cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of Shape-Memory and Magnetostrictive Materials

Recent advances in the analysis of microstructure is providing models and methods for treating the kinds of optimization problems that arise in the study of microstructure. The main advance has been the development of theory and methods for treating the case in which arbitrary microstructures compete for the minimum (or maximum). This contrasts for example with micromechanics in which the geometry of the microstructure is assumed, or assumed up to the choice of a few parameters, and then the optimization or stress analysis is carried out under severe geometric restrictions. Micromechanics is effective in dealing with a particular experimentally observed microstructure, but not for understanding microstructures that might be optimal in a certain sense. Much of this recent research has been fueled by critical discussions among engineering scientists, mathematicians and electron microscopists. The intent of this paper is first to summarize, in terms accessible to a broad audience, the nature of this research and then to describe applications to the improvement of shape-memory and magnetostrictive materials. The general part of the lecture will focus on three areas, effective properties of materials, optimal design of materials and phase transformation and active materials. A central role is played by the question “How does one meaningfully average a quantity whose values vary rapidly on a microstructural scale?” A second recurring theme is that the optimal microstructure is predicted to have fine structure. The latter is closely related to the failure of conditions of material stability.
Development of a second generation anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) ELISA

AMH is a glycoprotein dimer composed of two 72kDa monomers linked by disulfide bridges. It belongs to the transforming growth factor-β family. AMH performs various physiological functions. In males, AMH is secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testis. During embryonic development, AMH is responsible for Mullerian duct regression. AMH continues to be produced by the testicles until puberty and then decreases slowly to residual post-puberty values. In females, AMH is produced in small amounts by ovarian granulosa cells after birth, until menopause, and then becomes undetectable. A two-step, sandwich-type enzymatic microplate assay has been developed to measure AMH levels in 20 μL of sample in less than 3h. AMH calibrators range from 0.2 to 28 ng/mL. The antibodies used in the assay bind to the mature region of AMH, which is more stable to proteolysis compared to prohormone region. The AMH Gen II assay (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Webster, Texas) was standardized to the Immunotech (IOT, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Marseilles, France) AMH assay. AMH Gen II, when compared to IOT using 120 serum samples in the range of 0-20.4 ng/mL yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and a slope of 1.0. Total imprecision, calculated on four samples over 40 runs, four replicates per run, between two lots using CLSI EP5-A guidelines, was 5.7% at 3.8 ng/mL, 7.7% at 4.4 ng/mL, 5.8% at 14 ng/mL and 5.3% at 16.4 ng/mL. The average analytical sensitivity calculated by the interpolation of the mean plus two standard deviations of 16 replicates of the zero calibrator on two independent lots was 0.08ng/mL. Dilution and spiking studies showed an average recovery of 91-110%. Lot-to-lot comparison of two independent lots testing 38 serum samples (1.5-33 ng/mL range) yielded a slope of 1.01, intercept of -0.08 ng/mL and r of 0.99. When potential interferents (hemoglobin, triglycerides, and bilirubin) were added at two times the physiological concentrations, AMH concentrations were within ± 10% of the control. A highly specific and reproducible microplate AMH Gen II assay has been developed to standardize the measurement of AMH between methods. The performance of the AMH Gen II assay is ideal for investigation into the physiologic roles of AMH in men and women.
An information processing constraints approach to the conjunction of macroeconomic and macropolitical theory

Abstract Human information processing is a fundamental and critically important resource for political life. It is moreover a constrained resource. Using this fact connections can be established between ideas employed in political science and concepts in macroeconomic theory. A concept of “interest rates” can be derived from information processing constraints. These “interest rates” are analogous to the “arousal level” construct of motivational psychology, suggesting avenues for social research. A generalized Kynesian “general equilibrium” model, derived largely from macropolitical considerations, is presented.
Dissolved barium behavior in Louisiana Shelf waters affected by the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River mixing zone

Abstract In order to better understand the constraints on the use of barium as a coastal paleo-freshwater tracer, we surveyed the dissolved Ba distribution in Louisiana Shelf waters, including the Mississippi (MR) and Atchafalaya (AR) River plumes, during May and November 2008, and June/July 2009, which represent high, low and intermediate river discharges, respectively. Dissolved Ba was found dominantly in the Overall, our study of the Ba distribution in Louisiana Shelf waters implies that the seasonal variation of the surface water Ba–salinity relationship could lead to a considerable uncertainty in salinity prediction when using Ba as a proxy for paleo-salinity changes. Barium input to bottom waters and the extent to which this is natural or anthropogenically-affected is a particular source of uncertainty. Thus, as is the case with nearly all paleoceanographic proxies, the planktonic foraminiferal Ba/Ca ratio should be used in conjunction with other constraining proxies.
Laminar mixed convection in shallow inclined driven cavities with hot moving lid on top and cooled from bottom

