cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of interstate migration in the United States: A search theory approach

The study develops and fits two economic models of migration decisions: a commonly used point-in-time discrete choice model and a new model based on the search theory. The search model for migration views migration as a series of sequential decisions made over time under uncertainty. It captures repeated migrations and better fits the life-cycle aspects of migration decisions. The model predicts the relationship between the duration of stay, the hazard rate, and the determinants of migration. The study also develops a new approach for measuring an individual's wage performance as one determinant of migration;The models are fitted empirically to the micro-panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The study follows the interstate migration behavior of 915 male heads of households, who were age 19 to 45 in 1968, from 1968 to 1987. First, wage equations are fitted to create an empirical measure of each individual's wage performance. Then, based on the point-in-time model, the study fits the probability of migration using a standard probit model. Finally, from the search model of migration, the hazard rate for migration by using both a constant and a time-dependent hazard model is estimated;The results show that better local wage performance, being married, having school-age children, being white, being a union member, and being self-employed or a farmer reduce the tendency to migrate. On the other hand, having more education, being young, and being unemployed increase the chances that an individual will migrate. With the increase in the duration of stay, the hazard rate for migration increases in the first four to six years and then decreases over time.
Saving life and brain with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A single-center analysis of in-hospital cardiac arrests.

Abstract Objective Despite advances in medical care, survival to discharge and full neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest remains less than 20% after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An alternate approach to traditional cardiopulmonary resuscitation is extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which places patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and provides immediate cardiopulmonary support when traditional resuscitation has been unsuccessful. We report the results from extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the Thomas Jefferson University. Methods Between 2010 and June 2014, 107 adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation procedures were performed at the Thomas Jefferson University. Patient demographics, survival to discharge, and neurologic recovery of patients who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation were retrospectively analyzed with institutional review board approval. Results A total of 23 patients (15 male and 8 female; mean age, 46 ± 12 years) underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. All patients who met criteria were placed on 24-hour hypothermia protocol (target temperature 33°C) with initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mean duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was 6.2 ± 5.5 days. Nine patients died while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation from the following causes: anoxic brain injury (4), stroke (4), and bowel necrosis (1). Two patients with anoxic brain injury on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation donated multiple organs for transplant. The survival to discharge was 30% (7/23 patients) with approximately 100% full neurologic recovery. Conclusions The extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedure provided reasonable patient recovery. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation also allowed for neurologic recovery and made multiorgan procurement possible. On the basis of the survival, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be considered when determining the optimal treatment path for patients who need cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The proper use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation improved the hospital outcomes for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Chapter 11 Padé approximants as a Computational Tool for Solving the Schrödinger and Bethesalpeter Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents solutions for the Schrodinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations at unphysical energies (the bound state region) and discusses subsequent continuation of the scattering amplitude back to scattering energies. The inherent difficulties of solving these equations are greatly reduced by staying out of the scattering region. Pade approximants offer a method of continuing the amplitude back to the physical region in many cases. The chapter also presents three examples of phase shift calculations along with their individual difficulties: a two-channel Schrodinger equation, a two-body Bethe–Salpeter equation, and the nonrelativistic scattering of a particle off a bound state, i.e., a three body problem. The continuation is performed by fitting the scattering amplitude to a Pade form. The input information consists of the values of the function at a set of points rather than the coefficients of a power series about one point. The chapter also presents several methods of determining the Pade coefficients and illustrates the theory of convergence with the help of several examples of simple functions.
Building Blocks of Life

Life is based on complex chemistry yet only a few of all the available elements participate in most life-supporting reactions on Earth: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. Of these, the most characteristic element of biological systems is carbon. In this chapter we will discuss why carbon is so favored by life on Earth and whether other elements could replace carbon in its dominant role on other worlds.
Implementation of systolic/wavefront processor arrays using single-chip digital signal processors

The exploitation of the high computational power and programmability of commercial single-chip digital signal processors is proposed to implement systolic/wavefront arrays. Systolic/wavefront arrays are viewed as special cases of general-purpose multiprocessing arrays and interconnection hardware which facilitates autonomous data/control communication is proposed. A prototype of a wavefront array using 4 TMS32020s, capable of performing high-speed matrix multiplication computations, is presented. >
Synthesis of the literature on the effectiveness of regional anesthesia for cataract surgery

