cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vector Spaces and Linear Transformations

This chapter presents the idea of a vector space, highlights few the consequences of the definition, and presents several examples. It explains the properties of vector spaces. Any vector space S has the following properties: (1) the zero vector 0 is unique, (2) for each U in S , − U is unique, (3) 0 U = 0 for every U in S , (4) a 0 = 0 for every scalar a , (5) (−1) U = − U , and (6) if c U = 0, then c = 0 or U = 0. The chapter focuses on subspaces of a vector space and several ideas that are important for the study of vector spaces, such as linear combination of vectors, linear dependence, and linear transformations. A linear transformation from a vector space S to a vector space T is a rule that assigns elements of S to elements of T in a way that preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. A linear transformation that is one-to-one and onto is called an isomorphism. If L : S → T is an isomorphism, S is said to be isomorphic to T. The chapter also highlights eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
The influence of hydrous ferric oxide, earthworms, and a hypertolerant plant on arsenic and iron bioavailability, fate, and transport in soils

Historic applications of lead arsenate pesticides and smelting activities have resulted in elevated concentrations of arsenic in Washington State soils. For example, old orchard topsoils in Washington have concentrations reaching upwards of 350 mg As/kg soil with an estimated 187,590 acres of arsenic contamination from pesticide application alone. Iron oxides have been indicated as a key factor in modulating the fate and transport of arsenic in the soil environment. We employed a factorial design to investigate the role of a specific iron oxide, hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), and terrestrial organisms on the mobility, bioavailability, and fate of arsenic and iron in locally collected soils. Earthworms in soils amended with both arsenic and HFO had 47.2 % lower arsenic tissue concentrations compared to those in soils only amended with arsenic. Similarly, arsenic leachate concentrations and plant tissue concentrations were lower when HFO was present, although this was with a reduced magnitude and was not consistently significant. A lack of significance of HFO in three of the linear models for leachate and plant bioavailability, however, indicates that the role of HFO in arsenic mobility, bioavailability, and fate is more complicated than can be explained by the simple addition or not of HFO. For example, our analyses showed that earthworms decreased pH and increased bioavailability for both arsenic and iron as demonstrated by increases in leachate and plant tissue concentrations. The mechanisms for this could include a biotransformation of earthworm-ingested arsenic combined with an earthworm-induced change in pH. We also found that arsenic amendments increased the mobility and bioavailability of iron, evidenced by increased iron concentrations in earthworms, plants, and leachate. A mechanistic explanation for this change in bioavailability is not readily apparent but does support a need for more work on bioavailability when mixtures are present. From these results, it is clear that a combination of biotic and abiotic factors influences metal/metalloid fate and transport in soils, with earthworms being one of the most important factors in our work. Study designs such as the factorial analysis can help to address the role each factor plays while efficiently generating new hypotheses and areas of inquiry; this approach can also bridge knowledge generated through reductionist and holistic approaches to complex environmental problems.
Engaging Urban Universities as Anchor Institutions for Health Equity.

The article explores how urban universities can be anchor institutions for health equity. Particular focus is given to conditions in states including Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Cleveland, Ohio. Additional topics discussed include gentrification, the engagement of universities with their surrounding communities, and efforts taking place at the University of Pennsylvania and Rutgers University.
Abstract 206: Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial on the Effect of Oral Alpha-cyclodextrin on Serum Lipids

Despite numerous therapeutic advances, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Statins, currently the most effective therapeutic agents for reducing CVD risk, only reduce cardiovascular events by approximately 30%. One possible complementary approach for lowering LDL-C involves the use of oral agents that complex or associate with dietary fats, preventing their intestinal absorption. Bile acid sequestrants are among the oldest lipid-altering drugs and have been known for decades to improve lipid levels and also improve glucose control. Alpha-cyclodextrin (a-CD), a cyclical polymer containing 6 glucose sub-units, is found in many foods, drinks and is sold as an over the counter food supplement. a-CD has a hydrophobic central cavity that binds lipids; one gram of a-CD binds as much as 9 grams of dietary fat and animal studies as well as clinical trials showed that it reduces dietary lipid absorption. This is the first study that evaluated the effect of a-CD in healthy subjects and was designed as a single center, double-blinded, cross-over, placebo controlled clinical pilot study. We screened 103 subjects, males and females, and obtained 75 completed studies (42% male, 58% female, mean age 34 ±12 y.o., BMI 25±4 kg/m2). Eligible subjects were randomized into two arms and received placebo or a-CD (6 grams P.O. a day; two 1 gram tablets per meal) for 12-14 weeks with a one week of wash out period between arms. Several biochemistry and lipid parameters were analyzed and statistics were performed using paired t-test. a-CD was well tolerated and no serious adverse events related to a-CD were observed. Minor GI symptoms were the most common complaint but occurred in less than 7% of subjects on a-CD (vs 3% in placebo). No significant differences were detected on serum lipid and other lipid values but fasting serum glucose (-13% a-CD vs placebo), insulin (-7% a-CD vs placebo), HbA1C (-6% a-CD vs placebo) were decreased. Further positive alterations were present in individuals with higher glucose levels. In conclusion, in healthy subjects, a dose of 6 grams a day of a-CD was able to improve plasma glucose related indexes, in the population studied, but had no significant effect in lipid or lipoprotein plasma levels.
Family Physicians Report Considerable Interest in, but Limited Use of, Telehealth Services.

