cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“The part too often left out involves the perspectives of patients”: helping health-care providers understand the material reality of the every day for individuals with eating disorders

I am in recovery from anorexia nervosa, and I have been struggling with this battle for almost 9 years. Nearly 10 million females, and one million males, in the USA are currently struggling with anorexia or bulimia as diagnosed by a physician, not even counting those exhibiting disordered eating behaviors undiagnosed (“Anorexia Nervosa” 2005). Estimates have shown that 80% of women in the USA are dissatisfied with their bodies (“Anorexia Nervosa” 2005). Suffice it to say that eating disorders are rampant in our country, and often remain a silent issue, as their effects make individuals feel ashamed and alone. While research has made leaps and bounds in eating disorder cause, treatment, and risk factors, unfortunately, the personal voice behind an eating disorder often gets lost in the midst of medicine aiming to find helpful approaches. This personal, layered account is an attempt to show that every patient’s individuality and personal experiences should be privileged throughout their diagnosis and care. Secondly, this research argues that an individual goes through a process of disease and recovery that are both complex and unpredictable. Having anorexia, and attempting to recover from it, is not as simple as a medical process resting only upon one’s motivation. I decided to write this research in an attempt to offer a voice for eating disorders, making the argument that although scientific research has been useful in particular treatment programs, perhaps it should only be used as a small supplement to eating disorder treatment programs, as personal experience shows that recovery from any life-threatening addiction cannot be simplified in a way that ignores the agency of the patient and their experiences.
Toward an information-processing analysis of depression.

This paper presents an analysis of depression based upon several standard information-processing concepts. According to this analysis, the initial experience of depression can be conceptualized as resulting from the activation of an affective structure referred to as a depression-emotion node. Once this unit is activated, depressive cognitions are proposed to recycle through the individual's cognitive networks, serving to maintain depressive affect. It is suggested that this depressive recycling process holds several cognitive and behavioral implications for the depressed individual. Potential mediating and exacerbating factors for this process are discussed, and the relationship of the present analysis to current theory and research in depression is considered.
Characteristics of Victims of Sexual Abuse by Gender and Race in a Community Corrections Population

The purpose of this study was to examine how victims of sexual abuse in a community corrections population differ as a result of their sex and race. Of the 19,422 participants, a total of 1,298 (6.7%) reported a history of sexual abuse and were compared with nonabused participants. The sample was analyzed by race-gender groups (White men, White women, African American men, and African American women) using univariate and logistic regression analyses, which were conducted separately for each group. White women were the most likely to report a history of sexual abuse (26.5%), followed by African American women (16.0%), White men (4.0%), and African American men (1.1%). For all groups, histories of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were associated with a history of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse was associated with substance abuse problems for women but not the men. Cannabis dependence was associated with sexual abuse for the White women while cocaine dependence was associated with sexual abuse for the African American women. Several other variables were associated with sexual abuse for women but not men, including lower education (White women only), a history of violent offenses (White women only), and living in a shelter (African American women only). African American men tended to have higher levels of education; this was the only variable uniquely associated with either male group. Receiving psychiatric medications was associated with sexual abuse for all groups except African American men and a history of sex for drugs was associated with sexual abuse for all groups except White men. Consistent with national sample, women, particularly White women, were more likely to be victims of sexual abuse. The gender-race differences for the sociodemographic factors associated with sexual abuse, particularly the risk of substance abuse for women, suggest the need for tailored interventions for sexual abuse prevention and treatment.
Invariance in the MMPI's component structure.

Bernstein and Garbin (1985b) suggested that the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory's major clinical scales (excluding Scales ? and 5) can be approximated by an oblique three-component structure: (a) Profile Elevation, (b) Test-taking Attitudes, and (c) Optimism-Pessimism, collectively termed the salient weight model. In this study, we found that both this model and the MMPI's principal component structure remain invariant across race, sex, and, as previously noted, context of testing (job applicants vs. inmates in correctional institutions). We further noted that several alternative definitions of Profile Elevation provide equally satisfactory representation of the relations among the scales. This factor invariance is necessary, but not sufficient, for the MMPI to be viewed as unbiased.
Direct observation of warping in the plasma sheet of Saturn

[1] The ENA images from the Ion Neutral CAmera (INCA) on the Cassini spacecraft are projected onto the noon-midnight plane of Sun-Saturn orbital coordinates, and a composite “image” of Saturn's plasma sheet is constructed from dawn-side observations of 20–50 keV hydrogens obtained from days 352 to 361 in 2004. The maxima in the intensity contours define the center of the plasma sheet in the noon-midnight plane. This plasma sheet surface displays a distinct bending or “warping” above Saturn's equatorial plane at radial distances of beyond ∼15 RS on the nightside. On the dayside, the plasma sheet lies close to the equator all the way to the magnetopause. The observed warping agrees with the “bowl” model derived from measurements of Saturn's magnetic field, but fits more closely a simple third-order polynomial.
Comparison of the Free Radical-scavenging Ability of Captopril and Ascorbic Acid in an In-vitro Model of Lipid Oxidation. Implications for Reperfusion Injury and ACE Inhibitor Therapy

