cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity among luminescent symbionts from squid of the genera Uroteuthis, Loliolus and Euprymna (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

Luminescent bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae (Bacteria: c-Proteobacteria) are commonly found in complex, bilobed light organs of sepiolid and loliginid squids. Although morphology of these organs in both families of squid is similar, the species of bacteria that inhabit each host has yet to be verified. We utilized sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA, luciferase a-subunit (luxA) and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapA) genes to determine phylogenetic relationships between 63 strains of Vibrio bacteria, which included representatives from different environments as well as unidentified luminescent isolates from loliginid and sepiolid squid from Thailand. A combined phylogenetic analysis was used including biochemical data such as carbon use, growth and luminescence. Results demonstrated that certain symbiotic Thai isolates found in the same geographic area were included in a clade containing bacterial species phenotypically suitable to colonize light organs. Moreover, multiple strains isolated from a single squid host were identified as more than one bacteria species in our phylogeny. This research presents evidence of species of luminescent bacteria that have not been previously described as symbiotic strains colonizing light organs of Indo-West Pacific loliginid and sepiolid squids, and supports the hypothesis of a non-species-specific association between certain sepiolid and loliginid squids and marine luminescent bacteria. � The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Effect of patient positioning on toe pressure measurement using noninvasive vascular testing.

Objective: Interpretation of digital pressure in the assessment of healing potential for diabetic foot disease has become common because of the potential for false elevation with the ankle-brachial index. However, the specific testing protocol for segmental Doppler examinations and photoplethysmography require patients to be in the supine position, with the lower limbs at heart level, in order to minimise the effect of hydrostatic pressure. This may be difficult in many patients with lower extremity pathology, particularly those who are nonambulatory, with painful wounds, or with orthopnea. In these situations, the noninvasive vascular test may be performed with the patient in a more comfortable position, which may include sitting in a wheelchair with the leg in a dependent position. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of patient positioning on measurement of the digital pressure. Method: Hallux pressures were measured in 20 healthy volunteers in 3 variable positions of limb dep...
Lunar laser ranging using avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays

The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) will improve range measurements to the moon by at least an order-of-magnitude, with the goal of achieving millimeter precision. Lunar ranging provides the most stringent tests of Einstein's strong equivalence principle, as well as placing the tightest constraints on the time evolution of Newton's gravitational constant. At the heart of APOLLO is an integrated array of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratories. These devices are capable of detecting the arrival of a single photon with high temporal precision (< 100 ps), with detection efficiencies as high as 50%. The thin APD arrays have breakdown voltages in the neighborhood of 25 volts, active areas 20, 30, or 40 microns in diameter, placed on 100 micron centers in a square pattern. APOLLO will initially work with a 4×4 array, but may eventually upgrade to a larger format. The potential use of APD array technology in other areas of astronomy is briefly discussed.
Multiple-dose insulin injection therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes using a basal-bolus regimen, team management, and nutrition education

We determined the efficacy of basal -bolus insulin therapy delivered through team education and nutrition counseling for management of type 2 diabetes in 17 patients treated with a regimen of once-daily insulin glargine and either insulin aspart or lispro three times a day. They received written instructions and specific education about ‘basal-bolus’ insulin administration, use of a ‘forced-titration’ schedule for glargine dose adjustment, and calculation of rapid-acting pre-meal bolus insulin. The average hemoglobin A1c level decreased from 8.7 ± 2.06% to 7.0 ± 1.07%, a significant reduction of 1.7% (p<0.05) over 3 months or more. 7 patients (41%) reported improvement in hypoglycemic events. In conclusion, an intensive multidose basalbolus insulin treatment using self-titration and flexibility through carbohydrate counting confers beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes, including better glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemia. These results are best achieved through multi-disciplinary patient care involving the nurse educator and dietician as part of a diabetes care team. (Int J Diabetes Metab 13:141-146, 2005)
Piezoelectric PVDF Materials Performance and Operation Limits in Space Environments

Piezoelectric polymers based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are of interest for large aperture space-based telescopes. Dimensional adjustments of adaptive polymer films are achieved via charge deposition and require a detailed understanding of the piezoelectric material responses which are expected to suffer due to strong vacuum UV, gamma, X-ray, energetic particles and atomic oxygen under low earth orbit exposure conditions. The degradation of PVDF and its copolymers under various stress environments has been investigated. Initial radiation aging studies using gamma- and e-beam irradiation have shown complex material changes with significant crosslinking, lowered melting and Curie points (where observable), effects on crystallinity, but little influence on overall piezoelectric properties. Surprisingly, complex aging processes have also been observed in elevated temperature environments with annealing phenomena and cyclic stresses resulting in thermal depoling of domains. Overall materials performance appears to be governed by a combination of chemical and physical degradation processes. Molecular changes are primarily induced via radiative damage, and physical damage from temperature and AO exposure is evident as depoling and surface erosion. Major differences between individual copolymers have been observed providing feedback on material selection strategies.
Practical input-output stability analysis techniques applied to DC machine systems