Purpose Little is known about the attitudes toward and adoption of telehealth services among family physicians (FPs), the largest primary care physician group. We conducted a national survey of FPs, randomly sampled from membership organization files, to investigate use of and barriers to using telehealth services. Methods Using bivariate analyses, we examined how telehealth usage affected FPs' identified barriers to using telehealth services. Logistic regressions show the factors associated both with using telehealth services and with barriers to using telehealth services. Results Surveys reached 4980 FPs; 1557 surveys were eligible for analysis (31% response rate). Among FPs, 15% reported using telehealth services during 2014. After controlling for the characteristics of the physicians and their practice, FPs who were based in a rural setting, worked in a practice owned by an integrated health system or other ownership structure, and provided hospital/urgent/emergency care were more likely to use telehealth. Physician and practice characteristics by telehealth use status, sex of the physician, practice location, years in practice, care provided, and practice ownership were associated with the barriers identified. Conclusions Telehealth use was limited among FPs. Many of the barriers to using telehealth services cited by FPs are amenable to policy modification.
Nonparametric Modeling of Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange

Abstract A nonparametric method of modeling respiratory mechanics and gas exchange is presented and compared to existing parametric methods. The nonparametric approach is based on Wiener's theory of nonlinear system identification by use of white-noise test inputs. The sought nonparametric models have the form of nonlinear functional relations between tracheal pressure and flow (in the study of respiratory mechanics), and between tracheal flow and PCO 2 (in the study of gas exchange). The motivation for this modeling study is provided by the recent emergence of high-frequency ventilation as a useful clinical tool. The obtained results increase our understanding of the quantitative relations between these physiological variables, and allow optimization studies that may lead to improved clinical applications.
Measurement of respiratory function in isolated cardiac mitochondria using Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer: applications for aging research

Mitochondria play a critical role in the cardiomyocyte physiology by generating majority of the ATP required for the contraction/relaxation through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as potential cause of aging. Recent technological innovations in Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer enhanced the detection sensitivity of oxygen consumption rate and proton flux to advance our ability study mitochondrial function. Studies of the respiratory function tests in the isolated mitochondria have the advantages to detect specific defects in the mitochondrial protein function and evaluate the direct mitochondrial effects of therapeutic/pharmacological agents. Here, we provide the protocols for studying the respiratory function of isolated murine cardiac mitochondria by measuring oxygen consumption rate using Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer. In addition, we provide details about experimental design, measurement of various respiratory parameters along with interpretation and analysis of data.
Comparative analysis of endothelial cell and sub-endothelial cell elastic moduli in young and aged mice: Role of CD36.

Abstract Objective To perform comparative analysis of the role of scavenger receptor CD36 on endothelial vs. sub-endothelial elastic modulus (stiffness) in the aortas of young and aged mice. Approaches and Results Elastic moduli of endothelial and sub-endothelial layers of freshly isolated mouse aortas were quantified using atomic force microscopy. In young mice (4–6 months old), we found that while endothelial stiffness is markedly reduced in aortas of CD36−/−mice, as compared to WT controls, no difference between CD36−/− and WT aortas is observed in the stiffness of the sub-endothelial layer in denuded arteries. Additionally, inhibition of myosin phosphorylation also decreases the elastic modulus in the EC, but not the sub-EC layer in WT mice. Moreover, inhibiting CD36 mediated uptake of oxLDL in intact WT aortas abrogated oxLDL-induced endothelial stiffening. Further analysis of aged mice (22–25 months) revealed that aging resulted not only in significant stiffening of the denuded arteries, as was previously known, but also a comparable increase in the elastic modulus of the endothelial layer. Most significantly, this stiffening in the EC layer is dependent on CD36, whereas the denuded layer is not affected. Conclusions Our results show that the role CD36 in stiffening of cellular components of intact aortas is endothelial-specific and that genetic deficiency of CD36 protects against endothelial stiffening in aged mice. Moreover, these data suggest that endothelial stiffness in intact mouse aortas depends more on the expression of CD36 than on the stiffness of the sub-endothelial layer.
The Role of Return Value Prediction in Exploiting Speculative Method- Level Parallelism