The free radical-scavenging activity of captopril and ascorbic acid was determined by assessing their ability to inhibit the peroxidation of linoleic acid in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) micelles at 37 degrees C. The extent of peroxidation was monitored polarographically using an oxygen electrode to determine oxygen consumption rates. Ascorbic acid was observed to inhibit the peroxidation in a concentration-dependent fashion with an IC50 value of 17 microM. In contrast, the addition of captopril at concentrations up to 500 microM did not result in any detectable inhibition. Unlike ascorbic acid, no synergistic effect, as evidenced by the duration of inhibition, was observed with captopril/alpha-tocopherol mixtures. Measurements of the partitioning of captopril between SDS micelles and the aqueous phase show that 37% of the bulk captopril concentration is localized within the micellar phase; this indicates that phase separation of captopril from the lipid peroxyl radicals is not the cause of the observed lack of inhibitory activity.
Interleukin 4 Inhibits Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by mast cells and T lymphocytes that promotes proliferation and immunoglobulin class-switching in B cells. IL-4 receptors (IL-4Rs) are also expressed by nonhematopoietic cells as well as some tumor cells. Unlike its mitogenic effect on B cells, IL-4 inhibits the growth of some cancer cells in vitro. In this study, we show that IL-4R is expressed by breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Furthermore, anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 is inhibited by IL-4 treatment, and this effect requires IL-4R. Interestingly, IL-4 only inhibited proliferating breast cancer cells and had no effect on basal, unstimulated growth. We therefore characterized the effect of IL-4 on breast cancer cell growth stimulated by either estradiol or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In both anchorage-dependent and -independent growth assays, IL-4 inhibited estradiol-stimulated growth. The antiestrogen effect of IL-4 was not due to IL-4 interference with the estrogen receptor, because IL-4 did not interfere with estrogen receptor-mediated reporter gene transactivation. In contrast, IL-4 had no effect on IGF-I-stimulated proliferation. Because IGF-I is known to inhibit programmed cell death, we examined apoptosis as a possible mechanism of IL-4 action. We established that IL-4 induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells by five independent criteria: (a) morphological indicators including pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic condensation; (b) DNA fragmentation; (c) the formation of DNA laddering; (d) the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; and (e) the presence of cells with sub-G1 DNA content. IL-4 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells 6.0- and 6.7-fold over that of the control, respectively. Finally, the addition of IGF-I reversed IL-4-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the mechanism of IL-4-induced growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells is the induction of programmed cell death.
OPTIMIZING ENANTIOSEPARATION OF PHENYLTHIOHYDANTOIN AMINO ACIDS WITH POLYMERIZED SODIUM N-UNDECANOYL L-VALINATE IN CHIRAL ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY

Chiral separation of phenylthiohydantoin (PTH)-amino acid derivatives by electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) using poly(sodium N-undecanoyl L-valinate) (poly(L-SUV)) was investigated. Seven PTH-DL-amino acids (alanine, valine, norvaline, norleucine, methionine, serine, and tryptophan) were separated and each enantiomeric pair was resolved. Chiral separation was also achieved for (±)-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to the EKC buffer to improve peak shapes and enantioselectivity. Addition of methanol and urea as organic modifiers were also investigated under slightly acidic buffer conditions, but no improvement in chiral selectivity was observed. Comparisons were made between poly(sodium N-undecanoyl L-norvalinate) (poly (L-SUNV)) and poly(L-SUV) to determine how changing the amino acid head group affects analyte-micelle complexes involved in chiral recognition.
Planar subset of multi-terminal nets

The problem of finding a maximum-weighted planar subset of n multi-terminal nets in a global routing with w modules is considered. When w = 0, an optimal algorithm, running in O(n log n + t) time in bipartite regions (channels) and in O(nt) time in arbitrary regions (switchboxes), is presented; where t is the total number of terminals. For arbitrary w, the problem is shown to be NP-hard. For a fixed w, an O(n^w^+^1t) time algorithm, suitable for regions with small numbers of modules (e.g. a 'ring' where w = 1) is presented.
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. An ultrastructural study

The light and electron microscopic features of a well-differentiated chondrosarcoma with dedifferentiated foci (dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma) is presented. Ultrastructurally, the cells of the dedifferentiated portion were embedded in a matrix containing numerous short bundles of collagen fibers; these cells showed dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum containing stippled material as well as poorly formed cell junctions and resembled the cells in the cartilaginous component. These findings contrast with those reported previously.
A Bioassay for dl-Strigol Using Witchweed [Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze] Seed Germination

