cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sample Preparation/Fixation

Sample preparation is one of the most important steps in immunocytochemistry because it generally receives the least amount of planning. Unfortunately, few researchers understand how critical the first few steps in an immunocytochemistry experiment are. In fact, the quality of the cells and tissue and the ability to get good results are totally dependent on initial fixation. To put sample preparation in perspective, perhaps the best thing to do is focus on the conclusion of the experiment – the quality of final microscopic image. Good images only come from cells and tissues that are fixed properly.
Axiale Korrelationsfunktion gereckter Polyäthylenfilme

Fur Proben mit zylindrischer Symmetrie wird die Korrelationsfunktion entwickelt und aus dem mit einerKratky-Spaltkamera aufgenommenen Rontgenkleinwinkelstreudiagramm eines gereckten High-Density-Polyathylenfilms berechnet. Es wurden Proben mit einem Reckungsverhaltnis von 8 bis 20 untersucht, an denen die Reckung bei Temperaturen zwischen 24 und 120°C ausgefuhrt wurde, sowie Proben, die bei 110° getempert wurden. Die Amplitude der periodischen Anderung der Korrelationsfunktion nimmt mit steigender Reckungstemperatur und Dauer der Temperung stark zu und sinkt mit wachsendem Reckungsgrad. Die Anzahl der beobachtbaren Maxima wird hingegen nur sehr wenig beeinflust, so das man schliesen mus, das die Schwankung der Periodizitat in der Reckrichtung α fur alle untersuchten Proben annahernd gleich ist. Die Amplitudenanderung ist eher mit der Unregelmasigkeit des Ubergangs zwischen den kristallinen und den amorphen Bereichen verknupft, die durch hohere Reckungsgrade verstarkt, durch hohere Reckungstemperaturen und durch Temperung hingegen verringert wird.
Electronic Structure of Ag/Au Multilayers

We present results of electronic structure studies of Ag/Au multilayers with periods of 1,2 and 3, with fcc stacking in the >100< direction, and compare with the properties of the pure elements. We find that the binary Ag/Au system is stable against phase separation at zero (or low) temperature, and that the stability decreases with increasing multilayer period, as expected. The calculations were done using the full-potential LAPW method.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Functional Triglyceride Oils and Other Not Yet Commercial Renewable Resources

A plethora of chemicals are available from natural feed-stocks for the production of polymers and related materials. These natural resources range from seed oils to a spider’s silk. While the wide use of these materials may not be economically viable at present, as oil prices continue to rise, these materials will become more attractive commercially. In this paper, the use of triglyceride oils to form novel interpenetrating networks is reviewed, and other natural sources of reactive chemicals and their uses in polymerizations are discussed.
Integer-Programming Bounds on Pebbling Numbers of Cartesian-Product Graphs

Graph pebbling, as introduced by Chung, is a two-player game on a graph G. Player one distributes “pebbles” to vertices and designates a root vertex. Player two attempts to move a pebble to the root vertex via a sequence of pebbling moves, in which two pebbles are removed from one vertex in order to place a single pebble on an adjacent vertex. The pebbling number of a simple graph G is the smallest number \(\pi _G\) such that if player one distributes \(\pi _G\) pebbles in any configuration, player two can always win. Computing \(\pi _G\) is provably difficult, and recent methods for bounding \(\pi _G\) have proved computationally intractable, even for moderately sized graphs.
Localization of a putative second membrane association site in penicillin-binding protein 1B of Escherichia coli

We have shown previously that the periplasmic domain of penicillin-binding protein 1B (PBP 1Bper; residues 90-844) from Escherichia coli is insoluble in the absence of detergents, and can be reconstituted into liposomes [Nicholas, Lamson and Schultz (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5632-5641]. These data suggested that native PBP 1B contains a membrane association site in addition to its N-terminal transmembrane anchor. We have studied the membrane topology of PBP 1B in greater detail by assessing detergent binding and solubility in the absence of detergents for PBP 1Bper and a set of proteolytic fragments of PBP 1B. PBP 1Bper was shown by three independent methods to bind to detergent micelles, which strongly suggests that the periplasmic domain interacts with the hydrophobic milieu of membrane bilayers. Digestion with high weight ratios of thrombin of purified PBP 1B containing an engineered thrombin cleavage site on the periplasmic side of the transmembrane anchor generated four fragments in addition to PBP 1Bper that varied in size from 71 to 48 kDa. In contrast to PBP 1Bper, all fragments of 67 kDa and smaller were eluted from a gel-filtration column in the absence of detergents and did not bind to detergent micelles. The N-terminal sequences of the four fragments were determined, allowing the cleavage sites to be located in the primary sequence of PBP 1B. These data localize the membrane association site of PBP 1B to a region comprising the first 163 amino acids of the periplasmic domain, which falls within the putative transglycosylase domain. Lipid modification does not appear to be the mechanism by which PBP 1Bper associates with membranes.
The Effect of Jazz Improvisation Instruction on Measures of Executive Function in Middle School Band Students