This work studies the performance impact of return value prediction in a system that supports speculative method-level parallelism (SMLP). A SMLP system creates a speculative thread at each method call, allowing the method and the code from which it is called to be executed in parallel. To improve performance, the return values of methods are predicted in hardware so that no method has to wait for its sub-method to complete before continuing to execute. For Java programs, we find that two-thirds of methods have a non-void return type, and perfect return value prediction improves performance by an average of 44% compared with a system with no return value prediction. However, the performance of realistic predictors is limited by poor prediction accuracy on integer return values and undesirable update characteristics due to the SMLP environment. A Parameter Stride (PS) return value predictor is proposed to address some of the deficiencies of the standard predictors by predicting based on method arguments. Combining the PS predictor with previous predictors results in 7% speedup on average versus a system with hybrid return value prediction, and 21% speedup versus a system with no return value prediction.
Aspirin and codeine in two postpartum pain models

Aspirin and codeine, standard reference analgesics, are frequently used as positive controls in clinical trials of new oral analgesics. In randomized parallel double-blind studies, single doses of aspirin and codeine were compared with placebo in episiotomy pain (99 patients) and in postpartum uterine pain (130 patients), common models in analgesic trials. With aspirin, 600 and 1,200 mg, in episiotomy pain, analgesia as measured by pain intensity difference (PID) scores began within 1 hr, peaked at the second hour (p less than 0.01), and continued to the fifth hour (p less than 0.01). In uterine pain, responses with aspirin, 650 mg, were observed to be equally good. With codeine, 60 mg, in episiotomy pain measurable analgesia was present by the second hour and was significant at the fourth hour (p less than 0.05); in uterine pain, responses were indistinguishable from placebo throughout an 8-hr time-course. Codeine seemed ineffective and therefore umacceptable as a positive control in uterine pain. These data imply that the two postpartum pain models are qualitatively different: episiotomy pain seems sensitive to both aspirin and codeine, while uterine pain appears sensitive to aspirin but not to codeine.
THE FABRICATION OF SiC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DISMAYS

The processes of epitaxial deposition allow the preparation of p-n junction devices which exhibit uniform electroluminescence and which can attain brightness in excess of 100 ft-lamberts. The deposition of these layers from carbon saturated silicon solutions is described and the fabrication and operation of numeric displays and timing indicators is outlined. The possibility of using evaporated titanium layers as the electrical contact to these devices is examined and the physical properties of the diodes relative to their electroluminescent operation are summarised.
Power System State Forecasting via Deep Recurrent Neural Networks

State forecasting plays a critical role in power system monitoring, by offering system awareness even ahead of the time horizon, enhancing system observability, and providing efficient identification of the grid topology and link parameter changes. However, available approaches relying on linear estimators or single-hidden-layer feed-forward neural networks (FNNs), cannot capture long-term nonlinear dependencies in the voltage time series, and lead to suboptimal performance. To bypass these hurdles, this paper advocates deep recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for power system state forecasting. Deep RNNs capture long-term dependencies, and are easy to implement. By also leveraging the physics behind power systems, a novel architecture based on prox-linear nets (RPLN) is further developed for state forecasting based on past measurements. Simulated tests show improved performance of the proposed RNN and RPLN predictors when compared to FNN and vector autoregression based alternatives.
Learning Deep Visuomotor Policies for Dexterous Hand Manipulation

Multi-fingered dexterous hands are versatile and capable of acquiring a diverse set of skills such as grasping, in-hand manipulation, and tool use. To fully utilize their versatility in real-world scenarios, we require algorithms and policies that can control them using on-board sensing capabilities, without relying on external tracking or motion capture systems. Cameras and tactile sensors are the most widely used on-board sensors that do not require instrumentation of the world. In this work, we demonstrate an imitation learning based approach to train deep visuomotor policies for a variety of manipulation tasks with a simulated five fingered dexterous hand. These policies directly control the hand using high dimensional visual observations of the world and propreoceptive observations from the robot, and can be trained efficiently with a few hundred expert demonstration trajectories. We also find that using touch sensing information enables faster learning and better asymptotic performance for tasks with high degree of occlusions. Video demonstration of our results are available at: https://sites.google.com/view/hand-vil/
The Cost of Anonymous Lemons

Rules that restrict information required in negotiated private transactions have spurred a vast increase in the scope of anonymous financial markets, particularly in the US. The subtle costs of the information restricting rules raise questions about the social value of “completing” anonymous markets that would not naturally survive and did not historically exist.
Successful treatment of pediatric Tolosa-Hunt syndrome with adalimumab

