cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affect in web interfaces: a study of the impacts of web page visual complexity and order

This research concentrates on visual complexity and order as central factors in the design of webpages that enhance users' positive emotional reactions and facilitate desirable psychological states and behaviors. Drawing on existing theories and empirical findings in the environmental psychology, human-computer interaction, and marketing research literatures, a research model is developed to explain the relationships among visual complexity and order design features of a webpage, induced emotional responses in users, and users' approach behaviors toward the website as moderated by users' metamotivational states. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test the model and its associated hypotheses. The results of the study suggested that a web user's initial emotional responses (i.e., pleasantness and arousal), evoked by the visual complexity and order design features of a webpage when first encountered, will have carry-over effects on subsequent approach behavior toward the website. The results also revealed how webpage visual complexity and order influence users' emotions and behaviors differently when users are in different metamotivational states. The salience and importance of webpage visual complexity and order for users' feelings of pleasantness were largely dependent on users' metamotivational states.
Physical aspects of 0-3 dielectric composites

0-3 dielectric composites with high dielectric constants have received great interest for various technological applications. Great achievements have been made in the development of high performance of 0-3 composites, which can be classified into dielectric–dielectric (DDCs) and conductor–dielectric composites (CDCs). However, predicting the dielectric properties of a composite is still a challenging problem of both theoretical and practical importance. Here, the physical aspects of 0-3 dielectric composites are reviewed. The limitation of current understanding and new developments in the physics of dielectric properties for dielectric composites are discussed. It is indicated that the current models cannot explain well the physical aspects for the dielectric properties of 0-3 dielectric composites. For the CDCs, experimental results show that there is a need to find new equations/models to predict the percolative behavior incorporating more parameters to describe the behavior of these materials. For the DDCs, it is indicated that the dielectric loss of each constituent has to be considered, and that it plays a critical role in the determination of the dielectric response of these types of composites. The differences in the loss of the constituents can result in a higher dielectric constant than both of the constituents combined, which breaks the Wiener limits.
Non-Euclidean c-means clustering algorithms

This paper introduces non-Euclidean c-means clustering algorithms. These algorithms rely on weighted norms to measure the distance between the feature vectors and the prototypes that represent the clusters. The proposed algorithms are developed by solving a constrained minimization problem in an iterative fashion. The norm weights are determined from the data in an attempt to produce partitions of the feature vectors that are consistent with the structure of the feature space. A series of experiments on three different data sets reveal that the proposed non-Euclidean c-means algorithms provide an attractive alternative to Euclidean c-means clustering in applications that involve data sets containing clusters of different shapes and sizes.
Urban Homeownership and Mental Health: Mediating Effect of Perceived Sense of Control

What are the mechanisms responsible for homeowners’ better mental health? Social disorganization theory suggests that the relationship between homeownership and mental health is mediated by perceiv...
The Impact of Technological Change on American Agriculture, 1862–1962

Two revolutions in American agriculture reflect the impact of technological change on farming during the past century. The first revolution saw the change from manpower to animal power, and centered about the Civil War. The second revolution saw the change from animal power to mechanical power and the adaptation of chemistry to agricultural production. It centered around the post-World War II period. The transition from animal power to mechanical power is virtually complete. In 1962, the Statistical Reporting Service of the United States Department of Agriculture discontinued reporting the number of horses and mules on farms. They were no longer of significance to farm production.
Analysis of 3-D micromotion of porous-coated femoral prostheses

A video image tracking system for the micromotion analysis of the total hip replacement (THR) design is presented in this paper. Micromotion with optimal amount of translation and rotation is crucial for the ingrowth of bone tissue on the prosthesis surface. By sampling the input sequential images from the video camera, low-level image processing technique is applied to get the information about the micromotion on the bone/implant interface. >
The Swedish “Children Born to Women Denied Abortion” Study: A Radical Criticism

In 1966 a study of 120 children born to women denied abortion was reported as demonstrating that children issuing from such a circumstance would be handicapped socially and psychologically. Reexamination of the data advanced in light of differences in social class and proneness toward psychiatric consultation indicates that children issuing from a denied abortion turn out much as children in general.
Carbon Nanotubes Loaded with Magnetic Particles

We describe a simple and versatile technique to produce magnetic tubes by filling carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with paramagnetic iron oxide particles (∼10 nm diameter). Commercial ferrofluids were used to fill CNTs with an average outer diameter of 300 nm made via chemical vapor deposition into alumina membranes. Transmission electron microscopy study shows a high density of particles inside the CNT. Experiments using external magnetic fields demonstrate that almost 100% of the nanotubes become magnetic and can be easily manipulated in magnetic field. These one-dimensional magnetic nanostructures can find numerous applications in nanotechnology, memory devices, optical transducers for wearable electronics, and in medicine.
Fatal coronary artery intimal hyperplasia due to amphetamine use.