Research investigating links between academic achievement and active music instruction has not previously differentiated between different types of instruction. In the current study, 155 seventh- a...
Volcano curves for homologous series reactions: Oxidation of small alkanes

Abstract Volcano curves are typically developed and used for predicting new catalysts for a single reaction and one substrate. The concept of using the volcano curve to predict catalysts for an entire homologous series of reactions has been unexplored. Herein the catalytic activity of seven monometallic catalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ag, Ni, Cu, and Co/Al2O3) and three Ag-Pd/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts is evaluated in the total oxidation of small alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane) in the 280–400 °C temperature range under fuel lean and rich conditions. We show that hysteresis in activity, with three distinct kinetic regimes, is a common phenomenon of alkane oxidation over all catalysts studied when varying the oxygen concentration, and the size of the hysteresis loop depends on the oxophilicity of the catalyst and the reducing ability of the hydrocarbon. Expectedly, the concept of the universality of the volcano curve for a homologous series is valid but only when a suitable surrogate substrate is chosen. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms can serve as surrogates of the alkane homologous series, whereas methane is not. Interestingly and consistent with the hysteresis, the feed composition controls the catalyst oxidation state and potentially impacts the optimal catalyst descriptors used to determine new catalysts. The predicted 1:3 Ag-Pd catalyst is indeed superior to single metals for the homologous series under fuel lean conditions for ethane and larger alkanes. It is inferior to Pt under fuel rich conditions and better than Pd and Pt for methane rich conditions. A method for qualitative inference of the catalyst structure, based on the volcano curve and the oxidation state of the catalyst, is proposed.
Cluster ion source for external injection and high capacity filling of light elements into the relativistic heavy ion collider electron beam ion source.

An advanced Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) is the primary ion source to supply highly charged ion beams of different elements to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and to the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). Intense beams of highly charged ions of various elements of the periodic table, ranging from helium to uranium, have been demonstrated since EBIS became operational in 2010. EBIS routinely provides ion beams to RHIC and NSRL quasisimultaneously with about 1 s switching time between different ion species. Such unique flexibility and rapid switching between ion species are based on external injection of singly charged ions into the EBIS trap either in “fast” or “slow” injection modes. At present, a Laser Ion Source (LIS) provides most of the ion species of solid materials using the “fast” injection mode into the EBIS trap and a Hollow Cathode Ion Source (HCIS) provides most of the ion species of gaseous elements using the “slow” injection mode into the EBIS trap. Gas injection into the EBIS trap is also possible and has been used but imposes some restrictions for the simultaneous generation of highly charged ions such as Au32+ ions for RHIC and ions of gaseous species for NSRL. Because light ions have relatively high velocity inside the EBIS trap, efficient injection of hydrogen and helium ions and filling of the EBIS trap to high capacity is difficult from either LIS or HCIS. To overcome this restriction and enhance EBIS operational capability, we suggest injecting beams of hydrogen and helium cluster ions into the EBIS trap. Required parameters of cluster ion beam injection into the EBIS trap are estimated, and advantages of such an injection are highlighted. A cluster ion source with required high intensity is visible and will be designed, built, optimized, and tested.An advanced Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) is the primary ion source to supply highly charged ion beams of different elements to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and to the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). Intense beams of highly charged ions of various elements of the periodic table, ranging from helium to uranium, have been demonstrated since EBIS became operational in 2010. EBIS routinely provides ion beams to RHIC and NSRL quasisimultaneously with about 1 s switching time between different ion species. Such unique flexibility and rapid switching between ion species are based on external injection of singly charged ions into the EBIS trap either in “fast” or “slow” injection modes. At present, a Laser Ion Source (LIS) provides most of the ion species of solid materials using the “fast” injection mode into the EBIS trap and a Hollow Cathode Ion Source (HCIS) provides most of the ion species of gaseous elements using the “slow” injection mode into the EBIS trap. Gas injection into the E...
Glottal gestures in Hindi plosives

