cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pricing in a Customer Market

In standard pricing models, movements in demand are partially offset by price responses. In a customer market, however, price markups may decrease with high demand. Thus, price may magnify, rather than stabilize, demand movements. I consider a monopolist selling a good of which first-time consumers are uncertain. Repeat customers know that the product works. The monopolist trades the objectives of exploiting past customers and attracting new ones. In a period with many new potential customers, the monopolist gives more weight to attracting and lowers its markup. Last, I examine some evidence on whether expansions are periods with disproportionately many new customers.
Hardy–Littlewood inequality for quasiregular maps on Carnot groups

Abstract We generalize a Hardy–Littlewood inequality for L p -norms of conjugate harmonic functions to horizontal components of quasiregular mappings on Carnot groups.
Examination of the mechanism involved in antral inhibition of gastric secretion.

1. The transplantation of approximately half of the gastric antrum into a Heidenhain pouch, where it was exposed to an acid environment, resulted in no significant depression of gastric secretion.
Two-dimensional delta-operator formulated discrete-time systems: state-space realization and its coefficient sensitivity properties

By developing the 6-operator analog of the Roesser model, state-space realization of two- and multi-dimensional /spl delta/-systems is investigated. The corresponding notions of gramians and balanced realization are also designed. It is shown that, discrete-time system implementation using this model can yield superior coefficient sensitivity properties.
Effect of delays on the present value of a project

Examines the effects of delays in project completion and/or attainment of full capacity production on the discounted present value of a project. The decision-making technique developed in the ensuing presentation can guide a project director in dealing with situations created by project delays and over-estimation of expected demands or a particular product.
A LEED-AES study of the initial stages of oxidation of Fe (001)

Abstract LEED and AES have been used to study the structural changes and kinetics of the initial interaction between Fe(001) and oxygen at room temperature. The AES oxygen signal was quantified by using a two-dimensional oxide layer as a calibration point. This reproducible oxide layer was prepared by the high temperature reaction of H2O at 10−6 torr with Fe(001). The initial oxygen sticking coefficient was observed to be close to unity, which suggests that the chemisorption is non-activated and involves a mobile adsorption step. The rate of chemisorption decreased as (1-Θ) and exhibited a minimum at Θ = 0.5. LEED data indicate that the minimum value of the sticking coefficient corresponded to the completion of a c (2 × 2) surface structure. Upon additional exposure to oxygen, an increase in the sticking coefficient was observed in conjunction with the disappearance of the c (2 × 2) and a gradual fade out of all diffraction features. After mild heating, epitaxial FeO (001) and FeO (111) structures were observed. The simultaneous appearance of a shifted M2,3M4,5M4,5 iron Auger transition with the increase in the sticking coefficient and the disappearance of the c (2 × 2) indicated that oxide nucleated on the surface after the complete formation of the c (2 × 2) structure. The relatively high sticking coefficient during the initial oxidation indicates that formation of a mobile adsorbed oxygen state precedes the formation of oxide.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Predictive Methods for Estimating Thermophysical Properties

Twenty-five years of research on predicting properties are reviewed on the basis of projects resulting in the ongoing American Petroleum Institute's Technical Data Book - Petroleum Refining and the AIChE-DIPPR's Data Prediction Manual and Data Compilation. While methods at this time are accurate for some properties and certain classes of compounds and their mixtures, very little improvement is evident for other properties. While many weaknesses are directly attributable to a paucity of data available for deriving prediction methods, complexity of certain molecules and their interactions have yet defied development of useful prediction techniques. Properties to be discussed will be limited to liquids and vapors and will include basic thermophysical properties, derived thermal and equilibrium properties, and transport properties. Results from evaluation of predictive methods against experimental data will be used for assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current methods. Suggestions for data necessa...
Visual brightness: Some applications of a model

Abstract Several models have postulated networks analogous to electrical filters in order to account for neurophysiological and psychophysical behavior of the visual system. A filter system that contains inhibitory feedback, such as those postulated by Fuortes and Hodgkin and by Sperling and Sondhi, can be used to account for the cube-root relation that typically obtains between judged brightness and intensity of light flashes. Elaboration of the model in terms of lateral facilitation and lateral inhibitory feedback enables it to account for differences among brightness-intensity functions measured at different retinal loci. The same type of elaboration may also help to account for the way brightness depends on stimulus area.
Stent Thrombosis Redux — The FDA Perspective

Stent Thrombosis Redux — The FDA Perspective Dr. Andrew Farb and Ashley Boam write that as compared with on-label use, off-label use of drug-eluting stents is associated with increased risks of both early and late stent thrombosis, as well as death or myocardial infarction. Given the benefits and risks, physicians should consider certain patient characteristics in deciding whether to use a drug-eluting or a bare-metal stent. Dr. Donald Baim, chief medical and scientific officer of Boston Scientific, and Dr. Steven Nissen, chairman of The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at The Cleveland Clinic, discuss the risks and benefits of drug-eluting stents.
Student Motivational Dynamics in the Era of School Reform

