cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Hamilton's law to forced, damped, stationary systems

Abstract The algebraic equations for the forced, damped, periodic, axisymmetric motion of circular plates, solid and annular, are derived directly through the application of Hamilton's law of varying action. The simplicity, for many problems, of direct analytical solutions by means of Hamilton's law has previously been demonstrated. The method is called the Hamilton-Ritz method. In this paper, direct analytical solutions from Hamilton's law are shown to be exactly the same as direct analytical solutions from the ancient and fundamental principle of virtual work. The Hamilton-Ritz formulation is compared to the Galerkin formulation. Results from one- and two-term solutions by direct virtual work (Hamilton-Ritz) are compared to results from the exact solution and to results from the Galerkin method.
HPLC isolation and nutritional value of a major tuber protein

A predominant protein complex from the albumin fraction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber has been isolated by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. The isolate has an estimated native molecular weight of 60 kD. Anionic gel electrophoresis of the isolate separated it into several polypeptides, all of which were glycosylated and had non-specific esterase activity. Two polypeptides between 35 and 42 kD were identified with SDS electrophoresis, thus the native form is postulated to be a dimer. The proteins in the isolate are antigenic to an antibody developed against ‘patatin,’ a tuber glycoprotein. Nutritional values for the isolate were extremely high, which suggests that it is at least partly responsible for the excellent nutritional value of potato protein.
Dietary restraint as values-related motivation: a psychometric clarification.

ABSTRACT Psychological motivation toward dietary restraint can be measured by Cognitive Restraint, a subscale on the Three-factor Questionnaire (TFQ; Stunkard & Messick, 1985), and Drive for Thinness, a subscale on the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI; Gamer & Olmstead, 1984). On the basis of data obtained from American undergraduates, these two scales correlated significantly (r = .55); three value scales on the Eating Values Survey (EVS; Simmons, 1989) also correlated significantly with both Cognitive Restraint and Drive for Thinness (Appearance and Manners positively, Enthusiasm negatively). Correlations of other TFQ and EDI scales with values were minimal. Personal values specific to eating are discussed as components of a general motivational orientation toward self-management of eating but as relatively unrelated to such disruptive attributes of eating behavior as disinhibition or bulimia.
LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS OF INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOODS AND EMPLOYMENT ACCESSIBILITY OF LOW-WAGE WORKERS

Studies that examine spatial characteristics of urban unemployment are often based on some simplistic measures of employment accessibility. In this paper a refined methodological framework for meas...
Power: Energy on call: A more efficient peaking system would exploit the advantages of energy storage, while conserving capital and resources

Describes a more efficient peaking system, and exploits the advantages of energy storage, while conserving capital and resources.
Photoemission studies of W(100)-(5 × 1)C, 65 ⩽ hν ⩽ 200 eV and a comparison with WC(0001)

Abstract A photoemission study of the W(100)-(5 × 1)C carburized tungsten surface, performed in the photon energy range 65 ⩽ hν ⩽ 200 eV, is reported. Comparison with W(100) and WC(0001) spectra permit detailing of changes in electronic structure upon carburization, as well as identification of primarily C 2s, C 2p, and W 5d-derived regions of the valence band. A separate band forms at −12.2 eV of states essentially pure C 2s in character. States in the upper valence band, particularly near EF, have more W 5d character, while those in the lower valence band have more C 2p character. Structures are altered within the valence band upon carburization, including a significant decrease in emission near EF. Detailed comparison with WC(0001) spectra reveal many similarities: similar binding energies of structures, similar C 2s band, and similar variation of normalized valence band area with hν.
Permeability of soft porous media under one-dimensional compaction

Abstract A novel experimental approach to measure permeability of porous material samples under variable longitudinal compaction has been developed. The material has a non-linear structural behavior and exhibits a small hysteresis during mechanical loading and unloading experiments. The new permeameter includes a piston moving inside a Plexiglas cylinder with controllable speed and a test section where the porous material sample is placed under compaction by two grids with adjustable positions. Time-dependent pressure was recorded at four different locations along the sample together with the velocity of the piston. Experiments with two different sample lengths have been performed at three different Reynolds numbers based on the apparatus diameter. The results show that pressure gradient and permeability data do not depend on initial uncompacted sample length. All experiments included measurements at various compaction ratios of the material followed by measurements during relaxation/expansion of the material. No hysteresis was observed in the pressure gradient and permeability data during compaction and expansion of the material for a wide range of compaction ratio. The effects of small velocity fluctuations due to variable friction of the moving piston with cylinder’s wall were also considered. These velocity fluctuations cause pressure fluctuations within the sample which are high close to the inlet part of the material sample and are reduced almost completely towards its outlet. However these pressure fluctuations when scaled with the corresponding mean pressure retained their time-dependent amplitude and phase unchanged along the material. These relative pressure fluctuations cancelled out the flow velocity fluctuations resulting insignificant fluctuations in permeability. It was found that permeability, which is a material property, is drastically reduced with increased compaction ratio of the material while its solid fraction changes substantially but its porosity remains practically unchanged. A comparison with the Carman–Kozeny expression for random porous media was also examined. Carman–Kozeny expression predicts qualitatively the reduction of permeability with compaction. However, the predicted values of permeability are very sensitive to the initial value of porosity.
Robust mixture regression model fitting by Laplace distribution

