cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charity and Information: Correcting the Failure of a Disjunctive Social Norm

Charitable donations fund social goods that the state and markets undersupply. Despite widespread belief in the importance of private charity, most Americans donate little or nothing. Experiments in behavioral economics show that anonymity, not human nature, causes low contributions. Anonymity poses a particular challenge for charity because of the special character of the obligation. Charity is a disjunctive social norm, meaning the obligation is owed to "A or B or C or .... " Disclosure of each individual's aggregate conduct is necessary for the effectiveness of any disjunctive social norm. To revitalize charity we propose a public registry where each taxpayer can voluntarily disclose the ratio between his charitable giving and income. The registry will clarify the social norm and increase average donations. We extend our analysis to pro bono legal services where a similar registry would encourage attorneys to volunteer.
Families training therapists: The voluntary family exploration interview

This article reports on an adaptation of Duhl and Duhl's (1979) "Rent-a-Family" interview in which beginning family therapists interview non-help-seeking families. We discuss our experiences with a similar voluntary family exploration interview. Included are suggested interview questions and procedures. We also discuss the applicability and use of the voluntary family exploration interview in training family therapists.
Policy Venues and Policy Change: The Case of Education Finance Reform

Objective In the U.S. states, policy development can occur in multiple venues. In fact, the likelihood of policy success may be directly related to the policy arena chosen by advocates. In this article, we examine those conditions under which policy reform results in success within education finance reform. Method We model the likelihood that successful reform may take place via courts, legislatures, or referenda, and whether it occurs over multiple policy events. We simultaneously estimate the relative probability of the occurrence of different possible policy events (judicial action, legislative action, and referendum) in a given state and year. Our data comprise an exhaustive analysis of all litigation and policy events in education finance over time (1971–2005), for all states. Results Our findings indicate court-ordered policy reform will most likely take place when judicial ideology supports it, while legislative-ordered reform is meaningfully influenced by the passage of time. We also find that policy reform via direct democracy has a resounding and constraining effect on the other branches of government. Conclusion In our conclusions, we evaluate those scenarios in which reform will most likely occur within a specific policy venue, and the possible implications this may have for policy change in the states.
A Bayesian Multivariate Nonhomogeneous Markov Model

We present a Bayesian scheme for the downscaling of daily rainfall over a network of stations. Rainfall is modeled locally as a state-dependent mixture, with the states progressing in time as a first-order Markov process. The Markovian transition matrix, as well as the local state distributions, are dependent on exogenous covariates via generalized linear models (GLMs). The methodology is applied to a large network of stations spanning the Indian subcontinent and extending into the proximal Himalaya. The combined GLM-NHMM approach offers considerable flexibility and can also be applied to maximum and minimum temperatures. The modeling framework has been made available in the NHMM package for the R programming language.
Mayaness at Its Most Complex

Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D.: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 7th and 8th October 1989. Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, eds. The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches, and Problematical Deposits. T. Patrick Culbert.
A pilot study to determine the optimal timing of the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

The Physician Global Assessment (PGA) is an important and useful outcome measurement of lupus disease activity, but consensus on whether the PGA should be performed prior to or after the receipt of laboratory values is lacking. The objective of this study was to collect preliminary data on the optimal time to perform a PGA. In this pilot study, a PGA was performed by a single clinician upon completion of an outpatient clinical encounter and again after receipt of pertinent laboratory values. Laboratory values obtained at each clinical visit included a CBC, comprehensive chemistries, C3, C4, anti-dsDNA antibody levels, urinalysis and, if pertinent, a spot urinary protein/creatinine ratio. Disease activity was additionally determined by the SELENA-SLEDAI. Fifty-four patients, 3 males and 51 females with an average SLE disease duration of 12.3 (SD 10.5) years contributed 74 assessments to this study. The average SELENA-SLEDAI was 2.2. The average pre-laboratory PGA was 0.46, and the average post-laboratory PGA was 0.55 (p < 0.02 paired Student's t test). Among the 48 encounters with active disease and a mean SELENA-SLEDAI of 3.37, concordance of the pre-laboratory and post-laboratory PGAs occurred in only third of the patient encounters. Both pre- and post-PGA correlated with the SELENA-SLEDAI. However, the correlation of the post-PGA with the SELENA-SLEDAI was significantly greater than the correlation of the pre-PGA and SELENA-SLEDAI [r = 0.69 vs 0.79, respectively (p < 0.0179)]. In some lupus patients, the PGA determined prior to receipt of laboratory values may be the same as the PGA determined after laboratory values are received. However, in these preliminary data, there was a significant difference between pre-laboratory and post-laboratory PGA with a significantly greater correlation of the post-laboratory PGA with the SELENA-SLEDAI. Further studies in a larger patient population with a greater range of disease activity are needed to confirm and extend these findings.
Justice, Territory and Natural Resources

