cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal migration, with special reference to developing human brain: a review.

A general rule in the developing central nervous system is that cells are generated in sites different from those in which they will later reside. The intervening migrations, particularly in the human nervous system, form the subject of this review. The basic columnar organization in the early stages of development favors radial migration of cells. During later stages in primates, when young neurons migrate to the distant cerebral cortex, they follow radial glial guides across the widening intermediate zone as they pass from the juxtaventricular site of genesis to the cortical plate. Somas of later-generated cells take positions external to somas of their predecessors. The final position along the radial vector may be influenced by afferent axons. Cell relationships in the developing cerebellar cortex are essentially similar, though the key migration of granule cell neurons is in the reverse direction, from the external surface inward past Purkinje dendrites and somas. Bergmann glial fibers provide the radial guidance in this instance. The degree of dependence of developing neurons upon other cells and cell processes in their immediate environment has been clarified by study of mutant mice in which cerebral or cerebellar cortices are malformed. Other special migrations in the fetal human brain are reviewed, particularly the passage of neurons from the rhombic lip through the transient corpus pontobulbare to mainly the inferior olives and pontine gray nuclei, and from the ganglionic eminence of the cerebrum through the corpus gangliothalamicum into the pulvinar region of the thalamus. It was suggested that the special relationships involved in these various migrations are probably mediated by cell surface properties, and that such surface properties will come to be defined through analysis of reaggregation tissue cultures, experimental and natural chimeras, and by immunological definition of antigens on CNS cells at different stages of development.
Analysis of the secondary structure of hirudin and the mechanism of its interaction with thrombin

Highly purified hirudin with a specific activity of 13,950 antithrombin units/mg was isolated from a commercial preparation by reversed-phase chromatography. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of hirudin was investigated and it was found that the spectrum cannot be accounted for solely in terms of the traditional three components of peptide backbone. It was also found that the CD spectrum of the thrombin-hirudin complex was not additive with respect to the individual spectra of thrombin and hirudin. This deviation from additivity was significant between 210 and 225 nm, indicating alterations in the secondary structures of the proteins during complex formation. When thrombin was titrated with hirudin, the spectral deviation from additivity was sigmoidal, suggesting the cooperative nature of the binding process. Gel filtration of the thrombin-hirudin mixture showed no molecular species greater than a 1:1 complex (Mr 45,500), but gel filtration of free hirudin showed a multimeric form (Mr 51,300) under the same experimental conditions. It is concluded that the cooperative nature of the binding process is due to the binding of thrombin molecules to the multimeric form of hirudin. This initial binding occurs with little or no change in the CD spectrum. In the second step, the multiple complex dissociates to form 1:1 complexes, resulting in larger conformational changes and a considerable increase in binding affinity.
Plasma cytokines in polycythemia vera: Phenotypic correlates, prognostic relevance, and comparison with myelofibrosis

Plasma cytokine milieu is abnormal in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and correlates with disease phenotype and prognosis. In this study, we show that several plasma cytokines are also abnormally expressed in polycythemia vera (PV; n = 65), compared to normal controls (n = 35), but with a significantly different pattern than that of PMF (n = 127). Direct phenotypic correlation in PV included levels of IL-12 with hematocrit; IL-1b, IL-2, IL-7, FGF-b, and HGF with leukocytosis; and IFN-α and IFN-γ with thrombocytosis. In univariate analysis, levels of 13 cytokines (out of 30 analyzed) correlated with survival but only MIP-1β remained significant on multivariable analysis that included the other cytokines as covariates. Increased level of MIP-1β (P < 0.01), older age (P < 0.01), and leukocytosis (P = 0.03) maintained their association with shortened survival, on multivariable analysis. This study provides preliminary observations that warrant a larger scale study and suggests the value of plasma cytokines as prognostic biomarkers in PV. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Business incubation as strategy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose that an unprecedented revolutionary change in the structure of the US economy warrants attention to the internal structures, cultures and strategies. Consequently, it is argued that for businesses, especially large industrial establishments (LIEs), to survive and prosper in the new and emerging economic order, they must aggressively redesign their organizational environments as a business incubator to leverage new and emerging social and economic opportunities in the development and commercialization of new products, new processes, and new business models, among others. These strategic goals and objectives require firms to pursue leverage creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship as well as embrace and adopt business incubation as strategy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper attempts to make business incubation a strategy not only for new and emerging technology‐driven firms but also for large industrialized corporations. In addition, it argues that...
Hemangioma of scrotum

Abstract About 41 cases of hemangioma of the scrotum have been previously reported. A case of scrotal hemangioma is reported and the pertinent literature reviewed. Wide local excision of the tumor with the overlying skin is the treatment of choice.
Enhanced Electrohydrodynamic Pumping at the Microscale