Abstract Background Amphetamines have been reported to cause myocardial infarct, cerebral hemorrhage, aortic dissection, hypertension, vasculitis, aneurysms, and, occasionally, death from direct toxicity. To date, there have been no reports of coronary intimal hyperplasia in an amphetamine user. Methods A 29-year-old male was found collapsed after jogging. He had been taking amphetamines for 11 years for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Past medical history was positive for mild hypertension and migraine headaches. He underwent a complete autopsy and drug screen. Results At gross autopsy his left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was occluded and he had an old myocardial infarct in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. Microscopic findings included occlusive intimal hyperplasia (positive for smooth muscle actin) in the LAD and an old left ventricular anterior wall infarct surrounded by acute infarct. Conclusion In addition to other reported adverse effects, amphetamines can also cause occlusive intimal hyperplasia of the coronary arteries.
Novel Fe–Ni nanoparticle catalyst for the production of CO- and CO2-free H2 and carbon nanotubes by dehydrogenation of methane

Abstract A novel nanoparticle impregnation method was used to prepare an Fe–Ni nanoparticle (np) catalyst supported on Mg(Al)O for the production of CO- and CO 2 -free H 2 and carbon nanotubes (CNT) by non-oxidative dehydrogenation of methane. This novel catalyst and a catalyst of similar composition prepared by incipient wetness (IW) were evaluated for their catalytic performance and their structures were determined by several microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Monosized Fe 0.65 –Ni 0.35 oxide nanoparticles with an average particle size of 9 nm were prepared by thermal decomposition of an Fe–Ni oleate–surfactant complex in octadecene under reflux; these nanoparticles were dispersed onto a Mg(Al)O support to form a supported Fe–Ni np/Mg(Al)O catalyst. Compared with the Fe–Ni IW/Mg(Al)O catalyst, the nanoparticle catalyst was more easily reduced at a lower temperature (600 °C in H 2 ) and exhibited enhanced methane dehydrogenation and longer life-times at both 600 and 650 °C. Each reduced Fe–Ni nanoparticle functioned as an active site for the growth of CNT. The CNT were in the form of multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) of relatively uniform diameter. An invar-like Fe–Ni–C alloy phase is believed to be the active phase for methane dehydrogenation. The deactivation of the nanoparticle catalyst is principally due to encapsulation of catalyst particles by the CNT.
Extracorporeal renal artery repair and autotransplantation

Abstract Seven renal artery lesions in 6 patients have been corrected by extracorporeal repair of the renal artery followed by autotransplantation. Short-term renal presevation was accomplished using readily available perfusion solutions. Six of the seven procedures were technically successful. One of the six technically successful procedures was a functional failure, with the patient ultimately receiving a cadaver kidney transplant. Five of the 6 patients are well and free symptoms, and 1 patient has recurrent disease in branches of the autotransplanted kidney and is again hypertensive.
Identification and characterization of a squamate reptilian amelogenin gene: Iguana iguana

As the principal components of the developing tooth enamel matrix, amelogenins play a significant role in tooth enamel formation and organization. In order to elucidate the structure and function of amelogenins in the evolution of enamel, we have selected the Iguana iguana as a squamate model organism. Here we report the first complete squamate amelogenin sequence available as of yet and document unique features of Iguana amelogenins and enamel. Transmission electron microscopy documented randomly oriented Iguana enamel crystals during the elongation phase compared with organized enamel crystal patterns at comparable stages in mammals. Sequencing of PCR amplified products revealed a full-length I. iguana amelogenin cDNA containing 877 nucleotides with a 564 nucleotide coding sequence encoding 187 amino acids. The homologies of the newly discovered I. iguana amelogenin amino acid sequence with the published mouse, caiman (Palaeosuchus), and snake (Elaphe) amelogenin were 41.3%, 53.5%, and 55.5%, respectively. On Western blots one major protein with a molecular weight of 24 kDa, and two minor proteins with molecular weights of 28 and 13.5 kDa, respectively, were detected based on the cross-reactivity of antisera against recombinant Rana pipiens amelogenin proteins. Sequence analysis revealed a moderate sequence homology between mammalian and reptilian amelogenin genes. A significant alteration was the deletion of the hydrophilic GSP sequence from exon 3 in the mouse sequence resulting in a conversion to a hydrophobic region in Iguana. Together, these findings identified a novel amelogenin cDNA sequence in the squamate reptilian I. iguana and functional implications for the evolution of amelogenins and enamel in squamates.
Stimulus Generalization and Responses To "Supernormal" Stimuli in the Unrewarded Pecking Behavior of Young Chicks