Abstract Objective To synthesize the findings of the randomized trials of regional anesthesia management strategies for cataract surgery. Design Literature review and analysis. Method The authors performed a systematic search of the literature to identify all articles pertaining to regional anesthesia during cataract surgery on adults. One investigator abstracted the content of each article onto a custom-designed form. A second investigator corroborated the findings. The evidence supporting the anesthesia approaches was graded by consensus as good, fair, poor, or insufficient. Main outcome measures Evidence supporting the effectiveness of different forms of regional anesthesia. Results There was good evidence that retrobulbar and peribulbar blocks provide equivalent akinesia and pain control during cataract surgery. Additionally, sub-Tenon's blocks were at least as effective as retrobulbar and peribulbar blocks. There was good evidence that retrobulbar block provides better pain control during surgery than topical anesthesia, and there was fair evidence that peribulbar block provides better pain control than topical anesthesia. Conclusions This synthesis of the literature demonstrates that currently used approaches to anesthesia management provide adequate pain control for successful cataract surgery, but there is some variation in the effectiveness of the most commonly used techniques. Data are needed on patient preferences to determine the optimal strategies for anesthesia management during cataract surgery.
A Method for Finding Projections onto the Intersection of Convex Sets in Hilbert Spaces

Many problems require the ability to find least squares projections onto convex regions. Here it is shown that if the constraint region can be expressed as a finite intersection of simpler convex regions, then one can obtain the projection onto the intersection by performing a series of projections only onto the simpler regions. This may facilitate finding least squares projections in more complicated spaces since the approach is valid for a general Hiibert space rather than just Rn.
Do X Chromosomes Set Boundaries

In cells of the developing female embryo, genes on one of the two X chromosomes must be shut down. A noncoding gene called Xist and its antisense repressor Tsix are involved in the silencing process. However, it remains unclear how the female cell chooses which X chromosome to inactivate. In their Perspective, Percec and Bartolomei discuss new work ( Chao et al.) that identifies a transcription regulator, CTCF, that cooperates with Tsix to help the cell make this choice.
Perturbative boson expansions to all orders for even and odd nuclei: (I). Formal properties

Abstract The boson expansion first proposed by Beliaev and Zelevinsky is augmented to include odd as well as even particle numbers. Closed forms, valid to all orders, are presented for the boson images of the basic linear and bilinear fermion operators, both with and without angular-momentum coupling. The physical subspace is extracted explicitly in an elementary manner. The formalism simultaneously deals with both density and pair vibrations, their mutual interaction, and the effects of coupling of an odd particle.
Pharmaceutical Product Development and Liability With Chantix®: A Teaching Case

In 2006, Pfizer introduced Chantix® to the American medical marketplace. Touted as an effective tool for smoking cessation, the drug experienced first-year sales of just under $900 million. With smokers costing employers thousands of dollars more each year than nonsmokers, and with public pressure to give up cigarettes, many embraced Chantix® as a miracle drug. What many did not understand was that the drug was rushed to market before extensive testing and clinical trials could be conducted to prove its safety for a wide variety of users, especially those with psychiatric conditions. This case tells the story of Chantix®: how it works, how it came to market, and the more than 2,700 lawsuits that were filed as a result of injuries claimed to be caused by the drug. Students are given the opportunity to consider the ramifications of risk management decisions made throughout the development and marketing of the drug, as well as how litigation involving the medication might have been handled.
Alterations in vascular structure and function after short-term losartan treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The current study was performed to investigate the effects of a 2-week treatment regimen with either hydralazine or the nonpeptide angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonist losartan (both at 10 mg/kg daily s.c. injection) on blood pressure and vascular smooth muscle function and structure in male spontaneously hypertensive rats with established hypertension (24 weeks of age; systolic blood pressure = 174 +/- 7 mm Hg). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were recorded before and once weekly after initiation of treatment. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and heart weight were determined and experiments were conducted to assess changes in vascular reactivity and arterial medial thickness in ring segments of aorta and tail artery at the end of the treatment period. Systolic blood pressure, as well as mean arterial pressure, were significantly decreased to normotensive levels in hypertensive rats after 2 weeks of either hydralazine or losartan treatment. No effect on heart rate was observed in response to either antihypertensive agent. Body weight was not affected in either of the treatment groups, but a significant decrease in artery ring weight, arterial medial thickness and heart weight was seen only in losartan-treated rats. Whereas no changes in vascular reactivity were seen in hypertensive rats receiving hydralazine, norepinephrine- and serotonin-induced contractions were attenuated and acetylcholine-induced relaxations were enhanced in the losartan-treated rats. These data demonstrate that, although short-term 2-week treatment with either hydralazine or losartan results in normalization of blood pressure, only losartan resulted in significant alterations in vascular function and structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of diazepam on rates of fertilization in the CF-1 mouse☆