Territorial self-determination and global distributive justice seem to be at loggerheads. Cosmopolitans hold that institutions such as states can be justified only derivatively on global justice. B...
Interface Instrumentation between Computer and Spectrophotometer for Reaction Rate Measurements

An instrument interface which generates an output voltage level proportional to rate of change of an input voltage is described. The interface permits direct connection of routine spectrophotometric rate measurements to a real-time laboratory computer system. The form of the voltage level output enables the computer to read rates in the same manner as peaks are read for AutoAnalyzers, permitting the clinical laboratory LABCOM system to compute and report results for rate methods with no software changes. Spectrophotometric rates from about 10 to 0.025 absorbance units per min can be measured with an accuracy and precision of less than 1% relative in measurement times of about 10 to 30 s, respectively. The interface is readily constructed from commercially available components. Test results are presented for simulated rates, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.
Investigation into a miniaturized, wideband Yagi-Uda antenna

A miniaturized Yagi-Uda antenna with wideband characteristic was proposed by employing conical designs in the driver and director and a piece of spherical-shaped reflector. The achieved 10-dB impedance bandwidth is 54%. The electrical size of the antenna is a kr of 1.07, where k is calculated using the lowest frequency of operation (0.65 GHz). The average realized gain over the operating frequency band is 8.3 dBi.
An adaptive boundary element method for the solution of potential flow problems

Abstract When using the boundary element method, the accuracy of the numerical solution depends critically on the discretization of the boundary into elements (panels). The distribution of the panels is one of the most important decisions taken when analyzing a problem but still the vast majority of users employ empirical guidelines to distribute the panels. This paper uses a combination of a residual error estimation method and h-refinement and h-regeneration adaptive schemes. Numerical results were obtained for infinite fluid flow problems and free surface problems and confirm the reliability and effectiveness of the method.
Annular vesiculobullous eruption in a healthy young man.

A previously healthy 20-year-old man presents with a mildly pruritic, progressive rash. The eruption began in his scalp and subsequently spread over 9 days’ time to his neck, back, and chest. He had been seen in the emergency department andprescribedoral cephalexin for theeruption, with no improvement. He denies any other use of medication (including prescription or over-the-counter medications, herbal supplements, andvitamins) in thedays,weeks, or months prior to onset. He denies any travel or illicit drug use. The patient otherwise feels well, without fever, chills, or systemic symptoms.Hehas receivedappropriate immunizations,hasnorelevant family history, and has never experienced similar episodes. The physical examination is notable for numerous grouped vesicles and relatively monomorphic tensebullae, coalescing intomarkedly annular plaques, superimposedon erythematous baseswith central clearing and scale. Theeruption isgeneralizedandsymmetricbutpredominatesonhisposterior neck, back, chest andupper arms (Figure 1), and inner thighs.He is otherwise afebrile and appears well. Quiz at jama.com A B
Relationships between weather, plant spacing and the incidence of hollow heart in Norgold Russet potatoes

Partial regression analysis of ten years’ data showed the percent of hollow heart (HH) tubers by weight in Norgold Russet potatoes increased with an increase in number of days and rainfall between tuber initiation and plant killing, and decreased with an increase in plant population and degree day accumulation during the same period. Highly significant third order partial correlation coefficients for these variables with percent HH were: days between tuber initiation and plant killing 0.699, rainfall between tuber initiation and plant killing 0.320, plant population -0.530 and degree day accumulation between tuber initiation and plant killing -0.753. When these variables were used in a multiple linear regression model with% HH as the dependent variable the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.72. The model was not significantly improved by including solar radiation, yield of tubers, number of tubers, or soil moisture at tuber initiation as other independent variables.
Liquidity risk and financial competition: Implications for asset prices and monetary policy

Abstract This paper studies the implications of banking competition for capital markets and monetary policy. In particular, I develop a two-sector monetary growth model in which a group of agents is exposed to liquidity shocks and money is essential. Banks insure depositors against such risk and invest in the economy's assets. In this setting, I compare an economy with a perfectly competitive banking sector to an economy with a fully concentrated financial sector. Unlike previous work, banks can have market power in both deposits and capital markets. Compared to a perfectly competitive financial sector, I demonstrate that a monopolistic banking system can have substantial adverse consequences on capital formation, assets prices, and the degree of risk sharing. Furthermore, multiple steady-states can emerge and the economy becomes subject to poverty traps. More importantly, market power in financial markets may overturn the Tobin effect present under a perfectly competitive financial sector. This necessarily happens in economies with high degrees of liquidity risk and low levels of capital formation.
The War Against Terrorism and the Rule of Law

