cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Validity and Reliability of a Pocket-Sized Ultrasound to Diagnose Distal Radius Fracture and Assess Quality of Closed Reduction

Purpose Handheld ultrasound technology is increasingly used in health care. Its use for fracture care has not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate handheld, pocket-sized ultrasound in the diagnosis and assessment of reductions in distal radius fractures. Methods A total of 23 patients with distal radius fractures (average age, 53 years; 13 women) and 20 control patients (average age, 53 years; 10 women) were prospectively enrolled. All patients with distal radius fractures underwent standard, 3-view radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations of the wrist before and after closed reduction. Control patients had a one-time standard radiographic and ultrasonographic examination of the wrist. Radiographs were used as the reference standard. All images were assessed for the presence or absence of a fracture by a board-certified, hand fellowship–trained orthopedic surgeon and musculoskeletal fellowship–trained radiologist who were blinded to the study protocol. If a fracture was detected, the adequacy of reduction was assessed. Results The sensitivity of distal radius fracture diagnosis on ultrasound was 100% and specificity ranged from 90% to 95%. The sensitivity of identifying a satisfactory reduction ranged from 76% to 93% and specificity was 93% to 94%. Interrater reliability between the musculoskeletal radiologist and hand surgeon was κ = 0.86 for diagnosing the fracture and κ = 0.82 for identifying a satisfactory reduction. Intrarater reliability ranged from κ = 0.82 to 0.86. Conclusions A pocket-sized, handheld diagnostic ultrasound device demonstrates the ability to diagnose distal radius fractures and assess fracture reductions. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic II.
Hospitalization Among Individuals Waitlisted For Kidney Transplant.

BACKGROUND For patients waitlisted for a deceased-donor kidney, hospitalization is associated with a lower likelihood of transplantation and worse posttransplant outcomes. However, individual-, neighborhood-, and regional-level risk factors for hospitalization throughout the waitlist period and specific causes of hospitalization in this population are unknown. METHODS We used United States Renal Data System Medicare-linked data on patients waitlisted between 2005 and 2013 with continuous enrollment in Medicare parts A and B (n = 53 810) to examine the association between annual hospitalization rate and a variety of demographic, clinical, and social factors. We used multilevel multivariable ordinal logistic regression to estimate odds ratios. RESULTS Factors associated with significantly increased hospitalization rates among waitlisted individuals included older age, female sex, more years on dialysis before waitlisting, tobacco use, panel-reactive antibody greater than 0, public insurance or no insurance at end-stage renal disease diagnosis, more regional acute care hospital beds, and urban residence (all P < 0.05). Among patients dialysis-dependent when waitlisted, individuals with arteriovenous fistulas were significantly less likely than individuals with indwelling catheters or grafts to be hospitalized (odds ratios, 0.79 and 0.82, respectively, both P < 0.001). The most common causes of hospitalization were complications related to devices, implants, and grafts; hypertension; and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Individual- and regional-level variables were significantly associated with hospitalization while waitlisted, suggesting that personal, health system, and geographic factors may impact patients' risk. Conditions related to dialysis access and comorbidities were common hospitalization causes, underscoring the importance proper access management and care for additional chronic health conditions.
Using Fuzzy Sets and Hierarchial Models in Non Point Source Water Quality Management

Abstract The management of non point source water pollution in urban areas characteristically involves processes that are difficult to quantify or measure precisely. Two such aspects include the use of publics in plan formulation and monitoring as well as the assessment of the effectiveness (both system and cost effectiveness) of control strategies. We describe the results of our years of studies in which fuzzy set theory and hierarchical modeling provided a useful scientific tool for the evaluation of the effectiveness of these two concerns. Fuzzy sets were used in both data generation and analysis. This framework also provided a richer interpretation of our measures of . effectiveness than otherwise possible . The data employed in the studies came principally from urban areas around Georgia and several experimental stations provided by the USGS and EPA in the United States.
SunRay's Photovoltaic Power Plant

SunRay, a solar company, is about to embark on its biggest project yet—the construction of a photovoltaic plant at Giordano Mall, a big shopping complex outside Rome. The project manager's first task it to figure out how long the project will take. The case offers us an in-depth look at and understanding of the project plan and a clear description of some of the major uncertainties and risks involved. The case describes the challenges that the project manager, and all others involved, face with this large-scale project, in which risk factors, such as weather or procurement, might simultaneously impact more than one activity. Excerpt UVA-QA-0837 Rev. Oct. 20, 2015 SunRay's Photovoltaic Power Plant Pier Greco, a project manager for the solar company SunRay, met with his team in early December 2010, just a few days after SunRay had been awarded a construction contract for a photovoltaic plant at Giordano Mall, a big shopping complex outside Rome. With 10MWp of installed power, this would be among SunRay's largest projects to date and had the potential to attract significant media attention. Greco and his team were meeting to discuss the expected duration of the project and to assess their confidence in meeting the deadline. To this end, they were going through the latest revision of the project plan to ensure they had properly accounted for the major uncertainties and risks involved. Industry and Company Overview The photovoltaic industry in Italy took off in late 2008 and saw triple-digit year-over-year growth in 2009 and 2010. The trend was expected to continue in 2011. In this environment of rapid growth, SunRay had become the largest engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor in Italy. . . .
A high resolution, far-infrared electron spin resonance spectrometer at 250 GHz

