cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation, characterization, and substrate metabolism of gold-immobilized cytochrome P450 2C9.

The cytochrome P450 enzymes represent an important class of heme-containing enzymes. There is considerable interest in immobilizing these enzymes on a surface so that interactions between a single enzyme and other species can be studied with respect to electron transfer, homodimer or heterodimer interactions, or for construction of biological-based chips for standardizing cytochrome P450 metabolism or for high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical agents. Previous studies have generally immobilized P450 enzymes in a matrix or on a surface. Here, we have attached CYP2C9 to gold substrates such that the resulting construct maintains the ability to bind and metabolize substrates in the presence of NADPH and cytochrome P450 reductase. The activity of these chips is directly dependent upon the linkers used to attach CYP2C9 and to the presence of key molecules in the active site during enzyme attachment. A novel method to detect substrate−enzyme binding, namely, superconducting quantum interference device (SQU...
Cognitive Work Analysis in Education and Training: Relating Pedagogical Methods to Course Objectives

A systematic research program is described that utilizes cognitive work analysis as an integrative framework within which pedagogical methods based on principles of cognitive science can be systematically harmonized with pedagogical objectives arising from the structure of course content. The test bed for the program was a course in introductory psychology. A work domain analysis was conducted which included both course content and pedagogical methodology. These analyses allowed a clear specification of learning objectives and a corresponding pedagogical to meet these objectives, along with a framework for employing appropriate technology and assessing effectiveness.
The lower central series of a fiber-type arrangement.

For a certain class (“fiber-type”) of arrangements, including the supersolvable ones of Jambu and Terao [3], we prove a formula relating the Poincare polynomial of the complement with the ranks of successive quotients in the lower central series of the fundamental group. Such a formula was proved by Kohno [5] for the single family of examplesA l . We also show that the formula doesnot hold for allK(π, 1) arrangements.
Patterns that allow given row and column sums

Abstract The zero–nonzero patterns occurring among m -by- n matrices with given row and column sums are characterized. A (simple) “weak” version of this problem is also studied, and the solution to the “strong” problem is based, in part, on a theory of totally nonzero solutions to a linear system. Some motivation is provided by the question of patterns that allow commuting matrices. A corresponding problem for sign patterns is studied elsewhere.
The cyanobacterial clock and metabolism

Cyanobacteria possess the simplest known circadian clock, which presents a unique opportunity to study how rhythms are generated and how input signals from the environment reset the clock time. The kaiABC locus forms the core of the oscillator, and the remarkable ability to reconstitute oscillations using purified KaiABC proteins has allowed researchers to study mechanism using the tools of quantitative biochemistry. Autotrophic cyanobacteria experience major shifts in metabolism following a light–dark transition, and recent work suggests that input mechanisms that couple the day–night cycle to the clock involve energy and redox metabolites acting directly on clock proteins. We offer a summary of the current state of knowledge in this system and present a perspective for future lines of investigation.
Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes inhibiting Ca2+ current and M current in rat sympathetic neurons.

Abstract Muscarinic receptors mediating suppression of Ca2+ current and of M-type K+ current in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons were subclassified pharmacologically by using the muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine and himbacine. Our voltage clamp experiments previously distinguished fast and slow intracellular signaling pathways coupling muscarinic receptors to calcium channels. We now establish that the fast, pertussis toxin-sensitive suppression of Ca2+ current is mediated primarily by muscarinic receptors of the M4 subtype, whereas the slow, bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (BAPTA)-sensitive suppression of Ca2+ current is mediated primarily by muscarinic receptors of the M1 subtype. Both actions on Ca2+ current are blocked by guanosine 5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate. Muscarinic suppression of M current is slow, BAPTA-sensitive, and mediated by receptors of the M1 subtype. Hence the two muscarinic pathways use different receptors and different guanine nucleotide binding proteins to produce different actions on channels.
Robust stability conditions for switched linear systems: Commutator bounds and the Łojasiewicz inequality

This paper discusses conditions for stability of switched linear systems under arbitrary switching, formulated in terms of smallness of appropriate commutators of the matrices generating the switched system. Such conditions provide robust variants of well-known stability conditions requiring these commutators to vanish and leading to the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function. The main contribution of the paper is to apply the Łojasiewicz inequality to characterize the persistence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function as the matrices are perturbed so that their commutators no longer vanish but instead are sufficiently small. It is shown how known constructions of common quadratic Lyapunov functions for commuting matrices and for matrices generating nilpotent or solvable Lie algebras can be used, in conjunction with the Łojasiewicz inequality, to estimate allowable deviations of the commutators from zero.
The morphology of scale growth on iron-base alloys containing chromium and silicon

A series of iron-base alloys containing 18 wt.% Cr and 0.5 to 2 wt. % Si have been oxidized in air, in a H2/H2O environment ( $$P_{O_{_2 } } $$ =10−18 atm) and corroded in a H2/H2O/H2S environment ( $$P_{O_{_2 } } $$ =10−18 atm, $$P_{S_{_2 } } $$ .
Experimental and Analytical Studies of Encapsulated Flip Chip Solder Bumps on Surface Laminar Circuit Boards