Abstract Diazepam in a dose of 0.75, 1.25, or 2.5 mg was force-fed to mice during 3 days of oocyte maturation and superovulation induced with pregnant mare's serum and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Twenty-two hours after hCG was administered, rates of fertilization were determined in squash preparations. Increasing doses of diazepam were associated with increasing numbers of degenerated eggs and decreasing rates of fertilization when compared to results in control animals. Chromosome preparations of ova from treated animals confirmed the chromatin degeneracy and failed to document an arrest of maturation of the ova. Correlative serum levels of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam were measured in blood obtained 2 hours after the indicated dose.
Is social support associated with greater weight loss after bariatric surgery?: a systematic review

Social support may be associated with increased weight loss after bariatric surgery. The objective of this article is to determine impact of post-operative support groups and other forms of social support on weight loss after bariatric surgery. MEDLINE search (1988-2009) was completed using MeSH terms including bariatric procedures and a spectrum of patient factors with potential relationship to weight loss outcomes. Of the 934 screened studies, 10 reported on social support and weight loss outcomes. Five studies reported on support groups and five studies reported on other forms of social support (such as perceived family support or number of confidants) and degree of post-operative weight loss (total n = 735 patients). All studies found a positive association between post-operative support groups and weight loss. One study found a positive association between marital status (being single) and weight loss, while three studies found a non-significant positive trend and one study was inconclusive. Support group attendance after bariatric surgery is associated with greater post-operative weight loss. Further research is necessary to determine the impact of other forms of social support. These factors should be addressed in prospective studies of weight loss following bariatric surgery, as they may represent ways to improve post-operative outcomes.
Multiple Response Selections in Children's Perspective Taking:

The present study re-examined Salatas and Flavell's (1976), “Perspective taking: The development of two components of knowledge.” Twenty Kindergarten, 20 second, and 20 third grade children were tested on two components of knowledge concerning views, (a) one observer has one view and (b) different observers have different views. Our results are consistent with traditional descriptions of the development of perspective taking but do not support the conclusions reached by Salatas and Flavell regarding the two components of perspective-taking knowledge. Contrary to that report, our study suggests that the “different observers-different views” concept is acquired earlier than the “one observer-one view” concept.
Proton uptake and quenching of bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

Abstract The addition of the cyclic cofactor 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (diaminodurene) to a suspension of chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides causes a light-dependent quenching of bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence. This effect is similar to one observed in chloroplasts and related to proton uptake. It is distinct from the quenching operative through the redox state of the primary electron donor and acceptor, as shown by its sensitivity to uncouplers and ionophorous antibiotics. The quenching is dependent on light intensity and diaminodurene concentration, and has a pH optimum at 7.1 where up to 70% of the fluorescence could be quenched in the presence of 0.33 mM diaminodurene. Measurements of this light-induced fluorescence quenching and of light-induced proton uptake were performed on similar solutions containing diaminodurene and various uncouplers and ionophorous antibiotics. All of these substances affected the fluorescence quenching and proton uptake in a similar fashion. The nigericin-like antibiotic, X-464, inhibited the proton uptake by 85% and reversed or prevented at least 95% of the fluorescence quenching. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with NH 4 Cl, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). However, those compounds such as valinomycin and gramicidin which cause an increase in the rate of proton uptake, precipitated a rapid quenching of fluorescence, which differed kinetically from the usual quenching. It is concluded from these studies that the fluorescence quenching is related to the uptake of protons, and may be useful as a probe to monitor proton accumulation in chromatophores.
Oxidation and Corrosion of Ceramics and Ceramic Matrix Composites

Ceramics and ceramic matrix composites are candidates for numerous applications in high temperature environments with corrosive gases and deposits. High temperature oxidation and corrosion issues must be considered for these materials. The most important oxidation and corrosion studies have recently focused on four major areas. These are: (I) oxidation of precursor-based ceramics, (II) studies of the interphase material in ceramic matrix composites, (III) water vapor interactions with ceramics, particularly in combustion environments, (IV) development of refractory oxide coatings for silicon-based ceramics. This paper explores the most current work in each of these areas.
Cysteine-mediated synthesis of CdS bionanocrystallites