Using the principles of quasi-optics, a high resolution ESR spectrometer operating at 250GHz has been constructed. It has been used to study the temperature dependent linewidths of PDT, a nitroxide spin probe, over a range of temperatures for which motional narrowing theory is valid. The narrowest lines that we have studied to date are 89 microtesla (890 mG) peak to peak in a Larmor field of 8.9 tesla and demonstrate the resolution of the spectrometer. We have studied 0.5mM PDT in toluene-d8, an isotropic solvent, and 2.0mM PDT in phase V, a thermotropic liquid crystal, in order to compare our results with careful work at X-band (9.5 GHz).
College Students’ Likelihood of “no-showing” for an Initial Hypothetical Counseling Appointment

ABSTRACTUsing a vignette methodology, we examined college students’ likelihood of “no-showing” for a hypothetical initial appointment for counseling. Participants in a low level of distress conditi...
Quantitative Understanding of SHAPE Mechanism from RNA Structure and Dynamics Analysis.

The selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) method probes RNA local structural and dynamic information at single nucleotide resolution. To gain quantitative insights into the relationship between nucleotide flexibility, RNA 3D structure, and SHAPE reactivity, we develop a 3D Structure–SHAPE Relationship model (3DSSR) to rebuild SHAPE profiles from 3D structures. The model starts from RNA structures and combines nucleotide interaction strength and conformational propensity, ligand (SHAPE reagent) accessibility, and base-pairing pattern through a composite function to quantify the correlation between SHAPE reactivity and nucleotide conformational stability. The 3DSSR model shows the relationship between SHAPE reactivity and RNA structure and energetics. Comparisons between the 3DSSR-predicted SHAPE profile and the experimental SHAPE data show correlation, suggesting that the extracted analytical function may have captured the key factors that determine the SHAPE reactivity profi...
Biochemical and histological effects of sub-chronic exposure to atrazine in crayfish Cherax destructor.

Atrazine (ATR) is a triazine herbicide banned in the European Union. It remains one of the most widely used herbicides in other parts of the world. Considering the scarcity of data on its possible harm to the environment and to human health, we assessed sub-chronic effects of a 14-day exposure at the environmentally relevant concentration of 6.86 μg/L and at 10% of the 96hLC50 (1.21 mg/L) in crayfish Cherax destructor and their recovery in a 14-day period in ATR-free water. Indicators assessed were behavior; hemolymph biochemical profile; oxidative and antioxidant parameters in gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle; and histology of gill and hepatopancreas. Crayfish exposed to the environmental concentration showed significant differences (P < 0.01) from controls in biochemical parameters of hemolymph (lactate, alkaline phosphatase) and activity of superoxide dismutase, as well as in histology of gill tissue. The higher concentration led to low motor activity, differences in biochemical profile of hemolymph (lactate, alkaline phosphatase, ammonia, glucose), antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione), as well as gill and hepatopancreas histology. Some observed effects persisted after 14-days recovery in ATR-free water. The results provide evidence that environmental concentrations of ATR produce negative effects on freshwater crayfish.
Indian Concept of Self

The concept of self has been studied from multiple perspectives in India. A review of the study of self in India reveals that indeed the core of Indian self is metaphysical, and it has been the focus of study by philosophers as well as psychologists. There is general agreement that the metaphysical self, Atman, is the real self. This metaphysical self is embodied in a biological self, and through the caste system right at birth, the biological self acquires a social self. In this chapter, I present material from ancient and medieval texts that describe the indigenous concept of self in India from multiple perspectives. What emerges is a rich indigenous concept of self that simply would be missed if we followed the traditional Western psychological approach employed in the study of self. I start by examining the concept of self as it relates to stages of life, examine concept of self as it appears in the bhagavadgItA and other texts, and finally relate concept of self and identity by discussing regional and national identities. The Indian concept of self is then examined in light of the contemporary psychological research, and implications for global psychology are discussed.
Postmemory and the Geographies of Violence at Kraing Ta Chan, Cambodia

This article explores the intersection of affective and embodied connections understood through the transmission of memory and memorialization practices in the context of spaces of extreme violence...
TCT-318 Impact of coronary artery disease and prior coronary artery bypass grafting on patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an independent predictor of worse outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Pivotal TAVR trials and guidelines support extensive revascularization before TAVR. The impact of prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) compared with CAD but no
Fundamental space radiobiology