Abstract Laminar mixed convective heat transfer in two-dimensional shallow rectangular driven cavities of aspect ratio 10 is studied numerically. The top moving lid of the cavity is at a higher temperature than the bottom wall. Computations are performed for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 105 to 107 keeping the Reynolds number fixed at 408.21, thus encompassing the dominating forced convection, mixed convection, and dominating natural convection flow regimes. The fluid Prandtl number is taken as 6 representing water. The effects of inclination of the cavity on the flow and thermal fields are investigated for inclination angles ranging from 0° to 30°. Interesting behaviours of the flow and thermal fields with increasing inclination are observed. The streamline and isotherm plots and the variation of the local and average Nusselt numbers at the hot and cold walls are presented. The average Nusselt number is found to increase with cavity inclination. The rate of increase of the average Nusselt number with cavity inclination is mild for dominating forced convection case while it is much steeper in dominating natural convection case.
The persistence of oil pollution on a rocky shore

Abstract Spots of oil thrown up on to a coastal rock platform just above high water mark protect the rock beneath from weathering. Differential weathering subsequently leads to the emergence of oil-capped pedestals. Measurement of the rate of bedrock lowering of the surrounding surface by micro-erosion meter (MEM) provides a method of estimating the age of the pedestals and consequently the duration of oil persistence on the shore. The maximum duration of oil is estimated at 17–18 years.
Intergroup Stereotypes and Social Distance Among White College Students in Durban, South Africa

Summary This study was concerned with intergroup stereotypes and social distance among white South African college students. Hypotheses were developed regarding the effects of a group's position in the society's status hierarchy, a continuum of social distance, and the influence of an individual's background characteristics, psychological orientations, and intergroup experience. A questionnaire containing items on background characteristics, personal opinions, social activities, and attitudes towards specific groups was administered to 229 white students attending sociology courses at the University of Natal, Durban. The data indicated that intergroup attitudes were defined by both a stereotype and social distance hierarchy, as well as an individual's background characteristics, personality orientations, and level of intergroup experience. It was concluded that intergroup attitudes in this society are defined by a complexity of status, psychological, social-psychological, and sociological factors.
Methanogenesis In Mclean Bog, An Acidic Peat Bog In Upstate New York: Stimulation By H2/CO2 In The Presence Of Rifampicin, Or By Low Concentrations Of Acetate

Acidic peat bog soils produce CH4 and although molecular biological studies have demonstrated the presence of diverse methanogenic populations in them, few studies have sustained methanogenesis by adding the CH4 precursors H2/CO2 or acetate, and few indigenous methanogens have been cultured.McLeanBog is a small(ca. 70 m across), acidic (pH 3.4–4.3) Sphagnum-dominated bog in upstate New York. Although addition of H2/CO2 or 10m Macetate stimulated methanogenesis in soils from a nearby circumneutral pHfen, neither of these substrates led to sustained methanogenesis in McLean Bog soil slurries. After a brief period of stimulation by H2/CO2, methanogenesis in McLean Bog soil declined, which could be attributed to buildup of large amounts of acetic acid produced from the H2/CO2 by acetogens. Addition of the antibiotic rifampicin inhibited acetogenesis (carried out by Bacteria) and allowed methanogenesis (carried out by Archaea) to continue. Using rifampicin, we were able to study effects of temperature, pH, and salts on methanogenesis from H2/CO2 in McLean Bog soil samples.The enriched H2/CO2-utilizing methanogens showed an optimum for activity near pH 5, and a temperature optimum near 35?C.Methanogenesis was not stimulated by addition of 10 mM acetate,but it was stimulated by 1 mM acetate, and multiple additions were consumed at increasing rates and nearly stoichiometrically converted to CH4. In conclusion, we have found that both hydrogentrophic and aceticlastic methanogens are present in McLeanBog soils, and that methanogenic activity can be stimulated usingH2/CO2 in the presence of rifampicin, or using low concentrations of acetate.
Compliance with surveillance recommendations for foregut subepithelial tumors is poor: results of a prospective multicenter study

Background American Gastroenterological Association guidelines recommend performing EUS to characterize subepithelial lesions (SELs) discovered on upper endoscopy (EGD), followed by surveillance if no high-risk features are identified. However, limited data are available on the impact of and compliance with surveillance recommendations. Objective To determine the natural history of SELs Design Prospective registry. Setting Two tertiary centers. Patients We studied 187 consecutive adult patients referred for EUS evaluation of foregut SELs. Main Outcome Measurements Proportion of patients in whom SELs change in size or echo-features and compliance with follow-up recommendations. Results Surveillance was recommended in 65 patients with hypoechoic SELs (44.6% women, age 59.5 ± 13.2 years); of these, 29 (44.6%) underwent surveillance EUS as recommended and were followed for a median of 30 months (range, 12-105). During follow-up, 16 SELs (25%) increased in size, with a mean increase of 3.4 ± 3.9 mm (range, 1-15). No changes in echo-texture of the SELs were observed. One patient was referred to surgery during follow-up (because of SEL growth > 30 mm). Limitations Short follow-up duration; compliance was a secondary aim. Conclusions During a median follow-up of 30 months, growth in size was observed in 25% of small foregut SELs. However, change in size was minimal, and only 1 patient was referred for surgery based on surveillance EUS findings. Compliance with surveillance recommendations is poor, with fewer than 50% of patients undergoing surveillance EUS as recommended.
Reaching the Hard to Reach: Drawing Lessons From Research and Practice