A robust estimation procedure for mixture linear regression models is proposed by assuming that the error terms follow a Laplace distribution. Using the fact that the Laplace distribution can be written as a scale mixture of a normal and a latent distribution, this procedure is implemented by an EM algorithm which incorporates two types of missing information from the mixture class membership and the latent variable. Finite sample performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by simulations. The proposed method is compared with other procedures, and a sensitivity study is also conducted based on a real data set.
and then came Einstein

Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911). By Arthur I. Miller. Pp.466. ISBN hbk 0-201-04680-6; ISBN pbk 0-201-04679-2. (Addison-Wesley: 1981.) Hbk $39.50, £20.10; pbk $27.50, £13.45.
Noise to order

Patterns in natural systems abound, from the stripes on a zebra to ripples in a riverbed. In many of these systems, the appearance of an ordered state is not unexpected as the outcome of an underlying ordered process. Thus crystal growth, honeycomb manufacture and floret evolution generate regular and predictable patterns. Intrinsically noisy and disordered processes such as thermal fluctuations or mechanically randomized scattering generate surprisingly similar patterns. Here we discuss some of the underlying mechanisms believed to be at the heart of these similarities.
INFANT MORTALITY TRENDS IN RURAL EAST PAKISTAN

Infant mortality trends in a rural area of East Pakistan are analyzed utilizing the Bogue pregnancy history technique. The findings indicate that infant mortality has declined slightly over 20 percent between 1958 and 1967. The existence of development programs in women’s education and family planning since 1961 are proposed as possible reasons for this finding. A convergence in infant mortality rates to mothers in the age range 15–39 years was found in the final year under analysis, while the standard U shaped pattern of infant mortality with age structure was exhibited in the previous years. One possible explanation for the convergence is that the development programs are reaching women within this age range more equally than in the past. An alternative explanation relating to the problems of recall of mortality events was discussed.
Preclinical evaluation of nuclear morphometry and tissue topology for breast carcinoma detection and margin assessment

Prevention and early detection of breast cancer are the major prophylactic measures taken to reduce the breast cancer related mortality and morbidity. Clinical management of breast cancer largely relies on the efficacy of the breast-conserving surgeries and the subsequent radiation therapy. A key problem that limits the success of these surgeries is the lack of accurate, real-time knowledge about the positive tumor margins in the surgically excised tumors in the operating room. This leads to tumor recurrence and, hence, the need for repeated surgeries. Current intraoperative techniques such as frozen section pathology or touch imprint cytology severely suffer from poor sampling and non-optimal detection sensitivity. Even though histopathology analysis can provide information on positive tumor margins post-operatively (~2–3 days), this information is of no immediate utility in the operating rooms. In this article, we propose a novel image analysis method for tumor margin assessment based on nuclear morphometry and tissue topology and demonstrate its high sensitivity/specificity in preclinical animal model of breast carcinoma. The method relies on imaging nuclear-specific fluorescence in the excised surgical specimen and on extracting nuclear morphometric parameters (size, number, and area fraction) from the spatial distribution of the observed fluorescence in the tissue. We also report the utility of tissue topology in tumor margin assessment by measuring the fractal dimension in the same set of images. By a systematic analysis of multiple breast tissues specimens, we show here that the proposed method is not only accurate (~97% sensitivity and 96% specificity) in thin sections, but also in three-dimensional (3D) thick tissues that mimic the realistic lumpectomy specimens. Our data clearly precludes the utility of nuclear size as a reliable diagnostic criterion for tumor margin assessment. On the other hand, nuclear area fraction addresses this issue very effectively since it is a combination of both nuclear size and count in any given region of the analyzed image, and thus yields high sensitivity and specificity (~97%) in tumor detection. This is further substantiated by an independent parameter, fractal dimension, based on the tissue topology. Although the basic definition of cancer as an uncontrolled cell growth entails a high nuclear density in tumor regions, a simple but systematic exploration of nuclear distribution in thick tissues by nuclear morphometry and tissue topology as performed in this study has never been carried out, to the best of our knowledge. We discuss the practical aspects of implementing this imaging approach in automated tissue sampling scenario where the accuracy of tumor margin assessment can be significantly increased by scanning the entire surgical specimen rather than sampling only a few sections as in current histopathology analysis.
On the Feasibility of DASH Streaming in the Cloud

