaging in the eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tissues are under way which demonstrate the capability for quantitative morphometry on the micron scale, reproducible image contrast between tissue layers, and differentiation between normal and pathological tissue states. We have also developed novel functional imaging extensions to OCT including spectroscopic, Doppler flow, and polarization-sensitive enhancements which take advantage of the altered spectral or directional content of backscattered light to provide enhanced image contrast. Color Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (CDOCT) is an extension to OCT which performs micron-scale resolution imaging flow velocimetry in biological tissues and other scattering media. We report on autocorrelation-based signal processing approaches for real-time rendering of Color Doppler OCT imagery in the physiological range of velocities from less than 1 min/sec to greater than 1 cm/sec. Demonstrated applications include the use of CDOCT for imaging of flow and flow dynamics in human retinal vessels, as well as intracardiac flow and turbulence in a developmental biology model.
Minimizing Infant Exposure to and Risks from Medications while Breastfeeding

The advantages of breastfeeding to the mother and newborn are many. Lactating mothers frequently ask about the safety of taking medications and the risk to their newborn. It is well established that all drugs are excreted into breast milk. However, most medications appear in only small amounts within the breast milk. With the availability of numerous resources on drug use while breastfeeding, a medication can be identified as contraindicated or compatible with breastfeeding. By understanding the anatomy of the breast, principles of lactation, and drug passage into breast milk, an approach to minimize the transfer of the medications in the breast milk to the newborn can be developed. The plan should usually support and encourage the mother to continue to breastfeed her infant.
The origin of remyelinating cells in the adult central nervous system: The role of the mature oligodendrocyte

The sequence of events by which new oligodendrocytes are generated in the adult mammalian central nervous system has not been clearly defined. Here we review old evidence that remyelinating cells can arise from the division of mature oligodendrocytes. In addition, we report the results of a tissue culture study comparing oligodendrocytes and immature progenitors with regard to their capacity for proliferation, for the generation of new oligodendrocytes and for myelination. Monoclonal antibodies 04 and 01 were used to distinguish oligodendrocytes (04+01+) from progenitors (04+01-). Dissociated cell suspensions from adult rat spinal cord were separated by flow cytometry into 01+ and 01- cell fractions, at greater than 93% purity. The 01+ fraction contained approximately 0.7% 04+01- cells while the 01- fraction contained approximately 4.4% 04+01- cells. Cells from these fractions were plated onto cultures of purified dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons. The cultures that received 01+ cells developed numerous expanding colonies of cells expressing both 01 and 04, or 04 only, by 8 days and were essentially covered by oligodendrocytes by 16 days. In marked contrast, oligodendrocyte colonies were rare in cultures receiving 01- cells. By 24 days, myelination was extensive in cultures receiving 01+ cells; in contrast, only a few myelin segments were observed in cultures receiving the 01- fraction. Thus, oligodendrocytes (01+ cells) appear more capable than progenitors (04+01-) of generating new myelinating oligodendrocytes in this culture system.
Ab Initio Prediction of the Rotation-Vibration Spectrum of H 3 + and D 3 +

The first few lines in the $P$, $Q$, and $R$ branches of the rotation-vibration spectra of the equilateral-triangle molecular ions ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{3}^{+}$, obtained by ab initio nonperturbative calculations, are reported. Comparison with observations indicates an accuracy better than 1% was obtained for both the infrared-active fundamental vibration frequency and the equilibrium internuclear distances.
HUB NETWORK DESIGN WITH SINGLE AND MULTIPLE ALLOCATION: A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY

Abstract We present exact solutions for hub location models and discuss sensitivity of these solutions to the interhub discount factor. Both multiple and single hub allocations are considered. We employ a linearization that is smaller than any previously used, and we determine the number of variables and constraints. This formulation is used to make extensive computations. Specifically, we include runs for a standard test problem for 3 and 4 hubs, and n = 10, 15, 20 and 25 origins and destinations, although the case with 25 origins and destinations is still large enough to require us to present results for fewer parameter combinations than for the other cases. The results show that the integer-friendliness of the formulation depends on the value of α. A new result in this paper is a determination of the optimal number of hubs as the fixed costs and interhub discount factors change.
Path integral formulation of mean-field perturbation theory

