cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 16017: Anatomically-Guided Deep Learning (DL) Approach to Late Gadolinium Enhanced (LGE)-CMR Left Ventricle (LV) Segmentation Enables Efficient and Accurate Clinical Analyses

Rationale: LV segmentation is crucial to analyzing heart pathologies. DL applications for LGE-CMR image segmentation offer automation and reliability over costly feature learning and manual input. ...
Step 3: The People as Political, Discursive and Legal Construct

A primary mechanism by which Court power can be critically assessed is through analysis of the People. On its face, the People seems to be quite direct as far as what it signifies. Yet upon closer inspection, this is not the case. The People and the people are distinct states of affairs. The Court has acknowledged that the People is a term of art, and it has provided differential interpolations of this “term of art” in its jurisprudence. The People, as opposed to the actual people that constitute the American populace, can be viewed as an act of imagination. The People, as an ideological and political construct, has been operative since before the founding. The People, in actuality is a complex legal and political construct—one that provides a primary basis for legitimizing the exercise of the Supreme Court’s power. The Court has provided selective and, at times, seemingly contentious or differential notions of what the People are exactly within the fundamental law.
Refugee Return and Conflict: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

We estimate the causal effect of a large cash assistance program for refugee returnees on conflict in Afghanistan. The program led to a significant increase in repatriation. Leveraging historical returnee settlement patterns and previously unreleased combat records, we find that policy-induced refugee return had cross-cutting effects, reducing insurgent violence, but increasing social conflict. The program's cash benefits were substantial and may have raised reservation wages in communities where returnees repatriated. Consistent with this hypothesis, returnee encashment had heterogeneous effects on insurgent violence, decreasing use of labor-intensive combat, while also reducing the effectiveness of counterinsurgent bomb neutralization missions. Additionally, kinship ties and access to informal institutions for dispute resolution significantly offset the risks of refugee return for communal violence. These results highlight unintended consequences of repatriation aid and clarify the conditions under which refugee return affects conflict. Building social capital and legitimate, local institutions are key antecedents for safe refugee repatriation.
Management of asymptomatic hypoglycemia with 40% oral dextrose gel in near term at-risk infants to reduce intensive care need and promote breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common disorder especially in at-risk infants and it can be associated with poor long-term neurological outcomes. Several therapeutic interventions are suggested, from the implementation of breastfeeding to the glucose intravenous administration. Oral dextrose gel massaged into the infant's inner cheek is a recent treatment option of asymptomatic hypoglycemia, after which oral feeding is encouraged. This approach seems to reduce the admission of infants to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) so favouring maternal bonding and breastfeeding success at discharge. METHODS In our ward, we prospectively compared a group of near-term neonates, (Gr2, n = 308) at risk for hypoglycemia, treated with an innovative protocol based on the addition of 40% oral dextrose gel (Destrogel, Orsana®,Italy) administered by massaging gums and cheek with historical matching newborns (Gr1, n = 389) treated with a formerly used protocol, as control group. The primary outcome was occurrence of NICU admission and the requirement of intravenous glucose administration; while discharge with full breastfeeding was the secondary outcome. RESULTS In Gr1, 39/389 (10%) infants presented with asymptomatic hypoglycemia, 19/39 were transferred to the NICU, and 14/39 required intravenous glucose treatment. In Gr2, among the 30/308 infants with asymptomatic hypoglycemia managed according to the new protocol, 3/30 were transferred to the NICU and received intravenous glucose infusion. The mean duration of hospitalization respectively was 6.43 (± 6.36) and 3.73 ± 1.53 days (p < 0.001). At discharge, 7.7% of the infants in Gr1 and 30% of the infants in Gr2 were exclusively breastfed (p = 0.02). Considering Gr1 vs Gr2, the number of patients that were transferred to NICU was 19 (48.7%) vs 3 (10%) (p = 0.001) and the number of infants that needed intravenous glucose infusion was 14 (35.9%) vs 3 (10%) (p = 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In our population of near term infants, the introduction of 40% oral dextrose gel to the protocol, helped in the safe management of asymptomatic hypoglycemia and, at the same time, implemented breastfeeding.
Multi-photon Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy

Multi-photon microscopy is an emerging technique with far reaching impact in biological and medical analysis of tissues, cells and biomolecules. This paper reviews the basic principles of multi-photon microscopy and provide an overview of some cutting edge developments such as spectral resolved imaging techniques and high throughput image cytometry.
Atwater, Wilbur Olin (1844‐1907)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Atwater, Wilbur Olin (human nutrition research)
Loving v. Virginia in a Post-Racial World: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Marriage

