cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity of chemical communication in mammals: urinary components mediating sex discrimination by male guinea pigs.

Abstract Male guinea pigs are more attracted to urine from female guinea pigs than to urine from males. Separation of urine into fractions characterized by molecular weight and functionality through several different methods established that this discrimination and preference is based on a pattern of components which have widely different chemical character. The active compounds range from macromolecules (MW >10,000) to small, relatively volatile molecules. These studies establish a complexity in chemical signals that has not been previously documented for any other species.
Interaction Between Two Species of Tadpoles Mediated By Nutrient Enrichment

Abstract Anthropogenic stressors, such as contaminants or pollutants, can change the outcome of competition in a variety of communities. We examined potential competitive interactions between American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles by manipulating the presence and absence of each species and overall tadpole density and how they may be affected by anthropogenic nutrient enrichment by manipulating the presence and absence of nitrate and phosphate. Interactions with Gray Treefrogs did not affect American Toad survivorship, mass at metamorphosis, or time to metamorphosis. Nutrient enrichment reversed the relative effects of interspecific and intraspecific conditions on Gray Treefrog survivorship. Namely, in enriched mesocosms Gray Treefrog tadpoles living with American Toad tadpoles had higher survivorship than those in Gray Treefrog–only communities, whereas the opposite was true in no-enrichment mesocosms. Nutrient enrichment accelerated metamorphosis in American Toa...
X-RAY DIAGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO SURFACTANT IN PREMATURES WITH LUNG DISEASE 1922

The most consistently cited diagnostic criterion for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants is a reticulogranular pattern on chest x-ray (CXR). RDS is considered the clinical manifestation of surfactant deficiency. We undertook a study to determine the degree to which the x-ray diagnosis of RDS correlates with response to surfactant treatment.
Linearity and energy resolution of a high pressure helium gas scintillation counter

Abstract Studies were made of the linearity and energy resolution of a helium scintillation counter. The response to alpha particles of a mixture of 65 atm of He and 4.5 atm of Xe was found to be a linear function of energy down to alpha particle energies of 0.3 MeV, but with an intercept of 14 keV. The deviation from linearity below this energy was small. The energy variation of the resolution was found to be in good agreement with that expected from the combination of an energy independent contribution due to variation in light collection for different regions of the scintillator and of an energy dependent contribution due to the statistical fluctuations associated with the scintillation and light detection processes.
Hypothyroidism in Negro children

Summary Three cases of hypothyroidism in Negro children are reported. Our observations and the paucity of reported cases in Negro subjects indicate that sporadic, cretinism or hypothyroidism is quite rare in children of this racial group.
Ratings of emotion in faces are influenced by the visual field to which stimuli are presented

This experiment was designed to assess the differential impact of initially presenting affective information to the left versus right hemisphere on both the perception of and response to the input. Nineteen right-handed subjects were presented with faces expressing happiness and sadness. Each face was presented twice to each visual field for an 8-sec duration. The electro-oculogram (EOG) was monitored and fed back to subjects to train them to keep their eyes focused on the central fixation point as well as to eliminate trials confounded by eye movement artifact. Following each slide presentation, subjects rated the intensity of the emotional expression depicted in the face and their emotional reaction to the face on a series of 7-point rating scales. Subjects reported perceiving more happiness in response to stimuli initially presented to the left hemisphere (right visual field) compared to presentations of the identical faces to the right hemisphere (left visual field). This effect was predominantly a function of ratings on sad faces. A similar, albeit less robust, effect was found on self-ratings of happiness (the degree to which the face elicited the emotion in the viewer). These data challenge the view that the right hemisphere is uniquely involved in all emotional behavior. The implications of these findings for theories concerning the lateralization of emotional behavior are discussed.
MIGRAINE WITH AURA SHOWS GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT WHICH IS REVERSED FOLLOWING PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT

A 26-year-old patient complained of a series of migraine attacks with aura accompanied by slight pleocytosis and gadolinium (Gd-DTPA) enhancement next to the left middle cerebral artery. The migraine attacks and Gd-DTPA enhancement were reversible during prophylactic treatment with flunarizine.
MEN, WOMEN, AND THE CULTURE OF ENGINEERING

This study focuses on women's position in engineering. A conflict model that emphasizes the interplay of structural and interactional resources is developed to explain the occupational positions of...
Sound and Meaning Correlates of Word Preferences.

Two studies were reported which are relevant to the question of whether the sound of a word contributes to its esthetic effect in poetry independently of its meaning or associations. In Experiment I each of four groups of subjects ranked one of two lists of words for beauty of meaning or beauty of sound. The words in the two lists were homophone pairs (e.g., Sun-Son). Sound preferences were not significantly correlated across lists even though the sounds judged were identical in each. However, meaning and sound preferences were highly and significantly correlated within each list. Interjudge agreement was very high for meaning but not for sound preferences. In Experiment II sound preferences for German words of unknown meaning were found to be highly correlated with meaning preferences for their English associations. These results do not support the hypothesis that sound has an independent esthetic effect, although they are not conclusive evidence against it.
Adjunctive nifedipine therapy in high-risk, medically refractory, unstable angina pectoris.

