cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Enhancing Connections Program: a six-state randomized clinical trial of a cancer parenting program.

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a cancer parenting program for child rearing mothers with breast cancer, the Enhancing Connections Program. Primary goals were to decrease maternal depressed mood and anxiety, improve parenting quality, parenting skills and confidence, and enhance the child's behavioral-emotional adjustment to maternal breast cancer. Method A total of 176 mothers diagnosed within 6 months with Stage 0 to Stage III breast cancer and their 8- to 12-year-old child were recruited from medical providers in 6 states: Washington, California, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Arizona, and Indiana. After consenting and obtaining baseline measures, study participants were randomized into experimental or control groups. Experimental mothers received 5, 1-hr educational counseling sessions at 2-week intervals; controls received a booklet and phone call on communicating and supporting their child about the mother's cancer. Outcomes were assessed at 2 and 12 months. Results Compared to controls, at 2 months experimental mothers significantly improved on depressed mood and parenting skills; experimental children improved on behavioral-emotional adjustment: total behavior problems, externalizing problems, and anxiety/depressed mood significantly declined. At 1 year, experimental children remained significantly less depressed than controls on both mother- and child-reported measures. The intervention failed to significantly affect parenting self-efficacy or maternal anxiety. Conclusions The Enhancing Connections Program benefitted mothers and children in specific areas and warrants refinement and further testing.
A CASE OF INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOTUMOR OF THE LIVER

症例は51歳,女性. 1997年12月,検診で胆道系酵素異常を指摘され近医を受診.腹部CTで肝右葉後区域に腫瘤像を指摘され, 1998年1月,精査目的に当院に紹介された.血液検査では軽度の炎症反応と胆道系酵素の上昇を認めたが,ウイルス抗体,腫瘍マーカーはすべて陰性であった. US, CT, MRI,血管造影が施行されたが,画像上診断困難であったため,経皮的肝生検を行った.その結果,炎症性偽腫瘍と診断され,経過観察を行ったが,腫瘤は縮小せず,検査所見も改善しなかったため, 9月9日,肝後区域切除,胆嚢摘出術を施行した.肝炎症性偽腫瘍は原因不明の炎症性腫瘤で,比較的稀な疾患である.今回われわれは,肝炎症性偽腫瘍の1例を経験したので,過去本邦報告77例についての集計,検討結果および文献的考察を加えて報告する.
Potassium, lethal and tumor-necrotizing properties of Klebsiella polysaccharide.

SummaryPotassium injected intravenously increased the mild delayed lethal toxicity of Klebsiella polysaccharide in normal rats. In rats bearing relatively small lymphosarcomas the delayed lethal and tumor-necrotizing actions of the polysaccharide were markedly increased by minute quantities of potassium.
Design of Role-Based Multi Area Access Control Model for Electric Power SCADA System

Under the tendency of integrating dispatching with control in recent years the access control of electric power SCADA system becomes more and more complicated, for this reason, the defects in traditional discretionary access control, mandatory access control and role based access control(RBAC) are analyzed, and based on existing SCADA system and traditional RBAC a multi-area access control model, in which the concept of the area of responsibility(AOR) is led in, is proposed, and the permission is split into the regional access permission and public service access permission to make the permissions enable shunted according to AOR, and based on dispatchers' requirements on production and management different dispatch responsibility range are divided to allocate different permissions in different AORs. Thus the demand of modern SCADA system on conducting differentiated management of permissions according to areas to effectively prevent the trans-domination area maloperation. The validity and reliability of the proposed model are verified by results of applying it in actual project.
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles Epidemic and Assessment of Supplementary Immunization in Changsha County from 2007 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles epidemic and the incidence of measles before and after supplementary immunization in Changsha County during the period of 2007~2010,to explore the effective measles control policies,and to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and control policy-making.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used in this study.Results There were 234 measles cases reported during the period of 2007~2010,which focused on infants under 8 months,children over 7 years old,and floating population.The incidence of urban areas was significantly higher than that of rural areas(χ2=129.93,P0.05).81.2% of the cases had unclear or no history of immunization.After the supplementary immunization of measles vaccine,the incidence rate of measles was significantly declined(χ2=132.62,P0.05).Conclusions Undoing measles immunization is the main cause of the measles incidence,and the effectiveness of supplementary immunization activities is obvious.
Reduction of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella in feces and on hides of feedlot cattle using various doses of a direct-fed microbial.

