cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New and emerging treatments for vaso-occlusive pain in sickle cell disease

Introduction: Acute pain from episodic vaso-occlusion (VOC) spans the lifespan of almost everyone with sickle cell disease (SCD), while additional chronic pain develops in susceptible individuals in early adolescences. Frequent acute pain with chronic pain causes significant physical and psychological morbidity, and frequent health-care utilization. Available pharmacologic therapies reduce acute pain frequency but few evidence-based therapies are available for chronic pain. Areas covered: An extensive PubMed literature search was performed with appropriate search criteria. The pathophysiology of acute pain from VOC in SCD is very complex with many events subsequent to sickle polymer formation. Sensitization of pain pathways and alterations of brain networks contributes to the experience of chronic pain. Numerous therapies targeting putative VOC mechanisms are in clinical trials, and show considerable promise. Alternative analgesic treatments for acute and chronic pain have been examined in small patient cohorts, but formal clinical trials are lacking. Expert opinion: Childhood is likely a critical window for prevention of acute and later chronic pain. New multimodal analgesic therapies are needed, particularly for chronic pain, and should be examined in clinical trials. Given the multifactorial nature of both pain and VOC, simultaneously targeting multiple mechanisms may be the optimal approach for effective preventive therapies.
Discrimination, health, and the costs and benefits of believing in system fairness.

OBJECTIVE For minority students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, attending university and succeeding despite social and academic stressors is often considered the ultimate marker of resilience. However, a growing body of work suggests that there may be health costs to upward mobility for such students. This study investigated whether believing that the social system is fair simultaneously promotes psychological health while undermining the physical health of Latinx students experiencing frequent discrimination. METHOD Two hundred thirty-three low-income and/or first-generation Latinx college students were followed through their first year at university. Discrimination experiences, psychological health, and physical health risk (a suite of inflammatory, biomorphic, and cardiovascular risk markers) were assessed upon entering university and at the end of the academic year. RESULTS Regardless of discrimination experiences, believing in system fairness predicted higher end-of-year psychological health (controlling for initial psychological health). However, for students who experienced substantial discrimination at university, believing in system fairness also led to higher end-of-year physical health risk (controlling for baseline levels of discrimination and physical health risk). CONCLUSIONS Beliefs that allow socioeconomically disadvantaged minority students to thrive psychologically may also put them at physical health risk when facing frequent discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Patient experiences of decision-making in the treatment of spinal metastases: a qualitative study.

Abstract BACKGROUND In the treatment of spinal metastases the risks of surgery must be balanced against potential benefits, particularly in light of limited life-expectancy. Patient experiences and preferences regarding decision-making in this context are not well explored. PURPOSE We performed a qualitative study involving patients receiving treatment for spinal metastatic disease. We sought to understand factors that influenced decision-making around care for spinal metastases. STUDY SETTING Three tertiary academic medical centers. PATIENT SAMPLE We recruited patients presenting for treatment of spinal metastatic disease at one of three tertiary centers in Boston, MA. OUTCOME MEASURES We conducted semistructured interviews using a guide that probed participants’ experiences with making treatment decisions. METHODS We performed a thematic analysis that produced a list of themes, subthemes, and statement explaining how the themes related to the study's guiding questions. Patients were recruited until thematic saturation was reached. RESULTS We interviewed 23 participants before reaching thematic saturation. The enormity of treatment decisions, and of the diagnosis of spinal metastases itself, shaped participant preferences for who should take responsibility for the decision and whether to accept treatments bearing greater risk of complications. Pre-existing participant beliefs about decision-making and about surgery interacted with the clinical context in a way that tended to promote accepting physician recommendations and delaying or avoiding surgery. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of spinal metastatic disease played an outsized role in shaping participant preferences for agency in treatment decision-making. Further research should address strategies to support patient understanding of treatment options in clinical contexts—such as spinal metastases—characterized by ominous underlying disease and high-risk, often urgent interventions.
Effects of habitat fragment size and isolation on the density and genetics of urban red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus)