The mechanical and thermal responses of encapsulated flip chip solder bumps on a surface laminar circuit (SLC) board have been determined in this study. The mechanical responses of the solder bumps and encapsulant have been obtained by shear, tension and torsion tests. The thermal stress and strain in the solder bumps and encapsulant have been determined by a non‐linear finite element method and the thermal fatigue life of the corner solder bump is then estimated based on the calculated plastic strains, Coffin‐Manson law and isothermal fatigue data of solders. Also, an assembly process of the test boards is presented.
Microstructure characterization of fractured steel beam-to-column connections

The failure of steel beam-to-column connections during the Northridge earthquake of January 1994 was both surprising and alarming to the structural engineering community. These steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) are intended to behave in a ductile manner. However, in many steel buildings inspected in the Los Angeles area after the Northridge earthquake the connections exhibited brittle fracture. Despite recent laboratory testing of numerous large and small scale structural connections reasons for brittle fracture are still not clearly understood. Therefore, rational design methods to prevent or control brittle fracture in building structures have not been established. This paper investigates the contribution of the microstructure of welded connections to brittle failure. The various microstructures present in a fractured welded connection were characterized and their influence on crack initiation examined. The predominantly brittle failure is preceded in this case by a ductile crack which initiates in a brittle microstructure in the vicinity of the weld root, adjacent to the unfused backing bar.
Characterization of DNA binding properties and sequence specificity of the human 52 kDa Ro/SS-A (Ro52) zinc finger protein.

The Ro52 protein is an autoantigen in Sjogren's Syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although its function is not yet known, sequence similarities to other proteins suggest that it binds to DNA. In this study, the hypothesis that Ro52 recognizes particular nucleic acid sequences was tested. Ro52 bound to double stranded but not single stranded DNA. 1,10-Phenanthroline, a chelater of zinc, was found to inhibit this interaction, suggesting that the zinc fingers of Ro52 are functional. DNA sequences were selected from an oligonucleotide library by binding to Ro52 followed by amplification by Taq DNA polymerase in order to characterize the DNA sequence-binding motif for this protein. These studies support the hypothesis that Ro52 is functionally a member of a family of zinc finger proteins, many of which are known to bind to DNA or regulate gene expression. We speculate that Ro52 functions as a transcription factor, and that its disregulation may have important consequences in the expression or susceptibility of certain autoimmune diseases.
XIII—Questions of Unity

In The Principles of Mathematics , Bertrand Russell famously puzzled over something he called the unity of the proposition. Echoing Russell, many philosophers have talked over the years about the question or problem of the unity of the proposition. In fact, I believe that there are a number of quite distinct though related questions all of which can plausibly be taken to be questions regarding the unity of propositions. I state three such questions and show how the theory of propositions defended in my recent book The Nature and Structure of Content (2007) answers them.
Suboptimal restraint affects the pattern of abdominal injuries in children involved in motor vehicle crashes

Abstract Background Both solid and hollow visceral abdominal injuries have been associated with the use of seat belts in children involved in motor vehicle crashes. The relationship between the types of restraint used and the pattern of abdominal injury is unknown. Methods A probability sample of restrained children involved in crashes was enrolled in an ongoing crash surveillance system (1998 through 2002) linking insurance claims data to telephone survey and crash investigation data. Significant abdominal injuries were considered when the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score was ≥2 and were defined as hollow visceral (HV; intestine, bladder), or solid visceral (liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney). Restraint type was categorized as optimal restraint (OR) or suboptimal restraint (S-OR) based on the child's age and size. Results For the 33 months of review, interviews were obtained for 13,558 restrained children aged 0 to 15 years, of which, 56% were OR (n = 7,591) and 44% were S-OR (n = 5,967). A significant abdominal injury was recorded in 78 children. A hollow visceral injury was recorded in 38 (9 OR and 29 S-OR), and a solid visceral injury in 32 (18 OR and 14 S-OR). Both hollow and solid visceral injuries were present in 8 children (2 OR and 6 S-OR). Suboptimally restrained children had a higher risk for hollow visceral injury when compared with optimally restrained children (Odds Ratio, 4.14 [95% Confidence Interval 1.33 to 13.22, P Conclusions Among restrained children with intraabdominal injuries, those who were suboptimally restrained were 4 times more likely to have a hollow visceral than a solid visceral injury when compared with those who were optimally restrained. This suggests that the mechanism of injury for hollow viscus may be directly related to the improper positioning of the restraint.
When infants grow up in multiperson relationship systems

