cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear precision for parametric patches

We give a precise mathematical formulation for the notions of a parametric patch and linear precision, and establish their elementary properties. We relate linear precision to the geometry of a particular linear projection, giving necessary (and quite restrictive) conditions for a patch to possess linear precision. A main focus is on linear precision for Krasauskas’ toric patches, which we show is equivalent to a certain rational map on \({\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^d\) being a birational isomorphism. Lastly, we establish the connection between linear precision for toric surface patches and maximum likelihood degree for discrete exponential families in algebraic statistics, and show how iterative proportional fitting may be used to compute toric patches.
The Effects of Video Self-Modeling on the Decoding Skills of Children at Risk for Reading Disabilities

Ten first grade students, participating in a Tier II response to intervention (RTI) reading program received an intervention of video self modeling to improve decoding skills and sight word recognition. The students were video recorded blending and segmenting decodable words, and reading sight words taken directly from their curriculum instruction. Individual videos were recorded and edited to show students successfully and accurately decoding words and practicing sight word recognition. Each movie was two minutes or less and included 5 decoding segments and 5 new sight words. Decodable words were selected for each student based upon identified decoding deficits assessed weekly. Sight words were selected based upon the upcoming set of words in each student's RTI instruction lesson. Viewing of the video self-modeling movies occurred 4 times per week prior to RTI instruction. Data were collected twice per week using curriculum-based measures that included decodable and sight words printed in black and white on index cards and the Dibels Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) assessment. A single subject multiple baseline across participants design was used. Pre-and post-test measures included the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment, the Basic Phonics Skills Test, the Systematic Instruction in Phoneme Awareness, Phonics, and Sight Words Assessment and the standardized Woodcock-Johnson III subtests: Word Attack and Letter Word Identification. Results indicated an increase in decoding skills and sight word recognition for all participants. A two-week post-test maintenance assessment showed that 70% of the participants retained their highest decoding and sight word recognition skill levels or further increased their scores. The remaining 30% scored lower than their highest score but still remained above baseline. All 10 students improved their NWF scores from baseline to maintenance indicating a generalization of skills. Treatment integrity and inter-observer reliability were established with an equal rating of 98%. Social validity was recorded on video through an interview process that addressed both student and teacher feelings about the use of video self-modeling to improve reading skills and reading in general. Results from the study offer promise of an early response, specific intervention that may reach particular students who struggle with Tier II reading instruction.
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and pulmonary feedback loops

The medullary respiratory network generates respiratory rhythm via sequential phase switching, which in turn is controlled by multiple feedbacks including those from the pons and nucleus tractus solitarii; the latter mediates pulmonary afferent feedback to the medullary circuits. It is hypothesized that both pontine and pulmonary feedback pathways operate via activation of medullary respiratory neurons that are critically involved in phase switching. Moreover, the pontine and pulmonary control loops interact, so that pulmonary afferents control the gain of pontine influence of the respiratory pattern. We used an established computational model of the respiratory network (Smith et al., 2007) and extended it by incorporating pontine circuits and pulmonary feedback. In the extended model, the pontine neurons receive phasic excitatory activation from, and provide feedback to, medullary respiratory neurons responsible for the onset and termination of inspiration. The model was used to study the effects of: (1) "vagotomy" (removal of pulmonary feedback), (2) suppression of pontine activity attenuating pontine feedback, and (3) these perturbations applied together on the respiratory pattern and durations of inspiration (T(I)) and expiration (T(E)). In our model: (a) the simulated vagotomy resulted in increases of both T(I) and T(E), (b) the suppression of pontine-medullary interactions led to the prolongation of T(I) at relatively constant, but variable T(E), and (c) these perturbations applied together resulted in "apneusis," characterized by a significantly prolonged T(I). The results of modeling were compared with, and provided a reasonable explanation for, multiple experimental data. The characteristic changes in T(I) and T(E) demonstrated with the model may represent characteristic changes in the balance between the pontine and pulmonary feedback control mechanisms that may reflect specific cardio-respiratory disorders and diseases.
Predicting the future as Bayesian inference: People combine prior knowledge with observations when estimating duration and extent.