As shown in recent studies, video streaming is by far the biggest category of backbone Internet traffic in the US. As a measure to reduce the cost of highly over-provisioned physical infrastructures while remaining the quality of video services, many streaming service providers started to use cloud services where physical resources can be dynamically allocated based on current demand. This paper characterizes the performance of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), a new MPEG standard on adaptive streaming, in the cloud. We seek to answer the following questions that are critical to content providers that are hosting video in clouds: Which data center is the best to host videos? Does geographical distance matter? What type of instance is best suitable depending on different needs? How to efficiently solve the trade-off between performance and cost? The measurement methods and results presented in this paper can be easily expanded into other VoD services, and they allow us to i) characterize DASH behavior when streaming from the cloud; ii) identify the key factors that influence the DASH performance; and iii) suggest improvements for related services.
In Vitro Activity of Novel Gyrase Inhibitors against a Highly Resistant Population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The activity of five novel gyrase inhibitors was evaluated against 303 nonduplicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains collected from 53 North American institutions. The most active compound, GP-2, displayed MIC(50) and MIC(90) values of 1 and 2 μg/ml, respectively. Cross-resistance to other commercially available antipseudomonal compounds was not evident, as no major change was observed in the gyrase inhibitor MIC distribution when stratified by nonsusceptible phenotypes, including the fluoroquinolones and those isolates classified as multidrug resistant (MDR).
The application of 23Na double-quantum-filter (DQF) NMR spectroscopy for the study of spinal disc degeneration

Degenerative disc disease is an irreversible process that leads to a loss of mechanical integrity and back pain in millions of people. In this report, (23)Na double-quantum-filtered (DQF) NMR spectroscopy is used to study disc tissues in two stages of degeneration. Initial results indicate that the (23)Na DQF signal may be useful for determining the degree of degeneration. The spectral analysis reveals the presence of sodium environments with different residual quadrupolar couplings and T(2) relaxation times that we attribute to different regions, or compartments, corresponding to different biochemical regions in the tissue. In general it is found that there are compartments with no residual quadrupolar couplings, compartments with moderate couplings (200 to 1000 Hz), and compartments with couplings ranging from 1500 to 3000 Hz. The results indicate that (23)Na DQF NMR spectroscopy provides a probe of the degenerative state of the intervertebral disc tissues, and might hold potential as a novel diagnostic method for detection of disc degeneration.
The effect of moment arm length on high angled femoral neck fractures (Pauwels’ III)

This study investigated loads among five fixation types (FT) [three cannulated screws (CS), dynamic hip screws with and without derotational screws (DHS-DS and DHS), and dynamic helical hip screws with and without derotational screws (DHHS-DS and DHHS)] across three fracture moment lengths (ML) in Pauwels’ Type III fractures. Methods: Seventy-five sawbones were tested (5 FT × 5 trials × 3 ML). The study hypothesis was that significant differences in axial loading to failure would be demonstrated when CS was compared with the other four FT at the three MLs. Each construct was exposed to an axial compressive load to failure. Construct failure was defined as 5 mm of migration at the fracture site or fixation failure. Shapiro-Wilk was used to test for data normality. Subsequently, independent t-tests with Bonferroni correction was used for paired comparisons. Results: At fracture Moments A and B there were no statistical differences between CS and the other FT. At fracture Moment C all four FT yielded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) loads compared with CS. Conclusions: for basicervical fractures CS is a suboptimal form of fixation compared with DHS and DHHS both with and without derotation screws.
The Nation's Report Card: A Vision of Large-Scale Science Assessment

Results from the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)—the “Nation's Report Card,” a leading measure of U.S. student achievement in many subjects at grades 4, 8, and 12—will provide new insight into what students know and can do in science ( 1 – 3 ). In anticipation of the 2010 release of those science results, we highlight related resources ( 1 , 4 , 5 ), and how a new NAEP science framework attempts not only to reflect the last 20 years of science and science education but also to signal the way forward and push the boundaries of large-scale science assessment.
The Incidence and significance of thromboembolic complications in patients with high-grade gliomas

Coagulation system abnormalities in patients with malignancy ranges from asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities to overt clinical manifestations. To determine the incidence and significance of clinically manifest thromboembolic phenomena in patients with high-grade gliomas, the records were analyzed of 77 patients that presented between January 1985 and June 1988. Fifteen patients (19%) had clinically manifest deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary emboli during the course of their disease. All these patients were ambulatory before and at the time of diagnosis of the event. The thromboembolic episodes occurred at the time of initial management of the primary tumor while there was documented clinical improvement in the functional status of the patient or at the time of progression of the disease. One patient died as a result of a pulmonary embolism; in two others, an embolism was a significant contributor to the patient's death. Anticoagulation resulted in complications in two of eight patients treated. Thromboembolic events occur with high frequency in patients with high-grade gliomas and contribute to the high morbidity and mortality seen in these patients. The optimum approach to screening and the treatment of these events has not been determined. Cancer 68:2621–2624, 1991.
Euler-Lagrange Optimization of Plane-Wave Factors

The Euler-Lagrange variational method is applied to plane-wave factors as they appear in the parametric time-dependent Schr\"odinger-equation model for atom-atom scattering. The resulting Euler-Lagrange equations provide a prescription for determining a general plane-wave-factor function of the electron coordinates and time.
A 2020 vision for American health care.