In this study, the effectiveness of direct-fed microbials at reducing Escherichia coli 0157 and Salmonella in beef cattle was evaluated. Steers (n = 240) received one of the following four treatment concentrations: control = lactose carrier only; low = 1 X 10 7 CFU per steer daily Lactobacillus acidophilus NP51; medium = 5 × 10 8 CFU per steer daily L. acidophilus NP51; and high = 1 X 10 9 CFU per steer daily L. acidophilus NP51. Low, medium, and high diets also included 1 X 10 9 CFU per steer Propionibacterium freudenreichii NP24. Feces were collected from each animal at allocation of treatment and found to have no variation (P = 0.54) between cohorts concerning E. coli 0157 recovery. Feces and hide swabs were collected at harvest and analyzed for the presence of E. coli 0157 by immunomagnetic separation and Salmonella by PCR. No significant dosing effects were detected for E. coli 0157 recovery from feces at the medium dose or from hides at the medium and high doses. E. coli 0157 was 74% (P < 0.01) and 69% (P < 0.01) less likely to be recovered in feces from animals receiving the high and low diets, respectively, compared with controls. Compared with controls, E. coli 0157 was 74% (P = 0.05) less likely to be isolated on hides of cattle receiving the low dose. No significant dosing effects were detected for Salmonella recovery from feces at the medium and low doses or from hides at any doses. Compared with controls, Salmonella was 48% (P = 0.09) less likely to be shed in feces of cattle receiving the high dose. No obvious dose-response of L. acidophilus NP51 on recovery of E. coli 0157 or Salmonella was detected in our study.
Total energy and energy spectral density of elastic wave radiation from propagating faults

abstract Starting with a Green9s function representation of the solution of the elastic field equations for the case of a prescribed displacement discontinuity on a fault surface, it is shown that a shear fault (relative displacement parallel to the fault plane) is rigorously equivalent to a distribution of double-couple point sources over the fault plane. In the case of a tensile fault (relative displacement normal to the fault plane) the equivalent point source distribution is composed of force dipoles normal to the fault plane with a superimposed purely compressional component. Assuming that the fault break propagates in one direction along the long axis of the fault plane and that the relative displacement at a given point has the form of a ramp time function of finite duration, T , the total radiated P and S wave energies and the total energy spectral densities are evaluated in closed form in terms of the fault plane dimensions, final fault displacement, the time constant T , and the fault propagation velocity. Using fault parameters derived principally from the work of Ben-Menahem and Toksoz on the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952, the calculated total energy appears to be somewhat low and the calculated energy spectrum appears to be deficient at short periods. It is suggested that these discrepancies are due to over-simplification of the assumed model, and that they may be corrected by (1) assuming a somewhat roughened ramp for the fault displacement time function to correspond to a stick-slip type of motion, and (2) assuming that the short period components of the fault displacement wave are coherent only over distances considerably smaller than the total fault length.
Testosterone Metabolism in Skin

It appears warranted to draw several tentative conclusions from these studies. First, the reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by slices of various types of human skin appears to correlate with the capacity for the skin to grow under the influence of androgens, skin from the perineal areas exhibiting the highest rates observed. Second, as the result of studies on dihydrotestosterone formation in skin biopsies from patients with the syndrome of testicular feminization and on the relation between age and the capacity of human prepuce to perform this conversion, it is possible that the ability to reduce testosterone to dihydrotestosterone may be a limiting factor in the androgen-mediated growth of these tissues. Third, the appearance of the enzyme which performs this conversion in the anlage of the perineal skin early in embryonic development appears to fulfill the requirements of an initial androgen receptor, suggesting the possibility that this reaction may be critical to the male differentiation of the genital skin. Fourth, the factors which regulate the level of the enzyme for dihydrotestosterone formation have not yet been identified. Finally, preliminary evidence suggests that dihydrotestosterone formation may also be involved in the androgen-mediated growth of sebaceous glands and hair.
“This Group of Difficult Kids”: The Discourse Preservice English Teachers Use to Label Students

ABSTRACTThis study attempts to understand how achievement gap Discourse might be present in preservice teachers' (PSTs) Discourse about students they found challenging to teach. Using a Discourse analytic approach, the project considers: How do PSTs describe challenging students in their written reflections? Do PSTs draw on students' multiple identities? Findings reveal PSTs are taking up a Discourse prevalent in today's educational environment in which students, particularly ethnically and linguistically diverse students, are discussed in terms of inadequacy. PSTs typically describe students in terms of a single label, rather than as having multiple identities. Implications include that PSTs might enter teaching with a limited view and incomplete understanding of students and that even a teacher-education program aimed at pushing PSTs to question their assumptions about students might be reifying a systemwide Discourse that identifies students based on labels—sometimes deficit-oriented labels—rather than...
Commodification of Flesh: Data Visualization Techniques and Interest in the Licit Sex Industry

A commonly held assumption in the sex-based industry is interest always exists. However, assuming interest undermines any holistic attempt to study the licit and illicit economies associated with t...
Afterword: next steps in the study of gender and education in the radical right

Gender is key to the radical right today, and in the past. Traditional masculinity is etched into its practices and images, especially those of aggression, authority, brutality, and comradeship. Ge...
Community pharmacy-based point-of-care testing: A case study of pharmacist-physician collaborative working relationships