Introduction Kevin Noble Maillard and Rose Cuison Villazor Part I. Explaining Loving vs. Virginia: 1. The legacy of Loving John DeWitt Gregory and Joanna L. Grossman Part II. Historical Antecedents to Loving: 2. The 'love' of Loving Jason A. Gillmer 3. Loving in Indian territory: tribal miscegenation law in historical perspective Carla Pratt 4. American mestizo: Filipinos and antimiscegenation laws in California Leti Volpp 5. Perez vs. Sharp and the limits of Loving: race, marriage, and citizenship reconsidered R. A. Lenhardt Part III. Loving and Interracial Relationships: Contemporary Challenges: 6. The road to Loving: the legacy of antimiscegenation law Kevin Noble Maillard 7. Love at the margins: the racialization of sex and the sexualization of race Camille A. Nelson 8. The crime of Loving: Loving, Lawrence, and beyond I. Bennett Capers 9. What's Loving got to do with it? Law shaping experience and experience shaping law Renee M. Landers 10. Fear of a 'Brown' planet or a new hybrid culture? Jacquelyn Bridgeman Part IV. Considering the Limits of Loving: 11. Black pluralism in post-Loving America Taunya Lovell Banks 12. Political blackness: a sociopolitical construction Angelique Davis 13. Finding a Loving home Angela Onwuachi-Willig and Jacob Willig-Onwuachi Part V. Loving outside the United States Borders: 14. Racially inadmissible wives Rose Cuison Villazor 15. Flying buttresses Nancy K. Ota 16. Crossing borders: Loving vs. Virginia as a story of migration Victor Romero Part VI. Loving and Beyond: Marriage, Intimacy and Diverse Relationships: 17. Black vs. gay: centering LBGT people of color in civil marriage debates Adele Morrison 18. Forty years after Loving: a legacy of unintended consequences Rachel F. Moran 19. The end of marriage Tucker Culbertson 20. Afterword Peter Wallenstein.
Sample‐Size Determination in Experimental Designs

Sample-size determination is a procedure by which we decide how much data are required in order to achieve stated goals for a statistical study. The article focuses primarily on the two most popular paradigms (confidence interval width and power), and on the use of software to solve sample-size problems. It discusses what situations are most pertinent with regard to sample-size planning, the importance of eliciting a relevant effect size, and the use of pilot data. An illustration is given for a complex experiment. There is also information on the related issue of sample-size allocation, and on sample-size requirements for pilot studies. Keywords: power analysis; effect size; pilot studies; practical significance; allocation
Promoter analysis of the nuclear gene encoding the chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase B subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana

The promoter of the nuclear gene, GAPB, which encodes the B subunit of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) of Arabidopsis thaliana, was previously shown to contain four direct repeats (Gap boxes, located between −237 and −181) that were necessary but not sufficient for light-activated gene transcription. To identify additional elements located between the Gap boxes and TATA box, various GAPB promoter fragments driving the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were constructed in transgenic Arabidopsis. We found a 23 bp element (the XXIII element), centered at −119, that is essential for promoter activity. Mutations in the XXIII element abolished transcription of GAPB completely. Furthermore, we have identified three additional elements, PI, Tboxes, and PII that serve as positive modulators in the light-activated transcription of GAPB. Mutations in any of these three elements resulted in the reduction in light inducibility of the GAPB gene. The PI, XXIII, Tboxes and PII sequences are novel cis-acting elements that are not present in the closely related GAPA promoter or other promoters that are similarly regulated by light. In our current study, we found that transgenic Arabidopsis containing a GAPB promoter::GUS construct with all four Gap boxes deleted exhibited significant GUS expression albeit reduced to 42% of the optimal expression level. In contrast, in previous studies on transgenic tobacco, total abolishment of GUS expression was seen when the Gap boxes were deleted. This suggests that different trans-acting factors present in heterologous systems may result in variability of the expression of the transgene.
Review Essay: Reading the Dream Machine: The Untold Story of the Notorious V-22 Osprey, by Richard Whittle, in Light of the Defense Acquisition Performance Study

This review commends The Dream Machine to a broad range of readers, including public contracts attorneys, acquisition policy officials, contracts professionals, program managers, government procurement law students, as well as consumers of military history. It’s a remarkable story told with style. The review juxtapose some aspects of the author’s exhaustive case study of this seemingly problematic program against the Defense Department’s nascent effort to assess the performance of the Defense Acquisition System. We make no secret of our belief that DoD’s acquisition performance assessment has the potential to become one of the most significant recent developments in defense acquisition. Among other things, the review essay highlights some particularly informative or entertaining aspects of the book. Ultimately, the essay concludes by focusing on the ultimate question that we hope DoD chooses to address more broadly in its future performance assessment: is the V-22 a success story, a cautionary failure, something in between, or none of the above? Our concern is that DoD might be asking the wrong questions.
Utilization of Dioxygen by Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases

Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are non-heme, Fe(II)-dependent enzymes that participate in biologically important metabolic pathways involving carotenoids and apocarotenoids, including retinoids, stilbenes, and related compounds. CCOs typically catalyze the cleavage of non-aromatic double bonds by dioxygen (O2) to form aldehyde or ketone products. Expressed only in vertebrates, the RPE65 sub-group of CCOs catalyzes a non-canonical reaction consisting of concerted ester cleavage and trans-cis isomerization of all-trans-retinyl esters. It remains unclear whether the former group of CCOs functions as mono- or di-oxygenases. Additionally, a potential role for O2 in catalysis by the RPE65 group of CCOs has not been evaluated to date. Here, we investigated the pattern of oxygen incorporation into apocarotenoid products of Synechocystis apocarotenoid oxygenase. Reactions performed in the presence of (18)O-labeled water and (18)O2 revealed an unambiguous dioxygenase pattern of O2 incorporation into the reaction products. Substitution of Ala for Thr at position 136 of apocarotenoid oxygenase, a site predicted to govern the mono- versus dioxygenase tendency of CCOs, greatly reduced enzymatic activity without altering the dioxygenase labeling pattern. Reevaluation of the oxygen-labeling pattern of the resveratrol-cleaving CCO, NOV2, previously reported to be a monooxygenase, using a purified enzyme sample revealed that it too is a dioxygenase. We also demonstrated that bovine RPE65 is not dependent on O2 for its cleavage/isomerase activity. In conjunction with prior research, the results of this study resolve key issues regarding the utilization of O2 by CCOs and indicate that dioxygenase activity is a feature common among double bond-cleaving CCOs.
Cyclic Peptides from the Loop Region of the Laminin α4 Chain LG4 Module Show Enhanced Biological Activity over Linear Peptides

Laminins, heterotrimeric glycoproteins in the basement membrane, are involved in diverse biological activities. So far, five alpha, three beta, and three gamma chains have been identified, and at least 15 laminin isoforms exist composed of various combinations of the different three chains. The major cell-surface receptors for laminins are integrins and proteoglycans, such as dystroglycans and syndecans. Previously, we reported that synthetic peptide A4G82 (TLFLAHGRLVFM, mouse laminin alpha4 chain residues 1514-1525) showed strong cell attachment and syndecan binding activities. On the basis of the crystal structure of the LG module and sequence alignment, A4G82 is located in the connecting loop region between beta-strands E and F in the laminin alpha4 chain LG4 module. Here, we have focused on the structural importance of this E-F loop region for the biological activity of the alpha4 chain LG4 module. To determine the importance of the loop structure, we synthesized peptide A4G82X (cyclo-A4G82X, Cys-TLFLAHGRLVFX-Cys, X= norleucine), which was cyclized via disulfide bridges at both the N- and C-termini. The cyclic peptides derived from A4G82X inhibited the heparin binding activity of the alpha4 chain G domain and promoted HT-1080 cell attachment better than the corresponding linear peptides. We determined FLAHGRLVFX as a minimal sequence of cyclo-A4G82X important for cell adhesion and heparin binding using a series of truncated peptides. Moreover, HT-1080 cell attachment to the cyclic peptides was more efficiently blocked by heparin than cell attachment to the linear peptides. Furthermore, the cyclic peptides showed significantly enhanced syndecan-2-mediated cell attachment activity. These results indicate that the activity of A4G82 is highly conformation-dependent, suggesting that the E-F loop structure is crucial for its biological activity.
Nesting directed cycle systems of even length

Abstract It is proved that there exists a 2 y -nesting of a directed 2 s -cycle system of D n iff n ≡1 (mod 2 s ), except possibly if n = 4 s + 1. The existence of s -nestings of directed 2 s -cycle systems of D n when s is odd is also considered.
Snow‐induced thermal variations around a single conifer tree

The influence of trees on the ground thermal regime is important to the overall winter energy exchange in a snow-covered, forested watershed. In this work, spatial zones around a single conifer tree were defined and examined for their controls on the snow cover, snow-ground interface temperatures and frozen ground extent. A large white spruce (Picea glauca), approximately 18 m tall with a crown diameter of 7.5 m and located in northern Vermont, was the subject of this study. The tree was instrumented with thermistors to measure the snow-ground interface temperature between the tree trunk and 6 m from the tree into undisturbed snow. Four distinct zones around the conifer are defined that affect the snow distribution characteristics: adjacent to the trunk; the tree well; the tree crown perimeter; and the unaffected area away from the tree. At the time of peak snow accumulation and during the ablation season, snow depth and density profiles were measured. The area beneath the canopy accumulated 34% of the snow accumulated in the undisturbed zone. By the end of the ablation season, the depth of snow under the canopy had decreased to 18% of the undisturbed snow depth. The tree and branch characteristics of spruce in this temperate climate resulted in a different snow depth profile compared with previous empirical relationships around a single conifer. A new relationship is presented for snow distribution around conifer trees that has the ability to better fit data from a variety of conifer types than previously published relationships. Less snow beneath the canopy led to colder snow-ground interface temperatures than measured in undisturbed snow. The depth of frozen ground in the different zones was modelled using a simple analytical solution that showed deeper frost penetration in the tree well than beneath the undisturbed snow.
Simultaneous processing of verbal and spatial information