Predicting the future is a basic problem that people have to solve every day and a component of planning, decision making, memory, and causal reasoning. In this article, we present 5 experiments testing a Bayesian model of predicting the duration or extent of phenomena from their current state. This Bayesian model indicates how people should combine prior knowledge with observed data. Comparing this model with human judgments provides constraints on possible algorithms that people might use to predict the future. In the experiments, we examine the effects of multiple observations, the effects of prior knowledge, and the difference between independent and dependent observations, using both descriptions and direct experience of prediction problems. The results indicate that people integrate prior knowledge and observed data in a way that is consistent with our Bayesian model, ruling out some simple heuristics for predicting the future. We suggest some mechanisms that might lead to more complete algorithmic-level accounts.
Communication of Research on Forecasting: The Journal

It seems trivial to point out that one of the major goals of the International Institute of Forecasters is to communicate research findings. In particular, the IIF tries to foster communication among researchers, between researchers and practitioners, across nationalities, and across disciplines. We have two major vehicles for this: the annual symposiums and the journal. This editorial examines the results that we have had to date with our journals.
Topological gaps without masses in driven graphene-like systems

We illustrate the possibility of realizing band gaps in graphene-like systems that fall outside the existing classification of gapped Dirac Hamiltonians in terms of masses. As our primary example we consider a band gap arising due to time-dependent distortions of the honeycomb lattice. By means of an exact, invertible, and transport-preserving mapping to a time-independent Hamiltonian, we show that the system exhibits Chern-insulating phases with quantized Hall conductivities $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{e}^{2}/h$. The chirality of the corresponding gapless edge modes is controllable by both the frequency of the driving and the manner in which sublattice symmetry is broken by the dynamical lattice modulations. Finally, we discuss a promising possible realization of this physics in photonic lattices.
Alexander varieties and largeness of finitely presented groups

Let \(X\) be a finite CW complex. We say that \(X\) is large if \(X\) has a finite cover \(Y\) whose fundamental group surjects to a non-abelian free group. We show that the fundamental group of \(X\) is large if and only if there is a finite cover \(Y\) of \(X\) and a sequence of finite abelian covers \(\{Y_N\}\) of \(Y\) which satisfy \(b_1(Y_N)\ge N\). We give some applications of this result to the study of hyperbolic \(3\)-manifolds, mapping classes of surfaces and combinatorial group theory.
Seismic data decomposition into spectral components using regularized nonstationary autoregression

Summary Seismic data can be decomposed into nonstationary spectral components with smoothly variable frequencies and smoothly variable amplitudes. To estimate local frequencies, I use a nonstationary version of Prony’s spectral analysis method defined with the help of regularized nonstationary autoregression (RNAR). To estimate local amplitudes of different components, I fit their sum to the data using regularized nonstationary regression (RNR). Shaping regularization ensures stability of the estimation process and provides controls on smoothness. Potential applications of the proposed technique include noise attenuation, seismic data compression, and seismic data regularization.
Measured Amplitude Distribution of Automotive Ignition Noise

This paper describes a series of tests conducted 1) to statistically characterize the amplitude distribution of automotive ignition noise, and 2) determine whether such test results can be reproduced. Some tests showed the amplitude distribution to be Weibull and others indicated a log normal distribution. However, under controlled conditions the results obtained from an individual vehicle were quite repeatable.
Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem

“Naming and shaming” is a popular strategy to enforce international human rights norms and laws. Nongovernmental organizations, news media, and international organizations publicize countries' violations and urge reform. Evidence that these spotlights are followed by improvements is anecdotal. This article analyzes the relationship between global naming and shaming efforts and governments' human rights practices for 145 countries from 1975 to 2000. The statistics show that governments put in the spotlight for abuses continue or even ramp up some violations afterward, while reducing others. One reason is that governments' capacities for human rights improvements vary across types of violations. Another is that governments are strategically using some violations to offset other improvements they make in response to international pressure to stop violations.
Enantioselective acylation using a second-generation P-aryl-2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane catalyst.

The synthesis of P-aryl-2-phosphabicylco[3.3.0]octane·HBF4 salts 3a and 3c is described. Incorporation of the P-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl group in 3c allows use of a less expensive aryl bromide starting material. Deprotonation of the air-stable salts in situ with triethylamine releases the corresponding phosphines 1a and 1c for use in the kinetic resolution of representative secondary alcohols. The method is convenient for small-scale experiments and affords enantioselectivities s close to the values obtained using the free phosphines 1a and 1b in cases where s is ca. 40 or lower.
The piezoelectric semiconductor and acoustoelectronic device development in the sixties

In the 1960s the properties of piezoelectric semiconductors, group II-VI zinc-blende and group II-VII wurtzite structure, were explored for the development of acoustoelectronic (AE) devices. Bulk acoustic wave (BAW), delay lines, traveling wave amplifiers, and oscillators were developed. Although these elegant functional devices never made it into the realm of full-scale production and application, the piezoelectric semiconductor developments of the 1960s provided an exciting time for theoretical explanations and creative experimentation to explore device capabilities for electronic systems applications. Delay lines were formed from rectangular parallelepiped blocks of piezoelectric semiconductors with integral input and output transducers depleted of carriers at each end of the block. The ultrasonic traveling wave amplifier was based on the interaction of electrons under a bias field moving with a velocity faster than the piezoelectric field accompanying the acoustic traveling wave. The gain factor in a piezoelectric semiconductor under direct current bias was used to develop oscillators. The main research efforts were carried out by industrial laboratories with government funding support. This paper considers the work with piezoelectric semiconductors during the 1960s with examples from the author's own work.
Automatic Removal of Typed Keystrokes From Speech Signals