An enhanced electrohydrodynamic micropump for use in small-scale liquid pumping applications is developed. The micropump can be incorporated into an integrated circuit chip to provide active cooling. Liquid flow is achieved by combining two actuation mechanisms: electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and the action of a vibrating diaphragm. Heat generated by active devices creates a thermal gradient in the fluid allowing induction of ions to be driven by EHD. The vibrating diaphragm enhances the EHD efficiency allowing more pumping power to be transferred to the fluid. The design and operation of the micropump are discussed, and results are presented in terms of volume flow rate.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
TU-D-I-609-02: What to Expect When CAD Is Implemented Clinically

I have developed a simple model to study the effects of computer‐aided detection (CADe) on screening mammography. The model incorporates tumor growth rate, the sensitivity of radiologists and the CADe scheme, how effectively the radiologist uses the CADe output, and the interval cancer rate. The model shows that the additional cancers detected when the radiologists uses CADe depends on how many cancers the radiologist misses without the computer aid, how many of the missed cancers the computer can detect, and what fraction of the computer detected missed cancers the radiologist will correctly recognize as a missed cancer. I also modeled the effect of CADe on radiologist false‐detection rate. Unless the computer can preferentially detect cancers over benign lesions, the increase in the number of cancers detected when using CADe will be the same as the increase in the number of women recalled (the vast majority of which will be false positives). This does not imply that CADe has no net affect. On the contrary, an equal increase in the cancer detection rate and the recall rate is consistent with radiologists operating on a higher ROC curve implying that CADe is improving the radiologists' performance. However, even if CADe was able to help radiologists reduce their miss rate by 50%, there will be only a 10% increase in the cancer detection rate before and after implementation of CADe. This increased is difficult to detect in practice because of the variable growth rate of tumors. The number of cancers present in a screened population will change year by year so that this variation can mask the actual increase in the cancer rate when CADe is implemented. However, the size of the cancers detected when using CADe is smaller than those detected by the radiologist when not using CADe. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the factors affecting the clinical effectiveness of computer‐aided detection 2. Understand some of the difficulties of measuring the clinical effectiveness of computer‐aided detection Financial Disclosure: RM Nishikawa is a shareholder in R2 Technology, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA). He also receives research funding and royalties from R2 Technology.
The Strangest Dream: Communism, Anticommunism, and the U. S. Peace Movement, 1945-1963

Drawing on archive material and oral history, Robbie Lieberman illustrates how grassroots peace activism in the USA became associated with Communist subversion after World War II, enabling proponents of the Cold War to virtually silence the opposition until the early 1960s.
Hemoparasites of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Florida

Four hemoparasite species (Babesia lotori, Trypanosoma cruzi, Dirofilaria tenuis and Mansonella llewellyni) were found in raccoons (Procyon lotor) collected from 1972 to 1974 in Duval (n = 14) and Collier (n = 170) counties, Florida (USA). Trypanosoma cruzi was found in thin blood smears from one raccoon at each locality. The prevalence of B. lotori was 79% and 80% in samples taken in December 1973 in Collier and Duval counties, respectively. No patent infections by B. lotori were detected in raccoons collected in Collier County in December 1972, but 42% of the raccoons examined in September 1973 were infected. In Collier County there were no significant differences in the prevalence of B. lotori by host sex or age. In Duval County, overall D. tenuis prevalence was 7%, whereas that of M. llewellyni was 14%; the latter species was not found in Collier County. Adult raccoons had a significantly greater prevalence of D. tenuis (32%) than did subadults and juveniles (7%), and male raccoons showed a significan...
Myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: molecular and cellular responses to volume overload.

Background— Myocardial fibrosis is common in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR). Experimentally, fibrosis with disproportionate noncollagen extracellular matrix (ECM) elements precedes and contributes to heart failure in AR. Method and Results— We assessed [3H]-glucosamine and [3H]-proline incorporation in ECM, variations in cardiac fibroblast (CF) gene expression, and synthesis of specific ECM proteins in CF cultured from rabbits with surgically induced chronic AR versus controls. To determine whether these variations are primary responses to AR, normal CF were exposed to mechanical strain that mimicked that of AR. Compared with normal CF, AR CF incorporated more glucosamine (1.8:1, P=0.001) into ECM, showed fibronectin gene upregulation (2.0:1, P=0.02), and synthesized more fibronectin (2:1 by Western blot, P<0.06; 1.5:1 by affinity chromatography, P=0.02). Proline incorporation was unchanged by AR (1.1:1, NS); collagen synthesis was unaffected (type I, 0.9:1; type III, 1.0:1, NS). Normal C...
A pathologist's perspective on the perinatal autopsy