Urban expansion is creating environmental stressors through land use change, habitat fragmentation, and habitat loss. These stressors, along with a host of others, are driving precipitous declines in vertebrate taxa around the world. Amphibians, often requiring a narrow range of environmental conditions, can be especially susceptible to the stressors of environmental change. Despite habitat loss and degradation, some amphibian species continue to persist in altered urban landscapes. The red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is one such- species and in this study, we assess how habitat patch size affects population density and genetic diversity of salamander populations in and around an urban center in Ohio, United States. Further, we examined patterns of genetic differentiation and landscape connectivity to understand gene flow between populations and tested for historic demographic bottleneck effects. Populations were sampled from 9 urban forest patches ranging in size from less than 1 ha to approximately 250 ha. There was no apparent effect of contiguous habitat patch size on salamander density nor genetic diversity, but we did observe significant genetic differentiation between 97% of pairwise population comparisons. The differentiation observed was not a result of overland distance or effective distance due to landscape resistance. There was evidence of historic bottlenecks at every site. These results suggest that density is driven by within-patch heterogeneity and that genetic diversity is affected by drivers other than patch size or contemporary population density. Our study demonstrates that red-backed salamanders can persist in wooded, urban parks, but that genetic diversity remains susceptible to demographic changes.
Assessment of a Day Hospital Management Program for Children With Type 1 Diabetes.

Importance A shift in the setting of care delivery for children with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes led to a reorganization of treatment. Objective To determine whether a new diagnosis of pediatric diabetes can be successfully managed in a day hospital model. Design, Setting, and Participants This quality improvement study used retrospectively collected data on pediatric patients with a new diagnosis of diabetes who completed an inpatient program for education and insulin titration prospectively compared with patients completing a diabetes day hospital program. Baseline data were collected over 12 months (January-December 2015) and intervention data collected over 14 months (March 2016-May 2017). The study was conducted at a single institution and judged as a nonhuman participant project. The referral local base included a 100-mile radius. Patient inclusion was a new diagnosis of diabetes, age 5 years or older, and no biochemical evidence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Ninety-six patients completed the day hospital program and 192 patients completed an inpatient program. Exposures All patients received 2 consecutive days of insulin titration and education in either a day hospital or inpatient setting. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included the mean length of stay, patient charge, and insurance denial/reimbursement rates. The hypothesis was that a day hospital program would be associated with a reduced length of stay, which would directly affect patient charges and insurance denials. Results Among the 96 day hospital patients, the mean (SD) age was 12.2 (4.7) years (range 5-20.3), with no patients experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis or hypernatremia. Among the 192 inpatient patients, the mean (SD) age was 9.4 (4.7) years (range, 1.6-20.1). The mean (SD) length of stay reduction in the day hospital was 46 (14.1) to 14 (5.1) hours. The mean day hospital patient charge was $2800, compared with a mean (SD) baseline carge of $24 103 ($9401). Within the first year, there was a cumulative reduction in patient charges of more than $2.1 million. Conclusions and Relevance This study’s findings suggest that a diabetes day hospital setting was associated with reductions in length of stay and patient charges, with an increase in insurance reimbursements and a decrease in insurance denials. This study demonstrates an effective way to streamline new-onset diabetes education, which may reduce length of stay and patient charges. Reimbursement rates for patients with a new diagnosis of diabetes increased from 52% to 72% and reimbursement denial rates decreased from 80% to 0%.
Topological Insulators and Topological Superconductors

This graduate-level textbook is the first pedagogical synthesis of the field of topological insulators and superconductors, one of the most exciting areas of research in condensed matter physics. Presenting the latest developments, while providing all the calculations necessary for a self-contained and complete description of the discipline, it is ideal for graduate students and researchers preparing to work in this area, and it will be an essential reference both within and outside the classroom. The book begins with simple concepts such as Berry phases, Dirac fermions, Hall conductance and its link to topology, and the Hofstadter problem of lattice electrons in a magnetic field. It moves on to explain topological phases of matter such as Chern insulators, two- and three-dimensional topological insulators, and Majorana p-wave wires. Additionally, the book covers zero modes on vortices in topological superconductors, time-reversal topological superconductors, and topological responses/field theory and topological indices. The book also analyzes recent topics in condensed matter theory and concludes by surveying active subfields of research such as insulators with point-group symmetries and the stability of topological semimetals. Problems at the end of each chapter offer opportunities to test knowledge and engage with frontier research issues. Topological Insulators and Topological Superconductors will provide graduate students and researchers with the physical understanding and mathematical tools needed to embark on research in this rapidly evolving field.
Sexual Orientation and Attraction in a Cohort of Transmasculine Adolescents and Young Adults

As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of transmasculine adolescents and young adults seeking gender-affirming surgery, this analysis examined sexual orientation and attraction in a cohort of 167...
Fetuin-A dynamics in transition cows' plasma

