cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis Of Interference Patterns In Few-Mode Optical Fibers

When a single-mode fiber is operated at a wavelength shorter than its nominal wave-lenght, few lower-order modes are excited and an interference pattern develops which is sensitive to differential phase variations of the modes. Intensity patterns resulting from the interference of the pairs of modes LPoi, LP11 and LP11, LP21 are examined. By proper choices of phase and amplitude of the interfering modes, one,two and three-lobe patterns can be synthesized which exhibit oscillatory or rotational behavior in response to an external disturbance. Launching conditions for achieving such patterns are discussed. Sensor applications of few-mode fibers, particularlyfor strain and temperature sensing, are addressed.
Chemical stimulation of the midbrain reticular system.

An intracerebral cannula system was surgically implanted in each of 21 rats. The responses of each S were observed following the temporary deposition of acetylcholine chloride, sodium pentothal, 1-epinephrine, or the placement of a blank cannula. Acetylcholine produced drinking in the hypothalamus and stereotyped standing postures in the reticular system Ss. Sodium pentothal produced an increment in feeding responses in the ventrolateral-reticular-system Ss and an increment in grooming in the dorsomedial-reticular-system Ss.
Storage and characterization of cotton gin waste for ethanol production.

Abstract In 2002, about 17.1 million bales of cotton were ginned in the United States and the estimated cotton gin waste was 2.25 × 10 9 kg. The disposal of cotton gin waste (CGW) is a significant problem in the cotton ginning industry, but CGW could be potentially used as feedstock for bioethanol. Freshly discharged CGW and stored CGW were characterized for storage stability and potential for ethanol production by determining their summative compositions. The bulk densities of the fresh wet and dry CGW were 210.2 ± 59.9 kg m −3 and 183.3 ± 52.2 kg m −3 , respectively. After six months of storage the volume of piles A, B, and C decreased by 38.7%, 41.5%, and 33.3%, respectively, relative to the volume of the pile at the start of the storage. The ash content of the CGW was very high ranging from 10% to 21% and the acid-insoluble fraction was high (21–24%). The total carbohydrate content was very low and ranged from 34% to 49%. After three months storage, chemical compositional analysis showed the loss of total carbohydrates was minimal but after six months, the losses were as high as 25%. This loss of carbohydrates suggests that under open storage conditions, the feedstock must be processed within three months to reduce ethanol yield losses.
Post-optimality analysis of performance of computer networks in flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract Computer and control network is a key component in a flexible manufacturing system. As such its design, specification and evaluation issues are critical in nature. The research discussed in this paper focuses on the issue computer and control network performance under variations in independent parameters such as, balance of workload, ratio of communication to processing workloads and probability density functions of processing and communication times. A case example is used to illustrate the above effects.
Theodor Lippmaa—A forgotten chromatographer

This paper discusses the activities of the Estonian scientist Theodor Lippmaa in the chromatographic investigation of rhodoxanthin during 1924–1926.
The interactions of mitogens with lymphoid cells and the effect of neuraminidase on the cells' responsiveness to stimulation☆

Abstract Early events in the interaction between mouse spleen cell populations and two mitogenic agents, phytohemagglutinin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, have been examined. Qualitative assessment by a fluorescent antibody technique indicated that these mitogens are first bound to cell surface membranes, then internalized. This process was maximal 30 min after PHA contact; a similar effect required up to 1 hr in the case of LPS. Internalization, but not binding, was essentially blocked by low temperature or by pretreatment of the cells with neuraminidase. More quantitative data were obtained through an absorption technique which assayed the amount of mitogen removed by cells through binding and internalization. Neuraminidase treatment almost completely blocked the PHA-absorptive capacity of such cells; however, recovery from this block occurred 4–6 hr after incubation without the enzyme. Similar treatment with neuraminidase also blocked the mitogenic effects of PHA. Prolonged incubation of cells alone in vitro resulted in progressive partial loss of their absorptive capacity; when they had been stimulatd by PHA and incubated for 24 hr or more, absorptive capacity for both mitogens was entirely lost. These studies show that binding and internalization of mitogens precede transformation and mitosis, and that both absorptive capacity and mitogenic effects are correlated with the capacity to internalize these mitogens.
University-industry research relationships in biotechnology: implications for the university

The growth of university-industry research relationships in biotechnology has raised questions concerning their effects, both positive and negative, on universities. A survey of over 1200 faculty members at 40 major universities in the United States reveals that biotechnology researchers with industrial support publish at higher rates, patent more frequently, participate in more administrative and professional activities and earn more than colleagues without such support. At the same time, faculty with industry funds are much more likely than other biotechnology faculty to report that their research has resulted in trade secrets and that commercial considerations have influenced their choice of research projects. Although the data do not establish a causal connection between industrial support and these faculty behaviors, our findings strongly suggest that university-industry research relationships have both benefits and risks for academic institutions. The challenge for universities is to find ways to manage these relationships that will preserve the benefits while minimizing the risks.
Hierarchical pattern of mucosal candida infections in HIV-seropositive women