Input-output stability is an important indicator of proper propulsion system design. Developing methods to analyze and quantify input-output stability is of particular interest. In this paper, input-output stability techniques based on Lyapunov equation optimization and linear matrix inequalities are set forth and applied to a dc machine system with controls, providing a practical means of predicting system behavior due to changes in disturbance torque modeled as an input.
Religious disagreement, externalism, and the epistemology of disagreement: listening to our grandmothers

A new emphasis in epistemology is burgeoning, known by the phrase ‘the epistemology of disagreement’. The object of investigation is the situation where the two combatants of a disagreement are equally well situated epistemologically. Central questions include whether peer epistemic conflict reduces the support one has for one's belief, whether the reduction should be understood on internalist or externalist lines, and how often such peer conflict happens. The main objective in the first two sections will be to provide background by bringing key points of contention to the surface in the recent epistemologies of disagreement both in mainstream epistemology and in religious epistemology. A final section asserts that epistemic externalism in religious epistemology doesn't easily escape the challenge of epistemic, peer, religious disagreement.
Current treatment of heart failure in the USA

Among elderly adults, the most common reason for hospitalization is heart failure. Understanding the treatment options for this complex syndrome is vital to the practice of contemporary medicine. Early recognition of patients at risk for developing heart failure and the stage-appropriate management of patients with established heart failure is paramount for optimal patient care. However, the vast array of therapeutic options currently available can seem daunting. It is the aim of this review to describe the framework for approaching heart failure patients so that the physician can provide the most appropriate therapies at each stage of the disease.
Soil patchiness in juniper-sagebrush-grass communities of central Oregon

This study compared the sizes, spacings and properties (soil moisture, pH, nitrogen, soil arthropods and VAM) of soil resource islands and bare patches in sagebrush-grass communities invaded by western juniper versus those without juniper. We analyzed 1000 surface soil samples taken from nine 50-m radius circular plots sampled in December of 1991 and May of 1992 on ‘The Island’, one of the few undisturbed areas of sagebrush-grass shrubland in Oregon. Spatial structure was interpreted from correlograms (Moran’s I) and standardized semivariograms. The presence of juniper was associated with increased bare area and smaller, more widely spaced grass and sagebrush plants. Soil arthropod numbers and biomass in plots with juniper were only roughly one-fifth of those in sagebrushgrass plots in December. The dominant soil pattern in both sagebrush-grass and juniper-sagebrush-grass plots was regularly-distributed patches spanning a range of sizes and spacings. Plots with juniper had greater patchiness at shorter lags (<3 m), and patchiness was more developed for soil moisture, net nitrification, and net N mineralization, whereas sagebrush-grass plots had greater patchiness at longer lags (3 ‐ 9 m) and patchiness was more developed for NO3‐N, arthropod numbers and biomass. These differences in soil patterns with and without juniper indicate that juniper responds to, or causes, changes in the size of resource islands under sage and grass when it invades sage-grass communities.
Minipump Induced Hyperoxaluria and Crystal Deposition in Rats: A Model for Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Unraveling the mechanisms leading to clinically active calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone disease and the development of effective medical therapies to treat it have been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models. To address this problem we developed a model of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate crystal deposition by implanting osmotic minipumps subcutaneously into male rats, that is minipump induced hyperoxaluria and crystal deposition in rats.Materials and Methods: Male Harlan-Sprague Dawley rats (225 to 290 gm) were implanted subcutaneously with 1-week 2 ml osmotic minipumps containing 1.5 M potassium oxalate (360 μM KOx/24 hours, [KOx-trt], 11) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS-trt, 9) on days 1 and 7. The 24-hour urine collections were performed on days 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD. Urinary crystals were analyzed by light microscopy. Kidneys were harvested on day 14 and processed for light and polarizing microscopy, and RNA analysis.Results: Mean o...
Towards an objective method of gait analysis