Computers are increasingly being used to capture audio in various applications such as video conferencing and meeting recording. In many of these applications, user may be simultaneously typing on the keyboard, e.g., to take notes or search for information. As a result, the captured speech signals are significantly corrupted by sounds generated by the user's keystrokes. In this paper we propose an algorithm to automatically detect and remove keystrokes from speech signals. The proposed method does not require any user training or enrollment and is computationally efficient. The keystroke removal algorithm generates significantly enhanced speech as measured by both user listening tests and speech recognition experiments
Smoothed Gradients for Stochastic Variational Inference

Stochastic variational inference (SVI) lets us scale up Bayesian computation to massive data. It uses stochastic optimization to fit a variational distribution, following easy-to-compute noisy natural gradients. As with most traditional stochastic optimization methods, SVI takes precautions to use unbiased stochastic gradients whose expectations are equal to the true gradients. In this paper, we explore the idea of following biased stochastic gradients in SVI. Our method replaces the natural gradient with a similarly constructed vector that uses a fixed-window moving average of some of its previous terms. We will demonstrate the many advantages of this technique. First, its computational cost is the same as for SVI and storage requirements only multiply by a constant factor. Second, it enjoys significant variance reduction over the unbiased estimates, smaller bias than averaged gradients, and leads to smaller mean-squared error against the full gradient. We test our method on latent Dirichlet allocation with three large corpora.
Frequency domain synthesis of multivariable linear regulators

This paper considers a general class of multivariable linear regulators and determines conditions under which there exist proper controllers such that output regulation is achieved with internal stability.
"A gene for...": the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders.

A central phrase in the new “GeneTalk” is “X is a gene for Y,” in which X is a particular gene on the human genome and Y is a complex human disorder or trait. This article begins by sketching the historical origins of this phrase and the concept of the gene-phenotype relationship that underlies it. Five criteria are then proposed to evaluate the appropriateness of the “X is a gene for Y” concept: 1) strength of association, 2) specificity of relationship, 3) noncontingency of effect, 4) causal proximity of X to Y, and 5) the degree to which X is the appropriate level of explanation for Y. Evidence from psychiatric genetics is then reviewed that address each of these criteria. The concept of “a gene for…” is best understood as deriving from preformationist developmental theory in which genes—like preformationist anlagen—“code for” traits in a simple, direct, and powerful way. However, the genetic contribution to psychiatric disorders fails to meet any of the five criteria for the concept of “X is a gene fo...
The discovery of addiction: Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America

Abstract The modern conception of alcoholism as a progressive, addictive disease dates from the late 18th century. By the mid-1800s it had become an integral part of American Temperance thought, as did the belief that total abstinence offered the only remedy for intemperance.
Influence and Deterrence: How Obstetricians Respond to Litigation against Themselves and Their Colleagues

The willingness of individuals to engage in a harmful act may be influenced by direct personal experiences and the experiences of others, which can inform individuals about the likely consequences of their actions. In this paper, we examine how obstetricians respond to litigation. It is contended that obstetricians respond to increases in litigiousness by performing more cesarean sections. Using micro data, we examine whether physicians perform more cesareans after they or their colleagues have been contacted about a lawsuit. We observe very small, short-lived increases in cesarean section rates. It does not appear that the recent sharp rise in cesarean section rates is in direct response to litigation.
Energy-efficient modulation design for reliable communication in wireless networks

1 In this paper, we have considered the optimization of the M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) constellation size to minimize the bit energy consumption under average bit error rate (BER) constraints. In the computation of the energy expenditure, the circuit, transmission, and retransmission energies are taken into account. A combined log-normal shadowing and Rayleigh fading model is employed to model the wireless channel. The link reliabilities and retransmission probabilities are determined through the outage probabilities under log-normal shadowing effects. Both single-hop and multi-hop transmissions are considered. Through numerical results, the optimal constellation sizes are identified. Several interesting observations with practical implications are made. It is seen that while large constellations are preferred at small transmission distances, constellation size should be decreased as the distance increases. Similar trends are observed in both fixed and variable transmit power scenarios. We have noted that variable power schemes can attain higher energy-efficiencies. The analysis of energy-efficient modulation design is also conducted in multi-hop linear networks. In this case, the modulation size and routing paths are jointly optimized, and the analysis of both the bit energy and delay experienced in the linear network is provided.
Stability of Marital and Cohabiting Unions Following a First Birth