Abstract purpose: Candida is the most common cause of opportunistic mucosal infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women. We had observed an apparent correlation between the severity of immunodeficiency and the site of mucosal candida infection. The current study was designed to determine whether significant correlations existed between the sites of mucosal candida infection and the degree of immunodeficiency, as determined by subsets of lymphocyte populations. patients and methods: The subjects in this study are 66 HIV-seropositive women evaluated by members of the Brown University Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Program during the 3-year period, September 1, 1986, through August 30, 1989. All patients had thorough clinical evaluations and relevant laboratory studies at defined intervals. All patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts below 0.2 × 10 9 /L received zidovudine therapy as soon as it became available. After July 1988, all patients with CD4 counts below 0.2 × 10 9 /L received prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. All patients were counseled about HIV infection, its modes of transmission, and the early symptoms of opportunistic infections. results: The longitudinal data demonstrated that candida often infected vaginal mucosa when there was no significant reduction in CD4 lymphocyte counts. Candida infection of the oropharyngeal mucosa was associated with highly significant reductions in CD4 lymphocyte counts. Esophageal candidiasis occurred only with advanced immunodeficiency associated with CD4 counts below 0.1 × 10 9 /L. conclusions: Candida mucosal infections occur in a hierarchical pattern in women with HIV infection. Determination of the basis for the differences in susceptibility to candida of the vaginal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal mucosal surfaces will require further studies.
Archiving Web-Published Materials: A Needs Assessment of Librarians, Researchers, and Content Providers

Article discussing archiving web-published materials and a needs assessment of librarians, researchers, and content providers.
Environmental determination of neurotransmitter function

Abstract In ‘deciding’ which transmitter to produce, developing neurones are subject to a variety of influences from their surroundings. Of particular importance are the findings that a group of neurones can alter their designation from, for example, adrenergic to cholinergic, and back again, depending on the nature of their environment.
Sex differences in immune responses and immune reactivity to stress in adolescents.

The immune system is the body’s major defense mechanism against disease. However, psychosocial factors, such as stress, can modulate various immune responses. Although they have been examined in ad...
The MIDdleware Assurance Substrate: Enabling Strong Real-Time Guarantees in Open Systems with OpenFlow

Middleware designed for use in Distributed Real-Time and Embedded (DRE) systems enable cost and development time reductions by providing simple communications abstractions and hiding operating system-level networking API details from developers. While current middleware technologies can hide many low-level details, designers must provide a static configuration for the system's underlying network in order to achieve required performance characteristics. This has not been a problem for many types of DRE systems where the configuration of the system is relatively fixed from the factory (e.g., aircraft or naval vessels). However for truly open systems (i.e., systems where end users can add or substract components at runtime)the standard static network configuration approach cannot guarantee that required performance will be met because network resource demands are not fully known a priori. Open systems with stringent performance requirements need middleware that can dynamically manage the underlying network configuration automatically in response to changing demands. Fortunately, recent trends in networking have resulted in a wide variety of networking equipment that expose a standardized low-level interface to their configuration via the Open Flow protocol. In this paper we discuss how Open Flow can be leveraged by DRE middleware to automatically provide performance guarantees. In order to make the discussion concrete, we describe the architecture of our prototype middleware MIDAS as well as the details of one example network resource management strategy. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach via performance assesment of a simple DRE application using our MIDAS and commerically available Open Flow hardware.
Arrival Patterns and Movements of Adult Sockeye Salmon in Lake Washington: Implications for Management of an Urban Fishery

Abstract The Lake Washington watershed in Washington State has several discreet breeding populations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka that return over the course of several months and remain in the lake for up to 6 months before spawning. Depending on the arrival timing and distribution of sockeye salmon in the lake, in-lake fisheries might disproportionately exploit one population or another and might select individuals from within populations having traits that covary with arrival timing (e.g., age, size, and sex). We applied disk tags to adult sockeye salmon as they entered the lake in 2003 and 2004 and tracked individual fish with ultrasonic transmitters. Recovery rates of disk-tagged fish declined over the course of both seasons and were lower in 2004 than in 2003, suggesting that prespawning mortality was occurring because of high water temperatures. Arrival timing did not vary consistently between populations and was at most weakly correlated with life history traits (older fish tended to arriv...
Oxygen distribution and vascular injury in the mouse eye measured by phosphorescence-lifetime imaging