A sample of individuals aged 5–68 years (n = 39) were examined to determine the relationship between age, the timing of the gait cycle and movement of the joints and eyes when walking in a straight...
Hemolytic anemia in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient patient triggered by a maxillofacial infection.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency is the most common human enzyme deficiency; an estimated 200 million people worldwide are affected by this enzymopathy.1 G-6-PD deficiency is an inherited disease characterized by hemolytic anemia caused by the inability to detoxify oxidizing agents. This X-linked enzyme disorder comprises a family of deficiencies caused by over 400 different mutations in the gene coding for G-6-PD.2 Only some of these mutations cause clinical symptoms. One possible benefit to having G-6-PD deficiency is that it confers a resistance to malaria. In G-6-PD–deficient persons, anemia is usually caused by certain oxidative drugs, infections, or fava beans. When any of these agents enter a red blood cell in a G-6-PD–deficient person, hemoglobin becomes denatured, thus destroying its function as the principal oxygen-carrying molecule. The following report describes a patient in whom a G-6-PD deficiency was recognized as a result of a maxillofacial infection.
Observation of Single-Crystal-Type EPR Spectra from Monolayers of Copper-Exchanged Zeolite Na-A Crystals Assembled on Glass Plates

Single-crystal-type EPR spectra were observed for microcrystals of copper(II)-exchanged zeolite Na-A assembled on glass plates when the magnetic field was perpendicular to the glass surface. Two copper species (H and D) were identified both in the powder sample and in the assembled crystals. The g z direction of species H is parallel to [001] of the cubic crystal, while that of species D is tilted 9° away from [001]. Previously, other authors assumed the g z directions of the two corresponding species to be parallel to [111]. On the basis of the g z directions, we suggest that Cu 2 + in species H is displaced 0.149 nm along [111] from the six-ring plane into the β cage and octahedrally coordinated to three zeolite oxygen atoms in the six-ring plane and three water molecules. The g z direction of Cu 2 + in species D is not compatible with site II in the six-ring plane. Species D is probably a trigonal complex with Cu 2 + displaced into the β cage and coordinated to three zeolite oxygen atoms.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXXVIII — Motions to Vacate Default Judgments

This article, the 38th in a series on civil-litigation motion practice and drafting, covers motions to vacate default judgments.
Intraoperative optical assessment of photodynamic therapy response of superficial oral squamous cell carcinoma.

This study investigated whether diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) measurements could assess clinical response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition, the correlation between parameters measured with DOS and the crosslinking of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a molecular marker for PDT-induced photoreaction, was investigated. Thirteen patients with early stage HNSCC received the photosensitizer 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) and DOS measurements were performed before and after PDT in the operating room (OR). In addition, biopsies were acquired after PDT to assess the STAT3 crosslinking. Parameters measured with DOS, including blood volume fraction, blood oxygen saturation (StO2), HPPH concentration (cHPPH), HPPH fluorescence, and blood flow index (BFI), were compared to the pathologic response and the STAT3 crosslinking. The best individual predictor of pathological response was a change in cHPPH (sensitivity=60%, specificity=100%), while discrimination analysis using a two-parameter classifier (change in cHPPH and change in StO2) classified pathological response with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. BFI showed the best correlation with the crosslinking of STAT3. These results indicate that DOS-derived parameters can assess the clinical response in the OR, allowing for earlier reintervention if needed.
Naturalization of Dalechampia scandens in southern Florida

Abstract. Dalechampia scandens, a native to the American tropics, was recently found naturalized in two Broward County parks in southern Florida. This is the first spontaneous occurrence of the plant in the continental United States. One of the populations may be an escape from a butterfly attraction where the plant was introduced and grown to rear cracker (Hamadryas) butterflies. Dalechampia scandens is pollinated by Euglossa viridissima, a recently naturalized orchid bee in Florida, known to pollinate this species in Mexico.
A World of Repositories, a World of Records: Redefining the Scope of a National Subject Collection

Archivists have been less succesful in collecting documentation on white ethnics than in gathering materials on other neglected groups in American society. This article addresses the problem by applying concepts of collection development to the holdings of an outstanding immigrant-ethnic repository, the Immigration History Research Center Collection of the University of Minnesota. It argues that the historic collecting policy is too broad and too indiscriminate to make the best use of the institution's resources and outlines a new policy based on present holdings and on the holdings and policies of other institutions.
Searching for Community: Filipino Gay Men in New York City

(1994). Searching for Community: Filipino Gay Men in New York City. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 59-74.
Studies of SAP-1 and SAP-2 in Cultured Skin Fibroblasts