Two experiments investigated the generality of the selective interference phenomenon by studying several different concurrent tasks, each involving either verbal or spatial information, and a range of retention intervals from 10 to 30 sec. The results supported the selective interference predictions, since the interference in performance was greater when the two simultaneous tasks both involved either verbal information or spatial information than when one of the tasks involved verbal and the other spatial information. It was concluded that not only was the selective interference phenomenon a rather general effect but that, since it was unaffected by changes in the nature of the component tasks, it was also probably caused by central processing capacity limitations rather than by competition for a specific structural mechanism.
A deflectable guiding catheter for real‐time MRI‐guided interventions

Purpose To design a deflectable guiding catheter that omits long metallic components yet preserves mechanical properties to facilitate therapeutic interventional MRI procedures.
Perioperative Implications of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease During Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

s HARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE (also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy) is the most ommonly inherited peripheral polyneuropathy, with an incience of 1 in 2,600.1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD) ccurs as a consequence of several modes of genetic transmision (including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and -linked forms), and causes variable degrees of peripheral erve demyelination and Schwann cell dysfunction by producng myelin or gap junction protein abnormalities.2,3 The anesthetic implications of CMTD were reviewed4 and he intraoperative management of adult,5 pediatric,6 and obstetic7,8 patients with this disorder reported, but the perioperative onsiderations of CMTD during cardiac surgery have not been reviously described. Therefore, this report describes a patient ith many typical clinical manifestations of CMTD who unerwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the amifications of this neurologic disorder on perioperative mangement in this setting.
Demographic factors and sexist beliefs as predictors of condom use among Latinos in the USA

Based on a survey conducted among 198 Latinos in Central Illinois, USA, this study shows that income, education, and language skills were important predictors of condom use. In addition, hostile and benevolent sexist ideas had a differing impact on condom use. Hostile sexist ideas, such as the belief that women try to control men, increased condom use with both main and occasional partners. Benevolent sexism, for example, the idea that women should be cherished and protected, was negatively and significantly correlated with condom use with main partner. In this sense, benevolent sexism, an apparently less harmful type of prejudice against women, seems to out them at higher risk of HIV/AIDS infection. Therefore, HIV/AIDS prevention interventions designed for Latinos should not only address the dangers of hostile sexist beliefs in reproducing negative feelings about women but also the problems associated with benevolent sexist beliefs, which seem to decrease condom use.
Concepts of arthritis in India's medical traditions: Ayurvedic and Unani perspectives.

Anthropology and other social sciences have not given detailed attention to cultural constructions of arthritic disorders and their place in traditional medical systems. Humoral medicine and its numerous crosscultural variants offer an important perspective on the conceptualization and treatment of arthritis. The present paper provides a descriptive account of rheumatic disorders in India's Ayurvedic and Unani medical traditions. Data derive from anthropological fieldwork in the New Delhi metropolitan area and from Ayurvedic and Unani texts and secondary sources. The discussion explores these two traditions together as a polysynthetic field of ideas, practices, and materials, and it highlights their congruent concepts of arthritis and related somatic concepts, etiologies, and treatments. It reveals parallels in the clinical practices of Ayurvedic and Unani practitioners and identifies a broadly shared model of arthritis that circulates between these practitioners and their ethnically diverse patient-clienteles. The paper suggests that this South Asian humoral model provides a framework that may be useful in anthropological studies of arthritis in other humoral traditions.
Yucatán's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War

Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War. Terry Rugeley. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. xxx. 243 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Determination of alveolar surface area and tension from in situ pressure-volume data.

Abstract Cats were anesthetized and placed, with the chest opened, inside a whole-body plethysmograph. In recording gas and liquid pressure-volume (PV) curves, 100 percent oxygen (2.9 ml/sec) and Ringer-Locke solution (1 ml/sec) were used. Gas and liquid flows were varied from 2.9–6.0 ml/sec and 0.5–5.0 ml/sec respectively, with no change in either the hysteresis or the shape of the PV curve. A constant, K, was determined by comparing the gas and liquid inflation curves at maximal lung volumes and using the equation K = 3PV case1 2 γ, where γ was assumed to be 50 dyne/cm. The mean value for K in eight experiments was 1225 ± 100 Sem. At a functional residual capacity of 90 ml the alveolar surface area (A = KV 2 3 ) of the cat/kg body mass was 1.05 ± 0.09 m2. Surface tension was calculated during inflation and deflation. The results indicate that surface tension approaches zero at low lung volumes or areas and is always lower during deflation than during inflation at a given volume or area.
Microstructure, Morphology, and Nanomechanical Properties Near Fine Holes Produced by Electro-Discharge Machining