Around parturition and during early lactation, cows enter a state of negative energy balance (NEB) driven by the onset of lactation and a reduced dry matter intake. The major metabolic adaptation to NEB is adipose tissue lipolysis that releases nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) into systemic circulation. High plasma NEFA predisposes cows to metabolic and inflammatory based diseases that negatively impact animal welfare and increase economic losses to dairy producers. However, not all cows with increased plasma NEFA concentrations develop a disease, thus underscoring the need for novel lipid mobilization-related biomarkers that could improve accuracy of disease prediction. In humans, high fetuin-A concentrations have been identified as an independent marker of insulin resistance and a predictor of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Furthermore, elevated human fetuin-A concentrations are strongly associated with dyslipidemias. Fetuin-A is an abundant carrier of NEFA in plasma and is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and adipocytes. Fetuin-A inhibits insulin receptor signaling and therefore increases lipolysis and NEFA efflux from adipose tissues. Despite its strong link with lipolytic processes, fetuin-A expression in plasma and its relationship with metabolic markers in transition cows remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of serum fetuin-A and its association with NEFA during the transition period.
Purification and refolding protocol for cold-active recombinant esterase AaSGNH1 from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies.

Microbial esterases are a highly desirable tool for numerous biosynthetic and biotechnological applications requiring ester bond cleavage. Once identified, microbial esterases are often produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli to enhance yield and ease of purification. In this study a polyhistidine-tagged SGNH esterase gene (AaSGNH1), originating from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, was cloned into an over-expression plasmid and expressed in BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant esterase enzyme was produced as inactive inclusion bodies which were insoluble in 8 M urea but readily solubilized by the detergent Empigen BB®. Crucially, the procurement of active enzyme required controlled removal of detergent during column chromatography and dialysis steps. The refolded esterase was characterized with respect to its ability to catalyze the cleavage of p-nitrophenol esters of different chain lengths (C2, C8, C16). In addition, the temperature and pH optima were determined and it was found that the enzyme was most active at low temperatures (5-15 °C) and under alkaline conditions (pH 8-10). It was found that the kinetic properties of AaSGNH1 were remarkably similar to other SGNH esterases described thereby validating that the protein was effectively refolded. Overall, this study provides a simple strategy for isolating cold-active recombinant esterase enzyme when expressed as inclusion bodies.
Special Considerations of Anastomotic Leak in Patients with Rectal Cancer

Anastomotic leak in patients with rectal cancer has the potential to cause worse oncologic outcomes in addition to major morbidity and mortality risk of this dreaded complication. Anatomic location of the rectal cancer determines the ability to perform a restorative operation and the height of the anastomosis in relation to the anal canal. Clinical staging dictates the need for neoadjuvant treatment (such as chemotherapy and radiation) which may also contribute to anastomotic leak risk. In addition to oncologic outcomes, anastomotic leak can impact bowel function, the need for permanent stoma, and long-term quality of life. This study will discuss special considerations for anastomotic leak prevention and clinical implications of this complication in patients with rectal cancer.
Ensaio e ciência: contextos e subentendidos de 'Os parceiros do rio bonito', de Antonio Candido

Os parceiros do Rio Bonito , by Antonio Candido, is a classic of the social sciences in Brazil, yet it does not fit easily within the parameters of the Sao Paulo school of sociology. This paper discusses the relation of Parceiros to multiple contexts: Candido’s reliance on The German Ideology and mid-twentieth-century anthropology, his critical response to easily recognizable representations of the Sao Paulo countryside, together with the echoes of Mario de Andrade’s research on folklore on this work. It proceeds to discuss the place of Parceiros in Antonio Candido’s overall intellectual trajectory. From the 1960s on, Candido sought to develop an “integrative criticism,” working predominantly with the essay form. Parceiros , together with the equally influential Formacao da literatura brasileira , belong to an earlier moment in his career, when Candido presented his arguments more systematically, developing them mostly within the accepted boundaries of academic disciplines.
The use of convex probe endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration in a pediatric population: A multicenter study