Building collaborative working relationships (CWRs) with physicians or other prescribers is an important step for community pharmacists in establishing a collaborative practice agreement (CPA). This case study describes the individual, context, and exchange factors that drive pharmacist-physician CWR development for community pharmacy-based point-of-care (POC) testing. Two physicians who had entered in a CPA with community pharmacists to provide POC testing were surveyed and interviewed. High scores on the pharmacist-physician collaborative index indicated a high level of collaboration between the physicians and the pharmacist who initiated the relationship. Trust was established through the physicians' personal relationships with the pharmacist or due to the community pharmacy organization's strong reputation. The physicians' individual perceptions of community pharmacy-based POC testing affected their CWRs and willingness to establish a CPA. These findings suggest that exchange characteristics remain significant factors in CWR development. Individual factors may also contribute to physicians' willingness to advance their CWR to include a CPA for POC testing.
A kinematics perspective on the micro-to-macro transition in anisotropic plasticity modeling of polycrystalline solids

Publisher Summary Anisotropic plastic deformation of a polycrystalline solid involves processes spanning over a wide range of length and time scales (atomistic, dislocations dynamics, single crystal grains, and polycrystalline aggregates). At the microscopic level (discrete single crystal grains), the material is structurally heterogeneous, while at the macroscopic level, it is treated as a homogenous continuum element. A theoretical modeling methodology of using a discrete set of macroscopic slips is proposed for formulating phenomenological anisotropic plasticity flow theories. By viewing the major differences between a crystal plasticity (microscopic) model and an effective macroscopic plasticity model of a polycrystalline solid in terms of kinematical degrees of freedom, it is shown that effective macroscopic plasticity models can be developed, using an approach analogous to the crystallographic slips in single crystals. A simple anisotropic plastic flow model of monoclinic poly crystals under uniaxial tension is presented in the chapter to illustrate the new modeling methodology of macroscopic slips.
Radiotherapy Dosing for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: "MTD" or "ALARA"?

Locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) is typically treated with thoracic radiotherapy, often in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Despite tremendous advances in the evaluation, treatment techniques, and supportive care measures provided to LA-NSCLC patients, local disease progression and distant metastases frequently develop following definitive therapy. A recent landmark randomized trial demonstrated that radiotherapy dose escalation may reduce survival rates, highlighting our poor understanding of the effects of thoracic radiotherapy for LA-NSCLC. Here we present rationale for further studies of radiotherapy dose escalation as well as arguments for exploring relatively low radiotherapy doses for LA-NSCLC.
Sedimentary record of antibiotic accumulation in Minnesota Lakes.

Abstract The widespread detection of antibiotics in the environment is concerning because antibiotics are designed to be effective at small doses. The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation rates of antibiotics used by humans and animals, spanning several major antibiotic classes (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides), in Minnesota lake-sediment cores. Our goal was to determine temporal trends, the major anthropogenic source to these lacustrine systems, and the importance of natural production. A historical record of usage trends for ten human and/or animal-use antibiotics (four sulfonamides, three fluoroquinolones, one macrolide, trimethoprim, and lincomycin) was faithfully captured in the sediment cores. Nine other antibiotics were not detected. Ofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethazine were detected in all of the anthropogenically-impacted studied lakes. Maximum sediment fluxes reached 20.5 ng cm− 2 yr− 1 (concentration 66.1 ng/g) for ofloxacin, 1.2 ng cm− 2 yr− 1 (1.2 ng/g) for trimethoprim, 3.3 ng cm− 2 yr− 1 (11.3 ng/g) for sulfapyridine, and 1.0 ng cm− 2 yr− 1 (1.6 ng/g) for sulfamethazine, respectively. Natural production of lincomycin may have occurred in one lake at fluxes ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 ng cm− 2 yr− 1 (0.1 to 5.8 ng/g). Wastewater effluent appears to be the primary source of antibiotics in the studied lakes, with lesser inputs from agricultural activities.
A Review of Military Health Research Using a Social–Ecological Framework:

Objective:We aim to contextualize the growing body of research on the sequelae of military service in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. We employ a social–ecological (SE) framework for the taxonomy...
Double-negative (CD27−IgD−) B cells are expanded in NSCLC and inversely correlate with affinity-matured B cell populations

