cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covert Spectrum Handoff: An Attack in Spectrum Handoff Processes in Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum handoff is an integral part of a cognitive radio-based network (CRN). It ensures the operational integrity of opportunistic spectrum access, the avoidance of harmful interference with licensed or primary users (PUs), and the delay requirement during a handoff. However, due to the random nature of PU activity, interference between primary and secondary users (SUs) are difficult to prevent. Proactive spectrum handoff aims to control this harmful interference between PUs and SUs by predicting the future activity of PUs and initiating spectrum handoff before a PU reappears. Though a few security aspects of CRNs attracted attention of researchers, vulnerabilities in the distributed proactive spectrum handoff process remain unstudied. In this paper, we introduce a vulnerability in the proactive spectrum handoff process and demonstrate how a selfish attacker can exploit this vulnerability to achieve personal gain. We name this covert spectrum handoff. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to consider security aspects of spectrum handoffs and to introduce an attack in the proactive spectrum handoff process.
That's the Way You Do It.

ABSTRACT About one-third of the proteins encoded by the bacterial genomes that have been sequenced to date are proteins of “unknown function.” Studies aimed at defining the biological functions of these proteins represent an important frontier in prokaryotic biology. The study presented by J. Herrou et al. (J Bacteriol 201:e00134-19, 2019) in this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology provides an excellent example of how to pursue such studies and define a new virulence determinant for an important zoonotic pathogen.
Interrupted Time Series Quasi-Experimental Designs

The time series quasi-experiment was proposed initially by Campbell (1963) as a means of assessing the causal effect of a discrete intervention on a social science time series. Although the design had been widely used in the physical sciences, social science applications presented idiosyncratic inferential problems. Addressing these problems as threats to internal and external validity, Campbell (1963) concluded that the time series design was the strongest of the common quasi-experimental designs. Addressing threats to statistical conclusion and construct validities as well as internal and external validities, Cook and Campbell (1979) subsequently concurred with the optimistic validity assessment for the design.
Multistatic Localization in the Absence of Transmitter Position

A multistatic system uses a transmitter to illuminate the object of interest and collects the reflected signal by a number of receivers to determine its location. In some scenarios such as passive coherent localization or for gaining flexibility, the position of the transmitter is not known. This paper investigates the use of the indirect path measurements reflected off the object alone, or together with the direct path measurements from the transmitter to receivers for locating the object in the absence of the transmitter position. We show that joint estimation of the object and transmitter positions from both the indirect and direct measurements can yield a better object location estimate than using the indirect measurements only by eliminating the dependency of the transmitter position. An algebraic closed-form solution is developed for the nonlinear problem of joint estimation and is shown analytically to achieve the Cramer–Rao lower bound performance under Gaussian noise over the small error region. To complete the study and gain insight, the optimal receiver placement in the absence of transmitter position is derived by minimizing the estimation confidence region or the mean-square estimation error for the object location. The performance lost due to unknown transmitter position under the optimal geometries is quantified. Simulations confirm well with the theoretical developments.
Evaluating the conservation attitudes, awareness and knowledge of residents towards Vieques National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico.

Numerous studies have shown that conflicts between local people and Protected Areas (PA) can undermine conservation goals. This study explores attitudes towards Vieques National Wildlife Refuge (VNWR), Puerto Rico, USA, a former military site with a controversial political history, high ecological values and a toxic legacy including unexploded ordnances as a results of the area's former use as a naval bombing range. Our objective is to evaluate how residents perceive VNWR and to elucidate conflicts associated with former and current uses of the area through semi-structured and key informant interviews. Socio-economic factors and misconceptions about management were among the variables influencing attitudes about the refuge. Overall, many residents did not express particularly strong attitudes, but there were many significant differences among demographic groups. Older and less educated individuals, and those living longer on Vieques Island, had poorer attitudes about the refuge and its management while younger, more educated, short-term residents, and those employed in the tourism sector, had more positive attitudes. The most common reasons for expressing discontent were restrictions on access and rules limiting resource extraction. Some negative concerns were false impressions of current restrictions (i.e. many resources can be legally removed from VNWR), while some others were issues not under the control of the Fish and Wildlife Service (i.e. fishing rules are set by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico). The results suggest that much more public outreach and education are urgently needed. We recommend that VNWR expand public uses where feasible and better-publicise formal regulations and the reasons for them.
Chapter 6 – Superplasticity