Maps of the oxygen distribution in the retina of the mouse eye were obtained by phosphorescence-lifetime imaging. Phosphor dissolved in the blood was excited by modulated light and phosphorescence imaged through microscope optics with an intensified-CCD camera. Phosphorescence lifetimes and oxygen pressures were calculated for each pixel of the images. The resolution was sufficient to permit the detection of anomalies that result in reduced oxygen pressures in individual retinal capillaries. High-resolution maps of oxygen distribution in the retina can provide greater understanding of the role of oxygen and vascular function in diseases of the eye.
N-acyl-N-nitrosoamino acids and peptides

Abstract N-acylamino acids and peptides are readily nitrostated by N 2 O 4 and the products can be readily isolated. Hydrolysis of the N-nitrosoacylamino acids and polynitrosoacylpeptides in aqueous media (pH 1–8) occurs preferentially from the C-terminus.
Spectral analysis for finite rank perturbations of diagonal operators in non-archimedean Hilbert space

In this paper we are concerned with the spectral analysis for some classes of finite rank perturbations of diagonal operators in the form, A = D + F, where D is a diagonal operator and F = u1 ⊗ v1 + u2 ⊗ v2 + … + um ⊗ vm is an operator of finite rank in the non-archimedean Hilbert space \(\mathbb{E}_\omega \). Using the theory of Fredholm operators in the non-archimedean setting and the concept of essential spectrum for linear operators, we compute the spectrum of A. A few examples are given at the end of the paper to illustrate our main results.
Echocardiography of the aortic and pulmonary valves

E CHOCARDIOGRAPHIC detection of the semilunar valves lagged considerably behind the examination of atrioventricular valves. The first documentation of aortic valve and aortic root recordings were reported by Gramiak and Shah.‘.* Ultrasonic detection of pulmonary valve was first reported by Gramiak, Nanda, and Shah.3 This article will describe’ current applications of these areas of clinical echocardiography.
Total overlay analysis for designing future aligner

We found total overlay with respect to optical lithography using an approach similar to quality control technique employed at a semiconductor factory. This approach involves an aligner performance, process quality, reticle error and overlay measurement. This paper further describes new ides for the number of machines to be used for matching and data collection period. Lastly, improvement on total overlay and a prospective view for a future aligner and its usage are also described.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
D- and G-optimal experimental designs for the partition coefficient in freeze concentration

Abstract A variety of D- and G-optimal experimental designs are developed for continuous freeze concentration experiments when the partition coefficient was determined from the experimental data. The experimental parameters under consideration were the rate of advancement of the solid–liquid interface and the rotation rate of stirring the liquid phase. The data analysis consisted of three model parameters that had to be estimated from the experimental data. The experimental designs developed included simply-supported pseudo-exact D-optimal, pseudo-continuous D-optimal, the corresponding minimax designs, simply-supported G-optimal, and minimax G-optimal designs. The resulting designs show that the minimax G-optimal design can be an efficient design when the model parameters are not well known. When the model parameters are well known, then either the D-optimal or G-optimal designs would be preferred.
Market structure, cost of intermediation and profitability in commercial banking☆

Abstract The effects of market structure on the relative cost of intermediation and on profitability of banks are re-examined using market data in a unit banking environment. Unlike earlier studies, market concentration is shown to affect both measures of bank performance.
Kinesin’s Neck-Linker Determines its Ability to Navigate Obstacles on the Microtubule Surface

The neck-linker is a structurally conserved region among most members of the kinesin superfamily of molecular motor proteins that is critical for kinesin’s processive transport of intracellular cargo along the microtubule surface. Variation in the neck-linker length has been shown to directly modulate processivity in different kinesin families; for example, kinesin-1, with a shorter neck-linker, is more processive than kinesin-2. Although small differences in processivity are likely obscured in vivo by the coupling of most cargo to multiple motors, longer and more flexible neck-linkers may allow different kinesins to navigate more efficiently around the many obstacles, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), that are found on the microtubule surface within cells. We hypothesize that, due to its longer neck-linker, kinesin-2 can more easily navigate obstacles (e.g., MAPs) on the microtubule surface than kinesin-1. We used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to observe single-molecule motility from different kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 neck-linker chimeras stepping along microtubules in the absence or presence of two Tau isoforms, 3RS-Tau and 4RL-Tau, both of which are MAPs that are known to differentially affect kinesin-1 motility. Our results demonstrate that unlike kinesin-1, kinesin-2 is insensitive to the presence of either Tau isoform, and appears to have the ability to switch protofilaments while stepping along the microtubule when challenged by an obstacle, such as Tau. Thus, although kinesin-1 may be more processive, the longer neck-linker length of kinesin-2 allows it to be better optimized to navigate the complex microtubule landscape. These results provide new insight, to our knowledge, into how kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 may work together for the efficient delivery of cargo in cells.
A subranging photonic ADC based on cyclic code

A subranging photonic ADC based on cyclic code was introduced. 6-bit operation was verified using two 3-bit photonic ADCs. Required laser, receiver and high speed sampler count was reduced almost a factor of 4.
A Closely Regulated TWT Converter