The perinatal autopsy is an important tool in the investigation of fetal and neonatal death, and a complete understanding of its risks and benefits is necessary for providers of perinatal care. This review, from the perspective of a perinatal pathologist, reports the details of the autopsy procedure, its goals, its value to individual patients and the health care system in general, and its alternatives. Even with new emerging technologies, the conventional perinatal autopsy remains the gold standard for determining the cause of death and the final summary of all pathologic findings. Therefore, the information provided in this review can help providers properly convey information about perinatal autopsy to bereaved families.
Problems in the conversion of bibliographical data—A keypunching experiment

A keypunching test project is described in which the data from 2,600 library cards were converted to machine-readable form (including 908 verified). The test was run as a normal keypunching situation using 12 keypunchers at a service bureau. Card catalog data was converted as found in a typical catalog. All types of data, including foreign language material, were converted, except those characters not of a Roman alphabet. The problems encountered during the test and the solutions for some of them are included. In addition, the system devised for the computer manipulation of the data is outlined. Statistics, including costs, are given.
Executive functions and school readiness intervention: Impact, moderation, and mediation in the Head Start REDI program

Despite their potentially central role in fostering school readiness, executive function (EF) skills have received little explicit attention in the design and evaluation of school readiness interventions for socioeconomically disadvantaged children. The present study examined a set of five EF measures in the context of a randomized-controlled trial of a research-based intervention integrated into Head Start programs (Head Start REDI). Three hundred fifty-six 4-year-old children (17% Hispanic, 25% African American; 54% girls) were followed over the course of the prekindergarten year. Initial EF predicted gains in cognitive and social–emotional skills and moderated the impact of the Head Start REDI intervention on some outcomes. The REDI intervention promoted gains on two EF measures, which partially mediated intervention effects on school readiness. We discuss the importance of further study of the neurobiological bases of school readiness, the implications for intervention design, and the value of incorporating markers of neurobiological processes into school readiness interventions.
Highly conserved upstream regions of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene in two mouse species govern liver-specific expression by different mechanisms.

Abstract alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AT), the major elastase inhibitor in mammalian serum, is produced primarily in the liver. We have characterized AT gene structure and expression in the mouse species Mus caroli, which expresses high levels of AT in the kidneys as well as in the liver. Analysis of cDNA and genomic clones showed that the AT gene in M. caroli exhibits high sequence homology (greater than 90%) to the gene in laboratory mice (M. domesticus) throughout the coding and 5'-flanking regions. Despite this extensive sequence conservation, the functional organization of cis-acting regulatory elements governing liver-specific expression is strikingly different between these species. Transient-transfection assays showed that the proximal region of the M. caroli promoter (i.e., between -120 and -2 relative to the transcriptional start site) is 10-fold more active than the analogous region of M. domesticus in driving the expression of an indicator gene in cultured liver cells. The increased activity of the proximal region of the M. caroli AT promoter appears to be the result of one or both of the two base substitutions at positions -46 and -48. The weak proximal promoter in M. domesticus is compensated for by the presence of upstream, liver-specific enhancers between -199 and -520; the analogous region in M. caroli is inactive. Thus, during the course of evolution, the modest 7% sequence divergence that has occurred between the 5'-flanking regions of the AT genes in these two species has generated distinct, yet equally effective, modes of hepatocyte-specific expression.
Reinterpretation of the palynology and age of Laramide syntectonic deposits, southwestern Montana, and revision of the Beaverhead Group

New palynological data from syntectonic deposits in southwestern Montana have major temporal implications for Laramide structural relations in the northern Rocky Mountains. Conglomerate and associated sandstones representing the bulk of material eroded from the thrust-faulted margin of the Blacktail-Snowcrest foreland massif are middle Campanian ( Aquilapollenites senonicus Interval Zone; estimated absolute age 78–81 Ma). As a major consequence, the foreland buttress responsible for the shape of the southwestern Montana recess of the Cordilleran thrust belt was uplifted and in place by middle Campanian time. Palynomorph assemblages from the Campanian deposits include reworked spores of Paleozoic age that are evidence of provenance. Other less precisely dated syntectonic units in the area differ in age and provenance as well as lithology. Formerly, all these deposits were assigned to the Beaverhead Formation, which is raised to group status herein. The stratigraphic unit shed from the Blacktail-Snowcrest uplift is raised to formation status as the Lima Conglomerate. The term “Beaverhead Group” is restricted to the Lima Conglomerate and to contemporaneous and younger conglomeratic units that differ in lithology and probably in provenance; older sandstone units are removed from the Beaverhead Group. Deposits at the original type section of the Beaverhead Formation are not precisely dated but are no older than Campanian and probably no younger than early Maestrichtian.
Pneumocystis carinii attachment increases expression of fibronectin-binding integrins on cultured lung cells