Sphingolipid activator proteins (SAP) are relatively small molecular weight proteins that activate the hydrolysis of sphingolipids in the presence of the specific lysosomal hydrolases.l The exact number of such proteins and their exact mechanisms of action are not known at this time. However, three proteins with the ability to stimulate the enzymatic hydrolysis of certain sphingolipids have been identified. By our nomenclature SAP-1 has been demonstrated to activate the hydrolysis of sulfatide, GM1 ganglioside and, possibly, globotriaosylceramide by arylsulfatase A, acid β s-galactosidase and α-galactodidase A, respectively.2–6 SAP-1 is missing in tissue and urine samples from patients with a variant form of metachromatic leukodystrophy.7–10 SAP-2 (factor P, heat-stable factor, cohydrolase SPHI) activates the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (glc-cer), galactosylceramide (gal-cer) and, possibly, sphingomyelin by glucocerebrosi-dase, galactocerebrosidase and sphingomyelinase, respectively.11–15 SAP-2 appears to be normal in tissue samples and fibroblast extracts from patients with Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease and Niemann-Pick disease (including Type C).16 SAP-3 (GM2 activator protein) stimulates the enzymatic hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside by hexosaminidase A. 17,18 It is deficient in tissue samples and cultured cells from patients with the AB variant form of GM2 gangliosidosis.18–20 There has been some discrepancy about the sizes of native and denatured SAP. In order to learn more about the structure of SAP-1 and SAP-2, their mechanism of action and the nature of the mutations in patients with SAP-1 deficiency the structure and biosynthesis of these SAP were studied in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Using specific antibodies to immunoprecipitate the SAP and to detect the immuno-reactive bands after electrophoresis, some interesting features of these proteins were obtained. These may help us to understand how these proteins regulate sphingolipid metabolism.
Computational sprinting

Although transistor density continues to increase, voltage scaling has stalled and thus power density is increasing each technology generation. Particularly in mobile devices, which have limited cooling options, these trends lead to a utilization wall in which sustained chip performance is limited primarily by power rather than area. However, many mobile applications do not demand sustained performance; rather they comprise short bursts of computation in response to sporadic user activity. To improve responsiveness for such applications, this paper explores activating otherwise powered-down cores for sub-second bursts of intense parallel computation. The approach exploits the concept of computational sprinting, in which a chip temporarily exceeds its sustainable thermal power budget to provide instantaneous throughput, after which the chip must return to nominal operation to cool down. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we analyze the thermal and electrical characteristics of a smart-phone-like system that nominally operates a single core (~1W peak), but can sprint with up to 16 cores for hundreds of milliseconds. We describe a thermal design that incorporates phase-change materials to provide thermal capacitance to enable such sprints. We analyze image recognition kernels to show that parallel sprinting has the potential to achieve the task response time of a 16W chip within the thermal constraints of a 1W mobile platform.
Defect Reactions and Atomic Diffusion in Silicon

Atomic diffusion is generally mediated by intrinsic defects such as vacancies and self-interstitials. In this paper we give a critical review of the relevant properties of intrinsic defects in Si as they have been determined by experiments and recent theoretical calculations. We then review the role of these defects in mediating self-diffusion and dopant impurity diffusion both under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. A systematic and internally consistent picture emerges, but many processes, such as oxidation-modified and nitridation-modified diffusion require more systematic data for detailed understanding.
Study on Vibration Power Flow Characteristics of Girder-Plate Coupled Structures

The article analyzes the vibration characteristics of a girder-plate coupled structure.Based on admittance theory,the power flow equations of the members of the structure are formulated.Numerical simulation is carried out to study the influence of the major structural parameters on the power flow of the structure.Results indicate that the length and height of the beam and the thickness of the plate have some influence on frequency band distribution of the power flow amplitude.While variation of the loss factors of beam and plate makes changes of the total power flow,the net power flow,and the Absorbed power flow.Corners of the plate are the best positions for coupling.According to these analyses,an optimal design of an engineering structure is made,and some effect is derived in the aspect of vibration control.
The Method of updating HIS

Updating HIS is importance in the HIS maintenance.It is required when a HIS is used efficiently always.In this paper,buildup layes of the HIS was analy zed and the updating method was put forward in the database object lay,table dat a lay,applications lay,workflow lay.
PGC1α drives a metabolic block on prostate cancer progression

Metabolic rewiring is essential for cancer cell survival. PGC1α, a transcriptional co-activator that is downregulated in prostate cancer, is now shown to control prostate cancer metabolism by activating an oxidative metabolic program that prevents tumour growth and metastatic dissemination.
Introducing cellulose nanocrystals in sheet molding compounds (SMC)

Abstract The mechanical properties of short glass fiber/epoxy composites containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) made using sheet molding compound (SMC) manufacturing method as well as the rheological and thermomechanical properties of the CNC-epoxy composites were investigated as a function of the CNC content. CNC up to 1.4 wt% were dispersed in the epoxy to produce the resin for SMC production. The addition of CNC in the resin increased its viscosity and slightly reduced the heat of reaction during the polymerization without altering the curing time and temperature and the effective pot life of the resin. The incorporation of 0.9 wt% CNC in the SMC composite resulted in increases in elastic modulus and tensile strength by ∼25% and ∼30% and in flexural modulus and strength by ∼44% and ∼33% respectively. Concentrations of CNC up to 0.9 wt% in the SMC composite did not alter the impact energy.
Rotary Balance Wind Tunnel Testing for the FASER Flight Research Aircraft