The War Against Terrorism has put into issue two tenets of the American constitutional tradition. The first denies the government the power to imprison anyone unless that person is charged with a crime and swiftly brought to trial. The other requires the government to abide by the Constitution's restrictions on its power no matter where or against whom it acts. This article, based on the 2005 H.L.A. Hart lecture, examines the Supreme Court's first encounter with the Administration's conduct of the War Against Terrorism and explains how the Supreme Court's rulings badly compromised these foundational principles.
Commentary: Carbon Nanotubes, CdSe Nanocrystals, and Electron-Electron Interaction

To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Nano Letters, this short commentary discusses a scientific issue of current interest, increased electron−electron interactions in nanostructures. The two major factors of reduced dimensionality and low screening are analyzed. Carbon nanotubes and graphene are molecular in many of their properties and show strong electron−electron interactions. In specific circumstances, excited-state decay by exciton generation rather than phonon generation can be efficient in carbon nanotubes.
Dynamic Analysis of Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Models With Different Assumptions of Temperature Layers

As solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is rapidly evolving, high-fidelity mathematical models based on physical principles have become essential tools for SOFC system design and analysis. While several SOFC models have been developed by different groups using different modeling assumptions, little analysis of the effects of these assumptions on model performance can be found in literature. Meanwhile, to support system optimization and control design activities, a trade-off often has to be made between high fidelity and low complexity. This trade-off can be influenced by the number of temperature layers assumed in the energy balance to represent the SOFC structure. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the temperature layer assumption on the performance of the dynamic planar SOFC model. Four models of co-flow planar SOFCs are derived using the finite volume discretization approach along with different assumptions in the number of temperature layers. The model with four temperature layers is used as the baseline model, and the other models aimed at reducing the complexity of the baseline model are developed and compared through simulations as well as linear analysis. We show that the model with as few as two temperature layers—the solid structure and air bulk flow—is able to capture the dynamics of SOFCs, while assuming only one temperature layer results in significantly large modeling error. DOI: 10.1115/1.2971055
Antibody-detected folding: Kinetics of surface epitope formation are distinct from other folding phases

The rate of macromolecular surface formation in yeast iso-2 cytochrome c and its site-specific mutant, N52I iso-2, has been studied using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tertiary epitope including K58 and H39. The results indicate that epitope refolding occurs after fast folding but prior to slow folding, in contrast to horse cytochrome c where surface formation occurs early. The antibody-detected (ad) kinetic phase accompanying epitope formation has k(ad) = 0.2 s(-1) and is approximately 40-fold slower than the fastest detectable event in the folding of yeast iso-2 cytochrome c (k2f approximately 8 s(-1)), but occurs prior to the absorbance- and fluorescence-detected slow folding steps (k1a approximately 0.06 s(-1); k1b approximately 0.09 s(-1)). N5I iso-2 cytochrome c exhibits similar kinetic behavior with respect to epitope formation. A detailed dissection of the mechanistic differences between the folding pathways of horse and yeast cytochromes c identifies possible reasons for the slow surface formation in the latter. Our results suggest that non-native ligation involving H33 or H39 during refolding may slow down the formation of the tertiary epitope in iso-2 cytochrome c. This study illustrates that surface formation can be coupled to early events in protein folding. Thus, the rate of macromolecular surface formation is fine tuned by the residues that make up the surface and the interactions they entertain during refolding.
High Members of the Principal Series in Caesium

The results of an investigation initiated several years ago are presented in summary form. The more intense doublet member of the principal series of caesium in absorption is recorded sixty-second quantum state, whereas the weaker doublet member is recorded to the to the quantum state only. An empirical formula fitting the longer series to about ±0.03 fourteenth cm−1 is given. The calculated series limit of 31406.32 cm−1 corresponds to an ionization potential of 3.8929 volts for the caesium atom.
A Comparative Study of the Forces Acting on a Human Rider on a Motorcycle for Different Impact Configurations

In many parts of the developing countries powered motorcycles are still a primary mode of commutation. Statistics tells us that around 15–20% of the accidents happening across different countries in the world involve motorcycle crashes. With the increased importance placed on the usage of safety helmets or full face helmets by the motorbike riders, head injuries have significantly reduced as compared to the other extremities of the human body. The different segments of the human male model considered for this research are grouped into four main categories, the head and neck, the upper extremities, the lower extremities and the trunk. The center of gravity differs for different segments of the human body as each segment has its own mass. This study aims to form a comprehensive database of the forces acting on the primary human body segments for three accident configurations. The energy content of each of these segments is calculated. The deceleration of the human body after impact of the bike with the obstacle and the distance it travels before reaching zero velocity is also computed. When coupled with the existing knowledge of the injury criteria and biomechanical tolerance limits for the body segments, this can be used in a versatile way to predict injuries that could possibly occur in a bike accident and automate vehicle dynamic controls as a preventive measure. Forces calculated acting on the various human body segments can be used to suitably develop riding protection gear for commercial purposes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Using diffusion-based cartograms for visual representation and exploratory analysis of plausible study hypotheses: the small and big belly effect

