cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LRM and LRRM Calibrations with Automatic Determination of Load Inductance

Two new techniques are presented in an effort to achieve greater accuracy and better repeatability in the on-wafer calibration of vector network analyzers. The first is a method of determining an inductance value for the match standard during the calibration process so that only its resistance, not its reactance, needs to be known. The second is a new type of calibration, LRRM (line-reflect-reflect-match), which is a variation of LRM with several possible advantages. Also, a simple series resistance-inductance model for a coplanar load is experimentally investigated to 40 GHz and found to provide a good description of the load behavior.
RENAL DENERVATION CAUSES CHRONIC HYPOTENSION IN RATS: ROLE OF Β1-ADRENOCEPTOR ACTIVITY

1. Renal denervation (RDNX) chronically lowers mean arterial pressure (MAP) in normal rats but mechanisms leading to this hypotensive response remain unknown. 2. We hypothesized that this sustained decrease in arterial pressure was because of a loss of beta1-adrenoceptor mediated renin secretion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham (SHAM; n = 9), unilateral (UniRDNX; n = 9), or bilateral (RDNX; n = 10) renal denervation groups and instrumented for telemetric MAP measurements, plasma renin concentration (PRC) measurements and intravenous infusion. Twenty-four h MAP, heart rate, sodium and water balances were recorded 5 days before, 3 days during and 3 days after 1-adrenoceptor blockade with atenolol. 3. The 5-day control MAP was significantly lower in RDNX (97 +/- 1 mmHg) compared to SHAM (105 +/- 2 mmHg) and UniRDNX (102 +/- 2 mmHg) rats. No significant differences in basal PRC were observed between RDNX (2.2 +/- 0.3 ngAng1/mL per h), UniRDNX (2.6 +/- 0.4 ng/Ang1/mL per h) and SHAM (2.6 +/- 0.4 ngAng1/mL per h) rats. By day 1 of atenolol, PRC was significantly lower in UniRDNX rats (1.8 +/- 0.2 ngAg1/mL per h) compared to control values, but was unchanged during atenolol infusion in the other groups. By day 3 of atenolol, MAP was significantly decreased in all groups, but the absolute levels of MAP remained statistically different between RDNX (87 +/- 1 mmHg) and SHAM (91 +/- 1 mmHg) groups. 4. We conclude that the arterial pressure lowering effect of RDNX is not solely dependent on the loss of neural control of renin release.
The effect of obstacle gait training on the plantar pressure and contact time of elderly women

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of gait training using obstacle on the plantar pressure and contact time in elderly women. Methods A total of 24 elderly women who were residing in communities in D city, South Korea aged 79.9 ± 2.2, 154.5 ± 7.6 cm in height, and 56.2 ± 5.2 kg in weight participated in this study. The participants conducted obstacle gait training for 8 weeks and foot contact time and foot pressure right before and after crossing the obstacle were measured for 3 times: before the intervention, at the 4 weeks, and 8 weeks using F-scan (Tekscan, USA). Results The results show that foot contact time did not decrease right before crossing the obstacle but decreased right after crossing the obstacle (p Conclusion These results indicate proper weight distribution in feet, increased foot stability due to increased muscle power and flexibility, and improved strategy to cope with the obstacle. The obstacle gait training may be helpful to the elderly who would either fear for or limit outdoor activities due to the risk of falls based on the result of this study.
Low-loss Ultra-compact SOI Microring Add-Drop Filters

We demonstrate low propagation loss ~ 0.07dB/round-trip in SOI microring resonators with a radius of 2.5 μm (FSR~ 32 nm) and ultra-compact 3rdmicroring add-drop filters with box-like channel dropping responses.
The Effect of Visible Light on the Gunn Rat: Convulsive Threshold, Bilirubin Concentration, and Brain Color

Extract: Irradiation of congenitally jaundiced rats from the 1st–21st days of life by visible light emitting between 420 and 470 nm is effective in preventing hyperbilirubinemia, brain discoloration by bilirubin, and ataxia, in maintaining normal cerebellar size, and in preserving normal convulsive threshold. These findings indicate the prevention of bilirubin encephalopathy. Irradiation by “daylight” fluorescent light was only partially effective. The results of this study also indicate that in vivo photodecomposition of bilirubin has a dose-response relation to the emission in the absorbance range of the pigment. Speculation: The prevention of bilirubin encephalopathy in human neonates during phototherapy may be enhanced by the direct action of visible light on bilirubin circulating in the vessels of the brain. The transmission of light into this organ would be a fruitful area of study to confirm or discard this hypothesis. Measurement of the convulsive threshold of suitable animals may offer a quantified basis of comparison of various phototherapeutic regimens in the study of hyperbilirubinemia.
Finite element approximation of complex functions for spatial optimization and search