SummaryIntroduction The presence of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy and mediastinal masses in the pediatric population often presents a diagnostic challenge. With limited minimally invasive methodologies to obtain a diagnosis, invasive sampling via mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy is often pursued. Endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure that has demonstrated significant success in the adult population in the evaluation of such abnormalities. Within the pediatric literature there is limited data regarding the use of EBUS-TBNA. We report the first multicenter review of a pediatric population undergoing EBUS-TBNA procedures identifying the feasibility, safety, utility, and outcomes of this procedure. Methods All patients of 18 years of age or younger undergoing EBUS-TBNA at six major academic medical centers from the years 2007 through 2013 were reviewed. Data regarding procedural performance, outcomes, and complications were recorded. Results A total of 21 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified in six centers. The mean age of the cohort was 13.7 (±4.1) years. EBUS-TBNA provided adequate sampling in 20/21 (95%) of the cases with diagnostic material obtained in 10 (48%) cases. Eight patients (38%) underwent additional surgical procedures to confirm or obtain diagnostic tissue. Within our cohort, 13 patients (62%) were able to avoid invasive surgical biopsy procedures. No procedural or anesthesia related complications were identified. Conclusion We report the first multicenter study to date confirming the feasibility and utility of EBUS-TBNA in the pediatric population. Due to the low overall procedural risk of EBUS-TBNA, it should be considered as a potential first line diagnostic option for children presenting with mediastinal or hilar abnormalities but further prospective studies are needed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:807–815. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chapter 41 Focal injection therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the treatment of all types of disabling muscle overactivity—that is, the inability to relax a muscle in situations when it should be at rest. In most central nervous system (CNS) pathology associated with muscle overactivity (spasticity, rigidity, tremor, and symptomatic dystonia), muscle overactivity is not equally distributed throughout all muscles in the body, but is particularly severe in some muscles. There is often imbalance between mildly hyperactive agonists and severely hyperactive antagonists. The paired agonist-antagonist tends to produce torque oriented primarily in the direction of the more overactive muscle. This imbalance between agonist and antagonist is often a key factor in the impairment of purposeful functional movements. In such cases, the use of general (oral) or regional (intrathecal) therapies is not likely to improve active function, as these administration routes lead to indiscriminate reduction of motor neuron excitability and recruitment in both agonists and antagonists. However, local treatments allow selective weakening of targeted hyperactive muscles. This chapter discusses classical chemical local treatments and botulinum toxin (BTX) from several perspectives: history of the introduction of each compound, pharmacological properties, histological effects, physiological action, risks and potential adverse effects, and clinical effects and indications. This chapter presents a theoretical comparison of these treatments in the final section.
Digit-serial DSP library for optimized FPGA configuration

This paper gives the digit-serial DSP libraries used to implement the digit-serial DSP architecture for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and compares schematic-based FPGA design with design based on logic synthesis for digit-serial DSP libraries. It describes the design of digit-serial addition/subtraction, multiplication and delay elements and indicates also how digit-serial FIR filter can be implemented. The FPGA device utilization and critical path delay of digit-serial DSP libraries are calculated and described.
Structure Characterization in the Science and Technology of Elastomers

Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to focus on structure characterization in the science of elastomers. Early structural characterization of polymers focused on solution properties and their relationship to molecular weight. Subsequently, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques were developed. Knowledge of chemical composition, compositional and sequence distribution, molecular weight and its distribution, and the degree and type of branching allows inferences to be drawn concerning the mechanical properties, the rheology, curing behavior, filler reinforcement, and chemical reactivity of rubber. Relationships between fundamental molecular variables and the properties of condensed matter are semiquantitative at best and correlation never guarantees causation. This chapter discusses methods for molecular-weight determination at greater length than spectroscopic methods.
Female Sexual Offenders: A Review of Empirical Research

Abstract Scientific research relating to acts of sexual abuse perpetrated by women is a relatively under-investigated field. While the percentage of sex offenses committed by women is low relative to those committed by men, the absolute numbers of such episodes remain unac-ceptably high, and the consequences of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents may be just as traumatic for those victims. We review the existing empirical research literature pertaining to the characteristics of female sex offenders, the possible types of offenders, and current recommendations regarding their psychosocial treatment. Lacunae in the research literature are identified.
Uncoupling of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor alpha 1, beta 2, and gamma 2 subunit mRNA expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells of staggerer mutant mice.

The mammalian GABAA/benzodiazepine (GABAA/BZ) receptor is comprised of several subunit isoforms: alpha 1–6, beta 1–13, gamma 1–3 and delta. In the present studies, the expression of alpha 1, beta 2, and gamma 2 subunit mRNAs was examined in cerebellar Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar neurons of staggerer mutant mice during postnatal development. In control animals, the three subunit mRNAs were present at high density in Purkinje cells which, in adult animals, form a monolayer at the interface of the granule cell and molecular layers. The number of Purkinje cells in the staggerer cerebellar cortex is reduced; the majority of those that remain are retained within the granule cell layer and are unable to receive normal afferent synapses from granule cells. The three subunit mRNAs were ex pressed at similar levels in both staggerer and control Purkinje cells until postnatal day 9. After this time, although the alpha 1 subunit mRNA was maintained at control levels in staggerer Purkinje cells, the expression of beta 2 and gamma 2 subunit mRNAs decreased, and was largely absent by postnatal day 20. The loss of beta 2 and gamma 2 mRNA expression in staggerer was specific to Purkinje cells, since all three mRNAs were present throughout postnatal development in other brain regions, including the deep cerebellar nuclei. The present studies indicate that in cerebellar Purkinje cells, the GABAA/BZ receptor alpha 1, and beta 2, and gamma 2, subunit mRNAs are regulated by distinct mechanisms which are differentially affected by the staggerer mutation.
Lawyers, Context, and Legitimacy: A New Theory of Legal Ethics