Diffusion-based cartograms provide a new, more innovative way to visually explore and represent spatial data than do standard maps. In this study, we explore two basic issues regarding visual effectiveness and expressiveness of diffusion-based cartograms: first, we evaluate different applications to support our study hypotheses; and second, we evaluate the visual effectiveness of the resulting maps using five criteria: attribute values, colour, labels, readability of maps, and clusters. Besides, diffusion-based cartograms are compared to standard choropleth mapping to illustrate the additional visual exploratory power these cartograms have to offer. Recent studies have shown that diffusion-based cartograms can facilitate the uncovering of underlying and hidden structures, thus providing a more elaborate visual representation of attribute value than conventional mapping does. Interestingly, the ability to display and visualize small areas and geographic locations with high attribute values using diffusion-...
Effects of Abscisic Acid on Senescence, Permeability and Ribosomal Patterns in Mimosa Hypocotyl Callus Tissue

Abscisie acid effects on 32P uptake, polysomal patterns and senescence in mimosa (Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini) hypocotyl callus tissues were compared. Incubation of hypocotyl callus tissue with, abscisic acid for 4.5 h significantly decreased tissue uptake of 32P, and quantitatively, but not significantly, decreased incorporation of 32P into ribosomal fractions after adjusting for uptake. Abscisic acid accelerated senescence in the callus tissues. Abscisic acid inhibition of 32P uptake is presented as a possible source of misinterpretation of ribosomal 32P incorporation data.
Functional and Oncologic Outcomes of Partial Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma in Patients With von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome After at Least 5 Years of Followup

Purpose: Although the safety and feasibility of partial adrenalectomy in patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome have been established, long-term outcomes have not been examined. In this study we evaluate the recurrence and functional outcomes in a von Hippel-Lindau syndrome cohort treated for pheochromocytoma with partial adrenalectomy with a followup of at least 5 years.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome treated with partial adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma at the National Cancer Institute. Demographic, germline mutation status, surgical indication, oncologic and functional outcome data were collected. Local recurrence was defined as radiographic evidence of recurrent tumor on the ipsilateral side of partial adrenalectomy. Patients were considered steroid dependent if they required steroids at most recent followup.Results: A total of 36 partial adrenalectomies for pheochromocytoma were performed in 26 patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome bet...
Papillomavirus virus-like particles induce cytokines characteristic of innate immune responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particles (VLP) are being extensively tested as vaccines for the prevention of HPV-associated cervical cancer. Dendritic cells (DC) acquire and present antigens, initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been shown previously that DC of the myeloid lineage are capable of generating adaptive immune responses to HPV VLP in vitro. However, the capacity of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) to acquire HPV VLP and the nature of the immune response generated have not been reported. In this study we found that freshly isolated as well as CpG-matured pDC bind papillomavirus VLP and that internalization occurs preferentially in the immature pDC. In contrast to myeloid DC, pDC did not undergo phenotypic maturation upon exposure to HPV16 VLP. However, HPV16 VLP induced pDC to secrete of IFN-alpha and IL-6, both cytokines that play a role in the generation of antibody responses, as well as TNFalpha and IL-8. Given that VLP do not contain viral nucleic acids, these results indicate that viral capsids alone may be capable of inducing cytokine production by pDC. Finally, CpG-activated pDC, but not pDC exposed to HPV16 VLP, activated lymphocytes to secrete IL-10 and low levels of IFN-gamma. Together these findings suggest a possible immunogenic effect of pDC in the setting of VLP vaccination.
DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR UPGRADING HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

A new approach to errors management has emerged in human factors in computer systems. A slogan for the approach was formulated by Norman (1983): "There are no errors: all operations are iterations toward a goal." At the same time, the reality of human errors---actions that deviate from some standard of desired performance and violate some tolerance limits of the systems-still exists. The new "no-errors" approach needs a new conceptual framework to represent the traditional "errors" reality and the activities equivalent to errors management in a different, non-traditional, way. This paper offers such a conceptual framework and its human/computer interface design implications.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the clonogenic growth of transformed cells via its receptor.