Abstract Patients with unstable angina pectoris who remain symptomatic at rest after hospitalization are at increased risk of death or myocardial infarction. This report presents the results of adding the calcium influx blocking agent nifedipine to aggressive therapy with nitrates and beta-blocking drugs in 47 hospitalized patients. The patients were followed up for an average of 12 months. Twenty-two (47%) improved sufficiently to be discharged; despite this symptomatic improvement, 8 had cardiac events within 4 months. Eighteen patients had no symptomatic improvement and 7 of them had cardiac events in 4 months. In 7 others, relief was insufficient to permit discharge, and 1 of these patients had myocardial infarction. In all, 31 patients were treated with medical therapy only. Twenty-one of these patients had a favorable short-term response to nifedipine; 13 died or had an infarction in less than 4 months. Two of 16 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery had cardiac events. The presence of electrocardiographic changes with pain did not identify either a group at higher risk or a group with a better outcome with nifedipine. We conclude that in a high-risk subset of patients with unstable angina pectoris, nifedipine does not reduce morbidity or mortality or the need for bypass surgery, but relieves symptoms in many patients. An early symptomatic response to nifedipine did not predict a reduced incidence of subsequent cardiac events.
Biracial Americans' Experience with Identity, Gender Roles, and Anxiety

The current study aims to shed light on the experiences of a small but growing group, biracial Americans with one African American and one European American birth parent. Prior results suggest that it would be useful to study ethnic identity and its correlates among members of this group. Additionally, although research to date suggests different gender role norms for African Americans and European Americans, and that anxiety level differs across gender role categories, apparently no research so far has looked at these factors among biracial Americans. The measures used in the study were the Revised Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (R-MEIM), the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), and the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Scale (IDAS). Results from the Well-being scale of the IDAS show low levels for biracial participants with feminine/undifferentiated gender roles and high levels for those with masculine/androgynous roles. Additional findings, implications, and study limitations are further disc...
Subjective stress and sources of stress for police officers

The present study was designed to explore which of 15 sources of stress contribute most to the subjective feeling of stress by police officers. Forty-one municipal police officers and 32 state police officers (mean age 35.3 yr., SD = 6.4) were given a questionnaire to measure their levels of stress (Willcher, 1980). No assessment of reliability or validity was available. Also they were given a list of I5 sources of stress for each of which they had to check the importance on a four-point scale. For the municipal police officers, the subjective level of stress was positively associated with the officers' rating as more important the stresses from problems with co-workers (r = 0.40, df = 39, two-tailed p < 0.01), pressure from normal police activities (r = 0.46, p < 0.01), problems from home life (T = 0.56, p < 0.001), favoritism in the police department (r = 0.37, p < 0.02), and having to intervene in crises (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). Stresses from equipment problems, lack of support from the courts and prosecutor, lack of leadership from superiors, interference from local politicians, understaffing in department, the attitudes of the public, inadequate pay, shift work, pressure for college attendance and living in the same town where one works were not significantly related to the subjective levels of stress. Thus, for the municipal police officer, the level of stress seems to be related to normal police work and problems with peers and family. For the state police officers, the subjective level of stress was positively associated with the officers' rating as more important the stresses from lack of support from courts and prosecutor (r = 0.38, df = 30, p < 0.05), imerference from local politicians (7 = 0.46, p < 0.01), and the attitude of the public (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Thus, for state police officers, the lack of support from non-police persons seems to be related to their levels of suess. While the municipal and state police officers did not differ in their over-all levels of stress on the Willcher test (respective means 35.9 and 35.2; SD = 10.8 and 7.0; t = 0.31, df = 71), the present data suggest that the sources of stress are very different for the cwo groups.
Activated Alleles of Yeast SLN1 Increase Mcm1-dependent Reporter Gene Expression and Diminish Signaling through the Hog1 Osmosensing Pathway

Two-component signal transduction systems involving histidine autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer to an aspartate residue on a receiver molecule have only recently been discovered in eukaryotes, although they are well studied in prokaryotes. The Sln1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a two-component regulator involved in osmotolerance. Phosphorylation of Sln1p leads to inhibition of the Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase osmosensing pathway. We have discovered a second function of Sln1p by identifying recessive activated alleles (designated nrp2) that regulate the essential transcription factor Mcm1. nrp2 alleles cause a 5-fold increase in the activity of an Mcm1-dependent reporter, whereas deletion of SLN1 causes a 10-fold decrease in reporter activity and a corresponding decrease in expression of Mcm1-dependent genes. In addition to activating Mcm1p, nrp2 mutants exhibit reduced phosphorylation of Hog1p and increased osmosensitivity suggesting that nrp2 mutations shift the Sln1p equilibrium toward the phosphorylated state. Two nrp2 mutations map to conserved residues in the receiver domain (P1148S and P1196L) and correspond to residues implicated in bacterial receivers to control receiver phosphorylation state. Thus, it appears that increased Sln1p phosphorylation both stimulates Mcm1p activity and diminishes signaling through the Hog1 osmosensing pathway.
Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands of North America