Abstract This article traces the conception of “the problem with the public school” as represented in 3 reform documents: A Nation at Risk (1983), the National Education Summit Policy Statement (1996), and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). I examine the problem definitions and solutions manifested in each reform for beliefs about student motivation to learn. These beliefs in turn are compared to research illustrations of student motivation obtained in each reform period. The article ends with suggestions for “small changes” in classroom practices that might improve student motivation to learn, promote the goals of NCLB, and enhance the healthy development of children.
The East Asian Economic Crisis: Surging U.S. Imperialism?

Abstract The financial crisis that engulfed Asian countries in 1997–98 allowed the United States and the International Monetary Fund to attack the East Asian model of development. In return for needed aid, the IMF required the affected Asian countries to implement deregulatory, free-market “reforms” which exacerbated their economic crises and curtailed their economic sovereignty. These countries, including Japan, are resisting U.S. and IMF attempts to dismantle what has been a relatively successful model of economic development.
Light-avoidance-mediating photoreceptors tile the Drosophila larval body wall

Photoreceptors for visual perception, phototaxis or light avoidance are typically clustered in eyes or related structures such as the Bolwig organ of Drosophila larvae. Unexpectedly, we found that the class IV dendritic arborization neurons of Drosophila melanogaster larvae respond to ultraviolet, violet and blue light, and are major mediators of light avoidance, particularly at high intensities. These class IV dendritic arborization neurons, which are present in every body segment, have dendrites tiling the larval body wall nearly completely without redundancy. Dendritic illumination activates class IV dendritic arborization neurons. These novel photoreceptors use phototransduction machinery distinct from other photoreceptors in Drosophila and enable larvae to sense light exposure over their entire bodies and move out of danger.
Morphologic Studies of the Placenta and Autopsy Findings in Neonatal-onset Glutaric Acidemia Type II

A case of neonatal-onset glutaric acidemia type II with electron-transfer flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency is presented. The morphological pattern of disease in the male infant included hypospadias, c...
Confidence Intervals for Mean Absolute Deviations

The mean absolute deviation is a simple and informative measure of variability. Approximate confidence intervals for mean absolute deviations in one-group and two-group designs are derived and are shown to have excellent small-sample properties under moderate nonnormality. Sample size planning formulas are derived.
Stylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American Southwest

Preface 1. Introduction to the problem 2. The hypotheses 3. The data base and date collection 4. Design classification 5. Ceramic exchange 6. Subsistence-settlement systems and vessel form 7. Temporal variation 8. Theories of style and ceramic design variation References Index.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Parameters of the Sequence-Specific Interaction of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase with Nontemplate Strand Oligodeoxyribonucleotides†

The specific recognition by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase of single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos) with the sequence of the -10 promoter region on the nontemplate strand has been studied. Binding was monitored by observing the increase in fluorescence of 2-aminopurine residues incorporated in the oligos. The effects of salt on the rates of formation and dissociation of RNA polymerase.oligo complexes are relatively small, from which we conclude that electrostatic interactions contribute minimally to the favorable binding free energy. From the convex temperature dependence of ln Ka (Ka is the equilibrium association constant), we infer that a large apparent negative heat capacity, of 1-2 kcal M-1 K-1, accompanies complex formation, which is interpreted as due to a conformational change in RNA polymerase. Contrary to expectation, the forward rate constant for binding of oligos is more than 10-fold smaller than that for open complex formation at strong promoters. This suggests that in comparison to an oligo, promoter DNA may be better able to accelerate this required conformational change in the RNA polymerase. Oligo binding was shown to compete with the interaction between RNA polymerase and promoters, indicating that the two bind to overlapping sites on the RNA polymerase
Plasma, Salivary, and Urinary Oxytocin in Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study

Although oxytocin (OT) has the potential to be an informative biomarker of social functioning in patients with eating disorders, the burden of invasive blood draws or lumbar punctures limits OT study. Salivary and urinary OT measurements may be advantageous, as they require less invasive sampling techniques which could be conducted in a wider variety of settings. Yet, the degree to which the concentration of OT in these fluids is correlated with blood levels is uncertain, as is the impact of vomiting on salivary secretion of OT. Therefore, we compared contemporaneously sampled OT concentration in blood, saliva, and urine from twenty women acutely ill with anorexia nervosa. Salivary OT was positively correlated with plasma OT in patients with no history of self-induced vomiting (r=0.89), but correlation was lower in those with recent history of self-induced vomiting (r=0.42). Urinary and plasma OT were not well-correlated(r=0.13), suggesting preliminarily that collection of plasma OT remains the method of choice. Self-induced vomiting in eating disorders may limit the applicability of salivary sampling for OT.
A comparison of adolescent and adult mothers' maternal separation anxiety