In a recent paper, Manning et al. (Popul Res Policy Rev 23:135–139, 2004) examine the stability of marital and cohabiting unions from the perspective of children and find that children born to cohabiting parents are more likely to experience a parental separation than children born to married parents. They find, further, that subsequent marriage among cohabiting parents is associated with increases in the stability of these families, particularly among whites. We rely on the same data, the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, to extend their findings. Our empirical results complement Manning et al.’s by modeling four distinct trajectories of cohabitation and marriage around the time of the first birth and by comparing the dissolution risks associated with each. We focus particular attention on the stability of cohabiting couples who marry before a first birth and those who marry after a first birth. For these couples, we find that the ordering of cohabitation, marriage, and childbirth is not associated with union stability, and we interpret this to suggest that many cohabiting couples jointly plan marriage and childbirth.
The Velocity Snake

We present a new active contour model for boundary tracking and position prediction of nonrigid objects, which results from applying a velocity control to the class of elastodynamical contour models, known as snakes. The proposed control term minimizes an energy dissipation function which measures the difference between the contour velocity and the apparent velocity of the image. Treating the image video-sequence as continuous measurements along time, it is shown that the proposed control results in robust tracking. This is in contrast to the original snake model which is proven to have tracking errors relative to image (object) velocity, thus resulting in high sensitivity to image clutter. The motion estimation further allows for position prediction of nonrigid boundaries. Based on the proposed control approach, we propose a new class of real time tracking contours, varying from models with batch-mode control estimation to models with real time adaptive controllers.
An exploratory study on the emergence of management control systems: formalizing human resources in small growing firms

Abstract The adoption of management control systems (MCS) is a key element in managing the tension that growth imposes on young growing firms. Despite its importance to a large number of organizations, only recently has the empirical literature devoted attention to the evolution of these systems over the lifecycle of firms [Moores and Yuen, Account. Organizat. Soc. 26 (2001) 351]. This paper builds upon existing management control theory, mostly focused on established organizations, and existing predictions based on extended field observations to explore how these systems are adopted within growing firms. To advance theory, the paper also draws from the entrepreneurship and life cycle literatures. It identifies several variables as drivers of the emergence of management control systems including the size of the organization, its age, the replacement of the founder as CEO, and the existence of outside investors. The empirical evidence, from a database on the adoption of human resource management systems, is consistent with these variables being associated with the adoption of MCS. The paper also provides initial results on how the emergence of various types of management control systems depends on which systems the organization has already adopted.
Forward-security in private-key cryptography

This paper provides a comprehensive treatment of forwardsecurity in the context of shared-key based cryptographic primitives, as a practical means to mitigate the damage caused by key-exposure. We provide definitions of security, practical proven-secure constructions, and applications for the main primitives in this area. We identify forwardsecure pseudorandom bit generators as the central primitive, providing several constructions and then showing how forward-secure message authentication schemes and symmetric encryption schemes can be built based on standard schemes for these problems coupled with forwardsecure pseudorandom bit generators. We then apply forward-secure message authentication schemes to the problem of maintaining secure access logs in the presence of break-ins.
The Progenitor of Supernova 2011dh has Vanished

We conducted Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Snapshot observations of the Type IIb supernova (SN) 2011dh in M51 at an age of ~641 days with the Wide Field Camera 3. We find that the yellow supergiant star, clearly detected in pre-SN HST images, has disappeared, implying that this star was almost certainly the progenitor of the SN. Interpretation of the early time SN data which led to the inference of a compact nature for the progenitor, and to the expected survival of this yellow supergiant, is now clearly incorrect. We also present ground-based UBVRI light curves obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope at Lick Observatory up to SN age ~70 days. From the light-curve shape including the very late time HST data, and from recent interacting binary models for SN 2011dh, we estimate that a putative surviving companion star to the now deceased yellow supergiant could be detectable by late 2013, especially in the ultraviolet. No obvious light echoes are detectable yet in the SN environment.
Willingness to Pay and the Cost of Commitment: An Empirical Specification and Test

In a static setting, willingness to pay for an environmental improvement is equal to compensating variation. In a dynamic setting, however, willingness to pay may also contain a commitment cost. In this paper we incorporate the dynamic nature of the value formation process into a stated preference study designed to test whether there is an important dynamic component (commitment cost) in stated preference values. The results clearly indicate that stated preference values can contain commitment costs and that these can be quite large: respondents offered the opportunity to delay their purchasing decisions until more information became available were willing to pay significantly less for improved water quality than those facing a now-or-never decision. These results have important consequences for the design and interpretation of stated preference data.
Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials

This article describes a series of school-based field experiments in over 200 urban schools across three cities designed to better understand the impact of financial incentives on student achievement. In Dallas, students were paid to read books. In New York, students were rewarded for performance on interim assessments. In Chicago, students were paid for classroom grades. I estimate that the impact of financial incentives on student achievement is statistically 0, in each city. Due to a lack of power, however, I cannot rule out the possibility of effect sizes that would have positive returns on investment. The only statistically significant effect is on English-speaking students in Dallas. The article concludes with a speculative discussion of what might account for intercity differences in estimated treatment effects. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
CONTINUATION FOR NONLINEAR ELLIPTIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS DISCRETIZED BY THE MULTIQUADRIC METHOD

The Multiquadric Radial Basis Function (MQ) Method is a meshless collocation method with global basis functions. It is known to have exponentional convergence for interpolation problems. We descretize nonlinear elliptic PDEs by the MQ method. This results in modest-size systems of nonlinear algebraic equations which can be efficiently continued by standard continuation software such as AUTO and CONTENT. Examples are given of detection of bifurcations in 1D and 2D PDEs. These examples show high accuracy with small number of unknowns, as compared with known results from the literature.
The Brylinski beta function of a surface

An analogue of Brylinski’s knot beta function is defined for a submanifold of \(d\)-dimensional Euclidean space. This is a meromorphic function on the complex plane. The first few residues are computed for a surface in three dimensional space.
Use of Tunable Ligands Allows for Intermolecular Pd-Catalyzed C -- O Bond Formation

Bulky biaryl phosphine ligands facilitate Pd-catalyzed C-O coupling reactions of aryl halides with primary and secondary alcohols by promoting reductive elimination at the expense of beta-hydride elimination. The key to their success is the ability to match the size of the ligand to that of the combination of substrates. The efficient coupling of a number of unactivated aryl chlorides and bromides with cyclic and acyclic secondary alcohols was achieved. This included the coupling of allylic alcohols for the first time in a Pd-catalyzed coupling process.
Downward nominal wage flexibility- real or measurement error?

This paper presents a new method to correct for measurement error in wage data and applies this method to address an old question: How much downward wage flexibility is there in the United States? We apply standard methods developed by Bai and Perron to identify structural breaks in time series data. Applying these methods to wage histories allows us to identify when each person experiences a change in nominal wages. The length of the period of constant nominal wages is left unrestricted and is allowed to differ across individuals, as are the size and direction of the nominal-wage change. We apply these methods to data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. The evidence we provide indicates that the probability of a cut in nominal wages is substantially overstated in data that are not corrected for measurement error.
Interactive search and retrieval methods using automatic information displays

Throughout the world, the design and operation of large-scale information systems has become of concern to an ever-increasing segment of the scientific and professional population. Furthermore, as the amount and complexity of the available information has continued to grow, the use of mechanized or partly mechanized procedures for various information storage and retrieval tasks has also become more widespread. While a number of retrieval systems are already in operation in which the search operations needed to compare the incoming information requests with the stored items are performed automatically, no systematic study has ever been made of the use of man-machine interaction as a part of a mechanized text analysis and information processing system. Specifically, the recent development of high capacity random-access storage mechanisms and conversational input-output consoles should permit a rapid interchange of information between users and system. Such an interchange can then be used to produce improved search formulations, resulting in a more effective retrieval service.
Virtual memory, processes, and sharing in MULTICS