Fine holes in metal alloys are employed for many important technological purposes, including cooling and the precise atomization of liquids. For example, they play an important role in the metering and delivery of fuel to the combustion chambers in energy-efficient, low-emission diesel engines. Electro-discharge machining (EDM) is one process employed to produce such holes. Since the hole shape and bore morphology can affect fluid flow, and holes also represent structural discontinuities in the tips of the spray nozzles, it is important to understand the microstructures adjacent to these holes, the features of the hole walls, and the nanomechanical properties of the material that was in some manner altered by the EDM hole-making process. Several techniques were used to characterize the structure and properties of spray-holes in a commercial injector nozzle. These include scanning electron microscopy, cross sectioning and metallographic etching, bore surface roughness measurements by optical interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of recast EDM layers extracted with the help of a focused ion beam.
Inhibition of α2-adrenergic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP formation by a phorbol ester, a protein kinase C activator

α 2 -adrenergic receptor-mediated signal transduction in rat adrenocortical carcinoma cells occurs through the opposing regulation of two second messengers, cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP, in which guanylate cyclase is coupled positively and adenylate cyclase negatively to the receptor signal. We now show that in these cells phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a known activator of protein kinase C, inhibits the α 2 -agonist ( p -aminoclodine)-dependent production of cyclic GMP in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of PMA was 10 −10 M. A protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H7), caused the release of the PMA-dependent attenuation of p -aminoclodine-stimulated cyclic GMP formation. These results suggest that protein kinase C negatively regulates the α 2 -receptor coupled cyclic GMP system in these cells, a feature apparently shared with the other cyclic GMP-coupled receptors such as those of muscarine, histamine, and atrial natriuretic factor.
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Receptor-deficient Mice Have Reduced Lipoprotein Lipase Activity POSSIBLE CAUSES OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND REDUCED BODY MASS WITH VLDL RECEPTOR DEFICIENCY

Although very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor (VLDLr) knockout mice have been reported to have no lipoprotein abnormalities, they develop less adipose tissue than control mice when fed a high calorie diet. Mice that are deficient in adipose tissue expression of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) also have less fat, but only when crossed with ob/ob mice. We hypothesized that the VLDLr, a protein that will bind and transport LpL, is required for optimal LpL actions in vivo and that hypertriglyceridemia due to VLDLr deficiency is exacerbated by either LpL deficiency or VLDL overproduction. Fasted VLDLr knockout (VLDLr0) mice were more hypertriglyceridemic than controls (2-fold greater triglyceride levels). The hypertriglyceridemia due to VLDLr0 was even more evident when VLDLr0 mice were crossed with heterozygous LpL-deficient (LpL1) and human apolipoprotein B (apoB) transgenic mice. This was due to an increase in apoB48-containing VLDL. [3H]VLDL turnover studies showed that VLDL-triglyceride clearance in VLDLr0/LpL1 mice was impaired by 50% compared with LpL1 mice. VLDLr0/LpL1 mice had less LpL activity in postheparin plasma, heart, and skeletal muscle. Infection of mice with an adenovirus-expressing receptor-associated protein, an inhibitor of the VLDLr, reduced LpL activity in wild type but not VLDLr0 mice. Therefore, the VLDLr is required for normal LpL regulation in vivo, and the disruption of VLDLr results in hypertriglyceridemia associated with decreased LpL activity.
X-ray absorption fine structure determination of pH-dependent U-bacterial cell wall interactions

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements was used at the U L3-edge to directly determine the pH dependence of the cell wall functional groups responsible for the absorption of aqueous UO22+ to Bacillus subtilis from pH 1.67 to 4.80. Surface complexation modeling can be used to predict metal distributions in water–rock systems, and it has been used to quantify bacterial adsorption of metal cations. However, successful application of these models requires a detailed knowledge not only of the type of bacterial surface site involved in metal adsorption/desorption, but also of the binding geometry. Previous acid-base titrations of B. subtilis cells suggested that three surface functional group types are important on the cell wall; these groups have been postulated to correspond to carboxyl, phosphoryl, and hydroxyl sites. When the U(VI) adsorption to B. subtilis is measured, observed is a significant pH-independent absorption at low pH values (<3.0), ascribed to an interaction between the uranyl cation and a neutrally charged phosphoryl group on the cell wall. The present study provides independent quantitative constraints on the types of sites involved in uranyl binding to B. subtilis from pH 1.67 to 4.80. The XAFS results indicate that at extremely low pH (pH 1.67) UO22+ binds exclusively to phosphoryl functional groups on the cell wall, with an average distance between the U atom and the P atom of 3.64 ± 0.01 A. This U-P distance indicates an inner-sphere complex with an oxygen atom shared between the UO22+ and the phosphoryl ligand. The P signal at extremely low pH value is consistent with the UO22+ binding to a protonated phosphoryl group, as previously ascribed. With increasing pH (3.22 and 4.80), UO22+ binds increasingly to bacterial surface carboxyl functional groups, with an average distance between the U atom and the C atom of 2.89 ± 0.02 A. This U-C distance indicates an inner-sphere complex with two oxygen atoms shared between the UO22+ and the carboxyl ligand. The results of this XAFS study confirm the uranyl-bacterial surface speciation model.
Bringing Politics Back In: Violence, Finance, and the State