Publisher Summary Superplasticity has been extensively studied in metals. The interest in superplasticity has increased because of the recent observations of this phenomenon in a wide range of materials, including some materials (such as nanocrystalline materials, ceramics, metal matrix composites, and intermetallics) that are difficult to form by conventional forming. Recent extensive reviews on superplasticity are available. The chapter also discusses two types of superplastic behavior: fine-structure superplasticity (FSS) and internal stress superplasticity (ISS). FSS materials generally exhibit a high strain-rate sensitivity exponent (m) during tensile deformation. Typically, m is larger than 0.33. Thus, n in equation is usually smaller than 3. The microstructures associated with fine structure superplasticity are well established for conventional metallic materials. They are, however, less clearly defined for intermetallics, ceramics, metal matrix composites, and nanocrystalline materials. ISS refers to the development of internal stresses in certain materials, which then deform to large tensile strains under relatively low externally applied stresses.
The Mitigating Effect of Phentermine and Topiramate on Weight Regain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Objective Weight regain (WR) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) starts to occur 2 years after surgery, ultimately affecting at least 25% of patients. A limited number of studies have evaluated the impact of antiobesity medications (AOMs) on this phenomenon. Methods This study reviewed the electronic medical records of 1,196 patients who underwent RYGB between 2004 and 2015. WR was evaluated by comparing each patient's weight during subsequent postoperative office visits to nadir weight (lowest weight after RYGB, n = 760), taking into consideration the interval during which WR occurred. Patients who were prescribed AOMs and came to follow-up visits were classified as adherent users, whereas those who missed their follow-up visits were considered nonadherent. This study used a linear mixed model, Cox regression, and generalized equation estimator to determine the impact of AOMs on WR trajectory, hazard ratio for time to event, and odds ratio for repeated event occurrence, respectively. Results Despite the lack of a unified protocol for using AOMs, the three statistical models converged to show that phentermine and topiramate, used individually or in combination, can significantly reduce WR after RYGB. Conclusions Phentermine and topiramate are effective in mitigating WR after RYGB. Further studies are needed to help ascertain optimal use of AOMs after bariatric surgery.
Multi-floater-mooring coupled time-domain hydro-elastic analysis in regular and irregular waves

Abstract In this study, a time-domain hydro-elastic model is developed to solve the floater-connector-mooring coupled system. The frequency-domain model is first devised with the discrete-modulus-based method in which the deformable floating structure is modeled with multiple rigid bodies connected by high-order beam elements. The corresponding multi-body hydrodynamic coefficients and loads are estimated by 3D potential theory with the coupling stiffness matrix based on the theory of the Euler-Bernoulli beam and Saint-Venant torsion. The time-domain hydro-elastic model with mooring dynamics is then subsequently developed with multi-body Cummins equation with high-order rod-FE (Finite Element) mooring elements connected to relevant floaters. The present frequency- and time-domain models are validated through comparisons with published experimental and frequency-domain results for a VLFS (Very Large Floating Structure) without mooring lines. The present method directly solves the hydro-elastic problem with mooring lines without using the conventional modal superposition method, for which wet modes with mooring need to be obtained in a priori through cumbersome iterations. The developed hydro-elasticity model is also very useful when complex inner structure-connection conditions, such as discontinuity by multiple hinged joints, are involved. Such an example is also numerically tested, and reliable results are obtained. Vertical flexible displacements, bending and torsional moments, shear forces, and mooring tensions in regular and irregular wave conditions are systematically analyzed and compared with rigid-body and without-mooring cases.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc(II) Complexes Bearing 4-Acridinol and 1-Phenazinol Ligands.

The synthesis and characterization of zinc(II) chelates bearing acridin-4-ol (A), phenazin-1-ol (P), and benzo[b]phenazin-1-ol (bP) are presented. The formation of homoleptic (ZnX2) or heteroleptic...
Five problems for the moral consensus about sins

A number of Christian theologians and philosophers have been critical of overly moralizing approaches to the doctrine of sin, but nearly all Christian thinkers maintain that moral fault is necessary or sufficient for sin to obtain. Call this the “Moral Consensus.” I begin by clarifying the relevance of impurities to the biblical cataloguing of sins. I then present four extensional problems for the Moral Consensus on sin, based on the biblical catalogue of sins: (1) moral over-demandingness, (2) agential unfairness, (3) moral repugnance, and (4) moral atrocity. Next, I survey several partial solutions to these problems, suggested by the recent philosophical literature. Then I evaluate two largely unexplored solutions: (a) genuine sin dilemmas and (b) defeasible sinfulness. I argue that (a) creates more problems than it solves and that, while (b) is well-motivated and solves or eases each of the above problems, (b) leaves many biblical ordinances about sin morally misleading, creating (5) a pedagogical problem of evil. I conclude by arguing that (5) places hefty explanatory burdens on those who would appeal to (b) to resolve the four extensional problems discussed in this paper. So Christian thinkers may need to consider a more radical separation of sin and moral fault.
Dynamics of wetting transition of initially hydrocarbon-filled microscopic cavities replaced with water