Glottal gestures during bilabial plosives of Hindi were investigated using a photo-electric glottographic technique. Actual and nonsense words of the CV, VCV and VC type were used, where C was one of the plosives /p ph b bh/ and V was the vowel /i/. The vowel following C in CV words and preceding C in VCV and VC words was stressed. The words were embedded in the carrier sentence /didi_bohje/(Elder sister_(please) say). The results show that: the voiced unaspirated plosives are generally produced with a closed glottis and vibration of the vocal folds; the unvoiced unaspirated plosives may be produced either with a closed or an open glottis, but with non-vibrating vocal folds; the voiced aspirated plosives are produced with a closed glottis during part of the closure interval and with an open glottis during part of the closure interval and all of the noise interval, but with vibrating vocal folds throughout; and the unvoiced aspirated plosives are produced with an open and quiescent glottis. The glottis is narrowly open during the unvoiced unaspirated plosives, moderately open during the voiced aspirated plosives and widely open during the unvoiced aspirated plosives. Glottal opening for the unvoiced unaspirated plosives begins somewhat before the articulatory closure and ends immediately after the articulatory release, for the voiced aspirated plosives it begins appreciably before and ends much after the articulatory release, and for the unvoiced aspirated plosives it begins somewhat before the articulatory closure and ends much after the articulatory release. These results are compared with those reported from other languages.
A Snapshot of Social Support Networks Among Parental Caregivers of Adults with Autism

This study provided a description of types and dimensions of informal and formal social support among aging parental caregivers of adult children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parents participated in a web-based survey regarding use of and satisfaction with social support services for parents or their adult children. Results indicated that many parents participated in autism support groups (27.5%), with psychiatric services (48.8%), counseling (40.6%), and financial assistance (39.7%) the most commonly used formal social supports. Emotional support (88.8%) and informational support (67.5%) were the most common informal social supports used. Professionals who are working with parental caregivers and their adult children diagnosed with ASD should be aware of available social support services to help them find needed services.
Aging haloes: implications of the magnitude gap on conditional statistics of stellar and gas properties of massive haloes

Cold dark matter model predicts that the large-scale structure grows hierarchically. Small dark matter halos form first. Then, they grow gradually via continuous merger and accretion. These halos host the majority of baryonic matter in the Universe in the form of hot gas and cold stellar phase. Determining how baryons are partitioned into these phases requires detailed modeling of galaxy formation and their assembly history. It is speculated that formation time of the same mass halos might be correlated with their baryonic content. To evaluate this hypothesis, we employ halos of mass above $10^{14}\,M_{\odot}$ realized by TNG300 solution of the IllustrisTNG project. Formation time is not directly observable. Hence, we rely on the magnitude gap between the brightest and the fourth brightest halo galaxy member, which is shown that traces formation time of the host halo. We compute the conditional statistics of the stellar and gas content of halos conditioned on their total mass and magnitude gap. We find a strong correlation between magnitude gap and gas mass, BCG stellar mass, and satellite galaxies stellar mass, but not the total stellar mass of halo. Conditioning on the magnitude gap can reduce the scatter about halo property--halo mass relation and has a significant impact on the conditional covariance. Reduction in the scatter can be as significant as 30%, which implies more accurate halo mass prediction. Incorporating the magnitude gap has a potential to improve cosmological constraints using halo abundance and allows us to gain insight into the baryon evolution within these systems.
High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer

8568 Background: The use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of breast cancer is increasing for patients with metastatic and early-stage disease. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for breas...
Bronchoscopic treatment of inoperable nonsmall cell lung cancer

Patients with unresectable lung cancer range from those with early-stage or pre-invasive disease with comorbidities that preclude surgery to those with advanced stage disease in whom surgery is contraindicated. In such cases, a multidisciplinary approach to treatment is warranted, and may involve medical specialties including medical oncology, radiation oncology and interventional pulmonology. In this article we review bronchoscopic approaches to surgically unresectable lung cancer, including photodynamic therapy, brachytherapy, endoscopic ablation techniques and airway stenting. Current and past literature is reviewed to provide an overview of the topic, including a highlight of potential emerging approaches.
Online Learning of the Fuzzy Choquet Integral