Pneumocystis carinii is an extracellular pathogen which requires attachment to alveolar epithelial cells for growth and replication. Previous studies have demonstrated that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn) facilitates attachment of P. carinii to lung cells. This study addresses the role of cell surface Fn receptors (integrins) as mediators of P. carinii attachment and demonstrates the effect of P. carinii attachment on integrin expression on cultured lung cells. To determine the role of Fn-binding integrins in P. carinii attachment, attachment of 51Cr-labelled P. carinii organisms to the lung epithelial cell line A549 was quantified in the presence or absence of anti-integrin antibodies. Antibodies to the alpha v and alpha 5 integrin subunits significantly inhibited P. carinii attachment, while addition of antibody to the alpha subunit of a non-Fn-binding integrin, alpha 2, did not affect P. carinii attachment. To further investigate the role of Fn-binding integrins in P. carinii attachment, the effect of P. carinii attachment on expression of the alpha v and alpha 5 integrin subunits was determined. A549 cells incubated with either P. carinii organisms or with the P. carinii major surface glycoprotein gp120 demonstrated a 3- to 10-fold increase in expression of the alpha 5 integrin subunit; however, neither P. carinii nor gp120 affected the expression of alpha v integrin. Furthermore, the effects of P. carinii on A549 cell alpha 5 integrin expression were attenuated by the addition of an anti-gp120 antibody which blocks P. carinii attachment to A549 cells. Therefore, P. carinii attachment to lung epithelial cells appears to be mediated by alpha v- and alpha 5-containing integrins expressed on the epithelial cell surface, and P. carinii attachment results in increased expression of the alpha 5 integrin subunit.
Plane wave scattering by a material coated parabolic cylinder

An eigenfunction solution to the problem of transverse magnetic (TM) or transverse electric (TE) scattering by a coated parabolic cylinder is presented. Paralleling the well-known solution for the coated circular cylinder, eigenfunction expansions involving parabolic cylinder functions are obtained for the fields in the exterior and coating regions. Next, boundary conditions are enforced to obtain a pair of coupled equations for the unknown coefficients in the eigenfunction expansions for the fields. Unlike the corresponding solution for the coated circular cylinder, the eigenfunctions in the exterior and coating regions are not orthogonal, and an exact term-by-term solutions of these equations is not possible. Instead, the equations are solved by the method of moments. For thin coatings both an uncoupled-mode approximation and a surface-impedance model are described. In particular, for the TM polarization it is shown that a thin coating can be modeled by a specific nonuniform surface impedance for which an exact term-by-term solution is possible. Numerical data are presented, showing the convergence of the solution and comparing the solutions for the uncoupled-mode and surface-impedance models. >
Biphasic Modulation of GABA Release From Stellate Cells by Glutamatergic Receptor Subtypes

The release of inhibitory transmitters from CNS neurons can be modulated by ionotropic glutamate receptors that are present in the presynaptic terminals. In the cerebellum, glutamate released from climbing fibers (but not from parallel fibers) activates presynaptic AMPA receptors and suppresses the release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA from basket cells onto postsynaptic Purkinje cells. This input-specific modulation has been attributed to the close proximity of the climbing fibers to the axons of the basket cells. Our recent work indicates that glutamate released from parallel fibers can "spill over" and reach the axons of stellate cells. Here I test the possibility that this spillover glutamate can activate presynaptic AMPA receptors in stellate cells and in this way modulate their release of GABA. I find that stimulation of parallel fibers activates AMPA receptors and transiently suppresses autoreceptor and autaptic GABAergic currents in stellate cells. Activation of AMPA receptors reduces the release of GABA and the suppression occurs more frequently in immature cells that have a high release probability. By contrast the release of GABA from mature stellate cells that have a low release probability is potentiated by the activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors on presynaptic terminals. Thus during development, the glutamatergic modulation of GABA release switches from an AMPA-receptor-mediated transient suppression to a NMDA-receptor-induced lasting potentiation.
The Politics of State Feminism: Innovation in Comparative Research edited by Dorothy E. McBride and Amy G. Mazur

McBride and Mazur's volume, The Politics of State Feminism: Innovation in Comparative Research, is a comprehensive summary and reanalysis of 15 years of work of more than 40 researchers in 13 count...
Classification Trees as an Alternative to Linear Discriminant Analysis

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is frequently used for classification/prediction problems in physical anthropology, but it is unusual to find examples where researchers consider the statistical limitations and assumptions required for this technique. In these instances, it is difficult to know whether the predictions are reliable. This paper considers a nonparametric alternative to predictive LDA: binary, recursive (or classification) trees. This approach has the advantage that data transformation is unnecessary, cases with missing predictor variables do not require special treatment, prediction success is not dependent on data meeting normality conditions or covariance homogeneity, and variable selection is intrinsic to the methodology. Here I compare the efficacy of classification trees with LDA, using typical morphometric data. With data from modern hominoids, the results show that both techniques perform nearly equally. With complete data sets, LDA may be a better choice, as is shown in this example, but with missing observations, classification trees perform outstandingly well, whereas commercial discriminant analysis programs do not predict classifications for cases with incompletely measured predictor variables and generally are not designed to address the problem of missing data. Testing of data prior to analysis is necessary, and classification trees are recommended either as a replacement for LDA or as a supplement whenever data do not meet relevant assumptions. It is highly recommended as an alternative to LDA whenever the data set contains important cases with missing predictor variables.
Best poster award: accuracy of surgery residents' interpretation of computed tomography scans in trauma.