Anchorage-independent growth in soft agar is a unique property of transformed cells which is known to be correlated with tumorigenicity. We report here that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses colony formation by a number of cultured cancer cell lines in soft agar in a dose dependent manner with an ID50 of 5–7 × 10−10M. This effect is also achieved with analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in accordance with their binding affinity for the hormone's receptor. Only cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor protein are inhibited in their colony formation by vitamin D analogs indicating that the hormone receptor complex may be integrally involved in the in vitro suppression of the anchorage-independent phenotype.
Representational-Momentum Effects in the Cerebral Hemispheres

Abstract On each trial, after three squares of different sizes (inducing display) were sequentially presented at central fixation, a target square was briefly lateralized to the right or left hemisphere (RH or LH) of 24 normal right-handed males. Subjects determined whether or not the target differed in size from the third inducing square. Half of the targets that differed were consistent with size changes in the inducing display (e.g., a target smaller than the third square in an inducing display presented in a large-to-small order) and half were inconsistent. Three retention intervals (RIs) between offset of third inducing square and onset of target were used. At the shortest RI, error–rate differences in responding to consistent vs. inconsistent targets, i.e., representational-momentum (RM) effects, were larger in the RH than in the LH, and RM effects in the RH, but not in the LH, were affected by RI.
Chemometric analysis of frequency-domain photon migration data: quantitative measurements of optical properties and chromophore concentrations in multicomponent turbid media.

Frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) is a widely used technique for measuring the optical properties (i.e., absorption, micro(a), and reduced scattering, micro(s)', coefficients) of turbid samples. Typically, FDPM data analysis is performed with models based on a photon diffusion equation; however, analytical solutions are difficult to obtain for many realistic geometries. Here, we describe the use of models based instead on representative samples and multivariate calibration (chemometrics). FDPM data at seven wavelengths (ranging from 674 to 956 nm) and multiple modulation frequencies (ranging from 50 to 600 MHz) were gathered from turbid samples containing mixtures of three absorbing dyes. Values for micro(a) and micro(s)' were extracted from the FDPM data in different ways, first with the diffusion theory and then with the chemometric technique of partial least squares. Dye concentrations were determined from the FDPM data by three methods, first by least-squares fits to the diffusion results and then by two chemometric approaches. The accuracy of the chemometric predictions was comparable or superior for all three dyes. Our results indicate that chemometrics can recover optical properties and dye concentrations from the frequency-dependent behavior of photon density waves, without the need for diffusion-based models. Future applications to more complicated geometries, lower-scattering samples, and simpler FDPM instrumentation are discussed.
Effects of long-term treatment with estradiol or clomiphene citrate on bone maintenance, and pituitary and uterine weights in ovariectomized rats.

Long-term estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women can bring relief to hot flushes and reduce loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis, however, such treatment often can cause uterine hyperplasia and other undesirable effects. This study compared changes in bone mineral content (BMC), uterine weight, pituitary weight and pituitary gonadotropin content in the ovariectomized rat model following treatment with estradiol (E2) or two levels of clomiphene citrate (CC), an estrogen agonist/antagonist. Groups (n = 8–12) of adult ovariectomized (OVX) rats were implanted with E2 pellets (5 μg/day) or injected subcutaneously with CC at 1 mg/kg body wt (CC-1) or 5 mg/kg body wt (CC-5) twice weekly for 12 months. Placebo implanted OVX and intact (INT) female rats served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Following treatment, the uterus, pituitary gland and right femur were collected from each animal. E2 treatment increased (P<0.05) uterine weight compared to all other treatment groups, while both CC doses increased uterine weight over the OVX group only (E2, 0.24±0.03; INT, 0.14±0.01; CC-1, 0.06±0.01; CC-5, 0.07±0.01; and OVX, 0.02±0.01 g per 100 g body wt). Pituitary weight was increased 15-fold (P<0.05) by E2 treatment over all other treatment groups (E2, 65.7±13.9; INT, 4.0±0.5; CC-1, 3.3±0.03; CC-5, 2.7±0.2; and OVX, 2.9±0.02 mg per 100 g body wt). Both E2 and CC treatments reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone content (μg/pit) to INT levels and were lower (P<0.05) than OVX levels. Mean BMC of E2, CC-1- or CC-5-treated rats was greater (P<0.05) than that of either the INT or OVX groups, while INT animals had a higher BMC compared to OVX animals (E2, 0.027±0.003; CC-1, 0.026±0.001; CC-5, 0.028±0.001; INT, 0.021±0.001; and OVX, 0.017±0.001 g/cm per 100 g body wt). These data indicate that CC has the potential to reduce bone mineral loss without causing other undesirable effects, including uterine hyperstimulation, and thus needs to be further investigated.
Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour II— pilot plant and two-solvent extractions

The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale. The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour.
A Developmental Comparison of Social Class and Verbal Ability Influences on Piagetian Tasks.