Summary A new, sensitive, quantitative germination bioassay for dl -strigol (ST) was developed using Witchweed [ Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze] seeds. The bioassay was based on the physiological role of ST as a Witchweed seed germination regulator that inhibits the conditioning process when applied during an early stage of conditioning and stimulates germination when applied at a later stage. Concentrations of ST from 10 -14 to 10 -6 M or the equivalent activity in solutions containing Witchweed germination stimulants or regulators from soil extracts of corn, cotton, peanuts, soybeans, sorghum, and wild oats were measured. A corn plant grown in sand or a cotton, sorghum, or soybean plant grown in a sandy loam soil exuded germination regulators equivalent to 0.3 µg of ST during the first 6 to 7 days of germination and growth.
Ion conductances of the surface and transverse tubular membranes of skeletal muscle.

A combination voltage clamp and admittance analysis of single skeletal muscle fibers showed that moderate depolarizations activated a steady-state negative sodium conductance in both the surface and transverse tubular membranes. The density of the voltage-dependent channels was similar for the surface and tubular conductances. The relaxation times associated with the negative conductance were in the millisecond range and markedly potential dependent. The negative tubular conductance has the consequence of increasing the apparent steady-state radial space constant to large values. This occurs because the positiv conductance is counterbalanced by the maintained inward-going sodium current. The enhancement of the space constant by a negative conductance provides a means for the nearly simultaneous activation of excitation-contraction coupling.
Cosmogenic nuclides produced in situ in terrestrial solids

Abstract Recent advances in particle identification techniques have significantly altered our perception of the role and importance of cosmic rays in astrophysics and geophysics. In this paper we will consider the nature of this revolution in geophysics. Briefly, it is now possible to characterize the irradiation history of terrestrial solids up to depths of several hundreds of meters rock equivalent from the study of interactions in situ due to cosmic ray particles.
Dissociation and reconstitution of the DNA replicase system of HeLa cell nuclei.

Abstract The DNA replication system of S-phase HeLa nuclei has been dissociated by cautious extraction at 0°C with 0.25 M NaCl. Replicase activity has been reestablished by recombination of the fractions and reduction of the salt concentration. The reconstituted system, like the starting nuclei, depended on ATP, 4dNTP, MgCl 2 , the proper ionic strength and the soluble cytoplasmic protein fraction. The activity of the nuclear extract showed a cell cycle dependency and was elevated in the nuclei of cells at the G 1 → S boundary. In the presence of Mg 2+ the major activity of the nuclear extract precipitated during dialysis to reduce the salt concentration; this precipitate exhibited DNA polymerase α activity. Chromatography of the active extracts over phosphocellulose separated the replicase supporting factors into three fractions. The major activity eluted in the fraction containing the DNA polymerase α activity; the other two active fractions were devoid of polymerase activity. The fraction containing DNA polymerase α from the nuclear extracts supported DNA replicase activity in salt-extracted nuclei whereas an equivalent level of DNA polymerase α from the cytoplasm was not effective. The data suggest that the DNA polymerase α of the salt extracts of S-phase nuclei is either different than the cytoplasmic enzyme or is associated with some essential replicase-supporting factor.
Are women more predictable than men

During the NCAA basketball tournaments from 2002 to 2005, men's games produced 27% more upsets than women's games. To test whether these unpredictable results were due to gender differences, we conduct logit analysis to explain upsets by gender and other potentially significant variables, including differences in competing teams’: (i) RPI scores, (ii) percentage of freshmen, (iii) percentage of seniors, (iv) top scorer's total points and, (v) top three scorers’ total points. These analyses suggest that gender plays a significant role in explaining predictability.
Keys to Success in Megaproject Management in Mexico and the United States: Case Study

AbstractThe transportation industry is continually developing larger complex projects in an effort to keep the traveling public and goods moving. Investigating successful projects enables practitioners to apply and refine successful practices in order to manage future projects more effectively. This paper investigates the Transportation Expansion (T-REX) project in the United States and the Highway Durango Mazatlan project in Mexico to discover practices that supported the success of these two large, complex projects. Both projects have historic significance. T-REX was the first design-build project in the United States that included both major highway and transit elements and the Highway Durango Mazatlan project is the largest construction project to date in Mexico. The Highway Durango Mazatlan project was designated by Mexico’s president as the project to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of Mexico’s independence. This mega-project was designed and is being built to highlight Mexico’s capability ...
Phase stability in BeNb and BeNbZr intermetallics