The unique feature of the space radiation environment is the dominance of high-energy charged particles (HZE or high LET radiation) emitted by the Sun and galactic sources, or trapped in the Van Allen radiation belts. These charged particles present a significant hazard to space flight crews, and accelerator-based experiments are underway to quantify the health risks due to unavoidable radiation exposure. There are three principal properties of charged particles that distinguish them from conventional radiation, i.e. gamma rays and x-rays. First, they have a defined range in matter rather than an exponential absorption profile. Second, they undergo nuclear reactions to produce secondary particles. Third, and most important, they deposit their energy along well-defined linear paths or tracks rather than diffuse fields. The structured energy deposition pattern interacts on multiple scales with the biological structures of DNA, cells and tissues to produce correlated patterns of damage that evade repair systems. Traditional concepts of dose and its associated normalization parameter, RBE (relative biological effectiveness), break down under experimental scrutiny, and probabilistic models of risk based on the number of particle traversals per cell may be more appropriate. Unique patterns of DNA damage, gene expression, mobilization of repair proteins, activation of cytokines and remodeling of cellular microenvironment are observed following exposure to high LET radiation. At low levels of exposure the communication of bioactive substances from irradiated to unirradiated "bystander" cells can amplify the damage and cause a significant deviation from linearity in dose vs. response relations. Under some circumstances, there is even a multigenerational delay in the expression of radiation-induced genetic damage (genomic instability) which is not strictly dose dependent. These issues and the experimental evidence derived from ground based experiments at particle accelerators are presented along with speculation about how modified inertial conditions might perturb homeostatic responses to radiation to further complicate risk assessment for space flight.
CHAPTER 5 – Gene Regulatory Networks: The Roots of Causality and Diversity in Animal Evolution

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the evolutionary implications of the structure and function of gene regulatory networks. Changes in given functional linkages of gene regulatory networks occur at the DNA level by alteration of the cis-regulatory sequence defining transcription factor target sites. Differentiation genes are uniquely positioned in the regulatory network structure, residing at the periphery of the network. Unlike all genes that constitute the internal structure of the network, their products do not have the function of controlling other genes. The constraints on evolutionary change in differentiation gene battery function are directly subject to selection, since they produce in detail most of the phenotypic functionalities with which the animal confronts its environment. The body plan is encoded in the internal regions of the gene regulatory network, which during development determine the progression of spatial regulatory states, not the business of differentiation gene batteries. Many of the gross regional effects of hox gene gain or loss of function mutations on morphology that have been logged over the last several decades are reminiscent of evolutionary diversification.
The Role of Collective Food Identity in Local Food Demand

Despite a proliferation of articles focused on consumer willingness-to-pay for locally produced foods, few studies have systemically considered the role of food identity in the price premium of local foods. This article uses primary and secondary data to fill that gap. Using data from 9,329 U.S. households, we identify what foods each state considers a part of their collective food identity. We then compare each state's collective food identity to the actual production within the state. Finally, we utilize a discrete choice experiment (N = 484) focused on a state with one such collective food identity to test whether a consumer's preference for local foods is a function of the collective food identity within the state. Results from the open-ended survey suggest that each state connects with their food production in unique ways and that not all state identities are consistent with actual agricultural production. Results from the discrete choice experiment suggest that consumers are more willing to pay a premium for the local food that is a part of their local food identity than for a similar product that is not a part of their local food identity. Our findings imply that future research on consumer preferences for local food systems should consider the relationship between food culture and geography.
The cell-surface anchored serine protease TMPRSS13 promotes breast cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy

Breast cancer progression is accompanied by increased expression of extracellular and cell-surface proteases capable of degrading the extracellular matrix as well as cleaving and activating downstream targets. The type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a family of cell-surface proteases that play critical roles in numerous types of cancers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify novel and uncharacterized TTSPs with differential expression in breast cancer and to determine their potential roles in progression. Systematic in silico data analysis followed by immunohistochemical validation identified increased expression of the TTSP family member, TMPRSS13 (transmembrane protease, serine 13), in invasive ductal carcinoma patient tissue samples compared to normal breast tissue. To test whether loss of TMPRSS13 impacts tumor progression, TMPRSS13 was genetically ablated in the oncogene-induced transgenic MMTV-PymT tumor model. TMPRSS13 deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in overall tumor burden and growth rate, as well as a delayed formation of detectable mammary tumors, thus suggesting a causal relationship between TMPRSS13 expression and the progression of breast cancer. Complementary studies using human breast cancer cell culture models revealed that siRNA-mediated silencing of TMPRSS13 expression decreases proliferation, induces apoptosis, and attenuates invasion. Importantly, targeting TMPRSS13 expression renders aggressive triple-negative breast cancer cell lines highly responsive to chemotherapy. At the molecular level, knockdown of TMPRSS13 in breast cancer cells led to increased protein levels of the tumor-suppressive protease prostasin. TMPRSS13/prostasin co-immunoprecipitation and prostasin zymogen activation experiments identified prostasin as a potential novel target for TMPRSS13. Regulation of prostasin levels may be a mechanism that contributes to the pro-oncogenic properties of TMPRSS13 in breast cancer. TMPRSS13 represents a novel candidate for targeted therapy in combination with standard of care chemotherapy agents in patients with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer or in patients with tumors refractory to endocrine therapy.
Redox mediators accelerate electrochemically-driven solubility cycling of molecular transition metal complexes.