OBJECTIVE Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare disease characterized by painful unliteral ophthalmoplegia and headache. THS is caused by granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus, and its diagnosis is typically made by elimination and exclusion. The characteristic pain can typically be managed with steroid therapy, but relapses are common. Additional therapy is needed for refractory or recurrent cases. METHODS Herein, using the electronic medical record with institutional review board approval, we report a case of a pediatric patient diagnosed with corticosteroid-dependent THS. The child was effectively treated with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), adalimumab. We have reviewed the THS literature, including 2 adult THS patients who have been successfully treated with intravenous TNFi, infliximab. RESULTS This is the first report in the scientific literature to effectively treat pediatric THS, and also the first such case to use adalimumab to successfully treat THS. CONCLUSION Adalimumab, a subcutaneous TNFi, appears to be an effective treatment for corticosteroid-dependent THS.
Microbiome Anomalies in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

The microbiome is an integrated part of the human body that can modulate a variety of disease processes and affect prognosis, treatment response, complications, and outcomes. The importance of allo...
CHAPTER 5 – TRIGONOMETRY: THE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concepts of trigonometry. The modern approach is to deal with trigonometry in terms of functional relationships. The trigonometric functions can be viewed as functions whose domains are angles or as functions whose domains are real numbers, in which case they are referred to as the circular functions. The chapter presents the latter approach as it more clearly demonstrates the utility of the function concept. There are six trigonometric or circular functions that are defined by the wrapping function. These include sine, cosine, and tangent functions, which are written as sin, cos, and tan, respectively. The remaining three functions are reciprocals of these, which include secant, cosecant, and cotangent, which are written as sec, cosec, and cotan. The chapter also discusses the properties of the circular functions and identities of trigonometry, that is, equations that are true for all values in the domain of the variable. Identities are useful in simplifying equations and in providing alternative forms for computations.
Analysis on the relationship between the human EV71 associated HFMD children's clinical manifestation and the genetic polymorphism and serum concentration of mannan binding lectin

Objective To explore the relationship between the genetic polymorphism and serum concentration of mannan binding lectin (MBL)and the clinical manifestation of the hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) children infection by human enterovirus 71 (HEV71).Methods One hundred and thirty-eight children diagnosed as HFMD infected by HEV71 (including 80 mild cases and 58 severe cases) and 40 healthy,symptom-free children were investigated.The concentrations of serum MBL were measured in 40 healthy controls,80 mild HFMD cases and 56 severe HFMD cases at both acute and convalescent phases by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay with a human MBL ELISA kit.And the genomic DNA of all cases were extracted from blood according to standard phenol-chloroform procedure.Six SNPs in the MBL gene(-550G/C,-221G/C and +4C/T of the promoter,CGT52TGT,GGC54GAC,and GGA57GAA of the exon 1) were analyzed by a sequencing-based typing method.Results The MBL serum level of the severe HFMD circulatory respiratory failure group in acute phase was significantly increased compared with severe HFMD encephalitis group,the mild cases and the control,but in the convalescence phase it significantly decreased compared with them.The frequencis of type B/B mutation (+230 of the exon 1),type P/P mutation (+4C/T of the promoter),and type H/H mutation (-550G/C of the promoter) were a significant difference among mild group,severe group and the control(P=0.006,0.043,0.028,respectively).The frequencies of LYPB/LYPB genotype and HYPA/HYPA genotype were a significant difference among mild group,severe groupand the control (P=0.028,0.014,respectively).Conclusion Low MBL protein level as a result genetic polymorphism seems to be correlative with clinical manifestation of HFMD disease.The MBL gene mutation and low MBI.protein level may be used as one of the evaluation method of HFMD severeity. Key words: Enterovirus 71; Mannan binding lectin; Hand-foot-mouth disease; Genetic polymorphism
OBHDP Editorial: Where we are, how we got here, and where we're going

I am deeply honored to serve as editor of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Here, I'd like to address several related areas of interest for the journal, in the context of the "new normal" we find ourselves in as scholars and global citizens As I write this, I am honoring my state's stay-at-home orders, like many people worldwide, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic While protecting the world's collective health remains thetoppriority, the "pause" the pandemic has required for business as usual offers a rare opportunity to not only reflect on our individual lives and aspirations but also to reinforce and clarify OBHDP's purpose, identity, mission, and future In line with this, I will use this editorial both to underscore the journal's ongoing purpose and mission-rooted in its history-and to emphasize the need for open science as the best means for upholding the rigor for which OBHDP has become known Near the editorial's end, I will articulate the systematic open-science practices and guidelines the journal will aim to follow, as we stay true to our mission of publishing original, interdisciplinary works reflecting state-of-the-art psychological and organizational science as well as meaningful applicability (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychosocial, Behavioral and Clinical correlates of children with overweight and obesity