The presence of B cells in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with longer survival, however, the role these cells play in the generation and maintenance of anti-tumor immunity is unclear. B cells differentiate into a variety of subsets with differing characteristics and functions. To date, there is limited information on the specific B cell subsets found within NSCLC. To better understand the composition of the B cell populations found in NSCLC we have begun characterizing B cells in lung tumors and have detected a population of B cells that are CD79A+CD27−IgD−. These CD27−IgD− (double-negative) B cells have previously been characterized as unconventional memory B cells and have been detected in some autoimmune diseases and in the elderly population but have not been detected previously in tumor tissue. A total of 15 fresh untreated NSCLC tumors and 15 matched adjacent lung control tissues were dissociated and analyzed by intracellular flow cytometry to detect the B cell-related markers CD79A, CD27 and IgD. All CD79A+ B cells subsets were classified as either naive (CD27−IgD+), affinity-matured (CD27+IgD−), early memory/germinal center cells (CD27+IgD+) or double-negative B cells (CD27−IgD−). Association of double-negative B cells with clinical data including gender, age, smoking status, tumor diagnosis and pathologic differentiation status were also examined using the logistic regression analysis for age and student’s t-test for all other variables. Associations with other B cell subpopulations were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation. We observed that double-negative B cells were frequently abundant in lung tumors compared to normal adjacent controls (13 out of 15 cases), and in some cases made up a substantial proportion of the total B cell compartment. The presence of double-negative cells was also found to be inversely related to the presence of affinity-matured B cells within the tumor, Spearman’s coefficient of − 0.76. This study is the first to observe the presence of CD27−IgD− double-negative B cells in human NSCLC and that this population is inversely correlated with traditional affinity-matured B cell populations.
Non-invasive Ventilation in NeuroMuscular Diseases

Neuromuscular diseases result in respiratory failure due to insufficient ventilation from respiratory muscle weakness. In patients without bulbar affection, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be used as an alternative to ventilation, usually via tracheostomy. When used in conjunction with cough assist methods and techniques to sustain and improve clearance of respiratory secretions, NIV can be used both day and night. Mouthpiece ventilation (MPV), also known as sips ventilation, first reported at a post-poliomyelitis respiratory equipment conference in 1953 has also enabled better quality of life. When initiated prior to development of hypercapnia in early myasthenia crisis, NIV decreases the rate of intubation and shortens the duration of hospitalization. Choice of NIV for chronic progressive NMDs must be based on the knowledge and assessment of the ventilatory abnormality for that specific diagnosis.
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Women Able to Obtain Medication Abortion Before and After Ohio's Law Requiring Use of the Food and Drug Administration Protocol.

Abstract Purpose: In 2011, a law went into effect in Ohio that regulates how abortion care providers can offer medication abortion to their patients. We sought to evaluate changes in sociodemograph...
A Prospective Trial of Extracorporeal Photopheresis for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Reveals Significant Disease Response and No Association with Frequency of Regulatory T Cells.

Abstract Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an accepted treatment for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD); however, the mechanism of action is unclear. We conducted a prospective multicenter clinical trial to assess ECP response rates using the 2005 National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria and to assess the relationship between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and treatment response (NCT01324908). Eighty-three patients with any NIH subtype of cGVHD were enrolled, irrespective of number of prior lines of treatment, and 6 were subsequently excluded because of the absence of follow-up from cancer relapse, infection, or study withdrawal. Study outcomes were provider-assessed response and formal response by 2005 NIH criteria. Peripheral blood samples were collected at prespecified study visits and were analyzed by flow cytometry for Tregs. In a heavily pretreated cohort of patients, with a median of 2 prior lines of therapy, 62.3% of patients had a provider-assessed response to ECP and 43.5% had response by NIH criteria. These assessments showed only a slight agreement (kappa statistic, .09). In a logistic regression model that included previously identified risk factors such as bilirubin, platelet count, and time from transplant to study entry, no clinical factors were associated with the provider's response assessment. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in percentage of Tregs in blood leukocytes at study entry and completion or in overall change in Treg frequency between ECP responders and nonresponders. ECP was associated with a clinically significant decrease in median prednisone dose (.36 to .14 mg/kg, P
ESTABLISHING PHARMACEUTICAL CARE SERVICES IN AN HIV CLINIC

Objective: To present a brief overview of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to describe the implementation of pharmaceutical care services for adult patients with HIV infection. Setting: University hospital clinic. Practice Description: A pharmacist joined a multidisciplinary team serving HIV-infected patients in January 1994. Practice Innovation: Current pharmacy services include taking medication histories, educating patients, counseling patients on compliance, monitoring response to therapy, identifying drug-related problems, documenting all interventions, and making therapeutic decisions and formulary choices. The pharmacist also participates in research. Interventions: The pharmacist sees patients immediately after their physician appointments. Patients with one or more of the following characteristics are targeted to receive pharmaceutical care: multiple drugs, history of noncompliance, initiation of new drug therapy, recently discharged from hospital or emergency department, identification of potential adverse effects, identification of potential drug-drug interactions, and presence of drug toxicities. Conclusion: Pharmacists are uniquely qualified to provide a wide range of pharmaceutical care services to HIV-positive patients. Pharmacy interventions should lead to improved outcomes and decreased costs for a chronic and very expensive disease.
Semidefinite Programming for Sensor Network and Graph Localization