Abstract Studies of breeding birds and small mammals were conducted at a series of sites that form a gradient of severity of desertification. Desert grassland sites represented the least changed landscape units and mesquite coppice dunes represented the most severe degradation, an irreversibly degraded landscape unit. The hypothesis that desertification reduces species diversity was not supported by the data. Species richness and diversities (Shannon-Weaver H′) of breeding birds were higher in the desertified areas than in the grassland with one exception. Data from a site dominated by the exotic African grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana , in south-eastern Arizona showed that breeding bird diversity was lower at that site than at a site in the same region that was dominated by native grasses. Species richness, diversity (H′), and abundance of small mammals were also higher in desertified areas than in desert grassland. Most grassland species of birds and mammals persist in the desertified habitats and species that are characteristic of shrublands colonize desertified desert grasslands. This accounts for the increases in species richness. However some species such as the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis , are eliminated when grassland degrades to mesquite coppice dune or eroded creosotebush communities. These data suggest that other measures of faunal biodiversity such as keystone species may be better measures of the impact of desertification on animal biodiversity.
THE IMPULSE OF PHILANTHROPY

In practices of philanthropy and charity, the impulse to give to immediate others in distress is often tempered by its regulation. Although much of what is written on charity and philanthropy focuses on the effects of the gift, I suggest more attention be paid to the impulse of philanthropy. To coerce the impulse to give into rational accountability is to obliterate its freedom; to render giving into pure impulse is to reinforce social inequality. The only solution is to allow both to exist, and to create structures to encourage them. This essay examines the power of the spontaneous and fleeting impulse to give and its regulation through an analysis of contemporary practices of philanthropy and their relation to sacred conceptions of dān (donation) in New Delhi. When scriptural ideas of disinterested giving intersect with contemporary notions of social responsibility, new philanthropic practices are formed. On the basis of ethnographic research with philanthropists who built temples, started NGOs, and managed social welfare programs, as well as families who gave dān daily out of their homes, this essay documents how both NGO and government efforts to regulate one of the most meritorious forms of dān, gupt dān (or, anonymous dān) expresses critical issues in philanthropy between the urge to give in response to immediate suffering and the social obligation to find a worthy recipient for the gift.
FORAMINIFERAL EVIDENCE FOR THE AGE OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN PELLA FORMATION (SOUTHEASTERN IOWA, USA)

The Pella Formation of southeastern Iowa has been correlated variously with the St. Louis Limestone and the Ste. Genevieve Limestone of the upper Meramecian and lower Chesterian stages, respectively, of the type Mississippian succession. The age of the Pella Formation is of interest because in Keokuk County the Pella immediately overlies a fossil tetrapod deposit that is the oldest of its kind in North America. It sits above Romer’s Gap in the fossil record of early tetrapod evolution. Occurrences of the foraminifer Asteroarchaediscus rugosus indicate that the Pella Formation can be no older than the upper part of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone. Foraminifers are not useful in constraining the upper age limit of the Pella, but previously reported conodonts assignable to the Gnathodus bilineatus – Cavusgnathus charactus Assemblage Zone (=Lower bilineatus Zone; Faunal Unit 9) suggest that the unit can be no younger than mid-Renault Limestone of the Chesterian reference area. The foraminifer Holkeria avonensis occurs abundantly in the Pella Formation. This is the youngest occurrence of the genus and species anywhere in the world, as Holkeria spp. previously were known only from the Holkerian–lower Asbian stages (lower Upper Visean) in Britain, and from the lower St. Louis Limestone (=Salem Limestone equivalent) in the upper Meramecian of midcontinental North America.
Interpretation of high resolution spectra of Mars—II calculations of CO2 abundance, rotational temperature and surface pressure

Abstract High-resolution spectra of Mars ( Connes et al.(1)) are analyzed to obtain a rotational temperature of Trot = 203±4°K (standard deviation). A line-by-line calculation, using Voigt line profiles, has been done for 15 carbon dioxide bands where we have found the CO2 amount and surface pressure which minimizes the deviation between the computed equivalent widths and the measured equivalent widths. For a Lorentz half-width γ = 0.10cm-1 and an air mass η = 3.5 we find 252.3 m atmstp of CO2 in the total path (or 72.1 m atm in one air mass) and ps = 5.33 mb. Calculations have also been made for η = 3.0 and η = 4.0; in all cases the surface pressure is equal to the CO2 partial pressure. Our best estimate of the surface pressure is ps = 5.16±0.64 mb.
Dual X-ray absorptiometry forearm software: Accuracy and intermachine relationship