1. Young chicks were tested daily from the age of one to nine days for unrewarded pecking preferences. 2. Those tested on stars differing in number of points pecked the most at stars having 3 or 9 points and showed a decreasing preference for intermediate stars with the 7-pointed star pecked at the least. Preference for different stars appears to be influenced by size. 3. There was a failure to obtain classical stimulus generalization effects in the groups shown a series of diamonds or a series of ovals. 4. Preference rankings for "supernormal" stimuli consisting of circles edged in different ways suggested that the preference hierarchy for two-dimensional forms may be very different when the forms are in extremely tiny size.
Mobile sensor intrusion detection under any shape of curve

Abstract As mobile sensors have been applied to intrusion detection, their performance has been studied. One of the limitations of the studies undertaken is that the only cases considered are those in which the fields of interest are of a specific shape, such as a circle or the perimeter of a circle. As a result of that limitation, none of the conclusions from those studies are general enough to deal with general cases that do not depend on the shapes of the fields of interest. In this paper, we study the performance of a robot group consisting of one or multiple robots that are applied to intrusion detection; in this case, the field of interest is a loop of any shape. We build a stochastic model that is based on the velocity of robots, their mobility pattern, and the number of robots involved, and that analyzes the detection quality of multiple robots or a single robot that moves along the loop. The mode of intrusion events is as follows: each of the intrusions arrives at a random point in the loop; after arriving, it stays at that point for a random length of time before disappearing. In our model, all the robots are set to periodically move along the loop at a constant speed while they are detecting. In the case of multiple robots, each robot has the same velocity as each other. Based on the number of robots involved, we derive both the general expression for intrusion loss probability and the average time required for the robot(s) to make the first capture of intrusions. Finally, we evaluate the detection quality of the robot(s).
Mono- and Digalactosyldiacylglycerol Composition of Chlorarachniophytes (Chlorarachniophyceae): Production of a Novel Lauric Acid (12∶0)–Containing Form of Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol

Abstract J.D. Leblond and S.A. Roche. 2009. Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of chlorarachniophytes (Chlorarachniophyceae): production of a novel lauric acid (12∶0)–containing form of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Phycologia 48: 101–104. DOI: 10.2216/08-18.1. Chlorarachniophytes are unicellular eukaryotic algae typically found in marine habitats. Because chlorarachniophytes are hypothesized to have originated from a secondary endosymbiosis of a green algal cell by an amoeba or amoeboflagellate, they have garnered significant attention from those interested in endosymbiosis-mediated evolution. In comparison to the wealth of molecular data that now exist for chlorarachniophytes, very little is known about their fundamental biochemistry. To date, only one published study (Leblond et al. 2005) exists on their lipid biochemistry. This study found that chlorarachniophyte glycolipids have a simple fatty acid profile dominated by hexadecanoic acid (16∶0) and eicosapentaenoic acid [20∶5(n-3)]. The ...
The reverse transforming effects of nerve growth factor on five human neurogenic tumor cell lines: in vitro results

The role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the development, maintenance and regeneration of the mammalian sensory and sympathetic nervous systems has been well characterized, as has the ability of NGF to induce a variety of neoplastic cell lines of nuroectodermal (neurogenic) origin to differentiate. The ability to stimulate neoplastic cells of neurogenic origin to differentiate suggests that NGF may prove useful as a reverse transforming agent for the treatment of neurogenic tumors. Five human neurogenic tumor cell lines were evaluated for their response to NGF in vitro to determine whether the NGF is capable of inducing changes consistent with a reverse transforming response. Results indicate that NGF was able to reverse some of the transformed properties of these tumor cell lines, as NGF treatment stimulated neoplastic cells to develop a more differentiated phenotype, diminished or arrested growth, and induced changes that were persistent.
Time Domain Modal Parameter Identification and Modeling of Structures

The modal parameter identification algorithm, referred to as the Ibrahim-Time-Domain (ITD) technique, is reviewed. The basic theory of the method, and other related theories are systematically presented. Some unique features of the technique are highlighted and some myths are discussed. Current and future trends and mini-computer implementation are included. The application of the method for dynamic modeling, or analytical model improvements, of structures for control system design is also summarized
Women's spaces, gender mainstreaming, and development priorities: Popular participation as gendered work in rural Bolivia