Despite prompts from the field of family therapy since its inception, contemporary infant mental health theory and practice remain firmly rooted in and guided by dyadic-based models. Over the past 10 years, a groundswell of new empirical studies of triadic and family group dynamics during infancy have substantiated that which family theory has contended for decades: looking beyond mother-infant or father-infant dyads reveals a myriad of critically important socialization influences and dynamics that are missed altogether when relying on informant reports or dyad-based interactions. Such family-level dynamics emerge within months after infants are born, show coherence through time, and influence the social and emotional adjustment of children as early as the toddler and preschool years. This report summarizes key findings from the past decade of empirical family studies, highlights several areas in need of further conceptual development and empirical study by those who work with infants and their families, and outlines important implications of this body of work for all practicing infant mental health professionals.
New routes to conformationally restricted peptide building blocks: a convenient preparation of bicyclic piperazinone derivatives

Abstract A facile route for the synthesis of peptide building blocks that constrain the peptide backbone with a 1,4-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane ring skeleton is reported. The synthesis employed an anodic amide oxidation based approach for generating a functionalized proline derivative, and then utilized the derivative as a general substrate for rapidly assembling the bicyclic ring system.
A New Proof for a Result of Kingan and Lemos

The prism graph is the planar dual of $$K_5 \backslash e$$K5\e. Kingan and Lemos (Graphs Comb 30:1479---1497, 2014) proved a decomposition theorem for the class of binary matroids with no prism minor. In this paper, we present a different proof using fundamental graphs and blocking sequences.
Irrigating drains for severe odontogenic infections do not improve outcome.

Purpose The need to irrigate surgical drains in the postoperative period in patients with odontogenic infections is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of irrigating surgical drains postoperatively in patients with severe odontogenic infections. Materials and Methods Consecutive patients presenting with severe odontogenic infections who required incision and drainage were randomized to irrigating drains (red rubber catheters) or nonirrigating drains (Penrose drains). The primary predictor variable was the type of drain and the use of postoperative irrigation. The primary outcome variable was length of stay. Secondary outcomes included postoperative temperature, need for additional procedures, and complications. The t test was used for the primary outcome, and a P value lower than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Forty-six patients completed the study. There was no statistically significant difference in overall length of stay, length of stay after surgery, temperature, or need for additional procedures between the 2 treatment groups. Conclusions The use of nonirrigating drains appears to be equally efficacious as irrigating drains in the management of severe odontogenic infection.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Measurements of Interstellar Fluorine

The source of fluorine is not well understood, although core-collapse supernovae, Wolf-Rayet stars, and asymptotic giant branch stars have been suggested. A search for evidence of the ν-process during Type II supernovae is presented. Absorption from interstellar F I is seen in spectra of HD 208440 and HD 209339A acquired with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. In order to extract the column density for F I from the line at 954 A, absorption from H2 has to be modeled and then removed. Our analysis indicates that for H2 column densities less than about 3 × 1020 cm-2, the amount of F I can be determined from λ954. For these two sight lines, there is no clear indication for enhanced F abundances resulting from the ν-process in a region shaped by past supernovae.
Regularity conditions and scope estimates: The case of large-sized U.S. banks

We consider economies and diseconomies of scope for large U.S. banks by employing ordinary and hybrid translog cost functions. We examine the regularity conditions in output space where scope estimates are calculated and reject all models for which these conditions fail. The translog model always possesses violations. For the hybrid translog, violations occur in every case except one. In this one case, we find economies of scope.
Differential contributions of dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal prefrontal white matter tracts to cognitive control in healthy older adults.

Prefrontal cortex mediates cognitive control by means of circuitry organized along dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal axes. Along the dorso-ventral axis, ventrolateral PFC controls semantic information, whereas dorsolateral PFC encodes task rules. Along the rostro-caudal axis, anterior prefrontal cortex encodes complex rules and relationships between stimuli, whereas posterior prefrontal cortex encodes simple relationships between stimuli and behavior. Evidence of these gradients of prefrontal cortex organization has been well documented in fMRI studies, but their functional correlates have not been examined with regard to integrity of underlying white matter tracts. We hypothesized that (a) the integrity of specific white matter tracts is related to cognitive functioning in a manner consistent with the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal organization of the prefrontal cortex, and (b) this would be particularly evident in healthy older adults. We assessed three cognitive processes that recruit the prefrontal cortex and can distinguish white matter tracts along the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal dimensions –episodic memory, working memory, and reasoning. Correlations between cognition and fractional anisotropy as well as fiber tractography revealed: (a) Episodic memory was related to ventral prefrontal cortex-thalamo-hippocampal fiber integrity; (b) Working memory was related to integrity of corpus callosum body fibers subserving dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; and (c) Reasoning was related to integrity of corpus callosum body fibers subserving rostral and caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings confirm the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex's role in semantic control and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's role in rule-based processing, in accordance with the dorso-ventral prefrontal cortex gradient. Reasoning-related rostral and caudal superior frontal white matter may facilitate different levels of task rule complexity. This study is the first to demonstrate dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal prefrontal cortex processing gradients in white matter integrity.
Use of an optical probe for time-resolved in situ measurement of local air-to-fuel ratio and extent of fuel mixing with applications to low NOx emissions in premixed gas turbines