Abstract Studies on the behavior of liquids on rough surfaces have been extensive and provided much insight into scientific and industrial applications such as superhydrophobicity and contact angle hysteresis. However, most of these studies deal with solid-liquid-vapor systems (SLV) at equilibrium, with much less attention given to the dynamics of wetting transition with solid-liquid-liquid systems (SL1L2). They are as common as SLV, such as in enhanced oil recovery with low-salinity water flooding, and medicinal creams on porous skins. Therefore, this report aims to investigate the factors that control the rate of wetting transition or replacement where initially oil-filled cavities are replaced with water, under the hypothesis that the density difference and the adhesion energy would control the rate. To this purpose, seven common hydrocarbons with fluorescent dyes were individually placed inside 60-μm wide and 10-μm deep cylindrical cavities etched on silicon wafers followed by immersing them under (1) deionized water and (2) water saturated with each hydrocarbon. By making time-sequential images of the cavities and statistical analyses, the factors affecting the rate of replacement were determined. The experiments with deionized water revealed that solubility and diffusivity were the driving factors that promoted the replacement, and the 3D confocal images confirmed the decrease in volume of hydrocarbons due to dissolution and diffusion. To exclude these factors, water was saturated with each of the seven hydrocarbons prior to experiments. For these experiments, the adhesion energy of hydrocarbons to the solid surface and the density difference between hydrocarbons and water were correlated with the rate as originally hypothesized.
Exercise duration and cohort affect variability and longevity of the response to exercise training in California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis)

Abstract Five cohorts of cultured California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) were used in exercise training experiments to assess the duration of exercise necessary to induce a positive growth and fitness response, quantify the variability and replicability of this response between cohorts, and track the longevity (persistence) of exercise-induced benefits following removal from the exercise stimulus. Custom-designed raceways were used to continuously exercise juvenile yellowtail at their optimal swimming speed for two, three, or four weeks following which several fitness metrics including measures of somatic growth, white muscle fiber area, metabolic rate, and feed conversion were tracked for up to 20 weeks post exercise in comparison to non-exercised controls. Within a cohort, the longest duration of exercise (4 weeks) generally had the largest and longest-lasting impact on growth, followed by the 3-week, and then the 2-week exercise regimes. However, all exercise treatments showed substantial variability in the magnitude and longevity of the response between cohorts. For example, the positive growth response (increase in mass above that of controls) of the 4-week swimming group ranged from 9.8% to 37.8% between cohorts. This variability in the exercise response between cohorts is similar in magnitude to that associated with other experimentally manipulated variables in the exercise regimes of previous studies, and thus highlights the need for additional species-specific experiments to quantify replicability of positive exercise results. In addition, the longevity of exercise-induced benefits was highly variable between cohorts and generally not retained for prolonged periods post exercise. Most notably, the exercise-induced growth response which may result from muscle hypertrophy (increase in white muscle fiber size) during exercise, subsided within weeks. Taken together, these results indicate that exercise can play an important role in the growth and fitness of S. dorsalis and other species, however the duration of the exercise, as well as the timing of exercise in the rearing process likely have important implications for optimizing exercise training for aquaculture enhancement.
Intra-wound vancomycin and tobramycin powder for infection prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma surgery: Economically justifiable?

Abstract Objectives There is increasing interest regarding the risks and benefits of intrawound antibiotics applied directly to surgical wounds for the prevention of infection following orthopaedic trauma surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic justifiability of vancomycin and tobramycin powders for infection prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Methods The cost of vancomycin and tobramycin powders, infection rates and costs of treating surgical site infections were obtained from our institution's records and existing literature. A break-even analysis was then performed using vancomycin powder only, tobramycin powder only and combined vancomycin and tobramycin powders to determine the respective absolute risk reduction (ARR) in infection rate needed to make the prophylactic application of each therapy type break-even. Results At our institutional pricing of $20.64 and $75.80 for 1g vancomycin and 1.2g tobramycin, respectively, use of each individually would be economically justified if it reduced an average infection rate of 4.3% by an ARR of 0.02% and 0.07%, respectively. Used in combination for $90.66, the ARR was 0.09%. Varying cost of treating infection from $5,000-$200,000 while maintaining cost of antibiotic powder at $90.66 demonstrated a range in ARR from 1.93% to 0.05%, respectively. At the same cost of $90.66 but varying infection rate from 1% to 25% did not affect ARR, which was constant at 0.09%. Conclusions Considering the cost of vancomycin and tobramycin powder at our institution, the application of these powders, whether independently or in combination, appear to be economically justifiable for infection prevention in orthopaedic trauma surgery.
Adaptations to the RVA breathes clinical trial due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