We enter this century with an unprecedented federal budget surplus–$4.6 trillion over the next 10 years.A substantial portion of the surplus comes from savings in the health care sector. The 1997 Balanced Budget Act cut payments to Medicare providers and raised the premiums for individual beneficiaries, but we overshot the mark. Instead of balancing the budget, we generated a huge surplus. We underestimated the magnitude of Medicare savings. Medicare savings over the period from 1998 to 2007 represent an estimated 15% of the total budget surplus.Fifteen percent of the 10-year budget surplus from 2001 to 2010 comes to $680 billion. We also underestimated the drop-off in Medicaid coverage, as welfare reform took hold. In the year 2000 Medicare and Medicaid outlays were an estimated $104 billion less than projected just 5 years ago–representing an estimated 45% of the budget surplus this year, or about $1 trillion of the 10-year surplus.
Electronic properties of diamond clusters: self-consistent tight binding simulation

A self-consistent environment-dependent tight binding method is used to examine electron emission-related properties of hydrogen passivated nano-diamond (ND) particles. For sizes larger than 2.5 nm particle bandgap was found to be equal to the bandgap of bulk diamond. Coulomb potential distributions and electron affinities of clusters were found to be insensitive to the particle size if it exceeds 1.0 nm. Tunneling probabilities for homogeneous and inhomogeneous emission models were estimated. The simulation results indicate that the low emission threshold for hydrogen passivated diamond nano-clusters is due to hydrogen-assisted emission from the edges of small unpassivated islands. Essentially the same mechanism is claimed to be responsible for good emission properties of hydrogen passivated diamond films by Ristein [Diam. Relat. Mater. 9, 1129 (2000)].
N-desmethylclozapine: A clozapine metabolite that suppresses haemopoiesis

Clozapine, a novel antipsychotic drug that is particularly effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, causes severe agranulocytosis of unknown aetiology in approximately 0.8% of U.S. patients. We evaluated potential toxic mechanisms of drug-induced agranulocytosis. Clozapine, the two major metabolites N-desmethylclozapine and N-oxide clozapine, and five other clozapine derivatives were screened for toxicity to normal haemopoietic precursors. For all compounds except N-des-methylclozapine, toxicity to CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-GEMM occurred at concentrations at least 10 times the normal serum levels reported in unaffected patients. In contrast, the LD50 for N-desmethylclozapine was 2.5 micrograms/ml for CFU-GM, 3.2 micrograms/ml for BFU-E, and 2.4 micrograms/ml for CFU-GEMM, only 3-6 times the normal serum concentration. Bone marrow from patients with acute clozapine-induced agranulocytosis was not more sensitive to clozapine or N-desmethylclozapine than bone marrow from normal donors. These studies suggest that N-desmethylclozapine, the major metabolite of clozapine, is itself toxic or is further metabolized to an unstable compound which is toxic to haemopoietic precursors of both myeloid and erythroid lineages.
Visible and infra-red sensitivity of Rayleigh limit and Penndorf extension to complex refractive index of soot

The present study makes an improved assessment of the foregoing optical property range for soot by employing the Lorentz dispersion theory [9, IO] combined with the experimental data. The above range is found to fail to cover infra-red radiation adequately and needs to be extended to 1.5 < n < 4.0 and 0.5 < k < 3.0 to incorporate the soot property variation up to about 20 pm. Accordingly, the primary objective of the study is to produce the error contours representing the percent deviation involved with the Rayleigh limit and the Penndorf expansion relative to the Lorenz-Mie theory for the range 1.5 < n < 4.0 and 0.5 < k 6 3.0 as a continuous function of n and k, thus providing a complete coverage for property range of particulate thermal radiation. The contours exhibit a distinguished error dependency on n with the dependency on k being of secondary importance. It is shown that for optical properties associated with infra-red radiation, Rayleigh deviation may well exceed 40% for a = 0.3 while that of Penndorf remains within 5%. Likewise, for a = 0.7, Rayleigh deviation reaches about 60% while that of Penndorf remains about within 10%. Thus. a basis is provided here for judging the accuracy of Rayleigh limit and Penndorf extension in the continuous n-k domain for the particulate radiation. The next section utilizes dispersion theory in computing n and k against wavelength and generates the extinction error contours for both Rayleigh and Penndorf approximations as a continuous function of m and discrete function of a. The study is concluded with some final remarks. 2 + _ n,!!L_
Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on ethanol intake in the rat

Abstract Water-deprived rats received 3%, 6% or 9% ethanol solution or water for 30 min daily. Intraperitoneal injection of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 2.0–4.0 μg/kg) significantly and specifically inhibited ethanol intake. The findings are consistent with previous reports of specificity of the inhibition of caloric intake by CCK-8. Administration of CCK-8 may influence ethanol intake by modulating a satiety signal that ordinarily controls ethanol intake.
Reversal of lung maturational delay in the fetus of the diabetic rat using triiodothyronine or dexamethasone.