The design concept for the traveling wave tube amplifier converter for possible use in the Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft (TOPS) is presented. An unusual combination of semiconductors and magnetics were utilized to achieve very stable voltage regulation on a number of separate outputs to satisfy the requirements of a high-power traveling wave tube (TWT), and at the same time operate at an efficiency of better than 90 percent from a 30-volt source. The circuitry consists of an output filter, an auxiliary Jensen oscillator driving a high-reactance transformer to provide current limiting to the heater, a variable time delay, a main Jensen oscillator driving the power transformer with a maximum step-up ratio of 120 to 1, and series transistorized post regulators to provide precise voltage adjustment and low output impedance. This paper discusses the design of the high-reactance transformer and the high step-up ratio transformer, as well as the high-voltage series regulators that are limited in range and operate at the top of the unregulated output voltage. Test data is presented, and details of current transients caused by charging the filter circuits, input current ripple, and output voltage ripples are considered. The circuit provides better than 0.5 percent regulation against load change, input voltage change, and over-operating temperature range of from -20 to + 80°C, with output ripple voltage of less than 2 volts peak-to-peak on top of the 3600-Vdc output. The measured efficiency was typically 87 percent. and recommendations are included to improve this to in excess of 90 percent.
Three factors in language variation

Universal Grammar and statistical generalization from linguistic data have almost always been invoked as mutually exclusive means of explaining child language acquisition. This papers show that such segregation is both conceptually unnecessary and empirically flawed. We demonstrate the utility of general learning mechanisms in the acquisition of the core grammatical system through frequency effects in parameter setting, and develop an optimization-based model of productivity with applications to morphology and syntax in the periphery. These findings in child language support the approach to the evolution of language that seeks connections between language and other cognitive systems, in particular the consequence of general principles of efficient computation.
Academic Factionalism in Japan

In the conventional rhetoric of Japanese social criticism, factionalism is an endemic condition caused by the lingering heritage of feudalism. Much the same kind of charges familiar in the political arena are common to discussions regarding cliques within the Japanese academic world, although there is almost no detailed research directly on the latter subject in Western languages. The following attempts to explicate one outstanding prewar example of factional strife in Japan's most prestigious university, the case of the Department of Economics at Tokyo Imperial University. It has been chosen for three reasons: (1) the Economics faculty were among the most deeply involved intellectuals in the dramatic prewar struggles over academic freedom; (2) the charge of factionalism has been raised explicitly and repeatedly by participants as well as others; and (3) the issues over which the struggle raged as well as many of the personalities have continued to be of significance in Japanese politics and within the universities down to the present. Because of its significance, there is available far more information than is common on such intramural factionalism.
We Are All Montgomery's Students

David Montgomery was a man of so many parts that it is impossible for a brief tribute to do justice to his many-faceted life and career. I will limit myself to my personal experience with David and to his influence on my own work.
Multimillijoule picosecond regenerative differentiator-amplifier

150-ps-FWHM, 12-mJ pulses have been generated in a diode-pumped regenerative amplifier (DPRA) after differentiating a 3-ns-FWHM, SBS-steepened seeding pulse using a tunable Bragg grating filter as the DPRA resonator spectrally selective mirror.
SNX9 Couples Actin Assembly to Phosphoinositide Signals and Is Required for Membrane Remodeling during Endocytosis

Summary Multiple modes of endocytosis require actin-dependent remodeling of the plasma membrane; however, neither the factors linking these processes nor their mechanisms of action are understood. The sorting nexin, SNX9, localizes to clathrin-coated pits where it interacts with dynamin and functions in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that SNX9 also localizes to actin-rich structures implicated in fluid-phase uptake, including tubular membranes containing GPI-anchored proteins and dorsal membrane ruffles. Moreover, we show that SNX9 is critical for dorsal ruffle formation and for clathrin-independent, actin-dependent fluid-phase endocytosis. In vitro, SNX9 directly associates with N-WASP, an Arp2/3 complex activator, and stimulates N-WASP/Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly. SNX9-stimulated actin polymerization is greatly enhanced by PI 4,5 P 2 -containing liposomes, due in part to PI 4,5 P 2 -induced SNX9 oligomerization. These results suggest a mechanism for the spatial and temporal regulation of N-WASP-dependent actin assembly and implicate SNX9 in directly coupling actin dynamics to membrane remodeling during multiple modes of endocytosis.
A nonlinear programming algorithm for solving semidefinite programs via low-rank factorization

In this paper, we present a nonlinear programming algorithm for solving semidefinite programs (SDPs) in standard form. The algorithm's distinguishing feature is a change of variables that replaces the symmetric, positive semidefinite variable X of the SDP with a rectangular variable R according to the factorization X=RR T . The rank of the factorization, i.e., the number of columns of R, is chosen minimally so as to enhance computational speed while maintaining equivalence with the SDP. Fundamental results concerning the convergence of the algorithm are derived, and encouraging computational results on some large-scale test problems are also presented.
Effect of Grapefruit Juice on the Pharmacokinetics of Microemulsion Cyclosporine and its Metabolite in Healthy Volunteers: Does the Formulation Difference Matter?