RVA Breathes, a community program to improve asthma management and care coordination among children living in a low-income, urban area, is being evaluated in a randomized clinical trial. In March 2020, RVA Breathes was converted to a remote program due to the COVID-19 pandemic; this report provides an update on the modifications made to the RVA Breathes trial. Additionally, given that families in the program have been disproportionally impacted by both COVID-19 and significant social unrest at both the local and national level, strategies used to enroll and engage families in the trial who bore disproportionately high burdens during this time period are outlined. Remote sessions (telephone or video) for families enrolled in the program prior to the onset of COVID-19 began in April 2020; enrollment of new families began remotely in July 2020 using adapted consent procedures. Baseline, intervention, and follow-up sessions were delivered either via the telephone or video depending upon family preference. Strategies were implemented to engage caregivers and children in completing measures over the telephone or video versus in person. Tangible intervention materials and participant payments were dropped off at family homes using contactless procedures. Our team was able to adapt and safely continue a large, community-based clinical trial, despite the increased health risks and social isolation mandates from the pandemic, by transitioning to a remote format. Challenges remain in determining whether RVA Breathes as a remote program has had the same impact on child asthma as the face-to-face interventions that comprised its original format.
Novice Teenage Driver Cell Phone Use Prevalence

Novice teenage drivers have high crash rates due to inexperience; therefore, cell phone-related secondary task engagement (distracted driving) is likely to aggravate crash risk for this population. A previous study of teenage distracted driving behavior, found that 34% of 16-17- year-olds had texted, and 52% reported talking on a cell phone while driving (Madden & Lenhart, 2009). In the current study, data from the NEXT Generation Health Study were analyzed to estimate the prevalence of cell phone-related distracted driving in a nationally representative sample of U.S. eleventh grade students, the age when most teenagers are first eligible to receive a license to drive independently. Using the subsample of teenagers that reported having a license that allowed independent, driving (n = 881), the prevalence of cell phone-related distracted driving was estimated. Nationwide, four out of five (80.0%) teenage drivers reported making or receiving a call, and 72.0% reported sending or receiving a text message at least one day in the past 30 days. In addition, teenagers reported talking on 32.6% and texting on 40.3% of the days they drove. Access to a vehicle, the number of miles teenagers drove each day (the more driving the more phone use), and race/ethnicity (Asians had lower cell phone use than Whites, Hispanics, or African-Americans), were significantly associated with cell phone-related distracted driving. These findings indicate a higher prevalence of teenage cell phone use while driving than previous studies. More research is needed to understand predictors, safety outcomes, and prevention approaches for teenage distracted driving.
A Logical Encoding of Timed $$\pi $$-Calculus

We develop a logical encoding of the operational semantics of timed \(\pi \)-calculus: a real-time extension of Milner’s \(\pi \)-calculus. This executable encoding is based on Horn logical semantics of programming languages and directly leads to an implementation for timed \(\pi \)-calculus. This implementation can be used for modeling and verification of real-time systems and cyber-physical.
New Avenues in Ethylene Synthesis

Ethylene is one of the largest volume chemical intermediates in the chemical industry, with growth driven by the poylethylene market. Large scale synthesis routes exist, but as Bodke et al . show on page [712][1], new reactor designs and catalytic mixtures may become competitive by synthesizing the chemical more efficiently. Scale-up of the synthesis from the laboratory scale to the industrial scale will depend on whether technical hurdles--such as process safety-- as well as business hurdles can be overcome. The approach used by Bodke et al . may also be applied to the synthesis of other chemicals. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/285/5428/712
Posterior Parietal Areas Specialized for Eye Movements (Lip) and Reach (PRR) Using a Common Coordinate Frame

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has long been considered a sensory area specialized for spatial awareness and the directing of attention. However, a new, far reaching concept is now emerging that this area is involved in integrating sensory information for the purpose of planning action. Moreover, experiments by our group and others over the last two decades indicate that PPC is in fact anatomically organized with respect to action. PPC also is an 'association' cortex which must combine different sensory modalities which are coded in different coordinate frames. We have found, at least for two different cortical areas within PPC, that different sensory signals are brought into a common coordinate frame. This coordinate frame codes locations with respect to the eye, but also gain modulates the activity by eye and body position signals. An interesting feature of this coordinate representation at the population level is that it codes concurrently target locations in multiple coordinate frames (eye, head, body and world). Depending on how this population of neurons is sampled, different coordinate transformations can be accomplished by the same population of neurons.
Free E-Books May Increase Print Sales: A Study With Mixed Results