Administration of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone can accelerate fetal lung development. To investigate whether the delayed fetal lung maturation seen in the diabetic rat gestation could be reversed by dexamethasone (DEX) or triiodothyronine (T3), control and streptozotocin-diabetic dams were injected daily from day 18 of gestation with either saline, 0.5 mg/kg DEX, or 1 mg/kg T3 until sacrifice on day 21 or day 22. While DEX did not change glucose levels in diabetic animals, T3 resulted in a slight reduction in both maternal (474 ± 25 vs. 539 ± 17 mg%; p 3- or DEX-treated diabetic rats had significantly increased lung phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine levels as compared with fetuses of untreated diabetic rats; these data suggest that maternal DEX or T3 therapy reverses the delayed fetal lung maturation seen in the diabetic rat gestation. Since glucocorticoids can exacerbate maternal diabetes, treatment with thyroid hormone may be more appropriate, although risks must be weighed against potential benefits.
Time series analyses of respiratory responses to indoor and outdoor environmental phenomena

A time series analysis was utilized to evaluate respiratory responses to outdoor and indoor air pollutant and aeroallergen exposures in potentially sensitive adults in a dry arid environment. Daily symptoms and peak flows were recorded in populations of asthmatics, allergic individuals, those with chronic lung disease symptoms, and asymptomatic individuals (total sample size of 204) over a period of a few years. Meteorology and ambient pollutant concentrations were measured in the basin. Indoor pollutant measurements were made for particulates and CO, indicating that gas stoves and tobacco smoking were the predominant indoor sources. Time series analysis helped determine appropriate lags between environmental stimuli and health responses. Asthmatics showed that most respiratory responses while asymptomatics showed no significant responses. Outdoor ozone, nitrogen dioxide, aeroallergens and meteorology, and indoor gas stoves were significantly related, independently and interactively, with symptoms and peak flow.
The Spt4p subunit of yeast DSIF stimulates association of the Paf1 complex with elongating RNA polymerase II.

The Paf1 complex (Paf1C) interacts with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and promotes histone methylation of transcribed coding sequences, but the mechanism of Paf1C recruitment is unknown. We show that Paf1C is not recruited directly by the activator Gcn4p but is dependent on preinitiation complex assembly and Ser5 carboxy-terminal domain phosphorylation for optimal association with ARG1 coding sequences. Importantly, Spt4p is required for Paf1C occupancy at ARG1 (and other genes) and for Paf1C association with Ser5-phosphorylated Pol II in cell extracts, whereas Spt4p-Pol II association is independent of Paf1C. Since spt4Δ does not reduce levels of Pol II at ARG1, Ser5 phosphorylation, or Paf1C expression, it appears that Spt4p (or its partner in DSIF, Spt5p) provides a platform on Pol II for recruiting Paf1C following Ser5 phosphorylation and promoter clearance. spt4Δ reduces trimethylation of Lys4 on histone H3, demonstrating a new role for yeast DSIF in promoting a Paf1C-dependent function in elongation.
Toughened carbon fiber prepregs using combined liquid and preformed rubber materials

Model epoxy resin formulations were modified with defferent concentrations of liquid rubber and preformed crosslinked rubber particles and impregnated into unidirectional carbon fibers. The liquid rubber was used to increase the mode I fracture toughness of the interlayer toughened prepreg systems, which already have high mode II fracture properties. In this paper it is shown that the mode II fracture toughness is not sacrificed by the incorporatiom of carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN) in the matrices, while mode I fracture toughness can be increased by as much as 100%.
Measurements of X-ray scattering from interstellar dust

Abstract We have examined the surface brightness profiles of four of the brightest compact galactic X-ray sources observed with the Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) aboard the Einstein Observatory for the existence of halos produced by the scattering of X-rays from interstellar dust. The sources are CYG X-3, 4U1658-48, GX13+1, and 4U1254-69. The halos are apparent when a comparison is made between each source's measured surface brightness profile and a model profile based upon a point response function (PRF) for each source. These model profiles depend upon knowledge of the source's spectrum, which is derived from the IPC itself and corroborated by the Einstein Monitor Proportional Counter and/or previous measurements. As conclusions rest entirely on a knowledge of the system (IPC and Mirror) PRF, we began this study with a comprehensive examination of the calibration data taken for the Observatory prior to launch. Point-source images for both the IPC and the HRI have been analyzed at various energies in order to gain a quantitative understanding of scattering by the mirror surface elements and the IPC's spatial resolution. All four sources show a significant excess above the response from a point-source. The attribution of the excess to X-rays scattered from interstellar dust is strengthened by the positive correlation of the magnitude of this excess with the observed column density of material along the line of sight. Furthermore, we have examined the surface brightness profiles of LMC X-1 and 3C273 and found them to have a greatly reduced excess above their model profiles. Because of their high galactic latitude and because only dust within our own galaxy will lead to the formation of a halo that extends beyond a few arcminutes, only a small effect is expected for these sources.
Neuroblastoma (Sympathogonioma) of the adrenal in a newborn infant