Flight dynamics research was conducted to collect and analyze rotary balance wind tunnel test data in order to improve the aerodynamic simulation and modeling of a low-cost small unmanned aircraft called FASER (Free-flying Aircraft for Sub-scale Experimental Research). The impetus for using FASER was to provide risk and cost reduction for flight testing of more expensive aircraft and assist in the improvement of wind tunnel and flight test techniques, and control laws. The FASER research aircraft has the benefit of allowing wind tunnel and flight tests to be conducted on the same model, improving correlation between wind tunnel, flight, and simulation data. Prior wind tunnel tests include a static force and moment test, including power effects, and a roll and yaw damping forced oscillation test. Rotary balance testing allows for the calculation of aircraft rotary derivatives and the prediction of steady-state spins. The rotary balance wind tunnel test was conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 20-Foot Vertical Spin Tunnel (VST). Rotary balance testing includes runs for a set of given angular rotation rates at a range of angles of attack and sideslip angles in order to fully characterize the aircraft rotary dynamics. Tests were performed at angles of attack from 0 to 50 degrees, sideslip angles of -5 to 10 degrees, and non-dimensional spin rates from -0.5 to 0.5. The effects of pro-spin elevator and rudder deflection and pro- and anti-spin elevator, rudder, and aileron deflection were examined. The data are presented to illustrate the functional dependence of the forces and moments on angle of attack, sideslip angle, and angular rate for the rotary contributions to the forces and moments. Further investigation is necessary to fully characterize the control effectors. The data were also used with a steady state spin prediction tool that did not predict an equilibrium spin mode.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Palpation-Guided and Image-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Thyroid:

We conducted a retrospective study to compare the sensitivity and specificity of traditional palpation-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) performed by clinicians and pathologists with that of image-guided FNAB performed by radiologists for the evaluation of thyroid nodules. We reviewed the medical records of 89 patients who had undergone thyroid FNAB and subsequent surgical excision and pathology. Of this group, 58 patients had undergone palpation-guided FNAB performed by a clinician, 20 had undergone palpation-guided FNAB performed by a pathologist, and 11 had undergone image-guided FNAB performed by a radiologist. The sensitivity of the three techniques was 86, 100, and 100%, respectively, and the specificity was 78, 94, and 44%; there were no statistically significant differences in sensitivity or specificity among the three groups. Our data indicate that FNAB of the thyroid can be performed with equal reliability by clinicians, pathologists, and radiologists.
Hairy cell leukemia: current treatment strategies

Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic lymphoproliferative malignancy first described by Bouroncle et al over 30 years ago [1]. The typical patient is a middleaged man with complaints of fatigue or weakness; symptoms of splenic pain, bleeding or bruising, or recurrent infections are less common at presentation [2]. Splenomegaly without peripheral adenopathy occurs in 70–80% of newly diagnosed patients [2]. Pancytopenia is present in approximately two-thirds of patients, although 10% of patients present with a leukocytosis resulting from a high circulating hairy cell count. Representing less than 2% of adult leukemias, hairy cell leukemia has become the focus of intense interest over the past few years as a result of therapeutic advances.
An invisible student population: Accommodating and serving college students with lupus.

Background Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), or lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disorder. Individuals with lupus face unique psychosocial and emotional challenges such as living with the unpredictability of the disease, symptoms such as fatigue, pain and depression, anxiety, cognitive problems, and coping with stress. Objective This article attempts to shed light on the role that lupus plays in the lives of college students in their academics and other unique psychosocial needs. Method The author uses a single case study method based on the lived experience of a student with lupus. The method adopted is used as a means to provide anecdotal information about specific areas to consider when providing services to students living with this condition. Results Findings from this one case study identified some of the accommodations available to help students in higher education that may even vary for two students with same diagnosis of lupus. Conclusions The paper presents some of the innovative strategies that can be used by practitioners while working with these students in higher education. These strategies can provide helpful support for students with lupus with the recommended academic accommodations.
Actual and Potential Conflicts Off- and Onshore in Ghana’s Oil-Producing Region

Even though Ghana’s commercial OG extraction is in its infancy, some conflicts have already occurred while others are already brewing in the oil-producing coastal districts. There are also potentially more “hot spots” that might incite social turbulence if left unchecked or allowed to fester. Such conflicts could have a negative impact on communities near Jubilee Field which could spread to the Western Region and, ultimately, to the rest of the nation. This chapter provides an overview of these actual and potential conflicts both on- and off-shore in Ghana’s new oil-producing region.
INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN CRYSTALS OF HUMAN DEOXY HEMOGLOBINS A, C, F AND S