A simple finite-element-based procedure has been developed for the approximation and optimization of complex spatial functions with multiple, close maxima. Starting from an initial coarse triangulation, a new point is introduced at the edge of ‘highest error of interest’. This error combines an interpolation estimate of the error, and is also weighted by the edge size (in order to account for size disparity) and the function itself (in order to accentuate the maxima). The results indicate that the finite-element-based search procedure outperforms the standard genetic optimization technique by a considerable margin, enabling an accurate search for locations of maxima with far fewer cost function evaluations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium-dependent 4-aminopyridine stimulation of protein phosphorylation in squid optic lobe synaptosomes

1. When intact synaptosomes were incubated with [γ-32P]ATP, maximal protein phosphorylation was attained 2 min after the start of incubation. 2. Protein phosphorylation under basal conditions was dependent on external Ca2+, and the dominant peak of phosphorylation was a 50-kd protein. 3. Incubation of intact synaptosomes in the presence of 3–6 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) caused a markedly enhanced phosphorylation of high molecular weight proteins of 90, 100, 130, and 180 kd, with no increase in the 50 or 38 kd proteins. 4. This effect of 4-AP was dependent on external calcium ions in the incubation medium. 5. The 4-AP effect on the high molecular weight proteins was also found in synaptosomal plasma membranes isolated from the synaptosomes. 6. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions did not produce this enhancement of phosphorylation.
A reliability-based cost effective fail-safe design procedure

The authors have developed a methodology for cost-effective fatigue design of structures subject to random fatigue loading. A stochastic model for fatigue crack propagation under random loading has been discussed. Fracture mechanics is then used to estimate the parameters of the model and the residual strength of structures with cracks. The stochastic model and residual strength variations have been used to develop procedures for estimating the probability of failure and its changes with inspection frequency. This information on reliability is then used to construct an objective function in terms of either a total weight function or cost function. A procedure for selecting the design variables, subject to constraints, by optimizing the objective function has been illustrated by examples. In particular, optimum design of stiffened panel has been discussed.
The java.util.concurrent synchronizer framework

Most synchronizers (locks, barriers, etc.) in the J2SE 5.0 java.util.concurrent package are constructed using a small framework based on class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer. This framework provides common mechanics for atomically managing synchronization state, blocking and unblocking threads, and queuing. The paper describes the rationale, design, implementation, usage, and performance of this framework.
Lowering broken appointment rates at a teenage health center

In an attempt to increase physician efficiency by lowering the "no show" rate of adolescents in a teenage health center, the possible variables related to broken appointments were explored. A new triage system was implemented. While most of the variables studied did not differ between the "show" and "no show" adolescents, there were significant differences based on the chief complaint. Those teenagers seen for well adolescent care had a 55% "no show" rate, those with noncosmetic problems had a 37% "no show" rate, and those with cosmetic complaints had a zero "no show" rate. With the implementation of a new triage system which required parent/adolescent involvement, the "no show" rate fell by 50%, thus dramatically decreasing the waiting time for initial appointment and improving the utilization of physician and nurse time.
Variation and Temporal Trends in the Use of Diagnostic Testing During Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction by Age, Gender, Race, and Geography (the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study)

The use of cardiovascular procedures has become routine in the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI). However, diagnostic testing beyond coronary revascularization procedures and use over time has not been well characterized. Records of 35- to 74-year-old adults hospitalized with MI in 4 US communities from 1987 to 2001 were abstracted using standardized data collection methods. Rates of procedure use and outcomes were compared by patient characteristics. Of 11,242 patients (mean age 61 years, 43% women, 22% black), angiography use increased substantially over time, echocardiography use increased more in women than men (interaction p
Why Children Don't Have To Solve the Frame Problems: Cognitive Representations Are Not Encodings.

Abstract Psychology and developmental psychology alike are dominated by a core assumption concerning the nature of representation, an assumption that representation has the nature of an encoding. I argue that this assumption is false and offer an alternative model of representation based on the pragmatics of action. Encodingism yields multitudinous and multifarious problems, problems which I have addressed in detail elsewhere. One of the central problems of encodingism, however, is that it creates a class of fatal problems collectively called “the frame problems.” I argue that the frame problems originate in the inherent requirement that encoding representations carry explicit content—if the content were not explicit, then the encoding would not encode anything and would not be a representation at all. These problems—and others, such that encodings cannot emerge, and, therefore, render development impossible—visit themselves on theories that are constructed within an encodingist set of presuppositions. Conversely, the interactive alternative model of representation that I offer has its own powerful consequences for development—the issues at stake are not trivial.
Approaches for high internal quantum efficiency green InGaN light-emitting diodes with large overlap quantum wells