A Review of: Hilton, J. III, & Wiley, D. (2010). The short-term influence of free digital versions of books on print sales. Journal of Electronic Publishing, 13(1). Objective – To determine whether the availability of free digital versions of books impacts print sales. Design – Quantitative data comparison. Setting – University Instructional Psychology Department. Subjects – A total of 41 books, each with a free digital version and a traditional print version. Methods – This study used Nielson BookScan data to track print book sales during a 16-week period, 8 weeks before a free digital version of the book became available and 8 weeks after the availability of the free digital version. The authors tracked 41 books and organized them into four categories. The first included 7 nonfiction books, the second consisted of 5 science fiction/fantasy books, the third included 5 science fiction/fantasy books released together by Random House, and the fourth group consisted of 24 science fiction/fantasy books released by Tor Books. The books released by Tor Books, unlike the other books in the study, were available by free download only if a person registered for Tor’s newsletter and the downloads were only available for one week. When a free digital book from any of the other three groups was released, it remained available for several weeks, and more often, indefinitely. Main Results – Combined print sales of the nonfiction titles in the first group increased 5% after the release of a free digital copy. The majority of the science fiction/fantasy books in the second group also had an increase in post-free release sales, with a combined increase of 26%. The combined sales of the Random House titles increased by 9% after the release of the free digital versions. However, in stark contrast to the results of the first three groups, the fourth group of Tor books had a combined decrease in print sales of 18%. While the authors were not able to explain this difference with certainty, they point out that the Tor model for releasing the free digital books (making the free books available for only one week and requiring registration in order to download the books) was substantially different from the models used by the other publishers. Conclusion – The study suggests a positive relationship may exist between free digital books and short-term print sales. However, the availability of free digital books did not always lead to increased print sales. The authors acknowledge a number of factors not fully accounted for, including the timing of the free digital release, the promotion it received, and the differences in the size of the audiences for the various books studied. Ultimately, however, the authors believe the data indicates that when free digital books are offered for a period of time longer than a week, without requiring registration, print sales will increase.
Structural studies on polynuclear osmium carbonyl hydrides

The hydrido-vinylidene complex CpWOs3(CO)9(μ-H)(μ-O)[μ-CCH(p-tol)], previously prepared by pyrolysis of CpWOs3(CO)9(μ-O)[μ3-CCH2(p-tol)] in boiling toluene, has been investigated crystallographically. The complex crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21]/c (No. 14) with a 9.522(2), b 22.376(6), c 12.761(3) A, β 98.276(17)°, V 2690.5(11) A3 and Dcalc'd 2.97 g/cm3 for Z = 4 and molecular weight 1204.8. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo-Kα, 2θ 4.0–40.0°) were collected with a Syntex P21 diffractometer and the structure refined to R 7.9% for all 2529 data [R 5.6% for those 2041 reflections with |Fo| > 3σ(|Fo|)). The molecule is based upon a tetrahedral WOs3 core. Each Os is linked to three terminal CO ligands and the W atom is bonded to an η5-C5H5 ligand. The μ-vinylidene fragment spans the WOs(2) edge (WC(1) 2.082(40), Os(2)C(1) 2.148(39) A) and the μ-oxo ligand spans the WOs(3) edge of the cluster (WO 1.791(23) and Os(3)O 2.131(21) A). The hydride ligand (which was not directly located) is believed to span the elongated Os(3)Os(1) edge of the tetrahedron.
A Review of “Crisis Communication: Practical PR Strategies for Reputation Management and Company Survival”

This publication answers any and all questions an executive or stakeholder should ask before their business is faced with a public relations catastrophe. It is clearly a step-by-step guide in which...
Development of a Compact Radiography Accelerator Using Dielectric Wall Accelerator Technology

We are developing a compact accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed radiography. Design characteristics are an 8 MeV endpoint energy, 2 kA beam current, and a cell gradient of approximately 3 MV/m: overall accelerator length is 2-3 m. Such designs have been made possible with the development of high specific energy dielectrics (> 10J/cm3), specialized transmission line designs and multi-gap laser triggered low jitter (< 1 ns) gas switches. In this geometry, the pulse forming lines, switches, and insulator/beam pipe are fully integrated within each cell to form a compact, stand-alone, stackable unit. We detail our research and modeling to date, recent high voltage test results, and the integration concept of the cells into a radiographic system.
Screening for carpal tunnel syndrome using sonography.

Methods—The flattening ratio of the median nerve, bowing of the flexor retinaculum, and cross-sectional area of the median nerve were collected in the forearm, at the radiocarpal joint, and at the level of the pisiform in both symptomatic patients and asymptomatic control participants. Electrodiagnostic testing was completed in symptomatic patients as a diagnostic standard. Results—Median nerve measurements were collected from 166 wrists of symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. The flattening ratio did not show any correlation to electrodiagnostic testing and was identical between both symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. Moderate to strong correlations were noted between electrodiagnostic testing results and sonographic measurements of the cross-sectional area at the pisiform, retinacular bowing, and both the ratio and change of the cross-sectional area between the forearm and pisiform. The area under the curve was large for all receiver operating characteristic curves for each measurement (0.759–0.899), and sensitivity was high (80.4%–82.4%). Conclusions—Measurement of swelling through a ratio or absolute change had similar diagnostic accuracy as individual measurement of the cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel. These measures may be useful for improving accuracy in more diverse clinical populations. Further refinement of protocols to identify the largest crosssectional area within the carpal tunnel region and statistical methods to analyze clustered, multilevel outcome data are recommended to improve diagnostics.
CALCULI OF COMPLEXITY: HOW PHENOMENA EMERGE FROM RULES†