Summary This is a report of clinical and post-mortem observations on a Negro femaleinfant who died nine hours after birth with a large neuroblastoma of the right adrenal which had already metastasized to the liver, parapancreatic lymph nodes, and left adrenal. The microscopic features indicate that the tumor is a sympathogonioma, the most primitive form of neuroblastoma.
Dipole source localization in a case of epilepsia partialis continua without premyoclonic EEG spikes

Abstract A 72-year-old woman with epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) of the right foot is presented. Rhythmic myoclonic jerks were localized to the 1st and 2nd toes of the right foot and persisted for 72 h. EEG/video monitoring did not show any epileptiform transient in association with myoclonic jerks. MRI and MRA demonstrated an arterio-venous malformation involving the left fronto-parietal parasagittal area. Using the EMG signal from the myoclonic jerk we back-averaged the EEG 640 msec before and after the onset of the twitch. A negative-positive deflection was observed preceding the myoclonic jerks by 128–188 msec. Voltage topographic mapping showed a negative maximum in the left centro-parietal region. A multiple spatio-temporal dipole model was applied to the back-averaged deflection preceding the myoclonus. The patient's MRI was used to determine the center of the best fitting sphere, and the model was corrected accordingly. The best dipole solution consisted of 3 dipoles localized in the parasagittal frontal cortex, in the location of the motor representation for the foot. The utilization of a combined technique of back-averaging from the myoclonus and dipole source localization supported the epileptogenic etiology in this case.
Combustion calorimetry of rhombohedral sulfur in fluorine: a question of impurities. The standard molar enthalpies of formation of SF6(g) and SO2−4(aq) at the temperature 298.15 K

A specially prepared sample of rhombohedral sulfur (USBM-P1b) used in several earlier thermodynamic investigations has been shown to contain mass fraction ≈ 310 · 10−6 of hitherto unsuspected impurities. Among the studies that may possibly be affected by this discovery is a determination by one of us of the energy of combustion of sulfur in fluorine from which was deduced the standard molar enthalpy of formation of sulfur hexafluoride ΔfHom(SF6, g, 298.15 K) (J. Chem. Thermodynamics 1985, 17, 349). Very recently, much purer sulfur, containing mass fraction
Developing independence in decoding

Abstract Based on an interactive perspective of the decoding process, three guidelines are proposed to assist teachers in reaching the ultimate goal of decoding instruction: to develop readers who are able to decode independently without external guidance or assistance. Three ways of facilitating Guideline One, Teach the flexible use of a repertoire of strategies, are proposed: a) promote risk‐taking by children; b) teach phonics in a way that develops independence; and c) allow children to select their own effective strategies for identifying words. Specific teacher behaviors and activities are given for each of these suggestions. For Guideline Two, Don't overnurture, common teacher practices that violate this guideline are described and procedures are outlined that will help teachers avoid these practices. Four reasons for the importance of Guideline Three, Provide a strong vocabulary development program, are presented and readers are urged to implement effective vocabulary development programs.
A parallel decoder of programmable Huffman codes

Huffman coding, a variable-length entropy coding scheme, is an integral component of international standards on image and video compression including high-definition television (HDTV). The high-bandwidth HDTV systems of data rate in excess of 100 Mpixels/s presents a challenge for designing a fast and economic circuit for intrinsically sequential Huffman decoding operations. This paper presents an algorithm and a circuit implementation for parallel decoding of programmable Huffman codes by using the numerical properties of Huffman codes. The 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS implementation for a single JPEG AC table of 256 codewords of up to 16-b codeword lengths is estimated to run at 10 MHz with a chip area of 11 mm/sup 2/, decoding one codeword per cycle. The design can be pipelined to deliver a throughput of 80 MHz for decoding input streams of consecutive Huffman codes. Furthermore, our programmable scheme can be easily integrated into data paths of video processors to support different Huffman tables used in image/video applications. >
Procainamide-cimetidine drug interaction in elderly male patients.

Thirty-six hospitalized male patients receiving oral sustained-release procainamide every six hours for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias were studied at steady-state before and after oral cimetidine 300 mg every six hours for three days. Average age and weight were 73 +/- 12 (SD) years and 76 +/- 10 kg. Patients did not have a myocardial infarction within the last two years or congestive heart failure and had calculated creatinine clearances (CrCl) between 35 and 75 mL/min/70 kg. Ten patients had urine collections that permitted computation of the ratio between the renal clearance of procainamide and CrCl (PA/CrCl) and the renal clearance of n-acetyl-procainamide (NAPA) and CrCl (NAPA/CrCl). The average steady-state procainamide and NAPA concentrations increased 55% and 36%, respectively, during cimetidine treatment (P less than .01). Twelve patients experienced mild to severe symptoms of what may have been procainamide toxicity. Apparent procainamide oral clearance decreased 41% while patients received cimetidine (P less than .01). PA/CrCl and NAPA/CrCl ratios decreased by 33% and 21%, respectively, during cimetidine therapy (P less than .05). Cimetidine therapy given to older male patients taking procainamide can cause steady-state concentrations of procainamide to rise to toxic levels. Patients prescribed this combination should be monitored carefully for adverse side effects.
A functional separation of behavioral stereotypy based on naloxone-reversible effects of seryl enkephalinamide: comparison with morphine