The structures have been determined of six different forms of deoxy crystals of human hemoglobin. They are: HbA (2 forms), HbC (2 forms), HbF and HbS. All six crystals are built of strands of tetramers. Six strands surround a central strand. The spacing along strands depends upon the pH at which the crystals were grown. The strands surrounding the central one are variously packed parallel or anti-parallel, and in-register or half-staggered. The beginning residues of the A helix frequently make contact with residues of the E and F helices of neighboring strands.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen solution in Pd–Y alloys

Abstract Equilibrium hydrogen isotherms (343–523 K) have been determined for some low Y content fcc Pd –Y alloys. At a given p H 2 ≤ 1 bar, the hydrogen solubilities increase with atom fraction Y, X Y . Partial thermodynamic parameters, ΔH H and ΔS H , have been determined from these isotherms over a range of H contents. Extrapolation of ΔH H and ΔS H to infinite dilution of H, give ΔH H ∘ and ΔS H ∘ for 1 2 H 2 (g, 1 bar) absorption where the superscript zero indicates infinite dilution of H in the solid phase and 1 bar for H 2 in the gaseous phase. These parameters become increasingly negative with atom fraction Y. Thermodynamic factors, ( ∂ lnp H 2 1 / 2 / ∂ ln r ) T where r = H-to-metal, mol ratio, are needed for the interpretation of diffusion parameters. From equilibrium isotherms, lnp H 2 1 / 2 vs ln r , the slopes give the thermodynamic factors over a range of H contents and temperatures. Plots of the thermodynamic factors as a function of r exhibit minima which suggests that Fick's diffusion constants should also exhibit minima.
DIGGING DEEPER: Bringing a Systems Approach to Food Systems: High-priority Research Approaches for Transforming U.S. Food Systems

First paragraphs: The number of agriculture and food research agendas published over the last 25 years would fill multiple shelves — and that's not counting the long lists within each of those agendas. There are so many research needs in every possible area of the food system that the catalog of topics begins to look random. A long-term overall decline in funding, coupled with funders' often narrow preferences and with the academic culture of freedom to choose one's own research interests, have made food and agricultural research feel chaotic. Priorities and strategies may guide research project choices within some categories, but don't seem to in most. In this context I want to highlight four different approaches and several projects that I believe are very high priority and are necessary to pursue if there is to be a chance of building a sustainable and resilient agrifood system for the future. Most of these suggestions come from the National Research Council (NRC) publication, Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century, published in 2010. (If you haven't read at least some of the report I beseech you to do so.) The report, a follow-up to the NRC report Alternative Agriculture published in 1989, "assesses the scientific evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of different production, marketing, and policy approaches for improving agricultural sustainability and reducing the costs and unintended consequences of agricultural production" (p. vii). The study committee included 15 members with expertise in food production and agribusiness; crop, soil, and horticultural sciences; water -use and water- quality science; farming systems and agroecology; agricultural economics and social science; and federal farm, trade, international development, environmental, and regulatory policies. Two of the committee members were farmers (p. vii). First, the committee urges the research community to find a way to structure inquiries and approaches so that while incremental research continues, the strongest emphasis is placed on transformative research. These are projects that show the way to systemic changes that are quite different from the present and dominant system. Examples include organic and managed intensive grazing production systems; values-based whole supply chain development; and sustainable retail structures and supply chains that lower the vulnerability toward food insecurity in low-income areas. ...
Mobilizing for a war on the home front against sugar-related morbidity and mortality.

In Israel today, there are 420,200 Israelis diagnosed with diabetes, and every year, Israelis sustain thousands of diabetes-related deaths and tens of thousands of diabetes-related amputations. As such, in Israel, as in much of the world, there is a silent and deadly public health war against obesity and diabetes taking place on the home front -- one in which clinicians, patients, and families fight thousands of life- and limb-threatening battles daily, involving preventable heart disease, diabetes, strokes and amputations. Yet the global clinical and scientific communities, indeed society at large, have barely begun to mobilize. Fighting this war requires confronting and altering “obesogenic” and “diabetogenic” economic and social factors, including food and beverage marketing and pricing that push diets engorged with processed sugars. Ginsberg, in a study recently published in IJHPR, contributes to our understanding of the combined sugar-related health burdens in Israel, producing an epidemiology and health economics study that estimates the health burdens of obesity, overweight, and dental caries in Israel today. He projects the reductions resulting from that portion of disease burden and associated costs if sugar consumption declined to 10 or 5% of daily caloric consumption as a result of multifaceted public health interventions. Projected over 70 years, these reductions in sugar consumption would prevent 16,590 and 34,580 deaths, respectively. These numbers of Israeli deaths averted are similar to, or exceed, the total resulting from armed conflict or terrorism over the past 70 years. While overconsumption of sugar is only one of many factors that drive cardio-metabolic disease, the study by Ginsberg suggests a path through which we can overcome the numerous internal and external obstacles that societies face in making a public policy commitment to fight the warm on the home front: promoting health by reducing added sugar exposure.
Amplification of flood frequencies with local sea level rise and emerging flood regimes