Optimization of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) for InGaN quantum wells (QWs) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is investigated. Staggered InGaN QWs with large electron-hole wavefunction overlap and improved radiative recombination rate are investigated for nitride LEDs application. The effect of interface abruptness in staggered InGaN QWs on radiative recombination rate is studied. Studies show that the less interface abruptness between the InGaN sub-layers will not affect the performance of the staggered InGaN QWs detrimentally. The growths of linearly-shaped staggered InGaN QWs by employing graded growth temperature grading are presented. The effect of current injection efficiency on IQE of InGaN QWs LEDs and other approaches to reduce dislocation in InGaN QWs LEDs are also discussed. The optimization of both radiative efficiency and current injection efficiency in InGaN QWs LEDs are required for achieving high IQE devices emitting in the green spectral regime and longer.
OTU Domain-containing Ubiquitin Aldehyde-binding Protein 1 (OTUB1) Deubiquitinates Estrogen Receptor (ER) α and Affects ERα Transcriptional Activity

Estrogen receptor (ER) α is an essential component in human physiology and is a key factor involved in the development of breast and endometrial cancers. ERα protein levels and transcriptional activity are tightly controlled by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Deubiquitinating enzymes, a class of proteases capable of removing ubiquitin from proteins, are increasingly being seen as key modulators of the ubiquitin proteasome system, regulating protein stability and other functions by countering the actions of ubiquitin ligases. Using mass spectrometry analysis of an ERα protein complex, we identified OTU domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 1 (OTUB1) as a novel ERα-interacting protein capable of deubiquitinating ERα in cells and in vitro. We show that OTUB1 negatively regulates transcription mediated by ERα in transient reporter gene assays and transcription mediated by endogenous ERα in Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. We also show that OTUB1 regulates the availability and functional activity of ERα in Ishikawa cells by affecting the transcription of the ERα gene and by stabilizing the ERα protein in the chromatin.
Early-maturing soybean cropping system : III. Protein and oil contents and oil composition

Expanding production of early-maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars in the southeastern USA has exposed such cultivars to a wide range of environmental conditions during seedfill. Temperatures during this growth stage influence levels of specific fatty acids, particularly of the unsaturated fatty acids. Our objective was to evaluate the grain quality responses of early-maturing cultivars to the wide range of planting dates in the southeastern USA. Protein and oil contents, along with fatty acid profiles, were assessed for cultivars from Maturity Group (MG) 00 through IV using late April, mid-May, early June, and late June planting dates on a well-drained Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) in 1990 through 1993. Across years and cultivars, delayed planting increased protein content and linolenic acid levels and reduced oil content and oleic acid levels, but had little or no influence on palmitic, stearic, or linoleic acid levels. The higher seed-fill temperatures associated with early planting were strongly correlated with increased oil content and oleic acid levels and reduced linolenic acid levels. Increasing seed-fill temperatures were closely associated with reduced linolenic acid levels for all six cultivars. However, the oleic acid response to seed-fill temperatures strongly depended on cultivar maturity. Oleic acid levels of early-maturing cultivars were much more sensitive to seed-fill temperatures than were those of later maturing cultivars. While overall effects of environment on grain quality characteristics may be relatively small, perhaps the quality of new low linolenic acid cultivars could be amplified through culture under the warmer conditions of the southeastern USA. Contribution from the Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn. as Journal Article no. 95-06-084. Research funded in part by the Kentucky Soybean Promotion Board.
A Simplification of Procedure for Determining Solids Content of Liquid Albumen

Abstract The A.O.A.C. (1960) method for determining solids content of liquid albumen is: weigh accurately a 5.0 gm. (ca) sample of liquid albumen into a previously weighed covered dish, place on steam bath for one hour, replace cover loosely, and complete drying in a vacuum oven to a constant weight (ca 5 hrs.) at 98–100°C.; cool in desiccator, weigh, and calculate as percent solids. A second method proposed and used by The Institute of American Poultry Industries is: weigh sample as in previous method into a covered aluminum dish 2″ in diameter and ⅞″ in depth. Remove cover, place dish in atomospheric thermostatically controlled oven at 105–107°C. overnight. Cool in desiccator, weigh and calculate percent solids. Neither of the above methods makes any provision for easy removal of the dried albumen from the aluminum dish after completion of the determination of solids. Dried liquid yolk, because of the fat…
Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in drug resistance and sensitivity of human carcinomas

We previously reported (UroOncology 1:165, 2001) cross-resistance and collateral-sensitivity to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CldAdo) and fludarabine (FaraA), respectively, in a human renal cell carcinoma selected for resistance to 2'-deoxytubercidin (Caki-dTub). Insofar that these drugs generally demonstrate cross resistance rather than collateral sensitivity, we further examined the bases for this phenomenon. Both CldAdo and FaraA induce apoptosis, as the triphosphates, via binding to Apaf-1. In the presence of cytochrome c, this binding leads to activation of procaspase 9 to active caspase 9 that induces apoptosis through its activation of caspase 3. CldAdo and FaraA induced caspase 3 activities in wild type and Caki-dTub cell lines in a dose-dependent manner that paralleled the cross-resistance (CldAdo, 200-fold) or collateral sensitivity (FaraA, 20-fold) with regard to cell viability. The activation of caspase 3 was inhibited by the caspase 9 inhibitor, Z-LEHD-FMK, suggesting that both drugs act via the same pathway. By differential display and direct enzyme analysis, dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH) was observed to be profoundly underexpressed in the Caki-dTub compared to wild-type Caki-1 cells. Stable transfection of the Caki-dTub cells with a vector encoding the enzyme led to partial reversal of the resistance to CldAdo. Resistance to cisplatin has recently been ascribed to overexpression of DDH in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line (Deng et al. in J Biol Chem 227:15035, 2002). It is tempting to speculate a mutation in the Apaf-1 nucleotide binding site that reduces (CldAdo) or increases (FaraA) toxicity in the Caki-dTub cells; however, the recent finding by others in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line suggests that DDH expression mediates the cross-resistance and perhaps, collateral-sensitivity.
Geodynamo: A matter of boundaries