Summary The present investigation attempted to evaluate the respective influences of socioeconomic status and verbal ability levels, as determinants of performance on Piagetian concrete operations tasks. A sample of 160 subjects (kindergarten to fourth grade) were matched on socioeconomic status and verbal ability levels. A battery of Piagetian tasks was administered, including a relational terms pretest, provoked and unprovoked numerical correspondence, unidimensional seriation, height and width, multiple seriation, and conservation of surface area. Results of factorial (grade level × sodoeconomic status × verbal ability × sex) analyses of variance indicated (a) an absence of significant socioeconomic status effects for any of the Piagetian tasks, (6) a significant main effect for the verbal ability and age-grade level factors on the majority of tasks excluding unidimensional height seriation, (c) a general absence of sex main effects or higher order interactions. The lack of difference with regard to so...
The Elements and Principles of Design: A Baseline Study

Critical to the discipline, both professionally and academically, are the fundamentals of interior design. These fundamentals include the elements and principles of interior design: the commonly accepted tools and vocabulary used to create and communicate successful interior environments. Research indicates a lack of consistency in both the identification of what constitutes the elements and principles of design and the specific definitions for each of them. Elements and principles of design vary from textbook to textbook, and this lack of consistency must be addressed when creating a single cohesive interior design vocabulary. This research study sought to gather fundamental information pertaining to the elements and principles of design, such as types of class formats being employed, foundational textbooks utilised, and within each curriculum where the elements and principles were being introduced in CIDA-accredited interior design programmes. Furthermore, this study assessed the attitudes and perceptions of interior design educators concerning the elements and principles of interior design. The elements and principles of interior design are an integral part of design students' education and will contribute substantially to their skill set in the professional realm. For this reason, it is important that the design elements and principles are taught in a consistent manner, with emphasis placed on their meanings, substance and appropriate applications.
Hydrogen bonding Part 39. Hydrogen bonding by α-CH in quaternary ammonium salts and the possible role of CH⋯B hydrogen bonds in acetylcholine—receptor interactions

Correlation of IR spectral properties with crystallographic data for tetramethylammonium ion salts shows that CH⋯B hydrogen bonding in quaternary ammonium ions salts can be assumed to be present when (rC⋯B)(rvdwB+0.95A)<1.00 A. The value 0.95 A is the average CH bond length shown by α-CH (HCN+ for a variety of quaternary ammonium ions. This approach allows estimation of the presence or absence of CH⋯B hydrogen bonding is salts where hydrogens have not been located in diffraction studies. Application to choline chloride and acetylcholine chloride, bromide and iodide demostrates that CH-to-anion hydrogen bonding is present is these salts. Since tetramethylammonium ion shows CH⋯O hydrogen bonding with even the very weak acceptor ClO−4, it is likely that hydrogen bonding from the (CH3)3N+CH2− group of acetylcholine to groups such as phosphate of carboxylate will play a role in the binding of acetylcholine to the anionic site of the receptor.
Differences in the composition and in the efficiency of red cell production of normal and CML erythroid progenitor populations are highlighted by response to human c-kit ligand

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that erythroid progenitors derived from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase may have reduced proliferative capacity. Considering recent evidence that mast cell growth factor (MGF) enhances the proliferative capacity of normal erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), we examined whether MGF could increase the proliferative potential of CML erythroid progenitors to normal capacity. To evaluate the total proliferative capacity achieved, the BFU-E were divided into four subpopulations (XL = extra large, L = large, M = medium, S = small) and colonies were aspirated to determine the cellularity of BFU-E from each subpopulation. MGF alone or in combination with MoT cell line conditioned medium (MoCM) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) + interleukin-3 (IL-3) significantly increased the proliferative capacity of erythropoietin (EPO) dependent CML and normal BFU-E. Although the total number of BFU-E generated were similar, the number of BFU-E with high proliferative potential were considerably less in CML BFU-E populations. BFU-E designated XL (129,000–431,000 cells) were only found in MGF cultures and only normal BFU-E had this proliferative capacity. BFU-E designated L were increased in both normal and CML BFU-E populations but less CML BFU-E had this proliferative capacity (mean number 25% of normal) and CML L BFU-E from 2 3 CML patients comprised fewer cells than normal L BFU-E. Normal BFU-E populations comprised 16–24% high proliferative BFU-E (XL + L) in contrast to 4–5% high proliferative BFU-E (L only) comprising CML BFU-E populations. This shift resulted in 78–87% of CML erythroid cells being generated by low proliferative BFU-E in contrast to the normal state in which 63–71% of erythroid cells are generated by high proliferative BFU-E. A possible explanation for the difference in the final effect of the Ph 1 translocation on the granulocyte and erythroid lineages is proposed.
Information Literacy and Higher Education: Placing the Academic Library in the Center of a Comprehensive Solution

This article seeks a comprehensive approach to information literacy instruction. The author suggests a programmatic solution that ensures that every undergraduate is provided information literacy instruction before graduation. The recommended process anticipates an eventual evolution of the academic library into a bonafide teaching department.
CoA transferase in the brain and other mammalian tissues