An ash study was performed to analyze the accuracy of forearm measurements at the one-third site of three dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) systems using 20 cadavers. A Hologic QDR-2000, a Hologic QDR-1000/W, and a Lunar DPX-L system were used. The correlations between ash weight and DXA BMC were excellent for the three instruments (r > 0.97, p 0.95); the absolute BMC and BMD values were significantly different between the two Hologics and the Lunar machine. The slope and intercept of both the BMC and BMD between the two Hologic systems were close to unity. In conclusion, the DXA forearm software packages provide accurate methods for assessing bone mineral content and density. The conversion of data among different manufacturers should be performed by careful cross-calibration measurements.
Accuracy of standard patch antenna models

The validity of the leaky cavity and transmission-line models to predict the far zone fields from a microstrip patch antenna is investigated. The prediction of this radiation requires a knowledge of the total current on the antenna. Since the approximate techniques utilise only the current on the bottom surface of the antenna, the relative importance of top and bottom surface currents are examined.
Scour Zone Characterization by Deep Impinging Jet

Scour downstream of many hydraulic structures such as culverts and spillways may be treated as analogues to jet scour. This study presents the characterization of a fluidized zone by an impinging jet using a recently developed In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe (ISEEP). Jet embedment was varied from 0.61 m (2 ft) to 2.43 m (8 ft) in the laboratory with a jet velocity ranging from 3 m/s to 6 m/s using an external pump. A number of piezometers were installed radially and with depth around the probe to characterize the extent of the fluidized zone (zone where effective stress reaches zero). Results indicated that the shape of the embedded fluidized zone changes from spherical to elliptical with increasing impinging distance. The nature of the zone expansion was categorized into three phases: initial, transition, and steady state. A jet velocity of 3.8 m/s resulted in a lateral distance of the fluidization zone that extended 0.3 m from the probe. At jet velocities of 4.2 m/s and 4.5 m/s, the lateral distance of the fluidization zone reached about 0.40 m and 0.45 m, respectively. Vertically, a jet velocity of 4.2 m/s fluidized the soil up to 0.3 m above the jet (probe tip) at 2.4 m embedment depth. At an embedment depth of 2.4 m, this maximum fluidization zone occurs as a closed fluidization. The dimensions of this zone are a function of the applied jet velocity (considering the values used in this study).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Wetting, Pore Structure, and Liquid Retention of Hydrolyzed Polyester Fabrics:

This study investigates the contributions of surface wetting and pore structure to liquid retention of fibrous materials using regular and microdenier poly(ethylene te rephthalate) (PET) fabrics as...
Kinetics and mechanistic studies of the hydrolysis of diisocyanate-derived bis-thiocarbamates of cysteine methyl ester.

Diisocyanates (dNCOs) are the most commonly reported cause of chemically induced occupational asthma, but the ultimate antigenic form is unknown. Reactions of the three most common monomeric dNCOs, hexamethylene dNCO (HDI), methylene diphenylisocyanate (MDI), and toluene dNCO (TDI), with cysteine methyl ester (CME) gave the corresponding bis-dithiocarbamates (HDI−CME, TDI−CME, and MDI−CME). The dissociation kinetics of these bis-thiocarbamates, in aqueous conditions, was followed spectrophotometrically under varying pH and temperature conditions. Reaction of the adducts with methylamine or human serum albumin (HSA) produced diurea, monourea, and diamine products, and this was consistent with the base-catalyzed elimination reaction (E1cB) pathway being the dominant, but not exclusive, dissociation mechanism. The hydrolysis of the adducts was first-order with respect to OH- concentration and overall second-order (HDI−CME, k = 3.36 × 102 M-1 min-1; TDI−CME, k = 2.49 × 104 M-1 min-1; and MDI−CME, k = 5.78 × 1...
NS-6 (nervous system antigen-6): a new cell surface antigen of brain, kidney, and spermatozoa.