Abstract Sputter deposition of BeNb alloys at low temperatures (30°C) produces an amorphous phase for compositions of greater than 5 at.% Nb. A metastable crystalline phase which can be considered a highly faulted form of the Be 12 Nb occurs at higher deposition temperatures or by low temperature annealing of the amorphous phase. Because of structural similarities, this metastable phase is a precursor to the formation of either Be 12 Nb or Be 17 Nb 2 upon high temperature annealing. There was no evidence of the Be 5 Nb phase which has been postulated on some phase diagrams. The Be 12 Nb phase can accommodate considerable zirconium in the structure and the Be 13 Zr can accommodate niobium in its structure. The Be 13 Zr becomes the predominant phase when the Zr/Nb composition ratio is greater than unity. High temperature annealing of the ternary results in dual-phase regions of Be 12 (Nb,Zr) + Be 17 (NbZr) 2 or Be 13 (Zr,Nb) + Be 17 (Zr,Nb) 2 , but the coexistence of of Be 12 (Nb,Zr) + Be 13 (Zr,Nb) has not been observed.
Surgical intervention for esophageal dysmotility

Abstract Esophageal motility disorders encompass a number of distinct disease processes that share the common end result of peristaltic derangement and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This article outlines the surgical and endoscopic interventions appropriate for individuals with achalasia and other motor disorders of the esophagus. Conceptualizing the esophageal motility disorders as primarily nonspastic (types I and II achalasia and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction) or spastic (type III achalasia, jackhammer esophagus, and distal esophageal spasm) can help inform the choice of initial and subsequent treatments. Pneumatic dilatation and laparoscopic Heller myotomy have roughly equivalent success in relieving symptoms of esophageal outflow obstruction, with a more durable effect seen with the surgical approach as well as decreased incidence of gastroesophageal reflux with the addition of a partial fundoplication. In the management of spastic motility disorders, surgical myotomy has provided significantly better outcomes than pneumatic dilation, potentially attributable to division of spastic musculature proximal to the esophagogastric junction. Similarly, BoTox delivered to the esophageal body has recently been shown to relieve symptoms in distal esophageal spasm. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel therapy that allows for the creation of a surgical myotomy, without the need for skin incisions. The antegrade, endolumenal approach used in POEM has also allowed for personalized tailoring of the proximal myotomy of the esophageal body in the treatment of spastic motility disorders. POEM has a growing body of longer-term follow-up that suggest initial concerns surrounding increased incidence of gastroesophageal reflux may not be realized.
The labeling of lung phosphatidylcholine in premature rabbits.

Summary: Lung phosphatidylcholine metabolism was studied in vivo in premature rabbits delivered by cesarean section as early in gestation as compatible with prolonged viability (28.9 days). The newborn rabbits initially required supplemental oxygen and had respiratory distress. The amount of phosphatidylcholine isolated from the lung parenchyma changed little over the first 3 days of life, while phosphatidylcholine in the alveolar wash increased in 3 days from 0.05–3.1 μmol/50 g animal. The phosphatidylcholine of the lungs of the premature rabbits was pulse labeled with isotopically labeled palmitic acid, choline, and phosphate given to the pregnant does 10 min before delivery of the newborns. After the initial incorporation period, the total amount of radioactive precursor (palmitic acid, choline, or 32P) incorporated into lung phosphatidylcholine did not change for a period of 4 days. Labeled phosphatidylcholine was detected initially in alveolar wash 3 hr after administration of the three precursors and continued to accumulate for many hours. The biological half-life values for lung and alveolar phosphatidylcholine indicated that phosphatidylcholine was turning over very slowly. However, if the effect of dilution on the measured specific activity caused by phosphatidylcholine accumulation was considered, virtually no labeled alveolar or lung phosphatidylcholine disappeared during the 3–4 days of these observations. These results with premature newborn rabbits were similar to those for term newborn rabbits, but different from similar measurements made in the adult rabbit. Speculation: Premature newborn rabbits are unable to deliver newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine rapidly to the alveolar space in the hours immediately after birth. These newborn animals seem to depend on stored phosphatidylcholine to maintain alveolar stability at birth. Continuous de novo synthesis then produces a slow accumulation of phosphatidylcholine in the alveolar space. If these results can be generalized to the premature human with respiratory distress syndrome, phosphatidylcholine synthesized shortly before or after birth would not be expected to mitigate alveolar collapse. A considerable period of respiratory support would be anticipated before large amounts of newly synthesized alveolar phosphatidylcholine would become available for the maintenance of alveolar stability. However, any phosphatidylcholine present may have a very long biological half-life as increasing amounts of alveolar phosphatidylcholine accumulate during the recovery period.
Transformation-based layout optimization