A complex system is one that generates emergent structures, usually by the repeated application of relatively simple rules. The structures are emergent in the sense that they are not specified in, and cannot be predicted from, the rules that produce them. Mitchell argues for a unified science of complexity but does not ultimately succeed in providing a coherent account. Her book is nevertheless useful as an introduction to some systems and algorithms that have been studied in complexity research and that may be applicable to natural phenomena, including the behavior of organisms. The book also contains interesting historical and biographical details about complexity research and some of the mathematicians and scientists who have contributed to it. A sample of the specific complex systems and algorithms Mitchell introduces is examined in this review, including iterated maps, cellular automata, genetic algorithms, and small world and random Boolean networks. The relevance of complexity theory for behavior analysis is also considered, including applications of simple rules, networks, cellular automata, and genetic algorithms.
INFLUENCE OF GRANULE SIZE ON VISCOSITY OF CORNSTARCH SUSPENSION

The influence of granule size and size distribution in gelatinized suspensions of2. 6% cornstarch heated at fixed temperatures between 70-90C on the power law viscosity was measured by laser diffraction. In the early stages of gelatinization, where the granule size standard deviation was less than 12 μm, dilatant behavior was observed over the shear rate range 200-1100 s -1 . At constant starch concentration and without granule rupture, suspension consistency, K, increased exponentially with granule mean diameter while the flow behavior index, n, decreased linearly with increase in the extent of gelatinization and the standard deviation of the granule size. The variation of K with granule size and that of n with standard deviation were found to be independent of temperature over 70-90C. In the later stages of gelatinization, where the granules lose their integrity, suspension viscosity progressively decreased as granule rupture continued.
Effect of extractable zinc, phosphorus, and soil pH on zinc concentrations in leaves of field-grown corn.

Abstract The variability in corn yield responses to applications of Zn fertilizer appears to be associated with several complex soil and climatic factors that affect the availability of endogenous soil Zn to the crop under specific conditions. Among the soil chemical properties that influence availability of endogenous Zn are soil pH, organic matter content, and extractable P. Over a period of several years, soil and plant analysis data were collected from 54 field experiments, field trials, and diagnostic visits to producer's fields. These data were subjected to multiple regression analysis, resulting in an equation: Znleaf = 37.14 + 1.513 Znst ‐4.04 pHst ‐ 1.791 ln(Pst/100) where Znst, pHst, and Pst were 0.1N HC1 extractable soil Zn (kg/ha), 1:1 soil‐water pH, and Bray's 1 extractable soil P (kg/ha), respectively. These factors accounted for 67% of variation in leaf Zn, which was a large portion of the variability in Znleaf considering that climatic conditions, management levels, and varietal difference...
Design of a Potent and Selective Small Molecule Kv1.5 Blocker

The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5 is being studied extensively as a potential target for treating atrial fibrillation and other life-threatening arrhythmias. Since Kv1.5 is expressed selectively in the human atrium and not in the ventricle, a potent and selective Kv1.5 blocker should therefore significantly increase the action potential duration (APD) of the atrium without affecting that of the ventricle. Unlike the existing anti-arrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone, sotalol etc. that block the Kv11.1 channel (hERG), a potent and selective Kv1.5 blocker should not induce dangerous and fatal proventricular arrhythmia.Phenoxyalkoxypsoralens (PAPs) are a class of compounds that has previously been described to block both the lymphocyte Kv1.3 and the cardiac Kv1.5 channel (Mol. Pharmacol. 2005). Through a combination of classical medicinal chemistry and traditional electrophysiology, we now studied the structure-activity relationship of PAPs with the aim of generating more selective Kv1.5 blockers. When the side chain phenyl ring of PAPs were decorated with a combination of electron-donating (methyl) and electron-withdrawing (nitro) groups as in PAP-22 {5-[3-(4-methyl-2-nitrophenoxy)-propoxy]psoralen}, the compounds exhibited a four to five fold increase in selectivity for Kv1.5 over Kv1.3. However, when we substituted the nitro group with a chloro group, as in PAP-25 {5-[2-chloro-4-methylphenoxy)propoxy]-psoralen}, more selective Kv1.3 blockers were generated. We are currently further investigating the effect of other strongly electron-withdrawing groups instead of the nitro group in order to increase the potency and selectivity of PAPs for Kv1.5 over Kv1.3. Other fused tricyclic rings containing 2-aminobenzothiazole are also being explored as a potential pharmacophore to design and develop Kv1.5 blockers.Supported by The Board of Regents Support Fund
Work-Related Back Injuries among Nursing Personnel in New York

This paper describes an analysis of workers' compensation data from New York state comparing disabling back injury experiences of: 1) Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, nursing aides, and employees in 21 other occupations selected to provide interesting comparisons, 2) groups defined by the three nursing-related occupational categories within four major health care industries, and 3) men and women in 18 occupational categories.
Bound state to continuum collisional probabilities. II. Morse oscillators.