The Choquet Integral (ChI) is an aggregation operator defined with respect to a Fuzzy Measure (FM). The FM encodes the worth of all subsets of the sources of information that are being aggregated. The monotonicity and the boundary conditions of the FM have limited its applicability to decision-level fusion. But in a recent work, we removed the boundary and monotonicity constraints of the FM, which we then called a bounded capacity (BC), to propose a Choquet Integral regression (CIR) approach that enables capability beyond previously proposed ChI regression methods. In the same work, we also presented a quadratic programming (QP)-based method, batch-CIR, to learn the BC parameters of the CIR from training data. However, the QP used for learning the BC scales exponentially with the dimensionality of the training data and thus it becomes impractical on data sets with 7 or more dimensions. In this paper we propose an iterative gradient descent approach, online-CIR, to learn the BC. This method iteratively processes the training data, one data point at a time, and therefore requires significantly less computation and space at any time during the training. The application of batch-CIR required the dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional data sets to enable computation in a reasonable time. The proposed online-CIR approach has enabled us to extend CIR to data sets with larger dimensionality. In our experimental evaluation using benchmark regression data sets, online-CIR has outperformed batch-CIR on high-dimensional data sets while also matching the batch-CIR performance on low-dimensional data sets.
A Matched Comparison of Postoperative Complications Between Smokers and Nonsmokers Following Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to identify differences in 30-day adverse events, reoperations, readmissions, and mortality for smokers and nonsmokers who undergo operative treatment for a distal radius fracture. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was queried for patients who had operatively treated distal radius fractures between 2005 and 2017. Patient characteristics and surgical variables were assessed. Thirty-day outcome data were collected on serious (SAEs) and minor adverse events (MAEs), as well as on infection, return to the operating room, readmission, and mortality. Multivariable logistic analyses with and without propensity-score matching was used to compare outcome measures between the smoker and the nonsmoker cohorts. Results In total, 16,158 cases were identified, of whom 3,062 were smokers. After 1:1 propensity-score matching, the smoking and nonsmoking cohorts had similar demographic characteristics. Based on the multivariable propensity-matched logistic regression, cases in the smoking group had a significantly higher rate of any adverse event (AAE) (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.28–2.38), serious adverse event (SAE) (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.22–2.50), and minor adverse event (MAE) (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04–3.23). Smokers also had higher rates of infection (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.26–2.39), reoperation (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.13–3.78), and readmission (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.20–2.79). There was no difference in 30-day mortality rate. Conclusions Smokers who undergo open reduction internal fixation of distal radius fractures had an increased risk of 30-day perioperative adverse events, even with matching and controlling for demographic characteristics and comorbidity status. This information can be used for patient counseling and may be helpful for treatment/management planning. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Long term pulmonary morbidity after esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula repair

Background: Respiratory morbidity can influence a patient's quality of life after successful EA/TEF (Esophageal Atresia with and without Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula) repair. Multidisciplinary clinics have made it easier to manage comorbidities in patients with complex congenital malformations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of respiratory issues after EA/TEF repair. Secondarily we sought to evaluate the contribution of respiratory symptoms by Broncho-Pulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) and Gastro-Esophageal-Reflux-Disease (GERD) in patients with EA/TEF. Methods: Retrospective review of the medical record of 50 patients, who underwent EA/TEF repair, needing hospital readmission for pulmonary morbidity, and subsequently followed up in a surgical clinic was performed. The data collected included patient demographics, presence and nature of significant respiratory comorbidity, findings on imaging studies and bronchoscopy, and results of pulmonary function tests (PFT). Results: Respiratory issues were identified in 75% of the patients. Congenital malformations and tracheomalacia were found in n=7 (14%) of cases. Prematurity associated BPD and Gastro-Esophageal Reflux were not the major cause of respiratory symptoms. Respiratory morbidity in this population included recurrent pneumonia n=18 (36%), reactive airway disease n=16 (32%), bronchiolitis n=4 (8%), bronchiectasis n=2 (4%), laryngitis n=2 (4%) and empyema n=1 (2%). Conclusions: Pulmonary complications significantly impact the quality of life in terms of respiratory events, after successful EA/TEF repair. While GERD is common in surgically repaired EA/TEF patients, its exact role in precipitating pulmonary morbidity needs further study. Tracheomalacia can be managed conservatively without resorting to aortopexy.
Enhancing Turbine Performance Degradation Prediction with Atmospheric Factors

Heavy duty gas turbine engines are not only ingesting the air, but also eating a myriad of aerosol particles, which may have various negative effects on the turbine operation efficiency as well as the component failure. This paper attempts to develop predictive degradation models for gas turbines by integrating satellite collected atmospheric factors, on-site monitoring data, and physics-based calculated performance results. Multiple variables are analyzed and employed for predictive modeling. The vital variables are identified by using data exploratory correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis. The performance degradation calculation is obtained from physics based thermodynamic heat balance of gas turbine. It requires balancing mass and energy of gas turbine to match measurement data through thermodynamic cycle matching. The performance degradation prior to the offline water wash is used as the predictor. Artificial neural network modeling is employed to establish the predictive models. A procedure is presented to explain the proposed methodology, and results are discussed. This paper provides an effective methodology and procedure to apply big data for the performance degradation prediction of gas turbines.
HYDRODYNAMICS OF REMOTELY SENSED SURFACE SHIP WAKES

Recently, there has been much interest in the remote sensing of surface ship wakes using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Ship wake signatures obtained using SAR have several distinct features such as a dark trailing centerline region, bright-line images aligned at some angle to the ship's path and sometimes the Kelvin wave pattern. The reasons for these features are not well understood. Many different theories are available to explain one or more of the features. These theories are often in conflict an no definitive answers are yet available. Much analytical and numerical research, and both laboratory and full-scale experiments are presently underway in order to develop proper explanations. This paper surveys the present research and the state of the art in the hydrodynamics of remotely sensed ship wakes.
Target Fabrication at the University of Michigan