This study was conducted to determine the effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of microemulsion cyclosporine and its major metabolites, M1 and M17, in 12 healthy volunteers. Each subject received two oral doses of microemulsion cyclosporine with water or grapefruit juice. Each subject also received intravenous cyclosporine on a separate occasion. Blood samples were collected for assay of cyclosporine, M1, and M17 during a 24-hour period, and were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Compared with water, administration with grapefruit juice significantly increased peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time (AUC) of cyclosporine. Administration with grapefruit juice increased the absolute bioavailability of microemulsion cyclosporine by 45%. For cyclosporine metabolites, administration with grapefruit juice decreased the Cmax and AUC of M1 by 21% and 15%, respectively. These findings suggest that concurrent administration with grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of microemulsion cyclosporine significantly compared with water in healthy volunteers. The grapefruit juice affects each metabolite formation and its pharmacokinetics differently, which suggests that the major site of its formation is different.
Regulation of immunoreactive GAP-43 expression in rat cortical macroglia is cell type specific.

Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is an abundant, intensely investigated membrane phosphoprotein of the nervous system (Benowitz, L.I., and A. Routtenberg. 1987. Trends Neurosci. 10:527-532; Skene, J. H. P. 1989. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 12:127-156), with a hitherto unknown function. We have previously demonstrated that astrocytes, brain macroglial cells, contain GAP-43 (Steisslinger, H. W., V. J. Aloyo, and L. Vitkovic, 1987. Brain Res. 415:375-379; Vitkovic, L., H. W. Steisslinger, V. J. Aloyo, and M. Mersel. 1988. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:8296-8300; Vitkovic L., and M. Mersel. 1989. Metab. Brain Dis. 4:47-53). Results from double immunofluorescent labeling experiments presented here show that oligodendrocytes also contain GAP-43 immunoreactivity (GAP-43ir). Thus, all three macroglial cell types of the central nervous system (type I and type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) contain GAP-43. Whereas immunoreactive GAP-43 is expressed by progenitors of all macroglial cell types, the developmental regulation of its expression is cell type specific. Immunoreactive GAP-43 is downregulated in type 1 astrocytes, and constitutively expressed in both type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These results may be relevant to potential function(s) of GAP-43.
QED: Quick Error Detection tests for effective post-silicon validation

Long error detection latency, the time elapsed between the occurrence of an error caused by a bug and its manifestation as a system-level failure, is a major challenge in post-silicon validation of robust systems. In this paper, we present a new technique called Quick Error Detection (QED), which transforms existing post-silicon validation tests into new validation tests that significantly reduce error detection latency. QED transformations allow flexible tradeoffs between error detection latency, coverage, and complexity, and can be implemented in software with little or no hardware changes. Results obtained from hardware experiments on quad-core Intel® Core™ i7 hardware platforms and from simulations on a multi-core MIPS processor design demonstrate that: 1. QED significantly improves error detection latencies by six orders of magnitude, i.e., from billions of cycles to a few thousand cycles or less. 2. QED transformations do not degrade the coverage of validation tests as estimated empirically by measuring the maximum operating frequencies over a wide range of operating voltage points. 3. QED tests improve coverage by detecting errors that escape the original non-QED tests.
Continuing professional education and the discipline reviews

Continuing professional education (CPE) is an emerging area of educational provision in Australia for which there is no national policy. However, four single discipline reviews focusing on the law, medicine, engineering and teachers of mathematics and science, have been commissioned at the national level to examine, among other issues, CPE. The four reviews are discussed, using the same five headings relating to the importance given to CPE and its purpose, the relationship between CPE and pre‐service training, the mandatory and voluntary options and the delivery of CPE. General statements about CPE in Australia and possible policy developments in the field are drawn from the review reports.
A semi-analytical solution for slug tests in an unconfined aquifer considering unsaturated flow

Summary A semi-analytical solution considering the vertical unsaturated flow is developed for groundwater flow in response to a slug test in an unconfined aquifer in Laplace space. The new solution incorporates the effects of partial penetrating, anisotropy, vertical unsaturated flow, and a moving water table boundary. Compared to the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) model, the new solution can significantly improve the fittings of the modeled to the measured hydraulic heads at the late stage of slug tests in an unconfined aquifer, particularly when the slug well has a partially submerged screen and moisture drainage above the water table is significant. The radial hydraulic conductivities estimated with the new solution are comparable to those from the KGS, Bouwer and Rice, and Hvorslev methods. In addition, the new solution also can be used to examine the vertical conductivity, specific storage, specific yield, and the moisture retention parameters in an unconfined aquifer based on slug test data.
Educating for the New Public Service: Implications of the 'Transformation of Governance'