Abstract The synthesis of CdS bionanocrystallites has been studied by reacting Cd(II)-cysteine complexes with inorganic sulfide. Cysteine-mediated synthesis of CdS bionanocrystallites proceeded slightly faster at 45°C than at room temperature. The sizes of these CdS bionanocrystallites, as determined by optical spectroscopy, increased with increasing initial sulfide/Cd(II) ratios. Analyses of size-distribution showed significant heterogeneity in sizes only at sulfide/Cd(II) ratios of 0.25. An ethanol precipitation procedure was developed to remove unreacted Cd(II)-cysteine complexes. This procedure also resulted in the isolation of CdS bionanocrystallites (bioNCs) that appeared uniform in size and chemical composition. Cysteine behaved like glutathione insofar as the size-range of CdS particles was concerned. However, cysteine-mediated synthesis of CdS bioNCs resulted in uniformly sized-particles as has been observed previously with phytochelatins. Cysteine-capped CdS particles exhibited pH-dependent changes in their properties. pH-induced changes were more pronounced in emission than in absorption spectra. Photocatalytic activities of these bioNCs were indicated by reduction of three dyes. Irradiation of methylviologen, basic fuchsin and naphthol blue black at 366 nm in the presence of cysteine-capped CdS bioNCs caused reduction of these dyes. Samples exhibiting higher luminescence were also more active in the photocatalysis experiments.
Blood glucose and insulin response in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

We compared community-dwelling SDAT and controls using a standart oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) under controlled dietary conditions. We measured glucose and insulin levels with fasting and in reponse to a glucose challenge
Reaching consensus: solidarity and strategic properties in binary social choice

We study solidarity and strategic properties in binary social choice. We consider both the standard setting with strict preferences and the “full” preference domain which allows for indifference. Two solidarity properties drive our investigation: “Welfare dominance under preference replacement”, which says that when the preferences of one agent change, the other agents all weakly gain or all weakly lose; and “population monotonicity”, which requires the same conclusion when one agent leaves. We identify the families of rules satisfying these properties on each preference domain. Additionally requiring efficiency characterizes the “consensus” rules in each case. We also relate welfare dominance to other properties. Two results highlight the role of indifference: Welfare dominance implies “anonymity” when preferences are strict, but not otherwise; “group strategy-proofness” implies welfare dominance when indifference is allowed, but not otherwise. Finally, we introduce a “duality” operator which structures the space of rules and extends our results to a model in which rules may select neither alternative. Only in this case are our solidarity properties consistent with “neutrality”.
Certain Mode Solutions of Forward Scattering by Meteor Trails

Scattering of a plane wave normally incident on a meteor trail which has a Gaussian radial distribution of ionization is investigated for various line densities by the wave-matching technique. Solutions were obtained by numerical integration methods with the aid of the SWAC, a high-speed digital computer. For a column of low line density, 1013 electrons per meter, scatter in the back direction checks very closely the results of approximate analyses made by previous workers. In the case of a low-line-density column having a diameter comparable to a wavelength, scatter in all other directions for both transverse and parallel electric vector polarization of the-incident wave checks simple theory based on the summation of scattering by individual electrons. The energy back-scattered by a trail of high line density, 1017 electrons per meter, is found to be nearly equal to the energy which would be back-scattered from an equivalent metal cylinder, thus checking previous approximate calculations. The equivalent metal cylinder is also found to be a good approximation to the actual ion column for scattering in other directions, but only in the case of parallel polarization of the incident wave. The results further show that echoes from high-line-density trails in directions other than the back direction may be appreciably higher than would be anticipated. This would tend to confirm certain recent experimental observations of forward scattering from meteor trails.
Unintentional firearm deaths: A comparison of other-inflicted and self-inflicted shootings

This study compares other-inflicted and self-inflicted unintentional firearm fatalities. Data come from the National Violent Death Reporting System, a new surveillance system from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data are currently available from 16 states and parts of California for various years 2003-2006. Of the 363 unintentional firearm fatalities, about half (49%) were other-inflicted, ranging from 78% of child (aged 0-14) deaths to 19% of older adult (aged 55+) deaths. In other-inflicted shooting deaths, the shooters were overwhelmingly young (81% under age 25). The shooters in the other-inflicted deaths were primarily friends (43%) or family (47%); brothers were the most common family shooter. To learn how to prevent unintentional injuries, it is critical to have information not only on the victim, but also on the person who inflicted the injury.
Importance of Elastic Recovery in the DSR for Binders and Mastics

Elastic Recovery (ER) is used by many highway agencies for modified bitumen grading specifications. The current ASTM/AASHTO standards for ER testing utilize the ductility bath as the measurement apparatus. A new procedure for measuring the elastic recovery in the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (ER-DSR) was developed and was used to test different polymer modified binders and mastics. The results show a good correlation between the ER-DSR and ER measured in the ductility bath (ER-DB). The ER-DSR requires less material and is more time efficient and repeatable than the ER-DB. Since the link between the ER measurements and pavement performance is not well established, the study compared ER measurements with binder rutting and fatigue results as measured by the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test and the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, respectively. Generally, binders and mastics with higher ER-DSR value showed higher percent recovery (MSCR) and fatigue resistance (LAS). This study also showed the effect of natural and manufactured fillers on the percent recovery measured with the MSCR test. Based on the experimental results, it is recommended to replace ER-DB with the ER-DSR. Also, agencies should consider the MSCR and fatigue tests as indicators of binder modification rather than the ER, as they provide direct measurements of damage resistance characteristics for which the elastic recovery might not indicate.
Functionalized large ring crown ethers