Communicating with citizens, stakeholders, or service clients is challenging under normal circumstances. Reaching government audiences who are hard to reach because of language or culture differences, lifestyle unpredictability, mistrust, isolation, or other reasons compounds the difficulty. This article examines who the hard to reach are, addresses reasons why it is important for governments to reach them, explores research and experience, suggests effective approaches for reaching these audiences—drawing upon a social constructionist approach—and proposes lessons and guidelines for public sector communicators. Communication practice and research indicate that more effective strategies include: utilizing knowledge about target audiences; forming partnerships with agencies and individuals that interact with targeted populations; utilizing children to reach parents and older relatives; using ethnic media that effectively reach immigrant and ethnic minority households; and simplifying communication and usin...
Theoretical Energy-Band Parameters for the Lead Salts

General expressions for the parabolic effective masses and $g$ factors are obtained in terms of seven undetermined parameters for a six-band model at the $L$ point of the NaCl lattice. The spin-orbit mixing of bands is treated explicitly with the result that both longitudinal and transverse components of the momentum are coupled between bands with ${L}_{6}$ symmetry and opposite parity. The six bands of interest are treated in the free-electron and tight-binding limits. The simplified expressions in the tight-binding limit, which approximate PbS, give spherical and nondegenerate valence- and conduction-band parameters. In this limit, the bands at $L$ are similar in detail to certain of the bands at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ in germanium and the III-V compounds. Expressions, valid over an extended range of k, are also obtained for the nonparabolic effective masses and $g$ factors. The signs of the $g$ factors are treated in detail in order to resolve the differences which have appeared in the literature.
Drop-size effects in spray detonations

Liquid diethylcyclohexane /DECH/ sprays detonation propagation in gaseous oxygen, studying drop size effect on steady state development
The shadows within: internalized racism and reflective writing

Internalized racism is the belief by racialized individuals that derogatory messages about them are true. As such the individual becomes the agent of one’s own subjugation. Those who suffer from this type of self‐denigration and self‐hate must find a way to work through this psycho‐emotional experience. This project explores reflective writing as an open process to address the deep hurt of internalized racism. Reflective writing is an inherently expressed, multi‐voiced and reflective process that can empower individuals, giving them the tools, trust and power to facilitate their own healing on their own terms. Using the fields of narrative therapy and composition studies, four main benefits are discussed as they are synthesized and categorized from the relevant literature. In general, reflective writing addresses internalized racism by (1) externalizing the problem; (2) allowing the individual to re‐author one’s own story; (3) providing expressive space for working through emotions; and (4) facilitating t...
Oxytetracycline interactions at the soil-water interface: effects of environmental surfaces on natural transformation and growth inhibition of Azotobacter vinelandii.

The mechanism of oxytetracycline (OTC) adsorption to a silty clay loam soil was investigated using sorption isotherm experiments, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Sorption data fit well to a cation-exchange capacity sorption model. Spectroscopic data indicate that the interactions between oxytetracycline and silty clay loam soil were primarily through electrostatic interactions between the protonated dimethylamino group of OTC and the negatively charged moieties on the surface of the soil. Based on XRD results, OTC adsorption appeared to inhibit the ethylene glycol solvation of the expandable clay minerals, suggesting that OTC had diffused into the clay interlayer space. The presence of adsorbed OTC did not significantly affect the transformation frequency of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii with plasmid DNA (soil alone 3 × 106 ± 4 × 106 and soil with adsorbed OTC 4 × 106 ± 0.5 × 106). Growth was inhibited by adsorbed OTC, although a greater mass of adsorbed OTC was required to achieve the same degree of inhibition as the system of dissolved OTC alone. These results suggest that the interactions of tetracyclines at the soil–water interface will affect the growth of sensitive microorganisms in soil microbial communities. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2217–2224. © 2012 SETAC
Use of radio-controlled miniature aircraft for marine atmosphere sampling

Abstract The use of Radio-Controlled Miniature aircraft by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for obtaining marine air samples is discussed. The particular requirements for gaseous as well as large-volume particulate sampling are discussed and at-sea tests performed from the R/V “Knorr” are described. Handling and logistics of use as well as aircraft characteristics are discussed.
A minimum description length model for recognizing objects with variable appearances (The VAPOR model)