Maternal separation anxiety was compared for 20 adolescent and 20 adult mothers. The adolescent mothers were recruited from a high school teen parent program. Adult participants were recruited from 2 university day care programs. The Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale was used to assess the level of anxiety experienced by employed or school enrolled mothers when separated from their children. Analysis of variance indicated a group difference for separation anxiety with the adolescent mothers being significantly more anxious when leaving their children.
Correlation between LUTS (AUA-SS) and erectile dysfunction (SHIM) in an age-matched racially diverse male population: data from the Prostate Cancer Awareness Week (PCAW)

The relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia and sexual health in men participating in a national multicenter screening program was studied. A total of 12 679 men were screened for prostate cancer in the year 2003. Of these, 6641 men had completed both the American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUA-SS) and the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaires. We assessed the apparent effect of comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hypercholesteremia and diabetes), smoking habits and testosterone level on the overall sexual health. Age and race were also assessed as factors affecting the SHIM score. We used a general linear multivariable regression analysis to express the effect of these variables on the sexual health in these men adjusting for the apparent effect of LUTS. The mean and median age of the population was 58.4 +/- 9.8 and 58 y, respectively. The median AUA-SS was 4/25 (mean=5.7 +/- 5.3) and SHIM score was 19/25 (mean=16.3 +/- 5.9). Of the men, 4948 (75%) were Caucasian and 1154 (17%) were from African-American racial origin. A high AUA-SS appears to have a negative effect on the overall sexual health (P<0.05) after adjusting for all other confounding factors. As expected, age showed a significant inverse correlation with SHIM score (P<0.05). Caucasian men on average appear to have a significantly higher SHIM score by 6.5 points when compared to African-American men after adjusting for age, comorbidities, smoking habits, and AUA-SS (P<0.05). However, with increasing age, the difference in SHIM score diminishes between the two groups. Further, smoking and comorbidities were strong predictors of poor sexual health performance. Interestingly, hypogonadism (testosterone <300 ng/dl) was not a significant risk factor (P=0.104) when adjusting for all other variables. Nonetheless, in a univariate analysis, testosterone levels significantly correlated with reported SHIM scores (P<0.05). The overall sexual health in aging men is substantially affected not only by age, but by the severity of their urinary symptoms after adjusting for the most common known risk factors, suggesting perhaps a common underlying pathophysiology. Moreover, race appears to constitute another neglected potential risk factor, which should be investigated further in future studies.
Increasing Turbocharged Engine Operating Ranges Through Use of a Booster System

In the natural gas industry a large portion of the engines used for compression are lean-burn engines. When these engines operate at low equivalence ratios, oxides of nitrogen (NOX ) can be minimized. The lean-burn engines are turbocharged to deliver high air flow to the engine. However, varying ambient temperatures alter the mass flow rate of air delivered to the engine, changing the equivalence ratio the engine fires at. This may cause an engine to be de-rated, or taken off line reducing the gas throughput. This problem can be partially offset by the installation of a turbocharger booster system to increase the available energy at the turbocharger turbine inlet. One method to boost the energy available to drive the turbocharger is to increase the temperature of the exhaust before it enters the turbine via a relatively small dry low NOX burner. A turbocharger booster system was designed, prototyped, installed, and tested at the National Gas Machinery Laboratory (NGML) turbocharger test and research facility (TTRF). The test data show that the addition of a turbocharger booster system increased the speed of the turbocharger without increasing the emission levels. The increase in speed translates to an increased pressure ratio and mass flow rate of air produced by the compressor. By controlling the booster system, constant air flow rate can be achieved regardless of ambient conditions. This paper provides test results that show how the system can be used to increase an engine’s operating range and mitigate ambient effects.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effect of the strong metal―support interactions on the behavior of model nickel/titania catalysts

Abstract The behavior of nickel crystallites supported on titania (rutile) upon heating in H 2 and O 2 atmospheres has been investigated by using transmission electron microscopy. When Ni TiO 2 specimens were heated in additionally purified ultrahigh-purity hydrogen (APH) at 500 and 700 °C, alternate changes in the shapes of the crystallites were observed. This shape alternation is found to be associated with the extension and contraction of the crystallites. During heating of Ni TiO 2 specimens in hydrogen (APH) at 700 °C, cavities were formed in the substrate probably because of the migration of TiO 2−x away from the substrate underneath and near the particle. The specimens were also heated alternately in oxygen and hydrogen (APH) atmospheres at 700 °C. During heating in an oxygen atmosphere, the particles extended considerably over the substrate surface and/or diffused into the substrate. On subsequent heating in a hydrogen atmosphere, large crystallites were formed on the substrate surface. On further heating in hydrogen, the crystallites extended again but to a much smaller extent than in an oxygen atmosphere. These results suggest that in the case of Ni TiO 2 the interactions between the particle and substrate are overall stronger in an O 2 atmosphere than in a H 2 atmosphere.
Application of a Novel Microdosimetry Analysis and its Radiobiological Implication for High-LET Radiation

