cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noddings: A Voice from the Present and Past

Nel Noddings is best known for her pioneering work in feminist ethics and philosophy of education. She came to national and international attention in 1984 with her book, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Education (2013a). Noddings’ ethics of care replaces the traditional Western framing of ethics in terms of autonomous moral agents seeking to maximize utility or perform obligations for their own sake with situated social beings in face-to-face everyday relations with others. She argues that relationships, and not individuals, are ontologically basic (2013a, p. xxi). In the ethics of care, human encounter and affective response form the foundation of ethics, and moral relationships are organized in terms of connections, rather than traditional conceptions of freedom. Noddings’ distinctive ethical voice and commitment to improving education blend in her work on school reform. This work articulates educational aims grounded in an ethic of care and school practices that align with not only cultivating the interests and aspirations of individual students, but also that align with the moral and civic purposes of education. Noddings is an award-winning author and editor of over 20 books and 200 articles across fields as varied as philosophy of education, ethics, feminism, school reform, religious studies, peace studies, and social policy.
Signal Sequences: Roles and Interactions by Biophysical Methods

Signal sequences are essential for the efficient and selective targeting of nascent protein chains either to the endoplasmic reticulum, in eukaryotes, or to the cytoplasmic membrane, in prokaryotes (for a review, see Gierasch, 1989). Furthermore, signal sequences play a central, although poorly understood, role in the translocation of polypeptide chains across membranes. Despite their ability to perform multiple, common functions, signal sequences lack primary structural homology. Instead, they share several general properties (von Heijne, 1985): (1) an amino-terminal region with a net positive charge; (2) a hydrophobic core of about ten residues; (3) a locus six to eight residues preceding the cleavage site that often contains a prolyl or glycyl residue and has a relatively high predicted turn tendency; and (4) a motif at the cleavage site--AXA in prokaryotes or small-largesmall in eukaryotes. These shared features and the finding that signal sequences are often transportable from one secreted protein to another with retention of function invite the study of isolated signal peptides using physical methods that may reveal the conformational and interactive propensities of these intriguing sequences. This information then can help to elucidate the likely roles of signal sequences in the export pathway. Also, the isolated signal peptides can serve as probes for the interactions of the signal sequence with proteins of the export pathway. By comparing properties of export-competent signal peptides with those of peptides corresponding to export-defective mutants, we have found that all functional signal peptides have both a capacity to form an α helix in membrane environments and an ability to spontaneously insert into the acyl chain region of a membrane (Briggs & Gierasch, 1984; Briggs et al., 1985; McKnight et al.,1989; Hoyt & Gierasch, 1991a, 1991b). As principal methods, we have used circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine the conformational behavior and fluorescence spectroscopy to analyze membrane insertion. Recently, we have developed a signal peptide of enhanced water solubility in order to apply the method of transferred nuclear Overhauser enhancements (trNOEs) to determine directly the conformation of a signal peptide in a lipid bilayer. We find from these studies and our fluorescence work that the hydrophobic core of the signal peptide resides well-embedded in the acyl chain region of the bilayer in a stable α helix, while the N-terminal region associates with the surface. The C-terminal segment adopts a less stable α helix and appears to spend some time at the interface. Fluorescence quenching results on the LamB signal peptide do not support a stable transmembrane arrangement;. work is in progress to establish whether this behavior is general and what the influence is of additional residues past the cleavage site.
Channel gating dependence on pore lining helix glycine residues in skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor

Type 1 ryanodine receptors (RyR1s) release Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate skeletal muscle contraction. The role of RyR1-G4934 and -G4941 in the pore-lining helix in channel gating and ion permeation was probed by replacing them with amino acid residues of increasing side chain volume. RyR1-G4934A, -G4941A, and -G4941V mutant channels exhibited a caffeine-induced Ca2+ release response in HEK293 cells and bound the RyR-specific ligand [3H]ryanodine. In single channel recordings, significant differences in the number of channel events and mean open and close times were observed between WT and RyR1-G4934A and -G4941A. RyR1-G4934A had reduced K+ conductance and ion selectivity compared with WT. Mutations further increasing the side chain volume at these positions (G4934V and G4941I) resulted in reduced caffeine-induced Ca2+ release in HEK293 cells, low [3H]ryanodine binding levels, and channels that were not regulated by Ca2+ and did not conduct Ca2+ in single channel measurements. Computational predictions of the thermodynamic impact of mutations on protein stability indicated that although the G4934A mutation was tolerated, the G4934V mutation decreased protein stability by introducing clashes with neighboring amino acid residues. In similar fashion, the G4941A mutation did not introduce clashes, whereas the G4941I mutation resulted in intersubunit clashes among the mutated isoleucines. Co-expression of RyR1-WT with RyR1-G4934V or -G4941I partially restored the WT phenotype, which suggested lessening of amino acid clashes in heterotetrameric channel complexes. The results indicate that both glycines are important for RyR1 channel function by providing flexibility and minimizing amino acid clashes. Background: Skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) releases Ca2+ ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum through Ca2+-gated ion channels. Results: Mutagenesis of two glycine residues in the pore-lining helix altered channel gating and ion conductance. Conclusion: Pore-lining helix glycines provide flexibility and minimize clashes between amino acid residues. Significance: Pore-lining helix glycines expedite channel gating by RyR1.
Embodied Performance as Applied Research, Art and Pedagogy