Abstract We develop a convenient functional integration method for performing mean-field approximations in quantum field theories. This method is illustrated by applying it to a self-interacting φ 4 scalar field theory and a J μ J μ four-Fermion field theory. To solve the φ 4 theory we introduce an auxiliary field χ and rewrite the Lagrangian so that the interaction term has the form χφ 2 . The vacuum generating functional is then expressed as a path integral over the fields χ and φ. Since the χ field is introduced to make the action no more than quadratic in φ, we do the φ integral exactly. Then we use Laplace's method to expand the remaining χ integral in an asymptotic series about the mean field χ 0 . We show that there is a simple diagrammatic interpretation of this expansion in terms of the mean-field propagator for the elementary field φ and the mean-field bound-state propagator for the composite field χ. The φ and χ propagators appear in these diagrams with the same topological structure that would have been obtained by expanding in the same manner a χφ 2 field theory in which χ and φ are both elementary fields. We therefore argue that by renormalizing these theories so that the mean-field propagators are equivalent, the two theories are described by the same renormalized Green's functions containing the same three parameters, μ 2 , m 2 , and g . The quartic theory is completely specified by the renormalized masses μ 2 and m 2 of the χ and φ fields. These two masses determine the coupling constant g = g ( μ 2 , m 2 ). The cubic theory depends on μ 2 and m 2 and a third parameter g 0 , g = g ( μ 2 , m 2 , g 0 ), where g 0 is the bare coupling constant. We indicate that g ( μ 2 , m 2 , g 0 ) ⩽ g ( μ 2 , m 2 ) with equality obtained only in the limit g 0 → ∞. When g 0 → ∞ the wave function renormalization constant for the χ field in the cubic theory vanishes, and the cubic theory becomes identical to the quartic theory. Our approach guarantees that all quartic theories have the same graphical topology in the mean-field approximation. To illustrate this we show that the mean-field expansion of the four-Fermion current-current interaction theory is renormalizable and reproduces the results of the usual vector meson theory. A coupling-constant eigenvalue condition is derived which could serve to distinguish current-current interactions from normal electrodynamics.
Escherichia coli B 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine cobalamin methyltransferase: resolution and reconstitution of holoenzyme.

Abstract Extensively purified E. coli B cobalamin methyltransferase was resolved into an apoenzyme plus an unbound, 1-electron-reduced, cobalamin (B 12r ) upon incubation for 15 min at 37 ° with 6.0 m urea containing dithiothreitol (DTT). Apoenzyme which had been prepared by urea resolution was reconstituted 75–80% into a radioactive holoenzyme complex upon a 5-min incubation at 37 ° with 10 nmoles of either methyl- 14 CB 12 or propyl- 14 CB 12 per mg of protein. Reconstituted methyl- 14 CB 12 enzyme was light-stable (100 W tungsten lamp, 0 °) unless acidified and was almost completely demethylated by homocysteine. Incubation of resolved apoenzyme with deoxyadenosyl-B 12 , hydroxy-B 12 , cyano-B 12 , B 12r , diaquocobinamide, and methylcobinamide resulted in negligible holoenzyme formation. However, under the same conditions sulfito-B 12 yielded 48–52% holoenzyme. Urea-prepared apoenzyme differed from the purified B 12 holoenzyme with respect to its sedimentation coefficient. Based on a sedimentation coefficient of 7.0 S for the purified B 12 holoenzyme the apoenzyme sedimented at a slightly slower rate with a relative coefficient equal to 6.2 S . Binding methyl-B 12 ( 3 H) to the apoenzyme yielded a reconstituted methyl-B 12 ( 3 H) holoenzyme with a sedimentation coefficient of 7.0 S . Unpurified holoenzyme and unpurified apoenzyme in cell-free, sonic extracts also centrifuged differently, like purified holoenzyme and urea-resolved apoenzyme, respectively.
Mapping the Operation of the Miniature Combustion Aerosol Standard (Mini-CAST) Soot Generator