Abstract Reactions of 3,6,9,12-tetraoxa-7-(benzyloxymethyl)-1,14-tetradecanediol with appropriate ditosylates followed by hydrogenolysis produce hydroxymethyl-27-crown-9 and hydroxy- methyl-30-crown-10. Alkali metal cation complexation by lipophilic dodecyl ether derivatives of these crowns is examined.
Light synchronization of an endogenous circadian rhythm of cell division in Tetrahymena.

SYNOPSIS. Synchronization of cell division in axenic cultures of the free-living ciliated eukaryote Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) may be achieved equally as well by a sudden increase in irradiance, DDLL (switch-up), or by a sudden decrease in irradiance, LLDD (switch-down), provided that the irradiance transition occurs after a critical time in the late ultradian exponential growth phase. Circadian division indices (∼24 hrs) are associated with infradian generation times (GT>>24 hrs).
Computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy: the effects on the end-user's job satisfaction

Information technology has expanded into the realm of almost every organizational environment. The past 30 years have witnessed an emphasis on the technological attributes of these systems, often with little regard for human factors. Even more importantly, as information technology use becomes nonvolitional, assessment of the impact of these systems on end-user job satisfaction becomes essential for successful implementation and use. This research presents and empirically tests a theoretically sound model of how information system management support, system experience, and ease of system use affect the end-user's sense of computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Subsequently, the impacts of computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on the end-users' satisfaction with their jobs are examined. The empirical results validate the model indicating that computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy affect the end-user's job satisfaction as well as mediate the impacts of management support, system experience, and ease of system use. From these results, implications for practicing managers and directions for future research are discussed.
The Salience of Culture in Multinational Teams and its Relation to Team Citizenship Behavior

This study examines cultural identity salience - defined as the extent to which an individual finds the cultural backgrounds of his or her team members to be salient - within the context of multinational teams. Instead of assuming that the cultural backgrounds of team members in a multinational team are salient to each team member, cultural identity salience was assessed empirically in a study of 15 culturally heterogeneous teams based in the United States. The results suggest that team members who have the same country of origin as either most or very few of their fellow team members view culture as being salient. In addition, team citizenship behavior was found to be exhibited when there was dispersion in team members' cultural salience assessments. This study offers a new approach for empirically assessing the effects of culture in multinational teams. Implications for multinational team composition efforts are discussed.
Calculational subroutines for target width and movement amplitude corrections and normal distribution parameters

Fitts (1954) proposed an index of difficulty (ID) metric which reflects the information generated in executing a movement of specified amplitude to a target of specified width. The formula developed by analogy to the information theory of continuous signals states that ID = log, 2A/W, where A is movement amplitude and W is target width. The validity of this metric rests on several well known assumptions about movement performance. In particular, the spatial distribution of movement endpoints is assumed to be normal, and centered about the middle of the "target" of the movement. Welford (1968, p. 147) has pointed out that the information content of a normally distributed signal is approximately 4.1333 a (i.e., ay'iire), where a is the standard deviation of the distribution. Therefore, if target width is equal to 4.133 G, then target width accurately reflects the information in the distribution of movement endpoints, and ID will be properly calculated. In this case, about 96% of the movements should hit the target, since ±2.067 a (i.e., 4.133 = 2 X 2.067) includes 96% of the normal distribution. Thus, if more (or less) than about 4% errors are made, nominal target width is an inaccurate reflection of the information in the movement endpoint distribution and a correction is necessary to derive an "effective" target width equal to ±2.067 G for use in the ID formula above. For example, if more than 4% misses are made, effective target width would be wider than the nominal target width intended by the experimenter. Furthermore, a person may consistently overshoot (or undershoot) the intended target, thus producing an effective movement amplitude longer (or shorter) than the amplitude intended by the experimenter. Thus, an additional correction must be applied before computing 10. Typically, corrections are made by consulting tables of the normal distribution function and determining a z score associated with the probabilities of overshooting and undershooting the target. From these, both effective
Escalation and Initiation of Younger Adolescents' Substance Use: The Impact of Perceived Peer Use