Most object recognition systems can only model objects composed of rigid pieces whose appearance depends only on lighting and viewpoint. Many real world objects, however, have variable appearances because they are flexible and/or have a variable number of parts. These objects cannot be easily modeled using current techniques. The author proposes the use of a knowledge representation method called the VAPOR (Variable APpearance Object Representation) model to represent objects with these kinds of variable appearances. The VAPOR model is an idealization of the object; all instances of the model in an image are variations from the ideal appearance. The variations are evaluated by the description length of the data given the model, i.e., the number of information-theoretic bits needed to represent the model and the deviations of the data from the ideal appearance. The shortest length model is chosen as the best description. The author demonstrates how the VAPOR model performs in a simple domain of circles and polygons and in the complex domain of finding cloverleaf interchanges in aerial images of roads. >
Initial Appointment Nonattendance in Child and Family Mental Health Clinics

Current medical, psychiatric, and nursing sources were examined for literature concerning the problem of initial appointment nonattendance at child and family mental health clinics. The factors proposed to underlie missed initial appointments were reviewed and found to be both contradictory and inconsistent. Interventions designed to increase attendance were considered. These interventions were found to significantly increase attendance consistently. However, it is noted that the research on underlying factors is not utilized in structuring these interventions. Suggestions for future research to address this problem are offered.
Toxic megacolon from fulminant Clostridium difficile infection induced by topical silver sulphadiazine

Pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon (TM) are well-known complications of Clostridium difficile infections. Systemic antibiotic is considered as the major risk factor for the development of C difficile colitis. However, topical antibiotics are rarely associated with the infection. As previously thought, the use of topical antibiotic is capable of systemic absorption in damaged and denuded skin; sufficient enough to suppress the normal bowel flora. Here, we present an unusual case of TM from C difficile infection induced by topical silver sulphadiazine in a 60-year-old man with immune-bullous pemphigus vulgaris. The diagnosis is further complicated by the absence of diarrhoea as the initial presentation. Despite adequate medical and surgical intervention, the patient had an unfavourable outcome.
Automatic calibration of inductive voltage dividers for the NASA Zeno experiment

Two inductive voltage dividers (IVDs) used for temperature measurements in NASA’s Zeno experiment were tested. In order to obtain the required resolution of 10 parts‐per‐billion, a 30‐bit binary inductive voltage divider developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used to measure the differential linearity of the Zeno IVDs. Automatic measurements were performed on the dividers in the Zeno engineering model at frequencies of 266 and 351 Hz over a ratio range of 0.55–0.56. The measured differential linearity limits the temperature resolution to 5 μK.
Multislice first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging on a conventional clinical scanner

A technique is demonstrated for the acquisition and processing of multislice, first-pass contrast-enhanced pelfusion images in the myocardium. The acquisition is a modification of “keyhole” imaging in which time series images are acquired by sampling a limited segment of k-space, corresponding to the low spatial frequencies. In the modification demonstrated here, keyhole samples are divided into two groups that are sampled on alternate cardiac cycles. The alternate “missing” k-space portions are synthesized by Fourier interpolation. Visualization of contrast agent accumulation by image subtraction is demonstrated. A motion artifact reduction process using time domain Fourier filtering is used to reduce artifacts from respiration. Studies were performed on 46 patients at 1.5 T using gadoteridol (0.05–0.1 mmol/kg) injected into the right antecubital vein in conjunction with radionuclide imaging. Fully concordant studies were noted in 27 of these patients. Remaining studies were either partially or completely discordant for reasons relating to the differing natures of radionuclide versus MR contrast agent characteristics.
ℚ of galois 2-extensions

The ℚ of any finite Galois 2-extension of ℚ is shown to depend only on the ℚ of its maximal elementary abelian intermediate field, which must be either quadratic (and hence always ℚ-adequate) or biquadratic over ℚ. A precise description of those biquadratic extensions of ℚ which are ℚ-adequate is given. This then gives a method for explicitly determining whether any given finite Galois 2-extension of ℚ can arise as a subfield of a ℚ-central division algebra.
Cyclotron resonance in a cuprate superconductor.

Anderson suggested that the temperature dependence of the normal-state Hall coefficient in the high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors comes from two distinct relaxation rates: a longitudinal relaxation rate (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{tr}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) due to holon-spinon scattering and a transverse relaxation rate (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) due to spinon-spinon scattering. A generalized Drude model that incorporates these magnetic-field-induced anisotropy in charge-relaxation rates yields another possible signature of Anderson's conjecture: cyclotron resonance at \ensuremath{\omega}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{H}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the cyclotron frequency. We discuss the feasibility of observing this signature.
Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity: Beyond Age, Birth Weight, and Oxygen

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains an important cause of childhood blindness. Improved survival of premature infants has led to more infants being at risk of developing ROP. Advances in basic and clinical research have identified additional risk factors for ROP beyond gestational age, birth weight, and supplemental oxygen. Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of ROP and the risk factors involved will allow more targeted therapeutic approaches.
Negative parity levels in 103Rh via coulomb excitation