Julie-Ann Scott is an Associate Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina Wilmington and the Director of The UNCW Storytellers, Hawk Tale Players, and Just Us: Performa...
Design and Characterization of a Scintillator-Based Position-Sensitive Detector for Muon Imaging

AbstractThis work presents the design of a position-sensitive detector that we are evaluating for cosmic-ray muon imaging. The position-sensitive detector consists of an EJ-200 plastic scintillator panel that is 32 × 32 × 2.5 cm in dimension. A quantity of 32 parallel grooves, each 2 mm wide and 4 mm deep with a pitch of 1 cm, are carved on the top and bottom sides, in perpendicular orientation, of a scintillator panel. Two wavelength shifting optical fibers are embedded in each groove for light collection and transport. The optical fibers from each channel are coupled to one pixel of a Hamamatsu H8500C multi-anode photomultiplier tube. An encoding technique using a one-dimensional resistor network was developed to reduce the number of required readout channels for position determination. The position calibration was performed with a blue light emitting diode. The detector was shown to achieve position resolution of ~1 cm (sigma).
Portables, luggables, and transportables: Historicizing the imagined affordances of mobile computing:

This article contributes to the history of “mobile media beyond mobile phones” by accounting for genres of portable computing (or “portables”) that emerged in the late 1980s. Though largely overloo...
A census of baccalaureate agriculture teacher education program requirements

The purpose of this study was to examine the nation’s baccalaureate agriculture teacher education programs of study to synthesize current coursework requirements. Sixty-five baccalaureate programs of study were analyzed. The mean number of semester credit hours was 125.2, and the mean number of credit hours in the areas of professional knowledge, technical knowledge, and general knowledge were 37.8, 42.0, and 36.6, respectively. Great variability was found within these descriptive measures when observing the standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, and configuration of courses within each category. We recommend the profession engage in intense and deliberate conversations on how to best design programs of study at the national level. These conversations would provide the opportunity for the collective wisdom of the profession garnered through investigation of the literature and sharing of knowledge gained through personal experiences, which can be used to inform the decision making process at individual institutions.
The impact of age on 30-day complications following shoulder instability surgery

Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term outcomes including medical complications, overnight admission, and 30-day readmission with regard to patient age at the time of shoulder instability surgery. Methods Patients undergoing surgery for glenohumeral instability were collected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program between the years of 2005 and 2016. These patients were separated into cohorts of younger than 25 years, 25-34 years, and older than 34 years. Medical complications, hospital admission, and 30-day readmission were compared using multivariate analysis. Results Of the 5449 patients included, there were 2035 (37.0%) patients younger than 25 years, 1815 (33.0%) between 25 and 34 years, and 1649 (30.0%) 35 and older. Overall, 81.7% of patients underwent an arthroscopic Bankart repair, 12.6% of patients underwent an open Bankart repair, and 5.7% of patients underwent a Latarjet-Bristow procedure. The risk of 30-day readmission increased with age, ranging from 0.24% for Conclusion This study demonstrates that even in the relatively young and healthy shoulder instability patient cohort, patients older than 25 years are almost 4 times more likely to experience a complication. Additionally, Latarjet-Bristow procedures are 3-4 times more likely to experience a complication or readmission than other shoulder instability procedures.
Early postoperative pain and opioid consumption after arthroscopic shoulder surgery with or without open subpectoral biceps tenodesis and interscalene block.

Abstract Objective The addition of open subpectoral biceps tenodesis to arthroscopic shoulder surgery with interscalene block has been anecdotally observed to result in increased postoperative pain. This study aims to evaluate the impact of tenodesis on early postoperative pain and recovery. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery with general anesthesia and interscalene block was conducted. Results Patients undergoing tenodesis experienced longer OR time, pain numeric rating scale (NRS), and consumed more morphine milligram equivalents (MME) in PACU. After controlling for confounding factors, tenodesis was significantly associated with increased opioid MME consumption in the PACU (β = 1.045, p = .028) and last PACU pain NRS (β = 0.541, p = .009). Conclusion Overall, pain scores and narcotic consumption were low after surgery, making these differences potentially clinically insignificant. Further study is required to evaluate whether these trends are consistent among this population.
Minimally invasive lateral corpectomy for thoracolumbar traumatic burst fractures.