The lower temperatures associated with lean premixed combustion generally lead to lower NOx emissions; however, the benefit of lean premixed combustion may be lost if the fuel and air are poorly mixed. In this paper, we describe the development of an inexpensive fiber optic probe capable of measuring the extent of mixing. The fuel concentration is determined by laser light absorption at 3.39 μm over a short path length created by using infrared transmitting fiber optics. A hydrogen-piloted, CH4-in-air turbulent flame with a variable fuel injection location is used to vary the degree of mixedness at the burner exit. We use the optical probe to measure the level of mixedness (nonreacting) at the burner exit. The level of mixing and the mean concentration profiles are also measured by using planar laser-initiated Rayleigh scattering. NOx measurements are reported for several mixing distances. We show that at lean conditions (=0.6), incomplete mixing causes a dramatic increase in NOx production because of the exponential temperature dependence of NOx formation about =0.6. We also numerically investigate how the extent of mixing affects NOx production at various equivalence ratios and pressures. Modeling the effect of incomplete mixing on NOx formation is done with a distribution ofconvolved with numerical results from a perfectly stirred reactor in series with a plug flow reactor. The model does an excellent job of predicting the NOx increase caused by incomplete mixing at lean conditions. Model predictions at higher pressures that are typical of gas turbine conditions show good agreement with available data. In particular, for lean premixed combustion, NOx is not a function of pressure if the air and fuel are well mixed.
Effect of Grain‐Coating Mineralogy on Nitrate and Sulfate Storage in the Unsaturated Zone

Unsaturated-zone sediments and the chemistry of shallow groundwater underlying a small (∼8-km 2 ) watershed were studied to identify the mechanisms responsible for anion storage within the Miocene Bridgeton Formation and weathered Coastal Plain deposits in southern New Jersey. Lower unsaturated-zone sediments and shallow groundwater samples were collected and concentrations of selected ions (including NO 3 − and SO 4 2− ) from 11 locations were determined. Grain size, sorting, and color of the lower unsaturated-zone sediments were determined and the mineralogy of these grains and the composition of coatings were analyzed by petrographic examination, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays, and quantitative whole-rock x-ray diffraction. The sediment grains, largely quartz and chert (80–94% w/w), are coated with a very fine-grained ( 4 2− were observed, indicative of anion sorption. Other mineral–chemical relations indicate that negatively charged surfaces and competition with SO 4 2− results in exclusion of NO 3 − from inner sphere exchange sites. The observed NO 3 − storage may be a result of matrix forces within the grain coatings and outer sphere complexation. The results of this study indicate that the mineralogy of grain coatings can have demonstrable effects on the storage of NO 3 − and SO 4 2− in the unsaturated zone.
Theory of Relaxation of Quadrupolar Nuclei in Deformable Molecules in Isotropic Solutions. Application to DNA

Expressions are derived for the longitudinal (RQ1) and transverse (RQ2) relaxation rates of quadrupolar nuclei in deformable molecules in isotropic solution. These rates are expressed in terms of principal spectral densities, which are all Fourier transforms of the same principal correlation function. These results are specialized to molecules that exhibit mean local cylindrical symmetry and explicitly evaluated for the case when the equilibrium orientation of the principal axis of the electric field gradient (efg) tensor is perpendicular to the local symmetry axis. Proper account is taken of collective twisting and bending deformations, uniform (rigid-body) twisting and tumbling motions, and local angular motions of the efg tensor within its subunit. Analytical expressions for the internal correlation functions, which reflect the local angular motions, are derived for a model in which the efg tensor frame undergoes small amplitudes of overdamped libration in a harmonic potential that governs each of its three rotational degrees of freedom. Sample calculations of (RQ1) are presented for a range of possible rms angular displacements and relaxation times of the internal motions for the particular case of deuterons at the H8 positions of adenine and guanine in a 12 bp duplex DNA. Somewhat simpler analytical expressions for the long-time limits of the internal correlation functions are derived for the case when the efg tensor frame undergoes an arbitrary amplitude of overdamped libration in an isotropic harmonic deflection potential. A particularly simple expression is obtained when the efg tensor undergoes small amplitudes of motion in a completely isotropic deflection potential with arbitrary orientation. These simpler expressions can be used to calculate RQ1 and RQ2, when the local angular motions relax in a time much less than the inverse Larmor frequency (ω−1), and their contribution to the integrated area under the principal correlation function is negligible compared to the Fourier cosine transform of the principal correlation function. Corresponding results for relaxation by pure chemical-shift anisotropy and by pure-dipolar interactions are presented in the present notation.
Accurate Low Order Model for Hydraulic Turbine-Penstock

A method for obtaining accurate reduced order models for hydro-turbines with long penstocks is presented. The inadequacy of the customary first order model is demonstrated. It is also shown that an appropriately chosen second order model provides the necessary accuracy while preserving model simplicity which is essential for ease in controller design, in assessing stability margins, and in power system simulation.
In Search of an in Vitro Index of Viability during Pancreatic Preservation