Abstract Cell surface antigen NS-6 is identified on MUNTAD (mouse undifferentiated neural tumor, adeno virus induced) cells by complement-dependent cytotoxicity with anti-MUNTAD cell antiserum made in C3H/HeJ × C57BL/6J F1 mice. Quantitative absorption shows that this antigen (or antigens) is completely shared by normal brain, kidney, and spermatozoa. It is absent from liver, spleen, thymus, skin, and muscle. NS-6 is present on brain on embryonic Day 9, the earliest stage tested, and the amount of NS-6 on brain and on kidney does not change from birth to adulthood. Brains of many species, from fish to chicken and human, have antigen(s) which cross-react with NS-6. Within the mouse brain, this antigen shows no localization to any region, nor is it apparently restricted to any one cell type. This is consistent with NS-6 being an antigen of pluripotent neural progenitor cells which is passed to both neuronal and glial progeny. Expressed on two mouse and two human nervous system tumors, NS-6 is absent from all other tumors and cell lines tested.
Philosophical roots of model validation: Two paradigms

System dynamics models, as causal models, are much like scientific theories. Hence, in evaluating such models, we assume certain norms of scientific inquiry. Most critics hold that the system dynamics approach does not employ formal, objective, quantitative model validation tests. This article argues that this type of criticism presupposes the traditional logical empiricist philosophy of science, which assumes that knowledge is an objective representation of reality and that theory justification can be an objective, formal process. According to the more recent relativist philosophy of science, knowledge is relative to a given society, epoch, and scientific world view. Theory justification is therefore a semiformal, relative social process. We show that relativist philosophy is consistent with the system dynamics paradigm and discuss the practical implications of the two philosophies of science for system dynamics modelers and their critics.
A prospective evaluation of radiocolloid and immunohistochemical staining in colon carcinoma lymphatic mapping

BACKGROUND Although the utility of lymphatic mapping (LM) and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with melanoma and breast carcinoma has been well documented, this same is not true for patients with colon carcinoma. The authors previously reported a high false-negative rate for SLN biopsy in patients with colon carcinoma using isosulfan blue dye alone. The objective of the current study was to determine whether radiocolloid would increase the sensitivity of LM/SLN biopsy in patients with colon carcinoma. METHODS The authors performed LM on 57 patients with colon carcinoma using both isosulfan blue dye and radiocolloid. The SLN(s) were identified by either their blue color or by increased radioactivity. The SLNs then underwent both routine histologic sectioning and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cytokeratins. RESULTS An SLN was identified in 56 patients (98%). Radiocolloid was able to identify only 1 additional positive SLN (9%). Overall, it was found that the disease had metastasized to the lymph nodes in 22 patients, even though there was no evidence of disease in the SLN(s) in 11 of those 22 patients on routine histologic sectioning (false-negative rate, 50%; sensitivity, 50%). In five patients, IHC of the SLN was the only indicator of metastatic disease. The inclusion of IHC-positive SLNs in these calculations would decrease the false-negative rate to 17% and would increase the sensitivity of SLN biopsy to 83%. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, the addition of radiocolloid did not increase the sensitivity of detection of positive SLN(s) compared with the use of isosulfan blue dye alone. IHC of the SLN potentially may increase the sensitivity of LM and reduce the false-negative rate. However, the long-term prognostic significance of IHC in patients with colon carcinoma remains controversial. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A peril of minimally invasive surgery.

A 23-YEAR-OLD woman presented with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation. She underwent a valvular commissurotomy and annuloplasty through a minimally invasive median sternotomy. Her operative course was unremarkable. However, after arrival in the intensive care unit, a postoperative chest radiograph showed an abnormality that required the patient to return to the operating room for rnediastinal reexploration. Identify the abnormality seen on the chest radiograph (Fig 1).
Total synthesis of 1-thio-α-tocopherol: A sulfur-containing analogue of vitamin E.

Abstract The title compound, has been synthesized in ten steps in an overall yield of 2%.
STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON RABBIT LEUCOCYTES I. EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF THE SUBSTANCES WITH ANDWITHOUT INDUCTION OF THE LOCAL SHWARTZMAN REACTION

Intravenous injection into rabbits of bacterial endotoxins results in an inhibition of migration of leucocytes from the buffy coat of their blood in tissue culture or in "slide cell" preparations. This effect was demonstrable 5 minutes after the intravenous injection and persisted for from 6 to 12 hours after the injection. It is as marked in rabbits receiving only a single intravenous injection of endotoxin as in those previously prepared intradermally and developing a severe local Shwartzman reaction on intravenous injection. The preparation of the skin for the Shwartzman reaction does not in itself result in appreciable changes of leucocyte migration. The production of the effect depends upon some action in vivo, since leucocytes of uninjected rabbits migrate normally from the buffy coat in plasma substrates to which large concentrations of endotoxin are added in vitro. The inhibitory effect, as observed in these experiments, also depends upon the added influence of centrifugation. Leucocytes from a rabbit receiving endotoxin intravenously migrate normally from uncentrifuged lung or spleen fragments and migrate normally in blood on the warm stage prior to centrifugation. Identical centrifugation does not affect leucocytes from uninjected animals. The heparin inhibition of the local Shwartzman reaction does not alter this effect of endotoxins on leucocytes. Its possible role in the production of leucopenia and of the local Shwartzman reaction is briefly discussed.
Advances in the management of intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major public-health problem worldwide. No proven treatments are available for this condition, which is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Only 20% of individuals who survive ICH are independent at 6 months. Hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and anticoagulation are known to be associated with such hemorrhages. No effective preventive therapies exist specifically for CAA-related ICH. The incidence of hypertension-related ICH might be decreasing in some populations with improvements in the treatment of hypertension; however, the incidence of anticoagulant-related ICH is increasing, as the use of anticoagulants rises. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the clinical management of ICH, although in the past 10 years completed medical and surgical clinical trials-examining hemostatic therapy, blood pressure control and/or hematoma evacuation-have refined our understanding of the goals of such management. Ongoing clinical trials, which have built on the lessons of past studies, hold promise for the development of effective, scientifically proven treatments for ICH. In this Review, we discuss clinical trials for ICH that have been completed in the past 10 years, the contributions of these studies to the clinical management of ICH, and the ongoing trials that might further improve clinical care.
THE EFFECTS OF SOME ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CELL SIZE OF THE HOT SPRING ALGA SYNECHOCOCCUS LIVIDUS (CYANOPHYTA)1