OBJECTIVE The need for anterior column reconstruction after thoracolumbar burst fractures remains controversial. Here, the authors present their experience with minimally invasive lateral thoracolumbar corpectomies for traumatic fractures. METHODS Between 2012 and 2019, 59 patients with 65 thoracolumbar fractures underwent 65 minimally invasive lateral corpectomies (MIS group). This group was compared to 16 patients with single-level thoracolumbar fractures who had undergone open lateral corpectomies with the assistance of general surgery between 2007 and 2011 (open control group). Comparisons of the two groups were made with regard to operative time, estimated blood loss, time to ambulation, and fusion rates at 1 year postoperatively. The authors further analyzed the MIS group with regard to injury mechanism, fracture characteristics, neurological outcome, and complications. RESULTS Patients in the MIS group had a significantly shorter mean operative time (228.3 ± 27.9 vs 255.6 ± 34.1 minutes, p = 0.001) and significantly shorter mean time to ambulation after surgery (1.8 ± 1.1 vs 5.0 ± 0.8 days, p < 0.001) than the open corpectomy group. Mean estimated blood loss did not differ significantly between the two groups, though the MIS group did trend toward a lower mean blood loss. There was no significant difference in fusion status at 1 year between the MIS and open groups; however, this comparison was limited by poor follow-up, with only 32 of 59 patients (54.2%) in the MIS group and 8 of 16 (50%) in the open group having available imaging at 1 year. Complications in the MIS group included 1 screw misplacement requiring revision, 2 postoperative femoral neuropathies (one of which improved), 1 return to surgery for inadequate posterior decompression, 4 pneumothoraces requiring chest tube placement, and 1 posterior wound infection. The rate of revision surgery for the failure of fusion in the MIS group was 1.7% (1 of 59 patients). CONCLUSIONS The minimally invasive lateral thoracolumbar corpectomy approach for traumatic fractures appears to be relatively safe and may result in shorter operative times and quicker mobilization as compared to those with open techniques. This should be considered as a treatment option for thoracolumbar spine fractures.
Feasibility of Establishing a Return-To-Work Protocol Based on COVID-19 Antibodies Testing

Abstract Introduction: Prior to the diagnosis of the first SARS-CoV2 patient in Florida, the Miami Dade Fire Rescue developed and implemented its return-to-work protocol based on guidelines from the CDC and Florida Fire Chiefs Association. As of February 17, 2020, all asymptomatic employees exposed to PCR-confirmed positive SARS-CoV2 individuals would be excluded from work for 14 days and report absence of symptoms to a delegated supervisor every 24 hours. We postulated that if COVID-19 transmission rate continues at the current rate in the absence of systemic vaccination strategy for SARS-CoV2, then a safer and more efficient return-to-work policy is needed for exposed first responders who are identified as low-risk for disease transmission. Objectives: We sought to establish a safe and shortened return-to-work protocol to maintain our workforce. We evaluated the utility of serological antibody testing in predicting negative seroconversion of first responders at 7 days post low-risk exposure to confirmed COVID-19 individuals. Methods: All exposed, asymptomatic employees underwent serology testing for SARS-CoV2 one week after the initial exposure. Participants who were serologically negative had follow-up RT-PCR within 24 hours and serology testing 14 days after the initial serological test. Results: Overall, of the 71 firefighters who have had documented exposures to SARS-CoV2 positive individuals in the fire rescue agency, 41 of 71 had initially negative serology studies. Of the 41 patients with negative serology studies, 20 voluntarily underwent confirmatory PCR testing within one day after serology testing and all 20 participants were negative. Subsequently, out of the 20 participants who underwent serology and PCR testing, 10 participants followed up and underwent repeat serology testing 14 days after exposure and all 10 participants had negative repeat serology tests. The other ten who chose not to retest remained asymptomatic 14 days after exposure. Conclusions: Although serology testing has limitations, it correlated with negative prediction of disease in low-risk participants with exposures in this study. Serology testing may offer a feasible, alternative return-to-work strategy for fire agencies. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Rapid IgM-IgG Combined test, Point-of-Care Testing, Return-to-Work protocol
SINE Retrotransposons Import Polyadenylation Signals to 3'UTRs in Dog (Canis familiaris)