The amplification of flood frequencies by sea level rise (SLR) is expected to become one of the most economically damaging impacts of climate change for many coastal locations. Understanding the magnitude and pattern by which the frequency of current flood levels increase is important for developing more resilient coastal settlements, particularly since flood risk management (e.g. infrastructure, insurance, communications) is often tied to estimates of flood return periods. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report characterized the multiplication factor by which the frequency of flooding of a given height increases (referred to here as an amplification factor; AF). However, this characterization neither rigorously considered uncertainty in SLR nor distinguished between the amplification of different flooding levels (such as the 10% versus 0.2% annual chance floods); therefore, it may be seriously misleading. Because both historical flood frequency and projected SLR are uncertain, we combine joint probability distributions of the two to calculate AFs and their uncertainties over time. Under probabilistic relative sea level projections, while maintaining storm frequency fixed, we estimate a median 40-fold increase (ranging from 1- to 1314-fold) in the expected annual number of local 100-year floods for tide-gauge locations along the contiguous US coastline by 2050. While some places can expect disproportionate amplification of higher frequency events and thus primarily a greater number of historically precedented floods, others face amplification of lower frequency events and thus a particularly fast growing risk of historically unprecedented flooding. For example, with 50 cm of SLR, the 10%, 1%, and 0.2% annual chance floods are expected respectively to recur 108, 335, and 814 times as often in Seattle, but 148, 16, and 4 times as often in Charleston, SC.
Ovarian Cysts, Vaginal Bleeding and Hypothyroidism in a 4-Year-Old Female with Down Syndrome: A Case of Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome

Abstract Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome (VWGS) is a constellation of symptoms including precocious puberty without adrenarche, delayed bone age, ovarian cysts, and hypothyroidism. We report here a four-year-old Down Syndrome patient who presented for evaluation of abdominal distension, vaginal bleeding, and bilateral ovarian cysts. Her work-up and management demonstrates the importance of screening for hypothyroidism in Down Syndrome, as well as considering the diagnosis of VWGS when evaluating a patient with precocious puberty and an apparent intra-abdominal surgical process. Given the presence of ovarian masses, a surgical emergency such as ovarian torsion or rupture must be ruled out. Even when the diagnosis of VWGS is confirmed, practitioners must be vigilant to consider surgical intervention in the presence of uncontrolled vaginal bleeding, hemodynamic instability, or failure of regression of ovarian cysts with exogenous thyroid hormone replacement.
Extension of Joint Complexity and Compressive Sensing

In this chapter, the theory of Joint Complexity and Compressive Sensing has been extended to three research subjects, (a) classification encryption via compressed permuted measurement matrices, (b) dynamic classification completeness based on Matrix Completion and (c) encryption based on the Eulerian circuits of original texts. In the first additional research subject we study the encryption property of Compressive Sensing in order to secure the classification process in Twitter without an extra cryptographic layer. The measurements obtained are considered to be weakly encrypted due to their acquisition process, which was verified by the experimental results. In the second additional research subject we study the application of Matrix Completion (MC) in topic detection and classification. Based on the spatial correlation of tweets and the spatial characteristics of the score matrices, we apply a novel framework which extends the Matrix Completion to build dynamically complete matrices from a small number of random sample Joint Complexity scores. In the third additional research subject, we present an encryption system based on Eulerian circuits , that destructs the semantics of a text while retaining it in correct syntax. We study the performance on Markov models , and perform experiments on real text.
From Climate Change to National Security: Analysis of the Obama Administration’s Federal Resilience Mandates and Measures

AbstractThis article provides an empirical basis for understanding the Obama administration’s resilience policy mandates and measures in the United States. Specifically, this article seeks to evalu...
Tobacco Content in Video Games: Categorization of Tobacco Imagery and Gamer Recall.