The Jing Ltd. miniature combustion aerosol standard (Mini-CAST) soot generator is a portable, commercially available burner that is widely used for laboratory measurements of soot processes. While many studies have used the Mini-CAST to generate soot with known size, concentration, and organic carbon fraction under a single or few conditions, there has been no systematic study of the burner operation over a wide range of operating conditions. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the microphysical, chemical, morphological, and hygroscopic properties of Mini-CAST soot over the full range of oxidation air and mixing N2 flow rates. Very fuel-rich and fuel-lean flame conditions are found to produce organic-dominated soot with mode diameters of 10–60 nm, and the highest particle number concentrations are produced under fuel-rich conditions. The lowest organic fraction and largest diameter soot (70–130 nm) occur under slightly fuel-lean conditions. Moving from fuel-rich to fuel-lean conditions al...
Standardization of coccidioidin by bioassay in guinea pigs.

SummaryA bioassay for mycotic sensitins has been developed which yields a potency ratio with confidence limits for new lots of sensitin relative to a standard lot. The standard and test sensitins are injected intrader-mally into homologously sensitized guinea pigs and the diameters of the resulting skin reactions are submitted to a Control Data 3200 computor programmed to perform an analysis of variance and regression analysis. The potency ratio obtained by this procedure can be used as a dilution factor for the standardization of new lots of sensitin.The practicality and reproducibility of the bioassay as a standardization procedure was demonstrated by assays of coccidioidin from 4 strains of Coccidioides immitis. Coccidioidin Gasket was found to be equal in potency to standard coccidioidin while coccidioidin Rystead was found to be less potent. Coccidioidin from strains F842 and Ruddy were unsuitable for standardization as skin test antigens by this procedure.
Diagrammatic displays for engineered systems: effects on human performance in interacting with malfunctioning systems

Abstract Computer graphics displays make it possible to display both the topological structure of a system in the form of a schematic diagram and information about its current state using color-coding and animation. Such displays should be especially valuable as user interfaces for decision support systems and expert systems for managing complex systems. This report describes three experiments on the cognitive aspects of such displays. Two experiments involved both fault diagnosis and system operation using a very simple artificial system; one involved a complex real system in a fault diagnosis task. The major factors of interest concerned the topological content of the display—principally, the extent to which the system structural relationships were visually explicit, and the availability and visual presentation of state information. Displays containing a topologically complete diagram presenting task-relevant state information at the corresponding point on the diagram appear to be superior to displays that violate these principles. A short set of guidelines for the design of such displays is listed.
Interphase Cytogenetics of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Precursor Lesions

Abstract Limited information is currently available on chromosomal abnormalities in esophageal adenocarcinoma and associated premalignant lesions. In this study, numeric changes affecting chromosomes 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, X, and Y were analyzed by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific centromere DNA probes in 12 esophageal adenocarcinomas. In addition, TP53 overexpression, measured by immunohistochemistry, and amplification of HER-2/neu and C- MYC , detected by FISH, were analyzed within the same tumors. The most common numeric abnormalities detected were gains of chromosomes 12 (8 cases), 6 (7 cases), 7 (7 cases), and 11 (6 cases). The total number of abnormal chromosomes varied from 0 to 10, with an average of 4.6 per case. Overexpression of TP53 was present in 9 of 12 cases. No correlation was noted between the degree of aneusomy and TP53 overexpression. In contrast, HER-2/neu amplification was present in two cases, both with large numbers of aneusomic chromosomes. Amplification of C- MYC was detected in only one case that had a moderate number of numeric abnormalities. In a subset of cases in which premalignant lesions were examined, aneusomy was found to be an early change, frequently present in both Barrett's esophagus and dysplastic regions. In contrast, gene amplification and TP53 overexpression were restricted to more advanced areas of dysplasia and malignancy. Screening larger cohorts of patients with Barrett's esophagus or dysplasia for numeric abnormalities of chromosomes 6, 7, 11, and 12 may determine whether any of these abnormalities are predictive markers of progression to malignancy.
So, What's Behind Adult English Second Language Reading?