Abstract To determine an index of viability during pancreatic preservation, 15 dogs underwent segmental pancreatic autografting after 24 hr of pulsatile perfusion. These animals were divided into Group A (6) and Group B (9) on the basis of post-transplant normoglycemia or hyperglycemia. In each experiment, sequential perfusate amylase and arterial and venous blood gases were analyzed during preservation. In addition, sequential pancreatic tissue slices were obtained to determine in vitro insulin release. A comparison of perfusion parameters demonstrated no significant differences in pancreas weight (41 ± 2.9 vs 38.3 ± 1.5 mg), perfusate flow (0.24 ± 0.2 vs 0.20 ± 0.06 ml/min/g), diastolic (24.3 ± 2.3 vs 26.9 ± 1.6 mm Hg) or mean pressure (27.4 ± 1.9 vs 30.1 ± 1.5 mm Hg). Perfusate amylase levels (u/100 ml) and percentage change from baseline are as follows: Baseline 1 hr (%) 3 hr (%) 21 hr (%) Group A 527 ± 64 1312 ± 463 (368%) 3609 ± 773 (633%) 8411 ± 1433 (1657%) Group B 878 ± 93 1431 ± 208 (73%) 2024 ± 278 (151%) 4536 ± 608 (478%) Perfusate amylase was significantly greater at 21 hr in Group A (P
Hyperfine Structure in the 3 P 1 Level of the Twenty-Four-Hour Isomer of Mercury 197†

The hyperfine structure of Hg197* was measured with greater accuracy than had been obtained in conventional spectroscopic work. The nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interaction constants, A and B, were calculated: A=−2328.8±1.7 Mc/sec; B=−901±13 Mc/sec. The isotope shift is 2240±130 Mc/sec relative to Hg198. An electronic g value of 1.4861±0.00036 was found for the 3P1 level.The data were gathered with the use of level-crossing, double-resonance, and magnetic scanning techniques. The relatively new level-crossing experiment was applied to Hg199 and Hg197.The measurements reported here are useful in two ways: They lead to values of the nuclear moments and estimates of the nuclear charge distribution, and they pave the way for more accurate experiments that will yield data on the distribution of the nuclear magnetization.
A new twist on organic spintronics: controlling transport in organic sandwich devices using fringe fields from ferromagnetic films

Random, spatially uncorrelated nuclear-hyperfine fields in organic materials dramatically affect electronic transport properties such as electrical conductivity, photoconductivity, and electroluminescence. Competition between spin-dynamics due to these spatially uncorrelated fields and an applied magnetic field leads to large magnetoresistance, even at room temperature where the thermodynamic influences of the resulting nuclear and electronic Zeeman splittings are negligible. Here, we discuss a new method of controlling the electrical conductivity of an organic film at room temperature, using the spatially varying magnetic fringe fields of a magnetically unsaturated ferromagnet. Fringe-field magnetoresistance has a magnitude of several percent, and is hysteretic and anisotropic. This new method of control is sensitive to even remanent magnetic states, leading to different conductivity values in the absence of an applied field. The fringe field effects are insensitive to the ferromagnetic film’s thickness (and therefore the fringe field magnitude) but sensitive to the magnetic domain’s correlation length. This points at fringe-field gradients as an important ingredient of this mechanism. We develop a model based on fringe-field induced polaron-pair spin-dynamics that successfully describes several key features of the experimental fringe-field magnetoresistance.
Man-Made Noise Study at 76 and 200 kHz

A limited study of man-made impulsive noise was made at 76 and 200 kHz. The purpose of the study was to collect data in various locations to be used as noise models for man-made noise simulators. Impulsive noise data were taken of automotive systems, industrial sites, and residential areas. Two classes of noise, both class A and B, are shown and, for comparative purposes, some atmospheric radio noise data are included.
Zirconium intermetallides and their hydrides as obtained by hydride cycle route

The possibility of producing intermetallic compounds by dehydrogenation/annealing of “zirconium hydride-Group VIII metal” powder compacts has been demonstrated. Compared to the known methods for preparation of IMCs (induction/arc melting, powder metallurgy, and combustion synthesis), our method affords the synthesis of of IMCs at temperatures below 1050°C by solid-phase mechanism (without melting) in a relatively short time (no longer than 2 h). The combustion of obtained IMC compacts (without their preliminary grinding) in hydrogen/deuterium was found to yield the respective hydrides/deuterides.
The Liouville phenomenon in the deformation of coisotropic submanifolds

Abstract Deformation of coisotropic submanifolds involves significant subtleties not present in the deformation of Lagrangian submanifolds. Oh and Park's L ∞ -algebra provides an explicit computational tool for teasing out these subtleties, and here we revisit and complete their main example. We find that the obstruction theory of this L ∞ -algebra succeeds in making a fine distinction among foliations with infinite holonomy involving the Liouville phenomenon. We also find a suggestive connection with the geometry of Haefliger's model Ω c ∗ ( T / H ) for the reduced space.
Proton structure measurements at HERA