Synopsis This paper examines Bolivian popular participation as a gendered process. By comparing and contrasting ethnographic examples of development work in a rural community, this article examines participation in its cultural context and engages indigenous conceptions of participation, gender, and development. Contrary to research and popular assumptions, this study demonstrates that women are extremely visible in development contexts. But poor rural women appeal to more holistic understandings of development that are predicated upon the understanding of women's roles as wives and partners in relationships with poor, indigenous men — another vulnerable, but untargeted, group. In order to foster inclusion, collaboration, and engagement in popular participation, women attempt to both maintain conventional gender norms at the same time that they struggle to transform them. This case study shows that development work is identity work, or the negotiation of varied perceptions of appropriate gendered identities to successfully target groups for development attention or funding. Because of its inattention to the intersectionality of class, ethnicity, and gender and how these positionalities are negotiated in development work, gender mainstreaming has had little effect on rural women's lives except to overburden them.
Predicting the Tolerance of Proteins to Random Amino Acid Substitution

We have recently proposed a thermodynamic model that predicts the tolerance of proteins to random amino acid substitutions. Here we test this model against extensive simulations with compact lattice proteins, and find that the overall performance of the model is very good. We also derive an approximate analytic expression for the fraction of mutant proteins that fold stably to the native structure, Pf(m), as a function of the number of amino acid substitutions m, and present several methods to estimate the asymptotic behavior of Pf(m) for large m. We test the accuracy of all approximations against our simulation results, and find good overall agreement between the approximations and the simulation measurements.
Interaction Between the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Tendons Effect of Anterior Supraspinatus Tendon Full-Thickness Tears on Infraspinatus Tendon Strain

Background: Rotator cuff tears are common and not well-understood shoulder problems. Structural and mechanical inhomogeneity of the supraspinatus tendon complicates accurate prediction of risk of tear propagation and may affect appropriate clinical treatment.Hypothesis: We propose that interactions between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons are critical to load bearing at the glenohumeral joint and warrant investigation.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Principal strains in the infraspinatus tendon of cadaveric human shoulders were evaluated with increasing anterior full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear sizes and loading to evaluate whether a mechanical interaction between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons exists. A constant nominal load was attached to the infraspinatus throughout all experimental conditions.Results: Increasing supraspinatus tendon tear width from intact and 33% to 66% and increasing supraspinatus tendon load caused an increase in maximum and a decr...
Deviants as Active Participants in the Labeling Process: The Visibly Handicapped

Studies of deviance from a labeling perspective have emphasized the reaction of those labelled deviant and tended to neglect their active participation in determining the imposition and the substance of a deviant label and role. Interviews with adults who had recently been physically handicapped by injury or illness illustrate how choice about the content of a deviant identity is systematically related to the duration of the deviance and the social context of the labeling process, in this instance sociable encounters and encounters with agents of social control (physical therapists). Although conclusions are based on information about the physically handicapped, the delineated processes are applicable to the study of other types of deviance and provide an important addition to the labeling perspective.
Coming Out of the Family Closet: Stories of Adult Women with LGBTQ Parent(s)

Research about children of LGBTQ parent(s) tends to be politically interested and evaluative, assessing the degree to which children with LGBTQ parent(s) are being raised well. As a consequence, much of that research glosses over the distinct experiences of children with LGBTQ parent(s) and how they tell their own stories. This article attends to that shortcoming by detailing how some children with LGBTQ parent(s) construct their identities. We draw upon data from interviews with 26 adult-children, specifically young, white women who were born to, or adopted by, heterosexual parent(s) who later divorced and began living as LGBTQ. We analyze the children’s interviews as coming out narratives, detailing how many tell a story of coming out as a process of growing up and negotiating specific family closets. We then discuss how these are gendered and racialized narratives of coming out, reflecting the way racism and sexism intersect with homophobia and the stories told about experiencing it. We also suggest that these are stories of a particular generation of adult-children, reflecting specific families and the homophobia of the times. We end by suggesting how future generations of adult-children with LGBTQ parent(s) will likely narrate their identities differently.
Powder Materials and Energy Efficiency in Transportation: Opportunities and Challenges

The transportation industry accounts for one quarter of global energy use and has by far the largest share of global oil consumption. It used 51.5% of the oil worldwide in 2003. Mobility projections show that it is expected to triple by 2050 with associated energy use. Considerable achievements recently have been obtained in the development of powder and powder-processed metallic alloys, metal matrix composites, intermetallics, and carbon fiber composites. These achievements have resulted in their introduction to the transportation industry in a wide variety of transportation components with significant impact on energy efficiency. A significant number of nano, nanostructured, and nanohybrid materials systems have been deployed. Others, some of them incorporating carbon nanotubes and graphene, are under research and development and exhibit considerable potential. Airplane redesign using a materials and functional systems integration approach was used resulting in considerable system improvements and energy efficiency. It is expected that this materials and functional systems integration soon will be adopted in the design and manufacture of other advanced aircrafts and extended to the automotive industry and then to the marine transportation industry. The opportunities for the development and application of new powder materials in the transportation industry are extensive, with considerable potential to impact energy utilization. However, significant challenges need to be overcome in several critical areas.
A molecular/epidemiologic analysis of expression of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and risk of colorectal adenoma.