Even good lawyers get a bad rap. One explanation for this is that the professional rules governing lawyers permit and even require behavior that strikes many as immoral. The standard accounts of legal ethics that seek to defend these professional rules do little to dispel this air of immorality. The revisionary accounts of legal ethics that criticize the professional rules inject a hearty dose of morality, but at the cost of leaving lawyers unrecognizable as lawyers. This article suggests that the problem with both the professional rules and the extant accounts of legal ethics is that they treat the role of lawyer as largely uniform, whereas lawyers actually serve several importantly different roles in different contexts. The central insight of the article is that legal ethics must be fundamentally context-sensitive: what lawyers are morally permitted or required to do depends on the background context in which they are working. Additionally, by taking context into account, this article is the first to present a theory of legal ethics as appropriately shaped and constrained by normative political philosophy and norms of political legitimacy. Specifically, the article argues that people act as lawyers in three different contexts: State v. Individual (situations in which the State seeks to apply some general law to a particular individual), Individual v. Individual (situations in which private individuals are engaged in a dispute), and Individual v. State (situations in which individuals object to State conduct on constitutional or other grounds unrelated to the question of whether a general law applies to their particular case); that the value of lawyers, qua lawyers, stems from a different source in each of these contexts; and that a theory of legal ethics must take into account both of these first two claims. This article develops one such theory - the Multi-Context View. To demonstrate how the theory applies in practice, the article applies the Multi-Context View to two significant issues in legal ethics: the ethical issues involved in deciding whether to represent a client and the moral permissibility of the use of tactical delay.
Activation of the Ste20-like Oxidant Stress Response Kinase-1 during the Initial Stages of Chemical Anoxia-induced Necrotic Cell Death REQUIREMENT FOR DUAL INPUTS OF OXIDANT STRESS AND INCREASED CYTOSOLIC [Ca2+]

Signal transduction mechanisms activated during the early stages of necrotic cell death are poorly characterized. We have recently identified the Sterile 20 (Ste20)-like oxidant stress response kinase-1, SOK-1, which is a member of the Ste20 kinase family. We report that SOK-1 is markedly activated as early as 20 min after chemical anoxia induced by exposure of Madin-Darby canine kidney or LLC-PK1 renal tubular epithelial cells to 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and any one of three inhibitors of the electron transport chain, cyanide (CN), rotenone, or antimycin A. Since oxidant stress activates SOK-1, we postulated that reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced by the electron transport chain during chemical anoxia, might be responsible for SOK-1 activation. The time course of CN/2-DG-induced SOK-1 activation and of production of ROS, measured in cells loaded with dichlorofluorescein, were compatible with a role for ROS in SOK-1 activation. Furthermore, preincubation of LLC-PK1 cells with three unrelated scavengers of ROS, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, pyruvate, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid, reduced both cellular oxidant stress and activation of SOK-1 by CN/2-DG. An increase in cytosolic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) was necessary but not sufficient for CN/2-DG-induced activation of SOK-1. Preincubation of cells with BAPTA-AM prevented activation of SOK-1. Incubation of cells with thapsigargin or the calcium ionophore, A23187, had no effect on SOK-1 activity, but preincubation of cells with either of these agents markedly enhanced CN/2-DG-induced activation of SOK-1 (20-fold versus 7-fold). In summary, chemical anoxia activates SOK-1 via an oxidant stress-dependent mechanism that is both critically dependent upon and markedly amplified by an increase in [Ca2+]i. This requirement for dual inputs of oxidant stress and an increase in [Ca2+]i may prevent inappropriate activation of the kinase by milder degrees of oxidant stress, which are insufficient to generate an increase in [Ca2+]i. The activation of SOK-1 may be one of the cell's earliest responses to inducers of necrotic cell death.
Transcatheter treatment of life-threatening lower gastrointestinal bleeding due to advanced pelvic malignancy