Abstract Low-lying negative parity levels in 103Rh were Coulomb excited with 7–10 MeV 4He ions and 36–45 MeV 16O ions to test the weak-coupling core excitation model for two-quadrupole phononcore states. A Ge(Li) detector was used to observe the de-excitation γ-rays in singles and 16O-γ coincident spectra. Gamma-ray angular distribution measurements taken during 4He ion bombardment established spin values of 5 2 and 3 2 for the 880 and 1277 keV states, respectively. The 848, 880, 920 and 1107 keV levels have properties consistent with the interpretation of coupling a 2p 1 2 proton to the 4+ and second 2+ core states. Our spectra give some indication of a level at 803 keV previously seen in inelastic proton-scattering work which could be a state arising from coupling to the two- phonon 0+ core state.
Solar-wind induction and lunar conductivity

Abstract A summary review of electromagnetic induction driven in the Moon by the interplanetary magnetic field is given. The point of view developed centers on inversion of Fourier transforms of the magnetic field in the free-stream solar wind (forcing function) and the response on the lunar surface measured by Lunar Surface Magnetometers. Conductivity profiles are shown to depend upon the central angle between the magnetometer given by local time and the incident wave-normal direction. The induction excites at least magnetic dipole and quadrupole “radiation”, but any scattered field is confined to the Moon's interior, save for propagation down the cavity where a TE-mode surface wave is generated. Confinement of the induced field on the sunward hemisphere and near the subsolar point is nearly complete, decreasing to the limbs, while in the diamagnetic cavity downstream of the Moon, partial confinement takes place. Both time and spatial multipoles of the induced field are present in the lunar interior complicating inversion into conductivity profiles. Profiles are reviewed and resolution limits are given and compared to those obtained from transient analysis. Finally a qualitative comparison to conductivity in the Earth is given.
Staging the self: Feminist performance art and autobiographical performance

A SOURCEBOOK OF FEMINIST THEATRE AND PERFORMANCE: ON AND BEYOND THE STAGE. Ed. Carol Martin. New York and London: Routledge, 1996; pp. vii‐311; $65.00; paper $18.95. THE EXPLICIT BODY IN PERFORMANCE. By Rebecca Schneider. New York and London: Routledge, 1997; pp. vii‐237; $65.00; paper $18.95. PERFORMANCE AND CULTURAL POLITICS. Ed. Elin Diamond. New York and London: Routledge, 1996; pp. v‐294; $65.00; paper $18.95.
Evaluation of Traditional and Quick-response Retailing Procedures by Using a Stochastic Simulation Model

A stochastic computer-simulation model is used to quantify the retail-performance characteristics of traditional and quick-response (QR) procedures for seasonal and fashion apparel. The model allow...
Electrochemistry of Organic Redox Liquids at Elevated Pressures

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the 1-e- reductions of acetophenone (AP) and nitrobenzene (NB) in the absence of an inert solvent is reported. Steady-state voltammetric responses for these re...
Healthy Behaviors, Self-Efficacy, Self-Care, and Basic Conditioning Factors in Older Adults

A secondary statistical analysis of data from a study investigating the relations among health-promoting self-care behaviors, self-care self-efficacy, and self-care agency in an older adult population is reported (Callaghan, in press). Influences of selected basic conditioning factors on the practice of healthy behaviors, self-efficacy beliefs, and ability for self-care in 235 older adults is presented. The research instruments used to collect data for this study include the following: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II scale, Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices scale, Exercise of Self-Care Agency scale, and a demographic questionnaire assessing basic conditioning factors. Statistically significant relations were found between the following basic conditioning factors and the study variables: education, income, health insurance, race, support system, routine practice of religion, medical problems, marital status, gender, age, and number of children. Community health nurses can use these results in directing interventions that promote the self-care and health of older adults.
Antacid Effects on the Gastrointestinal Absorption of Riboflavin

The effect of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and a combination of aluminum-magnesium hydroxide suspensions on the oral absorption of riboflavin was examined in five subjects. Coadministration of aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide suspension with riboflavin (30 mg) resulted in an increase in time of peak urinary excretion rate of riboflavin when compared with control studies. There was no increase in the peak excretion rate or total urinary excretion of riboflavin when the antacid-treated subjects were compared to the control studies. In vitro experiments indicated that significant binding of riboflavin to the aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide suspensions occurred. The results of the present investigation are consistent with the reported effect of aluminum ion on GI motility and the known influence of gastric emptying on the absorption of riboflavin from the GI tract.
Emergence of U(1) symmetry in the 3D XY model with Zq anisotropy.