The hypothesis of this paper is that a detailed history of a specific location and period is more effective for isolating the important characteristics of institutions than studies which span multiple millennia across the globe. To illustrate this hypothesis, I examine three Italian city-states in the period between eleventh and sixteenth centuries. This was a time when the "commercial revolution" was underway in these city-states. As a result, there were institutional innovations in settlement patterns, work organization, and self-governing institutions to help provide for mutual defense and for the internalization of gains from long-distance trade. I contrast this case study with the methodology and findings employed by Douglass C. North, John J. Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast (2009) in Violence and Social Orders. Rather than analyze the importance of beliefs and the protection of property rights as in prior work of theirs, the authors here focus on the "Schumpeterian competition" between impersonal organizations as an effective institutional form to control violence. Moreover, the timeframe of their book extends to "all recorded human history." In contrast to North, Wallis, and Weingast's approach, I concentrate on Genoa, Florence, and Venice in an effort to explain more effectively the emergence of the public/private divide and the relationship between politics and economics in modern industrial society. Experimentation in medieval Italy in mediating conflict between newly emerging classes, innovating in public finance to support the military, and focusing on broad civic participation in the political process had a lasting impact on the development of the state as an institution.
Hemodynamics of Aortic Valve Atresia

Hemodynamic data on 12 infants with aortic valve atresia, ranging from 1 to 3 mo of age, are presented. Peripheral arterial oxygen saturations ranged from 19 to 93%. The lowest saturations were found in patients with closed foramen ovales. Increasing age, increasing pulmonary vascular resistance, and a decrease in the pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio all correlated with decreasing systemic arterial oxygen saturation. In seven of the nine infants under 1 mo of age, systemic arterial saturations ranged from 81 to 93%. Thus, we feel that the classification of this lesion as a form of cyanotic congenital heart disease is misleading and prefer to classify aortic valve atresia as an obligatory admixture lesion. Criteria for selection of patients for surgery are discussed and the minimum amount of hemodynamic data needed for such selection is outlined.
Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate biosensor arrays based on redox polymer/oxidoreductase nanocomposite thin-films deposited on photolithographically patterned gold microelectrodes

Abstract Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate sensor arrays were fabricated by depositing electrostatically complexed monolayers on lithographically patterned, individually addressable, gold microelectrodes. Standard photolithographic techniques combined with metal deposition were used to fabricate gold arrays on both SiO 2 /Si and flexible Mylar substrates. These gold arrays were then functionalized with a negative surface charge through chemisorption of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) followed by the electrostatic assembly of a nanocomposite thin-film of a cationic osmium redox polymer and anionic oxidoreductases, either glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, or pyruvate oxidase. When tested electrochemically, glucose, lactate and pyruvate sensors exhibited analyte sensitivities of 0.26, 0.24 and 0.133 μA/(cm 2 mM) respectively. Responses to analytes proved to be linear in the physiologically relevant concentration ranges for glucose (0–20 mM), lactate (0–10 mM), and pyruvate (0–2 mM). Standard deviations between individual electrodes of ∼18% (glucose) and 20% (lactate) were determined for the enzyme electrode arrays with five array members. Furthermore, the potential problem of sensor cross-talk was investigated by subsequently testing one array member and then array members adjacent to that sensor. The response from a pair of electrodes was approximately twice than that of a single electrode, demonstrating that the individual sensors are free of cross-talk.
Retrovirus mediated gene transfer of the self antigen MBP into the bone marrow of mice alters resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a prototypic model of organ specific autoimmunity. MHC class II restricted T-cells directed against myelin basic protein (MBP) have been shown to cause EAE in susceptible strains of mice. We have asked whether the introduction of a gene encoding an autoantigen (MBP) into the hematopoetic stem cells of mice would result in tolerance to that protein. We have introduced cDNA encoding the 21.5 kDa isoform of MBP into the hematopoetic stem cells of B10.PL (73NS), SJL, and B10 mice by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Our experiments show expression of proviral MBP in peripheral blood and thymus following transplantation of genetically modified stem cells. Such expression does not result in deletion of MBP-specific T cells or tolerance to MBP, nor does it alter susceptibility to MBP-induced EAE in susceptible strains B10.PL and SJL. However, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer resulted in resistant B10 mice developing mild EAE. This report demonstrates that autoreactive MBP-specific T cells can be selected in the presence of endogenous antigen or an MBP-encoding retrovirus.
Transformation toughening in NiAl observed via Monte-Carlo simulations