The use of more realistic parameters in numerical geodynamo simulations tends to generate less Earth-like magnetic fields. This paradox could be resolved by considering uniform heat flux instead of uniform temperature at the core's surface.
Hole traps in n-type epitaxial GaAs layers grown by the close-spaced vapor transport technique

Abstract Optical Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy measurements were performed on Close-Spaced Vapor Transport deposited epitaxial GaAs. Two hole traps HM1 (EV + 0.67 eV) and HM2 (EV + 0.38 eV) were detected. According to Mitonneau et al , classification they were identified as HL2 and HL4. These two levels were attributed to native defects and copper related defects respectively. The optical properties of HM2 were investigated by both electrical and optical Deep Level Optical Spectroscopy. These results confirm the identification of HM2 as a copper related defect.
Vehicular Testbeds - Model Validation before Large Scale Deployment

Vehicular communications are becoming a reality due to the investments by stakeholders like car manufacturers and Public Transport Authorities. The building blocks of the ”Vehicle Grid” (radios, Access Points, spectrum, standards, etc.) are coming into place enabling a broad gamut of applications that range from navigation safety, intelligent transport, entertainment and urban sensing. Vehicular protocols and applications, however, must be carefully tested before deployment in the urban grid and introduction to the users. This validation must be carried out progressively in simulation, emulation and small scale testbed environments. In this paper we discuss the important role of the vehicular testbed in validating models and protocols before deployment in large scale scenarios. We illustrate the concept using two case studies that were carried out in the UCLA open vehicular testbed.
Fluorimetric Determination of Nitrate

Abstract A sensitive fluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of nitrate based on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite with hydrazine sulfate and the subsequent determination of the nitrite formed with 2, 3-diaminonaphthalene. Solvent effect on fluorescence intensity, optimum reaction conditions, and sensitivity of the method are discussed.
Update on the 2012 guidelines for the management of pediatric traumatic brain injury - Information for the anesthesiologist

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributor to death and disability in children. Considering the prevalence of pediatric TBI, it is important for the clinician to be aware of evidence-based recommendations for the care of these patients. The first edition of the Guidelines for the Acute Medical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Infants, Children, and Adolescents was published in 2003. The Guidelines were updated in 2012, with significant changes in the recommendations for hyperosmolar therapy, temperature control, hyperventilation, corticosteroids, glucose therapy, and seizure prophylaxis. Many of these interventions have implications in the perioperative period, and it is the responsibility of the anesthesiologist to be familiar with these guidelines.
A histochemical study of human oral carcinoma

Abstract In a study of 200 cases of human oral carcinoma, the well-differentiated but invasive lesions revealed a clearly demarcated basement membrane as described with P.A.S. techniques. Anaplastic lesions were characterized by a lack of clarity of basement membrane. In well-differentiated carcinomas the keratin was often strongly positive for mucopolysaccharide substance.
Algorithms and application for grids and clouds

We discuss the impact of clouds and grid technology on scientific computing using examples from a variety of fields -- especially the life sciences. We cover the impact of the growing importance of data analysis and note that it is more suitable for these modern architectures than the large simulations (particle dynamics and partial differential equation solution) that are mainstream use of large scale "massively parallel" supercomputers. The importance of grids is seen in the support of distributed data collection and archiving while clouds are and will replace grids for the large scale analysis of the data.We discuss the structure of algorithms (and the associated applications) that will run on current clouds and use either the basic "on-demand" computing paradigm or higher level frameworks based on MapReduce and its extensions. Looking at performance of MPI (mainstay of scientific computing) and MapReduce both theoretically and experimentally shows that current MapReduce implementations run well on algorithms that are a "Map" followed by a "Reduce" but perform poorly on algorithms that iterate over many such phases. Several important algorithms including parallel linear algebra falls into latter class. One can define MapReduce extensions to accommodate iterative map and reduce but these have less fault tolerance than basic MapReduce. We discuss clustering, dimension reduction and sequence assembly and annotation as example algorithms.
Immunohistochemical and in situ analysis of amyloid precursor-like protein-1 and amyloid precursor-like protein-2 expression in Alzheimer disease and aged control brains.