We present two patients with life-threatening, massive, lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Selective pelvic arteriography demonstrated that the site of bleeding originated from a pseudoaneurysm of the right internal iliac artery with fistulous communication to the sigmoid colon in one patient and from the left internal iliac artery into the rectum in the second patient. Transcatheter embolotherapy was then performed using balloon occlusion in one patient and coil embolization in the second patient. The iliac arteries should also be evaluated in patients with pelvic cancer who present with lower GI bleeding.
In vitro strain measurements in the condylar process of the human mandible

Abstract Although there have been a number of experimental studies of temporomandibular joint loading, the precise relation between condylar load and condylar strain is incompletely understood. This in vitro study determined the magnitudes and directions of the principal components of strain on the four surfaces of the condylar process of human cadaver mandibles during loading with selected simulated muscle forces, with simultaneous measurement of occlusal and joint forces. Rosette strain gauges were placed on each of the four surfaces and the mandibles were loaded by a load cell to simulate the action of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles. Force and strain values were measured at five different bite positions and nine different positions of the resultant muscle force. Forces and strain values were highest when the resultant muscle force was closest to the joint and the bite position was furthest from the joint. The ratios of bite force to joint force and the ratios of forces between the two joints conformed to theoretical predictions of many previous models, with the balancing-side joint being loaded more heavily than the working-side joint. At all gauge positions the maximum principal strain was tensile, the minimum principal strain was compressive, and the absolute strain values were correlated with the magnitude of the force on the condyle. However, under the chosen loading regimen, the ratio of compressive to tensile strain differed among the four surfaces. The highest levels of tensile strain occurred on the anterior and lateral surfaces and the highest compressive strain occurred on the posterior surface. It was not possible to detect significant changes in strain patterns due to bite position or muscle force position, that were independent of the force magnitudes.
Analysis of slip activity and heterogeneous deformation in tension and tension-creep of Ti–5Al–2.5Sn (wt %) using in-situ SEM experiments

The deformation behavior of a Ti–5Al–2.5Sn (wt %) near-α alloy was investigated during in-situ deformation inside a scanning electron microscope. Tensile experiments were performed at 296 K and 728 K (≈0.4 T m), while tensile-creep experiments were performed at 728 K and 763 K. Active deformation systems were identified using electron backscattered diffraction-based slip trace analysis. Both basal and prismatic slip systems were active during the tensile experiments. Basal slip was observed for grains clustered around high Schmid factor orientations, while prismatic slip exhibited less dependence on the crystallographic orientation. The tension-creep experiments revealed less slip but more development of grain boundary ledges than in the higher strain rate tensile experiments. Some of the grain boundary ledges evolved into grain boundary cracks, and grain boundaries oriented nearly perpendicular to the tensile axis formed ledges earlier in the deformation process. Grain boundaries with high misorientation...
Antifeedant screening of thirty-nine local plants with fall armyworm larvae

Abstract Thirty‐nine local plants of Maryland were collected, ground, and extracted with two solvents. The extracts were incorporated into an artificial diet and tested for antifeedant activity vs. a control against fall armyworm first‐instar larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Several extracts resulted in larvae that weighed less than 10% of the average weight of the control larvae.
The Plan for a Compensated Dollar

I. The plan, rigidly adhered to, would bring long-run stability of prices, 402. — But temporary oscillations, of unpredictable extent, would continue, 403. — Causes of uncertainty in the connection between quantity of coin and prices, 403. — II. Adoption of the plan by international agreement seems impossible, 407. — Nor would a single country be likely to adopt it, 410. — III. It is uncertain whether and how far general prices will continue to rise, 412. — The general public is uneasy chiefly about the rise in food prices, 413. — Present evils not unendurable, and the scheme not practicable, 416.
Attitudes toward the Existence and Scientific Investigation of Extrasensory Perception

Summary An attempt to identify a possible delimiting condition of extrasensory perception was made by examining the relationship among S s' beliefs regarding the existence of ESP, their beliefs concerning the appropriateness of the scientific investigation of ESP, and their performance on a clairvoyance task. It was predicted that S s' beliefs regarding the existence of ESP would interact with their beliefs concerning the appropriateness of scientific research so that S s who believed in ESP would score significantly above chance on the clairvoyance task and S s who did not believe in ESP would score significantly below chance only when they believed scientific research on ESP was appropriate. When scientific research was believed to be inappropriate S s were predicted to score at chance levels regardless of their beliefs regarding the existence of ESP. No evidence was found to support this hypothesis or the existence of ESP.
Mitochondrial migration and Ca-ATPase modulation in secretory ameloblasts of fasted and calcium-loaded rats.