Spartan Books, New York, pp. 61-78. 10. GL<SER, E. L., COULEUn, J. F., AND OLIVER, G. A. System design of a computer for time-sharing applications. Proc. AFIPS 1965 Fall Joint Comput. Conf., Vol. 27, Part 1. Spartan Books, New York, pp. 197-202. 11. GLUCK, S. E. Impact of scratehpad memories in design: multifunctional scratchpad memories in the Burroughs B8500. Proc. AFIPS, 1965 Fall Joint Comput. Conf. Vol. 27, Part 1. Spartan Books, New York, pp. 661-666. 12. HOLT, A. W Program organization and record keeping for dynamic storage allocation. Comm. ACM 4, 10 (Oct. 1961), 422-431. 13. ILIFFE, J. K., AND JODEIT, J. G. A dynamic storage allocation scheme. Comput. J. 5, 3 (1962) 200-209. 14. KILBURN, T., EDWARDS, D. B. G., LANIGAN, M. J., AND SUMNER, F.H. 0ne-level storage system. IEEE Trans. EC 11, 2 (1962) 223-235. 1 5 . , HOWARTtt, D. J., PAYEE, R. B., AND SUMNER, F. H. The Manchester University ATLAS Operating System Part 1: The Internal Organization. Comput. J. 4, 3 (1961) 222225. 16. LONERGAN, W., AND KING, P. Design of the B5000 system. Datamation 7, 5 (1961) 28-32. 17. MAcKENzIE, F .B. Automated secondary storage managemen~. Datamation 11, 11 (1965) 24 28. 18. McCuLLOUGH, J. D., SPEIERMAN~ K. H., AND ZURCHER, F. W. A design for a multiple user multiprocessing system. Proc. AFIPS 1965 Fall Joint Comput. Conf., Vol. 27, Part 1. Spartan Books, New York, pp. 611-617. 19. McGEe, W.C. On dynamic program relocation. IBM Syst. J. 4, 3 (1965) 184-199. 20. O'NEILL, R.W. Experience using a time-sharing multiprogramming system with dynamic address relocation hardware. Proc. AFIPS 1967 Spring Joint Comput. Conf., Vol° 30. Thompson Books, Washington, D. C. pp. 611-621. 21. YYSSOTSKY, V. A., ConnATO, F. J., AND GnAt[AM, R. M. Structure of the MULTICS supervisor. Proc. AFIPS 1965 Fall Joint Comput. Conf., Vol. 27, Part 1. Spartan Books, New York, pp. 203-212. 22. WALD, B. Utilization of a multiprocessor in command and control. Proc. IEEE 5~, 12 (1966) 1885-1888. 23. . The descriptor--a definition of the B5000 information processing system. Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich., 1961.
Total synthesis of filipin III

Abstract Filipin III ( 1 ), a polyene macrolide antibiotic, has been synthesized for the first time. The polyol chain was assembled using a stereoselective carbon-carbon bond forming strategy previously developed in our lab: a cyanohydrin acetonide alkylation and reductive decyanation sequence. The polyene segment was prepared from L-ascorbic acid. These two components were coupled using Yamaguchi's esterification, and cyclized with an intramolecular Horner-Emmons reaction to form a trisubstituted alkene. Stereoselective reduction followed by deprotection gave filipin III. This highly convergent approach to filipin III represents the first total synthesis of a methylpentaene macrolide antibiotic.
Implementing the Friedman rule

In cash-in-advance models, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an equilibrium with zero nominal interest rates and Pareto optimal allocations place restrictions mainly on the very long-run, or asymptotic, behavior of the money supply. When these asymptotic conditions are satisfied, they leave the central bank with a great deal of flexibility to manage the money supply over any finite horizon. But what happens when these asymptotic conditions fail to hold? This paper shows that the central bank can still implement the Friedman rule if its actions are appropriately constrained in the short run.
Algebraic MACs and Keyed-Verification Anonymous Credentials

We consider the problem of constructing anonymous credentials for use in a setting where the issuer of credentials is also the verifier, or more generally where the issuer and verifier have a shared key. In this setting we can use message authentication codes (MACs) instead of public key signatures as the basis for the credential system. To this end, we construct two algebraic MACs in prime-order groups, along with efficient protocols for issuing credentials, asserting possession of a credential, and proving statements about hidden attributes (e.g., the age of the credential owner). We prove the security of the first scheme in the generic group model, and prove the security of the second scheme\dash using a dual-system-based approach\dash under decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH). Our MACs are of independent interest, as they are the only uf-cmva-secure MACs with efficient proofs of knowledge. Finally, we compare the efficiency of our new systems to two existing constructions of anonymous credentials: U-Prove and Idemix. We show that the performance of the new schemes is competitive with U-Prove (which does not have multi-show unlinkability), and many times faster than Idemix.
The Culture of Private Negotiation: Price Drift in Bilateral Bargaining*

The culture of private negotiation leads parties to agreements below a price that anchors beginning bids and offers. Possible anchors are a list price or suggested retail price. The anchor may be endogenous, e.g., the average reported trade price from previous trading activity. An endogenous anchor may cause a downward or upward drift in negotiated prices. Using bilateral bargaining data from laboratory experimental markets, this paper demonstrates how price information reports create drifts in negotiated prices. A downward drift is robust and causes sharp declines in total market surplus. Also, relative earnings are distributed toward buyers and away from sellers.
Interference decoding for deterministic channels

An inner bound to the capacity region of a class of three user pair deterministic interference channels is presented. The key idea is to simultaneously decode the combined interference signal and the intended message at each receiver. It is shown that this interference-decoding inner bound strictly contains the inner bound obtained by treating interference as noise, which includes interference alignment for deterministic channels. The gain comes from judicious analysis of the number of combined interference sequences in different regimes of input distributions and message rates.
Meaningful learning: The essential factor for conceptual change in limited or inappropriate propositional hierarchies leading to empowerment of learners