We study the three-dimensional $XY$ model with a ${Z}_{q}$ anisotropic term. At temperatures $Tl{T}_{c}$ this dangerously irrelevant perturbation is relevant only above a length scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, which diverges as a power of the correlation length, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{{a}_{q}}$. Below $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ the order parameter is U(1) symmetric. We derive the full scaling function controlling the emergence of U(1) symmetry and use Monte Carlo results to extract the exponent ${a}_{q}$ for $q=4,\dots{},8$. We find that ${a}_{q}\ensuremath{\approx}{a}_{4}(q/4{)}^{2}$, with ${a}_{4}$ only marginally larger than 1. We discuss these results in the context of U(1) symmetry at deconfined quantum-critical points separating antiferromagnetic and valence-bond-solid states in quantum spin systems.
HEART RATE RESPONSES TO AUDITORY CLICKS IN NEONATES

The neonatal heart rate (HR) response to brief stimuli has generally been reported to be a monophasic acceleration. In this study brief auditory clicks to 6 neonates elicited, to a significantly greater degree than in non-stimulus conditions: 1) deceleration alone, 2) acceleration alone, and 3) a biphasic response consisting of an initial deceleration and a subsequent acceleration. The data are not yet available which would permit selection among the orienting reflex (OR), defense reflex, startle reflex, and Moro reflex models of these HR responses. With regard to peripheral mechanism, the early decelerative response was probably mediated by increased vagal inhibitory tone. The later accelerative response may have been mediated by one or more of the following mechanisms: decreased vagal inhibitory tone, activation of vagal accelerator fibers, and/or activation of sympathetic accelerator fibers.
Sulfation of tyrosine residues does not influence secretion of α2-antiplasmin or C4

Abstract Sulfation of tyrosine residues is a biosynthetic modification of many secretory proteins. The function of this modification is not known, but it has been proposed that tyrosine sulfate residues may act as sorting signals to direct proteins along the secretory pathway. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of sulfation inhibitors on the kinetics of secretion of proteins by HepG2 cells. The inhibitors induced no change in the rate of secretion of α 2 -antiplasmin and C4 (fourth component of complement), both of which contain tyrosine sulfate residues. Sulfation of tyrosine residues does not contribute to secretion of these proteins.
Getting Maintenance of Certification to Work: A Grounded Theory Study of Physicians' Perceptions

Importance Despite general support for the goals of maintenance of certification (MOC), concerns have been raised about its effectiveness, relevance, and value. Objective To identify barriers and enabling features associated with MOC and how MOC can be changed to better accomplish its intended purposes. Design, Setting, and Participants Grounded theory focus group study of 50 board-certified primary care and subspecialist internal medicine and family medicine physicians in an academic medical center and outlying community sites. Exposures Eleven focus groups. Main Outcomes and Measures Constant comparative method to analyze transcripts and identify themes related to MOC perceptions and purposes and to construct a model to guide improvement. Results Participants identified misalignments between the espoused purposes of MOC (eg, to promote high-quality care, commitment to the profession, lifelong learning, and the science of quality improvement) and MOC as currently implemented. At present, MOC is perceived by physicians as an inefficient and logistically difficult activity for learning or assessment, often irrelevant to practice, and of little benefit to physicians, patients, or society. To resolve these misalignments, we propose a model that invites increased support from organizations, effectiveness and relevance of learning activities, value to physicians, integration with clinical practice, and coherence across MOC tasks. Conclusions and Relevance Physicians view MOC as an unnecessarily complex process that is misaligned with its purposes. Acknowledging and correcting these misalignments will help MOC meet physicians’ needs and improve patient care.
Scoring rules in probability assessment and evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to briefly discuss some important current questions and problem related to the use of scoring rules (SRs) both in connection with the actual asse%ment of probabilities and with the evaluation of probability forecasts and probability assessors. With regard to the assesstneftt process, we consider both the case in which the assessor’s utility function is linear and the case in which his utility function is nonlinear. Under linear utility, important problems of concern are the sensitivity of SRs to deviations from optimality (with a strictly proper SR, optimality consists of the assessor making his statements correspond to his judgments) and the effect of psychological considerations arising from the use of different SRs. Under nonlinear utility, SRs should be modified to allow for the nonlinearity in such a manner that for a specific utility function. the modified SRs are strictly proper. This introduces the difficult question of the assessment of the assessor’s utility function. With regard to the evaiunrion process (as opposed to the assessment process), we consider the process from an inferential viewpoint and from a decision-theoretic viewpoint. From an inferential viewpoint, attributessuch as validity may be of interest, and in certain circumstances these attributes may be related to SRs. The attributes of interest, of course, depend on the framework within which the evaluation process is undertaken. From a decision-thLwretic viewpoint, SRs may be related to a decision maker’s utilities or expected utilities (under uncertainty about the utilities) if the decision maker uses the assessed probabilities in an actual decision situation. In summary, there are many important qutistions and problems related to SRs, and the need for future research on these probletns seems clear. Such research should lead to ;I greatly improved understanding of the processes of probability assessment and evaluation.
Use of physiologic variables in nursing research