Migration of mitochondria and modulation of Ca-ATPase activity in secretory ameloblasts were investigated ultrastructurally and ultracytochemically by using lower incisors taken from normally fed, 30-hr-fasted, and calcium (Ca)-loaded rats. In normally fed rats, almost all mitochondria were localized in a narrow infranuclear compartment between the nucleus and proximal cell webs of secretory ameloblasts. In 30-hr-fasted rats, a prominent migration of many mitochondria into the supranuclear region of the cells was noted. Mitochondria returned to the infranuclear compartment and seldom appeared in the supranuclear region when fasted rats were Ca-loaded by transcardiac perfusion with physiological Ca solution. Normally, the mitochondria of secretory ameloblast exhibited moderate Ca-ATPase activity along their inner membranes. This mitochondrial Ca-ATPase was decreased by a 30-hr fast and became prominent again after Ca loading. Plasma-membrane Ca-ATPase was demonstrated in the entire cell surface of secretory ameloblasts. An especially abundant reaction was found along the invaginated cell surface of the Tomes process. This Ca-ATPase also became very weak and was almost abolished from the Tomes process after fasting, but Ca loading caused reappearance of an intense Ca-ATPase activity on the entire cell surface, including along Tomes's processes. These results suggest that (1) mitochondrial localization in secretory ameloblasts is influenced by the Ca concentration of the extracellular milieu, and (2) the level of mitochondrial and cell-membrane ATPase activity is responsive to the concentration of extracellular calcium.
Stabilization of Colloidal Silica Using Polyols

Abstract We have discovered that small polyols are reasonably effective at stabilizing colloidal silica against aggregation, even under the conditions of high pH and salt concentration. Both quasielastic and elastic light scattering were used to show that these polyols dramatically decrease the aggregation rate of the suspension, changing the growth kinetics from diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation to reaction-limited cluster–cluster aggregation. These polyols may be useful in the treatment of tank wastes at the Hanford site.
High field conduction in heat resistant polymers at elevated temperature for metallized film capacitors

Improved high temperature polymeric dielectrics are in demand for applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, advance aircraft, and deep oil/gas well drilling. Metallized polymeric film capacitors have the advantage of graceful failure as a result of self-healing. As no dielectrics are perfect insulators, trace amount of electrical conduction is always present, especially at high electric field and/or elevated temperature. In this work, high field conductivity and conduction mechanisms of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were investigated. Results suggest charge injection through Schottky mechanism and conduction through hopping in both polymers. The average activation energies of PPS and PET were 0.90 and 1.03 eV, respectively.
Cosmology from 3 years of WMAP CMB data

Abstract The combined 3 year observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) have yielded full-sky temperature and polarization maps in five frequency bands (K, Ka, Q, V, W) between 23 and 94 GHz. In this article we discuss the cosmological implications of these observations. The combination of temperature and polarization data leads to a significant improvement in the measurement of the reionization optical depth τ = 0.093 ± 0.029. This, in turn, breaks a number of key degeneracies present in the constraints from temperature measurements alone allowing the WMAP CMB data on its own to offer a powerful insight into the universe’s constituents and the processes that generated the initial conditions for structure formation.
Human T lymphocytes form rosettes with autologous and allogeneic human red blood cells.

Abstract Human lymphocytes bind untreated human erythrocytes to form rosettes. The rosettes are highly unstable at temperatures greater than 4°C. Rosette formation occurs with autologous, as well as allogeneic, erythrocytes. More rosette formation occurs with thymocytes than peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cells from T cell lines, but not B cell lines, form rosettes. Rosette forming cells lack surface immunoglobulin. Therefore, binding of human erythrocytes, like binding of sheep erythrocytes, appears to be a property of human T lymphocytes.
Studies on resistance in snails: interference by nonirradiated echinostome larvae with natural resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract Most of the genetically selected juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata snails, normally strongly resistant to Schistosoma mansoni , lost their juvenile resistance to this parasite when other trematodes were concurrently present in the snail. Three echinostome species all were able to reduce this genetically controlled juvenile resistance: Echinostoma lindoense, E. paraensei , and e. liei . Subsequently, adult resistance to S. mansoni , clearly present in control snails of the same age and strain that were not doubly infected, failed to develop in most of the snails that also harbored echinostomes. Other snails, selected for resistance as adults to S. mansoni , also usually became susceptible to this parasite following infection with E. paraensei . The capacity of E. paraensei to interfere with the snails' resistance to S. mansoni was greater than that of E. lindoense . Destruction by predation of primary sporocysts of S. mansoni by echinostome rediae prevented completion of development of the S. mansoni infections. In a number of snails all primary S. mansoni sporocysts were consumed before secondary sporocysts could be formed. In most experimental snails, however, some of the schistosomes survived, often as a small number of degenerated secondary S. mansoni sporocysts. The capability of flukes to interfere with the natural defense of snails may be an important phenomenon whereby trematode species survive in their snail hosts.
Videoconferencing in the Business Curriculum