Psychological and behavioral correlates are considered important in the development and persistence of obesity in both adults and youth. This study aimed to identify such features in youth with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 120% of 95thpercentile of sex-specific BMI-for-age) compared to those with overweight or non-severe obesity. Youth with BMI ≥ 85th percentile were invited to participate in a prospective research registry where data was collected on attributes such as family characteristics, eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity, perception of health and mental well-being, and cardiometabolic parameters. In a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of 105 youth (65% female, median age 16.1 years, range 4.62–25.5), 51% had severe obesity. The body fat percent increased with the higher levels of obesity. There were no differences in the self-reported frequency of intake of sugar sweetened beverages or fresh produce across the weight categories. However, the participants with severe obesity reported higher levels of emotional eating and eating when bored (p = 0.022), levels of stress (p = 0.013), engaged in fewer sports or organized activities (p = 0.044), and had suboptimal perception of health (p = 0.053). Asthma, depression and obstructive sleep apnea were more frequently reported in youth with severe obesity. The presence of abnormal HDL-C, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and multiple cardiometabolic risk factors were more common among youth with severe obesity. Youth with severe obesity have identifiable differences in psychosocial and behavioral attributes that can be used to develop targeted intervention strategies to improve their health.
Metal Powder Recyclability in Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing

The recyclability of 316L stainless steel powder in the binder jetting process has been determined. The powder characterization results demonstrated a 22% increase in the number of coarse particles (> 30 µm) and an 18.2% reduction in the number of small particles (< 10 µm) after recycling up to 16 times. A few elongated and irregular-shaped particles were found after recycling, possibly due to particle agglomeration during handling and sieving. A negligible increase in the oxygen content by 0.036% was detected in the recycled powder. The density of sintered parts produced using recycled powder was approximately 1.5% lower than when using fresh powder due to the changes in the particle size distribution and the flowability of the powder caused by the changes in morphology. Final parts built using fresh and recycled powder showed similar hardness (155 ± 3 HV and 165 ± 9 HV) and yield strength (206 ± 16 MPa and 192 ± 10 MPa), respectively.
Social fidelity in virtual agents: Impacts on presence and learning

Abstract Teaching and training are increasingly moving from real world venues to computerized environments, with human instructors often being replaced or joined by virtual pedagogical agents. While system fidelity and immersive properties of virtual learning environments are frequently discussed in the literature, less often addressed is the fidelity of the social components of teaching and their inclusion in pedagogical agent design. Teaching is inherently a social process, making the social fidelity of virtual agents a potential factor affecting learning outcomes. In this paper, we explore the concept of social fidelity as it pertains to the teaching effectiveness of pedagogical agents. We define the term, distinguish two subcategories, and discuss representative examples of research in these domains. Promising avenues for improving learning outcomes with social fidelity include personalized language, politeness, personality, attention, feedback, social memory, and gestures. Key conclusions are that: Social fidelity is important to learning in non-social domains, tradeoffs exist when implementing certain forms of social fidelity, individual user differences need to be more widely considered, and more focused studies are needed to compare different levels of social fidelity to uncover how they impact learning outcomes.
Oakland's Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax: Honoring the “Spirit” of the Ordinance Toward Equitable Implementation

Purpose: On November 8, 2016, Oakland, California, voters passed a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax, which included language to support programs affecting communities and residents most affected by SSB-related health disparities. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively assess the extent to which those communities most affected by SSB-related health disparities were included in implementation decisions and were recipients of funding to support their needs. Methods: A longitudinal case study from 2016 to 2019 in Oakland, CA, explored equity implementation themes through key informant interview transcripts (n=15) triangulated with media (n=90) and archived documents (n=43). Using principals of constant comparative analysis, all documents (n=148) were coded and thematically analyzed in Atlas.ti. Results: SSB taxes-designed to support communities disproportionately impacted by SSB consumption-can be implemented with inclusivity and community representation. The Oakland ordinance established a Community Advisory Board (CAB) that partnered with community organizations throughout implementation to ensure inclusivity and recommend funding for programs to address health inequities, described as the "spirit" of the ordinance. These activities countered the beverage industry's tactics to target lower income communities of color with misinformation campaigns and hinder implementation. Conclusion: A clearly written ordinance provides guidance, which affords an intentional and legal foundation for implementation processes. Establishing a CAB can mitigate inequities as members are invested in the community and initiatives to support residents. Advisory boards are able to liaise between city and local partners, which is a powerful tool for countering opposition campaigns, reaching lower income and communities of color, and ensuring adherence to funding mandates.
Estimating Distances in Action Space in Augmented Reality