Abstract Background Messenger RNA 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs) control many aspects of gene expression and determine where the transcript will terminate. The polyadenylation signal (PAS) AAUAAA is a key regulator of transcript termination and this hexamer, or a similar sequence, is very frequently found within 30 bp of 3’UTR ends. Short interspersed element (SINE) retrotransposons are found throughout genomes in high copy number. When inserted into genes they can disrupt expression, alter splicing, or cause nuclear retention of mRNAs. The genomes of the domestic dog and other carnivores carry hundreds of thousands Can-SINEs, a tRNA-related SINE with transcription termination potential. Because of this we asked whether Can-SINEs may help terminate transcript in some dog genes. Results Dog 3’UTRs have several peaks of AATAAA PAS frequency within 40 bp of the 3’UTR end, including four bp-interval peaks at 28, 32, and 36 bp from the end. The periodicity is partly explained by TAAA(n) repeats within Can-SINE AT-rich tails. While density of antisense-oriented Can-SINEs in 3’UTRs is fairly constant with distances from 3’end, sense-oriented Can-SINEs are common at the 3’end but nearly absent farther upstream. There are nine Can-SINE sub-types in the dog genome and the consensus sequence sense strands (head to tail) all carry at least three PASs while antisense strands usually have none. We annotated all repeat-masked Can-SINE copies in the Boxer reference genome and found that the young SINEC_Cf type has a mode of 15 bp for target site duplications (TSDs). We find that all Can-SINE types favor integration at TSDs beginning with A(4). The count of AATAAA PASs differs significantly between sense and antisense-oriented retrotransposons in transcripts. Can-SINEs near 3’UTR ends are very likely to carry AATAAA on the mRNA sense strand while those farther upstream are not. We also identified loci where Can-SINE insertion has truncated or altered a dog 3’UTR compared to the human ortholog. Conclusion Dog Can-SINE activity has imported AATAAA PASs into gene transcripts and led to alteration of 3’UTRs. AATAAA sequences are selectively removed from Can-SINEs in introns and upstream 3’UTR regions but are retained at the far downstream end of 3’UTRs, which we infer reflects their role as termination sequences for these transcripts.
Numerical bifurcation and stability for the capillary–gravity Whitham equation

Abstract We adopt a robust numerical continuation scheme to examine the global bifurcation of periodic travelling waves of the capillary–gravity Whitham equation, which combines the dispersion in the linear theory of capillary–gravity waves and a shallow water nonlinearity. We employ a highly accurate numerical method for space discretization and time stepping, to address orbital stability and instability for a rich variety of the solutions. Our findings can help classify capillary–gravity waves and understand their long-term dynamics.
Recurrent Submodular Welfare and Matroid Blocking Bandits

A recent line of research focuses on the study of the stochastic multi-armed bandits problem (MAB), in the case where temporal correlations of specific structure are imposed between the player's actions and the reward distributions of the arms (Kleinberg and Immorlica [FOCS18], Basu et al. [NeurIPS19]). As opposed to the standard MAB setting, where the optimal solution in hindsight can be trivially characterized, these correlations lead to (sub-)optimal solutions that exhibit interesting dynamical patterns -- a phenomenon that yields new challenges both from an algorithmic as well as a learning perspective. In this work, we extend the above direction to a combinatorial bandit setting and study a variant of stochastic MAB, where arms are subject to matroid constraints and each arm becomes unavailable (blocked) for a fixed number of rounds after each play. A natural common generalization of the state-of-the-art for blocking bandits, and that for matroid bandits, yields a $(1-\frac{1}{e})$-approximation for partition matroids, yet it only guarantees a $\frac{1}{2}$-approximation for general matroids. In this paper we develop new algorithmic ideas that allow us to obtain a polynomial-time $(1 - \frac{1}{e})$-approximation algorithm (asymptotically and in expectation) for any matroid, and thus to control the $(1-\frac{1}{e})$-approximate regret. A key ingredient is the technique of correlated (interleaved) scheduling. Along the way, we discover an interesting connection to a variant of Submodular Welfare Maximization, for which we provide (asymptotically) matching upper and lower approximability bounds.
Dandy-Walker Malformation

This developmental anomaly ususally consists of: 1) hydrocephalus; 2) maldevelopment of the vermis; 3) dilatation of the fourth ventricle; 4) large posterior fossa; and 5) elevation of transverse sinuses, confluence of sinuses, and tentorium (1).
Host population dynamics in the face of an evolving pathogen

Interactions between hosts and pathogens are dynamic at both ecological and evolutionary levels. In the resultant 'eco-evolutionary dynamics' ecological and evolutionary processes affect each other. For example, the house finch Haemorhous mexicanus and its recently emerged pathogen, the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum, form a system in which evidence suggests that changes in bacterial virulence through time enhance levels of host immunity in ways that drive the evolution of virulence in an arms race. We use data from two associated citizen science projects in order to determine whether this arms race has had any detectable effect at the population level in the north-eastern United States. We used data from two citizen science projects, based on observations of birds at bird feeders, which provide information on the long-term changes in sizes of aggregations of house finches (host population density), and the probabilities that these house finches have observable disease (disease prevalence). The initial emergence of M. gallisepticum caused a rapid halving of house finch densities; this was then followed by house finch populations remaining stable or slowly declining. Disease prevalence also decreased sharply after the initial emergence and has remained low, although with fluctuations through time. Surprisingly, while initially higher local disease prevalence was found at sites with higher local densities of finches, this relationship has reversed over time. The ability of a vertebrate host species, with a generation time of at least 1 year, to maintain stable populations in the face of evolved higher virulence of a bacterium, with generation times measurable in minutes, suggests that genetic changes in the host are insufficient to explain the observed population-level patterns. We suggest that acquired immunity plays an important role in the observed interaction between house finches and M. gallisepticum.
Features of the Duckweed Lemna That Support Rapid Growth under Extremes of Light Intensity.