Author(s): Forsyth, Susan R; Malone, Ruth E | Abstract: IntroductionTobacco content has been identified in popular video games played by adolescents. To date, there are no established instruments for categorizing tobacco content. We describe development and demonstrate the use of an instrument to categorize types of tobacco content.MethodsInterviews were conducted with 61 participants: 20 adolescents (mean age 17.7), and 41 adults (mean age 23.9), who discussed favorite games and recalled tobacco content. All games mentioned were examined for tobacco content by watching movies of game play on YouTube, examining individual game Wiki sites, and reviewing content descriptors provided by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), Common Sense Media, and the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). A typology of tobacco content was created and correlated with gamer recall of tobacco content.ResultsParticipants together mentioned 366 games, of which 152 were unique. Tobacco content was verified in 39.5% (60/152) of games. Six categories of content were identified, including "no tobacco content." Of games containing tobacco, 88% (53/60) contained at least two categories of content. Games with more categories were associated with greater gamer recall of tobacco content.ConclusionTobacco content is present in video games and consciously recalled by players, with higher accuracy of recall associated with games featuring multiple types of tobacco content and more engaging, player-active content.ImplicationsPlaying video games is now a daily part of most adolescents' lives. Tobacco content is present in many popular games. Currently there are no published instruments to assist in categorizing tobacco content in video games. This study describes a systematic approach to categorize tobacco content in video games and demonstrates that games featuring more categories of tobacco content are associated with more accurate gamer recall of the presence of tobacco content when compared with games with fewer categories of content. Understanding the extent of such content will be essential in formulating tobacco control strategies to address tobacco content in games.
Responding to Sea Level Rise: Does Short‐Term Risk Reduction Inhibit Successful Long‐Term Adaptation?

Most existing coastal climate-adaptation planning processes, and the research supporting them, tightly focus on how to use land use planning, policy tools, and infrastructure spending to reduce risks from rising seas and changing storm conditions. While central to community response to sea level rise, we argue that the exclusive nature of this focus biases against and delays decisions to take more discontinuous, yet proactive, actions to adapt-”for example, relocation and aggressive individual protection investments. Public policies should anticipate real estate market responses to risk reduction to avoid large costs-”social and financial-”when and if sea level rise and other climate-related factors elevate the risks to such high levels that discontinuous responses become the least bad alternative.
P2u purinoceptor stimulation of surfactant secretion coupled to phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in type II cells

ATP is known to stimulate surfactant phospholipid secretion in type II cells, and there is evidence that this effect is mediated by a P2 purinoceptor. At least five subtypes of the P2 receptor have been reported, but it is not clear which one exists on the type II cell. To determine whether it is the P2u subtype, at which UTP is equipotent with ATP, we have compared the effects of ATP and UTP on phosphatidylcholine secretion and second messenger formation in primary cultures of rat type II cells. ATP and UTP were equally potent in stimulating phosphatidylcholine secretion and phospholipase D activation. The potency order, UTP = ATP > ADP > 2-methylthio-ATP, was the same as that reported for the P2u receptor. UTP stimulated diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid formation to the same extent as ATP. ATP also increased choline formation. Formation of diacylglycerol was biphasic, and the first peak in response to ATP was previously shown to be associated with inositol trisphosphate formation. Northern analysis showed that the P2u receptor gene was expressed to a greater extent in type II cells than in whole lung. These data suggest that ATP and UTP act via a P2u receptor that is coupled to phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C with subsequent activation of phospholipase D acting on phosphatidylcholine. ATP has also been reported to act at an additional type II cell receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase. In contrast, UTP did not promote adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate formation and therefore does not act at that receptor.
Machine-Learning-Based Model for Supporting Energy Performance Benchmarking for Office Buildings

Buildings are dominant contributors of global energy consumption. Enhancing building energy efficiency has long been recognized as an important way to achieve energy saving goals and sustainability targets. In response, a body of building energy performance benchmarking models and tools have been proposed during the past decades. The degree of similarity between the compared buildings is the core of the benchmarking process. However, existing benchmarking tools mainly classify buildings only based on building use types, instead of fully considering a wider range of impacting factors. To address this gap, this paper proposes a machine-learning (ML)-based model for classifying buildings—based on building characteristics, occupant behaviors, and geographical and climate features—into three energy-consumption levels: low, medium, and high. Support vector regression models are then fitted to define the predicted energy consumption for benchmarking. The proposed ML-based building energy consumption prediction model was tested on the office buildings in the commercial building energy consumption survey (CBECS) dataset. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for data dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. Different ML algorithms were tested and compared, including Naive Bayes (NB), support vector machines (SVM), decision trees (DT), and random forests (RF). The classification algorithms were evaluated in terms of precision and recall; the regression models were evaluated in terms of root mean square error; and the energy consumption prediction results were further compared with the prediction results by EnergyStar. The performance results indicate that, compared with EnergyStar, the proposed model can reduce the prediction error by 13%.