An approach to layout optimization that involves invoking a set of transformations on an initial symbolic layout is presented. The tools work well together, providing a high degree of user-controllability. The tools run on selected areas or the whole chip, honor the user's modifications, perform with partial layouts and ERC/LVS errors, and have separate and clearly defined optimizations. The tools are fast and practical. Using these transformations, the quality of the layout of six industrial, block-oriented design is greatly improved. On average, the routing area is reduced by 15%, the number of contacts by 38%, and the wire length by 11%. >
Estimating Disaggregate Models Using Aggregate Data Through Augmentation of Individual Choice

Abstract In this article, the authors propose a Bayesian method for estimating disaggregate choice models using aggregate data. Compared with existing methods, the advantage of the proposed method is that it allows for the analysis of microlevel consumer dynamic behavior, such as the impact of purchase history on current brand choice, when only aggregate-level data are available. The essence of this approach is to simulate latent choice data that are consistent with the observed aggregate data. When the augmented choice data are made available in each iteration of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, the dynamics of consumer buying behavior can be explicitly modeled. The authors first demonstrate the validity of the method with a series of simulations and then apply the method to an actual store-level data set of consumer purchases of refrigerated orange juice. The authors find a significant amount of dynamics in consumer buying behavior. The proposed method is useful for managers to understand better ...
Smad3 and Smad4 Mediate Transcriptional Activation of the Human Smad7 Promoter by Transforming Growth Factor β

Smad7 is an inducible intracellular inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling that is regulated by diverse stimuli including members of the TGF-beta superfamily. To define the molecular mechanisms of negative control of TGF-beta signaling, we have isolated the human SMAD7 gene and characterized its promoter region. A -303 to +672 SMAD7 region contained a palindromic GTCTAGAC Smad binding element (SBE) between nucleotides -179 and -172 that was necessary for the induction of a Smad7 promoter luciferase reporter gene by TGF-beta. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using oligonucleotide probes demonstrated that TGF-beta rapidly induced the binding of an endogenous SBE-binding complex (SBC) containing Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4. Transfection assays in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), with targeted deletions of either Smad2 or Smad3, and the Smad4-deficient cell line MD-MBA-468 revealed that both Smad3 and Smad4, but not Smad2, were absolutely required for induction of the Smad7 promoter reporter gene by TGF-beta. Furthermore, the TGF-beta-inducible SBE-binding complex was diminished in Smad2-deficient MEFs when compared with wild type MEFs and not detectable in Smad3-deficient MEFs and MD-MBA-468 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TGF-beta induces transcription of the human SMAD7 gene through activation of Smad3 and Smad4 transcription factor binding to its proximal promoter.
Multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor

A new concept for a multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. By applying multimode interference and reimaging theory to optical fibers, a displacement sensor consisting of only a section of multimode fiber fusion spliced to a single-mode fiber can be readily fabricated. Observation and analysis of the power reflected off of a surface and back through the device over a finite wavelength range provides enough information to use the device as a calibrated displacement sensor over a large displacement range.
Bounding Adaptive Filter Poles Using Kharitonov's Theorem

A method of bounding the coefficients of ARMA filters is presented and shown to guarantee strict sense stability (poles remain inside the unit circle). The method is general and can be used to stabilize any filter which has a proper rational transfer function. Application of Kharitonov's theorem[1] with additional constraints[2] yields optimal coefficient bounds which can be computed off-line. The precomputed bounds are applied at run-time requiring either O(N) or O(N/sup 2/) arithmetic operations per iteration. In contrast to previous bounding approaches, this method applies to filters of arbitrary order. Also, poles can be restricted to fie within any specified radius of the z-plane origin. Significant improvements in convergence behavior and stability are noted.
Measures of the restrictiveness of project networks

The concept of the restrictiveness of project networks is defined to reflect the degree to which precedence requirements eliminate possible scheduling sequences. A suitable measure of restrictiveness is presented, as published related materials are shown not to apply. To extend the computational feasibility of the concept to larger networks, three indirect estimators of the measure are introduced. Relationships between these and related statistical properties of networks are shown. Finally, an algorithm to generate random networks with a specified restrictiveness is given.
A quantitative correlation of extravascular lung water accumulation with vascular permeability and hydrostatic pressure measurements: a positron emission tomography study

Abstract In 11 supine dogs, we related regional lung water concentration (rLWC) measurements made with positron emission tomography (PET) after canine oleic acid (OA)-induced acute lung injury to extravascular lung water measurements by the thermal-green dye indicator dilution technique (EVLW-TGD), and to measurements of vascular permeability (also by PET) and hydrostatic pressure. The rLWC measurements correlated well with EVLW-TGD (R 2 = 97%). Changes in LWC did not correlate with either the pulmonary wedge pressure or PET measurements of protein leak (as an index of vascular permeability), but were related when both variables were considered together (R 2 = 73%). Lung water concentration increased significantly 60 minutes after OA, primarily in dorsal, gravity-dependent lung regions, with a small, but statistically significant, change over the next 75 minutes. These data suggest that PET measurements of LWC or EVLW on one tomography slice can be representative of changes in EVLW in the lung as a whole after diffuse lung injury. Furthermore, the magnitude of edema accumulation after acute lung injury can be accurately predicted by quantitative measurements of hydrostatic pressure and of protein leak using PET.
Issues in Electronic Publication of Image Databases: Report from a Study of the Museum Educational Site Licensing Project.