This study addresses the unique functional features of duckweed via comparison of Lemna gibba grown under controlled conditions of 50 versus 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and of a L. minor population in a local pond with a nearby population of the biennial weed Malva neglecta. Principal component analysis of foliar pigment composition revealed that Malva was similar to fast-growing annuals, while Lemna was similar to slow-growing evergreens. Overall, Lemna exhibited traits reminiscent of those of its close relatives in the family Araceae, with a remarkable ability to acclimate to both deep shade and full sunlight. Specific features contributing to duckweed’s shade tolerance included a foliar pigment composition indicative of large peripheral light-harvesting complexes. Conversely, features contributing to duckweed’s tolerance of high light included the ability to convert a large fraction of the xanthophyll cycle pool to zeaxanthin and dissipate a large fraction of absorbed light non-photochemically. Overall, duckweed exhibited a combination of traits of fast-growing annuals and slow-growing evergreens with foliar pigment features that represented an exaggerated version of that of terrestrial perennials combined with an unusually high growth rate. Duckweed’s ability to thrive under a wide range of light intensities can support success in a dynamic light environment with periodic cycles of rapid expansion.
Comment to the New York Senate Committee on Consumer Protection in Connection with Its Pending Consideration of the Twenty-First Century Antitrust Act (S.933)

Modern antitrust laws (including the federal antitrust laws and the antitrust laws of other states, as well as the cognate laws of numerous other jurisdictions around the world) generally include provisions that limit unilateral business conduct that may create, protect, or extend monopoly power by unreasonably exclusionary practices. In contrast, New York’s main antitrust law, the Donnelley Act of 1899, contains no such provision. The GAI recognizes that adding such a provision to the Donnelley Act is an intended objective of S.933. There are several serious questions, however, raised by key aspects of S.933. Specifically, while S.933 §3 adopts a prohibition on monopolization similar to that found in Section 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 USC § 2, it also includes a prohibition on “abuse of dominance.” S.933 provides limited information regarding the definitions of “dominance” and “abuse.” Rather, S.933 delegates very broad discretion to define these terms to the New York Attorney General (subject to a specific form of legislative veto). This approach presents a number of serious risks and uncertainties. For reasons explained more fully below, the Committee should consider withholding any favorable recommendation on S.933 so long as it contains the abuse-of-dominance provision.
The Operation of Supervisory Colleges after the Single Supervisory Mechanism of the European Banking Union

This article focuses on the operation of supervisory colleges after implementation of the first pillar of the European Union’s Banking Union -- the Single Supervisory Mechanism. The article concludes that the operation of supervisory colleges for cross-border banks, particularly those that operate in the Eurozone, has been simplified. As a result, the dynamics of discussions during supervisory college meetings will likely change. Furthermore, colleges may take on more of a decision-making role in the supervision of cross-border banks. For global banks, the ECB will have a growing influence on discussions and, within the Eurozone, a decisive role over those banks.
Between the Humanist and the Modernist: Semi-automated Analysis of Linguistic Corpora

This paper promotes a semi-automated approach to corpus studies of discourse phenomena and other phenomena that do not easily lend themselves to computational methods. The approach involves the following components: (a) use of “linguistic proxies” for the phenomena under study, which allow finding and coding tokens in a corpus, (b) automated methods of identifying tokens and adding codes to them, and (c) manual analysis of the tokens, aided by appropriate software tools. In particular, the use of alternating passes of automated and manual analysis is advocated. These methods are illustrated through description of three sub-studies within a project examining the English possessive alternation conducted by the authors. Several advantages of a semi-automated approach are presented, including (a) an improved cycle of exploratory analysis, (b) high levels of accuracy coupled with reasonable levels of speed and consistency, (c) increased explicitness in coding methodology, and (d) the creation of reusable tools.
The optimum population and growth: a new look; a modification to include a preference for children in the welfare function.

Abstract The optimum population is, then, less than the maximum. The difficulty of defining the optimum is enormous; so far as I know, no one has seriously tackled this problem. Reaching an acceptable and stable solution will surely require more than one generation of hard analytical work—and much persuasion. 1
Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World

1. Introduction and summary 2. The birth of the nation 3. The global rise of the nation-state 4. Nation-state formation and war 5. Ethnic politics and armed conflict 6. Can peace be engineered? 7. Conclusion Appendices.
The Analysis of Perceived Space

Abstract This essay discusses the evidence for, the application of, and the theoretical implications of the theory of phenomenal geometry. This theory proposes that the perception of the location or change in location of stimuli depends upon the simultaneous effect of three variables: perceived distance, perceived direction, and the observer's perception of his or her own motion or stationariness. Together, these basic percepts then specify derived perceptions of size, shape, orientation, and motion. Evidence for this theory is found in its ability to explain a variety of veridically perceived and illusory phenomena and to express the underlying processes in perceptual equations, which differ from psychophysical equations by consisting only of perceptual terms. This theory also has explanatory parsimony because the perceptual consequences for derived perceptions from particular values of the basic variables are the same regardless of how these particular basic values are determined. Finally, this theory provides an explanation in terms of essentially sensory information as an alternative to interpretations of many perceptual phenomena in terms of higher-order processes such as expectations, compensations, and cognition.
Comparison of HFNC, bubble CPAP and SiPAP on aerosol delivery in neonates: An in-vitro study.