Abstract Using a Landau free energy function derived from NiAl Embedded Atom Method interatomic potentials, we conducted Monte-Carlo simulations on a cracked body. Martensite develops around the crack tip in alternating variant plates. The resulting increase in toughness is estimated through an energy analysis, in terms of stress intensity factor reduction. Transformations with both a finite and a zero volume change transformation have also been studied to determine the importance of the dilatational versus shear effect on transformation toughening. The shear contribution was found to be dominant.
Manganese relationships in spring wheat and spring barley production in Northern Idaho

Abstract Manganese is often limiting in cereal crop production in the Kootenai River Valley of Northern Idaho; however, attempts to relate DTPA‐extractable Mn in soils to crop yield response have not been successful. Consequently, Mn plant tissue diagnosis may be an alternate diagnostic tool. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the critical nutrient concentration (CNC) of Mn in spring wheat and spring barley tissue in the Kootenai River Valley of northern Idaho, (2) examine yield response of spring wheat and spring barley to Mn fertilization, and (3) assess relative efficiencies of foliar and surface broadcast Mn applications to these crops. Paired plots with four replications consisting of a foliar Mn application rate of 1.5 kg ha‐1 and a control were located at four sites in 1988 and at ten sites in 1989. Soil, plant tissue samples and grain yield data were evaluated by linear plateau regression to determine CNCs of Mn for spring wheat and spring barley tissue. In addition, five randomiz...
460 NEWBORN CORD BLOOD CONTAINS FOUR SEPARATE NEUROHYPO PHYSEAL PEPTIDES

Recently we reported the presence of an estrogen stimulated oxytocin vasotocin-like (OT-VT) immunoreactive material in plasma of adult human males and females. Although immunoreactive with an antiserum raised against synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT), the elution profile of OT-VT by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicates that it is distinct from AVT, arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OT). Because fetal life represents an estrogen-primed state, cord blood from 15 vaginally delivered newborns was examined for evidence of OT-VT. HPLC analysis of an extracted pool of cord blood plasma revealed 4 peaks (I-IV) of AVT-like immunoreactivity (irAVT). Peaks II and IV coeluted with synthetic AVP and OT and were attributable to cross-reaction of the AVT antiserum with these peptides. Peak I was identified as AVT on the basis of its coelution with synthetic AVT. Peak III eluted in a manner identical with OT-VT. These results indicate that: 1) in addition to AVP and OT, native AVT is present in the circulation of the human newborn, and 2) human newborn plasma contains an irAVT material that is distinct from AVT, AVP or OT but is identical with a novel OT-VT material observed in plasma of estrogen-primed adults. The physiological significance of AVT and OT-VT in newborn plasma remains to be defined.
The self-adjointness of Hermitian Hamiltonians

For several examples of Hermitian operators, the issues involved in their possible self-adjoint extension are shown to conform with recognizable properties in the solutions to the associated classical equations of motion. This result confirms the assertion made in an earlier paper (Ref. 1) that there are sufficient classical “symptoms” to diagnose any quantum “illness.”
Small fruit quality as affected by point of origin-distant versus local.

Small fruits shipped into local markets from major production areas 800 to 2400 km distant were compared to small fruits grown within 25 km of this location. Fruits were evaluated for acceptability of flavor, texture, color, instrumental color (Hunter Color Difference Meter‘L’,‘a’,‘b’, hue, and chroma), shear press firmness, weight loss, dry matter, soluble solids, acidity, mineral content (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P), protein, and Vitamin C (strawberry only) after holding for 0, 2, or 4 days (strawberry); 0, 3, or 5 days (grape); or 0, 3, 5, or 7 days (blueberry) at 21°C. Distant-grown small fruits were nutritionally comparable to those grown locally but generally inferior in overall sensory attributes, particularly taste. There were no real disadvantages observed that would detract from the marketing of these locally produced small fruits.
Patterns of couple interaction during the transition to parenthood

Using latent transition analysis, this study identified Constructive and Destructive marital problem-solving patterns in couples prenatally and at 3, 12, and 24 months postbirth. Most couples remained in the same group across the 2 years (27.5% and 52.2% who started as Destructive and Constructive, respectively). Always Destructive spouses reported more depressive symptomatology and more negative and less positive views of marriage than Always Constructive couples. Mixed wives mirrored Always Constructive wives in their depressive symptomatology and concurrent views of marriage; mixed husbands mirrored Always Constructive husbands in their depressive symptomatology and Always Destructive husbands in their concurrent views of marriage. Mixed couples divorced or separated at the highest rates (35.7%), while Always Constructive couples tended to remain married (93.1%).
Production and purification of an extracellular polyglucan produced by Cellulomonas flavigena strain KU