Abstract Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are postulated to protect against colorectal cancer and adenomas at least in part by a cyclooxygenase (COX)–mediated mechanism. The results reported herein address the questions of what factors are associated with expression (relative messenger RNA levels) of COX-1 and COX-2 in colorectal adenomas and whether there is heterogeneity in the protective effect of NSAIDs by levels of COX expression. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples and data describing selected risk factors were obtained from cases enrolled in a case-control study of colorectal adenomatous polyps. RNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded specimens. Samples of complementary DNA were quantified using a fluorescence-based real-time detection method. We tested for differences in levels of COX expression among selected subgroups of cases using a standard Student t test. Odds ratios for the effects of NSAID variables were calculated using unconditional logistic regression in order to make use of all available data on COX expression. Results suggest that use of NSAIDs is associated with lower levels of COX-2 expression and that the protective effect of NSAIDs on polyp occurrence is stronger in the subgroup of cases with higher expression of COX-2 and a higher COX-2/COX-1 ratio. The results suggest that at least part of the protective effect of NSAIDs on the risk of colorectal adenoma involves a COX-mediated pathway.
Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the oxidation of tyrosine and dopa to melanin and in skin tanning.

Abstract The role of reactive oxygen ( 1 O 2 and O 2 • ) in skin photosensitization and tanning reaction has been examined. Riboflavin (RF), hematoporphyrin (HP), 3-carbethoxypsoralen(3-CP), and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), upon photoexcitation under aerobic conditions, produced singlet O 2 ( 1 O 2 ). RF, 3-CP, and 8-MOP also produced superoxide anion ( O 2 • ). Reactive O 2 produced by photosensitized RF, 3-CP, and 8-MOP was found to oxidize tyrosine and dopa to dopachrome and subsequently their conversion to melanin. HP did not oxidize tyrosine to dopachrome, and 3-CP and RF revealed substantial oxidation of tyrosine. Dopa was oxidized to dopachrome and subsequently to melanin by all photosensitizers tested at a variable rate as follows: RF > 3-CP > HPD > 8-MOP. UVA alone and to a lesser extent UVB also produced 1 O 2 which induced the oxidation of tyrosine and dopa to dopachrome and subsequently to melanin. The production of dopachrome was higher with dopa compared to tyrosine under all irradiation conditions. These observations appear to have relevance to the O 2 -requiring immediate tanning reaction of the skin stimulated by solar radiation and in the induction of skin photosensitization.
O2-01-07

Methods: Abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau was isolated from AD brain cytosol (AD P-tau), and its ability to inhibit microtubule assembly and self-assembly into filaments was studied before and after dephosphorylation with protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A), and after rephosphorylation by several combinations of tau kinases. Results: We found that dephosphorylation of AD P-tau by PP-2A converts it into a normal-like protein and on rephosphorylation by PKA, cdk5 and GSK-3 or cdk5 or cdk5 plus GSK-3 , converts it back into an AD-type pathological protein. Investigation of site-specific phosphorylation revealed that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 and Ser262 plays a pivotal role in its conversion into AD-like pathological protein. Conclusions: More than one etiopathogenic mechanism might be involved in AD-type neurofibrillary degeneration, and inhibition of more than one tau kinase might be required to inhibit neurofibrillary degeneration.
An electronic oscillator with automatic gain control: EQCM applications

Abstract An electronic oscillator for use with thickness-shear-mode acoustic wave sensors is described. The oscillator monitors not only the resonance frequency of the sensor, but also provides an automatic gain control signal that monitors the energy dissipated by the sensor. Electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) experiments have been performed in which one of the sensor's electrodes serves as the working electrode in an electrochemical cell. Electrochemical deposition of Tl + on the sensor's surface results in a frequency shift that is attributed to mass loading, while a negligible amount of energy loss from the sensor is observed. Results from the cyclic voltammetry of the K 3 Fe(CN) 6 / K 4 Fe(CN) 6 couple, which does not alter the mass on the sensor, indicate that the energy loss from the sensor can be directly monitored by the automatic gain control voltage and is related to the microviscosity of the solution adjacent to the sensor. The addition of automatic gain control to an oscillator circuit provides energy-loss information that is usually only given by impedance analyzers. The circuit is applicable to situations where remote sensing or cost are important factors.
Petascale Tcl with NAMD, VMD, and Swift/T