Abstract The study of the bound state to continuum collisional transition probabilities is extended to the case of Morse oscillators using a distorted-wave Born approximation. The theory is applied to the system X + Y 2 , where X = He, Ar amd Y = H, D. It is found tht for such a system, temperature plays a more important role in causing dissociation than the total energy. The result also indicates that for a Morse oscillator vibrational energy is more effective in dissociation than translational energy.
Computer-aided detection in mammography: downstream effect on diagnostic testing, ductal carcinoma in situ treatment, and costs.

Since 2001, Medicare has reimbursed computer-aided detection (CAD) during screening mammography. The CAD software tool is used by radiologists to identify lesions suggestive of malignant disease. Research suggests that CAD use increases the rate of false-positive findings of screening mammography and the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).1 Increased DCIS detection could lead to overdiagnosis of breast cancer, particularly among older women at risk for competing causes of death. We estimated the fraction of diagnostic tests, DCIS treatments, and costs attributable to CAD dissemination within the Medicare population, among whom the risk for overdiagnosis may be elevated.
On the Influence of Heating Surface Structure on Bubble Detachment in Sub-Cooled Nucleate Boiling Flows

This research examines the influence of heating surface structure on bubble detachment, which includes bubble departure and bubble lift-off, under sub-cooled nucleate boiling condition, in order to obtain better understanding to the bubble dynamics on horizontal flat heat exchangers. Refrigerant R-134a is chosen as a simulant fluid due to its merits of having smaller surface tension, reduced latent heat, and lower boiling temperature than water. Experiments were run with varying experimental parameters e.g. pressure, inlet sub-cooled level, and flow rate, etc. High speed digital images at frame rates up to 4000 frames/s were obtained, showing characteristics of bubble movement. Bubble radius and center coordinates were calculated via Canny’s algorithm for edge detection and Fitzgibbon’s algorithm for ellipse fitting. Results were compared against the model proposed by Klausner et al. for prediction of bubble detachment sizes. Good overall agreement was shown, with several minor modifications and suggestions made to the assumptions of the model.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Two-way parabolic equation techniques for diffraction and scattering problems☆

Abstract Two-way parabolic equation techniques are based on replacing normal derivatives with one-way operators on scattering surfaces and iterating for the solution. This approach is extended to diffraction and scattering problems involving perfectly reflecting boundaries. Accuracy is demonstrated for the Sommerfeld diffraction problem. Two-way parabolic equation solutions are also presented for problems involving a diffraction grating, scattering in a waveguide, and diffraction of surface gravity waves by a seawall.
Cross Infection in Dentistry—Report of O.M.I.G. Workshop 1987: How Far is it Realistic to go With Precautions Against Cross-Infection in Dentistry?

(1988). Cross Infection in Dentistry—Report of O.M.I.G. Workshop 1987: How Far is it Realistic to go With Precautions Against Cross-Infection in Dentistry? Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 139-145.
Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common histologic type of primary liver cancer, accounting for between 85% and 90% of these malignancies. The overall prognosis of patients with liver cancer is poor, and an understanding of this disease and its risk factors is crucial for screening at-risk individuals, early recognition, and timely diagnosis. Most HCCs arise in the background of chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and chronic excessive alcohol intake. These underlying causes are characterized by marked variations in geography, gender, and other well-documented risk factors, some of which are potentially preventable.
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Delayed Metachronous Metastases to Parotid and Cerebellum.

Purpose The purpose of this report is to describe a rare case of delayed metachronous isolated metastases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to the parotid gland and the cerebellum. The metastases occurred more than a decade after treatment of the primary tumor without any other systemic involvement. In addition, the potential differential diagnosis of the parotid mass based on presentation and imaging is discussed. Materials and Methods An 83-year-old man presented for evaluation and treatment of a rapidly growing mass at the right parotid region. He had a history of RCC resection 10 years before this presentation and had no evidence of persistent disease at the primary site. The diagnosis of metastatic RCC was made after fine-needle aspiration biopsy examination of the mass. The patient underwent superficial parotidectomy for resection of the tumor. Approximately 1.5 years later, he complained of loss of balance. Further investigation disclosed a cerebellar mass that at biopsy examination was found to represent RCC. He underwent stereotactic ablation of the mass. He currently remains free of disease at the primary site and the parotid and without further known brain metastases. Results This report presents the 29th case of a solitary parotid mass consistent with metastatic RCC 10 years after successful treatment of the primary RCC. Approximately 1.5 years later, the patient presented with new-onset loss of balance. Further investigation disclosed a mass to the cerebellum consistent with metastatic RCC. This case is unique because the brain involvement occurred extremely late, 11.5 years after successful treatment of primary RCC and 1.5 years after resection of a metastatic RCC to the parotid, and without any evidence of other metastases. Conclusions Late distant metastases of RCC are not uncommon and patients require life surveillance follow-up, but such late presentation of metachronous metastases without systemic disease progression is unique. The patterns of metastases of RCC are not clearly defined and this diagnosis should be considered, especially in patients with relevant history.
Jovian Dynamics. Part III: Multiple, Migrating, and Equatorial Jets.