Abstract This study investigated the relationship of first language (L1) grammatical knowledge to English second language reading (ESLR), with the objective of understanding this relationship in the context of the transfer of L1 skills to second language (L2) academic processes. Fifty-five adult, native Spanish-speaking Englishlanguage learners were given 4 assessments. Spanish reading accounted for 10% of the variance of ESLR, supporting the Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis, and English grammar accounted for 8% of the variance, supporting the Linguistic Threshold Hypothesis. The results imply that transfer from the L1 might operate differently in adult ESLR than it does with children. An ESLR adult model is proposed, which predicts that some ESLR students will require a curriculum that provides a highly intensive focus on L2 language, grammar, and reading skills.
Output parameters for thermoelectric modules based on metal/Last(T) hot side contacts. Part II

This investigation reports the output parameters of thermoelectric modules on based on metal/LAST(T) hot side contacts.
Reduced hypoglycemic episodes and improved glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes using insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a new long-acting basal insulin, insulin glargine (IG), in children with type 1 diabetes. Study design Data from 114 subjects, age 2 to 18 years (mean, 12.2 years; 54 boys, 60 girls), were collected for 9 months before and 9 months after IG treatment. During IG therapy, all subjects received morning neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (given with insulin lispro; Humalog) to provide daytime insulin coverage. The numbers of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemic events, hemoglobin A1c values, body weight, and daily insulin dose were recorded at each clinic visit. Results The mean (±1 SEM) frequency of nonsevere hypoglycemic events per week decreased from 2.0±0.1 to 1.3±0.1 ( P P =.18), 9.3±0.1% at 6 months ( P =.03), and 9.3±0.1% at 9 months ( P =.01). Conclusion Insulin glargine therapy can reduce hypoglycemic episodes in children and adolescents with suboptimal glucose control without jeopardizing glycemic control.
Evaluation of Single‐Agent Mitoxantrone as Chemotherapy for Relapsing Canine Lymphoma

Many chemotherapeutic regimens will induce remission in dogs with lymphoma, but almost all dogs suffer relapse. Mitoxantrone was selected for evaluation as single-agent chemotherapy for relapsing canine lymphoma based on its use in humans undergoing salvage chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and its tumoricidal effect against canine lymphoma. Dogs entered into study had multicentric lymphoma, and all had been treated solely with a standard combination chemotherapy protocol. At 1st relapse, all dogs were again staged and underwent lymph node biopsy. Mitoxantrone was administered IV at 6 mg/m2 every 21 days. Dogs were evaluated for lymphadenopathy before each dose of mitoxantrone. Fifteen dogs were entered into study. The average age (+/- SEM) of the dogs studied was 7.7 +/- 0.91 years, and most dogs were large (mean +/- SEM weight, 24.44 +/- 2.15 kg). Twelve dogs (80%) had B-cell lymphoma, and 3 had T-cell lymphoma. Dogs were staged IV (n = 12) or V (n = 3). The median duration of chemotherapy before entry into the study was 98 days. Overall median duration of response after mitoxantrone chemotherapy was 21 days. Complete responses were attained in 7 of 15 dogs (47%) with a median response duration of 84 days. Nine of 15 (60%) dogs attained a complete remission with additional chemotherapy after failing mitoxantrone chemotherapy. Mild toxicities were observed after mitoxantrone administration. No adverse reactions were observed during mitoxantrone infusions. The results of this study demonstrate that mitoxantrone, as a single agent, has limited value for dogs with lymphoma at 1st relapse after conventional multidrug chemotherapy.
Mechanically Stimulated Contraction of Engineered Cardiac Constructs Using a Microcantilever