Abstract Background We evaluated the accuracy of surgery residents in interpreting computed axial tomography (CT) scans of trauma patients as compared with attending radiologists. Methods Residents listed injuries they identified on initial CT scans of trauma patients in a time-stamped computerized system before the official report becoming available. Head, chest, and abdomen/pelvis CT scans were included. We compared the accuracy of these reads with final radiology reports. Results There were 84 injuries in 31 patients. Residents correctly identified 25 of 26 (96%) injuries to the head, 28 of 42 (67%) chest injuries, and 15 of 16 (94%) injuries to the abdomen and pelvis. The accuracy of resident reads of chest CT scans was lower ( P = .035) than for other body areas. Radiologists' identified 23 of 26 (89%) head injuries, 38 of 42 (90%) chest injuries, and 14 of 16 (88%) injuries in the abdomen and pelvis CT scans. None of the missed injuries were life threatening or required immediate attention. Conclusions Surgical residents accurately identify acute injuries on the CT scans of trauma victims.
Optimal quantization and bit allocation for compressing large discriminative feature space transforms

Discriminative training of the feature space using the minimum phone error (MPE) objective function has been shown to yield remarkable accuracy improvements. These gains, however, come at a high cost of memory required to store the transform. In a previous paper we reduced this memory requirement by 94% by quantizing the transform parameters. We used dimension dependent quantization tables and learned the quantization values with a fixed assignment of transform parameters to quantization values. In this paper we refine and extend the techniques to attain a further 35% reduction in memory with no degradation in sentence error rate. We discuss a principled method to assign the transform parameters to quantization values. We also show how the memory can be gradually reduced using a Viterbi algorithm to optimally assign variable number of bits to dimension dependent quantization tables. The techniques described could also be applied to the quantization of general linear transforms - a problem that should be of wider interest.
Quantification of fiber orientation in the canine atrial pacemaker complex using optical coherence tomography

The atrial pacemaker complex is responsible for the initiation and early propagation of cardiac impulses. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a nondestructive imaging modality with spatial resolutions of ∼1 to 15 μm, can be used to identify unique fiber orientation patterns in this region of the heart. Functionally characterized canine sinoatrial nodes (SAN) (n=7) were imaged using OCT up to ∼1 mm below the endocardial tissue surface. OCT images were directly compared to their corresponding histological sections. Fiber orientation patterns unique to the crista terminalis (CT), SAN, and surrounding atrial myocardium were identified with dominant average fiber angles of 89 ± 12 deg, 110 ± 16 deg, and 95 ± 35 deg, respectively. Both the CT and surrounding atrial myocardium displayed predominantly unidirectionally based fiber orientation patterns within each specimen, whereas the SAN displayed an increased amount of fiber disarray manifested quantitatively as a significantly greater standard deviation in fiber angle distribution within specimens [33 ± 7 deg versus 23 ± 5 deg, atrium (p=0.02); 18 ± 3 deg, CT (p=0.0003)]. We also identified unique, local patterns of fiber orientation specific to the functionally characterized block zone. We demonstrate the ability of OCT in detecting components of the atrial pacemaker complex which are intimately involved in both normal and abnormal cardiac conduction.
Temporal Dynamics of Social Exchange and the Development of Solidarity: “Testing the Waters” Versus “Taking a Leap of Faith”

In their concerted efforts to unpack the microprocesses that transform repeated exchanges into an exchange relation, exchange theorists have paid little attention to how actors perceive changes and dynamics in exchanges over time. We help fill this gap by studying how temporal patterns of exchange affect the development of cohesion. Some exchange relations develop gradually as actors hedge their bets, making incremental commitments to “test the water” and manage the risks of exchange ( incremental exchange ). Other relations settle quickly into full commitment as actors take “leaps of faith” in each other ( constant exchange ). Do these patterns result in different levels of bonding? We examined this question across a series of two laboratory studies and a vignette survey that manipulated two dimensions of repeated exchange: resource level (how much actors exchange in each interaction) and frequency (how often actors exchange). In each study, participants played or imagined a series of social exchange tasks with a fixed partner. Results show that exchanging incrementally in resource level promotes cohesion, but exchanging incrementally in frequency undermines it. These findings affirm the importance of exchange frequency for cohesion, but demonstrate an opposite effect of resource level: compared to exchanging constant and full levels, exchanging incremental levels of resources creates more cohesion, even while resulting in lower instrumental benefits.
Paper chromatography of anionic disazo dyes, especially trypan blue and its red impurity.