HERA is the natural extension of an impressive series of fixed-target lepton-nucleon scattering experiments. The increase of a factor ten in center-of-mass energy over that available previously has allowed the discovery of several important results, including the large number of slow partons in the proton.
Charge- and size-based separation of macromolecules using novel ultrathin silicon membranes

Summary form only given.Commercial ultrafiltration and dialysis membranes have broad pore size distributions and are several orders of magnitude thicker than the molecules they are designed to separate, leading to poor size cutoff properties, filtrate loss within the membranes, and low transport rates. Nanofabricated membranes have great potential in molecular separation applications by offering more precise structural control, but either they are fragile and their preparation is cumbersome and expensive, or transport through them is still limited by mum-scale thicknesses. In this presentation, we describe a novel ultrathin porous nanocrystalline silicon membrane manufactured using straightforward silicon fabrication techniques and providing control over average pore sizes from 25 nm. These novel membranes can retain proteins while permitting the transport of small molecules at rates one order of magnitude or more faster than existing materials, separate differently sized proteins under physiological conditions, and separate similarly sized molecules carrying different charges. Despite being only several nm thick, such large-area, free-standing membranes can support a full atmosphere of differential pressure without plastic deformation or fracture. By providing efficient, low-loss macromolecule separations, these membranes are expected to enable a variety of new devices, including membrane-based chromatography systems and both analytical and preparative microfluidic systems that require highly efficient separations, including optical biosensors. In this presentation, the manufacture and physical properties of the membranes will be presented, several examples of their use for molecular separation will be discussed, and future applications in research and development as well as in the commercial sector will be outlined.
XCIII. General equations of a balanced alternating-current bridge

(1922). XCIII. General equations of a balanced alternating-current bridge. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 44, No. 263, pp. 1024-1032.
Measuring Teen Dating Violence in Males and Females: Insights From the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of different operationalizations of teen dating violence (TDV) on rates and gender patterns by incorporating sexual victimization, injury, and fear data into TDV scores. We also compare gender differences in fear reports for TDV with other victimization types. METHOD: Youth aged 12 to 17 (n = 1,680) were interviewed by telephone for the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence. RESULTS: Depending on the inclusion criteria applied, the overall TDV rate varied from 1.4% to 7.5%. Rates for female youth ranged from 1.9% for injurious violence to a high of 6.3% for any report of physical or sexual force. Rates for male youth ranged from a low of 1.0% for injurious violence to a high of 8.6% for any report of physical or sexual force. Although the most common TDV operationalization, any physical force, resulted in a higher rate of male (7.9%) than female (4.5%) victimization, most other definitions resulted in a higher rate for females than males. TDV defined as any sexual, physically injurious, or fear-inducing incidents produced a female victimization rate of 5.1% and a male victimization rate of 3.1%. Fear reports to TDV incidents showed the largest gender difference in the entire National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence. Many other victimization types were viewed as similarly fear-inducing by males and females. CONCLUSIONS: IPV research would benefit from a greater diversity of approaches to operationalization and measurement. The use of screeners plus follow-ups is one practical alternative that obtains more incident details. TDV may be more difficult to assess in gender-equivalent ways than other forms of youth victimization.
Characterization of the Canine Anthracycline-Metabolizing Enzyme Carbonyl Reductase 1 (cbr1) and the Functional Isoform cbr1 V218

The anthracyclines doxorubicin and daunorubicin are used in the treatment of various human and canine cancers, but anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity limits their clinical utility. The formation of anthracycline C-13 alcohol metabolites (e.g., doxorubicinol and daunorubicinol) contributes to the development of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. The enzymes responsible for the synthesis of anthracycline C-13 alcohol metabolites in canines remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that canine carbonyl reductase 1 (cbr1), the homolog of the prominent anthracycline reductase human CBR1, would have anthracycline reductase activity. Recombinant canine cbr1 (molecular weight: 32.8 kDa) was purified from Escherichia coli. The enzyme kinetics of "wild-type" canine cbr1 (cbr1 D218) and a variant isoform (cbr1 V218) were characterized with the substrates daunorubicin and menadione, as well as the flavonoid inhibitor rutin. Canine cbr1 catalyzes the reduction of daunorubicin to daunorubicinol, with cbr1 D218 and cbr1 V218 displaying different kinetic parameters (cbr1 D218 Km: 188 ± 144 μM versus cbr1 V218 Km: 527 ± 136 μM, P < 0.05, and cbr1 D218 Vmax: 6446 ± 3615 nmol/min per milligram versus cbr1 V218 Vmax: 15539 ± 2623 nmol/min per milligram, P < 0.01). Canine cbr1 also metabolized menadione (cbr1 D218 Km: 104 ± 50 μM, Vmax: 2034 ± 307 nmol/min per milligram). Rutin acted as a competitive inhibitor for the reduction of daunorubicin (cbr1 D218 Ki: 1.84 ± 1.02 μM, cbr1 V218 Ki: 1.38 ± 0.47 μM). These studies show that canine cbr1 metabolizes daunorubicin and provide the necessary foundation to characterize the role of cbr1 in the variable pharmacodynamics of anthracyclines in canine cancer patients.
Social Workers and Broadband Advocacy: Social Justice and Information Communications Technologies