Abstract Studies of the dynamical response of thin atmospheric layers overlying thick envelopes are extended to examine how multiple jets, such as those seen on Jupiter and Saturn, can be generated...
The lobster fiefs: Economic and ecological effects of territoriality in the maine lobster industry

Lobstermen from each community along the coast of central Maine claim inshore fishing rights in particular areas. Although their claims are unrecognized by the state, they are well established and backed by surreptitious violence. Two kinds of lobstering territories exist, here termed “nucleated” and “perimeterdefended,” which differ essentially in the extent to which exclusive fishing rights are maintained. These differences in territorial organization affect the fishing effort of lobstermen, which in turn has a strong biological and economic impact.
Clinical significance of cultures collected from fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

The rate of positive cultures in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens is evaluated, and the value of submitting FNAB culture is assessed. Review of 3,300 FNAB specimens from 2,416 patients were tabulated for culture results, when obtained from the FNAB material. For positive culture results, clinical impact was assessed. Of 3,300 FNAB specimens and 2,416 patients, 185 had cultures performed (6% of specimens, 8% of patients). Of the 185 cultured specimens, 63 (34%) were positive and 122 (66%) were negative. Of the 63 positive cultures, 23 (12% of all FNAB cultures) had a significant impact on patient care. In our institution the FNA culture rate is 6%. When cases with clinical or microscopic suspicion of infection are cultured, 34% are positive for aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, mycobacteria or fungus. Culture in FNA specimens is a useful adjunct to diagnosis and impacts care in 12% of patients cultured at FNAB. This method can be used to triage patients with suspected infectious diseases and can aid in managing patients who may have recurrent infections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:85–88. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices - Part II: Thermal comfort simulation and impact of glazing and shading properties

Abstract This second part of the study uses a validated dynamic building thermal model for perimeter zones with glass facades (described in Part I) and combines it with a transient two-node thermal comfort model. The objective is to investigate the impact of varying exterior climatic conditions, glazing properties and shading properties on indoor thermal comfort and heating demand in such spaces under the presence of transmitted solar radiation. It is evident that selecting appropriate fenestration components becomes a trade-off between energy, thermal comfort, and lighting needs. Facades with insulating and low transmittance glass create more comfortable and stable conditions; however, there is a relationship between lower transmittance of the glazing and increased demand of primary heating needed, as well as with lighting energy use. Regardless of glazing type, shading can improve comfort conditions by decreasing radiant temperature asymmetry and extremes in operative temperature. The results show that perimeter building zones with high-performance facades (glazing and shading) can maintain comfortable conditions and even eliminate the need for secondary perimeter heating in cold climates.
Amino acid sequence of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) myoglobin

Abstract Myoglobin has an important physiological role in vertebrates, and as the primary sarcoplasmic pigment in meat, influences quality perception and consumer acceptability. In this study, the amino acid sequences of Japanese quail and northern bobwhite myoglobin were deduced by cDNA cloning of the coding sequence from mRNA. Japanese quail myoglobin was isolated from quail cardiac muscles, purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel-filtration, and subjected to multiple enzymatic digestions. Mass spectrometry corroborated the deduced protein amino acid sequence at the protein level. Sequence analysis revealed both species’ myoglobin structures consist of 153 amino acids, differing at only three positions. When compared with chicken myoglobin, Japanese quail showed 98% sequence identity, and northern bobwhite 97% sequence identity. The myoglobin in both quail species contained eight histidine residues instead of the nine present in chicken and turkey.
Investigation of Danazol as a contraceptive agent.

Abstract Danazol, the 2,3-isoxasol derivative of 17 α -ethinyl testosterone, was administered to 17 healthy volunteers during the first 7 days of the menstrual cycle, to see if an inadequate luteal phase would result. The follicular span was lengthened, and FSH levels either did not increase or were lowered during Danazol dosage in most women. Although delayed, the LH surge was normal, and a normal progesterone output was documented during the luteal phase. Thus, an inadequate luteal phase was not induced by inhibition of FSH-stimulated follicular development.