In a world where the very nature of public service is undergoing radical change, how are schools of public affairs to respond? The ‘transformation of governance’ identified by the National Academy of Public Administration provides an important framework. The transformation in public service students provides another. Using our experience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, this article identifies implications of these two transformations for public affairs education, and illustrates ways in which responses to them can be woven into a public affairs curriculum.
Sex-related outcomes after drug-eluting stent: should we "never mind" or "mind" the gap?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single most common cause of death among women. Although over the past 40 years age-adjusted mortality for CVD in Western countries has decreased, the decline among women is more modest than that of men ([1][1]). Moreover, life expectancy has increased, especially
Advances in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pruritus

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chronic pruritus is a common symptom that arises from both dermatologic and non-dermatologic conditions including chronic kidney disease, cholestasis, lymphoma and neuropathy. Over the past decade, research has elucidated many of the receptors, neuropeptides and cytokines involved in itch sensation and transmission. In addition, the first biomarker for cholestatic itch has been discovered. These findings have led to the development of a host of novel antipruritic medications, both on the market and in the pipeline.Areas covered: A summary of new and emerging treatments for pruritus, as well as possible targets for future therapeutic development is provided.Expert opinion: At present, there is no universally effective treatment available for all types of chronic pruritus. A combination of topical and systemic therapies addressing peripheral mediators, and a top-down approach targeting the brain and spinal cord, seems preferable to a single agent approach. Neural hypersensitization pla...
Immune Complexes: Normal Physiology and Role in Disease

It has been known for over 100 years that immune complexes can cause severe organ pathology. Many investigators have studied mechanisms of immune complexes mediated tissue destruction and how they contribute to the development of autoimmunity, but many critical aspects about immune complex function in causing disease are still unknown. The predisposing factors that govern immune complex tissue deposition and whether or not circulating immune complexes participate in tissue pathology all remain unclear at this time. Nevertheless, a great deal has been learned. It is known that many of the pathological effects of immune complexes are due to their ability to activate complement and bind IgG Fc? receptors. It has been well documented that Fc? receptors may either promote or down-regulate the pathological effects induced by immune complexes. The constituents of immune complexes are also well-defined demonstrating that the isotype and subclass of antibody within the immune complex as well as the nature of the antigen itself all play key roles in pathology. Mediators induced by immune complexes have also been discovered and have been shown to influence pathology. There have been many animal models of disease developed and studied in great detail allowing scientists to understand the mechanisms of clearance of immune complexes from the body. This brief review attempts to clarify the course of events known to take place during immune complex disease and review the basic knowledge gained over the last century.
Epigenetic Repression of CCDC37 and MAP1B Links Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease to Lung Cancer.

Introduction: Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share environmental risk factors. COPD also increases the risk of lung cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Methods: An epigenome-wide association study of lung tumors and cancer-free lung tissue (CFLT) pairs from non–small-cell lung cancer cases with (n = 18) or without (n = 17) COPD was conducted using the HumanMethylation450 beadchip (HM450K). COPD-associated methylation of top-ranked genes was confirmed in a larger sample set, independently validated, and their potential as sputum-based biomarkers was investigated. Results: Methylation of CCDC37 and MAP1B was more prevalent in lung tumors from COPD than non-COPD cases [54 of 71 (76%) versus 20 of 46 (43%), p = 0.0013] and [48 of 71 (68%) versus 17 of 46 (37%), p = 0.0035], respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and tumor histology. HM450K probes across CCDC37 and MAP1B promoters showed higher methylation in tumors than CFLT with the highest methylation seen in tumors from COPD cases ( p CCDC37 methylation was more prevalent in sputum from COPD than non-COPD smokers ( p CCDC37 and MAP1B expression was dramatically repressed in tumors and CFLT from COPD than non-COPD cases, p less than 0.02. Conclusions: The reduced expression of CCDC37 and MAP1B associated with COPD likely predisposes these genes to methylation that in turn, may contribute to lung cancer.
Regulating 527 Organizations

In this Essay, we consider whether the Federal Election Commission (FEC) has the authority to regulate independent 527 organizations (e.g., Swiftboat Veterans for Truth, Moveon.org, etc.) as political committees under the Federal Election Campaign Act. This issue, which was hotly debated during the last election cycle when it was considered and ultimately tabled by the FEC, is an extremely complex one that requires a deep understanding of election, tax, administrative, and constitutional law. After considering how these areas of law intersect, we conclude that the FEC lacks the authority to regulate independent 527 organizations as political committees.
The role of cyclic AMP in CRF-induced ACTH secretion.