Algae were sampled along temperature gradients of 30 thermal springs in Colorado, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. From a maximum temperature of 74.5 C downstream, to ca. 62 C, the diversity of the algae was limited to the various forms of Synechococcus lividus Copeland; from ca. 62 to 40–45 C it coexisted with other algae. When S. lividus was in direct sunlight the mean length was greatest at the highest temperatures of its existence, becoming shorter as the water cooled; the mean reduction in length was 0.132 μm for each 1 C reduction in temperature. The cells in a shaded stream did not exhibit the reduction in size with reduced temperature, but remained about the same length from 73 C downstream to 45 C. The longer cells from the highest temperatures of their existence in any stream could not become established in the cooler water downstream, so the range of cell lengths (diversity) became less as the water cooled. Unknown dissolved substance(s) depressed the upper temperature limit in two streams and had a reverse effect on the expected length–temperature relationship; the shortest cells were at the higher temperatures. Generally, total dissolved substances had a positive effect on the length; the longest cells were in the water with the highest total dissolved solids (TDS) at the upper temperature limits of 70–74.5 C. In the temperature range of 55–60 C the higher TDS were not as effective in developing longer cells.
Simulation of hysteresis in nonlinear systems

Simulations of magnetic, magnetostrictive, and pseudoelastic behavior exhibit hysteresis. These systems have a highly nonlinear character involving both short range anisotropy and elastic fields and, when appropriate, dispersive demagnetization fields. In this report we discuss our experience with this type of computation and the applications which it may serve. We implemented continuation based on the conjugate gradient method, although the same results were obtained by other methods as well. Nonetheless, the propensity of optimization procedures to become marooned at local extrema when applied to nonconvex situations presents a fundamental challenge to analysis. We present some computational results and diagnostics, developed using methods of nonlinear analysis. In a simple case described in the paper, the width of the hysteresis loop may be determined analytically. For a magnetic system, this analysis rests on the introduction of a shadow energy for a simplified version of the system. This simplified version suggests possible dispersive interactions that may be attributed to shape-memory or pseudoelastic body. We provide a brief illustration of this. A principal objective of this investigation is to study the magnetostrictive behavior of Terfenol-D.
On the Spectrum of Invertible Semi-hyponormal Operators

It is known that for a semi-hyponormal operator, the spectrum of the operator is equal to the union of the spectra of the general polar symbols of the operator. The original proof of this theorem involves the so-called singular integral model. The purpose of this paper is to give a different proof of the same theorem for the case of invertible semi-hyponormal operators without using the singular integral model.
The Role of Bone Marrow and Visceral Fat on Bone Metabolism

The protective effect of total fat mass on bone mineral density (BMD) has been challenged with studies showing no or negative association after adjusting for weight. Subsequently, more studies have evaluated the relationship of regional adiposity with BMD, and findings were inconsistent for central obesity. Advancements in imaging techniques enable us to directly and noninvasively study the role of adiposity on skeletal health. Visceral adiposity measured by computed tomography (CT) has consistently been shown to have negative effects on bone. Availability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) also allows us to noninvasively quantify bone marrow fat (BMF), which has been known to be associated with osteoporosis from histomorphometric studies. Using MRS along with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, studies have reported a detrimental role of BMF on BMD. With the increase in aging and obesity of the population, it is important to continue this effort in identifying the contribution of adipose tissues to bone quality and fracture.
Actin and the elongation of plant cells II. The role of divalent ions