For short-range high-LET radiation therapy, the biological effects are strongly affected by the heterogeneity of the specific energy distribution delivered to tumor cells. Three-dimensional information at the cellular level is ideal for this type of study, but it is extremely difficult to obtain. In this paper, a novel microdosimetry analysis, which obtains the specific energy distribution directly from the morphological information in individual autoradiographic sections, is applied to in vivo human glioblastoma multiforme and normal brain tissue in boron neutron capture therapy. Specific energy distributions were obtained for both specimens, and they are consistent with a uniform boron microdistribution. We also used a biophysical model for cell survival analysis based on the specific energy and were able to bridge it with the model based on the corresponding macroscopic parameter (dose) using existing experimental data. The survival constant for the microscopic model was determined; cell survival curves were predicted for uniform and non-uniform source distributions, i.e., sources and cell nuclei bound together totally or only partially. The results indicate that the behavior of the survival curve can vary widely, which may have important clinical implications.
The timing of streptolysin O release is controlled by the sloR operon

Abstract Streptolysin O (SLO) is a member of the thiol-activated cytolysins found in a number of Gram positive pathogenic bacteria. Often accompanying these cytolysins is a second gene first identified in Clostridium perfringens as the putative perfringolysin O regulator (pfoR). Members of the pfoR family are integral membrane proteins and exclusively found in exotoxin producing low %G+C Gram positive bacteria. The homolog of pfoR found in Streptococcus pyogenes is gene Spy0146 or slo R, a member of a three gene operon. In contrast to all other species, slo R is co-transcribed with another gene, Spy0145, a member of a large family of predicted transcriptional regulators of the yjg F family. The third gene (Spy0144) is a predicted DNA binding protein that may function as a regulator for the operon. We previously had shown that inactivation of SloR modulates the expression of SLO expression. To examine the effect of the slo R operon on SLO hemolysis, S. pyogenes strain NZ131 or its isogenic mutants for slo R (OK85) or Spy0144 (NZ131ΔSpy144) were grown in rich medium, with supernatant samples harvested between early-logarithmic and stationary phases. Trypan blue was used to inhibit SLS activity. Hemolysis in strain OK85 ( slo R-) was delayed as compared to wild type by approximately one cell division, while strain NZ131ΔSpy0144 showed an early expression of hemolysis as compared to wild type. The inactivation of Spy0144 appears to be related to increased expression of slo R and up-regulation of SLO. Restoration of a functional copy of Spy0144 on a bacteriophage integration vector was able to partially restore the wild type phenotype. The findings suggest that the slo R operon may encode an environmental sensor that relays some external signal to the cell, modulating the transcription of SLO through a yet to be determined molecular pathway.
Benefits of Community-Based Forestry in the US: Lessons from a Demonstration Programme

SUMMARY Community-based forestry (CBF) in the US involves a diversity of activities that can occur on public or private lands, and extends beyond land ownership and management into the processing and marketing of forest products and services. Like CBF in many other parts of the world, it shares the interdependent goals of achieving ecological health and social well-being. Actual benefits achieved through CBF are not yet well documented in the literature. This paper illustrates the diversity of CBF activities in the US through the participating projects of the Ford Foundation's Community-Based Forestry Demonstration Program and examines programme outcomes with attention given to the conditions under which benefits accrue to poor and marginalised people. The discussion reflects on the importance of looking at institutional change as well as project level benefits when assessing environmental and social outcomes.
Deformation and annealing behavior. I. Polyethylene terephthalate films

Abstract The morphology and deformation behavior of uniaxially and biaxially oriented thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films was examined by bright field, diffraction and dark field electron microscopy. A large, 250-500 A, nodule structure was observed under a variety of conditions, in addition to the smaller 75–100 A nodules that have been reported previously. Dark field micrographs indicate that oriented PET, heat set at 180° to 240° C, is composed of small (140 A) isometric crystallites, with a tendency to orient the 100 plane in the plane of the film. It is suggested that the nodular structure and small isometric crystallites may contribute to PET ductility at low temperatures.
The amount of nuclear protein synthesis in sea urchin blastulae