Tcl is the original embeddable dynamic language. Introduced in 1990, Tcl has been the foundation of the scripting interface of the popular biomolecular visualization and analysis program VMD since 1995 and was extended to the parallel molecular dynamics program NAMD in 1999. The two programs together have over 200,000 users who have enjoyed for nearly two decades the stability and flexibility provided by Tcl. VMD users can implement or extend parallel trajectory analysis and movie rendering on thousands of nodes of Blue Waters. NAMD users can implement or extend simulation protocols and multiple-copy algorithms that execute unmodified on any supercomputer without the need to recompile NAMD. We now demonstrate the integration of the Swift/T high-performance parallel scripting language to enable high-level data flow programming in NAMD and VMD. This integration is achieved without modifying or recompiling either program since the Turbine execution engine is itself based on Tcl and is dynamically loaded by the interpreter, as is the platform-specific MPI library on which it depends.
The design of 'idiot-proof' interactive programs

Over the past few years, the use of interactive systems has begun to shift from program development to a wide range of applications. Simultaneously, the users of interactive systems have begun to shift from programmers and others familiar with computer systems to those without a technical understanding of computer systems and programs. These trends seem likely to continue with the increased availability of multiprogrammed systems, the reduced cost of computer hardware, and the development of new application programs for retail sales, medical systems, law enforcement, financial analysis, and other tasks. This steadily increasing number of conversational applications programs will produce a growing number of computer users who are well-trained in their application areas without knowing how the programs that they use actually work. These technically "unsophisticated" users view the computer simply as a tool and are willing to use this tool only if it is easy for them to do so.
Laminar Burning Velocities for Hydrogen-, Methane-, Acetylene-, and Propane-Nitrous Oxide Flames

Mixtures of four fuels (hydrogen, methane, acetylene and propane) with nitrous oxide were studied to experimentally and numerically determine the laminar flame speeds at near atmospheric pressure (0.8 atm). Using the flat flame method, laminar flame speeds for these nitrous oxide flames were determined for different levels of dilution with nitrogen. A comprehensive hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism in the literature was integrated with a hydrogen-nitrous oxide sub-mechanism, and computational flame speed results using this mechanism were compared to experimental data. For all four fuel systems (hydrogen-, methane-, acetylene-, and propane-nitrous oxide), the compiled chemical mechanism under-predicted the measured laminar flame speeds over the whole range of equivalence ratio investigated. Flame speed sensitivity analyses for the hydrogen-, acetylene-, and propane-nitrous oxide systems have shown that the most sensitive reactions are within the hydrogen-nitrous oxide sub-mechanism. A revision to the reactio...
Increased expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα during chronic morphine exposure

The chronic administration of morphine and related opioid drugs results in tolerance and dependence which limits the clinical utility of these agents. Neuronal plasticity is probably responsible in large part for tolerance and dependence. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a crucial role in the neuroplastic events underlying memory formation and other phenomena. However, the role of this kinase in morphine tolerance remains unclear. To clarify this issue we explored mRNA and protein expression of CaMKIIalpha in spinal cord tissue from control and morphine treated mice using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. Our chronic exposure paradigm involved the subcutaneous implantation of morphine pellets for 6 days prior to tissue analysis. The results indicate that the levels of CaMKIIalpha mRNA and protein were robustly increased in spinal cord tissue from morphine-treated mice. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that the increase in CaMKIIalpha expression was primarily localized to superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. In addition, the abundance of phosphorylated CaMKIIalpha was increased in spinal cord tissue from morphine-treated mice. We conclude that enhanced CaMKIIalpha expression and activity in spinal cord tissue may contribute to the development of morphine tolerance in mice. The involvement of this enzyme in opioid tolerance suggests other parallels may exist between the neuroplastic events related to memory formation and those related to opioid tolerance or pain.
Making Music on the Web

Cathedral is one of the first extended works of music and art created as a web site. On-line since June 1997, it includes both acoustic and computer music, live webcasts and newly created virtual i...
4FACULTY.ORG—AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO FACULTY DEVELOPMENT

4faculty.org began in the Fall of 2000 as a response to the dramatically increased demand for new adjunct faculty in the community college system. Through grant funding from the United States Depar...
Decreased incorporation of [3H]inositol and [3H]glycerol into glycerolipids of sciatic nerve from the streptozotocin diabetic rat.

: The incorporation of [3H]myo-inositol into individual phosphoinositides and of [3H]glycerol into glycerolipids was determined in sciatic nerve obtained from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats and incubated in vitro. The uptake of inositol into lipid was approximately linear with time. More than 80% of the label was present in phosphatidylinositol with the remainder divided about equally between phosphatidylinositol phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Labeling was unchanged 2 weeks after induction of diabetes, but was reduced by 32% after 20 weeks of the disease. Glycerol incorporation occurred primarily into phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol and was depressed up to 45% into major phosphoglycerides in nerves from both 2- and 20-week diabetic animals. Triacylglycerol labeling was also substantially decreased, and the reduction was comparable in intact and epineurium free nerve, suggesting that a metabolically active pool of this compound, which is sensitive to hyperglycemia and/or insulin deficiency, is located in or immediately adjacent to the nerve fibers. The considerable decline in incorporation of these lipid precursors in diabetic nerve may be related to impaired inositol transport and to decreased overall energy utilization by the tissue.
Carotid Body Tumor Resection: Does the Need for Vascular Reconstruction Worsen Outcome?