Abstract Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane spanning glycoprotein which is endoproteolytically processed to Aβ, a 39–43 amino acid peptide that is the main component of senile plaques in Alzheimer Disease (AD). APP is a member of a highly conserved gene family, including Amyloid Precursor-Like Proteins (APLPs) APLP1 and APLP2. We now characterize APLP1 and APLP2 mRNA and protein expression in AD and aged control brains. Using in situ hybridization in hippocampal tissue from control and AD brain, we show that APLP1 and APLP2 mRNA are expressed primarily in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, in areas CA1–CA3, and subiculum. Immunohistochemistry reveals staining for both APLP1 and APLP2 in neurons and blood vessels in AD and control cases. In addition, in AD brain, large dystrophic neurites in a subset of senile plaques are conspicuously labeled with APLP1 and APLP2 antibodies. The aged control brains have significantly fewer immunoreactive plaques and dystrophic neurites. The regional, cellular, and subcellular distribution of APLP1 and APLP2 overlap with each other and with APP. These observations support the hypothesis that the members of this family of proteins may perform similar functions.
Enhanced Anger Reactivity and Reduced Distress Tolerance in Major Depressive Disorder

Difficulty with effective emotion regulation is a central feature of major depressive disorder (MDD). Correlational evidence suggests that people with MDD experience elevated levels of irritability and anger, although few studies have experimentally tested this idea. The current study examined emotional reactivity across self-report (anger ratings), behavioral (task persistence), and physiological (heart rate, skin conductance) domains in response to a standardized, frustrating task in young adults with MDD (n = 74) and without MDD (n = 107). A secondary goal was to determine whether regulating emotional response with reappraisal, acceptance, or no instruction mitigated emotional reactivity across these domains. People with MDD responded with greater self-reported anger, lower galvanic skin conductance, and less task persistence (i.e., lower distress tolerance) than non-MDD individuals. Emotion regulation strategy did not differentially attenuate emotional responses between MDD groups. Instructions to accept emotions increased anger for all participants compared to reappraisal and no strategy instructions. Results confirm that enhanced anger reactivity and poor distress tolerance are present in MDD compared to healthy controls. However, additional work is needed to further develop and implement strategies that help people with MDD manage their emotional reactivity and enhance distress tolerance.
Benzyl alcohols as accelerators in the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxide monomers

Benzyl alcohols display marked accelerating effects on the onium salt photoinitiated cationic ring-opening polymerizations of epoxide monomers. The participation of radicals in these polymerizations was demonstrated, and a pronounced accelerating effect on the polymerization rate was observed depending on the character of the substituent on the benzene ring of the alcohol. 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol was considerably more reactive than benzyl alcohol, whereas the analogous chloro- and nitrosubstituted compounds were less reactive. Piperonyl alcohol was even more reactive as an accelerator in these polymerizations. The UV irradiation of an onium salt cationic photoinitiator generates Bronsted acids that initiate the cationic ring-opening polymerization of the epoxide monomer. In the presence of benzyl alcohol, the usual polymerization mechanism is diverted and proceeds by a more-rapid activated monomer mechanism. As a result, benzyl ether groups are incorporated at the termini of the polymer chains. Aryl radicals that are also generated by photolysis of the onium salt abstract labile benzyl ether protons, and the benzyl ether radicals that are produced are subsequently oxidized by the onium salt to afford the corresponding benzyl carbocations. This takes place by a chain process. The polymer bound benzyl cations serve as additional sites for the initiation of cationic polymerization. It is proposed that these two mechanisms acting in synergy with one another account for the observed accelerating effect on the polymerization rate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2298–2309, 2002
Decreased reinforcing effects of cocaine following 2 weeks of continuous d-amphetamine treatment in rats

Rationale Recent studies have investigated d-amphetamine as a potential agonist medication for cocaine dependence. In rats, a 14-day continuous infusion of d-amphetamine via osmotic mini-pump has been shown to decrease cocaine-reinforced responding under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.
Rib Torque Does Not Assist Resting Tidal Expiration or Most Conversational Speech Expiration

Purpose This research note discusses a common misconception in speech science and speech-language pathology textbooks that rib torque (i.e., rotational stress) assists resting tidal expiration and ...
The development of word recognition in a second language

Do differences among first languages (LI) affect word recognition in reading a second language (L2)? Participants in this study had either Indonesian (an alphabetic language) or Chinese (a logographic language) as an L1 and were learning English (an alphabetic language) as an L2. Under the connectionist rubric, it was predicted that an alphabetic LI would facilitate word recognition in an alphabetic L2, especially if the LI and L2 have similar spelling patterns. Facilitation is relative to a logographic LI. The model also predicted a better recognition for high-frequency words in the L2 relative to low-frequency words. The results of a lexical decision task largely confirmed these hypotheses.
Attribution styles and attitudes toward capital punishment for juveniles, the mentally incompetent, and the mentally retarded

This study used attribution theory to explain respondents' levels of support for the death penalty for juveniles, the mentally ill, and the mentally retarded via the administration of a quasi-experimental factorial survey to 697 subjects who were called for jury service. The results indicate that the respondents with dispositional attribution styles were significantly more likely to recommend a death sentence than were those with situational attirbution styles. Moreover, the study found that the effects of a large number of the “known correlates” of support for the death penalty were fully or substantially mediated by attribution theory measures. The substantive, theoretical, methodological, and legal/policy implications of the study are discussed.
Identification of microglia in primary cultures of mixed cerebral cortical cells.