A polysaccharide is synthesized byCellulomonas flavigena strain KU when it is cultured in a synthetic medium which uses ammonium salts as a nitrogen source and contains an excess of a carbon and energy source. Production of the polysaccharide begins in late log phase and reaches a maximimum during stationary phase. In batch cultures it may be produced in yields of up to 9 g dry polysaccharide/liter of culture. It is not secreted into the growth medium but rather remains associated with the cells, resulting, apparently, in their aggregation. When such aggregated cells are extracted with dilute sodium hydroxide solutions the polysaccharide is solubilized. Neutralization of supernatant fluid of such extracts results in sedimentation of the polysaccharide which may then be purified by extensive washing with water. The polysaccharide is insoluble in water, alcohols or acetone, but dissolves in concentrated formic acid, dimethyl-sulfoxide, and dilute sodiumor potassium hydroxide. Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates indicated that it is a polyglucan. When resuspended in water at concentrations of 2–3% it forms a stable hydrogel.
Comparison of the Effect of Two Endodontic Irrigation Protocols on the Elimination of Bacteria from Root Canal System: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this prospective, randomized clinical study was to compare the results of a nonactivated single-irrigation protocol (NAI) that used only 1% NaOCl with a passive ultrasonic multi-irrigation protocol (PUI) that used 1% NaOCl, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 2% chlorhexidine in rendering canals bacteria free. In addition, the effect of a second-visit instrumentation after intra-appointment calcium hydroxide (CaOH 2 ) was also evaluated in bacterial elimination. Methods Fifty patients were recruited with a posterior tooth requiring primary endodontic treatment of apical periodontitis. Standard nonsurgical endodontic therapy was performed on both groups in a 2-visit approach by using calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament. Teeth were randomly treated with the NAI or PUI protocols in the first visit after complete instrumentation. Bacterial cultures were obtained at 4 periods during treatment from the canals: (1) before instrumentation, (2) after irrigation protocol, (3) after CaOH 2 medication, and (4) before obturation. Statistical analysis was performed on data by using the Fisher exact test and multivariate analysis. Results NAI and PUI rendered canals 80% and 84% bacteria free, respectively, at the end of the first visit. After CaOH 2 medication the total sample (NAI + PUI) had increased to 87% bacteria free, and the second-visit instrumentation resulted in a total of 91% bacteria free. These differences were not significant ( P > .05). Conclusions There was no statistical difference between irrigation methods. Each protocol resulted in a high frequency of negative cultures. This high frequency of negative cultures obtained in 1 visit is most likely related to an increased volume and depth of irrigation compared with previously reported protocols.
Active Site Modifications in a Double Mutant of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Structural Studies of Two Enzyme−Ligand Complexes†,‡

The oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) requires the transfer of a hydride ion from the alcohol substrate to the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). A quantum mechanical tunneling contribution to this hydride transfer step has been demonstrated in a number of LADH mutants designed to enhance or diminish this effect [Bahnson, B. J., et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 12797-12802]. The active site double mutant Phe93 --> Trp/Val203 --> Ala shows a 75-fold reduction in catalytic efficiency relative to that of the native enzyme, and reduced tunneling relative to that of either single mutant. We present here two crystal structures of the double mutant: a 2.0 A complex with NAD and the substrate analogue trifluoroethanol and a 2.6 A complex with the isosteric NAD analogue CPAD and ethanol. Changes at the active site observed in both complexes are consistent with reduced activity and tunneling. The NAD-trifluoroethanol complex crystallizes in the closed conformation characteristic of the active enzyme. However, the NAD nicotinamide ring rotates away from the substrate, toward the space vacated by replacement of Val203 with the smaller alanine. Replacement of Phe93 with the larger tryptophan also produces unfavorable steric contacts with the nicotinamide carboxamide group, potentially destabilizing hydrogen bonds required to maintain the closed conformation. These contacts are relieved in the second complex by rotation of the CPAD pyridine ring into an unusual syn orientation. The resulting loss of the carboxamide hydrogen bonds produces an open conformation characteristic of the apoenzyme.
Estimating General Intellectual Functioning in Adolescents with the PPVT-R and Piat Using a Multiple Regression Approach

Multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the combination of predictor variables that would optimize prediction of WISC-R Full Scale IQ for 127 adolescents. Independent predictor variables included race, sex, age, standard score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and total test score on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. A multiple R of .79 was achieved when all five predictor variables were entered hierarchically. A regression equation is presented which yields a more reliable estimate of intelligence than does the PPVT-R alone.
Atomic displacement processes in irradiated metals

Abstract Irradiation of solids with energetic particles such as electrons, heavy ions and neutrons, results in the displacement of atoms from their lattice sites. In some cases the displaced atoms find metastable interstitial sites in the lattice, leaving vacant sites behind. In other cases, the atoms undergo switching processes with neighbors. No Frenkel defects are produced but atomic disorder is created. In this paper, the fundamental theory underlying these processes is presented. Topics include primary recoil spectra, spatial distributions of damage energy, defect production, and ion beam mixing. In addition to the traditional analytical theories of atomic collisions in solids, selected results of computer simulation are presented to elucidate the discussion and to introduce the latest developments in this field.