Abstract The question of whether protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus has been re-investigated in sea urchin blastulae cells. Nuclei prepared by means of a step sucrose gradient were freed of ribosomes on the outer nuclear membrane and of both nuclear membranes, by two successive washes with a mixture of Tween and DOC. The resultant nuclei were solubilized in a high salt buffer, centrifuged through sucrose, and paniculate material ⩾150 S was fixed with glutaraldehyde. These nuclear extracts were subjected to equilibrium centrifugation in cesium sulfate to detect polypeptide that might be associated with putative nuclear polyribosomes. A maximum of 0.2% of the total cellular putative nascent polypeptide was localized in the nuclear extracts; this represents 20 times the apparent amount that could be due to contamination by cytoplasmic polyribosomes. However, this amount of putative nascent polypeptide in the nucleus is so minute that it eliminates the possibility that nuclear RNA is translated in the nucleus.
The Holy, Catholic Theater: Exegesis of Life on the Stage

This article explores the theological/philosophical resonances of the theater. “Holy” and “catholic” are the key terms that shape the reflection. The holy is masked in the ordinary details of plays and musicals. Thus, it is fitting to say that the theater is “God-haunted,” a place of transcendence and transformation. The catholicity of the theater is found in acknowledging its inherent commitment to telling the whole truth, or at least endeavoring to tell what is true, about human existence. We are by nature story-telling creatures, and the narratives embodied in the theater aid in interpreting and reflecting on mystery and truth, in the exegesis of our lives and of our way of being in the world. Two plays and a musical are representative anecdotes that flesh out the ideas advanced in the essay—Equus, Auntie Mame, and A Chorus Line.
Fractal Organic Hazes Provided an Ultraviolet Shield for Early Earth

The Archean Earth (3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago) was probably enshrouded by a photochemical haze composed of fractal aggregate hydrocarbon aerosols. The fractal structure of the aerosols would have had a strong effect on the radiative properties of the haze. In this study, a fractal aggregate haze was found to be optically thick in the ultraviolet wavelengths while remaining relatively transparent in the mid-visible wavelengths. At an annual production rate of 10 14 grams per year and an average monomer radius of 50 nanometers, the haze would have provided a strong shield against ultraviolet light while causing only minimal antigreenhouse cooling.
Selective internal Yttrium-90 radioembolization therapy (90-Y SIRT) in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma (MM) to liver, refractory to systemic therapy: analysis of imaging findings, survival and factors associated with prolonged survival

Purpose To investigate the correlation of imaging findings with survivals in patients (pts) with unresectable metastatic melanoma (MM) to liver, refractory to systemic therapy , treated with selective internal yttrium-90 radioembolization therapy (90-Y SIRT). Materials and Methods Consecutive pts with unresectable MM to liver, who failed with systemic therapy, treated with resin-based 90Y SIRT in last 9 years, and who had cross sectional imaging (PET in 75% and chest abdomen pelvis CT or MR in 25% of pts) before 90-Y SIRT were evaluated retrospectively. Imaging findings were correlated with progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RECIST 1.1 criteria were used for liver disease. The OS times were calculated from diagnosis of primary melanoma (OS-dx), from first 90Y SIRT (OS–90-Y) and from MM to liver (OS-MM). Absence of progression of MM to liver was considered as PFS. Kaplan Meir method tested with log rank test and Cox proportional hazard model were used for survival analysis. Results 24 pts (mean age 48.8 years, SD 14.5) with MM to liver underwent 42 90-Y SIRTs. The median OS-dx, OS-MM and OS-90Y were 121.4, 27.9 and 13.4 months(m) respectively. The median PFS was 10.1 m. PFS in partially responded (n=3), stable disease (n=15) and progressive disease (n=6) according RECIST 1.1 criteria were 19.6, 10.3 and 1.3 m respectively (p=0.001). Before 90-Y SIRT, the pts had Child-Pugh class A (n=21), B (n=2) and C (n=1) with corresponding median OS-90Y of 15, 2.6 and 0.9 m (p=0.02) respectively. More than 8 MM lesions to liver were present in 29.2% pts and had median OS–90-Y of 5.5 m vs 17.7 m in pts with Conclusion RECIST 1.1 responses, less than 8 MM to liver lesions and absence of extrahepatic MM disease before 90Y SIRT were found predictor of prolonged survival.
Diffusion-controlled ligand binding to spheres partially covered by receptors: an effective medium treatment.