Abstract Microglia were investigated in tissue cultures of dissociated cerebral cortex from embryonic rat. Three different forms of microglia were identified in relatively mature cultures on the basis of morphological criteria, esterase histochemistry and immunohistochemical staining for Fc receptors. Two of these forms corresponded to the amoeboid and ramified microglia; the amoeboid form stained intensely for esterase activity and ramified cells possessed Fc receptors. The third microglial cell form was distinguished by its morphological properties and was characterized by the presence of numerous filopodial processes. This morphological form occasionally possessed esterase staining and was the predominate type of microglia observed in the cultures. The identification of these cell types supports the potential use of this culture system to investigate functional aspects of microglia and their interaction with other brain cells.
Viscous symmetric stability of circular flows

The linear stability properties of viscous circular flows in a rotating environment are studied with respect to symmetric perturbations. Through the use of an effective energy or Lyapunov functional, we derive sufficient conditions for Lyapunov stability with respect to such perturbations. For circular flows with swirl velocity V (r) we find that Lyapunov stability is determined by the properties of the function F(r) = (2V/r + f )/Q (with f the Coriolis parameter, r the radius and Q the absolute vorticity) instead of the customary Rayleigh discriminant Φ(r) = (2V/r + f )Q. The conditions for stability are valid for flows with non-zero Q everywhere. Further, the flows are presumed stationary, incompressible and velocity perturbations are required to vanish at rigid boundaries. For Lyapunov stable flows an upper bound for the increase of the total perturbation energy due to transient non-modal growth is derived which is valid for any Reynolds number. The theory is applied to Couette flow and the Lamb–Oseen vortex.
MINERALOGY AND PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL TEXAS CLAYS

Powder diffraction, chemical, and thermal studies were made of four kaolins, two volcanic ashes, and eleven clays and, in addition, particle size, plastograph, electrodialysis, and soluble salt studies were made on five of the clays. The impurities present in the kaolins were quartz, calcite, and montmorillonite. The preponderate mineral in nine clays was either kaolinite or halloysite and that in two clays was illite: A correlation of all the studies made on the five clays which were used in Texas brick plants indicated that the gelatinous nature of the clays which caused increased power consumption during the extruding operation and large loss in the drier was due to organic matter, soluble salts, and montmorillonite.
Achieving higher frequencies in large-scale nonlinear model predictive control

We present new insights into how to achieve higher frequencies in larage-scale nonlinear predictive control using truncated-like schemes. The basic idea is that, instead of solving the full nonlinear optimization (NLO) problem at each sampling time, we solve a single, truncated quadratic optimization (QO) problem. We present conditions guaranteeing stability of the approximation error for truncated schemes using generalized equation concepts. In addition, we propose a preliminary scheme using an augmented Lagrangian reformulation of the NLO and projected successive overrelaxation to solve the underlying QO. This strategy enables early termination of the QO solution because it can perform linear algebra and active-set identification tasks simultaneously. A simple numerical case study is provided.
Genetic basis of susceptibility to drug-induced liver injury: what have we learned and where do we go from here?

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare but severe adverse drug reaction that represents a major problem in pharmacotherapy, both clinically and economically. A considerable effort has been made over the past several decades to identify genetic factors that predispose to risk for DILI, and the pace of discovery has vastly increased over just the past several years. Here, we describe the major findings in DILI pharmacogenetics with an emphasis on the recent results of unbiased genome-wide association studies, and suggest some directions for future research in this area.
Seasonal movements of American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire (USA)

The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire (USA) by using acoustic telemetry to track the movements of 37 adult Limulus, for periods ranging from 2 to 31 months. During the winter (December-March) horseshoe crabs moved very little. In the spring, when water temperatures exceeded 11 o C, horseshoe crabs moved at least 1 km further up into the estuary to shallower subtidal areas about a month prior to spawning. The mean distance traveled during spring migrations was 2.6 ± 0.5 (n=20) km up the estuary. Mating occurred in May and June and during these months animals spent most of their time in shallow subtidal areas adjacent to mating beaches. In the summer (July-August), animals moved 1.5 ± 0.5 (n=26) km down the estuary, towards the ocean, and ranged widely, using extensive portions of the estuary. In the fall (September-November) movement was more limited (0.5 ± 0.5 km; n = 24) while animals settled into wintering locations, where they remained until spring. The mean annual linear range for all animals was 4.5 ± 0.3 km (n =35) and the maximum distance traveled by an individual horseshoe crab within one year was 9.2 km. There was no evidence that any of the horseshoe crabs tracked during this study left the estuary (Current Zool- ogy 56 (5): 587-598, 2010).
Vacuum-arc-generated macroparticles in the nanometer range