This paper summarizes the findings of a two-year study of digital image distribution and publication, focusing on the Museum Educational Site Licensing Project (MESL). This study (Besser & Yamashita 1998) evaluated the costs, infrastructure, and efforts involved in implementing the MESL project, as well as user reaction to functionality. The study also examined costs of running analog slide libraries and compared these to costs and functionality associated with digital image distribution.
Operative Technique on Arthroscopic Partial- Thickness Articular Rotator Cuff Repairs

Since its first description in 1931, there has been an evolution in the understanding of partial articular tears of the supraspinatus. Partial articular supraspinatus tendon avulsion represents a Southern California Orthopaedic Institute type 3 or 4 tear classification with a traumatic etiology. Partial-thickness tears have little active healing response and may progress to a full-thickness tear. These tears are painful for patients and are particularly debilitating for overhead activities. A tear that involves more than 50% of the tendon may require surgical intervention after extensive conservative management. Arthroscopic repair of these lesions have proven to be successful. There are various techniques of repairing the tear, which can involve a transtendinous or conversion approach. The goal of our technique is to anatomically reduce the delaminated layer to the greater tuberosity under direct visualization, thereby maximizing the biomechanical advantage of fixation while minimizing iatrogenic injury to the remaining fibers. This article outlines the historical and current literature, outcomes, techniques, and our preferred approach with pearls to this type of rotator cuff tear.
Mesh-based motion models for wavelet video coding

Discrete wavelet transforms, implemented using lifting along motion trajectories, are effective and efficient temporal decomposition tools that facilitate video compression competitive with the current standards. As recently shown, however, in order that a lifting-based motion-compensated wavelet transform be equivalent to its transversal (standard) implementation, motion transformation must be invertible and motion composition between frames must be well-defined. In this paper, we discuss various mesh-based motion models that satisfy requirements of invertibility and composition, and thus are suitable for use in motion-compensated lifting-based wavelet transforms. We propose a new mesh configuration that preserves regularity of the mesh structure but provides better motion compensation compared to previously-reported mesh topologies, particularly in the proximity of image boundaries. Our results show that an improvement in motion compensation and overall compression performance is possible with only a fractional increase in motion overhead bit-rate.
Pristionchus pacificus genetic protocols.

Edited by Ralf J. Sommer. WormMethods editor, Victor Ambros. Last revised June 29, 2006. Published July 17, 2006. This chapter should becited as: Pires da Silva, A. Pristionchus pacificus genetic protocols (July 17, 2006), WormBook, ed. The C. elegans Research Community,WormBook, doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.114.1, http://www.wormbook.org.Copyright: © 2006 Andre Pires da Silva. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Genetic organization of an Acinetobacter baumannii chromosomal region harbouring genes related to siderophore biosynthesis and transport.

The Acinetobacter baumannii 8399 clinical isolate secretes dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and a high-affinity catechol siderophore, which is different from other bacterial iron chelators already characterized. Complementation assays with enterobactin-deficient Escherichia coli strains led to the isolation of a cosmid clone containing A. baumannii 8399 genes required for the biosynthesis and activation of DHBA. Accordingly, the cloned fragment harbours a dhbACEB polycistronic operon encoding predicted proteins highly similar to several bacterial proteins required for DHBA biosynthesis from chorismic acid. Genes encoding deduced proteins related to the E. coli Fes and the Bacillus subtilis DhbF proteins, and a putative Yersinia pestis phosphopantetheinyl transferase, all of them involved in the assembly and utilization of catechol siderophores in other bacteria, were found next to the dhbACEB locus. This A. baumannii 8399 gene cluster also contained the om73, p45 and p114 predicted genes encoding proteins potentially involved in transport of ferric siderophore complexes. The deduced products of the p114 and p45 genes are putative membrane proteins that belong to the RND and MFS efflux pump proteins, respectively. Interestingly, P45 is highly related to the E. coli P43 (EntS) protein that participates in the secretion of enterobactin. Although P114 is similar to other bacterial efflux pump proteins involved in antibiotic resistance, its genetic arrangement within this A. baumannii 8399 locus is different from that described in other bacteria. The product of om73 is a Fur- and iron-regulated surface-exposed outer-membrane protein. These characteristics together with the presence of a predicted TonB box and its high similarity to other siderophore receptors indicate that OM73 plays such a role in A. baumannii 8399. The 184 nt om73–p114 intergenic region contains promoter elements that could drive the expression of these divergently transcribed genes, all of which are in close proximity to almost perfect Fur boxes. This arrangement explains the iron- and Fur-regulated expression of om73, and provides strong evidence for a similar regulation for the expression of p114.
Cooperative tracking control of Euler-Lagrange systems with switching communication network topologies