Because Ca++ and Mg++ ions, which control actin polymerization, were previously found to inhibit auxin-stimulated cell elongation in theAvena coleoptile, and to disrupt actin microfilaments (MFs), a study was made to see if at lower concentrations they actually promote elongation. Both ions do so, with optimum concentrations at about 5 mM. Auxin (IAA) is required and the MFs appear normal. In a survey of other ions, Zn++, Ni++ and vanadate only inhibit, but Co++ clearly promotes growth, by about 30%, with an optimum concentration at 800 μM to 1 mM. Auxin is required, and the MFs appear normal. The results fit with the proposal that cell elongation is causally linked to the polymerization of actin.
Mechanism Sufficiency Validation by Assignment

This paper introduces a mathematical framework for evaluating the relationship between policies and mechanisms. An evaluation approach called the assigmnent technique is defined. This technique consists of establishing an assignment between the security classes of information established by policy constraints, and the protection domains, established by the properties of the mechanism. The assignment technique provides a theoretical foundation for assessing the sufficiency of an access control mechanism with respect to a well formed protection policy. Although this paper presents preliminary results of research, the propsed framework suggests a promising new approach for evaluating the protection mechanisms of existing and proposed systems.
Barrier Efficacy of Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Formulations Against Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

In a laboratory bioassay, termites were allowed to tunnel into a 5-cm core sample of sand (pH 8.1) treated with termiticides following an application protocol before construction. Termiticides (active ingredient) tested were; Dursban TC (chlorpyrifos), XRM-5160 (chlorpyrifos), Equity (chlorpyrifos), Dragnet FT (permethrin), Prevail FT (cypermethrin), Biflex FT (bifenthrin), Pryfon 6 (isofenphos), Demon TC (cypermethrin), PP321 (lambda-cyhalothrin), and Sumithion 20MC (fenitrothion). Because the vertical integrity of the treated sand was maintained, termites were exposed to termiticides in the same orientation as would occur under field conditions. Results 3 h after the termiticide application indicated that all formulations of termiticides tested provide equal barrier protection against the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, however, generally tunneled deeper into sand treated with organophosphates than sand treated with pyrethroid termiticides. Treated plots were covered by concrete slabs for 1 yr. Results of a second bioassay with the 1-yr-old samples indicated the loss of barrier efficacy of the isofenphos treatment against both termite species. Possible factors that contributed to isofenphos degradation are alkaline sand, high precipitation, and microbes.
Predictors of academic performance of pharmacy students based on admission criteria in a 3-year pharmacy program

Abstract Objective Several studies have found a significant positive association between admission criteria (math/science grade point average [GPA], pharmacy college admission test (PCAT) scores, and having a prior bachelor's degree) and academic performance of students in four-year pharmacy programs. It is unclear whether these factors are valid when applied to three-year pharmacy programs. The purpose of this study was to determine which admissions criteria explain academic performance in a three-year pharmacy program. Methods A retrospective regression analysis was performed to model student assessment scores as a function of admissions and demographic factors. Results Math/science prerequisite GPA and age were significant predictors of academic performance in both first-year and second-year classes. In addition, applied/health/physical science degree–holders performed better than students without a bachelor's degree in first-year classes. Conclusion Our results revealed that admission variables, such as math/science prerequisite GPA and prior bachelor's degree, predicted academic performance in the first and second professional years of a three-year Doctor of Pharmacy program. These findings are consistent with previous studies at four-year Doctor of Pharmacy programs.
Direct tissue oxygen monitoring by in vivo photoacoustic lifetime imaging (PALI)

Tissue oxygen plays a critical role in maintaining tissue viability and in various diseases, including response to therapy. Images of oxygen distribution provide the history of tissue hypoxia and evidence of oxygen availability in the circulatory system. Currently available methods of direct measuring or imaging tissue oxygen all have significant limitations. Previously, we have reported a non-invasive in vivo imaging modality based on photoacoustic lifetime. The technique maps the excited triplet state of oxygen-sensitive dye, thus reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of tissue oxygen. We have applied PALI on tumor hypoxia in small animals, and the hypoxic region imaged by PALI is consistent with the site of the tumor imaged by ultrasound. Here, we present two studies of applying PALI to monitor changes of tissue oxygen by modulations. The first study involves an acute ischemia model using a thin thread tied around the hind limb of a normal mouse to reduce the blood flow. PALI images were acquired before, during, and after the restriction. The drop of muscle pO2 and recovery from hypoxia due to reperfusion were observed by PALI tracking the same region. The second study modulates tissue oxygen by controlling the percentage of oxygen the mouse inhales. We demonstrate that PALI is able to reflect the change of oxygen level with respect to both hyperbaric and hypobaric conditions. We expect this technique to be very attractive for a range of clinical applications in which tissue oxygen mapping would improve therapy decision making and treatment planning.
Orthostatic hypotension due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and autonomic failure

A case of orthostatic hypotension due to the combination of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and autonomic failure is described. The interacting pathophysiologic features of the two disorders and response to therapy are discussed. The value of dynamic cardiac auscultation and Doppler echocardiography in patients with postural blood pressure changes is demonstrated.
Electrochemical methods for leaching of spent fuel