Abstract An effective medium treatment is used to extend Berg and Purcell's theory of diffusion-controlled ligand binding to a sphere partially covered by receptors. This treatment takes into account more completely the effects of interference between receptors. The results are in excellent agreement with computer simulations by Northrup.
Neonatal novelty exposure, dynamics of brain asymmetry, and social recognition memory

Brief and transient early-life stimulation via neonatal handling and neonatal novelty exposure can lead to differential changes within the right and left brains. In rats, these lateralized changes have been demonstrated behaviorally, neuroanatomically, and neurophysiologically. Recently, we found that neonatal novelty exposure can prolong the duration of social recognition memory from less than 2 hr to at least 24 hr among male rats reared in social isolation and that this enhancement is associated with an initial right-turn preference in a novel testing cage. In contrast to stable forms of asymmetry, such as handedness, we show that this turning asymmetry is dynamic-decreasing as the animal adjusts to the novel testing environment over a 2-day period. This change in turning asymmetry was found only among animals that experienced neonatal novelty exposure during the first 3 weeks of their lives. Furthermore, individual differences in short-term social recognition memory for a conspecific can be predicted by this change in functional asymmetry.
Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students

Abstract Objective To examine associations between insufficient sleep ( Methods 2007 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey data of U.S. high school students (n = 12,154) were analyzed. Associations were examined on weighted data using multivariate logistic regression. Results Insufficient sleep on an average school night was reported by 68.9% of students. Insufficient sleep was associated with higher odds of current use of cigarettes (age-adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45–1.93), marijuana (AOR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.31–1.76), and alcohol (AOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.46–1.84); current sexual activity (AOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25–1.59); seriously considered attempting suicide (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.60–2.16); feeling sad or hopeless (AOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.43–1.84); physical fighting (AOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.24–1.60), not being physically active at least 60 min ≥ 5 days in the past 7 days (AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.29), using the computer ≥ 3 h/day (AOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.38–1.80), and drinking soda/pop > 1 time/day (AOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03–1.28). Conclusion Two-thirds of adolescent students reported insufficient sleep, which was associated with many health-risk behaviors. Greater awareness of the impact of sleep insufficiency is vital.
Boundary layer at a swept stagnation line of semi-infinite extent

Three dimensional boundary layer along semiinfinite swept stagnation line, assessing counteracting effects of cross flow and mass transfer
Contradictions of Collective Justice: The Case of the Co-op Cops1

: This article draws on evidence from my recent study of non-state forms of social control (Henry 1983) in order to demonstrate that informal collective justice is no less subject to a range of inherent contradictions than is the official criminal justice system. It is argued that while some of these contradictions can be traced to the wider social structure of capitalism in which the alternative collective forms are located, others stem directly from the semi-autonomous nature of individuals and the social groups which they form. The implications of this for change are discussed and it is suggested that attempts to restructure criminal justice systems are likely to be more successful if they are based on an understanding of the integral nature of the relationship between individual action and wider structural settings; and if we adopt a conceptual framework distinguishing horizontally between different institutions of control and vertically between different depths of formality.
SERS study of hydrogen peroxide electroreduction on a Pb‐modified Au electrode

The mechanism of the electroreduction of H2O2 on a Pb-modified Au surface was examined by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The measurements show the presence of lead peroxide, PbOOH+, with the maximum intensity at potential just positive of underpotentially deposited Pb, and bimetallic dihydroxide, AuPb(OH)2, at potential just positive of that where peroxide is reduced and Pb islands maximally formed on the surface. All the modes for these two species decay rapidly and even disappear as the reduction current flows. Both species are absent in solutions not containing either Pb2+ or H2O2. The edge of Pb islands on the Au surface is thus shown to be the active site for this catalysis process. These results further underscore the important role of MOH species in the peroxide electroreduction reaction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic coarse-graining of atomistic models for simulation of polymeric systems

A self-consistent systematic mapping procedure for polymer models from the atomistic to the meso-scale is presented. It allows to efficiently derive meso-scale models with one interaction center per chemical repeat unit from atomistic models preserving the polymer identity. Polymers in the melt and in solution at ambient conditions are investigated atomistically. We show in detail the optimization of a corresponding meso-scale model for polystyrene in the melt. These results are compared to our earlier data for polyisoprene melt and solution systems. Atomistic and coarse-grained results for the structure are compared to each other. We additionally point out the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.
Cellular localization of human Rad51C and regulation of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Rad51

Rad51-catalyzed homologous recombination is an important pathway for repair of DNA double strand breaks and maintenance of genome integrity in vertebrate cells. Five proteins referred to as Rad51 paralogs promote Rad51 activity and are proposed to act at various, and in some cases, multiple stages in the recombination pathway. Imaging studies of native Rad51 have revealed its cellular response to DNA damage, yet visualization of the paralog proteins has met with limited success. In this study, we are able to detect endogenous Rad51C and Xrcc3 in human cells. In an effort to determine how Rad51, Rad51C, and Xrcc3 influence the pattern of localization of each other over the time course of DNA damage and repair, we have made the unexpected observation that Rad51 degradation via the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway occurs as a natural part of recombinational DNA repair. Additionally, we find that Rad51C plays an important role in regulating this process. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0730-2312/suppmat/index.html.
Disrupted amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity in civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder

Many features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be linked to exaggerated and dysregulated emotional responses. Central to the neurocircuitry regulating emotion are functional interactions between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Findings from human and animal studies suggest that disruption of this circuit predicts individual differences in emotion regulation. However, only a few studies have examined amygdala-vmPFC connectivity in the context of emotional processing in PTSD. The aim of the present research was to investigate the hypothesis that PTSD is associated with disrupted functional connectivity of the amygdala and vmPFC in response to emotional stimuli, extending previous findings by demonstrating such links in an understudied, highly traumatized, civilian population. 40 African-American women with civilian trauma (20 with PTSD and 20 non-PTSD controls) were recruited from a large urban hospital. Participants viewed fearful and neutral face stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Relative to controls, participants with PTSD showed an increased right amygdala response to fearful stimuli (p(corr) < .05). Right amygdala activation correlated positively with the severity of hyperarousal symptoms in the PTSD group. Participants with PTSD showed decreased functional connectivity between the right amygdala and left vmPFC (p(corr) < .05). The findings are consistent with previous findings showing PTSD is associated with an exaggerated response of amygdala-mediated emotional arousal systems. This is the first study to show that the amygdala response may be accompanied by disruption of an amygdala-vmPFC functional circuit that is hypothesized to be involved in prefrontal cortical regulation of amygdala responsivity.
Academic Libraries in For-Profit Schools of Higher Education

For-profit schools constitute the fastest-growing sector of higher education institutions in the United States. 1 Yet accompanying the phenomenal growth of these proprietary colleges and universities has been considerable controversy over the role that the profit motive should play in higher education. 2 The literature of higher education contains increasingly more works about proprietary schools. The library literature, however, offers little in this arena. Through this article, the authors seek to introduce the library readership to U.S. for-profit colleges and universities. We summarize their history and their characteristics, and we explore reasons for their success and present areas in which these schools appear to excel. With regard to their library services and resources, we focus on issues of concern based specifically on our experience with academic libraries in proprietary schools operating in the state of Ohio. Finally, we suggest ways in which these for-profit institutions can address the challenges faced by their libraries.
The Relation between Teacher Self-Disclosure and Student Classroom Participation:

We hypothesized that teacher self-disclosure would be positively associated with student classroom participation. This hypothesis is consistent with the reciprocity effect that suggests that self-disclosure by one person ail1 elicit self-disclosure from another. Teachers and studens in 64 undergraduate classes completed questionnaires that assessed teach self-disclosure, class participation, and students" willingness to participate in class. Correlated analyses support the central hypothesis. We suggest that the positive relation between teacher self-disclosure and class participation may not be solely a function of the examples of class concepts that such disclosures provide but maybe a function of the interpersonal atmosphere created by such disclosures. The applied implications of this research are discussed.
Cryptantha wigginsii (Boraginaceae): A Presumed Extinct Species Rediscovered

Abstract Cryptantha wigginsii I.M. Johnston (Boraginaceae) had previously been known from a single collection made in April 1931, at a locality 18 miles south of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. This species is distinctive and unique in the genus in having nutlets with a surface that is smooth and glossy near the base and densely tuberculate at the apex. Because of the absence of subsequent collections, the species was presumed extinct. However, a population of C. wigginsii was recently discovered in Carlsbad, San Diego Co., California, constituting a new county, state, and country plant species record. Subsequent field investigations and study of (mis-identified) Cryptantha specimens at several California herbaria has turned up additional documented populations of this species in the USA and coastal northwestern Baja California, Mexico. In addition to the three adjacent Carlsbad populations and the type locality in Baja California, populations known to date include: 1) five from Santa Catalina Island, L...
Deciphering the genesis and fate of amyloid β-protein yields novel therapies for Alzheimer disease

One of the most rewarding moments in science arises when research on seemingly disparate processes begins to reveal a broad, common principle. Such a confluence has occurred recently in the study of several etiologically unrelated brain diseases that display distinct symptoms and pathologies. In a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders, the accumulation of oligomeric assemblies of misfolded proteins is known to induce injury gradually to diverse neuronal populations. Perhaps the foremost example of this phenomenon, both historically and in terms of its societal impact, is Alzheimer disease (AD). Progressive dysfunction of neurons in the limbic and association cortices underlies the cognitive failure of AD. This cellular dysfunction is preceded by the accumulation of extracellular aggregates of the 42-residue amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and intraneuronal aggregates of the microtubule-associated phosphoprotein tau. The purification of the respective aggregates (i.e., the amyloid plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles) from AD brain tissue and the identification of their subunit proteins were followed by the discovery of disease-causing mutations in the cognate genes. In the case of the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP), missense mutations cause a form of early-onset, autosomal dominant AD that, although rare, has a neuropathological phenotype, including the presence of abundant neurofibrillary tangles, that is indistinguishable from that of the common, late-onset disorder (reviewed in ref. 1). Thus, the linkage of familial AD to APP mutations established the first discrete cause of the disorder. In the case of the tau protein, missense or splice mutations cause not AD but the less common disorder frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism on chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) (reviewed in ref. 2). The latter disease is marked by severe neurofibrillary tangle formation, sufficient to lead to profound dementia and the demise of the host, but no aggregates of Aβ develop. Therefore, genetics has largely resolved the contentious question of which of the two hallmark lesions, plaques or tangles, occurs first in AD. It appears that Aβ accumulation precedes and ultimately initiates the aggregation of wild-type tau protein in AD, whereas the reverse sequence of pathogenesis has not been documented.
Visualizing 2D probability distributions from EOS satellite image-derived data sets: a case study