Formation control of multiple agents has been studied extensively in the past few years. In most of these studies the structure of the communication network was considered to be fixed. However, in some applications this assumption may not hold, specially when the communication among the agents depends on their relative distance or attitude. In this paper, the problem of formation control of multiple Euler-Lagrange (EL) systems under switching network topologies is considered. Our proposed distributed control algorithm guarantees state synchronization and trajectory tracking under arbitrary switching among a family of connected communication topologies. Our proposed control algorithm is extended to cooperative state regulation of multiple EL systems. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our developed control algorithms.
A Technique for Specifying Dynamically Reconfigurable Embedded Systems

This paper describes a framework for developing dynamically reconfiguring distributed embedded systems supporting graceful degradation. Graceful degradation allows embedded systems to reconfigure in response to faults, allowing the systems to reduce their level of service instead of suffering system failures. The approach is based on a graphical software specification technique. Software module dependency graphs are used to specify the interaction and interdependencies between software modules. Individual software modules can be specified with alternate implementations that may require different amounts of system resources. As failures occur, a system manager tracks system status and uses the dependency graphs to choose new system configurations to deploy. The proposed framework also supports traditional fault-tolerance techniques, such as fail-over programming, redundant calculations, and voting, making it an attractive alternative for the design of a wide range of embedded control applications. A high level description of the proposed system architecture as well as its fault detection and handling are presented followed by discussion of the software modeling
THE CONSEQUENCES AND COSTS OF THE EATING DISORDERS

Reviewed here are data on the consequences and costs of eating disorders. All three of the eating disorders, anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder are associated with high levels of comorbid psychopathology, and AN has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. These consequences are reflected in the high costs associated with treatment of these disorders. AN is as costly to treat as schizophrenia, whereas BN and binge-eating disorder are as costly to treat as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The relative costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medication for BN are outlined, as are potential methods to reduce treatment costs. Although BN was first described only 20 years ago, 22 it is now considered, together with AN, as a severe mental illness. The California legislature, recognizing the burden borne by patients with eating disorders, listed AN and BN among the nine diagnoses, including schizophrenia, bipolar personality disorder, and OCD, that were to be given parity for health care with severe medical conditions by health maintenance organizations and third-party payers. Now, the outlines of the consequences and costs of AN and BN for patients, their families, and society are becoming apparent. Although fewer data are available for the newly designated diagnosis of binge-eating disorder, a condition that, according to the DSM-IV, requires further research, at least some of the costs are apparent.
Relationships between caregiver stress and self-care behaviors in response to symptoms

The specific aims of this study were to (a) identify relationships among care-giving stress, caregivers' functional ability, and number of self-care behavior responses to physical and psychological symptoms in caregivers of persons with dementia and (b) examine the mediating function of functional ability in the relationship between caregiving stress and self-care behavior response to symptoms. A correlational, cross-sectional design was used, and a survey was mailed to 99 caregivers. The survey questionnaire contained items about demographics, caregiving stress, functional ability, and self-care behavior. The results indicate that caregivers who reported higher levels of caregiving stress had poorer self-rated health, poorer physical function, more symptoms, high levels of depressed mood, and more self-care behaviors. Caregiving stress was indirectly related to self-care behavior response to symptoms through functional ability, which suggests a need for developing early interventions to enhance the functional ability and self-care behaviors in response to some caregivers' symptoms.
The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited

Objectives. High exercise intensity may be associated with reduced adherence to exercise programmes, possibly because it is perceived as aversive. However, several authors have suggested that an intensity as high as 60% or 70% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) is necessary for exercise to elicit positive affective changes. To elucidate this discrepancy, the affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity were examined. Design. In total, 30 volunteers rated their affect every minute as they ran on a treadmill while the speed and grade were progressively increased. Method. The methodology was unique in three respects: (1) affect was assessed in terms of the dimensions of the circumplex model instead of distinct affective states, (2) affect was assessed repeatedly before, during, and after exercise, not only before and after, and (3) exercise intensity was standardized across participants in terms of metabolically comparable phases (beginning, ventilatory threshold, VO2max) instead of percentages of maximal capacity. Results. Pre-to-post-exercise comparisons indicated affective beneets in the form of increased energetic arousal and decreased tense arousal. During exercise, however, affective valence deteriorated beyond the ventilatory threshold and until VO2max, a trend that reversed itself instantaneously during cool-down. Conclusions. Exercise intensity that requires a transition to anaerobic metabolism can have a transient but substantial negative impact on affect and this may, in turn, reduce adherence to exercise programmes.
Limiting too much of a good thing: a negative feedback mechanism prevents unregulated translocation of type III effector proteins.

Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are highly specialized structures termed injectisomes which function by translocating bacterial effector proteins via hollow needles directly into eukaryotic target cells. The translocated effectors alter target cell physiology to promote the pathogenic and symbiotic lifestyles of many gram-negative bacterial species. Orchestrating T3SS activity requires multiple levels of regulatory control to ensure appropriate timing of gene expression, needle complex assembly, pore formation in the target cell membrane, and translocation of the effectors into target cells. Most of the work thus far has focused on regulatory events leading up to and including translocation of the effectors. Although fewer studies have examined regulatory events that occur following translocation of the effectors into target cells, recent evidence indicates that translocation in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a regulated event that is controlled by the translocated YopE effector (1). In this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Cisz et al. demonstrate that a similar negative feedback mechanism operates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3). Using an elegant microscopy-based assay, they provide evidence that the autolimiting effect on translocation prevents subsequent bacteria from deploying the T3SS against the same target cell. In a separate line of investigation, they propose that host contact-mediated activation of translocation involves a shift in the substrate specificity of the injectisome and provide evidence that the signal associated with target cell contact is not the low-Ca2+ environment of the host cell cytoplasm.
Towards Automated Personality Identification Using Speech Acts

The way people communicate — be it verbally, visually, or via text– is indicative of personality traits. In social media the concept of the status update is used for individuals to communicate to their social networks in an always-on fashion. In doing so individuals utilize various kinds of speech acts that, while primarily communicating their content, also leave traces of their personality dimensions behind. We human-coded a set of Facebook status updates from the myPersonality dataset in terms of speech acts label and then experimented with surface level linguistic features including lexical, syntactic, and simple sentiment detection to automatically label status updates as their appropriate speech act. We apply supervised learning to the dataset and using our features are able to classify with high accuracy two dominant kinds of acts that have been found to occur in social media. At the same time we used the coded data to perform a regression analysis to determine which speech acts are significant of certain personality dimensions. The implications of our work allow for automatic large-scale personality identification through social media status updates.
Missing the target: DNAk is a dominant epitope in the humoral immune response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Flavobacterium columnare

Vaccination remains a viable alternative for bacterial disease protection in fish; however additional work is required to understand the mechanisms of adaptive immunity in the channel catfish. To assess the humoral immune response to Flavobacterium columnare; a group of channel catfish were first immunized with F. columnare LV-359-01 cultured in iron-depleted media, before being challenged with wild type F. columnare LV-359-01. The immunization protocol did not confer increased protection against F. columnare; however both control and immunized responders generated serum and skin IgM antibodies against F. columnare proteins. Western blot analyses of individuals from both groups showed that IgM antibodies were generated to the same 70 kDa extracellular protein, which was identified to be the bacterial chaperonin protein DNAk. Antibodies generated were cross reactive to DNAk proteins found in other gram negative bacteria. Our data suggests that DNAk is the dominant epitope in the channel catfish B-cell response to F. columnare.
A Taxonomy of Management Theory: A Preliminary Framework

Taxonomy is viewed as a means of assisting in the development of a unified theory of management and achievement of the status of a true science. A preliminary framework is suggested in the form of ...
Understanding FM Implementations: A Call for Common Standards

In recent years there has been much effort to standardize music representation so as to allow musical pieces to be transferred freely between systems. These efforts have dealt largely with music at the level of notes and scores. In such endeavors there is an unspoken assumption that the elements of discourse have the same semantic meaning for everybody, and this is certainly true of things like equaltempered scale, quarter-note, middle-C, etc. We have a long musical history that defines these concepts in an unambiguous way. If, however, we should ever want to extend this representation effort to include timbral propertiesand I think we should-we are in a rather bad position if the state of our synthesis implementations is anything like that which currently exists for synthesis via frequency modulation (FM). Because of ambiguous notions of what constitutes "correct" FM, a situation has developed in which sites have implemented incompatible FM algorithms, thus precluding the possibility of distortion-free migration of FM patches between platforms. This article is an attempt to set the record straight about this issue, and to identify and clearly define some of the different forms of FM that have emerged over the years. Please note that I have "normalized" the notation used in all the equations that follow, so they may be different from the original source from which they were taken. This also applies to the nomenclature surrounding the table lookup oscillator, which varies from author to author. Throughout the paper I have called it "Frequency Increment Table Lookup" oscillator, or FITL for short. The Source of Ambiguities