PURPOSE: The middle school years are peak years for substance use initiation. The current study assessed the impact of peer influence on both initiation and escalation of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among sixth, seventh, and eighth graders. METHODS: Youth (n = 974; 45% male) were surveyed twice over an academic year and reported on their personal substance use and their perception of peer substance use. The sample ranged in age from 10 to 15 years at Time 1 (M age = 11.95) and was 44% White, 26% Latino, 7% Asian American/Pacific Islander, 4% African American, and 14% mixed ethnic origin. RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions examined whether personal and perceived peer substance use predicted later substance involvement, and logistic regressions assessed whether Time 1 perceived peer and personal use of other substances discriminated between initiates and noninitiates. After controlling for personal substance use, perceived peer alcohol use predicted both increased alcohol and marijuana use, and perceived peer marijuana use predicted increased alcohol use. Only perceived peer alcohol use was associated with initiation of alcohol, and both perceived peer alcohol and marijuana use predicted onset of marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the importance of perceived peer use in predicting both onset and escalation of use and suggest utilizing a multifaceted prevention approach that targets multiple substances. Language: en
BEHAVIORAL REGULATION OF GENETIC CASTE DETERMINATION IN A POGONOMYRMEX POPULATION WITH DEPENDENT LINEAGES

The fate of a social insect colony is partially determined by its ability to allocate individuals to the caste most appropriate for the requirements for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. In pairs of dependent lineages of Pogonomyrmex barbatus, the allocation of individuals to the queen or worker caste is constrained by genotype, a system known as genetic caste determination (GCD). In mature GCD colonies, interlineage female eggs develop into sterile workers, while intralineage eggs become reproductively capable queens. Although the population-level consequences of this system have been intensively studied, the proximate mechanisms for GCD remain unknown. To elucidate these mechanisms, we brought newly mated queens into the laboratory and allowed them to establish colonies, nearly half of which unexpectedly produced virgin queens only seven months after colony founding. We genotyped eggs, workers, and the virgin queens from these colonies. Our results showed that queens in young colonies produce both interlineage and intralineage eggs, demonstrating that queens of GCD colonies indiscriminately use sperm of at least two lineages to fertilize their eggs. Intralineage eggs were more frequent in colonies producing virgin queens. These findings suggest that intralineage eggs are predetermined to become queens and that workers may cull these eggs when colonies are not producing queens. Virgin queens produced by young GCD colonies were smaller than field-caught virgin queens, and often had developmental problems. Hence, they are probably nonfunctional and represent an intense resource drain for developing colonies, not a contribution to colony fitness.
Restitution of Blood Volume after Hemorrhage: Inhibition by Somatostatin

To determine whether glucagon plays a significant role in the restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were treated with somatostatin (SRIF). The administration of SRIF (14 μ/h) prevented the increase in osmolality and the complete restitution of plasma protein and blood volume that normally occur after 10% hemorrhage. The intraportal addition of glucagon (20 ng/kg-min) during the initial 4 h after hemorrhage reversed the SRIFinduced block in hyperosmolality and was followed by complete restitution of plasma protein and blood volume. These data suggest that increases in glucagon may be a part of the multihormonal response to hemorrhage, and this may be a part of a reflex that mediates the homeostasis of blood volume.
Color from motion : Dichoptic activation and a possible role in breaking camouflage

'Color from motion' describes the perception of a spread of subjective color over achromatic regions seen as moving. The effect can be produced in a display of multiple frames shown in quick succession, each frame consisting of a fixed, random placement of colored dots on a high-luminance white background with color assignments of some dots, but not dot locations, changing from frame to frame. Evidence is presented that the perception of apparent motion and the spread of subjective color can be activated by binocular combination of disjoint signals to each eye. The dichoptic presentation of every odd-numbered frame of the full stimulus sequence presented to one eye and, out of phase, every even-numbered frame to the other eye produces a compelling perception of color from motion equal to that seen with the full sequence presented to each eye alone. This is consistent with the idea that color from motion is regulated in sites at or beyond the convergence of monocular pathways. When the background field in the stimulus display is of low luminance, an amodally complete object, fully colored and matching the dots defining the moving region in hue and saturation, is seen to move behind a partially occluding screen. Observers do not perceive such an object in still view. Hence, color from motion can be used by the visual system to produce amodal completion, which suggests that it may play a role in enhancing the visibility of camouflaged objects.
Nitrogen, biochar, and mycorrhizae: Alteration of the symbiosis and oxidation of the char surface