We survey recent developments of using semidefinite programming for solving the sensor network and graph localization problem. The semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation based method was initially proposed by [15;16], theoretically analyzed in [44], and further improved by a gradient-based local search method from [32]. An optimization problem is set up so as to minimize the error in sensor positions to fit distance measures. Observable criteria are developed to certify the quality of the point estimation of sensors or to detect erroneous sensors. The performance of this technique is highly satisfactory compared to other techniques. Very few anchor nodes are required to accurately estimate the position of all the unknown nodes in a network. Also the estimation errors are minimal even when the anchor nodes are not suitably placed within the network or the distance measurements are noisy.
Inverse Problems Modeled by Integral Equations of the First Kind: Causation

What causes a given effect? Often this question has no definitive answer. We may be able to suggest a number of distinct possible causes for an effect and sometimes we can find no reasonable cause at all that can account for a given effect (such an effect we call a mystery). Most disconcertingly, it may happen that highly disparate causes result in indistinguishable effects.
The emerging role of novel antihyperglycemic agents in the treatment of heart failure and diabetes: A focus on cardiorenal outcomes

Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two global pandemics, affecting over 25 and 420 million people, respectively. The prevalence of comorbid HF and T2DM is rising, and the prognosis remains poor. One central area of overlap of these two disease processes is renal dysfunction, which contributes to poor cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. As such, there is a growing need for antihyperglycemic agents with cardio- and renoprotective effects. Three classes of novel antihyperglycemic agents, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors have demonstrated varied cardiorenal outcomes in recent cardiovascular outcomes trials. Understanding the differential effects of these agents, together with their proposed mechanisms, is crucial for the development of safe and effective treatment regimens and future pharmacologic targets for HF and T2DM. In this review, we discuss the overlapping pathophysiology of HF and T2DM, summarize outcomes data for the novel antihyperglycemic agents and proposed mechanisms of action, and review how the current evidence informs future management of comorbid HF and T2DM.
Characterizing Photon Statistics in an Unbalanced Beam Splitter

A theoretical framework has been developed and examined experimentally for photon statistics in an unbalanced beam splitter. We show that it is possible to determine the photon statistics of a lights source without coincidence counting.
Living libraries: Nurse integration in interprofessional homeless health care team.

BACKGROUND Despite an increase in national health care service utilization, entry into the health care system remains inequitable. This disparity in health care access disproportionately affects those experiencing homelessness. Because the homeless population faces significant financial and nonfinancial barriers, health care system engagement with these individuals must be reconsidered. OBJECTIVE This article will describe the piloting of an interprofessional model within an urban library to address barriers to health care access that homeless individuals face. DESIGN The library's unique status as a community hub presents an opportunity for partnership in addressing this population's health care access issues. This community-based model is the first recorded to utilize three distinct professions-nursing, social work, and library science-in a public library. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The implementation of this pilot project resulted in a high retention rate of referrals to community health services for those unstably housed and facilitated a system of warm transfers. Although opportunities to improve generalizability exist, this initiative sets the stage for discussion around co-location of health and social services in a nontraditional community-based setting to achieve equitable access to health care.
Differentiating acute suicidal affective disturbance (ASAD) from anxiety and depression Symptoms: A network analysis.

Abstract Background A growing body of literature supports the potential existence of a new clinical entity, Acute suicidal affective disturbance (ASAD), which is characterized by rapid-onset, acute suicidality. This study aimed to evaluate whether current ASAD symptoms (i.e., suicidal intent, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, disgust with others and oneself, agitation, irritability, insomnia, and nightmares) comprise a psychopathological network distinct from anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods A sample of 167 psychiatric inpatients completed self-report measures of current ASAD, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Results Network analyses revealed three distinct clusters of symptoms corresponding to ASAD, anxiety, and depression symptom self-report measure items. Namely, ASAD symptoms not only demonstrated strong associations with each other, but they also exhibited weak associations with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Limitations This study utilized a cross-sectional design and distinct self-report measures to assess all constructs, which may have led to methodological confounds that influenced the observed network structure. Conclusions Overall, our findings provide further evidence for ASAD as a syndrome with strongly interrelated symptoms. Furthermore, results indicate that ASAD may represent a construct distinct from anxiety and depression, underscoring its potential diagnostic value. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings across other high-risk populations, as well as to examine how ASAD symptoms may relate to other psychiatric symptoms.
An Approach to Absolute Value Problems.