The beating heart undergoes cyclic mechanical and electrical activity during systole and diastole. The interaction between mechanical stimulation and propagation of the depolarization wavefront is important for understanding not just normal sinus rhythm, but also mechanically induced cardiac arrhythmia. This study presents a new platform to study mechanoelectrical coupling in a 3-D in vitro model of the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts are seeded within extracellular matrix proteins and form constructs constrained by microfabricated tissue gauges that provide in situ measurement of contractile function. The microcantilever of an atomic force microscope is indented into the construct at varying magnitudes and frequencies to cause a coordinated contraction. The results indicate that changes in indentation depth and frequency do not significantly affect the magnitude of contraction, but increasing indentation frequency significantly increases the contractile velocity. Overall, this study demonstrates the validity of this platform as a means to study mechanoelectrical coupling in a 3-D setting, and to investigate the mechanism underlying mechanically stimulated contraction.
Care of Central Nervous System Injuries

The primary method of improving outcome from traumatic brain injury is through avoiding secondary insults to the injured brain. Although surgery is important, most management is critical care. Evidence-based guidelines continue to be developed to assist in directing care. With modern monitoring systems, a physiologic-based approach is increasingly applicable, allowing focused treatment for intracranial hypertension and ischemia. It is important to balance and integrate the care of the injured brain into the overall care of the polytrauma patient.
Biophysical mechanism of the scavenger site near T cell-presented epitopes

We seek to identify consensus sequences in digested fragments of antigenic proteins regulating selection and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted presentation to T cells of epitopes within those fragments. One such pattern, of recurrent, hydrophobic sidechains forming a longitudinal hydrophobic strip when a sequence is coiled as an alpha-helix, is found in or near most T cell-presented epitopes. Such recurrent hydrophobicity may lead to protease-protected coiling of the fragment against endosomal membranes and transfer to MHC molecules. This concept leads to better identification of T cell-presented sequences and possible to engineering of T cell-presented vaccines to affect their potency and MHC restriction.
Natural Convection in a Cylindrical Porous Enclosure With Internal Heat Generation

A numerical study is performed on natural convection inside a cylindrical enclosure filled with a volumetrically heated, saturated porous medium for the case when the vertical wall is isothermal and the horizontal walls are either adiabatic or isothermally cooled. When the horizontal walls are insulated, the flow in the cavity is unicellular and the temperature field in upper layers is highly stratified. However, if the top wall is cooled, there may exist a multicellular flow and an unstable thermal stratification in the upper region of the cylinder. Under the influence of weak convection, the maximum temperature in the cavity can be considerably higher than that predicted for pure conduction. The local heat flux on the bounding walls is generally a strong function of the Rayleigh number, the aspect ratio, and the wall boundary conditions. The heat removal on the cold upper surface decreases with the aspect ratio, thereby increasing the Nusselt number on the vertical wall. The effect of Rayleigh number is, however, not straightforward. Several correlations are presented for the maximum cavity temperature and the overall Nusselt number.
Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis, a complication of measles

Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis is a very serious infection which affects the larynx, trachea and bronchi, requiring aggressive therapeutic measures. It has been recently rediscovered as a cause of disease in children. However, it is a very unusual complication of measles. Two infants with measles and membranous laryngotracheobronchitis are reported.
Operation of a 3He proportional counter in the Ganymede radiation environment

Abstract Neutron spectroscopy has the potential to address many of the scientific objectives of the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter mission. The most significant challenge is understanding the response of a neutron spectrometer to the intense radiation environment around Ganymede. This study uses data from the Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer to benchmark simulations of the performance of a similar instrument in Ganymede orbit. A solar particle event observed by the Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer serves as a surrogate for the charged particle environment around Ganymede, facilitating a study of the instrument response using data acquired in an environment very similar to the radiation environment found at Ganymede. Based on the conclusions of this study, modifications to a Lunar Prospector-style neutron spectrometer are suggested to allow for the operation of such an instrument in Ganymede orbit. Simulations of the expected signal, based on current models of the surface composition, show this instrument would be capable of compositionally characterizing the nature and extent of surface ice deposits.
Modeling and sensitivity analysis on the transport of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in saturated sand: Effects of ionic strength, flow rate, and nanoparticle concentration