AbstractAt the University of Michigan (U-M), we have successfully fabricated and characterized targets for our experimental campaigns since 2003. Because of the unique production environment, we iterate many models in the course of a single-shot plan and have the flexibility to test and alter target designs as needed throughout the build process. Over the past few years, many advances in target design and fabrication have allowed greater degrees of design complexity while retaining the high level of build precision necessary for microscale experiments on facilities such as the OMEGA laser. Extensive target metrology is carried out during and after the fabrication process to allow for full knowledge of experimental conditions and to ensure that all targets are within required specifications. Analysis of the variability in metrology measurements over the multiple-shot campaigns allows for the quantification of improvements in the target build quality and metrology measurements. We present a summary of the c...
San Francisco Bay: Restoration progress

Abstract Beginning in the 1960s, San Francisco Bay progressed from an odiferous garbage pit to a scenic bay with clear water, attractive public recreation areas, and improved bird and mammal habitat. The change was made possible by local public support with aid from state and federal agencies. However, the aquatic life, once characterized by huge salmon runs, and productive fisheries for sardines, herring, sturgeon, striped bass, oysters, and shrimp, has failed to respond. We now have only small remnants of those once abundant populations. The bay still has contaminants that date from the garbage pit days, but they are evidently not the primary factor that has prevented aquatic recovery. As the human population has grown larger so has the sport fishing pressure. Consequently, large-size predators are few with little influence on the lower trophic levels. In order to permit a recovery of the aquatic ecosystem, it is recommended that a substantial part of the bay be designated as a no-take, marine protected area (MPA) where the apex predators can grow to their optimum sizes and can influence the establishment of a more productive ecosystem. The ecology of the bay would benefit from a plan to divert water southward from the Sacramento River instead of the Delta.
SV40 large T antigen functions in DNA replication and transformation.

Publisher Summary The virally coded large tumor (T) antigen is a multifunctional protein with amazing versatility. It is involved in an impressive collection of activities that enable the virus to replicate in permissive cells and to modify cellular regulatory processes to its own advantage. This chapter summarizes the salient features of this regulatory protein in virus infections and in transformation of nonpermissive cells. It focuses on the more recent developments in the field and presents an overall perspective on the functions of this impressive protein. Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a small DNA tumor virus capable of transforming a variety of nonpermissive cells and of inducing tumors in hamsters and rats. This virus is used as an experimental model system for studying the mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription, and malignant transformation. Many gene expression systems have also been engineered to include various parts of the SV40 genome, such as its promoters, splicing signals, and poly(A) cleavage signals.
Relationship of the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to placental blood flow: A mathematical model

Measurable reduction of the metabolic clearance rate of DS does not reflect alterations of placental blood flow. The fact that large changes in the MCR are observed in complicated pregnancies implies a metabolic change in the placenta.
Use of the DsRed Fluorescent Reporter in Zebrafish

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is firmly established as a fluorescent reporter for the imaging of specific tissues in zebrafish. The employment of other reporters such as DsRed in transgenic zebrafish has made multicolored labeling experiments possible. To date, several DsRed transgenic lines have been generated for lineage labeling, transplantation assays, and commercial applications. Advances in multicolored labeling experiments will depend on the implementation of newly engineered reporters and fusion proteins, as well as on innovative experiments that exploit the power of direct visualization.
The Fragility of Goodness: ‘This story isn't true’: madness, reason, and recantation in the Phaedrus

We say indeed that the good man…will be especially sufficient unto himself for good living, and above all other men will have least need of anyone else…So then he will mourn least of all, and bear such things very calmly, when some such occurrence comes his way…So we will be right if we take laments away from distinguished men and give them over to women – and to not very good women at that. Plato, Republic 388 a ( c . 380–370 b.c. ) Tears were the portion that the Fates spun out at birth for Hecuba and the Trojan women. But you, Dion, had built a monument of noble actions, when the gods spilled your fair-flowing hopes upon the ground. You lie there now, in the spacious earth of your fatherland, praised by citizens. Dion, you who drove my heart mad with love. Plato (353 b.c. ) ‘My dear friend Phaedrus’, calls Socrates. ‘Where are you going? And where do you come from?’ So begins this self-critical and questioning dialogue. Socrates has just caught sight of this impressive young person, whose name means ‘Sparkling’, and who is clearly radiant with health, good looks, and ability. (And perhaps, catching sight of him, he is struck as if by a ‘stream of beauty entering in through his eyes’. Perhaps he feels both warmed and inundated, filled at once with eagerness and awe.) He wants to engage Phaedrus in conversation. He follows him.
Assessing Treatment Fidelity in a Cultural Adaptation of Motivational Interviewing

The efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI) for addictions is well documented. Grounding MI in social/cultural priorities may enhance treatment response. We evaluate the method of assessing competence using the motivational interviewing treatment integrity system (MITI) for standard MI and culturally adapted MI (CAMI) delivered to Latino heavy drinkers. Twenty audiotapes (MI, n = 10; CAMI, n = 10) were MITI coded by two raters unaware of treatment assignment. Inter-rater reliabilities were excellent (.78–.99) except for CAMI complex reflections, global ratings of empathy, and MI spirit. The MITI reliably evaluates MI and CAMI treatment fidelity. Future research should investigate lower reliabilities for MI global and complex reflections cross-culturally.
A model to predict radiated emissions from electronic circuits

Radiated electric field from simple models of printed circuit boards is predicted using a ground impedance formulation model. Results from this model show that a good agreement is found, but in a much faster time than a common method of moments program. Suggestions are made on how to reduce the radiated emissions. >
Understanding Hurricane Evacuation Planning in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States

AbstractThis study investigates planned evacuation logistics, including primary destination and means of transportation, in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States. Using responses to an Internet-based survey from a random sample of over 1,000 individuals, the authors estimate a number of probit and multinomial probit models to identify factors associated with the likelihood of having a hurricane evacuation plan, potential usage of public transportation to evacuate, and the primary evacuation destination. Survey results indicate that less than 36% of the respondents have an evacuation plan. Findings also indicate that most respondents would evacuate in their own vehicle to the home of a friend or a relative. About 19% would evacuate to a hotel, and less than 11% would go to a public shelter. Less than 5% of the respondents would use public transportation to evacuate. Evacuation planning is found to be associated with prior evacuation experiences, economic conditions, location, and household compos...
Human immunodeficiency virus‐associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gap

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) remain among the most common disorders in people infected with HIV, even in an era when potent antiretroviral therapy is widely deployed. This review discusses the clinical features of HANDs and the implications for more effective treatment. With the improved survival of individuals treated with antiretrovirals, comorbid conditions are increasingly salient, including particularly coinfection with hepatitis C and the effects of aging. This review attempts to answer why there appears to be a therapeutic gap between the salutary effects of antiretroviral regimens and normalization of neurological function. A second gap is found in the understanding of the pathophysiology of HANDs. This review addresses this and discusses the animal models that have helped to elucidate these mechanisms. Although triggered by productive HIV infection of brain macrophages, aberrant and sustained immune activation appears to play a major role in inducing HANDs, and may explain the often incomplete neurological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Novel therapies aimed at persistent central nervous system inflammation will be needed to close this gap.
Finding Flow: The Psychology Of Engagement With Everyday Life

The Structures of Everyday Life The Content of Experience How We Feel When Doing Different Things The Paradox of Work The Risks and Opportunities of Leisure Relationships and the Quality of Life Changing the Patterns of Life The Autotelic Personality The Love of Fate.
Bioprospecting—fuels from fungi

The world has a continuing demand and utility for liquid fuels to power its societies. The utilization of crude oil based fuels is leading to a dramatic increase in the CO2 content of the atmosphere which is being related to a dangerously warming earth. Having liquid fuels that are derived from biological sources is one solution to this growing problem since the carbon being utilized is only from recycled sources. Presently, the microbes, having the greatest impact on the world's economies, producing liquid fuel are various yeasts producing ethanol. Other microbial sources need to be sought since ethanol is not the most desirable fuel and yeasts require simple sugars to carry out the fermentation processes. Recently, several endophytic fungi have been described that make hydrocarbons with fuel potential (Mycodiesel). Among others the compounds found in the volatile phases of these cultures include alkanes, branched alkanes, cyclohexanes, cyclopentanes, and alkyl alcohols/ketones, benzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Most importantly, generally these organisms make hydrocarbons while utilizing complex carbohydrates found in all plant-based agricultural wastes. Also discussed in this review is a rationale for finding hydrocarbon producing endophytes as well as examples of other promising hydrocarbon producers-Nodulisporium spp. which make 1,8-cineole and families of other hydrocarbons. Extremely favorable results of engine and fuel testing experiments recently completed on cineole and other products of Nodulisporium sp. are also presented. Finally, there is a brief discussion on the main limiting steps in the domestication of these fungi.
Changes in Amount of Polyphenols and Activity of Related Enzymes during Growth of Tobacco Flower and Capsule

Developmental stages of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Burley 21) flower and capsule were correlated with tissue contents of polyphenols and activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase. Chlorogenic acid, scopolin, and scopoletin were present in most tissues, whereas rutin and two dihydroxyphenolic glycosides concentrated primarily in the corolla and placenta, respectively. Ovules contained only chlorogenic acid. As development progressed, polyphenols accounted for nearly 15% of the dry weight in the green capsule of field-grown plants. Fertilization triggered a rapid increase of chlorogenic acid in the ovary. When l-phenylalanine-U-14C was fed to the detached green capsules and capsule parts, an incorporation of radioactivity into chlorogenic acid and dihydroxyphenolic glycosides occurred which suggested in situ synthesis of these compounds. This was subtantiated by a positive correlation between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and polyphenol accumulation. High polyphenoloxidase activity was associated mainly with the ovary, whereas peroxidase activity was maximal during senescence of all tissues. Polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis revealed five cathodic bands and one diffuse zone with poly-phenoloxidase activity in flower extracts. Two anodic poly-phenoloxidase isozymes appeared only in the fertilized ovary. Among 17 peroxidase isozymes, six cathodic forms were present throughout floral development, and the anodic ones increased in number and activity at the later stages of capsule growth.
Optical absorbance of silver oblate particles. Substrate and shape effects