As more and more companies use videoconferencing to conduct business, training students to communicate through this medium becomes increasingly important. With the rapid development of videoconferencing, business schools should investigate equipment purchase, for it may be within their budgets. Focusing on student learning aspects, this article presents six aspects of business school videoconferencing: (a) a rationale for using videoconferencing in the business curriculum, (b) a description of the Videoconferencing Center in the Texas Christian University business school, (c) budgetary considerations and resources, (d) learning objectives for student videoconferencing, (e) sample business videoconferences for class purposes, and (f) essentials for successful student videoconferences.
Driving Forces for Nucleic Acid pKa Shifting in an A+·C Wobble: Effects of Helix Position, Temperature, and Ionic Strength

Secondary structure plays critical roles in nucleic acid function. Mismatches in DNA can lead to mutation and disease, and some mismatches involve a protonated base. Among protonated mismatches, A+...
Circular polarization: Jupiter and other planets.

Scattered light circular polarization data from Jupiter and other planets indicating nonmagnetic origin
Assessing the link between teacher cognitions, teacher behaviors, and pupil responses to lessons☆

Abstract This study responds to Kagan's (1990) criticism about the lack of empirical evidence linking teacher conceptions (as reflected in concept maps) to their interactive behaviors, and/or their effectiveness in the classroom. Ten student teachers participated in the study. Concept maps, the Virginia observation system for the evaluation of beginning teachers, and a specific procedure to assess pupil responses to lessons were used to gather the data. The findings support a relationship between student teachers' behavioral and cognitive domains. Patterns of pupil responses appear to vary according to the planning perspectives exhibited by student teachers in their lessons. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Studies of Herd Management Records I. Services Required for Conception for First to Tenth Calving

Summary Tabulation of 980 calvings of 437 Holstein-Friesian cows in the University of Nebraska herd in a 44-year period, during which the abortion rate was 10.2%, showed that: 1. First calf heifers required the largest number of services for conception. This number decreased up to the fourth calving. 2. First calf heifers have a lower conception rate than do mature cows when measured by percentage of conception at first service, at first three services, and at first five services. 3. There is a gradual increase in the conception percentage for each calving for the first through the fourth, as measured by first service, first three services, and first five services. 4. From the fourth through the seventh calvings, the conception percentage remained relatively the same. 5. There was a decline in fertility after the eighth calving. 6. Comparison of these data with those based on normal calvings after normal calvings showed no difference; hence, abortion was judged to be an unimportant factor as affecting the factors studied.
Neonatal androgen effects on open-field activity and sexual behavior in the female rat: the modifying influence of ovarian secretions during development.

Abstract The effect of neonatal androgen treatment on adult open-field behavior and sexual behavior was compared in female rats gonadectomized either at birth or in adult life (102 days). In animals ovariectomized at birth, treatment with 100 μg testosterone propionate (TP) at 4 days of age resulted in a significant decrease of open-field activity at 128 days of age. This effect persisted at 147 days following daily estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment. However, the presence of ovaries during development (up to 102 days) was found to obscure the effect of neonatal TP on open-field activity. The inhibitory effect of neonatal TP on female sexual behavior was also significantly reduced by the presence of ovaries during development. It is possible that the observed phenomenon is related to known parallel changes in steroid metabolism.
Staple Finance, Ritual Pig Sacrifice, and Ideological Power in Ancient Hawai'i

This article explores the role of ritual pig sacrifice in Hawai'i from an archaeological perspective, tracing political change through time. Hawai'i represents an interesting case study of how insular tropical environments dictate unique solutions to problems of social control. Results indicate that staple foods, in the absence of other wealth items, can become imbued with distinctive political values for materializing power relationships and shaping discrete politico-economic realities. The late but rapid rise of ceremonial pig sacrifice generated a corresponding economic demand for pigs, resulting in pork becoming an elite commodity and status food, further strengthening its economic and political value among the Hawai'ian elite.
Site-directed rotational resonance solid-state NMR distance measurements probe structure and mechanism in the transmembrane domain of the serine bacterial chemoreceptor

The serine receptor of bacterial chemotaxis is an ideal system in which to investigate the molecular mechanism of transmembrane signaling. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques su...