Abstract Succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) activity was demonstrated in the brain of man, rat, mouse, guinea pig, and pigeon, but not of the dog, calf, and pig. In contrast to the enzyme from heart tissue, the brain enzyme was a particulate protein which sedimented with the mitochondrial fraction. The protein could be solubilized in 0.3% deoxycholate, or by freezing and thawing, and fractional salt and acid precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography yielded a 300-fold purification of the rat brain enzyme. Double reciprocal plots of one substrate vs velocity at several concentrations of the second substrate resulted in parallel lines which suggested a “ping-pong” mechanism as has been described for the pig heart enzyme. The Km values for succinate, acetoacetate, and succinyl CoA were 3.9 × 10−2, 2.9 × 10−4, and 6.7 × 10−4 m , respectively. In the rat, the thermal lability, acrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility, and substrate specificity were essentially the same for the enzymes obtained from either heart, brain, or kidney. These findings support the suggested physiological role for the enzyme in ketone oxidation in central nervous tissue.
An internal friction study of the allotropic transformations of plutonium, uranium and cobalt

Abstract Consistent correlations on plutonium, uranium and cobalt have been made which suggest that internal friction and relative shear modulus measurements can be used for the classification of the mechanisms of allotropie transformations. Diffusional transformations were characterized by the fact that the internal friction values of the parent and product phases were considerably different at the transformation temperature and the relative shear modulus changed over a very narrow temperature range of 2–3 °C. Shear transformations were characterized by the fact that the internal friction values above and below the transformation temperature were approximately equal, and the relative shear modulus changed over a broad temperature range. Possible interpretations for these observations are given. In addition, features of the steady state internal friction curves of plutonium, uranium and cobalt are discussed.
Policing as self‐audited practice

All occupations, including police, must define what they do and why they do it in order to carve out and defend a socio‐economic and politically defined niche. This requires a rhetoric of justification. Crime statistics (ORCS), in spite of their frequent misuse by the police, academic criticism, and police ambivalence about their utility as a measure of performance, serve this purpose. These are at best reported and validated police activity, not a full assessment of the distribution of crime or disorder by official categories, regions, and cities. Attempted police innovations that are not ‘crime‐based’ nor connected to direct attempts at crime reduction have had mixed effects. A theory of policing that does not take into account these practices will fail to account for police behavior and known outcomes.
Two-phase flow in porous media with phase change: post dryout heat transfer and steam injection

Abstract Two-phase flow processes thought to be important to in-core severe accident progression are reviewed. Two-dimensional dryout processes are treated and the conclusion is reached that one-dimensional dryout limits are adequate for predicting the onset of core melting. Post-dryout considerations are used to justify study of heat transfer at a steam-water interface. Steam injection into cold flowing water in a porous media is used to generate the steam-water interface. It is shown that all important characteristics of the interface can be predicted well enough for engineering purposes.
On the effect of prestrain and residual stress in thin biological membranes.

Understanding the difference between ex vivo and in vivo measurements is critical to interpret the load carrying mechanisms of living biological systems. For the past four decades, the ex vivo stiffness of thin biological membranes has been characterized using uniaxial and biaxial tests with remarkably consistent stiffness parameters, even across different species. Recently, the in vivo stiffness was characterized using combined imaging techniques and inverse finite element analyses. Surprisingly, ex vivo and in vivo stiffness values differed by up to three orders of magnitude. Here, for the first time, we explain this tremendous discrepancy using the concept of prestrain. We illustrate the mathematical modeling of prestrain in nonlinear continuum mechanics through the multiplicative decomposition of the total elastic deformation into prestrain-induced and load-induced parts. Using in vivo measured membrane kinematics and associated pressure recordings, we perform an inverse finite element analysis for different prestrain levels and show that the resulting membrane stiffness may indeed differ by four orders of magnitude depending on the prestrain level. Our study motivates the hypothesis that prestrain is important to position thin biological membranes in vivo into their optimal operating range, right at the transition point of the stiffening regime. Understanding the effect of prestrain has direct clinical implications in regenerative medicine, medical device design, and tissue engineering of replacement constructs for thin biological membranes.
Hot neptunes and super earths

The recent discoveries of planetary systems in orbit around other stars have uncovered several types of planetary objects which are not represented in our own solar system. In addition to the well known ‘hot-Jupiters’—gas giant planets at very short orbital distances from their parent stars—recent observations have discovered Neptune-mass objects in short-period orbits, as well as planets which appear to fall squarely into the gap between the masses of Earth and Neptune. In this paper we review the observations of these fascinating new objects, and discuss theories of their formation and speculations on their possible interior structures.
Pattern of Lymph Node Involvement and Prognosis in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Direct Lymph Node Invasion Has Similar Survival to Node-Negative Disease