Abstract We have measured the effects of the substrate on the optical absorbance of heated thin silver films deposited on quartz and on silicon. For quartz, we have measured the effects of the shape on the optical absorbance of silver particles. The absorbance of these films was measured over the spectral range 300 to 700 nm for both s- and p-polarizations of the light and at various angles of incidence. The experimental data are compared with calculated values of the absorbance of light by oblate spheroidal particles.
Parent-Reported Language Skills in Relation to Otitis Media during the First 3 Years of Life.

As part of a larger study of the potential impact of early-life otitis media (OM) on speech, language, cognition, and behavior, we studied the degree of association between parent-reported language scores at ages 1, 2, and 3 years and the cumulative duration of middle-ear effusion (MEE) during the first 3 years of life in a demographically diverse sample of 621 children. We estimated the cumulative percentage of days with MEE from prospective monthly observations of middle-ear status and interpolations for periods between visits. For each child, parents completed the appropriate inventory of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI; L. Fenson et al., 1993) at ages 1, 2, and 3 years. We also evaluated the contribution of maternal education, as a proxy for socioeconomic-status, to scores on the parent reports. Scores on the new CDI-III (B. Oliver et al., in press) varied positively with sociodemographic variables and were significantly correlated with scores from the CDI used when the childr...
Certain Physiological and Biochemical Changes in the Developing Tomato Fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

SUMMARY The biosynthesis of nonvolatile compounds by tomato fruit parallels the growth rate of the fruit, regardless of varieties studied. Volatile reducing substances (VRS, mμ100 g), reducing sugars (percent), water-soluble pectins (percent), and organic acids (mg/100 g) progressively increase in quantity with advancing maturity. Total titratable acidity (percent) and total pectic materials (percent) increased during the initial stages of maturation, but gradually decreased as the fruit ripened. Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) increased with the maturity of fruit but declined slightly in the later (red and red-ripe) stages of maturation. Concentrations of compounds (chlorophylls, mg/100 g; carotene and lycopene, mg/100 g) contributing to the coloration changed significantly as the fruit passed through various degrees of maturation. The pattern of physiological and chemical changes during the development of tomato fruit was nearly identical in both varieties studied. However, V. R. Moscow fruit contained higher amounts of pigments, reducing sugars, pectins, organic acids, ascorbic acid, and VRS than the fruit of Fireball variety, regardless of maturities studied.
The perfect market – and strategies to survive it

Purpose – Taken individually, powerful storms of change such as globalization, the democratization of governments and economies, and the mass digitization of information and commerce, each provide established companies with unique opportunities and emerging threats. However as these storms continue to mature and coalesce, something even more with more impact may be happening. This article considers the emergence of a “perfect market” and provides guidance to established companies as markets move toward perfection.Design/methodology/approach – The article defines what is meant by a perfect market. Each of the three storms of change – digitization, democratization, and globalization – and their effects are examined separately. The emerging factors of the perfect market are described, and leading, differentiating strategies are presented that will help companies not only survive, but also thrive as markets become perfect. Supporting data, references and examples are provided.Findings – Faced with the emergen...
Nail-patella syndrome (Fong disease)

A14-year-oldboypresentedtotheorthopedicclinicfornon-painful elbow deformities. Knee radiographs demonstratedsmall patellae (Fig. 1). Elbow radiographs showed disloca-tion of the right radial head (Fig. 2). Pelvic radiograph wasnormal. Physical exam revealed bilateral absence of nailson the thumb and index fingers. Nail-patella syndrome wasdiagnosed.Nail-patella syndrome(Fong dis ease, osteo-onychodysplasia)comprises four main components—nail dysplasia, hypo-plastic or absent patellae, hypoplastic radial head and/orcapitella (with or without dislocation), and iliac horns [1].Iliac horns, though pathognomonic, are present in only 70–80% of cases. Complications include limited elbowextension and patellar subluxation. Thirty percent of casesare associated with glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syn-drome. Radiographs and physical exam are diagnostic andcan exclude other diagnoses with small patellae, includingthe small patella syndrome, Kuskokwim syndrome, andCoffin-Siris syndrome [2].References
Repair materials and techniques for concrete structures in nuclear power plants