The construction and reconstruction of meanings by learners requires that they actively seek to integrate new knowledge with knowledge already in their cognitive structure. Ausubel's assimilation theory of cognitive learning has been shown to be effective in guiding research and instructional design to facilitate meaningful learning (Ausubel, The psychology of meaningful verbal learning, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1963; Educational psychology: A cognitive view, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968; The acquisition and retention of knowledge, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000). Gowin's Vee heuristic has been employed effectively to aid teachers and students in understanding the constructed nature of knowledge (Gowin, Educating, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981). “Situated learning” occurs when learning is by rote or at a lower level of meaningful learning. Concept mapping has been used effectively to aid meaningful learning with resulting modification of student's knowledge structures. When these knowledge structures are limited or faulty in some way, they may be referred to as Limited or Inappropriate Propositional Hierarchies (LIPH's). Conceptual change, or more accurately conceptual reconstrution, requires meaningful learning to modify LIPH's. Collaborative group learning facilitates meaningful learning and new knowledge construction. World-wide economic changes are forcing major changes in business and industry placing a premium on the power and value of knowledge and new knowledge production. These changes require changes in school and university education that centers on the nature and power of meaningful learning. New computer tools are available to facilitate teaching activities targeted at modifying LIPH's, and aiding meaningful learning in general. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:548–571, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10032
Fibrinogen and Fibrin

Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein that is converted to polymeric fibrin in response to damage to the vascular system. The clotting process is initiated when platelets aggregate at the wound site. Their disruption releases biologically active amines and a proteolytic cascade follows which culminates in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The fibrin polymer forms the matrix of the tangle of cellular and molecular substances called the blood clot. Atomic-level details are now in hand for many of the interactions that hold fibrin units together, although some aspects have yet to be resolved. Of necessity, fibrin clots need to be dismantled when they are no longer needed, an operation largely accomplished by the proteolytic enzyme plasmin. Various regulatory phenomena are involved in maintaining the balance between intravascular fluidity and clots that prevent blood loss. A variety of hereditary conditions, including mutant fibrinogens, can predispose individuals to either thrombosis or bleeding. Key concepts: The underlying fabric of blood clots is a protein polymer called fibrin. Fibrin clots are formed in response to injuries to any part of the vascular system. The conversion of soluble fibrinogen molecules to insoluble fibrin depends on thrombin generated from prothrombin. Keywords: fibrinogen; fibrin; clot stabilisation; fibrinolysis; blood clotting; X-ray structures
Transmission capacity of ad hoc networks with spatial diversity

This paper derives the outage probability and transmission capacity of ad hoc wireless networks with nodes employing multiple antenna diversity techniques, for a general class of signal distributions. This analysis allows system performance to be quantified for fading or non-fading environments. The transmission capacity is given for interference-limited uniformly random networks on the entire plane with path loss exponent alpha > 2 in which nodes use: (1) static beamforming through M sectorized antennas, for which the increase in transmission capacity is shown to be thetas(M2) if the antennas are without sidelobes, but less in the event of a nonzero sidelobe level; (2) dynamic eigenbeamforming (maximal ratio transmission/combining), in which the increase is shown to be thetas(M 2/alpha ); (3) various transmit antenna selection and receive antenna selection combining schemes, which give appreciable but rapidly diminishing gains; and (4) orthogonal space-time block coding, for which there is only a small gain due to channel hardening, equivalent to Nakagami-m fading for increasing m. It is concluded that in ad hoc networks, static and dynamic beamforming perform best, selection combining performs well but with rapidly diminishing returns with added antennas, and that space-time block coding offers only marginal gains.
Useful Products from Complex Starting Materials: Common Chemicals from Biomass Feedstocks

A rapidly expanding area of inquiry is the use of plant biomass for the industrial production of organic compounds for which there is high demand. This interest is fuelled largely by the anticipated decline in the supply of petroleum, and the inevitable concomitant rise in cost. Over the past 30 years, significant progress has been made toward the large-scale conversion of plant biomass to common chemicals such as methanol, ethanol, glycerol, substituted furans, and carboxylic acids. However, examination of the list of top production organic chemicals reveals numerous opportunities for future development, including simple halocarbons, alkenes and arenes. Progress toward efficient and economical production of these challenging targets from biomass has recently been reported, and future success is likely to continue through academic and industrial collaboration.
Performance Analysis for Multichannel Reception of OOFSK Signaling