SummaryACTH secretion by isolated pituitary cells is stimulated both by HME-CRF and DBC, and when given in combination, the two secretagogues interact synergistically. Although the mechanism of this interaction is unknown, the potentiating effect of DBC is displayed without an apparent time lag and persists after removal of the cyclic nucleotide. Corticosterone inhibits ACTH secretion induced by HME-CRF and DBC, acting alone or in combination. The implications of these findings are discussed.The authors are grateful to Beth Wiblin Portanova and James Roe for their expert technical assistance.
User Evaluation of Numeric Attributes of Automatically-Generated Reroutes

Research and development activities to create an automated capability for the generation of operationally-acceptable alternative air traffic routing continue to be actively pursued in industry and government. A key challenge is how to direct the reroute formulation algorithms to generate “good” routes. We describe here an evaluation using subject matter experts, to assess the validity of various numeric attributes of candidate alternate reroutes.
Analysis of knowledge about schistosomiasis control and the health and educational needs of the residents of Yunyang County in the Three Gorges Reservoir region

Objective To ascertain knowledge about schistosomiasis control and the health and educational needs of the residents of Yunyang County in the Three Gorges Reservoir region in order to provide reasonable guidance to prevent schistosomiasis outbreaks.Methods Cluster random sampling was used to survey 252 residents in villages of Bayang,Yunyang via a standardized questionnaire.Results The passing rate for knowledge about schistosomiasis control was 3.97%.Females,the illiterate,and individuals 30-40 and 50-60 years of age had lower passing rates.Residents preferred to obtain knowledge about schistosomiasis symptoms and control from radio,television,and lectures by and consultations with physicians.Conclusion The residents of Yunyang County have limited knowledge of schistosomiasis control.Providing adequate health education is crucial.
The shift-effect in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey.

Responses to sudden shifts of a pattern far away from the receptive field (shift-effect) were found in 73 out of 81 cells of the ventral, magnocellular LGN layers, but in only 26 out of 85 cells of the dorsal, parvocellular layers. Most of the former responses were clear and excitatory, and most of the latter were weak and inhibitory. Excitatory responses were stronger for steady receptive field illumination which when turned on also yielded an excitation. No convincing dependence on the colour of the receptive field illumination was observed. The results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis of transmission of steady illumination via the shift-effect (“restoration”), and with respect to a hypothesis assigning a signalling function of low stimulus specificity to the ventral layers.
Silver Nitrate and the Eyes of the Newborn

The emotional relationship which exists between parent and child is a unique and enduring affiliative system (Bowlby, 1958). From the parental side, the ontogeny of this system has presented some prominent issues in developmental research during the past decade. Two major themes have emerged. The first theme is the idea that the infant provides the stimulus which elicits and sustains parental love (Bell & Harper, 1977; Bowlby, 1958; Brazelton, 1973; Leiderman, 1980); the second, is the idea of rapid emotional bonding by the parents in the immediate postpartum period (for a critique of this concept see Chapter 8, this volume). This chapter will look more specifically at these themes by examining one major stimulus component, the eyes of the infant as they effect the parents’ behavior during this postpartum period.
Racial disparities in cigarette smoking and alcohol use and its association with prostate cancer aggressiveness.

A41 Background: Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have been linked to risk of several cancers. However, very limited literature is available on association between prostate cancer incidence and mortality and cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Despite prostate cancer incidence in African-Americans being 50% higher than Caucasians, and mortality rates more than two fold higher, the disparities in smoking and alcohol drinking behaviors of African-American males compared to Caucasian males and the relation to aggressiveness of prostate cancer have been inadequately addressed. This study examines whether the prevalence of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption is higher in African-American males compared to Caucasian males in a population-based prostate cancer case-only study which may partially explain the disparity of aggressive prostate cancer among African-Americans. Methods: This project utilizes the data from the North Carolina - Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project, a population-based case-only study, to examine the hypothesis. Data from 1,550 incident prostate cancer cases, 695 African-American men and 855 Caucasian men, recruited through August 31, 2007, was used for this analysis. Among this sample population, prostate cancer aggressiveness based on clinical information at the time of diagnosis is available for 878 subjects - 162 high aggressive, 278 intermediate aggressive, and 438 low aggressive prostate cancer cases. Results: A significantly (p= 0.002) higher percentage of African-Americans (73.6%) reported ever having smoked 100 cigarettes compared to Caucasians (64.0%). The percentage of subjects who reported current smoking (defined as smoking at the time of diagnosis or within past 12 months prior to diagnosis) is also significantly higher among African-Americans than Caucasians (26.6% vs 12.0% respectively, p
Exploring Domain Name Based Features on the Effectiveness of DNS Caching