Abstract In some cases amending soil with biochar improves fertility, although the exact mechanisms through which biochar alters soil processes are not well understood. In other cases, however, biochar amendment can have no effect on plant growth, or can have negative effects. When crop benefits occur, simultaneous amendment with biochar and mineral nutrients causes results that are not additive, suggesting that biochar may be capable of improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants, but the mechanisms of this synergy remain unknown. One possible mechanism that has not been fully explored is alterations to the plant–mycorrhizal fungus mutualism, a relationship that occurs in most land plants. In a 4 week greenhouse experiment, we investigated possible effects of the presence of biochar, mycorrhizal fungi, and nitrogen fertilizer on sorghum seedling growth. Results indicated that the combined treatment of biochar, mycorrhizal fungi, and high nitrogen decreased aboveground plant biomass by 42% relative to the mycorrhizae and high nitrogen treatment, while simultaneously promoting mycorrhizal root colonization. This is evidence for an induced parasitism of the mycorrhizal fungus in the presence of nitrogen and biochar within the 4 week timescale of our experiments. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we found evidence of increased surface oxidation on biochar particles over the 4 weeks of our trial, consistent with sorption of labile, plant derived dissolved organic matter or char oxidation, either via biotic or abiotic processes. Biochar in soils with mycorrhizae but without sufficient nitrogen showed more surface oxidation than other treatment combinations, and showed a significantly greater fraction of surface carbon present in carbonyl (–C O) functionalities. Our results suggest that soil nitrogen acts as a switch controlling the ability of char to influence the mycorrhizal symbiosis and, in turn, the degree to which the fungi oxidize the char surface.
Transformational leadership and the fundamental option for self-transcendence

Abstract Originally, transforming leadership was presented as moral leadership, developmentally raising both leader and follower in a common pursuit of end-values, and compared to transactional leadership, which altered followers' behaviors and attitudes in pursuit of self-interest based in modal-values. Subsequent theoretical development has focused on a change leadership not necessarily related to a change toward higher values. Although the concept of moral leadership must be expanded to include both transformational and transactional factors, this still does not take into account the reality of a leader who effects the retardation or reversal of the developmental process in followers. The premise of this paper is that the leader's orientation toward self and others must be taken into account in order to understand fully the leadership dynamic. A framework for consideration of this orientation is therefore proposed, based upon the concept of a fundamental option, or stable choice, for either self-transcendence or self-embeddedness.
A Reliability-Confidence Methodology for Complex Systems

An important problem of many complex systems is that of assessing the reliability in the minimum probability of survival, from the reliabilities of the components. If system performance can be represented by a network flow diagram, the system probability of failure can be expressed in terms of path probabilities of failure, each of which is a function of component failure probabilities.
Barnett-lothe tensors and their associated tensors for monoclinic materials with the symmetry plane at x3=0

The three Barnett-Lothe tensors S, H, L and the three associated tensors S(θ), H(θ), L(θ) appear frequently in the real form solutions to two-dimensional anisotropic elasticity problems. Explicit expressions of the components of these tensors are derived and presented for monoclinic materials whose plane of material symmetry is at x 3=0. We use the algebraic formalism for these tensors but the results are derived not by the straight-forward substitution of the complex matrices A and B into the formulae. Instead, we find the product −AB -1, whose real and imaginary parts are SL -1 and L -1, respectively. The tensors S, H, L are then determined from SL -1 and L -1. For S(θ), H(θ), L(θ) we again avoid the direct substitution by employing an alternate approach. The new approaches require minimal algebra and, at the same time, provide simple and concise expressions for the components of these tensors. Although the new approaches can be extended, in principle, to monoclinic materials whose plane of symmetry is not at x 3=0 and to materials of general anisotropy, the explicit expressions for these materials are too complicated. More studies are needed for these materials.
Serious pseudomonas infections associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

After observing a single case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), six other P. aeruginosa infections that were temporally related to ERCP were retrospectively found over one year (August 1985 through July 1986) at LDS Hospital. In all seven patients, infection developed within five days after an ERCP. Five patients had bacteremia and two had cholangitis. All five of the Pseudomonas isolates available for testing were serotype 010. Cultures from the ERCP endoscope and several other endoscopes also yielded P. aeruginosa serotype 10, as did environmental cultures from equipment used to clean endoscopes. Among 167 ERCPs performed during the outbreak period, no other patient acquired P. aeruginosa infection. Each of the patients in the outbreak received the first scheduled ERCP of the day. The mean duration between the cleaning of the ERCP endoscope and its subsequent use was significantly longer in cases than in matched controls, a factor that may have permitted contaminating organisms to achieve high inocula in the inadequately cleaned endoscope. Epidemic control measures included improved disinfection of endoscopes, ongoing surveillance, and appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis. This experience suggests that exogenous infection with Pseudomonas is associated with ERCP, that protracted and insidious outbreaks may occur, and that the occurrence of even a single case of Pseudomonas infection after ERCP should stimulate an epidemiologic investigation.
On optimal differentially private mechanisms for count-range queries