The solubility of molecular transition metal complexes can vary widely across different redox states, leaving these compounds vulnerable to electron transfer-initiated heterogenization processes in which oxidation or reduction of the soluble form of the redox couple generates insoluble molecular deposits. These insoluble species can precipitate as suspended nanoparticles in solution or, under electrochemical conditions, as an electrode-adsorbed material. While this electrochemically-driven solubility cycling is technically reversible, the reverse electron transfer to regenerate the soluble redox couple state is a practical challenge if sluggish electron transfer kinetics result in a loss of electronic communication between the molecular deposits and the electrode. In this work, we present an example of this electrochemically-driven solubility cycling, report a novel strategy for catalytically enhancing the oxidation of the insoluble material using homogeneous redox mediators, and develop the theoretical framework for analysing and digitally simulating the action of a homogeneous catalyst on a heterogeneous substrate via cyclic voltammetry. First, a mix of electrochemical and spectroscopic methods are used to characterize an example of this electrochemically-driven solubility cycling which is based on the two-electron reduction of homogeneous [Ni(PPh2NPh2)2(CH3CN)]2+ (PPh2NPh2 = 1,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane). The limited solubility of the doubly-reduced product in acetonitrile leads to precipitation and deposition of molecular [Ni(PPh2NPh2)2]. While direct oxidation of this heterogeneous [Ni(PPh2NPh2)2] at the electrode surface is possible, this electron transfer is kinetically limited. We demonstrate how a freely diffusing redox mediator (ferrocene) – which shuttles electrons between the electrode and the molecular material – can be used to overcome these slow electron transfer kinetics, enabling catalytic regeneration of soluble [Ni(PPh2NPh2)2]2+. Finally, mathematical models are developed that describe the current–potential response for a generic EC′ mechanism involving a homogeneous catalyst and surface-adsorbed substrate. This novel strategy has the potential to enable reversible redox chemistry for heterogeneous, molecular deposits that are adsorbed on the electrode or suspended as nanoparticles in solution.
A Study of Cyg OB2: Pointing the Way Towards Finding Our Galaxy's Super Star Clusters

New optical MK classification spectra have been obtained for 14 OB star candidates identified by Comeron et al. (2002) and presumed to be possible members of the Cyg OB2 cluster. All 14 candidate OB stars observed are indeed early-type stars, strongly suggesting the remaining 31 candidates identified by Comeron et al. are also early-type stars. However, as many as half of the new stars appear to be significantly older than the previously studied optical cluster, making their membership in Cyg OB2 suspect. Despite this, the recognition of Cyg OB2 being a more massive and extensive star cluster than previously realized, along with the recently recognized candidate super star cluster Westerlund 1 only a few kpc away (Clark & Negueruela 2002), reminds us that we are woefully under-informed about the massive cluster population in our Galaxy. Extrapolations of the locally derived cluster luminosity function indicate 10s to perhaps 100 of these very massive open clusters (Mcl ~ 10^4 M_sun, Mv ~ -11) should exist within our galaxy. Radio surveys will not detect these massive clusters if they are more than a few million years old. Our best hope for remedying this shortfall is through deep infrared searches and follow up near-infrared spectroscopic observations, as was used by Comeron et al. to locate candidate members of the Cyg OB2 association.
Characterizing Loss of Control Associated With Binge Eating in College-Age Men.

BACKGROUNDThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) identifies key features of binge eating (BE) to include the consumption of a large amount of food and the perception of...
Research on High Voltage Insulation Performance of Grounding Grid in Large Substation

The gap between overhead ground wire insulators is changed by external force or subjected to overvoltage, intermittent breakdown will occur, and continuous arcing will occur in severe cases. Real-time monitoring of the current change on the ground wire is of significance to the reliable operation of the overhead ground wire major. The article proposes a method to detect the surface contamination of composite insulators by measuring the ground current of the insulator. The ground current characteristics of composite insulators are studied, and the test loops of composite insulator ground current, body leakage current and surface leakage current are established respectively. The above three currents of the insulator were measured and compared and analysed. At the same time, the article focuses on the design and development of the hardware system of the DC grounding system insulation resistance tester with digital display and multi-channel inspection function based on the microcontroller.
Communication Via Social Media: How Employees Will Paradoxically Support the Organization while Putting Less Effort at Work:

Research on the effects of social media use by employees on work behaviors is inconclusive and showed mixed findings. To bring clarity to the extant literature, instead of focusing on generic socia...
Youth Experiences in Authoring Action: The Impact of an Arts-Based Youth Program on Youth Development:

Authoring Action (A2) is a youth-focused, arts-based, afterschool and summer program. A2’s mission is “to transform the lives of youth and the world through the power of creative writing, spoken wo...
Efficient Generation of Anisotropic N-Field Microstructures From 2-Point Statistics Using Multi-Output Gaussian Random Fields

The ability to efficiently generate microstructure instances corresponding to specified two-point statistics is a crucial capability in rigorously studying random heterogeneous materials within the Integrated Computational Materials Engineering and Materials Informatics frameworks. However, the lack of computationally efficient, statistically expressive models for achieving this transformation is a recurring roadblock in many foundational Materials Informatics challenges. In this article, we present a theoretical and computational framework for generating stationary, periodic microstructural instances corresponding to specified stationary, periodic two-point statistics by stochastically modeling the microstructure as an N-output Gaussian Random Field. First, we illustrate how two-point statistics can be used to parameterize anisotropic Gaussian Random Fields. Second, we derive analytic relationships between the two-point statistics and the spatially resolved sampled microstructures, within the approximation of a N-output Gaussian Random Field. Finally, we propose the algorithms necessary to efficiently sample these fields in O (S ln S) computational complexity and while incurring O (S) memory cost. We also discuss the current limitations of the proposed framework, and its usefulness to future Materials Informatics workflows.
Local Structure Comparison of Proteins

Abstract Protein local structure comparison aims to recognize structural similarities between parts of proteins. It is an active topic in bioinformatics research, integrating computer science concepts in computational geometry and graph theory with empirical observations and physical principles from biochemistry. It has important biological applications, including protein function prediction. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to the protein local structure comparison problem including challenges and applications. Current approaches to the problem are reviewed. Particular consideration is given to the discovery of local structure common to a group of related proteins. We present a new algorithm for this problem that uses a graph-based representation of protein structure and finds recurring subgraphs among a group of protein graphs.
Prolactin secretion by human chorion-decidua in vitro: influences of mode of delivery and agents that modify prostaglandin synthesis.

Abstract Prolactin production by human decidua was examined with the use of a short-term tissue explant system. Decidua obtained after normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries produced significantly more prolactin than did tissue obtained after elective repeat cesarean section deliveries in the absence of labor (P −11 M to 4.3 × 10 −6 M) and eicosatetraenoic acid (10 −7 M to 10 −4 M) had no effect on prolactin production or storage by decidual tissue. Indomethacin at 10 −4 M reduced only levels of stored prolactin but had no effect on stored or produced prolactin at lower concentrations (10 −7 M to 10 −5 M). Arachidonic acid (10 −4 M) suppressed both production and storage of prolactin (P
Chapter 5 Empirical evidence on income inequality in industrialized countries

Abstract This chapter reviews the evidence on cross-national comparisons of annual disposable income inequality in over 20 wealthy nations. We begin by reviewing a number of conceptual and measurement issues which must be addressed by any cross-national comparison of survey-based household income data. With these caveats in mind, we present data on both the level of inequality during the early to mid-1990s, and in inequality trends since 1970. While most comparisons are made in terms of relative incomes within nations, we also make some real income comparisons at a point in time using purchasing power parities. The data indicate that a wide range of inequality exists across these rich nations during this decade, with the most unequal nation experiencing a level of inequality which is more than twice the level found in the most equal nation. Country specific trends in income inequality are more similar, although not universally so. The large majority of nations have experienced rising income inequality over the last decade or longer. This increase is not offset by changes in income mobility over this period, and follows a period of declining income inequality in most of these same nations.
A comparison of relative shielding provided by stitching vias and edge plating

Adding stitching vias around the perimeter of a printed circuit board (PCB) is a commonly used technique to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) from PCB structures. As system operating frequencies increase along with higher density and higher power utilization, there is a tendency to reduce the spacing between stitching vias in order to provide more shielding at the edge of the PCB. Plating the edge of a PCB provides continuous shielding with one exception. This exception is in the vicinity of the break-off tabs located around the edge of the PCB. In this area, a gap is required in the plating to accommodate this tab. Localized stitching vias may be incorporated adjacent to this gap. This paper compares the relative shielding provided by PCB stitching vias and PCB edge plating up to 40 GHz.
Anomalous Sunrise Effects Observed on a Long Transequatorial VLF Propagation Path