In this paper we show a different approach to such problems. This approach avoids consideration of cases. It emphasizes the metric property of the absolute value func tion and the fact that the real numbers form an ordered set. For real numbers and y, we may con sider \x ? y I as the undirected distance between A and B, where A and are the representations of the numbers and y, respectively, on the real line. Thus | *| = \x ? 0| = distance of from 0. By "dis tance" we shall mean "undirected dis tance." Thus AB stands for the undirected distance between A and B. We shall also use the expression "distance between and 5" to mean the distance between the points representing the numbers and 5 on the real line. We explain our method by con sidering a number of problems that become increasingly more difficult.
HD-Functions on Royden's Compactification of a Riemannian Space

WE ASSOCIATE with HD(R) a inonotonically complete class HD(R) and give an integral representation for HD-functions over the harmonic boundary Δ in terms of the harmonic measure μ on Δ.
Sobolev Estimates for the Green Potential Associated with the Robin—Laplacian in Lipschitz Domains Satisfying a Uniform Exterior Ball Condition

We show that if u = Gλf is the solution operator for the Robin problem for the Laplacian, i.e., Δu = f in Ω, ∂ νu + λu = 0 on ∂Ω (with 0 ≤ λ ≤ ∞), then Gλ : Lp(Ω) → W 2,p(Ω) is bounded if 1 < p ≤ 2 and Ω ⊂ ℝn is a bounded Lipschitz domain satisfying a uniform exterior ball condition. This extends the earlier results of V. Adolfsson, B. Dahlberg, S. Fromm, D. Jerison, G. Verchota, and T. Wolff, who have dealt with Dirich-let (λ = ∞) and Neumann (λ = 0) boundary conditions. Our treatment of the end-point case p = 1 works for arbitrary Lipschitz domains and is conceptually different from the proof given by the aforementioned authors.
Dissecting p53 tumor suppressor function using transactivation mutant knock-in mice

276 The p53 protein plays a central role as a tumor suppressor. Although p53 is clearly a transcriptional activator capable of transactivating target genes, a number of other activities have been ascribed to p53 using in vitro assays. To define the contribution of transactivation to p53 function in vivo, we generated a knock-in mouse strain in which the wild-type p53 locus is substituted with a mutant significantly compromised for transactivation, p53QS. Using mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), we confirmed that that p53QS is greatly impaired in activation of most p53 target genes examined. To assess p53QS activity in p53 biological function, we assayed apoptotic responses of E1A-expressing MEFs to different cellular stresses. Whereas wild-type p53 can induce apoptosis in response to diverse stresses, p53QS showed selectivity in its action. Specifically, p53QS was completely defective in inducing apoptosis in response to DNA damage, and very effective at inducing apoptosis in response to hypoxia. These findings suggest that p53 acts via distinct mechanisms to induce cell death in different contexts, and that hypoxia-induced apoptosis does not require p53 transactivation function. Analysis of the p53QS mutant provides a unique means to assess the relative contribution of DNA damage-induced and hypoxia-induced, p53-dependent apoptosis for tumor suppression. Toward this end, we have transformed MEFs with E1A and ras and compared p53QSΠexpressing cells with p53-expressing cells. We have determined that p53QS, despite being transactivation defective, has tumor suppressor activity. Together, these results suggest the importance of transactivation-independent activities of p53 for its function in vivo. Additional investigation of the p53QS mutant mice will provide a powerful means for further dissecting the functions of p53 critical for apoptosis and tumor suppression in different settings.
Risk Factors and Etiologies of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been a focus for clinicians and researchers from the original description in 1967 to the most recent Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC). Indeed, there are many comorbidities and risk factors that predispose a patient to develop pediatric ARDS (PARDS) including, but not limited to, immunodeficiency, weight extremes, genetics, and environmental factors. These are particularly important to investigators because accurate prediction of which patients are at greatest risk of PARDS – both the development of PARDS and worse clinical outcomes after PARDS has been established – is key to identifying the next generation of diagnostic techniques and preventative strategies. In addition to those risk factors, there are specific disease processes that lead to the development of PARDS, often divided into direct or pulmonary insults and indirect or extrapulmonary insults. Finally, beyond the clinically visible risk factors, researchers are attempting to identify novel biomarkers to uncover hidden phenotypes of PARDS and enrich the prognostication and prediction of patient outcomes. This chapter delves into each of these concepts.
The Role of Statistics Educators in the Quantitative Literacy Movement.