While there is a large and growing body of literature on differentially private mechanisms for answering various classes of queries, to the best of our knowledge "count-range" queries have not been studied. These are a natural class of queries that ask "is the number of rows in a relation satisfying a given predicate between two integers θ1 and θ2?" Such queries can be viewed as a simple form of SQL "having" queries. We begin by developing a provably optimal differentially private mechansim for count-range queries for a single consumer. For count queries (in contrast to countrange queries), Ghosh et al. [9] have provided a differentially private mechanism that simultaneously maximizes utility for multiple consumers. This raises the question of whether such a mechanism exists for count-range queries. We prove that the answer is no --- for count range queries, no such mechanism exists. However, perhaps surprisingly, we prove that such a mechanism does exist for "threshold" queries, which are simply count-range queries for which either θ1 = 0 or θ2 = +∞. Furthermore, we prove that this mechanism is a two-approximation for general count-range queries.
SUBUNIT REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL SODIUM PUMPS IN YEAST CELLS

Na+/K+-ATPase from animal cell membranes is known to consist of an α-subunit and a β-subunit. Amino acids within the α-subunit have been shown to participate in the catalytic functions of the enzyme and in the binding of cardioactive steroids. Although the function of the β-subunit is not known, expression of both α- and β-subunits is required for the functional enzyme. A putative third subunit, the γ-subunit, has been suggested to be a part of the functional Na+/K+-ATPase complex, based on experiments showing that both the catalytic α-subunit and a small peptide of Mr = 11 000 can be labeled by a photoreactive ouabain analog. Although the primary structure for the putative γ-subunit from rat and sheep was recently deduced from cDNA clones, participation of this small protein in the catalytic activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase has not been demonstrated. In experiments described here, the heterologous expression of Na+/K+-ATPase in yeast cells was used to investigate whether the γ-subunit is an essential component of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Yeast cells do not contain an endogenous Na+/K+-ATPase. The α- and β-subunits or the α-, β- and the putative γ-subunits of Na+/K+-ATPase were expressed in the yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ouabain-sensitive ATPase, p-nitrophenylphosphatase, and 86Rb uptake activities were measured either in membranes prepared from transformed yeast cells, or in intact yeast cells. Nontransformed yeast cells or yeast cells transformed with the γ-subunit alone served as controls. Northern analysis and Western blots demonstrated that yeast cells do not contain an endogenous peptide with significant sequence homology to the putative γ-subunit. Yeast samples containing only Na+/K+-ATPase α and β subunits were capable of ouabain-inhibitable enzymatic activity and 86Rb transport. No γ-subunit-dependent differences in the measured enzymatic activities or transport properties were detected in the different samples. These observations establish that the αβ-subunit complex is the minimum structural unit required for all the ouabain-sensitive reactions of Na+/K+-ATPase.
SU‐E‐J‐59: Visualizing Target Coverage by Iceball During MRI‐Guided Cryoablation

Purpose: This study sought to investigate a semi‐automated image registration technique for near real‐time visualization of iceball growth compared to planning target volume during MRI‐guided cryoablation of renal tumors. The goal was to accurately project the location of the iceball on the intra‐procedure planning image within 2mm during iceball monitoring. Methods: Development and testing were initiated via retrospective analysis of MRI‐guided renal cryoablations. Given an iceball image and pre‐ablation planning image from the same session, the algorithm performed the following: ‐ User placed seed points (n >= 5) to initialize the segmentation ‐ Segmentation was performed via a Random Walker algorithm and generated binary maps of the kidneys in both images and iceball in the 3D monitoring image (40 sec, 256×256×10 image stack). ‐ The kidney binary maps were resampled to 1mm slices and edge‐filtered prior to registration to improve registration accuracy. ‐ Registration via Fourier‐Mellin invariant matching and Phase‐Only Cross Correlation recovered rotation and translation transformations, which were then applied to the iceball mask. ‐ Registered iceball mask was projected onto the planning image.The algorithm was applied to artificial test objects with known transformations, to test objects with missing information to simulate iceball signal deficit, and to in vivo images of a cryoablation in humans. The Hausdorff distance (edge‐to‐edge distance) was used to quantitatively assess performance. Results: The approach was tested for artificial test objects and in‐vivo data sets. For the test objects, after registration the Hausdorff distance was = 20% of the object was visible in the monitoring image. For the in‐vivo application, the Hausdorff distance was reduced from 14.4 pixels to 2.6 pixels (7.2 sec, 256×256×46 stack). Conclusion: This semi‐automated registration algorithm executed in less than one minute and was robust to missing information, demonstrating potential for clinical use in near real‐time visualization of tumor coverage during cryoablation. This research is supported in part by the MD Anderson Cancer Center Support Grant CA016672.