Abstract Amphetamine's stereotypic behavioral actions, produced by the stimulant at a moderate dose, were inhibited by the systemic administration of seryl enkephalinamide, d -Ser2- d -Ser5-enkephalinamide, (Wy 42,896). The classical sequelae of stimulatory behavioral events: sniffing, head bobbing, rearing and locomotor activity, were significantly inhibited by the seryl enkephalinamide. Subsequently, pretreatment with the opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone, significantly blocked the inhibitory effects of the seryl enkephalinamide on the stereotypic and locomotor components. Concomitantly, the behavioral stereotypic component, licking, a behavior usually produced by opiates and only high doses of amphetamine, was significantly induced by the seryl enkephalinamide. Pretreatment with naloxone on the stimulatory behavioral effect of licking, produced a significant inhibitory effect. The combination treatment, consisting of both the seryl enkephalinamide and the stimulant amphetamine, caused a naloxone-reversible synergistic effect. These data show that the seryl enkephalinamide, produced concomitant, naloxone-reversible, inhibitory and stimulatory behavioral stereotypic effects. These data are discussed within the context of current neuronal theories which might underly the observed dose-related continuum of behavioral stereotypies produced by morphine and amphetamine.
Metabolism of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in women and men: 3 beta- and 3 alpha-,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-ones are major urinary metabolites.

The metabolism of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5 alpha-DHP) in women and men was evaluated by defining the pattern and identity of selected metabolites excreted in urine after the iv infusion of radiolabeled 5 alpha-DHP. Virtually all of the radioactivity in urine (approximately 37% of the administered dose) was excreted within 72 h. Quantitatively, the 2 major urinary metabolites of 5 alpha-DHP in each of 13 studies conducted in 7 women and 2 men were 3 beta,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol, which could be extracted after beta-glucuronidase, but not solvolysis, treatment of the urine. Radiolabeled 3 alpha,6 alpha dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (glucuronoside), in lesser amounts, also was identified in the urine of each subject. The 3 alpha/beta, 6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-ones arise through specific extrahepatic pathways of progesterone/5 alpha-DHP metabolism. These metabolites are not the products of the enzyme reaction catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 steroid 6 alpha-hydroxylase of human liver (and other tissues), which affects the 6 alpha-hydroxylation of C19- and C21-delta 4-3-ketosteroids (e.g., progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol), but does not act upon 5 alpha-reduced steroids. Moreover, the steroid 5 alpha-reductases do not act upon 6 alpha-hydroxy-delta 4-3-ketosteroids. In addition, the 6 alpha-hydroxylation of 5 alpha-reduced-3 alpha/beta-hydroxysteroids is not demonstrable in adult liver tissue. Rather, the formation of 6 alpha-hydroxylated-5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha/beta-ol-20-ones is indicative of an extrahepatic pathway of progesterone metabolism, viz. progesterone-->5 alpha-DHP-->5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta/alpha-ol-20-one(s)-->3 beta/alpha,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one(s), in which 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha/beta-ol-20-ones are metabolized by an enzyme(s) that catalyzes the 6 alpha-hydroxylation of saturated substrates. There are important differences among mammalian species in the enzymes that catalyze the C-6-hydroxylation of 5 alpha-reduced C19- and C(21)-3 beta/alpha-hydroxysteroids, but in all species studied, these enzymatic reactions are the final steps in the extrahepatic inactivation of 5 alpha-reduced bioactive metabolites of progesterone (or testosterone).
Effects of the cilioexcitatory neurohumors dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on cyclic AMP levels in the gill of the mussel mytilus edulis

Abstract Cyclic 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been identified in the ciliated gill epithelium of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis . In concentrations which stimulate the rate of particle transport by frontal gill cilia, DA and 5HT stimulate levels of cAMP within the gill. The stimulation occurs in as early as 15 sec and is graded from 10−6M to 10−4M. DA plus 5HT is not additive at maximal effective concentrations of both amines. ACH does not mimic the DA or 5HT stimulation of cAMP. Theophylline alone has a weak effect on cAMP levels; however, the effect of theophylline is potentiated in the presence of DA or 5HT. Dibutyryl cAMP produces a gradual stimulation in the rate of particle transport. It is suggested that the dopaminergic and serotonergic excitatory control of particle transport by frontal gill cilia of Mytilus edulis is mediated through a cAMP second messenger system.
INFLUENCE OF MISSING ATTRIBUTES ON SELECTING A BEST MULTIATTRIBUTED ALTERNATIVE

Alternatives involving many factors arc difficult to evaluate because of multiple underlying competing objectives. If evaluation is based on an incomplete set of factors, and if the purpose of the evaluation is to select a single overall best alternative, inferior alternatives may be selected with surprising frequency and/or severe negative impact. At the same time, sensitivity analysis of evaluation scores based on statistical criteria can easily mask the impact and the frequency of selection of inferior alternatives. In this paper, criteria appropriate to reflect the decision impact are developed and both the frequency and impact of the selection of inferior alternatives are demonstrated empirically. Previous studies based on statistical criteria [1] [9] indicated minimal impact on overall evaluation and selection. This paper demonstrates that high statistical criterion values coexist with frequent and/or serious errors of selection.
Clinical evaluation of the Trimline blood pressure cuffs with the Accutorr Plus Monitor.