The paper summaries portions of work of the Structural Aging Program, sponsored by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The paper addresses the assessment and repair of concrete structures in nuclear power plants. It presents the results of a survey of the the nuclear power plants in the United States to identify susceptible concrete components, rates of occurrence of deterioration, and to determine the durability of repairs. The paper describes deterioration mechanisms and discusses their effect. Repair techniques are described. Evaluation techniques and nondestructive test techniques are also discussed.
Simulation of the start-up transient responses of the UTSI coal-fired MHD power generating system

A numerical procedure for solving the unsteady, two-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes equations has been extended for MHD flows by the inclusion of the appropriate Lorentz force and Joule heating terms in the governing equations. With appropriate initial and boundary conditions, the procedure can be used for the investigation of transient phenomena as well as the asymptotic steady-state characteristics of internal MHD flows. Results obtained for the simulation of starting processes in the UTSI (University of Tennessee Space Institute) coal-fired MHD flow train are presented and found to be in good agreement with experimental observations.
Retardation of ammonium acid phthalate crystal surface decomposition

Ammonium acid phthalate crystal surfaces can be vapor-deposited with a thin layer of aluminum to prevent surface deterioration in high-vacuum environments and in room air.
Pausing of RNA Polymerase II Disrupts DNA-Specified Nucleosome Organization to Enable Precise Gene Regulation

Summary Metazoan transcription is controlled through either coordinated recruitment of transcription machinery to the gene promoter or regulated pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in early elongation. We report that a striking difference between genes that use these distinct regulatory strategies lies in the "default" chromatin architecture specified by their DNA sequences. Pol II pausing is prominent at highly regulated genes whose sequences inherently disfavor nucleosome formation within the gene but favor occlusion of the promoter by nucleosomes. In contrast, housekeeping genes that lack pronounced Pol II pausing show higher nucleosome occupancy downstream, but their promoters are deprived of nucleosomes regardless of polymerase binding. Our results indicate that a key role of paused Pol II is to compete with nucleosomes for occupancy of highly regulated promoters, thereby preventing the formation of repressive chromatin architecture to facilitate further or future gene activation.
A Micromechanical Damage Model for Carbon Fiber Composites at Reduced Temperatures

Fiber-reinforced composites are seeing increased use in civil infrastructure applications where they may be exposed to moisture, sub-ambient temperatures (below —40°C in northern regions), and reduced-temperature (freeze— thaw) thermal cycling. These environments may induce internal damage in the composite due to residual stresses caused by mismatches in coefficients of thermal expansion between the constituents. In this study, a micromechanical damage model is presented for the prediction of matrix crack development in a unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite resulting from exposure to sub-ambient temperatures. Two thermal loadings are considered: cool-down from the cure temperature of the composite (121°C) to 25°C (▵T= -96°C) and to -50°C (▵T=-171°C). A finite element model is utilized to determine the internal stresses due to differences in the CTE of the constituents, and a shear-lag model is developed to predict subsequent crack spacing in the matrix. The influence of fiber spacing (or fiber volume fr...
Topological defects in nanoporous carbon

Abstract Nanoporous carbon (NPC) is structurally complex yet poorly understood, particularly the topological defects such as pentagon rings. Here we propose a computational approach that links the topological defects to structure factor S(q) measured from X-ray experiments. The essence of this method is to generate a large dataset of realistic NPC models by virtual synthesis procedures, from which both the population of topological defects and the S(q) can be calculated, and subsequently correlated. Three virtual synthesis procedures are utilized here to mimic high-energy electron irradiation, pyrolysis with rigid pentagon-rich precursors and pyrolysis with C60 molecules. The resulting population of topological defects is estimated based on an ensemble of NPC models, partially addressing the common non-uniqueness problem. As an example, we found that, in a low-density saccharose-based activated carbon sample, there should be fewer than one pentagon per 20 carbon atoms. Further analysis of this dataset of NPC model shows that the pore size distributions are insensitive to pentagon defects. Thus, adsorption experiments may not help directly characterize topological defects in NPC. On the other hand, as local curvature is sensitive to the ring defects, 3D tomography is likely to be capable of directly characterizing the population of topological defects.
Veteran Electability to the Presidency A Critique of the Somit Thesis

Academics and other commentators have posited a voter preference for veterans in American Presidential elections. Indeed, Albert Somit, in an oft cited article in Public Opinion Quarterly (Vol. 12, 1948, 192-200), went so far as to maintain that on the basis of the historical record, “a party nominating a military hero [for president] would be enhancing its chances of winning the election,” and called for such nominations to provide “a real test of this thesis.” (p. 200) This research note raises questions about Somit’s research methodology, offers one of its own, and finds Somit’s and other commentators’ claims to be unfounded. It concludes with some considerations as to why these claims were faulty.
Perspective: Management Philosophy Enigma

In an effort to clarify meaning, the article contemplates the variations and implications associated with the term management philosophy. The article presents some considerations of the term as ref...