Summary. Aerosoldrug delivery viahighflow nasal cannula(HFNC),bubblecontinuouspositive airway pressure (CPAP), and synchronized inspiratory positive airway pressure (SiPAP) has not been quantified in spontaneously breathing premature infants. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare aerosol delivery via HFNC, bubble CPAP, and SiPAP in a model of a simulated spontaneously breathing preterm infant. Working hypothesis: The types of CPAP systems and nebulizer positions used during aerosol therapy will impact aerosol deposition in simulated spontaneously breathing infants. Study design: Quantitative, comparative, in-vitro study. Methodology: A breath simulator was set to preterm infant settings (VT :9 ml, RR: 50bpm and Ti: 0.5sec) and connected to the trachea of an anatomical upper airway model of a preterm infant via collecting filter distal to the trachea. The HFNC (Optiflow; Fisher & Paykel), Bubble CPAP (Fisher & Paykel), and SiPAP (Carefusion) were attached to the nares of the model via each device’s proprietary nasal cannula and set to deliver a baseline of 5cm H2 Op ressure. Albuterol sulfate (2.5mg/0.5ml) was aerosolized with a mesh nebulizer (Aeroneb Solo) positioned 1 proximal to the patient and 2 prior to the humidifier (n ¼5). The drug was eluted from the filter with 0.1N HCl and analyzed via spectrophotometry (276nm). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with P<0.05
Charge-referencing with Xe during XPS sputter profiles

Abstract The charge referencing of spectra in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA), especially while sputter profiling, is an important part of the determination of the oxidation state of species near the surface. When Xe is used as the sputter gas, the implanted Xe photopeak shifts in parallel with other surface species as the surface charge changes. However, the Xe Auger parameter does not change during these same experiments. These results show that the implanted Xe accurately reflects the static surface charge present on the other atoms of the surface. The Xe photoelectron energy may be used as the basis for charge-referencing the spectra of other elements as the surface is sputter profiled.
Dietary-fat-induced obesity in mice results in beta cell hyperplasia but not increased insulin release: evidence for specificity of impaired beta cell adaptation.

Aims/hypothesis Increased dietary fat intake is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, but studies have shown that the subsequent increase in insulin release is not appropriate for this obesity-induced insulin resistance. We therefore sought to determine whether the impaired beta cell adaptation is due to inadequate expansion of the beta cell population or to a lack of an adaptive increase in insulin release.
Women's preferences for cancer‐related information from specific types of mass media

We examined women's preferences for specific types of cancer‐related information from three different mass media: television, newspapers, and magazines. Statistical analyses revealed significant content differences across the three media. These results raise important issues for health marketing campaigns, suggesting that women prefer to receive specific information about cancer, prevention information, and information relating to dealing emotionally with cancer from certain types of mass media.
Linguistic Discourse Variables as Indicators of Reflective Online Interaction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of traditionally spoken linguistic analysis approaches for understanding the nature and outcomes of online interaction. The study took place with twenty-eight elementary school teachers in ten suburban Chicago schools involved in a technology-supported, problem-based learning curriculum development effort. The asynchronous and face-to-face communications of participants were monitored to test the utility of linguistic discourse variables for understanding interaction. The evidence showed that similar sense-making and interaction strategies are used in both face-to-face and online dialogue but that the strategies were significantly more prevalent in the face-to-face than online dialogue. When critical reflection was studied as an outcome of both forms of dialogue, asynchronous electronic communication was significantly more reflective than face-to-face discourse.
Thinking about thought

The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms. By Margaret A. Boden. Weidenfeld & Nicolson/Basic Books: 1990. Pp.303. £25,$24.95.
New concepts about the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema

Three new concepts concerning lung liquid and protein exchange are considered. The first is that the microvascular surface area is as important as the microvascular hydrostatic pressure in assessing filtration in the lung. One of the problems in differentiating hemodynamic from increased permeability edema is the inability to determine whether the microvascular surface area has changed. Several agents, as well as exercise, affect liquid filtration. A new, dynamic procedure that is more sensitive for the detection of increased permeability than static measurements of lung water content is described, along with its limitations. The second concept is that water and electrolytes are cleared from the alveoli by a separate mechanism from protein. Water clearance is fast and occurs mainly by an active process, which can be inhibited by amiloride or phloridzin and accelerated by beta-agonists. The mechanism appears to depend on metabolically regulated sodium transport across the alveolar epithelium. Protein clearance is very slow and is relatively independent of alveolar concentration. The protein clearance mechanism is unknown but may involve transcytosis. The third concept is that during edema formation there are two pathways for liquid clearance in addition to the lymphatic system: into the pleural space and along the bronchovascular connective tissue into the mediastinum. During recovery from edema, reabsorption into blood is important if the edema liquid has a low protein osmotic pressure. Clearance into the mediastinum may be the major pathway for liquid sequestered in the loose, binding connective tissue.
Restricted growth functions, rank row matchings of partition lattices, and q-Stirling numbers

Abstract In this paper we use restricted growth functions to give a direct algebraic description of the incidence relations of the lattice of partitions of an n -set that is independent of the partitions themselves. This description of the incidence relations not only gives new information about rank row matchings of partition lattices but is of independent interest since every finite lattice is a sublattice of some partition lattice. As a further application of restricted growth functions we show how the polynomials in q known as q -Stirling numbers of the second kind may be viewed as generating functions.
Effects of overtraining and age on intradimensional and extradimensional shifts in children

Abstract Ninety-six kindergarten and 96 second-grade children were trained on a two-choice simultaneous discrimination with either color relevant and form irrelevant and variable or the converse. After reaching criterion, half of the S s received 50 overtraining trials prior to presentation of Problem 2, while the remaining S s received Problem 2 without overtraining on Problem 1. Problem 2, composed of all new stimuli, had either the same relevant dimension as Problem 1, intradimensional (ID) shift, or had as the relevant dimension the previously irrelevant dimension, extradimensional (ED) shift. Age had a significant effect on Problem 1 but not on Problem 2. The transfer data supported a mediational or two-stage interpretation of discriminative learning in that ID shifts were learned significantly faster than ED shifts and overtraining reliably improved performance. There was no Age × Shift interaction, indicating that younger children utilized some mediational process, dimensional in nature, as effectively as did older children.
Apical and basal membrane ion transport mechanisms in bovine retinal pigment epithelium.

1. Intracellular voltage recordings using conventional and double-barrelled chloride-selective microelectrodes have been used to identify several transport mechanisms at the apical and basolateral membranes of the isolated bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid preparation. Intracellular recordings were obtained from two cell populations, melanotic (pigmented) and amelanotic (non-pigmented). The electrical properties of these two populations are practically identical. For melanotic cells the average apical resting membrane potential (VA) is -61 +/- 2 mV (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 49 cells, thirty-three eyes). For these cells the ratio of apical to basolateral membrane resistance (a) was 0.22 +/- 0.02. The mean transepithelial voltage and resistance were 6 +/- 1 mV and 138 +/- 7 omega cm2, respectively. 2. The apical membrane, which faces the distal retina, contains a Ba(2+)-inhibitable K+ conductance and a ouabain-inhibitable, electrogenic Na(+)-K+ pump. In addition it contains a bumetanide-sensitive mechanism, the putative Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransporter. The basolateral membrane contains a DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid)-inhibitable chloride channel. The relative conductances of the apical and basolateral membranes to K+ and Cl- are TK approximately 0.9 and TCl approximately 0.7, respectively. 3. The ouabain-induced fast phase of apical membrane depolarization (0-30 s) was used to calculate the equivalent resistances of the apical (RA) and basolateral (RB) cell membranes, as well as the paracellular or shunt resistance (RS). They are: 3190 +/- 400, 17920 +/- 2730 and 2550 +/- 200 omega (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 9 tissues), respectively. From these data the equivalent electromotive forces (EMF) at the apical (EA) and basolateral (EB) membranes were also calculated. They are: -69 +/- 5.0 and -24 +/- 5.0 mV, respectively. 4. Intracellular Cl- activity (aiCl) was measured using double-barreled ion-selective microelectrodes. In the steady state aiCl = 61 +/- 4.0 mM and the Nernst potential ECl = -13.5 +/- 1.5 mV (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4). 5. In the intact eye or in retina, RPE-choroid preparations it has been shown that the transition between light and dark alters the K+ concentration in the extracellular (or subretinal) space between the photoreceptors and the apical membrane of the RPE. These light-induced changes in subretinal [K+]o were qualitatively simulated in vitro by altering apical K+ between 5 and 2 mM. This produced a sequence of voltage changes at the apical and basolateral membranes that had three operationally distinct phases. Phase 1 is generated by the combination of an apical membrane K+ diffusion potential and inhibition of the electrogenic Na(+)-K+ pump.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A 35-year Summary of Pancreas Club Program Content