One year's observations of VLF transmissions from NLK received over a long transequatorial path at Smithfield, South Australia, are described. Phase cycle slipping on this path is common and is shown to be an integral part of the direct path modal interference pattern during the sunrise transition. The seasonal variation of cycle slipping and the sunrise fading is shown to be a function of the angle made by the propagation path with the sunrise line. The occurrence of phase cycle slipping and the associated fade spacing anomalies are interpreted as arising from anomalously high mode conversion when the sunrise line is in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator.
A digital radar system for echo studies on ice sheets

A digital radar system comprising multiple microprocessors, for use with 50 MHz radar units modified from the Scott Polar Research Institute Mark IV design, is described. The major features of the system include coherent integration of radar traces, storage of data in raw digitized form without demodulation, real-time play-back of digitized information, and high system performance resulting in good spatial sampling with integration even in airborne operations. Unfocused synthetic beam shaping also results from the integration of echoes, thus reducing clutter or incoherent scattering from the sides of the beam pattern along the profiling track. Examples of data collected during the austral summer of 1985–86 in the Antarctic on ice stream B, in both ground and airborne programs, illustrate both the flexibility in data presentation and features present in the records.
Unstable resonators with a distributed focusing gain

The geometrical optics approximation is used to form a model of axisymmetric unstable resonators having distributed focus, gain, and loss. A tapered reflectivity feedback mirror is included. The rate equations for propagation through the focusing gain medium are derived. A unique grid is found for propagation without interpolation along eigenrays in each direction. Numerical examples show the effects of distributed gain and focus on the axial and transverse intensity distributions.
Spatiotemporal distribution of zonulae adherens and associated actin bundles in both epithelium and fiber cells during chicken lens development.

Zonulae adherens and associated actin bundles (ZA/AB) are believed to play a major role in epithelial folding and invagination during morphogenesis of neural tube and other vesicular structures. The lens morphogenesis is associated with the formation of the lens vesicle in which ZA/AB would be needed during the formation process. However, the existence of ZA/AB in the lens has never been established. In this study we report for the first time the existence of ZA/AB in both lens epithelium and fiber cells during embryonic development of chicken lens from E4 to E20. Light microscopy revealed contacts between the lens epithelium and primary fiber cells, and between the lens epithelium and secondary fiber cells at E4 and E11, respectively. Thin-section electron microscopy consistently revealed ZA/AB near both the apical ends of lens epithelial cells and primary fiber cells at E4. This arrangement manifests as a parallel pair of belt-like ZA/AB along the epithelium-fiber interface. In semi-tangential sections, a continuous belt-like ZA/AB was also evidenced in individual epithelial cells and fiber cells. Furthermore, the same ZA/AB arrangement was observed near both the apical ends of epithelial cells and secondary fiber cells at E11. Besides ZA/AB, macular-type fasciae adherens were distributed regularly between epithelial cells, between primary fibers, between secondary fibers, and between epithelium and both primary and secondary fibers. Immunofluorescence strongly and preferentially labeled N-cadherin at both the apical ends of lens epithelium and primary or secondary fibers at the corresponding ages, suggesting a direct association with the zonulae adherens. Also punctate N-cadherin labeling was commonly seen along various regions of primary and secondary fiber cells at different ages, and to a larger extent in the mature fibers of older lenses. This study suggests that: (1) ZA/AB located at the apices of lens epithelial cells may play a crucial role in the early stages of lens morphogenesis (e.g. lens vesicle formation); (2) ZA/AB of primary and secondary fiber cells originate from the epithelial cells during their elongation and differentiation; (3) owing to the restricted distribution of ZA/AB, abundant fasciae adherens are needed to maintain the structural stability of the epithelium and fiber cells during development and maturation; and (4) N-cadherin is the principle adhesion protein for both the zonulae adherens and fasciae adherens in the lens.
Direct measurement of the energy variation of η for U233, U235, and PU239

Abstract A technique is described that measures directly the energy variation of η the number of fission neutrons produced per neutron absorbed. When combined with total cross-sections, the method is capable of giving fission cross-sections as well. Results are presented in the energy region near thermal, of importance to reactor design, for U233, U211, and Pu29. Comparison with η computed from total and fission cross-sections shows good agreement for U233 and U235 but a disagreement outside experimental error for Pu239 An auxiliary experiment demonstrates that v, the number of neutrons per fission, is constant with energy in the region of interest for Pu239 hence that the discrepancy cannot be ascribed to a v variation.
Affinity labeling of rat serum vitamin D binding protein.