Micron and submicron "macroparticles" are produced along with the plasma at vacuum arc cathode spots. Published data refer to the size range 0.2-100 /spl mu/m. The lower limit is determined by the resolution of the equipment used (usually scanning electron microscopes). In the present study we focus on the detection and characterization of nanosize macroparticles ("nanoparticles") using atomic force microscopy and fieid-emission scanning electron microscopy. New information is gathered on material-dependent size distribution functions as well as on the effectiveness of magnetic filtering for nanoparticles.
Process Evaluation of the Enabling Mothers to Prevent Pediatric Obesity Through Web-Based Learning and Reciprocal Determinism (EMPOWER) Randomized Control Trial

Family-and-home-based interventions are an important vehicle for preventing childhood obesity. Systematic process evaluations have not been routinely conducted in assessment of these interventions. The purpose of this study was to plan and conduct a process evaluation of the Enabling Mothers to Prevent Pediatric Obesity Through Web-Based Learning and Reciprocal Determinism (EMPOWER) randomized control trial. The trial was composed of two webbased, mother-centered interventions for prevention of obesity in children between 4 and 6 years of age. Process evaluation used the components of program fidelity, dose delivered, dose received, context, reach, and recruitment. Categorical process evaluation data (program fidelity, dose delivered, dose exposure, and context) were assessed using Program Implementation Index (PII) values. Continuous process evaluation variables (dose satisfaction and recruitment) were assessed using ANOVA tests to evaluate mean differences between groups (experimental and control) and sessions (sessions 1 through 5). Process evaluation results found that both groups (experimental and control) were equivalent, and interventions were administered as planned. Analysis of web-based intervention process objectives requires tailoring of process evaluation models for online delivery. Dissemination of process evaluation results can advance best practices for implementing effective online health promotion programs.
Using Haptic Devices to Interface Directly with Digital Waveguide-Based Musical Instruments

A haptic musical instrument is an electronic musical instrument that provides the musician not only with audio feedback but also with force feedback. By programming feedback controllers to emulate the laws of physics, many haptic musical instruments have been previously designed that mimic real acoustic musical instruments. The controller programs have been implemented using finite difference and (approximate) hybrid digital waveguide models. We present a novel method for constructing haptic musical instruments in which a haptic device is directly interfaced with a conventional digital waveguide model by way of a junction element, improving the quality of the musician’s interaction with the virtual instrument. We introduce both the explicit digital waveguide control junction and the implicit digital waveguide control junction.
Ozone-induced disruptions of lung transcriptomes.

Abstract We have analyzed changes in ∼4000 lung mRNAs, with GeneChips, in mice exposed to 1 ppm O 3 for three consecutive nights (8 h per night). Differential gene expression analysis identified ∼260 O 3 sensitive genes; ∼80% of these were repressed and ∼20% were induced in O 3 -exposed mice compared to the air-exposed controls. A 20-fold induction of serum amyloid A3 mRNA by O 3 suggested activation of NF-κB and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-mediated pathways by inflammatory cytokines. Induction (up to 14-fold) of 12 genes that increase DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, and increase (∼7-fold) in CD44 mRNA and macrophage metalloelastase suggested a state of O 3 -induced hyperplasia and lung remodeling. Several mRNAs encoding enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism and cytoskeletal functions were repressed and may suggest cytokine mediated suppression of cytochrome P450 expression and cachexia-like inflammatory state in ozone-exposed lungs. The expressions of ∼30 genes of immune response were also repressed. Collectively this genome-wide analysis of lungs identified ozone-induced disruption of gene transcriptional profile indicative of increased cellular proliferation under suppressed immune surveillance and xenobiotic metabolism.
Desoxyribonucleic acid content of syncytial nuclei

Abstract A method for isolating syncytial nuclei from placentas at term is described. These nuclei and nuclei from normal diploid lymphocytes were stained by Fuelgen's reaction and their DNA content estimated by microspectrophotometry. The DNA content of syncytial nuclei was found to be statistically the same as that of lymphocyte nuclei.
A Comparison of Greedy and Optimal Assessment of Natural Language Student Input Using Word-to-Word Similarity Metrics

We present in this paper a novel, optimal semantic similarity approach based on word-to-word similarity metrics to solve the important task of assessing natural language student input in dialogue-based intelligent tutoring systems. The optimal matching is guaranteed using the sailor assignment problem, also known as the job assignment problem, a well-known combinatorial optimization problem. We compare the optimal matching method with a greedy method as well as with a baseline method on data sets from two intelligent tutoring systems, AutoTutor and iSTART.
Inpatient Therapeutic Assessment With Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Growing evidence supporting the effectiveness of Collaborative/Therapeutic Assessment (C/TA) has led clinicians and researchers to apply C/TA to a variety of clinical populations and treatment settings. This case example presents a C/TA inpatient adaptation illustrated with narcissistic personality disorder. After a brief overview of salient concepts, I provide a detailed account of the clinical interview, test interpretation paired with diagnostic considerations specific to narcissism, planned intervention, and discussion of assessment results. Throughout the case study, I attempt to demonstrate defining features of C/TA, inpatient adaptations, and clinical techniques that encourage meaningful engagement with a "hard to reach" personality.
Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoimprinting lithography.