We evaluated outcomes after carotid body tumor resection (CBR) requiring vascular reconstruction. Patients undergoing CBR at an academic medical center between 1990 and 2005 were identified. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for clinical data, operative details, Shamblin's classification, tumor pathology, complications, and mortality. Comparisons were performed between those undergoing CBR alone and CBR requiring vascular reconstruction (CBR-VASC). Of the 71 CBRs performed in 62 patients, 16 required vascular reconstruction (23%). Although there was no difference in mean tumor size (CBR 29.1 +/- 11.9 mm, CBR-VASC 32.5 +/- 9.9 mm; p = 0.133), carotid body tumors were more commonly Shamblin's I when CBR was performed alone (CBR 53% vs. CBR-VASC 25%, p = 0.045) and Shamblin's II/III when vascular reconstruction was required (CBR 47% vs. CBR-VASC 75%, p = 0.045). There was also a significant difference in malignant tumor pathology when vascular reconstruction was required (CBR 4.4% vs. CBR-VASC 25%, p = 0.034). Cranial nerve dysfunction was higher in patients requiring vascular repair (CBR 27% vs. CBR-VASC 63%, p = 0.012), but there was no difference in baroreflex failure (CBR 7.27% vs. CBR-VASC 0%, p = 0.351), Horner's syndrome (CBR 5.5% vs. CBR-VASC 6.25%, p = 0.783), or first bite syndrome (CBR 7.27% vs. CBR-VASC 12.5%, p = 0.877). There were no perioperative strokes in either group, and one death was unrelated to operation. When required, carotid artery reconstruction at the time of CBR can be performed safely. Although cranial nerve dysfunction is more common when vascular repair is required, this is more likely related to locally advanced disease and tumor pathology rather than operative techniques.
Ethics of Social Media Research: Common Concerns and Practical Considerations

Abstract Social media Websites (SMWs) are increasingly popular research tools. These sites provide new opportunities for researchers, but raise new challenges for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) that review these research protocols. As of yet, there is little-to-no guidance regarding how an IRB should review the studies involving SMWs. The purpose of this article was to review the common risks inherent in social media research and consider how researchers can consider these risks when writing research protocols. We focused this article on three common research approaches: observational research, interactive research, and survey/interview research. Concomitant with these research approaches, we gave particular attention to the issues pertinent to SMW research, including privacy, consent, and confidentiality. After considering these challenges, we outlined key considerations for both researchers and reviewers when creating or reviewing SMW IRB protocols. Our goal in this article was to provide a detailed...
A Case Study in Pharmacologic Colon Imaging Using Principal Curves in Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

In this article we are concerned with functional imaging of the colon to assess the kinetics of microbicide lubricants. The overarching goal is to understand the distribution of the lubricants in the colon. Such information is crucial for understanding the potential impact of microbicides on human immunodeficiency virus transmission. The experiment was conducted by imaging a radiolabeled lubricant distributed in the subject’s colon. The tracer imaging was conducted via single-photon emission computed tomography, a noninvasive, in vivo functional imaging technique. We have developed a novel principal curve algorithm to construct a three-dimensional curve through the colon images. The algorithm was tested and debugged on several difficult two-dimensional images of familiar curves where the original principal curve algorithm does not apply. The final curve fit to the colon data is compared with experimental sigmoidoscope collection.
Anatomic disorders of the temporomandibular joint disc in asymptomatic subjects