Abstract Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) plays an essential role in the vitamin D hormone endocrine system in sequestering vitamin D3and its metabolites with high affinity, and transporting them to various target organs and tissues. In the present investigation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3β-(1,2-epoxypropyl)ether (25-OH-D3-epoxide) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3β-bromoacetate (25-OH-D3-BE), synthetic analogs of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25-OH-D3), were developed as affinity alkylating reagents for the covalent modification of the 25-OH-D3-binding site in rat vitamin D binding protein (rDBP). Competitive radioligand binding assays of 25-OH-D3-BE and 25-OH-D3-epoxide with affinity-purified rDBP demonstrated that these analogs displaced 25-hydroxy[26(27)-3H]vitamin D3(3H-25-OH-D3), specifically bound to rDBP, in a dose-dependent fashion. Incubation of rDBP samples with radiolabeled versions of these analogs, i.e.,3H-25-OH-D3-epoxide and3H-25-OH-D3-BE, resulted in the covalent labeling of rDBP. This labeling was largely prevented when incubations were carried out in the presence of an excess of 25-OH-D3, the natural ligand for rDBP. Labeling-specificity by these analogs was further demonstrated by the covalent labeling, inhibited by coincubation with a large excess of 25-OH-D3, of a single protein band, upon incubating rat serum Cohn IV fraction with3H-25-OH-D3-epoxide and3H-25-OH-D3-BE. Collectively, these results strongly suggested that3H-25-OH-D3-epoxide and3H-25-OH-D3-BE covalently modified the 25-OH-D3-binding site in rDBP. The reagents described in this report could be important in mapping the 25-OH-D3-binding pocket in rDBP.
Copyright in the networked world: interlibrary services

Interlibrary lending and document delivery have become an integral part of the services that contemporary libraries offer. The copyright laws in most countries authorized this copying within reasonable limits, but tensions with publishers may be growing. For interlibrary services to remain effective, libraries must continue to lobby politicians to defend their legal basis. Libraries must also continue to work with publishers to address legitimate economic concerns. This paper looks at the legal basis for interlibrary services, particularly document delivery, in the US, Canadian, and German law.
Incentive compatibility tests of choice experiment value elicitation questions

Abstract This paper uses laboratory experiments with induced values to address fundamental issues related to the incentive compatibility of choice experiment value elicitation questions. In particular, we compare two- versus three-option choice sets and the effect of using alternative provision rules, including one where the outcome is influenced by both participant and “regulator” votes. We find the overall proportion of choices that are inconsistent with induced preferences is rather low. However, there are more deviations from induced preferences for two-option choice sets, and for alternatives to a simple plurality vote implementation rule. A multinomial probit analysis of choices in tandem with a mixed logit welfare analysis suggests there is a statistically significant but modest degree of bias towards selecting the status quo option.
IGF2 signaling and regulation in cancer

Upregulation of IGF2 occurs in both childhood and adult malignancies. Its overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and worse prognosis. IGF2 promoter usage is developmentally regulated; however, malignant tissues are characterized by re-activation of the fetal IGF2 promoters, especially P3. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of IGF2 signaling and regulation in normal and malignant tissues and their clinical implications.
Biological Organization of Hydroxyapatite Crystallites into a Fibrous Continuum Toughens and Controls Anisotropy in Human Enamel

Enamel forms the outer surface of teeth, which are of complex shape and are loaded in a multitude of ways during function. Enamel has previously been assumed to be formed from discrete rods and to be markedly aniostropic, but marked anisotropy might be expected to lead to frequent fracture. Since frequent fracture is not observed, we measured enamel organization using histology, imaging, and fracture mechanics modalities, and compared enamel with crystalline hydroxyapatite (Hap), its major component. Enamel was approximately three times tougher than geologic Hap, demonstrating the critical importance of biological manufacturing. Only modest levels of enamel anisotropy were discerned; rather, our measurements suggest that enamel is a composite ceramic with the crystallites oriented in a complex three-dimensional continuum. Geologic apatite crystals are much harder than enamel, suggesting that inclusion of biological contaminants, such as protein, influences the properties of enamel. Based on our findings, we propose a new structural model.
Comparison between angiography and fractional flow reserve versus single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging for determining lesion significance in patients with multivessel coronary disease.

We hypothesized that myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) would fail to identify all vascular zones with the potential for myocardial ischemia in patients with multivessel coronary disease (MVD). MPI is based on the concept of relative flow reserve. The ability of these techniques to determine the significance of a particular stenosis in the setting of MVD is questionable. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) can determine the significance of individual stenoses. Thirty-six patients with disease involving 88 arteries underwent angiography, FFR, and MPI. FFR was performed using a pressure wire with hyperemia from intracoronary adenosine. Myocardial perfusion images were analyzed quantitatively and segments assigned to a specific coronary artery. The relation between FFR and perfusion was determined for each vascular zone. Of the 88 vessels, the artery was occluded (n = 20) or had an abnormal FFR ≤0.75 (n = 34) in 54 of 88 (61%). MPI showed no defect in 51 zones (58%). Concordance between angiography, FFR, and MPI was seen in 61 of 88 zones (69%). Discordance was seen in the remaining 27 zones (31%) and was predominantly from the finding of a FFR
Numerical Study of Mixed Convection Flow in an Impinging Jet CVD Reactor for Atmospheric Pressure Deposition of Thin Films