In this paper, the error performance of on-off frequency shift keying (OOFSK) modulation over fading channels is analyzed when the receiver is equipped with multiple antennas. The analysis is conducted in two cases: the coherent scenario where the fading is perfectly known at the receivers and the noncoherent scenario where neither the receiver nor the transmitter knows the fading coefficients. For both cases, the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) detection rule is derived and analytical probabilities of error expressions are obtained. The effect of fading correlation among the receiver antennas is also studied. Simulation results indicate that for sufficiently low duty cycle values, lower probabilities of error values with respect to FSK signaling are achieved. Equivalently, when compared to FSK modulation, OOFSK with low duty cycle requires less energy to achieve the same probability of error, which renders this modulation a more energy efficient transmission technique.
Quantum interference in a lambda system driven by non-overlapping pulses with the same carrier frequency

This article describes quantum interference in a lambda system driven by two identical pulses that are each sufficiently broadband to drive both dipole-allowed transitions. The first pulse drives the system into a quantum superposition, making the effect of the second pulse depend critically on its optical phase and resulting in Ramsey-like fringes. This method, using just two pulses of the same carrier frequency, is conceptually simpler than in previous Raman–Ramsey studies, which use pump and Stokes pulses in each of two spatially separated regions. The goal here is not efficient population transfer, but to investigate narrow features resulting from quantum interference. I first explore these effects for low-inversion, which illustrates many key features using an easy-to-visualize model. I then use Schrodinger’s equation in a semiclassical model to extend the results to arbitrary inversion. Informative quantum interference features remain when using this simplified scheme.
A CENTERING APPROACH TO PRONOUNS

In this paper we present a formalization of the centering approach to modeling attentional structure in discourse and use it as the basis for an algorithm to track discourse context and bind pronouns. As described in [GJW86], the process of centering attention on entities in the discourse gives rise to the intersentential transitional states of continuing, retaining and shifting. We propose an extension to these states which handles some additional cases of multiple ambiguous pronouns. The algorithm has been implemented in an HPSG natural language system which serves as the interface to a database query application.
Does Action Learning Promote Collaborative Leadership

Given the need to unlock the capacity of everyone in the organization, interest in collaborative leadership is growing. But how is such a practice developed? The author proposes the use of action learning—in its original formulation, namely, through reflection on real-time work experience dealing with unfamiliar problems—as a gateway to collaborative leadership. Action learning is portrayed as growing in acceptance as a management education and learning approach that distills knowledge from a context to be used to provide learning to the practice as well as to the practitioner. The account demonstrates how the operating practices of collaborative leadership are directly affected by action learning and proposes that the two approaches are based on common principles.
Race, Revolution and Women

(2012). Race, Revolution and Women. The Black Scholar: Vol. 42, Black Scholar Classics: Remembering the 1970's In Memorium: Elizabeth Catlett, 1915–2012, pp. 31-36.
Laser Damage Testing of Small Optics for the National Ignition Facility

A damage test procedure was established for optical components that have large incident beam footprints. The procedure was applied on coated samples for a high-powered 1053-nm, 3-ns pulse-length laser system.
Adaptive Control of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Ultra-Capacitor Hybrid System

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a number of advantages beyond those of most other fuel cells. However, like other fuel cells, rapid load following is difficult, and can lead to fuel starvation and consequently fuel cell damage. Mitigating fuel starvation and improving load following capabilities are conflicting control objectives. However, the issue can be addressed by the hybridization of the system with an energy storage device. In this paper, a steady-state property of the SOFC, combined with a current regulation strategy, is used to manage transient fuel utilization and thereby address fuel starvation. Meanwhile, an overall system strategy is employed to manage energy sharing in the hybrid system for load following as well as for maintaining the state-of-charge of the energy storage device. This work presents an adaptive control algorithm that uses online parameter estimation to update the controller. The control design is validated on a hardware-in-the-loop setup and experimental results are provided.
Quantum system identification

We formulate and study, in general terms, the problem of quantum system identification, i.e., the determination (or estimation) of unknown quantum channels through their action on suitably chosen input density operators. We also present a quantitative analysis of the worst-case performance of these schemes.
Stokes Mechanism of Drag Reduction

The mechanism of drag reduction due to spanwise wall oscillation in a turbulent boundary layer is considered. Published measurements and simulation data are analyzed in light of Stokes' second problem. A kinematic vorticity reorientation hypothesis of drag reduction is first developed. It is shown that spanwise oscillation seeds the near-wall region with oblique and skewed Stokes vorticity waves. They are attached to the wall and gradually align to the freestream direction away from it. The resulting Stokes layer has an attenuated nature compared to its laminar counterpart. The attenuation factor increases in the buffer and viscous sublayer as the wall is approached. The mean velocity profile at the condition of maximum drag reduction is similar to that due to polymer. The final mean state of maximum drag reduction due to turbulence suppression appears to be universal in nature. Finally, it is shown that the proposed kinematic drag reduction hypothesis describes the measurements significantly better than what current direct numerical simulation does.