Augmented reality (AR) is important for training complex tasks, such as navigation, assembly, and medical procedures. The effectiveness of such training may depend on accurate spatial localization of AR objects in the environment. This article presents two experiments that test egocentric distance perception in augmented reality within and at the boundaries of action space (up to 35 m) in comparison with distance perception in a matched real-world (RW) environment. Using the Microsoft HoloLens, in Experiment 1, participants in two different RW settings judged egocentric distances (ranging from 10 to 35 m) to an AR avatar or a real person using a visual matching measure. Distances to augmented targets were underestimated compared to real targets in the two indoor, RW contexts. Experiment 2 aimed to generalize the results to an absolute distance measure using verbal reports in one of the indoor environments. Similar to Experiment 1, distances to augmented targets were underestimated compared to real targets. We discuss these findings with respect to the importance of methodologies that directly compare performance in real and mediated environments, as well as the inherent differences present in mediated environments that are “matched” to the real world.
A Stochastic Subgradient Method for Nonsmooth Nonconvex Multilevel Composition Optimization

We propose a single time-scale stochastic subgradient method for constrained optimization of a composition of several nonsmooth and nonconvex functions. The functions are assumed to be locally Lips...
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in an Underrepresented Safety-Net Screening Cohort.

Abstract Introduction/Background The USPSTF (United States Preventive Services Task Force) guidelines suggest criteria centering on smoking status and age to select patients for lung cancer screening. Despite the significant advances in screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), cancer detection rate is low (1.1%), highlighting the need to investigate possible ways to refine the current lung cancer screening strategy. Our aim was to determine clinical risk factors predictive of lung cancer in an urban safety-net hospital. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 2847 patients who received LDCT screening for lung cancer between 3/1/2015 and 12/31/2019. Patient demographics and medical history were collected. A bivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of lung cancer. Results Compared to the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) population, our screening cohort had significantly more African Americans (38.2% vs. 4.5%, P Conclusion A diagnosis of COPD and family history of lung cancer were most predictive of lung cancer in a screening cohort at our urban safety-net hospital. Future studies should focus on whether inclusion of these additional risk-factors improves proportion of lung cancer detected via screening.
Healthy, wealthy, wise, and social: Defining and testing a comprehensive model of resources

Abstract Research cutting across a wide swath of the psychological and behavioral sciences has, following an abundance of evidence, reached the unassailable conclusion that resources are good. While we do not dispute this, we do additionally argue that the value of resources may not be inherently uniform. That is, the value of a resource may depend in part on the nature of the resource as well as the nature of the person accumulating and expending that resource. To that end, we explicate six distinct types of resources (cognitive capital, material capital, social relational capital, social transactional capital, somatic direct capital, and somatic indirect capital) and test across two studies the hypothesized moderative effects of sex and resource type on determinations of resource value, including as related to mate value and perceived stress. Results support the hypothesis that resource value is moderated by sex and resource type, and that the previously established relationships between resource accumulation, mate value, and stress are similarly moderated. Additionally, we find that being “overly wealthy” in some forms of capital may actually prove to be less than valuable. We interpret these results as confirming the hypothesis that resources are not monolithic nor are they uniformly valuable.
Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Approaches Plateau Around Three to Six Weeks Post-stroke

Background. Wearable sensors allow for direct measurement of upper limb (UL) performance in daily life. Objective. To map the trajectory of UL performance and its relationships to other factors pos...
Applicability of liquid and supercritical fluid chromatographic separation techniques with diode array ultraviolet detection for forensic analysis

Abstract Liquid chromatography (LC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are powerful separation techniques for forensic science in the analysis of drugs, toxicology samples, trace evidence, and explosives. Combining LC and SFC with diode array detectors (DAD) can provide detection at a single wavelength or generate complete UV spectra. This advantageous pairing within forensic science allows distinguishing between classes and subclasses of compounds, discriminating positional isomers with benzene substitutions, and using library database comparison to enhance certainty of compound identification through statistical comparison. Additionally, employing DAD at single wavelengths and generation of UV spectra allow quantitation with excellent linearity, good linear range, and satisfactory limits of detection. Important for quantitation, the generation of UV spectra allows confirmation of compound identity and peak purity. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the qualitative and quantitative uses of LC, and SFC paired with scanning DAD within forensic science over the last ten years (2010–2020), including the analysis of seized drugs, toxicology samples, explosives, inks, and dyes. Potential benefits, limitations, and future directions for liquid phase separation paired with ultraviolet detection are considered.
Water Law and Climate Change in the United States: A Review of the Scholarship

Climate change’s effects on water resources have been some of the first realities of ecological change in the Anthropocene, forcing climate change adaptation efforts even as the international community seeks to mitigate climate change. Water law has thus become one vehicle of climate change adaptation. Research into the intersections between climate change and water law in the United States must contend with the facts that: (1) climate change affects different parts of this large country differently; and (2) United States water law is itself a complicated subject, with each state having its own laws for surface water and groundwater and the federal government playing a significant role in interstate and international waters, in building and managing large water infrastructure, and in creating water rights for Native American tribes and other federal reservations. Within this complexity, legal research to date has tended to focus on the law governing surface water in the American West, enumerating various problems with the prior appropriation doctrine as the West grows hotter and drier and offering multiple suggestions to increase legal flexibility so that western water can be re-allocated to reflect changing social-ecological realities. These suggestions extend to new, more comprehensive, and more adaptive water governance approaches. Far less scholarly attention has focused on eastern riparian rights, the various groundwater doctrines at play in the United States, or the increasing role of tribes in managing water resources, but these areas warrant future attention.
Apparent violation of "Landsteiner's law".