A systematic numerical study has been conducted of the mixed convection flow in a novel impinging jet chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor for deposition of thin films at atmospheric pressure. The geometry resembles that of a pancake reactor but the inflow gases enter through a small nozzle to provide high inlet momentum. A finite-volume-based computational procedure is used to integrate the governing flow, energy, and scalar transport equations with high accuracy. The effects of the temperature dependent properties are fully accounted for. The effects of operating pressure, wafer rotation rate, and inlet flow rate of the carrier gas are investigated. The main benefit of the new geometry is the suppression of the buoyancy-driven flow even at atmospheric pressures due to the lower mixed convection parameter
Nuclear exclusion of Cdc25 is not required for the DNA damage checkpoint in fission yeast

Maintenance of genome integrity requires a checkpoint that restrains mitosis in response to DNA damage [1]. This checkpoint is enforced by Chk1, a protein kinase that targets Cdc25 [2--7]. Phosphorylated Cdc25 associates with 14-3-3 proteins, which appear to occlude a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and thereby inhibit Cdc25 nuclear import [6, 8--14]. Proficient checkpoint arrest is thought to require Cdc25 nuclear exclusion, although definitive evidence for this model is lacking. We have tested this hypothesis in fission yeast. We show that elimination of an NLS in Cdc25 causes Cdc25 nuclear exclusion and a mitotic delay, as predicted by the model. Attachment of an exogenous NLS forces nuclear inclusion of Cdc25 in damaged cells. However, forced nuclear localization of Cdc25 fails to override the damage checkpoint. Thus, nuclear exclusion of Cdc25 is unnecessary for checkpoint enforcement. We propose that direct inhibition of Cdc25 phosphatase activity by Chk1, as demonstrated in vitro with fission yeast and human Chk1 [15, 16], is sufficient for proficient checkpoint regulation of Cdc25 and may be the primary mechanism of checkpoint enforcement in fission yeast.
Novel recruitment of Shc, Grb2, and Sos by fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in v-Src-transformed cells.

In response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF), FGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1) (flg) becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and associates with phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and a 90 kDa protein. We report here that in cells transformed by v-Src, FGFR-1 becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine; however, neither PLCγ nor p90 was found to be associated with tyrosine-phosphorylated FGFR-1. Instead, there was a strong constitutive association of FGFR-1 with the adaptor proteins Shc and Grb2 and the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos. Association with Shc and Grb2 and Sos was not observed in response to FGF. Suramin did not prevent either tyrosine phosphorylation or Shc/Grb2/Sos association, indicating a non-autocrine mechanism. Thus, in cells transformed by v-Src, tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR-1 results not in the expected association with PLCγ and p90, but rather in the recruitment of the Ras activating Shc/Grb2/Sos complex. These data suggest a mechanism for Ras activation by v-Src involving phosphorylation of novel tyrosine(s) on FGFR-1.
Secretory IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin mucus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

Abstract Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) skin mucus demonstrated an immunological response. Agglutinating antibody and bactericidal activity to Salmonella paratyphi were found in the mucus after intraperitoneal injection of bacteria. By immunodiffusion in gel, catfish skin mucus gave a precipitin line of identity with catfish 14S serum macroglobulin against rabbit anti-catfish 14S serum indicating the presence of secretory IgM in the mucus. Parenteral immunization (intraperitoneally) can thus yield specific IgM antibody in the mucus. Lysozyme was also demonstrated in the mucus as well as lymphocytes.
Evolution of Trilobite Populations, Late Cambrian Biomeres: ABSTRACT

New data from the southwestern United States on Late Cambrian trilobite biomeres suggest that the non-agnostid trilobite population of each biomere underwent four successive stages of evolution before becoming extinct. The first and stratigraphically lowest stage is characterized by species with considerable morphologic variability and short stratigraphic ranges. The second stage is characterized by species with longer stratigraphic ranges and less individual morphologic variability. The third stage is characterized by high species diversity and species with long stratigraphic ranges and increasingly less morphologic variation. The fourth, stratigraphically highest stage is characterized by low species diversity, coquinoid abundance of at End_Page 743------------------------------ least one species, and at least one species of olenid trilobites. The bounding faunal discontinuities of trilobite biomeres probably resulted from repeated migrations onto the craton of a slowly evolving extracratonic basic stock, each migration replacing the major cratonic nonagnostid trilobites. Following each migration there was an initial burst of adaptive evolution (stage one) as the eugeosynclinal trilobites evolved rapidly under strong selection pressure imposed by their new cratonic environment. Stage two represents the attainment by a few genera of fairly complete adjustment to the environment. Stage three represents maximum adjustment to and utilization of the environment. The extinction of many long-ranging species near the end of stage three and the peculiar but characteristic composition of stage four suggest that stage four represents he last stand of the established trilobites of the biomere prior to their replacement by a new migration of extracratonic trilobites. End_of_Article - Last_Page 744------------