Discussions of quantitative literacy have become increasingly important, and statistics educators are well aware of the link between statistics education and quantitative literacy. Both the statist...
Psychological correlates of biological and non-biological explanations for stuttering

Purpose: This study examined whether people who stutter would associate biological and non-biological explanations of stuttering with the endorsement of stereotypes about people who stutter, prognostic expectations for the reduction of stuttering, feelings of guilt, self-blame, and shame about stuttering, and agency for speech modification.Method: This was a cross-sectional study including 372 adults who stutter. Participants completed a web survey with scales that measured their agreement with biological and non-biological models of stuttering; their endorsement of common stereotypes for people who stutter; prognostic expectations for reduced stuttering; feelings of guilt, self-blame, and shame about stuttering; and feelings of agency in their ability to modify their speech.Result: Biological explanations for stuttering were significantly correlated with reduced stereotype endorsement about people who stutter, lower prognostic expectations for reducing stuttering, and reduced feelings of guilt and self-blame regarding stuttering. Non-biological explanations for stuttering were significantly correlated with increased endorsement of negative stereotypes about people who stutter, increased prognostic expectations for reducing stuttering, and increased feelings of guilt, self-blame, and shame about stuttering.Conclusion: It is concluded that the implications of biological framing of stuttering among people who stutter are complex and should be well thought out by professionals. Explaining stuttering as biological, but responsive to personal and environmental influences, may lead to reduced guilt and self-blame, while at the same time fostering feelings of agency for speech modification.
Validation of machine learning models to detect amyloid pathologies across institutions

Semi-quantitative scoring schemes like the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) are the most commonly used method in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology practice. Computational approaches based on machine learning have recently generated quantitative scores for whole slide images (WSIs) that are highly correlated with human derived semi-quantitative scores, such as those of CERAD, for Alzheimer's disease pathology. However, the robustness of such models have yet to be tested in different cohorts. To validate previously published machine learning algorithms using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and determine if pathological heterogeneity may alter algorithm derived measures, 40 cases from the Goizueta Emory Alzheimer's Disease Center brain bank displaying an array of pathological diagnoses (including AD with and without Lewy body disease (LBD), and / or TDP-43-positive inclusions) and levels of Aβ pathologies were evaluated. Furthermore, to provide deeper phenotyping, amyloid burden in gray matter vs whole tissue were compared, and quantitative CNN scores for both correlated significantly to CERAD-like scores. Quantitative scores also show clear stratification based on AD pathologies with or without additional diagnoses (including LBD and TDP-43 inclusions) vs cases with no significant neurodegeneration (control cases) as well as NIA Reagan scoring criteria. Specifically, the concomitant diagnosis group of AD + TDP-43 showed significantly greater CNN-score for cored plaques than the AD group. Finally, we report that whole tissue computational scores correlate better with CERAD-like categories than focusing on computational scores from a field of view with densest pathology, which is the standard of practice in neuropathological assessment per CERAD guidelines. Together these findings validate and expand CNN models to be robust to cohort variations and provide additional proof-of-concept for future studies to incorporate machine learning algorithms into neuropathological practice.
The impact of supine hypertension on target organ damage and survival in patients with synucleinopathies and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.

Abstract Introduction In addition to neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH), patients with synucleinopathies frequently have hypertension when supine. The long-term consequences of both abnormalities are difficult to disentangle. We aimed to determine if supine hypertension is associated with target organ damage and worse survival in patients with nOH. Methods Patients with nOH due to multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson disease (PD), or pure autonomic failure (PAF) were classified into those with or without supine hypertension (systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg). Organ damage was assessed by measuring cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and renal function. We prospectively followed patients for 30 months (range: 12–66 months) and recorded incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Results Fifty-seven patients (35 with probable MSA, 14 with PD and 8 with PAF) completed all evaluations. In addition to nOH (average fall 35 ± 21/17 ± 14 mmHg, systolic/diastolic, mean ± SD), 38 patients (67%) had supine hypertension (systolic BP > 140 mmHg). Compared to those without hypertension, patients with hypertension had higher blood urea nitrogen levels (P = 0.005), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.008), higher prevalence of LVH (P = 0.040), and higher WMH volume (P = 0.019). Longitudinal follow-up of patients for over 2 years (27.1 ± 14.5 months) showed that supine hypertension was independently associated with earlier incidence of cardiovascular events and death (HR = 0.25; P = 0.039). Conclusions Supine hypertension in patients with nOH was associated with an increased risk for target organ damage, cardiovascular events, and premature death. Defining management strategies and safe blood pressure ranges in patients with nOH remains an important research question.
An experimental study on the piezoresistive and mechanical behavior of carbon nanocomposites subject to high-rate elastic loading

Abstract The electromechanical response of nanofiller-modified polymers subject to high-rate elastic loading has been little explored. In this paper, we address this gap by studying the piezoresistive response and mechanical properties of epoxy modified by three different kinds of carbon nanofillers when subject to high-rate elastic loading. Specifically, long high aspect-ratio epoxy rods were modified by carbon black, carbon nanofibers, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and impacted in a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Electrical measurements during this loading reveal that the piezoresistive effect can be used to track elastic wave propagation in real-time, resistivity changes occur at the speed of sound of the nanofiller-modified epoxy, and the piezoresistive effect can be used to monitor stress wave properties. Further, dynamic modulus testing revealed that carbon nanofillers have a positive influence on the dynamic stiffness. These results show that piezoresistivity can be employed to provide real-time insight into the elastodynamics of self-sensing nanocomposites.
Point Of Care Ultrasound to Evaluate Peripheral Intravenous Catheters