Maps of biophysical and geophysical variables using Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite image data are an important component of Earth science. These maps have a single value derived at every grid cell and standard techniques are used to visualize them. Current tools fall short, however, when it is necessary to describe a distribution of values at each grid cell. Distributions may represent a frequency of occurrence over time, frequency of occurrence from multiple runs of an ensemble forecast or possible values from an uncertainty model. We identify these "distribution data sets" and present a case study to visualize such 2D distributions. Distribution data sets are different from multivariate data sets in the sense that the values are for a single variable instead of multiple variables. Data for this case study consists of multiple realizations of percent forest cover, generated using a geostatistical technique that combines ground measurements and satellite imagery to model uncertainty about forest cover. We present two general approaches for analyzing and visualizing such data sets. The first is a pixel-wise analysis of the probability density functions for the 2D image while the second is an analysis of features identified within the image. Such pixel-wise and feature-wise views will give Earth scientists a more complete understanding of distribution data sets. See www.cse.ucsc.edu/research/avis/nasa is for additional information.
Principles of work system performance optimization: A business ergonomics approach

Recently, there has been a growing interest in optimizing performance in the workplace. This interest is stimulated not only by economic and competitive pressures, but also by a growing awareness of the need to improve health and safety, thereby improving workplace wellness and vitality and, in turn, productivity. This article reviews the contributions of traditional approaches to work system performance optimization. These approaches include scientific management, work-time studies, industrial psychology, ergonomics, human factors, industrial engineering, total quality management, kaizen theory, systems theory, and operations research. The benefits, features, and drawbacks of each approach are discussed and tabulated. A basis for a new comprehensive methodology of work system performance optimization called the business ergonomics approach is then outlined and presented. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mineralization and responses of bacterial spores to heat and oxidative agents

Mineralization of bacterial spores with Ca2+ and a variety of other mineral cations enhances resistance to heat damage. Part of the enhancement is associated with increased dehydration of the mineralized protoplast or spore core, while part is independent of dehydration and effective for resistance even to dry heat. Spore mineralization was found also to enhance resistance to oxidative damage caused by agents such as tertiary butyl hydroperoxide or H2O2. In contrast, mineral cations in the environment increased oxidative damage, presumably by catalyzing radical formation. Metal ion chelators such as o-phenanthroline protected spores against such damage.
A mechanical approach to overcome RF MEMS switch stiction problem

MEMS switches provide high isolation when open and low insertion loss vhen closed. They also Iuve the advantages of low powr consumption. Thcrefore, RF MEMS switches are an attractive solution to switch antenna bands and transmit/rcceive switching for future multi-band. high bandwidth cell phones. However: Stiction is a major concern for resistive sn-itchcs with metal-to-mctal contact. An iterative-coupled electrostatic-structuml analysis is utilized to evaluate the effect of design parameters on restoring force of MEMS switches. Parameters including mctal thickness, diclcctric thickness. beam-to-ground gap height: metal and dielectric width. and cantilcvcr beam length can be evaluated. The clcctrostatic force is first calculated based on the clcctrical field component. A strnctural analysis is then performed to determine the cantilever beam deflection due to the electrostatic force. A unique integrated empiricalnumerical method is used to qualitativel?- dctcrminc the stiction force bascd on measured actuation \'ohages for real dcviccs. The analysis can provide quick evaluation and screenings of proposed designs to dctcnnine if their actuation voltage falls in the acceptable range. Simulation prediction agrees ver?. well with test measurements. Although increasing cantilever thickncss and shortening cantilever length both increasc restoring force, the actuation vollage will increase significantly as a result. The most favorable moditication is to increase the clcctrode area. A short and wide smctnre with a large area can increase rcstoring force while maintaining low actuation voltage. Compared to similar bi-layer designs, sandwich designs can be actuated at fulther reduced voltages without changing the beam restoring force. In addition, the sandwich structure: being thermal-stress-balanced, is less sensitive to temperature excursion. With the properly selected design parameters, the new designs will be able to achieve the break awav restoring force of the original design at much lower actuation voltages. Switches with good electrical as well as mechanical performances have been successfully fabricated.