This article presents the results of an exploratory study examining attitudes toward broadband advocacy, as related to attitudes toward and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and a variety of other personal, political, and professional characteristics. A random sample (n = 297) of licensed social workers in Michigan was surveyed. There is a growing body of literature indicating that access to broadband Internet is an important element of the digital divide, especially in the United States, which after having led in this area has fallen behind. Findings from this study indicate significant relationships between willingness to engage in broadband advocacy and political views, attitudes toward and use of ICTs, and knowledge about broadband. The implications for a profession focused on social justice and advocacy on behalf of vulnerable populations are explored.
The Ionospheric Eclipse of October 1, 1940

This discussion presents the variations in the critical frequencies of the various ionospheric layers over Queenstown, South Africa, during the total solar eclipse of October 1, 1940, and compares them with the normal-day data. It is shown that recombination and diffusion cannot completely explain the phenomena in the F 2 layer and that the cooling of the atmosphere by the eclipse may be of major importance. A theory of the formation of the E layer is proposed to account for the observed variations during the eclipse and at night. Minimum values of the apparent recombination coefficients for the E, F 1 , and F 2 layers were 1.2·10-8, 6·10-9, and 6·10-11cm.3/electrons per second, respectively. Some of the present data are compared with those, previously unpublished, which resulted from a similar expedition to Kazakstan, U.S.S.R., in 1936.
A 16b 80MS/s 100mW 77.6dB SNR CMOS pipeline ADC

The high channel count of many modern communication systems increasingly requires high-performance ADCs that consume very little power. The 16b pipeline ADC described here achieves 77.6dBFS SNR, 77.6dBFS SNDR and 95dBc SFDR at 80MS/s with a 10MHz input. With a 200MHz input, the ADC achieves 71.0dBFS SNR, 69.4dBFS SNDR and 81dBc SFDR. The complete ADC including reference, clock, and digital circuitry consumes 100mW from a 1.8V supply. This compares favorably with recently reported ADCs in this performance class [1–3]. In this paper, several architectural and circuit techniques used to achieve this performance are presented. The techniques include a dynamically driven deep N-well input sampling switch, an offset-cancelled comparator, and a back-gate voltage-biased MDAC amplifier. The ADC is fabricated in a 1P5M 0.18μm CMOS process with deep N-well (DNW) isolation.
Synthesis of 2,4‐diamino‐9H‐indeno[2,1‐d]pyrimidines

As part of a search for new antifolic, antimalarial, and antitumor agents, a series of 2,4-diamino-9H-indeno[2,1-d]pyrimidines was prepared by condensation of guanidine with substituted 2-alkoxy-3-cyano-1H-indenes. Base-catalyzed cyclization of 1,2-bis(cyanomethyl)benzenes afforded 2-amino-3-cyano-1H-indenes, which were converted into 3-cyano-2-methoxy-1H-indenes by acid hydrolysis and treatment of the resultant 1-cyano-2-indanones with diazomethane. Alternatively, 2-amino-3-cyano-1H-indenes could be transformed directly into 2-ethoxy-3-eyano-1H-indenes by reaction with ethanol and sulfuric acid. The 2,4-diamino-9H-indeno[2,1-d]-pyrimidines represent a new type of planar, tricyclic pyrimethamine analog, in which free rotation of the phenyl and pyrimidine rings is prevented by means of a methylene bridge.
DTI-DROID: Diffusion tensor imaging-deformable registration using orientation and intensity descriptors

This article presents a method (DROID) for deformable registration of diffusion tensor (DT) images that utilizes the full tensor information by integrating the intensity and orientation features into a hierarchical matching framework. The intensity features are derived from eigen value based measures that characterize the tensor in terms of its different shape properties, such as, prolateness, oblateness, and sphericity of the tensor. Local spatial distributions of the prolate, oblate, and spherical geometry are used to create an attribute vector called the geometric-intensity feature for matching. The orientation features are the orientation histograms computed from the eigenvectors. These intensity and orientation features are incorporated into a hierarchical deformable registration framework to develop a deformable registration algorithm for DT images. Using orientation features improves the matching of the white matter fiber tracts by taking into account the underlying fiber orientation information. Extensive experiments on simulated and real brain DT data show promising results that makes DROID potentially useful for subsequent group-based analysis of DT images to identify disease-induced and developmental changes in a population. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 99–107, 2010
Dynamic Response of Pressurized Thin Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Torsional Loads