DNS cache plays a critical role in domain name resolution, providing (1) high scalability at Root and Top-level-domain (TLD) name servers with reduced workloads and (2) low response latency to clients when the resource records of the queried domains are cached. However, the pervasive misuses of domain names, e.g., the domains of ``one-time-use'' pattern, have negative impact on the effectiveness of DNS caching as the cache has been filled with those entries that are highly unlikely to be retrieved. In this paper, we investigate such misuse and identify domain name-based features to characterize those one-time domains. By leveraging the features that are explicitly available from the domain name itself, we build a classifier to combine these features, propose simple policy modifications on caching resolvers for improving DNS cache performance, and validate their efficacy using real traces.
Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Exposure to Disinfection Byproducts in Humans

The epidemiological database available for assessing a potential relationship between disinfection by-products (DBPs) and adverse reproductive outcome remains relatively sparse and heterogeneous. Studies that have incorporated a quantitative approach to exposure assessment are limited in number. Several published studies demonstrate associations between exposure to DBPs and adverse reproductive outcomes including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and several birth defects. However, the findings are inconsistent and the epidemiological evidence is insufficient to infer a causal relationship. The evidence does not suggest a strong association between chlorination DBPs and any reproductive outcome. A modest association cannot be ruled out because of limitations in exposure assessment. Additional laboratory and human studies are needed before this issue can be resolved. Although a clear association between any specific by-product of chlorination and an adverse reproductive outcome has not been adequately demonstrated, the available evidence suggests that a strategy of prudent avoidance is indicated, and that measures aimed at reducing the concentrations of by-products could have a positive impact on public health.
The Discovery of 2-Aminobenzimidazoles That Sensitize Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis to β-Lactam Antibiotics in a Pattern Distinct from β-Lactamase Inhibitors

A library of 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives was screened for the ability to suppress β-lactam resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Several non-bactericidal compounds were identified that reversed intrinsic resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in a manner distinct from β-lactamase inhibitors. Activity also translates to M. tuberculosis, with a lead compound from this study potently suppressing carbenicillin resistance in multiple M. tuberculosis strains (including multidrug-resistant strains). Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the lead compounds act through a mechanism distinct from that of traditional β-lactamase inhibitors.
3D Phase Microscopy with Coded Illumination

We demonstrate 3D phase reconstruction from through-focus intensity images taken in an LED array microscope. Using the first Born and weak object approximations, 3D refractive index can be linearly related to measured intensity.
Sweating-boosted air cooling using nanoscale CuO wick structures

Abstract Low heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in air/fin-side is the bottleneck of dry cooling strategies for thermal power plants. Inspired by the phase change heat transfer during the perspiration of mammals, a sweating-boosted air cooling strategy with on-demand water dripping is proposed. The testing samples are featured with macroscale grooves for global liquid delivery, and with nanoscale hydrophilic copper oxide (CuO) wick structures for local liquid spreading. The experiments of sweating-boosted air cooling are conducted in a wind tunnel system. There are three wetting conditions with increasing dripping rates: dry, partially wetted, and flooded conditions. In the partially wetted conditions, the surface temperatures reduce and HTCs increase with increasing dripping rates. For a given dripping rate of water, HTCs are enhanced and surface temperatures are reduced with increasing air velocities. High air velocity and low surface temperature have a trade-off effect on the evaporation process. This effect results in almost constant saturated dripping rates for a given thermal load. A linear relationship between the saturated dripping rates and the thermal loads confirms that the evaporation dominates the heat transfer process of sweating-boosted air cooling. Complete surface wetting is obtained on the designed surfaces, but no obvious effect of groove width on HTCs is observed. Sweating-boosted air cooling can significantly increase air-fin side HTC in air cooled condenser (ACC), and dramatically reduce the water consumption compared to current water evaporative condenser (WEC). This research provides a fundamental understanding on the sweating-boosted effects on the air cooling.
Abrupt dependence of ultrafast extrinsic photoconductivity on Er fraction in GaAs:Er

We present a study of room-temperature, ultrafast photoconductivity associated with a strong, sub-bandgap, resonant absorption around λ = 1550 nm in three MBE-grown GaAs epitaxial layers heavily doped with Er at concentrations of ≈2.9 × 1018 (control sample), 4.4 × 1020, and 8.8 × 1020 cm−3, respectively. Transmission-electron microscopy reveals lack of nanoparticles in the control sample, but abundant in the other two samples in the 1.0-to-3.0-nm-diameter range, which is consistent with the previously known results. We measure very high photoelectron (Hall) mobility (2.57 × 103 cm2/V-s) and terahertz power (46 μW average) in the 4.4 × 1020 sample, but then, an abrupt decay in these properties as well as the dark resistivity is seen as the Er doping is increased just 2 times. The Er doping has little effect on the picosecond-scale, 1550-nm photocarrier lifetime.