Lymph node status is one of the most important predictors of survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma is often locally invasive and may invade directly into peripancreatic lymph nodes. The significance of direct invasion into lymph nodes in the absence of true lymphatic metastases is unclear. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare clinical outcome in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with direct invasion into peripancreatic lymph nodes with patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas and patients with true lymphatic lymph node metastasis. A total of 380 patients with invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma classified as pT3, were evaluated: ductal adenocarcinoma with true lymphatic metastasis to regional lymph nodes (248 cases), ductal adenocarcinoma without lymph node involvement (97 cases), and ductal adenocarcinoma with regional lymph nodes involved only by direct invasion from the main tumor mass (35 cases). Isolated lymph node involvement by direct invasion occurred in 35 of 380 (9%) patients. Overall survival for patients with direct invasion of lymph nodes (median survival, 21 mo; 5-year overall survival, 36%) was not statistically different from patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas (median survival, 30 mo; 5-year overall survival, 31%) (P=0.609). Patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas had an improved survival compared with patients with lymph node involvement by true lymphatic metastasis (median survival, 15 mo; 5-year overall survival, 8%) (P<0.001) regardless of the number of lymph nodes involved by adenocarcinoma. There was a trend toward decreased overall survival for patients with 1 or 2 lymph nodes involved by true lymphatic metastasis compared with patients with direct invasion of tumor into lymph nodes (P=0.056). However, this did not reach statistical significance. Our results indicate that patients with isolated direct lymph node invasion have a comparable overall survival with patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas as opposed to true lymphatic lymph node metastasis.
Transforming Japanese archives into accessible digital books

Digitized physical books offer access to tremendous amounts of knowledge, even for people with print-related disabilities. Various projects and standard activities are underway to make all of our past and present books accessible. However digitizing books requires extensive human efforts such as correcting the results of OCR (optical character recognition) and adding structural information such as headings. Some Asian languages need extra efforts for the OCR errors because of their many and varied character sets. Japanese has used more than 10,000 characters compared with a few hundred in English. This heavy workload is inhibiting the creation of accessible digital books. To facilitate digitization, we are developing a new system for processing physical books. We reduce and disperse the human efforts and accelerate conversions by combining automatic inference and human capabilities. Our system preserves the original page images for the entire digitization process to support gradual refinement and distributes the work as micro-tasks. We conducted trials with the Japanese National Diet Library (NDL) to evaluate the required effort for digitizing books with a variety of layouts and years of publication. The results showed old Japanese books had specific problems when correcting the OCR errors and adding structures. Drawing on our results, we discuss further workload reductions and future directions for international digitization systems.
Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia

We investigated the usefulness of a hand-held computer as a therapeutic adjunct to cognitive-behavioral group treatment (CBGT) for social phobia. Social phobics (n = 54) were randomly assigned to a 12-session CBGT, 8-session CBGT utilizing a hand-held computer (CaCBGT) to facilitate homework assignments, or to a wait-list control group (WL). At posttreatment, CBGT was significantly better than WL on all self-report measures and most measures of a behavioral assessment test. CaCBGT was significantly better than WL on most measures of the behavioral assessment test, but there were no significant differences on self-report measures. At posttreatment and at follow-up there were no significant differences between CBGT and CaCBGT except that participants in the CaCBGT had significantly more positive thoughts than did participants in the CBGT at posttreatment (but not follow-up). CBGT initially appeared to have stronger effects than CaCBGT on reducing social phobia symptoms. However, by follow-up, CBGT and CaCBGT appeared to be equally effective in reducing symptoms and improving behaviors associated with social phobia.
Girls’ Rumination and Anxiety Sensitivity: Are They Related After Controlling for Girl, Maternal, and Parenting Factors?

Background Rumination and anxiety sensitivity are posited cognitive vulnerabilities in the development and/or maintenance of depression and anxiety and have only been examined separately in youth.
Magnetic resonance imaging-guided breast biopsies: tips and tricks.

As a robust imaging modality, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast offers sensitivity that approaches 100% for invasive carcinoma and approaches 80%e90% for in situ carcinoma [1e4]. As with all breast imaging modalities, there is an overlap between benign and malignant features which necessitate biopsy [5,6]. Because many lesions identified on MRI will be occult on other imaging modalities, biopsy under MR (magnetic resonance) guidance is an integral part of any breast imaging program in today’s imaging paradigm (Figure 1). The instrumentation and basic methodology for MRI-guided biopsies performed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) was previously reviewed [7]. With this methodology as a foundation, and based on the institution’s experience with over 2000 biopsies, we present 10 tips that we have found useful in performing this procedure safely, accurately, and efficiently.