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the transient and steady-state response of a thin cylindrical shell of finite length, simply supported at both ends, under a uniform initial biaxial stress and subjected to either a circumferentially tangential harmonic point force of a sinusoidally distributed harmonic line load acting in the circumferential direction. The analyses are based on both Flugge’s and Donnell’s theories. Numerical results of the steady-state response are presented for both theories to illustrate the effects of various relevant parameters on the dynamic deflection, and to provide a direct comparison between Donnell’s and Flugge’s theories for dynamic loadings. This paper establishes the range of shell geometry for which Donnell’s equations give satisfactory results in predicting the steady-state response. The dynamic behavior after the first resonant frequency and the effect of initial stress on the dynamic response are also pointed out.
Fertilizing peach trees through a trickle irrigation system 1

Abstract Peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven) were planted in Turface in 190 1 plastic drums. Trickle irrigation water was applied at 3.8 lph for 1 hr daily. Ammonium nitrate was introduced into the irrigation water by hydraulic displacement. Measurements of trunk diameter growth and leaf N show that tree responses were not reduced when the amount of fertilizer applied through the trickle system was 50% of that applied on the ground.
ASSESSING THE TROPHIC STATUS OF LAKES WITH AQUATIC MACROPHYTES

We propose that as a first approach the trophic status of natural and artificial lakes having growths of aquatic macrophytes may be assessed by using the total nutrient concentration in the water c...
Determination of chromium in human serum by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry

An accurate and sensitive method for serum chromium determinations by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is described. Samples containing a small amount of magnesium nitrate as an ashing aid/matrix modifier are lyophilized and dry-ashed in silanized quartz tubes; the residue is dissolved in 0.1 M HCl. Because of the very low levels of chromium in serum, strict contamination control measures must be used throughout the procedures for collection, storage, preparation and quantitation. Standard curves are prepared by using a bovine serum pool, which also serves as a quality control measure. The uniform nature of sera obviates the need to use the method of standard additions. The detection limit of the method is about 0.03 ng ml−1 Cr and the accuracy of the method is evaluated by comparison with stable-isotope-dilution mass spectrometry.
Hyperoxia improves oxygen consumption in the detached feline retina.

Purpose To investigate the effects of hyperoxia on retinal oxygenation and oxygen consumption in the detached feline retina. Methods Retinal detachment was created in nine intact anesthetized cats by injecting 0.25% sodium hyaluronate in balanced salt solution into the subretinal space. Oxygen microelectrodes were used to collect spatial profiles of retinal Po(2) in both the attached and detached retina. A diffusion model was fitted to quantify photoreceptor oxygen consumption (Q(av)). Results In the detached retina, the Po(2) at the border between the retina and the fluid layer under the retina decreased; hyperoxia increased it to a level that was not significantly different from the control (attached retina, air breathing). Detachment did not change the Po(2) at the border between the avascular and vascularized retina; hyperoxia significantly increased the level. Oxygen consumption decreased to 47% +/- 18% of the control value in the detached retina during normoxia; hyperoxia increased Q(av) to 68% +/- 17% of control. Hyperoxia increased the average inner retinal Po(2) (P(IR)) in the detached retina to a level higher than that during normoxia. Detachment did not change P(IR) during normoxia. Conclusions Hyperoxia has been shown to improve photoreceptor survival in the detached retina. The present work suggests that hyperoxia is protective because it allowed increased photoreceptor oxygen consumption. Whereas normal Po(2)s were maintained at the inner and outer border of the avascular region during hyperoxia, Q(av) was not restored to normal, suggesting that other factors are involved in photoreceptor dysfunction during detachment in addition to insufficient oxygen delivery.
The Risks of “Sexual Normalcy”

Sparrow's (2010) argument is ingenious in two respects. First, it overturns the accepted idea that sex selection will result in female “gendercide”: the widespread choice by parents to have boys in...
Thinking Inside the Box: A Participatory, Computer-Assisted Approach to Scenario Discovery

Abstract Scenarios provide a commonly used and intuitively appealing means to communicate and characterize uncertainty in many decision support applications, but can fall short of their potential especially when used in broad public debates among participants with diverse interests and values. This paper describes a new approach to participatory, computer-assisted scenario development that we call scenario discovery, which aims to address these challenges. The approach defines scenarios as a set of plausible future states of the world that represent vulnerabilities of proposed policies, that is, cases where a policy fails to meet its performance goals. Scenario discovery characterizes such sets by helping users to apply statistical or data-mining algorithms to databases of simulation-model-generated results in order to identify easy-to-interpret combinations of uncertain model input parameters that are highly predictive of these policy-relevant cases. The approach has already proved successful in several high impact policy studies. This paper systematically describes the scenario discovery concept and its implementation, presents statistical tests to evaluate the resulting scenarios, and demonstrates the approach on an example policy problem involving the efficacy of a proposed U.S. renewable energy standard. The paper also describes how scenario discovery appears to address several outstanding challenges faced when applying traditional scenario approaches in contentious public debates.