In this study, the use of physiologic variables is described in research reports published 1989-1993 in four broad-based research journals. The National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) emphasizes the need for more physiologically based nursing research. This analysis documents the current number and proportion of such research reported in four journals during a 5-year period. Each report was evaluated for the population sampled, type of physiologic variable, type of study, definitions, and reporting of reliability and validity measures. Among the 763 reports, 114 (15%) examined physiologic variables. The most frequently studied physiologic variables were blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. The majority of studies posed and answered a clinical nursing question, and the study populations sampled were adults. Theoretical and operational definitions were included in most reports. Evidence of reliability and validity analysis were in 36% and 60% of the reports respectively. Although most nursing research focuses primarily on psychosocial aspects of care, several conceptual and psychometric issues were also addressed in studies that examined physiologic variables.
The effect of long term corticosteroid administration of lipid and prostaglandin levels.

Abstract New Zealand white rabbits were given one of two forms of methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol or Solu-Medrol) for sixteen weeks. The administration of these corticosteroids resulted in elevated total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids by the end of one week of treatment. Plasma prostaglandin levels (combined PGA and PGE) were also found to be elevated. Corticosteroids may initially reduce prostaglandin levels but the alterations in lipid metabolism which can lead to elevated prostaglandin precursors eventually appear to result in elevated levels. It is suggested that the alterations in prostaglandin levels may play a role in the development of the vascular occlusion leading to bone necrosis (avascular necrosis), a frequent complication of long term corticosteroid therapy.
Source diversity among journals cited in Science Times

A content analysis of The New York Times’ Science Times section from 1998 to 2012 found evidence of increased source diversity in use of scientific journals as news sources. Science Times increased the frequency at which it cited journals, the number of different journals that it cited, and the number of disciplines represented by cited journals. The results suggest that online availability of a wide array of scientific journals has changed sourcing behaviors.
New polarimetric calibration technique using a single calibration dihedral

A new polarimetric RCS calibration technique using a dihedral corner reflector as the single calibration target is presented. This scheme is valid for any monostatic or quasi-monostatic radar system and characterised by five aspects: (a) scattering matrix measurements of only a single calibration dihedral at two orientations are needed; (ii) the radiation polarisation effect and the four measurement channels are separated in this new model; (iii) the frequency responses of four measurement channels are modelled as mutually independent and thus, no special care has to be taken for signal paths and nonreciprocal properties in a measurement system; (iv) the calibration procedure is simplified by taking advantage of small cross-polarised terms and no complicated matrix algebra is involved; (v) the calibrated results are valid for wideband applications because no assumptions are made relative to the theoretical solution for the calibration dihedral. This technique has been verified by several 2-18 GHz wideband RCS measurements using various feeds in the compact range at the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory. Based on these measurements, an effective polarisation isolation close to -60 dB has been demonstrated.
Application of Prediction-Error Minimization and Maximum Likelihood to Estimate Intersection O-D Matrices from Traffic Counts

The use of prediction error and maximum likelihood techniques to estimate intersection turning and through movement probabilities from entering and exiting counts is considered here. A maximum likelihood estimator for situations when full information on turning movement counts is available is derived and used as a component for a maximum likelihood algorithm which only requires entering and exiting counts. Several algorithms based on minimizing the error between observed and predicted exiting counts are also developed. Some actual traffic data are collected and used to develop realistic simulations for evaluating the various estimators. Generally, the maximum likelihood algorithm produced biased but more efficient estimates, while prediction error minimization approaches produced unbiased but less efficient estimates. Constraining the recursive version of the ordinary least-squares estimator to satisfy natural constraints did not affect its long run convergence properties.
Discovery of novel trisubstituted asymmetric derivatives of (2S,4R,5R)-2-benzhydryl-5-benzylaminotetrahydropyran-4-ol, exhibiting high affinity for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in a stereospecific manner.

In our structure−activity relationship study on 3,6-disubstituted pyran derivatives, we have carried out asymmetric synthesis and biological characterization of trisubstituted (2S,4R,5R)-2-benzhydryl-5-benzylaminotetrahydropyran-4-ol and (3S,4R,6S)-6-benzhydryl-4-benzylaminotetrahydropyran-3-ol derivatives and their enantiomers. All synthesized derivatives were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in inhibiting the uptake of [3H]DA, [3H]-5-HT, and [3H]NE, respectively. Compounds were also tested for their binding affinity at the DAT by their inhibition of [3H]WIN 35,428. Biological results indicated that regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played important roles in determining activity for monoamine transporters as only (−)-isomers of 2-benzhydryl-5-benzylaminotetrahydropyran-4-ol derivatives exhibited appreciable potency for the monoamine transporters, in particular for...
Social Desirability Bias: A Demonstration and Technique for Its Reduction