Twenty-one samples of 10 dyes were studied by paper chromatography, using Whatman #1 paper and developing by the ascending technique with 80% ethanol. Fifteen other Whatman papers were tested. Solvents faster than 80% ethanol (10% pyridine, 50% actone, 50% and 70% ethanol) were not useful. Slower solvents (isoamyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol saturated with NH4OH, 90% acetone, acetone, 95% ethanol) were generally unsatisfactory but sometimes useful for extreme sharpness of spots produced in descending chromatograms. Blue and violet (reddish) fractions were found in trypan blue, Evans blue, Niagara blue 2B, Niagara sky blue, Niagara sky blue 4B, and Niagara sky blue 6B. Trypan blue and Evans blue showed traces of additional fractions in acid or alkaline 80% ethanol or on acid-washed papers. Red, orange and yellow fractions were generally present in trypan red. A single red component was in Congo red and vital red and only a violet component in Congo corinth. A special study was made of one sample of trypan blu...
A History of Therapeutic Fashions in Psychiatry, 1800-1966

The history of therapeutic modes in psychiatry reveals a general pattern in the waxing and waning of specific somatic and psychotherapeutic treatment methods. New therapies are characteristically introduced amid tremendous enthusiasm accompanied by the reporting of remarkable cure and improvement results. In time, this initial enthusiasm declines and evaluation of results becomes increasingly conservative. Finally, the treatment is either rejected or is accepted into the general psychiatric armamentarium with decidedly more limited applicability than its early proponents claimed for it.
Opi1p, Ume6p and Sin3p control expression from the promoter of the INO2 regulatory gene via a novel regulatory cascade.

Summary The INO2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for expression of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes. INO2 expression is regulated by a complex cascade that includes autoregulation, Opi1p-mediated repression and Ume6p-mediated activation. To screen for mutants with altered INO2 expression directly, we constructed an INO2-HIS3 reporter that provides a plate assay for INO2 promoter activity. This reporter was used to isolate mutants (dim1) that fail to repress expression of the INO2 gene in an otherwise wild-type strain. The dim1 mutants contain mutations in the OPI1 gene. To define further the mechanism for Ume6p regulation of INO2 expression, we isolated suppressors (rum1, 2, 3) of the ume6Δ mutation that overexpress the INO2-HIS3 gene. Two of the rum mutant groups contain mutations in the OPI1 and SIN3 genes showing that opi1 and sin3 mutations are epistatic to the ume6Δ mutation. These results are surprising given that Ume6p, Sin3p and Rpd3p are known to form a complex that represses the expression of a diverse set of yeast genes. This prompted us to examine the effect of sin3Δ and rpd3Δ mutants on INO2-cat expression. Surprisingly, the sin3Δ allele overexpressed INO2-cat, whereas the rpd3Δ mutant had no effect. We also show that the UME6 gene does not affect the expression of an OPI1-cat reporter. This suggests that Ume6p does not regulate INO2 expression indirectly by regulating OPI1 expression.
Outcome of in vitro fertilization treatment in patients who electively inseminate a limited number of oocytes to avoid creating surplus human embryos for cryopreservation.

Objective To determine whether the outcome of IVF treatment in patients who electively inseminate a limited number of oocytes is comparable to that in a group of good-prognostic or poor-prognostic patients. Design Retrospective clinical study. Setting University-based tertiary fertility center. Patient(s) Two hundred three women under the age of 40 years. Intervention(s) Patients undergoing their first cycle of IVF who elected to have no more than four oocytes inseminated (study group) or who produced only four or fewer oocytes (poor-prognostic group) or who had excess embryos cryopreserved (good-prognostic group). Main Outcome Measure(s) Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate. Result(s) There were no significant differences in the implantation rate for the study group when compared with the good-prognostic group or the poor-prognostic group. The clinical pregnancy rate (62.5% vs. 64%) and ongoing-pregnancy or birth rate (56.3% vs. 60.7%) were similar between the study group and the good-prognostic group. However, the clinical pregnancy rate (62.5% vs. 29.7%) and ongoing-pregnancy rate (56.3% vs. 24.3%) were higher in the study group compared with the poor-prognostic group. Conclusion(s) Inseminating fewer oocytes in patients who elect not to cryopreserve excess embryos does not adversely affect their probability of conception.
The treatment of ascaris lumbricoides infections with piperazine

Summary Fifty-one children harboring A. lumbricoides were given a syrup containing piperazine hexahydrate by mouth for two to five consecutive days. Ninety per cent of the children passed all of their ascarides as a result of the treatment and the over-all egg count reduction of the whole group was 95.2 per cent. There was no evidence of side effects from the therapy.
Reaction between sodium carbonate and silica sand at 874°C<T<1022°C