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles have been widely used in various consumer products and there are growing concerns regarding their exposure in the environment. This study deals with the modeling, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of one-dimensional transport of nano-sized (~ 82 nm) aluminum oxide particles in saturated sand. The transport of aluminum oxide nanoparticles was modeled using a two-kinetic-site model with a blocking function. The modeling was done at different ionic strengths, flow rates, and nanoparticle concentrations. The two sites representing fast and slow attachments along with a blocking term yielded good agreement with the experimental results from the column studies of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. The same model was used to simulate breakthrough curves under different conditions using experimental data and calculated 95% confidence bounds of the generated breakthroughs. The sensitivity analysis results showed that slow attachment was the most sensitive parameter for high influent concentrations (e.g. 150 mg/L Al2O3) and the maximum solid phase retention capacity (related to blocking function) was the most sensitive parameter for low concentrations (e.g. 50 mg/L Al2O3).
Bronchial rupture after sled trauma in a 13-year-old boy.

13-year-old boy affected by a high-energy trauma A(sled against tree) was admitted to the emergency department with respiratory distress and bradycardia. Roentgenography of the chest showed extended subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral pneumothoraces, and pulmonary consolidations (Fig 1). Computed tomography revealed massive subcutaneous emphysema, severe pneumomediastinum, bilateral pneumothoraces, peritoneal and retroperitoneal air, rib fractures, and bilateral pulmonary contusions. On axial, coronal, sagittal lung window, and minimum intensity projection (MinIP) reconstructions of the chest, the posterior wall of the intermediate bronchus was not identified, and contiguity existed between the air in the airway and that in the mediastinum—all signs of bronchial rupture (Fig 2). Bronchoscopy followed by thoracotomy confirmed the intermediate bronchus rupture, which involved the middle lobe and Nelson bronchi as well. A reimplantation
Involvement of articular cartilage in a linear relaxation process during walking.

A KNEE joint consists essentially of a pair of articulating bone surfaces lined with cartilage; the latter is swollen with an aqueous solution of protein and salts and contained within a sac (synovial membrane). The solution to problems of friction and wear in the normal joint has attracted attention to the properties of the bearing material, articular cartilage—a composite macromolecular gel made up chiefly of collagen and various mucopolysaccharides, together with 70–80 per cent fluid. In several in vitro studies, articular cartilage has been separated from bone, cut into simple geometric shapes and subjected to compressive loading. It has been repeatedly observed1–4 that, after the application of load, cartilage expresses a portion of its fluid within between 20 and 60 min, at the end of which the weight of transferred fluid reaches a constant level (Fig. 1). When the load is removed, fluid gradually re-enters the cartilage and swells it; eventually, the fluid content returns to its original level3,4.
Genetic Animal Models of Preconditioning

The preconditioning phenomena have been well established in heart as well as brain. In this review, we detail some of the original studies on preconditioning as well as studies from our lab using rodents and a genetic model system (fruit fly). We have used Drosophila in our lab to solve some of the questions related to tolerance or susceptibility to hypoxia. We believe that these pro-survival strategies and genetic pathways help us understand some of the preconditioning mechanisms that protect the brain from ischemia or ischemia.
Antimicrobial surfaces containing cationic nanoparticles: How immobilized, clustered, and protruding cationic charge presentation affects killing activity and kinetics

This work examines how the antimicrobial (killing) activity of net-negative surfaces depends on the presentation of antimicrobial cationic functionality: distributed versus clustered, and flat clusters versus raised clusters. Specifically, the ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus by sparsely distributed 10 nm cationic nanoparticles, immobilized on a negative surface and backfilled with a PEG (polyethylene glycol) brush, was compared with that for a dense layer of the same immobilized nanoparticles. Additionally, sparsely distributed 10 nm poly-L-lysine (PLL) coils, adsorbed to a surface to produce flat cationic "patches" and backfilled with a PEG brush were compared to a saturated adsorbed layer of PLL. The latter resembled classical uniformly cationic antimicrobial surfaces. The protrusion of the cationic clusters substantially influenced killing but the surface concentration of the clusters had minor impact, as long as bacteria adhered. When surfaces were functionalized at the minimum nanoparticle and patch densities needed for bacterial adhesion, killing activity was substantial within 30 min and nearly complete within 2 h. Essentially identical killing was observed on more densely functionalized surfaces. Surfaces containing protruding (by about 8 nm) nanoparticles accomplished rapid killing (at 30 min) compared with surfaces containing similarly cationic but flat features (PLL patches). Importantly, the overall surface density of cationic functionality within the clusters was lower than reported thresholds for antimicrobial action. Also surprising, the nanoparticles were far more deadly when surface-immobilized compared with free in solution. These findings support a killing mechanism involving interfacial stress.
Maximizing early detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via SILAC-proteomics.