BACKGROUND Non-invasive blood pressure (BP) monitoring has become increasingly popular. To assure the accuracy of devices used for this purpose, these devices should be clinically validated using standard criteria such as those published by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). The purpose of this study was to collect and assess non-invasive BP data using the Trimline BP cuffs (Branchburg, New Jersey, USA) with the Accutorr Plus Monitor (Datascope Corp., Mahwah, New Jersey, USA) in accordance with AAMI standards. METHODS Blood pressure measurements taken employing this device were compared with the results obtained by two experienced observers using a mercury sphygmomanometer on 109 subjects (545 measurements). The limits of agreement were calculated for the device compared with the results of the two observers according to the AAMI standards. RESULTS The agreement parameters between the two observers were -0.49+/-3.81 mmHg for systolic BP and 0.50+/-3.19 mmHg for diastolic BP. The agreement between the device and the observers was -0.13+/-7.51 and 2.54+/-5.21 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. The proportions of observer and device values agreeing within 5, 10, and 15 mmHg were 65, 87, and 94% for systolic BP and 72, 93, and 97% for diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS The Trimline BP cuffs in conjunction with the Accutorr Plus device demonstrated acceptable accuracy and precision in accordance with the AAMI criteria for a non-invasive BP monitoring device.
Fermi liquid theory of La2−xSrxCuO4: Optical properties

Abstract We treat a model with orbitals on the copper and oxygen sites and hopping between them. In the limit of infinite U on the Cu site, the problem is treated using the slave boson method. In the presence of doping, we find a Fermi liquid solution with mass enhancement proportional to x −1 . A new feature in the optical absorption is found with oscillator strength proportional to x . The interaction between quasi-particles via the exchange of slave bosons will be discussed.
Nuclear envelope fission is linked to cytokinesis in budding yeast.

We have investigated the relationship between nuclear envelope fission and cytokinesis during mitotic cell division in budding yeast. By carrying out time-lapse and optical sectioning video microscopy analysis of cells that express green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged nuclear envelope and actomyosin ring components, we found that nuclear division is temporally coupled to cytokinesis. Light and electron microscopy analysis also showed that nuclear envelope fission and the division of the nucleoplasm are severely delayed in cytokinesis mutants, resulting in discoupling between the nuclear division cycle and the budding cycle. These results suggest that homotypic membrane fusion may be activated by components or the mechanical action of cytokinetic structures and presents a mechanism for the equal partitioning of the nucleus and the temporal coordination of this event with chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Adoption, impact, and vision of model-based design

Model-Based Design streamlines system development by enabling engineers to model systems, perform fast simulations, manage timing behavior, migrate designs from floating-point to fixed-point data types, automatically generate code, and perform testing and verification. In Model-Based Design, a system model is at the center of the development process- from requirements capture and design to implementation and test. Through integrated simulation, the model becomes an executable specification that allows design trade-offs to be quickly explored before investing in costly hardware implementations. For example, in a video tracking system, is simple background subtraction sufficient or would optical flow be more robust? Which of the optical flow algorithms provides enough precision without exceeding processor performance headroom? Once the floating-point or golden reference model is complete, Model-Based Design eases the migration to fixed-point data types with built-in tools to control finite word effects. Tools for automatic code generation ease the implementation of embedded systems, saving time and avoiding the introduction of hand-coding errors. Model- Based Design enables test and verification to occur continuously throughout the development cycle. When errors and problems are discovered early, it is less expensive to fix them and it is less likely that they will represent a significant delay to a development schedule.
Metabolism of Cobalt 60 in Chickens

Abstract MANY cases of cobalt deficiency, both natural and experimental, have been reported in ruminants. All attempts to produce a cobalt deficiency have failed with such small laboratory animals as rats (Houk et al., 1946; Underwood and Elvehjem, 1938) and rabbits (Thompson and Ellis, 1947). The hypothesis that, in the ruminants, cobalt acts primarily through some mechanism involving the microorganisms in the rumen, led to metabolic studies in these animals (Comar and Davis, 1947a, b; Comar et al., 1946a, b; Becker and Smith, 1951). Metabolic studies on cobalt have also been reported from rabbits and swine (Comar and Davis 1947b), from rats (Comar et al., 1946a: Greenberg et al., 1943), and from dogs (Sheline et al., 1946; Lee and Wolterink, 1955a, b, c). Since the microorganisms found in the caeca of poultry may have nutritional significance, analogy with the ruminant suggests that their relationship to cobalt metabolism should be investigated. The …