Electrochemical methods were used to study the initial dissolution and leaching behavior of spent-fuel fragments. The initial dissolution rate and the nature of the surface film of the spent fuel was shown to be compatible with those of single-crystal UO/sub 2/ surfaces. Thus, studying the behavior of UO/sub 2/ may provide an understanding of spent-fuel leaching mechanisms. Also, the study showed that spent-fuel leach data and dissolution kinetics may be obtained from the electrochemical methods described.
Turning a page on access to international children's books

Purpose ‐ The purpose of this article is to help those new to the practice of finding international children's books online navigate this exciting if confusing area of reference sources.Design/methodology/approach ‐ This article reviews the International Children's Digital Library that has revolutionized connecting children and books worldwide since 2002. However, there have been organizations busy identifying, evaluating, recommending and keeping lists and annotations of excellent international books for children since the 1940s. This article also reviews resources created by organizations, including the International Youth Library, the International Board on Books for Young People, international book fairs, Banco del Libro and other entities.Findings ‐ The article finds that, there is benefit to be gained from the expansion of international children's book resources into the world of the internet and that those who compiled both types of resource want to connect the world's children with quality literat...
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors Are Less Intensively Treated in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease Than in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of therapy for atherosclerotic risk factors between patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty-nine consecutive patients diagnosed with PAD or CAD identified from the blood flow and cardiac catheterization laboratories, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Participants were interviewed by telephone for medical history as well as therapies prescribed and recommended by their physicians. Among patients with hypercholesterolemia, more CAD patients were taking cholesterol-lowering drugs (58% vs 46%, p = .08) and more CAD patients recalled a physician's instruction to follow a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet (94% vs 83%, p = .01). CAD patients were more likely to exercise regularly (71% vs 50%, p < .01). Among patients not exercising, more CAD patients recalled a physician's advice to exercise (74% vs 47%, p < .01). In logistic regression analysis, hypercholesterolemic patients with exclusive CAD were more likely to be treated with drug therapy (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, p = .05). CAD patients were more likely to recall advice to exercise (OR 4.0, p < .001), and more likely to be taking aspirin or warfarin (OR 4.8, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Atherosclerotic risk factors are less intensively treated among PAD patients than CAD patients. A number of possible explanations could account for these disparities in therapeutic intensity.
In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a potent opioid receptor agonist, biphalin, compared to subtype-selective opioid receptor agonists for stroke treatment

To meet the challenge of identification of new treatments for stroke, this study was designed to evaluate a potent, nonselective opioid receptor (OR) agonist, biphalin, in comparison to subtype selective OR agonists, as a potential neuroprotective drug candidate using in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. Our in vitro approach included mouse primary neuronal cells that were challenged with glutamate and hypoxic/aglycemic (H/A) conditions. We observed that 10nM biphalin, exerted a statistically significant neuroprotective effect after glutamate challenge, compared to all selective opioid agonists, according to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Moreover, 10nM biphalin provided superior neuroprotection after H/A-reoxygenation compared to selective opioid agonists in all cases. Our in vitro investigations were supported by in vivo studies which indicate that the nonselective opioid agonist, biphalin, achieves enhanced neuroprotective potency compared to any of the selective opioid agonists, evidenced by reduced edema and infarct ratios. Reduction of edema and infarction was accompanied by neurological improvement of the animals in two independent behavioral tests. Collectively these data strongly suggest that concurrent agonist stimulation of mu, kappa and delta ORs with biphalin is neuroprotective and superior to neuroprotection by activation of any single OR subtype.
What controls attention in natural environments

The highly task-specific fixation patterns revealed in performance of natural tasks demonstrate the fundamentally active nature of vision, and suggest that in many situations, top-down processes may be a major factor in the acquisition of visual information. Understanding how a top-down visual system could function requires understanding the mechanisms that control the initiation of the different task-specific computations at the appropriate time. This is particularly difficult in dynamic environments, like driving, where many aspects of the visual input may be unpredictable. We therefore examined drivers' abilities to detect Stop signs in a virtual environment when the signs were visible for restricted periods of time. Detection performance is heavily modulated both by the instructions and the local visual context. This suggests that visibility of the signs requires active search, and that the frequency of this search is influenced by learnt knowledge of the probabilistic structure of the environment.
The Strategic Timing behind Position-taking in the US Congress: A Study of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act

Roll call voting by members of the US Congress has been frequently studied. In contrast, the various decisions leading up to roll call voting are relatively unexplored. This article analyses one of those decisions: when senators announce their final passage vote intention. The authors use the same set of variables to analyse both the timing of the announcement and the final passage vote. They find that different independent variables predict these two different decisions, though the constituency and the senator's institutional setting matter in both. Furthermore, this study corroborates an assumption in the rational choice literature that those members with the most information are the first movers.