Background: Several studies have described the use of ultrasound for the placement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIV); however, visual and tactile inspection remains the primary clinical tool for the identification of infiltration. An improperly positioned PIV is an avoidable cause of significant morbidity and mortality to a patient. Case: We describe a technique using point of care ultrasound for the assessment of two PIV to confirm functionality in a 68-year-old male scheduled for an above the knee amputation. This technique can be used for both superficial and deep peripheral veins where the detection of catheter infiltration by physical exam alone is often challenging. Conclusion: The ubiquitous use of ultrasonography has revolutionized the field of medicine. Point of care ultrasound for the evaluation of questionable peripheral catheters can help prevent harm to a patient, especially during transitions of care.
Evidence-Based Therapies for Children and Adolescents: Where Are We, and How Did We Get Here?

Mental health disorders are among the leading causes of disability and functional impairment among children and adolescents worldwide. Only a fraction of youth in need of services receive them and there is particular need for the development, dissemination, and implementation of services with proven efficacy for a range of mental health conditions. Evidence-based therapies have demonstrated beneficial outcomes across multiple samples, ideally in a range of settings. As handbook editors, we placed particular emphasis on the identification and interpretation of meta-analytic effect sizes (standardized mean difference scores) as a means of considering and choosing interventions that have the greatest probability of positively affecting children and adolescents. The authors of the chapters in the present volume have captured the advances in the evidence-base for psychological therapies. The field of clinical child and adolescent psychology has shown tremendous growth in recent years. As presented by these chapter authors, clinicians have a range of treatment options for a number of different conditions and presenting problems to help fulfill the immense need for competent clinical services for children, adolescents, and their families.
Parents Who First Allowed Adolescents to Drink Alcohol in a Family Context During Spring 2020 COVID-19 Emergency Shutdowns.

Abstract Purpose COVID-19 stay-at-home orders during Spring 2020 dramatically changed daily life and created significant challenges for families. We document levels and predictors of U.S. parents who newly allowed adolescents to drink alcohol at home during the shutdown. Methods Participants in an ongoing longitudinal study were two adolescent siblings (N = 911, M = 14.43, SD = 1.54 years) and one parent (N = 456; 85% mothers) who provided self-report data before the pandemic (T1) and during the shutdown. Results No parents permitted adolescent drinking with family at T1; nearly one in six allowed it during the shutdown. In full models, adolescents who previously drank (without permission) and had light or heavy drinking parents were more likely to be newly permitted to drink. Conclusions Parents’ alcohol permissibility within family contexts changed during the pandemic and was shaped by both parent and adolescent drinking. Well-child visits should continue adolescent alcohol screening and parent support during and after the pandemic.
The greenhouse gas emissions of indoor cannabis production in the United States

The legalization of cannabis has caused a substantial increase in commercial production, yet the magnitude of the industry’s environmental impact has not been fully quantified. A considerable amount of legal cannabis is cultivated indoors primarily for quality control and security. In this study we analysed the energy and materials required to grow cannabis indoors and quantified the corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using life cycle assessment methodology for a cradle-to-gate system boundary. The analysis was performed across the United States, accounting for geographic variations in meteorological and electrical grid emissions data. The resulting life cycle GHG emissions range, based on location, from 2,283 to 5,184 kg CO2-equivalent per kg of dried flower. The life cycle GHG emissions are largely attributed to electricity production and natural gas consumption from indoor environmental controls, high-intensity grow lights and the supply of carbon dioxide for accelerated plant growth. The discussion focuses on the technological solutions and policy adaptation that can improve the environmental impact of commercial indoor cannabis production. As cannabis production becomes legalized and legitimized, its production will likely change and expand with attendant environmental impacts. This life cycle analysis of energy and material costs across the United States focuses on indoor cannabis growing operations.
Contested Hebrew: Metalinguistic Communities and Ethnolinguistic Infusion in U.S. Jewish Complementary Schools

Using data from interviews, surveys, and observations, this chapter analyzes Hebrew language socialization in Jewish complementary schools in the United States. Rather than working toward language proficiency, the schools approach Hebrew as a means for Jews to participate in religious and communal life and as a symbol of identity, religiosity, and community. School directors’ Hebrew-related goals include decoding (sounding out Hebrew letters to form words), chanting Hebrew with minimal comprehension, and strengthening ideological affiliation with a worldwide metalinguistic community that values Hebrew as a sacred diasporic language. These goals are accomplished through a constellation of practices known as ethnolinguistic infusion. Our analysis demonstrates how an emblematic approach to heritage language socialization can create sites of both conflict and opportunity.