This paper is concerned with the mechanism of the reaction between sodium carbonate and silica sand at 874° to 1022deg;C. A reaction path which evolves in four stages, i.e., decarbonization, dissolution of orthosilicate, dissolution of metasilicate, and final dissolution of silica, is dealt with in detail, including mass balances. Formulas for dissolution rates in the first two stages are suggested, and the effect of wetting the grains by the melt, amount and distribution of the melt, and nonuniform dissolution (e.g., segregation) on the dissolution rate of silica grains are discussed. The need for more detailed experimental studies is stressed.
Migratory decisions in birds: extent of genetic versus environmental control

Migration is one of the most spectacular of animal behaviors and is prevalent across a broad array of taxa. In birds, we know much about the physiological basis of how birds migrate, but less about the relative contribu- tion of genetic versus environmental factors in controlling migratory tendency. To evaluate the extent to which migra- tory decisions are genetically determined, we examined whether individual western burrowing owls (Athene cuni- cularia hypugaea) change their migratory tendency from one year to the next at two sites in southern Arizona. We also evaluated the heritability of migratory decisions by using logistic regression to examine the association between the migratory tendency of burrowing owl parents and their oVspring. The probability of migrating decreased with age in both sexes and adult males were less migratory than females. Individual owls sometimes changed their migratory tendency from one year to the next, but changes were one-directional: adults that were residents during win- ter 2004-2005 remained residents the following winter, but 47% of adults that were migrants in winter 2004-2005 became residents the following winter. We found no evi- dence for an association between the migratory tendency of hatch-year owls and their male or female parents. Migra- tory tendency of hatch-year owls did not diVer between years, study sites or sexes or vary by hatching date. Experi- mental provision of supplemental food did not aVect these relationships. All of our results suggest that heritability of migratory tendency in burrowing owls is low, and that
Physical design automation for system-on-packages and 3d-integrated circuits

The focus of this research was to develop interconnect-centric physical design tools for 3D technologies. A new routing model for the SOP structure was developed which incorporated the 3D structure and formalized the resource structure that facilitated the development of the global routing tool. The challenge of this work was to intelligently convert the 3D SOP routing problem into a set of 2D problems which could be solved efficiently. On the lines of MCM, the global routing problem was divided into a number of phases namely, coarse pin distribution, net distribution, detailed pin distribution, topology generation, layer assignment, channel assignment and local routing. The novelty in this paradigm is due to the feed-through vias needed by the nets which traverse through multiple placement layers. To gain further improvements in performance, optical routing was proposed and a cost analysis study was done. The areas for the placement of waveguides were efficiently determined, which reduced delays and maximized utilization. The global router developed was integrated into a simulated-annealing based floorplanner to investigate trade-offs of various objectives. Since power-supply noise suppression is of paramount importance in SOP, a model was developed for the SOP power-supply network. Decap allocation, and insertions were also integrated into the framework. The challenges in this work were to integrate computationally intensive analysis tools with a floorplanning that works to its best efficency provided the evaluation of the cost functions is rapid. Trajectory-based approaches were used to sample representative data points for congestion analysis and interpolate the the congestion metric during the optimization schedule. Efficient algorithms were also proposed for 3D clock routing, which acheived equal skews under uniform and worst thermal profiles. Other objectives such as wirelength, through-vias, and power were also handled.
Influence of pH, Total Acidity, Pickling Time, and Solution Temperature on Shear Values and Sensory Evaluation of Pickled Eggs

Abstract Four tests were conducted to determine the influence of initial pH of pickling solutions, total acidity, pickling time, types of vinegar used, addition of salt and sugar, and two starting temperatures of solutions on the flavor and tenderness of pickled egg whites. Tenderness was evaluated by a taste panel and also by an Alio Kramer Shear Press. The pH of each solution was determined before hard cooked eggs were placed in it and again after 3 weeks of pickling. The pH of the egg whites was determined after pickling. The pH of solutions did not influence flavor or tenderness of pickled egg whites. Total acidity of solutions starting at room temperature and at boiling temperature did not significantly influence flavor, but tenderness, as evaluated by the taste panel, was significantly increased by pickling in boiling solutions. Egg white pickled in boiling solutions had lower shear values than did whites pickled in solutions at room temperature. This suggests that the two methods of measuring egg white tenderness were not positively correlated. When shear force values of eggs pickled in solutions at room temperature and in boiling solutions were combined, there was a highly significant difference in tenderness in solutions containing different levels of acid. The pH of all solutions increased during the 3-week pickling time. Egg whites tended to approach the pH of the solutions during the pickling operation. Tenderness was less in red wine vinegar than it was in either apple cider vinegar or distilled white vinegar solutions. The addition of salt and sugar in solution did not significantly influence flavor or tenderness.
Abstract 4216: Activation of Akt and β-catenin pathways are required for the sustention of cancer stem cell-like characteristics generated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Approximately 90% of cancer deaths are caused by metastasis. The increased motility and invasiveness of tumor cells is reminiscent of the processes at the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is essential for morphogenetic events in embryonic development, tissue remodeling, and wound healing. EMT not only confers tumor cells with a distinct advantage for metastatic dissemination but also provides cancer stem cell-like characteristics for their proliferation and survival. However, the molecular mechanism for maintenance of these cancer stem cell-like traits by EMT remains unclear. In this study, we generated two stable transfectants in breast cancer MCF7 and cervical cancer Hela cell lines with expression of Twist, a key transcriptional factor of EMT. We found that expression of Twist induced a morphological EMT changes in these cells by downregulating the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1 and by increasing vimentin and N-cadherin expression. We also showed that the CD44 high CD24 low subpopulation in these stable transfectants, which is associated with cancer stem cells properties, was significantly increased. Consistent with these findings, expression of stem cell marker ALDH1 was also elevated in these cells. The increased stem cell-like traits in Twist expression clones correlated with the tumorsphere formation in these cells. Strikingly, we found that β-catenin and Akt pathways were activated in these Twist-expressing transfectants. The nuclear accumulation of β-catenin correlated with the expression of CD44. Knockdown of β-catenin expression or inhibition of the Akt pathway significantly decreased the expression of CD44. Together, our results indicate that the activation of β-catenin and Akt pathway are required for the sustention of cancer stem cell-like traits generated by EMT. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4216.
On Postulating Universals