Abstract Purpose: This study determined the prevalence and specific anatomic types of disc displacement in asymptomatic versus symptomatic subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients and Methods: A detailed MRI assessment was performed on both temporomandibular joints (TMJ) in 76 volunteers and 102 successive patients. Attention was placed on the functional aspects of disc displacement with and without reduction and on the anatomic aspects of disc displacement in the anterior, lateral, medial, anterolateral, and anteromedial directions. These assessments were made by radiologists blinded to the clinical information. Results: Disc displacement was found in at least one joint in 25 of 76 (33%) of asymptomatic subjects and 79 of 102 (77%) of symptomatic subjects. The anatomic types of disc displacement between groups was not statistically significant (P = .55). However, there was a significant difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects, with an odds ratio of 3.91 for disc displacement with reduction and 42.71 for disc displacement without reduction (P Conclusion: Although there was a 33% prevalence of disc displacement in asymptomatic volunteers, there was a highly significant difference in the prevalence of internal derangement in symptomatic subjects. Bruxing was statistically linked to TMJ disc displacement and could explain the anatomic variation in abnormal disc position.
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are acquired lesions, with a genetic predisposition in selected patients. They are very common in the population, occurring in ~2% of people in the United States. Intracranial aneurysms may present with subarachnoid hemorrhage, the most feared complication of IA, but most commonly they are detected on brain imaging performed for reasons unrelated to the IA. Once detected, the key question is whether the unruptured intracranial aneurysm needs to be treated, or can safely be left alone. This decision is complex and is dependent on numerous factors, including the natural history of the unruptured intracranial aneurysm, in comparison to the risk of unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment. For those not treated with interventional treatment, repeat imaging at some intermittency may be recommended. In this article, the data regarding the natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysm and the procedure-associated morbidity and mortality are reviewed, as well as the predictors of hemorrhage, and the likelihood of unruptured intracranial aneurysm growth should conservative management with intermittent repeat imaging be recommended.
Constitutive modeling of complex interfaces based on a differential interfacial energy function

An important theory on the dynamics of complex interfaces is the Doi and Ohta theory where the interfacial contribution to the Cauchy stress tensor is determined from an interfacial conformation tensor. For a uniform deformation field in the Eulerian framework, Doi and Ohta adopted a decoupling approximation to reduce a fourth-order tensor into two second-order tensors and derived a differential equation governing the evolution of the interfacial conformation tensor. In this paper, a different formulation is presented for establishing the Cauchy stress tensor based on a path-independent interfacial energy function. By differentiating this interfacial energy function against a Lagrangian strain tensor, a nearly closed-form solution for the stress tensor was determined, involving only elementary algebraic and matrix operations. From this process, the stress-conformation relation proposed by Doi and Ohta is also confirmed from a thermodynamic perspective. The testing cases with uniaxial elongation and simple shear further showed improved fitting to the analytical or exact solutions.
Prevalence of behavioral health disorders and associated chronic disease burden in a commercially insured health system: findings of a case-control study.

Abstract Objective The objective was to examine prevalence of behavioral health disorders (BHDs) and co-occurring chronic medical conditions in a 3.4 million-member integrated health system. Method Clinical databases identified 255,993 patients diagnosed with the most prevalent BHDs (cases): depression, anxiety, substance use, bipolar spectrum and attention deficit and hyperactivity (ADHD); non-BHD matched controls were created for all unique cases. Cases and controls were compared for prevalence of general medical conditions and specific chronic diseases and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CMI). Results The five most common BHDs were depression (58%), anxiety (42%), substance use (16%), bipolar spectrum (6%) and ADHD (4%). Compared to controls, patients with depression (80.1% vs. 66.3%), anxiety (78.0% vs. 63.0%), substance use (74.0% vs. 59.9%), bipolar (75.3% vs. 60.7%) and ADHD (60.6% vs. 53.1%; all P Conclusions BHDs in a largely commercially insured, employment-based health system are common and associated with a disproportionately higher burden of chronic medical disease and associated 10-year mortality risk rate. Given that co-occurrence of behavioral and medical conditions leads to elevated symptom burden, functional impairment, and healthcare costs, these findings highlight the importance of developing effective collaborative models of care in (nonpublic) employment-based health systems.
Chronic kidney disease progression.

Whether we like it or not, nephrologists around the world have been called to action. Our mission is to attenuate the growth of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several conditions will need to gel for us to succeed. Although we now have a better understanding of its alarming incidence and prevalence
TOMM40 in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Comparative Genetic Analysis with Alzheimer's Disease

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke with no known therapies. Clinical, neuropathological, and genetic studies have suggested both overlap and divergence between the pathogenesis of CAA and the biologically related condition of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among the genetic loci associated with AD are APOE and TOMM40, a gene in close proximity to APOE. We investigate here whether variants within TOMM40 are associated with CAA-related ICH and CAA neuropathology. Using cohorts from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we designed a comparative analysis of high-density SNP genotype data for CAA-related ICH and AD. APOE e4 was associated with CAA-related ICH and AD, while APOE e2 was protective in AD but a risk factor for CAA. A total of 14 SNPs within TOMM40 were associated with AD (p 0.20); as a result, all AD-associated SNPs within TOMM40 showed heterogeneity of effect in CAA-related ICH (BD p < 0.001). Analysis of CAA neuropathology in the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP), however, found that neuritic plaque, diffuse plaque burden, and vascular amyloid burden associated with all TOMM40 SNPs (p < 0.02). These results suggest that alterations in TOMM40 can promote vascular as well as plaque amyloid deposition, but not the full pathogenic pathway leading to CAA-related ICH.