A healthy Caucasian woman who possessed blood groups A1H(O) on her red cells as well as in her saliva and serum had no anti blood-group B “complete” or “incomplete” agglutinins nor hemolysins as determined either on whole serum or its concentrated beta-gamma globulin fraction. No anti-B antibody was stimulated by immunization with highly active human blood group B glycoprotein. No blood group B antigenic determinants were demonstrable on the proposita's red cells or in her saliva by any of numerous serological and enzymatic methods at various red cell concentrations between 2°C and 37°C, nor by the highly sensitive immunoglobulin-latex test. Immunization with the proposita's red cells did not elicit anti-blood group B antibodies in chickens and rabbits. Blood groups A and O but not B occurred in members of this woman's family which was studied through 3 generations.
Involvement with peers: comparisons between young children with and without Down’s syndrome

Abstract Background It has been well established that heterogeneous groups of young children with mild intellectual disability are at considerable risk of becoming socially isolated from their peers in school, home and community settings. Method Matched groups of young children with and without Down’s syndrome (DS) were compared in terms of the children’s involvement with peers, maternal arranging and monitoring of peer play, and maternal beliefs about inclusion. Results Despite aetiology-specific expectations for children with DS, no differences were found for a variety of measures of peer involvement focusing on the frequency of contacts and the characteristics of children’s peer social networks. Maternal arranging of activities with peers was similarly related to peer involvement for both groups of children. Higher ratings of the benefits of inclusion were obtained from mothers of children with DS, but these maternal beliefs were unrelated to maternal arranging or peer involvement. Conclusions Parental adaptations to the aetiology-specific behavioural patterns of children and the general influence of children’s experiences within a developmental framework are discussed in the context of interpreting aetiology-specific findings.
Anomalous Hall effect in sputter-deposited CoxTi1−xO2–δ films

Abstract Hall effect measurements were performed on epitaxial Co x Ti 1− x O 2– δ thin films grown on (0 0 1) LaAlO 3 by reactive RF magnetron co-sputter deposition. Magnetization measurements reveal ferromagnetic behavior in M – H loop at room temperature for Co x Ti 1− x O 2– δ thin films for which x ⩾0.02. An anomalous Hall effect was observed for Co 0.10 Ti 0.90 O 2− δ films grown with the partial pressure of water P (H 2 O)=4×10 −4 Torr or less. These films exhibit a positive ordinary Hall coefficient and a positive magnetoresistance. X-ray diffraction on films grown under these conditions shows evidence for Ti n O 2 n −1 phase due to the deficiency of oxygen. In contrast, Hall measurements taken for undoped and Co-doped TiO 2 thin films grown under more oxidizing conditions show only the ordinary Hall effect with a negative Hall coefficient consistent with n-type conduction. For these films, the magnetoresistance was positive and increased monotonically with increasing magnetic field. The results suggest that Co-doped Ti n O 2 n −1 may be a dilute magnetic semiconducting oxide for which the carriers couple to the spin polarization.
Capacitive Coupling Mitigation for TSV-based 3D ICs

TSV-to-TSV capacitive coupling has large disruptive effects on timing requirements of the circuit. The latency effect of TSV-to-TSV capacitive coupling for different characteristics of a TSV using circuit-level model is presented in this article. Two coding approaches are proposed to mitigate capacitive parasitic effects by adjusting the current flow pattern for any given n × n mesh of TSV arrangement to reduce the number of 8C/7C parasitic capacitance. The experimental results proves the efficacy of the proposed coding methods.
High Temperature Si-doped BN Interphases for Woven SiC/SiC Composites