Commentary to: SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach to identify potential biomarkers from the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma secretome Manoj Kumar Kashyap, H. C. Harsha, Santosh Renuse, Harsh Pawar, Nandini A. Sahasrabuddhe, Min-Sik Kim, Arivusudar Marimuthu, Shivakumar Keerthikumar, Babylakshmi Muthusamy, Kumaran Kandasamy, Yashwanth Subbannayya, Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad, Riaz Mahmood, Raghothama Chaerkady, Stephen Meltzer, Rekha V. Kumar, Anil K. Rustgi and Akhilesh Pandey
Enhancement of children's self-esteem through social support training for youth sport coaches.

The authors examined the impact of coaching behaviors on players' self-enhancement processes. Eight baseball coaches attended a preseason workshop designed to increase their supportiveness and instructional effectiveness. Behavioral guidelines were presented and modeled. A no-treatment control group had 10 coaches. Boys (N = 152) in both groups were interviewed pre- and postseason. Trained coaches differed from controls in player-perceived behaviors in accordance with the guidelines. They were evaluated more positively by their players, their players had more fun, and their teams exhibited a higher level of attraction among players, despite the fact that their teams did not differ from controls in won-lost records. Consistent with a self-esteem enhancement model, findings showed that boys with low self-esteem who played for the trained coaches exhibited significant increases in general self-esteem; low self-esteem youngsters in the control group did not. Language: en
Fate of endogenously synthesized cholesterol in Niemann-Pick type C1 cells.

Mammalian cells obtain cholesterol via two pathways: endogenous synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and exogenous sources mainly through the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor pathway. We performed pulse-chase experiments to monitor the fate of endogenously synthesized cholesterol and showed that, after reaching the plasma membrane from the endoplasmic reticulum, the newly synthesized cholesterol eventually accumulates in an internal compartment in Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) cells. Thus, the ultimate fate of endogenously synthesized cholesterol in NPC1 cells is the same as LDL-derived cholesterol. However, the time required for endogenous cholesterol to accumulate internally is much slower than LDL-derived cholesterol. Different pathways thus govern the post-plasma membrane trafficking of endogenous cholesterol and LDL-derived cholesterol to the internal compartment. Results using the inhibitorN-butyldeoxynojirimycin, which depletes cellular complex glycosphingolipids, demonstrates that the cholesterol trafficking defect in NPC1 cells is not caused by ganglioside accumulation. The ultimate cause of death in NPC disease is progressive neurological deterioration in the central nervous system, where the major source of cholesterol is derived from endogenous synthesis. Our current study provides a plausible link between defects in intracellular trafficking of endogenous cholesterol and the etiology of Niemann-Pick type C disease.
Facilitating Diabetes Self-Management:

The purpose of this study was to enhance sensitivity to and understanding of the perceptions of persons with diabetes by analyzing these individuals' unsolicited comments on structured questionnaires. Twenty of 66 adults with tion-insuliti-depeizdetit diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who participated in a study to modify their eating habits wrote a total of 122 unsolicited comments on three different questionnaires. A systematic analysis of the content of these comments resulted in seven coding categories: personal philosophy; knowledge deficit; weight or blood sugar problems; diet, exercise, or medication problems; self-care activity; stress; and success. Further analysis resulted in a trilevel schema (survival, regulation, success) depicting how individuals learn to manage their diabetes. The problem-identification and seeking-help behaviors identified in the survival level gradually changed to learning to live with the regimen in the regulation level. Respondents whose activities were in the success level dem...