This brief historical summary of the annual Pancreas Club meetings illustrates development of medical understanding of pancreatic disease during the course of these meetings. It also attempts to document how various hypotheses have evolved or been disproved. Understandably, experimental techniques have expanded in their ability to delve more deeply into basic cellular function. Many talented people have dedicated their careers to advancement of this particular discipline. These pages document the scientific efforts of those who have wrestled with the afflictions of the pancreas. The Pancreas Club, Inc., which has been in existence since 1966, has met annually for the past 35 years. Although the program now includes many high-tech scientific papers and has a large attendance representing nations around the globe, it had modest beginnings. The room was small and the chairs were hard when the first meeting took place at Northwestern University in Chicago under the leadership of Dr. Marion C. Anderson in 1966. Apparently this meetingwas the result of intense interest in diseases of the pancreas by a small number of dedicated clinical surgeons and researchers studying diseases of the pancreas who felt the need to share information and insights. The first meeting was a daylong series of seminars and, although the exact identity of the original members is still somewhat uncertain, we are confident that the number totaled less than 10. This meeting was tape recorded by Dr. Anderson, but several subsequent efforts to locate this important tape were unsuccessful, and the ultimate disposition of the tape remains a mystery to this day. The first of four seminars was entitled “TheRole of Proteolytic Enzymes in Acute Pancreatitis.” The moderator was Dr. Fraser Gurd and panelists included Drs. Alan Thompson, Max Rittenbury, and Marion Anderson. The second seminar, entitled “Vascular Changes in Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis,” was moderated by Dr. Anderson and notably contributed to by Drs. Larry Carey andAlanThompson. In the afternoon the third seminar, entitled “Results of Experimental Therapeutic Efforts in Acute Pancreatitis,” was moderated by Dr. Rittenbury. The final session of the day was entitled “Research Problems in Pancreatitis” and
960. Forced Expression of the Heat Shock Protein H11 Causes Growth Arrest and Apoptosis of Melanoma Cells through TAK1 Activation and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Xenograft Models

The newly cloned small heat shock protein H11 evidences cell-type specific silencing by aberrant DNA methylation in 5/9 melanoma cell lines. In these cells, the de-methylating agent Aza-C causes H11 overload and triggers growth arrest and apoptosis. Apoptosis is blocked by antisense, but not sense, H11 oligonucleotides, indicating that it is induced by H11. Aza-C treatment did not induce H11 expression nor trigger growth arrest/apoptosis in cultured normal melanocytes. To identify the mechanism of growth arrest/apoptosis induced by H11 overload, melanoma cells were stably transfected with H11 under the control of a tetracycline sensitive promoter and examined for altered gene expression and cell survival before and after treatment with Doxycycline (Dox). Dox (2 |[mu]|g/ml) caused a time-dependent increase in H11 expression, reaching maximal levels on day 3 post treatment. H11 overload was accompanied by growth arrest (first seen on days 1-2 post Dox), activation of caspases-9 and-3, seen as early as day 1 post Dox and a time-dependent increase in the% TUNEL+ (apoptotic) cells (70-85% on days 3-4 post Dox). Immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting and immunocomplex PK assays indicated that H11 bound and activated TAK1. TAK1 did not bind and was not activated by the H11 mutant, W51C which is dominant negative for apoptosis. Caspase activation was inhibited with the dominant negative TAK1 mutant K63W or the p38MAPK pharmacologic inhibitor SB203580, indicating that apoptosis is caused by H11-mediated activation of the TAK1/p38MAPK pathway. H11-mediated growth arrest was also caused by activated TAK1, through phosphorylation of b-catenin and inhibition of MITF and CDK2, which are required for melanoma cell proliferation. H11 did not bind nor activate TAK1 in normal melanocytes. Studies of the highly tumorigenic A2058 and LM melanoma cultures in a mouse xenograft model, indicated that tumor growth was significantly (p<0.001) reduced by treatment with Aza-C (5mg/kg) given by ip injection on days 6 and 15 after initiation of the xenografts (3 doses at 3hr intervals). Decreased tumor growth was due to H11 induced apoptosis as evidenced by H11/TUNEL co-localization in residual tumor cells. The data suggest that H11 is a promising target for chemogene therapy of melanoma and identify additional members of the H11-mediated pro-apoptotic cascade.
Outcomes of family involvement in minority owned family businesses

Abstract This article applies the resource based view (RBV) of the firm to examine the role of family involvement in family, minority owned SMEs and its impact on owner, business and family outcomes. Our nationally representative sample encompasses four groups of entrepreneurs: White, African-American, Korean-American and Mexican-American. Findings show significant differences across the four groups in the three measures of family involvement including the proportion of family members employed in the business, degree of family reciprocal altruism toward the business and degree of financial involvement in the business. Family involvement in the business is also shown to impact owner, business and family outcomes differently across the four groups. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Interviews with Women Convicted of Murder: Battered Women Syndrome Revisited

To better understand homicide, 28 women convicted of the crime of murder were interviewed in three American prisons. The data were characterized into a typology of delayed, reactive, and intentiona...