A demonstration of social desirability bias in survey research suitable for moderate to large class sizes is described. The method used to reduce subjects' response bias involved a manipulation of instructions on a questionnaire. The standard instruction format requested subjects to respond to three questions on dental hygiene behavior and not to sign their names on the questionnaires. The modified instructions included additional information regarding the anonymity of the subjects' responses, the need for accurate information, and the role of the subject as a contributor of valuable information. The results from the demonstration are reported and topics for classroom discussion are suggested.
A Hidden Opponent in Spinoza's Tractatus

Studies of Benedict Spinoza's biblical interpretation rarely pay more than cursory attention to the contemporary context of that work. Analyses tend to focus on authors whom Spinoza singled out for attack in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, such as Moses Maimonides (died 1204) and a rabbi who later attacked him, Judah ibn Alfakhar (died 1235). After his excommunication in 1656, however, most of Spinoza's intellectual and social circle—those with whom he shared his philosophical ideas and surely his ideas about the Bible—were Christian, or of Christian background, and not Jews. Spinoza's Treatise was not conceived in a vacuum or in a segregated Jewish context, nor was it aimed primarily at Jewish readers. Among Christians, the work engaged a national debate, involving church, state, and the universities, about the authority and interpretation of the Bible. Great political as well as intellectual issues were at stake.
FGF14 modulates resurgent sodium current in mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons

Rapid firing of cerebellar Purkinje neurons is facilitated in part by a voltage-gated Na(+) (NaV) 'resurgent' current, which allows renewed Na(+) influx during membrane repolarization. Resurgent current results from unbinding of a blocking particle that competes with normal channel inactivation. The underlying molecular components contributing to resurgent current have not been fully identified. In this study, we show that the NaV channel auxiliary subunit FGF14 'b' isoform, a locus for inherited spinocerebellar ataxias, controls resurgent current and repetitive firing in Purkinje neurons. FGF14 knockdown biased NaV channels towards the inactivated state by decreasing channel availability, diminishing the 'late' NaV current, and accelerating channel inactivation rate, thereby reducing resurgent current and repetitive spiking. Critical for these effects was both the alternatively spliced FGF14b N-terminus and direct interaction between FGF14b and the NaV C-terminus. Together, these data suggest that the FGF14b N-terminus is a potent regulator of resurgent NaV current in cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
Resident's ridge: assessing the cortical thickness of the lateral wall and roof of the intercondylar notch.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to better delineate the anatomy of "resident's ridge," a term coined by William Clancy Jr., M.D., to describe the raised bony landmark commonly visualized just anterior to the femoral attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). This landmark can mislead the novice surgeon into misplacing the femoral tunnel of ACL reconstructions. Type of Study: Cadaveric anatomic study. Methods: Ten human distal femurs harvested from embalmed specimens were fixed, sectioned, and analyzed for the presence and descriptive characteristics of resident's ridge. A single, blinded examiner evaluated slope, cortical thickness at 4 sites, and the presence or absence of a distinct ridge relative to the attachment of the ACL. Results: A defined resident's ridge was present in 9 of 10 specimens. This was directly associated with a change in slope of the intracondylar roof in the same 9 of 10 patients. The mean cortical thickness at the ACL attachment site was 1.6 mm. This was thicker than at resident's ridge (mean, 0.90 mm), the cartilage-intercondylar notch junction (mean, 0.96 mm), and a point midway between the ACL attachment and the cartilage-intercondylar notch junction (mean, 0.90 mm). Conclusions: The phenomenon of "resident's ridge" is accounted for by a distinctive change in slope of the femoral notch roof that occurs just anterior to the femoral attachment of the ACL. The density change apparent at the time of notchplasty is probably caused by the transition between normal cortical thickness just anterior to the ACL and the cortical thickness of the ACL attachment. No distinctive increased cortical thickness can be identified as "resident's ridge."
Participation bias and its impact on the assembly of a genetic specimen repository for a myocardial infarction cohort.

OBJECTIVE To assess participation bias in the assembly of a specimen repository for genetic studies and to examine the association of participation with outcome within the Olmsted County myocardial infarction (MI) cohort. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS From January 1, 1979, to May 31, 2006, 3081 persons had MI in Olmsted County, MN. Face-to-face contact was used to recruit patients who were hospitalized for an acute event. Persons who had had an MI before establishment of this repository were contacted by mail. At initial contact, we sought consent to use blood samples for genetic studies. Persons who refused were contacted by mail and were asked to consent to the use of stored tissue samples. For deceased subjects, stored tissue was collected when available. RESULTS Of the 3081 persons in the Olmsted County MI cohort, 1994 participated in the study; 1007 (50.5%) blood and 987 (49.5%) tissue specimens were provided. Participants were more likely to be younger men with hypertension, comorbidities, and non-ST-segment elevation MI (all, P P P CONCLUSIONS A variety of sources can be used to assemble community specimen repositories. Baseline characteristics differed between participants and nonparticipants and, among participants, by specimen source. Participants who provided blood specimens had better outcomes than those who provided tissue specimens. No survival advantage was observed for participants after combining blood and tissue specimens.