We have performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of molding and replication of nanometer-size objects. Nanoimprinting of hemispherical particles was modeled as a three-step process: (1) a mold was created by pressing a hard hemispherical particle (master template) into a polymeric film; (2) a polymeric film was cross-linked fixing a negative image of a master mold into a polymeric film; (3) a polymeric mold was pressed into a monomeric liquid replicating an original master. The quality of the replication process was analyzed by comparing the shape of the replica with the shape of the master. It is shown that deformation of a polymeric stamp during the replication process (Step 3) is a result of optimization of the surface energy of the mold−liquid interface and the elastic energy of the polymeric mold. The relative deformation, e, of the replica is a function of the universal parameter γ/(GR0), where γ is the surface energy of the polymer−liquid interface, G is the shear modulus of the poly...
Quantum mechanical modeling of hydrogen assisted cracking in aluminum

We report multiscale quantum mechanical modeling of hydrogen assisted cracking in aluminum which is central to H embrittlement phenomena. We find that dislocation emission and brittle cleavage can occur simultaneously. H embrittlement takes place when H occupies the top sites on the crack front surface and even a very low H coverage at 0.2 monolayers can lead to brittle cleavage. H atoms adsorbed on the crack surfaces tend to suppress dislocation emission, whereas the solute H atoms on the slip plane can promote dislocation emission. Top-site H atoms at the front surface are found to facilitate the migration of other H atoms towards the front surface, providing a mechanism for H accumulation at the crack tip. The study resolves a long-standing puzzle of why H embrittlement could occur in Al where the equilibrium H solubility is extremely low under normal conditions.
Analysis of risk factors of periodontitis in health check-up population

Objective To explore risk factors associated with periodontitis Methods Six hundred outpatients for health check-up in Huangshi Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January to October 2013 were randomly divided into observation group and control group including 492 case in patients group and 106 case in control group.Influencing singlefactors were analyzed,then multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was also performed.Results Eight out of the 11 influencing single- factors were the risk factors for periodontitis,showing significant difference.Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed that the brushing teeth,knowledge of periodontal disease,smoking,oral examination times were independent risk factors for occurrence of periodontitis.Conclusion Periodontitis etiology is complex and effective measures be taken to prevent and control the occurrence of periodontitis.
A new strategy to mitigate the initial capacity loss of lithium ion batteries

Abstract Hard carbon (non-graphitizable) and related materials, like tin, tin oxide, silicon, and silicon oxide, have a high theoretical lithium delivery capacity (>550 mAh/g depending on their structural and chemical properties) but unfortunately they also exhibit a large initial capacity loss (ICL) that overrides the true reversible capacity in a full cell. Overcoming the large ICL of hard carbon in a full-cell lithium-ion battery (LIB) necessitates a new strategy wherein a sacrificial lithium source additive, such as, Li5FeO4 (LFO), is inserted on the cathode side. Full batteries using hard carbon coupled with LFO-LiCoO2 (LCO) are currently under development at our laboratory. We find that the reversible capacity of a cathode containing LFO can be increased by 14%. Furthermore, the cycle performance of full cells with LFO additive is improved from 95%. We show that the LFO additive not only can address the irreversible capacity loss of the anode, but can also provide the additional lithium ion source required to mitigate the lithium loss caused by side reactions. In addition, we have explored the possibility to achieve higher capacity with hard carbon, whereby the energy density of full cells can be increased from ca. 300 Wh/kg to >400 Wh/kg.
Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle

Marine zooplankton comprise a phylogenetically and functionally diverse assemblage of protistan and metazoan consumers that occupy multiple trophic levels in pelagic food webs. Within this complex network, carbon flows via alternative zooplankton pathways drive temporal and spatial variability in production-grazing coupling, nutrient cycling, export, and transfer efficiency to higher trophic levels. We explore current knowledge of the processing of zooplankton food ingestion by absorption, egestion, respiration, excretion, and growth (production) processes. On a global scale, carbon fluxes are reasonably constrained by the grazing impact of microzooplankton and the respiratory requirements of mesozooplankton but are sensitive to uncertainties in trophic structure. The relative importance, combined magnitude, and efficiency of export mechanisms (mucous feeding webs, fecal pellets, molts, carcasses, and vertical migrations) likewise reflect regional variability in community structure. Climate change is expe...