(1973). On Postulating Universals. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 285-294.
PROGRESSIVE VACATING OF ADAPTIVE TYPES DURING THE PHANEROZOIC.

Some evolutionary change appears to track environmental changes. Other changes are innovations providing improved mechanisms for meeting persisting problems in adaptation. The latter changes can be regarded as progress and sometimes involve an increase in complexity in developmental patterns (Vermeij, 19 73). Here I examine the hypothesis that during the Phanerozoic there has also been a progressive vacating of certain adaptive types. This hypothesis is consistent with current information on the evolution of complex adaptations (Frazetta, 1975), the fossil record for higher taxonomic categories (Raup, 1972), and the distribution of certain traits in existing organisms. I shall first present a model for the progressive vacating of adaptive types, then show how it provides an alternative to previous hypotheses on (1) decreases in diversity of major body plans of fossil marine invertebrates and (2) absence of larval planktotrophy in some orders and classes of marine invertebrates. The hypothesis that decreases in adaptive variation occur for certain types of traits over long periods is difficult to test by experiments or correlation, but erroneously rejecting the hypothesis nevertheless has practical consequences: inferences based on some optimization models for adaptation may be misleading in studies of existing organisms even when optima are correctly predicted. Criteria for deciding between the hypothesis of decreasing adaptive variation and alternatives are discussed, along with methodological limitations which bias views on flexibility in evolutionary change. PROGRESSIVE VACATING OF ADAPTIVE TYPES
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiologists: Career Trends and Specialty Board Certification Status

Oral and maxillofacial radiology is the newest specialty to be recognized by the American Dental Association, so knowledge about the parameters of this profession is in the early stages of development. The aim of this study was to understand the current distribution of oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMFRs) in academia and private practice, the nature of their practice, and trends in their board certification status. An email describing the study’s purpose with a link to a survey was sent to “OradList,” a listserv that has a majority of OMFRs in the United States and Canada as members. Of the 205 respondents, 46% were female; the age distribution ranged from 25 to over 70 years; and 80% were working full-time. Among the respondents, 66% practiced in an academic setting, 20% in private practice, 8% in both private and academic settings, and 3% in the military. Only 37% of the respondents were board-certified. For OMFRs trained from 1965 to 2009, there was an increasing trend towards becoming board-certified, but a significant decrease occurred after 2009, dropping from 65% to 35% of those trained in those years.
Subaltern Desire in Leila Aboulela’s Minaret

As we have seen, critical discussions of postcolonial immigrant narratives tend to fall into two categories: those that ignore religion and those that ignore everything other than religion. We might mention some additional (and sometimes contradictory) tendencies within the second category: treating all Muslim women as one group with similar backgrounds and motivations; treating Islam as a phase which the successful immigrant grows out of; treating Islam as a redoubt against vapid capitalism; treating Islam (and especially those Muslim women who put on the veil) as “naturally” feminist. Miriam Cooke indulges in several of these tendencies in her provocative essay, “Deploying the Muslimwoman,” which opens by suggesting that “So extreme is the concern with Muslim women today that veiled, and even unveiled, women are no longer thought of as individuals: collectively they have become the Muslimwoman” (91). Cooke criticises this reductionism— but she also insists that while some women “reject the Muslimwoman identification […] others embrace it” (91). According to Cooke, this latter group recognises the “Muslimwoman” identity as the marker of a collective subjectivity, a way to enunciate the emergence of a new “cultural standard for the umma [sic]” and the creation of counter-narratives that oppose Orientalist depictions of Islam (92).