The hydrolytic stability of high-temperature deposited Si-doped BN has been shown in the past to be superior in comparison to "pure" BN processed at similar or even higher temperatures. This type of material would be very desirable as a SiC/SiC composite interphase that is formed by chemical infiltration into multi-ply woven preform. However, due to rapid deposition on the preform outer surface at the high processing temperature, this has proven very difficult. To overcome this issue, single plies of woven fabric were infiltrated with Si-doped BN. Three composite panels of different SiC fiber types were fabricated with Si-doped BN interphases including Sylramic, Hi-Nicalon Type S and Sylramic-iBN fiber-types. The latter fiber-type possesses a thin in-situ grown BN layer on the fiber surface. High Si contents (approx. 7 to 10 a/o) and low oxygen contents (less than 1 a/o) were achieved. All three composite systems demonstrated reasonable debonding and sliding properties. The coated Sylramic fabric and composites were weak due to fiber degradation apparently caused during interphase processing by the formation of TiN crystals on the fiber surface. The Hi-Nicalon Type S composites with Si-doped BN interphase were only slightly weaker than Hi-Nicalon Type S composites with conventional BN when the strength on the load-bearing fibers at failure was compared. On the other hand, the Sylramic-iBN fabric and composites with Si-doped BN showed excellent composite and intermediate temperature stress-rupture properties. Most impressive was the lack of any significant interphase oxidation on the fracture surface of stress-ruptured specimens tested well above matrix cracking at 815C.
Totally Magic Labelings

In this chapter we investigate the question: for a graph G does there exist a total labeling λ that is both edge-magic and vertex-magic? As we said, such a λ is called a totally magic labeling and G is a totally magic graph. The constants h and k are the magic constant and magic sum, respectively. We do not require that h = k.
The Stellar Data File at Dearborn Observatory

The majority of entries for MK Spectral Classifications in the Kennedy & Buscombe (1974) catalogue referred to stars brighter than 9th magnitude with H. D. numbers. Accordingly, the file was arranged in sequence corresponding to right ascension for 1900, although the co-ordinates were actually listed for the epoch 2000, in accordance with an earlier precept established in the IAU.
Flow visualization study of the intake process of an internal combustion engine.

Thesis. 1979. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.
The interaction of human spermatozoa with cervical mucus in vivo

The interaction between human spermatozoa and cervical mucus was studied during 14 cycles of artificial insemination (AI) with a cervical cup. The concentration of spermatozoa in the inseminate was determined as were the percentage of motility, mean swimming speed, and sperm morphology. The percentage of motility, swimming speed, and morphology of spermatozoa in the mucus were determined at 1 hour and 48 hours after AI. The percentage of motile sperm was always higher in the cervical mucus than in the semen. In some cases, spermatozoa appeared to swim faster in the mucus than in the semen but in other cases the reverse was true. In all 14 cases some spermatozoa could be found in the mucus at 48 hours after AI. In general, the percentage of motility and swimming speeds of the cervical sperm remained unchanged over the 48-hour study interval. The percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology was higher in the cervical mucus than in the semen. The alteration in the composition of the sperm population appeared to result from exclusion by the mucus of most classes of abnormal sperm. The morphology of the cervical sperm population was similar at 1 hour and at 48 hours after AI.
Antibiotic Synthesis and Morphological Differentiation of Cephalosporium acremonium

In submerged cultures, Cephalosporium acremonium exists in four morphological forms: hyphae, arthrospores, conidia, and germlings. The phase of hyphal differentiation into arthrospores coincides with the maximum rate of beta-lactam antibiotic synthesis. Furthermore, arthrospores, separated by density-gradient centrifugation, possess 40% greater antibiotic-producing activity than any other morphological cell type. In a series of mutants, each with an increased potential to produce beta-lactam antibiotics, differentiation into arthrospores was proportional to the increased titer of these antibiotics. Thus, arthrospores exhibit enhanced synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics and appear to be a determining factor in high-yielding mutants. Since a non-antibiotic-producing mutant readily differentiated into arthrospores, antibiotic synthesis and cellular differentiation are not obligately related.
The Myth of Efficient Breach: New Defenses of the Expectation Interest

We defend contract law’s preference to protect the expectation with a liability rule against prominent doctrinal and moral critics who argue that a promisee should have a right to specific performance or to a restitutionary remedy. These critics argue that liability rule protection limited to contractual expectations unjustifiably favors promisors, by allowing a promisor to capture the entire gain from unilaterally exiting a contract as long as she compensates her promisee for the profit he would have realized had he received the goods or services the contract described. The critics prefer to vindicate contractual expectations with a property rule or restitution. We show that a promisee’s gross payoff under the typical contract is invariant to the remedy the law accords him. Current defenders and critics focus on gross payoffs. In this analytic universe, no remedy can be shown to be superior to any other remedy. We argue below that the promisee’s net payoff, for transaction cost reasons, is higher under a contract that protects his expectation with a liability rule. This claim supports the dual performance hypothesis, which holds that promisees typically give their promisors discretion either to trade the goods or services at issue or to make a transfer to the promisee in lieu of trade. A promisor who transfers rather than trades therefore does not breach; rather, she breaches only when she rejects both trade and transfer. On this view of the law, a promisee’s suit to recover his expectation is a specific performance action to enforce the contract’s transfer term. We further explain that this approach renders contract law coherent; it is consistent with the law’s immanent normativity; and it is consistent also with the morality of promising.